open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Coat of arms of Turkmenistan

The **coat of arms of Turkmenistan** was created after Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The eight-point green starburst (known as the star of Rub El Hizb (۞), a symbol of Islam, to which a majority of Turkmen profess) with golden edges features in its center a red circular disc which carries sheaves of wheat, five carpet guls, and centered upon that a smaller blue circle with a lifelike (rather than heraldized) depiction of an Akhal-Teke horse, a source of pride for the Turkmen people. A variant of the emblem, which included different colors and rounded, was used from 1992 until 2003. http://www.statesymbol.ru/abroad/cis/20050803/39598373.htmlhttp://eh.lenin.ru/arms/3as/turkmenistan/tkm-ax.gif

The five traditional carpet motifs on the red disc represent the five major tribes or houses, and stand for the traditional and religious values of the country. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes. 

The green and red colors appear in this shield because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The central elements are surrounded by sheaves of wheat that allude to the custom to welcome to guests with salt and bread. Atop the wheat and the red circle appear a waxing crescent moon of white, typical of Turkic symbology, and five five-pointed stars also of white. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary. Most of the elements of the coat of arms are present in the national flag.

Before independence from the USSR, Turkmenistan had a coat of arms similar to all other Soviet Republics. A single carpet *gul*, not matching any of the tribal patterns, was represented on the Coat of arms of the Turkmen SSR.

## Related pages
* Flag of Turkmenistan
Flag of Turkmenistan

Flag ratio: 2:3]]
The **flag of Turkmenistan** was adopted on January 24, 2001 in the 2:3 ratio as Turkmenistan's national flag, though the flag was adopted in the 1:2 ratio on February 19, 1992. It is often described as the most detailed national flag in the world. 

It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.

The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary.

The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.

The wreath is one of the odder parts of the flag, added against the rules of heraldry and breaking up the carpet pattern. It was added as an afterthought to represent the "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
Pythagoreanism

]]

**Pythagoreanism** is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics. They thought the world was made of numbers, and that various integers had distinct sacred meanings in their numerology.

Later resurgence of ideas similar to those held by the early Pythagoreans are collected under the term Neopythagoreanism.

## Pythagorean symbols
*Monad
*Dyad
*Triad
*Tetrad
*Pentad
*Decad
* Tetractys
* Vesica piscis

## References
Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)

"**Hallelujah**" is a folk-rock song by Canadian singer/guitarist Leonard Cohen. It was first released on his 1984 album *Various Positions*.

Following its increased popularity after being featured in the movie *Shrek* (2001), it has been re-recorded by many different artists including Jeff Buckley, Anand Bhatt, Rufus Wainwright, Allison Crowe, k.d. lang, Tori Kelly, and Damien Rice.

## Background
The song draws references to David ("there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord", "The baffled king composing Hallelujah") and Bathsheba ("you saw her bathing on the roof") in its opening verses.

"Hallelujah" experienced renewed interest following Cohen's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts, including entering the American *Billboard* Hot 100 for the first time.

Cohen wrote around 80 draft verses for "Hallelujah", with one writing session at the Royalton Hotel in New York where he was reduced to sitting on the floor in his underwear, banging his head on the floor.

## Differences
Cohen sang a different version when he played the song in concert starting in 1988. A lot of other people who sing it mix lyrics from both versions, and occasionally make direct lyric changes; for example, in place of Cohen's "holy dove", Canadian-American singer Rufus Wainwright changed it to "holy dark", while Canadian singer-songwriter Allison Crowe sang "holy ghost".

## Meaning
Canadian singer k.d. lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen's death that she considered the song to be about "the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom. It's being caught between those two places." Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page, who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton's funeral, described the song as being "about disappointing people".

## Charts
 wrote and performed the original version of the song]]

## References
## Other websites
*1984 version lyrics, on The Leonard Cohen Files
*1988 version lyrics, on The Leonard Cohen Files
*BBC: Just whose hallelujah is it anyway? – article on writing and meaning of song
*The Birth of kd lang's "Hallelujah" out of the 'Spirit of Music' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents... 2011 article, by philosopher Babette Babich
*BBC: Hallelujah! The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen's once-forgotten classic – 2012 report, by writer Alan Light
*Guitar chords
Pre-Socratic philosophy

The **Pre-Socratic** Greek philosophers were active before Socrates.  The popular usage of the term comes from Hermann Diels' work *Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker* (*The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics*, 1903).

Most of what we know about the pre-Socractic philosophers come from quotations by later philosophers and historians. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form.

The standard reference works in English are:
*Gompertz, Theodor 1901. *The Greek thinkers: a history of ancient philosophy. Volume 1: the beginnings*.  London: Murray.
*Guthrie W.K. 1962. *A history of Greek philosophy. Volume 1: The earlier presocratics and the Pythagoreans*. Cambridge University Press. 

The fundamental idea which motivated most of the presocratics (as they are called) is naturalism. This is the idea that questions about life and the world can be answered without using myths, and that "the natural world is the whole of reality". 

With the Greeks we see rational thought and scientific reasoning appear.

## List of philosophers and schools
* Milesian school
:Thales (624546 BC)
:Anaximander (610–546 BC)
:Anaximenes of Miletus (585–525 BC)
*Pythagorean Schools
:Pythagoras (582–496 BC)
:Philolaus (470–380 BC)
:Alcmaeon of Croton
:Archytas (428–347 BC)
*Heraclitus (535–475 BC)
*Eleatic School
:Xenophanes (570–470 BC)
:Parmenides (510–440 BC)
:Zeno of Elea (490–430 BC)
:Melissus of Samos (C.470 BC–unknown)
*Pluralist School
:Empedocles (490–430 BC)
:Anaxagoras (500–428 BC)
*Atomist School
:Leucippus (5th century BC, dates unknown)
:Democritus (460–370 BC)
*Sophism
:Protagoras (481–420 BC)
:Gorgias (483–375 BC)
:Thrasymachus
:Callicles
:Critias
:Prodicus (465–390 BC)
:Hippias (485–415 BC)
:Antiphon (person) (480–411 BC)
:Lycophron
:Anonymous Iamblichi
*Diogenes of Apollonia (c.460 BC–unknown)

## Other groupings
*Seven Sages of Greece
:Solon (c. 594 BC)
:Chilon of Sparta (c. 560 BC)
:Thales (c. 585 BC)
:Bias of Priene (c. 570 BC)
:Cleobulus of Rhodes (c. 600 BC)
:Pittacus of Mitylene (c. 600 BC)
:Periander (625–585 BC)
*Aristeas of Proconnesus (7th century BC ?)
*Pherecydes of Syros (c. 540 BC)
*Anacharsis (c. 590 BC)
*Theano (mathematician) (5th century BC, dates unknown)

## References
Miletus

**Miletus** (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, literally  transliterated *Milētos*, Latin *Miletus*) was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria.
Tooth fairy

The **tooth fairy** is a mythical figure found in modern folklore. Around the world, families have many different traditions to celebrate the loss of a child's tooth, especially a first tooth. Many of the traditions involve throwing a tooth on a roof, under a house, burying it under a tree, or leaving it for a rodent. 

One of the most famous traditions is leaving a tooth under a pillow for the tooth fairy. This tradition is very popular in the United States as well as other countries. The tooth fairy is said to take the tooth away while the child is sleeping and leave some money in its place. Sometimes the tooth fairy may also leave a note. If the child does not go to sleep the tooth fairy will not come.

Some people tell the story that the tooth fairy is named Fatina and lives in Neverland. The belief is that Fatina creates a magic powder from children's teeth that protects the fairies from hawks who might otherwise eat them.
893

## Events 
* Simeon I succeeds Vladimir as king of Bulgaria.
* Galindo II Aznárez succeeds Aznar II Galíndez as Count of Aragon.
* Asser writes his *Life of King Alfred*.
* Battle of Benfleet: The Saxons defeat the Vikings.
* The Greek clergy is expelled from Bulgaria, and the Greek language is replaced with the Slav-Bulgarian vernacular (known as Old Church Slavonic).

## Births 
* Louis the Child, last Carolingian ruler of the East Franks

## Deaths 
* King Aznar II Galíndez of Aragon
* Stephen I, Patriarch of Constantinople
1036

## Events 
* Emperor Go-Suzaku ascends the throne of Japan.
* Edward the Confessor's younger brother Alfred Aetheling is blinded and murdered in an apparent attempt to seize the throne of England from Harold I.
* First appearance of the Flower Sermon in Buddhist literature

## Deaths 
* c. February 5 – Alfred Aetheling, Anglo-Saxon prince
* May 15 — Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (b. 1008)
* June 12 — Tedald, Bishop of Arezzo
* June 13 — Ali Az-Zahir, caliph
* *date unknown* – Sweyn Knutsson, son of Canute the Great
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

and is said in the deed of the gift to have been made "in the likeness of the emperor".]]
**Frederick Barbarossa** (December 1122 — 10 June 1190) was born in 1122 in the monastery Weingarten. He was the son of Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and Guelph Judith. Frederick had a cousin, called "Henry the Lion", who was his greatest enemy. In the year 1152, Frederick Barbarossa was crowned King of Germany.

## Nickname 
He was named  by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian and German.

Today people know Frederick Barbarossa as a powerful soldier, who tried to conquer Jerusalem and return it to the Christians. 
He was born in 1122 in a monastery in Altdorf, which is now called Weingarten. During the Middle Ages, most women returned to their birth country, so it is very likely that Frederick’s mother had been born in Altdorf, too.

Frederick's nickname was *Barbarossa* (“Redbeard”). This was because of his remarkable beard, which was red. “Barba” is the Latin word for beard. “Rossa” is also Latin and means “red”.

Frederick was raised formally and strictly. On 4 March 1142, at the age of 20, Frederick was crowned King of Germany. His cousin, Henry the Lion, was Frederick’s enemy for many years. Henry wanted to become King of Germany, too and therefore was angry when he found out that Barbarossa was to be king and also Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1156, he married Lady Beatrix. They had many children. Frederick participated in the third crusade. He never actually reached Jerusalem. It is said that he drowned in the River Saleph in 1190. His soldiers carried his dead body to Jerusalem and buried him there.

## References
Cheap Trick

**Cheap Trick** are a rock band from Illinois, USA. They were very popular in the 1970s and 80s. Some of their hits include: Surrender, Dream Police and I Want You to Want Me. They are still very big in Japan and are called the "American Beatles" in Japan. 

## Studio albums
* *Cheap Trick* (1977)
* *In Color* (1977)
* *Heaven Tonight* (1978)
* *Dream Police* (1979)
* *All Shook Up* (1980)
* *One on One* (1982)
* *Next Position Please* (1983)
* *Standing on the Edge* (1985)
* *The Doctor* (1986)
* *Lap of Luxury* (1988)
* *Busted* (1990)
* *Woke up with a Monster* (1994)
* *Cheap Trick* (1997)
* *Special One* (2003)
* *Rockford* (2006)
* *The Latest* (2009)
* *Bang, Zoom, Crazy... Hello* (2016)
* ''We're All Alright!* (2017)
* *Christmas Christmas'' (2017)
Anaxagoras

**Anaxagoras** (, fl. 480 BC – 450 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Anaxagoras was an Ionian Greek. He was born in Asia Minor, in Clazomenae. This was a town in what is now Turkey.

Anaxagoras was the first known atheist. He also introduced the concept of *νούσ* (*nous*, or mind), the ordering force behind the Universe. But he did not take this idea any further.

He held that the Sun was not a god, but just material. It was a "red-hot mass many times larger than the Peloponnese". The Moon was a solid body with geographical features, and made of the same substance as the Earth.

Anaxagoras was eventually arrested and prosecuted for freethought. He was banished from Athens for impiety in 450 BC. However, his works were available in Socrates' day for a drachma.

## References
Alkaloid

, a phenethylamine alkaloid]]
]]

An **alkaloid** is a chemical compound that can be made naturally. They contain basic nitrogen atoms. The name comes from the word alkaline and was used to describe any alkaline containing nitrogen. Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be  from basic substances by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.

## Well-known alkaloids 
All of the following alkaloids are produced by flowering plants. They are one of the main ways plants reduce or avoid being eaten by herbivores.
* Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and a stimulant, is an illegal drug when it is not used medically.
* Caffeine, used as a stimulant, is used as something addictive in coffee or tea. In this case and the following, herbivores can eat the leaves but they get heart palpitations if they eat too many.
* Nicotine, used as a stimulant in cigarettes, can also be used to treat certain forms of epilepsy.
* Morphine is made on large scales for using in treating severe pain. In a special slow-release form, it is sometimes used to help people get away from drug addiction.
* Quinine, used to treat certain forms of malaria, is sometimes used to give food a bitter taste.
* Curare, the poison dart substance, is originally a plant product from  *Strychnos toxifera*, which is later concentrated in poison dart frogs.
* Strychnine and brucine are toxic alkaloids produced by *Strychnos nux-vomica*. This is a close relative of *S. toxifera*.

## References
Quinine

**Quinine**  is an alkaloid which can reduce fever, work against malaria, pain and swelling. The bark of the Cinchona family of trees contains quinine. Quinine can be made artificially, but this is more expensive than extracting it from the bark of the tree.  This tree is found in the Andes, South America, Indonesia, and Congo.

Quinine was the first treatment for malaria, known from 1631 in Europe, and probably much earlier to the native peoples of South America. Even today, quinine is used to treat certain forms of malaria, when other drugs fail or are unavailable. In that way, quinine is currently one of the best treatments for *malaria tropica*, which is caused by plasmodium falciparum. For the other forms of malaria, quinine is no longer used, as other drugs have replaced it.

## History 
Quinine relaxes muscles, and was used by the Inca of Peru to stop people from shivering. Europeans first reported using quinine against malaria in Rome in 1631.

The best type of quinine used to treat malaria was found by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1737. Quinine helped Europeans colonize Africa. A historian said that "it was quinine ... that gave colonists fresh opportunities to swarm into the Gold Coast, Nigeria and other parts of west Africa".

## Side effects 
Quinine can cause cinchonism and even death (usually by pulmonary oedema) in some cases. Quinine can make someone paralyzed if it is injected into a nerve.  It is very toxic in overdose.

## Current uses
Quinine has a bitter taste. It was first added to drinks like Bitter Lemon and tonic water. Quinine was added to have some protection against Malaria. In China, it is sometimes added to drugs against the common cold. Quinine is also often used to add a bitter taste to food. Usually this has to be declared though. Quinine can also stimulate the muscles of the uterus. For this reason, pregnant women should not take too much of it. Sometimes it is used in combination with heroin.

## Related pages
*Blood
*Brain

## References
## Other websites 
* From intox databank 
* From inchem
* Database file on Quinine from rain-tree.com
* Quinine news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society
Strychnine

**Strychnine** is a poisonous substance which is naturally produced by the plant *Strychnos nux-vomica*. Together with brucine, another poison, strychnine is found in the leaves and seeds of this plant. They are a rather extreme example of the way some plants protect themselves against herbivores. The substances were discovered early in the 19th century, but it took about 150 years before Robert Robinson worked out their structure.

When purified, strychnine is a very toxic colorless crystalline alkaloid. It is very poisonous, the LD50  is about 10&nbsp;mg. Strychnine is soluble in alcohol and chloroform, but not in water.

Strychnine has few uses today. It can act as a stimulant, much like caffeine, and is on the list of substances tested for doping in sports. 
It was used as a pesticide, for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.

## Poisoning 
Strychnine causes muscular convulsions. It leads to death through asphyxia or exhaustion.  The most common source is from the seeds of the *Strychnos nux vomica* tree. Strychnine is one of the most bitter substances known. Its taste is detectable in concentrations as low as 1 ppm.

Between 30 and 120&nbsp;mg can kill an adult human. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed by the mucous membranes. If it is given under the skin, or intravenously, a quantity of 15&nbsp;mg may be enough to kill an adult. Benzodiazepines (such as Diazepam) are used by default for emergency treatment.

Unlike the illustrations given in fiction crime novels, Strychnine is not very good for killing someone (when given orally). This is because even diluted at 1:130.000 it can still be tasted. Despite this, some murders happened with Strychnine. Thomas Neill Cream, a serial killer, used it on some of his victims.

Because of its high toxicity and tendency to cause convulsions, the use of strychnine in medicine was eventually abandoned once safer alternatives became available.

## Related pages
*List of chemicals in doping cases in sport

## References
Hot Country Songs

**Hot Country Songs** is a chart published every week by *Billboard magazine* in the United States.

This 60-position chart lists the most popular country music songs, calculated weekly mostly by airplay and occasionally commercial sales. Currently, the chart does not count digital downloads towards chart tabulation (although singles that are only available as downloads do chart if they receive enough airplay).
Neverland

**Neverland** is a fictional island that is the setting for the novel Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie. Peter Pan, his gang of "Lost Boys" and Tinkerbell, the fairy, live on Neverland. A gang of pirates led by Captain Hook and a band of Native Americans ("redskins" in the story) also live on the island.

Neverland is a land of fantasy where no one gets older and Peter Pan remains a child forever. To reach **Neverland**, Peter Pan states one must fly "second to the right, and straight on till morning". 

## Related pages
*Peter Pan
International Bluegrass Music Association

The **International Bluegrass Music Association**, or **IBMA**, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music.

Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky.  In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture with RiverPark Center in Owensboro.  In 1990 IBMA established the World of Bluegrass, a combination trade show, concert, and awards presentation.  This was originally set in Owensboro, before moving to Louisville, Kentucky in 1997.  Nashville, Tennessee hosted this event in 2005 and 2006, and will continue as the host location in the future.  In 1991 IBMA established the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor at the International Bluegrass Music Museum to recognize lifetime contributions to bluegrass, both by performers and non-performers.  In 2003 IBMA relocated its offices to Nashville, Tennessee.

## Other websites 
* IBMA: http://www.ibma.org
Country Music Association Awards

The **Country Music Association Awards**, also known as the CMA Awards, or the CMAs, are music awards voted on by business members of the Country Music Association.

## Major awards
## References
The Used

**The Used** or simply **Used** is an American post hardcore band. They formed in the year 2000 and have released a number of albums since then. Their first album was called *The Used*. Their latest album is called *Heartwork*, and was released in 2020.

They have always been signed to one record label named Reprise. In 2004, singer Bert McCracken's girlfriend at the time was pregnant with their child and she died from a drug overdose. For that reason, their second album was named *In Love and Death*. Around that time, the band also took on a new drummer.
Koudougou

**Koudougou** is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the third largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 82,720 people lived in the city; 40,229 were male and 42,491 were female.

## References
Progressive bluegrass

**Newgrass**, or **progressive bluegrass**, is a sub-genre of bluegrass music. The term “newgrass” originated in the 1970s, highlighting the words “new” and “bluegrass”.

In 2003, the Oxford English Dictionary listed “newgrass” as a new word.

The sub-genre departs from traditional bluegrass, as the style fuses other genres, particularly americana, folk, jazz, rock, and other styles.

Key features include non-traditional chord progressions, extended solos, non-traditional acoustic instruments, and/or electric instruments.

## Examples
*Alison Brown
*Alison Krauss
*Alison Krauss & Union Station
*Béla Fleck
*Byron Berline
*Cherryholmes
*Chris Hillman
*Clarence White
*Crooked Still
*Country Gazette
*David Grisman
*Danny Barnes
*David Grisman
*Dillard & Clark
*Doug Dillard
*Don Reno
*Eddie Adcock
*Eric Weissberg
*Floyds Row
*Frank Wakefield
*Greensky Bluegrass
*Gosdin Brothers
*Hot Rize
*J.D. Crowe
*Jerry Douglas
*John Jorgenson
*Jonathan Edwards
*Lady Maisery
*Lau
*Leftover Salmon
*Mac Wiseman
*Mandolin Orange
*Mark O’Connor
*Maura O’Connell
*Mike Auldridge
*Mountain Heart
*New Grass Revival
*Nickel Creek
*Ola Belle Reed
*Osborne Brothers
*Peter Rowan
*Ricky Skaggs
*Robin & Linda Williams
*The Bluegrass Album Band
*The Boys from Indiana
*The Country Gentlemen
*The Dillards
*The Duhks
*The Nashville Bluegrass Band
*The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
*The Seldom Scene
*The String Cheese Incident
*Tony Furtado
*Tony Rice
*Tony Trischka
*Vassar Clements
*Vern Gosdin
*Vince Gill
*Yonder Mountain String Band

## References
Superimposition

In graphics, **superimposition** is when an image or video is put on top of an already-existing image or video. This is  usually done to add to the overall image effect or to hide something (such as when a different face is superimposed over the original face in a photograph). 

This technique is used in cartography to produce photomaps by superimposing grid lines, contour lines and other linear or textual mapping features over aerial photographs.

Superimposition of 2D images containing correlated periodic grid structures may produce moiré patterns. Superimposition of two correlated layers of parallel lines or curves may give rise line moiré patterns. The movement of one of the layers results in a faster movement of the line moiré superimposition image. Such optical acceleration is known as moiré speedup (check for the formulas of optical speedup for curved patterns). When superimposing two identical layers comprising randomly spaced parallel lines, at a small angle or with a small scaling difference random line moiré patterns, namely line Glass patterns (after Leon Glass, 1969) appear. Similarly, when superimposing two identical layers of randomly scattered dots at a small angle or with a small scaling difference random dot Glass patterns, namely random dot moiré, appears. When one of the layers embeds complex shapes, such as sequences of symbols forming a text, and another layer contains parallel lines or curves, the superimposition image may gives rise to magnified shapes, called shape moiré patterns.
Maringá

**Maringá** is the third largest city in the state of Paraná, in the Southern Region of Brazil. About 400,000 people live there. It has an area of 3,179.987&nbsp;km² (1,227.8 sq mi).
Foz do Iguaçu

**Foz do Iguaçu** (fɔs do igwa'su) is the 4th largest city of Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil. 309,000 people live there. It is about  west of Curitiba, Parana's capital city, on the border with Argentina and Paraguay. The people who live there are known as *iguaçuenses*.

The city is known for the Iguaçu Falls and the Itaipu Dam, the largest dam of the world was built.
Chirality

]]

**Chirality** is when an object has two forms which are mirror images of each other. In a pair of chiral objects, neither one can be made to look exactly like the other one by just moving or rotating it.

Human hands are chiral objects. The left hand is a mirror image of the right hand. You cannot turn or move one of your hands to look exactly the same as the other. This is why you can not put a left handed glove on your right hand, or shake the right hand of a person using your left hand.

## In chemistry 
In chemistry, chirality refers to molecules. If a molecule is chiral it has two forms that are mirror images of each other but *otherwise identical*.

Chemists call these *enantiomers* or *optical isomers*. Because the difference between right and left hands is easy to understand, chemists call enantiomers either 'right-' or 'left-handed'. A mixture of equal amounts of the two enantiomers is called a *racemic mixture*.

Molecular chirality is quite common. It is found in stereochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry.

The symmetry of a molecule (or any other object) tells us whether it is chiral.  A molecule is *achiral* (not chiral) if it has an axis of symmetry.

### Racemic mixtures 
A **racemic** mixture is one which has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule.

## Homochiralism in biology 
Many biologically active molecules are chiral, including amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and sugars. Most of these compounds are of the same chirality. Most amino acids are L (left-handed) and sugars are D. (right-handed). Proteins made of L amino acids, are known as *left-handed proteins*, whereas D amino acids produce *right-handed proteins*.

The origin of **homochirality** in the first place is much discussed. Most believe that the original origin of chiralities was purely random. They think if carbon-based life forms exist elsewhere in the universe, the chemistry might have different chirality. Other theories are possible.

Enzymes, which are chiral, usually only work with one enantiomer of a chiral substrate. Imagine an enzyme as having a glove-like cavity that binds a substrate. If this glove is right-handed, then one enantiomer will fit inside and be bound, whereas the other enantiomer will have a poor fit and is unlikely to bind.

It was economical for life-forms to adopt one form or the other of each type of chiral compound. That way we do not need two enzymes for every chemical reaction which involves chirality.

## Notes
Jan Koller

**Jan Koller** (born 30 March 1973) is a former Czech football player. He plays for Cannes and Czech Republic national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
**Appearances and goals by national team and year

## Honours
**Sparta Prague**
* Czech First League: 1994–95
* Czech Cup: 1995–96

**Anderlecht**
* Belgian First Division: 1999–2000, 2000–01
* Belgian Supercup: 2000, 2001

**Borussia Dortmund**
* Bundesliga: 2001–02

**Individual'''
* Belgian Pro League top scorer: 1998–99
* Czech Footballer of the Year: 1999
* Belgian Golden Shoe: 2000

## References
Ponta Grossa

formations sculptured by the erosion of rain and wind.]]

**Ponta Grossa** is a Brazilian city, in the southern region of the country, in the state of Paraná. With a population of over 300,000 inhabitants, it is the 4th most populated city of Paraná.

The city is home town of the *Parque Estadual da Vila Velha* ("State Park of Old Town"), a park made up of rocky formations formed over millions of years.

Other attraction of the city is the *Münchenfest* - A National Stout Festival with national and international concerts that lasts a whole week and occurs at late November and the beginning of December.
Rüştü Reçber

**Rüştü Reçber** (born 10 May 1973) is a former Turkish football player. During his professional career, he played as a goalkeeper for Antalyaspor, Fenerbahçe, Barcelona and Beşiktaş.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Fenerbahçe**
*Süper Lig: 1995–96, 2000–01, 2004–05, 2006–07
*Atatürk Cup: 1998

**Beşiktaş**
*Süper Lig: 2008–09
*Turkish Cup: 2008–09, 2010–11

**Turkey**
*FIFA World Cup third place: 2002
* UEFA European Championship bronze medalist: 2008
*FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2003

**Individual**
* FIFA World Cup All Star Team: 2002
* UEFA Team of the Year: 2002
* IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 2002: 3rd
* IFFHS Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century: 23rd
* FIFA 100

## References
Cascavel

s in Cascavel.]]

**Cascavel** is a city in western Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil. It has, approximately 300.000 inhabitants.

The city is on a plateau 781 meters above sea level. It is 504&nbsp;km west of the state capital of Curitiba, 605&nbsp;km west of the sea port of Paranaguá and 140&nbsp;km from Foz do Iguaçu/ the 3 borders (Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil).
Julen Guerrero

**Julen Guerrero** (born 7 January 1974) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Athletic Bilbao and Spain national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Guerrero goal.''

## Honours
**Spain U21**
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship third place: 1994

**Individual**
*La Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year: 1993
*Spanish Player of the Year: 1994

## References
Emile Heskey

**Emile William Ivanhoe Heskey** (born 11 January 1978) is an English former footballer.

At the pinnacle of his career, he played for Leicester City, Liverpool and Birmingham City. he later he played for Wigan Athletic and Aston Villa, then Newcastle Jets in the Australian A-League. For a while he was a regular member of the England national team, striking up a good partnership with fellow forward Michael Owen, where he was often deployed as a 'Target Man' due to his immense strength, good first touch and passing skills. 

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
### International goals 
## References
Robbie Fowler

**Robbie Fowler** (born 9 April 1975) is an English former professional football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
Sources:

### International
Sources:

:''England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Fowler's goal.''

**Individual**
*Premier League Player of the Month: December 1995, January 1996
*PFA Young Player of the Year: 1995, 1996
*UEFA Fair Play Award: 1997
*Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2001
*North Queensland Fury Player of the Year: 2010
*North Queensland Fury Golden Boot: 2010
*North Queensland Fury Players' Player of the Year: 2010
*Perth Glory Golden Boot: 2011

## References
Hernán Crespo

**Hernán Jorge Crespo** (; born 5 July 1975) is an Argentine professional football coach and former player. He was most recently the manager of Qatari club Al-Duhail.

Crespo scored over 300 goals in 19 years. At international level, he scored 35 goals and is Argentina's fourth highest goalscorer.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player 
**River Plate**
*Argentine Primera División: 1993 (Apertura), 1994 (Apertura)
*Copa Libertadores: 1996

**Parma**
*FA Community Shield: 2005

**Inter Milan**
*Coppa Italia top scorer: 1998–99, 2006–07 (shared)
*Serie A top scorer: 2000–01
*ESM Team of the Year: 2000–01
*FIFA 100
*FIFA World Cup Silver Shoe: 2006
*FIFA World Cup All-star team: 2006
*FIFPro World XI nominee: 2005, 2006

### Manager 
**Defensa y Justicia** 2021

## References
## Other websites
*
* 
*
*
*Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport 2009–10 
*BBC profile
Bryan Robson

**Bryan Robson** OBE (born 11 January 1957) is an English football manager and former player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### Managerial stats
:*Includes all competitive games. Updated 6 January 2010.*

## Honours
:Source:

### As a player
**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94
*FA Cup: 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90
*League Cup: 1991–92
*FA Charity Shield: 1983, 1993
*European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 1981–82 First Division, 1982–83 First Division, 1983–84 First Division, 1984–85 First Division, 1985–86 First Division, 1988–89 First Division
*PFA Team of the Century (1977-1996): 2007
*First Division Goal of the Season: 1985–86

## International career statistics
|-
|1980||5||0
|-
|1981||9||1
|-
|1982||12||5
|-
|1983||3||3
|-
|1984||10||5
|-
|1985||10||2
|-
|1986||5||2
|-
|1987||7||3
|-
|1988||11||1
|-
|1989||10||4
|-
|1990||5||0
|-
|1991||3||0
|-
!Total||90||26
|}

## As a player-manager
**Middlesbrough**
*Football League First Division: 1994–95

## As a manager
**Individual**
*Premier League Manager of the Month: March 1997

## Personal honours
Robson was awarded the OBE in the January 1990 New Year Honours. In 1998, he was named among the list of Football League 100 Legends, and was made an Inaugural Inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as a player. He was named as one of West Bromwich Albion's 16 greatest players, in a 2004 poll organised as part of the club's 125th anniversary celebrations.

## References
Luís Figo

**Luís Filipe Madeira Caeiro Figo** OIH (born 4 November 1972) is a former Portuguese football player. He had played for Portugal national team and last played for Inter Milan.

In July 2000, Figo moved from Barcelona to their rivals Real Madrid for €62 million which was a world record fee at the time. This made Barcelona fans angry and they felt that he had betrayed them. When he played his first game back at Camp Nou, Barcelona fans hung banners with words like "Judas" and "traitor", shouted insults and threw objects at him including a pig's head.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Figo goal.''

## Honours
**Sporting CP**
* Taça de Portugal: 1994–95

**Barcelona**
*Don Balón Award, Best Foreign Player of the Year: 1999
* UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2000, 2004
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2006
* Inter Milan Player of the Year: 2006
* FIFA 100
* Golden Foot: 2011, as football legend
* IFFHS Legends

**Orders**
*  Officer of the Order of Prince Henry
*  Knight of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Kevin Keegan

**Kevin Keegan** (born 14 February 1951) is a former English football player. He played for the England national team in the 1970s.

In January 2026, it was announced Keegan had been diagnosed with cancer.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1968–69||rowspan="3"|Scunthorpe United||rowspan="3"|Fourth Division||33||2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||2
|-
|1969–70||46||6||7||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||54||9
|-
|1970–71||45||10||6||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||52||11
|-
|1971–72||rowspan="6"|Liverpool||rowspan="6"|First Division||35||9||3||2||1||0||3||0||42||11
|-
|1972–73||41||13||4||0||8||5||11||4||64||22
|-
|1973–74||42||12||9||6||6||1||4||0||61||19
|-
|1974–75||33||10||2||1||3||0||3||1||41||12
|-
|1975–76||41||12||2||1||3||0||11||3||57||16
|-
|1976–77||38||12||8||4||2||0||8||4||56||20

|-
|1977–78||rowspan="3"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||25||6||4||4||colspan="2"|-||4||2||33||12
|-
|1978–79||34||17||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||17
|-
|1979–80||31||9||3||0||colspan="2"|-||9||2||43||11

|-
|1980–81||rowspan="2"|Southampton||rowspan="2"|First Division||27||11||4||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||12
|-
|1981–82||41||26||1||1||2||1||4||2||48||30
|-
|1982–83||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Second Division||37||21||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||21
|-
|1983–84||41||27||1||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||44||28
500||171||50||19||36||9||44||14||720||245
90||32||8||4||colspan="2"|-||13||4||111||40
590||203||58||23||36||9||57||18||831||285
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||7||2
|-
|1975||8||2
|-
|1976||9||2
|-
|1977||8||2
|-
|1978||6||3
|-
|1979||8||5
|-
|1980||6||3
|-
|1981||5||1
|-
|1982||4||1
|-
!Total||63||21
|}

## References
Rudi Völler

**Rudolf** "**Rudi**" **Völler** (; born 13 April 1960), nicknamed "*Tante Käthe*" ("Aunt Käthe"), is a German former professional football player and manager who serves as the sporting director for Bayer Leverkusen.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Völler goal.*

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Werder Bremen** 
*Bundesliga: runner-up: 1984–85, 1985–86

**Roma** 
*Coppa Italia: 1990–91
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 1990–91

**Marseille** 
*UEFA Champions League: 1992–93

**Germany** 
*FIFA World Cup: 1990; runner-up: 1986
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 1992

**Individual**
*UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship Golden Player: 1982
*2. Bundesliga Top Goalscorer: 1981–82
*Bundesliga Top Goalscorer: 1982–83
**kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1994–95
*Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1983
*UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 1984
*UEFA Cup Top Goalscorer: 1990–91
*A.S. Roma Hall of Fame: 2014

### Manager
**Germany**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002

## References
## Other websites
* Rudi Völler at leverkusen.com
* Legends – Rudi Völler  German Documentary
* 
*
Bob Holly

**Robert William "Bob" Howard** (born January 29, 1963), better known by his ring names **Bob Holly** and **Hardcore Holly**, is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his 15-year job he had with the  World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment.

While in WWF/E, Holly has held the WWF/E Hardcore Championship six times, the WWF/E Tag Team Championship three times (with the 1-2-3 Kid, Crash Holly and Cody Rhodes), and the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with Bart Gunn.

## Championships and accomplishments
***Kamikaze Pro**
**Kamikaze Pro Championship (1 time)
****Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
**PWI ranked him #**41** of the top 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000
**PWI ranked him #**391** of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
***Under the Lights**
**UTL Lights Out Championship (1 time)
***World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment**
**NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bodacious Bart
**WWF Hardcore Championship (6 times)
**WWF World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1995) – with The 1-2-3 Kid
***World Wrestling Organization**
**WWO Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ron Starr
**WWO United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

## References 
## Other websites
*
William Regal

**Darren Kenneth Matthews** (born 10 May 1968), better known by his ring name **William Regal** and formerly **Steven Regal**, is an English retired professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he is the Vice President of Global Talent Development. He is known for his time as an active wrestler in WWE and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and worked as the manager of the Blackpool Combat Club in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He also was the general manager of WWE's NXT brand.

Regal is a former four-time World Television Champion, a two-time Intercontinental Champion, a five-time Hardcore Champion, a four-time European Champion, a four-time World Tag Team Champion, and the 2008 King of the Ring.

His son Bailey also wrestles in WWE as Charlie Dempsey.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Memphis Championship Wrestling**
** MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 18 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 1994
** Ranked No. 196 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the *PWI Years* in 2003
* **World Championship Wrestling**
** WCW World Television Championship (4 times)
* **World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment**
** WWF Hardcore Championship (3 times)
** WWF/WWE European Championship (4 times)
** WWF/WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
** World Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Lance Storm (2), Eugene (1) and Tajiri (1)
** King of the Ring (2008)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Best Television Announcer (2013, 2014)
## References
*Matthews, Darren and Chandler, Neil (2005) *Walking a Golden Mile*, Pocket Books ()

## Other websites
Raúl González

**Raúl González Blanco** (born 27 June 1977) is a retired Spanish football player.

## Path
Raúl started his career as a professional football player at Real Madrid. He has won three UEFA Champions Leagues, six Spanish leagues, four Spanish Super Cups, one UEFA Super Cup and two Intercontinental Cups. At the moment, he is the top scorer at European competitions.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Real Madrid Youth**
*Dallas Cup: 1993, 1994

**Real Madrid**
*La Liga: 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08
*Supercopa de España: 1997, 2001, 2003, 2008
*UEFA Champions League: 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2001–02 
*UEFA Super Cup: 2002
*Intercontinental Cup: 1998, 2002

**Schalke 04**
*DFB-Pokal: 2010–11
*DFL-Supercup: 2011

**Al Sadd**
*Qatar Stars League: 2012–13
*Emir of Qatar Cup: 2014

**New York Cosmos**
*North American Soccer League: Spring Season 2015
*North American Supporters' Trophy: 2015
*Soccer Bowl: 2015

**Spain U21**
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 1996

**Individual**

*UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship top goalscorer: 1996
*La Liga's Breakthrough Player: 1994–95
*Zarra Trophy: 1995–96, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2002–03
*La Liga's Best Spanish Player: 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02 (record)
*La Liga's Team of the Decade: 2000's
*ESM Team of the Year: 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000
*Pichichi Trophy: 1998–99, 2000–01
*Copa del Rey top goalscorer: 2001–02, 2003–04
*IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer: 1999
** 2nd place: 2001
** 3rd place: 2003
*UEFA Champions League top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2000–01
*UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2002–03
*UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02
*UEFA European Football Championship Teams of the Tournament: 2000
*Ballon d'Or runner-up: 2001
*FIFA World Player of the Year bronze award: 2001
*FIFA 100
*Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano: 2007–08
*Sportske Novosti award: 2001
*Marca Leyenda: 2009
*Golden Foot Award runner-up: 2009, 2010, 2011
*Goal of the Month in Germany: August 2011, March 2012, April 2012, July 2013
*Goal of the Year in Germany: 2011, 2013 (shared with Julian Draxler)
*Qatar Stars League Fair Play Award: 2013
*NASL Player of the Month: May 2015 

**Records**
*Real Madrid Record Appearance Maker: 741 games
*Real Madrid Record Appearance Maker in La Liga: 550 games
*European Competitions Record Appearance Maker: 150*
*Third leading scorer in the world (throughout history), according to IFFHS Statistics: 125 goals^^

:*Includes other European competitive competitions, including the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Super Cup.
:^^Includes other European competitive competitions and Intercontinental Cup.
*Has not received a red card in entire career.

### Manager
**Real Madrid U19**
*UEFA Youth League: 2019–20

### Decorations
*Government of Spain: Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit 2006
*City of Madrid: Gold Medal 2009

## References
Avi Ran

**Avi Ran** () (August 25, 1963 – July 11, 1987)  was an Israeli football player. He has played for Maccabi Haifa and Israel national team. He was killed in a boat accident in the Sea of Galilee.

## Career statistics
## References