open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dashiki

A **Dashiki** is a loose fitting, brightly coloured garment associated with African culture. It is also associated with the counterculture of the 1960s in the United States. The most popular styles cover the top half of the body. It ated in West Africa. A common form is a loose-fitting pullover garment, with an ornate V-shaped collar. It often has an embroidered neck and sleeve lines. There are both  and  versions.

## History 
The term "dashiki" comes from the Yoruba language, where it originally referred to a loose-fitting pullover developed in West Africa as a practical work tunic for men. The Yoruba word "dashiki" itself is derived from the Hausa term "dan ciki," which means shirt. Dashikis were worn by both men and women. This garment keeps the wearer cool in the hot African climate. The dashiki was worn as a work shirt in the shorter version. 

## 1960s US counterculture 
The dashiki became popular in the hippie culture of the 1960s. Peace Corps members returning from Africa brought back dashikis. African diplomats to the United Nations in New York were often seen and photographed wearing  dashikis. The Afro hairstyle, faded blue jeans and the Dashiki were all popular expressions of the Black is beautiful cultural movement.

## Musical groups 
Many of the rock groups of the 60s and 70s wore Dashikis. But black performers of the 60s 70s preferred the more al suit and tie look. But in the 80s several black groups wore the dashiki to show their heritage. One South African vocal group, 'Ladysmith Black Mambazo', wore dashikis extensively. This identified them more as Africans than Zulus.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Dashikis 
* Dashiki
Colorado Avalanche

The **Colorado Avalanche** are an American ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They play their home games at Ball Arena in Denver, Colorado. They play in the Central Division of the Western Conference. The team has won the Stanley Cup championship three times: in 1996, 2001, and in 2022.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Commonwealth realm

A **Commonwealth realm** is a country in the Commonwealth of Nations which has King Charles III as monarch. They include his home country of the United Kingdom and many of its former colonies or territories. As of 2023, there are 15 commonwealth realms:

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In each of the countries outside the UK, the King appoints a Governor-General to represent him, who, after consulting with the government of the realm, has all of the powers and duties of the Monarch. Usually the Governor-General signs all acts of parliament into law, but can wait and ask the King for advice or wait for him to sign the act himself.  This happened in 1982 when Queen Elizabeth signed the important *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms* during a visit to Ottawa, and the Australia Act 1986 in Canberra. 

Some realms became republics; Barbados changed from being a realm to a republic in 2021.

Although King Charles III is monarch of many countries, the British government has no power in the other realms, just as the governments of the other realms have no power in the UK. This is why each realm decides on the Monarch's official title. Usually it is "Queen/King of (realm) and Her/His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth". But two countries mention the UK in their title for the Queen: Grenada uses "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Grenada and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth", while Canada uses the old-fashioned form, which reads "by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith." Not all countries use the title *Defender of the Faith*.
__NOTOC__

## Other websites
* The Commonwealth Secretariat Official site
* The Commonwealth - UK Government site

### Commonwealth
* United Commonwealth  Main All-Commonwealth group

### Australia
* Australian Monarchist League (traditionalist constitutional monarchists)
* No Republic - Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (Moderate constitutional monarchists)

### Canada
* Canadian Monarchy - The Official Site 
* Canadian Monarchist ONLINE
* Monarchist League of Canada

### New Zealand
* Monarchist League of New Zealand
Minnesota Wild

The **Minnesota Wild** are a ice hockey team based in St Paul, Minnesota

The Wild joined the NHL in 2000. Their home is the Xcel Energy Center in downtown St. Paul.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Boeing B-29 Superfortress

The **Boeing B-29 Superfortress** was a heavy bomber aircraft with four engines used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, and by other countries' military after that. The name "Superfortress" came from its famous previous model, the B-17 Flying Fortress.

The B-29 **Boeing Model 345** was one of the biggest aircraft to serve during World War II. It was one of the most advanced bombers of its time. It was the most used aircraft in the U.S. bombing against Japan in the final months of World War II, and B-29s carried the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The B-29 stayed in service for a long time after the war ended. By the time it was retired in the 1960s, some 3,900 planes had been built.

The American B-29 Superfortress was one of the most **ambitious** and **expensive** projects of WWII, even more expensive than the Manhattan Project. This enormous **heavy bomber** was equipped with **numerous remote-controlled turrets** and 4 **powerful propellers**. This heavy bomber  was used in **later parts of the war**, and was designed to finally **supress** the Japanese forces.

## References
Sewing

**Sewing** is stitching cloth, leather, furs, or other materials, using a needle and thread. Sewing can be done on a sewing machine, or by hand.

]]

"Plain" sewing is mostly done to make or mend clothing and household furnishings such as curtains, sheets, upholstery, and table linens. It is also used for sails, bellows, skin boats, banners and other items shaped out of flexible materials.

"Fancy" sewing is done to decorate materials, such as embroidery or quilting.

Sewing is an important part of shoemaking and bookbinding. Wounds are often sewn shut.

If a thread becomes loose in a sewn item, the stitches may unravel and require restitching to repair them. In repair sewing, pulling the threaded needle in and out of the fabric at the same lengths and places as the other remaining stitches can make a repair nearly invisible. Replacing a missing button on a garment follows the same procedure, although there are different possible ways to place the thread to sew on a button. While repairs are usually sewn by hand, most garments are created using a machine, which can range from simple to complex.

## References
Saipan

**Saipan** (IPA:  in English) is the largest island and capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of 15 tropical islands which are part of the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10’51”N, 145°45’21”E) with a total area of 115.39 km² (44.55 sq mi). At the 2020 census, there were 43,385 people.

Saipan is at latitude of 15.25° north and longitude of 145.75° east, about 200&nbsp;km (120&nbsp;mi) north of Guam. Saipan is about 20&nbsp;km (12.5&nbsp;mi) long and 9&nbsp;km (5.5&nbsp;mi) wide. It is a popular tourist destination in the Pacific.

## References
## Other websites
*Saipan Municipality, United States Census Bureau 
*Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs  Links to cultural and informational sites about the CNMI as well as to government sites
*Saipan Tribune 
*KSPN Channel 2
*Marianas Variety
Knitting

**Knitting** creates flexible fabric by looping thread or yarn together using two or more knitting needles or a knitting machine.

## Types of knitting 
### Flat knitting 
Flat knitting, which is usually done on two straight needles, makes a length of cloth and is used to create things like blankets, scarves, and the backs, fronts, and sides of sweaters.

### Circular knitting 
Circular knitting, which is done on circular needles, or needles that have points on both ends, produces a seamless tube and is used to create things like hats, socks, mittens, rings, and sleeves.

### Cable knitting 
Patterns called *cables* are typically used on sweaters, particularly on fancy Aran sweaters from Ireland.
Different kinds of stitches create different patterns in knitting. For example, the stretchy ends of knitted sleeves are called *ribbing*.

## Materials 
### Yarn 
Yarn for knitting can be made from any number of natural or synthetic (man made) fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.

Yarns come in many thicknesses or *weights* from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, Aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Thinner yarns are generally used with smaller knitting needles, and thicker yarns are used with larger knitting needles.

### Needles 
Knitting needles come in various shapes: straight, double-pointed, cable, and circular. They can be made from bamboo, aluminum, steel, or plastic.
Takijirō Ōnishi

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 was a Vice-Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who came to known as the father of the *kamikaze*.

## Other websites
* One of the commanders who be orderd the Kamikaze operation (in Japanese)
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Torpedo

The **torpedo**, is an explosive projectile weapon that moves by itself (using a propeller), launched above or below the water surface, that goes underwater toward a target, and made to explode when it hits a target or is near to it. Torpedoes may be launched from submarines, surface ships, helicopters, aircraft, land etc. Robert Whitehead invented the torpedo in 1866.

## Other websites
* Swedish Bofors 'Torpedo 2000' promo video
* Modern Torpedoes And Countermeasures http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html 
* US Navy torpedo data cut and pasted from a Navy Fact File 
* Early History of the Torpedo Torpedo History
* US Naval Undersea Museum Torpedo Display 
* US Naval Undersea Museum Torpedo Collection
Undercarriage

Airbus A330.]]
In aviation, the **undercarriage** or **landing gear** is the structure (usually wheels) that supports an aircraft and allows it to move across the surface of the Earth when it is not flying.

## Other websites 
* Alphonse Pénaud website
* FAA Website
Seven Years' War

Abraham (A•bra•HAM)]]
The '''Seven Years' War''' was a worldwide military conflict that lasted from 1756 to 1763 and involved most of the great powers on the European peninsula  The war was made up of two conflicts. One was fought mostly between Great Britain and France.

The Holy Roman Empire (HO•lee RO•min EM•pire) was on both sides of this war. 

## Other Names 
The war was known by different names in different places: 

* In the United States, it is known as the French and Indian War. 
* In French Canada, it is called the War of the Conquest. 
* In Sweden and Prussia, it is called the Pomeranian War because the countries were fighting over Pomerania. and the Peace of Hubertusburg between Prussia and Austria. 

The Native American tribes that had fought alongside the French or the British were excluded from the peace treaties. They were unable to return to their former status after Pontiac's War, which followed the peace.

## Effects 
Civilians were not spared in the Seven Years' War. Sieges were common, as was arson (destroying towns by burning them). Open battles involving extremely heavy losses were also frequent. Overall, between 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died in the war.

Great Britain gained the bulk of New France, Spanish Florida, some Caribbean islands, and Senegal. It also maintained its superiority over the French outposts on the Indian subcontinent. 

In Europe, Frederick II of Prussia failed to complete a preemptive strike against Austria. His opponents fought off Prussian forces, and at Kunersdorf, they nearly ed them. At the Peace of Hubertusburg, Prussia managed to avoid giving up any land to Austria, and the status quo ante bellum was restored. 

William Pitt once said, "America was won in Germany." He was talking about the Prussian war effort, which allowed Britain to limit its military involvement on Continental Europe and focus instead on establishing naval supremacy. While French and allied forces were able to occupy Prussian and Hanoverian territories up to East Frisia, the British naval blockade impaired French supply routes to the colonies and prevented the French from invading Britain and continuing with their commerce raiding.

The involvement of Portugal, Spain, and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. For its brief involvement in the war, Spain lost Florida to Britain but gained French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River in exchange. Graat Britain also returned Cuba and the Philippines, which it had catured duting the war, to Spain.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26; YouTube
Tangent

The word *tangent* can mean different things:

*tangent, a trigonometric function
*tangent, a line which *touches* a curve.
Subset

In set theory, a set A is called a **subset** of a set B if all of the elements of A are contained in B. For example, any set is a subset of itself. Another example of a subset is a proper subset: a set A is called a **proper subset** of a set B if A is subset of B but is not equal to B.

The symbol "\subseteq" always means "is a subset of." The symbol "\subsetneq" always means "is a proper subset of." There is also the symbol "\subset", which some authors use to mean "is a subset of" and other authors only use to mean "is a proper subset of."

For example:
*\{3,7\} is a subset of \{3,7\}, so we could write \{3,7\} \subseteq \{3,7\}.

*\{3,7\} is a proper subset of \{1,3,4,7\}, so we could write \{3,7\} \subseteq \{1,3,4,7\},\{3,7\} \subsetneq \{1,3,4,7\}, or \{3,7\} \subset \{1,3,4,7\}.

*The interval [0, 1] is a proper subset of the set of real numbers \mathbb{R}, so [0, 1] \subset \mathbb{R}.
:

## Related pages 
* Subset sum problem
* Vector subspace

## References
Lemma

**Lemma** may refer to:
* Lemma (mathematics), a proven statement that is used to prove another statement
* Lemma (linguistics), the canonical form of a word. They are the head words in a dictionary.
* Lemma (logic), which is simultaneously a premise for a contention above it and a contention for premises below it
* Lemma (botany), one of the specialised bracts enclosing a floret in a grass inflorescence
* "Shadowing lemma", a fictional animal in Terry Pratchett's *Discworld* series, which exists in only 2 dimensions and eats mathematicians
Battlefield 2

***Battlefield 2*** is a first-person shooter developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by EA Games.

By playing online the players can gather points for the global ranking. If a player has enough points, he is promoted to the next higher rank and can unlock new weapons and awards.

The storyline takes place in Middle- and Eastern-Asia in the near future. In this fictional war, the US Marine Corps fights against China and the fictional "Middle Eastern Coalition". So the players can use the most modern weapons like the F-35 Lightning II fighter or the T90 tank. It´s also possible to choose between different classes like medic, assault, sniper and others.

Because *Battlefield 2* is a tactic shooter, teamplay is very important. One player by team can be the commander who issues instructions on his team. The other players can group themselves into squads.

In every round two teams are playing. At the beginning of the round, both teams have a certain number of tickets. By eliminating an enemy the teams can reduce the number of tickets of the other team. The team that has more tickets at the end of the round wins.

*Battlefield 2* is the sequel of *Battlefield 1942* and *Battlefield Vietnam*. The most recent game of the *Battlefield* series is *Battlefield: Bad Company 2*.

There is also an add-on named *Special Forces* in which several special forces (e. g. SAS) can be played. Also two so called "booster packs" are available: *Euro Forces* which brings the army of the European Union into the game and *Armored Fury* which relocates the storyline to North America.

*Battlefield 2* is one of the most popular games in it´s genre. Although being released in 2005 it´s still played by many persons around the world and has a big community.

## Other websites 
**Battlefield 2* website
*Battlefield 2: Special Forces Website
University of Padua

The **University of Padua** (Italian *Università degli Studi di Padova*, **UNIPD**) is in Padua, Italy. It was created in 1222. It is one of the oldest European universities and the second oldest in Italy. As of 2003, the university had about 65,000 students.

## History 
The university is usually said to have been founded in 1222 when a big group of students and professors left the University of Bologna. They did this to look for more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica'). 
The first subjects to be taught were law and theology. The curriculum got bigger quickly, and by 1399 the institution had divided in two: a *Universitas Iuristarum* for civil law and Canon law, and a *Universitas Artistarum* which taught astronomy, dialectic, philosophy, grammar, medicine, and rhetoric.

## Related pages 
*Padua

## References 
## Other websites
*University of Padua Website 
*Museums of the University
Battlefield (series)

The **Battlefield** series consists of the following first-person shooter games that were developed by Digital Illusions CE, and published by Electronic Arts:

# *Battlefield 1942* - (PC, Mac), released 10 September 2002.
#**The Road to Rome* (Expansion Pack)
#**Secret Weapons of World War II* (Expansion Pack)
# *Battlefield Vietnam* - (PC), released 14 March 2004 (US only), and 19 March 2004.
# *Battlefield 2* - (PC), released 21 June 2005 (US only) and 24 June 2005.
#**Special Forces* (Expansion Pack), released 22 November 2005 (US only), and 24 November 2005
#**Euro Force* (Booster Pack), released 14 March 2006.
#**Armored Fury* (Booster Pack), released 6 June 2006.
# *Battlefield 2: Modern Combat* - (PS2, Xbox, Xbox 360), released 24 October 2005 (PS2/Xbox), 11 May 2006 (Xbox 360).
# *Battlefield 2142* - (PC, Mac), was released 17 October 2006.
#* Northern Strike (Booster Pack), released 8 March 2007.
# *Battlefield: Bad Company* - (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3), released 23 June 2008.
# *Battlefield: Bad Company 2* - (PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3), released 2 March 2010.
#*Battlefield 3* - (PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3), released 25 October 2011.
#*Battlefield 4* - (PC, Xbox 360, PlayStaion 3, Xbox One, PlayStation 4), released 29 October 2013.
#*Battlefield Hardline* - (PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, released 17 March 2015.
#*Battlefield 1 -* (PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4), released 23 October 2016.
#*Battlefield V* - (PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4), release date 20 November 2018.
#*Battlefield 2042* - (PC, Xbox Series X/S, Xbox One, PlayStaion 5, PlayStation 4), release date 19 November 2021.

## Other websites 
* Battlefield Gaming Information
National Museum of the United States Air Force

The **National Museum of the United States Air Force** (formerly the **United States Air Force Museum**) is the official national museum of the United States Air Force and is located on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio. Over 400 aircraft and missiles are on display, most of them indoors.  Admission is free.

## Exhibits
The museum has many rare and important aircraft and other exhibits, including one of four surviving Convair B-36s,  the only surviving XB-70 Valkyrie, and *Bockscar*–the B-29 Superfortress that dropped the second atomic bomb in World War II. In contrast to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, nearly all of the museum's exhibits are extremely accessible. Most are easily touched, even investigated, by visitors.

## Other websites
* Official website
* The Air Force Museum Foundation - a private non-profit organization supporting the mission and goals of the National Museum of the USAF
Anti-aircraft warfare

soldiers with an Anti-Aircraft gun in Algeria in 1943]]
**Anti-aircraft warfare**, or **air defence**, is any way of fighting military aircraft in combat from the ground. Different guns and cannons have been used for this since the first military aircraft were used in World War I. They have become more powerful over the years.  After World War II, Surface to Air Missiles began to be used too.   Today, both are used to fight against aircraft. 

Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include **AAA** or **triple-A**, an abbreviation for ***a**nti-**a**ircraft **a**rtillery*, and **flak** or **flack** (from the German ***Fl**ug**a**bwehr**k**anone*, *aircraft defence cannon*). An **anti-aircraft missile** is another name for a **surface-to-air missile**, also said SAM for short.

## References
## Other websites
**Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense* by Kenneth P. Werrell (book available for download)
*Japanese Antiaircraft land/vessel doctrines in 1943-44
Albanian Orthodox Church

The **Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania** is one of the Eastern Orthodox churches. It is very new. It was created in 1922 by the fathers of the Albanian Orthodoxy Fan Noli, Visarion Xhuvani, and others. The Albanian Orthodox Church is autocephalous, meaning its bishop does not have to answer before any superior clerical authority.

Since its beginning it has had a difficult time. The church suffered during the Second World War, and in the communist period that came after. This became worse after 1967 when Albania was declared an atheist state, and no public or private expression of religion was allowed. After religious freedom returned in 1991, the church has become very active again. More than 250 churches have been created or repaired, and more than 100 clergy being ordained. 

The Church currently has four dioceses, Tirana, Durrës and Elbasan; Berat and Kanina; Gjirokastër; and Korçë.
## Other websites
* Albanian Orthodox Library
* Official Site of the Albanian Orthodox Church 
* Eastern Christian Churches: Orthodox Church of Albania
* History of the Establishment of the Church
Inner Temple

**The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple** is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.)

The Inner Temple was first recorded as being used for legal purposes when lawyers' houses were burned down in Wat Tyler's revolt in 1381. Before that date, the Temple was occupied by the Knights Templar. The Inner Temple was damaged during the wartime bombings in the areas surrounding the River Thames.

## Famous members
*Geoffrey Chaucer (reputed)
*Thomas de Littleton
*William Catesby
*Sir Edward Coke
*Sir Francis Drake
*Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
*Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
*Christopher Hatton
*Thomas Morton, a member of the associated Inn of Chancery Clifford's Inn
*William Wycherly
*Judge Jeffreys
*James Boswell
*Samuel Johnson (resided at the Inner Temple for a period, though not a member)
*William Paca
*Karl Pearson, and his father William Pearson, QC
*George Phillippo
*Thomas Hughes
*William Schwenk Gilbert
*Bram Stoker
*Mohandas Gandhi (called 1891, disbarred 1922, reinstated 1988)
*John Maynard Keynes
*Clement Attlee
*Jawaharlal Nehru
*Mohammed Ali Jinnah
*Cecil Rhodes
*Ivy Williams, the first female barrister
*A.J.P. Taylor
*Seretse Khama, president of Botswana (admitted 1946)
*Derry Irvine
*Lord Woolf
*Elizabeth Butler-Sloss
*Jack Straw
*Michael Howard
*John Mortimer (whose best-known creation, Horace Rumpole, was also an Inner Templar)
*Richard Searby
*Malcolm Bishop
*Thomas Willing
*Musa Alami
*Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
*Tunku Abdul Rahman
sir edmund anderson chief justice of common pleas

## Other websites
*Inner Temple website
*Inner Temple Banqueting website
Inns of Court

The **Inns of Court** are a group of four legal societies in Britain that have the exclusive right to train barristers and to  their  to the English bar.  The buildings, which house these societies, are called Inns of Court.  The Inns of Court have directing and disciplinary functions over their members. The Inns also provide libraries, dining facilities and professional accommodations to members. Each Inn also has a church or chapel. 

Over the centuries the number of active Inns of Court was reduced to four, which are Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple and Middle Temple.
Gray's Inn

of the four Inns of Court. Gray's Inn's arms are at the bottom-right.]]

'''The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn''' is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. The other Inns are Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Inner Temple.

Gray's Inn is in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.

## Other websites 
* Gray's Inn website
* Online Law History of Gray's Inn
Naomi Nari Nam

**Naomi Nari Nam** (born July 6, 1985 in Anaheim, California) is a figure skater from the United States.

Nam was a very good skater as a child. She won the silver medal (second place) at the 1999 United States national championships behind Michelle Kwan at age 13. She would have normally gone to the World Championships after doing this, but she was too young according to the rules. She could have gone if she had won a medal at the World Junior Championships, but that was the last year the World Junior Championships were held before Nationals and Nam did not go to those championships.

Nam had a bad career after this. She had an injury in her hip and had to stop skating as a single skater.

In 2005, she started skating as a pairs skater with Themistocles Leftheris. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.

Naomi Nari Nam is a very graceful and flexible skater. She and Leftheris are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

## Other websites
* Naomi Nari Nam and Themi Leftheris Online  - Official website
* International Skating Union biography 
* U.S. Figure Skating biography
Omar Sharif

**Omar Sharif** (; 10 April 1932 &ndash; 10 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor who worked in many Hollywood movies. He acted in Arabic, French, and English movies. Sharif is most famous for his roles in *Doctor Zhivago*, *Lawrence of Arabia* and *Funny Girl* (1968). He was nominated for the Academy Award and won the Golden Globe Award three times. Sharif had a son and two grandsons. He converted from Christianity to Islam.

## Contract bridge career 
Sharif once ranked among the world's best-known contract bridge players, forming the "Omar Sharif Bridge Circus" in 1967 which toured the world, competing against famous teams.

With Charles Goren, Sharif co-wrote a syndicated newspaper bridge column for the *Chicago Tribune* for several years, but later turned over most of the writing of the column to Tannah Hirsch.

He was also author or co-author of several books on bridge, and licensed his name to a bridge video game. An MS-DOS version and Amiga version was released in 1992 as *Omar Sharif on Bridge*. It is still sold in Windows and "mobile platform" versions.

## Health and death 
In May 2015, it was reported that Sharif had Alzheimer's disease. His son, Tarek El-Sharif, said that his father was getting confused. He was forgetting facts about some of the biggest movies of his career.

On July 10, 2015, at the age of 83, Sharif died after a heart attack at a hospital in Cairo, Egypt.

On July 12, 2015, Sharif's funeral was held at the Grand Mosque of Mushir Tantawi in eastern Cairo. The funeral was attended by a group of Sharif's relatives, friends and Egyptian actors. His casket was draped in the Egyptian flag and a black shroud.  He is burued in El-Sayeda Nafisa cemetery in southern Cairo.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Stéphane Lambiel

**Stéphane Lambiel**  (born 2 April 1985 in Martigny, Valais) is a figure skater from Switzerland. He is famous for his very good spins.

Lambiel was a good skater as a child. When he was 12 years old, he was picked to perform an exhibition at the 1997 World Championships.

He has won the Swiss national championships every year he has entered them, and at every level.

In 2002, when he was 16, the Swiss Olympic Committee told him he could go to the 2002 Winter Olympics if he placed in the top 15 at the European Championships. Lambiel placed 4th at the European Championships and he went to the Olympics.

In 2006, Lambiel won the silver medal (second place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He was World Champion in 2005 and 2006.

Lambiel is famous for having everything a skater needs to do well, called the "full package". He is very artistic, and has all the technical elements needed, including a quadruple jump. He is very consistent, except for the triple axel, which is a bad jump for him.

Lambiel has had a lot of injuries, which has kept him out of the Grand Prix a lot. After the Olympics, he did not feel very motivated. He missed the 2007 European Championships because he said he was burnt out. But he came back for the 2007 World Championships, where he won the bronze medal.

In 2010 he said he was no longer going to compete in skating.

## Other websites 
* Official Website
*
Daisuke Takahashi

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a figure skater.

Takahashi was born in Kurashiki, Okayama.

## Career
Takahashi won the Japanese national championships in 2006 and 2007.

Takahashi is the first male skater from Japan to win the World Junior Championships and the first male skater from Japan to win a silver medal at the World Championship.

He was a member of the Japanese team at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin in Italy.  In 2010, he won a bronze medal in the Winter Olympic Games at Vancouver in Canada.

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites 
* Daisuke Takahashi at International Skating Union (ISU)
Evgeni Plushenko

.]]

**Evgeni Plushenko** (born 3 November 1982) is a figure skater from Russia. He was born and raised in the Soviet Union. He is the last of the "Soviet System" figure skaters, which took children from their parents at a young age and raised them in a training system away from home while giving them everything they needed, including housing and food and equipment, so they could become the best.
## Early years
Plushenko was a very good skater as a child. At age 14, he won the World Junior Championships. At age 15, he won the bronze medal at the World Championships. He has always been coached by Alexei Mishin, a very famous Soviet and Russian skater coach. At the time of Plushenko's rise, Mishin was also coaching Alexei Yagudin. When Yagudin saw all the attention Mishin was giving Plushenko, it made Yagudin leave and find another coach. Plushenko and Yagudin had a very big rivalry that ended in 2002, when Yagudin won the Olympic Gold and Plushenko won the silver.
## Career
Between the 2002 Olympics and the 2006 Olympics, Plushenko only lost a competition twice. The first time was to Emanuel Sandhu at the 2003-2004 Grand Prix Final. The second was to Brian Joubert at the 2004 European Championships. Plushenko came close to losing the 2003 World Championships to American Timothy Goebel, but won.

Plushenko withdrew from the 2005 World Championships with injury. But he won the 2006 Olympics with a very big lead over everyone else there.

Plushenko took the 2006-2007 season away from skating. He was married and had a child, but he is now getting a divorce. He is trying to come back to competitive skating, but still has a lot of injuries.

Plushenko is known for his consistency and his strong jumping ability. He has done a lot of quadruple jumps in competition and in combination with other jumps. He was the first to do a lot of quadruple-jump combinations. He has also done the Biellmann spin in competition, although he has not done that recently.

## Other websites 
* Official website  
*  Official website
* International Skating Union biography
List of Tour de France winners

The first Tour de France was in 1903, but it was not run during World War I and World War II

## Winners
* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
* The "Distance" column refers to the distance over which the race was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

### Multiple winners
The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions. Since the retirement of two-time winner Alberto Contador in 2017, the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome, currently with 4 wins. Contador had originally won three Tours, but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation.

Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences. Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated (as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador) to the second placed rider in each race, Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins. However, the race organisers ASO decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years, in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation. Ullrich, therefore, has a single Tour victory to his name.

### By nationality
## Footnotes
A.&nbsp; Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France. The organizers of the Tour de France said that they no longer consider him to be the winner. However, Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status because a lot of time has passed since his win. Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris.

B.&nbsp; Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven Tours in a row from 1999 to 2005. However, in October 2012 he had all his titles removed by the UCI because of his use of performance-enhancing drugs. The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had said before that if this happened, there would be no alternative winners for those years, but this has not yet been made official.

C.&nbsp; Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour, but later was found to have tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race. The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and removed his title on 20 September 2007.

D.&nbsp; Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour, but later was found to have tested positive for a drug that was not allowed, Clenbuterol, on a rest day. The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and removed his title on 6 February 2012.

E.&nbsp; Henri Cornet was declared the winner of 1904 race after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating.

## Notes
End of days

**End of Days** usually can mean:
*End times in eschatology and religion.

"End of Days" has also been the title of a number of movies and television episodes:
**End of Days* (1999 movie), starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and directed by Peter Hyams
*"End of Days" (*Buffy* episode), a season 7 episode of *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*
*"End of Days" (*Torchwood*), a series 1 episode of *Torchwood*
Stacy London

**Stacy London** (born May 25, 1969 in New York City, New York) is an American fashion consultant and media personality. She known best for her role as a co-host on the makeover reality program *What Not to Wear*.
Kaiten

The ***Kaiten*** (Japanese: 回天, translated *"Change the World"* or *"Reverse Destiny"*) was a torpedo that was changed to become a suicide weapon, and used by the Navy of the Empire of Japan in the last months of the Second World War. It was basically a torpedo with a pilot, and it could be thrown from a submarine or a ship.

The *Kaiten* was not very effective. Out of more or less 100 attacks made with them, only two enemy ships were sunk.

## Related pages
* Submarine
* Kamikaze
* Ohka

## Other websites
*Kaiten Memorial Museum 
*Kamikaze Submarine 
*USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park 
*US Navy Historical Center 
*Pictorial account of types 1 and 2 kaitens
*The Kaiten Mark II at the New Jersey Naval Museum in Hackensack, NJ 
* Humantorpedo 回天 *Kaiten* (Japanese)
*
Blanket

depicts two people under a blanket]] 

A **blanket** is a large, usually rectangular piece of cloth, generally used on a bed over a sheet to keep the sleeping person warm. Some blankets are knitted or crocheted while others are made of two layers of cloth sewn together with stuffing in the middle. Blankets can be made with hollow fibre or feathers.

Other names for blankets are quilts, duvets, and comforters, depending on their thickness, construction and/or stuffing.

The word blanket probably came from the 14th century. A special kind of fabric called Blanket fabric was created by a Flemish weaver who lived in Bristol, England.

## Uses
 sleeping under a blanket.]]
Blankets may also be used on the ground for a picnic or other places where people want to sit without their clothing getting dirty or wet.

Firefighters use a special fire blanket to protect household items such as chairs from water damage.

## Types of blankets
Electric blankets are heated by electricity. Blankets were traditionally made of wool because it is warm, naturally fire-retardant, and allows air to circulate well, while today synthetic fibers are frequently used. Throw blankets are smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and patterns, that can be used for extra warmth outside of bed.

Other kinds are horse blankets, used to keep horses warm, and saddle blankets, used to prevent the horse's saddle from rubbing on its skin.

Blanket terminology is also used in the printing industry. A blanket is a rubber coating over different layer of compressible material. It wraps around a cylinder and insures transfer of ink form the printed material (where the image is ink defined) to the paper. Blankets are used for offset, gravure, flexo, etc.
Crochet

**Crochet** is a way of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet hook to pull loops of yarn through other loops.  It is similar to knitting, except that usually only one loop is active at one time, and that a crochet hook is used instead of knitting needles.  Also, crochet can not be made by machine.  Crochet uses more yarn than knitting but is faster to make by hand.

Crochet is used to make clothing, household items like tablecloths, blankets and potholders, and toys. Lace is often made by crocheting, though it can be made by knitting and weaving as well.

Crocheting is also a great craft for younger children.  The stitches are easy and their small hands are able to hold the crochet hook.  They are also able to see progress very quickly and that motivates them to continue.  It is very easy to start again after setting the project down, which will help to keep young people involved in the craft.

## Stitch Abbreviations
### Basic
***ch:** chain stitch
***yoh:** yarn over hook
***bl:** back loops
***fl:** front loops
***rs:** right side
***ws:** wrong side
***sc:** single crochet
***dc:** double crochet
***tc:** triple crochet
***sk **or** sk st:** skip stitch
***sl st:** slip stitch
***rnd:** round(s)
****:** repeat instructions following the "*"

### Advanced
***bp:** back post
***fp:** front post
***bpdc:** back post double crochet
***fpdc:** front post double crochet
***tog:** together
***dc2tog:** double crochet 2 stitches together
***hdc:** half double crochet
***dec:** decrease

## US and UK Terminologies 
The US and the UK use different names for the same crochet stitches. If you are using a pattern, make sure you know if it uses US or UK terminology so you read it correctly.

Here are the main differences.

## Other websites
*Learn to crochet: 5 basic crochet stitches 
*Learn to crochet: Stitch Variations 
*UK to US crochet conversion chart
Weaving

**Weaving** is the interlacing of two sets of threads at right angles to each other to form cloth. Weaving is usually done on a loom.

One set of threads is called the *warp*. These threads are held taut and in parallel order on the loom by *harnesses* creating a space called the *shed*. The *weft* thread is wound onto *bobbins*. In old-fashioned hand weaving the bobbins are held in a *shuttle*, which carries the weft thread through the shed. The warp threads are moved over and under the weft threads. Modern high speed weaving does not use a shuttle.
Loom

A **loom** is a machine for weaving thread or yarn into textiles. Looms can range from very small hand-held frames, to large free-standing hand looms, to huge automatic mechanical devices.

The invention of the power loom by Edmund Cartwright was very important in the Industrial Revolution.
 
.]]

File:Model of Loom, late 19th century, 02.255.2253.jpg|*Model of Navajo Loom*, late 19th century, Brooklyn Museum.jpg
File:Japaneseweavera.jpg|An early nineteenth century Japanese loom with several heddles, which the weaver controls with her foot
File:JakaltekBackstrapWeaving.jpg|A Jakaltek Maya brocades a hair sash on a back strap loom.
File:Hjerl Hede, krosno tkackie, ubt.jpeg|Hand loom at Hjerl Hede, Denmark, showing grayish warp threads (back) and cloth woven with red filling yarn (front)
File:Alberto Sa¦ünchez Marti¦ünez working.tiff|Oaxacan artisan Alberto Sanchez Martinez at loom
File:The Korkosz Croft in Czarna Góra 01.jpg|Hand loom at the Korkosz Croft in Czarna Góra, Poland, 19th century
File:Stelles Slutišķu vecticībnieku lauku sētā.jpg|A loom in an Old Believer homestead in Slutiški, Latvia
File:Handloom in an exhibition 002.jpg|Handloom from India
File:Handloom Weaver in an exhibition 2.jpg|Weaver from India showing handloom during an exhibition
Sweater

A **sweater** is a piece of clothing worn on the upper body to keep the person warm. Sweaters are usually knitted or crocheted. Other names for sweaters are **pullover**, **jersey**, or **jumper**. Sweaters that open in the front are often called *cardigans*. They are named after James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, a British general during the Crimean War, who led the famous charge of the Light Brigade. Sweaters without sleeves are often called *vests*.  Sweaters can be worn all year long for comfort and warmth.
Battle of the Philippine Sea

The **Battle of the Philippine Sea** was an important naval battle of the Second World War between the navies of the United States and Japan. This battle took place on June 19 and 20, 1944 near the Mariana Islands, and involved two big naval forces and many Japanese aircraft from bases on land. The battle was a great defeat for the Japanese Navy, which lost three aircraft carriers and some 600 aircraft in two days of combat. This happened because the Japanese airplanes were getting old and their pilots had little training, compared to the more modern and better trained American forces. After the battle, the Japanese Navy was almost completely destroyed. This victory for Allied forces opened the door for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

## Other websites
* Order of  Battle - The Battle of the Phillipine Sea: 19-20 June 1944
* WW2DB: The Marianas and the Great Turkey Shoot
* Animated History of The Battle of the Philippine Sea 
* Air Group 31's participation in the Battle of the Philippine Sea
Tengiz

**Tengiz** is a lake in Kazakhstan, Kostanay oblast near Russia. This lake has an area of about 1950&nbsp;km2.
Aike

**Aike** is a lake on the border between Kazakhstan and Russia. The lake has an area of about . The village of Terensay is on the coast of the lake. The lake is at 

## References
Union Cycliste Internationale

The **International Cycling Union** (*Union Cycliste* *Internationale* or the **UCI**) is the governing body of bicycle racing in the world.  It sets out rules for bicycle design, and types of races.  The UCI also issues licences to racing teams which gives them permission to compete in one of the ranks or *tours*.

## The Tour grades 
The ProTour is the highest grade, the 20 best teams are in the *UCI ProTour*, and all of the races are in Europe.

There are also five Continental Circuits (one each for Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas).  They are the next highest grade after the UCI ProTour. The circuits were designed by UCI to encourage cycle racing outside the European continent, where it is most popular and where the three Grand Tour stage races Vuelta Ciclista a España, Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia are run. The Grand Tours are part of the ProTour

## References
Ashchikol

**Ashchikol** is a lake in Kazakhstan, in Kyzylorda oblast. It is near the north border of the country.

## Other websites 
* Ashchikol - Google Explorer Expert
Milk Marketing Board

The **Milk Marketing Board** was an agency of the British government.  

The Board bought all of the milk in England and Wales from  dairy farmers and passed it on to be processed and sold.  This way small farmers always got a fair price, because no big producer could sell their milk more cheaply.

The Board was first set up in 1933.  In 1933 and 1934 three other boards were set up for Scotland and one for Northern Ireland in 1955.

From 1958 until it was abolished the Milk Marketing Board paid money for the Tour of Britain bicycle race, which was called "The Milk Race".

## Other websites 
History of the Milk Marketing Boards
Hugo Weaving

**Hugo Wallace Weaving** (born 4 April 1960) is a British-Australian actor. He is also well known as a voice actor. Weaving is most famous for his roles as *Agent Smith* in *The Matrix* and *Elrond* in *The Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy, the main character of *V for Vendetta* and the voices of *Noah the Elder* in *Happy Feet*, *Megatron* in *Transformers* and *Rex* in *Babe* and *Babe: Pig in the City*. He was born in Nigeria to English parents. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom when he was a teenager. He moved to Australia in 1976.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
* 
* Hugo Weaving at the National Film and Sound Archive
Grand vizier

**Grand Vizier**, Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish "صدر اعظم" or "وزیر اعظم"), was the most important minister of the Sultan. The Grand Vizier had absolute power of attorney and could only be removed by the Sultan. He held the imperial seal and he could gather all other viziers to attend meetings regarding state affairs. The title is derived originally from the Persian word "Vizier" (وزير). The title of Grand Vizier  to that of a prime minister.

## Related pages
*List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
1446

## Events of 1446 
* Portuguese navigator, Álvaro Fernandes, reaches the mouth of the Geba River in Guinea-Bissau.
* The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully rebuilt.
* The troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Vermebesiege Cremona, Italy.
* The *Hunmin Jeongeum*is published in Korea, starting the Hangul alphabet.
* Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, abdicates. His father, Murad II becomes Sultan.
* December 10 – Murad II destroys the Hexamillion wall, opening the Morea to Ottoman invasion.

## Births 
* May 3 – Margaret of Burgundy, wife of Charles I, Duke of Burgundy (died 1503)
* Edmund de Ros, 11th Baron de Ros, English politician (died 1508)
* Alexander Agricola, Flemish composer (probable) (died 1506)
* William Grocyn, English scholar (probable) (died 1519)
* Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (probable) (died 1524)

## Deaths 
*April 15 – Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (born 1377)
*May 9 – Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (born 1367)
*May 24 – Ambroise de Loré, Baron of Ivry (born 1396)
*December 28 – Antipope Clement VIII
*Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (born 1378)