open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Getty Villa

The **Getty Villa** in Pacific Palisades, California, USA, is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. The Getty Villa is an educational center and museum that covers the arts and cultures of Ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500&nbsp;BC to 400&nbsp;AD. The UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation is here. The online GettyGuide as well as through audio tours tell about the items owned by the museum.

## Collection
, part of the museum's collection]]
The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500&nbsp;BC to 400&nbsp;AD.  Among the outstanding items is Victorious Youth, one of few life-size Greek bronze statues to have survived to modern times. The Lansdowne Heracles is a Roman sculpture that was probably copied from an older Greek statue. The Villa also has jewelry and coin collections. The Villa's library has  20,000 books covering art from these periods.  The Villa also displays the 'Getty kouros', which the museum lists as "Greek, about 530&nbsp;B.C., or modern forgery" because scientific analysis is inconclusive as to whether the marble statue can be dated back to Greek times. If genuine, the Getty kouros is one of only twelve remaining intact kouroi. The Marbury Hall Zeus is a  tall marble statue that was recovered from the ruins at Tivoli near Rome.

### GettyGuide
The "GettyGuide" has detailed information about the items owned by the museum. This is available both at the Museum, at various points known as "GettyGuide stations", and externally on its website.

## Photographs

Image:060807-004-GettyVilla003gallery.jpg|Gallery within the Villa
Image:Pool at Getty Villa.JPG|The outer peristyle, viewed from above
Image:Lansdowne Herakles.JPG|The Lansdowne Herakles, part of the museum's collection
Image:Kouros_Real_or_Fake.jpg|Getty kouros, part of the museum's collection
Image:Zeus_Getty_Villa.jpg|Marbury Hall Zeus, King of the Gods, at the Getty Villa
Image:Head_of_Athena_Getty_Villa.jpg|Athena, Goddess of war, civilization, wisdom, strength, strategy, crafts, justice and skill
Image:060807-002-GettyVilla002.jpg|Main Courtyard of the Villa

## References 
## Further reading 
*
*
*

## Other websites 
* J. Paul Getty Trust official website
* A four-part documentary about the villa and its Roman model, the Villa of the Papyri 
* Photos from the Getty Villa
* flickr.com photos tagged with "Getty Villa"
Big Van Vader

**Leon Allen White** (May 14, 1955 &ndash; June 18, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was better known by the ring name, **Big Van Vader**.

## Wrestling career 
Vader began his wrestling career at the World Heavyweight Championship (AWA) in (1985) and remained on the company for two years until (1987). He then traveled to Japan where he was hired by the New Japan Pro Wrestling. Vader won the final competition between eight men against Shinya Hashimoto and was crowned champion. Then a month after being crowned champion, Vader lost the title to the Russian Hashimikov Salman. Then recovered the titled against the winner of Hashimikov- Riki Choshu, thus becoming World Heavyweight Champion again CWA. Vader continued performing in Europe under the name of Otto Wanz. In 1990, Vader returned to America and was hired by World Championship Wrestling, in WCW Vader got a chance to face Sting in the July 12 event The Great American Bash 1992, where Sting defeated, and Vader and crowned as the new world champion heavyweight WCW. After having bloody battles against Mick Foley, Vader faced none other than Hulk Hogan in 1995. After leaving WCW, Vader returned to Japan in 1996.

## WWF 
In 1996, Vader was hired by World Wrestling Federation, Vader appeared at WrestleMania XII, in a fight between six Vader, Owen Hart, British Bulldog vs Yokozuna, Ahmed Johnson and Jake Roberts. Vader's team won the match. Vader faced the champion of the WWF Shawn Michaels at SummerSlam in 1996, and then faced The Undertaker in the Royal Rumble.

## 1998 to 2012 
In 1998 Vader returned to Japan in All Japan Pro Wrestling, then went to the Pro Wrestling Noah between 2000 and 2002 before being hired by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Vader turned to work for the WWE in 2003 performing in several episodes of Raw where he retired from the wrestling in 2012.

On April 1, 2022, Vader was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by his son Jesse.

## Health and death
In 2016, Vader was diagnosed with congestive heart failure following a car crash. White went in for heart surgery on March 12, 2018 followed by another in May to treat an arrhythmia.

## References 
*
*The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Heels Escrito por Greg Oliver,Steven Johnson

## Other websites 
*Vader at YouTube
*
*BigVanVader.com (fan site) 
*
Yi Ui-bang

**Yi Ui-bang** (, ? - 1174) was a Korean Goryeo dynasty soldier and politician. He was the father-in-law of King Gangjong and grandfather of King Gojong.

## Life 
In 1170 Yi joined the Goryeo warrior rebellion. In 1174, he was murdered by Jeong Kyun.

His younger brother Yi In was the ancestor of Yi Seonggye, the founder of the Joseon dynasty.

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=127558
* http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_5COb_A9999_1_0010319
* http://www.sanzoa.net/lee/gosa_13.htm 
* 리인 - 전주이씨
Gacy (movie)

***Gacy*** is a 2003 American biographical crime drama movie directed by Clive Saunders and written by Saunders and David Birke. The movie is based on the life of John Wayne Gacy, an American rapist and serial killer in Illinois. The movie was rated "R" by the Motion Picture Association of America, and stars Mark Holton as John Wayne Gacy.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Dear Mr. Gacy

***Dear Mr. Gacy*** is a 2010 Canadian crime drama movie thriller directed by Svetozar Ristovski. The movie stars William Forsythe as American serial killer John Wayne Gacy. It is based on a book by Jason Moss, *The Last Victim*. The movie was rated "R" by the Motion Picture Association of America.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Left-wing fascism

**Left-wing fascism** (or ** left fascism**) is the contested idea that left-wing politics can emulate and practice the ideology of fascism. Fascism is traditionally identified as a far-right ideology. Left-wing fascism was first discussed in the 1960s as a critique of communist student movements.. The term has been discussed academically by sociologists such as Jürgen Habermas and Irving Louis Horowitz.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Authoritarianism
* Horseshoe theory
* Stalinism
* Totalitarianism
* Fasces (the symbol of fascism)
Ivy City

**Ivy City** is a small neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D.C.  It is dominated by warehouses and the **Ivy City Yard,** a railroad coach yard and maintenance facility for Amtrak. The area has undergone some renewal. But Ivy City still remains among the poorest parts of the city.

## Geography
Ivy City is bounded by New York Avenue to the northwest, West Virginia Avenue to the east, and Mt. Olivet Road to the south. The neighborhood is  surrounded on all sides by significant landmarks: Gallaudet University (across Mt. Olivet Rd.), Mt. Olivet Cemetery (across West Virginia Ave.), and Amtrak's Ivy City yard (across New York Ave.).

Politically, Ivy City is in Ward 5.

## History
In 1831, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad  had a plan approved to build its Washington Branch. Passenger train service between Baltimore and Washington began in 1835. As part of the construction, the railroad company built its last roundhouse (the current Amtrak yard) one mile outside the city limit. The railroad then worked with land speculators to develop the land  next to the roundhouse as *Ivy City*. Ivy City became an early Washington suburb. It housed railroad employees.

Ivy City became part of the city of Washington with the passage of the Organic Act of 1878, which extended the city to occupy all of the District of Columbia.

Over the years, railroads were one of the few industries to consistently give jobs to African Americans. Ivy City became an increasingly black section of town. In 1911, while Washington DC had separate schools for black and white students, the neighborhood's first colored school, Alexander Crummell Elementary School, opened in Ivy City. The school quickly became a symbol of civic pride in the neighborhood and a major community anchor.

The economic status of Ivy City went up and down with the economic success of the railroads. After World War II, U.S. rail travel suffered terrible declines due to the rise of the commercial airline industry and the Interstate Highway System. In 1963, Baltimore and Ohio was bought by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad; the two were combined in the Chessie System in 1973. Three years after that, the Ivy City yard was acquired by the newly created Amtrak, which leased it to commuter rail services.

Ivy City had suffered a lot from the railroad industry's decades-long downturn. Even after Amtrak took over the train yard, Washington entered a period of poor city management and economic blight. This was hard on low-income neighborhoods. Those who could afford to leave Ivy City did. Its population decreased by a third in the 1990s.

Ivy City remains home to many of the poorest residents of the district. It is largely occupied by old warehouses, abandoned and decrepit homes, and large expanses of parking lots, and crime. By mid-2005, the city's recent trend toward gentrification had only just begun to reach some parts of Ivy City. In 2011, Habitat for Humanity built or rennovated 23 houses in Ivy City.

## References 
## Other websites
*Photos of Ivy City Yard  - Amtrak Historical Society
*Area Map of Ivy City Yard, Union Station and approach tracks
Wyomia Tyus

**Wyomia Tyus** (pronunciation: *why-o-ma*; born August 29, 1945 in Griffin, Georgia, United States) is an American athlete. She was the first person to win and keep the Olympic title in the 100 m. She participated in the 1964 Summer Olympics at age 19. In the heats of the event, she equalled Wilma Rudolph's World Record. She was in a good position for the final. Her main rival was another American, Edith McGuire. Tyus won the final, beating McGuire by two tenths of a second. At the same Olympics, she also won a silver medal with the 4 x 100 m relay team.

Tyus continued to compete and won national championships in sprint events and a gold medal in the 200 m at the Pan-American Games. In 1968, she returned to the Olympics to defend her title in the 100 m. In the final, she set a new World Record of 11.08 seconds. She became the first woman to hold the Olympic 100 m title through a second Olympic Games. Tyus also finished sixth in the 200 m. She ran the final leg for the relay team and helped set a new World Record. Winning the relay was her third gold medal.

Tyus retired from amateur sports after the 1968 Olympics. She became a member of the National Track & Field Hall of Fame in 1980 and the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1985.

## Other websites
* Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 
* Wyomia Tyus Olympic Park 
* Women's Sports Illustrated 
* New Georgia Encyclopedia 

## References
Willie Mosconi

**William Joseph Mosconi** (; June 27, 1913&nbsp;– September 17, 1993) was an American professional pool (pocket billiards) player from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is best known as **Willie Mosconi**. Between 1941 and 1957, he won the World Straight Pool Championship 15 times--more than any other player. He was one the first people to become a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame. Mosconi created many trick shots that he used often. He set many records and helped make pool a popular recreation activity.

## References
Yuri Lyubimov

**Yuri Petrovich Lyubimov** (September 30, 1917 – October 5, 2014) was an Soviet and Russian actor and director, founder of the internationally-renowned Taganka Theatre. He is one of the leading names in the Russian theatre world. 

After service in the Soviet Army during the World War II, Lyubimov joined the Vakhtangov Theatre. In 1953, he received the *USSR State Prize*. Lyubimov started teaching in 1963 and formed the Taganka Theatre the following year. Under Lyubimov, the theatre became the most popular in Moscow, with Vladimir Vysotsky and Alla Demidova as the leading actors. 

After Vysotsky's death in 1980, all of Lyubimov's productions were banned by the Communist authorities. In 1984, he was stripped of Soviet citizenship. Thereupon Lyubimov worked abroad before returning to the Taganka Theatre in 1989. While in the West he maintained a busy directing career. In the US he directed *Crime and Punishment* at Arena Stage and *Lulu* at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 1983 he directed *Crime and Punishment* in London, winning the Evening Standard Award for Best Director.

His staging of *Eugene Onegin* premiered in the Taganka on his 85th birthday to much critical acclaim.

In June, 2011 Lyubimov left the Taganka theatre. 

Lyubimov died at 97 after being admitted to the Botkin Clinic in Moscow with heart failure.

## Selected filmography
* *Michurin* (1948)

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Website on Lyubimov
8213: Gacy House

***8213: Gacy House*** is a 2010 horror movie. It was directed by Dan T. Hall. The plot follows paranormal investigators searching a house that was built on the land of serial killer John Wayne Gacy.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Jeong Mong-ju

**Jeong Mong-ju** (, Hanja:鄭夢周, 1337 - April 1392) was a Korean Goryo Dynasty politician, writer, poet and thinker. The last Prime Minister of Goryo Dynastys 1390 to 1392. He was murdered by Lee Bang-won (이방원) and Jo yeong-mu (조영무), in Sunjukkyo (선죽교). Another name was 'Mongran' (몽란, 夢蘭) and 'Mongryong' (몽룡, 夢龍), nickname was **Poeun** (포은, 圃隱).

## Books 
* Poeunjip (포은집)
* Poeunsigo (포은시고)

## Related pages
* Jeong Do-jeon
* Neo Confucianism

## References 
*http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=136035
*http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3586
Swing (seat)

A **swing** is a hanging . It is usually found in a playground for children. Acrobats in a circus can also have swings which hang from the top of the tent. Sometimes chairs in gardens are made to swing gently.

The seat of a swing is  from chains or ropes. The child sits on the swing and kicks off from the ground with his feet.  The swing then starts to swing to and fro.  The child can make the swing go higher by pulling (as he goes forwards) and pushing (as he goes backwards) the rope and by making his legs straight as it goes up. Once a swing is in motion it continues to oscillate like a pendulum until something brings it to a halt.

In children's playgrounds some swings are made for very young children.  They have safety bars with holes for the legs. Their parents can push them to help the swing. At the highest point on a swing, the person sitting on it is weightless.

Usually the ground is grassy, sandy, or padded with rubber so riders do not hurt themselves badly if they fall off, although this should not happen if they are being sensible. Sometimes several swings are hung from one long metal or wooden frame.

Many children have swings in their own gardens or back yards.  A tyre (or tire) can be hung by a rope from the branch of a tree to make a swing.
Jeong Do-jeon

**Jeong Do-jeon** (, Hanja:鄭道傳, 1337(?) - August 26, 1398) was a Korean Goryo Dynasty politician, educators and Joseon Dynasty politician, educator, writer, poet and thinker. First Prime minister of Joseon Dynastys 1392 to 1398. In 1398 he was murdered by Lee Bang-won. Another name was 'Jongji'(종지, 宗之), nickname was **Sambong**(삼봉, 三峯).

## Works 
* Sambongjip (삼봉집, 三峯集)
* Joseongyeonggukjeon (조선경국전, 朝鮮經國典)
* Gyeongjemungam (경제문감, 經濟文鑑)
* Gyeongjeuiron (경제의론, 經濟議論)
* Bulssijapbyeon (불씨잡변, 佛氏雜辨)
* Simmuncheondap (심문천답, 心問天答)
* Simgiri (심기리, 心氣理)
* Hakjajinamdo (학자지남도, 學者指南圖)
* Jinmaekdogyeol (진맥도결, 診脈圖結)
* Goryeoguksa (고려국사, 高麗國史)
* Jinbeop (진법, 陣法)
* Daemyeongryuljikhae (대명률직해, 大明律直解)

## Related pages
* Jeong Mong-ju
* Goryeo Dynastys
* Joseon Dynastys
* Neo Confucianism
* Yi Seak
* Gil Jae
* Gyunggukdaejeon

## References 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135920
* http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3622
Yeongam

**Yeongam** is a county in South Jeolla Province of South Korea. It borders Mokpo and Naju to the north, Jangheung County to the east, and Haenam and Gangjin to the south. Yeongam contains two towns, called *eups*, and nine townships, called *myeons*. The populated is about 60,000 people, and the county hall is seated in Yeongam-eup.

In 2010, the first ever Korean Grand Prix was held next to the harbor, at the Korean International Circuit. The track was designed by Hermann Tilke. The circuit is part permanent, part temporary. Construction began in 2007, and was completed in September/October 2010. The circuit will host the Grand Prix until 2016. After that, a 5-year option would have to be picked up to keep the race until at least 2021.

## Sister cities 
* Huzhou, China
* Yeongdeungpo, Seoul, South Korea

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the County Government
Suzuka, Mie

is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

As of 2008, the city has an estimated population of 197,437 and a population density of 1,010 people per km². The total area is 194.67&nbsp;km².

Suzuki is about 83&nbsp;km east from Nara, and 52&nbsp;km southwest from Nagoya.

## History
In the Edo period, *Ishiyakushi-juku* and *Shōno-juku* were 44th and 45th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (*shuku-eki*) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. Both Tōkaidō rest stops are within the  of modern Suzuka.

In December 1942, two towns and twelve villages were merged to form Suzuka. It was a military administered city, and had a population of 52,000. After World War II, many automotive companies and other industries moved into Suzuka.

## Local Dialects 
Suzuka is by the Suzuka Quasi National Park (the boundary between Suzuka and Shiga). Since the industrial boom, it has been a interchange point for the main commuter train lines. With the mix of commuters passing through Suzuka city, the local dialect (*hōgen*) is a mixture of three, variations of Japanese.

## Industry 
Suzuka has a significant industrial base. It has large factories for both Sharp and Honda.

## Motor racing circuit 
Suzuka Circuit was the home of the Japanese Grand Prix from 1987 to 2006.

The Grand Prix returned in 2009 and the racing continues through the present.

It was the only figure-of-eight circuit in the championship, and is very popular with the drivers.

Next to the circuit is the Honda Safety Riding/Driving School. Thousands of car and motorcycle drivers have been trained at the school.  Graduates include many police officers and instructors throughout the world.

## Gallery

File:Hiroshige, Great Tokaido Series Ishiyakushi.jpg|Ishiyakushi rest stop by Hiroshige, ukiyo-e woodblock print c. 1830s
File:Tokaido45 Shono.jpg|Shōno rest stop by Hiroshige, c. 1830s
File:JGR Kasado Station in.jpg|Kasado railway station, 1927 

## Related pages 
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*

## References 
## Other websites 
* Suzuka City website   
* Hiroshige prints, Ishiyakushi , Shono
Alienation

**Alienation** is the feeling of being left out, not belonging or not understanding yourself in relation to your environment. Alienation can be talked about in many ways. In psychology, researchers talk about alienation in terms of how well or unwell people fit in to their social groups. This may include how well people relate to their peers in a school or workplace, and how connected they feel to those around them.

In sociology, alienation is a more complex and difficult idea. Alienation is how people understand themselves in relation to their entire society. A good example of this is how people think of themselves when they are working and doing a job. Karl Marx wrote about this. This kind of alienation happens when people do work that they are not interested in or find boring. However, in almost all societies some people may have to do jobs that they don't like because they need to earn money. This can be seen as a type of alienation because a person's true feelings and their actions are separated and unrelated. On the other hand, a person might feel empowered and connected if they do a job that they do like. Empowerment and the feeling of being connected is the opposite of alienation.

Alienation is also a key element in the existentialism of Sartre and Camus. The connection between these ideas is the theme of Colin Wilson's *The Outsider* (1956). Anomie is another related idea.

## References 
## Other page 
*Existential crisis
*Social isolation
Josef Hickersberger

**Josef Hickersberger** (born 27 April 1948 in Amstetten, Austria) is a former Austrian footballer. He played as a midfielder. He is now a football manager. He was twice coach of the Austrian national football team.

## Career
### Player
He started playing professional football in 1966 for FK Austria Wien. After six seasons he went to Germany playing for Kickers Offenbach and Fortuna Düsseldorf. Coming back to Austria he played for Wacker Innsbruck and later for SK Rapid Wien. After finishing as a professional he played for the amateur squads of Badener AC, UFC Pama, SV Forchtenstein and WSV Traisen. In Traisen he had his first time as coach. He played 372 matches in the leagues of Austria and Germany scoring 71 goals.

He played 39 matches for the Austrian national football team and scored five goals. His first match was against Romania. His last match was the 3–2 win versus Germany during the 1978 FIFA World Cup.
## International statistics
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hickersberger goal.''

### Manager
He was the coach of the Austrian national football team during the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 2008 UEFA European Championship. After losing a qualifying match versus the  Faroe Islands he resigned and coached Fortuna Düsseldorf and Austria Wien. The years between 1994 and 2004 he spent in the Arabian region coaching various club teams and national teams. In 2002 he went back to Austria and became coach of SK Rapid Wien. In this time Rapid won the first championship since 1995. The team also qualified for the UEFA Champions League. In 2006 he became again coach of the Austrian soccer team and played in the EURO 2008. After the event he resigned and went back to Arabia.

## Honours
### As a player
***Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):**
** 1969, 1970, 1982
***Austrian Cup (3):**
** 1969, 1971, 1979
*Member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978

### As a manager
***Austrian Cup (1):**
** 1994
***Bahraini Premier League (1):**
** 1996
***Qatari League (1):**
** 2002
***Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):**
** 2005
Annonaceae

**Annonaceae** (custard-apple, or annona family) is the largest family of the magnolia order. It has 129 genera and 2,400 species.  

Many species are valuable for their large pulpy fruits. Some are useful for their timber, while others are prized as ornamentals. The family consists of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers found mainly in the tropics, with a few species in temperate regions.

Their fruits defend themselves against some herbivores. Eating the neotropical plant *Annona muricata* (soursop, *graviola, guanabana*) is a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism". The causative agent, annonacin, is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines. It is hard to interpret this. Presumably some favoured herbivores can eat it without ill effects. In some plants, seeds contain irritants to encourage early defecation.

## Sources
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Annonaceae
*University of Hawaii, Botany Department. Annonaceae

## References
Brian Dennehy

**Brian Mannion Dennehy** (July 9, 1938 &ndash; April 15, 2020) was an American actor, director, and producer. Dennehy acted in many movies, such as *First Blood*, *A Real American Hero*, and *To Catch a Killer*. He won two Tony Awards and one Golden Globe Award.

Dennehy died on April 15, 2020 at his home in New Haven, Connecticut, aged 81. The cause of death was cardiac arrest caused by sepsis.

## References
## Other websites
*
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia

The **Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia** (translates to *united self-defense groups of Colombia*, officially called **United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia** in English) is a grouping of far-right paramilitary organisations in Colombia. The group was founded in 1977, from several independent groups active in the 1960s and 1970s. Their official goal is to fight the guerilla active in Colombia, the FARC and ELN. They are among the main actors of the armed conflict in Colombia. In Colombia, the European Union, and the United States considers the AUC as a terrorist organisation.
Telomere

s (grey) capped by telomeres (white)]]

A **telomere** is a region of DNA at the end of a chromosome. It protects the end of the chromosome from deteriorating (getting worse) or fusing (joining) with other chromosomes.

The telomeres are made of repeated sequences of DNA ('repetitive DNA'). During cell division, enzymes that duplicate DNA cannot continue their work all the way to the end of chromosomes. If cells divided without telomeres, they would lose the ends of their chromosomes, and the information they contain. 

The telomeres are disposable  blocking the ends of the chromosomes. They are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by an enzyme, telomerase reverse transcriptase.

The Australian Elizabeth Blackburn and the Americans Carol Greider and Jack Szostak won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on telomeres.

## References
Gene Colan

**Eugene (Gene) Jules Colan** (September 1, 1926 — June 23, 2011) was an American comic book artist. He worked for the comic book publishers DC and Marvel for over 60 years. He drew comics for Batman, Wonder Woman, Iron Man, Captain America and Daredevil. He was well known for his artwork on the Tomb of Dracula where he was able to create atmosphere through the use of shadows.

He was born in the Bronx, New York in 1926. His parents were Jewish migrants from Germany who had changed their name from Cohen. Colan served in the US Air Force in the Philippines during World War II. His first comics were called Army Life and were published in the Manila Times. In 2010 he won an Eisner Award for a Captain America story.

## References
Gernot Jurtin

**Gernot Jurtin** (9 October 1955 – 5 December 2006) was an Austrian football striker. He had a long stay with S.K. Sturm Graz and over 100 goals.

## Career
He started his career with WSV Judenburg and went to SK Sturm Graz in 1974. In 378 matches he scored 119 goals in the league. Together with Božo Bakota he formed a dangerous striker duo. In 1980–81 he was the best scorer of the Austrian Bundesliga.

Between 1979 and 1983, he played 12 times for Austria, scoring one goal. He made two appearances for them in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, against Chile and Northern Ireland.
## International statistics
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jurtin goal.''

## Honours 
*Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer:
** 1981 

## References
Juno (spacecraft)

**Juno** is an unmanned NASA New Frontiers spacecraft. It studies the planet Jupiter from orbit. It is the first mission to an outer planet to use solar panels for power instead of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. The spacecraft was launched on August 5, 2011 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on July 5, 2016. Scott Bolton is leading the mission.

Juno's main goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter.

## References
## Other websites
*
William Forsythe

**William Forsythe** (born June 7, 1955) is an American actor. Forsythe played Al Capone in the television series *The Untouchables*. Forsythe has also played Sammy Gravano in the HBO movie *Gotti* and the serial killer John Wayne Gacy in *Dear Mr. Gacy*.

## References
Toyota Prius

The **Toyota Prius** is a hybrid vehicle from the Japanese automobile producer Toyota. It is called 'hybrid' because it has two different engines: a gasoline engine (combustion engine) and

an electric motor. Because of the electric motor, it uses less fuel than a normal gasoline automobile when driving at low speeds (for example in the city). 

The electric motor uses batteries for its power, and these batteries are charged by a dynamo when the gasoline engine is used at higher speeds. 

## First generation (XW10) 

File:Toyota PRIUS (NHW10) front.JPG|Toyota Prius NHW10
File:Toyota PRIUS (NHW10) rear.JPG

## Second generation (XW20) 

File:Toyota Prius NHW20.jpg|Toyota Prius NHW20
File:Toyota Prius NHW20 rear.jpg
File:2007 Toyota Prius interior.jpg|Interior

## Third generation (XW30) 

File:Toyota Prius -- 07-14-2011.jpg|Toyota Prius XW30
File:2010 Toyota Prius rear.JPG
File:2012 Toyota Prius -- 07-08-2012 1.jpg|Facelift
File:2012 Toyota Prius (ZVW30R MY12) i-Tech liftback (2012-10-26) 02 (cropped).jpg
File:2009 Toyota Prius 03.jpg

## Fourth generation (XW50) 

File:2016 Toyota Prius (ZVW50L) Hybrid liftback (2016-04-02) 01.jpg|Toyota Prius XW50
File:2016 Toyota Prius (ZVW50L) Hybrid liftback (2016-04-02) 02.jpg
File:2019 Toyota Prius AWD-e in Super White, Front Left.jpg|Facelift
File:2019 Toyota Prius AWD-e in Super White, Rear Right.jpg
File:Prius4 Dashboard IMG 6871.JPG

## Fifth generation (XW60) 

File:Toyota Prius (XW60) Plug-in Hybrid Automesse Ludwigsburg 2023 1X7A0004.jpg|Toyota Prius XW60
File:Toyota Prius (XW60) Plug-in Hybrid Automesse Ludwigsburg 2023 1X7A0006.jpg
File:2023 Toyota Prius Z 2.0L HEV (2).jpg

## References
Mark Holton

**Mark Holton** (born April 2, 1958) is an American actor. His movies include *Hoboken Hollow* (2007), *Gacy*, *The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle* (2000) and *Little Giants* (1994).

Holton went to school at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.

## References
Foxhall (Washington, D.C.)

**Foxhall** is a rich neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It is bordered by Reservoir Road on the north side and Foxhall Road on the west and south sides. Glover-Archibold Park makes up the eastern border.
The first homes were constructed along Reservoir Road and Greenwich Park Way in the mid-1920s. By the end of December, 1927, some 150 homes had been erected, and the community given the name of Foxhall Village.

Foxhall is mostly residential. Foxhall has a distinct architecture. The vast majority of the homes are a brick Tudor style.

## Sources
## Other websites 
* Foxhall Community Citizens Association
James Jabara

**James "Jabby" Jabara** (10 October 1923, Muskogee, Oklahoma – 17 November 1966) was the first American pilot to shoot down 5 Mig-15 airplanes in Korea.  He was then transferred to Washington DC for duty before returning to K-14 Kimpo, Korea.  He was the Executive Officer in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. While stationed there he was responsible for 10 more Mig kills thus making him a triple ace. 

## Early life
Jabara's father operated a grocery store at the corner of 3rd and Martin Luther King streets.  At an early age the family moved to Kansas. According to newspaper reports he died in a car crash along with a daughter in 1966.  He was also a fighter pilot in world war 2.  In Korea he was flying F-86 Sabre Jets in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron formerly known as the Fighting Eagles Squadron formed in England before we entered world war 2.
Johns Hopkins Hospital

The **Johns Hopkins Hospital** (**JHH**) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, in the U.S. 

It was founded in 1889 by Johns Hopkins. 

It is thought to be one of the greatest hospitals in the world. It was ranked by *U.S. News & World Report* news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 years (1991–2011).

## References
To Catch a Killer

***To Catch a Killer*** is a television movie from 1992. It was directed by Eric Till, and starred Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley. The movie is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy.

## References
## Other websites
* *To Catch a Killer* at IMDb
Kazimierz Świątek

**Kazimierz Świątek** (; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus. He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months.He later spent nine years in hard labor in the Gulag and survived. He was sent to work in Pruzhany. 

## Death sentence 
In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying. He was found guilty in a Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death. A *show trial* is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts. When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution.

## Siberian labor camp 
Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944. He was in  Minsk until July 21, 1945. Świątek   was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps. He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta. He was released on June 16, 1954. He returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish.

## Other websites 
* Roman Catholic Church in Belarue 
* His Eminence Cardinal Kazimierz Świątek 

## References
Roland Petit

**Roland Petit** (13 January 1924 – 10 July 2011) was a French choreographer who wrote dances for Rudolf Nureyev and was later in charge of the Paris Opera.

He was born in 1924 at Villemomble, France and began ballet lessons at the age of nine at the Paris Opera's School of Dance. After World War II, Petit started several ballet companies in Paris, as well as creating 11 ballets for the Paris Opera. He worked in Hollywood for four years and choreographed the 1953 ballet "The Lady in the Ice" with Orson Welles. He also worked on movies including "Hans Christian Andersen" starring Danny Kaye (1952), "Daddy Long Legs" with Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron (1955) and "Anything Goes" with Bing Crosby and Zizi Jeanmaire (1956).

In 1970 he was head of the Paris Opera and wrote works for Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn. He then did the choreography for the Casino de Paris. He has also worked with the San Francisco Ballet, the Bolshoi (Moscow), La Scala (Milan), the Asami Maki Ballet (Tokyo) and the National Ballet of China. He spent the last part of his life working with the National Ballet of Marseille-Roland Petit.

## References
Woodward–Hoffmann rules

The **Woodward–Hoffmann rules** are a set of organic chemistry rules to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions where the molecule is a ring (e.g. benzene ring).  They were written by Robert Burns Woodward (a chemistry professor at Harvard University) and Roald Hoffmann (a chemistry professor at Cornell University). Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model. Woodward did not share the prize because he died two years before. Generally, the Nobel Prize is awarded only to living people. Woodward had already won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for a different discovery.

A recent paper in the journal *Nature* describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules.

## Related pages 
* Woodward's rules for calculating UV absorptions
* Torquoselectivity

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Symmetry rules!*, Sophie Wilkinson Chemical & Engineering News January 27, **2003** Volume 81, Number 04 CENEAR 81 04 pp. 59 ISSN 0009-2347 Article
* "SHMO calculator", Simple Huckel molecular orbital theory calculator Link
Lucian Freud

**Lucian Michael Freud** (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter. He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form. He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis. He became a British citizen in 1939. His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud.

He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.

He died in London after a short illness.

## Related pages
*List of German painters

## References
President of the Czech Republic

The **President of the Czech Republic** is head of state of the Czech Republic. The first President took office in 1993. 

## List President of the Czech Republic
;*Political parties*

;*Other factions*

; Parties

## Living former presidents 
## References
Walter Schachner

**Walter Schachner** (born 1 February 1957 in Leoben, Austria) is a retired Austrian football striker and former Austrian national team player. He is now working as football coach for LASK Linz for Austrias Erste Liga.
## Career
### Player
He started his professional career with DSV Leoben in the second division. After one and a half season he was nominated for Austrias national football team although he was playing in the 2. league. After three years with Austria Wien he played seven years in Italy for  AC Cesena, Torino Calcio, SC Pisa and US Avellino. After returning from Italy he played for different clubs in Austria in the upper three divisions. He played his last match in the final round of the 2000/01 season for FC Kärnten whre he was coach at this time.

For Austria he played 64 matches and scored 23 goals. He was member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978 and 1982. 1978 he was in the starting team in the 3:2 win versus Germany (Miracle of Cordoba).
## International statistics
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Schachner goal.''

### Manager
His first club was the FC Zeltweg which he promoted from 4th to 3rd division. His first team in professional football was FC Kärnten in the First league. They promoted to the Bundesliga. 2002 he was coach of FK Austria Wien but was replaced by Christoph Daum in October despite the fact that the team was 7 points ahead of the second in the league. Only a few days later he became coach of the GAK from Graz. With GAK he won the Championship in 2004.

From 2006 till 2007 he was coach of TSV 1860 München then he came back to Austria and managed FC Kärnten again. From 2008 to 2010 he managed Admira Wacker Mödling.  The first year they reached the Cup final. 2010 he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer. 
2011 he became coach of LASK Linz but could not avoid the relegation to the First League.

## Honours
### Playing
***Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):**
** 1979, 1980, 1981
***Austrian Cup (1):**
** 1980
***Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (2):**
** 1979, 1980 
***Italy Cup Top Goalscorer (1):**
** 1984 (8 goals)
***Austrian squad for the FIFA World Cup**
**1978, 1982

### Coaching
***Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):**
** 2004
***Austrian Cup (2):**
** 2001, 2004
***Austrian Supercup (1):**
** 2001

## References
Japanese macaque

The **Japanese macaque** (*Macaca fuscata*), also known as the **snow monkey**, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan. They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs.

## Diet
Macaques eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects.

## Weight and physical appearance
Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm. They have short tails.

## References
Wallace Line

when the sea level was more over 100 m lower than today, is shown in grey.]]

The **Wallace Line** (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone. The transitional zone is sometimes called *Wallacea*.

Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century. 

The line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and through the Lombok Strait between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east).  

The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers. Surprisingly, the distributions of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent.

The term 'Wallace's Line' was first used by Huxley in 1868.

## Related pages 
*Alfred Russel Wallace
*Biogeography
*Malay Archipelago

## References
Macaque

: A black crested macaque (*Macaca nigra*) takes a photo of herself]]

The **macaques** are a genus (*Macaca*) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.

## Social behavior 
Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.

## Copyright test case 
In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a  copyright claim.

The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested.

## References
42 (answer)

**42** is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'' and The Hitchhiker’s Ultimate Guide to the Galaxy books.  It was computed by 
Deep Thought, the second greatest computer ever.  The descendants of Deep Thought's creators are upset by the numeric nature of the answer, not understanding what to do with it or what to tell the people who had commissioned the 7.5-million year project.

When asked to produce The Ultimate Question to go with the answer "42", Deep Thought admits it is not capable of computing that itself, but that it can help to design an even more powerful computer, which can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It was the planet Earth.

## Notes
Pleumeur-Bodou

**Pleumeur-Bodou** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city
Pleumeur-Bodou is twinned with:
* Crosshaven, Ireland, since 1992
Malay Archipelago

The **Malay Archipelago** or **Nusantara Archipelago** refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia.

It has also been called the **East Indies**, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time. 

The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor. 

The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.

## Natural history 
The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common. 

The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.

:"In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".

## References
Parthian language

The **Parthian language** is an old Iranian language. It has been spoken in the northeast of Iran, in the region called Parthia. The main time of this language was about 248 B.C. until 224 A.D. That was during the Parthian Empire. Parthian is an Indo-European language.

At the time of Sassanid Empire, the Parthian language was destroyed. Middle Persian replaced it.

There are many words in Armenian that came from Parthian.

## References
Northern Virginia military shootings

The **Northern Virginia military shootings** were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings. The shots were fired in October and November 2010. Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places. They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle.

## Incidents
The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high- rifle went through the atrium skylight.  The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.  The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building.  The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs.  The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m.  The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29.  The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.

These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime.  If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case.

## References
Paradise Lost

**Paradise Lost** is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English writer John Milton. It was printed in 1667, nearly ten years after Milton wrote it. The second part was printed in 1674. Milton wrote most of the poem after he went blind.

The poem is about the Christian story of the Fall of Man: how Adam and Eve got out from the Garden of Eden and about the fallen angel Lucifer.

## Notes
*Discussion and Information Forum