open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Great Firewall

The People's Republic of China (does some things, or) uses different measures to control access to the internet. Some of these measures are specific laws, while other measures are technical. One of the technical measures is called the **Great Firewall** (**GFW**; ). China uses it to regulate the Internet domestically. Its role in internet censorship in China is to block access to selected foreign websites and to slow down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall works by checking transmission control protocol (TCP) packets for keywords or sensitive words. If such  words appear in the TCP packets, access will be closed. If one link is closed, more links from the same machine will be blocked by the Great Firewall. The effect includes: limiting access to foreign information sources, blocking popular foreign websites (e.g. Google Search, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, and others) and mobile apps, and requiring foreign companies to adapt to domestic regulations.

Besides censorship, the Great Firewall has also influenced the development of China's internal internet economy by giving preference to domestic companies. The Great Firewall can also change the result of searches for problematic content. An example of this was when Ai Weiwei was arested. Sometimes the authorities ask big companies to remove content. One example of this was that they asked that Apple remove the publication Quartz from its Chinese app store. Quarts had reported on the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. 

The term *Great Firewall of China* is a combination of the word firewall with the Great Wall of China. The phrase "Great Firewall of China" was first used in print by Australian sinologist Geremie Barmé in 1997.

## References
Rockstar New England

**Rockstar New England, Inc.**, formerly known as **Mad Doc Software**, is an American video games developer and studio of Rockstar Games. The company was founded in November 1999 by Ian Lane Davis. In 2008, Rockstar bought Mad Doc and renamed it to **Rockstar New England**.

They developed *Bully: Scholarship Edition* in 2008, as well as assisting with the development of some games in the *Grand Theft Auto* series.

## Notes
Chenglei Ipan Lanthaba

**Chenglei Ipan Lanthaba** was a king of the Ningthouja dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur) who ruled from 948 CE to 968 CE. During his reign, people from the Luwang clan came to the *Luwangli* river and were defeated by him.

He was the son of Ningthoucheng and the father of Yanglou Keiphaba.

## References
Ramesh Nath Pandey

politician, diplomat, and author. He served as Nepal’s Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2006 during the royal regime. Over the course of his political career, he held several ministerial portfolios, including Minister of State for Tourism, Labour and Social Welfare (1986), Minister for Industry and Communication (1990), Minister for Environment and Population (1999), and Minister for General Administration, Communications and Broadcasting (2002).]]

**Ramesh Nath Pandey** (born 1944) is a Nepali politician, diplomat, and author. He served as Nepal’s Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2006 during the royal regime. Throughout his political career, he held several ministerial portfolios, including:
* Minister of State for Tourism, Labour and Social Welfare (1986)
* Minister for Industry and Communication (1990)
* Minister for Environment and Population (1999)
* Minister for General Administration, Communications, and Broadcasting (2002)

Pandey was a Member of Parliament for more than two decades, serving under both the Panchayat system and the 1990 Constitution.  

He began his professional career as a journalist and was known for his critical stance against the establishment. In 1962, he founded the *Naya Sandesh* weekly (in Nepali) and the *New Herald* daily (in English). Due to his journalistic work, he was imprisoned multiple times by the Panchayat regime.

Pandey also played an active role in international diplomacy and environmental advocacy. He served as the Patron of the historic Nepal–China–Japan Joint Mount Everest Expedition in 1987. He was a member of Nepal’s delegations to the United Nations General Assembly in 1968 and 1986, and led the Nepalese delegation to the 2005 World Summit held from September 14 to 16, 2005.

As an author, Pandey has published two books: *Kutniti ra Rajneeti* (*Diplomacy and Politics*, 2015) and *Kranti ra Pratikranti* (*Revolution and Counter-Revolution*, 2021).

In November 2020, the Government of Japan conferred upon him the **Order of the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun**, one of the country’s highest honors, in recognition of his contributions to strengthening Nepal–Japan relations.

He is married and has two sons.
Ryne Sandberg

**Ryne Dee Sandberg** (September 18, 1959 – July 28, 2025), nicknamed "**Ryno,**" was an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1981 and the Chicago Cubs from 1982 to 1994 and again from 1996 to 1997. He was honored into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005.

In January 2024, Sandberg announced that he had metastatic prostate cancer. After months of chemotherapy, Sandberg was declared cancer-free in August 2024, but in December 2024, Sandberg announced that the cancer had returned and spread to other organs. He died at his home in Lake Bluff, Illinois on July 28, 2025, at age 65.

## References
## Other websites
*
Battery electric vehicle

(left) and the Tesla Model S (right) were the world's all-time top-selling all-electric cars in 2018.]]
 system the *China Zorrilla* ferry is the largest battery electric vehicle ever built.]]
 at a high power charging station]]

A **battery electric vehicle** (**BEV**), or **pure electric vehicle**, or **only-electric vehicle**, or **fully electric vehicle** or **all-electric vehicle** is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses electrical energy only (or exclusively) from an on-board battery pack to power one or more electric traction motors; These motors are what the vehicle uses for propulsion.

This definition does not include
*hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs; including mild
*full and plug-in hybrids), which also have internal combustion engines (ICEs)
*fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), which consume fuel through a fuel cell or an ICE-driven generator to produce electricity needed for the electric motors.

BEVs have no fuel tanks. BEVs replenish the energy storage by plugging into a charging station, or plugging into the electrical grid, or getting a new battery at a battery swap station; Motor controllers are used to modulate the output engine power and torque, and in that manner there is no need for clutches, transmissions, and engine cooling, like the sophisticated ones in (normal or) conventional ICE vehicles.  

## References
Richard Yates Jr.

**Richard Yates Jr.** (December 12, 1860 – April 11, 1936) was an American politician. He was the 22nd Governor of Illinois from 1901 to 1905. From 1919 to 1933, he was in the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois. He was the first Illinois-born politician to become Illinois governor. His father, Richard Yates Sr., was also governor.

## References
Quah Ting Wen

**Quah Ting Wen** (; born 18 August 1992) is a Singaporean swimmer.

## Career
Quah  the UCLA Bruins while she was at University of California, Los Angeles.

Quah was the  for Singapore at the 2009 Asian Youth Games. She won three gold medals there.

## Personal life
Quah has a younger sister, Quah Jing Wen.

## References
## Other websites
*
Percent yield

.The **percent yield** is the amount less or greater produced by a reaction against the amount the person doing the reaction thinks it will be. Sometimes in real life, a reaction may not go as how the person may think it will. The percent yield is found by dividing the amount found in real life by the amount the person doing the reaction thinks it will be, and then multiplying it by a hundred to get a percent amount.

## References
Paris Métro Line 1

**Paris Métro Line 1** (French: *Ligne 1 du métro de Paris*) is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro. It goes from  in the northwest to  in the southeast. The line is  long. It is the busiest line on the Métro network with 181.2 million travellers in 2017. This is 496,000 people per day on average.

Line 1 was the first Métro line to open. Its first section opened in 1900. It was driven by drivers in the past but it is now driven automatically. To do this, they worked from 2007 to 2011. They bought new trains (MP 05) and doors next to the platform. The first eight new trains entered service on 3 November 2011, which meant the old MP 89 CC stock could go onto Line 4. This all meant Line 1 became the system's second fully automated line, after Line 14.

Line 1 is currently being extended to Val de Fontenay. Here, it will link with Paris Metro Line 15, RER A, RER E and Tram 1, which is also being extended.

## References
Direct combination reaction

A **direct combination reaction** is when two or more reactants are made into one product. They can be elements or compounds. You can write a direct combination reaction by writing your first reactant, then writing a addition sign and writing a second reactant, and for any more reactants, the previous step can be repeated.

## References
Paris Métro Line 14

**Paris Métro Line 14** (French: *Ligne 14 du métro de Paris*) is one of the sixteen lines on the Paris Métro. It connects  and Aéroport d'Orly via Gare Saint-Lazare, Châtelet–Les-Halles, and Gare de Lyon. The line goes through the centre of Paris, and also serves Saint-Denis, Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, Clichy, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Gentilly, Villejuif, Chevilly-Larue, L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Thiais and Paray-Vieille-Poste.

It is the newest Métro line. It has been operated without drivers since it opened in 1998. When it was being built, it was called Project **Météor**, which is an  for *MÉTro Est-Ouest Rapide*.

The line was extended north to Mairie de Saint-Ouen in December 2020. The line extended further north to  and south to Aéroport d'Orly, as part of the Grand Paris Express project, on 24 June 2024. This means Line 14 is now the longest, at .

## References
2025 Kamchatka Peninsula earthquake

On 30 July 2025, at 11:24:52 PETT (23:24:52 UTC, 29 July) a 8.8 megathrust earthquake struck off the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East, 119 km (74 mi east-southeast of the coastal city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. and is tied with the 1906 Ecuador-Colombia and the 2010 Chile earthquakes as the sixth-largest earthquake ever recorded by seismometers. However, it caused minimal damage compared to other earthquakes of similar magnitude. The earthquake caused moderate damage and multiple injuries in Kamchatka Krai and Sakhalin Oblast. The subsequent pacific-wide tsunami was weaker than expected, with waves approximately 1 m (3 ft) or less in most places. One indirect fatality and 21 injuries were attributed to tsunami-related evacuations in Japan.

## Tectonic setting 
The earthquake happened off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, near the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, the area where the Pacific and Okhotsk Sea plates meet. The Pacific Plate is older and heavier, which it slides under the Kamchatka Peninsula, which is on the Okhotsk Plate. The two plates collided into each other at a meeting point called an trench. The subduction zone often causes Kamchatka earthquakes, and sometimes these earthquakes create tsunamis. Some of them are very strong, like the 1952 magnitude 9.0 earthquake, which was the fifth-largest ever recorded. An even larger one may have happened in 1737. It also caused a big tsunami.

## Earthquake 
The mainshock happened on 29 July at 23:24:52 UTC with a magnitude of  8.8, according to the United States Geological Survey. At first, they put the magnitude at 8.0, before they changed it to 8.7 and then 8.8. The center of the earthquake was off the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, about  east-southeast of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, while the earthquake was at a depth of . The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology put a magnitude of  8.4 and a depth of , while Geoscience Australia put the magnitude at  8.6. A  7.4 foreshock happened on 20 July, about  to the southwest of the 29 July event. A  6.9 aftershock happened at 23:48 UTC.

The United States Geological Survey said the earthquake happened because of shallow reverse faulting at the subduction zone. They think the area where the plates moved was about  by . The agency said up to 3 m (9.8 ft) waves were expected to reach the coast. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center warned about dangerous waves along the coasts of Russia and Japan. Tsunami warnings were given for parts of Alaska and Hawaii while Guam was under an advisory. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center also gave a tsunami advisory for British Columbia and the Pacific coastline, with no large waves expected.

## Impact 
Some people were injured while getting out of buildings. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, a kindergarten was damaged. The ceiling of a terminal at Elizovo Airport fell, injuring a woman.

Tsunami waves about  hit the eastern coast of Kamchatka. The town was hit by a large tsunami in 1952, which officials rebuilt it on higher ground and left only the port in the low area.

## References
Benny Tai

**Benny Tai** (born 12 July 1964) was a University of Hong Kong law teacher and a staunch democracy fighter. From 2013, he called for "true universal suffrage". He somehow became a member of the Umbrella Movement. He went to jail for 6 months because of the "conspiracy to commit public nuisance" and "inciting others to commit public nuisance" charges.  

After the Umbrella Movement, he was still politically active and influential for around five years. He continued to do controversial things as a leader. In 2024, a court sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment for subversion. 

## References
John Riley Tanner

**John Riley Tanner** (April 4, 1844 – May 23, 1901) was an American politician. He was the 21st Governor of Illinois, from 1897 until 1901. 

## References
2025 New York City shooting

On July 28, 2025, a mass shooting happened at 345 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The shooting began at 6:28 p.m.  EDT (UTC4) when a gunman, 27-year-old Shane Tamura, fired an AR-15–style rifle inside the building, killing four people. The first shooting victim was an off-duty New York City police officer. Tamura committed suicide after hiding inside an office. It is the deadliest mass shooting in New York City since the 2000 Wendy's massacre in Queens. 

## References
State Anthem of the Republic of Dagestan

The **State Anthem of the Republic of Dagestan**, a constituent republic of Russia, was adopted on 25 February 2016. It is alternatively known as "The Oath".

## Lyrics
### Russian version
### In national languages
## Notes
## References
Linda Robson

**Linda Patricia Mary Robson** (born 13 March 1958) is an English actress and television presenter. She is best known for her role of Tracey Stubbs in *Birds of a Feather* (1989–1998, 2014–2020) and as a weekly panellist on *Loose Women* (2012–present).
Lera Khongnang (ancient tribe)

**Lera Khongnang** () was an ancient sub-tribe within the Angom (ꯑꯉꯣꯝ) clan of the Meitei people. They established their settlement near *Yaoreibi* (ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯩꯕꯤ) and another section within the sub-tribe became the *Arong* (ꯑꯔꯣꯡ) sub-tribe.

## Foundation 
The Lera Khongnang lineage was founded by *Mandom* (ꯃꯟꯗꯣꯝ), the second son of *Liklabicha Nongdangnu* (ꯂꯤꯛꯜꯥꯕꯤꯆꯥ ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯪꯅꯨ) through a relationship with the Angom chief *Pureiromba* (ꯄꯨꯔꯩꯔꯣꯝꯕꯥ). Liklabicha Nongdangnu was an adopted daughter of Luwang Ningthou Punshiba (ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯕꯥ). Mandom's elder brother, *Khoidom* (ꯈꯣꯢꯗꯣꯝ) started the Phantek (ancient tribe) lineage within the Luwang clan.

## Settlement 
The settlement of the Lera Khongnang was at *Yangoi* (ꯌꯥꯡꯉꯣꯢ), which is the present-day *Thongjaorok River* at *Bishnupur*. It could be that Yangoi was near the said *Yaoreibi*.

## Related pages 
* Phantek (ancient tribe)
* Luwang
* Angom Salai

## References
Central Park birdwatching incident

purpose, this man is referred to as "**Christian**", and Amy Cooper is to referred to as "**Amy**" in this page.]]
On May 25, 2020, a scuttle took place between Christian Cooper, a birdwatcher, and Amy Cooper (no relation), a dogwalker, in New York City's Central Park.

Amy's dog was unleashed in an area where leashing is required for the safety of the wildlife. It appears that Amy had declined Christian's request that she leash her dog. Christian called the dog.  When Amy said the dog would not come to him, he beckoned the dog toward him with a dog treat. Amy yelled "Don't you touch my dog!". Christian then recorded Amy, who called 9-1-1 and said,

"There is an African American man—I am in Central Park—he is recording me and threatening myself and my dog. Please, send the cops immediately!" By the time NYPD officers responded, both parties had left. Amy's employer fired her and stated that they "do not tolerate racism ...".  

## Aftermath
In July 2020, Amy was charged with filing a false police report, a misdemeanor with a penalty of up to one year in jail. They dropped those charges in February 2021, as she had completed an educational course on racial identity.

## References
Renault Captur

The **Renault Captur** is a series of subcompact crossover SUVs made by the French automaker Renault.

## Second generation (JB/JE; 2019) 
The second generation has been around since 2019.

## References
Temmie Chang

**Temmie Chang** (born April 3, 1993), also known as **Tuyoki**, is an American video game animator, artist, and developer. Best known for being the lead artist for the indie RPG *Undertale.* She went on to study 2D animation at the Pratt Institute in New York.''

## References
List of heads of state of Sierra Leone

This is a list of the **heads of state of Sierra Leone**, from the independence of the Sierra Leone in 1961 to the present day.

From 1961 to 1971 the head of state under the Sierra Leone Independence Act 1961 was the Queen of Sierra Leone Elizabeth II, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The monarch was represented in Sierra Leone by a Governor-General. Sierra Leone became a republic under the Constitution of 1971 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by an ceremonial President, a year later it became an executive Presidency.

## Monarch (1961–1971)
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

### Governor-General
The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Sierra Leone and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Sierra Leone without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

## List of heads of state of Sierra Leone
## ECOMOG Commanders
Below is a chronological list of ECOMOG commanders:

### Sierra Leone
## Living former heads of state
There are three living former Sierra Leonean Heads of State:

## Related pages
* Sierra Leone presidents and head of state by tribes

## References
## Other websites
*World Statesmen – Sierra Leone
*Rulers.org – Sierra Leone
Abla

**Abla** is a municipality in the Province of Almería, in Andalusia, Spain.

It has an area of 45.24 km² and a population of 1,260 people.
Fiscal

**Fiscal** (often is about, or) usually refers to government finance.

## Economics
* Fiscal policy, use of government expenditure to influence economic development

* Fiscal year, reporting periods for firms and other agencies

## Places
* Fiscal Parish, in Portugal
* Fiscal, Spain municipality in Huesca, Spain

## Other
* *Fiscal Studies*, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal

* Fiscal Responsibility Act (disambiguation)
Assembly

**Assembly** can be

## Organisations and meetings
* Deliberative assembly, a gathering of members who use parliamentary procedure for making decisions
* General assembly, an official meeting of the members of an organization or of their representatives
* House of Assembly, a name given to the legislature or lower house of a bicameral legislature
* National Assembly, either a legislature or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries
** National Assembly (disambiguation)

* Assembly of Experts, in Iran
* Freedom of assembly, the individual right to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue and defend common interests
* School assembly, a gathering of all or part of a school

## Science, technology and manufacturing
* Assembly, the act of (putting together things, or) combining components in manufacturing

* Assembly line, a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner
* Assembly modelling, technology and methods used by computer-aided design and product visualization software

### Computing
* Assembly language, a programming language providing symbolic representation of machine code
* Assembly (programming), a runtime unit of types and resources with the same version

## Other uses
* Assembly station, a rapid transit station in Boston, Massachusetts, US
* Assembly Bristol, an office block in England, UK

* 
* 
* Assemble (disambiguation)
* Assembler (disambiguation)
* Assembly Member (disambiguation)
* Asse
* Brice Assie
* Assi (disambiguation)
* Hassy
Isack Hadjar

**Isack Alexandre Hadjar** (, ; born 28 September 2004) is a French and Algerian racing driver who drives for France in Formula One for the team Racing Bulls.

Hadjar was born in Paris, France from an Algerian family. He also grew up in Paris. Hadjar started kart racing aged seven. After joining sportscar racing at the Ginetta Junior Winter Series, Hadjar started racing in junior formulae in 2019. He finished 3rd in the 2020 French F4 Championship. He then raced in the Formula Regional European Championship in 2021, winning many races and finishing 5th in the championship. He then raced in Formula Regional Asian and FIA Formula 3 in 2022. He finished third in Formula Three and won many races in both. Hadjar started in FIA Formula 2 in 2023, finishing 2nd after Gabriel Bortoleto in the 2024. In France he started being called "*le Petit Prost*" (meaning "The Little (Alain) Prost) in French news.

## References
## Notes
Colloidal dispersion

A **colloidal dispersion** is made when particles bigger than other particles in other solutions but smaller than particles in suspensions are put into a matter. The particles are normally 1 to 1000 nanometers in size and they are either very big molecules, smaller atoms together, or ions. A colloidal dispersion will not stop, and if light is flashed at it, it will be easily seen, which is due to the Tyndall effect.

## References
Visible-line spectrum

A **visible-line spectrum** is a way of finding elements based on the unique things they have using the light that comes out from the element. First, the light is taken and studied, and then it is found to be made of spaced lines. The spaced lines are what show what may be the different elements in the compound. They may be in different colors, due to the wavelength of the light in nanometers.

## References
Pauline Quirke

**Pauline Perpetua Sheen** (née **Quirke**; born 8 July 1959) is an English retired actress and writer. She is best known for her role of Sharon Theodopolopodous in *Birds of a Feather* (1898–1998, 2014–2017).

## Biography 
### Marriages and children 
Quirke married her first husband, Peter F Key (born 1960), a ticket collector, in Hackney, Greater London in July 1982. Their only child, a daughter, Emily Esther R Key, was born in Camden in March 1985. The couple divorced in 1990, after eight years of marriage.

Quirke started dating the nightclub boss Stephen C J 'Steve' Sheen in 1993. In April 1994, it was reported that they had suffered a miscarriage that June. In September 1994, she gave birth to their only child, a boy, Charles Paul Sheen. The couple were married in Chiltern & South Bucks, Buckinghamshire on 3 August 1996.

### Health 
In January 2025, her husband, Steve, announced that Quirke would be retiring from all professional and commercial duties due to a diagnosis of dementia which she had received in 2021.

## References
2025 Australian Grand Prix

The **2025 Australian Grand Prix** (known for advertising reasons as the **Formula 1 Louis Vuitton Australian Grand Prix 2025**) was a Formula One auto race that happened on 16 March 2025 at the Albert Park Circuit in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was the first race of the 2025 Formula One World Championship.  

Lando Norris driving for the team McLaren won the race from pole position. Max Verstappen driving for the Red Bull Racing Team came 2nd and George Russell for the Mercedes team came 3rd. Norris' win was McLaren's first at Melbourne since Jenson Button won the 2012 Australian Grand Prix.  Isack Hadjar and Gabriel Bortoleto, who were both driving in Formula One for the first time, crashed. Andrea Kimi Antonelli from Mercedes finished 4th in his first Formula One race.

## Results
**Notes**
*  – Isack Hadjar did not start the race because he crashed in the formation lap. His place on the grid was then left empty. His end result was "" and not "".

## References
Erica (plant)

***Erica*** is a genus of plants that include 850 species of flowering plants. The genus belongs to the family Ericaceae. The more common appelid from the species is **heath** or **hearther**. The species of the genus *Calluna* was firts classified as species of the genus *Erica*, but now is a separate genus.

The largest species measures 7 meters (23 ft) in tall, he is a large genus of plants. The genus is believed to have emerged in the Late Miocene, around 9.5 million years ago, according to recent studies.

## Related pages 
* Ericaceae
* Plant
* Miocene

## References
2025 Japanese Grand Prix

The **2025 Japanese Grand Prix** (known for advertising reasons as the **Formula 1 Lenovo Japanese Grand Prix 2025**) was a Formula One auto race that happened on 6 April 2025 at the Suzuka International Racing Course in Suzuka, Mie, Japan. It was the third race of the 2025 Formula One World Championship.

Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing won pole position for the race. Verstappen won the race, with the two McLarens of Lando Norris and Oscar Piastri in 2nd and 3rd. Andrea Kimi Antonelli from Mercedes, after this race, was the youngest driver to be at the front of a Formula One race, aged 18. He also set the fastest lap of the race, the youngest driver to do this.

## Result
## References
Telmatobius gigas

***Telmatobius gigas*** is a frog.  It lives in Bolivia.

## Body
The adult female frog is 109 mm long from nose to rear end. The skin of the frog's back can be olive-green in color with dark spots on top of green bumps. The skin of the frog's back can be brown with marks. Scientists believe that the female frogs are olive-green and the male frogs are brown. The sides of the body are light brown with light-brown-yellow bumps. The belly is cream-white in color with gray dots.

## Home
This frog lives near streams in grasslands high above sea level. Scientists saw this frog between 3765 and 4450 meters above sea level.

## Young
This frog's tadpoles are the largest of any *Telmatobius* frog. The largest one was 109 mm long. The tadpole has a round face with large things that help it feel around the mouth.

## People
People catch this frog to use in medicine.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in big danger of dying out. Human beings take water to use on farms. Bad chemicals in the water can also kill this frog. Scientists also found the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on the frog, but the disease chytridiomycosis has not killed them all yet.

## References
Porsche Panamera

The **Porsche Panamera** is a mid to full-sized luxury car (E-segment or F-segment for LWB in Europe) made by German automobile manufacturer Porsche.

## Third generation (976 Chassis G3; 2024) 
The third generation began in 2024.

## References
2025 Bahrain Grand Prix

The **2025 Bahrain Grand Prix** (known for advertising reasons as the **Formula 1 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix 2025**) was a Formula One auto race that happened on 13 April 2025 at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain. It was the fourth race of the 2025 Formula One World Championship. Oscar Piastri from McLaren had pole position. Piastri won the race, with George Russell from Mercedes in 2nd and Piastri's teammate Lando Norris in 3rd.

## Results
**Notes**
*  – Jack Doohan got a five-second time penalty for driving off the track. At first he was in 15th, was in 16th in the final results because Nico Hülkenberg was disqualified.
*  – Liam Lawson got a five-second time penalty for causing a crash with Lance Stroll and a ten-second time penalty for causing a crash with Nico Hülkenberg. At first he was in 17th, but in the final results was in 16th because Nico Hülkenberg was disqualified.
*  – Nico Hülkenberg finished in 13th, but was disqualified because his skid plates were too thin and damaged.

## References
Candidates Tournament 2022

The **2022 Candidates Tournament** was an eight-player chess tournament to decide the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2023. The tournament took place at the Palacio de Santoña in Madrid, Spain, from June 16 to July 5, 2022, with the World Championship finishing in April 2023. As with every Candidates tournament since 2013, it was a double round-robin tournament.
## References
Effusion

**Effusion** is a way gases get out through small holes in materials. For instance, one may fill a balloon with helium, and later discover that all of the gas has gotten out. Effusion is the opposite of diffusion, as one leaves, while another joins. 

## References
Porsche Cayenne

The **Porsche Cayenne** is (a kind of, or) a series of automobiles manufactured by the German company Porsche since 2002. It is a luxury crossover SUV. It is thought of being  a full-sized or a mid-sized vehicle.

## Third generation (E3 9YA/9YB; 2017) 
Third generation cars were first sold in 2019.

## Referneces
Plainview, Nebraska

**Plainview** is a city in Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,275 at the 2022 census.

## References
Sakhir

tower at the Bahrain International Circuit, in Sakhir.]]**Sakhir** () is a desert area in the Southern Governorate of Bahrain, near Zallaq. The Al-Sakhir Palace is here, built in 1870. It also is where the Bahrain Grand Prix happens each year in Formula One, at the Bahrain International Circuit.

## References
Horst Mahler

**Horst Mahler** (; 23 January 1936 – 27 July 2025) was a German lawyer and political activist. He was a far-left militant and a founding member of the Red Army Faction. He later became a supporter of neo-Nazism. Between 2000 and 2003, he was a member of the far-right National Democratic Party of Germany. 

Starting in 2003, he was convicted of Holocaust denial and served a twelve-year prison sentence. In April 2017, Mahler was ordered back to prison for another three and a half years. On 18 April 2017, he tried to escape from Germany to avoid prison. He was deported back to Germany, where he was arrested and put back in jail.

Mahler was released from prison in October 2020.

Mahler died on 27 July 2025 in Berlin, Germany at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Leonard Susskind

**Leonard Susskind** (; born June 16, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist. He is a professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University. He is also a founding director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. His works focuses on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology. He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He has been seen as one of the fathers of string theory. 

## References
## Other websites
*Leonard Susskind's Faculty Page (Stanford University)
*Susskind's Blog: Physics for Everyone
**The Theoretical Minimum* website, with the full set of free lectures
*Radio Interview: Leonard Susskind discusses his life as a physicist, string theory and the holographic principle on The 7th Avenue Project radio show
**The Edge*:
**"Interview with Leonard Susskind. "
**"Smolin vs. Susskind: The Anthropic Principle" Susskind and Lee Smolin debate the Anthropic principle
*Radio Interview from This Week in Science March 14, 2006 Broadcast
*"Father of String Theory Muses on the Megaverse": Podcast 
*
* - A Ted talk
*
Issa Hayatou

**Issa Hayatou** (9 August 1946 – 8 August 2024) was a Cameroonian sports executive, athlete, and football administrator. He was the president of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) between 1988 and 2017. He was the acting FIFA president until 26 February 2016 after president Sepp Blatter was banned from all football-related activities in 2015. He was also a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

In November 2010, he was alleged by the BBC to have taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of World Cup television rights. The IOC announced it would investigate him. 

On 24 May 2017, he was appointed President of the National Football Academy by the President of Cameroon, Paul Biya.

Hayatou died at a hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on 8 August 2024, a day before his 78th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*Issa Hayatou Biography.  African Success Database.
*Issa Hayatou Biography. FIFA.
*Issa Hayatou re-elected as CAF President. FIFA. 20 January 2000.
Nongtamlen Akhupa

**Nongtamlen Akhupa** () was the first king of the Khuman-Luwang ancestral lineage who ruled from approximately 1300 BC to 1000 BCE. He is the first of nine rulers of the shared lineage before their separation into Luwang and Khuman.

He was the son of Queen Mother, *Chinphuron Leichik Nganbi*. His successor, *Nongdamlen Ahanba* was mothered by his Queen, *Leithamlen Chanu*.

## Related pages 
* List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs
* List of Khuman kings
* Khuman
* Luwang
* Khuman Pokpa

## References
Ernst Thommen

**Ernst B. Thommen** (23 January 1899 – 14 May 1967) was a Swiss sports businessman. He was the acting FIFA president from March 1961 to 28 September 1961. He spent 6 months in office, replacing Arthur Drewry who died in office.

Thommen was killed in a car accident in Muttenz, Switzerland on 14 May 1967, aged 68.

## References
Kirsty Coventry

**Kirsty Leigh Coventry Seward** (née **Coventry**; born 16 September 1983) is a Zimbabwean politician, sports administrator and former competitive swimmer. She has been the president of the International Olympic Committee since June 2025. She is the first woman, the first Zimbabwean, and the first African to hold that position. 

Coventry was a member of the Cabinet of Zimbabwe from September 2018 to March 2025 as the Minister of Youth, Sport, Arts and Recreation until September 2023. She was the Minister of Sport, Recreation, Arts and Culture before.

She was an Olympic swimmer and world record holder. She is the most decorated African Olympian.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens, Coventry won three Olympic medals: a gold, a silver, and a bronze, and in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing she won four medals: a gold and three silver. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe called her "a golden girl". In 2016, Coventry retired from swimming after her fifth Olympics.

Coventry was born in Harare on 16 September 1983 to Robert Edwin and Lyn Coventry. 

In 2000, while still in high school, Coventry qualified for the Olympics in Sydney. She became the first Zimbabwean swimmer to reach the semifinals at the Olympics and was named the country's Sports Woman of the Year. 

In August 2013, Coventry married Tyrone Seward, her swimming manager. In May 2019, she gave birth to their first child.

## References
## Other websites
Zanclean

ancestor of Zanclean.]]
**Zanclean** is the firts epoch of the Pliocene, also know as Early Pliocene. This period lasts from 5,333 to 2,580 million years ago, after which the Pleistocene begins. At that time, several animal species existed, including early human ancestors like *Australopihtecus*.

In the sea, one might encounter the giant prehistoric megatooth shark known as *Carcharocles megalodon* and the famous giant sperm whale *Livyatan* from example.

## See also 
* Orca
* Human

## References
2025 Chinese Grand Prix

The **2025 Chinese Grand Prix** (known for advertising reasons as the **Formula 1 Heineken Chinese Grand Prix 2025**) was a Formula One auto race that happened on 23 March 2025 at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai, China. It was the second race of the 2025 Formula One World Championship. It was also the first of six Grands Prix in the season to utilise the sprint format and the second time overall that the Chinese Grand Prix featured it. It was the first of the year to have a sprint race, which will happen at 5 other races in 2025.

Lewis Hamilton fron Ferrari won the sprint race pole position and won the sprint. Oscar Piastri from McLaren was 2nd. Max Verstappen from the Red Bull Racing Team came 3rd.

In the Grand Prix race, Piastri won with Norris in 2nd and Russell in 3rd. Charles Leclerc, Lewis Hamilton and Pierre Gasly were disqualified from the race. Leclerc and Gasly were disqualified because their cars were too light. Hamilton was disqualified because the skid block on his car was too thin and damaged. This was the first time in Formula One that both Ferrari drivers were disqualified from a Grand Prix.

## Results
### Sprint
**Notes**
*  – Jack Doohan finished 20th and also got a post-sprint ten-second time penalty for causing a crash with Gabriel Bortoleto. The penalty made no difference as he was classified in the last position.

### Grand Prix
**Notes**
*  – Jack Doohan finished 14th, but got a 10-second time penalty for causing Isack Hadjar to go off track. This initially dropped him to 16th in the results, but he ended up 13th because Charles Leclerc, Lewis Hamilton and Pierre Gasly were disqualified.
*  – Charles Leclerc and Pierre Gasly finished 5th and 11th, but were disqualified because their cars were too light.
*  – Lewis Hamilton finished 6th, but was disqualified because his skid block was too thin.

## References
## Notes
1959-60 Austrian football championship

The **1959-60 Austrian football championship**   was organized by the Austrian Football Association. The Regionalliga Ost (Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland), the Regionalliga Middle (Carinthia, Upper Austria, Styria) and the Regionalliga Salzburg  and the Arlberg League (Tyrol, Vorarlberg) served as the lower tier of the highest league.The regional leagues of the Austrian federal associations served as the 3rd tier.

SK Rapid Wien reached their  22nd title. Kremser SC, WSV Donawitz, Admira -Energie were relegated. 1. Schwechater SC (Regionalliga Ost), SVS Linz (Regionalliga Mitte) and FC Dornbirn (Arlbergliga, after promotion play-off ) were promoted for the 1960-61 season. 

## Final table
Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient.

## Matches 
### Round 1
### Round 2
### Round 3
### Round 4
### Round 5
### Round 6
### Round 7
### Round 8
### Round 9
### Round 10
### Round 11
### Round 12
### Round 13
### Round 14
### Round 15
### Round 16
### Round 17
### Round 18
### Round 19
### Round 20
### Round 21
### Round 22
### Round 23
### Round 24
### Round 25
### Round 26
## Champion squad 
## Top scorer
## References
Cosmopolitodus

***Cosmopolitodus*** is an extinct genus of potencialy dubious mackerel sharks that lived in 30 to 1.07 milions years ago, between the Oligocene and Pleistocene. The type species is the ***Cosmopolitodus hastalis***. The genus is formaly know from the appelid of **"Broad-toothed mako shark"** or **"Extinct giant white shark"**.

The *Isurus planus* was been replaced in the genus in 2021. Some paleontologist classified the genus as synonym of *Carcharodon*.

## Description 
The teeth of the *C. hastalis* is very simillar to the Great white shark (*Carcharodon carcharias*). Tooth of *C. hastalis* is very large and thin, being quite narrow. Teeth of *C. hastalis* are similar in shape to those of *C. xiphodon*, but they are not the same species. It is estimated that *C. hastalis* was smaller than *C. xiphodon*.

## Size 
As with most extinct sharks, the size of *Cosmopolitodus* is still uncertain. Some paleontologists compare the teeth of this species to those of the extant *C. carcharias*, which would indicate a size range of around 5 to 7 meters (16.4 and 23 ft).

The largest species in the genus is therefore believed to be *C. xiphodon*, which now refers to the extinct shark known as *Carcharodon plicatilis*. A recent estimate shows that *C. xiphodon* reached a maximum size of 7 to 8 meters (23-26 ft) in length.

### Diet 
The *C. hastalis* was the apex predator of the Neogene, this species hunted small cetaceans, seals, giant fish, penguins and sea turtles.

## Related pages 
* Lamniformes
* Great white shark

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Shark-References
* Fossilguy.com

## Other websites
Telmatobius stephani

'''Stephan's water frog'* (*Telmatobius stephani*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home
This frog spends almost all its time in the water. It lives in streams in Yungas forests. It does not live in places that human beings have changed. Scientists saw this frog between 2200 and 2300 meters above sea level.

## People
People catch other frogs in *Telmatobius'' to eat and make into medicine, but they do not catch this frog.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN and from the Argentina National Red List say this frog is in big danger of dying out. Fish from other places, for example trout, can kill this species.  Human beings also change the places where the frog lives to make farms and get wood to build with. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis may also kill this frog.

## References
Political positions of Cory Booker

Cory Booker is a senior U.S. senator from New Jersey. Throughout his political career, he voted liberally, and progressively. 

## Domestic policy
He supported long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity, climate change mitigation, and increased funding for education. He supported abortion rights and affirmative action.  He supported the United States National Health Care Act.

He supported ending the war on drugs and making recreational usage of cannabis legal.

## Foreign policy
He wanted less U.S. involvement in Afghanistan and is against getting into Syria. He supported the :en:Iran nuclear deal framework.

After the U.S. military attack on Syria in April 2017, he criticized military action "without a clear plan". He and many other senators voted against a Bernie Sanders-backed legislation. In April 2025, he did not want another US-Israeli "firearm sales deal".

## Related page
*Political spectrum

## References
2025 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2025 Atlantic hurricane season** was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, 2025. 

These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period of each year in which the majority of tropical or subtropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic Ocean (more than 97%). The first system, Tropical Storm Andrea, formed on June 24, marking the latest start to an Atlantic season since 2014.

## Overview
The 2025 Atlantic hurricane season officially started on June 1, with tropical weather forecasts beginning on May 15. So far, three tropical cyclones have formed. The season’s Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE), calculated by Colorado State University using National Hurricane Center data, is 1,215 units.

Early in the season, storm formation was limited due to several factors: a strong Atlantic anticyclone pushed tropical waves south toward Central America and the eastern Pacific, dry Saharan dust spread across the Atlantic, and atmospheric wave interactions over the Americas also played a role.

## References
List of famines in China

from 1847.]]
This is a **list of famines in mainland China** from 1000 AD. Famine was rather frequent throughout Chinese history.
## from the earliest to the latest
*Chinese famine of 1333–1337
*Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79
*Chinese famine of 1906–1907

*Chinese famine of 1920–1921
*Chinese famine of 1928–1930
*Chinese famine of 1942–1943
*Great Chinese Famine

## References
Mary Britten, M.D.

***Mary Britten, M.D.*** is a British television series. It was first shown on ITV in 1958. The show was made by Southern Television. The show was cancelled when major ITV franchises lost interest in the show.

## Cast
### Regular
* Brenda Bruce as  Mary Britten 
* Ronald Howard as Stephen Britten
* Bernard Archard as  Councillor Pyke 
* Gillian Lind as  Winnie Bishop
* Henri Vidon as 	 Dr. Bishop
* Olive Milbourne as Miss Wicker 
* James Raglan as  Walter Davis

### Other
These actors were also in some of the episodes: Peter Vaughan, Richard O'Sullivan, Irene Handl, Elsie Wagstaff, Frazer Hines and Neil Hallett.

## References
## Bibliography
* Bernard Sendall. *Independent Television in Britain: Origin and Foundation 1946–62, Volume 1*. Springer,  1982.

## External links
*
The Smurfs (1961 TV series)

***The Smurfs*** () is a Belgian animated children's television series that first series adopted *the Smurfs*, aired on RTBF from 12 November 1961 to 31 December 1967 made by nine episodes.
Three Houses (movie)

***Three Houses *** ( / ) is a 2008 Georgian surrealist drama movie. The movie was directed by Zaza Urushadze.

## Cast
*Janri Lolashvili
*Zurab Kipshidze
*Murman Jinoria
*Eka Andronikashvili
*Nata Murvanidze
*Tornike Bziava
*Nineli Chankvetadze
*Malkhaz Abuladze
*Murman Jinoria
*Nino Koridze
*Dato Iashvili

## References
## Other websites
*
Robert Wilson (director)

in September 2023]]
**Robert Wilson** (October 4, 1941 &ndash; July 31, 2025) was an American experimental theater stage director and playwright. He was called by *The New York Times* as "[America]'s – or even the world's – [most important] 'theater artist. He also worked as a choreographer, performer, painter, sculptor, video artist, and sound and lighting designer. Wilson was born in Waco, Texas. He was best known for his work with Philip Glass and Lucinda Childs on *Einstein on the Beach*, and for his works with Tom Waits.

Wilson was openly gay. For many years, he was in a relationship with Andy de Groat, a dancer and choreographer.

Wilson died on July 31, 2025 from a short-illness at his home in Water Mill, New York at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
* RobertWilson.com Official site
* 
* Absolute Wilson documentary film site 
* Interview with Robert Wilson by Bruce Duffie, September 6, 1990
* Robert Wilson: Video Portraits of Lady Gaga Louvre, Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Watermill Center NY, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Bernier/Eliades gallery, 2013–2015 by art critic Kostas Prapoglou.
* Finding aid to Robert Wilson papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Hamstring

A **hamstring** () is the three muscles in the back of the thigh. They are between the hip and the knee. The three hamstring muscles are the semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris.

## Clinical importance
### Sports running injuries
Hamstrings are often injured in many different sports. When sprinting, too much muscle strain in the eccentric contraction phase (right before you lift your leg) can cause an injury. Hamstring injuries in sports happens about 2 times per 1000 hours of performance. In some sports hamstring injuries are 19% of all sports injuries.

## References 
## Other websites 
*MRI Images demonstrating avulsion fracture of the hamstring muscle origin
Albanchez

**Albanchez** is a municipality in the Province of Almería, in Andalusia, Spain.

It has an area of 34.91 km² and a population of 720 people.