open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Memristor

A **memristor**, or **memory resistor**, is described as one of the basic elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor) of electronic circuits, because it can’t be replaced by any combination of these elements. 

A memristor can change its resistivity according to the voltage, but even after disconnection it remembers resistivity for unlimited time. It can work like analog memory or a resistive switch, which can have an infinite number of states.

## History
Professor Leon Chua mathematically described this element in 1971.
In 2008 scientists from HP labs described a material that appeared to be a good candidate to construct the hypothetical memristor.

## How it works
The fourth element can change its conductivity by the voltage, and after power interruption the amount of the resistivity stays the same. No combination of the other three circuit elements can replace a memristor. Only the memristor allows reconfiguring properties so it allows changing a whole electronic circuit. Analogy behaviour is similar to synapses in the brain.

## Future usage
Memristors have great potential for use in computers. For example, computers today have to boot from hard drives because the data is erased from operating memory immediately after shutting down the computer. The process of booting takes much time and energy. Memristors could be used for loading data quicker because it remembers data even after power interruption. Therefore, Memristors could be used to speed the booting process.

The first products using Memristor technology are expected to become available in 2013.

## Other websites
*[This fingernail-sized chip makes a computer work like a human brain] https://yle.fi/a/74-20079323. YLE.fi. 2024-03-19

## References
## Further reading
* YAN Kun(2011). Nonlinstor-An electronic circuit element based on the form of the nonlinear differential equation (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.
Weevil

**Weevils** are herbivorous beetles. They have a long 'snout' at the front of their head, called a *rostrum*. Weevils are a family, the **Curculionidae**, which may be the largest beetle family, with about 45,000+ named living species. That makes it the largest family in the animal kingdom. In addition, the superfamily Curculionoidea has ten more families of closely related weevil-type beetles.

## Damaging pests 
The family has some pests which damage plants of interest to humans. The most famous weevil is the boll weevil, which ruins cotton crops.

The *Ips* genus, feeding on Ponderosa pine, introduces a fungus to the tree. The fungus blocks resin canals, which leaves the weevil free to eat. Resin would normally wash the insects out; it is a defence mechanism. The fungus often kills the tree, and groups of dead trees are a focus for forest fires. In this way the insect is indirectly responsible for serious fires.

The maize weevil, *Sitophilus zeamais*, is a major pest. It attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed.

## Families 
* Anthribidae—fungus weevils
* Attelabidae—leaf rolling weevils
* Belidae—primitive weevils
* Brentidae—straight snout weevils
* Caridae
* Curculionidae—true weevils
* †Mesophyletidae
* Nemonychidae—pine flower weevils
* †?Obrieniidae

## New species 
Over 100 new species of weevil have been found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.

## References
Curculionidae

***Curculionidae*** is a family of ***weevil***. Established in 1998, it was the largest animal family with over 40,000 species described at that time. It remains the largest family today.

## Taxonomy 
According to Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal (1999), (2002)

* *Curculionidae* (17)
** Subfamily *Bagoinae* (6)
** Subfamily *Baridinae* (9)
** Subfamily *Brachyceropsinae* (1)
** Subfamily *Ceutorhynchinae* (9)
** Subfamily *Conoderinae* (15)
** Subfamily *Cossoninae* (18)
** Subfamily *Cryptorhynchinae* (7)
** Subfamily *Curculioninae* (28)
** Subfamily *Cyclominae* (9)
** Subfamily *Entiminae* (55)
** Subfamily *Hyperinae* (2)
** Subfamily *Lixinae* (3)
** Subfamily *Magdalininae* (5)
** Subfamily *Molytinae* (35)
** Subfamily *Orobitidinae* (1)
** Subfamily *Scolytinae* (27)
** Subfamily *Xiphaspidinae* (1)

According to Oberprieler et al. (2007)

* *Curculionidae* (10)
** Subfamily *Baridinae*
** Subfamily *Brachycerinae* (7)
** Subfamily *Cossoninae*
** Subfamily *Curculioninae*
** Subfamily *Cyclominae* (7)
** Subfamily *Dryophthorinae*
** Subfamily *Entiminae*
** Subfamily *Molytinae* (10)
** Subfamily *Platypodinae*
** Subfamily *Scolytinae*

## Photos 

Tập_tin:Rhopalapion_longirostre.jpg|link=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Rhopalapion_longirostre.jpg
Tập_tin:Gonipterus_sp,_Galicia.jpg|link=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Gonipterus_sp,_Galicia.jpg
Tập_tin:Adult_citrus_root_weevil,_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg|link=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Adult_citrus_root_weevil,_Diaprepes_abbreviatus.jpg
Tập_tin:Phyllobius_calcaratus_spornblattrüßler_quadrat.jpg|link=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Phyllobius_calcaratus_spornblattr%C3%BC%C3%9Fler_quadrat.jpg
Tập_tin:Otiorhynchus_scaber.jpg|link=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Otiorhynchus_scaber.jpg| *Otiorhynchus scaber*

## References 
## Other websites 
On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences *Featured Creatures* website:

* *Anthonomus eugenii*, pepper weevil
* *Cylas formicarius*, sweetpotato weevil
* *Chalcodermus aeneus*, cowpea curculio
* *Cosmopolites sordidus*, banana root borer
* *Eudociminus mannerheimii*, cypress weevil
* *Eurhinus magnificus*
* *Gerstaeckeria* spp.
* *Metamasius callizona*, Mexican bromeliad weevil
* *Metamasius hemipterus sericeus*, silky cane weevil,
* *Metamasius mosieri*, Florida bromeliad weevil
* *Naupactus* (=*Graphognathus*) spp., whitefringed beetles
* *Oxyops vitiosa*, melaleuca weevil
* *Pantomorus cervinus*, Fuller rose weevil
* *Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus*, twobanded Japanese weevil
* *Rhynchophorus cruentatus*, palmetto weevil
* *Sphenophorus venatus*, hunting billbug
Profiling

**Profiling** is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success

## Three main types of criminal profiling 
A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information. 

A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving.

Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future.

Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have.

## Concerns about Profiling 
Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour. 

## Profiling in Business 
Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.
## References
Fa’afafine

In Samoa, androphilic males (males sexually attracted to men) are referred to as **fa’afafine**. Translated into English, fa’afafine means “*in the manner of a woman*.” Most self-identify as fa’afafine, not as men.

There are myths outside of Samoa that Fa'afafine are selected to be raised as females when a family does not have enough sons, however evidence shows they are recognised for their feminine behavior early in their lives. Evidence indicates that Fa'afafine are the equivalent to feminine androphilic men in the west (typically these are gay men in western culture).

## Gender roles 
They take on the role of both male and female in the society e.g. teaching, construction and also domestic work. They tend to have sexual intercourse with masculine males, however rarely with another fa’afafine.

## References 
## Further reading 
*http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/dagrossa-p/articles/Faafafine.pdf
*http://www.acp-eucourier.info/Fa-afafine-querendo.800.0.html%3F%2526L%3D0
Maslenitsa

**Maslenitsa** is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called “Maslenitsa” and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning “Maslenitsa” people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring.

## Celebration 
Every day of Maslenitsa plays a great role.  On Monday people greet the holiday with games such as sledding, snowballs, riding on swings and so on. Russian people believe that happiness and joy which they feel during this day will accompany them throughout a year. On Tuesday people play games and bake pancakes which are called "blini". Blini are the most popular food which is made during this holiday. These pancakes have a round form and symbolize the Sun and warmth. On Wednesday people usually visit their friends and relatives and treat each other with blini. On Thursday by tradition people try to drive away winter by riding on horses around the village or around the places they live. Friday is usually called “Mothers’-in-law evenings” because sons-in-law come to visit their mothers-in-law. On merry Saturday everyone goes to visit their relatives. All people drink and eat as much as they want and play different games. Sunday is the last day of the holiday. It is also called the *Sunday of forgiveness* because on this day everyone asks forgiveness from relatives and friends for offences and mistakes committed against them. The most appropriate answer is “God will forgive”. After that people usually sing songs, dance and at the end of the day they burn the doll.

## Wedding superstition 
Maslenitsa is also considered as a family holiday because spring is a symbol of new life.  People who marry during this time are considered as very strong and happy couples who will give a birth to many children. During Maslenitsa some people even “punish” those who did not marry yet by throwing them into snow.
The Blues Band

**The Blues Band** is a British blues band. The band was formed in 1979 by veteran musicians of British blues of the 1960s.

## Band history
The band was formed in 1979. 

In the 1960s Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness played for Manfred Mann. Jones worked also as actor and radio DJ.As a harmonica man, he has performed publicly and/or recorded with Memphis Slim, Alexis Korner, Henry Gray, Alvin "Youngblood" Hart, Susan Tedeschi, Eric Bibb and Otis Grand. Hughie Flint was the drummer of  John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Together with McGuinness he later formed McGuiness Flint who had a hit with "When I´m dead and gone". Dave Kelly was guitarist in the John Dummer Blues Band and in the touring bands of Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker. They played together mostly in London pubs just for fun about playing rhythm ´n blues.

Their first album *"The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album"* raised no interest with record labels, so they sold it during concerts and via mail order. The record was a fine mixture of blues standards and own songs. Arista signed with the band and the album reached #40 in the charts. 1982 Hughie Flint left the band and was replaced by Rob Townsend. In 1983 they parted but they came together soon.

When not playing with the Blues Band Jones, McGuinness and Townsend are playing with *"The Manfreds*". The band can be seen as the 1960s Manfred Mann Band without the leader. Dave Kelly plays often with his  *"The Dave Kelly Band*".

By playing a lot of concerts all over Europe they had and still have a lot of fans. Till present they recorded over 20 albums. It is said, that three generations of a family can be seen in their concerts.
## Discography(album) 
*1980: The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album
*1980: Ready
*1981: Itchy Feet
*1982: Brand Loyalty
*1983: Bye Bye Blues (Live)
*1986: These Kind of Blues
*1989: Back for More
*1991: Fat City
*1993: Homage
*1995: Wireless
*1996: Live at the BBC
*1997: 18 Years Old & Alive
*1999: The Best of the Blues Band (USA)
*2000: Brassed Up
*2001: Scratchin' on My Screen
*2002: Stepping Out
*2004: Be My Guest
*2004: The Official Gary Fletcher Bootleg Album (demos)
*2005: Blues Band Box (4-CD-Kompilation)
*2005: These Kind of Blues
*2006: Thank You Brother Ray
*2009: Live!
*2009: Wire Less

## Singles
* Come on in/The Blues Band Song (1980)
* Find yourself another Fool/SUS Blues (1980)
* Nadine/That's all right (1980)
* Who's right, who's wrong?/Itchy Feet (1981)
* Come on/Green Stuff (1981)
* Take me Home/So bad (1982)
* Hey Hey Little Girl/SUS Blues (1982) - limitierte live single
* Seemed like a good Idea/Rolling Log (1982)
* Blue Collar/Duisburg Blues (1989)
## DVD 
* Across Borders -Live (2004)
* Steppin' Out on Main (2005)
## Quotes
*"The music industry doesn’t bother us and we don’t bother them." (Gary Fletcher) 

## Reading
*Roy Bainton: *Talk to Me Baby - The Story of the Blues Band*, Firebird Books, 

## Other websites
**The Blues Band* 
**The Blues Band* Rockpalast-Archiv (German)
*Homepage Gary Fletcher 
## References
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

The **Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II** is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole Fighter aircraft. It can perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.

The F-35 was developed from the Joint Strike Fighter Program. The X-35 made by Lockheed Martin and the F-32 made by Boeing were the two prototypes aircraft that were evaluated in this program. Although both designs exceeded the required metrics the X-35 was seen as superior and was selected to be developed into this new fighter.

The development of the F-35 was very controversial. Many people felt like the US Air Force has been spending too much money on the F-35 project, and that the government should halt all development of the project.

However in 2011, the F-35 entered production and was formally accepted into the United States air force. It was also introduced at later times to the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Air National Guard. An export model called the F35B was delivered to the Royal Air Force in 2012. Over 148 F35A are operational.

## Airframes 
F-35A - Land Based, Stealth.

F-35B-STOVL (Short Takeoff Vertical Landing), Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)

F-35C - Carrier Based, Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)

## Software in Flight 
“Joint Strike Fighter Air Vehicle C++ Coding Standards(JSF AV C++)” - “C++ CODING STANDARDS”FOR THE “JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER(F-35)”.

## References
Genna

was a  coming after *Keichō* and before ''Kan'ei.*  This period started in July 1615 and ended in February 1624. During this time, the emperor was .

The *nengō* *Genna* means "Commencement of Concord".

## Events of the *Genna* era
* **1615** (*Genna 1*): Tokugawa forces burned Osaka Castle.
* **1 September 1615** (*Genna 1, 9th day of the 7th month*): Tokugawa Ieyasu pulled down Hōkoku-jinja.
* **1616** (*Genna 2*): Kida Kōan publishes *Genna kokaisho*, which is a book on ocean navigation.
* **5 July 1620** (*Genna 6, 6th day of the 6th month*): The emperor married Tokugawa Kazuko who was the daughter of the shogun.
* **1620** (*Genna 6''): There were  fires in Kyoto in the 2nd and 3rd month.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Toxicity

is a common symbol for toxicity]]

**Toxicity** is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. It is the subject-matter of toxicology.

A central idea in toxicology is that almost everything is toxic when taken to excess. Effects are dose-dependent: even water can lead to 'water intoxication' when taken in too much. For even a very toxic substance such as elapid snake venom there is a dose below which there is no toxic effect. 

Toxicity is species-specific. A dose which is toxic to one animal may not be toxic to another.

## Acute toxicity 
**Acute toxicity** describes the bad s of a substance that come either from a single exposure, or from many exposures in a short amount of time (usually less than 24&nbsp;hours). To be known as *acute* toxicity, the bad effects should happen within 14&nbsp;days of the substance thouching something.

## References
Acute (medicine)

In medicine, an **acute** disease or condition either happens for a short time, as in acute infection, or doesn't last long. The word acute may often be confused by the general public to mean *. This is different: something can be acute but not severe.

The word *acute'' is in the name of many diseases, for example, severe acute respiratory syndrome or acute leukemia.

Acute hospitals are hospitals which are meant for short-term medical and/or surgical treatment and care. The related medical specialty is called acute medicine. 

**Subacute** is described as between acute and chronic. An example is subacute fever symptoms or subacute endocarditis.

## Related pages
*Chronic
Kan'ei

was a  after *Genna* and before *Shōhō.*  This period started in February 1624 and ended in December 1643. During this time, the emperors and empress were , and .

The *nengō* ''Kan'ei* means "Permanent Liberality".

## Events of the *Kan'ei* era
* **1625** (*Kan'ei 2''): Founding of Kan'ei-ji, which is a Buddhist temple in Ueno.
* **22 December 1629** ( ''Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month*): Go-Mizunoo abdicated; and his daughter received the succession (*senso''). Soon after, Empress Meishō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **14 March 1632** (''Kan'ei 9, 24th day of the 1st month*): Former Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada died.
* **1637** (*Kan'ei 14*): Christian rebellion at Shimabara Castle.
* **10 November 1643** (*Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month''): In the 15th year of Empress Meishō's reign (明正天皇15年), the empress abdicated; and her brother became Emperor Go-Komyō in ceremonies of *senso* and *sokui*.

Hayashi Razan and his son wrote ''Kan'ei shoka kezuden'' in 1641-1643.  The shogun ordered the writing of this history of the great clans of Japan.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* Bank of Japan (BOJ): ''Kan'ei Tsuho* ,  *Bunsen'' (copper coin = one mon)
1938 New England hurricane

The **1938 New England Hurricane** was an extremely damaging and highly deadly Atlantic tropical cyclone which struck Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont with strong winds of Category 4 hurricane level. The hurricane did not curve out to sea like hurricanes usually do. The 1938 storm caused over 300 million in property damage (1938 USD) and killed between 682 and 800 people. Tropical cyclones were not given human names at the time, so the 1938 storm had a number instead.
Shōhō

was a  after ''Kan'ei* and before *Keian.*  This period started in December 1644 and ended in February 1648. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Shōhō* era
* **1644** (*Shōhō 1*): The third major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.

* **18 May 1645** (*Shōhō 2, 23rd day of the 4th month*): The Shogun was elevated the court role of *Dainagon''.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* National Archives of Japan map of Edo in the 1st or 2nd year of *Shōhō* (1644 or 1645)
Bank of Japan

The , also known as , is the central bank of Japan.  The main offices of the bank are in Chuo, Tokyo.

## History
Matsukata Masayoshi founded the Bank of Japan in 1882 (*Meiji 15*).  The bank was adapted from a Belgian banking model.

Changes based on other national banks were made part of bank regulations.  BOJ was given a monopoly on controlling Japan's money supply in 1884.

The Bank of Japan issued its banknotes in 1885  (*Meiji 18*). In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard.

## Location
The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza).  It is near the Tokyo's Ginza district The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.

## Related pages
*Japanese yen
*Bank of England
*European Central Bank
*Federal Reserve

## Notes
## More reading 
* Werner, Richard A. (2003). ''Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy.'' Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ; OCLC 471605161

## Other websites 
* Bank of Japan official site ; http://www.boj.or.jp/ 
* Building a National Currency&mdash;Japan, 1868-1899
Axum

and its neighbors]]

**Axum** or **Aksum** is a town in northern Ethiopia.  It was the original capital of the Kingdom of Aksum. Axum is located in the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains.
Reanimation

***Reanimation*** a 2002 album by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the first remix album and the fourth album overall by the band. The album is a follow-up to their first studio album, *Hybrid Theory*. It was released on 30 July 2002. The album was recorded during the band's *Hybrid Theory* tour in 2001. It features hip hop and electronic-influenced remixes of songs from *Hybrid Theory*.

## List Of Songs
#"Opening"
#"Pts.of.Athrty"
#"Enth E Nd"
#"[Chali]"
#"Frgt/10"  	
#"P5hng Me A*wy"
#"Plc. 4 Mie Hæd"  	
#"X-Ecutioner Style"
#"H! Vltg3"  	
#"[Riff Raff]"  	
#"Wth>You"
#"Ntr\Mssion"
#"Ppr:Kut"
#"Rnw@y"  	
#"My<Dsmbr"  	
#"[Stef]"  	
#"By_Myslf"  	
#"Kyur4 th Ich"
#"1stp Klosr"
#"Krwlng"

### Japanese edition bonus tracks
#"Buy Myself"

### iTunes edition bonus tracks
#"One Step Closer" (Live LP Underground Tour 2003)
#"Buy Myself" (Marilyn Manson Remix of By Myself)
#"My December" (Live Projekt Revolution Tour 2002)
Elizabeth Perkins

**Elizabeth Perkins** (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress. She has been in  many movies and television programs. Perkins is from Queens, New York.

Her movie roles have included *Big*, *The Flintstones*, *Miracle on 34th Street*, *About Last Night...*, and *Avalon*. She is perhaps best known for her role as Celia Hodes in the Showtime series *Weeds*.

## Personal life 
Perkins' first husband was Chicago actor and director Terry Kinney; the couple divorced. She has one daughter, Hannah Phillips, born in 1991. In 2000, she married Argentinian-born cinematographer Julio Macat. In 2005 she learned that she had a form of type I diabetes.

## Awards and nominations 
**Primetime Emmy Awards**
* 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for *Weeds* (nominated)
* 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for *Weeds* (nominated)
* 2009 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for *Weeds* (nominated)
**Golden Globe Awards**
* 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for *Weeds* (nominated)
* 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for *Weeds* (nominated)
**Satellite Awards**
* 2005 Best Actress in a Comedy Series for *Weeds* (nominated)
* 2006 Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for *Weeds* (nominated)
**Screen Actors Guild Awards**
* 2007 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for *Weeds* (nominated)
* 2009 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for *Weeds* (nominated)

## References
Mountain pygmy possum

The **mountain pygmy possum** (*Burramys parvus*) is a small, mouse-sized (weighs 45 g) nocturnal marsupial of Australia. It is found high up (1300 to 2230 metres) in rock screes and boulder fields of southern Victoria and in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.

This possum is a Lazarus taxon, and the only living species in the ***Burramys*** genus. It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat. Its prehensile tail, at ~14 cm, is longer than its 11 cm head and body length. Its diet consists of insects, fleshy fruits, nuts, nectar and seeds. 

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a living specimen was discovered in a ski-hut on Mount Hotham.

Three geographically isolated populations are known to exist. These populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other. The females live on the better part of the rocky slopes, while the males live on the margins, usually lower on the mountain. In order to breed, the males migrate to the females' habitat. During the ski season on Mount Higginbotham, the males had to cross a road which put their survival in jeopardy. A "Tunnel of Love" was constructed under the road and a road sign was put in place to warn drivers.

## References
Pygmalion

***Pygmalion*** is a play by George Bernard Shaw.

## Plot 
A street girl selling flowers, Eliza, meets Professor Higgins. Higgins was writing down her pronunciation for his study, but Eliza thought he was a policeman and caused trouble. Higgins says he can make her a duchess by changing her pronunciation. Later she remembers what he said and goes to learn pronunciation with a desire to be an upper class woman. 

Higgins decides to do an experiment with her. He deceives all the people at a party by making them believe that she is a duchess. After this success, Higgins suggests two options for Eliza. One is marrying based on her beauty. The other is running a flower shop with money from Colonel Pickering who is a rich man. Eliza refuses to do both of them and she leaves his home. Higgins and Colonel Pickering look for Eliza as soon as they know that she left. They find her in Mrs. Higgins’ house but Eliza refuses to go back. She says she will marry Freddy.

## Background 
George Bernard Shaw is famous for giving audiences a twist by not doing what they expect. In comedy, people expect someone in a bad situation to be in a better one at the end. They expect a poor woman to marry a rich man. They expect a villain to be punished. In *Pygmalion*, the flower girl in the bad situation gets better in the end. This girl selling flowers on the street rises to the upper class through changing her language. However, contrary to the audience's expectation, romance between flower girl and Professor Higgins doesn’t happen. She doesn’t marry a rich man.  Shaw reflected his beliefs to reform the society in this play.

In the 20th century, there were many poor people on the street. Especially little girls worked all day for a tiny amount of money. The author had much interest in poor people and women’s freedom. And he believed speech was one of the things that separated rich and poor people. That is the starting point of *Pygmalion*. He used the change of language as a means to rise to the upper class.

## Interpretation 
In mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who did not like women. He could not find a woman to love. And he decided to make a statue, Galatea. In the play, Pygmalion is compared to Professor Higgins. And Galatea is compared to Eliza. Pygmalion made Galatea to be his ideal woman. And Professor Higgins changed Eliza into a perfect upper class woman. He taught her everything from how to talk to how to behave in front of people. This process of making Eliza an upper class woman is criticized as playing with a live doll, as though she didn’t have her own soul. Higgins treats her as an object.

The common expectation of audiences that women’s fate is determined by men is criticized. It is because of Eliza’s reaction after the success of pretending to be a duchess. She thought the two options suggested by Higgins would be selling herself. When she was selling flowers, at least she didn’t have to sell herself. She doesn’t want to rely on a rich man, but decides to marry a poor man, Freddy. She says she can make something of him. She values love more than anything else.
Movie censorship

**Censorship in movies** is the act of giving a movie a very strong film rating systems classification, or banning the movie altogether.

## United Kingdom
The highest rating label in United Kingdom is 18. These means people under 18 cannot look at, buy or rent any movie under this rating. Movies with such a rating often have very strong language, explicit sexual content or heavy violence. If the content of the movie is higher than the 18 rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

## Australia
**Refused Classification** is the very strongest rating in Australia. This rating means a movie has been banned from a part of Australia. In some cases, it has been banned in all of the country. This rating is tagged onto movies which the Australian Classification Board has said are too severe for viewing by general public.

## United States
The movie rating is NC-17 in the United States. This means No Children 17 and Under Admitted. Such movies contain strong sexual content, very strong violence or extremely graphic language and are usually considered too intense for an R rating.

## Canada
The highest rating label in Canada is R. This means nobody under 18 may view, buy, rent, or watch any movie under this rating. Movie with this rating have strong sexual content/nudity, prolonged scenes of graphic violence, strong coarse language, graphic horror, and other disturbing content. If the content of the movie is higher than the R rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

## Related pages
* Movies banned in China
Anti-fan

**Anti-fan**s are the group of people who are opposed to particular person, system, or idea. This word is from a prefix 'anti-', which means 'opposed'. Anti-fans gather and criticize particular thing which they hate.

Anti-fans' activities are very diverse. Anti-fans usually work and share their views in online website. They make anti-fan page. E.g. anti-fan website, anti-fan blog, anti-fan internet cafe etc. And, they criticise their target, spread a rumor about the target, and post malicious comments to Internet articles. Anti-fans also work when they are offline. They sometimes boo and jeer at their target and even start a movement against the target. 

Early their activities used to be constructive criticism, but nowadays the movement of anti-fans is changing to severe insult to their target with no specific reason. The ruthless attack causes a lot of social problems now. A lot of celebrities who are the anti-fans' target are suffering from their behaviors. In some case, they may accuse anti-fans of personal insults. 

## Object
Anti-fans' targets are various. The most usual target is entertainer. There are a lot of anti-fans' website for the entertainer who they dislike. E.g. Some anti-fans oppose a form of music, movie, athlete, politician, political party, TV series, idea etc. Surprisingly, the number of anti-fans tends to be proportional to the target's  popularity. Thus, the number sometimes becomes a yardstick of star's popularity.

## Intelligent anti-fan
Intelligent anti-fan is one type of anti-fans. Intelligent anti-fans act as if they are the target's real fan and do wrong and bad behaviors as the fan. They intelligently create the target's bad image and gather more anti-fan. 
 
## References
* Anti-fan at Urban Dictionary

## Other websites 
*Article: Seattle man starts 'anti-fan site' for Colton Harris-Moore
Jōō (Edo period)

, alternatively romanized as **Jō-ō** or **Shōō**, was a  after *Keian* and before *Meireki*. This period started in September 1652 and ended in April 1655. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Jōō* era
 for Emperor Go- Kōmyō at Sennyū-ji in the 3rd year of *Jōō*]]
* **3 October 1653** (*Jōō 2, 12th day of the 8th month*): Fire  a large part of the Imperial palace and nearby temples.
* **18 August 1654** (*Jōō 3, 6th day of the 7th month*): Buddhist priest Ingen arrived at Nagasaki from China.

## Related pages 
* Edo period
* Jōō (Kamakura period)

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* Sennyuji Temple Museum, Funeral ceremonies for Emperor Go-Kōmyō 
* Imperial Household website, Emperor Go-Kōmyō's mausoleum (*misasagii*)
Joo

**Jōō** may mean:

* Jōō (Kamakura period), a Japanese era name (1222–1224)
* Jōō (Edo period), a Japanese era name (1652–1655)
Keian

was a  after *Shōhō* and before *Jōō.*  This period started in February 1648 and ended in September 1652. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Keian* era
* **1648** (*Keian 1*): Legal code about city life and business are established in Osaka

* **1649** (*Keian 2*): Five-storied pagoda at  was built in Asakusa.

* **1649** (*Keian 2*): Legal code for peasants established by Tokugawa Iemitsu.

* **1 April 1649** (*Keian 2, 20th day of the 2nd month*): There was a major earthquake in Edo.

* **1651** (*Keian 4*): Plot to overthrow the Tokugawa, also known as the Keian Uprising.

* **1652** (*Keian 5, 5th month*):  *Nihon Odai Ichiran* was published.  The French version of this work was the first Japanese history book to be published in the West.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Manji

**Manji** or **mangi** may mean:

* Japanese name for the 卍 character  (Chinese: wàn), see swastika
* Manji (era), a Japanese era name from 1658 to 1661
* type of raised bed similar to a cot in India or Pakistan

;In popular culture
* In The Legend of Zelda for the NES, level 3 from quest 1 is designed and named after the manji symbol.
* In the Tekken series of video games the Manji Party is led by the ninja Yoshimitsu.
* The Soul Calibur game series also features a Manji organization.
* One of the NPCs in the role-playing game MapleStory is named Manji.
Manji (era)

was a  after *Meireki* and before *Kanbun.*  This period started in July 1658 and ended in April 1661. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Manji* era
* **1658** (*Manji 1*): After the Great Mereiki Fire, the shogunate organized four teams of firefighters.

* **1658** (*Manji 1*): Birth of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu.

* **1659** (*Manji 2*): In Edo, construction began on the Ryōgoku Bridge (*ryogokubashi*).

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Regionalliga Ost

The **Regionalliga Ost** is one of three third level leagues in Austrian football.The Regionalliga is the highest league in Austrian amateur football. The league was reintroduced in the 1984-85 season. It covers the Austrian states of Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna. The champion of the league plays relegation versus the 9th of the Austrian football first league. The champion of the 2010/11 season was ESV Parndorf. The club failed in the relegation matches versus First Vienna FC.

## Teams of the 2025-26 season
* SV Horn
* SR Donaufeld
*FC Marchfeld Donauauen
*SC Neusiedl/See 1919
*Wiener Sport-Club
*Kremser SC
*SV Oberwart
*FCM Traiskirchen
*TWL Elektra 	
* Union Mauer
*SV Leobendorf
*SC Wiener Viktoria
*SV Gloggnitz
* Favoritner AC
*SC/ESV Parndorf
*SC Retz
*SV Donau 

## References
Mosaic (genetics)

]]

In genetics, a **mosaic** (or mosaicism) means the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg. As a result, the individual has two or more genetically different cell lines derived from a single zygote. 

Mosaicism may result from:
#Crossing-over during mitosis 
#A gene mutation during development 
#A chromosomal mutation during development
#X-inactivation: one X chromosome is randomly switched off in cells of a female mammal

The phenomenon was discovered by Curt Stern. In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination, normal in meiosis, can also take place in mitosis. When it does, it results in somatic (body) mosaics. These are organisms which contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissue.

## Chimeras 
People who have mosaicism are often called chimeras but this is a mistake. A mosaic is originally from a single fertilised egg, whereas a chimaera comes from two fertilised eggs.

## Other causes of two-tone appearances 
This is easiest to see with eye colours. When eye colours vary between the two eyes, or within one or both eyes, the condition is called *heterochromia iridis* (= 'different coloured iris'). It can have many different causes, both genetic and accidental. For example, David Bowie has the appearance of different eye colours due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.

On this page, only genetic mosaicism is discussed.

## X-inactivation 
This is a controlled and natural developmental phenomenon in mammalian females. Females have two X chromosomes (and males have only one). The two X chromosomes in a female are rarely identical. They have the same genes, but at some loci (positions) they may have different alleles (versions of the same gene).

In the early embryo, each cell independently and randomly inactivates one copy of the X chromosome. This inactivation lasts the lifetime of the cell, and all the descendants of the cell inactivate that same chromosome. X-inactivation is reversed in the female germline, so that all egg cells contain an active X chromosome.

This phenomenon shows in the colouration of calico cats and tortoiseshell cats. These females are heterozygous for the X-linked colour genes: the genes for their coat colours are carried on the X chromosome. X-inactivation causes groups of cells to carry either one or the other X-chromosome in an active state.

X-inactivation is an epigenetic change, a switching off of genes on one chromosome. It is *not* a change in the genotype. Descendent cells of the embryo carry the same X-inactivation as the original cells. This may give rise to mild symptoms in female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders.

## Mutations 
Mutations in body cells (somatic mutations) cause groups of cells to differ in their genetics. 
Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is common in the beginning and end stages of human life. Cancer research has shown that somatic mutations are responsible for most leukemia, lymphomas, and solid tumors.

## Related pages 
*Chimaera (genetics)

## References
Chimera

**Chimaera** or **chimera** can mean:

## Mythology 
*Chimera (mythology)
* Mount Chimaera, the region in Lycia that some believe inspired the myth

## Science
* Chimaera (genetics)
* Chimera (plant)
* Chimera (virus), a virus with genetic material from other organisms
* Chimera or fusion protein, a hybrid protein made by the splicing of two genes
* Chimera (paleontology), a fossil put together with parts from different species
* Chimaera (fish)
Heterochromia

]]

**Heterochromia** means "different colors", and is most used for the description of different colored eyes. Some people, and animals, have differences between the irises of their eyes. There are many different causes for this condition.

Genetic causes for heterochromia include genetic mosaicism, where changes may take place in the dividing cells leading up to iris formation in the embryo. Or, environmental damage may occur to the eyes. Or, various diseases and medical conditions may result in changes in eye color.

Similar events may happen in other tissues, and sometimes result in visible tissue differences. However, the condition is most easily seen in the iris of the eye. The terms *Hetrochromia iridis* (= different color of the iris), *Heterochromia iridum* (plural form) and *Heterochromia iridium* (a mistake in Latin grammar) are variously used when it is the eye color which is specifically mentioned.
Endogamy

**Endogamy** is the idea that a person ought to marry another person from the same group as them. The type of group is not always the same; it could be based on a religion, a class or a social group. Often group endogamy is enforced by arranged marriages, this is a system based on benefits for the group rather than marriage for love.

## Group adherence 
By marrying a person with the same group characteristics, it means that the partners will have similar views or beliefs about something. Many people marry endogamously for reasons of compatibility, which can be due to choice. But there are also other reasons when there is less choice involved or there is disapproval if it is not followed.

By doing this it keeps the numbers of a group to a minimum and thus creates stronger group bonds. For example, when moving to another country, a Sikh family may actively look for other Sikh families to mix with in order to facilitate Sikh marriages. By merging, they create a stronger bond between their own communities and can be a way to deal with being a minority.

## Biology 
If a group has been marrying endogamously for a long period of time the gene pool may be smaller and there is a greater chance of genetic disease. For example, within the Jewish community Tay-Sachs disease is a common genetic disease.

## Related pages 
*Exogamy

## References 
*http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186956/endogamy
*Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press
*http://www.jewishgenetics.org/?q=content/tay-sachs-disease
Exogamy

**Exogamy** is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

## Biological 
In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

## Cultural 
Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

## Dual exogamy 
Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.

## Related pages
*Endogamy

## References 
*Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.
*McCallum, C. (2001) Gender and Sociality in Amazonia: How Real People Are Made. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
*http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198244/exogamy
Tuvalu at the Olympics

Tuvalu has been in the Olympic Games one time. They were in the 2008, with 3 athletes. They have not been at the winter games.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Tuvalu profile at London2012.com
Meireki

was a  after *Jōō* and before *Manji.*   This period started in April 1655 and ended in July 1658. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Meireki* era
 diplomatic mission was received]]

* **1655** (*Meireki 1*): The ambassador of Korea is received in Japan.

* **1655** (*Meireki 1*): Emperor Go-Mizunoo went for the first time to location at base of Mount Hiei where Shugakuin Palace (*Shugakuin Rikyū*) would be built.

* **2-3 March 1657** (*Meireki 3, 18th-19th days of the 1st month*): The city of Edo was  by fire, also known as the Great Fire of Meireki.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Vanuatu at the Olympics

**Vanuatu** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no ni-Vanuatu athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Vanuatu was formed in 1987 and  by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Vanuatu profile at London2012.com
Pope Gregory XII

**Pope Gregory XII** (; c. 1326 &ndash; 18 October 1417) was the 206th Pope. He was born Angelo Corrario at Venice, Italy.  He became Bishop of Castello in 1380, titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1390, a cardinal in 1405, and finally Pope Gregory XII on 30 November 1406. He held office during the years of the Western Schism. In 1415, he resigned during the Council of Constance. He died at Recanati in 1417. His papal resignation was the last until Pope Benedict XVI resigned in February 2013.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*  ["Gregory XII"](http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_(Popes)/Gregory_XII), *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Emeritus Gregory XII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Correr
Throw out the baby with the bath water

**Throw out the baby with the bath water** is an idiom.

The phrase describes a special kind of mistake which happens when something good is lost while trying to get rid of something bad.

The idiom summarizes what happens when something which is  is rejected along with what is not necessary.

A slightly different explanation focuses on the loss of the  while holding on to what is not essential.  In other words, the idiom also makes sense when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bath water. Idioms are a common  for learners of a language.

## History
This idiom comes from a German proverb, *das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten.* In 1512,  *Narrenbeschwörung* (*Appeal to Fools*) by Thomas Murner includes a woodcut picture showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water.

## Alternate expressions
The meaning and intent are sometimes  in different terms.
* Throw out the champagne with the cork
* Empty the baby out with the bath.

## References 
## More reading 
* 
*
Azerbaijan at the Olympics

**Azerbaijan** first took part in the **Olympic Games** as an independent nation in 1996. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.   Before Azerbaijani athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

Azerbaijani athletes have won a total of twenty-six medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic was formed in 1992 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Medalists
## Medals 
### Medals by Summer Games 
### Medals by Winter Games 
### Medals by Summer Sport 
### Medals by Winter Sport 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
* List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics
* Azerbaijan at the Paralympics

## Other websites
* 
* "Azerbaijani Wrestler Namig Abdullayev Wins Olympic Gold," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p.&nbsp;76.
* "Zemfira Meftakhetdinova: Right on Target, Olympic Gold, Skeet Shooter," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p.&nbsp;79.
* "Vugar Alakbarov, Olympic Bronze in Boxing," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p.&nbsp;78.
* Azerbaijan profile at London2012.com