open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ngupulya Pumani

**Ngupulya Pumani** (born 1948 in Mimili) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Mimili, in the north-west of South Australia. She is part of a well-known family of artists, who belong to the Yankunytjatjara community. Her mother, Milatjari, and her sister, Betty Kuntiwa, are both successful painters. Ngupulya has paintings held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Ngupulya began painting in 2009, for Mimili's community art co-operative, Mimili Maku. She had been inspired to paint by her mother. Her first major exhibition was later that year in Alice Springs, at the annual "Desert Mob" show. Since then, her paintings have been exhibited in several cities around Australia, including twice at the Gallery Gabriella Pizzi in Melbourne.

Ngupulya's paintings depict scenes and concepts from her family's Dreaming. Her mother's *ngura* (homeland) is Antara, and her father's is near Watarru. Antara is a sacred place associated with the  (Witchetty Grub Dreaming), and Ngupulya most often paints stories from this Dreaming.

She uses pale, earthy colours in her backgrounds to depict the desert landscape, and this is contrasted with patterns of intense, bright dots and lines to represent symbols, figures and their journeys. Many of her techniques were taken from her mother, but used more consistently with her own . The results have been compared to the early works of Emily Kngwarreye.

## References
## Other websites
*Ngupulya Pumani  at Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi
*Ngupulya Pumani  at Marshall Arts
*Ngupulya Pumani at Aboriginal Signature Gallery
Chicago Loop

The **Loop** or **Chicago Loop** is one of 77 officially designated community areas in the City of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the historic commercial center of downtown Chicago. It is the seat of government for Chicago and Cook County, as well as the historic theater and shopping district.
 
As established in social research done by the University of Chicago in the 1920s, the Loop is a defined community area of Chicago. The name comes from the eleveated train tracks that form a loop. Chicago's central business district community area is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Roosevelt Road. But the commercial core has grown into adjacent community areas.
 
The community area includes Grant Park and one of the largest art museums in the United States, the Art Institute of Chicago. Other major cultural institutions here include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Goodman Theatre, the Joffrey Ballet, the Cloud Gate, the Willis Tower, the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the central public Harold Washington Library, and the Chicago Cultural Center.
 
In what is now the Loop Community Area, on the southern banks of the Chicago River, near today's Michigan Avenue Bridge, the U.S. Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803. It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States.

## References
## Other websites
*Chicago Loop Alliance 
*Prairie District Neighborhood Alliance Website
*City of Chicago Loop Community Map 
*Rand McNally 1893 Loop Sketches
Meat ant

The **meat ant** (*Iridomyrmex purpureus*), also called the **meat-eater ant**, is a species of ant found all around Australia. The ants are often used by farmers to clean the remaining meat off dead animals.
Smoked fish

in a homemade smoker. Smouldering at the bottom are hardwood wood chips. The sacking at the back is used to cover the racks while they are smoked.]]

**Smoked fish** are fish that have been cured by smoking.

Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. At first this was done as a preservative. Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process.

The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout.  A common name for cold-smoked salmon is **lox**.

In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces. 

Smoked fish is an important item in Russian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines.

English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". Now it is called kippers.
Thandiani

**Thandiani** (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort  in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan. 

## History
Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold  to some members of the famous Battye family  in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.

## Location
Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.

## Tourism
Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season. 

## Forests and wildlife
The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.
Marbled polecat

The **marbled polecat** (Vormela peregusna) is a small mammal in the Mustelinae subfamily.

The marbled polecat is found in grasslands from southeast Europe to Asia. It is found in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, northern India,  Mongolia and Kazakhstan.  Like other mustelines, if threatened it puts out a disgusting strong-smelling secretion from anal sacs under its tail.

## Sources 
## Other websites
Hasan Abdal

**Hasan Abdal** is an historic town in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Gurdwara *Sri Panja Sahib* shrine there, one of the most sacred places of Sikhism. 

## Other websites
*City of Hasan Abdal
Spirillum

**Spirillum** (plural **Spirilla**) is any bacterium that is shaped like a spiral. It is one of the three shapes of bacteria. The other two are Coccus and Bacillus.It can be said as Spiral Bacteria. 

Spirillum is also the name of a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Spirillaceae. The two species in the *Spirillum* genus are *Spirillum minus* and *Spirillum pulli*.
Iwa Shrine

is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu.

## History
*Iwa jinja* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of the old Harima Province.  It serves today as one of the *ichinomiya* of Hyōgo Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the *kami* named 

## References
## Other websites
Infrared spectroscopy

**Infrared spectroscopy** (sometimes called **Infrared spectrometry**) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of known substances, or of the structural properties of unknown substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds.  An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample. 

Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400&nbsp;cm−1, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200&nbsp;cm−1).
Vermin Supreme

**Vermin Love Supreme** (born June 1961) is an American politician, artist, anarchist, legend, and activist who ran for president in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024. He made promises to give a pony to all Americans, to have a Zombie-Apocalypse, and to have time travel research. He said the he will pass a law to order everyone to brush their teeth.

Supreme was born on June 1961 in Rockport, Massachusetts. He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland and in Boston, Massachusetts. Supreme studied at Gloucester High School.

## References
## Other websites
*Vermin Supreme  at Americans Elect
*Biography at Project Vote Smart
Gulgee

**Ismail Gulgee** (commonly known as just **Gulgee**) (October 25, 1926 – December 16, 2007) was a Pakistani artist born in Peshawar. 

He was a qualified engineer and a self-taught abstract artist and portrait painter. Exhibitions of his work were held in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Iran, United Arab Emirates, France and other countries.
Milatjari Pumani

**Milatjari Pumani** (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia. She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku. Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter.

## Life
Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia. She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili. When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well. The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park. Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them). Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey.

Before artists began to paint at Mimili, Milatjari produced traditional pokerwork designs on wooden blocks. She would teach her methods to younger workers. She did not begin painting until 2008, when she was about 80 years old. She painted for the community's art centre, Mimili Maku. Her works from 2008 were featured in Alice Springs later that year, at the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition. She was featured in the same exhibition again in 2009 and 2010, and on both occasions she was considered the most successful Mimili artist. She had a solo exhibition in 2009, which was held in Adelaide. In 2010 and 2011, she was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. One of her paintings was bought by the Art Gallery of South Australia, and several others are held in the National Gallery of Victoria.

## Artwork
Milatjari paints the *Maku Tjukurpa*, which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili. Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings. It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young. She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs (*maku*) while her father and brothers went hunting. *Antara* and *Ngura Walytja* (family's country) are common titles for her paintings.

Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara. She paints figures and stories from the *Maku Tjukurpa* using fields of dots. Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin.

## References
Shah Dara

**Shah Dara** or **Shahdara** or **Shahdara Bagh** (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River. 

The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times. 

Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby.
Jahangir

**Mirza Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim Baig** (known by his imperial name **Jahangir**)  (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.

Jahangir was the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the *Naam-i-Jahangiri* (also called the *Jahangir-name* by some). His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram rebelled in the last years of his reign. The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful.
In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. After his son Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power. He conquered many new territories both in the north and in the south especially through his most decorated general, Muhammad Beg Zulfiqar Khan. He died at Mirpur on his way back from Kashmir to Lahore. After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone.

He was buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan. After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power. Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued. 

He also consumed excessive amounts of opium, at one point employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs. 

]]
Sher Shah Suri

**Sher Shah Suri** (1486 – 22 May 1545) born **Farid Khan**, was the Afghan founder and Sultan of the Pashtun Sur Empire in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Delhi. 

The title *Sher Khan* ("" means lion and "" means king)  was given to him after he fought against a lion all by himself while he was serving the Afghan noble *Bahar Khan Lohani*. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier. His father Hasan Khan was a large landowner under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi.  Farid Khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar (landowner) and soon he rebelled and successfully overthrew the Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1540.

He ruled until 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion, he left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah Suri, who ruled for nine years. Islam Shah Suri was succeeded by his son Firoz Khan in 1554 however Firoz Khan was soon murdered, the empire then became weakened and in 1555 the Mughal ruler Humayun recaptured the lost Mughal territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah in Punjab, thus effectively ending the Surid dynasty.

## Background
Sher Shah Suri hailed from the *Sur* tribe of the Lodi confederacy.

## Military Campaigns 
Sher Shāh defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king, Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Punjab and areas as far north as Kashmir and as eastwards as Burma.

## Achievements 
Sher Shah was one of the greatest generals and administrators. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia' in use today by 1/4 of the world. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practiced religious tolerance. Sher Shah was also a devote Muslim ruler who prayed 5 times a day. 

## References
Shakir Ali

**Shakir Ali** (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher. 

He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution. He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan. 

## Museum
Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established. The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975. The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum.

The museum is in Lahore. It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers. PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management.

Some of his other paintings can also be seen at the Lahore Museum.

## Other websites
*Posthumous tribute to Ten Great Painters by Pakistan Post
Khattak

The **Khattak** (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province. 

A colony of the Khattaks are also settled at Saghri village, Jand Tehsil, Attock District of Punjab (Pakistan). 

The famous Pashto language poet of the 17th century AD, Khushal Khan Khattak, also belonged to this tribe.
Bethesda Softworks

**Bethesda Softworks** is an American video-games company. It was founded in the city of Bethesda, Maryland, but the headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland.

## History
Bethesda Softworks created its first video game in 1989, named *Gridiron*. From this game, they got a contract to make more popular games such as *Terminator* and the *Wayne Gretzki* series. A few games made by Bethesda won the Game of the Year Award, such as Fallout and *The Elder Scrolls* series. This second series consisted of 6 games: *Arena*, *Daggerfall*, *Redguard*, *Morrowind*, *Oblivion* and *Skyrim*.

## Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Game Studios (BGS) is the award-winning, in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks led by game director and executive producer Todd Howard.

In the past, not all BGS titles were published by the Softworks division. However, beginning with *The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion* for the PlayStation 3, Bethesda Softworks began publishing all Bethesda Game Studios games.

## References
*UESPWiki's Bethesda Article.
*Youtube - Todd Howard Interview (2008)

## Other websites
* 
* Moby
2012 NATO Summit in Chicago

The **2012 Chicago Summit** was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012.

This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town.  It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead.

People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe.

The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million.

At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration
*NatoProtest.org , protest website
*Full news coverage  at *NATO Review*
1968 Democratic National Convention

The **1968 Democratic National Convention** of the Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced that he would not seek re-election, the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Hawaii Democratic Senator Daniel Inouye. 
 
Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Maine Senator Edmund S. Muskie were nominated for president and vice president.
 
The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the June 5 assassination of the Democratic presidential hopeful New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York. Both Kennedy and Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Humphrey. Another candidate was South Dakota Senator George McGovern.
 
Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago Police Departtment during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, “A Festival of Life.” Riots and protests took place between demonstrators and the police, who were assisted by the Illinois National Guard. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. The network newsmen Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were roughed up by the police inside the halls of the convention.

## References
## Other websites
*1968 Democratic National Convention  at Smithsonian Magazine
*Chicago '68: A Chronology
*Chicago '68: An Introduction, by Dean Blobaum (2000)
John Andrews

**John Andrews** (1821 - after 1872) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean Expedition.

## Medal of Honor citation
Andrews' Medal of Honor  his conduct in action against Korean forts in June 1871. At the front of his a small boat, he measured the depth of shallow waters while under a heavy fire.

The words of Andrews' citation explain:
On board the *USS Benicia* in action against Korean forts on 9 and 10 June 1871. Stationed at the lead in passing the forts, Andrews stood on the gunwale on the *Benicia*'s launch, lashed to the ridgerope. He remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire.

## References
Sereno Peck Fenn

**Sereno Peck Fenn** (April 25, 1844 &ndash; January 3, 1927) was an American businessman. He was one of three main people who started the Sherwin-Williams Company. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A gift of $100,000 was left to Fenn College. It is now called Cleveland State University. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. He founded the YMCA building in Cracow, 8th Street Krowoderska, Poland.

## Other websites
*Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go? 
*Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK
*Fenn on Findagrave.com
Kinnaird College for Women

**Kinnaird College for Women** is a women's-only college in Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It was founded in 1913 by Christian missionaries during  the British Raj.

The college is the oldest full-fledged women's college in Pakistan and is now a semi-government institute recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The early students were mostly Christian. Now most of the students are Muslims.

## Other websites
*Official website
Government College University

**Government College University, Lahore** (formerly **Government College**, abbreviated **GCU**) is a co-ed public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 

The original college was opened during the British Raj on 1 January 1864. It is one of the oldest higher educational institutes in the country. Its first principal was Professor Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

In 1882, it was affiliated to the University of the Punjab, In 2002, it was given a separate charter as a university itself. The word "college" is still a part of the name because of its historical importance.

## References
Gawalmandi Food Street

**Gawalmandi Food Street** in Gawalmandi, Lahore, is a centre of traditional Pakistani food. It is located near the old walled part of the city and is surrounded by centuries-old buildings.

The Food Street is open to traffic in the morning but is closed to motorized vehicles at sunset. Visitors come and stay until late at night, enjoying some of the best local food available in the country. 

It is one of the unique tourist attractions in Lahore. It is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, except during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan when food is not served during the day.
Nur Jahan

, India. 17th century, most likely Nur Jahan]]
 by Bishandas c.1627]]
**Begum Nur Jahan** (also **Noor Jahan**, **Nur Jehan**, **Nor Jahan**, etc.) (1577–1645), also known as **Mehr-un-Nisaa Khanam**, was a Mughal Empress and  the 20th wife of the Emperor Jahangir. She was also an aunt of the later Empress Mumtaz Mahal.  

She is buried in Shah Dara, near Lahore, Pakistan.

With Nur Jahan's help, her father and brother became the chief advisers to the emperor, and soon the three of them were in practice running the empire. Eventually,  Nur Jahan signed the laws,  her name appeared on the coins,  and she was in effect the empress.  She did great charitable works, but her extravagances at court greatly strained the royal treasury.
Khushal Khan Khattak

**Khushal Khan Khattak** (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns. He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire. 

He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century. Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals.
Great Chicago Fire

The **Great Chicago Fire** was a large fire that started on Sunday October 8, 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The fire started out as nine separated fires. It burned until Tuesday October 10, 1871 when rain started to fall. 

The fire destroyed  and $192,000,000 in property.  About 100,000 people were left homeless. Three hundred people died. Because of a large fire the night before, firefighters were too tired to quickly put out these fires.

No one is sure what caused the fire. A legend says that it started when a cow knocked over a lantern in Catherine O'Leary's barn on De Koven Street.  

The oldest structure left standing in the area where the fire burned is the Couch family tomb. This stone tomb was built in 1858. 

Not all of the city was destroyed. Important places like the Stock Yards, where animals were slaughtered, were not damaged. Neither was the railroad system.

The second red star of the Chicago flag represents the fire.

## Gallery

File:Attributed to George N. Barnard - Untitled (Chicago after the Chicago Fire) - Google Art Project.jpg|Devastation
File:Great Chicago Fire cph.3b20287.jpg|October 9, 1871
File:Firefighting.jpg|Fighting the fire in O'Leary's barn
File:Mrsoleary.jpg|O'Leary and her cow
File:Olearyhouse.jpg|O'Leary house on De Koven Street

## References
## Other websites
* Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory
Stansted Mountfitchet

**Stansted Mountfitchet** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 5533 people living in Stansted Mountfitchet.

## References
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner

Professor Dr. **Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner** or **Gottlieb William Leitner** (14 October 1840, Budapest – 22 March 1899, Bonn) was a British Jewish orientalist of Hungarian roots.

From a very early age, he was a brilliant linguist. He is said to have learnt some fifty languages by the age of eighteen, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek. At twenty-three, he was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim studies, at the King's College London. 

In 1864, he was asked to become Principal of the new Government College Lahore in British India  (now in Pakistan) and he accepted and went there.  In 1882 he succeeded in helping establish the University of the Punjab. He dedicated himself fully to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he also helped establish many schools, libraries and literary associations in the Punjab region. He also travelled to a number of remote places such as Dardistan and Baltistan, and wrote several books.

He retired from educational service in India in 1886.

He is mentioned by MARC DAVID BAER in his article "Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus," p. 150.
Nemmersdorf massacre

The **Nemmersdorf massacre** was an event during World War II in which soldiers of the Red Army killed many civilians. During the war, Nemmersdorf was a village in East Prussia (it is now called Mayakovskoye, in Kaliningrad Oblast). The people living there were ethnic Germans. It was captured by the Red Army in October 1944. On 21 October, the Russian soldiers raped girls and women from the ages of 8 to 84 and then shot them.The total number killed is not known: reports talk of between 50 to 100 people. The event has been labelled a war crime.

## References 
* Brandenburg, Christel Weiss and Dan Laing. *Ruined by the Reich: Memoir of an East Prussian Family, 1916-1945*. McFarland & Company. 
* Dönhoff, Marion. *Namen die keiner mehr nennt*. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbücher Verlag, 1962.
* Fisch, Bernhard. *Nemmersdorf, Oktober 1944: Was in Ostpreußen tatsächlich geschah*. Berlin: 1997. 
* Samuel, Wolfgang. "War on the Ground", in *The War of Our Childhood: Memories of World War II*, University Press of Mississippi. 
* Thorwald, Jürgen.*Wielka ucieczka* (Große Flucht). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1998. 

## Further reading 
* Gerd R. Ueberschaer, (Hrsg.): *Orte des Grauens*. 2003
* Thorsten Hinz: *Eines der düsteren Kapitel* - Nemmersdorf: Neue Aspekte eines Verbrechens, in www.jungefreiheit.de 47/97 14. November 1997 
* Joachim Reisch: *Ein Storchennest als Mahnmal* - Ostpreußen: Ein Augenzeuge erinnert sich an das Massaker von Nemmersdorf, in www.jungefreiheit.de 08/98 13. February 1998 
* Archived website mirroring various reports about Nemmersdorf 
* German TV channel ZDF: Die Wahrheit über Nemmersdorf
King Island, Alaska

**King Island** is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska.

In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) paid for a research project. They brought a few King Island people back to the Island. Some of the people had not been back in 50 years.

James Cook was the first European to see the island in 1778. He named the island after a person in his group called James King. It is part of the Bering Sea piece of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge.

## Other websites 
* Ancient mask returned to Alaska ghost village, MSNBC, January 18, 2008
* Photogallery of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of King Island, Alaska , Oregon State University, October 28, 2008
* Munoz photographs - King Island early 1950s 
* Survey of a King Island kayak
Alaska Peninsula

s on the Alaskan Peninsula]]
The **Alaska Peninsula** is a peninsula of southwestern Alaska. It is between the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.

The Aleutian Range has volcanoes.

## Volcanoes
Volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc includes:

*Mount Adagdak
*Mount Akutan
*Mount Amak
*Mount Amukta
*Mount Aniakchak
*Augustine Volcano
*Black Peak
*Bogoslof Island
*Mount Carlisle
*Mount Chiginagak
*Cleveland Volcano
*Cold Bay Volcano
*Mount Dana
*Davidof Volcano
*Mount Denison
*Devils Desk
*Mount Douglas
*Mount Dutton
*Eickelberg Peak
*Mount Emmons
*Fourpeaked Mountain
*Mount Frosty
*Gareloi Volcano
*Great Sitkin
*Mount Gilbert
*Mount Griggs
*Hayes Volcano
*Mount Iliamna
*Isanotski Peaks
*Mount Kaguyak
*Mount Kanaga
*Kasatochi Island
*Mount Katmai
*Mount Kialagvik
*Kiska
*Korovin Volcano
*Mount Kukak
*Mount Kupreanof
*Mount Mageik
*Makushin Volcano
*Mount Martin
*Novarupta
*Nunivak Island
*Mount Okmok (or Okmok Caldera)
*Mount Pavlof
*Pavlof Sister
*Pogromni Volcano
*Mount Recheshnoi
*Mount Redoubt
*Saint Paul Island
*Mount Seguam
*Segula Island
*Semisopochnoi Island
*Mount Shishaldin
*Snowy Mountain
*Mount Spurr
*Mount Steller
*Tanaga
*Trident Volcano
*Ugashik-Peulik
*Mount Veniaminof
*Mount Vsevidof
*Mount Westdahl
*Yantarni Volcano

## References 
## Other websites 
*Alaska Peninsula on Thefreedictionary.com
Bible Lands Museum

The **Bible Lands Museum** ( - ) is a museum dedicated to the ancient countries and cultures in the Jewish Bible. The museum is located in Jerusalem, next to the Israel Museum and The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in Givat Ram.

## Other websites 
* The Bible Lands Museum
* The Bible Lands Museum  at ilMuseums.com
John Willis

**John Harlan Willis** (June 10, 1921 &ndash; February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Medal of Honor citation
Willis' Medal of Honor  his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites
*
Prophylaxis (chess)

**Prophylaxis** is a term in chess, as well as being a general idea. It was introduced by the grandmaster Aaron Nimzovich in his book *My system* in the 1920s. The term refers to actions taken by a player to  and  the opponent's plans, and moves of these type are often called *prophylactic moves*.

## Example #1 
One simple example of a prophylactic move is when a player moves a rook's pawn forward h3 or h6 to prevent a back rank mate, and at the same time prevent an enemy bishop or knight from occupying g4 or g5. In the example, mate was not an issue, but h3 was still played by world champion Karpov. Then he could develop his QB to the best place on e3. 

## Example #2 
Other examples are so subtle that club players would probably never think about them as possible moves. In the second example Nimzovich himself was playing black. In general, he wanted to turn his KP into a passed pawn by advancing it. However, the direct ...e5 does not work well, because the black king gets pushed back:
:1....  e5
:2.fxe5 fxe5
:3.g4+ hxg4
:4.hxg4+ Ke6
:5.Rd6+ and the black king is kept out of play.

Nimzovich found another way to go:

:1....  Rf8! and now after
:2.Be1  g5! is best because
:3.fxg5 fxg5
:4.g4+  hxg4
:5.hxg4+ Ke5+ wins the white rook.

To avoid this, White himself needs to play a prophylactic move, namely:
:2.Kg1. This would prevent the discovered check on the f-file. Nimzovich's opponent did not find this, and Black went on to win the game. The game was won and lost on the players' relative awareness of prophylactic moves.

## References
Lester Archer

**Lester Archer** (1838 - October 27, 1864) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

## Biography
Archer was born in Fort Ann, New York sometime in 1838. He served in the American Civil War in the 96th New York Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on April 6, 1865 for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. He died before the Medal could be presented to him so it was received posthumously.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

Gallantry in placing the colors of his regiment on the fort.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*Military Times
Bullet (typography)

A **bullet** (  •  ) or **bullet point** is a symbol in typography.  It is a symbol or glyph used to introduce the parts of a list.  Bullets are used to draw attention to specific information.  

## Usage
There are no fixed rules about how to use bullets.  

A numbered list is a kind of bullet format.

## References 
 hole]]

## Other websites
George L. Banks

**George Lovell Banks** (October 13, 1839 - August 20, 1924) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

## Biography
Banks was born in Lake County, Ohio October 13, 1839. He served in the American Civil War in the 15th Indiana Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on February 18, 1891 because of his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

As color bearer, led his regiment in the assault, and, though wounded, carried the nag forward to the enemy's works, where he was again wounded. In a brigade of 8 regiments this flag was the first planted on the parapet.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Military Times
Atlantic mackerel

The **Atlantic mackerel** (*Scomber scombrus*), also known as **Boston mackerel**, or simply **mackerel**, is a pelagic schooling species of mackerel found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean.

The Atlantic Mackerel is by far the most common of the ten species of the family that are caught in British waters. It is extremely common in huge shoals migrating towards the coast to feed on small fish and prawns during the summer.

Abundant in cold and temperate shelf areas, it forms large schools near the surface. They overwinter in deeper waters but move closer to shore in spring when water temperatures range between 11° and 14°C.

In north-east Atlantic: North Sea (east) and British Isles (west). The North Sea stock decreased dramatically in the 1960s because of direct overfishing.

Male and female Atlantic mackerel grow at about the same rate, reaching a maximum age of about 20 years and a maximum fork length of about 47 centimetres (19&nbsp;in). Most Atlantic mackerel are sexually mature by the age of three years.
Keigo Higashino

is a Japanese author. He is best known for writing mystery novels.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Higashino, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 274 works in 530+ publications in 12 languages and 4,700+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* 放課後 1985
* 卒業―雪月花殺人ゲーム 1986
* 魔球 1988
* 鳥人計画1989
* 眠りの森 1989
* 分身 1993
* パラレルワールド・ラブストーリー 1995
* どちらかが彼女を殺した 1996
* 悪意 1996
* 白夜行 1999
* *Naoko,* 1998
* 探偵ガリレオ 1998
* 白夜行 1999
* 私が彼を殺した 1999
* 嘘をもうひとつだけ 2000
* 予知夢 2000
* ゲームの名は誘拐 2002
* 手紙 2003
* 殺人の門 2003
* 幻夜 2004
* *The devotion of suspect X,* 2005
* 赤い指 2006
* 使命と魂のリミット 2006
* 夜明けの街で 2007
* *The secret,* 2008
* ガリレオの苦悩 2008
* 流星の絆 2008
* 聖女の救済 2008
* 新参者 2009
* プラチナデータ 2010
* 麒麟の翼 2011
* 真夏の方程式 2011
* 虚像の道化師 ガリレオ7 2012
* 禁断の魔術 ガリレオ8 2012

## References
## Other websites
* Keigo Higashino at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Takahiko Kozuka

is a Japanese figure skater.

## Personal life 
Kozuka was born in Nagoya. His grandfather, father, mother and aunt were figure skater so he was called "thoroughbred".  He studied sports education at Chukyo University.  His coach is Nobuo Sato and Kumiko Sato. He has very good skating skills. He is in good terms with Mao Asada, Miki Ando, Daisuke Takahashi and so on. He likes karaoke and goes to karaoke with Mao Asada frequently. His favorite food is grilled meet.

## Program
### 2012-2013
:**SP**   Exodus
:**FS**   Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso(Saint-Saëns's)
### 2011-2012
:**SP**   Inner Urge
:**FS**   Fantasia for NAUSICAA
### 2010-2011
:**SP**   Soul Man Medley
:**FS**   Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)
### 2009-2010
:**SP**   Bold as Love(Jimi Hendrix)
:**FS**   GUITAR CONCERTO(Michael Kamen)
### 2008-2009
:**SP**   Take Five
:**FS**   Romeo and Juliet (Nino Rota)
## Career
In 2006, he won the gold medal at the Junior World Figure Skating Championships. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics and placed 8th. In 2011, he was the Japanese national champion. He won the silver medal (in 2008) and the bronze medal (in 2010) at  Grand Prix Final. He won a silver medal at the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships.

## References
## Other websites
National Institutions House

**National Institutions House** () is the house of the national Zionist institutions of Israel. It was built in 1930, and is located in Jerusalem. Next to it is a memorial to victims of Antisemitism around the world, that was built in 2008.

## Other websites 
*  The National Institutions House  in the Haganah website.
1100 New York Avenue

**1100 New York Avenue** is a high-rise office building in Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the United States. The 12-floor building was designed by Keyes Condon Florance Eichbaum Esocoff King and completed in 1991. It is  high. The art deco appearance at the north entrance of the building is a former Greyhound Lines bus station originally constructed in 1940. The office structure was built on top of the bus station. A small display on antique buses is located in the north lobby.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
List of Wikipedias

[[File:Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png|thumb|Screenshot of Wikipedia's portal wikipedia.org showing the different language editions sorted by article count.]]
This is a list of many of the different language editions of **Wikipedia**; as of  , Wikipedia articles have been created in  editions, with  currently active and  closed. For their number of articles, see the .

## Wikipedia edition codes 
Each Wikipedia has a code, which is used as a subdomain below wikipedia.org. Interlanguage links are sorted by that code.

The codes represent the language codes defined by ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-3, and the decision of which language code to use is usually determined by the  Internet Engineering Task Force language tag policy.

One code is not a language code ('be-x-old') but refers to a specific .

Some deviations include:

## Wikipedia editions 
### Active editions 
The table below lists the active language editions of Wikipedia roughly sorted by the number of articles (excluding redirects and non-article pages).

### Inactive editions 
The table below lists the inactive language editions of Wikipedia.

### Special editions 
The table below lists the special editions of Wikipedia.

The Nostalgia Wikipedia is an archive of the English Wikipedia's initial display.

## Bot-created articles 
Internet bots have created most of the articles on the following Wikipedias:
* Cebuano Wikipedia
* Dutch Wikipedia
* Swedish Wikipedia
* Waray Wikipedia

## Related pages 
* 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias
* Wikipedia portal
* 
* 
* 
*
Dick Adkins

**Richard Earl Adkins** (March 3, 1920 – September 12, 1955) was a professional baseball player.  He was a shortstop for one season (1942) with the Philadelphia Athletics. For his career, he had a .143 batting average in 7 at-bats.

He was born and later died in Electra, Texas at the age of 35.

## Other websites
*
Alkali Ridge

**Alkali Ridge**, also known as **Alkali Point**, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture. They represent a period of change from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle. These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics. They form the type location for the Pueblo II period (*ca.* 900 CE - *ca.* 1100 CE).

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

## References
## Other websites
*BLM page  on the Alkali Ridge area
Ren Höek

**Ren Höek** is a cartoon character from the Nickelodeon series *The Ren & Stimpy Show*, and Spike series *Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon"*. He is one of the main characters. Ren is the main protagonist/antagonist of the series. He first appeared in the pilot episode "*Big House Blues*". He is a friend of Stimpy.

Ren is a 56 year old "Asthma-Hound" Chihuahua. He has a long, rat-like, pink tail. His tail disappears often to the point of it not being seen in the later series.
Angelica Pickles

** Angelica Pickles** is a fictional character in the Nickelodeon series *Rugrats* and *All Grown Up!*. She was voiced by Cheryl Chase in both the original  and reboot version. Angelica is one of the series' original characters. She is the cousin of Tommy and Dil Pickles. Angelica is the main antagonist of the TV series. In movies, she is more of an antihero who would side with the babies near the end against the villains. In 2002, TV Guide listed Angelica Pickles as 7th in their list of "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".

## References
Richard Barrett

First Sergeant **Richard Barrett** (1838 &ndash; March 20, 1898) was an Irish-born American officer in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars. He voluntarily led a group of troops against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23, 1872.

## Biography
Richard Barrett was born in County Mayo, Ireland in 1838. He eventually moved to the United States and settled in Buffalo, New York. It was there that Barrett enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to Company A of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment. By 1872, he had risen to the rank of first sergeant. On May 23 of that year, while posted to the Arizona Territory, Barrett volunteered to lead a group of soldiers against a group of renegade Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon. He was cited for "conspicuous gallantry" and recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions which he received on April 12, 1875. Barrett moved to Washington, D.C. after his retirement from military service. He died there on March 20, 1898, at the age of 60. He was interred at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery.

## Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company A, 1st U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Sycamore Canyon, Ariz., 23 May 1872. Entered service at: --. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.

**Citation:**

Consplcuous gallantry in a charge upon the Tonto Apaches.

## References 
## Further reading
*Konstantin, Phil. ''This Day in North American Indian History: Important Dates in the History of North America's Native Peoples for Every Calendar Day''. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. 

## Other websites
*
John J. Clausey

**John Joseph Clausey** (May 16, 1875- September 9, 1951) was a chief gunner's mate serving in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

## Biography
Clausey was born May 16, 1875 in San Francisco, California. He joined the navy where he was stationed aboard the *USS Bennington* as a chief gunner's mate. On July 21, 1905 one of the *USS Bennington*’s boilers exploded while it was in San Diego, California. Because of his actions he received the Medal January 5, 1906.
 
He died September 9, 1951. He is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery San Bruno, California. His grave is in section C, grave 121-B.

## Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Chief Gunner's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 16 May 1875, San Francisco, Calif. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906.

**Citation:**

On board the U.S.S. Bennington for extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion of a boiler of 
that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905.

## References 
## Other websites
*