open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Graduate school

A **graduate school** (or **grad school**) is a school that gives advanced academic degrees, such as Master's degrees (M.S. or M.B.A.) and Doctoral degrees (Ph.D. or L.L.D. or D.D.S. etc.). A graduate student (or grad student) is a student who has earned a Bachelor's degree and is pursuing additional education in a specific field, though this is not always the case. In British English, the term "**postgraduate student**" is more common. 

A graduate school is not always a separate school.

The term "graduate school" could be confusing because the verb "graduate" is also used to mean completing high school education or earning a Bachelor's degree. The verb is used for all those types of schools, but the meaning of the adjective "graduate" is changed to mean "postgraduate" in the term "graduate school". The small change in meaning can be viewed with an air of , where experienced students are often more aware of the issue, while novice students might not be aware, as being more naive.

## Related pages 
* Business school
* Law school
* Medical school
Batman (TV series)

***Batman*** is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character Batman. It aired on the ABC network for two and a half seasons from 1966 to 1968. Even though it was on TV for such a short time, the series had two new episodes each week, giving the show a total of 120 episodes (the equivalent of roughly five regular seasons).

## Cast 
* Adam West - Batman/Bruce Wayne - A caped crusader whose parents were murdered when he was a child.
* Burt Ward - Robin/Dick Grayson - Batman's faithful partner and "boy wonder".
* Alan Napier - Alfred - Batman's loyal butler.
* Neil Hamilton - Commissioner James Worthington Gordon - Gotham City Commissioner of Police.
* Stafford Repp - Chief Miles O'Hara - Gotham City Chief of Police.
* Madge Blake - Aunt Harriet Cooper - Dick Grayson's maternal aunt.
* Yvonne Craig - Batgirl/Barbara Gordon - Commissioner Gordon's daughter and Batman's partner (Season 3).
* Byron Keith - Mayor John Linseed - Mayor of Gotham City (recurring).
* William Dozier - "Desmond Doomsday," the Narrator
The Big Four Supervillains:
*  Cesar Romero --- aka Jack "The Joker" Napier
*  Burgess Meredith- aka Oswald "The Penguin" Cobblepot
*  Frank Gorshin   - aka Edward "The Riddler" Nygma  {also played by John Austin in one episode}
*  Julie Newmar   -  aka Shelia "The Catwoman" Caryle {also played by Eartha Kitt and Lee Meriweather}

## Pictures

File:Yvonne Craig Batgirl 1967.JPG|Yvonne "Batgirl" Craig
File:Batman villains The Penguin The Riddler The Joker 1967.JPG|Left to right: Burgess "Penguin" Meredith; Frank "Riddler" Gorshin; Caesar "Joker" Romero
File:Julie Newmar Catwoman Batman 1966.JPG|Julie "Catwoman" Newmar
File:Van Williams and Bruce Lee in The Green Hornet 1966.jpg|"The Green Hornet" (Van Williams) and "Kato" (Bruce Lee) in the episodes: "The Spell of Tut", "A Piece of the Action" and "Batman's Satisfaction"

## Other websites 
* Batmania UK :: 1966 Batman
* 
* 
* Museum of Broadcast Communications 
* The 1966 Batman TV Tribute Site
* The BatCave Fan Site 
* The Bat Pages  ***Note:** this website contains the original screentests of Adam West, Burt Ward, and Lyle Waggoner.*
* Batman: The Series @ Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond
* Batman: The Movie @ Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond 
* BATMAN ON FILM
* Television Obscurities - Batgirl Promotional Short
The Singles 1992–2003

***The Singles 1992-2003*** is a greatest hits album by the American alternative rock band No Doubt. It was released on November 25, 2003 (the same day as *Boom Box*, a box set album by No Doubt.) The album contained all of the singles the band had released at the time, except for "Squeal" and "Doghouse" (two singles from their album *The Beacon Street Collection* that never became popular.) However, it also included two songs that were not singles: "Trapped in a Box" from their first album *No Doubt*, and a cover version of the song "It's My Life" by Talk Talk.

## List of songs
#"Just a Girl"
#"It's My Life"
#"Hey Baby"
#"Bathwater"
#"Sunday Morning"
#"Hella Good"
#"New"
#"Underneath It All"
#"Excuse Me Mr."
#"Running"
#"Spiderwebs"
#"Simple Kind of Life"
#"Don't Speak"
#"Ex-Girlfriend"
#"Trapped in a Box"
Organized crime

**Organized crime** is an act committed by a group or groups of people, usually mobsters, mafias, gangsters, drug cartels, insurgents, terrorists and other criminals, who work to make money or achieve certain motive illegally.

## Related pages
* Corruption
* Illegal drug trade
* Money laundering
Lucky Luciano

**Charles "Lucky" Luciano** (born **Salvatore Lucania**; November 24, 1897 – January 26, 1962) was a Sicilian-American mobster. Luciano is considered to have been the father of modern organized crime and the mastermind of the postwar expansion of the international heroin trade. He was the first official boss of the modern Genovese crime family. 

*Time* magazine named Luciano among the top 20 most influential builders and titans of the 20th century.

## References
Genovese crime family

The **Genovese crime family** is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities in New York City, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). The Genovese crime family has been nicknamed the "Ivy League" and "Rolls Royce" of organized crime.

## Bosses of the Genovese crime family
* 1922–1931 – Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria (Boss, murdered in 1931 during the Castellammarese War)
* 1931–1946 – Salvatore 'Charlie "Lucky" Luciano' Lucania (Boss, jailed in 1936)
* 1936–1946 – Frank "Frankie the Prime Minister" Costello (acting boss)
* 1946–1957 – Frank "Frankie the Prime Minister" Costello (Boss, retired)
* 1957–1969 – Vito "Don Vito" Genovese (Boss, jailed 1959, died in prison in 1969)
* Circa 1959–1972 – Thomas "Tommy Ryan" Eboli (acting boss, turned front boss sometime in the mid-1960s, murdered 1972)
* Circa 1965–1972 – Gerardo "Jerry" Catena (jailed 1970-72, retired 1973, died 2000 at age 98)
* Circa 1965–1981 – Philip "Benny Squint" Lombardo (retired)
* 1972–1981 – Frank "Funzi" Tieri (acting boss, turned front boss sometime in the early 1970s by the family)
* 1981–1987 – Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno (front boss for Vincent Gigante, jailed 1987, died in prison)
* 1981–2005 – Vincent "Chin" Gigante (Boss, jailed 1997, died in prison of heart failure on December 19, 2005)
* 1990–1996 – Liborio "Barney" Bellomo (street boss, jailed)
* 1996–1998 – Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (street boss, steps down)
* 1997–2003 – Matthew "Matty the Horse" Ianniello (acting boss, jailed)
* 2003–2005 – Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (acting boss, jailed)
* 2005–2006 – Mario Gigante (acting boss, possible in retirement after the death of his brother in 2005)
* 2006–2007 – Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo (*acting boss*) (indicted May 31, 2007, remanded without bail before being sentenced to 5 years in prison in early 2008), Venero "Benny Eggs" Mangano (*underboss*) (released from prison December, 2006 after serving 15 years), Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (*consigliere*) (Sentenced to 46 months on March 3, 2006), Lawrence "Little Larry" Dentico (*acting consigliere*) (promoted prior to coping a plea and being sentenced to  years in early 2006)
* 2007–present – Paul "Paulie Stripes" DiMarco (alleged *acting boss*, next in line coming from the midwest?), Venero "Benny Eggs" Mangano (*underboss*), Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (*consigliere*?)
ACT (test)

The **ACT** is an achievement test for college admissions in the United States made by ACT, Inc.  It was first given in Fall 1959 by Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the College Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test, now the SAT Reasoning Test.  Some students who perform poorly on the SAT find that they perform better on the ACT and vice versa.  The ACT test is made of 4 tests: English, Math, Reading, and Science reasoning.  In February 2005, an optional writing test was added to the ACT, like changes to the SAT that took place later in March of the same year.  All four-year colleges and universities in the U.S. accept the ACT.

## Related pages
* Global Assessment Certificate
* SAT, the main competitor to ACT's examination

## References
## Other websites
* ACT, Inc.
* Website for test takers
* ACT Club 
* ACT Education Solutions 
* ACT International Services
Pamphlet

A **pamphlet** is a small book without a hard cover or binding. It can be made up of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a **leaflet**).

It can also be made up of a few pages that are folded in half and stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires the pamphlet to have 'at least 5 but not more than 48 pages' not including the cover page; a longer item is a book.

Pamphlets can contain anything, such as user instructions information for kitchen appliances, or religious and political ideas. Pamphlets have been important in history, publishing a lot of pamphlets can help spread ideas, for instance during revolutions pamphlets were used to influence people. Pamphlets are also important in advertising as they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers.

## References
Pakistan Declaration

The **Pakistan Declaration** (titled **Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?**) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time.

The pamphlet was written when Pakistan was part of British India. The pamphlet asked that "the five Northern units of India"  - **P**unjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (**A**fghan Province), **K**ashmir, **S**indh and Baluchis**tan** (or Pakstan) become an independent state and not part of India.

After the pamphlet was published the name of Pakistan became very popular and led to the Pakistan Movement. Fourteen years after the pamphlet was published, in 1947, Pakistan became an independent state.

## References
Vernon Chatman

**Vernon Chatman** (born October 31, 1972) is an Emmy Award winning American television producer, writer, voice actor, comedian and musician. He is best known as the voice of "Towelie" on the cartoon series *South Park*.
Thai food

**Thai food** is a type of food that was first made in Thailand. Thai food is often spicy, but does not have to be. Thai food is shared with every person at the table. The meal is not thrown away. The Thai believe that throwing food away would anger the "god of rice". Thai food is eaten with a fork and a large spoon.

## Dishes 
*Thai green curry
*Pad Thai
*Thai chicken and sweet potato soup

## References
Yasothon

**Yasothon** is a town in the Isan region of Thailand. It is far from Bangkok about 500 km. In the village people grow rice and houseplants. The weather is very hot in the summer (more than other provinces) and the famous festival is Bang Fai Rocket Festival. This festival is really beautiful, every year the visitor from all over the country come to visit this festival. The festival features large home-made rockets, fireworks displays, parades and beauty contests. Normally people have created the rockets for launched in to the sky; they believe that the god will send the planting season.

From Yasothon city of nearby province are Mukdahan, Nakhonpanom, Rio Et, Sisakat and Ubom Ratchathani.

## References
Pilgrims

:*A pilgrimage is a journey or travel, that is often done for a religious purpose*
]]
The **Pilgrims** is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony, which is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. In 1620 they traveled to New England on a ship called the *Mayflower*.

There were 102 passengers on the ship. (One child was born on the *Mayflower*.) They were English Puritans who had left England years earlier to live in Leiden because of religious differences with the Church of England. 

## Separatist beliefs 
Unlike other Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England, the Pilgrims wanted to separate from it, so they were called *Separatists*. The original settlers of Plymouth Colony are known as the **Pilgrim Fathers**, or simply as the Pilgrims.

The Mayflower was a cargo ship and was not meant for passengers.  It was uncomfortable and small.  Many Pilgrims got sick on the journey or soon after they arrived.  

When they arrived in America, they built homes and farms.  They received help from the Wampanoag people.  The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, hunt, and fish in the new land. They had a big feast for 3 days, which was the first Thanksgiving.

Foods commonly eaten by the Pilgrims included bread, grains, corn, venison, turkey, mussels, lobster, eel, and clams.

## References
Classic female blues

**Classic female blues** music was played from 1920 to 1929. The most popular of female blues singers were Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, Ethel Waters and Rosa Henderson. 

]]
Capparis decidua

***Capparis decidua*** is commonly known as karir, kair, kirir, karril, Teent  etc. It is either a small tree with many branches or a shrub of the Thar desert and other hot and dry regions in southern Asia. It has a lot of thin, leafless branches, the small  leaves being found only on young shoots. It rarely grows above a height of 5 meters (15 feet).
These unripe fruits were used as a major dietary food item by the majority of people due to its exceptional nutritional and medicinal 
properties. 

The berries can be eaten and mixed with sangri (beans from the tree Prosopis cineraria) form a vegetable dish called "Kair sangri" in Rajasthan, India, which is a delicacy to many.khair is also used for preparing pickle and can be stored for long time .
They are highly tolerant to salinity of soil (8 mmhos) .
These plants grow in extremely scarce condition of water ( xerophytes )   like ber .
Capparis decidua, commonly known as karira, is a resilient and versatile plant species that thrives in harsh, arid environments. This hardy shrub or small tree, often found in the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Saudi Arabia, has adapted to survive in regions with limited water availability. Its intricate network of slender, green branches, adorned with tiny, ephemeral leaves, creates a distinctive silhouette against the backdrop of barren landscapes. Despite its seemingly delicate appearance, C. decidua possesses remarkable drought tolerance and can withstand extreme heat and cold. Its deep root system enables it to access water from significant depths, while its ability to shed leaves during dry periods minimizes water loss. Beyond its ecological significance, C. decidua holds cultural and medicinal value in many regions. Various parts of the plant, including the roots, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits, have been traditionally used in herbal remedies to treat a range of ailments, from digestive disorders to skin infections. The plant's culinary applications are equally diverse, with its young shoots and flower buds being prized ingredients in various cuisines. Whether as a source of food, medicine, or ecological restoration, Capparis decidua continues to play a vital role in the lives of communities inhabiting arid regions.   

## References
Delta blues

The **Delta blues** is one of the earliest types of blues music. It started in the Mississippi Delta (a place in the US that goes from Memphis to Mississippi). Guitar and harmonica are usually used to play it.

## Beginning 
Delta blues music was first played in the 1920s. Tommy Johnson and Ishman Bracey were recorded by Victor in 1928. Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, and  Big Joe Williams and Garfield Akers were also recorded in Memphis in 1929 by Brunswick/Vocalion.

## List of artists
*Ishman Bracey
*Willie Brown
*R. L. Burnside
*Sam Chatmon
*Bob Cobb
*James Cotton
*Arthur Crudup 
*CeDell Davis
*David Honeyboy Edwards
*Earl Hooker
*John Lee Hooker
*Son House
*Mississippi John Hurt
*Skip James
*Robert Johnson
*Tommy Johnson
*Blind Willie Johnson
*Junior Kimbrough

*Robert Lockwood, Jr.
*Robert Lowery
*Tommy McClennan
*Mississippi Fred McDowell
*Blind Willie McTell
*Charley Patton
*Paul Pena
*Pinetop Perkins
*Snooky Pryor
*Jimmie Rodgers
*Charles David Sharp
*Johnny Shines
*Sunnyland Slim
*Henry Sloan
*Willie "Big Eyes" Smith
*Hound Dog Taylor
*Chaz Van Gogh
*Muddy Waters
*Bukka White
*Big Joe Williams
*Howlin' Wolf

## Other websites 
*Trail of the Hellhound - Delta Blues in the lower Mississippi Valley 
*The Mississippi Delta Blues Society of Indianola
G major

**G major** (or the **key of G**) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has one sharp, F.

Its relative minor is E minor, and its parallel minor is G minor.

## In popular culture 
G major is the most common key for music to be in on the Spotify music streaming service. The key can easily be played on either a piano or a guitar, hence why it appears often in music.

## References
Chuck (album)

***Chuck*** is the third album by Sum 41.  It was released on October 12, 2004.

## Track listing
## Charts
**Album**

**Singles**

### Certifications 
## Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo)
***Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo)*** is an acoustic EP released by Sum 41 in 2005 in Japan only.

### Track listing
# "Pieces" (Acoustic)&nbsp;– 3:16
# "No Brains" (Acoustic)&nbsp;– 3:03
# "Over My Head (Better Off Dead)" (Acoustic)&nbsp;– 2:56
# "Some Say" (Acoustic)&nbsp;– 3:42
# "There's No Solution" (Acoustic)&nbsp;– 3:26

## References
## Other websites
*
SAT Reasoning Test

The **SAT Reasoning Test** (used to be called **Scholastic Aptitude Test** and **Scholastic Assessment Test**) is a test for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned, published, and created by the College Board, a non-profit organization in the United States, and was once owned by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS now makes the exam. The SAT is usually taken by high school juniors and seniors.

As of March 5, 2016, the College Board has begun using a new SAT, which has four sections (reading, writing, math without calculator, math with calculator) plus an optional essay. 

The reading section comes first. It is 65 minutes long, and has 52 questions. Unlike on the pre-2016 SAT, there are no vocabulary words or sentences to fill in.

The writing section, which is 35 minutes long and has 44 questions, comes next. It is similar to the old writing section.

The math section is split into two parts: one which lets students use calculators, and one which does not. The no-calculator section comes before the calculator section, and has 20 problems to be finished in 25 minutes. The calculator section has 38 problems to be done in 55 minutes.

Finally, the essay is 50 minutes long, but does not have to be taken by every student. The new essay is based on analyzing a passage, instead of answering a question about life experiences.

Scores on the new SAT range from 400 to 1600, as on the pre-2005 SAT.

## Older versions 
### Before 2005 
On the old SAT made before 2005, the top score was 1600. The two sections were Critical Reading and Mathematics. The scores in each area ranged from 200 to 800, 800 being the best score. The two scores were added together.

### From 2005 to 2016 
From 2005 to 2016, the SAT had questions in three areas: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. Writing included a new essay section. The scores in each area go from 200 to 800, 800 being the best score. The scores in the three areas are added up, for a score between 600 and 2400. The average score is about 1500 in total. Getting near the highest or lowest scores is rare.

The test had ten sections, with the essay always coming first. There is also a section that is not scored. College Board said:

The sections are mostly 25 minutes long, but the later sections start to get shorter, with fewer questions. The whole test lasted 3 hours and 45 minutes.

## Related tests 
The PSAT is also fee-based, and is practice for the real SAT.

The NMSQT is the **National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test**. It's a qualifying test for the National Merit Scholarship Program.

The **SAT Subject Tests** were one hour long tests in mathematics, science, history, English, and foreign languages. They were all multiple choice and scores ranged from 200 to 800 points. No subject tests will be held after June 2021.

## Similar articles
*ACT (test), a college entrance exam, competitor to the SAT
* SHSAT, a high school entrance exam in New York

## Notes
## Other websites
*SAT and SAT Subject Tests
Cato the Elder

**Marcus Porcius Cato** (Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed **the Censor** (*Censorius*), *Sapiens, Priscus*, or **the Elder** (*Major*), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson).

He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices. He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service. But, having attracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome, and successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).

Late in life, he encouraged the Romans to start the Third Punic War to destroy Carthage.

## References
Jonathan Swift

**Jonathan Swift** (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric. He became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. 

He is remembered for books and poems he wrote like: ''Gulliver's Travels*, *A Modest Proposal*, *A Journal to Stella*, *Drapier's Letters*, *The Battle of the Books*, *An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity*, and *A Tale of a Tub''. Swift is probably the most well known prose satirist in the English language. He is less well known for his poetry.

Swift originally published all of his work under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously. He is known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

 near his burial site.]]

## Works
Swift was famous for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

## Legacy 
John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.

## References
## Other websites 
* e-texts of Swift's works
** at The Online Books Page
** 
** at Gulliver's Travels
Magellan goose

The **Magellan goose** (*Chloephaga picta picta*) or **upland goose** is a bird of *Anatidae* family. It is most commonly found in the southern part of South America, Tierra del Fuego. The Upland goose is a subspecies of *Chloephaga picta leucoptera*. The Upland Goose is one of the most conspicuous birds in the Falklands. The subspecies *Chloephaga picta leucoptera* is only found in the Falklands. It is slightly larger than the South American subspecies.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Stamp of Falklands
* facts sheet
Fierce Creatures

***Fierce Creatures*** is a 1997 British comedy movie. The movie was written by John Cleese and directed by Fred Schepisi and Robert Young.

The story is based around a British zoo. It has recently been bought by New Zealand businessman Rod McCain (played by Kevin Kline) and put under the management of Rollo Lee (Cleese). In order to gain more money, Lee decides to use a "fierce creatures" policy. This means that only animals which could kill people would be kept in the zoo.

The movie was a Spiritual sequel to *A Fish Called Wanda* and used the same main cast.

## Cast
* John Cleese as Rollo Lee
* Jamie Lee Curtis as Willa Weston
* Kevin Kline as Vince McCain/Rod McCain
* Michael Palin as Adrian 'Bugsy' Malone
* Robert Lindsay as Sydney Lotterby
* Ronnie Corbett as Reggie Sea Lions
* Carey Lowell as Cub Felines
* Bille Brown as Neville
* Derek Griffiths as Garry Ungulates
* Cynthia Cleese as Pip Small Mammals
* Richard Ridings as Hugh Primates
* Maria Aitken as Di Harding

## Other websites
*
The Bucket List

***The Bucket List*** is a 2007 American comedy-drama movie. It was written by Justin Zackham and directed by Rob Reiner. The movie stars Jack Nicholson, Morgan Freeman, Sean Hayes, Beverly Todd, and Rob Morrow. The story follows two men who have terminal cancer (Nicholson and Freeman) on a road trip with a wish list of things to do before they "kick the bucket".

## The "Bucket List" 
# Witness something truly majestic
# Help a complete stranger for a common good
# Laugh till I cry
# Drive a Shelby Mustang
# Kiss the most beautiful girl in the world
# Get a tattoo
# Skydiving
# Visit Stonehenge
# Spend a week at Louvre
# See Rome
# See the pyramids
# Get back in touch (previously "Hunt the big cat")

## Other websites 
* Official site
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* The Bucket List at Yahoo! Movies
Shōjo

**Shōjo** (少女) is a Japanese word meaning "girl". The characters, or kanji, mean "little" and "woman". The word is mainly used to describe a demographic for anime and manga- girls 7-19. 

## Origin 
Like many Japanese words, the characters of the word shōjo come from Chinese. The first known use of the word comes from a Chinese book called *The Book of the Later Han*. In Chapter 86, young girls are mentioned:盤瓠種，昔帝嚳時患犬戎入寇, 乃訪募天下，有能得犬戎之將吳將軍頭者，購黃金千鎰，邑萬家，又妻以**少女**

Translation: The myth of Yao: the country is being invaded by barbarians, the king is looking for warriors who are able to take the head of the general of the invading army, and for this the king will award a thousand Yi of gold, many houses, and **young girl**(s) as their wife/wives.The word was brought to Japan in the 7th century, when they began using a Chinese-style legal system. During this time, shōjo meant girls from 17 to 20.

## Modern Use 
Nowadays, the word shōjo is legally used to mean any woman or girl under 20. This is like how shounen is used to mean men or boys under 20.

Outside of legal use, the word shōjo is used to refer to things for girls or about girls, like shōjo manga, shōjo anime, and shōjo fashion.

## Related pages
*Shounen (media)
Five Families

The **Five Families** are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States. 
   
The five families and their bosses are (currently):
***Bonanno**: Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano (Salvatore Montagna is the acting boss)
***Gambino**: Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo and Jackie "Nose" D'Amico 
***Colombo**: Carmine "Junior" Persico (Thomas Gioeli is the acting boss)
***Genovese**: Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo
***Lucchese**: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso (Steven "Wonderboy" Crea is the acting boss)
The Colombo family was once known as the Profaci Crime Family, until a coup caused a name change in the early 1960s. Former Godfather Joe Massino had wanted to change the name of the Bonanno Family to the Massino Family but since his arrest and defection it is unlikely to happen. The DeCavalcante crime family, based in nearby Elizabeth, NJ, also has ties to the five New York families.

## In pop culture 
*In *The Godfather*, five crime families control the Mafia of New York, but the families have different names.  The Corleones, go to war with the other members of the Five Families, the Tattaglias, the Barzinis, the Cuneos, and the Straccis.
*In *The Sopranos*, the DiMeo Crime Family of New Jersey have close business connections with the Lupertazzi Crime Family of Brooklyn, one of the five families in New York. Members of the DeCavalcante family believed themselves to be the ones used for the DiMeo family.

## References
Carlo Gambino

**Carlo Gambino** (; August 24, 1902 – October 15, 1976) was an Italian-American Mafioso who became Boss of the Gambino crime family, that is still takes the name today. No one expected Gambino to seize control over the Commission of La Cosa Nostra in the US, at 1957 Apalachin Convention. Gambino was known for being low-key and secretive and unlike many modern mobsters, Gambino served no time in prison, but lived to the age of 74, when he died of a heart attack in bed.

## Notes
John Gotti

**John Joseph Gotti, Jr.** (October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002), commonly known by the media as "The Dapper Don" and "The Teflon Don" was an Italian-American crime boss. After the murder of his former boss Paul Castellano, was the boss of the well known Gambino crime family.

In 1998, Gotti was diagnosed with throat cancer and sent to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, for surgery. Though the tumor was removed, the cancer returned two years later and Gotti was transferred back to Springfield. He died on June 10, 2002, at the age of 61.

## References
Pattaya

**Pattaya** (, ) is a city in Thailand. It is on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand, about 165&nbsp;km southeast of Bangkok.

## Tourism
In 2016, 65% of the tourists (coming to the city) were foreigners. Of foreigners there were most Chinese, followed by Russians, and then by Koreans, and then by Indians, and then by Germans.

## References
Galago

**Galagos**, also known as **bushbabies** or '*** (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa. There are 21 species, and they form the family **Galagidae*'.

## Geography 
Range varies with species but includes most of the forested and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara including some of the nearby islands such as Zanzibar. Their range does not extend to Madagascar.

There are many kinds of bush babies. Bush babies are the most successful prosimian primates in Africa.

## Habitat 
Galagos are all arboreal and are able to jump far between branches. They also flock to savahhn areas of Africa.

## Diet 
Galagos are omnivorous but mainly eat insects. Their favorite food is grasshoppers, but they also eat small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds and flowers. Euoticus has specialized front teeth for removing tree bark so it can eat tree gum.

## References
The Rocker (movie)

***The Rocker*** is a comedy movie. It was released on August 20, 2008. The movie stars Rainn Wilson, Josh Gad, Christina Applegate, Teddy Geiger, Will Arnett, Emma Stone, and Bradley Cooper.  It was written by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky. Wolodarsky is best known for his work on writing for *The Simpsons*.

## Opinions of the movie
Based on 92 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, *The Rocker* had an overall approval rating of 40 percent, with a weighted average score of 5.2/10.  *Entertainment Weekly* gave it a **C-**, saying "the movie ... shamelessly ... rips off *School of Rock*, recycling its flaky-educator loser-of-the-gods premise, only this time in high school"

## Box office
*The Rocker* was released on August 20, 2008 in the United States. It did not make as much money at the box office as it was expected to make. It opening at #12 with $2.64 million for its first weekend. The movie earned less than $7 million overall during its entire theatrical run. One of the stars of the movie, Emma Stone, had another movie (*The House Bunny*) open the same weekend. It earned much more than *The Rocker*, opening at #2.

## Cast
* Rainn Wilson as Robert “Fish” Fishman, drummer
* Christina Applegate as Kim
* Josh Gad as Matt Gadman, keyboardist
* Teddy Geiger as Curtis Wood, lead vocalist and guitarist
* Emma Stone as Amelia, bassist
* Will Arnett as Lex

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Mongolic languages

The **Mongolic languages** are a group of languages that are spoken in East Asia and parts of Siberia. Some linguists propose to put Mongolic languages in the same group as the  Turkic and Tungusic languages. They call this group the Altaic languages, but not all linguists agreed on this proposed classification. 

The best-known member of this language family is Mongolian. In Cyrillic orthography as it is used in Mongolia it is written **Монгол Хэл**. In the vertical Uygur-derived script as used in Inner Mongolia in China it is written ***Mongγol Kele***. It is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia, and is spoken by around 5.7 million people in Mongolia, Russia, and China.

## References
* Γarudi (2002): *Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul* [The study of grammatical forms in Middle Mongolian]. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
* Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): *The Mongolic languages*. London: Routledge.
* Janhunen, Juha (2003a): *Written Mongol*. In: Janhunen 2003: 30-56.
* Janhunen, Juha (2003b): *Para-Mongolic*. In: Janhunen 2003: 391-402.
* Janhunen, Juha (2003c): *Proto-Mongolic*. In: Janhunen 2003: 1-29.
* Poppe, Nicholas (1964 [1954]): *Grammar of Written Mongolian*. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Rybatzki, Volker (2003): *Middle Mongol*. In: Janhunen 2003: 47-82.
* Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003): *The Chakhar dialect of Mongol - A morphological description*. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.

## Other websites
*Ethnologue report on Mongolic languages
*Ethnic groups of Mongolia
*Ethnic map of Mongolia
*
Tungusic languages

The **Tungusic languages** (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Some linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages but many others do not think so.

Many Tungusic languages are in danger, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain.

## Classification
Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. 
 
**Northern Tungusic**
* Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Ewenkis in central Siberia and northeastern China and
* Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia

These languages can be considered dialects or related languages of Evenki:
* Oroqen
* Negidal
* Solon
* Manegir

**Southern Tungusic**
*Southeast Tungusic
** Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
** Akani
** Birar
** Kile
** Samagir
** Orok
** Ulch
** Oroch
** Udege
*Southwest Tungusic (or the Jurchen-Manchu group)
** Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty of China.  
** Sibe - spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison.
**Jurchen - an extinct language of the Jin Dynasty of China. 
Jurchen-Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language).

## References
* Ethnologue entry for Tungus languages
*Kane, Daniel. *The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters*. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989.

## Other websites
*Monumenta Altaica - Altaic Linguistics. Grammars, Texts, Dictionaries, Bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages 
*Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College
Fancy rat

The **fancy rat** or **pet rat** is a type of the brown rat (*Rattus norvegicus*) that is bred to be a pet. The name *fancy rat* has nothing to do with the "" of how they look. It comes from the phrase *animal fancy*. A person who keeps pet rats is said to be involved in "rat fancy." Some people domesticate black rats (*Rattus rattus*), and Gambian pouched rats (*Cricetomys gambianus*). These types of rats are not usually called fancy rats because the hobby does not center around them.

Fancy rats have been bred as pets at least since the late 19th century. They can have many different colors and coat types. They are sociable, intelligent animals. They can learn to come when called, use a litter box, and do many different tricks. Pet rats act differently from rats found in nature. The number of generations since they have been removed from the wild and how they were bred has an effect on how much they act differently. They are not any more of a health risk than other common pets. 

In the 19th century france, Fancy Rats were quite a popular attraction of entertainment. They could be taught a handful of tricks by their owner to entertain people. 

Fancy rats do not have the diseases and illness as a wild rat would have.Fancy rats can have ears on the top of their head (standard) or at the side (dumbo).
The Last Judgement (Michelangelo)

]]

 displaying his flayed skin (a self-portrait by Michelangelo) in *The Last Judgment*.]]

The ***Last Judgment*** is a fresco by Michelangelo painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. Clement VII commissioned the painting in 1534, the last year of his papacy. After the election of Paul III Farnese, Michelangelo, aged 61, began work in 1536. He completed the *Last Judgement* in the autumn of 1541. 

The *Last Judgment* shows the Second Coming of Christ, as described by John the Evangelist in the apocalypse. The painting depicts the moment when the living and dead are judged by Christ, and their souls consigned to heaven or hell.

The painting was not unanimously admired at the time. Due to his depiction of holy persons in the nude, with exposed genitals, Michelangelo was accused of immorality and obscenity. The cardinal said that this could not be tolerated inside the most important church of Christianity. A censorship campaign was started, known as the "Fig-leaf campaign". Carafa and Monsignor Sernini (Mantua's ambassador) launched the campaign to remove the frescoes.  When the Pope's own Master of Ceremonies, Biagio da Cesena, said "it was mostly disgraceful that in so sacred a place there should have been depicted all those nude figures, exposing themselves so shamefully," and that it was no work for a papal chapel but rather "for the public baths and taverns," Michelangelo worked the Cesena's semblance into the scene as Minos, judge of the underworld (far bottom-right corner of the painting). It is said that when Cesena complained to the Pope, the pontiff responded that his jurisdiction did not extend to hell, so the portrait would have to remain.

The genitalia in the fresco were later covered by the artist Daniele da Volterra, whom history remembers by the derogatory nickname "Il Braghettone" ("the breeches-painter").

In the painting, Michelangelo does a self portrait depicting himself as St. Bartholomew after he had been flayed (skinned alive) This is reflective of the feelings of contempt Michelangelo had for being commissioned to paint the *Last Judgement*.

## References
Cystitis

**Cystitis** is the infection of the urinary bladder. Women get this more often than men, but men can get it also. It also affects all age groups.
Royal Academy

The **Royal Academy** (RA), is an art institution based in Burlington  House, Piccadilly, London. It is a club for top painters and sculptors. They elect their own members, and give regular exhibitions of art works.

The Royal Academy was formed to rival the Society of Artists after an leadership dispute between two leading architects, Sir William Chambers and James Paine. Paine won, but Chambers used his strong connections with King George III to create the Royal Academy, in 1768. It was formally launched the following year.

Membership of the Royal Academy is up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy. They are known as Royal Academicians (RA, or more traditionally as R.A.). The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians.

Sir Joshua Reynolds was its first president, and Benjamin West its second.

## Related pages 
* List of Royal Societies

## References
Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

In Ancient Greece the **Gymnasion** (or **Gymnasium**, romanized name) was a place where athletes could train for the competitions in public games, such as the Olympic Games. *Gymnos* means naked. Only men were allowed to enter, and train; they did so fully naked (as the name implies). Athletes also competed in the nude. This was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body. It was believed to be a tribute to the Gods. Gymnasia and palestrae were under the protection and patronage of Heracles, Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus.

## Layout 
 The picture above shows the Pompeii gymnasium from the top of the stadium wall. The depression in the center-left of the picture was filled with water and used for swimming practice as well. Mock sea battles (naumachiae) took place in the flooded arena floor or a specially dug pool in the arena. According to Oscar Brockett in his History of the Theatre, 5th Ed. (1987), p.&nbsp;70, "Perhaps the most spectacular of all entertainments were the naumachiae, or sea battles. The first was given in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar on a lake dug for the occasion; it featured a battle involving 2,000 marines and 6,000 oarsmen. Later the amphitheatres were sometimes flooded for such events. By far the most ambitious of all the naumachiae was given in 52 A.D. on the Fucine Lake east of Rome to  the completion of a water conduit. On that occasion, 19,000 participants fought and many died. To the right of the picture (partially behind a tree trunk) is a line of carbonized tree stumps. These are the remains of trees (each hundreds of years old) that were part of the palaistra. They were burned in the volcanic eruption of 79. Between these and the colonnade is a line of saplings recently planted as a replacement.

## References
Eastern White Pine

The **eastern white pine** (*Pinus strobus*), also known as the **white pine**, **Weymouth pine** (British), and **soft pine**, is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme south of Georgia.

It is the state tree of Maine and Michigan.
Willow grouse

The **willow grouse** (Europe) or **willow ptarmigan** (North America) (*Lagopus lagopus*) is a medium-to-large (15–17 inches) gamebird in the grouse family, from the Arctic. It is a sedentary species, breeding in birch and other forests and tundra across northern Eurasia, and in Alaska and northern Canada. Feathers are brown in summer, changing to white in winter. It is the state bird of Alaska. During the last ice age, the species occurred in continental Europe (Tomek & Bocheński 2005).

## References
*
Forget-me-not

**Myosotis** is a genus of flowering plants. It is in the family of Boraginaceae. They are often called Forget-me-nots. Similar names and variations are found in many different languages. 

Myosotis, commonly known as Forget-me-nots, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. These charming blooms, with their delicate, five-petaled flowers in shades of blue, pink, or white, are beloved by gardeners for their dainty beauty and symbolic meaning. The name "Forget-me-not" and its variations, such as "Vergeet-mij-niet" in Dutch and "Ne m'oubliez pas" in French, are reflective of the sentiment these flowers evoke—a reminder of love, friendship, and cherished memories. With a rich history in folklore and mythology, Forget-me-nots have captured the imagination of people worldwide, making them a timeless favorite in gardens and floral arrangements.

Forget-me-nots are native to Europe and Asia but have been naturalized in many other parts of the world due to their popularity and ease of cultivation. They are often found in moist, shady areas, although some species can tolerate drier conditions. These plants typically grow in small clusters and can reach heights of 6 to 12 inches, creating a carpet of colorful blooms that brighten up any garden.

In addition to their aesthetic appeal, Forget-me-nots also hold special significance in various cultures and traditions. In medieval times, it was believed that wearing Forget-me-nots would ensure lasting friendship and true love. The flowers are also associated with the idea of remembrance, especially in relation to loved ones who have passed away. In this way, Forget-me-nots serve as a poignant symbol of loyalty, affection, and the enduring nature of memories.
Watershed (television)

Today, television can show a number of programmes. Usually the content of these programmes is rated, by a number of people (usually called *advisory board*). Some of the programmes may be suitable for children (of different ages), other content may not be suitable for children. The **watershed** is the time of the day where content not suitable for children may be shown. This is usually during the night (starting in the later evening, and ending in the early morning)

## Content that children should not see
The content that is not suitable for children to see usually includes sex or nudity outside a functional context. People bathing naked in a lake may be ok, people doing a striptease in a night club or cabaret may not be. Other content generally not suitable includes various levels of violence or the use of illegal drugs. Sometimes *strong language* (full of expletives) is also seen as unfit for children.
Spot-billed pelican

The **spot-billed pelican** (*Pelecanus philippensis*) is a member of the pelican family. It breeds in southern Asia from southern Pakistan. It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially shallow lakes. The nest is a heap of vegetation in a tree. Three to four eggs is the usual clutch size.
Lake Manasarovar

**Lake Manasarovar** or **Lake Manasa Sarovar** (, Mapham Yutso; ) is a fresh-water lake. It is in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China,  from Lhasa. Lake Manasarovar is the source of the Pakistani river Sindhu. Sindhu flows west to the Arabian Sea.
 in China and Tibetan Himalayas]]
Bathing

. However, splash baths function like a cold shower to help people cool off on hot days. A jogger is shown, in this multiple exposure picture, running through the Dundas Square splash pad to cool down.]]
.]]
**Bathing** is putting the body into a fluid, most often water, or a solution with water. Usually it is done for hygiene or for religious purposes, or for fun. Sometimes bathing is also done as a form of therapy.

When people talk about bathing, they most often mean being immersed in water. But people have also "bathed" in other substances. Some therapies involve bathing in mud. People have also bathed in other substances, like Champagne, beans, or chocolate. A form of bathing quite common is bathing in sunlight.

## Reasons for bathing 
 (Snow Monkey) come down from mountain in day time, having learned to bathe in winter at Jigokudani Onsen Nagano prefecture, Japan. Habit of bathing and warming body by Japanese Macaque is believed to be done only in this particular area and being taught to succeeding generations.]]
 
Bathing serves several purposes:
* Hygiene, and the physical appearance of cleanliness
* Decontamination from chemical, biological, nuclear or other exposure-type hazards.
* Recreation
* Therapy (e.g. hydrotherapy), healing, rehabilitation from injury or addiction, relaxation (e.g. Blessed Rainy Day)
* Religious, or, less frequently, other ceremonial rites (e.g. Baptism, Mikvah)
* Celebration and socialization, e.g. running through fountains after winning the World Series, or jumping through a hole cut in the ice over a lake on New Year's Eve.
* Ensuring people are free of certain items such as weapons or other contraband: In Chicago, Russian baths were a safe meeting place for rival gang leaders. Weapons are difficult to conceal on a nearly naked body. If the meeting resulted in reconciliation, the gangs would meet upstairs for bagels, cream cheese and borscht. Many homeless shelters, and almost all prisons have an intake facility or intake process that includes a supervised shower with change of clothes to ensure that no contraband or contamination enters the facility.

## References 
## Other websites 
* A virtual exhibition about bathing in art, from Cranach to Fellini