open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Meitei headgears

martial art performances]]

**Meitei headgears**, or **headwears**, or **headdresses**, are traditional headdresses originating from the Meitei community of Manipur, India. These headpieces are used in a variety of cultural, religious, and ceremonial contexts, including festivals, dance performances, weddings, and official functions. Each type of headgear is characterized by distinct structural and symbolic features, often associated with specific roles, gender, or occasions. Notable examples include the Kokyet, Kajenglei, and Samjin, each of which holds particular significance within the cultural and religious framework of Meitei society, including its indigenous belief system, Sanamahism.

]]

## Kajenglei 
Kajenglei (), also known as Leitreng (), is a traditional headdress worn by Meitei women. It is typically used during marriage ceremonies by brides and in classical dance performances by artists. The headdress is composed of approximately eighty to one hundred brass strips, which are affixed to red flannel bands measuring about one centimeter in width and arranged around a circular metal ring.

## Kokyet 
 martial art performances]]

Kokyet (), also rendered as Koyet, Koyyet, or Koiyet, is a traditional male headdress in Meitei culture. It is produced in twelve distinct designs and is worn during various cultural ceremonies, festivals, and formal occasions. The Kokyet is used by individuals across social strata, including both commoners and members of the royal family. Its design is derived from the two horns of the ancient Meitei deity Pakhangba. The Kokyet also functions as a symbolic representation of Sidaba, a central deity in the traditional Meitei religion, Sanamahism.

## Samjin 
Samjin () is a traditional male headgear associated with Meitei cultural attire, notably worn by performers of the Khamba Thoibi Jagoi dance. It is attributed to the reign of King Meidingu Khuyoi Tompok. The headgear features intricate needlework with tassel-ended designs hanging from the front and back. Its stylistic elements are traditionally believed to be derived from the horn and head structure of the Meitei deity, Pakhangba.

## National level recognition 
Since 2023, the Kokyet has been incorporated into the official uniform of marshals serving in the Indian Parliament, encompassing both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The adoption of the headdress was authorized by the Union Government of India.

## Usage by notable people  
 in traditional Meitei headgear, Kokyet in 2018]]

In 2017, during a visit to election-bound Manipur, Prime Minister Narendra Modi wore a traditional Meitei attire, including a headgear featuring a peacock plume and a cloak.

In 2022, Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren Singh presented Prime Minister Narendra Modi with a traditional Meitei headgear, white in color with saffron embroidery, and a matching block-printed shawl. The headgear included a golden brooch, and the shawl contrasted with the Prime Minister’s tan-colored attire.

## Related pages 
* Meitei clothing in Bangladesh
* Meitei clothing in Myanmar
* Manipur and Bollywood

## References
Tamal (Sudanese king)

**Tamal** was a king of the Blemmyes who ruled in Lower Nubia in the late fourth or early fifth century. Tamal is known so far from three short Greek inscriptions found at the temple of Kalabsha. The inscriptions are difficult to understand, but they appear to concern land donations to high-ranking individuals. One of the inscriptions mentions a high priest, which proves that pagan temple operations in Kalabsha were still functioning at this time.

## Literature 
* László Török, in: *Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. III*, Bergen 1998, pp. 1128–1135, ISBN 82-91626-07-3
Silko (Sudanese king)

**Silko** () was ruler of the Nubian kingdom of Nobatia, who have united the Kingdom of Nobatia and have been the first Nubian king to adopt Christianity.

During Silko's reign Nobatia successfully defeated the Blemmyes to the North, and an inscription by Silko at  the Temple of Kalabsha claims to have driven the Blemmyes into the Eastern Desert. The inscription on the temple was made in Greek suggesting that he was influenced by Byzantine culture. He established Pakhoras (modern *Faras*) as the Capital of the Kingdom. Nobatia officially converted to Coptic Orthodox Christianity under his reign.

## References
Nigel Gresley

**Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley** (1876–1941) was a British Steam Locomotive and Electric Locomotive Engineer designer from 1911-1941 who worked for the Great Northern Railway from 1911-1923 and the LNER railway from 1923-1941 in the UK. He died in 1941 aged 64 during World War 2 in Europe. Gresley designed various 0-6-0 type locomotives as well as 2-6-0,2-8-0’s and 4-4-0’s 4-6-0’s and 4-6-2’s 4-6-4 as well as a 2-8-2 and 2-6-2 type locomotives. As well as designing a 2-8-0+0-8-2 locomotive and a Bo+Bo (0-4-4-0) electric locomotive . He is also the most famous locomotive engineer designer in Britain but was hated by his rival Edward Thompson (Locomotive Engineer). He also planned the proposed LNER 4-8-2 type locomotive in 1939 but was never built due to the locomotive being too heavy and too big on tight curves.
Phonen (Sudanese king)

**Phonen** was king of Blemmyes, known from a letter which was found in Qasr Ibrim, Lower Nubia, in CE 1976. The papyrus letter comes perhaps from some royal archive and dates the rule of Phonen to around CE 450.

The letter had been written in bad Greek by Phonen and his son, phylarch Breytek, and was addressed to Aburni, king of Nobatia. This letter represents the answer to another letter which has been lost. It expresses the hostility between the Blemmyes and Nobatian rulers Aburni and Silko; various conflicts between them are listed in the letter. In addition, Phonen mentions negotiations between both kingdoms on regaining lost territories of Blemmyes. It is not clear if Phonen was able to reconquer disputed territory.

Phonen is perhaps identical to a *phylarch* known from an inscription from Kalabsha, where he appears as "Phonoin".

## Sources
*
*
*
*
Bloomfield men's cricket team

The **Bloomfield** men's cricket team in Sri Lanka has been active since 1892. It has had first-class status since 1994. Organised by the **Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club**, it competes in the Major League Tournament, which it has won ten times (including once shared), most recently in 2024–25. The team's home ground is the BCAC Ground in the Cinnamon Gardens district of Colombo.

## References
Kibaoh Klashers

**Kibaoh Klashers (铁甲威虫 ; Armoured beetles or Ironclad Beetle)** also known 铁甲威虫 or just **Kibaoh Klashers** is a Chinese CGI family anime released in China in 2012 (with 52 episodes) and America in 2017 (with 30 episodes) . The show is about a group of friends competing in a battle blade car race against evil forces of the Beetle Realm to save the village of Tea Hill village from being destroyed massacred brutally by Vito’s (Menace Blade) Team Menace Battleblade Team and his lieutenant’s Konk (Konk Blade) Duke (Vampire Blade) and Ophelia (Spiderblade) under Governor Vandal and his royal guard army.
Russange

**Russange** (; ) is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Moselle department in northeast France.

## References
Knutange

**Knutange** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Moselle department in northeast France.

## References
Eupsophus calcaratus

The **rosy bug-eyed frog** or **Chiloe Island ground frog**  (*Eupsophus calcaratus*) is a frog.  It lives in Chile and Argentina.

## Home
This frog lives in shady places near streams and swamps in Nothofagus forests where there is water in the air. Scientists saw this frog between 10 and 1300 meters above sea level. This frog lives in many protected parks.

## Young
The tadpoles swim in puddles on the ground. The tadpoles never eat. Scientists think the adult frogs take care of the tadpoles.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the frog lives by cutting down too many trees to get wood to build with. Bad chemicals can also kill this frog. People sometimes use this frog as bait for fishing.

## First paper
*

## References
Colts men's cricket team

The **Colts** men's cricket team in Sri Lanka has been active since 1873. It has had first-class status since 1988. Organised by the **Colts Cricket Club**, it competes in the Major League Tournament which it has won six times, most recently in 2011–12. Its home ground is the Colts Cricket Club Ground in the Havelock Town district of Colombo.

## References
Moors SC men's cricket team

The **Moors** men's cricket tean in Sri Lanka has been active since 1908. It has had first-class status since 1988. Organised by the **Moors Sports Club**, it competes in the Major League Tournament which they have won once, in 2002–03. Their home ground is the Moors Sports Club Ground in Colombo.

## References
Ace Capital men's cricket team

The **Ace Capital** men's cricket team was originally based at Negombo in Sri Lanka's Western Province. It has been active since 1989. The parent club was known as **Seeduwa/Raddoluwa Cricket Club** until, in 2011, it became the **Sri Lanka Ports Authority Cricket Club** (SLPACC). The SLPA withdrew sponsorship in October 2020, and the club was renamed **Ace Capital Cricket Club** ahead of the 2020–21 season. The team now has first-class status, and competes in the Major League Tournament. They have won the championship once, in 2014–15 as SLPACC.

Ace Capital have no fixed home venue. In the 2024–25 Major League Tournament, their home matches were played at four different grounds: the Colombo Cricket Club Ground; the Surrey Village Cricket Ground in Maggona; the Navy Ground in Welisara; and the Police Park Ground in Colombo.

## References
Colombo men's cricket team

The **Colombo** men's cricket team in Sri Lanka has been active since 1863. It has had first-class status since 1988. Organised by the **Colombo Cricket Club**, the team competes in the Major League Tournament which it has won eight times, most recently in 2022–23. Its home ground is the Colombo Cricket Club Ground in the Maitland district of Colombo.

## References
Nondescripts men's cricket team

The **Nondescripts** men's cricket team in Sri Lanka has been active since 1888. It has had first-class status since 1988. Organised by the **Nondescripts Cricket Club**, the team competes in the Major League Tournament which they have won 16 times (including twice shared), most recently in 2013–14. They were runners-up in 2024–25. Their home ground is the Nondescripts Cricket Club Ground on Maitland Place in Colombo.

## References
Number Ones (video)

***Number Ones*** is a video album by American recording artist Michael Jackson, released on November 13, 2003 under the Epic Records record label, in conjunction with the promotion for Jackson's greatest hits album of the same name (although the album and DVD have different songs). It features a collection of his most popular and iconic music videos from his career, spanning his early work with the Jackson 5 through his solo hits. The album includes music videos for songs such as "Billie Jean," "Thriller," "Beat It," "Black or White," "Smooth Criminal," and others. It serves as a visual anthology showcasing Jackson's influence on pop music, dance, and music video production. The DVD release also includes bonus features, behind-the-scenes footage, and interviews, making it a comprehensive collection for fans and new viewers alike.

## Track listing
**Notes:**
*  The short version of the music video is featured on *Number Ones*.
*  The "end credits" version of the video is featured on *Number Ones*.
*  "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Smooth Criminal", and "Blood on the Dance Floor" were excluded on the Chinese version.

### Formats
The DVD album has been released in one version, as a one disc release.
* Keep case — DVD size packaging
The video was also available on double Video CD (in the Asian market only). In 2006, it was also released as a UMD video for the Sony PSP.
Otto Ernst Remer

**Otto Ernst Remer** (18 August 1912 in Germany–4 October 1997 in Spain) was a German Nazi German Army Colonel and a General in the Wehrmacht’s ground Army during World War 2 from 1939-1945 who was responsible for crushing the 20 July Plot in Germany in 1944 but later became a Neo-Nazi and was infamous for the Holocaust denial in Germany . He served in the Reichsheer (the Reichswehr’s ground army) from 1933-1935 as a infantry soldier then promoted to platoon lieutenant (Leutnant) in 1937 and then a infantry company Captain (Hauptmann) in 1941 and finally promoted to infantry regiment Colonel (Oberst) in 1944 and then promoted to Generalmajor (equivalent to Brigadier-General or Major-General) in 1944/45 . He died in 1997 in Spain (aged 85).
Karl Wolff

**Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff** (1900-1984) was a German Nazi Army SS-General (from 1933-1945) in the Waffen-SS ground army of the SS led by Heinrich Himmler during World War 2 and is the Chief of the Nazi German Forces (both Waffen-SS and regular Heer detachments from the Wehrmacht and as well as some SS-Police forces like the Gestapo,Ordnungpolizei) in North Italy after the overthrow of Benito Mussolini in 1943 . He was also the boss of the infamous Herbert Kappler from 1943-1945 .

Karl Wolff served the Imperial German Army in Germany from 1917-1919 as an infantry soldier and later joined the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1931 led by Adolf Hitler as well as the Sturmabteilung and SS . In 1933 he was promoted to SS-General and became a Chief of Heinrich Himmler’s staff and was rivals with Reinhard Heydrich . In 1943 he was sent to Italy with SS-Gestapo Colonel Herbert Kappler and both infamous Nazis deported Jewish people to Nazi concentration camp’s in Germany but luckily Hugh o Flaherty rescued some of them and some Jews to escape the Nazis to the Vatican . After the war Karl Wolff was convicted of war crimes and genocide after the surrender of German Troops and tank forces in Italy in April 1945 before Wilhelm Keitel signed the surrender in May 1945. He died in 1984 (aged 84).
Bikini Spring Break Massacre

***Bikini Spring Break Massacre*** is a 2012 American horror comedy film. The film, like many low-budget horror productions, is deliberately kept in the style of a trash film.
Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley (1834)

**Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley (1834)**, also known as the **Kabaw Valley Compensation Agreement**, was a historical international agreement, signed on January 25, 1834, at Langthabal, Manipur, between British India, represented by Major F.J. Grant and Captain R. Boileau Pemberton, and Rajah of Manipur.
This agreement formed part of the British administration's effort to maintain political relations with the Rajah of Manipur while formalizing territorial arrangements with the Burmese Kingdom. It was signed after the *Agreement regarding the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley, 1834*, also known as the *Kabaw Valley Agreement*, was inscribed.

## Overview 
The Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley, dated 25 January 1834, was a financial arrangement established by the British colonial administration to compensate the Rajah of Manipur for the cession of the Kubo Valley to the Kingdom of Ava (Burma). It followed the formal transfer of territory as per the territorial agreement signed on January 9, 1834.

On 19 March 2020, in front of S Jaishankar, the Minister of External Affairs, inside the Indian Parliament, Rajkumar Ranjan Singh, a Member of Parliament, representing the Inner Manipur constituency in the Lok Sabha, raised the issue of historical tribute payments associated with the Kabaw Valley, a region formerly under the territorial domain of the Kingdom of Manipur and presently located within Myanmar.

## Related pages 
* Meitei–Shan relations
* Manipur Levy
* Chahi Taret Khuntakpa (Seven Years' Devastation)
* Burmese–Meitei relations
* Anglo-Manipur War
* Anglo Manipuri Treaty (1762)
* Anglo Manipuri Treaty (1833)
* Ahom–Meitei relations

## References
Spark (Marit Larsen album)

***Spark*** is the third studio album by Marit Larsen, released on 18 March 2011.November 2011 in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. It was also released on the 16th.December in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

The album contains ten songs, seven of which were written entirely by Marit Larsen herself. The first single from the album, *"Coming Home"*, was released on 15th June.October. The second single, ''"Don't Move",'' was released on 30th June.January 2012.
Edurne (album)

***Edurne*** is the first studio album by Edurne, released by Epic Records on March 21, 2006 in Spain. On September 26, a reissue of the album was released, including the previously unreleased track *Te falta veneno* (Yo soy Bea) and two remixes of *Despierta*.
Louane (singer)

**Anne Edwige Maria Peichert** (born 	26 November 1996), known by her stage name **Louane Emera** or simply **Louane**, is a French singer, songwriter, and actress. In 2013 she took part in *The Voice: la plus belle voix*, she reached the semi-final of the competition. She represented France at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "Maman", where she finished seventh with 230 points.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
## Notes
## References
History of physics

, named after physicist Isaac Newton]]
**Physics** is a part of science that studies matter (what things are made of) and energy (how things move and change). Long ago, people in different cultures talked about these ideas, but they couldn't tell the difference between real causes of natural events and superstitions.

In the 1600s, during the Scientific revolution, scientists started to learn more about the world in a careful and organized way. The discovery of gravity helped start the field of physics as we know it today.

In the 1700s, new math ideas helped create classical mechanics, and doing more experiments led to better understanding of heat and energy (called thermodynamics).

In the 1800s, scientists discovered the basic rules of electricity, magnetism, and how large groups of particles behave (called statistical mechanics).

In the early 1900s, physics changed a lot with the discoveries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and atomic theory.

Today, physics is usually divided into two main parts: classical physics (older ideas) and modern physics (newer discoveries).

## Related pages 
*Philosophy of science

## Other websites 
* "Selected Works about Isaac Newton and His Thought" from *The Newton Project*.
Nylon (band)

**Nylon** was an Icelandic *pop* music *girl group* formed in 2004 by members Alma Guðmundsdóttir (Reykjavík, December 29, 1984), Steinunn Þóra Camilla Sigurðardóttir (Reykjavík, July 13, 1984), Klara Ósk Elíasdóttir (Reykjavík, November 27, 1985) and Emilía Björg Óskarsdóttir (Reykjavík, June 14, 1984), who left in 2007 after the third album was finished. *Nylon* is considered the most successful group in Iceland, having eleven songs in first place, out of thirteen *singles* released, in the official Icelandic charts, also placing the three studio albums and the DVD released also in the top spot.

After the group ended in 2008, Klara, ALma and Camila formed another trio in 2011, called The Charlies, remaining together until 2015. 

## References
U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis

In 2003, the United States made the most-wanted Iraqis list. The list contained the 55 most wanted people in Iraq. Later, the most wanted list would be made into a deck of playing cards.

## List 
, #6 on the most wanted list, who was the "king of clubs".]]
As of January 2024, 33 of the 55 most wanted people have died, 4 have been released and are still alive, 14 are in prison, and 4 are still missing (at large).

## See also 
* Iraq war

## References
Best Af Nylon

***Best Af Nylon*** is the first *compilation album* by Icelandic pop and eurodance *girl group* Nylon, and their fourth album overall.  The album was released on November 18, 2006 by *Believer Music* in partnership with Universal Music, reaching number one in sales. 

## References
Margraviate of Brandenburg

The **Margraviate of Brandenburg** () was a principality in the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806. The principality was originally poor. However, the principality became very important because they were given the Duchy of Prussia in 1618. They then became very important in the history of Germany and Central Europe as part of the Prussian kingdom.

Brandenburg started from the Northern March. The Northern March was started in the territory of the Slavic Wends. The rulers of Brandenburg were called margraves. The margraves were prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356. Margraves could vote in electing the Holy Roman Emperor. Because of this, the Margraviate of Brandenburg also was called the **Electoral Brandenburg** or the **Electorate of Brandenburg** ( or ).

The House of Hohenzollern became the leader of Brandenburg in 1415. In 1417, Frederick I moved the capital from Brandenburg an der Havel to Berlin. By 1535, the Margraviate of Brandenburg was about  big. In 1535, the Margraviate of Brandenburg also had about 400,000 people. The House of Hohenzollern let Brandenburg have a lot of power in the 17th century. In the 17th, century, they were also given the Duchy of Prussia. This made Brandenburg into Brandenburg-Prussia. Brandenburg-Prussia would then become the Kingdom of Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia was a very important German state in the 18th century. 

The Margraviate of Brandenburg ended when the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806. It was replaced after the Napoleonic Wars with the Province of Brandenburg in 1815. Brandenburg turned into the North German Confederation in 1867. In 1871, Germany was unified. The North German Confederation became the German Empire. The German Empire became the German Reich of 1871–1945. This soon became the Federal Republic of Germany,

## Footnotes 
## References 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
*   at Brandenburg1260.de.
*  
* Historical map of Brandenburg, 1789
*  by Theodor Fontane, 1899 at Lexikus.de.
Ten, Nine, Eight

***Ten, Nine, Eight*** is a children's picture book by Molly Bang, published in 1983 by Greenwillow Books. It is a countdown from ten to one by a girl who is getting ready for bed.
Fernando Daniel

**Fernando Daniel** (Estarreja, May 11, 1996) is a Portuguese singer and songwriter who became known by participating in Factor X Portugal and winning the 4th.1st edition of the *talent show* *The Voice Portugal*.  Along with Diogo Piçarra, he is the former contestant on Portuguese *talent shows* held in the 21st century who has achieved the most commercial success.

In 2017, he began his career, releasing his first single, "Espera", on July 11 of that same year.

## References
Doraemon no Uta

**Doraemon no Uta** (''ドラえもんのうた, lit. Doraemon's song'') is a song created for the 1979 Doraemon anime, it was originally sung by Kumiko Ōsugi and was used as the series' theme song from 1979 until 2005, the latest version of this song to be used as the opening theme was made by 12 Girls Band, which was used in for the first few episodes of Doraemon (2005-present).

It was replaced in October of 2005 by Hagushichao (which would later be replaced by *Yume Wo Kanaete, Doraemon* in 2007), though it is still considered to be Doraemon's main theme song and it is very well-known in Japan.

it has been used as the ending theme of the 2005 anime since 2019 (though the 2019 version is sung by the main voice actors of the new series.), this song has also been dubbed in different languages.

## List of singers 
the song has had different singers throughout the years.

* Kumiko Osugi (1979-1992)
* Satoko Yamano (1992-2002)
* Hinano Yoshikawa (1998, only used in ''Doraemon: Nobita's Great Adventure in the South Seas'')
* Tokyo Purin (2002-2003)
* Misato Watanabe (2003-2004)
* AJI (2004-2005)
* Wasabi Mizuta (Doraemon), Megumi Ōhara (Nobita Nobi), Yumi Kakazu (Shizuka Minamoto), Subaru Kimura (Takeshi "Gian" Gouda) and Tomokazu Seki (Suneo Honekawa) (2019-present)

## In other media 
Outside of the Doraemon anime, the cast of the anime Lucky Star made a cover of this song, it was sung by Emiri Kato and Kaori Fukuhara., this version was used as the ending theme for episode 11 of Lucky Star.

## References
Postural asphyxia

**Postural asphyxia**, also known as "positional asphyxia", is a form of asphyxia which occurs when a person is positioned in a way that restricts or prevents breathing.

## References 
* Fundación MAPFRE. "Positional asphyxia in babies: What is it and how to avoid it?". https://www.fundacionmapfre.org/en/blog/positional-asphyxia/. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
Tautumeitas

**Tautumeitas** are an Latvian all-female folk band founded in 2015. The band has six members. They represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 in Basel, Switzerland with the song "Bur man laimi". They finished in 13th place in the final with 158 points.

On 20 November 2024, they were announced as one of the twenty participants of *Supernova 2025* with the song "Bur man laimi". On 8 February 2025, Tautumeitas won *Supernova 2025* with their song "Bur man laimi". They were selected to represent Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2025.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### Singles 
### Other charted songs 
## References
Rodea the Sky Soldier

***RODEA THESKY SOLDIER*** is a video game released by Kadokawa Games on April 2, 2015.Multi-platform for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS.

This article will also cover the Wii software "Rodea: **The Sky Soldier**," which comes as a bonus with the Wii U version.

## References
Sonic Labyrinth

**Sonic Labyrinth** is an action game for the Game Gear released by Sega Enterprises on November 17, 1995.

## References
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

In chemical nomenclature, the **IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry** is a way of naming organic chemical compounds. It was created by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the *Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry* (informally called the Blue Book). Every possible organic compound should have a name. This name should be able to, every possible organic compound should have a name. This name should be able to create its own structural formula. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.

Some of the names of organic compounds are very long. This means that not every IUPAC name recommendations are not always followed. They are only used when it is important to show a unique chemical formula (or to be "unambiguous"). The common name (also called the trivial name) can be usually simpler than the IUPAC name. Structural formulas can also be more clear than IUPAC names. However, IUPAC names are sometimes be simpler than older names. For example, "ethanol" can be used instead of "ethyl alcohol".

## References
### Bibliography
*

## Other websites
*IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online version of several older editions of the IUPAC Blue Book)
*IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols, Terminology, etc. (includes IUBMB Recommendations for biochemistry)
*Bibliography of IUPAC Recommendations on Organic Nomenclature (last updated 11 April 2003)
*ACD/Name Software for generating systematic nomenclature
*ChemAxon Name <> Structure – ChemAxon IUPAC (& traditional) name to structure and structure to IUPAC name software. As used at chemicalize.org
*chemicalize.org A free web site/service that extracts IUPAC names from web pages and annotates a 'chemicalized' version with structure images. Structures from annotated pages can also be searched.
*
*American Chemical Society, Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology & Symbols
*
Illusion (Edurne album)

***Illusion*** is Edurne's second studio album. It was released by Epic Records on June 19, 2007 in Spain.
Stallion

A **stallion** is an adult male horse that has not been castrated. Stallions follow the conformation and phenotype of their breed, but within that standard, the presence of hormones such as testosterone may give stallions a thicker, *cresty* neck, as well as a somewhat more muscular physique as compared to female horses (*mares*), and castrated males (*geldings*).
Major League Tournament

The **Major League Tournament** is the national men's cricket championship of Sri Lanka. It began in the 1937–38 season, but it did not gain first-class status until 1988–89. The tournament has had several titles:
* 1937–38 to 1949–50 – *Daily News* Trophy
* 1950–51 to 1975–76 – P. Saravanamuttu Trophy
* 1976–77 to 1981–82 – Robert Senanayake Trophy
* 1982–83 to 1990–91 – Lakspray Trophy
* 1991–92 to 1997–98 – P. Saravanamuttu Trophy
* 1998–99 to 2014–15 – Premier Championship
* 2015–16 to 2021–22 – Premier League Tournament
* 2022–23 to present – Major League Tournament

There have been five seasons in which no competition was held:
* 1941–42 – cancelled because of World War II
* 1942–43 – cancelled because of World War II
* 1965–66 – no competition
* 2020–21 – cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic
* 2021–22 – replaced by a temporary regional competition

The 2024–25 tournament, completed on 8 March 2025, was the 83rd edition overall, and the 35th first-class one.

The title has been won outright in 79 editions, and there have been four shared titles:
* 1985–86 – Singhalese SC and Nondescripts
* 1988–89 – Singhalese SC and Nondescripts (the inaugural first-class season)
* 1994–95 – Singhalese SC and Bloomfield
* 2023–24 – Singhalese SC and Police Sports

Singhalese SC have won the championship a record 29 times, most recently in 2016–17. However, the team was relegated after the 2024–25 tournament, and will lose its first-class status in 2025–26.

Other teams with multiple titles are Nondescripts (14), Bloomfield (9), Colombo (8), Colts (6), Tamil Union (3), Chilaw Marians (2), and the defunct Nomads Sports Club (2). Current MLT teams who have won one title are Burgher Recreation, Moors SC, and Ace Capital.

18 teams took part in the 2024–25 tournament, and were divided into two round-robin groups. The Group A teams were Bloomfield, Colts, Ace Capital, Police Sports, Panadura SC, Badureliya SC, Chilaw Marians, Negombo, and Ragama. The teams in Group B were Nondescripts, Moors SC, Colombo, Tamil Union, Kurunegala Youth, Nugegoda, Burgher Recreation, Singhalese SC, and Kandy Customs.

## Notes
## References
Lynne Joyrich

**Lynne Joyrich** is an American scholar of media studies. She is a Professor in the Department of Modern Culture and Media at Brown University and is known for her work in television studies, feminist theory, and queer theory. Joyrich is a co-editor of the academic journal Camera Obscura.

## Early life and education
Joyrich completed her B.A. in Philosophy and Women's Studies with Highest Distinction from the University of Michigan in 1981. She then earned an M.A. (1984) and a Ph.D. (1990) in American Civilization from Brown University.

## Career
Joyrich’s academic career spans several prestigious institutions. She is currently a professor at Brown University, where she has taught since 1991. She holds affiliations with the American Studies Department, Gender and Sexuality Studies Program, Judaic Studies Program, and Theatre Arts and Performance Studies Department. She has also held various leadership roles, including serving as the Director of the LGBTQIA+ Thinking Initiative at the Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women (2021-present) and Chair of the Department of Modern Culture and Media from 2016 to 2019.

Prior to her tenure at Brown, Joyrich was an Associate Professor of English and Film Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee from 1995 to 1999. She also held visiting professorships, including one at the Institute of Anglistyki, the University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska in Lublin, Poland, in 1997.

## Selected Publications
### Books
*Re-Viewing Reception: Television, Gender, and Postmodern Culture (Indiana University Press, 1996).

### Edited Volumes
*Collectivity, part 2 (2016), co-edited with Lalitha Gopalan, Homay King, Tess Takahashi, and Sharon Willis (Camera Obscura)

*Collectivity, part 1 (2016), co-edited with Lalitha Gopalan, Homay King, Tess Takahashi, and Sharon Willis (Camera Obscura)

*Project Reality TV (2015), co-edited with Misha Kavka and Brenda R. Weber (Camera Obscura)

*Race and/as Technology (2009), co-edited with Wendy Hui Kyong Chun (Camera Obscura)

*Todd Haynes: A Magnificent Obsession (2004), co-edited with Amelie Hastie, Sasha Torres, Patricia White, and Sharon Willis (Camera Obscura)

## References
Philippa Fawcett

**Philippa Garrett Fawcett** (Brighton, April 4, 1868 - London, June 10, 1948) was an English mathematician and educator. She achieved the milestone of obtaining the highest score in the final exams of the mathematics degree at the University of Cambridge, but her academic success was not recognized as the university did not grant any official degree to women at the time. 

## Early years 
She was the only child of suffragette Millicent Fawcett and Henry Fawcett, a professor of political economy at Cambridge University and a Member of Parliament, and the niece of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first British woman to graduate in medicine. 

## Education 
Philippa was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge, co-founded by her mother. On 7 June 1890, aged 22, she became the first woman to achieve the highest score in the Cambridge University *Mathematical Tripos* examinations. The results were made public, and the students with the highest marks received the most praise. Philippa’s mark was 13 percent higher than the next best student, Geoffrey Thomas Bennett. Even so, she was not called “Senior Wrangler” because, at that time, the title was only given to men.

## Career 
Thanks to his results in the *Mathematical Tripos* he obtained a scholarship in Cambridge where he focused his research on fluid mechanics . Among his published articles is "Note on the Motion of Solids in a Liquid." 

She was later hired as a university professor of mathematics at Newnham College, Cambridge, where she worked for a decade, achieving significant prestige as a professor.

Philippa Fawcett maintained strong links with Newnham College throughout her life. The Fawcett Building (1938) was named in recognition of her and her family's contribution to Newnham.

## Death 
She died on 10 June 1948 just one month after Royal Assent was confirmed allowing the Cambridge BA degree to be awarded to women and thus to be awarded the title of Wrangler, fifty-eight years after passing the examination and obtaining the score that made her worthy of it. 

## References
Hurricane Babe

**Hurricane Babe** was the second named storm in the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first to impact the United States during this season. The hurricane formed from a tropical wave on September&nbsp;3. It became a subtropical cyclone in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The storm soon became worse as it moved. On September&nbsp;5, the storm turned north and became a hurricane. Its highest winds were 75 mph (120&nbsp;km/h). There was a barometric pressure of 995&nbsp;mbar (hPa; 29.38&nbsp;inHg). The hurricane then went to Louisiana. The hurricane became weak when it was in land. On September&nbsp;6, Babe was weak enough to be a tropical depression. On September 9, it stoped when it was over North Carolina.

Hurricane Babe did not have much damage. The hurricane caused the most damage in Louisiana. In Louisiana, the storm caused $10&nbsp;million (1977&nbsp;USD; $ &nbsp;USD) in damage. This damage was from crop losses. Babe also caused some tornadoes. This caused $3&nbsp;million (1977&nbsp;USD; $ &nbsp;USD) in damage. There was a lot of rain in North Carolina. This caused  and flash flooding. However, there was little damage. There were no deaths from the hurricane. 

## Related pages
*1977 Atlantic hurricane season
*Hurricane Danny (1997)

## References
## Other websites
*Monthly Weather Review for 1977
The Papercut Chronicles

***The Papercut Chronicles*** is the second studio album by Gym Class Heroes. The album was released on February 22, 2005.

## Track listing
# "Za Intro" – 1:40
# "Papercuts" – 3:26
# "Petrified Life and the Twice Told Joke (Decrepit Bricks)" – 4:53
# "Make Out Club" – 4:43
# "Taxi Driver" – 1:59
# "So Long Friend" – 1:14
# "Everyday's Forecast" – 4:21
# "Pillmatic" – 3:11
# "Simple Livin'" – 3:06
# "Cupid's Chokehold" (featuring Patrick Stump) – 4:03
# "Faces in the Hall" – 4:13
# "Graduation Day" – 1:44
# "Apollo 3-1-5" – 2:29
# "wejusfreestylin'pt2" – 1:12
# "To Bob Ross with Love" – 2:38
# "Papercuts (The Reason for the Lesions Remix by Mr. Dibbs)"  – 3:46
# "Kid Nothing vs. the Echo Factor" – 4:01
# "Band Aids" – 4:58

## References
Light in painting

, Musée du Louvre, Paris]]
**Light in painting** has many important roles, both practical and artistic. On one side, light is key for showing what the artist wants to represent. It helps us see the image and affects things like color, texture, and shape. On the other side, light also adds beauty. Artists use light and shadow together to shape the look of the painting and express certain moods or ideas. Sometimes, light can even have a symbolic meaning, especially in religious art, where it often represents something divine or holy.

Our eyes need light to see art, so it is essential for us to view a painting. Light is also a part of the painting itself. The way light and shadow interact is the base of drawing, and when mixed with color, it shapes how we see depth and form.

Artists have developed many techniques to show light in paintings over time, like shading, chiaroscuro (using strong contrasts of light and dark), sfumato (soft transitions), and tenebrism (dramatic lighting). Light has been especially important in art styles like the Renaissance, Baroque, Impressionism, and Fauvism. When artists focus a lot on showing light in their work, it’s called “luminism.” This word is used for several styles, including Baroque tenebrism, Impressionism, and movements from the late 1800s to early 1900s, such as American, Belgian, and Valencian luminism.
History of painting

The **history of painting** goes back to ancient times, starting with artwork made by prehistoric people. It has been part of many cultures around the world. Even though there were some breaks, painting has continued from ancient times all the way to today. For a long time, most paintings showed real-life scenes, religious stories, or classical themes. But in the 20th century, more abstract and idea-based styles became popular.

Painting in Eastern countries often developed in similar ways to Western painting, but sometimes a few hundred years earlier. Art from Africa, Judaism, Islam, Indonesia, India, China, and Japan also had a big impact on Western art, and Western art influenced them in return.

At first, painting was used for practical reasons. Later, kings, governments, and religious groups supported artists. Over time, painting became popular with rich people and the middle class. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, artists mostly worked for churches and wealthy nobles. In the Baroque period, artists began getting paid by middle-class people who had more money and education.

In the West, during the Romantic period, some artists started creating art just for its own sake, not to please others. Famous painters like Francisco de Goya, John Constable, and J. M. W. Turner showed this idea in their work. In the 1800s, art galleries became more common and began helping artists sell their work, which continued into the 1900s.

## References
Nikola Karev

**Nikola Karev** (23 November 1877 – 27 April 1905) was a revolutionary from the region of Macedonia. He is best known for leading the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 and becoming the president of the short-lived Kruševo Republic. He was a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), a group that wanted freedom for Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire.

## Early life 
Nikola Karev was born in Kruševo, a town in what is now North Macedonia. At the time, it was part of the Ottoman Empire. He studied to become a teacher and later became involved in political and revolutionary activities. He also spent time in Bulgaria and was influenced by socialist ideas.

## The Ilinden Uprising 
In 1903, Karev helped organize the Ilinden Uprising, a rebellion against the Ottoman authorities. During the uprising, the rebels created a small independent government called the Kruševo Republic. Karev was chosen as its president. The republic only lasted for about 10 days before the Ottomans took back control.

## Death 
After the uprising, Karev continued to fight for the freedom of Macedonia. He was killed in 1905 during a battle with Ottoman soldiers near the village of Rajčani.

## Legacy 
Nikola Karev is remembered as a hero in North Macedonia. His name is used for schools, streets, and monuments. He is seen as a symbol of the fight for independence

## References 
Poulton, Hugh. Who Are the Macedonians? C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000.
Rossos, Andrew. Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Institution Press, 2008.
United Nations Permanent Forum on People of African Descent

The **United Nations Permanent Forum on People of African Descent** is a group created by the UN to help include people of African descent in political, economic, and social life.

It was officially set up on August 2, 2021, The Forum is meant to give people of African descent a voice in global discussions, help improve their safety, living conditions, and rights, advise the UN Human Rights Council, and support the goals of the International Decade for People of African Descent.

The idea for this forum came from an earlier UN resolution in 2014. The forum has 10 members: five chosen by UN member countries and five appointed by the UN Human Rights Council.

Later, in December 2018, the UN General Assembly passed another resolution (A/RES/73/262) to officially create a Permanent Forum for Afro-descendants. The goal of this forum is to give Afro-descendant people and organizations a way to share their views, improve their lives and rights and help create a UN declaration that protects and promotes their human rights.

Between 2015 and 2018, the UN held discussions to decide how the forum should work. In May 2019, the UN Human Rights Office (OHCHR), along with Costa Rica, held a big meeting in Geneva. Over 200 people came, including government officials, UN staff, community groups, and Afro-descendant representatives from around the world.

It also checks how well the International Decade for People of African Descent is being followed, promotes respect for the culture and history of Afro-descendant people, helps coordinate related work at the UN and supports programs that improve the social and economic conditions of Afro-descendant communities.

People who can join these meetings include countries, UN departments, international organizations, human rights groups, universities, experts, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) approved by the UN’s Economic and Social Council. Other community-based NGOs that support UN values are also welcome. The Forum aims to include people from different regions fairly, especially women, young people, and minorities, to promote shared learning and understanding between generations.

These meetings allow people to attend in person or online. During the sessions, participants talk in large group meetings about ideas, plans, reports, and recommendations. The Forum also supports extra side events hosted by civil society groups and others, focusing on the rights and well-being of Afro-descendants.

Depending on resources, there may also be special events in the evenings. The meetings usually open and close with ceremonies that may include cultural performances to celebrate the rich heritage of Afro-descendants.

At the end of each session, the Forum shares a summary of what was discussed, along with early recommendations. These are shared in a press release and sometimes in a press conference.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Pro TV

**PRO TV** (, often stylized as PRO•TV since 2017) is a Romanian free-to-air television network, launched on 1 December 1995 as the fourth private TV channel in the country (after TV SOTI, Antena 1, and the now-defunct, but online Tele7ABC). It is owned by CME (Central European Media Enterprises), which is owned by PPF Group.

Since 3 September 1999, the company has also been broadcasting its own signal for the Republic of Moldova, under the Pro TV Chișinău brand. It broadcasts, in addition to Pro TV Bucharest programs (according to its own grid, different from the Romanian one), a series of local news and programs and its own advertising slots throughout the day.

Targeting urban adults aged 21 to 54, Pro TV uses a programming strategy of top international series and movies, as well as a wide variety of local productions including news programming, local entertainment and local fiction.

On 29 August 2014, **Pro TV** launched its own streaming service, called Pro TV Plus, dedicated to original series. Later, in 2021, it was replaced by Voyo(Romanian), which has the same series and original shows of the Pro channels, plus some other exclusives and original content.

Since 2014, the idents for commercials and promos have become more different from those of other stations, focusing on the stars appearing in the station's shows. During the summer, idents are used that present activities that are practiced in the summer, while in the winter, idents are used that present things and activities related to the winter holidays, but also things related to winter.

A new logo was revealed during filming of an anniversary program in June 2025. This logo is expected to launch on December 1, 2025, following the network's 30th anniversary.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pro TV
* Știrile Pro TV
*
Ángel Mahler

**Ángel Jorge Pititto**, known by the pseudonym **Ángel Mahler** (23 May 1960 – 25 May 2025) was an Argentine composer and conductor. He stood out as a composer for theatrical musicals.

Mahler served as Minister of Culture of the city of Buenos Aires between July 2016 and December 2017.

## Biography
His birth name was **Ángel Jorge Pititto**, but in 1996 he legally requested to change his surname to the pseudonym he had chosen: **Mahler**. However, the court ruled against him, considering the change to be beyond the scope of the law and suggesting, in the ruling itself, either changing the spelling of the surname or removing some of its letters.

His work, **Dracula the Musical**, represents an icon in the history of Argentine musicals. Since its premiere in 1991 at Luna Park Stadium, it has sold more than three million tickets and won the most prestigious awards for best music: ACE, Estrella de Mar, Prensario, and others. 

Dracula has run for six seasons at Luna Park in Buenos Aires; three seasons at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires; one in Villa Carlos Paz (1999) and one in Mar del Plata (1993). Dracula also toured nationally (1991-1992, 1998-1999, 2003, and 2007), as well as internationally: Chile (1992, 2007); Barcelona (Spain, 1995); Brazil (2000); and Uruguay (2007). 

Over the years, the **Cibrián-Mahler** duo became the most prolific musical-creating duo in Argentina, becoming a classic on the Buenos Aires billboard.
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website of Ángel Mahler.
Macha Ibemma Khudithibi

**Macha Ibemma Khudithibi** (), also known as **Macha Ebemma Khudithibi (MEK)**,

## Cultural significance 
The location and associated myth form an important part of local religious practice. The separation of Macha Ibemma Khudithibi from her parents is marked by ritual lamentations, particularly those attributed to Ibendhou. The narrative highlights themes of maternal devotion, divine destiny, and ritual remembrance.

## Related pages 
* Lai Haraoba in Myanmar
* Lai Haraoba in Bangladesh
* Lai Haraoba in Tripura
* Meitei princess
* Meitei royal etiquette

## References