open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Samuel W. Kinnaird

**Samuel W. Kinnaird** (May 2, 1840 – April 20, 1923) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He was a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He got it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

## Kinnaird's Background
He was born on May 2, 1840, in New York City. Kinnaird was still living in the state of New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a landsman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, *Lackawanna* engaged the . They fought at close range and Kinnaird displayed "presence of mind and cheerfulness" which helped maintain his shipmates' morale. For this action, he was presented the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

## Citation
Kinnaird's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Served as a landsman on board the U.S.S. *Lackawanna* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee* in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Showing a presence of mind and cheerfulness that had much to do with maintaining the crew's morale, Kinnaird served gallantly through the action which resulted in the capture of the prize rebel ram *Tennessee* and in the destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

Kinnaird died on April 20, 1923. He was 82 and was buried in the New York City neighborhood of Woodside, Queens.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Barge

in Lambersart, France]]

A **barge** is a simple-looking boat with a flat surface and long structure. Barges usually transport goods to different places.

In Great Britain, during the Industrial Revolution, a substantial network of narrow barges was developed from 1750 onwards.

From 1825 there was competition from the railways. Eventually, the British rail system took over from canal traffic due to the higher speed, falling costs and route flexibility of rail transport.

Barges carrying bulk and heavy cargoes continue to be viable. There is no cheaper way to move really heavy loads. Originally, British canals had locks only  wide, so **narrowboats** could be no more than 6'10" wide if they were to be able to navigate the system. It was soon realized that narrow locks were too limiting, and later locks were doubled in width to . 

On the British canal system the term 'barge' is used to describe a "Thames [sailing barge], Duch [barge], or other styles of barge". The people who move barges are often known as lightermen. 

A **narrowboat** is a particular type of canal boat, built to fit the narrow locks of the United Kingdom. 

## References
Newnham College, Cambridge

**Newnham College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is for women only and has about 500 students. It was created in 1871 by Henry Sidgwick who wanted to make education more available to women. It was built at a time when most colleges where for men only. It was the second college to allow women after Girton. It started just as a group of houses in Regent Street. In 1875 the first buildings were finished in Sidgwick Avenue and the college moved there.

Newnham College has beautiful large gardens that the students can walk on. This is different from the other colleges where only Fellows can walk on the grass. It also has one of the largest libraries in Cambridge, with more than 90,000 books.

Some very important people have studied here. Philippa Fawcett, for example, was the first woman to get the best result in the mathematics course in Cambridge in 1890. Virginia Woolf based her famous book ''The Room of One's Own'' around Newnham College. Other people to have studied here include:

*Diane Abbott, a Member of Parliament
*Rosalind Franklin, who helped discover DNA
*Sylvia Plath, an American poet

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Humayun

**Mirza Nasir al-Din Muhammad Humayun** (6 March 1508 - 27 January 1556) was the second Mughal Emperor.

He ruled Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530 to 1540. He was the son of the previous emperor, Babur.

His son was Akbar, one of the most famous emperors in Mughal history.

## Military campaigns 
In 1532, Humayun and Sher Shah Suri clashed on the battlefield. Humayun won the battle and captured Chunar. In 1534, Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah and captured Gujrat. Sher Shah meanwhile regrouped and defeated Humayun, at Chausa in 1539.

In 1555, Humayun returned to India and defeated the succesor of Sher Shah, Islam Shah and regained India.

### War with Bahadur Shah 
In 1531, Bahadur Shah Zafar overran Malwa and the next year he turned to Mewar. Humayun marched against Bahadur Shah and easily defeated his forces. Bahadur Shah fled to Ahmedabad and from there to Kathisawar.

## Death 
In 1557, Humayun had a fatal fall from the stairs of his private observatory (some sources say his library). He was carrying books when his feet got caught in his robe and he tripped and fractured his head. He had bent down upon hearing the Azaan (the Muslim call to prayer). All medical aid proved useless, and Humayun died. He is known as "the luckless one".
Humayun was the son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty. He was more of an adventurer than a ruler, and during his first reign he feuded with his step-brothers and lost most of the Mughal Empire's territories to the Sur Empire. In 1539, he was defeated by the Afghan soldier Sher Shah Suri at the Battle of Chausa, and again in 1540 at Kannauj. As a result, Humayun was forced to leave India for Afghanistan and Iran. He regained the throne in 1555 and ruled until his death in 1556, when the Mughal Empire covered almost one million square kilometers. During his second reign, he defeated the Afghans at Douhrua, drove out Sultan Mahmood Lodhi from Jaunpur, and defeated Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. 
Humayun is known for his contributions to Mughal architecture, including the introduction of high arches and double domes. His tomb is located in Delhi, and can be reached by air, train, or road.
James Seanor

**James Seanor** (born 1833, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He was also a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

## Biography
Seanor was born in 1833 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was living in New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a master-at-arms on the . Although their enlistments had expired, Seanor and crewmate Andrew Jones voluntarily transferred to the  to fight in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864. During the battle they "carried out [their] duties gallantly" according to the Medal of Honor citation. For this action, both Seanor and Jones were awarded the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

Seanor's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Served as master-at-arms on board the U.S. Ironclad *Chickasaw*, Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Although his enlistment was up, Seanor volunteered for the battle of Mobile Bay, going on board the *Chickasaw* from the *Vincennes* where he carried out his duties gallantly throughout the engagement which resulted in the capture of the rebel ram *Tennessee*.

## References
Kutub al-Sittah

**Kutub al-Sittah** (Arabic: كُتُبُ السِّتَّة) are the main hadith collections in Sunni Islam meaning *the six books*. They are sometimes called the *Sahih Sittah*. They consist of Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan as-Sughra, Sunan Abu Dawood, Jami al-Tirmidhi and Sunan ibn Majah. Huraira is the most quoted person in these books.

## References
Quranism

**Quranism** () is an Islamic denomination that believes the Qur'an is the only source of guidance in Islam. Quranists believe that the Qur'an is clear and complete and can be fully understood without recourse to external sources.

Quranists believe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad (d. 632 CE) was not a source of religion or *sharia* legislation, and that his role was confined to conveying the Qur'an. They maintain that Muhammad was not permitted to answer religious questions on his own accord, but was required to wait for revelation in the Qur'an. They interpret the term Sunnah to mean God's sharia and method in the Qur'an alone. As a modern movement, Quranists also draw on a broader history of hadith rejection, including that of Ahl al-Ra'y, the Kharijites, the Mu'tazilites and other early theological schools. Quranists argue that the hadith is not endorsed in the Qur'an as a source of guidance or practice, was compiled in written form centuries after Muhammad's death, and contains what they view as errors and contradictions. 

Quranists claim that acts of worship—including the five daily Salat and the Hajj—were preserved through consecutive generational practice rather than through reliance on written hadith collections. Additionally, Quranists hold that earlier revelations, such as the Tawrat, were corrupted or lost, and that the Qu'ran represents the single authentic scripture of Islam. 

The Quranist movement emerged in the 20th century CE, shaped in part by reformists such as Ahmed Subhy Mansour, who helped establish Quranism as a distinct current in Egypt, though Qur'an-only groups predate this period. Currently, it is reported that the Quranist movement encompasses tens of thousands to potentially a million followers globally.

## Related pages 
*Sola scriptura, the Christian equivalent
*Hadith rejectors, Muslims who reject the authority of the hadiths
*Muwahhidism, the concept of returning the Islamic faith back to its original foundations

## References
## Further reading
*  (Although well-intentioned, *Mirza* shows misunderstanding or misinterpretation of some Quranic verses relating to fasting, Ramadan and Hajj. Other than these, *Mirza* presents factual and reasonable arguments that supports Quraniyoon Islam over Mainstream Islam).

## Other websites
*Quranite.com 
*QuranaloneIslam.org
*Qurania.org
George Taylor (Medal of Honor)

**George Taylor** (November 15, 1830 – October 7, 1893) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He was also a recipient of the Medal of Honor, which is the U.S. military's highest decoration. He got it for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

## Biography
Taylor was born on November 15, 1830, in Watertown, New York. He was still living in that state when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as an armorer on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864 his ship engaged the . It was struck by a broadside at close range. The Confederate artillery shells hit ''Lackawanna's* berth deck near the magazine. This caused mass casualties and ignited loose gunpowder. It spilled onto the floor while *Lackawanna's'' sailors were assembling their own shells. The flames moved along a passageway towards the powder room where 17 tons of gunpowder were stored. Although he had received a wound to his forehead Taylor ran towards the fire and extinguished it with his bare hands. This saved his ship. He then returned to his duties for the remainder of the battle. While putting out the fire his hands were burned down to the bone. For this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Taylor's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. *Lackawanna* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee* in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. When an enemy shell exploded in the shellroom, Taylor although wounded went into the room and, with his hand, extinguished the fire from the explosion. He then carried out his duties during the remainder of the prolonged action which resulted in the capture of the prize rebel ram *Tennessee* and in the damaging and destruction of Fort Morgan.

Taylor died on October 7, 1893. He was 62 and was buried in Paragould, Arkansas.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Ferdinand Lemaire

**Ferdinand Lemaire** was a librettist and writer. He is best remembered as the librettist for Camille Saint-Saëns's opera *Samson et Delila* (1876). Lemaire was born in Martinique. He was a creole. He married into Saint-Saëns's family. He agreed to write *Samson* but only as opera, rather than as an oratorio as the composer first intended.
Pauline Viardot

**Pauline Viardot** (18 July 1821 – 18 May 1910) was a 19-century French mezzo-soprano of Spanish descent. She also taught and composed. She was instrumental in getting Camille Saint-Saens's *Samson and Delilah* composed and staged.
Seoul Guarantee Insurance Company

**Seoul Guarantee Insurance Company** (**SGIC**, ) is a financial services company in South Korea. Its headquarters are in Seoul. SGIC is the largest provider of surety and trade credit insurance. It is fully owned by Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation. KDIC is a government institution that insures bank deposits.

## History
The company was formed after the merger between Hankuk and Korea Fidelity and Surety Corporation. It happened during the economic crisis that hit Korea in 1998.  A mass layoff and restructuring followed.

## Other websites
* Official Homepage
Gannett Government Media

**Gannett Government Media** was formerly the **Army Times Publishing Company**. It is a United States company which publishes newspapers, magazines, Web sites, and other publications about the U.S. and other militaries.  It was Founded in 1940 and was purchased by the Gannett Company in August 1997.  

It publishes four weekly newspapers aimed at current and former U.S. military personnel, collectively called the Military Times Media Group: *Army Times* (founded 1940), *Navy Times* (founded 1951), *Air Force Times* (founded 1947), and *Marine Corps Times*.  

Its Defense News Media Group publishes *Defense News* (founded 1986), *Armed Forces Journal* (founded in 1863), *Training & Simulation Journal* and *C4ISR Journal*. The company also publishes *Federal Times*.

According to a Huffington Post AOL News online news article from Boston, Massachusetts by Jim Finkle of Thomson Reuters, dated Wednesday, June 29, 2011:
"Hackers broke into a Gannett Co database containing personal information about subscribers to publications read by U.S. government officials, military leaders, and rank-and-file soldiers, the media company said on Tuesday." 
   
## Notes
## Other websites
*
Rockfish, Virginia

**Rockfish** is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.  

## Overview
It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969.

Rockfish was frequently referenced in the CBS television series *The Waltons*. It was noted as being the closest town to Waltons Mountain. Which was the fictional version of the nearby community of Schuyler.

Also known as "Rockfish Depot" even though the railroad depot building has been gone for decades.

## References
## Other websites
* GNIS reference
Virginia Blue Ridge Railway

The **Virginia Blue Ridge Railway** (VBR) is a historic intrastate short line railroad. It operated in central Virginia in the 20th century.

## History
The company was incorporated in 1914. Construction was started in 1915. The VBR went between Tye River Depot in Nelson County to Massies Mill. It met up with the Southern Railway in Massies Mill. The railroad followed the course of the Tye and Piney Rivers for several miles. It eventually enters the mountains. It was initially built to haul chestnut for lumber out of the heavily-timbered Piney River area to local mills until World War I. The chestnut blight wiped out much of the timbered areas. The railroad later served several quarries in the area where titanium dioxide and aplite were mined. It passed through the communities of Roses Mill, Piney River, Canopy, Lowesville, and Buffalo Mine.

The line was abandoned in 1980. In the early 21st century, part of the roadbed was being developed as a rails-to-trails project, the Blue Ridge Railway Trail.

## References
* Brief history and information on the trail project 
* Brief history and some photos
Roses Mill, Virginia

**Roses Mill** is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States. It lies along the path of the now-defunct Virginia Blue Ridge Railway. 

## References
*GNIS reference
Adial, Virginia

**Adial** is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.

## References
*GNIS reference
Connie McHugh

**Connie Black McHugh** was a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
 She died of heart failure in 1997.

## References
Special cities of Japan

, also known as **Special Case cities**, is a defined  or  of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.  All special cities have a population greater than 200,000.

## History
The special or special case cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures. There are 40+ of these cities, including
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Akashi, 2002
* Atsugi, 2002
* Chigasaki, 2003
* Fuji, 2001
* Fukui, 2000
* Hachinohe, 2001
* Hirakata, 2001
* Hiratsuka, 2001
* Ibaraki, 2001
* Ichinomiya, 2001
* Isesaki, 2007
* Jōetsu, 2007
* Kakogawa, 2002
* Kasugai, 2002
* Kasukabe, 2008
* Kawaguchi, 2001
* Kishiwada, 2002
* Kōfu, 2000
* Koshigaya, 2003
* Kumagaya, 2009
* Kure, 2000
* Matsue, 2012
* Matsumoto, 2000
* Mito, 2001
* Nagaoka, 2007
* Neyagawa, 2001
* Numazu, 2000
* Odawara, 2000
* Ōta, 2007
* Sasebo, 2001
* Sōka, 2004
* Suita, 2001
* Takarazuka, 2003
* Tokorozawa, 2002
* Tottori, 2005
* Toyonaka, 2001
* Tsukuba, 2007
* Yamagata, 2001
* Yamato, 2000
* Yao, 2001
* Yokkaichi, 2000

## Related pages
* Administrative division
* Urban area
* Municipalities in Japan

## References
## Other websites
* ; graphic shows wards compared with other Japanese city types at p. 1
Rimouski Océanic

The **Rimouski Océanic** are a Canadian ice hockey team. That began playing in 1995. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Rimouski, Quebec at the Colisée de Rimouski.

The team first started as the Sherbrooke Castors and they played in Sherbrooke from 1969 to 1982 before they moved to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec in 1982 and became the Saint-Jean Castors. They later renamed themselves the Saint-Jean Lynx. The team moved to Rimouski in 1995 and became the Rimouski Océanic.

Many NHL players have played for their team including Sidney Crosby, Vincent Lecavalier, Brad Richards, Ryane Clowe and Michael Frolík.

The team won both the QMJHL championship and the Memorial Cup in the 1999–00 season.

## Other websites
*Official website
Shawinigan Cataractes

The **Shawinigan Cataractes** are a Canadian ice hockey team. That began playing in 1995. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Shawinigan, Quebec at the Centre Bionest de Shawinigan.

The team was first known as the Shawinigan Bruins but they changed their name in 1973. The team was then known as the Shawinigan Dynamos from until 1978. They are only team in the history of the QMJHL to occupy the same city since its inception.

The team won the Memorial Cup in 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Victoriaville Tigres

The **Victoriaville Tigres** are a Canadian ice hockey team. That began playing in 1982. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Victoriaville, Quebec at the Colisée Desjardins.

The team first started in 1986 and played in Longueuil, Quebec where they were known as the Longueuil Chevaliers. The Chevaliers moved from Longueuil to Victoriaville in 1987 and were renamed the Tigres. 

The Tigres won the President's Cup in 2002. They also competed in the Memorial Cup finals in 2002 but lost against the Kootenay Ice.

## Other websites
*Official website
Parveen Talukder

**Parveen Talukder** (born 31 January 1958) is a Bangladeshi politician and businessperson. She is an Honorable Parliament Member of 9th National Assembly (Constituency 316, Barisal). In business, Talukder deals with the ready-made garments industry of Bangladesh.

## Early life
Talukder  was born in a Muslim family of Moheshpur Thana of Jhenaidah district on 31 January 1958.

## Politics
She became involved in politics at a very early age, when she joined Dhaka Mohanagar Chatra League in 1973 and got elected the Assistant General Secretary of Shiddeshawry Degree College Chatra Sansad. Since then, she has been active in political movements and activities against violations of human rights.

She was elected Chairman of Nolua Union Parished, Bakergonj, Barisal for two consecutive terms, in the year 1997 and 2003. During 12 years as UP Chairman, she was very successful in improving the living standard of the people of Nolua Union. She played a large part in the creation of schools, roads and culverts, electrification and other infrastructural developments. Above all else, she is well known for her fighting against human rights violations and women and child abuse. Currently, she is the President of Bangladesh Mohila Awami League, Bakergonj, Barisal.

Praveen Talukder is a member of committee of Ministry of Environment and Forest. In addition to basic environmental issues, she has worked on climate change. Her work is most notable on the impacts and changes of national and regional climate issues. She took seat in Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 2009 in Denmark and Cancun Climate Change Summit 2010 in Mexico.

Parveen Talukder takes personal interest in issues dealing with human rights and environmental protection. For her work on the matter she was awarded “Gold Medal 2009” by National Human Rights Journalist Organization.

## Business
Parveen Talukder is also a very successful entrepreneur. She has made a large contribution to the ready-made garments industry of Bangladesh. She is the managing director of Pretty Composite Textile Limited, and Pretty Woolwear Limited and Director of several other concerns of Pretty Group. She is also a former Director of Northern General Insurance Company Limited.

## References
Chromo, Colorado

**Chromo** is an unincorporated town and U.S. Post Office in Archuleta County, Colorado, United States.  The Chromo Post Office has the ZIP Code 81128.

## Geography
Chromo is located at  (37.036818,-106.843243).

## References
Dreadnought

A **dreadnought** is a navy battleship. A battleship is a large ship used in ocean battles between countries. The first dreadnoughts were made in the early 20th century. They were named after The HMS Dreadnought, of the Royal Navy, the first ship of this type.

The first dreadnought was launched in 1906 by the United Kingdom, and was a new design of battleship. These ships had bigger guns; they also had guns that could shoot longer distances. Heavy steel layers were built on to the dreadnoughts as protection, which made them very strong and hard to sink. They were also much faster than older battleships. 

World War 1 was the first war in which dreadnoughts were used. After the war, a treaty was signed in Washington DC to limit the construction of battleships. This treaty helped stop the manufacturing of dreadnoughts. Japan, the UK, France, Italy and the United States signed this treaty. In the middle 1930s Italy and Japan renounced the treaty and started building larger ones, and the other countries followed.
Robert Bork

**Robert Heron "Bob" Bork** (March 1, 1927 &ndash; December 19, 2012) was an American writer, politician, lawyers, and legal scholar who was nominated by Ronald Reagan to be part of the Supreme Court in 1987, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate. He served as United States Solicitor General and acting United States Attorney General.

Bork was born on March 1, 1927 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Chicago. He was married to Claire Davidson from 1952 until her death in 1980. Then he was married to Mary Ellen Pohl from 1982 until his death in 2012. With Davidson he had three children. Bork died on December 19, 2012 from heart disease.

## References
## Other websites
* A Conversation with Judge Robert H. Bork - Event Video , Federalist Society, 2007-06-26
* Congressional Record: Floor Vote on Bork Nomination
* Bork, Robert H. (1996) Our Judicial Oligarchy  . 1996 First Things November .
* 
**Booknotes* interview with Bork on *Slouching Toward Gomorrah*, December 4, 1996.
Bacolet

**Bacolet** is a town on the island of Tobago, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The town itself lies beneath Fort King George at the Bacelot Bay. It is near Scarborough, Tobago, to the south-east of the island-capital. It is one of the most developed parts of Tobago where the high society of the island lives. There are also many villas and hotels for tourists.

The Dwight Yorke Stadium is located in Bacolet.

## References
Dwight Yorke Stadium

The **Dwight Yorke Stadium** is in Bacolet, Tobago, (Trinidad and Tobago). It is named after former Manchester United footballer Dwight Yorke.  The stadium was constructed for the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship which was hosted by Trinidad and Tobago. The Dwight Yorke Stadium can seat 7,500. It is on the Island of Tobago. The stadium is only minutes from the capital Scarborough and 25 minutes from the airport. It is used by the local football team. The playing surface dimension is 105 metres x 68 metres.

The stadium hosted the 2005 Carifta Track and Field Championships and is also used for minor Tobagonian athletics events.

It also hosted games from the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

## References
Ben Herring

**Ben Herring** (born 14 March 1980, Auckland, New Zealand) is a former rugby union player. He played for the Leicester Tigers in the Guinness Premiership. His position is flanker. Herring missed out on a 2007 Super 14 rugby contract with any New Zealand Super 14 team. He negotiated a move to join the Leicester Tigers in early 2007. In April 2009 Herring retired on medical advice after suffering a series of concussions.

## References
## Other websites
*Leicester profile
Alphonso Taft

**Alphonso Taft** (November 5, 1810 &ndash; May 21, 1891) was the United States Attorney General and United States Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant. He was the father of U.S. President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft.

Taft was born on November 15, 1810 in Townshend, Vermont. He was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. Taft stuided at Yale College, at Yale Law School, and at Yale University. He was married to Fanny Phelps from 1841 until her death in 1951. They had five children. Then he was married to Lousie Maria Torrey from 1853 until his death in 1891. They had five children. Taft died on May 21, 1891 in San Diego, California from heart failure, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gmina Bobrowice

__NOTOC__
**Gmina Bobrowice** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. Its seat is the village of Bobrowice. It lies approximately  south of Krosno Odrzańskie and  west of Zielona Góra.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 3,113.

## Villages
Gmina Bobrowice contains the villages and settlements of Barłogi, Bobrowice, Bronków, Bronkówek, Brzezinka, Chojnowo, Chromów, Czeklin, Dachów, Dęby, Dychów, Janiszowice, Kołatka, Kukadło, Lubnica, Młyniec, Prądocinek, Przychów, Strużka, Tarnawa Krośnieńska, Wełmice and Żarków.

## Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Bobrowice is bordered by the gminas of Dąbie, Gubin, Krosno Odrzańskie, Lubsko and Nowogród Bobrzański.

## References
*Polish official population figures 2006
Czeklin

**Czeklin** is a former village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowice. It was formerly a German village named *Schegeln*.  The village is within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately  west of Bobrowice,  south-west of Krosno Odrzańskie, and  west of Zielona Góra.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see *Territorial changes of Poland after World War II*).

## References
Piegłowo-Wieś

**Piegłowo-Wieś** is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowo. It is within Mława County, Masovian Voivodeship in east-central Poland.

## References
List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations

The **United States Ambassador to the United Nations** is the leader of the delegation of the United States, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. 

Ambassadors that served in political positions include Adlai Stevenson, George H.W. Bush, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Madeleine Albright, John R. Bolton, Susan Rice and Nikki Haley.

## List of ambassadors 
;Status

The following is a chronological list of those who have held the office:

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* United States Mission to the United Nations
* Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
* U.S. Department of State's listing of U.S. ambassadors to the United Nations
Saint Pauls Mountain

**Saint Pauls Mountain** () is a mountain in Antarctica. It is high and has steep cliffs. It is 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of Round Mountain on the north side of Taylor Glacier. It is joined to Round Mountain by a high ridge. It was named by the *Discovery* expedition (1901-04).
Jet Set Radio Future

***Jet Set Radio Future*** is a video game that was made by Smilebit. It is published by Sega and is available for Xbox. It is the sequel to the 2000 video game, *Jet Grind Radio*, and also as a part of *Jet Set Radio* series.

The game is set in a futuristic Tokyo which the player as part of a gang trys to gain control of. The games gameplay also requires the player to find other gangs graffiti tags and tag over them when the player collects enough spraycans that are littered around each stage. The game's tagging system is also different from the last game. Some of the tagging locations contain multiple spray targets which depend on the tag's size. Time limits for stages are removed and the stages are interconnected.

## Other websites 
* Jet Set Radio Future at MobyGames
Gabrielle

**Gabrielle** [ gey-bree-**el**-*uh*, gab-ree- ] is a female name. The male form is Gabriel, from the Archangel in the Gospel of Luke. Gabrielle is a timeless and popular name that has been used for centuries. It is the feminine version of the name Gabriel, which translates to "God is my strength" in Hebrew. This name has a fascinating background and is associated with many famous individuals and characters. Gabrielle has been used in various cultures and languages. In French, it is pronounced as "gah-bree-EL" and is a favored name for girls. In Spanish, it is pronounced as "gah-bree-YEL" and is also a popular name for girls. In English, it is pronounced as "GAY-bree-el" or "GAB-ree-el" and can be used for both boys and girls. The name Gabrielle has been incorporated into literature and popular culture. One of the most recognizable characters with this name is Gabrielle Solis from the TV show "Desperate Housewives." Additionally, Gabrielle is the name of the archangel who announced the birth of Jesus to Mary in the Bible. This name was ranked #448 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

## People
*Gabrielle Giffords, American politician and gun control advocate
*Gabrielle Union, American actress, activist, and author
*Gabrielle Stone, American water polo player
*Gabrielle Anwar, English-American actress
*Gabrielle (Xena)
*Coco Chanel
*Elle Varner
*Gabrielle (singer) - British R&B singer, known for the song 'Dreams'

## References
Barłogi, Lubusz Voivodeship

**Barłogi** (formerly German *Berloge*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowice within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship. It is in western Poland. It is about  south of Bobrowice. It is about  south of Krosno Odrzańskie and  west of Zielona Góra.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see *Territorial changes of Poland after World War II*).

The village has a population of 85.

## References
Cities of Japan

**Cities in Japan** are one of the basic local entities of the nation.

Japan's smallest sub-national jurisdictions are sometimes grouped together. The term *shichoson* combines suffixes which  the municipalities, 
* 
* 

The small cities generally have populations of over 30,000.

There are three defined  or  of big cities.  
* Designated cites, population over 500,000
* Core cities, population over 300,000
* Special cities, population over 200,000

Each of the largest cities does many of the things normally done by prefectures. 

## History
Japan's system of local governments date from 1947. Cities in Japan are local governments which are defined by the Local Autonomy Law.

## Related pages
* Administrative division
* Urban area
* Municipalities in Japan

## References 
## Other websites
* "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows cities in context
Kwon Young-ghil

**Kwon Young-ghil** (, born November 5, 1941) is a South Korean politician, journalist, human rights activist, and workers' rights activist. He was a member of the 17th, 18th, and 19th South Korea National Assembly.

In 1997 he was defeated by the Democratic Labor Party candidate for South Korea's 15th presidential election. He was defeated again in 2002 at 16th presidential election, and in 2007 for the 17th presidential elections. Between 1996 and 1997 he was Chairman of Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU). In 2000 to 2009 he was leader of Democratic Labour Party ().

## References 
* Kwon Young-ghil:South Korea National Assemblys  
* Kwon Young-ghil  
* 민주노동당 홈페이지
Jessica

**Jessica** [ **jes**-i-k*uh* ] is a female given name. The name first appeared as the name of a character in the Shakespearean play *The Merchant of Venice*. Common nicknames of the name include "Jess" and "Jessie". The name Jessica comes from a Hebrew name, Yiskah, which means "to see" or "to gaze upon." Yiskah was the name of a character in the Bible who was Haran's daughter, Abraham's brother. She was famous for being beautiful and inspired the name Jessica.

## People 
* Jessica Marie Alba, American actress, model and businesswoman

## References
The Mentality of Apes

***The Mentality of Apes*** by Wolfgang Köhler is a 1925 book. It is a landmark work in ethology, cognitive psychology and the study of the hominid apes. In it the author, a leading gestalt psychologist, showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by insight (intelligence). The importance of this work was to show there is no *absolute* dividing line between the human species and their nearest living relative, at least in this respect. It was also a marker in the struggle between behaviourism and cognitive psychology which continued for the following half century. Köhler's observations and experiments were done on chimpanzees in captivity. Not until Jane Goodall's work later in the century was the behaviour of chimpanzees in the wild studied in depth.

## Publication 
The book in English was preceded by important publications in German, which are listed in Henle, Mary 1971. *The selected papers of Wolfgang* Köhler. New York: Liveright, bibliography 438/9. The book publications are as follows:

#1921. *Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen*. Berlin: Springer (called a 'second edition', but the first was a two-part whole issue journal publication 1918/19).
#1925. *The Mentality of Apes*. Translated from the second revised edition by Ella Winter. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. U.S. edition 1925 by Harcourt, Brace & World. Also included is a translation of Köhler's long 1921 paper as *Some contributions to the psychology of chimpanzees*. Appendix, p281342.
Weyer, Germany

**Weyer** is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

## References
Eureka effect

The **Eureka** or **Aha! effect** refers to the moment of insight when a puzzling problem is suddenly solved. It is named after the Greek polymath Archimedes.

 than solid gold.]]
Archimedes was asked by the local king to detect whether a crown was pure gold, or if the goldsmith had added silver. During his trip to the public bath, he noticed how water got displaced when his body sank into the bath. The volume of water displaced equals the volume of the body immersed in the water. He suddenly realized that two objects which weighed the same in air might not weigh the same in water, because the less dense object would displace less water. This is known as Archimedes' principle. 

Archimedes leaped out of a public bath, and ran home naked shouting *Eureka!* (I found it). This story is thought by some to be a myth, but Archimedes was indeed a most notable inventor. He would certainly have experienced the Aha! effect.

There is some research on the Aha! insight. Aha! moments cannot be predicted. Insight is a psychological term describes the process in problem solving when a previously unsolvable puzzle becomes suddenly clear and obvious. Often this transition from not understanding to sudden comprehension is accompanied by an exclamation of joy or satisfaction, an Aha! moment. A person using insight to solve a problem is able to give accurate, clear, all-or-nothing type responses, whereas individuals not using the insight process are more likely to produce partial, incomplete responses.

There seems to be a two phase process. In the first phase, the problem solver gets stuck. Even though they may have explored all the possibilities, they still cannot see the solution. The second phase occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. After a break in mental fixation or re-evaluating the problem, the answer is seen. Insight problems may be difficult to solve because of our mental fixation on the inappropriate aspects of the problem. People have a good memory for Aha! moments. Insight may occur after a break in mental fixation, allowing the solution to appear transparent and obvious.

## References
Insight

, inventor of the Post-it note, with one on his forehead with a picture of a lightbulb]]

**Insight** is understanding the inner nature of things. It is a type of  or learning. It can be used in several ways:
*a piece of information: *I have an insight into that problem.*.
*the way you come to know something, a kind of learning.
*the answer to a question or problem.
*a sudden realization: the Eureka effect, named after Archimedes. This is also known as an epiphany.

Higher intelligence (higher IQ) has also been found to be associated with better performance on insight problems.  However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.

Oxford University has found the etymology of the word and idea of insight existing in writing at the earliest in the Ormulum of circa 1175 AD.

The definition of insight by sources, is for example: "The fact of penetrating with the eyes of the understanding", "deep",  "the power or act of seeing into a situation". The idea of penetration into the psychology of the mind has existed at least since 1927, which is the year Dr. E. Minkowski described the idea of psychiatrists penetrating into the mind of patients for diagnosis.  A similar idea also is found in the writing/work/ideas of Dr. C. Jung sometime  after 1909,  which Dr. E. Bleuler described as "depth psychology". 
## References
Lockheed Martin

**Lockheed Martin Corporation** is an American aerospace, defence, arms, security, and advanced technologies company with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995. It is headquartered in North Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington, D.C., area. Lockheed Martin employs approximately 110,000 people worldwide as of January 2020.

In October 2025, Lockheed Martin X-59 Quesst had its first flight.

## References
## Other websites
*
C. Srinivasa Iyengar

**C. Srinivasa Iyengar** was an Indian politician. He was also a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Paramakudi constituency in  1962 election.

## References
Balranald

**Balranald** is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is built on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. In 2006 there were 1216 people living in the town and another 1500 live in the Shire of Balranald. The town is the centre of the Shire of Balranald, and is the largest town in the district. The main industry in the area is farming: grains, sheep, cattle and grapes.

## References
Stephanie

**Stephanie** (which can be spelled in different ways) [ **stef**-*uh*-nee ] is a female given name. Stephanie is a name that has been commonly given to girls for hundreds of years. Its origins come from the Greek name Stephanos, which translates to "crown" or "garland." Over time, many well-known individuals have been named Stephanie, contributing to its rich history. The masculine version is **Stephen**. Stephanie is a very popular female name. Many celebrities and fictional characters carry the name. For example, Stefani Germanotta goes by the stage name Lady Gaga. This name was ranked #455 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

## People 
* Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, younger daughter of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and Grace Kelly; younger sister of Albert II, Prince of Monaco
* Stephanie Grisham, Former Trump White House Press Secretary
* Stephanie Murphy, U.S. Representative from Florida (born 1978)

## References
Laurens Hammond

**Laurens Hammond** (11 January 1895 - 3 July 1973) was American inventor and he also made musical instruments. His most famous invention is the Hammond organ.

## References
## Other websites
* The Laurens Hammond Story
Camp Funston

**Camp Funston** was a U.S. Army training camp during World War I located on Fort Riley, southwest of Manhattan, Kansas. American soldiers were there in France in the spring of 1918. Camp Funston was the largest of the 16 camps. The camp was to help soldiers for the military. The money the camp got was $10 million. The camp was . There was space for the commander (officer) to rest. The ground was divided into 4 blocks each by .  The camp could fit 2,000 people in it. There were 3 theaters, a large pool, a barbershop, restaurants, clothing stores, and an arcade (a place with lots of stores on one side). The west division of the camp was where the troops stayed from Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado.

One of the people in charge of the camp was Leonard Wood. He trained all of the troops. Each of the malls, stores, and restaurants paid money back to the camp to help the camp have money.

In March 1918, a sickness called the Spanish flu went to just about everyone in the camp.

## References
Kampos, Karditsa

**Kampos** () is a former community in the Karditsa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of Karditsa. Population 5,469 (2001). The seat of the community was in Stavros.

## References
Mordellistena degressa

***Mordellistena degressa*** is a species of beetle in the family *Mordellidae*. It is in the *Mordellistena* genus. It was discovered in 1917. 

## References
Mordellistena

***Mordellistena*** is a genus (type) of beetles in the family Mordellidae. It contains many species.

They are "tumbling flower beetles", so-called for the typical irregular movements they make when escaping predators.

## References 
## Other websites
*
U-boat

, Birkenhead Docks, Merseyside, England]]
A **U-boat** is a military submarine used by Germany. German submarines were most active in the First Battle of the Atlantic in World War I and the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. Although they could be very effective as weapons against enemy warships, they were most effective in economic warfare (commerce raiding) and enforcing naval blockades against enemy shipping.

The name is an abbreviation of the German ''''''''* ("undersea boat"). In English, *U-boat* refers exclusively to the German vessels used during the World Wars. In German, however, the term *U-Boat* refers to any submarine, including military and civilian ones and modern and foreign ones.  Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines were also known as *U-boats''.

Hundreds of U-boats went to war. Most of the sailors made repeated trips to sea until their boat was sunk by Allied anti-submarine warfare.  They are depicted in books and movies including the 1981 Das Boot.  Six U-boats were captured with most of their crew and with equipment and papers that helped the Allies to read the messages of the Enigma machine.

## References
Pembroke College, Cambridge

**Pembroke College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1347 on Christmas Eve. This was when Edward III gave Marie de St Pol the right to build a new college. She was the wife of the Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1327. The name of the college comes from him. However, it used to be called *Hall of Valence Mary* and only in 1856 the name was changed to the current one.

Pembroke College has about 700 students. The buildings within the college are of very different age. The oldest ones are from the 14th century, including the Chapel. The Hall was built later in the 1850s, and many of the student's rooms after the 1950s. It is found on Trumpington Street, which is near King's Parade, the main street in Cambridge.

Some very important people have studied here, like John Sulston (he won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) and Edmund Spenser (a poet).

## Other websites 
*Official website
The Lone Ranger (TV series)

***The Lone Ranger*** is an American half-hour western television series. It stars Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as The Lone Ranger's Indian pal Tonto. The series was one of the highest-rated series in television's early years and ABC's first true "hit". Its first run lasted from September 15, 1949 to June 8, 1957. Its first five seasons were broadcast in black and white. Its last season aired in color. There was a total of 221 episodes.

George Trendle and Fran Striker were producers. John Hart briefly took the role of The Lone Ranger while Moore was tied-up in a salary dispute with producers. Oil millionaire Jack Wrather bought the show in 1954. Wrather's other television 
properties included the hit series *Lassie* and *Sgt. Preston of the Yukon*. Two feature-length movies were produced after the show was canceled, *The Lone Ranger* (co-starring Wrather's wife Bonita Granville Wrather) and *The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold*.

Some episodes are available on video and DVD. The series is sometimes seen in reruns. The series was known for its use of classical music collected from many sources. Especially famous was the series's opening and closing music, a part of Gioachino Rossini's *William Tell Overture*. Equally well known were the cries heard at the end of each episode of "Who was that masked man?" and The Lone Ranger's "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!". Much merchandise was manufactured during the series run such as toys, games, costumes, guns and holsters, and comic books.
Doughboy

**Doughboy** was a nickname given to the 85,000 American soldiers who fought in France during World War I. Their leader was John J. Pershing. 

The word "doughboy" was well known almost 100 years before World War I in Britain and America. Doughboy had a different meaning then. Soldiers in Spain, America, and Britain were all familiar with fried doughnuts called doughboys. Because of the occasional contact of the nation's armed force and transatlantic migration, it seems likely that this usage was known to the members of the U.S. Army by the early 19th century. 

Though the first person to use the term is unclear, it was in use as early as the 1840s. One place that may have used "doughboy" first was during the Mexican–American War. Infantry forces, the army, were always covered with dust from marching through Mexico. This made the men look like uncooked dough. Another idea is the dusty infantry men looked like the mud bricks used in the area called adobes. Another idea is that doughboys were named this was because of their way of cooking field servings in the 1840s and 1850s when they baked doughy flour and rice mixtures in the ashes of a fire, but this does not explain why only army men had the doughboy name.