open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Douglas Hurd

**Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell** (born 8 March 1930) is a British Conservative politician. He served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995.

He was born in the market town of Marlborough in Wiltshire. Hurd first entered Parliament in February 1974 as MP for the Mid Oxfordshire constituency (Witney from 1983). His first government post was as Minister for Europe from 1979 to 1983 (being that office's inaugural holder) and he served in several Cabinet roles since 1984. 

His jobs include Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1984–85), Home Secretary (1985–89) and Foreign Secretary (1989–95).  He stood unsuccessfully for the Conservative Party leadership in 1990, but retired from frontline politics during a Cabinet reshuffle in 1995.

In 1997, Hurd was elevated to the House of Lords and is one of the Conservative Party's most senior elder statesmen. He is a patron of the Tory Reform Group and remains an active figure in public life.

## Other websites
*Hurd's memories of his assignment Beijing in the 1950s 
*Hurd intervenes in the 2001 General Election campaign on European policy
*BBC reports on the findings of Hurd's commission into the role of the Archbishop of Canterbury
*An article by Douglas Hurd on peace in the Middle East 
*Speech by Hurd on Britain and Europe
* *Daily Telegraph* review of *Robert Peel, a Biography*
*Economist Review of "Robert Peel, a Biography"
*Daily Mail Review of "Robert Peel, A Biography"
*Patron, Witney History Society
Yoram Tsafrir

**Yoram Tsafrir** (30 January 1938 in Kfar Azar – 23 November 2015) was an Israeli archaeologist. His research has included the Byzantine influence on ancient synagogues, demography of Palestine in the Byzantine period. He led excavations at Beit She'an, and at Rehoboth. He was Professor Emeritus in the University of Hebrew, University of Jerusalem, and in the Institute of Archaeology. He was a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Tsafrir died in a hospital in Jerusalem, Israel from a heart attack at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
Amanda Holden

**Amanda Holden** (born 16 February 1971) is an English television personality, actress, singer and presenter. She is best known as a judge on ''Britain's Got Talent* on ITV. 

She played Mel in the TV series *Kiss Me Kate*. She also played Geraldine Titley in the TV comedy-drama series *The Grimleys*. Furthermore, Holden appeared in *Smack the Pony*, *EastEnders*, *Celeb*, *Hearts and Bones* and *Cutting It''.

Holden was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England.

## References
## Other websites 
* Biography by Amanda Holden
Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)

***Thoroughly Modern Millie*** is a 2002 musical, with lyrics by Dick Scanlan and music by Jeanine Tesori. It is based on the 1967 movie of the same name. It is about a girl from Kansas, Millie Dillmount, who comes to New York City in the 1920s to marry for money rather than love. Soon, Millie begins to take the delight flapper lifestyle. However, problems arise when she checks into a hotel owned by the leader of a white slavery ring in China.

Thoroughly Modern Millie is a pastiche musical, imitating the style of the original movie. It won a 2002 Tony Award for the best musical. It played in London and New York City.

## References
Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants

'''''Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"'''* is an album by Stevie Wonder, originally released on the Tamla label on October 30, 1979. It was also the soundtrack to the documentary *The Secret Life of Plants*, directed by Walon Green.

## Reviews
*Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"'* received mixed reviews from critics.

## Track listing
*All songs written, produced and arranged by Stevie Wonder, except where noted.''

;Side one
# "Earth's Creation" – 4:06 (Instrumental)
# "The First Garden" – 2:32 (Instrumental)
# "Voyage to India" – 6:29 (Instrumental)
# "Same Old Story" – 3:44
# "Venus' Flytrap and the Bug" – 2:25
# "Ai No, Sono" – 2:06

;Side two
# "Seasons" – 2:53 (Instrumental)
# "Power Flower" – 5:29
#* Lyrics by Michael Sembello.
# "Send One Your Love (Music)" – 3:05 (Instrumental)
# "Race Babbling" – 8:51

;Side three
# "Send One Your Love" – 4:01
# "Outside My Window" – 5:29
# "Black Orchid" – 3:47 (Wonder, Yvonne Wright)
# "Ecclesiastes" – 3:42 (Instrumental)
# "Kesse Ye Lolo De Ye" – 3:03
# "Come Back as a Flower" – 4:59
#* *Lead vocals and lyrics by Syreeta Wright.*

;Side four
# "A Seed's a Star/Tree Medley" – 5:53
# "The Secret Life of Plants" – 4:16
# "Tree" – 5:47 (Instrumental)
# "Finale" – 7:01 (Instrumental)

## References
Mýa

**Mýa Marie Harrison** (born October 10, 1979) () is an American singer, songwriter, musician, model, dancer and actress. She first became famous in 1998 with her debut album *Mýa*. She is best known for the 2001 cover of the famous R&B song "Lady Marmalade".

## Early life and career beginnings
Mýa is a native of Washington, D.C. She is one of three children. Her father, Sherman, was an African-American musician and singer. He played in several bands near where they lived. Her Italian-American mother, Theresa, worked as an accountant. As a child, Mýa would pretend she was Michael Jackson and would sing into a wooden spoon and pretended it was a microphone.
* 1998: Boyz II Men Tour
* 1999: Lilith Fair Tour (various female performers)
;Headliner
* 2000: MTV European Tour
* 2001: House of Blues Tour
* 2003: House of Blues Tour
* 2007: Seagrams Live Tour (with Clipse)
;Supporting
* 2007: BET Black College Tour (various artists)
* 2014: Full Frequency Tour (Sean Paul's Australian tour in November)

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Mýa (album)

***Mýa*** is the self-titled debut studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her first studio album for then-record label Interscope Records released April 21, 1998. When the album was released Mýa was a teenager.

## Reviews
*Mýa* received mixed reviews when it was released.

## Track listing
## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Certifications
## References
Moodring

***Moodring*** is the third studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her last studio album for then joint record label A&M and Interscope Records, released on July 22, 2003.

## Reviews
*Moodring* received generally positive reviews from music critics.

## Track listing
## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Certifications
## Tour
## Release history
## References
Icterid

The **Icteridae** are a family of small to medium-sized New World songbirds. They are usually brightly colored. Most species have black as a main plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red. The family is extremely varied in size, shape, behavior and coloration. 

This group includes the **New World blackbirds**, New World orioles, the bobolink, meadowlarks, grackles, cowbirds, oropendolas and caciques. They are only distantly related to the Old World common blackbird (which is a thrush) or the Old World orioles.

Icterids are unusual in songbirds because they have considerable sexual dimorphism. For example, the male great-tailed grackle is 60% heavier than the female. The smallest icterid species is the orchard oriole, in which the female averages 15&nbsp;cm in length (6&nbsp;in) and  in weight, while the largest is the Amazonian oropendola, the male of which measures  and weighs about . This variation in size is greater than usual in passerine families. 

One unusual adaptation shared by the icterids is gaping, where the skull allows them to open their bills strongly rather than passively. This lets them force open gaps to get at hidden food.

## References
Manmeet Bhullar

**Manmeet Singh Bhullar** (March 1, 1980 &ndash; November 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta who represented the constituency of Calgary-Greenway as a Progressive Conservative.  He served as a cabinet minister from 2011 until the defeat of the Progressive Conservative government in 2015.

Bhullar became the first turbaned Sikh to hold a ministerial position after he was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Service Alberta on October 12, 2011.

Bhullar died in a motor vehicle collision north of Red Deer, Alberta while driving from Calgary to Edmonton on the Queen Elizabeth II highway, on November 23, 2015 at the age of 35. Bhullar had stopped to assist a driver involved in a collision and sustained fatal injuries after he was struck by a semi truck that had lost control descending a hill.

## References
Ann Njogu

**Ann Njogu** is a lawyer and activist from Kenya. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award. 

## Work 
Njogu is the director of the Centre for Rights Education and Awareness.  The center made a record of violence based on gender after the December 2007 Kenyan elections. Njogu was also a leader in the Multi-Sectoral Committee on Constitutional Reform, the Joint Dialogue Forum on Constitutional Reform, and a delegate to the Bomas National Conference on Constitutional Reforms. These groups worked for better government.

This law protects women from sexual and gender based violence.  It helps abused women to find justice  Njogu also gave counseling and support to the victims of sexual and gender-based violence.  In 2008 Njogu said there might be corrupttion in the sale of the Grand Regency Hotel.  The police arrested Njokgu and they beat her. 

## Awards 
Njogu received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

## Other websites 
*The Centre for Rights, Education and Awareness (CREAW) 

## Related pages
* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
Litchfield, Maine

**Litchfield** is a town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,586 at the 2020 census. Litchfield is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan area.

Litchfield was incorporated in 1795. It was originally known as Smithtown Plantation.

## Other websites
* Litchfield, Maine Official Website
* Historical Society of Litchfield, Maine
Chain mail

**Mail**, or **chain mail**, is a type of armour. It is made of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. The Celts are usually credited with inventing mail armour. Celtic mail was usually made in the form of a vest.  Another theory relates the word to the Old French "maillier", meaning “to hammer” (related to the modern English word "malleable"). At that time their iron work was probably the best in Europe. The Romans quickly adopted it for their own army. A shirt of mail armour weighed about . Vikings were known to wear mail armor whenever they could get their hands on it. Mail was expensive, time-consuming to make, and required a supply of iron. It became more expensive as improvements were made in materials and workmanship. Mail armour was in use in Europe until the 15th century.

## Modern uses 
Mail is today used in gloves to prevent cuts by butchers and firefighters. Some divers wear mail suits when swimming around sharks and particularly when feeding sharks. But mail is heavy and it makes moving around more difficult. It is also popular in live action role playing.

## Gallery 

File:Verschiedene Kettenhemden.jpg|.
File:Bayeux haubert.JPG|.
File:Woman wearing chainmail.jpg|.
File:Neptunic shark suit 1.jpg|Shark-protective mail suit
File:Messe Slow Food 2012 by-RaBoe-219.jpg|Modern cut resistant glove

## References
Afar Triangle

zones; red triangles show historically active volcanoes]]

 drainage basin shows the geography well]]

The **Afar Triangle **(or **Afar Depression**) is a low area bordering on the Red Sea. It is part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. The area overlaps the borders of Eritrea, Djibouti and the entire Afar region of Ethiopia. 

## Human fossils 
Important fossil specimens of the earliest hominins, including Lucy, have been found in this area. These are the earliest of the human clade. The area is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. 

Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of flora and fauna.

## Geography 
The Triangle includes the lowest point in Africa, Lake Asal, Djibouti, at 155 m (or 509&nbsp;ft) below sea level.

The Awash River is the main waterflow into the region. It runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of saline lakes. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the **Danakil Depression**. The lowlands are affected by heat, drought, and poor air circulation. Some of the lowlands are the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth.

The Afar Triangle is bordered by high areas, as shown on the topographic map.

### Plate tectonics 
The Depression is a plate tectonic triple junction. This geologic feature is one of earth's great active volcanic areas, so the floor of the depression is composed of lava, mostly basalt.

The continuous process of volcanism makes mineral deposits, like sulfur, salt, bentonite, and gypsum. There are also geothermal energy sources and hot springs in different areas of the region.

In 2005, a giant rift was formed in just a few days. The rift opened when the Dabbahu Volcano erupted. The rift is part of the process of the Arabian and African plates moving apart. This new crack,  long, and  deep, opened when the lava from the erupting volcano flowed underground and cooled. It left a  long,  wide dike within days.

## References
Elastin

**Elastin** is part of connective tissue. It is an elastic protein which allows many tissues in the body to go back to their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin return to its original position when handled. Elastin is also used in places where mechanical energy is stored.  

Elastin is important in blood vessels because it helps blood to flow. It is common in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta.  Elastin is also very important in the lungs, ligaments, the skin, the bladder, and elastic cartilage. It is present in all vertebrates above the jawless fish.

In humans, elastin is encoded by the *ELN* gene.

## References
Rhododendron niveum

***Rhododendron niveum*** is a *Rhododendron* species. It is native to northeastern India (including Sikkim), Bhutan, and southern Tibet. It grows at altitudes of 2600–3500 meters. 

It is a shrub or small tree that grows to 2–6 m in height, with leathery leaves 8.5–11 by 3.6–4.6 cm in size. Flowers are magenta to lilac.

## References
Varduhi Varderesyan

**Varduhi Varderesyan** (; 19 March 1928 – 24 November, 2015) was an Romanian-born Armenian actress. She was born in Bucharest, Romania. In 2002 she was declared an honorary citizen of Yerevan. She was known for her roles in *Looking for the Addressee*, *Northern Rainbow*, *Hayrik*, and in *The Journey*.

Varderesyan died in Yerenvan, Armenia at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*IMDB profile
*Persons.am 
*Biography and photos of Varduhi Varderesyan
*Facebook.com
Lee Ae-ran

**Lee Ae-ran** (Hangul = 이애란; Revised Romanization = I Aeran; McCune–Reischauer = Ri Aeran) (born 1964) is a South Korean activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Lee's grandparents left North Korea to go to South Korea. The government of North Korea sent Lee and her family to a labor camp. She was in jail for eight years. In 1997, a family member in America wrote a book.  The book said Lee's father worked against North Korea, so Lee ran away to South Korea.

Lee studied the subject of food and nutrition at Ewha Womans University.  In 2009, she received a PhD.

## Work 
In 2005, Lee started the Global Leadership Scholarship Program.  The program gives scholarships to students from North Korea to learn English.

In 2008, Lee ran for a seat in the National Assembly.  She was the first North Korean defector to do this.

In 2009, Lee started the Hana Defector Women's Organization.  The NGO helps North Korean women who live in South Korea.  The women receive job training, childcare, help with education, and human rights training.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Heinz Oberhummer

**Heinz Oberhummer** (19 May 1941 &ndash; 24 November 2015) was an Austrian physicist and skeptic. He was born in Bischofshofen and raised in Obertauern, Austria. Oberhummer was professor emeritus of Theoretical Physics at the Atominstitut of the Vienna University of Technology. His main research area was nucleosynthesis.

Oberhummer died of pneumonia in Vienna, Austria, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* Articles of Heinz Oberhummer in arxiv.org
* Kann das alles Zufall sein? - Geheimnisvolles Universum, Ecowin-Verlag, 2008; Award for "Best Popular Science Book in Austria 2009" 
* Science Busters
* Cinema and Science (CISCI)
* Neue Erkenntnisse zur Entstehung der Grundlagen für Leben
Lennart Hellsing

**Paul Lennart Hellsing** (5 June 1919 &ndash; 25 November 2015) was a Swedish writer and translator. His lasting contribution as a children's writer, Helsing was a finalist in 2010 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. He was born in Västanfors, Sweden. He was known for his rhymes and word plays. He was thought to be an "outstanding poet" in the field of humour and nonsense writing.

Hellsing died at his home in Stockholm, Sweden of pneumonia on the night of 25 November 2015 surrounded by his family, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* "2010". *Hans Christian Andersen Awards*. International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY). With contemporary material including the 2010 shortlist press release. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern

**James Peter Hymers Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern**,  (born 2 July 1927) is a British advocate.  He served as Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, Lord Advocate, and Lord Chancellor (1987&ndash;1997). He is an active member of the House of Lords.

Mackay was born in Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Merk, "Lord Mackay of Clashfern", Bonner Rechtsjournal, Sonderausgabe 1/2012, S. 28 ff.
Albin Chalandon

**Albin Chalandon** (11 June 1920 in Reyrieux, Ain &ndash; 29 July 2020) was a French politician and a former minister. From 1968 and 1972, he was Minister of Public Works. And from 1986 until 1988, he was Minister of Justice.

He died on 29 July 2020, aged 100.

## References
Carlos Oroza

**Carlos Oroza** (May 13, 1923 &ndash; November 20, 2015) was a Spanish poet. He was born in Viveiro. He was known mainly for the interpretation and performance of his own work. He founded Tropos magazine, a magazine about poetry.

Oroza died of heart failure in Madrid, aged 92.

## References
Kostandin Shpataraku

**Kostandin Shpataraku** (flourished 1736–67) was an Albanian painter of 18th century. 

## Early life
Kostandin Shpataraku was born in Valesh village in the Shpat region of Albania. The region is located in the southern highland of Elbasan, Albania, in today's Gjinar which was originally in the Ottoman Empire.

## Work
Shpataraku was a painter in the Orthodox tradition of icons and Byzantine church frescoes, active between 1736 and 1767. His works combine Byzantine tradition and Italian Renaissance influences.

## Legacy
Many of his icons are in Ardenica Monastery, St. Jovan Vladimir's Church near Elbasan, Vithkuq, and in the "Museum of Medieval Art" in Korce. Many of his works belong to private collections.

## References
## Other websites 
*Kostandin Shpataraku links
Looking Back (Stevie Wonder album)

***Looking Back***, and also called ***Anthology***, is a triple LP anthology by American musician Stevie Wonder. It was released on November 30, 1977 on Motown Records.

## Album packaging
Since its release as a 12-inch triple LP, it has not been made available on a CD or download. It is considered to be a limited edition. The album has 40 songs from Wonder's early period (1962 - 1971).

## Track listing
### Side one
# "Thank You (For Loving Me All the Way)" - (2:30)
# "Contract on Love" - (2:02)
# "Fingertips - Part 2" - (2:52)
# "Workout Stevie, Workout" - (2:40)
# "Castles in the Sand" - (2:10)
# "Hey Harmonica Man" - (2:35)
# "High Heel Sneakers" - (2:58)

### Side two
# "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" - (2:53)
# "Nothing's Too Good for My Baby" - (2:38)
# "Blowin' in the Wind" - (3:45)
# "Ain't That Asking for Trouble" - (2:47)
# "I'd Cry" - (2:22)
# "A Place in the Sun" - (2:52)
# "Sylvia" - (2:33)

### Side three
# "Down to Earth" - (2:48)
# "Thank You Love" - (2:50)
# "Hey Love" - (2:44)
# "Travelin' Man" - (2:54)
# "Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)" - (3:06)
# "I Was Made to Love Her" - (2:35)
# "I'm Wondering" - (2:52)

### Side four
# "Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" - (2:44)
# "You Met Your Match" - (2:36)
# "I'd Be a Fool Right Now" (New 1977 mix) - (2:53)
# "Alfie" - (2:58)
# "More Than a Dream" - (3:20)
# "For Once in My Life" - (2:16)

### Side five
# "Angie Girl" - (2:56)
# "My Cherie Amour" - (2:54)
# "I Don't Know Why (I Love You)" - (2:43)
# "If I Ruled The World" - (3:31)
# "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" - (2:57)
# "Never Had a Dream Come True" - (2:59)
# "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" - (2:46)

### Side six
# "Heaven Help Us All" - (2:59)
# "I Gotta Have a Song" - (2:32)
# "Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer" - (2:56)
# "If You Really Love Me" - (2:53)
# "Something Out of the Blue" - (2:58)
# "Do Yourself a Favor" - (5:58)

## Personnel
*Stevie Wonder - vocals, piano, harmonica, keyboards

### Production
## Charts
## References
Stabat mater

's depiction of Mary at the Cross, 1482. (National Gallery, Washington)]]

***Stabat Mater Dolorosa***, often referred to as ***Stabat Mater***, is a 13th-century Catholic hymn to Mary. It has been attributed to the Franciscan Jacopone da Todi and to Innocent III. It is about the Sorrows of Mary.

Like so many other hymns the name of the hymn is made of the first few words. This is called an incipit. The first line reads *Stabat mater dolorosa* ("The sorrowful mother stood"). The *Stabat Mater* hymn is about the suffering of Mary, Jesus Christ's mother, during his crucifixion. It is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows. The *Stabat Mater* has been set to music by many composers, among them Palestrina, Pergolesi, Alessandro Scarlatti and Domenico Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Haydn, Rossini, Dvořák, George Henschel, Karol Szymanowski, Poulenc and Arvo Pärt.

The hymn was very popular all across Europe, especially with the mendicant orders. Pope Benedict XIII finally extended it to the whole of the Roman Rite in 1727. The commemoration of Our Lady of Sorrows was eventually fixed to September 15, the day after the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14, where it is found in both the 1962 *Missale Romanum* and the 1969 missal of Paul VI and its subsequent editions. There is also a different melody for the same text in the Roman Breviary: "In the Roman liturgical tradition, it is sung as a hymn in the Divine Office in one melody of the sixth Gregorian mode, and in another of the second mode as a Sequence at Mass, between the Alleluia and the Gospel." 

## References
Universal Children's Day

'''Universal Children's Day''' is an   of children's rights. It is celebrated on the 20th of November each year.

## Background 
On the 14th of December 1954, the United Nations General Assembly recommended that countries celebrate a Universal Children's Day. The date 20 November marks the day on which the assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. 

According to UNICEF millions of children in the world are victims of violence every year.

## Children's Rights 
The Declaration of the Rights of the Child and The Convention on the Rights of the Child describe children's rights. Children's rights include the right to  and , to be educated, to be free from violence and abuse, to  and to be heard.

## References
Robert McCormick Adams Jr.

**Robert McCormick Adams Jr.** (July 23, 1926 – January 27, 2018) was an American anthropologist and archaeologist. He was Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1984 to 1994. He has worked in both the Near East and Mesoamerica. He was best known for his research in Iraq.

Adams, Jr. died on January 27, 2018 in Chula Vista, California at the age of 91.

## References
G. Wayne Clough

**Gerald Wayne Clough** (born September 24, 1941) is an American educator and engineer. He was the President Emeritus of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (2008-2015). He retired in October 2014. A graduate of Georgia Tech in civil engineering, he was the first alumnus to serve as President of the Institute.

## References
## Other websites
*G. Wayne Clough speeches collection from Georgia Tech Archives
*Biography of G. Wayne Clough  on the Smithsonian website
*G. Wayne Clough from the Smithsonian Institution Archives
Guy Lewis

**Guy Vernon Lewis, II** (March 19, 1922 &ndash; November 26, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Houston from 1956 to 1986. He was born in Arp, Texas.

Lewis led his Houston Cougars to five appearances in the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament, in 1967, 1968, 1982, 1983, and 1984. He was inducted into National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.

Lewis died on the morning of November 26, 2015 at his home in Kyle, Texas from complications following a stroke he suffered about 10 years ago. He was 93 years old.

## References
Tex Winter

**Morice Fredrick "Tex" Winter** (February 25, 1922 &ndash; October 10, 2018) was an American retired basketball coach, and innovator of the triangle offense. He was born in Wellington, Texas. 

Winter served as an assistant coach to the Chicago Bulls from the 1985-86 season through the 1998-99 season, during which time the team won six NBA championships.  Most of this time was spent working with head coach Phil Jackson, starting from the 1987-88 season.  He also went with Jackson to the Los Angeles Lakers for five seasons, from 1999 to 2004, winning another three NBA championships.  

Winter had previously head coached the Houston Rockets during the 1971-72 and 1972-73 seasons.

Winter died on October 10, 2018 from complications of a stroke in Manhattan, Kansas at the age of 96.

## References
Johnny Bach

**John William "Johnny" Bach** (July 10, 1924 &ndash; January 18, 2016) was an American former professional basketball player and coach. Bach played college basketball at Fordham University and Brown University. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City.

He was selected by the Boston Celtics in the 1948 Basketball Association of America (BAA) Draft, and played 24 games for the Celtics. He coached the Golden State Warriors from 1983 through 1986. He became the assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls from 1986 through 2003. He retired in 2006.

Bach died on January 18, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as coach) 
* BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as player) 
* NBA.com Coach File: John Bach
Dan Fante

, 2007]]
**Daniel Smart "Dan" Fante** (February 19, 1944 &ndash; November 23, 2015) was an American author and playwright. He was born in Los Angeles, California to a family of Italian immigrants. 

He was known for his plays *Chump Change*, *Mooch*, ''86'd* and *Spitting Off Tall Buildings*. His father was writer John Fante. He was also the author of *A Gin-Pissing-Raw-Meat-Dual-Carburetor-V8-Son-Of-A-Bitch From Los Angeles'', a volume of poetry on Wrecking Ball Press.

Fante died of cancer in Los Angeles, aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
*Official homepage 
*Dan Fante: An American Writer (a documentary directed by Flavio Sciolé) 
*New York Times review of Short Dog 
*Interview of Dan Fante on NPR's Fresh Air with Terry Gross, September 29, 2009.
*Interview with Dan Fante by Ben Myers
*Interview with Dan Fante by Tony O'Neill 
*Interview with Dan Fante by Rob Woodard 
*Hand-written interview at ifpthendirt 
*Interview with Dan Fante by Alex Kudera
Smoke detector

A **smoke sensor** or **smoke detector** is a device that can detect smoke, which may be an indicator of a fire. There are two basic systems: Simple, standalone sensors usually make a sound or flash a light when they detect smoke. More sophisticated sensors usually send a signal to an fire alarm panel, or system. Most smoke detectors use either an optical sensor, or they use a physical process called ionization. Many simple smoke sensors use batteries. Very often dead batteries are not replaced; when this happens, the smoke sensors stop working.  But, the detector may "chirp" when the battery is low to try and stop this from happening. There are also systems which are directly connected to electrical power; these may use batteries just as a backup.

Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about  in diameter and  thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either  optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. Domestic smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered units with battery backup; with these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all trigger even if household power has gone out.

## Design
### Photoelectric
Photoelectric smoke detectors rely on detecting a lack of light to set the alarm off. The light used could be infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet. Additionally, ionization smoke detectors are slower to react in real house fires.

## References
Charles Thone

**Charles Thone** (January 4, 1924 &ndash; March 7, 2018) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as the 34th Governor of Nebraska serving from January 4, 1979 through January 6, 1983. He lost re-election to Bob Kerrey. Before being governor, Thone represented Nebraska's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 1971 through January 3, 1979.

Thone was born in Hartington, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Thone died on March 7, 2018 in Lincoln, Nebraska of respiratory failure at age 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Retrieved on 2008-01-24
*National Governors Association 
*The Political Graveyard
Characters (Stevie Wonder album)

***Characters*** is the twenty-first studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder released on November 6, 1987 by Motown. He performed a song on the album called "Get It" with R&B singer-songwriter Michael Jackson.

## Reviews
*Characters* received generally positive reviews from critics.

## Track listing
All songs written by Stevie Wonder except where noted.
;Side one
#"You Will Know" - 5:00
#"Dark 'n' Lovely" (Gary Byrd, Wonder) - 4:39
#"In Your Corner" - 4:30
#"With Each Beat of My Heart" - 5:28
#"One of a Kind" - 5:10
;Side two
#"Skeletons" - 5:24
#"Get It" (featuring Michael Jackson) - 4:31
#"Galaxy Paradise" - 3:52
#"Cryin' Through the Night" - 5:48
#"Free" - 4:12
;CD Bonus tracks
# "Come Let Me Make Your Love Come Down" (featuring B.B. King & Stevie Ray Vaughan) - 5:20
#"My Eyes Don't Cry" - 7:05

## References
Jungle Fever (soundtrack)

***Jungle Fever*** a soundtrack album by American musician Stevie Wonder to Spike Lee's movie *Jungle Fever*. It was released by Motown Records on May 28, 1991. It is Wonder's third soundtrack album and the music on the album was very "urban" as they had influences from new jack swing, hip hop as well as R&B and soul.

## Critical reception 
*Jungle Fever* received mixed reviews from critics. While some thought it was unappealing, others said it was his best work in years. A critic said he hadn't so freewilling since Hotter Than July.

## Track listing
All songs written by Stevie Wonder, except "Chemical Love", lyrics by Stephanie Andrews.

#"Fun Day" – 4:41
#"Queen in the Black" – 4:46
#"These Three Words" – 4:54
#"Each Other's Throat" – 4:17
#"If She Breaks Your Heart" (sung by Kimberly Brewer) – 5:03
#"Gotta Have You" – 6:26
#"Make Sure You're Sure" – 3:30
#"Jungle Fever" – 4:55
#"I Go Sailing" – 3:58
#"Chemical Love" – 4:26
#"Lighting Up the Candles" – 4:09

## References
Triatominae

The members of **Triatominae** are a subfamily of Reduviidae. They are also called **kissing bugs**, **conenose bugs**, **assassin bugs** or **triatomines**. There are more than 130 species in this subfamily. Most of them feed on vertebrate blood. A few species feed on other invertebrates. They are mainly found in the Americas. There are a few species in Asia, Australia and Africa. 

Some of the bugs carry the Chagas disease parasite *Trypanosoma cruzi*. However, only those species (such as *Triatoma infestans* and Rhodnius prolixus) well adapted to living with humans are considered important vectors.

## References
Donald Crisp

**Donald Crisp** (born **George William Crisp**, 27 July 188225 May 1974) was an English-born American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He began his career as a silent movie actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1942 for his role in *How Green Was My Valley*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
The Woman in Red (soundtrack)

***The Woman in Red: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack*** is the second soundtrack album released by American musician Stevie Wonder on the Motown label on August 28, 1984. Wonder's first soundtrack album ''Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants* had been released five years before *The Woman in Red*.

## Reviews
*The Woman in Red'' received positive reviews from critics.

## Track listing
All songs written by Stevie Wonder, except "It's More Than You" by Ben Bridges.

#"The Woman in Red" - 4:39
#"It's You" (With Dionne Warwick) - 4:55
#"It's More Than You" (Instrumental) - 3:15
#"I Just Called to Say I Love You" - 6:16
#"Love Light in Flight" - 6:54
#"Moments Aren't Moments" (Solo by Dionne Warwick) - 4:32
#"Weakness" (With Dionne Warwick) - 4:13
#"Don't Drive Drunk" - 6:33

## References
Ezzatolah Entezami

**Ezzatolah Entezami** (, June 21, 1924 &ndash; August 17, 2018) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His first role was as Masht Hassan in the 1969 movie *The Cow*. He later appeared in many movies such as *Mr. Naive*, *Hamoun*, and in *40 Years Old*. He also appeared in the television series *Hezar Dastan*.

Entezami died in Tehran on August 17, 2018 from complications of a stroke at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* An interview with *Ezzatollah Entezami* in connection with the recently produced biopic "*... and the Blue Sky*", directed by Ghazaleh Soltani and produced by Ghasem Gholipour, Mehr News Agency, 21 November 2010, http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1192044  (in Persian). Photo reportage of the interview: http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1188577 .
Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz

**Mohamad Ali Keshavarz** (, April 15, 1930 &ndash; June 14, 2020) was an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. He was known for his role in the television series *Hezar Dastan*. He also appeared in movies such as *Shabe Quzi*, *Mr. Naive*, and in *Del Shodegan*.

Keshavarz died from a lung infection on June 14, 2020 in Tehran, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
* *Naghsh Āfarin-i az Esfahan* (A Character Actor from Esfahan), in Persian, Jadid Online, 27 January 2009, http://www.jadidonline.com/story/27012009/frnk/mohammadali_keshavarz.A series of photographs of Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, old and new, Jadid Online: http://www.jadidonline.com/slideshow/887/1.
Hezar Dastan

***Hezar Dastan*** or ***Hezār Dastān*** () was a very popular Iranian television series that ran from 1979 through 1987. It is considered toto be one of the greatest television series in Iran. It is set in a fictional town in Iran called *Hezar Dastan*. It was directed by Ali Hatami. It stars Ezzatolah Entezami, Jamshid Mashayekhi, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz and Ali Nassirian.

## Other websites
*
Jamshid Mashayekhi

**Jamshid Mashayekhi** (, 26 November 1934 &ndash; 2 April 2019) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. Mashayekhi was known for his roles in *The Cow*, *Kaiser*, and in *Adobe and Mirror*. He appeared in the television series *Hezar Dastan*.

Mashayekhi died on 2 April 2019 at a hospital in Tehran from pneumonia complicated by laryngeal cancer, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Celebrating 50-year acting career of Jamshid Mashayekhi, BBC
Ali Nassirian

**Ali Nassirian** (, born 4 February 1935) is an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His career began in 1947 and would last until his retirement in 2008. Nassirian was known for his role in the popular Iranian television series *Hezar Dastan* (1979-1987). He also appeared in movies such as *The Mandrake* (1975), *Kamalolmolk* (1983), *Captain Khorshid* (1987), and *Iron Island* (2005). 

## References
## Other websites
*
Ghana National Farmers' Day

'''Ghana National Farmers' Day''' is a national holiday in the Republic of Ghana. It is an annual celebration of farmers and fishermen, celebrated on the first Friday of December.
Martin Karplus

**Martin Karplus** (March 15, 1930 &ndash; December 28, 2024) was an Austrian-born American theoretical chemist. He was the Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, emeritus at Harvard University. He was also Director of the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory. He is of Jewish descent.

Karplus received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems".

Karplus died on December 28, 2024 in Cambridge, Massachusetts from problems caused by a fall at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Martin Karplus academic genealogy and list of PhD & Postdoc trainees
* Publications 
* Karplus research group at Harvard University
* Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory at University of Strasbourg 
* Biography at Michigan State University website 
* Martin Karplus photography website
* Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Balawaristan National Front (Naji)

The **Balawaristan National Front** is a Pakistani political party in  Gilgit-Baltistan. It  was formed on December 28, 1989 under the Chairmanship of Nawaz Khan Naji. It was reorganized in July 30 1993. In 1947 at the time of Independence of Pakistan the people of the area were mostly Shia Muslims.  However over the years the ethnic composition has changed. Sunni Kashmiri and other Pakistanis have settled in this area leading to discontent - although Shias remain the outright majority. A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said that Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which included Gilgit-Baltistan, was 'Not Free'. In 2009 as part of the *Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order Act of 2009*, the region was granted self-rule for the first time with an elected legislature in its history. The Republic of India says that Gilgit-Baltistan is a part of the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu and an 'integral part' of India. It regards the disputed region as Indian territory.

## References
Robert Badinter

**Robert Badinter** (; born 30 March 1928) is a French criminal law lawyer, university professor, politician and activist of Jewish descent. He is against the death penalty, the abolition of which he successfully sponsored in Parliament in 1981. A member of the Socialist Party (PS), he served as Minister of Justice and then President of the Constitutional Council under François Mitterrand.

## Other websites
* Official page of Robert Badinter in the French Senate
*  La page de Robert Badinter sur le site du Sénat
*  *Vidéo:* Robert Badinter  en 1976, il motive son engagement contre la peine de mort, une archive de la Télévision suisse romande
*  *UHB Rennes II*   Autour de l'oeuvre de Robert Badinter : Éthique et justice. Synergie des savoirs et des compétences et perspectives d'application en psychocriminologie. ''journées d'étude les 22 et 23 mai 2008 à l'université Rennes 2, sur le thème "Autour de l'œuvre de Robert Badinter : Éthique et justice''.".]
Ethan Suplee

**Ethan Suplee** (born May 25, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Frankie "The Enforcer" Stechino in Boy Meets World and Randy Hickey in My Name Is Earl. Suplee was born in Manhattan, the son of Debbie and Bill Suplee.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Zenit Kazan

**VC Zenit-Kazan** (Russian: Зенит-Казань) (formerly "Dinamo Tattransgaz Kazan") is a professional volleyball team based in Kazan, Russia. It plays in the Russian Volleyball Super League (7-time champion). The team won the 2007–08, 2011–12 and 2014–15 CEV Champions League titles.

The club was founded on 13 May 2000.

## Other websites 
*web site
Volleyball World Championship

The FIVB **Volleyball World Championship** is an international men's and women's indoor volleyball competition. It is the oldest and most important of all the international events organised by the FIVB and must not be confused with the World Cup, World Grand Champions Cup, or the World League/World Grand Prix.

## Other websites
*FIVB
*Volleyball World Championship History
21 (disambiguation)

**21** was a year in the 1st century AD.

**21** might also mean:
**21* (album), a 2015 album by Adele
*21 (number), an integer
In Square Circle

***In Square Circle*** is the twentieth studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder. It was released on September 13, 1985 by Tamla. It is his first studio since 1980's *Hotter Than July*.

## Track listing
All songs written, produced and arranged by Stevie Wonder.

;Side one
#"Part-Time Lover" – 4:09
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, synthesizers, drums
#*Luther Vandross – lead vocal, background vocal
#*Syreeta Wright – background vocal
#*Philip Bailey - background vocal
#*Keith John - background vocal
#*Melody McCully, Billy Durham, Peter Byrne, Renee Hardaway, Darryl Phinnessee - background vocal
#"I Love You Too Much" – 5:30
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion
#"Whereabouts" – 4:17
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion
#*Keith John - background vocal
#*Darryl Phinnessee - background vocal
#*Deniece Williams - background vocal
#*Howard Smith - background vocal
#"Stranger on the Shore of Love" – 5:01
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, harpsichord, accordion
#"Never in Your Sun" – 4:07
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion, harmonica

;Side two
#"Spiritual Walkers" – 5:12
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer, drums, percussion
#*Edwin Birdsong - Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer
#*Larry Gittens - trumpet
#*Bob Malach - saxophone
#*Janice Moore, Cheta Akins, Carolyn Garrett, Ruthell Holmes, Kay Gibbs, Valencia Cox - background vocal
#"Land of La La" – 5:14
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, electric piano, percussion, drums
#*Ben Bridges – guitar
#*Rick Zunigar - guitar
#*Renee Hardaway - background vocal
#"Go Home" – 5:18
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, vocoder
#*Bob Malach – saxophone
#*Larry Gittens - trumpet
#"Overjoyed" – 3:42
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, acoustic piano, environmental percussion (incl.: crickets, bird sounds, ocean, pebbles in pond, stone dropped, crushing leaves), Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer
#*Earl Klugh - guitar
#*Paul Riser - string arrangement
#"It's Wrong (Apartheid)" – 6:52 
#*Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion, kora
#*Musa Dludla, Thandeka Ngono-Raasch, Linda Bottoman-Tshabalala, Muntu Myuyana, Lorraine Mahlangu-Richards, Fana Kekana, Tsepo Mokone - background vocal

## References
19 (disambiguation)

**19** was a year in the 1st century.

**19** might also mean:
**19* (album), an album by Adele
*19 (number), an integer
Secession in China

The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China insist they each have sole legitimacy of China against each other. Practically, the former is administering Mainland China and the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau and the latter is administering the Taiwan area.

## Mainland China
**Tibet Autonomous Region**
* **Ethnic group**: **Tibetan**
** **Proposed state**:  Tibet
*** **Government-in-exile**: Lobsang Sangay, Head of the Tibetan Government in Exile (member of the UNO)
*** **Political parties**: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet
*** **Advocacy group**: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
 

**Xinjiang Autonomous Region**
* **Ethnic group**: **Uyghur**
** **Proposed state**:  East Turkestān 
*** **Political parties**: Uyghurstan Independence Movement
*** **Militant organisations**: East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Uyghurstan National Front
*** **Advocacy groups**: World Uyghur Congress (member of the UNO)

## Special administrative regions
**Hong Kong**
* **Proposed state**: Republic of Hong Kong 
** **Advocacy group**: Hong Kong Independence Party

## Taiwan area 
**Taiwan**

***Proposed state**:  Republic of Taiwan
** **Political parties**: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party)

In the perspective of the laws of the Republic of China, the Taiwan Independence movement is considered as *secessionism*, but practically, the movement seeks to *replace* the ROC with the Republic of Taiwan because Taiwan area is the only practical region administered by the ROC.

In the perspective of the laws of the People's Republic of China, the Taiwan Independence movement is considered as *secessionism*, too because the PRC considers the Taiwan area as its integral part as a rogue province.

## Related pages 
*Free area of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
*List of Chinese dissidents
*Movies banned in China
*Political problems of China

## References
## Other websites
*