open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Velma Dinkley

**Velma Dinkley** is a fictional character in the cartoon series Scooby-Doo. Velma first appeared in the show Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! in 1969. In it she was the smartest one. Nicole Jaffe played her. 

In 1976, Pat Stevens started to play Velma for The Scooby Doo Show. She was voiced by Mindy Cohn in 2002-2015. Kate Micucci played her since then. The TV show Velma is a Spin-off prequel about her. In it, Mindy Kaling plays Velma.  

## Appearances
### Television series
* *Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!*
* *The New Scooby-Doo Movies*
* ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?*
* *Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated*
* *Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!*
* *Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?*

### Films
* *Scooby-Doo* (2002) -- (Main role)
* *Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed* (2004) -- (Main role)
* *Scoob!'' (2020) -- (Main role)
Corinne Enaudeau

**Corinne Enaudeau** is a French philosopher. She is the daughter of Jean-François Lyotard.

A teacher in philosophy in the Lycée Henri-IV of Paris and the Lycée Janson de Sailly, she is also the program director of International College of philosophy of Paris.

## Main works 
* *Là-bas comme ici. Les paradoxes de la représentation*, Gallimard, coll. « Connaissance de l'inconscient - Série Tracés », 1998.
;See also
* (Dir. with Patrice Loraux)''La méthode de l'expédient*, Collège International de Philosophie - Le Collège en Actes, Kimé, 2006.
* (With Jean-François Nordmann, Jean-Michel Salanskis and Frédéric Worms) *Les Transformateurs Lyotard*, Collège International de Philosophie, Sens & Tonka, 2008.
* She has translated *Manifesto of the Communist Party* by Marx and Engels and the *Critique of the Gotha Program'' by Marx.
Naresuan

**King Naresuan The Great**. (, , , , ) or **Sanphet II** (, , ), (1555/1556 – 25 April 1605) was the 18th monarch of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and 2nd monarch of the Sukhothai dynasty. He was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1590 and overlord of Lan Na from 1602 until his death in 1605. His father was King Mahathammaracha and his mother was Queen Wisutkhasat. King Narasuan had one older sister named Princess Suphan Thewi (Supankanlaya) and one brother named King Ekathotsarot (Phra-Ong-Khao).

The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to attack Ayutthaya, and he conquered it. So, he asked for King Naresuan as his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old. When Naresuan was 16, King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.

## Major events in the life of King Naresuan
**B.E. 2113** He fought with Khmer's troop and he won. 

**B.E. 2114** He was established (set up) to be a governor of Phitsanulok when he was 16.

**B.E. 2117** He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox. So he came back to Phitsanulok.

**B.E. 2121** He fought for driving out Phaya Jeen Jan Tu from Ayutthaya. 

**B.E. 2127** He proclaimed peace at Krang province.

**B.E. 2127-2130**  Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.

**B.E. 2133** He reigned Ayutthaya when he was 35 years old.

**B.E. 2135** Made war with Mang Ka Yoe Cha Wa.

**B.E. 2138 and 2141** He fought with Hong Sa Wa Dee. 

**B.E. 2148**  He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.

## References
South Thailand insurgency

The **insurgency in Southern Thailand** is a violent rebellion that is taking place in three southern provinces of Thailand. There are Naratiwat Pattani, and Yala. Most of the people that live in these provinces are not related to Thai people. They are Muslim Malays.

## Background 
The rebellion started in the 19th century, when the British and the King of Siam agreed on the border between Siam and Malaya. The British took Kedah and Kelantan, and Pattani became part of Siam. The sultan of Pattani was removed and his kingdom was split into three provinces. Ever since then, the Malay people of this region have wanted to get their independence back, or to join Malaysia as a state.

## Recent history 
The unrest in the southern provinces is one of the biggest problems in Thailand. There is an armed struggle against the government. There are many severe attacks on civilians too, mostly considered terrorism. Since it has happened, some Thai families had to move out from the site because the problems changed their lives. They were also scared of what would happen with them.
Alex Salmond

**Alexander Elliot Anderson Salmond** ( ; 31 December 1954 – 12 October 2024) was a Scottish politician, economist and television host. He was the First Minister of Scotland from 2007 to 2014. He was also the Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 2004 to 2014. He was an important figure in the Scottish independence movement.

## Early life
Salmond was born in Linlithgow, Scotland. He studied at the University of St Andrews. He became an economist at the Royal Bank of Scotland. In 1981, he married Moira McGlashan.

## Political career
Salmond became a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Banff and Buchan at the 1987 General Election. In 1990, Alex Salmond became the leader of the Scottish National Party. He became a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Banff and Buchan at the 1999 Scottish Parliament Election and resigned as SNP leader in 2000.

Salmond became the party leader again in 2004 and stood in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election for the constituency of Gordon. At this election, the SNP received the highest number of seats and the highest share of the vote in Scotland, but did not have enough seats to form a majority government. The SNP went on to form a minority government with Alex Salmond becoming First Minister.

Alex Salmond was against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was one of several MPs who called for Prime Minister Tony Blair to be impeached. At the 2010 General Election, Alex Salmond stood down as a Member of Parliament but argued against the BBC's decision not to allow the SNP on the televised Prime Ministerial Debates.

On 19 September 2014, following the results of the independence referendum which confirmed a majority of the Scottish people had voted to remain as part of the United Kingdom, Salmond announced that he would be resigning as First Minister in November 2014. Salmond formally resigned as First Minister on 18 November 2014, with his deputy, Nicola Sturgeon taking office two days later.

## Death
Salmond died from a heart attack on 12 October 2024 after delivering a speech in Ohrid, North Macedonia at the age of 69.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* First Minister (Scotland.gov.uk)
* Official biography (www.snp.org)
* Guardian profile, Electoral history and profile (guardian.co.uk)
* TheyWorkForYou.com
* Voting Record — Alex Salmond MP, Banff & Buchan (10525) (The Public Whip)
*
Hermit crab

The **hermit crab** is a type of crab that does not have a hard shell. They use old shells for protection. They especially like old whelk shells. When the hermit crab grows in size, it finds a larger shell.

## Description 
The hermit crab is a crustacean, but it is very different from other crustaceans. While most crustaceans are covered from head to tail with a hard exoskeleton, the hermit crab is missing part of its exoskeleton. The back part where its abdomen is located, is soft and . Thus, the minute a hermit crab s into an adult, it sets out to find a shell in which to live.

To get into the shell, the hermit crab squeezes in backwards, using its four back legs to enter the shell. The back legs have hooks that anchor the hermit crab into the shell without . The next four legs are used for walking, while the front two are its . The chelipeds are not equal in size: one is big and other is small. The larger one is used for grabbing  and ing the entrance to its shell. All together, hermit crabs have a total of ten legs, including the chelipeds and the rear legs used to anchor to the shell.

There are about 500 different species of hermit crabs around the world, and they have different colors, often with patterns like stripes and dots on their bodies. Most hermit crab species live on the ocean floor, but many live on land. Female terrestrial (land based) hermit crabs must return to the sea to breed.

## Diet 
Hermit crabs are omnivores (eating plants and animals) and scavengers (eating dead animals that they find). They eat worms, plankton, lime chips, and organic debris.

## Fossil Record 
Hermit crabs first appeared in the Cretaceous period, before the Dinosaurs became extinct (died out). Fossils have been found where they have used Ammonite shells.

## Reproduction 
The reproductive (sexual) organs of hermit crabs are located near and just below the animal's heart and open to the outside at the base of the last pair of walking legs in the male. In the female, they are located at the base of the middle pair of walking legs. Female hermit crabs usually lay their eggs shortly after copulating (mating) but they can also store sperm (male sexual cells) for many months. The eggs are fertilised as they are laid by passing through the chamber holding the sperm. The eggs are carried and hatched in a mass attached to the abdomen inside the shell. The number of eggs is usually large, but depends on the animal's size.

## As pets 
Basic needs to keep pet Hermit Crabs: 
* Humidity gauges (humidity: 75- relative)
* Temperature gauges (temperature: 70-75&nbsp;°F) 
* Substrate: sand, coconut fiber (must be deep and soft enough to dig in so that crabs can molt) 
* Minimum of a 5 gallon tank for one crab; and 10 gallon tank for about 20 crabs 
* Shells (shells are changed during growth)
* Separate molting tank[dubious – discuss] 
* Fresh water dish 
* Salt water pool for submerging (aquarium salt)

## References
People's Alliance for Democracy

The '''People's Alliance for Democracy** (PAD) is a political pressure group in Thailand. It was originally a coalition of protestors against the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. It called for the resignation of Shinawatra and two later prime ministers, Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat. It is also called the **National Liberation Alliance** or the **Yellow Shirts''' after the colour of the clothes they wear. It started from accusations of fraud against Shinawatra's business deals.

In November 2008, the PAD seized Donmuang and Suvarnabhumi Airports to force Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawa to resign. The airports had to close. In 2011 they camped outside Government House for almost 200 days to protest about government policy.

Supporters wear yellow shirts with a hat that has a Latin message *liberate* (). They wear a blue scarf and they use tools that to make the sound like clapping hands ().

## References
Triode

A **triode** (“valve” in British English) is a type of empty tube with wires in it (vacuum tube). It is not a vacuum tube diode, which has only two wires (electrodes), but has a third electrode, called the grid between the 2 wires (cathode  and anode). 

The word “triode” comes from the word parts “tri” (three) + “ode” (way, road). 

## How it works 
When the cathode becomes hot, it gives out electricity particles (electrons). These electrons are then taken by the anode. This makes an electric movement (current), which is controlled by the grid. The grid “checks” how many electrons can pass through, and “eats” the extra ones. The grid lets the triode to be used as an electric amount changer (amplifier).

The grid can also quickly change the amount of electrons it lets through, so it can also be part of an oscillator and wave taker (detector). 

## History 
Philipp Lenard created the “grid” idea in 1902 to make an electron taker. The diode (Fleming valve) was created by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904.  Lee De Forest and Robert von Lieben created the triode in 1908 from his original Audion diode of 1906. The triode is used as an amplifier (electric amount changer).  The name triode was created because people needed to know which kind of vacuum tube it is, rather than a diode, tetrode, or pentode.

People wanted to talk to people far away. They used triodes to talk, by triode radio receivers and triode radio transmitters. At first they only sent Morse code but better triodes later allowed talking by radio.

The triode transmitters were so good that they replaced the crystal transmitters to make the new listening devices (earphones). 

This made the first way of talking far away, creating the beginning of radio broadcasting around 1920. This made far away telephones better.

Then the Bell Telephone group made even better telephones that can catch waves that traveled about 800 miles. They put the first transcontinental telephone line on January 25, 1915 .

Then people started putting more wires inside, to 4 wires (tetrode, by Walter Schottky in 1916) to 5 wires (pentode, by Gilles Holst and Bernandus Dominicus Hubertus Tellegen in 1926).

The triode was used in other devices (radios, televisions, and audio systems) until it was beaten by the transistor in 1947, ending the time of the triode.

Today triodes are used in wave throwing and hot making. Triodes are also starting to be used in good electric audio machines and music machines. They are also used in glow makers (vacuum florescent displays, (VFDs), and there are different types of glow makers, but all use triodes.

## What it can be used for 
Radios and telephones are also wave takers, so it is used in them. But it is too big, so from 1960 to 1969, the transistor has mostly replaced it. It is an ancestor of the transistor. It is still used in vacuum tube amplifiers.

Today, the triode is still used in iPods and radios and heaters to heat and to take waves.

## Other websites 
* "Introduction to Thermionic Valves"
First Minister of Scotland

**First Minister of Scotland** is the leader of the government of Scotland. The First Minister is usually the person who is the leader of the political party with the most seats in the Scottish Parliament.

The current First Minister of Scotland is John Swinney of the Scottish National Party, since 8th May 2024. The first was Donald Dewar, who died in office in 2000. The official residence of First Minister is Bute House in Edinburgh, Scotland.

## List of First Ministers of Scotland 
;Political parties

;Status

;Legend

## Caretaker First Ministers of Scotland 
* Jim Wallace (Scottish Liberal Democrats) - 11 October 2000 – 27 October 2000
* Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats) – 8 November 2001 – 27 November 2001

## Deputy First Ministers of Scotland 
* Jim Wallace (Scottish Liberal Democrats) – 19 May 1999 – 23 June 2005
* Nicol Stephen (Scottish Liberal Democrats) – 27 June 2005 – 17 May 2007
* Nicola Sturgeon (Scottish National Party) – 17 May 2007 – 19 November 2014
* John Swinney (Scottish National Party) – 21 November 2014 – 29 March 2023
* Shona Robison (Scottish National Party) – 29 March 2023 – 8 May 2024
* Kate Forbes (Scottish National Party) – 8 May 2024 – present

## Residence 
The official residence of the First Minister is **Bute House**. It is located in Edinburgh.

## Notes
## References
High Wycombe

**High Wycombe** is a large town in south Buckinghamshire. It has a population of about 175,000 people. The town is the largest  town in Buckinghamshire. High Wycombe is the central hub for south Buckinghamshire and parts of Berkshire, Oxfordshire and Hertfordshire. It has central bus and railway stations with services to London and Birmingham, England's two largest cities. It is also a shopping area. It has one of the largest shopping centres in England. The town is in the Chilterns, an area of natural beauty. This makes it a tourist location. It has a museum, a regional theatre, a tourist information centre and two National Trust properties within three miles of the town centre. It is also a sporting venue. The venue has a large football stadium and one of few olympic size swimming pools in the United Kingdom. The town has some colleges that offer quality education and several well-regarded grammar schools as well as Wycombe Abbey, a famous private girls school. Some of the top-rated scholls in High Wycombe are Highcrest Academy, Amersham & Wycombe College, John Hampden Grammar School, Royal Grammar School and Wycombe High .

Notable residents past and present include:
*Howard Jones
*Jimmy Carr
*Matt Dawson
*Heston Blumenthal
*Ian Dury

## References 
## Other websites
*Wycombe District Council
List of prime ministers of Thailand

**Thailand** has had 31 prime ministers since it changed from a monarchy to a democratic regime.

## List of prime ministers
**Colour key** (for political coalitions/parties):

***General categories:***  (12)  (7)

***Defunct political parties:***
:Pre–1950:  (1)  (5)  (1)

:1950–1975:  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)

:Post–2000:  (1)  (2)  (1)  (2)

***Active political parties:***  (6)  (1)  (5)  (1)  (1)

## Notes
## References
Suvarnabhumi Airport

**Suvarnabhumi Airport** (; IATA: **BKK**, ICAO: **VTBS**), also unofficially known as **Bangkok Airport**, is the main international airport of Bangkok, Thailand. It is located in Bangchoung, Rachatawa, Noungprue and Bangphli district Samutprakarn province. The area of the airport is about . It is six times bigger than Don Mueang International Airport, the other international airport serving Greater Bangkok.

## Budget
The Thai government gave a budget of about 150,000 million baht (US$4.9 billion or 3.7 billion euro) to build this international airport. This included investment of Government service and State Enterprises of 137,000 million baht ($4.46 billion), and private company about 13,000 million baht ($423 million). The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people. It was designed by Helmut Jahn.

## International airlines
International airlines included of 102 airways and 142 cities. There are:

* Aeroflot
* Air Astana
* Air Austral
* Air China
* Air France
* Air India
* Air Koryo
* Air Macau
* Air Madagascar
* All Nippon Airways
* Asiana Airlines
* Austrian Airlines
* Biman Bangladesh Airlines
* British Airways
* Cathay Pacific
* Cebu Pacific
* China Airlines
* China Eastern Airlines
* China Southern Airlines
* Condor
* Delta Air Lines
* EgyptAir
* El Al Israel Airlines
* Emirates

* Ethiopian Airlines
* Etihad Airways
* EVA Air
* Finnair
* Garuda Indonesia
* Gulf Air
* Hainan Airlines
* Hong Kong Airlines
* IndiGo
* Japan Airlines
* Jeju Air
* Jet Airways
* Jetstar Airways
* Jetstar Pacific
* Juneyao Airlines
* Kenya Airways
* KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
* Korean Air
* Kuwait Airways
* Lao Airlines
* Lufthansa
* Mahan Air
* Malaysia Airlines
* MIAT Mongolian Airlines

* Myanmar Airways International
* Okay Airways
* Philippine Airlines
* Qantas Airways
* Qatar Airways
* Qeshm Airlines
* Royal Brunei Airlines
* Royal Jordanian
* S7 Airlines
* Shanghai Airlines
* Shenzhen Airlines
* Singapore Airlines
* SpiceJet
* Spring Airlines
* SriLankan Airlines
* Swiss International Air Lines
* Tigerair
* Transaero
* Turkish Airline
* T'way Airlines
* U Airlines
* UTair Aviation
* Uzbekistan Airways
* VietJet Air
* Vietnam Airlines
* Xiamen Airlines

## Domestic airlines
Most domestic airlines fly from Don Mueang Airport, but the following airlines fly from Suvarnabhumi:

* Asia Atlantic Airlines (hub)
* Bangkok Airways (hub)
* Business Air
* Jetstar Asia (hub)
* Orient Thai Airlines (hub)
* Thai Airways (hub)
* Thai Smile (hub)

## References
Sanam Luang

**Sanam Luang** is a big field in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand. Sanam Luang has another name, Tung Pra Me'ru (meaning cremation field). It was used for cremation of the King and his royal relatives. In 1855, King Rama IV changed the field's name to Sanam luang, announcing that the old name was thought unlucky. 

King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies. Then in King Rama V's era, Sanam Luang was extended and the buildings around it were destroyed. The people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice.  

In King Rama VI's era, Sanam Luang was used for horse racing and part of the field was turned into a golf couse. 

At present, the Thai people still use Sanam Luang to officiate royal ceremonies for the King, princes and princesses. Sanam Luang is an important national site.

## References
Baltistan

, world's highest desert, located in Baltistan, Pakistan.]]
**Baltistan** or **Baltiyul** (Balti: སྦལཏི་ཡུལ།), also known as **Nang-Kod** (ནང་ཀོང) by the Tibetans and **Tibet-i-Khurd** (Little Tibet) by the Mughals, is a historical region in northeastern Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Tibet of China.  It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain. It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Tibetan people following Islam.
 of Baltistan.]]
Baltistan has always been divided into many sovereign kingdoms and states ruled by different dynasties, like the Khaplu Kingdom ruled by the Yabgo dynasty and the Shigar Kingdom ruled by the Amacha dynasty. It was united under a single empire "Makpon Empire" by Gyalpo Ali Senge Anchan. In 1840 after the decline of Makpon Kingdom, Baltistan came under the Dogra rule, but the principalities of Shigar and Khaplu continued their nominal rule.   

Image:Baltistan.jpg|Karakorum Highway and Indus.
Image:Balawaristan.jpg|Map of the disputed region.
Image:Baltistan locator map.svg|Dark blue Skardu, Ghanche, Shigar and Kharmang; Light blue Kargil.

## Related pages 
* Ladakh

## Other websites 
* The Changing Northern Areas 
* Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
* Tourism Northeran Areas
* Pakistan's Northern Areas
Balti language

**Balti (بلتی)** is Tibetic language spoken in the Baltistan region of Gilgit Baltistan in northeastern Pakistan occupied Kashmir and a few neighboring villages of the territory of Indian Kashmir. The language is an archaic dialect of the Tibetan language, but many of the consonants of Classical Tibetan that are silent in most modern Tibetan dialects are pronounced in Balti.

## History & People 
Greeks used the word Byaltae instead of Bal-ti, which in Tibetan means water gorge. The historian Ptolemy who was also a general in the army of Alexander the Great had named the region (Byaltae) in his book. Baltistan is the Persian translation of the native term *Baltiyul* meaning “The Homeland of Balti”. The people belonging to Balti nationality are settled on both banks of the river Indus from Turtuk (in the east) to Haramosh (in the west) and from Karakoram range (in the north) to Deosai plains (in the south). Majority of Balti language speakers are of Tibetan origin. However people from Indus Plains (Monpa's) and Central Asia (Horpa's) migrated to this area in different periods of ancient times, on account of different reasons and after merging in the prevailing Tibetan society, they also speak the Balti language, which is a branch of the ancient Tibetan language. Small pockets of Brokskat, Purgi, Changthang and Ladakhi also exist in Baltistan.

The Balti people are a very forbearing, cheerful, brave and hospitable people. They ruled the area of Ladakh and Western Tibet under the Makpon reign (from 12th century to 1840 A.D.).

There are several Balti communities in Pakistan's urban areas farther south, that is in Lahore, Islamabad, in Karachi and other places.

## Evolution 
The Balti language has kept many honorific words like all other Tibetan dialects and many other languages. Below are a few examples:
 

## References 
* Everson, Michael. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS . 2005-09-05
* Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf.  *Balti Zaban*. 1990.
* Read, A.F.C. *Balti grammar*.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.

## Other websites 
* Unicode
* Koshur: The Balti Language
* Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan 
* Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS 
* Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti 
* Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
* Northern Areas Development Gateway 
* Pakistan's Northern Areas
Raja

**Raja** ( (**rājā**)) is a Sanskrit word for *king* and is used as a title for monarchs in South Asia and South East Asia.

The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda. It can also be used as a name for non-royal people in South Asia.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as hereditary titles. *Raja* is also used as a name by Pakistani Muslims and Indian Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. It is also used as a name and title by Bengali Muslims.

## Rajas in the Malay world 
* The ruler of the state of Perlis, Malaysia is titled the Raja of Perlis. Most of the other state rulers are titled Sultans. But the Raja has equal status with the other rulers and is one of the electors who designate one of their number as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong every five years. Many Muslim Malay rulers in the medieval times adopted the title of *Raja*.

## Related pages
* Maharaja

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Indian Princely States, the most comprehensive, specialised site on (princely) (e)states in British India 
* RoyalArk (more elaborate, on a smaller number of dynasties)- here India
* WorldStatesmen- Indian princely states, here K-Z
Raja (disambiguation)

A **Raja** is a type of monarch. This is sometimes spelled "Rajah".

**Raja** may also refer to:

* Rajan, the Sanskrit for "king, ruler"
* Raja Yoga, one of the four major Yogic paths of Hinduism
* *Raja* (genus), a genus of rays

In **popular culture**:
* Raja Casablanca, a Moroccan sports club
* Raja (actor), an Indian movie actor who works in Tollywood
* *Raja* (1975 movie), a Bollywood movie with Rishi Kapoor
* *Raja* (1995 movie), a Bollywood movie starring Sanjay Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit
* *Raja* (2003 movie), a French/Moroccan movie directed by Jacques Doillon
* Raja (*Phantasy Star IV*), a fictional character in the video game *Phantasy Star IV*
* *Raja* (album), an album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na

**Raja**is the given name or surname of:
* M. Raja, Indian director
* Raja Bell, Basketball player

## Related pages
* Rajah (disambiguation)
* Rajput
Rajah (disambiguation)

**Rajah** may refer to:

* Rajah, an other spelling of Raja, meaning an Indian monarch
* Rajah (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
* Rajah (dog), famed New Zealand German Shepherd police dog

## People
* Indranee Rajah, a Deputy Speaker of Singapore's Parliament
* Rajah Humabon, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
* Rajah Lakandula, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
* Rajah Muthiah Chettiar, Tamil banker, educationist, philanthropist, and politician
* Rajah Sulayman, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century

## Places
* Ayer Rajah, an area in the Queenstown Planning Area in the southwest part of Singapore
* Rajah Buayan, a municipality in the Philippines
* Rajah Buayan, Maguindanao, a municipality in the Philippines

## Things
* Ayer Rajah Expressway, a Singapore expressway
* Culex rajah, a type of mosquito
* Nepenthes rajah, a carnivorous pitcher plant species native to Malaysia
* Rajah Broadcasting Network, a Philippine media network
* Rajah Motors, former automobile manufacturer in India
* Rajah Scops Owl, a type of owl
* Rajah Solaiman Movement, a terrorist organization
* Rajah Spiny Rat, a species of rodent
* *The Rajah*, a 1919 movie starring Harold Lloyd
 
* HMS Rajah (D10), an escort aircraft carrier
* Toxorhynchites rajah, a type of mosquito

## Related pages
* Rajput
Pushim

**PUSHIM** is a Japanese reggae singer. Her real name is Paku Pushin. She was born in Osaka on 16 November 1975, and started to sing in 1995. She released her first single in 1999. She has strong and deep voice. Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.

## Career
She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995. In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover. After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on 19 June 1999. It receive a lot of critical acclaim. In September 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman". It was also a success and she sold many copies. The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released. Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!". It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.

### Extended plays
### Studio Albums
## Other websites
*PUSHIM's official homepage
*Sony Music Online Japan PUSHIM's page on her label's website
Headset

A **headset** is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.

## New type of Headset 
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset.  It works by radio waves.  A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size.  This can be used for soundproofing.

## History 
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people. The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.

## How headsets work? 
Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.
Endoscopy

**Endoscopy** means to *look inside*. This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an **endoscope**.

An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.

The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. Sometimes the tube is guided through the body using outside imaging.

It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is there. If necessary, action can be taken, like getting a tissue biopsy.

## Parts 
An endoscope has at least some of these parts:
*a rigid or flexible tube.
*a light, which is usually outside the body and delivered by an optical fibre system.
*a lens system which takes the image from the objective lens to the viewer. This can be done by a relay lens system in the case of rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiberoptics in the case of a fibrescope.
*an eyepiece. Modern instruments may be videoscopes, with no eyepiece. In these a camera transmits image to a screen. This has the advantage that the image can be seen by all in the operating theatre. 
*an additional channel to carry medical instruments or manipulators.

## Uses 
Endoscopy can involve 
* The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract):
** esophagus, stomach and duodenum 
** small intestine
** colon 
** Bile duct
* The respiratory tract
** The nose 
** The lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)
* The urinary tract 
* The female reproductive system
** The cervix 
** The uterus 
** The Fallopian tubes 
* Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision):
** The abdominal or pelvic cavity 
** The interior of a joint
** Organs of the chest 
* During pregnancy
** The amnion 
** The foetus 
* Plastic Surgery
* Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
** Combines larynx, esophagogus, and bronchoscopy
* Non-medical uses for endoscopy
** The planning and architectural community have found the endoscope useful for pre-visualization of scale models of proposed buildings and cities 
** Internal inspection of complex technical systems 
** Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the examination of improvised explosive devices by bomb disposal personnel.
** The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses endoscopes for conducting surveillance in tight spaces.

## Related pages 
* nuclear medicine

## References
Supercomputer

, the world's fastest supercomputer from 1985 to 1989]]

A **supercomputer** is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation. They are usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time. Supercomputers can do arithmetic jobs very fast, so they are used for weather forecasting, code-breaking, genetic analysis and other jobs that need many calculations. When new computers of all classes become more powerful, new ordinary computers are made with powers that only supercomputers had in the past, while new supercomputers continue to outclass them. 

Electrical engineers make supercomputers that link many thousands of microprocessors.

Jupiter (supercomputer) is the fastest supercomputer in Europe, according to media (2025's third quarter).

## Types 
Supercomputer types include: shared memory, distributed memory and array. Supercomputers with shared memory are developed by using a parallel computing and pipelining concept. Supercomputers with distributed memory consist of many (about 100~10000) nodes. CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS are shared memory types. nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 are distributed memory types.

An array type computer named ILIAC started working in 1972. Later, the CF-11, CM-2, and the Mas Par MP-2 (which is also an array type) were developed. Supercomputers that use a physically separated memory as one shared memory include the T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.

### Supercomputing centers, organizations 
*Organizations*
* CINECA; Its "... infrastructure [... is made] of several supercomputers, [... including] Leonardo ([picture](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leonardo_(supercomputer))), ... Pitagora, Galileo100, and ADA Cloud", according to media; CINECA Interuniversity Consortium, Italy

### Specific machines, general-purpose 
* Linux NetworX press release: Linux NetworX to build "largest" Linux supercomputer
* ASCI White press release 
* MCR @ LLNL Linux NetworX **Supermicro** based Supercomputer "3rd largest supercomputer in 2004" 
* Article about Japanese "Earth Simulator" computer 
* "Earth Simulator" website (in English) 
* NEC high-performance computing information 
* Superconducting Supercomputer 
* Blue Waters Petascale Computing System 

### Specific machines, special-purpose 
* Papers on the GRAPE special-purpose computer 
* More special-purpose supercomputer information 
* Information about the APEmille special-purpose computer
* Information about the apeNEXT special-purpose computer
* Information about the QCDOC project, machines 

## Related pages
* Cluster (computing)
* Grid computing

## References
Control engineering

Many processes in nature regulate themselves. This means that based on some measurement, they change a setting or a variable, so that it is more or less constant. Examples in nature are animals that have a constant body temperature, blood pressure, or blood sugar level. The predator-prey equations are another example.   

**Control engineering** is about the same thing: Building a system that can regulate one parameter (usually: keep it constant), often with a feedback loop that allows the value of the parameter to be measured.  It is a field of engineering. It uses mathematical models of dynamic systems, and control theory. If they are well-designed, the controllers will cause the system to behave in some desired, predictable manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering.  As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted.
 of a steam engine, designed in 1788. Science museum, London]]
In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example  a machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power. Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology. In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control. Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering. 

Many control systems rely on feedback. However, there are also control systems that work without feedback. Such a system is known as an open-loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system.  An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine.
Leeds, Alabama

**Leeds** is a city in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, 12,324 people lived there.

## Famous natives
* Charles Barkley, Basketball Hall of Famer

## References
Charles Barkley

**Charles Wade Barkley** (born February 20, 1963) is a former American  professional basketball player. Nicknamed '**"Sir Charles"** for his aggressive and outspoken behavior, and **"The Round Mound of Rebound"** for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) most dominating power forwards.

For a power forward, Barkley had an extremely versatile offensive game. He was not considered a great player at the defensive end. He is referred to as Chuck Barkley by many of his friends.

Barkley had many nicknames over the course of his college and pro career, making him one of the basketball players, and persons, with the most nicknames. Some of the other nicknames include "The Chuckster" and "The Chuck Wagon". Barkley is regarded as one of the best rebounders in the history of the game.

Many people view him as the greatest player who did not win an NBA championship during his career, although others argue for players such as Karl Malone, John Stockton and Patrick Ewing. Often considered the best power forward in the league (NBA), people did not agree with his totalitarian views. He is a studio analyst on the ESPN television show *Inside the NBA*. The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal.

## Other websites
* Charles Barkley: NBA.com Profile
* Charles Barkley: NBA.com historical playerfile
* Charles Barkley: NBA.com Historical Biography
* Charles Barkley: Hall of Fame Profile 
*
William C. Oates

**William Calvin Oates** (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War.

In between he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872, a member of the United States House of Representatives for Alabama from 1881 to 1894, and Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896. 

William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery. 

## Sources
* William C. Oates, *The War Between the Union and the Confederacy*,  The Neale Publishing Company, 1905.
* Glenn W. LaFantasie, *Gettysburg Requiem: The Life of William C. Oates*, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Walter Jones (American football)

**Walter Junior Jones** (born January 19, 1974) is an American football former professional offensive tackle. He played twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire career for the Seattle Seahawks. 

He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team. On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring.

On February 1, 2014, Jones was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

## References 
## Other websites
*Walter Jones on Twitter
George T. Anderson

**George Thomas Anderson** (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.

After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector. He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.

## References
Standard-definition television

**Standard-Definition Television** is a kind of television system that provides lower resolution than SDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does. 
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or little bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.

## Broadcasting 
According to an NTSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 720x480.
Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480 
Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480.
The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst.
The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD.
As mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV.
Because it is a kind of digital broadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV programs but also HDTV program (Of course there exists a difference in resolution).

## Merit 
SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV, but SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise and it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are 
impossible at analog TV. Compared to SDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, SDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.

## Comparison 
Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and SDTV.Price : AnalogTV Quality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV AnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and SDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.

## Digital definition resolution
Lanett, Alabama

**Lanett** is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 6,970. Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery. One of the major industries is cotton milling. The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.

## References
La Fayette, Alabama

**LaFayette** is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.  It is 47 miles (76&nbsp;km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat of Chambers County. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,684.

## Education
The Chambers County School District provides public education for LaFayette. Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School).

Chambers Academy (grades pre-K through 12) is a private school in LaFayette.

## Notable residents
* James Thomas "Cotton Tom" Heflin, member of the United States House of Representatives and original sponsor of Mothers Day legislation
* Johnson J. Hooper, author and humorist
*Joe Louis, Heavyweight boxing champion
*Hoyt L. Sherman, art professor and principle mentor to pop artist Roy Lichtenstein

## References
William Clark Falkner

**William Clark Falkner** (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi.  He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.

Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi.  He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## Other websites
*Biography at Mississippi Writers Project, source of most of this article 
*Information from University of Michigan
Islamic terrorism

Members  Holding Weapons, Maghreb]]
**Islamic terrorism** (Arabic: تَرُورِىسِمْ اسْلَامَى) is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motives.

## Critique
Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Some Islamic terrorist groups are Al-Qaeda, Taliban, and the Islamic State. However, there are hundreds of such groups and many more terrorist attacks alleged to be linked to those groups. 

However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous." Islamic terrorists use these verses as their justification to commit acts of terror against non-Muslims as well as Muslims from other branches of Islam.

## Related pages
* Islamic terrorism in Europe

* Known terrorist groups:

** ISIS
** Hamas
** Houthis
** Al-Qaeda
** Hezbollah
* September 11 attacks
* 2016 Berlin truck attack
* *Charlie Hebdo* shooting
* November 2015 Paris attacks
* April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack

## References