open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jim Hagedorn

**James Lee Hagedorn** (August 4, 1962 &ndash; February 17, 2022) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from  from 2019 until his death. 

On January 7, 2021, Hagedorn voted to not approve Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 presidential election because of false claims of voter fraud.

In 2019, Hagedorn was diagnosed with stage-4 kidney cancer.

In January 2022, Hagedorn was hospitalized in Rochester, Minnesota, after testing positive for COVID-19. He died on February 17, 2022 from cancer at the age of 59.

## References
Marshall Perron

**Marshall Bruce Perron** (born 5 February 1942) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Country Liberal Party. He was Chief Minister of the Northern Territory from 1988 to 1995. also served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1995. He represented Stuart Park (1974–1983) and Fannie Bay (1983–1995).

Perron was born in Perth, Western Australia. His family were from Darwin but had been evacuated to Perth due to the threat of Japanese attack during World War II. Perron was born two weeks before the bombing of Darwin.

## References
Éric Laforge

**Éric Laforge** (24 January 1964 – 15 February 2020) was a French radio host. He was best known for hosting the show *Le Morning Club*, which was broadcast on Classic 21. He also worked for Europe 1, RTL2, NRJ, and Radio France. Laforge was born in Compiègne, France.

Laforge died on 15 February 2020 from surgery-related problems in La Louvière, Belgium at the age of 56.

## References
Stephen Hatton

**Stephen Paul Hatton** (born 28 January 1948) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as Chief Minister of the Northern Territory from 1986 to 1988. He was also a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for Nightcliff from 1983 to 2001.

Hatton was born in Sydney, New South Wales.

## References
John Watson (Australian politician)

**John Odin Wentworth Watson**  (25 January 1937 &ndash; 8 August 2025) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He served as a Senator for Tasmania from 1978 to 2008. From July 2005 until he left parliament in June 2008, he was "the Father of the Senate."

Watson was born in Launceston, Tasmania. He died on 8 August 2025 at the age of 88.

## References
Northern Territory Legislative Assembly

The **Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory** is the only house of the Parliament of the Northern Territory, Australia. The Legislative Assembly has 25 members that are each elected for single-member electorates.

The Legislative Assembly replaced the Northern Territory Legislative Council in 1974.

## References
## Other websites
* Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Parliament of the Northern Territory

The **Parliament of the Northern Territory** is the legislature of the Northern Territory of Australia. 

It has one chamber. The Administrator of the Northern Territory represents the Governor-General. 

This is one of three one-chamber ("unicameral") parliaments in Australia (the others are the Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory. The Northern Territory chamber sits in Parliament House, Darwin.

## Notes
## Other websites
*Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Ear drop

An **ear drop** is a type of treatment for ears. It may be used for blocked ears, and also for simple ear infections. For children under the age of 12, it may be applied to the infected ear five times. 

## Related pages 
*Ear

## References
Baden Teague

**Baden Chapman Teague** (born 18 September 1944) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He served as a Senator for South Australia from 1977 until his retirement in 1996.

Teague was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He married Katherine Jane Packard in 1972. The couple have three sons, including Josh Teague.

## References
Chris Puplick

**Christopher John Guelph Puplick**  (born 13 May 1948) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Liberal Party. He served as a Senator for New South Wales from 1978 to 1981, and then again from 1984 to 1990.

Puplick was born in London, United Kingdom. His family moved to Sydney, New South Wales in 1962. He was married to Francesca Muir until their divorce.

## References
Keturah

**Keturah** was a wife of Abraham. Abraham married Keturah after the death of Sarah. She had six children with Abraham, whose names are Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, Shuah (Gen 25:1-2). Rashi (Shlomo Yitzchaki) said that Keturah was actually Hagar known by another name.

## References
Michael Tate

**Michael Carter Tate**  (born 12 October 1937) is an Australian politician, diplomat, academic and priest. He is a member of the Labor Party. He was a Senator for Tasmania from 1978 to 1993. He also served as Special Minister of State (1987), Minister for Justice (1987–1993) and Minister for Consumer Affairs (1990–1992). From 1993 to 1996, Tate was Australian Ambassador to both the Holy See and the Netherlands.

Tate was born in Sydney, New South Wales.

## References
Eric Manuell

**George Eric Manuell** (born 28 April 1941) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as the member for Alice Springs in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1976 to 1977.

## References
Roger Ryan

**Roger Ryan** (born 2 August 1939) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for Millner from 1974 to 1977.

## References
Jim Robertson (politician)

**James Murray Robertson** (born 16 February 1945) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1986. He represented Gillen (1974–1983) and Araluen (1983–1986).

Robertson was born in Renmark, South Australia.

## References
James Milne Wilson

Sir **James Milne Wilson**  (29 February 1812 – 29 February 1880) was a Scottish-born Australian politician. He served as premier of Tasmania from 1869 to 1872. He was also president of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1872 until his death in 1880.

Wilson was born in Banff, Scotland. He married Deborah Hope in 1847. In 1880, he died on his 68th birthday in Hobart Town, Tasmania. Wilson was born on 29 February, making him a leapling, and died on the same date.

## References
## Other websites
*Parliament of Tasmania profile
Caillou's Holiday Movie

'''''Caillou's Holiday Movie''''' is a 2003 animated children's film released on October 7, 2003 in the United States and October 28, 2003 in Canada loosely based on the children's television series *Caillou*.

## Plot 
Caillou is celebrating the holidays by doing winter-themed things, like playing with snowballs.

## Reception 
DVDtalk said the film contained "positive messages" that its "image quality" was "excellent".

## References
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, 1974–1977

This is a list of **members of the first Northern Territory Legislative Assembly** from 1974 to 1977. This Assembly only had limited powers, as the Northern Territory was not granted self-government until 1978.

: CLP member Bernie Kilgariff resigned to contest a seat in the Australian Senate on 16 July 1975; CLP candidate Eric Manuell won the resulting by-election on 7 February 1976.

## References
Hyacinth Tungutalum

**Hyacinth Gabriel Tungutalum** (14 August 1946 – 7 April 2009) was an Australian politician. He was the first Indigenous Australian to be elected to a state or territory parliament. He was a member of the Country Liberal Party. From 1974 to 1977, he served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for Tiwi.

Tungutalum was from the Tiwi Islands. He was married to Natalie and had two sons. On 7 April 2009, Tungutalum died of a heart attack at the age of 62.

## References
Milton Ballantyne

**Milton James Ballantyne** (5 November 1928 – 15 December 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly  for Nhulunbuy from 1974 to 1980.

Ballantyne died on 15 December 2015, at the age of 87.

## References
Les MacFarlane

**John Leslie Stuart MacFarlane** (26 March 1919 – 15 January 1986) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for Elsey from 1974 to 1983. He was also the assembly's speaker from 1975 to 1984.

MacFarlane was born in Sydney, New South Wales. On 15 January 1986, MacFarlane died at the age of 66.

## References
Javier Arias Stella

**Javier Arias Stella** (August 2, 1924 – February 25, 2020) was a Peruvian pathologist and politician. He was a co-founder of the new Cayetano Heredia University in 1961, becoming head of pathology there in 1975. 

Arias Stella was Peru's health minister in the 1960s twice, and as the country's foreign minister from 1980 to 1983, under the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde. He also, for two terms, was President of the United Nations Security Council in the mid 1980s.

Arias Stella died on 25 February 2020 at the age of 95.

## References
Moustafa Madbouly

**Mostafa Kemal Madbouly** (, born 28 April 1966) is an Egyptian politician. He is the current Prime Minister of Egypt since 2018. He was appointed by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to replace Sherif Ismail following his government's resignation in the wake of Sisi's re-election. 

Madbouly also worked in the Egyptian Government as Minister of Housing and Urban Utilities, and has also briefly was interim Prime Minister.

## References
Erico Spinadel

**Erico Spinadel** (6 May 1929 – 25 February 2020) was an Austrian-Argentine industrial engineer. His works were about Wind Power. He got his PhD at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2004.

Spinadel joined the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) in 1956 and in January 1959. He was the first operator to drive a nuclear reactor (the RA 1) to critical conditions.  

Between 1994 and 2001, he was Consulting Full Professor at the University of Buenos Aires, School of Engineering.  From 1986 to 1994 he was Director of the Electricity Department of the School of Engineering, University of Buenos Aires FIUBA.  From 1994 he was Consulting Emeritus Professor at the National University of Lujan.  
In 1994, he was President of the Argentine Wind Energy Association (AAEE).  

From 2008 he was Regional Director on the Latin American Wind Energy Association (LAWEA). and Member of the Board of the World Wind Energy Association.

## References
Ben Cooper

**Ben Cooper** (September 30, 1933 – February 24, 2020) was an American actor. He won a Golden Boot Award in 2005 for his work in westerns. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut. His best known roles were in *Johnny Guitar*, *Gunfight at Comanche Creek* and in *Rebel in Town*.

Cooper died on February 24, 2020 at a nursing home in Memphis, Tennessee of dementia-related problems, aged 86. 

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Roger Vale

**Roger William Stanley Vale** (28 June 1942 – 10 April 2001) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Country Liberal Party. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1994. He represented Stuart (1974–1983) and Braitling (1983–1994).

Vale also served as the Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1986 to 1989.

Vale's father, Monte Vale, was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. On 10 April 2001, he died in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, at the age of 58.

## References
Ron Withnall

**Ronald John Withnall** (9 December 1914 – 16 September 1990) was an Australian politician and lawyer. In 1960, he was elected to the Northern Territory Legislative Council. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1977 for Port Darwin. In the first assembly of the Northern Territory, he and fellow independent Dawn Lawrie were the only non-Country Liberal Party members.

Withnall was born in Townsville, Queensland. He died in 1990 at the age of 75.

## References
Jacques Houplain

**Jacques Houplain** (10 September 1920 – 22 February 2020) was a French painter and engraver.

Along with engraving and painting, Houplain studied art history. He was a fellow at the Maison Descartes in Amsterdam, and he studied the work of Hercules Seghers and his influences on Rembrandt. He won the Abd-el-Tif prize in 1949 and stayed in Algeria for the two following years. Upon his return to France, Houplain began teaching art history at the École nationale supérieure des arts appliqués et des métiers d'art.

Houplain died on 22 February 2020 at the age of 99.

## Illustrations
**Chants de Maldoror* (1947)
**Genèse* (1949)
**Poésies* (1952)
**Odes amoureuses* (1953)
**La Clef des champs* (1957)
**Éloge du poème* (1959)
**Rendez-Vous* (1974)
**Lieux des Crépuscules retrouvés* (1989)
**Masks* (1994)

## References
Liz Andrew

**Elizabeth Jean Andrew-Oates** (28 February 1948 – 12 April 1993) was an Australian politician. She was a member of the Country Liberal Party. She served as the member for Sanderson in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1977.

Andrew was born in Border Town, South Australia. She was married twice and had two children. In 1989, she was diagnosed with cancer. She died on 12 April 1993 in Adelaide, South Australia, at the age of 45.

## References
Cilician pirates

**Cilician pirates** dominated the Mediterranean Sea from the 2nd century BC until their suppression by Pompey in 6766 BC. Because there were notorious pirate strongholds in Cilicia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor, the term "Cilician" was  used to  refer to any pirates in the Mediterranean.
## Fall. 
The Battle of Korakesion in 67 BC was said by Plutarch to be the "key battle of Pompey's clearing of the Mediterranean of pirates". By 66 BC, the pirates were no more.''

## References
Rupert Kentish

**Rupert James Kentish** (26 June 1914 – 20 December 1978) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the National Party and later the Country Liberal Party. He served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Council from 1968 to 1974. He then served in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1977 for Arnhem.

Kentish was born in the Gums, Queensland. He was married to Maluda, an indigenous woman. He died in 1978 or 1979.

## References
1920 North Dakota blizzard

The **1920 North Dakota blizzard** was a severe blizzard that killed 34 people from March 15–18, 1920 in the U.S. state of North Dakota. 

## Severity 
High winds and an eight-inch (20-centimeter) snowfall stopped rail service in Bismarck, North Dakota. Only one telephone line functioned between Fargo, North Dakota, and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Nick Dondas

**Nicholas Manuel Dondas**  (26 October 1939 &ndash; 9 September 2024) was an Australian politician. He is a member of the Country Liberal Party. He represented the Division of Northern Territory in the House of Representatives from 1996 to 1998. He also served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for Casuarina from 1974 to 1994. He was the assembly's speaker from 1989 to 1994.

Dondas was born in Perth, Western Australia. He moved to Darwin, Northern Territory before starting his political career. In 1972, Dondas married Cheryl Jones. They had one daughter.

Dondas died on 9 September 2024 in Darwin at the age of 84.

## References
Color television

transmitting station, New Zealand, in 1970. A test pattern with color bars is sometimes used when no program material is available.]]
**Color television** is a television transmission technology that includes information on the color of the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set.  It was an upgraded form from black and white to color transmission in the 1960s to the 1980s. 

The invention of color television standards is an important part of the history of television, and it is described in the technology of television article.

## References
Glynn County, Georgia

**Glynn County** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  In the 2020 census, 84,499 people lived there. The county seat is Brunswick.  Glynn County is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
High-definition video

**High-definition video** (**HDTV Video** or **HD video**) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition. While there is no standardized meaning for *high-definition*, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition.

480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly pass that. 

## References
Digital 3D

**Digital 3D** is a non-specific 3D standard in which movies, television shows, and video games are presented and shot in digital 3D technology or later processed in digital post-production to add a 3D effect.

One of the first studios to use digital 3D was Walt Disney Pictures. The 2008 animated feature *Bolt* was the first movie which was animated and rendered for digital 3D.

## References
4K resolution

**4K resolution** talks about a horizontal display resolution of about 4,000 pixels.  Digital television and digital cinematography commonly use several different 4K resolutions. In television and consumer media, 3840x2160 (4K UHD) is a common 4K standard. The movie projection industry uses 4096x2160 (DCI 4K). The 4K used for iMac's display is 4096 x 2304 px. 4K is generally considered to be the upgrade to 1080p (1920x1080). The advantages of 4K are that the display has four times more pixels than 1080p which allows the picture to be clearer.

## References
Lena Granhagen

**Karin Anna-Lena Granhagen** (born 7 January 1938) is a Swedish actress and singer. She has appeared in 40 movies and television shows since 1958. She starred in the 1969 movie *Made in Sweden*, which won a Silver Bear award at the 19th Berlin International Film Festival.

Granhagen also starred in *Musik ombord* (1958), *Damen i svart* (1958), *Mannequin in Red* (1958), *Himmel och pannkaka* (1959), *Sommar och syndare* (1960), *På en bänk i en park* (1960), *The Cat and the Canary* (1961), *The Cats* (1965), *Stimulantia* (1967), *Hugs and Kisses* (1967), ''Children's Island* (1980), *Love Me!* (1986) and *Glasblåsarns barn'' (1998).

Granhagen was born in Luleå, Sweden. She was engaged to actor Olof Thunberg.

## References
## Other websites
*
Balsa tree

The **Balsa tree** (*Ochroma pyramidale*) is a tree that grows in Tropical South America. It can reach a height of , and grows very fast. Because its wood is very light and flexible, it is grown in plantations. 
## References
January 2021 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election

The **2021 Christian Democratic Union leadership election** is set to take place during the Christian Democratic Union party's 33rd Congress. It was set to take place in Berlin on the 25 April 2020, following Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer's decision in February 2020 to resign as Leader of the party. However, the election was delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic.

On 14 September 2020, it was announced that the election would be held as a one-day meeting on 4 December 2020, during which the leadership election would take place. In October 2020, it was postponed again to 15 and 16 January 2021.

## Background
After her announcement, Norbert Röttgen surprisingly announced on 18 February 2020 his intention to run for the leadership. This was followed by a joint announcement on 25 February 2020 by Armin Laschet and Jens Spahn, in which  Spahn endorsed Laschet for the leadership and Laschet announced his intention to stand.

A couple of hours later on 25 February 2020 Friedrich Merz in turn announced his intention to stand for the leadership of the party.

## Candidates 
### Declared  
## References
Norbert Röttgen

**Norbert Röttgen** (born 2 July 1965) is a German lawyer and politician. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was Federal Minister for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel from 2009 to May 2012.

In February 2020, Röttgen announced his candidacy for Christian Democratic Union of Germany leader in the 2021 leadership election. He was eliminated in the first round of voting on 15 January 2021.

## References
Black and white

]]
**Black and white** (**B/W** or **B&W**) images combine black and white in a continuous spectrum, producing a range of shades of gray. Until the 1950s, most movies were made in black and white. Black and white film was less expensive than color film, and was easier for cinematographers and set designers to work with than the color films of the time. Today, color movies are more popular, but black and white movies are still made occasionally.

The earliest still photographs were also in black and white. Black and white still picture film was, and still is, less expensive than color film, and the chemicals to develop it are also cheaper, so it remained popular long after color film was introduced. About 15% of current film sales are black and white film. Major brands of black and white film include Ilford Photo / Kentmere, Kodak Tri-X and TMax, Agfa Photo, Fomapan, Arista, and Rollei.

The earliest television broadcasts  were transmitted in black and white, and received and displayed by black and white only television sets. Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color television transmission on July 3, 1928. A color television can receive a black and white broadcast, although few (if any) TV stations still broadcast in black and white.

## References
Armin Laschet

**Armin Laschet** (born 18 February 1961) is a German politician. On 16 January 2021, he was elected Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), replacing Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer. He was the Minister-president of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2017 until 2021. He has also been a member of the Bundestag since 2021 and Vice President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2022. 

In February 2020, Laschet announced his candidacy for Christian Democratic Union of Germany leader in the 2021 leadership election. He won the leadership race on 16 January 2021 after beating Friedrich Merz in the second round.

In the 2021 election, the CDU lost 50 seats with many news outlets seeing it as a historical loss. Following the federal election, Laschet claimed personal responsibility for the bad result and resigned as party leader.

Laschet resigned as Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia on 26 October 2021 in order to become a member of the Bundestag.

## References
Peptide hormone

**Peptide hormones** are hormones whose molecules are peptide. Peptide hormones have shorter amino acid chain lengths than **protein hormones**. These hormones have an effect on the endocrine system of animals, including humans.

"The word *peptide* refers to peptide bonds between amino acids", according to media. 

## List of peptide hormones in humans 
* growth hormone
* follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* insulin
* leptin
* luteinizing hormone (LH)

* adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
* adropin
* amylin
* angiotensin
* atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
* calcitonin
* cholecystokinin (CCK)
* gastrin
* ghrelin
* glucagon
* melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
* oxytocin
* parathyroid hormone (PTH)
* prolactin
* renin
* somatostatin
* thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
* thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
* vasopressin, also called arginine vasopressin (AVP) or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
* vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

## References
Louis XI

**Louis XI** (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), nicknamed **the Prudent** (), was King of France from 1461 to 1483. His father was Charles VII. and his mother was Marie of Anjou.

Born in Bourges, France, Louis was married to Margaret Stewart, daughter of James I of Scotland.

Louis rebelled against his father in 1440 as head of the Praguerie but was forgiven. Louis gave him the management of an area of south-eastern France known as the Dauphiné. There, Louis led his own political establishment and married Charlotte of Savoy, the daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy. His father did not approve of the marriage and sent an army, but Louis fled to Burgundy, where he was hosted by Charles' biggest enemy Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

When Charles VII died in 1461, Louis became King of France. He earned the nicknames "the Cunning" (Middle French: *le rusé*) and "the Universal Spider" (Middle French: ''l'universelle aragne''), as his enemies accused him of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies.

In 1472, the next Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, fought against Louis in the Burgundian Wars. However, Louis separated Charles from his English allies by signing the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) with Edward IV of England, which officially ended the Hundred Years' War. With the death of Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy in 1477, the dynasty of the Dukes of Burgundy ended. Louis took advantage of the situation to seize numerous Burgundian territories, including Burgundy itself and Picardy.

Without direct foreign threats, Louis got rid of his rebellious vassals, expanded royal power and strengthened the economic development of France. He died on 30 August 1483 and was succeeded by his son Charles VIII.
Stellar association

A **stellar association** is a loose star cluster, looser than both open clusters and globular clusters. Stellar associations usually have from 10 to 100 or more stars.

The stars have a common origin. They are moving together through space. Stellar associations were first discovered by the Soviet Armenian astronomer Victor Ambartsumian in 1947.

## References
Theophilus of Antioch

**Theophilus** was a Patriarch of Antioch. () He  succeeded Eros c. 169, and was succeeded by Maximus I c. 183. These dates are only approximations. His death probably occurred between 183 and 185.

## References
Bethnal Green

**Bethnal Green** is an area in East London. It is in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in London, United Kingdom.

## History
Bethnal Green has a wide history. It was the place where over 150 people lost their lives in the underground. This was the worst civilian casualty number in the whole of World War II.

## References
Bernie Kilgariff

**Bernard Francis Kilgariff**  (30 September 1923 – 13 April 2010) was an Australian politician. He was one of the founders of the Country Liberal Party. From 1975 to 1987, he was a Senator for the Northern Territory. He also served as the member for Alice Springs in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1976.

Kilgariff was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He died in Alice Springs, Northern Territory on 13 April 2010, at the age of 86. After his death, a state funeral for Kilgariff was held.

## References
Vice (magazine)

***Vice*** is a Canadian-American magazine. It was started by Suroosh Alvi, Gavin McInnes and Shane Smith in 1994 in Montreal, Canada as *The Voice of Montreal*. It was a magazine for alternative punk music and received government funding. It is now an alternative media outlet which talks about lifestyle, the arts, culture, news and politics. When the editors later sought to get rid of their connections with the original publisher Alix Laurent, they bought him out and changed the name to *Vice* in 1996.

As of February 2018, the magazine's editor-in-chief is Ellis Jones and former editor-in-chief for the UK, Alex Miller, was appointed to the position of global head of content.

## Related pages
* Gavin McInnes, who left *Vice* in 2008 because of "creative differences".

## References
Vice-President of Egypt

The **Vice-President of the Arab Republic of Egypt** is a senior official within the Egyptian government.

## List of officeholders 
This list contains Vice-Presidents of United Arab Republic (1958–71, included Syria until the 1961 coup d'état) and Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present).

## References
Fargo tornado

**The Fargo tornado** was a deadly F5 tornado that struck Fargo, North Dakota, on Thursday, June 20, 1957. The tornado was part of a larger system of storms that resulted in five separate tornadoes in the immediate region.

## Results 
Damage was extensive and included 100 blocks of Fargo. Approximately 329 homes were destroyed and some of them were completely swept off their foundations – a classic example of F5 damage.

## Historical significance 
Dr. Ted Fujita studied the Fargo Tornado and coined many terms including wall cloud, tail cloud and collar cloud.

A reunion of survivors took place on June 20, 2007, the same day the tornado took place in Fargo, North Dakota.

## References
Teretriphora

***Teretriphora*** is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. They are in a family called Triphoridae.

## Species 
Species within the genus *Teretriphora* include:
* *Teretriphora distorta* (Laseron, 1958)
* *Teretriphora gemmegens* (Verco, 1909)
* *Teretriphora huttoni* Suter, 1908
* *Teretriphora novapostrema* (Verco, 1910)
* *Teretriphora ponderorum* Marshall, 1983
* *Teretriphora spica* (Verco, J.C., 1909)
* *Teretriphora kesteveni* (Hedley, 1902): synonym of *Latitriphora kesteveni* (Hedley, 1903)

## References 
* 
* Obis
David Baszucki

**David Baszucki** (born January 20, 1963) is a Canadian-born American entrepreneur, engineer, and inventor. He is the co-founder of *Roblox*.

## Roblox 
Main article: Roblox

In December 2003, Baszucki, along with Erik Cassel – who worked as Baszucki's VP of Engineering for Interactive Physics – began working on an early prototype of Roblox under the working title DynaBlocks. It was later renamed Roblox, a portmanteau of "robots" and "blocks", in January 2004. The website was launched in 2004, whilst Roblox was officially released on September 1, 2006. In a June 2016 interview with Forbes, Baszucki stated that the idea for Roblox was inspired by the success of his Interactive Physics and Working Model software applications, especially among young students.

Baszucki owns a roughly 13% stake in the Roblox Corporation, the company that owns Roblox, a stake estimated to be worth around $470 million as of 2020. He said he would donate any future compensation he earns from Roblox's listing on the New York Stock Exchange for philanthropic purposes. In December 2021, a New York Times investigation alleged that he and his relatives used a tax break intended for small business investors in order to legally avoid tens of millions of dollars in capital gains taxes. According to Business Insider, Baszucki was the seventh-highest-paid CEO in 2021, making $232.8 million.

## References
Florin Cîțu

**Florin-Vasile Cîțu** (born 1 April 1972) is a Romanian politician and senator. He was elected in 2016. On 4 November 2019, he became finance minister in the Orban Cabinet, lead by prime minister, Ludovic Orban.

On 26 February 2020, after the Romanian Parliament passed a motion of no confidence against the Orban Cabinet, President Klaus Iohannis designated Cîțu Prime Minister of Romania and asked him to form a new government. He resigned in November 2021 and later became President of the Senate of Romania.

## References
The Children's Blizzard

'''The Children's Blizzard''', also known as the Schoolchildren's Blizzard, School Children's Blizzard, or Schoolhouse Blizzard, was a severe blizzard that hit the U.S. plains states on January 12, 1888. The blizzard came unexpectedly on a relatively warm day, and many people were caught unaware, including children in one-room schoolhouses.

## Results 
235 died in the storm (213 being children, 22 being adults). Most died trying to return home.

## References
North Dakota Hymn

The "**North Dakota Hymn**" is the regional anthem (or "state song") of the U.S. state of North Dakota. It was written by a poet named James Foley in 1926 in such a way that it could be sung along with the tune of "The Austrian Hymn". C. S. Putman arranged the music with distinct ragtime syncopation.

## Lyrics 
:North Dakota, North Dakota,
:With thy prairies wide and free,
:All thy sons and daughters love thee,
:Fairest state from sea to sea;
:North Dakota, North Dakota,
:Here we pledge ourselves to thee.

:Hear thy loyal children singing,
:Songs of happiness and praise, 
:Far and long the echoes ringing,
:Through the vastness of thy ways;
:North Dakota, North Dakota,
:We will serve thee all our days.

:Onward, onward, onward going,
:Light of courage in thine eyes,
:Sweet the winds above thee blowing,
:Green thy fields and fair thy skies;
:North Dakota, North Dakota,
:Brave the Soul that in thee lies.

:God of freedom, all victorious,
:Give us Souls serene and strong,
:Strength to make the future glorious,
:Keep the echo of our song; 
:North Dakota, North Dakota,
:In our hearts forever long.
Attica, Kansas

**Attica** is a town in Harper County, Kansas, United States.  In 2020, 516 people lived there.

## History
Land for the City of Attica was bought in late June 1884. It became the end of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway.  The town was incorporated on February 16, 1885, and 1,500 people lived there. More people came to Attica until the Cherokee Outlet in northern Oklahoma was opened by a Land run in 1893. Many people moved south to that area.

On May 12, 2004, the town was damaged by an F4 tornado. It was shown on an episode of Shockwave on the History Channel.

## Geography
Attica is at  (37.242124, -98.227489). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

### Weather
Attica has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Attica has a humid subtropical climate, shortened to "Cfa" on climate maps.

## People
### 2020 census
The 2020 census says that there were 516 people, 218 households, and 127 families living in Attica. Of the households, 72.9% owned their home and 27.1% rented their home.

The median age was 47.6 years. Of the people, 90.1% were White, 2.1% were Native American, 0.4% were Asian, 1.6% were from some other race, and 5.8% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of the people.

### 2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 626 people, 246 households, and 155 families living in Attica.

### 2000 census
The 2000 census says that there were 636 people, 254 households, and 154 families living in Attica.

## Education
Attica is served by USD 511 Attica Public Schools. The Attica High School mascot is the Bulldogs.

## References
## Other websites
;City
* City of Attica
* Attica - Directory of Public Officials
;Schools
* USD 511, local school district
;Maps
* Attica City Map , KDOT
Aleksey Botyan

**Aleksey Nikolayevich Botyan** (; 10 February 1917 – 13 February 2020) was a Soviet-Russian spy and intelligence officer. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation in 2007 for his role in protecting the Polish city of Kraków from destruction by the Nazis in January 1945.

Botyan died in Moscow on 13 February 2020, at the age of 103.

## References
Dalia Dorner

**Dalia Dorner** (Hebrew: דליה דורנר; born March 3, 1934) is an Israeli law professor. She was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel, serving from 1993 to 2004. She was born in Istanbul, Turkey. 

Dorner became a District Court Judge, first in the Southern District and later in the Jerusalem District. She was one of the judges who convicted John Demjanjuk and sentenced him to death in 1988, a decision overturned by Israel's Supreme Court, in 1993.

## References
Germaine Poliakov

**Germaine Poliakov** (15 December 1918 — 19 February 2020) was an Ottoman-born French music teacher and Holocaust survivor. She went into hiding from the Gestapo in Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne, and worked as a teacher for a hidden colony of Jewish children. 

Germaine Poliakov died on 19 February 2020 at the age of 101.

## References
Willy Wonka

**Willy Wonka** is a fictional character who ran a chocolate factory from the story *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory*. His character originated from a book and his character has been in movies.

## Original book 
In *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* by Roald Dahl, Willy Wonka started a factory to make chocolate and became rich by selling it.  So other candy-makers sent spies to steal his candy recipes. So Willy Wonka closed his factory and fired everyone. Ten years later he opened it again and started selling chocolate again. He started a contest where he put five golden tickets in five different chocolate bars and said that any kid who bought a chocolate bar with a golden ticket would get a free tour of the factory and a lifetime supply of chocolate. At the end of the book, it turns out that Willy Wonka secretly tested all five of the kids and all of them failed except for one kid named Charlie. So Willy Wonka tells Charlie that he's a lot older than Charlie thinks he is and wants Charlie to take over the factory when he dies. Charlie says yes.   

## *Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator* 
In the sequel, *Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator*, Willy Wonka takes Charlie and his family with him to Outer space and America and fights monsters. 

## 1971 movie 
In the movie *Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory*, Willy Wonka is played by Gene Wilder. He hires someone to pretend to be his enemy Slugworth and try to bribe all the kids to steal a new candy from Willy Wonka. Charlie Bucket takes the candy to give to Slugworth but then decides that it's wrong to do that, gives it back to Willy Wonka and apologizes. So Willy Wonka decides that he can trust Charlie to take over the factory when he dies.

## 2005 remake 
In the movie *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory*, Willy Wonka is played by Johnny Depp. The movie gives Willy Wonka an Origin story where he was the son of a dentist named Dr. Wilbur Wonka who never let him eat candy so Willy became a Chocolate-maker to rebel against him. Willy Wonka then tells Charlie Bucket to leave his family forever and live at Wonka's factory.  Charlie says no even "for all the chocolate in the world". Charlie also finds Willy's father, Dr. Wilbur Wonka and gets them to get along with each other again.

## 2017 direct-to-video
In the movie *Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory*, Willy Wonka is played by JP Karliak. In a re-telling of the film and the book, Tom and Jerry help Charlie Bucket attain a Golden Ticket and secretly accompany him into Wonka's chocolate factory to prevent one of Willy Wonka competitors from stealing a special candy known as the Everlasting Gobstopper.

## 2023 prequel 
In the prequel movie *Wonka*, Willy Wonka is played by Timothée Chalamet. It is an origin story for Willy Wonka that is different from the last one. In it, his mother died when he was a kid and he liked the chocolate she made for him, so he decided to become a chocolate maker, creating the best candy he could that everyone could afford but Slugworth and other rich chocolate makers called the Chocolate Cartel try to sabotage him.
Shlomo Aronson (historian)

**Shlomo Aronson** (1936 &ndash; 21 February 2020) was an Israeli historian and political scientist. He was a professor of political science at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His best known work was the 2004 book, *Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews*. 

Aronson died on 21 February 2020 in Kfar Saba, aged 83.

## Works
*

## References
Lee Phillip Bell

**Loreley "Lee" June Phillip Bell** (June 10, 1928 – February 25, 2020) was an American talk show host and soap opera creator. During her career on Chicago television, she hosted over 10,000 programs. Her best known works were *The Bold and the Beautiful* and *The Young and the Restless*. Bell was born in Chicago.

Bell died on February 25, 2020 at her home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Valdir Espinosa

**Valdir Ataualpa Ramirez Espinosa**, usually known as **Valdir Espinosa** (October 17, 1947 &ndash; February 27, 2020) was a Brazilian football (soccer) manager. He was born in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Espinosa was known for managing Cerro Porteño, Botafogo, and Corinthians.

Espinosa died on February 27, 2020 from surgery-related problems in Rio de Janeiro, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
* sambafoot
Candyman (2021 movie)

***Candyman*** is an American supernatural slasher movie directed by Nia DaCosta and written by Jordan Peele. It is a remake to the 1992 movie of the same name and the fourth movie in the *Candyman* franchise. It is based on the short story "The Forbidden" by Clive Barker. 

The movie stars Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, Teyonah Parris, Nathan Stewart-Jarrett, Colman Domingo, with Tony Todd and Vanessa A. Williams reprising their roles as the title character and Anne-Marie McCoy.

The movie was filmed in Chicago and takes place there. It was released on August 27, 2021 by Universal Pictures.

## References
Sam Boghosian

**Sam Boghosian** (December 22, 1931 – February 26, 2020) was an American college and professional football coach. He played college ball as a guard for the UCLA Bruins, and was later an assistant coach at his alma mater. He was added into the UCLA Athletic Hall of Fame.

Boghosian died on February 26, 2020 at his home in Indian Wells, California at the age of 88.

## References
Sudhakar Chaturvedi

**Sudhakar Chaturvedi** () (died 27 February 2020) was an Indian Vedic scholar, Indologist, and alleged supercentenarian.

At the claimed age of 122 years, 313 days, some Indian newspapers reported him as the oldest Indian ever. One report also claimed an age of 121 in 2011, which would put his birth in 1890.

Chaturvedi died on 27 February 2020, at the claimed age of 122.

## References
Discord (disambiguation)

**Discord** may mean:

## Entertainment
* Discord (*My Little Pony*), a television character
* *Discord*, an album by Ryuichi Sakamoto
* *Discord*, an album by Stewart Walker
* "Discord", a 2006 single by The Fire Engines

## Places
* Discord, Iowa, a community in the United States

## Other uses 
* Discord, dissonant musical notes
* Discord, a messaging application for mostly gaming

## Related pages
* Dischord Records, a punk and alternative record label
* 
* 
* Discordianism
Discord, Iowa

**Discord** is an unincorporated community in Woodbury County, Iowa. A post office was made at Discord in 1870, and was used until 1884. It is hard to find out where the name Discord came from.

## References
Braian Toledo

**Braian Ezequiel Toledo** (8 September 1993 &ndash; 27 February 2020) was an Argentine javelin thrower. He improved the World Youth Best in boys' javelin throw by more than six metres.

He won the inaugural javelin title at the 2010 Youth Olympics in Singapore and also won gold at the 2010 South American Youth Championships and 2009 Pan American Junior Championships.

Toledo was killed on 27 February 2020 in a motorcycle accident, aged 26.

## References
Samvel Karapetyan (author)

**Samvel Karapetian** (; 30 July 1961 – 27 February 2020) was an Armenian historian, researcher, author, and expert of medieval architecture. His works were on the study of the historical monuments of Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh and other regions of the Southern Caucasus. 

He surveyed and catalogued thousands of artifacts of Armenian history and architecture. Karapetyan was head of the Yerevan branch of the NGO Research on Armenian Architecture (RAA). Karapetyan was also known as an outspoken critic of the treatment of Armenian monuments in Turkey. He presented his findings to United States Congress in 2007 and to the European Court of Human Rights in 2008.

In 2007 he won the Armenian Presidential Humanitarian Sciences Prize for his work in literature.

Karapetyan was an outspoken critic of the Armenian Apostolic Church and a supporter of the separation of church and state in Armenia.

## References
Scooby-Doo and the Goblin King

***Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King*** is a 2008 movie.

## Heroes 
This is a list about the heroes who appear in the movie.

* Scooby-Doo - a large, brown dog. He is voiced by Frank Welker (the voice of Fred).
* Shaggy - a very lazy slacker who has a green V-neck shirt. He says "Like, Zoinks!". He's best friends with Scooby-Doo. He is voiced by Casey Kasem.
* Fred - leader of the gang. He is voiced by Frank Welker (the voice of Scooby).
* Velma - She's very smart. She wears glasses. She is voiced by Mindy Cohn.
* Daphne - Fred's crush. She's really beautiful. She is voiced by Grey DeLisle.

## Other websites
Suthep Wongkamhaeng

**Suthep Wongkamhaeng** (สุเทพ วงศ์กำแหง; 12 May 1934 – 27 February 2020) was a Thai singer. He was a crooner. Wongkamhaeng's style of music was known as Luk krung. He was well-known from his songs "Luk Kom pà" (Orphan), "Rak kunh Kai laen" (I'd Have Loved You Now), and "Jai pi" (My Heart).  

He was named a National Artist in 1990. 

He died at his home in Bangkok from problems caused from a blood infection on February 27, 2020. He was 85 years old.

## References
Ellendale, North Dakota

**Ellendale** is a city in Dickey County, North Dakota, United States. It is also the county seat. The population was 1,125 at the 2020 census. Ellendale was founded in 1882. It is the home of Trinity Bible College, located on the former campus of the North Dakota State Normal and Industrial School and the Ellendale Opera House currently under renovation.

## History 
Ellendale was created as county seat of the newly formed Dickey County in 1882. That same year saw the arrival of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad into the area.

Ellendale is named for the wife of S. S. Merrill.

## Geography 
Ellendale is at  (46.002987, -98.523112).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Ellendale official website
Leptothorax pacis

***Leptothorax pacis*** is a species of ant. It belongs to the genus *Leptothorax*. It is endemic to Switzerland.

## References
Epinephelus bleekeri

***Epinephelus bleekeri***, is a type of fish. It belongs to the subfamily Epinephelinae. It is also called the **duskytail grouper.** 

## Habitat 
This fish can usually be found in shallow water.

## References
Thitarodes jinshaensis

***Thitarodes jinshaensis*** is a species of moth. It is in the family of Hepialidae. It was described by a biologist with the surname Yang in 1993. It's habitat is found in Yunnan, China.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Hepialidae genera
Messenger

**Messenger**, **Messengers**, **The Messenger** or **The Messengers** may refer to:

## Science and technology
### Biology and chemistry
* Chemical messenger, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, a molecule used for cellular signalling
* Messenger RNA (mRNA), RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in a cell

### Electronics and computing
*Instant messenger, a tool for online text communication
*Windows Live Messenger, the client for said service, formerly named MSN Messenger

### Space exploration
* *MESSENGER*, a NASA probe to Mercury launched in 2004

## Literature
* *The Messenger*, a 2001 fantasy novel by Douglas Niles

## In movie and television
* "Messenger", an episode of *Power Rangers SPD*
**The Messenger*, a 1986 movie directed by Fred Williamson
**Messengers*, a 2004 drama movie starring Michele Hicks

## In music
**The Messenger*, piano composition by Valentyn Sylvestrov

### Songs
* "The Messenger", by Domine on their 2007 album *Ancient Spirit Rising*
* "The Messenger", by Linkin Park on their 2010 album *A Thousand Suns*
* "The Messenger", by Patrick Wolf on his 2009 album *The Bachelor*
*"Messenger", by Blonde Redhead on their 2004 album *Misery Is a Butterfly*
*"Messenger", by Paul McCartney on his 1997 album *Standing Stone*

## Other 
* Apostle (Islam), a messenger sent by the God
* Messenger bag, a type of bag often used by bicycle messengers
* Messenger Feast, a celebration of the Inupiaq and Yup'ik peoples of Alaska