open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peshawar

**Peshawar** is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan.

## Etymology
Peshawar is derived from **Purushapura** which means city of men (In Sanskrit Purusha means Man and Pura means settlement). It is also locally pronounced as **Pekhawar**.

## History 
Peshawar is in a valley near the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest in South Asia. Peshawar was the capital of the ancient Kushan Empire and also served as the capital for the Durrani Empire.

## Geography
The city has always been very important as it served as a trading center during the Mughal Empire. It is connected to important places in the country by road, rail and air.

## Demographics 
The main language spoken in Peshawar is Pashto while some speak Hindko. Urdu is understood throughout the city.

### Religions
Peshawar is mostly Muslim which make 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census. Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community live in Peshawar. Hindus and Sikhs are also found in the city − though most of them migrated to India following the Partition of India in 1947.

### Afghan refugees
In 2005, Peshawar district was home to 611,501 Afghan refugees — who made-up 19.7% of the district's total population and 20% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

## Crime
Peshawar has been attacked by Islamist terrorists many times. They include a car bombing at a market in 2009, a suicide bombing at a church in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Over 100 people were killed in each of those attacks.
Aldeburgh Festival

The **Aldeburgh Festival** is an English arts festival where classical music concerts take place during the summer.  Aldeburgh is in Suffolk in the south-east of England.  It is where the composer Benjamin Britten lived with his friend the tenor Peter Pears.  A lot of Britten’s music is played at the festival, but music by many other composers can be heard as well.  Most of the concerts take place in the Maltings, a concert hall in the village of Snape, not far away from Aldeburgh.

## History of the Aldeburgh Festival 
The Festival was started in 1948 by Benjamin Britten, Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier. They started the festival so that the English Opera Group would have a place to perform their operas, but soon the festival became bigger.  There were poetry readings, drama performances, lectures and art exhibitions.  The first festival was mostly held in Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street.  His opera *Albert Herring* was performed, as well as his *St Nicolas Cantata*.

Over the years the festival grew.  Some of the performances took place in the church, or in churches or other halls in nearby villages and small towns such as Orford and Framlingham. However, the festival needed a large concert hall.  In the 1960s the old malthouse (where barley used to be made) in Snape was changed into a concert hall. It was opened by the Queen on 2 June 1967, at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival. 

Two years later, on the first night of the 1969 Festival, the concert hall was destroyed by fire. Only the main walls remained. For that year the Festival was moved to other local places, but by the next year the hall had been rebuilt and once again it was opened by the Queen, this time at the start of the 1970 Festival.

## The Festival today 
The festival is now organized by Aldeburgh Music, which also runs the Britten-Pears Young Artist Programme which gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform in concerts.

The festival has a nice atmosphere because it is in the country near the sea and marshes. New music is often performed.  In the past there have been first performances of several works by Britten: (''A Midsummer Night's Dream* in 1960; *Death in Venice'' in 1973) and also Harrison Birtwistle's *Punch and Judy* in 1968.

The Festival's Artistic Director is now the composer Thomas Adès, who was appointed in 1999.
Punjab (Pakistan)

**Punjab** (Punjabi: صوبہ پنجاب) is a province in Pakistan. The capital of Punjab is Lahore. Punjab has a population of about 120 million people and an area of 79,284 mi² or (205,344 km²). The province of Punjab is greater in area than Kyrgyzstan but smaller than Belarus.

## Etymology
The word *Punjab* is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words *panj* (*five*) and *āb* (*water*), and thus the (land of) *five rivers*. The five rivers are the Indus, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi and Sutlej. Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. *the Punjab*. The name is also sometimes spelled as *Panjab* or *Panjaab* or *Punjaab*. The name *Punjab* was given to the region by Turkic Muslim conquerors and popularized during the reign of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century CE.

## History 
Before 1947 both Pakistan and the Republic of India were ruled by the British Empire. The Punjab province used to be a part of British Punjab. In 1947 the population voted on partition. The Muslim majority voted yes, Sikh minority voted yes, Hindu minority voted no. As a result the British province of Punjab was split between Pakistan and Bharat via the Radcliffe Line and the Ferozpur District and the sub-district of Gurdaspur awards were originally meant to go to the Pakistanis, however it was decided on August 18th to allocate them to East Punjab. Since 1966, India has a state called Punjab. A bus service was launched in 2006 connecting Lahore in Pakistani Punjab with Amritsar in the Republic of India, through the Wagah international border. This was the first bus service between the two Punjabs for almost 60 years.

## Overview
Wagah, named *Wahga* in Pakistan, is a village through which the controversial Radcliffe Line, the boundary dividing the Indian Punjab from Pakistani Punjab upon the Partition of India, was drawn.  The village was divided by independence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in the Republic of India while the western half is in Pakistan.

It is particularly known for the elaborate Wagah border ceremony that happens at the International border gate before 5PM each day. Many Christians in Punjab are persecuted. The high-profile Asia Bibi blasphemy case was a famous example of this. Bibi was arrested in Punjab in 2009 under the blasphemy law in Pakistan, found guilty and sentenced to execution.  After ten years in prison, and an international campaign, she was acquitted and she and her family moved to Canada, then on to France. The governor of Punjab, Salman Taseer, was assassinated for his defence of Bibi.

There have been cases where people were forced to convert from one religion to Islam. In Pakistan, this mostly applied to the minority religions Hinduism, Christianity, and Sikhism. There are reports that people from these communities are often kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. People estimate that there are several hundred cases per year.

## Districts of Punjab (Pakistan) 
## Related pages
* Provincial Government of Punjab (Pakistan)

## References
Lanark (disambiguation)

**Lanark** could mean:

*the town of Lanark in Scotland
**Lanark: A Life in Four Books*, a novel by Alasdair Gray

## In Canada
*Lanark County, Ontario
*Lanark, Ontario
*Lanark, Nova Scotia in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
*Lanark Highlands, Ontario

## Also in Scotland
*the county of Lanarkshire
*the former Lanark district, later known as Clydesdale
*the village of New Lanark, a World Heritage site
Inquisition

The **Inquisition** was the legal agent of the Roman Catholic Church against heresy in the Middle Ages. Its full name was the **Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith** () of the Catholic Church. 

The word *Inquisition* comes from the Latin word *quaerere,* which means *to turn* or *to ask a question*. 

## Purposes
The Inquisition issued a list of banned books called *The Index.* The Church had decided these books contained heresy and forbade the faithful to read them. The Inquisition also prosecuted individuals who were accused of heresy.

Later versions of the Inquisition had the power to use torture (or the threat of torture) to get  and force people to convert to Catholicism. It also had the power to order executions, which civil authorities carried out. Usually heretics were burned alive or strangled in public. 
## History
The Inquisition developed in stages. The first permanent Inquisition was established in Rome in 1229. It was run by the Dominican Order. 

In 1478, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition. It played an important role in European history.
 at stakes (*auto-da-fé*) in a marketplace during the Spanish Inquisition.]]In 1542 Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a tribunal staffed with cardinals and other officials. This version supervised the local Inquisitions in other countries, and also investigated important cases from Italy. The most famous person it tried was Galileo Galilei in 1633.

## Denial
### The Vatican
In 2004, the Roman Catholic Church published findings that the judges of the Inquisition were "not as brutal as previously believed". The Church also denied that most trials were carried out by Catholic courts. Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.

## Related pages
* Ustaše
* Antisemitism
* Supersessionism
* Spanish Inquisition
* *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*
* Independent State of Croatia
* *The Protocols of the Elders of Zion*
## Other websites
* The Catholic Church
* The Secret of the Inquisition
* Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400
* Foundations of Holocaust: From Inquisition to “Purity of Blood”
* The Roman Catholic Church, the Holocaust, and the demonization of the Jews. Response to “Benjamin and us: Christanity, its Jews, and history” by Jeanne Favret-Saada

## References
Me, Myself and I

***Me, Myself and I*** is an R&B/neo soul song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album *Dangerously in Love* (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the singer comes to terms with a cheating boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the *Billboard* Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the United States; it also reached eleven in the United Kingdom.

## Official versions 
* "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Sexy Remix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By Punjabi MC & Raj Asia)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring Ghostface Killah)
* "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix)
* "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix)
Lanark: A Life in Four Books

***Lanark: A Life in Four Books*** was the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, and is still his best known. The book was written over a period of almost thirty years and was published in 1981. It has real and fantasy descriptions of Gray's home city of Glasgow.

The book has won the Saltire Society Book of the Year and David Niven awards, and has become a cult classic. In 2006, *The Guardian* said *Lanark* was "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."

## References
Sexy Little Thug

"'''Sexy Lil' Thug'''" is a cover and remix version of 50 Cent’s hit single "In da Club" (2003) by singer-songwriter Beyoncé. Recorded and released just weeks after the original, the track utilizes the original’s instrumental backing and overall melody, albeit without rap verses and with Beyoncé singing her own, female-perspective bars. In the original song, 50 Cent references some of the "finer things" in life following his career success, including Bacardi, champagne ("bubbly", "bub"), MDMA ("X", "ecstasy"), marijuana, and Mercedes-Benz; in a twist, Beyoncé chooses to highlight her impeccable style and taste, name-dropping Bailey's, Gucci, Jimmy Choo, Louis Vuitton, Manolo Blahnik, Marc Jacobs, Versace and Zinati diamonds. The singer also declares "I'm that classy mami with the Marilyn Monroe body", and "I'm that girl wearin' Chanel pearls; chandeliers on my ears from Bailey, Banks & Biddle".

Whether or not the remix was originally planned to be the lead single from Beyoncé’s debut solo album, *Dangerously in Love* (2003), or if it was released simply for promotion, is unknown. However, Beyoncé’s father and then-manager, Mathew Knowles, stated to *MTV News* in April 2003 that the song was just a "buzz-cut" and would not appear on the upcoming album release.

Despite some publishing and contractual issues surrounding its release, "Sexy Lil' Thug" received radio airplay and became a moderate hit, managing to remain on the US *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for seven weeks, where it peaked at #67, as well as the US *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for four weeks, where it also peaked at #67.

The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyoncé's *Speak My Mind* mixtape.

## Charts
## References
Cay

A **cay** ( "key" ) is a small, low island made of mostly sand or coral and on top of a coral reef, a very small island.

The English word *cay* comes from the Spanish word *cayo* and this from the Taíno word *cayo* meaning "small island". The English words *key* and *quay* (which means wharf) come from the old French *kai* meaning "sand bank". Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is in tropical seas where there are coral reefs.

Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time. Because of that, cays are often elongated. Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris. Weather affects the formation of cays greatly. Large tides bring much more debris onto the cay and make it larger, while a hurricane destroys a cay.

Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km2. Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.

## Notes and references
## Other websites
*Montague, Artur, *El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista.* AIH. Actas IV (1971). (in Spanish)
*Online Etymology Dictionary
EP (disambiguation)

**EP** may refer to following:
* European Parliament
* Extended Play
* El Paso Corp.

## Music
* *EP* (The 77s EP), a 1999 rock album
* *EP* (Childish Gambino EP), 2011 album from rapper Childish Gambino
* *EP* (The Fiery Furnaces album), a 2003 indie rock album
* *EP* (The Format album), 2002 work
* *EP* (Hope&Social EP), 2008 work
* *EP* (Luna EP), a 1996 indie pop/rock album
* *EP* (Matchbox Twenty EP), a 2002 album by Matchbox Twenty
* *EP* (Mogwai EP), a 1999 Scottish post-rock album
* Entity Paradigm, a Pakistani rock band
Extended play

**Extended play** (**EP**) is a name given to CDs and records which contain more music than a single, but are too short to be called a music album. EPs usually have about 15 to 30 minutes of music, singles have less than 10 minutes and albums have about 25 to 80 minutes of music.

## Related pages
* Album
* Single
* Pop music
* Rock music

## References
Actinopterygii

The **Actinopterygii** is the class of **ray-finned fishes**.

The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays"). This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the Sarcopterygii. Ray-finned fish  first appeared in the Silurian period.

Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 25,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. 

Most of the living species are teleosts, which are late-comers to the fish domain. The first teleosts are in the Mesozoic era, yet now they make up 96% of all fish.

## Taxonomy 
* **Chondrostei** (bichirs and sturgeons)
* **Neopterygii**
** **Holostei** (gars and bowfins)
** **Teleostei**
*** Osteoglossomorpha
*** Elopomorpha (eels) 
*** Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
*** Ostariophysi (goldfish, minnows, catfish, electric eels)
*** Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
*** Stenopterygii
*** Cyclosquamata
*** Scopelomorpha
*** Lampridiomorpha
*** Polymyxiomorpha
*** Paracanthopterygii (cod, anglerfish)
*** Acanthopterygii (mullets, flying fishes, sticklebacks, seahorses, flatfish, cichlids, mackerel, tuna, perch)

## References
Happy Mondays

The **Happy Mondays** were an alternative rock band from Manchester who became popular in the 1980s. They were associated with the house music movement and Madchester. Their biggest hit was Step On, from the album Pills n Thrills n Bellyaches.
National Collegiate Athletic Association

The **National Collegiate Athletic Association** (NCAA) is a college sports organization in the United States. It was established on March 31, 1906. The NCAA has three levels of sports: Division I, Division II, and Division III.  Division I schools usually are the biggest college sports powers, with larger budgets, better sports facilities, and higher numbers of sports scholarships compared to Division II and III schools. Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana.

## Related pages
* NCAA Award of Valor
Peter Hook

**Peter "Hooky" Hook** (born 13 February 1956) is an English bass guitar player.  He played in the bands Joy Division, New Order, Revenge and Monaco.

## Other websites
*Peter Hook's biography 
*Short biography at JoyDiv.org
*Peter Hook pretending to DJ
New Order

**New Order** are a band from Salford, popular in the 1980s. Its members are: Bernard Sumner, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert, Phil Cunningham, and Tom Chapman. Their biggest hit is *Blue Monday*, which was the biggest selling 12" record of all time. They started in 1980 after Ian Curtis, the singer of Joy Division, which the members were part of, committed suicide, because they had agreed before Curtis died that if any member left they would not carry on playing as Joy Division. They have broke up twice, first in 1993 and then in 2007. In 2011 they reformed. They have released nine studio albums.
Richard von Weizsäcker

**Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker**  (15 April 1920 &ndash; 31 January 2015) was a German politician who was a member of the Christian Democratic Union party. He was the president of Germany from 1984 to 1994.

## Backgrounds 
He was born in Stuttgart, the son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker and brother of the physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. His grandfather Carl von Weizsäcker had been Minister President of Württemberg.

During World War II. he served in the German Army. He was wounded in East Prussia in 1945 and was sent home to Stuttgart. Then, he continued his study of history in Göttingen and eventually studied law.

As a law student, he was a member of his father's defence team at the Eleventh secondary Nuremburg Trial, also called the Ministries Trial. He took his first judicial state exam in 1950 and the second in 1953, and in 1955, he was promoted to *doctor juris*. In 1953 he married Marianne von Kretschmann; they had four children.

From 1967 to 1984, he was a member both of the Synod and the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany. He led the German Evangelical Church Assembly from 1964 to 1970.

## Political career
 Ronald Reagan and former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, 1985|alt=]]
Richard von Weizsäcker joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1954 and was a member of the Bundestag, the lower chamber of the German Parliament, from 1969 to 1981.

He was elected vice president of the Bundestag 1979-1981 but did not stand for re-election because he became the Governing Mayor () of West Berlin (1981-1984).

He was elected President of Germany by the *Bundesversammlung* (Federal Convention) in 1984, succeeding Karl Carstens. He was Germany’s first president after its reunification.

After his presidency, he was involved in politics and charitable affairs. He was the chair of a commission installed by the SPD-Bündnis 90/Die Grünen government to reform the Bundeswehr, the German military.

He has served on many international commissions. He was the chairman of the Independent Working Group on the future of the United Nations and was one of three 'Wise Men' tyo be appointed by European Commission President Romano Prodi to consider the future of the European Union.

## Retirement and death 
He retired in 1994 and lived in Berlin. He wrote books during his retirement.

He died in Berlin, Germany, at the age of 94.

## Books
]]
He wrote many books, including the following:
* *Von Deutschland aus*
* *Die deutsche Geschichte geht weiter*
* *Von Deutschland nach Europa*
* *Vier Zeiten*

His autobiograghy is called *From Weimar to the Wall: My Life in German Politics* (1999).

## References
## Other websites
Joy Division

**Joy Division** was an English post-punk band. They formed in 1976 in Salford. Ian Curtis was the lead singer. Peter Hook played bass guitar. Stephen Morris played the drums. Bernard sumner played guitar and sometimes the synthesizer. Ian Curtis died by suicide in 1980. So, the other members formed a new band called New Order.

## History 
During the Anarchy in the UK tour, the Sex Pistols played in Manchester on June 4. In the audience that night were three young men living around Manchester: school mates Peter Hook and Bernard Albrecht, and Ian Curtis. A few days later, Hook and Albrecht decided to start up a band, with Hook on bass and Albrecht on guitar. They got Terry Mason as a drummer, but still needed a singer. They placed an ad in the Virgin record shop in Manchester. Curtis answered it and became the singer of the band, called at the time the Stiff Kittens. He would also write the lyrics.

They practiced a lot during a few months, and wrote their first songs. In May of 1977, they changed the band's name to **Warsaw**. Tony Tabac replaced Terry Mason as the drummer. Just a month later, Tabac left and Steve Brotherdale was hired as new drummer. It was at the same time that Paul Morley of the NME and DJ Rob Gretton found out about the band and saw its potential. Warsaw made a demo tape with five songs in the Pennine Sound Studios in July, but Brotherdale quit the group a few days later.

Finally, Stephen Morris joined the band. In October, they played at the Electric Circus, which was due to close down, along with The Fall and The Buzzcocks.

In December, they recorded four songs, which were to appear later as "An Ideal For Living". In January of 1978 the band changed its name to Joy Division to avoid any confusion with another group. They practiced a lot and wrote new songs. On April 14 1978, they played along with 16 bands in a contest. Tony Wilson, who worked for Granada TV, and Rob Gretton liked their performance very much.

In 1979 Joy Division released their first album *Unknown Pleasures* which was well received by critics. During 1979 and early 1980 their popularity increased. Also in this period lead singer Ian Curtis suffered worsening bouts of illness caused by epilepsy.

The band returned to the studio in 1980 to record their second album *Closer* and a single "Love Will Tear Us Apart". Before these recordings were released Curtis had committed suicide at just 23. The unreleased album and single were subsequently released to critical acclaim. The remaining members of Joy Division reformed in 1980 as New Order and enjoyed considerable worldwide success during the 1980s and 1990s. 

## Discography 
* Unknown Pleasures (1979)
* Closer (1980)

## Other websites 
* Joy Division - The Eternal - Biography, pictures, lyrics, books, videos, press articles, etc.
* Joy Division Central – Independent Joy Division site covering every aspect of the band in great detail
* Incubation  – Joy Division's most detailed discography and press articles
* Joy Division Messageboard – A moderated board with over 1400 members covering a wide range of Joy Division related topics
Acropolis

]]
The word **acropolis** (Ancient Greek: ἀκρόπολις, *akropolis*; from *akros* (άκρος) or *akron* (άκρον), "highest, topmost, outermost", and *polis* (πόλις), "city"; plural in English: *acropoles*, *acropoleis* or *acropolises*) means the edge of a town, or more often a high city. Being easily defended against attackers, an acropolis often has a citadel. The most famous is the Acropolis of Athens.

"Acropolis" is also used for a central complex of overlapping structures, such as plazas and pyramids, in many Mayan cities, including Tikal and Copán.

## References
Wokingham

**Wokingham** is a town in Berkshire in the south of England. It is the headquarters of Wokingham District. 30,403 people were living there in 2001.

## References
Chorlton-cum-Hardy

**Chorlton-cum-Hardy** is a southern district of Manchester, England. It is usually called just **Chorlton**. The river Mersey runs past its southern end, in a part called Chorlton Ees. "Ees" (plural) is a Saxon word for water meadow.

Neighbouring districts of Manchester are Whalley Range and West Didsbury, and to the west and north are Stretford and Old Trafford which are parts of Trafford. Hough End Hall is a manor house built in 1596. There are two churches belonging to the Church of England, St Clement's and St Werburgh's, and also St John's Church which is Roman Catholic, a Methodist church and a United Reformed church.
(The present St Clement's church replaced an older church, founded about 1512.)
Cosgrove Hall was an animation studio in Chorlton. Its most famous cartoon is *Dangermouse*. Some notable current and past residents of Chorlton are: George Best, the Bee Gees, The Stone Roses, and Blessed Ambrose Barlow. 
There are six primary schools in the Chorlton area.
Parasaurolophus

***Parasaurolophus*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of what is now North America, about 76.5–73&nbsp;million years ago. Its name means "near crested lizard". It was given this name because when it was first discovered scientists thought it was related to Saurolophus. It was a herbivore that walked both as biped and a quadruped. It probably lived in herds. 

Parasaurolophus was a hadrosaur. They had a large head crest, which was a long curved tube. It went upwards and back from the skull. The crest has been much discussed by scientists. They think its main functions were visual recognition of species and sex, acoustic resonance (making a loud sound), and thermoregulation. Parasaurolophus is one of the rarer hadrosaurs: there are only a few good specimens.

## References
Adidas

**Adidas AG** is a major German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the Adidas Group, consisting of Reebok sportswear company, Taylormade golf company, Maxfli golf balls, and Adidas golf and is the second largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

## History 
Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler. The title of brand was named after the founder (Adi from Adolf das from Dassler). A year later, the basic form of Adidas logo Three stripes was made. Adidas products are still being made today. The Adidas group makes 600 kinds of shoes and 1,500 kinds of clothings every season.

## Logos 
Adidas has three types of logos, which are originals, sports performance, and sports style. Each type follows the product design concept and shared inspiration. They imply the features of lots of products.
 
## Originals (Trefoil or Heritage)
Adidas heritage line shows the combined design of sportism and lifestyle. With retrospecting 60s, products including clothes, shoes, bags, and other fashion items are reappearing. Heritage’s logo Trefoil was developed based on the three stripes in 1971. With crossing the tree stripes which symbolize diversity of brand, the unique characteristic of logo is expressed geometrically. This was an innovation in the existing logo.
 
## Sports performance
Sports performance line shows the goods which contains its self-esteem as a professional sports brand. The logo with three stripes has been used constantly. And, in 1997, Adidas‘ creative director Peter Moore renobated the type. He wanted to keep important meanings of old one, but at the same time he needed new logo which can be applied to the modern design. From his hand, three stripes became to mean a mountain which symbolizes a challenge and an accomplishment. And the parallel lines of stripes express gradually the brand's goal.
 
## Sports style
It might be called "collection line." This Adidas sports style has shown off its design which is made by Yohji Yamamoto. He designs shoes, clothes, and accessaries with future-oriented images. in 2001, the initial sports style logo symbolized the swiftly chaning world. The three stripes which cross the oval capture the speed of changing. It means that the stripes are rushing with intersecting the world. The innovative works which pursue a beauty and a function based on tradition show brand's another potentiality.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Carrefour

**Carrefour** (IPA: /karfur/) is a French international  hypermarket chain. It has many shops around the world. It is the second largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue and sales figures after Wal-Mart. Carrefour operates mainly in the European Union, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia. It also has shops in Africa,  and Asia. Carrefour means cross-road (the place where two roads meet) in French.

## References
Never Say Never

***Never S-A-Y Never*** is the second album by American R&B singer Brandy, released by Atlantic Records on June 8 1998 in Europe and on June 9, 1998 in North America. Chiefly produced by Rodney Jerkins, helped to make Jerkins' Timbaland-inspired production sound popular, which he later used for recordings by Whitney Houston, Destiny's Child, and others. *Never Say Never* earned Brandy five Grammy Award nominations and became her biggest-selling album to date.

## Track listing
Need for Speed: Most Wanted

***Need For Speed: Most Wanted*** is the 11th installment in the *Need for Speed* series. It is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, GameBoy Advance, Nintendo DS and the GameCube. The game was first released on November 15, 2005.

Another version called ***Need For Speed: Most Wanted: 5-1-0*** was released for the PlayStation Portable. The game consists of the player racing to make their way up the *Blacklist* until they finally challenge the top racer, Razor. There are 15 blacklists (levels) you have to complete 1 - 15 blacklists to complete the game.
Soviet occupation zone of Germany

The **Soviet Occupation Zone** (German: **Sowjetische Besatzungszone (SBZ)** or **Ostzone** , Sovetskaya zona Germanii, "Soviet Zone of Germany") was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II. It became East Germany.

American forces first occupied some of the area. The Americans withdrew in July 1945 to the agreed occupation zone boundaries.

The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (German initials: SMAD) allowed four political parties to form, but they all had to work in the "All-Party Committee" (the "Nationale Front").

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany were merged into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (which became the governing party of East Germany). Finally, the SED created other parties, to weaken the Christian Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.

Originally, Stalin wanted to Sovietize all of Germany, but when the West resisted this idea, he tried to work for a united Germany which would be neutral, but when the West again said no he decided to build a new country out of the Soviet occupation zone. This became East Germany

The Soviet occupation zone included the central parts of Prussia. After Prussia was dissolved by the allied powers in 1947, the area was divided between the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt und Thuringia.

On October 8, 1949, the part of the Soviet zone west of the Oder-Neisse line became the German Democratic Republic, usually known simply as East Germany. In 1952, the states were dissolved, and changed to 14 districts, plus East Berlin. East Berlin was treated as part of the new East Germany, but technically was part of the Allied-controlled city of Berlin.

## Related pages
* East Germany
* Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
* American occupation zone
* British occupation zone
Ironman

**Iron Man** could mean:

## Comics 
* Iron Man, a popular comic book character
** Iron Man 2020, a comic book villain and Iron Man's cousin
* Ultimate Iron Man, a comic book miniseries

## Sports 
The term "Iron Man" is used in multiple sports for players with long streaks of consecutive games. For example, the term "Iron Man of Baseball" refers to either Lou Gehrig or Cal Ripken, Jr..
As of March 31, 2007, the current regular season ironmen in the four major North American sports are:
** NFL – Brett Favre, QB, Green Bay Packers (237 games, 16 seasons)
** MLB – Miguel Tejada, SS, Baltimore Orioles (1080 games, 7 seasons)
** NBA – Bruce Bowen, SF, San Antonio Spurs (425 games, 6 seasons)
** NHL – Brendan Morrison, C, Vancouver Canucks (512 games, 6 seasons)

The term "iron man" can also be used to describe a game that is played by oneself whereas additional players would normally be required. It is also used in the Arena Football League for any player that plays both offensive and defensive positions.

The term could also mean:
* Travis Fulton, an American mixed martial arts fighter, known as "The Iron Man"
* Ivan Stewart, an off road racing driver, known as "Ironman"
* Ironman Triathlon, a long-distance Triathlon race held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
* Ironman (surf lifesaving), a multi-disciplinary surf lifesaving event
* Iron Man match, a type of a professional wrestling match

## Books 
* *The Iron Man* (novel), a 1968 novel by Ted Hughes
* *Iron Man* (1930 novel), a novel by William R. Burnett
* *Ironman* (1995 novel), a novel by Chris Crutcher

## Magazine 
* *Iron Man* (magazine), a bodybuilding and weight-training magazine

## Movies 
* *Iron Man* (film), a 2008 American film based on the Marvel Comics character
* *Tetsuo: The Iron Man*, a 1989 Japanese film
* *Man of Iron*, a 1981 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda

## Music 
* "Iron Man" (song), a song by Black Sabbath from their 1970 album *Paranoid*
** "Ironman", a 1988 cover of the above song by Sir Mix-a-Lot
* *Ironman* (album), a 1996 album by Ghostface Killah
* *Iron Man* (Eric Dolphy album), a 1963 album by Eric Dolphy
* Iron Man (band), an American doom metal band established in 1988
* *The Iron Man: A Musical*, a 1989 Pete Townshend album

## Television 
* A segment of the 1960s TV series *The Marvel Superheroes Show* featuring the Iron Man comic book character 
* *Iron Man* (TV series), an 1994 animated series
* The Japanese title of the Americanized anime series *Gigantor*

## Other 
* Der Eiserne Mann, an iron pillar from the late Middle Ages, located in Germany
* Iron: Man, a 1993 sculpture by Antony Gormley in Birmingham, England
* Ironman Datalink, a version of Timex Corporation's watch marketed in conjunction with the Ironman Triathlon
Free City of Danzig

The **Free City of Danzig** (; ) was a self-governing port on the Baltic Sea port and a city-state. It was set up on January 10, 1920, by Part III Section XI of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and put under League of Nations protection, with special rights reserved to Poland, because it was the only port in the Polish Corridor.

The Free City ceased to exist after 1939 when it was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. After Germany's defeat in 1945 Danzig was occupied and annexed by Poland under the Polish name Gdańsk.

## Establishment 
### Territory 
The Free City of Danzig included the major city of Danzig (Gdańsk) as well as Zoppot (Sopot), Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański), Neuteich (Nowy Staw) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets. Its area was .

### Polish rights 
The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors. The railway line that connected the Free City with Poland was administered by Poland. Similarly, the separated military post within the city's harbour, the Westerplatte (formerly a city beach), was also given to Poland. There were also two post-offices, one for the Danzig Postal Service, the other was Polish-run.

### League of Nations High Commissioners 
League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League. But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries taking on the role of High Commissioner:

## Population 
The Free City's population was 357,000 in (1919). 98% were German-speakers, with the rest mainly speaking either Kashubian or Polish.

The Treaty of Versailles, split Danzig from Germany. The treaty made the people living in the city citizens of the Free City. German inhabitants lost their German nationality, if they wanted to stay German they had to go and live outside the Free City's territory.

## Second World War and aftermath 
The Nazi government voted for re-unification with Germany on September 2, 1939, the day after the German invasion of Poland began.

Around 90% of the city was reduced to ruins towards the end of the Second World War. On March 30, 1945 the city was taken by the USSR. It is thought that more than 90% of the pre-war population were either dead or had fled by 1945.

The Allied Powers were told at the Potsdam conference that the former Free State was now part of Poland. (The Yalta conference was unclear whether the Free City would be recreated or not).

## Related pages
* Gdańsk
* Danzig Corridor

## References 
## Other websites 
 note]]

* Jewish community history
* History of Gdansk/Danzig
* Gdańsk history 
* In 1997 Gdansk celebrated his thousand anniversary
* history & hallucination 
* The power of Gdansk
Baby Boy

"**Baby Boy**" is a Middle Eastern-influenced R&B and dancehall song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' first solo album, *Dangerously in Love* (2003).

It was produced by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second single in August 2003. The song (which features dancehall singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the U.S., becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the UK. It was also recognized at the ASCAP awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from EMI and Most Performed Songs award in 2003.  It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there. "Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the *Billboard* Year-End Hot 100 of 2003.

## Official remixes/versions 
* Baby Boy Part 2 (feat. Sean Paul)
* Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat. Sean Paul)
* Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat. Sean Paul)
* Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix)
* Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit)
* Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix)
* Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix)
* Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow)
* Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!)
* Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
* Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap)
* Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit)
* Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix)
* Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit)
* Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix)
* Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat. Lloyd Banks)
* Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix)
* Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix)

## References
Main-Franconian dialects

**Main-Franconian** is group of German dialects that are spoken in the centre of Germany, in the area known as Franconia near the river Main.

In Germany most people call these dialects simply “Fränkisch”.  Although they have a lot in common there are many variations from one small region to another.

Historically Franconia (German: “Franken”) was a very large area covering a lot of Germany including parts of the Rhine as far as the Netherlands.  Today Franconia is the north part of Bavaria (German: “Bayern”) including what is known as Lower Franconia, Upper Franconia, Mid-Franconia and  parts of Upper Bavaria.

## Examples of Franconian dialect
Typical for Franconian dialects is the voiceless consonants becoming voiced, i.e. “k” pronounced like “g”, “t” like “d”, “p” like “b” and “s” like English “z”.  In pubs one often hears on the public address system a request for a member of staff 
*”bidde dzur dege gommen”
* 
*English: Please come to the bar.

**Vo da Dande a Bageed griing* means:
*
*English: “To receive a parcel from one’s auntie“

The pronunciation of vowels may be different from normal German, e.g.
Franconia is often described as the place where:
*”die Hasen ‘Hoosn’ und die Hosen ‘Huusn’ haasn.”
*i.e. ‘Hasen‘ (‘hares‘) are called ‘Hoosn‘ (‘Hosen’=’trousers’) and ‘Hoosn’ are called ‘Husen’. (German “Hasen” has an “a” as in British “car”; “Hosen” has an “o” similar to “oa” in “boat”; “Husen”, which does not mean anything, has a “u” like British “oo” in “moon”).

An angry Franconian might say:
*”Der Hamml, der gscheerde, der ko wos erlehm, wenna haam kummd!”
*
*English: “The rotten fellow will be in trouble when he gets home!“

## References
*“Fränkisch” by Jens Sobisch; Kauderwelsch 186, ASMB 3-89416-474-3
Port Arthur, Texas

**Port Arthur** is a city in Texas. It was hit by Hurricane Alicia on August 18, 1983. There was 56,039 people at the 2020 census.

## Other websites 
*City of Port Arthur, Texas
*Historic Article on Port Arthur (WWII) 
*Lots of historical Port Arthur photos
Moisture

on a spider web]]

**Moisture** mostly means the presence of water, often in trace amounts (small quantities).
Moisture exists in the atmosphere in all three forms solid, liquid and gas.
Territory of the Saar Basin

The **Territory of the Saar Basin** (, *Saarterritorium;* ) was usually called the **Saar** or the . It was a territory governed by the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versailles for 15 years from 1920.

Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbrücken.

It was made up of parts of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate of the Rhine. It was slightly smaller than the modern German state of Saarland.

## Commission of Government
According to Treaty of Versailles the highly industrialized Saarland was to be governed by the League of Nations for a period of 15 years, and its coalfields given to France. The *Commission of Government*, which represented the League of Nations, had five members. At least one member had to be French and one a native of the Saar.

At the end of the 15 year period, in 1935, the people of the Saar voted on how they wanted their country. They voted to become a part of Nazi Germany.

It had a currency, the Saar franc, and its own postage stamps during this period.

### Chairmen of the Commission
The League of Nations' control to the region was represented by the following Chairmen of the Commission of Government:
* Victor Rault, France (26 February 1920 - 18 March 1926)
* George Washington Stephens, Canada (18 March 1926 - 8 June 1927)
* Sir Ernest Colville Collins Wilton, United Kingdom (8 June 1927 - 1 April 1932)
* Sir Geoffrey George Knox, United Kingdom (1 April 1932 - 1 March 1935)

## Plebiscite
In 1933, many anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich's control.  As a result, anti-Nazi groups wanted the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany.  However, France had a lot of power in the Saar, including control of the coal mines.  Not many *Saarlanders* liked France, and in the plebiscite on 13 January 1935, 90% of the voters wished to join Germany, and 8.86% wanted to stay with the League of Nations.  Only 0.40% (that is, four voters in every thousand) wanted to join France.

## Nazi rule
 in 1941. The Saar and part of Occupied France was called *Westmark*. It is shown in a dark yellow tone.]]
On 17 January 1935, the territory's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council. On 1 March, the Nazi Germany took over the region, and appointed Josef Bürckel as *Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes*, "Reich Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland".

Many former politicians and office holders of the Saargebiet were changed or arrested by the Nazis.

When re-incorporation was completed, the governor became *Reichskommissar für das Saarland*, "Reich Commissioner of Saarland" on 17 June 1936.

## Related pages
* Saarland The modern *Land* of Germany
* Saar (protectorate), a protectorate under French control (1947-1956)
* Sarre (département), a département of France (1798-1814)
* Saar River
* Nazi Germany
* Free City of Danzig

## Notes
## Other websites 
* Saarland in the page about Germany on WorldStatesmen.org
* Part III - Political Clauses for Europe, Treaty of Versaille
Surf's Up (movie)

'''''Surf's Up'''* is a 2007 American computer-animated movie made by Sony Pictures Animation. It stars Shia LaBeouf, Jeff Bridges, Zooey Deschanel, Jon Heder, Mario Cantone, James Woods, Rebecca Honig, Diedrich Bader, Rob Machado, Kelly Slater and Sal Masekela. The movie is a cartoon of surfing documentaries, like *The Endless Summer* and *Riding Giants*. Composed by Randy Newman.

This movie has a direct-to-video sequel called *Surf's Up 2: WaveMania'', was released in 2017.

## Plot 
The story centers on rockhopper penguin teenager Cody Maverick, a surfer, as he enters his first professional competition.

Followed by a film crew to document his experiences, Cody says goodbye to his family and his home in Frio de Janeiro in Antarctica in order to travel to Pen Gu Island for the International Surfing Competition in memory of Big Z. Along the way, Cody meets a surfer, Pepe the Chicken, journalists Rob Machado and Kelly Slater, scout Mike Abromowitz, and beautiful lifeguard Lani Aliikai, who recognizes Cody's passion for surfing, though he's occasionally misguided.

Cody believes that winning will give him the admiration and respect he desires so much, but when he unexpectedly goes toe-to-toe with an old penguin wise shaman of Pen Gu Island named Geek he trains him to surf and teach him what is important about life such as the past, present and future, Cody begins to find his own way as the winners and discovers that a real winner isn't always the one who arrives first.

## References
List of heads of state of the Free City of Danzig

The **Free City of Danzig** (German: *Freie Stadt Danzig*; Polish: *Wolne Miasto Gdańsk*) existed between 1920 and 1939.

The City had its own post office, currency and citizenship, but it was not independent: it was administered directly by the League of Nations, represented by a High Commissioner. The city was governed by the Senate.  The head of state was the President of the Senate.  The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors.

## League of Nations High Commissioners 
League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League.  But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries being the High Commissioner:

## Politics 
**Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig** 

## Related pages
*Free City of Danzig

## References