open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Haute-Vienne department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Vienne are:

## History
Since its creation, the Charente department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the Haute-Vienne department with six districts: Limoges, Le Dorat, Bellac, Saint-Junien, Saint-Yrieix and Saint-Léonard. Limoges was the capital of the department.
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bellac, Limoges, Rochechouart and Saint-Yrieix.
* 1926 : the arrondissement of Saint-Yrieix was eliminated.

## Related pages
*Arrondissement of Limoges
*Arrondissement of Bellac
*Arrondissement of Rochechouart
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Vicky Ntetema

**Vicky Ntetema** or **Vicky Alice Ntetema** (born c. 1958) is a journalist from Tanzania. She hid her identity to find out about the deaths of albino people. She is the director of Under the Same Sun, an NGO for the rights of albino people.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Ntetema received a bachelor's degree in the former Soviet Union in 1985.  She studied journalism at Byelorussian State University in Minsk.  She received a Master of Science in Information Systems Development from the University of London.

## Work 
Ntemtema started work at the BBC in 1991 as a Swahili translator.

## Awards 
*In 2010, Ntetema received the Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women’s Media Foundation.
*In 2016, Ntetema received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. department of State.

## Other websites 
*Under the Same Sun
* 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
Forever Marilyn

***Forever Marilyn*** is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie *The Seven Year Itch*. The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.

## Design and location 
The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, *The Seven-Year Itch*. It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.

The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.

It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.

## Reception 
In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.

The public, however, generally liked the statue: "*Forever Marilyn* journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."

There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.

## References
Pot calling the kettle black

The **pot calling the kettle black** is an informal fallacy also called ***Tu quoque***. 
Another name is **appeal to hypocrisy**. 

It happens when a person is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another.

A fable, perhaps by Aesop, has a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight, and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.

A present-day example:

:Peter: "It is morally wrong to use animals for food or clothing".
:Bill: "But you are wearing a leather jacket and you have a roast beef sandwich in your hand! How can you say that using animals for food and clothing is wrong?" 

It is a fallacy because a person's actions or character do not affect the logic of the argument.

## References
LoveWave

"**LoveWave**" is a song by Armenian-German singer Iveta Mukuchyan. It was released as a single on March 30, 2016. It represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The video for "LoveWave" premiered on March 2, 2016.

## Eurovision Song Contest
On 25 January 2016, Armenia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2016, and was announced to perform in the first half of the show. Mukuchyan performed "LoveWave" in position 7, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from San Marino. The song gained second place in the first semi-final and competed in the final on May 14, 2016, where she performed the song last, following the entry from United Kingdom. The song achieved 7th place with 249 points.

## Charts
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Oblique order

The **oblique order**, also called the **oblique attack** is a military tactic to bring a larger force against one of the enemy's flanks. At the same time the remainder of the force is used to  and keep the enemy line in place. Frederick the Great is ed with inventing the oblique order. He would use a large number of troops on one of the flanks to destroy that section, then drive into the enemy from two directions. In military usage, oblique usually means at an angle, often 45 degrees. The other army was already in place and could not switch their troops around fast enough before the Prussians attacked. One version says that all preparation done on the night before or the day of the battle to reinforce its flanks or center could be considered part of the oblique order. If that were true then Cyrus the Great used it at the Battle of Thymbra in 547 BC. Other commanders in history, ancient and modern, have also prepared in much the same way. This version would be like Frederick claiming he invented war itself. Reinforcing a flank at night or out of sight of the enemy is not so much a tactical maneuver as depending on surprise. Many Austrian, French, and English officers of this time thought the oblique order was moving an entire army around. They never understood that Frederick the Great never did this. He maneuvered by lines and by flanks, never by army.

## Related pages 
* Flanking maneuver
* Turning movement
* Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
* Attrition warfare
* Feigned retreat
* Shock tactics
* Envelopment
* Rearguard
* Ambush

## References 
## Other websites 
* Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics (#4 Oblique Order); YouTube
Haut-Bocage

**Haut-Bocage** is a commune in the Allier department of central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

The town hall is in Maillet.

## History
The Haut-Bocage was established on 1 January 2016 with the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement.

## Geography
Haut-Bocage is in the western part of the Allier department, in the valley of the Cher river at  to the north of Montluçon, the subprefecture of the *arrondissement*.

It has an area of  with an altitude of .

## Composition
The *commune* is formed by:

## Related pages
* Communes of the Allier department
* Arrondissement of Montluçon

## References
Miami Lakes, Florida

**Miami Lakes** is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. At the 2020 U.S. Census, 30,467 people lived in Miami Lakes.

## References
Association fallacy

showing the association fallacy. Although A is within B and is also within C, not all of B is within C.]]
An **association fallacy**  is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone says that a quality of one thing must apply to another just because they both share a similar quality or belief. It can be used in a positive or negative way.

It follows the general outline, A is a B, A is also a C, therefore, all Bs are Cs.

An example of an association fallacy being used in positive way (called *pro hominem*, or honour by association) is as follows:
* Citizens of Country X won more Nobel Prizes, gold medals, and literary awards than citizens of Country Y. Therefore, a citizen of Country X is superior to a citizen of Country Y.

An example of an association fallacy being used in a negative way (called *guilt by association*) is as follows:
* John is a shoplifter. John has black hair. Therefore, all people with black hair are shoplifters.

## References
Social issue

A **social issue** (or **social problem**, **social conflict**, or **social illness**) is an issue which affects many people in a society. 

Examples of social issues are economic issues. However, some issues, such as immigration, have both social and economic aspects. Racism, unemployment, poverty, violence, human rights are examples of social issues.
Poplar

**Poplar** may refer to:

## Trees
* Populus, a genus of tree

## Places
### United Kingdom
* Poplar, London
* Poplar DLR station

### United States
* Poplar Bluff, Missouri
* Poplar Forest, the retreat home of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States 
* Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Martin Ryle

**Sir Martin Ryle** (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex  14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer. 

Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for to locate weak radio sources more accurately. With better equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.
Rajasthani language

**Rajasthani language** belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages group. It is estimated to be spoken by 100 million speakers throughout the world. Rajasthan, Panjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Gujarat are the states where Rajasthani language is spoken. In Pakistan, Provinces of Sindh and Panjab. Rajasthani language is descended from the Old Gujarati language.

## Rajasthani Singers
### Female Singers
* Ila Arun
* Rajnigandha Shekhawat
* Seema Mishra

### Male Singers
* Meme Khan
* Swaroop Khan
* Rapperiya Baalam
* Satkeer

## Rajasthani Female Singers
* Ila Arun
* Rajnigandha Shekhawat
* Seema Mishra

## Rajasthani Male Singers
* Meme Khan
* Swaroop Khan
* Rapperiya Baalam
* Satkeer

## References
Hysterical strength

**Hysterical strength** or **superhuman strength** is a display of extreme strength by humans beyond the normal. Hysterical strength usually occurs in life or death situations. The usual explanation is a sudden release of adrenaline (epinephrine). There have been numerous reports of people exhibiting hysterical strength while experiencing negative side effects of drugs like LSD, Phencyclidine and flakka and even fighting with the police.

## In life or death situations 
In 1982, in Lawrenceville, Georgia, Tony Cavallo was repairing a 1964 Chevrolet Impala automobile from underneath. The vehicle was propped up with jacks, but it fell. Cavallo's mother, Mrs. Angela Cavallo, lifted the car high enough and long enough for two neighbours to replace the jacks and pull Tony from beneath the car.

In 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, Tom Boyle watched as a Chevrolet Camaro hit 18-year-old Kyle Holtrust. The car pinned Holtrust, still alive, underneath. Boyle lifted the Camaro off the teenager, while the driver of the car pulled the teen to safety.

In 2011, in Tampa, Florida, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 295 lb (134&nbsp;kg; 21.1 st) University of South Florida college football player Danous Estenor lifted a 3,500 lb (1,600&nbsp;kg) car off of a man who had been caught underneath. The man was a tow truck driver who had been pinned under the rear tire of a 1990 Cadillac Seville, which had lurched forward as he worked underneath it. The man suffered only minor injuries.

In 2015, in Vienna, Virginia, Charlotte Heffelmire was able to momentarily use incredible strength to free her dad from a GMC pick-up truck.

## Under the influence of drugs 
In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase physical strength,

## References
Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016

**Armenia** participated in the **Eurovision Song Contest 2016** with the song "LoveWave" written by Lilith Navasardyan, Levon Navasardyan, Iveta Mukuchyan and Stephanie Crutchfield. The song was performed by Iveta Mukuchyan, who was selected internally by the Armenian broadcaster Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV) to represent Armenia in the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden. Mukuchyan's selection as the Armenian artist was announced on 13 October 2015, while the song "LoveWave" was later presented to the public on 2 March 2016.

## Points awarded to Armenia
## Points awarded by Armenia
## Split voting results
The following five members comprised the Armenian jury:
*Hayko (Hayk Hakobyan) – Chairperson – musician, songwriter, producer, represented Armenia in the 2007 contest
*Naira Gyurjinyan – musician, songwriter
*Erik (Erik Karapetyan) – singer, songwriter
*DJ Dale (Vardan Babayan) – DJ, producer, head of "Armenian DJs Association", "The Sunside Band" owner
*Miqayel Voskanyan – musician, composer

## References
## Other websites
*
Arrondissement of Rochechouart

The **arrondissement of Rochechouart** is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Rochechouart.

## History
When the *arrondissements* were created in 1800 in France, the *arrondissement* of Rochechouart was one of those in the Haute-Vienne department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of Rochechouart is the most western *arrondissement* of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the west and north by the Charente department, to the northeast by the *arrondissement* of  Bellac, to the east by the *arrondissement* of  Limoges and to the south by the Dordogne department.

The *arrondissement* of Rochechouart is the smallest *arrondissement* of the department, with area of only , and it is the one with fewest people living in it with a population of 37,877 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There are only two cantons in the *arrondissement* of Rochechouart and both have all their *comunes* in the *arrondissement*. These cantons are:
* Rochechouart, with 22 *communes*; and
* Saint-Junien, with 8 *communes*.

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Rochechouart has 30 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Chaillac-sur-Vienne (87030)
# Champagnac-la-Rivière (87034)
# Champsac (87036)
# Chéronnac (87044)
# Cognac-la-Forêt (87046)
# Cussac (87054)
# Dournazac (87060)
# Gorre (87073)
# Javerdat (87078)
# La Chapelle-Montbrandeix (87037)
# Les Salles-Lavauguyon (87189)
# Maisonnais-sur-Tardoire (87091)
# Marval (87092)
# Oradour-sur-Glane (87110)
# Oradour-sur-Vayres (87111)
# Pensol (87115)
# Rochechouart (87126)
# Saillat-sur-Vienne (87131)
# Saint-Auvent (87135)
#Saint-Bazile (87137)
# Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne (87140)
# Saint-Cyr (87141)
# Saint-Junien (87154)
# Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre (87158)
# Saint-Martin-de-Jussac (87164)
#Saint-Mathieu (87168)
# Saint-Victurnien (87185)
# Sainte-Marie-de-Vaux (87162)
# Vayres (87199)
# Videix (87204)

The *communes* in the *arrondissement* with more inhabitants are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Howard Wolowitz

**Howard Joel Wolowitz** is a  on the sitcom *The Big Bang Theory*. He is played by Simon Helberg. He is Jewish.
Vladimir Grbić

**Vladimir "Vanja" Grbić** (born 14 December 1970) is a retired Serbian volleyball player. He is  tall. He played as passer-side attacker.

Grbić was born in Klek in Socialist Republic of Serbia, Yugoslavia. He is Nikola Grbić's brother. He is a member of the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
With the national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, he won a gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in 1996 at Atlanta. His international victories include a silver medal in the 1998 World Championship and a gold medal in the 2001 European Championship.

Grbić Yugoslav Olympic Committee has declared him for the best sportsman of the year in 1996 and 2000. In 1999 and 2000, he received a Golden Badge, award for best athlete in Yugoslavia.

## References
* FIVB profile
Richie Rich (comics)

**Richie Rich** is a fictional character created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer, and published by Harvey Comics in the 1950s.  Richie Rich is called *the poor little rich boy*, or also *the richest kid in the world*. He appeared in comic book titles such as *Richie Rich Millions* (1961) and *Richie Rich Dollars & Cents* (1963).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Richie Rich  at the Internet Movie Database
Rodolfo Illanes

**Rodolfo Illanes** (19 August 1958 - 25 August 2016) was a Bolivian politician. In 2016 he was the deputy Interior Minister when he was kidnapped by striking miners. He had gone to meet with the miners at Pandura. The miners were demanding more mining, the right to work for private companies, and greater union representation. When talks between the government and the miners failed, Illanes was beaten to death by his kidnappers.

## References
Preemptive war

A **preemptive war** is one in which a country takes military action against another country or group that s a real  of waging a war against them. The purpose is to stop the threat before the country or group has a chance to strike. A declaration of war may or may not come before the preemptive first strike.  Preemptive war is thought of as a  act. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs”. For example, under the Bush Doctrine, the United States may attack any nation or group that may attack the country in the future even if it does not currently have that capability. Calling it "preemptive" does not change it from being preventive. For example, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he openly said he would rearm Germany and  the lands necessary for German "living space." Nazi Germany claimed it wanted only what was due and then it would live in peace, but many in Europe already thought that was not true.

When World War II started, nearly everyone had realized that the earlier statements had not been true, but it was too late to stop Hitler except by a costly and destructive war. Later, when the Japanese Empire decided to invade British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies for resources, they also attacked Pearl Harbor so the United States could not join the resulting war.

## Related pages 
* Attrition warfare
* Shock tactics
* Rearguard
* Blockade
* Ambush

## References 
## Other websites 
* Noam Chomsky - 'preemptive war'; YouTube
* THE BEST DEFENSE: Preventive War:YouTube
Eddy Silitonga

**Eddy Silitonga** (born Charles Edison Silitonga in Siantar, Sumatra, January 17, 1949 - died in Jakarta, August 25, 2016) was an Indonesian singer. He was known for his high-pitched voice. He won several song contests, including Champion Pop Singer in Medan and the Popular Song Festival held at Taman Ismail Marzuki in Jakarta. Silitonga won the first Minang Song Contest in 1983. He studied at Mapua Institute of Technology in the Philippines. He formed his own group, "Eddy's Group", which was at its peak in 1976 - 1979. He suffered from heart disease and diabetes.

Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".

## References
Judy Martz

Director, Michael Brown and Forest Service representative, Bob Beckley tour a smoke jumper plane at the smoke jumper facility in Missoula, Montana.]]
**Judy Martz** (July 28, 1943 &ndash; October 30, 2017) was an American politician who was the 23rd Governor of Montana from 2001 to 2005. She was elected Governor of Montana on 7 November 2000. She was the first woman to be elected Governor in Montana. As of September of 2016, she was still on the board.

## Illness and death
On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Judy Martz had stage 2 pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017 in Butte, Montana at the age of 74.

## References
Battle of New Market

The **Battle of New Market** was an American Civil War battle fought on May 15, 1864 over control of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. The battle was part of the Union Army Valley Campaigns of 1864. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had ordered General Franz Sigel to take his army into the Shenandoah Valley and clear it of Confederate forces. Siegel had about 9,000 men when he started up the valley, but for some reason  his army. When he arrived outside the town of New Market, he had with him a force of about 6,500 Union soldiers. The Shenandoah valley was the  of the Confederacy and provided food to feed General Robert E. Lee's hungry army. Lee sent General John C. Breckinridge with about 4,100 men to stop Siegel and force the Union Army out of the valley. Breckenridge, with Lee's , called up the 500 cadets from the nearby Virginia Military Institute (VMI), some as young as 15 years old. In 1862, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, in a series of six small battles, had tied up federal forces that could have been used against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital.

Grant placed Major General Philip Sheridan in charge of clearing the Shenandoah Valley. He gave Sheridan the order "to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death…" Siegel, under Sheridan's command, was ordered to march up the valley to Staunton from Martinsburg (now in West Virginia). Siegel was a political general and had not been trained at West Point. He had been appointed to his position to attract support from German Immigrants for the Union cause. Siegel had shown poor tactical and strategic skills and had lost a number of battles.

As Siegel crossed the Shenandoah River north of New Market, he started making mistakes. He sent some of his force after the Confederate cavalry in the area. He ordered two regiments of troops to stand guard over the bridges (apparently in case he had to retreat). About the same time they began the French custom of the roll call (reading the names out loud) of the dead who had been killed at New Market. At each ceremony, a cadet is selected to answer for each of the 10 cadets who were killed. On the name being called, the cadet answers: "Died on the field of honor."

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* The Battle Of New Market: 150th Anniversary; YouTube
* Battle of New Market: Field of Lost Shoes; YouTube
Subliminal stimuli

**Subliminal stimuli** are sensations just "below the threshold" of a person's conscious perception. They may be designed to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual without beiing noticed.

A recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate certain parts of the brain, but the subjects do not notice the stimulus. Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked, thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.

## Related pages 
*Unconscious mind

## References
Salak

**Salak** fruit is grown in southeast Asia. It has a spiky look and has a leathery rap and a nut shaped inside. You can eat it with a little sugar or salt or even make it into a helpful eye cream.

## References 
## Other websites
*https://migrationology.com/snake-fruit-salak/
Reno (river)

The **Reno** () is a river of northeastern Italy that starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range in Tuscany but flows mainly through the Emilia-Romagna region. It is one of the longest river in Italy.

## Geography
The Reno river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Reno river starts in the Apennines to the northwest of the city of Pistoia, Pistoia province (Tuscany). The Reno is formed by the confluence, at about  above sea level, of two streams: **Reno di Prunetta** (with its source at an altitude of ) and the **Reno di Campolungo**.

Its upper course, going to the west, marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. In this part, there are  several artificial reservoirs whose dams are used for hydro-electric energy production.

In Sant'Agostino, the river turns to the southwest and passes west of Bologna, at Casalecchio di Reno.
In its lower course the Reno receives the water of numerous streams, some of which are seasonal (they have water only when it rains)

The Reno was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the 18th century when the course was changed to avoid the frequent floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casalborsetti, south-east of the *Valli di Comacchio*, a lagoon in the commune of Comacchio.

The Reno flows through many municipalities; some of them in the lower course, in the Emilia-Romagna region, are:
* Province of Bologna
** Porretta Terme
** Vergato
** Marzabotto
** Sasso Marconi
** Casalecchio di Reno
** Bologna
* Province of Ferrara
** Cento
** Argenta
** Comacchio

## Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Reno river are:

Left tributaries:
* Silla - 18&nbsp;km
* Samoggia - 44&nbsp;km

Right tributaries:
* Limentra di Sambuca- 19.4&nbsp;km
* Eastern Limentra - 41&nbsp;km
* Setta - 47&nbsp;km
* Idice - 80&nbsp;km
** Savena - 54&nbsp;km, tributary of the Idice
* Sillaro- 66&nbsp;km
* Santerno - 103&nbsp;km, the most important by its length and its discharge of 16 m³/s (570 cu ft/s).
* Senio - 92

## Gallery

Fiume-Reno-BO.jpg|The Reno near Sasso Marconi
Reno a Molinella.JPG|The river near Molinella
Fiume Reno a Porretta 1.jpg|The Reno river in Porretta

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
## Other websites
* Gruppo di Stude Pianura del Reno website  
* Biblioteca idraulica italiana
Sonia Rykiel

**Sonia Rykiel** (25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French *Elle* magazine. She was given the nickname "Queen of Knits" because of her knitwear designs. The Sonia Rykiel label began in 1968 when she opened her first store, making clothing, accessories and perfumes. Rykiel was also a writer and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel said she was suffering from Parkinson's disease. She died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016.

## References
Rudy Van Gelder

**Rudolph "Rudy" Van Gelder** (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz. 

He has been described as the most important recording engineer of jazz. Over a period of more than 50 years, Van Gelder recorded several thousand jazz sessions. Some of these recordings are recognized as classics. He recorded many of the great jazz musicians, including John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, and Horace Silver. He worked with many record companies but was most closely associated with Blue Note Records.

## References
Amnesic shellfish poisoning

**Amnesic shellfish poisoning** is an illness caused by poisoning with a particular toxin called *domoic acid*.

At times, some diatoms produce domoic acid in ocean water. Shellfish accumulate this poison, and when they are eaten by people, the people get poisoned. The symptoms may be very severe: they include permanent memory loss, brain damage, and vomiting.

This disease was discovered in 1987 in eastern Canada when many people got poisoned after eating shellfish in a restaurant. Several people died of this disease then.

Birds can get this disease too when they eat poisoned shellfish. Such birds lose the coordination ability, and may crash into car and house windows.

Scientists found that the incidents of this disease occur more frequently in the recent years.

In the United States it is illegal to catch and sell shellfish without a license. Caught shellfish have to be frequently tested. When this toxin is found in the shellfish, government bans fishing and selling it in the area.

In the UK, all shellfish caught for restaurants or sale to the public are put in clean water for at least two days before being brought to market. This is the standard way to protect from poisoning.

## References
Agglutinative language

An **agglutinative language** is a type of language where words are made up of different types of morphemes to determine their meaning. (A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has a meaning.) What makes these languages different from others, is that if one removes the morphemes from the word, they will be able to stand on their own.

## Examples 
### Chinook
*a–č–i–m–l–ud–a: (*future*–he–him–thee–to–give–*future*): "He will give it to you"

### Hungarian
***szent**: **holy**
*szent**ség**: holi**ness**
*szentség**telen**: holiness**less**

### Persian
Bozorgtarinhashunra niga mikardam - I was looking at their biggest ones.
*Bozorg: big
*Bozorg-tar: bigger (lit. more big)
*Bozorg-tar-in: biggest (lit. the more big one)
*Bozorg-tar-in-ha: biggest ones (plural)
*Bozorg-tar-in-ha-shun: their biggest ones
*Bozorg-tar-in-ha-shun-ra: at their biggest ones

### Turkish
*ev–ler–den: (home–*plural*–from): "from the houses"

### Kazakh
*бару: (baru) — to go
*бара алмау: (bara almau) — not being able to go
*бара алмаған: (bara almağan) — the one that couldn't go
*бара алмағандар: (bara almağamdar) — the ones that couldn't go

## List 
Below is a list of modern agglutinative languages:

* Algonquian languages, namely Cree and Blackfoot
* Athabaskan languages

* Austronesian languages
* Bantu languages (see Ganda)
* Berber languages
* Dravidian languages, most well-known of which are Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Tulu
* Eskimo–Aleut languages, namely Aleut, Inuktitut, and Yupik
* Esperanto
* Igboid languages
* Iranic languages, namely Persian, Ossetian
* Japanese language
* Kartvelian languages
* Korean language
* many Tibeto-Burman languages
* many Uralic languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish and Sami languages
* Mongolic languages
* Muskogean languages
* Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages
* Quechua languages and Aymara
* Siouan languages, namely Lakota and Yuchi
* some Mesoamerican and native North American languages including Nahuatl, Huastec, and Salish
* Tungusic languages
* Turkic languages
* Vasconic languages namely Basque, and the extinct Aquitanian
* Somali language

## References
Suffocation (band)

**Suffocation** is an American brutal death metal band from Centereach, New York, United States. The band members are Frank Mullen (vocalist), Terrance Hobbs and Charlie Errigo (both guitarisits), Eric Morotti (drummer) and Derek Boyer (bassist). Their 1991 album, Effigy of the Forgotten, created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s. The band has a raw death metal style that uses growled vocals with a downtuned guitar sound, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes, breakdowns, and a complex sense of songwriting. *Decibel Magazine* has stated that Suffocation's music completely influenced the creation of deathcore.

## Discography 
## Members
;Current members
* Frank Mullen – vocals (1988–1998, 2002–present; semi-retired since 2013)
* Terrance Hobbs – lead guitar (1988–1998, 2002–present)
* Derek Boyer – bass guitar (2004–present)
* Ricky Myers – vocals (2014–present)
* Charlie Errigo – rhythm guitar (2016–present)
* Eric Morotti– drums (2016–present)

;Former members
* Mike Smith – drums (1988–1994, 2002–2012)
* Josh Barohn – bass (1988–1991, 2002–2004)
* Guy Marchais – rhythm guitar (1988–1990, 2002–2016)
* Doug Cerrito – rhythm guitar (1990–1998)
* Chris Richards – bass (1991–1998)
* Doug Bohn – drums (1994–1996)
* Dave Culross – drums (1996–1998, 2012–2014)
* Kevin Talley – drums (2014–2016)

;Live members
* Bill Robinson – vocals (2012)
* John Gallagher – vocals (2013)

### Timeline
## References
Steve Hickner

**Steve Hickner** is an American animator and director who directed *Bee Movie* and *The Prince of Egypt*.

## References
Fatih Terim

**Fatih Terim** (born 4 September 1953) is a Turkish football manager. He managed the Turkey national football team from 2013 to 2017.
He has been the manager of Galatasaray S.K. since 2017.
## Club career statistics 
## References
Monte Cimone

**Monte Cimone** is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy

## Geography
The Monte Cimone,  high, in the province of Modena, *comuni* of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.

It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.

The ''Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese*, also known as *Parco regionale del Frignano*, is near Monte Cimone.

## History
On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than .

In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to ***Madonna delle nevi*** ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.

## Skiing
It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than  (the longest trail is ) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.

## Gallery

MonteCimone1.jpg|Monte Cimone
Monte Cimone Passo del lupo.jpg|*Passo del lupo'', Monte Cimone
Montecimone.jpg|Snow in Monte Cimone (June 2006)
MonteCimone6.jpg|Chapel in Monte Cimone

## Related pages
*List of Italian regions by highest point

## References
## Other websites
* Europe Ultra-Prominences
* Mount Cimone GAW Global Station 
* Consorzio Stazione Invernale del Cimone 
* Parco regionale dell&#39;Alto Appennino Modenese
Paul Bostaph

**Paul Steven Bostaph** (born 4 March 1964 in San Francisco, California) is an American metal drummer who is currently performing with the thrash metal band Slayer. He began his drumming career in 1984, and has since worked with bands like Forbidden, Exodus, Systematic, and Testament. *Metal-Rules.com* described Bostaph as "a true professional and one of the best drummers on today's metal music scene."

## Career 
### Early years 
Bostaph first wanted to play the bass guitar, but later chose the drums because he found a kit that was cheaper than a bass. He listened to The Beatles and The Beach Boys, but AC/DC got him into rock drumming. He bought his first drum kit at the age of 15 and decided to become a metal drummer after listening to *Killers* by Iron Maiden.

### Forbidden (1985–1992) 
Bostaph played drums for Forbidden from 1985–1992, playing on their first two studio albums, *Forbidden Evil* and *Twisted into Form*.  He also played on their 1989 live EP *Raw Evil: Live at the Dynamo*.  He is regarded as their most prolific 'permanent' drummer to date.

### Slayer and solo work 
After drummer Dave Lombardo of Slayer left in 1992, the band was looking for a new drummer. Lombardo's drum tech was filling in but kept on making errors.

Bostaph recorded four albums with Slayer; his least favorite is 1994's *Divine Intervention*. This is due to the guitars not being loud enough as they were in the recording session, the band moving around to several recording studios, and a producer who had never done any heavy metal music. The producer changed near the end of recording to Toby Wright – Bostaph stating "that record never had any consistency to it although a lot of fans still like it." (although he later said that he actually left because "Musically, I wanted to do something else".) His third last performance with the band is recorded on the DVD *War at the Warfield* recorded on December 7, 2001. Bostaph is yet to watch it as he feels "It's like breaking up with a girlfriend" and needs to move on with his life. He remained friends with the Slayer members, and when asked if he would work with them in the future, he replied "sure". Bostaph was temporarily replaced by original Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo, which later proved to be a permanent arrangement until 2013, when the band announced he has replaced Lombardo for the second time.

## Discography
;Slayer
* *Divine Intervention* (1994)
* *Live Intrusion* (1995)
* *Undisputed Attitude* (1996)
* *Diabolus in Musica* (1998)
* *God Hates Us All* (2001)
* *War at the Warfield* (2003)
* *Repentless* (2015)

;Systematic
* *Pleasure to Burn* (2003)

;Testament
* *Return to the Apocalyptic City* (1993) (EP of live tracks)
* *The Formation of Damnation* (2008)

;Forbidden
* *Forbidden Evil* (1988)
* *Raw Evil: Live at the Dynamo* (1989) (live EP)
* *Twisted into Form* (1990)
* *Point of No Return* (1992) (compilation)

;Exodus
* *Shovel Headed Kill Machine* (2005)

;Queensrÿche featuring Geoff Tate
* *Frequency Unknown* (2013)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Homologous series

In chemistry, a **homologous series** is a series of chemical compounds with the same general formula. Usually these compounds vary by a single parameter such as the length of a carbon chain. Examples of such series are the straight-chained alkanes (paraffins), and some of their derivatives (such as the primary alcohols, aldehydes, and (mono)carboxylic acids). 

Compounds within a homologous series typically have a  set of functional groups that gives them similar chemical and physical properties. For example, the series of primary straight-chained alcohols has an hydroxyl at the end of the carbon chain. These properties typically change gradually along the series, and the changes can often be explained by small differences in molecular size and mass.

## References
Canada men's national volleyball team

The **Canada national volleyball team** represents Canada in international volleyball competitions. Many consider Tyler Jolley to be the best player on this team as their starting middle.

## Honors 
* **Pan American Games**: Bronze medal (1979) - (1999) - (2015)

## References 
*Official website
*FIVB profile
Czech Republic men's national volleyball team

The **Czech Republic national volleyball team** represents Czech Republic in international volleyball competitions.

## Honors 
* **Olympic Games**: Bronze medal (1968) - Silver medal (1964)
* **World Championship**: Gold medal (1956 - 1966)
* **European Championship**: Gold medal (1948 - 1955 - 1958)

## References 
*Official website
*FIVB profile
Egypt men's national volleyball team

The **Egypt national volleyball team** represents Egypt in international volleyball competitions.

## Honors 
* **African Championship**: Gold medal (1976 - 1983 - 2005 - 2007 - 2009 - 2011 - 2013 - 2015)

## References 
*Official website 
*FIVB profile
Tunisia men's national volleyball team

The **Tunisia national volleyball team** represents Tunisia in international volleyball competitions.

## Honors 
* **African Championship**: Gold medal (1967 - 1971 - 1979 - 1987 - 1995 - 1997 - 1999 - 2003  - 2017 - 2019 - 2021)

## References 
*FTVB 
*FIVB profile
Shenandoah Valley

The **Shenandoah Valley**  (nicknamed  "The Big Valley" ) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the eastern front of the Appalachians. To the north it goes to the Potomac River and to the south by the James River. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west, and the Roanoke Valley to the south. The Valley is about  long.

## History 
For nearly 11,000 years before the Europeans came, Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. The first European to visit the area was probably a Jesuit priest in 1632.

Jackson's Valley Campaign Was fought here in 1862.

## Geography
It is named for the river that stretches much of its length. The Shenandoah Valley has eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia.

*Frederick County, Virginia
*Clarke County, Virginia
*Warren County, Virginia
*Shenandoah County, Virginia
*Page County, Virginia
*Rockingham County, Virginia
*Augusta County, Virginia
*Rockbridge County, Virginia
*Berkeley County, West Virginia
*Jefferson County, West Virginia

The cultural region includes five more counties in Virginia: The Valley's cultural region contains 10 independent cities:

*Winchester
*Harrisonburg
*Waynesboro
*Staunton
*Lexington
*Buena Vista
*Covington
*Roanoke
*Salem

## References 
## Other websites 
* Slide show of The Shenandoah Valley!!!; YouTube
* Shenandoah Valley in 1861: Prior to Yankee Invasion; YouTube
Reductio ad Hitlerum

***Reductio ad Hitlerum***, also known as playing the Hitler card, is a logical fallacy described  by Leo Strauss, a philosopher, in 1951. It happens when someone compares their opponent's view with Hitler or something that he did.

It is a form of ad hominem, distracting from the argument by criticizing the opponent. It works because in the modern world, people think of Nazism as a bad thing.

During the 2016 US Presidential Election, Republican candidate Donald J. Trump has been repeatedly compared to Hitler by commentators and comedians.

An example is as follows:
* Person 1 suggests that X is true.
* Person 2 says that Hitler said that too, and so X is not true.

As person 2 has criticized the opponent as opposed to the argument by comparing them to Hitler without giving any reasons as to why X is not true, they have committed reductio ad Hitlerum.

## References
Leo Strauss

**Leo Strauss** (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a German-American political philosopher and classicist who became an expert on political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later went to the United States. He spent most of his time as a teacher of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught students and put into print 15 books.

He was particularly concerned with the idea of whether freedom and excellence could go together, but his ideas were criticised by Nicholas Xenos as wanting to go back to an era of fascism.

He was against the idea of a world state as he thought it would lead to tyranny.

Recent research has criticized his ideas in Persecution and the Art of Writing. Strauss argues that writing in a secretive way is needed to protect revolutionary ideas from the general public. But the evidence shows that most people during the time when Strauss's philosophers lived were illiterate, and only a few could understand complicated philosophical works. This contradicts Strauss's hypothesis. Moreover, the complexity of language make it unnecessary to devise additional ways, as Strauss suggests, to hide messages, as language itself can have multiple interpretations. Therefore, it is important to reassess these theories based on the evidence and insights, which question Strauss's argument.

## References
Wachseldorn

**Wachseldorn** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
Wahlern

**Wahlern** was a municipality in Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Wahlern and Albligen joined together to become the new municipality, Schwarzenburg.
Mosen, Lucerne

**Mosen** was a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.
Peccia

**Peccia** is one of six small Swiss municipalities that merged on 4 April 2004 to form the new municipality of Lavizzara, with about 1000 people. The other municipalities were Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, and Prato-Sornico.

## References
Web crawler

A **web crawler** or spider is a computer program that automatically fetches the contents of a web page. The program then analyses the content, for example to index it by certain search terms. Search engines commonly use web crawlers.

## Related pages
* HTTrack – a web crawler released in 1998

## References
Per capita income

**Per capita income** or **average income** is the average amount of money a person gets in a year. It is found by dividing the amount of money in an area by the number of people living there.

Per capita income is often used to measure an area's average income. The currency used is often the euro or the US dollar as they are widely used international currencies.

It has been criticised for not accounting for inflation. This means that it overstates economic growth. It also means that a small number of wealthy people can increase the country's per capita income whilst the rest of the population experience no change. It does not account for the differences in the cost of living between countries.

## References
Sunnyvale, California

**Sunnyvale** is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is near San Francisco and San Jose. It is the seventh most populated city in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is in Santa Clara County and Silicon Valley. As of the 2020 census, 155,805 people were living in Sunnyvale.

Many technology companies have operations in Sunnyvale. 

## References
Booby trap

s.]]

A **booby trap** is a hidden device or  that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a person. It is usually triggered by the actions of the victim who did not know the booby trap was there. 

During the Vietnam War nearly 70% of American casualties were due to booby traps. In war, booby traps are a form of psychological warfare. They are ed to make soldiers slow down and be very . As the word *trap* implies, they sometimes have some form of bait to  the victim. At other times, the trap is set to act upon ers that come into  or ed areas. The device can be triggered when the victim performs some type of everyday action. For example opening a door, picking something up or switching something on. They can also be triggered by vehicles driving along a road such as an improvised explosive devices (IED's). Often booby traps are placed in a choke point (such as a path), where people or vehicles would normally move through.  booby traps are often used in warfare, particularly guerrilla warfare. Traps designed to cause injury or pain are sometimes used by criminals wanting to protect drugs or other illicit property. 

They are also used by some owners of legal property who wish to protect it from theft. There may be laws governing this use.

## References
## Other websites 
* Vietnam War booby traps 
* Booby Trap - Designed to Kill and Destroy - History Documentary Film; YouTube