open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2026 Tumbler Ridge shootings

On February 10, 2026, a mass shooting occurred when he opened fire at Tumbler Ridge Secondary School in Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Of the people fatally shot, 6 were in the school, another died on the way to the hospital, and two others were killed at a house. 5 of the victims that died were children aged 12-13. 27 others were injured.

The attack was the deadliest mass shooting in Canadian history since the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks. It was also the deadliest school shooting in Canada since the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989. 

## Background
In 2026, the school had about 175 students.

## Shooting
At 1:20 p.m., Royal Canadian Mounted Police started to receive calls that an active shooting was taking place at Tumbler Ridge Secondary School. An emergency alert was sent out and students barricaded themselves inside the school. RCMP rushed to the school within two minutes and found the shooter had committed suicide at the school from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

## Suspect
The suspect was first identified as "a female in a dress with brown hair". RCMP later confirmed 18-year-old Jesse van Rootselaar of Tumbler Ridge as the perpetrator. They stated that van Rootselaar was "born as a biological male" and had "identified as female, both socially and publicly" for around six years by then. The perpetrator was a trans woman. Van Rootselaar had a history of poor mental health. The shooter dropped out of school in 2022.

## Reactions
 and Minister of Public Safety and Solicitor General Nina Krieger speaking at a press conference about the shooting]]
Several World leaders expressed condolences to those affected by the shootings.

The incident has re-sparked discussion about trans shooters.

## References
Typecasting

**Typecasting** is the practice of choosing actors for a single type of role, based on their personality, previous roles, or coming from a social or ethnic group.

Actors are sometimes so strongly identified with a role, that it makes it difficult for them to find work playing other characters. It is especially common among leading actors in popular television series and movies. Some actors are happy to remain typecast, but others wish to broaden their repertoire and take on different roles.

## Examples 
* Bela Lugosi, Boris Karloff, Christopher Lee and Vincent Price in horror movies
* Erich von Stroheim as a German officer and spy
* Fay Wray as a victim of King Kong and many other horror figures
* John Wayne as a Western hero
* Theda Bara and Marlene Dietrich as vamps
* Jean Harlow as a gold digger
* Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield as sex symbols and dumb blondes
* Bruce Lee as a hero and Jackie Chan as a slapstick hero in martial arts movies
* Michael Madsen as a villain in *Reservoir Dogs* and other movies
* Jerry Lewis and Adam Sandler as goofy, childish men in comedy movies
* Danny Trejo as a Mexican criminal
* Lupe Ontiveros as a Mexican or Hispanic maid
* Bud Spencer and Terence Hill as movie duo heroes in Spaghetti Westerns and as slapstick heroes in action comedies

## References
Pac-Man Collection

***Pac-Man Collection*** is a 2001 video game made by Mass Media and published by Namco for the Game Boy Advance. It includes four *Pac-Man* games, which are the first ever *Pac-Man* from 1980, *Pac-Mania* from 1987, *Pac-Attack* from 1993, and *Pac-Man Arrangement* from 1996, which was only on arcades before this game. Getting good reviews and selling 2.9 million copies, it is in the top 10 most-bought Game Boy Advance games ever.

Pac-Man Collection has no multiplayer games. *Pac-Attack* is a puzzle game unlike the other games, which are based off of the first *Pac-Man* game. The game was added to the Wii U's Virtual Console in 2014.
Grignard reagent

**Grignard reagents** are a type of chemical compound. They are used in the Grignard reaction, an important tool used in organic synthesis to make new chemical bonds between carbon atoms.

Grignard reagents have three parts: an organic group, written as R, a magnesium atom, and a halogen atom written X. The chemical formula for a Grignard reagent is written . These reagents are normally a coordination complex with solvent molecules, not a pure solid, so the formula is also sometimes written including them. For example, a solution of methylmagnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran could be written .

## Preparation 
Grignard reagents are normally made from an organohalide and magnesium metal. The normal reaction mechanism starts with a single electron transfer from the magnesium atom to the organohalide, which breaks apart into a halide anion and an organic radical. The radical then bonds with the  radical cation, finishing the reagent.

For example, the reaction of chloromethane and magnesium:
:

## Reactions 
Grignard reagents  are normally treated as equivalent to the  carbanion. They are very strong nucleophiles and bases, and will react with any source of hydrogen ions to make an alkane and magnesium salts. This means they cannot be used in protic solvents like water.

The most important reaction for Grignard reagents is the Grignard reaction. In this reaction, they react with electrophilic carbon atoms in carbonyl compounds, making magnesium alkoxides. A workup with water normally changes the alkoxide into an alcohol.

## Sources
Tumbler Ridge

**Tumbler Ridge** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located on B.C. Rockies region and is in the Peace River regional district.

The population of Tumbler Ridge was 2,399 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census.

In 2000, dinosaur tracks were discovered in Tumbler Ridge along with dinosaur bones being found in 2002. In 2014, Tumbler Ridge was chosen as a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks. The space of the park is 7,822km2 with much of the park encompassing the places where fossils of dinosaur tracks and Triassic fishes and other marine reptiles have been found.

On February 10, 2026, a shooter killed 10 people including themselves in a school shooting at Tumbler Ridge Secondary School.

## References 
## Other websites
*
False Creek

**False Creek** is a short inlet in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It flows directly through the heart of Vancouver and connects from English Bay in the northwest. 

Many neighbourhoods surround the inlet including Downtown and West End which are separated by False Creek. Strathcona is in the east and Mount Pleasant, Fairview, and Kitsilano are in the south. Along False Creek are many bridges that cross over the inlet. This includes the Cambie, Granville, and Burrard Bridges. It is a very popular place to visit in Vancouver with many sports such as rowing and kayaking being common. The Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival has also been held on False Creek since 1986. 

Before European contact, Coast Salish peoples lived in the area for at least 4500–5000 years where they fished and settled. Smallpox outbreaks devastated the indigenous populations and almost two-thirds of the population were killed by the disease in 1782. In June 1792, European contact was made when Captain George Vancouver approached the area while he was exploring the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet. 

During the 1950s, the lumber industry started to boom in False Creek after the sawmill was built and it was later devastated by a massive five-alarm fire. In 1972, the Official Development Plan was introduced which approved the building of a seawall, housing units, a marina, and a waterfront market. 

The 1980s brought Expo 86 to Vancouver. With the introduction of the world's fair, more construction started along False Creek. Many high-rise condominium were built alongside the inlet after the fair was over.

## References
Erik Christensen

**Erik Christensen** (born December 17, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played parts of 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Atlanta Thrashers, Anaheim Ducks, New York Rangers, and Minnesota Wild. Outside of the NHL, Christensen played for HC Lev Praha of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) and HV71 of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Christensen is a one-time Le Mat Trophy champion, winning with HV71 in 2017.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Christensen played parts of five seasons with the Kamloops Blazers and one season with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He had a successful time with the teams. He was named to the CHL/NHL Top Prospects Game roster in 2002. He finished the 2002–03 season by scoring 54 goals and recording 54 assists for 108 points in 67 games. That season, he was named to the West First All-Star Team, CHL Second All-Star Team, and was awarded the Bobby Clarke Trophy for being the WHL's top scorer.

He was drafted 69th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2002 NHL entry draft. On November 1, 2005, Christensen made his NHL debut in a 4–3 overtime win over with the New Jersey Devils. Two days later on November 3, Perrin scored his first NHL goal against Rick DiPietro in a 5–1 win against the New York Islanders.

On February 26, 2008, the Penguins traded Christensen along with Colby Armstrong, Angelo Esposito, and a 2008 first-round draft pick to the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for Pascal Dupuis and Marian Hossa. He played parts of two seasons with the Thrashers, scoring 7 goals and recording 16 assists for 23 points.

On March 4, 2009, the Thrashers traded Christensen to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Eric O'Dell. He played parts of two seasons with the Ducks, scoring 2 goals and recording 7 assists for 9 points. On July 1, 2009, Christensen signed a one-year, $750,000 contract to stay with the Ducks.

On December 2, Christensen was picked up off waivers by the New York Rangers. On July 1, 2010, Christensen signed a two-year, $1.85 million contract to stay with the Rangers.

On February 3, 2012, the Rangers traded Christensen along with a conditional 2013 seventh-round draft pick to the Minnesota Wild in exchange for Casey Wellman. He scored 6 goals and recorded 1 assist in 29 games for the Wild.

On June 5, 2012, Christensen decided to leave North America and signed a two-year contract with HC Lev Praha of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played parts of two seasons with the team. On October 22, 2013, Christensen moved to HV71 of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He played parts of four seasons with HV71 and won the Le Mat Trophy with them in 2017.
 
Christensen retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2017.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Éric Perrin

**Éric Perrin** (born November 1, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey center. He played parts of 4 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Tampa Bay Lightning and Atlanta Thrashers. Outside of the NHL, Perrin played for EC Red Bull Salzburg, Ässät, HC TPS, and JYP Jyväskylä of the SM-liiga, EHC Biel of the National League B (NLB), and Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Perrin is a one-time Stanley Cup champion, winning with the Lightning in 2004. He is also a one-time Kanada-malja champion, winning with JYP in 2011.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Perrin played parts of four years with the Vermont Catamounts of ECAC Hockey. He had a successful time with the Catamounts. He was named to the All-ECAC Hockey Rookie Team, back-to-back All-ECAC Hockey First Teams, AHCA East First-Team All-American, and the All-ECAC Hockey Second Team.

He was not drafted by an NHL team. He played for the Cleveland Lumberjacks, Quebec Rafales and Kansas City Blades of the International Hockey League (IHL). Perrin then moved to Sweden and signed a contract to play for Jokerit of the SM-liiga. He played 6 games with the team, scoring 1 goal and recording 1 assist. He joined Ässät the next season and spent two seasons with them. He moved to HPK and played 12 games with them, scoring 5 goals and recording 10 assists. He joined JYP Jyväskylä the next season. With JYP, he scored 18 goals and recorded 28 assists for 46 points in 56 games. He moved back to North America and joined the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League (AHL). The Bears are the farm team to the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). On March 27, 2004, the Lightning called Perrin up and he made his NHL debut in a 4–1 win over with the Washington Capitals. He helped the Lightning when they went on a run in the playoffs. They defeated the New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens, and Philadelphia Flyers. They went on to defeat the Calgary Flames four games to three in the Final to win the Stanley Cup. On October 14, 2006, he recorded his first NHL point, assisting on a Dmitri Afanasenkov goal in a 4–1 win over with the Florida Panthers. On November 2, Perrin scored his first NHL goal against Antero Niittymäki in a 5–2 win against the Philadelphia Flyers.

On July 1, 2007, Perrin signed a two-year, $1.15 million contract to join the Atlanta Thrashers. He spent parts of two seasons with the Thrashers. Perrin recorded 33 assists and 45 points during the 2007–08 season which were both career-highs for him.

After his NHL career ended, Perrin signed a contract to join Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) on September 3, 2009. He scored scoring 7 goals and recorded 12 assists for 19 points in 55 games during his only season with the team.

He decided to return to Finland and joined JYP Jyväskylä of the SM-liiga in October 2010. He spent parts of five season with the team.

On April 21, 2015, Perrin signed a multi-year contract to join HC TPS. He played three seasons with TPS. 

Perrin retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2019.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tobias Enström

**Ulf Tobias Enström** (born 5 November 1984) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played parts of 11 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career for the Atlanta Thrashers/Winnipeg Jets franchise. Outside of the NHL, Enström played for Modo Hockey of the Elitserien and EC Red Bull Salzburg of the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL).

Enström is a one-time All-Star, being named one in 2011.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Enström played parts of five seasons with Modo Hockey of the Elitserien. He helped Modo during the playoffs. They defeated Timrå IK and HV71. They eventually went on to defeat Linköping HC four games to two in the Finals to win the championship.

He was drafted 239th overall by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 2003 NHL entry draft. On 1 June 2007, Enström signed an entry-level contract to join the Thrashers. On 5 October 2007, Enström made his NHL debut in a 3–1 loss against the Washington Capitals. The next day on October 6, he recorded his first NHL point, assisting on a Vyacheslav Kozlov goal in a 5–2 loss against the Tampa Bay Lightning. On October 23, 2007, Enström scored his first NHL goal against Vesa Toskala in a 3–1 loss against the Washington Capitals. On 11 January, Enström was named to his first All-Star game but was unable to play because he was injured at the time.

On 25 August 2018, Enström left the NHL and North America after he signed a one-year contract to join Modo Hockey of HockeyAllsvenskan. He played parts of two seasons with the team. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2020.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Ron Hainsey

**Ronald Martin Hainsey** (born March 24, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He played parts of 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Columbus Blue Jackets, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, Carolina Hurricanes, Pittsburgh Penguins, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Ottawa Senators.

Hainsey is a one-time Stanley Cup champion, winning with the Penguins in 2017.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hainsey played parts of four seasons with the UMass Lowell River Hawks of the Hockey East. During his rookie season with the River Hawks, he was named to the All-Hockey East Rookie Team. The next season, he was named to the All-Hockey East First Team and as a AHCA East Second-Team All-American.	

He was drafted 13th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2000 NHL entry draft. He was immediately sent down to play for their AHL-affiliate Quebec Citadelles. On October 11, 2002, Hainsey made his NHL debut in a 4–1 win against the New York Rangers. On October 9, 2003, Hainsey scored his first NHL goal against Patrick Lalime in a 5–2 loss against the Ottawa Senators. On July 23, 2004, Hainsey signed a two-year contract to stay with the Canadiens.

On November 29, 2005, the Columbus Blue Jackets claimed Hainsey off of waivers. On July 11, 2006, Hainsey signed a two-year contract to stay with the Blue Jackets. He spent parts of three seasons with the team.

On July 2, 2008, Hainsey signed a five-year, $22.5 million contract to join the Atlanta Thrashers. He spent three seasons with the Thrashers and stayed with the team when they relocated to become the Winnipeg Jets.

On September 12, 2013, Hainsey signed a one-year, $2 million contract to join the Carolina Hurricanes. On June 24, 2014, Hainsey signed a three-year, $8.5 million contract to stay with the Hurricanes. The Hurricanes named Hainsey as an alternate captain during the 2014–15 season and he served from October until January.

On February 23, 2017, the Hurricanes traded Hainsey to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Danny Kristo and a 2017 second-round draft pick. He helped the Penguins during the playoffs. They defeated the Columbus Blue Jackets, Washington Capitals, and Ottawa Senators. They eventually went on to defeat the Nashville Predators four games to two in the Finals to win the Stanley Cup.

On July 1, 2017, Hainsey signed a two-year, $6 million contract to join the Toronto Maple Leafs. On November 1, 2018, Hainsey played his 1,000 NHL game in a 2–1 loss against the Dallas Stars.

On July 1, 2019, Hainsey signed a one-year, $3.5 million contract contract to join the Ottawa Senators. On September 12, the Senators named Hainsey as an alternate captain for the team.

On April 1, 2021, Hainsey announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Adenomera phonotriccus

The **tody tyrant-voiced nest-building frog** (*Adenomera phonotriccus*) is a frog.  It lives in  Brazil.

## Body
The adult male frog is 19.8–21.6 mm long from nose to rear end. The skin of the frog's back is medium brown with black marks on it. The legs are red-brown in color. The iris of the eye is copper in color. The belly is cream colored. Its call lasts much more time than other *Adenomera* frogs' calls: 213–433 ms.

## Name
Scientists named this frog *phonotriccus* for the Greek *phono* for "voice" or "sound" and *triccus*, which is a small bird.

## Home
This frog lives in Amazon rainforests that have never been cut down. Scientists have only seen it in one place, near the Araguaia River. Scientists have seen it between  above sea level.

Scientists have not seen these frogs in protected places.

## Young
This frog puts its eggs in nests made out of bubbles. Scientists think the tadpoles grow in the nest.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in very big danger of dying out. It lives in a part of the Amazon where human beings have cut down too many forests. People are still cutting down trees in the only place it still lives to make very big farms, tree farms, and [[grazing|places for animals to eat grass]. Dams for electricity may also be a danger to this frog.

## References
ASEAN Headquarters

The **ASEAN** **Headquarters,** or in the past called **ASEAN Secretariat Building**, is the main office of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is located on Jalan Sisingamangaraja in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia. It is also the office building for the ASEAN Secretariat and the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly. The office includes the original Secretariat Building, built in 1981, and an additional twin-tower, built in 2019. The original building was designed by Soejoedi Wiroatmodjo, an Indonesian architect, and opened by the President of Indonesia, Suharto.

## Transportation 
The ASEAN Headquarters is accessible through the ASEAN MRT Jakarta Station. The station is part of the CSW–ASEAN transit area.

## References
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft

The **Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexual Science)** was an early sexology research institute in Germany, operating from 1913 to 1933. It was founded by Magnus Hirschfeld, a Jewish homosexual physician, and was the first sexology research center in the world. The institute conducted pioneering studies on homosexuality and transgender issues and housed an extensive library on sexuality and eroticism. In 1933, the Nazis destroyed the institute as part of their censorship campaign and persecution of Jews.

## References
Krishna Kumar

**Krishna Kumar** (born 1951) is an Indian academic and author who served as the Director of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) from 2004 to 2010. During his tenure, he oversaw the implementation of the National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF). He is a former Professor of Education at the University of Delhi.

In 2011, Kumar was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to literature and education.

## Early life and education 
Kumar was born in Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh. He completed his undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Saugar. He later moved to Canada for doctoral studies, earning a PhD in educational theory from the University of Toronto.
* Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship.

## References
## External links 
* Krishna Kumar Profile
Zach Bogosian

**Zach Bogosian** (born July 15, 1990) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He currently plays for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Winnipeg Jets, Buffalo Sabres, Tampa Bay Lightning, and Toronto Maple Leafs.

Bogosian is a one-time Stanley Cup champion, winning with Lightning in 2020.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Bogosian played parts of two seasons with the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He had a successful time with the teams. He finished his rookie season with 7 goals and 26 assists for 33 points. He was named to the Second All-Rookie Team. The next season, he was chosen to participate in the CHL/NHL Top Prospects Game and was named to the First All-Star Team.

He was drafted 3rd overall by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 2008 NHL entry draft. On September 4, 2008, Bogosian signed a three-year, $2.625 million entry-level contract to join the Thrashers. On October 10, Bogosian made his NHL debut in a 7–4 win over with the Washington Capitals. On January 17, 2009, Bogosian recorded his first NHL point, assisting on a Colby Armstrong goal. He then scored his first NHL goal against Pekka Rinne in a 7–4 win over with the Nashville Predators. On October 31, 2009, Bogosian broke his thumb and hurt his wrist when a teammate fell on his arm. He didn't miss any playing time but it affected his play and caused his production to fall. He stayed with the team when they relocated to become the Winnipeg Jets. On September 14, 2011, Bogosian signed a two-year, $5 million contract to stay with the Jets.

On February 26, 2008, the Jets traded Bogosian along with Evander Kane and Jason Kasdorf to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Tyler Myers, Drew Stafford, Brendan Lemieux, Joel Armia, and a 2015 first-round draft pick. He played parts of six seasons with the Sabres. On February 21, 2020, the Sabres placed Bogosian on unconditional waivers to terminate his contract.

On February 23, 2020, Bogosian signed a one-year, $1.3 million contract to join the Tampa Bay Lightning. He helped the Lightning when they went on a run in the playoffs. They defeated the Florida Panthers, Carolina Hurricanes, and New York Islanders. They went on to defeat the Montreal Canadiens four games to one in the Final to win the Stanley Cup.

On October 10, 2020, Bogosian signed a one year, $1 million contract to join the Toronto Maple Leafs. He recorded 4 points in his only seasons with the Leafs.

On July 28, 2021, Bogosian signed a three-year, $2.55 million contract to rejoin the Tampa Bay Lightning. He played parts of three seasons after rejoining.

On November 8, 2023, the Lightning traded Bogosian to the Minnesota Wild in exchange for a 2025 seventh-round draft pick. He played parts of three seasons after rejoining.

## Personal life
Bogosian is married to former professional football player Bianca D'Agostino.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Leading actor

A **leading actor** or **leading actress**, is an actor who plays the title role in a movie, television series or theatre play. The word *lead* means the largest role in the piece, and *leading actor* means a person who typically plays such parts. Some leading actors are typecast with a certain role. Most leading actors typically begin their acting careers with bit parts, then become supporting actors or character actors, and eventually become leading actors as their careers advance. Actors who play the lead in some performances, can also play supporting or character roles in other performances.

## Related pages 
* Title role
* Supporting actor
* Character actor
* Bit part
* Extra (acting)
James Fishback

**James Thomas Fishback** (born January 1, 1995) is an American investor, hedge fund manager, and political candidate. He is seeking the Republican nomination in the 2026 Florida gubernatorial election.

Fishback has proposed divesting $385 million from funds tied to Israel to Florida and has voiced criticism of AIPAC donations to other politicians, refusing any donations from the organization himself. Fishback called Byron Donalds, a U.S. representative endorsed by Donald Trump, a "slave to his donors". He has expressed support for a 50% “sin tax” on OnlyFans creators, a complete abortion ban, and stricter immigration enforcement. Fishback has also critiqued Israel’s role in the Gaza conflict and U.S. foreign policy. He has voiced support for Nick Fuentes, while denying being a groyper.

Fishback has expressed support for the great replacement and white genocide conspiracy theories, arguing that “The great replacement and white genocide. They’re both real, and I’m running for Florida governor to stop it.” He has also criticized fast food, which he described as “goyslop,” aligning with Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s MAHA initiative. On January 9, 2026, he appeared on Tucker Carlson’s podcast.

## References
Trans shooter

A **trans shooter** or **transgender shooter** is a right-wing political epithet that decribes mass shootings done by transgender people. The term was first used in the United States in the 2020s. The idea says that transgender people are more likely to commit mass shootings or terrorist attacks. The ideas were mainly spread through social media. 

Analyses found that transgender people are often the target of violence; they rarely commit violence. According to researcher Yotam Ophir, this misinformation is used to help push laws against transgender people.

## Sources
LitRPG

**LitRPG**, short for **literary role-playing game**, is a fiction genre that combines parts of computer RPGs with science-fiction and fantasy. The term was introduced in 2013. In LitRPG, game-like elements are a major part of the story, and RPG statistics (such as strength, intelligence, damage) are a big part of the reading experience. This is the difference between LitRPG novels and games that in with a game, like those set in the world of *Dungeons & Dragons*; books that are actual games, such as the choose-your-own-adventure *Fighting Fantasy* type of book; or games that are described through words; such as interactive fiction. Typically, the main character in a LitRPG novel is interacting and knows about the game-like elements.

## Origins and Development 
LitRPG grew from earlier game based fantasy novels and was first created as a word by the the Russian publisher EKSMO in 2013.   Although many LitRPG books start as self-published works, some found success with a wider audience. Aleron Kong’s *The Land: Monsters* made the *Wall Street* *Journal b*estseller list in 2020, Matt Dinniman's *Dungeon Crawler Carl* series was picked up by a major publisher and reached #2 on *The New York Times* Audio Fiction bestseller list in 2025. 

## List of Usual Features 
* Leveling, Where a character grows stronger by completing actions.
* Stats (Statistics), numbers that go up to signify a characters power.
* Items, Magical tools that grant special powers.
* Monsters, Animals and mythical creatures that usually oppose the main character.
* Hard Magic, Powers beyond what are possible in this world but still have laws and rules behind them.

## Related pages 
* Wuxia
* Isekai
* Fantasy

## References
Supporting actor

A **supporting actor** or **supporting actress** is an actor who performs a role in a theatre play or movie below that of the leading actor(s), and above that of a bit part.

Supporting actors are often important to the plot as a best friend, lover, sidekick (such as Robin in the Batman series), or antagonist (such as the villain). They are sometimes, but not necessarily, character roles.

In television series, the term **day player** is used to refer to actors with supporting roles, who may appear short-term or long-term.

In recognition of the important nature of this work, the theatre and movie industries give separate awards to the best supporting actors and actresses (for example: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress).

## Related pages 
* Title role
* Leading actor
* Character actor
* Bit part
* Extra (acting)
Bit part

A **bit part** is an acting role in which there is direct interaction with the leading actors and supporting actors, with few appearances and few dialogues (or sometimes with no dialogue at all).

A bit part is ranked higher than that of an extra and lower than that of a supporting actor. An actor who regularly performs in bit roles, often to earn money, is referred to as a **bit player**, which is also a term to describe an aspiring actor who has not yet broken into supporting or leading roles.

Unlike extras, who do not typically interact with the actors, actors in bit parts are sometimes listed in the credits. An exception to this practice is the cameo appearance, wherein a well-known actor or other celebrity appears in a bit part, and it is common for such appearances to be uncredited.

## Related pages 
* Title role
* Leading actor
* Supporting actor
* Character actor
* Extra (acting)
Extra (acting)

An **extra** is a performer in a movie, television series, theatre play, musical, opera or ballet production, who always appears in a nonspeaking or nonsinging (silent) capacity, usually in the background (for example, in a set, audience or busy street scene). They generally do not or very rarely interact physically with the actors. Unlike actors with bit parts, many extras are not actors, are usually not paid money by the producers and they are almost never listed in the credits. Their scenes are also often removed during the post-production of movies and television series, meaning that they do not appear in the final production.

War movies and epic movies often employ or employed extras in large numbers. Some movies have featured hundreds or even thousands of extras, especially before the advancement of special effects and the invention of computer animation (CGI) used for special effects, which has reduced the need for extras and movie sets.

## Related pages 
* Title role
* Leading actor
* Supporting actor
* Character actor
* Bit part
Tabletop role-playing game

A **tabletop role-playing game (TTRPG),** also known as a pen-and-paper game, is a storytelling game where people known as players describe what actions their characters do and the referee, also known as a Game Master (GM) say the outcomes of the players actions and how it affects the world around them. TTRPGs take place within fictional worlds which could be original worlds, like most of Dungeons and Dragons (D&D), or adaptations of already known universes (Like the Lord of the Rings RPG or the Cosmere RPG). This often uses dice or other random elements to determine if actions succeed. Character usually have stats (statistics) represented by numbers, including general stats(such as strength or intelligence) and specific skills (such as animal taming or religion) which increase chances of succeeding in the chosen actions.

## Origins and History 
TTRPGs came from early strategy and war games which came from games like chess. In the 1970s, designers began putting together wargame rules with storytelling to create the first successful TTRPG, Dungeons & Dragons (1974.) Its success popularized the format of players controlling individual characters within a shared fictional world guided by rules and a game master. After Dungeons & Dragons many new TTRPGs appeared expanding into new genre such as science fiction, horror, and superhero fiction. During the 1980s and 1990s, different rule systems and storytelling approaches were developed, including universal systems that could support multiple genres and games that focused more heavily on narrative and character development.

The industry had a fall in the 1990s due to having to compete with video games and collectible card games. However, it later recovered through allowing third-party creators to create "homebrew" or unofficial content. In the 2010s and early 2020s, tabletop role-playing games experience growth due to online play such as Roll 20 and livestreamed games such as Critical Roll and Dimension 20. Additionally digital marketplaces made publishing and distribution more accessible

## References
Western Desert Campaign

The **Western Desert Campaign**, also known by other name as the **Desert War**, was part of the North African campaign in World War II between the Allies and the Axis powers, occurring across western Egypt and Libya. After the United Kingdom defeated Nazi Germany in the Battles of Crete and Greece, the Western Desert campaign was an important operation for the British to attack German troops for the war efforts. Adolf Hitler mainly focused on the Eastern Front where his armies fought against the Soviet Union so the German armies saw this campaign not so valuable. The campaign started in 1940 with the Italian invasion of Egypt, Italian troops confronted the British protecting Egypt from Libya but Italy failed due to supply issues. During this time, the British forces conducted airstrikes on Italy from Malta and Alexandria Airport and Benito Mussolini requested German divisions from Adolf Hitler. Therefore, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was sent to North Africa and the British troops were pushed back by Rommel's forces until 1942. The British were pushed back to the Egyptian border but the tides turned favor to the British with Bernard Montgomery's appearence. The Germans and Italians were defeated in the turning point Second Battle of El Alamein and after losing Libya, the Axis forces were pushed back into Tunisia.
Hangoi

and a Hangoi (Frog) in a Meitei folktale]]

**Hangoi** (), also known as **Hangngoi** or **Hang-ngoi** (), The character of Hangoi holds a significant place in the Meitei arts, folklore, mythology, Sanamahism (traditional Meitei religion) of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), often depicted as clever, resourceful, or morally instructive in traditional stories.

## In creation myths 
In Meitei cosmology, the Supreme Creator God entrusted his son, Lainingthou Sanamahi, with the task of creating humans. During this process, Sanamahi produced a variety of creatures that did not meet the Creator’s expectations for what constituted a human being. Among these early creations was the frog, or Hang-ngoi. The frog occupies an important place in the narrative as one of the pre-human beings, showing the experimental stages of creation prior to the formation of humans.

## Folktales 
Hangoi appears in several notable Meitei folktales, including:
* Kei amadi Shamu bu Hangoi na Maithiba Piba (“The Clever Frog Defeats Tiger and Elephant”), in which Hangoi uses wit to overcome larger and stronger animals.
 (ꯁꯨꯕꯤꯀꯥ), an 18-19th century Meitei language manuscript in Meitei script (18 × 12 cm)]]

## In archery 
In Meitei traditional weaponry, people in ancient Kangleipak (early Meitei civilization) used a special kind of arrows known as the Hangoi Taokapli, for shooting at frogs, floating in the water bodies, like ponds, lakes, etc. for practicing archery to improve accuracy in target shooting.
## Literature 
* 

## Related pages 
* Shamu (Meitei culture)
* Houdong
* Meitei Hui
* Meitei Nganu
* Meetei San

## References
Adenomera cotuba

The **Teresina de Goiás tropical bullfrog** (*Adenomera cotuba*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.
## Home
This frog lives in Cerrado places and in places with limestone rock, for example savannas and dry forests. Scientists have seen it between  above sea level.

Scientists have seen these frogs in protected places, for example Área de Preservação Ambiental Pouso Alto and Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros.

## Young
This frog puts its eggs in nests made out of bubbles. Scientists think the tadpoles grow in the nest.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in some danger of dying out. It lives in a place where human beings have cut down too many forests.  The frog lives in savanna grassland and dry forests, and people make those places into big farms. Dams for electricity may also be a danger to this frog.

## First paper
*

## References
Silver cyanate

**Silver cyanate** is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the silver salt of cyanic acid. It is an ionic compound made of a silver cation and an cyanate anion.

## Discovery of isomerism 
Silver cyanate is made of the same chemical elements as silver fulminate, but acts very differently. When silver cyanate and silver fulminate were discovered by Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig, chemists believed that if two chemicals were made of the same amount of the same elements, they had to be the same. When Wöhler and von Liebig checked their data, they agreed that both compounds had the same elements, proving the old theory wrong. Jöns Jacob Berzelius named this relationship isomerism.
Book of Mormon witnesses

The **Book of Mormon witnesses** are people who were a group of contemporaries of Joseph Smith who claimed to have seen the golden plates from which Smith translated the Book of Mormon. The most significant witnesses were the Three Witnesses and the Eight Witnesses, all of whom allowed their names to be used on two separate statements included with the Book of Mormon and church leaders contend that the witnesses never denied their accounts. Critics have challenged the nature and reliability of the accounts

The Eight Witnesses were closely tied to the Whitmer and Smith families. By 1838, four of the eleven witnesses (Harris, John Whitmer, Cowdery, David Whitmer) were excommunicated from the early church, while others disaffected. Despite breaking with Joseph Smith, none of the witnesses denied their testimonies, Cowdery and Harris later returned to the Church, while David Whitmer continued to maintain his testimony until his death. Others, such as Emma Smith and Mary Whitmer, also reportedly had spiritual or physical experiences with the plates. 

## References
Fire from the Sky

***Fire from the Sky*** is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Shadows Fall. The album was released on May 15, 2012.

## Track listing
GeoSpy

**GeoSpy** is a commercial artificial intelligence (AI) based visual geolocation system developed by the American technology company Graylark Technologies. The software is designed to determine the real world geographic location where a photograph was taken by analyzing the image's visual content. Unlike traditional geolocation methods, GeoSpy does not depend on embedded metadata such as GPS coordinates or EXIF data. Instead, it estimates location using computer vision and large scale image analysis.

## Technology 
GeoSpy operates by applying deep learning and computer vision techniques to identify distinctive visual features within a photograph. These features can include architectural styles, construction materials, vegetation types, soil characteristics, terrain, road markings, signage, street layouts, skyline patterns, and other environmental cues. According to the company, Superbolt compares extracted visual features against a large database of geotagged reference imagery in order to generate a ranked list of likely geographic matches.

## History 
Graylark Technologies was founded by Daniel Heinen and his brothers. GeoSpy was initially released through a publicly accessible web interface that allowed users to upload photographs and receive estimated location results.

The tool gained rapid attention online due to demonstrations showing that it could identify locations from seemingly ordinary images, including photos of vehicles, streets, and residential areas. As public awareness grew, journalists and researchers began testing the system's capabilities and limitations.

In 2025, Graylark Technologies discontinued the public demo version of GeoSpy.

## Privacy and ethical concerns 
The emergence of AI powered visual geolocation tools such as GeoSpy has prompted debate over privacy, surveillance, and misuse. Critics have argued that the ability to determine the location of a photograph without metadata could enable malicious actors to identify where individuals live, work, or travel based solely on images shared online.

Concerns raised by commentators include potential risks of stalking, harassment, doxxing, and unauthorized surveillance. The discussion has also extended to broader questions about the regulation of AI driven investigative technologies and the responsibilities of companies developing such systems.

## Law enforcement use 
In 2025, reporting by 404 Media indicated that law enforcement agencies in the United States had purchased access to GeoSpy for investigative purposes. According to the report, the software was marketed as a tool capable of rapidly narrowing down the geographic origin of photographs, potentially assisting in criminal investigations.

## References
José Luis Russo

**José Luis Russo Perrone** (14 July 1958 – 10 February 2026) was a Uruguayan footballer. He played as a defender for teams in Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, and Colombia. He was also capped 15 times for Uruguay, and played for them at the 1979 Copa América.

Russo died on 10 February 2026, at the age of 67. He was nicknamed *Pete*, which was a short form of *Chupete* (Dummy), which he inherited from his grandfather.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* José Luis Russo at AUF.or.uy
Imane Khelif

**Imane Khelif** is an Algerian professional boxer. Khelif has won the women’s welterweight medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics. Following wins at a series of regional victories, Khelif secured a silver medal at the 2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships and gold at the 2024 Olympics. Khelif was disqualified from the 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships after allegedly failing unspecified sex verification tests, a decision that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) subsequently criticised as "sudden and arbitrary". In 2023, Umar Kremlev, president of the IBA, claimed that the disqualifications were because DNA tests "proved they had XY chromosomes". No public medical evidence exists that Khelif is transgender. Imane Khelif’s trainer has said that Khelif is deemed too dangerous to practice with women and was injuring many women. An endocrinologist supported "that Imane is indeed a woman, despite her karyotype and her testosterone level." The IBA was stripped from the Olympics and boxers only had to show their passport to compete. Since the introduction of mandatory sex verification testing for women by World Boxing in May 2025, Khelif has not taken part in events run by the organisation. In a February 2026 interview with CNN, Khelif revealed having high levels of testosterone.  Khelif also revealed having had 'hormone treatments' for XY chromosomes before Paris Olympics, but denies being transgender. Khelif said in the interview, "I lowered my testosterone level to zero". The Algerian also has the SRY gene, often found in the Y chromosome and correlated with males.
Khelif reinstated being a biological woman.

## References
American theater of World War II

The **American theater of the Second World War** was a minor theater covered all of the American continent from North to South America and 200 mi (320 km) of nearby ocean in World War II.

Because geographically, North and South America seperated from major fronts (Europe, Mediterranean and Middle East, Pacific, etc.) so threats from an Axis invasion of the United States or any other parts of the American continent were unlikely and therefore less engagements in the continent. Military operations include the Battle of the River Plate (also part of the Pacific War), Operation Drumroll, the Aleutian Islands campaign, Fu-Go ballon bombs and many more.
Operation Crusader

**Operation Crusader** was a military operation by the United Kingdom in 1941 and was a part of the Western Desert campaign of the Second World War. This operation saved the city of Tobruk during the Siege of Tobruk the same year.

The initial plan of the British Eight Army was to destroy the armoured forces of the Axis powers before advancing infantry which failed after the British 7th Panzer Division suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the German Afrika Korps at Sidi Rezegh, after some stalemate battles. Then, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel urged his armoured divisions to the Axis fortifications on the Egyptian border but failed to find the main Allied infantry, who had bypassed the fortifications and advanced toward Tobruk so Rommel had to withdrew his armoured divisions to fight in Tobruk, although he had some tactical victories here but the need to preserve the remaining forces compelled Rommel to withdraw to the defensive line at Gazala, west of Tobruk, before moving all his troops back to El Agheila. This marked the first land victory for British-led forces against the Germans in World War II.

## Notes 
## References
Last Pizza Slice

**Last Pizza Slice**, knowns as **LPS**, is a Slovenian pop-rock band. The group currently consists of Filip Vidušin, Zala Velenšek, Žiga Žvižej, Martin Mutec and Gašper Hlupič. They  in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 with the song "".

## Members
### Current members
* Filip Vidušin – vocals (2019–present)
* Gašper Hlupič – drums (2019–present)
* Zala Velenšek – bass guitar (2021–present)
* Žiga Žvižej – electronic keyboard (2018–present)
* Martin Mutec - electric guitar (2023–present)

### Former Members
* Mark Semeja – electric guitar  (2021–2023)

## Discography
### Albums
### Singles
## References
Tunisian campaign

The **Tunisian campaign** (**Battle of Tunisia**) refers to battles occurred in Tunisia in the North African Campaign of World War II. The Allies, led by the United Kingdom, United States and Free France, won.

## Operation Torch and standoffs 
The Allied forces, after won Operation Torch, advanced to the east from Algeria, but these two forces were blocked at the German positions built in the Dom d'Or Saleh Mountains in the Atlas Mountains.

In the south, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was concentrating his forces and developed a defensive position in Tunisia. This made two coalitions halted in Tunisia, creating a standoff.

## Plans 
The Axis' plan was to develop a defensive position with Erwin Rommel, Hans-Jürgen von Arnim and Giovanni Messe, while the US-UK forces planned to attack. The Allies' mission was to block the Axis' reserves confronting the British Eight Army while the Eight Army was advancing to the north of Gabès.

## Campaign 
### German attacks and withdrawal 
On 17 February 1942, the 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions of the German 5th Panzer Army attacked the American forces stationed at Sidi Bouzid and forced them back to Kasserine. However, the German attacks were stopped at this pass and a tedious defensive battle happened. Meanwhile, supply lines from Italy were halted by Allied air forces and the Mareth Line was defended successfully. However, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery launched a second counter-offensive and X Corps penetrated through the Mareth Line, the Axis forces withdrew from the Mareth Line by 31 March.