open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Linear programming

.]]
**Linear programming** or **Linear optimization** is a field of mathematics that deals with finding optimal values or solutions that can be described with linear equations and inequalities. Very often this involves finding the minimal or maximal values, given some conditions, or constraints. Linear programming is often used for problems where no exact solution is known, for example for planning traffic flows. Linear programming is one of the main methods used in Operations research. Linear optimization is a special case of Convex optimization. It forms the basis for several methods of solving problems of Integer programming. In many cases, the solutions of linear programs can be mapped to Polyhedra, which allows solving and modelling certain problems geometrically. 

In the case of linear programming, the word *programming* should be seen as *planning*; George Dantzig coined the term in the 1940s, long before computers were used to solve such problems. Looking at the information theory complexity, linear programming problems are simple, and can be solved efficiently using algorithms such as the interior point method. In many cases, the Simplex algorithm developed by Dantzig has proven to be very fast, even though its complexity is exponential, in the worst case. 

Leonid Kantorovich developed the first methods of linear programming in 1939.
Ibirapuera Park

**Ibirapuera Park** is a major urban park in São Paulo, Brazil. It has a large area for leisure, jogging and walking, as well as a convention center.

## Other websites 
* Ibirapuera Park, official website
Oscar Pettiford

.]]
**Oscar Pettiford** (September 30, 1922 &ndash; September 8, 1960) was an American jazz bassist, cellist and  composer. He was known for his pioneering work in bebop.

## Discography 
### As leader 
* *Bass Hits* (Topaz, 1943–46)
* *Discoveries* (1952)
* *The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet* (Debut, 1953) with Charles Mingus, Julius Watkins, Walter Bishop jr., Percy Bridge
* *First Bass* (1953)
* *Oscar Pettiford Sextet* (Vogue, 1954) with Kai Winding, Al Cohn, Tal Farlow, Henri Renaud, Max Roach
* *Basically Duke* (1954)
* *Another One* (1955)
* O.P. Big Band: *Deep Passion* (GRP, 1956–57) with Tommy Flanagan, David Amram, Julius Watkins, David Kurtzer, Jerome Richardson, Osie Johnson, Gigi Gryce, Lucky Thompson, Art Farmer, Danny Bank, Jimmy Cleveland, Ernie Royal,  Janet Putnam u.a.
* ''Winner's Circle* (Prestige, 1957) with John Coltrane
* *The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi, Vol. 1* (1956) & *Vol. 2* (1957) with Tommy Flanagan, David Amram, Ed London, Art Farmer, Gigi Gryce, Betty Glamamm, Jimmy Cleveland, Osie Johnson, Danny Bank, Jerome Richardson, Lucky Thompson, Ernie Royal.
* *Vienna Blues – The Complete Session* (Black Lion, 1959) with Hans Koller, Attila Zoller, Jimmy Pratt
* *Montmartre Blues* (Black Lion, 1959–60)
* *The Complete Essen Jazz Festival Concert*, (Black Lion, 1960) with Coleman Hawkins, Bud Powell, Kenny Clarke
* *My Little Cello'' (America Records, 1960)
Mina (Italian singer)

**Anna Maria Quaini**, Grand Officer OMRI (née **Mazzini**; born 25 March 1940), known as **Mina**, is an Italian pop singer. She was a staple of Italian television variety shows. She was also a popular person in Italian pop music from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s. She was known for her three-octave vocal range, as a presenter, as her soprano voice and her image as an emancipated woman.

## Discography
; Studio albums
* *Tintarella di luna* (1960) 
* *Il cielo in una stanza* (1960) 
* *Due note* (1961) 
* *Moliendo café* (1962) 
* *Renato* (1962) 
* *Stessa spiaggia, stesso mare* (1963) 
* *Mina* (1964) 
* *Studio Uno* (1965) 
* *Studio Uno 66* (1966) 
* *Mina 2* (1966) 
* ''Sabato sera — Studio Uno '67* (1967) 
* *Dedicato a mio padre* (1967) 
* *Le più belle canzoni italiane interpretate da Mina* (1968) 
* *Canzonissima '68* (1968) 
* *I discorsi* (1969) 
* *Mina for You* (1969) 
* *...bugiardo più che mai... più incosciente che mai...* (1969) 
* *Mina canta o Brasil* (1970) 
* *...quando tu mi spiavi in cima a un batticuore...* (1970) 
* *Mina* (1971) 
* *Cinquemilaquarantatre* (1972) 
* *Altro* (1972) 
* *Frutta e verdura* (1973) 
* *Amanti di valore* (1973) 
* *Mina®* (1974) 
* *Baby Gate* (1974) 
* *La Mina* (1975) 
* *Minacantalucio* (1975) 
* *Singolare* (1976) 
* *Plurale* (1976) 
* *Mina quasi Jannacci* (1977) 
* *Mina con bignè* (1977) 
* *Attila* (1979) 
* *Kyrie* (1980) 
* *Salomè* (1981) 
* *Italiana* (1982) 
* *Mina 25* (1983) 
* *Catene* (1984) 
* *Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula...* (1985) 
* *Sì, buana* (1986) 
* *Rane supreme* (1987) 
* *Ridi pagliaccio* (1988) 
* *Uiallalla* (1989) 
* *Ti conosco mascherina* (1990) 
* *Caterpillar* (1991) 
* *Sorelle Lumière* (1992) 
* *Mina canta i Beatles* (1993) 
* *Lochness* (1993) 
* *Canarino mannaro* (1994) 
* *Pappa di latte* (1995) 
* *Cremona* (1996) 
* *Napoli* (1996) 
* *Leggera* (1997) 
* *Olio* (1999) 
* *Mina Nº 0* (1999) 
* *Dalla terra* (2000) 
* *Sconcerto* (2001) 
* *Veleno* (2002) 
* *Napoli secondo estratto* (2003) 
* *Bula Bula* (2005) 
* *L'allieva* (2005) 
* *Bau* (2006) 
* *Todavía* (2007) 
* *Sulla tua bocca lo dirò* (2009) 
* *Facile* (2009) 
* *Caramella* (2010) 
* *Piccolino* (2011) 
* *12 (American Song Book)* (2012) 
* *Christmas Song Book* (2013) 
* *Selfie* (2014) 
* *Le migliori* (2016) 
* *Maeba* (2018) 
* *Mina Fossati* (2019)
* *Ti amo come un pazzo'' (2023)

## References
## Other websites
*
No Motherland Without You

**No Motherland Without You** is a North Korean song. It is the signature song of Kim Jong-il. The song tells of the talent and virtues of Jong-il, and the attachment of the Korean people for him. The song's chorus is "We cannot exist without you, Comrade Kim Jong-il! The motherland cannot exist without you!" It is also thought to be the anthem of Songun politics because Jong-il started the Songun (military-first) policy of North Korean politics in 1995. It is often broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang.

## Lyrics
The civil lyrics use the phrase *김정일동지* (*Comrade Kim Jong-il*) to refer to the son of Kim Il-sung. The military version of the song refers to the North Korean leader as *김정일장군* (transl. *Gim Jeong-il jang-gun*; eng. *General Kim Jong-il*) because he was the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army since 1991. The lyrics used by the Korean Workers' Party are as follows:

* Note: The military version of the song refers to Kim Jong-il as *General* Kim Jong-il, not *Comrade* Kim Jong-il because he was the KPA Supreme Commander-in-Chief since 1991 and the Chairman of the DPRK National Defense Commission since 1993, while the civilian/official version refers otherwise because he was the Workers Party of Korea General Secretary since 1997 and held other civilian positions.

## Related pages
* Song of General Kim Jong-il
* North Korean music
* Propaganda in North Korea
* Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble

## References
## Other websites
* 당신이 없으면 조국도 없다 
* Youtube - Performed by KPA state merited chorus
* Youtube - Performed by Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble (Subtitles)
Cedar

**Cedar** (scientific name *Cedrus*) is a genus of cone-bearing trees in the plant family *Pinaceae*. They are native to the Mediterranean region. 

Cedars are trees up to  (occasionally ) tall. They have spicy-scented wood, thick ridged or square-cracked bark, and broad, level branches. The shoots are of two kinds, long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen and needle-like, 8–60&nbsp;mm long, arranged in an open spiral on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters of 15–45 together on short shoots; they vary from light grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from drying out. The female seed cones are barrel-shaped, 6–12&nbsp;cm long and 3–8&nbsp;cm broad, green at first, then maturing grey-brown, and, as in *Abies*, disintegrate when mature to release the winged seeds. The seeds are 10–15&nbsp;mm long, with a 20–30&nbsp;mm wing; as in *Abies*, the seeds have 2–3 blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defence against squirrels eating them. Cones take one year to mature, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. The male pollen cones are slender, egg-shaped, 3–8&nbsp;cm long, produced in late summer and shedding pollen in autumn.

## Naming of species
Cedar cones have a similar structure to fir cones. For many years in the past, experts thought they were closely related. Modern scientific investigation has shown that they belong to the same family but are not closely related.

There are several types of cedars and experts cannot agree how they are related. Some scientists put them all in one group while others separate them into different groups.

These are the names of the different kinds of cedars:
* **Deodar** or Deodar Cedar *Cedrus deodara* (also known as. *C. libani* subspecies *deodara*). Native to Western Himalaya.
* **Lebanon Cedar** or Cedar of Lebanon *Cedrus libani*. Native to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, from Turkey and Lebanon west to Morocco.
** **Lebanon Cedar** *Cedrus libani* variety *libani*. Native to the mountains of Lebanon, western Syria and south-central Turkey.
** **Turkish Cedar** *Cedrus libani* variety *stenocoma*. Native to the mountains of southwest Turkey.
** **Cyprus Cedar** *Cedrus libani* variety *brevifolia* (also known as *Cedrus libani* subsp. *brevifolia* or *Cedrus brevifolia*). Native to the mountains of Cyprus.
* **Atlas Cedar**, *Cedrus atlantica* (also known as *Cedrus libani* subspecies *atlantica*). Atlas Mountains in Morocco & Algeria.

## References
Rick Jones (voice actor)

**Richard "Rick" Jones** (born July 5, 1957) is a Canadian director, writer, content developer, voice actor, actor, and comedian. He was the voice of Fu-Fu in *Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat*.

Since 1982, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Kids' WB, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1985 and 2003.

He also was known for being the voice of Slax in *X-DuckX*, and Razmo in *Ratz*. He also played Keisha's dad in 1990 Ivan Reitman film *Kindergarten Cop*.

## Early life
He was born **Richard Jones**.

## References
## Other websites
*
Barriga de Aluguel

***Barriga de Aluguel*** is a Brazilian historical telenovela. It was first shown in 1990. The series starred Cláudia Abreu, Cássia Kiss and Victor Fasano.

## Cast
## References 
## Other websites
*
Stop Online Piracy Act

The **Stop Online Piracy Act** or **SOPA** was a  American law to stop copyright infringement on the Internet.

The Internet community had major discussion over it in 2011 and 2012, but the bill was not passed.  Some experts said the proposed changes to the internet would have worldwide effects.

Many critics said it would have bad unintended consequences.

## Protest 
Some people and businesses supported the new law. Others were alarmed.  Supporters worried that current copyright laws are not effective in shutting down piracy websites.  The opponents worried that it is a kind of censorship.  It is hard to tell which side is correct because the language in the law is still being written.

The English Wikipedia masked most of its pages with a banner on January 18, 2012. They used JavaScript to do this, which means that people could avoid the banner by just disabling JavaScript in their browser. The Wikipedia blackout is  to spotlight the value of open access to information on the Internet.

Other websites joined protests against SOPA. For example, Google put up a black censor board in front of its logo.

Many critics questioned the value and likely effects of the protests. Some people questioned the timing of the protests.

## Related pages 
* Protect IP Act

## References
## Other websites
* Text of Stop Online Piracy Act( ); H.R. 3261 
* US House Judiciary Committee website 
* SOPA Strike website
* http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG742.html
* http://voices.yahoo.com/movie-piracy-3354386.html 
* http://www.kuzdjafilmlopasellen.org/film-piracy-is-a-crime.php
Fallout: New Vegas

***Fallout: New Vegas*** is a role-playing video game. It was made by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. It was made after *Fallout 3* and is very similar to it, but it is a sequel to *Fallout 2* (because *Fallout 3* started a new story). This is because some of the employees at Obsidian Entertainment used to work at Interplay Productions and Black Isle Studios, the companies that made *Fallout 1* and *Fallout 2*. It takes place in  Nevada 204 years after a nuclear war destroyed most of the Earth.
 
The game was released on October 19, 2010, in North America, on October 22, 2010 in Europe, on November 4, 2010, in Asia, and on October 21, 2010 Australia. It can be played on a computer, Xbox 360, or PlayStation 3.
Buffalo gourd

**Buffalo gourd** (*Cucurbita foetidissima*), also known as the **buffalo gourd**, **calabazilla**, **chilicote**, **coyote gourd**, **fetid gourd**, **fetid wild pumpkin**, **Missouri gourd**, **prairie gourd**, **stinking gourd**, **wild gourd**, and **wild pumpkin** is a small plant in the *Cucurbitaceae* family, related to squash.
List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

is part of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites UNESCO World Heritage Site.]]

The **List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom** is a  of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

There are 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom and overseas territories. The UNESCO list has eighteen properties in England (the Frontiers of the Roman Empire is shared with Germany), five in Scotland, three in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, and one in each of the overseas territories of Bermuda, the Pitcairn Islands, and Saint Helena.

## History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, including the United Kingdom.

The UK contributes £130,000 annually to the World Heritage Fund which finances the preservation of sites in developing countries. Some locations have many sites that have a common geographical location or cultural history.

## List
The World Heritage list has  over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

The United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO advises the British government on policies dealing with UNESCO. The British government is  for  its World Heritage Sites.

### Original list 
The first sites in the UK to be added to the World Heritage List, in 1986, were:
* Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast
* Durham Castle and Cathedral
* Ironbridge Gorge
* Studley Royal Park and the Ruins of Fountains Abbey
* Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
* Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd

The latest site to be added was Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal in 2009.

### Criteria 
There are 10  for a site to be able to be added to the list. World Heritage Site selection criteria i–iv are culturally based. selection criteria vii–x are natural criteria. Twenty-three properties are listed as "cultural". Four are listed as "natural". One is listed as "mixed", which means that the site is notable for both natural and cultural criteria. St Kilda is the only mixed World Heritage Site in the UK. At first, it was added to the list because of its natural habitats. 

In 2005, the crofting community that once was part of the archipelago was added to the site. The natural sites are the Dorset and East Devon Coast, Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast, Gough and Inaccessible Islands and Henderson Island. The rest are cultural.

The UK's Tentative List was last updated on 25 July 2014, and consisted of 11 sites. The properties on the Tentative List are as follows:

Many other favorite sites were left out this time, including
#The Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
#The Forth Bridge, Scotland
#The New Forest, England
#Shakespeare's Stratford, England
#The Wash and North Norfolk Coast, England

## Related pages
* UNESCO World Heritage Site

## Notes
## References
## Further reading
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites 
* 
* UNESCO site
* UK World Heritage Sites DCMS portal
* List of World Heritage Sites in Britain
LaMarcus Aldridge

**LaMarcus Aldridge** (born July 19, 1985) is an American basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. He plays both the forward and center positions. He played college basketball at the University of Texas at Austin. He is known or his smooth turn-around jump shot, which is hard to block since he is so tall and long. He has been chosen as an all-star for the past three years. In 2014, he helped the Portland Trail Blazers win a playoff series for the first time in many years.

## References
## Other websites
*
Collatz conjecture

The **Collatz conjecture** is a conjecture (an idea that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true) in mathematics. It is named after Lothar Collatz. He first proposed it in 1937, which was 2 years after getting his doctorate. It is about what happens when something is done repeatedly (over and over) starting at some positive integer *n*:
* If *n* is even (divisible by two), *n* is halved (divide by two = take its half).
* If *n* is odd (not divisible by two), *n* is changed to 3n+1.
The conjecture states that if *n* is positive, *n* will always reach one and get stuck in the 4,2,1 loop as shown below. The problem is verified for all numbers below 2^{68} by brute force. This is still not proof that the conjecture is true because counterexamples (a number that disproves the conjecture) may be found in very large numbers. This has been shown in the disproven Pólya conjecture and Mertens conjecture.

Here is an example sequence:
* 9
* 28 (9 is odd, so we triple it and add one)
* 14 (28 is even;  14 is half of 28)
* 7 (14 is even, 7 is its half)
* 22 (22 = 3 \times 7 + 1)
* 11
* 34
* 17
* 52
* 26
* 13
* 40
* 20
* 10
* 5
* 16 (16 is a power of two, so it will lead to 1, halving each time)
* 8
* 4
* 2
* 1 (after 1 comes 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, etc.)

## Debate 
Many mathematicians argue over if it is really true. Numbers in the quadrillions have been tested but it has still remained true. Specifically, mathematicians have shown that a loop besides the 4,2,1 loop must be at least 186,000,000,000 (*186 billion*) numbers long. However, this is still very less compared to another conjecture that had been proved false in 1978. There are two outcomes where it is false: a number keeps growing towards infinity, or an extremely large number forms its own loop.

## References
Marion Strecker

**Marion Strecker** (b. São Paulo, October 17, 1960) is a Brazilian journalist, photographer and businessperson. She is known as one of the pioneers of the Internet industry in South America. Since 2011 she has been living in San Francisco, California, and working as an Editor-at-Large for UOL. UOL is the major content portal in Brazil. Since 2010, she has also been a columnist for Folha de S.Paulo, the largest newspaper in Brazil. She writes in the Market section about technology, innovation and behavior.

Strecker is one of the founders of UOL. She was the Content VP of the company from 1996 until 2011. UOL soon became a very large website. It reached about 70% of the online audience in Brazil with news, entertainment and services.

Before joining the team that founded UOL, Marion Strecker worked at Folha de S.Paulo from 1984 to 1996. She was a writer, an art critic, editor of the cultural section, planning coordinator, reporter, director of the archives and director of the Folha News Agency. Strecker was one of the authors of the “Folha Newsroom Manual”.

After coordinating the Digitization of the Newspaper Archives Project in the early 90s, Strecker led a team that created many high tech products. These included like audiotext services (1993), the newspaper’s full text yearly CD-ROMs (1994-96) and a system similar to a BBS. This system gave all the Folha de S.Paulo journalists and  correspondents access to the archives online, using telephone lines and microcomputers. Because of this work, Strecker was given the Folha Award on Journalism, Special Category, in 1995.

She also led the team which created the first website for Folha’s Media Group in Brazil. It was first used on 9 July 1995. Later that year, Strecker created the first content team for the launch of UOL in April 1996. UOL soon became the leader in the Brazilian internet market.

Since the 80s, she has written for several magazines and also spoken at many seminars and conferences in Brazil, United States and Europe. In the 90s she had a short career as a Professor of New Technologies for Communication at Casper Libero College of Journalism in São Paulo.

Early in her career as a journalist, Strecker was a writer and a co-editor with Lisette Lagnado of “Arte em São Paulo”. This is a magazine founded by the Brazilian painter Luiz Paulo Baravelli, about the visual arts.

Strecker holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Social Communication from PUC (Pontific Catholic University of São Paulo). Before working in journalism and online media, Strecker was a music teacher and a performer.

Strecker is married to the Brazilian journalist Mario Cesar Carvalho. They have two children, Theo and Helena.

## References
*Folha de S.Paulo/columnists
*ONA – Online News Association
*Abraji - Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo
*Marion's speech on the first Brazilian Online Presidential debate (Election 2010)
*Presentation for University of Texas at Austin 
*Marion's page on Linked in
Neutrophil

s]]

**Neutrophils** are the most common type of white blood cell, often called **neutrophil granulocytes**. They destroy bacteria (and other parasites like fungi) during an infection. They get to the site of an injury within minutes. They have tiny granules full of enzymes and peptides which chop up the bacteria after they have taken them in.

The process of taking in bacteria is called phagocytosis. The bacteria end up in a vacuole inside the neutrophil. The enzymes then get to work on destroying the bacteria. Neutrophils are an important part of the body's immune system. They are a kind of granulocyte, and have a short life-span of a couple of days.
Marussia Motors

**Marussia Motors** ( [ma´rusja]) is a Russian sports car manufacturer which started making cars in 2007. They were the first sports cars to be made in Russia. It has designed, developed and built the B1 and the B2 sport cars. The Marussia B1 was launched on the 16 December, 2008 in the new Manege hall in Moscow. The company's first showroom opened in Moscow on 10 September, 2010.

Marussia is led by former racing driver Nikolay Fomenko. In 2010, it bought the Virgin Racing Formula One team.  This will be renamed the Marussia F1 Team for the 2012 Formula One racing season.

## References
Adrenoleukodystrophy

**Adrenoleukodystrophy** is a disease that is linked on the X chromosome. It is a result of fatty acid digestive enzymes not breaking up the fats. These fats build up in the brain. They damage the myelin that surrounds nerves. This can cause seizures and hyperactivity. It can also cause problems with speaking, listening and understanding verbal s.

About 1 in 17,000 people are born with a genetic disease called adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). This severe brain disorder mainly affects boys and men. There's no cure yet for it, but a diagnosis early in life may keep it from getting worse.

## ALD Symptoms 
Symptoms of ALD often begin between the ages of 4 and 10 but can also present much later in life. ALD symptoms include:
* loss of vision
* learning disabilities
* dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
* seizures
* deafness
* lack of coordination and balance
* fatigue
* intermittent vomiting
* weight loss
* lack of appetite
* nausea
* darkening of the skin

## References
European windstorm

]]
A **European windstorm** is an extratropical cyclone that affects Europe. They are normally caused by areas of low atmospheric pressure that move across the North Atlantic towards northwestern Europe. They are most common in the winter months. Low pressure areas are common over the North Atlantic. They sometimes start as nor'easters off the New England coast. They usually move past the north coasts of the British Isles to the Norwegian Sea. When they move south, they can affect almost any country in Europe. These most often affect Britain, Ireland, Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland. They can affect any country in central, northern and western Europe.

These storms cause economic damage of €1.9 billion each year. They cause insurance costs of €1.4 billion yearly (1990–1998). Only US hurricanes cause more insurance costs of all natural disasters.

## References
Social Security Income

**SSI** or **social security income** is a type of government check that is given to those in the United States with some type of disability. Those who are above age 65 are automatically qualified to receive SSI benefits. However, children who have a disability can also qualify for SSI benefits. In all cases with children, they can receive SSI until the age of 18 (when they finish school). Some children continue to receive SSI if their disability worsens, or if they continue to develop more disabilities. When a child reaches the age of 18, they are evaluated by a professional physiatrist. The physiatrist asks several questions ranging from their moods to how they are doing in their life. The evaluation also consists of several mental work problems that are based on decision-making. At the end of the evaluation, the physiatrist will determine if the child is still disabled or has more disabilities. 

There has been mixed to negative commentaries by the general public who believe that SSI is a mere waste and should not exist. While others argue that if SSI is taken away, the elderly and children with disabilities would struggle with medical expenses and other lifetime economic issues. SSI is founded by the government. The money given to those with SSI are taken from taxes from those who work in the United States. SSI benefits include: insurance, automatic qualification for low income housing, free transportation to and from appointments and a monthly check that arrives on the first of every month.

## Websites 
*Official United States website for SSI
PROTECT IP Act

The **Protect Intellectual Property Act** (**Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act**), also called **PIPA**, was a  American law to stop copyright infringement on the Internet. The law would give copyright holders new ways to deal with websites infringing copyright.

Critics said the proposed law would have hidden risks and unintended consequences.

## Protest
Some people and businesses support the law while others are alarmed by the law.  Supporters worry that the current copyright law is not effective in shutting down piracy websites. Opponents worry that the law is a kind of censorship. It is hard to tell which side is correct because the language in the law is still being written.

## Related pages
* Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Text of Protect Intellectual Property Act ; S. 968
Amy Tan

**Amy Tan** (born February 19, 1952) is an American writer. Her works deal with mother-daughter relationships.  Her most well-known work is *The Joy Luck Club*. It has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, a movie was made based on the book.

Tan has written several other novels. These include ''The Kitchen God's Wife*, *The Hundred Secret Senses*, *The Bonesetter's Daughter* and *Saving Fish from Drowning*. She also wrote a collection of non-fiction essays entitled *The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings.* Her novel *Saving Fish from Drowning'' explores the problems dealt with by a group of people who disappear while on an art expedition in the jungles of Burma. Tan has also written two children's books: *The Moon Lady* (1992) and *Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat* (1994). *Sagwa*  was turned into an animated series which aired on PBS. She also appeared on PBS in a short spot encouraging children to write.

She is a child of Chinese immigrants: John and Daisy Tan.

## Related pages
*List of Chinese writers

## References
## Other websites

* 
* 
* 'Reading in Reverse' , review of *The Opposite of Fate* in the *Oxonian Review*
Folketing

The **Folketing** () is the national parliament of Denmark. The name means "People's thing" (a *thing* in this case is a governing assembly). It is the highest legislative body in the Kingdom of Denmark and decides most of the laws for Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Folketing meets in Christiansborg Palace, in the Danish capital, Copenhagen. 179 members sit in the Folketing (175 from Denmark, 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) and are democratically elected.

Greenland and the Faroe Islands also have their own, less powerful, parliaments and are allowed to make some laws on their own.

The Folketing is where many political parties in Denmark meet to discuss important issues affecting Danish people, and to pass laws they agree on. The Folketing is also where the Government of Denmark is formed, when several parties who are in agreement decide to join together and form a coalition government (the parties forming a government must have over half of the total members of the Folketing; a majority). The voting system used in Denmark is proportional, meaning the distribution of seats reflects the distribution of votes. This means that many parties and different political views are represented, including some extreme views.

The leader of the Folketing is the *Speaker* who sits at the front. The members sit in front of the speaker in the shape of a semicircle.

From 1849 to 1953, the Folketing was one of the two houses in a parliament. It was known as the "Rigsdag". The other house was known as the "Landsting". The members of the Folketing included farmers, traders and merchants. The Landsting was made up of the rich members of society. It included the nobility. These members were chosen by the King to become members. In 1953 the Landsting was gotten rid of. This left the Folketing as the only house of parliament. The Rigsdag became the Folketing.

## Latest election 
The most recent general election took place on 1 November 2022.

The Social Democrats came first with 27.5% of the vote and 50 seats in the Folketing (an increase of 2 from 2019). It later formed a coalition government with Venstre and the Moderates. 
## References 
* Folketinget – The Danish Parliament *ft.dk*. PDF publication, published in September 2010.

## Other websites 
* Official website in English.
* ft.dk - Official website in Danish
Edward William Binney

**Edward William Binney** FRS (1812–1882) was an English geologist.

Edward William Binney was born in Morton, Nottinghamshire in 1812. He was apprenticed to a solicitor in Chesterfield. In 1836, he went to Manchester. He soon retired from legal practice to study geology.

In 1838, he helped  the Manchester Geological Society. He was elected president in 1857 and again in 1865. He also was the secretary and later the president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He studied the Carboniferous and Permian rocks in northern England and the Drift deposits of Lancashire. He and Joseph Dalton Hooker found the first coal balls. They also studied the geology of the country around Manchester. He became an expert on the Coal Measures, and his *Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants found in the Carboniferous Strata* (1868–1875) was one of the studies of the Palaeontographical Society. His large collection of fossils was placed in Owens College.

He was elected a  of the Royal Society in 1856 and died in Manchester.

## References
## Further reading 
* 
* 
* Secord, A. "Binney, Edward William (1812–1881)", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, accessed 10 August 2007
* [Anon.] (1911) "Edward William Binney", *Encyclopaedia Britannica*
Paleobotany

leaf from the early Eocene of Washington State, about 49 million years ago]]

**Paleobotany** (Palaeobotany) is part of paleontology (palaeontology).  Paleophytology (Palaeophytology) is a synonym.

Paleobotanists study plant fossils from the past. Paleobotany is also about trying to understand past environments and the history of agriculture. Fossil pollen and spores are important for studying the history of plants. Micropaleontology and palynology both include studying fossil plant pollen and spores.

Note: terms starting with **Paleo**- are spelt **Palaeo-** in the English version of the English language.

## Related pages
*Coal, a black rock, and a solid fossil fuel formed from fossil plants
*Coal balls, plant remains form strange balls in coal deposits, but are not made of coal
*Rhynie chert, a fossil deposit with extraordinary plant fossils
Ernie Banks

**Ernest "Ernie" Banks** (January 31, 1931 &ndash; January 23, 2015) 

In 2013, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.

## High school years
Banks was born in  Dallas, Texas and went to Booker T. Washington High School in that city. He was a very good athlete. He won "letters" in football, basketball and track. He graduated in 1950.

## Baseball career
]]
Banks signed with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League in 1950. He broke into the Major Leagues in 1953 with the Chicago Cubs. He was their first black player. He played for the Cubs his entire career. He started at shortstop, then moved to first base in 1962.

Banks won the National League Most Valuable Player Award twice, in 1958 and 1959. He became the first shortstop in the history of the National League to win the MVP award in back to back seasons.

On May 12, 1970, at Chicago's Wrigley Field, Banks hit his 500th career home run. Banks finished his career with 512 home runs, and his 277 homers as a shortstop were the most ever at the time of his retirement. (Cal Ripken, Jr. now holds the record for most homers as a shortstop with 345.) Banks holds Cubs records for games played (2,528), at-bats (9,421), extra-base hits (1,009), and total bases (4,706).

## Coaching career
In 1977 Banks was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The beginning of Banks' speech that August 8 can be heard on a CD called ''Baseball's Greatest Hits Vol. II''. Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn presents Banks, who then says, "Thank you very much, Commissioner, for the fine introduction. We've got the setting - sunshine, fresh air; we've got the team behind us so . . . '''Let's play two!''"

Banks had worn number 14 on his Cubs uniform. In 1982 he became the first Cubs players whose number was retired by the team.

On March 31, 2008, a statue of Banks was put outside Wrigley Field. The base of the statue repeats his famous saying, "Lets play two!" 

## Death
Banks died of a heart attack at a Chicago hospital on January 23, 2015, eight days before his 84th birthday. His death was announced by his lawyer in that same day. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery, just a few blocks north of Wrigley Field.

## References
## Other websites 
*Ernie Banks – BaseballLibrary.com
*Ernie Banks' oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
* 
*Ernie Banks Biography  - The HistoryMakers
Yoshino Province

, also known as **Washū**, was an old province of Japan in the area of Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  The history of the province started in 716 and ended in 738.

## History
, 1833]]
The province was established when Yoshino District was  from Yamato Province. 

Yoshino Province was abolished sometime after 738. It was reformed as part of Yamato Province.

The Buddhist temple of *Hisosan-ji* was established in the province.
 
Yoshino was known for locally produced  called lacquer. Cups and bowls and other lacquer ware (*Yoshino nuri*) were typically black and red.  Yoshino lacquer (*Yoshino urushi*) was  as superior.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
* Daimyo-issued banknote from Yamato-Washu Province, 1744-1748
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome

**Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome**, often simply called The **Metrodome**, was a domed sports stadium in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. The field was renamed **Mall of America Field at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome** in October 2009. Opened in 1982, it replaced Metropolitan Stadium, which was on the current site of the Mall of America in Bloomington (which, beginning a three year deal on October 5, 2009, now holds naming rights for the Metrodome's field), and Memorial Stadium on the University of Minnesota campus. The Metrodome was home to the National Football League's Minnesota Vikings, and in its last years was also sometimes used by the Big Ten's Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team. The stadium was also the home of the Minnesota Twins from 1982 to 2009 and the Golden Gophers football team from 1982 to 2008. The Twins now play at the nearby Target Field, while Golden Gophers football returned to campus at TCF Bank Stadium.

The Vikings played their last game at the stadium on  December 29, 2013. Demolition of the stadium began on January 18, 2014. A new stadium for the Vikings, U.S. Bank Stadium, was built on the site, and opened in 2016. During construction of the new stadium, the Vikings played at TCF Bank Stadium, located on the University of Minnesota campus.

## References
## Other websites
*Metrodome Dreamscapes - digital ephemera archive 
*Ballpark Digest review of Metrodome
*Blog with pictures of 2011 roof
*
Aberdeen Airport

**Aberdeen Airport**  is an international airport in Aberdeen, Scotland.

It is about 5 nautical miles (5.8 miles or 9.3&nbsp;km) northwest of Aberdeen city centre.

Aberdeen Airport is a base for BMI Regional (part of BMI) and Eastern Airways.  The Airport is also the main heliport for the Scottish offshore oil industry.  

The airport has one main passenger terminal, serving scheduled and charter holiday flights as well as some international flights with airlines such as, Air Baltic and KLM. There are three terminals for North Sea helicopter operations, used by Bristow Helicopters, CHC-Scotia, and Bond Offshore Helicopters.  There is also a small terminal next to the main passenger terminal, Broomfield House, used for oil company charter flights to Scatsta in Shetland, operated by Eastern Airways.

## Heliport
Aberdeen Airport has the world's largest commercial heliport which has more than 400,000 passengers each year.

With the newer aircraft, helicopters can reach the northern most platforms on both the East and west of Shetland areas.  However, helicopters often use Wick, Kirkwall, Scatsa and Sumburgh for refuelling stops.

## References
List of the busiest airports in the United States

These are **lists of the busiest airports in the United States**.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the busiest single airport in the United States. However, all of the New York City metropolitan area's airports combine to create the largest airport system in the United States. They are also second in the world in terms of passenger traffic, and first in the world in terms of total flight operations.

## 50 busiest US airports by total passenger boardings
## 30 busiest US airports by total passenger traffic (2010)
Listed according to data compiled by Airports Council International North America, and ranked according to total passengers during 2010.

## 10 busiest US airports by international passenger traffic (2010)
Listed according to data compiled by the Office of Aviation Analysis, part of the United States Department of Transportation, and ranked according to total international passengers during 2010.

## 10 busiest airports in the US by total cargo throughput (2010)
Listed according to data compiled by Airports Council International North America, and ranked according to total cargo throughput in metric tonnes during 2010.

## References
Grammatical person

In grammar, a **person** is the way of referring to someone taking part in an event, such as the person talking, the person being talked to, the person being talked about. Grammatical persons are accomplished by pronouns, words used to take the place of a noun, in order to make speech easier.

The **first person** is the speaker referring to himself or herself. The **second person** is the person whom someone is speaking to or writing to.

## Persons
## Effect on nouns
Very few nouns are second-person nouns because people do not usually talk directly to things like tables. In fact, in English, just about the only kind of nouns that are second-person is a small group of pronouns that can be seen in the table below.

Sometimes, a person's name is used in the second person, but that's usually just with a baby. For example, instead of saying "you sit here", one could say "Charlie sits here".

## Effect on verbs
In English grammar, people do not usually have to do anything special to the verb if they use a second-person noun as a subject. In fact, the verb *be* is the only verb that has a special form for the second person: *are*. In other languages such as French though, verbs change in different ways to match the subject. In this table, *tu* and *vous* are the second-person pronouns. We can see how the verb *parler* (talk) changes when people use them.
Heathrow Airport Holdings

**Heathrow Airport Holdings** (formerly **BAA Ltd.**) is a Spanish company who operates six British airports (including Heathrow Airport) and Naples Airport in Italy, making the company one of the largest transport companies in the world. BAA comes from British Airports Authority and is owned by a group led by Grupo Ferrovial, a Spanish firm specialising in infrastructure. The company's head office is in The Compass Centre on the grounds of London Heathrow Airport in the London Borough of Hillingdon.

Heathrow Airport Holdings makes money from charging landing fees to airlines and from areas such as retail and property. BAA does not operate all UK airports - most are in the ownership of local authorities or other corporations.

Heathrow Airport Holdings was once a listed on the FTSE 100 Index but is now owned by FGP TopCo Limited, an international group, which includes Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and GIC Special Investments, that is led by the Spanish Ferrovial Group.

## References
Moree, New South Wales

**Moree** is a large town in northern New South Wales, Australia, located on the Mehi River at the junction of the Newell Highway and Gwydir Highway. The nearest town to Moree is Narrabri, situated 100 kilometers to the south. Moree has passenger trains to and from Sydney, as well as buses to and from Grafton.

Moree is a major agricultural centre. It is an important part of the Australian cotton growing industry. Like many towns and cities in Australia, Moree shares its name with a much smaller community in Northern Ireland, Moree, County Tyrone. At the 2001 census, 9,247 people lived in Moree. Later in 2006, only 8,083 people lived there.

## References
Mikawa Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It was also known as . 

Mikawa had borders with Owari, Mino, Shinano, and Tōtōmi Provinces.

## History
In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Mikawa.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Mikawa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples
*Toga jinja* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Mikawa.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

]
Costa Concordia

**MS** ***Costa Concordia*** is a cruise ship. Costa Cruises, a subsidiary of British-American Carnival Corporation &&nbsp;Plc, owns and operates the ship. The name *Concordia* was meant to express the wish for "continuing harmony, unity, and peace between European nations."

She is the first vessel of the *Concordia* ship class. There are sister ships built for Carnival Cruise Lines. *Costa Concordia* entered service in July 2006. It was one of the largest ships to be built in Italy, at GT 114,500. The later was *Carnival Dream* class weighed 130,000&nbsp;GRT, and was built in Fincantieri.

On 22 November 2008, *Costa Concordia* suffered damage to her bow when high winds over the Sicilian city of Palermo pushed the ship against its dock. There were no injuries and repairs started soon after.

On 13 January 2012, the *Costa Concordia* ran aground and partially sank on the western coast of Italy just off the shore of Isola del Giglio. Of the 4,200 passengers and crew, at least eleven people were killed, including ten passengers and one crew member and 23 still missing. The situation is still ongoing. People were angry with the ship's captain because he left the ship. He was supposed to stay on the ship and help the other passengers get off safely. The captain's "error" took the ship off of its programmed route.

## References 
## Other websites
Ballarat Airport

**Ballarat Airport**  or **Ballarat Aerodrome**, is at Mitchell Park an outer suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.

## History
Pilots were first trained on the Ballarat Common in 1914-15. In 1934 a tin hangar was built.

### World War II
In 1940, in World War II, the site was taken over by the Australian government and a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) airfield known as Empire Air Training Scheme **No 1 Wireless Air Gunners School** was begun (EATS 1 WAGS) at the Ballarat Showgrounds on 22 April 1940.

The hangar was moved to the Commonwealth Flax Mill, and four Bellman Hangars and numerous "P"-type hut buildings were erected. In mid-1940 the Wireless Air Gunners School moved to the aerodrome. At first the wireless operators were mainly trained in panel vans, but from mid 1941, they used CAC Wackett trainer aircraft.

No 1 WAGS was disbanded on 31 December 1945.

### Post War
The RAAF continued to use the airfield as its Radio School until 1961. The Shire of Ballarat took over the airport as a civil airport and kept many of the hangars and other structures. Most of the P Huts were sold by the Australian government.

The site was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register in 2007 because of its history with the Empire Air Training Scheme in Victoria.

The airport still has an important role in emergency services operation, civil operation, and flight training. Many community groups and organisations use the old buildings.

## Motorsport
The airfield was also used for motor sport, starting on Australia Day in 1947 when it held its first motor race meeting. In February there was an International Formula Libre race, which was attended by some European Formula 1 teams. BRM factory drivers Dan Gurney and Graham Hill finished first and second in the major race, the Victoria Trophy with Ron Flockhart third in a Cooper. On the night before the race Gurney's car was stolen from its hangar and driven into or hidden with, hay bales out on the track.

## References
* Shire of Ballarat History

## Other websites
*Ballarat Aero Club 
*Ballarat Aviation Museum 
*Anson Museum
*Heritage Victoria