open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Windsurfing

, Oregon.]]
**Windsurfing** is a wind propelled water sport that is a combination of sailing and surfing. It is also referred to as "sailboarding" and "boardsailing", and emerged in the late 1960s from the aerospace and surf culture of California. Windsurfing gained a popular following across Europe and North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. Windsurfing became an Olympic sport in 1984.

Newer variants include windfoiling, kiteboarding and wingfoiling. Hydrofoil fins under the board allow the boards to safely lift out of the water and fly silently and smoothly above the surface even in lighter winds.

Windsurfing is a recreational, family friendly sport, most popular at flat water locations around the world that offer safety and accessibility for beginner and intermediate participants. Technique and equipment have evolved over the years

Major competitive disciplines include slalom, wave and freestyle. Increasingly, "foiling" is replacing traditional events and the IQfoil class is the new Olympic windsurfing racing class for France in 2024.

Modern windsurfing, as a sport and recreational activity, did not emerge until the latter half of the 20th century. The earliest version of a sailboard design utilizing a freely articulating sail on top of a board was created in 1962 by American Newman Darby. Independently, engineer Jim Drake invented and co-patented the version we all know today and called it Windsurfing- a new new concept in sailing.

## References
Sam Walton

**Samuel Moore Walton** (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was an American businessman. Walton created the well-known American stores, Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee Walton. He was part of the Walton family, which is one of the richest families in the world. Walton died on April 6, 1992.

He died a billionaire but was known for driving a pickup truck instead of an expensive car. He also had a military career during WW2. He had joined the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps. 

## References
Sound card

Live!, a PCI sound card]]
A **sound card** (or **audio card**) is the part of the computer hardware that controls the input and output of the sound signals. A sound card is what is known as an expansion card. This means that the card can be added to the motherboard.

Nowadays, most of the audio cards are integrated with the motherboard. That means they are built into a mainboard and can not be removed. In other words, it is not an expansion card anymore. They only offer line-in, speaker, and microphone connections. For most users this is enough. When thinking of computer architecture, the integrated circuit sound cards occupy less space and thus became very popular and practical, especially for laptop computers. For more features like MIDI ports for connection of musical instruments and low latency requirements (so that the sound does not come distorted under heavy system usage) sound cards as expansion cards can be used. Modern expansion sound cards use the PCI computer bus standard. Earlier sound cards used the ISA computer bus, which was half-duplex, so the sound cards could not record and play simultaneously.

## Input and output signals
What we hear in speakers is an analog (current, voltage or electric charge) output of the signal. For example, stored on a hard disk digital code is transferred under a control of some application (for example Winamp) to the sound card. Up in there, a special chip, called digital-to-analog converter, changes the binary code into the analog sound. Afterwards, signal is sent to a jack (in modern audio cards it has the green color) where the speakers are connected. The result is a nice waveform of our favorite digital medium, e.g. an mp3.

A typical sound input device is a microphone, connected to the red/pink jack socket. The sound wave is digitized and then it may be stored as a file using data compression algorithms which make the file smaller. Of course all of this is done under the control of some software.
Field hockey

**Field Hockey** is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15-minute break at halftime and a 2-minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle. Players use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers.

## Related pages
* Hockey
* Ice hockey

## References
Sudoku

(sometimes spelled as **Su Doku**, but also called ***Number Place*** or ***Nanpure***) is a puzzle that is very popular in Japan. It was created in Indianapolis in 1979 by Howard Garns and it appeared in Dell Magazines afterwards.

Sudoku puzzles are solved by logic and no math is required. As seen on the right, it consists of a grid which is usually made up of nine rows, nine columns, and nine boxes that are separated by thicker, darker lines. Some of these boxes will contain numerals from 1 to 9. To solve the puzzle, a person must fill in all the empty squares without using the same numeral twice in each column, row, or box, and without changing the numerals that are already in the grid.

These puzzles were created to be done using pencil and paper, and there are many books that contain  of these puzzles with tips and strategies for completing them. They also appear in newspapers and magazines: typically, a different puzzle appears every day and the solution is printed somewhere else or in the next issue. Later, small handheld machines were created that  Sudoku puzzles for the user to solve. More recently, though, the game can be played on the Internet or on mobile apps.

## Variations 
There are many Sudoku variations that have been created since the original Sudoku's release.  The grid is most often 9 by 9, but can be different sizes, though, and separated into smaller grids in different ways. For example, there is a 6 by 6 grid with dark lines between the third and fourth columns and between two pairs of rows: the second and third rows, and the fourth and fifth rows. The numerals that must be filled in here are from 1 to 6.

Because no arithmetic is needed to solve Sudoku puzzles, the numerals can be replaced with letters or symbols. It is only their position that changes the solution to the puzzle, not their .

On educational websites, such as Math Playground there are Sudoku games, such as 3-d Sudoku.

### Jigsaw Sudoku 
Jigsaw Sudoku (also called Squiggly Sudoku, Odd Sudoku or JigSaw Doku) is just like a regular Sudoku puzzle, except that instead of the lines being perfect, they are different. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete the grid.

### Samurai Sudoku 
Samurai Sudoku is a Sudoku variation that has 5 overlapping Sudoku grids formed like a big X.  These puzzles are big and take a long time to complete.  Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete all 5 grids in order to complete the puzzle.

### Mini Sudoku 
Mini Sudoku is played on a 6x6 grid with 3x2 regions. The object is the same as in Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6.

### Logic 5 
Logic 5 is another Sudoku variation that uses 5x5 grids instead of 3x3 grids, and are in use at the Sudoku World Championships.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  – An active listing of *Sudoku* links.
* Father of Sudoku puzzles next move BBC
George Reid

**Sir George Houston Reid** (25 February 1845 – 12 September 1918) was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Leader of the Opposition and leader of Free Trade Party. He moved to London after he retired and was elected to the House of Commons.

Reid was elected to the Australian Paliament in 1901 for the Division of East Sydney. He retired in 1910.
Motherboard

made in 2020.]]The **motherboard,** also known as a **mainboard**, is the main circuit board in any electronic system. It's what holds together all the components needed for an electronic system to function. Although there may be other circuit boards attached to the motherboard, the motherboard is the largest.

## Name origin 
The word was first used in 1965 in the magazine Electronics. The term was chosen to show both the physical size and importance of the board, being the "mother of all boards" in a computer system.

## Composition 
The painted, base material of a motherboard is composed of fiberglass yarn strands that have been woven together and coated with a liquid resin and set to dry. This combination of woven fiberglass and resin is sent through an oven at a high temperature. When it comes out, it hardens and becomes stronger than it was before. The finished material, called pre-preg, is layered together and then painted, typically green. It forms the base material of the motherboard. It acts as an electrical insulator and holds everything in place.

Copper is used to form the communication pathways that connect all the different parts on the motherboard. It is used because of its excellent ability to conduct electricity.

“On-board” is a term used to refer to anything that is permanently embedded onto the motherboard. Electrical parts are soldered onto the motherboard. These parts include transistors and resistors. Other parts that are attached to the motherboard are able to be removed in the future so that they can be upgraded. The CPU is an example of a part that is usually removable.

Parts that are not "on-board" can be bought as a card. Some of these parts include RAM and CPU. Computers today usually have a memory port, 2 or more USB ports, a parallel port (for use with old printers usually), audio & microphone jacks, a network port and ports for the keyboard and mouse. There are also some rare motherboards that have plugs only for very specific parts.

All of the slots and plugs both inside and outside the computer case are shaped a certain way to accept a certain type of part. Some will not even accept parts even one generation behind, such as the CPU and memory. Others, like the video plug, have not changed in years. Some of the plugs, such as the video, keyboard and mouse plugs, are a special color. These colors make it easier to pair the plug to the port. The motherboard may also be referred to as a printed circuit board (PCB), though it is essentially a gigantic PCB and can be considered the 'primary' PCB.

## References
High-definition television

**High-definition television (HDTV)** is a television broadcasting system which uses a higher  than a normal television. With HDTV, people can see sharper pictures than with old television, giving a more vivid and clear screen.

Most HDTV systems use digital signals with a 16:9 aspect ratio (width to height). This is different to SDTV (standard-definition television) which uses analog signals and a 4:3 aspect ratio.

HDTV picture resolution is at least twice that of the SDTV of the 20th century, so it can present a more vivid screen than analog television or DVD. HDTV can control resolution efficiently.

Many videos on the website YouTube, a free video sharing app that lets people upload and view videos, are in 1080p60 HDR and 1440p60 HDR. 

There are different standards. Common ones are:
*2560×1440, progressive scan, requiring about 3,68 Megapixels per frame. This is known as **1440p** or *WQHD*. It became commonplace in the 2010s. It is slowly replacing many 1080p-computer-monitors in the everyday use and is a YouTube HD standard.
*1920×1080, progressive scan, requiring about 2,07 MPixels per frame. This is known as **1080p**. It has been used very frequently for different types of screens in the 21st century and is a TV broadcasting standard.

As a comparison, PAL+ is at 1024x576 pixels, and NTSC at 853x480 pixels.

## Other websites 
* US Government HDTV and DTV official site 
* Canadian Digital Television official website 
* ATSC
Beatrix of the Netherlands

**Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess Lippe-Biesterfeld**(Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born 31 January 1938) is the former queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. She reigned from 1980 to 2013.

Beatrix is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. Her mother abdicated (gave up) the throne on 30 April 1980. Beatrix succeeded her as queen.

In January 2013, Beatrix announced that she would abdicate on 30 April 2013. This day is known as Koninginnedag (Queen's Day). Her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, succeeded to the throne as King.

Since her abdication, she is called Princess Beatrix.

## Family
Beatrix was married to Claus von Amsberg, who died in 2002. Her sons are King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau and Prince Constantijn. 

Her second son, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, died on 12 August 2013. He had been in a coma for more than a year because of a skiing accident in Austria in February 2012.

Her younger sister Christina died of bone cancer on 16 August 2019.

Titles 

31 January 1938-30 April 1980 Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix  of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

30 April 1980-30 April 2013 Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

30 April 2013-present Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix  of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

## Ancestors
## References 
## Other websites
* of Princess Beatrix
* 

|-
Spider Riders

***Spider Riders*** is an  animated television series based on a trilogy novel series. It premiered on June 17, 2006, and was produced by Cookie Jar Entertainment and Bee Train.

## Synopsis 
After wearing a manacle on his arm, Hunter Steele ends up entering the center of the Earth and seeing the inner world of *Arachna*. There, he and his friends ride on mechanical spiders and save Arachna from an army of insect mutants.

## Novels 
The anime is based on each characters and stories in three parts for each books, including *Shards of the Oracle*, *Reign of the Soul Eater* and *Quest of the Earthen*. The first book was written by Ted Anasti and Patsy Cameron-Anasti. Stephen D. Sullivan joined them and helped write the second and third books in the series. The books were first published in December 2004. They were published by Newmarket Press.
Qatar Airways

]]
**Qatar Airways** () is an airline. The airline is based in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. Its headquarters can be found at the Hamad International Airport in Doha. It is one of the fastest growing airlines in the world.
Charlize Theron

**Charlize Theron** (born 7 August 1975) is a South African-born American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie *Monster*. She was  for her role in the movie *North Country*. Theron can speak three languages, her first being Afrikaans.

## Early life 
Theron was born in Benoni near Johannesburg. Her ancestry is German and Dutch.

She attended a boarding school at the age of thirteen. At the age of fifteen, she saw her alcoholic father being killed by her mother as an act of self - defence. No charges were pressed against her mother.

## Career 
At the age of sixteen, she won a local modelling competition and went to Milan, Italy for a one year contract. After her modelling contract was over, she moved to New York, United States, and became a ballet dancer. She injured her knee at the age of eighteen, ending her career of being a ballet dancer.

She did star in a few movies, but only really became noticed when she portrayed the life of serial killer, Aileen Wuornos, in the movie *Monster*. She won an Oscar for her role in this movie. 

After this, she got a lot of attention from the perfume label, Dior, and appeared in some of their advertisements.

She also does a lot of community work, including for PETA, for their anti - fur ads. She also works with animal rights activists and supports same-sex marriage. She has become one of Hollywood’s most acclaimed actresses.

Theron became an American citizen in 2007.

## Filmography
 on 7 March 2010]]

### Film
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
* 
* 
*
* Theron brushes up on Hill of Tara
* Food Bank For New York City public service announcement
Andrew Fisher

**Andrew Fisher** (29 August 1862 – 22 October 1928) was the fifth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister three times. His government helped create the Royal Australian Navy and make Australia's own paper money. When he retired he moved to London.

Fisher was born in Crosshouse, Scotland, where he was educated at the Crosshouse Primary School. At the age of 10 he left school to work in the coal mines. In 1885, he moved to Australia where he worked in the coal mines at Burrum and Gympie. He was elected to the Queensland Parliament in 1892. In 1901 he married Margaret Irvine. Fisher was elected in 1901 to the seat of Wide Bay in the first Australian parliament.

When Fisher was Prime Minister a number of important projects were undertaken. The Commonwealth Bank was set up, the Northern Territory of South Australia was transferred to the Commonwealth, the federal capital of Canberra was founded, and the construction of the trans-Australian railway line linking Perth to the other capital cities was begun. As well as introducing maternity allowances, Fisher acknowledged the need for greater political equality for women.

Andrew Fisher is one of Australia's most successful prime ministers because of the changes he made. He was the first prime minister to have a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. He was able to have more than 110 Acts passed into law.

## References
Monster (movie)

***Monster*** is a 2003 American crime drama movie. It is a true story about female American serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos' girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins.

## Other websites 
*
David Schwimmer

**David Lawrence Schwimmer** (born November 2, 1966) is an American actor. He played Ross Geller, one of the six main characters in the television sitcom *Friends*.

## Early life 
Schwimmer was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, to Arthur Schwimmer and Arlene Colman. He then lived in Valley Stream, Long Island, until he was two years old. He was raised in Los Angeles, California, where he attended Beverly Hills High School.

He attended Northwestern University’s summer “Cherub” program (the National High School Institute) in 1983. He later enrolled at the university as a theater student. In 1988, along with seven other Northwestern graduates, he co-founded Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company.

## Personal life 
Schwimmer married Zoe Buckman in June 2010. He has a daughter Cleo Buckman Schwimmer. He lives in Los Angeles, California and New York City, New York.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Superman Returns (video game)

***Superman Returns*** is a video game  based on the movie *Superman Returns*. It is available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance consoles.

Some video game websites said this game would come out for computers (PC), but Electronic Arts chose not to make a PC version of this game. There was going to be a Gamecube version, but it was cancelled because of a 2006 contract with Major League Baseball as well as to avoid competition with two other movie-licensed games (''Charlotte's Web* and *Dreamgirls'').
Malay

**Malay** has several meanings:

## People and language
* Malays, ethnic group located mainly in the Malay peninsula, and parts of Sumatra and Borneo
* Malay language, the language of the Malays; spoken in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei
** Malaysian language, the official form of the Malay language in Malaysia
** Indonesian language, the official form of the Malay language in Indonesia
** Old Malay language(s), possible ancestor(s) of the Malay language
* Malay race, a mostly historical racial category corresponding to the Austronesian peoples

## Geography
* Malay Peninsula, a peninsula in Southeast Asia
* Malay Archipelago, the group of islands located between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia
* Several *communes* in France:
** Malay, Saône-et-Loire, in the Saône-et-Loire *département*
** Malay-le-Grand, in the Yonne *département*
** Malay-le-Petit, in the Yonne *département*

## Politics and history
* Malaysia, the modern country
* Malay states, the nine states of Malaysia that have hereditary rulers
* Melayu Kingdom, a kingdom in Indonesia that was part of the Srivijaya empire

## Animals
* Malayan tiger, a subspecies of tiger
* Malayan tapir, a subspecies of tapir
* Malayan gharial, a species of reptile

## Related pages
* Malaya (disambiguation)
Guard dog

A **guard dog**, sometimes called an **attack dog**, is a dog that is trained to watch for and guard against people or animals who should not be there. Their main job is to keep their owner and the owner's property safe from danger. A guard dog is not the same as a "watchdog".  A watchdog will let its owner know that a stranger is coming by barking.  Guard dogs, however, may be trained to attack if their owner tells them to. A guard dog may also be trained to attack if a stranger comes too close. If trained properly, they will give a warning before attacking. A different type of guard dog is a livestock guard dog. Certain breeds of dogs are natural s of livestock. Their job is to stay with and guard a flock or herd against predators. They have better hearing than humans and are usually aware of what is happening sooner. Their only job is to guard the herd. They are selected for being both loyal and intelligent. They often perform their job without someone giving them commands. They cannot be afraid of loud noises including gunfire. They are used for a wide variety of purposes and receive specialized training. Similar to Police dogs they may be used to  an area and are used against criminals. They may be used to detect harmful objects such as bombs, mines, harmful gasses and ammunition. Military dogs are trained to watch out for enemies and attack them. The US military used 32 breeds at the start of World War II but by 1944 the list was shortened to five breeds. These were the Belgian Shepherd, German Shepherd, Doberman Pinscher, Collie and Giant Schnauzer.

## Breeds of Guard Dogs 
Different breeds of dogs are bred for different reasons, and are good at different things.  
The most common breeds used as personal protection and property dogs are:

File:Dobermann_Black_and_Tan_"Vito".jpg|
File:GermanShep1_wb.jpg|
File:Rottweiler3.jpg|
File:Belgian shepherd dog groenendael (벨지안 셰퍼드 독 그로넨달) (7502242134).jpg|
File:Leashed pitbull, lunging.jpg|
File:GiantSchnauzer Grass.jpg|

Livestock guard dogs include:

File:Kangal-welpen-de 003.jpg|
File:Great Pyrenees Mountain Dog.jpg|
File:Tibetian Bandog.JPG|
File:Komondor delvin.jpg|
File:Podhalaner Sven Fischer.jpg|
File:Anatolian 589.jpg|

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Dogs and Personal Security: An Introductory Guide
* Best Guard Dogs for Families
Fireplace

A **fireplace** is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a *firebox* or a *firepit*. There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.

Until the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fireplace -Citizendium
Boron

**Boron** is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol **B**. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature. 

Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the Earth's surface.
Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.

Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in detail. 

Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.

Boron melts at 2075&nbsp;°C (3767&nbsp;°F), and boils at 4000&nbsp;°C (7232&nbsp;°F).

## References
Upland, California

**Upland** is a city in San Bernardino County, California. As of the 2020 census, 79,040 people lived in Upland. It became a city on May 15, 1906, after previously being named North Ontario and a part of Ontario.

Upland used to be famous for skateboarding because of its skate park, The Pipeline, but the park was demolished in the 1980s.

The rapper Litefoot was born in Upland.

## References
Dubnium

**Dubnium** is a chemical element. It has the symbol **Db** and it has the atomic number 105. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab. It is a transuranium element created by bombarding californium-249 with nitrogen-15 nuclei. The isotope that has the longest half-life only has a half life of 32 hours. Dubnium is a transactinide element.

## History 
The Soviet Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) had said they first discovered the element in 1968, followed by the American Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1970. Both teams shared their names for the new element and used them without formal approval. The long-standing argument was settled in 1993 by an official investigation of the discovery claims by the Transfermium Working Group, formed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, resulting in credit for the discovery being officially shared between both teams. The element was then named *dubnium* in 1997 after the town of Dubna, the site of the JINR.

## Uses 
There are no current uses for Dubnium seeing as its too radioactive and ts short half life makes it almost impossible to work with.

## Chemistry 
Hypothesized research says that dubnium is a member of group 5 in the 6d series of transition metals, placing it under vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Dubnium should share most properties, such as its valence electron configuration and having a mainly +5 oxidation state, with the other group 5 elements, with a few exceptions due to relativistic effects. Limited research of dubnium chemistry has confirmed this. Solution chemistry experiments have shown that dubnium often behaves more like niobium rather than tantalum, breaking periodic trends.

## References
70s

## Events 
* Year 78 – the beginning of the Saka Era South Asian calendar system.
* Year 79 – Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneam.
* Didache written.

## Births 
*
*
*
## Deaths 
*Pliny the Elder.
Neuchâtel

**Neuchâtel** is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of Canton of Neuchâtel. As of 2003, the city had a population of 31,571 people. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Peseux and Valangin merged to form the municipality of Neuchâtel.

## Gallery 

Image:Lac de Neuchatel depuis la Neuchatel (ville suisse) dscn0660.jpg|Lake Neuchâtel, seen from the castle
image:Neuchâtel vu du large.jpg|Neuchâtel seen from the lake
Image:Neuchatel (ville suisse) statue dscn0647.jpg|The statue of the justice fountain

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Neuchâtel official website
Ammerland

**Ammerland** is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the city of Oldenburg and the districts of Oldenburg, Cloppenburg, Leer, Friesland and Wesermarsch.

## Geography 
The central point of the district is the Zwischenahner Meer near the resort town of Bad Zwischenahn, a lake with an area of 5.5&nbsp;km2 (*Meer* is the German word for "sea", but in the local Low German, as in Dutch, it means "lake").

## Cities and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
*  
* Parklandschaft Ammerland Tourism website 
* Führs & Fröhling Website
Aurich (district)

**Aurich** is a district (*Landkreis*) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the North Sea, the districts of Wittmund and Leer, and the city of Emden.

## Cities and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* 
*Island of Norderney 
*Island of Juist 
*Island of Baltrum
Bentheim

**Bentheim** may be:

## Places
*County of Bentheim, a state of the Holy Roman Empire from *ca.* 1228 to 1806, in present-day Lower Saxony, Germany, roughly the same area as the modern County of Bentheim district 
*County of Bentheim (district), a district (*Landkreis*) in Lower Saxony, Germany
*Bentheim Castle (*Burg Bentheim*), an early medieval castle in Bad Bentheim, Lower Saxony, Germany
*Bad Bentheim, a town in Lower Saxony, Germany in the district of Grafschaft Bentheim known as Bentheim until 1979
*Bentheim, a community in Overisel Township, Michigan, United States

## Animals
*Bentheimer Landschaf, a breed of domesticated sheep found in Germany
*Bentheim Black Pied pig, a breed of domestic pig found in Germany

## Art
**Bentheim Castle* (Dublin), a 1653 oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Jacob van Ruisdael
Cuxhaven (district)

**Cuxhaven** is a district (*Landkreis*) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Cuxland tourist website
Emsland

**Emsland** is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is named after the river Ems.

## Cities and municipalities 
(Population 2005)

**Free municipalities and towns**
#**Emsbüren** (9,749)
#**Geeste** (11,279)
#**Haren**, town (22,754)
#**Haselünne**, town (12,549)
#**Lingen**, town (51,318)
#**Meppen**, town (34,196)
#**Papenburg**, town (34,519)
#**Rhede** (4,228)
#**Salzbergen** (7,436)
#**Twist** (9,640)

**Samtgemeinden** 

**Dörpen** (15,446)
**Freren** (10,834)
**Herzlake** (9,821)
**Lathen** (10,815)
**Lengerich** (9,083)
**Nordhümmling** (12,149)
**Sögel** (15,484)
**Spelle** (12,653)
**Werlte** (15,660)

## References
Friesland (district)

**Friesland** is a district (*Landkreis*) in Lower Saxony, Germany. 

In the east the district is bounded by the Jade Bight, a shallow bay of the North Sea. The island of Wangerooge, one of the East Frisian Islands, is a part of Friesland.

## Cities and municipalities
## References
The Silence of the Lambs (movie)

***The Silence of the Lambs*** is a 1991 American crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by Jonathan Demme. It stars Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins.  It is based on the novel by Thomas Harris. The movie is about psychopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal Lecter and FBI agent Clarice Starling. The movie was released in 1991.  

## Background
In the movie, Clarice Starling, a young FBI worker, is sent to see the Dr. Lecter in prison to ask his advice on catching a serial killer called Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill has been kidnapping women and killing them.

When the movie was being made, the FBI helped with the making of the movie.

## Awards
Jonathan Demme won an Academy Award for Best Director. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins both won Academy Awards. The movie also won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture. It became the third and most recent movie (the other two being 1934's *It Happened One Night* and 1975's ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'') to win Academy Awards in all the major five categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the only horror movie to have won the Oscar for Best Picture.

Hopkins' performance as Lecter is one of the shortest lead acting Oscar-winning performances ever. Hopkins is only on screen for seventeen minutes in the movie.

## Related pages
*The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

## References
## Other websites 
*The Hannibal Lecter Studiolo 
*
*Criterion Collection essay by Amy Taubin
Gifhorn (district)

**Gifhorn** is a Landkreis (district) in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony. It has about 175.000 inhabitants. Gifhorn is located in the north of Braunschweig.

## Towns and sub-administrations 
In the district of Gifhorn there are 41 local communities.(numbers of inhabitants from the 30th June, 2005).

**Communities**
# ** Gifhorn**, Town, autonomous community  (42.658)
# ** Sassenburg** (10.946) [Seat: Westerbeck
# ** Wittingen**, Town (12.268)

**Samtgemeinden** with their local communities

 Seat of Samtgemeinde government

|}

**Area without community** (uninhabited)
* Giebel (10,36 km²)
Goslar (district)

**Goslar** is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Harz National Park is part of this district.

## Towns and municipalities
The following towns and municipalities are in Goslar:

## References
Harburg

**Harburg** may refer to:
## Locations
* Harburg, Hamburg, a borough of Hamburg
** Harburg (quarter), the former Hanoveran city of Harburg upon Elbe, now quarter of Hamburg 
* Harburg (district), Lower Saxony
* Harburg, Bavaria, a city in Bavaria
* Harburg-Wilhelmsburg, a Hanoveran city (1927–1937), now two quarters of Hamburg

## People
* Yip Harburg, US lyricist
Göttingen (district)

**Göttingen** is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

The western half of the district is covered by the Weserbergland mountains.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
George Cleveland

**George Cleveland** was a Canadian actor. He was born on September 17, 1885 in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada.  He was the Grandfather in the television series *Lassie*. He died July 15, 1957.
Commonwealth Games

The **Commonwealth Games** is a multinational, multi-sport event. Held every four years, it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Attendance at the Commonwealth Games is typically around 5,000 athletes.

The idea for a competition between members of the British Empire was first suggested by the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891. The first such event, then known as the **British Empire Games**, was held in 1930. The name changed to **British Empire and Commonwealth Games** in 1954, to **British Commonwealth Games** in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.

## Editions 
The following cities have hosted the Commonwealth Games, and their predecessors

### British Empire Games 
*  1930 British Empire Games - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
*  1934 British Empire Games - London, England
*  1938 British Empire Games - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
*  1950 British Empire Games - Auckland, New Zealand

### British Empire and Commonwealth Games 
*  1954 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
*  1958 - Cardiff, Wales
*  1962 - Perth, Australia
*  1966 - Kingston, Jamaica

### British Commonwealth Games 
*  1970 - Edinburgh, Scotland
*  1974 - Christchurch, New Zealand

### Commonwealth Games 
*  1978 - Edmonton, Canada
*  1982 - Brisbane, Australia
*  1986 - Edinburgh, Scotland
*  1990 - Auckland, New Zealand
*  1994 - Victoria, Canada
*  1998 - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*  2002 - Manchester, England
*  2006 - Melbourne, Australia
*  2010 - Delhi, India
*  2014 - Glasgow, Scotland
*  2018 - Gold Coast, Australia
*  2022 - Birmingham, England

## Related pages
* List of Commonwealth Games cities
Aly & AJ

**78violet** (formerly **Aly & AJ**) are an American music group. The members are Amanda Michalka and her sister, Alyson who is two years older. 

## Members
* Alyson (nicknamed "Aly"): helps writing the music and songs. She is one of the two guitarists.
* Amanda (nicknamed "AJ"): helps writing the songs and constructing the music.

Aly & AJ lived in Seattle, Washington in the early 1990s, then moved back to Southern California. They learned to play the piano at the age of six. They both were in the movie *My Super Sweet 16 The Movie*.

## Albums 
* Into the Rush (2005)
* Acoustic Hearts of Winter (2006)
* Insomniatic (2007)

## References
Plutonium

**Plutonium** is the chemical element with the atomic number 94 and chemical symbol **Pu**.  It is a highly radioactive metal, and is the metal used in most nuclear weapons.  The chemical element plutonium has some different isotopes.  The most important isotope of plutonium is 239Pu (or plutonium-239). It takes 24,110 years for half of a sample of plutonium-239 to decay, which is called its half-life. It can be made from natural uranium.  It is fissile and a nuclear fuel. 

The isotope that has the longest half-life is 244Pu (or plutonium-244). Plutonium-244 has a half-life of about 80 million years. The half-life of 244Pu is long enough that some of this isotope of plutonium is found in very small amounts in nature. 
Plutonium-238 is used in Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators. 

Like other transuranium elements, plutonium can react with water, oxygen, carbon, halogens, nitrogen, and silicon. It forms oxides and hydrides in moist air, causing the plutonium sample to expand by up to 70%. Plutonium from the expanding sample can flake off and catch fire at room temperature. Plutonium is also toxic, although it is less toxic than many people think. The reactivity and toxicity of plutonium make it difficult to handle.

It is a solid, at 25 degrees Celsius (77 °F) at standard atmosphere (a pressure). Fresh plutonium has a silvery bright colour but takes on a dull grey, yellow or olive green tarnish when exposed to air.

## List of isotopes
 oxide pellet glowing from its decay heat]]
* 238Pu. The countries that produce the most (as of 2021), are the United States and Russia.
* 239Pu
* 240Pu
* 241Pu
* 242Pu
* 244Pu

## Sources
Argentine National Anthem

The lyrics of the **Himno Nacional Argentino** (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente López y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera. This song was adopted as the national anthem on May 11, 1813, three years before the formal declaration of independence from Spain. May 11 is therefore *Anthem Day* in Argentina.

## Modern Version 
The following is the modern version, adopted in 1900, without the vivid attacks against Spain.

**2008 comprehensive translation, adapted for the tune**
*Same meaning, somehow more positive*

O'Hear *Mortals* these sacred words...
*We Are Free!, We Are Free!, We Are Free!*
O'Hear the sounds of broken old chains,
See enthroned our great noble Flag!
Her glorious passage was for us unveiled,
By *The United Provinces of the South*.
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: *We Greet!*
The Great Argentine people: *We Greet!*
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: *We Greet!*
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: *We Greet!*

*Chorus*

May these Laurels be eternal,
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Let us all live crowned with Glory,
Or full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
|}

### A more poetic translation 
Hear, O mortals, the sacred cry:
"Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!"
Hear the sound of chains breaking free,
See the throne of noble equality.

Now they've opened their dignified throne,
The United Provinces have grown.
And the free ones of the world reply:
"To the great Argentine people, hail!"
"To the great Argentine people, hail!"

And the free ones of the world reply:
"To the great Argentine people, hail!"
And the free ones of the world reply:
"To the great Argentine people, hail!"

May the laurels be eternal,
That we have strived to secure,
That we have strived to secure.
Crowned in glory, let us live on...
Or let us swear with glory to die!
Or let us swear with glory to die!
Or let us swear with glory to die!

### Lyrics in Welsh 
Gwrandwch, mortaliaid, y galw sanctaidd:
"Rhyddid! Rhyddid! Rhyddid!"
Gwrandwch sŵn y cadwynau torri,
Gwelwch ar y gorsedd y tegwch.

Agorwyd eu gorsedd uchel,
Profiadau Unedig y De,
A'r rhyddfrydwyr yn y byd yn ateb:
"I'r bobl fawr o'r Ariannin, iechyd!"
"I'r bobl fawr o'r Ariannin, iechyd!"

A'r rhyddfrydwyr yn y byd yn ateb:
"I'r bobl fawr o'r Ariannin, iechyd!"
A'r rhyddfrydwyr yn y byd yn ateb:
"I'r bobl fawr o'r Ariannin, iechyd!"

Boed i'r lloriau fod yn dragwyddol,
ein bod ni wedi'u hennill,
ein bod ni wedi'u hennill.
Goroniwyd â glôria byddwn…
A'i gymryd yn glorius i farw!
A'i gymryd yn glorius i farw!
A'i gymryd yn glorius i farw!

## Original version 
The original version, *Marcha Patriótica*, is as follows:

## References
Indianapolis 500

.]]
The **Indianapolis 500** is an automobile race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, which is near Indianapolis, Indiana. It is one of the biggest racing events in the world. Every year more than 200,000 people come there to watch the race. It occurs once a year on the day before Memorial Day. This event gives its name to the IndyCar class, a type of open-wheel race car that races in it. Fans of this race sometimes call the race the Indy 500.

## History
### The early years
The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted an assortment of small events, including ones for NASCAR, Indycar, and many others.
Mahout

in Thailand]]

A **mahout** (ORIGIN from Hindi mahāvat) is a person who drives an elephant. Usually, a mahout starts as a boy, when he is given a young elephant so that they become attached to each other.

The most common tool used by mahouts is a goad called *anlius*, or *ankusha* - a sharp hook used to guide a tamed elephant by prodding on the back of its head.
Denomination

**Denomination** could mean:

*Religious denomination, such as a:
**Christian denomination
**Jewish denomination
**Islamic denomination
**Buddhist denomination
*Denomination (currency)
*Denomination (postage stamp)
*Protected designation of origin, a protected product name, usually by region of production
*Any name can be considered a "denomination" of the thing being named.
Middlesbrough

**Middlesbrough** is a town in North Yorkshire in northeast England. About 135,000 people live there. It is part of North Yorkshire. 

The name is often spelt incorrectly as 'Middlesborough' but 'Middlesbrough' is correct. The town is sometimes called Boro by people who live in the town or near it.

## Sports
It has a Championship football club: Middlesbrough F.C..
Joseph Cook

**Sir Joseph Cook** (7 December 1860 – 30 July 1947) was the sixth Prime Minister of Australia from June 1913 until September 1914. He was Prime Minister when World War I started. He moved to London when he retired.
Sonic the Hedgehog

***Sonic the Hedgehog*** is a Japanese platform video game series and media franchise created by Sega and featuring their mascot, Sonic. It is a series of fast platform games. Sonic is the main character. He is a bright blue hedgehog with supersonic speed. Usually, Sonic must stop the villain, Doctor Eggman's, plans for taking over the world. Sonic is often helped by his friends like Tails, Amy Rose, and Knuckles.

The first *Sonic the Hedgehog* game was released in 1991. It was created by Sega's Sonic Team division after Sega wanted a new mascot character. This was because they wanted to replace Alex Kidd, and they wanted to compete with Nintendo's mascot, Mario. Its success made many sequels, and it helped Sega become one of the biggest video game companies during the 16-bit era of the early 1990s. The first major 3D  *Sonic* game, *Sonic Adventure*, was released in 1998 for the Dreamcast. The first 3D Game is technically Sonic 3D Blast released on November 5, 1996 on the Game Gear.

The series made over  by 2014. As of 2018, the series has sold 800million copies. This includes free-to-play mobile game downloads.

## Reception and legacy
### Sales
## Note
## References
Hestia

**Hestia** is a virgin Greek goddess of the hearth, home and fire.  It was believed all hearths were her altars.  She also symbolized the alliance between colonies and their mother cities. Her sacred animal is the pig.

## Family 
Hestia is the older sister of Demeter and Hera, and is also the sister of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Her parents are Titans Rhea and Kronos.

## Myths 
Hestia was originally one of the Twelve Olympians.  Her throne was described as plain, being made of wood with a woolen white cushion. She did not choose an emblem for herself.

Hestia was the first to be swallowed by her father Kronos when he ate the Twelve Olympians, and the last to be disgorged. 

Zeus assigned Hestia to tend the sacred fire on Mount Olympus. Because she could not leave the hearth, Hestia did not have many stories centered around her. 

In ancient tales, Hestia refused the marriage offers of Apollo (her nephew) and Poseidon (her brother). She vowed on the River Styx to forever be a virgin goddess.

## Worship 
Hestia was always the first to receive offerings at every sacrifice in a household. Any hearth of a household was forbidden to go out unless the fire was ritually extinguished and ritually revived. The hearth of the prytaneum was Hestia's official sanctuary. When a new colony was formed, a flame from Hestia's public hearth in the mother city would be carried to the new settlement.

## Related pages
* Vesta (mythology), a Roman version of Hestia.
Antihero

An **antihero** is a main character in a story who does not act like a traditional hero. The antihero does not show  idealism, courage, and morality.

The antihero became prominent in early 20th century existentialist works such as Franz Kafka's *The Metamorphosis* (1915), Jean-Paul Sartre's *La Nausée* (1938), and Albert Camus' ''L'Étranger'' (1942) (). The protagonist in these works is an indecisive central character who drifts through his life and is marked by ennui, angst, and alienation.

Examples of antiheroes from modern pop culture are Marvel Comics The Punisher & Deadpool, Sega's "Shadow The Hedgehog", DC's Batman, Catwoman of Batman, John Constantine, Sweeney Todd, Light Yagami from the *Death Note* manga / anime series, Robin Hood, V from *V for Vendetta*, and Kratos from the *God of War* video-game franchise.

From English literature the classic example is Prince Hamlet from *Hamlet* by William Shakespeare, and from children's literature Discord from *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*.

Most of the time it means a character in fiction, television, or movies. Sometimes it is used to mean a real person. Sometimes the antihero is linked to the author's social critique or message to the reader: for example, the unnamed protagonist in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's *Notes from Underground*.

The whole concept was the subject of a book by Colin Wilson called *The Outsider*. There the author imagines he is in the position of many of his favourite characters in fiction, such as Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov.

## References 
## Related pages 
* False protagonist
* Villain
* Antagonist