open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Probation

In many countries, judges have the option of putting someone **on probation**. Instead of serving time in jail, the person will be ordered to follow certain rules, and his or her behaviour will be monitored. This monitoring is only done for a certain amount of time. If the convicted person does not break the rules, while being monitored he or she can avoid another, harsher sentence (for example: spending time in prison). In general, sentences on probation are used for people who committed a crime for the first time, and for crimes that are seen as "less serious".

Probation is also used for people released from prison to help them get back into a normal life. These people might have been released on parole

## Common rules 
Common rules are to keep away from certain people, for example in the case of domestic violence or  to not work with children, in the case of child abuse. Other rules are that people on probation need to have a job, and they must tell the court where they live. In many cases electronic tags are used, to track where people are. The rules can be both that the person needs to do certain things, and also that he or she must not do other things.  

## Part of the sentence is "on probation" 
There are also cases where the verdict specifies that part of the sentence is *on probation*: If the sentence is one year in prison, the court may for example say: three months in prison, and nine months on probation.
I'm Still on Your Side

"'''I'm Still on Your Side'*" is a 1988 song by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes and is the third single from his third studio album *Freight Train Heart''. It went to number 29 in Australia and number 50 in New Zealand.

## Track listing
**Australian 12" single (Mushroom X 13313)**
*Side A "I'm on Your Side" 
*Side B "Going to Mexico" 

**US 7" single (Geffen Records 7-27727)**
*Side A "I'm on Your Side" - 3:54
*Side B "Lessons in Love" - 3:42

**US CD single (Geffen Records PRO-CD-3244)**
*track 1 "I'm on Your Side" - 3:54
*track 2 "Too Much Ain't Enough Love" (live) - 5:29
*track 3 "Working Class Man" (live) - 4:14

## References
Warped (song)

"**Warped**" is a 1995 song by Red Hot Chili Peppers and is the leading single from their sixth studio album *One Hot Minute*. It went to number 3 in Finland, number 4 in New Zealand, number 12 in Australia and Norway, number 14 in the Netherlands and number 31 in the United States.

## Track listing 
**CD single (1995)**
# "Warped" (edit)
# "Pea" (album)
# "Melancholy Mechanics" (previously unreleased)

## References
A Good Man in Africa

***A Good Man in Africa*** is a 1994 American British South African comedy movie directed by Bruce Beresford and was based on the 1981 novel of the same name by William Boyd. It stars Sean Connery, John Lithgow, Colin Friels, Joanne Whalley, Diana Rigg, Louis Gossett Jr. and Oscar Quitak. It was received mixed to poor reviews.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
The Will (newspaper)

***The Will*** is a newspaper from Nigeria that comes out every week. Austyn Ogannah started it in 2009 in a place called San Francisco in America. Later, it started working in Nigeria too. The newspaper writes about different things that are important to people in Nigeria like news, politics, business, art, sports, and other important events. The Will is made by The Will News Media.

## References
I Believe (Tears for Fears song)

"**I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)**" is a 1985 song by British new wave band Tears for Fears and is the fifth single from their second studio album *Songs from the Big Chair*. It went to the top 40 in Ireland, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

## Track listings
### 7": Mercury / IDEA11 (UK)
# "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
# "Sea Song" (3:52)

### 2x7": Mercury / IDEA1111 (UK)
# "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
# "Sea Song" (3:52)

# "I Believe (Album Version)" (4:37)
# "Shout (Dub Version)" (6:45)

### 10": Mercury / IDEA1110 (UK)
# "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
# "I Believe (Album Version)" (4:37)
# "Sea Song" (3:52)

### 12": Mercury / IDEA1112 (UK)
# "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
# "Shout (Dub Version)" (6:45)
# "Sea Song" (3:52)
# "Shout (U.S. Remix)" (8:00)

## References
National Biodiversity Network

The **National Biodiversity Network**  was set up in 2000 in the United Kingdom. It makes biodiversity information available. It runs the NBN Atlas, a data search website.  It was started by the NBN Trust. 

About 60,000 people routinely record biodiversity information in the UK and Ireland. Most of them are not paid. There are about 2,000 national societies and recording schemes. The British  government also collects biodiversity data.  There is a network of Local Environmental Records Centres.

In 2012, it was listed in the top 1,000 UK charities that raised most donations.

## References
Italian Football Federation

The **Italian Football Federation** (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio), known as Federcalcio, runs football in Italy. It is based in Rome and the technical department is in Coverciano, Florence.

It organises the Italian football league and Coppa Italia. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the Italy national football team (men's), women's, and youth national football teams. The Italy national futsal team also belongs to the federation.

It was started in Turin on 26 March 1898.

## References
Circular reasoning

**Circular reasoning** (, "circle in proving"; also known as **circular logic**) is a logical fallacy. With this fallacy, the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument. In this fallacy, the premises need to be proved the same way as the conclusion. In a normal argument, the premises do not need to be proved. Since the premises also need to be proved, the argument does not persuade. There is no reason to accept the premises unless a person already believes the conclusion, or that the premises provide no independent ground or evidence for the conclusion. Circular reasoning is closely related to begging the question, and in modern usage the two generally refer to the same thing.

Circular reasoning is often of the form: "A is true because B is true; B is true because A is true."  Circularity can be difficult to detect if it involves a longer chain of propositions.

## Examples 
* In the Bible, the Second Epistle to Timothy gives the example of using a citation of the New Testament to say that the Bible is the word of God. The problem is just that the New Testament is part of the Bible. In addition, this is just an argument from authority, since it is taken from one of the letters of the Apostle Paul. When Paul wrote the letter, there was no Biblical canon.
* Molière uses a doctor in one of his comedies, to make fun of this kind of argument. A father has a mute daughter. The father asks the doctor, why his daughter is mute. The doctor then tells him, that she is mute, because she lost the ability to speak. When the father asks, why she cannot speak, the doctor replies, that this is because she doesn't have control over her language.

## References
Bowling average

In cricket, a player's **bowling average** is a statistic. It is used to measure the effectiveness (ability) of bowlers. The average is the number of runs they have conceded whilst bowling, divided by the number of wickets they have taken. Bowlers try to achieve an average that is as low as possible. George Lohmann (2 June 1865 – 1 December 1901) holds the record for the lowest average in Test cricket, having claimed 112 wickets at an average of 10.75 runs per wicket.

## References
Thames sailing barge

, off Foulness Point]]
A **Thames sailing barge** is a type of commercial sailing boat once common on the River Thames. They are flat-bottomed barges,  adapted to the Thames Estuary, which is not deep  and has narrow tributary rivers. The larger barges could be taken on the sea, and were the largest sailing vessel to be handled by just two men. The average size was about 120 tons and they carried 4,200 square feet (390 m2) of canvas sail in six working sails.  They carried heavy cargo to English ports and to Europe. At first they were all made of wood, but some later ones were made of steel.  They were about 20 feet wide and 80 or 90 feet long with two masts.

In the 1860s barge races were started, and the barges' design improved as they were built with better lines in order to win. The Thames barge races are the world's second oldest sailing competition, second to the America's Cup.

## References
Préveranges

**Préveranges** is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

In 1968 it had 1081 people, but in 2008 there were only 582.

## References
Mehun-sur-Yèvre

**Mehun-sur-Yèvre** is a commune in the Cher department in central France.

In 2017 there were 6562 people living there. 

## References
Indiana Wesleyan University

**Indiana Wesleyan University** (**IWU**) is a private evangelical Christian university in Marion, Indiana. It is connected to the Wesleyan Church. It is the largest private university in Indiana.

## References
La Perche

**La Perche** is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region in France.

There were 254 people there in 2008.

## References
Equity (finance)

In finance, **equity** is an ownership of property that may be affected by debts or future events tied to the property, which are called liabilities. It is measured by subtracting liabilities from the value of the assets owned.  For example, if someone owns a car worth $24,000 and owes $10,000 on the loan used to buy the car, the difference of $14,000 is equity. Equity can apply to a single asset, such as a car or house, or to an entire business. A business that needs to start up or expand  can sell its equity in order to raise cash.  People who buy a house with a mortgage have equity if the value of the house is worth more than the mortgage.  If the mortage is more than the property is worth they are said to have negative equity.

## References
Count of Champagne

The **count of Champagne** was the ruler of the County of Champagne from 950 to 1316. Champagne evolved from the County of Troyes in the late eleventh century and Hugh I was the first to officially use the title count of Champagne.

## Counts and dukes of Champagne, Troyes, Meaux and Blois 
### Dukes of Champagne 
In Merovingian and Carolingian times, several dukes of Champagne (or *Campania*) are known. The duchy appears to have been created by combining the *civitates* of Reims, Châlons-en-Champagne.  Laon, and Troyes. In the late seventh and early eighth centuries, Champagne was controlled by the Pippinids; first by Drogo, son of Pippin of Herstal, and then by Drogo's son Arnulf.

### Counts of Champagne 
* Hugh (1102–1125)
* Theobald II (1125–1152)
* Henry I (1152–1181)
* Henry II (1181–1197), also King of Jerusalem as Henry I
* Theobald III (1197–1201)

* Theobald IV, also King of Navarre as Theobald I (1201–1253)
* Theobald V, also King of Navarre as Theobald II (1253–1270)
* Henry III, also King of Navarre as Henry I (1270–1274)
* Joan (1274–1305), also Queen of Navarre

* Philip (co-ruler of Joan), also King of France as Philip IV
* Louis (1305–1316), also King of Navarre, became King of France in 1314, after which the title merged into the royal domain
Vicq, Nord

**Vicq** () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,464 people lived there.

## Other websites 
* INSEE commune file

## References
Sancerre

**Sancerre** is a medieval hilltop town  and commune in the Cher department, France overlooking the river Loire. It is noted for its wine.

It is a natural fortress 312 meters in height. The Counts of Champagne built fortifications there in the 12th century. During the French Wars of Religion the Huguenot people were besieged there for 8 months in 1572/3. About 500 people died, mostly of starvation.  The siege of Sancerre was written about by a Protestant minister Jean de Léry, who survived the battle, in *The Memorable History of the Siege of Sancerre* (1574).    A mansion was built on the ruins of the original Chateau de Sancerre in 1874.  

In 2008 there were 1697 people living there. 

## References
SafeMoon

**SafeMoon** LLC was an American cryptocurrency and blockchain company that was created in March 2021. Their cryptocurrency token was called SafeMoon (SFM) and it was on a blockchain called Binance Smart Chain. The token charged a 10% fee on every transaction: 5% was sent to people who already had SafeMoon tokens, and 5% was sent to digital wallets controlled by SafeMoon's creators. The token reached its highest value in April 2021, but shortly after it lost most of its value.

In November 2023, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Department of Justice (DoJ) charged SafeMoon's main team with fraud. They said the main team took over $200 million out of SafeMoon which they were not meant to, and used it to buy expensive houses and cars.

In December 2023, SafeMoon filed for bankruptcy and the company shut down. The token cannot be bought or sold anymore.

## References
Batavian Republic

The **Batavian Republic** came after the Dutch Republic was invaded by the French Republic.  It was announced on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, when Louis Bonaparte took the Dutch throne.  From October 1801 onward, it was called the *Batavian Commonwealth*.   It was named after the  Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe.

The constitution that was made in 1798 was genuinely democratic. 

It was a client state of France, but its governments tried to maintain some independence and to serve Dutch interests even where they clashed with the interests of the French.
Izadkhvast

**Izadkhast** (also known as **Samīrum**) is a city in the Central District of Abadeh County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census 7,366 people lived there in 1,803 families.

There is Izad-Khast Castle, a caravanserai, and a Safavid-period bridge.  The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 9, 2007 in the Cultural category.

## References
Indonesian Navy

The **Indonesian Navy** is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was started on 10 September 1945 at the start of the Indonesian National Revolution. 

There are three major fleets known as "Armada", which are *Komando Armada I* (1st Fleet Command) in Jakarta, *Komando Armada II* (2nd Fleet Command)  in Surabaya, *Komando Armada III* (3rd Fleet Command)  in Sorong  There is also the  *Komando Lintas Laut Militer* (Military Sealift Command) and the Marine Corps.

At first there were only wooden ships, but then it got some ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy.  It fought the  Royal Netherlands Navy. 

In the 1960s as part of the increasing military ties between Indonesia and the Warsaw Pact, the Navy got  naval combat equipment from Eastern European countries.  It was used in the campaign for the liberation of West Irian from Dutch rule.
Ise, Mie

is a city located in central Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshu, Japan. It was previously called Ujiyamada. The city is famous for the Ise Grand Shrine, which is considered the most sacred Shintō shrine in Japan. Ise has a long-standing title of Shinto (神都), which means "the Holy City" and "the Capital of the *Kami*" in Japanese. , the city had an estimated population of 123,533 people living in 55,911 households, and a population density of 590 people per square kilometer. The total area of the city is 208.53 square kilometers.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Ise City official website 
* Akafuku Mochi
* Ise Grand Shrine official website 
* Ise city guide from the https://archive.today/20130113031930/http://www.miejets.org/gb Mie Guidebook] at Mie JETs
* "A Day Tripper's Guide to Ise and Toba" by Zack Davisson, *Japanzine*
* Rakuraku Ise Moude (Official Ise City travel information)
Royal Netherlands Navy

The **Royal Netherlands Navy** is part of the armed forces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world and played an active role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Franco-Dutch War, and wars against Spain and several other European powers. The Batavian Navy of the later Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) played an active role in the Napoleonic Wars.

In the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, it served an important role in protecting Dutch colonial rule, especially in Southeast Asia. It played a minor role in World War II, especially against the Imperial Japanese Navy. Since World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in  peacekeeping expeditions.

The main naval base is in Den Helder, North Holland.
Lazza

**Jacopo Lazzarini** (born 22 August 1994), known professionally as **Lazza**, is an Italian rapper and record producer.

Lazzarini was born in the Calvairate district of Milan. He studied piano at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory in Milan. He later joined the Zero2 and Blocco Recordz collectives. In 2009, he took part in the annual Italian hip hop event Tecniche Perfette.

## References
Polish Navy

The **Polish Navy** is the naval branch of the Polish Armed Forces. The Polish Navy has 46 ships and about 12,000 people.   

In the fifteenth century there was a small force of ships that primarily operated on rivers and lakes. In 1454, the  city of Gdańsk was back in Poland after being previously occupied by the Teutonic Knights since 1308.  Gdańsk is a seaport so Poland could have a large fleet on the Baltic. In 1561, following a victory over a Russian fleet in the Baltic, the Polish Navy got a second  port at Riga, in modern-day Latvia. The Polish navy won the Battle of Oliwa in 1627 against the Swedish Empire, during the Polish–Swedish War.  The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth never really had a strong navy.

Józef Piłsudski, commander of the Armed Forces of Poland, founded the modern Polish Navy in 1918.

In  World War II three ships sailed to the British naval base at Leith in Scotland in 1939 to escape from the German navy.  The British lent them more ships. 

During the Communist period, Poland's navy got much stronger.  A separate force of Polish Marines started. The Navy also got  Soviet-made ships, including 2 destroyers, 2 missile destroyers, 13 submarines and 17 missile boats to control the Baltic Sea.

Poland joined NATO in 1999 and this changed the work of the navy. 
## References
Spacetalk

**Spacetalk** is an Australian technology company headquartered in Adelaide, South Australia. It was founded in 2001 as MGM Wireless and changed its name to Spacetalk Ltd in November 2020 to reflect its focus on developing wearable devices. The company's education division provides school-to-home communication services for absence management, news, and emergencies using SMS, apps, and cloud-based technology. Spacetalk launched its family location and child safety wearable devices under the Spacetalk brand in September 2017. The product is available in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK.

## References
Izumo-taisha

Izumo-taisha, also known as Izumo Grand Shrine or Izumo Ōyashiro, is one of the oldest and most important Shinto shrines in Japan. Its exact establishment date is unknown. Located in Izumo, Shimane Prefecture, the shrine is dedicated to the gods , who is known as the Shinto deity of marriage, and Kotoamatsukami, a group of heavenly deities. The shrine is famous for two major festivals held there. Many people believe that it is the oldest Shinto shrine in Japan, even older than the Ise Grand Shrine.

Izumo-taisha's main hall, called taisha-zukuri, is a style of architecture that takes its name from the shrine. The main hall and the attached buildings were designated National Treasures of Japan in 1952. According to tradition, the hall was once much taller than it is now. The discovery of the remains of enormous pillars in 2000 supports this tradition.

To maintain the power of the *kami* and preserve architectural techniques, Izumo-taisha has been rebuilt every 60 to 70 years. This process of regular rebuilding is called "Sengū" (遷宮) and is also practiced at other important Shinto shrines, such as the Ise Grand Shrine, which is rebuilt every 20 years.

## Related pages 
* Ōkuninushi
* Shinto shrine

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Site 
* Architecture of the Izumo Grand Shrine
* Heian-period discovery at Izumo
Tenjin

**Tenjin** is a kami in Shinto. In his mortal life he was Sugawara no Michizane and after his death he became a kami. People pray to him for help in school.

## References
Republic of Korea Navy

The **Republic of Korea Navy** also known as the **South Korean Navy**, is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces. 

It has about  people including  Republic of Korea Marines. There are about 140 ships. The naval aviation force consists of about 70 aircraft. The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles.

During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Imperial Japanese Navy built a big naval base at Chinkai Guard District in southern Korea (at present-day Jinhae). The present navy was started in 1945. Korea had a long naval history, going back to the 4th century, before that.
Zhangixalus dugritei

The **Sichuan whipping frog**, **Boaxing treefrog**, or '''Dugrite's whipping tree frog'* (*Zhangixalus dugritei'') is a frog.  It lives in China and Vietnam. People have seen it 10,500 feet above sea level.

These frogs live in forests and grassy places high on mountains. It lays eggs in pools and ponds. The female frog makes a white foam nest to lays her eggs. She makes the nest in a mud cave or under moss or plants. After the eggs hatch, the rain pushes the tadpoles into the water. The tadpoles live at the bottom of the pond or pool.

People have seen this frog between 1400 and 3200 meters above sea level.

Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out because there are so many of them alive. Many of the places the frog lives are protected parks, for example Hoang Lien Son National Park and Tay Con Linh II National Park. People sometimes cut down the forests to build farms and get wood. Sometimes people catch this frog to eat.

## References
Royal Danish Navy

The **Royal Danish Navy**  is the sea-based branch of the Danish Defence force. It is mainly responsible for maritime defence and maintaining Danish territorial waters including the Faroe Islands and Greenland.

The maritime traditions go back to the 9th century when the Vikings had small but well-organised fleets.

From 1509 to 1814, when Denmark was in a union with Norway, the Danish Navy was part of the Dano-Norwegian Navy.  It was an important force then. It played an important part in the colonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. During the Napoleonic Wars the British were afraid that the Danish navy would be used against them.  They attacked it in 1801 and  captured it in 1807.  It took a long time to rebuild the navy. 

In World War II 32 ships were deliberately sunk in 1943 to prevent the Germans from using them.

During the Cold War, the Danish navy was rebuilt and modernised. The main job was to repel a possible invasion from the Warsaw Pact.  Now there are fewer but larger vessels able to operate for long periods at sea. 

## References
Chao Phraya River

The **Chao Phraya** is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand.
Royal Thai Navy

The **Royal Thai Navy** is the naval warfare force of Thailand. It was started in 1906, and modernised by the Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse (1880–1923) who is known as the father of the Royal Navy. There is a naval fleet, the Royal Thai Marine Corps, and Air and Coastal Defence Command. The headquarters is at Sattahip Naval Base. It runs three naval area commands: Northern Gulf of Thailand; Southern Gulf of Thailand; and the Andaman Sea.  

The ancient naval arm of the army was mostly river  craft whose job was to control the Chao Phraya River and protect ships carrying the army to battle. The warships carried up to 30 musketeers, a large number of rowers and either 6 or 12-pounder cannons or no guns at all.

There are now 130 ships. 

## References
Lincoln Younes

**Lincoln Younes** (born January 31, 1992) is an Australian actor from City Homicide .

## Filmography
* City Homicide (2009)
* Locker (2009) 
* Tangle (2009-2012) 
* Home and Away (2011-2014)
* Love Child (2014-2016)
* Hiding (2015)
* Down Under (2016)
* Dead Lucky (2018)
* Love and Other Place (2018)
* Little Monsters (2019)
* Grand Hotel (2019)
* The Lost Boys (2020)
* Doctor Doctor (2021)
* A Spy Movie (2021)
* Barons (2022)
* Alter the Verdict (2022)
* Last King of the Cross (2023)
Nashinoki Shrine

Nashinoki Shrine (梨木神社) is a Shinto shrine in kamigyō-ku. Although it was never a Beppyo shrine, it used to have the rank of Bekkaku kanpeisha under the modern system of ranked Shinto shrines.

Nashinoki Shrine is a relatively new Shinto shrine in Kyoto. It was built in 1885.

The Nashinoki Shrine hosts an annual bush clover festival.

## References
Saga Shrine

**Saga Shrine** (佐嘉神社) is a Shinto shrine located in Saga, Kyushu. It enshrines Daimyo  and . It is the only Bekkaku Kanpeisha in Saga.
## References
Fukui Shrine

**Fukui Shrine** (福井神社) is an important Shinto shrine located in Fukui city. It is classified as a Beppyo shrine, which means it is particularly notable in a certain way with a significant history to it. The shrine's main building was destroyed in World War II, but it has since been rebuilt using concrete. This makes the shrine quite unusual, especially with its striking concrete Torii gate.

Matsudaira Yoshinaga is enshrined at the Fukui Shrine. 

## References
510s

The **510s** was a decade that began on 1 January 510 and ended on 31 December 519. It is distinct from the decade known as the **52th decade** which will begin on January 1, 511 and end on December 31, 520.

## Events 
* The convent of Saint-Césaire is built in Arles.
* Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Anastasius I ends a period of moderate ecclestical policy, and starts strongly favoring his own monophysitist beliefs.
* Flavian II, Patriarch of Antioch, is deposed and replaced with Severus.
* The island nation of Usan-guk is conquered by the Korean Silla Dynasty general Lee Sabu.
* Earliest known dated text in the Arabic alphabet, at Zebed in Syria
* The Revolt of Vitalian is put down by forces loyal to Byzantine emperor Anastasius I

## Births 
* Clovis I (born circa 466)
* Saint David

## Deaths 
* Gao Zhao
* Xuan Wu Di, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty
* Euphemius, deposed Patriarch of Constantinople
Uesugi Shrine

**Uesugi Shrine** (上杉神社) is a Shinto shrine located in Yonezawa, Yamagata. It is a Beppyo shrine and is dedicated to the memory of Uesugi Kenshin, a famous military leader in Japanese history. The shrine was built in 1876 on the site of Yonezawa Castle, and it enshrines the spirit of Uesugi Kenshin.

Every year in February, a snow lantern festival is held at the shrine where lanterns are carved out of snow to honor the memory of Uesugi Kenshin. It is a popular event that attracts many visitors.

## References
Swedish Navy

The **Swedish Navy**  is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.  

It was started under King Gustav I in 1522. It is one of the oldest continuously serving navies in the world, celebrating its 500th anniversary in 2022.

For most of the twentieth century, the Swedish Navy focused on the threat of a full-scale invasion of Sweden via the Baltic Sea and on protecting commercial shipping. Sweden's place on the Scandinavian peninsula means that 90% of  imports and exports enter or leave Sweden through the Baltic. 

## References
North West Ambulance Service

The **North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust**  is the ambulance service for North West England. It is one of ten ambulance trusts providing England with emergency medical services, and is part of the National Health Service.  It is based in Bolton.

It started on  1 July 2006, by the merger of the four previous services (Cumbria Ambulance Service; Lancashire Ambulance Service; Cheshire and Mersey Ambulance Service; and Greater Manchester Ambulance Service).  In 2019 they had 104 ambulance stations and about 6000 people. 

## References
European Chemicals Agency

The European Chemicals Agency is part of the European Union which manages the European Union regulation called *Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals* (REACH).  It started work in 2007.  It is based in Helsinki.

On its website there is a public summary of all the information it holds on the chemicals registered in its database. It provides this information in the form of a *Substance Infocard* giving hazards, uses and production or import quantities. There is information on over 245,000 chemicals, although most do not have full details since they are used in amounts below one tonne per year.

## References
Kaijin Shrine

**Kaijin Shrine** (海神神社) is a significant Shinto shrine in Tsushima Island, Nagasaki that holds a Beppyo status. This status denotes that the shrine is remarkable and holds a significant historical importance. Kaijin Shrine is also ranked as an Ichinomiya, which means it is the highest-ranked shrine in its province.

Kaijin Shrine should not be confused with Watatsumi Shrine, which has a very similar Japanese name (海神社) to Kaijin Shrine (海神神社).

In 2012 a robber stole a Buddha statue from the shrine, but in 2015 it was returned.

## Related pages 
* Watatsumi Shrine
* Watazumi Shrine

## References
Adam Warlock

**Adam Warlock** is a fictional character that appears sometimes as an anti-hero and as a protagonist in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in *Fantastic Four* #66 in September of 1967 in cocoon form, and #67 in October of 1967 in humanoid form, and was created by the late Stan Lee and the late Jack Kirby, originally named **Him**. Debuting in the Silver Age of comic books, the character has appeared in over four decades of Marvel publications, and starred in the popular titles *Marvel Premiere* and *Strange Tales* as well as five self-titled volumes and several related limited series.

## Fictional character biography 
A humanoid created by the Enclave under the name Him, the being that would be known as Adam Warlock was given guidance under the High Evolutionary before being a champion of Counter-Earth. Warlock would soon play pivotal in protecting the universe from numerous threats, such as his enemy Man-Beast and his nemesis and sometimes ally Thanos. Powerful yet mysterious, Warlock is destined to act as the avatar of life yet faces against his evil future self, Magus and his destructive counterpart, Goddess. He has founded the Guardians of the Galaxy and Infinity Watch, and has been a member of the Cosmic Avengers.

## Powers and abilities 
Warlock could project blasts of cosmic energy from his hands as concussive forces, fly at vast speeds, travel to different dimensions, create a solar vortexes, molecular walls, and flame barriers.

## In other media 
The character has been adapted to various forms of media, including animated television series, and video games. The character has appeared in the ''Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy* in both incarnations as Warlock and Magus*.* Adam Warlock, portrayed by Will Poulter, made his live-action debut in *Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3'' (2023), which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Templeuve-en-Pévèle

**Templeuve-en-Pévèle** (, before 2015: *Templeuve*) is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 6,332 people lived there.

## Other websites 
* INSEE commune file

## References
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

**Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood**, CH, PC, QC (14 September 1864 – 24 November 1958), known as **Lord Robert Cecil** from 1868 to 1923, was a British lawyer, politician and diplomat. He helped to start the League of Nations and to defend it. This got him awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937.

His father was Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury.  He was born in Cavendish Square, London. He was educated at home until he was thirteen and then spent four years at Eton College.  Then he studied law at University College, Oxford. He married Lady Eleanor Lambton, daughter of George Lambton, 2nd Earl of Durham in 1889.  In 1899, he was made a Queen's Counsel.

At the 1906 general election, Cecil was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament representing Marylebone East.  He was not elected in 1910, but  In 1911, he won a by-election in Hitchin, Hertfordshire as an Independent Conservative and served as its MP until 1923. In the 1915 coalition government, he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.  He was promoted to Assistant Secretary in 1918–19.  

In September 1916, he wrote and circulated a *Memorandum on Proposals for Diminishing the Occasion of Future Wars* in the Cabinet.  He said peaceful procedures for settling disputes should be compulsory before there was any outbreak of fighting. Sanctions, including blockade, would be necessary to force countries to submit to peaceful procedures.  In November 1917, Cecil asked Arthur Balfour to set up a committee to consider the proposals for a League of Nations.  In  November 1918 he was appointed the head of the League of Nations section of the Foreign Office. 

After the Treaty of Versailles was first presented to Germany, he argued strongly that it should be made less harsh on Germany and that Germany should be allowed to join the League. 

With his brother Hugh Cecil, he resigned the Conservative whip in February 1921.  In May 1923, he returned to the cabinet as Lord Privy Seal.

He  planned the activities of the League of Nations Union. He was its president from 1923 to 1945. He was joint founder and president, with Pierre Cot, a French jurist, of the International Peace Campaign. 

In 1929, he was made president of the newly formed Pedestrians Association which campaigned for measures to benefit pedestrians

## References
Téteghem-Coudekerque-Village

**Téteghem-Coudekerque-Village** (; ; ) is a commune in the Nord in north France. In 2019, 8,285 people lived there. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Téteghem (the seat) and Coudekerque-Village.

## Other websites 
* INSEE commune file

## References
Dewa Shrine

**Dewa Shrine** (出羽神社) is one of the shrines of the Three Mountains of Dewa. It is also known as Hagurosan shrine due to being on Mount Haguro.

Of the three shrines it is the only shrine which is accessable year round .

## References 
*
List of Vietnamese provinces by Human Development Index

This is a **list of Vietnamese provinces by Human Development Index** as of 2022. It is also included with their historical HDI from the year 1999 to 2022.

## References
Oyama Shrine

**Oyama Shrine** (雄山神社) is a Shinto shrine in Japan that worships Mount Tate. The shrine is located at a high altitude of 3,003 meters and has three sub-shrines.

Oyama Shrine has a rich history and was historically a major site of shugendō, a Japanese religion that combines elements of Buddhism, Shintoism, and other indigenous beliefs.

The shrine claims to be the Ichinomiya (highest ranked Shinto shrine) of Etchū Province, but there are other shrines that also claim this title.

Oyama Shrine is unique in that it does not have a honden, which is a main hall for enshrining the kami (deities), instead, Mount Tate itself is considered its main object of worship, known as the kannabi.

## Related pages 
* List of Shinto shrines
* Ichinomiya

## References
Yudonosan Shrine

**Yudonosan Shrine** (湯殿山神社) is an important Beppyo shrine and one of the Three Mountains of Dewa. The shrine is unique in that it has no main building, but instead uses the mountain itself as a Kannabi, or a rock as an Iwakura. It is located in a valley between Mount Yudono and Shinakurasan Mountain. 

Yudonosan is the final destination in the Shugendo pilgrimage between all the mountains and they use a prominent rock as a shintai.. The shrine on Mount Yudono is regarded as holy ground and is kept secret, with photography and video recordings being strictly prohibited even today. It is impossible to enter the shrine in winter due to heavy snow.

## References
Myōjin Taisha

A **Myojin Taisha** is a Shinto shrine dedicated to a powerful kami believed to possess remarkable abilities. These shrines are considered "great shrines" or "taisha" under the ancient system of shrine rankings. Myojin Taisha shrines are found throughout Japan, particularly in the Kyoto-Osaka region, including Yamashiro, Yamato, Ōmi, Mutsu, Tajima, and Kii provinces. There are 224 shrines that enshrine 310 kami listed as Myojin Taisha in the Engishiki Jinmyocho. Additionally, there are 203 shrines with 285 kami listed for Myojinsai or "festivals for famed deities" in book 3 of Engishiki. While most of the shrines in these two listings overlap, there are some differences in names and numbers. There are several theories about these differences, but it is unclear why the lists differ.

A related list is the Kokushi genzaisha which refers to shrines which appear in the Rikkokushi (六国史) but not in the Engishiki

## Related pages 
* Kokushi genzaisha shrines listed in the Rikkokushi but not in the Engishiki
* Shikinai Taisha

## References
Kannabi

In Shinto, there is a concept known as Kannabi (神奈備), also referred to as kaminabi or kamunabi, which denotes a region that houses a kami or is itself a shintai (a repository in which a kami resides). These regions are typically forests or mountains, and examples include Mount Miwa

## Related pages 
* Age of the Gods
* Ko-Shintō
* Himorogi・Iwakura
* Shintai・Yorishiro
* Shinboku
* Sacred mountains・Mountain worship
* Kannagi
* Chinju no Mori

## References
Ōarai Isosaki Shrine

The **Ōarai Isosaki Shrine** (大洗磯前神社, Ōarai Isosaki jinja) is a Shinto shrine located in Ōarai City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It has three torii gates leading into the ocean.

## Characteristics 
The Oarai Isosaki-jinja shrine has three torii gates in separate locations.

## References
Furogu Shrine

The Furogu Shrine (風浪宮), is a Shinto shrine in Okawa, Fukuoka Prefecture. 

The Azumi people created the shrine.
## Overview 
The Shrine, locally known as "Ofurosan," has origins that date back over 1,800 years

The Furogu Shrine festival, also known as Reitaisai, is a popular event in Okawa, Fukuoka Prefecture. It's one of the three major festivals in the Chikugo region, attracting over 150,000 visitors in February..

The shrine is home to a massive Shinboku Camphor tree

The shrine houses a wooden statue of the seated Buddhist Goddess of Mercy.

The current shrine was built in the 1560

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Furogu Shrine
Chōkai Gassan Ryōsho-gu

is a Shinto shrine in Yamagata City, Yamagata Prefecture. It used to be a prefectural shrine. Now it is a Beppyo shrine. 

## Name 
The name of the shrine in kanji is Chōkai Gassan Ryōshō-gū (鳥海月山両所宮). This is what the parts of its name mean. Chōkai (鳥海) is the name of the nearby Mount Chōkai, while Gassan (月山) is the name of the nearby Mount Gassan. Ryōshō (両所) means "two places", and gū (宮) means "shrine". This means that the name can be translated to "The Shrine of Two Places, Mount Chōkai and Mount Gassan". The name reflects the shrine's importance in the local Shinto tradition, as it is dedicated to the kami (gods) believed to protect both Mount Chōkai and Mount Gassan.

## Deities 
It enshrines the deities Kuninotokotachi no Mikoto of Ōmonoimi Shrine (Mount Chōkai) and Tsukuyomi of Gassan Shrine (Mount Gassan).

## Festivals 
It has a festival every July 1 of the lunar calendar, rice, cucumbers, eggplants, millet, and ears of rice are wrapped in paper and buried in the ground 

## Related pages 
* Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine
* Gassan Shrine

## References 
## Other websites 
* Chōkai Gassan Ryōsho-gu Yamagata City Tourism Association
Gion worship

during the Gion festival, the largest shrine and festival of the Gion faith]]
**Gion worship**, or **Gion shinkō** in Japanese, is a form of Shintoism that used to center around the deity Gozu Tenno. However, during the Meiji era when there was a separation of Shintoism and Buddhism, the Japanese government required that the focus of Gion worship shift to the deity Susanoo.

The primary shrines of the Gion faith are Yasaka Shrine located in Kyoto and Hiromine Shrine in Hyogo Prefecture..

Gozu Tenno was a deity originally rooted in Buddhist-style Onmyōdō and is believed to have served as the guardian deity of Jetavana, the monastery where Buddha is believed to have studied.  In China, Gozu Tenno was influenced by Taoism, and in Japan, he merged with Susanoo, the Shinto Kami. Both Gozu Tenno and Susanoo were considered plague gods, which led to their association. In Japan, Gozu Tenno was also believed to be the Buddha Bhaisajyaguru. The description of Gozu Tenno in Shinnaiden is particularly prominent.

The Gion faith originated in the Heian period with the purpose of preventing epidemics by pacifying the god of pestilence. In the late 10th century, people in Kyoto started holding an annual festival at Yasaka Shrine (then known as Gion Shrine), which eventually became the famous Gion festival. By the Middle Ages, the Gion faith had spread throughout Japan, and Gion shrines or Gyozo tenno shrines were established to enshrine Gyozo tenno. The Goryokai or Tenno Festival was held as a ritual procession during this time.

During the Meiji era, the government implemented a policy of separating Shinto and Buddhism, known as Shinbutsu Bunri. As a result, many Shinto shrines that had previously been associated with Buddhist practices and deities were forced to disassociate themselves from Buddhism. In the case of the Gion Shrine and the Gozu Tenno Shrine, they had to change their names and say Gozu tenno was Susanoo. This was a part of a larger effort to promote Shinto as the national religion of Japan and distance it from foreign influences, particularly Buddhism..

While the worship of Susanoo is often associated with the Gion faith and its origin in the Gozu Tenno deity, there are also many other shrines that worship Susanoo in their own independent traditions. Some of these shrines, such as Susa Shrine and Yaegaki Shrine, have been worshipping Susanoo for centuries before the practice of worshipping Gozu Tenno was prohibited. These shrines have their own unique practices and beliefs, separate from the Gion faith.

## Gion shrines 
There are many Gion shrines. Yasaka Shrine being the most prominent

* Yasaka Shrine (八坂神社) in Gion, Higashiyama, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture – Head shrine of the Yasaka shrine network
* Tsushima Shrine (津島神社) in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture – Head shrine of the Tsushima shrine network
* Hiromine Shrine (広峰神社) in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture

## References 
## Other websites 
* 祇園信仰研究会 - 有志による研究会
Marciac

**Marciac** is a commune in the Gers department, Occitania, southwestern France. It is known for its annual international festival Jazz in Marciac, which runs for a fortnight every summer.

In 2012 there were 1243 people living there. 

## References
Whale mounds

Whale mounds, also known as Kujira Tsuga in Japanese, are mounds that are dedicated to whales that have been washed up on the shore. This is a unique custom to Japan.

## Overview 
Mounds are created to remember Cetacean stranding, a type of whale that was hunted for food and resources, and to show appreciation for the area being saved and enriched. Whales were considered gods and some were called Ebisu, so they were enshrined to prevent them from becoming angry gods after they died on the shore or were hunted. The mound is also built to prevent the god from becoming angry. These mounds can be found at Toda Shrine in Shinagawa, Tokyo and Whale Shrine in Miyake-jima, Tokyo.

After organized whaling was established during the Edo period, mounds were also built in areas where whaling was a livelihood to serve as memorials and expressions of gratitude. Examples include the Ryujima area near Ukishima Shrine in Chiba Prefecture and Taiji.

People believed that whales had spiritual power as their arrival in an area often coincided with the arrival of fish. Therefore, they were used as fishing guides and regarded as auspicious. This led to the enshrinement of whales, often in the form of Ebisu, as a fishing deity to bring good fortune to fishermen and as a sea god to pray for safety at sea.

Similarly, there are whale graves and monuments in areas where whaling has been a source of livelihood since ancient times, as well as for passive and accidental whaling. When combined with whale mounds, there are about 100 of them in Japan.

## Whalebone Torii 
 gate behind a traditional Torii gate]]

A whalebone torii is a type of torii where the gate of the shrine is constructed using whale bones, primarily the ribs of the whale.

The oldest one in Japan is the torii of the Ebisu Shrine in Taiji Town, Wakayama Prefecture. This is mentioned in Ihara Saikaku's "Nihon Eitaigura" published in 1688 (Jōkyō5): "In the village of Taiji, Ominato, Kiiro, the wife and children sing. This place is prosperous and Wakamatsu village is standing. According to records, the current torii is the third generation, and it is unknown what it was made of before that. According to records, the current torii is the third generation, and it is not known what it was made of before that. These are all the whale torii gates that exist in Japan today, but there is also a Cape Eluanbi Shrine in Eluanbi, the southernmost point of Taiwan under Japanese rule at the time. There were also whale torii gates at three other shrines: Fudato Ebisu Shrine in Sakhalin, and Shikotan Shrine on Shikotan Island in the Northern Territories. Each of these five locations is either directly or indirectly related to whaling (such as whaling bases).

## Related pages 
* Whale
** Ebisu (mythology)
* Whaling

## Footnotes 
## References
Albert Lutuli

**Albert John Luthuli** (1898 – 21 July 1967) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, traditional leader, and politician who was the President-General of the African National Congress from 1952 until his death in 1967.

He was born to a Zulu family  at a Seventh-day Adventist mission in Bulawayo. He went to his family's ancestral home of Groutville, in the Colony of Natal in 1908 to go to school under the care of his uncle. After graduating from high school with a teaching degree, He went a small school in Natal where he was the only teacher.  Then he went to Adams College. He got a Higher Teacher's Diploma and became a teacher there - one  of their first African teachers.  He was  the secretary of the Natal Native Teachers' Association, and then its president.

In 1935 when he was elected chief of the Umvoti River Reserve in Groutville. He joined the African National Congress in 1944.  In 1952 he led the Defiance Campaign to protest against the pass laws.  He was deposed by the South African government as chief. He was elected President-General of the ANC.  He was against the use of violence.  In 1961 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

## References
Krasnodar Krai

**Krasnodar Krai**  is a federal subject of Russia (a krai) in the North Caucasus region. It is a part of the Southern Federal District. Its  center is the city of Krasnodar. There were 5,838,273 people living there at the 2021 Census.

Novorossiysk is Russia's main port on the Black Sea. It is one of the bases of the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet.

## References