open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1994 South African general election

The **South African general election of 1994** was an election held in South Africa. The election was free and equal and conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). At the end of the general election, President Nelson Mandela became the first President of South Africa. 

Millions of people were in lines over a three-day voting period. The total of people whose votes were counted were 19,726,579 and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As required by the Interim Constitution, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than twenty seats in the National Assembly.

The date 27 April is now a public holidays in South Africa. It is known as Freedom Day.

## Other websites
*U.S. Department of the Army, *South Africa Country Study*, "The 1994 Elections"
* IEC results for 1994 election 
* Proportional representation and alternative systems
The Equalizer (movie)

***The Equalizer*** is a 2014 American action crime thriller movie. It is set in Boston, Massachusetts. It stars Denzel Washington and Melissa Leo. It is based on the TV series of the same name. This movie is about retired intelligence officer Robert McCall (Washington). He becomes a vigilante on behalf of helpless people, though he gets heat from the Russian Mafia. The movie was released worldwide on September 26, 2014. It was followed up 

## Other websites
*
María Conchita Alonso

**María Conchita Alonso** (June 29, 1955) is a Latin American actress who has performed in lots of movies and television programs. She acted in movies including ''Vampire's Kiss*, *The Running Man* and *Colors''. Alonso was born in Cuba, and grew up in Caracas, Venezuela. She is an American citizen.

Alonso is active politically and is a critic of Cuba's Fidel Castro and late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Monica Potter

**Monica Potter** (born June 30, 1971) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television programs. She played Alison Gordon in the 2004 movie *Saw*, Tricia Poe in the thriller movie *Con Air* and Kristina Braverman in the television show *Parenthood*. She also played Lori Colson in *Boston Legal*. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Rivonia Trial

The **Rivonia Trial** was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964. Ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to overthrow the apartheid system. This trial was held after the police raid on the MK base in Rivonia, where documents related to the 10 accused men were found. One of the men was the future President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela. After the trial, Mandela was taken to jail in Robben Island.

The chief prosecutor was Dr. Percy Yutar, deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal.

The presiding judge was Dr. Quartus de Wet, judge-president of the Transvaal.

## Arrests 
Among the arrested were:

* Nelson Mandela
* Walter Sisulu
* Govan Mbeki
* Raymond Mhlaba
* Andrew Mlangeni
* Elias Motsoaledi, trade union and ANC member
* Ahmed Kathrada
* Denis Goldberg, a Cape Town engineer and leader of the Congress of Democrats
* Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, architect and member of the South African Communist Party (SACP)
* Bob Hepple
* Arthur Goldreich
* Harold Wolpe, prominent attorney and activist
* James "Jimmy" Kantor, brother-in-law of Harold Wolpe

Most of the Rivonia defendants were to be convicted, and in turn sentenced to life imprisonment.

## Other websites
* "The Rivonia Trial " - article by Sunder Katwala from *The Observer*, dated Sunday, 11 February 2001
* ANC history 
* On the trail of Mandela's handgun
* Rivonia Unmasked The prosecutor's account of the Rivonia Trial.
* Historical Papers of the Rivonia Trial, Digital Collection at the University of the Witwatersrand.
* Rivonia Trial Images
Kate Walsh (actress)

**Kate Walsh** (born October 13, 1967) is an American actress who acts in both movies and television programs. She played Addison Montgomery in the show ''Grey's Anatomy* and in *Private Practice*. She played Nicki in *The Drew Carey Show''. Walsh was born in San Jose, California.

## Other websites 
*
Flood control

**Flood control** is a term to refer to measures that protect settlements, people and property against flooding. Such measures include building dams, levees and weirs. People also move away from floodplains where flooding is frequent.

Although it is not possible to prevent flooding, there are a number of methods people carry out to stop the water coming into their homes or working environments. Simply follow these steps:

# Set up flood-barriers
# Have flood doors and windows installed if necessary
# Set up prevention and reaction solutions

## Gallery

File:Elbe-Hochwasser Koetzschenbroder Str Dresden Juni 2013.jpg|A mobile wall protects against the flooding of the river Elbe in Dresden, in 2013
File:20051201-Bau Hochwasserschutz Urfahr.JPG|A dam is built in Linz, to protect against the flooding of the river Danube, in 2002
File:CINEDOKU VORARLBERG - Rhein - Lustenau - Wiesenrain - Hanno Thurnher Filmproduktion.jpg|The Rhine in Vorarlberg: The green strip of grassland is the floodplain
File:Lostau Hochwasser 2013-06-09.jpgA dike is being stanilized, near Magdeburg
File:Hochwasserkatastrophe (8949275545).jpg|Danube flooding, in Lower Austria, in 2013

## Related pages 
*Levee
*Water extraction

## References
Octavia Spencer

**Octavia Leonare Spencer** (born May 25, 1970) is an American actress. She has won several awards, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award, and is the first black actress to receive two consecutive Oscar nominations

## Life 
Octavia Spencer was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She has six brothers and sisters. 1988, she went to the Jefferson Davis High School and in this school she did her high school graduation.

## Filmography 
* 1996: *A Time to Kill*
* 1998: *ER* (TV Series)
* 1999: *Blue Streak*
* 1999: *Never Been Kissed*
* 1999: *Chicago Hop* (TV Series)
* 1999: *The X-Files* (TV Series)
* 2000: *Just Shoot Me!*
* 2000: ''Big Momma's House*
* 2000: *Becker*
* 2000: *Malcolm in the Middle*
* 2001: *Grounded for Life* (TV Series)
* 2001: *Dharma & Greg* (TV Series)
* 2001,2002: *Titus* (TV Series)
* 2002,2005: *NYPD Blue* (TV Series)
* 2003: *S.W.A.T.*
* 2003: *Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde*
* 2004: *Win a Date with Tad Hamilton*
* 2004-2005: *LAX* (TV Series)
* 2005: *Beauty Shop*
* 2005: *Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous*
* 2005: *CSI: NY*
* 2005: *Medium*
* 2007: *Ugly Betty*
* 2008: *Seven Pounds*
* 2008: *Wizards of Waverly Place*
* 2008: *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* (TV Series)
* 2008: *The Big Bang Theory*
* 2009: *Just Peck*
* 2009: *Halloween II*
* 2010: *The Dennis Schäfner Show*
* 2010: *Dinner for Schmucks*
* 2011: *Flypaper*
* 2011: *The Help*
* 2012: *Smashed*
* 2017: *The Shape of Water''
Weir

A **weir** is a barrier built across a river which changes the flow of the river, usualy for irrigation and smaller than a dam. Depending on the design, some pose problems for fish, as the fish cannot get across the weir.

## Gallery

File:48 - Mende - Pont Notre-Dame.jpg|A weir in Mende, France
File:Jumping Salmon.jpg|Many fish have the capability to jump over weirs. This shows a salmon
File:Riviere des Prairies spillway in Montreal.jpg|this kind of weir is difficult for fish to climb
File:Fischtreppe Inselbad Landsberg.jpg|Weir designed to make it easy for fish to climb
Promoter (genetics)

to inhibit the repressor, so the repressor binds to the operator. This stops the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and making lactase.
**Bottom**: The gene is turned on. Lactose inhibits the repressor. This allows the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes. The genes now synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.]]

In genetics, a **promoter** is a section of DNA which starts the transcription of a gene. 

Promoters are near the genes they transcribe. They are on the same strand of DNA and are 'upstream'.

Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.

## Overview
For the transcription to take place, the enzyme that makes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. 

Promoters contain specific DNA sequences which give the RNA polymerase a place to bind. Other proteins also help this to happen. Some can also stop it from happening. The whole thing is called "the regulation of gene expression". 

;In bacteria: The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase and another protein.
;In eukaryotes: The process is more complicated. At least seven different  are needed so RNA polymerase II can bind to the promoter.

Promoters are important parts of the DNA. They work with other regulatory regions. Together, they adjust the level of transcription of a gene. So, genes get switched on when they are needed, and switched off when they are not. When they are on, they get adjusted up or down as needed.

## References
Lizzy Caplan

**Elizabeth Anne "Lizzy" Caplan** (born June 30, 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has played many roles. She played Janis Ian in *Mean Girls*, Marlena Diamond in *Cloverfield* and Gena in *Bachelorette*. She also played Amy Burley in the show *True Blood*. Since 2013 she has played Virginia E. Johnson in *Masters of Sex*.
 
She was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family.

## References
Tax evasion

**Tax evasion** is criminal activity to evade taxes. It may be done by trusts, persons or organizations. The main way taxpayers evade taxes is by deliberately misrepresenting the actual state of their affairs to tax authorities to reduce their tax liability. This includes dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income or profit than the amounts which were actually earned. Tax evasion is an activity connected with the informal economy.
## Related pages 
*Corruption
*Panama Papers
Sham marriage

lead away the would-be bride in an operation to prevent a suspected sham marriage.]]
A **sham marriage** is when people get married just for the sake of convenience or to deceive the public or society. Entering such marriages is a violation of the law in some countries. Usual reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration rights for one of the spouses or to create defense against the suspicion of homosexuality.
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee

The **HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)** sets a *unique* and *meaningful* name for every known human gene. It asks experts their opinions. The HGNC gives a long name, and an abbreviation (referred to as a *symbol*) to every gene. The HGNC is part of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO).

Traditional gene names and abbreviations are often not specific for a single gene. Example: **CAP** (which means just "chromosome-associated protein") can refer to any of six different genes: (BRD4, CAP1 , LNPEP , PTPLA , SERPINB6 , and SORBS1 ).

Unlike traditional names like CAP, the HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, are given to one gene only. This reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

## Naming guidelines 
The HGNC approach to naming genes and assigning *symbols* (gene name abbreviations)is:
# *gene symbols must be unique*
# symbols should only use the Roman alphabet and Arabic numerals
# symbols should not contain punctuation or "G" for gene
# symbols do not contain any reference to the species they are encoded in, i.e. "H/h" for human
The full description of HGNC's nomenclature guidelines can be found on their web site https://www.genenames.org/guidelines.html . HGNC advocates the appendices *_v1, _v2,..* to distinguish between different splice variants and *_pr1, _pr2,..* for promoter variants of a single gene.

HGNC also states that "gene nomenclature should *evolve with new technology* rather than be restrictive as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied".

## Procedure 
The HGNC contacts authors who have published on the human gene in question by e-mail. They are asked their opinion on the proposed nomenclature. HGNC also works with other database curators, and experts for specific gene families or sets of genes.

### Revision 
Changing a standardised gene name after it has got established may cause confusion. The merit of such changes are therefore controversial. For this reason the HGNC changes a gene name only if agreement for that change can be got from most researchers working on that gene.

## Related pages 
* Human Genome Organisation (HUGO)
* Human Genome Project
* human genome
* gene
* gene nomenclature

## References
## Other websites 
* HGNC homepage
* HUGO homepage
Paula Prentiss

**Paula Prentiss** (born March 4, 1938) is an American movie and television series actress. She first became famous in the 1960s. She played Bobbie Markowe in the 1975 movie version of *The Stepford Wives*. She played a maternity nurse in the 1996 movie *Mrs. Winterbourne*.

Prentiss was born in San Antonio, Texas.
Mail-order bride

**Mail-order brides** are women who list themselves in catalogs and are picked by males for marriage. These are usually women from developing countries, hoping for a better life in a developed country through a foreign husband. The term *mail-order bride* dates back to the 19th century. These brides often come from one country and immigrate to another for marriage reasons. The women's motivations may include:

* getting away from unemployment, gender-pay gaps, malnutrition, or inflation in their home country
* getting a foreign husband (which they may believe would be more masculine and/or better able to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs than the men within their own country)
* living in another country which they may personally like better
* moving and then sponsoring the rest of their family's immigration to that country

Besides these main personal motivations, mail-order brides were used in many places across the world where there was a shortage of women, such as in:

* Japan, where there was a lack of Japanese women who wanted to live in the countryside, and so farmer men were encouraged to get mail-order brides from other Asian countries
* the Jamestown colony in 1620, when the Virginia Company that managed the colony sponsored the immigration of 140 women to the colony, in hopes of reducing desertion by the settlers, and/or to prevent the men from marrying Native American women

## International marriage agencies 
International marriage agencies are businesses which connect men and women from different countries, for either marriage, dating, or becoming pen pals. Although they serve a similar function to mail-order bride agencies, they are closer to being like an international dating service, rather than the mail-order bride system, where women often didn't know who they were getting married to.

## References
Cassette player

A **cassette player** (or **cassette deck**) is a machine can play audio cassettes. 
Some cassette players also can record music or other sounds to cassette tapes. If a microphone is built in, there is no need for a separate microphone but in that case the quality of sound may not be so good. Most cassette decks were made in the late 20th century.
Alice Faye

**Alice Faye** (May 5, 1915 – May 9, 1998) was an American singer and actress. She was first in movies made by the 20th Century Fox, and then in other movies. She sang the Academy Award winning "You'll Never Know", a 1943 song. She also acted in the movie *Poor Little Rich Girl* in 1936 with Shirley Temple.

Faye was born in New York City. She died from stomach cancer at age eighty-three.
Helen Menken

**Helen Menken** (December 12, 1901 – March 27, 1966) was an American actress. She did some movies but was known mostly for stage plays. She began acting on Broadway around 1917. She was very active from the 1920s to the early 1940s. Her greatest stage successes were *Seventh Heaven* (1922-24), *The Old Maid* and *Mary of Scotland*.

Menken was born in New York City. She died there when she suffered a heart attack at the age of 64.
Judith Anderson

**Dame** **Judith Anderson** AC DBE (10 February 1897 – 3 January 1992) was an Australian actress. She lived in the United States and performed on stage, television and movies. She received two Emmy Awards and a Tony Award for her acting. Her Hollywood movies included the Academy Award-nominated movie *Rebecca*, *Laura* in 1944 and *The Diary of a Chambermaid* in 1946. Anderson was born in Adelaide, South Australia, although she later relocated to Santa Barbara, California. Anderson died of pneumonia at 94.

## References
Lavender marriage

The term **lavender marriage** relates to man-woman marriage which is for purposes of hiding homosexuality. This is called a "beard" in slang terminology. The term *lavender marriage* was started in the 1920s. Such marriages are called marriages of convenience. They are done to protect public reputations and preserve careers of some people.
2NE1

**2NE1** () was a K-pop girl group from South Korea. They were formed in 2009 under YG Entertainment and split in 2016. They are best known for their nine number one hit songs in South Korea. They are "Try to Follow Me", "Go Away", "Lonely", "I Am the Best", "Ugly", "I Love You", "Falling in Love", "Missing You", and "Come Back Home". Before their split, 2NE1 was one of the most successful girl groups in South Korea.

## History 
2NE1's first single was "Lollipop" and came out in March 2009 featuring BIGBANG. Their official debut single "Fire" was released on May 6, 2009.

Their second single "I Don't Care" was released on 1 July 2009. "I Don't Care" achieved great success, topping various Korean music shows and was also the most downloaded song of the year. By the end of 2011 the song had sold 4,503,928 digital copies, becoming one of the most successful singles of all-time in Korea.

During 2011 and 2012, 2NE1 was active in Japan, and made some Japanese versions of their songs.

After the release of their second album Crush in 2014, the group became inactive for 2 years. Minzy left in March 2016, while the rest of the group broke up in November 2016. Their last song, Goodbye, was released in 2017 with the remaining members.

## Discography 
### Albums 
**Studio albums**
* *To Anyone* (2010)
* *Crush* (2014)

**Compilation albums**
* *Collection* (2012)
* *2NE1 Best Collection -Korea Edition-* (2014)

**Live albums**
* *2NE1 1st Live Concert (Nolza!)* (2011)
* *2NE1 Global Tour: New Evolution* (2012)
* *2NE1 World Tour: All or Nothing* (2014)

### Extended plays 
* *2NE1 1st Mini Album* (2009)
* *2NE1 2nd Mini Album* (2011)

## References
Ida Lupino

**Ida Lupino** (February 4, 1918 – August 3, 1995) was an English-American author, director and actress. She appeared in almost sixty movies and directed seven others. She was also in television series, including *The Donna Reed Show* and ''Gilligan's Island''. She retired from acting at sixty. Ida died in Los Angeles when she suffered a stroke at age seventy-seven.
Martha Raye

**Martha Raye** (August 27, 1916 – October 19, 1994) was an American comedian, singer and actress. She began acting in movies and then acted in television series. She had her own show, *The Martha Raye Show* during the mid 1950s. She also appeared as Carrie on CBS' sitcom *Alice*.

Raye was born in Montana. She died from pneumonia at age 78 in Los Angeles.
Elisabeth Moss

**Elisabeth Moss** (born 24 July 1982) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television. She played Zoey Bartlet in *The West Wing* and Peggy Olson in the series *Mad Men*. Moss was born in Los Angeles.

## References
Joan Leslie

**Joan Leslie** (January 26, 1925 &ndash; October 12, 2015) was an American actress. She acted in television and movies until 1991. Her first movie was *Camille* in 1936. Her other movies included *Nine Lives are Not Enough* and *Two Guys from Milwaukee*. She retired from acting around 1991. She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Leslie died at the age of 90 in Los Angeles, California on October 12, 2015.

## References
Scripture

**Scripture** means *writing* in Latin. The word is mostly used to refer to the Bible or books that are considered sacred to a certain religion, like the Bible, Qur'an, Tripitaka, or Vedas.

## Other websites
*Daily Scripture
Ruby Dee

**Ruby Dee** (née **Wallace**; October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, screenwriter and playwright. She acted in many television series and movies. She won many awards, including Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards. She starred in *Do the Right Thing*, *Jungle Fever* *No. 2* and in *American Gangster*. She also did many stage plays. She was married to activist and actor Ossie Davis.

Dee died on June 11, 2014, at her home in New Rochelle, New York, from natural causes at the age of 91.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Marian Seldes

**Marian Hall Seldes** (August 23, 1928 &ndash; October 6, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in *Tom and Huck*, *Home Alone 3*, *The Haunting*, *If These Walls Could Talk 2*, and in *Mona Lisa Smile*. She won a Tony Award in 1967.

## Biography 
Seldes was born on August 23, 1928 in New York City, New York. She is of Russian-Jewish descent. Seldes studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse.

Seldes was married to Julian Claman from 1953 until they divorced in 1961. Her marriage to Julian was abusive. Seldes left the marriage after her father noticed marks on Seldes's face. Then she was married to Garson Kanin from 1990 until his death in 1999. She had one daughter with Julian, Katherine. 

Seldes died from dementia-related problems at her apartment in New York City, New York, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Wagamama

**Wagamama** is an international restaurant chain serving East Asian food. The name means 'selfish' in Japanese. It was founded in 1992 by Alan Yau in Bloomsbury, central London. As of 2013 there are 133 restaurants worldwide, mostly in Europe.

## Other websites
*Website
Despicable Me (movie)

***Despicable Me*** is a 2010 American family/animated/comedy/crime movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It stars Steve Carell, Will Arnett, Kristen Wiig, Russell Brand, Jason Segel, Julie Andrews, Ken Jeong, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 9, 2010. The movie received positive reviews. A sequel *Despicable Me 2* was released on July 3, 2013, while another sequel *Despicable Me 3* was released on June 30, 2017. There is also a spinoff movie all about the comic relief characters in the series.

## Plot
## Cast 
* Steve Carell as Gru
* Jason Segel as Victor "Vector" Perkins
* Russell Brand as Dr. Nefario
* Kristen Wiig as Miss Hattie
* Miranda Cosgrove as Margo
* Dana Gaier as Edith
* Elsie Fisher as Agnes
* Will Arnett as Mr. Perkins
* Julie Andrews as Marlena, Gru's mother
* Danny McBride as Fred McDade
* Jack McBrayer as a Carnival Barker
Despicable Me 2

***Despicable Me 2*** is a 2013 American computer-animated action/comedy movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It is a sequel to the 2010 animated movie *Despicable Me*. It stars Steve Carell, Russell Brand, Kristen Wiig, Benjamin Bratt, Ken Jeong, Steve Coogan, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 3, 2013. It received good reviews from critics. A spinoff/prequel movie, *Minions*, focusing on the little yellow henchmen before they met Gru, was released on July 10, 2015. A sequel, *Despicable Me 3*, was released on June 30, 2017. Another sequel, *Despicable Me 4*, was released on July 3, 2024.

## Other websites
Jean Marsh

**Jean Lyndsey Torren Marsh** (1 July 1934 – 13 April 2025) was an English actress and screenwriter who appeared mostly on television.

Marsh co-created and starred in the television series *Upstairs, Downstairs,* and created *The House of Elliot*. She also starred in *Doctor Who*, and appeared in many other series, and in films. She got an Emmy Award for the Outstanding Lead Actress for the role of the parlourmaid Rose Buck in *Upstairs, Downstairs*.

Marsh died on 13 April 2025 in London, England from problems caused by dementia at the age of 90.

## References
Olivia Munn

**Lisa Olivia Munn** (born July 3, 1980) is an American comedian and actress. She acts in both movies and television programs. She was in the 2010 action movie *Iron Man 2*. She also models with Nike and Pepsi. Olivia Munn was born in Oklahoma City.

Munn began dating comedian John Mulaney in 2021, and they have one son and one daughter. Munn married Mulaney in July 2024.

In March 2024, Munn revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer the year before. Munn announced that she had four surgeries in the previous ten months, including a double mastectomy.

## References
Julianne Nicholson

**Julianne Nicholson** (born July 1, 1971) is an American actress. She works mostly on television programs. She played the Detective Megan Wheeler in *Law & Order: Criminal Intent*. She played Esther Randolph in *Boardwalk Empire*. She was born in Medford, Massachusetts.
Piers Morgan Live

***Piers Morgan Live*** (previously known as ***Piers Morgan Tonight***) is a television talk show on CNN. It is hosted by Piers Morgan. It started on January 17, 2011. It took over the timeslot that *Larry King Live* was in before Larry King retired. On the show, Morgan interviews guests such as politicians, celebrities, and members of the public. His first guest was Oprah Winfrey. The show was cancelled on February 23, 2014 and the final episode was aired on March 28, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Hilarie Burton

**Hilarie Burton** (born July 1, 1982) is an American actress. She works mostly on television. She played Lauren in ''Grey's Anatomy*. She played Sara Ellis in the television show *White Collar''. She has also been in movies. Burton was born in Sterling, Virginia.

## Awards and nominations
## References
Restorationism

**Restorationism**, also called **Christian primitivism** is a movement that tries to model itself after what is known or believed of the Early Christian Church. Over the course of time, different groups have used the term, with different meanings:
*In the Middle Ages, most groups were active during the time when the Protestant Reformation happened. In the 15th century, a movement called the Lollards started. Another group  with similar ideas was the Brethren of the Common Life.
*Movements such as the Hussites, the Anabaptists,  the Landmark Baptists, the Puritans and the Waldensians were called *Primitive*, as is the Primitive Methodist Church.
*After the Protestant Reformation, the Protestant movement split in many groups. Some of these groups, such as the Churches of Christ and the Baptists are more restorationist than others. Other movements include the Glasites, in Scotland. In the United States, there was a Restoration Movement, which is also known as *Stone-Campbell Movement* as well as the Mormons, Christadelphians, Christian Scientists, and Jehovah's Witnesses.
*A number of Pentecostal movements has been described as *restorationist*: Among them are the Assemblies of God, and the evangelical British New Church Movement
*Some movements use the term to say that Jewish people must be "restored" to the Promised Land. These movements are usually called Christian Restorationism or Christian Zionism.
* The term has also been used in reference to Muslim movements with similar aims, such as Salafism, Muwahhidism, Ghair Muqallids and Quranism.
* In the Philippines, Iglesia ni Cristo sees itself as restorationist.
Apocatastasis

**Apocatastasis**, which can be translated as *universal restoration* is a concept that can be found in Ancient Greece. The theological idea was that people did not fully agree with their creator, and moved away; this is called Apostasy. At the end of time, everything would be re-united with its creator, according to the idea. Different people have seen the process differently: Some say, that everything, even those that have "fallen", will be reunited; these people speak about *apokatastasis panton* or *restitutio omnium (quae locutus est)*. 

Ancient Greek philosophy used the term, before it was used by Christian scholars. That way, the Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, and the Stoics used the term. Neoplatonism, as well as Friedrich Nietzsche also used the term in this meaning. Most of these philiosophers believed, that this "restoration" was periodic, and not an event that occurred only once.

Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Gregory of Nyssa where the first Christian scholars who used the term: For them, this "restoration" would occur only once, and was not periodic.
Before Midnight

***Before Midnight*** is a 2013 American romantic drama movie. Ethan Hawke stars as Jesse Wallace and Julie Delpy as Celine. This movie is set in Greece. *Before Midnight* has gotten strong praise from the movie critics. It was released during May and June of 2013 in the United States.

It was preceded by *Before Sunrise* and *Before Sunset*.

## Other websites 
*
Deborah Kara Unger

**Deborah Kara Unger** (born May 12) is a Canadian actress who has been mostly in independent movies. She acted as Catherine Ballard in the 1996 movie *Crash* and as Carol Lynn Johnson for the 2007 movie *88 Minutes*. She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. Some sources cite 1964 for her birth year, although other sources mention 1966.

## Other websites 
*
Summer of Sam

***Summer of Sam*** is a 1999 crime drama movie. It was directed by Spike Lee, who also co-wrote and co-produced it. The movie is about a series of murders done by David Berkowitz (nicknamed the Son of Sam) during the summer of 1977 in New York City. John Leguizamo, Mira Sorvino, Adrien Brody and Jennifer Esposito play fictional characters. The MPAA threatened *Summer of Sam* with an NC-17 due to a sex scene, which was then cut out. The movie was released in July 1999.

## Other websites 
*
Anthony LaPaglia

**Anthony LaPaglia** (born 31 January 1959) is an Australian movie and television actor. He has received Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards for acting. He acted as "Jack Malone" in the series *Without a Trace* and as "Detective Lou" in the movie *Summer of Sam*.

He was born in Adelaide, although he later moved to the United States. His first part in a movie was *Cold Steel* in 1987. LaPaglia appeared on Broadway in 1997, in a production of *A View From the Bridge*. He received a Tony Award his role as the play's main character.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Christina Hendricks

**Christina Hendricks** (born 3 May 1975) is an American actress of movie, stage, television and video games. She is best known for portraying the roles of Joan Harris in the AMC period drama series *Mad Men* (2007–2015), and Beth Boland in the NBC comedy-drama series *Good Girls* (2018–2021). Prior to this, Hendricks had starring roles as Kelly Kramer in the Showtime comedy-drama series *Beggars and Choosers* (2000–2001), Saffron in the Fox drama series *Firefly* (2002–2003), and Nicolette Raye in the UPN legal drama series *Kevin Hill* (2004–2005).

## Personal life
Christina was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. She has lived in Idaho.

## Other websites
*
Lindsey Graham

**Lindsey Olin Graham** (born July 9, 1955) is an American politician who serves as the senior United States Senator from South Carolina, serving in office since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party. He ran for President in 2016.

## Early life
Graham was born on July 9, 1955 in Central, South Carolina. his parents were Millie and Florence James "F.J." Graham. He studied at the University of South Carolina.

## U.S. senator (2003-present)
In 2002, Graham ran for the U.S. Senate after eight-term Republican incumbent Strom Thurmond announced his retirement. Graham won the primary unopposed and defeated Democratic opponent Alex Sanders in the general election. 

Graham was re-elected to a second term in 2008, defeating Bob Conley. He won a third term in 2014, defeating Democrat Brad Hutto and Independent Thomas Ravenel.

Graham is known in the Senate for his support for a strong national defense, his support of the military, and as an advocate of strong United States leadership in world affairs.  He is also known for his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like global warming, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions. He is also a critic of the Tea Party movement.

During his political career, Graham never lost an election.

## 2016 presidential campaign
On May 18, 2015, Graham informally announced his candidacy for President of the United States; he made a formal announcement on June 1 in his hometown of Central, South Carolina. After low polling numbers, Graham withdrew from the race on December 21, 2015. He later announced his support for Jeb Bush for president.

## Personal life
Graham has never been married and has no children. He was close friends with the late Arizona senator John McCain.

## References
## Other websites
*United States Senator Lindsey Graham *official U.S. Senate site*
*Lindsey Graham for U.S. Senate *official campaign site*
*Profile  at SourceWatch
*"Swing Conservative: The perilous bipartisanship of Lindsey Graham."  *Washington Monthly*, April 2005
*"The American Ghosts of Abu Ghraib", Sam Provance, *Consortium News*, March 27, 2007
Diophantine equation

A **Diophantine equation** is an equation that only takes integer coefficients, and that can be written as f(x_1, x_2, x_3, . . ., x_n) = 0, where *f* is a polynomial. **Diophantine analysis** is a branch of mathematical analysis, concerned with such equations. Typical questions include:
#Are there any solutions?
#Are there any solutions beyond some that are easily found by inspection?
#Are there finitely or infinitely many solutions?
#Can all solutions be found in theory?
#Can one in practice compute a full list of solutions?
Very often such problems were unresolved for centuries. With time, mathematicians  came to understand their depth (in some cases), rather than treat them as puzzles. The equation is named after Diophantus of Alexandria, a mathematician, who described them first. The restriction on integer coefficients makes sense, when one is concerned about finding Divisors, or in the case of modular arithmetic. In everyday life, many equations solve problems where only whole numbers make sense: A product is composed of many parts, but only whole pieces can be produced. 

Some diophantine equations are very famous. These include the Pythagorean triple, Fermat's Last Theorem and Pell's equation. Hilbert's tenth problem was to find an algorithm to decide, whether a given Diophantine equation has an integer solution.
José Martínez Morote

**José Martínez Morote**  (born February 5, 1984 in Albacete) is a Paralympic track and field athlete from Spain. He has an intellectual disability. He helps track and field athletes where he lives. He first played football, and then started track and field when he was 16 years old. He has competed at the 2007 World Games, the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  Martínez had two scholarships to allow him to be a track and field athlete.

## Personal 
Martínez was born February 5, 1984 in Albacete, Spain, and  has an intellectual disability. He went to school in Cruz de Mayo.

## Athletics 
Morote started doing track and field when he was 16 years old. Before track and field, he played football but began track and field because a teacher said his running speed would be better in track and field.  He competed in races in Tunisia, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, France, Prague, Brazil and China. His coaches are Camilo and Maxi. He has been given money from the 'Castilla-La Mancha Olímpica' program, which gets money from the Foundation for Culture and Sports of Castilla-La Mancha. He competed at the 2006  Spanish national championships and came first in the 400 and 800 meters. He competed in the 2007 World Games, where he finished second in the 800 meters and third in 1,500 meters.

In 2008, Martínez competed in the Spanish National Athletics Championship where he finished first in the 800 and 1500 meters.  That winter, he finished first at the Spanish national winter cross country championships. Competing in the 2009 Subida al Castillo de Chiva, he came in first in the one mile Paralympic class with a time of 4:45. He competed in the 2009 World Games in the Czech Republic.

Martínez competed at the 2010 World Indoor Championships for people with intellectual disabilities. He competed in the 2011 Subida al Castillo de Chiva one mile race in the Paralympic class.

Martínez competed at the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand and he finished fourth in the T20 1,500 meter race. He competed at the 2011 World Games, and finished second in 4x100 and competed in the 1,500 meters, and finished first in the 4x400 relay team race.

Martínez competed in 2012 INAS European Athletics Championship. In 2012, he had a scholarship from the Spanish-based Fundación Cultura y Deportes and the Spanish business Lafarge. In 2012, he competed in the World Intellectual Disability Indoor Athletics Championships and finished third in the in the 4 x 400 meter race.  He finished sixth in the 1,500 meters.

## References
The View

***The View*** is an American television talk show that airs on ABC. It started in 1997. It features a panel of women who talk about current issues and news items such as tabloid headlines and celebrity news. As of 2017, the panel included moderator Whoopi Goldberg, Sunny Hostin. Joy Behar, Ana Navarro, Sara Haines, Jedediah Bila, and Alyssa Farah Griffin. 

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
José María Pámpano Cillero

**José María Pámpano Cillero** (born December 10, 1978 in Badajoz) is a T36 athlete from Spain.

Pámpano competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens and finished second in the 4 × 400 m relay and finished second in the T36 1500 meter race.  He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in the 800 meter race but was not one of the first three racers to finish. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and finished sixth in the 800 meter race.

## References
Warren Oates

**Warren Mercer Oates** (July 5, 1928 – April 3, 1982) was an American television program and movie actor. He acted mostly in movies. He was known for playing Lyle in the famous 1969 movie *The Wild Bunch*, and John Dillinger in the movie *Dillinger*. He was born in Kentucky, and later relocated to Los Angeles for acting reasons.

Oates died of a heart attack at age fifty-three. His final movie, *Blue Thunder*, was shot in 1980 but not released until 1983, one year after his death.
Bloody Sunday (1905)

**Bloody Sunday** took place in Russia in 1905. More than 3,000 people marched towards the Winter Palace in hopes of presenting Tsar Nicholas II a petition for reform, however he was not present at the palace.  Without the order of the tsar to stop them, the army shot their rifles into the crowd, leaving 96 dead and around 300 wounded. 

This event began the Russian Revolution of 1905 which was caused in part by defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. Many thousands died and the Tsar created the State Duma to represent the Russian people. It is considered a cause of the later, larger Russian Revolution.

Later Dmitri Shostakovich composed his 11th Symphony based on this event. Bloody Sunday is also known as a massacre. The Winter Palace is where the Tsar spent his winter holidays. 

## References
Eva Ngui Nchama

**Eva Ngui Nchama** (born June 9, 1985 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea) is an athlete from Africa. She has a disability: she cannot see and is a T12/B2 type athlete. She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece in the women's 100 metres - T12 event.  She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and finished third in the women's 100 metres - T12 event and thir in the women's 200 metres - T12 event.  She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and was the 14th runner to finish.

In 2012, she had a Plan ADO €18,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship.
## References
Kamba people

The **Kamba** (**Akamba** in the plural) are a Bantu ethnic group.

They live in the semi-arid Eastern Province of Kenya,  from Nairobi east to Tsavo and north up to Embu, Kenya. This land is called *Ukambani*. They are one of the largest ethnic group in Kenya. They speak the Bantu Kikamba language as a mother tongue. 

The Kamba mostly live in the Machakos District of Kenya. The total population of the Kamba is about 4 million. The Kamba are also called Kikamba, Kekamba, Masaku, Ukamba, Kitui and Mumoni.

## References
Cammie King

**Eleanore Cammack "Cammie" King** (5 August 1934 – 1 September 2010) was an American actress. Her acting career was short, but with notable movies. She played Bonnie Blue Butler in *Gone with the Wind* in 1939. She provided the voice for the fawn Faline in the Disney movie *Bambi* in 1942.

King was born in Los Angeles. She died from lung cancer at age 76.
Cynthia Myers

**Cynthia Jeanette Myers** (September 12, 1950 – November 4, 2011) was an American actress and fashion model. She acted primarily in B-movies. She was *Playboy* Playmate of the Month in December 1968. Her most famous theatrical movie was *Beyond the Valley of the Dolls*, a 1970 movie in which she starred as bisexual musician Casey Anderson.

Myers was born in Toledo, Ohio. She died due to lung cancer at age sixty-one.
Abdülaziz

**Abdulaziz** (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز) (8 February 1830 &ndash; 4 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was 111st Caliph of Islam. He ascended the throne when he was 31 years old, reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876. He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and became sultan after the death of his brother Abdülmecid I.  He was deposed in 1876, having become unpopular, and was found dead six days later.

## His Reign 
Abdulaziz was fond of wrestling, hunting and arm wrestling. He expanded and modernized the Ottoman navy, making it the third largest in the world.  This resulted in large debts to European countries. He also bought modern weapons for the Ottoman Army and expanded it.

Sultan Abdulaziz frequently organized trips to inland and abroad. He was the first Sultan who visited Egypt after Yavuz Sultan Selim who had conquered Egypt in 1517.

As well as principalities Abdulaziz was the first Sultan who visited Europe. And often contacted with other countries' leaders.

In the peroid of Abdulaziz the Ottomans pay attention to get along with West. Ottoman's westernization politics that began with the Edict Of Gülhane of the Tanzimat was continued.

New provinces were created country-wide and the Istanbul University's system re-edited by copying France's education system. Sirkeci Train Station began to be built in the Abdülaziz era.

Here are some modernization introductions enacted by him.

* New soldier uniforms were prepared
* Post stamps were used for the first time
* Lighthouses were built along the coasts.
* Ottoman Bank was opened.
* High schools and industry schools were opened.
* Forest, mine, and medicine schools were opened
* Rulers of France, Austria, and Iran visited Istanbul.

## Lover of Polish Arabian Horses 
In 1864 the westernizing Ottoman sultan Abdülaziz imported 90 mares and two stallions from Count Branicki"s studs in Bialocerkiew/Poland.
## Descendants of Abdulaziz  
Only male descendants of Abdulaziz are considered representatives of the former Ottoman throne.
   

## References 
## Other websites
Nok culture

]]
The **Nok culture** was an ancient civilisation in what is now Nigeria. It appeared around 1000 BC and vanished around 300 CE. This civilisation lived in northern and central Nigeria. Its social system is thought to have been very advanced for its time. The Nok are considered to be the earliest producers of life-sized Terracotta sculptures in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been suggested that the Nok culture eventually evolved into the Yoruba. The use of iron, in smelting and forging tools, appears in the Nok culture at least by 550 BC and possibly earlier.

## References
Tintoretto

**Tintoretto** (1518 – 31 May 1594), born **Jacopo Comin**, was an Italian Renaissance painter. He was known by the nickname **Il Furioso**. His works are very dramatic, often depicting muscular figures and a bold use of perspective. These elements he paints in the Mannerist style. His use of colour and light, however, is typical of the Venetian School.

Tintoretto was from Venice. He spent most of his life painting there. He was a devout Roman Catholic. He painted frescos and other murals on the walls and ceilings of several churches and other buildings in Venice, such as the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, the Doge's Palace. His largest work is *Il Paradiso*, which dominates the main hall of the Doge's Palace. It is 22.6 x 9.1 metres in size, and is said to be the largest painting ever done on canvas.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## Notes 
## References 
* 
* Carlo Ridolfi, La Vita di Giacopo Robusti (A Life of Tintoretto) 1642
* Tintoretto, and Pierluigi De Vecchi. 1970. ''L'opera completa del Tintoretto''. Milano: Rizzoli.  (Italian language)

## Other websites 
*Works at Web Gallery of Art
*www.JacopoTintoretto.org  - 257 works by Tintoretto
Magic (illusion)

, New York.]]
**Magic** is the performance of tricks or the creation of illusions. It is a type of performing art that entertains audiences. It is done by a **magician** or an **illusionist**. The magician does things that look impossible or supernatural by ordinary means. Card tricks, disappearing beauties, pulling a rabbit from a hat, and sawing a person in half are examples of this kind of magic.

## References
Renminbi

The **renminbi** is the currency of the People's Republic of China. It is the main currency used in mainland China. It is also sometimes accepted in Hong Kong and Macau, and can be easily exchanged in those territories. The currency is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China. Its name means "people's currency".

The main unit of renminbi is the ***yuán***. One yuan is divided into 10 *jiǎo.* One jiǎo is subdivided into 10 *fēn*. Renminbi banknotes are available in denominations from 1 jiao to 100 yuan (¥0.1–100). Coins have denominations from 1 fen to 1 yuan (¥0.01–1). Some denominations exist in both coin and banknote form. Coins under ¥0.1 are rarely used.

Currently, only ¥20,000 can be taken in or out of China without declaring it, or telling customs that you have it.

## References
## More reading
* Ansgar Belke, Christian Dreger und Georg Erber: *Reduction of Global Trade Imbalances: Does China Have to Revalue Its Currency?* In: *Weekly Report.* 6/2010, Nr. 30, 2010, , S. 222–229 (PDF-File; DIW Online).
* 
*
Uto-Aztecan languages

**Uto-Aztecan** or **Uto-Aztekan** is a language family of the Americas. It consists of over 30 languages. Almost all of the Uto-Aztecan languages are found in the Western United States and Mexico. The name of the language family was given to show that it links the Ute language of Utah and the Aztecan languages of Mexico. The language of the Aztecs and its modern relatives are part of the Uto-Aztecan family.
Scandinavian Mountains

The **Scandinavian  Mountains** are a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula. The western sides of the mountains drop steeply into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, where they form the fjords of Norway. To the north they form the border between Norway and Sweden, and passing across the Arctic Circle. A small part of the range runs into Finland, but this part mostly consists of hills.

Galdhøpiggen in Southern Norway is the highest peak in the range, at . Kebnekaise has the highest peak on the Swedish side, at . Halti is the highest peak in Finland,  at . The range's proximity to the Arctic and the North Atlantic ocean has caused the formation of many icefields and glaciers.

## References
## Other websites
help Wikipedia

The Scandinavian Mountains (Scandes) are Europe's longest range, running through Norway, Sweden, and Finland, famous for dramatic glacial fjords, Galdhøpiggen (Norway's highest peak), unique birch forests, and a significant climate divide creating wet west/dry east, crucial for wildlife like reindeer and a hotspot for climate change study