open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Portable Network Graphics

**Portable Network Graphics** (often shortened to **PNG**) is a bitmapped image format that uses lossless data compression.

Their most common use is within transparent images, as it does support an alpha channel along with a 16-bit color channel.

It is commonly used on the internet due to its high quality to size ratio. 

## References
Someone like You (Adele song)

***Someone like You*** is the second hit single on Adele's record *21* released in 2011. This was her first number one song in the United Kingdom (UK) and her second in the United States (US).

## Overview
***Someone like You*** received positive review by musical critics. The song is played only with Adele's voice and piano. In 2012, the song was certified quintuple-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. "Someone like You" is Adele's third-best selling single in the United States, after *Rolling in the Deep* and *Hello*.  It reached number 24 on *Billboard*'s Year-End Hot 100 of 2011 and number 43 on the year-end chart for 2012. During her concert tour in August 2024, Adele revealed that this song had changed her life.

## Music video
The Music video filmed in September 2010 starts with Adele walking along a road alone in downtown Paris and singing the song sadly, during which she stops at the Pont Alexandre III to look over the Seine. She tends walks into a building, when her ex-lover shows up. However, her ex-lover walks away, leaving her staring at his back in silence. 

The video premiered on MTV and Vevo on 29 September 2011. The official MV has gathered over 2.24 billion views and 10 million "Likes" as of 19 October 2024, similar to that of Adele's another hit *Rolling in the Deep* whose official MV was uploaded around a year earlier.

## Reviews
The song drew a substantial amount of positive reviews from music and media critics. 

### Amanda Dobbins 
Amanda Dobbins of the *New York* magazine commented that "the secretly devastating video" for "Someone like You" would remind Adele's ex-lover what he had done by leaving her.

### Sarah Dean 
Sarah Dean of the *Huffington Post* called it an "uncomplicated, moving film" and wrote,

### Jason Lipshutz 
Jason Lipshutz of *Billboard* magazine remarked that the video was "as simply constructed as the song's vocal-and-piano arrangement."

### Andrew Matson 
Andrew Matson of *The Seattle Times* said,

### Andrea Devaro 
Andrea Devaro of *Long Island Press* claimed,

## Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from *21* liner notes.
* Vocals – Adele
* Production – Adele Adkins and Dan Wilson
* Songwriting – Adele Adkins and Dan Wilson

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time chart
## Covers
*Someone like You* has been covered by various singers since its release. Some of them are independent bands, including the First To Eleven. First To Eleven's cover version of the song has accumulated 535,736 views as of April 8, 2025.

## References
Chloris

**Chloris** ("Khloris" or Χλωρίς, from "Khloros" or χλωρός, meaning "greenish-yellow," "pale green," "pale," or "fresh") refers to several figures in Greek mythology. Some stories refer to different characters. Others refer to the same Chloris, but have different details.

## Chloris (Nymph)
Chloris was a Nymph. She represented spring, flowers and new growth. Her Roman equivalent was the goddess Flora. She was kidnapped by and later married Zephyr.

## Chloris (Meliboea)
Meliboea was one of Niobe and Amphion's fourteen children, and the only one not killed when Artemis and Apollo killed the children as revenge. Meliboea was so scared by this that she turned permanently pale. She changed her name to Chloris ("pale one").

She later married Neleus and became queen in Pylos.

## Chloris (Mother of Mopsus)
Chloris married the seer Ampyx (son of Elatus). She had a child called Mopsus, who also became a famous seer and later joined the Argonauts.

## Related pages
Human zoo

]]
A **human zoo** was an exhibition that showed people from other cultures. Very often, this was done in similar ways than animals are shown in zoological gardens today. Most such exhibitions were done between 1870 and 1940. Human zoos attracted many people in Europe. They were often based on the idea of unilinealism, scientific racism and social Darwinism. Unilinealism or unilineal evolution is the idea that evolution happens only in one direction; some animal will be "at the peak" of evolution. Because of these ideas, some human zoos placed indigenous people (particularly Africans) in a continuum somewhere between the great apes and humans of European descent. Ethnographic zoos have since been criticized as highly degrading and racist.

Usually, these exhibitions were made to follow stereotypes. These used ideas from racism.
Curaçao

**Curaçao** is an island country in the Caribbean Sea. It is one of the ABC islands and is just a short distance north of the Venezuelan Paraguaná Peninsula, and it forms a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Willemstad is the capital of Curaçao.

## People
The largest ethnic group belongs to the Afro-Caribbean group with about 85% of the entire population (also includes mulattos). The remaining 15% are people of mainly European (mainly Dutch) descent, but there are also Indonesians, Colombians, Venezuelans, and others.

## Languages
Papiamentu, Dutch, and English are the three official languages of Curaçao. Papiamentu is by far the most spoken language while sizable minorities speak the other two official languages.

## Climate 
Curaçao has a tropical climate. The temperatures are usually constant. The trade winds bring cool breeze during the day and the same trade winds bring warmth during the night. The coolest month is January with an average of 26°C in temperature and the warmest month is September with an average temperature of 28.9 °C (84 °F). The year's average maximum temperature is 31°C. The year's average minimum temperature is about 25°C.

The island broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 2010. It has a very long history set all the way back to the 1800s.

## References
Rye Beach, New Hampshire

**Rye Beach** is a community in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It used to be called **Pannaway**. It is along the Atlantic Ocean. It is in Rye, New Hampshire, United States. It is along New Hampshire Route 1A, near the south of a town named "Rye". 

In the community, there is a hostel. It is called the "Ocean house" and it was built in 1884. When it was built, it was small, but over time, it reached 4 stories and it had room for 250 guests. It was called the Philbrick Hotel when it was first built, but an Admiral called David Farragut visited the hotel, so it sometimes was called "Farragut House".

## References
Iga Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Ise, Ōmi, Yamato, and Yamashiro.

The capital city of the province was Ueno, also called Iga-Ueno.

## History
, 1853]]

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography
Iga is a small mountain ringed basin (the Ueno basin) in the center of the Kansai region.

## Shrines and Temples
*Aekuni jinja* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Iga.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Curing salt

**Curing salt** (or **pink salt** or **Prague powder #1**) is mixture of salt and sodium nitrate that is used to preserve or cure meats or in the making of sausages. It contains 93.75% table salt and 6.25% sodium nitrite. The sodium nitrite in curing salt is used to stop the growth of *Clostridium botulinum* in order to prevent botulism. Curing salt may be dyed pink preventing it from being confused with table salt.

## Related pages
*Pickling salt
*Table salt

## References
Neue Wache

sculpture *Mother with her Dead Son* and the oculus, which exposes the sculpture to the elements.]]
 

The **Neue Wache** () is a building in central Berlin, the capital of Germany. It is located on the north side of the Unter den Linden. The Neue Wache was designed by the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, was built in 1816 and is a leading example of German neoclassicism. Originally it was built as a guardhouse for the troops of the Crown Prince of Prussia, the building has been used as a war memorial since 1931.

King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the construction of the Neue Wache as a guard house for the nearby Palace of the Crown Prince, to replace the old Artillery Guard House. He commissioned Schinkel, the leading exponent of neoclassicism in architecture, to design the building: this was Schinkel's first major commission in Berlin.

## Other websites 
* "The National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny: From Conflict To Consensus", lecture with handout and bibliography by Harold Marcuse, covers history since 1816.
* Neue Wache travel photos by Galen Fry Singer, of facade, sculpture and inscriptions.
Transitivity (grammar)

**Transitivity** in grammar is about whether a verb has an object or not. A **transitive** verb has an object; an **intransitive** verb does not.p1051 Examples:
*Transitive: 
*:*We really enjoyed the trip*.
*:*She read the book*.
*:*What did you throw?*

*Intransitive: 
*:*She relaxed*.
*:*She travels*.
*:*She slept*.
A transitive verb is an action verb. It expresses something  (something possible to do). The direct object is something or someone who is the receiver of the action (verb). In the first two examples above, the 'trip' and the 'book' are the direct objects. 'Enjoyed' and 'read' are the transitive verbs.

## References
Audio description

**Audio description** is an explanation for visually impaired or blind people of television, dance, opera, movies, museums or other visual art. A narrator makes a description of what's happening, usually when nobody is talking. 

The first talking picture ever shown especially for the blind was a 1929 screening of *Bulldog Drummond* for members of the New York Association for the Blind and New York League for the Hard of Hearing, which had a live description for the visually-impaired people.

Descriptive video service which was started by the  Public Broadcasting Service is used for the DVDs of certain movies as part of the audio description.

## References
Teak

, India.]]
, West Bengal, India.]]
 Amarapura, Myanmar. The longest teak bridge in the world at  in length.]]

**Teak** is the common name for the tropical hardwood tree *Tectona grandis* and its wood products. *Tectona grandis* is native to south and southeast Asia and grows in many countries. It has been introduced to Africa and the Caribbean. Burma produces nearly one third of the world's total teak.

The word teak comes from the Malayalam word *theka* or *tekka*. This tree is mentioned in the seventh-century literature of the Tamil language known as the Tevaram.

*Tectona grandis* is a large deciduous tree that is dominant in mixed hardwood forests. It has small, fragrant white flowers and papery leaves that are often hairy on the lower surface.

## References
Ise Province

) with Ise Province highlighted]]

 was an old province of Japan in the area of modern Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  

The province had borders with Iga, Kii, Mino, Ōmi, Owari, Shima, and Yamato.

When the province was created in 646, its capital city was Uji-Yamada. 

## History
Before Nara period, Ise Shrine, the holiest Shinto shrine was established in this province and here is introduced by a word *Kamukaze* in waka rhetorics in the Nara period. In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Ise.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Ise Province were reformed in the 1870s.

The World War II Japanese battleship *Ise* was named after this province.

## Temples and Shrines
*Tsubakiōkamiyashiro* (*Tusbaki jinja/Nakato jinja*) was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) for the province.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Gym Class Heroes

**Gym Class Heroes** are an American hip hop band from Geneva, New York. They are associated with other musicians, including but not limited to Patrick Stump and Adam Levine of Maroon 5. On their album *As Cruel as School Children* is the song ''Cupid's Chokehold*, which samples *Breakfast in America'' by Supertramp. The band's lead singer is Travie McCoy.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *...For the Kids* (2001)
* *The Papercut Chronicles* (2005)
* *As Cruel as School Children* (2006)
* *The Quilt* (2008)
* *The Papercut Chronicles II* (2011)

## References
Artificial cranial deformation

.]]

**Artificial cranial deformation**, also known as **head flattening** or **head binding** is when the skull of a human is changed permanently, and on purpose. It is done by changing how a child's skull grows by putting force on the skull. Flat shapes, long shapes and round shapes can be used to do this. It is done on young children. This is because the skull is easier to shape at this time. Usually, the shape that will be used to change the skull is attached about a month after the baby is born. It stays on for around six months after this.

The practice has been most often used in native societies in the Americas, but there are examples from Asia and Europe. The Toulouse deformation was caused by wrapping the head of the newborn, possible to protect it from damage. In pre-modern societies the practice was surprisingly common. 
In most cases the reasons for the practice is not known.

## Related pages 
*Foot binding

## References
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The **International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights** is a treaty made by the United Nations. It is to help civil rights get better.

The rights are listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties in international human rights law. The Covenant was adopted on 16 December 1966 with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It was put into force in 1976. The United Nations set up the Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) to carry out the treaty.

## Main contents 
*Article 1. Right to self-determination.
*Article 6. Right to life and on Genocide Convention.
*Article 7. Free from torture and any inhuman treatments.
*Article 8. Free from slavery and unfree labour.
*Article 9. Right to personal security and protection from arbitrary arrest and detention. Right to demand remedy if proved innocent.
*Article 10. The right to be treated with humanity and repected dignity while in detention.
*Article 12. Freedom of movement, freedom to leave and to enter one's own country. 
*Article 14. The right to a fair trial and to be regarded as innocent until found guilty.
*Article 16. Right to be recognized as a person before law.
*Article 17. Right to privacy and protection from attack of honour.
*Article 18. Freedom of thought, conscience and freedom of religion.
*Article 19. Freedom of expression and freedom of speech but with special duty and responsibility not to harm others.
*Article 20. prohibition of propaganda of war and any inciting of hatred and discrimination.
*Article 21. Freedom of assembly.
*Article 22. Right to association and trade union.
*Article 23. Right to family and marriage with free will of each person (against forced marriage).
*Article 25. Right to free and fair voting.
*Article 26. Equality before law and protection from all discriminations by law.
*Article 27. Right to minority groups and ethnic group and to use their own language.

## Optional protocols 
This Covenant has two optional protocols. One of them is to allow a citizen whose rights have been violated to claim before the CCPR. The other is to prohibit the death penalty. There are countries which ignore, or do not agree with, the optional protocols.

## Related pages
*Civil and political rights
*Civil rights
*International human rights law
*Universal Declaration of Human Rights
*Human rights

## Other websites 
*International Covenant on Civil and political Rights

## References
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The **International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights** is a treaty made by the United Nations to ensure that the 
economic, social and cultural rights are affirmed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties on the international human rights law. This Covenant was adopted in 1966 together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and entered into force in 1976.

## Main contents 
*Article 2. Right to enjoy all human rights in this Covenant without any discrimination
*Article 5~7. Right to work with decent conditions and to equal payment for equal work.
*Article 8. Right to join a trade union and to strike action for decent conditions, including fair payment and holiday leave. 
*Article 9. Right to Social Security.
*Article 10. Right to marriage and to form a family with especial protection for mothers.
*Article 11. Right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing and the housing.
*Article 12. Right to the best possible standard of health.
*Article 13. Right to education; free primary education for all and equal access to secondary and higher education, which should also be as free as possible. Education should aim to allow everyone to develop their personality as much as possible, and respect for human rights, tolerance and peace.
*Article 15. Right to enjoy culture and science.

## Related pages
*Economic, social and cultural rights
*International human rights law
*Universal Declaration of Human Rights

## Other website 
*International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Economic, social and cultural rights

**Economic, social and cultural rights** are a part of human rights. In an important United Nations treaty called The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the countries in the United Nations agreed that everyone should have these rights.  Some examples of these rights include:
* The right to education (school)
* The right to work, with good pay, in a good, safe place to work
* The right to strike (when workers strike, they decide together that they will not work any more until their bosses make things at work better - like giving them enough pay to live on, or making the job safer)
* The right to housing
* The right to Social Security
* The right to be healthy
* The right to an adequate standard of living (meaning a person has everything they need to survive, including water, food, clothing, enough money to pay for what they need, and somewhere safe to live).
These rights were already listed in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, they were included again in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights to ensure that giving people these rights would be the law worldwide.  

A separate Covenant specifically on economic, social, and cultural rights was done for a reason.  These rights were not included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These two Covenants were kept separate because civil rights are thought to be protected more strongly than economic, social and cultural rights.  A separate Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights was done to make it clear how important these rights are.

As the Vienna Declaration says, all human rights must be protected equally because "all human rights are universal and cannot be divided."

## Related pages
*Human rights
*Civil rights
*Digital rights
*International human rights law
*Welfare
Vickers machine gun

The **Vickers machine gun** (also known as the **Vickers gun**) was a heavy machine gun that was used by the British Army from 1912 to 1968. It was made by Vickers Limited. The gun was very . It was one of the most commonly used weapons in the first world war.

## References
Albania at the Olympics

**Albania at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1972.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Albania is ALB.

## History
The Albanian team did not take part in the next games between 1976 and 1988. They returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have took part in all Olympic Games since then. They first took part in the Winter Olympic Games in 2006.

Albania usually takes part in events that have swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. Albania first won an Olympic medal at the 2024 Olympics. They first competed at the 1972 Olympics in weightlifting (gold, Ymer Pampuri).

## Statistics 
### Albania at the Summer Olympic Games 
### Albania at the Winter Olympic Games 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
* Albania profile at London2012.com
American Samoa at the Olympics

**American Samoa at the Olympics** is a history which includes 12 games in 11 countries and 30+ athletes. Since 1988, American Samoa has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for American Samoa is ASA.

## History
The National Olympic Committee for American Samoa was formed in 1987; and it was  by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Teams from American Samoa have take part in Summer Olympic Games.  Samoan athletes went to two of the Winter Olympic Games. 

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
*American Samoa
*Summer Olympic Games
*Winter Olympic Games

## References
## Other websites 
* American Samoa profile at London2012.com
Andorra at the Olympics

**Andorra at the Olympics** is a history which includes 20 games in 25 countries and 50+ athletes. Since 1988, Andorra has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Andorra is AND.

## History
The National Olympic Committee for Andorra (*Comitè Olímpic Andorrà*) was formed in 1971; and it was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1975.

Athletes from Andorra first took part in the Olympic Games in 1976. They have taken part in all Olympic Games since then.

Andorra have never won a medal before. They usually take part in events like cycling, swimming, athletics, shooting, and judo.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Andorra profile at London2012.com
Royal Banner of Scotland

The **Royal Standard of Scotland**, (), also known as the **Banner of the King of Scots**, or more commonly the **Lion Rampant of Scotland**, is the Scottish Royal Banner of Arms. It is also used in an official capacity at royal residences in Scotland when the Sovereign is not present.

The earliest recorded use of the Lion rampant as a royal emblem in Scotland was by Alexander II in 1222; with the additional embellishment of a double border set with lilies occurring during the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286). Since 1603, the Lion rampant of Scotland has been incorporated into both the royal arms and royal banners of successive Scottish then British monarchs in order to symbolise Scotland; as can be seen today in the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom. Although now officially restricted to use by representatives of the Sovereign and at royal residences, the Royal Standard of Scotland continues to be one of Scotland's most recognisable symbols.

## National Flag of Scotland
.]]

The **Flag of Scotland**, also known as the '''Saint Andrew's Cross** or more commonly **The Saltire'*, is the national flag of Scotland. The Saltire is the correct flag for everyone to fly in order to show both their loyalty and Scottish nationality. It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8am until sunset, with certain exceptions; for example United Kingdom *National Days''.

## References
Tori Spelling

**Victoria Davey "Tori" Spelling** (born on May 16, 1973) is an American actress, television writer and producer. 

## Personal life 
From 2004 to 2006 Tori was married to actor and playwright Charlie Shanian (b.1965). 

Tori has been married to actor Dean McDermott (b.1966) since May 7, 2006 after they were dated for 8 months. The spouses have four children together: son Liam Aaron McDermott (b.March 13, 2007), daughters Stella Doreen McDermott (b.June 9, 2008) and Hattie Margaret McDermott (b.October 10, 2011), and another son — Finn Davey McDermott (b.August 30, 2012). Spelling also has a step-son Jack Montgomery McDermott (b.1998) from McDermott's 1st marriage to actress Mary Jo Eustace.

## Other websites 
*
Football in Scotland

**Association football** is the most popular sport in Scotland. Scotland has the second oldest national Football Association in the world (behind England's FA), and the trophy for the national cup, the Scottish Cup, is the oldest sporting trophy in the world.

Scottish football club Rangers F.C. have won a world record 54 league titles.

Scotland and Scottish football clubs hold many records for football attendances;

The highest ever attendance for a UEFA competition match was in the 1969-70 European Cup semi-final at Hampden Park, Scotland's national stadium. A record 136,505 people attended that Cup semi-final played between Celtic and Leeds United 
The attendance of 149,415 for the Scotland vs. England match of 1937 at Hampden Park is also a European record. 
The attendance of 146,433 for the 1937 Scottish Cup final between Celtic and Aberdeen at Hampden Park is a European record for a club match. 
Rangers' record attendance of 118,567 is a British record for a league match. 

## Structure
Professional football in Scotland is split into four leagues. The winners of the league move up into the league above it, and those who finish last in the league move down into the league below it. The leagues are:

*Scottish Premier League
*Scottish First Division
*Scottish Second Division
*Scottish Third Division
Micrograph

**]]
**Micrographs''' are photographs taken through microscopes to show magnified versions of items. They are used for forensic engineering and forensic science to record  evidence. Micrographs are also used for scanning electron microscopy so the sample areas selected for analysis are visible.
Felix Adjei

**Felix Adjei** ( born 17 December 1990) is a football player from Ghana. He plays for FC Pinzgau Saalfelden in the Regionalliga Salzburg (3rd level in Austrian football) as midfielder.
## Career
He started playing football for Red Bull Ghana where he was at the academy which is run by Red Bull. In 2009 he was invited to Salzburg where Nico Kovac, then coach of the second team, was impressed by his skills. He became the first player who came to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg from the Ghana academy. He became part of the second team, the Red Bull Juniors. On October 15th he played his first match in the first team against Wacker Innsbruck. He was in the starting team and played till minute 62.
## Honours
* Champion Regionalliga West (3rd stage of Austrian football):2011
* Salzburg Cup:2011

## References
Little Havana

**Little Havana** () is a section of Miami, Florida, where many Cuban immigrants and refugees have settled. The high number of Cuban refugees Florida receives is due to its proximity to Cuba.  It is called Little Havana because Cuba's capital is Havana.  There is also a smaller Little Havana in Tampa, Florida.

In recent years, increasing numbers of Honduran, Nicaraguan, and Guatemalan immigrants have moved into the neighborhood. At the same time, increasing numbers of Cubans left the area for the suburbs in western Miami.  Part of Little Havana is now called Little Managua named after the Nicaraguan capital.

## Calle Ocho Festival 
The Calle Ocho Festival is held in Little Havana.
Gluten-free diet

A **gluten-free diet** is a diet that excludes foods that have gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. Most breads, cakes, pastas/noodles, beers and pizzas are made with gluten. Gluten is used as a food additive in the form of a flavoring, stabilizing or thickening agent. It is often called "dextrin". Some non-foods, such as medications and vitamin supplements, especially those in tablet form, may contain gluten as a binding agent.

A gluten-free diet is the only medically accepted treatment for wheat allergy and coeliac disease (in North America, it is usually spelled "celiac disease").

Some gluten-free diets also exclude oats. Doctors do not agree on whether oats affect coeliac disease sufferers.
Many alcoholic beverages are gluten free, but many types of whiskey and beer contain gluten, because using grains is a necessary part of their production.
Gluten-free diets have become popular worldwide. Some say that such a diet can cause problems with Vitamin B and magnesium intake by the body, because wheat improves the rate in which humans body can use them.
Gluten-containing ingredients sometimes are used as colorants, preservatives and thickeners in products such as ice cream and ketchup.
Even some cosmetics like lip balm and lipsticks can contain gluten, so persons wanting to follow such a diet need to learn about which products contain wheat and its byproducts.

## References
## Other websites 
*  2015. *BBC News* Magazine. The great gluten-free diet fad - BBC News
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

**Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination** is an international treaty (agreement between countries) against racism and racial segregation as one of the series of international human rights law. The United Nations adopted the convention on 21 December 1965 in response to the apartheid policy of South Africa at that time. It came into effect on 4 January 1969. As of April 2019, 88 countries agreed to follow the rules of the Convention, and 190 countries agree in principle.

The Convention defines what racial discrimination is, so that every country in the treaty can agree on how to define discrimination. In **Article 1** (the first agreement in the treaty) that racial discrimination is:  "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying [*getting rid of*] or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life."

Article 4 of the Convention forbids encouraging any type of racism including hate speech and discrimination. If a country agrees to the Convention, they must make hate speech and participation in hate groups illegal. To make sure that countries follow this rule, the Convention also introduced Article 14, which allows complaints of discrimination to be heard by a committee. Article 14 gives a person, or group of people, from any country who have suffered any discrimination against them because of their race, the right to submit a claim to a committee of the United Nations. These complaints can influence the law in the countries of the people making complaints. 

## Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 
The **Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination** is a body of human rights experts who monitor the implementation of the Convention.  Eighteen independent human rights experts are members. They are elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years.  Nations that joined the treaty elect members by secret ballot. Each nation is allowed to nominate someone from its nation to run for election to the Committee.

Nations that have joined the treaty must submit regular reports to the Committee telling the legislative [l*ega*l], judicial [*court-based*], policy and other measures they have taken to give effect to the Convention.  The first report is due within a year of the Convention being used in a country; afterwards, reports are due every two years or whenever the Committee requests.  The Committee carefully reads each report and discusses its concerns and recommendations to the nation in the form of "concluding observations."

The Committee typically meets every March and August in Geneva.

## Related pages
*Racism
*Racial segregation
*Discrimination
*International human rights law

## References
## Other websites 
*Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights)
3LW

**3LW** (**Three Little Women**) was an American girl group. The group members were **Naturi Cora Maria Naughton**, **Adrienne Eliza Bailon**, and **Kiely Alexis Williams**. The band was formed in 1999 in Newark, New Jersey.

In August 2002, Naughton announced that she had been forced out of 3LW. Before the year's end, the group held various auditions in Atlanta, Los Angeles and New York in search of a third member. **Jessica Benson** was chosen. She joined 3LW in December. The group ended in 2006.

## Members 
* Adrienne Bailon - born Adrienne Eliza Bailon on October 24, 1983, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
* Kiely Williams - born Kiely Alexis Williams on July 9, 1986, Alexandria, Virginia, United States
* Naturi Naughton - born Naturi Cora Maria Naughton on May 20, 1984, East Orange, New Jersey
* Jessica Benson - born in 1988, Severn, Maryland

## Discography
;Studio albums
* 2000: *3LW*
* 2002: *A Girl Can Mack*
* 2002: *Naughty or Nice*
* 2022: *Point of No Return*

;Other albums
* 2005: *Neva Get Enuf*

## Awards and nominations
## Other websites
* Official site 
* Myspace
* Discogs
Nadia López

**Nadia Yvonne López Ayuso** (born June 21, 1983 in Oaxaca), is a Mexican singer. She was a finalist of the first season of *La Academia*. Her passion for music began since she was a little girl, setting her to knock on doors by participating on contests, and festivals. 

## Singles 
* *Esta Libertad*- #52 (MEX)
* *Como Hacerte Saber*- #82 (MEX)
* *Contigo Si* w/ Yahir- #**1** (1 Week) (MEX)
* *Endulzame El Oido*- #32 (MEX)
* *Heridas*- #91 (MEX)
* *Abrázame*- #98 (MEX)
* *Un Poco de tus Besos*- #72 (MEX)
Diana Reyes

**Diana Reyes** (born November 18, 1979)  is a Mexican singer. She records duranguense music.  She was born in La Paz, Baja California Sur.  She has released three gold records since 2004: *La Reina del Pasito Duranguense*, *Las No. 1 de la Reina*, and *Te Voy a Mostrar*.

## References
Howard Stern

**Howard Stern** (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio and television personality known for his radio show, The Howard Stern Show.

Stern was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City.

He originally started as a disc jockey for a New York station playing rock music.  He discovered a talent for comedy, and developed a wide-ranging  style that encouraged listeners to call in.  Eventually, in the 1990s, his show was widely distributed. As an example, in one of his most infamous episodes, he persuaded a female caller to have phone sex with him on the air.  He made deep buzzing noises into his microphone, and had her sit on a speaker with the volume turned up.

Stern's crude style of entertainment (which many listeners support) has earned him the title "King Of All Media" -- at least in the eyes of his fans.  His show is frequently the subject of complaints by  listeners (and occasionally ethnic groups) who find his shows offensive.  Radio stations airing his show have occasionally been subjected to fines for violating FCC requirements due to the content of the show, but the parent  (Infinity Broadcasting) that hosts Stern's show seems to consider these fines a necessary price to pay, in order to support Stern's continuing popularity. In 1994 Stern ran for Governor of the state of New York.  

Stern is the most popular and well-known of a variety of offensive radio hosts known generally as "shock jocks."  In spite of the crude content of his show, many radio listeners consider Stern's delivery to be far from the worst quality radio aired today.  His popularity has given rise to a number of imitation "shock jocks" who attempt to outdo Stern in terms of offensiveness and rudeness...but these imitators have found themselves with more troubles to worry about than listener ratings.  In 2002 rival radio hosts Opie and Anthony were fired from their popular radio show after they encouraged a couple to engage in sexual intercourse at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, then airing a running commentary of the act on their show.  Stern, his supporters note, has not gone out of his way to offend the general public in this manner.

On January 15, 1998 Lance Carvin, who had been stalking Stern, was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for threatening to kill Stern and his family.

## Other websites 
*
**The Howard Stern Show* on Sirius XM Radio
*
*
Fanny Lu

**Fanny Lucía Martínez de Leeu** (born February 8, 1973), more commonly known as **Fanny Lú**, is a singer from Cali, Colombia. Fanny Lu completed her studies in Colegio Bolivar and then went on later to study at Universidad de los Andes. In 1994, she became a television . Afterward, she went into the music industry.

Fanny's debut album "Lágrimas Cálidas" (Warm Tears) was released in 2006. The album was an instant hit in Latin America. It was very popular in Colombia, where it spent five weeks at #1. The lead single "No Te Pido Flores" (I'm Not Asking for Flowers) also spent 7 weeks at #1 on the Hot 100 Billboard Charts in Latin America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico, and has received a numerous amount of airplay in Latin radio in the US. The song has also peaked at #16 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs. The second single from her debut album is the song called "Y Si Te Digo"(And If I Tell You) and it peaked at #1 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs.

## Singles
## Filmography
Fanny Lu did the Spanish translated voice for Beth, a character in the Sony Pictures animated film "Open Season" or "Amigos Salvajes", which is the Spanish title.

## Other websites
*Official Site
*Official Myspace
Ivy Queen

**Ivy Queen** (born **Martha Ivelisse Pesante** on March 4, 1972 in Añasco, Puerto Rico) is a composer and singer known as "The Queen of Reggaeton".
## Early Life 
At a young age Ivy's parents moved to New York where she was raised.  When she was in her teens, her parents returned to their hometown, Añasco.  Ivy went to school and graduated from high school.

When Ivy was 18, she moved to San Juan and met rapper and producer, DJ Negro.  DJ Negro helped her and introduced her to a group called "Noise".  With "Noise" she wrote and performed her first song "Somos Rapperos Pero No Delincuentes" (We're Rappers, Not Delincuents).  Soon, DJ Negro convinced Ivy to go "solo" and in 1997, she made her debut with the recording of the album "En Mi Imperio" (In My Empire) for the Sony International Records label which sold over 100,000 copies.  In the same year, Ivy traveled to Panama where she represented Puerto Rico in "The Battle of Rap".  She also did some presentations in the Dominican Republic, which were all "sold out" and later that year, she participated in "The First National Festival of Rap and Reggae".  There, Ivy was proclaimed the "Rap Singer of the Year".  Also, in 1997, Ivy was awarded the "Artista '97" award, naming her "The Peoples Favorite Rap Singer", by Artista magazine.

In 1998, Ivy recorded her second album, for the Sony Label, titled "Original Rude Girl" which carried the following hit songs "Interlude in the Zone", "Sabes Que Tu" (What Do You Know?) and "The King and The Queen".  It sold more than her first album and was highly acclaimed by her growing fan base.

Ivy's third album "Diva", was released in 2003.  The songs were originally written by her and performed with the participation of various artists.

Ivy Queen's style does not include the crude language so common in that genre.  Instead she focuses on her lyrics which contain positive messages for her generation.  Ivy usually speaks in her songs about Puerto Rico and about the abuse that many women suffer.
Kat DeLuna

**Kat DeLuna** (born **Kat Emperatriz de Luna**; November 26, 1987) is an American-Dominican singer. Signed to Epic Records, she sings songs in both English as Spanish. At the age of 12, she was invited by the 'Queen of Merengue', Milly Quezada, to sing with her on stage in front of a big crowd of over thousand people. In April 2004, she opened for J Records musician Cassidy as part of the all Latino girl group Coquette. 
## Life
Kat and her family moved from The Bronx, US to the Dominican Republic early, where she was raised in poverty. Kat spent her time listening to Aretha Franklin and Billie Holiday records. At the age of 14, they moved back to the US, where Kat realized her potential as a singer. With that goal in mind, Kat was accepted to the New Jersey School of the Performing Arts. As a freshman, she scoured the pages of The Village Voice for auditions. After many auditions, DeLuna received a call for an all girl group, which later became the first Latina, Hip Hop/R&B group: Coquette. While being a part of Coquette, Kat continued to search for opportunities to pursue her dream of becoming a solo artist. At age of 15, Kat entered a Coca-Cola sponsored karaoke competition. Her version of "I Will Always Love You" won the competition. The competition also resulted her into meeting the legendary Cuban salsa singer Rey Ruiz. Ruiz gave KAT advice and with it, she started writing her own music and has continued to do so since. 

Currently, Epic Records, her label, is in the process of launching a promotional campaign for her worldwide first single "Whine Up". The song features Elephant Man and a music video is in the works. On the official website, a video of DeLuna doing a choreography to the song is shown on the front page. Also Elephant Man is shown in the short rehearsing video.

## Album discography 
* *9 Lives* (2007)
* *Inside Out* (2010)
* *Loading* (2016)
* *Kat Attack* (2023)

## Other websites
*Official website
Aventura

**Aventura** is a Bachata-R&B music group from New York City. They became popular worldwide with their hit single *Obsesión* in 2003/2004.

## Members
* Anthony "Romeo" Santos, lead singer and featured composer
* Leny Santos, guitarist, producer/arranger
* Max Santos, bass guitar
* Henry Santos Jeter, singer and composer

## Discography
* *Generation Next*, 1997, Label:	Premium Latin / Mach 1
* *We Broke the Rules*, 2002, Label : KTE
* *Love & Hate* (Amor Y Odio), 2003, Label : KTE	  
* *Unplugged*, 2004
*God's Project, 2005, Label: Mach 1

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Tito Nieves

**Humberto "Tito" Nieves** (June 4, 1958, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)' became one of the leading Salsa singers of the 1980's and the early 90s. Raised in the U.S., Nieves began his career while participating in Cimarron, a New York-based orchestra. In 1977, he teamed up with the legendary singer **Hector Lavoe** and his Orchestra and joined **Conjunto Clasico** later. Nieves decided to start his solo career in 1986, setting himself apart by singing Salsa in English.

## Albums
* "The Classic" (1988)
* "Yo Quiero Cantar" (1989)
* "Dejame Vivir" (1991)
* "Rompecabeza: The Puzzle" (1993)
* "Un Tipo Comun" (1995)
* "I Like It Like That" (1997)
* "Dale Cara A La Vida" (1998)
* "Clase Aparte" (1999)
* "Asi Mismo Fue" (2000)
* "En Otra Onda" (2001)
* "Muy Agradecido" (2002)
* "Fabricando Fantasias" (2004)
* "Hoy, Manana, Y Siempre" (2005)
* "Canciones Clasicas De Marco Antonio Solís" (2007)
* "En Vivo" (2007)
* "Dos Canciones Clasicas De Marco Antonio Solís" (2008)
* "Entre Familia" (2010)

## References 
## Other websites
* Booking Agent for Tito Nieves profile 
* Tito's website
Jennifer Peña

**Jennifer Marcella Peña** (born September 17, 1983 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is a Tejano/Latin pop singer. At age 12, she sang at the Houston Astrodome as a tribute to Selena. Signed by EMI, Peña's first album was nominated for a Tejano Music Award, and after her second album, she appeared on the soundtrack of *Selena* and was nominated for a Grammy Award. She has since released two more albums, most recently *Seducción*, both of which have been successful.

Pena's former boyfriend, also a singer, was involved in an argument with singer Obie Bermudez after a multiple artist concert in Texas during the summer of 2004; the argument was apparently started by jealousy from her ex-boyfriend towards Bermudez.

During September of that year, Pena openly admitted to a magazine that she and the famous Puerto Rican rapper Bermudez have been having a serious relationship. 

## References
Girl in a Coma

**Girl In a Coma** is a rock band from San Antonio, Texas on Joan Jett's Blackheart Record's label.  The band is made up of sisters Nina(vocals/guitar) and Phanie Diaz (drums) and Jenn Alva (bass). The group recorded a rock version of the song "Si Una Vez" by Selena.

## Discography
* 2007 "Both Before I'm Gone"

## Other websites
*Official site
Angel y Khriz

**Khriz y Angel** is a Puerto Rican reggaeton group. The band members are **Ángel Rivera Guzmán** and **Chrístian Colón**. They work a lot with Luny Tunes another Puerto Rican reggaeton group. They were introduced in 2002 in the CD MVP, by Hector 'El Bambino' with the song "Casando Voy".

Los MVP’s is Khriz Y Angel’s own CD where they present the listener to soulful hits like "Ven Bailalo" and "Te Quiero Ver Hoy", as well as "De Caseria" featuring Divino and the up beat "Ram Pa Pan Pan".   

In the year 2005, they have come up with the songs "Fua", "De Lao A Lao" (bachata and merengue reggaeton versions), and "Mazacotte". They have been compared to artists like Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Wisin y Yandel in terms of fame.

## References
Manny Manuel

**Cruz Manuel Hernández Santiago** (born December 1, 1972), known by his stage name of **Manny Manuel**, is a Puerto Rican singer. He sings merengue, boleros, and tropical music. He first became well known as a member of the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He started a solo career in 1994. Manuel was born on the mountain town of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. He studied elementary and high school in the José Rojas Cortés School at his hometown. Since a young age, he started performing in talent shows and other musical activities. He later joined the group Tempo Merenguero. He later became a singer and choreographer for the merengue duo of Mayra y Celinés.

After several years, Manuel joined the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He joined them at the same time they had their hit song "Fiera Callada". After the success of the song, the group released their first album, *Sin Fronteras*. Manuel samg a large part of the lyrics on this album. The album included a cover version of Rocío Durcal's song "Te Amo". The group made a second album titled *Haciendo Historia*. It had hits like "Colegiala" and "Frente a Frente".

After making these two albums with Los Sabrosos, Manuel chose to have a solo career. In June of 1994, Manuel left the group. In October 1 of the same year, he started as a solo performer. Several months later, he released his first solo album. It was titled *Rey de Corazones*. The album was certified platinum after a few weeks. With the success of the album, on November, 1995, Manuel performed at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center. He sold out six shows.

In 1996, he followed with his second album titled *Auténtico*. On May of the same year, he performed at the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in a special Mother's Day concert. Later, in November, he had a very large concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

## Other websites
*Biography at Fundación para la Cultura Popular 
*Biography by Patricia Maldonado 
*Biography at E-mail Urbano
*Biography at LaHiguera.net