open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Awasa

**Awasa** (sometimes spelled **Awassa** or **Hawassa**) is a city in Ethiopia. It is on the shores of Lake Awasa in the Great Rift Valley. The city is the capital of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region. It is on the Trans-African Highway 4 to Cairo-Cape Town. It has 165,275 people (2012).

The city was once the capital of the Sidamo Province from 1978 to 1995; when the 1995 Constitution was adopted and the province was abolished. The city also has Hawassa University, which was created in 1999. 194 members of the Sidama Liberation Movement were arrested and held in Awasa prison in September 1994. The chairman fled to the United Kingdom after someone tried to assassinate him.

## Other websites
*Official city website
Ectasian

The **Ectasian** is the second geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.4 billion years ago and ended at 1.2 billion years ago. The Ectasian came after the Calymmian and before the Stenian.

This period shows for the first evidence of sexual reproduction. The 1.2 billion-year-old Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Canada, is from the end of the Ectasian. It has the microfossils of the multicellular filaments of *Bangiomorpha pubescens* (a type of red algae). This was the first organism that had sexual reproduction.
Statherian

The **Statherian** is the last geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 1.8 billion years ago and ended at 1.6 billion years ago. 

The period is marked by new land. The supercontinent Columbia formed at the beginning of this period.
Orosirian

The **Orosirian** is the third geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 2.05 billion years ago (bya) and ended at 1.8 bya. 

The latter half of the period was a time of mountain-building on nearly all continents. It was the time when the supercontinent Columbia began to form.

Two of the largest known impact events on Earth happened during the Orosirian. At the beginning of the period, 2023 million years ago (mya), a large asteroid hit the earth and created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure happened near the end of the period about 1850 mya.
Rhyacian

The **Rhyacian** is the second geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.3 billion years ago, and ended at 2.05 billion years ago. Before it was the Siderian It is followed by the Orosirian.

The Huronian (Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian. It lasted until 2200 million years ago.

The first known eukaryotes began to evolve in the Rhyacian period. The multicellular Francevillian Group Fossils, at 2.1-Gyr-old are from the Rhyacian period, as well as the enigmatic fossil *Diskagma*.

## References
Brandon Pirri

**Brandon Pirri** (born April 10, 1991, in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Before he played in the NHL, Pirri played in the Ontario Junior Hockey League for the Streetsville Derbys and the Georgetown Raiders. He also played at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the ECAC Hockey conference. He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 59th overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He spends most of his time with the Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs.

On March 2, 2014, the Blackhawks traded Pirri to the Florida Panthers for a 2014 3rd round pick and a 2016 5th round pick.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Ensete

***Ensete*** is a genus of flowering plants native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, Musaceae, and includes the false banana or enset (*E. ventricosum*), an economically important foodcrop in Ethiopia.

## Taxonomy 
The genus *Ensete* was first described by Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865) in his *Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum* of 1862 in which he created a single species, *Ensete edule*. However, the genus did not receive general recognition until 1947 when it was revived by E. E. Cheesman in the first of a series of papers in the *Kew Bulletin* on the classification of the bananas, with a total of 25 species.

Taxonomically, the genus *Ensete* has been reduced since Cheesman restore the taxon. Cheesman acknowledged that field study might reveal synonymy and the most recent review of the genus by Simmonds (1960) listed just six.

They have very big leaves; the lower parts of the leaves form a false stem so they look as trees. Their fruits are leathery and dry berries with few big and hard seeds.

;Africa
:*Ensete homblei* (Bequart ex De Wild.) Cheesman - SE Democratic Republic of Congo to N Zambia
:*Ensete livingstonianum* (J.Kirk) Cheesman - Western tropical Africa to Malawi
:*Ensete perrieri* (Claverie) Cheesman - endemic to Madagascar
:*Ensete ventricosum* (Welw.) Cheesman - enset or false banana, widely cultivated as a food plant in Ethiopia

;Asia
:*Ensete glaucum* (Roxb.) Cheesman - widespread in Asia from India to Papua New Guinea
:*Ensete lasiocarpum* (Franch.) Cheesman - China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma)
:*Ensete superbum* (Roxb.) Cheesman - Western Ghats of India
:*Ensete wilsonii* (Tutcher) Cheesman - Yunnan, China, but doubtfully distinct from *E. glaucum*

## Related pages 
*Musa (genus)
*Plantain
*Banana

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* IPNI Listing
Shawn Lalonde

**Shawn Beauchamp-Lalonde** (born March 14, 1990, in Orleans, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Before he played in the NHL, Lalonde played 4 seasons in the Ontario Hockey League for the Belleville Bulls. He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 68th overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He spends most of his time with the Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. He played his first game in the NHL for the Blackhawks on April 14, 2011 in a game against the St. Louis Blues.

On July 24, 2013, Lalonde left the Blackhawks to join Eisbären Berlin of the DEL.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stenian

The **Stenian** is the last geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.2 billion years ago, and ended at 1 billion years ago. Before it was the Ectasian. It is followed by the Tonian.

The supercontinent Rodinia began forming in this period.
Fossils of the first known sexually-reproducing eukaryotes are found at the end of the previous period in the Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Nunavut, Canada.

This period includes the **Keweenawan Age** at about 1100 mya.

## References
Rafael Moreno López

**Rafael Moreno Lopez** (born August 25, 1966 in Málaga) is a judo athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete.  He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished 6 in the + 95 Kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished second in the Open group. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in judo. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in judo. 

## References
Chris Tarrant

**Christopher John "Chris" Tarrant** (born 10 October 1946) is a British radio and television personality. He is best known as the presenter of the British version of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.* He presented the show from 1998 to 2014. He was born on 10 October 1946 in Reading, Berkshire, England. 

As the presenter of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?*, he was known for using catchphrases such as "But we don't want to give you that!" and "Is that your final answer?" during the show. "Is that your final answer?" was a catchphrase that became a part of the *Millionaire* franchise.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
Neoarchaean

The **Neoarchaean** (**Neoarchean**) is the last geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 2.8 billion years ago and ended 2.5 billion years ago. Before the Neoarchaean era was the Mesoarchaean era and before the Palaeoproterozoic.

Oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved in this era. This led to an oxygen catastrophe in the Palaeoproterozoic era. It was caused by a poisonous buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere. This was created by oxygen-producing photoautotrophs that evolved in the Neoarchaean. The supercontinent Kenorland formed during this period, about 2.7 billion years ago.

## References
Siderian

The **Siderian** is the first geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.5 billion years ago, and ended at 2.3 billion years ago. Before it was the Neoarchaean It is followed by the Rhyacian.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) became very abundant early this period. BIFs were formed as anaerobic algae produced waste oxygen that combined with iron, forming magnetite (Fe3O4, an iron oxide). This process cleared iron from the oceans, presumably turning greenish seas clear. Eventually, without an oxygen sink in the oceans, the process created the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today. This event is known as the oxygen catastrophe, which according to some geologists triggered the Huronian glaciation. The Huronian glaciation took place in the Siderian between 2400 Mya and 2300 Mya.

## References
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005

The **Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005** was the third Junior Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15. On 26 November 2005, the contest was held at the Ethias Arena in Hasselt, Belgium. It was broadcast live in a joint effort by the national broadcasters Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT) and Radio télévision belge de la communauté française (RTBF), together with the European Broadcasting Union. Belgium won the right to hold the contest over five other countries including Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) of Croatia and AVRO of the Netherlands. Marcel Vanthilt and Maureen Louys hosted the event. 

## Results
## Voting structure
Televote 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points.
The presenters started off by giving all contestants 12 points.

## Score sheet
### 12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

* All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This is so no country gets zero points.

## Commentators
*  - TBC
*  - Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)
*  - TBC
*  - Leonard Miron (TVR1)
*  - Michael Underwood (ITV2)
*  - Nanne Grönvall & Shan Atci (SVT1)
*  - Yuriy Nikolayev (Channel One)
*  - TBC
*  - Tooske Ragas (Nederland 1)
*  - Duška Vučinić-Lučić & Mladen Popović (Serbian, RTS1)
*  - Kārlis Streips & Valters Frīdenbergs
*  - Ilse Van Hoecke & André Vermeulen (Eén), Jean-Louis Lahaye (La Une)
*  - TBC
*  - Stian Barsnes Simonsen (NRK1)
*  - Beatriz Pécker (TVE1)
*  - TBC
*  - Timur Miroshnychenko

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
* Lyrics of Junior Eurovision 2005 entries at ESCKaz.com
* Belarus at JESC 2005, Eurovision-Belarus project

### Artists' sites
*Denis Dimoski Official site 
*Kseniya Sitnik's Official site
*Nicolai Official Site 
*Joni Fullers Official site
*Thea & Friends Official Site 
*Antonio José's Official Site 
*Vlad Krutskih & Street Magic Official site
Arius

, which opposed Arius, who is shown at the bottom of the image. The central figure is Emperor Constantine.]]

**Arius** (born around 260 in Cyrenaica, now eastern Libya, died 336 in Constantinople) was an early Christian thinker and priest. He lived in Alexandria but was probably born in what is now Libya. He did not agree with his bishop, Alexander of Alexandria*,* who said that Jesus and God are the same. Arius said that Jesus and God are not the same and that Jesus was created and so there was a that he did not exist. 

At the First Council of Nicaea, most bishops opposed Arius. The official document stated that God the Father and Jesus the Son have the same essence and therefore are the same being. It also states that Jesus and God have existed together for all time.

## Reference 
*Article about Arius from Encyclopedia Britannica
Mesoarchaean

The **Mesoarchaean** (**Mesoarchean**) is the third geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 3.2 billion years ago, and ended 2.8 billion years ago. Before the Mesoarchaean era was the Palaeoarchaean era. After the Mesoarchaean era was the Neoarchaean.

Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have lived on Earth since the Mesoarchaean. The Pongola glaciation occurred 2.9 billion years ago. The first supercontinent Vaalbara broke up during this time, around 3.2 billion years ago. The second supercontinent Ur existed during this era, 3.1 billion years ago.

## References
Bridal Chorus

The "**Bridal Chorus**" is a piece of music from Richard Wagner's opera *Lohengrin* (1850). Transcriptions of the piece for pipe organ or other instruments are sometimes used at western world weddings as the bride enters the wedding site. The piece is slow and solemn. It is sometimes called the Wedding March or the Bridal March.
Palaeoarchaean

The **Palaeoarchaean** (**Paleoarchean**) is the second geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 3.6 billion years ago and ended 3.2 billion years ago. Before it was the Eoarchaean and after it was the Mesoarchaean. 

The name comes from the Greek word *palaios*. *Palaios* means "ancient". The oldest fossil life forms are cyanobacteria found in strata 3.46 billion years old. These rocks are in Western Australia. 

The first supercontinent, Vaalbara, formed during this period.

## References
Charles Fremantle

Admiral **Sir Charles Howe Fremantle** GCB RN (2 June 1800 &ndash; 25 May 1869) was a British Royal Navy officer.  The city of Fremantle in Western Australia is named after him. Fremantle was the son of Admiral Thomas Fremantle, a friend of Nelson. His mother was Elizabeth, the diarist. He was a nephew of William Henry Fremantle. His elder brother was Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe. His middle name, Howe, is because his birth date was the anniversary of Lord Howe's victory over the French on the Glorious First of June in 1794. He joined the Royal Navy in 1812. In August 1826 he was promoted to captain. It arrived in Cockburn Sound on 2 May, and Fremantle went ashore at Garden Island. One week later, Fremantle raised the British flag at the mouth of the Swan River and claimed Western Australia for King George IV.

In 1843 he was given command of HMS *Inconstant* in the Mediterranean Fleet and in 1847 he took command of HMS *Albion*.  In 1853 he became Captain of HMS *Juno* on the Australia Station.

In 1855 he served as Rear-Admiral controlling the naval transport service for the Crimean War from Balaklava (a city in Ukraine).

In July 1858 he was given command of the Channel Squadron and in 1863 he became Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.

## Personal life
He married Isabella Wedderburn on 8 October 1836.  They had three children:
* Emily Caroline Alexander (14 April 1838 – 10 February 1929).  Married Reverend CL Alexander, Rector of Sturton-by-Bridge, Derbyshire.
* Celia Elizabeth McNeil (8 October 1840 – 15 February 1929). Married Canon EA McNeile, Vicar of St Pauls, Princes Park, Liverpool.
* Louisa Frances Fremantle (23 February 1843 – 20 March 1909).

## Later life
He died on 25 may 1869 six days before his 69  birthday and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

## References
* Appleyard, R. T. and Manford, Toby (1979). *The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia*, University of Western Australia Press. .
Tom Kennedy

**James Edward Narz** (February 26, 1927 &ndash; October 7, 2020), known professionally as **Tom Kennedy**, was an American television personality. He was best known for his work in game shows. He was the younger brother of game show host Jack Narz. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Kennedy hosted many game shows over his lifetime. His most successful shows were ''You Don't Say!* (aired on NBC from 1963-1969 and on ABC in 1975), *Split Second* (1972-1975), *Name That Tune* (1974-1981), and *Password Plus'' (1980-1982; took over for original host Allen Ludden after Ludden's death). He also hosted other shows such as *Whew!* (1979-1980), *Body Language* (1984-1986), and a syndicated version of *The Price is Right* (1985-1986). He retired in 1989.

Kennedy died on October 7, 2020 in Oxnard, California at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chinese Rail SS4

The **SS4** () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China. It was built by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works in 1985 and is still produced as of 2010. It also has an updated version: **SS4G** ().

## Gallery 

File:SS4 0110.jpg|SS4 0110 at Longhai Railway, near Xi'an
File:SS4 0036 at Yangpingguan.jpg|SS4 at Yangpingguan
File:SS4 1015 20110901.jpg|SS4G 1015 in Luopoling, Beijing
File:韶山4型电力机车牵引列车在石德铁路.JPG|SS4G 6111
File:SS4_7185_20111102.jpg|SS4G 7185

## Other websites 
*SS4 Electric locomotive for freight,CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive co.,ltd.
Allen Swift

**Ira Stadlen** (January 16, 1924 &ndash; April 18, 2010) or **Allen Swift**, was an American actor and painter. He is known for playing *Simon Bar Sinister* and *Riff-Raff* on the *Underdog* cartoon show.

## Biography
Swift was born on January 16, 1924 in New York City, New York. He was married to Lenore Loveman until his death in 2010. They had three children. Swift died on April 18, 2010 in New York City, New York from heart failure, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Wally Cox

**Wallace Maynard Cox** (December 6, 1924 &ndash; February 15, 1973) was an American comedian and actor.  He is known for being the voice of Underdog in the animated series *Underdog*. He is also known for his role in *Mr. Peepers*. He was close friends with actor Marlon Brando.

Cox was born on December 6, 1924 in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Cox studied at Denby High School, at the City College of New York, and at New York University. 

He was married to Marilyn Gennaro from 1954 until they divorced. Then he was married to Milagros Tirado from 1963 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Patricia Tiernan from 1969 until his death in 1973. Cox had a daughter from his first marriage and legally adopted Tirado's daughter from her first marriage.

Cox died on February 15, 1973 in Hollywood, California after suffering a heart attack, aged 48. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at Death Valley and in Tahiti.

## References
## Other websites
* YouTube Video of Wally Cox in Marilyn Monroe's last screen appearance
* 
* 
* A detailed Cox biography
* Watch Wally Cox in The Copper 
* Marlon and Wally
*  Retrieved on 2009-05-27
Jack Warden

**Jack Warden** (**John Warden Lebzelter**; September 18, 1920 &ndash; July 19, 2006) was an American actor. He won an Emmy Award in 1976 for his role in ''Brian's Song*. He also starred in the 1976 movie *All the President's Men''.

Warden was born on September 18, 1920 in Newark, New Jersey. He is of Dutch-Irish ancestry. Warden was raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He was married to Vanda Dupre from 1958 until his death in 2006. They had one son, Christopher. Warden died on July 19, 2006 from renal failure in New York City, New York, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Eoarchaean

The **Eoarchaean** (**Eoarchean**) is the first geological era in the Archaean eon that began 4 billion years ago, and ended 3.6 billion years ago. Before it was the Hadean It is followed by the Palaeoarchaean. 

The Eoarchaean is the earliest period of geology after the solidification of Earth's crust. The abiotic origins of life (abiogenesis) have been dated to a time window from 4 to 3.6 billion years ago when atmospheric pressure values ranged from  100 to 10&nbsp;bar.

## Chronology 
It was formerly officially unnamed and usually referred to as the first part of the *Early Archaean* (now an obsolete name) together with the later Palaeoarchaean Era. It is the first part of the Archaean Eon, preceded by the Hadean Eon.

The Eoarchaean was followed by the Palaeoarchaean Era.

The name comes from two Greek words: *eos* (dawn) and *archaios* (ancient). The 1st supercontinent Vaalbara appeared around the end of this period around 3.6 billion years ago.

## Geology
A characteristic of the Eoarchean is that Earth possessed a firm crust for the first time. However, this crust may have been incomplete at many sites and areas of lava may have existed at the surface. The beginning of the Eoarchaean is characterized by heavy asteroid bombardment within the inner solar system: the Late Heavy Bombardment. The Eoarchaean is the first phase of our planet from which solid rock formations survived. The largest is the Isua greenstone belt at the southwest coast of Greenland. It appeared during the Eoarchaean around 3.8 billion years ago. The Acasta Gneiss within the Canadian Shield have been dated to be 4.03 Ga and are therefore the oldest preserved rock formations. In 2008 another rock formation was discovered in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt in northern Québec in Canada which has been dated to be 4.28 Ga. These formations are presently under intense investigation.

Earth's oceans formed  3.8 billion years ago.

## References
Howard Simons

**Howard Simons** (June 3, 1929 &ndash; June 13, 1989) was the managing editor of the Washington Post at the time of the Watergate scandal, and later curator of the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University.

Simons was born on June 3, 1929 in Albany, New York. He studied at Union College. Simons died on June 13, 1989 from pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 60. 

## Other websites
* Epstein, Noel. Howard Simons, Ex-Managing Editor of Post and Nieman Curator, Dies. *Washington Post*, June 14, 1989.
* Jones, Alex S. Howard Simons Dies at Age 60, an Ex-Editor at Washington Post. *New York Times*, June 14, 1989.
Ed Shaughnessy

**Edwin Thomas "Ed" Shaughnessy** (January 9, 1929 – May 24, 2013) was an American singer of swing music, and bebop drummer who was associated with The Tonight Show Band that appeared on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson*. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and grew up in New York City. Shaughnessy was married to Ilene Woods. He died on May 24, 2013, aged 84.

## References
Mark Felt

**William Mark Felt, Sr.** (August 17, 1913 &ndash; December 18, 2008) or **W. Mark Felt** was an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), who retired as the Bureau's Associate Director in 1973. After denying his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein for 30 years, Felt revealed himself to be the Watergate scandal's whistleblower, "Deep Throat" on May 31, 2005.

Felt was born on August 17, 1913 in Twin Falls, Idaho. He studied at the University of Idaho. Felt was married to Audrey Robinson from 1938 until her death in 1984. They had two children. Felt died on December 18, 2008 in Santa Rosa, California from heart failure, aged 95. 

## References
## Other websites
*Dohrn, Jennifer. "I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt aka 'Deep Throat'"  (June 2, 2005). *Democracy Now!*
*Dean, John W. Why The Revelation of the Identity Of Deep Throat Has Only Created Another Mystery (June 3, 2005). *Findlaw* (also see the extensive appendix, containing all of Woodward's references to "Deep Throat" in ''All The President's Men'')
*University of Idaho Alumni Hall of Fame (1972): W. Mark Felt 
*AP Obituary in the San Francisco Chronicle
Gene Deitch

**Eugene Merril "Gene" Deitch** (August 8, 1924 &ndash; April 16, 2020) was an American illustrator, animator and film director. His movie *Munro* won an Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. It was the first short made outside of the United States to receive an Oscar.

Deitch was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has three sons: Kim, Simon, and Seth. They are artists and writers for comics. Deitch was married to Zdenka Deitch.

Deitch died in Prague on April 16, 2020 of bowel obstruction, at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Gene Deitch official site
*The 65 Greats in my 65-year animation career 
*
*Howdy Doody lost work 
*"How to succeed in animation"  - a long teaching online book by Gene Deitch
*Biography of Gene Deitch from the Cartoon Hall of Fame of ASIFA-Hollywood
Climate of California

The **climate of California** varies widely from desert to alpine depending on latitude, elevation and how close the area is to the coast. That's not all, because for much of its length, it has a range of mountains on its Eastern side.

Most of the coastal and southern parts of the state have a Mediterranean climate with somewhat rainy winters and dry summers. The deserts in the south of the state have very hot summers and mild winters. Parts of the south have a dry steppe climate, for example San Diego.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) averages from 19812010,  
California is the 13th warmest state in the United States with the average annual temperature of 58.4&nbsp;°F (14.7 °C) 

## Temperature range
Northwest California has rainy cool winters and dry summers with temperatures in the summers in the upper 60s to the upper 70s. 

The Central Valley has a semi-arid climate with temperatures in the winter sometimes at nights fall below 30&nbsp;°F (–1.1 °C) and at daytime rises above 80&nbsp;°F (26.7 °C) with summers being from 80&nbsp;°F (26.7 °C) to 100&nbsp;°F (38 °C) at day. 

The desert areas in southern California have a hot and very dry climate with precipitation in some areas below 5 inches (127 mm) a year. Temperatures are mild in southern California's desert in the winter and temps can range from 60°F (15.5 °C) to 80°F (26.7 °C) at daytime with nights being chilly with temperatures ranging from 35°F (1.7 °C) to 50°F (10 °C). Temperatures are usually very hot during the day in desert places like Needles, San Bernardino and Palm Springs in the summer with daytime temperatures being from 105°F (40.5 °C) to 120°F (48°C) sometimes reaching above 120&nbsp;°F (48 °C) and with nights being from 75°F (23.9 °C) to 90°F (32.2 °C). 

The hottest place of the world is in the desert of California, the Death Valley. Death Valley once had a temperature of 134&nbsp;°F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913 although some meteorologists dispute this temperature reading.  The average annual temperature in Death Valley from 1981–2010 was 76.7&nbsp;°F (24.8 °C) with an average July mean temperature of 101.8&nbsp;°F (38.8 °C).

## References
Harry M. Rosenfeld

**Harry M. Rosenfeld** (August 12, 1929 &ndash; July 16, 2021) was an American newspaper editor who was the editor in charge of local news at The Washington Post during the Watergate scandal. He was born in Berlin.

He oversaw the newspaper's coverage of Watergate and resisted efforts by the paper's national reporters to take over the story. Though Post editor-in-chief Benjamin C. Bradlee gets most of the credit, managing editor Howard Simons and Rosenfeld worked most closely with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein on developing the story.

Rosenfeld died on July 16, 2021, at his home in Slingerlands, New York from COVID-19 related problems, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. ''All the President's Men*. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974. ()
*Katharine Graham.  *Personal History*.  New York:  Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.  .
*Adrian Havill. *Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein''.  New York:  Birch Lane Press, 1993.
Benjamin C. Bradlee

**Benjamin Crowninshield "Ben" Bradlee** (August 26, 1921 &ndash; October 21, 2014) was a vice president at-large of *The Washington Post*. He was executive editor of the *Post* from 1968 to 1991. He became a national figure during the presidency of Richard Nixon, when he challenged the federal government over the right to publish the Pentagon Papers and oversaw the publication of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's stories documenting the Watergate scandal.

Bradlee was born on August 26, 1921 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is of English descent. He studied at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and at Harvard University. Bradlee was married three times; two of the marriages ended in divorce. His last wife, Sally Quinn worked for the *Washington Post*. Bradlee had four children.

In late September 2014, Bradlee entered at hospice care in Washington, D.C. due to declining health as a result of Alzheimer's disease. He died on October 21, 2014, at the age of 93, at his home in Washington, D.C.. His funeral was held on October 29 at the Washington National Cathedral.

## References
## Other websites
*Bill Green, Washington Post Ombudsman 19 April 1981
*Website for Free Speech: Jim Lehrer with Ben Bradlee  19 June 2006
*Interview  via kayotix.com from the BBC news programme *Hardtalk* 2 November 2006
*Ben Bradlee in *Dick* 8 August 1999
*illinois.edu 
*mediabistro.com 
*philly.com 
*http://www.americanancestors.org/boston-cousins-of-queen-victoria-and-yankee-ancestors/
**Booknotes* interview with Bradlee on *A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures*, October 29, 1995.
Sara Carracelas García

**Sara Carracelas Garcia** (born September 15, 1981 in Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she has cerebral palsy and is an S2 type swimmer.  She works with computers. She started swimming when she was four years old.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke and the 50 meter freestyle. She finished third in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke. She finished third in the 50 meter freestyle. She finished second in the 100 meter freestyle.  She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke, the 50 meter freestyle and in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 50 meter backstroke.  In 2010, she competed at the Tenerife International Open.

## References
Thomas Nast

**Thomas Nast** (September 27, 1840 &ndash; December 7, 1902) was a German-American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He helped create Uncle Sam and the elephant symbol for the Republican Party and the donkey symbol for the Democratic Party. Targets included Tammany Hall.

## Early life
Nast was born on September 27, 1840 in Landau, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation. He spent his adulthood in New York City, New York. 

## Career
Nast began working for Harper's Weekly in 1859. He was married to Sarah Edwards from 1861 until his death in 1902. They had five children.

## Death
Nast died on December 7, 1902 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from complications of a yellow fever, aged 62.

## Other websites
* Elections 1860-1912 as covered by ''Harper's Weekly''; news, editorials, cartoons (many by Nast)
** Nast cartoons from Ohio State University 
* More work by Thomas Nast
* ThomasNast.com 
* National History Day Project about Thomas Nast 
* Thomas Nast Civil War Pictures
* Thomas Nast Caricatures of the Civil War, Reconstruction, Santa Claus, Napoleon, Catholicism, Boss Tweed, Tammany Hall and more.
* 
* The Thomas Nast Collection--Morristown & Morris Township Public Library, NJ 
* Thomas Nast on  History Buff.
* "Emancipation," a work by Thomas Nast from 1865 via the World Digital Library
Mo Farah

**Sir Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah**   (born **Hussein Abdi Kahin**; 23 March 1983 Gabiley, Somalia). is a retired English long-distance runner. Some believe he is one of the greatest runners of all time, because he won ten global championship gold medals (four Olympic and six World titles). The medals have made  him the most successful male track distance runner ever, and he is the most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history.

Farah spent his early childhood living in Somaliland and Djibouti. He was illegally taken to the United Kingdom at age 9. He lives in both London and Portland, Oregon, US (United States). 

In the 2012 Olympics he won gold in the 10,000 metres and the 5,000 metres and in the 2011 World Championships, he won gold in the 5,000 meters and silver in the 10,000 meters. He won the 5,000 m and 10,000 m again at the 2012 World Championship in Moscow.

## References
Australia's Next Top Model

'''''Australia's Next Top Model*** (also known as **AuNTM or AusNTM*') is an Australian reality television show that is produced and broadcasted by Fox8. The series is a spin-off of the popular ''America's Next Top Model''. The show has currently 7 "cycles", but an eight is announced in July 9, 2013. The show is/was hosted by Sarah Murdoch, Jodhi Meares, Erika Heynatz and for the upcoming cycle the beauty queen, model and television personality Jennifer Hawkins.

## Cycles
## Notes
Morgan le Fay

**Morgan le Fay** (, meaning "Morgan the Fairy"), also called Morgaine, Morgan or Morgana, is a powerful sorceress in the Arthurian legend. She was King Arthur’s half-sister and enemy. In some legends she is said to have borne Arthur's child, Mordred. 

Morgan le Fay is said to have been quite powerful. She hated King Arthur even though he was her half-brother. (She is also said to have wiped out most of the Templar Knights). She is one of the main antagonists of the Grey Griffins book series.

She is also an important charcter in the well-known television series "Merlin" on BBC IPlayer 

## References
Miriam

**Miriam** [ **mir**-ee-*uh*m ] is a female given name. Miriam is a name that boasts a fascinating history and significance, while also being aesthetically pleasing. Its popularity spans centuries and it remains prevalent in modern times. The name evokes connotations of power, elegance, and attractiveness. Originating from Hebrew, the name Miriam translates to "rebellion", "wished-for child" or "bitterness." This is derived from the Hebrew word "mar," meaning "bitter." In accordance with biblical accounts, Miriam served as an influential figure and played the role of an older sister to both Moses and Aaron. She was also regarded as a prophetess and a key leader for the Israelites during their pilgrimage through the desert. This name was ranked #261 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

According to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament, Miriam was the older sister of Moses. She was a prophet and first appears in the Book of Exodus.

## People 
* Miriam Margolyes, English actress
* Miriam Makeba, South African singer and civil rights activist (1932–2008)
* Miriam Akavia, Polish-born Israeli writer and translator, a Holocaust survivor, and the president of the Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue

## References
Beach movie

A **beach movie** or **beach party movie** is a movie genre. The genre was popular in the late 1950s. It flourished during the early 1960s. The genre was launched in 1959 with *Gidget* starring Sandra Dee, and came to an end in 1967 with *Catalina Caper* featuring Tommy Kirk and Little Richard. This movie is generally thought to be the "last gasp" of the genre, the final beach-themed movie. 

Beach movies are about happy-go-lucky teenagers frolicking on the sun-drenched beaches of California and Hawaii. Genre elements include girlfriend/boyfriend relationships, motorcycles, cars, food, muscles, bikinis, rock and roll, surf music and surfing. Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon set the pace for the genre as teen sweethearts in a string of seven beach movies from AIP.
Rich Fields

**Richard Wayne "Rich" Fields** (born ca. 1960) is an American radio and television personality. He is currently a meteorologist at television stations KABC-TV and KCAL-TV in Los Angeles, California. He is also a radio personality at the radio stations KRTH, KNX-AM, and KFWB in Los Angeles. He was born in Bay Ridge, Ohio, United States.

## Career 
Fields is best known for being the announcer of the game show *The Price is Right*. He was announcer from 2004 to 2010. Before then, he was the announcer of lottery game show *Flamingo Fortune* from 1995 to 1999.

## References
## Other websites
* Rich Fields' official website
*
Outlaw motorcycle club

An **outlaw motorcycle club**  is a motorcycle club that is not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association and does not adhere to their rules. Such clubs are sometimes known as a motorcycle gangs or biker gangs. In the United States, outlaw motorcycle clubs sprang up after World War II. Members rode Harley-Davidson cruisers and choppers. Outlaw clubs celebrate freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture, and loyalty to the biker group. The clubs have their own sets of bylaws from which the values of the outlaw biker culture arise.

There are similar clubs in other countries.

## References
Australia's Next Top Model (season 7)

'''''Australia's Next Top Model, Cycle 7'''* is the seventh season of *Australia's Next Top Model*. It began airing on August 2011. This cycle includes 16 contestants. The winner was 17-year-old Montana Cox from Melbourne.

## Contestants
**Top 16** (*Finalists'')

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Chic Model Management
* A spread & cover in Harper's Bazaar
* A $20,000 cash prize by U By Kotex
* A brand New Ford Fiesta
* A trip to New York City to meet with NEXT Model Managment

## Episodes
Episode 1
*casting episode*

Episode 2
*Best: Rachel Riddell
*Worst: Lauren Middlin, Sarah Boulazeris, Shannon Gaitz & Simone Holtznagel
*Eliminated: Georgia Stensness, Lauren Middlin, Sarah Boulazeris & Shannon Gaitz 

Episode 3
*Best: Yolanda Hodgson
*Worst: Cassy Phillips-Sainsbury & Hazel O'Connell
*Eliminated: Cassy Phillips-Sainsbury

Episode 4
*Best: Liz Braithwaite
*Worst: Tayah Lee-Traub & Alissandra Moone
*Eliminated: Tayah Lee-Traub

Episode 5
*Best: Montana Cox
*Worst: Alissandra Moone, Annaliese McCann & Neo Yakuac
*Eliminated: Alissandra Moone & Annaliese McCann

Episode 6
*Best: Montana Cox
*Worst/Eliminated: Caroline Austin & Neo Yakuac

Episode 7
*Best: Rachel Riddell
*Worst: Yolanda Hodgson, Jess Bush & Amelia Coutts
*Eliminated: Yolanda Hodgson

Episode 8
*Best: Simone Holtznagel
*Worst: Liz Braithwaite, Jess Bush & Amelia Coutts
*Eliminated: Jess Bush & Amelia Coutts

Episode 9
*Best: Hazel O'Connell
*Worst: Madeline Huett & Izzy Vesey
*Eliminated: Madeline Huett

Episode 10
*Best: Montana Cox
*Worst/Eliminated: Izzy Vesey & Hazel O'Connell

Episode 11
*Best: Montana Cox
*Worst: Rachel Riddell & Simone Holtznagel
*Eliminated: Rachel Riddell

Episode 12
*recap episode*

Episode 13
*Best: Montana Cox
*Worst: Liz Braithwaite & Simone Holtznagel
*Eliminated: Simone Holtznagel

*Final Two: Liz Braithwaite & Montana Cox
*Winner: Montana Cox
Margaret Colin

**Margaret Colin** (born May 26, 1958) is an American actress. She works mostly on television. She played Margo Montgomery Hughes on the television series *As the World Turns*. She played Eleanor Waldorf-Rose in the television series *Gossip Girl*. Colin was born in Brooklyn, New York.

## References
Harvey Lembeck

**Harvey Lembeck** (15 April 1923 – 5 January 1982) was an American stage, movie, and television actor. He is famous for playing Cpl. Rocco Barbella on *The Phil Silvers Show* (aka *Sgt. Bilko*) in the late 1950s, and the clumsy biker gang leader in the American International Pictures (AIP) beach party movies of the 1960s starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon. He made other appearances on television including two on *The Donna Reed Show*. On stage, he appeared in *Stalag 17* (472 performances), and as Sancho Panza on Broadway and in the first national company of *Man of La Mancha*.
Vito Corleone

**Vito Andolini Corleone** (born **Vito Andolini** in Corleone, Province of Palermo, Sicily, Italy) is a fictional character in Mario Puzo's novel *The Godfather* and in Francis Ford Coppola's first two movies, where he was portrayed by Marlon Brando in *The Godfather* and, as a younger man, by Robert De Niro in *The Godfather Part II*.  

## Other websites
* Vito Corleone on The Godfather Wiki
Outlaw biker movie

**Outlaw biker movie** is a movie genre. Such movies are about motorcycle riding rebels. The characters are typically members of an outlaw motorcycle club. The first such movie was *The Wild One* (1954). Marlon Brando and Lee Marvin starred in this movie as rival biker gang leaders. Harvey Lembeck parodied Brando in the AIP "beach party" movies of the early 1960s starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon. 

Biker movies were aimed at teenage audiences and the drive-in crowd. The genre took off in the 1960s when the real world Hells Angels received much media attention.  Hollywood cranked out dozens of low-budget exploitation outlaw biker movies during this decade. Novelty movies of the genre featured all-female gangs, horror and zombie crossovers, and one featured a gay gang. The biker outlaw genre played itself out in the 1970s.
Fever (Kylie Minogue album)

***Fever*** is the eighth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was released on 1 October 2001 by Parlophone Records. The album contains four singles, "Can't Get You Out of My Head", "In Your Eyes", "Love at First Sight", and "Come into My World".  "Come into My World" won Minogue won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, her first Grammy. Minogue embarked on her KylieFever2002 tour to promote the album.

## Track listing 
## Other websites 
**Fever* on Kylie Minogue's official website
Pink Angels

***Pink Angels*** (or, ***The Pink Angels***) is a 1971 outlaw biker movie. It is a comedy about gay bikers who head to Los Angeles to attend a drag ball. The movie stars John Alderman, Tom Basham, Bob Bihiller, Bruce Kimbal, Henry Olek, and Maurice Warfield as the bikers.  The 81-minute movie was directed by Larry G. Brown. The screenplay was written by Margaret McPherson.  Dan Haggerty of Grizzly Adams fame plays a straight biker.

The movie's world premier was held in Tempe, Arizona at the University Theaters.
Dan Haggerty

**Dan Haggerty** (November 19, 1941 &ndash; January 15, 2016) was an American actor. He played  Grizzly Adams in the 1974 movie *The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams* and its television movie sequel *The Capture of Grizzly Adams*. Haggerty starred in an NBC "Grizzly Adams" television series which ran from 1977 to 1978.

He appeared in the road movie *Easy Rider*, the outlaw biker comedy *Pink Angels*, and many other movies. Haggerty is a former animal trainer and stunt man. He was the animal handler for a Tarzan movie and the 1966 Tarzan television series.

His many awards include a star on Hollywood Blvd. in 1994; the Dove Foundation's "Diamond Seal of Approval" for over 1 million family videos sold; the Harley-Davidson "Humanitarian of the Year" Award in 1986; "The People's Choice Award" for most popular actor in 1980; the Paul Harris Fellowship from the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International; and a star in Kanab, Utah - "Hollywood of the West" in 2009.

Haggerty died in Burbank, California from spinal cancer on January 15, 2016 at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Dan Haggerty's Official Website
Glen or Glenda

***Glen or Glenda*** is a 1953 movie about a male transvestite. It was written and directed by Ed Wood. It stars Ed Wood as Glen and Glenda, and features Bela Lugosi and Wood's then-girlfriend Dolores Fuller.

The movie was inspired by the Christine Jorgensen's sex reassignment surgery in 1952. George Weiss was a Hollywood producer of low-budget films. He wanted a movie made to exploit the event. He made Jorgensen several offers to appear in the movie. These offers were turned down. 

This was the only movie Wood directed but did not also produce. Wood himself played the title character, but under the pseudonym "Daniel Davis". Lugosi is credited as "The Scientist". He acts as a sort of narrator but gives no narration relevant to the plot.

## Cast
* Timothy Farrell as Narrator / Dr. Alton
* Ed Wood (credited as "Daniel Davis") as Glen/Glenda
* Dolores Fuller as Barbara
* Bela Lugosi as The Scientist
* Lyle Talbot as Inspector Warren
* "Tommy" Haynes as Alan/Anne
* Charles Crafts as Johnny
* Conrad Brooks as Banker / Reporter / Pickup artist / Bearded drag

## Story
Glen is shown looking at women's clothes in a shop window. He reads about sex change operations in a newspaper. He meets with Barbara, his girlfriend. She asks if Glen's secret problem is another woman. A transvestite friend tells Glen how crossdressing ended his marriage. A dream sequence containing some BDSM scenes full of flagellation and bondage follows. Glen tells Barbara the truth. She offers Glen an Angora wool sweater as a sign of acceptance.

## References
UFC 160

***UFC 160: Velasquez vs. Bigfoot 2*** was a mixed martial arts event held on May 25, 2013 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Background
The main fight was a rematch between current UFC Heavyweight Champion Cain Velasquez and Antonio Silva.  In their first fight at UFC 146 in 2012, Velasquez won with a first round TKO.

Alistair Overeem was going to face Junior dos Santos at the event.  However, in early March, Overeem pulled out of the bout because he had a leg injury.  It was then announced that the fight would take place in a future event, later in the summer of this year. Then, on March 9 it was announced that Dos Santos would still compete on the card and face Mark Hunt.

Ryan Bader was set to face Glover Teixeira at the event but he could not due to injury in March.  He was replaced by James Te Huna

Amir Sadollah was going to face Stephen Thompson at the event.  However, Sadollah pulled out of the bout citing an injury and  was replaced by Nah-Shon Burrell.

Gunnar Nelson was set to face Mike Pyle at the event.  However, Nelson pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Rick Story.

Dana White said at the UFC on Fox 7 post-fight press conference that he thinks that the winner of the Gray Maynard/TJ Grant fight would get a UFC lightweight title shot against the cahampion Benson Henderson.

On the day of the weigh-in, one fight was changed to catchweight status as Khabib Nurmagomedov came in over the lightweight limit and gave up 20 percent of his purse.

## Results 
## Bonus awards
The following fighters were awarded $50,000 bonuses.

* *Fight of the Night:* Junior Dos Santos vs. Mark Hunt
* *Knockout of the Night:* TJ Grant'*
* *Submission of the Night:'' Glover Teixiera

## References
## Other websites 
*Official UFC past events page 
*UFC events results at Sherdog.com
La Soufrière (volcano)

**La Soufrière** (“The Sulfurer”) or **Soufrière Saint Vincent** is an active volcano on the island of Saint Vincent in the Windward Islands of the Caribbean.
 
## Geography and structure
At , La Soufrière is the highest peak on Saint Vincent as well as the highest point in the island country of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

It is in the northern part of the island of Saint Vincent in the Saint David and Charlotte parishes. The mountain is surrounded by the towns of Wallibou and Chateaubelair to the southwest, Fancy to the north, Orange Hill and Georgetown to the southeast and the Richmond Peak and Mount Brisbane to the south.

Soufrière is an active composite volcano (or stratovolcano) with a lake in the crater and is the island's youngest and northernmost volcano. It has a main crater of 1.6 km in diameter, with the northeast edge cut by another smaller crater in 1812.

## References
## Other websites
* St. Vincent and The Grenadines: St. Vincent's Interior 
* The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre
* USGS/CVO West Indian Volcanoes 
* Volcano Live: Soufrière St. Vincent Volcano
* Volcano World: Soufriere St. Vincent
Dracula (1931 movie)

***Dracula*** is a 1931 horror movie. It was directed by Tod Browning. It stars Bela Lugosi as the title vampire Count Dracula.  The movie was produced by Universal Pictures.

It is based on the 1924 stage play *Dracula* by Hamilton Deane and John L. Balderston. This play in turn is based on the novel *Dracula* by Bram Stoker.

In 2000, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## References