open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Protein folding

.]]

**Protein folding** is how a protein gets its functional shape or 'conformation'. It is mainly a self-organising process. Starting from a random , polypeptides fold into their characteristic working shape. The structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.

The stages are:
#Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids. This polypeptide lacks any developed three-dimensional structure (left hand side of the top figure). 
#Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (right hand side of the figure). This is known as the native state. The resulting three-dimensional structure is determined by the amino acid sequence (Anfinsen's dogma).

Without its correct three-dimensional structure a protein does not work. However, some parts of proteins may not fold: this is normal.

If proteins do not fold into their native shape, they are inactive and are usually toxic. Several diseases may be caused by misfolded proteins. Many allergies are caused by the folding of the proteins, for the immune system does not produce antibodies for all possible protein structures.

On 30 November 2020, the protein folding was solved by artificial intelligence company DeepMind.

## Chaperones 
Chaperonins are large proteins which help the folding of some proteins after synthesis. Chaperones in general were first discovered helping histones and DNA join up to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the building blocks for chromosomes. This is the way many cell organelles are built up.

## References
Murder of Polly Klaas

**Polly Klaas** (January 3, 1981 – October 1, 1993) is an American murder victim. She was abducted from her California home by Richard Allen Davis (born 1954) during what had been a slumber party with two other girls. Davis later strangled her. He was convicted of her kidnapping and murder and was given a death sentence. He is on death row. Actress Winona Ryder offered two hundred thousand in reward for the return of Klaas; after Klaas was killed, Ryder dedicated a movie version of *Little Women* for her memory.

## References
Vanessa Hessler

**Vanessa Hessler** (Rome, January 21, 1988) is an American-Italian model and actress.
She began modeling when she was 15. Hessler has appeared in many publications in Italy and Germany.

## Early life 
Hessler's father is American. Her mother is Italian. She lived in Rome until she was 8, then moved to Washington DC. She lived in Rockville, MD as a teenager. In 2002 she returned to Italy. She speaks Italian, English and French. She lives in Rome and Washington.

## Modeling 
Hessler has been in commercials for Baby Star, Nara Camicie and Gilli.

Hessler planned to work in television. In early 2006, she wanted to replace Alessia Marcuzzi to host *Le Iene*. She lost the job to Cristina Chiabotto.

Hessler has appeared in advertising for GUESS, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, L'Oréal, and Ferrero SpA.

In March 2006, she made her debut as a television host at the Festival di Sanremo with Claudia Cedro, Francesca Lancini, and Marta Cecchetto.

Hessler was the face of the DSL brand "Alice" in Germany (a service of Telefónica Europe) until late October 2011. The company chose to end her contract. This was done because of her personal relationship to and public support for the Gaddafi family. The company said that she had "failed to distance herself from her comments on the conflict in Libya."

## References
Flow chart

A **flow chart**, also known as a **flowchart**, is a type of diagram, made of boxes and arrows. It can be used to show:
* An algorithm, a step-by-step list of directions that need to be followed to solve a problem
* A process, a series of stages in time where the last stage is the product, result or goal.
* The planned stages of a project.

The flow chart uses boxes, arrows and other elements: 
* Boxes show the process operations, the various steps and actions.
* Arrows show the order of the steps, and/or different options.
* Other elements representing materials involved, decisions, people, time or process measurements.

## Flowchart building blocks 
### Common Shapes 
The following table shows some of the most common shapes used in flowcharts. Generally, flowcharts are read from top to bottom and left to right. Reading flowcharts can also be called "flowing".
 

## Software
There are many different types of software that deal with making flowcharts. Some types of software allow users to design flowcharts that can be used to help them design a program easier. Other applications can also create programs based on the flowchart that the user designed. Some software that deal with making flowcharts include diagrams.net, Google Drawings, LibreOffice Draw, Microsoft Visio, yEd, Inkscape and Creately.

## Related pages
* Chart
* Diagram

## References
Ahmet Kaya

**Ahmet Kaya** (October 28, 1957  – November 16, 2000) was a singer from Turkey. He was associated with the Kurdish people's independence struggle. His mother is Turkish and his father Kurdish.

In June 2012 the Turkish Association of Magazine Journalists awarded
Ahmet Kaya its Special Prize.

In October 2013 Ahmet Kaya was given the Grand Presidential Prize in Culture and Arts.

## References
John Clive

**John Clive** (6 January 1933 – 14 October 2012) was an English writer, actor and voice talent. He acted in movies as well as on television stage and radio.  Clive had important parts in the movies *Yellow Submarine*, *Carry on Board*, *Carry on Dick*, *The Gnomes of Dulwich*, *Tiffany Jones*, and *Clockwork Orange*.

Clive was born on January 6, 1933 in North London, England. Clive died on October 14, 2012 from a short illness in his home in England, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Anfinsen's dogma

'''Anfinsen's dogma''' is a hypothesis in molecular biology suggested by Christian Anfinsen. The idea is that a protein folding into its native structure is done automatically by the protein's amino acid sequence. It is only true for some proteins. For other proteins, chaperones are needed.

Anfinsen shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease A. The dogma suggests that, in the conditions at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique and stable state.
There are three conditions:
;*uniqueness*: requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy.
;*stability*: small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration.
;*kinetical accessibility*: means the final shape can be got without going through any highly complex changes in the shape (like knots, for example).

How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, which has a related dogma called Levinthal's paradox. The Levinthal paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large, such that even a small protein of 100 residues would require more time than the universe has existed to explore all possible conformations (1026 seconds) and choose the appropriate one.

Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.

## References
540

## Events 
* Emperor Kimmei, reign of 29th emperor of Japan starts (540-571)
* Vitiges of the Ostrogoths surrendered to the Byzantine army.

## Births
* Pope Gregory I (approximate date)

## References
Smedestraat 33

**Smedestraat 33** is a door in the city of Haarlem in the country of the Netherlands. It is a historic place in The Netherlands. It was built in late 17th century. In the past, the door was the entrance to two homes. Now it just opens to one. 

## References
Patricia Clarkson

**Patricia Clarkson** (December 29 1959) is an American actress. She has received an Emmy Award. She has appeared in many movie. These include *The Green Mile*, *The Untouchables* and *Far from Heaven*. She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Tokyo Imperial Palace

is the official home of the Emperor of Japan. It is the site of the old Edo castle. 

The Imperial Palace is in the Chiyoda area near to Tokyo Station.

The *kōkyo* is a large park-like space in central Tokyo.  

The palace complex has several buildings. including the main palace (.  There are also the private homes of the imperial family and the offices of the Imperial Household Agency.

## History
Traditionally, the home of the emperor is called a palace.  The location of the palace has been considered the capital city of Japan.  Since 1868, the center of the government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home has been Tokyo. From 794 through 1868, the emperor lived in Kyoto.  

## Related pages 
* Ryūgū-jō
* Asuka, Yamato#Imperial Palaces

## References
All Smiles Dental Centers

**All Smiles Dental Centers** is a company that manages dental offices in Texas. Its headquarters are in Farmers Branch, Texas. In September 2012 All Smiles had 20 clinics in Texas. The people who go to the clinics are mostly poor Hispanic children.

Dr. Richard Malouf started All Smiles in 2002. After the U.S. Supreme Court told the State of Texas that it did not give enough money to give dental care to poor children, five years before 2012 the State of Texas began spending $1.4 million more money on dental care for poor children. All Smiles began a braces program and began spending a lot of money, given by the Texas government, on braces for children. Malouf and his wife, Leanne, had a lot of rich things, like a mansion, two fancy cars, and two company jets.

In 2012 the State of Texas began trying to find out if All Smiles lied and took too much government money. The federal government accused All Smiles of cheating in the dental program, and so All Smiles promised to be honest in a contract written with the federal government. In July 2012 the company closed many braces offices and told patients that they could no longer go to All Smiles for braces.

## Related pages
* Small Smiles Dental Centers
* ReachOut Healthcare America

## Sources
## Other websites
* All Smiles Dental Centers
Lenore Romney

**Lenore LaFount Romney** (born **Lenore LaFount**, November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was an American politician and actress. She was the wife of businessman and politician George Romney and the First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.

She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in 1970 from Michigan. Her youngest son, Mitt Romney, is the former Governor of Massachusetts and the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.

## Early life
Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School. While there,  she developed an interest in drama and met George Romney.

She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University,  from the latter in 1929. She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood where she became a bit player.

## Career
She acted in some movies with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931. The couple had four children together. She was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics. She ran for the United States senate, but lost the election.

## Death
Romney died on July 7, 1998 in Royal Oak, Michigan from a stroke, aged 89. She was buried next to her husband at the Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

## References
## Other websites
* "Lenore", the half-hour film from the 1970 U.S. Senate campaign 
* Finding Aid for Lenore LaFount Romney Papers, 1960–1974 at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Kabir Bakul

**Kabir Bakul** (born November 21, 1966) is a lyricist from  Bangladesh. He has also worked as a journalist. He earned the National Film Award as the Best Lyricist at 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. Kabir Bakul was born on November 21, 1966 in Chandpur District. His wife is singer Dinat Jahan Munni. They have two daughters, Prerona and Protikkha, and a son, Procchod. At present, he is working at Maasranga Television as Head of Event and Planning. In 1994, he wrote a song for the movie “Ogni Sontan”. For this song he was nominated for the Best Lyricist at the Bangladesh Film Director Samity Awards.

## Songs 
Kabir Bakul has written poems since he was young. He started writing song lyrics in 1988. That year, he wrote 13 songs for singer Tapan Chowdhury. From those songs, two were released on albums. The first song was "Kal sara raat tomari kakon jeno mone mone rinijhini bejeche". The singer was Ayub Bacchu.

## Popular songs 
### From movies 
# Jai din jai ekaki
# Keu prem kore keu preme pore
# Amar majhe nei ekhon ami
# Dukkhotake dilam chute
# Asbar kale aslam eka
# Akash chuyese matike
# Eto valobeso na amay
# Lajuk patar moto lojjaboti
# Tomare dekhilo porano voriya
# Ekta chad chara raat aadhar kalo

### On albums 
# Keno ei nissongota
# Bestota amake dey na oboshor
# Kal maiya kal boila
# Prithibir moto ridoytake
# Priyar moner kotha bidhata jane
# Dekhle tomay monta amar chomke jai
# Ful joto sundor hoy na keno

## Teleflim & Drama 
Kabir Bakul wrote a drama named *Goodbye America*. It was broadcast July 2012 on Eid program. His second drama, *Kajoler Ontordan* was broadcast October 2012 on RTV.

## Awards & Felicitation 
* National Film Award 2008, 2009,2010, 2013
* Bangladesh Cholochittro Sangbadik Samity (BCSS) 1998, 2006
* Bangladesh Projojok samity award, 2001
* Binodon Bichitra Award 2009
* Channel I-Citycell Music Award 2004
* London Bangla Chanel Award 2010
* Chandpur New Work Association Felicitation 2004
* Chandpur Press Club Felicitation
* Choturonggo (Drama Group) Felicitation

## References
Marisa Miller

**Marisa Lee Miller** (born August 6, 1978), née **Berdetta**, is an American model.  She is best known for being in the *Sports Illustrated* Swimsuit Issues and her work for lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret.

## Life
Marisa was born in Santa Cruz, California. Her parents were Krista and Marc Bertetta. She was shy but enjoyed sports, particularly surfing. When she was 16, modelling agents from Italy met her in a San Francisco café and asked Miller to be a model. After talking with her mother she decided to try working as a model. In the 1990s, fashion models were tall and very thin, and Miller thought that she might be too short and curvy to be successful as a model. 

In 2000, she married Jim Miller, a businessman and lifeguard who ran a surfing competitions. They separated in 2002, but she continued to use Miller as her name for work because that was the name she was best known by when she became famous. 

In 2001 she became much more successful after she worked  with famous Italian fashion photographer Mario Testino, which led to her photos appearing in Vogue magazine in both the American and Italian editions. She is best known for being in the *Sports Illustrated* magazine Swimsuit Issues and appeared in the magazine each year from 2002 to 2008. In 2008 she appeared on the cover of the magazine. She often worked in modelling underwear for Victoria's Secret, and in 2009, she was specially chosen to wear a bra made with diamonds that cost $3 million. 

She has appeared in many other magazines, such as GQ, Maxim, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, Elle, and Vanity Fair. She has appeared in advertisements for companies including Marc Jacobs, Tommy Hilfiger, Andrew Marc, Victoria's Secret, J.Crew, Guess?, and Nordstrom. 

Maxim magazine called her "the return of the great American supermodel."

## References
George Romney

**George Wilcken Romney** (July 8, 1907 &ndash; July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician. He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962. He served the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969. He was also the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973.

He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, and current United States Senator Mitt Romney. He was also the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney. In 1968, he ran for president, but lost to Richard Nixon.

## Biography
Romney was born to American parents living in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico on July 8, 1907. The events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child. The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah, where they struggled during the Great Depression. Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any. In 1939 he moved to Detroit, Michigan.

## Marriage and children
On July 2, 1931, he married Lenore Romney. They would later have four children, Lynn Romney, Jane Romney, Mitt Romney, and G. Scott Romney. His granddaughter from Scott Romney, Ronna Romney McDaniel, is the current chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.

## Death
Romney died on July 26, 1995 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from a heart attack, aged 88. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

## References
## Other websites
* Boston Globe Magazine, Lessons of the Father
* Video of George W. Romney defending his success, NBC, 1967
*George Romney photo essay
Governor of Michigan

The **Governor of Michigan** is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Michigan. The current Governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party.

## Gubernatorial elections and term of office
From the time the state was created until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor took office the next January. Until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was created in 1850 and took effect in 1851. Because of this, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. After this, elections were held on even years.

The constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governor's term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, elections for governor have been two years before U.S. Presidential elections (for example, Presidential elections were in 2000 and 2004, elections for governor were in 1998 and 2002). The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year after the election.

In 1992, a change to the Michigan constitution said that a person could only be governor for two terms. Before this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve. John Engler, the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term took place before the change was made. Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002.

## History of the office
, the first governor of Michigan]]
Forty-eight people have been governor of the state. Before becoming a state, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigan's first governor, also served as a territorial governor. He was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history.

Jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1, 2003. She served for 8 years, until January 1, 2011.

## List of governors
## References
Anisul Hoque

**Anisul Hoque** (; born March 4, 1965) is a Bangladeshi author, novelist, dramatist, and journalist. Hoque was born in Rangpur in 1965. His father was Mofazzal Hoque. His mother is Mst Anwara Begum. Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, trained as a civil engineer. He is currently working as a journalist. Currently, Hoque is working as an Associate Editor of a Bengali language daily, Prothom Alo.

## Literary works
### Poetry
**Khola Chithi Sundarer Kachhe*
**Jalrang Padya*
**Asale Ayur Cheye Baro Shaadh Tar Akash Dekhar*
**Tomake Bhabna Kori*

### Novels
**Kheya* (*The Ferryboat*) (1996)
**Ondhokarer Eksho Bochhor* (*One Hundred Years in Darkness*) (1995)
**Fand* (*Trap*) (1997)
**Bristibondhu* (*The Rain Friend*) (1997)
**Amar Ekta Dukhkho Achhe*  (*I have a Sorrow*) (1999) 
**Se* (*The Person*) (2002)
**Maa* (*Mother*) (2003) ''* 
**Abar Tora Kipte Ho* **
**Dushwapner Jatri* (2006) **
**Khuda o Bhalobashar Galpo*
**Nandini* (2006) **
**Alo Andhokare Jai* (2007)
**Dhukhpari Shukhpari* (*Fairy of Sadness Fairy of Happiness*)
**Trap* (translated from Bangla to English by Inam Ahmed, published by Indian Age, **)

### Television drama
**Ekannoborti*
**Choruibhati*
**Naal Piran* (*Red Shirt*)
**Korimon Bewa*
**Ghure Daranor Swapno*
**69*
**No Man's Land*
**Nikhoj Shongbad*

### Filmography
#### Script writer
**Bachelor*, 2004 
**Made in Bangladesh* (directed by Mostafa Sarwar Farooki)
**Third Person Singular Number*
**Swapnodanay* (*On the Wings of Dreams*) (2007)

## Awards
*Bangla Academy Award, 2012
*CitiBank Ananda Alo Award for Best Novel 2009
* Khalekdad Chowdhury Literature Award 1415
**Television'', a film script jointly written by Mostofa Sarwar Farooki and Anisul Hoque, has received Asian Cinema Fund (script development), provided by South Korea's Pusan Film Festival
*Euro Shishu Shahitya Award 2006
*BACHSAS Award for Best Sreenplay
*TENASINAS Award for Best Screenplay

## References
## Other websites
*Natok By Anisul Haque 
*Anisul Haque Ebook
*Bangladeshi writer anisul hoque home page 
*Books of Anisul Haque published in different publications 
*Bangladeshi Novels home page 
*Interview, from Voice of America, July, 2006.
*anisul hoque 
* Bangladeshi Author Anisul Hoque Explores Craft of Writing in Iowa 
* Sample of works by Anisul Hoque 
* Bio of writers: IWP 2010 
* Why I write the way I write
Leaf-cutter ant

**Leafcutter ant** is the general name for any of 47 species of leaf-chewing ants of the two genera ***Atta*** and ***Acromyrmex***.  
These species of tropical, fungus-growing ants are all endemic to South and Central America, Mexico and parts of the southern United States.  Leafcutter ants "cut and process fresh vegetation (leaves, flowers, and grasses) to serve as nutrition for their fungal cultivars".

The *Acromyrmex* and *Atta* ants have much in common anatomically; however, the two can be identified by their external differences.  *Atta* ants have three pairs of spines and a smooth exoskeleton on the upper surface of the thorax, while *Acromyrmex* ants have four pairs and a rough exoskeleton.

Next to humans, leafcutter ants form the largest and most complex animal societies on Earth.  In a few years, the central mound of their underground nests can grow to more than  across, with smaller, radiating mounds extending out to a radius of , taking up  and containing eight million individuals.

Once on the ground, the female loses her wings and searches for a suitable underground lair in which to found her colony. The success rate of these young queens is very low, and only 2.5% will go on to establish a long-lived colony. To start her own fungus garden, the queen stores bits of the parental fungus garden mycelium in a pocket in  her mouth.

### Colony hierarchy
In a mature leafcutter colony, ants are divided into castes, based mostly on size, that do different work.  *Acromyrmex* and *Atta* show a high degree of biological polymorphism, with four castes in established colonies - minims, minors, mediae and majors.  Majors are also known as soldiers.  *Atta* ants are more polymorphic than *Acromyrmex*, meaning there is comparatively less difference in size from the smallest to largest types of *Acromymex*.

* Minims are the smallest workers, and look after the growing brood or care for the fungus gardens.  Head width is less than 1&nbsp;mm.
* Minors are slightly larger than minim workers, and are present in large numbers in and around foraging columns. These ants are the first line of defense. They continuously patrol the surrounding terrain and vigorously attack any enemies that threaten the foraging lines. Head width is around 1.8-2.2&nbsp;mm.
* Mediae are the foragers which cut leaves and bring the leaf fragments back to the nest. 
* Majors, the largest worker ants, act as soldiers, defending the nest from intruders. They also do other things, like clearing the main foraging trails of large debris and carrying bulky items back to the nest. The largest soldiers (*Atta laevigata*) may have body lengths up to 16&nbsp;mm and head widths of 7&nbsp;mm.

## Life-style 
"Leaf-cutter ants are the major forest herbivores in Central America and consume more plant matter than all the vertebrate herbivores put together. Their subterranean nests can be vast and home to many millions of ants and they have a really neat defence system where minor workers ride shotgun on top of the leaf loads carried by the major workers and fend off the attacks of parasitic flies". George McGavin.

## References
Lois Griffin

**Lois Griffin** is a character in the television comedy *Family Guy*.

## Information 
She is the wife of Peter Griffin. They have three children, Meg, Chris, and Stewie. They are an American family and Lois has a New Yorker accent. Alex Borstein does her voice. Lois to was to a rich family and her parents are Carter and Babs Pewterschmidt.  

Lois has one sister, Carol, and one brother named Patrick, who she didn't know existed until she saw an photo from her childhood, taken on Christmas day. Patrick was taken away to a Mental hospital as a child.
Demographics

**Demographics** are statistical information about human populations (groups of people).  Sociology, demography, marketing, business, and other studies use the information from people who study demographics.  Some demographics that many demographers study are gender, race, jobs, and location (where people live).

*Demographic trends* are changes in those areas. For example, if a city was half women and half men in 1940 and was more than half women in 1980, and the number of women kept going up, that would be a demographic trend.

## Related pages
* Demography
* Sociology
Louis-Frédéric

**Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum** (1923 – 1996), also known as **Louis Frédéric** or **Louis-Frédéric**,  was a French scholar, art historian, writer, translator and editor.  He was a specialist in the cultures of Asia, especially India and Japan.

## Early life
Louis-Frédéric was born in Paris in 1923.  He studied at the Sorbonne and the École pratique des hautes études.

## Career
Louis-Frédéric wrote many books on India, Japan and Southeast Asia.

He was the editor of the 10-volume *Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations* which was published in eight editions in English between 1977 and 1987.

Louis-Frédéric's *Japan encyclopedia* was published in six editions in English and French between 1996 and 2005.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 170 works in 337 publications in 14 languages and 7,762 library holdings.
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* ''L'Inde: ses temples, ses sculptures*, 1959
* *Sud-Est asiatique: Temples et Sculptures*, 1964
* *La danse sacrée de l'Inde*, 
* *Japon: arts et civilisation*, 1969
* *La vie quotidienne au Japon à l'époque des Samurai (1185-1603)*, 1969
* *Tôkyô*, 1970
* *Le Shintô, esprit et religion du Japon*, 1972
* *Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations* (10 vol.), 1977-1984
* *La vie quotidienne au Japon au début de l'ère moderne (1868-1912)*,1984
* *Japon, l'empire éternel*, 1985
* *Japon intime*, 1986
* *Dictionnaire de la civilisation indienne*, 1987
* *A dictionary of the martial art*, 1991
* *L'Art de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud-Est*, 1994
* *Les Dieux du bouddhisme*, 1996
* *Le Japon, dictionnaire et civilisation*, 1996
* *Histoire de l'Inde et des Indiens'', 1996

## References
## Other websites
* Frédéric, Louis (1923-1996) at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
The Black Cauldron (movie)

***The Black Cauldron*** is a 1985 American animated dark fantasy movie produced by Walt Disney Productions. It is based on the first two books in *The Chronicles of Prydain* by Lloyd Alexander, a series of five novels which in turn is based on Welsh mythology.

The Black Cauldron was the first Disney animated movie to be rated PG. It was the first Disney animated movie released under the Walt Disney Pictures name. The Black Cauldron was the last Disney animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions. Following the Disney split, Walt Disney Productions was succeeded by Walt Disney Feature Animation.

The movie is directed by Ted Berman and Richard Rich. They directed the previous Disney animated movie *The Fox and the Hound*.

## Reception 
It was not very popular when it was first released.  Now it has become a cult movie. It cost $25 million to make. It earned only $21 million at the North American box office. It is said to be one of the worst box-office failures from Walt Disney Animation Studios.

## Story 
In the land of Prydain, an old enchanter named Dallben thinks that the Horned King wants his pig, Hen Wen, who has oracular powers, to locate the Black Cauldron, which has evil powers. He tells Taran, a farm boy, to take Hen Wen to safety but the pig is captured by dragons.

Taran follows them to the Horned King's castle and meets a dog-gibbon hybrid creature named Gurgi, who wants to be his friend. Taran helps Hen Wen escape but is captured and thrown into the dungeon. He meets Princess Eilonwy and she frees him. Along with a third prisoner, the elderly Fflewddur Fflam, they escape and are found by Gurgi. 

Following Hen Wen's trail, the group stumbles into the underground kingdom of the Fair Folk, who have Hen Wen under their protection. They learn the cauldron is held by three witches. The witches give them the cauldron and take the magic sword. The witches reveal the cauldron can only be destroyed when someone willingly climbs into it, which will kill them. 

Taran, Eilonwy and Fflewddur are captured by the Horned King's minions. The Horned King uses the cauldron to raise an army of skeleton warriors. Gurgi jumps into the Cauldron. This kills Gurgi but also kills the undead warriors. The Cauldron's magical powers kill the Horned King. The three witches come to take back the Black Cauldron and they bring Gurgi back to life.

## Cast 
* Grant Bardsley as Taran
* Susan Sheridan as Princess Eilonwy
* Nigel Hawthorne as Fflewddur Fflam
* John Byner as Gurgi/Doli
* John Hurt as the Horned King
* Freddie Jones as Dallben
* Arthur Malet as King Eidilleg
* Eda Reiss Merin as Orddu
* Adele Malis-Morey as Orwen
* Billie Hayes as Orgoch
* Phil Fondacaro as Creeper
* John Huston as the Narrator
* Brandon Call as Fairy #1
* Gregory Levinson as Fairy #2
* Lindsay Rich as Fairy #3

## References
Dave Pasch

**Dave Pasch** (b. 1972) is an American sportscaster.  Pasch works for ESPN. He calls play-by-play of NBA, WNBA, college football, college basketball and Arena football games. He has also been the radio voice for the Arizona Cardinals of the NFL since 2002, teaming with Ron Wolfley.  In 2007, Pasch called the Little League World Series.

## References
* Dave Pasch's ESPN Bio
Fantasia 2000

***Fantasia 2000*** is a 2000 American animated movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a sequel to *Fantasia* (1940). Like the original movie, it has animated segments set to pieces of classical music. ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'' is the only segment that is in both movies. In fact, Fantasia 2000 was Disney's last animated anthology movie to date.

The soundtrack was performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra with conductor James Levine. A group of celebrities introduce each segment in live-action scenes. The celebrities include Steve Martin, Itzhak Perlman, Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, James Earl Jones, Penn & Teller, James Levine, and Angela Lansbury.

*Fantasia 2000* was shown at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999. It was part of a five-city concert tour, with performances in London, Paris, Tokyo and Pasadena, California. An exclusive release in IMAX theatres followed from January 1 to April 30, 2000. It became Disney's first animated feature-length movie in the IMAX format and the first animated movie in the format overall. *Fantasia 2000* was opened in the United States on June 16, 2000. It has earned $90.8 million in gross revenue worldwide.

Fantasia 2000 was 1 of 2 Disney animated anthology movies released under the rating system, along with The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.

Fantasia 2000 was the first Disney animated movie to be released on home video in the same year as it's theatrical release.

## *Rhapsody in Blue*
*Rhapsody in Blue* is the first *Fantasia* segment with music from the American composer George Gershwin. It originated in 1995, when director and animator Eric Goldberg approached Al Hirschfeld about the idea of an animated short set to Gershwin's composition in the style of Hirschfeld's illustrations. Hirschfeld agreed to serve as artistic consultant and allowed the animators to use and adapt his previous works for the segment. Goldberg's wife Susan was art director. Duke is named after jazz artist Duke Ellington. The bottom of his toothpaste tube reads "NINA", an Easter egg referencing Hirschfeld's daughter Nina. Rachel was designed after the Goldbergs' daughter and John is based on animation historian and author John Culhane and Hirschfeld's caricature of Alexander Woollcott. Goldberg took Hirschfeld's original illustration of Gershwin and animated it to make him play the piano. Featured in the crowd emerging from the hotel are depictions of Brooks Atkinson and Hirschfeld, along with his wife Dolly Haas. The segment was completed five months ahead of schedule from December 14, 1998 to May 8, 1999. The animators from the production hiatus of *Kingdom of the Sun* were reassigned to work on the segment. Despite this, the sequence was so chromatically complex that the rendering process using the CAPS system delayed work on *Tarzan*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Small Smiles Dental Centers

]]
**Small Smiles Dental Centers** (called **Church Street Health Management** and previously called **FORBA**) is a company that manages dental offices in the United States for poor people. Small Smiles has 70 centers in 22 states and Washington, DC. It has its headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee. The clinics are called many names, including '''Children's Dental Clinic**, **Indian Springs Dental Clinic**, **Oklahoma Smiles**, **Small Smiles Dentistry**, **Texas Smiles**, and **Wild Smiles'''.

## History
The clinic comes from a dental clinic in Pueblo, Colorado that was started in 1928. The DeRose family and Dr. William Mueller owned the company.

In 2003 Michael DeRose, one of the DeRoses, bought a very expensive house in Pueblo for $3.4 million. The offices also did lots of dental work on the children and put a lot of crowns on the children's teeth, so the Colorado government said that the clinics could only place a specified number crowns for each day. In 2006 the DeRose family sold the company to new owners.

In 2007 a news reporter named Roberta Baskin filmed the inside of a Small Smiles clinic. The film showed children screaming as the dentists did work on them, as the children were held in papoose boards. The main dentist said that, in one time, they often did six or more baby root canals on a child. He also said the clinic had goals to do a certain amount of dental work so the clinic could make money. The news report went on television and people began filing lawsuits against Small Smiles. A woman from Kentucky named Debbie Hagan started a blog that was against Small Smiles and what it did. Journalists and people from the New York State government talked to Hagan to learn about what was happening. On November 14, 2008, Small Smiles sued Hagan, In February 2012 Small Smiles asked for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection.

## Related pages
* All Smiles Dental Centers
* ReachOut Healthcare America

## Sources
## Other websites
* Small Smiles Dental Centers website 
* Church Street Health Management website 
* U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
** "CORPORATE INTEGRITY AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AND FORBA HOLDINGS, LLC." ( )
** March 13, 2012 amendment( )
** May 15, 2012 amendment( )
* WJLA-TV "ABC 7 TEAM Investigation: Small Smiles Dentistry."
** "I-Team: Small Smiles." Monday November 5, 2007.
** "I-Team: Investigation Changes Dental Care Procedures in Maryland."
*Letterfrom United States Senator Chuck Grassley ( )
* Colorado State Board of Dental Examiners
**"Before the State Board of Dental Examiners State of Colorado Case No. 2004-000131 Cease and Desist Order To: Edward DeRose, D.D.S.." ( )
**"Before the State Board of Dental Examiners State of Colorado Case No. 2004-000132 Cease and Desist Order To: Michael DeRose, D.D.S.." ( )
**"Before the State Board of Dental Examiners State of Colorado Case Nos. 2005-001705, 2006-00302 Stipulation and Final Agency Order." ( )
* Dentist the Menace - Debbie Hagan's blog
Espadrille

**Espadrilles** are flat casual shoes or high heel sandals usually consisting of canvas or cotton fabric uppers and flexible sole made of jute, a natural fiber with vulcanized rubber underneath. These are worn primarily by women, although men wear the shoes also. These shoes are usually manufactured in Bangladesh and Spain. The soles of an espadrille are usually flat or platform wedge shape. These shoes are usually closed toed and closed backed, although some are open. Espadrilles can be easily slipped on the foot.

## Classic espadrilles
Closed toe canvas upper with flat wedge sole made of jute braids are the most popular casual espadrilles known as *Classic* or *Cotheeka Basic* espadrilles in the world. Different colored cotton or jute canvas uppers are used for this style of espadrille that made it very popular among the women as well as men. Striped canvas uppers are also used for these shoes.

## Fashion espadrilles
High wedge jute sole with uppers of different materials like fabrics, leather etc. are used to make *Fashion espadrilles* which are also very popular among the women. Super models put on these style of espadrilles at fashion shows. These espadrilles are also known as *Party espadrilles*. Almost all the designer brands of Europe and North America design these styles of espadrilles.
Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen

**Ernst Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen** (Gotha, 21 August 1681 &ndash; Hildburghausen, 9 March 1724), was a duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. He was the oldest son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck.

When he was younger, he served in the Netherlands army. He was wounded in the Spanish Succession War at Höchstädt. In 1715, after the death of his father, he left the Army and governed the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

Like many German princes, He wanted his duchy to have the splendor of the court of the King Louis XIV of France. This caused him to be ruined financially.

Because he always needed money,  he raised taxes and sold towns. He sold the county of Cuylenburg which was the dowry of his wife. The county was sold in 1720. He did not sell it to pay any money he owed to others. It was sold so that a garden and a channel could be built in his palace. In 1723 the Schalkau was sold to the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. At the time, Schalkau had city privileges, and the right to hold a market. What was sold was an administrative division, much like a county, only smaller, which included Schalkau. The sale without the agreement of his wife was illegal. This led to a war with Saxe-Meiningen. At the end of the war, all of the county was ruined.

Because of his very bad taxes, in 1717 an open revolt took place in the duchy.

## Family
Ernst Frederick married Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach in Erbach on 4 February 1704. They had fourteen children:
# Ernst Ludwig Hollandinus (b. Hildburghausen, 24 November 1704 – d. Hildburghausen, 26 November 1704)
# Sophie Amalie Elisabeth (b. Hildburghausen, 5 October 1705 – d. Hildburghausen, 28 February 1708)
# Ernst Ludwig (b. Hildburghausen, 6 February 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 17 April 1707)
# Ernst Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (b. Hildburghausen, 17 December 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 13 August 1745)
# Frederick August (b. Hildburghausen, 8 May 1709 – d. Hildburghausen, 1710)
# Ludwig Frederick (b. Hildburghausen, 11 September 1710 – d. Nimwegen, 10 June 1759), married on 4 May 1749 to Christine Luise von Holstein-Plön. This marriage was childless.
# Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 2 August 1711)
# Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 24 August 1712)
# Elisabeth Albertine (b. Hildburghausen, 3 August 1713 – d. Neustrelitz, 29 June 1761), married on 5 May 1735 to Karl Ludwig Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Herr of Mirow.
# Emanuel Frederick Karl (b. Hildburghausen, 26 March 1715 – d. Hildburghausen, 29 June 1718)
# Elisabeth Sophie (b. Hildburghausen, 13 September 1717 – d. Hildburghausen, 14 October 1717)
# Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 17 March 1719)
# Georg Frederick Wilhelm (b. Hildburghausen, 15 July 1720 – d. Hildburghausen, 10 April 1721)
# Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 15 December 1721)
Edo-Tokyo Museum

The  is a museum of the history of Tokyo during he Edo period.  It was established in 1993. 

The permanent exhibition includes a replica of the Nihonbashi and  scale models of the city.

The museum was designed by Kiyonori Kikutake.

The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum is a branch of the Edo-Tokyo Museum.

## Gallery

File:Matsudaira residence Edo P3.jpg|Looking down at architectural model of an Edo period residence
File:Edo-tokyo Museum.JPG|Looking at model showing an Edo period street scene
File:Tokyo 2016 Edo-Tokyo Museum.jpg|Banners promoting the Tokyo bid to host the 2016 Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* Edo-Tokyo Museum website
Okayama Prefectural Museum

is a museum in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.  The museum is in the city of Okayama.

The collection includes important historical objects from the local area.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.pref.okayama.jp/kyoiku/kenhaku/English.htm
French Indochina

**French Indochina** was a region in Southeast Asia that belonged to the French colonial empire. France gradually took control of the region in the middle 19th century and in 1887 federated the various protectorates and other states under their control, creating French Indochina. It consisted of modern day Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos. It was disestablished following the independence of the Kingdom of Laos and the 1st Kingdom of Cambodia in 1954, and the partition of Vietnam between the China backed Hanoi government in the North of Ho Chi Minh, and the American backed Saigon government in the South of Bao Dai, and later Ngo Dinh Diem, causing the outbreak of the Second Indochina War.
Kyushu Ceramic Museum

The  is a  museum in Arita, which is a town in Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is one of Japan's many museums which are supported by a prefecture. 

The museum features objects which were made in Arita in the Edo period.

## References 
## Other websites
*Kyushu Ceramics Museum website
ReachOut Healthcare America

**ReachOut Healthcare America** (**RHA**) is an American company that manages dental clinics. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona. Under the name "**Big Smiles**," it coordinates dentist vans that go to American schools and do dental checkups and dental work on poor children. 

## History
Michael Howell and Daniel Goldsmith started the ReachOut company in 1997. At first the company managed dental checkups and dental work for people in nursing homes in Michigan. The company later began organizing dental care for schools, foster programs, group homes, homeless shelters, and mental health facilities by late 2003.

In October 2011, boy in a Camp Verde, Arizona had dental work done by a dentist linked with ReachOut. The boy said it hurt. His mother, Stacey Gagnon, said that the dentist did dental work on the boy without asking the parents if it was okay.

ReachOut used to send dentists to schools in the Clark County School District, the biggest school district in the state of Nevada. In December 2011 the district stopped working with ReachOut.

Ken Tucker, a reporter for the newspaper *Arizona Republic*, wrote that ReachOut did not give good care after the dental work was done because the dentists only came to the school twice a year. A mobile dentist who worked with ReachOut, Derryl Brian, said that the dentists under ReachOut had, since 2006, done screenings and work on 80,000 children. Brian said that a lot of people liked what they did.

## Related pages
* All Smiles Dental Centers
* Small Smiles Dental Centers

## Sources
## Other websites
*ReachOut Healthcare America 
* Big Smiles Dental (Alternate link) - operated by ReachOut
* Reach Out Healthcare America ." Moriarty Leyendecker (law company that is suing ReachOut)
* Collins, Katie. "Big Smiles dentists visits Thomson Primary School." *Brush News-Tribune*. April 17, 2012.
Arita, Saga

is a Japanese town in Saga on the island of Kyushu.

The town is best known for making porcelain and other ceramics.

## Geography
Arita is in the western part of Saga Prefecture.  It is on the border with Nagasaki Prefecture.

## Related pages 
* Kyushu Ceramic Museum

## References
## Other websites
* Arita town website
Peer Gynt

**Peer Gynt** is a dramatic poem by Henrik Ibsen, written in 1867. Ibsen based this work on Norse fairy tales written by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen.  Asbjørnsen had written these stories about 1848-1850. Ibsen wrote the poem to analyse and criticize the romantic nationalist movement that was present in Norway during that time. 

Originally, Peer Gynt was a poem, but Ibsen later adapted it to be a stage play. Edvard Grieg composed the original music for the stage. The first performance was on 24 February 1876, in Christiania, modern-day Oslo. The musical score for the play is made of 26 pieces. In 1888 and 1891, Grieg took eight pieces, and comined them into two suites, of four pieces each. These are known as the Peer Gynt Suites today, and are widely known.

Many movies were made about the subject, the first in 1915.
Jake LaMotta

**Giacobbe "Jake" LaMotta** (July 10, 1922 &ndash; 19 September 2017), nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" and "The Raging Bull," was an American retired professional boxer and former World Middleweight Champion. He was played by Robert De Niro in the 1980 movie *Raging Bull*.

LaMotta was an Italian-American. He was born on July 10, 1921 in The Bronx, New York City. He has been married six times. He has four daughters.

LaMotta died on September 19, 2017 at a retirement home in Aventura, Florida from complications of pneumonia at 95 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Asteria

In Greek mythology, **Asteria** (Ancient Greek: Ἀστερία - "of the stars" or "[the] starry one") was the Titan goddess of falling stars and nocturnal divination, such as astrology. Asteria was part of the second generation of Titans, the daughter of Koios and Phoebe, and sister of Leto. She is the wife of the Titan Perses, by whom she is the mother of Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft. When Zeus began to lust for her, Asteria escaped his advances by leaping into the sea and becoming the floating island Delos, upon which her sister Leto eventually gave birth to the twins Apollo and Artemis. As such, she is often labelled "Delos" on Athenian vase-painting.

## References