open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hunsrück

The **Hunsrück** is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.

Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the **(Schwarzwälder) Hochwald**, the **Idarwald**, the **Soonwald**, and the **Binger Wald**. The highest peak is the **Erbeskopf** (816 m).

Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach.  Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.

The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.

The German TV drama trilogy *Heimat*, directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.

## Other websites 
*Photos of HEIMAT- und HEIMAT3 - film locations at Hunsrück/Germany
Kentwood, Louisiana

**Kentwood** is a small town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,145 at the 2020 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears.

## References
Eva Longoria

**Eva Jacqueline Longoria Bastón** (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. 

She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series *Desperate Housewives*. She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.

## Personal life
Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle. She got divorced in 2011. Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Somersault

A **somersault** is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a *flip* (or, if performed backwards, a *backflip*). 
A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a *Gainer*

The word comes from the old French word *sombresault*, which is no longer used.
Lisa Donovan

**Lisa Donovan** (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program *MadTV*.
Augite

**Augite** is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word *augites*, meaning "brightness". However, augites only look shiny some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.
Augite is a pyroxene.
## Related pages
*List of minerals
Onyx

An **onyx** is a type of black rock mineral with white banded lines around it. It is a type of agate, which is itself a type of quartz.

## Related pages
* List of minerals
* Jewel
* Birthstone
Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland

, on their wedding day in 2013.]]
**Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland**, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.

Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.

## Early life 
Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, *Josephine*, honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.

Forbes Magazine ranked Madeleine at 12th place on its "20 Hottest Young Royals" list in 2008.

## References 
## Other websites
*The Royal Court of Sweden: Princess Madeleine
Amethyst

An **amethyst** is a  mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually  and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look . The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage,  protection from robbers, and happiness.

In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.

There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers. 

Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he  and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

## References
I'm with You

"'''I'm with You'''" is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, *Let Go*. The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie *Bruce Almighty*.

## Formats and tracklistings 
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".

### CD single 
# "I'm with You"
# "I'm with You (Live)"
# "Unwanted (Live)"
# "I'm with You (Video)"

## Charts 
## References
Garnet

{{Infobox mineral
| category    = Nesosilicate
| boxbgcolor  = #FF9977
| boxtextcolor = black
| image       = GarnetCrystalUSGOV.jpg
| formula     =  The general formula *X*3*Y*2(SiO4)3
| Z = 8
| spacegroup = Ia3d
| crystalclass = 4/m\bar{3} 2/m
| color       = virtually all colors, blue very rare
| habit       = Rhombic dodecahedron or cubic
| cleavage    = Indistinct
| fracture    = conchoidal to uneven
| mohs        = 6.5–7.5
| luster      = vitreous to resinous
| polish      = vitreous to subadamantine
| refractive  = 1.72–1.94
| opticalprop = Single refractive, often anomalous double refractive
| birefringence = None
| pleochroism = None
| streak      = White
| gravity     = 3.1–4.3
| fluorescence= variable
| other       = variable magnetic attraction
| var1 = Pyrope       | var1text = Mg3Al2Si3O12
| var2 = Almandine    | var2text = Fe3Al2Si3O12
| var3 = Spessartine  | var3text = Mn3Al2Si3O12
| var4 = Andradite    | var4text = Ca3Fe2Si3O12
| var5 = Grossular    | var5text = Ca3Al2Si3O12
| var6 = Uvarovite    | var6text = Ca3Cr2Si3O12
}}
A **garnet**  is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.

## Related pages
* List of minerals
* List of birthstones

## Sources
## Further reading
*Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, *Manual of Mineralogy*, 20th ed., Wiley, 
*Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones 

## Other websites
*http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism.
*USGS Garnet locations – USA 
*http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/garnet.html 
*http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
* Blog post on garnets on the Law Library of Congress's blog
French Armenian Legion

The **French Armenian Legion**, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

## Related pages
* Armenian Legion
Ralph Macchio

**Ralph Macchio** (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in *My Cousin Vinny*, *The Karate Kid*, *The Karate Kid Part II*, and *The Karate Kid Part III*. He was also in the movie *The Outsiders* as Johnny.

## Other websites
North India

**Northern India** is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India. The North Indian Plain is a large part of Northern India.

As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir and Rajasthan. The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India and shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage. 

Both India and Pakistan were part of the British India prior to the 1947 Independence. 

## Related pages
*Church of North India

## Other websites
* Ampur: A Virtual Village 
* More Info about Northern India 
* North India - New Delhi (Capital) City Guide
Vahan Kurkjian

**Vahan M. Kurkjian** (; Aleppo, 1863 – New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.

## Other websites 
**History of Armenia* by Vahan&nbsp;M. Kurkjian, full text of the book.
Opal

The **opal** is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water. which means it has both silica (SiO₂) and water inside it. The amount of water in an opal can be between 3% to 21% of its weight, but most opals have around 6% to 10% water. Opal does not have a fixed crystal shape like some other stones. Because of this, it is called a mineraloid instead of a mineral. Minerals have a proper crystal structure, but opals don’t.

Opal forms at low temperatures inside the earth. It can fill cracks or gaps (called fissures) in almost any type of rock. However, it is most often found with rocks like limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt.

## Precious Opal 
Precious opal is a type of opal that shows beautiful colors when you look at it from different angles. Even though it is a mineraloid, it still has a special kind of internal structure.

If you look at a precious opal under a microscope, you will see that it is made up of tiny round balls of silica. These balls are called silica spheres, and each one is about 150 to 300 nanometers in size (that’s incredibly small around 0.0000059 to 0.0000118 inches). These tiny spheres are arranged very neatly in patterns called hexagonal or cubic close-packed lattices

In the mid-1960s, a scientist named J. V. Sanders discovered that the bright colors inside precious opal happen because of the way light moves through this pattern of spheres. The spheres cause interference and diffraction of light which means they bend and spread the light, making it split into different colors.

## Common Opal 
Common opal refers to varieties of opal that do not exhibit the characteristic play of color seen in precious opal. Several distinct types are recognized:

* **Milk Opal:** Milky white, bluish, or greenish in appearance; in some cases, it may reach gemstone quality.
* **Resin Opal:** Honey-yellow in color with a resin-like luster.
* **Wood Opal:** Formed through the replacement of the organic structure of wood with opal.
* **Menilite:** Typically brown or grey in color.
* **Hyalite:** Colorless and transparent, resembling glass; also referred to as Muller’s glass.
* **Geyserite:** Also called siliceous sinter; deposited around hot springs and geysers.
* **Diatomaceous Earth:** Composed of the microscopic silica shells (tests) of diatoms

## History 
In antiquity, opal was considered rare and highly valuable. In Europe, it was regarded as a prized gemstone among royalty. Prior to the discovery of extensive deposits in Australia during the 19th century, the only known significant source was Červenica, located beyond the Roman frontier in present-day Slovakia. Today, opal is recognized as the national gemstone of Australia.

## Related pages
*List of minerals

## References
Nahe

The **Nahe** is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.

The name Nahe comes from the Latin word *Nava*, which is of Celtic origin and means *the wild river*. The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.

It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is . Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.
Potsdam Conference

The **Potsdam Conference** was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.

The first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin. Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted. That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.

## The agreements 
The allies talked about and agreed:
* Germany would be temporarily split into four pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
*A large piece of eastern Germany would become Polish, and the Germans in it would be expelled.
* Nazi criminals would be judged and sentenced.
* Germany would be demilitarised.

## The disagreements 
The allies talked about but did not agree on the following:
* How to separate Germany
* How much money Germany would pay to the winners of the war
* How Stalin was treating Poland
* How much land Poland would have
*

## Related pages
* Potsdam Declaration
* Yalta Conference

## Other websites
* A revision site for IGCSE students
* The Aims of The Allies in depth - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
* The events of Potsdam in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
* A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
Palatinate (region)

The **Palatinate** (*germ.:*Pfalz), historically also **Rhenish Palatinate** (*lat.:* palatinatum Renensis; *germ.:* Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (*Bundesland*) of Rhineland-Palatinate (*Rheinland-Pfalz*).

## Geography
The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (*Pfälzerwald*) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the *German wine road* (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (*Vorderpfalz*), West Palatinate (*Westpfalz*), North Palatinate (*Nordpfalz*), and South Palatinate (*Südpfalz*).

Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:

Independent cities:
*Frankenthal
*Kaiserslautern
*Landau
*Ludwigshafen
*Neustadt an der Weinstraße
*Pirmasens
*Speyer
*Zweibrücken

Districts:
*Bad Dürkheim
*Donnersbergkreis
*Germersheim
*Kaiserslautern (district)
*Kusel
*Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
*Südliche Weinstraße
*Südwestpfalz

## Other websites
*Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung 
*The royal palace in Edenkoben 
*Rhenish Palatinate - *Catholic Encyclopedia* article
Emerald

An **emerald** is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.

## Etymology 
The word *emerald* comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word *Smaragdus*, which came from the Greek,  (*smaragdos*; "green gem"). It first came from a Semitic word, *izmargad* (). This meant "emerald" or "green". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (בָּרָק ;البُراق; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f.  *bareqeth* and , *barq*, "lightning"). It is where the Persian ( *zomorrod*), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( *maragdam*) and Russian (; *izumrúd*) words came from.

## Related pages
* List of minerals
* Emerald (color)

## References
Edmund Burke

**Edmund Burke** (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.

Burke supported the American Revolution. He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters. His most famous book was *Reflections on the Revolution in France*, which created many of the ideas in conservatism. 

## Other websites 
*  (including his collected works in 12 volumes)
Taunus

and Grosser Feldberg]]

The **Taunus** is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.

Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the *Großer Feldberg* (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the *Kleiner Feldberg* and the *Altkönig* (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.

The Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.
, with the Taunus Mountains in the background]]

## Highest mountains 
* Großer Feldberg (878 m), Hochtaunuskreis (district)
* Kleiner Feldberg (825 m), Hochtaunuskreis
* Altkönig (798 m), Hochtaunuskreis
Antonov An-225 Mriya

The '*Antonov An-225 *Mriya'''''  was a Soviet Aircraft, and the largest airplane by weight in the world. It needed 6 engines because it was very large. It was made by a company called Antonov. The Mriya was designed to carry the Russian Shuttle, Space Shuttle Buran. The Buran only flew once, and was successful. However, the funding of Buran was insufficient, and the project quickly ended. The remaining plane, registration UR-82060, was used to carry very large items that were not efficient to carry by train. 

The company ownership changed because of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The ownership of Antonov changed to the country of Ukraine, and all assets were taken to Kyiv. It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This plane was big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the last aircraft, UR-82060, was destroyed in the hangar of the airport of the Antonov Serial Production Plant in Ukraine.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* An-225 - buran-energia.com
* Payloads
Saalburg

The **Saalburg** is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.

It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a *cohors equitata*, about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.

In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.

As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Saalburgmuseum
Yalta Conference

The **Yalta Conference** (sometimes called the **Crimea Conference**) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was important in European history.

## Agreements 
The allies agreed at Yalta :
* Germany would be completely disarmed.
* A new world organisation would be set up, the United Nations.
* Stalin would join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.
* Germany would be split up into four different pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom.
* Berlin would also be split up into four different areas
* Germans who committed war crimes would be judged and sentenced.
* A Soviet-dominated government would be set up in Poland
* Free elections would be held in countries free from German rule.
* Planning would start on war reparations by Germany and how much money it would owe the other countries.

## Related pages
* Potsdam Conference

## Other websites
* A revision site for IGCSE students
* The Yalta Betrayal 
* In Depth information on Yalta, not recommended for Simple Wikipedia Users 
* The Aims of The Allies at the Yalta Conference in depth
Kesha Wizzart

**Kesha Wizzart** (22 October 1988 – 12 July 2007) was an English singer. She was a contestant on the television programme *Stars In Their Eyes*. She was born in Manchester.

Wizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred. It happened in their home in Manchester. The investigators found injuries to their heads. The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started. He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences.

## References
## Other websites 
*TV show teenager is victim of triple murder – Retrieved from Sky News
Guys and Dolls

***Guys and Dolls*** is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of *Guys and Dolls* is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical. 

## What happens 
Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.

Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.

Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.

Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.
Names of small numbers

**Naming very small numbers** is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10−3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10−5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10−5).

## Some examples
## Names of small numbers 
## Related pages
*Names of large numbers

## Other websites 
*Names of large and small numbers
Military of ancient Rome

The **Military of ancient** Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.

The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed". It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.

After a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.

## References 
## Other sources 
;Primary sources 
*Livy, *The Rise of Rome*, Oxford University Press, 1998
*Polybius, *History*, Book 6
*Tacitus, The Histories, Book V

;Secondary sources 
*Gibbon E., *The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire*, Penguin, 1985
*Goldsorthy A., *In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire*, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003
*Grant, M., *The History of Rome*, Faber and Faber, 1993
*Heather, P., *The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History*, MacMillan, 2005
*Jones, *The Later Roman Empire*,Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964
*Lane Fox, Robin, *The Classical World*, Penguin, 2005 
*Luttwak, E., *The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire*, Johns Hopkins
*Matyszak, P., *The Enemies of Rome*, Thames and Hudson, 2004
*Santosuosso, A., *Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire*, Westview Press, 2001

## Other websites
*''UNRV's Roman Military*
**Internet Ancient History Sourcebook* 
* *Military Resources* 
* *Armamentarium bibliography'' 
* The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary, Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius site.
Alpha helix

residues in atomic detail.]]An **alpha helix (α-helix)** is a twisted part of a protein. It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein. The other is the beta sheet. An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms. There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule. Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier. The alpha helix consists of 3.6 residues per turn. All hydrogen bonds face in the same direction. If two or more alpha helices come together, they become a tertiary structure. (Ex. Five alpha helices arranged into a barrel shape)

## Alpha helices in disease 
A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions.
Allied-occupied Germany

After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four **occupation zones**. This had been agreed in London in September 1944.

They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.

In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945. 

## Related pages
* American occupation zone
* British occupation zone
* Soviet occupation zone

## Other websites 
* Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany
Legion

**Legion** may refer to:

## Armed forces
### Roman Empire
*Roman Legion 
*List of Roman legions (*disambiguation page*)
*Legionary

### United States
*Legion of the United States

### World War II
*33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (*French Legion*)
*Armenian Legion
*Condor Legion
*Ostlegionen

### Foreign Legions
* Foreign legion
* French Foreign Legion
* Spanish Foreign Legion

### Other legions
*Arab Legion
*Black Legion 
*British Legion
Beautiful (song)

**Beautiful** is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album *Stripped*. It was written by Linda Perry.

Aguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences.

It was released late in 2002. It was the second single from *Stripped*.

"Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in *Mean Girls*.

It is in the key of E-flat Mixolydian.

## Other websites 
* Music video for "Beautiful"
Fundamental theorem of algebra

The **fundamental theorem of algebra** is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial f(x) with the degree n, where n>0, the polynomial equation f(x)=0 must have at least one root x, and not more than n roots altogether.

Some remarks: 
* the degree n of a polynomial is the highest power of x that occurs in it 
* some of the roots may be complex numbers
* it is possible to 'count' a root r twice, if r is still a root of the polynomial g(x) = f(x)/(x-r); if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial f(x) with degree n has *exactly* n roots 
* it is not a theorem of pure algebra. It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis. This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions y=f(x) of odd degree the pair of values f(x) and f(-x) has opposite positive and negative signs when x is large enough. And secondly, that any polynomial function y=f(x) on the real line that takes positive and negative values for y has to cross x axis.

## Related pages
*Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Ichiro Mizuki

, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo, died December 6, 2022), was a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor. He was best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968. His first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was  composed by Kanae Wada. He started to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has sung more than 1000 songs since his debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert for 24&nbsp;hours. The success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.

On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also acted in the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

## Other websites
* Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
* Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website 
* Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
* Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
* Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame
*
Finite

If something is finite, it means it will end. The opposite is infinite. There are many uses of this word, for example:

* A finite number is a number which is not equal to \pm\infty; all real numbers are finite.
* A finite set is a set that has a certain number of elements.
* A finite verb is a term from linguistics that means that a verb is of a form that tells person and tense.
Topaz

**Topaz** is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

## Color and varieties
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The  topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).

*Orange topaz*, also known as  topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.

*Imperial topaz* is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are d too much in the sunlight.

*Blue topaz* is the US state Texas' gemstone.

*Mystic topaz* is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.

## Gallery

File:Topaz-2.jpg|Colorless topaz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
File:TOPAZE8.jpg|A cut blue topaz
File:Topaz red.jpg|A red topaz
File:TOPAZE9.jpg|Imperial Topaz Gem
File:Large Topaz Gemstones.jpg|Facet Cut Topaz Gemstones in various colors, including mystic.

## Related pages
*List of birthstones

## References
## Other websites
*Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References  Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
*Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County , Utah Geological Survey
*Learn More About Yellow Topaz
Fumie Suguri

is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion.

## Profile 
Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.

She was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skaters in 2006.

## Records 
## References
## Other websites 
*  
*
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The United States **Occupational Safety and Health Administration** (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health.  As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.

## Related pages
*Occupational Safety and Health

## References and suggested reading 
*American National Standards Institute (1996); “Workshop on International Standardization of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Is there a Need?” Workshop proceedings. Rosemont, Illinois, May 7-8, 1996. 
*American National Standards Institute (2005): “American National Standard – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.” Draft document. 
*Adams, E. (1976) "Accident Causation and the Management System" in Professional Safety, October, pp 26-29.
*Anton, T. (1979) Occupational Safety and Health Management, McGraw Hill, New York.

## Other websites 
* OSHA website and public contact website.
* Full text of the OSH Act 
* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
* OSHA Office of Education and Training 
* Current 29 CFR Books in Digital Format
Arsenio Hall

**Arsenio Hall** (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own popular television talk show, *The Arsenio Hall Show*, from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own television sitcom on ABC titled, *Arsenio*.

Hall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies *Coming to America* and *Harlem Nights*. After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on *The Tonight Show* with Jay Leno.

Hall was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

## Other websites 
*
Lake Champlain

**Lake Champlain** is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.

## A region of large freshwater lakes
Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada.  Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about  in area. It is about  long. At its widest point, it is about  wide. The maximum depth is about . It contains about 80 islands, including the entirety of Vermont's Grand Isle County.

## Colonial America and the Revolutionary War
In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys.  Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time.  The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal.  The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.

Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times.  Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777.  A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.

## Other websites
Land grant

A **land grant**  is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries.

Roman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land (*praemia*). Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii.

In old California, the King of Spain frequently gave land to people he liked, or who helped him.

## References
Bezenye

**Bezenye** is a village in the north-west of Hungary.  It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9&nbsp;km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600.

Archaeologists  have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes.  Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there.  Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled.  New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans.  The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf".  "Bezenye" is the Hungarian name.  It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree.

After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany.  New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.

Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village.  The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German.  The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.

## References
* "The Slovak-Austrian-Hungarian Danubeland", compiled by Daniel Kollár; 

## Other websites 
* Bezenye.hu
* Street map (Hungarian)
Konzum

**Konzum** is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain. Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia. Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia. In 1994,  Konzum joined the Agrokor group. Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro.

## Sources
## Other websites
*
Royal Proclamation of 1763

The **Royal Proclamation of 1763** was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III. Great Britain had gained New France, which had been French territory in North America, after the end of the French and Indian War, part of the Seven Years' War. The Proclamation was to organize the enlarged territory of British North America and to make relations with the Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and purchases of land on the western frontier. The British also wished to gain the trust from the Natives to be able to place forts there.  

The war had brought large new western territories under British control, but the American colonists were angered because the Proclamation stated that they could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains. Settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley, and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for them. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from the Native Americans. In 1774, the Quebec Act extended the rights of French-speaking Catholics and further angered the English-speaking Protestant settlers.

## Opposition to the Proclamation 
### French 
* Had very limited boundaries of Quebec.
* Were not permitted to hold office if Catholic.
* Did not think the proposed assembly would represent the views of the population. 
* Were concerned about the future of the Roman Catholic Church.
* Could not be involved in the fur trade outside the proclaimed boundaries.

### British 
* Opposed the restrictions placed on the fur trade.

* Wanted to continue going west. Many veterans of the war against France had been given land beyond the line, and the Proclamation took it away from the colonists.
* Opposed religious freedom for non-Protestants. 
* Were not satisfied by the proposal for an elected assembly and had no say in it Many colonist thought this was tyranny

## References
Inkscape

**Inkscape** is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.
Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.

## History 
Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).

## Bibliography 
* 
* 
* 

## Sources
Pope Leo XIII

**Pope Leo XIII** (; , March 2, 1810 — July 20, 1903), born **Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death.

## Monsignore
Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.

In 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria.

## Bishop
Pecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878.

## Cardinal
In the consistory of 19 December 1853, Pope Pius IX appointed the then Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia to the college of Cardinals thus, assigning him to the Priestbyterial Title of San Crisogono, Archbishop Pecci was one of the two prelates who at that time were elevated the other one was Abp. Camillo di Pietro (later Dean of the College of Cardinals).

After his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican.

### After his death 
The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica.  His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
## Other websites
* "Pope Leo XIII" in *Catholic Encyclopedia*, 1913
* "Leo XIII" in *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Vatican webpage, Leo XIII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Gioacchino Cardinal Pecci
* *Catholic Encyclopedia*, "List of Popes"