open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Andrei Kirilenko

**Andrei Kirilenko** (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a small forward that formerly played for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.

He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.

Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.

## Other websites
*Official website 
*Andrei Kirilenko at NBA.com
Treaty of Rome

The **Treaty of Rome** was signed on 25 March 1957 between six European coutries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany. After centuries of wars, those countries started to act together for more peace and prosperity. This treaty was the basis of the European Economic Community. It was one of two treaties (the other being Treaty of Maastricht) that created the European Union. It created a common market for goods and people. Other countries later joined it. 

## References
WarioWare DIY

***WarioWare D.I.Y.***, known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the *WarioWare* series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in  Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.

## Gameplay 
*WarioWare D.I.Y.* allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises. 

Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.

## Story
### Diamond Software
* Mona
* Jimmy T.
* Ashley & Red
* Orbulon
* 9-Volt
### Wario-Man Software
* Wario-Man
* Dribble & Spitz
* Kat & Ana
* 18-Volt

## References
Vanessa Redgrave

**Dame Vanessa Redgrave**  (Blackheath, London, England, 30 January 1937) is an English actress and activist.

## Life and career
Born in a theatrical family, her father was actor Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985). Her mother was actress Rachel Kempson (1910-2003). Her brother Corin Redgrave (1939-2010) and sister Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) were both actors. She began her career in theatre in 1958 with the Royal Shakespeare Company. 

She made her movie debut in 1966 in *Morgan, a Suitable Case for Treatment*, followed by *Blowup*. 

In 1967, she appeared in the musical *Camelot*, opposite Richard Harris. Other notable movies have included; *The Charge of the Light Brigade* (1968), *Isadora* (1969), *The Devils* (1970), *The Trojan Women* (1971), *Mary Queen of Scots* (1972), *Murder on the Orient-Express* (1974), *Julia* (1977), for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, *Agatha* (1979), *The Bostonians* (1984), *Wetherby* (1985), *Howard Ends* (1992), *Mrs Dalloway* (1997), *Deep Impact* (1998), etc.

On television, she appeared in *Playing for Time* in 1980, which won her an Emmy Award for best actress, as well as in the teleseries *Peter The Great* (1986) and *Young Catherine* (1991). 

In 2010 she received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Redgrave was married to movie director Tony Richardson from 1962 until 1967, with whom she had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). She has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero (b. 1969) with Italian actor Franco Nero, whom she married in 2006.

## Filmography
## Reference 
* ''The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema'', Lloyd, Fuller & Desser, Portland House, New York, 1987.
Phil Keaggy

**Philip Tyler Keaggy** (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven *Dove Awards* for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album. The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.

## Notes
## Other websites
* PhilKeaggy.com
Azad Kashmir Regiment

The **Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment** is one of the six infantry regiments of Pakistan Army. Its *Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regimental Centre* is located at Mansar (Pakistan), Attock District, The Pak-Punjab.
Iconostasis

]] **Iconostasis** is the name given to a "wall" of icons in Eastern Orthodox Churches. These icons or religious paintings divide the church into a part for the public, and one which is reserved to priests, called the sanctuary.
Turner Field

**Turner Field** is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics and Paralympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 Braves season. The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.

On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.

After the Braves left, Turner Field has been reconfigured for the second time, redesigned for college football in 2017 as Center Parc Stadium for Georgia State University. Architecture firm Heery was responsible for both stadium conversions.

## References
Jean Simmons

**Jean Simmons** (January 31, 1929 – January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

## Life and career
Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's *Great Expectations* (1946) and Laurence Olivier's *Hamlet* (1948) while still a teenager.

As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as *The Robe* (1953), *Young Bess* (1953), *Désirée* (1954), *The Egyptian* (1954), *The Big Country* (1958), *Spartacus* (1960), *Elmer Gantry* (1960), *Life at the Top* (1965), *A Rough Night in Jericho* (1967), etc.

In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries *The Thorn Birds* (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and *North and South * (1985).

Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Simmons died at the age of 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.

## References
Ernie Coombs

**Ernest "Ernie" Coombs**, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called *Mr. Dressup*. 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood*. This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called *Butternut Square* which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.

After *"Butternut Square"* ended Coombs started the *"Mr. Dressup"'' TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his *"Tickle Trunk"*.

Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

His TV show did not stop until February 1996.  The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada . 

Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.

## Other websites
*Ernie Coombs' Order of Canada Citation 
*Ernie Coombs' CBC personalities page
*Canadian Connections' Ernie Coombs page 
*The Mr. Dressup Pictures and Sound Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

### Multimedia 
*CBC Archives Remembering Mr. Dressup - CBC News 2001
Charles Bronson

**Charles Bronson** (born **Charles Dennis Buchinsky**; November 3, 1921 &ndash; August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was a Purple Heart recipient.

## Background
He was born in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. Bronson was married to Jill Ireland (his second marriage, 1968–1990) until her death from breast cancer. He died of pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease. He is of Tatar origin. He died in Los Angeles. 

He played Paul Kersey in the *Death Wish movie series*. He was 5'9". He was 81 years old when he died. His real full name was Charles Dennis Buchinsky 
Rectified - Karolis was the 1st name, his parents being from Litva, a Balto-Slavic nation, not Tartar. 

Born **Charles Buchinsky**, Bronson changed his last name during his early career in the 1950s during the rise of McCarthyism. This was suggested by his agent in order to save his career from potentially being blacklisted as a communist.

## Film 
## Television 
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Japanese fansite
Baloristan

**Baloristan** (Gilgit-Chitral) is the name of a region of Northern Areas of Pakistan.  It borders Pakistan's North-West Frontier to the west, Afghanistan and China to the north, Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the east, leading to the frozen wastes of the Third Pole. 

The central administrative unit of Baloristan, Gilgit Agency.
Stevie Nicks

**Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks** (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums. 

Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by *Rolling Stone*. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career. 

With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for *Rumours*. They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

## Discography
### Fleetwood Mac
;Studio albums
# *Fleetwood Mac* (1975)
# *Rumours* (1977)
# *Tusk* (1979)
# *Mirage* (1982)
# *Tango in the Night* (1987)
# *Behind the Mask* (1990)
# *Say You Will* (2003)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Visegrád Group

The **Visegrád Group** (also the **Visegrád Four** or **V4**) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Sundance Film Festival

The **Sundance Film Festival** is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States. 

The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

## 2015 
The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. *What Happened, Miss Simone?*, a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, *Grandma*, was the closing night movie. It  stars Lily Tomlin.

* wins the U.S. dramatic directing award at Sundance 2013]]

## Success of festival 
Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch. 

The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as *Saw*, *Super Troopers*, *The Blair Witch Project*, *Spanking the Monkey*, *Reservoir Dogs*, *Primer*, *Little Miss Sunshine*, *Clerks*, *Sex, Lies, and Videotape*, *The Brothers McMullen*, *Afternoon Delight*, *Napoleon Dynamite*, and *Whiplash*.

## References 
## Further reading
*Anderson, John. *Sundancing: Hanging Out And Listening In At America's Most Important Film Festival*. Harper Paperbacks, 2000.
*Biskind, Peter. *Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film*. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
*Craig, Benjamin. *Sundance&nbsp;– A Festival Virgin's Guide*. Cinemagine Media Publishing, 2004.
*Smith, Lory. *Party in a Box: The Story of the Sundance Film Festival ''. Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1999.
*von Roon, Alexander. "Grass and dark Tunnels: Sundance is a Marketing-Tool for the US Film Industry", Berliner Zeitung 2000.

## Other websites 
* – official site
*Sundance: A Festival Virgin's Guide – detailed festival history and information for attendees
*
Really Wild Animals

***Really Wild Animals*** was a National Geographic television series. It had Dudley Moore as the voice of "Spin".

## Episodes 
### Season 1 
* Swinging Safari
* Wonders Down Under
* Deep Sea Dive
* Totally Tropical Rain Forest
* Amazing North America
* Adventures in Asia
* Polar Prowl

### Season 2 
* Hot Dogs and Cool Cats
* Dinosaurs and Other Creature Features
* Monkey Business and Other Family Fun
* Farmyard Friends
* Awesome Animal Builders
* Secret Weapons and Great Escapes
Empire of the Sun (band)

**Empire of the Sun** is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their first album also called *Walking on a Dream*, released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.

Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.

## Other websites
* Official Empire of the Sun website
* Empire of the Sun on MySpace

## References
The Fabulous Moolah

**Mary Lillian Ellison** (July 22, 1923 – November 2, 2007), better known by her ring name **The Fabulous Moolah**, was an American female professional wrestler.  She wrestled for WWE. She was a 4 time WWF Women's Champion.  She was champion for almost thirty years.  That made her champion longer than anyone else in the sport. She was inducted into the 1995 WWE Hall of Fame.  She was the first woman to join the WWE Hall of Fame. She is also the oldest WWE Women's Champion ever to win the title against Ivory at No Mercy in 1999. She was best friends with fellow wrestler *Mae Young*. The Fabulous Moolah also has a book about her life titled, *The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle*.

Moolah died on November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina of a heart attack.

## References 
## Other websites
*The Fabulous Moolah's WWE Hall of Fame page
*The Fabulous Moolah at findagrave.com
Pleiotropism

**Pleiotropism** is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism. 

These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue. 

The term may be contrasted with **pleiomorphism**, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.

## Evolutionary implications 
Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

*Antagonistic pleiotropy* refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.

3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.

## References
Grand Coulee

. The layering effect of periodic basalt lava flows is visible.]]

The **Grand Coulee** used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington. This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake. A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts. Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.

## Geological history
The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60&nbsp; million years old. The volcanic basalt is  thick. The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier. At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee. The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.

## Modern Uses
The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land. It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year. The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes. Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.

The *Columbia Basin Project* dammed the river in 1952. It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network.  The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made *Banks Lake*. The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam. Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160&nbsp;km) irrigation system.

## References
Screwdriver (cocktail)

The **Screwdriver** is an alcoholic cocktail. It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol. It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.

## References
Daisy Duck

**Daisy Duck** is a cartoon character created in 1940 at Walt Disney Animation Studios. She is the anthropomorphic white duck that has large eyelashes and ruffled tail feathers around her lowest region to suggest a skirt. She is often seen wearing a hair bow, blouse and heeled shoes. 

Daisy made her official debut (an earlier love interest for Donald called Donna was introduced in the 1937 short "Don Donald") in the 1940 short Mr. Duck Steps Out.

## Related pages
* Walt Disney Pictures
* List of Disney movies
Latent autoimmune diabetes

**Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults** (**LADA**) is similar to both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.  Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas.  This means the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that are supposed to make insulin. But LADA is also like type 2 diabetes, because it causes insulin resistance. This means that insulin does not work as well as it should in a person's body.

Most people with  autoimmune diabetes are thin or skinny  or have a normal BMI, although some are overweight to slightly obese. This is very different from type 2 diabetes.  Only 20%-30% of type 2 diabetics end up being insulin-dependent.

Another difference is that type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone at any age.  But LADA does not affect children or teenagers.  It usually affects people age 35 and older.

With LADA, the pancreas cannot make insulin because the immune system is attacking its insulin-making cells.  This does not happen in type 2 diabetes.

Some people with LADA have family members with type 2 diabetes.

## Diagnosis and treatment 
People with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed (diagnosed incorrectly) as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A special blood test can prove what kind of diabetes a person has.  The test looks for an antibody that only diabetics with LADA have.  It is called a GAD antibody test.

People with LADA usually control their diabetes using very similar methods and changes of lifestyle to type 2 diabetes: eating right, exercising and oral medications; weight loss is optional. Unlike Type 2 diabetics who might never need to inject insulin the LADA patients become insulin dependent within several years.

### Complications 
The complications of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are very like those for types 1 and 2 diabetes, like stroke, heart disease, gangrene, kidney trouble, and heart attacks.

## Genes and antibodies
There are glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies connected with LADA. There are also TCF7L2 genes associated with Type 2 diabetes which are also connected with LADA.

## Related pages 
* Type 1 diabetes
* Type 2 diabetes
* Insulin
* Autoimmune disease
* Insulin resistance

## References
Percentile

A **percentile** (or a centile) is a measure in statistics.  

It is a way of expressing where an observation falls in a range of other observations. 

For example, if a score falls in the 20th percentile, this means that 20 percent of all the scores recorded are equal to or lower. If a score is in the 90th percentile, this means that 90 percent of all the other scores were equal to or lower than that score. 

In statistics, percentiles are found by taking a large set of numerical data, arranging it in ascending order, and then dividing it into 100 groups with an equal number of data points. Each of the 99 dividing points is called a **percentile** of the data set. 

Some of the percentiles have special names. For example. the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles are called the first, second and third quartile, respectively. The 50th percentile is also called the median.

## Related pages 
* Decile

## References
Antoine Lavoisier

**Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier** (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist. He is often called the *"Father of Modern Chemistry"*. His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology. It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory. He was the first scientist to recognise and name the elements hydrogen and oxygen. He was executed, as were hundreds of other nobles, during the French Revolution.

## Early life 
Antoine de Lavoisier began studying at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1754, when he was 11 years old. Collège Mazarin was one of the best secondary schools in France then. He studied to be a lawyer like his father and his grandfather. He got his degree in 1763 and practised law at the parliament; however, he really preferred scientific research to law, so he also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. He got his law degree in 1763, but never practised as a lawyer. He started a career as a scientist instead.

## Science career 
. The mercury was in A.]]

During his career, Lavoisier brought major changes to the study of chemistry. Much of his research was done on combustion. He is the person who explained combustion by oxidation. To prove this, Lavoisier studied the air. In order to do this, in 1776, he burned mercury in an enclosed vase. His conclusion: the air is a combination of oxygen and is not a chemical element.

He also discovered the law of conservation of mass that is *nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed*, athough this simplified statement is probably apocryph. It states that the mass of the final products of a chemical reaction is the same as the reactants’ ones. Today, this principle is the basis of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier, together with L. B. Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet and Antoine François de Fourcroy, created the first system of chemical nomenclature in the 1780s.

## Political career 
While he was doing research for chemistry, Lavoisier was also working for the government. During this time, the French Revolution began in 1789. Antoine kept his position in the government but, two years later, a new government arrived in power. This new government, which was not interested in science and scientists, received a report that Lavoisier, along with 27 other individuals, had been a "Fermier Général" (basically a delegated tax collector) under the deposed Louis XVI monarch.  He was arrested on the same day as the other 27 individuals similarly accused, and was sentenced to death on 8 May 1794. He was executed using the guillotine, together with the 27 others who were similarly charged and convicted.

## References
Epistle to the Colossians

**Colossians** is the fifty-first book in the Christian Bible, and the twelfth in the New Testament.

## Author 
This book has been long thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the Christians in Colossae, a small Phrygian city in modern day Turkey. Some modern scholars think it was written by a follower of Paul based on how it describes Jesus.  They believe those ideas took some time to be thought out. It is not as certain that Paul wrote this letter as it is with his other letters.

## Date 
The letter may have been written by Paul at Rome when he was in jail the first time. Other scholars have suggested that it was written from Caesarea or Ephesus. This could have been about 62 A.D.,but it could have been later.

## Content 
The letter to the Colossians says that Jesus Christ is over the entire created universe and tells Christians to lead godly lives. The letter consists of two parts: first a teaching section, then a second section about how to live. Some believe that the letter was needed to warn about growing heresy in the church. In both parts of the letter are warnings about false teachers who have been teaching wrong things to the people. Others see both sections of the letter as mainly about encouraging and teaching a growing church.

In the first two chapters the letter strongly says that Christ is over all that has been created. All things were created through him and for him, and the universe is kept by him. God had chosen to fully live in Christ. The "cosmic powers" honored by the false teachers had been defeated at Christ's death. Christ is the master of all angels and the head of the church. Christ is the only one who can be a go between with God and humans. It is the Father (God) in Colossians who is said to have saved us from darkness and put us in the kingdom of His well loved Son, Jesus also in some way restores all of the created world as well ("all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven").

The second part of the letter, chapters 3 and 4, tells the Christians how to live based on what they know about Jesus.  They are told to think about things that are above, to kill the bad desires of their old nature, and to put on the new (Christian) person. Many special duties of the Christian life are also taught.  These show that we are true Christians. The letter ends with prayer, instruction, and greetings.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Colossians (KJV)
*Colossians (NIV)
Tony Abbott

**Anthony John "Tony" Abbott** (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician, who was Prime Minister of Australia from September 2013 until September 2015, serving for just under 2 years. He became the leader of the Liberal Party, taking over from Malcolm Turnbull on 1December 2009, and was in turn succeeded by Turnbull as Liberal leader and Prime Minister on 15 September 2015. He lost his parliament seat in the 2019 election.

## Early life
Abbott was born in London, England to an Australian mother; her father was Dutch; her mother was Welsh. Abbott's father was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, moved to Australia during the Second World War and is an unconfirmed naturalized Australian citizen. Abbott was raised in Sydney, Australia and is a Roman Catholic. He studied economics and law at Sydney University, and then did a Master of Arts in politics and philosophy at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. When he came back to Australia he entered St. Patricks Seminary in Manly where he began training as a priest. From 1990-1993 Abbott worked as press secretary and an advisor to Dr. John Hewson, who was the Leader of the Opposition.

## Politics
in 1998, Prime Minister John Howard made Abbott the Minister for Employment Services and in 2001 was promoted to Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business. He then defeated the leader Malcolm Turnbull by only one vote in a Liberal Party leadership election on 1 December 2009. In 2018, Abbott said that he had been misled by government advisers when Australia agreed to the Paris climate agreement in 2015. He told members of his party that officials had not fully explained the effects the agreement could have on Australia’s energy policy. At the time he had originally supported a target to reduce Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions by 26–28% below 2005 levels by 2030.

## Beliefs
Abbott has always held strong conservative and religious views and has not been afraid to speak out on controversial issues. Combined with his earlier training as a priest this has led to his being given the nickname of the "Mad Monk". As Minister for Health he created a huge protest in 2006 when he tried to ban a drug used for abortions. Abbott's policies for the 2013 Australian election includes a plan to stop refugee boats coming to Australia. He does not support marriage equality which would let same sex couples get married.

## Personal life 
Abbott is a very keen sportsman, and regularly takes part in competitions. He is currently in training for the 2014 Port Macquarie Ironman contest. This is a race with a 3m swim, 180km bicycle ride, and finishing with a 42.2km run. Abbott is married with three daughters.

## References 
## Other websites
* Tony Abbott's website
Bernhard Rensch

**Bernhard Rensch** (21 January 1900 – 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist, and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India. He is probably best known as one of the architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which he popularised in Germany. His work on the evolution of geographically isolated populations, and on evolution above the species level, contributed to the modern synthesis. He also worked extensively on animal behavior (ethology).

Rensch's education and scientific work was interrupted by service in the German military during both World War I and World War II. His autobiography, published later in life, translates as 'Life of a biologist in a turbulent century'.

## Works
This is a select list of books alone and includes English translations.
*(1930) *Eine biologische Reise nach den kleinen Sunda-Inseln*. Berlin: Bornträger
*(1947) 
*(1947) *Evolution above the Species Level*. London: Methuen. (German original 1947; 3rd enlarged ed. 1972.)
*(1971) *Biophilosophy*. New York: Columbia University Press. (German original 1968.)
*(1972) *Homo sapiens: From Man to Demigod*. London: Methuen. (German original 1959.)
*(1973) *Gedächtnis, Begriffsbildung und Planhandlungen bei Tieren*. Berlin: Parey.
*(1979) *Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem turbulenten Jahrhundert*. Stuttgart: Fischer.
*(1979) *Gesetzlichkeit, psychophysischer Zusammenhang, Willensfreiheit und Ethik*. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot.
*(1984) *Psychologische Grundlagen der Wertung bildender Kunst*. Essen: Die blaue Eule.
*(1985) *Biophilosophical Implications of Inorganic and Organismic Evolution*. Essen: Die blaue Eule.

## References
List of 100 greatest NHL players by The Hockey News

This is '''*The Hockey News* top 100 National Hockey League players of all-time'*. The *Hockey News* is a newspaper that write about ice hockey. This list is included in the book ***The Top 100 NHL Players of All-Time*** ().

## Judges 
The judges who helped make the selections for this list included writers, journalists, and broadcasters (Don Cherry, John Davidson, Milt Dunnell, Stan Fischler, Dick Irvin, Brian McFarlane, Bob McKenzie, Jim Matheson, Harry Neale, Frank Orr), as well as coaches, referees, general managers, and former players (Al Arbour, Scotty Bowman, Emile Francis, Howie Meeker, Scotty Morrison, Roger Neilson, Bud Poile, Sam Pollock, Marcel Pronovost, Billy Reay, Glen Sather, Harry Sinden, Red Storey).

## The list 
Players in **boldface** were active when the list was published in early 1998.  Flags of players *born* outside of Canada (regardless of nationality) are included next to their names.
# **Wayne Gretzky**
# Bobby Orr
# Gordie Howe
# Mario Lemieux
# Maurice Richard
# Doug Harvey
# Jean Beliveau
# Bobby Hull
# Terry Sawchuk
# Eddie Shore
# Guy Lafleur
# **Mark Messier**
# Jacques Plante
# **Ray Bourque**
# Howie Morenz
# Glenn Hall
# Stan Mikita  
# Phil Esposito
# Denis Potvin
# Mike Bossy
# Ted Lindsay
# **Patrick Roy**
# Red Kelly
# Bobby Clarke
# Larry Robinson
# Ken Dryden
# Frank Mahovlich
# Milt Schmidt
# **Paul Coffey**
# Henri Richard
# Bryan Trottier
# Dickie Moore
# Newsy Lalonde
# Syl Apps
# Bill Durnan 
# Charlie Conacher
# **Jaromir Jagr**  
# Marcel Dionne
# Joe Malone
# **Chris Chelios**  
# Dit Clapper
# Bernie Geoffrion
# Tim Horton
# Bill Cook
# Johnny Bucyk
# George Hainsworth
# Gilbert Perreault
# Max Bentley
# Brad Park
# Jari Kurri  
# Nels Stewart
# King Clancy
# Bill Cowley
# **Eric Lindros**
# Busher Jackson
# Peter Stastny  
# Ted Kennedy
# Andy Bathgate
# Pierre Pilote
# Turk Broda
# Frank Boucher
# Cy Denneny
# Bernie Parent
# **Brett Hull**
# Aurel Joliat
# Toe Blake
# Frank Brimsek  
# Elmer Lach
# Dave Keon 
# **Grant Fuhr**
# **Brian Leetch** 
# Earl Seibert
# Doug Bentley*
# Borje Salming  
# Georges Vezina
# Charlie Gardiner
# Clint Benedict
# **Steve Yzerman**
# Tony Esposito
# Billy Smith
# Serge Savard
# Alex Delvecchio
# Babe Dye
# Lorne Chabot
# Sid Abel
# Bob Gainey
# Johnny Bower
# Sprague Cleghorn
# Mike Gartner
# Norm Ullman
# Sweeney Schriner  
# Joe Primeau
# Darryl Sittler
# **Joe Sakic**
# **Dominik Hasek**  
# Babe Pratt
# Jack Stewart
# Yvan Cournoyer
# Bill Gadsby
# Frank Nighbor

;Notes
Lille (disambiguation)

*Lille French city sometimes called the capital of South Flanders.
*Lille, Belgium, a smaller town in Belgium
*Lille, previous name of town Grand Isle, Maine, US
*Lille OSC, football club
Kinect

]]
**Kinect** is a device that was made by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Kinect uses cameras and a special microphone to see and hear Xbox 360/One users. The device also uses equations to know what is a person and what is not. It was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles in May of 2009. It has won many awards. Kinect allows a user to move his or her body to control games, movies, and more. People can move their hand to go through menus, or they can use their whole body to control a body in a game. Kinect is special because it is the first way to play games that does not use a controller.

Kinect was released to retail stores in late 2010. The retail price is $149.99 and the Kinect is also optionally bundled with a new Xbox 360 S model that includes a game called Kinect Adventures!. Microsoft has said they will advertise it almost like a new video game console. They want Kinect to increase the time that people make games for Xbox 360 before a new video game console is made. In the future, Microsoft hopes Kinect starts a new idea of people using televisions, computers, and games with their hands and voices. PlayStation Move, which is for the PlayStation 3 console, is Kinect's main competitor.

The Kinect was named the "Fastest selling consumer electronics device" by the Guinness World Records, selling an average of 133,333 kinects per day with a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days.

A new version of the Kinect sensor was released with the Xbox One, which was released on November 22, 2013.

However, on October 2017, Microsoft stopped making Xbox One Kinect devices and the Xbox One Kinect doesn't want to work for Xbox One dashboard anymore, but only works for games.

Following the discontinuation of the Xbox line of Kinect sensors, Microsoft released a non-gaming version as the Azure Kinect, which uses Microsoft Azure cloud computing applications.

## References
* USPAT 20100225746 REFERENCE IMAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SENSING
* USPAT 20100118123 DEPTH MAPPING USING PROJECTED PATTERNS

## Other websites
*the Kinect on Xbox.com
G. Ledyard Stebbins

**George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr** (6 January 1906 – 19 January 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist. He was one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century. Stebbins received his PhD in botany from Harvard University in 1931. He went on to the University of California, Berkeley, where his work led to a synthesis of plant evolution and genetics.

His most important publication was *Variation and evolution in plants*, which combined genetics and Darwin's theory of natural selection to describe plant speciation. It helped form the modern evolutionary synthesis, and still provides the framework for research in plant evolutionary biology. According to Ernst Mayr, "Few later works dealing with the evolutionary systematics of plants have not been very deeply affected by Stebbins' work". 
:"More than anything else, it was Stebbins' book, *Variation and evolution in plants*, that brought botany into the synthesis. It had the same impact in botany as Dobzhansky's book in population genetics, integrating the widely scattered literature of plant evolution and providing abundant suggestions for further research". This work continued with the 1947 paper *Types of polyploids: their classification and significance*, which described Stebbins' ideas about the role of paleopolyploidy in angiosperm evolution. He argued that chromosome number may be a useful tool for the construction of phylogenies. These reviews were highly influential and helped others study the role of polyploidy in evolution.

In 1939, with Babcock's support, Stebbins was made a full professor in the Department of Genetics at UC Berkeley, after the Department of Botany failed to promote him. Stebbins taught a course on evolution. During his preparation he became excited by research combining genetics and evolution. Stebbins directed his research towards evolution. He became involved with the Society for the Study of Evolution in 1946, and was one of the few botanists in the new organization.

He worked on the genetics of grass grown for grazing, looking at polyploidy and the evolution of the Poaceae (grass family). He produced an artificial autotetraploid grass from the diploid species *Ehrharta erecta* by treatment with the chromosome doubling agent colchicine. He was able to establish the plant in the field, and after 39 years of field trials found that the tetraploid was not as successful as its diploid parent in an unchanging environment.

## Books 
**Variation and evolution in plants* (1950)
**Processes of organic evolution* (1966)
**The basis of progressive evolution* (1969)
**Chromosomal evolution in higher lants* (1971) 
**Flowering plants: evolution above the species level* (1974) 
**Evolution*, with Dobzhansky, Ayala and Valentine (1977)

## References
Kevin Clash

**Kevin Clash** (born September 17, 1960) is an American puppeteer and voice actor. Clash formerly performed Elmo on Sesame Street. He has also performed Splinter from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Clifford from Muppets Tonight, and Baby Sinclair from Dinosaurs. Mr. Clash was an important part of Sesame Street Workshop and often performed as Elmo in hospitals for sick children. Mr. Clash was well known for his ability to improvise.

On November 20, 2012, Clash left Sesame Street Workshop due to multiple allegations of sexual abuse of minors. The cases and lawsuits were later dismissed because the statute of limitations had passed.

## Filmography
## References
James Norris Memorial Trophy

The **James Norris Memorial Trophy** is given out to the National Hockey League's best "defense player who demonstrates throughout the season the greatest all-round ability in the position". The James Norris Memorial Trophy has been awarded 53 times to 22 different players since it was first created in 1954. At the end of each season, members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association vote to decide the player who was the best defenseman during the regular season.

## History
The trophy is named in honour of James E. Norris, owner of the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings from 1932 to 1952.

There are only two players that have won both the Norris and Hart Memorial Trophy for the same season: Bobby Orr, who won both trophies for the 1969–70, 1970–71 and 1971–72 seasons, and Chris Pronger, who won the Hart and Norris for the 1999–2000 NHL season.

Seven different defensemen won the Hart Trophy before the Norris Trophy's establishment: Billy Burch, Eddie Shore (four times), Herb Gardiner, Albert "Babe" Siebert, Ebbie Goodfellow, Tommy Anderson and Babe Pratt.

The voting is done at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association, and each voter picks their top five candidates on a 10–7–5–3–1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL awards ceremony after the end of the playoffs.

## Winners
, seven-time winner.]]
, two-time winner.]]
, eight-time winner.]]
, five-time winner.]]
, two-time winner.]]
, one-time winner.]]

## Related pages
*List of NHL players
*List of NHL statistical leaders

## References
;General
*James Norris Memorial Trophy history at NHL.com
*James Norris Memorial Trophy history at Legends of Hockey.net

;Specific
Cape

ed cape]]
A **cape** can mean any outer piece of clothing that has no sleeves. However, it usually it is long and covers only the back half of the wearer, It fastens around the neck. Capes were common in medieval Europe, especially when combined with a hood. Capes have had periodic returns to fashion. Roman Catholic clergy wear a type of cape known as a ferraiolo, which is worn for formal events. Capes are often used as rain wear in various military units and police forces. In modern times, comic-book super-heroes, such as Superman and Batman, are often shown wearing capes.
Cab Calloway

**Cabell "Cab" Calloway III** (December 25, 1907 – November 18, 1994) was an American jazz musician, singer, conductor and actor. He was famous for his "scat" style singing. He was the leader of one of the most famous big bands in the 1930s and 1940s. Calloway's band featured many famous musicians including Dizzy Gillespie.

In 1931, he recorded his most famous single, '"Minnie the Moocher."'

In his later career Calloway became a popular actor in movies and stage shows. In 1980 he acted and sang in the movie *"The Blues Brothers."* In the movie he sang "Minnie the Moocher." He sang the song "The Jumpin' Jive" on the famous children's TV show *Sesame Street*.

In May 1994, Calloway suffered a stroke. He died six months later on November 18, 1994.

## Other websites
*The Official Cab Calloway website
Typography

: exquisite at the level of page design, but the legibility of its type is poor. The influence of manuscripts is clear.]]
 in a 1902 book. The pluses are its distinct national character and its historic origins; its minus is its poor legibility.]]
 cover design which echoes art deco.]]
 designs influenced by modernism and function: Eric Gill's *Gill Sans* typeface, 1928. The main advantage is its legibility.]]

**Typography** is the practical art of arranging how the printed word appears on the page. Typography was born when print was born. Later, gradually, type designs were based on the special needs of books, pamphlets, newspapers and advertisements.

Typography  includes not only letters, but all the set of symbols in a font, and it includes the overall design of a page or document. It applies to any medium which may be read; therefore it includes text on computer screens. A **typographer** may design type, select fonts, and design the layout of pages and books. The term does not cover the act of printing itself, though many of the early printers were themselves typographers.

Typography in the 20th century was greatly influenced by three things:
#Modernism and the modern art movement.
#Information about the  of typography and design. Some of this comes from formal 'scientific' experiments, but most comes from commercial sources. Naturally, sales results before and after a book or magazine redesign are compared. A redesign of the typography on the jacket of a book (''Roget's Thesaurus'') "nearly doubled the sales". Typographers themselves carry out mini-experiments to test alternatives. This is an extension of scientific method to what is, at heart, an artistic process. 
#The development of modern computer technology, which affected type design, and changed printing methods.

## Related pages 
* Printing
* Typeface
* Writing
* Calligraphy

## References
Rusty Wallace

**Russell William Wallace, Jr.** (born August 14, 1956 in Fenton, Missoui) is a retired American race car driver. Wallace won the 1989 NASCAR Cup Series. In 2013 Wallace was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame.

He is known for driving the number 2 Miller Lite/Miller Genuine Draft car for Team Penske in NASCAR. He raced from 1980 to 2005. He won 55 races from 1986 to 2004. Wallace won many races on short tracks such as Bristol Motor Speedway and Richmond Raceway.

In 2006, he became a broadcaster for ESPN and ABC. He covered many auto racing events, such as the Indianapolis 500.

## References
The Stranger (novel)

***The Stranger*** (sometimes known as ***The Outsider***) is an existentialist novel written by French writer Albert Camus. It was written in 1942.

The title is "''L'Etranger*" in French. It discusses philosophical ideas of absurdity.

## Related pages
* *Le Monde'''s 100 Books of the Century