open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asclepias exaltata

***Asclepias exaltata*** (also known as the **poke milkweed** or **tall milkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant. It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.

The plant is found in eastern North America. It blooms from late spring to early summer. The flowers are green and white. Poke milkweed is found in moist woodland habitats. It grows well in moist soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows from 0.6 to 1.5 meters tall (2–5&nbsp;feet).

## References
## Other websites
**Asclepias exaltata* at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias incarnata

***Asclepias incarnata*** is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as the **swamp milkweed**, the **rose milkweed**, the **pink milkweed**, the **swamp milkweed**, and **white Indian hemp**.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  The flowers are pink. Swamp milkweed is found in wet meadows, prairies, swamps, and marshes.  It likes moist soil and sunny or partly shaded places.  It grows to a height of .

## References
## Other websites

**Asclepias incarnata* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias incarnata* at Evergreen Native Plant Database
Brand New Eyes

***Brand New Eyes*** (written *brand new eyes*) is an album by the band Paramore. It was put out on September 29, 2009 in the United States and Canada. It has reached the top of the music charts in many countries, meaning many people bought the album.

## References
Asclepias physocarpa

***Asclepias physocarpa*** (also known as the **swan plant**, **balloonplant**, or **balloon cotton-bush**) is a species of milkweed plant. It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It has been naturalized in Hawai'i and has also been naturalized in other parts of the world.

## Other websites
**Asclepias physocarpa* at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias cordifolia

***Asclepias cordifolia*** (also known as the **heart-leaf milkweed** or **purple milkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant. It is not the same as *Asclepias purpurascens*, which is also known as purple milkweed.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to western North America.  Heart-leaf Milkweed is found in woodlands, rocky slopes, and lava flows.

## Other websites
**Asclepias cordifolia* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias cordifolia* at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
**Asclepias cordifolia* at Plantaxa
Seizure response dog

A **seizure response dog** is a dog who is specially trained to help its owner during a seizure.  These dogs' jobs may include:
*Getting help, by finding a human, hitting an alarm, or using a pre-programmed phone to call 911
*Protecting their owner from getting hurt, either by pulling unsafe things away, or by blocking people who try to walk into obstacles and onto streets
*Bracing the person having the seizure so they don't fall or hurt themselves, or turning the person on their side
*Waking the unconscious owner during or after a seizure
Certain kinds of dogs are able to predict that a person is about to have an epileptic seizure.  This gives the person time to get to a safe place before the seizure starts.  Usually, people say that dogs develop this behavior spontaneously (on their own), or over some time. There have been some studies where dogs were trained to alert to seizures when they were given rewards for correctly predicting seizures - but these studies were only partly successful.  

Some untrained dogs may help their owners during a seizure, but there are also reports of dogs that have reacted aggressively or even died as a result of witnessing or anticipating their owner's seizure.

## References
Asclepias syriaca

***Asclepias syriaca*** (also known as the **common milkweed**, **butterfly flower**, **silkweed**, **silky swallow-wort**, and **Virginia silkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant. It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  The flowers are green and purple.  This species is found in prairies, meadows, and fields.  Common Milkweed likes damp to dry soil and sunny or partly shaded places.  It is about 0.5 to 1.5 meters in height (1½-5 feet).

## References
## Other websites
**Asclepias syriaca* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias syriaca* at Evergreen Native Plant Database
Butterfly flower

**Butterfly flower** is a common name for different plants:

**Asclepias syriaca*, found across North America
**Schizanthus*, a plant genus
Silky Swallow-wort

**Silky Swallow-wort** is a common name of two plants in the genus *Asclepias*:

**Asclepias syriaca*
**Asclepias tuberosa*
Indian Paintbrush

**Indian Paintbrush** is a common name for different plants:

* *Asclepias tuberosa*, found across North America
* *Castilleja*, a plant genus
* Cichorieae, a plant tribe
Asclepias tuberosa

***Asclepias tuberosa*** (also known as the **butterfly flower**) is a species of milkweed plant.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to North America.  It blooms from June to September.  The flowers are orange, red-orange, or yellow.  This species is found in prairies, meadows, and fields.  It likes well- soil and sunny or partly shaded places.  Butterfly Weed grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3&nbsp;feet).

It has many other names, including the butterfly weed, the Canada root, the chigger flower (or chiggerflower), the fluxroot, the Indian paintbrush, the Indian posy, the orange milkweed, the orange swallow-wort, the Pleurisy Root, the silky swallow-wort, the tuber root, the yellow milkweed, the white-root, and the windroot.

## Common names 
Butterfly Weed has many common names.  Here is a list of them:

* Canada Root
* Chigger Flower
* Chiggerflower
* Fluxroot
* Indian Paintbrush
* Indian Posy
* Orange Milkweed

* Orange Swallow-wort
* Pleurisy Root
* Silky Swallow-wort
* Tuber Root
* Yellow Milkweed
* White-root
* Windroot

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Asclepias tuberosa* at USDA PLANT Database 
* *Asclepias tuberosa* at Evergreen Native Plant Database
Intel Core i7

**Intel Core i7** is a name that the company Intel uses for the computer processors it makes for high-end desktop and laptop computers and tablets. Intel uses this name for the fastest processors that they think will be used to build the most powerful consumer devices. The 'Core' part of the name, which refers to the processor's core, has been used by Intel since 2006, but the first Core i7 processor was released 3 years later in 2009. 

There are different types of Core i7 processor. The name does not name a type. Instead, it is the name for all of the fast processors that Intel thinks should be sold to consumers. Intel uses two other "Core i-" names for its processors for consumers: "Core i5" and "Core i3." The "Core i5" processors are mostly as fast as i7 processors, but lack the Hyper Threading technology which allows each core to be used twice simultaneously giving the impression of doubling the cores.  

Intel uses a different name, Xeon, for processors that Intel makes for "server" computers for businesses (and some rare laptops). Some of the "Core i7" processors are almost the same as some of the "Xeon" processors, but each of the Xeon processors is a little bit different than the "Core i7" processor, because a "server" computer is not the same as a consumer computer. Intel also makes other "Xeon" processors that are not the same as any "Core i7" processor. Unlike the **Core i7**, Xeon processors support ECC (error correcting) memory, and multiple CPUs on the same motherboard. However, Alder Lake processors have officially supported ECC memory if used with a W680 motherboard and ECC memory.

## References
Sacred dance

**Sacred dance** is a kind of dance that  all movements that are religious in nature.  An example of a sacred dance is the dance done by a whirling dervish.
Asclepias speciosa

***Asclepias speciosa*** (also known as the **showy milkweed** or **Greek milkweed**) is a species of **milkweed** plant. It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to western North America.  It blooms from May to July.  This species is found in savannas, prairies, meadows, and fields.

## Other websites
**Asclepias speciosa* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias speciosa* at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
**Asclepias speciosa* at Evergreen Native Plant Database
Asclepias purpurascens

***Asclepias purpurascens*** (also known as the **purple milkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant.  The species *Asclepias cordifolia* is also sometimes called purple milkweed.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to North America.  It blooms from June to July.  The flowers are a pink-purple color.  This species is found in savannas, prairies, and meadows.  Purple Milkweed likes to grow in clay or sandy soil and in sunny or partly shaded places.  It grows to a height of 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2–4&nbsp;feet).

## References
## Other websites
**Asclepias purpurascens* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias purpurascens* at USDA PLANTS Database
Tortuga (Haiti)

*Tortuga Island* (, ) is a Caribbean island that forms part of Haiti. It is off the northwest coast of Hispaniola. Its Taíno name was *Baynei*.

During the 17th century, the island was an important centre for Caribbean piracy where pirates traded their stolen goods from ships and towns and stayed for days before going out to try to capture other ships.

## Geography 
In geology, it is considered as the western end of the region of the Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") of the Hispaniola Island, even if Tortuga Island is separated from the main island.

Tortuga Island is separated of the north coast of Haiti by an 8.9 to 15 km strait called the *Canal de la Tortue* ("La Tortue Channel"). The island is 37.5&nbsp;km long and about 7&nbsp;km wide, with an area of 193 km². There are not high mountains but most of the land is between 240 and 300 metres high; the highest point is *Morne La Visite* (340 m).

Spanish people were not interested in Tortuga Island because they were trying to form a colony in the big Hispaniola island. And so this island was without people for most of the 16th century.

People from different European countries, mainly from England, came to live in this island. In 1625, French people came to this island from the Saint Kitts island. They lived on the southern part of the island where there are flat lands and tried to grow some crops like tobacco. They also went to Hispaniola, which they called *la Grande Terre* ("the Big Land") to hunt wild cows and pigs and, because they used a Taíno cooking technique with smoke known as "boucan", they were known as *boucaniers* ("buccaneers"). They sold the smoked meat and leather (dry skin used to make footwear and clothing) to those ships that came to the island.

The Spanish tried to get those people out of the island and they invaded the island several times but each time they went back to the Hispaniola and the Tortuga Island was taken again.
In 1640 a French engineer named Jean La Vasseur was sent to govern Tortuga. He built Fort de Rocher [1640]. La Vasseur opened the port to outlaws of all nations.

From Tortuga Island, people began to move to the northern part of the Hispaniola, mainly in the areas around the big plains, founding towns such as Port-de-Paix (1665), Cap-Français (1670) and Fort-Dauphin (1731). Then Tortuga Island lost its importance and very few people have lived here after those years, including today.

## Tourism 
There are several good beaches in Tortuga Island; Point Saline, at the western tip, is considered by many to be the best beach of the island.

At Basse-Terre, on the southeastern coast, there are still some rests of the *Fort de la Roche* built in 1630 by the French.

There are several interesting caves such as *La Grotte au Bassin*, *La Grotte de la Galerie* and others.

## References
Calotropis gigantea

**Crown flower** (*Calotropis gigantea*) is a species of plant.  It is also known as **Giant Milkweed**.  It s in the subfamily Asclepiadodeae.  It is  to southeast Asia.  It has been naturalized in Hawai'i.

## Other websites
**Calotropis gigantea* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Calotropis gigantea* at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 
**Calotropis gigantea* at Purdue University: New Crop Resource Online Program
Population genetics

**Population genetics** is the branch of genetics which studies the genetic composition of populations. It brings together genetics, evolution, natural selection, breeding, statistics and mathematics. Mathematical and computer models are produced, and field research is done to test the models.

:"Population geneticists spend most of their time doing one of two things: describing the genetic structure of populations, or theorizing on the evolutionary forces acting on populations.

## A brief history 
Starting, perhaps, with G. Udny Yule's paper in 1902, population theorists tackled key issues in genetics and evolution. G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg showed that if a population had random mating, no selection, migration or mutation, then the proportion of alleles would remain the same generation after generation. This was the Hardy–Weinberg law, the first great result of this new field of research.

Population genetics made great progress from 1918 to 1937. During this period, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright worked on the connection between evolution and genetics, using new mathematical techniques, such as statistical probability. E.B. Ford and Theodosius Dobzhansky did field research on the genetics of natural populations of lepidoptera and *Drosophila*, respectively. Broadly speaking, this work proved that the newly rediscovered Mendelian genetics could be reconciled with Darwinian evolution. This laid the groundwork for the modern evolutionary synthesis, which took place in the following years, from about 1937 to 1953.

In the second half of the 20th century, population geneticists tackled a range of complex evolutionary problems, such as the evolution of sex, sexual selection, kin selection (altruism), mimicry and molecular evolution. The key figures included John Maynard Smith, Motoo Kimura and William Hamilton. Techniques developed for population genetics help to decide what contribution heredity and environment make in developmental biology.

## Genetic hitch-hiking and selective sweep 
These concepts apply when a mutation is strongly favoured and "pulls along" nearby genes on its chromosome. The genes pulled along are genes which are previously under little selection. In a selective sweep, positive selection causes the new mutation to reach *fixation* (be the only allele present at that locus in all members of the population) so quickly that linked alleles can "hitchhike" and also become fixed. Evidence is growing that this effect does happen.

## References
G.H. Hardy

**Geff Harold Hardy** FRS (7 February 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey – 1 December 1947 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) was a famous English mathematician. He investigated number theory and mathematical analysis.

Hardy's classic text *A course of pure mathematics* was first published in 1908 and has been in print ever since. He wrote ''A Mathematician's Apology'' in 1940.

In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become ubiquitous in a population, Reginald Punnett introduced his problem to Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.

Hardy had a long collaboration with J.E. Littlewood, which resulted in a partial solution to a famous unsolved problem in number theory:
:"There are infinitely many primes p such that p+2 is also prime".
Hardy discovered the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was a brilliant student. Hardy saw his extraordinary intelligence and they worked together on many mathematical subjects. In an interview given to Paul Erdős, Hardy said that the discovery of Ramanujan was his (Hardy's) greatest contribution to mathematics and that their collaboration was "the one romantic incident in my life".

## Related pages
*Taxicab number

## References
Sarcostemma clausum

**White Vine** (*Sarcostemma clausum*) is a species of plant.  It is also known as **White Twinevine**.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to southeastern United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and South America as far south as Paraguay.

## References
## Other websites
**Sarcostemma clausum* at Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
**Sarcostemma clausum* at USDA PLANTS Database
Calotropis procera

**Apple of Sodom** (*Calotropis procera*) is a species of plant.  It is also known as **Roostertree**.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  

It is native to North Africa, Central Africa, Western Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. It has been naturalized in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Hawai'i, and southern California.

## Other websites 
* *Calotropis procera* at USDA PLANTS Database
Indian hemp

**Indian hemp** can be any one of the following species of plants:

* *Apocynum cannabinum*
* *Cannabis indica*
* *Sida rhombifolia*
* *Asclepias incarnata*
* *Hibiscus cannabinus*
Hardy–Weinberg law

The **Hardy–Weinberg law** was developed independently by an English mathematician, G.H. Hardy, and a German doctor, Wilhelm Weinberg. This concept is also known as the *Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium*, *Hardy–Weinberg theorem* or *Hardy–Weinberg principle*. Sometimes Weinberg's name is placed first. 

The law is a foundation of population genetics, and it is still taught to students today. It states that the proportions of alleles of all genes in any population will remain the same unless perturbed (disturbed). That applies to all loci on all chromosomes in the population. Possible perturbations are:
:♦ gene mutation
:♦ natural selection
:♦ small population size where random effects like genetic drift and inbreeding may occur. H/W populations are assumed to be infinite in size.
:♦ assortative mating instead of random mating. In effect, this would split the population down into small groups, see item above.
:♦ migration into or out of the population under study.

It follows that any systematic change in the frequency of alleles in a population *must* be due to the effect of one or more of these causes. Of course, like all aspects of Mendelian inheritance, the expected proportions of alleles are probabilities. It was for that reason that statistical tests of significance, such as standard errors, were developed.

Although all changes must be due to perturbations, not all perturbations lead to changes. The classic case is balancing selection, such as heterozygote advantage: "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote". Balancing selection leads to an equilibrium population with Hardy–Weinberg proportions

## Generalisation 
The law permits the prediction of genotype frequencies from a knowledge of gene frequencies. 
:If alleles **A** and **a** are in the proportions **p** and **q**, the three zygotic types **AA**, **Aa**, and **aa** are in the proportions **p2: 2pq: q2**. 
Thus, equations can be written in terms of allele frequencies, and hypotheses about how phenotypes are inherited can be tested from population data. 

## References
Apocynum cannabinum

**Apocynum cannabinum** (commonly known as *Indian hemp*) is a species of plant.  It is also known as **Dogbane**, **Amy Root**, **Hemp Dogbane**, **Rheumatism Root**, and **Wild Cotton**.  It is  to all of North America.  It blooms from June to August.  This species is found in moist lowlands, near stream edges, and near pond edges.  It likes to grow in sandy or gravelly soil.  Its height is 1–4 feet.

## Other websites
**Apocynum cannabinum* at USDA PLANT Database
**Apocynum cannabinum* at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 
**Apocynum cannabinum* at Evergreen Native Plant Database
Asclepias verticillata

***Asclepias verticillata*** (**Whorled Milkweed** or **Horsetail Milkweed**) is a particular kind of milkweed used as a medicinal plant. It is  to North America. It blooms in the summer. The flowers are white or pale green. It is found in fields, open woodlands, and prairies. Whorled Milkweed likes dry soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3&nbsp;feet).

## References
Cynanchum laeve

**Sand Vine** (*Cynanchum laeve*) is a species of plant.  It is also known as **Honeyvine**, **Honeyvine Milkweed**, **Bluevine Milkweed**, **Climbing Milkweed**, and **Smooth Swallow-wort**.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  This species is found in a  of habitats such as edges of woodlands, near stream edges, gardens, and fields.  This vine can grow to be 6 or more feet long.

## Other websites
**Cynanchum laeve* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Cynanchum laeve* at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Wilhelm Weinberg

**Wilhelm Weinberg** (1862 – 1937) was a German Jewish physician who became an important geneticist. He was a obstetrician and gynecologist, practising in Stuttgart. In 1908, he expressed the principle which would later come to be known as the Hardy–Weinberg law. Weinberg is also credited as the first to explain the effect of **ascertainment bias** on observations in genetics.

## Life 
Weinberg was born in Stuttgart and studied medicine at Tübingen and Munich, receiving an M.D. in 1886. He returned to Stuttgart in 1889, where he remained running a large practice as a gynecologist and obstetrician until he retired to Tübingen a few years before his death in 1937. Much of his academic life was spent studying genetics, especially on applying the laws of inheritance in populations.

## Hardy–Weinberg law 
Weinberg developed the principle of genetic equilibrium independently of British mathematician G.H. Hardy. He delivered an exposition of his ideas in a lecture on 13 January 1908, about six months before Hardy's paper was published in English. His lecture was printed later that year in the society's yearbook. 

Weinberg's contributions were unrecognized in the English speaking world for more than 35 years. Curt Stern, a German geneticist who emigrated to the United States before World War II, pointed out in a brief paper in *Science* that Weinberg's exposition was both earlier and more comprehensive than Hardy's.

## Ascertainment bias 
Weinberg pioneered studies of twins, and developed techniques to analyse phenotypic variation. His aim was to partition this variance into genetic and environmental components. In the process, he recognized that ascertainment bias was affecting many of his calculations, and he produced methods to correct for it. 

Weinberg observed that proportions of homozygotes in familial studies of classic recessive genetic diseases generally exceed the expected Mendelian ratio of 1:4, and he explained how this is the result of ascertainment bias. In his work with albino children, he recognized that in some families where both parents carry a recessive mutation, by chance no albino child occurs. He reasoned that many carrier couples were not being counted, and he demonstrated methods for correcting results to produce the expected Mendelian ratios. twins from the ratio of same and opposite sex twins to the total of maternities. Weinberg also estimated that the heritability of twinning itself was close to zero.

## References
Outcrossing

**Outcrossing** is a term used in genetics for the mating of unrelated individuals in a population or species. It was originally used for the crossing of an inbred strain with the wild type. Hybrid vigour is the great improvement in fitness which usually occurs as a result of outcrossing a previously inbred line.

Outcrossing leads to random mating, whereas mating of relatives leads to inbreeding.

## References
Peleus

**Peleus** (, *Pēleus*) was  one of the early Greek heroes. Peleus was the son of Aeacus, king of the island of Aegina, and Endeïs, the nymph of Mount Pelion. Alongside his brother Telamon, he joined the hero Jason as one of the Argonauts on the quest to find the Golden Fleece. He was the husband of the Nereid Thetis, by whom he is the father of Achilles.
Banker horse

The **Banker horse** is a breed that used to be domesticated, but now roams wild on North Carolina's Outer Banks.

## Footnotes 
## References 
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**Bibliography**

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Corner Gas

***Corner Gas*** is a Canadian sitcom that aired from 2004 to 2009. It was set in the fictional town of Dog River, Saskatchewan and was shot in Rouleau, Saskatchewan. Series creator and Canadian comic Brent Butt played the lead role of Brent Leroy. On April 6, 2009, then Saskatchewan premier Brad Wall declared that April 13 would be "Corner Gas Day" in Saskatchewan. The show has won numerous awards and nominations including: 9 Canadian Comedy Awards and 6 Gemini Awards, It has also been nominated for an International Emmy Award in 2004.

In 2014, *Corner Gas: The Movie*, a movie based off the show was released. A revival of the show *Corner Gas Animated* ran from April 2, 2018 until November 1, 2021.

## Cast 
**Main**
* Brent Butt as Brent Leroy, owner of Corner Gas, the only gas station in the town of Dog River.
* Gabrielle Miller as Lacey Burrows, owner of The Ruby Café, which is adjacent to Corner Gas. Lacey inherited the café from her late aunt, Ruby.
* Fred Ewanuick as Richard Henry “Hank” Yarbo, Brent’s unemployed best friend who spends most of his time hanging out at Corner Gas.
* Eric Peterson as Oscar Leroy, Brent’s father and founder of Corner Gas.
* Janet Wright as Emma Leroy, Brent’s mother and Oscar’s wife.
* Lorne Cardinal as Sergeant Davis Quinton, Dog River’s senior police officer. 
* Tara Spencer-Nairn as Constable Karen Pelly, Dog River’s junior police officer. 
* Nancy Robertson as Wanda Dollard, the only employee of Corner Gas. 

**Recurring**

* Cavan Cunningham as Fitzy Fitzgerald, the mayor of Dog River.
* Mike O’Brien as Wes Humboldt, a liquor and insurance salesman.
* Jean Freeman as Helen Jensen, Fitzy’s grandmother.

All of the characters surnames are the names of real towns in Saskatchewan, with the exception of Fitzgerald. 

## References
## Other websites
* Corner Gas' Official website
* Corner Gas' Comedy Network profile
E. B. Ford

**Edmund Brisco Ford** FRS (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of *ecological genetics*. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Later, in 1968, he was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science.

## Career 
Specialising in genetics, he was appointed Oxford University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College since the seventeenth century.

Ford had a long working relationship with R.A. Fisher. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human blood types as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the natural selection versus genetic drift debate with Sewall Wright, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that Dobzhansky changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection.

 in this species was investigated by Ford for many years. The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight, warn of its noxious taste. The front wings are cryptic, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth, on a human hand, is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash.]]

Ford predicted that human blood group polymorphisms might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was *Ecological genetics*, which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.

Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the *New Naturalist* series, *Butterflies*. Ford also went on in 1955 to write *Moths*  in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.

### Ecological genetics 
E.B. Ford worked for many years on genetic polymorphism.

## References
Spider monkey

**Spider monkeys** are New World monkeys, genus ***Ateles***. They are small monkeys, well suited to living in trees. In fact, they rarely come down to the ground. These monkeys move quickly through trees by swinging and jumping from branch to branch.

Spider monkeys are found in rainforests in southern Mexico to the northern part of South America. Spider monkeys live in groups or bands of 10 to 40 monkeys. Every band lives in its own territory and one band of monkeys will not enter the territory of another band. Spider monkeys have one offspring per year. They live between 20 to 27 years, or more.

## Diet
Spider monkeys eat fruit, nuts, leaves, and small eggs.
Usually the leader female of the whole group is responsible for finding and gathering all the food for the rest of the group. When there is not enough food, they sometimes eat bark, or honey, or insects.

## Physical description 
Spider monkeys are extremely quick, and they have long, thin fingers with almost no hair at all. Unlike other monkeys, they use their tail much more than their fingers, and their tails are longer than their bodies. These tails can grasp and pick things up.

They have long, spindly limbs, which explains the spider monkey's common name. Their tails are fully prehensile, meaning they can pick things up with it, and they can swing from it. The tail, which may be up to  long, is very flexible, with hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. They are clumsy on the ground.

## References
San Francisco Ballet

The **San Francisco Ballet** (SFB) is a ballet company. It was founded in 1933 as part of the San Francisco Opera Ballet. The company is based in the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California under the direction of Helgi Tomasson who has been directing it since 1985.

## References 
## Other websites 
* San Francisco Ballet website
Meet Me Halfway

**Meet Me Halfway** is a very popular song by music group The Black Eyed Peas. It was the third single from their album *The E.N.D.*. 

## References
Takadanobaba Station

**Takadanobaba Station** (高田馬場駅,たかだのばばえき) is a railway station of JR East, Tokyo Metro, and Seibu Railway in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.

## Adjacent stations
;JR East
:Yamanote Line
::Shin-Ōkubo - **Takadanobaba** - Mejiro
;Tokyo Metro
:Tōzai Line
::Ochiai (T-02) - **Takadanobaba** (T-03) - Waseda (T-04)
;Seibu Railway
:Seibu Shinjuku Line
:Ltd Express "Koedo"
::Seibu Shinjuku - **Takadanobaba**  - Tokorozawa
:Ltd Express "Kawagoe"
::Seibu Shinjuku - **Takadanobaba**  - Tanashi 
:Commuter Express, Express, Semi Express
::Seibu Shinjuku - **Takadanobaba**  - Saginomiya 
:Local
::Seibu Shinjuku - **Takadanobaba**  - Shimo-Ochiai

## Other websites
Asian Boyz

The **Asian Boyz** is a street gang in Los Angeles, California that formed after an attack by the Tiny Raskal Gang that killed four people. At first, the gang was made up of young Cambodian refugees. The gang wears navy blue colors. The age of the Asian Boyz is between age 10 – 40 years of age. Their enemies are the Tiny Raskal Gang, Latin gangs, and all of the blood gangs. The Urban Dictionary lists the Asian Boyz as being the second biggest gang of Asian people and the 12th biggest gang in the USA. 

In 1995 the Asian Boyz killed at least five people, including three teenagers who died in a car crash on the freeway after being shot at by the gang. In 1998, one of the gang members, Truong Dinh, gave evidence in court about several murders by the gang. To try and stop Dinh from talking in court, the gang shot dead his father on the day before the trial.

## References
Akihabara Station

**Akihabara Station**(秋葉原駅,あきはばらえき) is a railway station of JR East, Tokyo Metro, and Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

## Neighbor
;JR East
:Keihin-Tōhoku Line
: Rapid
::Tokyo - **Akihabara** - Ueno
: Local
::Kanda - **Akihabara** - Okachimachi
:Yamanote Line
::Kanda - **Akihabara** - Okachimachi
:Chūō-Sōbu Line
::Asakusabashi - **Akihabara** - Ochanomizu
;Tokyo Metro
:Hibiya Line
::Kodenmachō (H-14) - **Akihabara** (H-15) - Naka-Okachimachi (H-16)
;Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company
:Tsukuba Express
:Rapid, Semi Rapid, Local 
::**Akihabara** (01) - Shin-Okachimachi (02)

## Related pages
Aster (genus)

***Aster*** is a genus of flowering plants.  It  in the family Asteraceae.  The genus once had nearly 600 species in Eurasia and North America.  After morphologic and molecular research on the genus during the 1990s, it was decided that the North American species are better treated in a series of other related genera.  After this split there are about 180 species within the genus.

## Common species 
Here is a list of some common species:
* *Aster alpinus* - Alpine Aster
* *Aster amellus* - European Michaelmas Daisy or Italian Aster
* *Aster linosyris* - Goldilocks Aster
* *Aster pringlei*
* *Aster scaber*
* *Aster sibiricus*
* *Aster subulatus* - Hairless Fleabane
* *Aster tataricus* - Tatarian Aster
* *Aster tongolensis*
* *Aster tripolium* - Sea Aster

## Common North American species 
Here is a list of some common North American species that are no longer in the genus *Aster*:
* *Aster breweri* (now *Eucephalus breweri*) - Brewer's Aster
* *Aster cordifolius* (now *Symphyotrichum cordifolium*) - Blue Wood Aster
* *Aster divaricatus* (now *Eurybia divaricata*) - White Wood Aster
* *Aster ericoides* (now *Symphyotrichum ericoides*) - Heath Aster
* *Aster laevis* (now *Symphyotrichum laeve*) - Smooth Aster
* *Aster lateriflorus* (now *Symphyotrichum lateriflorum*) - Lady in Black, Calico Aster
* *Aster novae-angliae* (now *Symphyotrichum novae-angliae*) - New England Aster
* *Aster novi-belgii* (now *Symphyotrichum novi-belgii*) - New York Aster
* *Aster peirsonii* (now *Oreostemma peirsonii*) - Peirson's Aster
* *Aster pilosus* (now *Symphyotrichum pilosum)* - Frost Aster
* *Aster scopulorum* (now *Ionactis alpina*) - Lava Aster

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Aster* at Ontario Wildflowers
Rockford IceHogs

The **Rockford IceHogs** are an American professional ice hockey team that was founded in 2007 they play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks. They play in Rockford, Illinois at the Rockford MetroCentre. They were a member of the United Hockey League from 1999 to 2007.

## Other websites
*Rockford IceHogs Official Site
*The Internet Hockey Database - Rockford IceHogs (AHL)
*The Internet Hockey Database - Rockford IceHogs (UHL)
*Rockford IceHogs Official Twitter
Medical illustrator

A **medical illustrator** or **medical artist** is an artist that  works to use art to help to explain and   related to biology and medicine.  They don't only make these things, but they can also work as consultants or administrators in the field of biocommunication.  They make  pictures using original and modern ways of doing things.  These pictures appear in textbooks and advertisements about medicine, as well as  journals and videos made to help instruct people in various medical .

## History
Medical pictures or  have been made for hundreds of years or longer.  Many of these pictures or diagrams look different than the ones that we see today because they were based on the studies of the  of that period in time rather than  the thing that they wanted to draw .

As a job, medical illustration has a more recent history. In the late 1890s, Max Brödel, who was an artist from Leipzig, was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to draw pictures for several  clinicians, including Harvey Cushing, William Halstead, and Howard Kelly.

Max Brödel also made several new  for drawing medical pictures, such as carbon dust.  He also looked over the making of first  department of medical illustration, which is still active today.

## Other websites
* Article about Medical Illustrators on mshealthcenteers
1916 Stanley Cup Finals

The **1916 Stanley Cup Final** was played between the National Hockey Association (NHA) winners Montreal Canadiens and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) winners Portland Rosebuds. This was the first time that a best-of-five Cup series had all five games played. The Rosebuds were the first team from the United States to play for the Cup. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two and won the Cup for the first time.

## References
Conyza canadensis

**Canadian Horseweed** (*Conyza canadensis*) is species of plant.  It is also known as **Canadian Fleabane**, **Coltstail**, and **Marestail**.  It  in the family Asteraceae.  It is  to North America and Central America.  It has been naturalized in Alaska and Hawai'i.  It blooms from June to September.  This species is found in prairies, fields, along roadsides, gardens, and stream edges.  It has a height of 3&nbsp;inches to 10 feet.

## Other websites 
* *Conyza canadensis* at USDA PLANTS Database
* *Conyza canadensis* at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Marestail

**Marestail** (also '''mare's tail'*) may mean:

;Plants
* *Conyza canadensis*, a plant also known as Canadian Horseweed and Canadian Fleabane
* *Equisetum*, a genus of plants also known as Horsetail and Pipeweed
* *Hippuris'', a genus of aquatic flowering plants

;Waterfalls
* Grey Mare's Tail, near Moffat in Dumfriesshire, Scotland
* Grey Mare's Tail, Llanrwst in the Conwy valley in north Wales

;Other
*Mare's tail, a type of cirrus cloud formation.
Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line

The **Tōzai Line** (東京メトロ東西線,とうきょうメトロとうざいせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

## Stations 
* ▲: Tōyō Rapid, Rapid and Commuter Rapid trains pass
* ■: Tōyō Rapid and Rapid trains pass

## Rolling Stock
*Tokyo Metro 05 series
*Tokyo Metro 07 series
*Tokyo Metro 15000 series

### Former Trains 
*Tokyo Metro 5000 series

## Related pages
* Tokyo
Treaty of Maastricht

The **Treaty of Maastricht** was a treaty signed between European countries, in the Dutch city of Maastricht, on 7 February 1992. This treaty made possible further integration between European states, and made possible the existence of the European Union, doing better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome. European integration went even further with the Treaty of Lisbon which was signed in 2007 and became effective in December 2009.

The treaty said that it needed to be ratified (agreed upon) by each country according to their constitution. In France, Denmark and the Netherlands, this needed Referendums. The treaty introduced a single currency(the Euro), but Denmark and the United Kingdom did not have to use it. Germany was the last country to agree upon the treaty. 

Any citizen of a country in the European Union is a citizen of the European Union.

The single currency was first asked for by François Mitterrand in 1983, but Germany did not agree to it until 1990. The German leader at the time (Helmut Köhl), agreed, but he did not ask the leader of the Bundesbank (at the time, Karl Otto Pöhl). Every country that joined the currency have to follow a set of rules that were in the treaty. The treaty also created the European Central Bank.

There have been treaties that have changed the Treaty of Maastricht. These were to add new countries to the European Union. The treaty was also changed in 2007 by the Treaty of Lisbon, to make it like a constitution.
Treaty of Lisbon

The **Treaty of Lisbon** was signed on 13 December 2007 between 27 European states that are members of the European Union (EU). It became effective on December 1, 2009. It is now the document that defines the Union, but it is not a constitution. It gives a common set of rules that the member states have agreed to use on subjects where they have decided to work together. It does better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty of Maastricht. It gives the European Union new things, such as:

* a President of the European Council (who is not the President of the European Union – there is no such job).
* a High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, who is a member of the European Commission and who represents the Union around the world.
* stronger role for the European Parliament, which is directly elected by citizens of the EU,
* the ability to make more decisions by "qualified majority". Although some decisions require that all member states agree, there are more that can be decided if there is a large majority. 
* better police and justice across the continent.

## Sources 
*Booklet by the European Commission available on europa.net

## References
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

The **High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy** is a position created by the Treaty of Lisbon, starting December 1, 2009 (it was actually already created in 1999). The position is part of the European Commission. 

Her duty is to be the face of European Union to the rest of the world, along with the President of the European Council.

The job is sometimes known casually a "the European Foreign Minister" but this is not correct because she is not a member of any government.

## List
## Notes
## References
Catherine Ashton

**Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland**,  (born 20 March 1956 at Upholland, Lancashire) is a British Labour politician. She was born in Upholland, Lancashire, England. In November 2009, she was appointed to be the first European Foreign Minister. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Ashton's profile on the European Commission web site
The Twilight Saga: New Moon

***The Twilight Saga: New Moon*** is a movie based on the book, *New Moon*, one of the Twilight saga books by Stephenie Meyer. It is the second movie to be made about the teenage vampires, the first being *Twilight*. The movie, directed by Chris Weitz, stars Kristen Stewart as Bella, and Robert Pattinson as Edward. Filming for the third movie in the series, *Eclipse*, started before *New Moon* was finished. In Australia, the movie set the record for the most money on an opening weekend with AU$16.01 million, or more than one million tickets.
## References
President of the European Council

The **President of the European Council** is a position that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. The President is the chairman of the European Council, which is the meeting of the leaders of all the member states.

## Background
It's a very diplomatic figure, and it is not like a head of state: the President does not have any power to make decisions about the European Union. The Union has several other presidents, such as the president of the European Parliament and the president of the European Commission. However, the President of the European Council, casually but wrongly known as The President of Europe, is the face by which the European Union is known to the rest of the world. The more practical aspects of this task are the responsibility of the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Commissioner responsible for external affairs.

## List of president
### Rotating presidents (1975–2009)
### Permanent presidents (since 2009)
## References
Shinhwa

in 2012]]
**Shinhwa**, first started in the year 1998, is a South Korean band.  It is made up of six male members. In the earlier years of the band, they were under SM Entertainment, later switching to Good Entertainment.

## Members
Dipsacus fullonum

'''Fuller's Teasel'* (*Dipsacus fullonum'') is a species of plant.  It is also known as **Wild Teasel**.  It  in the teasel family (Dipsacaceae).  

It is  to Eurasia and Africa, and has been naturalized in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.  This species grows to a height of 2–10 feet. The flowers are small and lavender-colored. They are arranged in an oval flower-head, which also contains many small leaves. These are hard and have a hooked and pointed tip. 

In ancient times, this plant was grown in gardens because its dry flower-heads were used to prepare wool for spinning. This was done by combing the raw wool with the flower-heads, so that the fibres were arranged neatly. The people who prepared wool were called "fullers", which is the origin of the plant's English and scientific names. Fuller's Teasel was also used in folk medicine, for example against skin infections.

## Other websites
**Dipsacus fullonum* at USDA PLANTS Database 
**Dipsacus fullonum* at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Herman Van Rompuy

**Herman Van Rompuy** (born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician. In November 2009 he was appointed the first permanent President of the European Council, which is the meeting of the heads of government of all of the member states of the European Union.

He was previously Prime Minister of Belgium.

## References
Mi Plan

***Mi plan*** (*My Plan*) is the fourth studio album by singer Nelly Furtado It is also her first ever all Spanish album. It was released in September, 2009. Seven of the songs were written together by Furtado and Cuban musician, Alex Cuba.

## Singles 
* "Manos al Aire" was the first single released from the album. It was on the radio on June 30, 2009, with digital versions on sale the next day.

## Track listing 
## References
Coffee cake

A **coffee cake** can be either.
* a cake made with, or flavored with, coffee;
* a cake intended to be served with coffee or for similar breaks and snacks. This type of cake may or may not contain coffee.

Coffee cakes are typically single layer cakes that may be square or rectangular like a Stollen. Coffee cakes are typically flavored with cinnamon, nuts, and fruits. These cakes sometimes have a crumbly or crumb topping called Streusel and a light glaze drizzle. In American, they are frequently eaten at festive breakfasts.

Coffee cakes can be similar to teacakes, but teacakes are often smaller individual items served with tea.
Dave Davies

**David Russell Gordon "Dave" Davies** (born 3 February 1947 in Fortis Green, London) is an English rock musician who is best known as the lead guitar player in English rock group The Kinks. His brother Ray Davies was the band's lead singer.

In 1990 Davies, along with the other three original members of The Kinks, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

In 2003, Davies was listed at 88 in ''Rolling Stone's* list of the *"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."''

Davies is openly bisexual.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Andrew Ladd

**Andrew Ladd** (born December 12, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played parts of 18 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, New York Islanders and Arizona Coyotes.

He played minor league hockey on the Pacific Vipers with his former teammates Troy Brouwer, Brent Seabrook and Colin Fraser. He won the Stanley Cup in 2006 with the Carolina Hurricanes and again in 2010 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He also played in the NHL for the now defunct Atlanta Thrashers.

On February 25, 2016, the Jets traded Ladd back to the Blackhawks, along with Jay Harrison and Matt Fraser, in exchange for Marko Daňo and a 1st-round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.

On September 10, 2023, Ladd announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Bjarne Stroustrup

**Bjarne Stroustrup** (born 30th December 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is an American-Danish computer scientist, most famous for creating the C++ programming language.

 
## References