open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Altenbrunslar

**Altenbunslar** is one of the sixteen villages that form the town of Felsberg in Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, North Hesse, Germany. The nearest city is Kassel.

## Geography 
Approximately 306 people live in the village.

The village is on the eastern bank of the Eder River. To the east of the village is the *Quillerwald* (English: *Quiller Forest*) or *Markwald* (English: *common forest*). This forest once belonged to all the villages around it. The people of the villages were allowed to cut down trees and to let animals feed there, but they were not allowed to hunt in the forest. The Eder River meets the Fulda River just  (5.6&nbsp;mi) upstream from Altenbrunslar at Edermünde.

The bedrock is made up of differently-coloured sandstones. The hilly landscape is formed by way that the sandstone wears down evenly. Some steep hills are the remains of volcanoes. The volcanoes were active in this area about 15-20 million years ago.

## History 
3000 years before the birth of Christ, the area was inhabited by a prehistoric people.

The name *Bruneslar* was first recorded in 1154. The name *Altenbrunslar* was first used in 1381. It was owned by a local knight.

In 1532 Altenbrunslar received a monk from a nearby monastery.

In the Middle Ages Altenbrunslar belonged to the town of Felsberg. This later became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Westphalia and then it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. On 1 February 1971, Altenbrunslar joined Neuenbrunslar to become the *Brunslar Community*. This in turn became part of the town of Felsberg on 1 January 1974.

A railway was constructed through the village in 1848. In 1849 Altenbrunslar received a railway station. On 3 September 1849 the first train came through Altenbrunslar, pulled by a locomotive called *Hassia*.

In the Second World War the Allies destroyed Edersee Dam on the night of 16-17 May 1943. A big flood wave hit the village half an hour later. The people of the village heard the news on the radio and ran into the forest. The water flooded the Eder valley. The bridge in Altenbrunslar was not knocked down by the water.

## Buildings 
The first stone bridge over the Eder River at Altenbrunslar was built in 1885. Before this there was a wooden bridge in summer and a ferryman with a boat in winter.

The small chapel in Altenbrunslar is a protected building. It was built in the 10th Century. In 1861 a wooden second storey was built on the chapel. In 2000, the chapel was completely renovated. The villagers believe that the church bell came from the nearby village of Brechelsdorf. Brechelsdorf is a nearby village that was destroyed many years ago.

## In popular media 
Altenbrunslar was the *Dolles Dorf* (English: great village) in the Hessischer Rundfunk television programme of the same name. A ten-minute movie about the village was first shown on 25 August 2012.  It can be seen still on the "Dolles Dorf" HR website.

## Other websites 
* Official website of the village
Redhill, Somerset

**Redhill** is a village in the parish of Wrington, Somerset, England. It is on the A38 Bridgwater Road. The town is about  south of Bristol and it is close to Bristol Airport. The town is part of the Unitary Authority of North Somerset.

## Other websites
Greyfriars Kirkyard

**Greyfriars Kirkyard** is a cemetery in Edinburgh, Scotland. It surrounds Greyfriars Kirk in the Old Town. Burials have been held since the late 16th century. The kirk and its monuments are protected as a category A-listed building. The kirkyard is said to be haunted. 

Many notable Scots are buried in the kirkyard including Sir George Mackenzie, Lord Advocate Mary Erskine, Regent of Scotland George Buchanan, and James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton. The kirkyard is the resting place of Greyfriars Bobby, a Skye terrier who stayed by his master's grave in the kirkyard for 14 years.
Cal Worthington

**Calvin Coolidge "Cal" Worthington** (November 27, 1920 &ndash; September 8, 2013) was an American car dealer. He was best known for his radio and television advertisements for the Worthington Dealership Group. He appeared with either a tiger, a seal, an elephant, a chimpanzee, a hippopotamus, or a bear.

Worthington was born on November 27, 1920 in Shidler, Oklahoma. He was named after then-Vice President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. Worthington died on September 8, 2013 in Orland, California from natural causes, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
* The "My Dog Spot" ads made available online
Concord, Massachusetts

**Concord** is a town in east-central Massachusetts, not that far away from Boston. The population for Concord in the 2020 Census was nearly 18,500. The town is extremely notable for playing significant roles in the history of America. The town was the primary battle scene during the American Revolutionary War. Concord was established around 1635.

*Related page: Battles of Lexington and Concord
Value judgement

A **value judgement** (or value judgment) is an opinion of the rightness or wrongness or usefulness of something.

It is based on what a person thinks or prefers. Value judgments are not true or false. This is because they are not objective. They are decisions about how a person thinks or feels, or about what action a person thinks should be taken. They are opinions.

A typical dictionary definition runs:
:"A perspective towards a person, object, principle etc. based on how one values [its] properties or characteristics".

## References
Ski pole

**Ski poles** are carried by skiers to help them not falling over.

## History 
Ski poles have been used for a long time.  People first used one ski pole when skiing.  The first ski poles could also be used as a weapon.  A flat circle was put near the bottom of the ski pole in the 17th century.  This made it so the ski pole would not go all the way down to the ground. People started to use two ski poles by the start of World War I.

A steel ski pole was first made in 1937.  It was invented by Otto Lang.  Before this, some people used bamboo for ski poles.

## References
Abell 2029

**Abell 2029** or **A2029** is a large cluster of galaxies 1 billion light years away in the constellation Virgo. 

Its central galaxy, IC 1101, is the largest galaxy known. Estimates ranging from 5.6 to over 6 million light years across. Contrast this with the Milky Way, which is 200,000 light years across. 

A2029 is also about 81 times bigger than the Milky Way, with a luminosity of 2 L☉. This type of galaxy may have grown to its large size by accreting nearby galaxies.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*The Scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day 2012 March 12)
* Curious About Astronomy?, "What is the largest galaxy?", **Cornell University**
Ski bindings

**Ski bindings** keep ski boots connected to skis.   The first ski bindings were ropes connect to the ski.  People put their boot under the rope.  Alpine ski bindings connect the bottom of the ski boot to the ski.  Nordic ski bindings connect the toe of the ski boot to the ski.

## References
Ski boots

**Ski boots** are boots people wear when skiing.  Ski boots are connected to skis by ski bindings. 

The front of Nordic ski boots connect to the ski at the toes.

## References
Walking on Locusts

***Walking on Locusts*** is the twelfth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 1996. It was the first of Cale's full-length albums to be produced by Hannibal Records label. It was his only studio album in the 1990s.

## Track listing 
#"Dancing Undercover" − 4:25
#"Set Me Free" − 4:11
#"So What" − 4:11
#"Crazy Egypt" − 3:28
#"So Much for Love" − 5:01
#"Tell Me Why" − 5:25
#"Indistinct Notion of Cool" − 2:44
#"Secret Corrida" − 6:02
#"Circus" − 4:03
#"Gatorville & Points East" − 3:00
#"Some Friends" − 4:06
#"Entre Nous" − 3:42

## Personnel 
* John Cale − guitar, keyboards, vocals
* Erik Sanko − bass guitar
* Ibrahim Hakhmoun − percussions
* Dawn Buckholz − cello
* David Byrne − guitar
* Mark Deffenbaugh − guitar, harmonica
* E.J. Rodriguez − congos, percussions
* Maureen Tucker − drums
* Ben Perowsky − drums
* Hassan Hakhmoun − percussions
* David Tronzo − guitar
* B.J. Cole − pedal steel guitar
* Ben Neill − trumpet
* Martha Mooke − viola
* David Soldier − violin
* Todd Reynolds − violin
* Soldier String Quartet − strings
* Lafayette Inspirational Ensemble − background vocals
* Daisy Lignelli − background vocals
* Eden Cale − background vocals
* Joanne O'Brien − background vocals
* Napua Davoy − background vocals
* Susan Didericksen − background vocals
* Tiyé Giraud − background vocals
Paris 1919

***Paris 1919*** is the third studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1973. It was the second and last of Cale's full-length albums to be released by Reprise Records. It was produced by Chris Thomas.

## Track listing 
All tracks written by John Cale.
# "Child's Christmas in Wales"
# "Hanky Panky Nohow"
# "The Endless Plain of Fortune"
# "Andalucía"
# "Macbeth"
# "Paris 1919"
# "Graham Greene"
# "Half Past France"
# "Antarctica Starts Here"

## Personnel 
* John Cale – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, viola
* Lowell George – guitar
* Wilton Felder – bass guitar
* Richie Hayward – drums
* Bill Payne – keyboards
* Chris Thomas – tambourine
* The UCLA Symphony Orchestra – strings
Stormtrooper (Star Wars)

**Stormtroopers** are highly trained human soldiers In the Star Wars universe. They are the main military forces for the Galactic Empire. During the original Star Wars movie series (*Star Wars: A New Hope*, *The Empire Strikes Back* and *Rerturn of the Jedi*)  they worked for Darth Sidious and Darth Vader.

Stormtroopers wear white armor and helmets. They are armed with blaster guns. Stormtroopers replaced the clone troopers which were first seen in *Attack of the Clones*. Clone troopers where clones of the bounty hunter, Jango Fett. These clones were used in *Attack of the Clones* and *Revenge of the Sith* as well as the animated movie and television series *The Clone Wars*.  By the time of the original series, the clone had been replaced by normal humans.  After the deaths of Sidious and Vader in *Return of the Jedi*, stormtroopers continued to serve the remaining leaders of the Galactic Empire. They can be seen in the third Star Wars trilogy, *The Skywalker Saga* (*The Force Awakens*, *The Last Jedi* and *The Rise of Skywalker*). In these movies, the stormtroopers are seen working for the First Order. This group is the main remaining part of the Empire.

In addition to the basic stormtrooper, there are many different types of stormtroop. Each type is either trained for a specific job or the are equipt to work in different environments. The snowtroopers seen on the snow covered planet Hoth at the start of *Empire Stikes Back*  are an example of specialized troopers. They wear special armor that is made to help protect them from the cold. Other examples of specialized troopers include the TIE pilots from A New Hope and the scout troopers seen on Endor in *Return of the Jedi.* There are many other types of troopers in the Star Wars books, comics and video games.

## Other websites 
*  on Wookieepedia .
Black Panties (R. Kelly album)

***Black Panties*** is the twelfth solo studio album by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was going to be released on 11 November 2013, by RCA Music Group. But some changes were made to the album. It was released on December 6 2013.

Kelly said that this album is different from his previous albums *Love Letter* and *Write Me Back*.

The first single "My Story" was released on 28 July 2013. Genius got released a month later on Itunes and R. Kelly's Vevo page.

On December 10, 2013, the music video was released for "Cookie".

The album featured guest appearances by 2 Chainz, Future, Young Jeezy, Twista, Kelly Rowland, Alicia Keys and Ludacris. But only Ludacris, Kelly Rowland and Young Jeezy made the final cut of the album.

Music critics gave *Black Panties* good reviews.

Kelly said that he made 362 songs for *Black Panties*.

*Black Panties* entered the Billboard 200 at number four.

## Track listing
## References
Vladimír Guma Kulhánek

**Vladimír Guma Kulhánek** (born 4 September 1944 in Prague) is a Czech rock bass guitarist. He studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. He was member of Flamengo, Etc..., Stromboli, Bohemia and many other bands. He was also a sought-after session musician who has played with Dežo Ursiny, Eva Pilarová, Jana Kratochvílová, Anna K and many others. Now, he is member of T4, November 2nd, Energit and the supergroup called *Kulhánek/Holeček/Razím/Kowacz*.

## References
Redhill, Nottinghamshire

**Redhill** is a small community in Nottinghamshire, England. It is part of the bigger town of Arnold. Redhill is about 4 miles north of the city of Nottingham in the borough of Gedling. 
The area has a population of approximately 2,000 people.
Naboo

**Naboo** is a planet in the fictional *Star Wars* universe. It is the home planet of two societies: the Gungans who live in underwater cities and the humans who live in regular cities. Humans of Naboo have a king or queen that they choose, and have a peaceful culture that loves education, the arts, environmental protection and science. The main capital of Naboo is Theed.
Words for the Dying

***Words for the Dying*** is the eleventh studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 1989. It was produced by Brian Eno.

## Track listing 
# "Introduction"
# "There Was a Saviour"
# "Interlude I"
# "On A Wedding Anniversary"
# "Interlude II"
# "Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed"
# "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"
# "Songs Without Words I"
# "Songs Without Words II"
# "The Soul Of Carmen Miranda"

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, guitar, bass guitar, organ, viola
* Nell Catchpole − violin
* Brian Eno − keyboards
* The Orchestra of Symphonic & Popular Music of Gostelradio
* The Choir of Llandaff Cathedral Choir School
Vintage Violence

***Vintage Violence*** is the first studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1970 on Columbia Records label. Cale is also the producer of this album.

## Track listing
## Personnel
Credits are adapted from the *Vintage Violence* liner notes.
*John Cale&nbsp;–  vocals; bass guitar; guitar; keyboards
;Penguin
*Garland Jeffreys&nbsp;–  guitar; backing vocals
*Ernie Coralla&nbsp;–  guitar
*Sanford Konikoff&nbsp;–  drums
*Harvey Brooks&nbsp;– bass guitar
*Stan Szelest&nbsp;–  piano

**Production**
*John Cale&nbsp;– producer
*Lewis Merenstein&nbsp;– producer 
*John McClure&nbsp;–  executive production
*Don Meehan&nbsp;– engineer
*Jim Reeves&nbsp;– engineer
*Isi Valeris&nbsp;–  photography

## References 
## Other websites
*
Slow Dazzle

***Slow Dazzle*** is the fifth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1975. It was his second full-length album on Island Records label.

## Track listing 
#"Mr. Wilson"  (3:17)
#"Taking It All Away"  (2:59)
#"Dirty-Ass Rock 'N' Roll"  (4:44)
#"Darling I Need You"  (3:38)
#"Rollaroll"  (3:59)
#"Heartbreak Hotel"  (3:14)
#"Ski Patrol"  (2:12)
#"I'm Not The Loving Kind"  (3:12)
#"Guts"  (3:27)
#"The Jeweller"  (5:07)

## Personnel 
* John Cale – vocals, piano, organ, clavinet
* Gerry Conway – drums
* Pat Donaldson – bass guitar
* Timi Donald – drums
* Brian Eno – synthesizer
* Phil Manzanera – guitar
* Geoff Muldaur – background vocals on "Guts" and "Darling I Need You"
* Andy Mackay − saxophone on "Darling I Need You"
* Chris Spedding – guitar
* Chris Thomas – violin, electric piano
* John Wood − synthesizer
BlackAcetate

***blackAcetate*** is the fourteenth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in October 2005. It was his second and last full-length album on EMI Records label.

## Track listing 
All songs composed by John Cale.
#"Outta the Bag" − 3:54
#"For a Ride" − 3:55
#"Brotherman" − 3:32
#"Satisfied" − 3:54
#"In a Flood" − 4:53
#"Hush" − 3:26
#"Gravel Drive" − 4:23
#"Perfect" − 3:21
#"Sold-Motel" − 4:53
#"Woman" − 5:07
#"Wasteland" − 4:11
#"Turn the Lights On" − 3:46
#"Mailman (The Lying Song)" − 4:04

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, keyboards, piano, guitar, viola
* Herb Graham Jr. − drums, persuasions, programming
* Dave Levitta − guitar
* Natalie Porter − background vocals
* Musiic Galloway − background vocals
* Jaspr Baj − background vocals
* Mark Deffenbaugh − guitar, banjo
* John Crozova − cello
* Dustin Boyer − guitar, background vocals
* Joe Karnes − bass guitar
* Michael Jerome − drums, background vocals
Helen of Troy (album)

***Helen of Troy*** is the sixth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in November 1975. It was his third and last full-length album on Island Records label.

## Track listing 
All songs composed by John Cale, except where noted.
#"My Maria"
#"Helen of Troy"
#"China Sea"
#"Engine"
#"Save Us"
#"Cable Hogue"
#"I Keep A Close Watch"
#"Pablo Picasso" (Jonathan Richman)
#"Leaving It Up to You"
#"Baby What You Want Me to Do?" (Jimmy Reed)
#"Sudden Death"

## Personnel 
Adapted from the *Helen of Troy* liner notes.
*John Cale&nbsp;– vocals; keyboards; guitar
*Chris Spedding&nbsp;– guitar
*Pat Donaldson&nbsp;– bass guitar
*Timi Donald&nbsp;– drums

**Additional personnel**
*Phil Collins&nbsp;– drums
*Brian Eno&nbsp;– synthesizer
*Alan Courtney&nbsp;– spoken word on "Helen of Troy"
*Robert Kirby&nbsp;– string and choir arrangement
*Liza Strike&nbsp;– backing vocals (uncredited)

**Production**
*John Cale&nbsp;– producer
*John Wood&nbsp;– executive producer
*Vic Gamm&nbsp;– mixing
*George Peckham&nbsp;– mastering
*Edward Barker&nbsp;– design
*Keith Morris&nbsp;– photography

## References
Honi Soit

***Honi Soit*** is the seventh studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1981. It is his only full-length album on the A&M Records label. It was produced by Mike Thorne. The album's cover art is by Andy Warhol.

## Track listing 
# "Dead or Alive"
# "Strange Times in Casablanca"
# "Fighter Pilot"
# "Wilson Joliet"
# "Streets of Laredo"
# "Honi Soit (La Première Leçon de Français)"
# "Riverbank"
# "Russian Roulette"
# "Magic & Lies"

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, guitar, keyboards, viola
* Sturgis Nikides − guitar, background vocals
* Jim Goodwin − synthesizer, keyboards, background vocals
* Peter Muny − bass guitar, background vocals
* Robert Medici − drums, background vocals
* John Gatchell − trumpet
* Bomberettes − background vocals
Lyndon LaRouche

**Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr.** (September 8, 1922 &ndash; February 12, 2019) was an American political activist and founder of the LaRouche movement. He wrote on economic, scientific, and political topics, as well as on history, philosophy, and psychoanalysis. He ran for President of the United States seven times under the Democratic Party ticket.

LaRouche was born on September 8, 1922 in Rochester, New Hampshire. He studied at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.

LaRouche was married to Janice Neuberger 1954 until they divorced in 1963. Then he married Helga Zepp in 1977. He had one son, Daniel with Neuberger. LaRouche died at his home in Leesburg, Virginia on February 12, 2019 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*Riggs, Carol (1996). *Lyndon LaRouche: A Study in Political Extremism*. George Mason University.
*Roberts, Paul (1995). *An American Fuhrer: Lyndon Larouche and the Politics of Paranoia*. St. Martin's Press. \
*Rowell, Andrew (1996). *Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environment Movement*. Routledge. 
*Schiller Institute. "Meet Lyndon LaRouche", Retrieved February 10, 2011.
*The Nizkor Project. "Partners in Bigotry: The LaRouche Cult and the Nation of Islam" , Retrieved February 10, 2011.
Brooklyn College

**Brooklyn College** is a liberal arts college in Brooklyn, New York. It is part of the City University of New York's university system. It has around 16,822 students. It was built in 1930.

The college is known for its beautiful campus. It is often called "the poor man's Harvard" because of the low cost of going to the college and the high quality of its education.

## References
## Other websites
*Brooklyn College webite
Macduff (Shakespeare)

**Macduff** is a character in the play *Macbeth* by William Shakespeare. He is the Thane of Fife. He plays an important part in the story. He suspects Macbeth of having killed Duncan, the King of Scotland. Macduff eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He is both the antagonist and the hero of the story.
Roman Dragoun

**Roman Dragoun** (born 8 April 1956) is a Czech singer, songwriter and keyboardist. He is a member of the band Progres 2. He was a member between 1980 and 1983, and has rejoined the band since 2007. He was also member of Stromboli, T4 and Futurum. He was a session musician for a number of other musicians and he was singer for musical theatre. In 2012, Dragoun was inducted into Beatová síň slávy (the Beat Hall of Fame).

He is the son of painter František Roman Dragoun.

## References
## Other websites
* Oficial website
*
Padmé Amidala

**Padmé Amidala** is a fictional character in the fictional *Star Wars* universe. She is the secret wife of Anakin Skywalker and the mother of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa. She is played by actress Natalie Portman in the prequel trilogy.

## History 
In *The Phantom Menace*, Padmé is the fourteen-year-old queen of the planet Naboo. In the movie, Amidala gets captured by the evil Trade Federation, meets the young slave boy Anakin Skywalker, and takes her captured planet back from the Trade Federation.

In *Attack of the Clones*, Padmé is not the queen anymore; she is now an adult, and a Senator. She and Anakin Skywalker fall in love though she said it would make them live a lie. Even though Anakin is a Jedi, and Jedi aren't supposed to get married, Padmé and Anakin got married anyway.

*Revenge of the Sith* is the last movie Padmé is in. She is going to have a baby, and her husband Anakin dreams that Padmé will die when she has the baby. Palpatine, a man that Anakin trusts, tells Anakin that he can save Padmé with the evil Dark Side of the Force. So Anakin goes to the Dark Side but little does he know that the power to save people from death was achieved by a Jedi, not a Sith. He goes to a lava planet called Mustafar, and his master Obi-Wan Kenobi, along with Padmé, follow him there. Anakin, who has turned to the Dark Side, thinks that Padmé has brought Obi-Wan there to kill him (she has not). He chokes Padmé using the Force and she blacks out and crumples to the floor.

Padmé is taken a little later to a hospital, where she gives birth to twins. Soon afterwards, she dies, but not before telling Obi-Wan with her last breath that she knows there's still good in Anakin.
Suffragette

and Christabel Pankhurst used violent tactics in Britain as members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)]]

A **suffragette** was a woman in the early 20th century who believed they should have the right to vote (suffrage). This movement happened in the United Kingdom and United States. 

For many years women were not allowed to vote, and so they fought for their rights. In their protests, they ended up getting arrested. In 1913 Emily Davison died for the cause. In the UK, women over 30 got the right to vote in 1918. This was lowered to 21 in 1928. Similar struggles went on in all the English-speaking countries.

## References
## Related pages
* Women's suffrage
* Universal suffrage
* :Category:Suffragettes
Music for a New Society

***Music for a New Society*** is the eighth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in October 1982. It was his first full-length album on ZE Records label. It was produced by Cale himself.

## Track listing 
# "Taking Your Life in Your Hands"
# "Thoughtless Kind"
# "Santies"
# "If You Were Still Around"
# "Close Watch"
# "Mamas Song"
# "Broken Bird"
# "Chinese Envoy"
# "Changes Made"
# "Damn Life"
# "Risé, Sam and Rimsky-Korsakov"
# "In the Library of Force"

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, guitar, keyboards
* Allen Lanier − guitar
* David Young − guitar
* Chris Spedding − guitar
* David Lichtenstein − drums
* John Wonderling − autoharp
* Mike McLintock − background vocals
* Robert Elk − bagpipes
* Tom Fitzgibbon − bagpipes
* Risé Cale − vocals on "Risé, Sam and Rimsky-Korsakov"
Battle of Buxar

The **Battle of Buxar**  was fought on 23 October, 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mughal rulers. The Mughal forces were drawn from 2 princely states, whose rulers were Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, and the Mughal King Shah Alam II.

The battle fought at Buxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town on the bank of the Ganges river about 130&nbsp;km west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company.

The combined Mughal forces numbered about 40,000 men,  Monroe's forces numbered about 10,000 men, of whom 7,000 were regular British Army men seconded to the East India Company. Reports of the battle say that lack of co-ordination between the various Mughal forces was the main reason for their defeat.
The Causes for the battle of Buxar was the:
1. Conflict with the company :- Mir Qasim proved himself as a capable ruler .He attempted to improve the finances of his region. He raised his army on modern lines

## Result 
The fate of the three defeated Mughal leaders varied. Shah Alam was forced to pay a fine of five million rupees. After negotiation, the Treaty of Allahabad was signed. All his pre-war possessions were returned except for the districts of Karra and Allahabad. He became a pensioner, with a monthly pension of 450,000 rupees. The Company later restored Allahabad to him. The Company got revenue authority (Diwani rights) for almost 100,000&nbsp;acres of land in the modern states of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as in the neighbouring areas of Bengal.In return mughal emperor was given 26 lakh rupees.The Company's main aim was not to rule India, but to increase their revenue resources and expand trade throughout the country.Taxes were collected for them by a Company-appointed deputy-nawab.nawab was to pay an indemnity of rupees 50 lakh

Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula was restored to Oudh, with a subsidiary force and a guarantee of defence.  Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, was ruined by the defeat. He had been the prime mover in the war, but afterwards he was deposed by the Company and rejected by Shuja-ud-Daula.

## Consequence 
The arrangements made the British East India Company the virtual ruler of Bengal, since it already possessed decisive military power. All that was left to the Nawab was the control of the judicial administration. But he was later forced to hand this over to the Company in 1793. Thus the company's control was virtually complete.

In spite of all this the East India Company was again on the verge of bankruptcy, which stirred the British to make a fresh effort at reform. On the one hand, Warren Hastings was appointed with a mandate for reform; on the other an appeal was made to the British state for a loan. The result was the beginnings of state control of the Company, and Warren Hastings was appointed Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to 1785.

## References
Technical writing

**Technical writing** is communication about technical and occupational fields. The Society for Technical Communication (STC) defines technical writing as any form of communication that is:  
#communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications, medical procedures, or environmental regulations; or
#providing instructions about how to do something, regardless of the task's technical nature.

The audience is a vital part of the writing. If, say, writing medical instructions to help patients and care-providers, the writing might be for doctors & nurses; lay people with a good general education; or poorly-educated people. The writing would be quite different in each case. For example:
:"Match level of technical discussion and formality to intended purpose and audience. For audience, consider education, professional experience, reading level, and motivations. Use clear and simple diction to make writing accessible to readers for whom English is not their first language".

Technical writing communicates visually as well as verbally. A medical encyclopedia provides information to readers about health questions.

People have always needed how-to guides, which appeared in manuscripts before the arrival of print.

## References
Matt Harvey

**Matt Harvey** (born March 27, 1989) is an American professional baseball player. He is a pitcher for the New York Mets. He joined the Mets in 2010 after he finished school. 

Harvey spent two years pitching in the minor leagues before going to the Mets in July 2012. In his first year, he had 3 wins and 5 losses with a 2.75 ERA. In the 2013 season, his pitching improved. He was the starting pitcher in the all star game at Citi Field, his home stadium. 

In August 2013, Harvey's arm was injured. The injury caused him to miss all of 2014. He returned to play in 2015. Due to a planned surgery he will not play the 2017 season.

## References
Fear (album)

***Fear*** is the fourth studio album by Welsh multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in October 1974. It was his first full-length album on Island Records label.

## Track listing 
#"Fear is a Man's Best Friend"  (3:53)
#"Buffalo Ballet"  (3:29)
#"Barracuda"  (3:48)
#"Emily"  (4:23)
#"Ship of Fools" (4:38)
#"Gun"  (8:05)
#"The Man Who Couldn't Afford to Orgy"  (4:35)
#"You Know More Than I Know"  (3:35)
#"Momamma Scuba"  (4:24)

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, viola
* Phil Manzanera − guitar
* Fred Smith − drums
* Brian Eno − synthesizer
* Archie Leggatt − bass guitar
* Michael Desmarais  − drums
* Richard Thompson − guitar
* Bryn Haworth − guitar
* Brian Turrington − bass guitar
* Irene Chanter − background vocals
* Doreen Chanter − background vocals
* Liza Strike − background vocals
* Judy Nylon − background vocals
Artificial Intelligence (album)

***Artificial Intelligence*** is the tenth studio album by Welsh multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 1985. It was his only full-length album on Beggars Banquet Records label. It was produced by Cale himself.

## Track listing 
# "Everytime the Dogs Bark" – 4:17
# "Dying on the Vine" – 5:18
# "The Sleeper" – 5:53
# "Vigilante Lover" – 4:27
# "Chinese Takeaway (Hong Kong 1997)" – 3:44
# "Song of the Valley" – 5:06
# "Fadeaway Tomorrow" – 3:25
# "Black Rose" – 4:58
# "Satellite Walk" – 4:58

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, keyboards, guitar, bass guitar, viola
* Graham Dowdall − percusions
* Gill O'Donovan − background vocals
* Susie O'List − background vocals
* David Young − guitar
* James Young − keyboards
Redhill, Surrey

**Redhill** is a town in the  of Reigate and Banstead in Surrey, England. The town is part of the London commuter belt. The town of Reigate is to the west and Greater London is to the north. In 2001, the town, including the two large southern neighbourhoods of Earlswood and Whitebushes, had a total resident population of approximately 26,000 people.

## References
## Other websites
Songs for Drella

***Songs for Drella*** is studio album by American guitarist Lou Reed and Welsh multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in April 1990 on Sire Records label.

## Track listing 
# "Smalltown"&nbsp;– 2:04
# "Open House"&nbsp;– 4:18
# "Style It Takes"&nbsp;– 2:54 †
# "Work"&nbsp;– 2:38
# "Trouble with Classicists"&nbsp;– 3:42 †
# "Starlight"&nbsp;– 3:28
# "Faces and Names"&nbsp;– 4:12 †
# "Images"&nbsp;– 3:31
# "Slip Away (A Warning)"&nbsp;– 3:05
# "It Wasn't Me"&nbsp;– 3:30
# "I Believe"&nbsp;– 3:18
# "Nobody But You"&nbsp;– 3:46
# "A Dream"&nbsp;– 6:33 †
# "Forever Changed"&nbsp;– 4:52 †
# "Hello It's Me"&nbsp;– 3:13

## Personnel 
*Lou Reed – vocals (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15), guitar
*John Cale – vocals (3, 5, 7, 13, 14), keyboards, viola
Lou Reed (album)

***Lou Reed*** is the first studio album by American guitarist Lou Reed. It was released in April 1972 on RCA Records label. It was produced by Richard Robinson.

## Track listing 
# "I Can't Stand It" - 2:37
# "Going Down" - 2:57
# "Walk and Talk It" - 3:40
# "Lisa Says" - 5:34
# "Berlin" - 5:16
# "I Love You" - 2:21
# "Wild Child" - 4:41
# "Love Makes You Feel" - 3:13
# "Ride into the Sun" - 3:16
# "Ocean" - 5:06

## Personnel 
* Lou Reed - guitar, keyboards, vocals
* Clem Cattini - percusions
* Helene Francois - background vocals
* Kay Garner - background vocals
* Steve Howe - guitar
* Les Hurdle - bass guitar
* Paul Keogh - guitar
* Brian Odgers - bass guitar
* Caleb Quaye - guitar, piano
* Rick Wakeman - piano, keyboards
Multi-instrumentalist

A **multi-instrumentalist** is a musician who plays two or more musical instruments. Many professional musicians aim to become multi-instrumentalists.

In an orchestra, a number of musicians might each play a variety of different instruments during a single performance. Orchestras will also often, but not always, ask for several members of the woodwind section to be multi-instrumentalists. This is sometimes referred to as **doubling**. Typically, for example, one flute player in the orchestra will switch to playing the piccolo or alto flute when called to by the score. If an orchestra is playing a piece that needs "two flutes and a third flute doubling piccolo", it means that the third flautist also has a piccolo. Sometimes he or she will need to put the flute down and play the piccolo, then perhaps swap round again.

An oboist may sometimes double on the cor anglais, a clarinettist may sometimes double on a bass clarinet, and a bassoonist may double on a contrabassoon.  At other times such instruments may need a separate player.  At the beginning of a musical score there should be a list of instruments that makes it clear how many players are needed.

## References
Sabotage/Live

***Sabotage/Live*** was recorded live at CBGB's, in New York City on 16 June 1979. It is the first live album by Welsh multi-instrumentalist John Cale. released in December 1979 on SPY Records label. Cale is also the producer of this album.

## Track listing 
#"Mercenaries (Ready for War)"
#"Baby You Know"
#"Evidence"
#"Dr. Mudd"
#"Walkin' the Dog"
#"Captain Hook"
#"Only Time Will Tell"
#"Sabotage"
#"Chorale"

## Personnel 
* John Cale - vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar, viola
* Mark Aaron - guitar
* Joe Bidewell - keyboards, vocals
* Doug Bowne - drums, vocals
* Deerfrance - percusions, vocals
* George Scott - bass guitar, vocals
River system

river system (is shown in lighter green)]]

A **river system** is sometimes called a **drainage system**. It is the whole natural water system in a drainage basin.

Water in a drainage basin usually ends up in the sea, but there are places where the water just evaporates, or flows into an inland lake. Rivers act as the principal mechanism for the transport of weathered debris away from upland areas and carrying it to lakes and seas, where much of the classic sediment is deposited. River systems can also be deposition, accumulating sediment within channels and on floodplains.

Water flow in rivers and streams is normally confined to channels, which are depressions or scours in the land surface that contain the flow. The floodplain is the land that is covered when the river is in flood. Together the channel and over bank settings comprise the "fluvial environment".
Jardin des Plantes

built (1834–36) by Charles Rohault de Fleury, an early example of French glass and metal architecture]]

The **Jardin des Plantes** is the main botanical garden in France. It is one of seven departments of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. It is on the left bank of the river Seine and covers 28 hectares (280,000 m²).

There is a school there that trains people to be botanists respecting biodiversity. There is a zoo in the Jardin that was started during the French Revolution from the animals at Versailles. The garden was started in 1626. It was used in 1640 to grow medicinal herbs for the king. Among directors, Comte de Buffon expanded it greatly. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, Chair of Botany, changed its name from *Jardin du Roi* to *Jardin des Plantes* during the French Revolution. It helped not to have the name linked to the king.

## Gallery 

Image:Jardin des plantes.jpg|Plan of the Jardin des Plantes from 1820
|Map of the *Jardin des Plantes*
File:Poncirus trifoliata 1 JdP.jpg|A fruiting tree of oranges

## Other websites 
* Official site
Class ring

.]]
A **class ring** is a ring worn by students in the United States and Canada to celebrate their graduation. They are most often given out in high schools, colleges, and universities. The first class rings were made in 1835 at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York.

## References
Tony Dungy

**Tony Dungy** (born 1955, Jackson, Michigan) is a former American football coach. He won the Super Bowl in 2006 with the Indianapolis Colts. He now talks about football on NBC. He is an African-American.

Dungy is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

## References
## Other websites
*Official page
Astrophytum

**Astrophytum** is a genus of cacti. 

## References
## Other websites
*Astrophytum at Cacti Encyclopedia 
*Astrophytum at Cactus Art
Balaclava

A **balaclava** (or **ski mask**) is a type of clothing worn over the head. It has holes for eyes, the mouth and the nose. They are normally worn to protect from cold weather, and is often worn by skiers.

The name "balaclava" comes from the town of Balaklava, near Sevastopol in Crimea, Ukraine.

## References
GRU

**GRU**  is in the military intelligence service of the Russian Federation, (formerly the Red Army of the Soviet Union).

"GRU" is the English version of the Russian acronym **ГРУ**, which means **Main Intelligence Directorate**.

The GRU is Russia's largest foreign intelligence agency. In 1997 it had six times as many agents in foreign countries as the SVR (The SVR is the successor to the KGB's foreign operations directorate). The GRU commanded 25,000 Spetsnaz ('special') troops in 1997.

## History 
The GRU's first predecessor in post-tsarist Russia was created on October 21, 1918 under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian overseer of the Red Army. It was originally known as the Registration Directorate (*Registrupravlenie*, or RU). In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes:
"As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff [of] the Red Army... In 1921... it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff.

It was given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union.  The GRU operated residencies all over the world. They ran with the SIGINT (signals intelligence) in Cuba, and throughout the former Soviet bloc countries, especially in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

The GRU was well known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival "internal intelligence organizations", such as NKVD and KGB.  At the time of the GRU's creation, Lenin infuriated the Cheka (predecessor of the KGB) by ordering it not to interfere with the GRU's operations.  Nonetheless, the Cheka infiltrated the GRU in 1919.  This planted the seed for a fierce rivalry between the two agencies, which were both engaged in espionage. The rivalry was even more intense than that between the FBI and CIA.

The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era. Documents about it became available in the West in the late 1920s, and it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first OGPU defector, Georges Agabekov. Walter Krivitsky, the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect, described it in detail in his 1939 autobiography (''I was Stalin's agent'').  The KGB was dissolved after aiding a failed coup in 1991 against the then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. It has since been divided into the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and the Federal Security Service (FSB).

The GRU was officially dissolved on 7 May 1992. It continues as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces.

## References
John Cale Comes Alive

***John Cale Comes Alive*** is the second live album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was recorded in January 1984 and released in September of the same year on ZE Records label. Cale is also the producer of this album.

## Track listing 
#"Ooh La La"
#"Evidence"
#"Dead or Alive"
#"Chinese Envoy"
#"Leaving It Up To You"
#"Dr. Mudd"
#"Waiting for the Man"
#"Heartbreak Hotel"
#"Fear Is a Man's Best Friend"
#"Never Give Up On You"

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, keyboards, guitar
* David Young − guitar
* Andy Heermans − bass guitar
* David Lichtenstein − drums
Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)

***Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)*** is the second studio album by multi-instrumentalist Brian Eno. It was released in November 1974 on Island Records label. It was produced by Eno.

## Track listing 
#"Burning Airlines Give You So Much More" – 3:18
#"Back in Judy's Jungle" – 5:16
#"The Fat Lady of Limbourg" – 5:03
#"Mother Whale Eyeless" – 5:45
#"The Great Pretender" – 5:11
#"Third Uncle" – 4:48
#"Put a Straw Under Baby" – 3:25
#"The True Wheel" – 5:11
#"China My China" – 4:44
#"Taking Tiger Mountain" – 5:32

## Personnel 
* Brian Eno – vocals, electronics, snake guitar, keyboards
* Phil Manzanera – guitars
* Brian Turrington – bass guitar
* Freddie Smith – drums
* Robert Wyatt – percussion, backing vocals
* Portsmouth Sinfonia – strings
* Randi and the Pyramids – chorus
* The Simplistics – chorus
* Andy Mackay – brass
* Phil Collins – drums
* Polly Eltes – vocals
* Peter Schmidt – Oblique Strategies
Transformer (album)

***Transformer*** is the second studio album by American guitarist Lou Reed. It was released in November 1972 on RCA Records label. It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson.

## Track listing 
# "Vicious" – 2:55
# "Andy's Chest" – 3:17
# "Perfect Day" – 3:43
# "Hangin' 'Round" – 3:39
# "Walk on the Wild Side" – 4:12
# "Make Up" – 2:58
# "Satellite of Love" – 3:40
# "Wagon Wheel" – 3:19
# "New York Telephone Conversation" – 1:31
# "I'm So Free" – 3:07
# "Goodnight Ladies" – 4:19

## Personnel 
* Lou Reed&nbsp;– guitar, keyboards, vocals
* Herbie Flowers&nbsp;– bass guitar, double bass, tuba
* Mick Ronson&nbsp;– guitar, piano, flute, background vocals
* John Halsey&nbsp;– drums
* Ronnie Ross&nbsp;– baritone saxophone
* David Bowie&nbsp;– background vocals
* The Thunder Thighs&nbsp;– background vocals
* Barry DeSouza&nbsp;– drums
* Ritchie Dharma&nbsp;– drums
* Klaus Voormann&nbsp;– bass guitar
Oakland Alameda Coliseum

**Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum** (commonly called **Oakland Coliseum)** is a stadium in Oakland, California. The stadium is a multi purpose stadium.This means it can be used to play different sports. The stadium was used as the home field for the Oakland Raiders  of the National Football League before they moved to Las Vegas. The stadium was used by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball until the 2025 season. The team would move to Las Vegas the next season.

The Athletics will also relocate to Las Vegas in 2028 when their 33,000 seat domed ballpark is finished being built.

The stadium first opened in 1966. It can seat more than 55,000 people for football games. It seats 45,000 when it is used for baseball.

## References
## Other websites
*Stadium site on oaklandathletics.com 
*Official Site
Mobility aid

**Mobility aids** (or **orthopedic aids**) are devices that are designed to help people walk or move better. They can make people hurt less and feel less pain.

## Using 
Children with a disability are two times more likely than children who do not have a disability to use an orthopedic aid.

## Around the world 
In Croatia, health insurance pays for orthopedic aids for people less than 18 years old, or people who got hurt while working.

## Related pages 
* Prosthesis

## References
Ski lift

A **ski lift** is a machine which can take people up and down a hill or mountain. There are different kinds of ski lifts. Some are like chairs. Some are like tram cars.

## Related pages 
* Chairlift

## References
Ski instructor

to ski.]]
**Ski instructors** are people who teach other people how to ski. Ski instructors need a license to teach skiing.

## References
Guide skier

skier Jon Santacana follows guide skier  Miguel Galindo down a mountain]]
A **guide skier** is a person who helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go. They communicate by using a radio or talking to them. The guide skier can see.

## Alpine skiing 
Skiers can use more than one guide during a race type. The guide can only win a medal if they raced with the same skier for the whole race type. Like the skier, the guide has to have an IPCAS Licence in order to compete in races. Guide skiers need to follow to anti-doping rules.

## Biathlon 
Skiers follow the guide skier in the biathlon.

## References 
## Sources 
* 
*  
*
Ski suit

A **ski suit** is a piece of clothing.  It has one piece.  It does not have one shirt and one pair of pants. The ski suit protects the skier when they are racing.

## References
Ski goggles

**Ski goggles** are goggles that help protect a skiers' eyes from the sun.

## Lenses 
Ski goggle lenses are made from soft plastic. Some models have a coating to prevent fog rom building up on the lens.

## Use 
Ski goggles are frequently positioned atop the helmet when not actively in use, as seen in the photo. This practice allows for easy accessibility and storage while ensuring the goggles remain within reach for when they are needed again.

People who wear glasses can get ski goggles that can be worn over their glasses.

## Storage 
Ski glasses are stored in soft bags to prevent the lenses from being scratched.

## References
Whistler Creekside

**Whistler Creekside** is one of four neighborhoods in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.

The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing races were at Whistler Creekside. The types of races at Whistler included downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, slalom and giant slalom.

## Photographs 

File:Blackcomb Mountain-2007.jpg
File:Blackcomb 1.jpg
File:Whistler Mountain 1.jpg
File:Whistler Mountain 3.jpg
File:Whistler Panorama -2007.jpg
File:BlackcombWizardExpressLift.jpg
File:Jersey Cream Whistler BC Canada.JPG
File:Whistler_Peak_Panorama.jpg

## References
Protective gear in sports

**Protective equipment**  helps sport people not get hurt. They use it in skiing, inline skating, skateboarding, snowboarding, and other sports.  Types of protective equipment for these sports include wrist guards.  Skiing protective equipment includes helmets, and release bindings.  Snowboarding protective equipment includes wrist guards.

Protective equipment for Australian rules football includes headgear.

## References
2006 Winter Paralympics

The **2006 Winter Paralympic Games** was the ninth Winter Paralympics. It was held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 19 March 2006. These were the first Winter Paralympic Games to be held in Italy.

## Para-alpine skiing 
At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, a new classification system was used. It made 14 classes into three groups and used factored results for each of three groups. At the 2006 Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group.

## Sledge hockey 
The United States came in third in sledge hockey.

## References
## Sources 
*  
*
Paraplegia

**Paraplegia** is paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body. It happens when the spinal cord is damaged in the thoracic, lumbar or sacral area. Sometimes, they are kept alive by a life-support machine. It sometimes happens when the patients get a disease or spinal cord injury.

## Superior paraplegia
Superior paraplegia is a type of paraplegia where patients cannot use their arms and the top of their body. A person who has paraplegia is sometimes called a paraplegic.

## References