open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
National Rugby League

The **National Rugby League** (**NRL**) is a professional sports league in Australia. They play rugby league. The modern competition was formed in 1998, but its predecessor has run since 1908. There are 17 teams. Sixteen teams are from Australia and one is from New Zealand. The NRL is the most popular sporting league in Australia, mainly in the states of New South Wales and Queensland, whilst there is also one team in Victoria and the ACT. It is the biggest rugby league competition in the world.

## Current clubs 
The current teams are: 

* Brisbane Broncos
* Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
* Canberra Raiders
* Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks
* Dolphins
* Gold Coast Titans
* Manly Warringah Sea Eagles
* Melbourne Storm
* Newcastle Knights
* New Zealand Warriors
* North Queensland Cowboys
* Parramatta Eels
* Penrith Panthers
* South Sydney Rabbitohs
* St. George Illawarra Dragons
* Sydney Roosters
* Wests Tigers

Winners and runners-up for NRL Grand Finals since 1998 include:

* 2022 Penrith Panthers 28 defeated Parramatta Eels 12
* 2021 Penrith Panthers 14 defeated South Sydney Rabbitohs 12
* 2020 Melbourne Storm 26 defeated Penrith Panthers 20
* 2019 Sydney Roosters 14 defeated Canberra Raiders 8
* 2018 Sydney Roosters 21 defeated Melbourne Storm 6
* 2017 Melbourne Storm 34 defeated North Queensland 6
* 2016 Cronulla Sharks 14 defeated Melbourne Storm 12
* 2015 North Queensland Cowboys 17 defeated Brisbane Broncos 16
* 2014 South Sydney Rabbitohs 30 defeated Canterbury Bulldogs 6
* 2013 Sydney Roosters 26 defeated Manly Sea Eagles 18
* 2012 Melbourne Storm 14 defeated Canterbury Bulldogs 4
* 2011 Manly Sea Eagles 24 defeated NZ Warriors 10
* 2010 St George Illawarra Dragons 32 defeated Sydney Roosters 8
* 2009 Melbourne 23 defeated Parramatta 16 (Title stripped due to salary cap breach)
* 2008 Manly 40 defeated Melbourne 0
* 2007 Melbourne 34 defeated Manly 8 (Title stripped due to salary cap breach)
* 2006 Brisbane 15 defeated Melbourne 8
* 2005 Wests Tigers 30 defeated North Queensland 16
* 2004 Canterbury 16 defeated Sydney 13
* 2003 Penrith 18 defeated Sydney 6
* 2002 Sydney 30 defeated Warriors 8
* 2001 Newcastle 30 defeated Parramatta 24
* 2000 Brisbane 14 defeated Sydney 6
* 1999 Melbourne 20 defeated St George Illawarra 18
* 1998 Brisbane 38 defeated Canterbury 12

## References 
## Other websites 
NRL - Premiership Winners
Ian Beale

**Ian Beale** is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera *EastEnders*, played by Adam Woodyatt. He is the drama's longest-serving main character, and, following the departure of Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) in 2006, was the only one to have appeared continuously from its inception. The character appeared in his 2,000th episode in the show on 26 March 2007, and his 3,000th on 27 May 2016. After 36 years on the show, Woodyatt departed *EastEnders* on 22 January 2021.

Ian is the son of Pete (Peter Dean) and Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth). He is the nephew of Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard).
Alison Krauss

**Alison Maria Krauss** (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player. She is famous for being the leader of the band *Alison Krauss & Union Station*, and has produced albums for artists like Nickel Creek, Reba McEntire, and Alan Jackson. She has 28 Grammy Awards, more than any other female artist in history.

## References
1259

## Events 
### Europe 
* The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, leads to the acceptance by King Henry III of England of the Provisions of Oxford.
* September – The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
* December 4 – The kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
* The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
* The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.
* Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania and Poland.

### Asia 
* August 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Mongke Khan dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including  to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four year long civil war from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai.
* While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo wrote in his *Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou* that the city of Qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.
* Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mengrai.
* The Goryeo kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.
* The Chinese era *Kaiqing* begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
* The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins.

## Births 
* Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (died 1330)
* Demetre II of Georgia (died 1289)
* John II of Jerusalem (died 1285)
* Richard Og de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (died 1326)
* Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile

## Deaths 
* May 29 – King Christopher I of Denmark (born 1219)
* October 7 – Ezzelino da Romano III, Italian ruler
* November 18 – Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian
* Gojong of Goryeo
* Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire
* Matthew Paris, English chronicler
* Thomas II of Savoy
Lyle Lovett

**Lyle Pearce Lovett** (born November 1, 1957) is an American country singer-songwriter and actor.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Lyle Lovett Website
* 
* The Thinking Man's Cowboy, by Matt Dellinger, *New Yorker*, February 23, 2004.
* Homeboy, by Alec Wilkinson, *New Yorker*, February 1, 2004.
* Lovett charges ahead with his career - *USA Today*, May 10, 2002.
* Lyle Lovett Trampled by Bull, Hospitalized With Broken Leg  - FOX News, March 29, 2002.
* Official Lyle Lovett Lost Highway Artist Page 
* UnOfficial Website/Fan site
1257

## Events 
* Robert de Sorbon founds the *Collège de Sorbonne* at Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris in France.
* Matthew Paris, English historian, personally interviews King Henry III of England for a week straight while compiling his major work of English history, *Chronica Majora*.
* King Henry III of England orders the production of an twenty pence English coin of pure gold, the first high-denomination coin minted in England and the first to use gold. Unfortunately for King Henry, the bullion value of the coins was about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation as coins were melted down by individuals for their gold content.
* The second Genoese War breaks out between Genoa and Venice in Outremer known as the War of Saint Sabas.
* The city of Kraków is rebuilt by Boleslaus V of Poland after being nearly destroyed in the Tatar invasions in 1241.
* The Japanese Kōgen era ends, and the Shōka era begins.
* Mongols take Annam (northern Vietnam).
* Aberdeen Grammar School opened.

## Births 
* October 14 – King Przemysł II of Poland (d. 1296)
* Beatrice of Burgundy (died 1310)
* King Sancho IV of Castile and León (died 1295)

## Deaths 
* June 4 – Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland
* August 15 – Saint Hyacinth
* December 24 – John I, Count of Hainaut (born 1218)
1256

## Events 
### Europe 
* May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull *Licet ecclesiae catholicae* constituting the Augustinian monastic order at Lecceto Monastery.
* The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus.
* Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.
Abingdon School is founded.
Roger Bacon becomes a Franciscan Friar.

### Asia 
* October – Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.
* December 15 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran.
* Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.
* The Japanese Kenchō era ends, and the Kōgen era begins.

## Births 
* January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic
* Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (died 1317)

* Ibn al-Banna, Arab Mathematician (died 1321)

## Deaths 
* January 28 – William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany
* June 13 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (born 1173)
* September 1 – Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (born 1218)
* October 14 – Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (born 1239)
* William of Kilkenny, Lord Chancellor of England
* Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar
1258

## Events 
* c. January – A giant volcano erupts. No one is sure where, but it may have been in a tropical location like El Chichón, Mexico or Quilotoa, Ecuador. Observed effects of the eruption include the following anecdotal accounts: dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a "harsh" spring in Northern Iceland; famine in England, Western Germany, France, and Northern Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and South-East Turkey.

* February 10 – Battle of Baghdad (1258) – Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad. The city was the center of Islamic culture and learning and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Mongols burned the city to the ground, and killed many people.

* Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. He is the last ruler of an independent Wales before its conquest by the English.
* King Henry III of England is forced by seven powerful barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, effectively ending the absolute monarchy in England by requiring the calling of a parliament.
* The Chinese era *Baoyou* ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
* Civil unrest in northern Italy starts the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, songs of repentance sung by wandering bands of Flagellants.
* Gissur Thorvaldsson is made Earl of Iceland by King Haakon IV of Norway.
* Korea surrenders to Mongols.

## Births 
* Arghun, fourth Ilkhanate ruler of Iran (approximate date; died 1291)
* Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire (died 1326)

## Deaths 
* February 20 – Al-Musta'sim, last Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
* August 18 – Theodore II Lascaris, emperor of Nicea (Byzantine Emperor in exile)
* Hong Bok-won, Goryeo commander who later served the Mongol Empire
* Meinhard I of Gorizia-Tyrol (born c. 1200)
* Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili, Moroccan spiritual leader (born 1175)
* Clement of Dunblane,13th-century Dominican friar who was the first member of the Dominican Order in Britain to become a bishop

## Notes
Glen Phillips

**Glen Phillips** (born December 29, 1970) is an American songwriter, singer and guitarist. He is best known as the singer and songwriter of 1990s alternative rock group Toad the Wet Sprocket.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Abulum* (2000)
* *Winter Pays For Summer* (2005)
* *Mr. Lemons* (2006)

### Live albums/EPs
* *Live at Largo* (2003)
* *Unlucky 7* (2006)

## Other websites
* Glen Phillips  The official site with news, tour dates and a message board.
* Glen's MySpace site   Glen's MySpace site with blog and information on any upcoming tour dates.
* ComeBackDownload.com
* Unofficial Glen Phillips FAQ
* Phillips on Archive.org
* PopGurls 20 Questions with Glen Phillips .
* Interview with Glen Phillips on The BackStage Pass Internet Radio Show 
*  Glen Phillips JBTV interview on XNDTV.com 
*  glenphillips.net
Bruce Molsky

**Bruce Molsky** (born in Manhattan, New York in 1955) is an American fiddler, banjo player, guitarist, and singer. He teaches the fiddle at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, as part of its American Roots program.

He has made several recordings, including:
* ''If It Ain't Here When I Get Back* (2013)
* *Meeting Point Bruce Molsky, Aly Bain & Ale Möller: Live at The Liverpool Philharmonic* (2012)
* *Soon Be Time* 
* *The Hell Benders* 
* *Warring Cats* 
* *Fiddlers 4'' 

## Other websites
*Bruce Molsky official site

## References
Jon Brion

**Jon Brion** (born December 11, 1963) is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, composer and record producer. He was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. His mother was a jazz singer, his father a band director at Yale, his brother is an arranger and sister a violinist.

## The Bats
Brion and Bill Murphy began writing together in New Haven, Connecticut. They recorded some demo tracks in makeshift apartment studios, and worked out their arrangements at Yale University Campus. They enlisted the talents of bassist Don "Riff" Fertman to form **The Bats** (unlike the New Zealand band of the same name). In 1982, the trio created an imaginative set of pop songs in a small studio in Connecticut. A single called "Popgun" followed by an LP entitled *How Pop Can You Get?* were released on the independent label Gustav. The album failed to chart, and the group was disbanded.

## Discography
### Studio albums
**How Pop Can You Get?* (with The Bats, 1982)
**Ro Sham Bo* (with The Grays, 1994)
**Meaningless* (solo, 2001)

### Film scores
* *Hard Eight* (with Michael Penn) (1996)
* *Magnolia* (1999)
* *Punch-Drunk Love* (2002)
* *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* (2003)
* *I ♥ Huckabees* (2004)
* *The Break-Up* (2006)

### As producer
* Aimee Mann, *Whatever*, (1993)
* Aimee Mann, ''I'm with Stupid*, (1995)
* Rufus Wainwright, *Rufus Wainwright*, (1998)
* Eleni Mandell, *Wishbone*, (1998)
* Robyn Hitchcock, *Jewels for Sophia*, (1998)
* Robyn Hitchcock, *A Star for Bram*, (1999)
* Fiona Apple, *When the Pawn...*, (1999)
* The Crystal Method - "Bad Stone" (1997), "Over the Line" (2001), "Realizer" (2004)
* Elliott Smith, *From a Basement on a Hill*, (unreleased version, recorded 2001)
* Brad Mehldau, *Largo*, (2002)
* Rhett Miller, *The Instigator*, (2002)
* Evan Dando, *Baby I'm Bored*, (2003)
* Fiona Apple, *Extraordinary Machine*, (unreleased version, recorded 2002-2003)
* Kanye West, *Late Registration* (as co-executive producer and co-producer on several tracks), (2005)
* Marjorie Fair, *Self Help Serenade* (as co-executive producer), (2005)
* Kanye West, *Graduation* (as co-producer), (2007)
* Spoon (band), "The Underdog," *Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga, (2007)

## Other websites
* Jon Brion Unofficial site 
* Jon Brion's Official Website
1255

## Events 
### Europe 
#### Western Europe 
* August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating the last refuge of the heretical Cathars after the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a program to crush the sect, starting in 1209 with the Albigensian Crusade.
* The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts persecution of Jews in England on accusations of blood libel.
* Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.
* The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086; the Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274/1275 and 1279/1280.

#### Central and Eastern Europe 
* May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.
* Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) is founded in Prussia.
* Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. He concludes the task successfully a year later in 1256.
* The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria
* The German state of Nassau is divided, not to be reunited until 1806.
* King Béla IV of Hungary grants Banská Bystrica municipal rights of a royal town.

### Asia 
* Hulagu Khan is dispatched by his brother Möngke Khan to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.

## Births 
* Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1308)
* William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, claimant to the crown of Scotland (died 1317)
* Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sienese painter (died 1319)
* Grand Prince Andrey of Gorodets (approximate date; died 1304)
* Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans (approximate date; died 1298)

## Deaths 
* May 1 – Walter de Gray, English prelate and statesman
* Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (born 1247)
* Jarler, Archbishop of Sweden
* Sundiata Keita, semi-historical hero and founder of the Mali Empire. (approximate date; born c. 1190)
* Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde.
Elliott Smith

**Steven Paul "Elliott" Smith** (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He grew up in Duncanville, Texas. He died of stab wounds to his chest in 2003 when he was 34 years old. It is not known if it was suicide or murder. At the time of his death, Smith had been making his sixth album *From a Basement on the Hill*. It was released on October 19, 2004. In 2007 another album called *New Moon* was released.

## Partial discography 
## Other websites 
* SweetAdeline.net - Official Elliott Smith website
* SweetAddy.com - Official discussion forums
* Cavity Search Records
* Kill Rock Stars 

## References
Sugar Hill Records

**Sugar Hill Records** is a folk music record label. Some of the artists who have released albums with the label are Nickel Creek, Allison Moorer, Sam Bush and Dolly Parton.
Tift Merritt

**Tift Merritt** (born January 8, 1975) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. Born in Houston, Texas, Merritt moved to Raleigh, North Carolina at a young age.  She has been compared to songwriters like Joni Mitchell and Emmylou Harris.

In 2009, Merritt married Zeke Hutchins, her band's drummer and her long-time partner.  They live in New York City.

In addition to Austin City Limits, Merritt has been on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the Late Show with David Letterman.  Her music has been in The L Word, Men In Trees, United States of Tara and the movie New in Town.  

## Discography
### Albums
### Singles
### Video
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
* MySpace.com site
* Americana Music Association
1240

## Events 
* Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev.
* Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kanté at the Battle of Kirina, beginning the Mali Empire.
* July 15 – Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North.
* End of the civil war era in Norway.
* Saint Maurice is started to be portrayed as Moor.

## Births 
* Abulafia, Maltese Jewish philosopher (died 1292)
* Pope Benedict XI (died 1304)
* Stephen V of Hungary (died 1272)
* Sigerus of Brabant, French theologian (died 1284)
* Albert the Degenerate, landgrave of Thuringia (approximate date; died 1314)

## Deaths 
* April 11 – Llywelyn the Great, King of Gwynedd
* Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher
* Jacques de Vitry, French historian and theologian (born c. 1180)
* William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (born 1166)

## Monarchs/Presidents 
* Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
* Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
1251

## Events 
### Europe 
* April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
* December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.
* Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.
* Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.
* Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.
* King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.
* The German city of Berlin, founded some fifty years earlier, receives its city charter.
* Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.
* The earliest known manuscript of *The Proverbs of Alfred*, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.

### Asia 
* Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
* Carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.

## Births 
* Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (died 1284)

## Deaths 
* Bohemund V of Antioch
* Peter I, Duke of Brittany (born 1190)
* Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia
* Isobel of Huntingdon (born 1199)
* Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine
Dolly Parton

**Dolores “Dolly” Rebecca Parton Jr.** (January 19, 1946) is an American country singer-songwriter, composer, author and actress. She has become one of the most successful female country artists in history, with 25 number-one singles (a record for a female country artist) and 41 top-10 country albums (a record for any country artist).  She is known for her top-three single "Here You Come Again" and the number-one hits "9 to 5" and "Islands in the Stream" (a duet with singer Kenny Rogers).

Parton has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.

Parton is one of the most-honored female country performers of all time. She has won eleven Grammy Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, and a Tony Award. In 2025, she was honored with the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.

## Career
Her 1967 song "Dumb Blonde" was heard by country singer Porter Wagoner, and he asked Parton to be a part of his television show. Her single "Jolene" reached number one in 1974, becoming a solo artist, though still performed and recorded with Wagoner.

In the fifty-four years since her debut, Parton has become one of the most famous country artists in the world.

## Personal life
Parton married Carl Dean in 1966. Dean died in 2025.

Parton is the godmother of singer and actress Miley Cyrus.

## Discography
### Singles
*"I Will Always Love You" (1974)
*"Tennessee Homesick Blues" (1984)
*"Yellow Roses" (1989)
*"Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That" (1998)

;As featured artist
*"Baby, It's Cold Outside"  (2004)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Dolly Parton Music (official music site) 
*
Dot Branning

**Dot Branning** (also **Cotton**) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera *EastEnders*, played by June Brown from 1985 to 1993 and 1997 to 2020. She worked in the laundrette and smoked Superkings.

## References
Pat Evans

**Pat Evans**  (also **Beale**, **Harris**, Wicks and **Butcher**) is a fictional character from the BBC One soap opera *EastEnders*. She was played by Pam St Clement from June 1986 until January 2012, with a guest appearance in May 2016.
1224

## Events 
* Foundation of the University of Naples.
* Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquers Latgallians and the stronghold of Tartu from Ugaunian and Russian troops.
* Last of Arabs expelled from Sicily.
* The Chichimecas capture Tula, Hidalgo.

## Deaths 
* Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (born 1153)
* Hōjō Yoshitoki, regent of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan (born 1163)

## Monarchs/Presidents 
* Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
* Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
* Holy See – Honorius III pope (from 1216 to 1227)
* Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
* Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong King of Navarre (reigned from 1194 to 1234)
* Portugal – Afonso II, the Fat, King of Portugal (reigned from 1212 to 1233)
* Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
Middle way

The **Middle Way** or **Middle Path** is a teaching about a way of looking at things in Buddhism. This teaching advises a path of moderation, taking a middle way between extremes. In particular, the Buddha advises against taking a either an overly hard path or an overly easy path. He said that a person should not be either too self-indulgent or self-denying. The middle way is a different way of life.

According the Third Noble Truth, the way to stop suffering is to stop wanting things.  But if a person too strongly wants to stop wanting things, they are still wanting something. (to stop wanting things).  The middle way helps solve this problem. Buddha came to this idea after six years of extreme self-denial in the search for how to end suffering. 

## References
## Related pages
*Buddhism
Category

A **category** is a group of people or things that are the same in some way.

**Category** can mean:
*Category (philosophy)
*taxonomic category - Taxonomic rank
*Category (mathematics)
**Categories* (Aristotle)
*Category (Kant)
*Categories (Stoic)
*Categories (game), a game involving naming categories of things
*Category (topology)
Entertainer

An **entertainer** is a person who is employed to bring joy, relaxation or happiness.

## Features 
An entertainer can perform on stage or television or simply entertain children at parties.

## Examples 
Examples of entertainers include:

*Clowns
*Magicians
*Actors
*Comedians
*Musicians
Benetice (Světlá nad Sázavou)

**Benetice** is a small village near the town Světlá nad Sázavou (in Czech Republic).

## Key features 
### Historical features 
There was a glass factory in Benetice. It does not exist any more, but some local names of places are derived from the parts of the glass factory as name *Na sušírnách* or *Sklárenský rybník* (the name of a pond). There is recreation camp in Benetice. It was used as pioneer camp (pioneers were people organized in one group in Czech republic) and it was used for young people from Hungary, Poland and Germany.

### Natural features 
A linden-tree grows on village green of Benetice. It was planted in 1945.

### Structural features 
The castle Lipnice can be seen from Benetice.

### History of the village name 
* 1375 - Beneczicze
* 1787 - Benetitz

### Photos 

Image:Benetice 1.jpg
Image:Benetice 2.jpg
Image:Benetice 3.jpg
Image:Benetice naves.jpg
Image:Benetice prijezd od Svetle nad Sazavou.jpg
Image:Benetice prijezd od Ledce nad Sazavou.jpg
Image:Benetice tabor.jpg
Image:Benetice pohled na druhy breh Sazavy.jpg

## Other websites 
* www.benetice.eu - pages about the village Benetice
* Czech page about Benetice 
* Map of Benetice
Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

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**Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida**, better known as **Bécquer**, (Seville, 17 February 1836 – Madrid, 22 December 1870) was a Spanish post-romanticist writer of poetry and short stories. He is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. He adopted the alias of Bécquer  as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier. He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism in literature was enjoying success in Spain. He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published.

His best known works are the *Rhymes* and the *Legends,* usually published together as *Rimas y leyendas*. These poems and tales are essential to the study of Spanish literature and common reading for high-school students in Spanish-speaking countries.

His work approached the traditional poetry and themes in a modern way, and is considered the founder of modern Spanish lyricism.
Tirso de Molina

**Tirso de Molina** (October, 1571? - March 12, 1648) was a Spanish Baroque dramatist and poet.

Originally **Gabriel Tellez**, he was born in Madrid.  He studied at Alcalá de Henares, joined the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy on November 4 1600, and entered the Monastery of San Antolín at Guadalajara, Spain on January 21 1601. He was ordained a priest by 1610.

## References
HotJava

**HotJava** is a web browser from Sun Microsystems that can run Java applets. It was the first browser to support Java applets, and is not available anymore and is not supported anymore.

## Other websites 
* HotJava Browser
* HotJava @ Evolt
Mobile browser

page on the first iPhone, using the Safari web browser]]

A **mobile browser** (also called a microbrowser or minibrowser) is a web browser made for use on a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA.  Mobile browsers are made to display webpages in the best way for small screens on mobile devices.

## Other websites 
*W3C Mobile Web Initiative &mdash; “The Mobile Web Initiative's goal is to make browsing the Web from mobile devices a reality”, explains Tim Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the Web.
*Compact HTML for Small Information Appliances &mdash; W3C NOTE 9 February 1998
*Open Mobile Alliance
*Blackberry Browser Developer site
Ghostzilla

**Ghostzilla** is a web browser for Microsoft Windows based on Mozilla. The browser runs inside the window space of another program e.g. in Microsoft Outlook, where the page is made to look like the things one would expect in an email. It makes people think think the person they're reading an email. 

Between May 2004 and January 2005, the project was taken off the website because the person who made it felt it was bad to use it. It was later put back, but with warnings about the potential to use it for the wrong reason. Since February 2007, the site has been closed and is no longer available.

## Features
* The Ghostzilla window disappears when the mouse cursor is moved away from it, letting the user easily hide it.
* The user can set the preferences to set security (hiding) levels. For example: He can display no images unless the mouse is put over it (they stand out, thus making it more easily recognized as the Web), or display plain grey text on a white background.

## References
## Other websites
* Last ever archived version of Ghostzilla site.
Bern District

The **District of Bern** is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It has an area of 233 km² and a population of 237,919 people (as of January 2005). The capital city is Bern. 

The district contains thirteen municipalities:

## Other websites 
* Website of the city of Bern (in English)
Biel District

**Biel** is a small district in the Swiss canton of Bern. It contains 2 municipalities:

## Other websites 
* Official Website of the city of Biel/Bienne
* Tourism Information for Biel/Bienne and Region 
* Portal with numerous trip suggestions in the *Seeland* region
* Portal with numerous trip suggestions in the Bern *Jura* region
* Events Calendar 
* Nightlife in Biel 
* Watch Valley
Shiira

**Shiira** (シイラ, Japanese for the common dolphin-fish) is a free web browser based on Safari for the Mac OS X operating system.

## Other websites
* Shiira Project 
*Shiira: Open Source Web Browser based on Web Kit
Bellikon

**Bellikon** is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bellikon - Official website 
* Bellikon Rehab Clinic
Benzenschwil

**Benzenschwil** was a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the former municipality of Benzenschwil merged into the municipality of Merenschwand.

## Other websites
Bergdietikon

**Bergdietikon** is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The lake Egelsee is in Bergdietikon.

## References 
## Other websites
Egelsee (Aargau)

**Egelsee** is a lake at Bergdietikon, Aargau, Switzerland. The surface area is .  It is the largest natural lake in the canton.
995

## Events 
* Erik Segersäll is replaces by Olof Skötkonung, the first baptized ruler of Sweden  (see Swedish monarchs).
* Basil II lifts the siege of Aleppo by bringing his entire army across Anatolia in sixteen days.
* Constantine III becomes king of Scotland.
* Boleslaus II of Bohemia kills the Slavnik's dynasty at Libice.
* Olaf Tryggvason is made king of Norway and builds the country's first church.

## Births 
* Canute the Great (approximate) (d. 1035)
* Guido of Arezzo, Italian musician (d. 1050)
* Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)
* Olaf II of Norway (d.1030)

## Deaths 
* February 5 — William IV, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
* Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (b.951)
* Kenneth II of Scotland (possibly murdered)
* Haakon Sigurdsson earl (and de facto ruler) of Norway
1177

## Events 
* November 25 — Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon beat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard.
* During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.
* Benedictus Abbas becomes abbot of Peterborough.
* Byland Abbey is started in Yorkshire by the Cistercians.
* Casimir II becomes duke of Poland.
* The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.
* Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
* Moscow is burned down.
* Puigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.
* Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.
* September 27 — Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.
* Treaty of Venice — Frederick I Barbarossa accepts Alexander III as Pope
* Estonians attack Pskov during winter.

## Births 
* Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem (d. 1186)
* Robert de Ros, English baron (d. 1226)
* Philip of Swabia, enemy of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)

## Deaths 
* January 13 — Henry II of Austria (b. 1107)
* William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
* Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)

## Heads of State 
* England — Henry II (reigned 1154–1189)
* France — Louis VII (reigned 1137–1180)
* Byzantine Empire — Manuel I Comnenus (reigned 1143–1180)
* Pope — Alexander III (pope 1159–1181)
* Song China – Song Xiaozong (宋孝宗) (reigned 1162–1189)
998

## Events 
* Otto III takes control the city of Rome and brings his cousin, Pope Gregory V, back to power.
* A Benedictine abbey is started at Sherborne.

## Births 
* George I of Georgia

## Deaths 
* Abu'l-Wafa, Iranian mathematician
1176

## Events 
* January — Assize of Northampton.
* May 22 — Murder tried but failed by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo.
* Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo.
* May 29 — Frederick Barbarossa is beaten.
* September 17 — Seljuk Turks beats Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon.
* Cathedral of Sens makes the first "clock".
* Construction begins on the London Bridge.
* Aberdeen becomes a royal burgh.
* The first recorded Welsh Eisteddfod is held by Rhys ap Gruffydd at Cardigan.

## Births 
* Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (d. 1220)
* Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230)
* William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (around date; d. 1226)
* Saint Sava, Serbian prince and archbishop (d. 1235)
* Subutai, Mongol general, tried to bring together the Mongolia

## Deaths 
* April 20 — Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English soldier (b. 1130)
* May 13 — Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1119)
* August 23 — Emperor Rokujo- of Japan (b. 1164)
* October 25 — William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. c. 1109)
* Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (b. 1150)
* Saint Galdino, Italian archdeacon
1174

## Events 
* Vietnam is given the name of Annam by China.
* Henry II of England confesses Rosamund Clifford as his mistress.
* Revolt of 1173-1174 against Henry II of England ends when the rebels are beaten.
* William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill at the Battle of Alnwick (1174).
* Richard of Dover becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
* William de Braose, Third Lord of Bramber becomes sheriff of Hereford.
* Baldwin IV becomes King of Jerusalem.
* Fire destroys most of Padua, Italy.
* City of Pombal, is started by Gualdim Pais in Portugal.
* Saladin takes Damascus.
* The last Toltec king commits suicide.

## Births 
* Saint Hedwig of Andechs (d. 1243)
* King Peter II of Aragon (d. 1213)
* Emeric of Hungary (d. 1204)

## Deaths 
* May 15 — Nur ad-Din, ruler of Syria (b. 1118)
* June 28 — Andrei Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir (b. c. 1111)
* July 11 — King Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. 1136)
* September 22 — Uchtred, Lord of Galloway (b. c. 1120)
* October 17 — Queen Petronila of Aragon (b. 1135)
* Everard des Barres, third Grand Master of the Knights Templar
* Miles of Plancy, French crusader
Comet West

**Comet West** was a spectacular comet, also considered to qualify for *great comet* status.

It was discovered through pictures by Richard M. West, of the European Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975.  During peak brightness, observers reported that it was bright enough to study during full daylight.

Comet West was what 1973's Comet Kohoutek should have been. 

The comet has an estimated orbital period of 558,000 years.

## Break up
During the comet's run into the closer part of the solar system for the first time in 500,000 years, the nucleus of Comet West was seen to split into four pieces as it passed within 30 million km. of the sun.

The first report of the split came around 7 March 1976 12:30UT, when reports were received that the comet had broken into two pieces. These two pieces remained the only pieces until Steven O'Meara, using the 9-inch Harvard Refractor, reported that two additional pieces had formed on the morning of 18 March. 

The breakup was one of very few comet breakups seen from historical times by the 1970s. Recently, comets Shoemaker-Levy 9, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 (73/P), C/1999 S4 LINEAR, and 57/P du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, have been seen to disintegrate. When seen, many were stunned, but none more so than the discoverer, Richard Martin West. The comet broke into pieces when some distance from the sun. It exploded into four pieces, and those were scattered. Later, two pieces were spotted, and studied intently by astronomers.

## Other websites
*Cometography.com: Comet West
601

## Events 
* Peter (Byzantine General) wins the battle against the Eurasian Avars
* Liuva II replaces his brother Reccared as King of the Visigoths.
* The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published
* The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to help Augustine in his missionary work.

## Births 
* Sigebert II of Austrasia and Burgundy
* Hongren, a Zen Buddhist patriarch of the Chinese Tang Dynasty (d. 674)
* Ma Zhou, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 648)
* Empress Zhangsun

## Deaths 
* Saint David, Patron Saint of Wales
* Reccared, King of the Visigoths
601 (disambiguation)

**601** can mean:

* 601 AD, (The year)
* PowerPC 601, a microprocessor shipped by the AIM alliance in 1993
* The number 601
600

## Events 
* The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people.
* Smallpox arrives in Europe for the first time.
* King Ingvar of Sweden invades Estonia but is killed by the locals.
* Juchau Anglo-Saxon tribesmen arrive in England.
* The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation.
* Chaturanga is played in India.
* Loma Caldera in El Salvador erupts.
* The Hopewell culture of North America becomes less popular.
* The Aztec city of Teotihuacán begins to get unstable.
* The moldboard plow is invented in eastern Europe.
* Pope Gregory I writes what comes to be known as Gregorian chant.
* The building on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai.
* Irish missionaries pray in Scotland and Germany.
* Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan.
* Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are changed to believe inBuddhism.
* Augustine of Canterbury changes Ethelbert of Kent's religion to Christianity (approximate date).
* Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).

## Births 
* Ali Ben Abu Talib, the fourth caliph of Islam
* Candrakirti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher

## Deaths 
* Venance Fortunat, bishop of Poitiers, one of the last representatives of Classical Latin poetry
* King Beop of Baekje, king of the Baekje Kingdom of Korea
* Yang Jun
602

## Events 
* A series of wars begin between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire.

## Births 
* Li Chunfeng
* Liu Rengui
* Mu'awiyah, who started the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date)
* Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk
* Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 690)
* Taejong muyeol of Silla, 29th King of Silla(Korean of ancient kingdom, B.C 57 – A.D 935)
* Zhiyan

## Deaths 
* Empress Dugu Qieluo
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

***The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion*** is a role-playing video game. It was made by the American game maker Bethesda in May 2006. The game is for the Xbox 360 video game console and the PC (computer). It was also made for the Sony PlayStation 3 in May 2007.

## Awards 
This game got the "Game of the Year" award at the Golden Joystick Awards. Many gaming magazines such as the official Xbox magazine for the United Kingdom rated it a 10 out of 10. The game is only offline. It can not play against people on Xbox Live  although people can download extra content for the game. The extra content can also be bought on a DVD or Blu-ray. Some of the downloadable content comes with the Knights of the Nine retail disc.

## Events
Events from The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion happened after the game The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind. The Emperor Uriel Septim VII gets killed by assassins while trying to escape the Imperial City, which means that Nirn (the world) has lost its shield against the Daedra from the plane of Oblivion, which comes through the opened gates of Oblivion. The goal of the game is to find the Emperor's son, defeat the attacking Daedra, and end the invasion by shutting the gates.

The player may also join a few guilds, groups that let the player do tasks for them, and once the player has completed all of their tasks, the player is in charge of the guild. Unlike Morrowind, the player can join every guild they can get into.

## Expansion
There are two Expansion Packs for Oblivion: The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles. This expansion adds a new land: The Shivering Isles ruled by crazy god Sheogorath. Here you must defend the land from invading Knights of Order, and stop their attacks. There is also The Knights of the Nine which adds yet another quest.

## References
Yogi (disambiguation)

The word **Yogi** can mean either:
* an advanced practitioner of Yoga (Yogi) in Eastern religions
* a person who got Yogam, i.e. a blessed or gifted person, a person with knowledge, talent, ability or luck. 
* Yogi Berra, a baseball player, named after a *yogi*.
* Yogi Bear, a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character.
* Yogi Rock, a rock on the planet Mars, named after Yogi Bear. See .
* Yogi (dog), police dog with the longest successive tracking search on record. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9438615
*Yogi (movie), a Telugu language movie starring Prabhas and Nayanthara directed by V.V. Vinayak.
*Yogi (producer), an African-American music producer, member of rap group CRU and associate of P. Diddy's Hitmen production group.
Yogi

, a noted Hindu yogi in Himalaya.]]
A **yogi** (Sanskrit, feminine root: ***yogini***) is a term for a male who practices various forms of the path of Yoga, maintaining a steadfast mind, the process of transcending the lower self. These words are mostly reserved for advanced or daily practitioners. In contemporary English *yogin* is an alternative rendering for the word *yogi*.  This word is often used to describe Buddhist monks or any lay person who is devoted to meditation.  

The *Shiva-Samhita* text defines the yogi as someone who knows that the entire cosmos is situated within his own body, and the *Yoga-Shikha-Upanishad* distinguishes two kinds of yogins:  those who pierce through the "sun" (surya) by means of the various yogic techniques and those who access the door of the central conduit (sushumna-nadi) and drink the nectar.

## Related pages
*Yogini

## References 
## Sources 
1-2. Feuerstein, Georg.  The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, Boston, 2000 p. 321, 350.
1172

## Events 
* Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
* Pope Gregory VIII starts the Council of Avranches.
* The Synod of Cashel ended the Celtic Christian system and converted them to Rome.

## Births 
* Baldwin I of Constantinople (d. 1205)
* Fujiwara Moroie, last of the Japanese Fujiwara Regents (d. 1238)
* Takash, the shah of Persia (d. 1200)
* Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (d. 1214)
* Louis I, Count of Blois (d. 1205)
* Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester (d. 1232)
* Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192–1205 (d. 1205)

## Deaths 
* Agnes, daughter of Italian Count Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1125)
* Hemachandra, Indian mathematician, philosopher and historian (b. 1089)

## References