open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Styria

**Styria** ( ; ; Croatian and ; ) is a state in the southeast of Austria. The capital city is Graz. It borders Slovenia. In 2016 there were about 1,232,000 people living in Styria.

## Districts 
The state has 12 districts and a statutory city.

### Statutory City 
* Graz

### Districts 
* Bruck-Mürzzuschlag
* Deutschlandsberg
* Graz-Umgebung
* Hartberg-Fürstenfeld
* Leibnitz
* Leoben
* Liezen with the subdistrict Gröbming
* Murau
* Murtal
* Südoststeiermark
* Voitsberg
* Weiz
Coat of arms of Austria

The current **coat of arms of Austria** has been in use by the Republic of Austria since 1919. Between 1934 and the 1938 Austria used a different coat of arms.  It had a double-headed eagle. In 1945 the original coat of arms returned, with broken chains added to show Austria's freedom.

## Symbolism 
The symbols and emblems used in the Austrian arms are as follows:

**The Eagle:* Austria's freedom (introduced 1919)
**The escutcheon* Emblem of Austria (late Middle Ages, reintroduced 1915)
**The mural crown:* The middle class (introduced 1919)
**The sickle:* Agriculture (introduced 1919)
**The Hammer:* Industry (introduced 1919)
**The broken chains:* Freedom from National Socialist dictatorship (added 1945)
Jello Biafra

**Jello Biafra** (born **Eric Reed Boucher**; June 17, 1958) is an American musician and spoken word artist. Biafra was the lead singer and songwriter for San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. He started the record label Alternative Tentacles with East Bay Ray in 1979.

Biafra is a member of the Green Party of the United States. He ran for president in 2000.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Biafra's label Alternative Tentacles
Asturias Airport

**Asturias Airport** is an airport in Asturias. It is located in the municipality of Castrillón, and is near to Avilés. It is operated by Aena.

## Destinations 
## References
## Other websites 
*Official Website
Carinthia (disambiguation)

**Carinthia** may be:

*Carinthia (state), a state of the Republic of Austria
*Slovenian Carinthia, a traditional region of Slovenia
*Koroška statistical region, the statistical region of Slovenia
*March of Carinthia, in the Holy Roman Empire
*Duchy of Carinthia, in the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
*Carantania, a medieval Slavic principality
Tenpyō-shōhō

was a  after *Tenpyō-kanpō* and before *Tenpyō-hōji.*  This period started in July 749 and ended in August 757.  The reigning monarchs were  and .

*Tenpyō-shōhō* means "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Treasure".

## Events of the *Tenpyō-shōhō* era
* **749** (*Tenpyō-shōhō 1*): Emperor Shōmu abdicated, and his daughter receives the succession (*senso*).  Soon after, Empress Kōken's role as monarch is confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **752** (*Tenpyō-shōhō 4, 4th month*): The Eye-opening Ceremony celebrating the completion of the Great Buddha is held at Tōdai-ji in Nara.
* **5 September 750** (*Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month*): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated; and succession (*senso*) was received by her adopted son.  Emperor Junnin's new position is confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **756** (*Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 5th month*): Former-Emperor Shōmu died at age 56.

## Related pages 
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Charisma

**Charisma** is a term that means compelling attractiveness or charms which inspire devotion. This term also refers to special power or talent. The term **charisma** has many meanings.  It is often used  to describe a particular type of leader. It comes from Christianity where it was used about people who had the gift of God's grace. 

## Related pages 
* Charismatic
* Legitimacy

## References
Josef Korbel

**Josef Korbel** (born 20 September 1909 as Josef Körbel &ndash; died 18 July 1977 in the United States) was a Czechoslovakian diplomat and U.S. professor.

Korbel is of Jewish descent and was born in Kyšperk (now Letohrad). His daughter is Madeleine Albright, former United States Secretary of State. His student was Condoleezza Rice, also former Secretary of State.

In 1957 he became an American.
Heather O'Rourke

'''Heather Michele O'Rourke'* (December 27, 1975  February 1, 1988) was an American movie child actress who acted in the movie *Poltergeist'' (1982). She also worked in television.

## References
Brenda Russell

**Brenda Russell** (born **Brenda Gordon**, April 8 1944) is an American R&B singer, composer, and keyboardist. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. She has had many hit songs on several musical charts. Her singing genres include R&B and pop.

## Filmography
* *Yakety Yak, Take it Back* (1991) ... Herself

## References
Mastère en sciences

The **Mastère en sciences** (**MSc**) is a French degree in higher education accredited by the *Conférence des Grandes Écoles* and for owners of a Bachelor's degree or a first year of a Master's degree. Created in 2002, this degree certifies that the training is consistent with various quality criteria (selectivity, English language education, number of hours, length of program, research, etc..).

According to the rules, only the schools members of the *Conférence des Grandes Écoles* may issue the diploma.

## References
Invented tradition

**Invented traditions** are those traditions of recent origin which may claim to be old but are usually recently invented (made up). For example: 

There are rules to see which traditions are real or fake. 
*REAL: It's in the books, academic papers, newspapers, or other media.  
*FAKE: People or opinions
François Hollande

**François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande** (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he was the President of France from 2012 to 2017. This means he was also the Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017. He was born in Rouen.  Before becoming president, he was a deputy for the Corrèze, and the mayor of Tulle. He studied law in Paris. He also studied at the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. He was among the best in his studies at the École nationale d'administration. He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. There were two rounds of voting. In the first, 28% of the people voted for him. In the second round, with only two candidates, 51% did.

He left office on 14 May 2017 being replaced by Emmanuel Macron.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Burgenland Croatian

**Burgenland Croatian** is a regional language of the Chakavian dialect of the Croatian language.  It is spoken in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Burgenland Croatian is a minority language in the Austrian state of Burgenland. 19,412 people speak the language there in 2001. Many of the Burgenland Croatian speakers in Austria also live in Vienna and Graz.

Smaller Croatian minorities in western Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language.  They are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats.
Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles

The '''Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles** (**BADGE'*) is a French degree created in 2001 by the *Conférence des Grandes Écoles*, and mainly intended as a two-year degree after the end of secondary studies.

The BADGE program includes a number of elements: at least 200 hours of instruction, including theoretical and practical work, team projects and possibly distance learning, and a final validation test.
The program takes place over 7 weeks to 24 months maximum, subject to alternating training / business where the period is longer than six months.

## References 
## Other websites 
* BADGE on *Conférence des grandes écoles'' website
Andromeda XIX

.]]
**Andromeda XIX** is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy, and is part of the Local Group, like the Milky Way Galaxy. Andromeda XIX is said to be "the most extended dwarf galaxy known in the Local Group", and has a half-light radius of 1.7 kiloparsec (kpc).  The observation, which had proved the uneveness of Andromeda's stellar halo, had shown that multiple other dwarf galaxies exist. They are: Andromeda XI, XII, XIII, XV, XVI, XVIII, **XIX**, and XX.

## Related pages
*Andromeda Galaxy
*Local Group

## References
Castel Goffredo

**Castel Goffredo** is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.

## References
## Other websites
Brussels Airlines

**Brussels Airlines** is the main Belgian airline. It flies from Brussels Airport to destinations in Europe, Africa and North America. 

## History 
Brussels Airlines was created as the result of the merger of SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express in March 2006. SN Brussels Airlines had been created from Sabena, the former Belgian flag carrier, that had ceased operations on 7 November 2001. SN Brussels Airlines started its operations only five months later. Virgin Express was a low-cost airline, owned by the Virgin Group. In 2004, SN Airholding took over Virgin Express, and in 2006 it was announced that both companies would merge and fly under the *Brussels Airlines* brand. In 2008, the Lufthansa group bought 45% of Brussels Airlines' shares, and Brussels Airlines joined the Star Alliance.

## Fleet 
Brussels Airlines has the following aircraft in its fleet:

## Cooperation 
It is a member of the Star Alliance.

The company has codeshare agreement with many companies such as Air Canada, Air Malta, All Nippon Airways, Austrian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Croatia Airlines, EgyptAir, Etihad Airways, Hainan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, TAAG Air Angola, TAP Portugal, TAROM, Thai Airways, United Airlines and others.

In 2019, Brussels Airlines made agreements with Africa World Airlines and  Aeroflot Russian Airlines.

## Gallery 

File:Virgin Express Boeing 737-36N.jpg|A Virgin Express Boeing 737.
File:SN Brussels Airlines Avro RJ85 Verkuringen.jpg|A SN Brussels Airlines Avro RJ85.
File:Airbus A330-301, Brussels Airlines AN1922335.jpg|A Brussels Airlines plane in 2011.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Tyrol (state)

**Tyrol** (;  ; ) is a federal state in western Austria. It has the Austrian part of the historic Princely County of Tyrol.  The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck.

The state is split into two parts– North Tyrol and smaller East Tyrol.

The state's territory is entirely in the Eastern Alps at the important Brenner Pass. The highest mountain in the state is the Großglockner.

## Districts
, Innsbruck]]
The state is divided into eight districts and the city of Innsbruck. The districts and their centres (capitals) are:

; Statutory city:
* 1 Innsbruck (city)

; Districts in North Tyrol:
* 2 Innsbruck-Land, (Innsbruck)
* 3 Imst District, (Imst)
* 4 Kitzbühel District, (Kitzbühel)
* 5 Kufstein District, (Kufstein)
* 6 Landeck District, (capital: Landeck)
* 8 Reutte District, (Reutte)
* 9 Schwaz District, (Schwaz)

; District in East Tyrol:
* 7 Lienz District, (Lienz)

## References
Rudolph Nureyev

**Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev** (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Russian ballet dancer. He was one of the most celebrated dancers of the 20th century. In 1961 he defected to the West, despite KGB efforts to prevent him. For some years he partnered Dame Margot Fonteyn.

The *Dictionary of Dance* says "His repertoire was enormous, including all the classics and the modern standards". After his period with Fonteyn, Nureyev worked in several countries.

His teacher was Aleksander Pushkin, like the famous Russian poet

Nureyev was director, principal dancer and choreographer of *Nureyev and Friends* on Broadway (197475) and was artistic director of the Paris Opera House from 1983 to 1989. He promoted junior dancers, such as Sylvie Guillem, and commissioned new works. In the last years of his life he took up conducting.

## Notes
Polandball

]]
**Polandball**, also known as **Countryballs**, is an internet meme that takes the form of a large number of online comics. In the comics, countries flags are drawn as a circle. The balls interact in broken English, often referred to as "Engrish", (except for those countries who have English as their main language) and ridicule international relations.

## History
Polandball has roots in an August 2009 raid between Polish users and 
other drawball.com users. Drawball.com allowed Internet users to freely draw on a circular canvas, and also allows people to paint over others drawings. On the internet, an idea was raised to draw the flag of Poland on the ball. Many Poles managed to take over the drawball, turning it into a Polish flag. In the middle, the word "*POLSKA*" was written. As a response, users then covered the drawball with a large swastika.

### Comic origins
The beginning of the Polandball meme is credited to *Falco*, a British user on German imageboard *Krautchan*. In September 2009, Falco created the meme using MS Paint as a way to troll Polish user *Wojak*. Wojak was a popular user on the same board and who typed in broken English.

## Themes
 and World War 2]]
Polandball typically represents the history, International relations of countries. The meme gained popularity after the plane crash in Smolensk which killed president Lech Kaczyński. The Crimean crisis, Brexit, and problems that relate to Filipino workers in Taiwan are events and affairs that are satirized in these comics. The Facebook page "*POLANDBALL*" gained over 400,000 likes. The Polandball Wiki had over 12,779 pages. R/polandball has strict rules and style guides, with the reason of preserving Polandball's "uniqueness".
## Assessment
]]
Wojciech Oleksiak, who writes on Culture.pl, noted that Polandball comics often use exaggerated Polish stereotypes, such as Poles not being good at English and Poland itself being a country full of "dumb Catholics". On the other hand, he says that some stereotypes used in Polandball comics, such as Poles telling stories about Poland's history, are mostly true.
## Related pages
*Uncle Sam
## References
## Other websites
Spoken language

**Spoken language** is language in its spoken form.  It is different from written language. Many spoken languages have no written form. The term *spoken language* is sometimes used for *oral language*.  This is not quite right because sign language is also sometimes said to be 'spoken'.

Children get their first language from whichever language is spoken around them.  Usually this comes from their mothers. Spoken language is much richer than written language.  Spoken language can have different rules than written language.

## References
Chancellor of Austria

The **Federal Chancellor** is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the **Vice-Chancellor**. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.

The Chancellor is chosen by the President of Austria. The current Chancellor is Christian Stocker since 2025.

## References
List of presidents of the National Council of Austria

**List of presidents of the National Council of Austria**. 

Below is a list of office-holders in the First Republic:

Below is a list of office-holders in the Second Republic:

## References
*Parliament website
Tenpyō-jingo

was a  after *Tenpyō-hōji* and before *Jingo-keiun.*  This period started in January 765 and ended in August 767.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

## Events of the *Tenpyō-jingo* era
* **765** (*Tenpyō-jingo 1, 2nd month*): The empress raised the Buddhist priest Dōkyō  to the position of *daijō-daijin zenji*.
* **765** (*Tenpyō-jingo 1*): Fujiwara  no Toyonari died at age 62. He had held the office of Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).
* **766** (*Tenpyō-jingo 2,  1st month*): Fujiwara-no Matate is named *uddaijin*; and Kibi no Makibi becomes a major counselor (*dainaigon*).

## Related pages
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Rhetorical question

A **rhetorical question** is a figure of speech in the form of a question.  It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.

The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool.  The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.

## Suggested dialogue 
Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist.  The speaker both asks and answers the question himself. A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.

For example, in "Can't you do *anything* right?", the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all. What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance. It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism. Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".

The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean". Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?". There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the  are. This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.

On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?" clearly asks for the reply "No!". This is because the questioner has *signalled* what answer is expected. A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".

## Related pages
*Thought experiment 

## References
## Other websites
*What is a rhetorical question?
*A short definition of the term
Engi (era)

was a  after *Shōtai* and before *Enchō.*  This period started in July 901 and ended in April 923.  The reigning emperors were .

## Events of the *Engi* era
* **1 February 901** (*Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month*): There was an eclipse of the Sun.
* **901** (*Engi 1*): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed; but more details cannot be known.  Emperor Daigo ordered that diaries and records were burned.
* **May 905** (*Engi 5, 4th month*): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with a collection of waka poetry called the *Kokin Wakashū*.
* **909** (*Engi 9, 4th month*):  Fujiwara no Tokihira died at age 39. He had held the office of Miniser of the Left (*sadaijin*).

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Jeffrey Masson

**Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson** (born March 28, 1941 as **Jeffrey Lloyd Masson**) is a psychotherapist and historian of psychotherapy who wrote a controversial book, ''The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory'', about Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. In the book, Masson accuses Freud of hiding evidence that some patients were sexually abused by their parents.

Masson was research director of the Sigmund Freud Archives in New York City. He was removed from the job after saying Freud was responsible for "the present-day sterility of psychoanalysis throughout the world."

## References
Yugoslavs

**Yugoslavs**  is a national name used by a small number of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Some say this name is for all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.

## References
Barbara Prammer

**Barbara Prammer** (11 January 1954 &ndash; 2 August 2014) was an Austrian politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. 

She was President of the National Council of Austria serving from 30 October 2006 until her death in 2 August 2014. She was its Vice President from 2004 to 2006. She was the first woman to hold the position of president of the national council.Prammer was Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection from 1997 to 2000.  She was elected to the National Council in 1999.

She had two children.

Prammer died of pancreatic cancer on 2 August 2014.

## Honours 
* Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria

## References 
## Other websites 
* Barbara Prammer
First Austrian Republic

The **Republic of Austria** is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919. It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria. It continued up to World War II. Austria was a *de-facto* republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria. 

This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right. The July Revolt of 1927 was an example. The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929. The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the *Anschluss* to Nazi Germany in 1938.  Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War.
Austrian Sign Language

**Austrian Sign Language** (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community. There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Learning ÖGS is based on the German spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.
Jean-Louis Vaudoyer

**Jean-Louis Vaudoyer** (10 September 1883 in Le Plessis-Robinson  20 May 1963 in Paris) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian. He was administrator general of the Comédie-Française (1941–1944). He was a member of the Académie française (1950–1963). He wrote the libretto for *Le Spectre de la rose*, a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.

## Other websites 
*Académie française
Second Viennese School

The **Second Viennese School** is a group of composers.  It was made of Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna.  Schoenberg lived and taught there between 1903 and 1925. Their music was first like late-Romantic.  Later it was a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre. Later still was Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique. 

The main members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.
Telephone numbers in Austria

This article is about the use of telephone numbers in Austria.

**Country Code: +43**
**International Call Prefix: 00**
**Trunk Prefix: 0**

There are no standard lengths for either area codes or subscribers' numbers in Austria.  So some subscribers' numbers may be as short as three digits. Larger towns have shorter area codes allowing longer subscriber numbers in that area.

## Special / Service codes 
## References 
*Austrian Numbering Plan
Ballet shoe

**Ballet shoes** are lightweight shoes designed for and used in ballet dancing. They're usually made from soft leather or satin and have thin and flexible soles. Females are usually given pink colored shoes; males usually get black or white.

Pointe shoes are a special type of ballet shoe. They let dancers stand on their toes.

## Related pages
*Ballet flat
Isaac Butt

**Isaac Butt** (1813&ndash;1879) was an Irish nationalist political leader and president of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, which sought to achieve Home Rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Adam Yauch

**Adam Nathaniel Yauch** (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director. He was a member of the Beastie Boys.

Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm. He died of the disease in New York City.

## References
Świętochłowice

**Świętochłowice** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 55,000 people and 13.31&nbsp;km². The city is on the Rawa River.
Schnitzel

*, a traditional Austrian dish]]

]]

A **schnitzel** is a traditional German and Austrian dish.  It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine. In Austria, the dish called *Wiener Schnitzel* is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.  

The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.  It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called *Schnitzel Wiener Art* in Germany.  In Austria, by law it has to be called *Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein* to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term *Wiener Schnitzel'' is protected by law.  Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal. 

In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.

## References
President of Austria

The **President of Austria** is the federal head of state of Austria. Even though the constitution says the President has a lot of power, in practice the President is mostly a figurehead. The President of Austria is elected once in every six years. His or her offices are in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace, in Vienna.

Many former Presidents have had a lot of popularity while in office.  No incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election. Since 2017 the President has been Alexander Van der Bellen.

This is a **list of Presidents of Austria** since the establishment of that office in 1919.

## List of officeholders (1919–present)
## List of presidents
* Karl Seitz (10 November 1920 - 9 December 1920)
* Michael Hainisch (9 December 1920 - 10 December 1928)
* Wilhelm Miklas (10 December 1920 - 12 March 1938)
* *Anschluss (1938-1945)*
* Karl Renner (20 December 1945 - 31 December 1950†)
* Leopold Figl (31 December 1950 - 21 June 1951; Acting)
* Theodor Körner (21 June 1951 - 4 January 1957†)
* Julius Raab (4 January 1957 - 22 May 1957; Acting)
* Adolf Schärf (22 May 1957 - 28 February 1965†)
* Josef Klaus (28 February 1965 - 9 June 1965; Acting)
* Franz Jonas (9 June 1965 - 24 April 1974†)
* Bruno Kreisky (24 April 1974 - 8 July 1974; Acting)
* Rudolf Kirchschläger (8 July 1974 - 8 July 1986)
* Kurt Waldheim (8 July 1986 - 8 July 1992) 
* Thomas Klestil (8 July 1992 - 6 July 2004†)
* Andreas Khol (6 July 2004 - 8 July 2004; Acting)
* Heinz Fischer (8 July 2004 - 26 January 2017) 
* Alexander Van der Bellen (26 January 2017 - present)

## References
Knödel

***Knödel*** or ***Klöße*** are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast. They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian, Slovakian and Czech cuisine.  They come in many different forms. They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc. In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat. They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.

## Names and varieties
In Hungary, they are called *gombóc*; in the Czech Republic, *knedlík*; in Slovakia, knedľa, in Luxembourg, *Kniddel(en)*, *cnigle* in Bukovina; and, in Italy, *canederli*. In some parts of the United States, *klub* is used to mean potato dumplings. 

*Klöße* are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour. Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk.  They are called *Grießklößchen*.
*Thüringer Klöße* are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham. In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel. Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots.  They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs. Topfenknödel are  made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.

*Königsberger Klopse* are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to *Frikadeller*.

## References
Tafelspitz

**Tafelspitz** is boiled beef in broth Viennese style.

## The dish 
Tafelspitz - boiled tri-tip - is a typical Austrian dish. The beef is simmered with root vegetables and spices in the broth. It is usually served with roasted slices of potato and a mix of minced apples and horseradish or sour cream mixed with horseradish. 
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, was a great lover of Tafelspitz.  Tafelspitz is said to be the national dish of Austria.

## The cut
Tafelspitz is the name of the meat cut which is used.  It is usually from a young ox. The meat for Tafelspitz is well-aged pieces of beef, a cut of beef from the bottom sirloin primal cut.  This cut is typically known in the  United States as the tri-tip.
Austrian butchers gave almost every muscle of beef a separate name.  The hind leg alone is parted into 16 cuts.

## References
Kaiserschmarrn

**Kaiserschmarrn** is a well-known Austrian dessert.  It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn". In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".

## Overview
Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake.  It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways.  When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added.  The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation.  It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.

Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with *Zwetschkenröster*, a fruit compote made out of Plums.

## References
Hoher Dachstein

**Hoher Dachstein** is an Austrian mountain,.  It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps. It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria.  It  is the highest point in each of those states. Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg.  Because of this it is sometimes called the *Drei-Länder-Berg* ("three-state mountain").

The Dachstein has a rich cave system. The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.

## References
## Other websites
Salzkammergut

The **Salzkammergut** is a resort area in Austria. It goes from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range. The main river of the region is the Traun. The name **Salzkammergut** means "Estate of the Salt Chamber".  This is from the Imperial Salt Chamber, the group who ran the precious salt mines in the Habsburg empire.

With its many lakes and mountains, the Salzkammergut has many opportunities for water sports, bathing, hiking, cycling and golf.

Parts of the area around Hallstatt were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1997. The World Heritage Site includes the towns Hallstatt, Obertraun, Gosau and Bad Goisern.

## References
Semmering railway

The **Semmering railway** is a railway in Austria.  It starts at Gloggnitz and leads over the Semmering to Mürzzuschlag.  It was the first mountain railway in Europe built with a standard gauge track. It is commonly called the world's first true mountain railway.  This is because of the very difficult terrain and the large altitude difference. It is still fully functional as a part of the South railway.

The Semmering railway was built between 1848 and 1854.  There were about 20,000 workers.  The director was Carl von Ghega. There are 14 tunnels, 16 viaducts and over 100 curved stone bridges as well as 11 small iron bridges. 

In 1998 the Semmering railway was added to the list of the UNESCO World Heritage sites.
Eggenberg Castle, Graz

**Eggenberg Palace** in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace in Styria, Austria. Schloss Eggenberg is among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.  It was the home of the House of Eggenberg.  In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The palace is on the western edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg (Graz) district. The northern corner of the palace grounds has the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework.  There is a collection of over five centuries of European art history from the medieval to early modern period of European art history.  These are in the palace itself.

## References
David Cronenberg

**David Cronenberg** (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian director, producer, screenwriter and actor. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is of Jewish descent. 

Genre of his films is body horror. Many of them are considered classic of this genre. 

Cronenberg's work includes: *Rabid*, *The Brood*, *Scanners*, *Videodrome*, *The Fly*, *Dead Ringers*, *Crash*, *A History of Violence*, *Eastern Promises* and *A Dangerous Method*.

## Other websites 
*
Léon Bakst

, 1893]]
]]
]]

**Léon Samoilovitch Bakst** (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter. He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions. These were *Cleopatra* (1909), *Scheherazade* (1910), *Carnaval* (1910), *Narcisse* (1911), *Le Spectre de la Rose* (1911), and *Daphnis et Chloé* (1912). Bakst died in 1924 in Paris. In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.

## Ballets Russes costume designs 

Image:Costume_of_Cleopatra_for_Ida_Rubinstain.jpg|Cléopatre, 1909
Image:Léon Bakst 001.jpg|*The Firebird*, 1910
Image:Bakst Nizhinsky.jpg|Nijinsky in ''L'après-midi d'un faune*, 1912
Image:Le Dieu Bleu Nijinsky.jpg|Bakst costume design for The Blue God

## Notes 
## Sources 
* Marc Chagall, *My Life*, St.-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000, 

## Other websites 
* Leon Bakst (official website) 
* Working for Diaghilev
* BAKST at www.rollins.edu
* Leon Bakst (1866 - 1924) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews  at wwar.com
* Works by Leon Bakst at the Russian Art Gallery
* youtube
* *Art Signature Dictionary - See Léon Bakst's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit''
* Baskt theatre and performance collection  at the Victoria and Albert Museum
* Evergreen collections that include original stage sets, costume designs, and other related works.
Cannibalism in animals

In animal science, **cannibalism** is where an animal eats its own species. Scientists have found more than 1500 species that do this. It is common with insects, spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse. Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vertebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.

## References 
## Further reading 
*
Lake Neusiedl

**Lake Neusiedl** is the second largest steppe lake in Central Europe.  It goes across the Austrian and Hungarian border. The lake covers 315 km². 240&nbsp;km² is on the Austrian side and 75&nbsp;km² on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120&nbsp;km². From north to south, the lake is about 36&nbsp;km long.  It is between 6&nbsp;km and 12&nbsp;km wide from east to west. The lake is no more than 1.8&nbsp;m deep.

Most of the lake is surrounded by reeds which serve as a home for animals.  The lake is an important resting place for migratory birds.

In 2001 the national parks in Austria and Fertő-Hanság in Hungary were together accepted as a World Heritage Site.

## References
Maureen Stapleton

**Maureen Stapleton** (June 21, 1925 &ndash; March 13, 2006) was an American television, movie and theater actress. She had a limited movie career. She died on March 13, 2006 from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Tango & Cash

***Tango & Cash*** is a 1989 American buddy cop movie starring Sylvester Stallone and Kurt Russell. The movie is directed by Andrei Konchalovsky.

Stallone plays Ray Tango and Russell plays Gabriel Cash, LAPD narcotics detectives who are framed for murder by crime lord Yves Perret, played by Jack Palance. The officers have to work together to prove their innocence.

## Other websites 
*
Wachau

The **Wachau** is an Austrian valley.  It has pretty landscape formed by the Danube river. It is one of the biggest tourist places of Lower Austria.  It is midway between the towns of Melk and Krems. It is  in length.  People lived here in prehistoric times.  

A well-known place and tourist attraction is Dürnstein.  This is where King Richard the Lion-Heart of England was held captive by Duke Leopold V. 

The Wachau is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  This is for its architectural and agricultural history.

## References
Backpacking

**Backpacker** or **backpacking** may refer to:

* Backpacking (wilderness), hiking in the wild
* Backpacking (travel), travelling with only a backpack
* A traveller whose luggage consists of a backpack
* An inexpensive place to stay, such as a hostel
Schönbrunn Palace

**Schönbrunn Palace** is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country. Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna. The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.

## Early history
In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river.  It was between Meidling and Hietzing. The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar.  This was the court's recreational hunting ground. In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept. Fishponds were built, too.

The name *Schönbrunn* (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.

During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground. Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there.  She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II. From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion.  In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time. The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.

## Gardens 
The sculpted garden space between the palace and the *Sun Fountain* is called the *Great Parterre*. The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by *Jean Trehet* in 1695. It has a maze.

Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852. At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.

### Sculptures 
Lining the Great Parterre are 32 sculptures, which represent deities and virtues.

## Recent history
After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace.  They made it a museum.

Later it was used for important events such as the meeting between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

UNESCO catalogued Schönbrunn Palace on the World Heritage List in 1996, together with its gardens, as a remarkable Baroque ensemble and example of synthesis of the arts.

## References 
## Gallery 

Schoenbrunn Palace precursor 1672.jpg|*Katterburg* and Gonzaga's palace near *Wien river* in 1672. In&nbsp;the background the hill of later *Gloriette*.
Canaletto (I) 059.jpg|Schönbrunn from the front side, painted by Canaletto in 1758.
Vena 11.jpg|View of the Great Parterre on to the Gloriette.
Schönbrunn Palace through the trees.JPG|View of the gardens.
Schonbrunn Palace scupture.JPG|Schonbrunn Palace sculpture.
Fuente de Náyade, palacio de Schönbrunn, Viena, Austria, 2020-02-02, DD 39.jpg|Round Pool.
Palacio de Schönbrunn, Viena, Austria, 2020-02-02, DD 05.jpg|Foutain "Galizien, Lodomerien und Siebenbürgen" at the main entrance.
Palacio de Schönbrunn, Viena, Austria, 2020-02-02, DD 37.jpg|Palace from the Gloriette.

## Other websites
March of Azerbaijan

showing the lyrics of the national anthem]]
"**Azərbaycan marşı**" (, meaning "Azerbaijan March") is the national anthem of Azerbaijan. The song's music was composed by none other than Üzeyir Hacıbəyov. The words of the song were written by Əhməd Cavad.

## History
The government of Azerbaijan made this song the country's national anthem in 1920, but shortly after, the Soviets invaded and then conquered them. Under the Soviet Union, playing this song was not allowed. Üzeyir Hacıbəyov, a famous composer, was forced to compose an Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Decades went, and eventually, the USSR broke up. Right after, the new government of Azerbaijan made "Azerbaijan March" the national anthem again.

 banknote showing the lyrics of the national anthem]]

A part of the lyrics are written on the back of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.

## Lyrics
The Azerbaijani law says that there are no official translations for this song.

## References 
## Other websites
Unitary

**Unitary** may be:

* Unitary construction, in automotive design, another common term for a *unibody* or monocoque construction
**Unitary as chemical weapons opposite of Binary
* Unitarianism, in Christian religion, the belief in a "unitary God" instead of the idea of the Trinity
** Unitarian Universalism (sometimes called "Unitarianism"), an interfaith church which gets its name from an interfaith concept of "unitary God"
* types of political regions
**Unitary state
** Unitary authority 
* Unitary enterprise, a type of government-owned corporation in Russia and Belarus
* Unitary executive theory, a theory of American constitutional law

## Mathematics
* *E*-unitary inverse semigroups
* Unitary matrix
* Unitary operator
* Unitary transformation
* Unitary group
* Unitary representation
* Unital (disambiguation)
* Unitarity (physics)
Azerbaijani people

The **Azerbaijanis**, or **Azerbaijani Turks**  (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, Azərbaycan Türkləri) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. A small minority also live in southern Dagestan in Russia.

After the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), the land of the Iranian Qajar dynasty in the Caucasus were given to the Russian Empire which makes up the present territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Lands which Iran kept are now known as Iranian Azerbaijan. Even though they live on two sides of an international border, the Azerbaijanis are a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution of Iranian Azerbaijanis and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkish, and the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen, all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages. The Azerbaijanis are mostly Shia Muslim.

## Related pages 
* Iranian Azerbaijanis

## Other websites 
* Azerbaijan -Citizendium

## References
Artur Rasizade

**Artur Tahir oglu Rasizade** (born 26 February 1935 in Ganja) was the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 2003 until 2018. Rasizada was a long-time Communist Party member during the Azerbaijan SSR period. He was Prime Minister from July 20, 1996 until August 4, 2003. 

He quit due to health reasons. This let President Heydar Aliyev's son Ilham Aliyev become Prime Minister. Rasizada continued to act as Prime Minister for Ilham Aliyev.  He formally returned to the job on November 4, after Ilham Aliyev was elected as president.

## Awards
Rasizade was awarded with Istiglal Order for his contributions to economic development of Azerbaijan by President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on February 23, 2005.

## References
Constitutional republic

A constitutional republic is a governing state where the chief executive and representatives are elected, and the rules are set down in a written constitution.

The head of state (president) and other representatives are elected but they do not have uncontrolled power. What their power is limited to is written in the constitution. If there is dispute about what the constitution means, this is decided by a court system that is independent from the representatives.

In recent public discourse, "constitutional republic" is sometimes used in contrast with the term "democracy." In fact, a constitutional republic is a form of representative democracy, not a direct democracy.

Constitutional republics usually have a separation of powers. The separation of powers means that no single officeholder gets unlimited power.  John Adams said that a constitutional republic was "*a government of laws, and not of men*".

This is meant to be a safeguard against tyranny. No office holder can get to a position of absolute power. However, some have argued that a constitution can be written in such a way that it lets tyranny arise, and that a constitution is therefore not a fail proof safeguard against tyranny.

Aristotle was the first to write about the idea in his works on politics.

Constitutional monarchies are a special case; even though the monarch is not elected, the people still elect other governing bodies. A constitution may limit the power of the monarch. 

## Comparisons 
Comparisons can be made. There are countries which nominally are constitutional republics, but which have become (in effect) dictatorships. There are also countries which have no written constitution, and are monarchies, but which act in a similar way to constitutional republics.

## References
## Related pages
*constitutionalism
*constitutional economics
*democracy
*rule of law
Caucasian Albania

**Albania**, academically termed the **Caucasian Albania** to avoid confusion with modern-day Albania, is the name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus. The native name for the country is unknown. It was on the land of present-day  Azerbaijan and partially Russia's southern Dagestan. The ancient inhabitants of Caucasian Albania spoke ancient *Albanian (illyrian)*, an language that went extinct in the 10th century in the heyday of the Abbasid Caliphate during the Middle Ages.
## References
Enchō

was a  after *Engi* and before *Jōhei.*  This period started in April 923 and ended in April 931.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Enchō* era
* **929** (*Enchō 7, 8th month*): Floods devastated the country and many died.
* **24 July 930** (*Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month*): Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.  Fuijwara no Kiyotsura and Taira no Mareyo and many others were killed.  The deaths were interpreted as an act of revenge by the spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane.
* **16 October 930** (*Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month*): In the 34th year of Daigo's reign, the emperor fell ill; and the succession (*senso*) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **23 October 930** (*Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month*): Emperor Daigo  died at the age of 46.

## Gallery
 ]]
In *Enchō* 8, the thunder and lightning of a great storm were believed to show the angry spirit of Sugawara Michizane

## Related pages 
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection