open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alikovo, Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic

**Alikovo** (; , *Elĕk*) is a  (a *selo*) and the administrative center of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is  south of Cheboksary, on the Cheboksary—Krasnye Chetai and Cheboksary—Yadrin auto routes. Most of the 2,500 people who live there are Chuvash.

## Geography
The Abashyrma River flows near Alikovo; and the closest village is Siner.

## History
It was first mentioned in 1486.

## Climate
The climate is moderately continental, with long cold winters and warm summers. Average January temperature is ; average July temperature is . The absolute recorded low was  and the record high was . Annual precipitation is up to .

## Infrastructure
The facilities include a culture center, a theater, a library, a medical clinic, and stores. There is also a postal office, a stadium, a restaurant and cafés, and several gas stations. A market is open on Thursdays. There are two parks—central and one named after Andriyan Nikolayev.

## Education
Educational facilities include a middle school and a music school.

## Culture
Cultural facilities include a museum, a people's theater, a people's ensemble, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus. International Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (''Vir'yal's pancakes'') is held during summers.

## Economy
Industry in Alikovo is represented by a building plant, branches of banks and insurance companies, telecommunication offices, and building companies.

## Further reading
*L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
*"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A., Yefimov E.L., Ananyev A.A., Terentyev G.K., Cheboksary, 2009, .
Nikolay Yut

**Nikoláj Jákovlevič Jut**&nbsp;—( & ), 30 July 1898 in village Siner of Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic (Russia) - 27 March 1967 in Shumerlya) was a Chuvash writer, folklorist and literature critic.

## Biography
Nikolai Yut was born in the village of Siner, which is now in Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic, Russia. He graduated from the Simbir Chuvashia teachers School. He then graduated from the Communist University of Peoples of the East in 1923. He was head of the Chuvashia Writers association from 1923–1925. He was the author of numerous literary-critical articles.
* L. I. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
* Zolotov A.A., Murakhaeva (Zolotova) S.A., "Принципам не изменили", Alikovo-Cheboksary, 1898.
* Zolotov A.A., Zolotov V. A., Zolotov V. T., "Николалай Яковлевич Золотов. К 110-летию со дня рождения, к 85-летию со дня организации Союза писателей "Канаш", Cheboksary, "Новое время", 2008.

## References
## Other websites 
*Biography of Nikolai Yut
* Chuvash State Historical Museum
Ecological footprint

An **ecological footprint** measures how much people take from nature. The footprint is then compared to the amount of natural resources nature can renew. The ecological footprint takes into account how much farmland, grazing land, forest area, and sea area it takes to provide everything people use through carbon dioxide intake. More simply, footprint calculations answer the questions: how much nature do we have? And how much do we use?

When analyzing the world as a whole, humanity is using nature about 1.7 times faster than nature renews itself. It is like using 1.7 planet Earths. Since people consume differently around the world, it is also possible to calculate how many planet it would take if everybody around the world consumed like a particular population. For instance, if everybody consumed like the Germans, it would take nearly 3 planet Earths. Expressed in area: The ecological footprint per world citizen is about 2.8 global average hectares per person while there are only 1.6 global hectare of biologically productive land and water per person on Earth. This means that humanity has already overshot global biocapacity by 70% and now lives unsustainably by depleting stocks of "natural capital" and running on biocapacity deficits.

After this, it will shift into an ecological reserve because the biocapacity has been exceeded, and will be considered an ecological overshoot.

All this data is based on the 2020 assessment from Global Footprint Network, York University, and FoDaFo. It uses 2017 data.

## Related pages 
*Car-free movement
*Overpopulation
*Population growth

## References 
## Other websites
*The Sustainable Scale Project's introduction to the Ecological Footprint 

*Global Footprint Network - international think-tank advancing the Ecological Footprint

*RecycleNation
Robert Moresco

**Robert "Bobby" Moresco** (born April 30, 1951) is a Hollywood screenwriter. Some of the movies he has written for are *10th & Wolf* and *Crash*. He won an Academy Award for *Crash*. He also was a producer of *Crash*. He has acted in three movies.  He wrote s for the television series *EZ Streets*, *Millennium* and *The Black Donnellys*.

In 2012 he received the Pioneer in Screenwriting Award at the Burbank Film Festival.

## References
## Other websites
* Robert Moresco Interview  at Current.com
*
Pope Innocent VII

**Pope Innocent VII** (; 1336 – November 6, 1406), born '''Cosimo de' Migliorati''', was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 205th Pope from 1404 until his death in 1406.

## Early life
Migliorati was born at Sulmona in the Abruzzi region of Italy.

Migliorati studied at Perugia, Padua and Bologna. He taught law at Perugia and Pagua.

## Bishop
Pope Urban VI made Migliorati Bishop of Bologna in 1386.  He became Archbishop of Ravenna in 1387.

He elevated his nephew as a cardinal Ludovico Migliorati.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

During this period, there was more than one who claimed to be the true pope.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent VII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Migliorati
Jolbon

**Jolbon** was the capital city of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo.

The city was established in 37BCE by Jumong.

## References 
## Related pages
* Goguryeo
New Bern, North Carolina

**New Bern** () is a city in Craven County, North Carolina. It has a population of 31,291 as of 2020. It is located where the Trent and the Neuse rivers meet. The city is  east of Raleigh and  northeast of Wilmington. New Bern is the county seat of Craven County. New Bern is the birthplace of the international drink, Pepsi Cola.

New Bern was a Native American town named Chattoka. Swiss immigrants moved to New Bern in 1710. It was named after the capital of Switzerland: Bern.  *Bern* is bear in the German language, and the flags of both towns have the drawing of a bear.

New Bern is the second oldest town in North Carolina. It was the capital of the North Carolina colonial government and the state capital for a short time until 1792. After the American Revolution, New Bern became rich and quickly developed a rich cultural life. At one time New Bern was called "the Athens of the South." After Raleigh was named as the state capital, New Bern rebuilt its economy with the help of trade routes to the Caribbean and New England.

New Bern has four historic districts with homes, stores and churches dating back to the early eighteenth century. Close to the waterfront are more than 164 homes and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Also nearby are several bed and breakfast inns, hotels, restaurants, banks, antiques stores and specialty shops. Tryon Palace, the home of British governor William Tryon, was built in 1770.  It was used as the original state capitol building of newly independent North Carolina. It burned down in the 1790s. People can now visit a , built from the original plans and on the original foundation. The Masonic Temple and the Athens Theater are both still very active today. The Masonic Theater is the oldest theater in America in  use.

The historic districts also are home to many of the town's 2,000 crape myrtles — New Bern’s official flower — and gardens. The district has flowering dogwoods and azaleas.

Union Point park is where the Neuse and Trent Rivers join. It is the city’s major celebration spot for events such as Neuse River Days and the Fourth of July. In 1979, the local government gave Swiss Bear Downtown Revitalization Corp — a nonprofit corporation of civic leaders — control of the failing downtown area. Today, art galleries, specialty shops, antiques stores, restaurants and inns have changed downtown and the waterfront into a social hub. Improvements are still being made. Built in 1995 through the efforts of Swiss Bear, James Reed Lane is a downtown mini-park and pedestrian walk-through on Pollock Street across from historic Christ Church. Private restoration efforts have returned many of the downtown buildings to their turn-of-the-last-century elegance.

## References
## Other websites
* Official web site of New Bern, NC
* New Bern's daily newspaper 
* Craven County Convention and Visitor's Bureau
* Christoph von Graffenried's account of the founding of New Bern
* Swiss American Historical Society 
* New Bern Insider Info
T4 on the Beach

**T4 on the Beach** is a one-day yearly music event that occurs in Weston-super-Mare in June or July. It began in 2003 as Pop Beach in Great Yarmouth, changing in 2005 to its current name and location. The event is broadcast live on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

## Other websites
*
Alexis Jordan (album)

***Alexis Jordan*** is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Alexis Jordan.

## Track listing
## Charts
## References
Hot Dance Club Songs

The **Hot Dance Club Songs** is a *Billboard* chart that ranks the top 50 songs played by American DJs in night clubs. This chart was currently suspended after the March 28, 2020 issue due to the Coronavirus pandemic that resulted in nightclubs in the United States to shut down or cut back due to limits on social gatherings.

## Chart milestones
*Artists with the most number-one *Hot Dance Club Songs* hits:

:1. Madonna — 40
:2. Janet Jackson — 19
:3. Kristine W — 16 (tie)
:3. Donna Summer1 — 16 (tie)
:7. Mariah Carey — 15
:9. Jennifer Lopez — 11 (tie)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Billboard Online 
* Current Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart (top 25) 
* Current Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart (top 10)
Hush Hush (Alexis Jordan song)

"**Hush Hush**" is a single by American singer Alexis Jordan for her debut album *Alexis Jordan* (2011).

## Track listing
***UK Digital EP**
#"Hush Hush" – 3:42
#"Hush Hush" (Tom Neville's Turned Up to 11 Remix) – 6:21
#"Hush Hush" (Cahill Full On Club Remix) – 7:10
#"Hush Hush" (Cahill Full On Dub Remix) – 7:10
#"Hush Hush" (Cahill Lounge Remix) – 7:11
#"Hush Hush" (Full Intention Club Remix) – 6:10

***Australian Digital EP**
#"Hush Hush" – 3:42
#"Hush Hush" (Cahill Full On Remix Edit) – 3:29
#"Hush Hush" (Full Intention Radio Remix) – 4:54
#"Hush Hush" (Tom Neville's Turned Up To 11 Radio Remix) – 3:42
#"Hush Hush" (Stargate Extended Mix) – 5:20

## Credits and personnel
*Autumn Rowe – songwriter
*StarGate (Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen) – songwriter, producer and instrumentation
*Sandy Vee – songwriter, producer, recording, mixing and instrumentation
*Petr Brdicko - songwriter
*Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording
*Phil Tan – mixing
*Damien Lewis – additional and assistant engineering
*Tom Coyne – mastering

## Charts 
## References
Sonny Terry

**Saunders Teddell**, or **Saunders Terrell** (or other variants, sources differ) (October 24, 1911&nbsp;– March 11, 1986), known as **Sonny Terry**, was an American Piedmont blues and folk musician, who was known for his energetic blues harmonica style, which frequently included vocal whoops and hollers and occasionally imitations of trains and fox hunts.

## Life 
He was born Saunders Terrell. His father, who was a farmer and musician, taught him the basics of harmonica playing. At the age of 16 he became blind. Because of this  he was not able to work on the farm of his father. He started playing music. He developed a harmonica style which included also vocal parts and hollers. Also the imitation of trains was part of his style.

In 1938 he played in the Carnegie Hall during the first *From Spirituals to Swing concert*. The same year he recorded for the Library of Congress. Although he was famous as pure folk blues artist he also played jump blues in a band. From 1941 till 1982 he played together with the guitarist  Brownie McGhee (1915–1996). He also played with other folk and blues legends like  Woody Guthrie, Leadbelly, Pete Seeger, Champion Jack Dupree, Blind Gary Davis, Mississippi John Hurt, Big Bill Broonzy amongst others.

In the 1980s he stopped due to age his career.He played only some concerts. He died in 1986. This year he also was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

## Discographie 
### Main albums 
*    California Blues – Universal (Pty) Ltd.
*    On the Road – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
*    Sonny Terry's Harmonica and Vocal Solos – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
* 1958  Sonny Terry's New Sound – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
* 1960  Sonny's Story – Bluesville/Original Blues Classics
* 1963  Sonny Is King – Bluesville/Original Blues Classics
*  1965  Sonny Terry – Archive Folk
*  1960's  Sonny Terry Guitar & Harmonica – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
*  1976  Black Night Road – Tomato
*   1976  Harmonica Blues – Storyville
*   1976  Sonny Terry's Washboard Band
*    1984  Whoopin' – Alligator Records
### Compilations 
* 1991  The Folkways Years, 1944–1963 – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
*1995  Whoopin' the Blues: The Capitol Recordings, 1947–1950  Capitol
*1996  Complete Recordings 1938–1945 – Document

## References
Environmental impact of aviation

Air travel has a major impact on the world's environment, especially the atmosphere. With fast globalisation, air traffic has quickly increased, and is one of the biggest causes of climate change.

It also takes fuel to fly the planes which causes pollution. Aircraft pollution has increased a great deal although flying or taking a transportation method that can carry more than a few individuals at a time is more environmentally friendly than a smaller vehicle. Aircraft noise can also be a problem. Public awareness of the impact of aircraft on the environment is a lot less compared with automobiles.

## References
Happiness (Alexis Jordan song)

**Happiness** is a song by Alexis Jordan. It peaked at number-one in three countries. "Happiness" is the lead single from Jordan's debut album *Alexis Jordan* (2011).

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## References
Alexis Jordan discography

This is a discography for American singer Alexis Jordan.

## Discography
### Albums
### Singles
### As a featured artist
### Guest appearances
### Music videos
## References
I Have Nothing

**I Have Nothing** is a song by American singer Whitney Houston. It was recorded for *The Bodyguard* soundtrack (1992).
Later as a duet recorded in 1993 by the late singers Michael Jackson featuring Whitney Houston.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Certifications
## References 
## Other websites 
*
JLS

**JLS** (short for Jack the Lad Swing) are an English boy band, which consists of members Aston Merrygold, Oritsé Williams, Marvin Humes, and JB Gill, originally formed by Williams. They initially signed to Tracklacers production company New Track City and then went on to become runners-up of the fifth series of the ITV reality talent show *The X Factor* in 2008, coming second to Alexandra Burke. During their initial stint as a boy band, they have sold over 3 million records worldwide. They were runners-up in the 2008 UK series of *The X Factor*. JLS signed a record deal with Epic records in 2009. Their debut album peaked at number-one on the UK Albums Chart and sold more than 1 million copies.

## Awards and nominations
## Discography
* *JLS* (2009)
* *Outta This World* (2010)
* *Jukebox* (2011)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Water footprint

A **water footprint** is the amount of freshwater used by individuals, groups or companies to make goods or provide services. These goods and services may be needed around the entire world. A water footprint can be determined by math for any well-established group of users, or producers. It is measured by dividing the total amount of water used by the water that became polluted in the same area during the same amount of time. The water footprint of an organization is a good indicator for its water consumption and pollution. It does not show how other water sources are affected.              

The water footprint concept was introduced in 2002 by A.Y. Hoekstra from the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education as an  indicator of water use.

## Related pages 
*Carbon footprint

## Other websites 
* Water Footprint Network
* WWF-UK 
* WWF-NL 
* UNESCO-IHE 
* WSOURCE
Pope Boniface IX

**Pope Boniface IX** (; 1350 – 1 October 1404), born **Piero Tomacelli**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 204th Pope from 1389 until his death in 1404.

## Early life
Piero Tomacelli was born into the baronial family of Casarano in the Kingdom of Naples.

## Cardinal
In 1381, Pope Urban VI raised Tomacelli to the rank of cardinal.

## Pope
Cardinal Tomacelli was elected pope in 1389; and he chose to be called Boniface IX.

Pope Boniface was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
* **1392** – University of Efurt confirmed

### Western Schism
Boniface IX was pope during the years of the Western Schism, which was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, there was more than one who claimed to be the true pope.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Boniface IX
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Tomacelli
Pope Boniface

**Popes Boniface** may mean:
* Pope Boniface I (418–422)
* Pope Boniface II (530–532)
* Pope Boniface III (607)
* Pope Boniface IV (608–615)
* Pope Boniface V (619–625)
* Pope Boniface VI (896)
*: Antipope Boniface VII
* Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303)
* Pope Boniface IX (1389–1404)
Iyyampalayam

**Iyyampalayam** is a panchayat town in Dindigul district  in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. There also exists another village by the same name, in the Erode district in Tamil Nadu. For the Ayyampalaym in Erode district, see here: Ayyampalayam, Erode district. There is another village of the same name near Manachanallur in Trichy district.

## Demographics
As of 2001 India census, Iyyampalayam had a population of 12,131. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Iyyampalayam has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 56% of the males and 44% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.Coconuts and Mangoes are  the main production in this village. This village is located at the bottom of Kodaikanal.  Marudanadi dam is very nearer to  this village and through which around   of lands gets irrigated.  

An ancient Muthalamman Temple festival is very famous in this village. This festival was  headed by Alappa gowder and their family members every year. This takesplaces for three days Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Wednesday night is the most important day of the festival, during that day they bring silk cloth covered goddess statue from Thevarapanpatti and removing this silk cloth and eye opening and decorate the goddess in Alappa gowder's temple house and then only it goes to the temple where festival  begins and final Friday aarathi was also taken by Alappa gowder family to the goddess as send of function. Sadayandi swami petti festival is also equivalently important.  Periya Iyyanar temple on the bank of Marudanadi river is also a worth seeing place.   Pandit Nehru Portrait was given divine status in this temple proves this village people are very patriotic by birth. 

Persons from this village have  joined in the INA  founded by Nethaji Subash Chandra Bose.  The forefathers of Dr.Subramania Siva lived in this village. Pongal festival during the month of January, jallikattu competition will be held with great enthusiasm. 

This village is well connected by road.  N.P.Ramasamy Memorial Higher Secondary School caters to the needs of this village education.

## References
Masolino da Panicale

**Masolino da Panicale** (common name *Tommaso di Cristoforo Fini*, born around 1383 in Panicale, died 1447 in Florence) was an Italian painter. He is commonly known as **Masolino**. Among his best-known works are frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, and a madonna called **Madonna and Child with St. Anne**. He painted the madonna together with another artist, commonly known as Masaccio.

## Related pages
* Italian Renaissance art
* List of Italian painters
Got 2 Luv U

"**Got 2 Luv U**" is a duet with Jamacican reggae singer Sean Paul and American R&B singer Alexis Jordan. The music video was filmed by Ben Mor. It peaked at number-one in Switzerland while it peaked at number 20 on *Billboard*s Rap Songs chart.

## Charts 
### Year-end charts 
## References
Bang!

**Bang!** is a card game. It is set in the Wild West. It was made by an Italian man named Emiliano Sciarra. This year, there were many expansion packs for the game. With all of them, this game can be played with eight players at the most.

## Start of the game 
At the beginning of game, every player chooses their character and role. When the player is choosing their character, they take two random cards, looks at special ability and picks one of them. Every character has a different count of lives (from three to five). The sheriff has one more.

There are four roles. Every player knows only their own role. Only the sheriff is known to everybody. Roles are different depending on the number of players:

* 4 players  &ndash;  one sheriff, two bandits and one renegade.

* 5 players  &ndash;  sheriff, two bandits, one vice and renegade

* 6 players  &ndash;  sheriff, three bandits, vice and renegade

* 7 players  &ndash;  sheriff, three bandits, two vices and renegade

### The roles 
Each player has a different mission:

* The sheriff is the most important role. Every time, he starts the game. His mission is to kill all the bandits and renegades. If he kills his deputy (vice), he will lose all his cards. If he dies, the game ends.

* The vice (deputy) has to protect the sheriff and kill the bandits and renegades.

* The bandit has to kill the sheriff in every game. There has to be more than two bandits.

* The renegade is the hardest role in the game. He has to stay alive so he can kill the bandits, vice (if he is playing) and sheriff at the end.

## Gameplay 
After everyone chooses their character and role, the game starts. Every player gets the same number of cards as the number of lives they have, so if a player has three lives, they get three cards. At the beginning of turn, the player takes two cards. There are three kinds of cards. They have brown, blue and green edges. Brown cards allow players to play immediately, blue cards mean a player has to put it on the table first. Green cards also mean this, but the player needs to wait for one lap before he can use the card.

## References
Kenny G

**Kenneth Bruce Gorelick** (born June 5, 1956), better known by his stage name **Kenny G**, is an American adult contemporary and smooth jazz saxophonist. His fourth album, *Duotones*, brought him breakthrough success in 1986. Kenny G is the biggest-selling instrumental musician with global sales totaling more than 75 million records.

## Early life
Kenny G was born in Seattle, Washington, to Jewish parents and grew up in the city's Seward Park neighborhood, which is a center of the city's Jewish community. His mother was originally from Saskatchewan, Canada. He came into contact with a saxophone when he heard someone performing with one on *The Ed Sullivan Show*.

## Personal life
Kenny G married Lyndie Benson-Gorelick in 1992, and the couple had two sons. In January 2012, Benson-Gorelick filed for legal separation. Kenny G filed for divorce in August 2012.

Kenny G lives in Malibu, California. He has been an avid golfer, with a handicap of +0.6. He had participated in the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am tournament seven times as of 2007 and teamed with Phil Mickelson to share the AT&T pro-am title in 2001 with the team of Tiger Woods and Jerry Chang. In the Golf Digest rankings of Top 100 in Music, according to golf handicap indexes of musicians, he was first in 2002 and second in 2006. He has been a member at Sherwood Country Club in Thousand Oaks, California.

Kenny G is an aircraft pilot and has a De Havilland Beaver seaplane that he flies regularly.  He was also an early investor in the Starbucks coffee house chain.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Kenny G at Myspace
*Kenny G at Legacy Recordings 
*Kenny G  at VH1.com
*Kenny G Interview – Billboard en Español 
*[ Kenny G] at Allmusic
*
Tanuma Okitsugu

''''* (September 11, 1719, Edo, Japan – August 25, 1788, Edo) was a senior counselor (*rōjū*) of the Tokugawa shogunate.  He is known for the introduction of monetary reform.

## Daimyo 
Tanuma was also a daimyo of the Sagara han.  He used the title Tonomo-no-kami.

## Shogunate leader 
The administration of Tanuma was marked by corruption and by inflation of currency.

In 1784 (*Tenmei'' 4), Okitsugu's son was assassinated in front of his father inside Edo Castle. The involvement of senior figures in the *bakufu* was suspected, but only the assassin was punished.  The result was that liberal reforms and the relaxation of the national isolation policy *sakoku* were stopped.

## Related pages 
* Matsudaira Sadanobu

## Notes 
## More reading 
* Hall, John Whitney. (1955). *Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan.* Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 445621
Rohingya people

The **Rohingya** are an Aryan ethnic group of Southeast Asia, considered as Gypsy of Burma. They are Muslims. They live in the Arakan State in western Myanmar (or Burma), and in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in south-eastern Bangladesh. They are not citizens of either Burma or Bangladesh.

Starting from 2017, many Rohingya refugees began to arrive in Bangladesh in order to escape the genocide against them in Myanmar.

## History 
The Rohingya say that they are native to the region now known as Arakan. They are the product of the mixing of different cultures.

The Rohingya are quite different than other people in Burma. While most people in Burma are Buddhist and speak Burmese, the Rohingya are Muslim and speak the Rohingya language, which is quite similar to the Bengali language spoken in the neighboring country of Bangladesh. Because of these differences, a lot of people look down on the Rohingya and treat them wrong. They are worried that the Rohingya are not loyal to Burma and will try to take over the country, even though Rohingya are outnumbered by other groups.

The Burmese government does not like the Rohingya people. They say that the Rohingya are Bengalis and do not belong in the country. Because of this, Rohingyas cannot do things that other people in Burma can, such as go to school and vote.

In the 2010s, the Burmese government started to put the Rohingya in concentration camps and not allow them to leave. They also took away their ID cards so that they can't say that they were seen as Burmese citizens in the past.

In 2017, the Burmese army started burning down Rohingya villages. They also killed a lot of Rohingya men and said that they were part of terrorist groups. However, most Rohingya are not involved in terrorism and just want to live peaceful lives.

In Bangladesh, a mass-Circumcision, Sünnet like was done for Rohingya Muslim boys.

## References
Rakhine State

**Rakhine State** is a state on the western coast of Myanmar. It is next to Bangladesh.

## Etymology
The term *Rakhine* may have come from the Pali word "Rakkhapura" from "Rakkhita" meaning the land of the people of Rakhasa (Rakhasa > Rakkha > Rakkhaing > Rakhaing) who were given this name in honor of their preservation of their national heritage and ethics or morality. The word Rakhine means, "one who maintains his own race." In the Rakhine language, the land is called *Rakhinepray*, the ethnic Rakhine are called *Rakhinetha*.

Arakan, used in British colonial times, is believed to be a Portuguese corruption of the word Rakhine that is still popularly used in English. Many English language users no not use the name changes made by the military government.

## Notes 
## References
Tenmei

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name), also known as *Temmei*, after ''An'ei* and before *Kansei.*  This period started in April 1781 and ended in January 1789.  During this time, the emperor was .

The *nengō* *Tenmei* means "Heavenly Radiance". The kanji means "dawn" or "daybreak".

## Events of the *Tenmei* era
* **1782** (*Tenmei 2*): Great *Tenmei* Famine began.
* **1783** (*Tenmei 3*):  erupted in Shinano Province and loss of life was estimated at 20,000+.
* **1783** (*Tenmei 3*): Famine was ; food reserves used up
* **1784** (*Tenmei 4*): Nationwide events honored Kōbō-Daishi who was the founder of Shingon Buddhism.  Kōbō-Daishi died 950 years earlier.
* **17 September 1786** (*Tenmei 6, 25th day of the 8th month*): Shogun Tokugawa Ieharu died and was buried in Edo.
* **1787** (*Tenmei 7*): Tokugawa Ienari became the 11th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
* **1787** (*Tenmei 7''): Matsudaira Sadanobu becomes the shogunate's senior official (*rōjū*).
* **1787** (*Tenmei 7*): Kutsuki Masatsuna published *Seiyō senpu* (*Notes on Western Coinage*).
* **1788** (*Tenmei 7*): Riots in rice shops in Edo and Osaka.
* **1788** (*Tenmei 8*): Great Fire of Kyoto; the Imperial Palace was destroyed.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Capitals of Brazil

The **capital of Brazil** is Brasília, a planned city that was built to be the capital of the country. Before that, Brazil had two other capital cities: Salvador (1549–1763) and Rio de Janeiro (1763–1960).

## Salvador
Salvador was established in 1549 by Thome da Sousa.

## Rio de Janeiro
The Portuguese colonial administration moved south to Rio de Janeiro in 1763. Rio was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Brazil.

In 1807 the Portuguese royal family fled Lisbon when Napoleon I of France invaded Portugal. The Portuguese royal capital was temporarily moved from Europe to Rio de Janeiro.

After the Brazil became an independent nation in 1822, Rio continued to be the capital of the Empire of Brazil.

## References
Waltari

**Waltari** is an alternative metal band from Finland. The band was formed  in Helsinki in 1986. The original members were Kärtsy Hatakka, Sale Suomalainen and Jariot Lehtinen. Their name is a reference to popular Finish writer Mika Waltari – a favorite author of band’s guitarist Jariot Lethinen. 

Waltari is more famous in the rest of Europe than in Finland and the band members have very positive relationships to Czech Republic. They’ve collaborated with Czech punk rock band Wohnout and Kärtsy is a good friend of Lenka Dusilová. The band has collaborated with many other artists. They’ve made albums with Finnish ethno band Angelit, they hosted on Apocalyptica’s album and Tarja Turunen from Nightwish was a part of Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die! live performance.

## Musical style 
Waltari's music is well known for it’s destruction of rock and metal genre boundaries. Their heavy sound is often combined with elements of electronic music, pop, rap, disco, funk, grindcore and bits of many other genres and creates a fusion which can be described as avant-garde. The lead singer and bass guitarist, Kärtsy Hattaka, delivers very distinctive vocal part to their music and makes Waltari's sound even more unique and easily recognizable. 

## Lyrics 
Waltari’s lyrics are as diverse as their music. They’re about various range of topics including everyday misery, personal struggles, science fiction motives, and music industry philosophical questions. They have one thing in common – heavy irony, self-irony and sarcasm. 

## Albums 
Waltari started their musical career with demo records. The longest one was *Monk Punk*. This album presents an interesting mixture of punk and funk music, but the first release which provided the band more positive reviews was the album called *Torcha!* and it was also the first one which combined bits of many musical genres. It also includes the cover of Madonna’s song "Vogue".

Next two albums, *So Fine* and *Big Bang* were also very successful. They mainly concentrate on mixing heavy metal with techno, which was something fresh and innovative. Their biggest success among death metal fans yet came with the *Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die!* album, which is mixture of death metal and classical music. It also has a musical feeling to it, because it’s kind of an epic story from future sung in dialogues of various characters. 

Next album *Space Avenue* is more electronic and it has some pop feeling to it. Another one called *Radium Round* goes even further in that. It’s almost a pop/disco album with some metal elements. Waltari returned to more rock sound with albums like *Rare Species* and very successful *Blood Sample*. Last two albums – *Release Date* and *Below Zero* are mainly focused on heavy sound with bits of progressive rock. 

* Monk-Punk - 1991
* Torcha! - 1992
* So Fine! - 1994
* Big Bang - 1995
* Space Avenue - 1997
* Radium Round - 1999
* Rare Species - 2004
* Blood Sample - 2005
* Release Date - 2007
* Below Zero - 2009
* Covers All - The 25th Anniversary Album - 2011
Walter Raleigh

**Sir Walter Raleigh** (c. 1554–29 October 1618) was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, spy, and explorer. He helped make tobacco popular in England, especially among people in the royal court.

Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in East Budleigh, in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Walter Raleigh was married to a woman called Elizabeth Throckmorten. He had 3 sons named Damerei Raleigh, Walter Raleigh and Carew Raleigh.

In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and sailed to find it, writing an  story of his trip in a book. He explored North Carolina all the way down to Florida. This book made people believe in the legend of "El Dorado". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was put in prison because he was accused of trying to overthrow King James I, who did not like Raleigh. In 1616, he was released to go look for El Dorado again. This was unsuccessful, and Raleigh's men attacked a Spanish outpost. He returned to England. The Spanish were upset, so to calm them, England arrested Raleigh and executed him by beheading (decapitation) on 29 October 1618.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Rings of Uranus

The **rings of Uranus** are planetary rings (circles of rock and dust) around the planet Uranus. There are 13 rings in total. In order of increasing distance from Uranus, they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν and μ.

Nine rings were found on 10 March 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham and Douglas J. Mink. Scientists found two more rings in 1986 in images from the Voyager 2 spacecraft and two outer rings in 2003–2005 in images from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Most of the rings are only a few kilometres wide and are very dark. Most rings are made of rocks 0.2–20 meters wide. But some rings are made of very small dust particles. The closest ring is 38,000&nbsp;km away from the center of Uranus and the furthest ring is 98,000&nbsp;km away.

Scientists think that the rings are at not more than 600 million years old. The ring system was created when several moons crashed together. After crashing, the moons broke up into many pieces and made rings. People may discover more rings in the future.

## References
R rating

An **R rating** is a  given to multimedia. It usually means that people under the age of 17 require an accompanying parent or adult guardian in order to watch it. The rating means different things in different countries:
* R rating, a rating of the Canadian Home Video Rating System
* R rating, a rating of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system
* R rating, a rating of the Office of Film and Literature Classification in Australia
* R18 certificate, a rating by the British Board of Film Classification usually for pornography
Excision (musician)

**Excision** (real name: **Jeff Abel**) (born 1986 in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada) is a dubstep DJ and music boss. His signature sound takes influence from the morphing basslines of the drum and bass genre, the aggressive energy of heavy metal, and the laid back vibes of hip hop. Excision is also cited as being one of the first dubstep producers and DJs in North America, he has also played a significant role in the genre's growth in popularity. His first release was in 2007. Excision was asked by Pendulum to remix their 2009 single “Showdown.” His musical recordings from the Shambhala Music Festival in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have also received over a million downloads which are available for free. He is known to work frequently with fellow Canadian producers Datsik and Downlink. 

## References
## Other websites
*Excision's Official website
Git

**Git** () is a distributed revision control system. It is a computer program that helps people create other computer programs together. Git was made to be fast. It was created by Linus Torvalds for use in developing the Linux kernel which he also created. Git's current development is looked after by Junio Hamano. It is free and open source software released under the GNU General Public License version 2 software license.

## References
;Notes

## Other websites
* 
* Git Community Book
* Introduction to git-svn for Subversion/SVK users and deserters  by Sam Vilain
* Git for computer scientists
* Git Magic: a comprehensive listing of Git tips & tricks
* Git Quick Reference 
* Linus Torvalds hosting a Google Tech Talk on Git
Populus

***Populus*** is a genus of trees common in the northern hemisphere. They are often called just **poplars**. The genus has 25–35 species in three sub-groups, which are called **poplars**, **aspens**, and **cottonwoods**.

The September 2006 issue of *Science* announced that the Western balsam poplar (*P. trichocarpa*) was the first tree to have its full DNA code sequenced.

## Reproduction 
The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping catkins. The male flower has a group of 4–60 stamens on a disk. The female flower is a single-celled ovary in a cup-shaped disk.

Pollination is by wind. The fruit is a two-to-four-valved capsule, is green to reddish-brown, and matures in the mid-summer. It contains tiny light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs, which help wind dispersal.

## Ecology
Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of many Lepidoptera species. *Pleurotus populinus*, the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of *Populus* trees in North America.

## References
Overseas departments of France

France currently has five **overseas departments** (), which are departments (territorial divisions) that are outside the European part of the country. All are officially part of France, with the same political status as the departments in Europe; and are therefore different to overseas territories. They are also part of the European Union and use the Euro as currency. They are:

Since 2003, these departments are now officially called overseas regions (), but this name has yet to be widely adopted. Each region returns elected representatives to the Senate and National Assembly in Paris. A total of three members are elected to the European Parliament to represent overseas France, including overseas departments and overseas territories. Since 1974, these regions have had their own individual regional councils for local government.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Ministry of the overseas departments and territories 
* History of France’s overseas administrative divisions
Aspen

, in Alaska.]]

**Aspens** are a type of poplar tree with leaves that move with the slightest wind. Both of its main species are called "trembling aspens" or "quaking aspens" on account of their leaves.

Some, but not all, aspens are classified by botanists under the section *Populus*.

## Species with the name "aspen" 
These species are called aspens:

* *Populus adenopoda* – Chinese aspen (China, south of *P. tremula*)
* *Populus davidiana* – Korean aspen (Eastern Asia)
* *Populus grandidentata* – Bigtooth aspen (eastern North America, south of *P. tremuloides*)
* *Populus sieboldii* – Japanese aspen (Japan)
* *Populus tremula* – Eurasian aspen (northern Europe and Asia)
* *Populus tremuloides* – Quaking aspen or trembling aspen (northern and western North America)

## Some types of aspens 
### American aspen 
***Populus tremuloides*** is the American aspen. It is common in temperate and colder regions of North America.

It forms large stands (groups) of genetically-identical trees (clones) connected by a single underground root system. Such trees form through root sprouts coming off an original parent tree. The largest-known fullyconnected aspen is a grove in Utah, nicknamed "Pando", and some experts call it the largest organism in the world, It covers 0.43&nbsp;km2 (106&nbsp;acres) and is estimated to weigh .

### European aspen 
***Populus tremula*** is a species of poplar that is native to the cool amd temperate regions of Europe and Asia from the British Isles to the Kamchatka Peninsula, and from the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and northern Russia to central Spain, Turkey, the Tian Shan Mountains, North Korea, and northern Japan. It also occurs at one site in northwesten Africa, in Algeria. In the south of its range, it occurs at high altitudes in mountains.

It is a hardy species and tolerates long, cold winters and short summers. Aspen is dioecious and so individual trees are either male or female (most other trees are monoecious and so have male and female flowers occur on the same tree). Flowering occurs in March and April, before the leaves appear, and both male and female trees produce catkins. Pollinated female catkins ripen in early summer and release tiny seeds, which are tufted with hairs.

Like other aspens, it has as its main method of reproduction is vegetative (asexual). It spreads extensively by root sprouts, which may be produced up to 40&nbsp;m from the parent tree. They form extensive clonal colonies. Large numbers of new shoots can be produced in this way, especially after a major disturbance such as fire.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bioimages: Populus grandidentata bigtooth aspen
Cantinflas

**Mario Fortino Alfonso Moreno Reyes** (12 August 1911 – 20 April 1993), known by the stage name **Cantinflas** (), was a Mexican comedian and stage and movie actor. He often played poor peasants. He became associated with Mexico, and had a long, successful movie career, including some time in Hollywood. Charlie Chaplin once said that Moreno  was the best comedian alive, and Moreno has been called the "Charlie Chaplin of Mexico". To audiences in the United States, he is best remembered as costarring with David Niven in *Around the World in 80 Days* (1956).

Moreno also was involved in Mexico's labor politics, which were often dangerous. Although he was a political conservative, his reputation as somebody who spoke for the poor made him seem real, and became important in the early struggle against charrismo, the one-party government's practice of taking over unions.
Pope Gregory XI

**Pope Gregory XI** (; 1331 –27 March 1378), born **Pierre Roger de Beaufort**, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 201st Pope from 1370 until his death.

He was the seventh and last of the popes who lived in Avignon in France.

## Early life 
Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born in 1331 in Limousin in France. The Rosier or Roger family were important in Limousin in central France.

Beaufort was a nephew of Pope Clement VI.

## Cardinal
Clement VI raised Beaufort to the rank of cardinal in 1348.  He reestablished the papacy in Italy.

Gregory is also remembered as the Pope who condemned John Wycliffe.

### Western Schism
When Gregory died on March 27, 1378, the cardinals in Rome elected an Italian-born pope named Urban VI as his successor.

In Avignon, the cardinals elected a French-born pope who they named Clement VII.

The Western Schism begins with the dispute between the supporters of the Italian-born pope and the French-born pope.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Roger family
* Avignon Papacy

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*  ["Gregory XI"](http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_(Popes)/Gregory_XI), *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory XI
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Roger de Beaufort
Adabel Guerrero

**Adabel Guerrero** is an Argentine professional theatre dancer, actress and *vedette*. She is of Ukrainian and Spaniard descent.

Guerrero was in *Dancing with the Stars* in Argentina competing together with professional dancer Martin Whitecamp. They were eliminated by *41.28%* of the public vote.

## Theatre 
## Others 
* In 2008 **Guerrero** modeled for Maxim in Argentina for the March cover.

* In 2008 **Guerrero** modeled for Maxim in Argentina for the July cover.

* In 2009 **Guerrero** modeled for Maxim in Argentina for the January cover.

* In 2010 **Guerrero** modeled for Playboy in Argentina for the cover of March.

* In November 3, 2011 **Guerrero** taped a video with the band **Banda XXI** of her dancing & singing to their song *"Bam Bam"*.

* In November 2011 **Guerrero** created a portfolio of her named "Dulce Rock". Photos taken by **Aníbal Pérez** and clothing by **Marta Trobbiani** and **Gisela Sabino**.

## Inspirations
When asked about her inspiration on dancing **Guerrero** responded: 

*"**Julio Bocca, Maximiliano Guerra, Hernán Piquín** ... They are the highest in Argentina, each with their own style. Maxi, more manly, more land, and Julio and Piquín more princely, more aerial. There is no first or second, they are different from each other.They have broken their souls to get where they are now."*

**Guerrero** also says that dance it self is her inspiration:
 
*"To me, dancing transports me, its an absolute passion. Dancing is the best,its orgasmic."*

## References
## Other websites 
* Official web site
Pope Innocent IX

**Pope Innocent IX** (; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born **Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 231st Pope from 29 October 1591 to his death on 30 December of the same year.

## Early life
Facchinetti was born in Bologna on 20 July 1519.

He entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, brother of the Duke of Parma and grandson of Pope Paul III.  Farnese appointed Fasccinetti as the acting governor of Parma from 1556 to 1558.

## Pope
Facchinetti was elected pope in 1591;

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent IX
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Facchinetti
Pope Innocent X

**Pope Innocent X** (;  6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born **Giovanni Battista Pamphilj**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655.

## Early life
Pamphilij was born in Rome in 1574.  He was a great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

He graduated from the Collegio Romano before entering a career in the church.

## Cardinal 
In 1629, he was raised to the rank of Cardinal.

## Pope
Cardinal Pamphilij was elected pope in 1644; and he chose to be called Innocent X.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Borgia family

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent X
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Pamphilj