open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Heaviside function

The **Heaviside function**, often written as *H*(x), is a non-continuous function whose value is zero for a negative input and one for a positive input.

The function is used in the mathematics of control theory to represent a signal that switches on at a specified time, and which stays switched on indefinitely. It was named after the Englishman Oliver Heaviside.

The Heaviside function is the integral of the Dirac delta function: *H*′(x) = *δ*(x). This is sometimes written as
: H(x) = \int_{-\infty}^x { \delta(t)} \mathrm{d}t 

## Discrete form 
We can also define an alternative form of the Heaviside step function as a function of a discrete variable *n*:

:H[n]=\begin{cases} 0, & n 

where *n* is an integer.

Or

:H(x) = \lim_{z \rightarrow x^-} ((|z| / z + 1) / 2)

The discrete-time unit impulse is the first difference of the discrete-time step

: \delta\left[ n \right] = H[n] - H[n-1].

This function is the cumulative summation of the Kronecker delta:

: H[n] = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{n} \delta[k] \,

where

: \delta[k] = \delta_{k,0} \,

is the discrete unit impulse function.

## Representations 
Often an integral representation of the Heaviside step function is useful:
:H(x)=\lim_{ \epsilon \to 0^+} -{1\over 2\pi \mathrm{i}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty {1 \over \tau+\mathrm{i}\epsilon} \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} x \tau} \mathrm{d}\tau =\lim_{ \epsilon \to 0^+} {1\over 2\pi \mathrm{i}}\int_{-\infty}^\infty {1 \over \tau-\mathrm{i}\epsilon} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} x \tau} \mathrm{d}\tau.

## *H*(0) 
The value of the function at 0 can be defined as *H*(0) = 0, *H*(0) = ½ or *H*(0) = 1. In particular: 

: H(x) = \frac{1+\sgn(x)}{2} =
  \begin{cases} 0,           & x  0.
  \end{cases}

## Related pages
* Laplace transform
* Step function

## References
Yasushi Kita

**Yasushi Kita** (born 25 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0
|-
|1998||7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|1999||3||0||0||0||3||0||6||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||0||3||0||2||0||12||0
|-
|2001||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||37||2||4||1||colspan="2"|-||41||3
|-
|2003||J. League 1||18||1||5||0||3||0||26||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||17||0||1||0||1||0||19||0
|-
|2005||17||3||0||0||5||0||22||3
|-
|2006||11||0||0||0||1||0||12||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2008||33||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|-
|2009||21||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2010||Gainare Tottori||Football League||||||||||||||||
186||7||18||1||22||0||226||8
186||7||18||1||22||0||226||8
|}

## References
Tomohiko Ito

**Tomohiko Ito** (born 28 May 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2000||38||0||4||0||2||0||44||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||23||0||1||0||4||0||28||0
|-
|2005||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
98||0||8||0||6||0||112||0
98||0||8||0||6||0||112||0
|}

## References
Ânderson Lima

**Ânderson Lima Veiga** (born 18 March 1973) is a Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||Guarani||Série A||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Santos||rowspan="4"|Série A||16||2||||||||||16||2
|-
|1997||18||0||||||||||18||0
|-
|1998||17||3||||||||||17||3
|-
|1999||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1999||São Paulo||Série A||15||1||||||||||15||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Grêmio||rowspan="4"|Série A||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2001||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|2002||18||7||||||||||18||7
|-
|2003||32||8||||||||||32||8
|-
|2004||São Caetano||Série A||33||9||||||||||33||9

|-
|2005||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||30||8||1||0||5||0||36||8

|-
|2006||São Caetano||Série A||25||7||||||||||25||7
|-
|2007||Coritiba||Série B||25||3||||||||||25||3
250||43||||||||||250||43
30||8||1||0||5||0||36||8
280||51||1||0||5||0||286||51
|}
Hiroki Kobayashi

**Hiroki Kobayashi** (born 24 May 1977) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2001||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||Tokyo||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||21||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2004||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2005||39||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2006||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2007||Rosso Kumamoto||Football League||34||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2009||10||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
144||0||2||0||0||0||146||0
144||0||2||0||0||0||146||0
|}

## References
Silvio Spann

**Silvio Spann** (born 21 August 1981) is a former Trinidad and Tobago football player. He played for Wrexham and Trinidad and Tobago national team.

## Club statistics
## National team statistics
### International goals
:''Scores and results list T&T's goal tally first.''
 

## References
Amir Karič

**Amir Karić** (born 31 December 1973) is a Slovenian football coach and former player. He played as a left-back and as a midfielder.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References
## Other websites
* Amir Karić at NZS 
*
Arata Kodama

**Arata Kodama** (born 8 October 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2001||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2003||9||0||0||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|2004||13||0||4||0||4||0||21||0
|-
|2005||3||0||0||0||7||0||10||0
|-
|2006||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||31||0||0||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||33||0||3||0||6||0||42||0
|-
|2008||26||0||3||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009||30||1||5||1||9||0||44||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
145||1||16||1||36||0||197||2
145||1||16||1||36||0||197||2
|}

## References
*Shimizu S-Pulse
New York State Route 308

**New York State Route&nbsp;308** (NY&nbsp;308, Route&nbsp;308) is a short road in Dutchess County, New York. The highway is  long. It goes through mostly rural areas, and is usually used as a  from U.S. Route 9 (US 9) to New York State Route 9G. The road passes several landmarks along its path. The road began its history in about 1685, when a group of Native Americans built the Sepasco Trail. This trail went from the Hudson River to Lake Sepasco, and followed the same path that currently exists as Route 308. The trail was there until 1802, when part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike was built over it. Route&nbsp;308 was officially formed in 1930.

## Route description
Part of NY&nbsp;308 is in the Rhinebeck Village Historic District, which is a  area that has 272 historical buildings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. A well-known attraction is the Beekman Arms Inn, which is located at the corner of NY&nbsp;308 and US&nbsp;9. The inn was started in 1776, and says it is one of the oldest inns within the United States.

The road begins at US&nbsp;9 in the village of Rhinebeck, which is  above sea level. There are many small lakes around the road as it intersects with County Route&nbsp;52 and turns to the northeast. NY&nbsp;308 then travels west of Sepasco Lake before turning east again. It ends at NY&nbsp;199 in the town of Milan.

## History
The earliest people that lived in  Dutchess County were the Mohicans. They were a Native American nation that came to the area about 3,000&nbsp;years ago. There were around 8,000 Mohicans during the time they first saw the Europeans. However, there were only 800 after the American Revolution. Artifacts were found along the shore of Lake Sepasco, which is a small lake near NY 308. The artifacts included very old arrowheads, and are now being shown at a local museum. 

A smaller group of these Native Americans were known as the Sepasco Indians. This name was used for Native Americans in the Sepasco area, which is now known as Rhinebeck. The word *Sepasco* probably came from the tribe's word for "little river" or "stream", which is *sepuus*. After the Civil War, only a few of the Sepasco were left. The last Sepasco Indian died in 1867 in a hut near Lake Sepasco. By 1685, a trail known as the Sepasco Trail was formed by the Sepasco people. This trail started at the Hudson River and went east through the village of Rhinebeck. It ended at Lake Sepasco. Part of the trail from Rhinebeck to Lake Sepasco follows about the same path that is today taken by Route&nbsp;308. The part of the new turnpike east of the Hudson River was sometimes known as the *Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike*. A plaque was placed in November 1922 at the Beekman Arms Inn. The sign marked the crossing of the Kings Highway (now called US&nbsp;9) and the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike.

NY&nbsp;308 itself was officially made during 1930. The path of the road was changed a bit in the 1960s.

## Major intersections
## References
## Other reading
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites
*NY State Route 308 Ends
2007 United Kingdom floods

The **2007 floods in the United Kingdom** were a series of major floods that happened in many places across the country during June and July 2007.

In Gloucestershire, there was a flash flood from the River Severn and a lot of extreme rainfall. It is estimated that 13 people were killed and nearly all of Gloucestershire was trapped in their homes for the summer holidays. The water was around four foot deep, and it got into most people's homes. The repairs would have cost about 3 thousand pounds per home.

## Effects
;Primary effects
* In July 2007, thirteen people were killed after the River Severn burst its banks.
* 10,000 motorists were stranded overnight.
* Farmers lost crops.
* 350,000 people were without running water after the sewage treatment plant was submerged.
* Houses and buildings were flooded and ruined.
* Electricity in Gloucester was shut down.
* Schools and businesses were unable to travel or work and were shut down.
* Significant damage to most properties in the area with nearly 50,000 homes affected, with people losing treasured, personal belongings and made homeless- staying with friends or relatives and 850 families had to stay in caravans, some up to Christmas 2008.
* Infrastructure severely affected, with roads cut off and badly damaged.
* On 22nd May water treatment works shut down. The media reporting’s of imminent loss of supplies, meant usage doubled and led to water depletion. By 24 July, 140,000 properties in Gloucestershire had no water supply. Alternative water supplies by bottles, bowsers and tankers had to be used. Water supplies were not fully restored until 1 August.

;Secondary effects
* Shops had better business because people needed more supplies.
* £3 billion had to be spent on repairs.
* Some businesses lost income while they had to repair buildings.
* 9,000 businesses affected
* More than 180,000 insurance claim

## Responses
* People helped each other, creating a sense of community.
* Children were taught in temporary classrooms without books.
* Sandbags were distributed. (25,000)
** 200 tonnes of sand used
* Flood barriers were put in place.
* Bottled water was given out.
* 5 million liters of water distributed through 85 different places
* People who lost their homes were forced to live with relatives or caravans for up to two years.
Inference (statistics)

**Statistical inference**  is the statistical process of drawing conclusions from data. 

Examples would be the randomness of the data, observational errors, sampling variation, and other issues.

## Scope
For the most part, statistical inference makes statements about populations, using data drawn from the population of interest by some form of random sampling. The result is some kind of statistical proposition, such as:
* an estimate; i.e., a particular value that best approximates some parameter of interest
* a confidence interval. That is an interval from a dataset such that, under repeated sampling, the interval would contain the true parameter value with the probability at the stated confidence level
* a credible interval; i.e., a set of values containing, for example, 95% of samples would include the true value of the parameter. 
* rejection of a hypothesis
* clustering or classifying data points into groups

## References
Anto Drobnjak

**Anto Drobnjak** (born 21 September 1968) is a former Yugoslavian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
|-
|1986–87||rowspan="4"|Jedinstvo Bijelo Polje||||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1987–88||||24||7||||||||||24||7
|-
|1988–89||||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|1989–90||||27||19||||||||||27||19
|-
|1990–91||rowspan="2"|Budućnost Titograd||rowspan="2"|First League||31||13||||||||||31||13
|-
|1991–92||17||9||||||||||17||9

|-
|1992–93||rowspan="2"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="2"|First League||35||22||||||||||35||22
|-
|1993–94||29||17||||||||||29||17

|-
|1994–95||rowspan="3"|Bastia||rowspan="3"|Division 1||31||12||||||||||31||12
|-
|1995–96||36||20||||||||||36||20
|-
|1996–97||33||18||||||||||33||18
|-
|1997–98||Lens||Division 1||32||14||||||||||32||14

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||18||8||1||0||0||0||19||8
|-
|1999||13||4||0||0||2||1||15||5

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="3"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="2"|Division 2||18||3||||||||||18||3
|-
|2000–01||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|2001–02||Division 1||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|2001–02||Martigues||Division 2||26||9||||||||||26||9
118||49||||||||||118||49
64||39||||||||||64||39
191||77||||||||||191||77
31||12||1||0||2||1||34||13
404||177||1||0||2||1||407||178
|}

### International
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||3||1
|-
!Total||6||2
|}

## References
Daubechies wavelet

**Daubechies wavelets** are a family of orthogonal wavelets named after Belgian physicist and mathematician Ingrid Daubechies. They are used in discrete wavelet transform.  Because they are fairly easy to model, they are often used for digital signal processing and wavelet compression.  For each wavelet function, there are two finite series of real numbers. These act as a digital filter. Each filter is made in such a way that a signal that is at a right angle to the filter will disappear. Ingrid Daubechies also defined another class of filters she called *biorthogonal*. These are no longer at a right angle to the signal, but they are symmetric.

## Related pages
* Wavelet transform
* Quadrature mirror filter
Flynn effect

There is a rise in average IQ scores since the beginning of measurements. It is called the **Flynn effect**. The rise in most industrialized countries where IQ testing has long been commonplace is about three IQ points per decade. James R. Flynn described this phenomenon in 1984.

Others supported the claims. They found the rise was mostly due to the test scores of those who scored an IQ below 100. The number of those who were classified as *mentally handicapped* reduced from year to year. In contrast, the scores of those who got more than 100 did not seem to be affected.

## The rise 
IQ tests are re-normalized every so often to hold the average score for an age group at 100. This gave a first hint to Flynn that the IQ was changing over time. The revised versions are standardized on new samples and scored with respect to those samples only. The only way to compare the difficulty of two versions is to have a group of people take both tests. This confirms IQ gains over time.

The average rate of rise seems to be around three IQ points per decade. Today, children go to school for a longer time. They have also become more familiar with testing. It might therefore be expected that the biggest gains occur with school-related content, such as vocabulary, arithmetic or general information. Just the opposite is the case: abilities such as these have had small gains and occasional declines over the years. The largest changes appear  on general intelligence factor loaded (g-loaded) tests such as Raven's Progressive Matrices, instead. For example, Dutch soldiers gained 21 points in only 30 years, or 7 points per decade, between 1952 and 1982. However, Raven (2000) found that a lot of data must be re-interpreted with respect to the date of birth. Previously, this data had been interpreted to show that many abilities decrease when people get older. This data must now be interpreted to show that many abilities had in fact increased dramatically, as Flynn predicted. On many tests this occurs at all levels of ability. Two large samples of Spanish children were assessed with a 30-year gap. Comparison of the IQ distributions indicated that 
#the mean IQ had increased by 9.7 points (the Flynn effect),
#the gains were concentrated in the lower half of the distribution and negligible in the top half, and
#the gains gradually decreased from low to high IQ.

Some scientists believe these changes are very big. One of them is Ulric Neisser. In 1995 he was the head of a task force of the American Psychological Association, charged with writing a statement on where intelligence research was. He estimates that if American children of 1932 could take an IQ test normed in 1997 their average IQ would have been only about 80.

Most of the time, the effect is associated with IQ rises. A similar effect has been found with increases in semantic and episodic memory.

## References
General intelligence factor

The **general intelligence factor**, often shortened to ***g***, is a construct from psychology. It is the common factor in intelligence tests. It is the result of measuring intelligence in different ways.

Charles Spearman,  an early statistician and psychologist, found that school children's grades across unrelated subjects were strongly related to each other. That is to say, children who were good at one area (such as reading) were also good in another area (such as math). He then proposed that these relationships reflected the influence of a dominant factor, which he called *g* for "general" intelligence.  He developed a model where all variation in intelligence test scores can be explained by two factors. The first is the factor specific to an individual mental task: the individual abilities that would make a person more skilled at one cognitive task than another. The second is *g*, a general factor that governs performance on all cognitive tasks.

After 120 years of cognitive testing, *g*s central role is still a meaningful measure. Other models have also been proposed, and there is significant controversy about *g* and its alternatives.

## References
Gallup's List of Widely Admired People

'''Gallup's List of Widely Admired People''' is a poll of United States citizens to tell the names of the individuals whom they most admire. It is a list made every year by The Gallup Organization. In December 1999, they produced a list of 18 people from the 20th century who are "most admired":

#Mother Teresa
#Martin Luther King, Jr.
#John F. Kennedy
#Albert Einstein
#Helen Keller
#Franklin D. Roosevelt
#Billy Graham
#Pope John Paul II
#Eleanor Roosevelt
#Winston Churchill
#Dwight D. Eisenhower
#Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
#Mohandas Gandhi
#Nelson Mandela
#Ronald Reagan
#Henry Ford
#Bill Clinton
#Margaret Thatcher
#Kevin De Bruyne

## References 
*
** Lists of the most admired people for any given year can be found in the respective volume.
*
*
Ryuichi Sugiyama

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Sugiyama was born in Shizuoka on July 4, 1941. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1966. The club won the champion in 1969 and 1973. The club also won 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1973. In his 8 seasons, he played all matches except 1 game in 1970 season and he was selected Best Eleven in all seasons. He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" 3 times (1964, 1969 and 1973).

On May 28, 1961, during Rōnin for university, Sugiyama debuted for the Japan national team against Malaya. He played at 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. At 1964 Summer Olympics, he played 3 games and scored 2 goals against Argentina and Ghana. At 1968 Summer Olympics, he played 6 matches and assisted 5 goals and Japan won bronze medal. In 2018, 1968 Olympics team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He also played at 1962, 1966 and 1970 Asian Games. At 1972 Summer Olympics qualification in 1971, Japan's failure to qualify for 1972 Summer Olympics. This qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 56 games and scored 15 goals for Japan until 1971.

After retirement, Sugiyama became a manager for Yamaha Motors in 1974. He led the club to the Japan Soccer League Division 1. He is their longest-serving manager, having led the club from 1974 to 1987.

In 2005, Sugiyama was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

## Statistics
|-
|1966||rowspan="8"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||14||11
|-
|1967||14||8
|-
|1968||14||4
|-
|1969||14||1
|-
|1970||13||4
|-
|1971||14||4
|-
|1972||14||3
|-
|1973||18||6
115||41
115||41
|}

|-
|1961||3||0
|-
|1962||6||0
|-
|1963||5||1
|-
|1964||2||1
|-
|1965||4||3
|-
|1966||6||2
|-
|1967||5||4
|-
|1968||4||1
|-
|1969||4||0
|-
|1970||11||1
|-
|1971||6||2
|-
!Total||56||15
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
*Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1968 Olympics) at Japan Football Association
Misa Telefoni Retzlaff

**Misa Telefoni Retzlaff** (born Hermann Theodor Retzlaff, 21 May 1952) is the Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa. He is of German-Samoan descent.

Retzlaff went to school at King's College in Auckland, New Zealand.  He studied law at the University of Auckland.  Then he went to Samoa to practice law.

In February 2011 Telefoni said he was retiring from politics at the 2011 election.

## References
U.S. Route 9

**U.S. Route 9** is a United States highway in the states of Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. It goes from south to north. The road begins in Laurel, Delaware and ends in Champlain, New York, close to the United States-Canada border.  The road passes through New York City and runs along the Jersey Shore.  It is mentioned in several Bruce Springsteen songs.

## References
Tony Atlas

**Anthony White** (born April 23, 1954) is an American professional wrestler, bodybuilder and powerlifter. He wrestled for numerous wrestling companies in his career. He most notably competed for NWA, WCW and WWF/E. He most recently appeared as an on screen manager and co-host of *The Abraham Washington Show* for WWE, on their now-defunct ECW brand. Atlas is also known as **Mr. USA**, a title which he earned three times when he was a body builder. He was also known by the names the "Black Superman" ans his alter ego named Saba Simba. Atlas said in an interview that the Saba Simba character saved his life when he was homeless and living on a park bench before he got a phone call from Vince McMahon. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2006.

## References
## Other websites
*WWE.com profile
White-tailed spider

The **White-tailed spider** is a *Lampona murina*. It is in the Lamponidae family. The female is 16 mm long in body length while the male is only 12 mm long in body length. Their habitat includes houses usually in crevices and sheds. It eats other spiders but the black house spider is its main meal. They like to come out at night. When this spider bites a human, it could cause necrotising arachnidism.

## References
Humanitarianism

**Humanitarianism** is a way of behaving out of kindness to other people.  Someone who is a **humanitarian** is a person who helps to improve the lives of other people without thinking about their race, belief or nationality.

Humanitarianism is not the same thing as Humanism which is about not believing in a god.  

A good example of Humanitarianism is the well-known story from the New Testament about the Good Samaritan who goes to help the poor man who has been robbed.

Humanitarianism also means that basic morality is indispensable for human beings. There are international laws called "international humanitarian laws" designed to help people in need. Among these laws are the Geneva Conventions.

## Related pages
*Charity
*Humanism
*Humanitarian aid
*International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
*Geneva Conventions
Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 movie)

***Fun with Dick and Jane*** is the 2005 American criminal comedy remake of Fun with Dick and Jane (1977) starring Jim Carrey, Téa Leoni, Alec Baldwin and Richard Jenkins. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the box office making a worldwide total of $202 million, a weekend grossing only $30,383,515, but was able to eventually make eight times its opening weekend gross during the holiday season.

## Cast
* Jim Carrey as Richard "Dick" Harper
* Téa Leoni as Jane Harper
* Alec Baldwin as Jack McCallister
* Richard Jenkins as Frank Bascombe
* Angie Harmon as Veronica Cleeman
* John Michael Higgins as Garth
* Richard Burgi as Joe Cleeman
* Carlos Jacott as Oz Peterson
* Stephanie Weir as Deborah "Debbie" Peterson
* Aaron Michael Drozin as Billy Harper
* Gloria Garayua as Blanca
* Jason Marsden as Clerk
* Jeff Garlin as Boss
* James Whitmore as Security Guard

## Notes 
## Other websites
*Official site
*
*
*
*
Thomas Quasthoff

**Thomas Quasthoff** (born Hildesheim, Germany, 9 November 1959) is a German bass-baritone.  He is thought of as one of the best singers of today.  It was not easy for him to get a good musical education because of his physical disability.  However, he has became one of the world’s finest singers of German song (Lieder) and he also sings a wide variety of styles including Baroque music, opera and jazz.

## Life
Quasthoff was born in Hildesheim, Germany.  His mother had been taking the drug thalidomide during the pregnancy and this resulted in Thomas being born with physical handicaps.  He has flipper-like hands and no arms, and he has very short legs.

Quasthoff wanted to study music at the conservatory, but he was not allowed to do so because there was a rule that every music student had to play the piano.  It was impossible for Quasthoff to play an instrument because of his disability.

Quasthoff decided to study singing privately.  After he had graduated from school he went to university to study law.  He did not enjoy the subject, and after studying for three years he chose music as a career.   At first he worked as a radio announcer.  He got some experience in singing oratorio.   Then, in 1988, he won the ARD International Music Competition in Munich.  Many people, including Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, were very impressed with his singing.  He became known as a Lieder singer.  He first sang in America in 1995.  He won many awards, including the Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance in 2000. It was for his performance together with the mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter of Mahler’s Des Knaben Wunderhorn. They were accompanied by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Claudio Abbado.  He won prizes for his singing of songs by  Schubert, Brahms and Liszt, and Bach Cantatas. 

Quasthoff teaches singing at the Hanns Eisler School of Music in Berlin.  He is "artist in residence" at the Barbican Hall, London.  A series called "Die Stimme" (The Voice) was made to celebrate his 50th birthday.  It was also the title of his autobiography which was published in 2006.

In 2006, he married.  His wife is a  television journalist.   The couple have a daughter and they live in Berlin.

## Other websites
*Thomas Quasthoff's official homepage (in German)
*Stephen Moss
Liu Xiang

**Liu Xiang** (born July 13, 1983) is a Chinese hurdling athlete. He is 189&nbsp;cm tall and weighs 74&nbsp;kg. He is an Olympic gold medal winner. Liu broke the World Junior and Asian record for hurdles in 2002.
Lester B. Pearson

**Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson**  (April 23, 1897 – December 27, 1972) was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968.  He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the first peacekeeping force.

As Prime Minister, Pearson's government created universal health care and the Canada Pension Plan. They also created the Canada Student Loan Program, the Order of Canada, and changed the flag of Canada to the one with maple leaves. Pearson kept Canada from fighting in the Vietnam War and *de facto* stopped capital punishment from being used in Canada. Many people think he is one of the most important Canadians of the 20th century.

## Early life 
Pearson was born in Newtonbrook, Ontario, the son of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Methodist minister and Anne Sarah Bowles. He went to the University of Toronto and Oxford University. Pearson was ambassador to the United States and the United Nations. He played for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club while on a scholarship at Oxford University.

## Political career 
Pearson entered politics in 1948, as Minister of External Affairs in the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent.  He became leader of the Liberal Party in 1958.  He lost two elections as leader, until winning a third to become Prime Minister in 1963. His government brought in social programs and new standards for workers.  Pearson signed the Canada-United States Automotive Agreement, also called the Auto Pact.  He retired in 1968.  The next Prime Minister was Pierre Trudeau.

## Death
Pearson died from liver cancer in Ottawa, Canada, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
Yoshiaki Sato

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Sato was born in Osaka Prefecture on June 19, 1969. After graduating from Doshisha University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992. However he did not play in the match. In 1994, he moved to Urawa Reds and debuted in J1 League. However he lost opportunity to play in 1995. In July 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Kyoto Purple Sanga. The club won the 2nd place in 1995 and was promoted to J1 League from 1996. He retired end of 1996 season.

On May 22, 1994, Sato debuted for the Japan national team against Australia.

## Statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="2"|J1 League||27||9||2||0||0||0||29||9
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||16||3||1||1||colspan="2"|-||17||4
|-
|1996||J1 League||4||1||0||0||5||1||9||2
47||13||3||1||5||1||55||15
47||13||3||1||5||1||55||15
|}

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Yugoslav First League

The **Yugoslav First League** was the top division of football in both the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992).

## Names in other languages
* Bosnian: Prva savezna liga u fudbalu
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References
Luc Bourdon

**Luc Bourdon** (February 16, 1987 – May 29, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and their American Hockey League (AHL) partner, the Manitoba Moose, from 2006 until 2008. After having childhood arthritis, he was selected third overall in the 2003 Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) draft and played for the Val-d'Or Foreurs, Moncton Wildcats, and Cape Breton Screaming Eagles, playing four seasons in the QMJHL. The Canucks drafted Bourdon with their first selection, the tenth overall selection, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Known as a strong defenceman who could help score goals, Bourdon represented Canada in three international tournaments, winning two gold medals at the IIHF World U20 Championship and a silver medal at the IIHF World U18 Championship. Bourdon died at the age of 21 near his hometown of Shippagan, New Brunswick, when his motorcycle collided with a tractor trailer.

## Career statistics 
### Regular season and playoffs 
### International 
* *All statistics taken from NHL.com*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Johan Vonlanthen

**Johan Vonlanthen Benavídez** (born 1 February 1986) is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a winger.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Switzerland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Vonlanthen goal.''

## References
Giovani dos Santos

**Giovani dos Santos** (born 11 May 1989) is a Mexican former football player.

## Career 
Dos Santos began his career with FC Barcelona B until he was 18 when he moved to the first team, FC Barcelona. He then moved to Tottenham Hotspur in summer 2008. He was then sent on loan to Ipswich Town F.C. in 2009, then to Galatasaray S.K. in 2010, Racing Santander in 2011, R.C.D. Mallorca in 2012, Villarreal in 2014, and LA Galaxy in 2015.

## Career statistics
### Club
*1.Includes Copa del Rey, FA Cup, and U.S. Open Cup
*2.Includes UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, and CONCACAF Champions League
*3.Includes English League Cup, MLS Cup Playoffs, and Leagues Cup

### International
:''Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each dos Santos goal.''

## References
Masakazu Washida

**Masakazu Washida** (born 15 November 1978) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
## Other websites
*
John Aloisi

**John Aloisi** (born 5 February 1976) is a former Australian soccer player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Australia's goal tally first.''

### Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Adelaide City**
*NSL championship: 1991–92

**Osasuna**
*Copa del Rey runner-up: 2004–05
**Central Coast Mariners**
*A-League premiership: 2007–08

**Sydney FC**
*A-League premiership: 2009–10
*A-League championship: 2010

**Australia**
*FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 1997
*OFC Nations Cup: 2004

**Individual**
*FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe: 2005

### Manager
**Western United**
*A-League championship: 2022

## References
Kyohei Yamagata

**Kyohei Yamagata** (born 7 September 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||2||0||0||0||3||0||5||0
|-
|2002||1||0||1||1||1||0||3||1
|-
|2003||J. League 2||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||38||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||8
|-
|2005||34||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||4
|-
|2006||J. League 1||4||0||0||0||2||0||6||0
|-
|2007||J. League 2||37||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||37||3
|-
|2008||V-Varen Nagasaki||Regional Leagues||14||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||5
134||20||3||1||6||0||143||21
134||20||3||1||6||0||143||21
|}

## References
Gabriel Fernández

**Gabriel Fernández** (born 10 July 1983) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Zaragoza.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2003/04||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||6||0
|-
|2004/05||Getafe||La Liga||32||2
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||32||1
|-
|2006/07||20||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Real Zaragoza||La Liga||32||0
|-
|2008/09||Segunda División||35||4
|-
|2009/10||La Liga||||
157||7
157||7

## References
Drosophila

***Drosophila*** is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae They are often called called fruit flies, vinegar flies or wine flies. Many species linger around overripe or rotting fruit.

There are many species in this genus, and the genus is split down into sub-genera. The adults may feed on nectar, and may lay their eggs on or near decaying fruit. The details differ greatly from species to species.

## Species 
Their distribution is world-wide. In Britain alone more than 5000 species have been recorded. The largest number of species is in the Hawaiian Islands.

Several species of *Drosophila* (in particular, *D. melanogaster*) were used in genetics research. It is a common model organism in developmental biology. The genus has more than 1,500 species, and has varied appearance, behaviour, and breeding habitats. Other species which have been widely investigated include *D. pseudoobscura* (used by Dobzhansky in field research) and *D. subobscura*, used in the UK as a laboratory *Drosophila*.

Sturtevant at one time had 42 species of *Drosophila* in his lab for examination.

## Life cycle 
*Drosophila* vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as *D. melanogaster* that breed in large, scarce resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, and can be laid together in one place. Others, which breed in common but less nutritious places (such as leaves), may only lay one egg each day.

The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the front end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on vegetable matter but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying surface of leaves or fruits. Development time varies widely between species (between seven and more than 60 days) and depends on factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.

## Related genera 
*Drosophila* has a number of close relatives, and some may actually be within its genus.
**Lordiphosa* is a genus which is very similar to *Drosophila*. Its origin seems to be in S.E. Asia, probably China or Sri Lanka.
**Scaptomyza* is a genus which has most probably evolved from *Drosophila* on the Hawaiian islands. "The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are monophyletic". There are a large number of species (at least 270 have been described). This suggests the species evolved on some of the earlier islands in the Hawaiian chain which are no longer above water.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fly Base. FlyBase is a comprehensive database for information on the genetics and molecular biology of *Drosophila*. It includes data from the *Drosophila* Genome Projects and data from publications.
* Berkeley *Drosophila* Genome Project
**D. melanogaster*
**D. pseudoobscura*
**D. simulans*
Tetsuya Okayama

**Tetsuya Okayama** (born 27 August 1973 in Nagoya, Aichi) is a former Japanese football player. He played as a midfielder.

## Club statistics
## References
Anderson (footballer, born 1988)

**Anderson Luís de Abreu Oliveira** (born 13 April 1988), commonly known as **Anderson**, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who works as assistant manager of Adana Demirspor.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Grêmio**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2005

**Porto**
*Primeira Liga: 2005–06, 2006–07
*Taça de Portugal: 2005–06
*Football League Cup: 2008–09

**Brazil U23**
*Olympic Bronze Medal: 2008

**Brazil**
*Copa América: 2007

## Notes
## References
Tatsunori Yamagata

**Tatsunori Yamagata** (born 4 October 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2003||6||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1

|-
|2004||Albirex Niigata Singapore||S. League||12||1||||||||||12||1

|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||14||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||6||0||2||0||4||0||12||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||42||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||44||0
|-
|2008||40||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2009||45||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||46||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
155||1||7||0||4||0||166||2
12||1||||||||||12||1
167||2||7||0||4||0||178||3
|}

## References
Urby Emanuelson

**Urby Vitorrio Diego Emanuelson** (born 16 June 1986) is a Dutch former professional footballer. He is the currently assistant trainer of Jong Ajax.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References
Takeshi Watanabe

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Watanabe was born in Fujieda on September 10, 1972. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Kashiwa Reysol in 1995. He played as regular player from first season. The club won the champions at 1999 J.League Cup. At the final, he scored a tie goal in the 89th minute and he was selected MVP award. The club also won the 3rd place in 1999 and 2000 J1 League. He retired end of 2004 season.

On August 13, 1997, Watanabe debuted for the Japan national team against Brazil.

## Statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="10"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="10"|J1 League||45||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||47||1
|-
|1996||29||3||1||0||14||2||44||5
|-
|1997||30||3||3||0||8||1||41||4
|-
|1998||33||2||2||0||4||0||39||2
|-
|1999||28||0||4||0||9||1||41||1
|-
|2000||30||2||1||0||2||0||33||2
|-
|2001||29||3||1||0||4||1||34||4
|-
|2002||28||1||1||0||7||0||36||1
|-
|2003||14||2||2||0||3||0||19||2
|-
|2004||15||0||1||0||5||0||21||0
281||17||18||0||56||5||355||22
281||17||18||0||56||5||355||22
|}

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Tetsuya Yamazaki

**Tetsuya Yamazaki** (born 25 July 1978) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="6"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||22||1||2||0||3||0||27||1
|-
|2000||10||0||0||0||1||0||11||0
|-
|2001||25||1||3||1||1||0||29||2
|-
|2002||8||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||26||1||0||0||3||0||29||1
|-
|2004||13||0||0||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||0||0||4||0||17||0
|-
|2006||15||0||1||0||5||0||21||0
|-
|2007||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||Oita Trinita||J. League 1||4||0||1||0||1||0||6||0
139||4||9||1||24||0||172||5
139||4||9||1||24||0||172||5
|}

## References
Vasily Jakovlevich Zinger

**Vasily Jakovlevich Zinger** () (February 11, 1836, Moscow, Russia – March 2, 1907, Moscow, Russia) was a Russian mathematician. Не worked in Moscow University and was the head of the Society of Moscow mathematicians (1886 – 1891).

He was also a botanist and philosopher.

*Zingeria* of the Poaceae was named in honour of Vasily Zinger.

## Notes
## References

*
1967–68 NHL season

The **1967–68 NHL season** was the 51st season of the National Hockey League. Twelve teams each played 74 games. The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup against the new St. Louis Blues.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

### Leading goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; EN = Empty Net Goals Against; SO = Shutouts*

## Playoffs
### Playoff bracket
### Finals
:*see 1968 Stanley Cup Finals*

## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## Related pages
* 1967 NHL Expansion
* 1967 NHL Expansion Draft

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
West Division (NHL)

The **West Division** of the National Hockey League existed from 1967, when the NHL was made up of a single division, until 1974 when the league changed its format into two conferences of two divisions each.

## Composition
*Philadelphia Flyers (1967–74)
*Los Angeles Kings (1967–74)
*St. Louis Blues (1967–74)
*Minnesota North Stars (1967–74)
*Pittsburgh Penguins (1967–74)
*California Seals (1967), Oakland Seals (1967–70), California Golden Seals (1970–74)
*Chicago Black Hawks (1970–74)
*Atlanta Flames (1972–74)

## Final standings, 1968–74
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### 1967–68
### 1968–69
### 1969–70
### 1970–71
### 1971–72
### 1972–73
### 1973–74
## Champions
## Stanley Cup champions produced
*1973–74 - Philadelphia Flyers

## Related pages
*East Division (NHL)

## References
Acrelândia

**Acrelândia** is a municipality in the northwest part of the Brazilian state Acre.

## History
Acrelândia was the first planned city in Acre. It became a municipality according to the Law 1025/92 as of April 28, 1992. The municipality was created from the separation of Plácido de Castro and Senador Guiomard municipalities. It was known through the slogan ''* (*Acre's Little Princess''). This made it reach a great agricultural development. Many people moved there from the Brazilian south-central region.

## Geography
There are 11,520 people in Acrelândia. It covers 1,575 km² in area (7,3 people/km²). It is next to Amazonas to the north, Rondônia to the east, Senador Guiomard to the west and Bolivia to the south.
Takaaki Tokushige

**Takaaki Tokushige** (born 18 February 1975) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="6"|Denso||rowspan="6"|Football League||26||9||1||1||colspan="2"|-||27||10
|-
|1997||25||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|1998||28||10||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||10
|-
|1999||23||7||3||6||colspan="2"|-||26||13
|-
|2000||22||11||3||3||colspan="2"|-||31||14
|-
|2001||28||25||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||25
|-
|2002||rowspan="5"|Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||20||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||22||7||5||1||2||1||29||9
|-
|2004||24||3||1||0||5||0||30||3
|-
|2005||17||0||1||0||0||0||18||0
|-
|2006||19||1||0||0||6||1||25||2
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||45||8||0||0||colspan="2"|-||45||8
|-
|2008||J. League 1||15||0||0||0||4||1||19||1
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||50||12||1||0||colspan="2"|-||51||12
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
364||95||22||11||17||3||403||109
364||95||22||11||17||3||403||109
|}

## References