open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mark Viduka

**Mark Antony Viduka** (born 9 October 1975) is an Australian former soccer player who played as a centre forward. Viduka captained the Australia national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, which remains their joint-best performance to date. His four goals in the UEFA Champions League are the most scored by any Australian player. 

## Club career statistics
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="3"|Melbourne Knights||rowspan="3"|National Soccer League||4||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||4||2
|-
|1993–94||21||17||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||17
|-
|1994–95||24||21||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||21
|-

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="4"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="4"|Prva HNL||27||12||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||12
|-
|1996–97||25||18||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||18
|-
|1997–98||25||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||8
|-
|1998–99||7||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||2
|-

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="2"|Celtic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||9||5||2||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||8
|-
|1999–00||28||25||1||0||4||1||4||1||37||27
|-

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="4"|Leeds United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||34||17||2||1||1||0||16||4||53||22
|-
|2001–02||33||11||1||1||1||1||7||3||42||17
|-
|2002–03||33||20||4||2||1||0||2||0||40||22
|-
|2003–04||30||11||1||1||0||0||0||0||31||12
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="3"|Premier League||16||5||0||0||1||0||4||2||21||7
|-
|2005–06||27||7||5||2||2||1||9||6||43||16
|-
|2006–07||29||14||7||5||1||0||0||0||37||19
|-
|2007–08||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||7||2||0||0||0||0||0||28||7
|-
|2008–09||12||0||0||0||0||0||0||12||0
49||40||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||49||40
84||40||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||84||40
37||30||3||3||4||1||4||1||48||35
240||92||22||12||7||2||38||15||307||121
410||202||25||15||11||3||42||16||488||236
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||10||2
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||1
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
!Total||43||11
|}

## References
Freddy Adu

**Fredua Koranteng Adu** (born June 2, 1989) is an American former professional soccer player who played as an attacking midfielder. The last club he played for was Ettan Fotboll club Österlen FF in 2021.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
:''Scores and results list United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Adu goal''.

## Honors 
**D.C. United**
* Major League Soccer: 2004

**United States**
* FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2009
* CONCACAF Gold Cup runner-up: 2009, 2011

## References
Eamon Dunphy

**Eamon Martin Dunphy** (born 3 August 1945) is an Irish professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.

## References
Murat Yakin

**Murat Yakin** (; born 15 September 1974) is a former football player. He has played for Switzerland national team. He is the manager of Switzerland national football team since 2021.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="5"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="5"|Super League||18||1
|-
|1993–94||29||3
|-
|1994–95||18||2
|-
|1995–96||8||3
|-
|1996–97||28||8

|-
|1997–98||Stuttgart||Bundesliga||23||2

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="2"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||23||3
|-
|1999–2000||3||0

|-
|1999–2000||Basel||Super League||12||1

|-
|2000–01||Kaiserslautern||Bundesliga||9||0

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="6"|Basel||rowspan="6"|Super League||11||1
|-
|2001–02||32||7
|-
|2002–03||26||6
|-
|2003–04||20||7
|-
|2004–05||13||3
|-
|2005–06||1||0
216||42
32||2
26||3
274||47
|}

## International career statistics
|-
!Total||49||4
|}
Salmonella

***Salmonella*** is a genus of bacteria. It is a major cause of illness throughout the world. The bacteria are generally passed on to humans by eating or drinking food of animal origin which has the bacteria in it, mainly meat, poultry, eggs and milk. Bacteria from the genus *Salmonella* can cause diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera and typhus. These bacteria are zoonotic, meaning they can infect both animals and humans. 

*Salmonella* is closely related to the *Escherichia* genus and are found worldwide in cold- and warm-blooded animals (including humans), and in the environment. They cause illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness.

*Salmonella* is also extremely dangerous, and like most diseases, weaker humans like the old and young could easily die from it. *Salmonella* can only be killed in food by cooking at high temperatures. This is called denaturation.

## References
Paul Sturrock

**Paul Whitehead Sturrock** (born 10 October 1956) is a Scottish former football coach and former player. He has played for Dundee United and Scotland national team.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International
:''Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sturrock goal''.

### Managerial record 
Research by football economists Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski found Sturrock to be among the highest performing managers in English football. The measure was based on game success after allowing for the clubs’ wage bills.

## Honours 
### As a player 
**Dundee United**
*Scottish Football League Premier Division: 1982–83
*Scottish League Cup: 1979–80, 1980–81; runner-up: 1981–82, 1984–85
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 1986–87
*Scottish Cup runner-up: 1980–81, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88

**Scotland**
* The Rous Cup: 1985

### As a manager 
**St Johnstone**
*Scottish League First Division (second tier): 1996–97

**Plymouth Argyle**
*Football League Third Division: 2001–02
*Football League Second Division: 2003–04

**Sheffield Wednesday**
*Football League One play-offs: 2004–05

**Swindon Town**
*Football League Two promotion: 2006–07

**Individual**
*Football League Third Division Manager of the Year: 2001–02
*Football League Second Division Manager of the Year: 2003–04
*LMA Managers Performance League: January 2004

**Awards**
*Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductee: 2019

## References
Informal fallacy

An **informal fallacy** is an logical argument whose  premises fail to support their conclusion. Informal fallacies often come from errors in reasoning.

In contrast to a formal fallacy, the error has to do with issues of inference. Because language is used to state the propositions, natural language allows one to say more than  formal logic can represent. All informal fallacies of deductive reasoning contain a disconnect between the premises and the conclusion. This  makes the argument invalid. The disconnect happens because there is a hidden co-premise. If this co-premise were *stated*, it would make the argument valid.

Inductive *informal* fallacies are rather different from their deductive counterparts. Their merit rests in the inductive strength of the premiseconclusion link, not the presence of hidden premises. For instance, the fallacy of hasty generalization, can be roughly stated as:

:p) *S* is a *P*
:p) *S* is also a *Q*
:c) therefore, all *P*s are also *Q*s

If the populations of *P* and *Q* are both too large to sample completely, then the statement is inductive. In such a case, a hasty generalization occurs when the number of *P*s and *Q*s does not represent the respective populations. It is important to distinguish between a principle of reasoning (deductive or inductive) and the premise of an argument.

Some informal fallacies are fallacies of ambiguity. For example:

: Feathers are **light**. ("light" as "not heavy")
: What is **light** cannot be dark. ("light" as "containing a lot of white")
: Therefore, feathers cannot be dark.

Equivocations are more difficult to detect in cases where the two meanings are closely related to each other.

## References
## Other websites
* *Logical fallacies* A list of logical fallacies, explained.
* *An Informal Fallacy Primer *
Great Western Railway

The **Great Western Railway** (GWR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom, that was started in 1833. It was engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

The railway company also ran bus services and owned ships and hotels. In 1948, the government took control of the company and Great Western Railway then was renamed the Western Region of British Railways.

The first railway line built by the Great Western Railway opened in 1838. It started in London and ended in Maidenhead which was  west. By 1841, the area of service had been made much longer and so their trains went farther west to the towns of Reading, Swindon, Bath and Bristol. By 1852, the railway line had become  long and went to Penzance. Penzance railway station is both the farthest south and farthest west in Great Britain.  

In 1923, the GWR took over several smaller railways (most of them in Wales) and became one of the Big Four British railway companies. In 1948, Britain's railways were nationalized and the GWR became the Western Region of British Railways.

## Related pages 
* Reading railway station
Stimulant

A **stimulant** is any of a group of drugs that can increase alertness and awareness, usually for a short time only. Most stimulants have more side-effects than other drugs. Some are classified as illegal drugs, most can cause addiction. For this reason, most legal stimulants are only available on prescription. Stimulants act on the nerves: Stimulants cause more neurotransmitters to the synapse (this is the gap between different nerves)

Most stimulants fall into one of the following groups:
* Amphetamine and its derivates: Methylphenidate, Methamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine Ephedrine, Ecstasy
* Xanthines: Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine
* Piperazine and its derivates: Benzylpiperazine, Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
* Various others: Cocaine, Nicotine, Modafinil

Some of the substances mentioned above can be used to treat certain diseases. Some are mostly used as illegal drugs.
Benzylpiperazine

**Benzylpiperazine**, commonly referred to as **BZP** is an recreational drug. It is also available with trade names such as "A2", "Frenzy" and "Nemesis", It is a stimulant and may cause Euphoria. People believe it works in a way similar to MDMA. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. Side-effects include acute psychosis, problems with the kidneys
Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis and seizures. It does not appear to be very addictive and no deaths have been reported following taking BZP once. There have been at least two deaths  which resulted from the combination of BZP and MDMA. Its sale is banned in a few countries, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and in parts of Europe. However, its legal status is currently less restrictive in some other countries such as Ireland and Canada. The European Union is currently changing its laws to regulate this substance more.

## References
Turkish new lira

The **Turkish new lira** () is the currency of Turkey and the unrecognised Turkish Northern Republic of Cyprus. The new lira is subdivided into 100 new kurush (yeni kuruş), the equivalent of American Cents or British Pennies. The symbol for the currency is YTL.

In the last few years the Turkish lira stabilised and even rose against the U.S. Dollars and the Euro.

In late December 2003, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for the removal of six zeroes from the currency, and the creation of the new lira. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of 1 new lira = 1,000,000 old lira.

The official name of the currency is "New Turkish Lira". According to the Central Bank, the word "new" (yeni) is only a "temporary" measure. The "new" was be removed on January 1, 2009. The banknotes have "different shapes and sizes to prevent forgery".

## References
Oedipus

**Oedipus** is a mythical or fictional king in Greek mythology. He is adopted as a baby. Without knowing who they are, he marries his biological mother, Then they have a baby, But before this, he kills his biological father. The psychologist Sigmund Freud had a theory and he called it the Oedipus complex, after this story.

*Oedipus Tyranos*, or Oedipus the King, is a well-known tragedy by Sophocles.

Oedipus has 4 children, Antigone, Polynices, Ismene and Eteocles. All of these are by his mother Jocasta. Later, they find out they are related to each other. Jocasta hangs herself and Oedipus rips out his eyes in disgust.
Gundam

**Gundam** is the collective name for all the different Japanese anime series about giant fighting robots called *Mobile Suits*. There are many series, movies, comic books and video games based on the Gundam franchise. Gundam started what is called the Real Robot genre of anime, where the robots are more like machines than in Super Robot anime they are usually massive and the Gundam pilots do destroy multiple buildings but the government pays for the damages and the gundam are very high tech compared to different robot anime.
Guildford

**Guildford** is the county town of Surrey, in England.  It is also the seat for the borough of Guildford.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Guildford Borough Council
Amarok (software)

**Amarok** is a music player for the KDE desktop environment. Unlike most KDE programs, it has its own schedule for releasing versions, so a new version of Amarok might not be released when a new version of KDE comes out. Amarok's first stable version was released in 2003. They are now on version 2.4.3.

## Features 
Amarok cannot play videos. However, it can play most sound and music files in a large range of formats, like MP3, Ogg Vorbis, and WMA. Amarok also includes an internet radio tuner, and supports submitting a listener's music preferences to Last.fm. It can sync music to most MP3 players, like the iPod or ZEN.

## Versions
Amarok was updated to version 2 along with the major upgrade of KDE3 to KDE4.  The newer KDE4 version of Amarok is still missing some features when compared with the previous KDE3 version, but it does have some new features not included with the earlier one.

Many users of KDE3 Amarok believed it was the best software music player of any platform (Windows, Mac, Linux), and it had a great and loyal following.  This loyalty has faded somewhat since the KDE4 release, though Amarok developers are still working hard to make certain the newer Amarok meets and exceeds all users' expectations.

## References
Caesar

**Caesar** or **Cæsar** may mean:

## Ancient Rome 
* Caesar (title), a title used by Roman Emperors and also Ottoman Turkish Emperors, related as well to "Tsar" and "Kaiser"

### Roman *Gens* Julia 
* **Gaius Julius Caesar** (100 BC–44 BC) Roman general and dictator, hence
** Julius Caesar (play), a tragedy by William Shakespeare
** Julius Caesar (mini), a 2002 mini-series about Caesar, directed by Uli Edel
* Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia, 90s BC), father of the dictator
* Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the first Roman Emperor, nephew and adoptive son of the dictator
* Other members of the Julii Caesares, the family from which the dictator came

## Culture 
* Caesars Casino, part of Harrah's Entertainment
** Caesars Palace, a number of hotel/casino resorts
** Caesars Windsor, a casino in Windsor Ontario, Canada

## Food 
* Caesar (cocktail), a cocktail made with vodka and Clamato that is popular primarily in Canada  
* The Caesar salad, a salad named after Caesar Cardini
* Little Caesars, a pizza restaurant chain

## Science 
* Caesar cipher, an encryption technique used by the Roman dictator on military campaigns
* Caesarean section, a surgical procedure to deliver a baby when a normal birth is difficult.
Friedrich Hund

**Friedrich Hund** (4 February 1896  31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He worked at the Universities of  Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

He had published more than 250 papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra. The Hund's rule was named after him and in 1926 he discovered the later so-called tunneling effect.

## His life
 + Friedrich HundChicago 1929]]
Hund worked with well known physicists as Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg,  Max Born, and Walter Bothe. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics.

After his studies of mathematics, physics, and geography in Marburg and Göttingen, he worked as a private lecturer in theoretical physics at Göttingen  in 1925, professor at Rostock in 1927, Leipzig in 1929, Jena in 1946, Frankfurt/Main in 1951 and from 1957 again in Göttingen. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen (1926) with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1928.

On the occasion of his 100th birthday, the book: Friedrich Hund: Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe [history of physics terms] (Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford), Spektrum, Akademie Verlag 1996,  was published. A review was also written by Werner Kutzelnigg.

Friedrich Hund became an honorary citizen of Jena, and a street in Jena was named after him. Since June 2004, a part of the new building of the Physics Department was given the Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 address. The same name was chosen for the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.

## Hunds cases
The '''Hund's cases**, which are particular regimes in molecular angular momentum coupling, and the **Hund's rules''', which govern electron configurations, are important in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. In chemistry, the first of Hund's rules is especially important and is often referred to as simply Hund's rule.

## References
## Other websites 
* curriculum vitae of Friedrich Hund, papers by Friedrich Hund, diploma, honours, medals and decorations, photography, films and cassettes
Baichung Bhutia

**Baichung Bhutia** (born 15 December 1976) is an former Indian professional footballer.   He played for the India national football team.

Bhutia retired from international competition in 2011.

## Career statistics 
### Club career statistics 
|-
|1993–94||rowspan="2"|East Bengal
* National Football League: 2003–04
* Federation Cup: 2009–10, 2010
* Indian Super Cup: 2011
* Calcutta Football League: 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011
* IFA Shield: 1994, 1995, 1997
* Wai Wai Cup: 1993
* San Miguel International Cup: 2004

**Mohun Bagan**
* Calcutta Football League: 2007, 2008, 2009
* IFA Shield: 2003
* Federation Cup: 2006, 2008

**Bengal**
* Santosh Trophy: 1995, 1998–99

**India**
* AFC Challenge Cup: 2008
* SAFF Championship: 1997, 1999, 2005; runner-up: 1995, 2008
* Nehru Cup: 2007, 2009
* South Asian Games gold medal: 1995
* Afro-Asian Games silver medal: 2003

**India U23**
* LG Cup: 2002

**Individual**
* AIFF Player of the Year: 1995, 2008
* Arjuna Award: 1998
*  Padma Shri: 2008
* AFC Challenge Cup Most Valuable Player: 2008
* Banga Bhushan: 2014
* Asian Football Hall of Fame: 2014
* IFFHS 48 Football Legend Players: 2016
* ASEAN Club Championship Top Scorer: 2003
* *Sportskeeda* All time Indian Football XI

## References
Matthew Le Tissier

**Matthew Le Tissier** (born 14 October 1968) is a former football player. He has played for Southampton and England national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Southampton**
*Full Members' Cup runner-up: 1991–92

**Eastleigh**
*Wessex Football League: 2002–03

**Individual**
*PFA Young Player of the Year: 1989–90
*Southampton Player of the Season: 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95
*Most assists in the Premier League: 1994–95
*BBC Goal of the Month: October 1993, August 1994, December 1994
*Premier League Player of the Month: December 1994, October 1996
*PFA Team of the Year: 1994–95 Premier League
*BBC Goal of the Season: 1994–95
*English Football Hall of Fame: 2013
*One Club Man Award: 2015

## References
Shigella

***Shigella*** is a genus of bacterium. It belongs to a small group of pathogens (including *E. coli* and *Salmonella*) that can infect the gut after the ingestion of relatively few organisms. The bacteria can cause sudden and severe diarrhea in humans.
Socratic method

The **Socratic method** (or **Method of elenchus** or **Socratic debate**), is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of philosophical questioning.

The central technique of the Socratic method is called *elenchus*, which means am argument to disprove or refute (prove wrong).

## Socrates in Plato's dialogues 
Our knowledge of Socrates comes mainly from Plato, who was one of his students. No writing by Socrates survives. 

Socrates was famous for not answering questions in a direct manner. "I know that I know nothing", he said. Socrates's opinion, at least in Plato's dialogues, was that the other person already knew the answer to a question and that Socrates only drew out what was already in the other's mind. 

In Plato's early dialogues, the *elenchus* is the technique Socrates uses to learn about ethical concepts, such as justice or virtue. According to one scholar, it has the following steps:

#Socrates' student or partner asserts a thesis, for example "Courage is endurance of the soul". 
#Socrates secures his agreement to further premises, for example "Courage is a fine thing" and "Ignorant endurance is not a fine thing".
#Socrates then argues, and the partner agrees, that these further premises imply the opposite of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: "courage is not endurance of the soul".
#Socrates then claims that he has shown that his partner's thesis is false and that its opposite is true.

The exact nature of the elenchus is subject to a great deal of debate. In particular, whether it is a positive method leading to knowledge, or a negative method used solely to refute false claims to knowledge.

According to the classical scholar W.K.C. Guthrie, the Socratic method was intended to demonstrate one's ignorance. Socrates, unlike the Sophists, did believe that knowledge was possible, but believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Guthrie writes, "[Socrates] was accustomed to say that he did not himself know anything, and that the only way in which he was wiser than other men was that he was conscious of his own ignorance, while they were not. The essence of the Socratic method is to convince the interlocutor that whereas he thought he knew something, in fact he does not".

## References
Bill Maher

**William "Bill" Maher, Jr.**, (; born January 20 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, actor,  and author. He hosted the late-night television talk show *Politically Incorrect* on Comedy Central and ABC, and is currently the host of *Real Time with Bill Maher* on HBO. The show has been nominated for more than ten Emmy Awards. On June 1, 2006, he also began hosting an Internet-exclusive talk show on Amazon.com entitled *Amazon Fishbowl*.

In 2013 Maher became the producer of a HBO TV series called *Vice*.

## Views of Bill Maher
Mahrer is a supporter of the pro-animal welfare group, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.  He has said that marijuana should be legal. He feels that more problems are caused by it being illegal than would be caused if it were legal.

Maher has disagreed with many religious beliefs. He says that they can create problems for society. He was the host of the documentary, *Religulous* that dealt with religion and how it affects society in the United States. Maher is also the creator of the website Disbeliefnet. He has said that morality and religion are not the same thing and that religion is used as a reason to oppose gay rights.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Bill Mahrer website
*Real Time with Bill Maher website 
*
*Real Time with Bill Maher website 
*Disbeliefnet
Ubuntu Live USB creator

**Ubuntu Live USB Creator** is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from an iso image. The tool is already included in the repositories of Ubuntu 8.10.

## Features
*Optional persistence (all changes made to the system are saved, unlike a Live CD)
*Progress indicator
*Does not format the device

## Related pages
* List of tools to create Live USB systems
* Live USB system creator

## Other websites 
*Project page at Launchpad
*cd2usb - Similar tool (for Microsoft Windows)
Puppet

**Puppets** are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the **puppet** move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a **puppeteer**. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.

## Types of puppets 
**Finger Puppet**: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on a finger and worked by moving the finger.  

**Sock puppet:** A sock or similar garment worn as a glove, with the thumb acting as a jaw.  

**Hand Puppet**: Similar to a finger puppet, but  larger. The puppeteer uses his or her fingers and hand to work the puppet. Punch and Judy are famous glove puppets.

**Pop-up puppets**: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.

**Paddle Puppet**: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, making it seem that the puppet moves by itself.

**Jumping Jack**: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are joined to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.

**Rod Puppet and Bunraku**: The puppet is worked with rods joined to the puppets arms and legs, while another puppeteer moves the head and sometimes the mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.

**Shadow Puppet**: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it some life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.

**Marionette or String Puppet**: This puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.

**Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy**: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer speaks normally, then puts on a different voice when the puppet is supposed to be talking. His voice seems to be coming from his stomach (Latin: "venter").  His lips are not moving, but the puppet's lips may move, so it seems as if the puppet is talking.

**Ticklebug:** A type of Hand Puppet; a person uses their fingers as body parts to look like their hand is an animal. The center finger becomes the animal's head, the first and third fingers become the front legs, and the thumb and last finger are used as back legs.
Dachigam National Park

**Dachigam National Park** is a national park in India. It is  from Srinagar, the capital city of Jammu and Kashmir. The park covers an area of . The name of the park means "ten villages".
## History
The park has been a protected area since 1910. It was first created to ensure a supply of clean drinking water for the city of Srinagar. It was declared a National Park in 1981.
Hemis National Park

**Hemis National Park** (or Hemis High Altitude National Park) is a high altitude National Park in the Eastern Ladakh area of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.  It is the only national park in India north of the Himalayas. It is also the smallest National Park of the Indian subcontinent.

This park is home to about 200 snow leopards. Hemis is the only refuge in India with the Shapu. The Tibetan Wolf, Eurasian Brown Bear, and Red Fox are also found in Hemis.

## References
Ulysses (spacecraft)

**Ulysses** was a spacecraft (or space probe). It was a joint mission by NASA and ESA. The spacecraft was launched on October 6, 1990. Its main aims were to study the Sun and the planet Jupiter.
## References
Lake Toba

of a supervolcano]]

**Lake Toba** is a lake in the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is  long and  wide, and  at its deepest point.

It is in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra with an elevation of about . The lake stretches from  to . It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. In the middle of the lake there is an Island called Samosir, in Bahasa Indonesia "Pulau Samosir."

## Related pages 
*Toba catastrophe

## References
Equilibrioception

**Equilibrioception** is the sense of balance. This is what prevents a person or animal from falling over while walking or doing other physical activity.

## In humans
In humans, equilibrioception is mainly sensed by the detection of acceleration, which occurs in the vestibular system. Other senses play roles as well, e.g. the visual system and proprioception. The importance of visual input for balance is illustrated by its being harder to stand on one foot with eyes closed than with eyes open.

The sense of balance often gets worse as a person ages. After a stroke, it may be improved with the help of special training.

## Related pages
* Inner ear
* Calisthenics
* Training
* Yoga
* Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood

## References
Dual-tone multi-frequency

**Dual-tone multi-frequency** or **DTMF** is the group of special sounds a telephone makes when you push the buttons.  Each number button makes a different sound.  Telephone company equipment hears each sound and turns it back into a number.  When all the numbers in a phone number are pushed the telephone company equipment will make the other person's telephone play a loud sound so they can answer their telephone and talk to you. 

Telephones also have a star (*) button and a pound (#) button. These buttons also make different DTMF sounds.  These buttons can be used for other things like 'go' or 'do over'.  But they are not part of the phone number.

A few telephones have the letter buttons *A* *B* *C* and *D*. They also make different DTMF sounds. 

Pushing the number buttons is called *dialing* the telephone. When a telephone makes a loud sound for you to answer, it is called *ringing*.
Gerard K. O'Neill

**Gerard Kitchen “Gerry” O’Neill** (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the *O’Neill cylinder*. He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.

In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a  to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to  two s of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.

While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in “The Colonization of Space”. This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book *The High Frontier* won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

## Books 
* 
* 
* 

## References 
*
Rosary

The **Rosary** is a Catholic form of prayer using beads.  It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Hail Mary, done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary.  This is called "saying the Rosary" or "praying the Rosary." A rosary can also be the series of joined beads that a person holds while saying these prayers.

The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion John Paul II said “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer. Pope John Paul II, *Rosarium virginis Mariae*, 16 October 2002, Libreria Editrice Vaticana

Prayer is for every person to obtain graces and consolations for oneself or for others, for the diffusion of good actions in the world, for the solution of international conflicts, for conversion and spiritual growth.

 Prayer, in the room of your home or into the church, at any time of the day,  is a moment of peace and serenity that distracts from the worries of the day and it is a moment of communication with Divine Mercy through the most beautiful prayers. The graces result from the experience not only of saints and religious but also of ordinary people who have left public witness of the graces received requested to the Virgin Mary.

A person who says a Rosary usually thinks about certain events from the Bible.  Each day has a traditional list of these events, called "Mysteries of the Rosary." Praying the Rosary on certain times or under certain conditions can get the person praying an indulgence: a set amount of time off purgatory by setting aside time for sins performed on Earth.

## Related pages
* The Lord's Prayer
* The Hail Mary
* Roman Catholicism

## References
Gilgamesh

**Gilgamesh** was the semi-mythical fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city-state of Sumer. His supposed historical reign is believed to have been  27th to 25th centuries BC, around 2 to 4 centuries before he appears as a protagonist in the Sumerian epic named *Epic of Gilgamesh*.

Gilgamesh's father was named Lugalbanda, who was said to be the third king of Uruk.

## Pop culture 
Gilgamesh appears as the protagonist (main character) in the Sumerian epic named *Epic of Gilgamesh*.
Fatimah Jinnah Park

**Fatima Jinnah Park**, sometimes known as F-9 park (pointing out the fact that the covered area is spread out through the entire sector), is a public recreational park in sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. The park is one of the largest in area in South-central Asia. It was named after the revered *"Madre Millat"* (Mother of the Nation) Miss Fatima Jinnah- younger sister of the founder of Pakistan.
Dunfermline Athletic F.C.

**Dunfermline Athletic Football Club** are a Scottish football team based in Dunfermline, Fife, commonly known as just Dunfermline. They play at East End Park and are nicknamed *The Pars*.

They are currently managed by Neil Lennon who was given the job on a temporary basis in March 2025.

## References
Greenock Morton F.C.

**Greenock Morton Football Club** are a football team, who currently play in the Scottish Championship. The club was founded as **Morton Football Club** in 1874, making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs. Greenock Morton are popularly known as "The Pride of the Clyde", a tradition which pre-dates the club's renaming in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock. The club has a traditional local rivalry with St Mirren F.C..

## Name
* 1874-1994 **Morton F.C.**
* 1994-present **Greenock Morton F.C.**

## Honours
### National honours
* **Scottish Cup**
** **Winners**: 1921–22
** Runners-up: 1947–48
* **Scottish League Cup**
** Runners-up: 1963–64
* **Scottish Challenge Cup**
** Runners-up: 1992
* **Scottish Premiership** (first tier)
** Runners-up: 1916–17
* **Scottish Championship** (second tier)
** **Champions**: (6) 1949–50, 1963–64, 1966–67, 1977–78, 1983–84, 1986–1987
** Runners-up: (4) 1899–1900, 1928–29, 1936–37, 2012–13
* **Scottish League One** (third tier)
** **Champions**: (3) 1994–95, 2006–07, 2014–15
** Runners-up: 2005–06
* **Scottish League Two** (fourth tier)
** **Champions**: 2002–03

## European record
## Notes
## References
Livingston F.C.

**Livingston Football Club** is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian. They currently play in the Scottish Premiership.

## Name
*1943-1974 **Ferranti Thistle**
*1974-1995 **Meadowbank Thistle**
*1995-present **Livingston**

## Managers
* Jim Leishman (1995–1997)
* Ray Stewart (1997–2000)
* Jim Leishman (2000–2003)
* Marcio Maximo Barcellos (2003)
* David Hay (2003–2004)
* Allan Preston (2004)
* Richard Gough (2004–2005)
* Paul Lambert (2005–2006)
* Alec Cleland (Caretaker, 2006)
* John Robertson (2006–2007)
* Dave Bowman (Caretaker, 2007)
* Mark Proctor (2007–2008)
* Roberto Landi (2008–)

## Famous players
*  Neil Alexander
*  Rab Douglas
*  David Bingham
*  John Robertson
*  Marvin Andrews
*  David Fernández
*  Javier Sánchez Broto
*  Stuart Lovell
*  Quino
*  Oscar Rubio
*  Davide Xausa
*  Jamie McAllister
*  David McNamee
*  Hassan Kachloul
*  Paul Dalglish
*  Paul Lambert
*  Guillermo Amor
*  Rolando Zarate

## Current squad 
*As of August 26, 2008*
Queen of the South F.C.

**Queen of the South Football Club** is a Scottish professional football club founded in 1919. It is in Dumfries in southwest Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish First Division.

Officially nicknamed *The Doonhamers*, but usually referred to as *Queens* and sometimes as *QoS* (as also listed on the club badge), they have played their entire existence based at Palmerston Park on Terregles Street. 

The club has won national honours, namely the 1950-51 B Division, the 2001-02  Scottish Second Division and the 2002-03 Scottish Challenge Cup. While Queens topped Scotland's top division until Christmas in season 1953-54 their highest-ever finish in the Scottish top flight was fourth in 1933-34. Their longest cup run was in the 2007-08 Scottish Cup, in which they reached the final and finished runners up.

The club is currently managed by Gordon Chisholm.

## Sources
Jama Masjid, Srinagar

The **Jamia Masjid** is a mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. The Jamia Masjid of Srinagar is at Nowhatta, in the middle of the old city. It was built by Sultan Sikander Shah in 1394 AD. Later, the son of Sultan Sikandar, Zain-ul-Abedin had the mosque extended. The measurement of the mosque is 381 feet by 384 feet. It has unique architecture, a courtyard, and 378 wooden Deodar pillars supporting a wooden ceiling with 346 pillars of 21 feet in height and 5 feet in girth, and 32 pillars 48 feet in height and 6 feet in girth. The masjid has a fountain also measurement of 33 feet by 34 feet which is also used for wuzu (ablution). Thousands of Muslims assemble at the mosque every Friday to offer their prayers. This Jamia Masjid of Kashmir, has seen a number of destructions till date. It got ruined three times in a fire and was reconstructed every time. During the region of Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh, the Jamia Masjid of Srinagar was shut down and the namaz (*Islamic prayers*) and azan (*Islamic call to prayer*) were banned.
Irn-Bru

**Irn-Bru** is a carbonated drink made by Barrs in Scotland, United Kingdom. It was invented in Glasgow in 1901. It is a bright orange colour, and is nicknamed ''"Scotland's other national drink"* &ndash; a reference to whisky.

## Recipe 
The recipe remains a secret today, with competing drinks trying to make their own copy of Irn-Bru, with little success.

One notable advertising slogan was *"Made in Scotland from Girders"''. Although not made from , Irn-Bru does actually contain iron: it has an ammonium ferric citrate content of 0.002%.

## References
Scottish Football League First Division

The ** Irn-Bru Scottish Football League First Division** (or **Scottish First Division**) was the second tier of the Scottish football league system which ran between 1975 and 2013. In July 2013 it was replaced by the Scottish Championship.

## Format
The league contained 10 teams, each team played the other teams four times. Teams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat. At the end of the season the team that finished first were promoted to the Scottish Premier League, if they met stadium  by having a stadium capacity of least 6,000 seats. The team that finished tenth were relegated to the Scottish Second Division. The team that finished ninth went into play-off with the second, third and fourth placed teams from the Scottish Second Division.

## Sponsorship
On 20 July 2007, it was announced that the Scottish Football League would be sponsored by Scottish soft drink company Irn-Bru for the next three seasons.

## Winners of the First Division
## Related pages
*Scottish Premier League
*Scottish Football League Second Division
*Scottish Football League Third Division
Rain gauge

A **rain gauge** is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure liquid precipitation (rain) in a certain amount of time. It is usually measured in millimetres and inches. Rain gauge is a meteorological instrument for determining the depth of precipitation (usually in mm) that occurs over a unit area (usually one metre square) and thus measuring rainfall amount. One millimetre of measured precipitation is the equivalent to one litre of rainfall per metre square. 

Usually a tapering funnel of [mercury] or polyester of standard dimension allows the rain water to collect in an enclosed bottle or cylinder for subsequent measurement. The gauge is set in open ground with the funnel rim up to 30 cm above the ground surface. Some gauges are calibrated to allow the amount of rainfall to be read directly; with others it must be calculated from the depth of water in the container and the dimensions of the funnel.

The second type of rain gauge is the autographic gauge which can be either of the tilting type or the tipping type. The recording chart on an autographic rain gauge is mounted on a drum which is driven by clockwork and typically rotates round a vertical axis once per day. For a tilting-siphon rain gauge, the rainwater in a collector displaces a float so that a marking pen attached to the float makes a continuous trace on the paper. The two buckets in a tipping-bucket rain gauge rest on a pivot so that when one bucket has received 0.2 (or 0.5 mm) of rain it tips by gravity, empties the rainwater and allows the other bucket to start collection. During the tip, an electrical switch is closed and triggers a nearby autographic recorder to register each 'tilt', thus giving a fairly continuous record of precipitation and, in a more sophisticated form, even rainfall intensity. Rain gauges must be sited in as representative a location as possible, but the choice of location is difficult, since many precipitation events are highly aggregate. King Sejong the Great was the man who introduced rain gauge to the world. There are advantages and disadvantages of this instrument.
Zürich S-Bahn

**Zürich S-Bahn** (German *S-Bahn Zürich*) is a suburban rail system that links Zürich to its metropolitan area. The system started in 1990, when it was the first suburban rail system to begin operating in Switzerland.

Mid 2008, there were 380 kilometres of railway track, 171 stations and 28 lines. In 2007, about 355’653 passengers used the system every day.

Each line generally has two trains an hour. 

Since 2002, there are also 7 lines that run at night during weekends, in the nights Friday-Saturday, and Saturday-Sunday. Usually, there is one train per hour. Some lines only have one train every two hours. There are also some bus lines. Usually, traveling with these night lines requires an extra fare, which has to be bought in addition to the normal ticket.

Between 75 and 80 million people use the system every year. About 70% of the people living in the area use the system. Plans include gradually introducing 4 trains per hour on most lines, and to extend the offer to 4 trains per hour between Zürich and Winterthur during the whole day, and not just during rush hour. A new tunnel was built in Zürich main station. This tunnel allows a direct connection from Zürich main station to Oerlikon and the airport, without a change of direction.

## References
Violence in ice hockey

between Milan Michalek of the San Jose Sharks and Steve Bernier of the Buffalo Sabres in 2007]]

**Violence** is often common in the sport of **Ice Hockey**. Originally a sport played by richer people, when the sport became popular it got more violent. Up until the 1950s deaths were not uncommon in ice hockey. 

## References
Rosh Hashanah

**Rosh Hashanah** (, literally "head of the year," Biblical: , Israeli: , Yiddish: ) is a Jewish holiday commonly referred to as the "Jewish New Year."  It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The festival lasts for two days.

Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or *Yamim Noraim* (), or *Asseret Yemei Teshuva* (The Ten Days of Repentance) which are days specifically set aside to focus on repentance that conclude with the holiday of Yom Kippur. The story of Rosh Hashanah is about Abraham and his belief in God when he was told to sacrifice his son.

It is customary to send "A Good and Happy Year" greetings on Rosh Hashanah to family and friends.

## Years 
Jewish year and Gregorian year:
* 5778 = 2017-2018
* 5779 = 2018-2019
* 5780 = 2019-2020
* 5781 = 2020-2021
* 5782 = 2021-2022

## References
*
Mass noun

In linguistics, a **mass noun** is a common noun that refers to an amount, not an item or unit. Common mass nouns are *water, chocolate, meat, time,* and *space.* Mass nouns are always singular and uncountable. The set of uncountable nouns and mass nouns is not identical. There are uncountable nouns, such as *scissors* which refer to an item, are plural, and are not mass nouns.

In some languages like English, mass nouns have different grammar than countable nouns. Their requirements for determiners, for example differ. Other languages, such as Japanese, do not treat mass nouns in any special way.
Ross County F.C.

**Ross County F.C.** are a Scottish professional football team who currently play in the Scottish Football League. They play their home matches at Victoria Park in the Highland town of Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty. 

Their manager, until October 2005, was former Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Heart of Midlothian manager John Robertson. He left the club on the 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006-2007 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later, after the side's good form continued.

## References