open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Linares, Chile

**Linares** is a Chilean city and commune in the Maule Region, in the Chilean Central Valley. Linares is the capital city of the province of Linares.

## History
Linares was founded on 23 May 1794, as the "Villa de San Ambrosio de Linares" by Ambrosio O'Higgins, father of Bernardo O'Higgins. O'Higgins was then "Captain General" (a military governor) of Chile and Francisco de la Mata Linares was the Governor of Concepción.

In 1873, the province of Linares was created from the old province of Maule; it had three departments: Linares, Parral and Loncomilla.

In 1927, Linares was eliminated as a province and became part of the new province of Maule but, in 1936, Linares was made again a province with the same departments. When the regions were created in 1975, the Maule region was formed with the Curicó, Linares, Maule and Talca provinces.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Linares is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Linares is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Main sights
The city and its surroundings have many attractions, for example:

* The **Cathedral Church of San Ambrosio** de Linares. The Cathedral of Linares was built after the old cathedral had been destroyed by an earthquake..
* The **Corazón de María ("Heart of Mary") church: a church declared a National Monument for its Gothic style and beauty
* The **Museo de Arte y Artesanía''' (Museum of Arts and Crafts)

Some natural attractions in the surrounding area include the piedmont of the Andes mountains, with forests of pines and other trees; lakes (the artificial Colbún lake); rivers, and good camping and hiking areas.

## Economy
Linares is an important agricultural, industrial and financial center of the region.

## Administration 
The mayor of Linares is Mario Meza Vásquez (RN).

The members of the communal council are the following:

* Christian González Monsalve (RN)
* Cinthia Labraña Villalobos (RN) 
* Favio Vargas Aguilera (RN)
* Luis Concha Guerrero (Ind-RN)
* Leonardo Alfaro Valdés (PLR)
* Marcelo Campos Vergara (Ind-D)
* Eduardo Ibáñez Núñez (Ind-PPD)
* Lenin Fuentes Barros (PCCh)

## Related pages 
*Communes of Chile
*Provinces of Chile
*List of mayors of Linares (Chile)

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website 
* Province of Linares website 
* Municipality of Linares
Cancioneiro Geral

***Cancioneiro Geral*** (that means "The General Book of Songs") is an  (collection) of Portuguese poetry organized by the poet Garcia de Resende (1470-1536). The book was published in 1516. It contains poems by Portuguese authors of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the largest collection of Portuguese poetry, written mostly in Portuguese but also in Castilian. It contains about 1000 poems by 286 authors and covers a variety of subjects. The book was republished in 1846 Stuttgart, Germany. It was edited by Eduard Heinrich von Kausler. Francisco de Sá de Miranda's poems were included into Cancioneiro Geral. Cancioneiro Geral can be compared to Carmina Burana or Tottel’s Miscellany.

The *Songbook* follows the models of Castilian poems compilations performed earlier, as the *Songbook of Baena* 1445 and the *General Songbook* of Hernando del Castillo, published in 1511. [ 2 ] Garcia de Resende (c.1470-1536), who was a poet , chronicler and courtier in the court of D. Manuel I , gathered a set of almost a thousand poems of 286 authors, of which about 150 are written in Castilian and the rest in Portuguese. [ 2 ] The production period of poems ranges from the mid-fifteenth century to the early sixteenth century. [ 3 ]Unlike the Castilian songbook of 1511, the poems of the Portuguese work are not arranged by themes. [ 4 ]

The work of Resende was published for the first time in 1516, in the workshop of Hermão de Campos , and is dedicated to Prince John, future John III of Portugal . [ 3 ] The themes reveal a palatial character of poetry, on the day to day in court, and other religious themes, loving, elegiac , and some attempts to epic poetry . [ 3 ]Unlike the time troubadour , when poetry was meant to be sung and bailada, the poems of *Cancioneiro* are autonomous, and the pace is achieved by the sound of words and the Organizationverses and stanzas . [ 2 ]

Among the many authors include João Roiz de Castel-Branco , Sá de Miranda , Bernardim Ribeiro and Garcia de Resende himself. [ 2 ]

## References
Kappa Mikey

***Kappa Mikey*** is an American animated television series. It was created by Larry Schwarz. The series was created by Schwarz's studio Animation Collective. The series was first broadcast on February 25, 2006. It ended on September 20, 2008. 52 episodes were made.

## Voice cast
* Michael Sinterniklaas as Mikey Simon
* Kether Donohue as Lily
* Carrie Keranen as Mitsuki
* Sean Schemmel as Gonard
* Gary Mack as Guano
* Stephen Moverly as Ozu
* Jesse Adams as Yes Man / Yoshi

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
List of programs broadcast by Nick Jr. (block)

This is a list of television programs currently or formerly broadcast on Nickelodeon's morning block, Nick Jr. from 1988 to 2009 and since 2014 under its current name, 2009 to 2012 under the *Nick Play Date* name, and 2012 to 2014 under the *Nick: The Smart Place to Play* name.

## Current programming
* 1 Also aired on Nick Jr. on CBS/Nick on CBS.

### Original programming
### Acquired programming
## Upcoming programming
### Original programming
### Acquired programming
## Former programming
### Original programming
### Acquired programming
### Programming from Nickelodeon
#### Animated ("Nicktoons")
### Acquired programming from Nickelodeon
#### Animated
### Programming from Noggin
### Short-form programming
### Mascots
## Notes 
## References
Sapphic stanza

**Sapphic stanza** is a strophe that is widely used in European poetry. It is of Greek origin and is named after the ancient Greek female poet Sappho.

The stanza consists of four lines. Three of them are composed of eleven syllables and the last one is made up of five syllables. In Greek verse the quantity of syllables is important—whether the syllables are long or short. In other languages, this is no longer significant.

Sapphic stanza was adopted by Roman poets like Horace. His popularity helped in expanding the use of the stanza and became common in many works of literature. The Sapphic stanza was extremely popular in Polish poetry from the 16th century. In English however, is not used often. Among poets who experimented with it was Algernon Charles Swinburne.

: *All the night sleep came not upon my eyelids,*
: *Shed not dew, nor shook nor unclosed a feather,*
: *Yet with lips shut close and with eyes of iron*
: *Stood and beheld me.*
:: *(Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sapphics)*

## References
United States Revenue Cutter Service

The **United States Revenue Cutter Service** (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats. They were designed to collect customs duties and taxes and to protect against smuggling. They were also tasked with making sure shipments of goods from the United States were getting through to markets in other countries. This d the United States Coast Guard as a branch of the US military. After being approved by Congress, the service started with 10 boats called cutters. At the time a cutter was a small fast sailing vessel described as "a small, decked ship with one mast and bowsprit, with a gaff mainsail on a boom, a square yard and topsail, and two jibs or a jib and a staysail."  Before the Revenue Cutter Service began, the Continental Navy had been ed. Until the United States Navy was formed in 1794, the Revenue Cutter Service was the nation's only naval force. Hamilton realized that if something was not done quickly, the country would suffer financially. He suggested that a fleet of 10 cutters could collect revenues and prevent smuggling. Each would be manned by two officers, six marines and crews of about 10 men and boys. Before the first 10 were approved a number of vessels were used as revenue boats, some as early as the confederation period (March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789). It was launched on April 9, 1791 and was based in Baltimore. The conflict was fought at sea from July 7, 1798, until the Treaty of Mortefontaine was signed on September 30, 1800. However, French privateers had been robbing American ships for several years before the Quasi-War began. About 12 French warships were captured by Revenue cutters in 1799 in the Caribbean. Of these, the 6-gun *Bon Perre*, captured by the USRC *Eagle*, was put into service as a Revenue cutter and served until 1801. The shallow-draft cutters suffered significant losses but managed to distinguish themselves as a fighting force. The cutter *Jefferson* captured the first British merchant ship, the *Patriot*, in June 1812. By the end of the war, eight cutters had served with the Army. The expenses of operating in Mexico had reduced funds to a new low. Of these, 23 were wooden sailing ships ranging in length of from  to .  All but one were either fore-and-aft rigged sloops or topsail schooners. The *Harriet Lane* was temporarily transferred to the Union Navy. President Abraham Lincoln requested the Navy to transfer a number of ships to the Revenue Cutter Service, however no records show if any were actually transferred. The cutter *Harriet Lane* fired the first shots of the Civil War from a ship. The law made the Coast Guard a permanent member of the United States military and allowed it to be transferred to the U.S. Navy whenever necessary. The practice of placing the Revenue Cutter Service under control of the Navy in times of crisis had been the custom in the past. But now it was made official by the new law which also changed its name.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service; YouTube
* U.S. Revenue Marine and the War of 1812; YouTube
Camilo Pessanha

**Camilo Pessanha** (1867-1926) was a Portuguese poet. He is regarded as the most important representative of symbolism in Portuguese literature.

## Biography 
Camilo de Almeida Pessanha was born in Coimbra on 7 September 1867. His parents were Francisco António de Almeida Pessanha and Maria do Espírito Santo Duarte Nunes Pereira. He also wrote some books about Chinese culture. He collected some works of art in China. He translated some classic Chinese poems, too. Pessanha's works influenced Fernando Pessoa's poetry. He wrote chiefly sonnets.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Ricardo Germano, Ronaldo Souza, *O Simbolismo em Portugal: uma leitura de Camilo Pessanha*. 

## Other websites 
* Camilo Pessanha's poems 
* Camilo Pessanha's Clepsidra at Gutenberg Project.
USRC Vigilant (1791)

***Vigilant*** was one of the original ten s built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Her name meant: On the alert; watchful. *Vigilant* was ed in 1791 in New York and was used to patrol New York waters. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. She was  long and had a shallow draft of only . *Vigilant*, launched in March 1791, it was probably the first cutter in the water. She was not, however, the first to enter into active service. Her first patrol was in December 1791. Her first master was Patrick Dennis, appointed on 6 October 1790. He also d the construction. Dennis served as master until his death on February 9, 1798.

Her assigned waters included New York Harbor, the coast of New York and New Jersey, Long Island Sound and the Hudson River as far as Albany, New York. On November 14, 1798 *Vigilant* was sold for £348. The Revenue Cutter Service decided the *Vigilant* was not large enough to carry out her duties. Nothing further is known of the cutter after that date.

## Related pages 
* *USRC Scammel (1791)*
* *USRC Active (1791)*
* *USRC General Green (1791)*
* *USRC Massachusetts (1791)*
* *USRC Argus (1791)*
* *USRC Virginia (1791)*
* *USRC Diligence (1791)*
* *USRC South Carolina (1791)* 
* *USRC Eagle (1791)*

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
* A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
Lucrezia Marinella

**Lucrezia Marinella** (or Marinelli, 1571-1653) was an Italian poet.

She was born in Venice. Her father, named Giovanni Marinelli was a physician, so was her brother, Curzio Marinelli. Nothing is known however about her mother. The social position of the family enabled her to learn. She married Girolamo Vacca, who was also a physician.

Marinella wrote many works. She is widely known as the author of ''La nobiltà et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini* (*The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men*, 1600). Her greatest work is an epic poem *L'Enrico ovvero Bisanzio acquistato*. At that time the genre of epic poem was regarded as suitable for only men. Lucrezia Marinella proved that a woman can write a heroic poem. The poem is written in ottava rima which is considered to be a difficult form. It was translated into English by Maria Galli Stampino.

Lucrezia Marinella lived long for her time period. She died of malaria in Venice on 9 October 1653. She was buried in the church of S. Pantalone.

## References 
## Bibliography 
*Lucrezia Marinella, *Enrico, or Byzantium Conquered. A Heroic Poem'', Edited and translated by Maria Galli Stampino, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2009,.
USRC Active (1791)

'*USRC *Active'''* (1791) was one of the original ten s built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. It was commissioned in 1792 and remained in service until 1800.

## History 
*Active* was built by the shipwright David Stodder in Baltimore, Maryland. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. She was launched on April 9, 1791 and was based in Baltimore. Goss resigned in 1792 and President George Washington promoted the former first mate, David Porter, as master. The 1791-built cutter named *Active* was sold in 1800.

## Related pages 
* *USRC Vigilant (1791)*
* *USRC Scammel (1791)*
* *USRC General Green (1791)*
* *USRC Massachusetts (1791)*
* *USRC Argus (1791)*
* *USRC Virginia (1791)*
* *USRC Diligence (1791)*
* *USRC South Carolina (1791)* 
* *USRC Eagle (1791)'' 

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
* A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
National Serbian Clarinet Association

The **National Serbian Clarinet Association** (**NSCA**, Serb. *Национална српска кларинетистичка асоцијација*/*Nacionalna srpska klarinetistička asocijacija*) is an association established in 2015, by Serbian clarinetists. Most of the founders were members of the International Clarinet Association (ICA) and European Clarinet Association (ECA) who are active professional performers of classical music. There are also students and clarinetists who perform other genres of music. 

## Aims
The main aims of the NSCA, declared in its Founding Act and Statute, include assembling Serbian clarinetists interested in researching the clarinet and clarinet literature, organizing clarinet-related events, and collaborating with foreign clarinetists and clarinet associations.

## Board of Directors
The Board of Directors consists of:
*Andrija Blagojevic, clarinet professor at the University in Kosovska Mitrovica, the first clarinetist in Serbia who joined the ICA and ECA and the International Clarinet Association National Chairperson for Serbia since 2009, who serves as president of the NSCA Board;
* Predrag Nedeljkovic, bass clarinettist of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, the most important Serbian orchestra;
* Milan Orlovic, principal clarinetist of the Nis Military Orchestra;
* Darko Percevic, clarinet teacher at Music School “Stevan Mokranjac” in Negotin, who got his master’s degree from the Zürcher Hochschule der Künste in Switzerland and is currently pursuing his post-master’s degree at the University of the Arts in Belgrade, Serbia;
* Mihailo Samoran, second and E-flat clarinetist of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and doctoral student in both clarinet performance and chamber music at the University of the Arts in Belgrade.

## Council
The Council members are: Nicholas Cox (UK), Heike Fricke (Germany), James Gillespie (USA), Andrea Massimo Grassi (Italy), Alan R. Kay (USA), Joze Kotar (Slovenia), Milan Milosevic (Canada), Jean-Marie Paul (France), Kyrill Rybakov (Russia), Vladimir Skorokhodov (Belarus), Robert Spring (USA), Stephan Vermeersch (Belgium), Eva Wasserman-Margolis (Israel), Anton Weinberg (UK) and Floyd Williams (Australia).

## Sources 
*European Clarinet Association - News 
*European Clarinet Association Newsflash, July 2016, Retrieved on July 16, 2018
International Clarinet Association

The **International Clarinet Association** is the main international organization bringing together players of the clarinet. It is based in the United States. The ICA publishes a quarterly journal *The Clarinet*, produces an annual festival *ClarinetFest*, supports a research library and score collection, and in other ways advances the international study of the clarinet.
## Other websites
*Official website of the International Clarinet Association
Educational technologist

An **educational technologist** is someone trained in the field of educational technology. Educational technologists try to analyze, design, ,  and  processes and tools to make learning easier. The term does not necessarily, or even mainly, refer to hardware. The most significant ideas came from applied psychology and programmed learning.

There are various other terms which are alternatives, most obviously 'instructional technologist'. There have been various names for institutions specialising in the activity. The description used originally at the UK Open University was 'Applied Educational Sciences', changed later to 'Institute of Educational Technology'. To produce the landmark program *Sesame Street*, the Childrens' Television Workshop employed applied psychologists to pre-test all programs. This was a typical activity for educational technologists even if they were not called by that name.

## Related pages 
*Sidney L. Pressey
*Arthur A. Lumsdaine
*B. F. Skinner

## References 
## Other websites 
* Association for Educational Communications and Technology
* American Educational Research Association
* Role of an Educational Technologist 
*What is a Learning Technologist?
Māori religion

Traditional Māori religion, a pre-European belief system of the Māori, was very like the religion of the tropical Eastern Polynesian homeland (Hawaiki Nui). Both religions conceive of everything, including natural elements, all living things, and that all are connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy. All things were thought of as possessing a life force or mauri. Illustrating this concept of connectedness through genealogy are the major personifications of pre-contact times. 

Tangaroa was the personification of the ocean and the ancestor or origin of all fish; Tāne was the personification of the forest and the origin of all birds. Rongo was the personification of peaceful activities and agriculture and the ancestor of cultivated plants. According to some, the supreme personification of the Māori was Io; however this idea is controversial.
Enid Lyons

**Dame Enid Muriel Lyons** AD, GBE (née Burnell; 9 July 1897 – 2 September 1981) was an Australian politician. She was the first woman to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives and the first woman in the federal Cabinet. She was the wife of the Premier of Tasmania and later Prime Minister of Australia, Joseph Lyons.

Lyons was born **Enid Muriel Burnell** in Smithton, Tasmania, one of three daughters of William and Eliza (née Taggett) Burnell. She trained to be a teacher in Hobart. Her mother was active in the Labor party and community groups in Tasmania. She was one of the first women appointed as a Justice of the Peace in Tasmania.

Lyons was made a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the Coronation Honours of 1937.[4][5] Joseph Lyons died in 1939, aged 59, the first Australian Prime Minister to die in office, and Dame Enid returned to Tasmania. She bitterly resented Joseph Lyons's successor as leader of the UAP, Robert Menzies, who had, she believed, betrayed her husband by resigning from the Cabinet, shortly before Joseph's death.[1]

At the 1943 election Dame Enid Lyons narrowly won the Division of Darwin in north-western Tasmania for the UAP, becoming the first woman in the House of Representatives. Her Labor opponent, who received more primary votes than she did, was the future Tasmanian Premier Eric Reece. At the same election, Dorothy Tangney was elected as a Labor Senator for Western Australia, the nation's first woman Senator.

In retirement, Dame Enid's health recovered. She was a newspaper columnist (1951–54), a commissioner of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1951–62), and remained active in public life promoting family and women's issues. She published three volumes of memoirs, which embarrassed the Liberal Party by reviving her complaints about Menzies' 1939 behaviour towards her husband.[1]

She was nevertheless made a Dame of the Order of Australia (AD) on Australia Day 1980,[8] the second woman to receive this honour. She was the first Australian woman to receive damehoods in different orders. She died the following year and was accorded a state funeral inDevonport, Tasmania, before being buried next to her husband at Mersey Vale Lawn Cemetery.[1]
Technologist

A **technologist/technician** is a person who  in using technology. A technologist/technician is someone who completely understands the technology and other technologies that can be . In the field of health care, for example,  may be called a "lab tech". The lab technologist is the project manager who s the lab. For example, a Director of Information Technology is often a technologist. The same is true for a Technology Project Manager. Smaller organizations may use a technologist to perform many functions. In some cases, a project may be started using a staff member or technician, then handed off to a technologist as the project progresses. The technologist is a specialist in how technologies can be used to meet the s of the project owner. In Canada, engineers with training from other countries may find themselves working as an engineering technologist.

## Related pages 
* Applied Science Technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and applied science technology 
* Architectural technologist, a specialist in the technology of building design and construction
* Cardiovascular technologist, a health specialist who uses imaging technology to help diagnose cardiac and vascular ailments
* Chemical technologist, a worker who provides technical support or services in chemical-related fields
* Civic technologist, a specialist capable of satisfying societal needs by exploiting technologies
* Educational technologist, a specialist in tools to enhance learning
* Electrical technologist, a person whose knowledge lies between that of an electrical engineer and an electrical tradesperson
* Engineering technologist, a specialist who implements technology within a field of engineering
* Industrial technologist, a specialist in the management, operation, and maintenance of complex operation systems
* Information technologist, a specialist who works on computers for a variety of companies
* Medical technologist, a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analysis on a variety of body fluids
* Polysomnographic technologist, a health specialist who administers overnight polysomnograms 
* Professional technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and technology related fields
* Radiologic technologist, a medical professional who applies doses of radiation for imaging and treatment 
* Surgical technologist, a health specialist who facilitates the conduct of invasive surgical procedures
* *Technologist*, a European science magazine

## References 
## Other websites 
* Medical Technologist Interview; YouTube
* Starting as a Technologist (engineering): YouTube
Benjamin Zephaniah

**Benjamin Obadiah Iqbal Zephaniah** (15 April 1958 – 6 December 2023) was a British Jamaican writer, dub poet and Rastafarian. He was included in *The Times* list of Britain's top 50 post-war writers in 2008.

Zephaniah was a young black boy who had dyslexia and encountered racism at his new school in Birmingham. He grew up in Handsworth up until the age of 9 when his mother who was also a Jamaican nurse who fled from his father who was a postman back in Barbados, leaving his twin sister Velda and other siblings. Zephaniah felt isolated as being a young black boy with a disability.

Zephaniah faced prejudice frequently while residing in London and was involved in the racial riots of the 1980s: "They happened all around me. Racism was really evident back then. The National Front opposed foreigners and people of color, and the police were also very racist."

Zephaniah died on 6 December 2023 because of a brain tumor at the age of 65.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Merope Mills, "Rasta poet publicly rejects his OBE", *The Guardian*, 27 November 2003.
* Benjamin Zephaniah – from The Black Presence in Britain
* Benjamin Zephaniah on Poetry, Politics and Revolution – video report by *Democracy Now!*
Gabriel Pereira de Castro

**Gabriel Pereira de Castro** (1571-1632) was a Portuguese priest, lawyer and poet.
, *Gabriel Pereira de Castro* (Paços do Concelho - Lisbon)]]
## Biography 
Gabriel Pereira de Castro was born in Braga on 7 February 1571. He became a priest there. Then he studied law at the University of Coimbra. He died on 18 October 1632 in Lisbon.

## Works 
Gabriel Pereira de Castro wrote some books about law. He is however known chiefly for his epic poem *Ulisseia ou Lisboa Edificada* (*Ulisseia or Lisbon Built*). It was published in 1636. It consists of ten books. It is written in ottava rima. Its form is typical for Renaissance epic poems. The poem imitates *The Lusiads* by Luís Vaz de Camões. It is about the founding of the town of Lisbon by Ulysses (Odysseus).

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Malcolm Jack, *Lisbon: City of the Sea: A History*, I. B. Tauris, London 2007, .

## Other websites 
* Fragments of *Ulisseia ou Lisboa Edificada* at Projecto Vercial. 
*
Grossdietwil

**Grossdietwil** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
International Youth Arts Festival

**International Youth Arts Festival** (IYAF) is an annual youth arts festival held in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames every July. The festival was founded in 2009 by Robin Hutchinson MBE and has involved more than 25,000 young people as participants and volunteers since 2009.

It is an open-access performing arts festival: it does not book performers and anyone may participate. The festival programme includes a range of art forms including theatre, dance, music, comedy, visual arts and children's shows.

## Venues 
Venues across the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames support artists in the festival by transforming their spaces into performance venues. The festival includes over 200 staged events in venues including Rose Theatre, Arthur Cotterell Theatre, Kingston Library, Fairfield Recreation Ground, Eagle Brewery Wharf and The Library club. The venues are close together, enabling audience members to visit multiple performances.

## People 
### Artistic Directors 
2016 - Andy Currums 

2015 - Trevor Blackman

2009 - 2014 Aniela Zaba

### Patrons 
Patrons of International Youth Arts Festival include Angellica Bell, Michael Underwood, Tom Holland, Tom Chambers, Sheridan Smith and Matt Lucas.

### Chairman and founding Trustee 
Robin Hutchinson MBE
Télécom Paris

**Télécom Paris** (also known as **ENST** or **Télécom** or **École nationale supérieure des télécommunications**, also **Télécom ParisTech** until 2019) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* **Ingénieur Télécom ParisTech** (Télécom Paris Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* **Masters Recherche** & **Doctorat** (**PhD** doctorate studies )
* **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS**)
* **Massive Online Open Course**

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Télécom Paris.

Most of the 1600 graduate engineer students at Télécom Paris live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

## Research labs 
Research activities at Télécom Paris relate to the following topics:
*Computer Science 
*Telecommunication
*Digital

## Notable alumni 
* Yves Poilane, French Manager

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Coby Bryant

**Coby Bryant** (born March 29, 1999) is an American football cornerback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Cincinnati.
Armancourt, Somme

**Armancourt** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography
The commune is about  southeast of Amiens.
Vincent du Vigneaud

**Vincent du Vigneaud** (May 18, 1901 – December 11, 1978) was an American biochemist. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 for his work on oxytocin.

Du Vigneaud was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and then worked for the chemical company DuPont for one year. He then went back to university to study for his Ph.D degree. He received his Ph.D in 1927. He taught for one year at the medical school of Johns Hopkins University and then went to Europe. He did research in Dresden in Germany and at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. When he went back to America, he became a professor at the University of Illinois. In 1932 he moved to the George Washington University Medical School. In 1938 he moved to Cornell University Medical College in New York City. He was a professor at Cornell until he retired in 1967. 

## References
Authie, Somme

**Authie** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

The river Authie begins in Coigneux.
USRC General Green

'*USRC *General Green'''* was one of the original ten s built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Although ed, she was named for the Revolutionary War hero Major General Nathanael Greene.

## History 
The *General Green* was ed on  July 7, 1791 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her first master was James Montegomery. In 1791, her First Mate was Isaac Roach and her Second Mate was Charles Nuttle. The *General Green* was sold in December, 1797. 

## Related pages 
* *USRC Vigilant (1791)*
* *USRC Active (1791)*
* *USRC Scammel (1791)*
* *USRC Massachusetts (1791)*
* *USRC Argus (1791)*
* *USRC Virginia (1791)*
* *USRC Diligence (1791)*
* *USRC South Carolina (1791)* 
* *USRC Eagle (1791)''

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
* A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
Stove fan

**Stove fans** are small fans that are usually set on top of a wood-burning stove, although they can be put on top of anything warm, like an oven. A stove will slowly radiate heat into the surrounding room, but it can take a long time for this to warm up a room. A fan will make air move past the stove and into the room, which will make the room warm up much faster. (This type of heat is called "convection.")

Although any kind of fan can help warm move air around a room, this type of stove fan is placed directly on the top of the stove. You don't plug it in, and it doesn't have any batteries. Instead, the heat from the stove itself causes the fan to move.

There are two main ways a stove fan can work:

* a thermoelectric generator, where a large-enough difference in temperature between the base of the fan (which sits on the stove) and the top of fan (which is cooled by a heat sink) causes a thermoelectric generator (which has a set of doped semiconductor elements, one being a P-type element and the other being an N-type element) to make a small electric current. This small current drives a small, low-torque motor.
* a Stirling engine, where the heat makes the gas in a cylinder expand, which pushes a piston. The air cools down as the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, and the air contracts. The piston's movement causes the fan to move via a crank.
Bangarra Dance Theatre

**Bangarra Dance Theatre** is an Australian dance company. It specialises in presenting works by  Indigenous Australian dancers, choreographers and musicians. It began in 1989. It is based in Sydney. Bangarra Dance Theatre performed in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## References
## Other websites 
* Bangarra Dance Theatre's website
Vulnicura

**Vulnicura** is the ninth studio album by Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk released in March 2015. The album deals the break-up with her long-time partner Matthew Barney chronologically. The name Vulnicura is a latin word that means "Cure for wounds".

The album was produced by Björk, Venezuelan producer Arca and British producer The Haxan Cloak. To promote the album, Björk embarked on the Vulnicura Tour. No song was released as a promotional single.

It received universal acclaim from music critics and drew comparison to Björk's previous albums Homogenic (1997) and Vespertine due to its instrumentation (strings and electronic beats) as well as its lyrical content.

Two different versions of the album were released during 2015 and 2016: Vulnicura Strings, which feature all the songs with new string arrangements, and Vulnicura Live, featuring Live versions of the album tracks as well as songs from her previous albums with new arrangements.

## Tracklist 
# Stonemilker
# Lionsong
# History of Touches
# Black Lake
# Family
# Notget
# Atom Dance (feat. Anohni)
# Mouth Mantra
# Quicksand
USRC Massachusetts

'*USRC *Massachusetts'''* was one of the original ten s built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. While not the first USRS cutter to be ed, it was the first to enter active service. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. 

On July 15, 1791 *Massachusetts* was launched. Her crew consisted of four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. She was  long by  wide and had a shallow  of only . Williams ordered an increase in her size without getting approval by the service. On 9 October 1792 she was sold. In 1793 she was replaced by a smaller lighter sloop, the *Massachusetts II*.

## Related pages 
* *USRC Vigilant (1791)*
* *USRC Active (1791)*
* *USRC General Green (1791)*
* *USRC Scammel (1791)*
* *USRC Argus (1791)*
* *USRC Virginia (1791)*
* *USRC Diligence (1791)*
* *USRC South Carolina (1791)* 
* *USRC Eagle (1791)''

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* [USRC Massachusetts (1791); Military Wiki](http://military.wikia.com/wiki/USRC_Massachusetts_(1791))
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
* A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
1932 Cuba hurricane

The **1932 Cuba hurricane** was (at the time) the deadliest hurricane in the history of Cuba. The storm was the only Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in the month of November. 

Cuba was hit with heavy storm surge during the hurricane. Few buildings withstood the storm.

There were around 3,033 deaths in Cuba from the storm. It did over US$40 million in damage on the island.

The storm also affected the Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the Bahamas.

## References
Nebikon

**Nebikon** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Ohmstal

**Ohmstal** was a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Ohmstal merged into the municipality of Schötz.
Smokey Mountain

**Smokey Mountain** is a big landfill site in Manila in the Philippines. It was called "Smokey Mountain" because of the thick smoke coming from burning waste. There were 2 million tons of waste dumped there. It made a big mountain. Many poor people lived in a shanty town at Smokey Mountain. They earned money by selling things they found in the dumped waste. These were things like plastic bottles, glass, cardboard, and copper wire.

The Philippine government closed Smokey Mountain in 1995. No more waste was dumped there. The government cleaned up the landfill site. They covered up the mountain of waste with dirt. They planted grass and trees. They knocked down the shanty town. New houses were built next to Smokey Mountain. 

This did not stop all the problems. Many poor people moved to a new landfill very close to Smokey Mountain. Waste is still dumped in that new landfill. The poor people built a new shanty town there. In the new landfill they still work all day looking in the waste for things they can sell.

## References
Jan Matejko

**Jan Alojzy Matejko** (; also known as **Jan Mateyko**; 24 June 1838 – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter. He is generally regarded as the greatest one in the 19th century.

## Biography 
Jan Matejko was born in Kraków (Cracow). on 24 June 1838. His father was Czech musician František Xaver Matějka (in Poland Franciszek Ksawery Matejko), a music teacher. His mother was Joanna Karolina Rossberg, who was half-German.  He painted portraits, too, especially those of his children. His best known paintings are *Astronomer Copernicus - Conversation with God*, *Hanging of the Zygmunt bell*, *Prussian Homage* and *Battle of Grunwald*. He also published a book named *Portraits of Polish Kings* (1890). Most of these portraits are imaginary, meaning he painted kings and princes who lived many centuries before. There are no earlier pictures of them.

## Notes
## References
United States Life-Saving Service

The **United States Life-Saving Service** (USLSS) was a United States government agency that grew out of concerns for saving the lives of shipwrecked sailors and ship's passengers. The federal life-saving service was established on June 28, 1848 as an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. In 1915, the USLSS merged with the United States Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard.

## Background 
Large s of the Atlantic coast of the United States were relatively unpopulated during the 18th and 19th centuries. Any ship that ran , even within sight of land, could not expect much help. They started the first lifeboat station at Cohasset, Massachusetts in 1807. These stations were small sheds that held the small boats and equipment that volunteers could use to rescue mariners. The society had recognized that only small boats were useful for life-saving since larger boats risked being shipwrecked as well. Some funds went to the Massachusetts Humane Society because of their leadership in providing rescues for shipwreck victims. The law provided retirement of Kimball and many of the services' older employees. During its 44 year existence, the Life-Saving Service provided help to 28,121 ships and 178,741 people. During this time only 1,455 people lost their lives in rescues or attempted rescues by the USLSS.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* An Introduction to the US Life-Saving Service: YouTube
* Following In The Footsteps: The Breeches Buoy Drill - Part 1: YouTube
* Launch of Life Boat, Library of Congress; YouTube
Union of Azerbaijani Writers

The **Union of Azerbaijani Writers** () is the largest public organization of Azerbaijani writers, poets and publicists. It has over 1500 members at present. It was founded on June 13, 1934. At this time Azerbaijan was a part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

It is currently chaired by the writer Anar since 1987. He is the son of writer Rasul Rza. Rza was the chairman between 1938–1939.

## Chairmen
## References
## Other websites 
*
USRC Scammel (1791)

***Scammel*** was one of the original ten s built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. The *Schammel* was named by Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, after the American Revolutionary War Adjutant general of the army, Alexander Scammell. General Scammell was d by the British at the Battle of Yorktown and shot. As with the USRC *General Green* (1791), the name is ed. Her first master was Hopley Yeaton, the first seagoing officer to be ed in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service. The first-named cutter *Scammel* was sold Sold on 16 August 1798.

## Description 
*Scammel* was a schooner which was built at a cost of $1,225.65. She had a crew of four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. Her arms included 10 muskets and 20 pistols.

## Related pages 
* *USRC Vigilant (1791)*
* *USRC Active (1791)*
* *USRC General Green (1791)*
* *USRC Massachusetts (1791)*
* *USRC Argus (1791)*
* *USRC Virginia (1791)*
* *USRC Diligence (1791)*
* *USRC South Carolina (1791)* 
* *USRC Eagle (1791)*

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
* A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
Olea capensis

***Olea capensis*** (synonyms are *Olea undulata* and O. laurifolia) is also called **black ironwood**. 

It is an African tree species belonging to the olive family (Oleaceae). It is widespread in Africa south of the Sahara. It grows from the east in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan, south to the tip of South Africa, and west to Cameroon, Sierra Leone and the Islands of the Gulf of Guinea, as well as Madagascar and the Comoros. It occurs in the bush, littoral scrub and evergreen forest.

The Guinness Book of World Records lists this tree as the world's most dense wood, with a specific gravity of 1.49. It is known for sinking in water, unlike other woods. It is also the one of the world's hardest woods. The timber resists abrasion and is very strong. It is an excellent turnery wood, widely used for wooden items.

## References
Balâtre

**Balâtre** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In 2006 the population was 83.
Canary Wharf

**Canary Wharf** is a major business district in Tower Hamlets. It is located on the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs. It is one of the United Kingdom's two main financial centres, second only to the traditional City of London. It contains many of Europe's tallest buildings, including the second-tallest in the UK, One Canada Square.

## West India Dock Company
From 1802 to the late 1980s, the Canary Wharf Estate was a part of Millwall, Limehouse and Poplar and was one of the busiest docks in the world.  West India Docks was primarily developed by Robert Milligan (c. 1746–1809) who set up the West India Dock Company. After the 1960s, the port industry began to decline, leading to all the docks being closed by 1980.

## Canary Wharf today
The Canary Wharf of today is a complete reworking of the old dock area into a new business area. 
Initially, the City of London saw Canary Wharf as a threat. Recovery in the property market generally, and demand for Grade A office space, improved the level of interest. A critical event was the much-delayed start of work on the Jubilee line extension, which the government wanted ready for the Millennium celebrations.

## Public transport
Canary Wharf has stations on the Jubilee Line and the Docklands Light Railway and since 2022 the Elizabeth Line.

## References
Antonina Domańska

**Antonina Domańska** (September 1853 – 26 January 1917) was a Polish writer. She wrote lots of books for children.

## Biography 
Antonina Domańska was born in September 1853 in Kamieniec Podolski (now in Ukraine). She was the aunt of a poet Lucjan Rydel. This is why she was portrayed in the drama *Wesele* (*The Wedding*) by Stanisław Wyspiański. She died in on 26 January 1917.

## Works 
Domańska's most famous books for children are *Historia żółtej ciżemki* (*The Story of Yellow Shoe*, 1913) and *Paziowie króla Zygmunta* (''King Sigismund's Pageboys'', 1910). Two films were based on them.

## References
Reiden

**Reiden** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006, the former municipalities of Langnau bei Reiden and Richenthal merged into the municipality of Reiden.

## References
Moon landing

A **Moon landing** is the  of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. It is a follow up to Project Mercury. This includes both crewed and uncrewed (robotic) . The first  object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission, on 13 September 1959.

The United States' Apollo 11 was the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. There have been six missions with people onboard that landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. There were also numerous landings without people onboard, with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013.

To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully landed humans on the Moon. The last mission was in December, 1972, and the last human to walk on the Moon was Gene Cernan.

## References
Guairá Department

The **Guairá department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Villarrica. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-04**.

## Geography
The Guairá department is in the central part of the *Oriental* region. It has an area of , one of the smallest of the *Oriental* region and of the country, with an estimated population (2013) of 198,532 for a population density of .

The average temperature for the year 2014 in Villarrica was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Districts
The department is divided in 18 districts:

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

**Lady Mary Wortley Montagu** (baptized 26 May 1689 – 21 August 1762) was an English letter writer and poet. She is famous for her letters about her travels to the Ottoman Empire. Her husband was the British ambassador to Turkey. She also introduced and encouraged smallpox inoculation to Britain. 

## References
USRC Argus

'*USRC *Argus (1791)'''* was one of the original ten s built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Of the first ten cutters, the *Argus* was in service the longest. 

## History 
*Argus* was built and launched in 1791 at New London, Connecticut where she remained stationed. The first-named Argus was sold in 1804. She was  long by  wide and had a draft of .

Jonathan Maltbie was her first master. He died on 11 Feb. 1798 while still in command of the *Argus*. He served in the Continental Navy during and after the American Revolutionary War. His last assignment was as a first lieutenant on the frigate *USS Trumbull.*

## Related pages 
* *USRC Vigilant (1791)*
* *USRC Active (1791)*
* *USRC General Green (1791)*
* *USRC Scammel (1791)*
* *USRC Massachusetts (1791)*
* *USRC Virginia (1791)*
* *USRC Diligence (1791)*
* *USRC South Carolina (1791)* 
* *USRC Eagle (1791)''
## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* [USRC Massachusetts (1791); Military Wiki](http://military.wikia.com/wiki/USRC_Massachusetts_(1791))
* Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
* A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service