open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis

**Apoptosis** is the  death of a cell. It is an important part of tissue development. For example, during limb development in a foetus, apoptosis allows digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other. The process is quite common until puberty begins. Apoptosis is a  regulated and controlled process which works throughout an organism's life cycle. The rate of apoptosis is balanced by the rate of cell production by mitosis.

## Discovery 
The phenomenon of programmed cell death was first described by Carl Vogt in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming gave a more precise description of the process.

The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. The average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells  of which at most only 70 billion die each day. That is, about 5 out of every 1,000 cells (0.5%) die each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20–30 billion cells die per day.

## Sequence of events in apoptosis
When a cell dies by apoptosis, surrounding tissue is not harmed. 
1. Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm becomes dense, with organelles tightly packed.
3. Cell surface membrane forms "blebs".
4. Chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks. DNA breaks into fragments.
5. The cell breaks down into vesicles, taken up by phagocytosis.

## Controlling the cell cycle 
Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life. At any point in time, there may be too many cells in one area, and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely. This is important to the overall  of the organism. If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly. The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body. Apoptosis takes place by the help of lysosomes. Lysosomes rupture when the cell is old or damaged, this lets out digestive enzymes all over the cell and digests it, therefore killing the cell. Sydney Brenner, Sir John Sulston and Robert Horvitz received the Nobel Prize for their work on the genome and cells of the roundworm *Caenorhabditis elegans*. C. elegans was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Hayflick limit
Jango Fett

**Jango Fett** is a *Star Wars* bounty hunter and the genetic template of the Clone troopers. He made his first and only live action appearance in *Attack of the Clones* (2002).

In Attack of the Clones, Jango is selected to be the genetic template for the clone army grown by the Kaminoan cloners of the planet Kamino. In exchange, he receives considerable wealth, and an unmodified clone to raise as his son, named Boba. 

Jango serves as Seperatist leader Count Dooku's bodyguard during the Battle of Geonosis. However, his jetpack becomes damaged after being trampled. Unable to escape, Jango meets his demise at the hands of Jedi Master Mace Windu, following a brief fight. His legacy is continued through his son Boba, who would grow up to be known as the galaxy's most fearless bounty hunter.

Jango is portrayed by New Zealand actor Temuera Morrison, who also portrayed several clones. Morrison later provided voicework for Boba Fett in the special editions of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and several video games. He went on to portray the character in live action in the second season of the 2020 series The Mandalorian, and its 2021 spinoff, The Book of Boba Fett.

## Portrayals
As with his clones and Boba Fett, he is portrayed by Temuera Morrison.
Wadi

]]
, Israel]]
A **Wadi** is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river. The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain. Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life. This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly. Canyon is another name for it, used in other countries.
FM Static

**FM Static** is a Canadian pop punk band that makes albums with *Tooth & Nail Records*. The band was started by Thousand Foot Krutch (another band)  Trevor McNevan and Thousand Foot Krutch drummer Steve Augustine. In 2003, they made their first album called (*What Are You Waiting For?*). The album had the singles "*Definitely Maybe*" and "*Crazy Mary*". On August 1, 2006, FM Static started selling their second album called *Critically Ashamed*, which has the single "*Waste of Time*" on it. Their third album was announced in late April 2008. The two piece finished recording "Dear Diary" in early August 2008. It was released on April 7, 2009. 

FM Static  the *Best Website Ever Made*  from the *Webgrammys*, and they have been  for the *GMA Canada* *Covenant Awards*.

## Members
* Trevor McNevan - vocals, guitars
* Steve Augustine - drums

### Old members
* Justin Smith (bass)
* Jeremy Smith (guitar)
* John Bunner (guitar)

## Albums
****What Are You Waiting For?***(July 22, 2003)Tooth & Nail Records
****Critically Ashamed***(August 1, 2006)Tooth & Nail Records
****Dear Diary***(April 7, 2009)Tooth & Nail Records
****My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!***(April 5, 2011)Tooth & Nail Records

## Singles
*2003: Definitely Maybe
*2003: Crazy Mary
*2003: Something To Believe In
*2006: Waste of Time
*2006: Six Candles
*2006: The Video Store
*2006: Girl of the Year
*2008: Nice Piece of Art

## Music videos
*Definitely Maybe YouTube (Go)

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* Official Purevolume 
* Official Myspace
* Tooth & Nail Records
Vector graphics editor

vector graphics editor]]

A **vector graphics editor** is a computer program that lets users make and change vector graphics images and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG or VML.

## Related pages
*Graphics
*Editing digital images

## Other websites 
*Inkscape - Popular open source Vector graphics editor
*Vector Magic - Precision Bitmap to Vector Conversion Online
*Math Games: Vector vs Raster (maa.org)  - A list of 65 vector graphics editors.
*Bitmap And Vector Graphics Explained
Perth

* Perth, Scotland in Perth and Kinross council area, the original Perth
* Perth, Western Australia in Australia, the biggest Perth
* Perth, Tasmania in Australia
* Perth, Ontario in Canada
Noble gas compound

A **noble gas compound** is a chemical compound that has an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in it. Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases. 

## History 
For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons. This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible. However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms. His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) was later discovered. Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.

Oxidizing Helium or Neon takes a lot of energy. No chemical substance is known to have enough power to oxidize Helium or Neon. Two Helium compounds have been predicted; they would need a very high pressure to be stable. 

## Fullerene properties 
Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C60 and Ne@C60 are made. Only about one out of every 650,000 C60 were found with a helium atom. But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%. Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C60.

## References
Lostprophets

**Lostprophets** were a rock band from Pontypridd, Wales. They were signed to the record label Sony BMG. They released five studio albums in their career and had two top ten hits in the UK, "Last Train Home" and "Rooftops". They won six Kerrang! Awards. They broke up in October 2013 after singer Ian Watkins was charged in December 2012 with raping a baby and other sex crimes. In November 2013, he was convicted of attempted rape and sexual assault of a child. On 18 December 2013, Watkins was sentenced to 35 years in prison.

Lostprophets' first release was their 1997 EP *Here Comes the Party*.
In 1999 Lostprophets were signed to a record label called Visible Noise. Their first album *Thefakesoundofprogress* was released on 27 November 2000. On 2 February 2004 the band's second album *Start Something* was released in the UK and South Korea. Six singles were released from the album. "Burn Burn" reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart. The band's third album, *Liberation Transmission*, was released in June 2006 and was the band's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart at No.1. The album was also successful in Japan. Kerrang! gave it five out of five stars. In 2009 Lostprophets did a cover of "Boys Don't Cry" on an album of The Cure covers given away free with NME.
*The Betrayed*, the band's fourth studio album, was released in the UK on 13 January 2010. It reached number three in the UK Albums Chart. Their last album, *Weapons* was released on 2 April 2012. It reached the number five in the UK Albums Chart. It got mixed reviews.

HMV stopped selling Lostprophets' albums in 2013 after Watkins was convicted of trying to rape a baby. The BBC will not play Lostprophets' music anymore.

In June 2014, the remaining members formed No Devotion with American singer Geoff Rickly as their lead vocalist.

## Discography 
* The Fake Sound of Progress (2000)
* Start Something (2004)
* Liberation Transmission (2006)
* The Betrayed (2010)
* Weapons (2012)

## References
What Are You Waiting For?

***What Are You Waiting For?*** is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band. It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.

Although not a bestseller or anything really great, *What Are You Waiting For?* did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years. Remember, FM Static are only a side project.

# Three days later - 2:23
# Crazy mary - 2:51
# Something to believe in - 2:48
# Definitely maybe - 2:49
# Donna - 2:27
# All the days - 2:26
# Hold me twice - 2:44
# The notion - 2:11
# October - 2:50
# My first stereo -2:53
# Hey now (hidden song) -3:08
Petrochemical

A **petrochemical** is a chemical product that is made from petroleum, natural gas or other hydrocarbons.

Some petrochemicals include alcohol, antiseptics, artificial rubber, detergents, drugs, explosives, food additives, insecticides, perfume, plastic, and textile fiber.

## Related pages
*Petroleum
*Petroleum products
*Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

## Other websites 
* Petrochemistry in Europe
* Educational resource on petrochemistry 
* Article showing some of the basics of a petchem facility
Electronegativity

**Electronegativity**, symbol χ, is a chemical property that says how well an atom can attract electrons towards itself. The electronegativity of an atom is d by the atom's atomic number and the distance between the atom's valence electrons (the outermost electrons that take part in chemical bonding) and its nucleus. It was first theorised by Linus Pauling in 1932 as part of his valence bond theory, and is related to other chemical properties. Generally, electronegativity increases from the bottom-left to the upper-right of the periodic table; this is known as a periodic trend.

There are many ways to calculate the electronegativity of an atom. The most common way of calculation is the one suggested by Linus Pauling, and it gives the relative **Pauling scale**. This scale gives elements dimensionless quantities (values) between 0.7 and 3.98, with hydrogen being at 2.20.

The opposite of electronegativity is **electropositivity**; the measure of how well an atom gives away electrons.

## Ways to calculate electronegativity 
### Pauling electronegativity 
Pauling suggested the idea of electronegativity in 1932 Another thing that need to be known to make an electronegativity scale is which element is more electronegative than the reference point, which is hydrogen. This is often done with the so-called "chemical ": in the above example, hydrogen bromide (H-Br) dissolves in water and breaks into H+ cation and Br- anion. So, it can be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen.

To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, the data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds created by the element is needed. In 1961, A. L. Allred improved Pauling's original data to include the thermodynamic data that is much more available.

## References
Phagocyte

of a phagocyte (yellow: neutrophil) engulfing some bacteria (orange: anthrax bacilli)]]

**Phagocytes** are the white blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytosing)  bacteria and dead or dying cells. They are important for fighting infections. They are also important for becoming immune. Phagocytes are present in all animals and are very complex in vertebrates. One liter of human blood has about six billion phagocytes.

## History 
Their name comes from the Greek *phagein*, 'to eat or devour ', and *kutos*, 'hollow vessel'. Phagocytes were first seen in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.  Phagocytes can be found in many animals. Macrophages move like amoebae, and are probably an ancient type of cell.

## Professional phagocyte 
Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called professional or non-professional, depending on how good they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. The reason they are called professional phagocytes is because they have receptors on their surfaces which can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria.

## What a phagocyte does 
When there is an infection, phagocytes move to the bacteria by sensing chemicals. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes that are already there. The phagocytes move by a way called chemotaxis. When bacteria touch a phagocyte, they bind to the receptors on the phagocyte and are eaten (phagocytosed). When bacteria enter some phagocytes, the phagocytes use oxidants and nitric oxide to kill the pathogen. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also do 'antigen presentation': this is when the phagocyte moves parts of the killed bacteria back to its surface. These parts are then shown to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then move to the body's lymph nodes and show the bacterial parts to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This action is important in getting immunity.

## Phagocyte evasion 
Many bacteria have ways to not be eaten or killed by phagocytes.

## References
Alfred Eisenstaedt

**Alfred Eisenstaedt** (6 December 1898 – 24 August 1995) was a German photographer and photojournalist. He is renowned for his candid photographs, frequently made using a 35mm Leica M3 rangefinder camera. He is best remembered for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day in Times Square.

## References
Negev

(red) and Judaean Desert (pink) on a map of Israel.]]
The **Negev** ( ; ) or **Negeb** () is the southern region of Israel. It is a desert that covers about 60% of the current state of Israel. Only about 10% of the people that live in Israel live there. The Negev has borders with Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the west, the Arabah in the Great Rift Valley in the east, and a line connecting Gaza city to Ein Gedi near the Dead Sea to the north. Beersheba and Eilat are the main cities of the Negev.

The **Negev incense route** was a trade route in the Negev. It connected Arabia to the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic-Roman period. The trade led to the development of ancient towns, forts and caravanserai en route, and agricultural development. It was proclaimed as of outstanding universal value by UNESCO in 2005.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sde Boker archive of articles on the Negev 
*Israel's Negev Information Site 
*Photos of Negev
Strabo

geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving.]]

**Strabo** (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

## Life 
Strabo was born in a rich family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before. His mother was Georgian. He studied under several geographers and philosophers. Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when his *Geography* was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.

Strabo's *History* is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered Papyrus 46).

Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them place it shortly after 23.

## The *Geography* 
Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work *Geographica*, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. It is an important source of information on the ancient world.

## Notes 
## References 
*  Strabo in Greek, Teubner Edition. Downloadable Google Books at https://books.google.com/books?id=MvoHAAAAQAAJ&q=Strabo.

## Other websites 
* Biography of Strabo
Skating rink

A **skating rink** may refer to:
* an ice rink used for ice skating
* a roller rink used for roller skating
Chris Waddle

**Christopher Roland Waddle** (born 14 December 1960) is a former football player. He has played for the England national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Marseille**
*Division 1: 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92
*European Cup runner-up: 1990–91

**Tottenham Hotspur**
*FA Cup runner-up: 1986–87

**Sheffield Wednesday**
*FA Cup runner-up: 1992–93
*Football League Cup runner-up: 1992–93

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 1984–85 First Division, 1988–89 First Division
*North-East FWA Player of the Year: 1985
*Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year: 1988
*Onze d'Argent: 1991
*FIFA XI: 1991
*FWA Footballer of the Year: 1992–93 (Sheffield Wednesday)
*Premier League Player of the Month: January 1995
*The Dream Team 110 years of OM: 2010

## References
Ian Ure

**Ian Ure** (born 7 December 1939) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

## Career statistics
*Source* 

## References
Victory

gold medal]]
 statue of Nike () standing a globe representative of the world. From the Library of Hadrian in Athens.]]
**Victory** is ning an argument, war or test. Many songs have been made called *victory songs*. Victory often comes with a lot of emotion. Victory is usually celebrated after winning, although there are many times not to, like after a war. The term comes from the culture of ancient Rome, when it meant winning a war.

## Different types
In terms of human emotion, being victorious usually brings strong feelings of gladness, and in human behaviour often has movements and victory poses.
Victory dances and victory cries are quite similar to war dances and war cries that are done before the violence.

## Related pages
*War
Illegal immigration

**Illegal immigration** is the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country. An **illegal immigrant** is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country. 

Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally  going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there. 

## In the United States 
Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president.
Chris Cornell

**Christopher John Boyle**; (July 20, 1964 &ndash; May 17, 2017) better known by his stage name, **Chris Cornell** was an American singer. He is best known as the singer in the grunge band Soundgarden.
He started the band in 1984 with lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto.  Cornell is regarded as one of the greatest vocalists in rock history.

He released his debut album in September 1999,  *Euphoria Morning*. Later, in 2001, he began the supergroup Audioslave with the former members of Rage Against the Machine. Cornell recorded three albums as Audioslave's singer until the band's breakup in early 2007. His second solo album *Carry On* was released to mixed commercial success in June 2007.

Cornell was also a co-singer singer in a band, Temple of the Dog, with Eddie Vedder, that was formed as a tribute to a musician, Andrew Wood, who had died.

Cornell was found dead at his Detroit, Michigan hotel room shortly after performing at a concert on May 18, 2017 at the age of 52. The cause of death was determined to be suicide by hanging.

## Personal life 
Cornell was born in Seattle to Ed Boyle and Karen Cornell. He was of European-American and European-Canadian descent. Cornell was first married to Susan Silver, the manager of Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. They had a daughter, Lillian Jean, in June 2000. He and Silver divorced in 2004. In December 2008, Cornell said that he had finally won back his collection of 15 guitars after a four-year court battle with Silver.

He then married Vicky Karayiannis. She is a Greek-American publicist. She gave birth to his second daughter, Toni, in September 2004, and his third child, Christopher Nicholas, in December 2005.  Cornell converted to the Greek Orthodox Church because of her faith in the church.

## References
Ben Shepherd

**Ben Shepherd** (born **Hunter Benedict Shepherd** on September 20, 1968) is an American musician, best known as the bass player in the grunge band Soundgarden from 1990 until the band's 1997 break-up.

Ben Shepherd first auditioned for the role of bassist in Soundgarden in 1989, to replace Hiro Yamamoto, who had left the band. He was turned down because he could not play the songs well enough.  But after Jason Everman was let go, Shepherd was then hired.

Chris Cornell said that Shepherd brought a "fresh and creative" approach to the *Badmotorfinger* recording sessions, All the band members said that his knowledge of music and writing skills would be a help to the band.

Before joining, Soundgarden had been Shepherd's favorite band.

## References
Kim Thayil

**Kim Thayil** (born September 4, 1960 in Seattle, Washington) best known as the lead guitarist in Soundgarden.
A-Sides

***A-Sides*** is a best-of album by Soundgarden with songs spanning the band's thirteen-year career. It was released on November 4, 1997 through A&M Records.

## Track listing 
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
#"Nothing to Say" (Cornell, Kim Thayil)&nbsp;– 3:56
#*Originally from *Screaming Life*.
#"Flower" (Cornell, Thayil)&nbsp;– 3:25
#*Originally from *Ultramega OK*.
#"Loud Love"&nbsp;– 4:57
#*Originally from *Louder Than Love*.
#"Hands All Over" (Cornell, Thayil)&nbsp;– 6:00
#*Originally from *Louder Than Love*.
#"Get on the Snake" (Cornell, Thayil)&nbsp;– 3:44
#*Originally from *Louder Than Love*.
#"Jesus Christ Pose" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Ben Shepherd, Thayil)&nbsp;– 5:51
#*Originally from *Badmotorfinger*.
#"Outshined"&nbsp;– 5:11
#*Originally from *Badmotorfinger*.
#"Rusty Cage"&nbsp;– 4:26
#*Originally from *Badmotorfinger*.
#"Spoonman"&nbsp;– 4:06
#*Originally from *Superunknown*.
#"The Day I Tried to Live"&nbsp;– 5:19
#*Originally from *Superunknown*.
#"Black Hole Sun"&nbsp;– 5:18
#*Originally from *Superunknown*.
#"Fell on Black Days"&nbsp;– 4:42
#*Originally from *Superunknown*.
#"Pretty Noose"&nbsp;– 4:12
#*Originally from *Down on the Upside*.
#"Burden in My Hand"&nbsp;– 4:50
#*Originally from *Down on the Upside*.
#"Blow Up the Outside World"&nbsp;– 5:46
#*Originally from *Down on the Upside*.
#"Ty Cobb" (Cornell, Shepherd)&nbsp;– 3:05
#*Originally from *Down on the Upside*.
#"Bleed Together"&nbsp;– 3:54
#*Originally from the "Burden in My Hand" single.
Greatest hits album

A **greatest hits album** (sometimes referred to as a *best of* album) is a compilation album of successful, previously released songs by a particular music artist or band. To increase the appeal of the album – especially to people who already own the previously released material – it is common to include remixes or alternate takes of popular songs or new material, with new songs often being released as singles (and themselves sometimes becoming successful).
Francisco Castro

**Francisco Castro** (born 4 September, 1990) is a football player. 

## Honours
### Club
; Universidad de Chile
* Primera División de Chile (3): 2011 Apertura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Apertura
* Copa Sudamericana (1): 2011
* Supercopa de Chile (1): 2015
* Copa Chile (1): 2015

; Unión Española
* Primera División de Chile (1): 2013 Transición

## References
## Other websites
*
Sensor

of sensors that  to light.]]

A **sensor** is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.  Video cameras and a digital cameras have an image sensor.

There are many different types of sensors. Some are used in everyday objects, and some are separate.

## Thermal sensors 
A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.
* temperature sensors: thermometers, thermostats
* heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter

## Electromagnetic sensors 
An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).
* electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter
* electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
* electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
* magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
* metal detectors
* Radar

An electromagnetic sensor is anything that can detect things like photons, electrons, magnetic fields etc. It can be as simple as a white wall, a sheet of white paper, etc., or as new as a charge-coupled device. When a laser is aimed at a detection screen, a bright spot can be seen on the screen, or when an electron hits the phosphors on another kind of screen, it makes that screen glow.

## Mechanical sensors 
* Pressure sensors: barometer
* Vibration and shock sensors

## Motion sensors 
A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.
* Radar gun, tachometer
* Speedometer

## Car sensors 
* reversing sensor
* curb feeler
Alternative metal

**Alternative metal** is a type of heavy metal in the alternative music genre. Alternative metal became popular during the 1990s.

Characteristics of alternative metal music are heavy guitar riffs, syncopation, uncommon time signatures, and unusual techniques. Alternative metal is like regular heavy music, but it can be more experimental. This is what makes it "alternative".

Popular alternative metal bands are Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Primus, Helmet, Alice in Chains, Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Rage Against the Machine and System of a Down.

## Artists
* Sevendust
* System of a Down
* Nine Inch Nails
* Matchbook Romance
* Boysetsfire
* Staind
* Seether
* Korn
* Evanescence
* Stabbing Westward
* Momento
* Crossfade
* Creed
* Three Days Grace
* We Are the Fallen

## References
Matt Cameron

**Matthew David Cameron** (born November 28, 1962 in San Diego, California) is an American drummer best known as the drummer in Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.

In September 1986, Matt Cameron had become so popular in the local Seattle music scene that he was chosen to play for Soundgarden. He replaced drummer Scott Sundquist. Cornell said, "When I first met Matt, he was already the best drummer in town...He just seemed very confident and well-adjusted."

He also worked briefly with The Smashing Pumpkins. In 1998, he played drums for Pearl Jam's Yield Tour. Later he joined the band as a permanent member.

## References
Halloween (franchise)

The ***Halloween*** movie series are a series of horror movies created by Moustapha Akkad in 1978. The series is about Michael Myers, who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for killing of his older sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to continue his killing spree. Dr. Loomis is a psychiatrists who helps all of Michael's victims to escape death from Myers. Only Dr. Loomis and Michael Myers appear in all movies except *Halloween III: Season of the Witch*.

Some novels were written about each movies, many of them were written by Dennis Etchison.

## Movies 
* *Halloween: The Night He Come Home*, directed by John Carpenter
* *Halloween II*, directed by 
* *Halloween 3: Season of the Witch*, directed by Tommy Lee Wallace
* *Halloween 4*, directed by Dwight H. Little
* *Halloween 5*, directed by Dominique Othenin-Girard
* *Halloween 6*, directed by Joe Chappelle
* *Halloween: 20 Years Later* (directed by Steve Minor)
* *Halloween: Resurrection*, directed by Rick Rosenthal
* *Halloween*, directed by Rob Zombie
* *Halloween II*, directed by Rob Zombie
* *Halloween*, directed by David Gordon Green.
* *Halloween Kills*, directed by David Gordon Green.
* *Halloween Ends*, directed by David Gordon Green.
Turkish diaspora

The **Turkish diaspora** is a term used to describe the communities of Turkish people living outside of Turkey. There is an estimated 90 million Turkish people in total. There are 76 million Turkish people living in Turkey  and large Turkish communities which have been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia.

## References
Shutout (baseball)

A **shutout** is a baseball game where at least one team does not score any runs. This is not always the same as a no-hitter in which the team does not get any hits. 

## Other websites
*The Official Rules of Major League Baseball
Hit (baseball)

In baseball, a **hit** is when a  (called the *batter* or *batsman*) who is  to hit the  that is  (or *pitched*) by the thrower (called the *pitcher*) hits the ball in such a way as to let him move  at  one base.

## How a hit is made
The pitcher throws the ball towards the batter standing at home plate *(or home base)*, who  to hit the ball and  a run. After the batter hits the ball he runs as fast as he can around the bases and tries to get to a base before he is called out by an umpire. If he gets to a base before he is called out he is safe and the next batter comes forward and tries to hit a ball from the pitcher. The old batter who is *on base* becomes a runner.

## Types of hit
***single** - a hit that moves the batter one base towards home plate.
***double** - a hit that moves the batter two bases towards home plate.
***triple** - a hit that moves the batter three bases towards home plate.
***home run** - a hit that moves the batter all four bases and back to home plate.

There are other kinds of hits, but these are the major ones. These hits can be made by many ways. For example; a **single** can come from a hit that  along the ground (called a *grounder*) or that travelled in the air (a *fly ball*). A grounder can often be harder for the other team to stop than a fly ball. This is because when it moves along the ground it has more chance of hitting bumps and the glove or foot of the other teams player than it does if it moves in the air. There are also more ways in which hits can happen but these are the two major ways. 

## A no-hitter
A no-hitter is a baseball game in which the other team does not get any hits during the whole game. The winning pitcher who has stopped the losing team from getting a hit is said to have "thrown a no-hitter".  Because of the  of the players, a no-hitter has only happened 326 times.https://www.mlb.com/news/no-hitter-c265779246

## A perfect game 
A perfect game is similar to that of a no-hitter except a perfect game requires no batters to get on base, unlike no-hitters where a batter get on base from anything other than a hit. due to the skill required to get a perfect game, there have only been 24 perfect games ever thrown.https://www.mlb.com/news/no-hitter-c265779246

## Other websites
*The Official Rules of Major League Baseball
Down on the Upside

***Down on the Upside*** is the fifth and final studio album by Soundgarden.

## Track listing
#"Pretty Noose" (Chris Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:12
#"Rhinosaur" (Matt Cameron, Cornell)&nbsp;– 3:14
#"Zero Chance" (Cornell, Ben Shepherd)&nbsp;– 4:18
#"Dusty" (Cornell, Shepherd)&nbsp;– 4:34
#"Ty Cobb" (Cornell, Shepherd)&nbsp;– 3:05
#"Blow Up the Outside World" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 5:46
#"Burden in My Hand" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:50
#"Never Named" (Cornell, Shepherd)&nbsp;– 2:28
#"Applebite" (Cameron, Cornell)&nbsp;– 5:10
#"Never the Machine Forever" (Kim Thayil)&nbsp;– 3:36
#"Tighter & Tighter" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 6:06
#"No Attention" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:27
#"Switch Opens" (Cornell, Shepherd)&nbsp;– 3:53
#"Overfloater" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 5:09
#"An Unkind" (Shepherd)&nbsp;– 2:08
#"Boot Camp" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 2:59
Anemoi

In Greek mythology, the **Anemoi** (– "winds") are the gods of the four winds, namely— *Boreas* (the north wind), *Notus* (the south), *Eurus* (the east), and *Zephryus* (the west). They were the sons of Eos, goddess of the dawn, and Astraeus. They were each associated with a particular season and its weather conditions. In the form of horses they drew the chariot of Zeus.

## Mythology
### Boreas
**Boreas** (, *Boréas*) was the god of the north wind, storms, winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack , sadness, depression  , calmness and serenity bringer of cold winter air. He was married to the Athenian princess Orithyia, with whom he had two sons, Zethes and Calaïs, and one daughter, Khione, the goddess of snow. His Roman equivalent is **Aquilo**.

### Zephyrus
**Zephyrus** (, *Zéphyros*), sometimes known in English as just **Zephyr**, was the god of the west Wind, spring, fertility , procreation harvest , flowers, bees , luck and rebirth who brought rain and early summer breezes. He was the gentlest of the winds, and the one most prominently featured in Greek myth. **Favonius** is his Roman equivalent.

### Notus
**Notus** (, *Nótos*) was the god of the south wind ,summer, warmth, radiance,  energy, dryness , youth and innocence. He brought late summer and autumn storms and was feared as a destroyer of crops. His Roman equivalent is **Auster**.

### Eurus
**Eurus** (, *Euros*) was the god of the east wind, autumn, fall of leaves , change , balance  and comfort was believed to be a bringer of bad luck. **Vulturnus** is his Roman counterpart.
Flag of Pakistan

The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the Muslim League. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947, just days before independence. The flag is referred to in the national anthem as '''' in Urdu (lit. Flag of the Crescent and Star). The flag comprises a dark green field, representing the Muslim majority of Pakistan, with a vertical white stripe in the hoist, that represents the Christians and other multi-faith communities of the country. In the centre is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star, representing light and knowledge.

Image:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Image:Proposed Flag of Islamabad Capital Territory.svg|Flag of Islamabad Capital Territory
Image:Flag of Sindh.svg|Flag of Sindh, Pakistan
Image:Flag of Punjab.svg|Flag of Punjab
Image:Flag of Balochistan.svg|Flag of Balochistan
Image:Flag of FATA.svg|Flag of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Image:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg|Flag of Azad Kashmir

## Related pages
*Coat of Arms of Pakistan
* Flag of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

## Other websites
Gloydius himalayanus

***Gloydius himalayanus*** (commonly known as the **Himalayan Pit Viper**) is a medium-sized gray-brown snake found in caverns and rocky crevices of forested hill sides, where it feeds on skinks and lizards. The scale pattern consists of medial dark brown blotches, alternating with lateral rows of spots.

It occurs along the southern slopes of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal as far as Sikkim between 1500–3000 m altitude.

The Himalayan Pit Viper is a habitually sluggish snake that basks in sunlight and hibernates in winter.

## Sources
Hardella thurjii

The **Brahminy River Turtle** or **Crowned River Turtle** (*Hardella thurjii*) is a species of turtle found in northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (in the watersheds of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus rivers).
Hydrophis ornatus

**Ornate Reef seasnake** (***Hydrophis ornatus***) is a species of sea snake. They are known for its striking pattern of bands or spots in various colors, including yellow and black. 

They are usually about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long. Feeds on small fish and invertebrates.  Highly venomous; immediate treatment is essential for bites.

## References
Coat of arms of Pakistan

The **State Emblem of Pakistan** was adopted in 1954. The emblem's green colour and the star and crescent at the top are symbols of Islam, the  most Pakistani citizens identify. In the center is a quartered shield, with each quarter containing a major crop of Pakistan at the time of its adoption: cotton, jute, tea, and wheat. The floral wreath around the shield is the Jasminum officinale (the National flower) represents the Mughal era cultural heritage of Pakistan. The scroll at the bottom contains the national motto in Urdu, coined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which reads from right to left: () *Iman, Ittehad, Nazm* translated as "Faith, Unity, Discipline". Pakistan is located in the Indus Valley region of Asia. The crescent moon is the same as the one on the flag of Pakistan, except the colours are inverted. It is also the religious sign or Symbol of the Muslim faith respectively.

## Regional emblems
The state/province emblem of Azad Jammu and Kashmir carries the crescent and star, mountains, and the maple leaf, which is reflective of the abundance of this tree within the state.

File:Arms of Pakistan.svg|Shield or Arms of Pakistan
File:Emblem_Of_Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir.png|Emblem of Azad Kashmir
File:Coat of arms of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|Emblem of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
File:Coat of arms of Sindh Province.svg|Emblem of Sindh, Pakistan
File:Coat of arms of Punjab.svg|Emblem of Punjab
File:Coat of arms of Balochistan.svg|Emblem of Balochistan
File:Coat of arms of FATA.svg|Emblem of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
|Emblem of Azad Kashmir

## Related pages
* Flag of Pakistan
* Jasminum officinale

## References
Qaumī Tarāna

The **Qaumī Tarāna** (, , "National Anthem") is the national anthem of Pakistan. At independence, on August 14, 1947, Pakistan did not have a national anthem. When the flag was hoisted at the independence ceremony it was accompanied by the song, "*Pakistan Zindabad, Azadi Paendabad*". The flag itself had only been approved by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan three days earlier. The national anthem of Pakistan was written some time later by the Urdu poet Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri.

## Lyrics
### Urdu official
### English translation
### Punjabi translation
### Pashto translation
### Sindhi translation
### Balochi translation
## Timeline 
* 1949 - Musical composition by  Ahmad G. Chagla (running time, 1 minute 20 seconds)
* 1952 - Verses written by Hafeez Jullundhri, selected from 723 entries
* 1954 - Released on Radio Pakistan on 13 August. Singers of the anthem were: Ahmad Rushdi, Shamim Bano, Kokab Jehan, Rasheeda Begum, Najam Ara, Naseema Shaheen, Zwar Hussain, Akhtar Abbas, Ghulam Dastgir, Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wassi.

## References
## Other websites
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnlaHaWqQ-w
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em2odgXxfZ8
Ultramega OK

***Ultramega OK*** is the first album by the American grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on October 31, 1988 through SST Records. Following the release of the EPs *Screaming Life*, released in 1987, and *Fopp*, released in 1988, for the Sub Pop record label, the band signed with the independent record label SST and went to work on its first full-length studio album.

The resulting album contained elements of psychedelic rock, classic rock, and hardcore punk. The band supported the album with a tour of the United States as well as its first overseas tour. In 1990, the album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Metal Performance.

## Track listing
#"Flower" (Chris Cornell, Kim Thayil)&nbsp;– 3:25
#"All Your Lies" (Cornell, Thayil, Hiro Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 3:51
#"665" (Cornell, Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 1:37
#"Beyond the Wheel" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:20
#"667" (Cornell, Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 0:56
#"Mood for Trouble" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:21
#"Circle of Power" (Thayil, Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 2:05
#"He Didn't" (Matt Cameron, Cornell)&nbsp;– 2:47
#"Smokestack Lightning" (Howlin' Wolf)&nbsp;– 5:07
#"Nazi Driver" (Cornell, Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 3:52
#"Head Injury" (Cornell)&nbsp;– 2:22
#"Incessant Mace" (Cornell, Thayil)&nbsp;– 6:22
#"One Minute of Silence" (John Lennon)&nbsp;– 1:00

## Personnel
*Chris Cornell&nbsp;– vocals, guitar
*Kim Thayil&nbsp;– guitar
*Hiro Yamamoto&nbsp;– bass, vocals
*Matt Cameron&nbsp;– drums
*Drew Canulette&nbsp;– production, engineering
*Soundgarden&nbsp;– production

## Other websites
* *Ultramega OK* on the Unofficial Soundgarden Homepage
List of Soundgarden awards

Soundgarden was an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington in 1984 by lead singer and drummer Chris Cornell, lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. Matt Cameron became the band's permanent drummer in 1986 and bassist Ben Shepherd replaced Yamamoto permanently in 1990. The band was placed at number 14 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest artists of hard rock.

## Clio Awards
The Clio Awards are awarded annually. Soundgarden has received one award from one nomination.

|-
|align="center"| 1995 || "Black Hole Sun" || Silver Award - Alternative Music Video || 

## Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Soundgarden has received two awards from eight nominations.

|-
|align="center"| 1990 || *Ultramega OK* || Best Metal Performance || 
|-
|align="center"| 1992 || *Badmotorfinger* || Best Metal Performance || 
|-
|align="center"| 1993 || "Into the Void (Sealth)" || Best Metal Performance || 
|-
|rowspan="4" align="center"| 1995 ||rowspan="2"| "Black Hole Sun" || Best Hard Rock Performance || 
|-
| Best Rock Song || 
|-
| "Spoonman" || Best Metal Performance || 
|-
| *Superunknown* || Best Rock Album || 
|-
|align="center"| 1997 || "Pretty Noose" || Best Hard Rock Performance || 
|}

## MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards are awarded annually by MTV. Soundgarden has received one award from one nomination.

|-
|align="center"|  || "Black Hole Sun" || Best Metal/Hard Rock Video || 

## Miscellaneous awards and honors
## References
Green sea turtle

The **green turtle** (*Chelonia mydas*) is a large sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in its genus. It is one of the seven marine turtles, which are all endangered.

## Description 
Although it might have some green on its carapace (shell), the green turtle is not green. It gets its name from the fact that its body fat is green. The edges of their jaws have many points, like the edge of a saw. Their jaws can rip off pieces of plants and the turtles swallows the pieces whole.

## Endangered 
The numbers of green turtles around the world has dropped by more than half over the last 150 years. The main reasons are hunting of turtles and the taking of their eggs. Many turtles are killed when they get caught in fishing nets. There is also a disease called fibropapillomatosis which is affecting them.

## References
Louder Than Love

***Louder Than Love*** is the second full-length album by the American grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on September 5, 1989 through A&M Records. After touring in support of its first full-length studio album, *Ultramega OK*, released in 1988, the band signed with A&M and began work on its first album for a major label. The songs on the album featured a heavy rock sound with some songs featuring unusual or unorthodox time signatures.

Because of some of the song lyrics the band faced various retail and distribution problems upon the album's release, including the addition of a Parental Advisory sticker on the album packaging. *Louder Than Love* would become the band's first album to chart on the *Billboard* 200. The band supported the album with tours of North America and Europe. It was the last Soundgarden album to feature the band's original bassist, Hiro Yamamoto.

## Track listing
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
#"Ugly Truth"&nbsp;– 5:26
#"Hands All Over" (Cornell, Kim Thayil)&nbsp;– 6:00
#"Gun"&nbsp;– 4:42
#"Power Trip" (Cornell, Hiro Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 4:09
#"Get on the Snake" (Cornell, Thayil)&nbsp;– 3:44
#"Full on Kevin's Mom"&nbsp;– 3:37
#"Loud Love"&nbsp;– 4:57
#"I Awake" (Kate McDonald, Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 4:21
#"No Wrong No Right" (Cornell, Yamamoto)&nbsp;– 4:47
#"Uncovered"&nbsp;– 4:30
#"Big Dumb Sex"&nbsp;– 4:11
#"Full On (Reprise)"&nbsp;– 2:42

## Personnel
*Chris Cornell&nbsp;– vocals, guitar
*Kim Thayil&nbsp;– guitar
*Hiro Yamamoto&nbsp;– bass
*Matt Cameron&nbsp;– drums
*Terry Date&nbsp;– production, engineering
*Soundgarden&nbsp;– production
*Stuart Hallerman, Jack Endino, Nelson Ayres&nbsp;– studio assistance
*Steve Thompson, Michael Barbiero&nbsp;– mixing
*Howie Weinberg&nbsp;– mastering
*Art Chantry&nbsp;– design & art execution
*Bruce Pavitt&nbsp;– Third Eye/Front Cover
*Charles Peterson, Michael Lavine&nbsp;– photography

## Chart positions
;Album

;Singles

## References
## Other websites
* *Louder Than Love* on the Unofficial Soundgarden Homepage