open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chang Chun-hsiung

**Chang Chun-hsiung** (; 23 March 1938 – 27 September 2025) was a Taiwanese politician and lawyer. He was the prime minister of Taiwan from 2000 to 2002 and 2007 to 2008, both under Chen Shui-bian's presidency. His appointment by then-President Chen in 2000 was the first time a Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) member became premier.

Chang died on 27 September 2025 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan at the age of 87.

## References
Cho Jung-tai

**Cho Jung-tai** (; born 22 January 1959) is a Taiwanese politician who has been the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2024. He was on the Taipei City Council from 1990 to 1998, when he was first elected to the Legislative Yuan. Cho was a member of the Kuomintang. 

In 2019, Cho replaced Tsai Ing-wen as leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. He remained leader of the party until May 2020, when Tsai took the role again.

Cho was an important person in then-Vice President Lai Ching-te's electoral campaign for the presidency in the 2024 elections. Following his victory, Lai appointed Cho to be his premier in May 2024.

## References
Quarter tone

A **quarter tone** is a note halfway between two adjacent notes of a 12-tone chromatic scale. In typical music, there is an interval of 100 cents between two adjacent pitches. However, quarter tones have only 50 cents between each note in a chromatic scale. Now, instead of 12 notes in an octave, there are 24.
 with 3 normal valves and a tool that can play quarter tones on the rightmost valve.]]
Quarter tones have their roots in the music of the Middle East, particularly Persian traditional music. However, the first mention of the equally-tempered quarter tone scale, or **24 equal temperament**, was made by 19th-century music theorists Heinrich Richter and Mikhail Mishaqa. The scale is called 24 equal temperament because it has 24 notes, each of which are the same distance away from each other (50 cents) Composers who have written music using this scale include: Pierre Boulez, Julián Carrillo, Mildred Couper, George Enescu, Alberto Ginastera, Gérard Grisey, Alois Hába, Thomas Heberer Ljubica Marić, Charles Ives, Tristan Murail, Krzysztof Penderecki, Giacinto Scelsi, Ammar El Sherei, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Tui St. George Tucker, Ivan Wyschnegradsky, Iannis Xenakis, and Seppe Gebruers.

## Types 
### Tuning systems with equal temperament 
 in the traditional scale.]]

The term *quarter tone* can refer to several different intervals, all very close in size. For example, some 17th- and 18th-century music theorists used the term to describe the distance between a sharp and a flat in certain music systems where they aren't the same pitch (e.g., D and E being different pitches). In the quarter-tone scale, also called **24-tone equal temperament** (24-TET), the quarter tone is 50 cents. The frequency of each note in an octave is a multiple of   , or approximately 1.0293, higher than the previous note in that octave. This divides the octave into 24 equal steps (equal temperament). In this scale, the quarter tone is the smallest step. A semitone is thus made of two steps, and three steps make a **three-quarter tone** or neutral second, which is half the size of a minor third. The 8-TET scale is composed of three-quarter tones. Four steps make a whole tone.
Georg Stefan Troller

**Georg Stefan Troller** (10 December 1921 – 27 September 2025) was an Austrian-born French journalist, director and screenwriter. From about 1949, Troller lived and worked in France. He was mostly remembered for the special way in which he conducted interviews. He was born in Vienna, Austria.

Troller died in Paris, France, on 27 September 2025, aged 103.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Elijah Ngurare

**Tjitunga Elijah Ngurare** (born 28 October 1970) is a Namibian politician and academic who has been the Prime Minister of Namibia since 2025. He is a member of the SWAPO political party. He was an academic at the University of Namibia and later as a director in the Ministry of Agriculture. On 21 March 2025, President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah appointed him as the Prime Minister of the Republic of Namibia.

## References
Lucia Witbooi

**Lucia Witbooi** (born 21 March 1961) is a Namibian teacher and politician who has been the 4th Vice President of Namibia since 2025. Before she was vice president, she was a member of the National Assembly from 2009 to 2025.

## References
Vice President of Namibia

The **vice president of Namibia** is the deputy head of state and head of government of Namibia. They are the first in the line of presidential succession.

The role of the vice president was created in 2014 along with several other constitutional amendments. The position is controversial because it does not have a specific duty. 

## List
;Political parties

## References
Peter Katjavivi

**Peter Hitjitevi Katjavivi** (born 12 May 1941) is a Namibian politician who was the Speaker of the National Assembly of Namibia from March 2015 until March 2025. He was also the chancellor of the Namibia University of Science and Technology from 1992 to 2003. He was the founding Vice-Chancellor of the University of Namibia from 1992 to 2003. He was also the Ambassador to the European Union from 2003 to 2006, Ambassador to Germany from 2006 to 2008, and Director General of the National Planning Commission from 2008 to 2010.

## References
Zubeen Garg

**Zubeen Garg** (born **Jibon Borthakur**; ; 18 November 1972 – 19 September 2025) was an Indian musician, singer-songwriter, composer, actor, director, producer, screenwriter, poet and philanthropist. He was known for his works in Assamese, Bengali, and Hindi-language movies and music. 

Garg had also sung in 40 other languages and dialects. He played the anandalahari, dhol, dotara, drums, guitar, harmonica, harmonium, mandolin, keyboard, tabla, and many percussion instruments. 

Garg was thought to be one of the most influential musicians in Assam. He recorded more than 38,000 songs during his thirty-long year career.

On 19 September 2025, Garg died in Singapore, at the age of 52, while swimming in the sea without a life jacket. His cause of death was ruled as a drowning. He was given a state funeral and his remains were cremated.

## References
## Other websites
*
Leonora, Western Australia

Leonora is a small town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. It is in the remote outback, about 833 kilometers (518 miles) northeast of the state capital, Perth. The town is known for its gold mining history and for its nearby ghost town, Gwalia.

## History 
The area was first visited by European explorer John Forrest in 1869. He named a nearby hill Mount Leonora after his niece. The town got its name from this hill. In 1895, gold was discovered nearby. This started a gold rush, and the town of Leonora was officially created in 1897. A major gold mine, the Sons of Gwalia, was very important to the area. A famous person, Herbert Hoover, worked as the mine manager at the Sons of Gwalia mine. He later became the 31st President of the United States. His former house, Hoover House, is now a guest house. Leonora is very close to Gwalia, a famous ghost town. Gwalia was once a busy mining town, but when the Sons of Gwalia mine closed in 1963, most people left. Today, you can visit the old miners' cottages and the Gwalia Museum.

## Economy 
The main business in Leonora is mining. The area is a major producer of gold and also mines nickel. Modern mining operations are still very active next to the historic sites. There is also a small industry for raising cattle and sheep on large farms, called the pastoral industry. Leonora is an important town for people traveling and for the mining workers in the northern Goldfields.

## Geography and Climate 
Leonora is located in the dry, flat land of the outback. It is on the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert. The area has a hot desert climate. Summers are very hot, with mean (average) daily maximum temperature is about 37°C (98.6°F) in January. Winters are cool, with mean daily minimum temperature can drop to about 6°C (43°F) in July. Sometimes there can be frost in the morning. Rainfall is very low all year.
Tigran Keosayan

**Tigran Edmondovich Keosayan** (, ; 4 January 1966 – 26 September 2025) was a Russian movie director, actor and television presenter. His works were often called pro-Russia and pro-Putin propaganda.

## Career
Keosayan anchored the daily analytical talk show *With Tigran Keosayan* on the Russian private TV channel REN-TV. 

He won many movie festival prizes including TEFI, Kinotavr, and  2001. 

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Keosayan was one of the people sanctioned by the European Union. This was because Keosayan was spreading anti-Ukrainian propaganda.

## Personal life and death
He was married to Margarita Simonyan, the editor-in-chief of the Russian state-controlled broadcaster RT, as well as the state-owned media group Rossiya Segodnya.

In December 2024, Keosayan had a heart attack and was later put in a coma. He died on 26 September 2025 at a hospital in Moscow, Russia at the age of 59.

## References
## Other websites
*  
*
Gary Ross

**Gary Ross** (born November 3, 1956) is an American movie director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known for directing the movies *Pleasantville* (1998), *Seabiscuit* (2003), *The Hunger Games* (2012), and ''Ocean's 8'' (2018).

Ross was born in Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites 
*
In the White City

***In the White City*** () is a 1983 Swiss Portuguese British drama movie directed by Alain Tanner and starring Bruno Ganz, Teresa Madruga, Julia Vonderlinn, José Carvalho, Francisco Baião, José Wallenstein.

## Other websites 
*
Dreaming Lips (1932 movie)

***Dreaming Lips*** () is a 1932 French German drama movie directed by Paul Czinner and is based on the play *Mélo* by Henri Bernstein. It stars Elisabeth Bergner, Rudolf Forster, Anton Edthofer and Margarethe Hruby.

## Other websites 
*
In a Better World

***In a Better World*** (, "The Revenge") is a 2010 Danish Swedish drama thriller movie directed by Susanne Bier and starring Mikael Persbrandt, Trine Dyrholm, Ulrich Thomsen. It won an Academy Award and Golden Globe in 2011.

## Other websites 
*
Mungeranie, South Australia

The Mungeranie (or Mungerannie) is a small place in the north-east of the Australian state of South Australia. It is in the outback, which is a large area of dry land far from the cities. The name "Mungeranie" is Aboriginal for "big ugly face".

Mungeranie is a very small settlement. It is made up of a cattle station (a large farm) and a hotel. The Mungeranie Hotel is the only place to get fuel and other supplies on the Birdsville Track. The Birdsville Track is a long, famous road for driving through the desert.

The settlement is about 204 kilometres (127 miles) north of the town of Marree. It is about 313 kilometres (194 miles) south of the town of Birdsville.

## History 
In 1886, a man named Richard Forbes Sullivan started a place to sell supplies and a hotel here. This helped the people who moved cattle and other people travelling on the Birdsville Track.

## Geography 
Mungeranie is next to the Derwent Creek. It is on the edge of four large deserts: the Sturt Stony, Tirari, Simpson, and Strzelecki Deserts.

There is a permanent waterhole (a place with water all the time) in Mungeranie. This water comes from an artesian bore. A bore is a deep hole dug into the ground to get water from the Great Artesian Basin (a large supply of water under the land). This waterhole has created a small wetlands (a swampy area) that is a home for many types of birds.

The name "Mungeranie" comes from the local Aboriginal people and means "big ugly face."
Wilcannia

Wilcannia is a small town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia. It sits on the Darling River (which the local Aboriginal people call the "Baaka"). As of 2021, Wilcannia had a population of 735.

## History 
In the late 1800s, Wilcannia was very important. It was the third-largest inland port in all of Australia. The town grew because of the paddle steamers that travelled along the Darling River. These boats carried huge amounts of wool and other goods for trade.

Because so much money and business passed through, Wilcannia was sometimes called the "Queen City of the West." Many large, beautiful buildings made of local sandstone were built during this time. You can still see them today, like the old Courthouse and Post Office.

When railways and better roads were built, the river trade stopped, and the town became much smaller.
Ballard Berkeley

**Ballard Blascheck** (6 August 1904 – 16 January 1988), known in his work as **Ballard Berkeley**, was an English actor. He is best known for playing Major Gowen in the British television sitcom *Fawlty Towers*. 

## References
## Notes
New Popular Front

The **New Popular Front** (French: *Nouveau Front populaire*) is a political alliance in France. It was founded on 10 June 2024 for the 2024 French legislative elections following the 2024 European Parliament election which saw the far-right make gains. 

The Front is made up of La France Insoumise, the Socialist Party, the Ecologists, the French Communist Party and several other centre-left, left-wing and far-left parties. Its name is based on the interwar anti-fascist Popular Front.
Kanda Myōjin Shrine

is a Shinto shrine located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The Shrine is very close to Akihabara so it is popular among anime and technology fans. The shrine sells charms to protect electronic devices. It has a famous festival called Kanda Matsuri in May.

## In Popular culture
In Love Live! School Idol Project character Nozomi Tojo is a Miko for the shrine.

## Images

File:The entrance to Kanda-Myojin shrine, Tokyo; February 2015.jpg|Kanda Myosin entrance at night
File:Kanda-Myojin torii.JPG|Torii
File:Kanda shrine paper lantern.jpg|Paper lantern
File:KandaMyojin8816.jpg|Chōzuya pavilion
File:Kanda shrine.jpg|The Honden
File:KandaMyojinLanterns8758.jpg|Lanterns
File:KandaMyojinRooflines8768.jpg|Roof designs
File:KandaMyojinRailOrnaments8756.jpg|Rail ornamentation
File:KandaMyojinZenigataHeiji8801.jpg|Monument to Zenigata Heiji
File:Kanda Matsuri 2009-1 in Akihabara.jpg|Kanda Matsuri
File:100 views edo 010.jpg|Hiroshige 

## References
Freddie Stroma

**Frederic Wilhelm C. J. Sjöström** (born 8 January 1987), known professionally as **Freddie Stroma**, is a British actor. He is known for his roles as Cormac McLaggen in the *Harry Potter* movie series, Adam Cromwell on the Lifetime series *Unreal*, Brit Vayner in *13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi* (2016), H. G. Wells in the ABC series *Time After Time*, Luke/Radio guy in Pitch Perfect (2012) and Adrian Chase / Vigilante in the DC 
Universe series *Peacemaker*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Albertson, New York

**Albertson** is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 5,220 at the time of the 2020 census.

## References
List of members of Norway's parliament, 2025–2029

**List of all Storting representatives in the period 2025 to 2029**. The list includes everyone who was elected to the Storting in the 2025 Norwegian parliamentary election. It happened in September 2025.

There are a total of 169 representatives. They will take office on October 1, that year.

## Representatives 
## References
Fatherland (graphic novel)

***Fatherland*** is a graphic novel written by Nina Bunjevac. It tells the story of her family's history, especially focusing on her father, who was involved in Serbian nationalism and violent political activities. The book explores the impact of these events on the author and her family.

## Plot summary & theme 
The novel is about Bunjevac's search to understand her father's past. It shows how his involvement in Serbian nationalist movements affected her family, especially her mother and herself. The story mixes personal history with the broader political context of war and violence.

Bunjevac's artwork in the book is done in black and white, which creates a dramatic and serious tone. The illustrations reflect the themes of the book, adding to its emotional impact.

*Fatherland* has been reviewed positively by critics. It has been noted for its personal and historical perspective on nationalism and the consequences of violence.

## Rereferences
Second Xiangya Hospital

The **Second Xiangya Hospital** (湘雅二医院) is a large hospital in Changsha, Hunan Province of China. It is one of the top 20 hospitals in China according to the ranking released by Fudan University. 

## References
Mike & Mike's Excellent X-Canada Adventures

'''''Mike & Mike's Excellent X-Canada Adventures''''' is a Canadian documentary television series that aired on MuchMusic from 1989 to 1994.
Bernard Goldfine

**Bernard Goldfine** (October 10, 1890 – September 1967) was a Russian-born American businessman and textile manufacturer based in Boston. He became widely known in the 1950s for his connections with high-ranking political figures, notably Sherman Adams, who was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Chief of Staff. Goldfine's lavish gifts to Adams, including a vicuña coat and hotel stays, led to public controversy and Adams's resignation in 1958.

In 1961, Goldfine was convicted of income tax evasion, resulting in an eight-month prison sentence. Upon release, he faced financial ruin due to unpaid taxes and penalties. He died in 1967 at the age of 76 in a modest apartment in Boston.

## References
Michael Usi

**Michael Bizwick Usi** (born 16 December 1968) is a Malawian actor, playwright, musician, and politician who has served as the Vice-President of Malawi from 2024 until 2025. He became vice-president following the death of Saulos Chilima. After having served as the Minister of Tourism, Culture & Wildlife until 30 January 2023, He was the Minister of Natural Resources and Climate Change.

## Career 
Without national television in Malawi, he became popular by acting in radio plays on MBC Radio 1. After that, he started making feature films. His films talk about important issues in Malawi and show the social and political realities of life in the country.

## References
Kambalda, Western Australia

**Kambalda** is a small mining town in the state of Western Australia, Australia. It is found about 600 kilometers (373 miles) east of the city of Perth.

## Description 
Kambalda is famous for gold mining. It is in a place called the Goldfields-Esperance. For many years, people have dug for gold here.

In the 1960s, a new and important metal was found in Kambalda, nickel. This metal is used to make things like steel and batteries. Nickel mining became the main job for people in the town.

## Geography and Demographics 
Kambalda is really two small towns next to each other:
* Kambalda East
* Kambalda West

The town has houses for the workers and their families, a shopping area, and places to play sports. The number of people living in Kambalda changes a lot because of the mining industry. When a mine is busy, more people move to the town to work.

## Nature 
Kambalda is close to a big, dry salt lake called Lake Lefroy. It is usually a wide, white, flat area. Sometimes, people use this flat lake bed to race special land yachts or cars.

The area is part of the Australian outback and is very dry. The weather is usually hot, and the area is home to unique Australian animals and plants. 

## References
Axel Downard-Wilke

**Axel Peter Carl Downard-Wilke** ( **Wilke**; born 1966) is a transport planner, engineer, and Wikipedia editor from New Zealand. He was born in Germany and moved to New Zealand to finish his education at the University of Canterbury.

## Career 
From 1997 to 2005, Downard-Wilke worked for the Christchurch City Council as a traffic engineer.

He co-founded the consulting company ViaStrada, which focuses on traffic engineering and planning for pedestrians, cyclists, and public transport. His expertise in cycling led him to be a lead author for the *New Zealand Cycle Trail Design Guide* and an expert on a national Cycling Safety Panel. He consistently advocates for urban planning that prioritizes walking, cycling, and public transport over cars.

## Wikipedia 
In addition to his career, Downard-Wilke is an active member of the Wikipedia community. He is one of the administrators based in New Zealand and has created around 1,800 articles since 2009.

In 2020, he successfully led a campaign to change the policy on Wikipedia to ensure that Māori place names are correctly written with macrons (the long marks above vowels). He is also a member of the management committee for Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand.

## References
Proceratophrys dibernardoi

***Proceratophrys dibernardoi*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home
This frog lives on the ground in near streams. Scientists saw it in open areas and in forests growing next to streams. They saw it on the dead leaves on the ground. They also saw it in places where animals eat grass and soybean farms.  Scientists saw the frog between 520 and 855 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog in some protected places: Área de Proteção Ambiental Rio Araguaia, Córrego Rico, Couto Magalhães and Rio Araguainha, Parque Estadual Matas do Segredo, and Parque Estadual Serra Azul.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make farms and places for animals to eat grass. Humans also use fire to change the forest to fields.

## First paper
*

## References
Assisted dying

**Assisted dying**, **assisted death**, **aid in dying**, **medical aid in dying**, **medical assistance in dying** (**MAiD**) or **help to die** is the involvement of healthcare professionals in the provision of lethal drugs intended to end a patient’s life, subject to eligibility criteria and safeguards.

Assisted dying is a broad concept, which encompasses:
* Assisted suicide, the practice of helping or assisting another person to end their own life.
* Euthanasia, the practice of otherwise intentionally ending someone's life to relieve pain and suffering.
* Palliative sedation, which may in some cases accelerate the death of the patient, so sometimes it is also considered an assisted death.

## Related pages 
* Right to die
* Dignified death
Greater India

. Regions highlighted in light orange are places with lots of cultural ties to India. Regions highlighted in yellow are places with significant historical and/or current Indian cultural influence.]]
**Greater India** (sometimes known as **the Indian cultural sphere**) are places that have been influenced by Indian culture. These areas include places like South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Tibet. Even despite the fact that Vietnam is part of Southeast Asia, Northern Vietnam has mainly been part of the Sinosphere. This is because it was influenced by Chinese culture.

## Overview
In Southeast Asia, countries like Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia were mainly influenced. Also, countries like Malaysia and Indonesia were influenced by Islam. However, Vietnam for the most part was part of the Sinosphere since it had been influenced by China. The exception for this was in the Southern part of Vietnam, as it was influenced by the Champa Empire and Khmer Empire.

Historically speaking, these regions were culturally similar. They had similarities in music, philosophy, literature, political systems, architecture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism).
Dignified death

**Dignified death**, **death with dignity**, **dying with dignity** or **dignity in dying** is an ethical concept aimed at avoiding suffering and maintaining control and autonomy in the end-of-life process. In general, it is usually treated as an extension of the concept of **dignified life**, in which people retain their dignity and freedom until the end of their life.

Although a dignified death can be natural and occur without any type of assistance, as well as with the defense of the legalization of practices such as euthanasia, assisted suicide, terminal sedation or the refusal of medical assistance. According to its defenders, the possibility of these types of practices would be what would guarantee a dignified death, keeping free decisions until the last moment and avoiding unnecessary agony.

## Related pages 
* Assisted dying
* Right to die

## References
La Ravoire

**La Ravoire** is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Savoie department in southeastern France.

## Twin towns 
La Ravoire is twinned with:
*  Teningen, Germany, since 1984
*  Vado Ligure, Italy, since 2002

## References
List of programs broadcast by NBC Kids

This is a list of programs currently and formerly broadcast by NBC Kids.
## Current programming
### Original programming
### Acquired programming
### Programming from PBS Kids
### Short series
### Blocks
## Upcoming programming
### Original programming
### Acquired programming
### Programming for PBS Kids
## Former programming
### Original programming
### Acquired programming
### Programming from PBS Kids
### Short series
### Blocks
## References
Vado Ligure

**Vado Ligure** is a *comune* in the Province of Savona in the Liguria region in Italy. It is an important industrial port.

## Twin towns 
Vado Ligure is twinned with:
*  La Ravoire, France, since 2002

## References
Air Crash Investigation season 3

This is the following third season of *Air Crash Investigation*. This is the first season produced in high definition, according to Cineflix.

## Episodes
Tom Walker

**Thomas Alexander Walker** (born 17 December 1991) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. He is known for his single "Leave a Light On", which went to number seven on the UK Singles Chart in June 2018. His debut EP *Blessings* was released on 19 May 2017.

## References
Sentinelese people

The **Sentinelese** are a tribe native to North Sentinel Island. They have been known for being dangerous and protective of their island. If someone ever approaches their island, they will throw spears at them.

## Population
Their population is currently unknown. However, it has been estimated that there are 40 to 500 Sentinelese currently living.

## Culture
The Sentinelese are animist and speak a language called the Sentinelese language, but what is known about this language is currently unknown. They are also hunter-gatherers.
Air Crash Investigation season 8

This is the following eighth season of *Air Crash Investigation*. *Mayday* is the second *Science of Disaster* season, consisting of two episodes.

## Episodes

## References
Mihashira Torii

]]
 also known as  are a type of *torii* gate found in Shinto architecture. They are a triangle of connected Torii. They may have been built by early Japanese Christians to represent the Holy Trinity.

## Images

蚕の社三柱鳥居.jpg|*Mihashira Torii* at Konoshima Shrine
Image:MimeguriMihasira002.jpg|Mimeguri Shrine
Image:Mihasira99144.jpg|Sakurai, Nara
Image:Mihashiratorii.jpg|A drawing by Hokusai

## References
7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

"**7 Years**" is a song by Danish pop band Lukas Graham, from their second studio album, *Lukas Graham*. It was released on 18 September 2015. The song topped the single charts in over 10 countries. It was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 2017.
Orring People

The **Orring people** (also called **Orri** or **Korring speakers**) are an aboriginal ethnolinguistic group in southeastern and central Nigeria. They are regarded as descendants of **Lukpata Akpa**, their ancestral progenitor, and are considered a proto-branch of the ancient **Akpato (Okpoto)** people.

## History 
Before European contact, the Okpoto were described as an established and diverse society inhabiting their native lands. Early European explorers referred to them as one of the most ancient indigenous groups in the region.

Throughout history, the Orring were influenced by major political formations such as the Kwararafa Empire, the Igala Kingdom at Idah, and the Aro Confederacy, which connected Igbo and non-Igbo societies in eastern Nigeria. Despite external pressures, the Orring retained distinct cultural roots.

From their ancestral homeland near the Niger–Benue confluence, Orring groups expanded southeastward into forested areas. One historic migration, led by Okum (Okun), established settlements at Ntezi-Aba, in present-day Abakaliki, Ebonyi State.

The Orring were historically referred to as the WanOkun, and became the aboriginal settlers of much of northern Ebonyi (Abakaliki zone). Scholars and colonial records have emphasized this status:

* Historian C.C. Ugoo stated that the Orring were the original landholders of Abakaliki prior to migrations of Abam, Ohafia, and Aro groups during the Aro expansion.[citation needed]
* In colonial intelligence reports, A.E. Cook noted that the Orring once held vast Abakaliki lands, which diminished with the arrival of later settlers.

## Language and identity 
The Orring traditionally spoke the Korring language (also called Korri). During the colonial period, missionary activity and Christian evangelism favored the use of Anambra Igbo as the language of worship and education, which marginalised Korring. This policy contributed to the erosion of Orring linguistic and cultural identity.

## Modern distribution 
Following the creation of Nigerian states from 1967 onward, the Orring population became divided among different administrative units:

* **Ebonyi State**: Ntezi, Okpoto, Amuda, Okpomoro, Effium people 
* **Benue State**: the Ufia (Utonkon) people
* **Cross River State**: the Ukelle people

Although separated politically, these groups maintain a common history, language, and cultural identity.[citation needed]

## Cultural continuity 
The Orring maintain traditions of peacekeeping, trade, and inter-community cooperation. Festivals and cultural gatherings continue to affirm kinship ties across state boundaries. Recent cultural festivals have emphasized that the Orring people are not defined by political borders but by ancestral ties and shared memory.[citation needed]

## Related pages 
* Ebonyi State
* Igbo people

## References
National symbols of Lesotho

The **State symbols of the Independent Kingdom of Lesotho** are the symbols that are used to represent both the divided Basotho people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Basotho symbols
### Related page
* National symbols of South Africa
National symbols of the United Arab Emirates

.]]

The **National symbols of the Muslim-Majority Confederation of the UAE** are the symbols that are used to represent the Emirati people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people's.

## Emirati symbols
Court of public opinion

The ***court of public opinion*** is a metaphorical use of the word "court" as it is not a real "court of law". This English expression is used when we let everyone judge the case. In other words, sometimes we simply look at what the majority of people think about the case, regardless of their social status/ level of education. As example would be the "public opinion" versus the "legal decision" on the O. J. Simpson murder case.

## Related
*Majority opinion
## References
National symbols of Singapore

The **State symbols of the Sovereign State of Singapore** are the symbols that are used in the Sovereign state of the Nation of Singapore to represent what is unique about the nation, reflecting different aspects of its cultural life and history.

## Symbols
Proceratophrys bagnoi

***Proceratophrys bagnoi*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home
This frog lives in forests that grow next to streams and rivers in the Cerrado. Scientists saw the frog between 550 and 840 meters above sea level.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make farms and places for animals to eat grass. Humans also use fire to change the forest to fields and build dams for electricity.

## First paper
*

## References
Norseman, Western Australia

Norseman is a small town in the state of Western Australia, in Australia.

The town is about 726 kilometres (451 miles) east of the city of Perth. It is an important place because it is the last major town in Western Australia before you cross the Nullarbor Plain to South Australia. It is the start of the Eyre Highway, which is a very long road across the country.

## History 
Norseman was started because of gold. In 1894, a man named Laurie Sinclair found a rich spot of gold. He named the place after his horse, Hardy Norseman, who found the gold by scraping his hoof on the ground. Gold mining became a very big business in Norseman for many years.

The Aboriginal name for the area is "Jimberlana".

At first, Norseman was not as important as the nearby town of Dundas. But Norseman soon grew stronger. From 1895 to 1901, the town opened a post office, banks, stores, a doctor, and a courthouse. Mail coaches from Cobb & Co started coming in 1899. Later, in 1935, a big company, Western Mining Corporation, put a lot of money into the town. This brought better things to Norseman, like paved roads, electricity, and a way to get water from the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme.

## Demographics and tourism 
Today, Norseman is still a mining town. The main thing that keeps the town running is gold mining.

Norseman is also a popular stop for travellers. People driving across Australia on the Eyre Highway often stop here for fuel and to rest. The town has shops, a place to stay, and a hospital.

Things to see there include:
*The Big Horse: There is a statue of a horse to remember the horse, Hardy Norseman, that found the first gold.
*Beacon Hill: A good place to go to see a wide view of the town and the dry land around it.
Gwalia, Western Australia

Gwalia is a famous ghost town in Western Australia, Australia. A ghost town is a town that most people have left. It is in the desert area known as the Goldfields-Esperance, about 828 kilometres (514 miles) from the city of Perth. The small number of people who still live there are often counted with the nearby town of Leonora.

## History 
Gwalia began because of gold. In 1896, prospectors (gold hunters) found a rich spot of gold. They called the mine the "Sons of Gwalia" to honor the Welsh background of one of the people who paid for the search. "Gwalia" is an old name for Wales.

The town quickly grew around the mine. People built simple houses out of wood, iron, and cloth. A famous person worked here: Herbert Hoover. He was a young American engineer who was the mine's manager for a short time in 1898. He later became the 31st President of the United States. 

The mine was one of the biggest and most successful in Western Australia for a long time. It kept working for 65 years. Then on December 27, 1963, the mine suddenly closed. 

Because the mine was the only work available in the town, almost all the people left very quickly. The town's population dropped from about 1,200 people to only 40 in a few weeks. The people left their homes and things behind.

## Present day 
Today, Gwalia is an open-air museum. You can walk through the empty streets and see the houses, shops, and the old State Hotel just as people left them. This gives visitors a look at what life was like during the gold rush. 

Even though the town is a ghost town, the Gwalia Gold Mine has opened again. Modern mining is still taking place next to the historic town area.

## References
Peggy Cartwright

**Peggy Cartwright** (November 14, 1912-June 12, 2001) is a Canadian Silent movie child actress was one of the Our Gang in 1922 when she is only 9-years-old And she meet Harold Lloyd in the 1919 silent short movie called From Hand to Mouth when she is only 6-years-old.
Merredin, Western Australia

Merredin is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is about 260 kilometers (160 miles) east of the capital city, Perth. Merredin is the largest town in the eastern Wheatbelt area. The area is a very important part of Australia for growing grain, especially wheat. About 40% of Western Australia's wheat is grown near Merredin.

The town has one of the longest grain storage facilities in the Southern Hemisphere. The name Merredin is thought to come from an Aboriginal word for the Merritt trees that grew near a local water source.

Merredin was the location of number 4 pumping station of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme,
which was rebuilt a number of times.

## History 
Merredin started as a place where people could stop to get water on their long journey to the rich gold mines of Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in the 1890s. The town grew quickly when the railway line from Perth was built to Merredin in 1893. This made it an important train stop. Because water was scarce, a large wall was built around the local granite rock, Merredin Peak, to catch rainwater for the town and the trains. This water source was later replaced by the famous Golden Pipeline, which brought water all the way from Perth. During World War II, Merredin was important for the Australian defense. You can still see old military places and a Military Museum in the town today.

## Attractions 
Attractions include:
*Cummins Theatre: An old and famous theatre that was moved from the gold rush town of Coolgardie and put back together in Merredin in 1928.
*Merredin Peak: A large granite rock where you can walk to the top and see the old water catchment system.
*Silo Art: The huge grain silos are painted with a large, colorful mural as part of the Public Silo Trail.
*Museums: The town has a Railway Museum and a Military Museum to tell its history.
Hyden, Western Australia

Hyden is a small farming town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is about 340 kilometers (210 miles) east of the state capital, Perth.

## Wave Rock 
Hyden is famous because it is very close to the world-famous natural rock formation called Wave Rock. Wave Rock is a huge granite cliff that is shaped exactly like a tall ocean wave just about to break. It is about 15 meters (49 feet) high and 110 meters (360 feet) long.

The rock is very old—about 2.7 billion years old. Colorful stripes on the rock are made by water running down the rock and dissolving minerals over time. The rock is important to the local Aboriginal people, the Njakinjaki people.

## Other Attractions 
Other attractions include:
*Near Wave Rock, there are other natural and man-made attractions:
*Hippo's Yawn: Another granite rock that looks like a hippopotamus yawning (opening its mouth very wide).
*Mulka's Cave: A small cave with Aboriginal rock art, telling the story of an Aboriginal legend named Mulka.
*The Humps: A massive granite rock formation north of Wave Rock, which is also a popular spot.
*Lake Magic: A nearby salt lake where the water can change color from green to pink.
*Wildflowers: During the spring (from about September to December), many different types of beautiful native wildflowers bloom in the area.

## History and Economy 
European farming in the Hyden area started around 1922. The town was officially set up in 1932. The main business in Hyden is agriculture, mostly growing wheat and other grains and raising sheep and cattle. More than 100,000 tourists visit Hyden every year to see Wave Rock, which helps the town's economy. A railway line was opened between Lake Grace and Hyden Rock in April 1933.
National symbols of Burundi

The **State symbols of the Republic of Burundi** are the symbols that are used to represent the Burundian people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Burundian symbols
Manjimup, Western Australia

Manjimup is a large town in the South West region of Western Australia. It is about 307 kilometers (191 miles) south of Perth. It is famous for its forests, giant trees, and fresh food. As of 2016, Manjimup had a population of 4,349.

## Description 
Manjimup is called the "heart of the Southern Forests" because it is surrounded by huge forests, including the tall Karri and Jarrah trees.

It has a long history as a center for the timber industry. Manjimup is the main place on the Australian mainland that grows Black Truffles. Truffles are a very expensive type of mushroom used in fancy cooking. The area has very rich soil, so it grows many different fruits and vegetables like apples (the famous 'Pink Lady' apple was developed here), cherries, potatoes, and avocados.

## Tourism 
Manjimup has many places to visit, often connected to its history or nature:
*Giant Trees:
**Diamond Tree: A tall Karri tree that used to be a fire lookout (now closed to climbing).
**Four Aces: A row of four very old, tall Karri trees.
**King Jarrah Tree: A massive Jarrah tree thought to be over 500 years old.
*Manjimup Heritage Park: A large park that has:
**A fun Adventure Playground with a huge slide.
**The State Timber Museum and Steam Museum to learn about the town's history.
**The Power Up Electricity Museum.
*One Tree Bridge: The remains of an old bridge made from a single Karri tree trunk.
*Fonty's Pool: A large man-made freshwater swimming pool that is a popular spot for relaxing.
*Festivals: The town holds the yearly Cherry Harmony Festival and a Truffle Kerfuffle event to celebrate its famous produce.

## Etymology 
The name Manjimup comes from local Aboriginal Noongar words, possibly meaning "place of the edible reed."

## Climate 
The town has a mild Mediterranean climate, which means cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers, which is great for growing truffles and tall trees.
National symbols of Belarus

The **National symbols of Belarus** are the symbols that are used to represent both the divided Belarussian people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Belarussian symbols
Bridgetown, Western Australia

Bridgetown is a historic town in the South West region of Western Australia. It is famous for its picturesque setting on the Blackwood River and its old-world country charm.

## History 
European settlement began in the late 1850s, after a survey of the area was done by A.C. Gregory. Convicts built the main road into the area from Donnybrook starting in 1861. The town was named "Bridgetown" because it was located at a bridge over the Blackwood River and after the ship Bridgetown, which was the first to take wool from the district at Bunbury.

The area was an early centre for sheep, cattle, and fruit growing (especially apples). The railway arrived in 1898, helping both the agriculture and the timber industries.

## Tourism 
*"Winter Capital of Western Australia": The town is often called "Fridgetown" in winter. It holds an annual Bridgetown in the Winter Festival (or "Fridgetown Fest") with many events, which brings in tourists.

*Festivals:
**Blues at Bridgetown: A famous annual music festival held in November.
**Festival of Country Gardens: Held in Autumn and Spring.

*Heritage Buildings: The main street has many restored buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. You can learn about the history on the Bridgetown Heritage Walk.
**Bridgedale House (c. 1862) is one of the oldest buildings in the town.
**The Police Station Museum (1880) is another popular heritage site.
**The Cidery: The region's history with apple-growing has led to a popular local cidery and brewery.
**Brierley Jigsaw Gallery: The town is home to this unique gallery, which claims to have the only public jigsaw collection of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere.
Zwitterion

A **zwitterion** is a type of chemical compound that has both positive and negative electrical charges in different parts of the molecule.

Many zwitterions are tautomers of compounds that do not have these charges, and change between "neutral" and zwitterion forms based on the environment. Glycine, for example, is more stable as a zwitterion in a solution, but the "neutral" form as a pure gas.

## Sources
Northampton, Western Australia

Northampton is a historic town in the Mid West region of Western Australia. It is one of the state's oldest settlements outside of Perth, and the entire townsite was classified as a "historic town" by the National Trust of Australia in 1993. As of 2011, the town had a population of 868.

## Description 
Its location is approximately 52 kilometers (32 miles) north of Geraldton and about 480 kilometers (298 miles) north of Perth. The area was originally known as "The Mines" due to its early mining activity. It was gazetted (declared a town) in 1864 and named after the then-Governor of the colony, John Hampton. The local Aboriginal Noongar name for the area is Mooniemia. Historically based on mining (lead and copper) and later became a service center for agriculture, especially cereal crops like wheat. Today, tourism is also important, as it serves as a gateway to the coast, including Horrocks Beach, Port Gregory (famous for its pink lake), and the Kalbarri National Park.

## Historical Significance 
Northampton is a very important town in Western Australia's early industrial history. It is the site of the state's first major mining activity, with lead discovered in 1848 and copper in 1855. The first government-built railway line in Western Australia, which opened in 1879, ran from Geraldton to Northampton to transport the mined ore.

## Tourism 
Many of the town's buildings are made of local stone and reflect its rich history:
*Hampton Road Heritage Walk: This walk covers 37 historically significant buildings, many of which were built by convicts.
*Chiverton House Museum: A stone building that now operates as a museum showcasing artifacts, photos, and restored farm machinery from the region's pioneering and mining era.
*Monsignor Hawes Buildings: The town features two notable buildings designed by the renowned architect-priest, Monsignor John Hawes:
*Church of Our Lady in Ara Coeli (c. 1936)
*Former Sacred Heart Convent (c. 1919)
*Railway Precinct: Home to the remnants of the state's first government railway line, including station buildings and rolling stock.

## Natural Attractions 
*Wildflowers: During the spring season (generally August to October), the surrounding area is a popular destination for viewing colorful native wildflowers.
*Aboriginal Rock Art: Ancient Aboriginal rock art can be found near the Bowes River turnoff, showing the region's long Indigenous heritage.
Augusta, Western Australia

Augusta is a small town in the south-west part of Western Australia.

It is famous for being the closest town to Cape Leeuwin. This Cape is the most south-western point of the whole Australian continent. At this point, the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean meet.

The town has its own airport.

## Tourism 
Tourist attractions include:
*Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse: This is a tall, historic lighthouse that you can climb. It stands right where the two oceans meet.
*Whale Watching: From late May to August, many whales (like Humpback and Southern Right whales) swim past the coast of Augusta as they travel to warmer waters. People watch them from the shore or from boats.
*Blackwood River: The town is located where the Blackwood River flows into the sea at a place called Flinders Bay. This area, known as the Hardy Inlet, is great for fishing, boating, and kayaking.
*Jewel Cave: Not far from Augusta is Jewel Cave, which is the biggest public show cave in all of Western Australia. It has many beautiful and large rock formations inside.
*Hamelin Bay: This nearby bay is famous for having friendly, wild stingrays that often swim right up to the shallow water near the beach.

Augusta is one of the oldest settlements by Europeans in Western Australia, founded in 1830. Today, it is a peaceful place often visited by tourists and people who enjoy the beautiful coast.