open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
South China Sea Islands

**South China Sea Islands** are 250+ small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars in the South China Sea.  Most of these small islands are uninhabited.

There are minerals, natural gas, and oil deposits on the islands or under the seafloor near the islands.  

## List
The islands in the South China Sea include
* Spratly Islands -- disputed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China {ROC(Taiwan)} , Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines
* Paracel Islands -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC and Vietnam
* Pratas Islands -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC
* Macclesfield Bank -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC, the Philippines and Vietnam.
* Scarborough Shoal -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC

## References 
### Further reading 
* Li, Jin Ming and Li Dexia. "The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: A Note,"  *Ocean Development & International Law,* 34:287–295.
Jim Kelly

**James Edward Kelly** (born February 14, 1960) is a former American football quarterback in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and in the USFL for the Houston Gamblers. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. While Kelly was drafted by the Bills in 1983, he did not want to play for them at first, instead joining the Gamblers in the USFL. He was a star player for Houston until the USFL went out of business in 1986, after which he finally joined the Bills. 

Kelly continued playing at a high level, helping the Bills become one of the NFL's best teams for some time. From 1990 to 1993, the Bills appeared in four straight Super Bowls with Kelly at quarterback. Though the Bills failed to win every time, they remain the only team in NFL history to make it to four or more Super Bowls as of 2019. Long after retiring in 1997, Kelly is still considered the greatest quarterback in Buffalo Bills team history by many people, as he still holds many passing records for the team.

## References
List of uninhabited regions

An **uninhabited region** is a place where no  live. By 'uninhabited' is meant "no one lives there permanently". The difficult case is Antarctica, where there are permanent stations, but their staff do not stay permanently. In other places there may be visitors, and sometimes research teams visit for longer periods.

## List
* Antarctica
* Antipodes Islands
* Anzhu Islands
* Ashmore and Cartier Islands
* Auckland Islands
* Bajo Nuevo Bank
* Baker Island
* Balleny Islands
* Much of interior Nunavut
* Big Major Cay
* Bounty Islands
* Bouvet Island
* Campbell Islands
* Caroline Island
* Clipperton Island
* Coral Sea Islands
* Devon Island
* De Long Islands
* Elephant Island
* Elobey Chico
* Ernst Thälmann Island
* Much of inland Greenland
* Gough Island 
* Hans Island
* Harmil
* Hashima
* Hatutu
* Heard Island and McDonald Islands
* Howland Island
* Highlands of Iceland
* Jaco Island
* Jan Mayen
* Jarvis Island
* Jong Batu
* Kahoolawe Island
* Kerguelen Islands
* Kermadec Islands
* Kingman Reef
* Lyakhovsky Islands
* Mborokua
* Minquiers and Ecréhous
* Melville Island
* Monomoy Island
* Much of interior Mongolia
* Prince Edward Islands 
* Navassa Island
* New Siberia
* Nomans Land
* North of Novaya Zemlya
* Much of Northern Ontario
* Paracel Islands
* Palmyra Atoll
* Redonda
* Round Island
* Serranilla Bank
* Severnaya Zemlya
* Snores Islands
* South Orkney Islands
* South Shetland Islands
* Spratly Islands
* Stirling Island
* Much of northern Siberia
* St Kilda
* Much of interior Svalbard
* Three Kings Islands
* Tetepare Island
* Tinakula
* Volvo Island

## Related pages
* Inhabited

## References
Ambrosius Aurelianus

**Ambrosius Aurelianus** was a powerful Romano-British leader in Sub-Roman Britain around mid-5th century. He has been identified with the legendary King Arthur by historians like John Morris.

## Life
Ambrosius Aurelianus was born in Roman Britain in the years when Roman legions withdrew from the British isles and started the Anglo-Saxon conquest. He seems to be born in a noble Roman family, resident in Britain for many generations.  He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century "Historia Brittonum", written by Nennius.

His importance comes from the fact that he is the *only Romano-british leader* named by Gildas, who was the only historian who lived during Sub-Roman Britain times: this fact makes Ambrosius Aurelianus an historical and "real" personality in the King Arthur legends.

He was renowned for his campaigns against the Anglo-Saxons, and there is some speculation that he (or his son, according to the historian Gildas) may have commanded the Romano-British forces at the Battle of Badon Hill, where the barbarians were won around 500 AD. After this battle for fifty years the Anglo-Saxons were stopped from conquering all of Britain.

## According to Gildas
Ambrosius Aurelianus is one of the few people that Gildas (a sixth century historian who lived in South-west Britain and wrote "De Excidio Britanniae", which focused largely on the history of Christian Britain) identifies by name in his sermon *De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae*, and the only one named from the 5th century. Following the destructive assault of the Saxons, the survivors gather together under the leadership of Ambrosius, who is described as:

:"... a gentleman who, perhaps alone of the Romans, had survived the shock of this notable storm. Certainly his parents, who had worn the purple, were slain by it. His descendants in our day have become greatly inferior to their grandfather's [*avita*] excellence."

We know from Gildas that he was of high birth, and had Roman ancestry; he was presumably a Romano-Briton, rather than a Roman from elsewhere in the empire, though it is impossible to be sure.

## Related pages
* King Arthur
* Sub-Roman Britain

## Notes
## Bibliography
* Gidlow, Christopher. *The Reign of Arthur: From History to Legend*. Sutton Publishing. London, 2004 .
* Higham, N. J.  *King Arthur, Myth-Making and History* Routledge. London, 2002   
* Morris, John. *The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650*. Scribner Ed. New York, 1973 
* Reno, Frank. *Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain*. Publisher McFarland. London, 2007
Fools Garden

**Fools Garden** is a German musical group. It was formed in 1991 under the name '''Fool's Garden'*. They started in 1991 with the album *Fool's Garden*. The official first album which included the complete band was *Once in a Blue Moon'' (1993). Two years later, Fool's Garden released their third album *Dish of the Day*, which scored a hit on the music charts in Europe and Asia with "Lemon Tree". The re-released track peaked at #26 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1996.

*Go And Ask Peggy For The Principal Thing* followed in 1997, along with three more albums in 2000, 2003 and 2005. In 2003, three members left the band, and were replaced by Dirk Blümlein (bassist), Claus Müller (drummer) and Gabriel Holz (second guitarist, who then left the band in 2007). The name of the band was changed to Fools Garden (without the apostrophe).

The band has released cover-versions of rock and roll songs during live performances (The Beatles' "Ticket to Ride" or The Who's "My Generation"). Fools Garden's interest in The Beatles's led them to put cover versions of songs "Cry Baby Cry" and "Martha My Dear" on their studio albums.

The band released a greatest hits compilation album in October 2009. The album, *High Times*, contained fifteen songs. They included a brand new song, "High Time", and some of the well-known hits re-recorded with the new band ("Lemon Tree", "Wild Days", "Suzy").

The latest album *Who Is Jo King?* was released in October 2012.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* 1991: ''Fool's Garden*
* 1993: *Once in a Blue Moon*
* 1995: *Dish of the Day*
* 1997: *Go and Ask Peggy for the Principal Thing*
* 2000: *For Sale*
* 2003: *25 Miles to Kissimmee*
* 2005: *Ready for the Real Life*
* 2012: *Who Is Jo King?*

### Compilation albums
* 2009: *High Times - The Best of Fools Garden''

### EPs
* "Napster Session 2008" (2008)
* "Home (limited tour edition)" (2008)

### Singles
* "Tell Me Who I Am / Careless Games" (1991)
* "Spirit '91 / Once in a Blue Moon" (1992)
* "Wild Days (1st edition)" (1994)
* "Lemon Tree" (1995) (UK #26)
* "Wild Days (reissue)" (1996)
* "Pieces" (1996)
* "Why Did She Go?" (1997)
* "Probably" (1997)
* "Rainy Day" (1998)
* "Suzy" (2000)
* "It Can Happen" (2000)
* "Happy (special tour edition)" (2000)
* "In the Name" (2001)
* "Dreaming"  (2001)
* "Closer" (2003)
* "Dreaming (2004 version)" (2004)
* "Man of Devotion" (2005)
* "Does Anybody Know? / Welcome Sun" (2005)
* "Cold (Italian promo)" (2005)
* "I Got a Ticket" (2006)
* "High Time" (2009)
* "Everywhere the Light Shines" (2010)
* "Innocence" (2012)
* "Maybe" (2013)

## Fools Garden members
* Peter Freudenthaler - vocals (1991&ndash;present)
* Volker Hinkel - guitars (1991&ndash;present)
* Dirk Blümlein - bass (2003&ndash;present)
* Claus Müller - drums (2003&ndash;present)

## Former members
* Thomas Mangold - bass (1991&ndash;2003)
* Roland Röhl - keyboards (1991&ndash;2003)
* Ralf Wochele - drums (1991&ndash;2003)
* Gabriel Holz - guitars (2003&ndash;2007)

## References
## Other websites
* Official Fools Garden website
Freehold (law)

In property law, a **freehold** (also called **frank-tenement**) is the ownership of real property. This includes land and everything that naturally comes with it, such as buildings, trees and natural resources. Freehold is different to a leasehold, in which the property is kept by the owner of the land after the lease has expired. Ownership of a freehold estate is  amount of time.

Freehold is used in the laws of many Commonwealth countries. It comes from the United Kingdom.

## References
Home economics

**Home economics** is the study of the economics and management of the home and community. It is about managing a home and family, and cooking.

## Related pages
* Mrs Beeton

## Other websites
* International Federation for Home Economics
Texas City, Texas

**Texas City** is a city in Chambers and Galveston counties in southeastern Texas. The 2020 Census showed 51,898 people living there. This city was officially incorporated in 1911.

## References
Iltur, South Australia

**Iltur** is the name of a  Pitjantjatjara homeland in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. It is also known as **Ilturnga** or **Coffin Hill** after the rocky outcrop where it is located. It is located at the southern end of the Birksgate Range, and is one of the most southerly locations on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It was visited by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition in 1981, led by the explorer David Lindsay.

Many of the families who had lived in this region historically were forced to leave the area due to nuclear weapons tests at Maralinga. They were moved to Fregon in the north and to Yalata, very far to the south. Not all of them left, however, and some still living around Iltur reported that they were affected by the fallout of the tests. In 1976, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs offered AU$10,000 for the establishment of an outstation community at Iltur. An outstation was built, but is not always occupied.

## References
John Jay O'Connor

'''John Jay O'Connor III''' (January 10, 1930 &ndash; November 11, 2009) was an American lawyer and the husband United States Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman to serve the court. He had Alzheimer's disease. Because of the disease, his wife retired from the United States Supreme Court in 2005.

## References
## Other websites
*Los Angeles Times: John J. O'Connor III dies at 79; attorney and husband of former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
Honeypot ant

**Honeypot ants**, or **repletes**, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens,  filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honeypot ants. 

Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones. 

Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called *repletes*. 

These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant *Myrmecocystus mexicanus*. Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.

Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.

## References
Makiri, South Australia

**Makiri** is a place in the northwest of South Australia, where a  and an Aboriginal outstation are located. It is in the Great Victoria Desert, between Kaltjiti and Watarru. It is an important sacred site for the '''' (honey ant) Dreaming, a women's law. Much of the site was  by a surveying team in 1969. It was officially declared a Prohibited Area by the South Australian government in 1973, as an "important Aboriginal mythological and cultural site".

Makiri is located in a region of shrubland and sand dunes. The outstation here was established in the early 1980s. Since 1984, it has been governed and supported by the Irintata Homelands group from Kaltjiti. There is one house with solar power. Water is supplied from a rainwater tank and a bore. It is often used as a research base by scientists, as the area supports several endangered species.

## References
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (series 8)

'''''Britain and Ireland's next Top Model, Cycle 8'''* is the eighth cycle of *Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model*. This cycle contains 14 contestants. The host is still Elle MacPherson. The winner was 18-year-old Letitia Herod. 

## Prizes
*A modeling contract with Models 1
*A spread in *Company'' magazine 
*A contract with Revlon cosmetics 
*A trip to Dubai 
*An apartment 51 Buckingham Gate
*A respected brand as Miss Selfridge

## Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
* Kellie Forde
* Tasmin "Tas" Golding
* Emma Grattidge
* Letitia Herod
* Jennifer Joint
* Anita Kaushik
* Lisa Madden
* Roxanne "Roxy" O'Connor
* Risikat "Pussycat" Oyebade
* Amelia Raven
* Emma Sharratt
* Madeleine "Maddy" Taga
* Penelope Williamson
* Anne Winterburn

## Episodes
Episode 1 & 2 Casting episodes 

Episode 3
*Quit: Amelia Raven
*Best: Anne Winterburn
*Worst: Emma Sharratt & Tasmin Golding
*Eliminated: Emma Sharratt
Episode 4
*Best: Roxanne O'Connor 
*Worst: Tasmin Golding & Penelope Williamson
*Eliminated: Penelope Williamson
Episode 5
*Best: Roxanne O'Connor & Emma Grattidge
*Worst: Tasmin Golding & Anne Winterburn
*Eliminated: Tasmin Golding
Episode 6
*Best: Anita Kaushik
*Worst: Emma Grattidge & Anne Winterburn
*Eliminated: Anne Winterburn
Episode 7
*Best: Lisa Madden
*Worst: Madeleine Taga & Kellie Forde
*Eliminated: Kellie Forde
Episode 8
*Best: Emma Grattidge
*Worst: Jennifer Joint & Madeleine Taga
*Eliminated: Jennifer Joint
Episode 9
*Best: Risikat Oyebade
*Worst: Roxanne O'Connor & Madeleine Taga
*Eliminated: Madeleine Taga
Episode 10
*Best: Lisa Madden
*Worst: Letitia Herod & Roxanne O'Connor
*Eliminated: Roxanne O'Connor
Episode 11
*Best: Anita Kaushik
*Worst: Lisa Madden & Risikat Oyebade
*Eliminated: Risikat Oyebade
Episode 12
*Best: Anita Kaushik
*Worst: Letitia Herod & Lisa Madden
*Eliminated: Lisa Madden
Episode 13
*Best: Emma Grattidge
*Worst: Letitia Herod & Anita Kaushik
*Eliminated: Anita Kaushik

*Final Two: Emma Grattidge & Letitia Herod
*Winner: Letitia Herod

## References
River mouth

The **river mouth** is the point where a stream flows into a body of water such as a river or an ocean.

## References
## Related pages
* Confluence
* Reservoir
* River delta
* Estuary
W. E. B. Du Bois

**William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois** ( ; February 23, 1868 &ndash; August 27, 1963) was a very respected American-Ghanaian sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. He was the leader of a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 (approximately) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He studied at Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin.

Du Bois was married to Nina Gomer Du Bois from 1895 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Shirley Lola Graham from 1951 until his death in 1963. Du Bois had two children with Gomer and one son with Graham.

In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he decided to become a citizen of Ghana. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship  and moved from his home in New York City to Accra, Ghana.

Du Bois died on August 27, 1963 in his home in Accra from natural causes, aged 95. Du Bois received a state funeral. He was buried near his home in Accra.

## References
## Other websites
* University Massachusetts Amherst Website 
* University of Massachusetts Amherst Du Bois collection 
* Du Bois Lifetime Chronology 
* W.E.B. Du Bois in Georgia /New Georgia Encyclopedia 
* Poems by W. E. B. Du Bois at PoetryFoundation.org
Storm Thorgerson

**Storm Elvin Thorgerson** (28 February 1944 &ndash; 18 April 2013) was an English graphic designer who worked with music bands such as Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd. Thorgerson was born on 28 February 1944 in Potters Bar, Middlesex, England. He died from cancer in England on 18 April 2013 at age 69.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Radio interview transcript
*BBC Feature and audio interview
*BBC Article on Thorgerson's work: Audio slideshow: Storm's sleeves
*TateShots: Storm Thorgerson on Magritte The artist talks about the influence of Magritte on his work. 21 July 2011
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model

'''''Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model*** (known as ***BINTM'''*) is a reality show in which several women compete as models. It is a spin-off from the series *America's Next Top Model*. The hosts are/were Lisa Butcher, Lisa Snowdown and recently Elle Macpherson. The show contains 9 seasons. A

## Cycles
*Note: In Cycle 7, Anastasija and Imogen were both eliminated before the finale, there were no exactly ranks given to each contestant.
*Note: In Cycle 9, Emma and Sarah where eliminated both at the same time; no exactly ranks were given. They both remain as Runner-Ups.

## British Invasion
Seven contestants from BNTM were competing against seven hopeful American models.

The returning contestants from *Britain's Next Top Model'' and their placements for Cycle 18 are:

## References
Hogna

Spiders of the genus ***Hogna*** are large and powerful wolf spiders. They belong to the Family called *Lycosidae.* They will readily catch and eat crickets and other large insects. They do not try to hurt humans unless they are getting hurt themselves. Usually their colors are dull, mostly they are brown, dark brown, or black. 

*Hogna carolinensis* is the largest spider in the United States and can have a body length (head to tail) of up to almost 1.5 inches or 35mm. They scare people, but it is hard to get them even to try to bite. Instead of showing their fangs, they will run away. They can run very fast. They are about 16 times larger than the smallest species of wolf spiders. For instance, the smallest of the wolf spiders of the genus *Trabeops* are only 4 mm. long. 

*Hogna carolinensis* often digs burrows to live in. 

Other species in this genus include:
*H. antelucana
*H. baltimoriana
*H. coloradensis
*H. frondicola
*H. lenta

In Europe there is a slightly smaller spider called *Lycosa tarantula,* a kind of wolf spider that people once believed could kill people. It gets its name from the city of Taranto in Italy. There are other wolf spiders that get a little larger than *Hogna carolinensis*, one of which is found in the Canary Islands, *Allohogna singoriensis,* which reaches a full 40mm.

## References
Tigrosa

Spiders in the genus **Tigrosa** were formerly included in the genus *Hogna*, and before that to the genus *Lycosa*. As people who study spiders make more progress they divide things in new ways.

Among the species included in this genus are:
*T. annexa
*T. aspersa
*T. grandis
*T. helluo
*T. georgicola

## References
* Brady, A.R. 2012: Nearctic species of the new genus *Tigrosa* (Araneae: Lycosidae). *Journal of arachnology*, **40**(2): 182-208.  ISSN 0161-8202
A&W Restaurants

**A&W Restaurants** is a chain of fast food restaurants known for its draft root beer and root beer floats. 

A&W was the first successful franchise company: the franchises began in the 1920s in California. The company's name was taken from the surnames of partners Roy W. Allen and Frank Wright. Yum! Brands purchased the company in 2002. In 2011 the company was sold back to a group of franchise owners. Kevin Bazner returned as the CEO.

The menu of A&W includes hamburgers, french fries, hot dogs and other fast food style meals. A&W has restaurants across the United States. A&W exists in Canada, but it has been owned by a different company since 1972. As of 2017 there were 634 restaurants in the United States and 328 international restaurants.

A&W is known for "frosty mugs". This is when the mug is kept in the freezer. It is removed, filled with A&W Root Beer, and then served to the customer. A number of A&W's are drive-in restaurants with carhops.

## References
Dead reckoning

**Dead Reckoning** (or **DR**) is a method of  a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a **fix**), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is. 

It is used to track the approximate location a ship, an airplane or a land vehicle.  Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important.  But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed.  It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew.  So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning.  This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

## Method
Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix).  Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known.  In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time).  This would give the speed of the ship.  Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction.  From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle.  However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called *drift*) so this needs to be measured as well.  Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean.  Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents. 

Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called *ground speed*).  A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed.  If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground.  (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move).  A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.  

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning.  Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.

## References
Stoker (movie)

***Stoker*** is a 2013 British-American drama thriller movie. It was directed by Park Chan-wook. The movie stars Mia Wasikowska, Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode. 

## Plot 
After India's father dies in an auto accident, her Uncle Charlie, who she never knew existed, comes to live with her and her emotionally unstable mother. Soon after his arrival, she comes to suspect this mysterious, charming man has ulterior motives, but instead of feeling outrage or horror, this friendless girl becomes increasingly infatuated with him.   

## Cast 
*Mia Wasikowska as India Stoker
*Matthew Goode as Charlie Stoker
*Nicole Kidman as Evelyn Stoker
*Dermot Mulroney as Richard Stoker
*Jacki Weaver as Aunt Gwendolyn "Gin" Stoker
*Lucas Till as Chris Pitts
*Alden Ehrenreich as Whip Taylor
*Phyllis Somerville as Mrs. McGarrick
*Ralph Brown as Sheriff Howard
*Judith Godrèche as Doctor Jacquin
 
## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.foxsearchlight.com/stoker/ 
*  
* 
*
Tigrosa helluo

***Tigrosa helluo*** is a large species of American wolf spider. Sometimes the females are found in holes under rocks. They dig a shallow hole and line it with silk. When they lay eggs they put them in silk sacs that they make.  Then they carry them along with them by attaching the egg sac to their spinnerets. They may lay from 150 to 500 eggs at a time. All mother wolf spiders let their babies ride on top of their abdomens for several days after they hatch.

## References
Petra Mede

**Petra Maria Mede** (born 7 March 1970, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish comedian, dancer and television host. She grew up in Gothenburg. 

She is known worldwide for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, this time along with Måns Zelmerlöw. She also hosted Melodifestivalen in 2009 and 2016.

## References
Ambrose Rogers

**Ambrose Rodgers** is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Down. He is the current captain and was also the captain of the Down Under-21 team in 2005 when they won the Ulster Under-21 Football Championship.

## References
Political geography

**Political geography** is the study of the spaces of politics and the politics of space.  It is the field of geography which is concerned with the relationships between people, the state, and territory.

Political geography is organized or studied in three scaled groups.
* international

## References
## Related pages
*Geopolitics

## Other websites
* *Political Geography* at Elsevier.com
* Royal Society of Geographers (RGS) 
* Political Geography Research Group (PolGRG)
Conflation

**Conflation** is what happens when two or more individuals, concepts, or places seem to be a single identity.  Although they may share one or more characteristics, the differences somehow seem to be lost. 

In logic, conflation is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one.  This produces errors or misunderstandings.  The fusion or merge of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts. 

## Notes
## Other websites
* Conflations
Benin City

**Benin City** is one of the large cities in Nigeria. It is the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria. It is a located about  north of the Benin River, and  by road east of Lagos. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is also an important traditional industry.

## References
Karl Benz

**Karl Friedrich Benz** (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the internal combustion engine and petrol-powered automobile, and together with his wife Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
Kunytjanu, South Australia

**Kunytjanu** (commonly written **Kuntjanu**) is an Aboriginal outstation and waterhole in northwestern South Australia. It is serviced from the community of Pipalyatjara to the north. It is located on the road between Pipalyatjara and Watarru. The outstation was established in 1975, along with Iltur, Walytjatjata, Kunamata and several others that used Pipalyatjara as a base. It received a grant for development from the government in 1978.

The area around Kunytjanu is connected with several Dreamings. The waterhole itself is associated with the , the Dreaming of the water-snake or Rainbow Serpent.

## References
Tjayanka Woods

**Tjayanka Woods** is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. She is best known for her paintings, but also a craftswoman who makes baskets and other woven artworks. Her paintings are held in the Art Gallery of Western Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Woods was born about 1935. She was born close to Kaḻayapiṯi, a  in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. They often camped at Kaḻayapiṯi, where Woods and the other girls would gather bushfood together. She learned to  basic tools and decorative objects, and to burn traditional patterns into the wood (this is called ''''). She also learned to spin hair string on a hand-spun spindle and weave head rings and ceremonial belts from hair and feathers.

Woods began painting in 2000, after moving to Irrunytju. The women there opened an art centre as an community-owned economic project, called Irrunytju Arts. From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Anmanari Brown. When Brown's husband died in 2007, the two women left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. Woods has had two of her paintings chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award, in 2006 and 2008.

Woods' paintings are mostly about the  (Two Sisters Dreaming), which is her personal Dreaming. They are structured like maps drawn in the sand, tracing the journey of the two sisters around the edge of the canvas. She paints in  colours, and uses solid and dotted lines in concentric circles to depict the journeys and activities of figures in the story.

## References
## Other websites
*Tjayanka Woods at *Prints and Printmaking*
*Resources at the National Library of Australia
*News items  at the Aboriginal Art Directory
AirTran Airways

]]
**AirTran** was a low-cost American airline formerly known as ValuJet. It's hub was in Atlanta, Georgia and it operated routes throughout the Americas.

## History
ValuJet's first flight was in 1993. In 1996, ValuJet Flight 592, a DC-9 aircraft, crashed into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, after a fire on board. 110 people died in the crash. The NTSB blamed Valujet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech for improper maintenance.

After the large amount of negative publicity surrounding this tragedy, ValuJet suffered serious financial problems and nearly went bankrupt. It merged with a smaller airline called AirTran and assumed its name in 1997.

After management turnover and some replacement of older airplanes, AirTran appears to have turned around financially and has become profitable, even in the very difficult business environment encountered by all U.S. airlines since the September 11 Attacks.

In 2011, AirTran merged with Southwest Airlines. The merger was completed in 2014 and the *AirTran* name was no longer used.

## Gallery 

File:Boeing 737-2P6-Adv, AirTran AN0207834.jpg
File:AirTran at DFW (3182949951).jpg
File:Boeing 737-7BD, airTran Airways JP6862675.jpg

## References
DualShock

The **DualShock** is a video game controller made by Sony for the PlayStation line of game consoles. It was first released in Japan in 1997, and was later released in North America in 1998. It is a vibration-feedback controller, meaning that it shakes in appropriate situations during a game. The name comes from the fact that it has two vibration motors. The motors are in the handles of the controller.

## References
Save Rock and Roll

***Save Rock and Roll*** is a studio album released by Chicago punk rock group Fall Out Boy on April 12, 2013 under Island Records in the United States. The album was produced by American singer and songwriter Butch Walker. It is the band's fifth album and first album since the release of *Folie à Deux* in December 2008. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, parting ways to endure in solo projects and super groups. In 2013, the band returned with the first single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", released on February 4, 2013, accompanied with a music video, peaking at number-twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The video featured rapper 2 Chainz. The band announced the Save Rock and Roll tour in May through June in support of the album. This fall, the band is set to go on their comeback Save Rock and Roll Fall Arena Tour in September with pop punk band Panic! at the Disco and rapper Big Sean.

On March 24, 2013, the band released the promotional single "The Phoenix", along with a music video. The song debuted and peaked at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. They followed it up with the release of the second promotional single, "Young Volcanoes" released on April 8, 2013, also accompanied with a music video, which premiered on April 18 on YouTube.

## Background
In 2009, following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation, the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break. The band's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record *Folie à Deux*. The band's, specifically bassist/lyricist Pete Wentz, every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids, and lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too."

On February 4, 2013, the band called off the hiatus announcing a new single, new album, and a new tour.

## Track listing
# "The Phoenix"
# "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)"
# "Alone Together"
# "Where Did the Party Go"
# "Just One Yesterday" (featuring vocals from Foxes)
# "The Mighty Fall" (featuring rapper Big Sean)
# "Miss Missing You"
# "Death Valley"
# "Young Volcanoes"
# "Rat a Tat" (featuring vocals from Courtney Love)
# "Save Rock and Roll" (featuring vocals from Elton John)

;Bonus track
# "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" (featuring 2 Chainz) (2 Chainz remix)

## Arena tour
Fall Out Boy did a concert tour in support of the album. It consisted of 16 shows in September 2013. The opening acts were Big Sean, who assists on the track "The Mighty Fall" on the album, and Panic! at the Disco.

## Other websites
*
*
*
Kaḻayapiṯi

**Kaḻayapiṯi** (also written **Kaḻaya Piṯi** and **Kaḻaiapiṯi**) is a  in the Birksgate Range in northwestern South Australia. It is an important location in the early history of the Pitjantjatjara people. The name comes from the words '** (emu) and **' (referring to a place from which the ancestral being is believed to originate; '''' is a ). It is a major sacred site for the  (Emu Dreaming), and has been used for ceremonies by the Pitjantjatjara since long before colonisation of Australia.

Kaḻayapiṯi forms the southern heartland of the traditional Pitjantjatjara territory. According to the anthropologist Norman Tindale, the Pitjantjatjara people originally migrated from the southern coast. Kaḻayapiṯi served as their main home as they moved further north and northeast into the Tomkinson, Mann and Petermann Ranges. The rock hole here was very important during droughts, as there were few sources of water so reliable and permanent in the Great Victoria Desert to the south. However, during a long and severe drought between 1914 and 1916, the Pitjantjatjara were forced to move further east into the Musgrave Ranges, traditionally Yankunytjatjara territory.

## References
## More reading
*
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5

'''''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5'''* was the fifth season of *America's Next Top Model*. There were 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Nicole Linkletter.

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Ford Models
* A spread in Elle
* A $100,000 contract with *CoverGirl''

## Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
* Ashley Black 
* Lisa D'Amato
* Diane Hernández
* Cassandra Jean
* Kyle Kavanagh
* Nicole Linkletter
* Erika "Nik" Pace
* Sarah Rhoades
* Jayla Rubinelli
* Brittany "Bre" Scullark
* Kimberly "Kim" Stolz
* Ebony Taylor
* Coryn Woitel

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode*

2.
*Best: Nik Pace
*Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Ashley Black
*Eliminated: Ashley Black

3.
*Best: Cassandra Jean
*Worst: Diane Hernández & Ebony Taylor
*Eliminated: Ebony Taylor

4.
*Quit: Cassandra Jean
*Best: Jayla Rubinelli
*Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Kim Stolz
*Eliminated: Sarah Rhoades

5.
*Best: Kyle Kavanagh
*Worst: Bre Scullark & Diane Hernández
*Eliminated: Diane Hernández

6.
*Best: Lisa D'Amato
*Worst: Nik Pace & Coryn Woitel
*Eliminated: Coryn Woitel

7.
*Best: Kim Stolz
*Worst: Kyle Kavanagh & Bre Scullark
*Eliminated: Kyle Kavanagh

8.
*Best: Bre Scullark
*Worst: Jayla Rubinelli & Nicole Linkletter
*Eliminated: None

9.
*Best: Kim Stolz
*Worst: Lisa D'Amato & Jayla Rubinelli 
*Eliminated: Lisa D'Amato

10.
*Best: Nik Pace
*Worst: Bre Scullark & Kim Stolz
*Eliminated: Kim Stolz

11.
*Best: Nicole Linkletter
*Worst: Bre Scullark & Jayla Rubinelli
*Eliminated: Jayla Rubinelli

12.
*Best: Nik Pace
*Worst: Nicole Linkletter & Bre Scullark
*Eliminated: Bre Scullark

*Final Two: Nik Pace & Nicole Linkletter
*Winner: Nicole Linkletter
Leandra Leal

**Leandra Rodrigues Leal Braz e Silva** (born 8 September 1982 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

## Biography 
Leal is the granddaughter of the cultural producer Américo Leal and daughter of actress Ângela Leal. She started acting at the age of seven. When she was eight years old, she started on television, in the last episode of the soap opera *Pantanal*, in which her mother also worked. Leal is an only child. She seems to have been influenced by her mother in her career choice, because since she was a little girl she has been living among the artistic and was fascinated by the art of interpretation.

In 2000, she co-starred in the miniseries *A Muralha* and then the sopa opera *O Cravo e a Rosa*. Both of these contributed to her fame. In 2002 she participated in the *Pastores da Noite* miniseries, and in 2003, she was present in a season of children's series *Sítio do Picapau Amarelo*. She also came to participate in some episodes of *A Grande Família*, as Viviane, one of Tuco's girlfriends.

In 2004 she acted in the soap opera *Senhora do Destino*, getting the sympathy of the audience by clashing with the villain Nazaré, played by Renata Sorrah. Later that year, she also served in the movie *Cazuza - O Tempo Não Pára*, as Bebel Gilberto, singer's best friend.

In 2008 she co-starred in the remake of *Ciranda de Pedra* as Elzinha. At the end of the year, she debuted as a director in the *Mercadorias e Futuro* goods and theatrical spectacle, with José Paes de Lira.

In 2011, she was part of the cast of the movie *Estamos Juntos*, and participated in the last episode of the soap opera *Insensato Coração*. She also participated in a framework called the Fantástico, *A História do Amor*, in which she played 64 different characters next to the actor Daniel de Oliveira.

In 2012, Leal was in the episode "A Sexóloga de Floripa" in series *As Brasileiras*. And the soap opera is *Cheias de Charme*, playing Maria do Rosário.

## References
## Other websites 
*
The Tinderbox

"**The Tinderbox**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was originally published in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 1835 in the first booklet of *Fairy Tales Told for Children*. The three other stories in the booklet were "Big Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The critics did not like these stories. They thought the stories  immoral. "The Tinderbox" is Andersen's retelling of "The Spirit in the Candle", a traditional Danish story he knew as a child. It is also similar to "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", another Andersen childhood favorite. The tale has been adapted to various media including the first Danish animated movie.

## Story 
A soldier steals a magic tinderbox from an old witch. The tinderbox can summon three magic dogs that will do what the soldier wants them to do. He orders one dog to bring him a sleeping princess from her parents' castle. When the king and queen learn where their daughter is, the soldier is arrested and sentenced to death. At the last moment, he summons the dogs. They save his life and he marries the princess.

## Other websites
*"Fyrtøiet" . Original Danish text
*"The Tinder Box". English translation by Jean Hersholt

## Notes 
## References 
* Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. *The Classic Fairy Tales*. Oxford University Press.
My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)

"'''My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)'''" is a song composed by American pop punk group Fall out Boy released on February 4, 2013, in the United States. The single marks the band's comeback four years of being on an indefinite hiatus in 2009. The band announced that "Light 'Em Up" is the lead single from the fifth studio album *Save Rock and Roll*, which was released on April 12, 2013. 

Commercially, "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" debuted on charts worldwide with modest success, debuting in the top five in the United Kingdom and at No. 36 on the Australian ARIA Chart, charts the band have previously received success from with singles like "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at No. 26 and No. 8 on US Rock Songs; it reached No. 2 on iTunes upon its release. Fall Out Boy performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! for their first post-hiatus TV performance on February 13.

## Track listing
Emmelie de Forest

**Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest** (born 28 February 1993; née **Emmelie Engström**) is a Danish singer and songwriter. She won the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, representing Denmark with the song "Only Teardrops". 

Emmelie de Forest claimed she is the great granddaughter of King Edward VII. Researchers said this was not true. 

## References
The Princess and the Pea

"**The Princess and the Pea**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1835. It appeared as the third tale in the first book of Andersen's *Fairy Tales Told for Children*. The other tales in the little book were "The Tinderbox", "Big Claus and Little Claus", and "Little Ida's Flowers". 

The story tells of a maiden whose royalty is established by her sensitivity to a pea placed under her matresses. Stories of super-sensitivity are rare. They are not unknown however in world literature and lore. Andersen heard the tale of the pea as a child, but it is unknown in Danish folk tradition. He probably heard a Swedish version of the tale.

The critics did not like these four stories. They did not like their informal, chatty style. They thought the stories immoral. The stories did not promote good behaviour and the mores of the times. "Little Claus and Big Claus", for instance, featured unpunished lying, hoodwinking, theft, and adulterous conduct. 

The story has been adapted to various media including a television program on Shelley Duval's *Fairy Tale Theatre*. A popular musical play of the 1960s was based on the story  called *Once Upon a Mattress*. It starred comedienne Carol Burnett.
 
## Story 
A prince decides to marry. He wants a real princess as his bride. He searches the world, but does not find one. He returns home disappointed. 

One stormy night, a rain-soaked maiden comes to the castle door. She is seeking shelter. She says she is a real princess. 

The Queen uses a test to determine if the maiden is really a princess. She puts a pea upon a bed. She then puts 20 mattresses and 20 feather beds upon the bed. Here the princess must pass the night.

In the morning, the maiden says that she could not sleep. She says there was something hard in the bed that kept her tossing and turning all night. Everyone now realizes she is a real princess! Only a real princess is so sensitive that she can feel a pea beneath a huge pile of bedding!

## References 
* Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. *The Classic Fairy Tales*. Oxford University Press. pp. 216-218

## Other websites
* "Prinsessen på ærten"  Original Danish text
* "The Princess and the Pea" English translation by Jean Hersholt
* Archived audio version of the story
Loftus Road

**Loftus Road** is a football stadium in Shepherd's Bush, West London. It is the home of Queens Park Rangers F.C., it was formed in 1904. One of its notable distinctions lies in being the pioneer among British professional football stadiums to embrace an artificial pitch, a feature it proudly showcased from 1981 to 1988. Loftus Road's significance extends beyond its association solely with Queens Park Rangers. London Wasps, the Rugby Union team, called it home from 1996 to 2002, and during the reconstruction of Craven Cottage, Fulham, a Premier League side at the time, graced its grounds from 2002 to 2004.

## References
Father Divine

**Father Divine** (c. 1876September 10, 1965), also known as **Reverend M. J. Divine**, was an African American spiritual leader from about 1907 until his death. His full self-given name was **Reverend Major Jealous Divine**, and he was also known as "the Messenger" early in his life. He founded the International Peace Mission movement, formulated its doctrine, and oversaw its growth from a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial and international church.

Father Divine claimed to be God. Some people who lived at the same time claimed he was a charlatan; others say he was one of the first modern cult leaders. Father Divine made numerous contributions toward his followers' economic independence and racial equality. Father Divine was a contemporary of other religious leaders at that time such as Daddy Grace, Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali and James F. Jones, also known as Prophet Jones. Another minister by the name of Jones would play an important part in a brief struggle to gain control of the Peace Mission following Divine's death - Jim Jones, of the 'apostolic socialist'  movement Peoples Temple.
## References
Chrissy Amphlett

**Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett** (25 October 1959 – 21 April 2013) was an Australian singer who was the lead singer of the rock band Divinyls. She had many hits with the group and in solo. 

Amphlett was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. She died from breast cancer. She also had multiple sclerosis. She died in New York City at age 53.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ruby (disambiguation)

A **ruby** is a red gemstone.

**Ruby** may also refer to:

*Ruby, Alaska, a city in the U.S. state of Alaska
* Ruby (programming language)

## People
*Ruby Tjangawa Williamson, Australian artist
* Sam Ruby, software developer