open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School

'''St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School''' is a Catholic high school in Clinton, Ontario, Canada. It is known for it's sports teams and good marks. It serves students from grades nine to twelve. The motto of St. Anne's is "in alis aquilae" which is Latin for "on eagle's wings". This motto comes from the Bible (the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40).

## Beginnings
St. Anne's was built in the town of Clinton, Ontario. When the school opened only 139 students went there. The students came from Huron County. In 2009, 600 people went there. The school was built to provide a French and faith-based education. St. Anne's is the only French-Immersion Catholic school in the county.

The school board is the Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board (HPCDSB).

## Uniforms
St. Anne's is a uniform school, the only in the region and school board. The uniform consists of what a teen would normally wear, however the clothes are either plaid, navy, burgundy, kaki or white.

## Faith-Based Education
St. Anne's is a Catholic school. Most students are Roman Catholics, however students of other religions are allowed and welcome in the school. All students must take a religion course each school year. To graduate, students need four religion credits. This course is offered in French Immersion.

## Extra Curricular
St. Anne's has many sports teams and clubs. The most popular team are the boy's rugby and hockey teams. Girls' teams consists of the popular field hockey and rugby teams.

### Sports Teams
St. Anne's sports teams include:
*Badminton
*Basketball
*Cross-country running
*Curling
*Golf
*Hockey 
*Rugby
*Swimming
*Track-and-field.

### Clubs
St. Anne's has numerous clubs and groups. They include:
*Band (An extension of music class, it is responsible for music at masses, assemblies and concerts)
*Chess Club
*Enviro-Club
*God-Squad (A religious group)
*The Math Team
*Me to We
*Students for Life (Anti-abortion group)
*Writers' Guild (Creative writing)

St. Anne's also has a Student Cabinet. Elections are held in the spring. Student Cabinet is in charge projects like dances and fundraisers. Each member of Student Cabinet has their own job relating to their elected position.

## References 
## Other websites
* St. Anne's official website 
* The Ministry of Education of Ontario's website
* The Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board's website
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

'''Cosimo III de' Medici''' (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws. His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse. He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723. 

He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV. It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris. Together, they had 3 children. In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it. Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737.

## Issue
Cosimo III had three children with Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France:

*Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
*Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
*Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

***14 August 1642 – 23 May 1670**: *His Highness* The Grand Prince of Tuscany
***23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691**: *His Highness* The Grand Duke of Tuscany
***5 February 1691 – 31 October 1723**: *His Royal Highness* The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III's official style was "Cosimo the Third, By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Tuscany."
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici

'''Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici''' (11 August 1667 – 18 February 1743) was the last of the House of Medici. A patron of the arts, she gave the Medici's large art collection (including the contents of the Uffizi, Palazzo Pitti and Medici villas) which she inherited upon her brother Gian Gastone’s death in 1737, and her Palatine treasures to the Tuscan state, on the condition that none of it be removed.
## Life
Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress Palatine, and, patronised a lot of musicians. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis, the union with Anna Maria Luisa produced no children. In 1713 Cosimo III altered the Tuscan laws of succession to allow the accession of his daughter, and spent his final years canvassing the European powers to agree to recognise this statute. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete.

When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of regent of Tuscany but she declined. Her death, in 1743, brought the House of Medici to an end.
Henriette Adelaide of Savoy

**Henriette Adelaide of Savoy** (6 November 1636 - 13 June 1676) was the wife of the Elector of Bavaria Ferdinand Maria. She had much influence and with her husband did much to improve the Electorate of Bavaria, her adopted country.  She was a daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.

She was the older of twins. Her twin sister was Catherine Beatrice of Savoy. Her mother was Christine of France, daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Christine was regent for her brother Charles Emmanuel II. 

On 8 December 1650 she married Ferdinand Maria, future Elector of Bavaria. The next year Ferdinand Maria became Elector, when his father Maximilian died. Henriette Adelaide had a lot of influence on Bavarian politics, in favor of France. This led to her eldest daughter marrying the Grand Dauphin in 1680. She also had a great part in the building of Nymphenburg Palace and the Theatinerkirche.

## Issue
* Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; present King of Spain descends from her.
* Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), next Elector of Bavaria; married Maria Antonia of Austria and had issue; married Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska and had issue ((eg): Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor).
* Luise Margarete Antonie of Bavaria.
* Ludwig Amadeus Victor of Bavaria.
* Kajetan Maria Franz of Bavaria.
* Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (5 December 1671 – 12 November 1723) Elector and Archbishop of Cologne.
* Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (3 April 1673 – 3 June 1731) married Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.

## Other websites
Cleisthenes

". Modern bust, on view at the Ohio Statehouse, USA]]

**Cleisthenes** was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He reformed the constitution of Athens, and set it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.  For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy".  He also increased the power of the Assembly, and he broke up power of the Athenian nobility.

With help from the his clan, he overthrew Hippias the tyrant (dictatorial ruler). After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny, Isagoras and Cleisthenes were rivals for power. Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king Cleomenes I to help him expel Cleisthenes.

So Cleisthenes left Athens as an exile, and Isagoras held power in the city. Isagoras uprooted hundreds of people from their homes on the pretext that they were cursed, and attempted to dissolve the Council (βουλή, boulé). However, the Council resisted, and the Athenian people declared their support of it. Hence Isagoras and his supporters were forced to flee to the Acropolis, remaining besieged there for two days. On the third, they fled and were banished. Cleisthenes was subsequently recalled, along with hundreds of exiles, and he assumed leadership of Athens.

## References
Tricalcium phosphate

**Tricalcium phosphate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca3(PO4)2. It is made of calcium and phosphate ions.

## Properties
It is a white or gray solid. It becomes more insoluble when heated; most chemicals become more soluble (more easily dissolved). 

## Occurrence
It is found in teeth, bones, and milk, as well as in the ground.

## Uses
It is used to make phosphoric acid. It is used to make fertilizer.
It is also used in bovine milk.

## Related pages
*Monocalcium phosphate
*Dicalcium phosphate
*Calcium carbonate
*Calcium chloride
*Phosphite
Monocalcium phosphate

**Monocalcium phosphate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is . It contains calcium and dihydrogen phosphate ions.

## Properties
Monocalcium phosphate is a colorless solid. It dissolves a little in water to make an acidic solution. It is made by replacing one of the hydrogen ions in phosphoric acid with a calcium ion. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting tricalcium phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. This makes monocalcium phosphate.

## Uses
It is used in baking powder. When it is dissolved in water, it makes an acidic solution which reacts with the sodium bicarbonate to make carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes it rise. It is also used in fertilizers.

## Related pages
*Dicalcium phosphate
*Sodium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate

**Dicalcium phosphate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is . It is a salt of calcium and monohydrogen phosphate.

The common name dicalcium phosphate refers to how the calcium atom is dibasic: it replaces two hydrogen atoms from phosphoric acid. It does not refer to the number of calcium atoms.

## Properties
Dicalcium phosphate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It can be thought of as phosphoric acid where two of the hydrogen ions are replaced with calcium ions.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting phosphoric acid with calcium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting sulfuric acid with a certain amount of tricalcium phosphate.

## Uses
It is used in fertilizers. It is also used in vitamin tablets. It is used to make sure chickens get calcium.

## Related pages
*Monocalcium phosphate
Menzies Campbell

]]
**Walter Menzies "Ming" Campbell, Baron Campbell of Pittenweem**  (22 May 1941 &ndash; 26 September 2025) was a British politician and sprinter. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was the leader of the Liberal Democrats from March 2006 to October 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North East Fife and the Chancellor of the University of St Andrews.

Between 1967 and 1974, Menzies Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint as he was able to do it in 10.2 seconds. He was also the captain of the Great Britain athletics team between 1965 and 1966. In 1975, Campbell became the Chairman of the Scottish Liberals and was elected as an MP at the 1987 General Election. He became the Liberal Democrat's chief spokesperson on foreign affairs and defence in 1992 and became the Liberal Democrat's deputy leader in 2003. He was elected leader of the Liberal Democrats in March 2006 but had to resign in October 2007 and was replaced by Nick Clegg.

Campbell married Elspeth, Lady Grant-Suttie, daughter of Major General Roy Urquhart, in June 1970. The couple have no children. Lady Campbell had a child from her previous marriage. She died in June 2023.

Campbell died on 26 September 2025 in London, England at the age of 84.

## References
John Smith (Labour Party leader)

**John Smith**  (13 September 1938 – 12 May 1994) was a British politician who was the leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his death from a heart attack. 

John Smith was born in the Scottish town of Dalmally in Argyll and Bute. He became a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 1970 General Election for the constituency of North Lanarkshire (Monklands East from 1983). In 1978, he was given a cabinet post however lost this after Labour's defeat at the 1979 General Election. He continued in the shadow cabinet until 1992, when Labour leader Neil Kinnock resigned and Smith was elected leader. During Smith's time as leader, opinion polls showed that Labour were becoming more likely to win an election than the Conservatives.

On 12 May 1994 in London, Smith died of a heart attack and was buried on the Scottish isle of Iona. Tony Blair replaced Smith as Labour leader on 21 July 1994.

## References
Maria Antonia of Spain

**Maria Antonia of Spain** (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was an Infanta of Spain and the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the wife of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia whom she married in 1750. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia. In Italy she is known as Maria Antonietta but sometimes known *incorrectly* as Maria Ferdinanda. Her name was **Maria Antonia Fernanda**. 
She married the future Victor Amadeus III officially on 31 May 1750. The couple were very happy and had 12 children.

## Issue
# Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) married Princess Marie Clotilde of France in 1773, no issue.
# Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy (16 July 1752 – 17 April 1755) died in infancy.
# Maria Giuseppina of Savoy (2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) married Louis Xavier of France, Count of Provence in 1771, no issue.
# Amedeus Alexander of Savoy (5 October 1754 – 29 April 1755) died in infancy.
# Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) married Charles of France, Count of Artois in 1773, had issue.
# Maria Anna of Savoy (17 December 1757 – 11 October 1824) married Prince Benedetto of Savoy, Duke of Chablais in 1775, no issue.
# Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824) married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este in 1789, had issue.
# Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of Savoy (21 November 1760 – 19 May 1768) died in infancy.
# Maurizio of Savoy (13 December 1762 – 1 September 1799) died unmarried of malaria.

## Titles and styles
***17 November 1729 – 31 May 1750** *Her Royal Highness* The Infanta Doña Maria Antonia of Spain
***31 May 1750 – 20 February 1773** *Her Royal Highness* The Duchess of Savoy
***20 February 1773 – 19 September 1785** *Her Majesty* The Queen of Sardinia

## References
## Other websites
*
TERGV

The **TERGV** (for *Regional Express Train on high-speed line*) is a model to run trains in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The idea is to run regional trains on lines constructed for "express trains", instead of the "classic lines". This works only in the case that the high-speed line is used only rarely. Running regional trains on such lines slows down the express trains, and costs more than running them on the classic lines. Despite these problems, the concept is very promising for distances between 100 and 200 km.  

There are currently two lines that operate in this manner:
#Lille-Dunkerque (30 minutes)
#Lille-Calais-Boulogne-sur-Mer (55 min, 30 min to Calais)
To use these connections, an extra fee must be paid, which is three euros, per day. Another line, Lille to Arras has been opened. This line does not require the extra fee, and has proved very successful.
Toonzai

**Toonzai** was a group of cartoons broadcast on Saturday morning on The CW. It was first broadcast on August 14, 2010. It used to be named The CW4Kids. The programs were broadcast on weekday afternoons. 

The block is programmed by 4Kids Entertainment. They also programmed the 4Kids TV on Fox until December 2008. 4Kids also indicated that it will retain *Yu-Gi-Oh!* and *Sonic X* in its lineup, along with adding *Dragon Ball Z Kai*, a redone version of *Dragon Ball Z* from Funimation Entertainment that is shared with Nicktoons.

Family Guy: Season 1-23 Episode 1

## Programming
In most markets, most affiliates use the network's current Saturday morning schedule. Some, such as Atlanta's WUPA-TV broadcast the block on Sundays. This is usually done because the stations were at one time UPN affiliates and UPN did not have children's television programming on Saturday mornings. Former WB affiliate WCCT-TV in Hartford airs the first three hours of the block on Saturday mornings and the last two hours on Sunday mornings to make room for their own programing.

KMYS in San Antonio, currently the newest CW affiliate has decided to air the block during early Sunday morning and early Monday morning (split into a two-hour and three-hour block) airing before 5am due to its previous commitment of airing Fox's *Weekend Marketplace* infomercial block on Saturday mornings (a holdover from its MyNetworkTV affiliation), along with already existing religious and paid programming on Sunday mornings; this by default will force most younger viewers of the block in that market to record it overnight for later viewing.

## Schedule
All times Pacific. Actual times may vary, depending on affiliate.

## Shows
* *Dragon Ball Z Kai* (TV-Y7-FV) (also airs on Nicktoons in the USA)    
* *Sonic X* (TV-Y7-FV)
* *Yu-Gi-Oh!* (TV-Y7-FV) (previously aired on Fox Kids and 4Kids TV in the USA)
* ''Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's* (TV-Y7-FV)

## Former shows
* *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Back to the Sewer* (TV-Y7-FV) (August 14, 2010 - August 21, 2010)
* *Dinosaur King* (TV-Y7-FV) (August 14, 2010 - October 9, 2010)

## Former "Popcorn For Breakfast" Movies
* *Turtles Forever'' (TV-Y7-FV)  (August 28, 2010)

## Related pages
* 4Kids Entertainment

## References
## Other websites
*  (Defunct)
Planet of the Apes (1968 movie)

***Planet of the Apes*** is an American science fiction adventure movie released in 1968 and directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It was based on the novel *La planète des singes* written by Pierre Boulle and released in 1963. The movie stars Charlton Heston and features Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly and Linda Harrison. It was released by 20th Century Fox.

## Plot
The film's story is about an astronaut crew who leave Earth on a deep space mission and crash land on a supposedly alien planet in the 40th century. Only three out of the four crew members survive the crash and the survivors find the world to be home to a society of apes; including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. These apes have the intelligence of human beings as well as the ability to speak and walk upright like humans. Humans in this society are treated like slaves and live in the wilderness without the ability to speak. At the end of the movie, one of the crew members finds the Statue of Liberty and realizes that they were on Earth all along.

## Reception and influence
*Planet of the Apes* was a box office success, meaning it earned a good amount of money and got highly favourable reviews from critics. The movie was given praise for exploring ideas such as class differences, religion, slavery, racism, and nuclear technology. It was followed by four sequels: *Beneath the Planet of the Apes* (1970), *Escape from the Planet of the Apes* (1971), *Conquest of the Planet of the Apes* (1972), and *Battle for the Planet of the Apes* (1973). A live action television show was shown in 1974 and an animated television show called *Return to the Planet of the Apes* came out in 1975. The animated cartoon The Fairly Oddparents episode Abra-Catastrophe has a segment where humans are slave cavemen and the apes are their overlords. 

In 2001, the Library of Congress selected the movie into the United States National Film Registry. In the same year, a remake of the movie was made, directed by Tim Burton and starring Mark Wahlberg, Helena Bonham Carter, and Tim Roth. In August 2011, the series was rebooted with *Rise of the Planet of the Apes*. This was followed in 2014 with *Dawn of the Planet of the Apes* with two more sequels released in 2017 and 2024, respectively: *War for the Planet of the Apes* and *Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes*.

## Other websites
*
Mariana Victoria of Spain

**Mariana Victoria of Spain** (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) sometimes **Maria Anna Victoria** was an *Infanta of Spain* by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven. Rejected due to her age, the marriage never took place and she was sent back to Spain. In 1729 she was married to the son of John V of Portugal. Her husband became the King on 31 July 1750. The mother of Maria I of Portugal she also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husbands life and acted as advisor to her daughter in her reign.

## Life in France
Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young King Louis XV of France at the age of seven when she moved to the Palace of Versailles and was placed in the care of the Dowager Princess of Conti. Eventually due to her age she was unable to have children and was sent back to Spain in 1729. This caused a rift between the royal courts of Spain and France. 

## Issue
#Maria I of Portugal (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) married Infante Pedro of Portugal and had issue. Later queen of Portugal.
#Mariana Francisca of Portugal (7 October 1736 – 6 May 1813) died unmarried.
#Doroteia of Portugal (21 September 1739 – 14 January 1771) died unmarried.
#Benedita of Portugal (25 July 1746 – 18 August 1829) married Infante Joseph, Prince of Beira, no issue.

## Titles and styles
* 31 March 1718 – 19 January 1729: *Her Royal Highness* The Infanta *Dona* Mariana Victoria of Spain
* 19 January 1729 – 31 July 1750: *Her Royal Highness* the Princess of Brazil, Duchess of Braganza
* 31 July 1750 – 29 November 1776: *Her Most Faithful Majesty* the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
* 29 November 1776 – 24 February 1777: *Her Most Faithful Majesty* the Queen Regent of Portugal and the Algarves
* 24 February 1777 – 15 January 1781: *Her Most Faithful Majesty* the Queen Mother of Portugal and the Algarves

## Other websites
*
Hydration

**Hydration** is the adding of water molecules to a chemical substance. The **anhydrous** (without water) form and the **hydrated** (with water) form can be quite different. The hydrated form is called a "hydrate". For example, anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a liquid, while the pentahydrate (with 5 water molecules) is a solid. Anhydrous copper sulfate is white or light green, while the hydrated form is blue. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, while the hydrated form is red. Anhydrous copper(II) chloride is brown, while the dihydrate is green.

The number of water molecules for each atom is given by a prefix. Mono- means 1, di- means 2, tri- means 3, tetra- means 4, penta- means 5, hexa- means 6, hepta- means 7, octo- means 8, nona- means 9, deca- means 10.

File:Tin(IV) chloride.jpg|Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride
File:Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate.jpg|Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate
File:Cobalt(II) chloride.jpg|Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride
File:Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate.jpg|Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
File:Hydrating-copper(II)-sulfate.jpg|Hydrated and anhydrous copper sulfate
File:Copper(II) chloride.jpg|Anhydrous copper(II) chloride
File:Copper(II) chloride dihydrate.jpg|Copper(II) chloride dihydrate
Small business

, Scotland]]

A **small business**, sometimes called a **mom and pop store** by some in the United States, is a business that is privately owned and operated. They have a small number of employees and do not sell many things. Whether or not the law says that a business is "small" is different in different countries and industries.
* The Australian *Fair Work Act 2009* says that a small business is a business with less than 15 employees.
* In the European Union, to be called "small", a business must have fewer than 50 employees.http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_en.pdf
* In the United States, a business must have fewer than 500 employees to qualify for some Small Business Administration programs.
* In India businesses with fewer than ten employees are in the "Unorganised sector".

Small businesses are common in many countries.  Some examples include: convenience stores, other small shops (such as a bakery), hairdressers, tradesmen, lawyers, accountants, restaurants, guest houses, photographers, small-scale manufacturing, and online business, such as web design and programming.

## Good things about small business
A small business can be started at a very low cost. It also does not need to be open all the time.

Independence is another good thing about owning a small business.   Being able to operate by themselves is a good thing for small business owners. Small business owners can make their own decisions about what they want to do with their company.  However, entrepreneurs often must work very long hours and understand that their customers are their bosses.

Many organizations in the United States also give help to small businesses, such as the Internal Revenue Service's Small Business and Self-Employed One-Stop Resource.

## Problems for small businesses
Small businesses often face a lot of problems because of their size.

In the United States, some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs, high energy costs and taxes.

Another problem for several small businesses is the fact that much larger businesses can  their chances for success.

## References
Rival Lovers

**Rival Lovers** is a dialogue that was thought to have been written by Plato. In Rival Lovers, Socrates is the main character who asks questions.

## References
Conceptual art

, 1917. The start of Dada, and of conceptual art. Duchamp presented the urinal at an art show unchanged except for a signature *R. Mutt* and the year. The implication was, anything an artist say is art, **is** art.]]

**Conceptual art** is art in which the concepts or ideas involved in the work are more important than traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to one of the first to appear in print:

:"In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art".

Conceptual art even questions the nature of art. Joseph Kosuth elevated this into a definition of art itself in his early manifesto of conceptual art.

Conceptual art has come to mean all contemporary art which does not use the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

## Related pages 
* Art & Language 

## References
Center of mass

will not topple.]]

**Center of mass** or **barycenter** of a system is the average position of all the mass in a system.

In a rigid body, the center of mass is always in the same place. In a loose collection the center of mass may be in space, as it is in the Solar System. Also, as planets' orbits change slightly, so will the position of the barycenter.

A simple way to understand the concept of barycenter is to push a supermarket trolley. If you hold only one corner and push, it will only go in a straight line when you push through the center of mass. Otherwise a turning force is created. This shows that the mass acts as if it were only in one place.

The **center of gravity** is a closely related term. It is the point where an object can be balanced perfectly by a sharp point holding it up under the object. It is the center of mass acting in a gravitational field.

## History 
The concept of center of mass was first introduced by the ancient Greek physicist, mathematician, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse.  Archimedes showed that the torque (turning force) exerted on a lever by weights resting at various points along the lever is the same as what it would be if all of the weights were moved to a single point — their center of mass.  

Archimedes was the first person to work out ways of finding the center of mass in various objects.

## Relation between the two terms 
The center of mass is often called the *center of gravity* because any uniform gravitational field **g** acts on a system as if the mass *M* of the system were concentrated at the center of mass **R**.
Implication

**Implication** may be one of these:
*Implication (grammar): this is to suggest something is true, without actually saying it. *Most uses of the term are of this type*.
*Implication (logic): what follows in syllogism. If all men are mortal, and Aristotle is a man, the implication is that Aristotle is mortal. *Implication in logic is only used within formal logical systems*.
Serie C

**Serie C** is the third highest division of football in Italy after the Serie A and Serie B. It has its headquarters in Florence. In the past, it also had a club from San Marino in it. The league in the past was divided as Lega Pro Prima Divisione and Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. However, it was combined as only one division: Serie C, in 2017. It was originally founded as the Serie C in 1935, rebranded in 2014 to Lega Pro, and then rebranded again to Serie C in 2017.

## Format 
Now there are 60 teams divided in three groups, primarily depending on the Italian geography:

* **Group A**: Northern Italy (Piedmont, Lombardy, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia)
* **Group B**: Central Italy (*Piedmont*, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo, *Molise*, Lazio, *Sardinia*)
* **Group C**: South Italy (*Lombardy*, *Lazio*, Campania, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily)

There are 20 teams for each group: the first of group goes in Serie B. Other clubs, until tenth, make the playoffs: only the winner has an another place on Serie B. The last two teams of each group are directly relegated to Serie D: other teams are selected with playouts. 

## History 
After other championship of third division (from 1926), Serie C was founded on 1935, divided in groups. On 1978, was created two separated championships, *C1* and *C2* (from 2008 Lega Pro Prima Divisione and Lega Pro Seconda Divisione). For three season, returned an only league with name Lega Pro, and from 2017 took the current name. From season 2025–26 the sponsorship is *Sky Wifi*.  

## Prizes 
## Related pages 
* 2025–26 Serie C
* Serie A
* Serie C
* Serie D
* Eccellenza
* Promozione 
* Prima Categoria
* Seconda Categoria
* Terza Categoria
* Coppa Italia Serie C
The Gaslight Anthem

**The Gaslight Anthem** is an American punk band from New Brunswick, New Jersey. The members are Brian Fallon (lead vocals, guitar), Alex Rosamilia (guitar, backing vocals), Alex Levine (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Benny Horowitz (drums, percussion, tambourine). They released their first album, *Sink or Swim*, on XOXO Records in May 2007, and their second album, ''The '59 Sound'', on SideOneDummy Records in August 2008.  The band's third album, *American Slang*, was released on June 15, 2010.
Jean-Marie Le Pen

**Jean-Marie Le Pen** (20 June 1928 &ndash; 7 January 2025) was a French politician, lawyer and activist. He was the leader of the French National Front (FN) from 1972 until 2011, which is a far-right political party in France. He was a Member of the European Parliament from 1984 to 2003 and again from 2004 to 2019. Le Pen was also a member of the National Assembly from 1956 to 1962 and again from 1986 to 1988.

Le Pen ran for President of France five times, but never won.

In April 2024, Jean Marie Le Pen was placed “under legal protection” at the request of his family.

## Personal life and death
The youngest of his three daughters was FN leader Marine Le Pen. His granddaughter was FN MP Marion Maréchal-Le Pen.

Le Pen died on 7 January 2025 at a care home in Garches, France from problems caused by a heart attack at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*Jews for Le Pen  from Haaretz
Ascanio Sobrero

**Ascanio Sobrero** (12 October 1812 - 26 December 1888) was an Italian chemist, who discovered nitroglycerin in 1847. He was born in Casale, Monferrato and worked in Paris. He was made a professor of chemistry at Turino. His face was badly hurt during an experiment with nitroglycerin. He thought it was too dangerous to be of any practical use. He said that he was ashamed to have discovered something that killed people. He died in Turin, Italy.

## References
COBRA (art movement)

**COBRA** (or **CoBrA**) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A).

## History
COBRA was formed by Karel Appel, Constant, Corneille, Christian Dotremont, Asger Jorn, and Joseph Noiret on the 8th November 1948 in the Café Notre-Dame, Paris, with the signing of a manifesto, "*La Cause Était Entendue*" (*The Case Was Settled*), drawn up by Dotremont. Formed with a unifying doctrine of complete freedom of colour and form, as well as antipathy towards surrealism, the artists also shared an interest in Marxism as well as modernism.
Their working method was based on spontaneity and experiment, and they drew their inspiration in particular from children’s drawings, from primitive art forms and from the work of Paul Klee and Joan Miró.
Coming together as an amalgamation of the Dutch group Reflex, the Danish group **Høst** and the Belgian Revolutionary Surrealist Group, the group only lasted a few years but managed to achieve a number of objectives in that time; the periodical *Cobra*, a series of collaborations between various members called *Peintures-Mot* and two large-scale exhibitions.
The first of these was held at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, November (1949), the other at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Liège (1951).
  
In November 1949 the group officially changed its name to 'Internationale des Artistes Expérimentaux' with membership having spread across Europe and the USA, although this name has never stuck. The movement was officially disbanded in 1951, but many of its members remained close, with Dotremont in particular continuing collaborations with many of the leading members of the group.

The primary focus of the group consisted of semi-abstract paintings with brilliant color, violent brushwork, and distorted human figures inspired by primitive and folk art and similar to American action painting.  Cobra was a milestone in the development of Tachisme and European abstract expressionism.

## Participants
Participants in COBRA included:

*Karel Appel (1921-2006)
*Corneille (1922-2010)
*Pierre Alechinsky (born 1927)
*Else Alfelt (1910-1974)
*Jean-Michel Atlan (1913-1960)
*Mogens Balle (1921-1988)
*Ejler Bille (1910-2004)
*Pol Bury (1922-2005)
*Jacques Calonne (1930-2022)
*Hugo Claus (1929-2008)
*Christian Dotremont (1922-1979)
*Lotti van der Gaag (1923-1999)
*William Gear (1915-1997)
*Stephen Gilbert (1910-2007)
*Svavar Guðnason (1909-1988)
*Reinhoud d'Haese (1928-2007)

*Henry Heerup (1907-1993)
*Egill Jacobsen (1910-1998)
*Édouard Jaguer (1924-2006)
*Asger Jorn (1914-1973)
*Aart Kemink (1914-2006)
*Lucebert (1924-1994)
*Ernest Mancoba (1904-2002)
*Sonja Ferlov Mancoba (1911-1984)
*Jørgen Nash (1920-2004)
*Jan Nieuwenhuys (1922-1986)
*Erik Ortvad (1917-2008)
*Pieter Ouborg (1893-1956)
*Carl-Henning Pedersen (1913-2007)
*Raoul Ubac (1910-1985)
*Serge Vandercam (1924-2005)

## References
## Other websites
*Huntfor.com/arthistory
*Didrichsenmuseum.fi 
*Galerie Birch, Danish gallery founded 1946 specializing in COBRA
*Museum Jorn, Silkeborg
Art movement

An **art movement**, or *ism*, is a style in art. It may have a common philosophy, followed by a group of artists. It may be a label given by a critic to describe a type of artwork. It is typical of the post-photography era that art explores new directions.

Some art movements can be pinned down to a time and place, or to particular artists. Verbal explanation of movements may come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto (published statement). Quite often, a movement is labelled afterwards by some art historian or critic.

Art movements may be connected to similar ideas in architecture, literature, philosophy or even politics. In rough date order:

* classicism
* neoclassicism
* impressionism
* Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
* post-impressionism
* Art Nouveau
* modern art
* abstract art
* cubism
* fauvism
* futurism
* expressionism
* suprematism
* geometric abstraction
* constructivism
* dadaism
* Art Deco
* surrealism
* contemporary art
* abstract expressionism
* pop art
* op art
* conceptual art
Leah

The name **Leah** [ **lee**-*uh* ] has biblical roots, and means *wild cow* in Hebrew. Leah is a timeless and exquisite moniker that has been in vogue for centuries, boasting a compelling past and profound significance. This name, derived from Hebrew roots, translates to "weary" or "tired," and has a prominent place in biblical literature, making it a beloved choice among Jewish lineages for countless generations. This name was ranked #46 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

In Genesis, the first book of the Bible, Leah is the older sister of Rachel. Leah marries Jacob and becomes the mother of six sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah (Biblical personage), Issachar, Zebulun, and a daughter, Dinah.

## People 
* Leah Chase, American chef (1923-2019)
* Leah Bracknell, British actress and yoga instructor (1964-2019)
* Leah LaBelle, American singer (1986–2018)
* Leah Pipes, American actress

## References
Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

'''Cosimo II de' Medici''' (12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1609 until 1621. He was the elder son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Christine of Lorraine. He married Maria Magdalena of Austria and had eight children. Galileo Galilei was his childhood tutor.

For the most of his eleven-year reign, he delegated the administration of Tuscany to his ministers. He is best remembered as the patron of Galileo Galilei, his childhood tutor.

He died of tuberculosis in 1621.

## Family and children
Maria Magdalena and Cosimo had the following children:

*Maria Cristina  de' Medici (24 August 1609 – 9 August 1632) died unmarried.
*Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670), who married Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622 – 6 March 1694) and had children.
*Gian Carlo de' Medici (24 July 1611 – 23 January 1663) made Cardinal in 1644.
*Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and had children.
*Mattias de' Medici (9 May 1613 – 14 October, 1667) later made Governor of Siena.
*Francesco de' Medici (16 October 1614 – 25 July 1634) died unmarried.
*Anna de' Medici (21 July 1616 – 11 September 1676) who married Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (1628-1662)
*Leopoldo de' Medici (6 November 1617 – 10 November 1675) made Cardinal in 1667.

## Titles and styles
***12 May 1590 - 17 February 1609** *His Highness* The Grand Prince of Tuscany.
***17 February 1609 - 28 February 1621** *His Highness* The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany.
Maria Magdalena of Austria

**Maria Magdalena of Austria** or **Maria Maddalena of Austria** (7 October 1589 – 1 November 1631) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany from her husband's accession in 1609 until his death in 1621. With him, she had eight children, including a duchess of Parma, a grand duke of Tuscany, and an archduchess of Further Austria. She was the youngest daughter of Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria, and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. During the minority of her son, Grand Duke Ferdinando II, she and her mother-in-law Christina of Lorraine acted as regents. She died in Padua.

## Family and children
*Maria Cristina  de' Medici (24 August 1609 – 9 August 1632) died unmarried.
*Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670), who married Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622 – 6 March 1694) and had issue.
*Gian Carlo de' Medici (24 July 1611 – 23 January 1663) made Cardinal in 1644.
*Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and had issue.
*Mattias de' Medici (9 May 1613 – 14 October, 1667) Governor of Siena.
*Francesco de' Medici (16 October 1614 – 25 July 1634) died unmarried.
*Anna de' Medici (21 July 1616 – 11 September 1676) who married Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (1628-1662)
*Leopoldo de' Medici (6 November 1617 – 10 November 1675) made Cardinal in 1667.
1230s

The **1230s** were a decade that lasted from January 1, 1230 to December 31, 1239. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***124th decade*** which began on January 1, 1231 and ended on December 31, 1240.

## Events 
* The Liverpool Castle started in 1232.
* Ducal state Brunswick-Luneburg was formed in 1235.
* St. Mark Basilica of Heraklion, Venitian Crete built in 1239
Marcel Duchamp

. Notice that 'Sélavy' sounds like ''C'est la vie'' (that's life!).]]

**Marcel Duchamp** (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements. Duchamp's output influenced the development of post-World War I Western art. He advised modern art collectors, such as Peggy Guggenheim and other prominent figures, thereby helping to shape the tastes of Western art during this period.

A playful man, Duchamp challenged conventional thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much by writing, but through subversive actions such as dubbing a urinal art and naming it *Fountain*. This approach would 50 years later be called conceptual art, though he himself used the term 'ready-mades' for this idea. He produced relatively few artworks, while moving quickly through the avant-garde circles of his time.

The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.

## Duchamp and chess 
Upon his return to Paris in 1923, Duchamp was, in essence, no longer a practicing artist. Instead, he played chess, which he studied for the rest of his life to the exclusion of most other activities.

Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film ''Entr'acte'' (1924) by René Clair. During this period his fascination with chess so distressed his first wife that she glued his pieces to the board. Duchamp continued to play in the French Championships and also in the Chess Olympiads from 1928–1933, favoring hypermodern openings such as the Nimzo-Indian.

## References
Vittoria della Rovere

**Vittoria della Rovere** (7 February 1622–5 March 1694) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the wife of Grand Duke Ferdinando II. 

She gave her husband four children, two of which would survive infancy the future Cosimo III and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. She was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro in her own right and these went to her youngest son when she died. She was later the guardian of her three grandchildren. Her marriage bought a lot of art treasures to the House of Medici which are today at the Palazzo Pitti Uffizi Gallery in Florence. She did not get on with her daughter in law Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. 

She was the daughter of Claudia de' Medici. She and her husband Ferdinando II were first cousins. 

## Children
#Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639) died in infancy.
#Unnamed daughter (1640)
#Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans and had issue. 
#Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no issue.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***7 February 1622 &ndash; 6 April 1637** *Her Highness* Vittoria della Rovere, Princess of Urbino
***6 April 1637 &ndash; 23 May 1670** *Her Most Serene Highness* The Grand Duchess of Tuscany
***23 May 1670 &ndash;  5 March 1694** *Her Most Serene Highness* The Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga

**Eleanora Luisa Gonzaga** (13 November 1686 – 16 March 1741) was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro as the wife of Francesco Maria de' Medici. She was the only child of Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla and Sabbioneta and his second wife, Maria Vittoria Gonzaga. She did not bear any children and died mad. 

She married on 14 July 1709.
Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro

'''Francesco Maria de' Medici''' (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) was an Italian political leader, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.

## Early life
Medici was born in Florence. He was the second son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In 1683 he was made governor of Siena.

## Cardinal
In 1686, Pope Innocent XII made him a cardinal. In 1709, he was permitted to give up his role as cardinal on 14 July 1709 the same year.

## References
## Other websites
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Medici, Francesco Maria de'
* Catholic-Hierarchy, (Layman) Francesco Maria de’ Medici
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

The **Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia** (, '**), also called the **Russian Orthodox Church Abroad**, **ROCA**, or **ROCOR''') is a small part of the Russian Orthodox Church. It has over 400 parishes worldwide, and an estimated membership of over 400,000 people.

## References
Margherita de' Medici

'''Margherita de' Medici''' (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma. Margherita was regent of Plaisance in 1635 and regent of the entire duchy in 1646 after the death of her husband. 

## Family 
She was the fourth of eight children and the second daughter born to Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his wife Maria Magdalena of Austria. 

Margherita's siblings included Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cardinal Gian Carlo de' Medici, Cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici and Anna, wife of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. Margherita's other siblings died in childhood or eary adulthood. 

Margherita married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma on 11 October 1628. On 11 September 1646 Odoardo died. Their eldest son, Ranuccio was not yet old enough to rule the Duchy alone so Margherita acted as regent until her son was old enough to govern alone. She died in Parma on February 6 1679.

## Issue
#Caterina Farnese (2 October 1629) died at birth.
#Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma (17 September 1630 – 11 December 1694) married (1) Margaret Yolande of Savoy, (2) Isabella d'Este, (3) Maria d'Este.
#Alessandro Farnese (10 January 1635 - 18 February 1689), Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands died unmarried.
#Onorato Farnese (24 January 1636 -2  November 1656) died unmarried.
#Maria Caterina Farnese (3 September 1637 - 24 April 1648) a nun
#Maria Maddalena Farnese (15 July 1638 - 11 March 1693) died unmarried.
#Pietro Farnese (4 April 1639 - 4 March 1677) died unmarried.
#Ottavio Farnese (5 January 1641 - 4 August 1641) died in infancy.
House arrest

**House arrest** is when someone has been arrested, but not put in prison. Instead, they are made to stay in their homes, hence the term. Subjects typically wear ankle bracelets which alert the authorities when they leave their house.

A notable example of house arrest is Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma.  She was under house arrest for much of the time between 1990 and 2010. Another example is Zhang Xueliang (張學良). The good thing in Mr Zhang's case is that (as the "house arrest" had ended) he lived freely for a decade. He was allowed to leave China in the 1990s.

## References
The Stig

**The Stig** is the 'tame racing driver' from the popular BBC motoring show *Top Gear*. He coaches the 'stars in the reasonably priced car' and is the driver for the Power laps. His identity is unknown though he has been played by many drivers, the most recent driver is Ben Collins.