open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Conservatoire de Paris

The **Conservatoire de Paris** (**Paris Conservatoire**) is a music conservatory where students can study dance, drama and music.  It has now been split into two "Conservatoires".  One is for Acting, Theatre and Drama and is called the ''Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique* (CNSAD).  It is in the old building in the centre of Paris.  The other is called  *Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris''.  It is farther from the centre of the city.  This is where Music and Dance are taught.

The Paris Conservatoire has been famous for music since it was formed in 1795.  Nearly all famous French composers and performing musicians studied there, and many young musicians came from abroad to study.  It was, and still is, one of the best places to study music in the world.

 

## Related pages
* Paris
* Conservatoire
* Prix de Rome
Richmond railway station, Melbourne

**Richmond station** is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne. 

The station is built on a bridge over Punt Road. It has ten platforms joined by three subways. All of Melbourne's eastern and south eastern railway lines meet here. These railway lines are:
* Frankston
* Glen Waverley
* Pakenham 
* Sandringham, 
* Cranbourne 
* Belgrave
* Lilydale 
* Alamein 

The station is  from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.

Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street. 

Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.

## History
Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.

In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed. 

By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station was not built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.

## Proposed redevelopment
The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a  appearance. The raised station did not have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.

## Movie 
The opening scene of the movie *Romper Stomper* was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.
Prix de Rome

The **Prix de Rome** was a  (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.

In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won “second prize” which allowed them to study for a shorter period.

Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big  about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.

The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

## Other websites 
* The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting .
ß

The letter **ß** (also known as **sharp S**, German: *Eszett* or *scharfes S*) is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced  (like the "s" in "see") and is not used in any other language.

## Origin 
Today's *ß* was created around the 1900s. (See w:en:ß and w:de:ß for details on the so-called "Sulzbacher Form".) It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type (also called Antiqua).

The letter came from the long s (*ſ*) and the normal *z*. Written fast by hand, they over time joined together to form a single glyph.

## Spelling 
The *ß* is used only in German and never at the start of German words. The uppercase *ß* (*ẞ*) exists only for typesetting, such as in a dictionary. Instead of lowercase *ß*, one can also write *ss*. As no words start with double *s* or *ß*, no uppercase *ß* is necessary.

However, not every *ss* can be written as *ß*. German often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has *ss*, it cannot be written as *ß*.  For example, *Voßstraße* is two words joined together (*Voß* and *straße*). It can also be written as Vossstraße but not as *Vosßtraße* because *sstraße* (or *ßtraße*) is not a word, and the *ß* is in the word *Voss* (*Voß*).

The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with *ß* are now written with *ss*. For example, *Fluß* (river) is spelled *Fluss*. When the preceding vowel is short, as in *Fluss*, *ss* is used. However, the *ß* is used when the preceding vowel is long as in *Straße*.like ss is replaced with ß like in: floß
General Motors railway station

**General Motors Railway Station** was a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. 

The station was opened on November 18, 1956 to service the General Motors factory near it. The station had two platforms and a footbridge into the factory.  In 1991, the General Motors factory closed. Since the main purpose of the station was to support the factory, the station was no longer needed, but the station stayed open for eleven years after the factory had been . It was estimated to be the least used station in the entire city network. It had an average of eight passengers using it a day. The last trains stopped at the station on July 28 2002. 

## Other websites 
* General Motors station photo gallery #1 (metf2nk)
* General Motors station photo gallery #2 (Station pix by Somebody)
* PTUA: Monty Python Bureaucracy Closes Railway Station 
* Victorian Railway Stations - General Motors
Sanyo

**Sanyo** is a Japanese electronics company. They specialise in home appliances.

## Overview 
Sanyo was founded in 1947 by Toshio Iue.

Panasonic acquired it in 2011.

As of 2018, the company's revenue was ¥84.678 billion.

## Other websites 
Sanyo on Panasonic website

## References
Metlink

:*This article is about the Melbourne public transport network. The same name is also used for public transport in Wellington.*

**Metlink** was the marketing name  for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.

## Introduction 
The *Metlink* brand was introduced in 2003.

Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables were colour-coded **blue**, tram stop signs and timetables are **green**, and the bus network is **orange**. The regional train network is colour-coded **purple**. This line colouring continues today, even in the Public Transport Victoria era.

## Future role 
Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later).  In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services. http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/news/events_promotions/metropolitan_general/metlink_highly_recommends_you_get_on_the_bus 

While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.

## Viclink
Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named **Viclink**. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006 http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11323361.htm . The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

## Related pages
*Railways in Melbourne

## Other websites
*Official Metlink website 
*Official Viclink website 
*BATBYGOBSTOPL Metlink website
Privy council

The **Privy Council** is a group of advisors to a Monarch. 

*The Privy Council of the United Kingdom
*The Queen's Privy Council for Canada
*The Privy Council of Northern Ireland
Maraghar Massacre

The **Maraghar Massacre** happened on April 10, 1992, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## Other websites 
* Photographs of the Maraghar Massacre  ** – Warning: Graphic Content**
* Christianity Today Article 
* Ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
* UK House of Commons report
* Survivors of Maraghar massacre: It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over
Celtic Frost

**Celtic Frost** was a thrash/black metal band from Zurich, Switzerland. The band was formed in 1984 and broke up in 1993. The reunited in 2001 and broke up again in 2008.

## Discography 
Celtic Frost released 6 studio albums:

### Albums
**Morbid Tales* (1984)
**To Mega Therion* (1985)
**Into the Pandemonium* (1987)
**Cold Lake* (1988)
**Vanity/Nemesis* (1990)
**Monotheist* (2006)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Caulfield railway station

**Caulfield** is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.

Caulfield is a Premium Station.

## Location
The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.

## Facilities
The station has four platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 ( the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound V/Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are  at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a  Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.

## History
Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7 May 1879.
Agronomy

**Agronomy** is the study of soil in relation to how it affects plant growth. *Agronomists* work to make methods that will improve the use of soil and increase the amount of food and fiber crops.

## Related pages 
*Agricultural science
Kirovabad pogrom

The **Kirovabad pogrom** was an  by Azeris against the targeted Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani town of Kirovabad  in November 1988. It is estimated that at least 130 people were killed.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Pogroms in Kirovabad - MIATSUM
Tree of Knowledge

]]
In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the **Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil** was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam (and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.

## Different views of the tree itself
### In Judaism
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.

### In Christianity 
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God. 

### Trees in other religions
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.

### The symbol of the Tree
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

## Related pages
* Adam and Eve
* Knowledge
* Morality
* Original sin
* Pelagianism
Ribbon

A **ribbon** is a thin, flexible band, usually cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal. 

Ribbons are mostly used for tying or decorating things. Ribbons can be used to tie a person's hair, decorate clothing or uniforms, or to tie up packages. A typewriter uses a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink.
Automated teller machine

An **automated teller machine** (**ATM**) is a machine that lets people take or deposit money that they have. It can also be used by someone to see how much money they have, or see and do other things with their bank account. In the United Kingdom, ATMs are often called *cash machines*, *cashpoints* or the *hole in the wall*.

ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. They can also be found in other places. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.

People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They also need a personal identification number (PIN). A PIN is a code that lets them get into their account.

There are many scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN. This is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may put a video camera near the ATM to look at people using their PIN number.

In Japan old people are targeted by people who pretend to be members of their family in trouble.  In 2023 the National Police Agency were thinking about stopping people over 65 who had not used a machine for more than a year from using them.

## References
Royal College of Music

of the Royal College of Music]]
The **Royal College of Music** is a conservatory in London where young people can study music.  Many musicians who became famous studied at the College.

The College was founded by Royal charter in 1882  The first president was the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) and later presidents have also been members of the royal family.  The first director was Sir George Grove and he was followed by Sir Hubert Parry.  

The first building was opposite the west side to the Royal Albert Hall, but in 1894 the RCM moved to a larger building south of the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road.  The College is still there, but there have been many extensions and improvements to the building.

Today there are about 600 students at the RCM from some 50 countries.  About 170 of these are post-graduate students.  The college can award degrees and diplomas in music and current composers and performing musicians can study there.  The current director of the Royal College is Dr Colin Lawson.  The college has a large museum of musical instruments.  Next to the main building is a 400-seater opera house, the Britten Theatre, opened in 1986. 

## Some famous people who studied at the Royal College of Music 
*Thomas Allen (born 1944), singer
*Julian Anderson (born 1967), composer
*Malcolm Arnold (1921 - 2006), composer
*Arthur Bliss (1891 - 1975), composer
*Rutland Boughton (1878 - 1960),  composer
*Julian Bream (born 1933), guitarist and lutenist
*Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976), composer
*George Butterworth (1885 - 1916), composer 
*Samuel Coleridge-Taylor  (1875 - 1912), composer
*Thurston Dart (1921 - 1971), performer and musicologist
*Andrew Davis (born 1944), conductor
*Colin Davis (born 1927), conductor
*James Galway (born 1939), flautist
*Eugène Goossens (1893 - 1962), conductor
*Charles Groves (1915 - 1992), conductor
*David Helfgott (born 1947), pianist
*Gustav Holst (1874 - 1934), composer
*Herbert Howells (1892-1983), composer
*John Ireland (1879 - 1962), composer and pianist
*Dame Gwyneth Jones (born 1936), Wagnerian soprano
*Thea King (1925-2007), clarinetist
*Constant Lambert (1905 - 1951), composer and critic
*John Lill (born 1944), pianist
*Hamish MacCunn (1868-1916), composer and conductor
*Neville Marriner (born 1924), conductor
*Francis Monkman (born 1949), rock, classical and film score composer
*Peter Pears (1910 - 1986), singer
*Trevor Pinnock (born 1946), harpsichordist and conductor
*Edmundo Ros (1910—2011), band leader
*Cyril Smith (1909 - 1974), pianist
*Leopold Stokowski (1882 - 1977), conductor
*Joan Sutherland (born 1926), singer
*Michael Tippett (1905 - 1998), composer
*Mark-Anthony Turnage (born 1960), composer
*Fanny Waterman (born 1920), founder, chairman and artistic director of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition musician
*Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948), composer
*Julian Lloyd Webber (born 1951), cellist
*William Lloyd Webber (1914 - 1982), composer
*Gillian Weir (born 1941), internationally-renowned organist
*John Williams (born 1941), guitarist
*Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 - 1958), composer

## Other websites
* Royal College of Music website
Royal Academy of Music

: *For the institution founded in London in 1719 for putting on performances of operas see George Frideric Handel.*

The **Royal Academy of Music** is a conservatory in London where young people can study music. It was founded in 1822. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal Academy of Music.

The Royal Academy of Music was officially founded (started) in 1822 and was opened the next year. King George IV was the patron of the conservatory. At first it had 21 students.

In 1830 it received its Royal Charter, but for many years it had financial problems and it was not until 1868, when the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone arranged for it to have a regular grant, that it began to do well. During the 19th century the academy was in Hanover Square, but in 1912 it moved to Marylebone Road near Regent's Park.

Since 1912 many changes and extensions have been made to the building. Many concerts are given in the Duke’s Hall and operas are performed in the Sir Jack Lyons Theatre. Many of the professors (teachers) at the academy come from other countries. The academy works together with King’s College, London where many of the students take a 4-year performance course. In 1997 they won some lottery money which helped them to get a new building for their collection of musical instruments. It has a large library which includes all the books and music which used to belong to the conductors Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer.

Today the students come from over 50 countries. Students from abroad can attend a special “English for Musicians” course. There are over 600 students at the academy. The students have many opportunities to perform, both in the academy and in concerts in other places. Over 90% of the students find a career in music after they leave the academy.

The principal of the Royal Academy of Music is Jonathan Freeman-Attwood.

## Some famous people who studied at the Royal Academy of Music
* John Barbirolli (conductor)
* Arnold Bax (composer)
* Richard Rodney Bennett (composer)
* Harrison Birtwistle (composer)
* Dennis Brain (French horn|horn player)
* William Crotch (first Principal of the Royal Academy of Music)
* Sir Clifford Curzon (pianist)
* John Dankworth (jazz composer)
* Lesley Garrett (soprano)
* Evelyn Glennie (percussionist)
* Myra Hess (pianist)
* Elton John (rock musician) Junior Academy
* Freddy Kempf (pianist)
* Philip Langridge (tenor)
* Felicity Lott (soprano)
* Moura Lympany (pianist)
* Joanna MacGregor (pianist)
* Michael Nyman (composer)
* Sir Simon Rattle (conductor)
* Arthur Sullivan (composer)
* Eva Turner (soprano)
* Christopher Warren-Green (conductor)
* Sir Henry Wood (conductor)
Wigmore Hall

The **Wigmore Hall** is a famous concert hall in London.  It is called a “recital hall” because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of  London, just north of Oxford Street.

The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos.  Originally it was called **Bechstein Hall**.  Bechstein’s showrooms were next door.  The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage.  Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world.  These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.

The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.

Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as *enemy property* during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as **Wigmore Hall** in 1917.  Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Victoria de los Ángeles, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream, Peter Pears, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.

Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people.  Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3.  Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.

The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians.  The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.

The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly.  His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

## Other websites
* Official Wigmore Hall Web Site
Quilt

A **quilt** is a type of blanket made of three layers: a top piece of cloth, a layer of insulating material often called *batting*, and a bottom piece of cloth for backing. The layers are joined together either by sewing or by tying the layers together with pieces of yarn, thread, or ribbon.

The top layer of the quilt can be made from many pieces of cloth sewn together in patterns, known as *patchwork*. Other patterns can be made by running lines of stitching through the three layers.

Sometimes quilts are not used as bedding, but are works of art made to be hung on a wall (wall hangings) or used as decoration.

Quilting is done in many cultures, such as the Amish, in Hawaii, and in India.
Ron Dennis

**Ronald "Ron" Dennis** CBE (born 1 June 1947) is the executive chairman of McLaren Automotive and McLaren Group.  He was the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team until 2009.

He was placed at number 648 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006 with a wealth of £90 million. *The Times* put his wealth at £200&nbsp;million in 2009.

## References
Solo

**Solo** may refer to:

* Solo (music), to play music or sing alone
* Solo (dance), a dance done by an individual
* Hope Solo (born 1981), American soccer (football) player
* Surakarta, a city in Central Java
Skateboard

A **skateboard** is a board (called a "deck") with four wheels put on under it. It is used to go skateboarding. The first skateboards were a piece of wood with rollerskater attached to it. This became popular and by 1960, skateboards were made in production. As more skateboards were made, more people liked the new sport. However, it was dangerous and people started to fall off. As a result, skate parks started to close down. With less places to skate, skateboarders had no where to go. A small group of skateboarders carried on skateboarding in the street and around cities. After 20 years, the sport began to grow into what we know now. Skateboarding is a popular sport with many younger riders. Young people sometimes skateboard on the street. There are many different types of skateboards like stunt skateboards, penny skateboards, Longboards, short boards and more. 

## Parts
The normal parts that make a complete skateboard are the deck, trucks, wheels, bearings, hardware, and griptape.

### Deck
Most decks are made of six to nine-plywood layers. Other materials used in making decks include fiberglass, bamboo, resin, Kevlar, carbon fiber, aluminum, and plastic. All these make the board more light. Some decks made from maple plywood are dyed to make many different colored plywood. Modern decks are made in different sizes. Most are 7 to 10.5&nbsp;inches wide. Wider decks can be used for greater stability when skating on curving surfaces including ramps. Skateboard decks are normally between 28 and 33&nbsp;inches long. The bottom of the deck can be printed with a design by the maker or it can be blank. 

The longboard, a common different kind of skateboard, has a longer deck. This is mostly ridden down hills or by the beach. The longboard was made by two surfers; Ben Whatson and Jonny Draper. One of the first deck companies was called "Draped" taken from Jonny's second name. "Old school" boards (those made in the 1970s–80s) are mostly wider and often have only one kicktail. Different kinds of the 1970s often have little or no , whereas 1980s models have deeper concavities and steeper kicktails.

The Skateboard deck concave is noted mainly in three types: low, medium, and high. While the low concave is having small curvature and makes the safe ride, but you can’t put more stress on the edges deck. Medium concave will easily found in the present market due to the high demand for a beginner. High concave is raised more at the edge, making it perfect for performing Flip tricks and Ollie. Medium concave is readily available in the market because it suits beginners, which keeps it always in demand.

Grip tape, when put on to the top of a skateboard, gives a skater's feet grip on the deck. It is most often black. However, it can come in many different colors like clear. Clear allows the top of the deck to be decorated. It has an adhesive back and a sandpaper like top.
Punjab

**Punjab** or **Panjab** may mean: 

* Punjab region, an area of South Asia spanning from eastern Pakistan to north-western India
** Punjab (India), a state of India
** Punjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan

In **former countries, states and provinces**:
* Punjab (British India), a former province
* Punjab Hill States agency, an administrative unit of British India
* Patiala and East Punjab States Union, a former state of India
* West Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of Pakistan
* East Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of the Republic of India.
In **other**:
* Punjab lasso, a weapon made of cat gut used to strangle people, mentioned in Gaston Leroux's novel *The Phantom of the Opera*
* Punjab, a character in the musical *Annie*
* Punjab (XMPP), an XMPP/Jabber server component for stateless applications and more

**See also**:
* Punjab Assembly (disambiguation)
House of Commons

**House of Commons** is the name of the lower house in several commonwealth parliaments

*House of Commons of the United Kingdom
*House of Commons of Canada

*The House of Commons of Southern Ireland (1921-1922)
*The House of Commons of Northern Ireland (1921-1971)
U.S. Route 1

**U.S. Route 1** (sometimes called **US 1**) is a major United States highway (U.S. Route) in the eastern part of the United States. Its northern end is at the Canadian border in Fort Kent, Maine and its southern end is at Key West, Florida. For most of its route, U.S. Route 1 runs next to Interstate 95.  It connects many major cities in the Eastern United States, including Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, Richmond, Virginia, Raleigh, North Carolina, Augusta, Georgia, Jacksonville, Florida, and Miami.  Parts of the road were built in the 1800s as the **Boston Post Road** and in the 1900s as the **Atlantic Highway**. Despite this, it is significantly further inland from Jacksonville to Petersburg, VA and in North Carolina and Virginia even parallels I-85.

## References
Earl Marshal

The **Earl Marshal** is a member of the British Royal Household, and is in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions. The Earl Marshal is not a member of the College of Arms, but he must give his permission before the College of Arms can issue a coat of arms.  

The Earl Marshal is always the Duke of Norfolk, and because he is Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is a member of the House of Lords, without being elected by the other hereditary peers.
Riboflavin

**Riboflavin** is one of the B vitamins (**vitamin B2**).  The B and C vitamins are the vitamins that dissolve in water.  A healthy person's gut can easily take riboflavin from food and pass it on to the blood for the body to use. The body needs the B vitamins to get energy from food. Without riboflavin and the other B vitamins people's bodies cannot use fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Light can break down riboflavin molecules into other molecules that the body cannot use.

If anyone eats too much riboflavin, the gut does not take up enough
to make a person sick, but an injection with too much riboflavin can make one sick. to get it out of the body. If there is much riboflavin in the urine, the urine becomes bright,  yellow. Vitamin pills, or a meal with a lot of liver or egg white turns the urine yellow because these foods put so much riboflavin into the blood.

People may get very sick when their food does not have enough riboflavin. Adding extra riboflavin help. Baby foods, breakfast cereals, pasta, sauces, fruit drinks, and foods such as cheese that are made from milk may have extra riboflavin added.  This is called fortification. To make Vitamin B2 for vitamin pills or to add to foods, industrial companies grow special yeasts, other fungi, or bacteria that make a lot of riboflavin.

These foods have a lot of riboflavin:

*Milk
*cheese
*leafy green vegetables
*liver
*beans, peas and soybeans 
* yeast
* almonds
* asparagus
* bananas
* okra
* chard
* cottage cheese
* yogurt
* meat
* eggs
* fish

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Crysis (video game)

***Crysis*** is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10.  It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.

## Main features 
*Time of lighting: The game represents a true time of the day.
*Real Time Ambient (means surroundings) Maps: CryENGINE 2 pre-determines the amount of ambient light in indoor surfaces, improving the quality of lighting when applying new light sources and shadows.  This means current light position and color can be dynamically added to light intensity (means strength or density of lights) applied in interiors.
*Dynamic Soft Shadows: natural looking shadows.
*Light Beams: Like ones you will find between the leaves of trees.
*Long Range View Distance: of about 8 kilometers range.
*Parallax Occlusion Mapping: for greater sense of depth. In other words, to let the hero concentrate on an attractive thing. Such as an explosion.
*3D Ocean Technology: to create a realistic ocean depends on wind and wave variables.
*Facial Animation: to let the faces in the game look realistic as they react with the environment.
*Object Motion Blur: this feature will help to blur things when they move fast.
*Depth of Field: like of the camera's.
*Breakable Buildings: So someone can break anything in the game.
*Breakable Vegetation System: Even the jungles can be affected by weapons.
*Advanced Rope Physics: These ropes can even be affected even by the rain.
*Component Vehicle Damage: Every thing in a car, plane, boat etc. is breakable.
*Next-Gen Physics System: allows game developers to make a full-of-life game.

## Story 
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.

## Game information 
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, *Crysis 2*, was released in March 2011.

## Other websites 
*Technical support 
*Official Site
*Recent news
Tiger Woods

**Eldrick Tont** "**Tiger**" **Woods** (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. His achievements, which include winning 70 tournaments on the PGA Tour, including 14 major championships, make him the best golfer of all time.

## Early life
Woods was born in Cypress, California. His parents Kultida (Tida) (born 1944) and Earl Woods (1932–2006). He is the only child of their marriage. He does have two half-brothers, Earl Jr. (born 1955) and Kevin (born 1957) and a half-sister, Royce (born 1958) from the 18-year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife, Barbara Woods Gray. Earl, a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran, was of mostly African-American, as well as Caucasian and possible Native American and Chinese ancestry. Kultida (née Punsawad), originally from Thailand (where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968), is of mixed Dutch, Chinese and Thai ancestry.

He refers to his ethnic make-up as "*Cablinasian*" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from **Ca**ucasian, **Bl**ack, American **In**dian and **Asian**).

## Personal life
He is brought up as a Buddhist from childhood.

On February 23, 2021, Woods was involved in a serious car accident in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. He suffered from multiple leg injuries and had surgery for non-life-threatening injuries.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Fin de siècle

that captures the vibrant and decadent spirit of society during the *fin de siècle*]]
 for Oscar Wilde's play, *Salome*]]

**Fin de siècle** means turn of the century in French. It is widely used for the time around 1900, but also for the closing of an old era, and the start of a new one. 

Fin de siècle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century.
This age was felt to be a period of degeneration, and sometimes simultaneously a time of hope for a new beginning. 

The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including 'pessimism', and  a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.

The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.

## Examples in literature 
*Fyodor Dostoyevsky. *The Brothers Karamazov*
*Friedrich Nietzche. *Thus Spoke Zarathustra*.
*Oscar Wilde. *Salomé*.

## Reference
House of Commons of Canada

The **House of Commons** (French: *Chambre des communes*) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. The House of Commons is an elected body, of 343 members, who are known as *Members of Parliament* (MPs).  Members are elected for a maximum of four years at a time. Each member is elected by one of the country's federal electoral districts which are usually called *ridings*.

The House of Commons was established in 1867, when the British North America Act 1867  created the Dominion of Canada, and was modelled on the British House of Commons. The House of Commons is sometimes called the "lower house", even though it has more power than the "upper house", the Senate. Both Houses is must agree to new laws but the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). The Government of Canada is responsible only to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she has the support of the Lower House. 

The Canadian House of Commons is  in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on  Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario.

Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada are limited, because provincial legislatures have the sole right to pass laws about some things.

Until 1982 only the Parliament of the United Kingdom had the power to change the British North America Act, this was to protect the rights and powers of the provincial legislatures.  This was changed by the Canada Act.  In Canada the British North America Act is now called the Constitution Act. 

A lot of the work of the House of Commons is done by committees which can spend more time investigating a subject than the whole House of Commons could

## Seat distribution
The table below shows how many seats each political party has in the Parliament. Many of the MPs were elected in the 2025 election.

;Notes

## List of committees
*Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
*Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
*Agriculture and Agri-Food
*Canadian Heritage
*Citizenship and Immigration
*Environment and Sustainable Development
*Finance
*Fisheries and Oceans
*Foreign Affairs and International Development
*Government Operations and Estimates
*Health
*Human Resources, Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities
*Industry, Science and Technology
*International Trade
*Justice and Human Rights
*Liaison Committee
*National Defence
*Natural Resources
*Official Languages
*Procedure and House Affairs
*Public Accounts
*Public Safety and National Security
*Status of Women
*Transport, Infrastructure and Communities
*Veterans Affairs

## References
Sercquiais

**Sercquiais**, also known as **Sarkese** or **Sark-French** (**Lé Sèrtchais**), is a language which is spoken on the island of Sark. It is a Norman language. Only 400 people can speak it, and a few more can understand it. It is a lot like Jerriais, a language spoken on an island called Jersey.
Auregnais

**Auregnais**, '''Aoeur'gnaeux** or **Aurignais''' was the Norman dialect of the island of Alderney. It became extinct in the mid-20th century. People think it became extinct because people did not bother to speak it nor learn it.
Colwyn Bay

**Colwyn Bay** (Welsh: **Bae Colwyn**) is a town, community and seaside resort on the north coast of Wales, in the Conwy County Borough.

The 2011 UK census revealed the community had a population of 34,284.

The town is dominated by the tourist trade, because of its famous beaches. Colwyn Bay is a Fairtrade Town as certified by the Fairtrade Foundation as part of the Fairtrade Towns scheme.

The town had a famous pier which was extremely popular with tourists and visitors. However, Victoria Pier was closed to the public in 2009 after a dispute between Conwy County Borough Council and the pier's owner led to him being declared bankrupt. In January 2017, the lower end of the pier partially collapsed into the sea and Conwy Council announced plans to dismantle and store the pier, with a view of restoring it in the future. The pier was demolished in May 2018. 

## Gallery

File:Sunset over Colwyn Bay.jpg|Colwyn Bay at sunset
File:Eglwys_Dewi_Sant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1206350.jpg|St David's Welsh Church
File:Colwyn_Bay_-_The_Victoria_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_208412.jpg|Victoria Pier, 2003
Jèrriais

**Jèrriais** is a language that is spoken in Jersey. Some people call it Jersey French. Just over 2000 people speak it. It is a Norman language. 3% of the people in Jersey speak it, and around 15% can understand it.

## History 
In the 19th century, almost everyone in Jersey could speak Jèrriais. Then, people stopped learning it, and it nearly became extinct. These days, lots of people are trying to get more people to speak the language. Now, signposts and road signs on Jersey are written in Jèrriais and English.
Plateosaurus

***Plateosaurus*** is a prosauropod dinosaur genus. They lived during the Upper Triassic period, around 214 to 294 million years ago in what is now Europe.

They were very common in their day. Over 100 skeletons have been found, some of them nearly complete. Many fossils have come from Swabia, Germany.

*Plateosaurus* was the first long-necked plant eater in the Triassic. An adult *Plateosaurus* could weigh up to  and grow  long. They  had plump plant-crushing teeth, powerful hind limbs, short but muscular arms and grasping hands with large claws on three fingers. They probably used their sharp thumb claws to defend themselves against predators.

The explanation of the large number of skeletons is that the areas were probably mud-traps.

## References
Cotton Mather

**Cotton Mather** (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a politically important Puritan minister and writer. He was the son of minister Increase Mather and lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of colonial America, in the area that is now Boston, Massachusetts.

He is best known for his connection to the Salem witch trials.

## References
Fethiye

**Fethiye** is a city and district in the Mugla Province in Turkey. It is on the "Turquoise Coast". 59,425 people live there. There is a big harbor in the town and a marina. There are no beaches in Fethiye town, but there are many nice beaches around Oludeniz, a nearby town. There is a number of different places to stay including hotels.

The ancient name for the town was Telmessos. There are a number of historic sites including rock tombs. These were dug into cliffs by the Lycians. The tomb of Amnytas was built in the 4th century BC. Next to the harbor is a castle built by the Knights of Rhodes. In nearby villages there are also many historic sites including a temple to Apollo at Letoon, which is a World Heritage Site.

## References
## Other websites 
* All About Fethiye
N-Dubz

**N-Dubz** are a British hip hop and R&B group based in Camden Town, London. They released four albums, including a greatest hits album. They were signed to All Around the World records. They were featured on Tinchy Stryder's number one single, "Number 1".

## Early years 
All of the members of N-Dubz attended school at St Johns Wood Secondary and Haverstock Secondary School in Camden Town. They came together as a group managed by Costadinos "Dino" Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on 12 April 2007. They described him as the "inspiration behind the band". The band is made up of Dino, known as Dappy and Tula, known as Tulisa, who are cousins and their best friend Richard, known better as Fazer. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to be noticed as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day". Both became hits on English pirate radio stations. Their last independent release, "Better Not Waste My Time", was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again. They have received 3 MOBO awards, for Best Newcomer, Best Act, and Best Album. They won the Digital Award at 02 Silver Clef Awards in 2008.

## Members 
### Tulisa 
Tulisa is the singer and mostly sings the choruses and second verses as well as ad-libbing, saying 'uh-oh, uh-oh' at the beginning of many N-Dubz tracks. She also sometimes sings the first verse on the group's songs. Her real name is Tula Paulina Contostavlos.

### Fazer 
Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group. He raps as well but his main role is to produce in-studio beats and produce the tracks. His real name is Rayan Rawson and he is of Jamaican and English heritage. He has a daughter.

### Dappy 
Dappy is of Greek ancestry and is most famous for what has been dubbed the "Dappy Hat", he is the lead rapper. His real name is Costadinos Contostavlos. He always opens his songs with the words "Na na naii". He has two sons.

## Discography
## References
Maple syrup urine disease

**Maple syrup urine disease** (**MSUD**) is a genetic medical disorder. It causes a problem with how the human body deals with amino acids. It is also called **branched chain ketoaciduria**. Maple syrup urine disease affects about 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide.

The most noticeable symptom of the disorder is an infant with sweet-smelling urine. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth. If the disease is not treated, the person will suffer severe brain damage and eventually die. MSUD is much more common in children of Amish and Mennonite descent.

From a very early age, the condition can be recognised by poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy, seizures, and mental health issues. The urine of infants with this disease has a very sweet odor, much like burned caramel or maple syrup. This is what gives the condition its name.

## Other websites 
* Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Overview on NLM)
* MSUD Family Support Group
66

**66** is a common year in the 1st century.

## Events 
* July 19 – Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome
70

**70** is a year in the 1st century.

## Events 
*August – destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.
Pachycephalosaurus

***Pachycephalosaurus*** was a genus of dinosaur which lived during the last five million years of the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now North America. 

This member of the Pachycephalosaurid family is known from a single skull and a few thick skull roofs. From this it is estimated that its length was about 4.5 to 5 metres long (about 15 feet). 

*Pachycephalosaurus* was a herbivore. It lived on a mixed diet of leaves, seeds, and fruit. The sharp, serrated teeth would have been very effective for shredding plants.

## References
Subclass

**Subclass** could mean:

* Subclass (biology), a taxonomic rank intermediate between class and superorder
* Subclass (computer science), a class that is derived from another class or classes
* Subclass (database theory), a class which inherits its data members and methods of their superclasses
* Subclass (set theory), a class contained in some other class in the same way that a subset is a set contained in some other set