Sino-Vietnamese characters

**Sino-Vietnamese characters**  ( The fit between the Chinese character and the Vietnamese word is not always exact. The word "Nôm" does not have any negative connotation in Vietnamese, but rather suggests plain talk, something easy to understand.

Nôm includes thousands of characters not found in Chinese. In contrast, Japan developed only a few hundred kokuji, most of them describing plants and animals found only in Japan. Korea had just a small number of rarely used gukja. These characters were created by writers who combined pre-existing elements. One element, called the radical, indicates the character's meaning, or at least a semantic category. The other element, called the remainder, gives pronunciation. This is similar to how most Chinese characters are written. Like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language. In contrast, Japanese and Korean can be written in phonetic scripts that do not indicate tone.

## Readings
When a character is read as Vietnamese, it is romanized according to its Nôm reading. When it is read as Chinese, it can be romanized into Vietnamese as Han-Viet, or into English as pinyin. The chart below uses a darker background to display the Nôm Ideographs (V0 to V3), considered to be the core Nôm character set.

## Encoding
In 1994, the Ideographic Rapporteur Group agreed to include Sino-Vietnamese characters in Unicode. In 1993-2001, the Han-Nom Institute assembled a collection of 9,299 “Nôm Ideographs" in four sets. These are the V0, V1, V2, and V3 characters shown below. A Sino-Vietnamese character is first assigned a V Source code, and later a codepoint. These codes are used to transmit and store the character electronically. An appropriate font must be installed to render them.

The Nôm Ideographs were extracted from two dictionaries published in the 1970s, one in Saigon and the other in Hanoi. V Source annotations were added to the glyphs that were already encoded. The rest were assigned codepoints in Extension B. *The Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire* (2008) integrates the work of the Han-Nom Institute with that of the U.S.-based Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. This book presents a comprehensive list of 19,981 Sino-Vietnamese characters, including the Nôm Ideographs, manuscript variants, characters formerly used by the Tay people of northern Vietnam, as well as numerous Chinese characters with Han-Viet readings.

## Notes
## Citations
## Bibliography
* . This books lists 8,187 Nom characters.
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* . This is the most comprehensive Nôm dictionary with over 19,000 characters.
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* . Hồng was the leader of the Nôm encoding project. This dictionary contains 12,000 entries.
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* . This article tells how the Nom Na Tong font was created.
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*  This first Nôm dictionary.
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*  Ngô's group was sponsored by the Nôm Foundation. This work was later integrated into the *Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire* (2008).
* This is a comprehensive bibliography.
* . This book contains 17,761 Sino-Vietnamese characters. 
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*  This is the most widely available Nôm reference. It is an updated version of Vũ Văn Kính’s 1971 work.
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## Fonts
Some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly:
* Hanamin B  &nbsp;– This Japanese font supports nearly 90,000 characters, including those in Unicode CJK Extension C.
* NomNaTongLight&nbsp;– This font, created by the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation, is based on characters found a 1933 woodblock print .
* Han Nom Font Set &nbsp;– This open source font supports over 70,000 Unicode CJK codepoints.
* Fonts for Chu Nom. How to display and use Han-Nom characters.

## Other websites
* Chunom.org  "This site is about Chu Nom, the old writing system of Vietnam."
* Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. Features a dictionary with the complete set of Sino-Vietnamese characters.
* Han-Nom Collection , digitized manuscripts held by the National Library of Vietnam.
* Han-Nom Research Institute 
* *Tạp chí Hán Nôm * [Journal of Han-Nom Studies]
* Ngành Hán Nôm . A four-year program in Han-Nom is offered at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities of Ho Chi Minh City.
* Cách Gõ Chữ Hán Nôm - WinVNKey Software to allow the entry of Han-Nom characters by reading.
* 倉頡之友《倉頡平台2012》  Cangjie input method for Windows that allows keyboard entry of all Unicode CJK characters by character shape. Supports over 70,000 characters. Users may add their own characters and character combinations.