open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Veteran

in his original uniform]]

A **veteran** (from the Latin word *vetus*, meaning *old*) is a person who has a long experience in something. The term is most often used to describe people who were in the armed forces, especially those who had to fight in a war.

## Veterans associations
### United Kingdom
The Royal British Legion began in 1921 after the First World War.

### United States
At the end of the American Revolution Army and Navy Officers formed the Society of the Cincinnati. After the US Civil War Veterans from the opposing sides formed their own associations:
*Union
**Military Order of the Loyal Legion 
**Grand Army of the Republic 

*Confederate:
**United Confederate Veterans

After the Spanish-American War of 1898 Veterans formed an associations which still exists, called the Veterans of Foreign Wars. After World War I veterans formed the American Legion

There is also the:
*AMVETS - American Veterans organization, also "American Veterans of WW2 and Korea", and later Vietnam
*DAV - Disabled American Veterans organization-for veterans who were disabled by their military service
*Marine Corps League - United States Marine veterans organization
*Veterans organizations are also made up of different branches of the armed services - such as the Army; Navy, USMC or USAF or by units such as ships or divisions or regiments

File:Order of cincinnati.jpg|Order of the Cincinnati badge
File:Postcard, Grand Army of the Republic 1915.jpg|Grand Army of the Republic badge

## References
Besançon

**Besançon** is a city in France. It was the capital of the former Free County (*Franche-Comté*) region. It is the prefecture of the Doubs department. Its population is around 117,600 (2008).
 
## History
Besançon is an old city. It is discovered in 58 BC and Julius Caesar writes about it in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico where it is called *Vesontio*. The etymology (origin of the word) is not certain. It could have a Celtic origin. The Celtic word *wes* means mountain. In the 4th century, the letter B became V. The city name changed to *Besontio* or *Bisontion*. It became Besançon in 1243. In 1871 the city is going through a revolutionary period, known as Besançon Commune.

The city has a Renaissance citadel. It was later used by the Nazis during World War II.
, the Tour de la Pelote and the Quai Vauban.]]

## Climate 
Besançon has an oceanic climate and a continental climate. The average temperature is 10.2&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F). The warmest month of the year is July (18.9&nbsp;°C or 66&nbsp;°F) and the coldest month is January (1.6&nbsp;°C or 35&nbsp;°F). Besançon receives about 1108&nbsp;mm (44&nbsp;inches) of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (111.4&nbsp;mm or 4.4 in); the driest is July (80.5&nbsp;mm or 3.2 in). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 31 July 1983, was 38.8&nbsp;°C (101.8&nbsp;°F), and the lowest was a −20.7&nbsp;°C (−5.3&nbsp;°F) reached on 1 January 1985.

## Monuments
* Besançon Cathedral
* Synagogue of Besançon
* Jewish cemetery of Besançon

## Éducation 
* École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques

## Sister cities
Besançon is twinned with:
*  Tver, Russia
*  Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
*  Kuopio, Finland
*  Huddersfield – Kirklees, United Kingdom
*  Bielsko-Biała, Poland
*  Neuchâtel, Switzerland
*  Bistriţa, Romania
*  Pavia, Italy
*  Hadera, Israel
*  Douroula, Burkina Faso
*  Man, Côte d'Ivoire
*  Charlottesville – Virginia, United States
Trinity College, Cambridge

**Trinity College** is a college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Trinity has more students than any other college in Cambridge or Oxford. It is also the wealthiest Oxbridge college. It owns the O2 Arena. It is one of the three royal colleges.

Trinity College was formed by King Henry VIII in 1564 when two colleges merged together.  These two colleges were Michaelhouse, which had been formed by Hervey de Stanton in 1324, and King's Hall, which had been formed by King Edward II in 1317 and formed again in 1337 by King Edward III.

Two members of the British royal family and six British prime ministers have studied at Trinity College.

Of the 90 people from Cambridge who have won Nobel prizes, 32 were from Trinity College.

Famous people who have studied there include Isaac Newton (who went there in 1661), Charles III and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

The first time that the rules of association football were written down was at Trinity in 1848.

Trinity College's Wren Library is the biggest library at Cambridge. It has around 300,000 books and is open to the public.

## References
*The story of Trinity, "The Independent" 14 July 2009 p.&nbsp;10

## Other websites
*Trinity College, Cambridge official website 
*Trinity College, Cambridge students' union (TCSU) website
*Trinity B.A. Society 
*Trinity College May Ball website
*Undergraduates' Perspective of Trinity 
*Trinity College on Google maps
*Trinity College Isaac Newton Trust
Lieutenant

A **Lieutenant** is an officers rank in the military, police and fire departments. It is an entry level  position. The word comes from the French language. A lieutenant is someone who takes the place of a superior when that person is not available. It can also mean a  position to assist someone else to carry out their job. 

## Military 
In many military organizations, a lieutenant is an entry level commissioned officer's . Generally, but not always, it is divided into two levels. 

### Second Lieutenant 
A second lieutanant (2LT) (2ndLt) (2d Lt) (O1) is the lower rank of lieutanant. A second lieutenant is addressed as "lieutenant" the same as a first lieutenant. In the United States Army, for example, a second lieutenant leads a platoon made up of two or more squads or about 16 to 44 soldiers.

### First Lieutenant 
A first lieutenant (1LT) (1stLt) (1st Lt) (O2) is the  rank of lieutenant. A first lieutenant is also addressed as "lieutenant". The equivalent to a second lieutenant is the naval rank of ensign.

## Related pages 
* Lieutenant commander
* Lieutenant colonel
* Lieutenant general
* Lieutenant governor

## References 
## Other websites 
* British Army Officer Ranks; YouTube
* All US Military Ranks; YouTube
* On Being: A 2nd Lieutenant; YouTube
Boulogne-Billancourt

**Boulogne-Billancourt** (often called **Boulogne** or **Boulbi**) is a town in the western suburbs of Paris in France. Boulogne-Billancourt is a sub-prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine département. It is in the Île-de-France region. Its population is around 106,000. Its land area is 6.17&nbsp;km². Its population density is 17,877/km².

Boulogne-Billancourt is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. Several major communication companies headquarters are in Boulbi. The hospital Ambroise-Paré Hospital is in the city and one campus of the École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers.
Chicago Tribune Silver Football

The **Chicago Tribune Silver Football** is awarded by the *Chicago Tribune* to the college football player chosen to be the Most Valuable Player of the Big Ten Conference. 

## Other websites 
*Official page from the Chicago Tribune
Science park

A **science park** is a property designed and used for supporting high tech, science, or research related businesses. Science parks are found all over the world, but they mostly exist in developed countries. Over 140 are found in North America alone.  

## Other websites
* UK Science Park Association
* International Association of Science Parks
Hunter Valley

The **Hunter Valley** is an area of New South Wales, Australia. The Hunter River flows through the valley. The Hunter Valley is one of the largest river valleys on the NSW coast. It is known for its wineries and coal mines. It is about  to  and less than 2 hours drive from north of Sydney, Australia. About 590,000 people live in the valley. More than half of the people live in the coastal cities of Newcastle and Lake Macquarie. There are also other towns and villages across the valley. There are 11 Local Government Areas that look after the area. These eleven LGAs are:

*Cessnock City Council
*Dungog Shire Council
*Gloucester Shire Council
*Great Lakes Council
*Lake Macquarie City Council
*Maitland City Council
*Muswellbrook Shire Council
*Newcastle City Council
*Port Stephens Council
*Singleton Shire Council
*Upper Hunter Shire Council

## References
**Notes**
Murrurundi

**Murrurundi** is a small country town in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Murrurundi is  by road from Newcastle and  km from Sydney. In 2006 there were 2162 people (ABS 2006) living in Murrurundi. The town is circled by mountains of the Liverpool Range. It is on the Pages River, which flows into the Hunter River. The name *Murrurundi* is from an Aboriginal word meaning "Five fingers". This is the name given to a group of rocks at the north end of the town.

## History
The first people to live in the Murrurundi area were the Australian aboriginal people, the Wanaruah and the Kamilaroi. European settlement of the area began in the 1820s. Benjamin Hall, the father of bushranger Ben Hall started a cattle farm in the area in 1839. The town was started by the New South Wales government in 1840.  In the same year, a local land owner - Thomas Haydon - started his own town called Haydonton. Benjamin Hall opened a  shop in Haydonton in 1842. Ben Hall lived here until the age of 13. In 1913, the two towns were joined together to make the modern-day town of Murrurundi.

## Mining
Kerosene shale was first mined at Mount Temi,  north of Murrurundi in 1886. The mine was reopened in 1910. The shale was moved  from the mine on a rope system known as an aerial ropeway. It was then loaded onto trains at a railway built at Temple Court, just west of Murrurundi. The mine closed in the First World War.

## Sport
Every year there is a rodeo and the King of the Ranges stockman (cowboy) contest. Other sports played in the town include rugby, touch football, swimming, and cricket.

## Railway station
Murrurundi railway station is on the Main North railway line,  from Sydney. The station opened in 1872. There is a large brick station-house, a passing loop and goods yard.
There is a train to and from Sydney and Armidale/Moree every day.

## References
Gianfranco Zola

**Gianfranco Zola** OBE (born 5 July 1966) is an Italian former football player. He is currently the vice-president of Lega Pro, the organisation for the Italian Serie C football league.

As a footballer he played for Napoli, Parma, Chelsea and Cagliari He was renowned for his technique, skill and dribbling. In total, he played in 632 league games and scored 184 goals in his career. He became manager of West Ham on 11 September 2008, replacing Alan Curbishley, after he stopped working as Italy Under-21's manager.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Source:

### International
:Source:

**International goals**
:''Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first.''

## Honours
**Torres**
*Serie C2: 1986–87

**Napoli**
*Serie A: 1989–90

**Parma**
*UEFA Cup: 1994–95
*Football League Cup: 1997–98
**Individual**
*Serie A Top-assist provider: 1992–93
*ESM Team of the Year: 1994–95
*Premier League Player of the Month: December 1996, October 2002
*FWA Footballer of the Year: 1997
*Officer of the Order of the British Empire: 2004
*Pallone d'Argento: 2004–05
*Chelsea Centenary XI: 2005
*Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare "Gaetano Scirea": 2005
*English Football Hall of Fame: 2006
*Premio internazionale Giacinto Facchetti: 2010
*Football League Championship Manager of the Month: February 2013
*Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2022

## References
Asnières-sur-Seine

**Asnières-sur-Seine** is a town in France near Paris. It is in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine. About 76,000 people live there. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe (its density is 17,178/km²).

## History
*Asnières-sur-Seine* used to just be called Asnières. The name Asnières was first mentionned in 1158 as *Asnerias*, from Medieval Latin *asinaria*, meaning "donkey farm". The soil of Asnières was poor, where heather grew in Medieval times, was probably only good enough for breeding donkeys.

## Economy 
Different famous companies are located in Asnières:

* L'Oréal - cosmetics
* Lucas
* Lesieur
* Louis Vuitton - luxury products
Fort-de-France

**Fort-de-France** is the capital of the French Caribbean oversees department of Martinique. It is one of the major cities in the Caribbean. Martinique exports sugar, rum, tinned fruit, and cacao from the port in Fort-de-France.

## Sister city
Fort-de-France is twinned with:
* Belém, Brazil

## Other websites
Roubaix

**Roubaix** is a city in the Nord department, in the Hauts-de-France region, in north France. About 94,000 live there at about 7,119 people per square kilometer. It is near the cities Lille and Tourcoing. There is a metro and tram line between Roubaix and these places. Roubaix is near the Belgian border. The city is well known for its cycling race Paris-Roubaix which is over 259.5&nbsp;km and includes almost 50&nbsp;km of cobblestone sections.

## Twin towns 
Roubaix is twinned with:
* Bradford, United Kingdom, since 1969
* Mönchengladbach, Germany, since 1969
* Verviers, Belgium, since 1969
* Skopje, North Macedonia, since 1973
* Prato, Italy, since 1981
* Sosnowiec, Poland, since 1993
* Covilhã, Portugal, since 2000
* Bouïra, Algeria, since 2003

## Other websites 
* City council website 
* Tourist office website
John Dunn

**John Dunn** (14 December 1846 – 19 March 1866) was an Australian bushranger. He was only 17 years old when he joined up with Ben Hall and John Gilbert and became a member of their gang.

## Early life
He was born at Murrumburrah near Yass, New South Wales. His parents were Michael Dunn and Margaret Kelly. Dunn was only a small youth and worked as a jockey. He had robbed a Chinese gold miner and been in trouble with the police. 

## Ben Hall's gang
Dunn was a member of the gang when they tried to rob the mail coach near Jugiong on 16 November 1864. Gilbert shot Sergeant Parry to death during the robbery. The government already had offered reward money for the capture of the Gilbert and Hall; they now offered £500 for John Dunn. During the next three months, the gang continued to rob from farmhouses and mail coaches.

## Outlaw
In May 1865, Hall, Gilbert, and Dunn were made "outlaws"; they could be killed by anyone at anytime. Hall was found by the police in the bush near Forbes, New South Wales and shot dead. A week later, Gilbert was shot by the police at the home of John Kelly, Dunn's grandfather, near Binalong, on 13 May. Dunn was able to escape, although he was also shot. Dunn's Grandfather had told the police where the bushrangers were so that he could get the reward money. 

Dunn went into hiding near Quambone Station (a farm) but another friend told the police where he was living. Dunn was badly hurt when the police went to capture him on 26 December 1865. Even though he was hurt, he climbed out of the police station window but was soon caught again. He was taken to Sydney to be tried in court. On 19 January 1866, he was found guilty of killing Nelson and sentenced to death.  He was hanged on 19 March 1865 at the Darlinghurst Gaol. He was only 19 years old. He is buried in the old Devonshire Street cemetery in Sydney.

## Other websites 
*

## References
DC Talk

**DC Talk** (also written as **dc Talk**) is a well-known Christian rock/rap band, most famous for its song *Jesus Freak*. The band started in 1988, and was part of the rise in popularity of the contemporary Christian music genre during the 1990s. After releasing five studio albums, The band split up in 2000 to have solo careers.

## Studio albums
Argenteuil

**Argenteuil** is a town northwest of Paris, France. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department.

Argenteuil is the second most populated town in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt) and the most populated commune in the Val-d'Oise department; however it is not the prefecture. Its population is about 94,000 (1999).

Claude Monet painted things in Argenteuil many times.

 à Argenteuil, Claude Monet 1874]]

## Social Housing
In June 2025, the demolition and reconstruction of the "Château" social housing building in the Val-Notre-Dame district is part of a vast urban renewal project.
## Twin towns
* Dessau (Germany) ;
* Clydebank (Scotland) ;
* Alessandria (Italy) ;
* Hunedoara (Romania)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Colombes

**Colombes** is a town in the northwest suburbs of Paris, France. Its in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine. Its population is about 77,000.

## Twin town
*  Frankenthal in Germany
Drake Bell

**Jared Drake Bell** (born June 27, 1986) is an American actor, and singer. Bell has released a song for Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh named "I Found a Way".

## Life 
Bell was born in Newport Beach, California in 1986. On December 29, 2005, he was badly hurt in a car accident in Los Angeles. He was in the car with a friend. and an oncoming vehicle hit Bell's car, This caused a broken neck, six dislodged teeth, a broken jaw and a deep cut across his chin. Bell had plastic surgery to fix his face.

In 2018, he married Janet Von Schmeling. They have one son, Schmeling filed for divorce in 2022.

During an interview for the 2024 documentary *Quiet on Set: The Dark Side of Kids TV*, Bell revealed that Brian Peck, an acting coach, had sexually abused him during his time acting on *The Amanda Show*. On August 19, 2003, Peck was arrested and convicted of lewd conduct with a minor.

## Career 
### Acting 
Bell started to act when he was 5 years old. In 2002, Bell played in the movies *Superhero!* and *Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh*.

### Music 
Bell learned to play guitar when he was 13. On August 23, 2005, he started to sell his first album, *Telegraph*. In December 2006, he started to sell his second album, *Its Only Time*. His third album was released in 2014. 

### Controversies 
Bell has made comments that have upset a lot of people. He made a negative comment when Caitlyn Jenner appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair.  He deleted the comment soon after he posted it but it was still seen by many readers. In an interview with Buzzfeed he made comments against stars such as Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande.  He got into still another controversy with a Justin Bieber fan wishing him death.

On June 4, 2021, Bell was arrested in Cleveland, Ohio, on charges relating to "attempted endangering [of] children and disseminating matter harmful to juveniles." Bell had sent a minor "inappropriate social media messages" for "months. On June 23, Bell pleaded guilty to both charges.  On July 12, 2021, Bell's victim made a public appearance and statement accusing him of sexually assaulting her while she was underage. Bell was sentenced to two years of probation and 200 hours of community service.

## References
Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

**Montreuil** is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France. Montreuil is near the Bois de Vincennes park in the Île-de-France region and the Seine-Saint-Denis department. About 91,000 people lived there in 1999. It is the third most populated suburb of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt and Argenteuil).

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Pau, France

**Pau** is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is the *prefecture* (capital) of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. It is also the capital of 6 *cantons* in the department: Jurançon, Pau-Centre, Pau-Est, Pau-Nord, Pau-Ouest and Pau-Sud.

Pau is the second city of Aquitaine, after Bordeaux. Pau was also the capital of the old historical province of Béarn.

## Geography
Pau is at about  from Bordeaux and from Toulouse, on a 200 m elevation overlooking the valley of a mountain river called the Gave de Pau, and at  from the Atlantic Ocean and at  from the Pyrenees.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Pau is surrounded by the *communes* Buros, Montardon, Morlaàs, Bizanos, Idron, Gelos, Jurançon,Lons and Billère.

### Climate
The climate of Pau is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification *Cfb*), with mild winters and warm summers.

The average temperature for the year in Pau is 13.5&nbsp;°C (56.3&nbsp;°F). The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 20.7&nbsp;°C (69.3&nbsp;°F). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 6.6&nbsp;°C (43.9&nbsp;°F).

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Pau is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . Pau has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Pau are known, in French, as *Palois* (women: *Paloises*).

## Administration
Pau is the *prefecture* of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1796. It is also the capital of four *Cantons*:
# Pau-1, formed with a part of Pau
# Pau-2, formed with a part of Pau and the *commune* Idron
# Pau-3, formed with a part of Pau and the *communes* of Bizanos and Mazères-Lezons
# Pau-4, formed with a part of Pau and the *commune* Gelos

## Gallery

File:Parlement de Navarre 3.JPG|*Parlement de Navarre* in Pau
File:Paupalaisdejustice.jpg|*Palais de justice* and *Libération* square.
File:Boulevard d'Aragon (Pau).jpg|Boulevard d'Aragon, Pau
File:Boulevard des Pyrénées Pau 1.JPG|Boulevard des Pyrénées

## Twin towns 
Pau is twinned with:

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Pau
* Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

## References
## Other websites
* Ville de Pau - Official site  
* General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques  
* Prefecture official website  
* Région Aquitaine  
* Grand Pau
Tourcoing

**Tourcoing**  () is a town in the Nord department and Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in France. It is near Lille and Roubaix. There is a metro and tram line between Tourcoing and these places, which are all close to the Belgian border. There is a Napoleon III-style *Hôtel de ville* (town hall) built in 1885.

## Twin towns 
Tourcoing is twinned with:

## Related pages
* Communes of the Nord department

## Other websites
* 
* Tourcoing town council website (in French)
* Tourcoing Volley-Ball Lille Métropole (Official website of the top team, in French)
* See pictures from Antonio Mucherino's web site
ReLoad

***ReLoad*** is an album by Metallica.  It was released in the United States on November 18, 1997 by Elektra Records. It went straight to No.1 in the *Billboard* 200. Three singles were released from it. "Better Than You" won the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. It was the last studio album by Metallica with Jason Newsted playing bass.

## Track Listing
# Fuel
# The Memory Remains
# Devil's Dance
# The Unforgiven II
# Better Than You
# Slither
# Carpe Diem Baby
# Bad Seed
# Where the Wild Things Are
# Prince Charming
# Low Man's Lyric
# Attitude
# Fixxxer
Chuck Bernard

**Joseph Charles "Chuck" Bernard** (August 29, 1911 in Chicago, Illinois &ndash; March 1962) was a professional American football center who played for the Detroit Lions in 1934 and was a two-time All-American at the University of Michigan.

## NFL Career
After graduating from the University of Michigan, Bernard played 10 games for the Detroit Lions in 1934.

## References
Consensus

**Consensus** is a term which describes general agreement among members of a group or community.  It also means the theory and process of bringing a group together in agreement. 

## Science and technology 
* Scientific consensus
* Consensus (computer science), methods to connect and organize parts of a distributed computer system or database so they work smoothly together.
* Consensus sequence, the most common order of building blocks (nucleotides or amino acids) in a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence..
* Consensus theorem, an identity in Boolean algebra.
** Consensus or resolvent term, defined in the consensus theorem.

## Wikipedia 
The cooperative spirit of consensus is different from the competitive spirit which is brought to a point in majority voting. As per the Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales,
We are really strongly focused on consensus. One criticism of Wikipedia is that the majority rules. But majority is not the right way to describe it. We strive for consensus rather than majority rule. If you are in a group of five or ten people working on an article, if 30 percent of those working on the article dissent, then continue to write the article until all but the most unreasonable agree. Those who continue to disagree are typically exhibiting non-collaborative, and sometimes abusive, behavior.

## Related pages 
* Bias
* Fascism
* Mob rule
* Disinformation
* Intensity of preference

## References 
## Other websites
* "Basics of Consensus" at Northwest Intentional Communities Association (NICA)
Offensive

**Offensive** may mean:

* Offensive (Netherlands), a political party 
* Offensive (military), an attack
TobyMac

**Kevin Michael "Toby" McKeehan** (born October 22, 1964 in Fairfax, Virginia), better known as **TobyMac**, is a well known Christian singer from the band dc Talk. The band separated in 2000 to pursue solo careers. Some of his most notable songs are "Made to Love", "Burn for You", "Boomin", "City on Our Knees", "Me Without You", and "Feel It". He has also released a live album, *Alive and Transported*. His newest album, (as of May 2025), is Heaven On My Mind.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Remix albums
### Live albums
## References
Minnesota Golden Gophers

The **Minnesota Golden Gophers** are the college sports team for the University of Minnesota. 

## Other websites 
*Official website
Saint-Denis

**Saint-Denis** is a city and *commune* in the north suburbs of Paris, France. Saint-Denis is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-Saint-Denis departement, and is the seat of the Arrondissement of Saint-Denis. It is in the Île-de-France region. Inhabitants of Saint-Denis are called *Dionysiens*.

Saint-Denis is home to the Saint Denis Basilica. France's national football stadium, Stade de France, built in 1998 for the Football World Cup is in Saint-Denis.

Saint-Denis used to be an industrial suburb, but it's reconverting its economic base.

## History 
Almost every French king since Dagobert Ist, was buried in the Basilica. Saint-Denis dates back to the second century. It used to be a village called *Catolacus*. Saint Denis, the first bishop of Paris, was martyred in about 250 AD. He was buried in the cemetery of Catolacus. Denis' tomb became a place of worship.

During the French Revolution in 1793, the city was renamed *Franciade*, and the royal necropolis was looted and destroyed. The name was changed back in 1803.

During the Second World War, the Germans occupied Saint-Denis from June 13, 1940. The town was liberated by General Leclerc on August 27.

## Twin towns 
*  Córdoba, Spain
*  Gera, Germany
*  North Lanarkshire, Scotland
*  Porto Alegre, Brazil
*  Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
*  Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Other facts 
The painter Claude Monet was born in Saint-Denis in 14th of November, 1840.

## Other websites 
* City council website
Sentence (law)

In criminal law, a **sentence** forms the final act of a judge-ruled criminal procedure. The sentence generally involves a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted (found guilty) of a crime. For example, a man could be given a life sentence for murder.
Interstate 82

**Interstate 82** (sometimes called **I-82**) is a  long Interstate Highway in the states of Washington and Oregon. The road goes from Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 97 in Ellensburg, Washington southeast through Yakima, Washington, the Tri-Cities of Washington, and Umatilla, Oregon before ending at Interstate 84 in Hermiston, Oregon.

Since I-82 is north of Interstate 84, it breaks the rules for Interstate numbering. This happened because when Interstate 80N was renumbered to Interstate 84 in 1980, Interstate 82 became north of Interstate 84. The renumbering was part of a project to remove Interstates that have letters within their numbers.

The highway goes over Selah Creek on a bridge called the Fred G. Redmon Bridge.  When this bridge was opened on November 2, 1971 it was the longest concrete arch bridge in North America. The bridge is 549 feet long when it goes above the creek. The freeway also has a spur route, Interstate 182, which connects Interstate 82 to Richland, Washington and Pasco, Washington.

## Roads crossed
*  Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 97 in Ellensburg, Washington
*  Washington State Route 821 near Selah, Washington
*  Washington State Route 821 near Selah, Washington
*  Washington State Route 823 near Selah, Washington
*  U.S. Route 12 in Yakima, Washington
*  Washington State Route 24 in Yakima, Washington
*  U.S. Route 97 in Yakima, Washington
*  Washington State Route 22 near Zillah, Washington
*  Washington State Route 223 in Granger, Washington
*  Washington State Route 241 in Sunnyside, Washington
*  Washington State Route 22 in Prosser, Washington
*  Washington State Route 224 in Benton City, Washington
*  Interstate 182 and U.S. Route 12 near Richland, Washington
*  U.S. Route 395 near Kennewick, Washington
*  Washington State Route 14 near Plymouth, Washington
*  U.S. Route 395 and U.S. Route 730 in Umatilla, Oregon
*  Interstate 84 and U.S. Route 30 near Hermiston, Oregon

## Cities and towns along the highway
* Ellensburg, Washington
* Selah, Washington
* Yakima, Washington
* Union Gap, Washington
* Zillah, Washington
* Granger, Washington
* Sunnyside, Washington
* Grandview, Washington
* Prosser, Washington
* Benton City, Washington
* Umatilla, Oregon

## Counties along the highway
* Kittitas County, Washington
* Yakima County, Washington
* Benton County, Washington
* Umatilla County, Oregon

## References 
## Other websites
* Highways of Washington State
* ORoads
Dixie Dean

**Dixie Dean** (born **William Ralph Dean**, 22 January 1907 – 1 March 1980) was an English football player. He played for Everton F.C. during the 1920s and 30s.

He scored more  than any other player in English football history.

Dean was born in Birkenhead in Merseyside. He began his career at his hometown club Tranmere Rovers F.C. before moving on to Everton. He was particularly known for scoring goals with his head. Dean played most of his career at Everton. When injuries caught up with him, he moved on to Notts County.

Dean is best known for scoring 60 goals in the 1927–28 First Division season. He also scored 18 goals in 16 appearances for England.

A statue of Dean was unveiled outside Goodison Park in 2001. A year later, he became one of the first 22 players inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame. Dean was the first Everton player to wear the number 9 shirt, and is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

## Honours and achievements
**Everton**
*Football League First Division: 1927–28, 1931–32 
*Second Division Championship: 1930–31
*FA Charity Shield: 1928, 1932
*FA Cup: 1932–33

**Sligo Rovers**
*League of Ireland runners-up 1938–39
*FAI Cup runners-up: 1938–39

**England**
*British Home Championship: 1926–27 (shared), 1931–32 (shared)

**Individual**
*England Caps: 16
*England Goals: 18
*Football League Representative appearances: 6
*Football League Representative goals: 9
**Sunday Pictorial* Trophy (60 league goals in 1927–28)
*Lewis's Medal (Commemorate 200 league goals in 199 appearances)
*Hall of Fame Trophy (1971)
*Football Writers' Association inscribed silver salver (1976)
*English Football Hall of Fame (Inaugural inductee, 2002)
*Most goals in an English top-flight season: 60 (1927–28)
*Seasonwise World Top Scorer: 1927–28 (60 goals)

## Career statistics
### Club
### International goals
:''Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dean goal.''

## References
Varsity letter

A **varsity letter** (or **monogram**) is an award in the United States for excellence in school activities. They are typically awarded to student athletes who have played on a varsity team. 

## Other websites 
* History of the varsity letter and letterman jackets
Free content

**Free content**, or **free information**, is any kind of work, artwork, or other creative content which does not have lots of legal  about how people can use it.  People have freedom to make changed versions of the content, give changed and not changed versions of the content to others, and  copies of the content and changed versions of it.  The author of free content does not use all of his copyright monopoly, he gives many of the rights to others.  The articles in Wikipedia are free content.

Free software is different from free music or text, because it is often much more difficult to understand and change a program if one does not have its source code, than it is to change a song or a text. Because of that, the source code of free software must always be easy to receive, or the software will not be free. However, source code for pictures, movies and music can also exist and be given to others. Choosing what to call a “source code” is sometimes important when publishing a work under a copyleft license.

## References
Earned run average

In baseball, **earned run average** ( to **ERA**) is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher. 

It is measured per nine innings pitched in Major League Baseball. 
 pitcher Ed Walsh.]]
ERA is found by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine. For example, if a pitcher allowed 25 runs during 95 innings pitched, his ERA would be 25 / 95 x 9, or 2.37.
Interstate 90

**Interstate 90** (sometimes called **I-90**) is a very long Interstate Highway in the United States. It goes  across the country from Interstate 5 in Seattle to Logan International Airport in Boston and is the longest Interstate Highway. I-90 runs through the states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts.

In some locations, drivers need to pay a toll to drive on Interstate 90.

## References
Washington State Department of Transportation

The **Washington State Department of Transportation** (sometimes called **WSDOT**) is the part of the government of Washington about roads, railroads, ferries, airports, and other ways to get around. It was made in 1905 as Washington Department of Highways.

## References
Body-painting

, a very ancient type of body paint.]]
's *The Starry Night* as body painting by Danny Setiawan]]

**Body-painting** (also **body painting** and **bodypainting**) is when special colors are applied to a human's skin. The colors used are temporary. Depending on the material used, paintings last between a few hours and a few weeks. 

Body-painting can be done for various reasons. Examples are:
* to make a work of art
* to camouflage one's body
* to act in some traditional theatre
* to take part in some traditional ceremony
* to party, to create a sensation

Image:Blacklight bodypainting leevi.jpg|Blacklight body painting
Image:Three saddhus at Kathmandu Durbar Square.jpg|Three saddhus at Kathmandu Durbar Square
Image:Kadakali painting.jpg|Kadakali painting
Image:Huli wigman.jpg|Huli man from Papua New Guinea
Image:Topless_body-painted_female_football_fans_at_World_Cup_in_Germany-24June2006.jpg|Patriotic theme
Image:Maskowanie.JPEG|Soldier with a painted face for camouflage

## Related pages 
* Cosmetics

* Nudity
Interstate 5

**Interstate 5** (sometimes called **I-5**, or in Southern California, **The 5**) is a  long Interstate Highway in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The road goes from Mexican Federal Highway 1 at the United States-Mexican border to British Columbia Highway 99 at the  United States-Canadian border. It is the main interstate highway of the West Coast. Nearly 60% of its length is in California.

## Cities along the highway
* San Diego, California
* Santa Ana, California
* Los Angeles, California
* Stockton, California
* Sacramento, California
* Redding, California
* Medford, Oregon
* Eugene, Oregon
* Salem, Oregon
* Portland, Oregon
* Olympia, Washington
* Tacoma, Washington
* Seattle, Washington
* Everett, Washington
* Bellingham, Washington

## References
Chevy Chase

**Cornelius Crane "Chevy" Chase** (born October 8, 1943) is an American Emmy Award-winning comedian, writer, and actor. He was one of the original cast members on *Saturday Night Live*. He left after a year.

## References
Materpiscis

***Materpiscis*** (Latin for "mother fish") is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from the late Devonian period, about 380 million years ago. A fossil of this armored placoderm shows an embryo and umbilical cord inside its body. So *Materpiscis* is the oldest known vertebrate to show viviparity (giving birth to live young). Viviparity of one kind or another is quite common in certain kinds of fish, for example sharks.

The holotype was found in the Kimberley area of northern Western Australia. Fossils from the Gogo Formation are preserved in limestone nodules, so dilute acetic acid is used to dissolve the surrounding limestone and reveal the fossil. These fossils are often preserved in three dimensions with minimal distortion.

The species was named *Materpiscis attenboroughi* in honour of David Attenborough who first drew attention to the significance of the Gogo fish sites in his 1979 series *Life on Earth*.

## References
Diprotodon

***Diprotodon*** was the largest marsupial that ever lived, or at any rate, the heaviest. Its family, the Diprotodontidae, existed from at least 1.6 million years ago until extinction some 40,000 years ago. So it lived through most of the Pleistocene epoch. Its forebears lived in the  late Oligocene to early Miocene roughly 23 million years ago.

*Diprotodon* looked like a rhino without a horn. Its feet turned inwards like a wombat’s, giving it a pigeon-toed appearance. It had strong claws on the front feet, so it may have been able to dig up roots to eat. Footprints of its hairy feet have been found, so we know it had fur like a horse rather than being bald like a rhino. *Diprotodon* is found in sites all over Australia, but not in Tasmania. 

Female skeletons have been found with babies where the mother's pouch would have been. The largest specimens were hippopotamus-sized: about  from nose to tail, standing  tall at the shoulder and weighing about .

The animal was semi-aquatic with a life-style rather like a hippo. Its extinction may have been caused by the extreme drought conditions, as well as pressure from the first Aboriginal Australians.

## References 
## Other websites
*Australia's lost kingdom on *Diprotodon optatum*
*Regional Council of Goyder page on the genera 
*Museum Victoria on the Diprotodontids 
*Description of Price's research
Wes Welker

**Wesley Carter Welker** (born May 1 1981, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is a former American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots, St. Louis Rams and Denver Broncos of the National Football League.

## References
Hersch Lauterpacht

Sir **Hersch Lauterpacht** (16 August 1897 in Zółkiew, Austria-Hungary (nowadays Schowkwa in Ukraine) – 8 May 1960 in London) was an Austrian-born British jurist of Jewish descent. He was a legal scholar, specialized in international law and a philosopher of law, and also a judge and a lawyer.
## Life
Lauterpacht was born in Austrian Galicia, which became Polish after World War I. He studied in Lemberg and in Vienna. During this time he was the first president of the World Federation of Jewish Students. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1923, where he studied at the London School of Economics. He became a British citizen in 1931. 

He lectured at several British universities like the London School of Economics, the University of London, and the University of Cambridge.

Lauterpacht was a member of the United Nations' International Law Commission from 1952 to 1954, and a Judge of the International Court of Justice from 1955 to 1960. The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom is named after him. His son Elihu Lauterpacht started the center and was its first director.

## References 
* *Hersch Lauterpacht. 1897–1960.* Arnold Duncan McNair. Oxford University Press, London 1962

## Other websites
* Sir Hersch Lauterpacht 1897-1960 
* Judge Schwebel's Memories About Sir Hersch 
* Tributes from Hans Kelsen and Lord McNair to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht
Tahlequah, Oklahoma

**Tahlequah** (Pronounced "**Tal a Kwa**") is the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States. It is at the foot hills of the Ozark Mountains. Tahlequah is also home to Northeastern State University.

Tahlequah is the capital of the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

## References
WikiLeaks

(top), dropping into another Earth (bottom)]]
**WikiLeaks** is a non-profit organization which uses its website to publish governmental, private data, corporate or religious documents that had previously been secret. The website was started in 2006 by Julian Assange. It had over 1.2 million documents in its database by the time one year had passed.  Usually, it does not give out the names and addresses of people who post documents. The site is based in Sweden. Though its name is similar to Wikipedia, it is not related to Wikipedia or the Wikimedia Foundation. The name was chosen because WikiLeaks used a wiki model at first, where people could edit the site, but it has since changed and is no longer open for editing.

## History
In July 2010, WikiLeaks was in the news for publishing over 76,900 documents related to the War in Afghanistan. In October that same year, WikiLeaks posted almost 400,000 documents that were about the War in Iraq.

This was the largest ever leak of documents about the US Army. It reported mainly on deaths of civilians, soldiers, and sightings of homemade bombs or armed civilians.

On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and five major newspapers - from Spain (*El País*), France (*Le Monde*), Germany (*Der Spiegel*), the United Kingdom (*The Guardian*), and the United States (*The New York Times*) - all began to publish the first 291 of 251,287 confidential diplomatic cables from 274 embassies dated from 1966–2010. WikiLeaks plans to release all of the cables in phases over several months. Some leaks were published by other news organizations like Fairfax Media.  White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said that an "open and transparent government is something that the President believes is truly important. But the stealing of classified information and its dissemination is a crime".

In August 2016, WikiLeaks posted more than 20,000 emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) that showed they tried to undermine Bernie Sanders.

## Related pages
* Cryptography

## References
## Other websites 
* WikiLeaks Fan Club
* WikiLeaksNews.org (An unofficial WikiLeaks news resource & social network)
Californication (album)

***Californication*** is the seventh studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on June 8, 1999 on record label Warner Bros. Records. The producer was Rick Rubin. On *Californication*,  John Frusciante returned to *Red Hot Chili Peppers*. He had appeared on ''Mother's Milk* and *Blood Sugar Sex Magik'', but Dave Navarro was the guitarist on the band's last album, *One Hot Minute*. The band's sound was very different because of Frusciante's return.

## References
By the Way

***By the Way*** is the eighth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on July 9, 2002 by record label  Warner Bros. Records. It sold over 282,000 copies in the first week, and reached the number two position on the *Billboard* 200 chart. The singles from the album were "By the Way", "The Zephyr Song", "Can't Stop", "Dosed" and "Universally Speaking". The lyrics on the album were about different things to past Red Hot Chili Peppers albums. However, some critics thought it was similar to the previous album, *Californication*, but more a bit more .

## References
Stadium Arcadium

***Stadium Arcadium*** is the ninth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on May 9, 2006 by record label Warner Bros. Records. It sold 442,000 copies in the U.S. in the first week. It also appeared in the number one position on the *Billboard* 200 chart. According to Anthony Kiedis, *Stadium Arcadium* was going to be three different albums that the band would release; one every six months. However, they changed their mind and made one big double album. Critics said in reviews of *Stadium Arcadium* that the music on it was not very , and was similar to the band's older work. However, they said it was still very good music. *Stadium Arcadium* won a Grammy Award, and so did "Dani California", the first single.

## References
Nanterre

**Nanterre** is a town in the west suburbs of Paris, France. Nanterre is the prefecture (capital) of the Hauts-de-Seine département and is in the Île-de-France region. Its population is about 84,000 (8 March 1999 census). Its density is about 7,200/km². 

Eastern Nanterre, contains a part of the La Défense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in Paris. The city of Nanterre also includes the University called Paris X – Nanterre, and its one of the largest in the Paris region.

## Twin towns 
*  Novgorod, Russia
*  Watford, United Kingdom
KSpread

**KSpread** is a free software spreadsheet program that is part of KOffice, an office suite for the KDE Desktop Environment.

Among KSpread features are multiple sheets per document, assorted formatting possibilities, support for more than 100 built-in functions, templates, chart, spell-check, hyperlinks, data sorting and scripting with Python, Ruby and Javascript.

KSpread native format is XML, compressed with ZIP. However, KSpread has the ability to import several different spreadsheet formats, including those from Microsoft Excel, Applix Spreadsheet, Quattro Pro, CSV and OpenOffice.org Calc.

## Related pages
*KOffice

## Other websites 
*KSpread homepage 
*The KSpread Handbook
*KSpread Screenshots 
*FOSS spreadsheet hands-on comparison by Bruce Byfield
Créteil

**Créteil** is a city in the southeast suburb of Paris, France. It is the prefecture of the Val-de-Marne department in the Île-de-France region.

## Twin towns
Créteil is twinned with:

*  Falkirk, Scotland
*  Kiryat Yam, Israel
*  Salzgitter, Germany
*  Les Abymes, France
*  Mataró, Spain
*  Bejaia, Algeria
KPresenter

**KPresenter** is a free presentation program that is part of KOffice, an office suite for the KDE Desktop Environment.

KPresenter's native format is XML, compressed with ZIP. KPresenter is also able to load presentations from Microsoft PowerPoint, MagicPoint and OpenOffice.org Impress documents.

## Related pages
*KOffice

## References 
## Other websites 
*KPresenter homepage