open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dimmu Borgir

**Dimmu Borgir** is a black metal band created in 1993 in Norway. Its name is Icelandic for a "dark castle". 

The band's first recordings were in Norwegian, but today, most of the recordings are in English. The newest studio album is "Abrahadabra" (2010). The studio album *In Sorte Diaboli* (2007) entered the Norwegian album chart at No. 1 — the first time a black metal band has ever got to the No. 1 position on a national album chart anywhere in the world.  Dimmu Borgir's previous release, "Death Cult Armageddon", as well as Satyricon's "Now, Diabolical" previously reached No. 2 position on the Norwegian album chart.

A week after "In Sorte Diaboli" reached No. 1 on the Norweigan album charts, the album attained No. 43 on The Billboard 200, making them the first Norwegian band since the 80's pop group 'A-HA' to enter the U.S. Top 50.

"In Sorte Diaboli" features the London Philharmonic Orchestra.  Strangely, the album has been banned by the UK album charts for questionable reasons.

## Members 
### Current 
* Shagrath (Stian Thoresen) - vocals
* Silenoz (Sven Atle Kopperud) - guitar

### Former 
* Nicholas Barker - percussion
* Tjodalv - percussion
* Nagash - bass
* Astennu - guitar
* Stian Arstad - keyboards
* Brynjard Tristan - bass
* ICS Vortex - bass
* Mustis - keyboards
* Hellhammer - percussion
* Archon - guitar
* Snowy Shaw - bass
* Galder - guitar

### Session
* Daray (Dariusz Brzozowski) - drums
* Cyrus - keyboard

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *For All Tid* (1994, 1997)
* *Stormblåst* (1996, 2005)
* *Enthrone Darkness Triumphant* (1997, 2002)
* *Spiritual Black Dimensions* (1999)
* *Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia* (2001)
* *Alive in Torment* (2002)
* *Death Cult Armageddon* (2003)
* *Stormblåst MMV* (2005)
* *In Sorte Diaboli* (2007)
* *Abrahadabra* (2010)
**Eonian* (2018)

### EP
* *Inn I Evighetens Mørke* (1994)
* ''Devil's Path* (1996)
* *Godless Savage Garden* (1998)
* *Alive in Torment* (2002)
* *World Misanthropy* (2002)
* *Interdimensional Summit'' (2018)

### Live albums and other releases 
*Alive in Torment (2001)
*World Misanthropy (2002)
*World Misanthropy (2002)
*The Invaluable Darkness (2008)

## References
## Other websites 
* The official Dimmu Borgir page
Kuru

**Kuru** or **Kurus** may be:

*Kuru (kingdom), a powerful Indian kingdom during the Vedic period and later a republic during the Mahajanapada period
**Kuru Kingdom, a kingdom based on the historic Kuru kingdom in Indian epic literature
*Kuru (disease), a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy with the cannibalistic funeral practices of the Fore people.
*Kuru (archaeology), Indian ethnic group and their kingdom
*Kuru (mythology) is part of African mythology
*Kuru (Hinduism), imputed ancestral king
*Kuru, Finland, municipality
*Kuruş, Turkish currency
*Kuru, Turkish dried-bean dish kurufasulye
*Kuru school, in Kuru, Nigeria
*Kuru (band), British punk band during the late 1990s
**KURU (movie)*, an indy movie in development by The Enemy
*S/S *Kuru*, a Finnish lake steamer
*kuru, Finnish word for a type of canyon
**Interbreeding IX: Kuru*, a various artists CD compilation

## Related pages
* Kourou, a town in French Guiana
Vantaa

**Vantaa** () is the fourth largest city in Finland (after Helsinki, Espoo and Tampere). It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. The most important parts of Vantaa are Tikkurila, Hakunila, Koivukylä, Korso, Martinlaakso and Myyrmäki. Tuusula, Kerava, Sipoo, Helsinki, Espoo and Nurmijärvi are neighbour communities and cities of Vantaa.

Vantaa has been a city since 1974. As of April 2014, the population was about 208,800. The current mayor is Juhani Paajanen.

The biggest airport in Finland, Helsinki-Vantaa, is in Central Vantaa.

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Vantaa. In 2006 Swedish was the mother language of 3.1 percent of population of Vantaa.

## Mayors of Vantaa 
* Lauri Lairala 1974-1989
* Pirjo Ala-Kapee 1989-1997
* Erkki Rantala 1997-2003
* Juhani Paajanen 2003-2011
* Jukka Peltomäki 2011
* Kari Nenonen 2012-2018
* Ritva Viljanen 2018-2023
* Pekka Timonen 2023-

## Population growth
## People who were born in Vantaa 
* Patrik Antonius, a professional poker player
* Sampsa Astala, a musician on Lordi
* Valtteri Filppula, a ice hockey player
* Jaakko Hintikka, a professor in Boston University
* Mika Häkkinen, Formula 1 world champion
* Sami Kapanen, an ice hockey player
* Ville Peltonen, an ice hockey player
* Jarkko Ruutu, an ice hockey player
* Tuomo Ruutu, an ice hockey player
* Eicca Toppinen, a cellist on Apocalyptica
* Ossi Väänänen an ice hockey player

## Other websites 
* The official Vantaa page , in Finnish, Swedish and English

## References
Carpet

]]

A **carpet** is a rectangular piece of woven textile.

Generally, carpets are used to make spaces more beautiful and to make walking on the floor quieter. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets may be many different sizes. 

Rugs and carpets originated in Central Asia, but the idea of machine manufacture was invented in Europe. The oldest known carpet was found in the year of 1947 at excavations in Siberia. So there are two different kinds of things: one is hand-made by traditional methods, and the other woven by machine. This accounts for the very great difference in style and price between traditional rugs and modern wall-to-wall carpeting.

The name "carpet" comes from Old Italian carpita, "carpire" means to pluck. The term "carpet" is used mostly to describe textiles placed on the floor most of the times stretched from wall to wall.

**Rugs** are smaller in size, often placed over a carpet, and often decorated. In Islam, rugs are used as prayer mats, for people to kneel on when they pray.

It is common, especially in the Middle East, for rugs and carpets to be used as wall decoration, and they are designed with decoration in mind. Mass-manufactured carpets in western countries are utilitarian: for hard use on the floor, and usually self-coloured (that is one color over the whole carpet). Traditional rugs from the Middle East are hand-made and may be very expensive by the time they reach shops in the western world.

In some countries carpets are designed in a way to tell stories. They can tell history of family or something important that happened.

## References
Sonata Arctica

**Sonata Arctica** is a Finnish power metal band founded in 1996 in Kemi.

The band's original name was **Tricky Beans**. After releasing three demo recordings it was changed into **Tricky Means**. Afterwards the band adopted its current name.

Before they became as famous and popular as they are, they got attention from metal fans for touring and playing with the band Nightwish.

Sonata Arctica's first music album was *Ecliptica*. It was released on November 1999 in Finland and elsewhere in 2000. 30,000 copies were sold in Japan. The newest studio recording is
*Stone grow her name* (2012).

## Line-up 
### Original members 
* Tony Kakko - vocals, keyboards
* Janne Kivilahti - bass
* Jani Liimatainen - guitar
* Tommy Portimo - percussion

### Current members 
* Tony Kakko - vocals
* Henrik Klingenberg - keyboards
* Jani Liimatainen - guitar
* Marko Paasikoski - bass
* Tommy Portimo - percussion

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* *Ecliptica* (1999)
* *Silence* (2001)
* ''Winterheart's Guild* (2003)
* *Reckoning Night* (2004)
* *Unia* (2007)
* *The Days of Grays* (2009)
* *Stone grow her name* (2012)
* *Pariah's child* (2014)
* *The Ninth Hour* (2016)
* *Talviyö* (2019)
* *Acoustic Adventures – Volume 1*  (2022)
* *Acoustic Adventures – Volume 2*  (2022)
* *Clear Cold Beyond* (2024)

### Compilations 
* *The End of This Chapter* (2005 in Japan, 2006 in Europe)
* *The Collection*  (2006)

### Live albums 
* *Songs of Silence - Live in Tokyo* (2002)
* *For the Sake of Revenge* (2006)
* *Live in Finland* (2011)

### Mini Albums 
* *Successor* (2000)
* *Orientation* (2001)
* *Takatalvi* (2003)
* *Don't Say a Word* (2004)

### Singles 
* *Unopened* (1999)
* *Wolf and Raven* (2001)
* *Last Drop Falls* (2001)
* *Victoria's Secret* (2003)
* *Broken* (2003)
* *Don't Say a Word* (2004)
* *Shamandalie* (2004)
* *Replica 2006* (2006)
* *Paid in Full* (2007)
* *The Last Amazing Grays* (2009)
* *Flag in the Ground* (2009, promo)
* *I Have a Right* (2012)
* *Shitload of Money* (2012)
* *Alone in Heaven* (2013)
* *The Wolves Die Young* (2014)
* *Cloud Factory* (2014)
* *Love* (2014)
* *Kingdom for a Heart* (2014)
* *Christmas Spirit* (2015)
* *Closer to an Animal* (2016)
* *Life* (2016)
* *A Little Less Understanding* (2019)
* *Cold* (2019)
* *The Rest Of The Sun Belongs To Me* (2021)

### Demo recordings 
* *Agree Pamppers* (1996)
* *Friend till the End* (1996)
* *PeaceMaker* (1997)
* *Fullmoon* (1999)

### Other releases 
* *Wolf & Raven* (Music Video, 2001)
* *Broken Live* (Music Video, 2003)
* *Don't Say a Word* (Music Video, 2004)
* *For the Sake of Revenge* (DVD, 2006)
* *Paid in Full'' (Music Video, 2007)

## Other websites 
* The official Sonata Arctica page
Digon

]]
. This one is a map by Martin Waldseemüller (15th century). This is the first map that shows the New World, and uses the name "Amerika" for it.]]

In geometry, a **digon**  is a polygon with two sides (edges) and two corners (vertices). In Euclidean space, the two sides would have to be on the exact same area, giving the digon zero area. One or both sides could be curved instead, but then it would not be a polygon. This means the digon is said to be *degenerate*.

However, a digon can be drawn in elliptic space (where all points are on the outline of a circle) by placing the two vertices at opposite sides. Here, the digon's sides are between the vertices. The inside part of the circle means that the digon is not degenerate. A digon can also be drawn on a sphere as a pair of 180 degree arcs connecting antipodal points, when it forms a lune.

A digon must have both sides the same length, and both its angles must be the same measure. This means all digons must be regular polygons. The digon is the simplest abstract polytope in two dimensions.

A digon is represented by Schläfli symbol {2}. A truncated *digon*, t{2} is a square, {4}. An alternated digon, h{2} is a monogon, {1}.
Great circle

]]
A **great circle** is the largest possible circle that can be drawn on a sphere, one that divides the surface into equal halves, called hemispheres. It is a circle that has the same diameter as the sphere it was drawn on. These curves are geodesics in the sphere and all have the same circumference, that is, the length around of the circle.

There are an infinite number of great circles that can be drawn on any perfect sphere. The longitude lines on a globe all form great circles that pass through the same two points (the North Pole and the South Pole). The Equator is another great circle.

Great Circles can be used to determine the shortest surface distance between two points on a sphere (or on the Earth).

A straight line from plane Euclidean geometry corresponds to a Great Circle in non-Euclidean spherical geometry.

## Other websites
*Great circle
John Dalton

**John Dalton** (6 September 1766–27 July 1844) was a British chemist and physicist.  He was born in Cumberland to a Quaker family.  He is best known for his discoveries in atomic theory.  He also made the first important studies of color blindness.
 about 1890. Mural in Manchester Town Hall]]

## Dalton's atomic theory 
Dalton's Atomic theory is a scientific theory about atoms. Dalton made the theory to explain why the elements would combine in certain ways The idea of atoms was already known at the time, but not widely accepted.  Dalton's theory of atoms was based on actual observation. Ideas about atoms were based on philosophy before John Dalton came up with his theory.

His theory stated that:
*Atoms cannot be divided
*Everything is made of atoms
*Atoms can not be made or destroyed, just as energy
*Atoms are tiny particles
*Atoms can only be joined in special ratios
*Atoms of the same element are the same, because they have the same atomic mass
*Chemical reactions are made when atoms are moved around, put with other atoms or taken away from a group of other atoms

## Further readings 
* Claus Bernet: John Dalton (1766-1844), in: Biographisches-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, 31, 2010, 309-332.

## References 
## Other websites 
* John Dalton -Citizendium
Kauniainen

.]]

**Kauniainen** () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. Kauniainen has an area 6.0 km² and is fully located within Espoo. 

Kauniainen has the lowest local taxation rate in Finland (16,5 %). A lot of rich people live there.

Kauniainen was officially founded in 1920. It became a city in 1972. There are about 8,550 people living in Kauniainen. Most of them (57 %) speak Finnish as their first language. 39 % have Swedish as their mother tongue.

Kauniainen has very good bus and train connections. There is a railway station. Many buses drive through Kauniainen.

## Other websites 
* The official Kauniainen page, in Finnish, Swedish and English
Medicine man

A **medicine man** is a traditional Native American healer. Healing was only part of their function. Another part of their role was as guardian of their belief system, and their rituals. 

A very similar role was played in many other mesolithic and neolithic societies, such as pre-modern Africa and New Guinea. This person, man or woman, might help cure physical, mental, or spiritual health problems. A term such as shaman or witch doctor reflects the supernatural element in such roles.

## References
Basement

The **basement** is the lowest level or levels in some buildings, almost always below the ground. There is another type of basement, called a subbasement. or subcellar A subcellar is just like a basement, but more below it.

Most basements have lights.

## History 
The first famous basements were made sometime in the 1950s. After that, many other kinds of basements were built and made. Later, most basements were used to have washing machines and other items in basements.

Soon, basements were used to contain or save water.

## Basement uses 
Throughout history and even today, basements have been put to multiple uses. The most common uses for basements include storage, holding utilities, and conversion to different types of living space, such as game rooms. In some cities, like London and New York City, basements sometimes have apartments in them.

## References
Landfill

]]

A **landfill** is a place where waste is kept. Waste is usually buried in landfills, but it may first be sorted to remove any recyclable materials.

Landfills have a bad smell and look bad, therefore are usually located far away from where people live. 

Once the waste is crushed into very small pieces, it is buried, but without oxygen, a dangerous gas called methane is created. This process is called anaerobic digestion. In some countries, the methane from landfills is used to generate energy.

## Large landfills in the United States 
Roosevelt Regional Landfill, Roosevelt, Washington.
Denver Arapahoe Disposal Site, Aurora, Colorado.
Columbia Ridge Landfill, Arlington, Oregon.
Pine Tree Acres, Lenox, Michigan.

## Other large landfills
*Smokey Mountain in Manila, Philippiness

## References
Nummi-Pusula

**Nummi-Pusula** is a former municipality in Finland. It was formed in 1981 from the existing municipalities of Nummi and Pusula. The municipality is in Uusimaa and in the province of Southern Finland. On 1 January 2013, it became a part of Lohja.

Nummi-Pusula has an area of .  of it is water. About 6,175 people lived there as of 31 December 2012.

## Other websites 
* The official Nummi-Pusula page , in Finnish, English, German and Estonian
Human reproductive system

: 

 reproductive system (sagittal view)]]

The **reproductive system** is the part of an organism that makes them able to sexually reproduce. human and other animals use their reproductive systems to have sexual intercourse as well as reproduce. The reproductive system is one of the human organ systems and one example is the penis in man. 

The illustrations (pictures) here show only human reproductive systems. Other mammals have similar reproductive systems.
County seat

A **county seat** is the location of a county government, and is usually the largest, oldest, or most central town or city within a county. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the name county town is used rather than county seat. 

In the U.S. state of Louisiana, counties are called parishes and have **parish seats** rather than county seats; while in Alaska, counties are called boroughs and have **borough seats**. 

## Related pages
* County town
Rectum

The **rectum** is a part of the large intestine which forms a part of the gastrointestinal system. The rectum ends in the anus which is the end of the gastrointestinal system. It is where feces or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the anus.

Body temperature can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25&nbsp;mm (1&nbsp;inch) into the rectum via the anus. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38&nbsp;°C (97.6 to 100.4&nbsp;°F) and is about 0.5&nbsp;°C (1&nbsp;°F) above oral (mouth) temperature and about 1&nbsp;°C (2&nbsp;°F) above axilla (armpit) temperature and 3 degrees warmer than vaginal temperatures. 

The **rectum** was featured in film series, 'The Human Centipede,' a horror movie about the face of loss in a world of deep connection and interesting cuisine. Within the film it is stated that, "Humans have a profound desire for other **rectums.**" Often this is due to the G-stop for men being located between the Anus and the testicles, giving men a desire to be anally penetrated in the rectum, this form of rectal pleasure first ever documented in the journal of Henry IV. 

## References
Large intestine

The **Large intestine** is also called the colon or large bowel. It connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus. It is about 1.5 meters long or 5 feet. It is shorter than the small intestine, but its diameter is larger.

Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as faeces before being removed by defecation.

## Related pages 
* Small intestine

## References
Tuupovaara

**Tuupovaara** was a municipality in the North Karelia region of Finland. It was merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. Before 1913 the place was known as Kovero.

In 2004 there were 2,217 people living in Tuupovaara.

## Villages 
Eimisjärvi, Hartiovaara, Heinäaho, Herajärvi, Hoilola, Kinnasniemi, Kokinvaara, Konnunniemi, Kortevaara, Kovero, Luutalahti, Mannervaara, Pirttijärvi, Revonsonkaja, Saarivaara, Sonkajanranta, Tuupovaara, Öllölä
Joensuu

]]

**Joensuu** is a city in Finland. It is the centre of the region of North Karelia. Joensuu has an area of 2.751,13 km² and a population of around 77,000 people. 369.3 km² of the area is water. 

The Finnish capital, Helsinki is located 437 km away from Joensuu. There is a university in Joensuu.

The municipalities of Tuupovaara and Kiihtelysvaara were merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. In 2009 the municipalities of Eno and Pyhäselkä were merged with Joensuu.

## Other websites 
* The official Joensuu page
Subaru

**Subaru** is a car company that is part of a larger Japanese company called Fuji Heavy Industries, who also makes other things like buses and airplanes. Subaru builds cars in Japan and also builds cars in the state of Indiana. 

Their cars are known for having **all-wheel drive,** which means that the engine drives all four wheels, instead of just the wheels in the front or in the back. They also have boxer engines, which means that the pistons and the cylinders in the engine fire left to right instead of up and down or at an angle.

The name Subaru is a Japanese word for a star cluster in the sky named Pleiades, and the company logo has the stars in its picture in the same place as they are in the sky.

## History
Fuji Heavy Industries in 1954 built a car called the Subaru P-1. It was named by the person who was CEO, Kenji Kita. From 1954 to 1997 the company designed and built other vehicles including the tiny 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), the 1000 (1965), the R2 (1969), the Leone (1971), the Domingo (1983), the Alcyone (1985), the Legacy (1989), the Impreza (1993), the Sambar EV electric van (1995), and the Forester (1997).
## Current models
## References
Urine

**Urine** (**pee**) is a liquid created by the body, in the kidneys. It is stored in the bladder and comes out of the human body through the urethra, a tube which leads from the bladder to the urethral meatus (*meatus* is an opening in the body), at the tip of the penis (men) or the vulva (women). Urinating is how the body gets rid of unwanted or unneeded substances in the blood. Urine is the liquid that these substances are put in. After the blood has circulated through the body, its composition has changed, because some substances in the blood have been absorbed by the body and because the body has released other substances into the blood. The blood has also absorbed substances produced from our food. The liver removes many toxins (harmful substances) and adds other substances that the blood needs (amino acids, proteins, coagulation factors, hormones, etc.). Then the kidneys remove excess amounts of urea, salts, etc. by putting them into the urine. After the blood has passed through the liver and the kidneys, it has the correct composition that the body needs.

Urine is mostly water, and contains mineral salts, and about 2% urea, which is produced in the liver to remove ammonia, which is a very toxic substance. Urea has very low toxicity, although a continuously high level of urea in the blood (a condition called hyperuremia) can cause disease.

The color of urine normally ranges from colourless to yellow. The yellow color is caused by urobilins, which are produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin, the substance that gives blood its red color. If a person is dehydrated, less urine will be produced (maybe less than one liter per day), and it will be more concentrated. If a person drinks a lot of water, more urine will be produced (maybe as much as two liters per day) and it will be less concentrated.

Urine lets the body get rid of:

# Extra water
# Extra electrolytes (salts)
# Urea (mostly not needed by the body)
# Drugs
# Toxins (poisons in the body)( Note that most toxins are removed in the bile of the liver, which transfers the toxins to the feces. Many descriptions of urine say that some toxins are removed in urine, but do not say what toxins these are).
Some slang terms for urine are "pee", "wee", "wee wees" and "piss".

## Related pages 
* Urination
Savukoski

**Savukoski** (Inari Sami: **Suovâkuoškâis**, Northern Sami: **Suovvaguoika**) is a Finnish municipality in the Province of Lapland. As of 2005, 1,326 people lived there. The area is 6,496.64&nbsp;km². The municipality was founded in 1916.

Nearby municipalities are Pelkosenniemi, Salla and Sodankylä. The villages in Savukoski include Kuosku, Martti, Nousu, Seitajärvi, Savukoski, Tanhua, Lunkkaus, Viitaranta, Värriö, Rovala and Ruuvaoja.

## Economy
Employers: Metsähallitus, Veljekset Karjalainen and Metsänhoitoyhdistys. In 1967, phosphorus was found in the area. It is planned to open a phosphorus mine after 2015.

## Geography
One third of area is national parkland: Urho Kekkonen National Park, Värriö Strict Nature Reserve and Maltio Strict Nature Reserve.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites 
* The official Savukoski page
Kampala

**Kampala** is the capital of Uganda. More than 1,800,000 people live there. The city is on the  of Lake Victoria.

The Ugandan National Theatre is in Kampala. There is also a university in the city.
The home team; Kampala City Council (KCC) Football Club is a leading Africa FIFA Club team player. This is where Ugandan QUentin TArintino is

## References
Friedrich Dürrenmatt

**Friedrich Dürrenmatt** (January 5, 1921 in Konolfingen, canton of Bern  December 14, 1990 in Neuchâtel) was a writer and philosopher from Switzerland.

## Personal life 
Dürrenmatt was the son of a protestant pastor. He was always interested in drawing. He went to school until 1941, afterwards he studied philosophy, sciences (deep point physics) and German literature at the University of Bern. He dropped studies in 1946, when he published his first written work.

One year later he married the Swiss actress Lotti Geissler (1919–1983). They had three children. The financial situation of the family got better, when Dürrenmatt began to write radio dramas and crime fiction.

In 1984 he married the German actress and television director Charlotte Kerr (1927–2011).

His world-wide success is based on two plays: *The Visit* and *The Physicists*.

## Selected Works 
* Romulus the Great (*Romulus der Große*, 1950, play)
* The Judge and His Hangman (*Der Richter und sein Henker*, 1950, novella)
* Suspicion (*Der Verdacht*, 1951, also known as *The Quarry*, novella)
* The Tunnel (*Der Tunnel*, 1952, short story)
* The Marriage of Mr. Mississippi (*Die Ehe des Herrn Mississippi*, 1952, play)
* Theatre Problems (*Theaterprobleme*, 1954, essay)
* Once a Greek (*Grieche sucht Griechin*, 1955, novel)
* The Visit (*Der Besuch der alten Dame*, 1956, play)
* A Dangerous Game (*Die Panne*, 1956, novel / novella, also known as *Traps*)
* The Pledge (*Das Versprechen*, 1958, novella)
* The Physicists (*Die Physiker*, 1962, play)
* King John (*König Johann*, 1968, play)
* *Play Strindberg* (1969, play)
* Monster Lecture on Justice and Law (*Monstervortrag*, 1969, lecture)
* The Coup (*Der Sturz*, 1971, short story)
* *Achterloo* (1982, play)
* The Execution of Justice (*Justiz*, 1985, novel)
* The Assignment (*Der Auftrag*, 1986, novella)
* Switzerland, A Prison: A Speech for Václav Havel (*Die Schweiz — ein Gefängnis*, 1990, speech)

## Secondary Literature 
* Goertz, Heinrich: *Friedrich Dürrenmatt*, Reinbek 1987, .
* Rüedi, Peter: *Dürrenmatt oder Die Ahnung vom Ganzen*, Zürich 2011, .

## Other websites 
* Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel 
* National Library Switzerland
Common wombat

The **common wombat**, *Vombatus ursinus*, is one of three wombat species living in Australia. It is found the mountains and hills of southeast Australia, Tasmania, and Flinders Island in Bass Strait. They look like a small bear, which is what the name *ursinus* means. Its closest living relative is the koala. when they are born after a gestation of only 21 days, and move into the mother's pouch. Wombats normally only have one baby although the pouch has two nipples. Unlike a kangaroo, the pouch opens backwards, which would prevent it from filling with dirt as it crawls into its burrow. The young wombat lives in the pouch for about six months, and finally becomes independent of the mother at about 18 months of age. Wombats live for about five years, although some in captivity have lived for 26 years.

## Diet
Wombats live in burrows that they dig with their sharp claws. They are nocturnal animals, and come out their burrows in the evening to look for food. It is a herbivore, so it only eats grass, tree and shrub roots, bark, leaves, and fungi. Wombat faeces are cube shaped. The wombat will use them to mark things in its territory, so it is common to find the cubes on top of leaves, rocks, and branches. Because of their shape they do not roll off.

## Burrows
The burrows can be as small as two metres or as long as 30 metres. They dig with their front feet, kick the soil backwards with their back feet, and then use their rump like a bulldozer to push the dirt out of the burrow. Only one wombat lives in each burrow, but wombats may have up to four burrows in the area they live.

## Living with wombats
Farmers see the Common Wombat as a pest. It often destroys fences by burrowing, and the burrow openings are a danger to grazing animals. It is still common in Australia, but the areas it lives in are being reduced because of land clearing for farms.

The common wombat has no natural predators. It is not scared of people and is often seen in camping areas. They can make good pets.

## References
Bonobo

The **bonobo** (*Pan paniscus*) is a great ape and the smaller of the two species making up the genus *Pan* (the other is *Pan troglodytes*, the common chimpanzee). The bonobo is sometimes called the **dwarf** or **pygmy chimpanzee**. Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood to mean the common chimpanzee, while *Pan paniscus* is usually referred to as the bonobo.

The bonobo lives in rain forest, in a  area south of the Congo River. This is in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa.

The bonobo has high levels of sexual behavior. Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, and stress reduction. It occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions. This may explain the lower levels of aggression in the bonobo as compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes. Bonobos are matriarchal and a male's rank in the social hierarchy is often determined by his mother's rank.

The two chimpanzee species are separated by the huge Congo River. Its formation 1.5–2 million years ago may have led to the speciation of the bonobo. Their population is between 29,000 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by habitat destruction, human population growth and commercial poaching. The bonobo lives for about 40 years in captivity, though its lifespan in the wild is unknown.

## References
Genoa

**Genoa** (, Ligurian: *Zena, Zêna*) is a city and capital of the Liguria region in Italy. The population of Genoa in 2006 was 620,316. It is the most important seaport in Italy. Before Italy was united into one country in the 1800s, Genoa was a republic that also included the island of Corsica. Genoa was famous for its merchants, or traders, who traded everywhere from England to Istanbul. Famous Genoese people include, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, and Christopher Columbus.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Comune di Genova
Raidas

**Guru Ravidas**, also spelt as **Raidas**, was an Indian saint and poet of 15th century. He belonged to a family of leather workers, he even claimed to be an *achhoot* or untouchable. Some of his verses found place in Guru Granth Sahib, the main text of Sikhism.

Mirabai, a Rajput lady of a royal family of Rajasthan, was one of the followers of Guru Ravidas. They follow his teachings and consider him their Guru, the teacher. 

Guru Raidas wrote poems in Braj Bhasha. A few of his poems are "*ab kaise chutey ram nam*", "*aasi Lal tujh binu*".

Guru Raidas refuted the prevalent Caste System of the time and stated that all people were equally cared upon by god. He also, like many contemporary Bhakti saints, refuted complex Brahminical Rituals and Sacrifices, in favour of true and complete devotion to god by means of song, dance, or *japa* (simple chanting of god's name).

## Related pages 
*BR Ambedkar
Rishi

**Rishi** is a word used in many Hindu scriptures. A simple translation of the word into English would mean a sage. Hindu scriptures and Hindu mythology tell about a number of rishis. They describe a rishi as an old person, with a lot of knowledge and wisdom. They also say that some of the rishis had great powers, and sometimes even some gods of Hindus like Indra were afraid of rishis. Some of the rishis were famous for becoming angry very quickly and easily. Their anger sometimes resulted in the rishis cursing people. A female is called a Rishika.

Rishis used to live in deep forests. Many young men from villages and towns also lived with them as their students and disciples. Rishis taught them in schools called Gurukuls. After education, these young men returned to live with their families. However, some of them shall always remain with the rishis as their disciples. Sometimes, even kings and other members of the ruling families would go to them to seek advice and blessings. Sometimes these rishis and their disciples would go to the royal courts and participate in discussions there. 

Seven such rishis were the most famous. Hindu scriptures have named them as *saptarishis*, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.
## Related pages
* Atri
* Vishvamitra
* Gautam

## References
Tiruvannamalai

**Tiruvannamalai** is a place in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Tiruvannamalai, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India. 

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. Large number of Hindus from all around the world go to this place every year. In the months of November and December, a festival lasting for ten days takes place. During this festival, people light up an entire hill near Tiruvannamalai.

## Related pages
*Linga

## Other websites
*Tiruvannamalai
Vishvamitra

**Vishvamitra** is the name of a rishi (sage) of ancient India. This is a Sanskrit word, and its translation is: "*universal friend, that is, a friend of everybody*". Vishvamitra wrote many verses of the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda. 

The Hindu scriptures have many stories about Vishvamitra. One of them tell about the competition between another rishi named Vashistha. Both wanted to become priests of big royal families of ancient India.

## Related pages
*Hindu mythology
*Vashistha
Kalahasti

**Kalahasti** is a place in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Kalhasti, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India collectively known as Pancha Bootha Sthalams. The other four such temples are at Kanchipuram, Thiruvanaikaval, Tiruvannamalai, and Chidambaram.

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. There are many mythological stories about this linga. One of the stories tell that an elephant, a snake, and a spider used to worship this linga. The god Shiva blessed them with moksha (liberation).

Another story tells about a saint named Kannappa. He took out his eyes and offered the same to the linga. At this supreme sacrifice, Shiva became very happy. He appeared in the form of a human being, and restored the eyesight of Kannappa. Kannappa is worshipped as one of the 63 saiva saints in Tamil Nadu.

Sri Kalahasti temple, 36&nbsp;km away is famous for its Vayudeva temple, which is the only shrine of the god of wind in India. Constructed in the 12th century by the Chola king, Rajarajendra, Vayu is incarnated as Lord Shiva and worshipped as Kalahasteeswara.

This is an important temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple has one of the elemental lingas, the vayu (air) linga. There is a lamp inside the inner sanctum that is constantly flickering despite the lack of air movement inside. The air-linga can be observed to move even when the pujaris close off the entrance to the main Deity room, which does not have any windows. You can see the flames on several ghee lamps flicker as if blown by moving air. The linga is white and is considered Swayambhu, or self-manifested.

Kalahasti is surrounded by two sacred hills. The Durgamba temple is on the northern hill. On the south hill there is the shrine of Kannabeswara, in memory of the Sage Kannappa, who offered an eye to the Lord. When he tried to offer his other eye as well, the Lord mercifully stopped him. There is also a temple dedicated to Subramanya on one of the surrounding hills. The main linga is untouched by human hands, even by the priest. Abhisheka (bathing) is done by pouring a mixture of water, milk, camphor, and panchamrita. Sandal paste, flowers and the sacred thread are offered to the utsava-murti, not the main linga.

This temple is one of the most impressive Siva temples in India. It features an enormous, ancient gopuram (tower) over the main gate. The tower is 36.5m (120&nbsp;feet) high. The entire temple is carved out of the side of a huge stone hill. It was built in1516 by King Krishnadeva Raya. The temple is run by neatly dressed Saivite Brahmins.

## Related pages
*Linga
Liguria

**Liguria** (/lɪˈɡ(j)ʊəriə/, Italian: [liˈɡuːrja]; , [liˈɡyːɾja]) is a region of Northern Italy. The capital is Genoa.
The population was about  in 2017.

## Provinces 
* Province of Genoa (capital)
* Province of La Spezia
* Province of Savona
* Province of Imperia

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Royal Opera House

The **Royal Opera House** is a famous opera house  in London. Sometimes it is called  "Covent Garden" because it is in the area of London called Covent Garden.  The Royal Opera House is the home of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet.  There is an orchestra which plays there for all the operas and ballets.

The building that is now the Royal Opera House is the third building in that place.  The first theatre to be built there in 1732 was burnt down in 1808.  The second theatre opened in 1809 but was burnt down in 1856.  Today's building was built in 1858, although a lot of it was rebuilt between 1996 and 2000.  The auditorium (the main part where the audience sits) is nearly the same, but all the backstage rooms are new: the dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, office space etc.  There is an extra small theatre called the Linbury Theatre which is used for smaller performances.  Together with the new restaurant areas it has helped to get more young people to come.

The Royal Opera House seats 2,268 people.  There are seats downstairs (the stalls), four tiers of boxes, a balcony and a gallery.

The conductor ("Musical Director") of the Royal Opera House Orchestra is Antonio Pappano who is a young British conductor.

## Other websites 
* Royal Opera House
AM

**AM** can mean:
* Ante meridiem, in the 12-hour clock
* The chemical symbol for Americium
* Amplitude modulation, in radio
Einsteinium

**Einsteinium** is a chemical element with the atomic number 99 it is a synthetic element, so all isotopes are radioactive.

Einsteinium is the 7th element in the actinide series. The most stable isotope of Einsteinium has 99 protons and electrons and 153 neutrons. There are 19 different (radioactive) isotopes. 
Einsteinium is named after Albert Einstein. It was found for the first time in 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and his team of scientists in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion, and identified as an element at the University of California, Berkeley.

Einsteinium isotopes have a half-life between 40 and 471 days.

## Uses 
Einsteinium has been used to create the element Mendelevium for the first time in 1955, although no practical uses are known. It has been used before as a calibration marker in a chemical analysis spectrometer.
Balloon

]]

A **balloon** is a bag that is usually filled with gas. This gas can be helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen or air. 

Throughout the 19th century, balloons were made out of animal bladders. Nowadays, balloons are made from a thin and stretchy material like rubber, latex, neoprene or plastic and can come in many different colors. Big balloons are made from nylon fabric. 

Balloons are used for many purposes like decorations and entertainment.

Most small balloons are made for parties or hiccup cures. These balloons are sometimes made to look like animals. 

Some balloons are very big. Big balloons are used for people to fly into the sky. Big balloons are called aircraft. Most balloon aircraft are filled with hot air. They are called hot air balloons.

Balloons can also be filled with water. They are called "water balloons". Water balloons are a kind of toy, best known for its use of water balloon fights.

## Related pages
* Balloon (aircraft)

## References
Umberto Eco

**Umberto Eco** (January 5, 1932 – February 19, 2016) was an Italian writer and professor of medieval history in Bologna.

Eco was born in 1932 in northern Italy.

As a student, he studied philosophy, history, literature, and educational sciences.
He finished his studies in 1954 with a doctoral thesis about Thomas Aquinas. In 1962, he married.

His career as an author began with *The Name of the Rose* in 1980, after he had already written many academic papers.

## Biography 
Eco was born on January 5, 1932 in Alessandria. His family had 13 sons. He studied philosophy and humanities at the University of Turin. He received a Ph.D. there.

Eco worked as a professor in different places. Starting in 1971, he held the chair of semiotics at the University of Bologna. At a university, a "chair" is the highest  a professor can earn. He was also given honorary degrees by thirty different universities.

He had been named satrap of pataphysics for his humorous works.  One of his most important books is *How to Travel with a Salmon.*

He was a member of UNESCO's Council of Sages. In 2000, he received the Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities.

Eco worked in the mass media as well, creating cultural programs.

## More famous works 
### Novels 
* *Il nome della rosa* (*The Name of the Rose*, 1980) - A historical novel set in the Middle Ages.  This novel made Eco famous after it was turned into a best-selling movie. 
* *Il pendolo di Foucault* (''Foucault's Pendulum*, 1988) - Three workers at a publishing house are trapped in their own fiction. 
* *L'isola del giorno prima* (*The Island of the Day Before*, 1994) - A nobleman from the 17th century gets trapped on a yacht and wonders about how time is passing.
* *Baudolino* (2000) - An emperor mistakes a young peasant for his own child.  This is a picaresque novel (a novel whose main character is a dishonest person or a criminal.  This person tells their story in bits and pieces). 
* *La Misteriosa Fiamma della Regina Loana* (*The Mysterious Flame of the Queen Loana'', 2004) - A man who loses his memory tries to get it back.  This novel is set in the times of Eco's youth.

### Other works 
* *Opera Aperta*
* *Minimal Diary * 
* *Kant and the Ornithorhynchus*
* *Semiotics and philosophy of the language* 
* *The firm*
* *Art and Beauty in the Medieval Aesthetic* 
* *The Limits of Interpretation*
* *Six Walks for the Narrative Forests*
* *Lector in fabula*
* *Apocalyptics and Integrates*
* *On Literature*
* *Searching the Perfect Language*
* *History of Beauty*
* *On Ugliness*

## References 
## Other websites 
* Foundation Prince of Asturias, Prince of Asturias of Communication and Humanities 2000
Vulva

, 3. Labia majora, 4. Urinary opening (urethra), 5. Labia minora, 6. Anus, 7. Vaginal opening, 8. Perineum ]]
The **vulva** is the part of the body of female mammals (including women) where the outside parts of the reproductive system can be seen. The parts of the vulva that can be seen are the:

*Mons pubis
*Labia majora
*Labia minora
*Clitoris
*Vaginal opening
*Urinary opening

The mons pubis is the area of skin and fat above the other structures. It protects the other structures below it. The labia majora are thick areas of skin and fat located to the side of the urinary and vaginal openings. Smaller and thinner labia are the labia minora. These structures are connected to the hood of the clitoris. They are close to the vagina. Many people say the word vagina when they mean the vulva. The vagina is the *tube* connecting the internal parts (the womb) to the vulva.

## Related pages
*Vulvar cancer

## References
Friuli Venezia Giulia

**Friuli-Venezia Giulia** (; ; ) is a region in the north-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Trieste. The population is . Friuli-Venezia Giulia has a border with the Italian region of Veneto to the west, Austria to the north and Slovenia on the east.

People in this region speak the Italian, Friulian, Slovene and German languages.

## Provinces 
* Trieste (capital)
* Udine
* Gorizia
* Pordenone

## Geography 
Friuli-Venezia Giulia has an area of  and is Italy's most north-eastern region. It is the 5th smallest region in Italy. The Alps lie to the north of the region, and the beaches and cliffs of the Adriatic Sea are on the south edges.

## Cuisine 
Friulani, Giuliani, Austrian, Slovene and Hungarian influences over the centuries have created a wide range of food and drink typical of the region. Some examples include:
* Jota (Istrian stew)
* Radicchio
* Goulash
* Gnocchi alla spinache

## Other websites 
*
Cleveland Guardians

is the stadium where the Guardians play their home games]]

The **Cleveland Guardians** are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are part of the American League Central Division. Under the team's former name of Cleveland Indians, the Guardians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948.  Currently, they hold the longest championship drought in MLB.

The team was founded in 1894 in Grand Rapids, Michigan as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, playing in the late-1890s Western League, which became the American League in 1900. In that same year, the team moved to Cleveland, taking the name of Lake Shores. The next year, the team became the Cleveland Bluebirds, also known as Blues. Players didn't like that name, and failed in a try to change the name to "Broncos" in 1902. In that same year, the team traded for star player Nap Lajoie, who later became player-manager, and it soon became known as the "Naps" in his honor. The team was called the Cleveland Naps until Lajoie left at the end of the 1914 season. 

After Lajoie left, the team looked for a new nickname and settled on "Indians" for the 1915 season, partly in honor of the Boston Braves who had won the 1914 World Series. In more modern times, their nickname was often thought to be a poor choice. It is considered offensive to name a team for a race or ethnic group. However, there was no serious effort to change the name until the 21st century. After growing criticism, the team started to move away from the nickname in 2018, retiring its controversial "Chief Wahoo" logo of a caricatured Native American. In 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the "Indians" name would be retired after the 2021 season. The new nickname of Guardians was announced on July 23, 2021. The name refers to the *Guardians of Traffic*, statues sculpted into pylons of the Hope Memorial Bridge that crosses the Cuyahoga River near downtown Cleveland. The Cleveland Guardians name took effect on November 19, 2021.

In the 1990s, the then-Indians were in the postseason several times.  They made it to the World Series in 1995 and 1997 but lost to the Atlanta Braves and the Florida Marlins respectively.  They returned to the World Series in 2016, and again they lost, this time to the Chicago Cubs in seven games.  In 2017, they set an American League record of winning 22 straight games.  They won 102 games during the season.  However, they lost to the New York Yankees in the Division Series.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Website