open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Boomerang

A **boomerang** is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.

Despite being an Australian icon, ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia.

## History
Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old. This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown. These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation. 

## Technical aspects
Most of the boomerangs do not have the classical "L"-shape. The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly. However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile. Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use. Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand. 

## Throwing instructions
A boomerang is **not** thrown like a frisbee. It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10–20 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin). When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30–45 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind. Be sure to choose a field that is big enough. Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang. See also the link provided in the section below.

## Clubs
There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America. A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs.

## Other websites
*Illustrated throwing instructions 
*International Federation of Boomerang Associations
*United States Boomerang Association
*British Boomerang Society
Cell (disambiguation)

A **cell** can mean:

* The **cell**, the basic structure of a biological organism
* Prison cell, a room in a prison or jail where people are kept.
* Cell (*Dragon Ball*), a character from the manga series *Dragon Ball*
* Cell (novel), a 2005 horror novel by Stephen King.
* Battery
* Mobile phone
Ornithomimus

***Ornithomimus*** was a lightly built fast-running North American feathered dinosaur. 

*Ornithomimus* had three toes on each foot, long arms and  neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.

*Ornithomimus edmonticus* was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150&nbsp;kg. It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail. 

There has been trouble with naming. Some specimens are put in other genera, like ***Dromiceiomimus*** and *Struthiomimus*.

## Feathers 
In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three *O. edmontonicus* specimens with evidence of feathers were found. Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts. A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck. 

The feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Ornithomimus* in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia  at Dino Russ' Lair
Studio

. *Self portrait.* 1663. Gemäldegalerie.]]

A **studio** is a place where an artist can work. Studios can be used for many things, such as photography, broadcasting, painting, making movies, television shows, cartoons, or music.

## Movie studio
A movie studio is most often a company that makes movies. The place where movies are made may also be called a studio, or sometimes a "sound stage" because it also records the sound.

## Television studio
A television studio is where video production takes place. It usually contains cameras, microphones, speakers, and spotlights. It is similar to a movie studio.

## Recording studio
A recording studio is used for recording music, speech, or other kinds of sound. They are typically divided into three areas: an "isolation room" that has soundproofing for playing instruments and to prevent echo, a "live room" for general recording, and a "control room" to store the recording equipment that DJ's use.
Vicious

The word **vicious** has several meanings:
*It is the adjective of , meaning full of vice
*Sid Vicious, a musician.
*Vicious, a character in the Cowboy Bebop Anime
Ash

The term **Ash** can have different meanings:
* What remains after a fire. Those things are called debris, and remain after incineration.
* Volcanic ash, the material ejected by a volcano.
* Fly ash and bottom ash. What remains after burning coal.

* Ash trees are trees generally of the genus *Fraxinus*.
* European Ash is a species of ash tree
* Mountain Ash is another tree, generally not in that genus.

* Various place-names in the United Kingdom or the United States.
* A surname, see Ash (surname).
* Ash Wednesday, a special day for many Christians.
* The letter **Æ** (capital) / **æ** (lower case).
* The alternative rock band Ash (band) from Downpatrick, Northern Ireland.
Book of Job

The **Book of Job** () is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. It is one of the books in the class of poetry. 

## Beginning 
The Bible says "In the land of Uz" there lived a man whose name was Job. He feared God and shunned evil. Job had seven sons and three daughters, and he owned seven-thousand sheep, three-thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was the greatest man among all the people of the East." 
"When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified. Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, "Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. This was Job's regular custom."
The Bible also says that Job was a pious, rich, loyal and a man who loved God.

## Satan and God 
One day Satan and the Angels of God went to God. God tells Satan about his servant Job and how good he is. Satan says that the only reason he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals. Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him. God tells Satan not to kill Job.

In the initial test, Satan killed each of Job's children as they enjoyed a meal, snatched up all of Job's animals, and killed the servants who were caring for the animals. Job did not curse God as Satan would have had Job do, despite all that Satan had done to him.

Satan and the Angels went to meet God again. Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is. Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did. This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels.

Satan afflicted sores all over Job's body. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish. Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him. Satan had failed in trying to make him sin. This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.

## Job's friends  
When Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him. Most of the book tells of Job and his friends talking. The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him. Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.

## Job and God 
After God speaks to Job and his three friends, God asks Job where he was when He created the earth and filled it with amazing things (meaning that it is not possible for man to understand God's ways). God gets very angry at Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man and for saying things about God they did not know about, and Job prays for his friends: God answers his prayer. God blesses Job because he did not curse Him. God gives him more than he had before.

## Other websites 
*Book of Job in the King James Version
*Book of Job in the New International Version
*Book of Job at Scriptures.lds.org
Ash Wednesday

**Ash Wednesday** is the first day of Lent in the Western Christian calendar. It occurs 46 days before Easter. The date is different each year because the date of Easter varies. It can fall as early as February 4 and as late as March 10. 

Those able to and willing to should fast voluntarily between Ash Wednesday and Easter. There are exceptions, though. Pregnant women, sick people, children, and the old usually don't have to. 

Ash Wednesday is a very important part of Lent.

## Dates
The dates of Ash Wednesday are:

## Related pages
* Advent
* Carnival
* Lent
* Easter
* Pentecost
* Trinity Sunday
Baldur

**Baldr** (also **Balder**, **Baldur** or **Baldor**) is the god of light and radiance, joy and purity, peace and forgiveness in Norse mythology. A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and Frigg, and twin brother to the blind god of darkness, Höðr. His wife is called Nanna, with whom he had a son named Forseti, god of justice. Prior to his death, Baldr possessed a ship called Hringhorni, said to be the largest ship ever built. His hall is called Breidablik. 
Based on the Merseburg charms, one of his German names may have been **Phol**.  

Baldr once had a nightmare that he would be killed. His mother, Frigg, made all the things across the Nine Realms vow not to hurt him. The mistletoe did not vow, however, as Frigg considered it to be so unimportant that she thought nothing of it. Loki found out that the mistletoe had not vowed, and thus made a spear out of the dreaded plant, and tricked Höðr into throwing it at Baldr. Beings from all across the Nine Realms will come to attend his funeral, and Baldr's wife Nanna soon dies of grief. Loki is soon caught and sentenced to punishment; he is bound by the entrails of one of his sons, to face torture as the venom of a massive serpent drips from its fangs onto Loki's eyes. This causes him unimaginable pain, writhing in agony. (The goddess Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent above him). His wife Sigyn is stationed nearby, collecting the drips of venom into a bowl. When the bowl is full, she leaves to empty it, and when she does, the venom drips onto the trickster and gradually eats away at his flesh. Loki's escape from this predicament is the catalyst of Ragnarök, as upon his being freed, he will lead the forces of Jötunheimr and Svartálfheimr in a final assault against the gods. 

During Ragnarök, the veils/barriers between the realms will be broken, so Baldr will be able to escape from Helheimr. After the death of Odin at the fangs of the monstrous wolf Fenrir, Baldr and Höðr came back to life, meeting with the other survivors in the* *fields of **Iðavöllr** (Old Norse: *Iðavǫllr* - "splendour-plain"), where Asgard once lay. There, they shall rule in place of their father.

## Other websites
Zosterops

**Zosterops** is a type of bird. There are many different species of Zosterops around the world.

## Other websites
Dimorphodon

***Dimorphodon*** was a prehistoric flying pterosaur from the early Jurassic period. It had a big head, a small brain, a tall beak, and two types of teeth. Variation in teeth is rare in pterosaurs. 

Like *Rhamphorhynchus*, *Dimorphodon* is only found in Jurassic strata. It was the first pterosaur found in England, by Mary Anning, in 1828.

Most of the known specimens were found in the Jurassic chalk of the south coast of England in the 19th century. Another species of *Dimorphodon* has been found in La Boca Formation in Tamaulipas, Mexico, from the Lower Jurassic. 

## References
Cryolophosaurus

***Cryolophosaurus*** is a theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period. It is the only theropod to be found in Antarctica. *Cryolophosaurus* was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains. The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all  continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs at that time.

*Cryolophosaurus* is also significant because it is the oldest known tetanuran from any continent: it is the only one from the early Jurassic.

*Cryolophosaurus* had a large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes. It extends upwards from the skull.

*Cryolophosaurus* was found about  from the South Pole but then it was about  or so farther north. Also found were the remains of *Glacialisaurus* (a large basal sauropodomorph), a crow-sized pterosaur, synapsids, and another unknown theropod. There are also the remains of many plant genera around the same age as fossils of *Cryolophosaurus*, proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward.

## References
Ash tree

]]

**Ash trees** are medium to large trees of the genus ***Fraxinus*** of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). The family contains between 45 and 65 species. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They grow in most parts of the world. The seeds are commonly known as *keys* in English. They are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, pinnate leaves. The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 – 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip. There are no stalks to the side leaflets. The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.

The buds are black, sooty or velvety in appearance and are sometimes compared to a Bishop’s Mitre in shape.

Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows. It also makes very good firewood. Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.

In Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder. 

## Threats
The emerald ash borer (*Agrilus planipennis*) is a wood-boring beetle. It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.

The European ash, *Fraxinus excelsior*, has been affected by the fungus  which causes "ash dieback". The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe.

## References
Alder

**Alder** is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the ***Alnus*** genus. They are a part of the birch family (*Betulaceae*). Most of them are smaller in size. Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.

Alder trees are found in all parts of the northern hemisphere and they are often found on poor and/or wet soil. Alders have alternate simple leaves with a toothed edge. The male flowers are in the form of hanging catkins and the female flowers are much smaller catkin-like structures *(see image).* The pollen is transferred from the male to the female flower by the wind. The female flower parts develop into little, green, rounded cone-like fruits which turn brown in autumn and open to release the seeds. 

The best known species are the Black Alder, which can be seen throughout Europe. The largest is probably the Red Alder, native to North America. It reaches about 32–35 metres in height. The widespread Green Alder is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high. The commonest alder in the UK is the Black Alder, also called the Common Alder or European Alder.  

Alder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring. It is also used to make charcoal.
Futabasaurus

*]] 

***Futabasaurus*** was a plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. A complete skeleton of one has not been found. It is not known very well. 

*Futabasaurus* is the first elasmosaurid found in Japan. The type species is *F. suzukii''.  Many of the bones of the type specimen show apparent scavenging or predation by sharks.

## References
Ovule

tree. A=Gametophyte, B=Egg cell, C=Micropyle, D=Integument, E=Sporangium]]
**Ovules** produce the female reproductive cells which get fertilized during sexual reproduction in seed plants. The word literally means "small egg."

The megagametophyte (also called the *embryo sac* in flowering plants) is inside the ovule. The megagametophyte produces the egg cell.
## References
Abide with Me

"**Abide with Me**" is a religious song or hymn. It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847, and is typically associated with funerals and solemn events of remembrance. The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.

## Lyrics 
Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;
The darkness deepens; Lord with me abide.
When other helpers fail and comforts flee,
Help of the helpless, O abide with me.

Swift to its close ebbs out life’s little day;
Earth’s joys grow dim; its glories pass away;
Change and decay in all around I see;
O Thou who changest not, abide with me.

Not a brief glance I beg, a passing word;
But as Thou dwell’st with Thy disciples, Lord,
Familiar, condescending, patient, free.
Come not to sojourn, but abide with me.

Come not in terrors, as the King of kings,
But kind and good, with healing in Thy wings,
Tears for all woes, a heart for every plea—
Come, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.

Thou on my head in early youth didst smile;
And, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile,
Thou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee,
On to the close, O Lord, abide with me.

I need Thy presence every passing hour.
What but Thy grace can foil the tempter’s power?
Who, like Thyself, my guide and stay can be?
Through cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.

I fear no foe, with Thee at hand to bless;
Ills have no weight, and tears no bitterness.
Where is death’s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?
I triumph still, if Thou abide with me.

Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;
Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies.
Heaven’s morning breaks, and earth’s vain shadows flee;
In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.

## Other websites 
*The Cyber Hymnal™  (lyrics, MIDI, sheet music, pictures & history)
Horn (anatomy)

, a very old long-horned breed from Scotland.]]

**Horns** are part of the body of some animals. They grow on the animal's head. They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin. The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails. 

Normally horned animals will have two horns, but the rhinoceros has just one horn in the middle of its head.

Animals often use their horns for fighting one another.

Thousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (postal horn)). In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder.

## Related pages
*Antlers, structures similar to horns
Valhalla

ic book, showing Heimdall guarding the doors of Valhalla.]]

In Norse mythology, **Valhalla** (Old Norse: *Valhöll* - “hall of the slain”) is an enormous and majestic hall in Asgard, headed by Odin. Described as a "warrior's paradise," it is here that the souls of those who are slain in battle go, chosen and guided by the Valkyries, a group of warrior maidens in service to Odin.    
   

Once they are there, these eïnherjar, as they are known, make revelry, as they feast on the beast known as Sæhrímnir, having their fill of mead made from the udders of the female goat Heiðrún. The feast is prepared by Andhrímnir (Old Norse: “the one exposed to soot”), the cook of the gods, in his cauldron, Eldhrímnir (Old Norse: “fire-sooty”). Outside of Valhalla’s doors, lies **Glasir** (Old Norse: “gleaming”), a massive tree that grows golden leaves, while its ceiling is adorned with golden shields. The tree **Læraðr** stands atop the great hall, where both Heiðrún and the stag Eikþyrnir (Old Norse: “oak-thorny”) graze its foliage. During Ragnarök, the eïnherjar will aid Odin in his battle against Surtr and his forces.
Thrud

**Þrúðr**, sometimes written as **Thrúd**, is a daughter of the gods Sif and Thor in Norse mythology. Although her name is mentioned in the *Prose Edda*, it gives no direct powers or other information about her. Thrúd is also one of the valkyries described in *Grímnismál* (stanza 36). Thrúd is the goddess of power, of trees, flowers and the grass. Her name means strength in Old Norse.
Hugin and Munin

**Hugin** and **Munin** are two ravens, commonly associated with Odin. They bring Odin news from the world, when he sends them out. Their names translate as  and memory, respectively.
Runestone

, Sweden]]
A **Runestone** or **Rune stone** is a large stone, with runes inscribed on it, dating from the early Middle Ages. Currently, about 6000 such stones are known to exist in Scandinavia. About half of them date from the tenth and eleventh century, and were found in Sweden. Most of them are like grave stones. They announce the life and death of a local person. About 10 percent of the known stones tell about the travels and deaths of persons abroad. Some of these texts are similar to what Scandinavians who travelled to Byzantium have written in Latin.
Hel (goddess)

**Hel** is a goddess of Norse mythology. Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrboða, a giantess. Her siblings are Jörmungandr and Fenrir. Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel or Neifelheim, where the dead peacefully go to in the afterlife to wait until Ragnarok, the end of the gods and Asgard. The people who go there are those who did not die in battle, but instead died a peaceful death. She watches over those who die, but are not chosen by the Valkyries to go to Valhalla or chosen by Freyja to enter her household.  

Hel is half dead and half alive due to complications of her father and her mother. Half of her face is beautiful, like that of her father, while the other half is ugly and difficult to look at like her mother. From the waist up the skin is pink, alive and healthy. Below the waist is dead and rotting. This is the personification of the belief that death can be a good thing or a tragedy. Hel's underworld is a world of rewards or punishment for each as earned in life.
Balcony

A **balcony** is a kind of floor at a certain height, which stands out from the building. Usually, there is some kind of balustrade so people do not fall off.

There is a possibility to protect the balcony with a glazing. So called balcony glazings are important for certain areas that are heavily influenced by weather or noise. Assemblers, which create designs and static evaluation for the balcony glazing, are necessary to integrate the glazing conform with regulations and laws. Because if the glazing is assembled in the wrong way, parts could fall off and damage property or persons.

Unlike a terrace, balconies and also their balustrade need a static evaluation, so they don't take damage over time and can permanentely hold their visitors.

Balcony in Rome.jpg|Balcony with flowers, in Rome
Balcone di Giulietta a Verona.jpg|Julia's balcony in William Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet

## References
Bergstraße Route

**Bergstraße** ("Mountain Road") is the name of a mountain route, and the area around it, which stretches across the western edge of the Odenwald in southern Hesse and northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. 

The name "Bergstraße" also refers to the district Kreis Bergstraße, the independent wine-growing region of Hessische Bergstraße and the Badische Bergstraße in the Baden wine-growing area.

## Route
The route goes almost straight from north to south at the spot where the Rhine lowlands meet the western edge of the Odenwald. The name comes from the road's route along the foot of the mountains, the Rhine lowlands once being too damp to build a road there.

The route mostly follows the modern B3 road. It begins in Darmstadt and, after passing through Eberstadt, splits into the "Old Bergstraße" and the "New Bergstraße", which goes somewhat farther to the west. The two routes meet again at Zwingenberg.

In Weinheim-Lützelsachsen the route splits into an old and a new Bergstraße again. The new one passes west of the old route as far as Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, where the two meet once more. The route carrying on after the Neckar from Heidelberg to Wiesloch is still usually known as the Bergstraße, even though the type of country and climate typical of the Bergstraße is no longer as clear.

## Other websites 
* http://www.bergstrasse.de
* http://www.kreis-bergstrasse.de
* http://www.ferienstrasse-bergstrasse.de 
* http://www.bergstraesser-wein.de
* http://www.geo-naturpark.de
Valkyrie

.]]

The **Valkyries** (Old Norse: *Valkyrjur,* singular *valkyrja* - “choosers of the slain”) are female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of female warriors of Odin who do not get married.
## Profile
Alternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya.  She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield. Freya had first choice of half of the dead to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall. 

Freya had fierce and respected warriors. They are responsible for choosing who lives and dies in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise. After battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard. Once there, these eïnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. In Valhalla, the eïnherjar feast as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves. 

The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings like ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a  Romantic description of a beautiful woman. 
## Operas
Richard Wagner composed some operas featuring Valkyries (German: *Walküren*, singular: *Walküre*). These operas are *Die Walküre*, *Siegfried*, and *Götterdämmerung*. They feature a story of a Valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried.  The music for the opening of Act Three of *Die Walküre* is very famous. It is called the *Ride of the Valkyries*.

## Related pages
**Nibelungenlied*
**Der Ring des Nibelungen*
Alfred Pampalon

**Alfred Pampalon** (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions.

## His character and early life 
He was known to be a modest, prayerful person, and was thought of as honest and pure by his classmates. 

### Religion in his life 
Pampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join. The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father. While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions. He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.

## Later years and death 
At the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis. During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there. While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions. Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer. The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice "O death..., O holy death..., come..., do come! O divine Savior..., my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you! I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary," After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice. He has become known as the "Hail Mary Saint" because of this.

## Other websites 
* Biography at *the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online*
* Biography at *Christian Answers to your Questions* 
* Biography at *Catholic* 
* *Novena to the Servant of God Father Alfred Pampalon*
Saint Hripsime Church

**St. Hripsime** is a church in Ejmiadzin, Armenia. It was built in 618. It is one of the oldest churches in Armenia. St. Hripsime is also known for its fine Armenian architecture. This  of architecture was used again when they built many churches in Armenia.
Armenian language

**Armenian** (endonym:  (reformed),  (classical), , ) is an Indo-European language and the only member of an independent branch of that language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405&nbsp;AD by the canonized Saint Mesrop Mashtots. The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million.

It is the official language of Armenia, and was the officical language of the separatist Republic of Artsakh, which existed from 1991 until 2023. 

The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities all over the world. It is written in its own Armenian alphabet. The language has two standard forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.

## References
Armenian diaspora

The **Armenian diaspora** is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide which was estimated to be 8,000,000 in 2004, only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia.

## Other websites 
* Neruzh Diaspora Tech Startup Program
Ull

In Norse mythology, **Ull** (or **Ullr** or **Uller**) is the son of Sif, and the stepson of Thor. He is thought to be the god of Winter, of hunting, of hand-to-hand combat, and of the  tree. His name means "glory". He was said to be a great archer and skier who left blazing trails across the sky. 

For this reason he is celebrated in modern times as the god of skiing. His name is used as a name for ski lodges like the House of Ullr at Thredbo, New South Wales. ULLR Labs make smartphone applications to help people avoid avalanches.
Hamidian massacres

The **Hamidian massacres** took place around 1895 until 1897. The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.

These events are known by the Armenians as the "Great Massacres". The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population. The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral. 

Article 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms. Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless Armenian population. Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite "foreign powers to intervene," as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894. Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres.

## References
Carol Vorderman

**Carol Jean Vorderman** (born 24 December 1960) is a British television presenter. She was born in Bedford and raised in Prestatyn, North Wales. Her father was Dutch; her mother is Welsh. She studied engineering at Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge. She is best known for the Channel 4 game show *Countdown* in which she checked the number solutions from the contestants and provided the correct ones if they weren’t spotted, she was on the show from 1982 to 2008 and from 1989 onwards, she became the co-host with Richard Whiteley when she also put up the letters and numbers tiles. She was devastated when Whiteley died in 2005. She is a regular panellist on ITV1 talk show *Loose Women*. She was a contestant in the second series of *Strictly Come Dancing* in 2004. In 2013 she presented a series about cooking on ITV called *Food Glorious Food*. She has written books about detox diets.

## References
## Other websites
*
Automobiles of the 1920s

**Vintage cars** - the title is give, the age range is up to 1925.

Automobiles have changed considerably since 1893 due to the more efficient ways for new cars to be developed and designed. The car industry was thriving in the 1920s. There were many new types of cars. In the beginning of the 1920s many of the soldiers returning from World War I bought automobiles. People started to see that having a car would make traveling much easier. Soon almost every American family had a car. Ford was the big car maker but other companies were also big at the time. Ford cars, such as the Ford Model T, were popular because they were cheap  and very reliable. When new Ford models came out people would always get the newer version. They also had a car especially made for big obese people. There was trouble getting big people in the car Ford made, so he had to think outside of the box. He then came up with "The Big One". Which is not out today because of it's poor sales but to Ford and some people, it was genius.

The automobiles industry in Europe and the United States expanded greatly during the 1920s. There were many changes in the industry and new types of cars. Having a car allowed families and individuals to travel more easily. Famous cars of the 1920s included:

*1922–1939 Austin 7 – the Austin Seven was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
*1922–1931 Lancia Lambda – very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque-type body and independent front suspension.
*1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 – the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.
*1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS – an early example of modern styling:  bodywork began to enclose the full width and length of a car.
*1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927–1931) – after keeping the Model T in production for too long, Ford broke with the past and restarted its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era. The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).
*1930 Cadillac V-16 – developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.

* 1929 The Hobnocker - A very fast vehicle with agile movement for such a small compact vehicle. 

## References 
541-579-4559
Liopleurodon

***Liopleurodon*** was a large species of Pliosaur. It was an apex predator in the Upper Jurassic seas, around 160–155 million years ago. It grew up to  long. It was a relative of *Pliosaurus* and *Kronosaurus*. It preyed on other marine animals such as *Ophthalmosaurus*.

Some fossil remains excavated from the Kimmeridge Clay formation in England indicate a much larger animal, perhaps up to  long. However, these have not been put in the genus *Liopleurodon*. 

*Liopleurodon*'s nose allowed it to smell underwater. It could smell prey from some distance away. Despite needing to breath air, Liopleurodon spent its entire life at sea and was unable to leave the water. Consequently, it would have given birth to its young alive and may have visited shallower water to breed.

## Species
* *L. ferox* (type)
* *L. pachydeirus*
* *L. rossicus*
* *L. macromerus*

## References
Caucasus

The **Caucasus**, or **Caucasia**, is a region spanning Europe and Asia bordered to the north by Russia, to the east by the Caspian Sea, on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey and to the west by the Black Sea. Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and the surrounding lowlands. 

The Caucasus Mountains are commonly recognized as a natural border between Europe and Asia. Countries in the Caucasus are considered to be in both continents, with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia being considered transcontinental countries.  The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m), which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.

## List of countries 
### Sovereign states
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Georgia

### Disputed territories
* Abkhazia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
* South Ossetia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia

### Autonomous republics of the Russian Federation 
* Adygea
* Chechnya
* Dagestan
* Ingushetia  
* Kabardino-Balkaria
* Karachay-Cherkessia
* North Ossetia-Alania

### An other autonomies and formerly disputed territories 
* Adjara
* Nakhchivan

#### Formerly 
* Artsakh

## Myths and legends 
The Biblical Mount Ararat, where Noah's Ark landed, is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm.

The peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow. In Greek mythology, the Caucasus, or Kaukasos, was one of the pillars supporting the world. Prometheus was chained there by Zeus.

The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said that it was a cold and stony mountain and was the abode of personified hunger.

## Related pages
*Transcontinental nation
*Indo-European languages
*Languages of the Caucasus
*Russian-Circassian War

## References 
*Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam By Nicholas Griffin
*Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell
*The Caucasus By Ivan Golovin

## Other websites 
* BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance, September 8 2005
*United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus 
*United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus 
* Information about the history
Coloborhynchus

***Coloborhynchus*** was a pterosaur. It has been found in Lower Cretaceous rocks in England and Brazil. It is a similar genus to *Anhanguera* and *Ornithocheirus*.

The type specimen of *Coloborhynchus* is known only from a partial upper jaw. It can only be distinguished from its relatives by its  combination of tooth socket positions. In *Coloborhynchus*, the two front teeth pointed forward and were higher on the jaw than the other teeth, while the next three pairs of teeth pointed to the sides. The final two pairs of teeth in this specimen point downward. Finally, a unique oval depression was located below the first pair of teeth.

The possible species *Coloborhynchus capito* is the largest toothed pterosaur known. A specimen from the Cambridge Greensand has a very large upper jaw tip which displays the typical teeth which distinguish *C. capito* from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm tall and 5.6 cm wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen was the same as other known species of *Coloborhycnhus*, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm, leading to an estimated wingspan of .

## References
Libonectes

***Libonectes*** was a plesiosaur related to *Elasmosaurus*. It lived 80 to 65 million years ago. It grew up to 12 metres long. It was a predator of small fish; the fish ate plankton in the upper pelagic layers of the sea.
Dimetrodon

***Dimetrodon*** was a genus of non-reptilian Pelycosaur (early Synapsida) from the first part of the Early Permian period (about 295–272 million years ago).  

## Fossils 
*Dimetrodon* walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, from red beds in Texas and Oklahoma. Newly discovered fossils of Dimetrodon are now found in Germany. The largest known species of *Dimetrodon* is *D.&nbsp;angelensis* at  and the smallest is *D.&nbsp;teutonis* at .

## Ecosystem 
*Dimetrodon* was a carnivore, probably the top predator in its environment. Its main feature is the large sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending upwards from the vertebrae. The spines would be joined by skin. The general opinion of paleontologists is that it was a temperature-regulating device. The idea is that the animal could warm up in the early morning by placing itself broadside to the Sun, and later could cool off in the shade, or arrange for its body to get less sunlight. At this stage in evolution, no land animals were homoiotherms. Very likely the sail was also used for sexual or territorial signalling. In which case, the skin would be coloured. This, of course, is supposition, but it does make sense of the animal's most extraordinary feature.

## Evolutionary terms 
In evolutionary terms, *Dimetrodon* was a synapsid (Primitive mammal), a line of land animals which eventually gave rise to the mammals. It was not on the direct line of descent, but a good example of the evolutionary grade typical of Permian synapsids. Dimetrodon evolved from lizard like syanspids from the Late Carboniferous.

## Pelycosaur cousin 
Another synaspid was the smaller and similar Edaphosaurus. Edaphosaurus was an herbivore and probably the prey item for Dimetrodon.

**Growth and metabolism**

Dimetrodon probably had a much higher metabolism than its cousin (Edaphosaurus). While Dimetrodon was faster, Edaphosaurus was probably really slow. This indicated that Edaphosaurus was cold-blooded. By using its sail and trapping heat from the sun, Edaphosaurus could use this way as regulating its own body temperature. Same with Dimetrodon.

## Skull 
Dimetrodon’s skull shows clear differentiation in tooth form, with sharp, blade-like teeth at the front for seizing and cutting prey, and broader teeth toward the rear for processing food.

## References
Ovum

An **ovum** (Latin: "egg", plural: **ova**) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or ***gamete***. Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova. 

## Mammals 
### Humans
Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called **oogenesis**. 

When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mother's placenta.

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.

### Other mammals 
The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.

### Plants 
In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.

In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

## Related pages
* Cleidoic egg
* Egg (biology)
* Fertilisation
* Pollination
* Sperm
* Zygote

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database  Describing the genes involved in making eggs
Anhanguera

***Anhanguera***, which means 'Old Devil', was a pterodactyl from the Upper Cretaceous. It was found in the Santana Formation of Brazil, and specimens from England are also placed in this genus. 

It ate fish and grew to 14 feet (4.5 meters) across. The species *Anhanguera piscator* is now placed in the genus *Coloborhynchus*.
Zhejiangopterus

***Zhejiangopterus*** is a pterosaur that was found in China. It lived in the late Cretaceous. 

At least six specimens of adults have been found. *Zhejiangopterus* was a moderately large pterosaur. Its wingspan was first estimated at five metres (16.4 feet). Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11 feet). 

Its skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a "keel" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species. The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth. The cervical vertebrae were elongated. The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused together. This helped the chest keep stable against the forces generated by the wings.

Several pairs of belly ribs were preserved. Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin. The wings were short but robust

## References
Aspect

**Aspect** may mean:
*Aspect (computer science)
*Aspect (grammar) or Lexical aspect
*Astrological aspect
*Aspect (geography) 
*Aspect (real estate) 
*Warner Aspect
Thirty-Nine Articles

The **Thirty-Nine Articles** are the historic statements of Anglican beliefs. The Articles were not meant to be a complete statement of the Christian faith.  They are a statement of the position of the Church of England against the Roman Catholic Church and against Protestants. 

## History
The articles were made in 1563, under the direction of Archbishop Matthew Parker, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. They are based on the Forty-Two Articles written under the direction of Thomas Cranmer in 1552 and passed under Edward VI of England in 1553. They are printed in the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican prayer books. Priests, deacons, and bishops of the Church of England have to take an oath that what is said in the Articles is "agreeable to the Word of God." Other Anglican churches do not make such a requirement.

The Thirty-Nine Articles were needed because at that time in English history it was not possible to find an agreement about Protestantism. Rather than have the church become divided, they needed a way to list the essentials of what the Church of England believed. John Henry Newman (one of the leading Tractarians in the mid 19th century), before he converted to Roman Catholicism, tried to show that the Articles could be seen in a way less hostile to Catholic belief.

## Acceptance of the Articles
Outside the Church of England, Anglican opinions of the Thirty-Nine Articles vary. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America sees them as an historical document but does not make its members follow them. Anglican priest John Wesley changed the Thirty-Nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. These new Articles of Religion are still the official United Methodist Church doctrine.

## Other websites 
*Articles of Religion
* Anglican Communion resources relating to the Book of Common Prayer, including the articles of religion 
** facsimile of a 1762 printing  from the above site
* The revised 1801 version adopted by the US Episcopal Church
Teal

**Teal** can mean many things, such as:
* A type of duck,
** Ringed teal,*Callonetta leucophrys*
** Common teal, *Anas crecca*
** Green-winged teal, *Anas carolinensis*
** Black teal, *Aythya novaeseelandiae*
** Brown teal, *Anas aucklandica*
** Silver teal, *Anas versicolor*
** Cape teal, *Anas capensis* 
** Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris
** Blue-winged teal, *Anas discors*
* Teal (color), a bluish green color
* Claud Eustace Teal (a.k.a. Mr. Teal), a person seen in the books of Leslie Charteris