open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gallia Belgica

**Gallia Belgica**, which means **"Belgian Gaul"** in Latin**,** was a Roman province. Different parts of it are in several countries today, including Belgium, Luxembourg, a big part of northern France, and part of the Rhineland in Germany, which is the part of Germany west of the Rhine River.

The people who lived in Gallia Belgica were called the Belgae. They were a group of tribes within the bigger country called Gaul, which covered all of modern France. According to Julius Caesar, the Belgae were different from the other Gauls. He said that the border between Belgica and the main Celtic part of Gaul was the Marne and the Seine rivers and that the border with Germania was the Rhine river. It is no longer certain what language or languages were spoken in Gallia Belgica, but historians know there was an influence of both Celtic and Germanic languages.

The area was conquered in 57 BC by Julius Caesar.  Emperor Diocletian changed the Gaulish provinces around 300 AD. He split Belgica into two provinces: **Belgica Prima** and **Belgica Secunda**. Belgica Prima had Treveri (Trier) as its main city and was the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was along the River Meuse.

In 406 AD, the Vandals, Burgundians and other tribes crossed the Rhine.  They defeated the Gaulish forces. Belgica Secunda became in the 5th century the center of Clovis' Merovingian kingdom and during the 8th century the heart of the Carolingian Empire.

## References
Belgae

The **Belgae** were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul.  They were on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 3rd century BC.  Later they were also in Britain, and possibly even Ireland. They gave their name to the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and very much later, to the modern country of Belgium.

The Belgae came to Britain as raiders and settled in southern Britain shortly before the Romans came. They occupied the area later called Hampshire.

## References
Wimbledon (movie)

***Wimbledon*** is a 2004 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Richard Loncraine. It stars Paul Bettany as Peter Colt and Kirsten Dunst as Lizzie Bradbury. They are tennis players who meet at the Wimbledon Championships at which they are both competing. Sam Neill plays Lizzie's father Dennis Bradbury. The film was released in the United States in September 17, 2004.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Carolingian Empire

**Carolingian Empire** (800–888) is a historiographical term for the kingdom of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages. The dynasty is seen as the predecessor of modern-day France, Austria and Germany. It began by the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ended by the death of his descendant Charles the Fat.

The empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Kingdom or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor had absolute power and killed many Catholics and pagans.
2013 AFC U-22 Championship

The **2013 AFC U-22 Championship** is a football tournament for players under the age of 22. It was held in 11 - 26 January IN 2014. All the Asian under-22 football teams can compete.

## Teams 
*  Iraq (Group A winners)
*  United Arab Emirates (Group A runners-up)
*  Saudi Arabia (Group B winners)
*  Syria (Group B runners-up)
*  Iran (Group C winners)
*  Kuwait (Group C runners-up)
*  Jordan (Group D winners)
*  Uzbekistan (Group D runners-up)
*  North Korea (Group F winners)
*  China PR (Group F runners-up)
*  South Korea (Group G winners)
*  Myanmar (Group G runners-up)

## Results
### Group stage
#### Group A
#### Group B
#### Group C
#### Group D
### Knockout stage
## References
Phidias

of the Parthenon to his Friends* (1868) by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]

**Phidias**, or **Pheidias** (about 480430 BC), born in Athens, Greece (Ancient Times), was a sculptor, painter and architect. His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 

He also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Acropolis. These were the *Athena Parthenos* inside the Parthenon and the *Athena Promachos'', a bronze statue of Athena near the entrance to the Acropolis. 

Phidias was twice accused of stealing some of the costly materials he used. He was accused of taking some of the ivory for the Athena Parthenos; and at Olympia, of stealing some of the gold for Zeus' cloak. A false witness against Phidias testified. Phidias died in prison. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of ancient Greek sculptors.

## References
West Francia

**West Francia**, also known as the **West Frankish Kingdom** or ***Francia Occidentalis***, was a short-lived kingdom.  It was the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire.  They came under the control of Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, as a result of the Treaty of Verdun of 843.

The Frankish Empire was the great realm united by Charlemagne that was a large part of Western Europe.  It was split after a three-year-long civil war between his grandsons (840-843). Charles the Bald and his half-brother Louis the German went against his brother Lothair I.

The Carolingian Empire of the Franks founded by their grandfather lasted only one generation through their father Louis the Pious. His realm was split into East Francia, West Francia or the Western Realm, and Middle Francia. The West Frankish Kingdom is the start of both medieval France and modern France.

In 987 Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, started the Capetian dynasty.  The Valois and Bourbon houses ruled France for more than 800 years.
Lovelace

**Lovelace** is a surname.

*Ada Lovelace (18151852), daughter of Lord Byron, and friend of Charles Babbage.
*Linda Lovelace, American pornographic actress 
***Lovelace* (movie), a 2013 American biographical drama movie about Linda Lovelace
United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The **United Kingdom of the Netherlands** (1815–1839) is the unofficial name used for the **Kingdom of the Netherlands**.  This was after it was first made from part of the First French Empire and before the new Kingdom of Belgium split off from it in 1830. Most of it is still today the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It was made up of the former Dutch Republic to the north, the former Austrian Netherlands to the south, and the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The House of Orange-Nassau were the monarchs.Also unites Benelux.

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1831 Belgian Revolution. William I, King of the Netherlands did not recognize a Belgian state until 1839.  He was made to sign the Treaty of London. Only at this time were borders agreed.In the treaty was sad it that Belgium was neutral.
Southern Netherlands

The **Southern Netherlands**, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were part of the Low Countries.  They were controlled by Spain (1556–1714), Austria (1714–94) and added into France (1794–1815). This area was most of modern Belgium, the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the County of Bouillon and Luxembourg, and in addition some parts of the Netherlands, as well as, until 1678, most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in northern France. The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until it was added to France.

The northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, started their independence as the United Provinces after 1581. The southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.  The Southern Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century.  After the French Revolutionary Wars they were joined with the northern Netherlands.  They were made a single kingdom under the House of Orange at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province was made into Luxembourg. In 1830 the mostly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the Kingdom of Belgium.

## References
Habsburg Spain

**Habsburg Spain** means the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1506–1700).  This was when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty. Under Habsburg rule (mostly under Charles I and Philip II), Spain reached the height of its influence and power. The Hapsburgs had land including the Americas; the East Indies in Asia; the Low Countries, territories now in France and Germany in Europe. From 1580 to 1640 they had the Portuguese Empire; and various other lands such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa. Habsburg Spain was, for well over a century, the world's greatest power. For this reason, this period of Spanish history has also been called the "Age of Expansion."

With the Habsburgs, Spain was one of the greatest political and military powers in Europe and the world for much of the 16th and 17th centuries. During the Habsburg's period, Spain ushered in the Spanish Golden Age of arts and literature producing some of the world's most outstanding writers and painters and influential intellectuals, including Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez and Francisco de Vitoria.

Spain or "the Spains", referring to Spanish territories across different continents in this period, initially covered the entire Iberian peninsula, including the kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, León, Navarre and, from 1580, Portugal.

The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 resulted in the union of the two main crowns, Castile and Aragon, which eventually led to the de facto unification of Spain, after the culmination of the *Reconquista* with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and of Navarre in 1512–1529. Isabella and Ferdinand were bestowed the title of "Catholic King and Queen" by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, and the term *Monarchia Catholica* (Catholic Monarchy, Modern Spanish: *Monarquía Católica*) remained in use for the monarchy under the Spanish Habsburgs. The Habsburgers period is formative of the notion of "Spain" in the sense that was institutionalized in the 18th century.

Spain as a unified state came into being *de jure* after the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707 that succeeded the multiple crowns of its former realms. After the death in 1700 of Spain's last Habsburg king Charles II, the resulting War of the Spanish Succession led to the ascension of Philip V of the Bourbon dynasty and began a new centralizing state formation.

Among the most outstanding figures of this period were Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Miguel de Cervantes, Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto and Francisco Suárez.

## Notes
## References
Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1793 with few changes.  France fought the First coalition.

In the Alps, there was little change.  The French invasion of Piedmont failed. On the Spanish border, the French under General Dugommier came from their defensive positions at Bayonne and Perpignan, to move the Spanish out of Roussillon.  They invaded Catalonia. Dugommier was killed in the Battle of the Black Mountain in November.
 in the Neumarkt, Cologne, 1794]]

On the northern front in the Flanders Campaign, the Austrians and French both prepared in Belgium.  The Austrians went towards Mons and Maubeuge. The French got ready on multiple fronts.  There were two armies in Flanders under Pichegru and Moreau. Jourdan attacked from the German border. The French had damage in the Kortrijk, Tourcoing and Fleurus in June. The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine.  Then they moved into Belgium, the Rhineland, and southern Holland.

On the middle Rhine front in July General Michaud's Army of the Rhine tried two offensives in July.  This sector of the front was largely quiet over the course of the year.

At sea, the French Atlantic Fleet was able to hold off a British attempt to stop an important cereal convoy from the United States. In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, and in 

By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts.
Toyo Province

was an very old province of Japan, in the area of Buzen and Bungo Provinces.  The ancient entity was in what is modern Ōita Prefecture and northeastern Fukuoka Prefecture. It was divided into Buzen and Bungo in 683. It was sometimes called .

## History
The history of the province started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

According to the *Nihongi*, the Aka clan was established in Toyo during the reign of Emperor Ankan.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Notes
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
French First Republic

The **French First Republic** was formed on 22 September 1792, by the newly made National Convention. The First Republic lasted until the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon&nbsp;I. This time is characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the making of the National Convention and the infamous Reign of Terror, the founding of the Directory and the Thermidorian Reaction, and finally, the making of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.

## References
Railway Station Bananal

The **Railway Station Bananal** building is a historical and tourist city Bananal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Built in 1888, is the only specimen of steel construction the Belgium in the Americas.

## References
First French Empire

The **First French Empire**  The introduction of the Napoleonic Code through the continent increased legal equality, made jury systems, and legalized divorce. Napoleon placed relatives on the thrones of several European countries.  He gave many noble titles, most of which went away after the empire fell.

Napoleon abdicated in 11 April 1814.  The Empire was briefly brought back during the Hundred Days period in 1815 until Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.  It was followed by the Bourbon Restoration monarchy of the House of Bourbon.  Louis XVIII of France became the new ruler.

## References
Guy Ritchie

**Guy Stuart Ritchie** (born 10 September 1968) is a British director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Hatfield, Hertfordshire.

Ritchie's films are: *Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels*, *Snatch*, *Swept Away*, *Revolver*, *RocknRolla*, *Sherlock Holmes* and *Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows*.

Ritchie had a son with Madonna in August 2000. They were married from December 2000 until they divorced in December 2008. He lives with model Jacqui Ainsley (born 1981). The couple have a son, who was born in September 2011. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Leopold I of Belgium

**Leopold I** (*Leopold George Christian Frederick*; *Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld*, later *Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha*, *Duke of Saxony*; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was from 21 July 1831 the first King of the Belgians.  This was following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.  He was the founder of the Belgian line of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. His children included Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico.  He was also an uncle of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

He was born in Coburg and died in Laeken.

## Titles and styles
* **16 December 1790 – 12 November 1826** *His Serene Highness* Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
* **6 April 1818 – 12 November 1826 (in the UK)** *His Royal Highness* Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
* **12 November 1826 – 21 July 1831** *His Serene Highness* (*His Royal Highness* in the UK) Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony
* **21 July 1831 – 10 December 1865** *His Majesty* The King of the Belgians

## First marriage
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor first married Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1816. Charlotte was the daughter of the Prince Regent (later George IV of the United Kingdom). But they didn't have any children because the marriage only lasted for 1 year. Here's why:

On 3 November 1817, when the Princess’s labour began, she was particularly overdue and a long and difficult delivery resulted in the birth of a still-born son two days later. After the birth Princess Charlotte initially appeared to recover, but due to complications she died five hours later in the early hours of 6 November.

## References
Kinokawa, Wakayama

is a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

The city was founded on November 11, 2005. The towns of Kishigawa, Kokawa, Momoyama, Naga and Uchita all combined to form the city.

Kokawa Temple (Kokawa-ji) is a popular sightseeing spot in Kinokawa.

## Tama the stationmaster cat
Kishi Station in the city has a cat as the stationmaster named Tama. Tama is a calico cat.

## People from Kinokawa city
* Ryumon Yasuda - Painter and Sculptor

## Other websites
*  Official website
Berlin Conference

The **Berlin Conference** (or "**Congo Conference**") of 1884&ndash;85 made rules for European colonization and trade in Africa. It was called for by Portugal and organised by Otto von Bismarck. The conference met during the Scramble for Africa, a time with more colonial activity by European powers. Africans were not invited to the conference, which ended most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance and ensured that the European powers would not fight each other for dominance.

## General Act
The General Act fixed the following points:
* The ending of slavery by black and Islamic powers.  
* The Congo Free State was a private property of the Congo Society. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo was made the property of King Leopold II of Belgium.
* The 14 countries that signed had free trade through the Congo Basin and Lake Nyasa and east of it in the area south of 5° N.
* The Niger River and the Congo River were made free for ship traffic.
* Countries could not set up colonies just by saying so. They needed "effective occupation".
* If a country took over any new part of the African coast, it had to tell the other countries.
* Each country was told the parts of Africa that it could rule.

## Agenda 
* **Portugal - United Kingdom**: The colonies of Angola and Mozambique were brought together by the land in between (the land later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi). The United Kingdom did not support the plan. In 1890, the British government told the Portuguese to leave the area.

* **France - United Kingdom**:  A line running from Say in Niger to Baroua, on the north-eastern coast of Lake Chad, marked what part belonged to which country. France would own territory to the north of the line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it. The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad.

* **France - Germany**: The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of 14° E and Miltou would be French, and the area to the south would be German, later called German Cameroon.

* **Britain - Germany**: The separation between British Nigeria and German Cameroon would be in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.

* **France - Spain - Italy**:  Italy was to own what was north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and 17° E to the intersection of 15° N and 21° E.

## Aftermath 
By 1902, 90% of all African land was under European control.

## References
Telephone numbers in Belgium

**International call prefix: 00**
**Trunk prefix: 0**

**A telephone number in Belgium** is nine or ten digits dialed on a telephone to make a call. Belgium is under a closed telephone numbering plan.  It keeps the trunk code, '0', for all national dialling.  

## Overview and structure
Area codes in Belgium are one or two digits long.  All Belgian telephone numbers dialed in Belgium must use the leading '0' trunk code. 

From outside Belgium, a caller would dial their international call prefix (typically **00** in Europe and **011** in North America), followed by 32 (the country code for Belgium), then the area code minus the trunk code '0', and finally the local number.

Mobile/GSM area codes always begin with **04xx** and the subscriber number is six digits long. 

## Area codes
* **010:**  Wavre (*Waver*)
* **011:**  Hasselt
* **012:**  Tongeren (*Tongres*)
* **013:**  Diest
* **014:**  Geel, Herentals, Turnhout
* **015:**  Mechelen (*Malines*)
* **016:**  Leuven (*Louvain*), Tienen (*Tirlemont*)
* **019:**  Waremme (*Borgworm*)
* **02:**   Brussels (*Bruxelles*/*Brussel*)
* **03:**   Antwerpen (*Antwerp*), Sint-Niklaas
* **04:**   Liège (*Luik*), Voeren (*Fourons*)
* **050:**  Brugge (*Bruges*), Zeebrugge
* **051:**  Roeselare (*Roulers*)
* **052:**  Dendermonde (*Termonde*)
* **053:**  Aalst (*Alost*)
* **054:**  Ninove
* **055:**  Ronse (*Renaix*)
* **056:**  Kortrijk (*Courtrai*), Comines-Warneton (*Komen-Warneton*),  Mouscron (*Moeskroen*)
* **057:**  Ieper (*Ypres*)
* **058:**  Veurne (*Furnes*)
* **059:**  Oostende (*Ostend*)
* **060:**  Chimay
* **061:**  Bastogne, Libramont-Chevigny
* **063:**  Arlon (*Aarlen*)
* **064:**  La Louvière
* **065:**  Mons (*Bergen*)
* **067:**  Nivelles (*Nijvel*)
* **068:**  Ath (*Aat*)
* **069:**  Tournai (*Doornik*)
* **070:**  Specialty Numbers (i.e. bus information or bank information)
* **071:**  Charleroi
* **080:**  Stavelot
* **0800:** toll free service
* **081:**  Namur (*Namen*)
* **082:**  Dinant
* **083:**  Ciney
* **084:**  Jemelle, Marche-en-Famenne
* **085:**  Huy (*Hoei*)
* **086:**  Durbuy
* **087:**  Verviers
* **089:**  Genk
* **09:**   Gent (*Ghent*/*Gand*)
* **090x:** Premium numbers (0900, 0901, 0902, 0903, 0904, 0905, 0906, 0907, 0908, 0909)*
Eupen-Malmedy

**Eupen-Malmedy**, or the **East Cantons** is a group of cantons in Belgium.  They are the former Prussian districts of Malmedy and Eupen, together with the Neutral Moresnet.  French-speaking Belgians also once called them the *Redeemed Cantons*.  These territories were added to Belgium in 1920 by the Versailles Treaty.

## Chronology
*6 March 1815 : Malmedy part of Prussia (from 1871 Germany).
*1918 - 1920 : Under Allied occupation (British to Aug 1919, then Belgian).
*28 June 1919 : Given to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles.
*20 September 1920 : Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt-Vith added (fully re-incorporated 1925).
*1926 The Belgian government wants to "sell" the East Cantons to the Weimar Republic. France objects strongly.
*29 July 1940 -  Feb 1945 : Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt-Vith are added to Germany, together with the Luxembourg village of Bého (renamed Bocholz) and former Neutral Moresnet.
*1956 Belgo-German peace treaty. The Federal Republic of Germany recognizes the illegality of the 1940 annexation.
*1960-1964 The Belgian language border is fixed and finally divides the East Cantons. Eupen, Sankt Vith and others become German-speaking with special privileges for French speakers, Malmedy and Waimes join Aubel, Welkenraedt, Bleiberg and Baelen as French-speaking with (potential) special privileges for German speakers.
*18 July 1966 Belgian law on the language use by local and national government. The "region of the German language" is mentioned. Federal Government services to answer German questions from a member of the general public in German.
*1973 The Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft is set up.
*1989 New amnesty law, undoing the legal effects of the annexation and its voiding.
*1993 The Executive of the Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft is recognized as one of the Belgian regional governments in the new federal constitution. The German-speaking area remains a part of the Walloon economic area.
*2005 The authority of the Rat is increased by giving it the right of teaching over religious institutions and over its nine communities.
German invasion of Belgium (1940)

The **Battle of Belgium** or **Belgian Campaign** was part of the greater Battle of France.  This was an offensive campaign by Germany during the Second World War. It took place over 18 days in May 1940.  It ended with the German occupation of Belgium following the surrender of the Belgian Army.

The Allied Armies tried to stop the German Army in Belgium.  They thought it was the main German attack. After the French had fully committed the best of the Allied Armies to Belgium between 10 and 12 May, the Germans went towards the English Channel. The German Army reached the Channel after five days. They encircling the Allied Armies. The Germans forced the Allies back to the sea. The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May 1940, ending the battle.

The Battle of Belgium included the first tank battle of the war. It was the largest tank battle in history up to that date.  The battle also included the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael, the first strategic airborne operation using paratroopers.

Belgium was occupied by the Germans until the winter of 1944–1945. It was freed by the Western Alliance.

## Notes
## References
Leopold III of Belgium

**Leopold III** (born as *Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel*; 3 November 1901  25 September 1983) was King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951. He left the throne and his son Baudouin became King.

Leopold III went to the throne of Belgium on 23 February 1934 following the death of his father, King Albert I.

## Early life and family
Crown Prince Leopold fought as a private during World War I while still a teenager. He was sent by his father to Eton College in the United Kingdom, in 1915. After the war, in 1919, he went to St. Anthony Seminary in Santa Barbara, California. He married Princess Astrid of Sweden in Stockholm on 4 November 1926.

On 29 August 1935, the King and Queen were driving along the winding, narrow roads near their villa at Küssnacht am Rigi, Schwyz, Switzerland on the shores of Lake Lucerne. Leopold lost control of the car which plunged into the lake, killing Queen Astrid and her unborn fourth child.

Leopold married Lilian Baels on 11 September 1941 in a secret, religious ceremony. It was not valid under Belgian law.

In 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered Leopold deported to Germany. Princess Liliane followed the next day under an SS armed guard. The Nazis held the family in a fort at Hirschstein in Saxony from June 1944 to March 1945, and then at Strobl, Austria.

Leopold was freed by the United States in early May 1945. Because of the controversy about his conduct during the war, Leopold III and his wife and children were unable to return to Belgium. They spent the next six years in exile at Pregny-Chambésy near Geneva, Switzerland. A regency under his brother Prince Charles had been made by the Legislature in 1944.

On his return to Belgium in 1950, Leopold was met with one of the most violent strikes in the history of Belgium. The country stood on the edge of civil war. Belgian banners were replaced by Walloon flags in Liège and other municipalities of Wallonia. To avoid tearing the country apart, and to keep the monarchy, Leopold decided on 1 August 1950 to withdraw in favour of his 20-year-old son Baudouin.

In retirement, he followed his passion as an amateur social anthropologist and entomologist and travelled the world. He went, for instance, to Senegal and he explored the Orinoco and the Amazon with Heinrich Harrer.

Leopold died in 1983 at Woluwe-Saint-Lambert.

## References
Prince-Bishopric of Liège

The **Bishopric of Liège** or **Prince-Bishopric of Liège** was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium.  It got its status as a prince-bishopric between 980 and 985. Bishop Notger became Prince-Bishop after he received secular control of the County of Huy from the emperor .

The Prince-Bishopric belonged from 1500 on to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. It was headed by the Prince-Bishop of Liège. Its land included most of the present Belgian provinces of Liège and Limburg, and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. The capital was Liège. It was added into France in 1795.
Seventeen Provinces

The **Seventeen Provinces** were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century.  The lands were about the same as the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, French Flanders), and a small part of Western Germany.

The Seventeen Provinces were first held by the Dukes of Burgundy of the House of Valois.  Later they were held by the Habsburgs. From 1512 the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle.

## Composition 
The map matches to the following provinces:

#the County of Artois
#the County of Flanders, including the burgraviates of Lille, Douai, Orchies, the Lordship of Tournai and the Tournaisis
#the Lordship of Mechelen
#the County of Namur
#the County of Hainaut
#the County of Zeeland
#the County of Holland
#the Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp, the counties of Leuven and of Brussels, and the advocacy of the Abbey of Nivelles and of Gembloux
#the Duchy of Limburg, including the counties of Dalhem and Valkenburg and the Lordship of Herzogenrath
#the Duchy of Luxembourg
#the Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht
#the Lordship of Frisia
#the Duchy of Guelders
#the Lordship of Groningen (including the Ommelanden)
#the Lordship of Drenthe, Lingen, Wedde, and Westerwolde
#the Lordship of Overijssel
#the County of Zutphen

It was not always the same *Seventeen* Provinces.
Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

The **Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium** is one of the most famous museums in Belgium.

## The museum
The museums are in the capital of Brussels in the downtown area on the Coudenberg. There are four museums. Two of them, the Museum of Ancient Art and the Museum of Modern Art, Brussels, are in the main building. The other two, the Constantin Meunier Museum and the Antoine Wiertz Museum, are dedicated to specific Belgian artists.  They are much smaller and are a few kilometers from the city center.

The Royal Museum has over 20,000 drawings, sculptures, and paintings, which date from the early 15th century to the present. The museum has a large collection of Flemish painting, among them  paintings by Bruegel and Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens. The museum is also proud of its "Rubens Room", which houses more than 20 paintings by the artist.

## The building
The main building, which now houses the *Museum of Ancient Art*, was built as the Palais des Beaux-Arts.  It was designed by Belgian architect Alphonse Balat and paid for by King Leopold II. The building was completed in 1887. 

## Other websites
*Official website
Regional lockout

**Regional lockout** is something used to prevent the playing of media for device, sold in another country. It can be programming practice, code, chip, or physical barrier. Regional lockout may be used in movies, video games and computer printers. The DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and UMD media formats all support the use of region coding

## Related pages
* 10NES
* NTSC
* PAL region
10NES

The **10NES** system is a lock-out system. It was designed for North American and European versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System video game console. It is used to prevent pirated games and games from other regions to be played, but various companies found ways to bypass the authorization chip.

## Related pages 
* Regional lockout
Lintong District

**Lingtong District** (, pinyin:Líntóng Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in east of Xi'an, and about  from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east. Gaoling District, Baqiao District and Xianyang Municipality are to the west. Lantian County is to the south. Yanliang District is to the north. The district covers . As of November 2010, 655,874 people lived there.

Long ago it called **Yueyang** (栎阳). Firstly, Lingtong District called Lingtong County, and belong to Weinan Municipality. Then it was given to Xi'an. In 1988, it renamed to Lingtong District.

Lingtong is famous for tours, there are many monuments. It's also important for Xi'an, in military.

## References
Wastebasket taxon

s are assorted groups of bovids that are not goats, sheep or cattle.]]

A **wastebasket taxon**  is a term used by biologists for a taxon which has organisms that do not fit anywhere else. 

Species or groups are put in the wastebasket taxon when they do not fit into one of the regular taxa. Regular taxa are supposed to be monophyletic. By definition, wastebasket taxa are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Their name may still be very useful to biologists, because its members may be an important evolutionary grade. Antelopes are a group which is ecologically very important, and have many similar features. However, they are not monophyletic. Species are called 'antelopes' if they look like one.

Invertebrates are often called the "everything-else" category, meaning all animals without backbones. Little-known fossil groups are sometimes later found to be wastebasket taxa. The crocodile-like Triassic group Rauisuchia is an example.  

Loosely related animals often look rather alike. This is because they adapt to similar environments. This leads to convergent evolution.

## References
Thomas Brisbane

Sir **Thomas Makdougall Brisbane** (July 23, 1773 – January 27, 1860) was the sixth Governor of New South Wales. Brisbane was very interested in astronomy and brought two assistant astronomers to Australia with him. When he went back to England, he left his books, telescopes and other equipment behind as gift, and these were the beginnings of the Sydney Observatory.

The Brisbane River was named after Sir Thomas, and the capital city of Queensland, takes its name from the river.

## References
Ruanda-Urundi

**Ruanda-Urundi** was a part of German East Africa. Belgian troops invaded during World War I. The military occupation lasted from 1916 to 1924 when the territory came under Belgian rule. In 1964 it became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.

## Royal administrators 
### Royal Commissioners 
* Justin Malfeyt (November 1916-May 1919)
* Alfred Frédéric Gérard Marzorati (May 1919-August 1926)

### Governors (Deputy Governors-General of the Belgian Congo) 
* Alfred Frédéric Gérard Marzorati (August 1926-February 1929)
* Louis Joseph Postiaux (February 1929-July 1930)
* Charles Henri Joseph Voisin (July 1930-August 1932)
* Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers (August 1932-July 1946)
* Maurice Simon (July 1946-August 1949)
* Léon Antoine Marie Pétillon (August 1949-January 1952)
* Alfred Claeys Boùùaert (January 1952-March 1955)
* Jean-Paul Harroy (March 1955-January 1962)
Burgundian Netherlands

In the history of the Low Countries, the **Burgundian Netherlands**  means a number of Imperial and French fiefs.  These were ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482. The area was large parts of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as Luxembourg and parts of northern France.

## Rulers
The Burgundian dukes who ruled the Netherlandish territories were:

House of Valois, territorial Dukes of Burgundy
*Philip the Bold (1384–1405), son of King John II of France, by his wife Margaret III of Flanders
*John the Fearless (1405–1419), son
*Philip the Good (1419–1467), son
*Charles the Bold (1467–1477), son

House of Valois, titular Duchess of Burgundy
*Mary of Burgundy (1477–1482), Charles' daughter, married Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1477

House of Habsburg, titular Dukes of Burgundy (see Habsburg Netherlands)
*Philip the Handsome (1482–1506), Mary's son; Maximilian I, his father, as regent (1482–1493)
*Charles V (1506–1555), Philip's son; Margaret of Austria, regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530)
The Brown Bunny

***The Brown Bunny*** is an explicit 2003 drama movie. It stars Vincent Gallo and Chloë Sevigny. Gallo wrote, produced and directed it. It was unrated when released but is extremely similar to an NC-17. It was controversial at the time of its release.

## Cast
* Vincent Gallo as Bud Clay
* Chloë Sevigny as Daisy
* Cheryl Tiegs as Lilly
* Elizabeth Blake as Rose
* Anna Vareschi as Violet
* Mary Morasky as Mrs. Lemon
* Rick Doucette (*uncredited*) as Featured racer

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Rembert Dodoens

**Rembert Dodoens** (29 June 1517 &ndash; 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist.  He is also known by his Latinized name **Rembertus Dodonaeus**.

## Biography
Dodoens was born in Mechelen.  In 1530 he began his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the University of Leuven. He graduated in 1535. He became a physician in Mechelen in 1538. He married Kathelijne De Bruyn(e) in 1539. He had a short stay in Basel (1542–1546). He turned down a chair at the University of Leuven in 1557. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of emperor Philip II of Spain. He became the court physician of the Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna (1575–1578). He then became professor in medicine at the University of Leiden in 1582, and remained there until his death.

Dodoens wrote *Cruydeboeck*  in 1554. In his times, it was the most translated book after the Bible. It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries.

The plant genus *Dodonaea* was named after him by Carolus Linnaeus.

## References
Good Will Hunting

***Good Will Hunting*** is a 1997 American drama movie directed by Gus Van Sant, written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, and stars Robin Williams, Damon (who played Will Hunting), Affleck, Stellan Skarsgård and Minnie Driver. Filming in Boston, Massachusetts. it was released on December 5, 1997.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Andreas Vesalius

**Andreas Vesalius** (31 December 1514 &ndash; 15 October 1564) was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author.  He wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, *De humani corporis fabrica* (*On the Fabric of the Human Body*). Vesalius is often called the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius is the Latinized form of **Andries van Wesel**. He is sometimes also called **Andreas Vesal**, **André Vesalio** and **Andre Vesale**.

Anatomies had been published before, but those of Vesalius were in a different class. They were based on actual dissections of human bodies (after death). And the drawings were artwork of the highest class. 

Dissections of cadavers (dead human bodies) was forbidden for many centuries, and this limited previous work on anatomy. Before Vesalius, most information about the human body came from Galen.  By dissecting human bodies, Vesalius showed that many of the things Galen wrote about were wrong. Galen was primarily misinformed about the human heart, liver and lower jaw bone. It was found that Galen's work was based on Barbary apes, but he also dissected pigs, which led to even more inaccurate observations.

Vesalius was invited to be the Imperial physician of Emperor Charles V.  After the abdication of Emperor Charles V he continued at court in great favour with the Emperor's son Philip II.

## References
San Miguel River (Ecuador)

**San Miguel River** is a river in Ecuador and Peru. It forms an international border between the two countries.
## References
*Army Corps of Engineers (1998). *Water Resources Assessment of Ecuador* 
*St. John, Ronald Bruce (1994). *The Boundary Between Ecuador and Peru* (Boundary and Territory Briefing). International Boundaries Research Unit.
Quasi-War

The **Quasi-War** was an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French Republic between 1798 and 1801.
Mock the Week

***Mock the Week*** is a British topical celebrity comedy panel game. It was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson. It is presented by Dara Ó Briain. It began on 5 June 2005 and is shown BBC Two. Two teams of three celebrities compete to answer questions about events during the past week. Its current regular panel member is comedian Hugh Dennis. Comedians Chris Addison, Rory Bremner, Frankie Boyle, Russell Howard and Andy Parsons previously served as regular panel members.

## Other websites 
*Official website
*
*
Rate of fire

**Rate of fire** is how fast a weapon can fire or launch its projectiles. It is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min), or per second (RPS or round/s). Pistols usually have a very slow RPM, which large machine guns may get up to 1000 RPM. The *M61 Vulcan*, a gatling-gun, could fire around 6000 RPM in tests.
Heckler & Koch G11

**G11** is a German assault rifle. It was invented by Heckler & Koch in the years between 1968 and 1990. It is able to shoot in semi automatic, or single shot, 3 round burst, or full auto. The magazine held 45 or 50  of the 4,73mm caseless rounds. The German army (Bundeswehr) and the US Army tested the weapon but they didn't want it because it was too expensive after the Cold War. So it stayed to be a prototype and never got into mass production.

## References
The Death of Socrates (painting)

***The Death of Socrates*** () is a 1787 oil on canvas painting by the French painter Jacques-Louis David.

It shows the death of Greek philosopher Socrates.  He was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock.  He was sentenced to die because his ideas were against those of Athens.  It was also for  the minds of the youth. The painting also shows both Crito and Plato.  Crito is sitting sadly at the edge of the bed.  Plato is holding the knee of Socrates.  Socrates had the choice to go into exile or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, a red-robed disciple hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens is his love of the gods and fearless attitude to his death.

This painting is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

## Other websites
**Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution*, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this painting (see index)
**The Death of Socrates*  on Google Art Project
Ernest Solvay

in 1911. Ernest Solvay is the third seated from the left. Solvay wasn't present at the time the photo was taken, so his photo was cut and pasted onto this one for the official release]]

**Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay** (16 April 1838 &ndash; 26 May 1922) was a Belgian chemist, industrialist, politician and philanthropist.

In 1861, he made the ammonia-soda process to make soda ash.  The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process.

He founded the company Solvay & Cie.  The first factory was at Couillet in 1863. Soon, Solvay process plants were in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Austria. Today, about 70 Solvay process plants are still working worldwide.

In 1903, he founded the Solvay Business School which is part of the Free University of Brussels.

He elected two times to the Belgian Senate. He was Minister of State at the end of his life. Solvay, New York and Rosignano Solvay, the locations of the first Solvay process plants in the United States and in Italy, are named after him.

Solvay died at Ixelles.
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers

**Egide Charles Gustave, Baron Wappers** (23 August 1803 Antwerp – 6 December 1874 Paris), better known as **Gustave Wappers**, was a Belgian painter.

## Biography
He studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, and during 1826 in Paris. The Romantic movement with its new ideas about art and politics was happening in France. Wappers was the first Belgian artist to use this form.  His first painting, "The Devotion of the Burgomaster of Leiden," appeared at the right time.  It had much success in the Brussels Salon during 1830, the year of the Belgian Revolution.

 of 1830 (1834)'', Museum of Ancient Art, Brussels.]]
Wappers was invited to the court at Brussels. In 1832 the city of Antwerp made him Professor of Painting.

He showed his masterpiece, "Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830" at the Antwerp Salon in 1834. He was then made painter to Leopold, King of the Belgians. At the death of Matthieu-Ignace Van Brée in 1839 he was raised to director of the Antwerp Academy. One of his students was Ford Madox Brown, another was the Czech history painter Karel Javůrek.

He has many works.  Some of them in traditional devotional modes, while others show the Romantic view of history.

After retiring as director of the Antwerp Academy, he lived in 1853 in Paris.  He died in 1873.

## References
## Other websites
*
Zenobe Gramme

**Zénobe Théophile Gramme** (4 April 1826, Amay – 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He invented the Gramme machine.  

The Gramme machine was a type of direct current dynamo.  It made smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than other dynamos.
Russell Brand's Ponderland

'''''Russell Brand's Ponderland''''' is a British comedy television programme. It is presented by Russell Brand and was first shown on Channel 4 in 2007 and 2008. Brand talks about a different topic in each episode, showing clips of archive footage and commenting on them.   

## Other websites 
*
Leo Baekeland

**Leo Hendrik Baekeland** (Ghent , November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist.  He invented Velox photographic paper (1893).  He also made Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic, which marks the beginning of the modern plastics industry.

## References
Phil Esposito

**Philip Anthony Esposito**, OC  (born February 20, 1942 ) is a Canadian of Italian heritage, and a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre. Born in Canada, he made his home in the USA where his sporting career was based. He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.  It is said he is one of the best players in the National Hockey League. Phil is the older brother of Tony Esposito.  Tony is a goaltender and he is also a Hall-of-Famer.

In 1972, Phil Esposito captained the Canadian team for the eight-match "Summit Series" which pitted them against the Soviet Union. The Canadians unexpectedly lost the first game held in Montreal. When they lost game four, Phil Esposito was interviewed on the ice rink afterwards, berating the fans for turning on their team. The Canadian team went on to win the series thanks to a goal by Paul Henderson in the last minute of the final game. The series involved multiple incidents of unsportsmanlike play from both sides, including the notorious incident in game seven when the Canadian player, Bobby Clarke, deliberately slashed the Soviet player Valeri Kharlamov (no. 17), breaking a bone in his ankle. Kharlamov's career, and the super series have been dramatized in the film Legend No. 17.  

After retiring as a player, Esposito was head coach and general manager for the New York Rangers.  Then he started the Tampa Bay Lightning. He worked for the NHL on Fox from 1995 to 1998. He is now Tampa Bay's radio announcer.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lantian County

**Lantian County** (, pinyin:Lántián Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southeast part of Xi'an. Qinling Mountains is south of it. It covers . As of November 2010, 514,026 people lived there. It is famous for Lantian jade. Its main work is agriculture and tourism.

## References