open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dance Dance Revolution

***Dance Dance Revolution*** or ***Dancing Stage*** in Europe is a series of video games made by Konami in which players step on arrows on a large pad or mat to match the arrows on screen.  The arrows are in time with the music. Because players are moving themselves along to the music, they look like they are dancing. There is a large variety of music.

There is a bar at the top of the screen. If players make mistakes, the bar gets smaller. If players do not make mistakes, the bar grows. The game ends if the player makes too many mistakes. 

Players can choose between three levels. They are called light, standard, and heavy. Light is easy and heavy is hard. On some of the newer games, there is a beginner mode, which is very easy, and a challenge mode, which is very hard.

Players are graded by their performance in letters (from lowest to highest, E, D, C, B, A, AA and AAA) based on how well they played the song. The better a player does on a song, the higher their grade is.

From *DDR SuperNOVA* to later versions, the levels are called beginner, basic, difficult, expert, and challenge.

## Music
There is a wide variety of music in *Dance Dance Revolution*. Most of the songs are created by people at Konami, with some other well-known popular songs included as well. From the first *Dance Dance Revolution* game up until *DDR Extreme*, the games had a partnership with Toshiba EMI, a record company which is now part of Virgin Records. This partnership meant that a lot of popular songs from Toshiba EMI's *Dancemania* series of dance music albums could appear in the games.

## Extras
If the player gets an "AA" on the last stage in "Expert", "Heavy", or "Challenge", they can play an extra stage. Usually, on the extra stage, the game ends if four mistakes are made. If the player performs well enough on the extra stage, an Encore extra stage is played. In the Encore extra stage, one missed step will cause the game to end.

## Other places
Some educators even believe DDR should be in schools as exercise.

## List of games
### Main series
# *Dance Dance Revolution* (1998)
# *Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix* (1999)
# ***Dance Dance Revolution Best of School Dancers*** (1999)
# ***Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix with Beatmania IIDX Cluib Version*** (1999)
# *Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version*
# *Dancing Stage featuring True Kiss Destination*
# ***Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix***
# *Dancing Stage Dreams Come True*
# ***Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix 2nd***
# *Dance Dance Revolution 4th Mix*
# *Dance Dance Revolution Disney Mix*
# *DDRMAX: Dance Dance Revolution*
# *Dance Dance Revolution* (2001)
# ***Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix***
# ***Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix 2nd***
# *DDRMAX 2: Dance Dance Revolution*

## References
Syriana

***Syriana*** is an 2005 American drama thriller movie, which has won Academy Award and Golden Globe Awards. It is written and directed by Stephen Gaghan, and produced by Jennifer Fox, Michael Nozik, Georgia Kacandes, Steven Soderbergh, George Clooney. The movie stars George Clooney, Matt Damon, Jeffrey Wright, Chris Cooper, Amanda Peet, William Hurt, and Christopher Plummer. The movie is 127 minutes long. and it's rated R.

## Plot 
The movie is about a lot of people doing complicated things. One of the people is a CIA agent (Clooney) who is angered when his boss tries to invade his privacy. Another person, Damon, whose child dies, gets a better job working for a king. Then another person, a lawyer, Jeffrey Wright finds out that the oil company is actually not good and should be removed from power immediately. The last part of the movie is about two Muslims who become suicide bombers because they feel offended.

## Other websites 
*
Office Space

***Office Space*** is a 1999 American comedy movie starring Ron Livingston and Jennifer Aniston. The movie was directed by Mike Judge. The movie is a satire of white collar office work in the United States.

## Reception
**Office Space** received mostly positive reviews from reviewers, which means that most of them thought that it was a good movie. However, it did not make very much money at movie theaters, only earning $10,827,810 from movie tickets. The movie went on to become a cult classic, becoming more popular over time.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Natalia

**Natalia** may mean:
* Natalia Republic
* *Natalia* (album), a music album of Natalia Kukulska

## People named Natalia
* Natalia (singer), Belgian musician
* Natalia Kukulska
* Natalia Rodriquez (singer), Spanish musician
* Natalia Podolskaya, the 2005 Eurovision Song Contestant for Russia
Kill Bill

***Kill Bill*** is an American martial arts crime movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It was released in two parts; *Volume 1* and *Volume 2*. In most countries it is rated for adult viewing only because of extreme violence and profanity.

## Cast 
* Sonny Chiba as Hanzō Hattori

## Other websites 
*
Drive-by shooting

A **drive-by shooting** is when a gun is fired from a moving vehicle, at a single or multiple targets outside the vehicle. Drive-bys are known in gang violence. Many rappers have died in drive-by shootings such as Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G..

## References
Kingdom of the Netherlands

The **Kingdom of the Netherlands** (), commonly called the **Netherlands** is a transcontinental sovereign state made up of four countries who share the same constitutional monarchy.

The member countries share a very high amount of autonomy. Foreign relations and defence are managed by the Constituent Country of the Netherlands.

## Member states 
### Countries 
The kingdom was formed in 1954 and is now made up of four countries:

European country:
* 1. Netherlands

Caribbean islands:
* 2. Aruba
* 3. Curaçao
* 4. Sint Maarten

### Special municipalities 
The *Caribbean Netherlands* are special municipalities ('public body') of the Netherlands (see :Category:Municipalities of the Netherlands) and consists of:
* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

The *Netherlands Antilles* doesn't exist anymore and were made up of the six above mentioned Caribbean islands.

Suriname was also part of the Kingdom until it became independent in 1975.

## Notes 
## References
Granada

**Granada** is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia. With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center. The city has many famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the *Alcaiceria*, and the *Corral del Carbon*. It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet. The Darro runs through the *Albaicin* and the* Sacromonte*, two charming historical areas of the city.

## Districts 
### Realejo 
Realejo is where the Jewish people of Granada lived for hundreds of years. In 1492, Isabella of Castile forced the Jewish people of Granada to leave Spain. Now, it is known for its street art and food.

### Cartuja 
Cartuja is named after an old monastery in this district. The area also contains many buildings that are part of the University of Granada.

### Bib-Rambla 
This district is named after a big, important gate built by the Nasrid dynasty. The name means "Gate of the Ears." Bib-Rambla is in the middle of the city, and it has many important landmarks like the cathedral.

### Sacromonte 
The Sacromonte is in the northern half of Granada, near the Albaicin. It is famous for the Romani people that have lived there. It has many houses made from caves dug into the hill. It is famous for flamenco dancing, as well as its views of the Alhambra.

### Albaicin 
The Albaicin is one of the oldest areas of Granada. In fact, before the city of Granada, there was an older city here called Elvira. Like the Sacromonte, it is famous for its views of the Alhambra.

### Zaidin 
Zaidin is an area in the far south of Granada. It has the most people of any district in Granada.

## Related pages
*Battle of Granada

## Other websites 
* Detailed information about the Alhambra
* Website of the Granada Tourist Office 
* Granada Local Tourist Guide 
* Photos of Granada
* International Students Community 
* More interesting information about the Alhambra
Cádiz

**Cádiz** is a Spanish city, capital of the Province of Cádiz, in Andalusia. It is the southernmost capital in the Iberian Peninsula. The population is 130,000, but it is the centre of a metropolitan area, the Bay of Cádiz, with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Majority of its inhabitants follow Catholic Church. The Cádiz Cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. The cathedral was declared *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1931. 

Cádiz is known for its attractive beaches where many nautical sports can be practiced. This is possible thanks to the excellent climate all year round. It is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe and it used to be one of the most important Spanish ports during the Spanish Golden Age and the Age of Discovery.

## References
Mérida, Spain

**Mérida** () is the capital of Extremadura, an autonomous community in Spain. It has 55,000 inhabitants and is an important Roman center, with the theatre and the bridge over the Guadiana river.

## Sister cities
*  Rome, Italy
*  Mérida,  Venezuela
*  Mérida, Mexico
*  Mérida, Philippines

## Other websites
* 
* Roman Art National Museum
* Pictures of Roman Mérida 
* Photos of Mérida: Roman monuments and other views of the city
Balearic Islands

The **Balearic Islands** (official name, Catalan: **Illes Balears**) are an autonomous community of Spain, formed by the Balearic Islands Province. The main islands are Mallorca (English: Majorca), Minorca, Ibiza (also called Eivissa) and Formentera. The capital is Palma de Mallorca, and other cities are Mahon, Ibiza, Inca, Ciutadella, and Calvia.
Cartagena

**Cartagena** is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.

It has an area of 558.1 km² and a population of 215,826 people.
Aruba

**Aruba** is an island in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the Venezuelan Paraguaná Peninsula. It is a country inside of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, it has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism, because visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather.

Aruba broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, with plans of full independence by 1996. In 1990, that effort stopped at the request of the island people.

Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other nations are the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. The citizens of these countries all share a single nationality: Dutch. 

About three quarters of the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities.

The island came into the news after U.S. high school student Natalee Holloway disappeared on a graduation trip on May 30, 2005. Today, some refer to Aruba as "One Happy Island".

## Geography 
Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island. It is in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea. The western and southern beaches have white sandy beaches. They are generally protected from the ocean currents. This is one of the reasons Aruba is a popular tourist location. 

Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.

Aruba has no administrative subdivisions. For census purposes, it is divided into eight regions. Its capital is Oranjestad.

## People 
Aruba's population is about 75% mixed, 15% black, and 10% other ethnicities. The first inhabitants of Aruba were the Caquetío Indians of the Arawak tribe from Venezuela, with their ancestry still present in Aruba's population today.

## References
Brokeback Mountain

***Brokeback Mountain*** is a 2005 American romantic drama movie by Ang Lee. The film is set in Wyoming during the years from 1963 to 1981. The story is about two homosexual cowboys, played by Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal, who are in love with each other. During that time it was difficult to have homosexual relationships. The movie is based on a short story of the same name by Annie Proulx.
## Awards
*Brokeback Mountain* was a big success. It won many important prizes: the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, Best Picture and Best Director at the BAFTA and the Golden Globe awards. It also received 8 nominations at the 78th Academy Awards, where it won 3 Oscars: Best Director, Best Original Score and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is in the 12th place for romantic movies that made the most money.

## Plot 
In 1963, Ennis Del Mar (Heath Ledger) and Jack Twist (Jake Gyllenhaal) are hired by Joe Aguirre (Randy Quaid). They need to look after his sheep up in Brokeback Mountain for the summer. One night, Jack makes a move on Ennis and the two men end up having sex. Soon an emotional relationship develops. Before leaving at the end of the summer they have a fight.

When they return home, Ennis marries Alma Beers (Michelle Williams) and has two daughters with her. Jack goes back the next summer but does not get hired because Joe had seen him with Ennis the year before. He moves to Texas, where he marries a rodeo rider, Lureen Newsome (Anne Hathaway). After four years, Jack goes back to meet Ennis. They kiss and Alma sees them. Jack would like to go and live with him but Ennis does not want to. They decide to continue meeting from time to time for fishing trips.

The marriages of both Jack and Ennis get worse. Alma and Ennis divorce in 1975. Later Alma tells Ennis she knows about Jack. They have a fight and do not see each other again. Lureen becomes a businesswoman and her father wants Jack to stop being a cowboy. Jack asks Ennis again to live together, but Ennis does not want to leave his children. At the end of one fishing trip, Ennis and Jack have another argument.

Later, Ennis sends a postcard to Jack. It is given back to him with a "DECEASED" stamp. Lureen tells Ennis that Jack had an accident. Ennis instead thinks that he was killed by a gang because he was gay. Ennis goes to Jack's parents to get his ashes. Jack wanted them to be thrown on Brokeback Mountain but his father does not give them to Ennis. However, his mother lets him have a look around Jack's room. Ennis finds the shirts that they were wearing all those years ago when they first had a fight.

Some time later, Ennis is living alone in a trailer. His daughter, Alma Jr., comes to tell him that she wants to marry a guy. Ennis tells her he will be there at the wedding. When she leaves, he opens his wardrobe where he keeps the shirts and a photo of Brokeback Mountain. He whispers "Jack, I swear..." before walking away.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Cuenca

**Cuenca** is a Spanish city, capital of the Cuenca province, in Castile-La Mancha. Around 50,000 are living there. It is famous for its monuments: The hanging houses, the Cathedral and other churches. It is located over the Jucar river, near the Serrania of Cuenca.

## Images
 
File:Hoz del Huecar.jpg|Cuenca, Spain
File:A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain.jpeg|A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral & houses in Cuenca, Spain.
File:A black and white photo taken in Cuenca Spain.jpeg|Cuenca, Spain
File:Catedral Cuenca.jpg|Panoramic view of the Cuenca Cathedral. 
File:Cuenca CasasColgadas1.jpg|Casas Colgadas (Hanging Houses).
File:Cuenca Ermita de las angustias.JPG|Virgin of the Anguishes hermitage. 
File:Cuenca, iglesia de la Merced.jpg|Convent of la Merced. 
File:Cuenca Convento de las carmelitas.JPG|Convent of las Carmelitas.
File:Parador Nacional de Cuenca (portada) 065.jpg|Parador Nacional de Cuenca. 
File:Diputacion provincial de cuenca.jpg|Cuenca's Province council. 
File:Cuenca-20080319-03-calle alfonso viii.jpg|Alfonso VIII Street. 
File:Cuenca Plaza mayor.JPG|Plaza Mayor 
File:Cuenca-2000 rio jucar 01.jpeg|Júcar River flowing through Cuenca. 
File:Cuenca-20080319-06-desde puente san anton.jpg|Río Júcar as seen from San Antón Bridge.
File:Hanging houses in Cuenca Spain.jpg|Hanging Houses from the 15th Century  in Cuenca, Spain

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Cuenca
Palermo

**Palermo** is an Italian city. It is the capital and largest city of Sicily. It has 720,000 people, with more than 1,000,000 in the metropolitan area. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The city started as a colony of Phoenicia. It was later Roman -for a century Islamic- and Norman and part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. After Italian unification Palermo grew rapidly. The city was bombed heavily in 1942 and 1943.
## References
Reinheitsgebot

The **Reinheitsgebot** is a regulation about the purity of beer.  The regulation started in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in Germany, in 1516.

The regulation says several things:
*It says what can be part of beer, and what can not. Beer may only contain water, barley, and hops.
*It gives a price to beer. This is important for taxation. The price is set to 1-2 Pfennigs per Maß.

Some people talk about the *Bavarian* Reinheitsgebot, or the *German* Reinheitsgebot. They all mean the same thing.  There are similar acts in the other states which later became known as Germany.

The Reinheitsgebot is no longer part of German law. It has been replaced by the Provisional German Beer Law,  which allows things prohibited in the *Reinheitsgebot*, such as wheat malt and cane sugar, but which no longer allows unmalted barley.

Yeast was not a part of beer until Louis Pasteur discovered what it did during fermentation. This was around the year 1800. Brewers (the people brewing beer) usually re-used some of the sediments of the fermentation. They took some sediments of an older brew and added those sediments to the next brew.

Hops were added as a method of preservation (to stop the beer going bad quickly).   Hops were allowed to stop other things (like adding certain mushrooms to the beer, which was done in the Middle Ages) being done to preserve beer. Other herbs, like stinging nettles had been used. The stinging nettle is part of the same plant family as hops.

A brewer who broke the *Reinheitsgebot* was punished: The beer barrels were taken by the state and destroyed and he/she did not receive any money for the loss.

Even today, many brewers are proud of the *Reinheitsgebot*; most German breweries say they follow it. Some only use it as a marketing tool.  The ''Reinheitsgebot' says that beer is made of barley, so all wheat beers were not allowed by the original Reinheitsgebot).

Belgian beers are different.  The brewers often add sugar (to boost fermentation). Nevertheless, Belgian beers have a brewing tradition at least as long as those of Germany. They taste totally different from the German ones.

## References
Black bass

A **black bass** is a  fresh water fish. The black basses are found throughout a large area east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, from the Hudson Bay basin in Canada to northeastern Mexico. Several species, notably the Largemouth and Smallmouth, have been very widely introduced throughout the world. Black bass of all species are highly sought-after game fish, and bass fishing is an extremely popular sport. These fish are well known as strong fighters, and taste good. 

## Species 
* The Largemouth bass is a fish which generally has greenish to brownish sides with a dark line which goes from the head to the tail. It's the largest member of the sunfish family. The upper jaw of a largemouth bass extends back beyond the eye.

* The Smallmouth bass (also called the bronzeback, brownie, and smallie) is generally brown with red eyes. It has dark brown vertical bands, rather than a horizontal band along the side. There are 13–15 soft rays in the dorsal fin. The upper jaw of smallmouth bass extends to the middle of the eye.

* The Spotted bass (or Kentucky bass) resembles the largemouth bass in coloring, but has a smaller mouth. The upper jaw of spotted bass extends to the front of the eye.

## Habitat 
Black bass are found in running and still waters, with or without aquatic plants that live in water. they need food and some form of cover.  Generally, they can tolerate a wide range of water clarities and bottom types.  Most prefer water temperatures from 20 to 30°C, and are often found at depths less than 20 feet.  Smallmouth prefer clear water and usually like deeper water than Largemouth.

## Feeding habits
The feeding habits of bass change with its size. Young fish mainly feed on microscopic animals (plankton). Fingerling bass eat insects and small fishes. Adult bass will eat whatever is available, including fish, crabs, frogs, salamanders, snakes, mice, turtles, and even birds. 

Age and growth - Growth rates are highly variable with differences attributed mainly to their food supply and length of growing season. Female bass live longer than males and are much more likely to reach trophy size. By age two or three, females grow much faster than male bass. At five years of age females may be twice the weight of males. The oldest bass from Florida whose age has been determined by fisheries' biologists was 16 years of age.

## Sporting qualities 
The largemouth bass is a very popular fresh water game fish. Much of its popularity is due to its aggressive attitude and willingness to strike a bait with explosive force. They can be caught with almost every bait.  The value of the largemouth as a sport fish has prompted a movement toward catch and release fishing. 

A bass of 22 pounds, 4 ounces was caught in Montgomery Lake, Georgia (U.S. state) in 1932.

## Economic impact 
Sport fishing for Black bass, particularly largemouth and smallmouth, has seen extraordinary growth in popularity. In Texas alone, fishermen spent $28 million on equipment, licenses and fishing trips in 1996.

## References
Republic of Mahabad

The **Republic of Mahabad** (also **Republic of Kurdistan**), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.

The republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani. Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich. The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran. http://www.bartleby.com/67/3814.html . After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.

Massoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan http://www.kdp-ankara.org.tr/massoud_barzani.html .

Archibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in *"The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad"*, that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the Kurds needed the power of the USSR. Only with the Red army they had a chance. But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many Kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this Kurdish state.

## References 
# "The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later," International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, no.&nbsp;1&nbsp;&&nbsp;2, (1997). 
# The Kurdish Republic of 1946, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
# Moradi Golmorad: *Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946 - 1947* in: *Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik*, Bremen 1992, 
# M. Khoubrouy-Pak: *Une république éphémère au Kurdistan*, Paris u.a. 2002, 
# Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", Middle East Journal, no.&nbsp;1 (July 1947), pp.&nbsp;247–69.
# Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient. http://i-cias.com/e.o/kurdistan_republic.htm 
# The Kurds: People without a country, Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/worldsapart/3_timeline_print.html
# Meiselas, Susan *Kurdistan In the Shadow of History*, Random House, 1997.  
# McDowall, *David A Modern History of the Kurds*, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004). 
# Yassin, Burhaneddin A., *Vision or Realty: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941-1947*, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995. ,  Lund University Press. ou  Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.

## Related pages
* Republic of Ararat
* Kurdish Autonomous Region
* Ethnic minorities in Iran

## Other websites 
* Mahabad Republic at Britanica encyclopedia
* Kurds at the crossroad
* The Encyclopedia of World History 
* The kurdish Republic of Mahabad at PDKI-Canada
Teacher

A **teacher** is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom. 

There are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high, and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors. 

Teachers are usually professionals with credentials from college and/or graduate school. They use various methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge using different pedagogical strategies. Teachers use various tools, from blackboards/whiteboards to computers. Many teachers are exploring artificial intelligence in their lesson planning. 

Parents can become teachers by homeschooling. 

## Related pages 
*Education
*Pedagogy
*School
*Training

## References
Getafe

**Getafe** is a city 15&nbsp;km south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. 158,363 people live there. It has great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media. In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team in the first division of the Spanish's League.

## References
Hadschi Baba Scheich

**Hadschi Baba Scheich** (Haji Baba Sheikh) (*Hecî Baba Şêx* in Kurdish) was the prime minister of the Republic of Mahabad. After the republic was conquered by the Iranian army in 1947 he was the only one who was not hanged together with president Qazi Muhammad at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad in 1947.  He was immune because of his religious standing. The journalist and lyric Hemin Mukriyani was his secretary during the republic.

## Literature
*Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247-69
1750s

The **1750s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1750 and ended on 31 December 1759. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***176th decade*** which began on January 1, 1751 and ended on December 31, 1760.

## Events 
* The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) fought between two rival alliances: the first side was the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, and Prussia; the second side was Austria, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Saxony, and Sweden. 
* Gregorian Calendar accepted in Europe.
* The French and Indian War on the American Continent. 
* Lisbon is destroyed by an earthquake.
* Great Upheaval: French settlers are moved out of Acadia by the British.
* The Battle of Plassey of 1757 in Bengal resulted in the beginning of British rule in India and the end of Indian independence.

## Births 
* Betsy Ross, American seamstress
* Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican Catholic priest and revolutionary
* Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

## Deaths 
* Johann Sebastian Bach, German musician 
* King John V of Portugal 
* Montesquieu, French writer
* Iyasus II, Emperor of Ethiopia
Maß

A **Maß** or **Mass** is an old unit of measurement of liquid. Literally translated, it means *mass*. It is equal to 1.069 litre. Today, it is only used for measuring quantities of beer (one litre). Beer is usually served as 0.2 or 0.3 l (*small beer*) or as 0.5 l (*big beer*), but at some occasions (like the Oktoberfest) and some places it is also served as a *Maß*.

Usually this Maß is served in special mugs. These used to be made of ceramics, especially clay. During the 19th and 20th centuries most were replaced by ones made of glass.
1160

## Events 
* Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. See Swedish monarchs.
* Heiji Rebellion in Japan
* Yasovarman II succeeds his uncle Dharanindravarman as ruler of the Khmer Empire. Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman, acquieses to his cousin's succession and goes into exile in neighboring Champa.
* Spital am Semmering founded by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria
* The City of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais
1169

## Events 
* Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din.
* Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks the Kievan Rus' capital Kiev.
* Start of the conquest of Ireland. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
* Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her great court in Poitiers where the Courts of Love flourished.
1798

**1798** (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
* January 22 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
* 7 March – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
* April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory from Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice made larger to include disputed land claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
* April 26 – France leaves Geneva
* May 24 – Irish nationalists start bloody rebellion against British occupation.
* June 12 – French take Malta
* June 12 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Moderates depose Pieter Vreede.
* July 1 – Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
* July 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false statements about the United States government
* July 21 – Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
* July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo
* July 30 – Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
* July 31 – Second elections in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). No general elections this time.
* August 1 – Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is injured on the head.
* August 22 – French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
* September 18 – *Lyrical Ballads* published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth

*Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
*XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval battles, but no war is declared.
* First mechanical music boxes
* Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
* The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
* Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
* Alois Senefelder invents lithography
* Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts
* Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first American Novel *Wieland* or *The Transformation an American Tale*

### Ongoing events 
* French Revolution (1789-1799) Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
* May-October – Irish Rebellion of 1798
Boston Terrier

.]]

**Boston Terriers** are a dog breed. They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts. It is hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier. 

They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.

Boston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs.  They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training.  Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs. They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.

Boston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection. This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans. They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children. 

Caring for a Boston Terrier requires little work. With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks. Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding. Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy. Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed. Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat.
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

** Vigdís Finnbogadóttir**  (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland.  She was president from 1980 to 1996.  She was the world's first elected female head of state. With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving, elected female head of state of any country to date. Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid. At her election in 1980 she was the first woman to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988. She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland. She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education.

## References 
## Other websites 
*official cv 
*Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Foreign Languages
1800

**1800** (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar, the 1800th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, .  Because of a leap day in the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar moved ahead by 12 days.

## Events 
* World population hits 1 billion.
* March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
* March 21 – Pius VII is ordained.
* April 24 – U.S. Library of Congress founded.
* May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
* May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
* June 14 – Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
* June 2 – First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
* June 27 – Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
* September 5 – The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
* November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
* November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
* December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
* December 24 – An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
* December 24 – Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
* Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
* The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
* The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.

January 7 - Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President of the United States (d. 1874)

November 30 - Charles Adams, son of John Adams (b. 1770)
1811

**1811** (MDCCCXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Births 
*March 4 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator
*October 22 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer

## Events 
*May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
*Bolivia declares indepencence.
*Uruguay fights against Spain.
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson

**Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson** (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012. 

He was born in Ísafjörður, Iceland.

From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).

He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family. 

Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.

He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Guðni Th. Jóhannesson.

## References
1560s

The **1560s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1560 and ended on 31 December 1569.

It is distinct from the decade known as the ***157th decade*** which began on January 1, 1561 and ended on December 31, 1570.

## Events 
* In 1565 St. Augustine is founded by the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés on August 28 in modern-day Florida. The city is the oldest continually occupied European settlement in the continental United States.
* In 1569, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is founded.
* Start of Eighty Years' War. 

### World leaders 
* Queen Elizabeth I in England
* Philip II, King of Spain

## Births 
* William Shakespeare, British writer
* Karl I of Liechtenstein, first Prince of Liechtenstein
* Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India 

## Deaths 
* Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Flemish painter
* Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince
Mott the Hoople

**Mott the Hoople** was a English hard rock/glam rock band. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.

The band began in 1969 after Ian Hunter's audition of 'Like A Rolling Stone' by Bob Dylan to join the band as the lead singer. Their first hit was 'All The Young Dudes' which was written by a close friend of theirs and also admirer, David Bowie. Bowie produced their album of the same name, which also added to their success. Mott The Hoople also staged a performance in the USA with Queen as their opening performance, also leading to more success. However, in November of 1974, whilst preparing to record a new Mott the Hoople album with guitarist, Mick Ronson in New York, Hunter collapsed and was hospitalized with nervous exhaustion. He and Ronson quit the band  soon after. The band split up, but are still partially known to this day.
The Temptations

**The Temptations** are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.  The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. They have three Grammy Awards.  The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award.

## Other websites
*
1196

## Events 
* Spring, London, popular uprising of the poor against the rich led by William Fitz Osbern.
* According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reached North America in what is present-day Alabama.
* Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand Župan of Serbia
* Creation of water boards in the region of present-day Netherlands, thereby being one of the oldest democratic entities still in existence in the world today.

## Births 
* January 3 — Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1231)
* Alice of Champagne, daughter of Henry II of Champagne and regent of Jerusalem (d. 1246)

## Deaths 
* August 15 — Conrad II, Duke of Swabia (b. 1173)
* King Alfonso II of Aragon (b. 1152)
* Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
* William Fitz Osbern
* Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, Prince of Trubchevsk and Kursk
Buddy Clark

**Buddy Clark** (born **Samuel Goldberg**, July 26, 1912 &ndash; October 1, 1949) was an American popular singer of the Big Band era. He had success in the 1930s and 1940s, returning to the United States after World War II. He died in a plane crash in 1949.
Brenda Lee

**Brenda Mae Tarpley** or **Brenda Lee** (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American pop singer. She was popular in the 1960s. She stood  tall and was called “Little Miss Dynamite” because of her strong voice. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.

## References 
### Notes
*
*
*

## Other websites
*Brenda Lee's official site
*
Air Supply

**Air Supply** is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1975.

The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 11, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most popular times during the early 1980s.
Walter Murphy

**Walter Murphy** (b. December 19, 1952) is a classically trained American pianist. He was born in New York City. He had a hit song in the late 1970s, "A Fifth of Beethoven".

## Other websites 
*
*Walter Murphy's Allmusic Page
Sex Pistols

The **Sex Pistols** were the first popular punk group in Britain and one of the first bands to come from the rising U.K. punk scene of the late 1970s. They were only together for about 3 years, from late 1975 to early 1978, and they were known for their rowdy behaviour more than their music. The music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes such as California punk rock group Green Day.

The band members were Johnny Rotten (vocals), Paul Cook (drums), Steve Jones (guitar) and Glen Matlock (bass). Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass in February 1977 but died 2 years later. They recorded only one studio album, called ''Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols'' during the summer of 1977. One of their most famous songs is "Anarchy In The UK". Another one of their most famous songs is "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)", which was banned by the BBC for it's contents. They split up after a show at Winterland on January 14th, 1978, with Rotten saying "You ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?"

## Albums 
* ''Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols'' (1977)
*The Great Rock n' Roll Swindle (1979) (Soundtrack to a film of the same name)
*Flogging A Dead Horse (1980) (Greatest Hits Compilation Album)

## Other websites 
* God Save The Sex Pistols
* John Lydon Official Site 
* The Filth and the Fury
* Photographs by Bob Gruen
Bette Davis

**Ruth Elizabeth** "**Bette**" **Davis** (; April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989) was an American actress for stage, movies, and television. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was nicknamed "The Queen of Hollywood" or the "First Lady of the American Screen" and "The Fifth Warner Brother" during her career. She is thought to be one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood. She was able to play many mean and cynical characters. She also played in many different movie genres. Her most successful roles were ones in romantic dramas. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress twice. Davis had the most Academy Award nominations for acting (with 10) until Katharine Hepburn took her place with twelve. She was the first woman to have a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. In 1999, Davis was second on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema.

Bette Davis was in over 100 films across 60 years. Some of the most popular movies were *Of Human Bondage* (1934), *Marked Woman* (1937), *Jezebel* (1938), *Dark Victory* (1939), *The Letter* (1940), *The Little Foxes* (1941), *Now, Voyager* (1942), *Watch on the Rhine* (1943), *Mr. Skeffington* (1944), *All About Eve* (1950), *The Virgin Queen* (1955), *The Catered Affair* (1956), *Pocketful of Miracles* (1961), *What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?* (1962), *Death on the Nile* (1978) and *The Whales of August* (1987).

In 1981 Kim Carnes sang the hit song "Bette Davis Eyes". Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Davis hung the gold record on a wall.

The Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987. She died of breast cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

## Academy Awards 
 for her performance in this movie.]]
Davis had many Academy Awards in her life. She also had many Oscar milestones.

She was the first person to earn five Academy Award nominations in a row for acting. All of these nominations were in the Best Actress category (1938–1942). Her record has only been matched by one other person. Greer Garson also earned five nominations in a row in the Best Actress category (1941–1945). In three of these years, both actresses were nominated.

Steven Spielberg bought two of Davis's Oscars. The first Oscar was sold for $207,500. The oscar was for the movie *Dangerous* (1935). The second Oscar was sold for $578,000. That Oscar was for the movie *Jezebel* (1938).

## Important movies
## References 
## Other websites 
*  - operated by the Estate of Bette Davis
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Portraits from "The Little Foxes", 1941  by Ned Scott
* Kathryn Sermak recounts living with Bette Davis, interview October, 2017, News-Sentinel, accessed October 25, 2017.
Wolverine

The **wolverine** or **glutton** (*Gulo gulo*) is the largest member of the Mustelidae family (the weasels). It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more like a small bear than other mustelids. The wolverine, a solitary animal, has a reputation for , and can kill prey many times larger than itself. It is a powerful and versatile predator and scavenger.

There is a clear difference between two subspecies: the Old World form *Gulo gulo gulo* and the New World form *G. g. luscus*.

The male is about  tall, the female . Their length ranges from  (female) to  (male) and they reach a weight of around . Their tail measures about . Their brown fur protects them from the extremely cold temperatures and their big feet enable them to walk on top of snow.

## Distribution
 Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia. they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, northeast China and Mongolia. In 2008 and 2009, wolverines were sighted as far south as the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, for the first time since 1922. They are also found in low numbers in the Rocky Mountains and northern Cascades of the United States, and have been sighted as far south and east as Michigan. However, most New World wolverines live in Canada.

Wolverines feed on almost every type of food that they can find: mice, rats, birds, bird eggs, reindeer and other large prey. Wolverines prefer to hunt larger prey in winter, when the snow slows down the prey and gives the wolverine an advantage.

Wolverines are highly territorial. Wolverines reproduce every two or three years. The female gives birth to one to three young (called kits) in a tunnel called a den deep underneath snowdrifts.

## Protection 
Humans are the wolverine’s main enemy. The wolverine’s thick, warm fur is used to manufacture the trim of a parka's hood or other winter clothes, as the dense guard hairs do not collect frost.

In February 2013, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving Endangered Species Act protections to the wolverine largely because climate change (global warming) is whittling away its wintry habitat in the northern Rockies. Wolverines have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell, they can smell prey 20&nbsp;feet under the snow.

## References