open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chrétien de Troyes

that is thought to show Chrétien de Troyes in his work studio (1530)|alt=]]

**Chrétien de Troyes** ( ;  ;   1160–1191) was a French poet and trouvère. He was known for writing about many Arthurian people. He wrote about Gawain, Lancelot, Perceval and the Holy Grail. He wrote many chivalric romances. Some of his works were *Erec and Enide*, *Lancelot*, *Perceval* and *Yvain*. They were some of the most important works in medieval literature. His book structures were important in creating a modern novel.

## Life
There is not much known about his life. He was probably from Troyes, or was connected to it. Between 1160 and 1172 he served at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne. Later, he served the court of Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders. His name, which meant "Christian from Troyes", might be a pen name of a person who converted from Judiasm to Christianity.

## References 
## Sources
*Loomis, Roger Sherman (1991). *The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol*. Princeton. 

## Bibliography
* M. Altieri, *Les Romans de Chrétien de Troyes: Leur perspective proverbiale et gnomique* (1976, A G Nizet, Paris).
* Jean Frappier, "Chrétien de Troyes" in *Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages*, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959. 
* Jean Frappier, *Chrétien de Troyes: The Man and His Work*. Translated by Raymond J. Cormier. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1982. 
* Idris Llewelyn Foster, "*Gereint, Owein* and *Peredur*" in *Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages*, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959.
* K. Sarah-Jane Murray, "A Preface to Chretien de Troyes," Syracuse University Press, 2008. 
* Gerald Seaman, "Signs of a New Literary Paradigm: The 'Christian' Figures in Chrétien de Troyes," in: *Nominalism and Literary Discourse*, ed. Hugo Keiper, Christoph Bode, and Richard Utz (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997), pp.&nbsp;87–109.
* Albert W. Thompson, "The Additions to Chrétien's *Perceval*" in *Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages*, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959
* Karl D. Uitti, *Chrétien de Troyes Revisited*, Twayne: New York, 1995. 
* 

*This article incorporates material from an essay by W. W. Comfort, published in 1914.*

## Other websites
* 
*
* 
* 
*The Charrette Project 2 at Baylor University
*Dictionnaire Électronique de Chrétien de Troyes complete lexicon and transcriptions of the five romances of this Old French author by ATILF/CNRS-Université de Lorraine and LFA/University of Ottawa
*El Grial, including poetry by Chrétien de Troyes set to music by Capella de Ministrers & Carlos Magraner
* Bibliography of his works on Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge
Last Drop (movie)

***Last Drop*** is a 2020 Indian 1-minute short documentary film written and directed by Nishith Sahasransu Ray. This short film is an awareness film on water conservation. This film conveys a serious message to people who do not properly close the tap after using it. miss usages of water. Drop by drop, the earth loses its water.

## Plot
“Last Drop" ingeniously uses a simple idea—a leaking tap – to deliver a profound message about water conservation. Through its minimalist approach.
## Production
This film was produced, written, edited, and directed by Nishith Sahsransu Ray. he made this film while he was pursuing engineering.  Swarup Ranjan worked as Cinematographer. Sound mixing is done by Pratap Kumar.
## Awards
“Last Drop” has been selected for screening in various film festivals. It was selected for screening at Central Illinois Feminist Film Festival(USA) in 2020 for its documentary category, Japan world's tourism film festival (JAPAN)-2020, Longless Film Festival 2020, Lift Off global Network sessions film festival, 2020 (UK), Muestra de Video Arte Faenza(CUBA)- 2020, and Miami 4 Social Change Youth Film Festival(USA), 2020 And Honorable Mention at Cinemaking International Film Festival(DHAKA), 2021.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Last Drop at Imdb
* Last Drop on Abc talkies
P. Ramlee filmography

Here is a list of P. Ramlee's films. He worked on 69 films and 4 television shows.

## Film
## Television
## References
Grzegorz Ryś

**Grzegorz Ryś** (born 9 February 1964) is a Polish Roman Catholic bishop and historian. He was Archbishop of Łódź 2017-2025. On December 21, 2025, Cardinal Grzegorz Ryś was inaugurated as Archbishop of Kraków.

## Early life and education 
Grzegorz Ryś was born in Kraków. He studied theology at Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków. He was ordained a priest in 1988 by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski.

In 2020, Pope Francis appointed him as a member of the Dicastery for Bishops. On October 4, 2023, he was named a member of the Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments.

On July 9, 2023, Pope Francis announced that Grzegorz Ryś would be made a cardinal. He will be given the titular church of Saints Cyril and Methodius.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Łódź
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Kraków
Garena

**Garena** is a game developer and publisher of games from Singapore.

The company makes games on Garena+ in many countries in Southeast Asia and Taiwan. It has made many platforms for popular multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games like*League of Legends* and *Heroes of Newerth*, the football (soccer) game *FIFA Online 3*, the first-person shooter game *Point Blank*, the mobile MOBA game *Arena of Valor* and the racing game*Speed Drifters* for people in the area.

In 2017, it made *Free Fire.* In May 2021, that game had over 150 million daily active users.

## Games
Garena has platforms for many games like *Defense of the Ancients* and *Age of Empires*. It has also published games, like multiplayer online battle arena games *League of Legends*, *Heroes of Newerth, Free Fire, Call of Duty* and *Black Shot*.

Garena-published games:

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Gawalmandi

**Gawalmandi** is a residential town in Lahore, Pakistan. 

It is thought to be the cultural centre of Lahore. The Gawalmandi Food Street is in this town. Gawalmandi is a combination of two words. It the first part of the word is "Gawala", which means "Milkman". The second part of the word is "Mandi". This word means "Market". Gawalmandi used to be one of the biggest buffalo milk markets in Punjab. 

Hindus have the largest number of shops in Gawalmandi Area.

Lahore's third biggest flea market is in Gawalmandi chowk.

King Edward Medical University is the second oldest medical college in the Indian subcontinent. This college is in Gawalmandi. Mayo Hospital is also in this area. It is between Gawalmandi and the famous Anarkali bazaar.

The tomb of Shah Abdul Maali is in this area as well. One of the oldest mosques in this town, "Mai Laado" (Elder lady Laado), is also in Gawalmandi. It is near Mayo Hospital, Lahore.

## References
Andinobates dorisswansonae

***Andinobates dorisswansonae*** is a frog.  It lives in   Colombia.

## Body
The adult male frog is 16.28-17.1 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog 17.54-19.43 mm. This frog has very large eyes. It has disks on its toes for climbing. The skin of the frog's back, neck, front, and part of the belly is dark brown or black with red or yellow-orange marks. The legs are black or red-black-brown and sometimes have red spots. There is a red mark over the mouth, from the nose to where the front leg meets the body.

## Name
Scientists named this frog after Dale Swanson, a person from Spokane, Washington. Swanson worked to protect plants and animals in the Andes Mountains for many years.

## Home
People have seen this frog in cloud forest that was once cut down and grew back. The trees had many smaller plants growing on them, and moss, lichen, and fungus.  These forests have 2,500–3,000 mm of falling rain each year. People have seen this frog between 1780 meters above sea level. This frog lives on the ground where there are dead leaves and up in the trees where the bromeliad plants grow. Scientists think that the tadpoles may swim in water in bromeliad plants.

The place where this frog lives is in a protected park: Ranita Dorada Reserve. But this place has cow-grazing places all around it, so the frog cannot move to other forests.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out because people people cut down forests to make places for cows to eat grass and to get wood to build with. People also catch this frog to sell as a pet.

## References
Kenneth Grange

, the nose cone for which he designed in the 1970s.]]

**Sir Kenneth Henry Grange**  (17 July 1929 – 21 July 2024) was a British industrial designer, renowned for a wide range of designs for familiar, everyday objects. He died on 21 July 2024, four days after his 95th birthday.
Marek Marczak

**Marek Marczak** (born 17 February 1969) is a Polish Roman Catholic bishop who serves as the Auxiliary Bishop of Łódź.

## Early life and education 
Marek Marczak was born in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 11 June 1994 by Archbishop Janusz Bolonek.

## Ecclesiastical career 
He was appointed an auxiliary bishop of Łódź in 2015 and consecrated by Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski on 3 May 2015. He has served in this role since then.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Łódź
Władysław Ziółek

**Władysław Ziółek** (born 22 June 1935) is a Polish Roman Catholic priest who served as the Archbishop of Łódź from 1986 to 2012. He is currently the Archbishop Emeritus of Łódź.

## Early life and education 
Władysław Ziółek was born in Komorniki, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 13 July 1958 by Bishop Józef Gawlina.

## Ecclesiastical career 
He was appointed an auxiliary bishop of Łódź in 1980 and consecrated by Bishop Józef Rozwadowski. In 1986, he was named the Archbishop of Łódź, a position he held until his retirement in 2012. He was succeeded by Marek Jędraszewski.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Łódź
Marek Jędraszewski

**Marek Jędraszewski** (born 24 July 1949) is a Polish Roman Catholic prelate who serve as the Archbishop of Kraków.

## Early life and education 
Marek Jędraszewski was born in Poznań, Poland. He studied philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained a priest on 24 May 1973 by Archbishop Antoni Baraniak.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Jędraszewski was appointed an auxiliary bishop of Poznań in 1997 and consecrated by Bishop Juliusz Paetz. In 2012, he became the Archbishop of Łódź. In 2017, Pope Francis appointed him as the Archbishop of Kraków, succeeding Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Kraków
Ranita Dorada Reserve

The **Ranita Dorada Reserve**, **Ranita Dorada Amphibian Reserve**, or **Reserva Ranita Dorada** is a place in Colombia.  It is a piece of cloud forest where people may only use some of the trees and other things people could need so that the animals there can live without people.

## History
Three groups, IUCN Netherlands, Dendrobatidae Nederland, and Conservation International and Netherlands Postcode Lottery, asked the government of Colombia to make the place into a reserve. They made the reserve in 2008. They asked so that two frog species would have a place to live: *Andinobates doriswainsonae* and *Andinobates tolimense*.

## Animals
Many plants and animals live in the reserve, for example birds, mammals, snakes, and frogs.

These are some of the animals that live in the reserve:

**Cochranella rosada*
**Cochranella susatamai*
**Cochranella punctulata*
**Centrolene prosoblepon
**Centrolene robledoi*
**Bolitoglossa lozanoi*
**Eleutherodactylus fallax*
**Eleutherodactylus penelopus*
**Eleutherodactylus raniformis''

## Place
This reserve is in Tolima, Colombia (5º 01'N 75º 02'W) between 1580 and 1900 meters above sea level. It is 284 acres in size. It is a lower montane wet forest, or cloud forest. It rains between 2,000 and 2,500 mm each year. The temperature is between 15 and 22°C.
## References
Archdiocese of Łódź

The **Archdiocese of Łódź** (Latin: *Archidioecesis Lodziensis*) is a Roman Catholic archdiocese in Poland. It was established in 1920 and became an archdiocese in 1992. The archdiocese is located in the city of Łódź.

## History 
The diocese was created on December 10, 1920, by Pope Benedict XV. In 1992, Pope John Paul II elevated it to the status of an archdiocese. The archdiocese covers an area of 5,200 square kilometers.

## Leadership 
The current archbishop is Grzegorz Ryś, who has served since 2017.

## Statistics 
As of 2017, the archdiocese has about 1,330,000 Catholics, 219 parishes, and covers a population of 1,410,000 people.

## Cathedral 
The main church of the archdiocese is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka in Łódź.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Mohamed Kouka

## Filmography 
### Cinema 
* 1968 :
** Angélique et le Sultan (Angelica and the Sultan) of Bernard Borderie
** Enfants de salauds (Children of bastards) by André de Toth : role of Assine
* 1970 : Da Gerusalemme a Damasco (From Jerusalem to Damascus) by Roberto Rossellini : role of Giovanni
* 2005 : Junun (Madness) by Fadhel Jaïbi
* 2006 :
** L'Enquête sacrée (The Sacred Inquiry) of Giulio Base
** Thalathoun (A Thirty) by Fadhel Jaziri
* 2008 : Bab al samah (The Gate of Forgiveness) by Francesco Sperandeo : role of Mahmoud
* 2011 : Le Fond du puits (The Bottom of the well) (short film) by Moez Ben Hassen
* 2016 : Eclipses (Khousouf) by Fadhel Jaziri

### Television 
* 1969 : Les Actes des apôtres (The Acts of the Apostles) (Italian) by Roberto Rossellini : role of Giovanni
* 1994 : Ghada by Mohamed Hadj Slimane : role of Combata
* 1997 : El Khottab Al Bab (Suitors Are on the Door) (season 2) by Slaheddine Essid, Ali Louati and Moncef Baldi : Mr Lamine
* 1998 : Il Tesoro di Damasco (The Treasure of Damascus) by José María Sánchez (Italian)
* 2005 : Café Jalloul (Jallul Coffee-shop) by Lotfi Ben Sassi, Imed Ben Hamida and Mohamed Damak : Abdelkader Ben Mouldi Mostari
* 2009 :
* Choufli Hal (Find Me A Solution) by Slaheddine Essid and Abdelkader Jerbi (guest of honor in episode 2 of season 5) : Mr Fadhel
* Aqfas Bila Touyour (Birds Without Cages) (Arabic) by Ezzeddine Harbaoui
* 2009-2013 : Njoum Ellil (Stars of the Night) by Madih Belaïd and Mehdi Nasra

### Theater 
* Art by Yasmina Reza, with Hichem Rostom and Raouf Ben Yaghlane
Wojciech Polak

**Wojciech Polak** (born 19 December 1964) is a Polish Roman Catholic prelate who has served as the Archbishop of Gniezno and the Primate of Poland since 2014.

## Early life and education 
Wojciech Polak was born in Inowrocław, Poland. He studied moral theology at the Faculty of Theology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. He was ordained a priest on 13 June 1989 by Cardinal Józef Glemp. He later earned a doctorate in moral theology at the Alphonsian Academy.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Polak was appointed an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno in 2003 and consecrated by Archbishop Henryk Muszyński on 4 May 2003. In 2014, he was appointed the Archbishop of Gniezno and the Primate of Poland, succeeding Archbishop Józef Kowalczyk.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Gniezno
Don Reo

**Don Reo** (1946-present) is an American television writer and producer. He made or helped make many shows. He wrote for *Blossom* and *The John Larroquette Show* for NBC, *My Wife and Kids* and Rodney for ABC and *The Ranch* for Netflix.

He has also written for *Wizards and Warriors*, *Everybody Hates Chris*, *M*A*S*H*, *Rhoda* and *The Golden Girls*. He was the executive producer and writer for the FOX show *Action*.  He created the FOX show *Brothers*.  He was also an executive producer and showrunner on *Two and a Half Men* with Jim Patterson.

Reo helped write the book *Big Man* with Clarence Clemons.

## References
## Other websites
*
Archdiocese of Warsaw

The **Archdiocese of Warsaw** (Latin: *Archidioecesis Varsaviensis*) is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Warsaw, Poland. It was established in 1798.

## History 
The Archdiocese of Warsaw was established on October 16, 1798. It has been an important center for the Polish Catholic Church.

## Geography 
The archdiocese covers an area of 3,350 square kilometers. It includes 212 parishes and serves a population of 1,550,000 people, of whom about 1,490,000 are Catholics.

## Administration 
The current archbishop is Cardinal Kazimierz Nycz, serving since 2007. The auxiliary bishops are Piotr Jarecki, Michał Janocha, and Rafał Markowski.

## Major Church 
The main church is St. John's Archcathedral in Warsaw. It is one of the most important places of Polish culture and national tradition. The Constitution of May 3 was sworn in this church. Nowadays, important state ceremonies take place there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Warsaw
Lithuanian Football Federation

The **Lithuanian Football Federation** (; **LFF**) is the governing body of football in Lithuania. The association organizes the Lithuanian football league A Lyga, the Lithuania national football team and the Lithuania national futsal team. It is based in Vilnius, the Lithuanian capital.

The association was founded in 1922. In 1923, it became a member of FIFA. In 1992, it became a member of UEFA.

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Lithuania at FIFA site
* Lithuania at UEFA site
Inverhaugh

**Inverhaugh** is a community situated within the township of Centre Wellington in Wellington County, Ontario, Canada. This small community has limited historical and demographic information available.

Inverhaugh probably started out for agricultural purposes, with residents involved in farming and related activities. However, In recent years, Inverhaugh has seen a trend of increased residential development, with new houses being constructed. This growth marks a change from the community's previous state, where it was largely undeveloped.

## References
Madu Tiga

***Madu Tiga*** (English: ***Three Wives***) is a 1964 black-and-white Malay romantic comedy from Singapore. It was directed by and starred P. Ramlee, Sarimah, Ahmad Nisfu, and M. Rafiee.

In October 2014, *The Straits Times* listed *Madu Tiga* as one of the top five Malay films made in Singapore and called it a "classic".
## Cast
* P. Ramlee as Jamil
* Sarimah as Rohani, Wife Number 3
* Jah Hj. Mahadi as Hasnah, Wife Number 2
* Zara Agus (Zaharah Agus) as Latifah, Wife Number 1
* Ahmad Nisfu as Haji Latiff
* M. Rafiee as Rafee
* M. Babjan as Pak Ali
* Zainon Fiji as Mak Hasnah
* Ahmad Sabree as Encik Rashid
* Doris Han as Doris
* Mislia as Rashida
* Sarban Singh 
* Kassim Masdor 
* Alias Congo as Apek, an old Chinese man who tried to kill himself by jumping from a tree.

## Award
Eleventh **Asian Film Festival** (1964) in Taipei
* Best Comedy Film - **WON**

## Related pages
* P. Ramlee filmography

## References
## Other websites 
*
Natasha Baker

**Natasha Louise Baker** (born 30 December 1989) is an English para-equestrian. She won six gold, two silver and two bronze medals at the Paralympic Games.

## Early life 
Natasha Baker was born on 30 December 1989 in Hammersmith, London, England. When she was 14 months old, she got transverse myelitis, a  condition. Because of that, she has nerve damage and she cannot feel her legs.

Baker started to ride horses when she was a child. She wanted to go to the Paralympic Games since 10, when she watched the 2000 Summer Paralympics on TV.

Baker cannot use her legs, so she uses her voice to tell her horses what to do.

## Career 
### Dressage rider 
Baker and , her 11-year-old male horse, went to the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, her home city. There, they won two gold medals.

Baker and Keystone Dawn Chorus ("Lottie"), her new mare (female horse), went to the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo and they won a gold and two silver medals. She commentated on dressage competitions again in 2018 and in 2019.

## Personal life 
Baker got married in June 2022. She has children.

## Related pages 
* Lee Pearson – another English para-equestrian
* Sophie Wells – another English para-equestrian

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
List of heads of state of Kyrgyzstan

## List of presidents
The first column consecutively numbers the individuals who have served as president, while the second column consecutively numbers the presidential terms or administrations.

## Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan 
Speakers of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan, the unicameral parliament, have been:

## List of officeholders 
## Related pages
*Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan

## References
Diocese of zamość-lubaczów

The **Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów** () is a diocese located in southeastern Poland. It was established on March 25, 1992, and is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Przemyśl.

## History 
The Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów was created on March 25, 1992, by Pope John Paul II. It was formed from parts of the Diocese of Lublin and the Diocese of Przemyśl.

## Geography 
The diocese covers an area of 8,144 square kilometers in southeastern Poland. It includes the cities of Zamość and Lubaczów, as well as the surrounding regions.

## Demographics 
As of 2021, the diocese has a population of 386,180 people, of which 98.7% are Catholics. There are 184 parishes within the diocese.

## Leadership 
The current bishop of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów is Marian Rojek, who was appointed in 2012. The metropolitan archbishop is Adam Szal of the Archdiocese of Przemyśl.

## Cathedrals 
The diocese has two main churches:
* The Cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość, which serves as the principal church of the diocese.
* The St. Stanislaus Church in Lubaczów, which serves as the co-cathedral.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów
Ahmad Albab

***Ahmad Albab*** (English: ***Ahmad Albab***) is a 1968 black-and-white Malay film from Malaysia. Directed, written by, and starring P. Ramlee, it’s about a rich man who marries his outspoken daughter to a poor man to teach her a lesson. The film has a traditional Malay story with a lesson. P. Ramlee and his real-life wife, Saloma, act together in it.

## Songs
* "Ahmad Albab"
* "Pengantin Baru"
* "Malang Nasibku"
* "Kampung Pening Lalat"
* "Suria Bila Tiba"

## Related pages
* P. Ramlee filmography

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Ahmad Albab* / 1968 - Filem Malaysia
Justin Goldston

**Justin Goldston** is an American academic and thought leader in the fields of supply chain management, blockchain technology, and project management.

## Education 
Justin Goldston completed his undergraduate studies at the Pennsylvania State University, where he earned a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration. He furthered his education by obtaining a Master’s degree in Project Management from Keller Graduate School of Management. Goldston then pursued a Doctorate in Strategic Leadership from Regent University, focusing on the intersection of leadership and technology in modern business environments.

## Career 
Goldston has held several academic positions throughout his career, contributing significantly to the field of business education. He has served as a faculty member at various universities, including Penn State University, Georgetown University, and Texas A&M University. His teaching portfolio includes courses on supply chain management, blockchain technology, and project management. Goldston’s research interests revolve around the application of blockchain in supply chains and the enhancement of project management practices through technology.

In addition to his academic work, Goldston has an extensive background in the industry. He has consulted for numerous Fortune 500 companies, providing expertise in supply chain optimization and project management. His industry experience has allowed him to bridge the gap between academic theory and practical application, making significant impacts in both domains.

## References
Peter Fiekowsky

**Peter Fiekowsky** is an American physicist, entrepreneur, and climate advocate known for his work in promoting climate restoration and sustainable development.

## Education 
Fiekowsky holds a Bachelor’s degree in Physics from the Massachusetts, Institute of Technology (MIT). His academic background in physics has provided him with a strong foundation for his later work in technology and environmental science.

## Career 
Born on August 15, 1955, Peter Fiekowsky began his professional career in the technology sector. After graduating from MIT, Fiekowsky worked at the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory in Mountain View, California, and later at the Fairchild/Schlumberger Artificial Intelligence Lab in Palo Alto.  In 1984, he founded Automated Visual Inspection LLC, a machine vision company. He holds 27 patents related to machine vision technology.

Fiekowsky has authored several articles and papers on climate restoration, highlighting the urgent need for action and the potential solutions available. His work has been featured in various media outlets, where he discusses the scientific and practical aspects of restoring the climate. Through his writings and public appearances, he aims to educate and mobilize individuals and organizations to take part in climate restoration initiatives.

## References
State Forests (Poland)

**State Forests**

## Structure 
The headquarters of State Forests is in Warsaw. The organization is divided into 17 regional directorates, 430 forest districts, and several specialized units.

## Management 
The current Director General is Witold Koss. The organization operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Climate and Environment.

## Activities 
State Forests manages about 7.6 million hectares of forests, which is about 25% of Poland's land area.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the State Forests
Kajang Prison

**Kajang Prison** (; formerly known as **Selangor Central Prison**) is in Sungai Jelok, Selangor, Malaysia.

Famous prisoners include former Prime Minister Najib Razak, who was convicted in the 1MDB scandal.

## References
Split Enz

festival, New Zealand, January 1979]]

**Split Enz** were a New Zealand band formed in 1972. They are considered the first New Zealand band to gain significant recognition outside of Australasia. At first, they were known for their progressive/art rock sound, flamboyant visual style and theatrical performances. The band later moved toward a pop/new wave sound that yielded the breakthrough hit single "I Got You" (1980). Split Enz broke up in 1984. Since that time, the band has had several brief reunions.
Archdiocese of Gniezno

The **Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno** () is one of the oldest dioceses in Poland, with a history dating back to the year 1000. It is located in central-western Poland and is the primary see of the Primate of Poland.

## History 
The Archdiocese of Gniezno was established in 1000 during the Congress of Gniezno, when Pope Sylvester II and Emperor Otto III agreed to create an independent Polish ecclesiastical province. The first archbishop was Saint Adalbert, whose relics are housed in the Gniezno Cathedral. Over the centuries, Gniezno played a crucial role in the Christianization of Poland and the consolidation of the Polish state.

During the medieval period, the archdiocese was one of the most important religious centers in Poland. It was the site of several synods. In 1412, the Gniezno archbishops were granted the title of Primate of Poland, making them the highest-ranking church officials in the country.

The cathedral's history dates back to the early 11th century. The current Gothic structure was largely built in the 14th and 15th centuries. Inside, the cathedral houses numerous artworks, including a silver reliquary of Saint Adalbert, which is one of the most important treasures of the Polish Church.

## Leadership 
The current archbishop of Gniezno is Wojciech Polak, who also holds the title of Primate of Poland. Archbishop Polak was appointed in 2014. The archdiocese is part of the ecclesiastical province of Gniezno, which also includes several suffragan diocese.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Gniezno
Green Boots

**Green Boots** is the nickname for an unidentified climber on the Northeast ridge route of Mount Everest. Their body is used as a landmark for the mountain's route and is known for the bright green Koflach climbing boots.

There have been different reports of the identity of Green Boots. Some believe that they are a member of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition (ITBP) and some believe that they are Lance Naik Dorje Morup.

In 2014, the body of Green Boots was moved by the China Tibet Mountaineering Association.

## References
BPC-157

**BPC-157** is a chemical substance; It is an oligopeptide, a kind of peptide.

The PUBCHEM ID is CID 9941957.

The chemical substance is (since 2022) on the List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. (Related page, World Anti-Doping Agency)

## References
Musang Berjanggut

***Musang Berjanggut*** (English: ***The Bearded Fox***) is a 1959 black-and-white Malay film from Singapore, directed by and starring P. Ramlee. It’s like a traditional Malay tale with magic and a lesson. The story is about Prince Tun Nila searching for a woman to marry and what happens when he finds her.
## Cast
* P. Ramlee as Tun Nila Utama, aka Raja Muda Pura Cendana
* Saadiah as Puspawangi
* Raden Sudiro as Puspawangi’s father
* Momo Latiff as Puspawangi’s mother
* Ahmad Nisfu as Sultan Alam Syahbana
* Habsah Buang as Permaisuri Pura Cendana
* Udo Omar as Datuk Bendahara
* Malik Sutan Muda as Datuk Bentara Mangku Bumi
* Nyong Ismail as Datuk Pujangga
* Mustarjo as Datuk Nikah Kahwin
* M. Babjan as Kelopak Salak, Tun Nila Utama's biological father
* Zainon Fiji as Biji Saga, Tun Nila Utama's biological mother
* Shariff Dol as Megat Alang Sengketa (Keturunan Ayam Belanda)
* A. Rahim as Thug 1
* Ahmad C as Thug 2
* M. Rafiee as Thug 3 
* Ali Fiji as Thug 4 
* Bad Latiff as The main Tun Nila Utama during childhood 
* Sazali P. Ramlee as The main Tun Nila Utama during infancy
* Mahmud Hitam as Tun Nila Utama main martial arts teacher
* Ahmad Chetty as Satay seller
* Jah Mahadi as Bunga Kemuning 
* Raja Hamidah 
* Osman Botak
## Songs
* Joget Pura Chendana
* Wahai Nenek/Cucu-Cucu
* Mari Kita Ke Ladang
* Jangan Adik Angan-angan

## Related pages
* P. Ramlee filmography

## References
## Other websites
*
Bathylychnops exilis

***Bathylychnops exilis***, also known as the **Javelin spookfish**, is a species of barreleye found in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. It lives at a depth of 640 meters (2,100 ft). It is 50 cm long.

## Description 
The Javelin spookfish's body is transparent and elongated, almost like a pike. The number of vertebrae is 78 to 84. Its muscles are well developed, meaning it's an active swimmer compared to other deep-sea fish.

The species has unusual protuberances that grow from its eyes, which made people call it a four-eyed fish. Despite this, however, they are not related to the genus *Anableps* at all.

## Related pages 
* List of fish common names

## References 
# Cohen DM (1958). "*Bathylychnops exilis*, a new genus and species of argentinoid fish from the North Pacific". *Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin*. **7**: 47-52.
Palaeopomacentrus

***Palaeopomacentrus orphae*** is an extinct species of damselfish from the Ypresian epoch of Monte Bolca.

## Related pages 
* Bachmannia chubutensis
* Qarmoutus
* Fusilier damselfish

## References 
# *Palaeopomacentrus orphae* at Fossilworks
Merfy

**Merfy** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Marne department
Bolitoglossa lozanoi

The **Rioi La Miel mushroomtongue salamander** or '''Lozano's salamander'* (*Bolitoglossa lozanoi'') is a salamander.  It lives in Colombia.

## Body
The adult salamander is large. It is 5.8 cm long from nose to where the tail meets the body.  Its tail is longer than its body. Its eyes are big but do not stick out.  It has a big, round nose and front of the face.  The skin of the salamander's back is light brown in color with some black marks. The skin of the belly is brown with some white and dark brown marks.

## Home
This animal is awake at night and lives in trees. It lives in forests where there is water in the air. It lives near streams.  It can live in forests that have been cut down and are growing back. People have seen this animal between 145 and 1200 meters above sea level.

## Young
This salamander hatches out of its egg as a small salamander and never swims as a tadpole or other larva.

## Danger
Scientists say this animal is not in danger of dying out.  It is in some danger because human beings change the places where it lives to make places for animals to eat grass and to make farms, even for plants that are against the law.  The place where scientists first found the salamander was changed into a place for a dam to make electricity.

Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks: Reserva Natural Privada Riomanso, Serrania de los Yariguies Integrated Management Regional District, Ranita Dorada ProAves Reserve, and Parque Nacional Natural Selva Florencia.

## References
Grzegorz Braun

**Grzegorz Michał Braun** (born March 11, 1967) is a Polish politician, having served as a member of the Polish parliament since 2019 in representing the Konfederacja ("Confederation") party.

## Early life
Grzegorz Braun was born in Toruń, Poland. He is the son of Kazimierz Braun, a theater director, and Zofia Reklewska-Braun, a journalist. He studied Polish philology at the University of Wrocław, where he completed his master's degree.

## Career
Grzegorz Braun is known for his work as a film director and screenwriter. He directed several documentaries, often focusing on Polish history and politics. Notable works include *Towarzysz generał* and *Transformacja*. He has also taught at various academic institutions, including the University of Wrocław and University of Opole.

## Personal life
Grzegorz Braun is married to Aleksandra Gruziel. He continues to be active in both his political and film-making careers, balancing his roles as a lawmaker and an artist.

## Controversies
### Antisemitism
#### 2023
In June 2023, Canadian historian Jan Grabowski held a seminar on Poland's history of antisemitism in Warsaw. Grzegorz Braun smashed Grabowski's microphone and forced the seminar to be cancelled. During the 2023 Hanukkah, he put out a menorah with a fire extinguisher in the Polish parliament. He was expelled from the parliament and charged with hate crimes. and "place Poles in reservations". Braun's behavior caused global outrage.

#### 2024
In December 2024, Braun held protests outside the Polish parliament while the Hanukhah was celebrated inside. He repeated the false claims that "non-Jews are treated as cattle in Judaism", accusing Jews of wanting to turn Poles into "slaves" and "subhumans" as Nazi Germans did. His views are shared by many Western "anti-Zionists".

#### 2025
He publicly denied that gas chambers were used in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, calling them "a fake", and claimed that the Jewish ritual murder is a fact. 

## Related pages
* Jan Żaryn
* David Irving
* Polish Memory Law
* Antisemitism in Europe
* Marek Jan Chodakiewicz

## Footnotes
## References
Mariusz Leszczyński

**Mariusz Leszczyński** (born 3 April 1957 in Horyniec) is a Polish Roman Catholic priest, theologian, and auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów since 1998.

## Early life and education 
Mariusz Leszczyński was born on 3 April 1957 in Horyniec, Poland. He graduated theological studies at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and was ordained a priest on 28 June 1983.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Leszczyński was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów and titular bishop of Bassiana on 10 June 1998. He received his episcopal consecration on 4 July 1998 in the Cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Józef Kowalczyk, with co-consecrators Józef Michalik and Jan Śrutwa.

## Coat of Arms and Motto 
Bishop Leszczyński's coat of arms features the motto *Veni Creator Spiritus* (Come, Creator Spirit).

## References
Konrad Krajewski

**Konrad Krajewski** (born 25 November 1963) is a Polish Roman Catholic cardinal. He has been the Almoner of His Holiness since 2013.

## Early life and education 
Konrad Krajewski was born in Łódź, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 11 June 1988 by Bishop Władysław Ziółek. He studied in Rome and obtained degrees in liturgy.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Krajewski worked in the Vatican as a Papal Master of Ceremonies. In 2013, Pope Francis appointed him as the Almoner of His Holiness. He was consecrated as a bishop by Pope Francis on 17 September 2013.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Dicastery for the Service of Charity
Marian Rojek

**Marian Rojek** (born 9 April 1955) is a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. Since 2012, he has been the bishop of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów.

## Early life and education 
Marian Rojek was born in Rzeszów, Poland. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he completed his theological education.

On 30 June 2012, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as the bishop of Zamość-Lubaczów, succeeding Wacław Depo.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów
Nikolay Nekrasov

, 1872.]]**Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov** (,  – ) was a Russian poet, writer, critic, and publisher. He made very compassionate poems about the Russian peasantry. These poems made him popular around liberal and radical intellectuals of the 1800s. He was one of the first Russians to use ternary meters and dramatic monologue. He edited many literary journals, such as *Sovremennik*.

## Important works
### Poetry
* "The Money-lender" (Rostovshchik, 1844)
* "On the Road" (V doroge, 1845)
* "Motherland" (1846)
* "The Doghunt" (Psovaya okhota, 1846)
* *On the Street* (Na Ulitse, 1850), 4 poems cycle
* "The Fine Match" (Prekrasnaya partia, 1852)
* "Unmowed Line" (Neszhataya polosa, 1854)
* "Vlas" (1855)
* "V.G. Belinsky" (1855)
* *Sasha* (1855)
* "The Forgotten Village" (Zabytaya derevnya, 1855)
* "Musings at the Front Door" (Razmyshlenya u paradnovo pod’ezda, 1858) 
* "The Unhappy Ones (Neschastnye, 1856)
* "The Poet and the Citizen" (Poet i grazhdanin, 1856)
* "Silence" (Tishina, 1857)
* "The Song for Yeryomushka" (Pesnya Yeryomushke, 1859)
* *Korobeiniki* (1861)
* "The Funeral" (Pokhorony, 1861)
* "Peasant Children" (Krestyanskiye deti, 1861)
* "A Knight for An Hour" (Rytsar na thas, 1862)
* "Green Roar" (Zelyony shum, 1862)

* "Orina, the Soldier's Mother" (Orina, mat soldatskaya, 1863)
* *The Railway* (Zheleznaya doroga, 1864)
* "Grandfather Frost the Red Nose" (Moroz, Krasny nos, 1864)
* *Contemporaries* (Sovremenniki, 1865)
* *Songs of the Free Word* (Pesni svobodnovo slova, 1865–1866)
* *Poems for Russian Children* (Stikhotvorenya, posvyashchyonnye russkim detyam, 1867–1873)
* "The Bear Hunt. Scenes from the lyrical comedy" (Medvezhya okhota, 1867)
* *Grandfather* (Dedushka, 1870)
* "The Recent Times" (Nedavneye vremya, 1871)
* *Russian Women* (Russkiye zhenshchiny: 1872–1873), a dilogy
* "The Morning" (Utro, 1873)
* "The Horrible Year" (Strashny god, 1874)
* *The Last Songs* (Poslednye pesni, 1877), a cycle
* *Who Is Happy in Russia?* (Komu na Rusi zhit khorosho, 1863–1876)

### Plays
* *There is No Hiding a Needle in a Sack* (Shila v meshke ne utayich, 1841)

### Fiction
* *The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov* (Zhizn i pokhozhdenya Tikhona Trostnikova, 1843–1848) – autobiographical novel, unfinished

## References
## Other websites
*Several poems by Nekrasov translated into English
* 
* 
* 
* English translations of 3 poems by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, 1921
* English translations of 4 short poems
* English translation of "A Friendly Correspondence Between Moscow and Petersburg" in *The Hopkins Review*
* Some texts by Nikolai Nekrasov in the original Russian
* Nekrasov Library
Stanisław Dziwisz

**Stanisław Jan Dziwisz** (born 27 April 1939) is a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Archbishop of Kraków from 2005 to 2016. He was made a cardinal in 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI.

## Early life and education 
Stanisław Dziwisz was born in Raba Wyżna, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 23 June 1963 by Bishop Bolesław Kominek.

## Ecclesiastical career 
In 1998, Dziwisz was appointed titular bishop of San Leone and Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków. He was consecrated by Pope John Paul II. In 2005, he became the Archbishop of Kraków, succeeding Cardinal Franciszek Macharski. Pope Benedict XVI elevated him to the rank of cardinal in 2006.

## Retirement 
Stanisław Dziwisz retired as Archbishop of Kraków in 2016. He was succeeded by Marek Jędraszewski.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Stanisław Dziwisz at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Franciszek Macharski

**Franciszek Macharski** (20 May 1927 – 2 August 2016) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Archbishop of Kraków from 1978 to 2005, succeeding Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II.

## Early life and education 
Franciszek Macharski was born in Kraków, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 2 April 1950 by Cardinal Stefan Sapieha. He completed his theological studies in Kraków at the Jagiellonian University.

## Ecclesiastical career 
In 1978, Macharski was appointed Archbishop of Kraków by Pope John Paul II. He was consecrated on 6 January 1979 by Pope John Paul II himself. Later that year, on 30 June, he was elevated to the rank of cardinal.

## Retirement and Death 
Macharski retired as Archbishop of Kraków in 2005 and was succeeded by Stanisław Dziwisz. He passed away on 2 August 2016 in Kraków and was buried in the Wawel Cathedral.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Franciszek Macharski at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Stefan Wyszyński

**Stefan Wyszyński** (3 August 1901 – 28 May 1981) was a Polish Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Primate of Poland and Archbishop of Warsaw from 1948 until his death in 1981. He was made a Cardinal in 1953 and was beatified in 2021.

## Early life and education 
Stefan Wyszyński was born in Zuzela, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 3 August 1924 by Bishop Wojciech Owczarek.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Wyszyński was appointed the Bishop of Lublin in 1946 and consecrated by Cardinal August Hlond. In 1948, he became the Archbishop of Warsaw and Gniezno and was named the Primate of Poland. Pope Pius XII made him a cardinal in 1953. He played a significant role in opposing the communist regime in Poland.

## Beatification 
Stefan Wyszyński was beatified on 12 September 2021 by Pope Francis. The beatification ceremony at the Temple of Divine Providence was led by Cardinal Marcello Semeraro.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Warsaw
Abu Hassan Penchuri

***Abu Hassan Penchuri*** (English: ***Abu Hassan The Thief***) is a 1955 Singaporean movie. It's a black-and-white romance and fantasy movie. It was directed by B. N. Rao and features P. Ramlee, Mariam Baharum, and Nordin Ahmad.

## Cast
* P. Ramlee as Abu Hassan
* Mariam Baharum (aka Tahi Lalat) as Puteri Faridah
* Nordin Ahmad as Putera Raja Tartar
* Mohd Hamid (Ahmad C) as Kassim
* Daeng Idris as Bapa Puteri Faridah
* Malik Sutan Muda 
* S. Shamsuddin
* Ali Rahman 
* Shariff Dol 
* Wan Hazim 
* Habsah
* Sarawan Singh

## Related pages
* P. Ramlee filmography

## References
## Other websites
*
**Abu Hassan Penchuri* / 1955 - Filem Malaysia
Romance scam

used in an Internet romance scam. The deception can be obvious to observers. For example, the photo on this passport does not follow regulations for size or pose. However, victims often overlook these signs.]]
A **romance scam** is a form of fraud, that is done over the internet. It is done to make a victim send money. This trick is done by someone saying they have romantic intentions towards a victim.  The steps are similar to those of other scams:

* They make a profile on dating platforms or social media. They do this to find victims.
* Then they ask several questions, where they try to show interest. They also talk about their feelings, and how they feel love towards the  victim
* Suddenly, there are problems, which prevent them from seeing the one they love. 
* Then they will ask the one they love to send money. This money is to help them, as they say.

In all cases, the scammer wants to get the money, and avoid meeting the victim. Sometimes, the scammers will also ask people to commit financial fraud on their behalf.

More money is lost each year to romance scams than to similar internet scams, such as technical support scams. Scammers post profiles on dating websites, non-dating social media accounts, classified sites and even online forums to search for new victims.

### Pig butchering scam 
In pig butchering scams, scammers will first contact and attempt to gain trust with victims- often with elaborate fake identities presenting as attractive and preying on a victim's desire for companionship. Scammers will then introduce a seemingly profitable cryptocurrency investment opportunity that they encourage victims to make increasing investments into. Finally, once a substantial amount is collected or when victims try to collect funds, the scammer will become unreachable to the victim, leaving them with no way to recover funds.

## See also 
* Pig butchering scam
* 419 scams
* Advance-fee scam
* Badger game
* Catfishing
* Scam baiting

## References 
## Other websites 
* 

* . Romance scam victims come to a team of investigators to determine whether their romantic partner is genuine, or a scammer. The investigators determine the real source of the pictures the scammer used, geographical location and other information, to help give the victim clarity.
Kazimierz Nycz

**Kazimierz Nycz** (born 1 February 1950) is a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has been the Archbishop of Warsaw since 2007.

## Early life and education 
Kazimierz Nycz was born in Stara Wieś, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 20 May 1973 by Bishop Julian Groblicki. He studied at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków and later obtained a doctorate.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Nycz was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków in 1988 and was consecrated by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski. In 2004, he became the Bishop of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as the Archbishop of Warsaw, succeeding Stanisław Wielgus.

## Cardinalate 
On 20 November 2010, Nycz was created a cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI. He was assigned the titular church of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Kazimierz Nycz at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
List of cities in North Dakota

North Dakota is a state in the Midwestern United States. All incorporated communities in North Dakota called cities. Even if the population of a city is small, it is still called a city. There are no towns, villages, or hamlets in North Dakota. There are 355 cities

## Cities
, biggest city in North Dakota]]
, capital of North Dakota]]
]]
]]

## Related pages
* North Dakota

## References
List of cities in South Dakota

This is a list incorporated cities in South Dakota.

## Cities
, largest city in South Dakota]]
, Downtown]]
, Storybook Land]]

## References
British Columbia Highway 9

**Highway 9**, also known as the *Agassiz-Rosedale Highway*, is a north-south route in the eastern part of the Fraser Valley. A bridge for Highway 9 crosses the Fraser River opened in 1956. When the section of Highway 1 east of Chilliwack opened in 1961, Highway 9 was extended south to junction with Highway 1. At southeast Agassiz, there is a road called Agassiz Bypass or Haig Highway which bypasses the town of Agassiz for people to reduce traffic. It is also has a concurrency with Highway 7 near northwest Agassiz. Its south end is at with a junction with Highway 1 and its north end is near Harrison Hot Springs at Esplanade Avenue.

## References