open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
South Holland

**South Holland** is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called *Zuid-Holland* in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,805,000 people are living in South Holland (2023).

## Cities
The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.

Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.

## Landscapes
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the *Bollenstreek* ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called *bulb fields*. Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.

The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.

## Islands
The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.

## Water resources
The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.

## Other websites 
* 

]]
Black Eyed Peas

The **Black Eyed Peas** is an American pop rap group from Los Angeles, California. Over the years their music has included hip hop, R&B, dance and Latin. The group currently has three members: Will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo.

## Members of the Black Eyed Peas and its history 
* Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, was born on March 27, 1975. She is an American R&B singer, actress and songwriter of Irish, Mexican, and Scottish descent. She was revealed by the kids TV series *Kids Incorporated* and another TV show, *Great Pretenders*. The TV series revealed her talents and she began her career of singer with the R&B trio Wild Orchid which became the group of the Black Eyed Peas. She acted in the movie *Nine* which came out in theatres in 2010. In 2017, Fergie left the group to focus on her solo career.
* will.i.am (real name William James Adams) was born on March 15, 1975, in Los Angeles. He is an American rapper and singer of Jamaican descent. will.i.am rose to fame as frontman and co-founder of the Black Eyed Peas. He has recently left Interscope for a solo deal with Def Jam.
* Allan Pineda Lindo, better known by his stage name Apl.de.ap, is a Filipino American rapper and producer. He was born on November 28, 1974 in Angeles City in the Philippines, from the age of 11 and he moved to the United States because he was adopted by the Hudgen's family. He began his career of singer and performer in the group "Atban Klann" with Will.i.am, which become the "Black Eyed Peas" when Taboo entered this group in 1995.
* Taboo (real name Jaime Luis Gomez) was born on July 14, 1975 in Los Angeles. He joined the Black Eyed Peas in 1995. He has a son named "Josh" who was born on December 5, 1993.

Before they became popular, the group's members were will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo and backing vocalist Kim Hill. Hill left the group in 2000 and was replaced in 2003 by Fergie. They first became popular with the single "Where Is the Love" and the album *Elephunk* and their next album, *Monkey Business* was also successful. They have more recently released *The E.N.D.*, an album that has had the successful singles "Boom Boom Pow", "I Gotta Feeling" and "Meet Me Halfway".

 and apl.de.ap]]

## Albums 
* *Behind the Front* (1998)
* *Bridging the Gap* (2000)
* *Elephunk* (2003)
* *Monkey Business* (2005)
* *The E.N.D.* (2009)
* *The Beginning* (2010)
* *Masters of the Sun Vol. 1* (2018)

## References
Mercedes-Benz

**Mercedes-Benz** () is a brand of cars, trucks, buses and coaches from the Daimler AG company of Germany.  The company was once known as **Daimler-Benz** and is still sometimes called just "Mercedes."  Mercedes-Benz is one of the world's oldest car makers. It specializes in luxury cars.  

The symbol of Mercedes-Benz is very famous.  It is a three-pointed star inside of a circle and was designed by one of the men who started the company, Gottlieb Daimler.  The three points of the star stand for land, air and sea because Daimler's engines were used not only in cars and trucks but in airplanes and boats.  The symbol was first used in 1909. 

Mercedes-Benz cars are an important part of the history of the car with many "firsts”.  They were the first to build a diesel-powered car in the 1930s, the first to build a car with fuel injection in the 1950s and the first to offer antilock brakes in the 1970s.  Mercedes-Benz cars have also been important in auto racing history.

## Early days 
The Benz Patent-Motorwagen of Karl Benz was the company's first production car, built by Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik Benz & Cie (known today as Mercedes-Benz) it was built in 1885 or 1886. It is often considered the first real gasoline -powered car. By 1901, the cars had become very popular among the rich, mostly because of the efforts of Emil Jellineck. 

## Models
### Current models 
* A-Class – hatchback and saloon
* B-Class – hatchback
* C-Class – saloon, estate, coupé and cabriolet
* CLA – saloon and estate
* CLS – liftback
* E-Class – saloon, estate, coupé and cabriolet
* G-Class – Off-road vehicle
* GLA – crossover SUV
* GLB – crossover SUV
* GLC – crossover SUV
* GLE – crossover SUV
* GLS – crossover SUV
* R-Class – estate
* S-Class – saloon, coupé and cabriolet
* T-Class – compact MPV
* V-Class – large MPV
* AMG GT – coupé and roadster
* AMG GT 4-Door  – liftback
* AMG SL –  roadster
* AMG ONE – supercar
* EQA – electric crossover SUV
* EQB – electric crossover SUV
* EQC – electric crossover SUV
* EQE – saloon
* EQE SUV – electric crossover SUV
* EQG – Electric off-road vehicle
* EQS – electric saloon
* EQS SUV – electric crossover SUV
* EQT – electric compact MPV
* EQV – electric large MPV

### Vans
Mercedes-Benz builds a range of vans such as the Citan, Vito, and Sprinter

### Trucks
Mercedes-Benz Trucks  and Daimler Trucks builds trucks together, They build buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van.

### Buses
Mercedes-Benz has been building buses from 1895 in Mannheim in Germany. Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Mercedes Benz global homepage
Pipette

A **pipette** is a type of laboratory glassware used for moving a specific volume of a solution. 

A smaller, less accurate version, known as a **teat pipette,** is made of plastic and is filled by squeezing a plastic bubble at the top.

A pipette used for the delivery of small fractions of a milliliter of a liquid is called a **micropipette**. 

## Accurate pipettes 
Piston-driven air displacement pipettes, or 'micropipettes', are the most accurate and precise pipettes. They handle liquid in the microliter scale, and are used in biology and biochemistry,
Blind Faith

**Blind Faith** was an English blues-rock band. It was formed in 1968 by members of other bands. Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker had been in the band Cream. Steve Winwood and Rick Grech had been in the band Traffic. Many people had high expectations but the new band was only together for about one year. The name of the band came about as a result of the "blind faith" shown by many people. These people had thought that the band would go on to greatness. Before they broke up in 1969, they released a self-titled album. It caused controversy because it only had six songs and featured a topless teenage girl holding a toy airplane on the English album cover. This image was replaced by a photograph of the band in America.
The Guess Who

**The Guess Who** is a Canadian rock band. They formed in Winnipeg in 1958 and broke up in 2003. Their best known songs include, *American Woman*, *Share The Land*, *No Time*, and *These Eyes*.

The band was inducted into The Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1987.

## References
Human digestive system

The **digestive system** is the parts of the body that  digest food. It is the **gastrointestinal system**. It breaks down food into simple chemicals which can be   into the blood stream. It also produces waste, which be expelled by passing gas, pooping, or even passing urine (peeing). 

From the blood stream, nutrients go to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body. The liver adjusts the nutrients so that the mix is what the body needs. 

In the stomach, gastric acid is introduced. This is basically dilute hydrochloric acid. It is very reactive and has a pH level of 1.5 to 3.5. The stomach has a layer of mucus to protect itself from the acid. 

The digestive system also gets rid of waste material. The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. Animals like worms, insects, mammals, birds, fish, and people all have digestive systems. Passing gas (farting or burping) during digesting is normal.

The digestive system is not just the **gut**, but also many other organs which help digest food. For example, digestive enzymes are needed to break down carbohydrates and meat into substances which can be absorbed. The absorbed food then goes to the rest of the body to feed it and enable it to repair itself.

The parts of the human digestive system are the same in many animals:
*Mouth
*Pharynx
*Oesophagus
*Stomach
*Intestines
**Small intestine
***Duodenum
***Jejunum
***Ileum
**Large intestine
***Cecum
***Colon
*Rectum
*Anus

Other organs that are part of the gastrointestinal system but are *not* part of the gut are:
*Liver and gall bladder
*Pancreas
*Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids
Food does not go through these organs. But they help the gut digest the food. They also have other work. For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.

There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system. Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists. They also study why people pass faeces (poo) excessively.

## Related pages 
* Appendix
* Gastroenterology
* nervous system 
* polyps

## References 
-
Mouth

The **mouth** is an opening in the face and is the first part of the alimentary canal (digestive system). It is the place where food is chewed. The mouth has teeth to help chew the food.  It is an oval-shaped cavity inside the skull. The two main functions of the mouth are eating and speaking. Parts of the mouth include the lips, vestibule, mouth cavity, gums, teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue and salivary glands. The mouth is also known as the oral cavity or the buccal cavity.

In addition to its main role as the start of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a great part in communication. The tongue, lips, and jaw, which are parts of the mouth, are needed to produce the number of sounds in human language. People also kiss and show their feelings with the mouth.

## References
Deacon

A **deacon** is a role in the Christian church. The job of a deacon is different depending on the church he or she is a part of. A deacon usually helps to run the church and teaches people about Christianity. A deacon can also witness marriages.

Men who intend to become priests are usually named deacons for some time before advancing onto the rank of priest.

In the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches men are not allowed to marry after they have become deacons. Deacons in Protestant churches are allowed to marry. 

A **protodeacon** is an  rank given to certain married deacons in Eastern Christian churches. In the Russian Orthodox Church it is an honorary title given to married deacons, as a mark of which, the clergyman is entitled to wear a burgundy-colored skufia.
Friedrich Engels

**Friedrich Engels II** (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German political thinker and writer.  He wrote about Communism with philosopher Karl Marx. They wrote the book *The Communist Manifesto* together.

## Biography 
Friedrich Engels II was born in Barmen, Germany in 1820. His father was a very rich factory owner. His father sent Friedrich to England to run one of his factories. Engles became upset with the way the workers were living at the factory. He was upset with the class system. At about this time, Engles  began to write about politics and the struggles of the workers.

In 1844, he met Karl Marx in France. The two men became friends. They also began to write together. The two men worked together until the death of Marx in 1883. Engels' influential work, "The Condition of the Working Class in England," highlighted the harsh realities of industrialization. His partnership with Marx laid the foundation for modern communism, and his writings continue to shape discussions on class struggle and societal transformation.

After Marx died, Engels spent the rest of his life editing and translating Marx' writings. He also wrote about women and marriage. Engles died of throat cancer in London in 1895, leaving a lasting legacy in the realms of political philosophy and social critique.
Dinner

**Dinner** is a word with a few different meanings.

In North America dinner usually means a large meal that is eaten in early evening. Sometimes dinner can mean a meal eaten in the middle of the day.  This meaning is more common in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom . 
A more formal definition of "dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal that has several courses. The minimum number of course is often regarded as two but there can be as many as seven.  If there is only one course and it is the main meal of the day, then it is called dinner.

Dinner is very important to some cultures. Dinner is a large part, often a tradition, on many American holidays including Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Neck (disambiguation)

**Neck** can mean:

*Neck (body part), a part of the body
*Any narrow part of a thing. The neck of a bottle is where it gets smaller. The neck of a violin is the part underneath the top of the fingerboard leading up to the tuning pegs.
*To *neck* is a slang term for when two people kiss many times in a romantic way.
Coachella Valley

The **Coachella Valley** is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a  destination and an agricultural region. It is a dry rift valley.

The cities of the Coachella Valley from west to east are:

*Desert Hot Springs
*Palm Springs
*Cathedral City
*Rancho Mirage
*Palm Desert
*Indian Wells
*La Quinta
*Indio
*Coachella

Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm. Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates.  A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.

One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.
Flamenco

**Flamenco** is a style of baile. It is a form of entertainment with song, music and dance. It is very popular in Spain and is known worldwide. Its foundation is in Andalusia in Spain. In its evolution Andalusian gypsies played an important part.  The term 'flamenco' was first recorded in the late 18th century but many believe the art form is much older.

Flamenco has acoustic guitar music, singing, hand claps, heel , castanets. It is danced by a man and a woman in traditional Spanish costumes. The dance has no set tempo. It may have both fast and slow passages, rising to a climax near the end. 

Flamenco performance has evolved during the history of this musical genre. In the beginning (the 18th century at the latest), songs were sung without any guitar accompaniment. During the 19th century, the guitar was used to accompany songs. Since the second half of the 19th century, the solo guitar is played in flamenco concerts.

On November 16, 2010, UNESCO declared Flamenco one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

## Related pages 
*Carmen Amaya
*Antonio Ruiz Soler

## References 
## Other websites 
Examples of flamenco:
*Traditional flamenco https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLFH01qJT3k
*Traditional flamenco by José Greco https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQ3jQtFu-k
*Notable for the voice and guitar as well as the dance by Sara Barras https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ-ie12Eqck
*Ramon Ruiz group https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPhCIKFkfg4
Prefix

A **prefix** is a part of a word, or a word within a word. It is put at the start of another word to make a different meaning. It can also represent a number (in word form) that is put in at the start of a word to show which number of something is in a group, such as the prefix *mono*, which means one. A **prefix** is a type of affix which is commonly found in compound nouns (and in other cases, compound adjectives).
 
The following examples illustrate real prefixes.

Often people want to use a prefix to mean *not*. There are many prefixes that mean *not*.
* *Un*natural means not natural.
* *A*political means not political.
* *Non*violent means not violent.
* *In*direct means not direct

We also learnt the prefixes ***anti** which means **against*** and **auto** is used to mean ***self*** *or **own***

Some examples of these prefixes are:

antisocial, which means *non* social.

*Anti* glare which means it will prevent sun and light glare on a screen.

*Auto* graph which means a person's signature, and

*auto* pilot which means working by itself

Other examples of prefixes:

* *bi*centennial (and other number related prefixes: mono, ter/tri, tetra, quadro, penta, hepta, octo, nano etc.)
* *contra*diction
* *en*compass
* *para*trooper
* *per*cent
* *peri*scope
* *proto*type
* *poly*technical
* *re*act
* *semi*colon

Scientists and doctors use prefixes in many words.
* *Hepato-* is a prefix that means liver. So *hepatocellular* means 'about liver cells'.
* *Hydro-* is a prefix that means water. So *Hydroelectric* dams are dams that make electricity from the flow of water.
* *Pre-* or *Ante-* are prefixes that mean before. Prenatal diagnostics are the diagnostics done before the birth of a baby.
* *Post-* is a prefix that means after. Post-traumatic experience would be an experience that was made after trauma.
 
Sometimes people make up words by adding a prefix. These words are not in a dictionary. But if people use these words enough, sometimes they go into dictionaries.
For example, we can make the word *unsimple*, which splits up into *not simple*. This is not a word in a dictionary.

Compare to suffix. Suffixes are letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
UNESCO

**UNESCO** is the **United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization** (). It is an agency of the United Nations (UN). 

UNESCO says its purpose, as defined just after the end of World War II, is "to build the defenses of peace in the minds of men and women". It does this by helping nations work together, through education for all, science, and culture. This is supposed to help other nations follow the rule of law and human rights. It also helps promote some freedoms in the UN Charter.

UNESCO has 195 Member countries.

UNESCO tries to achieve what it wants to do through six programs: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information. Some projects sponsored by UNESCO are literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes. UNESCO also decides what will become World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is an important, special, interesting or beautiful place. If a place is a World Heritage Site, the place can not be destroyed, as it can give useful information for the future. The Uluru, for example, gives a lot of information on the culture of Aborigines. UNESCO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. and works for Millennium Development Goals.

## List of directors
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site of UNESCO on which you can find extra information
Nationality

The **nationality** of a person is that person's legal relationship with a state, for example a Swedish person's legal relationship with the kingdom of Sweden. Nationality is not identical to citizenship but in the majority of states most of the population are both citizens and nationals. Dual nationality means that the person has a legal relationship with two different states at the same time, for example with the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The rights and duties of individual people and the states they belong to vary from country to country. 

"Nationality" can take on different meanings depending on the country, language and culture in question. For example, someone of Greek descent may be called "Greek" even if the individual, a member of the Greek diaspora, has no right to a Greek passport and citizenship. In past centuries, the usual meaning of "nationality" was not political, but rather meant membership in an ethnic group. In modern cases such as in airports, when officials ask your "nationality," they are asking to see the passport you use for travel to foreign countries.

## Notes
Race

**Race** has many meanings in English. It can mean:
*To go very fast – *he raced to the store*
*A competition between people  - *the race for the US presidency*
*Racing, a competition about speed – *the Tour de France is an important bicycle race*
*Race (biology), a group smaller than a species. Members of different races can have sex and make babies, but they are separate (usually because they live in different places) - *a large race of birds lives on this island*
*Race (sociology),  of the human species based on  physical characteristics that are passed on to  .  
*Race (anthropology) groups humans are often divided into based on physical traits often common among shared ancestry.  
*The *human race* means all people - *the human race is destroying the environment*
Medical ethics

**Medical ethics** is the set of ethical rules that medical doctors follow. These ethics guide doctors as to how they should treat patients.

The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the Hippocratic oath (an oath is an important promise). It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates.

## Principles 
There are 6 major principles (important ideas):
* Beneficences - a doctor must do things that are good for the *patient* (the doctor is giving medical care to.)
* Non-maleficence – a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.
* Autonomy - the patient can say he does not want to be treated
* Justice – talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care. It talks about who gets what treatments.
* Dignity - the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)
* Truthfulness (being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth

## Medical ethics questions 
Here are some kinds of medical ethics questions:
* If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?
* If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?
* A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes. The patient asks a doctor “am I going to die?” What should the doctor say?
*If a man has stage four cancer but only wants hollistic medicine, should you treat him with chemotherapy anyway?

## Related pages
*Bioethics
*Conflict of interest
*Deontological ethics
*Informed consent
*Right to die
Sperm

**Sperm** are the male reproductive cells. Most animals and plants use sperm to reproduce. They have different ways of making and releasing the sperm. In all cases the sperm meets with the egg of the female and together they grow into a new organism.

The name sperm is taken from the Greek word *sperma* meaning *seed*.

An animal sperm cell is capable of movement, as it has to get to the uterus to meet with the ovum. Animal sperm cells (including humans) have small 'head' and a long tail called a *flagellum*. The flagellum acts like a motor to propel the sperm cell through the female reproductive system. 

## In humans 
Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man. Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes. A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a *haploid* as it only has half. The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female. During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation.
Semen carries the sperm into the woman's vagina and down to the ovum in the uterus. During ejaculation millions of sperm cells are released in the semen, but only one hundred or so reach the egg.
The egg can merge with one sperm cell that reaches it.  Because it now has 46 chromosomes, it is called a *diploid*, like ordinary cells of the body. This diploid is called a zygote, and it can grow into a fetus and eventually a baby.

### Acrosome (sperm head) 
In human reproduction, the egg is punctured with the help of the acrosome, the tip on the head of sperm. The acrosome acts similarly to the Golgi aparatus, using enzymes to break down the egg wall or membrane

## In plants 
 have different kinds of sperm]]
Some plants such as ferns and mosses have sperm that move. Flowering plant sperm cells cannot move by themselves. The flowering plant sperm cells are contained within pollen grains.
Thus, they rely on *transportation* to take their sperm cells to other plants. For example, a bee lands on a plant to collect the nectar. Some pollen will get stuck to the bee. The bee moves on to another plant and the pollen falls onto that plant. The sperm is moved down a *pollen tube* until it reaches the ovule at the bottom of the flower.

## References
Bilbao

**Bilbao** () is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao. 

In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay. Bilbao has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city. There are many things to see in Bilbao:

* Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (Modern Art)
* *Bellas Artes* Museum (Fine Art)
* Bilbao Cathedral
* University of Deusto
* Metro Bilbao (Bilbao's Underground)
* Bilbao's Town Hall
* Arriaga Theatre
* *Casco Viejo* (Old City)
* St. Jacob's Cathedral
* Virgin Begoña's Basilic
* *Gran Vía* (Great Avenue)
* *Plaza del Sagrado Corazón* (Christ's Holy Heart Square)
* *San Mamés* stadium

## Related pages
* Vitoria-Gasteiz

## Other websites 
* Bilbao's official website 
* Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website 
* Scholars on Bilbao: This website encompasses academic works that analyse the urban regeneration of the city of Bilbao (e.g. strategic plans, infrastructures, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and dilemmas, cultural tourism, gentrification, uneven development, creative industries, artists ... etc).
List of Disney animated movies

Below is a list of animated movies from Walt Disney Pictures/The Walt Disney Company. For a list of live-action movies from the company, see List of Disney movies.

The following is a list of movies which are said to be produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios (formerly Walt Disney Productions, between 1937 and 1985 and Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1986 and 2006). They are also known as the Disney Canon. The canon includes animated movies that were or are being produced entirely by Walt Disney Animation Studios. Movies which are not part of the canon are movies which include both animation and live-action, spin-offs from Disney television programs, the direct-to-video movies produced by the DisneyToons studio in Australia (some of which received theatrical releases), or the Pixar movies (which Disney "presents" but does not produce).

## Films
### US releases / US produced 
#### Released 
‡—Includes theatrical reissue(s).

#### Upcoming
### US produced films distributed by Miramax 
The following is a list of films that were released by Miramax Films when the studio was a subsidiary of Disney at the time of release. Neither of these films is officially recognized as Disney films, as they were from pre-existing distribution deals before Disney's acquisition of Miramax, and Disney sold Miramax to Filmyard Holdings in 2010.

### US produced / International releases only
The following films were only released direct-to-video within the US. While they were given a theatrical billboard internationally, these films are not recognized by Disney's D23 as theatrical films because of a lack of US theatrical releases. 

### International productions / US releases 
### International films distributed by Miramax 
The following is a list of films that were released by Miramax Films when the studio was a subsidiary of Disney at the time of release. None of these films are officially recognized as Disney films due to Disney's sale of Miramax to Filmyard Holdings in 2010.

## Highest-grossing films
:

## Related pages
* Pixar
* List of Disney characters

## References 
## References
**Release Notes**

**Studio/Production Notes**

**Studio Ghibli films original release dates**

## Other websites 
* Walt Disney Animation Studios History
*
List of Disney movies

This is a **list of movies** made and released by Walt Disney Pictures.

## Released
### 1930s–1940s
### 1950s
### 1960s 
### 1970s
### 1980s
### 1990s
### 2000s
### 2010s
### 2020s
## Upcoming
### Undated films
### In development
## Related pages
**In-depth lists by other types**
* List of Disney feature-length home entertainment releases
* List of Disney television films
* List of Disney theatrical animated feature films
* List of Disney live-action adaptations and remakes of Disney animated films
* List of film adaptations of Disney attractions

**Disney-branded labels**

* Lists of Walt Disney Studios films

*Operating*:
* Walt Disney Animation Studios (list)
* Disney Channel Original Movies (list)
* Pixar Animation Studios (list)
* Disneynature

*Defunct*:
* ImageMovers Digital
* Skellington Productions
* Disneytoon Studios

**Other film labels and/or subsidiaries**

*Operating*:
* Marvel Studios (list) 
** Marvel Cinematic Universe (list) 
** Marvel Television
* Lucasfilm Ltd. (list)
* 20th Century Studios (list) 
** Searchlight Pictures (list)
** 20th Century Animation
** Star Studios
* ESPN Films 
* Star Studios 

*Not operating*:
* Hollywood Pictures 
* Touchstone Pictures (list) 
* ABC Motion Pictures (list) 
* ABC Family (list) 
* Fox 2000 Pictures
* Blue Sky Studios (list)
* UTV Motion Pictures 

*Divested* (once owned by Disney):
* Miramax (list) 
** Dimension Films (list) 

**Related lists**
* List of Walt Disney Animation Studios short films
* List of Disney television series

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Complete Canon of Disney Animated Films 
* Disney Movie Database (Unofficial)
Brown v. Board of Education

**Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka**, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (full name ***George Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas***) was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1950 in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grade girl named Linda Carol Brown had to run more than a mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her segregated school for black children. However, there was an elementary school for white children less than seven blocks away.  At that time, many schools in the United States were segregated.  Black children and white children were not allowed to go to the same schools.

Her father, Oliver Brown, tried to get Linda into the white school, but the principal of the school refused.  Twelve more black parents joined Oliver Brown in trying to get their children into the white elementary school.  The two schools were supposed to be "separate but equal."  However, they were not.  The NAACP's lawyers argued that the white and black schools in Topeka were not "separate but equal."

Kenneth Clark is a psychologist that gave young African-American children black and white dolls to see how they felt about segregation and integration. The children liked the white dolls. After the doll test, Clark also gave the black children drawings of a kid and asked them to color it like themselves. Some of the children colored themselves with a white or yellow crayon, which was also used in the case.

The case eventually went all the way to the Supreme Court.  After years of work, in 1954, Thurgood Marshall and a team of other NAACP lawyers won the case.

The ruling in the case was written by Earl Warren, who was Chief Justice. He said *“separate educational facilities are  unequal."*  The supreme Court ruled the schools had up to 5 years to desegregate. It was not until the early 1970s that all United States public schools were integrated (the  of segregated).  Integrating America's schools required many state and Supreme Court decisions to force schools to integrate.

## Related pages
* *Plessy v. Ferguson*
* Segregation
* Civil Rights Movement

## References
## Other websites 
* The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision from FindLaw
* United States National Park Service Historic Site: Monroe Elementary School, one of the segregated elementary schools in Topeka
* Ten Things You Should Know About *Brown v. Board of Education*
Well

or a donkey is used to draw water]]
, with a woman getting water there]]
A **well** is a hole that is dug into the Earth to get a fluid. Most wells reach down to the water table to get water. There are also oil wells and gas wells. 

Wells can be as simple as a hole that a bucket on a rope can be lowered into, or very complex with pipes and high-powered pumps to get the water out. Most cities that are not close to fresh water lakes or rivers get their water from wells. 

It is important to be careful what rubbish is put into the ground near a well. If something toxic is put in the ground, it could go in the groundwater and the well and make people sick.

A qanat is an ancient complex water well system used in the Middle East.

Water is a problem for many African countries. Many charities are helping to build wells in local villages so people need not go far to get water.

A well only works if underneath there is a source of water, such as an aquifer, which feeds it.
Sweet

**Sweet** can mean:

*sweetness, the taste of sugar
*Sweets: British English for the confectionery which Americans call candy.
*Sweet (band), a British band
Cracker

and garlic sauce.]]
A **cracker** is a thin and crispy piece of baked bread. Crackers can be eaten by themselves, but they can also be eaten with things on them called toppings. Common toppings include cheese, peanut butter, and sliced meats. Crackers are most often eaten as a snack, or crumbled into soup.

## History
In 1792, Theodore Pearson of Newburyport, Massachusetts, made a cracker-like bread that was made from only water and flour which he called "Pearson's Pilot Bread." This was the first cracker bakery in the United States, and made crackers for more than a century.
Rosa Luxemburg

**Rosa Luxemburg** (5 March 1871 in Zamość, Russian Poland – 15 January 1919 in Berlin) was a Polish-Jewish Marxist politician working in both Poland and Germany. Her birth name was Rosalia *Luxemburg*. She was born into a Jewish family. She was the fifth child of her parents. Her father was a wood trader/timber trader. His name was Eliasz Luxemburg III. Her mother's name was Line (maiden name: Löwenstein).

## Publications
In one of her earliest publications, 'Reform or Revolution?' (1900) Luxemburg accepted Marx's argument that capitalism promoted exploitation and was at odds with humanity's natural, fraternal instincts. She also agreed that evolutionary socialism was impossible: only revolution could create real change. However, like Lenin, she had little sympathy for Marx's 'historicism' and denied that for a revolution to occur, capitalism would have to reach an advanced stage of development. However, Luxemburg's analysis of how the revolution should come would distinguish her from both Marx and Lenin.
## Life
After WW1 Luxemburg helped establish the German Communist Party (KDP). She organised a socialist uprising in Germany but was killed by a right-wing group called the Freikorps. Rosa Luxemburg made many new communist ideas that continue to influence communism today. Rosa Luxemburg supported the Russian Revolution led by Lenin and Trotsky, but she saw them both as making undemocratic mistakes in organizing what was supposed to be a more democratic nation. She also insisted the freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of speech and abolition of death penalty. In 1913 she published an essay "The Accumulation of Capital" that urges that capital accumulation causes the imperialism. 

## Assassination
Rosa Luxemburg was executed by the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision of the Freikorps.
Surgery

**Surgery** is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons. Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example brain or heart or eye surgery. One who operates on bones is an orthopaedic surgeon.

Surgery (operations) can be simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.

Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.

Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.

When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything. In some kinds of surgery local anesthesia (stopping the pain in the place where the cutting is done) is enough.

In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called medical tourism.

## Related pages
* Plastic surgery
Pepperoni

with pepperoni on top.]]
**Pepperoni** is a meat food that is sometimes sliced thin and put on pizza. It is a kind of salami, which can be quite spicy.  It comes from the United States.
Conception

**Conception** has different meanings:

*A Concept is an idea. Conception can mean how someone understands an idea.
*Conception can also mean fertilization (when a sperm joins with an ovum or egg)
Abdomen

The **abdomen** is the part of the body that is between the chest and the thigh. It contains (has in it) the abdominal muscles and many organs. Some of the organs in the abdomen are:
* Gallbladder
* Liver
* Rectum
* Stomach
* Anus
* Small intestine and large intestine
* Ureters
* Bladder
* Urethra
* Reproductive system except breast
* Appendix
Button

A **button** can have three meanings.

*A button is a fastener that keeps your shirt or pants closed. 
*A button is something that sticks up from a flat surface, and when you push it, it makes something happen.
*A button is a picture on a computer monitor that is *pressed* with a computer mouse to make the computer  do something.
Multiprocessing

**Multiprocessing** is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The CPUs do not have to be the same. Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.

## Related pages
* Multitasking
* Multithreading
* Multi-core processor
Computer multitasking

**Multitasking** means that a computer can run more than one item of software in the same time frame; switching between several computer programs running on a single CPU. It can also refer to a person who is working on more than one task at the same time (for instance, talking on the telephone while filing papers).

## Computing
Computers rely on the CPU to do tasks. CPUs with one core can only focus on one task at a time. Computer scientists fixed this by getting the CPU to rapidly switch between multiple tasks, an action known as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming happens so fast that the computer appears to be doing the tasks at the same time, even though its only ever working on one task. This is often controlled by the operating system (OS) controlling the hardware of the system.

The more things the computer has to do at once, the more time it has to spend deciding which to give more time to, and the less time each one receives. This makes the computer perform its tasks more slowly. Due to this, most modern computers have multi-core processors. Each core can do a separate task without having to worry about the other cores. This is called multiprocessing.

## Related pages
* Multithreading
* Multiprocessing
Heaven

going up to Heaven]]
's picture of heaven from the Divine Comedy ]]
**Heaven** is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after somebody dies) in many religions. Some people who believe in heaven say that it is a place that is perfect. They believe heaven is where people will go after they die if they have been good. Some people also believe in Hell, which is a place where people will go when they die, if they have been bad. They believe hell is a punishment for being naughty. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.

## In Christianity
According to the Bible, there are different meanings for the word:
**Sky* – the atmosphere that covers the Earth. The first time that it rained, it says, God opened "the windows of heaven."
**Outer space* – the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc.
*The place where God lives and rules eternally. The people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not die.

The Bible does not have a lot to say about what it looks like. The apostle Paul tells about a vision he had of being taken up to "the third heaven," where he saw and heard things too wonderful to describe. But, much of what Christians believe Heaven to be like comes from the vision that John saw in a vision while praying, including:
*The glory of God is the light (no sun)
*Heaven is where all the true believers go. 
*You never sleep because of your purified new body
*Has 12 gates made of pearl
*Walls made of jasper
*Streets made of pure gold
*A river of life
*Trees on each side of the river

Catholics believe Mary is the Queen of Heaven, officially defined by Pope Pius XII in 1954. However many Protestants see this as not in the Bible.

## In Islam
According to the Quran and Hadith, Heaven is a place of reward for those believers who accept the true faith and practices the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The eternal life will be perfect, with thousands of types of food and clothing more beautiful than humans could ever imagine. There will also be no sad feelings, stress or pain and related problems of life.

## In Bahá'í Faith
Baha'is believe that Heaven or (hell) being specific places as symbolic. The Aqdas, the holy book of Baha'is, along with other Baha'i books, describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where being close to God is called heaven. Hell is seen as being separated from God. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, said that the afterlife is beyond human understanding.

## In Paganism
Summerland is the name given by Wiccans and other Pagan (old European religions) to their belief of afterlife (life after death).

## References
Multithreading

**Multithreading** means that a computer can work on different parts of the same program at the same time. This usually allows the program to run faster.

## Related pages
*Multitasking
*Multiprocessing
*Multi-core processor
Decision

The word **Decision** can be 

## General 
* When there are several options on what to do, picking one of the options is called 'making a decision'. Humans and other animals make decisions almost all the time. 
* A field of mathematics, and economics, that looks at this process is called decision theory.

## Law 
* A decision is also the result of a legal case. *The decision in Brown v. Board of Education was to end segregation.*

## Sports 
* A decision is also the result of a sports contest. *The team lost three decisions in a row*.
* A  decision in Boxing is when a referee (official) decides who wins when the one boxer does not win by knockout (hitting the other until he loses consciousness.)
Fertilization

s are a kind of small plant with a complex life cycle that includes fertilization. The sperm and the egg come together to make a zygote. The zygote grows into an embryo.]]

**Fertilization** (British English spelling: **fertilisation**) is when a male's sperm enters a female's ovum (or "egg"). Fertilization is also called *conception*. Biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. A zygote grows into an embryo.

Fertilization occurs in animals, including humans and birds, in plants, fungi, protists, in fact all eukaryotes. Fertilization makes a cell with twice as many chromosomes. The eukaryote life cycle includes meiosis which divides the chromosome number in half.

## In animals
In animals, there are two types of fertilization, internal and external. Internal fertilization happens in the female body. External fertilization happens outside of the body. Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization. Amphibians and most fish use external fertilization. Some animals with internal fertilization give birth to live offspring. Others such as birds, most reptiles, and some mammals such as the Platypus, lay eggs.

Internal fertilization happens during mating (sexual intercourse in humans). Sperm cells travel from the male testicles to the female uterus. One sperm attaches to the egg in the uterus. Together, they become a zygote.

File:Stony coral spawning 2.jpg|Coral animals send eggs and sperm into the water separately. They are carried in the water currents and meet up to fertilize, and then grow into new coral animals.
File:Albino Cory Spawning.JPG|Most fish fertilize their eggs externally. The eggs and sperm are put into the water at the same time. (Here the sperm are not visible.)
File:AmselEier.jpg|Bird eggs are usually fertilized before they are laid. (In some birds and reptiles an unfertilized egg can still be laid, but it will never hatch.)

## Related pages
*Alternation of generations
*Mating
*Population growth

## References
Whiteboard

A **whiteboard**, also called a **markerboard**, is a drawing surface on which markings made with markers are visible. It is used as a surface to write on. Whiteboards are often used to help teach.  Special markers are used that can be erased. Whiteboards usually have a shiny surface. Before there were whiteboards, people used blackboards so much. Chalks are used for  writing  on blackboards. Now, there is another improvement, people are now using electronic whiteboards, where it is controlled by a computer - this is sometimes called an interactive whiteboard (IWB). These were particularly popular in English schools in the 2000s.

## Related pages
*Interactive whiteboard
Chemist

A **chemist** is a scientist who studies chemistry. In England, it can also mean a pharmacist (person who dispenses prescription medication). 

Chemistry is the study of elements, atoms, molecules, and how they react together. Chemists research and do test. This makes things better, such as:
* medicines
* fuel
* food
* weapons (explosives, rockets)
* household chemicals
* plastics 

They a lot of other things. Chemistry is an important science. It helps industry.

Chemists study compounds, and find new ways to do chemical reactions, or do old chemical reactions. They make chemicals in order to find new ways to do things. This helps with everyday life, like to make a better glue, or to make new medicines, drugs, and use feedstock or to make things . They also use compounds to find more about and then  the laws of chemistry.