open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pluto (mythology)

(as Isis), Cerberus, and Pluto (as Serapis), from Gortys (Archaeological Museum of Heraklion).]]

**Pluto** is the god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Pluto is also known as **Hades**  in Greek mythology. Pluto is also the god of wealth because diamonds and other jewels come from underground.

A myth about Pluto is that he took Proserpina, who was the daughter of Ceres, to the underworld to be his wife. Ceres cried and did not let plants grow on the Earth. People needed the plants so much that the god Jupiter made Pluto give her up. The deal they worked out was that for six months, Pluto got Proserpina. While Proserpina was in the underworld, no plants could grow on Earth and it was winter. When Proserpina went back to her mother, it was summer. This was how the Romans explained the seasons. Pluto also had a three-headed dog named Cerberus that guarded the gates to the underworld.

The dwarf planet Pluto was named after this god. 

## Related pages
* Hades - Greek mythology version of Pluto
Maoism

**Maoism** is a form of communism based on the teachings of the Chinese leader Mao Zedong, who  led the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to victory in the Chinese Civil War, and he ruled China from 1949 until his death in 1976. Maoism is a version of Marxism–Leninism as well as Stalinism that Mao adapted to fit the conditions of China, which was at the time a mostly-rural country. Mao believed that peasants (farmers), not just workers in factories, could lead a communist revolution to change society.

 in Lijiang]]

## Overview 
Maoism is based on the ideas of Mao Zedong. Like Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, Mao believed in a society where there is no class difference and where the means of production are shared by everyone.

In traditional Marxism, it is the urban working class (called the proletariat) that  leads the revolution. However, in China, most people were peasants and worked on farms. Mao believed that the peasants could be the main force of the revolution.

Mao also wanted China to become industrialized. He led campaigns like the Great Leap Forward (1958–1962) to try to quickly change China from a farming society into an industrial one. However, the Great Leap Forward failed and led to a severe famine in which millions of people died because of the lack of food.

### Cultural Revolution 
In 1966, Mao started the Cultural Revolution to reassert his control over the Chinese Communist Party and to remove what he considered "capitalist" or "traditional" elements from Chinese society. He encouraged young people to join the Red Guards, who attacked and publicly humiliated people they saw as enemies of the revolution.

The Cultural Revolution caused chaos in China. Schools and universities were closed, historical and cultural sites were destroyed, and many people were persecuted or killed. The era lasted until Mao's death in 1976.

### After Mao's Death 
After Mao died, leaders like Deng Xiaoping changed many of his policies. They moved China towards a "socialist market economy" by introducing economic reforms that allowed private businesses and foreign investment. While the party still controls the government, China's economy now includes both state-owned and private companies.

## Influence 
Maoism has influenced communist movements in other countries, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Some groups have tried to use Mao's ideas of "people's war" and peasant-led revolution. Examples include movements in Nepal, India, and Peru.

## Related pages 
* Russian Civil War
* Chinese Civil War
* Communism
* Karl Marx
* Vladimir Lenin
* Joseph Stalin
* Pol Pot 
* History of the People's Republic of China

## References 
## Other websites 
* Guiding Thought of Revolution: The Heart of Maoism – International project
* Marx2Mao.org – Mao Internet Library
* The Encyclopedia of Marxism – Mao Zedong Thought
* The Encyclopedia of Marxism – Mao's life
* *Monthly Review* January 2005  Text of the leaflets distributed by the Zhengzhou Four.
* World Revolution Media  Maoist revolutionary film, music, and art archive
* Batchelor, J. Maoism and Classical Marxism , Clio History Journal, 2009.
Johnny Cash

**John Ray** "**Johnny**" **Cash** (born **J. R. Cash**; February 26, 1932&nbsp;– September 12, 2003) was a Grammy Award-winning American musician, actor and author. He is considered one of the most important musicians of the 20th century. He is well known for his country music, his music spanned many other genres, including gospel, folk and rock and roll. Because of this, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. He died from diabetes on September 12, 2003 when he was 71 years old.

## Early Life
Cash was born J. R. Cash in Kingsland, Arkansas in the United States on February 26, 1932. His parents named him J.R. Cash because they could not decide on his name between John and Ray. He only started using the name "Johnny Cash" when he joined the Air Force. He started working in fields when he was five years old, singing with his family. He had an older brother, Jack, who died when Johnny was 12. Cash started smoking at 12 years old.

Cash's first memories had a lot of gospel music in. He was taught by his mother and her friend to play the guitar and sing. When he was 18, he joined the United States Air Force where he made his first band, called 'The Landsberg Barbarians'. He left the military in 1954.

Cash was arrested multiple times, once breaking his toe when he tried escaping by kicking the bars of his jail cell. He was 71 years old. Cash was buried next to his wife, June Carter Cash, who had died 4 months earlier.

## Success
Cash sold over 90 million records in his nearly fifty-year career, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time.

## Related pages 
*Personal Jesus (song that Cash has covered)
*List of country musicians from Arkansas

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Johnny Cash Video 
*
John Landis

**John Landis** (born August 3, 1950) is an American movie director. Landis was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Los Angeles, California. He started his career working as a mailboy at 20th Century Fox.

Some of his movies are:

* *The Kentucky Fried Movie*
* ''National Lampoon's Animal House*
* *The Blues Brothers*
* *An American Werewolf in London*
* *Trading Places*
* *Into the Night''

He directed the music videos for Michael Jackson's "Thriller" and "Black or White". "Thriller" won the Video Vanguard Award for The Greatest Video in the History of the World.

## Other websites 
*
Edith Massey

**Edith Massey** (May 25, 1918 - October 24, 1984) was an American actress.

She acted in several of director John Waters' most well-known movies: *Multiple Maniacs*, *Pink Flamingos*, *Female Trouble*, *Desperate Living*, and *Polyester*. Waters discovered Massey as a waitress in a Baltimore, Maryland, USA bar he and his friends frequented.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Massey capitalized on her Waters infamy by touring as the lead singer of a punk band (Edie and the Eggs) and opening a thrift store in Baltimore called Edith's Shopping Bag.

Director Robert Maier made a documentary short about her in 1975 called *Love Letter to Edie*.
1875

## Events 
* March 3 – Georges Bizet's Carmen debuts in Paris
* Wadworth Brewery founded.

## Births 
* February 2 – Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist and composer
* February 28 – Christie MacDonald, actress and singer
* May – Paul Sarebresole
* July 26 – Carl Jung
* September 3 – Ferdinand Porsche, German car designer

## Deaths 
* June 3 – Georges Bizet

## Published music
* "Angels, Meet Me At the Cross Road"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w.m. Will Hays
* "Carve Dat Possum" by Sam Lucas & Herbert Hershy
* "Dreaming Forever of Thee" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w.m. John Hill Hewitt
* "Grandfather's Clock"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w.m. Henry C. Work
* "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w.m. Thomas P. Westendorf
* "Nancy Lee" w. Frederick Edward Weatherly, m. Stephen Adams (pseudonym of Michael Maybrick)
* "The Witches Flight (Galop Caprice)" by Henry A. Russell

## Musical theater 
* *Trial By Jury*, Gilbert & Sullivan, London production opened at the Royalty Theatre on March 25
* *Trial By Jury* Philadelphia production opened at the Arch Street Theatre on October 22
* *Trial By Jury*, New York production opened at the Eagle Theatre on November 15
* *The Zoo*, Lyrics and Book: Bolton Rowe Music: Arthur Sullivan, London production opened at St. James Theatre on June 5
Ankst

**Ankst** is a Welsh independent record label formed in 1988 at Aberystwyth University. Ankst has been the launch-pad for several popular Welsh artists, including Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The label is now based in Pentraeth on Anglesey.

## Other websites
*Official website
T. S. Eliot

**Thomas Stearns Eliot** OM (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965) was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.

## Early life
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college at Harvard. He spent most of his adult life in London, England. He became a British citizen in 1928.

## Career
One famous book of his was written for children and is called ''The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats*. The songs in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical *Cats* are based on poems in it. He also wrote "The Waste Land", a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called Modernism. His friend, Ezra Pound, another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and his play *Murder in the Cathedral'' (about Thomas Becket) are also well known.

## Personal life and death
Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called Faber and Faber. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died of emphysema in London.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
*List of poets from the United States
Andrew Lloyd Webber

, November 2008]]
**Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber** (born 22 March 1948) is a British composer and impresario of musical theatre. His company, the Really Useful Group, is one of the largest theatre operators in London.

## Career 
In 2018, Webber became one of fifteen people to win an Oscar, Grammy, Tony and Emmy Award.

During his career, he has produced 15 musicals (several have run at the West End and on Broadway for ten or more years). His lyricists have included: Tim Rice, Don Black, Christopher Hampton, Richard Stilgoe, and Ben Elton. He wrote the music for two movies: *Gumshoe* and *The Odessa File*. He wrote a Latin requiem mass. He has won many awards for his work, most notably seven Tony Awards, three Grammy Awards, an Oscar, an International Emmy, six Olivier Awards, and a Golden Globe Award. He had an operation and has recovered.

## Musicals
He has many musical plays, including:

* *Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat* (1967)
* *Jesus Christ Superstar* (1970)
* *Evita* (1976)
* *Cats* (1981)
* *Song and Dance* (1982)
* *Starlight Express* (1984)
* *Phantom of the Opera* (1984): as an idea, (1985): Started development and 1st debut, (1986): as 2 pop singles early that year and in October 9th 1st public debut
* *Aspects of Love* (1989)
* *Sunset Blvd.* (1993)
* *By Jeeves* (1996), a rewritten 1974 show
* *Whistle Down the Wind* (1998)
* *The Beautiful Game* (2000)
* *The Woman in White* (2004)
* *Love Never Dies* (2010)

## References
Bob Kane

**Bob Kane** (October 24, 1915 – November 3, 1998) was an American cartoonist. He is best known for creating the superhero Batman with Bill Finger.

## References
Batman

**Batman** is a fictional character created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in the DC Comics and movies as well as one of the most famous superheroes in DC. Batman is the secret identity of the very rich and successful businessman **Bruce Wayne**. He first appeared in comic books and was later used in several radio series, movies, TV programs, books, and video games. There are also many toys and other merchandise dealing with Batman and other characters and items from the world he lives in. Batman lives in the fictional city of Gotham. And he had a sidekick called Robin.

## Comic book 
 Adam West as Batman in the 1960s]]
Batman was first named "The Bat-Man" by Kane. He was the second DC superhero to be created. The first was Superman.
** 2016 *Suicide Squad*
** 2017 *Justice League*
** 2021 ''Zack Snyder's Justice League*
** 2023 *The Flash* 
* 2022–present *The Batman Movies* by Robert Pattinson
** 2022 *The Batman*
* 2022 *DC League of Super-Pets'' by Keanu Reeves

## Notes
## References
Val Kilmer

**Val Edward Kilmer** (December 31, 1959 &ndash; April 1, 2025) was an American actor, best known for his roles in *Top Gun*, *Tombstone*, *The Doors*, *Heat* and *Batman Forever*. He was married to Joanne Whalley from 1988 until they divorced in 1996. The couple had a daughter and son.

## Health and death
In January 2015, aged 55, Kilmer was hospitalized for massive bleeding in his throat. In December 2017, aged 57, Kilmer said he had a "two-year battle with throat cancer...and a procedure on his trachea has reduced his voice to a rasp and rendered him short of breath."

Kilmer died on April 1, 2025 from pneumonia caused by respiratory failure and squamous-cell carcinoma of the throat in Los Angeles, California at the age of 65.

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites 
* Kilmer's Official website
* 
*
Eva Gabor

**Eva Gabor** (February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995) was a Hungarian-American actress. She was born in Budapest. She was best known for her role as Lisa Douglas on the television series, *Green Acres*. Her elder sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda Gabor, were also actresses and socialites. She died of pneumonia on July 4, 1995 in Los Angeles, California.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
*
Athlete

**Athlete**(**s**) may refer to:

* A person who is involved in Athletics (sport), which involves track and field events, long distance, cross-country and road running, and race walking
* Sportsperson, a person who participates regularly in a sport
* In college recruiting for American football, "athlete" refers specifically to an individual with strong all-around athletic ability that indicates the potential to succeed at multiple positions.
* Athlete of the Year
* Athlete (band), an English indie rock band
** *Athlete* (EP), an EP by the band
* *Athlete* (film), a 2010 sports documentary film
* ATHLETE, All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer, a lunar rover under development by NASA
* *Athletes* (moth), a Saturniinae moth genus
* *The Athlete*, a 2009 film

## Related pages
* Athletics (disambiguation)
Snoopy

**Snoopy** is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip *Peanuts*, by Charles M. Schulz. Born on the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, Snoopy began as a background character.  Eventually he stood on his hind legs and became a main character. Snoopy has many alter egos, and many siblings.

Snoopy's doghouse looks small from the outside, but the inside is much bigger, like the Tardis from Doctor Who. He has many things in his house, including a TV set, Van Gogh painting, pool table, cedar closet, and many other things. It has been destroyed multiple times, including being burnt down, destroyed by a falling icicle, and being smashed by the violent cat who lives next door.

## Snoopy's family
*Spike, brother, who lives in a desert in Needles, California.
*Olaf, brother, lives with Andy.  He is fat, or "roly-poly" as he describes himself.
*Andy, brother, lives with Olaf. He is very shaggy.
*Marbles, brother, doesn't understand Snoopy's fantasies.
*Belle, sister, is cute and fashionable.
*Rover is yet another one of Snoopy's brothers. He doesn't appear in the comic strip, only in the movies/TV shows.
*Molly, sister. Like Rover, she appears only in certain movies/TV shows.
*Missy is Snoopy's mother.
*Arina is the wife that did not appear in any movies/or TV shows, however was mentioned in comic strips in 70s.

## Snoopy's costumes
Snoopy has many alter egos. Most are "World Famous".
*Joe Cool: He is a cool college student and likes girls.
*World War I Flying Ace: He is a fighter pilot who flies a Sopwith Camel (actually Snoopy's dog house).
*World Famous Author: He writes many stories. Most of his stories begin with "It was a dark and stormy night...", and most are also not very good.
*World Famous Lawyer: He is a lawyer who loves to sue people and also loves eating doughnuts. 
*World Famous Beagle Scout: He is a scout troop leader. The scouts in his troop are Woodstock (Snoopy's best friend) and a few birds that Woodstock is friends with.

## References
## Other websites
*The page about Snoopy at the Peanuts Wiki.
Keanu Reeves

**Keanu Charles Reeves** (born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles in movies like the *Bill and Ted* series, *The Matrix* series, *Speed*, and *John Wick*. He also played John Constantine in the 2005 movie *Constantine*.

At age 9, he started his acting career by appearing onstage, and at age 14, he appeared in Canadian television series and commercials.  He also appeared in short movies and stage work in early 1980s. Keanu acted his first significant role in ''River's Edge* (1987), and the next year (1988), he appeared in some movies such as *Dangerous Liaisons* and *Permanent Record*.  In 1989, he appeared in the successful comedy *Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure*, which was one of the *Bill and Ted* series.  In 2008 he played the alien in *The Day the Earth Stood Still*.

In 2014, he began playing John Wick in three movies: *John Wick*, *John Wick: Chapter 2* and *John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum*. In 2022, he voiced Batman / Bruce Wayne in the animated movie *DC League of Super-Pets''.

## Early life
Reeves was born in Beirut, Lebanon. He is the son of Patricia Bond (née Taylor), an English-born costume designer/performer, and Samuel Nowlin Reeves, Jr. His father, who is a Hawaiian-born American, has English, Native Hawaiian, Chinese, Irish, and Portuguese ancestry. Reeves has said: "My grandmother is Chinese and Hawaiian, so I was around Chinese art, furniture and cuisine when I was growing up". He is named after his uncle, and his first name is a Hawaiian word that means 'cool breeze over the mountains'.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Annapolis, Maryland

**Annapolis** is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the census in 2020, it’s population was 40,812. It is home to the United States Naval Academy, where the United States Naval Officers get their training. It is also home to Saint John's College, originally King William's School founded in 1696. Annapolis is the oldest seat of government still in service in America.

## History
Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Congress was in session in the state house from November 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784, and it was in Annapolis on December 23, 1783 that General Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

## Chesapeake Bay
Annapolis is also known as the sailing capital of the U.S. It is on Chesapeake Bay, the largest inland tidal estuary in the world. The Chesapeake Bay can not sustain the higher life that once filled these waters, and 3 of the main harvests need to be re-stocked by man in order to maintain 1/10th (or less) of the numbers - Oysters and Rockfish, and more recently as reported in the Capital, Blue Crab stocks are at an all-time and ever-decreasing low, with scientists from University of Maryland researching how to raise crabs for re-introduction.

## Nature
Chesapeake Bay Native plants and animals are often crowded out by invasive species which are more hardy to the now-polluted environment. Fragmites, the Chinese Mitten Crab, English Ivy, and the Mute Swan are examples of invasive species thriving in this man-altered environment.

## Transport
Annapolis is the only capital city in America east of the Mississippi River without any rail transportation.

## References
Tron

***Tron*** otherwise referred to as ***GX-12***, is a 1982 American science fiction movie released by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie stars Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn (and Gold-Clu System), Bruce Boxleitner as Dr. Alan T. Bradley (and Blue-Tron), Cindy Morgan as Dr. Lora Baines (and Yori), Dan Shor as Roy Zack Kleinberg (and Ram), Barnard Hughes as Dr. Walter Gibbs, Ph.D. (and Dumont), Peter Jurasik as Crom Henderson and Edie Mirman as the Encom 511 Mainframe. David Warner plays the villain Ed Dillinger (and Cmdr. Dr. Red-Sark, as well as the voice of the Master Control Program Cone General Hologram) and Stuart Thomas plays the henchman Peter (and Lt. Alu). It was directed by Steven Lisberger. As one of the first movies to use computer animations extensively, *Tron* has a distinctive visual style.

The music for the movie was written by Wendy Carlos, and there were also two songs from the band Journey.

Even though it got mixed success soon after its debut, *Tron* has gained a cult following thanks to its computer-generated imagery (CGI) and hero story. Several video games have been based on it.

A twentieth anniversary DVD edition came out in 2002. In early 2005, Disney revealed plans for a sequel. The sequel was called *Tron Legacy* and was released in 2010. It tells the story of Flynn's son Sam.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Michael Moore

**Michael Francis Moore** (born April 23, 1954 in Davison, Michigan, USA) is an American writer and moviemaker. He is known for his strong liberal political views. He often expresses them using humor and satire. His work includes *Roger & Me*, *Fahrenheit 9/11*, *Sicko*, and *Bowling for Columbine,* and the satire show *TV Nation*. He has also written books including ''Dude, Where's My Country?* and *Will They Ever Trust Us Again?*.

## Youth
Until 1972, Moore went to Davison High School. When he was 18, he was elected to the Davison School Board. There he met Kathleen Glynn.

## His job as a journalist
At the age of 22, Moore left school. He started an alternative magazine called *The Flint Voice*. He was the editor of the magazine for ten years. After that, Moore was hired as managing editor of the magazine *Mother Jones* in San Francisco. After five months, he left the editorial staff because of a dispute. After that he went back to Flint, Michigan.

## Political activities
Moore has been a strong critic against Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. He supported Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election, and Barack Obama over Hillary Clinton in the 2008 presidential election. In December 2015, Moore announced his support for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election. Moore has stated that Sanders is a "candidate not to be messed with"

## Movies by Moore
*Roger & Me (1989)
*Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint (1992) (TV movie)
*Canadian Bacon (1995)
*The Big One (1997)
*And Justice for All (1998) (TV movie)
*Bowling for Columbine (2002)
*Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)
*Sicko (2007)
*Captain Mike Across America (2007)
*Slacker Uprising (2008)
*Capitalism: A Love Story (2009)
*Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018)

## Books by Moore 
* *Downsize This!  Random Threats from an Unarmed American* (1997)
* *Adventures in a TV Nation: The Stories Behind America's Most Outrageous TV Show* (with Kathleen Glynn) (1998)
* *Dude, Where's My Country?* (2003)
* *Stupid White Men... and Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation* (2004)
* *The Official* Fahrenheit 9/11 *Reader* (2004)
* *Will They Ever Trust Us Again?  Letters from the War Zone* (2004)
* *Mike's Election Guide 2008* (2008)
* *Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life'' (2012) (a memoir)

## Criticism
Douglas Murray criticized Moore for saying that "Every problem in the world, look at it and behind it you've got white men".
## References
## Other websites
;General
* 
* 
* 
* The Populist: Michael Moore Can Make You Cry / *New Yorker* (February 16, 2004)
* America's Teacher  by Naomi Klein, *The Nation*, September 23, 2009
;Interviews
* A 2007 NOW on PBS interview with Michael Moore 
* Michael Moore on His Life, His Films and His Activism – video interview by *Democracy Now!*
* Michael Moore on 2010 Midterm Elections, the Tea Party, and the Future of the Democratic Party
**In Depth* interview with Moore, October 2, 2011
Hawaiian Punch

**Hawaiian Punch** is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1934 by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1962, the character of Punchy was introduced in a commercial for Hawaiian Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey, how about a nice Hawaiian Punch!"

It currently comes in the following flavors:
* **Fruit Juicy Red:** the original flavor
* **Green Berry Rush:** strawberry and kiwifruit
* '''Mazin' Melon Mix:** melon
* **Bodacious Berry:** berry
* **Tropical Vibe:** orange
* **Wild Purple Smash:''' grape and berry

The drink has its name because some of original recipe's main ingredients come from Hawaii.

## The Fruit Punch 
**The Fruit Punch** is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1928 by Los Angeles, California, and Red Buttons as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1988, the character of Peep was introduced in a commercial for The Fruit Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey! How about a nice Fruit Punch!"

### Cast 
* Keith Scott - Peep
* Frank Gorshin - Quack
Marker

A **marker** is a writing device that allows a person to draw, write, or scribble. Ink comes out of the tip of the marker and onto the writing surface, commonly a piece of paper. Markers generally come in a variety of different colors. They are sometimes referred to as "magic markers", or magic pens.

The tip of the marker where ink comes out from is usually made of cloth. This allows the ink to go through easily. A lot of ink can come out from it at one time.

## Marker types 
* **Whiteboard markers** are marker pens in which the ink can be rubbed out easily with tissues or dusters.
* **Permanent markers** are markers which the ink cannot be rubbed off.
Light pollution

**Light pollution** is a type of pollution. It is defined as “any adverse (or bad) effect as a result of man-made lights.” Usually, this means too much light. Several species, including plants and humans, are badly affected by light pollution. Light pollution costs Americans billions of dollars every year.

## Types of light pollution 
There are five kinds of light pollution:
* Light trespass
* Over-illumination
* Clutter
* Glare
* Sky glow

Sky glow usually has more of an effect on the environment than light trespass and glare, but all of them are a major problem to people today.

Sky glow is the kind of light pollution that prevents people from seeing stars and other deep-space objects. This causes birds to not be able to migrate to the right place because they cannot follow the moon and stars. Sky glow also prevents astronomers from seeing dim objects.

Light trespass is when light being used by a person goes into the property of another. Although light trespass is not an environmental issue, it is still light pollution.

The third kind of light pollution, glare, has different kinds. The first, disability glare, is the loss of visibility because of too many lights. Discomfort glare is when the lights cause pain.

## Effects 
### Effects on animals 
Light pollution stops migrating birds from having any way of seeing the moon and stars that they need to use to navigate the direction of their migration, so they cannot migrate to the correct place. Also, sea turtles do not come to shore and nest as often, because they are afraid of the lights. It also affects animals' eyes because a camera flash weakens the eyesight of animals.

### Effects on humans 
Glare causes sleep problems in humans. For example, too much light in an apartment shining in from a nearby billboard will disturb their sleep. Science, too, is being affected by light pollution. Astronomers have no way of observing or making discoveries with too much light to block the night sky.
Light pollution also causes headaches when light directly falls into our eyes and affects the sensory nerves.

## The solution 
### Group solution 
There are now several groups that are trying to prevent light pollution. Light pollution first made news in 1964, when an observatory was specially placed just to avoid light pollution. However, it was not brought to the attention of most people until June 6, 2002, when the Czech Republic passed the world’s first light pollution law. Since then, light pollution is slowly being recognized by the general public as a major problem.

Governments can also pay attention for advertisements, which produce the greatest amount of light.

### Individual solution 
An individual person can do the below actions in response to light pollutionː

* turn off lights when they are not needed
* use automatic lights that turn off when a person is not in range
* Put curtains on a window facing the street or any other disturbing light source
Nintendo

is a Japanese company that makes video games and video game consoles. At first, it began by creating playing cards and other toys and games. Their main office is in Kyoto, Japan. They also have offices in other continents.

Nintendo made many of the most popular and best-selling consoles of all time, like the Game Boy, Nintendo DS, Wii and Nintendo Switch. Altogether, Nintendo has sold over 700 million consoles (2018) and over 5 billion games (2022).

## History 
Nintendo was formed on September 23, 1889. Originally, they were a company that made playing cards. Then it went on to making toys. In the 1960s, they started doing other things, such as owning hotels. They began making video games only in the 1970s. In 1980, they came out with a hand-held game device called Game and Watch. Nintendo's first video game console was the Color TV Game.  

The Famicom, Nintendo's second console, was first only released in Japan. It was later released in some other areas, such as North America and Europe. When they released it in there, its name was changed to the Nintendo Entertainment System, or NES for short. They also released some popular stand-alone video games, with names like the arcade game *Donkey Kong*, and NES games *Super Mario Bros.*, *Duck Hunt*, and *The Legend of Zelda*. Later, the company made hand-held game consoles such as the Game Boy, the *DS*, and the *3DS*, while continuing to make more home consoles such as the Nintendo 64, GameCube, Wii, Wii U, and Switch. Nintendo later sold newer consoles, and a changing point happened with the Nintendo 64, or N64, which made the first Nintendo 3D games. One of its biggest games is *Super Mario 64*.

## List of video game consoles 
### portable and semi-portable devices
 on display in April 2025.]]
* Game Boy (1989) and Game Boy Color (1998).

* Virtual Boy (1995)

* Game Boy Advance (2001), Game Boy Advance SP (2002) and Game Boy Micro (2005).

*Nintendo DS (2004), Nintendo DS Lite (2006), Nintendo DSi (2008) and Nintendo DSi XL (2009).

* Nintendo 3DS (2011, *N3DS*), Nintendo 3DS XL (2012), Nintendo 2DS (2013), New Nintendo 3DS (2014), New Nintendo 3DS XL (2014) and New Nintendo 2DS XL (2017).

* Wii U (2012)

*Nintendo Switch (2017), Switch Lite (2019) and the OLED model (2021).

### non-portable devices
* Nintendo Entertainment System (1985, NES) – known as the Famicom in Japan [or the "Family Computer"]

* Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990, SNES) – known as the Super Famicom in Japan [or the "Super Family Computer"]

*Nintendo 64 (1996)

*Nintendo GameCube (2001)

* Wii (2006)

## List of Nintendo products 
## Related pages
*Citra (emulator) (3DS) and Yuzu (emulator).
Other companies:
* Sega, Sony and Microsoft (video game console competitors).
*Game Gear, Playstation portable, Vita and steam Deck (handheld devices).
*Mobile game

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites 
* Nintendo's American website (note: needs Adobe Flash)
* Nintendo's Japanese website
* Nintendo's European website.
Tim Burton

**Timothy Walter Burton** (born August 25, 1958) is an American artist, director, producer and screenwriter.

## Early life 
Burton was born in Burbank, California on August 25, 1958. He began as an animator for Walt Disney Pictures, but soon moved on making his own kinds of movies and projects.

## Career
He has an individual style; the movies that he makes are creative and often based on events that would not happen in real life. For example, the main character in "Edward Scissorhands" is a young man who has scissors instead of hands. His movies attract an audience usually that fits his unique tastes. For his movie "Sweeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" he was nominated "Best Director" by the Golden Globes in 2008.

## Personal life 
Burton has bipolar disorder. He lives in Belsize Park, London, next door to his former partner Helena Bonham Carter. Burton and Carter split in December 2014. The houses have a door connecting them. The couple have a son and daughter together.

Burton has been in a relationship with Italian model and actress Monica Bellucci since 2022.

## Selected Filmography
* ''Pee-Wee's Big Adventure* (1985)
* *Beetlejuice* (1988)
* *Batman* (1989)
* *Edward Scissorhands* (1990)
* *Batman Returns* (1992)
* *The Nightmare Before Christmas* (1993) (producer and writer only)
* *Ed Wood* (1994)
* *Mars Attacks!* (1996)
* *Sleepy Hollow* (1999)
* *Planet of the Apes* (2001)
* *Big Fish* (2003)
* *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* (2005)
* *Corpse Bride* (2005)
* *Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street* (2007)
* *Alice in Wonderland* (2010)
* *Dark Shadows* (2012)
* *Frankenweenie* (2012)
* *Big Eyes* (2014)
* *Dumbo* (2019)
* *Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' (2024)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Submarine

submarine "USS Sea Owl"]]
A **submarine** (or **sub**) is a vessel that goes underwater. Most large submarines are war vessels. Some small ones are used for scientific or business purposes. These are often called "submersibles" and cannot go far or stay long away from base. Some people buy their own to explore under the sea. A submarine is a boat, not a ship.

## History 
Early submarines were often powered by hand. This is because boat engines had not been invented yet. They were almost always made for war. Submarines would try to sink enemy ships by crude methods. These included drilling screws into their wooden hulls. Some tried to blow up a ship. This often destroyed the submarine, too.  At the end of the 19th century, the Whitehead torpedo and electrical systems allowed much better submarines.

These better submarines were much used during the First and Second World Wars. Many of these better submarines were created by Germany, called U-boats. The submarines were powered by a diesel-electric system. A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator. The generator would charge a large battery while the submarine was on the surface. The power in the battery was then used by the submarine when it went underwater. These submarines were dangerous to enemies. They were difficult to see while underwater but it was easy to attack them when they surfaced to recharge.  Many modern boats still use this diesel-electric propulsion system.

The First Battle of the Atlantic was the first major battle that was mainly fought between submarines and their enemies. As in later wars, the main jobs of submarines were to enforce a blockade and to sink enemy warships. They usually attacked freighters at night, shooting with their deck guns and then hiding under the water. Sometimes they used their torpedoes, which they could fire while underwater, especially against larger ships and warships. During World War II The US Navy lost around 52 submarines due to combat and non-combat causes. 

After World War II better sonar helped the enemies of submarines to find and destroy them. New subs were more streamlined and had no deck guns because water dragging against the guns made noise underwater and slowed the subs.

## Modern submarines 
Most large modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors. These submarines often have a system which can get air from the seawater. These two things allow them to stay underwater for long periods of time. Their most important uses are attacking ships or launching missiles. These include cruise missiles and nuclear missiles. There are two main kinds of subs. Attack submarines are small and fast. They attack other subs and surface ships with torpedos. Missile subs are larger and slower. They are built to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land.

## Other websites 
* Submarine -Citizendium
Lebanon

**Lebanon** is a country in the Middle East, in Western Asia, next to the Mediterranean Sea. It has borders with Israel to the south and Syria to the east and north. It also shares a maritime border with Cyprus to the northwest, away from the country's short distance.

## History & Data
Lebanon was named *Phoenicia* under the Roman Empire. Some of the biggest temples in Antiquity were there at Heliopolis. In the 7th century Arabs conquered Phoenicia and imposed their religion Islam. But many areas in the mountains remained Christian as the "Maronites". However, the Christians who remained in the mountains became Arabized and started identifying themselves as "Arab Christians".

Lebanon has been independent since 22 November 1943. Its capital city is Beirut.

Lebanon has two chains of mountains. It has a long coastline. The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometers (4,036 square miles).

The Cedar&nbsp;tree is the national&nbsp;symbol of Lebanon because many of them grow in the Lebanon Mountains.

## Population of Lebanon 
Around 5.2&nbsp;million people live in Lebanon. 

Around 14&nbsp;million Lebanese people live outside Lebanon. 

## The people of Lebanon 
About 51% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 44% are Christian with the remaining 5% being Druze. Within the Muslim population, Shias make up the majority with Sunnis being the minority. French, English, and Armenian are also common languages.

## Governorates and districts
Lebanon is divided into six governorates.  These are divided into 25 districts. The districts are also divided into several municipalities. The governorates and their districts are listed below:

* Beirut Governorate
** The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut
* Nabatieh Governorate (*Jabal Amel*)
** Bint Jbeil
** Hasbaya
** Marjeyoun
** Nabatieh
* Beqaa Governorate
** Baalbek
** Hermel
** Rashaya
** Western Beqaa (*al-Beqaa al-Gharbi*)
** Zahle
* North Governorate (*al-Shamal*)
** Akkar
** Batroun
** Bsharri
** Koura
** Miniyeh-Danniyeh
** Tripoli
** Zgharta
* Mount Lebanon Governorate (*Jabal Lubnan*)
** Aley
** Baabda
** Byblos (*Jbeil*)
** Chouf
** Keserwan
** Matn
* South Governorate (*al-Janoub*)
** Jezzine
** Sidon (*Saida*)
** Tyre (*Sur*)

) in Lebanon]]

## Related pages
*Lebanese Civil War
*2020 Beirut explosion
*List of rivers of Lebanon
*Lebanon at the Olympics
*Lebanon national football team
*Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)

## Notes
## References
Sally Kellerman

**Sally Clare Kellerman** (June 2, 1937 &ndash; February 24, 2022) was an American movie actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. Her acting performances include the pilot for the original *Star Trek* television series, and the movies *MASH* (1970) and *Back to School* (1986). For her role in *MASH*, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Kellerman, who had dementia, died on February 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Baghdad

**Baghdad** (, transliterated *Baghdād*) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran. It is the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. 5,772,000 people lived there in 2003. Baghdad is on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E. The city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization. Baghdad used to be one of the largest learning centers in the world, during the post classical era. It was one of the greatest cities of Islamic civilization. It was one of the most important cities in the Muslim world and reached its extent of art and poetry. Baghdad was founded by the Abbasid Caliphate under the Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur better known as simply al-Mansur. The city was captured in 1055 by the Seljuk Turks. It was largely sacked and destroyed in 1258 by the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. It then later came under the rule of the Safavid Iran and then the Ottoman Empire in 1537.

## References
Shirley Bassey

**Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey**, DBE (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer, born in Cardiff to an English mother and Nigerian father. She is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, *Goldfinger*, *Diamonds are Forever*, and *Moonraker*. She was "one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century". 

## Other websites 
*Songs of Shirley Bassey website 

## References
Captain Beefheart

**Don Van Vliet**  (born **Don Glen Vliet** January 15, 1941– December 17, 2010) was an American singer. He is better known by his stage name **Captain Beefheart**.  He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa. He is an inspiration to many "alternative" singers. He retired from music due to illness and spent his time painting. He was born in Glendale, California. His stage name came from a movie project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "*Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People*". His best known album was recorded in 1969. It was titled "Trout Mask Replica".

He and his group *Magic Band* also made albums in the early 1980s that received positive critical attention.

Van Vliet was also a well known painter of abstract primitive art. His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New York City and Europe.

He died on December 17, 2010 at the age of 69 from complications from multiple sclerosis, twenty-nine days before his 70th birthday.

## References
Alan Alda

**Alan Alda** (real name: '''Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo'*) (born January 28, 1936) is an American actor. His mother was of Irish ancestry; his father was of Italian ancestry.

He directed, wrote and starred in many movies. He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series *M*A*S*H*, as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers. Alan also hosted *Scientific American Frontiers'' on PBS from 1993 to 2005.

His father, Robert Alda, was an actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York. Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters and a son.

In 2015, Alda was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. That same year, he starred in Steven Spielberg's *Bridge of Spies*. In 2019, he starred as lawyer Bert Spitz in *Marriage Story*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Bio on *Scientific American Frontiers*
* Comprehensive bio 
* InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Alan Alda  (TV Interview)
* Military Service
* Interview with Alda  on NPR's *Fresh Air* (September 21, 2005)
* Alan Alda's Charity Work
* Performance  *Working in the Theatre* seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
* Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned (Chapter 1)
Drake & Josh

***Drake & Josh*** is a Nickelodeon television series created by Dan Schneider, It started in January 2004 and ended in September 2007. The stars of the series are Drake Bell and Josh Peck. The two appeared as best friends on *The Amanda Show*. In *Drake & Josh*, they play step-brothers of separate parents. The overall story of the show was to show how Drake & Josh, two people with completely different ways of life, come together through their parents' marriage, and trying to avoid getting pranked by their little sister Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove).

Other stars of the show include Nancy Sullivan, who also starred on *The Amanda Show*.

## Characters 
### Main cast
### Recurring Characters
## Theme Song
The start of each episode uses a song called "I Found A Way". The song is written by Drake Bell and Michael Corcoran and performed by Bell. Bell can also be seen playing the song in a quick scene from an episode in the first season. The song can also be found on the series' official soundtrack, *Drake & Josh: Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show*, and on Drake Bell's albums, *Telegraph* and ''It's Only Time''.

## References
The Amanda Show

***The Amanda Show*** is a sketch comedy television series starring Amanda Bynes, formerly of *All That*. It is a spin-off of *All That*. The series starred Amanda as almost every major recurring character, including herself, Penelope, Courtney, and Judge Trudy (a parody of Judge Judy.) The series aired on Saturday nights on the Nickelodeon television network in the United States.  It still shows the show in reruns. Three of the show's stars (Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Nancy Cartwright) Were on the very popular *Drake and Josh*.

## Penelope Taynt
Penelope Taynt is a fictional character played by Amanda Bynes "Number One Fan, Please" on *The Amanda Show*. She never once met Amanda, but often came very close. She is known for saying "please" and "actual" often. She does not know the names of any cast member that is not Amanda. On the show, she had a website called "www.amandaplease.com." Eventually, it was made into the show's official site.
Sally Ride

**Sally Kristen Ride** (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American astronaut and astrophysicist. She was the first American woman to reach outer space.

Ride was born on May 26, 1951. She was born in the neighborhood of Encino in Los Angeles, California. She earned a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University. She joined NASA in 1978. She was an astronaut until 1987. In order to be an astronaut and go into space, Sally Ride had to train for a year. Training included adapting to gravity, water survival, radio communications, and navigation. She went on the Space Shuttle Challenger in June 1983. This trip was the first time an American woman was in space. She helped design the robot arm for the space shuttle. The robot arm lifts heavy objects in space. Ride was the first person to use the robot arm in space. The robot arm put a satellite in space that showed how the sun affected weather. Ride flew to space twice.

She worked on the commissions that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger and Space Shuttle Columbia disasters. Ride became a professor in 1989. She was the professor of physics and director of the Oklahoma Space Institute at the University of California.

She was married to astronaut Steven Hawley from 1982 until they divorced in 1987. At the time of her death, Ride had been in a relationship with writer Tam O'Shaughnessy for 27 years.

On July 23, 2012, Ride died of pancreatic cancer at her home in La Jolla, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. She was 61.

## References