open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Snape Maltings

**Snape Maltings** is a group of buildings including a famous concert hall in the village of Snape, Suffolk.  Many concerts are given in the Maltings.  Every year the Aldeburgh Festival has many of its concerts there.  The composer Benjamin Britten used to live in Aldeburgh with the singer Peter Pears.  They started a music school for young people.  The Britten-Pears Foundation still continues today, with many concerts based in the Maltings.  This foundation gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform at concerts.  Many of them have recently graduated from a music college.

The buildings on the site are mostly from the 19th century.  They are built on the banks of the River Ore. Originally they were built to make barley and beer.  When the barley had been malted it used to be sent  to London and exported to Europe. The Maltings closed during the 1960s. Since then the buildings have been restored and rebuilt to include the famous concert hall.  It was opened in 1967, burnt down in 1969, and rebuilt in 1970. 

The **Holst Library** is connected to the Maltings and is named in honour of Imogen Holst, the daughter of Gustav Holst, who was a close friend of Benjamin Britten and an artistic director of the Aldeburgh Festival from 1956 to 1977.

The concert hall is a place for concerts and many other community activities during the year.  Aldeburgh Music have concerts in June, and in August the Snape Proms take place.  These are concerts at which some audience can by cheap tickets and sit on the floor at the front.  They often take rugs to sit on.

## Related pages
*Aldeburgh Festival
*Benjamin Britten
*Peter Pears

## Other websites 
*http://www.snapemaltings.co.uk/concerts.asp
Gladiator

by Jean-Léon Gérôme]] 
**Gladiators** (Latin: *gladiatōrēs*, "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword," from *gladius*, "sword") were professional fighters in ancient Rome, who fought against each other, wild animals  and sentenced criminals, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of the public. These fights took place in arenas in many cities from the Roman Republic period through the Roman Empire.

The word comes from *gladius*, the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and some gladiators. 

Gladiators often were slaves and people from other countries that fought Ancient Rome and lost and were captured. Some were normal citizens of the Roman Republic who wanted to be a gladiator and give up their freedom for a chance at glory.

There were different types of gladiators in the arena, such as Thracians, Mirmillones, Retiarii, and the Secutores. They used different types of armor and weapons. Besides swords, some used spears or axes. The gladiators were the professional athletes of their time. A few became very famous and rich.

Sometimes gladiators fought to the death. Sometimes the Emperor was there, and would have the final say about who would live and who would die. 

## Other websites 
* BBC News: Gladiator bones found in Turkey
* The Roman Gladiator
Wei Yuan

**Wei Yuan** (23 April 1794 – 26 March 1857) was a Chinese scholar during the Qing Dynasty. He wrote books on politics. He was also known as **Mo Shen** () and Hanshi ().

## Life 
When Wei Yuan was young, he followed his teacher, Liu Feng, to study the History of China.

During the reign of Daoguang Emperor, Wei Yuan successfully got a provincial degree in the Imperial examinations.

In 1826, Wei Yuan was ordered to write a political book called Huang Chao Jing Shi Wen Pian (). Besides, he helped the imperial official to deal with the problem of building the canals.

From 1841 AD until 1842 AD, Wei Yuan was asked to defeat the British armies in the First Opium War.

From 1842 AD until 1843 AD,  Wei Yuan finished writing a book which was about the matters of Western countries. The book was called Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms ().

After the First Opium War, Wei Yuan wrote another book titled Military history of the Qing Dynasty ()

## Related pages
*List of Chinese writers
Ü

**Ü** (or **ü**) is a letter not used in English. It is commonly used to represent the sound . Ü started as a u with an e above it. It comes from the German language and is used in the Turkic languages, such as Turkish. In German, ü can be replaced by the digraph ue respectively, if it is not available on the keyboard. 

Mandated during Atatürk's Reforms in 1928, Turkey latinized its alphabet formerly written in an Arabic script, using the extra German letters since they corresponded well to Turkic phonetic sounds.

## German 
### Germany and Austria
Ü is one of the 4 extra letters used in German. It can be replaced by using the digraph ue. In English language newspapers, ü is often written as "u", but this is not correct.

Internet addresses are often written as "ue".

### Switzerland
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland. Its people who speak German normally use ü.
Ouran High School Host Club

**Ouran High School Host Club** is a manga created by Bisco Hatori.

## Plot 
The manga and anime are centered around Haruhi Fujioka, who is a girl mistaken for a boy, and the Host Club which she belongs to. Haruhi is a commoner, and quite poor, whereas the other Host Club members are very rich.

## References
Umlaut

An **umlaut** is a diacritic or accent used in some languages, including German. They are written ä, ö, ü (or ae, oe, ue). 

Without the diaeresis (the dots) those three letters are said [a], [o], and [u]. In German, when the dots are put over them, ä, ö, and ü change to sound like [ɛ], [œ]/[ø] and [y]/[ʏ].

When a word that has umlaut letters with dots is changed into English, the letters are usually written as ae, oe, or ue instead of ä, ö, or ü.

## Related pages
*Diaeresis
Ö

**Ö** (or **ö**) is a letter used in some languages, such as German, Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Turkish, Swedish and Icelandic. It also takes the form œ, ø, o̎, oͤ or oe.

## German 
### Germany and Austria
Ö is one of the 4 extra letters used in German. It can be replaced by using the digraph oe. In English language newspapers, ö is often written as "o", but this is not correct.

Internet addresses are often written as "oe" because the internet address system used to only understand ordinary English letters and they are still the most common.

### Switzerland
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland. It has its own dialect known as Swiss-German (or Schweizerdeutsch). Ö is used in it as well.
Ä

**Ä** (lowercase **ä**) is a letter used in some languages. It is just an "a" with an umlaut. It evolved from the letter Å (lowercase å).

## German 
### Germany, Austria and Switzerland 
Ä is one of the 4 extra letters used in German. It can be replaced by using the digraph ae. In English language newspapers, ä is often written as "a" but this is not correct. It is usually pronounced like the "e" in "bed”. In Estonia however, it is almost always pronouced like the letter “a” in “bad”.

Internet addresses are written as "ae" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.
Ulyanovsk

**Ulyanovsk** (), formerly **Simbirsk** (), is a city on the Volga River in Russia. It was founded in the year 1648. Ulyanovsk had a population of 638,300 in 2005. It is the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast. In 1924, the city was renamed Ulyanovsk after Vladimir Ulyanov, better known as Lenin, who was born there.

## Other websites
List of emperors of China

This is a list of the rulers of China from 221 BC to AD 1911. These rulers named themselves  (Mandarin: *huangdi*); in English they are called emperors.

All of them were men but Wu Zetian.

## Rulers of the Qin Dynasty (211–206 BC)
**Rulers of the Qin Dynasty:** 

Qin Shihuang | Qin Er Shi | Ziying

## Rulers of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) 
**Rulers of the Yuan Dynasty:** 

Kublai Khan | Temür Khan | Külüg Khan | Buyantu Khan | Gegeen Khan | Yesün Temür | Borjigin Ragibagh | Jayaatu Khan | Khutughtu Khan | Borjigin Rinchinbal | Toghon Temür

## Rulers of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 
**Rulers of the Ming Dynasty:** 

Hongwu Emperor | Jianwen Emperor | Yongle Emperor | Hongxi Emperor | Xuande Emperor | Zhengtong Emperor | Jingtai Emperor | Chenghua Emperor | Hongzhi Emperor | Zhengde Emperor | Jiajing Emperor | Longqing Emperor | Wanli Emperor | Taichang Emperor | Tianqi Emperor | Chongzhen Emperor 

## Rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
**Rulers of the Qing Dynasty:** 

Taizu Emperor | Huang Taiji | Shunzhi Emperor | Kangxi Emperor | Yongzheng Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Jiaqing Emperor | Daoguang Emperor | Xianfeng Emperor | Tongzhi Emperor | Guangxu Emperor | Xuantong Emperor
Hawk

A **hawk** is a common term for a medium to large-sized birds of prey. Its usage varies in different places.

*The subfamily **Accipitrinae**, the subfamily of the Accipitridae often called the "true" hawks. It includes all members of *Accipiter* and the closely related genera. Goshawks and sparrowhawks are examples. They are mainly woodland birds with long tails and good sight, hunting by sudden dashes from a concealed perch.
*More generally, the term may be used for eagles, kites, and buzzards.

Accipitrine hawks generally take birds as their primary prey. They have also been called "hen-hawks", or "wood-hawks" because of their woodland habitat. Within the hawk species, the female is generally larger than the male. Like most birds, the hawk migrates in the autumn and the spring. 

They have many photoreceptors in their retina, and an exceptional number of nerves connecting the receptors to the brain. There is an indented fovea, which magnifies the central portion of the visual field.
Hawks have always been known to have sharp vision and to be very able hunters.

## References
O RLY?

**O RLY?** is an Internet meme often used in chat rooms or Forums. It is short for *Oh, really?*. O RLY is used as a response to an above post or comment to show (sarcastically) that it is obvious, clear, or apparent. O RLY? is usually followed by *YA RLY*, then *NO WAI*. This sarcasm is not to be confused with trolling, disrupting a forum, or a chat room. The meme has spread on many forums, across the Internet. It is usually seen with pictures of animals with open mouths.
Jeffrey Buttle

**Jeffrey Buttle** (born September 1, 1982) is a figure skater from Canada. 

Buttle has won the national championships for Canada three times. He won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He won the World Championships in 2008. He has twice won the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.

Buttle retired from competitions in 2008. Nowadays, he shows his skating acts in ice shows and makes skating programs for other skaters.

Buttle is known for very good skating skills. The edges of his skating blades are leaned very deep, making his skating fun to watch even when he does not perform any jumps. He is known for his spread eagle and his Ina Bauer, skating movements on ice.

## Other websites
*Official Site 
* International Skating Union profile
Ina Bauer

performs the Ina Bauer]]

An **Ina Bauer** is a figure skating element. It is named after a figure skater from Germany named Ina Bauer, who invented the position.

The Ina Bauer is performed by placing the feet in the fourth position in ballet. The front leg is bent forwards at the knee and the back leg is extended behind the skater. The front leg can be either on an inside edge or an outside edge. An outside edge Ina Bauer is harder to do. While the skater skates in a curve across the ice (necessary because of the skate positions), the back can be bent backwards. This is not mandatory, but it does add to the element.

The Ina Bauer is a famous move in Japan because it was performed by Shizuka Arakawa during her long program at the 2006 Winter Olympics, which she won. Because she bends back so far during the move, the term in Japanese has come to mean anything having to do with bending backwards.

## Other websites
*See *Ina Bauer* element  (MPG)
*Read more about *Ina Bauer*
Shawn Sawyer

**Shawn Sawyer** (born January 14, 1985 in Edmundston, New Brunswick) is a Canadian figure skater. He won the bronze medal two times at the Canadian national championships. He skated at the 2006 Winter Olympics and came in 12th. 

## Biography 
Unlike most figure skaters who spin on the ice and during their jumps in a counter-clockwise motion, Sawyer is one of few skaters who jumps and spins in a clockwise direction. Other skaters who rotate "lefty" are Johnny Weir and Alissa Czisny.

Sawyer is known for his great flexibility and his artistry on the ice. Most male skaters do not perform spirals during competition because they do not get credit for doing them. Sawyer uses them to highlight his skating and as difficulty entrances. They are also a major part of his non-competitive (*exhibition*) programs. Sawyer's spirals and flexible spins have given him a different look from most other skaters and have helped his popularity.

Sawyer is often compared to Canadian Olympic bronze medalist Toller Cranston. When Sawyer was 12, Cranston was about to retire from show skating. Cranston put together a televised show in which he and other top ranked skaters, including Scott Hamilton, skated with Sawyer and gave him advice. Cranston still advises Sawyer.

Sawyer can perform a backflip on ice. He was taught this move by Brian Orser.

Sawyer has performed the Biellmann spin in exhibition when he was a junior-level skater, but has since stopped training it. Still, he remains one of the few male skaters to have ever performed this move.

## Other websites 
*Official Site
* International Skating Union biograhy 
*Skate Canada Profile
Brian Orser

**Brian Orser**, OC (born December 18, 1961 in Belleville, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian figure skater. He won two silver medals (second place) at the Olympics: the first in 1984 and the second in 1988.

At the 1988 Olympics, he was part of the *Battle of the Brians*. He and American Brian Boitano were both favorites to win the competition. Boitano won it in a very close call over Orser.

In 1998, an ex-boyfriend of Orser announced in a court of law that Orser is gay. Orser did not want this known at first. He thought that people knowing that he was gay would affect his career in a negative way. However, he has since embraced being *outed*.

Orser retired from show skating in 2007. He now is a co-director of skating at a rink in Toronto.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Brian Orser: Canadian Excellence - Official website
* ESPN's brief history of gay athletes
Ice dancing

on ice: Luca Lanotte & Anna Cappellini. Notice the style]]

**Ice dancing** is a form of figure skating related to ballroom dancing. Its first competition was at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, but it did not become a Winter Olympic Games medal sport until 1976.  As in pair skating, dancers compete as a couple, a man and a woman.  

Ice dancing is different from pair skating because it limits the figures to those which are imitative of dance. Skaters must stay close together, and may not perform jumps. There are set dances, in which the style must be appropriate for the type of dance, and there is a Free Dance section which allows lifts up to shoulder level.

Ice dancing is the only form of figure skating to allow vocal music in official competitions.

## Other websites
*Ice-dance.com
*Care to Ice Dance? 
*Ice Dancers Online
*ISU Home - International Skating Union website

## References
Christopher Mabee

**Christopher Mabee** (born on August 26, 1985 in Tillsonburg, Ontario) is a figure skater from Canada. He won the silver medal (second place) at the 2007 national championships. This earned him a spot to the 2007 World Championships, his first time ever at that competition.

Mabee is a good friends with Jeffrey Buttle. They train together and have the same coach.

Mabee's rise to the top of Canadian skating has been slow and steady. In the 2003/2004 season, he won the bronze medal at the Junior Grand Prix Final. He is the second Canadian man to ever win a medal at that competition (after Fedor Andreev).

Mabee just barely missed a place to the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, instead of going to that competition, he went to the 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe. He won the silver medal at that competition.

Mabee is well liked by the crowds in exhibition. He is known for his humor on the ice. He often chooses music that makes fun of himself or is light-hearted. At the 2006 Four Continents, he skated a program to *Play that funky music, white boy*. At the 2006 Nationals, he started his exhibition with a funny song about his home town of Tillsonburg.

## Other websites
* Official Site 
* International skating union biography 
* Skate Canada Profile
Tanith Belbin

**Tanith Jessica Louise Belbin** (born July 11, 1984 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian-American ice dancer. She is a citizen of both Canada and the United States. Her skating partner is Benjamin Agosto.

Belbin was born in Canada and lived in various places like Montreal until she was thirteen years old. At the age of thirteen, she moved to the United States to skate with Agosto. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. He is the one who paired them together.

Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.

In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.

In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.

Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

## Other websites 
*Official web site
* 
* 
*Care to Ice Dance? - Belbin & Agosto
Meryl Davis

**Meryl Davis** is an ice dancer from the United States. Her skating partner is Charlie White. They won the junior title at the United States national championships in 2006. In 2007, they won the bronze medal (third place) on the senior level, becoming the first team since Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto to go from being junior national champions to World team members in one season.

Davis and White have skated together since 1997. They are the longest-lasting team still skating in the United States.

In 2006, Davis and White won the bronze medal at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. Later that year, they became the first team in the world to get the highest level of difficulty for one of their programs. This happened at the 2006 NHK Trophy and put them immediately into the skating spotlight.

In 2007, they won the bronze medal at Nationals. At the World Championships, they placed 7th. This was the highest placement for a US team at their first World Championships since 1980.

Davis and White are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.

## Other websites
* Official Site 
* Care to Ice Dance: Davis & White 
* U.S. Figure Skating: Davis and White 
* International skating union biography
Treaty of Shimonoseki

The **Treaty of Shimonoseki** (, ) was signed between the Qing dynasty and the Empire of Japan in Shimonoseki in 1895 and ended the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895).

## Main terms 
* Korea would not be a vassal state under China but become an independent nation.
* China would give Japan 200 million taels (a tael had usually a little more silver than a Spanish dollar).
* Formosa, the Pescadores, and the Liaotung Peninsula would be ceded to Japan.
* Chungking, Soochow, Hangchow, and Shashih would be opened for Japanese trading.
* Japan would be allowed to build industries and sell their products in China.

## Other websites 
* Treaty of Shimonoseki (Chinese Version) 
* Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese Version)
Albena Denkova

**Albena Denkova** (born December 3, 1974 in Sofia) is an ice dancer from Bulgaria. Her skating partner and fiancée is Maxim Staviski.

Denkova and Staviski are the first Bulgarian skaters to win Worlds, which they did in 2006 and 2007.

In 2006, Denkova was elected as the president of the Bulgarian figure skating federation.

After 2007 Worlds, Denkova and Staviski did not announce if they would retire, leaving it open. However, in the summer of 2007, Staviski was involved in a fatal car crash that killed a man and left someone else in a coma. Staviski survived unharmed. However, he was legally drunk. Denkova and Staviski have withdrawn from the Grand Prix events they were scheduled to attend. Denkova has not made an official announcement as to their retirement, but if Staviski goes to jail, they will be unable to compete.

Denkova's younger sister Ina Demireva is also an ice dancer.

Denkova and Staviski are known for being pioneers of dance lifts. They invented or popularized most of the ice dance lifts currently in use at the international level.

## References 
## Other websites 
* International skating union biography 
* Denkova & Staviski official web site
* Care to Ice Dance? - Denkova & Staviski 
* Няма как да сте забравили руският състезател по фигурно пързаляне
Tessa Virtue

**Tessa Virtue** is an ice dancer from Canada. Her skating partner is Scott Moir. Virtue and Moir have been skating together since 2008. In the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, the duo won the gold medal in the ice dancing competition; which was not only a first for them, but also for the country of Canada. They went on to win two silver medals in 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics and two gold medals in 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. They are now the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.

Virtue and Moir were the most successful junior-level Canadian ice dancers ever. They won Canada's first gold medal in ice dancing at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships in 2006. In that year, they also won the bronze medal at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a senior-level competition for skaters who are from countries that are not in Europe.

In their first full season skating at the senior level, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal (second place) at the Skate Canada International and again at Nationals. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th. This made them immediately seeded skaters going into the 2007/2008 season.

Virtue and Moir are known for their artistry, musicality, and grace on the ice. They often look as if they were dancing, not skating. They have a close connection. While most of their programs have been soft and romantic, Virtue and Moir have also done humorous programs in exhibition. 

Virtue and Moir were coached by Igor Shpilband and  Marina Zueva.

## Other websites
*Official Site 
*Skate Canada Profile 
* International skating union biography  
*Care to Ice Dance? - Virtue & Moir
First Sino-Japanese War

The **First Sino-Japanese War** (, ; 1 August 1894–17 April 1895) was a war between the Qing dynasty and the Empire of Japan. After it won the war, Japan signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with China in 1895.

## Comparison of military powers 

|}

## Status of Chinese fleets 
, the strongest battleship in the Beiyang Fleet]]

China had 65 warships before the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War. They were divided into four fleets (Beiyang Fleet, the Nanyang Fleet, the Guangdong Fleet and the Fujian Fleet). Only the Beiyang Fleet participated in the war. To save their ships, the other fleets' commanders did not join the war.

The Beiyang Fleet had 25 warships. Dingyuan and Zhenyuan were the most powerful warships in the fleet and were made in Germany. Dingyuan had 6,000 horsepower and displaced 7,670 tons loaded. Some other Beiyang ships were made in Britain. Nevertheless, as Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to build a grand garden, she embezzled money that had been allocated for further expanding the Beiyang Fleet. That meant that the commanders did not have enough money to buy the latest weapons for the fleet. Most of the warships in the fleet were not well equipped before the war.

## Status of Japanese fleets 
There were 240,616 soldiers who could be mobilized in Japan before the outbreak of the war. Also, there were 32 battleships and 24 torpedo boats in the Imperial Japanese Navy. All of them had the latest and the newest weapons.

## Main battles 
**Battle of the Yalu River**

On 17 September 1894, the Beiyang Fleet and the Imperial Japanese Navy fought at the Yalu River, the border between China and Korea. During the battle, the commander of the Beiyang Fleet was Ding Ruchang, originally a cavalryman, and Sukeyuki Ito was the commander of Japanese fleet. The battle lasted five hours. Finally, four battleships of the Beiyang Fleet was destroyed, and 1,000 soldiers were killed. Only one battleship was lost by the Japanese. The commander of the Beiyang Fleet retreated to the port of Lushun.

**Battle of Lushunkou**

On 17 September 1894, the Japanese armies occupied the fortresses with powerful cannons and cities in Lushun and Dalian. The Japanese troops entered the cities and killed 20,000 Chinese civilians within four days. The incident was historically called the Port Arthur massacre.

**Battle of Weihaiwei**

In January 1895, the Japanese armies invaded Weihaiwei. The Beiyang Fleet was fairly defeated, and 11 battleships of the team were seized.

## Other websites
* Video footage of a naval battle during the war
Johnny Weir

**Johnny Weir** (born July 2, 1984 in Coatesville, Pennsylvania) is an American figure skater. He won the United States national championships three times. In a memoir released in January 2011, he wrote that he was gay.

Weir had a late start in skating, starting at the age of 12. He had previously competed as an equestrian.

Weir and his family moved to Delaware so he could skate. Weir originally trained at the University of Delaware. Despite his late start, Weir was the World Junior Champion in 2001 at the age of sixteen. He and Evan Lysacek won the top two medals that year, becoming the first time since 1987 that the US had gone one-and-two at Junior Worlds.

In 2003, Weir was in second place after the short program at the national championships in Dallas. However, he literally hit the wall during the program and then had a bad fall on a jump. He withdrew in the middle of the program. As he left, he got a hug from Lysacek, who told he would see him back the next year.

Following that bad competition, Weir left the University of Delaware club and moved to The Pond ice arena. His coach Priscilla Hill came with him.

In 2004, Weir won the National championships and again in 2005 and 2006. For the 2005/2006 season, Weir had a short program to The Swan. It was mocked during the movie Blades of Glory and became iconic of the 2006 Olympics. Weir had the most success of his career with this short program. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Weir was second after the short program. After a long program in which he omitted the eighth jumping pass and did two combinations when three were allowed, he dropped to fifth place overall.

In 2007, Weir won the bronze medal at Nationals. After that season he switched coaches to Galina Zmievskaya, who previously coached Viktor Petrenko and Oksana Baiul to Olympic gold medals.

Weir lives and trains in New Jersey. He also works as a model. He has appeared in spreads in fashion magazines and walked the catwalk during New York Fashion Week.

## Other websites 
* Johnny Weir Official Website 
* International skating union biography 
* U.S. Figure Skating biography
Nobunari Oda

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a figure skater from Japan. 

Oda is a descendant of Oda Nobunaga who was an important daimyo during Japan's Sengoku period.

## Career
Oda won the 2005 World Junior Figure Skating Championships.

In 2009, he was the Japanese national champion figure skater.

Oda was a member of the Japanese team at the 2010 Winter Olympics at Vancouver in Canada.

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* Nobunari Oda International skating Union (ISU)
* Nobunari Oda at Icenetwork.com
Bushido (disambiguation)

Originally, **Bushido** ( **Bushi-Dō** ) is the Samurai code of honour in Japan.

**Bushido** may also mean:

* Bushido (rapper), a German rapper.
* A mod in development for the computer game *Half-Life 2*. 
* Bushido (role-playing game), a role playing game from the late 20th century.
* Bushido (comics), a DC comics character.
Californication

**Californication** can be:

*Californication (album) - An album by the band, Red Hot Chili Peppers
*Califonication (song) - A song of the album with the same name, by the Red Hot Chili Peppers
*Californication (TV series) - A television series starring David Duchovny
Californication (TV series)

***Californication*** is an American television series. The series is shown on the Showtime television network. *Californication* was created by Tom Kapinos and stars David Duchovny as Hank Moody. It is about a troubled novelist who moves to Los Angeles, California. The series deals with problems with his job that cause problems with his relationships with his partner Karen (Natascha McElhone) and daughter Becca (Madeleine Martin). The series was first shown on television on August 13, 2007. Channel Five in the UK and Network Ten in Australia have bought the rights to this television series.

It was announced that after the seventh season, that Californication would end. The seventh season started airing on April 13, 2014.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Showtime Announcement
Takeoff

**Takeoff** is the part of flight in which an aircraft goes from moving along the ground (taxiing) to flying in the air, usually on a runway. 
## Examples
For balloons, helicopters and some special aircraft (such as the Harrier), no runway is needed.  Takeoff is the opposite of landing.
Oil field

, 1915.]]
An **oil field** is a region with many oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs usually extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, the only way to completely exploit the field is with many wells in different parts of the field. Other than wells, there may be pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support buildings for the workers and for repairs.

## Other websites
*Interactive Oil Field Map  Mississippi Oil Journal
*Interactive Oil and Gas Maps Kansas Geological Survey
Honour

was a common way of defending one's honor.]]
**Honour**, spelt **honor** in the United States, is the idea of the trustworthiness and social status of a person by the society, by judgement of his actions. The idea of honour, like most cultural things, is very different from place to place, and through time. In Europe in the Middle Ages, honour took form in the code of Chivalry. In Japan, a similar thing happened with Bushido. As time passed, the honour of a gentleman and his family was generally expressed in the practice of duelling. The idea has declined in modern times, but still exists, mostly as an approval of one's actions by the society.

## Related pages 
*Honor killing
Male enhancement

**Male enhancement** supplements work by increasing the amount of blood flow in the genital region  and the volume of blood that it can retain. In a flaccid state, the penis, like any other part of the body, receives a normal amount of blood flow. When an erection occurs, the penis is surged with a rich supply of blood which is then trapped in the spongy tissues of the Cavernosa and Spongiosum. 

Male enhancement supplements can be synthetic or herbal. Synthetic ones may have more side-effects. 

The time it takes to see results, said to be a matter of weeks, depends on a man's body type, eating habits, overall health, genetics, and other factors.

## Some herbal male enhancement supplements 
Supplements which are said to have effect, may be made from herbs such as: 
* Muira Puama (a powerful aphrodisiac),
* Ginkgo biloba (improves peripheral circulation, oxygenation, and increases blood flow to the genitals),
* Horny Goat (stress reduction),
* Panax Ginseng (Used to combat impotence, infertility, and premature ejaculation. It normalizes blood pressure while rejuvenating and revitalizing the body. It also promotes the growth of nerve tissue.),
* Damiana (a sexual stimulant for men and women),
* Inosine (improves performance),
* Tribulus Terrestris (increase levels of testosterone by increasing the body's production of luteinizing hormone ),
* Cayenne Fruit (stimulates blood flow by strengthening the heart, capillaries, and nerves),
* Ginseng (rejuvenator, sexual stimulant, and body fortifier against the effects of environmental stress),
* Fo-Ti (rejuvenating properties; ancients believed it can help one preserve youthfulness and restore fertility),
* Gotu Kola (impotence remedy) and
* Saw Palmett (nourish the nerves, toning and strengthening the male reproductive system, particularly the prostate gland).
* All Natural Male Enhancement FAQ – The Positive Effects and Side Effects
Gift

]]
A **gift** or a **present** is something (usually money or a good) which is given to someone. People give gifts voluntarily and do not expect anything in return. A gift is usually something that family or friends give to each other on special occasions like a birthday or holiday. For example you will give and / or receive gifts and presents at Christmas time, or chocolate (most commonly chocolate eggs) for Easter. Gifts are usually something that you really want to have. If it is a birthday gift, it would be money or an item that is not costly. A small gift is usually wrapped in wrapping paper while a big gift is most likely to be just given to the receiver or in a box without wrapping.

## Related pages
*Gift economy
*Kindness

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Timothy Goebel

**Timothy Goebel** (born September 10, 1980 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American figure skater. He is Catholic and was adopted as an infant.

Goebel is the first skater to perform a quadruple salchow jump and the first American skater to perform a quadruple jump of any kind. Goebel is also the first skater to perform three quadruple jumps in one program. At the 2002 Olympics, he became the first skater to land a quadruple salchow jump in combination at the Olympics. He is the first and so far only skater to land 6 quadruple jumps in one competition.

He has landed 76 career quadruple jumps, the most of any skater.

Because of these things, he was nicknamed the *Quad King*. However, after the 2003-2004, Goebel began having problems with the quad. He did not land it correctly at all in the 2005-2006 season.

Goebel won the bronze medal at the 2002 Olympics. It was a close call for the silver between him and World Champion Evgeni Plushenko. That would happen again at the 2003 World Championships where Plushenko beat Goebel out for the gold.

Goebel dealt with injuries in later seasons. An injury forced him to not finish competing at the 2004 Nationals and give up on the rest of the season. At the 2005 Nationals, the mother of Angela Nikodinov, a good friend of Goebel, died in a car crash. Goebel spent much of time at that competition in mourning. With Nikodinov watching, Goebel started crying partly through his free skate. He finished the performance in tears. He placed 2nd.

Goebel was not able to  for the 2006 Olympic team. He retired from competitive skating after the 2006 Nationals. In May 2010, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Columbia University's School of General Studies. He works as a technical specialist, the person who watches a skating program and tells the judges what each move was and how difficult it was.

During his career, Goebel was known mainly as a "jumping bean", a skater whose skating is mostly jumps. But Goebel worked hard to change this. His free skate in the 2002 season was the best of his career and led Goebel to a different kind of artistry.

Goebel was also known for his hydroblading maneuvers. He was one of the skaters who popularized this move in the United States.

## Other websites
* U.S. Figure Skating biography 
* International skating union biography 
* USOC Bio Page - US Olympic Committee Biography
* USFSA News  - Goebel retires from competitive skating
Zealand (disambiguation)

**Zealand** or **Zeeland** can mean:

## Places
* Zealand (Danish *Sjælland*), the Danish island
** Region Sjælland, a Danish administrative region
* Zeeland, the Dutch province
* Zeeland (North Brabant), a town in the Netherlands
* Zeeland (Gelderland), a hamlet in the Netherlands
* Zeeland, Michigan, U.S. town
* Zealand, New Brunswick, Canadian town
* Zeeland, North Dakota, U.S. town
* New Zealand, an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean

## People
* Zeeland, Vadim, contemporary Russian mystic and author
Pop, Uzbekistan

**Pap** or **Pop** is a city in Uzbekistan. It is in the Namangan region in the eastern part of the country. The city is near the Syr Darya river. Pap has over 22,750 people. Pap is the capital of Pap District.

## References
Cantilever

performs a cantilever.]]
A **cantilever** is a figure skating move. It is considered a *field move* because it is not a jump, a spin, or a spiral.

A cantilever is performed by a skater traveling on a deep lean across the ice, either in a spread eagle or a Besti squat position. The skater then bends backwards, so their back is parallel to the ice, while remaining on the deep lean. The hands can be draped across the ice or not. This is a very dramatic move on the ice.

The move was invented by Werner Groebli, better known as "Mr. Frick", a long-time show skater with the Ice Follies. It was brought back and popularized by Ilia Klimkin of Russia, who performed it a lot in competition over many years.

## References
* Figure skating glossary
Angela Nikodinov

**Angela Nikodinov** (born May 9, 1980 in Spartanburg, South Carolina), is an American figure skater. She is the 2000 Four Continents Champion.

## Biography
Nikodinov is the daughter of Bulgarian immigrants. She speaks Bulgarian fluently. She was born in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Her family moved to southern California when she was very young. 

Nikodinov missed the 2002-2003 season. She injured her shoulder in February 2002 and again in September. She also had a virus.

While in Portland, Oregon, for the 2005 U.S. National Championships, she and her family were in a car accident that killed her mother. Nikodinov did not return to competition after the accident.

Nikodinov coached Bulgarian figure skater Ivan Dinev in the 2005-2006 season. They are now coaching together in the Los Angeles area. Nikodinov and Dinev were married in July 2008. Along with her coaching duties, she  skates in shows and was a guest skater on the Stars on Ice tour. The pairs team of Bianca Butler & Joseph Jacobsen and Tenile Victorsen are among her and Dinev's former students that have qualified for the U.S. Figure Skating Championships at the Senior level.

## References
## Other websites
*Figure-Skating.com  - Official Site
* International skating union biography 
*Stars on Ice profile
Mao Asada

**Mao Asada** (born September 25, 1990) is a former figure skater from Japan. She is a former World Figure Skating Champion (2008) and is ranked no. 3 by ISU. She won the Japanese national championships in 2007 and 2008 after winning two silver medals in a row. She is the 2005 World Junior Champion. She won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Her older sister Mai Asada is also a high-level skater.
## Early life
Asada is from Nagoya. She was very skilled from a young age. She landed her first triple axel in competition while still at the junior level. She is one of five female figure skaters who have ever landed that jump in international competition.
## Career
Asada won everything on the Junior level in the 2004-2005 season. The next season was the Olympic season. Asada would be too young to compete at the 2006 Olympics. But the Japanese skating federation thought there was not a good reason to keep her at the Junior level when she had already won everything. Asada was old enough for the Grand Prix, but not for senior level ISU championships. Asada went into the Grand Prix without any of the pressure that was on the other skaters who were old enough to go the Olympics and were trying to qualify for spots on their country's Olympic team. Able to compete without pressure, Asada won the Grand Prix Final in December 2005.

Following her win, the Japanese skating federation petitioned the International Olympic Committee to make an exception to the age rule for Asada, claiming that depriving her of a chance to compete at the 2006 Olympics would be denying a medal contender a chance to compete. However, this petition, even if it had worked, would have been too late. Other skaters had been effected by the age rule. The South Korean skating federation, for example, held Kim Yu-Na back in juniors for the 2005-2006 season, even though she could have competed successfully on the Grand Prix, because she also was not old enough for the Olympics, and because of it did not earn a spot to the Olympics at the Olympic Qualifying Competition in the fall of 2005. Asada had been a force in Japanese skating for many years, so the federation could have petitioned for an exception years earlier. There had previously been a loophole in eligibility rules regarding the World Championships and medaling at the World Junior Championships, but that loophole had been closed years earlier, and it had never applied to the Olympics.

Instead, Asada went to the World Junior Championships again, where she lost to Kim Yu-Na.

In 2006-2007, Asada's first season being old enough for senior Worlds, she won the silver medal at the World Championships behind fellow Japanese skater Miki Ando.
## Flexibility
Mao Asada is known for her amazing flexibility. She is known for her one-handed Biellmann spin and her cross-grab Biellmann spiral, in which she uses the hand opposite her leg to hold up her leg in the position. She is consistent with the triple axel.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Brilliance On Ice  - Official Site
* International skating union biography
Catia

**Catia** (Computer Aided Three dimensional Interactive Application) is a commercial designing software.  It was made by Dassault Systemes and marketed world-wide by IBM.  CATIA is written in C++.

## Other websites 
* Dassault Systemes Home Page 
* IBM CATIA page 
* CATIA in South Africa 
* Catia V5 French web site with methodology, videos in catweb.fr 
* CATIA gallery by Maciej Ziemak 
* Catia V5 video Lessons catiatutor.com 

## References
Brigham Young

**Brigham Young** (June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon church) and the first Governor of the American state of Utah. Young was born in Vermont. He became president of the Mormon church in 1847 after the death of Joseph Smith, Jr in 1844.

Brigham Young University is named after Young.

John Taylor replaced Young as leader of the church three years after Young died.

## Western migration 
Young started a journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, a date now known as Pioneer Day in Utah, which is also one of its holidays. The Mormon pioneers' journey was one of the largest and one of the best organized migration to the West. On August 22, 29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young started the Mormon Tabernacle Choir.

In the church, Young was in some of the important positions, and after three years, he became the president of the church on December 27, 1847.

Young served 29 years in the LDS Church.

## Temple building  
Young helped in building temples in his time in the LDS Church and made temple building a main purpose. When Joseph Smith was the president, Young was helping to build the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples. Only four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young found the location for the Salt Lake Temple; and then started the building process on April 6, 1853. During his time as the church president, Young look over the construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and then he announced plans to build the St. George (1871), Manti (1875), and Logan (1877) temples. He also helped fix the building the Endowment House, a "short-term temple" that began to be used in 1855 for church members to go to while they were building the Salt Lake Temple.

## References
Brian Joubert

**Brian Joubert** (born September 20, 1984 in Poitiers) is a French figure skater. He won the 2007 World Championships, the 2004, 2007 & 2009 European Championships, and has won the French Nationals seven times. He competed in the 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics.

Joubert did not have a good junior career, but this was due to him going senior at 15, as soon as he was able to.

Joubert won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2002 Nationals, but did not immediately qualify for the 2002 Olympic team because France had only two spots to the Olympics. But at the 2002 European Championships, Joubert won the bronze medal, placing ahead of the other French skaters at the competition, and he was put on the Olympic team. He placed 14th at the Olympics.

Joubert is one of two men (with Emanuel Sandhu) who has beaten Evgeni Plushenko between the 2002 Olympics and the 2006 Olympics. Joubert beat him at the 2004 European Championships. Joubert then went on to place 2nd at Worlds, winning his first World medal.

Joubert has had an up-and-down career. He has switched coaches many times. He was briefly coached by Alexei Yagudin. He is now coached by Jean-Christophe Simond. At the 2005 World Championships, he placed sixth. Nevertheless, he was seen as a threat for an Olympic medal. But at the Olympics, he placed 6th. He was criticized harshly in the French press for this. After the 2006 Worlds, where he won the silver medal, he said he felt pressured to do it in part because of the way the French press had turned on him.

In the 2006/2007 season, Joubert swept the season. He won every competition he entered, including the Grand Prix Final, the European Championships, and the World Championships. At the Cup of Russia, he became one of the few skaters in history to perform three quadruple jumps in one program.

Joubert is known for the power in his skating. He is a very fast skater with very big jumps. He has been criticized in the past for having very bad spins, but he has been working to correct this, working with spinning coaches like Lucinda Ruh. Joubert has also been criticized for his lack of artistry, which has led him to seek out new choreographers, such as Kurt Browning, who are able to take Joubert's strength and force on the ice and work it into a good program for his style. 

## Other websites
*Official Site 
*