open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1861

## Events 
*The American Civil War begins.
* January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City.
* March 19 &ndash; The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
* August 19 &ndash; First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
* September &ndash; The first complete identified remains of *Archaeopteryx* are discovered in Germany.

## Related pages 
1861 in architecture
1829

**1829** (MDCCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar, the 1829th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, .

## Births 
* September 7 – Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German organic chemist (d. 1896)
* October 5 - Chester A. Arthur, twenty-first President of the United States (d. 1886)
* October 15 - Asaph Hall, American astronomer (d. 1907)
1823

## Events 
* Mexico becomes a republic.
* Monroe Doctrine is expressed during President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2

## Art, music, theatre, and literature 
* December 23 - "A Visit from St. Nicholas" ("The Night Before Christmas")
Chaos theory

of a chaotic function called the Lorenz attractor.]]

**Chaos theory** is a part of mathematics. It looks at certain systems that are very sensitive. A very small change may make the system behave completely differently. 

Very small changes in the starting position of a chaotic system make a big difference after a while. This is why even large computers cannot tell the weather for more than a few days in the future. Even if the weather was perfectly measured, a small change or error will make the prediction completely wrong. Since even a butterfly flapping its wings can make enough wind to change weather, a chaotic system is sometimes called the "butterfly effect". No computer knows enough to tell how the small wind will change the weather.

Some systems (like weather) might appear random at first look, but chaos theory says that these kinds of systems or patterns may not be. If people pay close enough attention to what is really going on, they might notice the chaotic patterns.

The main idea of chaos theory is that a minor difference at the start of a process can make a major change in it as time progresses. Quantum chaos theory is a new idea in the study of chaos theory. It deals with quantum physics.

## Examples
As an example, take a pendulum that is attached at some point, and swings freely. Connecting a second pendulum to the first will make the system completely different. It is very hard to start in exactly the same position again - a change in starting position so small that it cannot even be seen can quickly cause the pendulum swing to become different from what it was before. 

A very important part to the study of chaos theory is the study of mathematics functions that are known as *fractals*. Fractal functions work like chaotic systems: a small change in the starting values can change the value of the function in ways that look random. Due to the fact that they are mathematical, they are easy to study.

## Related pages 
*Discontinuous function
*Lorenz attractor
*Systems theory
Corpus Christi, Texas

**Corpus Christi**, Texas is a city in the United States. It is near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is one of the fastest growing cities in America. Its economy is based around petroleum refining and tourism.

The city was founded in 1839 as ''Kinney's Ranch'' and has been known as Corpus Christi since 1847.

Elsa Flores, a famous biologist and chemist, grew up in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Aarre Merikanto

**Aarre Merikanto** (29 June 1893 — 28 September 1958) was a Finnish composer. His parents were Liisa Häyrynen and composer Oskar Merikanto.

Merikanto was born in 1893. He studied music in Helsinki (1911), Leipzig (1912-1914) and Moscow (1916-1917). He tried composing an opera for the first time when he was 18 years old. The result was *Helena*, which was completed in early 1912. The opera had one act and its libretto was written by Jalmari Finne. In the 1920s Merikanto created his own modernist style. Merikanto was a professor of composition in the Sibelius Academy, Helsinki from 1951 to his death. Merikanto died of lung cancer in Helsinki in 1958.

## Other websites 
*Aarre Merikanto – information from the Finnish Music Information Centre
1878

## Events 
* March 3 – The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War.
* June 12 – July 12 – Congress of Berlin meets to talk about the independence of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
* Ipswich Town F.C. founded
* Everton F.C. founded
* Manchester United F.C. founded

## Deaths 
* February 7 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
Chantilly, Virginia

**Chantilly** is a community in Fairfax County, Virginia. The Battle of Chantilly was fought here during the American Civil War.

## Notable local organizations
 at night]]

* Ellanor C. Lawrence Park – Along Route 28 between Chantilly and Centreville, the park houses athletic fields—including soccer, baseball, and softball fields, trails, and fitness stations. Coyote sightings have been reported within the park.
* Flat Lick Stream Valley Park
* The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the National Air and Space Museum
* The headquarters of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). It designs, builds, and operates the spy satellites of the United States government, and provides satellite intelligence to several government agencies, particularly signals intelligence (SIGINT) to the NSA, imagery intelligence (IMINT) to the NGA, and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) to the DIA.
* The Westfields Marriott in Chantilly hosted the annual Bilderberg summit in 2002; 2008, 2012, and 2017, There were protests.

## References
Sick

To be **sick** can mean:
* Having a disease, illness, or disorder

**Sick** may also refer to:
* Sick comedy, an expression used to attack the social criticism of the new late 1950s comedians
* *Sick* (magazine), a humour magazine
* *Sick* (Sow album), an album by Sow
* *Sick* (Massacra album), an album by Massacra
* "Sick" (*Young Ones* episode), the 11th episode of the British comedy *The Young Ones*
* "Sick, Sick, Sick", a song by Queens of the Stone Age
* *SICK: The Life & Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist*, a 1997 documentary about Bob Flanagan
* Sick AG, a German sensor technology corporation which built the laser range-finders used on the robot Stanley
* Gary Sick, a writer

## Related pages
* *Sic*, a Latin word used in writing
* *Sicko*, a 2007 documentary film by Michael Moore
* Sickness (disambiguation)
Tribe

]]
]]
A **tribe** is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area. A tribe has a common culture, dialect, religion, customs, traditions, and sense of unity. It works cooperatively (for example, dividing up work that needs to be done).

A tribe is usually headed by a chief.  A *tribal society* is a group of tribes organized around kinships. 

The word *tribe* is taken from the Latin word “*Tribus*”, which means “one third”. The word originally referred to one of the three territorial groups which united to form Rome. 

## History 
]]
In the evolution of human societies, tribes came after bands of people but before nations. Humans lived in tribes before they started living in cities and nations. 

Collectively, the Khoikhoi and San are called the Khoisan and often called the world's first or oldest people, according to the biggest and most detailed analysis of African DNA. A report from NPR details how more than 22,000 years ago, the Nama were the largest group of humans on earth and a tribe of hunter-gatherers.

## Modern day 
There are still tribal groups all over the world, though their numbers are getting smaller and smaller. Many live as hunter-gatherers, though some tribes practice agriculture. Others, such as the Bedouin and Tuareg people, practice nomadism. 

## Related pages
*Anthropology
*Indigenous people
*Tribes of Arabia
*Tribes of Israel
1832

## Events
*Forsyth County, Georgia and Barbour County, Alabama become counties.
* A cholera epidemic affects New York City and other major American cities.
*The University of Durham, England is founded (created).

## Births
* January 13 - Horatio Alger, Jr. American boys' writer, in Chelsea, Massachusetts
* January 27 – Lewis Carroll, English children's writer, in Daresbury, Cheshire
* November 29 – Louisa May Alcott American girls' writer, in Germantown, Pennsylvania
Hiking

.]]
.]]

**Hiking** is a general word for traveling on foot in wilderness or countryside. Day hikers return before nightfall. Other hikers may go out for many days. Sometimes large groups hike together. 

Hiking is a kind of physical activity as well as a leisure activity (a way of spending free time).  Hikers (the people who do hiking) enjoy fresh air and the beauty of nature, and learn about the place.  Many hikers enjoy challenging their physical and mental strength.  Hiking with friends gives them the chance to become stronger. 

## Preparation 
**Planning** starts with a hiker deciding what he wants from the hike. A traveler should examine the information on landscape, climate, weather, plants, animals, type of ground, and so on. Based on that information, a hiker decides what equipment (tools) he needs. Writing everything on paper is strongly suggested to not forget anything. A hiker should choose the itinerary (the way of the hike).

**Equipping** means getting specialized clothing and equipment. Overnight hiking requires carrying more supplies, usually in a backpack, though many use a backpack even for a day hike. Suggestions for equipment can be found in any hiking book. A hiker is suggested to learn more than one source and work. Equipping sometimes needs getting skills in using the apparatus. Basic skills–different ways of orientation (the ability to find the way, for example)–must be developed before hiking.

## Safety 
Hiking can quickly become a fight for life. Hikers can get lost or suffer from injury, sickness, bad weather, or other dangers. For this reason everything in hiking is very important. Nobody should hike alone, no matter what the situation, without a great deal of experience to develop his hiking abilities.

Every hiker should keep in mind that theory is important, but it can hardly replace firsthand experience. To be safe a traveler should have enough experience. A hiker had better start by taking short hikes with more experienced hikers. 

## Finding the way 
Getting lost can have bad results including sickness and death. A hiker is strongly suggested to check from time to time (at least every hour) whether he is going the right way. Portable GPS receivers can help, as long as the batteries are good. Accurate, complete maps and a compass can help, if the user understands them. On no account should he go on traveling if he has lost his way. The first thing a hiker should do is find the direction in which he was going before getting lost. Using the compass and the map, he should choose a reference point nearby (railway, road, river, etc.).
1568

**1568** (MDLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events
*January 16 - Álvaro de Mendaña discovers the Tuvaluan island of Nui.
*Unknown - The Eighty Years War begins.

## Births
* March 9 - Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (d. 1591)
* April 5 - Pope Urban VIII, 236th Pope (d. 1644)
* Unknown - Joris van Spilbergen,  Dutch explorer (d. 1620)

## Deaths
* January 26 - Lady Katherine Grey, English noblewoman (b. 1540)
* July 24 - Carlos, Prince of Asturias, oldest son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)
* December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (b. 1493)
Saint Petersburg

**Saint Petersburg** () is a Russian city in northwestern Russia, near the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. Over five million people live in St. Petersburg as of 2015, and it is the second biggest city in Russia. It is a major port, connecting with the world's shipping paths through the Neva River and the Baltic.

Part of Saint Petersburg is designated a World Heritage Site called **The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments**.

## History 
Saint Petersburg was started by the Russian Tsar, Peter I as the capital of the Russian Empire in 1703, to take the place of the earlier capital, Moscow. It was the capital of Russia until 1918. Peter the Great established Saint Petersburg as a warm-weather port in order to show Russian dominance in the Baltic and to increase trading opportunities. Peter sought to modernize Russia, therefore he tried to make Saint Petersburg as different as possible from the former capital, Moscow, by modernizing the city.

Saint Petersburg has changed its name many times. During World War I, when Russia and Germany were fighting each other, Russians thought the name **Sankt Peterburg** sounded too German, so Tsar Nicholas II, on August 31 (August 18, Old Style), 1914 decided that the city was renamed **Petrograd**.  In 1918 during the Russian revolution, the Soviet capital was moved to Moscow, still the capital of Russia now.

On January 26, 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed **Leningrad** in his honor. During World War II, the city was surrounded by the German army and under siege for twenty-nine months until January 1944.

Leningrad again took its old name of St. Petersburg on September 6, 1991, when Russia stopped being communist. In every-day Russian, the city is often called just "*Piter*". The *Oblast* (administrative province) where the city is the capital is still called "Leningrad Oblast".

Saint Petersburg was a beautiful city planned by Peter I. There are many man-made rivers (or canals) in the city, so the city is sometimes called the *Venice of the North*. There are also beautiful buildings built by Russian emperors in other places of the city. Some of these buildings are the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace.

]]

## Geography 
Saint Petersburg is located in Northwestern Federal district of Russia. The area of the city  is 605.8 km². Saint Petersburg has an area called Leningrad oblast. The city has also many islands such as Vasilyevsky Island,  Kotlin Island, Kamerny Island, Aptekarsky Island etc. 

The climate is a humid continental. 

## References
Aardvark

The **aardvark** (*Orycteropus afer*) is a mammal from Africa; its name means "earth pig" in the language Afrikaans. It is the only living member in its order, though some fossil genera have been found

## Taxonomy 
* Order *Tubulidentata*
** Family *Orycteropodidae*
*** Genus *Orycteropus*
**** Species *Orycteropus afer*

The Aardvark looks a bit like the South American anteaters but they are not related. It is in a proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia, with the golden moles and tenrecs. Another proposal is to out it in the Pseudungulata, with the elephants and Sirenia. There is no consensus at present.

## Description 
Adult aardvarks weighs about 60 kilograms (130 pounds) and a little more than one meter (45 inches) long. It is the largest member of the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia. The aardvark is pale yellowish-gray in color and often stained reddish-brown by soil. The aardvark's fur is thin. Its hair is short on its head and tail. But, its legs tend to have longer hair.

## Distribution and Habitat 
Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are found in every country in sub-Saharan Africa except Namibia, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Madagascar. It lives in many habitats like savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland. They have been seen as high as 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in Ethiopia. They avoid eating the African driver ant and red ants. Some humans also hunt aardvarks for meat. Aardvarks can dig fast or run in a zigzag to confuse predators. If all else fails they will attack with their claws.

## Reproduction 
Aardvarks only come together to breed. The gestation period is seven months. They give birth to one cub, which is what a baby aardvark is called. The cub weighs around 1.7–1.9 kilograms (3.7–4.2 lb). It is born during May–July. After 5–6 weeks, hair starts growing on its body. After two weeks, it is able to leave the burrow to follow its mother. After 9 weeks, it is able to eat termites. It is weaned between three months and 16 weeks. At six months, it is able to dig its own burrows, but it will often stay with the mother until the next mating season. It reaches sexual maturity when it is two years old.

## References
Rutherford B. Hayes

**Rutherford Birchard Hayes** (; October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was an American politician who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881. Before becoming president, he had been the governor of Ohio for two non-consecutive terms: from 1868 to 1872 and again from 1876 to 1877.

## Early life and career
Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, in 1822. He went to Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and then to Harvard Law School. After he graduated from law school, he became a lawyer. In 1852, he married Lucy Webb, a woman who was also against slavery. In 1854, he left the Whig Party and joined the Republican Party, which had been started that year to ban slavery in U.S. territories.

In the 1860s, Hays served during the American Civil War for the Union Army and became a major general. After the war ended, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives for the Republican Party. In 1867, he became the governor of Ohio.

## Election of 1876
Ulysses S. Grant had been president since 1869 and refused to run a third time in 1876. Grant was a member of the Republican Party and, while he was president, became known for allowing corruption to go on around him although he was not corrupt himself. The Republicans did not want people to think that everybody in the party was corrupt and so decided to make Hayes their candidate. They thought that he was a good candidate because he had made many changes in Ohio while he was its governor that people liked, and he was thought to have been a Civil War hero.

Hayes ran against Samuel J. Tilden, whom the Democratic Party nominated. The election was close, and many people who did not think that Hayes fairly won the election called him "His Fraudulency." Tilden actually got more votes than Hayes, but Hayes got 185 votes in the Electoral College, and since Tilden got only 184, Hayes won the election.

## Presidency 
While he was president, Hayes ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War. He ordered military forces that had been in the South to leave, the main promise of the Democratic Party, to have the Democrats stop trying to prevent him from being president. He also sent federal troops to end a railroad strike. Hayes refused to seek a second term as president. 

## Later life 
After he was president, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio, where he died of a heart attack  at the age of 70. Meanwhile, he spent time talking about his beliefs that all children should have the chance to go to school, those who had been in the military should get fair payments for their service, and those in prisons should be better treated.

## Other websites 
* Hayes' White House biography 

## References
Eyebrow

An **eyebrow** is the stripe of hair about 2&nbsp;cm over the eye. Eyebrows protect the eyes, if water runs over the face or if there is too much sunlight. The eyebrow's ability to move is also important in facial expression.
Secular humanism

**Secular humanists** believe that each human being is worth something and has dignity. They think that people are happiest when they give something to society. They also believe that human beings can solve problems without help from god(s).

Secular humanists are not religious and are against superstition. Usually they are atheists, agnostics, deists, irreligious theists and ignostics.

## References
Quebec City

**Quebec City** (**Ville de Québec** in French) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is the second largest city in Quebec, behind Montreal. It is known for its winter fair, beautiful churches, and an old hotel called Château Frontenac. It is next to the Saint Lawrence River. There are around 550,000 people in the city, and over 800,000 people in the metropolitan area.

The city was created in 1608 at a First Nations (native) Canadian place called Stadacona. People came from France to live there. The English captured the city in 1759 during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The walls made to keep the city safe are still there. The walls that surrounded Old Quebec are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.

Quebec City has a humid continental climate (*Dfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

Most people in Quebec City speak French.

## Media 
Quebec City Stations

SRC Radio

CFCM TVA

CBVT SRC

CIVQ Tele-Quebec

CFAP TQS

CHMG Telemag

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
First Nations in Canada

**First Nations** () are the indigenous people who have lived in the lands that are now part of Canada before the French and British people came there.

Many use the term because the people lived there long before Canada and to make it clearer that they have many cultures, which are sometimes very different from others. Some consider the tem as respect to those who first cultivated certain patches of land.

The Indigenous people from Canada's Arctic are called Inuits and are thought of as a different ethnic group to the First Nations, just like the Métis people

The First Nations are important in the world because their stories have taught much about cultural values and how to live in harmony with the land.

Other words that have been used for First Nations people, tribes, and cultures have been "indigenous", "aboriginals", "Indians", "Local Indians", "Amerinds," or "natives". Most people now consider "Indian" to be people from India.

## References
Vancouver Island

**Vancouver Island** is an island that is part of the province of British Columbia, Canada. Its area is . The island is in the south-western part of the province and is named after the British explorer George Vancouver.

The first people to live on the island, before the Europeans came, were the Nuu-chah-nulth, the Salish, and the Kwakiutl. As of 2009, over 700,000 people live here.

There are no bridges or tunnels between Vancouver Island and the mainland. There are ferries, whichcarry people and cars to and from the island. One route crosses the Strait of Georgia to the Tsawwassen Peninsula,from roads go to Vancouver and other cities in Canada as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. Another ferry route crosses the Strait of Juan de Fuca and reaches Anacortes in the U.S. state of Washington from which roads go to Seattle and other cities along the West Coast.

## Cities and towns 
There are many cities and towns on Vancouver Island. The biggest is Victoria, the capital of British Columbia.

Other settlements on Vancouver Island include the following:
* Lake Cowichan
* Nanaimo
* Courtenay
* Comox
* Duncan
* Crofton
* Port Alberni
* Ladysmith
* Chemainus
* Port Hardy
* Parksville
* Cumberland
* Tofino
* Uclulet
* Colwood
* Sidney
* Qualicum Beach
* Coombs
* Port McNeill
* Campbell River
New Brunswick

**New Brunswick** (postal abbreviation **NB**) is a province in the eastern part of Canada. The capital city of New Brunswick is Fredericton. Other large cities are Saint John and Moncton. Nearly 870,000 people live in New Brunswick, as of 2025.

The province is bordered by Quebec in the west, Nova Scotia in the east and the American state of Maine in the south. There is a link to Prince Edward Island also. 

The English and French languages are both spoken in New Brunswick, and it is the only province in Canada where both languages are official. This is because about 33% of the people living in New Brunswick speak French.

Some industries including forestry, mining, and farming are important to the province,  and especially fishing since it is near the Atlantic Ocean.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Official site of the Government of New Brunswick 
*Official site of Tourism New Brunswick
*New Brunswick at the  Department of Canadian Heritage
*Maritime Tourism
*Symbols of New Brunswick 
*New Brunswick Museum
*New Brunswick Lighthouses 
*Historical and Genealogical Resources of New Brunswick  historical census, birth, marriage and death records, immigration, settlement, biography, cemeteries, burial records, land records, First Nations and more
*From Louis to Lord: New Brunswick Elections, 1960–2003
AC/DC

**AC/DC** is a hard rock band from Australia. They formed in Sydney, Australia in November 1973. AC/DC has sold an estimated 200 million albums worldwide, including 68 million in the United States of America. The two primary founders of the band, Malcolm Young and Angus Young, developed the idea for the band's name after their sister Margaret saw the initials "AC/DC" written on a sewing machine. "AC/DC" is an abbreviation for "alternating current/direct current," which refer to the two different types of  charges used in electricity.  The band chose the name because of their energetic “electrical” style of playing rock and roll. Even though AC/DC considers their music style simply as "rock and roll", AC/DC are often considered pioneers of heavy metal.

## Band members 
### Current members 
* Brian Johnson - vocals
* Stevie Young - guitar
* Angus Young - guitar (1973—)
* Cliff Williams - bass (1977—)
* Phil Rudd - drums and percussion (1975–1983 and 1994—)

### Past members 
* Malcolm Young - rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1973–2014; died 2017)
* Bon Scott - vocals (1974–1980; his death)
* Dave Evans - vocals (1973–1974)
* Colin Burgess - drums and percussion (1973–1974; substituted 1975; died 2023)
* Rob Bailey II - bass (1973–1974)
* Noel Taylor - drums and percussion (1974)
* Paul Matters - bass (1975; died 2020)
* Larry van Kriedt - Bass, saxophone (1973–1975)
* Peter Clack - drums and percussion (1974–1975)
* Mark Evans II - bass (1974–1975)
* Simon Wright - drums and percussion (1984–1989)
* Chris Slade - drums and percussion  (1989–1994, 2015–2016)

## Discography
### Albums
* *High Voltage* (Australia only) (1975)
* *T.N.T.* (Australia only) (1975)
* *High Voltage* (1976)
* *Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap* (1976) (released in the United States in 1981)
* *Let There Be Rock* (1977)
* *Powerage* (1978)
* ''If You Want Blood You've Got It* (Live Album) (1978)
* *Highway to Hell* (1979)
* *Back in Black* (1980)
* *For Those About to Rock We Salute You* (1981)
* *Flick of the Switch* (1983)
* *'74 Jailbreak* (1984) (Five tracks from the Australian releases of High Voltage and one track from Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap)
* *Fly on the Wall* (1985)
* *Who Made Who* (1986) (soundtrack to the Stephen King movie *Maximum Overdrive*)
* *Blow Up Your Video* (1988)
* *The Razor's Edge* (1990)
* *Live* (1992) (released as both a double and a single album)
** *Live: Collector's Edition* (1992)
* *Ballbreaker* (1995)
* *Bonfire* (1997) (boxed set tribute to Bon Scott)
* *Stiff Upper Lip* (2000)
* *Black Ice* (2008)
* *Backtracks* (2009) (boxed set)
* *Iron Man 2* (2010) (soundtrack to the movie *Iron Man 2*)
* *Rock or Bust* (2014)
**Power Up* (2020)

### Video
* *Family Jewels* (2005)
* *Live At Donington* (1991)
* *Plug Me In* (2007)
* *No Bull* (1996)
* *Stiff Upper Lip Live* (2001)
* *Live at River Plate* (2011)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* (IT) *AC/DC '', Enciclopedia del rock
Wing

A **wing** is the part of an animal or airplane that allows it to fly.

## Animal wings
A *wing* is the part of an animal that allows it to fly. By moving its wings, the animal can produce lift and get off the ground.

Animals that have wings are insects, birds and bats. Birds' wings are made of feathers. The wings of bats are made of skin, which is stretched between the bones of the bat's arms and fingers. Not all insects and birds can fly, even if they have wings.

Image:Flight.gull.arp.600pix.jpg|A bird in flight.
Image:Maybug.jpg|Insect wings.
Image:Swan.spreads.wings.arp.jpg|A swan spreading its wings.
Image:Pteropus vampyrus1.jpg|Here you can see the bones in a bat's wings.

## Artificial wings
*Airplanes also have wings. Those wings cannot be moved; they are stable, but the wings also produce lift, so the airplane will get off the ground if you move it fast enough.

*People also talk about wings of buildings. What they mean is usually a part of the building that is separated from the rest (for example: the west wing of a building).
Newfoundland

's map of Newfoundland of 1775]]
**Newfoundland** is an island off the east Coast of North America, and is part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The capital city of Newfoundland is St. John's, on the north-east part of the island. Over 500,000 people live in Newfoundland (these people are called Newfoundlanders). It, along with Labrador on the mainland, became part of Canada on March 31, 1949. There is no bridge or tunnel from Newfoundland to the rest of the country but there is a ferry to Nova Scotia.

In Newfoundland, most people speak English, but there are also French speakers on the island, mostly in the south-west. In some areas of Newfoundland, people speak with an accent and use words that are not in standard English. There is even a dictionary of Newfoundland English.

The first people in Newfoundland were the First Nations. Settlers came from countries like Norway, England, Portugal, France, and Ireland in the 16th century. The first European explorers were the Vikings from Norway and they settled in L'Anse aux Meadows. They came because of the good fishing off the coast, especially off the south-east coast. Eventually they left because of disagreements with aboriginals. Today, there is still fishing, but not very much because people fished too much, and now there are not many fish left.

Cutting down trees and mining have also been attractions of the island. There are some paper mills (paper factories) in a few cities in Newfoundland.

## Other websites 
* Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
* Welcome Page for Newfoundland and Labrador 
* Newfoundland Tourism
Kiss (band)

**Kiss** was an American hard rock band. The band started in the 1970s. They formed in New York City on January 4th 1973. The original members were Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley. They are most famous for their stage show and songs like "Rock and Roll All Nite" (1972), "Strutter" (1974) and "Detroit Rock City" (1976). The band remained active until 2023.

## Final members 
* Paul Stanley - rhythm guitar, vocals
* Gene Simmons - bass guitar, vocals
* Tommy Thayer - lead guitar, vocals
* Eric Singer - drums, vocals

## Past members 
* Ace Frehley - lead guitar, vocals
* Peter Criss - drums, vocals
* Eric Carr - drums, vocals
* Vinnie Vincent - lead guitar, vocals
* Mark St. John - lead guitar, vocals
* Bruce Kulick - lead guitar, vocals

## Albums 
Kiss has had several changes in style and lineup. Their more famous era was in the mid-1970s, particularly the first 6 studio albums, and the first live album, Alive! which was widely popular. In the 1980s, Kiss started to follow the trend taking place with more synthesizers, and songs that many fans didn't like because of a big change in style. In the 1990s, Kiss changed toward the grunge and heavier trend with Revenge and Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions. The original members reunited for Psycho Circus and then parted ways again in 2002. Tommy Thayer and Eric Singer replaced Frehley and Criss, and the current lineup has made the 2009 album Sonic Boom, which was a return to the classic style of the 70's, and many fans liked it. The follow up to Sonic Boom was released in June 2012, titled Monster.
* *Kiss*
* *Hotter Than Hell*
* *Dressed to Kill*
* *Alive!*
* *Destroyer*
* *Rock and Roll Over*
* *Love Gun*
* *Alive II*
* *Gene Simmons*
* *Paul Stanley*
* *Ace Frehley*
* *Peter Criss*
* *Dynasty*
* *Unmasked*
* *Music from "The Elder"*
* *Creatures of the Night*
* *Lick It Up*
* *Animalize*
* *Asylum*
* *Crazy Nights*
* *Hot in the Shade*
* *Revenge*
* *Alive III*
* *Kiss Unplugged*
* *Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions*
* *Psycho Circus*
* *Kiss Symphony: Alive IV*
* *Sonic Boom*
* *Monster*

## Other websites 
* Kiss Online
* Kiss Army 
* Kiss Dressed to Play - Brazilian Page
The Visioner's Tale

'''The Visioner's Tale'* is one of the little-known writings of Geoffrey Chaucer.   Only parts of the story were left from when Chaucer wrote it in the 14th century, so it is not normally included in modern versions of the Canterbury Tales.

Here is the tale, as put together by someone from Denmark who studied the parts of the story, and tried to put them together:

*My lady's touch upon the lute is light,*
*yet she weaves the streams of melody,*
*with such profound synchicity,*
*that the river of time spills into dream,*
*into that ocean of unspoken promise,*
*where lives primordial the memory of future things,*
*here vision and voice and sound,*
*and meaning emerge at last as one.''
Geoffrey Chaucer

**Geoffrey Chaucer** (c. 1343–25 October 1400) was an English writer, poet, and philosopher. He is most famous for writing Canterbury Tales which had 24 stories but was never completed. He was one of the first writers to write in English. He wrote in Middle English. 

## Early life 
Chaucer was probably born in London. His father, John, and grandfather were prosperous wine merchants in London. The name *Chaucer* is French and means shoemaker. However, not many details are known of his early life and education.

By 1357, Chaucer was a page to Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, wife of Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence. In 1360, he was captured by the French near Reims during a battle in the Hundred Years' War. He was then ransomed and released. King Edward III gave £16 towards his release. Chaucer married Phillipa (de) Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to the queen and had close family connections to John of Gaunt. He had four children:  Elizabeth, Thomas, Agnes and Lewis.

## The king's squire 
Chaucer may have studied law in the *Inner Temple*.  He joined the Royal court and travelled around Europe on business for the king. He became one of the king's esquires. One of his first known poems was written in 1369. It was called *The Book of The Duchess*, and was written after the death of John of Gaunt's wife, Blanche. In 1374, he became *Comptroller* (in charge of the money) of the Customs for the Port of London. He did this job for 12 years. It was a well paid job and Chaucer was quite rich.

When Richard II became king, Chaucer continued to work in Customs. He was also sent to Europe on several more diplomatic jobs for the king.

## Country life 
Chaucer moved to Kent in 1385 where he had a new position as Justice of the Peace. He was also elected as one of two knights of the shire to be a member of parliament. At the end of the year he lost his customs jobs. His wife, Phillipa, died in 1387. But on 12 July 1389, he was made the *Clerk of the Kings Works*, looking after repairs to the royal palaces. He was given other small positions, including looking after the river banks of the Thames, and as a deputy forester in the Royal Forest. Over the next few years, Chaucer became poorer and often was given small payments and pensions from the king.

## Death 
He died at St.Mary's Chapel in Sevenoaks on 25 October 1400. Chaucer is buried in Westminster Abbey, in what is now called the Poets' Corner.

## His writings 
Chaucer did most of his writing between 1369 and 1393. He is famous for his collection of stories in verse called the *Canterbury Tales*. He also wrote *The Book of the Duchess*, *The House of Fame* and *Troilus and Criseyde*. For these works he is called "the father of English poetry". He also wrote *A Treatise on the Astrolabe,* an instruction manual.  

## References
Suriname

**Suriname** or **Surinam** is a country in South America. The official name of the country is **Republiek Suriname** (this is Dutch and translates to *Republic of Suriname*). It used to be known as *Nederlands Guyana*, *Netherlands Guiana* or *Dutch Guiana*. It is between Guyana and French Guiana. Paramaribo is the capital city, in which resides almost half of the country's population. About half a million people live in the country. Suriname became independent from the Netherlands in 1975. Before that, it was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

There are border disputes with French Guiana and Guyana all to the south of the country.

The industry of the country is centered on the mining and processing of bauxite. This makes up 15 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and more than 70% of the exports. Other exports are sugar, oil and gold. About 25% of the working people are employed in agriculture. The main trade partners are the Netherlands, the United States and countries in the Caribbean.

Dutch, French, Spanish and English explorers discovered the area in the early 16th century. A century later, sugar plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains. After the second Anglo-Dutch War England traded any claims to the territory for New Amsterdam which became New York.

In Suriname, people need to go to school until they are twelve years old, and most of them do. Literacy is very common, most people who are illiterate are women.

## Related pages
*List of rivers of Suriname
*List of Surinamese people
*Suriname at the Olympics
*Suriname national football team

## References
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The **Boeing 17 Flying Fortress** was a heavy bomber, that was used by the United States Strategic Air Force during World War II. It first flew in 1935, and was introduced in 1938. It had a shorter range, and a smaller bomb load, than its sister bomber the B-24 Liberator, but it had more defensive armament. It dropped large amounts of bombs during air raids against Germany, such as the raid on Dresden. The B-17 was also used in the Pacific, including the Battle of Midway. The Flying Fortress had its name for a good reason, it could survive the hits and was able to fly while under enemy fire. The B-17 was a heavy bomber plane that carried 2 tons of bombs. The reason why few B-17's survived WWII was because lack of escort by allied fighters and enemy fire. Later in WWII, the U.S. increased escort fighters for the bombers giving more protection. The escort fights flew until the end of WWII.

The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was a large **American aircraft**, and arguably one of the **most successful** or dangerous bombers. These 4-propeller destroyers could carry well over **10,000 pounds of bombs,** and can travel hundreds of miles without refuelling. Similar to other **long-range bombers,** the B-17 was armed with plenty of **small turrets** to cover all angles from anti-air. **Flocks of these massive aircraft** with escorts would be spotted from kilometres out, making them a **large target for enemy Flak.**

## Technical data (Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress) 
## References
Panama Canal

The **Panama Canal** is a waterway (a canal) in the country of Panama in Central America, that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Because of the way Panama twists, the entrance to the Pacific Ocean is farther east than the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean. This is the opposite of what one would expect.

The Panama Canal is 77&nbsp;km (48&nbsp;miles) long and cuts across the Isthmus of Panama. At each end it uses three pairs of *locks* for lifting and lowering ships on different water levels. This saves ships 15,000 km (10,000 miles) compared to going around South America. Each year, about 14,000 ships come through the canal. By 2002, around 800,000 ships came through. 

The old locks are 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320 m) long and 41.2 feet (12.6 m) deep, with a usable length of 1,000 ft (305 m). The biggest ships that can go through the Panama Canal are called Panamax. 

New locks opened in 2016 to allow ships more than twice as big, called New Panamax. They are 55 m (180 ft) wide by 427 m (1,400 ft) long, and 18.3 m (60.0 ft) deep. New channels connect to the new locks.

Ferdinand de Lesseps tried building a Panama Canal in 1880, but could not finish it. The project was started again in 1904 by the United States, under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, who spent ten years and 375 million dollars building it. The Panama Canal was finally finished in 1914, at the cost of approximately 25,000 lives. Most deaths were from disease, and before United States construction of the canal began. The US government owned and operated the canal until 1999 when the Panamanian government started controlling it.

## Other websites 
* Live webcam images of the Panama Canal
* Panama Canal – Britannica
Midway Atoll

**Midway Atoll** is an island in the Pacific Ocean and was the site of a famous battle in World War II, the Battle of Midway. The United States of America took control of the atoll in 1867 when nobody lived there. In the 21st century about 40 people live there, mostly working for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

## Wildlife 
es at Midway Atoll.]]

Midway Atoll is now home to 67-70% of the world's Laysan Albatross population, and 34-39% of the global Black-footed Albatross.

While Midway supports nearly three million birds, each seabird species has carved out a specific site on the atoll in which to nest.  Seventeen different species of seabird can be found, the rarest of which is the Short-tailed Albatross, otherwise known as the “Golden Gooney.”  Fewer than 2,200 are believed to exist due to excessive feather hunting in the late nineteenth century.

Over 250 different species of looli marine life are found in the  of lagoon and surrounding waters. The critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals raise their pups on the beaches. Monk seals are benthic foragers and rely on the Midway Atoll’s reef fish, squid, octopus and crustaceans. Green sea turtles, another threatened species, occasionally nest on the island. The first was found in 2006 on Spitsy Rinaia Island and another in 2007 on Sand Island. A resident pod of 300 spinner dolphins live in the lagoons and nearshore waters.

## Other websites 
* Satellite Map and NOAA Chart of Midway  on BlooSee
* AirNav - Henderson Field Airport : Airport facilities and navigational aids.
* Diary from the middle of nowhere BBC's environment correspondent David Shukman reports on the threat of plastic rubbish drifting in the North Pacific Gyre to Midway. Accessed 2008-03-26.
* Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (this article incorporated some content from this public domain site)
* NOAA Midway Island Hawaiian Monk Seal Captive Care & Release Project
* *The Battle of Midway: Turning the Tide in the Pacific,* a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
* *Marines at Midway: by Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC Historical Section, Division of Public Information Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps 1948,*
* Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service *Discover Our Shared Heritage* Travel Itinerary
* Past residents of Midway Discussion of Midway related topics by former residents and those interested in Midway.
* U.S. Unincorporated Possessions. Accessed 2008-03-26.
Kiwifruit

**Kiwifruit** (*Actinidia deliciosa*) is a fruit. It has an oval shape. It is green on the inside with small black seeds that can be eaten. The kiwi has thin, fuzzy brown skin that is edible, but is usually removed. It natively grows in South China.

The fruit was named in 1959 after the kiwi, a bird and the symbol of New Zealand. Before that, its English name was **Chinese gooseberry**.

The kiwifruit is healthy and contains many vitamins and minerals. Kiwis are rich in vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium, and fiber. Kiwis have more vitamin C than an equivalent amount of orange.

There are different types of kiwifruit. The main types are Hayward (the most common green kiwifruit), chico, Saanichton 12, and golden kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit are sweeter than normal green kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit was invented by grafting and cross-pollinating different types of kiwifruit.

Kiwi fruit is the edible berry of a woody vine which can reach 18 to 24 feet in length. Kiwi Fruit can grow 3.1 inches in length and 2.2 inches in diameter, they have a soft texture, sweet Flavor, and their skin is covered in short stiff brown hairs.

The top 3 producers of kiwi fruit are Italy, New Zealand, and Chile. One medium-sized Kiwi without the skin provides 46 calories, 0.4 grams of fat, 11 grams of carbohydrate, 0.9 grams of protein, 2.3 grams of fiber, and 6.8 Grams of sugar.

Kiwi fruit are high in vitamin C and contain a good amount of vitamin K. Since Kiwi is so high in vitamin C it's an excellent source of antioxidants, which fight free radicals in the Body, it also provides nutrients that protect DNA in the nucleus of cells from oxygen damage.

Kiwi can also help fight against blood clots since it contains vitamin K. It can also help maintain beautiful skin, improve digestion, and help the body's immune system. Kiwi is also a cheap and healthy snack, one medium fruit usually costs around 89 cents. Consuming 2 kiwi fruit daily would meet and surpass the minimum daily vitamin C recommendation.

Kiwi was named after its resemblance to the fuzzy brown Kiwi, New Zealand's national bird. Kiwi is often used in DIY face masks because of its contents that fight the aging process.

## Health Benefits Of Kiwifruit 
* 1 Reduces asthma symptoms. A rich source of vitamin C and antioxidants, kiwifruit is said to improve lung function and a regular intake of the fruit is believed to bring down asthma symptoms.

* 2 Improves immunity. Kiwifruit has antifungal properties, along with fighting microbes and seasonal infections

* 3 Controls diabetes. Not only does kiwifruit have a low glycemic index, but it is also said to have properties that prevent the dysfunction of adipose tissue, which has been linked with diabetes. **More **

## References
To get more health benefits detail Read more
2002 Bali terrorist bombing

The **2002 Bali terrorist bombings** took place in Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia. Kuta is a popular tourist destination. 202 people were killed. 164 of them were foreigners, 38 were Indonesian citizens. Most of those killed were Australians, Britons and Indonesians. In addition, 209 people were injured.

## The bombings 
At around 11 in the evening, a bomb destroyed a bar on Bali. The bomb was in a backpack, and only the person that owned it died. A few seconds later, a larger bomb went off. This bomb was close to 1,000 kilograms.

## Attackers 
A terrorist group called Jemaah Islamiyah are believed to be responsible for making and exploding the device.

In total, four people were charged with the terrorist attack. An Indonesian court sentenced three of them to death. One person received a long prison sentence.