open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Trump

**Trump** most commonly refers to:
* Donald Trump is the current president of the United States, businessman, and television personality
* Trump (card games), any playing card given an ad-hoc high rank
**Trump** may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Movies
* *Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?*, a 2017 British television movie
* ''Trump: What's the Deal?*, an American documentary movie screened in 1991 and released in 2015

### Games and cards
* Trump (card games), any playing card given an ad-hoc high rank
* Court piece or trumps, a trick-taking card game related to whist
* *Top Trumps*, a card game series
* *Trump: The Game*, a board game
* Trumps or Major Arcana, special cards in the Tarot pack
* Warden Trump, a character in the 2006 video game *Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker*

### Literature
* *Trump* (magazine), 1957, a humor magazine
* "The Last Trump", a fantasy story by Isaac Asimov referring to the eponymous trumpet call
* *Trump: The Art of the Comeback*, 1997 book by Donald Trump and Kate Bohner
* *Trump: The Art of the Deal*, 1987 book by Donald Trump and Tony Schwartz
* *Trump: The Deals and the Downfall*, a 1992 biography by Wayne Barrett
* *Trump: Surviving at the Top'', 1990 book by Donald Trump and Charles Leerhsen

### Music
*  Jew's trump or Jew's harp, a small musical instrument played in the mouth
* "The last trump", a trumpet call signaling the resurrection of the dead in 1 Corinthians 15
* Trumpet or trumpeting

## Businesses and organizations
* Donald J. Trump Foundation, a New York-based private foundation
* The Trump Organization, a business conglomerate owned by Donald Trump

## People
* Trump (surname), a family name (including a list of persons with the name)
** Trump family, the ancestral history of the family from 17th-century Germany 
*** Family of Donald Trump, the immediate family of the US president
* Trump (video game player) (born 1987), pseudonym of Jeffrey Shih, *Hearthstone* streamer and competitor
*Judd Trump, world snooker champion

## Places
### United States
* Trump, Colorado
* Trump, Maryland
* Trump, Ohio

### Elsewhere
* Trump Islands, Antarctica
* Trump Street, City of London, United Kingdom

## Ships
* HMS *Trump* (P333), a British submarine, 1944–1969
* USCGC *William Trump* (WPC-1111), a US Coast Guard cutter

## Other uses
* Trump, an act of flatulence
* The Trump (horse), an Australian racehorse 

## Related pages
* Donald Trump (disambiguation)
* 
*
Sprout (TV network)

**Sprout** is an American Digital cable and satellite television network. it launched on September 26, 2005. is owned by NBCUniversal.

## Programming
**Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks* (September 2006 – now)
*Angelina Ballerina (September 26, 2005 - now
**Teletubbies* (September 26, 2005 – now)
**Monkey See, Monkey Do* (August 23, 2010 – now)
**Play with Me Sesame* (September 26, 2007 – December 31, now)
**Roary the Racing Car* (September 26, 2008 – now)
*''Franny's Feet* (July 8, 2006 – now)
**Rubbadubbers* (August 24, 2009 - now)
**Sagwa, The Chinese Siamese Cat* (September 26, 2005 - now)
**The Hoobs* (December 25, 2006 - now)
**Fireman Sam* (2006-now)
**Make Way for Noddy* (September 26, 2005 - June 27, 2010, 2012-now)
**Bob the Builder* (September 26, 2005 - now)
**Dragon Tales* (September 26, 2005 - now)
**Caillou* (September 26, 2005 - now)
**Jay Jay the Jet Plane'' (September 26, 2005 - now)
*el Tigre the adventures of manny rivera (2009-now)
*tweenies (2010-now)
*tickety toc (2011-now)
*shelldon (2010-now)
*bubble guppies (2017-now)
*peter rabbit (2013-now)
*hi hi puffy amiyumi (2015-now)

## Other websites
* Official website
2013 Africa Cup of Nations

The **2013 Africa Cup of Nations** was the 29th Africa Cup of Nations held from 19 January to 10 February 2013. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). South Africa hosted the tournament for the second time. This was also the first tournament to be held on an odd-numbered year. This was done so that it doesn't get in the way of the FIFA World Cup.

Nigeria won the tournament after a 1–0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final. Mali also won the third-place game. Nigeria later represented Africa in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

## Qualification 
A total of 47 countries entered the qualification.

## Venues 
The average daytime temperature of the host cities ranges from  to .

## Group stage 
### Group A 
### Group B 
### Group C 
### Group D 
## Knockout stage 
**Quarter-finals**

----

----

----

**Semi-finals**

----

**Third place match**

**Final**

## Goalscorers
;4 goals

*  Emmanuel Emenike

*  Wakaso Mubarak

;3 goals

*  Alain Traoré

*  Seydou Keita

;2 goals

*  Jonathan Pitroipa
*  Dieumerci Mbokani
*  Gervinho

*  Yaya Touré
*  Kwadwo Asamoah
*  Mahamadou Samassa

*  Sunday Mba
*  Victor Moses
*  Siyabonga Sangweni

;1 goal

*  Sofiane Feghouli
*  El Arbi Hillel Soudani
*  Aristide Bancé
*  Djakaridja Koné
*  Platini
*  Héldon Ramos
*  Fernando Varela
*  Trésor Mputu
*  Wilfried Bony
*  Didier Drogba
*  Cheick Tioté
*  Didier Ya Konan

*  Adane Girma
*  Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu
*  Christian Atsu Twasam
*  John Boye
*  Asamoah Gyan
*  Cheick Fantamady Diarra
*  Sigamary Diarra
*  Issam El Adoua
*  Youssef El-Arabi
*  Abdelilah Hafidi
*  Uwa Elderson Echiéjilé
*  Brown Ideye

*  Ahmed Musa
*  May Mahlangu
*  Lehlohonolo Majoro
*  Tokelo Rantie
*  Emmanuel Adebayor
*  Jonathan Ayité
*  Serge Gakpé
*  Dové Wome
*  Khaled Mouelhi
*  Youssef Msakni
*  Collins Mbesuma
*  Kennedy Mweene

;Own goals
*  Nando (playing against Angola)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Orange CAN 2013 at cafonline.com
Lottigna

**Lottigna** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It was first mentioned in 1201 as *Lotingnia*.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Ulsan

**Ulsan** is a metropolitan city in the southeast of South Korea. Big companies such as Hyundai Heavy Industries, Hyundai Hysco, Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Hyundai Motor Company, SK Innovation and S-Oil. are in Ulsan. Making motors, shipbuilding and petrochemical companies are the main industries in Ulsan. It has the largest area of Korean metropolitan cities but it has the lowest population. In Ulsan, there is a Whale Festival every year to celebrate whales.
AC Sparta Prague

**Athletic Club Sparta Praha** (), commonly known as **Sparta Prague**, is a soccer club from the Czech Republic.  It is the most successful football club in the Czech Republic. His nickname is Iron Sparta. His biggest rival is Slavia Prague.

## Accomplishments 
The A.C. Sparta Prague has: (*source*:)
* Won 38 Czech and Czechoslovak league titles
* Won 19 Czech and Czechoslovak league cups
* Won 3 Mitropa Cups in Europe
* Played in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League knockout rounds

## History 
In 1991, Sparta came in third place in the Champions League.  The other finalists were F.C. Barcelona, F.C. Porto, and F.C. Spartak Moscow.

Sparta last won a title in the Czech Republic during the 2013/2014 season.  Sparta also won the Czech League Cup and the Super Cup that season.  Because of this, Sparta fans call the 2013/2014 season the "Sparta treble season."

In the 2015/2016 season of the Europa League, Sparta made it to the quarterfinals but lost to Villarreal C.F.  

## Famous players 
Famous players who have played for Sparta include Pavel Nedvěd, Jan Koller, Andrej Kvašňák, Jan Berger, Tomáš Rosický, Horst Siegl, Václav Mašek, Jiří Novotný, Jiří Jarošík, Libor Sionko, Wilfried Bony, and Leonard Kweuke. 

Sparta's most famous coach was Václav Ježek.

## European cups all-time statistics
The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Sparta's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D), and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.
:*As of 10 August 2021*

### UEFA club coefficient ranking
*As of 12.02.2021, Source: *

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites 
*
Queenstown MRT station

**Queenstown MRT Station (EW19)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

## History
The station was opened on 12 March 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi.

## Exits
*A and D: Commonwealth Avenue, Stirling Road, Mei Ling Street, Church Of the Good Shepherd, Commonwealth Avenue, Strathmore Road, Queens Condo, Queenstown Primary school
*B and C: Queenstown Stadium, Queenstown Swimming Pool, The True Way Presbyterian Church, MDIS, Queenstown Community Centre
Together with Commonwealth and Clementi stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. Construction started in mid-2012 and opened on August 23, 2015, together with Commonwealth.

## Related pages
* Queenstown, Singapore

## References
## Other websites
*
Commonwealth MRT station

**Commonwealth MRT Station (EW20)** is an MRT station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

## Exits
*A and D: Commonwealth Avenue, Tanglin Halt Road, Faith Methodist Church, Haw Par Techno Centre, MDIS, New Town Primary School, Queenstown CC, Queenstown Polyclinic, Sheng Siong Supermarket
*B and C: Commonwealth Avenue, Commonwealth Close, GMTI Building, Leng Kee Carmart, MOE Heritage Centre, One Commonwealth, Queenstown Lutheran Church, Queensway Secondary School, Yin Foh Kuan Cemetery
Together with Queenstown and Clementi stations, an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits were built, one on each side of the road. The exits are equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines, whereas the exit numbers are divided into 1 and 2 respectively. These new exits were opened on 23 August 2015, alongside Queenstown.

## Other websites
*
Clementi MRT station

**Clementi MRT Station (EW23)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. Part of the East West Line, Clementi MRT Station is heavily used by commuters who live in Clementi itself or further west to go to work and also, by students of the National University of Singapore, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and other schools around Clementi. Hence, the station experiences high passenger traffic throughout the day due to it serving a wide range of passengers.

The tracks between this station and Jurong East is the second longest between any two stations on the East West Line, the longest being the tracks between Expo and Changi Airport MRT Stations. It takes four minutes for trains to travel between these two stations.

The station is also directly linked to the Clementi Mall and Clementi Bus Interchange. Together, they form the Clementi Integrated Transport Hub (ITH).

It was opened on 12 March 1988.

On 5 August 1993, at around 7.53 am, two trains collided in the station. It appeared that one train had stopped at the station for longer than usual after experiencing a technical fault, and then a second westward train hit the first. It was caused by a 50 litre oil spill. 156 commuters were injured, many of whom were on their way to work. Eight were admitted to three hospitals, while the rest received outpatient treatment. In the aftermath of the accident, SMRT said that it would replace the faulty maintenance locomotives and purchase new ones. It also introduced a new policy for station managers to inspect tracks for oil or foreign objects before the start of service.

## Exits
*A and D: Commonwealth Avenue West, Clementi Avenue 3, The Clementi Mall (via Linkway Bridge), NTUC Fairprice Supermarket, Cityvibe Shopping Centre, Clementi Polyclinic, Clementi Primary School, Clementi Town Secondary School, Clementi Sports Hall, Clementi Swimming Complex, Clementi Bus Interchange, Clementi Stadium, West Coast Recreational Centre
*B and C: Commonwealth Avenue West, Clementi Avenue 4, Clementi Community Centre, Clementi Police Division Headquarters, Clementi NPC, Clementi NPP, Darussalam Mosque, Pei Tong Primary School, Clementi Avenue 2

Together with Commonwealth and Queenstown stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. It was completed and opened on 25 August 2015.

## Gallery

File:Clementi MRT Station Concourse.jpeg|Clementi MRT Station Concourse.
File:Clementi MRT Station-NewExit (Information-Board).jpg|Information board outside paid area at new exit.
File:Clementi MRT Station-NewExit (Faregates).jpg|Faregates at the new exit
File:ClementiMRT.JPG|A C151 train at Platform before HHPSD was implemented.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chañaral

**Chañaral** is a small coastal city and commune in the Atacama region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Chañaral.

Its name, *Chañaral* means a "place where there are many trees of **chaña**" (the Chilean name for *Geoffroea decorticans*).

## History
tal lighthouse in Chañaral.]]
In 1824, Diego de Almeyda found a large area with copper ore in the region; later, he looked for a place from where to export the mineral and began to form a small village in the place where is the present town of Chanaral. In 26 October 1833, José Joaquín Prieto founded the  ***Distrito de Chañaral*** ("Chañaral District").

## Geography
The commune of Chañaral has an area of .

The *Salado* river flows into the Pacific Ocean in the commune of *Chañaral*; it is about  long.

Chañaral has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 47 years, is only .

## Population
 (last national census), there were 13,143 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Chañaral is the largest city of the province with a population, in 2002, of 12,123 inhabitants. The small town of *Salado* has 1,149 inhabitants.

## Related pages
*Atacama Desert
*Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website 
* Province of Chanaral website
1994 African Cup of Nations

The **1994 African Cup of Nations** was the 19th Africa Cup of Nations held from 26 March to 10 April. It was hosted by Tunisia and had 12 teams who qualified.

Nigeria won their 2nd title after defeating Zambia 2−1 in the final. The Zambian team featured new players because the 1993 Zambia national football team air disaster occurred a few months earlier.

## Qualification 
## Group stage 
Teams highlighted in green move on to the quarter-finals.

### Group A 
### Group B 
### Group C 
### Group D 
## Knockout stage 
**Quarter-finals**

----

----

----

**Semi-finals**

----

**Third place match**

**Final**

## Goalscorers
;5 goals
*  Rashidi Yekini

;4 goals
*  Joël Tiéhi

;2 goals

*  Michel Bassolé
*  Bashir Abdel Samad

*  Charles Akonnor
*  Emmanuel Amuneke

*  Elijah Litana
*  Kenneth Malitoli

;1 goal

*  Tchiressoua Guel
*  Adama Koné
*  Ahmed Ouattara
*  Donald-Olivier Sie
*  Abdoulaye Traoré
*  Hamza El-Gamal
*  Ayman Mansour
*  Prince Polley

*  Aboubacar Titi Camara
*  Fernand Coulibaly
*  Amadou Diallo
*  Modibo Sidibé
*  Soumaila Traoré
*  Mutiu Adepoju
*  Ben Iroha
*  Momath Gueye

*  Athanas Tendeng
*  Faouzi Rouissi
*  Lemba Basaula
*  Nsumbu Ngoy
*  Kalusha Bwalya
*  Zeddy Saileti
*  Evans Sakala

## Other websites 
* Details at RSSSF
* Details at www.angelfire.com
Diego de Almagro, Chile

**Diego de Almagro** is a small Chilean city and commune in the Chañaral Province, Atacama Region. The commune is named after Diego de Almagro, a Spanish conquistador.

Its inhabitants are called *dieguinos* (women: *dieguinas*).

## History
The commune was created on 19 August 1972 with the name of *Pueblo Hundido* but its name was changed on 13 April 1977 to the present name of *Diego de Almagro*.

## Geography
The commune of Diego de Almagro has an area of .

## Population
 (last national census), there were 18,589 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest town of the commune is *Salvador*, a mining town, with a population, in 2002, of 9,745 inhabitants. The town of Diego de Almagro has 8,192 inhabitants.

## Related pages
*Atacama Desert
*Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website 
* Commune of Diego de Almagro website }
Linda Partridge

**Professor Dame Linda Partridge**   (born 18 March 1950) is a British geneticist. She studies the biology and genetics of ageing (biogerontology) and age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In 1994, she moved to University College London (UCL) as Weldon Professor of Biometry and was the Director of the Institute of Healthy Ageing between 2007 and 2019.

She is also founding director of the Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing.

## Awards
Partridge was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996 and appointed CBE in 2003. She was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin–Wallace Medal in 2008.

In 2009, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), and received the Croonian lectureship from the Royal Society.

In March 2009, the UKRC announced Dame Linda was one of six Women of Outstanding Achievement in Science, Engineering and Technology.
 
She is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

She was awarded Foreign Honorary Membership from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.
She has been awarded Honorary Degrees (DSc) from the University of Bath in 2011, the University of Oxford and  the University of Brighton.

## BBC interview 
In a recent BBC radio interview Partridge talked about her life and work.

## References
Huasco Province

**Huasco Province** ) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Vallenar.

## Geography
The Huasco province has an area of , the smallest province in the Atacama region. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 6,649 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Vallenar, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 48,040 inhabitants in the commune.

## Administration
As a province, Huasco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (*comunas*). The city of Vallenar serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website 
* Province of Huasco website
Sirtuin

**Sirtuin** or **Sir2 proteins** are a class of enzymes that are important in cell biology. 

Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2', the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.

Sirtuins influence many cellular processes like ageing, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during low-calorie situations.  Sirtuins can also control circadian clocks and mitochondrial biogenesis.

## References
Euryale

**Euryale** is one of the three gorgons in Greek mythology. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to be a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island. 

A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.
MTOR

**mTOR** is a protein, an enzyme which regulates cell growth, cell division, cell movement, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *MTOR* gene.

It has been given various names. It was originally called the 'mammalian target of rapamycin', but is also known as the 'mechanistic target of rapamycin' and 'FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1' (FRAP1).

The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, and the brain.

## References
Now That You Got It

"**Now That You Got It**" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second solo studio album, *The Sweet Escape* (2006). Stefani co-wrote the song with its producers Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz. The album version of the song is a hip hop and R&B song and the remix is a reggae song.

## Music video 
The song's music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Puerto Rico scenes were filmed after Stefani's concert there on July 19, 2007. Most of the video were shot in a studio, including scenes of Stefani riding a motorbike in front of a green screen.

## Track listings
* **Australian CD single**
# "Now That You Got It" (Album Version) – 3:00
# "Now That You Got It" (Remix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26
# "Now That You Got It" (Single Version featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:09
* **US iTunes remix single**
# "Now That You Got It" (Hybrid Mix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:08 *(single version)*
# "Now That You Got It" (Main Mix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26 *(remix)*
* **US 12" single**
:A1. "Now That You Got It" (Single Version featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:09
:A2. "Now That You Got It" (Album Version) – 3:00
:A3. "Now That You Got It" (Instrumental Version) – 2:55
:B1. "Now That You Got It" (Remix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26
:B2. "Now That You Got It" (Dub) – 3:30

## Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of *The Sweet Escape*.

* Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
* Angel Aponte – additional recording
* Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
* Loren Dawson – keyboards
* Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
* David Emery – assistant engineering
* Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

* Sean Garrett – backing vocals, co-production, songwriting
* Kevin Mills – recording
* Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering
* Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
* Swizz Beatz – production, songwriting
* Steve Tolle – assistant engineering

## Charts
## Release history
## References
Unterseen

**Unterseen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Turning movement

A **turning movement** , also called a **wide envelopment** is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a  part of the enemy's . It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts. The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank. The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic. Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to *avoid* enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear. One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement. One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle. Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks. At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.

## Related pages 
* Envelopment
* Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
* Flanking maneuver
* Rearguard
* Attrition warfare
* Feigned retreat
* Preemptive war
* Oblique order
* Shock tactics

## References
## Other websites 
* Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics
* 1990-91 Gulf War briefing General Norman Schwarzkopf part 2 (Left hook); YouTube
Bristoe Campaign

The **Bristoe Campaign** was a series of minor battles fought in Virginia during October and November 1863, in the American Civil War. Major general George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army of the Potomac, began an  attempt to defeat General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Lee countered with a turning movement. Not willing to do battle on ground he did not choose, Meade gradually withdrew his army back toward Centreville. His object was to keep Lee from getting between his Union forces in Virginia and Washington, DC.

## The campaign 
In September, Lee was forced to send his I Corps commanded by general James Longstreet to the Western Theatre around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Meade lost his Union XI and XII Corps who were also sent to Tennessee. He ed into Federal troops guarding a supply train. Seeing he was ed, Stuart's cavalry hid in the thick es waiting for a chance to attack. Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against. After reinforcing his line Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment.

### Buckland Races (October 19)
After defeat at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuart's cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lee's army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Union cavalry under general Judson Kilpatrick pursued Stuart's cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike. But they were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill and were routed. The Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles (8&nbsp;km) in an affair that came to be known as the "Buckland Races".

### Across the Rappahannock (November 7)
Lee returned to his old position behind the Rappahannock but left a fortified bridgehead on the north bank. This protected the approach to Kelly's Ford. On November 7, Meade forced passage of the Rappahannock at two places. A surprise attack by general John Sedgwick's VI Corps at dusk overran the Confederate bridgehead at Rappahannock Station. They captured two Confederate brigades (more than 1,600 men) of general Jubal A. Early's division. Fighting at Kelly's Ford was less severe, but the Confederates retreated, allowing the Federals across in force.

## Notes 
## References
ENSAE ParisTech

**ENSAE Paris** (officially '''École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique Paris**) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its curricula lead to these French & European degrees:
* **Ingénieur ENSAE ParisTech** (ENSAE ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS''')

Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages. The students are from a dozen nationalities.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ENSAE ParisTech relate to the following topics:
*Economics
*Finance, insurance
*Macroeconomics
*Microeconomics
*Sociology
*Statistical

## Notable graduate 
* Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Moroccan economist and writer.

## References
Hayflick limit

The **Hayflick limit** (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.

The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961,

Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells. Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.

The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were found by studies in the nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans*. These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Apoptosis
*Ageing
Geoffroea decorticans

The ***Geoffroea decorticans***  or  **Chañar**  is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found in very arid places of southern South America. It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.

## Description
The trunk of *Geoffroea decorticans* grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest. The tree grows up to  tall.

The trunk could have up to  in diameter, with yellow bark that peels off, revealing the underneath young green bark. The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.

The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured. The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.

*Geoffroea decorticans* is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval pods that hold a single seed. Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.

## Name
The second name of the species, * decorticans*, means that the bark of the trunk peels off.

Common names for this tree are *chañar*, Chilean palo verde and *kumbaru*.

## Synonyms
The species have the following synonyms:
* *Gourliea decorticans* var. *subtropicalis* Lillo
* *Geoffroea decorticans* var. *subtropicalis* (Lillo) Burkart
* *Geoffroya spinosa* (Molina) M. de Moussy
* *Gourliea spinosa* (Molina) Skeels
* *Gourliea chilensis* Clos
* *Gourliea decorticans* Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
* *Gourliea decorticata* Walp.
* *Lucuma spinosa* Molina

## Where it grows
The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America. *Geoffroea decorticans* is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay.  

The *chañar* grows from sea level up to  above sea level. In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural  ( in singular).

## Uses
*Geoffroea decorticans* is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making. It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.

The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed. The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.

Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, *Geoffroea decorticans* is also used as ornamental plants.

## References
## Other websites
* Arid Zone Trees 
*Pictures and information of *Geoffroea decorticans* in Northern Chile 
*Geoffroea Notes 
*Image of *G. decorticans* branch - sample stored at FieldMuseum (Chicago)
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Deux-Sèvres are:

## History
Since its creation, the Deux-Sèvres department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department, with six districts: Melle, Niort, Parthenay, Saint-Maixent, Thouars and Châtillon (now Mauléon). The capital of the department was Niort alternating with Parthenay and Saint-Maixent but soon was changed and Niort was kept as the only capital.
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Melle, Niort, Parthenay and Thouars. Saint-Maixent and Châtillon were left out.
* 1804 : the subprefecture of Thouars is moved to Bressuire.
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Bressuire and Melle were eliminated.
* 1942 : the Bressuire was made again an arrondissement.

## Related pages
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Rapamycin

**Rapamycin** (also known as **Rapamune** and **sirolimus**), is a compound produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*.

It is used in medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coating for coronary stents.

## Effects on longevity 
Rapamycin was first shown to extend lifespan in eukaryotes (actually, yeast cells) in 2006.

In a 2009 study, the lifespans of mice fed rapamycin were increased between 28 and 38% from the beginning of treatment. That is a 9 to 14% increased maximum lifespan. The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.

Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments. It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey). A study on dogs is also planned.

Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections.

According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production. Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated. This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows. Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration. 

These positive feedbacks on the aging process are counteracted by protective mechanisms: decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates glycolysis, and removal of dysfunctional cellular components by autophagy.

## References
Postal codes in Azerbaijan

**Postal codes in Azerbaijan** consist of four digits.  

The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format *AZ NNNN*. The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.

From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode *37NNNN*. After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.

## Related pages 
* Azərpoçt – the national postal service of Azerbaijan
* Postal code
* Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan
* ISO 3166-2:AZ
* Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan 

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Randall Woolf

**Randall Woolf** (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer. He studied at Harvard University. Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999. One of his piaces is called *White Heat*. He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale. He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie *American Psycho*. His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Castro, Ticino

**Castro** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It was first mentioned in 1200 as *Castri*.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Arrondissement of Bressuire

The **arrondissement of Bressuire** is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bressuire.

## History
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the *arrondissements* of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.

## Geography
Bressuire is the northernmost *arrondissement* of the department. It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the *arrondissement* of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.

It has an area of , and a population of 96,703 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

In the *arrondissement* of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their *communes*  in the *arrondissement*: Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars, 

The following table shows the distribution of the *communes* in the *arrondissement* of  Bressuire:

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Bressuire has 53 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Argentonnay (79013)
# Argenton-l'Église (79014)
# Boismé (79038)
# Bouillé-Loretz (79043)
# Bressuire (79049)
# Bretignolles (79050)
# Brie (79054)
# Brion-près-Thouet (79056)
# Cerizay (79062)
# Chiché (79088)
# Cirières (79091)
# Combrand (79096)
# Coulonges-Thouarsais (79102)
# Courlay (79103)
# Faye-l'Abbesse (79116)
# La Forêt-sur-Sèvre (79123)
# Geay (79131)
# Genneton (79132)
# Glénay (79134)
# Louzy (79157)
# Luché-Thouarsais (79159)
# Luzay (79161)
# Mauléon (79079)
# Mauzé-Thouarsais (79171)
# Missé (79178)
# Montravers (79183)
# Nueil-les-Aubiers (79195)
# Oiron (79196)
# Pas-de-Jeu (79203)
# La Petite-Boissière (79207)
# Pierrefitte (79209)
# Le Pin (79210)
# Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre (79235)
# Saint-André-sur-Sèvre (79236)
# Saint-Aubin-du-Plain (79238)
# Saint-Cyr-la-Lande (79244)
# Sainte-Gemme (79250)
# Sainte-Radegonde (79292)
# Sainte-Verge (79300)
# Saint-Jacques-de-Thouars (79258)
# Saint-Jean-de-Thouars (79259)
# Saint-Jouin-de-Milly (79261)
# Saint-Léger-de-Montbrun (79265)
# Saint-Martin-de-Mâcon (79274)
# Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay (79277)
# Saint-Maurice-Étusson (79280)
# Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes (79289)
# Saint-Varent (79299)
# Taizé (79321)
# Thouars (79329)
# Tourtenay (79331)
# Val en Vignes (79063)
# Voulmentin (79242)

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
DeAndre Yedlin

**DeAndre Roselle Yedlin** (born July 9, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays for Major League Soccer club FC Cincinnati and the United States national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honors
**Seattle Sounders FC**
*MLS Supporters' Shield: 2014
*U.S. Open Cup: 2014

**Newcastle United**
*EFL Championship: 2016–17

**Inter Miami**
*Leagues Cup: 2023

**United States**
*CONCACAF Nations League: 2019–20

**Individual**
*MLS All-Star: 2013, 2022
*U.S. Soccer Young Athlete of the Year: 2014

### International
 2014, 2022
*U.S. Soccer Young Athlete of the Year: 2014

## References
Ricardo Lucarelli

**Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza** (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté. He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## References 
* http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/bra-brazil/players/ricardo-lucarelli-santos-de-souza?id=40937
Aaron Russell

**Aaron Russell** (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He won a bronze medal. Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.

## Other websites
* Bio in Centre Daily Times
* FIVB profile
Artem Volvich

**Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich** (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player. He is a member of the Russian National Volleyball Team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

## Other websites
* FIVB profile
Cagiallo

**Cagiallo** is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.

## References
Sala Capriasca

**Sala Capriasca** is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

## References
Envelopment

**Envelopment** is the military  of attacking the enemy's  or  while keeping the enemy's attention ed on its front by the use of ary attacks. The envelopment makes the enemy fight in a direction for which it is the least prepared. The maneuver requires a flank that can be attacked. Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any s and the terrain. Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.
* **Double envelopment**, also called a pincer movement, requires three forces. One holds the center, and the other two attack the right and left flanks. First thought of by Benjamin Franklin, it was not practical until the invention of the airplane. Robert E. Lee used the tactic during the American Civil War at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941.

Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal's defeat of the Roman army in 216 BC. During the American Revolutionary War, American General Daniel Morgan used it in 1781 successfully against British General Banastre Tarleton and caused many of the British soldiers to surrender.  In the 1944 Falaise Gap, during Operation Overlord of World War II, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces .

## References
## Other websites 
* Rome 2 - Advanced Tactics - Double Envelopment at Cannae; YouTube
Rosh Chodesh

**Rosh Chodesh** or **Rosh Hodesh** (; trans. *Beginning of the Month*; lit. *Head of the Month*) is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.

When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month. Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.

## References
Chamber (firearms)

The **chamber** is that part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded. The chamber is also the place the cartridge is d from.  In a breech-loading weapon, the chamber is directly behind and in line with the barrel. To *chamber* a round means to load a cartridge into the chamber.

A revolver has multiple chambers contained in a  cylinder. 

## Semi-automatic weapons 
In a semi-automatic firearm, the weapon can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled (until the magazine is empty). The semi-automatic is a very popular choice for sporting use. A fraction of a second later, the slide moves forward loading a fresh cartridge into the chamber. Like semiautomatic firearms, automatics have a single chamber.

## Manual loading weapons 
A manually loaded firearm is one in which the chamber is loaded by hand each time the weapon is fired. For example, a Bolt action rifle ejects the spent cartridge when the bolt is pulled back, then loads another cartridge into the chamber when the bolt pushed forward (and locked). 

A lever action rifle does the same thing when the lever is moved down (ejects the spent cartridge), then up (loads a new round in the chamber). There are also single shot pistols, rifles and shotguns in which the breech is opened to eject a spent shell, then the shooter loads a round into the chamber manually. 

A popular type of manually loaded firearms for sporting and hunting use is the pump action shotgun. Here, a sliding handle (usually located under the barrel) is moved backwards to eject the spent shotgun shell, then when moved forward it loads a fresh shotgun shell from a tubular magazine.

## Notes 
## References
Thouet

The **Thouet** is a river in western France, flowing through the Deux-Sèvres and Maine-et-Loire departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions.

It is one of the last left tributary of the Loire river.

## Geography
The Thouet river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Thouet starts in the *Gâtine* plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the *commune* of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about . From the source to Parthenay the river flows in a generally southwest-northwest direction. To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Saumur.

The Thouet flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 34 *communes*; some of them are:
* Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
** Deux-Sèvres: Le Beugnon, Secondigny, Parthenay, Saint-Loup-Lamairé, Airvault, Thouars, Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay.
* Pays de la Loire region
** Maine-et-Loire: Montreuil-Bellay, Chacé, Artannes-sur-Thouet, Saumur.

## Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Thouet river are:

**Left tributaries**:
* Palais - 24&nbsp;km
* Cébron - 29&nbsp;km
* Thouaret - 52&nbsp;km
* Argenton - 71&nbsp;km

**Right tributaries**:
* Viette - 61&nbsp;km
* Losse - 17&nbsp;km
* Dive - 75 

## Gallery

Parthenay Citadel from Saint-Paul Bridge 2.jpg|The Citadel of Parthenay and the Thouet river
Le Thouet à Montreuil-Bellay (vue vers l'aval).jpg|The Thouet in Montreuil-Bellay
Thouars Château vu du Thouet.JPG|The *Château* of Thouars from the Thouet river
Thouars - Le Thouet.JPG|The Thouet in Thouars

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - Station L8102120 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Tallud  
* Histoire & Patrimoine des Rivières & Canaux
Amambay

The **Amambay department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Pedro Juan Caballero. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-13**.

The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, the "Amambay Cordillera" (). *Amambay* (or *amambái*) means "fern" in Guaraní language; ferns are common in the forests of the region.

## History
The town of Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista, in 1902. The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No. 10 department of the country.  After some reorganization it was declared as the No. 13 department.,

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pedro Juan Caballero was . The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Districts
The department is divided in 5 districts:

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Gobernación de Amambay website 
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay