open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Trinomial nomenclature

In biology, **trinomial nomenclature** is used to name living things at a rank lower than species. The term *trinomial nomenclature* means "three-part name" or "system of three-part names".  

If living things are divided into more categories than species such as a sub species then it gets a three part scientific name. The first part indicates the genus, the second part indicates the species, and the third part is particular to the living thing (at whatever rank it has been assigned).
Trinomial nomenclature is similar to binomial nomenclature but the difference between both is that in binomial nomenclature the name of an organism is divided into two parts i.e. genus and species, and in trinomial nomenclature, the name of the organism is divided into three parts: genus, species and subspecies.
"Genus": According to trinomial nomenclature, the first letter of the genera of an organism is denoted by a capital letter, comes before species, and is written in italics or underlined.
"Species": According to trinomial nomenclature, the first letter of a species starts with a small letter and comes after the name of the genus of an organism.
Subspecies: According to trinomial nomenclature, the first letter of a subspecies starts with a small letter and comes after the name of the species of an organism.
For example, Brassica oleracea capitata in which Brassica represents genus name, oleracea represents species name and capitata represents subspecies name.
The third name In trinomial nomenclature is subspecies.
Eg:
   Homo sapiens sapiens--> mordern man. The third word stands for the subspecies 
    Puccinia graminis tritici--> Rust fungus. Third word stands for the pathogenic variety

## Related pages
* Biological classification
* Binomial nomenclature
Dreaming of You

**Dreaming of You** may be for:

## Music 
* Dreaming of You (album), an album by Selena
** Dreaming of You (song), a single from the album
* Dreamin' of You (Celine Dion song), a song by Celine Dion
* "Dreaming of You", a song by Sloan
* Dreaming of You (The Coral song), a song by The Coral
* Dreamin' of you (Bob Dylan song), a song by Bob Dylan
Como La Flor (disambiguation)

**Como La Flor** may be for:

## Music 
* Como La Flor (song), a song by Selena
* Como La Flor (album), a greatest hits album by Selena

## Other 
* Como La Flor (perfume), a perfume by Selena
Siberian crane

The **Siberian crane** (*Grus leucogeranus*) or **Siberian white crane** or **snow crane**, is a critically endangered crane.  They occur in three groups: the eastern group, which migrates from eastern Siberia to China, the central group, which migrates from western Siberia to India, and the western group, which migrate from western Russia to Iran

## Description 
Adult Siberian cranes are 140 cm (5 ft) tall and weight 6 kg (13 lbs).  Their plumage is pure white, except for some wing feathers, which are black.  The front of the face does not have any feathers and is reddish in color.

## Populations 
The eastern group is abiut 3000-4000 cranes, over 95% of the total population.   In 2008, 3750 individuals were counted at Poyang Lake in China, one of the breeding sites.  However, cranes sometimes are found in areas like Mongolia, Japan, and Korea, although they do not breed there.

The central group is believed to breed in western Siberia, especially along the Ob River.  These cranes spend the winter in India.  Although no one has actually tracked a crane on its migration route, researchers believe the cranes in Siberia fly over Kazakhstan and Afghanistan to reach India's Keoladeo National Park.  They believe this because cranes were seen in Kazakhstan and may have even nested there, and several cranes are known to stop in Afghanistan's lakes during their migration.  However, cranes of the central group were last seen in 2002, and there were only four cranes. Therefore, this group may be extinct.

## References
The Climb (song)

**The Climb** is a song performed by Miley Cyrus. It was released in 2009 as part of *Hannah Montana: The Movie*. The song received strong musical ranks on the charts worldwide.
Graveyard Shift

"**Graveyard Shift**" is the first part of the 16th episode of the second season of *SpongeBob SquarePants*. Reviewstream had given a positive feedback, stating that it is a "funny episode," although stating that "it might frighten younger viewers." A DVD Verdict critic also stated the episode to be one of his favorites, stating that it had a "funny dialogue." DVD Talk also gave a positive score.

## Plot 
The Krusty Krab closes, and Squidward is excited, but Mr. Krabs realizes that more profit would be gained if it was open 24 hours a day, so he does that. SpongeBob is really excited, while Squidward is extremely annoyed. Squidward scares SpongeBob with tales of the hash-slinging slasher. According to Squidward, he was a fry cook at the Krusty Krab many years ago. When he was making Krabby Patties, he accidentally cut off his own hand, and later replaced it with a rusty spatula. He was run over by a bus and fired at his funeral. Every Tuesday night, his ghost comes to the place and haunts it.

There are three signs of his arrival, which are:
*1 - The lights will flicker on and off.
*2 - The phone will ring, and there will be nobody there.
*3 - He will arrive in the ghost of the bus which ran him over, and he crosses the road without looking both ways because he's already dead.
Later that night, everything that Squidward says actually happens. He and SpongeBob are really scared until they find out that the so-called hash-slinging slasher is actually a person who wants a job application, and hung up on the phone because he was nervous.

## References
Suiko Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean. Suiko is an extinct volcano. 

The seamount is also known as the "Suiko Guyot" because it has a flat top.  This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Empress Suiko of Japan.

The last eruption from Suiko seamount was 60 million years ago.

## Related pages
* Submarine volcano
* Active volcano
* Dormant volcano

## References
## Other websites
* Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
Nyarlathotep

**Nyarlathotep** is the god of nightmares and chaos in the Cthulhu Mythos, a fictional universe. It has many forms.

It is one of the oldest beings within the Mythos, along with Yog-Sothoth and Shub-Niggurath.

Unlike most other Mythos beings, Nyarlathotep enjoys interacting with humans (and other helpless critters) and then driving them mad. It is also credited with giving humans the atomic bomb, with hopes that humanity kills itself off.

## Related pages
*H. P. Lovecraft
DeVry University

**DeVry University** is a private university with campuses in the United States. Its main programs of study are business administration, computer engineering, electrical engineering, network communication management, and other technology related studies.

The university operates on a trimester course schedule and, if taken full-time, a person can graduate with a bachelor's degree in three years or less.

## Other websites 
* 
* Devry University Unofficial Blog 
* Keller Graduate School of Management
*
Light machine gun

, one of the most popular light machine guns among NATO countries.]]
 MG4 of the German Army.]]
.]]

 mountains, 2009.]]
A **light machine gun**, or **LMG**, is a type of machine gun that is designed to be used by only one soldier. Light machine guns are often used as squad automatic weapons.

## About LMGs
The caliber of cartridge that modern light machine guns fire are usually less than medium machine guns. They are also usually lighter. However, a light machine gun can be noticed by the role it plays in a battle. Some machine guns, such as general-purpose machine guns, can be used as either a light machine gun or a medium machine gun. If it uses a bipod and fires in short bursts, it is a light machine gun. If it is used on a tripod and fires automatically for a long time, it is a medium machine gun.

It is possible to fire a light machine gun from the hip, or on the move. This pins down the enemy. Marching fire relies on this. Otherwise, light machine guns are usually fired while lying down and using a bipod. 

### Ammunition
Many light machine guns (such as the Bren gun or the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle) got their ammunition from a magazine. Others, such as the MG 34, could get their ammunition from either a belt or a magazine. Modern light machine guns are designed to fire more bullets that have a smaller caliber. Because of this, they are usually belt-fed.

## History
Light machine guns were first brought into service in World War I to make the infantry more powerful.  By the end of World War II, one light machine gun was given to a section or squad. 

## Examples 
Two examples of light machine guns are:
*Bren
*FN Minimi

## Related pages 
* Heavy machine gun
* Squad automatic weapon
* General-purpose machine gun
* Assault rifle

## References
E. E. Cummings

**Edward Estlin Cummings** (October 14, 1894 – September 3, 1962) or best known as **E. E. Cummings** was an American poet. He is also known for his works as a painter, essayist, author, and playwright. He had created about 2,900 poems, two autobiographical novels, four plays and several essays. E. E. Cummings had done a lot of drawings as well as paintings. He is best known as the  voice of 20th century poetry. 
## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
* Bloom, Harold, *Twentieth-century American literature*, New York : Chelsea House Publishers, 1985-1988. .
* 
* Friedman, Norman (editor), *E. E. Cummings: A Collection of Critical Essays*. 
* Friedman, Norman, *E. E. Cummings: The Art of his Poetry*.
* James, George, *E. E. Cummings: A Bibliography*.
* 
* McBride, Katharine, *A Concordance to the Complete Poems of E.E.Cummings*.
* Mott, Christopher. "The Cummings Line on Race ." *Spring: The Journal of the E. E. Cummings Society,* vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;71–75, Fall 1995.
* Norman, Charles, *E. E. Cummings: The Magic-Maker*, Boston, Little Brown, 1972.
* Sawyer-Lauçanno, Christopher, *E. E. Cummings: A Biography*, Sourcebooks, Inc. (2004) .

## Other websites 
* 
* E. E. Cummings, Lifelong Unitarian  Biography of Cummings and his relationship with Unitarianism
* Papers of E. E. Cummings at the Houghton Library at Harvard University
* E. E. Cummings Collection  at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
* Poems by E. E. Cummings at PoetryFoundation.org
* The paintings of E. E. Cummings
* Jonathan Yardley, *E. E. Cummings: A Biography*, Sunday, October 17, 2004, Page BW02, The Washington Post Book Review
* Christopher Sawyer-Lauçanno, *E. E. Cummings: A Biography*, Sourcebooks, Inc., 2004, 606 pages, 
* SPRING:The Journal of the E. E. Cummings Society 
* Modern American Poetry 
* American Poems, 153 poems listed with user comments
Cuatro Torres Business Area

**Cuatro Torres Business Area** is a place in Madrid. "Cuatro Torres" is Spanish. It means "Four Towers" in English. Four skyscrapers were built here between 2006 and 2009. Each building is about 250 m tall. They are the tallest buildings in Spain.

## Skyscrapers
* Torre Caja Madrid
* Torre de Cristal
* Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso
* Torre Espacio
Trillion

A **trillion** is an integer. It is also written as 1012. One trillion is a thousand billion or a million million in most modern English-speaking countries. The number is represented by the prefix “Tera-”. 

In British English, the term trillion used to mean “million billion”, “million million million” or 1018. The difference between the two values is known as the long and short scales of large numbers.

## Some examples about trillion
*The Milky Way only has about 0.1 trillion stars.
*There are about 3 trillion trees on Earth.
*There are around 39 trillion bacteria on or in the human body.
* There are about 3.5 trillion different fishes in all the oceans of the Earth.
*A light year is about 9.5 trillion kilometers.
Minister Mentor

**Minister Mentor** (, ) is a Singapore cabinet position created in 2004 as part of a change in Singapore's political leadership. The reason the government gave for creating this job is that Lee Kuan Yew can still help and advise the government.

The newly appointed Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong (son of Lee Kuan Yew and the next prime minister after Goh Chok Tong), announced Lee Kuan Yew's new  together with the naming of his Cabinet on August 12, 2004.  Before being appointed as Minister Mentor, Lee Kuan Yew held the post of Senior Minister (1990–2004) in the Cabinet of then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. This role of Minister Mentor was considered by some academics to be a sign that Lee Kuan Yew, despite no longer being the Prime Minister of Singapore, still had some power in Singapore's government.

On 14th May 2011, Lee and Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong announced their retirement from the cabinet after General Elections 2011, which had changed Singapore's politics.

The late founding Prime Minister, Mr Lee Kuan Yew was the first and only Minister Mentor of Singapore. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Cabinet of the Republic of Singapore
Frank Abagnale

**Frank William Abagnale, Jr.** (born April 27, 1948 in Bronxville, New York City, United States) is an American security consultant. He used to be a check forger, impostor, and escape artist. He had a bad reputation in the 1960s for passing $2.5 million worth of carefully forged checks across 26 countries for five years, beginning when he was 16 years old.

He said he had created at least eight separate identities, pretending to be an airline pilot, a doctor, a prison agent, and a lawyer. He escaped from police custody twice (once from a moving airplane at the airport and once from an American prison), before he was 21 years old.

He served less than five years in prison before starting to work for the American federal (national) government. He is a consultant and lecturer at the academy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is the national police of the United States. He also runs Abagnale & Associates, a financial fraud consultancy company.

Abagnale's life story was featured in the movie *Catch Me If You Can* directed by Steven Spielberg in 2002 and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. It is based on the autobiography *Catch Me If You Can* by Frank Abagnale. A Broadway musical *Catch Me If You Can* opened in April 2011 in New York City.

## References
Yūryaku Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Yūryaku is an extinct volcano.   

The seamount is also known as the "Yūryaku Guyot" because it has a flat top.  This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount". 

This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Yūryaku of Japan.

The last eruption from Yūryaku seamount was 43 million years ago.

## Related pages
* Submarine volcano
* Active volcano
* Dormant volcano

## References
## Other websites
* Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
Razor shell

**Razor shells**, also called **razor clams**, are bivalves with the shape of an old-fashioned cut-throat razor. They use their shells to work into the sand and hide beneath the surface.

***Ensis***, of the family Pharidae, is found on sandy beaches in Northern Europe and Eastern Canada, such as Prince Edward Island. *Ensis arcuatus* prefers coarser sand than its relatives *E. ensis* and *E. siliqua*.

There is also another family of razor shells, the Solenidae. Some think ***Solen*** and *Ensis* are close relatives, and some think they are similar because of convergent evolution. The matter will probably be made clear by sequence analysis in the furure.

## Description
The razor shell has been known to reach  in length. The dorsal margin is straight while the ventral margin is curved. It can easily be confused with the slightly shorter  and more curved *E. ensis* (in which both front and back are curved in parallel).

Razor shells have a fragile shell, with open ends. The shell is smooth on the outside and whitish in color, with vertical and horizontal reddish-brown or purplish-brown markings separated by a diagonal line. The periostracum is olive-green. The inner surface is white with a purple tinge and the foot is creamy white with brown lines .

### Digging in 
The razor shell lives under the sand, using its powerful foot to dig to a safe depth. The digging has six stages, repeated. A digging cycle involves the muscular foot (which takes up a large part of the body) and the opening and closing of the valve and one end. 

The foot is inflated hydraulically, and pushed down into the sand to anchor the animal. Deflation of the foot then pulls the shell down. The razor shell also squirts water down into the sand, removing loose sand from its path. The foot exerts a pressure of 2&nbsp;kg/cm2.

The presence of the shell under the sand is revealed by a keyhole-shaped hole in the sand, made by its siphons during suspension feeding for plankton.

### Reproduction
In the razor shell sexual development is highly synchronous: eggs and sperms are shed at the same time. In winter and spring consecutive spawns take place, interrupted by periods when more eggs and sperm are produced.

## References
Kegon Falls

**Kegon Falls** (華厳滝 *Kegon no Taki*) is a waterfall in Japan in Nikkō National Park in Tochigi Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It is fed by Lake Chūzenji, which is the source of the Oshiri River which flows through this waterfall. The waterfall is  high. The Kegon Falls and Nikkō National Park are one of the most famous and popular places in Japan. Thousands of people visit each year. 
In 1927, the Kegon Falls was  as one of the "Eight Views" which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

The waterfall is also  for suicides, especially among Japanese youth (Werther Effect).

## References
## Other websites 
*A trip to Kegon Falls with fall colours
Cockle

, at least 21 immigrant Chinese cockle pickers were drowned by an incoming tide off the Lancashire/Cumbrian coast.]]

**Cockles** are a group of (mostly) small, edible, saltwater clams. They are marine bivalve molluscs in the family **Cardiidae**. 

They are very common on sandy sheltered beaches throughout the world. The distinctive rounded shells of cockles are symmetrical, and are heart-shaped when viewed from the end. In most genera there are numerous radial ribs (ridges on the shell). The genus *Laevicardium*, the egg cockles, have very smooth shells.

The mantle has three openings (inhalant, exhalant, and pedal) for siphoning water and for the foot to stick out. Cockles are capable of 'jumping' by bending and straightening the foot. Cockles burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering plankton from the surrounding water. Some species reach maturity quickly.

Confusingly, the common name "cockle" is also given (by seafood sellers) to a number of other small edible bivalves which have a somewhat similar shape, however these bivalves are in other families such as the Veneridae (Venus clams) and the Arcidae (ark clams). Cockles in the family Cardiidae are sometimes known as "true cockles" in order to distinguish them from these other species.

## References
Amor Prohibido (disambiguation)

**Amor Prohibido** () may be for:

## Music 
**Amor Prohibido* (album), an album by Daniela Romo
**Amor Prohibido*, an album by Selena
**"Amor Prohibido" (song), a song by Selena
**Amor Prohibido Tour, a 1994 tour by Selena

## Movies 
**Amor prohibido* (movie), a movie by Luis César Amadori
Sailor Mouth

"**Sailor Mouth**" is the first part of the 18th episode of the second season of *SpongeBob SquarePants*. The episode was watched by 8.7 million viewers. Erik Wiese, a member of the *SpongeBob SquarePants* crew, stated that "Sailor Mouth" was one of his favorite episodes because of its random and satirical nature, saying "Sometimes SpongeBob just catches me off-guard."

## Plot 
SpongeBob and Patrick discover a swear word written on the Krusty Krab dumpster. Although SpongeBob is unsure of its meaning, Patrick tells him that it is a 'sentence enhancer' that will make them sound "fancy". The two repeat the word while being in the Krusty Krab. They also repeat the word over the loudspeaker. However, the two regret saying it after Mr. Krabs had spoken to them about the word being highly . They are told that the curse word is number eleven in a list of thirteen bad words in total. Later, SpongeBob loses a game to Patrick and says the word again. SpongeBob and Patrick race to the Krusty Krab to tell Mr. Krabs. Mr. Krabs is mad and punishes them by having them paint the Krusty Krab building. When Mr. Krabs trips on a rock he screams all 13 bad words. 

SpongeBob and Patrick, followed by Mr. Krabs, rush to Mama Krabs' house to tell on Mr. Krabs. All three begin  on one another to Mama Krabs. Mama Krabs, overwhelmed by the bad words,  and then falls to the ground. After regaining consciousness, Mama Krabs then puts all three to work painting her house. While watching them paint, Mama Krabs hurts herself and begins yelling out in pain. The three look at Mama Krabs in shock, thinking that she is using one of the swear words. However, they all begin to laugh when they discover that a neighbor was honking the horn of his old jalopy, which happened to always occur exactly with her outburst.

## References
Emperor Jomei

was the 34th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 629 and ended in 641.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Jomei to be  legendary, but . The name Jomei*-tennō* was  for him posthumously by later generations.

The  accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be  as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history 
Jomei was a grandson of Emperor Bidatsu and a great-grandson of Emperor Kimmei.

## Events in Jomei's reign 
Suiko did not make it clear who was to succeed her after her death.

* **628**:  In the 35th year of Empress Suiko's reign, she abdicated her nephew succeeded her.  He became known as Emperor Jomei.  The succession was  in ceremonies.
* **639**: In the 10 year of *Jomei*, former Empress Suiko died.

Jomei's reign lasted 13 years.

### After his death 
The actual place of Jomei's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Jomei's mausoleum.

## Poetry 
Some short poems are believed to have been written by Emperor Jomei.  For example,
:::Countless are the mountains in Yamato,
::: But perfect is the heavenly hill of Kagu;
:::When I climb it and survey my realm,
:::Over the wide plain the smoke-wreaths rise and rise,
:::Over the wide lake the gulls are on the wing;
:::A beautiful land it is, the land of Yamato!
:::::: -- Emperor Jomei

## Related pages 
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

## Other websites
Nobushige Hozumi

was a Japanese statesman and legal expert in Meiji period.

Hozumi was appointed to the House of Peers in 1890.

In 1915, he was ennobled with the title of *danshaku* (baron) under the *kazoku* system.

In 1916, Hozumi was named to the Emperor's Privy Council in 1916.

## After death
The people of Uwajima city named a bridge in his honor. He was also honored by a Japanese commemorative postage stamp in 1998.

## Selected works
* Hozumi, Nobushige. *Ancestor-Worship and Japanese Law.* University Press of the Pacific, 2003, 
* Hozumi, Nobushige. *The new Japanese civil code,: As material for the study of comparative jurisprudence*. Maruzen 1912. ASIN: B000870Z46

## References
## Further reading 
* Marshall Byron K. *Professors and Politics: The Meiji Academic Elite*. Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp.&nbsp;71–97
* Oda, Hiroshi. *Japanese Law*. Oxford University Press, 2001.
Sport Relief

**Sport Relief** is a charity event from Comic Relief that happens every two years. It is held in association with BBC Sport. The event brings together the worlds of sport and entertainment to raise money to help vulnerable people in both the UK and the world's poorest countries. At the heart of the campaign is the Sport Relief Mile.

## References 
## Related pages
*Children in Need

## Other websites
*Sport Relief Website
*Donate
*
*All Out For India 
*Sport Relief Fairtrade Cotton Socks 
*Bench Press Challenge
Pope Gregory I

**Pope Gregory I** (; c. 540 – 12 March 604), better known in English as **Gregory the Great**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 64th Pope from 3 September 590 to his death in 604.

Gregory was born in Rome, but the date of his birth is not certain.  He was the son of a noble Roman family.

Gregory was elected pope in 590.

Gregory is one of the four original Doctors of the Church, the title given by the Catholic Church to saints for their significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research study or writing. 

Pope Gregory is venerated as saint and his feast day is celebrated on September 3. 

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References 
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
*  ["Saint Gregory"](http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_(Popes)/Saint_Gregory), *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* . Writings of Gregory I.
Casino Marina del Sol

The **Casino Marina del Sol** is the largest casino in Chile. It is in the city of Talcahuano. It opened in 2005 under a Chilean law allowing casinos. It contains a casino, hotel, gym, spa, disco, museum and car park.

## Related pages
* Greater Concepción

## Other websites 
* Casino Marina del Sol
Wildfire

, Montana]]
]]
**Wildfire** is a general term which includes **forest fires**, **grassland fires**, **bushfires**, **brush fires** and any other vegetation fire in countryside areas.

Wildfires occur in every continent except Antarctica. They can occur naturally and spontaneously, but many are caused by humans, accidentally or deliberately. Fossil records and human history show that wildfires do occur at intervals. The Great Oxygenation Event and the spread of land plants made Earth a planet of the fizzled

While some wildfires burn in remote forested regions, they can cause extensive destruction of homes and other property in the zone between developed areas and undeveloped wilderness.

Wildfires can cause extensive damage to property and human life, but they also have various effects on wilderness areas.  Some plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction,

Strategies of wildfire prevention, detection, and suppression have varied over the years. One of the more controversial methods is controlled burn: People permit or light small fires to burn away some of the fuel for a potential wildfire. 

## Plant adaptation 
 after a wildfire in a boreal pine forest next to Hara Bog, Lahemaa National Park, Estonia. The pictures were taken one and two years after the fire.]]

Plants in wildfire-prone ecosystems often have adaptations to their local conditions. Such adaptations include physical protection against heat, increased growth after a fire event, and flammable materials that encourage fire and eliminate competition. For example, plants of the genus *Eucalyptus* contain flammable oils that encourage fire and hard sclerophyll leaves that resist heat and drought. This makes them dominant over less fire-tolerant species. Dense bark, shedding lower branches, and high water content in external structures may also protect trees from rising temperatures.

Grasslands in Western Sabah, Malaysian pine forests, and Indonesian *Casuarina* forests are believed to have resulted from previous periods of fire. The deadwood litter of Chamise (Californian greasewood shrub) is low in water content and flammable, and the shrub quickly sprouts after a fire. Some have adapted to, and rely on, low-intensity surface fires for survival and growth. The optimum fire frequency for Caribbean pine in Bahamian pineyards is every 3 to 10 years. Too frequent fires favour herbaceous plants, and infrequent fires favour other tree species.

## Related pages 
*Bushfire
*Deforestation
*Fire ecology
*Controlled burn

## References
Bipod

with a bipod attached.]]
 sniper rifle with a bipod.]]
 with a bipod attached.]]

A **bipod** is a V-shaped portable attachment that helps support and steady a device, usually a weapon such as a long gun or a mortar. The word "bipod" comes from the Latin and Greek words "bi" and "pod". "Bi" means "two" and "pod" means "foot", or "feet". A bipod is sometimes attached to a firearm to help support it. It also makes it more stable. It gives the best  along two axes of motion: side-to-side and up-and-down. 

## Firearms
On firearms, bipods are often used on rifles and shotguns to allow the gun to rest and stop it from moving. They can also be seen on long-barrelled weapons. The bipod allows the gunner to rest the weapon on the ground, a short wall or other object. This allows for more accuracy. Different types of bipods are set up in different ways. Some bipods are a specific length that can not be changed, but some bipods' length can be changed. Mostly, when bipods are not being used, they are folded forwards, not back towards the gunner. Some types of bipod can fold into grips for the gunner to hold to keep the weapon steady.

When firing a weapon without a bipod, it is harder to aim and keep the weapon steady.
The good thing about having a bipod is that it makes weapons more accurate. At first, the bipod was only used on long-barreled rifles, such as snipers. However, light and heavy machine guns now use them, as well as small pistols.

## Related pages 
*Light machine gun
*Sniper rifle
*Tripod (photography)

## References
Functional magnetic resonance imaging

**Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging** (fMRI) is a special type of MRI that makes it possible to watch different areas of a person's brain while they do different tasks.

A functional MRI shows the use of oxygen in different brain areas. The Deoxyhemoglobin in blood s a radiowave signal and later s it (sends it back out). Oxyhemoglobin does not. When an area of the brain is active, the blood flow to that area increases and more oxyhemoglobin is delivered to supply the active cells with oxygen. This means less of the signal is absorbed. An active area of the  brain absorbs and emits less energy than a less active area. This can be seen live as it is happening when different areas of the brain 'light up' on the images as they become less active.

## References
## Books
* Richard B. Buxton, *Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging: Principles and techniques*, Cambridge University Press, 2002, 

## Related pages
*Medical test
*Radiography

## Other websites
*Columbia University - About fMRI (General) 
*Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain
Lawson Inada

**Lawson Fusao Inada** (born 1938 in Fresno, California) is an American poet and was the fifth poet laureate of the U.S. state of Oregon.

## Early life
Inada is a third-generation Japanese American (*Sansei*). As a child, Inada and his family were interned during World War II.

Inada became a jazz musician, and this affected his writing. He studied writing at the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Oregon, and the University of Iowa.

## Career 
He joined the faculty of Southern Oregon University in 1966.

In 1994, Inada's *Legends from Camp* won an American Book Award; and he was awarded poetry fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts.

## Quotations
:::With new hope.
:::We build new lives.
:::Why complain when it rains?
:::This is what it means to be free.
:::: -- Lawson Inada, Japanese American Historical Plaza, Portland, Oregon

## Select works
* *Three Northwest Poets: Drake, Inada, Lawder, Madison*: Quixote Press, 1970.
* *Before the War; Poems as They Happened*, New York: Morrow, 1971.
* *Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers*, Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1974 (Coeditor).
* *The Buddha Bandits Down Highway 99*, Mountain View: Buddhahead Press, 1978 (With Garrett Kaoru Hongo and Alan Chong Lau).
* *The Big Aiiieeeee!: An Anthology of Chinese American and Japanese American Literature*, New York: Penguin, 1990 (Coeditor).
* *Legends From Camp*, Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1993. Winner, American Book Award. Finalist, Los Angeles Times Book Award for Poetry.
* *In This Great Land of Freedom: The Japanese Pioneers of Oregon*, Los Angeles: Japanese American National Museum, 1993 (Contributor).
* *Touching the Stones: Tracing One Hundred Years of Japanese American History*, Portland: Oregon Nikkei Endowment, 1994 (Contributor).
* *Just Intonations*, Ashland, Oregon: Graven Images Gallery Press, 1996.
* *Drawing the Line*, Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1997. Winner, Oregon Book Award for Poetry. A New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age.
* *Only What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience*, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2000 (Editor and author of introduction).
* *Unfinished Message: Selected Works of Toshio Mori*, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2000 (Author of introduction).
* *A Matter of Conscience: Essays on the World War II Heart Mountain Draft Resistance Movement.* Powell, Wyoming: Western History Publications, 2002 (Contributor).

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## Notes
## Further reading
* Leonard, George. (1999). *The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts.* London: Taylor & Francis. 
* Niiya, Brian. (1993). *Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present.* New York: Facts on File; Bonn: Verlag für die Deutsche Wirtschaft AG.   OCLC: 26853950

## Other websites
* PBS (US): Lawson Fusao Inada
Sciadopitys

***Sciadopitys***,  the Japanese umbrella-pine, is a unique conifer. It is endemic to Japan, and the sole surviving member of the family **Sciadopityaceae**. It is a living fossil with no close relatives: its fossils date from 230 million years ago.

It is an evergreen tree that can grow 15-27m tall. It's brown main shoots have whorls of 7–12cm long flexible green "cladodes". These look like, and perform the function of, leaves but are actually composed of stem tissue. Occasionally, a cladode will fork and produce a  in the 'v' of the fork, just like a normal stem.

The cones are 6–11&nbsp;cm long, mature in about 18 months, and have flattish scales that open to release the seeds.

It is a very attractive tree and is popular in gardens, despite its slow growth rate and high cost. Koyamaki was chosen as the Japanese Imperial crest for Prince Hisahito of Akishino, currently third in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

The plant was first introduced to Europe by John Gould Veitch in September 1860.

Infrared microspectroscopy has identified conifers of the family Sciadopityaceae as the principal source of Baltic amber.

## References
Symphyla

**Symphyla** are soil-dwelling arthropods in the subphylum Myriapoda. 

They are relatives of centipedes. Symphylans look like centipedes, but are smaller and translucent. They move through the pores between soil particles. They are found from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They eat decaying vegetation, and can do harm in agriculture by eating seeds, roots, and root hairs in cultivated soil.

They feed on decayed vegetation.
Pauropod

**Pauropods** are a type of myriapod. They form the only order in the class **Pauropoda**. About 500 species in four families are found worldwide, living in soil and leaf mold. 

## Description 
Pauropoda are tiny soil myriapods, 0.5-1.5mm in length, with 8-11 body segments. The body appears to have fewer segments when viewed from above, because the dorsal shields (tergites) are fused in pairs. The true segments can be seen from the ventral side, each segment bearing a single pair of walking legs. A characteristic feature of pauropods is their branched antennae.
General-purpose machine gun

]]
A **general-purpose machine gun** (**GPMG**) is a machine gun which gets its ammunition from a belt. It can be used in many different roles: it can support infantry from a bipod or tripod or be put onto a helicopter or armoured vehicle. It can provide fire support for vehicles or infantry from a variety of mounts.

A general-purpose machine gun is generally a medium machine gun. It also fires rifle cartridges like the 7.62×51mm NATO or 7.92x57mm Mauser. It is usually used from a bipod, tripod or on a vehicle. This is because it is usually too powerful and heavy to be fired well on foot or while moving.

## Examples 
Some examples of general-purpose machine guns are:
*German Maschinengewehr 34.
*German Maschinengewehr 42.
* American M60.

## Gallery 

File:Australian Army soldier in Afghanistan during 2010.jpg|A general-purpose machine gun in Australian service.
File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - Guard Gear.jpg|A GPMG on a tripod.
File:Royal Dutch Army convoy.JPG|On a vehicle, in Dutch service.
File:US Navy 090812-N-7498L-119 Gunner's Mate 3rd Class Justin Varner, from Camby, Texas, prepares an M-240 machine gun aboard the guided-missile destroyer USS O'Kane (DDG 77) as the ship prepares to defend from small boat attacks.jpg|A GPMG on a U.S. Navy destroyer.
File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - door gunner qualification.jpg|On a helicopter.

## Related pages
* Light machine gun
* Heavy machine gun
* Squad automatic weapon

## References
Yamashiro Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

Kyoto is in the former Yamashiro Province.   

## History
, 1853]]
In 794, the capital of Japan was in Yamashiro.  It remained in the province until the Imperial court moved to Tokyo in the 1870s.

During the Muromachi Period, the administrative seat of the Ashikaga Shogunate was in this province. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Yamashiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples
The Kamo Shrines were the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) of Yamashiro.  These are the Kamigamo Shrine and the Shimogamo Shrine.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Kawachi Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū. 

## History
, 1853]]
Kawachi province was established in the 7th century. In the 8th century, Izumi was  from the older province during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Kawachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples
*Hiraoka jinja* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Kawachi. 
 The shrine is located in Higashiōsaka.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Wheeling Tunnel

The **Wheeling Tunnel** is a pair of tunnels in Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The tunnels allow Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 250 to go through Wheeling Hill. Each tunnel has two  of each road.

The tunnel is run by the West Virginia Division of Highways. Opened in 1966, the Wheeling Tunnel cost $6.9 million to build. It was rebuilt between 2007 and 2010 for $13.7 million. In 2009, an average of 59,600 cars used the tunnel every day.

## Overview
The Wheeling Tunnel is between exits 1A and 1B on Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 250. These two highways use the same road through the city of Wheeling to go through Wheeling Hill. People who need to use exit 1A at the western end of the tunnels use the tunnels' right lanes as acceleration (speeding up) and deceleration (slowing down) lanes. Changing lanes is not allowed inside the tunnel.

Several s involving semi-trailer trucks caused local politicians to try to  trucks from the tunnel. Their plan would have the trucks use the nearby I-470.

## Making the tunnel
A total of 13,000&nbsp;square feet (1,200&nbsp;m2) of  tile was used to cover the inside of the tunnels. The tunnels cost $6.9&nbsp;million (which is the same as $&nbsp;million in ) to build. During construction, several workers became sick after breathing a lot of carbon monoxide. As a result, the company stopped construction in 1964 until fans were installed. Rebuilding began in January 2007. The plan allowed three months for the work. However, rebuilding of the eastbound tunnel took over eleven months. There were problems with the glue that attached the tiles to the tunnel wall. Problems with drains in the tunnel also caused delays. Workers found a coal mine in the tunnel. This also delayed the project.

Local officials suggested closing the tunnels because of these problems. They planned to just build a road over Wheeling Hill instead. Building the new road would have removed at least fifty families from their homes. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was against this plan because those people's houses would be destroyed. The state canncelled the plan for the new road. Rebuilding of the eastbound tunnel started again in July 2008.

During this rebuilding of the eastbound tunnel, the westbound tunnel was only closed overnight for rebuilding. New s, fire sprinklers, and  cameras were added. The whole tunnel was also cleaned very well. Workers put a new road surface in the tunnel. The state closed the westbound tunnel in February 2010. It opened a month ahead of schedule in September 2010. The total cost of the project was over double the original plan. It totaled $13.7&nbsp;million because of the delays.

## References
## Other websites
* Wheeling Tunnel  at BridgeHunter.com
Hey, Soul Sister

**"Hey, Soul Sister"** is a hit song under the musical group Train. The single was released in August 11, 2009 as the lead single on Train's fifth studio album *Save Me, San Francisco*. This song peaked at number 3 on Billboard Hot 100 and is Train's highest and its most commercially successful song, though the single was not eligible for any Grammy Award in the General Field.
Postgenderism

**Postgenderism** means 'beyond gender.'

The word is used to describe the idea, social current, or evolution that fades or eliminates gender and/or sex in humans and society.

It is also used to describe a set of social norms or a person's identity that goes beyond classical gender and sex-determinations and places them in the past, letting them fade or disappear.

Postgenderism argues that marking people into different sex of gender groups and gender roles is not needed and results in a limitation on the possibilities of people and what they can achieve in life.

It foresees that gender will disappear with humans that don't want this, as a result of always changing ways the human species organises their lives and as a result of new technology advances.

## References
Michael Chabon

**Michael Chabon** (born May 24, 1963) is an American author. His first novel was called *The Mysteries of Pittsburgh*  and published in 1988. Chabon was 25 years old. The book made him famous among writers. He has also written genre fiction. Chabon published *The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay* in 2000. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2001. 

## Biography
### Early years
Michael Chabon was born in Washington, DC to Robert Chabon, a physician and lawyer, and Sharon Chabon, a lawyer. He knew he wanted to be a writer when he was a child.  He studied at Carnegie Mellon University for a year before transferring to the University of Pittsburgh. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1984. Then Chabon went to graduate school at the University of California, Irvine and earned a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing.

## Personal life
In 1987, Chabon married the poet Lollie Groth. They divorced in 1991, and he married the writer Ayelet Waldman in 1993.

## Works 
### Novels 
* *The Mysteries of Pittsburgh* (1988)
* *Wonder Boys* (1995)
* *The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay* (2000)
* *The Final Solution* (2004)
* ''The Yiddish Policemen's Union* (2007)
* *Gentlemen of the Road* (2007)
* *Telegraph Avenue* (2012)

### Young-adult fiction 
* *Summerland'' (2002)

### Children's books 
* *The Astonishing Secret of Awesome Man* (2011) (illustrator: Jake Parker)

### Short story collections 
* *A Model World and Other Stories* (1991)
* *Werewolves in Their Youth* (1999)

### Essay collections 
* *Maps and Legends* (2008)
* *Manhood for Amateurs* (October 2009)

### As contributor or editor 
* ''McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales* (editor and contributor) (2003)
* *JSA All Stars* #7, "The Strange Case of Mr. Terrific and Doctor Nil" (writer) (2004)
* *McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories* (editor) (2004) 
* *Michael Chabon Presents: The Amazing Adventures of the Escapist* (comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics) (2004–2005) (Numbers 1–8; the first six are also collected in three books, two numbers per volume)
* *The Best American Short Stories 2005* (editor, with Katrina Kenison) (2005)
* *The Escapists'' (six-issue comic book limited series published by Dark Horse Comics) (2006)

## References
Karl Friedrich Schinkel

'' ("Old Museum") in Berlin]]

**Karl Friedrich Schinkel** (13 March 1781 – 9 October 1841) was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter.  He also designed furniture and stage sets. Schinkel was one of the most important architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neogothic buildings.

## Biography
Schinkel was born in Neuruppin, Brandenburg. When he was six, his father died in Neuruppin's disastrous fire. He became a student of architect Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800) (the two became close friends) and his father, David Gilly, in Berlin. He made a trip to Italy in 1805. Then he started to earn his living as a painter.He worked for the stage and created in 1816 a star-spangled backdrop for the appearance of the "Königin der Nacht" in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera *The Magic Flute*. When he saw Caspar David Friedrich's painting *Wanderer above the Sea of Fog* at the 1810 Berlin art exhibition he decided that he would never reach such mastery of painting and turned to architecture. After Napoleon's defeat, Schinkel worked at the Prussian Building Commission. In this position, he was not only responsible for reshaping the city of Berlin into a representative capital for Prussia, but also had to work projects in the expanded Prussian territories from the Rhineland in the west to Königsberg in the east.

]]

From 1808 to 1817 Schinkel renovated and reconstructed *Schloss Rosenau*, Coburg, in the Gothic Revival style.

Schinkel's style was more influenced by Greek than by than Imperial Roman architecture. His most famous buildings are found in and around Berlin. These include Neue Wache (1816–1818), the Schauspielhaus (1819–1821) at the Gendarmenmarkt, which replaced the earlier theater that was destroyed by fire in 1817, and the Altes Museum (old museum, see photo) on Museum Island (1823–1830).

Later, Schinkel moved away from classicism altogether and preferred the Gothic Revival style. 
Schinkel died in Berlin, Brandenburg.

Schinkel, however, is famous as well for his theoretical work and his architectural drafts. Some of his merits are best shown in his unexecuted plans for the transformation of the Athenian Acropolis into a royal palace for the new Kingdom of Greece and for the erection of the Orianda Palace in the Crimea. These and other designs may be studied in his *Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe* (1820–1837) and his *Werke der höheren Baukunst* (1840–1842; 1845–1846).  He also designed the famed Iron Cross medal of Prussia, and later Germany.

## Literature 
*Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1781 - 1841: the drama of architecture, ed. by John Zukowsky. With essays by Kurt W. Forster and Wolfgang Pehnt, .
* Jörg Trempler: *Schinkels Motive*. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2007, .
*Christoph Werner: Schloss am Strom. Die Geschichte vom Leben und Sterben des Baumeisters Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Bertuch-Verlag, Weimar 2004, .

## References