open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rosemary Kennedy

**Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy** (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was a member of the Kennedy family. She was the first sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.  She was said to have substandard intelligence, with a mental age of between age 8 and 13.

She had seizures and sudden changes in mood. At this time, doctors thought that a surgery called a lobotomy would fix these problems. In a lobotomy, one part of the brain is cut away from the rest. She got a lobotomy in 1941, when she was 23 years old, but it failed. She was left with the intelligence of a two-year-old child. After this, she could not speak correctly or walk. She lived the rest of her life in a care facility for people with disabilities. 

## Early life
Rosemary was born at her parents' home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald. Although named after her mother, she was commonly called "Rosemary" or "Rosie".

Rose Kennedy sent Rosemary to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, at age 15, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new tennis court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level. She studied hard but felt she disappointed her parents, whom she wanted to please. During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother Jack to accompany her to a tea-dance. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" during the tea-dance.

## Lobotomy 
When Rosemary Kennedy was in her early 20s, she had mental health problems. She was sometimes violent and would hit people. Her father worried that she would get pregnant. He also worried that her  would cause controversy for other members of the family. She also had seizures.

Doctors thought that a lobotomy would make her more calm, and fix these problems. Her father decided she should get a lobotomy, without telling his wife. They did the surgery in November 1941. It failed, so Rosemary could not walk or talk correctly any more.

Afterwards, Rosemary could not live alone. She lived at Craig House, a hospital for people with mental health problems. In 1949, they moved her to another , called Saint Coletta. This facility cared for people with mental disabilities. Her father never saw her again. on January 7, 2005, at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, at the age of 86, with her sisters Jean, Eunice, and Patricia, and brother Ted, by her side. She was buried beside her parents in Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts.

## Related pages
*Kennedy family

## References
## Other websites
*
*"Rosemary Kennedy, JFK's sister, dies at 86 – Born Mentally Disabled, She Was Inspiration for Special Olympics" obituary by The Associated Press at *MSNBC*, January 8, 2005
Bank of England

The **Bank of England** is the central bank of the United Kingdom. It is the model on which most modern central banks have been based. It was set up to act as the government's banker, and is still the banker for the British Government. The Bank was privately owned from 1694. The Government took it over in 1946.

It is the second oldest central bank in the world (after the Swedish Riksbank), and the world's 8th oldest bank. 

In 1998 it became an independent public organisation. Though wholly owned by the government, it has independence in setting monetary policy.

The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom. It has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee manages money supply and interest rates. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days. 

The Bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734. It is sometimes known as *The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street* or *The Old Lady*. 

Mark Carney assumed the post of Governor of the Bank of England on 1 July 2013. He succeeded Sir Mervyn King, who took over on 30 June 2003. Carney will serve an initial five-year term, and will seek UK citizenship. He is the first non-Briton to hold the post.

## References
Anais García Balmaña

**Anais Garcia Balmaña** (born September 29, 1980 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she is blind.  When she was born, one eye had glaucoma and one eye was detached. She is an B1/S11 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  She was in the number 3 team to finish in the 4 x 100 meter medley 49 Points relay race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer to finish in the 100-meter freestyle and 400 meter freestyle races. She  raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number one swimmer to finish in the 100-meter freestyle race. She competed at the  IBSA World Blind Swimming Championships in 2003.  She created 3 world records. One was in the 4x50 meter freestyle S11-S13 race.  Another world record was in the 800-meter freestyle S11 race.  The number three world record was in the 4x50 meter medley, S11-S13 race.

## References
Problem Child 2

The movie ***Problem Child 2*** is a 1991 American dark comedy movie and a sequel to the 1990 movie *Problem Child*. This movie was rated PG-13.

The movie performed less good at the box office than the earlier movie, but it received slightly better critic reviews than the earlier movie.

Michael Oliver stars as Junior Healy, John Ritter stars as Benjamin Healy, Laraine Newman as LaWanda, Amy Yasbeck as Annie Young, Jack Warden stars as Big Ben Healy and Gilbert Gottfried stars as Igor Peabody.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Noelia García Martin

**Noelia Garcia Martin** (born April 20, 1973 in Plasencia, Cáceres) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S6 type swimmer.  Her disability is because of an problem with doctors and a blood clot was made in her bone after she had surgery on her knee. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She was part of the number two team in the 4 x 50 meter medley relay 20 points race. 

## References
Ana García-Arcicollar Vallejo

**Ana Garcia-Arcicollar Vallejo** (born May 28, 1982 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. She is a teacher. She has a disability: she is blind because of a congenital disease and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She was on the team that finished number three in the 4 X 100 meter medley 49 points S11 - S13 race. She was number three in the 200 meter breaststroke race and the 100 meter backstroke race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.  She was the second person to finish in the 400 meter freestyle race.  She was the number three person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race.  She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the first person to finish in the 400 meter freestyle race. She was the number three person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   She was the number two person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She also raced at the IBSA World Games in Sao Paulo, Brazil. She raced at the 2006  World Swimming Championship in Durban, South Africa.  II IBSA World Blind Championships in 2003 in Quebec, Canada. She made world records in the 2003 races in the 4 X 50 meter Freestyle S11 - S13 race, the 800 meter freestyle S12 race and the 4 X 50 meter medley S11 - S13 race.

## References
Amy Yasbeck

**Amy Marie Yasbeck** (born September 12, 1962 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American actress who works mostly in comedy movies. She played Elizabeth Stuckey in *Pretty Woman*, Florence "Flo" Healy in *Problem Child*, and Annie Young in *Problem Child 2*. She has also acted in television series.

Yasbeck is the widow of actor and comedian John Ritter, with whom she starred in *Problem Child* and *Problem Child 2*, and with whom she has a daughter, who was born on September 11, 1998, less than one year before their marriage on September 18, 1999. John Ritter died on September 11, 2003, on their daughter's fifth birthday, six days before his 55th birthday and seven days before their fourth marriage anniversary.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Burton's Gentleman's Magazine

'''''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine''''' was a 19th-century American men's magazine. It was founded by William Evans Burton, and published between 1837 and 1841 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The magazine focused on material of interest to American gentlemen of the period such as sports, fiction, theater, art, and the western frontier.

Edgar Allan Poe sent short stories to the magazine that included "The Fall of the House of Usher" and *William Wilson*. He edited it from 1839 until 1840. The magazine merged with ''Atkinson's Casket* to become *Graham's Magazine''. 

## References
* Answers:Burton's Gentleman's Magazine
Deborah Font Jimenez

**Deborah Font Jimenez** (born September 6, 1985 in El Vendrell, Tarragona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability: she is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race. She was the number three swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race and the 200 meter individual medley race.  She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race.  She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number three swimmer in the 50 meter freestyle race. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She was the number three swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race.  

## References
My Boss's Daughter

'''''My Boss's Daughter''''' is a 2003 romantic comedy movie in which Ashton Kutcher, Molly Shannon and Tara Reid star. The subject in this romantic comedy is researchers working at a publishing company. One researcher, Tom, carries a crush on the daughter of the boss. This movie was released in August 2003. Its budget was $14 million; it got back over $18 million. Reviews, however, were rather substandard. The original of this movie was rated PG-13, though an R-rated version of this exists. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California.
Treasury

A **Treasury** is either:

# Originally, a place where money, gold and other  is kept.
# Today, a government department which deals with money supply, taxation and financial policy.

## History
 at Delphi, built with the spoils of the Battle of Marathon]]
]]

The treasury as a place to keep the king's (or city's) gold and valuables has a long history. The winners in a war would take back whatever they wanted, and slaves and booty were top of the list. The first recorded booty in history is a stele taken during 1160&nbsp;BC.

The earliest found artefacts made of silver and gold are from Lake Varna in Bulgaria dated 4250–4000&nbsp;BC, the earliest made of copper are dated 9000–7000&nbsp;BC.

:"...And there was also silver weighing many thousands of talents and all the royal treasure amounting to a very great sum..." Procopius of Caesarea.

The term *treasury* was first used in classical antiquity to describe the places built for gifts to the gods. An example is the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi. Many similar buildings were put up in Olympia, Greece by city-states hoping to impress others during the ancient Olympic Games. In Ancient Greece treasuries were almost always inside religious buildings such as temples. This made state funds sacrosanct, and adding moral constraints to the punishment for thieves.

The sovereigns' treasury in the palace in ancient Jerusalem,was similar in nature to the temple treasury. Those treasuries had officials, and worked rather like a bank.

:"...in fact, practically in every city there are banking places for the holy money..." Philo.

In excavations of Persopolis a text about to the activities of a treasury were discovered. It dates to the fifth century BC. The texts were written in the Elamite language.

The ancient Roman word *aerarium* signified the treasury of the Senate, *fiscus* was used to indicate the imperial treasury used by Caesar.
 They had, as we do, the distinction between a treasury as a store of valuables, and the treasury as an office of finance.

## Treasuries in modern government 
### H.M. Treasury 
In the United Kingdom, Her Majesty's Treasury is overseen by the Chancellor of the Exchequer.  The traditional honorary title of First Lord of the Treasury is held by the Prime Minister. Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs administers the taxation system.

In the United States, the Treasurer reports to an executive-appointed Secretary of the Treasury. The IRS is the revenue agency of the US Department of the Treasury.

### Ministry of Finance 
In many other countries, the treasury is called the Ministry of Finance. Its head is known as the Finance Minister. Examples include New Zealand, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan,  and Japan.

### Both 
In some other countries, a Treasury will co-exist with a separate Ministry of Finance, with divided functions.

The government of Poland includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury, as does the government of Ukraine. It was the same in Italy before the creation of the united Ministry of Economy. In the Australian federal government a treasurer and a finance minister co-exist.

## References
PE

**PE** is a common abbreviation. 
## Geography
*The top-level-domain of Peru
*Pernambuco, one of the states of Brazil
*Prince Edward Island, one of the Provinces of Canada
*Port Elizabeth, a city in South Africa
*The post code for Peterborough, in the United Kingdom

## Economics
*Private equity
*Price–earnings ratio 
*P/E ratio

## Science, medicine, and therapy
*Premature ejaculation
*Penis enlargement
*Physical education
*Phenylephrine, a drug
*Phosphatidylethanolamine, a class of substances found in cell membranes
*Pulmonary embolism
*Pleural effusion
*Phycoerythrin, a protein
*Polyethylene, a common plastic polymer
*Potential energy
* Present Era, a year numbering system commonly used in archaeology that uses 1950s as the epoch marker
* Probability of exceedance, probability calculations in earthquake and disaster hazard analysis
* Prolonged exposure therapy, a form of behavior therapy designed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder
* Protective earth, a type of electrical protective system
* Phenytoin equivalent, used to measure doses of fosphenytoin
* pE, the negative logarithm of the electron activity
St. Nicholas Magazine

***St. Nicholas Magazine*** was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between 1873 and 1943 by Scribner's & Co. It was directed for 32 years by Mary Mapes Dodge. Writers published in the magazine include Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Rudyard Kipling. It folded in 1943.

## References
Mary Mapes Dodge

**Mary Mapes Dodge**  (January 26, 1831 – August 21, 1905) was an American writer.  She wrote *Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates*. She also edited *St. Nicholas Magazine*.
Squire

A **squire** was the shield bearer or armour bearer of a knight, and at times was a knight's servant. 

Use of the term has changed over time. In the Middle Ages, a squire was the apprentice of a knight. Later, it meant a leader in an English village or Lord of the manor might be called a squire. Later still it was used for key public figures such as Justice of the Peace or Member of Parliament. In modern American usage, a squire is the title given to a Justice of the Peace or similar local official. *Squire* is a shortened version of the word *Esquire*.

## References
PZL 102 Kos

.]]
The **PZL 102 Kos** is a Polish training and sport light aircraft. Built in wood and metal, it is a twin-seats single-engine. Engine is an American-built Continental C90-12F. Only ten examples were built between 1959 and 1962.
Lockheed L-100

The **Lockheed L-100** is the civilian variant of the famous military cargo aircraft C-130 Hercules. It is also used like cargo but generally by airliners. **L-100** are sometimes also named *Hercules*. Some are used in Algeria, Canada, France, and the United States. More the 110 examples were built. Some are used by air forces in addition of militaries variants. Few L-100 are used like water bomber, like in the U.S.
Ponnambalam Arunachalam

Sir **Ponnambalam Arunachchalam** (14 September 1853 – 9 January 1924) was a Ceylonese statesman. He was a member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council.

## Early life 
His father was Gate Mudaliyar Arunachalam Ponnambalam. His mother was Sellachchi Ammaiyar. He was the third son of their parents and the younger brother of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan who was another famous Ceylon Tamil leader. He was educated at the Colombo Academy (Royal College Colombo), Colombo, and at Christ's College, Cambridge.

He married Swarnambal Namasivayam and had three sons, Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva, KCMG; Sivananthan Arunachalam and Arunachalam Ramanathan.

## Career 
He was one of the first Ceylonese to enter the Ceylon Civil Service in 1875. He was appointed General in 1887. He showed his positive work in all the positions he held. On his retirement from the Public Service in 1913, he was honored in recognition of his service to the country. He was also nominated by the Governor to a seat in the Executive Council.
Mercure (hotel)

]]

**Mercure Hotels** is a chain of hotels run by French corporation Accor. Most Mercure hotels are positioned between Ibis and Novotel in the Accor estate.
Arunachalam Mahadeva

Sir **Arunachalam Mahadeva** (5 October 1885 – 8 June 1969) was a Sri Lankan diplomat and legislator. He was a minister of the Home Affairs of the State Council. He later served as Ceylon's High Commissioner to India from 1948 to 1950.

Mahadeva is the son of Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam. Like his father,  Mahadeva was educated at the Royal College Colombo.

Arunachalam Mahadeva was elected as a member of both the Legislative and State Councils of Ceylon. He became the Home Minister in 1942, when D. S. Senanayake became Leader of the House of the State Council. 

## Other websites & references 
*http://www.newdelhi.mission.gov.lk/envoys.htm Sri Lanka's Envoys to India
*Anyone can buy property in Jaffna 
*Conspiracy charge: no evidence
RIU Hotels

**RIU Hotels & Resorts** is a Spanish hotel chain. It was founded by the Riu family as a small holiday hotel. The first hotel was Riu San Francisco in Mallorca. The RIU Hotels & Resorts chain is owned by the Riu family's third generation. The RIU Hotels chain now expanded in most Spanish-speaking countries, but also others. It has more than 90 hotels in the main tourist destinations such as Europe, America, Africa and Asia.
Godey's Lady's Book

'''''Godey's Lady's Book''''' was a 19th-century American monthly women's magazine. It began publication in 1830 as ''The Lady's Book''. "Godey's" was added to the title about 1840. It was also known as ''Godey's Magazine*. It was published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Louis Antoine Godey.  

In 1836, Godey bought the Boston-based *American Ladies' Magazine'', and merged it with his own magazine. Sarah Josepha Hale became the literary editor. Contents included recipes, etiquette, health advice, fiction, poetry, fashions, household tips, exercises, moral instruction, etc. The monthly fashion plates were hand-colored by 150 women. Unusual for the times, the magazine's contents were copyrighted.   

Subscriptions dropped off during the American Civil War, though the magazine was careful not to mention politics, war, or other divisive or controversial topics. Public interest in the magazine declined after Godey and Hale retired.  The magazine was absorbed by *Puritan* in 1898.

## References
* Godey's Lady's Book: Publication History
* Encyclopaedia Britannica: Godey's Lady's Book
Women's magazine

, published 27th february 1697]]
A '''women's magazine''' is a magazine that is mostly for women. These magazines were started because big newsapers sometimes had parts that were for women. Sometimes tabloid journalism is also for women. Unlike tabloids, which are published daily, women's magazines are usually published weekly or monthly.
Michal Grošek

**Michal Grošek** (born June 1, 1975 in Vyškov, Czechoslovakia) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey player that played a combined 11 seasons in the NHL.

Grošek was drafted 145th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Winnipeg Jets. He played 3 years with the Jets and became the first Czech born player to play for the team. He then went to the Buffalo Sabres and played 5 seasons with them. He played 14 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and the played for the New York Rangers. He played for both the New York Rangers for 2 seasons and their AHL farm team, the Hartford Wolf Pack. He last played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 2 seasons.

He left the NHL and went to play in the National League A with Geneve Servette. He played 2 seasons with them and decided to play for SKA Saint Petersburg of Russian Superleague. He only played 13 games with them and returned to the NLA to play for EV Zug. He last played for the Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League.

## Other websites
*
Lance

A **lance** is a pole weapon or spear used by a mounted warrior. The lance is longer, thicker and heavier than an infantry spear, and is not intended for throwing, or for quick thrusting. Lances did not have tips meant to break off or bend, unlike many throwing weapons of the spear and javelin family. They often had a vamplate, a small circular plate to prevent the hand sliding up the shaft upon impact. 

The lance was longer than a spear, about 9–10 feet long. When charging the lance was carried under the arm (couched) using the weight of the horse and rider to push the lance tip into its intended target. It was a medieval shock and awe weapon (caused great fear) to have a number of mounted knights with lances charging towards you. It allowed the knight to control the horse and stand in the saddle. As a backup weapon, lancers (one who used a lance) of that period also carried swords, maces (a type of club) or something else suited to hand-to-hand (or close) combat, since the lance was often used only once during an event. It could not be used once the combatants were close to each other.

## Related pages
* Spear

## References
The Slave's Friend

'''''The Slave's Friend''''' was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published in New York City, New York by the American Anti-Slavery Society beginning in 1835 and ending some time before 1839. 

Thirty-eight issues were published. Single copies cost 1 cent, but the magazine was made available in public places for free. The 16-page, tiny magazine (4.5" h x 2.75") was considered dangerous reading by anti-abolitionists. Copies were destroyed in Charleston, South Carolina and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## References
Margarita Henríquez

**Margarita Esther Henríquez Rodríguez** (born April 17, 1991, Panama) is the winner of the third season of *Latin American Idol*, which she won on October 9, 2008.

## Biography
Henríquez became the youngest contestant to win and the third one since Carlos Peña. Henríquez beat the runner up María José Castillo for the title. She released her first album under the Sony BMG label on December 1, 2008. It has been very successful in Panama. It contains six songs that she performed during the TV Show. Her song "Vuela" has been successful on Panamanian radio stations.

## References
Missile Command

***Missile Command*** is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1981. In this game, the player has to defend six cities from falling missiles. The player does so by hitting the missiles with their own counter-missiles. The player moves a crosshair to launch missiles. When a missile hits the crosshair, it creates a fireball that stays for a few seconds and destroys any missiles that hit it. The player has three batteries with ten missiles each. When a battery has no more missiles left or it is destroyed, the player can no longer use it. The game is played as a series of levels, each having a higher difficulty. A level ends if all of the player's cities are destroyed, or all of the falling missiles are destroyed. If a player runs out of missiles, they no longer have control in the level they are playing on. At the end of a level, the player gets extra points for cities that have not been destroyed and missiles they did not use.

The game has been released on many home video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, the Game Boy, and the Xbox 360.

## Other websites
**Missile Command* at the Killer List of Video Games
**Missile Command* at the Arcade History database
Grand Forks, British Columbia

**Grand Forks** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Grand Forks is in Boundary Country near the Canada–United States border.

The population of Grand Forks was 4,112 in 2021. The mayor of Grand Forks is Everett Baker. The city started in the late 19th century when copper mining was popular in both the Boundary and Kootenay regions of British Columbia. It officially became a city on April 15, 1897. In both 1908 and 1911, fires destroyed the downtown core because of the large number of wood frame buildings and stores. Grand Forks has an ice hockey team, the Grand Forks Border Bruins which play in the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Retro Studios

**Retro Studios** is a video game developer and a part of Nintendo. The company was started in 1998. They are most famous for the *Metroid Prime* and *Donkey Kong Country* series.

## References
## Other websites
*Retro Studios' website
Gumby (TV series)

***Gumby*** is an American cartoon character from the claymation animated television series that originally aired on NBC after syndication from September 2, 1953 (first appeared from the movie *Gumbasia*) to December 31, 1988.

## Related pages 
* List of Gumby episodes
Water bomber

's *Sécurité Civile* Bombardier CL-415 **water bomber**.]]
A **water bomber** is an aircraft dedicated to firefighting, and in particular for forest fires. It can be a helicopter or a sea plane. Generally it is a conversion of a former military or cargo aircraft, but some were designed and built at the beginning like water bombers. It is the case of Canadian Canadair CL-215. Water bombers are used both by air forces, administrations, and private societies.
City of Joy

***City of Joy*** is a 1985 book by French author and journalist Dominique Lapierre. It was made into a 1991 movie by Roland Joffe. It is based on the lives of people in a slum in Kolkata. The slum is called "City of Joy". A Polish Catholic priest and a rickshaw driver are two of the main characters.

## Other websites
*City of Joy Aid
Mary Had a Little Lamb

"**Mary Had a Little Lamb**" (originally, "'''Mary's Lamb'*") is a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale. It was published in her *Poetry for Children'' in 1823. It tells of a lamb who follows his little mistress to school. In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the poem to music. In 1877, Thomas Edison recited "Mary Had a Little Lamb" for the first recording of the human voice.
Sarah Josepha Hale

**Sarah Josepha Hale** (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was a 19th century American writer and magazine editor. She wrote the poem "Mary Had a Little Lamb". She campaigned to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and raised funds to complete the Bunker Hill monument.

## Life
Hale was born in Newport, New Hampshire to Gordon Buell, a Revolutionary War captain, and his wife, Martha (Whittlesay) Buell. Sarah married lawyer David Hale in 1813, and had five children with him.

Widowed in 1822, Hale entered the literary field in order to support her children. In 1827, she published *Northwood: A Tale of New England*. It was one of the first novels to be published by an American woman.  

She edited ''Ladies' Magazine* in Boston, Massachusetts, then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1837 to edit *Godey's Lady's Book'', the premiere woman's magazine in America. She edited the magazine until 1877. She died in 1879.

Hale raised funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. She urged the Federal government to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and to declare Thanksgiving a national holiday.

## References
Codell, Kansas

**Codell** is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States.  It is south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County). It is near the southeastern corner of Rooks County.  The nearest city, Plainville, is about  northwest by road.

On May 20 in 1916, 1917, and 1918, Codell was hit by tornadoes.  The 1918 tornado was the worst. It killed ten people and did a lot of damage.

## References
## Other websites
*Pictures of Codell
*Codell history 
*Newspaper article about the 1918 tornado
Louis Antoine Godey

**Louis Antoine Godey** (June 6, 1804 – November 29, 1878) was founder and publisher of the 19th-century women's magazine, ''Godey's Lady's Book*.

He was born in poverty in New York City, New York. His parents were survivors of the French Revolution. He was mostly self-educated. Godey went to work as a paperboy at age 15, moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went to work for the *Daily Chronicle*.

Within a few years, he began publishing his own magazine, *The Lady's Book*. Contributors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Godey also published *The Young People’s Book* in 1841, and the *Lady’s Musical Library'' in 1842.

On August 31, 1833, Godey married Maria Duke. They had five children. He  retired to St. Augustine, Florida. He died after a short illness in Philadelphia in 1878.

## References
* Godey, Louis Antoine
Death Be Not Proud

"**Death Be Not Proud**" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.

## Poem

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.
Business jet

Air Force *Embraer Phenom 100*s *Business Jet**.]]
A **business jet*' is an aircraft designed and built for transporting a small group of passengers, between four and twenty people. Generally it is a twin-turbojet aircraft, but some are tri-jet (such as Falcon 50), or four-engine (like the Jetstar). In some cases it is even airliners that have been turned into this kind of aircraft, like Airbus A320CJ or Boeing 737BJ.

Some business jets are used by air forces for priority and VIP transport.  Some are owned by the companies that use them, and some by other companies who provide service for business or private trips.

## Examples 
### Twin-engine aircraft 
* Bombardier Challenger 300
* Cessna CJ-1
* Dassault Falcon 20
* Embraer Phenom
* Hawker-Siddeley HS-125
* IAI Astra
* Embraer Legacy 600

### Tri-jet aircraft 
* Dassault Falcon 50
* Dassault Falcon 900
* Dassault Falcon 7X

### Four-engine aircraft 
* Lockheed Jetstar

## Bibliography 
* Stewart Wilson, Airliners of the world, Aerospace Publications Australia, 1999. 

## Related pages 
* Business class

## References
Shakespeare's Sonnets

'''Shakespeare's Sonnets''' is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The collection was first published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. In general, each sonnet is  in iambic pentameter, and consists of three quatrains followed by a concluding couplet. The sonnets are about love, death, jealousy, procreation, beauty, etc.
Aubrey Plaza

**Aubrey Christina Plaza** (born June 26, 1984, Wilmington, Delaware) is an American actress and comedian. She performs in movies and television. She starred as April Ludgate in the NBC television show *Parks and Recreation*. She acted as Claire in *Monsters University* and as Darius in *Safety not Guaranteed*.

Plaza played Karen Barclay in the 2019 horror movie ''Child's Play*.

Plaza acts the speaking voice of Grumpy Cat in the Lifetime TV network movie *Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever''. It was first shown on November 29, 2014.

Plaza was married to director Jeff Baena from 2021 until his death in 2025.

## References
Holy Trinity Church

**Holy Trinity Church** is a church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. William Shakespeare is buried beneath the stones of the floor. It is one of several sites in Stratford associated with the poet. These sites include his birthplace in Henley Street and New Place, the site of his house.

## References
Shakespeare's Birthplace

'''Shakespeare's Birthplace''' is a house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and one of several sites in Stratford associated with him.
To Helen

"**To Helen**" is a poem written by Edgar Allan Poe. The poem was first published in 1831 in *Poems of Edgar Allan Poe*. It was republished in 1836 in the *Southern Literary Messenger*. Poe's inspiration was Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Robert Stanard.

The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme is irregular: the first stanza is ABABB, the second is ABABA, and the third is ABBAB. The poem includes the well known lines, "... the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome".

## More reading
* Analysis: "To Helen"
Surcoat

A **surcoat**, or **surcote**, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.

## Related pages
*Tabard

## References
Alexey Pajitnov

**Alexéy Leonídovich Pájitnov** (born April 16, 1955) is a Russian computer engineer who lives in the United States. He is best known for creating the popular video game *Tetris*. He was born in Moscow, USSR.

Pajitnov created *Tetris* in 1985. The game was first sold in the Soviet Union. In 1986, the game began being sold in the West. Since then, it has become a very successful series. In 1996, he started The Tetris Company, which owns the trademark to *Tetris*.

In 1996, GameSpot named him the fourth most influential computer game developer of all time.

## References
## Other websites
*Alexey Pajitnov  profile at MobyGames
**Tetris - From Russia with Love* , BBC documentary
The Gold-Bug

"**The Gold-Bug**" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in June 1843. It tells the story of William Legrand, who becomes obsessed with a strange gold-colored bug he finds. His servant, Jupiter, worries that Legrand is going crazy and asks Legrand’s friend (the story’s narrator) to help. Legrand then involves them both in a treasure hunt after solving a secret message.

The story takes place on Sullivan’s Island in South Carolina and is often seen as an early example of detective fiction. Poe was interested in cryptography, which was popular at the time, and used this interest while writing "The Gold-Bug." A secret code plays a big part in the story’s plot. Modern critics think the way Poe wrote Jupiter’s character is racist, especially because of how he speaks.

Poe entered "The Gold-Bug" into a writing contest held by the *Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper*, and it won the top prize. It was published in three parts starting in June 1843. Poe received $100 for it, which was a lot of money at the time (equivalent to $3,375 in 2024) and probably the most he ever earned from a single work. The story was a big hit and became Poe’s most popular prose piece while he was alive. It also helped make secret codes more popular with readers.
The Gift of the Magi

"**The Gift of the Magi**" is a short story by O. Henry. It was published in *The New York Sunday World* on December 10, 1905.
The Open Boat

"**The Open Boat**" is a short story by Stephen Crane. It was first published in the June 1897 issue of ''Scribner's Magazine''.
Young Goodman Brown

"**Young Goodman Brown**" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the April 1835 issue of *New England Magazine*.
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

***Maggie: A Girl of the Streets*** is a novella (short novel) by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1893. The story is about a young  prostitute in New York City.
Henry Dunant

**Jean Henri Dunant** was a Swiss businessman and social activist.  A book he wrote influenced the International Committee of the Red Cross to be formed in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy.

## References
Frédéric Passy

**Frédéric Passy** (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant.

Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade.  He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.
Irenaeus

**Saint Irenaeus **(130 AD - 202) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Lyon, France. He is a Church Father. He is known for his Christian writings. He is remembered on the 28 June.

## Other websites
*Against Heresies
*St. Irenaeus at the Catholic Encyclopedia
Brenda Holloway

**Brenda Holloway** (born 21 June 1946, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre is R&B. She covered the songs ''When I'm Gone*, *You've Made Me so Very Happy'' and many others. She worked for Motown Records in the 1960s.
Rappaccini's Daughter

"'''Rappaccini's Daughter'*" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in *United States Democratic Review'' in December 1844. It was reprinted in Hawthorne's collection of short stories and sketches, *Mosses From an Old Manse* in 1846. The story has been adapted to many media including opera and movies.
Bertha von Suttner

Baroness **Bertha Sophie Felicitas Freifrau von Suttner** (; ; 9 June 184321 June 1914) was an Austrian novelist.  She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.  Suttner wrote a novel called *Die Waffen nieder!*.  This means "Lay Down Your Arms!" in English.

## References
### Citations and notes
Madylin Sweeten

**Madylin Sweeten** (June 27, 1991, Brownwood, Texas) is an American actress who performs on television. She played Ally Barone in the 1996-2005 television series *Everybody Loves Raymond*.
Pole Position (video game)

***Pole Position*** is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track.

The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox.

In 1983, a sequel called *Pole Position II* was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.

## References
## Other websites
**Pole Position* at the Killer List of Videogames
**Pole Position* at the Arcade History database
Vought F7U Cutlass

The **Vought F7U Cutlass** is a navalized fighter aircraft that served in the U.S. Navy. It was used for the Cold War, from American aircraft carriers. None were sold to other countries. Some Vought F7U Cutlass were modified for aerial reconnaissance as *F7U-3P*. It was used by the Blue Angels in 1953.
UTVA Model 75

The **UTVA Model 75** is a training single-engine aircraft that was designed and built in Yugoslavia. It is also used as civilian sport light aircraft. Apart from former Yugoslavian countries, this aircraft was sold to Sudan.

## Bibliography 
*
Church Father

The **Church Fathers** are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".

* Western Church: Ambrose (340–397 AD), Jerome (347–420 AD), Augustine (354–430 AD) and Saint Gregory the Great (540–604 AD)
* Eastern Church: Athanasius (c. 296–373 AD), Basil the Great (c. 329–379 AD), Gregory of Nazianzus (329–c. 389 AD) and John Chrysostom (347–407 AD)
## Related pages
* Five solas
* Christianity
** Catholicism
** Anglicanism
** Protestantism
*** Church of England
*** Reformed churches
*** Free Church of Scotland
** Eastern Christianity
*** Oriental Orthodoxy
*** Eastern Orthodox Church
* Byzantine Empire
* Classical antiquity
* Nondenominational Christianity
Bridgette Andersen

**Bridgette Andersen** (July 11, 1975 - May 18, 1997) was an American actress. She acted mostly on television. She acted in *Family Ties* and *Remington Steele*. She also did Pepsi commercials.

Andersen was born in Los Angeles.
Andrea Barber

**Andrea Laura Barber** (born July 3, 1976) is an American former child actress who acts mainly in TV. She played Kimmy Gibbler in the sitcom *Full House*. Before that, she played Carrie Brady in the soap opera *Days of our Lives*. Barber was born in Los Angeles.

## References
Kary Mullis

**Kary Banks Mullis** (December 28, 1944 &ndash; August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

## Career
The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.

Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

## Death
Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.

## Related pages
*List of biologists

## References
Dealey Plaza

**Dealey Plaza** is a district in the West End of downtown Dallas, Texas. 

It is known for being the location where the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963. The plaza was named as a National Historic Landmark in 1993.

The former Texas School Book Depository building where both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy with a rifle. The plaza also contains a grassy knoll on the northwest side where the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that there was "...a high probability” that there was a second assassin that also fired at the President, but missed him.

## References
2001 (Dr. Dre album)

***2001*** is the second studio album by American rapper Dr. Dre. It was released on November 16, 1999 by Interscope Records. *2001* is the follow-up to Dr. Dre's first album *The Chronic* (1991). The album features several guest rappers such as Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, and Eminem. *2001* has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA after sales of six million copies in the United States.

## Songs 
## References
Lake Havasu City

**Lake Havasu City** is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 57,144. It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from other cities in Mohave County.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area 46.39 square miles. Of that, 46.34 square miles is land and 0.05 square miles is water.

## Climate
Lake Havasu City has an arid desert climate. In the winter months daytime highs usually hit the 63°F (17.2°C) to the 82°F (27.8°C) range. Lows in the winter are usually between 42°F (5.6°C) to 60°F (15.6°C) lows do sometimes hit below 40°F and one night below 32°F. The city has extremely hot summers with the high temperature remaining between 108°F (42.2°C) to 124°F (51.1°C) with the average July high temperature of 112°F (44.4°C). Overnight lows are between 80°F (26.7°C) to 96°F (35.6°C). The highest temperature in Lake Havasu City was 128°F (53.3°C) in June 26, 1994 and the lowest temperature was 25°F (-3.9°C) in December 24, 1990. 

## References
Big Brother Canada

***Big Brother*** is a Canadian reality television show. The show follows a group of people known as "HouseGuests". They are not allowed to contact anyone from outside the *Big Brother* house. They are under constant surveillance of cameras and microphones. They live in the house for a chance to win $100,000. Each week the HouseGuests will vote to evict one of the two nominees from the house until two remain. The winner is decided by the last seven evicted HouseGuests, known as the *Big Brother* Jury.

The show is based on the original Dutch language show *Big Brother*, which was created in 1997 by John de Mol. The Canadian show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. Insight Productions had produced other Canadian versions of the popular television shows, *Canadian Idol* and ''Canada's Got Talent''.

In January 2013, Arisa Cox was named as the show's host. The first season aired on February 27, 2013 on Slice. On June 5, 2013, the show announced that it will return for a second season. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin.

On June 27, 2024, it was announced that the series was cancelled.

## Season details 
## Controversy
### *Big Brother 1*
During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win *Big Brother*. Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.

## Related pages
* *Big Brother (TV series)*
* *Big Brother (U.S.)*

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Official twitter feed
Big Brother Canada (season 2)

***Big Brother 2*** is the upcoming second season of the Canadian reality television game show *Big Brother*. It will begin airing on Slice in 2014. The second season was announced on June 5, 2013.

## Pre-season
Casting for *Big Brother 2* will begin soon.

## References
## Other websites
* Slice official site