open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kim Jung-woo

**Kim Jung-Woo** (born 9 May 1982) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
''Results list South Korea's goal tally first.''

## Honours
**Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i**
*K League 1: 2005
*Korean League Cup runner-up: 2005

**Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma**
*Korean FA Cup: 2011

**South Korea B**
*East Asian Games silver medal: 2001

**South Korea**
*AFC Asian Cup third place: 2007
*EAFF Championship runner-up: 2010

**Individual**
*K League All-Star: 2005, 2009, 2012
*K League 1 Best XI: 2009
*UAE Pro League Dream Team: 2013–14

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* Kim Jung Woo at FIFA.com
Canons of Dort

The **Canons of Dort**, also called the **Canons of Dordrecht** (full name: *The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands*) is the ruling of the National Synod (or meeting) that took place in the Dutch city of Dordrecht from 1618-1619. Dordrecht is often called *Dort* in English.

Today, the Canons of Dort are part of the Three Forms of Unity, which is one of the confession standards of many of the Reformed churches around the world. The Reformed churches continued use of the Canons as a standard keeps the Reformed churches from being in full harmony with the followers of Jacob Arminius, the Remonstrants and the Dutch Reformed Churches, who disagree with the Canons.

The Canons are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over. These Canons introduced the Five Points of Calvinism.

## Books on the Canons 
**But for the Grace of God* by Cornelis P. Venema
**The Golden Chain of Salvation* by John Bouwers
**Unspeakable Comfort* by Peter Feenstra
**The Voice of our Fathers* by Homer Hoeksema
**The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination* by Lorraine Boettner
**The Synod of Dordt* by Thomas Scott
**The Canons of Dordt* by Henry Peterson
**The Five Points of Calvinism* by David Steele and Curtis Thomas
**The Works of John Owen, Vol. 10*
**TULIP by William Jay Hornbeck II*

## Other websites 
*English Translation of the Canons of Dort
*Spanish Translation of the Canons of Dort
*http://www.crcna.org/pages/dort_canons_main.cfm 
*Canons of Dort 
*Audio Recording of the Canons of Dort (mp3)
Dordrecht Confession of Faith

The **Dordrecht Confession of Faith** is a statement of faith that was created by Dutch Mennonite leaders at a meeting (also known as a Synod) in Dordrecht, Netherlands, on April 21, 1632. It has 18 articles of faith that talk about the importance of salvation through Jesus Christ, baptism, nonviolence, feet washing, and not taking oaths.
 
It was a very important part of the Radical Reformation and is still a very important document to many Anabaptist groups today, such as the Amish. In 1725, Jacob Gottshalk with sixteen other ministers from Pennsylvania and together they created the Dutch Mennonite Dordrecht Confession of Faith.

## References 
* Dyck, Cornelius J. (1993), Mennonite History 3rd Ed., Herald Press

## Other websites 
*Mennolink article on confessions of faith 
*Dordrecht Confession of Faith translation and context in *Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online*
Three Forms of Unity

The **Three Forms of Unity** is the name that is given to the Belgic Confession, the Canons of Dort, and the Heidelberg Catechism. These three works are about the doctrinal concerns of Continental Calvinism. They are considered official statements of Church doctrine by many of the Reformed churches.

## History 
From 1618 to 1619, the Dutch government, acting for the Dutch Reformed Church, called a series of meetings that would come to be called the Synod of Dort. Members from the Netherlands and twenty-seven members from eight other countries met at this Synod to discuss and come to an agreement on their views. This agreement is known as the "Canons of Dort."

This meeting then added the Canons of Dort to two other documents, the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism. Those were both commonly used by the Dutch Church at this time. 

The reasons that they chose to do this were:
# to put in writing their understanding of the biblical teachings on the Trinity, the incarnation of Jesus, predestination, justification, and the Church,
# to let members get together in unity around shared beliefs that are important to the faith,
# to decide on certain ideas that are not essential (such as politics, education, etc.) in the hopes of stopping the churches from splitting over things that are more minor.

The different forms each serve different things:
*the Heidelberg Catechism is written in a question-and-answer format so that it can easily explain different teachings in the Bible to children and those who are new to Christianity;
*the Belgic Confession of Faith talks about different teachings in the Bible;
*the Canons of Dort are a series of very technical responses to very specific arguments raised about God by the Dutch Remonstrants.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Text and description of the Three Forms from Philip Schaff's book *Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches* at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library:
**Belgic Confession (in the original French with a translation into English)
**Heidelberg Catechism (in the original German with a translation into English)
**Canons of Dort (in the original Latin with a translation into English)
* Audio Recordings of the Three Forms of Unity in MP3 form
Martin Müller

**Martin Müller** (born 6 November 1970) is a former Czech football player.

## Club statistics 
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Total depravity

**Total depravity** (also called **total inability** or **total corruption**) is a theological teaching that comes from Augustine's teachings on original sin. It is the teaching that, since the Fall of Man, every person who has been born into the world is a slave of sin and, without the irresistible grace of God, it is not possible for man to choose to follow God or accept salvation as He freely offers it.

Total depravity is taught by many Protestant confessions of faith, including Lutheranism, and Methodism, Arminianism, and Calvinism.

## References
Edmund Beecher Wilson

**Edmund Beecher Wilson** (Geneva, Illinois, 19 October 1856 – 3 March 1939) was a pioneering American zoologist and cell biologist. He wrote one of the most famous textbooks in the history of modern biology, *The Cell*.

## Career 
Wilson graduated from Yale in 1878. He earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins in 1881. He was a lecturer at Williams College in 1883–84 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884–85. He served as professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College from 1885 to 1891. 

He spent the balance of his career at Columbia University where he was successively adjunct professor of biology (1891–94), professor of invertebrate zoology (1894–1897), and professor of zoology (from 1897). 

Wilson is credited as America's first cell biologist. In 1898 he used the similarity in embryos to describe evolutionary relationships. By observing spiral cleavage in molluscs, flatworms and annelids he concluded that the same organs came from the same group of cells and concluded that all these organisms must have a common ancestor. 

He also discovered the chromosomal XY sex-determination system in 1905—that males have XY and females XX sex chromosomes. Nettie Stevens independently made the same discovery the same year.

In 1907, he described, for the first time, the additional or supernumerary chromosomes, now called B-chromosomes.

Professor Wilson published many papers on embryology, and served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1913. 

The American Society for Cell Biology annually awards the E.B. Wilson Medal in his honour.

## Sutton and Boveri 
1902–1904: Theodor Boveri (1862–1915), a German biologist, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel. He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".

In 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the *Sutton–Boveri hypothesis*.

## References
Jun Yanagisawa

**Jun Yanagisawa** (born 27 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2006||J. League 2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2010||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
3||0||2||0||0||0||5||0
3||0||2||0||0||0||5||0
|}

## References
Bernard Genghini

**Bernard Genghini** (born 18 January 1958) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1976–77||rowspan="6"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="6"|Division 1||3||0
|-
|1977–78||35||8
|-
|1978–79||32||11
|-
|1979–80||38||15
|-
|1980–81||36||13
|-
|1981–82||37||13
|-
|1982–83||Saint-Étienne||Division 1||36||8
|-
|1983–84||rowspan="3"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||38||18
|-
|1984–85||34||15
|-
|1985–86||34||13

|-
|1986–87||Servette||Nationalliga A||||

|-
|1986–87||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||8||2
|-
|1987–88||28||1
|-
|1988–89||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||4||1
363||118
||
363||118
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1980||1||0
|-
|1981||4||1
|-
|1982||10||3
|-
|1983||4||0
|-
|1984||6||1
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||2||1
|-
!Total||27||6
|}

## References
Anders Svensson

**Anders Svensson** (born 17 July 1976) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Elfsborg and Sweden national team.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1992||Hestrafors||||2||0
|-
|1993||rowspan="9"|Elfsborg||rowspan="4"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||26||3
|-
|1996||24||9
|-
|1997||rowspan="5"|Allsvenskan||26||3
|-
|1998||26||5
|-
|1999||20||3
|-
|2000||24||10
|-
|2001||8||5

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Southampton||rowspan="4"|Premier League||34||3
|-
|2002/03||33||2
|-
|2003/04||30||0
|-
|2004/05||30||4

|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Elfsborg||rowspan="6"|Allsvenskan||9||0
|-
|2006||26||7
|-
|2007||23||9
|-
|2008||19||1
|-
|2009||26||4
|-
|2010||||
260||59
127||9
387||68
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||6||1
|-
|2001||15||5
|-
|2002||11||1
|-
|2003||10||3
|-
|2004||12||1
|-
|2005||7||1
|-
|2006||9||1
|-
|2007||13||2
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||1
|-
|2010||5||1
|-
!Total||108||17
|}

## References
John Piper (broadcaster)

**John Piper** was the mid-morning talk show host on the BBC Radio Solent throughout the 1970s. The name of his program was called ''Piper's Tune''. The show was a mix of music, talk guests and the regular feature called, "Give a Neighbour a Hand", in which listeners would call in and ask for advice and other listeners would call in and give advice. Piper left the BBC in 1879 to join the Two Counties Radio in Bournemouth, as the station's first Programme Controller. He stayed on the air in Bournemouth until he left radio to move to Spain with his wife, Dilys.

In the 1980s, Piper also served as the mayor of his home town, Sitio de Calahonda which is located near Málaga in Spain. Piper also served in the Special Operations during World War II as a journalist and naturalist.
Pavel Horváth

**Pavel Horváth** (born 22 April 1975) is a Czech football player. He has played for Czech Republic national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Sources:

;Notes

### International
:Source:

## Honours
### Club
**Slavia Prague**
*Czech Cup: 1996–97, 1998–99

**Sporting**
*Primeira Liga: 2001–02

**Teplice**
*Czech Cup: 2002–03

**Sparta Prague**
*Czech First League: 2006–07
*Czech Cup: 2006–07, 2007–08

**Viktoria Plzeň**
*Czech First League: 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15
*Czech Cup: 2009–10
*Czech Supercup: 2011

## References
Arthur Antunes Coimbra Junior

**Arthur Antunes Coimbra Junior** (born 15 October 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics
67

|-
|2003||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||2||0
2||0
2||0
|}
Fortuna Düsseldorf

**Fortuna Düsseldorf** is a football club which plays in Germany from Düsseldorf that plays in the highest league in German football, the Fußball-Bundesliga.

## References
Liga MX

**Liga MX**, known as the **Primera División de México** before the 2012–13 season, is the top football league in México.

Like most football leagues in Latin America, Liga MX divides its season into two phases—Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for "opening" and "closing"), with different champions in each phase. The Apertura is held in the Northern Hemisphere fall (autumn), and the Clausura in spring.

## 2014–15 Clubs
## References
FC Hansa Rostock

**Hansa Rostock** is a football club from Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The club plays in German 2. Bundesliga.
## History
The club was founded on 1 November 1954 multi-sport Sportclub Empor Rostock. Because it was not possible to find enough players for the football team the team of Empor Lauter was transferred to  Rostock. This was common in the German Democratic Republic. Rostock took the place of Lauter in the first league. The re-organization of East German sports in 1965 led to the association's football department becoming independent as Fußball Club Hansa Rostock. The new club was named "Hansa" to remember northern Europe's Hanseatic League. Rostock was an important member there.

After the reunification of Germany Hansa played together with Dynamo Dresden in the German Bundesliga. They were relegated but came back. Their best result in the Bundesliga was 2 times a 6th place.
## Squad 
*As of 31 August 2011*

## Honours
* East German champions: 1991
* East German vice-champions: 1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968
* East German Cup: 1991
* East German Cup finalists: 1955, 1957, 1960, 1967, 1987
* 2. Bundesliga champions: 1995
* German Indoor champions: 1998
* German Under 17 championship runners-up: 2005

## Rostocks seasons
## Other websites
* official website of F.C. Hansa Rostock
* HANSANEWS.DE | THE ONLINE MAGAZINE
* The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Xerophyte

**Xerophytes** are plants which are adapted to dry/desert areas. They are a type of succulent plant. To survive these harsh conditions, they have special features. For example, a cactus has white hairs which help to prevent water loss. Another example is manzanita plants, which have a thick waxy coating and keep their leaves vertical to the sun.

## Adaptions 
Some Xerophytic plants sit out a drought. They can still extract water from soil. They may have very salty cell sap and therefore a very low water potential in the roots; they may have very extensive or deep roots or may pick up the slightest dew and survive on that.

Others have special features about their shape or structure (xeromorphs). Thick waxy cuticle (*Aloe*); hairy surfaces (*Edelweiss*); dense packing of leaves, reduced leaf size (species of cypress); reduced density of stomata (many cacti); pitted and grooved position of stomata (Ammophila) Water storage in stem and tubers, etc. (baobab). They may also protect this water store from animals by spines and chemicals.

## Mechanism table
## References
MSV Duisburg

The **Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg** is a football club which plays in Germany. The club was founding member of the German Bundesliga 1962/63 and is now playing in the Second Bundesliga.  Due to their striped jerseys they are also called the "Zebras".

## Name 
The club was founded in 1902 as *Meidericher SV*. On 9 January 1967 the club was renamed into his still today valid name *MSV Duisburg*. 
## Current squad 
*As of 1 November 2011*
LASK

**L.A.S.K. Linz** is a football club which plays in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. They are playing in the First League, the second division in Austria's league system.
## History
The club was founded on 7 August 1899 as Athletiksportclub Siegfried, the football section was founded in February 1919. The first match was on  4 May 1919 against Fußballverein Wels . LASK lost 1:4. Being the most successful section of the Athletiksportclub it was decided that the name of the club should be Linzer Athletik-Sport-Klub (Linzer ASK). Till the occupation by Germany in 1938 they reached many titels in the Upper Austrian league. In the 1938/39 season they were promoted to the  Gauliga XVII, which was then the highest class in Austrian football. But they were relegated the same season.

After the Second World War LASK reached the title in Austrian highest class in the 1964/65 season. The LASK was the first team which came not from Vienna to do so. The same season they also won the Autrian Cup. The next decades were partly successful but also by relegetions to the second division. In 1997, due to public pressure, LASK Linz merged with city rivals FC Linz (formerly known as SK VOEST Linz) which, however, resulted in the cancellation of the latter. Club name, colors, chairmen and members remained the same.

In the 2010/11 season they were relegated. 2017 they were promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga again.

## Name
*1908-1996 **Linzer ASK**
*1996-present **LASK Linz**
## Coaching staff 
## Current squad 
## European cup history 
*As of December 2008.*

## Honours 
*Austrian League:  1964–65
*Austrian Cup: 1965, runner-up 1963, 1967, 1970, 1999
*Austrian Amateur Championship: 1931
*Upper-Austrian Championship: 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1939, 1947, 1948, 1950
*Upper-Austrian Cup: 1929, 1931, 1932, 1935, 1937, 1946
*Upper-Austrian Championship (reserves): 2001, 2003
*Second Division: 1958, 1979, 1994, 2007, 2016

## References
F.C. Wacker Innsbruck (2002)

**F.C. Wacker Innsbruck** is a football club which plays in Austria. The club was founded in June 2002 after the insolvency of FC Tirol Innsbuck. The fans think this club is  the successor but leagaly they are a new club.

The club started in the Regionalliga West (3 stage of Austrian football, this was possible because the club played together with WSG Wattens, a 3rd league club) and promoted within 2 seasons to the Bundesliga. In the 2006/07 season they avoided relegetion only because of the insolvency of the GAK. But the following season they were relegated to the 1st league(2nd stage of Austrian football).  2009 they won the championship again and promoted again to the Bundesliga. Till 2014 they played in the Bundesliga. 2014 to 2018 they played in the 2nd league. After one year in the Bundesliga (2018-19) they were relegated. Since that year they play in the 2nd league.

The second team (FC Wacker Innsbruck Amateure) is playing in the Regionalliga Tirol (3rd level).

## Name
*2002-2007 **FC Wacker Tirol**
*2007-present **FC Wacker Innsbruck**

## Current squad
### Staff
* Manager: Masaki Morass
* Assistant coach: Mario Anfang
* Assistant coach: Ervand Sukiasyan
* Goalkeeper coach: Szabolcs Safar

## Honours
*Champion Regionalliga West:2003
*Champion Erste Liga (2nd level): 2004,2010, 2018

## FC Wacker Innsbruck Women
The womenteam is playing in the Planet Pure Bundesliga.
### Staff Women
* Manager: Fuad Djulic
* Assistant coach: Yasar Demir
* Assistant coach: Lion Wetzel
* Goalkeeper coach: Andreas Tezzele

## References
Curt Stern

**Curt Stern** (August 30, 1902 &ndash; October 23, 1981) was a German-born American geneticist. He was a German-American geneticist.  of Jewish descent. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he studied zoology at the University of Berlin, receiving his PhD in 1923 at the age of 21. He was selected for a fellowship to study at Columbia University, then the site of Thomas Hunt Morgan's famous drosophila fly room.

## Early career 
Stern accepted an appointment at the University of Berlin after his fellowship ended. In 1931, he was the first to demonstrate crossover of homologous chromosomes in *Drosophila melanogaster*, only weeks after Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton had done so with maize.
 
Stern eventually returned to the United States in 1932. He became an American citizen in 1939. From 1933 to 1947, he taught at the University of Rochester. From 1947 until his retirement in 1970, he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he had numerous doctoral students.

In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination can also take place in mitosis resulting in somatic mosaics, organisms that contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissues. He later demonstrated that there were multiple genes on the *Drosophila* Y chromosome, and described the mechanism of dosage compensation.

During World War II, he led research for the American government on low dose radiation safety. His laboratory group concluded that there is no "safe" threshold below which radiation is not harmful.

## Human genetics 
After the war his research focused on human genetics, pioneering in what is now known as gene regulation. Although not a physician, he engaged in clinical work in human genetics. In 1943 he began teaching a course in human genetics to medical students at the University of Rochester. The first edition of Stern's pioneering textbook *The Principles of human genetics* was published in 1949. Both his teaching and his textbook were instrumental in re-founding human genetics on a non-racist basis, in contrast with pre-war German and American traditions in the subject. Stern was a signatory of the 1950 UNESCO statement *The Race Question*, a statement by leading scientists in many fields that questioned the validity and scientific foundations of racism.

The Curt Stern Award, established by the American Society of Human Genetics in 2001, recognizes a scientist who has made major scientific achievements in human genetics during the previous 10 years.

## References
* 
* Stern, Curt and Sherwood, Eva R. (eds) 1966. *The origin of genetics: a Mendel source book*. Freeman, S.F.
Alfred Sturtevant

**Alfred Henry Sturtevant** (November 21, 1891 – April 5, 1970) was an American geneticist. Sturtevant made the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. In his career he worked on the fruit-fly *Drosophila melanogaster* with Thomas Hunt Morgan.

Morgan was both a help and a hindrance to Sturtevant. Morgan supported him through the early part of his career, but took much of the credit for the research. Morgan's Nobel Prize in 1933 was not shared with Sturtevant, who was the lab's main researcher.

Later in his career, Sturtevant had another important relationship, this time with Theodosius Dobzhansky. The research was into the genetics of natural populations of *Drosophila*. This relationship, too, became uneasy, and they split up after a few years. Sturtevant was one of the most outstanding genetics researchers not to get a Nobel Prize. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.

## Works
* Lewis E.B. ed. 1961. *Genetics and evolution: selected papers of A.H. Sturtevant*. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
* Sturtevant A.H. 1965. *A history of genetics*. Harper & Row N.Y.

## References
Thomas Hunt Morgan

**Thomas Hunt Morgan** (25 September 1866 – 4 December 1945) was an American geneticist and embryologist. Morgan took his PhD at Johns Hopkins University in 1890, and researched embryology while at Bryn Mawr College.

After the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan switched his research to the fruit fly *Drosophila melanogaster*. In 1904, E.B. Wilson invited Morgan to join him at Columbia University. This move freed Morgan to focus fully on experimental work.
In his famous Fly Room at Columbia,  Morgan was able to show that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics.

Morgan moved to California in 1928 to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech). Research was focused on genetics and evolution; experimental embryology; physiology; biophysics and biochemistry.

He was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933. It was the first one given for genetics, for his *discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity*. The prize was not shared with the lab's main researcher, Alfred Sturtevant, a decision of the Nobel Committee which was certainly controversial.

Morgan's early work with *Drosophila* was on the associations known as 'coupling' and 'repulsion', discovered by English workers in 1909 and 1910 using the Sweet Pea. These were, in reality, the same phenomenon, which was later called linkage. Morgan's first papers dealt with the demonstration of sex linkage of the gene for white eyes in the fly, the male fly being heterogametic (XY).

During his distinguished career, Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers, and, as a result of his work, *Drosophila* became the main 'model organism' in genetics. The Division of Biology he started at the California Institute of Technology produced *seven* Nobel Prize winners.

## References
Little Boy

**Little Boy** is the name that was given to the first atomic bomb that was dropped in a war. The bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the American army who were trying to end World War II. Enola Gay was the name of the plane that dropped Little Boy.

## References
Fat Man

**Fat Man** is the name of the second atomic bomb ever made from plutonium and the second atomic bomb to be used in nuclear warfare. It is called Fat Man because of the round shape. It was dropped over the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. More than a hundred of this kind were made after World War II.

## References
Hermann Muller

Several people are named **Hermann Muller** or **Hermann Müller**: 

#Hermann Müller (1829–1883), German botanist who investigated coevolution between bees and flowers. Name has umlaut.
#H.J. Muller (1890–1967), American geneticist who investigated mutations. Name has no umlaut.
#Hermann Müller (SPD) Foreign Minister of Germany, 21 June 1919&ndash;26 March 1920. SPD party.
H. J. Muller

**Hermann Joseph Muller**, generally known as **H. J. Muller**, (21 December 1890 – 5 April 1967) was an American geneticist, educator, and Nobel Prize winner. He was best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation, as well as his outspoken political beliefs. Muller frequently warned of the long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions.

Muller's life was as extraordinary as could be imagined. Born in New York City, he got his PhD at CalTech in Morgan's *Drosophila* fly lab. He next worked at Rice University, and then spent twelve years at the University of Texas. Then he moved to Berlin in 1932, then to Leningrad (St Petersburg), and then to Moscow. In all these places he organised a genetics lab, and sometimes taught as well. Then arose the scientific charlatan Lysenko, who saw to it that genuine genetics scientists came under the disapproval of Stalin. Once again Muller moved, this time to Edinburgh, with 250 strains of *Drosophila*, then finally back to the United States in 1940, where he became an advisor to the Manhattan Project. He became Professor of Zoology at Indiana University.

Muller's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946 was "for the discovery that mutations can be induced by X-rays". By then the real interest lay in the same effects caused by gamma rays from nuclear testing. Muller was a wholehearted enthusiast for eugenics, socialism, atheism and other relatively unpopular ideas, but his real contribution was to genetics. One reputable source writes of him:
:"Muller's contributions dominate the 1920s and 1930s. The variety of genetic tools he developed elevated *Drosophila* to an almost exclusive role in the study of the gene concept. It is almost impossible to read Muller's articles during those two decades without feeling overwhelmed by the quality of genius which characterises the analytical and projective treatment of his discoveries and experiments".

## References
Mundari language

The **Mundari** language is a Munda language of the Austro-Asiatic language family.  It is spoken by the Munda people.

## References
Holborn

**Holborn** ( ) is an area of Central London, England.  Holborn is also the name of the area's principal east-west street. The street runs from St Giles's High Street as High Holborn to Gray's Inn Road to Holborn Viaduct. It crosses the borders of the City of Westminster, London Borough of Camden and the City of London.

## References
## Other websites
*Holborn and Bloomsbury, by Sir Walter Besant and Geraldine Edith Mitton, 1903, from Project Gutenberg
Southampton Row

, Southampton Row campus.]]
**Southampton Row** is a major road running northwest-southeast in Bloomsbury, Camden, central London, England. The road is part of the A4200.

## References
Charlton, London

**Charlton** is an area and an electoral ward in south-east London. It is in the London Borough of Greenwich. It is located between Greenwich and Woolwich.
Westminster Bridge

**Westminster Bridge** is a road traffic and foot bridge over the River Thames between Westminster and Lambeth, in London. It is right next to the Houses of Parliament.

## History
Until Westminster Bridge was built in 1750, there was only one bridge crossing the River Thames.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the  of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages 
* List of crossings of the River Thames

## References
## Other websites
*
* 
* 
* Interactive Panorama: Westminster Bridge
Hop Exchange

The **Hop Exchange** is a Grade II listed building at No. 24 Southwark Street, London SE1. It is in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark.  It opened in 1867 and was designed by R.H. Moore. It served as the centre for hop trading for the brewing industry.

## Other websites 
* Official site of the venue 
* The hop cellars
Waterloo Bridge

**Waterloo Bridge** is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

## History 
The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809-10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge Company and opened in 1817 as a toll bridge. The granite bridge had nine arches, each of  span, separated by double Grecian-Doric stone columns and was  long, including approaches. Before its opening it was known as 'Strand Bridge'. During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a popular place for suicide attempts. In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem *The Bridge of Sighs* about the suicide of a prostitute there. Paintings of the bridge were created by the French Impressionist Claude Monet and English Impressionist, John Constable. The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and given to the Metropolitan Board of Works, who removed the toll from it.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the  of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Gallery

File:Waterloo Bridge 1817.jpg|Crowds attend the opening of Waterloo Bridge on 18 June 1817

File:John Constable - The Opening of Waterloo Bridge.jpg|View of the old Waterloo Bridge from Whitehall stairs, John Constable

File:Underside Waterloo Bridge.jpg|The design called for supporting beams only at the outside edges, to bring "light and sweetness" to the underside

File:City.of.london.view.arp.750pix.jpg|The centre span of the bridge, showing how it is carried on the cantilevered ends of the main beams
Image:Drapersgardens.jpg|The completed bridge with the City of London behind

## Related pages 
* List of crossings of the River Thames

## References
## Other websites
*Survey of London entry 
*Peter Lind & Company 
* 
*
River Fleet

, c. 1750.]]

The **River Fleet** is the biggest of London's subterranean rivers.

## Other websites
* McRae, Andrew. ""On the Famous Voyage": Ben Jonson and Civic Space." Early Modern Literary Studies Special Issue 3 (September, 1998): 8.1-31 http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-2/mcraonth.htm
* Sub-Urban.com — River Fleet 
* Reviewing the Fleet
* Photos From The River Fleet  
* Chesca Potter, "The River of Wells" 
* Map of River Fleet superimposed over map of modern London
* A psychogeographical film of the River Fleet
* [Map showing Ray Street Bridge](http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=531385&y=182157&z=1&sv=ray+street&st=1&tl=Ray+Street+Bridge+(off+Farringdon+Lane),+EC1&searchp=newsearch.srf&mapp=newmap.srf)
Blackfriars, London

passes through Blackfriars in 2005]]
**Blackfriars** is an area of central London, which lies in the south-west corner of the City of London. It is also were Henry VIII sixth wife died and was buried
The Angel, Islington

**The Angel** was originally an inn near a toll gate on the Great North Road (at what is now the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road). The term now informally refers to this part of Islington in London. The corner itself is actually in Finsbury which was a separate borough until 1965 when the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Islington to form the London Borough of Islington.

## Related pages
* Angel tube station

## Other websites 
* Angel Islington info and directory 
* Islington Council
* Weather forecast for Islington
Kennington

**Kennington** is an area of South London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is a mixed class residential area, and is the location of The Oval, the well-known cricket stadium.
Elephant and Castle

The **Elephant and Castle** is a major road intersection in inner south London, England, and is also used as a name for the surrounding district.
Battersea

**Battersea** is a large district in southwest London, part of the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It is centred 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Charing Cross and extends along the south bank of the Thames Tideway. It includes the 200-acre (0.81 km2) Battersea Park.

## References
Wandsworth

**Wandsworth** is an inner suburb of London on the south bank of the River Thames in south-west London.  Wandsworth takes its name from the River Wandle, which enters the Thames at Wandsworth. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

## References
Interferometer

**Interferometers** are for measuring the interference properties of light waves. One of their purposes is to measure things precisely, for example in the Michelson interferometer.

## Related pages 
* Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Chris Terreri

**Christopher Arnold Terreri** (born November 15, 1964 in Warwick, Rhode Island) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for four professional teams of the NHL. He won the Stanley Cup two times with the New Jersey Devils. He is currently the goaltending coach of the New Jersey Devils of the NHL.

## Other websites 
*
Anti-abortion movement

at the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C.]]
, in 2004.]]

The **Anti-abortion movement** is a group of people who believe that human life begins at conception and that the life of unborn children should be protected. Because of this, they oppose abortion, in some or all cases. As they favor the life of the unborn, they are also called **pro-life**. In 1960, there were the oral contraception pills and the sexual revolution started. The anti-abortion movement started in the early 1970s in the United States. The other movement that believes women should have a choice whether to end a pregnancy is called pro-choice. 

People who are anti-abortion say that all humans, including the unborn, have a right to live. They say that having a human genome is enough for a developing organism to be called a living human being. Others say that an organism should be identified as a living human once a heartbeat has been detected. Pro-lifers say that abortion should be illegal. Many pro-lifers say pregnant women who do not want to raise a child should look for alternatives to abortion, such as adoption.

Many advocacy groups try to convince people that abortion is wrong. 

The pro-life movement is associated with conservative politics. In one poll in the United States, 66% of conservatives called themselves pro-life. It is also associated with the Catholic Church. Pope Francis has said that "Every child that isn't born, but is unjustly condemned to be aborted, has the face of Jesus Christ, has the face of the Lord."

## Background 
In 2022, many countries have laws that say that abortion is possible for a certain amount of time, without penalty.

In 1973, the U.S. supreme court decided that the article in the laws of a state that banned abortion was unconstitutional. This decision is known as Roe v. Wade today which legalized abortion across all states. 

In 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the 1973 decision. They ruled that the constitution of the United States does not give the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment, and therefore abortion is not protected. The case that was heard is Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.

## References
Dunning–Kruger effect

The **Dunning–Kruger effect** is a bias in thinking where a person is unaware of how badly they understand a subject. The person does not understand that they are failing. They mistakenly think that they are doing as well as "average" or even "above average".

## Overview
It is a psychological effect in which people don't realize their level of knowledge or ability in a subject. People who know little about a subject will think that they know more than they actually know. People of low ability may not have enough intelligence to fully grasp how complicated something can be, causing them to overestimate their knowledge or ability. This can cause them to underestimate the intelligence of a high-ability person who claims something is complicated when they falsely believe they understand it fully. This effect was shown in an experiment that was done by Justin Kruger and David Dunning at Cornell University.

## Analysis 
To study this effect, scientists commonly test a group of people ranging in aptitude for a certain task and compare their results with what they think they got. Commonly the results of these studies show that those with the least aptitude (the bottom 25%) will believe themselves to have gotten a much higher score.

## Critique
The investigators said,

## Related pages
* Arrogance
* Narcissism
* Confidence
* Megalomania

## References
Tic

]]

A **tic** is a sudden body movement that a person can't control.  It might be a jerking movement of the hand, or blinking a lot, or a throat sound.  Even if the person is told that they are doing it, they usually can't stop. Sometimes if they try really hard, they can make the tic go away for a little bit, but they can't make it go away all the time. in most case's tics are not harmful but it can become so if physical movement becomes involved

Tics can be either "motor tics" or "phonic tics." If they are "motor tics" it means they're movements, like blinking or shrugging shoulders. If they are "phonic tics" it means they're sounds, like clearing your throat, sniffing, or yelling.

Tics are common in childhood, four to twelve percent of all children have tics. Very often this is transitory, tics rarely last longer than six months. Boys have tics more often than girls. About three times more boys than girls have tics. Sometimes, people can have a "tic" in the family, meaning that more than one member has a tic, or that a parent used to have a tic.

Some tics can be treated, usually with behaviour therapy. In cases where the tic is difficult to treat, antipsychotics are sometimes used.

*Tics are part of the obsessive-compulsive complex of behavioural disorders,

## References
Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

***Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy*** is a 2004 American comedy movie set in San Diego in 1975. It was produced by Judd Apatow and directed by Adam McKay. The movie is number 100 on ''Bravo's 100 funniest movies*, and 113 on *Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time*. It was narrated by Bill Kurtis. It was released on July 9, 2004. A sequel, *Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues* was released on December 18, 2013.

## Cast 
* **Will Ferrell** as **Ron Burgundy**
* **Christina Applegate** as **Veronica Corningstone**
* **Paul Rudd** as **Brian Fantana**
* **David Koechner** as *'Champion 'Champ' Kind**
* **Steve Carell** as **Brick Tamland**
* **Fred Willard** as **Ed Harken**
* **Chris Parnell** as **Garth Holladay**
* **Vince Vaughn** as **Wes Mantooth'''

## Other websites 
* AnchormanMovie.com  – Official Website
* 
* 
* 
*
Boards of Canada

**Boards of Canada** (commonly abbreviated **BoC**) are a Scottish electronic music duo of two brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having a secret, privately released back-catalogue of albums on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias **Hell Interface**.

## Musical style
Boards of Canada's music is part like the warm, analog sounds of 1970s media and contains themes of childhood, nostalgia and the natural world. Mike and Marcus have mentioned the documentary movies of the National Film Board of Canada, from which the group's name is derived, as a source of inspiration.

## History
### Early years (1986–1995)
Growing up in a musical family, brothers Mike and Marcus Eoin began playing instruments at a young age.  They experimented with recording uses at around the age of 10, using tape machines to layer cut-up samples of found sounds over compositions of their own. In their teens they went in a number of amateur bands; however, it was not until 1986 when Marcus was invited to Mike's band that Boards of Canada was born. By 1989, the band had gone down just to Sandison and Eoin. In the early 1990s, a number of collaborations took place and the band put on small shows among the "*Hexagon Sun*" collective.

In early 2000, the website for the band, Music70.com, removed the early discography of Boards of Canada, although some information has been preserved by fans. Early tape releases by Boards of Canada include *Play By Numbers*, *Acid Memories*, *Hooper Bay*, and the earliest known release by the band is titled *Catalog 3*. None of the material from those days is readily available, and since official Boards of Canada sources deny the existence of these albums, there seems to be little chance for this early material ever to be seen publicly.

## References
Owl City

**Owl City** is an American pop music project by Adam Young.

He had a hit with a song called Fireflies in 2010. It was the number one song in United States of America  for two weeks.  He has written several songs, including Vanilla Twilight. In 2012 he had a hit song with Carly Rae Jepsen, called Good Time.

## Band members
;Current members
* Adam Young – lead vocals, programming, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, drums, percussion, vibraphone
* Breanne Düren – keyboards, backing vocals 
* Jasper Nephew - Guitar, Synth
* Gabriel Hagen - Drums

## Discography
;Extended Plays
**Of June* (2007)
**Shooting Star* (2012)
* The Midsummer Station Acoustic (2013)
;Studio albums
*''Maybe I'm Dreaming* (2008)
**Ocean Eyes* (2009)
**All Things Bright and Beautiful* (2011)
**The Midsummer Station* (2012)
**Mobile Orchestra'' (2015)

## References
William Bateson

**William Bateson** (Yorkshire, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was a British zoologist, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge University. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel, after their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

## Career 
Bateson became famous as a mutationist who believed evolution took place by jumps. Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution: see the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Bateson was the first to suggest the word "genetics" to describe the study of inheritance, in a letter to Adam Sedgwick, dated April 18, 1905. Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906. Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889 and etymologically the word genetics finds its origin in Darwin's concept of pangenesis.

Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett, and he and Punnett founded the *Journal of Genetics* in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent traits. So important from 1900 to 1910, he was almost a bystander for the next ten years because he refused to accept the role chromosomes played in genetics. At last, in 1921, a visit to T.H. Morgan's fly lab convinced him, but by then he could no longer recover his influence.

## References
Ice Climbers

The ***Ice Climbers*** are a series of video games produced and developed by Nintendo. The series is about **Popo** and **Nana**, also known as the *Ice Climbers*. The games were first produced in 1985. The plot of the game was to get stolen vegetables back from a giant condor on 32 ice-covered mountains. Popo and Nana have also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series.
Listed building

, designed by Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Fowler, opened in 1890, and now owned by Network Rail, is designated as a Category A listed building by Historic Scotland.]]

A **listed building,** in the United Kingdom, is a building that has been placed on the **Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest**. This is a list of buildings that are important in terms of architecture, history, or culture. There are many buildings on this list. In the UK, there are about 500,000 listed buildings.

In England and Wales, there are three kinds of listed buildings:
* **Grade I**: buildings that are very important
* **Grade II***: buildings that are important in general (not special interest)
* **Grade II**: buildings that are special interesting (this means that they are important to some groups or for a specific reason)
There used to be a fourth kind of listed building: **Grade III**. This type has not been used since 1970.

## Other websites 
* Photographs of listed buildings from English Heritage 
* Listed Property Owners Club, providing information & advice for listed property owners
* Information about heritage protection generally
* PASTMAP Map-based database of listed buildings, scheduled monuments etc in Scotland 
* Birmingham City Council - What is a Locally Listed Building? 
* 

## Sources
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram

Guardians in the temple]]
**Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram** or **Wat Phra Kaew**, the "Temple of the Emerald Buddha", is one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Thailand. It is in the grounds of the Grand Palace. It is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is famous for the statue of Buddha, which is really made from jade, not emerald. The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha.

## References