open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Edward G. Robinson

**Edward G. Robinson** (born **Emanuel Goldenberg**; December 12, 1893 &ndash; January 26, 1973) was a Romanian-American actor. He was known for his roles as Rico in *Little Caesar* and as Rocco in *Key Largo*. Other well-known roles include Barton Keyes in the movie *Double Indemnity*, Dathan  in *The Ten Commandments*, and his final role as Sol Roth in *Soylent Green*. He won an honorary Academy Award in 1973, two months after his death. He was listed in the 25 Greatest Male Actors of All Time.

## Early life
Robinson was born on December 12, 1893 in Bucharest, Romania to a Jewish-Yiddish family. After his brother was attacked by the Mafia, Robinson and his family moved to New York City in February 1903.

### Education
He studied at Townsend Harris High School and at City College of New York. He then studied to become an actor at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His career began in 1913, ten years after moving to the United States.

## Personal life
Robinson was married to Gladys Lloyd from 1927 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Jane Robinson from 1958 until his death in 1973. He had one son with Gladys and one step-daughter from his last marriage. Robinson was a Liberal Democrat.

### Death
Robinson died on January 26, 1973 in his home in Los Angeles, California from bladder cancer, aged 79. He was buried at Beth-El Cemetery in Queens, New York.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Photographs and literature
June Lockhart

**June Kathleen Lockhart** (June 25, 1925 – October 23, 2025) was an American actress. She acted primarily on television programs. She worked mostly in the 1950s and 1960s. She played Timmy's mother in the long-running *Lassie*. She appeared later in *Lost In Space*. She also played Doctor Janet Craig in the sitcom *Petticoat Junction*. She was born in New York City. She was given a Special Tony Award in 1948.

Lockhart turned 100 in June 2025. She died four months later on October 23, 2025 at her home in Santa Monica, California from natural causes.

## References
## Other websites
*
C. Aubrey Smith

**Sir Charles Aubrey Smith** CBE(July 21, 1863 &ndash; December 20, 1948) was an English actor and cricket player. He was known for his roles in *The Four Fathers* (1939), *Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde* (1941), and in *And Then There Were None* (1945).

Smith was born on July 21, 1863 in London, England. He studied at the Charterhouse School and at St John's College, Cambridge. Smith was married to Isabella Wood from 1896 until his death in 1948. They had one child. 

Smith died on December 20, 1948 in his home in Beverly Hills, California from pneumonia, aged 85. He was cremated. He was buried at St Leonard's Churchyard in Hove, East Sussex.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
* Stage performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol
*CricketArchive page on C. Aubrey Smith
*
Susanne Lothar

**Susanne Lothar** (15 November 1960 - 21 July 2012) was a German actress. She was born in Hamburg to actors Ingrid Andree and Hanns Lothar. She acted mostly in independent movies. She was in *The White Ribbon* and *The Piano Teacher*. She also performed on stage. She died in Berlin in July 2012.

## Other websites 
*
Sora (Kingdom Hearts)

**Sora** is the main character of the *Kingdom Hearts* video game series.

He is a teenager from Destiny Islands. He is best friends with both Riku and Kairi since his early childhood. He fights with a weapon called a keyblade and fights alongside Donald Duck and Goofy in the Kingdom Hearts games. They travel to different Disney worlds to protect the people living there from villains.

He was featured at #5 on Famitsu's "Most Popular Characters as Voted On By Fans". He was also ranked at #19 on UGO Networks list of "Top 25 Japanese RPG Characters". He is voiced by Haley Joel Osment in the English version of the game and by Miyu Irino in the Japanese version.

## References
## Other websites
*Sora  on IGN
Nintendo World Store

The **Nintendo World Store** is a specialty store that sells Nintendo video games and merchandise. It is located at 10 Rockefeller Center in New York City. It is owned by Nintendo. It opened on May 14, 2005, replacing the Pokémon Center that was there before.

The store is a two-story building. The first floor has Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, and *Pokémon Black 2 and White 2* sections. The second floor has a section with Wii consoles available for anyone to play. In addition, there are also Nintendo 3DS consoles available to play in the store. Some of the things that are sold there are exclusive to the store, meaning that they can only be bought there.

The store holds special tournaments and shows for new games. Early copies of the game and prizes are given out to the winners.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Fran Warren

**Frances Wolfe** (better known as **Fran Warren**; 4 March 1926 &ndash; 4 March 2013) was an American actress and singer. She had several hit songs. She acted in a few movies. She was born in and died near New York City.
Marjorie Lord

**Marjorie Lord** (July 26, 1918 &ndash; November 28, 2015) was an American actress. She acted mostly in television programs. She acted with Danny Thomas in *Make Room for Daddy*. She was the mother of actress Anne Archer. Lord was born in San Francisco, California.

Lord died in San Francisco on November 28, 2015 at the age of 97.

## Other websites
Back to December

**"Back to December"** is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift. It is from her third studio album, *Speak Now* (2010).

The song was released in the United States on November 15, 2010. It was the second single from *Speak Now*. According to Swift, "Back to December" is the first time she ever apologizes to someone in a song. The song is about breakup and wanting to go back to former times. Its lyrics are a remorseful plea for forgiveness for breaking up with a former lover. This single got very high reviews from the critics. It was a hit in the United States in 2010. It peaked at #3 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart and at #6 on the Hot 100 chart.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Jane Withers

**Jane Withers** (April 12, 1926 &ndash; August 7, 2021) was an American child actress. She played Josephine the Plumber in Comet Cleaner ads in the 1960s and 1970s. She acted primarily in movies. She also acted on television. Withers was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

Withers died on August 7, 2021 in Burbank, California at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Biographical information and vintage photographs of Jane Withers
Fifteen (song)

**"Fifteen"** is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift. The song is about heartbreak at age 15, being sad and coping with it. This single was a moderate hit in the United States. The release date was September 2009.

## Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes of *Fearless*
* Taylor Swift&nbsp;– vocals, songwriter, producer
* Nathan Chapman&nbsp;– producer
* Drew Bollman&nbsp;– assistant mixer
* Chad Carlson&nbsp;– recording engineer
* Justin Niebank&nbsp;– mixer

## Accolades
### Year-end charts
## References
Rebecca Hall

**Rebecca Maria Hall** (born 3 May 1982) is an English actress. She acts in both movies and television shows. Her movies are the independent type. She was born near London, England. Her father is stage director Peter Hall. She won the British Academy Television Award for her role in the movie *Red Riding: In the Year of Our Lord 1974*.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
John Dingell

**John David "Johnny" Dingell, Jr.** (July 8, 1926 &ndash; February 7, 2019) was an American politician. He served in the United States House of Representatives from December 13, 1955 to January 3, 2015. He is the longest-serving member of Congress. He was the longest ever to serve exclusively in the House.

Dingell was born on July 8, 1926 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He served in the military during World War II. He is the last member of Congress to have been a veteran of World War II, the other is Ralph Hall. Hall also left Congress in 2015. He studied at Georgetown University. Dingell and his wife, Deborah, had a son named Christopher.

Dingell announced on February 24, 2014 that he would not seek re-election to a 30th term in Congress. His wife announced to run for his congressional seat and won the election in November 4, 2014. His spouse was the first to replace a spouse in Congress, while the spouse is alive.

He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2014 by President Barack Obama.

Dingell died of prostate cancer in hospice care in Dearborn, Michigan on February 7, 2019, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*John D. Dingell for U.S. Congress *official campaign site*
*CD15  at Michigan Liberal
*Dingell's account of his civil rights record 
* Dingell on the Daily Show with Jon Stewart
Carol Alt

**Carol Ann Alt** (born December 1, 1960) is an American model and actress. 

She first became famous around 1983. She did commercials for Diet Pepsi, Hanes, General Motors and many more. She was also on a lot of magazine covers. Alt was born in New York City.

Alt appeared on the first season of *The Celebrity Apprentice*. She was eliminated before the final, coming third place out of 14 contestants. 

## References
Thalassaemia

from a patient with Delta Beta Thalassemia.]]

**Thalassaemia** (or **thalassemia**) is a genetic disorder of the blood which originated in the Mediterranean region.

## Causes
This disease is caused by the weakening and destruction of red blood cells. This is caused by mutant genes which affect how the body makes hemoglobin. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells which carries oxygen. Those with thalassaemia make less haemoglobin and fewer circulating red blood cells than normal, which results in mild or severe anemia.

## Genetics
Carriers are heterozygous for the thalassaemia allele, meaning only one of their two alleles is mutant. There are a number of different versions of thalassaemia. Each one is caused by a mutation in a different position in the genome. In that respect, thalassaemia resembles another genetic disorder affecting haemoglobin, sickle-cell disease.

## Complications
Thalassaemia can cause significant complications, including pneumonia, iron overload, bone deformities and cardiovascular illness. However, this inherited disease of red blood cells gives a degree of protection against malaria, which is or was common in the regions where the trait is common. This selective survival advantage for carriers (known as heterozygous advantage) is responsible for keeping the mutation in populations way above its mutation rate. 

## Treatment
It is possible to cure patients with thalassaemia with bone marrow transplants from compatible donors. However, this method requires an HLA-matched compatible donor.

## References
Lazarus Saturday

**Lazarus Saturday** is the day before Palm Sunday in the Orthodox Church. It celebrates the raising of Lazarus from the dead by Jesus (Gospel of John chapter 11). It is the start of Holy Week.

## Other websites
*Goarch.org
George Pullman

**George Mortimer Pullman** (March 3, 1831 &ndash; October 19, 1897) was an American engineer and businessman. At the time of his death, he bequeathed 1.2 million dollars for a free school of manual training in the town of Pullman.

Pullman invented the Pullman sleeping car. He founded a company town, Pullman. He did all of his business in Chicago. He was supported by President Grover Cleveland during the Pullman Strike in Chicago.

Pullman was born on March 3, 1831 in Brocton, New York. He was raised in Albion, New York. Pullman was married to Hattie Amelia Sanger from 1867 until his death in 1897. They had four children. Pullman died on October 19, 1897 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 66. He was buried at Graceland Cemetery.

## References
## Other websites
*George M. Pullman Educational Foundation
*PBS: Chicago 
*Pullman House in Colorado 
*1910 Steel Pullman Business Car
*Chicago Historical Society
Carriel Sur International Airport

The **Carriel Sur International Airport** (, ) is an international airport near Concepción, Chile. It is 8&nbsp;km from downtown. The airport was opened on January 3, 1968. This is second largest airport in Chile after Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. This airport is operated by Sociedad Concesionaria Aerosur S.A.. The airport has flights to Santiago de Chile, Puerto Montt, Temuco and Pucón.

## Other websites 
*Carriel Sur's official website
Millennium Force

**Millennium Force** is a steel giga roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. When it opened on May 13, 2000, it was the world's first giga roller coaster at 310 feet tall. It was also the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster for a short time until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later that year. It is also the second longest roller coaster in North America after The Beast at Kings Island.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Millennium Force page
* 
* Millennium Force  at The Point Online
* Millennium Force at Coaster-Net
* Roller Coaster Philosophy review of Millennium Force
* Millennium Force Detailed Review
* Construction video
Joe Weider

**Josef Edwin "Joe" Weider** (November 29, 1919 &ndash; March 23, 2013) was a Canadian-American bodybuilder, trainer, businessman, and television personality. He was the founder of Mr. Olympia.

Weider was born on November 29, 1919 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to a Polish-Jewish family. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. His brother was Ben Weider. Weider was married to Betty Brosmer from 1961 until his death in 2013. They had no children. Weider died on March 23, 2013 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
*Joe Weider: His Fitness Legacy  Article on Weider at Homegymsonline.com
*"Joe Weider True Story" by bodybuilding champion Leroy Colbert
*Weider biographical sketch at IFBB website
Cepheid variable

. It is one of the brightest known Cepheid variable stars in the Milky Way galaxy; image, Hubble Space Telescope]] 

**Cepheids** are a type of very luminous variable stars. There is a strong direct relationship between a Cepheid's luminosity and its pulsation period. This makes Cepheids important standard candles for the galactic and extragalactic distance scales.

Cepheid variables are divided into several subclasses which have clearly different masses, ages, and evolutionary histories: 
#Classical Cepheids
#Type II Cepheids
#Anomalous Cepheids
#Dwarf Cepheids  

The first cepheid known was Delta Cephei in the constellation Cepheus, found by John Goodricke in 1784. Delta Cephei is of great importance because its distance is extremely well known, thanks in part to it being in a star cluster, and the precise Hubble Space Telescope/Hipparcos parallaxes.

Cepheids are one of two ways in which the rate of expansion of the Universe can be measured.

## Classes
### Classical Cepheids
**Classical Cepheids** (also known as Population I Cepheids, Type I Cepheids, or Delta Cephei variables) pulsate with very regular periods of the order of days to months.  Classical Cepheids are population I young variable stars which are 4–20 times more massive than the Sun, and up to 100,000 times more luminous. Cepheids are yellow supergiants of spectral class F6 – K2. When they pulsate, their radii change by ~25%. For the longer-period I Carinae this means millions of kilometers for a pulsation cycle.

### Type II Cepheids
**Type II Cepheids** (also termed Population II Cepheids) are population II variable stars which pulsate with periods between 1 and 50 days. Type II Cepheids are typically metal-poor, old (~10 giga years), low mass objects (~half the mass of the Sun). Type II Cepheids are divided into several subgroups by period.

Type II Cepheids are used to fix the distance to the galactic center of the Milky Way, globular clusters, and galaxies.

### Anomalous Cepheids 
A group of pulsating stars on the instability strip have periods of less than two days, similar to RR Lyrae variables but with higher luminosities. Anomalous Cepheid variables have masses higher than type II Cepheids, RR Lyrae variables, and our Sun. It is unclear whether they are young stars on a "turned-back" horizontal branch, blue stragglers formed through mass transfer in binary systems, or a mix of both.

### Double-mode Cepheids 
A small proportion of Cepheid variables have been observed to pulsate in two modes at the same time, usually the fundamental and first overtone, occasionally the second overtone. A very small number pulsate in three modes, or an unusual combination of modes including higher overtones.

## References
Boeing 80

The **Boeing 80**, sometimes called the **Boeing Model 80** or just the **Model 80**, was an American airliner. It was a biplane with three engines. The Boeing 80 was built by the Boeing Airplane Company. It could carry mail and passengers.

## Development and design
Boeing Air Transport was started on February 17, 1927 by William Boeing. On July 1, 1927, planes from Boeing Air Transport started flying mail from San Francisco to Chicago. At first, the Boeing Model 40A was used for this.

Boeing decided to make a plane to carry passengers. In 1928 it designed the Model 80. The Boeing 80 could carry 12 people. The pilots sat in a cockpit in front of the passengers.

The first Boeing 80 took off on July 27, 1928.

## History
The Boeing 80 first flew for Boeing Air Transport on September 20, 1928.

In May 1930, Boeing Air Transport hired eight female flight attendants. They first flew on May 15. The Boeing 80 and 80A were used until the Boeing 247 replaced them in 1934.
*Monterey Peninsula Airways
*United Airlines

## Details (Model 80A)
## References
;Notes

;Bibliography

* Bowers, Peter M. *Boeing Aircraft since 1916*. London: Putnam, 1989. .
* Davies, Ed. "Boeing's Airline: The Life and Times of Boeing Air Transport, Part One". *Air Enthusiast*, No. 127, January/February 2007, pp.&nbsp;64–74. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.
* Davies, Ed. "Boeing's Airline: The Life and Times of Boeing Air Transport, Part Two". *Air Enthusiast*, No. 128, March/April 2007. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. pp.&nbsp;62–73.
* Taylor, H.A. "When Boeing Flew the Mails". *Air Enthusiast*, Twenty-two, August–November 1983, pp.&nbsp;64–74. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press.

## Other websites
* "Night Flyers At 10,000 Feet Hurdle The Rockies", *Popular Science,* August 1931, about the Boeing 80
* "How Many Parts Has The Modern Airplane", *Popular Mechanics,* January 1932, article about making a Boeing 80
Boeing Monomail

The **Boeing Model 200 Monomail** was an American mail plane. It was built in the 1930s by Boeing. It flew for the first time on 6 May 1930.

The Boeing Monomail was a monoplane instead of a biplane. The wing was strong and did not need bracing. Its wheels could be retracted. Only one plane was made for the US Army to look at.  The plane eventually began to fly main from San Francisco to Chicago.

Another version was made, the **Model 221**. It was made longer by 8 inches. This meant it could carry passengers, but less cargo. This version first flew on 18 August 1930. 

There were no good engines for the Boeing Monomail to use. By the time good engines could be used, new planes had been made which were better than the Monomail. One of these was the Boeing 247.

## Types of Boeing Monomail
;Model 200
:mailplane (one was built)
;Model 221
:mailplane which could carry six passengers (one was built)
;Model 221A
:Model 200 and 221 changed into airliners

## Users
;
*Boeing Air Transport
*United Air Lines

## Details (Model 221)
## References
*Boeing History - Boeing Monomail Transport Retrieved June 17, 2006.
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Fiddlergreen.net: *Monomail*
* Colorado Wreck Chasing: *Glendo Crash Site*
Giora Feidman

**Giora Feidman** (born March 26, 1936) is an Israeli clarinetist. He plays klezmer music.

## Biography 
Giora Feidman was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His Bessarabian Jewish parents immigrated there to escape persecution. Feidman's family are klezmer musicians. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather made music for weddings, Bar Mitzvahs, and holiday celebrations in the shtetls (villages) of Eastern Europe. Feidman married Ora Bat-Chaim in 1975. She was his personal manager.

## Music career 
Feidman started his career in Buenos Aires, where he was a member of the Teatro Colón Symphony Orchestra. Two years later he immigrated to Israel. He became the youngest clarinetist ever to play with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. He was a member of the orchestra for over 20 years. In the early 1970s he started a solo career. He has performed with the Berliner Symphoniker, the Kronos Quartet, the Polish Chamber Philarmonic, the Munich Chamber Philarmonic Orchestra, and the Munich Radio Orchestra.

Feidman started the "Clarinet and Klezmer in the Galilee" seminar and master class program, which takes place every year in Safed, Israel.

## Discography 
* Jewish Soul Music (1973)
* The Singing Clarinet (1987)
* Clarinetango (1990)
* The Magic of the Klezmer (1990)
* Viva el Klezmer (1991)
* Gerschwin & The Klezmer (1991)
* The Dance of Joy (1992)
* Klassic Klezmer (1993)
* Concert for the Klezmer (1993)
* Der Rattenfanger (1993)
* Feidman in Jerusalem (1994)
* Klezmer Chamber Music (1995)
* The Soul Chai (1995)
* The Incredible Clarinet (1995)
* For You (1996)
* Schelomo/Barakashot (1996)
* Silence and Beyond&nbsp;— Feidman plays Ora Bat Chaim (1997)
* Feidman in Bayreuth&nbsp;— Lilith&nbsp;— Neun Gesänge der dunklen Liebe (1997)
* Soul Meditation, Harmony of Soul (1997)
* Der Golem&nbsp;— Feidman and the Arditti String Quartet (1997)
* Klezmer Celebration (1997)
* Feidman and Israel Camerata (1998)
* Feidman and Katja Beer&nbsp;— Schubert (1998)
* Journey (1999)
* And the Angels Sing (1999)
* Klezmer and More (2000)
* Rhapsody (2000)
* To Giora Feidman&nbsp;— Your Kletzmer Friends (2000)
* TangoKlezmer (2001)
* Dancing in the Field (2002)
* Feidman plays Piazzolla (2002)
* Love&nbsp;— Feidman plays Ora Bat Chaim (2003)
* Feidman Plays Mozart and More (2003)
* Safad&nbsp;— Feidman and The Safed Chamber Orchestra (2004)
* Ewigkeit dringt in die Zeit (2004)
* Wenn du singst, wie kannst du hassen? (2005)
* Feidman and Eisenberg&nbsp;— Live at St. Severin (2005)
* Crossing Borders (2006)
* Klezmundo (2006)
* Klezmer in the Galilee (2007)
* The Spirit of Klezmer (2008)
* Klezmer & Strings (2009)
* Very Klezmer (2012)

## Films 
* *Jewish Soul Music: The Art of Giora Feidman* (1980), directed by Uri Barbash.

## Related pages
* Music of Israel

## References 
## Other websites 
* Giora Feidman official site
* Biography at Buffet Crampon's website 
* Interview with Giora Feidman, 2008
Louis Jourdan

**Louis Jourdan** (**Louis Robert Gendre**, June 19, 1921 &ndash; February 14, 2015) was a French retired actor. He appeared in *The Paradine Case* (1947), *Gigi* (1958), *The Best of Everything* (1959) and *Octopussy* (1983). His final movie before his retirement was *The Year Of The Comet* in 1992.

Jourdan was born on June 19, 1921 in Marseille, France. He studied at the École Dramatique. Jourdan was married to Berthe Frédérique from 1946 until her death in 2014. They had a son, Louis Jourdan, Jr.. Jourdan, Jr. died of a drug overdose aged 29 in 1981. 

Jourdan died in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Compound fruit

is an aggregate fruit.]]

The term **compound fruit** is sometimes used when it is not clear which of several fruit types a fruit belongs to. A compound fruit is "composed of two or more similar parts".

A compound fruit may be:
* An aggregate fruit, in which one flower contains several separate ovaries, which grow together during development.
* A multiple fruit, in which several flowers, each with an ovary, develop into small fruits that grow together into a larger fruit.
* A simple fruit formed from a compound ovary.

Grapes grow in clusters, but are not compound fruits. Each grape is grown from one ovary in one flower, and they are not attached to one another.

## References
Norman Lloyd

**Norman Nathan Lloyd** (November 8, 1914 &ndash; May 11, 2021) was an American actor, producer, and director. He is known for his television role as Dr. Daniel Auschlander in *St. Elsewhere*. His career lasted for more than ninety years. He made a guest appearance on *Modern Family* in 2010.

## Early life
Lloyd was born on November 8, 1914 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He studied to become an actor at the Civic Repertory Theatre in New York City. 

## Career
Lloyd came to Hollywood to play a Nazi spy in Alfred Hitchcock's *Saboteur* (1942). Je started a long friendship and professional career with Hitchcock. 

### Later career
After a few more villainous movie roles, Lloyd also worked behind the camera as an assistant on Lewis Milestone's *Arch of Triumph* (1948). A friend of John Garfield, Lloyd appeared with him in *He Ran All the Way*. Garfield's last movie before the Hollywood blacklist ended his movie career.

## Personal life
Lloyd was married to Peggy Craven from 1936 until her death in 2011. They had two children. Lloyd died on May 11, 2021 at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 106.

## References
## Other websites
*
*BN bio 
*The Man Who Fell Off The Statue of Liberty: An Interview with Norman Lloyd (TCM's Movie Morlocks)
Peter Vaughan

**Peter Vaughan** (**Peter Ewart Ohm**; 4 April 1923 – 6 December 2016) was an English actor. He was known for his role as Charles Johnson in *Citizen Smith* and recently as Maester Aemon in *Game of Thrones*.

Vaughan was born on 4 April 1923 in Wem, Shropshire, England. He was married to Billie Whitelaw from 1952 until they divorced in 1966. He was married to Lillias Walker until his death in 2016. Vaughan died in Mannings Heath, Sussex from epilepsy on 6 December 2016, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/313826/there-are-unfortunately-a-lot-of-us-old-guys-around.thtml 
*
Peter Sallis

**Peter John Sallis**  (1 February 1921 – 2 June 2017) was a English actor, known for his roles as Norman Clegg in *Last of the Summer Wine* from its 1973 inception until its final episode in 2010, making him the only actor to appear in all 295 episodes. He also voiced Wallace in *Wallace and Gromit*. He won an Annie Award in 2005.

Sallis was born on 1 February 1921 in Twickenham, Middlesex, England. He studied at the Minchenden Grammar School in North London. Sallis married Elaine Usher in 1957. They had a son, Crispian. Sallis has had a disease called macular degeneration since 2005.

Sallis died at the Denville Hall nursing home in Northwood, London, on 2 June 2017, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
James Karen

**James Karen** (born **James Karnofsky**; November 28, 1923 &ndash; October 23, 2018) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Martin Frohm in *The Pursuit of Happyness* and as Ben Hubbard in *Superman Returns*. He also starred in *Poltergeist* and *The Return of the Living Dead*.

Karen was born on November 28, 1923 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to a Russian-Jewish family. He studied at Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre. Karen was married to Susan Reed from 1958 until they divorced in 1967. They had one child. He married Alba Francesca in 1986.  

Karen died on October 23, 2018 in Los Angeles at the age of 94. The cause was cardiopulmonary arrest.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Great Character Actors / James Karen 
*Pathmark TV commercial with James Karen (YouTube)
Theodore Bikel

**Theodore Meir Bikel** (May 2, 1924 &ndash; July 21, 2015) was an Austrian-American actor, singer, and musician. He was nominated for an Academy Award as Sheriff Max Muller in *The Defiant Ones* in 1958.  

## Early life
Bikel was born in Vienna, Austria on May 2, 1924. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He moved to the United States in 1954. He became a U.S. citizen in 1961.

## Personal life
Bikel was married to Ofra Ichilov from 1942 until they divorced in 1943. Then he was married to Rita Weinberg Call from 1967 until they divorced in 2008. He was married to Tamara Brooks from 2008 until her death in 2012. He had two children with Call.

Bikel died on July 21, 2015, at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles of natural causes, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Theodore Bikel Official website 
* Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks 
* Theodore Bikel at the Internet Accuracy Project
Clifton James

**George Clifton James** (May 29, 1920 &ndash; April 15, 2017) was a retired American actor. He is best known for his role as Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the *James Bond* movies such as *Live and Let Die* (1973) and in *The Man With The Golden Gun* (1974).

James was born on May 29, 1920 in Spokane, Washington. He married Laurie Harper in 1951. Harper died in 2015. They had six children.

James died from complications of diabetes at his home in Gladstone, Oregon on April 15, 2017, age 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Clifton James at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
* Clips from *Texas* episodes
Gill Pinnacle

**Gill Pinnacle** (or '''Gill's Pinnacle''') is an inselberg in the far east of Western Australia, on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands. It is  part of the Petermann Ranges. It consists of a dome-shaped hill, surrounded by dense shrub; its top is bare rock. The hill has been useful as a landmark, because it marks the location of one of the area's most reliable freshwater , Gordon's Springs. This is a few hundred meters to the north of the rock. The area is called '''** (also spelled **' or '''') in Pitjantjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra.

The first Europeans to visit the area were the explorers Ernest Giles and W. H. Tietkens, in 1874. They saw the rock from Weld Pass, which is further to the west. Giles named the rock after his brother-in-law. He named the waterhole, Gordon's Springs, after his nephew.

The closest town to Gill's Pinnacle is Kaltukatjara, Northern Territory, which is about  to the east.

## References
## Other websites
*Gill's Pinnacle on *Bonzle* Digital Atlas
Love Story (song)

**"Love Story"** is a 2008 song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift.The story of the single is about a boy who is in love with a girl, resulting in a Romeo and Juliet type romance. The song received positive reviews from the critics. It sold millions of digital downloads and compact discs. The single was released in Autumn of 2008 in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jimmy Gardner

**Edward Charles James Gardner**, DFM (August 24, 1924 &ndash; May 3, 2010) was an English actor. He played Ernie Prang in *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* (2004).

Gardner was born on August 24, 1924 in Newmarket, Suffolk, England. Gardner died on May 3, 2010 in London, England from pneumonia, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Aggregate fruit

fruit is an aggregate fruit. The ovaries that make up the aggregate are called drupelets]]
'' flower forms from several ovaries. The fruit is an aggregate of "follicles". However, because the follicles are not connected to each other, it is not considered to be an aggregate fruit]]
An **aggregate fruit** is a fruit that develops from a single flower, but the flower has more than one ovary, and the ovaries join together as the fruit grows.

A fruit that grows from just one flower that contains just one ovary, is not an aggregate fruit but a **simple fruit**.

Not all flowers with multiple ovaries grow into aggregate fruit; the ovaries of some flowers do not become tightly joined together to make a larger fruit.
 
Aggregate fruits may also be accessory fruits. In accessory fruits, parts of the flower that are not the ovary become juicy and form part of the fruit.

Aggregate fruits include:
* Raspberry 
* Blackberry
* Strawberry is an aggregate fruit and is also an accessory fruit. The small light-coloured dots on a strawberry are the ovaries. The juicy part of the strawberry grows from the base of the flower.

## Related pages
*Multiple fruit

## References
Sylvanian Families

is a series of anthropomorphic animal figures. They are made from plastic and fake animal fur. They were started in Japan in 1985 by Epoch, but they are now sold worldwide. Many books, DVDs and TV series have been based on the characters. The characters were originally woodland animals like bears, rabbits and hedgehogs, but now other animals such as penguins, meerkats and elephants have been added into the mix. The word *sylvan* means "forest" in Latin.

## Setting 
Sylvanians were origanally set in Japan in the 1950's most of the families are rural middle-class with many luxuries and local businesses. They have many leisure activities such as horse riding, rowing and hosting garden parties. The simple caravan means that they can enjoy short stays on holiday. This means that they can be away from their house whether it is a small cottage or a multi-storey town house.
 
## Growing 
In 1985 Sylvanian Families were launched in both Japan and North America. They were such a success that in 1987 they moved over the Atlantic to Western Europe and to the UK. By 1988 these small toys were a major success world wide, they went on to win London toy of the year award 3 times in a row this had never been achieved before or after. They were so popular that in the late 80's an animated TV series was made, this was greatly watched and spain and the UK. In the 90's it was aired on American TV.
 
## Stopping and Starting 
By the mid 1990's Sylvanian Families, despite their major success, had gone out of business in the UK. The production company Tomy lost the rights to Sylvanian Families and American Calico Critters. In the late 90's another company, Flair, took over Sylvanian Families and reintroduced them into the UK. It was in 2007 that they celebrated their 20th birthday a special edition dalmation family (that had not been sold since they went out of production) with red party hats saying 'happy birthday'. 2012 was the 25th birthday and they sold a celebration rabbit family in honour a birthday that they never have seen if it hadn't have been for Flair.

## The London Shop 
The address for the Sylvanian Families Shop in London is 68 Mountgrove Road. The shop is quite small but stuffed from floor to ceiling with figures, displays and new box sets. People from all around the world to go to the Sylvanian shop to become one of the many people who have been inside the famous shop.

## Japanese Musuem and Shop 
In Japan there is a giant life size Sylvanian Families village, including a bakery with real bread based on the bread in watermill bakery. You can meet life size Sylvanian characters and go in life size houses made from the models themselves.
Four Weddings and a Funeral

***Four Weddings and a Funeral*** is a 1994 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was written and co-produced by Richard Curtis. It was directed by Mike Newell. It stars Hugh Grant as Charles and Andie MacDowell as Carrie, an American whom he repeatedly meets at weddings and a funeral as they become attracted to each other.

## Other websites 
*
George Cole

**George Edward Cole**, OBE (22 April 1925 - 5 August 2015) was an English actor. He is known for his roles as Arthur Daley in *Minder* and as Flash Harry in the early versions of the ''St Trinian's* movies. He also played Peter Banks in the sitcom *My Good Friend''.

Cole was born on April 22, 1925 in Tooting, South London, England. He was adopted when he was a baby. He was married to Eileen Moore from 1954 until they divorced in 1962. He married Penny Morrell in 1964. Cole died of an illness at Royal Berkshire Hospital, in Reading, Berkshire on 5 August 2015. 

## Other websites
* 
* www.britmovie.co.uk - George Cole
Kazuo Ishiguro

**Sir Kazuo Ishiguro** OBE (born 8 November 1954) is a British novelist of Japanese origin. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2017. He was born in Nagasaki, Japan; his family moved to England in 1960 when he was five.

His novels include *An Artist of the Floating World* (1986), *When We Were Orphans* (2000), and *Never Let Me Go* (2005). He won the Booker Prize for his 1989 novel *The Remains of the Day*. *The Remains of the Day* was later adapted as a movie. The movie came out in 1993. It starred Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards. He was knighted in 2018.

## Novels 
* *A Pale View of Hills* (1982)
* *An Artist of the Floating World* (1986)
* *The Remains of the Day* (1989)
* *The Unconsoled* (1995)
* *When We Were Orphans* (2000)
* *Never Let Me Go* (2005)
* *Nocturnes: Five Stories of Music and Nightfall* (2009)
* *The Buried Giant* (2015)
* *Klara and the Sun* (2021)

## References
William Schallert

**William Joseph Schallert** (July 6, 1922 &ndash; May 8, 2016) was an American actor. He played the father on *The Patty Duke Show*. He is also known for his guest-star roles in *The Smurfs*, *Jefferson Drum*, *Gunsmoke*, *Star Trek*, *Get Smart*, *Lawman*, *Matlock*, *The Waltons*, *Bonanza*, The Andy Griffith Show and in *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*.

Schallert was born on July 6, 1922 in Los Angeles, California. He married Rosemarie D. Waggner in 1949. Schallert was the president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1979 through 1981. He died at his home in Pacific Palisades, California from complications from peripheral neuropathy on May 8, 2016, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
*William Schallert Interview at Elvis2001.net 
*Hollywood Everyman: A Conversation with William Schallert  2010 Interview with William Schallert
Giant star

**. Above and to the right are the giants. The Sun is on the main sequence, not a giant.]]
 of variable stars highlighted.]]

A **giant star''' is a star with much larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence star of the same surface temperature.

Giant stars are up to a few hundred times the diameter of the Sun and between 10 and a few thousand times brighter than the Sun. They do not last as long as most main sequence stars. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant.

There are a wide range of giant class stars, and sub-divisions are often used to identify particular types. Astronomers use such terms as: sub-giants, bright giants, red giants, yellow giants and blue giants. The giant luminosity class is given the Roman numeral III, for bright giants it is II.

## Types of giants 
### Red giants 
These have spectral types K to M.
* Pollux
* Dubhe
* Arcturus
* Aldebaran
* Gacrux

### Yellow giants 
These have spectral types F and G.
* Capella A and B
The Cepheid variables are yellow giants.

### Blue giants 
These have spectral types A, B, and O.
* Alcyone in the Pleiades

### Bright giants 
Giants nearly as bright as supergiants. They can have many spectral types.
* Canopus
* Aludra
* Alpha Herculis

## References
Max Wright

**George Edward Maxwell "Max" Wright** (August 2, 1943 &ndash; June 26, 2019) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Willie Tanner on the television comedy series *ALF*.

Wright was born on August 2, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan. He was married to Linda Wright from 1965 until her death in 2017. They had two children, Ben and Daisy. 

In January 2000, Wright was arrested for drunken driving in Los Angeles, California. Wright had another DUI arrest in 2003.

In 1995, he was diagnosed with lymphoma. He was remission until the cancer returned in early 2019. Wright died on June 26, 2019 at his home in Englewood, New Jersey from the disease at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Richard Curtis

**Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis** (born 8 November 1956) is a New Zealand screenwriter and movie producer and director. He was born in Wellington. He lives in England. He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Language and Literature from Christ Church, Oxford.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Deborah Raffin

**Deborah Iona Raffin** (March 13, 1953 &ndash; November 21, 2012) was an American actress, director, screenwriter, and audio book publisher. She was known for her role in *Touched by Love* (1981).

## Early life
Raffin was born on March 13, 1953 in Los Angeles, California to executive Phillip J. Raffin and to actress Trudy Marshall, both from Brooklyn, New York. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. Raffin was Jewish.

## Career
In 1985 she starred as Kathryn Davis in *Death Wish 3*. In 1988, she starred in James Clavell's *Noble House* with Pierce Brosnan. In 1991, she appeared as Julie Vale in *Scanners II: The New Order*. She later appeared as Aunt Julie on the television show *7th Heaven*, and as Dr. Hightower in the ABC Family teenager series, *The Secret Life of the American Teenager*.

### Awards
She was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and a Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her performance in Touched by Love in 1981.

## Personal life
Raffin was married to Michael Vinner from 1975 until they divorced in 2005. They had a daughter, Taylor Rose Vinner. In 2011, Raffin was diagnosed with leukemia (blood cancer).

### Death
A year later, on November 21, 2012 Raffin died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from the disease, aged 59. She was survived by her daughter Taylor Rose.

## Movies
**40 Carats* (1973) as Trina Stanley 
**The Dove* (1974) as Patti Ratteree
**Once Is Not Enough* (1975) as January Wayne 
**God Told Me To* (1976) as Casey Forster
**The Sentinel* (1977) as Jennifer
**Touched by Love* (1980) as Lena Canada 
**Dance of the Dwarfs* (1983) as Dr. Evelyn Howard 
**Claudia* (1985) as Claudia
**Lace II* (1985) (miniseries) as Judy Hale
**Death Wish 3* (1985) as Kathryn Davis
**Grizzly II: The Concert* (1987) as Samantha Owens
**Morning Glory (movie)* (1993) as Elly Dinsmore (also co-writer of screenplay)

## References
## Other websites
*
William Powell

**William Horatio Powell** (July 29, 1892 &ndash; March 5, 1984) was an American actor. He was known for his role in *Thin Man* (1934). He was nominated an Academy Award for Best Actor three times for his roles in *The Thin Man* (1934), *My Man Godfrey* (1936), and *Life with Father* (1947).

## Early life 
Powell was born on July 29, 1892 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was raised in Kansas City, Missouri. Powell studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

## Personal life 
He was married to Eileen Wilson from 1915 until they divorced in 1930. Then he was married to Carole Lombard from 1931 until they divorced in 1933. Then he was married to Diana Lewis from 1940 until his death in 1984. He had a son with Wilson, William David (who committed suicide in 1968).  

Powell died on March 5, 1984 in his home in Palm Springs, California from heart failure, at the age of 91. He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

## References
## Other websites
* William Powell 
* 
* 
* 
* Photographs of William Powell
* FBI file on William Powell
Mitchell Hooks

**Mitchell Hooks** (1923 &ndash; March 17, 2013) was an American artist and illustrator renowned for his artwork for paperback books and magazines. He was known for illustrating movie posters for *Dr. No*, *The Sand Pebbles*, and for *El Dorado*. 

Hooks was born in 1923 in Detroit, Michigan. He died on March 17, 2013 his home Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 89. 

## References
## Other websites
* MItchell Hooks paperback covers
*. Reprinted with permission. Part 2, Part 3, Part 4
Virgil Trucks

**Virgil Oliver "Fire" Trucks** (April 26, 1917 &ndash; March 23, 2013) was an American baseball player who was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball.

From 1941 through 1958, Trucks played for the Detroit Tigers (1941–1943, 1945–1952, 1956), St. Louis Browns (1953), Chicago White Sox (1953–1955), Kansas City Athletics (1958) and New York Yankees (1958). He batted and threw right-handed. 

Trucks was born on April 26, 1917 in Birmingham, Alabama. He was married to Elizabeth Ann Newman until his death in 2013. Trucks died in his home in Calera, Alabama from natural causes, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Baseball Library 
*Baseball Reference
City of David

The **City of David** (, *Ir David*), called in , **Wadi Hilweh**, is an archaeological site in Jerusalem. It is next to the south-eastern corner of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site is attributed to the palace of king David, and includes a water tunnel that was built by the king Hezekiah.

Near the site live Jewish and Arabs.

## Other websites 
* City of David
* From Shiloah to Silwan project 
* City of David, Biblical Archaeology Review
Ducky Detweiler

**Robert Slerling "Ducky" Detweiler** (February 15, 1919 &ndash; March 13, 2013) was an American professional baseball infielder and manager. Listed at 5' 11", 178&nbsp;lb., he batted and threw right handed. He played for the Boston Braves (1942, 1946).

Detweiler was born on February 15, 1919 in Trumbauersville, Pennsylvania. He studied at Quakertown High School. Detweiler was married to Jean Cahall from 1944 until his death in 2013. They had one daughter, Gina. Detweiler died on March 13, 2013 in his home in Easton, Maryland from natural causes, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles (1993). *Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball*. Baseball America.
Pier 39

**Pier 39** is a place in San Francisco. It is a popular place for tourists and has many things to do. There are many restaurants, shops, street performances, and a video arcade. Pier 39 is home to many sea lions and a two-level carousel at the end of the pier.

Pier 39 was first developed by Warren Simmons and opened October 4, 1978.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Vladimír Čech

**Vladimír Čech** (6 July 1951 &ndash; 22 March 2013) was an Czech actor, presenter and former politician. He was known for being the voice of *Garfield* in the Czech versions.

Čech was born on 6 July 1951 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts. Čech died of Lynch syndrome (a type of colon cancer) and pneumonia on 22 March 2013 in his home in Prague, Czech Republic, aged 61.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography of Vladimír Čech on ČT website 
*Biography of Vladimír Čech on worldonline.cz website  
*
Islam in Afghanistan

Islam is the state religion of the Afghanistan. About 99.7% of the Afghan population is Muslim. About 80-89% practice Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi Islamic law school. 10-15% are Shi'a, most of whom follow the Twelver branch with smaller numbers of Ismailis.

## References
Keio University

**Keio University** is one of the oldest universities in Japan. It started in Tokyo in 1858 as a school for Western studies.

## Faculty & Graduate Schools
* Medicine
* Pharmacology & Pharmacy
* Science & Technology (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, etc.)
* Law
* Economics
## Notable alumni
* Junichiro Koizumi (87th/88th/89th Prime Minister of Japan)
* Ryutaro Hashimoto (82nd/83rd Prime Minister of Japan)
* Akihiko Hoshide (astronaut)
* Yukari Yoshihara (Go player at Nihon Ki-in)
## Campus Gallery

File:Keio University(mita) - Main gate.jpg|New South building on Mita Campus
File:三田演説館-慶應三田.jpg|Mita speech house on Mita Campus
File:中央道路銀杏並木-慶應日吉.jpg|Hiyoshi Campus
File:矢上台.jpg|Yagami Campus
File:Kitasato Memorial Medical Library.jpg|Kitasato Memorial Medical Library on Shinanomachi campus
File:3号館(芝共立).jpg|3rd Building on Shiba Kyoritsu campus

## Other websites
*Keio University website
*Keio University, Institute for Advanced Biosciences/TTCK
*Shonan Fujisawa Campus
*Keio Academy of New York
*Keio Organization for Global Initiatives (OGI)
## References
## Bibliography
*
Jessica Lucas

**Jessica Lucas** (September 24 1985) is a Canadian television and movie actress. She played Lily in the movie *Cloverfield*. She also acted in several notable television programs. She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Rajpath

**Rajpath** (, meaning "King's Way") is the national boulevard of India. It is in New Delhi, the capital of India. The boulevard starts at the home of the President of India and ends at the National Stadium. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Image of Rashtrapati Bhavan and the Secretariat buildings lit up for the Beating the Retreat at Vijay Chowk