open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rigel

.]]

**Rigel** is a hot supergiant star in the Milky Way galaxy. It is a blue-white supergiant. It is in the constellation Orion.  

Rigel is much larger than our Sun. It is 78 times the Sun's radius, with a diameter of more than 100 million kilometers, but its mass is 21 times more massive than our sun. It's a temperature of 12100 Kelvin, which causes the star to glow about 120 000 times brighter than the Sun. Rigel is 864 light-years (8.2 quadrillion km) from Earth in Orion. Because it is near the equator, Rigel is seen from Earth as a small, bluish circle on clear nights from both hemispheres.

## Stellar system
Rigel appears to be as a single star, but in fact it's a stellar system of at least four stars. That include Rigel A, Rigel Ba, Rigel Bb and Rigel C. Rigel Ba and Bb orbits around each other every 9.8 days, while Rigel C orbits around Rigel B binary every 63 years. The distance from Rigel A and BC is ~2 200 AU, so the orbital period of each other is ~24 000 years. Rigel Ba, Bb and C have a mass of 3.84; 2.94; and 3.84 solar masses, and therefore they're B-type main sequence stars.
## Fate
Rigel pulsates. The color of this star is bluish-white, hotter than a star with a yellow color. It will use its energy quickly. The Sun uses the same gases as Rigel; hydrogen and helium make it shine. When Rigel loses its fuel inside the very hot core, it will blow up into the red supergiant stage of its life and explode in a supernova. A black hole or a neutron star might be left.

## References
Agence France-Presse

**Agence France-Presse** (**AFP**) is a French news agency. It is the oldest one in the world, and also among the largest, with Associated Press and Reuters. It is also the largest French news agency.

The AFP is a global news agency responsible for collecting, verifying, and sharing information in a neutral and factual way. Its content is used by all types of media, including radio, television, newspapers, and websites, and also serves as a source for large companies and public administrations. In 2022, AFP reported a revenue of €321.9 million, supported by video production, digital investigations, and services for companies and institutions.

## References
Grade retention

**Grade retention** is when a student repeats a grade i.e. first grade, second grade, etc. Some students have disabilities and must repeat a grade due to the problem for not meeting their needs in the first place. Either way, grade retention can be emotionally damaging on a student's self-esteem.

## Other websites 
* Taking Responsibility for Ending Social Promotion: A Guide for Educators and State and Local Leaders. , U.S. Department of Education, May 1999.
* Position Statement on Student Grade Retention and Social Promotion. . National Association of School Psychologists, April 12, 2003.
Lewis structure

; That is one thing that this Lewis structure, shows.]]
The **Lewis structures**, also called **Lewis-dot diagrams** or **electron dot diagrams** or **Lewis dot structure**  are pictures that show the bonding between a pair of electrons and the atoms of a molecule.

Each dot represents one electron. Two dots side by side represent a lone pair of electrons.

To show a bond between atoms, a line representing a pair of shared electrons is placed between the two atoms. This is showing water also known as H2O.

## One idea for how to understand Lewis structures
1. First we have to select central atom.

2. Central atom is that which is  present in list in number.

      if not 

3. central atom is that which has more number of valence electron.

4. Hydrogen is never central atom.

5. Then we arrange the rest of the atom and their electron as such they become **stable**.
Sentience

**Sentience** is being capable of feeling, consciousness or having some form of mind. Eighteenth-century philosophers used the concept to distinguish the ability to think (*reason*) from the ability to feel (*sentience*). 

## Intelligence and sentience 
In simple English, to be sentient means displaying and/or having the ability to:
#
#
#
#possibly Will, though this goes beyond some definitions.

## Philosophy and sentience 
In the philosophy of consciousness, *sentience* can refer to the ability of any thing to have subjective perceptual experiences, or as some philosophers refer to them, "qualia".

## Animal rights and sentience 
Thinking about sentience is important when studying animal rights. This is because feeling is needed in order to suffer. The basis of animal rights is that some animals have emotions, can feel pain and also feel happy and well.  

## Reference
Cathode ray

A **cathode ray** is a stream of electrons that are seen in vacuum tubes. It is called a "cathode ray" because the electrons are being emitted from the negative charged element in the vacuum tube called the cathode. A cathode ray tube aims the ray at a point on its screen. They were first observed in 1869 by German physicist Johann Hittorf, and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein *Kathodenstrahlen*, or cathode rays.

Electrons were discovered as the constituents of cathode rays in 1897 by British physicist J. J. Thomson. He showed the rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, which was later called the *electron*. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) use a focused beam of electrons deflected by electric or magnetic fields to create the image in a classic television set.

Some properties of cathode rays:
# They travel in a straight path.
# They have a negative electric charge
# They have particle property
# Magnets can deflect them
# Charge/mass ratio of the rays is constant
# They travel from the cathode to the anode
# Their properties are independent from the electrodes and gas present in the cathode ray tube.
# Cathode rays can ionize gas
# The travel more slowly than light
# They can heat objects that they hit
# They can penetrate through thin Aluminium plates
# They can make phosphors glow

## References
Earmuffs

**Earmuffs** are objects that are made to cover and protect a person's ears. A plastic or metal band fits over the top of the head, and there are two pads at the ends that cover the ears warmly.

## Invention 
Chester Greenwood invented the earmuffs when he was 15. His ears would turn unusual colors like red, white, purple, or blue and begin to hurt when it was cold (he lived in Maine). Because of this, he could not try the new ice skates he got for his fifteenth birthday. Chester had tried wrapping a scarf around his head, but it was too bulky.

## Types of earmuffs 
There are two kinds of earmuffs: *thermal earmuffs*, which keep a person's ears warm, and *acoustic earmuffs*, also called *ear defenders*, which block out a lot of sound and noise and can be used in construction (building) sites, for example, when jackhammering.

## References
Germination

seedling, three days after germination]]
**Germination** occurs when a spore or seed starts to grow. It is a term used in botany. When a spore or seed **germinates**, it produces a shoot or seedling, or (in the case of fungi) a hypha. The biology of spores is different from seeds.

A *spore* germinates if and when conditions are right. It has a very limited lifespan. The method of spore-bearers, which are lower plants such as mosses, ferns and also fungi, is to produce vast numbers of spores, of which only a small percentage germinate.

*Seeds* contain an embryo, a store of food (the endosperm), and a protective coat. Seed plants include Gymnosperms (such as conifers) and Angiosperms (such as flowering plants). Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind.p98

Seeds do not germinate until their requirements are met, and these needs differ from species to species.
:# The *dormancy period* must be over. Dormancy is governed by changes inside the seed. Each species has its own dormancy period, and will not germinate until that period is over.
:# Their *hibernation* must be over. The hibernation is ended when events in the environment trigger germination. Sometimes this is just temperature and water, sometimes fire, sometimes the seed must go through a long cold spell.

The requirements for fruits is the same as for seeds. A fruit is just a seed with one or more extra layers derived from parts of the flower.

## References
Newark North Gate railway station

**Newark North Gate train station** is a train station that serves the town of Newark in Nottinghamshire, England. It is served by east coast trains and East Midland trains. East coast does intercity trains from King's Cross to Leads, Newcastle, York, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.
AFP

**AFP** often can be

* Agence France-Presse, an international news agency
* Australian Federal Police

**AFP** or **afp** can also be

## Media
*Advertiser-funded programming, a television funding model
*American Family Publishers, a magazine subscription company
*, a recording industry association in Portugal

### Publications 
**American Free Press*, a weekly newspaper
**American Family Physician*, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians
* *Archive of Formal Proofs*, a mathematics journal
**Australian Family Physician*, a peer-reviewed journal of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners

### Television 
**AFP* (TV series), a 2011 Australian factual television series
**AFP: American Fighter Pilot*, a 2002 American television reality show
* ''America's Funniest People*, a 1990 American television reality show

## Organizations
* Armed Forces of the Philippines
* Association for Financial Professionals
* Asia Federation of Pickleball

## Politics
* Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal), a social-democratic political party in Senegal
* America First Party (disambiguation)
** America First Party (1944), an isolationist political party in 1944, renamed the Christian Nationalist Crusade in 1947
** America First Party, another name for the Populist Party (United States, 1984) (1984–96)
* Americans for Prosperity, a Washington, D.C.–based political advocacy group, one of the most influential conservative organizations in the U.S.
* Anarchist Federation of Poland, an anarcho-syndicalist organization that operated in Poland from 1926 to 1939
* Australia First Party, a far-right political party in Australia
* Australian Federation Party, an Australian political party

## Science and medicine
* Acute flaccid paralysis, a clinical manifestation characterized by paralysis and reduced muscle tone
* Alpha-fetoprotein, a molecule produced in the developing embryo and fetus
* Antifreeze protein, a class of proteins that protect from ice damage in certain vertebrates, plants, fungi, and bacteria
* Antifungal protein, a family of proteins with fungicidal activity
* *Archive of Formal Proofs*, a mathematics journal
* Atypical facial pain

## Technology
* Active fire protection
* , a German gunboat of World War II, a derivative of the 
* Automated fiber placement, a method of manufacturing with composite materials

### Computing
* Advanced Function Presentation
*Apple Filing Protocol, an Apple remote file access protocol
* Advanced Flexible Processor, a CDC Cyber computer system

## People
* A.F.P. Hulsewé (1910–1993), Dutch professor
* Amanda Palmer (born 1976), sometimes known as Amanda Fucking Palmer, a punk cabaret artist formerly in the duo The Dresden Dolls

## Other uses
* *'', a fully funded capitalization system run by private sector pension funds in Chile; See Pensions in Chile
* Tapei language (ISO 639-3 code: afp)
Longuemare's sunangel

'''Longuemare's sunangel'* (*Heliangelus clarisse'') is a species of hummingbird. It can be found in Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. It is closely related to the Amethyst-throated Sunangel. The Longuemare's Sunangel is 9.4&nbsp;cm (3.7&nbsp;inches) long (not with the bill) and normally weighs 5.3 grams. The bill is short for a hummingbird, 1.8&nbsp;cm or 0.7 in long. The overall coloring is of dark colors.
Orchestre de Paris

The **Orchestre de Paris** is a French orchestra based in Paris which was started in 1967. The orchestra's music director is Christoph Eschenbach and most of its concerts are performed at the Salle Pleyel.

## Music directors 
* 1967-1968 Charles Munch
* 1969-1971 Herbert von Karajan *(Musical advisor)*
* 1972-1975 Sir Georg Solti
* 1975-1989 Daniel Barenboim
* 1989-1998 Semyon Bychkov
* 1998-2000 Christoph von Dohnányi *(Artistic advisor)*
* 2000-*present* Christoph Eschenbach

## Other websites 
* l'Orchestre de Paris official website
Iyaz

**Keidran Jones** (born 15 April 1987), better known by his stage name **Iyaz**, is a singer, songwriter and rapper. His song "Replay" reached number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in 2009. In December 2009, "Replay" was number one on the *Billboard* Pop Songs chart. It also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on January 10, 2010. He made a song with Miley Cyrus called "Gonna Get This" for *Hannah Montana*.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### Singles 
## References 
http://www.andpop.com/2009/11/08/iyaz-and-replay-climbing-to-the-top/ 

## Other websites 
*
Berlin Staatskapelle

The **Staatskapelle Berlin** is a German orchestra.  It is the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera (Berliner Staatsoper Unter den Linden).

The history of the orchestra goes back to 1570, when the Elector of Brandenburg started an orchestra at his court.  By the mid 18th century it was linked to the Royal Court Opera, started in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Famous musicians who have played with the orchestra include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz

Giacomo Meyerbeer became *Kapellmeister* (Music Director), from 1842.  The orchestra started a series of public concerts.  They were the first orchestra to play the first performances of many famous pieces of music by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai.  

The orchestra's music director is called the "Staatskapellmeister".  He is also the music director of the Berlin State Opera.  Today the music director is Daniel Barenboim, who has had the job since 1992.  In 2000 Barenboim was given the title of "conductor for life".  Barenboim and the orchestra have made several recordings.

## Conductors/Music Directors
## Other websites
*Berlin Staatskapelle website
Vascular dementia

**Vascular dementia** is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is a type of dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain.

Brain cells need a good supply of blood to stay healthy and function properly. The blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. 

## References
Community (TV series)

***Community*** is an American comedy series on NBC.  *Community* first aired on September 17, 2009, at 9:30 PM (EST). However, it was moved to 8:00 PM (EST) by its fourth episode. The series ran for six seasons. The first five seasons aired on NBC from September 17, 2009 until April 17, 2014. *Community* season six was released online via Yahoo! Screen. 
*Community*'s sixth and final season concluded on June 2, 2015.

The show is about the lives of students at a community college in the fictional city of Greendale, Colorado. *Community* makes frequent use of self referencing humor and is well known for pop culture tributes.

## Cast 
* Joel McHale as Jeff Winger
* Gillian Jacobs as Britta Perry
* Danny Pudi as Abed Nadir
* Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bennett
* Alison Brie as Annie Edison
* Donald Glover as Troy Barnes
* Ken Jeong as Señor Ben Chang
* Chevy Chase as Pierce Hawthorne

## References
Ann Coulter

**Ann Coulter** (born December 8, 1961) is from the United States. She is a writer and is known for her controversial opinions about politics. She was asked to go on television, radio and speaks at public and private events. Coulter has described herself as a "polemicist" or someone who tells the truth even if it will cause problems. She does not want to "pretend to be impartial or balanced."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Official Twitter account
West End

**West End** might mean:

* West End of London, an area of London
* West End theatre, theatre productions in that area
No Child Left Behind Act

The **No Child Left Behind Act** is a United States law that was to help students meet higher standards. This law started during President Bush's time as president. President Bush made the law official on January 8, 2002. Schools around the US now have to test their students. If they don't, the schools risk losing funds given to them by the federal government. Some parts of this rule include bilingualism standards. All students must be on at least a proficient level (B+) by the 2013–14 school year.

Since the law started, Congress gave more money to schools from $42.2 billion in 2001 to $54.4 billion in 2007. No Child Left Behind received a 40.4% increase from $17.4 billion in 2001 to $24.4 billion. The funding for reading quadrupled from $286 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion.

## References
Resource room

**Resource room** is a place where special education students attend daily classes. These students are usually included in the general classroom and just need more support. Students are taught individually and in small groups.  The number of students in a resource room is at most five students per teacher.  Mainstreaming in education typically includes this service.  Students in separate classes generally do not need the resource room because all the support they need is in the self-contained classroom.

Special education teachers in resource rooms focus on the goals set by an Individualized Education Program.  These goals are based on the individual student's need to develop executive skills, complete their homework and behave. Visuo-motor perception, arithmetic, spelling and overall self-perception improve after time in the resource room classroom.  The small-group instructional model leads to achievement in students with a multitude of educational disabilities.

Their peers also benefit when the concepts they learned in general education are reinforced in resource rooms.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://specialed.about.com/od/idea/a/resourceroom.htm
Peanut butter

]]
**Peanut butter** is a type of moist paste that is made of crushed roasted peanuts. There are two kinds of peanut butter: *crunchy/chunky* peanut butter and *smooth/creamy* peanut butter. It can be eaten, for example on bread, usually with jelly to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a peanut butter sandwich with only peanut butter. Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the real inventor, not George Washington Carver.

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day.

## Health 
Peanut butter can protect people from cardiovascular sickness. Peanut butter (and peanuts) have lots of protein, E, , folate, food fiber, and arginine. However, some people with peanut allergies can have a shock or allergic reaction from eating or smelling it, which has made some schools decide not to let their students eat peanut butter in their schools. Some oils put inside peanut butter to make it easier to spread can also make people have heart disease. Peanut butter can also carry salmonella and make people sick because of it.

Peanut butter has around 188 calories, with there being 71 percent of fat, 14 percent of protein, and 15 percent of carbohydrate. Other peanut butter types may have 616 or 195 calories. Although peanut butter has some fat, it may help with losing weight.

## Ingredients 
*Peanuts
*Sugar
*Salt
*Vegetable Oil

## References 
## Other websites 
* The National Peanut Board
* The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.
* The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)  (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
* How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter (Last accessed 16 October 2009)
La Garde

**La Garde** is a city in the south of France. La Garde is the capital of the canton of La Garde.

## Geography
**La Garde** is on the east of Toulon between Marseille and Nice. It's area land is 15.54&nbsp;km²
End–Ordovician extinction event

The **End–Ordovician extinction event** is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the *Hirnantian* stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician. 

:1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were *anoxic* (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.

:2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.

:3. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.

Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families became extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families. 

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO2 into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

## Related pages 
*List of extinction events

## References
Ningaloo Reef

**Ningaloo Reef** is one of the largest coral reefs in the world. It is off the Northwest Cape in Western Australia. It is about  long. 

Ningaloo has about 200 species of hard coral and 50 species of soft coral. More than 520 species of fish live on the reef. 

## Marine Park
The Ningaloo Reef Marine Park covers an area of about 5000 square kilometers. 

The reef is popular with people from all over the world who come to go scuba diving and snorkelling.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References 
## Other websites
* Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) website
Canton of La Garde

The **Canton of La Garde** is a French  near Toulon, in the department of Var. It is made up of La Garde and Le Pradet.

## References
Command responsibility

**Command Responsibility** is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazis in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out. 

## References 
* Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law HTML version by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, September 15, 2004
Nikos Sampson

**Nikos Sampson** (December 16, 1935 &ndash; May 9, 2001) was a Cypriot politician. He was the leader of Cyprus for eight days in 1974. He had been active in EOKA before Cyprus became independent from the United Kingdom. EOKA wanted Cyprus and Greece to become a single country, and fought with the Turks in Cyprus. Afterwards, he became active in EOKA-B, which was a continuation of EOKA. In 1974, EOKA-B overthrew the government of Cyprus, and chose Nikos Sampson as President. Soon afterward, Turkey invaded Cyprus, and Nikos Sampson resigned from office. Afterward, he was tried for treason, and sent to prison for twenty years. Nikos Sampson died in 2001.

## References 
# ^ "Nicos Sampson : Smiling Killer "
# ^ "EOKA shooters and bombers "
# ^ James Ker-Lindsay, "Britain and the Cyprus Crisis 1963-64" (2004)
# ^ Mallinson, William (June 30, 2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris. p.&nbsp;81. . https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81
# ^ "Mr Nicos Sampson denies he knew coup was coming". The Times Digital Archive (Reuters). July 26, 1974.
Arlington County, Virginia

stations, such as in Rosslyn, Courthouse, and Clarendon (shown in red from upper left to lower right).]]
**Arlington County** is a county in Virginia. It has so many buildings that it looks like a city. It is one of the smallest counties in the United States by area. It is across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., and parts of it were once part of Washington. In 2020, 238,643 people lived there. It is where many U.S. government offices are, such as The Pentagon. It is also the location of Arlington National Cemetery, which was built at the former plantation of Robert E. Lee, and the Ronald Reagan National Airport. ANC is where John F. Kennedy and many American soldiers are buried. Several battles of the American Civil War were fought in and around Arlington.

The District of Columbia was made with land contributed by Virginia and Maryland. In 1846, Congress agreed to give the land south of the Potomac back to Virginia. Most of the returned land became Arlington.

## Notable People
* John Glenn, Astronaut
* Al Gore, Bill Clinton's vice president
* Ilhan Omar, US Congresswoman

## References
Flag of Arizona

The **Flag of the State of Arizona** has 13 rays of red and gold (the conquistador colors and of the flag of Spain) on the top half,  the 13 first counties of Arizona (there are 15 counties today), as well as telling of Arizona's picturesque sunsets. There is a copper colored star in the center representing Arizona's copper-mining company. The rest of the flag is colored blue, representing liberty.

In 1910, Colonel Charles W. Harris, head of the Arizona National Guard, made a flag for the Arizona Rifle Team when they  the National Matches at Camp Perry. Arizona had been the only team in past matches to compete without a flag.
Chef salad

**Chef salad** (sometimes called '''chef's salad''') is a type of salad. It usually includes a bed of leaf vegetables or lettuce, which can be served with hard boiled eggs, strips of meat (such as ham, roast beef, or turkey), cheese, cucumbers, croutons, and tomatoes. Chef salad is usually topped with Thousand Island dressing, but can be served with any type of dressing.
Pinchas Zukerman

**Pinchas Zukerman**  (; born July 16, 1948 in Tel Aviv) is a famous Israeli violinist, violist, and conductor. Since 1971, he has conducted many orchestras.

## Career
Pinchas Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv.  His parents were Jews who had survived the Nazi  concentration camps and had moved from Poland to Israel in 1947.  By the time he was eight he showed great musical promise and started to learn music at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv.  When the violinist Isaac Stern heard him play he was so impressed that he helped him to go to the Julliard School of Music in New York.  There he studied with Ivan Galanian.
In 1967, Zukerman shared a joint first prize in the Leventritt International Competition with Kyung Wha Chung.  Then Stern became ill and could not play in some concerts, so Zukerman played instead.  This made him famous.

After hearing Daniel Barenboim conduct the English Chamber Orchestra he became interested in conducting.  He started to conduct orchestras while playing the solo parts of works by Bach and Vivaldi.  This conducting (leading) from the concertmaster’s chair had been the tradition in the 17th and 18th centuries.  In 1974, he conducted the English Chamber Orchestra.  Then he got opportunities to conduct New York Philharmonic, the National Symphony, Boston Symphony, and Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras.  In the 1980s, he was the musical director of the St Paul Chamber Orchestra.  For many years he continued to appear as soloist with some of the best orchestras in the world.  He won many awards, including two Grammy Awards. 

In April 1998, he became music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa.  He took them on a tour of Europe in 1990.

In recent years Zukerman has worked hard to help young musicians.  As music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, he started the  Young Artists Program, a summer training program for talented young classical musicians. It soon became popular, with students from all over the world.

Although he had a lot of work in Ottawa  he also found time to be music director of the Ilona Feher Music Center in Holon, Israel, which he started.  He became chairman of the Pinchas Zukerman Performance Program at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He was also artist in residence of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra.

## Personal life
In 1968, he married Eugenia Rich.  They had two daughters.  Later they divorced.  In 1985, he married the actress Tuesday Weld.  They later divorced.

## Other websites
* http://www.answers.com/topic/pinchas-zukerman
National Arts Centre Orchestra

The **National Arts Centre Orchestra** is an orchestra in Ottawa, Canada's capital.  Since 1998 their conductor (musical director) has been Pinchas Zukerman.   The orchestra was started in 1969.  It has made more than 40 recordings and toured widely throughout the world. 

## Other websites
* National Arts Centre Orchestra 

## Related pages
*Ottawa, Ontario
Christian de Quincey

**Christian de Quincey**, Ph.D., is an author and philosopher who teaches cosmology and spirituality at colleges in the United States and Europe. He is an internationally known author and speaker on consciousness. He is on the faculty of several U.S. universities and think tanks, and at Schumacher College, Devon, England. He has written 5 books on consciousness.

## Books
**Radical Nature: Rediscovering the Soul of Matter* (Invisible Cities Press, 2002)
**Radical Knowing: Understanding Consciousness through Relationship* (Park Street Press, 2005)
**Deep Spirit: Cracking the Noetic Code*  (Casablanca Press, 2008)
**Consciousness from Zombies to Angels: The Shadow and the Light of Knowing Who You Are* (Park Street Press, 2009)
**Radical Nature: The Soul of Matter* (2nd edition) (Park Street Press, 2010)
**The Scientific Exploration of Consciousness* (co-author with Willis Harman) (Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1996).

## References
Velvet worm

The **velvet worms** (**Onychophora** — literally "claw bearers") are a minor panarthropod phylum. 

There are two families and about 200 species. All living species live on land, in moist or wet tropical areas.

The two living families are the Peripatidae and the Peripatopsidae. They show a peculiar distribution, with the peripatids being mainly equatorial and tropical, while the peripatopsids are all found in what used to be Gondwana.

The segmented worm-like organisms have tiny eyes, "fur", antennae, multiple pairs of legs, and slime glands. The group is thought to be related to arthropods. They prey on smaller animals such as insects, which they catch by squirting a sticky slime.

## Possible fossil history 
Fossils from the early Cambrian bear a striking resemblance to the velvet worms. These fossils, known as the lobopods, were marine. They were a clade from which arthropods, tardigrades, and Onychophora arose. They are found in the Cambrian, Ordovician (possibly), Silurian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

Historically, all fossil Onychophora and lobopods were lumped into the taxon Xenusia. However, few of the Cambrian fossils have features that definitely unite them with the Onychophora. The exceptions are *Hallucigenia* and *Collinsium ciliosum*, which have distinctly onychophoran-like claws.

## References
Tardigrade

**Tardigrades** ('water bears') are microscopic, segmented animals. They live in water. They are members of the tactopod phylum **Tardigrada**, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. They are also known as **water bears** or **moss piglets**. 

Tardigrades were first  in 1773. While originally named *Kleiner Wasserbär (little waterbear)* by zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze, the name "Tardigrade" was later given in 1777, by biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, with the name meaning "slow stepper".

Tardigrades have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each with two legs. Each leg has little claws.

Tardigrades can be found in many habitats: in moss, This meant living in a vacuum with severe radiation. 

Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water. Tardigrades can survive extreme temperatures. They can live for a few hours in temperatures close to absolute zero Some Tardigrades can survive being frozen for over 30 years.

Tardigrades can also survive radiation at hundreds of times a level that would be deadly to humans. They can also survive in toxic environments and during impact events.

In 2019, a lander with Tardigrades on board crashed on the moon. It is believed that the Tardigrades survived and could live for a few years on the moon.

The Tardigrades slow their metabolism to survive these environments.  Rotifers have a similar agility to survive. 

## References
Bond (finance)

A **bond** is a contract between two parties. The issuer of the bond borrows money from the buyer of the bond.

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. The bonds are bought by investors. The issuer of the bond promises to repay the debt, plus interest, to owner of the bond. If the issuer doesn't repay then the holder of the bond can get a court to make them; an issuer may go bankrupt if they cannot afford to repay.

Most bonds have a fixed , which means that the  is repaid after a specified number of years. The issuer of the bond makes an annual payment to owner of the bond in the meantime - this is called the **coupon** and acts as interest. Because the amount of the coupon is fixed, the value of the bond can be affected by changes in the interest rate.

Some bonds stipulate that the principal is repaid only at the discretion of the borrower - these are called **perpetual bonds**. The oldest bond in the world, which is still paying interest, was issued in 1624 by the Hoogheemraadschap Lekdijk Bovendams to fund repairs to flood defences on the Lek river, south of Utrecht.

Bonds are usually traded through banks and other financial entities and are part of a financial instrument group called Fixed Income.
Banks and financial institutions offer loans on different terms against the security of assets.

## Sources
Taki

**Taki** () is an Israeli game which is an expansion of Crazy Eights. It is made by Shafir games. The game's creator is Haim Shafir. The game takes about 20 minutes, is for 2-10 players, and is for ages 5 and up. It is very popular in Israel.  It is similar to the American game Uno.  

The Taki cards consist of the colors red, blue, green, and yellow.  The objective of the game is to get rid of all your cards before everyone else.
Scissor-tailed hummingbird

The **scissor-tailed hummingbird** (*Hylonympha macrocerca*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Venezuela. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was first listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Research has shown it to be rarer than it was thought. Because of this, it was listed as "Endangered status" in 2008.
Greenish puffleg

The **greenish puffleg** (*Haplophaedia aureliae*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and fairly degraded former forests.

## References 
* BirdLife International 2008.  .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 12 Juni 2009.
Lavatory – Lovestory

***Lavatory – Lovestory*** is a short movie that is about a lavatory attendant that finds a bunch of flowers in her tip jar (a tin where customers give her money as a reward for a good job). The movie was  for an Academy Award in the 81st Annual Academy Awards and won many awards at movie festivals.

## References
Stephen Sondheim

**Stephen Joshua Sondheim** (March 22, 1930 &ndash; November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist.

## Personal life 
Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He was openly gay. In 2017, he married Jeffrey Romley.

Sondheim died on November 26, 2021 from heart disease in Roxbury, Connecticut at the age of 91.

## Career 
Sondheim wrote the words for songs in *Gypsy* and *West Side Story*. Of American composers still living, he had won the most awards. He won:
*Multiple Grammy Awards
*9 Tony Awards (more than any other composer)
*A Lifetime Achievement Tony
*An Academy Award
*A Pulitzer Prize.

Sondheim wrote both the music and the words to his musicals.
 
Many critics like his work, but some people do not like it. *Sweeney Todd* is very different from the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein.

### Some of Sondheim's musicals 
**A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum*
**Follies*
**A Little Night Music*
**Sunday in the Park with George*
**Into The Woods*
**Sweeney Todd*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Pleasant Grove Township, Des Moines County, Iowa

**Pleasant Grove Township** is a  in the County of Des Moines in Iowa. The population was 442 in 2020, with 213 males and 229 females.

## Important places in Pleasant Grove 
### Churches 
*Cedar Grove Church
*Shaver Church
*Agape Fellowship Church

### Cemeteries 
*Wilcox Cemetery
*Infant Cemetery

### Reservoirs 
*Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Three Reservoir
*Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Two Reservoir
*Watson Lake

### Creeks 
*Shaver Creek
*Caney Creek
*Little Creek

## References
Campus

A **campus** is land where a college or university buildings are placed.  Campuses can have libraries, lecture halls, and parks. Campuses can consist of both academic (*school and studying-related*) buildings and non-academic buildings.

## References
Oliver Goldsmith

**Oliver Goldsmith** (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was a writer, poet, and physician famous for his novel, *The Vicar of Wakefield*(1776). His first successful literary work was *The Traveller* (1764), a poem about British rule. Like Jonathan Swift, Goldsmith  , but he did not use satire like Swift. He was the second son of Charles Goldsmith, curate of Kilkenny West in West Meath in Ireland. In 1745 he went to Trinity College Dublin. He quickly spent all his money by gambling, which he became  to. After spending some time at the Universities of Edinburgh and Leyden he spent 1755 – 1756 travelling in Europe, where it is said that he lived by playing the flute. Before starting to write he worked in London as a doctor's helper, a doctor, and a school . He died in 1774 and was buried in Temple Church.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Essays by Oliver Goldsmith at Quotidiana.org
* *The Deserted Village*
* *Oliver Goldsmith: A Biography * by Washington Irving from Project Gutenberg
* *Goldsmith * (English Men of Letters series) by William Black  from Project Gutenberg
* An Essay on the Theatre; or, A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy
* Goldsmith Hall - student accommodation and lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin.
* Information on Goldsmith 
* Oliver Goldsmith Resource 
* Works by Oliver Goldsmith  in e-book version
* The Goldsmith International Literary Festival Info on the Festival held annually in Goldsmith's Home County
* Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London)
*
Sea spider

**Sea spiders** are marine arthropods of the class **Pycnogonida**. 

There are about 1,300 species of sea spiders, which are found around the world. Sea spiders are found in all oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Species found in coastal waters are usually small and have a leg span of about 1&nbsp;inch (2.5&nbsp;cm), those living at great depths, up to 24&nbsp;inches (60&nbsp;cm).

Sea spiders are not true spiders, or even arachnids. Their traditional classification as chelicerates would put them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans. 

However, recent genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.

## Description 
The sea spider has a small, narrow body. It usually has four pairs of long, thin legs attached to the abdomen. Attached to the head there are usually three other pairs of appendages—a pair called chelicerae, used for grasping food; a pair of sensory projections called palps; and a pair of egg-carrying legs (sometimes underdeveloped or absent in the female). The female lays round masses of eggs on the egg-carrying legs of the male, which carries the eggs until they hatch.

## Distribution 
On top of its head, the sea spider has a knobby projection bearing two, three, or four simple eyes. The head ends in a snout with a sucking mouth. Sea spiders feed by sucking the body juices of such marine animals as sea anemones, sponges, and sea squirts.

## References
University of Notre Dame

The **University of Notre Dame** (or simply **Notre Dame**) is a private Catholic university near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded in 1842 by Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Sorin was also the school's first president. In the beginning, it was an all-male school. In 1972 females were admitted. The university has five colleges and one professional school. Notre Dame offers master's degrees and doctoral degrees. The university's undergraduates live on campus in single-gendered residence halls. Alumni are located around the world. The school's athletic teams are known as the Fighting Irish.

## Related pages
* Notre Dame Stadium

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* University of Notre Dame
* Notre Dame Fighting Irish, the Official Athletic Site 
* Campus map
Caving

**Caving** (or **spelunking**) is the hobby of exploring caves. People who explore caves are called **spelunkers**.

## Spelunkers and their equipment
Wise spelunkers explore in groups, to prevent being lost or stranded in a cave. Spelunkers need reliable equipment, because the descent into a cave is like mountain climbing in the opposite direction. Basic spelunking equipment is similar to what mountain climbers use. Strong ropes make climbing possible and special tools attach ropes to cave walls. Special footwear makes it easier to explore hard-to-reach places, and hard hats protect spelunkers from falling rocks above. Caves are extremely dark, so spelunkers have to carry light sources (like torches and flares). One torch attaches to a spelunker's helmet so it is with him or her at all times. Caves are also very cold, so most spelunkers wear warm clothing.

Spelunkers tie their ropes with different kinds of knots, like the ''farmer's hitch knot* and the *alpine butterfly knot''. Spelunkers choose different knots for different purposes. Some knots work well to hold people as they climb. Other knots are best for tying ropes together.

## Modern caving
Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Others are interested in gathering hard data about caves (called speleology). Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun.

Caves can generally be explored during any season of the year. Most caves remain at the same temperature all year round. The common rules of thumb apply:
*Always wear protective headgear.
*Always check to be sure there is no danger of flooding while you plan to be in the cave.
*Never go alone. A minimum of three cavers is best.
*Always make sure someone on the surface knows where you are caving.
*Carry a minimum of three light sources per person.
*The cave environment is more fragile than people realize. And, since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution will wind up in someone's drinking water and can seriously affect the surface environment as well.
*Remember the cavers motto: Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints. Kill nothing but time.

## References
## Other websites 
*The National Speleological Society  American organization devoted to caving, cave science, and cave conservation
* Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS)  Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.
*The latest news from the caving scene. 
*Photos of caving in the UK
*Caving Photos 
*
Blocked

***Blocked*** is a puzzle game for the iPhone and iPod Touch. 

## Description
The player has to move around gray blocks until a blue rock is free and the blocks can only go left and right or up and down. The game has many challenges and levels.  There are five difficulty levels in Blocked: easy, medium, hard, harder, and hardest.

## References
Poygan, Wisconsin

**Poygan** is a town in Winnebago County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  1,261 people were living in Poygan as of the 2020 census.  Poygan has a total area of 32.9 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Winnebago County, Wisconsin

**Winnebago County** is a county of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  At the 2020 census, 171,730 people were living in Winnebago County. The county seat of Winnebago County is Oshkosh.

## Geography
Winnebago County has an area of , says the U.S. Census Bureau.

### Nearby counties
* Waupaca County - northwest
* Outagamie County - northeast
* Calumet County - east
* Fond du Lac County - south
* Green Lake County - southwest
* Waushara County - west

### Divisions
The following is a list of cities, villages, and towns found in Winnebago County:

#### Unincorporated places
* Butte des Morts
* Eureka
* Larsen
* Pickett
* Metz (partial)
* Minden
* Waukau
* Winnebago

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* *Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago*
Babcock, Wisconsin

**Babcock** is an unincorporated community in Wood County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  The ZIP code of Babcock is 54413.

## References
Goole (disambiguation)

**Goole** can be any of the following:
* The town of Goole, in the East Riding of Yorkshire
* Goole A.F.C., an amateur (or semi-professional) English football club
Kefalonia

**Kefalonia** (and Kephalonia or Cephalonia) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the largest of the Ionian islands and the sixth largest Greek island after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. Its area is 781 square kilometres and its population is 36,404 according to a 2001 Greek census.

## Geography
Kefalonia is home to the highest mountain in the Ionian islands. The mountain is named Ainos and its altitude is 1, 628 metres. The biggest town on the island is Argostoli which is the capital of the Kefalonia prefecture. The second biggest town is Lixouri which is located opposite Argostoli. Beside Kefalonia is the island Ithaca, the place of birth of ancient hero Odysseus. Some archaeologists believe that Kefalonia is the place of birth of Odysseus.

## Sites
Kefalonia has many beautiful beaches and it is one of the most popular tourist destinations. The most popular beach on the island is Myrtos which is located in the north-west of the island. Kefalonia hosts a truly beautiful natural environment with many forests mainly on Ainos mountain. Also in Kefalonia there is a famous cave-lake which is named Melissani and is located in the east of the island 

## References