open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Quantitative easing

**Quantitative easing** (QE) is something a central bank can do to help the economy. It is done by buying bonds or other assets. With this, the interest rate will decrease and the rate of inflation will go up. It is usually used when inflation is very low or negative. It is used when normal expansionary monetary policy doesn't work.

Quantitative easing can help bring an economy out of recession. The International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Federal Reserve, and other economists say that quantitative easing after the 2007-2008 financial crisis helped stop some problems from getting worse.

QE is used by the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan. It has helped to cause a bull market on stock exchanges. 

## History
The US Federal Reserve used policies similar to quantitative easing during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

### Japan before 2007 
A policy called "quantitative easing" (量的金融緩和, ''ryōteki kin'yū kanwa'') was first used by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) to stop domestic deflation in the early 2000s. The BOJ had kept short-term interest rates at close to zero since 1999. The Bank of Japan had for many years, and as late as February 2001, said that "quantitative easing ... is not effective". They did not like to use it for monetary policy.

The Bank of Japan says that they started quantitative easing on 19 March 2001.

## References
## Other websites
* Credit Easing Policy Tools Interactive chart of the assets on Federal Reserve's balance sheet.
* Deflation: Making Sure "It" Doesn't Happen Here, 2002 speech by Ben Bernanke on deflation and the utility of quantitative easing
* Bank of England – Quantitative Easing
* Bank of England – QE Explained Pamphlet
* Modern Money Mechanics  Federal Reserve Document Explaining How Money Is Created
* Quantitative easing explained (Financial Times Europe)
* A Fed Governor Discusses Quantitative Easing Among Other Topics
Ocean City, Maryland

**Ocean City** is a town in southeast Maryland. It is near the Atlantic Ocean. The town had 6,844 people as of the 2020 census. Between 320,000 and 345,000 people visit the town every year.

The town was founded in 1875. It was incorporated five years later.

## References
120th Infantry Regiment (United States)

The **120th Infantry Regiment** ("Third North Carolina") is an infantry regiment of the United States Army National Guard. The unit is a part of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the North Carolina Army National Guard. Currently, 1st Battalion is the only active battalion in the regiment. The 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment (1/120th IN) is headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina. The 2nd Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment was most famous for its actions in the Battle of Mortain. There they stopped a German advance. This allowed an American breakout from 7-13 August 1944. The 2/120th's actions kept the American forces moving as Allied forces pushed through Northern France after the Normandy invasion. 

## References
75th Infantry Division (United States)

The **75th Infantry Division** was a division of the United States Army in World War II. It was also active from 1952 to 1957 as a combat division of the United States Army Organized Reserves. The 75th was activated 15 April 1943, at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.

In 1993, the division was activated again as the 75th Division (Training Support) in the Army Reserve, and remains active. In January 2003, numerous units of the 75th Division (Training Support) were mobilized to train other Army Reserve and National Guard units deploying overseas in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom  (OIF/OEF). Several of the division's units remain mobilized even to the present day.

## References
Marek Galiński

**Marek Galiński** (1 August 1974 &ndash; 17 March 2014) was a Polish professional mountain biker. He won eight Polish national championship titles. He also competed for Poland in the Summer Olympics in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008. He was born in Opoczno.

Galiński was killed in a car accident on 17 March 2014 in Jędrzejów. He was 39 years old. He was outlived by wife and two children. 

## References
## Other websites
* Marek Galiński  at Cycling Archives
Gary Bettenhausen

**Gary Bettenhausen** (November 18, 1941 &ndash; March 16, 2014) was an American auto racing driver. He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1993. He was born in Blue Island, Illinois and was raised in Tinley Park, Illinois.

Bettenhausen died on March 16, 2014 in Monrovia, Indiana. He was 72 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Gary Bettenhausen at Racing Reference
Castle of Mey

The **Castle of Mey** is a castle on the far north coast of Scotland in the county of Caithness. It is best known as the home of the late Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

## References
Devon Werkheiser

**Devon Werkheiser** (born March 8, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American actor, voice actor, singer-songwriter and musician. He is best known for his role as Ned Bigby in the Nickelodeon sitcom ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide*. He is also known for his role as main character Nolan Byrd in the TV movie *Shredderman Rules''. Werkheiser was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was raised in Johns Creek, Georgia.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Official website
Blarney Castle

**Blarney Castle** is a 15th-century castle in County Cork in Ireland. Blarney is in the historic Irish Province of Munster. The **Blarney Stone** is in the castle. The Blarney Stone is one of the biggest tourist attractions in Ireland.

## Description
Blarney Castle is a well preserved 15th century building. It is in the small town of Blarney, County Cork in Ireland. Blarney is about 6 miles northwest of the city of Cork. There are not many good buildings in County Cork that were built before the 19th century. The castle is also one of Ireland's oldest and most historic castles. The walls of the castle are up to 18 feet thick.

Queen Elizabeth I of England wanted the castle. She told the Earl of Leicester to get it for her. However, he was never able to get it because MacCarthy always made excuses to stop it happening.

In 2014 scientists in Scotland examined a piece of the stone. They found that it was a piece of limestone from close to the castle. The stone is about 330 million years old.

## Tourist attraction
The Blarney stone is one of Ireland's biggest tourist attractions. Hundreds of tourists visit Blarney Castle every day. The visitors go to kiss the Blarney Stone. People think that kissing the stone will give them the "gift of the gab" (make them good at talking). There is usually a long queue of people waiting to kiss it. To kiss the stone people have to lie on their backs and let their heads hang back over a ledge.

## References
Jack Kinzler

**Jack Albert Kinzler** (January 9, 1920 &ndash; March 4, 2014) was an American NASA engineer. He was the chief of the Technical Services Center at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. He was known within the agency as **Mr. Fix It**. He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for creating the solar shield that saved Skylab. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Kinzler died from natural causes on March 4, 2014 in Taylor Lake Village, Texas. He was 94 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Order of Leopold (Belgium)

The **Order of Leopold** (, ) is one of the three (current) Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood. It is the highest order of Belgium. It is named in honour of King Leopold I. It consists of a military, a maritime and a civilian division. The maritime division is only awarded to personnel of the merchant navy, and the military division to military personnel. The decoration was established on 11 July 1832. It is awarded for extreme bravery in combat or for meritorious service of immense benefit to the Belgian nation. The Order of Leopold is awarded by Royal Decree.

During the Second World War, the Order of Leopold was awarded to officers of foreign militaries who had helped to liberate Belgium from the occupation of German forces. Famous recipients include Brand Whitlock, George S. Patton, Bernard Montgomery, Dwight Eisenhower, and Wesley Clark. Medal of Honor recepient Sergeant Francis S. Currey was awarded the Order of Leopold for his actions at Malmedy, Belgium in late 1944. The medal was also granted to Karel Bossart in 1962, and Josip Broz Tito in 1970.

## References
Earl Ray Tomblin

**Earl Ray Tomblin** (born March 15, 1952) is an American politician. In 2010, he became Acting Governor of West Virginia after Joe Manchin was elected to the U.S. Senate. He was Acting governor from November 15, 2010 until 2011. From 2011 to 2017 he was the Governor of West Virginia. On October 2011, he won a special election to fill the term expiring in January 2013. On November 2012, he won election to his first full term. Before becoming governor, he was President of the West Virginia senate.

## References
Thorny devil

The **thorny devil** (***Moloch horridus***) is also called the **thorny dragon**, **moloch**, or **mountain devil**, is a species of Australian lizard that lives in desert regions of central Australia.

The thorny devil grows up to 20&nbsp;cm (7.9&nbsp;in) long and can live for 15 to 20 years. The females are larger than the males. Most of these lizards are colored in camouflaging shades of desert browns and tans. These colors change from pale colors during warm weather and to darker colors during cold weather. These animals are covered entirely with conical spines that are mostly uncalcified (not bony).

Female thorny devils lay ten eggs during the September-December season (or Spring-Summer). They put the eggs in a burrow about 30&nbsp;cm deep. These eggs hatch after about three or four months, but not all babies will survive, because of predators like wild birds and goannas.

## Habitat 
The thorny devil is found in the arid regions of central Australia. It lives in sand, spinifex grasslands and scrub.

## Diet
They only eat ants, and may eat thousands of ants in a day. The thorny devil's mouth is so specialized that it can only use it to eat ants, for example it cannot lick up water, and has developed other ways to drink. Ideally adapted to its harsh, desert habitat, it uses narrow channels between the scales on its stomach and legs to collect morning dew and water from damp or wet sand. The water travels up these channels to the lizard’s mouth.

## References
Clarissa Dickson Wright

**Clarissa Theresa Philomena Aileen Mary Josephine Agnes Elsie Trilby Louise Esmerelda Dickson Wright** (24 June 1947 &ndash; 15 March 2014) was an English celebrity chef, television personality, businesswoman and barrister. She was best known as one half, along with the late Jennifer Paterson, of BBC Two's *Two Fat Ladies* (1996&ndash;99). She was born in St John's Wood, London. She was a Roman Catholic. She was outlived by her two sisters.

## References
## Other websites
*
Markus Brüderlin

**Markus Brüderlin** (1958 &ndash; 16 March 2014) was a Swiss art historian, curator and writer. From 2006 to his death, he was the director of the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. He was born in Basel.

Brüderlin died unexpectedly on 16 March 2014 at his home in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany. He was 55 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Markus Brüderlin  at the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg website 
*
Network function virtualization

**Network Functions Virtualization** (NFV) 
 is a computer communication technology that proposes to substitute specialized network hardware with software running on regular computers or cloud.

It aims to reduce costs and complexity in communication networks, while facilitating faster creation of new communication services.

## References
Non-coding DNA

(*Utricularia*) has 3% noncoding DNA, which is low for flowering plants.]]

**Non-coding DNA** sequences are parts of an organism's DNA which do not code for protein sequences. It is often called **junk DNA**.

Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs). Other DNA sequences are not transcribed, or give rise to RNA transcripts of unknown function. The amount of non-coding DNA varies greatly between species. For example, over 98% of the human genome is noncoding DNA, while only about 2% of a typical bacterial genome is non-coding DNA.

At first, much non-coding DNA had no known biological function. It was called *junk DNA*, particularly in the press. But many non-coding sequences *are* functional. These include genes for functional RNA molecules and DNA sequences such as "start replication" signals, centromeres, and telomeres.

Other noncoding sequences have not-yet-discovered functions. This is inferred from the high levels of sequence similarity seen in different species of DNA.

The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project suggested in September 2012 that over 80% of DNA in the human genome "serves some purpose, biochemically speaking".  This conclusion was strongly criticized by some other scientists.

## Historical note 
The term "junk DNA" was first used by Charles Ehret and Gérard de Haller in a paper. Widely influential was Susuno Ohno's 1972 paper. The term has been replaced by the more neutral term "non-coding DNA".

## References
Carrickfergus Castle

**Carrickfergus Castle** is a Norman castle in Carrickfergus, County Antrim in Northern Ireland. It was built in 1177 by John de Courcy.

## References
Frightwig

**Frightwig** is an American punk rock band. It was founded in 1982. All of the members are women. They are feminists. Deanna Ashley and Mia Levin started the band in San Francisco. In 1984, they released their first album *Cat Farm Faboo*. In 1986, their second album was released. In 1993 they released an extended play called *Phone Sexy*. In 1994 the band broke up. The band got back together in 2012.

## References
Dunluce Castle

**Dunluce Castle** is a medieval castle on the north coast of County Antrim in Northern Ireland. It is east of Portrush.

## References
Cocteau Twins

**Cocteau Twins** were a Scottish rock band. Robin Guthrie and Will Heggie started the band in 1979 in Grangemouth. The band was named after the song "The Cocteau Twins" by Johnny and the Self-Abusers. The band's first album *Garlands* was released by 4AD records in 1982. In 1996 the band released their last album *Milk and Kisses*. In 1997 the band broke up, with all three members pursuing solo careers. The band has since been considered to be one of the defining acts of the Ethereal wave genre.
Mareike Carrière

**Mareike Carrière** (26 July 1954 &ndash; 17 March 2014) was a German actress, spokesperson and translator. She was best known for having television show appearances. She was born in Hanover, Lower Saxony, West Germany.

Carrière died from cancer on 17 March 2014 in Hamburg, Germany. She was 59 years old. She was outlived by her husband and by her brother, Mathieu.

## References
## Other websites
*  
*
Dokka Umarov

**Doku (Dokka) Khamatovich Umarov** (; ; also called by the Arabized name of "Dokka Abu Usman") (13 April 1964 – *reported* March 18, 2014) was a Chechen Islamist militant in Russia. Umarov claimed responsibly for some attacks on Russian civilians. This earned himself a media nickname of "Russia's Bin Laden".

Umarov was the first emir of the Caucasus Emirate (from 2007 to 2013).

On 18 March 2014, the Russian government said that Umarov was dead.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile: Doku Umarov, BBC News
Franco Zeffirelli

**Gianfranco Zeffirelli**, KBE (12 February 1923 &ndash; 15 June 2019) was an Italian director and producer of movies and television. He was also an opera director and a designer of Italian operas. 

He was a former senator of Catania (1994–2001). His political party was the *Forza Italia* party.

He received an honorary knighthood from the British government in 2004 when he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Zeffirelli was born on 12 February 1923 in Florence, Italy. He was openly gay. In 2007 and 2018, he was accused of sexually harassing an actor and a movie director. Zeffirelli died after a long illness on 15 June 2019 in Rome at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Moncef Marzouki

**Moncef Marzouki** (, *al-Munṣif al-Marzūqī*, born 7 July 1945) is a Tunisian politician. On 12 December 2011, he was elected President of Tunisia. He served as Interim President of Tunisia from 2011 to 2014.

A failed presidential candidate, Chahed came in eleventh place in the 2019 election.

In November 2021, Moncef Marzouki was the subject of an international arrest warrant for endangering state security.

## References
Alexander Pochinok

**Alexander Petrovich Pochinok** (12 January 1958 – 16 March 2014 ) was a Russian economist and politician. He was the Minister of Taxes and Levies from 1999 to 2000 and Minister of Labor and Social Development from 2000 to 2004.

Pochinok died of cardiac arrest on 16 March 2014, in Moscow, aged 56.

## References
Magnetic field line

sprinkled on paper placed above a bar magnet]]
es reveal the direction of the local magnetic field. As seen here, the magnetic field points towards a magnet's south pole and away from its north pole]]

A **magnetic field line** or **magnetic flux line** shows the direction of a magnet's force and the strength of a magnet. 

The idea of **lines of force** was invented by Michael Faraday. His theory is that all of reality is made up of force itself. His theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have finite propagation delays. Einstein's theory agrees with this. 

One can make magnetic field lines show as if they were physical phenomena. For example, iron filings placed in a magnetic field line up to form lines that correspond to 'field lines'. 

If there are a lot of lines through a magnet and not a great space between them, the magnet is strong. If the lines between a magnet are far apart and there aren't many lines, the magnet is weak. A way of determining the strength of a magnet is to do an experiment with iron filings. The iron filings will get attracted to the magnet and move into the shape of the flux lines. You then look at the shape of the iron filings and see the gap between the flux lines. This gives you an idea of the strength of the magnet. 

The use of iron filings to display a field *alters the magnetic field so that it is much larger along the "lines" of iron*. This caused by the large permeability of iron relative to air. Magnetic fields' "lines" are also visually displayed in polar auroras, when particles cause visible streaks of light that line up with the local direction of Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetic field lines are like the contour lines (constant altitude) on a topographic map in that they represent something continuous, and a different mapping scale would show more or fewer lines. There is an advantage to using magnetic field lines as a representation. Many laws of magnetism (and electromagnetism) can be stated completely and concisely using simple concepts such as the 'number' of field lines through a surface. These concepts can be quickly 'translated' to their mathematical form.

The actual magnetic field *itself* does not have "lines" in it; the "lines" are solely the iron filings becoming polarized themselves, reacting to each other and the field, lining up N and S with respect to each other *in* the field. If you could see the actual *fields* of force, it would be shaded and gradient, with a heavier, thicker shade near the stronger part of the magnet, fading the further you get from the source. And in all 3 dimensions, which iron filing demonstrations cannot reproduce. Ferrofluids will react in all 3 dimensions and can more accurately reproduce a field, except for gravity creating a weight restriction. Holding a strong magnet in front of a CRT-type monitor with a white screen can also give a representation of the fields, without any "lines of force" visible. The issue with using ferro/magnetic materials to view a field is, the materials themselves become magnetized and change the original field to include their own influence.  

## References
Steve Weeks

**Stephen K. Weeks** (born June 30, 1958) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender and current goaltending coach of the Chicago Blackhawks. Weeks played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Vancouver Canucks, New York Islanders, Los Angeles Kings, and Ottawa Senators.

He was drafted with the 176th overall pick by the New York Rangers in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft.
He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1993. After he retired, he became the goaltending consultant and also an assistant coach for the Hartford Whalers/Carolina Hurricanes organization. After his time there was done, he became the goaltending coach for the Atlanta Thrashers in the 2008. On August 12, 2013, he was hired by the Chicago Blackhawks as their Goaltending Coach.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Kyozan Joshu Sasaki

(April 1, 1907 &ndash; July 27, 2014) was a Japanese and American Rōshi Rinzai Zen teacher. He lived in the United States since 1962. He started the Mount Baldy Zen Center, near Mount Baldy in California. He was also its head abbot.

Joshu Sasaki died at Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles on July 27, 2014, aged 107.

## References
## Other websites
* Kyozan Joshu Sasaki at the Mount Baldy Zen Center website
Prickly pear

The **prickly pear** is ***Opuntia***: a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae. There are about 190 different species of Opuntia. 

The genus is named after the Ancient Greek city of Opus. There, according to Theophrastus, an edible plant grew which could be propagated by rooting its leaves.  

Prickly pears (mostly *Opuntia stricta*) were originally imported into Australia in the 18th century for gardens. They were later used as a natural agricultural fencing.  They quickly became a widespread invasive weed. They changed  of farming land into an impenetrable green jungle of prickly pear, in places  high. 

In 1919, the Australian federal government established the Commonwealth Prickly Pear Board to coordinate efforts with state governments to eradicate the weed. Early attempts at mechanical removal and poisonous chemicals failed, so in a last resort, biological control was attempted. There is a moth, *Cactoblastis cactorum*, from South America, whose larvae eat prickly pear. It was introduced in 1925 and rapidly reduced the cactus population. A memorial hall in Chinchilla (Queensland) commemorates the moth. This is one of the earliest known examples of the biological control of pests.

## References
Angry Birds Epic

***Angry Birds Epic*** is a role-playing video game developed by Chimera Entertainment and published by Rovio Entertainment. The game was available on iOS in Australia, Canada and New Zealand on March 12, 2014 and was released worldwide on June 12, 2014. The game was removed from app stores in 2019.

## Gameplay
*Angry Birds Epic* is a turn-based RPG; the player explores a wide map on a quest to retrieve the birds' eggs from the pigs. In each level, the player is pit against a varying team of pigs. 3 out of 5 birds who are unlocked over the course of the game can be brought into a level: Red is a melee-type who mainly attacks but can also grant teammates shields, Chuck is a magic-type who can summon lightning to attack pigs and grant special effects on teammates, Matilda is a support-type who can heal teammates and steal health from pigs, Bomb is a melee-type who deals large amounts of damage and increases the strength of teammates, and the Blues are a range-type who can apply both positive or negative effects to either team.

The player uses their finger to select a bird and drag to the target. If the target is a pig, the bird will attack them. If the target is a teammate, the bird will grant a special effect to aid them. After all of the birds have acted once, it switches to the pigs' turn and vice versa. Every attack from a bird fills a Rage Chilli meter. When the meter is full, the player can drag the Rage Chilli onto a bird to let them perform an incredibly strong attack. The meter then immediately drains after being used, restarting the process.

Everyone has a limited amount of health and cannot fight without any; the player wins if all pigs run out of health, and loses if all birds run out of health.
### Crafting
After winning a level, the player can spin a roulette wheel containing different kinds of materials. The amount of rewards earned depends on the number of stars earned via a score. Those materials can then be used to craft new weapons, shields and classes. Weapons increase attack power or change a bird's method of attacking, shields do the same for defence and support, and classes affect what abilities a bird has.

Some materials can also be used to brew potions, which can be used mid-level to aid a bird.

## Reception
## References
Oswald Morris

**Oswald Norman Morris** OBE, DFC, AFC, BSC (22 November 191517 March 2014) was a British Academy Award-winning cinematographer. He was known for his works in *Fiddler on the Roof* and in *Goodbye, Mr. Chips*. 

Morris died at his home in Dorset, England, at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
* Oswald Morris at the Internet Movie Database
Fouad Mebazaa

**Fouad Mebazaa** ( ''''; 15 June 1933 &ndash; 23 April 2025) was a Tunisian politician. He was the President of Tunisia from 15 January 2011 to 13 December 2011.

Mebazaa died on 23 April 2025, at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
L'Wren Scott

**Luann Bambrough** (also '''L'Wren Scott'*; April 28, 1964 – March 17, 2014) was an American model and fashion designer. She was the girlfriend of singer Mick Jagger for the last 13 years of her life.

Scott made costumes for many movies, such as *Eyes Wide Shut''.

Scott was born in New York City. She was adopted and was raised in Utah.

## Death
On March 17, 2014, she was found dead in her Manhattan apartment. She committed suicide by hanging.

## References
Kresten Bjerre

**Kresten Bjerre** (22 February 1946 &ndash; 19 February 2014), nicknamed **Generalen** ("The General"), was a Danish association footballer. He played for Houston Stars in the United States and for the European clubs PSV Eindhoven and R.W.D. Molenbeek. He was born in Copenhagen.

Bjerre died from cancer on 19 February 2014 in Odense. He was 67 years old.

## Honours
*Belgian League: 1975
*Danish championship: 1967

## References
## Other websites
* Kresten Bjerre  at the Danish Football Association website
Escolania de Montserrat

**Escolania de Montserrat** is a boys' choir in the Benedictine abbey of Santa Maria de Montserrat. The abbey is near Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). The boys are sopranos and altos. Sometimes the Montserrat Chapel Choir sings with them, when needed for the music they are performing.

The Escolania of Montserrat belongs to the Monastery of Monserrat. It is one of the oldest boys choirs in Europe. The Escolania has been a religious and musical institution since the 14th century. There are more than fifty boys in the choir, from ages nine to fourteen. The boys are from various towns in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian community. At the Escolania, they complete courses at the primary, and beginning of secondary levels. They also study music. The Escolania takes pride in providing high-level musical education. Each student must study two instruments: the piano, and a second orchestral instrument of their choice. They also study Musical Language, Orchestra, and participate in the choir.

## Musical activities of the choir
The school choir sings every day in the Basilica. They often sing in front of large groups of pilgrims and visitors from around the world. More people attend the midday singing of *Salve Regina* than any other performance. They choir have released many albums. They have toured in several countries, including Hungary, Switzerland, France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Poland, and Russia. They have performed in Russia three times (Moscow 2011 & 2013, and St. Petersburg 2011).

## History
***1025**: The Benedictine Community of Montserrat was founded.
***12th Century**: Period of the Virgin of Montserrat. Pilgrims started to climb the mountain to worship the Virgin.
***1307**: First documentation showing the existence of the Escolania, which is also the first reference to the choir robes worn today.
***1479**: The choir sang for the Catholic King Fernando during his visit to Barcelona.
***1936-1939**: The monks and students had to abandon Montserrat during the Spanish Civil War.
***1939-1953**: Fr. David Pujol was director.
***1953-1997**: Fr. Ireneu Segarra, director and composer. Under his leadership, the choir grew to fifty students, and released numerous records. They also began to perform concerts outside of Montserrat for the first time in the 1960s, including international tours.
***1997-2000**: Fr. Jordi-Agustí Piqué was the director.
***2000-2007**: Joaquim Piqué was the first lay director.
***2007–2014**: Bernat Vivancos was the director.
***2014-Present**: Llorenç Castelló is the current director.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the choir
* The Escolania's official youtube channel
* Discography
Antti Raanta

**Antti Raanta** (born May 12, 1989) is a Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, New York Rangers, and Arizona Coyotes.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Raanta played 4 seasons in the SM-liiga with Lukko and Ässät.

During his time with Ässät, he won the Lasse Oksanen trophy for the SM-liiga best player of regular season and the Jari Kurri trophy for the best player of the playoffs with .955 SV%. He went 21-10-11 and recorded five shutouts in 45 games. He finished with a 1.85 goals-against average and .943 save percentage.

On June 3, 2013, he signed a one-year entry-level contract with the Chicago Blackhawks.

On December 30, 2013, he was able to earn his first career shutout when the Blackhawks beat the Los Angeles Kings at home. He was able to stop all 26 shots that he had faced, and improved to 10-1-3 on the season. He was named the Rookie of the Month, along with Martin Jones, for December 2013, going 8-1-3 with one shutout.

On June 27, 2015, Raanta was traded to the New York Rangers in exchange for Ryan Haggerty.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Miquel Crusafont i Pairó

**Miquel Crusafont i Pairó** (1910, Sabadell, Spain—1983) was a Catalan palaeontologist. He specialised in mammal bones.

Crusafont obtained a Degree in Pharmacy from the University of Barcelona in 1933. He got a degree in Natural Sciences from the University of Madrid in 1950.

In 1961, he was appointed Professor of Palaeontology at the University of Oviedo. He later became Professor of Anthropology at the Societatis Iesu (Barcelona).

In 1969, Crusafont founded the Provincial Palaeontology Institute. It has been known as the Miquel Crusafont Palaeontology Institute since 1983.

The prehistoric mammal *Crusafontia* was named for Crusafont.

## Selected works
* '** (1943, with Josep Fernández de Villalta)
* **' (1948, with Josep Fernández de Villalta)
* '** (1955, with Josep Fernández de Villalta and Jaume Truyols)
* **' (1957, with Jaume Truyols)
* '''' (1966, with Bermudo Meléndez and Emiliano Aguirre)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Information about the Miquel Crusafont Palaeontology Institute
Non-commissioned officer

A **non-commissioned officer** (sometimes spelled **noncommissioned officer** and shortened to **NCO** or **non-com** (US)), called a **sub-officer** in some countries, is a military officer who has not been given a commission. Non-commissioned officers, in the English-speaking world, usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks.

NCOs usually include all grades of corporal and sergeant; in some countries, warrant officers also do the same things as NCOs. In the navy and depending on the country, some or all grades of petty officer may be counted as NCO's. There are different classes of non-commissioned officer, including junior non-commissioned officers (JNCO) and senior (or staff) non-commissioned officers (SNCO).

## Related pages
*Military ranks

## References
## Other websites 
* A Short History of the NCO (United States)
Yun Hyon-seok

**Yun Hyok-seok** (, October 7, 1984 – April 26, 2003) was a South Korean activist, poet and writer. He fought for human rights, civil rights, LGBT rights and peace. His nickname was **Yook Woo Dang** (), which means "six friends". He wrote using the names **Sulheon** (, ) and **Midong** (, , "Beauty Boy"), **Donghwa** (동화, 童花, Boy's flower), Roman Catholic baptismal name is **Antonio**.

Yun was born in Incheon. His family is Catholic. He later moved to Seoul. While he was a student, he began writing and poetry. In March 2000, he started going to Incheon Seil high school. At high school, he came out as gay. This made him isolated from his classmates. By November 2002, he left high school. He began living in a neighbourhood of Dongdaemun District of Seoul. His penname Sulheon came from Heo Chohui's nickname *Nanseolheon*. Heo Chohui was a female poet and painter during the Joseon dynasty in Korea.

In 2002 and 2003, Yun became an activist for human rights and peace. In March 2003, he was a conscientious objector to South Korea's conscription military service. Yun spoke out against this and wrote an article to some South Korean newspapers and the foreign press.

In April 26, 2003, Yun committed suicide, in Dongdaemun in Seoul. He hanged himself. He did it to protest discrimination against gay people in South Korea.

## Book 
* Let My Spirit Rain Down as Flower Petals (내 혼은 꽃비 되어)
* Diary of Yook Woo Dang (육우당일기) (not published)

## Related pages 
* Homophobia

## References 
## Other websites 
* Memorial museum von Yukwudang  
* Protecting sexual minorities Koreatimes 2013-08-23 
* Queer Rights Activists in South Korea Step Up Efforts to Support LGBTQ Youth  
* 윤씨의 죽음을 애도한다 오마이뉴스 2003.05.06 
* 청소년유해매체물에 '동성애' 삭제키로 오마이뉴스 2003.04.29 
* 육우당(六友堂), ‘성소수자 해방’을 위해 지다 참세상 2008.05.01 
* 육우당은 여전히 희망이 존재한다고 말하고... 참세상 2006.04.18 
* "가식적인 기독교에 깨달음을"…어느 10대의 죽음 프레시안 2013.04.21 
* 동성애자가 사탄? 너희는 파시스트 기독교인 경향신문 2012.01.25 
* “내 혼은 꽃비 되어” 참세상 2006.04.26 
* layoung shin
Sergey Aksyonov

**Sergey Valeryevich Aksyonov** (, ; born 26 November 1972) is a Russian politician. Aksyonov is the Prime Minister of Crimea. He is the first Prime Minister of Crimea since it gained independence in March 2014.

## References
Bill Gramática

**Guillermo C. "Bill" Gramática** (born July 10, 1978) is a retired American Football placekicker. He played college football for the University of South Florida. He played 34 games in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Arizona Cardinals and 1 game with the Miami Dolphins. Gramática is probably best known for tearing the ACL in his right knee after jumping up to celebrate and tearing it on landing. After he retired, Bill and his brother Martín run a company called Gramatica Group LLC which specializes in energy-efficient construction.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joseph Murray

**Joseph Edward Murray** (April 1, 1919 – November 26, 2012) was an American plastic surgeon. 

He is best known for performing the first successful human kidney transplant on identical twins Richard and Ronald Herrick on December 23, 1954.

He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for "discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease". He shared the prize with E. Donnall Thomas. He attended Harvard Medical School in 1974.

During World War II he was in the Medical Corps of the United States Army.

## References
George Emil Palade

**George Emil Palade** (November 19, 1912 – October 8, 2008) was a Romanian cell biologist. He is best known for the innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which helped lay the foundations of modern molecular cell biology.

Palade was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. He won the award "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell". He shared it with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve.

## Related pages
*List of Romanian natural scientists

## References
Donald Regan

**Donald Thomas** "**Don**" **Regan** (December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party.

## Early life
Regan was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard College and at Harvard Law School. Regan married Ann Buchanan in 1942.

## Reagan administration
He was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1981 to 1985 under the Ronald Reagan administration. He then served as Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 under Reagan as well.

In 1987, Regan resigned due to personal angers against First Lady Nancy Reagan and Ronald Reagan's cabinet.

## Personal life
Regan then quickly retired in his Virginia home. He painted many paintings and was paid to have some of them displayed at museums. Regan had four children with his wife Ann.

### Death
Regan died of cancer in a hospital near his home in Williamsburg, Virginia, aged 84. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Biography as Secretary of the Treasury
*
Dilip Kumar

**Dilip Kumar** (born **Muhammad Yusuf Khan**; 11 December 1922 &ndash; 7 July 2021) was an Indian movie actor. He was well known in the Indian cinema industry. He worked in many movies along with fellow Indian actor Pran. His career has lasted for almost 60 years.

He held the *Guinness World Record* for winning the maximum number of awards by an Indian actor.

Kumar died on 7 July 2021 in Mumbai from prostate cancer at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rachel Jackson

**Rachel Donelson Jackson** (June 15, 1767 – December 22, 1828) was the wife of Andrew Jackson, the seventh president. She died before her husband's inauguration. She was never First Lady.

## Early life
Young Rachel was very pretty, with dark brown hair and beautiful eyes. Her family moved from Virginia to Nashville, Tennessee. The Robards family was quite wealthy and important in Nashville. Rachel was married to Captain Lewis Robards in Kentucky. She met Andrew Jackson while living with her mother. Andrew was staying at her mother's house. One time, she sent a letter home asking one of her brothers to come to Kentucky. She wanted to go home again. Jackson went to Kentucky instead of her brother.

## Remarriage 
Rachel Donelson Robards and Andrew Jackson wanted to get married. They could not because Rachel was already married to Lewis Robards. She tried to get a divorce in 1790. She and Andrew thought that her husband would get a divorce. They got married in 1791 in the town of Natchez, Mississippi. Their marriage was unlawful (against the law). She and Andrew tried to get a real divorce until 1794. They married again in 1794 when her marriage with Lewis Robards ended. No one knows if she knew that she broke the law.

Rachel moved to the Hermitage outside Nashville with Andrew. They were quite wealthy. They owned many slaves on their plantation. Rachel managed the household. She ran the plantation while Andrew was away.

Rachel died in 1828. This was the year her husband Andrew became president. He thought she died because other people said mean things about her. They talked about her marriage. Many people said she broke the law to marry Andrew on purpose. This made her very sad. She was buried in a corner of the Hermitage garden.

## What people remember
People thought Rachel and Andrew were very different. Andrew was tall, important, and neat. Rachel was short, quiet, and common. One girl who visited their house would not have guessed that they were married. She thought they were too different. The visitor said that Rachel was kind and motherly, not elegant or graceful. Rachel had lived in the  (newly-lived in areas) her whole life. She had no reason to become .

Rachel loved Andrew very much. She was sad every time he went away. Once she travelled to meet him, it was not common for women to do. She was very worried when he was in danger. She became quite sick from stress. Her marriage was very important to her. A visitor once said that their love was very great. Andrew Jackson always treated Rachel like she was the best thing in his life. Rachel was always  to Andrew.

## References
Ashok Kumar

**Ashok Kumar** () (13 October 1911–10 December 2001) or **Dadamoni** was an Indian movie actor. The Government of India honored him with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1988 and the Padma Bhushan in 1998 for his work to the Indian cinema.

Kumar was born **Kumudlal Ganguly** in Bhagalpur, Bengal Presidency. Kumar died at the age of 90 in Mumbai from heart failure at his home in Chembur.

## Other websites
*
Robert F. Furchgott

**Robert Francis Furchgott** (June 4, 1916 – May 19, 2009) was an American biochemist. 

He discovered a substance in endothelial cells that relaxes blood vessels. He called it endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). He later worked out EDRF's nature and mechanism of action, and determined that EDRF was nitric oxide (NO), which is an important compound in many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. The research that was done was important in explaining the action of Viagra, treatment of blue babies, and other medical as well as health-related issues. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system". He shared the prize with Louis Ignarro and Ferid Murad. and a Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1996.

## References
Brendan Byrne

**Brendan Thomas Byrne** (April 1, 1924 &ndash; January 4, 2018) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Byrne served as the 47th Governor of New Jersey from January 15, 1974 to January 19, 1982. Byrne was born and raised in West Orange, New Jersey.

Byrne died on January 4, 2018 in Livingston, New Jersey of a lung infection at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*New Jersey Governor Brendan Thomas Byrne , National Governors Association
*Rutgers Program on the Governor, the Brendan Byrne Archive
Acadie–Bathurst Titan

The **Acadie–Bathurst Titan** was a Canadian ice hockey team. The team began playing in 1969. The team last played in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). They played their home games in Bathurst, New Brunswick at the K. C. Irving Regional Centre.

## History 
The team was first created in 1969 and played in Rosemont National as the Rosemont, Quebec. They moved to Laval to become the Laval National, and later the Laval Voisins. In 1985, they were known as the Laval Titan, and in 1994, they became the Laval Titan Collège Français from a merger with the Verdun Collège Français. In 1998, the moved to Bathurst and became the Acadie–Bathurst Titan

The Titan organization have won President's Cup five times. In the 1999–2000 season, they had the first female to be drafted by a QMJHL team when they drafted Charline Labonté, a 17-year-old Quebec goaltender who spent parts of two seasons with the team.

The team was sold in December 2024 to a group of investors led by longtime hockey executive Glenn Stanford, which is moving the team to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador after the 2024–25 season. Starting in 2025–26, the team will play at Mary Brown's Centre as the Newfoundland Regiment.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Uwe Timm (libertarian writer)

**Uwe Timm** (5 February 1932 &ndash; 7 March 2014) was a German writer, anarchist, and anti-militarist. He was the co-editor of *espero*. He was born in Hamburg, Nazi Germany.

Timm died on 7 March 2014 in Barcelona, Spain. He was 82 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Uwe Timm at the German National Library
Ben Scrivens

**Ben Scrivens** (born September 11, 1986 in Spruce Grove, Alberta) is a Canadian former professional goaltender. He played for parts of six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings, Edmonton Oilers, and Montreal Canadiens. He also played for HC Dinamo Minsk and Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Scrivens was undrafted but signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 2010. On January 29, 2014, Scrivens stopped all 59 shots that the Oilers defence allowed and set a new NHL record for most saves in a shutout. He is also referred to as ScrVezina.

He would retire from playing professional ice hockey in 2018. After retiring, Scriven would accept a job to become a manager for the University of Denver's men's ice hockey team.

## References
## Other websites
*
Andy Lehrer

**Andy Z. Lehrer** (16 May 1930 &ndash; January or February 2014) was a Romanian entomologist. From 1996 until his death, he worked as a research associate in the laboratory of Zoology at the University of Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel. For several years, he studied flesh flies and blow flies all over the world.

Lehrer was born born in Iaşi, Iaşi County. He died in early 2014, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
Vancouver International Film Festival

The **Vancouver International Film Festival** (**VIFF**) is an annual movie festival in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is held for two weeks in late September and early October. It is held by Greater Vancouver International Film Festival Society and it began in 1982. It is among the five largest movie festivals in North America. The Festival screens the largest selection of East Asian movies outside of that region, it is one of the biggest showcases of Canadian film in the world, and it has one of the largest nonfiction program outside of a Documentary Film Festival.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Vancouver Marathon

The **BMO Vancouver Marathon** is an annual marathon which is run on the first Sunday of every May in Vancouver, British Columbia. The distance of the race is 26 miles and 385 yards and is the largest international marathon event in Canada. The current sponsor for the marathon is Bank of Montreal.

It is certified by both the International Association of Athletics Federations & Association of International Marathons and Distance Races as a qualifying marathon race. It started in 1972 after a small group of 46 runners ran five loops of Stanley Park to finish the first Vancouver International Marathon (which was known as Lions Gate Road Runners International Marathon). A Full Marathon is a Boston Marathon qualifying event and is 42&nbsp;km, and a Half Marathon is 21&nbsp;km.

The Forbes 2014 Travel Guide named the BMO Vancouver Marathon one of the world’s Top Ten Marathons Worth Travelling For that marathon season. It also made their top ten marathon destinations in 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Khushwant Singh

**Khushwant Singh** (2 February 1915 &ndash; 20 March 2014) was an Indian writer, poet and journalist. His work was mostly in English. He was best known for his secularism. He was born in Hadali, British India, which is now Sargodha District, Pakistan.

Singh died from natural causes on the morning of 20 March 2014 at his home in New Delhi. He was 99 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Khushwant Singh at the Kamat Research Database
Dadasaheb Phalke

**Dhundiraj Govind Phalke** (30 April 1870 – 16 February 1944) was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter. He is known as *the father of Indian cinema*. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, awarded to people who worked for a long time to the Indian cinema, was created in his honor by the Government of India in 1969. He made India's first feature-length film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1913. The award is considered the highest honor in the Indian film industry and is given annually to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field.

## References
## Other websites
*
Titanotylopus

***Titanotylopus*** is an extinct genus of terrestrial herbivore in the family Camelidae. It was endemic to North America from the Miocene through Pleistocene 10.3 million years ago—300,000 years ago. It existed for about .

Its name is derived from the Greek words Τιτάν, τύλος and πούς — "Titan", "knob" and "foot"; thus, "giant knobby-foot."

## References