open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Genbun

was a , also **Gembun**,  after *Kyōhō* and before *Kanpō.*  This period started in April 1736 and ended in February 1741. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Genbun* era
* **1736** (*Genbun 1*): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked on the obverse with the character **文** (pronounced *bun* in Japanese or pronounced *wen* in Chinese.  This is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of *Genbun*).

* **1737** (*Genbun 2, 11th month*): A comet was seen in the western part of the sky.

* **1739** (*Genbun 4*):  Iron coins were minted.

* **8 August 1740** (*Genbun 5, 16th day of the 7th month*): Floodings in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).  Sanjo Bridge (*Sanjo-bashi*) is washed away.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
2015 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2015 Atlantic hurricane season** had a little less storms than usual, 11 storms, and four of them reached hurricane status. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. This is when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic. However the first named storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season, the first time this has happened since 2012’s Beryl and the earliest a hurricane has happened since 2003’s Ana. The season ended with the diminish of Kate 18 days before the official end.

Due to a strong El Niño, most agencies predicted that only 6–10 tropical cyclones would form; however, the number of tropical cyclones that formed this season was higher than what the agencies predicted.

## Retirement 
In the spring of 2016, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) had retired the names *Erika* and **Joaquin**. Those names will not be used again in the Atlantic. **Elsa** and **Julian** were chosen to replace those names for the 2021 season.
Bradley Land

and Crocker Land sighted by Robert Peary.]]

**Bradley Land** is the name of a landmass Frederick Cook claimed to have seen during a expedition in 1909. He said, the land between positions  () and (). He described it as two masses of land with a break, a strait, or an indentation between. The land was named for John R. Bradley, who had sponsored Cook's expedition.

Cook published two photographs of the land and described it as follows: "The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice." 

It is now known there is no land at that location. Cook's observations were based on either a misidentification of sea ice or an outright fabrication.  Cook's Inuit companions reported that the photographs were actually taken near the coast of Axel Heiberg Island.

## References
Keiō

was a  after *Genji* and before *Meiji*.  The period started in April 1865 and ended in September 1868. During this time, the emperors were   and . 

The *nengō* *Keiō* means "Joyous Concord" 

## Events of the *Keiō* era
* **1866** (*Keiō 2*): Construction of Goryōkaku star fort at Hakodate.

* **28 September 1866** (*Keiō 2, 20th day of the 8th month*): Tokugawa Iemochi died at Osaka; and Tokugawa Yoshinobu was named shogun.

* **10 January 1867** (*Keiō 2, 5th day of the 12th month*): Yoshinobu was formally established as shogun. and the succession passed to his son (*senso*).

* **10 November 1867** (*Keiō 3, 15th day of the 10th month*): An Imperial edict defines a restoration of Imperial government.

* **8 October 1868** (*Keiō 4, 23rd of the 8th month*): Battle of Aizu began.

* **12 October 1868** (*Keiō 4, 27th day of the 8th month*): Emperor Meiji's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).

* **23 October 1868** (*Keiō 4, 8th day of the 9th month*): The nengō was formally changed from Keiō to Meiji; and a general amnesty was granted.

In 1868, the emperor moved his Imperial court to Tokyo; and Edo castle became an Imperial palace.

Keio University was named after this era.  It is the oldest existing institution of higher learning in Japan.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" ...historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* National Archives of Japan Imperial standard and colors, Boshin War (1868)
Alexandra Stan

**Alexandra Stan** (born June 10, 1989 in Constanța, Romania as **Alexandra Ioana Stan**) is a Romanian singer-songwriter, model and occasional dancer. She begun her career by releasing her debut single *"Lollipop (Param Pam Pam)"*, which was diffused by radio stations around the world, but failed to enter any international chart. Her next single *"Mr. Saxobeat"* was also distributed by her long-time managers and producers' label MAAN Studio. It became a worldwide success when it reached number-one on nine international charts and got Gold and Platinum certification awards around the world for selling an estimate of 10,000,000 copies of it worldwide. Her next records entitled *"Get Back (ASAP)"* and *"One Million"* were also praised and seen in charts around the world, especially in Eastern Europe. She released her debut album *"Saxobeats"* in late 2011. The record gained major sales and reached the top-forty in several album charts. 2013, Stan rose to fame after it was reported by worldwide newspapers that she was beaten by her manager Marcel Prodan, who she later sued for blackmailing and injuring.

## Awards and nominations 
## References
Genroku

was a  after *Jōkyō* and before *Hōei.* This period started in September 1688 and ended in March 1704. During this time, the emperor was .

The years of *Genroku* are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo period. A century of peace and seclusion created good economic conditions

## Events of the *Genroku* era
 killed himself in a public ceremony.]]
* **1688** (*Genroku 1*):  Tokugawa shogunate published a code of conduct for funerals (*Fuku-kiju-ryō*) and for mourning.
* **16 September 1689** (*Genroku 2, 3rd day of the 7th month*): Engelbert Kaempfer arrived at Dejima.
* **1693** (*Genroku 6, 12th month*):  Arai Hakuseki became the tutor of Tokugawa Ienobu.
* **1693** (*Genroku 6*): The code of conduct for funerals and mourning was changed.
* **1695** (*Genroku 8, 8th month*): The shogunate placed the Japanese character *gen* (元) on copper coins.
* **4 December 1696**: Former-Empress Meishō died at age 74.
* **1697** (*Genroku 10*): The 4th official map of Japan was made.
* **1697** (*Genroku 10*): Great fire in Edo.
* **1703** (*Genroku 16, 5th month*): First performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play *The Love Suicides at Sonezaki* (*Sonezaki shinjū*).
* **31 December 1703** (*Genroku 16, 23rd day of the 11th month*): The Great Genroku Earthquake shook Edo.  Fire spread in the city.  The coast of Honshū was hit by tsunami.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Engelbert Kaempfer's 1691 impression of Hōkō-ji compound (published 1727)
Tulisa

**Tula Paulinea Contostavlos** (born 13 July 1988), known as **Tulisa**, is an English singer, songwriter, rapper, actress and television personality of Greek and Irish ancestry. She was a member of the Camden-based hip hop and R&B group N-Dubz. Tulisa was also a judge on *The X Factor*.

## Background 
Tula Paulinea Contostavlos was born on 13 July 1988 The 2010 BBC programme, *Tulisa: My Mum and Me*, described Contostavlos' life looking after her mother before joining N-Dubz.

On 9 March 2020, Contostavlos revealed she suffered from Bell's palsy.

### Family 
Her Irish mother, Anne Byrne, was born in Churchtown, Dublin. Anne and her three sisters were in a 1980's big band and swing group, called Jeep. Contostavlos' father, Plato Contostavlos, is Greek-Cypriot and at one time was keyboardist with Mungo Jerry. Plato's brother, Byron Contostavlos, was bassist with Mungo Jerry and later became the manager of N-Dubz.

## Career 
Tulisa was in the band N-Dubz with her cousin Dappy and their friend Fazer. The group became very popular. Tulisa was a celebrity judge on *The X Factor* in 2011 and 2012. She mentored the "Groups" category in 2011. They included Little Mix, the first group to win the competition. Tulisa returned to the show in 2014 because Mel B was ill.

As a singer, Contostavlos has recorded three studio albums with N-Dubz, *Uncle B* (2008), *Against All Odds* (2009) and *Love.Live.Life* (2010). In 2011, she started work on a solo album. In 2012 it was released. *The Female Boss* got a lot of bad reviews and did not chart well. Three singles were released from the album. The first single, "Young", entered the UK Singles Chart at number one.

In 2022, N-Dubz went on a reunion tour. They have also appeared on *Celebrity* *Gogglebox* together since 2023.

In 2024, Contostavlos was a contestant on the twenty-fourth series of ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!'' where she came tenth place.

## Drug trial
In June 2013, Costostavlos, along with rapper Mike GLC were arrested on suspicion of supplying class A drugs. In July 2014, Contostavlos' trial for supplying cocaine ended because it was discovered that the journalist who accused her, Mazher Mahmood, had lied to the court.

In July 2014, she made a documentary about her time during the trial named *Tulisa: The Price of Fame,* which premiered on BBC Three to a moderate success, attracting 615,000 viewers (3.8% of the audience within its time slot).  In April 2015, Justice Nicholas Kearns, President of the Irish High Court, described her as having been "cruelly deceived in a shabby sting operation", but dismissed her attempt to sue the *Irish Sun* for defamation.

After the collapse of her drug trial, *The Guardian* Suzanne Moore wrote an article on Contostavlos image and reputation and wrote that "Tulisa is famously a working class girl made good, though of course made good is never what she is allowed to be". In Moore's opinion, "Tulisa has been branded by the media as a chav and therefore almost anything can be said about her".

## Discography
* *The Female Boss* (2012)

## Filmography
### Television 
### Film 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Mike Pelino (ice hockey)

**Mike Pelino** (born November 13, 1959 in Welland, Ontario) is a Canadian Ice hockey coach. He has been an assistant coach for the New York Rangers from 2004

Since 2013, he has been working for the Metallurg as an assistant coach in KHL. In the 2013/2014 season the team won Gagarin's Cup and became the KHL champions.

## References
## Other websites
*
Carl Sandburg

**Carl Sandburg** (January 6, 1878 &ndash; July 22, 1967) was an American poet. He won several awards, including three Pulitzer Prizes. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln. The majority of his poems were about the city of Chicago. He was born in Galesburg, Illinois.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
First Boer War

In the 19th Century Scramble for Africa, the British Empire tried to control all of southern Africa. They won control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Many Boers (farmers of mostly Dutch descent) did not like Britain controlling the area. The British taxed them, made English the official language, and in 1834 abolished slavery. Some of the Boers moved north in the Great Trek and made a new countries called the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal). In 1877 the British Army moved in to control the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in pursuit of diamonds, one of the Orange Free State and Transvaal's rich natural resources. On 16 December 1880 the First Boer War began. It took ten weeks in 1880 and 1881. The British were defeated.

From 1896 to 1899 Governor of the Cape and High Commissioner for South Africa, Alfred Milner made preparations for another war in order to gain the wealth of the Orange Free State and in September 1899 British troops arrived in South Africa. Paul Kruger president of the Transvaal sent Britain an ultimatum asking strongly for their departure.

Boer farmers from Sandspruit, Volksrust, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal fought in the war. As the Boers lost men in battle they recruited young boys and old men to fight. Black people also fought alongside the Boers in the war and they made up 20 to 25 percent of total Boer manpower. The German Empire was friendly to their cause, and the Boers used Krupp guns. Much of the fighting was on  horseback. As the Boers lost battle after battle they were eventually forced to make peace on the 23rd of March, 1902, and surrender to British authority.

## Related pages 
* Second Boer War

## References
Thompson Island (South Atlantic)

**Thompson Island** is a phantom island, in the South Atlantic. It was thought to be about 150 km north-northeast of Bouvet Island. 

Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovered Bouvet Island in 1739. In 1808, James Lindsay of the *Snow Swan* discovered Bouvet Island again, and named it *Lindsay Island*. The next time, George Norris of the *Sprightly* sighted Bouvet on 10 December 1825. He landed on 16 December, and took possession of the island, which he named Liverpool Island, for King George IV of the United Kingdom.

Between December 13 and December 16, Norris sailed the waters northeast of Bouvet Island, where he discovered another island. It was much smaller, and the sea around it was much rougher. Three miles southeast of the newly discovered island, he found three rocks. In his log, he named the newly found island Thompson Island, and the rocks *chimneys*, because of their form. He also marked the position of his discoveries on a map. Unfortunately, the positions of the islands on the map did not match those written down in the log. In 1853 the discoveries of Thompson Island, Bouvet Island, and the Chimneys showed up on an official map of the British admiralty. 

In 1893, Captain Joseph J. Fuller reported another sighting of Thompson Island, on his ship, *Francis Allyn*.

The Valdivia expedition wanted to find the exact position of Bouvet and Thompson Island, in November 1898, but was unable to find Thompson Island.

In 1915, a German ship, the *Meteor*, gave a depth of the sea of 1579 m at the position where Thompson had been reported. If Thompson ever existed, it is probable that it disappeared in a volcanic eruption sometime in the 1890s.

The Norwegian Arctic Expedition (1928/29) failed to find Thompson Island, and declared it did not exist.

Thompson Island continued to appear on maps published as late as 1943.

The only person to have seen Thompson Island was probably Norris. Fuller's description of Thompson Island matches more or less that given of Bouvet Island in Norris' diary, and is therefore questionable. 
## References
* Gerhard Engelmann: *Die Bouvet-Insel. Mit 4 Karten.* In: *Geographische Zeitschrift*. Bd. 46, Nr. 11, Leipzig 1940, pp 408–424.
* Rupert Thomas Gould: *Oddities: a book of unexplained facts*; London [1928] (Chapter VII: *The Auroras, and other doubtful islands* pp. [190]–247)
Edward Weston (chemist)

**Edward Weston** (May 9, 1850 – August 20, 1936) was an English-born American chemist noted for his achievements in electroplating and his development of the electrochemical cell, named the Weston cell, for the voltage standard.

## Biography
Born in Oswestry, Shropshire, England, in 1850 to a merchant family, Weston first studied medicine but grew interested in chemistry. Weston was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1888-89.

He invented two alloys, constantan and manganin. Weston conceived of and built a magnetic speedometer. Weston also developed the dashboard ammeter for Harley-Davidson motorcycles.

Weston invented and patented the saturated cadmium cell in 1893.

## Patents
*  ()
*  ()
* 
* 
* 
* , "*Voltaic cell*"

Weston's son Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) received several patents regarding exposure meters, also manufactured by the Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation and widely distributed since the 1930s, and established the system of the Weston film speed ratings for the measurement of film speeds.

## Related pages
* Timeline of solar cells

## References
## Further reading
* Hospitalier, Édouard, *et al.*, "Principales applications de l'électricité" (Tr. Principal applications of electricity; Modern applications of electricity). London : Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1882.
* Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, "Measuring invisibles; the fifty-year record of the world's largest manufacturer of electrical measuring instruments". Newark, N.J., Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, c1938. LCCN 40002525 (ed. Planned and written by F. Lawrence Babcock Associates, New York)
* Woodbury, David Oakes, "A measure for greatness; a short biography of Edward Weston". New York, McGraw-Hill, 1949. LCCN 49049451

## Other websites
* Katz, Eugenii, Edward Weston . Biosensors & Bioelectronics
* Edward Weston, Weston Instruments, Newark 
* Martin Tipper, - The Company and The Man
* John D. de Vries, BIO: Edward Weston , 2000
* Edward Weston (chemist) at *Encyclopædia Britannica*
Sonar

**Sonar** is a machine that uses underwater sound waves to find other objects in the sea. A sonar can work by sending out sound and listening for echoes (active sonar), like a radar, or by listening for sound made by the object it is trying to find (passive sonar). 

The basic parts of an active sonar are:
* the transmitter creates the sound waves.
* the hydrophone or hydrophone array converts the sound waves into electricity. 

The first use of passive sonar was in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, when he put a tube onto water and listened. Active sonar was first used in 1917 by Paul Langevin. The word *SONAR* was created during the Second World War as an acronym for **So**und **Na**vigation and **R**anging. This acronym replaced the British acronym ASDIC. The word is now thought by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym.

## References
Rococo

. Rococo art, by nature, was elaborate, playful, filled with delicate colours, and often witty.]]
**Rococo** is an artistic style which originated in the 18th century in France. Often referred to merely as **Late Baroque**, the Rococo developed from the Baroque artistic movement. Whilst it kept several characteristics of the original style, including elaboration and ornate themes, it was also more playful and asymmetrical. The Rococo is associated with the reign of French king Louis XV (Louis XIV is associated with the Baroque, whilst Louis XVI with Neoclassicism, albeit his style started off as Rococo at the beginning of reign). Rococo's popularity was at its height towards the middle of the 18th century, fading out by the end in favour of Neoclassicism.

Rococo art and architecture was feminine, graceful, florid and ornate. Creamy and pastel-like colours were used for paintings, unlike the darker shades in Baroque art. Religion and politics were no longer necessarily the core theme of Rococo art, unlike the Baroque, and everyday life became more commonly represented. In such a way, Rococo art revolved around themes such as love, romance, fun, landscapes, and mere portraits. Additionally, Far Eastern themes became popular in Rococo, especially Chinoiserie. Famous Rococo artists include Boucher, Watteau and Fragonard, amongst several others.

The Rococo has been the focus of much discussion, analysis and criticism by art historians throughout history. It has been criticised over the years for being over-the-top, superficial and frivolous; in such a way, the term has even been used derogatively in various points of history. Nevertheless, Rococo art and theatre has also received praise for the elegance, "beauty", and "charm" of its artwork.

## References
Genji era

was a  after *Bunkyū* and before *Keiō.*  This period  spanned only slightly more than a single year from February 1864 through April 1865. The reigning emperor was . 

The *nengō* *Genji* means "original rule".  

## Events of the *Genji* era
.
* **8 July 1864** (*Genji 1, 5th day of the 6th month*): Skirmish at Ikedaya near  Kyoto, also known as  Ikedaya Jiken or Ikedaya Incident.  Samurai supporting the emperor clashed with police forces of the Tokugawa shogunate.

* **12 August 1864** (*Genji 1, 11th day of the 7th month*): Sakuma Shōzan is assassinated at age 53.  Anti-shogunate (*sonno joi*) forces were responsible for his death.

* **5-6 September 1864** (*Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month*): Bombardment of Shimonoseki

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Lilly Ledbetter

**Lilly McDaniel Ledbetter** (April 14, 1938 – October 12, 2024) was an American feminist activist. She was the plaintiff in the American employment discrimination case *Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.*.

## Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Goodyear paid Ledbetter significantly less than men holding the same job. This violated the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which said that she could sue to get the pay difference. Her lawsuit eventually reached the Supreme Court. The court said that she waited too long to sue Goodyear. In response to the court decision, Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which is named after her. Under the new law, other women will be able to get backpay after employers keep pay discrimination secret.
 in Denver, Colorado.]]
United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg stated:Lilly

Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber’s plant in Gadsden, Alabama, from 1979 until her retirement in 1998. For most of those years, she worked as an area manager, a position largely occupied by men. Initially, Ledbetter’s salary was in line with the salaries of men performing substantially similar work. Over time, however, her pay slipped in comparison to the pay of male area managers with equal or less seniority. By the end of 1997, Ledbetter was the only woman working as an area manager and the pay discrepancy between Ledbetter and her 15 male counterparts was stark: Ledbetter was paid $3,727 per month; the lowest paid male area manager received $4,286 per month, the highest paid, $5,236.

## Activism
On August 26, 2008 (Women's Equality Day), Ledbetter spoke at the Democratic National Convention, on the topic of pay equity.

In June 2011, she dined with New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, who introduced the Equal Rights Amendment the previous month, and Eleanor Smeal.

## Death
Ledbetter died from respiratory failure on October 12, 2024 at a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*A documentary on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
* English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Lilly Ledbetter on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
Azerbaijani food

**Azerbaijani food** is what people cook and eat in Azerbaijan. Foods from different cultures have influenced Azerbaijani food. However, it remained different from foods in other countries. Many foods that started in Azerbaijan are now part of other cultures. For the Azerbaijanis, food is an important part of the country's culture and is very connected with the history, traditions and values of the nation.

Out of 11 climate types in the world, Azerbaijan has nine. This adds to the fertility of the soil, so there are many kinds of vegetables used according to seasons and the dishes. The climate helps to create the richness of the food. Fresh herbs, including mint, coriander, dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leek, chive, thyme, marjoram, green onion and watercress, are very popular and are often put in the main dishes. The Caspian Sea has many edible species of fish, including the sturgeon, Caspian salmon, kutum, sardines, grey mullet, and others. Black caviar from the Caspian Sea is one of Azerbaijan’s best known delicacies wanted in many parts of the world.

The main courses of Azerbaijani cuisine are over 30 kinds of soups, including those prepared from plain yogurt. One of the most famous dishes is plov. Plov is a saffron-covered rice, served with different herbs. The Azerbaijani cuisine has more than 40 different plov recipes. Other second courses include many kinds of kebabs and shashliks, including lamb, beef, chicken, and fish (*baliq*) kebabs. Sturgeon, a common fish, is normally skewered (skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together) and grilled as a shashlik, being served with a tart pomegranate sauce called *narsharab*.  Dried fruits and walnuts are used in many dishes. The traditional condiments are salt, the spices black pepper, sumac, and especially saffron. Much of the saffron comes from the Absheron Peninsula.

Black tea is the national drink, and is drunk after food is eaten. It is also popular on its own or with dried fruits.

Another popular drink is sherbet, a sweet cold drink made of fruit juice mixed or boiled with sugar, often perfumed with rose water. Azerbaijani sherbet is not sorbet, the cold dessert.

## Other websites 
* Comparison of Cuisine between North and South Azerbaijan , *Azerbaijan International*, Autumn 2000, pp.&nbsp;24–27.
* Proverbs about Food in Azerbaijan, *Azerbaijan International*, Autumn 2000, pp.&nbsp;36–37.
* Food! Glorious Food!, Special issue of *Azerbaijan International*, Autumn 2000.
* Azerbaijani dishes: Photographs and descriptions
* Azerbaijani cuisine: Descriptions of dishes by category on Advantour.com
* Cuisine of Azerbaijan based on the book *Azerbaijani Cooking*  published in Baku 
* Selected recipes from Azerbaijani cuisine
* Farida's Azerbaijani Cookbook
* Azerbaijani Food
Brave (2012 movie)

***Brave*** is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy-adventure movie which stars Billy Connolly and Emma Thompson. The movie was released on June 22, 2012, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Pixar was the studio that worked on this movie. It received positive responses from critics and won an Oscar.

The movie is set in Scotland during the Medieval period. 16-year-old Princess  causes chaos in the kingdom of DunBroch by not wanting to marry.

It took six years to make.

## Characters 
*Merida - A 16-year-old princess.
Kde domov můj?

"**Kde domov můj**" (, meaning "Where My Home is") is the national anthem of the Czech Republic. It was the national anthem of the former country of Czechoslovakia, combined with parts of the Slovak national anthem "Nad Tatrou sa blýska". It was created by Josef Kajetán Tyl and František Škroup in 1834, and was first published in the play *Fidlovačka aneb žádný hněv a žádná rvačka*.

## Lyrics
### Czech original
### English version
This version was translated into English by Czech poet Václav Sládek (1845–1912).
:Where is my home, where is my home?
:Over leas are waters streaming,
:On the hills blue forests dreaming,
:Flowery wolds Spring‘s happy skies,
:Like as earthly Paradise:
:There‘s the land so full of beauty,
:Čechia, my fatherland!

:Where is my home, where is my home?
:Where God self to man had spoken:
:Gentle be, but never broken,
:Ever cheerful, hopeful, strong,
:Bravely thwarting any wrong:
:There‘s the land of manly honor,
:Čechia, my fatherland!

### German version
Between 1918 and 1938 there was an official version in German by Karl Wenzel Ernst.
:Wo ist mein Heim, mein Vaterland,
:Wo durch Wiesen Bäche brausen,
:Wo auf Felsen Wälder sausen,
:Wo ein Eden uns entzückt,
:Wenn der Lenz die Fluren schmückt:
:Dieses Land, so schön vor allen,
:Böhmen ist mein Heimatland.
:Böhmen ist mein Heimatland.

### Hungarian version
Between the same years there was an official version in Hungarian.
:Hol van honom, hol a hazám,
:Hol patak zúg a hegyháton,
:Csörgedez a rónaságon.
:Üde virág a kertben,
:Mint egy földi édenben.
:Ez az istenáldotta föld,
:Csehszlovák föld a hazám,
:Csehszlovák föld a hazám.

## Lyrics used between 1918 and 1992
:Kde domov můj,
:kde domov můj.
:Voda hučí po lučinách,
:bory šumí po skalinách.
:V sadě stkví se jara květ
:zemský ráj to na pohled!
:A to jest ta krásná země
:země česká domov můj!
:Země česká domov můj!

## References
Jean-Honoré Fragonard

**Jean-Honoré Fragonard** (5 April 1732 in Grasse – 22 August 1806 in Paris) was a French artist. He is remembered as one of the most important French painters of the rococo style. He was a pupil of François Boucher, and developed Boucher's style further. At first he did historical paintings, but soon gave up on these.

He then painted things that were light-hearted, and slightly erotic. His works include *The Swing*, *A Young Girl Reading*, and *The Secret Meeting*. Together with Boucher and Antoine Watteau, he is one of the principal painters of French Rococo. He lost his  during the French Revolution. After the revolution, the painting style was different, because he had trouble adapting, he died a poor man.

## Gallery 

File:Fragonard, Inspiration.jpg|Self-portrait, 1769
File:Fragonard 1775 adoration des bergers Louvre.jpg|Adoration of the Shepherds (1775)
File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard 019.jpg|Girl playing with dog
File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard 009.jpg|The Lock 
File:Fragonard, The Swing.jpg|The Swing
File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - Blind Man's Bluff.jpg|Blind Man's Bluff
File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard 014.jpg|The Swing
File:Fragonard Confession of Love.jpg|Confession of Love

## Related pages 
* List of French painters
## References
Bunkyū

was a  after ''Man'en* and before *Genji.*  This period spanned the years from February 1861 through February 1864. The reigning emperor was . 

## Events of the *Bunkyū* era
* **1861** (*Bunkyu 1*): Ukai Gyokusen established the first commercial photography studio (*Eishin-dō*) in Edo.

* **1861** (*Bunkyu 1*): Great comet of 1861.

* **January 1862** (*Bunkyū 1, 12th month*): The Bonin Islands (*Ogasawara* Islands) were confirmed as part of Japan.

* **1862** (*Bunkyū 2*): The Bunkyū Reforms reduced restrictions on daimyo which had beeb ordered by Ii Naosuke. 

* **14 September 1862** (*Bunkyū 2, 21st day of the 8th month*): Satsuma samurai killed Charles Lennox Richardson at Namamugi on the Tōkaidō road, also known as the Namamugi Incident (*Namamugi Jiken*).

* **22 April 1863** (*Bunkyū 3, 5th day of the 3rd month*): Shogun Iemochi traveled in a great procession to the capital.  He had been summoned by the emperor, and he had 3,000 retainers as escort.

* **28 April 1863** (*Bunkyū 3, 11th day of the 3rd month*): Emperor Komei made an Imperial progress to the Kamo Shrines.  He was accompanied by the shogun and many feudal lords.

* **15-17 August 1863** (*Bunkyū 3, 2nd-4th of the 7th month *): British Bombardment of Kagoshima in retaliation for the death of Charles Lennox Richardson.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, *The Japanese Calendar'' -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* "The procession of the Shôgun nearby Shono, in Shirasagi-zuka, Ise, at night," woodblock print by Utagawa Tsuyanaga
Valdivia expedition

, one of the kinds of fish found by the expedition]]
The **Valdivia expedition** was a scientific exedition to explore the Deep sea. It was a German expedition, done in 1898 and 1899. A ship was bought from *Hamburg-Amerikanischen Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft* HAPAG and given instruments to be able to perform scientific measurements. The ship left Hamburg on 31st July 1898 and returned on  1st May 1899. The ship had travelled over  32.000 nautical miles. The expedition was very successful. The results were published in 24 volumes; publishing them took until 1940.
Spain at the Olympics

**Spain** first took part in the **Olympic Games** in 1900. It has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Spain has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since 1936.

Spain boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany. They also boycotted the 1956 Games in Melbourne because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary.  The equestrian events in 1956 took place five months earlier in Stockholm, and Spain did compete in those events.

Spain hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Barcelona was the home city of the International Olympic Committee's president at the time, Juan Antonio Samaranch.

Spanish athletes have won a total of 132 medals. Sailing has given them their largest number of medals in one sport.  Spain has only won two medals at the Winter Games.

The Spanish Olympic Committee (*Comité Olímpico Español*) was created in 1924.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Spain profile at London2012.com
Croatia at the Olympics

**Croatia** took part in the **Olympic Games** for the first time as an its own nation in 1992. It has taken part in every Games since then.  Before 1992, Croatian athletes competed for Yugoslavia at the Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Croatia is the Croatian Olympic Committee. It was created in 1991. The IOC accepted the committee in 1993.

Croatian athletes have won 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They won gold medals by the men's handball team in 1996 and 2004. At the Winter Olympic Games, Janica Kostelić won six medals (four gold) between 2002 and 2006. Her brother Ivica won several silver medals (in 2006 and 2010). Jakov Fak won a bronze in 2010.

## Summer Olympic Games
### Results by Games
### Medals per sport
## Winter Olympic Games
### Results by Games
### Medals per sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Croatia profile at London2012.com 
* Croatia at Olympic.org
Cyprus at the Olympics

**Cyprus** (CYP) has sent athletes to every Olympic Games held since 1980.

Cyprus earned its first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Pavlos Kontides earned a silver medal in the men's laser sailing event.

They almost won a medal in the 2008 Olympics when Antonis Nikolaidis lost the bronze medal shoot-off in men's skeet. The first athlete from Cyprus in the modern Olympics was Anastasios Andreou in 1896. He competed under the Greek flag.  At this time, Cyprus was a British colony. The Olympics does not recognise Northern Cyprus and Turkish Cypriots are unable to participate. 

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Cyprus profile at London2012.com
Hard Again

***Hard Again*** is a album by Muddy Waters. It was produced by Johnny Winter who also played guitar. The record was his first for Blue Sky Records. It was also the first studio album after he left Chess Records

## Recording 
The recordings lasted three days. For the recordings Muddy used his then current touring band of guitarist Bob Margolin, pianist Pinetop Perkins, and drummer Willie "Big Eyes" Smith. James Cotton played harmonica and Charles Calmeses the bass.

## Songs 
Three of the songs on the album – "Mannish Boy", "I Want to Be Loved", and "I Can't Be Satisfied" – were re-recordings of songs for Chess Records. One of the songs recorded, "The Blues Had a Baby and They Named It Rock and Roll, Pt. 2", was co-written by Brownie McGhee and another song, "Bus Driver", was co-written by T. Abrahamson.

An outtake from the recording sessions, "Walking Through the Park", appeared on the 2004 Legacy Recordings reissue CD, while several more unused tracks appeared on *King Bee* in 1981.

## Reception 
The album has been well received by several critics.  Dan Oppenheimer of *Rolling Stone* magazine said that "Mannish Boy" sounded like it was recorded live while both Oppenheimer and Daniel Gioffre of Allmusic state how powerful Willie "Big Eyes" Smith's drumming is. Oppenheimer, Gioffre, and Robert Christgau all share the opinion that *Hard Again* is Muddy Waters comeback album.

## Charts and awards 
*Hard Again* peaked at #143 on the *Billboard* 200, which was his first appearance on the chart since *Fathers and Sons* in 1969.
## Track listing 
All songs written by McKinley Morganfield, except where others are noted.
### Original album 
# "Mannish Boy" (Morganfield, Ellas McDaniel, Mel London) – 5:23
# "Bus Driver" (Morganfield, Terry Abrahamson) – 7:44
# "I Want to Be Loved" (Willie Dixon) – 2:20
# "Jealous Hearted Man" – 4:23
# "I Can't Be Satisfied" – 3:28
# "The Blues Had a Baby and They Named It Rock And Roll, Pt. 2" (Morganfield, Brownie McGhee) – 3:35
# "Deep Down in Florida" – 5:25
# "Crosseyed Cat" – 5:59
# "Little Girl" – 7:06

### 2004 bonus track 
"Walking Through the Park" – 3:55

## Personnel 
The following people contributed to *Hard Again*:

*Muddy Waters – vocals, guitar
*Bob Margolin – guitar
*Pinetop Perkins – piano
*James Cotton – harmonica
*Willie "Big Eyes" Smith – drums
*Charles Calmese – bass
*Johnny Winter – guitar, producer
*Dave Still – engineer
*Andy Manganello – assistant engineer
*Joseph M. Palmaccio – mastering
*Al Quaglieri – reissue producer
*Chris Theis – mix engineer

## Release history 
## References 
## Other websites 
*musicbox-online *Hard Again* album review
Ten'ō

was a  after *Hōki* and before *Enryaku.*  This period started in January 781 and ended in August 782.   During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the ''Ten'ō* era
* **22 December 781** (*Ten'ō 1, 3rd day of the 12th month''):  In 11th year of  the reign of Emperor Kōnin's reign (光仁天皇11年), he abdicated. The  (*senso*) was  by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Kammu is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.

## Related pages 
* Nara period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Scaphognathus

***Scaphognathus*** was a rhamphorhyncoid pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone of the  Upper Jurassic. 

It had wings that was about one meter long and a long tail shaped like a leaf. The leaf-tail probably acted like a , helping it steer through the air. It was probably a diurnal (daytime) flier, where *Rhamphorhynchus* was probably nocturnal.

## Diet 
Scaphognathus ate *Pholidophorus* fish. 

## References
Czech Republic at the Olympics

The **Czech Republic** first took part in the **Olympic Games** as an independent country in 1994. It has competed in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.  Before 1993, Czech athletes took part in the Olympics from 1920 to 1992 as Czechoslovakia and from 1900 to 1912 as Bohemia.

Athletes from the Czech Republic have won a total of 43 medals at the Summer Games. Canoeing, shooting  and athletics have been their best sports.  They have also won 16 medals at the Winter Games. Most of their medals came from  the Czech Republic national ice hockey team and cross-country skier Kateřina Neumannová.

The National Olympic Committee for the Czech Republic is the Czech Olympic Committee. It was founded in 1899 and accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by summer sport
### Medals by winter sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
* Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
* Bohemia at the Olympics

## References 
## Other websites 
* Czech Republic profile at London2012.com
France at the Olympics

**France** has taken part in every **Olympic Games** with the possible exception of the 1904 Games. In 1904, different sources list Albert Corey as taking place in the games for either the United States or France.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for France is FRA.

## History
France has hosted the Games 5 time:
*1900 Summer Olympics in Paris
*1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix
*1924 Summer Olympics in Paris
*1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble
*1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville
*2024 Summer Olympics in Paris 

French athletes have won 671 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Fencing and cycling are their best sports.  France has won 94 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Most of these are in alpine skiing.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by summer sport
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Leading in that sport**

### Medals by winter sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* France at Olympic.org
* France profile at London2012.com 
*
Denmark at the Olympics

**Denmark at the Olympics** is a history which includes 40 games in 22 countries  and 1,800+ athletes.  Since 1896, Denmark has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Denmark is DEN.

## History
Teams from Denmark have taken part in the **Olympic Games** since the very first games in 1896.

Denmark has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games except for the 1904 Games.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark 
* Denmark profile at London2012.com
Czechoslovakia at the Olympics

**Czechoslovakia in the Olympics** is a history which includes 32 games in 20 countries and 2,000+ athletes. Since 1920, Nicaragua has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Czechoslovakia was CZS.   Czechoslovakia was peacefully separated into two nations in 1993.  The Czech Republic is now is CZE and Slovakia is now SVK.

## History
Czechoslovakia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1920. Before this, it competed as Bohemia from 1900 to 1912. The nation sent athletes to compete almost every Summer Olympic Games since then. They did not take part in the 1984 Games as part of the Soviet boycott of those Games.
Czechoslovakia has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924.

In 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Each of these countries sent their own teams to the Olympics since 1994.

Czechoslovakian athletes have won a total of 143 medals at the Summer Games. Most of these medals were won in gymnastics. The nation also won 25 medals at the Winter Games. Ski jumping and ice hockey have been their best sports.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by summer sport
*This table of summer sports does not include the bronze medal won in ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics.*

### Medals by winter sport
*This table includes the bronze medal won in Ice hockey in the 1920 Summer Olympics.*

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
*
Pinetop Smith

**Clarence Smith**, better known as **Pinetop Smith** or **Pine Top Smith** (June 11, 1904 &ndash; March 15, 1929) was an American boogie-woogie style blues pianist. His hit tune, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie," featured rhythmic "breaks" that were an essential ingredient of ragtime music.

In 1991, he was added to the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

## References
## Other websites
*Clarence "Pine Top" Smith on redhotjazz.com  with .ram files of his vintage recordings
*[ All Music article]
*Official website of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
Unity Broadcasting Network

The **Unity Broadcasting Network** is an over-the-air religious television network.  The office of the company is in Booneville, Mississippi, and individual transmitter stations are located in Mississippi and Tennessee.

## List of Stations
### Current Stations
*W15CG 15 Pontotoc, Mississippi
*W18BL 18 Adamsville, Tennessee
*W34DV 34 Booneville, Mississippi
*W39CD 39 Fulton, Mississippi
### Possible Future Stations
*Channel 42 in Rolla, Missouri.
*W30DC 30 in Lexington, Tennessee (Construction Permit)
*W45DP 45 Humboldt, Tennessee (Construction Permit)
### Former Stations
*W06AW 6 Selmer, Tennessee
*W45CW 45 Russellville, Alabama
*W46CF 46 Tuscumbia, Alabama
*K38HE 38 West Plains, Missouri
*W53AF 53 Booneville, Mississippi (moved to channel 34)

## Cable coverage
UBN's website says that their Booneville Channel 34 programs are carried on Comcast Cable channel 8 in Corinth, MS, and their MySpace account says they are on Comcast Cable channel 56.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official Unity Broadcast Network web-site
* UBN's Present Page , displaying the current affiliates, and their broadcasting facilities
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Jewish Life Television

**Jewish Life Television (JLTV)** is an American television network. It shows Jewish-themed programs.  It started in 2007.  JLTV has  news, sports, lifestyle and entertainment programming. It shows movies, documentaries, music, reviews, interviews and special events.  It has broadcaststudios in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto. JLTV has bureaus in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Washington DC, Miami, London and Moscow. Members can access live and on-demand programming and watch local, national and international news stories. In the UNited States, JLTV can be seen by 33 million households across all 50 states through DirecTV, Time Warner Cable, Comcast and independent broadcast systems.

## Canadian distribution
On January 26, 2011, Jewish Life Television was officially added to the CRTC's approved list of foreign services. This let the channel to expand into Canada.  Ethnic Channels Group sponsored the application to get JLTV on the approved list. That company is the official Canadian distributor of the channel.

## References
## Other websites
*https://superstarsblog.fr/pierre-klochendler-wikipedia/
*
Neo-Keynesian economics

**Neo-Keynesian economics** is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. This model, the IS/LM model, is nearly as influential as Keynes' original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables, that is, the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectations. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be understood in terms of general equilibrium theory. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis. It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.

In the 1970s a series of developments occurred that shook neo-Keynesian theory. The developed world suffered from slow economic growth and high inflation at the same time (stagflation). The work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories. The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s. The next great wave of Keynesian thinking began with the attempt to give Keynesian macroeconomic reasoning a microeconomic basis. The new Keynesians helped create a "new neo-classical synthesis" that currently forms the mainstream of macroeconomic theory. Following the emergence of the new Keynesian school, neo-Keynesians have sometimes been referred to as **Old-Keynesians**.
## Notes and references