open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopy

**Spectroscopy** is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or shone through a , liquid, or gas. 

To be analysed the chemical is heated, because each chemical glows differently. The various wavelengths of the glow make a color spectrum which differs in some detail from other chemicals. Spectroscopy separates and measures the brightness of the different wavelengths. It can identify the chemicals in a mixture, and determine some other things, such as how hot the thing is.

Spectroscopy allows scientists to investigate and explore things that are too small to be seen through a microscope, such as molecules, and the even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and  electrons. There are special instruments to measure and analyze these light waves.

## Methods
Infrared spectroscopy measures light in the infrared electromagnetic spectrum. The highlight of IR spectroscopy is that it is very useful in identifying functional groups of organic molecules.  The absorption of infrared light by organic molecules causes molecular vibrations.  The vibrational frequencies are unique to the individual functional groups. IR spectra is given graphically by transmittance(%) vs. wavenumber (cm-1)

X-ray crystallography can look at the structure of a crystalline molecule. The electron cloud of each atom diffracts the X-rays thus revealing the positions of the atoms. Various inorganic and organic molecules can be crystallized and used in this method including DNA, proteins, salts and metals. The sample used for analysis is not destroyed.

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy uses visible and ultraviolet light to look at how much of a chemical is in a liquid. The colour of the solution is the basis for how UV-Vis works. The color of the solution we are working with is colored because of its chemical composition. So the solution absorbs some light colors and reflects other colors, the light it reflects is the color of the solution.  UV-Vis spectroscopy works by passing light through a sample of your solution then determining how much light gets absorbed by the solution.

Nuclear magnetic resonance can look at nuclei. It uses the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, the most common being 13C and 1H.  The NMR instrument generates a large magnetic field that makes the nuclei act like tiny bar magnets.  The nuclei either align with the instruments magnetic field or against it.  At this point we have two possible orientations the nuclei could be in α or β. Next the nuclei are exposed to radio waves that make α go to the β orientation. When this change occurs energy is given off and detected.  The data is interpreted graphically (Intensity vs. chemical shifts in ppm) by a computer system.  NMR does not destroy the sample you use for analysis.  Below is a 900&nbsp;MHz NMR system.

## Related pages 
* Absorption spectroscopy
* Astronomical spectroscopy
* Time-domain spectroscopy
* Auger electron spectroscopy
* Cauchy distribution
* Optics

## Other websites
*
United States Virgin Islands

The ***United States Virgin Islands*** are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are currently owned and under the authority of the United States Government. They used to be owned by Denmark (and called *Danish West Indies*). They were sold to the U.S. on January 17, 1917, because of fear that the Germans would capture them and use them as a submarine base in World War I. They are the only part of the U.S. where vehicles drive on the left hand side of the road.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Tourism Website
* Governor's Website 
* 
* *U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000*
* 
* 
* 
* Real-time, geographic and other scientific resources of Virgin Islands  from the United States Geological Survey
* Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
Chester A. Arthur

**Chester Alan Arthur** (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Before becoming president, he was most noted as the Collector of Customs for the Port of New York, a job he got from his political friendships. Arthur was the first president of the United States to take oath of office at his own house. 

Arthur was a lawyer in New York City. Two of his cases were famous. One confirmed that any slave brought to New York State was automatically set free. The other ended the racial segregation of streetcars in the city. 

After President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, Vice-President Arthur replaced him. Guiteau expected the new president to pardon him. That did not happen, and Guiteau was executed. 

During Arthur's term, a major problem was that politicians were appointing their friends such as himself to high political offices, instead of the best-qualified people.  The problem was solved after he promoted the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.  It required people to pass tests before they could be appointed to many civil service jobs.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Arthur's White House biography
United States Army

(since 2023)]]
The **United States Army** is a branch (or section) of the United States Armed Forces that deals mainly with land-based missions. Oher parts of the military deal with air and sea missions. the Army's current Commander-in-Chief is the U.S. President Donald Trump.

The U.S. Secretary of the Army, a civilian, leads the army with the help of the Army Chief of Staff, a general. Members of an army are called soldiers.  When people join the army, they must serve for a certain amount of time, called a "tour of duty." A new soldier, or recruit, first goes through basic raining at a training camp to become. There, soldiers are trained in weapons and equipment that they will operate to carry out missions.

## Mission
The U.S. Army serves as the land-based branch of the U.S. military. 

## Combat arms
Traditionally, the U.S. Army has three different kinds of combat arms regiments:

### Artillery

File:5FARegtCOA.jpg|5th Field Artillery Regiment (5th FAR)
File:244 ADA Regt CoA.png|244th Air Defense Artillery Regiment (244th ADAR)

### Cavalry (Armored)

File:7th Cavalry Regiment (USA).png|7th Cavalry Regiment (7th CR)

### Infantry

File:3rd Infantry Regiment COA.svg|3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)
File:69th INF REG COA.gif|69th Infantry Regiment (New York)
File:182nd Infantry (former 182nd Cavalry) Regiment Coat of arms.jpg|182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
File:369th InfantryCOA.jpeg|369th Infantry Regiment (United States), now 369th Sustainment Brigade (United States) NYANG
File:178th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms.png|370th Infantry Regiment (United States), now 178th Infantry Regiment (Illinois National Guard}
File:371 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg|371st Infantry Regiment (United States}
File:DC372MPBn.jpg|372nd Infantry Regiment (United States), now HHD/372nd Military Police Battalion (ARNG DC)

## Related pages
* United States National Guard
* United States Army Reserve
* United States Army Center of Military History
* United States Army trucks
Marlow, Buckinghamshire

**Marlow** is a town on the banks of the River Thames, on the southern tip of Buckinghamshire, England.

## Other websites 
* Official website

## References
Wizardry

***Wizardry*** is a series of computer role-playing games that were popular in the 1980s. First, made for the Apple II, they were later moved to other platforms. The latest game in the series, *Wizardry 8*, is only for Windows.

*Wizardry* began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead. It was written when they were students at Cornell University and then published by Sir-Tech.

David W. Bradley took over the series after the fourth game. 

## Series
Ultimately the single game became a series:
### Main series
#*Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord* (1981)
#*Wizardry: Knight of Diamonds - The Second Scenario* (1982)
#*Wizardry: Legacy of Llylgamyn - The Third Scenario* (1983)
#*Wizardry: The Return of Werdna - The Fourth Scenario* (1986)
#*Wizadry V: Heart of the Maelstrom* (1988)
#*Bane of the Cosmic Forge* (1990)
#*Crusaders of the Dark Savant* (1992) (Remade as *Wizardry Gold* in 1996)
#*Wizardry 8* (2001)

### Spin-offs
#*Nemesis: The Wizardry Adventure* (1998)
#*Wizadry Chronicle* (2001)
#*Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land* (2001)
#*Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls* (2011)
#*Wizardry Online* (2013)

The first and last three games were trilogies (Three parts of one story).

## Legacy
*Wizardry* inspired many games which were almost exactly like it. Some notable series that are very much like *Wizardry* include ''The Bard's Tale* and *Might and Magic*.

## Other websites 
* Official *Wizardry 8* website 
* Prepare Yourself for the Ultimate in Fantasy Games
* Moby Games entry on *Wizardry'' 
* Page with a lot of mods and inofficial patches
Romanian language

The **Romanian language** is a Romance language, meaning it comes from Latin like French, Spanish and Italian. It has 67% Latin-based words and around 20-25% Slavic-based words. The rest are newer and come from Dacian, Turkish, Greek, or English. There are about 28 million speakers: 24 million who speak it as their mother tongue and 4 million who have learned it as their second language.

Romanian is also the most spoken language in Moldova, which is northeast of Romania.  The Moldovan language is a kind of Romanian with certain differences, such as the dialect and a Moldavian accent.

## References
Roma

**Roma** might mean:

*Rome, a city in Italy, called *Roma* in Italian and Latin
**A.S. Roma, an Italian soccer team
*Roma, Gotland, in Sweden
*Roma people, a nomadic ethnic group found mainly in Eurasia
*''Fellini's Roma'', a movie by Federico Fellini

*Roma (surname)
Ear

ear]]

The **ear** is the part of the body which allows animals (including people) to hear. People and most mammals have ears. Non-mammals, such as lizards or frogs, can also hear, but may have holes instead of external ears. The ear works by directing sound waves to the inner ear. These vibrations are sent to the brain by an organized group of nerves. This system is called the auditory system — *auditory* meaning relating to hearing and how we hear. The ear is self-cleaning. It uses muscles (such as when the person is chewing or talking) and part of the head or face to push earwax like a "conveyor belt" out of the ear, to the outer ear.  

The inner ear is in most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have. These include the external ear and the three little bones which transmit sounds to the brain (the ossicles). The part of the ear that sticks out and can be seen is called the *pinna.*

Ears are also used in other ways. African elephants use their large ears to cool themselves when it is very hot. Bats rely on their ears to find prey by echolocation. Some animals use their ears for signalling (sending messages) to each other.

## Other hearing 
In ordinary language, "ear" refers to this receptor which conducts sound and sends signals to the brain. It does not refer to the many other methods of hearing found in fish and invertebrates. Many animals do not hear through ears. Spiders have small hairs on their legs that they can hear with.

## Related pages 
* Inner ear
* Earwax
Ealing

**Ealing** is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, most famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio. In 2011, the population was estimated at 339,300 and contains seven distinct town centres – Ealing, Hanwell, Acton, Southall, Greenford, Perivale and Northolt. 

The borough of Ealing has a total of 91 state-run schools and nurseries as well as four Non-League football clubs.
List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

The **Nobel Peace Prize** is one of six awards in the memory of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. Every year the organization gives out six awards for the people "who best benefit mankind through their actions" in one of the six subjects; peace, literature, physics, chemistry, economics, and medicine.

The Peace Prize is given out in Norway, but the other Prizes are given out in Sweden. This is because Norway and Sweden were one country when the prizes were started.

Its list of winners includes Muhammad Yunus, Martin Luther King, Jr., Elihu Root, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Henri La Fontaine, Mikhail Gorbachev, Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Wangari Maathai, Barack Obama, Liu Xiaobo, Juan Manuel Santos, Abiy Ahmed and Lech Wałęsa (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɛɣ vaˈwɛ̃sa]; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who served as the president of Poland between 1990 and 1995.

There is often a lot of controversy about the award of the prize. The 2013 winner is the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, making it the second year in-a-row that an organization has won the prize, after the European Union did so in 2012.

Here are the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize:

## Related pages 
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature

## References
Czech language

The **Czech language** (čeština in czech, ) is a Slavic language officially spoken by people in the Czech Republic. Ten million people speak it. It is very similar to the Slovak language; the differences between these two languages are small enough that speakers of Czech and Slovak usually understand each other.

It has three genders and is an inflected language like Latin. The grammar is much more complex than that of English.

## References
## Other websites 
* Ústav pro jazyk český – Czech Language Institute (in Czech)

* mluvtečesky.net  – website for learning Czech language (in English, Germany, Polish and Czech)
Monica Lewinsky

**Monica Samille Lewinsky** (born July 23, 1973 in San Francisco) is an American fashion designer, television personality, and anti-bullying activist.

In 1998, she became well known for being part of a scandal between her and then President of the United States, Bill Clinton. The scandal involved claims that she had had a sexual relationship with President Clinton. He said they had not. In the end Clinton had to admit that sexual activity of some kind took place between them.

Lewinsky is of Jewish descent. She grew up in a luxury $1.6 million home in Beverly Hills. She is the daughter of Bernard Lewinsky, a medical researcher and photographer.

She worked in the mid-1990s as an intern at the White House and the Pentagon.

Lewinsky experimented with designing handbags and purses for her company, "The Real Monica".

On December 14, 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Master of Science degree in Social Psychology from the London School of Economics. Lewinsky's thesis is titled "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An exploration of the third person effect and pre-trial publicity". According to her publicist Barbara Hutson, Lewinsky was interviewing for jobs in the United Kingdom in early 2007.

In 2009, scholar Ken Gormley had communications with Lewinsky as a part of his in-depth study of the Clinton scandals. She said that Clinton had lied under oath when asked detailed and specific questions about his relationship with her.

In the 2010s, Lewinsky became an activist against cyberbullying, and gave a TED talk about it. BuzzFeed called her the Queen of Twitter.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
1773

## Events 
* December 16 – At the Boston Tea Party, the Sons of Liberty throw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.  This will help start the American Revolutionary War.

## Births 
* February 9 – William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States (d. 1841)
William S. Burroughs

**William Seward Burroughs** (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer. He was a contemporary and friend of writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.

Burroughs was a member of the family who owned the Burroughs Cash Register Company. A family trust paid him an income, so he did not have to work a regular job. Sometimes he lived in Mexico and other countries, because he could live there in more luxury than in the United States. One favorite apartment he had in New York City was a windowless basement, nicknamed "Bill's Bunker" by his friends. Many of them were emerging writers and artists.

Burroughs told interesting,  stories, but did not think he could be a writer. This changed as he came to terms with tragedy; he had killed his common law wife Joan, in an accident when they were both drunk. Burroughs began to write to work through his grief and feelings of guilt. He also abused drugs, including heroin, and it affected his writing. His first novel, *Naked Lunch*, was a surreal work.

Besides writing, Burroughs also recorded spoken word and musical works. One of his works paired him with musician Kurt Cobain.

Burroughs died of a heart attack.

## References
## Other websites
Mike Judge

**Mike Judge** (born October 17, 1962) is an American animator, actor, writer, and producer. He is most famous for creating and starring in the animated television series *Beavis and Butt-head* and *King of the Hill*. Judge also wrote, directed, and played a small part in the 1999 movie *Office Space*, and directed the 2006 movie *Idiocracy*, which starred Luke Wilson. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, grew up in New Mexico, and lives in Austin, Texas.

## Other websites 
*
Blackpool

**Blackpool** is a seaside town in Lancashire, in the north west of England. The town is on the coast of the Irish Sea. Blackpool had a population of 142,283 as of the 2001 census.

Blackpool became important for tourism during the 19th century. It is known for its beaches and amusement parks. It is also the home to a famous international ballroom dancing competition.

## References
1190

## Events 
* March 16 — Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
* June 10 — Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. 
* October 4 — Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina
* "On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal) first published.
* Coronation of Richard I of England (*the Lion-Hearted*)
* Anti-Jewish riots in England.
* In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka. Pagan has been in anarchy. The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.
* Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.
* Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at Vézelay, beginning the Third Crusade.
* Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.
* The feudal era of Japan begins.
* Cartmel Priory founded

## Births 
* Vincent of Beauvais, Dominican friar and encyclopedist (d. 1264)
* Peter I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1251)
* William III of Sicily (d. 1198)
* William of Sherwood, English logician (d. 1249)

## Deaths 
* March 15 Isabelle of Hainaut, queen of Philip II of France (b. 1170)
* June 10 — Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, (drowned) (b. 1122)
* July 25 — Sibylla of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem (b. c. 1160)
* William Fitzstephen, servant of Thomas à Becket and sheriff of Gloucester
* Ranulf de Glanvill, chief justiciar of England
* Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester
Account

**Account** might mean:
*Bank account, a record of the money you have in a bank.
*An account on a website records information about what you do at the website.

## Related page
*Accountancy
**Financial accounting
**Management accounting
Charlemagne

**Charlemagne** ( ; , French: Charlemagnes, , , ) (c. 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was the King of the Franks and the first Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned as emperor on Christmas Day in 800. He was the older son of King Pepin III of the Carolingian dynasty. When Pepin died, Charlemagne and his brother Carloman ruled together. When Carloman died in 771 Charlemagne became the only ruler of the Franks.

## Life 
The Franksm one of the Germanic peoples who had moved from over the Rhine River into the Roman Empire as it was falling apart, were by 700 the rulers of Gaul and much of Germania east of the Rhine. They also protected the papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. When their king, Pepin the Short, died, his sons, Charlemagne and Carloman were chosen to share the kingdom. They divided it into two parts: one half for Charlemagne, and the other for Carloman. Carloman died on December 4, 771, leaving Charlemagne as the leader of the whole Frankish kingdom.

Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and King of the Lombards from 774. He was crowned Imperator Augustus (Emperor) in Rome on Christmas Day by Pope Leo III in 800. That started the Holy Roman Empire, which they hoped would be a kind of second Western Roman Empire; the Byzantines in Constantinople were still the Eastern Roman Empire. With many wars, Charlemagne spread his empire across much of Western Europe.

Charlemagne fought in many wars over the course of his reign. He is known for using his sword, *Joyeuse*, in each of the thirty years of war and the 18 battles in he fought. He also finally managed to conquer Saxony, which Roman Emperor Augustus had not been managed 800 years earlier. He converted the Saxons to Catholicism. He also had many schools built so that his people could learn. However, he also killed thousands of those who failed to convert.

## Death
Charlemagne's politics and plans failed, which led to his low self-esteem. His last years were spent in bed in deep depression. He died in 814, leaving his kingdom to his only son, Louis the Pious. The descendants of Charlemagne are called Carolingians. His family line died out in Germany in 911 and in France in 987.

## Battles and campaigns 
*During the Saxon Wars, also called the Saxon War or the Saxon Uprising, campaigns and insurrections lasted from 772 to 805 after Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent of conquest.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Charlemagne Prize
Liquid Paper

**Liquid Paper**, also called **white out** and **correction fluid**, is used to correct mistakes made in writing on typewriters and with ink. It was originally called **Mistake Out** and was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951, who was working at a bank in the U.S. state of Texas at time and had trouble when she typed on the typewriter, which was part of her job. She made the product by mixing the required substances with her blender and sold it to friends starting in 1956. She sold the product to the Gillette Corporation for 47.5 million US Dollars in 1979. When she died the following year, her son, Michael Nesmith, a famous musician, formerly of The Monkees inherited the fortune.

Now people still use the correction fluid, but more seldom. With more advanced technology, people have computers allowing them to backspace easily, not needing to use it. Also, there is also another recent invention of the correction tape. To use the fluid, you squeeze the bottle, and let the fluid flow out to cover the mistakes. Usually you have to shake the bottle before using it, and after using, you need to wait for it to dry for a few minutes, which is considered quite fast. Then you can write on top of the dried fluid.

## References
## Other websites 
*http://inventors.about.com/od/lstartinventions/a/liquid_paper.htm(http://inventors.about.com/od/lstartinventions/a/liquid_paper.htm)
*http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/t/thinner_for_liquid_paper.htm(http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/t/thinner_for_liquid_paper.htm)
Francisco Franco

**Francisco Franco** (Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military leader who ruled as fascist dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death.

His ideology was called *Francoism* () or Falangism.

## Life
### Civil war 
He was a leader of a coup d'état against the Spanish Second Republic in 1936. After this  uprising the Spanish Civil War started.  Franco was supported by fascists, big businesses, the church, conservative people and Spanish nationalists. The Spanish Republic had a socialist government that wanted to make businesses and the church less powerful.  The Republic also set up local parliaments in the regions of Spain.  Nationalists thought this was wrong and would make Spain weak.  

Three of the leaders of the coup died. Franco led the Army of Africa, the best part of the Spanish Army. He became the only leader. 

### World War Two 
Franco remained neutral during World War II as Hitler did not accept his conditions for Spain to join the Axis powers. Franco wanted Gibraltar and part of French North Africa. He sold Tungsten to Germany and allowed a group of volunteer soldiers to join the German Army to fight the Russians between 1941 and 1943. They were called the *División Azul* (Blue Division)

### Death 
Franco died in Madrid on 20 November 1975, just after midnight of heart failure. Relatives, such as his daughter Carmen, had asked doctors to remove his life support systems. After Franco's death, Juan Carlos became king.

## References
Doris Day

**Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff** (April 3, 1922 – May 13, 2019) was an American singer, actress and animal welfare activist. She is known for her blonde, wholesome image. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. All her grandparents were German immigrants.

## Career
### Singing
She sang with the big bands. She started with Les Brown & His Band of Renown.  Her first hit song was Sentimental Journey.  This song was popular with soldiers returning from World War 2.

### Acting
She made (or appeared in) many movies from 1948 to 1968. Three of these movies also starred Rock Hudson.

## Personal life and death
Day was married to Al Jorden from 1941 until they divorced in 1943. She was married to George Weidler from 1946 until they divorced in 1949. She was married to Martin Melcher from 1951 until his death in 1968. She was married to Barry Comden from 1976 until they divorced in 1981. Day had a son, Terry Melcher (1942–2004), with Jorden.

Day died of pneumonia on May 13, 2019 in Carmel Valley, California.

## Related pages
*Traditional pop

## References
## Other websites
*
*A Sentimental Journey with Les Brown band at YouTube.
*Doris Day & Andre Previn - album "Duet" at YouTube
Johnny Rivers

**Johnny Rivers** (born **John Ramistella** on November 7, 1942 in New York City) is an American rock and roll musician. He grew up in Louisiana. He was popular in the 1960s and 1970s for his songs like "Secret Agent Man", "The Poor Side of Town", "Baby I Need Your Lovin", "The Midnight Special", and "Swayin' To The Music (Slow Dancin')".

## Other websites 
* Official website
Dr. John

**Malcolm John Rebennack** (November 20, 1941 – June 6, 2019), better known as **Dr. John**, was an American musician from New Orleans. He was known for his singles "I Walk on Guilded Splinters", "Right Place, Wrong Time" and "Down in New Orleans".

## Death
Rebennack died on June 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 77.

## Filmography
* *Yakety Yak, Take it Back* (1991) ... Himself/Yakety Yak (voice)
* *Looney Tunes: Back in Action* (2003) ... Yakety Yak (voice)

## Awards and honors
Over his career he won six Grammy Awards,. Rebennack was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2011. 

In May 2013 Rebennack received an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts from Tulane University. On the university website, a comment was added about that 2013 ceremony: *"The passing of Dr. John reminded me of one of my favorite Tulane moments. It was Dr. John, Allen Toussaint and the Dalai Lama on the same stage for one of our commencements. The Dalai Lama danced to their music. What a treat!"*

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Dr. John on Rhythm & Blues Music Primer site
Death metal

**Death metal** is a style of heavy metal that is very fast, mean and brutal. It has very angry and low singing that sounds like Cookie Monster from the TV show Sesame Street. Most death metal has very fast guitar and drum beats. Almost every death metal drummer plays with two bass drums (or a type of pedal that has two beaters on one bass drum), so that they can play the bass drum beats faster. It is a kind of music focused on the beat and low sounds more than anything. The lyrics in death metal sometimes involve topics such as death, war and pain. Some bands choose to write about thinking or God. Some bands try to write about things that other death metal bands do not write about such as ancient history. Some death metal singers don't just sing low like Cookie Monster, others scream really loud too. Some death metal bands focus on making very pretty sounds with the guitars, and others focus on making music that is very hard to play.

Some death metal artists and groups:

## Other kinds of death metal
* **Melodic death metal**, sometimes called ***melodeath*** – is slower and features screams instead of growls. It also has much more melody and clean vocals can even sometimes be heard.
 released many technical death metal albums later in their career.]]
* **Technical death metal**, or **progressive death metal** – is a much more complex type of death metal. These songs usually are longer and have unique song structures. These bands pretty much combine progressive rock and jazz with death metal.
* **Death-doom** – combines the dark atmosphere and slow tempos with growling vocals and double-kick drumming.
* **Goregrind**, **deathgrind** and **pornogrind** – mixes the intensity of Grindcore with the complexity of death metal. Guitar solos are usually rare, and vocalists usually scream instead of growl. Also, the songs are usually shorter.
* **Blackened death metal** – is a style that combines death metal with black metal.

## References
## Other websites
*
Etymology

**Etymology** is the study of the origin and meaning of words and names.  It tells us how words have changed over time, and what other languages they came from. For example, the etymology of the word *etymology* is from the Greek words ἔτυμον (*étymon*, "true meaning", from *etymos* "true") and λόγος (*lógos*, "word" or "study").

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). *Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew*. Palgrave Macmillan.  / 

## Related pages 
*Historical linguistics

## Other websites 
* Etimologio de Esperanto Has also English forms
Mule

A **mule** is a animal hybrid of a female horse (a mare) and a male donkey (a jack). The horse and the donkey are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes; of the two possible first-generation hybrids between them, the mule is easier to obtain and more common than the hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey (a jenny) and a male horse (a stallion).

A mule is generally sterile. Although it is extremely unlikely for a mule to become pregnant (less than 300 reported cases worldwide), it is possible.  

Mules vary widely in size, from small miniature mules under  to large and powerful mules standing up to  at the shoulders. The average weight range is between about .

A mule is generally larger than a donkey and smaller than a horse.  A mule has the long ears, thin limbs, small hooves and the short hair of the donkey, while its height, the shape of the neck and body, and its teeth are more similar to those of the horse. The color of its coat can be any color seen in the horse or in the donkey, which can be white, grey, brown or black.

They are used mostly for pulling carts and transportation. As trucks with four-wheel drive have become common, mules are little used for transport except in places without roads.

## References
Dead Sea

The **Dead Sea** is a lake in the southwest of Asia. It is the Earth's lowest surface, located 420 meters (1,380 feet) below sea level. The sea is drying up as basin countries use water from its tributaries for drinking water and processes like irrigation.

The Dead Sea is almost nine times as salty as the ocean because a lot of water evaporates out of it, leaving salt behind. Most life cannot survive its high salinity, which is why it is called the "Dead Sea". However, some microbes have adapted to the high salinity and are able to survive in the Dead Sea's harsh environment.

Because the water is so salty, it weighs more than fresh water. This allows people to float in the Dead Sea without any effort. Tourists come from around the world to float in the water.

## Gallery

DeadSea3667.jpg|A rough Dead Sea, with salt deposits on cliffs
Dead sea newspaper.jpg|Reading a newspaper while floating in the Dead Sea
STS028-96-65.jpg | View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea, taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-28).
Dead sea ecological disaster 1960 - 2007.gif | The decreasing water level of the Dead Sea

## References 
## Other websites
Suffolk

**Suffolk** is an East Anglian county in England (UK) The counties around Suffolk are Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea is on the east. The county town is Ipswich and other big towns include Lowestoft and Bury St Edmunds. Felixstowe is one of the largest container ports in Europe.

## Geography 
Suffolk is mostly flat and has very fertile soil which is good for both growing crops and grazing animals on.

## People from Suffolk 
* Ed Sheeran - singer

## Other websites 
* Suffolk Observatory - Suffolk's Vital Statistics

* - Suffolk County Council

* - BBC Suffolk 

## References
Grizzly bear

The **grizzly bear** (*Ursus arctos horribilis*), also known as the **North American brown bear** or simply **grizzly**, is a large subspecies of the brown bear that lives in North America. Grizzly bears were almost hunted to extinction in the United States because they were seen as a threat. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, rules were made to protect grizzly bears.

Grizzly bears eat a lot of different foods, including fish, fruit, berries, and other animals (such as squirrels, moose, and deer). Grizzly bears sometimes eat crops, livestock, and human food.
 
## References
American black bear

The **American black bear** (*Ursus americanus*) is North America's smallest and most common species of bear. Black bears usually live in forested areas, but do leave forests in search of food. Sometimes they become  to human activity due to a lack of food. The American black bear is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern, because the species has a large global  estimated to be twice that of all other bear species combined. In the past century, only 37 people have been killed by these animals.

American black bears usually hibernate during winter. During this time, the black bear's metabolism and heart rate both decrease in relation to one another. The body temperature of black bears also decreases to 31 °C (88 °F) during hibernation. When hibernation is over, the black bear's body temperature returns to normal. Black bears are omnivores (eating both meat and plants). They feed on fish, rodents, rabbits, insects, carrion, fruit, nuts, grass, leaves, honey, deer, and moose calves. Their predators are humans, grizzly bears, and american alligators, while wolves, coyotes, cougars, lynxes, foxes, birds of prey, and even other black bears are predators of black bear cubs.

## References
Fur

s have white fur]]

**Fur** is the hair of mammals. Different species may have quite different styles of hair, making them more or less suitable to the fur trade, but many are as follows:

Fur usually consists of two main layers:
*Down hair (known also as undercoat or ground hair) — the bottom layer. They are wool hairs, usually wavy or curly without straight portions or sharp points; down hairs tend to be shorter, flat, curly, and more numerous than the top layer. Its principal function is thermoregulation; it keeps a layer of dry air next to the skin and repels water, thus providing thermal insulation.
*Guard hair — the top layer is longer, coarser, nearly straight shafts of hair. This protrudes through the down hair layer. The top ends of the guard hairs are visible. This top layer displays the most colour and gloss, including coat patterns adapted to display or camouflage. It is also adapted to shedding water and blocking sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin from external factors such as rain and ultraviolet radiation. Many animals, such as domestic cats, erect their guard hairs as part of their threat display when agitated.

Many large mammals have little hair, because their body mass radiates proportionately less heat (elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotamus). When elephants lived in arctic conditions they did have fur (woolly mammoths).

Marine mammals usually have little or no fur: the fur would become waterlogged. They have a layer of fat (blubber) underneath their skin. A special case is the naked mole-rat, whose hairlessness is probably an adaptation to their underground life-style.
Otto Struve

**Otto Struve** (12 August 1897 – 6 April 1963) was a Russian astronomer. He was the grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and the great-grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm von Struve.
 
Struve's education at the University of Kharkov was interrupted by World War I and the Russian Civil War, which left him a refugee in Turkey. He went to the United States in 1921, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and eventually became head of the astronomy department there. In 1932, he was made joint director of the university's Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory (which he founded and where a telescope is named after him). Struve may be regarded as the father of modern SETI. He was one of the few eminent astronomers in the pre-Space Age era to publicly express a belief that extraterrestrial intelligence was abundant.
Police officer

police officer. Many people think about something like this when they hear or see the words "police officer".]]

A **police officer** is a serving member of a police force.  Police officers arrest criminals, prevent crime, protect and help the public, and keep public order. Officers have legally authorized powers, which in Britain is called a *warrant*.

## Powers and duties
A police officer's job is to protect the public, make sure people obey the law and make people feel safe.  Not all police officers wear a uniform and patrol.  Some police officers have specialist jobs, such as being a detective, a traffic officer or a police dog handler. In some countries, not all police carry guns, so a police officer could choose to become an armed police officer after a lot of experience.
 traffic police officer demonstrating traffic commands.]]
 Police of Pakistan in uniform.]]

As a part of their job, police officers have rights that other people do not have. This might include the power to arrest a person who they think has committed a crime, the power to search a person, the power to stop cars and direct traffic, the power to ask for a person's name and address, the power to give out tickets or fines or the power to make a person come to court.  Without these powers the police would not be able to gain any sort of control over society. 

Being a police officer can be dangerous. Police officers are sometimes killed or hurt by criminals when they are sent to incidents, so that is why the police have to carry the equipment needed to defend themselves. Police officers have the right to carry weapons, such as a gun or a baton in order to stop crime even if the weapon laws are strict and limited to the general public.

## Equipment 
In different countries, police officers are given different equipment to deal with the crime that is in their country.  Police officers are armed with weapons that they can use to defend themselves or other people that need help.  Most police officers carry some or all of the following items to complete their work:

* a gun or a baton/truncheon to injure or in some cases kill criminals if necessary.
* a canister of CS gas or pepper spray, which blinds a person for a short amount of time
* a set of handcuffs, for restraining a person
* a protection vest, to protect a police officer from knives and guns
* a flashlight, for lighting dark places
* a two-way radio, to call for help, give information to other officers and to get backup.

Police officers have to patrol and respond to emergencies as quickly as possible.  Some police officers will walk on foot patrol, but often police officers will perform patrol duties in a police car.  This is so that they can get to emergencies faster and carry more equipment.  Sometimes officers patrol on bicycles, motorbikes or on horses if they are in a unit that does this.
15th century

The **15th century** was the century from 1401 to 1500.

## Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 15th century are in *italics*.
Mammalogy

**Mammalogy** is the study of the mammals. Mammalogy has also been known as "**mastology**," "**theriology**," and "**therology**." 

Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals. There are about 4,200 different species of animals which are considered mammals. The major branches to study in the mammalogy career include:
*natural history
*taxonomy and systematics
*anatomy and physiology
*ethology
*ecology
*management and control

The approximate salary of a mammalogist varies from $20,000 to $60,000 a year, depending on their experience.  Mammalogists are typically involved in activities such as conducting research, managing personnel, and writing proposals.
Sexism

religious police beating a woman for removing her burqa in public.]] being arrested in London in 1914 for campaigning for women's right to vote in elections.]]

**Sexism** is generally defined as the bias, prejudice or discrimination against someone on the basis of gender, i.e. looking down on a person for being male or female.

## Overview
Sexism may also include stereotyped roles by gender. International laws, such as the *Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women* or *Yogyakarta Principles*, demand the end of every form of sexism. Sexism can affect a person attending a party, getting a job, joining a game, trying to get a promotion, being selected and so on. Sexism is often discrimination against women due to the history of sexism in the Western world.

## Origin
The word *sexism* was created by Pauline M. Leet on November 18, 1965.

## Misogyny
**Misogyny** refers to the bias, prejudice or discrimination against women.

## Misandry
**Misandry** refers to the bias, prejudice or discrimination against men. Misandry's existence is denied by a significant proportion of feminists. leading many to form the impression that men's suffering has not been given equal attention,

## Gendered racism
Gendered racism is a form of oppression that happens due to stereotypes related to race and gender. While many engage in racism to divide others into "superior" and "inferior" to treat them differently, sexism is the prejudice or discrimination based on sex, e.g. bias against women.

## Related pages
* Sex segregation
* Feminization of poverty
* Men's rights movement
* Violence against women
* Women's rights movement
* Discrimination against non-binary people 
* Violence against men

## References
Gulf War

The **Gulf War** was a conflict between Iraq and 42 other countries, led by the United States. It started with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990. Iraq had claimed Kuwait as part of its territory. Iraq is said to have suffered around 80,000–100,000 soldier losses.

There were two military operations. 

Operation Desert Shield brought Western troops to protect Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf states that Iraq had not attacked.

Operation Desert Storm attacked Iraq's forces both in Kuwait and in southern Iraq. It started on 17 January 1991 with an air strike on Baghdad. Ground operations started 24 February. Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells to slow the attack. The war ended on 28 February 1991 with a ceasefire.

The long Iran–Iraq War had ended in August 1988. Iraq owed a great amount of money to Saudi Arabia and had difficulty paying it back. Saddam Hussein declared the neighboring country of Kuwait to be siphoning Iraqi crude oil from across the border, and on 2 August 1990 the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait started.  On 17 January 1991 the US began the Persian Gulf War with a massive US led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.

The attacks were assisted by newly developed weapons, including stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and smart bombs.

After 42 days of fighting U.S. President Bush declared a ceasefire on 28 February. By that time most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

Operation Desert storm included a bombing campaign that targeted Iraqi aircraft, anti-aircraft systems, oil refineries, weapon factories, bridges, and roads. President George Bush decided not to depose Saddam Hussein.

Political issues after Operation Desert Storm lead to the second Persian Gulf War in 2003.

## Related pages
* Iran-Iraq War
* 2003 invasion of Iraq

## References
Point of view

:*In Wikipedia, a Point of view, or POV, is one way of looking at an issue. Wikipedia seeks a neutral point of view by including all relevant POVs, not just what one person thinks. *

A **point of view**, **viewpoint** or **POV**, is the following:
*On a topic, a **point of view** is a perspective
*In stories a **point of view** is the experience of the narrator.  See point of view (literature).
*Viewpoint is a scrolling shooter video game released for Neo Geo and SEGA Genesis.
*A video game developer. See Point of View (developer).
Sicily

**Sicily**[[#Notes|[p]]] is the largest island in the Mediterranean. Along with some smaller islands it is an autonomous region of Italy. The capital city of Sicily is Palermo. The population was about 5,087,000 (over 5 million) in 2004. Sicily is the biggest region in the nation of Italy.

Phoenician and Greek people colonized the island in the 8th Century BC and sometimes fought wars there. Carthage controlled most of the island until Ancient Rome conquered it. In later centuries, Saracens (who significantly impacted the Island genetically and culturally) fought against the Byzantine Greeks, and Normans ruled it for a few centuries. A German dynasty and a French one ruled in the 13th century. After the 1282 revolts of Sicilian Vespers, the crown of Aragon and Spain took over the Island. Later, Garibaldi in the Risorgimento conquered it and brought it into the Kingdom of Italy.

## Art 
Among the Sicilian artists who succeeded in bringing to the international stage a language of strong civic engagement while at the same time narrating the history of the island, Mario Bardi, a representative of Existential realism, stands out. His painting, characterized by dramatic tones and a constant attention to labour and social tensions, offers a collective and powerful portrayal of Sicily.

## Provinces 
* Agrigento
* Caltanissetta
* Catania
* Enna
* Messina
* Palermo
* Ragusa
* Siracusa
* Trapani

## Notes 
: [p] - The word "Sicily" is pronounced as "SISS-uh-lee".

## Other websites 
* Official Site of Regions Sicily (Italian site)
* La Sicilia In Rete