open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marie Adélaïde of Savoy

**Marie Adélaïde of Savoy** (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was born a Princess of Savoy and was the wife of Louis, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans. She died of measles in 1712, followed by her husband a week later. She was the mother of Louis XV. 

## Early life and background
She was born in Turin in December 1685 the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II. Her mother was Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of Henrietta of England. Her birth nearly cost her sixteen-year-old mother her life. Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a close relationship with her grandmother.

## Marriage
She was engaged to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Dauphin of France whom she died not marry till 6 December 1697 despite living at Versailles for a year. She became known in France as **Marie Adélaïde de Savoie**. She was styled the Duchess of Burgundy till her husband became Dauphin in 1711 at the death of Louis, Grand Dauphin. The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon. In early April 1711, her father-in-law *Le Grand Dauphin* caught smallpox and died in April. Upon the death of *Le Grand Dauphin*, Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France. The court went to Fontainebleau where Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which became in measles. She died of measles soon after. Her husband who mourned her greatly died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife. They were bother buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis. Her granddaughter *Marie Adélaïde* was named after her. 

## Children
#Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
#Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
#Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.
John Adams (ice hockey, born 1946)

**John Matthew Adams** (born July 27, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

## Career statistics
|}

## References 
*
*
Steve Black

**Stephen Black** (March 31, 1927 – June 12, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player from Thunder Bay, Ontario in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Junior career
Steve Black played five years for the Port Arthur Flyers of the TBJHL making two trips to the Memorial Cup Tournament before joining the PCHL.

## Professional career
In 1946 Black joined the Oakland Seals of the PCHL and showed enough talent to move up to the AHL the following season. After two years in the minors, he joined the Detroit Red Wings. The Detroit Red Wings already had a lot of good players, including Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay, and Sid Abel. Black won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 1950. He moved to the Chicago Black Hawks in 1951. He played 39 times for the Chicago Red Wings before leaving the NHL. He played in the minor leagues for three more seasons before retiring from hockey in 1954.

## Awards and achievements
*1950 Stanley Cup Championship  (Detroit)
*1950 NHL All Star  (Detroit)

## Career statistics
## Trivia
With the Detroit Red Wings, Black wore the #19 jersey which would decades later be worn by Steve Yzerman. Black wore the #17 jersey with the Chicago Black Hawks.

## Other websites
*
*Steve Black's Day with the Stanley Cup
Haeundae

The *Haeundae Beach* is at the southeast end of the city of Busan which is in South Korea. Along the 12 km of coastline is Busan's most popular beach, and one of the most famous beaches in South Korea. "Haeundae" was so named by scholar Choi Chi-Won (857~?) of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57~AD 935). When he was walking past Dongbaekdo Island, he was fascinated by it and carved the words "Hae Un Dae" on a stone wall on the island. Haeundae is 1.5 km long, 30~50m wide, and spans an area of 58,400㎡. The white sand is  and is rather sticky. The sand of this beach is composed of sand that comes from Chuncheon Stream and shells that have been naturally eroded by the wind over time. 

Haeundae used to be isolated from the large communities in Busan and Busanjin. However hotels, shopping centers and other tourist facilities have been built on the beach front area since the mid-1990s, and Haendae is now an rich beach front area. Haeundae New Town, a major commercial and residential redevelopment project begun in 1990 and another development project, Centum City, started in early 2000 and is now a major feature of Busan. In Centum City there is the world's largest department store, Shinsegae Department Store and BEXCO (Busan Exhibition and Convention Center) has become a popular venue for international conventions and exhibitions. Nearby Marine City is built on land reclaimed from the sea, and has several huge, high-rise apartment blocks. 

Haeundae is one of the host venues for the annual Pusan International Film Festival.  The 2005 APEC Conference was held on Haeundae's Dongbeak Island. Haeundae is one of the most popular spots in Busan to view the first sunrise of the year on January 1. Also, one of the most famous beach events happens in the first week of January when the temperature is around 0°C, the "Polar Bear Club", held by Choseon Beach Hotel since 1988. 

Dongbaek Island, at the south end of the beach, has a view of the sea by car and its coastline is famous for fishing. Oryuk Islets, a symbol of Busan to many Koreans, can be seen in the distance from Dongbaek Island. During the hot summer months, Haeundae beach becomes very crowded with thousands of people and parasols. People visit the beach from all over South Korea, as well as outside of Korea.
Jack Borotsik

**John Nicolas Borotsik** (November 26, 1949 – June 8, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey centre. He played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues.

## References
## Other websites
*
Data (Star Trek)

**Data** ( ), is a fictional character in the American Science fiction television show Star Trek played by actor Brent Spiner.  Data, who is an android, is a main character in the Star Trek series Star Trek: The Next Generation and in four movies; Star Trek Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection, and Star Trek Nemesis.

## References
## Data Movies/ TV Shows 
TV Shows

Movies
I Ching

**I Ching** (易经), also known as the Book of Changes, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts, it is used mainly for divination.

## Historical Background
The text was mainly written during the early Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-771 BC). Before Zhou Dynasty, there was Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). Shang Dynasty's main cultural characteristics are its divination and character (old Chinese character). We cannot say which one was first, but it is supposed that characters were made from certain need while doing divination. During Shang Dynasty, divination was done by burning animal's bone or tortoise shell. Zhou Dynasty made Shang cease to exist, but it accepted Shang's culture. In early age of Zhou Dynasty, a new way of divination appeared which was put into writing. It was advanced form of Shang Dynasty's divination, and finally, it took place instead of Shang's divination.

## The Contents of I Ching
The contents of I Ching consist of 64 hexagrams and explanation for each. Hexagram is a group of six broken or unbroken lines. The broken line (the line where the middle part is missing) represents yang, and the unbroken line represents yin. From the bottom to top, six lines are gathered in parallel. There exists one different name for one hexagram. In I Ching, the name of one hexagram and the hexagram itself comes first, and after those, there are different explanations for the hexagram and the each line consisting hexagram, from bottom to top. There comes next hexagram after explanations of all lines of one hexagram.

## Tools For I Ching Divination
The typical divination using I Ching needs the number of fifty thin sticks usually made from bamboo. Using those sticks with certain order, the person who wants to know the result draws hexagram and finds the explanation in the book. To make process simpler, some people use coin to know the result.

## Philosophical Elements
In I Ching, the word 'Heaven'(or sky; it corresponds to the Chinese character '天') is considered as same as God or the absolute being with humane character, who decides the good and evil and makes judgements. For example, the explanation of 26th hexagram (大畜 dà chù) is "the Heaven's bliss is given, therefore, lucky."

Also, there is the idea of constantly changing world, as the explanation of 11th hexagram (泰 tài) tells, "Everything flat will be inclined, and everything gone will be come back." Similarly, the idea of endlessness can also be found. The literal meaning of 63rd hexagram (既濟 jì jì) is "already (既) finished (濟)", but the last hexagram, which is the 64th (未濟 wèi jì), means "not (未) finished (濟)" literally. This means the process of whole world and life is endless and never stops.

## References
Harold Brown

**Harold Brown** (September 14, 1920 – January 12, 1997) was a former Canadian ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba. Brown served in World War II with the Royal Canadian Navy. He died at his home in Calgary, Alberta in 1997.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bob Ash

**Bob Ash** (born September 29, 1943) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. During his career he played 200 games in the World Hockey Association with the Winnipeg Jets and Indianapolis Racers.

## Awards and achievements
*MJHL First All-Star Team  (1964)
*Turnbull Cup MJHL Championship (1962, 1963, & 1964)

## Other websites
*
Tanganyika

**Tanganyika** is the mainland part of Tanzania. From 9 December 1961 to 26 April 1964 it was an independent state.

It was an East African territory lying between the Indian Ocean and the African Great Lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika.

Once part of the larger colony of German East Africa (), it comprised today's Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania, but not Zanzibar.

After World War I the parts that are today's Rwanda and Burundi became a League of Nations mandate governed by Belgium. The major part, however, came under British rule and was transferred to Britain under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This was confirmed by a League of Nations Mandate in 1922, later becoming a United Nations Trust Territory. Britain changed the name to the *Tanganyika Territory*.

On 9 December 1961 Tanganyika became independent as a Commonwealth Realm, and on 9 December 1962 it became the **Republic of Tanganyika** within the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1964, it joined with the islands of Zanzibar to form the **United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar**, later in the year changed to the *United Republic of Tanzania*.

Although Tanganyika still exists within Tanzania, the name is no longer used formally for the territory. It is, however, a convenient way to refer to the mainland, which is so different geographically and culturally from Zanzibar. The name *Tanganyika* is also used to refer to Lake Tanganyika.

## References
Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais

**Benedetto of Savoy** (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) was a prince of Savoy and Duke of Chablais. He was born in the reign of his father Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia. He has no descendants but had a distinguished military career. He married his niece and was the owner of the Palazzo Chiablese in Turin.

## Biography
Chablais was born at the Palace of Venaria and was the was the youngest child of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and  Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine. His mother died giving birth to him. He was named after Pope Benedict XIV who became pope the year before his birth. His maternal cousin's included the future Queen of Naples and the famous *Marie Antoinette*. He was his fathers favourite child.

His uncle Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wanted him to marry his daughter daughter Maria Christina of Austria as but it never happened. In 1753 his father gave what is now the Palazzo Chiablese as a home. Chablais extended the palace. His father gave him the title of Duke of Chablais in 1763.  As the son of a reigning King he was entitled to the style of *Royal Highness*.

Chablais married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy on 19 March 1775. The marriage produced no children. Maria Anna died in 1824.

A good soldier, he was given control of the Army of Italy which had French troops and intended on restoring the monarchy in France after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793. He died in Rome aged 66 and was buried at the church of San Nicolo dei Cesarini then later moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga.

## Titles and styles
***21 June 1741 - 19 June 1796** *His Royal Highness* Prince Benedetto of Savoy.
***19 June 1796 – 4 January 1808** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Chablais (*Duca del Chiablese*)

## Other websites
Bible de Genève

The **Bible de Genève** (*Bible of Geneva*) is a French translation of the Bible, which was published in Geneva in 1562 It is a revision of the Bible d'Olivétan.

The English Bible of 1560 which is called the Geneva Bible is a different translation.

## References
## Other websites 
*Genfer Bibel (German)
* La Sainte Bible de Genève de 1669
* La Bible de Genève de 1669
Jamaal Charles

**Jamaal RaShaad Jones Charles** (born December 27, 1986 in Port Arthur, Texas) is an American football former professional running back. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Kansas City Chiefs, Denver Broncos, and Jacksonville Jaguars. He played college football at the University of Texas, and also ran in track and field there.

## Professional career
In the Chiefs' final game of the 2009 season, Charles rushed for 259 yards and two touchdowns against the Denver Broncos. This is the most yards that a Chiefs player has ever rushed for in one game.

On May 1, 2019, Charles signed a one-day contract with the Chiefs and retired from playing professional football.

## References
Mok-dong

**Mok-dong** is a district in Yangcheongu, Seoul. It is in the northern west part of Yangcheon District and shares borders with Yeongdeungpo District Yanpyeongdong on its east, Shinjeongdong on its north, and Yeomchangdong on its southern north. As a typical agricultural areas in the past, it was made of small communities. In the 1970s, it started to develop as a large scale housing area. After the 1960s and 1970s, there used to be ghettos around the Anyangcheon bank formed by people who were dispossessed of their belongings and those who had moved there from rural areas, but the spots disappeared since the new town layout. The Mok-dong new town layout was announced in 1983, and completed in 1988.

Mok-dong is famous for being the number two private education center after Gangnam. Subway stations Omokgyo line five and ShinMokdong line nine are located there. Major facilities of the district include Mokdong Stadium, Anyangcheon, Yongwang mountain park, the Christian broadcasting station, SBS, and the Paris Park.

## Mokdong Ice Rink
The rink opened on December 1, 1989. It is 30x61m, which is the international ice rink standard on its ground and basement floors. On the second floor there are 5,000 audience seats. Around the ground floor rink there are 10 skater waiting rooms, a restaurant with room for 200, 2 snack bars, changing rooms, training rooms, 2 skating equipment stores, and one ice hockey equipment store. Opening hours are from 14:00 to 18:00 Mondays through Saturdays and 12:00 to 18:00 on Sundays and national holidays.

## Anyangcheon (Anyang stream)
The stream rises from Anyang temple in the Samseong mountain, hence the name Anyangcheon. A stream with its source in the Samseong mountain (三聖山), Hakeu stream (鶴儀川) from the Baekun mountain (白雲山), and Sanbon stream from (山本川) from Gunpo join in Seoksudong, Anyang and flow northward. The stream passes Gwangmyeong and Geumcehon, Guro, and Yeongdeungpo disctricts of Seoul and flow into Han River passing from the western side of Seongsan bridge.

## Yongwangsan Park
The park was selected as the first park of Mokdong in August 1971, in an announcement by the Minister of Construction. It was developed into a city park from 1989. The park is on a hill and enjoyed by residents as a place to relax. It offers 3 types of walking courses, 2 pavilions, 28 chairs, 3 entertainment equipment. Activity facilities include 4 badminton courts, 24 gyms and 2 drinking fountains. 120 thousand visits are made per year.

## Ewha Women's University Mok-dong Hospital
Mok-dong hospital is a patient-oriented hospital and provides specialized treatment of illness through a comprehensive medical testing center, medical emergency center, cardiovascular center, hematinic cell transplant center, and a cerebral nerve center for better medical quality and service improvement. The hospital also runs a breast center, obesity clinic, and a female urology clinic for the treatment of women.
Chlamydia (bacterium)

***Chlamydia*** is a genus of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide.

## References
Clostridium difficile

***Clostridium difficile*** is a species of bacteria.  It is often called *C. diff* (pronounced "see diff").  It is a gram-positive bacteria which belongs to the genus *Clostridium*. 

*C. diff *can live in the human colon (the large intestine) without causing any problems.  About 2-5% of adults have *C. diff* living in their colons.   The bacteria attack the lining of the intestines.  This causes a problem called *C. diff *colitis.  Colitis is inflammation (swelling) of the colon.    It kills about 14,000 people a year just in the United States. 

## *C. diff* infection 
The most common symptom of *C. diff *infection is severe diarrhea.  *C. diff *infection can also cause fever, belly pain, loss of appetite (not wanting to eat), and nausea. 

Some cases of *C. diff* infection are not very serious.  In other cases, people get very sick and even die.

## Who gets *C. diff* infection? 
*C. diff* infection usually happens in people who are taking antibiotic medicine.   Usually, the intestines are filled with good, healthy bacteria.  These healthy bacteria keep *C. diff* bacteria under control.  If antibiotic medicines kill the healthy bacteria, *C. diff* bacteria can grow out of control.
## How is *C. diff *infection treated? 
*C. diff *infection can be treated with some antibiotic medicines.  However, *C. diff* is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria.  This means that many antibiotic medicines cannot kill *C. diff*.  This can make *C. diff* infection very difficult to treat.  Many people with *C. diff* infection have relapses (they get better for a while, but then get sick again).  This happens to about one in every five people with *C. diff* infection. 

Usually, doctors try an antibiotic called metronidazole as the first treatment for *C. diff* infection.  When metronidazole does not work, doctors give other antibiotics, usually vancomycin or fidoxamacin.

## How can *C. diff* infection be prevented? 
Usually, *C. diff *infection can be prevented.  Hand-washing is one of the best ways to prevent *C. diff* infection.  If a person has *C. diff* bacteria on their hands, they can kill the bacteria by washing their hands with soap and water.

Hospitals and other health care facilities can also use "*C. diff* precautions" to prevent *C. diff* from spreading.

## References
Composite particle

**Composite particles** are subatomic particles that are made of more than one quark. Simple particles like protons are actually composites of multiple quarks. Protons are known as baryons, which means that they are made of exactly three quarks. Baryons are in a family called Hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. The only other subcategory of Hadrons is Mesons, which are made of one quark and one antiquark. 

Since they are made of quarks, composite particles are not so much hard balls, but rather like clouds that contain these quarks. Depending on the energy contained by the quarks, the quarks of a proton vibrate, and this gives a proton a size larger than the actual size of the three quarks combined.

For more information see: subatomic particles, elementary particles, and the composite particles on the 'List of particles' wiki pages.
Clostridium perfringens

***Clostridium perfringens*** is a gram-positive bacterium of the genus *Clostridium*. *C. perfringens* is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. *C. perfringens* is a human pathogen sometimes, and other times it can be ingested and not cause any harm.
Henrietta of England

**Henrietta of England** (16 June 1644 (26 June n.s.) – 30 June 1670) was born a Princess of England and Scotland as the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England and his consort Henrietta Maria of France. Fleeing England with her governess aged three, she moved to the court of her first cousin Louis XIV of France. She was known as *Minette*. She married Philippe of France, *Monsieur*, brother of King Louis XIV, and became known as *Madame* at court. Very popular with the court, Henriette was known for her flirtatious nature which was the cause of various arguments between husband and wife. Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan were part of her household prior to being Louis XIV's mistresses. Henriette was instrumental to the completion of the *Secret Treaty of Dover* prior to her unexpected death in June 1670. The reason for her death has never been conclusively determined; while some argue that it was by poison administered by her husband's lover the Chevalier de Lorraine, historians have also argued that she was felled by a perforated peptic ulcer.
The Jacobite claims to the throne following the death of Henry Benedict Stuart descend from her through her daughter Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia.

## Issue
#Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no issue.
#Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666).
#Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665).
#Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (future king of Sardinia) and had issue.

## Titles and styles
*]]

*16 June 1644 &ndash; 31 March 1661: *Her Royal Highness* Princess Henrietta of England
*31 March 1661 &ndash; 30 June 1670: *Her Royal Highness* Madame, Duchess of Orléans (Granddaughter of France)

## References
## Bibliography
*Barker, Nancy Nichols: *Brother to the Sun King; Philippe, Duke of Orléans'', Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1989
Secure QR code

A **Secure QR code** is an extension of a QR code.  When a QR code is read and decoded, all the information in the code is freely accessible. There will be some redundancy, to allow for error correction.  A Secure qr code allows to encrypt part or all of the information present. This means that extra information is needed, to decrypt the non-public part of the code.  To decode the non-public part of the code, the device doing the decoding needs to store a key. Secure QR codes use symmetric cryptography. The key length is 8 bytes. This means that there are 264 possible values for the key. With the correct key, the device reading the Secure QR code will also decrypt it.

## References
Marado

**Marado** or **Mara Island** is the most southern island of South Korea. It is about 11km away from the Moseolpo harbor in the south coast of Jeju-do (Jeju Island). Having an area of 0.298km², the whole island is covered with natural grass so that it carries an exotic mood. The island is small enough for tourists to look around within an hour.

## Information
Marado belongs to the administrative boundaries of Gapa-ri, Daejeong-eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju Island. The population of the island is around 107, and about 30 families are living in Marado. When viewed from the sky, Marado looks just like a sweet-potato. As the wind blows all year round, everything in Marado including trees, houses, grasses lie flat on the ground. Along the coast, the island has steep cliffs with lots of holes made by rough waves. Also Marado, the island itself is designated as a natural monument of South Korea (2000).

## History
Originally, Marado was an island called Keum Island, meaning 'forbidden island' in Korean language. It was because of the unpredictable weather and rough sea that people could not approach the island. However, people started to live in Marado since 1883. Tradition says that a man named Kim Sung Oh, who lost all his fortune in gambling made a suggestion to the county chief to let people move into Marado. As the chief let them to do so, people including Kim came to Marado and cultivated the island.

## Attractions
Not to mention the beautiful scenery of the island, Marado has lots of attractions. First of all, there is a monument symbolizing the most southern point of South Korea in the island. Also, a small museum named 'Chocolate Museum' is another landmark of the island. Furthermore, there is a rock called 'Janggun Rock', meaning 'the General's rock' in Korean language. People in Marado regard this rock as a guardian of the island. Lastly, the lighthouse which is registered on the map of the world is a really beautiful and charming attraction.
TOEFL

The **Test of English as a Foreign Language**, or **TOEFL**, is a test which measures people’s English language skills to see if they are good enough to take a course at university or graduate school in English-speaking countries. It is for people whose native language is not English but wish to study in an international University. It measures how well a person uses listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks. This test is accepted by more than 10 000 colleges, universities, and agencies in more than 150 countries; which means it is the most widely recognized English test in the world.

The format of the TOEFL test has been changed three times. The first was the PBT (paper-based TOEFL test). It tests listening, reading and grammar skills with a perfect score being 677 (Paper Based). Some centers where computers are not available still offer this format. The second format is the CBT (computer-based TOEFL test). People are each provided with a computer to take the test. A writing section was added as well as the three sections. The level of listening and grammar skills are automatically changed depending on a person’s English level. The third change is the iBT (Internet-based test) that is being brought in around the world which measures listening, speaking, reading and writing.

There are three procedures that people are following to take the test. First it is decided where and when you are going to 
take the test because the format of the test could be either iBT or CBT depending on location. People need to register 2–3 months in advance to get a place. Second is registration in person, online, by phone, or through email. Online registration is most common and payment will be required to complete the registration. The cost changes depending on what kind of exam is taken.

As more universities and colleges want a TOEFL more people are wanting to do the test. In Korea in 2010, nearly 115,000 people took the test to demonstrate their ability in English. This was 20% of the total for people doing the test. It is considered as one of the ways for middle or high school students to apply for the high ranked domestic universities. By studying at such an advanced level, it could help to improve their English skills to get high scores in other English exams..

## Related pages
* TOEIC
* IELTS - International English Language Testing System

## References
* Bluemarbles (in Korean)
* Cafe Naver (in Korean)
* Gohackers.com (in Korean)
* TOEFL Internet Based Test 
* Naver.com (in Korean)
* TOEFL website 
* TOEFL (in Korean)
Goryeo

The **Goryeo Dynasty** or **Koryo Dynasty** also called the "Kingdom of Goryeo", is one of the Korean dynasties which existed from 918 to 1392. It began in 918 with Emperor Taejo. The name "Goryeo" came to be said as "Korea" by foreigners and is still the name of the country. Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (Later Baekje, Later Goguryeo, and Silla) and by 1374 ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392. Goryeo increased its borders to Chung-cheon river and Youngheong (936~943) and the Amnok River (933).

## Background
Silla had accomplished a unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668. But it weakened as local lords achieved power during the end of the 9th century. The country entered a period of civil war and rebellion, led by Gung Ye, Gi Hwon, Yang Gil, and Gyeon Hwon. Gung Ye established Hugogureo (meaning "Later Goguryeo") and Wang Geon (Later, Taejo) made a contribution as Gung Ye's subordinate. However, Gung Ye became more and more tyrannical and finally killed his own wife and son. Also he insisted that he was Maitreya (the future Buddha). Meanwhile, Wang Geon increased his power as he conquered Geumsung area in Later Baekje. Finally, some people who followed Wang Geon broke out the rebellion and he named the dynasty as Goryeo and changed its capital city to Song-ak. 

Goryeo made the policy to win the favor of people and maintained good relationship with Silla. As a result, Silla surrendered unconditionally to Goryeo. Meanwhile, Later Baekje collapsed by itself as princes fought each other over uccession to the throne. Because of the internal conflict, Later Baekje became weaker and weaker and was conquered by Goryeo. Finally, Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms again (936) and accomplished re-unification of Korean people. 
 
Taejo made important policies. First, he insisted that Goryeo should expand its territory to further North. It is because he succeed to Goguryeo (ancient Korean kingdom founded in 37 BC–668) and Goguryeo had the biggest territory in Korean history. So, Taejo named the dynasty as Goryeo from Goguryeo and tried to take back the territory of Goguryeo. He emphasized the importance of Sukyung area because it is placed in the North part and kept in check Gu Ran (kind of Mongolian) that made an effort to come down to Goryeo. Later, all of these policies contributed to expanding its territory to Apnok River. Taejo unified all people from different Korean kingdoms (Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae). Because of this policy, Goryeo is considered to have united Korea.

## Related pages
*Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong
Singapore Flyer

The **Singapore Flyer** is the tallest ferris wheel in the world. It is next to The Float@Marina Bay. It was officially opened on April 15, 2008.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Community college

, Malaysia.]]

**Community college** is a type of public education institution. It provides two-year college education at reasonable tuition fees. Different forms of community colleges exist in the U.S., the U.K., Australia, the Philippines and etc.

## Students
Students enter community colleges to pursue their academics or receive a better job training. After graduating from a community college, some choose to transfer to a four-year university.

## History
First college in India started in 1981. First community college in the U.S. is Joliet Junior College in Illinois, which was founded in 1901. The number of community colleges has grown continuously. Currently, there are 1,166 community colleges in the U.S.

## Drama
Community (TV series) is American TV series about community college students’ life.

## Other websites
*American Association of Community Colleges 
*Pros and Cons of Free College 
*Community(TV series)
Nate

**Nate** is a South Korean web portal. It was created by SK communications. It joined with NETSGO and then with Lycos Korea in 2002. In 2003, Nate took over the onlinecommunity service Cyworld. In 2009, Nate combined with Empas and became one of the most famous Korean web portals.

By 2006 users Nate had 19 million users. This dropped to 18 million by 2008. In 2009, it had 7 million users from China and 450,000 from Vietnam.

## NateOn
NateOn is a quick messenger provided by Nate. It topped MSN Messenger in 2005. 

NateOn is South Korean’ most used messenger. It is most popular for its direct connection with Cyworld and simple to use free text service. It provides versions for Windows as well as beta versions for Mac OS 10 and Linux.
NateOn has 22 million users. 

NateOn also allows users to talk to each other using NateOn Phone.
British Malaya

]]

**British Malaya** was an area around the Malay Peninsula and Singapore Strait that was colonized by the British. It was the world's largest maker of tin and rubber. There were three parts to the British Malaya; Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. It was replaced with the Federation of Malaya in 1947 and given independence in 1957. It was formed into Malaysia in 1963.

The British started trade in this area around 1800. It became more of a British colony by the later 1800s. Malaya was an important source of rubber and other plant products. The Empire of Japan invaded and conquered Malaya and Singapore in December 1941. Malaya remained under Japanese control for the rest of World War II, with Occupied Singapore as the capital.
Entrepôt

An ***entrepôt*** is a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying a tariff. This is often at a profit. Sometimes it is more convenient to sell to an entrepôt than to travel long distances along a trade route. The entrepôt sells the goods at a higher price to others travelling the rest of the route. In modern times customs areas have largely made such entrepôts obsolete.

This type of port should not be confused with the modern French use of the word '''' meaning warehouse.

## History 
Entrepôts date back to the middle ages. The Vikings established trade routes with entrepôts at Dublin, Wexford and Waterford. An example of a Colonial American entrepôt was in Rhode Island between 1690 and 1765.

## References
Drunken Tiger

**Drunken Tiger** (**DT**) () is a South Korean hip hop group which issued their first album in 1999. The original members of the group were Tiger JK and DJ Shine; however, DJ Shine left in 2005 after recording five albums. When DT has performances, Tiger JK takes two other rappers: Bizzy and Paloalto. Tiger JK's wife, **Yoon Mirae(T)**, who is also a singer and rapper, often performs with DT.

Originally the name of "Drunken Tiger" was the name of a hip hop clan. Tiger JK made his debut in 1992 at Los Angeles hiphop festival. After his debut, many hiphop fellows joined the DT clan and he made a debut in Korea in 1998. The first team members were **Micki Eyez** and **Sucram**. When Tiger JK and DJ Shine joined together, they used the team name of Drunken Tiger. DT's first album was *Year of The Tiger*, and the debut songs are "Do you know hip hop (Return of Tiger)" and "I want you (Sweet Talk)".

When DJ Shine left DT it caused a great concern in the Korean hip hop community. It is not known why DJ Shine quit DT. Tiger JK is the only member of DT, and he continues using the name of DT. His Tiger Clan members co-work with him, so Tiger JK made three more albums with his clan members.

Drunken Tiger has encouraged the hip hop culture in Korea by DT. Many hiphop teams are in **Movement** crew. Dynamic Duo, Epik High, LeeSsang and others, are the crew members of Movement. DT issued the most albums in Korea and got awards from Golden Disk, MAMA, MKMF and Korean Public Music Awards.

## Members 
* Tiger JK (Seo, Jungkwon)

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *Year of The Tiger* (Feb. 1999)
* *The Great Rebirth* (Apr. 2000)
* *The Legend Of...* (Mar. 2001)
* *Foundation* (Feb. 2003)
* *One is not a lonely word* (Aug. 2004)
* *1945 the Liberation* (Aug. 2005)
* *Sky Is The Limit* (Sep. 2007)
* *Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder* (Jun. 2009)
### Famous songs 
* "Do you know hiphop?"
* "I want you"
* "Good Life"
* "Monster"

## Other websites 
* 
*
Robert Bortuzzo

**Robert Bortuzzo** (born March 18, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Utah Hockey Club of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins, St. Louis Blues, and New York Islanders.

## Playing career
Bortuzzo was picked up by the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in 2006 after leading the Fort William North Stars of the Superior International Junior Hockey League (SIJHL) to a league championship, a Dudley Hewitt Cup, and an overtime away from playing in the 2006 Royal Bank Cup final.

Bortuzzo was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 3rd Round (78th overall) of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He played junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League for the Kitchener Rangers. In his three years with the Rangers he recorded 49 points and 152 penalty minutes in 138 games.

Bortuzzo won the Hamilton Spectator Trophy in his second year as a member of the 2007–08 Kitchener Rangers.

On March 2, 2015, the Penguins traded Bortuzzo along to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Ian Cole. On July 2, Bortuzzo signed a two-year contract to stay with the Blues. On June 12, 2019, Bortuzzo won the Stanley Cup with the Blues after they defeated the Boston Bruins four games to three.

On December 8, 2023, the Blues traded Bortuzzo to the New York Islanders in exchange for a seventh-round pick in the 2024 NHL Entry Draft. He would play 23 games with them.

On August 31, 2024, Bortuzzo signed a $775,000; one-year, two-way contract to join the Utah Hockey Club.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Arsène Lupin

**Arsène Lupin** is a French fictional character who appears in a book series of crime fiction novels written by French writer Maurice Leblanc, as well as a number of sequels and movie, television, stage play and comic book adaptations.

He made his debut in July 1905 in his first series, ''L'Arrestation d'Arsène Lupin'' (). The adventure of this bold thief earns a controversial reputation — the rage or fury of police officers who keep missing him on the scene of robbery, and even in the jail, and the  from citizens who love to check up on the newspapers to see if there's any article about his great robberies. Lupin is portrayed as patriotic, romantic, , self-respecting, and respectful to women.

## Backstory
Lupin was born in 1874. His father was a gymnastics teacher and taught him boxing and fencing which later became Lupin's attacking specialties. He was raised by a nanny Victoire, and their relationship lasted until the end of the series. His parents got divorced, and his mother started working for a relative who is fairly arrogant. In the house of the relative, Lupin robs a necklace as revenge. Until eighteen, he had been learning law, medicine, acting, and martial arts. His journey as a thief starts at age eighteen.

In addition to his real name, he likes using several fake names, such as Sernine and Perenna. They have different jobs, which vary from famous traveller to retired general. He sometimes disguises himself as a detective, and solves lots of mysterious incidents, and becomes famous. He usually buys a kind of identification card from an unknown and recently dead man, and uses his name.

The ending of his life is not clear, because the author, Maurice Leblanc, was dead in 1941 before completing ''Le Dernier Amour d'Arsène Lupin* (), the 21st volume of the series. Leblanc was presented the French Legion of Honour award for inspiring the patriotism and pride of French people by his Lupin series. He bought a house in Etretat and named it *Le Clos Lupin* (the vacation of lupin), which is still famous as a tourist attraction.

## Other websites 
* *The Extraordinary Adventures of Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Burglar* Public Domain Audio Book
* Arsène Lupin at *Cool French Comics''
* Free Arsène Lupin eBooks by Project Gutenberg
* Arsène Lupin timeline by A.-F. Ruaud (English version)
K1A1 tank

The **K1A1** is a remodeled and upgraded version of K1, the main battle tank of the South Korean army. It looks similar to the K1 tank. The first test model, made by Hyundai, was shown to the public on April 3, 1996. It went through performance tests for two years from 1999 to 2001. Production began on October 13, 2001. It is planned to produce 484 of them by 2010. The K2 Black Panther is planned to replace it after that.

The reason for the upgrade was to increase the fire power of the K1. The main 105mm gun was replaced with the M256 120mm gun. The M256 122mm has 1.5 times the range and 1.7 times stronger fire power than the older gun. It also changed its armor, called Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP), which greatly improved its side shield.

The K1A1 weighs about 53.2 tons and can seat four people. Besides the main gun, there are two kinds of machine guns, 12.7mm K6 and two 7.62mm M60s as secondary arms. Guns and a turret are able to move independently of the main body. This improves its accuracy rate.

The K1A1 is designed for Korea’s mountainous land. It provides a smoother ride as well as higher speed driving on a sloping hill, compared to the K1. The maximum speed is around 65km/h on the level ground, 40km/h on the mountains. Its fire control system involves KCPS (Korea Commander’s Panoramic Sight), KGPS (Korean Gunners Primary Sight), digital ballistic calculator, and some minor factors. The notable fact is that the development of this system was mostly done by Korean technology.

## References
Lie Sang Bong

**Lie Sang Bong** is a Korean fashion designer. His designs have been worn by Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, and Lindsay Lohan. In 2002, he made his debut in Paris and successfully launched his first title, ‘The Lost Memoir’. He now works between Paris and Seoul, and his works are greatly appreciated in Europe, U.S.A and Russia.

Lie's designs are inspired from the imperial love affair of Napoleon and Josephine, Korean poetry and calligraphy, Cubism, Bauhaus design, and 1930s film noir heroines. His designs realize both aesthetic beauty and practical aspect as he pursues combination of real life and culture. His works show the beauty of women’s silhouette. They are naturally wearable and comfortable. His mix of French and Oriental ideas, creates a new and unique design based on the beauty of nature and sophisticated visual characteristic. He uses bold colours, red and violet, which give energy and freshness to his designs.

In 2006 he worked with LG to design the LG Shine Phone Lie Sang-bong Limited Edition. This phone was designed with Korean Calligraphy, Hangeul. In 2007, KT&G, the Korean tobacco firm, had him design a limited edition tobacco case, ‘Esse’ also designed with Hangeu]. Samsung also collaborated with him and exhibited Lie Sang-bong PC. In 2010, he designed custom of Kim Yuna, the World Figure Skating champion, for the ‘Festa on Ice 2010’. His appearance in *Muhandojeon* in 2006 contributed to his popularity. *Muhandojeon*, which means unlimited challenge in Korean, is one of the most famous TV programs in Korea. In the program, he designed customs for the 6 entertainers and successfully made them participate in his fashion show. After his appearance in the TV program, he has been known as a Hangeul designer because all of the show was based on showing the beauty of Hangeul.

In 2013 he appeared on the KBS sports-oriented variety show *Cool Kiz on the Block* for a ping pong project where he revealed his ping pong skills. He first appeared in the 88 Seoul Olympics 25th Anniversary Special, and then joined the team for a ping pong battle in Saipan.

He is known as the "Korean Alexander McQueen" in many famous fashion magazines in the world such as Le Figaro, Telegraph, the New York Times, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Oyster, Standard and W Magazine. His art work has been shown in exhibitions in museums and fashion shows.

## Reference 
## Other website
*Lie Sang Bong website
Art Child

**Arthur John Child** (September 15, 1915 – June 30, 1996) was a British goaltender who played professional ice hockey in the United Kingdom. He was the backup goaltender for the GB national ice hockey team which won gold at the  1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). Child himself did not take to the ice during the tournament and was not awarded a gold medal. He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

## References
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry
Gerry Davey

**John Gerald Davey** (September 5, 1914 – February 12, 1977) is a former ice hockey player who played in the English National League (ENL). He also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team which won the gold medal at the 1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

## Career
Although born in Barking, England, Davey learned to play ice hockey in Port Arthur, Ontario with the Elmwood Midgets after his family emigrated there when he was a child.

### Club
When he was 16-years-old, Davey's mother returned with him to England in 1931. He got a place with the Princes club playing in the English League with the help of a London newspaper. and a silver medal in the 1937 and 1938 World Championships. Following World War II, Davey again represented GB at the 1948 Winter Olympics when they finished in sixth place.

Davey scored a total of forty-three goals for the GB national team, a record which still stands.

## Awards
*Olympic gold medalist in 1936.
*World Championship silver medalist in 1937 and 1938.
*European Championship gold medalist in 1937.
*Inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1949.

## Records
*Most goals scored for the GB national team with 43.

## Footnotes
## References
*A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey
*Ice Hockey Journalists UK

## Other websites
*A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey entry 
*British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry
Marc Chorney

**Marcus P. Chorney** (born November 8, 1959 in Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.

## Playing career
Chorney played four seasons of college hockey at the University of North Dakota. He was named to the NCAA All-Tournament team in 1980, and two first All Star teams in 1981. He began his playing career with the Pittsburgh Penguins who drafted him in the 6th round of the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. Chorney was traded to the Los Angeles Kings for a  6th round choice (Stuart Marston) in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. After spending a season with the Kings, he was signed by the Washington Capitals but failed to earn a spot on the roster.

## Achievements & Awards
*WCHA Second All-Star Team (1980)
*NCAA Championship All-Tournament Team (1980)
*WCHA First All-Star Team (1981)
*NCAA West First All-American Team (1981)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Heo Jeong

**Heo Jeong** (, April 8, 1896 – September 18, 1988) was a South Korean politician and independence activist. In 1948, he was the second Transportation Minister of South Korea. In 1950, he was Social Affairs Minister, in 1951 Prime Minister (Acting) of South Korea, and in 1952 Government Services Minister.

In 1957, he was the eighth Mayor of Seoul City until 1959. On April 19, 1960, he became Foreign Affairs Minister. On April 25, his ministries involved being Acting President of South Korea. In June 1960 he became the sixth Prime Minister of South Korea. His nickname was YooYang (우양).

## Related pages 
* Rhee Syng-man
* Kim Kyu-Sik
* Yun Poson
* Chang Myon
Freddie Dunkelman

**Frederick F. "Freddie" Dunkelman** (February 5, 1920 – July 23, 2010) was a British ice hockey player who competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics. In St. Moritz he was a member of the British team that placed fifth in the ice hockey tournament. He was born in East Ham, Greater London and was a member of the Harringay Greyhounds. In 1946 he founded Dunkelman & Son Ltd, now known as Dasco Shoe Care, in Battersea to manufacture and sell ice hockey sticks, but moved into the shoe trade in 1950 and to a new location in Desborough in 1969. He retired from the business after 61 years in 2007.

## References