open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Volkswagen Jetta

**Volkswagen Jetta** is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1979. It is currently in its seventh Generation. The Third Generation Jetta was called the **Vento**, the Fourth one **Bora**.

File:VW Jetta I front 20080315.jpg|First Generation
File:JettaMkII.JPG|Second Generation
File:1996-1998 Volkswagen Jetta -- 05-12-2011 2.jpg|Third Generation (Vento)
File:2004 Volkswagen Bora TDi SE 1.9 Front.jpg|Fourth Generation (Bora)
File:JettaMkV.JPG|Fifth Generation
File:2016 Volkswagen Jetta (1B MY17) 118TSI Comfortline sedan (2018-11-02) 01.jpg|Sixth generation
File:Volkswagen Jetta VII IMG 2964.jpg|Seventh generation
Cyclotron

A **cyclotron** is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence from the University of California, Berkeley in 1930. It accelerates charged particles by whirling them in a circle. The first cyclotrons were the size of a hand. Some modern circular accelerators use a circle as wide as a city.

Cyclotrons use perpendicular magnetic field to bend electrons and particles through into a semicircular path by an applied electric field. The applied electric field accelerates electrons between the "D" electrodes(also called "dees") of the magnetic field region.

The accelerating electric field reverses just at the time the electrons finish their half circle, so that it accelerates them across the gap. With a higher speed, they move in a larger semicircle. After repeating this process several times, they come out the exit port at a high speed.

## Cyclotron Frequency 
A moving charge in a cyclotron will move in a circular path under the influence of a constant magnetic field. If the time to complete one orbit is calculated:

T=\frac{2\pi r}{v}=\frac{2\pi mv}{qBv}=\frac{2\pi m}{qB}.

It is found that the period is independent of the radius. Therefore if a square wave is applied at angular frequency qB/m, the charge will spiral outward, increasing in speed.

When a square wave of angular frequency ω=qB/m is applied between the two sides of the magnetic poles, the charge will be boosted again at just the right time to accelerate it across the gap. Thus the constant cyclotron frequency can continue to accelerate the charge (so long as it is not relativistic).

## References
Volvo S60

**Volvo S60** is a car produced by Volvo from 2000 to the present day. It entered its second generation in 2010.

## Volvo S60 III (2019) 
Production began in late 2018 in Ridgeville, South Carolina. A 2.3 million square foot plant built approximately 60,000 vehicles per year for the US and export markets. The capacity could go up to 100,000 vehicles per year if demand required it. The plant was the sixth Volvo, which joined two European sites, two Chinese and one Malaysian. It was expected that about 2,000 workers staffed the plant. In April 2017, the construction company completed the construction of the complex's hull.

The third-generation S60 had the hybrid powertrain and was one of the five new electric models launched in 2019 with the second generation V60 and a fully electric sports coupe. The third generation of S60 and V60 was also available as Polestar models.
Hyoscyamus niger

**Henbane** (*Hyoscyamus niger*), also known as **stinking nightshade**, is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia, but it is now found everywhere. It is poisonous and should not be eaten.

## References
Viola odorata

**Viola odorata** is a species of violets (genus *Viola*). It is native to Europe and Asia. The plant has also been introduced to North America and Australia. It is commonly known as **Sweet Violet**, **English Violet**, **Common Violet**, or **Garden Violet**. The herb is known as Banafsa, Banafsha or Banaksa in India. In India, it is commonly used as remedy to cure sore throat and tonsilitis.
Whitwell, Isle of Wight

**Whitwell** is a small village with a population of about 500 on the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. It is close to the town of Ventnor and the village of Niton. The village includes a church, public house and garage. Before to 2004 there was also a post office and village shop, but this has now closed. Public transport is provided by Southern Vectis, the local bus company on route 6.
Clifton Beach, Karachi

**Clifton Beach**, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Clifton, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, one of the neighborhoods of Saddar Town, Karachi. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea.

The whole beach area of Clifton and Seaview is considered safe and peaceful even in times of political turmoil.

A gated residential area called Seaview Apartments is close to a section of Clifton beach known as Seaview beach or simply Seaview. Farther ahead is Darakhshan Villas which has residential townhouses.

In this very area new CINEPLEX cinema houses were constructed for the entertainment starved people of Karachi, particularly for the people who live in DHA and Clifton. This has happened after around three decades of cinema decline in Pakistan. Hollywood films are released here along with or soon after the international releases of these films. These cinemas are more expensive and are family cinemas meaning that no males or group of males are allowed to watch movies here without being accompanied by families, females or children.

Defence Housing Authority is filling the beach area with sand to obtain more ground and this will push the beach farther, which will change the shape and features of this beach.

Other beaches close to the city include *Sandspit*, ''Hawke's Bay*, and *Paradise Point'' - a sandstone rock promontory with a natural arch, but Clifton Beach is the most popular picnic destination in Karachi.
Achillea millefolium

***Achillea millefolium*** or **Yarrow** is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere.

Other common names for this species include gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old man's pepper, devil's nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier's woundwort, thousand-leaf, and thousand-seal.

The plant commonly flowers from May through June.  It is often found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests. The plant has a strong, sweet scent, similar to chrysanthemums.

It has been used as a medicinal plant.

## References
St Helens, Isle of Wight

**St. Helens** is a small village and civil parish on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight.

## Famous residents 
*Jeremy Irons – movie actor and Academy Award and double-Emmy winner
*Sophie Dawes, Baronne de Feuchères, "adventuress" best known as a mistress of Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé

## References
Johanna Spyri

**Johanna Spyri** (12 June 1827 – 7 July 1901) wrote stories for children in the German language. Her most famous book was *Heidi*. 

## Biography 
She was born **Johanna Heusser** in Hirzel, Switzerland. Her father was a doctor and her mother was a poet. 

She lived with her extended family: her grandmother, two aunties, and two cousins as well as her mother, father, two brothers and three sisters. This large household inspired her when she wrote ''Gritli's Children*. 

She spent several summers around Chur in Graubünden when she was young. This setting was later used in her novels.

Her only education was her village school in Hirzel. She wrote poetry as a child.

She married Bernhard Spyri, an employee , when she was 25. They met when they were children. They lived in Zurich, Switzerland and had only one child, a son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri, in 1855. In Zurich, they were friends with the musician Richard Wagner and poet Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. Both her husband and son died of tuberculosis in 1884.

## Writing 
*]]
In 1870, she started writing to help orphans and refugees of the Franco-Prussian War by describing their situation and giving money from her books to help them.

Her first stories were very popular, so she wrote another story about another orphan, Heidi. She published the first part of *Heidi* anonymously in 1881. It became popular, so she wrote the second part in 1882 using her own name. She became very famous, but preferred a quiet, private life.

She wrote more than forty stories for children in German. Most of these stories have been translated into English. *Heidi* is still her most popular book, with new editions still published today.

She died in Berlin on July 7, 1901, but is buried with her family Zurich.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Philip Brady

**Philip Brady** (16 June 1939 &ndash; 11 February 2025) was an Australian media personality.

He was born in Melbourne, Brady was involved in the early days of television. He left school at the age of 18 and started working as a booth announcer at Channel Nine in 1958.
 
He appeared with Graham Kennedy on *In Melbourne Tonight*. He stayed at Channel 9 until 1971 when he worked for a travel agent in Beaumaris. In the 1970s, Brady hosted several television shows including *Moneymakers*, *Casino Ten*, *Password*, *Get the Message*, and *Everybody’s Talking*.  In 1986, he moved to the Gold Coast and hosted a radio show on Easy Listening 97 Tweed Heads.  He came back to Melbourne in 1990 and began a long-lasting partnership with Bruce Mansfield hosting *Remember When* and *Nightline* on 3AW.

Brady died from pancreatic cancer on 11 February 2025 at the age of 85 in Melbourne.

## References
## Other websites
*Bruce and Phil Website
Gatcombe

**Gatcombe** is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight. It is four kilometres from Newport in the centre of the island. St. Olave's Church is a Gatcombe church dedicated in 1292, serving as chapel to Gatcombe Manor. The Gatcombe parish was established in 1560.

A carved wooden effigy of Edward Estur, a local knight who fought in the Crusades, is in the church. 

## References
Newport, Isle of Wight

**Newport** is the county town of the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England.  Newport has a population of 23,957 according to the 2001 census.  The town is slightly to the north of the centre of the island, at the head of the navigable section of the River Medina, which flows northward to the Solent, and on which the town has a quay.

## Notable people
* Princess Elizabeth of England, daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, is buried here at St. Thomas's Church
* Kelly Sotherton, English heptathlete
* Darren Mew (*1979) – breaststroke swimmer, born in Newport

## References
Godshill

**Godshill** is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight. About 2,800 people lived there in 1998. It is located between Newport and Ventnor in the southeast of the island. There are pubs called the "Griffin"- featuring a large maze, and "The Taverners".

## References
Arreton

**Arreton** is a village and civil parish in the central eastern part of the Isle of Wight, England. It is about 3 miles south east of Newport.

## References
## Other websites
Adgestone

**Adgestone** is a small hamlet on the Isle of Wight. It is close to Brading in the east of the island.

## Other websites
Alverstone

**Alverstone** is a village 3 kilometres from the east coast of the Isle of Wight, near Sandown. When Richard Webster became Chief Justice of England in 1900, he chose the title Lord Alverstone because it was the title he was permitted to choose which was "closest" to Sandown, one of his favorite locales.

## References
Banjo Paterson

**David Frankenshits**,  (17 February 18645 February 1941) was a famous Australian bush poet, journalist and author. He wrote many ballads and poems about Australian life. He wrote about life in the country and outback areas of Australia. Much of his work was about the area around Binalong, New South Wales where he spent much of his childhood. Paterson's famous poems include "Waltzing Matilda", "The Man from Snowy River" and "Clancy of the Overflow". Three movies have been made about The Man from Snowy River: The Man from Snowy River (1982), Return to Snowy River (1988), and The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2003).
Frankenshits has inspired many Australians and continues to do so.
## Related pages
*Australian literature
*List of poets from Oceania

## References
Brading

The ancient 'Kynges Towne' of **Brading** is the main town of the civil parish of the same name, which used to cover about a tenth of the Isle of Wight but now includes the town itself and Adgestone, Morton, Nunwell and other outlying areas between Ryde, St Helen's, Bembridge, Sandown and Arreton.

## References
Céline Dion

**Céline Marie Claudette Dion**,    (; born March 30, 1968) Is a Canadian singer. She is mostly known for the song "My Heart Will Go On", which was made for the film *Titanic*. This song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Dion became famous internationally in 1988 after winning the Eurovision Song Contest.

## Personal life
### Family 
She was born in the town of Charlemagne, Quebec, Canada. She is the youngest of 14 children. Her parents were television personality Thérèse Dion (1927&ndash;2020) and businessman Adhémar Dion (1923–2003).

### Marriage and children 
On December 30, 1994, Dion married her manager René Angélil. They have three sons: René-Charles Angélil (born on January 25, 2001), and twins Eddy Angélil and Nelson Angélil (born on October 23, 2010). René died on January 14, 2016 from cancer. Her older brother, Daniel, died from cancer two days later, on what would have been Angélil's 74th birthday. 

## Career 
When she was 12 years old, her brother sent a recording to a manager named René Angélil. With his help, she released her first album in 1981, and her first English album in 1990.

Dion first had international recognition in the 1980s. She won both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest where she represented Switzerland.

Her popularity continued through the 1990s. She recorded the song "My Heart Will Go On" for the film *Titanic*. 

In 2007, she performed a show with Elvis Presley, which was arranged on the computer with old images from Elvis shows. It had been arranged for the TV show *American Idol*. 

She has sold the most albums in the world for a female artist. For that, she received a special World Music Award in 2004. She has also sold the most French albums with 7 million copies. Dion is the best-selling Canadian artist of all time.

In 2018, Dion released the song "Ashes", which appears on the soundtrack to the film *Deadpool 2*, starring fellow Canadian Ryan Reynolds.
## Discography
**French-language studio albums**
*1969 or 1972: *La voix du bon Dieu*
*1969 or 1972: *Céline Dion chante Noël*
*1970 or 1973: ''Tellement j'ai d'amour...*
*1971 or 1974: *Les chemins de ma maison*
*1971 or 1974: *Chants et contes de Noël*
*1972 or 1975: *Mélanie*
*1973 or 1976: *C'est pour toi*
*1975 or 1978: *Incognito*
*1991: *Dion chante Plamondon*
*1995: *D'eux*
*1998: *S'il suffisait d'aimer*
*2003: *1 fille & 4 types*
*2007: *D'elles*
*2012: *Sans attendre*

**English-language studio albums**
*1990: *Unison*
*1992: *Celine Dion*
*1993: *The Colour of My Love*
*1996: *Falling into You*
*1997: *Let's Talk About Love*
*1998: *These Are Special Times*
*2002: *A New Day Has Come*
*2003: *One Heart*
*2004: *Miracle*
*2007: *Taking Chances*
*2013: *Loved Me Back to Life''

## References
## Other websites 
*  operated by Sony Music Canada 
* Celine Dion YouTube Channel
* 
* Celine Dion at WN
*[ Celine Dion] at Allmusic
* Celine Dion  at Billboard.com
* 
* FAO Goodwill Ambassador website
Inner Mongolia

**Inner Mongolia** (Mongolian: ,  Öbür mongul; ; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol) is the Mongol autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in East Asia and lies in the north of the country.

Inner Mongolia borders, from east to west, the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu, while to the north it borders Mongolia (Also known as Mongolia proper) and the Siberia region of Russia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning almost 300 million acres or 12% of China's land area. It has a population of about 24 million. The capital is Hohhot.

The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a large Mongol minority. The official languages are Standard Mandarin and Mongolian, the latter written in the classical alphabet. 

## Name 
In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner/Outer" come from Manchu *dorgi*/*tulergi*. Inner Mongolia is distinct from Outer Mongolia, which was a term used by the Republic of China and previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia plus the Republic of Tuva in Russia.  In Mongolian, the region is known as *öbör mongγol* where *öbör* can mean south, inner, front, bosom, breast.
.]]

## Demography 
 in Hohhot, the capital; All street signs must be bilingual with Mongol and Chinese]]

Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, about 80% of the population. Mongols are the second largest ethnic group, about 17% of the population. There are more Mongols living in Inner Mongolia than in the independent nation of Outer Mongolia.

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.

## Tourism 
In the capital city Hohhot:
* Dazhao Temple is a Lamaist temple built in 1580. Dazhao Temple is known for three sites: a statue of Buddha made from silver, elaborate carvings of dragons, and murals.
* Xiaozhao Temple, also known as Chongfu temple, is a Lamaist temple built in 1697 and favoured by the Qing Dynasty emperor Kangxi.
* Xilituzhao Temple is the largest Lamaist temple in the Höhhot area, and once the center of power of Lamaism in the region.
* Zhaojun Tomb is the tomb of Wang Zhaojun, a Han Dynasty palace lady-in-waiting who became the consort of a Xiongnu ruler.

Elsewhere in Inner Mongolia:
* The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, the cenotaph of Genghis Khan, is located in Ordos City.
* Bashang Grasslands, on the border close to Beijing, is a popular retreat for urban residents wanting to get a taste of grasslands life.
* The Arshihaty Stone Forest/Hexigten UNESCO Geo Park, has magnificent granite rock formations formed from natural erosion.
* Xiangshawan, or "singing sands gorge," is located in the Gobi Desert and contains numerous tourist attractions including sand sledding and camel rides.
* Five-pagoda Temple in the capital of Inner Mongolia Hohhot. It is also called Jingangzuo Dagoba, used to be one building of the Cideng Temple.

## Notes and references 
## Other websites 
* Inner Mongolia Government website 
* Li Narangoa: The Commercialization of a Tamed Ethnicity 
* Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center
Alabaster, Alabama

**Alabaster** is a city and southern suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 33,284.

## Location
Alabaster is located at  (33.231162, -86.823829).

The city has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.2%) is water.

## References 
## Other websites
*Alabaster's Official city website
Adamsville, Alabama

**Adamsville** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 4,366.

## References
Aliceville, Alabama

**Aliceville** is a city in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 2,177.

## Notable residents 
*Walter Jones, left tackle for the Seattle Seahawks
*Simmie Knox, portrait artist

## References
Cowes

**Cowes** is an English seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. Cowes is on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina facing the smaller town of **East Cowes** on the east Bank.  The western town is sometimes referred to as **West Cowes** where distinction is needed - such as at the two differing ferry landings.

## Famous residents
*Dr Thomas Arnold - Headmaster of Rugby School
*Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort
* John Nash (architect)
* Jeremy Irons - film actor and Oscar and double-Emmy winner
* Lord Mountbatten of Burma (in childhood), later last Viceroy of India at Kent House, East Cowes
* Cliff Michelmore - BBC television and radio presenter/producer
* Mark King - Bassist and Lead singer of Jazz/Funk Fusion band Level 42
*Albert Ketelbey - Composer, Conductor and Pianist
*Kenneth Kendall - Journalist and Broadcaster
*Celia Imrie - Actress

## References
Ashville, Alabama

**Ashville** is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The population was 2,346 at the 2020 census. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City.

## References
Mr. T

**Mr. T**, whose real name is **Laurence Tureaud** (born May 21, 1952) is an American actor. He is famous for playing Sgt. Bosco "B. A." Baracus in *The A-Team* and James "Clubber" Lang in *Rocky III*. *Mr. T* has a popular catch phrase, "I Pity the Fool", which led to the name of a reality television series that he appeared. He also had a comic series called *Mr T and the T-force*. *Mr. T* is known for having a mohawk hairstyle and wearing a lot of gold jewelry.

## Early life
Tureaud was born in Chicago. Before he became an actor, he was a bodyguard. 

## Personal life
Mr. T is a born-again Christian.

Tureaud made his neighbors in the Chicago suburb Lake Forest angry by cutting down more than 100 oak trees on his estate. That is now called "The Lake Forest Chain Saw Massacre".
 
He gave up almost all his gold, one of his identifying marks, after helping with the cleanup after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. He said, "As a Christian, when I saw other people lose their lives and lose their land and property...I felt that it would be a sin before God for me to continue wearing my gold. I felt it would be insensitive and disrespectful to the people who lost everything, so I stopped wearing my gold."

## Filmography
## References
Andalusia, Alabama

**Andalusia** is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 8,805.

## Media
*Radio stations
**WAAO-FM 103.7  (Country)
**WSTF 91.5 FM (Religious)
*Newspaper
**Andalusia Star-News (daily)

## Education
Public education is provided by Andalusia City School System. which consists of Andalusia Elementary School, Andalusia Middle School, and Andalusia High School.

## Notable natives 
*Charles Brooks, editorial cartoonist
*Robert Horry, NBA player
*Nico Johnson, NFL player for Kansas City Chiefs, won 3 BCS National Championships while playing football for The University of Alabama.
* Alexa Jones, Miss Alabama 2005 and Miss America 2006 second runner-up
*Frank Tipler, cosmologist
*Charles "Bubba" Bailey, the police officer from Hamish and Andy's Caravan of Courage USA

## References
Atmore, Alabama

**Atmore** is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 8,391. The city was named for Mr. C.P. Atmore.

## References
Anniston, Alabama

**Anniston** is a city in, and county seat of, Calhoun County in the state of Alabama, United States. In 2020, the city had a population of 21,564.

## Chemical cleanup 
In 2002, an investigation by* 60 minutes* showed Anniston was among the most toxic cities in the country. The main source of local contamination was a Monsanto chemical factory, which was closed.

## Notable Residents and Former Residents 
*Francis T. Anderson, Civil War general.
*Michael Biehn, actor
*Anne Braden, Civil Rights activist
*June Burn, author
*Red Byron, NASCAR driver
*Asa Earl Carter, Segregationist, speech writer, and author of *The Education of Little Tree*
*Quinton Caver, American NFL football player
*B. B. Comer, Governor of Alabama.
*Michael Curry, NBA player
*Cow Cow Davenport, Boogie-woogie pianist
*Eric Davis, NFL corner back.
*William Levi Dawson, (b. 23 September 1899), composer of Negro Folk Symphony.
*Bobby Edwards, country singer
*Kevin Greene, retired American NFL football player
*Audrey Marie Hilley, famous for poisoning her husband and trying to poison her daughter.
*Thomas Kilby, Governor of Alabama.
*Perry Lentz, author and professor of English
*Lucky Millinder, Rhythm and blues and swing band leader and singer.
*Will Owsley, singer-songwriter.
*John L. Pennington, Newspaper publisher, governor of Dakota Territory.
*Patrick J. Que Smith, Grammy winning songwriter
*Shannon Spruill, professional wrestler
*David Satcher, former Surgeon General
*Vaughn Stewart, former NFL football player.

## References
New Hope, Alabama

**New Hope** is a small town in Madison County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population is 2,889. It was incorporated in 1832 under the name of Vienna. The original town was completely burned by the Union Army on December 15, 1864, during the American Civil War.

## References
Uniontown, Alabama

**Uniontown** is a city in Perry County, Alabama in the United States of America.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,107.

## Notable Residents and Natives
*Tony Cox, actor, born in Uniontown on March 31, 1958.
*Eugene Lipscomb, football player, born in Uniontown on August 9, 1931
*Erwin Dudley, professional basketball player

## References
Vestavia Hills, Alabama

**Vestavia Hills** is a city in Jefferson and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a suburb of the city of Birmingham.

## Notable residents
* Spencer Bachus - U. S. Representative for the 6th District of Alabama (R)
* Pat Du Pre - Former top 20 professional tennis player; collegiate star at Stanford
* Chris Hammond - Major League Baseball Pitcher (Reds, Marlins, Braves, Yankees, A's, Padres)
* Eli Gold -  Nationally known Sportscaster
* Michael Papajohn - Hollywood Actor, Producer & Stuntman
* Richard Scrushy - founder and former CEO of the physical rehabilitation healthcare company HealthSouth
* Jeff Sessions - U. S. Senator from Alabama (R)
* Don Siegelman - Former Governor of Alabama (D)
* Bart Starr - American football quarterback
* Jabo Waggoner - Alabama State Senator, Senate Minority Leader (R)
* George B. Ward - former mayor of Birmingham

## References
Attalla, Alabama

**Attalla** is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 5,827.

## Notable Past Residents 
*Carnell "Cadillac" Williams (born April 21, 1982), Tampa Bay Buccaneers player
*Betty Kelley (born  September 16, 1944), member of Motown girl group Martha and The Vandellas

## References
Union Springs, Alabama

**Union Springs** is a city in and the county seat of Bullock County, Alabama, United States.  The population was 3,358 at the 2020 census.

## Notable natives 
*Winton M. Blount - United States Postmaster General (1969-1972)
*John Warren Branscomb - Methodist bishop.
*John Henrik Clarke - Significant Pan-Africanist.
*Eddie Kendricks - Co-founder of The Temptations. (Family moved when he was young)

## References
Valley Grande, Alabama

**Valley Grande** is a city in Dallas County, Alabama, United States, just north of Selma.  Incorporated in early 2003, Valley Grande is governed by a mayor-council form of government.

## References
Irondale, Alabama

**Irondale** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham. At the 2020 census the population was 13,497. The book (later a movie) *Fried Green Tomatoes*, by Irondale native Fannie Flagg, is loosely based around the town and the landmark Irondale Cafe, known as The WhistleStop Cafe in the book & Film.

## References
Winfield, Alabama

**Winfield** is a city in Fayette and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 4,845 at the 2020 census, the second largest city in Marion County.

## Notable natives
*W. Eugene Davis, judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
*Johnny Micheal Spann, an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the first American killed in combat after the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.
*Jimmy Miles, award winning Country musician

## References
Wetumpka, Alabama

**Wetumpka** is a city in Elmore County, Alabama, United States. According to the 2020 US census, there are 7,220 people living there. The city is the county seat of Elmore County. In the early 21st century, it was one of the fastest growing counties in the state. Together with Montgomery, Prattville, Millbrook, and Tallassee the city is considered part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Area, or River Region. There are approximately 386,047 people living in the region. 

## In movies
Three major films have been filmed on location in downtown Wetumpka. 
**Big Fish* (2003)
**The Grass Harp* (1995)
**The Rosa Parks Story* (2002)

## Notable people
* Joe McInnes, businessman and state official
* Jim Rogers, author
* William Edgar Weldon, businessman and political leader

## References
Weaver, Alabama

**Weaver** is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,339. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Warrior, Alabama

**Warrior** is a city in Jefferson and Blount County in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2020 census the population was 3,224.

## References
Northport, Alabama

**Northport** is a city in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population is 31,125. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Why I Am Not a Christian

***Why I Am Not a Christian*** is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell. It describes the reasons why Russell does not believe in God and doubts religion.

## History
At first, a talk given March 6, 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, at the South London Branch of the National Secular Society. It was published that year as a pamphlet and was later published, with other essays, in the book, *Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects* ().

## Related works by other authors
**Why I Am Not a Muslim*, by Ibn Warraq, is also critical of the religion in which the author was brought up — in this case, Islam.  The author mentions *Why I Am Not a Christian* towards the end of the first chapter, stating that many of its arguments also apply to Islam.
**Why I Am Not a Hindu*, a 1996 book in a similar vein by Kancha Ilaiah, an activist opposed to the Indian caste system.
**Why I Am Still a Christian* is a book by Catholic theologian Hans Küng, published in 1987.

## Other websites
* Complete text with annotations
Moapa Valley

**Moapa Valley** is a  valley and region in the American State of Nevada. Within the valley are four towns: Overton, Logandale, Moapa, and Glendale, Nevada. Logandale and Overton are so close to each other that it is hard to tell them apart without a sign. Moapa Valley was formed by the Muddy River, which flows through it.

Moapa Valley has many archaeological sites, mostly created by the Anasazi Native Americans, which were largely damaged by construction. 

Moapa Valley is also the location of the Lost City Museum, which is a museum displaying artifacts and reconstructed adobe pueblos built on the original sites of the pueblos.

## References
Passenger pigeon

The **passenger pigeon** (*Ectopistes migratorius*) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common bird in North America.

## Description 
The passenger pigeon, or, wild pigeon was a species of bird, *Ectopistes migratorius*, that was once common in North America. It lived in enormous migratory flocks — sometimes containing more than two billion birds — that could stretch one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) wide and 300 miles (500&nbsp;km) long across the sky, sometimes taking several hours to pass.

Some estimate that there were three billion to five billion passenger pigeons in the United States when Europeans arrived in North America. Others argue that the species had not been common in the Pre-Columbian period, but their numbers grew when devastation of the American Indian population by European diseases led to reduced competition for food.

The species went from being one of the most usual birds in the world during the 19th century to extinction early in the 20th century. At the time, passenger pigeons had one of the largest groups or flocks of any animal, second only to the Rocky Mountain locust.

Some reduction in numbers happened because of habitat loss when the Europeans started settling further inland. The primary factor emerged when pigeon meat was commercialized as a cheap food for slaves and the poor in the 19th century, resulting in hunting on a massive scale. There was a slow decline in their numbers between about 1800 and 1870, followed by a catastrophic decline between 1870 and 1890. Martha, thought to be the world's last passenger pigeon, died on September 1, 1914, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

In the 18th century, the passenger pigeon in Europe was known to the French as tourtre; but, in New France, the North American bird was called tourte. In modern French, the bird is known as the pigeon migrateur.

In Algonquian languages, it was called *amimi* by the Lenape and omiimii by the Ojibwe. The term passenger pigeon in English derives from the French word *passager*, meaning to pass by.
Meadows Mall

The **Meadows Mall** is a mall in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Its address is 4300 Meadows Lane. With 140 stores inside, the mall building is two stories high. Within the mall is a food court, and four department stores: Dillard's, Sears, JCPenney, and Macy's. The mall is slightly larger than Boulevard Mall, which contains 149 stores.

## References
Valley, Alabama

**Valley** is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. According to the 2020 census, there are 10,529 people living there.

## Geography 
Valley is located in the southeastern Chambers County at 32°48'41" North, 85°10'41" West (32.811387, -85.177938). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, it has a total area of , all land.

## Demographics 
### Population 
As of the census of 2020, there were 10,529 people and 4,336 households in the city. Its population density was 817 people per square mile (315/km). There were 4,910 housing units at an average density of 381 per square mile (147/km). The per capita income for the city was $24,905. About 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under age 18 and 13.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Media 
Valley is served by the Columbus, Georgia Television Designated Market Area (DMA).

## Notable people 
* Jennifer Chandler, won a gold medal in diving at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal
* Josh Evans, former NFL player
* Lemanski Hall, former NFL player
* John Copeland, former NFL player
* Bill McGhee, former player for the Philadelphia Athletics
* Marcus Pollard, former NFL player
* Mike Potts, former pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers
* K. Lee Scott, Christian composer
* Jylan Ware, NFL player
* Drew Ferguson, member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 3rd congressional district
* Matt Foster, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox

## References
Vernon, Alabama

**Vernon** is a city in Lamar County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 1,921.  The city is the county seat of Lamar County.

## Notable residents 
* Dan Penn, songwriter, born in Vernon.
* Mitch Lucas, Christian evangelist/missionary, raised in Vernon.
* Troy Hankins, successful Alaskan businessman and entrepreneur born and raised in Vernon.
* Terry Moore, born in Vernon, major league baseball player
* Guy Morton, born in Vernon, major league baseball player
* Reuben Houston "Rube" Burrow—The most wanted outlaw of the late 1880s, he committed a series of train robberies along with his younger brother James Buchanan "Jim" Burrow.

## References
Jacksonville, Alabama

**Jacksonville** is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 14,385. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Jacksonville

**Jacksonville** may mean:
*Jacksonville, Alabama
*Jacksonville, Arkansas
*Jacksonville, Florida
*Jacksonville, Georgia
*Jacksonville, Illinois
*Jacksonville, Indiana
*Jacksonville, Maryland
*Jacksonville, Missouri
*Jacksonville, New York
*Jacksonville, North Carolina
*Jacksonville, Oregon
*Jacksonville, Pennsylvania
*Jacksonville (Lehigh County), Pennsylvania
*Jacksonville, Texas
*Jacksonville, Vermont
*Jacksonville, West Virginia
*Floyd, Virginia, originally named Jacksonville

Colleges & universities:
*Jacksonville College, a public two-year junior college in Jacksonville, Texas
*Jacksonville State University, a public four-year collegiate level institution in Jacksonville, Alabama
*Jacksonville University, a private four-year collegiate level institution in Jacksonville, Florida

Football:
*Jacksonville Jaguars
*World Cup 2022

Other:
**Jacksonville*, the working title of the Ryan Adams album released as *Jacksonville City Nights*
*"Jacksonville", a song by Sufjan Stevens from his album *Illinois* (album)
Didelphis

The six species in the genus ***Didelphis***, commonly known as **large American opossums**, are members of the Didelphimorphia order.

Species:

**Didelphis albiventris*
**Didelphis aurita*
**Didelphis imperfecta*
**Didelphis marsupialis*
**Didelphis pernigra*
**Didelphis virginiana*

## Related pages
* Marsupial
* Opossum

## References 
* Gardner, Alfred 2005. in Wilson D.E. & Reeder D.M. (eds) *Mammal species of the world*, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 5.
Pakistanis

**Pakistanis** () are citizens of the modern country known as Pakistan which is located in South Asia so a Pakistani is someone who comes from that country. It refers to a person or people from Pakistan.
Every citizen of Pakistan is called a Pakistani (singular) or Pakistanis (plural).

## Further reading
* Abbasi, Nadia Mushtaq. "The Pakistani diaspora in Europe and its impact on democracy building in Pakistan". *International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance* (2010).
* Awan, Shehzadi Zamurrad. "Relevance of Education for Women's Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan". ''Journal of International Women's Studies* 18.1 (2016): 208+ online
* Bolognani, Marta, and Stephen Lyon, eds. *Pakistan and its diaspora: multidisciplinary approaches* (Springer, 2011).
* Eglar, Zekiya. *A Punjabi Village in Pakistan: Perspectives on Community, Land, and Economy* (Oxford UP, 2010).
* Kalra, Virinder S., ed. *Pakistani Diasporas: Culture, conflict, and change* (Oxford UP, 2009).
* Bano, Sha. "Role of museums in Depicting history of cultural heritage of Pakistan". (2019).
* Marsden, Magnus. "Muslim village intellectuals: the life of the mind in northern Pakistan". *Anthropology today* 21.1 (2005): 10–15.
* Mughal, M. A. Z. "An anthropological perspective on the mosque in Pakistan". *Asian Anthropology* 14.2 (2015): 166–181.
* Rauf, Abdur. "Rural women and the family: A study of a Punjabi village in Pakistan". *Journal of Comparative Family Studies'' (1987): 403–415.
### Origins of Pakistanis
* Vasil'ev, I. B., P. F. Kuznetsov, and A. P. Semenova. "Potapovo Burial Ground of the Indo-Iranic Tribes on the Volga" (1994).
* Ahsan, Aitzaz. *The Indus Saga*. Roli Books Private Limited, 2005.
* Mehdi, S. Q., et al. "The origins of Pakistani populations". *Genomic Diversit*y. Springer, Boston, MA, 1999. 83–90.
* Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. "Deep phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup G1 provides estimates of SNP and STR mutation rates on the human Y-chromosome and reveals migrations of Iranic speakers". *PLoS One* 10.4 (2015): e0122968.
* Allchin, F. R. "Archeological and Language-Historical Evidence for the Movement of Indo-Aryan Speaking Peoples into South Asia". *NARTAMONGÆ* (1981): 65.
* Ahmed, Mukhtar. *Ancient Pakistan-an Archaeological History: Volume III: Harappan Civilization-the Material Culture*. Amazon, 2014.

## References
Thule

**Thule** is the name of the island which Pytheas, the ancient Greek explorer, discovered in the fourth century B.C. Pytheas reported that this island was located in the north of Britain. So it is believed that Thule is probably Iceland or the Shetland Islands or the Faroe Islands or the coasts of Norway. Today, a village in the north of Greenland is called  Thule which is also called Qaanaaq.

## Related pages 
*279 Thule
Case (grammar)

In grammar, **case** changes what a noun, adjective or pronoun does in a sentence. It is a set of forms which depend on the syntax (how the words go together). Case is an example of inflection, which is often an affix, a part of a word that is added to other words, that signals a grammatical relationship. Long ago, Old English used several cases, but Modern English does not normally use cases except for in pronouns. 

## History of case 
In Latin, nouns pack several ideas into one word:
*Gender: nouns must be masculine (*Latin*: ends in -us), feminine (ends in -a) or neutral (ends in -um). Also, adjectives must agree with the nouns by changing their endings. English is one of the few European languages that does not usually have gender for nouns.
*Case: nominative (*subject*), vocative (*direct speech),* accusative (*object*), genitive (*of* the noun), dative (*to* or *for* the noun), ablative (*by, with*, or *from* the noun).
**The locative (*at* the noun) is a rare case form for some specific nouns.

In many languages like Latin, German, Russian, Korean and Japanese, a noun's case changes the end of a word depending on the noun's role in the sentence. Nouns change their endings to show that they are doing something, something is done to them, they just happen to be there during the action, or they own something.

Therefore, word order in those languages is less important than in English in which word order often affects a sentence's meaning.

## Modern English 
In Modern English, case is not used much. Instead, word order and auxiliary verbs (helpers) are more important.
:"The most important grammatical development [in English] was the establishment of a fixed pattern of word-order to express the relationship between clause elements".p44

English has these cases for nouns and pronouns: *common case* and *genitive* (possessive).p202 Each may take a plural:
*Nouns: *Girl*; *girls*; ''girl's*; *girls'*. The last three cannot be distinguished in speech except by the context.
*Pronouns: *This is **your** hat*; *this hat is **yours***. A few pronouns have three cases and four forms: ***I*** (subject), ***me*** (object), ***my*** (genitive before noun), ***mine*** (independent genitive).

English adjectives are unchanged: *red hat*, *red hats''.

## References
Haast's eagle

'''Haast's eagle'* (*Harpagornis moorei'') was the largest known eagle. It is the only eagle in the world known to have been the top predator in its ecosystem. It lived on the South Island of New Zealand, where there were no other large predators.

Fossil evidence shows that the areas where the Haast’s eagle lived were covered in forest and shrublands, as well as in the grasslands on river floodplains. 

The arrival of people in New Zealand had unfortunate consequences for the eagle. By 1400 AD, most of the forest habitat it used had been cleared by fire, and most of the large flightless moas that it ate had been hunted to extinction. Not surprisingly, Haarst's eagle also became extinct.

## References
Deccan Mujahideen

The **Deccan Mujahiddeen** is believed to be a terrorist group. They do attacks inside India. They came to the attention of the public after they said they were responsible for the attacks on Mumbai on 26 November 2008. It is possible that the organization could be related to the Indian Mujahideen.

## Attacks on Mumbai 
Indian authorities said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. The surviving gunman was a Pakistani. Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009.

## Where the word is from 
Deccan refers to the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie on this plateau. The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word *dakkhin*. That word comes  from the Sanskrit word *dakṣiṇa-* (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.

**Mujahideen** (also spelt **Mujahedin**) in Arabic is a "struggler". So the name Deccan Muhahideen may literally mean *Strugglers of the South*, *The South Strugglers* or *South Strugglers*.

## Related pages
* 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks
* Terrorism

## References 
## Other websites 
* Deccan Mujahideen on Mahalo.com
Alessandro Volta

Count **Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta** (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was a Lombard physicist known especially for the development of the first electrical cell in 1800. He was born in Como in Lombardy, Italy.

Volta worked on the electrophorus that makes a static electric charge in 1775. Volta also studied what we now call capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential V and charge Q, and discovering that for a given object they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. Around 1791 he began to study "animal electricity". In this way he discovered Volta's Law of the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf  \mathcal{E}) of a galvanic cell. In 1800, he invented the *voltaic pile*, an early electric battery, which made a steady electric current. It is credited as the first electrochemical cell.
 
In honor of his work in the field of electricity, Napoleon Bonaparte made him a count in 1810. A museum in Como, the **Voltian Temple**, has been built in his honor and exhibits some of the original equipment he used to conduct experiments. In 1881, an important electrical unit, the volt(V), was named in his honor. There have also been innovations and discoveries named after Alessandro Volta including the Chevy Volt, and the Volta Crater on the Moon.

Volta married the daughter of Count Ludovico Peregrini, Teresa.  They raised three sons. In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia.  He had the job for almost 25 years. Volta is buried in the city of Como. At the **Tempio Voltiano** near Lake Como there is a museum about him and his work.
Benjamin W. Lee

**Benjamin Whiso Lee** (Korean: **이휘소**, **Lee Whi-so**) (January 1, 1935 – June 16, 1977) or **Ben Lee**, was a Korean-American theoretical physicist. His work in theorical particle physics was very important to the development of the standard model in the late 20th century. His work mainly affected the renormalization and the charm quark.

## Life 
Benjamin W. Lee was born in Seoul, Korea. Before finishing high school, he entered the department of Chemical Engineering at Seoul National University. He was one of the best students. During his time in college, he transferred to the United States. He graduated from Miami University. Lee received a master's degree from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 25. Lee worked at Institute for Advanced Study. He was a professor of physics at University of Pennsylvania, SUNY at Stony Brook, University of Chicago, and head of the theoretical physics department at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. On June 16, 1977, he was killed in a car accident near Kewanee, Illinois. Lee studied symmetry principles and weak interactions.