open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wilma

**Wilma** is a female given name. It is a short form of the German name Wilhelmina.  The name means *protector*.  Wilma is a moniker that has endured for centuries and boasts a fascinating past. Its roots can be traced back to the Germanic language and the name Wilhelm, which combines "will" or "desire" with "helmet" or "protection." The male version of the name is Will, short for William. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
*Wilma Mankiller, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation
*Wilma Rudolph, American athlete
*Wilma de Faria, Brazilian politician
*Wilma van der Wal, Dutch road and track cyclist
*Wilma Chan, American politician

## Related pages
*Hurricane Wilma

## References
Cozumel

**Cozumel** (Mayan: *Island of the Swallows*) is an island in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen. It is one of the eight municipalities *(municipios)* of the state of Quintana Roo. Cozumel is a popular tourist destination renowned for its scuba diving. The main town on the island is San Miguel de Cozumel.

The island is about 48 km (30 miles) north-south and 16 km (10 miles) east-west, and is the largest Atlantic island of Mexico. It is about 20 km (12 miles) from the mainland, and some 60 km (36 miles) south of Cancún. The vast majority of the population of Cozumel lives in the town of San Miguel (pop. 71,401 in 2005), which is on the western shore. The rest of the island is low, flat, and densely vegetated.

## Other websites
* 
* Ayuntamiento de Cozumel Official website
* Cozumel Parks and Museums  official site for the Quintana Roo State Foundation that manages Chankanaab Park, Punta Sur, San Gervasio and the Island Museum
* Cozumel Mexico - latest news and information.
* Viva Cozumel  - Maps & Multimedia for the virtual tourist.
* Cozumel, Mexico vacation information, news and photos
Hurricane Noel

**Hurricane Noel** was the fourteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Noel formed on October 27 from the interaction between a tropical wave and an upper-level low in the north-central Caribbean Sea. It strengthened to winds of 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h) before making landfall on western Haiti and the north coast of eastern Cuba. It turned northward, and on November 1 it attained hurricane status. The hurricane accelerated northeastward after crossing the Bahamas, and on November 2 it became an extratropical cyclone. (The Canadian Hurricane Centre classified Noel as a post-tropical storm until 2200 UTC November 4 when it determined that it had lost all tropical characteristics.)

The storm caused at least 169 deaths along its path, primarily in Hispaniola, due to flooding and mudslides. It was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of the 2007 season. After its transition to post-tropical, Noel became a very strong low pressure system causing flooding and wind damage over Maine and Eastern Canada. It even dropped snow over some areas of Eastern Quebec and Labrador.

## Retirement
The name **Noel** was retired in May 2008 and replaced by **Nestor** for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season.

## Other websites
* The NHC's archive on Hurricane Noel

## References
Atlantic Canada

, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador.]]
**Atlantic Canada**, also known as the **Atlantic provinces**, is the region of Canada that is made up of four provinces on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean: the three provinces of the Maritimes (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) and Newfoundland and Labrador. The Atlantic provinces have a total population of 2.4 million people.

## Other websites
* Atlas of Canada - Atlantic Region 
* ECanuck Atlantic Canada
* Atlantic Canadian cities and Surrounding areas 
* Atlantic Canada Portal/Portail du Canada Atlantique
* Atlantic Canada - A Profitable Place to do Business
Tomb

's tomb at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]]

A **tomb** () is a place built to bury dead bodies, usually more elaborate and expensive than a grave. It is often intended to honor the dead, and be visited by the living. A tomb (from Greek τύμβος *tymbos*) is generally any structurally enclosed space or chamber used for housing the remains of the dead, and sometimes their possessions. The word is used in a broad sense to encompass a number of such types of places of burial.

## Ancient Egypt 
Tombs were used in the Ancient Egyptian period where the bodies or possessions of Pharaohs were stored or buried inside a pyramid after mummification, where the pharaohs’ bodies would have their organs removed, their bodies covered with salt and then wrapped in bandages and a portrait panel of the pharaoh placed over the face, or death mask.

## Related pages 
*Cenotaph
Jupiter, Florida

**Jupiter** is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. It is named after the Roman god Jupiter. The town is a suburb of Miami.

According to the United States census, there were 61,047 people living in Jupiter in 2020. Some famous people who were born in or lived in Jupiter are: Tori Amos, Celine Dion, and Burt Reynolds.

## References
## Other websites
* Jupiter official website
* Jupiter Florida Online Guide
* Jupiter Tequesta Juno Beach Chamber of Commerce 
* Jupiter Courier Newspaper 
* Jupiter GIS Map 
* Florida Atlantic University
* Jupiter Lighthouse Pictures
* Jupiter Florida
Nix (moon)

**Nix** is a non-spherical moon of Pluto. It was found along with Hydra in June 2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope Pluto Companion Search Team.

The discovery images were taken on May 15, 2005 and May 18, 2005; the moons were independently found by Max J. Mutchler on June 15, 2005 and Andrew J. Steffl on August 15, 2005. The discoveries were announced on October 31, 2005, after confirmation from photographs archived in 2002. The moon were designated **S/2005 P 1** (Hydra) and **S/2005 P 2** (Nix).  Nix is slightly fainter than Hydra, suggesting that it is somewhat smaller in size.

Early research appeared to show that Nix was reddish like Pluto and unlike the other moons, but more recent reports have been that it is grey like the remaining moons.

Nix was visited along with Pluto by the *New Horizons* mission in 2015.

The formal name "Nix", from the Greek goddess of darkness and night, and mother of Charon, was announced on June 21, 2006 on IAU Circular 8723, where the designation **Pluto II** is also given. Together with Hydra, Pluto's third moon, the initials are those of the *New Horizons* probe. The initial proposal was to use the Classical spelling Nyx, but to avoid confusion with the asteroid 3908 Nyx, this was changed to "the Egyptian spelling of the Greek name".

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nix Profile  by NASA's Solar System exploration
* Background information regarding our two newly discovered satellites of Pluto  – The discoverers' website
* NASA's Hubble reveals possible new moons around Pluto – Hubble press release
* Two more moons discovered orbiting Pluto (SPACE.com)
* Pluto's newest moons named Hydra and Nix (SPACE.com)
* [(Final preprint)
Anticyclone

In meteorology, an **anticyclone** (that is, opposite to a cyclone) is a weather event where there is a downward movement of  air and a high pressure area over the part of the planet's surface affected by it. It usually indicates clear skies. It has steady and calm wind moving away from its eye (cyclone).

## Other websites
* Intertropical Convergence Zone photo  - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Dvorak technique

The **Dvorak technique** (developed in 1974 by Vernon Dvorak) is a widely used system to subjectively estimate tropical cyclone intensity based solely on visible and infrared satellite images. Several agencies issue Dvorak numbers for cyclones of sufficient intensity. These include the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA).

## References
## Other websites
;Agencies issuing Dvorak intensity estimates
* UW-CIMSS (Advanced Dvorak Technique)
* NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch
* Air Force Weather Agency 
* About the TAFB
;Other
* [Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysis and Forecasting from Satellite Imagery](http://ams.allenpress.com/pdfserv/10.1175%2F1520-0493(1975)103%3C0420:TCIAAF%3E2.0.CO%3B2) Dvorak, 1974. (PDF, 1.3 MB)
* Dvorak Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Biases Determined from Reconnaissance-based "Best Track" Data (1997-2003) Franklin and Brown
* The Dvorak Technique Through Time Dr. Jack Beven. (WRF File. Requires WebEx player)
Tägerwilen

**Tägerwilen** is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Thundorf, Switzerland

**Thundorf** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Ferdinand (moon)

|-
! align="left" | Atmospheric pressure
| 0 kPa
|}
**Ferdinand** is the farthest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Dan Milisavljevic, and Brett J. Gladman on August 13, 2001 and given the designation **S/2001 U 2**.

Despite being seen again on September 21 and November 15 and even a year later on August 13 and September 5, 2002, it was eventually lost. It was finally refound on September 24, 2003 by Scott S. Sheppard on images taken by David C. Jewitt and himself on August 29-30 and September 20 of that year. Confirming observations were made by Holman on September 30.

Designated **Uranus XXIV** it was named after the son of the King of Naples in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*.

## Orbit
Ferdinand is the farthest known moon of Uranus. It follows a retrograde, fairly inclined but very eccentric orbit.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

## Related pages
*List of Uranus' moons

## References
*Ephemeris (IUA)http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NatSats/NaturalSatellites.html
*Mean orbital parameters (NASA)http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem

## Other websites
*Ferdinand Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
5 Astraea

**5 Astraea** (written **Astræa** in the early literature) is a big main belt asteroid. Its surface is very reflective (bright) and what it's made of is probably a mixture of nickel-iron with magnesium- and iron-silicates. The adjectival form of the name, although unused, would be *Astraean* (which also designates a genus of star corals).

. Astrea is the fifth from the left.]]
Astraea was the fifth asteroid found, on December 8, 1845 by K. L. Hencke. It was his first of two asteroid discoveries. The second was 6 Hebe. An amateur astronomer and post office employee, Hencke was looking for 4 Vesta when he stumbled on Astraea. The King of Prussia awarded him with an annual pension of 300 US$ (1968 dollars) for the discovery.

Photometry indicates prograde rotation, that the north pole points in the direction of right ascension 9 h 52 min, declination 73° with a 5° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 33°.

Astrea is physically unremarkable but notable mainly because for 38&nbsp;years (after the discovery of Vesta in 1807) it had been thought that there were only four asteroids. In terms of maximum brightness, it is indeed only the *seventeenth brightest* main belt asteroid, being fainter than 192 Nausikaa and even, at rare near-perihelion oppositions, the highly eccentric carbonaceous 324 Bamberga.

After the discovery of Astraea, thousands of other asteroids would follow. Indeed, the discovery of Astrea proved to be the starting point for the eventual demotion of the four original asteroids (which were regarded as planets at the time) to their current status, as it became apparent that these four were only the biggest of a whole new type of celestial body.

There has been only one seen stellar occultation by Astraea (February 2, 1991).

## References 
*  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris

## Other websites 
* AN **23** (1846) 393 (in German)
* MNRAS **7** (1846) 27
Hydra (moon)

**Hydra** is the farthest moon of Pluto. It was found along with Nix in June, 2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope's Pluto Companion Search Team, which is composed of Hal A. Weaver, Alan Stern, Max J. Mutchler, Andrew J. Steffl, Marc W. Buie, William J. Merline, John R. Spencer, Eliot F. Young, and Leslie A. Young. The discovery images were taken on May 15, 2005 and May 18, 2005; the moons were independently found by Max J. Mutchler on June 15, 2005 and Andrew J. Steffl on August 15, 2005. The discoveries were announced on October 31, 2005, after confirmation by precoveries from 2002. The moons were provisionally designated **S/2005 P 1** (Hydra) and **S/2005 P 2** (Nix).  Pre-discovery data from Hubble observations in 2002-3 inferred that Nix was the brighter moon.  Hydra appears to be grey like Charon and Nix, though Pluto is reddish.

The *New Horizons* mission visited the area of Pluto and photographed its satellites in 2015. Hydra was on the far side of Pluto and the pictures were less good than of the others.

The name *Hydra* was announced on June 21, 2006, in IAU Circular 8723, along with the formal designation **Pluto III**. It was named after Hydra, the monster who guarded the waters of Pluto/Hades's underworld in Greco-Roman mythology.

## References

# (Final preprint)

## Other websites
* Hydra Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* NASA's Hubble Reveals Possible New Moons Around Pluto – Hubble press release
* Two More Moons Discovered Orbiting Pluto (SPACE.com)
* Pluto's Newest Moons Named Hydra and Nix (SPACE.com)
* Hydra at ESA/Hubble
Grand Cayman

**Grand Cayman** is the largest of the three Cayman Islands at about 196 km² and contains the capital George Town. Towns on the island are referred to as "districts".

The island is a popular tourist spot because of its coral reefs. Snorkeling and scuba diving are popular activities.

Owen Roberts International Airport serves the island with domestic and international flights.

## Other websites
* 
* Cayman Islands Government 
* Grand Cayman) on Google Maps.
Central Nacional de Televisão

**Central Nacional de Televisão** or **CNT** is a television network in Curitiba, Brazil. It was created by Paraná state for all Brazil on March 15, 1979.

## Other websites
* http://www.cnt.com.br/
Dropsonde

.]]
A **dropsonde** is a weather reconnaissance device created by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), designed to be dropped from an aircraft at altitude to more accurately measure (and therefore track) tropical storm conditions as the device falls to the ground. The dropsonde contains a GPS receiver, along with pressure, temperature, and humidity (PTH) sensors to capture atmospheric profiles and thermodynamic data. It typically relays these data to a computer in the aircraft by radio transmission. The device's descent is usually slowed by a parachute, allowing for more readings to be taken before it reaches the water beneath.

## Other websites
* Home page of NOAA's Aircraft Operations Center--includes info on dropsondes and the missions where dropsondes are used 
* Site about the development of a dropsonde 
* Company that makes them
Pressure gradient

In atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the **pressure gradient** (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length. The SI unit is pascal per metre (Pa/m).

## Other websites
* IPCC Third Assessment Report
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

The **Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory** (**GFDL**) is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).

## Other websites
* National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
* NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
* Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
* NOAA GFDL ranking among the Top 500 Supercomputer Sites
8 Flora

**8 Flora** is a big, bright, main belt asteroid. It is the closest *big* asteroid: no asteroid closer to the Sun has a diameter above 25&nbsp;kilometres or two-elevenths that of Flora itself, and not until the tiny 149 Medusa was found was a single asteroid orbiting at a closer mean distance known. It is the seventh brightest asteroid with a mean opposition magnitude of +8.7. Flora can reach a magnitude of +7.9 at a favorable opposition near perihelion, such as will occur in mid November 2007.

## Discovery and naming 
Flora was found by J. R. Hind on October 18, 1847. It was his second asteroid discovery after 7 Iris.

The name Flora was proposed by John Herschel, from Flora, the Latin goddess of flowers and gardens, wife of Zephyrus (the personnification of the West wind), mother of Spring, and whose Greek equivalent is Chloris (who has her own asteroid, 410 Chloris).

## Characteristics 
Flora is the parent body of the Flora family of asteroids, and by far the biggest member, having about 80% of the total mass of this family. But Flora was almost certainly disrupted by the impact(s) that formed the family, and is probably an aggregate of most of the pieces.

Flora's spectrum indicates that its surface is made of a mixture of silicate rock (including pyroxene and olivine) and nickel-iron metal. Flora, and the whole Flora family generally, are good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites. This meteorite type comprises about 38% of all meteorites impacting the Earth.

## Notable facts 
During an observation on March 25, 1917, 8 Flora was mistaken for the star TU Leonis, which led to that star's classification as a U Geminorum cataclysmic variable star. This mistake was uncovered only in 1995.

## References 
## Other websites 
* shape model deduced from lightcurve 
* "Announcement of discovery of Flora", MNRAS **8** (1848) 82
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java)
* 8 Flora at opposition Nov 15th, 2007 (0.89AU from Earth)
*  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris.
Puerto Morelos

at Puerto Morelos in February 2007]]

**Puerto Morelos** is a town in Quintana Roo, Mexico's easternmost state, on the Yucatán Peninsula.

There are two parts to Puerto Morelos. The original coastal fishing village is now a laid-back, mixed-use neighborhood of private homes, hotels, condominiums, restaurants, and tourist shops. The second part is about 2 km inland and adjacent to Highway 307, on the western side. The inland portion is mainly single level dwellings for the local workers.
Cabo Catoche

**Cabo Catoche** or **Cape Catoche**, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, is the northernmost point on the Yucatán Peninsula. It is about 53&nbsp;km (33 miles) north of the city of Cancún.
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

The **Servicio Meteorologíco Nacional** (SMN) is Mexico's national weather organization. It collects data and issues forecasts, advisories, and warnings for the entire country.

## Other websites
* Servicio Meteorologico Nacional
Fred and George Weasley

**Fred** and **George Weasley** are characters in J.K. Rowling's *Harry Potter* series. They are twins and brothers of Harry Potter's best friend Ron Weasley; younger than Bill, Charlie, and Percy, but older than Ginny and Ron. They're in the middle of the seven Weasley children.  They have red hair and are proud to be Weasleys. In the movies, both twins are tall and skinny. In the books they are described as shorter and stockier than Ron. 

Although these two are not very big characters in the seven-book installment, they play some big roles in a few books. In *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban*, the twins show Harry the Marauder's Map that they found that leads to many useful and helpful things. In *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* (their seventh year), the two escape Hogwarts and the new Defense Against The Dark Arts teacher, Professor Umbridge and left a fantastic fireworks show and a giant "W". The students found it amusing and use the phrase "rolling a Weasley" to describe disappointment at something and wanted to go away. Fred and George are also involved in Harry's big study group that is called D.A. (Dumbledore's Army). In the beginning of *Half-Blood Prince*, Ron, Hermione, and Harry, followed by Ginny, Mrs. and Mr. Weasley, visit the twins in their new joke shop. They are excited to see them and show all their new joke shop supplies. In *Deathly Hallows*, Fred Weasley gets killed outside the room of requirement by an explosion presumably by Augustus Rookwood, breaking the hearts of many Harry Potter fans. George gets his ear accidentally cut off by Severus Snape using Sectumsempra. George marries Angelina Johnson.

Fred and George are usually described as determined, mischievous, and very sneaky. They get scolded by their mother, Molly Weasley for many things that they  do (for example, Apparating right in front of her eyes in *Order of the Phoenix*.)

The actors who portrayed Fred and George are James and Oliver Phelps respectively. Oliver is actually the older twin, but Fred is older than George. Two differences between the Phelps twins is that Oliver has a mole on the right side of his neck, while James does not and James has a slightly deeper voice than Oliver.
Umbriel (moon)

{{Infobox planet
| name               = Umbriel
| alt_names          = Uranus II
| pronounced         =   Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848. Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's *The Rape of the Lock*, and the name suggests the Latin *umbra*, shadow. The adjectival form of the name is *Umbrielian*.

It is also designated **Uranus&nbsp;II**.

## Physical characteristics 
So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the *Voyager 2* probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon. It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active.  It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane.  Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles.  Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.

### Craters 
Craters on Umbriel are named after many different demons from various mythologies.

## Other websites 
* Umbriel Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* William Lassell, *Astronomical Journal* **2** (1851) 70
* AN, **33** (1852) 257/258
* AN, **34** (1852) 325/326
* Uranus and moons  as seen by the VLT in August 2007

## Notes 
## References
Gulf Shores, Alabama

**Gulf Shores** is a coastal city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,014.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Gulf Shores 
* Live Weather for Gulf Shores/Orange Beach: http://gswx.net/live.php
Orange Beach, Alabama

**Orange Beach** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 8,095. The city hosts popular annual events such as Viking longboat races, dolphin riding competitions, and para-gliding over the locally famous Bear Point Canyon.

## References
Key West, Florida

** Key West** is a city and an island of the same name near the southernmost tip of the Florida Keys and the Continental US.  It is the county seat of Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is at 24°33′N 81°46′W and is about  south-southwest of Miami and about  north-northeast of Havana in Cuba.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official City Website
* Chamber of Commerce Website 
* Monroe County School District Key West Public Schools
* Oldest Hotel in Key West 
* Key West Art Galleries
* A photographic tour of Key West 
* Getting to Key West, the road down US1 
* Sanborn Insurance Historical Maps of Key West
Emma Watson

**Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson** (born 15 April 1990) is an English model, activist, and former actress. She is known for playing Hermione Granger in the *Harry Potter* movie series alongside Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint. 

Outside of *Harry Potter*, she has acted in several other movies. She is also well known for her leading role in *Beauty and the Beast*. She became the UN Women Goodwill Ambassador in July 2014. As late as 2019, Watson performed in the film adaption of *Little Women,* playing Meg. She is also an activist for gender equality.

## Early life and education
Emma Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris, France to English father Chris Watson and French mother Jacqueline Luesby. Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until the age of five. Her parents divorced when she was young, and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her father's house in London. She has said she speaks some French, though "not as well" as she used to. At age 5, Watson was diagnosed with primarily hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, a condition for which she has been medicated ever since. After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother, she attended the Dragon School, remaining there until 2003. and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts, a part-time theatre school where she studied singing, dancing, and acting.

== Family  in Chablis and Jacqueline Luesby, a French lawyer that work mostly in England. Emma Watson is half French by her mother side. Watson also has three half-siblings on her father side, Toby, Lucy and Nina, and two step-siblings on her mother side.        

## Fashion 
As Watson has grown older, she has become more interested in fashion. She says that she thinks fashion is like art, which she studied in school. In September 2008, she told a blogger, "I've been focusing on art a lot, and fashion's a great  of that."

In 2008, the British news reported that Watson was going to be the model for the fashion house Chanel instead of Keira Knightley, but both Watson and Knightley said that this was not true. In June 2009, Watson said that she would be helping Burberry by being a part of their new Autumn/Winter 2009 collection. She was later a part of Burberry's 2010 Spring/Summer campaign with her brother Alex, musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour, and Max Hurd.

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites
*
9 Metis

:*For the moon of Jupiter, see Metis (moon).*

**9 Metis** is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made of silicates and metallic nickel-iron, and may be the core remnant of a big asteroid that was destroyed by an ancient collision.

## Discovery and naming 
. 9 Metis is second from right.]]
Metis was found by Andrew Graham on April 25, 1848; it was his only asteroid discovery. It is also the only asteroid to have been found as a result of observations from Ireland. Its name comes from the mythological Metis, a Titaness and Oceanid, daughter of Tethys and Oceanus. The name *Thetis* was also considered and rejected (it would later devolve to 17 Thetis).

## Characteristics 
Metis' direction of rotation is unknown at present.

Hubble space telescope images and lightcurve analyses in agreement with the shape model from lightcurves.

What the surface is made of has been estimated as 30-40% metal-bearing olivine and 60-70% Ni-Fe metal. Later searches with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993 found no moons.

## References 
## Other websites 
* shape model deduced from lightcurve 
* "Notice of discovery of Metis", MNRAS **8** (1848) 146
* Irish Astronomical History: Markree Castle Observatory and The Discovery of the Asteroid Metis 
*  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris.
Ely

**Ely** is used as a name in several ways including:
## Places 
* Ely, Cambridgeshire, England
* Ely, Cardiff, Wales
* Ely, Nevada
* Ely, Minnesota
* Ely, Iowa
* Ely Place, Camden
* Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation, Nevada
* Ely Township, Michigan
* The Isle of Ely, England
* River Ely, Wales
* Taff-Ely, a local government district in Wales from 1974 to 1996

## People named Ely 
* Ely Buendia, a Filipino musician
* Ely Callaway, founder of Callaway Golf
* Eugene Burton Ely, aviation pioneer
* Joe Ely, a honky-tonk/country musician
* John Ely (further list)
* Melvin Ely, an American professional basketball player
* Michael Ely, an author
* Richard T. Ely, an American economist
* Ron Ely, stage name of an American actor born Ronald Pierce
* Smith Ely, Jr., a mayor of New York City
* William Ely, an Australian politician
* Saint Ermenilda of Ely, daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent and Saint Seaxburh of Ely.
* Nicholas of Ely,  Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century
* Saint Seaxburh of Ely, an Anglo-Saxon princess, abbess and saint

## Other uses 
* Diocese of Ely, a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury
* Ely (band) from North England
* Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field
* Ely-Criglar House (also known as the Francis R. Ely House), a historic site in Marianna, Florida
* Ely Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge
* Ely Racecourse, Cardiff
* Ely railway station 
* Marquess of Ely (also Earl of Ely), a title in the peerage of Ireland

## Acronym
**ELY** may refer to:
* ELY is the ICAO airline code for El Al.
* Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field, has IATA code *ELY*.
* Ely railway station has National Rail code *ELY*.
* Elyria, Ohio rail station has Amtrak station code *ELY*.
* Callaway Golf Company has NYSE code *ELY*.
Rupert Grint

**Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint** (; born 24 August 1988) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Ron Weasley, one of the three main characters in the *Harry Potter* series of movies.  He was cast as Weasley at age eleven. Before that, Grint had acted only in school plays and his local theatre group. From 2001 to 2011, he starred in all eight *Harry Potter* movies.

Grint started to work outside of the *Harry Potter* franchise in 2002. He had a main role in *Thunderpants*. In 2006, he was in *Driving Lessons*, a dramedy movie. He was also in *Cherrybomb* in 2010. Grint was in the comedy *Wild Target*  with Bill Nighy and Emily Blunt. His first movie project after the *Harry Potter* series was in the 2012 anti-war movie *Into the White.* In 2013, his movie *CBGB* was released. That same year, he was cast in CBS's program *Super Clyde*. His first work on stage was in *Mojo* in October 2013. It was at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London. In 2014, he was the voice of the character of Josh in *Postman Pat: The Movie*. From 2017 to 2018, he executive-produced and starred in the programme *Snatch*, It was based on the movie of the same name. Since 2019, he has been in the Apple TV+ horrorseries *Servant*.

Grint supports several charitable causes. Since 2011, he has been in a relationship with actress Georgia Groome. They have two daughters, Wednesday (born May 2020)

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
### Video games
### Stage
### Music
### Other roles
## Related pages
* Daniel Radcliffe
* Emma Watson
* Tom Felton

## References
## Other websites
*
Ministry for Intra-German Relations

The **Federal Ministry of Intra-German Relations** () was a federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was responsible for all relations with the East German government. This was because the West German government said there should be only one Germany. This meant they could not use the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because they could not admit that East Germany was a foreign country.

The ministry was created in 1949 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs (). This ministry was also in charge of matters about the German lands east of the Oder-Neisse-Line which had become a part of Poland. The ministry was renamed in 1969 when Willy Brandt signed a treaty with Poland which said that Poland's western border was along the Oder and Neisse Rivers. This was part of Willy Brandt's ideas of Ostpolitik. At that time Poland was under a communist government. They could not allow West Germany to sign a treaty about East Germany's borders, which is why the treaty says "the western border of Poland" and not "the border between Germany and Poland".

The ministry was abolished in 1991, about one year after German Reunification, after helping with the change to one country. All "intra-German affairs" are now jobs of the Ministry of the Interior.  The Minister of the Interior is now also *Commissioner for the New Bundesländer* to show that there is still some work to make all  of the states equal.

## Ministers
## Publications 
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *SBZ von A-Z*, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1. bis 10. Aufl., 1953 bis 1966, ca. 500 Seiten.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Sowjetische Auffassungen zur Deutschlandfrage 1945 – 1954. Dargestellt nach amtlichen Dokumenten*, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1954.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Wer ist wer in der SBZ? Ein biographisches Handbuch*, Verlag für Internationalen Kulturaustausch, Berlin, 1958.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Die Situation der Jugend im kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem der SBZ Deutschlands* in *Bonner Berichte aus Mittel- und Ostdeutschland*, Bonn – Berlin, 1960.
* BMgF (Hrsg.): *Die Bemühungen der Bundesrepublik um Wiederherstellung der Einheit Deutschlands durch gesamtdeutsche Wahlen. Dokumente und Akten.* I. Teil, Oktober 1949 – Oktober 1953, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1958.
Karl Carstens

**Karl Walter Claus Carstens** (14 December 1914 - 29 May 1992) was a German politician. He served as the fifth Federal President of West Germany.

## Biography 
Born in Bremen, Carstens studied law and political science at the universities of Frankfurt am Main, Dijon, Munich, Königsberg, and Hamburg from 1933 to 1936. In 1949 he received a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree from Yale Law School.

Carstens joined the Nazi Party in 1940. This was when he was a law clerk. He said he had to join the party or he would not be treated fairly. But this does not explain why Carstens had joined the SA, another Nazi party group, in 1933.

In 1955 he joined the CDU.

In July 1960 Carstens started to work for the government. He was a secretary of state in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year he was also appointed as professor for public and international law at Cologne University. During the Grand coalition government (1966-1969), he was in the Ministry of Defence, and in 1968 he became Director of the Chancellor's Office.

In 1972 Carstens was elected into the Bundestag. He stayed a member until 1979. He often spoke against the left-wing ideas in German society and accused the governing SPD of being to soft on left-wing extremists. He also famously denounced the author Heinrich Böll as a supporter of the Baader-Meinhof Gang.

On 14 December 1976, the CDU/CSU became the largest group in parliament, and Carstens was elected president of the Bundestag.

On 23 May 1979 Carstens was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Carstens was well known for hiking around Germany during his term in order to decrease the gulf between politics and the people.

In December 1982, the recently elected Chancellor Helmut Kohl deliberately lost a motion of confidence in order to hold new general elections. On 7 January 1983, President Carstens dissolved the Bundestag and called for new elections. In February 1983 the Federal Constitutional Court said that deliberately losing the vote was allowed, so the general elections could take place.

In 1984 he decided not to seek a second term on account of his age and left office on 30 June 1984.

## Literature 
* Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), *Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person.* 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007,
East Sussex

**East Sussex** is a county created on 1 April 1974. It is in South East England.

## Location 
It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.
Goodbye (Eurovision song)

"**Goodbye**" was the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997.

## Performance 
The song was performed in Bosnian by Alma Čardžić.

## Meaning 
The song is about the singer asking her lover not to end their relationship. She suggests many things that he could do, just as long as he does not "say the two words, which mean it's over" (the two words being "Goodbye, darling" – "''''" in Bosnian).
Norbert Lammert

**Norbert Lammert** (born 16 November 1948 in Bochum) is a German politician, and a member of the CDU party.

After military service Lammert studied political science, sociology, modern history and social economics at the  of Bochum and the University of Oxford (England) from 1969 to 1975. He graduated in 1972 but carried on studying to get a doctorate in social sciences in 1975.

Although he has worked as a lecturer, Lammert became a member of the Bochum City Council in 1975. He was elected to the Bundestag in 1980, and has been a member ever since.

Lammert was a Vice-President of the Bundestag from October 2002 to 18 October 2005, when he became President.

In 2005, he was elected the President of the Bundestag, the German parliament. Even though the President of the Bundesrat acts as deputy for the Federal President, according to the German order of precedence, Lammert, as President of the Bundestag, is Germany's highest ranking official after the Federal President.

## Literature
*Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), *Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person.* 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007, 

## References 
## Other websites
* Official biography at the Bundestag 
* Lammert's website
Amarna

and three of their daughters. This detail shows Nefertiti with Meketaten seated on her lap and Ankhesenpaaten leaning against her. 18th dynasty, reign of Akhenaten]]

**Amarna** ( *al-‘amārnä*) is on the east bank of the Nile in the modern Egyptian province of Minya. It is a big archaeological site. It has the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC), and abandoned shortly afterwards. The Amarna period is the time when Amarna was the capital.

"Amarna" is the Arabic name for the place. The name for the city used by the ancient Egyptians is written as *Akhetaten* in English. It translates to "the Horizon of the Aten" (*Akh-t-Aten*).

## Amarna art 
The Amarna art-style broke with the old Egyptian conventions. It showed its people more realistically. It included informal scenes, such as affection within the royal family or playing with their children. It no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art had a realism that sometimes shocks. This art had a more lasting legacy than the religion.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The University of Cambridge's Amarna Project
* Amarna Art Gallery Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the Amarna period.
* Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets
* Satellite image
* M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection-
Decomposer

on this tree is a decomposer]]

A **decomposer** is an organism that breaks down long chain polymers from dead organisms into smaller molecules. Decomposers are bacteria and fungi. What they do is use the parts and energy to build up their own materials, which are also organic. 

Decomposers are heterotrophs. This means they use organic substrates to get their energy, carbon and nutrients for growth and development.   

Decomposers break down cells of other organisms using biochemical reactions without need for internal digestion. This is different from detritivores, which actually digest dead organic matter.

Decomposition also involves abiotic decomposition. This is breakdown by chemical processes, such as hydrolysis, or physical processes, such as heat. This turns organic material into inorganic material, and so returns nutrients to the environment.

## Related pages
*Mushrooms
*Microbes
*Ecosystems
*Producers
*Consumers

## References
James Hetfield

**James Alan Hetfield** (born August 3, 1963) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is an original member of the heavy metal band Metallica.

## Personal life
Hetfield married his wife Francesca Tomasi on August 17, 1997. They have three children.

## References
Saleisha Stowers

**Saleisha Stowers** is the winner of the 9th season of America's Next Top Model, a model competition on 2007. She was born on January 10, 1986 and is now a model with Elite Model Management. Stowers also won CoverGirl cosmetics worth $100,000 and a cover on a magazine called Seventeen.

## Before'' America's Next Top Model''
Stowers worked at a service counter. She joined a camp by model Tyra Banks called T-Zone because she had no confidence in herself. After the camp, she had more confidence and became more contented as a person. Stowers was in the sixth season of the competition as a minor model with a one-second appearance. She also was a model on Tyra Banks' show.

## ''America's Next Top Model''
Stowers joined the ninth season of America's Next Top Model and became one of the 13 girls to become contestants. She dated judge Nigel Barker in the show.

## Controversy
Stowers knew Tyra Banks, which made some people think it was unfair to the other girls. Stowers also was in an advertisement before the contest. The rule states that contestants must not be in advertisements in the previous five years.
Tyra Banks

gala]]
]]
**Tyra Banks** (born December 4, 1973 in Inglewood, California) is an American supermodel and actress. She is hosts her television programs, ''America's Next Top Model* and the popular *The Tyra Banks Show*.

Tyra is  tall. She is the CEO of her own company, TYInc. She was the first African American model to appear on the cover of *Sports Illustrated* Swimsuit Edition. Tyra is the "Youth Correspondent" for the *Oprah Winfrey Show''. She signed modeling contract with the Elite Agency when she was 15 years old. Before she signed, Tyra planned on attending Loyola Marymount University.

## Acting 
## References
America's Next Top Model

'''''America's Next Top Model''''' is a reality television series created and hosted by supermodel Tyra Banks. It began in 2003 on UPN. It moved to The CW for its seventh cycle in 2006 when it replaced UPN. After 22 cycles, the show has been canceled with the last episode is going to be aired on December 4, 2015

## Overview
A group of contestants are chosen to live together in the Top Model House and compete to become America's Next Top Model. Each week, one girl is asked to leave (called 'elimination') because she does not have the standard and ability to become a top model. The elimination is based on a photoshoot or a commercial and the reward challenge is different every week. The last few girls travel to another country (France, Italy, Japan, China, Thailand etc.) to continue the competition. Near the end, they will do a CoverGirl commercial. Then, the last girls appear in a final runway show against each other. The winner is then chosen by the group of judges that includes Tyra Banks and others.

## Judges
**Current Judges:**
*Tyra Banks - main judge, supermodel (Cycle 1 - 22)
*Kelly Cutrone - PR maven (Cycle 18 - 22)
*J. Alexander (Miss Jay) - male runway coach (Cycle 5 - 13, 21 - 22)

**Previous Judges:**
*Kimora Lee Simmons - fashion company owner (Cycle 1)
*Beau Quillian - fashion editor for *Marie Claire* (Cycle 1)
*Janice Dickinson - (Cycle 1 - 4)
*Eric Nicholson - fashion editor for Jane (Cycle 2)
*Nigel Barker - a fashion photographer (Cycle 2 - 18)
*Nole Marin - make-up artist (Cycle 3 - 4)
*Twiggy - supermodel (Cycle 5 - 9)
*Paulina Porizkova - top model ( Cycle 10 - 12)
*André Leon Talley - fashion editor (cycle 14 - 17)
*Rob Evans - male supermodel (Cycle 19 - 20)
*Johnny Wujek - photoshoot creative director (Cycle 19 - 20)

## Cycles
### Spin-Offs
This show has many spin offs, some of them aren't produced anymore. Here are the most important:
* Britain's and Ireland's Next Top Model
* Australia's Next Top Model
* Germany's Next Top Model

## References
François Fillon

**Francois Fillon**, (born 4 March 1954) is a former Prime Minister of France. He was born in Le Mans. Nicolas Sarkozy gave him the job on 17 May 2007. He resigned on 15 May 2012, following the defeat of Sarkozy in the presidential elections.

In 2017, Fillon ran for President of France and at some point was seen as the front-runner. However, following an embezzlement investigation his popularity decreased and lost the first round to Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen.

On February 24, 2020, Fillon became one of the few Prime Ministers to ever go on !trial. On June 29, 2020, he was convicted of fraud and sentenced to five years in prison.

## References
## Other websites
1121

## Events 
* Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Abélard's writings on the Holy Trinity. Later in the year, Canon Fulbert (not to be confused with Fulbert of Chartres (960-1028)), uncle of Heloise, has Abélard castrated.
* Reading Abbey is founded.
* David the Builder, King of Georgia, with the army of 55,000 defeats the 200,000-strong Muslim coalition troops at Didgori, Eastern Georgia.

## Deaths 
* December 11 — Al-Afdal Shahanshah, Caliph of Egypt (b. 1066)
* William of Champeaux, French philosopher
* Zhou Tong, archery teacher and second military arts tutor of famous Song Dynasty General Yue Fei.
1122

## Events 
* September 23 — Resolution of Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms.
* Pierre Abélard writes *Sic et Non*.
* Battle of Beroia

## Births 
* Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England (approximate date) (d. 1204).
* Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1190).

## Deaths 
* Alexander I of Scotland, king of Scots
* Ralph d'Escures, archbishop of Canterbury
* Ilghazi, Ortoqid ruler of Mardin
* Arnulf of Montgomery, Anglo-Norman aristocrat (b. 1068)
* Margrave Ottokar II of Styria
1123

## Events 
* First Council of the Lateran confirms Concordat of Worms and demands that priests remain celibate.
* End of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
* Emperor Sutoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
* St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) founded in London, England.
* The Pactum Warmundi is established between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

## Births 
* Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (d. 1160)
* Leonardo Fibonacci, Mathematician born (d. 1209)

## Deaths 
* August 29 — Eystein I of Norway (b. around 1088)
* Wanyan Aguda, chieftain of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1068)
* Peter of Pappacarbone
1125

## Events 
* May 23 — Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V.
* War ends between Toulouse and Provence.
* The castle of Nassau is built.
* Magnus the Strong becomes ruler of Sweden.
* June 11 — The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Azaz.

## Births 
* Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1194)
* Lu You, Chinese poet (d. 1210)

## Deaths 
* January 24 — King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073).
* April 12 — Vladislav I of Bohemia.
* May 19 — Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev.
* May 23 — Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1081).
* October 21 — Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler.
* Eustace III of Boulogne.
* Ingold II, ruler of Sweden (b. 1105).
Amethyst (color)

The color **amethyst** is a moderate, transparent purple.  It is also known as a deep shade of lavender.  Its name is from the stone amethyst.  This stone is a form of quartz but it is not always purple. It was a very prized stone before more of it was found.

In a RGB color space, hex #9966cc (also known as Amethyst) is composed of 60% red, 40% green and 80% blue. Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 25% cyan, 50% magenta, 0% yellow and 20% black. It has a hue angle of 270 degrees, a saturation of 50% and a lightness of 60%.
## Color Codes
***RGB Decimal:** 153, 102, 204

***RGB Percent:** 60, 40, 80

***Hex triplet:** 9966cc

***HSL:** 270°, 50, 60