open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Casimir IV Jagiellon

**Casimir** **IV** (Casimir Andrew Jagiellon; Polish: *Kazimierz Andrzej Jagiellończyk*; Lithuanian: *Kazimieras Jogailaitis;* 30th November 1427 – 7th June 1492) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1452 and King of Poland from 1457 until his death in 1492. 

He was born in Kraków as the third and youngest son of Jogaila, Supreme Duke of Lithuania and his fourth wife, Sophia of Halshany, Casimir's mother, was forty to fifty years younger than his father, which caused widespread rumors that the children were illegitimate. To eliminate hearsay, following Casimir's birth, Sophia pledged an oath of innocence and the charges were dismissed, Casimir was baptised on 21st December and was named after his deceased brother.

In 1439, his 15 year old brother Wladyslaw was elected King of Hungary and Croatia after Albert the Magnanimous's death, but the throne was disputed between Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia and former Duchess consort of Austria from the House of Luxembourg which caused civil war and shortly after Albert died she gave birth to Ladislaus the posthumous, Elizabeth suddenly died in 1442, Ladislaus succeeded her.

The Crusade of Varna took place on 10th November 1444 they were fighting against Ottomans led by Sultan Murad II, Wladyslaw commanded the army, John Hunyadi and Mircea II Voivode of Wallachia acted as commander of the combined Christian forces, the Ottomans won and expanded into the Balkans, Wladyslaw disappeared in battle, his cadaver and armour were never found, his rival Ladislaus succeeded him and John Hunyadi served as regent.

Grand duke Michael of Lithuania suddenly died in 1452, he chose Alexander Olelkovich prince of Koper and Slutsk to succeed him, but Jonas Goštautas voivode of Trakai and magnates of Lithuania, supported Casimir as a candidate for the Lithuanian throne.​In 1454, Casimir married Elizabeth of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland sister of his brother's rival Ladislaus the Posthuumous, he married her so Lithuania could maintain influential relations with the Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Austria, in the same year, Casimir was approached by the Prussian Confederation for aid against the Teutonic Order by making the separatist Prussian regions a protectorate of the Polish Kingdom. However, when the insurgent cities rebelled against the Order, it resisted and the 13 Year's War (1454–1466) ensued. ​

## References
Hydrogen-alpha

of the hydrogen atom, the electron moves from the energy leveln = 3 to n = 2. This leads an H-alpha proton being emitted]]

**Hydrogen-alpha**, also called **H-alpha** or **Hα**, a spectral line of the hydrogen atom. The emission line has a wavelength of 656.28&nbsp;nm in air and 656.46 nm in a vacuum. This creates the color dark red. It is the first spectral line in the Balmer series. The spectral line is emitted when a hydrogen electron goes from the third electron shell to the second electron shell. H-alpha is used in astronomy. The Hydrogen-alpha emissions can be observed in emission nebulae and in the Sun's atmosphere (like the solar prominences and the chromosphere).

## Balmer series
In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons are in "quantized" energy levels in the atom's nucleus. This means that electrons orbit the atom in different electron shells. These energy levels are written as the principal quantum number *n* = 1, 2, 3 ..., so the first energy level is called *n* = 1, the second energy level is called *n* = 2, etc. Electrons are only allowed to be in these shells. They cannot be between two states.

Electrons emit photons when the move to lower electron shell levels. When they move from *n* ≥ 3 to *n* = 2, they release photons that are in the Balmer series. Each part of the Balmer series is named. They are each given Greek letters: 
**n* = 3 to *n* = 2 is called **Balmer-alpha** or **H-alpha**, 
**n* = 4 to *n* = 2 is called Balmer-beta or H-beta, 
**n* = 5 to *n* = 2 is called Balmer-gamma or H-gamma, etc.

Moving from  *n* ≥ 2 to *n* = 1 gives off photons in the Lyman series: 
**n* = 2 to *n* = 1 is called Lyman-alpha, 
**n* = 3 to *n* = 1 is called Lyman-beta, etc.

**H-alpha** has a wavelength of 656.281&nbsp;nm. This wavelength of light is red visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum. Astronomers can find ionized hydrogen in gas clouds by looking for H-alpha photons. 

. The red line at the right is H-alpha]]

## References
## Other websites
* Description of etalon filter by Colin Kaminski 
* MCE Membrane Filter
Summer Rae

**Danielle Louise Moinet** (born November 28, 1983) is an American model, actress, retired professional wrestler and American football player. She is best known for her tenure in WWE from 2011 to 2017, under the ring name **Summer Rae**.

## Early life 
Moinet was born in the New York City suburb of Manhasset, New York. Her father is French, while her mother is English.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Live Audio Wrestling End of Year Awards**
* Worst Non-Wrestling Performer (2015)
* ***Rolling Stone***
* Worst Storyline (2015) With Rusev vs. Dolph Ziggler/Lana
* ***WrestleCrap***
* Gooker Award (2015) - feud with Rusev and Lana/Dolph Ziggler
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
* Worst Worked Match of the Year (2013) with AJ Lee, Aksana, Alicia Fox, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, 

and Tamina Snuka vs. Eva Marie, JoJo, Natalya, The Bella Twins (Brie Bella and Nikki Bella), and

The Funkadactyls (Cameron and Naomi) at Survivor Series
1974–75 Serie A

The **1974–75 Serie A season** was the 73rd season of top division football in Italy, and the 43rd season of Serie A. The season began on 6 October 1974, and ended on 18 May 1975. Juventus won their 16th league title.

## Team locations
## League table

## Results
## Top goalscorers
## References and sources
**Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004*, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

## Other websites
* All results on RSSSF Website.
Guillermo Eizaguirre

**Guillermo Eizaguirre Olmos** (17 May 1909 – 25 October 1986) was a Spanish footballer and manager. He was the manager of Spain between 1948 and 1956, and managed them at the 1950 FIFA World Cup.

He died in Madrid on 25 October 1986.

## Honours
;Sevilla FC
*Spanish Cup: 1935

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* National team data 
* Guillermo Eizaguirre profile
World Soccer World XI

The **World Soccer World XI** (also known as '''Eric Batty's World XI''') was an award that was given to the best 11 football players in a season, according to journalist Eric Batty. The teams were published annually by British football magazine World Soccer between 1960 and 1992, with another  being published in 2012.

## Teams
## By player
## References
Minister of Water and Power

The **Minister for Water and Power** heads the Ministry of Water and Power. The following is the list of all the previous Water and Power ministers of Pakistan to date.

## List of ministers for water and power of Pakistan
## Related pages
*Constitution of Pakistan
*President of Pakistan
*Prime Minister of Pakistan
*Interior Minister of Pakistan

## Other websites
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Parliamentary Cabinet of Pakistan
Efthimios Kanellopoulos

**Efthymios Kanellopoulos** (Greek: Ευθύμιος Κανελλόπουλος; born July 15, 1872 – died May 1933 in Bern) was a Greek diplomat and politician. He served as Greece’s ambassador and also worked as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Economy.
## Life
Efthymios Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, he joined the foreign service in 1901 and worked in consulates at Istanbul, Asia Minor, Thessaloniki, Bucharest, Vienna, Alexandria, and London. He helped Ionas Dragoumis in the Macedonian Struggle. From 1919 to 1921 he served as High Commissioner in Istanbul, later becoming ambassador to Berlin (1923–1930) and Bern (1931–1933). He also served briefly as Greece’s foreign minister in the Krokidas government in 1922.

## References
Hasdrubal the Fair

**Hasdrubal the Fair**  ,(ʿAzrobaʿl; c. 270–221 BC) was a Carthaginian military leader and politician, governor in Iberia after Hamilcar Barca's death, and founder of Cartagena.
## Life
Hasdrubal was a Carthaginian general who followed Hamilcar Barca, his father-in-law, in campaigns after the First Punic War. He helped make the Numidian tribes in North Africa loyal to Carthage and later continued Hamilcar’s conquests in Spain after his death in 228 BC. Unlike Hamilcar, Hasdrubal preferred using diplomacy instead of war, taking hostages to keep peace and making treaties with local tribes. He founded the city of Qart Hadasht (later called Carthago Nova by the Romans) as the center of Carthaginian power in Spain. Hasdrubal also made a treaty with Rome, setting the River Ebro as the border between their lands to avoid early conflict.

## References
Poecilia wingei

Poecilia wingei, known to aquarists as Endlers or Endler's livebearer, in the genus Poecilia, is a small freshwater fish native to Paria Peninsula in Venezuela. These are small colourful fish similar to a Guppy, with a colourful tail like fin. They grow to  for males and  for females.

## References
Friedland

**Friedland** can be

## Places 
### Czech Republic
* Frýdlant v Čechách (*Friedland im Isergebirge*)
* Frýdlant nad Ostravicí (*Friedland an der Ostrawitza*)
* Frýdlant nad Moravicí (*Friedland an der Mohra*)

### France 
* Avenue de Friedland, street in Paris

### Germany
* Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Friedland, Brandenburg
* Friedland, Lower Saxony, a municipality in Göttingen
* Friedland (Amt)

### Poland
* Korfantów (*Friedland in Oberschlesien*)
* Mieroszów (*Friedland in Niederschlesien*)
* Debrzno (*Preußisch Friedland*)
* Mirosławiec (*Märkisch Friedland*)

### Russia
* Pravdinsk (*Friedland in Ostpreußen*), called Friedland 1917–1945

## People 
* Adam Friedland (born 1987), American stand-up comedian and podcaster
* Anatole Friedland (d. 1938), composer, songwriter, vaudeville performer, and Broadway producer
* Dalia Friedland (born 1935), Israeli actress and singer
* David Friedland (born 1937), American lawyer and politician
* Georges Friedland (d. 1993), French screenwriter, movie director and editor
* Jonathan Friedland (born 1960), British physician and medical researcher
* Kevin Friedland (born 1981), American soccer player
* Larry Friedland (born 1930s), American property developer
* Martin Friedland (born 1932), Canadian lawyer, academic, and author
* Michelle Friedland (born 1972), American judge
* Natan Friedland (d. 1883), rabbi and member of the H'bat Tsion movement
* Robert Friedland (born 1950), American/Canadian financier
* Sherman Friedland (born 1933), professor
* Shmuel Friedland (born 1944), Israeli-American mathematician
* Valentin Friedland (d. 1556), German scholar and educationist of the Reformation
* William H. Friedland (d. 2018), American sociologist
* Friedland (surname)

## Other 
* Duchy of Friedland, duchy of Albrecht von Wallenstein 1627–1634
* Battle of Friedland, during the Napoleonic Wars in 1807
** French ship *Friedland* for ships named after the battle
*Friedländer
1973-74 Austrian football championship

The **1973-74 Austrian football championship**  was organized by the Austrian Football Association. The regional leagues East (Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland), Central (Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia), and West (Salzburg, Tyrol, Vorarlberg) served as the foundation for the Nationalliga. The state leagues of the federal state associations served as the third level.

The championship was contested by 17 teams, each of which met twice throughout the season. SK VOEST Linz won the Austrian football championship for the first time. The defending champion SSW Innsbruck (a joint venture between Wacker Innsbruck and WSG Wattens) finished as runner-up.

## Redesign of the top division 1974/75 (Bundesliga)
The league reform by the Austrian Football Association on 21 April 1974 caused a lot of excitement. The reform started in the 1974-75 season. In order to raise the level of the league, the number of participating clubs was reduced to ten. Regardless of sporting qualification, it was decided that Vienna would have two Bundesliga clubs and all other federal states would have one Bundesliga club each. The participating clubs in each federal state were determined based on a five-year ranking. Champions VOEST Linz managed to prove this concept absurd. The club was behind LASK in the five-year ranking and should therefore have been relegated. So it was decided that the champions did not have to be relegated. LASK was given the opportunity to remain in the top division as the second Upper Austrian club by playing a qualification tournament against the champions of the three regional leagues. Here LASK was sucessful and they stayed in the highes league. 

## Final table
Table mode (in case of equal points): 1. Goal difference 

## Matches 
### Round 1
### Round 2
### Round 3
### Round 4
### Round 5
### Round 6
### Round 7
### Round 8
### Round 9
### Round 10
### Round 11
### Round 12
### Round 13
### Round 14
### Round 15
### Round 16
### Round 17
### Round 18
### Round 19
### Round 20
### Round 21
### Round 22
### Round 23
### Round 24
### Round 25
### Round 26
### Round 27
### Round 28
### Round 29
### Round 30
### Round 31
### Round 32
### Round 33
### Round 34
### Relegation
## Round 1
## Round 2 
Linzer ASK remained in the top division in 1974/75 (Bundesliga). The other three clubs were assigned to the newly founded 2nd division in 1974/75 (Nationalliga).

## Champion squad
## Top scorer
## References
Crossodactylodes septentrionalis

***Crossodactylodes septentrionalis*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Body
This frog is about 17 mm long from nose to rear end. The frog's skin is orange-brown in color with cream-white lines on the sides and a brown mark on the back shaped like the letter X. There are white spots on the back. The tops of the legs are orange in color. The belly is light in color. The iris of the eye is red in color.

## Name
Scientists named this frog *septentrionalis* because it is Latin for "of the north." *C. septentrionalis* lives further north than any other frog in *Crossodactylodes*.

## Home
This frog lives in trees. It lives in  bromeliad plants that grow on the trees. Scientists have only seen the frog in the *Vriesea dictyographa* bromeliad plant. Scientists saw adult frogs, young frogs, and tadpoles living in the same plants.

Scientists saw the frog in exactly one place: Peito de Moça peak, about 930 meters above sea level. Scientists saw this frog in a protected park: Parque Nacional Serra das Lontras.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in some danger of dying out. It lives in a protected park, so human beings do not change it. The biggest danger for this frog is climate change because it could change the rain and other water in the air, which the frog needs.

## References
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)

The **Ministry of Foreign Affairs** (, *Wazarat-e-Kharja*, abbreviated as **MoFA**) is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan tasked in managing Pakistan's diplomatic and consular relations as well as its foreign policy. The MOFA is also responsible for maintaining Pakistani government offices abroad with diplomatic and consular status.

## Minister
The Minister of Foreign Affairs is Cabinet member who responsible maintaining Pakistan's foreign policy as well as its diplomatic missions abroad. Muhammad Ishaq Dar is the current Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## Divisions
* Afghanistan, Iran & Turkey & West Asia Division
* Africa Division
* Americas Division
* China & SCO Division
* CAR & ECO Division
* East Asia & Pacific Division
* Europe Division
* Middle East Division
* South Asia Division
* United Nations Division
* Counter Terrorism Division
* Audit & Consular Affairs
* Arms Control & Disarmament  
* Economic Coordination & Organization of Islamic Cooperation 
* Finance Division
* Legal & Treaties Wing
* Strategic Export Control Division 
* Spokesperson Division
* Policy Planning & Research
* Press Information Office

## Departments
*Foreign Service of Pakistan
**Foreign Service Academy
*Institute of Strategic Studies
*Institute of Regional Studies

## Related pages
*Government of Pakistan
*Politics of Pakistan
*Foreign relations of Pakistan

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Shinto honorifics

In Shinto all gods are addressed with honorifics, in the same way that in the Japanese language all humans except close friends are addressed with honorifics.

So for example a person should always say Amaterasu Ōmikami to imply the maximum respect for the goddess. If someone simply says Amaterasu then believers see this as disrespectful.

##  
This is the highest honorific in Shinto.  and  are the only kami addressed with it.

Technically it is not an honorific in the name of  as the entire name means "Sky illuminating Great Goddess", so Amaterasu just means "Sky Illuminating".  has the honorific just as a reference to Amaterasu.

##  
# Sarutahiko Ōkami
# Izanagi Ōkami
# Izanami Ōkami
# 
# 
# Inari Ōkami
# Amaterasu Ōkami

He has the title  which is a rare and powerful title. Only six other kami have it, the other six are Izanagi, Izanami, Michikaeshi, , Inari, and Amaterasu. Sarutahiko and Inari are the only ones called Okami that are *kunitsukami*, or earthly kami, all the others are *Amatsukami* (heavenly deities).

##  
Used for more monarchy related ones. It originally meant "word-holder"

* Izanagi-no-Mikoto, the first man
* Izanami-no-Mikoto, the first woman
* Susanoo-no-Mikoto, the god of the sea and storms
* Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto, the moon god
* Yamato Iware-biko no Mikoto, Japanese emperors

##  
Generic one "the god". This one is very common and often used if a god does not have a special honorific.

##  
Most other gods. This one is very common and often used if a god does not have a special honorific.

#### Myojin is an early modern honorific. It means shining god. It is used in Myōjin Taisha

Gongen is an honorific for buddhist linked kami

* Atago Gongen
* Kasuga Gongen
* Kumano Gongen
* Kompira Gongen

## Related pages
* 

## References
Basil and Barney's Swap Shop

'''''Basil and Barney's Swap Shop''''' is a British children's television series that originally aired on BBC Two and CBBC.

## Full Episodes 
### Series 1 (2008) 
### Series 3 (2010)
Saint Asonia (album)

***Saint Asonia*** is the debut studio album by Saint Asonia. The album was released on July 31, 2015.

## Track listing
## References
Emo, Ontario

**Emo** is a Canadian small rural township in the northern Ontario. The settlement was created on July 1, 1899. At the 2021 Canadian census, 1,204 people lived there.

## References
Hurricane Melissa

**Hurricane Melissa** was an extremely powerful Atlantic tropical cyclone in October 2025. The storm affected Caribbean islands of Hispanola to the Greater Antilles.

Melissa caused at least 102 deaths, one in Cuba, four in the Dominican Republic, 43 in Haiti, and 54 in Jamaica.
Graminid clade

The **graminid clade** is a clade of plants. It is in the order Poales. It has four families. The grasses (Poaceae) has the most number of species. Its sister group is the restiid clade.

## References
Visions of Paradise

"**Visions of Paradise**" is a 1968 song by English progressive rock band The Moody Blues and is the ninth track from their third studio album *In Search of the Lost Chord*.

## References
Variable platyfish

The **variable platyfish** (***Xiphophorus variatus***), also known as **variatus platy** or **variegated platy**, is a species of freshwater fish in the Poeciliidae family of the order Cyprinodontiformes. A live-bearing fish, it is native to southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz states in northeastern Mexico. Due to its prolific breeding, it is a popular fish in the aquarium trade, as are hybrids with other members of its genus, most notably the southern platyfish. It grows to  and it comes from America.

## References
KPop Demon Hunters

***KPop Demon Hunters*** is a 2025 American animated musical movie. It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation and released by Netflix. The movie was produced by Maggie Kang and Chris Appelhans. They also co-wrote the script with the help of Danya Jimenez and Hannah McMechan. It was based on a true story by Kang.

The movie features the voices of Arden Cho, Ken Jeong, Ahn Hyo-Seop, May Hong, Lee Byung-hun, Ji-Young Joo, Yunjin Kim, and Daniel Dae Kim. The movie is about a K-pop girl group called Huntr/x. They live a secret life as demon hunters. They face off a rivalry between a K-pop boy group called Saja Boys. They are later revealed to be demons.

The movie began after Kang was interested in making a movie that was related to his Korean heritage. It was based on themes like folklore, K-Pop music, and the study of demons. This made a cultural and unique movie. The movie's production started in 2021.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Hip Hop Harry

***Hip Hop Harry*** is an American children's television series that originally aired on Discovery Kids and TLC as part of the *Ready Set Learn!* block from September 25, 2006 to June 26, 2008.
Furniture lift

A **furniture lift** or **construction lift** is a chassis-mounted modification of an inclined lift, in which a platform can be moved on a telescopically extendable support. The chassis can be a truck or a trailer. These are usually mounted on chassis with a permissible total weight of 7.5&nbsp;t and can therefore still be driven with the driving license class 3.

One of the first manufacturers of construction hoists was the company Klaas. The first construction hoists were manufactured there in 1947.

Since 1974, mobile furniture lifts, derived from mobile inclined construction lifts, have been equipped with modified conveyor carriages, forming so-called "furniture platforms." When extended, these can also transport large pieces of furniture. The most important distinguishing feature between furniture lifts and construction lifts is the conveyor carriage. In furniture lifts, this carriage is a closed box with foldable side panels. This allows even large and bulky items to be transported. In construction lifts, the side panels of the conveyor carriage are fixed. 

Due to the special requirements (also due to the StVO ) regarding mobility, load-bearing capacity, telescopic height and dead weight, furniture lifts have been further developed into high-tech machines.

## Manufacturer of mobile furniture and construction lifts 
* Böcker Maschinenwerke in Werne ad Lippe
* Klaas Inclined Lifts in Ascheberg (Westphalia)
* Hermann Paus Machine Factory
* Teupen Maschinenbau (production was discontinued in summer 2009)
* Emminghaus Mechanical Engineering

## Disadvantage 
The disadvantage of the inclined lift concept is, firstly, that the rear of the roof is inaccessible. Secondly, inclined lifts have a lower load capacity than cranes, and the loads must be transported further along the roof by hand. With a mobile crane, for example, the material can be transported directly to the site.

## Security 
For mobile construction and furniture lifts used commercially in Germany, an annual safety inspection is required according to the German Accident Prevention Regulation (UVV) (according to the BGV D7 guideline of the German Employers' Liability Insurance Association  ) in conjunction with the VDE regulations. Wearing protective clothing during commercial operation is a prerequisite for proper operation.

## Trivia 
A Böcker furniture lift was used in the 2025 Louvre robbery. 

## References
Baudin pig

The **Baudin Pig** is a landrace of domestic pig, found on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The first pigs were released on the island in the 1800s. Over 200 years the pigs developed in isolation from other pig species. All the wild Baudin pigs on the island were killed in the Kangaroo Island bushfires in 2007. Four Baudin pigs survived at a farm for rare breeds on the island.

The pig is named after Nicolas Baudin, a French explorer who is claimed to have brought them to Kangaroo Island. Westran Pigs are an inbred form of the breed and crossed with the large white pig. These are used in medical research, particularly for xenotransplantation.

## References
Hunnic invasion of Italy

**Hunnic invasion of Italy** is a military engagement between the Huns and the Roman Empire (East and West).

## Background
### Failed invasion of Gaul
.]]

In 450, Attila the Hun planned to attack the Visigoth kingdom in Gaul, forming an alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. Around the same time, Valentinian’s sister Honoria secretly sent Attila a plea for help and her ring, which he took as a marriage proposal and demanded half the Western Empire as dowry. When the plan was exposed, Honoria was exiled, and Attila claimed he had a right to his “bride’s” land. He then invaded Gaul in 451 with a large army of Huns and allies, destroying cities like Metz and Reims. The Roman general Aëtius gathered Roman, Frankish, and Visigoth forces under King Theodoric I, meeting Attila near Orléans and then at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. The Visigoth-Roman alliance won the battle, Theodoric was killed, and Attila was forced to retreat, ending his major campaign in Gaul.
## Invasion of Italy
 Aquileia (Chronicon Pictum, 1358).]]
's *The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila* depicts Leo, escorted by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, meeting with the Hun emperor outside Rome.]]
In 452, Attila the Hun invaded Italy, claiming he was coming to marry Honoria, the sister of Emperor Valentinian III. His army destroyed cities across northern Italy, including Aquileia, which was left in ruins, and forced many people to flee to the islands that later became Venice. The Roman general Aëtius could not stop him but slowed his march until disease, hunger, and exhaustion weakened the Huns. At the River Po, Attila met a Roman delegation led by Pope Leo I, who persuaded him to leave Italy and make peace. Famine and lack of supplies also made further invasion impossible, and attacks by Eastern Roman forces on Hunnic lands pushed Attila to retreat back across the Danube.

## Historiography
Heather argues that it was a combination of disease and an attack by Eastern Roman troops on the Hunnic homeland in Pannonia that led to the Huns' withdrawal. Kim argues that the attacks by the Eastern Romans are a fiction, as the Eastern Empire was in a worse state than the West. Kim believes that the campaign had been a success and that the Huns simply withdrew after acquiring enough booty to satisfy them.

## References
Art Attack

***Art Attack*** is a British educational children's television series that originally aired on CBBC from October 1, 1990 to May 19, 2007 and later Disney Jr. from May 30, 2011 to June 12, 2015.

## Cast And Crew 
### UK 
Presenter By:
* Neil Buchanan (Pilot And Series 1-19)

Floor Manger:
* Mark Allen (Scrapbook Series 1)

Production Manager:
* Andrea Thorpe (Scrapbook Series 1)
* Nicky Tasker (Scrapbook Series 1)

Graphic Design:
* David Tasker (Pilot And Series 1)
* Deborah O’Boyle (Pilot And Series 2-5)

Production Designer:
* Simon Jago (Pilot And Series 1)

Assistant Producer:
* Paul Spriggs (Volume 1-3,5)
* Pete Smith (Volume 4-12)
* Helen Danson (Pilot And Series 1,3-13)

Director By:
* Nick Bigsby (Pilot And Series 1-2)
* Jeremy Cross (Series 3-11)
* Peter Eyre (Series 12-19)

Producer by:
* Nic Ayling (Series 3-19)
* Helen Evans (Volume 9-12 And Series 16: Christmas Special 2003)

Executive Producer For BBC One:
* J. Nigel Pickard (Pilot And Series 1-5)

Executive Producer: 
* Tim Edmunds (Pilot And Series 1-19)
* Neil Buchanan (Series 5-19)

### USA 
Executive Producer:
* Marcos Cassares (Series 1-4)

Supervisor Producer:
* Claudia Traverso (Series 1-4)
* Ajie Abuja (Series 2-4)

## Series Overall 
### Original Series 1990-2007 
## Full Episodes 
### Original Series 
## Award And Nominees
* Art Attack Was 1 Winner And 11 Nominations For Entertainment 
* Neil Buchanan Was 6 Nominations For Presenter
* Art Attack Was 1 Winner And 7 Nominations For Live Action 
* Art Attack Was 1 Winner And 7 Nominations For BAFTA Kids’s Vote
Crossodactylodes itambe

'''Itambe's bromeliad frog'* (*Crossodactylodes itambe*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Body
The adult male frog is about 14.0 - 17.6 mm long in from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 13.5 - 18.0 mm long. It has a flat body and bumpy skin. There is no webbed skin on any of the feet. The skin is brown in color, and it can change from dark brown during the day to light brown with darker marks at night. Some frogs have white spots or rectangles on the back and legs.

## Home
This frog lives in bromeliad plants that grow on rocks. Scientists have only seen the frog in the *Vriesea medusa* bromeliad plant. Scientists saw the frog between 1713 and 2062 meters above sea level. Scientists saw adult frogs in plants lower down on the hills, but they only saw tadpoles very high in the hills.

Scientists saw the frog in a protected park: Parque Estadual do Pico do Itambé.

## Young
The *Vriesea medusa* bromeliad plant can hold a large amount of water. The male frog sits in the water and calls to the female frogs. The female frog lays her eggs on the leaves of the *Vriesea medusa'' bromeliad plant. The tadpoles swim in the water. There are one to eight tadpoles per plant.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in very big danger of dying out. It lives in a protected park, so human beings do not change its home by cutting down trees any more.  But hikers, campers, and other visitors to the frog's home can step on too many plants. Human beings also set fires and take bromeliad plants to use. Another big danger for this frog is climate change because it could change the rain and other water in the air, which the frog needs.  Animals that live high in mountains usually climb higher when the climate becomes too warm, and these frogs may not find good places to live there.

## First paper
*

## References
Shrivenham

**Shrivenham** is a civil parish and village in the Vale of White Horse district of Oxfordshire. It is located near the county border of Oxfordshire and Wiltshire, roughly  northeast of Swindon town centre and southwest of Faringdon.
Battle of Petrikowka

The **Battle of Petrikowka** fought between 27 and 30 September 1941, during World War II. Fought between Italian and Soviet forces.

## Battle
In late September 1941, during the German plan to encircle Soviet forces near Petrikowka, the Italian Expeditionary Corps under General Giovanni Messe took part in the attack. The Torino Division advanced from the southeast and the Pasubio Division from the northeast. On 28 September, the Torino Division fought through strong Soviet resistance and minefields, breaking the lines near Petrikowka. The next day, both Italian divisions continued their advance, met in Petrikowka, and trapped Soviet troops. The Duca d’Aosta Division crossed the Dnieper River to help clear the pocket. By the end of the battle, the Italians had lost 291 men but captured about 10,000 Soviet soldiers and large amounts of weapons and supplies.

## References
Shoushan of Qing dynasty

**Shoushan** (1860–1900), courtesy name Meifeng, was a Han Chinese of the Plain White Banner, born in Aihui, Heilongjiang. He was the son of General Fu Ming’a (Yuan Shifu) of Jilin and a seventh-generation descendant of Ming general Yuan Chonghuan. Shoushan served as general of Heilongjiang in the late Qing Dynasty. His family’s original surname was Yuan, later changed to "Yuan Jia" under Manchu influence, but after the Qing fell, his descendants returned to the surname Yuan.

## Life
Shoushan first fought in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, leading infantry at battles such as Caoheling, Sikeshu, and Fenghuangcheng, and was rewarded with promotions and honors. In 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, he was appointed General of Heilongjiang and stationed in Qiqihar, where he resisted the Russian army. When Qiqihar was captured, he ordered his guards to kill him in his coffin, dying heroically. He and his wife were later buried in Duerbur Banner, Heilongjiang. In 1928, the Heilongjiang government built Shougong Temple in Qiqihar to honor him.
## Family
Shoushan’s wife was Borjigit, a descendant of Genghis Khan’s brother Jochi Khesar and daughter of the Duerbet Banner leader; they had two sons and a daughter, the eldest son being Qingen. His concubine, Wang Songyan, had a daughter, Shouyi, who became the fifth wife of Zhang Zuolin. His grandson, Ruichang, served as commander of the Northern Battalion and died in battle when the Russians captured Heihe.

## References
Leptodactylus

***Leptodactylus*** is a group of frogs. It is very similar to *Physalaemus*, a close relative, and indeed the 2005 described *Leptodactylus lauramiriamae* is in some aspects intermediate between them.

## Name
The name means "thin finger," from ''* ("thin, delicate") and the Greek (, "finger, toe").

## Grouping 
The genus *Leptodactylus'''s sister taxon is the genus *Hydrolaetare*.

There are four groups of species in this genus. However, three species have not been assigned to a species group (*L. hylodes*, *L. lauramiriamae*, *L. ochraceus*).

## Footnotes
## References
*  (2005): *Leptodactylus lauramiriamae*, a distinctive new species of frog (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Rondônia, Brazil. *Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington* **118**(3): 590–595. DOI: 10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[590:LLADNS]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract

## Other websites
*
*
Standard streams

In computer programming, **standard streams** are data streams (a sequence of continuous data). They allow computer programs to exchange information through input and output with their environment while running. The environment that programs interact with when using standard streams is commonly a terminal. The three most common standard streams are **standard input**, **standard output** and **standard error**. These are often shortened to **stdin**, **stdout** and **stderr**.

When a process (a running program) is created, these streams are automatically opened to the process. On Unix systems, the streams can be used by processes as files. The process may read or write from the streams. It may also open or close them.

When using some shells, streams may be controlled and passed between different processes or files. See Redirection (computing).

## Usage with a terminal 
If a program wants to write a character the screen, it would write to **stdout**. Then, the terminal would read from stdout and it would eventually be shown to the screen for the user.

A process would take user input similarly by reading from **stdin**.
Las Vegas Aviators

The **Las Vegas Aviators** are a Minor League Baseball team from Summerlin, Nevada. They play baseball at the Triple-A (AAA) level, the most difficult level before Major League Baseball, against other baseball teams in the Pacific Coast League (a group of 10&nbsp;baseball teams at the same level). The Aviators are partnered with the Athletics, a Major League Baseball team. When a player shows that he plays well at this level, he may be moved up to play for the Athletics.

The team started playing baseball in 1983 as the **Las Vegas Stars**. The team changed their name to the **Las Vegas 51s** in 2001. They became the Las Vegas Aviators in 2019 in reference to aviation pioneer Howard Hughes.

The Aviators have played at a stadium called Las Vegas Ballpark since 2019. Before that, they played at Cashman Field from 1983 to 2018.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*The team's website
*The team's statistics from *Baseball-Reference*
Provo River

**Provo River** is a small river in northeastern Utah. It starts at Washington Lake in the west Uinta Mountains. Then it runs to the southwest through the city of Provo.  It ends at Utah Lake. The river is known for its good fishing. https://myoutdoorbasecamp.com/fishing-provo-river-utah/, https://www.visitutah.com/things-to-do/fishing/provo-river  

The original name was Tumpanogos, which is the name of the native Americans who lived by the creek. https://jacobbarlow.com/2017/12/07/provos-name-has-an-interesting-history/  White settlers renamed it after the French explorer  Etienne Proveau. 

## Other websites 
* https://mitigationcommission.gov/watershed/provoriver/watershed_provo.html
LGM

**LGM** can be
*Last Glacial Maximum
*Lady International Correspondence Chess Grand Master
*Lao Gan Ma
**LGM* (movie) or ''Let's Get Married'', an Indian Tamil-language romantic drama movie
*Libre Graphics Meeting
*Little green men, a stereotypical portrayal of extraterrestrials
*Little Green Men Games
*Let's Go Mets, a common chant at New York Mets baseball games

*LGM-1, a pulsar, also referred to as LGM
*LGM-2, a star with anomalous variations in brightness
*LGM-25 Titan I, a rocket or ICBM
*LGM-25C Titan II ICBM
*LGM-30 Minuteman ICBM
*LGM-118 Peacekeeper ICBM
*Little Green Men (disambiguation)
Landrace

A **landrace** is a local species of plant or animal. Over time they have changed to suit local conditions. They are often isolated from other similar species. They have more genetic differences than species that have been deliberately bred. The word comes from a Danish word "land" meaning country, and "race" meaning breed.

Some farmers growing scientifically improved varieties also continue to grow landraces. This is because they are better suited to the local environment, need less fertilizer, are cheaper, and have better disease resistance. Local people may prefer a landrace for local cooking, because of texture, color, or ease of use. Many farmers around the world grow landrace crops. Most plant landraces are used in traditional agricultural systems. They have probably been used for thousands of years.

Not all landrace animals come from wild or ancient animal stock. In some cases, notably dogs and horses, domestic animals have escaped in sufficient numbers in an area to breed feral populations that form new landraces through evolutionary pressure.

## References
Christmas Battle (1941)

**The Christmas Battle** (Italian: *La battaglia di natale*) was fought between forces of the Soviet Red Army and the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia from 25 December to 28 December, 1941.

## Battle
On Christmas Day 1941, Soviet forces attacked the Italian Celere Cavalry Division with the 35th and 68th Cavalry Divisions and the 136th Rifle Division. The Italians, later supported by parts of the Torino and Pasubio infantry divisions, managed to hold their lines despite being outnumbered. By December 27, a counterattack by Italian and German troops regained all lost ground. The battle ended with about 168 Italians killed and 207 missing, while Soviet losses were over 2,000 dead and 1,200 captured, along with many guns and vehicles. The Italian success was helped by good coordination between infantry and artillery, and the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment played a key role in both defense and counterattack.

## References
1991–92 Serie A

The **1991–92 Serie A season** was the 90th season of top division football in Italy, and the 60th season of Serie A. The season began on 1 September 1991, and ended on 24 May 1992. Milan won their 12th league title, doing so without losing a game.

## Teams
## League table

## Results
## Top goalscorers
## References
* *Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004*, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

## Other websites
* :it:Classifica calcio Serie A italiana 1992 - Italian version with pictures and info.
* Italy Championship 1991/92 - All results on RSSSF Website.
Baudin Beach, South Australia

**Baudin Beach** is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia. It is on the Dudley Peninsula on the north coast of Kangaroo Island. It is about  south of Adelaide, and about  west of Penneshaw. It was named in 2002 after the French navigator Nicolas Baudin in honor of his exploration of Kangaroo Island in 1802.

The name Baudin Beach was officially gazetted in March 2002.

Baudin Beach has 207 blocks of land. About 30% have a mix of permanent and holiday homes, the rest still undeveloped.

There are no shops or water supply. Next to the boat ramp is a copper sculpture, unveiled in 2002, of Mary Beckwith, the first recorded European woman to set foot on South Australian soil.

The waters of Eastern Cove next to Baudin Beach are famous for King George whiting.

Baudin Beach is in the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.

## References
The Mighty Jungle

**The Mighty Jungle** may refer to:
* The Mighty Jungle (Canadian TV series), the 2008 Canadian puppet series
* The Mighty Jungle (American TV series), the 1994 American sitcom
Lara Raj

**Lara Rajagopalan** (born November 3, 2005), known professionally as **Lara Raj**, is an American singer, dancer, and actress. She is a member of the global girl group Katseye, made through the reality show *The Debut: Dream Academy*.

## Early life
Lara Raj was born in Stamford, Connecticut, U.S., to Tamil parents from India and Sri Lanka. She has an older sister, Rhea Raj, who is a singer-songwriter. Lara started singing, dancing, and acting since she was young. She grew up in Dallas, Texas. Later, she moved to Princeton, New Jersey, then New York City, where she went to the Professional Performing Arts School and LaGuardia High School.

## Career
### 2018
In 2018, Lara appeared in an advertisement for the Obama Foundation's Global Girls Alliance alongside Michelle Obama.

### 2023–2024: Dream Academy and Katseye
Lara competed in the 2023 global audition program *The Debut: Dream Academy*. She placed second and became a member of the six-member group Katseye. She officially debuted as the main vocalist of Katseye on June 28, 2024, with the EP *SIS (Soft Is Strong)*.

### 2025–present
In June 2025, Katseye released their second extended play, *Beautiful Chaos*. The EP achieved commercial success, reaching the top ten in several countries, including the United States, South Korea, and Belgium. Raj has received recognition for her vocal ability, stage presence, and her incorporation of South Asian cultural elements into her performances.

## Personal life
In March 2025, Raj announced that she is queer on the messaging app  .

## Discography
* As a Dream Academy contestant, she participated in shared songs released on August 21, 2024, including "Dirty Water" and "All the Same".

## Filmography
* 2016 – *Emoting Emojis* as Piper (short movie)
* 2018 – *The Blacklist* as Sara (episode: "Sutton Ross")
* 2023 – *Dream Academy* – contestant
* 2024 – *Pop Star Academy: Katseye* – herself (Netflix)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
BP (disambiguation)

**BP**, **bp**, and **Bp** can be

## Science, technology and mathematics
* Before Present, a time scale used in science with "Present" being January 1, 1950
* Bp star, a stellar classification 
* BP, in mathematics, the representing spectrum of the Brown–Peterson cohomology
*BP, a variant of the Mazda B engine

### Biology and medicine 
*Base pair (bp), the building blocks of the DNA double helix
*Binding potential, in pharmacokinetics and receptor-ligand kinetics
*Blood pressure
*British Pharmacopoeia

### Chemicals
* Black powder, in pyrotechnics
* Boiling point
* Boron phosphide, a semiconducting compound
* Biphenyl, an organic compound

### Computing and telecommunications 
*Base pointer, in 16-bit x86 architecture
*Baseband processor, a device in a network interface

## Business and organisations
### Businesses
*BP, a British oil and gas company headquartered in London.

*BP Canada, a division of the oil company BP
*BP Studio, a Florentine fashion house
*Air Botswana, IATA airline code BP
*Boston Pizza, a Canadian-based restaurant chain

### Political parties
*Bavaria Party, a political party in Germany
*Brexit Party, a eurosceptic political party in the UK
*Farmers' Party (Netherlands), (in Dutch: *Boerenpartij*, BP), a defunct political party

### Sports bodies
*Baseball Prospectus, a statistical analysis organization
*IF Brommapojkarna, a Swedish football team

## People 
*Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (1857–1941), known as B-P, founder of The Boy Scouts Association 
*Benny Parsons (1941–2007), nicknamed BP, NASCAR champion and commentator
*BP Cooper, American screenwriter, film and commercial producer
*BP Fallon (born 1946), Irish DJ and author
*BP Koirala (1914–1982), former Prime Minister of Nepal
*BP Valenzuela (born 1995), Filipino singer-songwriter

## Places 
*BP Pedestrian Bridge, in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
*BP Structure, an impact crater in Libya
*Bletchley Park, the central site for British codebreakers during World War II, known as B.P.
*Solomon Islands, FIPS country code and NATO country code digram BP
*Bp., a written abbreviation of Budapest

## Other uses 
*Bohlen–Pierce scale, or B–P scale, a musical tuning and scale
*Black panther (disambiguation), multiple uses
*⟨bp⟩, a Latin-script digraph
*Basis point, one hundredth of a percent
*British Parliamentary Style, a debate type
* BP (Broken Pekoe), a tea leaf grading
* BP, a house brand of US retailer Nordstrom for apparel
* B.P., a pen name which Nurse Poundcake uses in the animated series *Adventure Time* episode "The Diary"
* Best Picture
* Badge Point, a video game mechanic used in the *Paper Mario* series
* Batting practice, in baseball

*BP holin family (BP-hol), a protein family
*BP Portrait Award
*
*
Barrio

***Barrio*** is a Spanish word that means "quarter" or "neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is commonly defined as each area of a city, divided by functional (e.g. , commercial, industrial, etc.), social, architectural or morphological features. 

The word is also used in Spanish-speaking countries to denote a division of a municipality. 

## References
Massimo Moratti

**Massimo Moratti** (born 16 May 1945) is an Italian billionaire petroleum businessman, the former chairman of Italian football club Inter Milan and the current chairman of the Saras Group. In April 2020, he was ranked by Forbes at number 1513 in the world's billionaires list, with a net worth of $1.4 billion.

He was the chairman of Inter Milan between 1995 and 2013. It is reported that as chairman, he spent around €1.5 billion of his personal fortune on transfers notably including the signing of Ronaldo in 1997. He is a member of the Italian Football Hall of Fame.

## Personal life
He is the son of industrialist Angelo Moratti, who was the chairman of Inter Milan between 1955 and 1968. His sister-in-law, Letizia Moratti, was the mayor of Milan between 2006 and 2011.

He is married to environmental activist Emilia Moratti (née Bossi), and has five children. 

 in 1967]]

## References
## Other websites
* Saras:Massimo Moratti
United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security

The **United States deputy secretary of homeland security** is the chief operating officer and second-highest ranking official of the United States Department of Homeland Security.

Troy Edgar has been the 9th deputy secretary since 2025.

## List of deputy secretaries 
## References
Battle of Enfidaville

The **Battle of Enfidaville** was the last major engagement of the British Eighth Army and Italian forces in the North African campaign.

## Battle
The Battle of Enfidaville was the last major engagement of the British Eighth Army in the North African campaign. After pushing north through Tunisia and taking Sfax and Sousse, General Montgomery’s forces reached Enfidaville, where the Axis made their final defensive stand. Montgomery planned a large attack with heavy artillery and air bombardments, expecting to break through quickly, but the Allies underestimated the strength of the German and Italian defenses, which were positioned in steep and rocky terrain. The 4th Indian, 2nd New Zealand, and 50th British Divisions attacked on the night of 19–20 April, capturing Enfidaville and Takrouna after fierce fighting but making little progress inland. Axis counterattacks led by General Giovanni were repelled with caused heavy casualties on both sides. Montgomery called off the assault on 21 April in preparation for Operation Vuclan. Montgomery  sent several of his best units including the 7th Armoured and 4th Indian Divisions to support the First Army in Operation Vulcan.

## References