open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Portia (moon)

**Portia** is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by *Voyager 2* on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation **S/1986&nbsp;U&nbsp;1**. The moon is named after Portia, the heroine of William Shakespeare's play *The Merchant of Venice*. It is also designated **Uranus&nbsp;XII**.

Portia is the second biggest closer moon of Uranus after Puck. The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus' synchronous orbital radius, is slowly shrinking due to tidal deceleration. The moon will one day either break up into a planetary ring or hit Uranus.

It heads a group of moons called **Portia Group**, which includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Portia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Art Pepper

**Arthur Edward "Art" Pepper, Jr.** (September 1, 1925 – June 15, 1982)  was an American jazz alto saxophonist. He was born in Gardena, California United States. Pepper began his musical career in the 1940s playing with Benny Carter. Along with Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Shelly Manne and others, he performed and recorded a lot of very good music.
 
Some of his most famous albums are *Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section*, *The Aladdin Recordings* (three volumes), *Art Pepper + Eleven - Modern Jazz Classics*, ''Gettin' Together*, and *Smack Up*. 

He wrote a book in 1980 called *Straight Life*. The book is about his life and his music. It was very popular because it was honest, and very good. There was also a movie made called *Art Pepper: Notes from a Jazz Survivor'', which is available on DVD.

## Other websites 
* The Art Pepper Discography Project
* NPR Interview With Laurie Pepper
* The Art Of Pepper 
* Art Pepper on YouTube
* MikeL's Unofficial Art Pepper website
* Art Pepper MySpace Tribute Site
Ragıp Zarakolu

**Ragıp Zarakolu** (born 1948) is a Turkish publisher who has long faced legal problems for publishing books on  things in Turkey, especially on minority and human rights in Turkey. 

## Biography 
Ragıp Zarakolu was born in 1948 on the island of Büyükada close to Istanbul. His father, Remzi Zarakolu, was the district governor on that island. Ragıp Zarakolu grew up with members of the Greek and Armenian minority in Turkey and began writing for "Ant" and "Yeni Ufuklar" magazines in 1968.

In 1971, the Turkish government was overthrown. Ragıp Zarakolu was tried on charges of secret relations to Amnesty International. He spent five months in prison before being declared innocent. In 1972, he was sentenced to 2 years in prison for his paragraph in the journal *Ant* (Oath) on *Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam War*. He stayed in Selimiye Prison (in Istanbul) and was set free in 1974 after a general amnesty. On his release Zarakolu refused to abandon his work for freedom of thought, because he wanted different thoughts and cultures to be available in Turkey.

The Belge Publishing House, established in Istanbul in 1977 by Zarakolu and his wife Ayşenur, has been a focus for Turkish censorship laws ever since. The couple were imprisoned and the books confiscated and destroyed.

In 1979, he was one of the founders of the daily newspaper *Demokrat* and took responsibility for the news desk on foreign affairs. The paper was banned and Ragıp Zarakolu was imprisoned in 1982 because of his link to *Demokrat*. He was banned from leaving the country between 1971 and 1991.  For some time he chaired the Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN in Turkey. In 2007, he chaired the Committee for Freedom of Publication in the Union of Publishers.

Until the military coup of 12 September 1980, *Belge* Publishing House mostly published academic and theoretical books. Afterwards *Belge* started to publish books written by political prisoners. The series of 35 books consisted of poems, shorts stories, and novels. This  includes more than 10 translations of Greek literature, 10 books on the Armenian Question and five books related to the Jews in Turkey. There are also a number of books dealing with the Kurds in Turkey.

He also published several books on the Armenian Genocide – such as George Jerjian's book *History Will Free All of Us/Turkish-Armenian Conciliation* and Professor Dora Sakayan's *An Armenian Doctor in Turkey: Garabed Hatcherian: My Smyrna Ordeal of 1922* – which brought new criminal charges in 2005.

In 1995, the Belge Publishing House offices were firebombed, forcing it to be housed in a cellar. Since his wife's death in 2002, Zarakolu continues to face further prosecutions.

## Notes
## References
*International PEN calls for an end to publisher Ragip Zarakolu's trials  - IFEX
* Page of PEN American Center about honorary member Ragip Zarakolu 
* similar page of the English Centre of PEN 

Press release / OSCE
* OSCE media freedom representative concerned over legal grounds for trials of publisher and writer in Turkey
Aska Yang

**Aska Yang** (born April 4, 1978) is a popular Taiwanese singer and a member of Million Star Gang (星光幫).

Aska Yang is listed in "Taiwan Who is Who 2007-2008" and he is also ranked the 2nd place of Yahoo! Taiwan Person of the Year 2007, the 2nd place of United Daily Star News of the Year 2007, the 1st place of Apple Daily Person of the Year 2007 and one of the Top Five Newcomers 2007 chosen by SinaNet.

On November 17, 2007, Aska Yang was invited to perform at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall for the 42nd Golden Bell Awards (金鐘獎) in Taipei. He sang a medley of eleven classic TV drama theme songs from the past century.

## Early life & Education
Aska Yang was born on April 4, 1978 in Taoyuan, Taiwan. He graduated from Naili Primary School in 1990, Tzu-Chiang Junior School in 1994, and National Chungli Senior High School in 1996. During his college time at the National Changhua University of Education  (NCUE), Aska attended numerous singing competitions at or out of the campus and won several championships. In 2007, he was a contestant on the show One Million Star, a singing competition that was broadcast on CTV. Later that year, he graduated from the Department of Guidance & Counseling at the National Changhua University of Education . In 2009, he started his master's degree program in the Sports Psychology Department at the National Taiwan Sport University, NTSU.

## Albums
### Awards

*2008：Hito Pop Music Award~ - Aska Yang along with The Million Star Gang won the 「Hito Best New Artists Award」With the 「Million Star Reunion 10 Finalist Special Album」
*2008：Hito Pop Music Award  - Aska Yang along with The Million Star Gang won the {Best New Artist Award}
*2008：5th Annual SuperStar Singers Award~ Aska Yang won { Best New Artist Award}
*2008：Singapore Golden Melody Award~~ Aska Yang won 5 awards including: 「Outstanding New Artist Award」、「Best Male Singer Award」、「Most Popolar New Artist Award」、「Y.E.S 933 Longest Chart Holder Song《Onion》」、「Y.E.S 933 Number # 1 on Top Ten Most Popular Song Chart 《Onion》」
*2009: Singapore Entertainment Awards - Aska Yang won 3 awards : Regional Newcomer of the Year Media Award ; Most Popular Regional Newcomer ; Radio 100.3 Most Popular Song ~ Onion
*2009: Hito Radio Pop Music Award -　「 2008 Best Top 10 Madarin Songs(05)-Aska Yang (Dove) 」、「 2008 Fan's Choice Award - Aska Yang（Onion）」
*2010: CCTV Universal Pop Music Festival In LuoYang City  - HK/TW 2010 Media’s Most Favorite Upcoming Singer’s Award
*2011: Elle  20th Anniversary People's Award~ The Greater Chinese Internet Most Favorite Male Artist Of The Year
*2011: Beijing Fourth Annual MNSSE Music Billboard Award - Best Album Of The Year: PURE
*2011: Third Annual Yahoo! Award『Most Favorite Male Artist Of The Year 』

## References
## Other websites
* Aska Yang's official website  
* Aska Yang's Blog 
* Aska Yang's introduction in Warner Music website
Ara Gevorgyan

**Ara Gevorgian (Gevorgyan)** (born April 19, 1960, Yerevan) is an Armenian musician, composer and musical producer. In 2004 he was awarded by the *Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia* title by the President Robert Kocharyan.

## Biography
Gevorgian is the son of well-known Armenian folk-singer Valya Samvelyan. He studied at #31 school of Yerevan and at the A. Tigranyan musical school at the same time. During the two years he studied at Yerevan #8 college of Fine Arts. From 1983 to 1987 he studied at Armenian pedagogical institute after Khachatur Abovyan at the faculty of wood wide instruments and pop music department. 
In 1987-1989 Gevorgian taught conducting at the same Institute, then he worked at Armenian Television ("3-Aliq" TV program). 

In 1983 he founded the "Rally" Armenian pop-rock band, the participant of "Song - 85" festival. 

He participated in the Opening Ceremony of the Cultural Year of Armenia in Russia hosted at the Moscow Kremlin Music Hall and honored by the presence of the presidents of Armenia and Russia Robert Kocharyan and Vladimir Putin respectively and the famous singer Charles Aznavour.

Ara Gevorgian co-operates with Jivan Gasparyan, Ian Gillan, Demis Roussos, Pedro Eustache, Daniel Decker and others. Among his most popular songs are "Adana", "Artsakh", "Ov Hayots Ashkharh" and "Ovkyanosits ayn koghm".
 
## Discography
*1995 "Ovkianosits Ayn Koghm" (Over the ocean)
*1997 "Nostalgie"
*1999 "Ani" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA)
*2001 "Khor Virab" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA).

## Other websites
*Ara Gevorgian's Official site 
*Gevorgyan at Persons.AM 
*Armenian Music Center
Ceratosauria

**Ceratosaurs** are a group of theropod dinosaurs. They are defined as "all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestry with *Ceratosaurus* than with birds". 

Ceratosauria includes the Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous theropods *Ceratosaurus*, *Elaphrosaurus*, and *Abelisaurus*, found mainly in the southern hemisphere. 

The earlies known Ceratosaur is from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, *Eoabelisaurus*. This predates the oldest *certainly known* known member of the lineage by more than 40 million years. The almost complete skeleton of *Eoabelisaurus* shows the earliest evolutionary stages of the distinctive  abelisaurid modification of the forelimb.

## References
Cupid (moon)

|-
! align="left" | Atmospheric pressure
| 0 kPa
|}
**Cupid** is an inner moon (which makes it one of the closer moons) of Uranus. It was found by Mark Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after a character in William Shakespeare's play *Timon of Athens*.

It is the smallest of the closer Uranian moons, estimated to be only about 18&nbsp;km in diameter. This and the dark surface made it too dim to be detected by the *Voyager 2* cameras during its Uranus flyby in 1986.

The orbit of Cupid is only 863&nbsp;km from the orbit of the bigger moon Belinda. Amazingly, compared to Mab and Perdita, the recently found Uranian moons, it does not seem to be perturbed.

Following its discovery, Cupid was given the designation **S/2003 U 2**. It is also designated **Uranus XXVII**.

It should not be confused with the asteroid 763 Cupido.

## References
## Other websites
* Hubble Uncovers Smallest Moons Yet Seen Around Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2003-09-25)
Heidi Klum

**Heidi Klum Kaulitz** (born 1 June 1973) is a German american model, actress and singer. She hosts *Project Runway* and ''Germany's Next Top Model*. She also models for *Victoria's Secret*.

## Biography 
Heidi was born in Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Her father was a company leader and her mother was a hair stylist. She won a modelling competition. She beat over 25,000 other people. She got $300,000 from it, and modeled in the United States. She has been on the cover of many magazines. These include *Vogue Magazine*, *Elle*, and *Marie Claire*. She became famous for being in *Sports Illustrated*.

She is now the host and a judge on Project Runway. It is a show where clothing designers compete to win $100,000 to make designs. She had chances to win Emmys for the first three seasons of the show. She also is the primary host of *Germany's Next Topmodel* and therefore mostly known as a German juror and model.https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/panorama/tv/gntm-jury-2023-heidi-klum-und-die-gast-juroren-15-6-23-id65393586.html It is similar to *America's Next Top Model'' which is hosted by Tyra Banks.

### Personal life 
Heidi married Ric Pipino in 1997. Ric was a hair stylist for famous people. They separated in 2002. After the separation, Klum was with race car businessman Flavio Briatore. She became pregnant with his baby. They separated after he was with another woman. Her daughter was born on 4 May 2004 in New York City. Her name is Helene 'Leni' Klum.

She was in a relationship with Seal, a musician, while pregnant with Leni. They were married 10 May 2005 in Mexico. They have two sons, Henry Günther Ademola Dashtu Samuel, born 12 September 2005 in Los Angeles, California, and Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel born 22 November 2006 in Los Angeles. They also have a daughter together named Lou born 9 October 2009.  Seal acts as Leni's father and has adopted her. The couple divorced in 2015.

In February 2019, she married Tokio Hotel guitarist Tom Kaulitz.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* 
* Heidi Klum in the Fashion Model Directory  (FMD)
* Heidi Klum Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Photo Gallery at SI.com
Uzi

The **Uzi** is a type of submachine gun (SMG). It is famous for being very small and easy to carry, much more easily than any SMG made in World War II. It does this by loading magazines inside the grip, much like a pistol. It was not the first submachine gun to do this, but the Uzi was the first used on a large scale.  

There are different kinds of Uzis: Mini Uzi, which is a smaller version of the Uzi; Micro Uzi, which is only slightly larger than a standard pistol; Para Micro Uzi, which was made for Counter Terrorist Units; and the Uzi Pistol, which is semi-automatic (it fires one bullet every time you pull the trigger).  All of these kinds of Uzis are still in use by the special forces today. It is slowly being replaced by the MP-5.

## History 
Uzis were invented by an Israeli army officer, Uziel Gal. This gun was first used in 1956. Uzis were used in the 1967 Six Day War by Israel. They are made by Israel Military Industries and also by the Belgian weapon company, FN.

Even though Uziel Gal told his manufacturers not to name the weapon after him, they ignored his request and did so anyway.

## References
## Other websites
* Israel Weapon Industries (I.W.I.): Mini Uzi and Micro Uzi 
* The official Uzi website 
* Uzi history, parts, discussion forum
* Uzi in parts (in German)
* Uzi history and lore 
* Video of Uzi being fired (Japanese audio)
* Video of suppressed Uzi being fired
Escape the Fate

**Escape the Fate** is an American post-hardcore band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

The band was formed in 2004, in 2005 they won a radio competition to open for My Chemical Romance which led to a signing to Epitaph Records. In the year 2006 the band released debut album, *Dying Is Your Latest Fashion*. With the new frontman Craig Mabbitt (Former Blessthefall vocalist) the band released the album *This War Is Ours* in October 2008. In 2010, the band released the third album, *Escape The Fate*, in November.

The lead vocalist Ronnie Radke left the band in 2008 due to legal issues. Radke left the jail in December 2010 and is currently a vocalist in the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. In 2012, founding member Max Green was kicked out due to drug abuse and missing shows and he was permanently replaced by Thomas "TJ" Bell, formerly of Motionless In White and Micheal Money, brother of Bryan "Monte" Money was introduced as official rythmn guitarist.

## Band members
### Current members
* Craig Mabbitt (2008 - present) lead vocals
* Robert Ortiz (2004 - present) - drums, percussions, backing vocals
* Thomas "TJ" Bell (2012 - present)- rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals
* Kevin "Thrasher" Gruft (2013 - present) - lead guitar

### Touring members
* Kevin Thrasher (2011-Filling In For Monte's On The Uproar Tour)

### Former members
* Omar Espinosa (2004 - 2007) - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Carson Allen (2005 - 2006) - vocals, synthesizers
* Ronnie Radke (2004 - 2006 ; 2006 - 2008) - lead vocals
* Max Green (2004 - 2011, 2013-2014) backing vocals, bass
* Bryan "Monte" Money - lead guitar, backing vocals (2004-2013)
* Michael Money - bass, backing vocals (2004-2012, 2013-2014)

## Discography
; Albums
* *Dying Is Your Latest Fashion* - September 26, 2006
* *This War is Ours* - October 21, 2008
* *Escape The Fate* - November 2, 2010
* *Ungrateful* - May 14, 2013
* *Hate Me-* October 30, 2015
* *I am Human-* March 30, 2018

; Demos
* *Escape The Fate Demo* - 2005

; EPs
* ''There's No Sympathy for the Dead* - May 23, 2006
* *Situations* - November 20, 2007
* *Issues Remixes'' - January 11, 2011

## Videography
* Not Good Enough for Truth In Cliché (2005) - demo version
* There's No Sympathy for the Dead (2006)
* Not Good Enough for Truth In Cliché (2006)
* Situations (2007)
* The Flood (2008)
* Something (2009)
* 10&nbsp;Miles Wide (2009)
* The Guillotine Part II (2010)
* Massacre (2010) - without video
* Issues (2010)
* City Of Sin (2010)
* Gorgeous Nightmare (2011)
* Ungrateful (2013)
* You're Insane (2013)

## References
## Other websites
*
Rosalind (moon)

**Rosalind** is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by *Voyager 2* on January 13, 1986, and was given the designation **S/1986&nbsp;U&nbsp;4**. It was named after the daughter of the banished Duke in William Shakespeare's play *As You Like It*. It is also designated **Uranus&nbsp;XIII**.

Rosalind belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  36&nbsp;km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Rosalind appears as an almost spherical object. The ratio of axises of the Rosalind's prolate spheroid is 1.0-0.8. Its surface is grey in color.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Rosalind Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Outflow (meteorology)

**Outflow** is a term for the air that flows away from a thunderstorm. Lots of outflow show that a storm is "healthy".

The "edge" of the outflow boundary can often be detected by weather radar. Convergence occurs along the leading edge of the downdraft. Convergence of dust, aerosols, and bugs at the leading edge will lead to a higher clear air signature. The signature of the leading edge is also influenced by the density change between the cold air from the downdraft and the warm environmental air. This density boundary will increase the number of echo returns from the leading edge. Clouds, hydrometeors and new thunderstorms can also develop along the outflow's leading edge. This makes it possible to locate the outflow boundary when using precipitation mode. The image to the right depicts a particularly strong ouflow boundary ahead of a line of storms. Often, the outflow boundary will bow in the direction it is moving the quickest.

## References
Post-hardcore

**Post-hardcore** is a musical genre that evolved from hardcore punk, itself a part of the broader punk rock movement. One of the main influences on this genre is the band Fugazi.

Post-hardcore uses elements of hardcore, along with emo, metal, alternative rock or whatever, to create a more experimental sound. It can be more melodic than normal hardcore, but sometimes is heavier.

## Post-hardcore contributors
# Fugazi
# Thrice
# Enter Shikari
# Alexisonfire
# Boysetsfire
# Silverstein
# Rites of Spring
# Maylene and the Sons of Disaster
# The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
# Matchbook Romance
# The Bled
# From First to Last
# My Chemical Romance
# We Came as Romans
# Story of the Year
# From Autumn to Ashes
# Underoath
# Hawthorne Heights
# Senses Fail
# Pierce the Veil
# Escape the Fate
# Sleeping with Sirens
# Moose Blood

## References
Punta Cana

**Punta Cana**, named after a local cape, is a region in the easternmost tip of the Dominican Republic. Covering about 4,200,000 m2 (about 1,100 acres), the region is home to a coastline of sandy white beaches and to a town of the same name. A region once named *Punta de Borrachón* was merged with Punta Cana by the founding investors in 1969.
Bayernliga

The **Bayernliga** (English: 'Bavaria League') is a German football league. It is the one of the German 5th divisions, and is the 2nd division of football in Bavaria. It was founded in 1945, as the Landesliga Bayern, which was an amateur league in Bavaria. In 1963, it became the 3rd division of German football. It remained the 3rd division until 1994, when it became the 4th division, after being replaced by the Regionalliga Süd. It remained the 4th division until 2008, when it became the 5th division.

## Champions of Bavarian League (Oberliga Bayern)
FC Augsburg is the most successful team. It has won the league seven times. Before 1969, it was called BC Augsburg. The next best teams are SpVgg Bayreuth with six titles and 1860 München with five titles, although two were won by the second team, TSV 1860 München Amateure.
Gavialidae

**Gavialidae** is a family of reptiles within the order Crocodilia.  There are only two surviving species, the Gharial (*Gavialis gangeticus*) and the False Gharial (*Tomistoma schlegelii*), which are each the sole living representatives of the two Gavialidae genera.

## Other websites 
*
*
False gharial

The **false gharial** or **Malayan gharial** (*Tomistoma schlegelii*) is a fresh-water reptile. It looks like  a crocodile with a very thin and long snout, like that of the gharial. That is where the name of the species is from.

It has long been classed in the family *Crocodylidae*. However, recent immunological studies show it is more closely related to the gharial than was originally thought. So now classed in the family *Gavialidae*, after all.

The animal is native to six river systems in Sumatra and Malaysia. It can also be found in Borneo, Java, Vietnam, Thailand (not seen since 1970), and possibly Sulawesi. Fossils finds in southern China indicate that, at some point in the past, the species occurred there.

The false gharial, like all other crocodilians, lays eggs. It is a mound nester. Females usually mature at 2–3&nbsp;m. Mated females will lay a clutch of 30-60 eggs in a mound of dry leaves or peat.  Once the eggs are laid, and construction of the mound is completed, she abandons her nest.  Unlike most other crocodilian species, the young receive no parental care and are at risk of being eaten by predators like wild boar, mongooses, big cats such as tigers and leopards, civets, and wild dogs. The young hatch after 90 days and are left to look after themselves.

The false gharial is threatened with extinction throughout most of its range. The drainage of its freshwater swamplands and clearance of surrounding rainforests removes its habitat. The animal is hunted frequently for its skin and meat and the eggs are often taken for human consumption. However, positive steps have been taken by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to prevent its extinction in the wild.

## References 
## Sources 
*  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used

## Other websites 
* BBC News: 'Match-making' for rare male croc
Prime lens

]]
 35mm wide-angle lens is a small, light-weight and "fast" prime lens with a maximum aperture of f/2]]
A **prime lens** is a lens which has a fixed "zoom" or focal length. It is easier to make fixed focal lenses than to include them in a variable focus lens. Therefore, fixed focal lenses usually have a larger opening, known as an aperture, than comparable variable focus lenses. They are usually also of a higher optical quality.
Aperture

In optics and photography, an **aperture** is a hole where light can pass through. 
## In photography
s) for "full stop" increments. Each white circle has double the surface of the white circle to its right.]]
The aperture of a photographic lens is a hole that can be adjusted to different sizes, using the aperture ring. This ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter.  The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre. The small hole is called the *aperture*. The size of the aperture can be changed. When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera. When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.

This lets the photographer control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. The aperture is changed along with the  shutter speed to control the amount of light that enters the camera.  This amount of light is called the exposure.  Typically, a fast shutter speed will not let much light in (meaning the picture could come out too dark), so the photographer will use a larger aperture to correct for this.  A slow shutter speed will need a smaller aperture to stop the picture coming out too bright.

The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop."  This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens.  A low number (such as f1.4 or f2.8) means the aperture is wide open, and lets in a lot of light.  A high number (such as f8 or f11) means that the aperture is small, and does not let in as much light.
Zoom lens

A **variable focus lens** (also called **zoom lens**) is a camera lens that can vary its focal length. 

In general, such lenses have a lower aperture than comparable fixfocus lenses. Depending on the manufacturer common zoom lenses (in the 30–100mm focal range, for film photography) usually have a varying aperture, from 4 to 5.6, perhaps 3.3 to 5.6. There are also some zoom lenses with a fixed maximal aperture (to take the example from before: of 2.6 or 2.8, maximum). In contrast, fix-focus lenses in that range have maximum apertures of 1.4 to 2. 

## Digital zoom
Digital cameras sometimes have a function called  *digital zoom*. This is a mathematical method which simply enlarges a part of the picture. The result is not as sharp as that of the optical zoom. When an optical zoom changes its focal length, this will also change the angle of view. Digital zooms simply make a small part of an image bigger, without changing the angle of view. 

According to the reasoning expressed, a camera uses a convex lens to expand and enhance the image. Such lenses have a bulge in the middle and a taper at the edges. Allowing the rays of light to meet at a point called the focus. The majority of camera lenses are compound and have, for inset, a convex lens, a concave lens, and then a convex lens again. The primary element of a lens determines the magnification using moving it away or closer to an object.

The following are some basic points that one should remember about camera lenses:
Lens Aberration: One could easily guess that a simple maximum aperture convex lens could yield a warped image which is the reason for this aberration not being encouraged. This does not mean that the image will not be warped. It will be possible to make distorted images with the lens.
Aperture: This signifies the actual opening or hole, which lets the light through the lens. Widening of the aperture correlates with smaller f-stop numbers. The narrowing of the aperture correlates with larger f-stop numbers.
Depth of Field: This explains the extent of a photograph that remains sharp or in focus. Focusing on higher f-stop numbers produces a lot more of the image in focus. While lower f-stop number focusing produces images with a small depth of field
Maximum Aperture: This refers to the widest opening of the lens if any; some are not that big. The bigger the maximum aperture of the lens, the more it favors low-light shooting.
Belinda (moon)

**Belinda** is a closer moon to Uranus, a planet in the solar system. Belinda was found from the images taken by *Voyager 2* on 1986, and it was given the designation **S/1986&nbsp;U&nbsp;5**. It is named after the heroine of Alexander Pope's *The Rape of the Lock*.

Belinda belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, radius of  45&nbsp;km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Belinda appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The moon is very stretched, with its short axis 0.5 ± 0.1 times the long axis. Its surface is grey in color.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Belinda Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
The Ren & Stimpy Show

]]

***The Ren and Stimpy Show*** is an American surrealist black comedy situation comedy animated television series created by John Kricfalusi, which aired from August 11, 1991 to October 20, 1996. The main characters are Ren Höek (John Kricfalusi, and (later) Billy West), a chihuahua, and Stimpson J. Cat (Billy West) (Stimpy for short).

The show premiered on Nickelodeon on August 11, 1991, and aired new episodes on the channel from the series.

The series ended on October 20, 1996, with the episodes "Sammy and Me" and "Last Temptation".

It was also shown on MTV, and was shown in other countries such as United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

People who make cartoons think that *Ren and Stimpy* is famous because of its classic cartoon style and gross humor that is different from other animated shows at the time, and then became a cult following. John Kricfalusi got fired after only one year of working on his show. He did not send his work on time and often fought with his friends at Nickelodeon, so they fired him. He made other shows but none were as popular as *Ren and Stimpy*.

Reruns of *Ren and Stimpy* currently air on the Nicktoons Network.

## Characters 
*Ren Höek
*Stimpy
*Mr. Horse
*Powdered Toast Man
*Muddy Mudskipper
*Mr. and Mrs. Pipe
*Announcer Salesman
*Haggis McHaggis
*Wilbur Cobb
*The Fire Chief
*Mrs. Buttloaves
*George Liquor

## Cast 
* John Kricfalusi as Ren Hoek (seasons 1-2)
* Billy West as Stimpy and Ren Hoek (seasons 3-5)
* Harris Peet as Muddy Mudskipper
* Michael Pataki as George Liquor

## Episodes
135 film

**135 film** is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making still pictures, rather than movies. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called **35mm** film. 

It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.

Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film. The perforations of 35mm movie camera film are a different shape, but close enough that it will work in most still picture cameras.

## References
Franck Ribéry

**Franck Ribéry** (born 7 April 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Fiorentina and France national team and retired in 2022

* 1. Includes the French League Cup, German League Cup, German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.

## International 
Source:

;International goals
*France score listed first, score and result columns indicate score after each Ribéry goal.*

## Honours
 award (2013)]]

**Galatasaray**
* Turkish Cup: 2004–05

**Marseille**
* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005

**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19
* DFB-Pokal: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19
* DFB-Ligapokal: 2007
* DFL-Supercup: 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018
* UEFA Champions League: 2012–13
* UEFA Super Cup: 2013
* FIFA Club World Cup: 2013

**France**
* Onze de Bronze: 2006, 2008
* French Player of the Year: 2007, 2008, 2013
* Footballer of the Year in Germany: 2008
* ESM Team of the Year: 2007–08, 2012–13
* UEFA Team of the Year: 2008, 2013
* UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2012–13
* UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match: 2013
* *kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14
* UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2011–12
* Bundesliga top assist provider: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
* Bundesliga Player of the Year: 2012–13
* The kicker Man of the Year: 2013
* Globe Soccer Best Footballer of the Year: 2013
* FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2013
* FIFA Club World Cup Most Valuable Player of the Final: 2013
* FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2013
* FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2014
* FIFA Ballon d'Or: Third place 2013
* DFB-Pokal top assist provider: 2016–17
* Serie A Player of the Month: September 2019
* Fiorentina Player of the Season: 2019–20

## References
Finger Eleven

**Finger Eleven** is a Canadian rock band. it was formed in 1990. They are from Burlington, Ontario. There they had achieved minor success as a cover band, then as a full fledged band.

## Discography
### Albums
*1995 *Letters From Chutney* (as Rainbow Butt Monkeys)
*1997/1998 *Tip*
*2000 *The Greyest Of Blue Skies*
*2003 *Finger Eleven*
*2007 *Them vs. You vs. Me*
*2010 *Life Turns Electric*

## Other websites 
*Official Website
**U.S. Street Team 
**Canadian Street Team 
*Finger Eleven on JBTV 
*Audio Interview  recorded February 2007
*Interviews and Music Videos 
*Finger Eleven Pagina En Español
Daughtry (band)

**Daughtry** is an American rock band formed in 2006 and fronted by Chris Daughtry. The band originated in McLeansville, North Carolina. 

Their self-titled debut album was released in November 2006 and reached number one on the *Billboard* 200. The album went on to sell more than six million copies in the United States, and has been certified six times platinum by the RIAA. *Daughtry* was also named the best selling album of 2007 by *Billboard*, becoming the fastest-selling debut rock album in Nielsen SoundScan history. 

## Albums
# Daughtry (2006)
# Leave This Town (2009)
# Break The Spell (Daughtry album) (2011)
# Baptized (2013)
# Cage To Rattle (2018)
# Dearly Beloved (2021)

## References
Wide-angle lens

most popular wide-angle lenses - 17-40 mm f/4 L retrofocus zoom lens.]]
. The distortion is due to the distance at which the picture is taken. The front stairs appear to tip forward.]]
A **wide-angle lens** is a lens that has a focal length that is shorter than that of the normal lens. Normal lenses have an angle of view of between 40° and 50°. Wide-angle lenses have an angle of view that is bigger. 

For the 135 film format (the most popular photographic film type), normal lenses are 50mm focal length. 35mm (with an angle of view of 63 degrees) and 28mm (75°) are slight wide-angle lenses. 

24mm (84°), 20mm (94°), 17mm (104°) and 14mm (114°) offer more extreme views (for 35mm film). 

This is different for digital photography. Many digital cameras use smaller sensors. This means that the focal lengths have an angle of view that is smaller. That way, an 18mm lens mounted on a digital camera of this type gives an angle of view of the 28mm wide-angle lens, namely 75 degrees, for a multiplier of 1.5.

One kind of wide-angle lens is a fish eye lens.

Telephoto lens is the opposite. It has a long focal length, and a narrow angle of view.
Normal lens

In photography, the phrase **normal lens**  is used for camera lenses that have a focal length which is roughly the diagonal of the image projected inside the camera.  Camera lenses with a shorter focal length are called *wide-angle lenses*, those with a longer one *telephoto lenses*. 

This gives a *natural perspective*.

*In Digital photography the situation is more complex. The sensor type diameter is not the sensor diameter:
: (*) refers to tv-tube diameters that were standards in the 50's. The normal lens focal length is roughly 2/3 of the TV tube diameter.
: (**) this is a mathematical calculation because most of the cameras have zoom lenses.

*In cinematography a focal length roughly equivalent to twice the diagonal of the image projected within the camera is considered normal.

According to the *ASC Selected Tables, Charts, and Formulas for the Student Cinematographer* (4th Edition, page 16), a **normal lens** is one with a focal length **equal to the diagonal** of the image format, **not twice the diagonal.** This definition is widely accepted within the cinematography community and reflects the standard used by professionals in the field.

## References
Puck (moon)

**Puck** is a closer moon to Uranus. Puck was found from the images taken by *Voyager 2* on December 30, 1985, and was given the designation **S/1985&nbsp;U&nbsp;1**.

In Celtic mythology and English folklore, *Puck* is a mischievous sprite, imagined as an evil demon by Christians; the moon is named after the Puck who appears in Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', in which he travels around the globe at night with the fairies. It is also designated **Uranus&nbsp;XV**.

Puck is the biggest of the small closer moons to Uranus. It is in the middle in size between Portia and Miranda, the smallest of the five bigger moons. Puck's orbit is also located between these two moons. Little is known about it aside from its orbit, and is grey in color.

## References
## Other websites
*Puck Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*Page that includes a reprocessed version of the Voyager Puck image
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

The **European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages** (**ECRML**) is a European treaty that was adopted in 1992.

It was designed by the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. It applies only to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties that are very different from the majority or official language. The treaty does not protect languages that are used by recent immigrants from other countries. Also, the treaty does not protect local dialects of the official or majority language.

To be protected, a language must be spoken either by the people living in a region or area of the country or by a minority in the country as a whole (languages such as Yiddish and Romani are covered by the treaty even if there is no "Romani region").

National official languages are not covered by the treaty, but some regional official languages are. For example, Catalan is official only in a region of Spain and so can benefit from the treaty. However, Irish cannot because it is an official language in Ireland even if it is a minority language. However, Irish is protected in Northern Ireland because it is not an official or national language of the United Kingdom.

France has signed the treaty, but the French constitution does not allow the government to support a language other than French.

There are two levels of protection. Every country that signed the treaty must give all qualifying languages the lower level of protection. Countries may decide to give some languages the higher level of protection. Countries then must do 35 things.

## Languages protected under the Charter 
Here are the countries that have ratified the Charter and the languages for which the ratification was made:

## Related pages
* European languages
* Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
* Languages of the European Union
* Language policy in France
* Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights
* Vergonha

## References 
## Other websites 
* European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages page (Legal Affairs, Council of Europe)
* More information
Schinus

***Schinus*** is a large genus of Anacardiaceae. They are commonly known as **pepper trees**. They prefer tropic subhumid zones.
Californian pepper tree *S.areira* native from Mexico to South America. Various species grown as ornamental, e.g. *S.areira*, and Brazilian pepper *S.terebinthifolius*.

## Other websites
*weed behaviour 
*Germplasm Resources Information Network
*USDA

## References
Mab (moon)

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**Mab** is a closer moon to the planet Uranus. It was found by Mark R. Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after Queen Mab, a fairy queen from English folklore who is noted in William Shakespeare's play *Romeo and Juliet*.

Because the moon is small and dark, it was not seen in the images taken by *Voyager 2* during its Uranus flyby in 1986. However, it is brighter than another moon, Perdita, which was discovered from ''Voyager's'' photos in 1997. This led scientists to look at the old photos again, and the moon was finally found in the images.

If it is as dark as Puck, then it is about 24&nbsp;km in diameter. On the other hand, if it is brightly coloured like the neighbouring moon Miranda, then it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest farther moons.

Mab is heavily perturbed, meaning its movement is not only caused by the gravity of another large thing. The actual source for perturbation is still unclear, but is probably one or more of the nearby orbiting moons.

Following its discovery, Mab was given the code name **S/2003 U 1**. The moon is also known as **Uranus XXVI**.

## References
## Other websites
* Hubble Uncovers Smallest Moons Yet Seen Around Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2003-09-25)
* Hubble Discovers Giant Rings and New Moons Encircling Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2005-12-22)
Telephoto lens

In photography, a **telephoto lens** is a lens. There are two different uses of the word. The less specific use is to mean a lens that has a longer focal length than a normal lens. Their angle of view is smaller than that of a normal lens. With telephoto lenses things look closer than they really are.

The other meaning of telephoto lens applies to lenses that are constructed in a special way so they can be shorter than their focal length.

For 35 mm film, 50 mm is a normal focal length. Typical telephoto lenses are 85 mm (28°50') and 100 mm (24°). They are used for portraits mostly. Other telephoto lenses that are used often are 135 mm (18°), 180 mm  and 200 mm. Many are zoom lenses.

Longer focal lengths (300 to 1200 mm) are used in sports and nature photography.

## Different focal lengths
Effect of different focal lengths on photographs taken from the same place:

Image:Angleofview 28mm f4.jpg|28 mm
Image:Angleofview 50mm f4.jpg|50 mm
Image:Angleofview 70mm f4.jpg|70 mm
Image:Angleofview 210mm f4.jpg|210 mm

The above photos were taken using a 35 mm camera, using lenses of the given focal lengths.
George Biddell Airy

**Sir George Biddell Airy** (27 July 1801–2 January 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer, Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. His many achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich at the location of the prime meridian. His reputation has been tarnished by allegations that, through his inaction, Britain lost the opportunity of priority in the discovery of Neptune.

File:Airy, George Biddell – On sound and atmospheric vibrations with the mathematical elements of music, 1871 – BEIC 12186067.jpg|*On sound and atmospheric vibrations with the mathematical elements of music*, 1871

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1833: MNRAS **2** (1833) 159
* Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1846: MNRAS **7** (1846) 64
* 
* 
* Full texts of some of the papers by Airy are available at *Gallica: bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France*
Titania (moon)

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**Titania** is the largest moon of Uranus and the eighth largest moon in the Solar System.

## Discovery 
Titania was found on 11 January 1787 by William Herschel. He reported it and Oberon the same year. He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.

## Name and pronunciation 
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell. Lassell had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before. He had  supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in 1848, in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme.

All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream*. It is also designated **Uranus&nbsp;III**.

## Physical characteristics 
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the *Voyager 2'' probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Although what its interior is made up of is uncertain, one model suggests that Titania is made of about 50% water ice, 30% silicate rock, and 20% methane-related organic compounds.

### Surface features 
Surface features on Titania are named for characters from plays by William Shakespeare.

## Other websites 
* Titania Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

## Notes 
## Other websites
* USGS: Titania nomenclature
Allowance

An **allowance** is usually an amount of money that a parent gives to their child.

Possible reasons why allowance is given:
*The parent might have extra money so they share or give it to their child.
*The parent might want to teach the child how to manage money.
*The parent might want the child to help them to do chores.