open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Green County, Wisconsin

**Green County** is a county that is found in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. At the 2020 census, 37,093 people lived in Green County.  The county seat of Green County is Monroe.

## Geography
Green County has an area of 585 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

### Nearby counties
* Dane County, Wisconsin - north
* Rock County, Wisconsin - east
* Winnebago County, Illinois - southeast
* Stephenson County, Illinois - south
* Lafayette County, Wisconsin - west
* Iowa County, Wisconsin - northwest

### Divisions
The following is a list of the cities, towns, villages, and unincorporated communities that are found in Green County:

#### Unincorporated communities
*Attica
*Clarence
*Jordan Center
*Juda
*Postville

## References
## Other websites
*Green County government website
Billy Bishop

**William Avery "Billy" Bishop** (8 February 1894 – 11 September 1956) V.C. was a Canadian flying ace from World War I. He won 72 fights, making him the top Canadian flying ace.In 1919 Bishop was photographed with Canadian Ace William George Barker V.C.

## References
2050s

The **2050s** is a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It will begin on January 1, 2050, and end on December 31, 2059. It is distinct from the decade known as the *206th decade* which will begin on January 1, 2051 and end on December 31, 2060.
## 2050
Begins on January 1, 2050, and ends on
December 31, 2050

## 2051
Begins on January 1, 2051, and ends on
December 31, 2051

## 2052
Begins on January 1, 2052, and ends on
December 31, 2052

## 2053
Begins on January 1, 2053, and ends on
December 31, 2053

## 2054
Begins on January 1, 2054, and ends on
December 31, 2054

## 2055
Begins on January 1, 2055, and ends on
December 31, 2055

## 2056
Begins on January 1, 2056, and ends on
December 31, 2056

## 2057
Begins on January 1, 2057, and ends on
December 31, 2057

## 2058
Begins on January 1, 2058, and ends on
December 31, 2058

## 2059
Begins on January 1, 2059, and ends on
December 31, 2059

## References
Sand dollar

The **Sand dollars** are species of flattened, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. *Echinarachnius parma*, the Common Sand Dollar, is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, from the intertidal zone to considerable depths. Sand dollars can be found in temperate and tropical zones, but not in Great Britain.p76

All sand dollars have a rigid skeleton known as a *test*. This is the typical white disk found washed up on beaches. The living animals have a skin of movable spines on the test. Movement is done by the action of the spines. Like other sea urchins, sand dollars have five paired rows of pores. The pores are arranged in a petal-like pattern. These pores are perforations in the endoskeleton through which the tube feet, used in gas exchange, project from the body.

## Description 
Living sand dollars have small spines covering its entire body. They are softer and much shorter than those of the sea urchin. Like all echinoderms, sand dollars have tube feet. They are not used to move around, but simply to breathe.

## Life style 
The sand dollars are the most specialised sea urchins. All their features are adaptations for burrowing. They live just beneath the sand, either flat or at an angle. At an angle they keep the edge facing the oncoming currents, presumably to catch food. This excellent habitat has been taken up by other groups of sea urchins. The heart urchins, another order, are even more effective in burrowing. The larvae of these sand dollars clone themselves when they sense dissolved mucus from a predatory fish. The larvae exposed to this mucus from the predatory fish respond to the threat by cloning themselves. This process doubles their population and halves their size which allows them to better escape detection by the predatory fish but may make them more vulnerable to attacks from smaller predators like crustaceans. Sand dollars will also clone themselves during normal asexual reproduction. Larvae will undergo this process when food is plentiful or temperature conditions are optimal. Cloning may also occur to make use of the tissues that are normally lost during metamorphosis.

## Colors 
Most living sand dollars have dark colors, like brown or purple. Their darker color helps them stay camouflaged, easily hiding in the sand or mud or on the sea floor. The tests of sand dollars do not have bristles and tube feet, and because of the sun, they usually become bleached white.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* The Common Sand Dollar by Cheryl Page 
* The Biogeography of the Western Sand Dollar - *Dendraster excentricus*
* Video showing the life cycle of *Clypeaster subdepressus*
Kim Mitchell

**Joseph Kim Mitchell** (born July 10, 1952) is a Canadian guitarist. Mitchell was the singer and guitarist for the band Max Webster and now hosts a radio show for CILQ-FM (Q107) in Toronto.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Tommy Lee

**Tommy Lee** (born October 3, 1962) is an American musician and drummer for the band Mötley Crüe. In 1999 he started a band called Methods of Mayhem. They have released two albums. He has also released two solo albums.

He was married to Pamela Anderson from 1995 until they divorced in 1998. They had two sons, Brandon Lee and Dylan. He is a proud dog lover and owns 10 miniature chihuahuas.
West End theatre

**West End theatre** refers to stage productions in the West End of London. It is like New York's Broadway, where musicals and plays are shown at number of theatres. In 2007, 13.6 million people went to see a show at the West End. The shows that were on in 2007 included: *Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat*, *The Sound of Music*, *Dirty Dancing*, *Billy Elliot*, *Hairspray*, *Spamalot*, *Avenue Q*, *Wicked*, *Equus*, *Macbeth*, *King Lear*, *Othello* and *Grease*.

## References
Exhibition

An **exhibition** is an organized event in which a collection of special objects can be viewed by the public. The objects are often brought together from many places for the period of the exhibition. The objects on show are called **exhibits**.

Museums often organize special exhibitions, such as paintings by a famous painter. These paintings will mostly be “on loan”, i.e. specially borrowed from other museums. Exhibitions can be about anything. They may be to do with art, or they can also be science exhibitions.

Some exhibitions show things which can be bought. Firms exhibit the things they have made, hoping to encourage business. These exhibitions are called trade fairs. They are sometimes called **expositions** or **expos**.  They may be open to the public, but others are just for invited business people.

## Related pages
*Art exhibition
*The Great Exhibition
*Convention center
*World's Fair
Pulaski, Wisconsin

**Pulaski** is a village in the Brown, Oconto, and Shawano counties of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  3,870 people were living in Pulaski as of the 2020 census.  The parts of Pulaski that are in the Oconto and Brown Counties are part of the Green Bay metropolitan area.  Pulaski has an area of 2.9 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

## References
## Other websites
*Pulaski Chamber of Commerce
Come Away with Me

***Come Away with Me*** is the first album by American jazz singer Norah Jones. It was released on February 26, 2002 on Blue Note Records. The main genre is considered contemporary jazz. The album is actually contemporary jazz with some country, folk music, and pop. Some jazz musicians do not think that the album is actually jazz, because of the changes Norah Jones made to some of the jazz songs she covered.

*Come Away with Me* reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart and won eight Grammy Awards. It sold over 10 million copies in the first three years of its release. It is Norah Jones' best-selling album, and the best-selling jazz album of all time.

## Track listing
## Awards
**Grammy Awards**

## Other websites
* *Come Away with Me* at Discogs
* *Come Away with Me * at Metacritic
* Album Review at *All About Jazz*
Hezekiah

**Hezekiah** (meaning God will strengthen) or ** ** Ḥizqiyyāhu (Hebrew), also translated as Ḥizkiyyahu (and sometimes as Ezekias (Greek), Khizkiyahu, Yəḥizqiyyāhu, Y'khizkiyahu), was a king of Judah that appears in the book of 2 Chronicles, chapters 18 to 32, and the book of 2 Kings chapters 18 to 20. He was one of the few kings who is compared  with David, and is unique for his trust in the Lord: "There was no one like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him. He held fast to the LORD and did not cease (stop) to follow him" (NIV).

Hezekiah was the son of Judah's King Ahaz, and is best known for turning his people away from the sins of his father Ahaz,  worship in the temple, and having his life made 15 years longer. The Book of 2 Chronicles tells more about Hezekiah than any other king after Solomon, and suggests that he is a "second Solomon" in his celebration of the Passover, his wealth, his honor, and his land.

Toward the end of his reign, he became very sick and close to death. He prayed to the Lord, who healed him miraculously. The king of Babylon heard about it and sent men with a letter and gift to Hezekiah. Because Hezekiah was proud of his riches, he showed all of his treasures to the visitors. The prophet Isaiah predicted that it all would later be taken by the Babylonians. His prediction came true.

## References
## Other websites 
*"Hezekiah." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
*King Hezekiah  from Jerusalem Mosaic
*Hezekiah  See all Bible verses pertaining to King Hezekiah
*The Reign Of Hezekiah  by John F. Brug
* Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah in 701 BCE - by Craig C. Broyles
* Interactive Map of Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah, including the accounts of Sennacherib, Herodotus, 2 Kings, Isaiah and Micah
White-eared hummingbird

The **white-eared hummingbird**, (*Basilinna leucotis*), is a species hummingbird. It is 9-10 cm long, and weighs about 3-4 grams. Adults are colored green on their upperparts and breast. The undertail is white. The tail is darkly colored and straight. The most non-normal thing is the white eyestripe found in both males and females. It is more boldly colored in the male. The bill of the male is straight and very thin. It is red in coloration, and shows a black tip. His throat is a "metallic torquoise green." His crown and face is violet and black.

## References 
*  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

## Other websites 
* White-eared Hummingbird photo gallery  VIREO Photo-High Res 
* White-eared Hummingbird photo-High Res ; Article  at tpwd.state.tx.us
Tine Thing Helseth

**Tine Thing Helseth** (Norwegian:ˈtiːnɛ tɪŋ hɛlsɛt; born 1987 in Oslo) is a Norwegian trumpet soloist who specialises in playing classical music.

Helseth began playing trumpet when she was seven years old and stuides at the Barratt Due Institute of Music in Oslo. She has studied under both Heidi Johanessen (a member of the Norwegian National Opera Orchestra) and, since 2002, Arnulf Naur Nilsen (member of the Oslo Philharmonic).

## Honours
*National Soloist Championship of Norway no-age-limit open class 1st Prize 2004 
*International Trumpet competition "Theo Charlier" Brussels, Belgium 2nd prize 2005 
*NRK Radio P2 Prize for 2006/2007 

## Performances
Helseth has played concerts with such orchestras as the Wiener Symphoniker, Beethoven Academie, Capella Cracowiensis, The Norwegian Chamber Orchestra, Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Slovenian Radio Symphony Ljubljana, Oslo Camerata, Camerata Nordica, Württemberg Philharmonic, the Trondheim Soloists, Norwegian symphony orchestras, Norwegian Army bands and other brass and wind groups.

She has appeared at many different music festivals, including the Bergen International Festival, Kissinger Summer Festival and Usedomer Music Festival. and is the leader of an all-female brass group, **tenThing**.

## Recordings
Helseth has put out two CDs. Her self-titled  album was released January 1, 2007 and contained the trumpet concertos of both Johann Nepomuk Hummel and Josef Haydn. Her second album was released November 23, 2009 and contains musical works by Gustav Holst, Georg Friedrich Händel and J.S. Bach.

## References
## Other websites
*MySpace Site
*Personal website (in English)
*TenThing homepage
Oriental magpie

The **Oriental magpie** (*Pica sericea*) is a species of magpie found in East Asia. It is a common symbol of Korea, and has been adopted as the "official bird" of many South Korean cities and counties.

It is similar to the Eurasian magpie, with a shorter tail and longer wings. It has black and purple colors, but very little green. The Oriental magpie has the same chattering call as Eurasian magpies, though it is much softer.

## Magpie myths 
Koreans believed that magpies delivered good news, and when they saw a magpie chattering, they believed that visitors were coming.The most famous painting related to a magpie is the one with striped tiger (ggach'i wha horangi minhwa, ): the magpie is chirping to a tiger. The magpie represented good news and the tiger symbolized good luck, since its pronunciation in Chinese sounds similar to good luck (bok). There are many folktales about magpies.

The Chinese called magpies "Birds of Joy" or "Happy Magpies". Under the Manchu dynasty it also represented imperial rule: a few Manchu people in Northeast China even thought they were gods.

## References
Ruben Bierer

**Ruben Bierer** (Dr. *Rubin Bierer*, often: *Reuben Bierer,* born *~*1845 - died 1931) was a doctor in Sofia and one of the first pioneers of the Jewish nationalism and one of the first active Zionists in Galicia and Bulgaria, adherent of Hovevei Zion in Galicia, Austria and Bulgaria. He was born in Lviv. 

In 1867 he was in Lviv a co-founder of the first Jewish-political association of Austria-Hungary, *Shomer Israel*. As an opponent against Polish assimilation of the Jews he established for the 1873 elections of the Reichsrat a Jewish-ruthenian electoral alliance. In 1879 he separated from the *Shomer Israel* and went to Vienna for the purpose of medical studies where he – together with Peretz Smolenskin – found the Jewish-political association *Ahavath Zion* (for the reason of colonisation of the holy land).

In 1882 he was a cofounder of the Viennese *Kadima* Studentenverbindung. In 1883 he returned to Lviv where he founded the first Jewish-national association of the Austrian east, *Miqra Kodesh*.

In 1885 he went to Serbia, in 1900 he returned to Lviv where he tried (but failed) to reactivate the *Shomer Israel*. 

Nathan Birnbaum coined (created) the word Zionism about the year 1890. But he is not the creator of this word, it was already in use, for example you can find in a letter of Ruben Bierer from the 9th December 1888 the expression ''Zionist brother's greeting*. The word *Zionist'' is found already in the year 1877 in an Roumanian written pamphlet (annual report of the order "Zion" in Bucharest). 

## References
Cumulus cloud

**Cumulus clouds** are white clouds that are dense and large. They are known to look like cauliflower. Mostly, cumulus clouds have flat bottoms but the tops are always changing shape. 

Seeing a cumulus cloud means that the air is well mixed by up and down vertical drafts. When a cumulus cloud grows into a thunderstorm, the cloud is called a cumulonimbus cloud. This is a sign that the air is rising to the stratosphere.

## References
## Other websites
*AMS Glossary of Meteorology
*Cumulus cloud at BBC Weather 
*Cumulus cloud page at University of Richmond internal site 
*Time-lapse of the formation of Cumulus clouds
Stratus cloud

**Stratus clouds** are low altitude gray clouds that make a flat base. The name comes from the Latin word *stratus*, which means to "stretch" or "extend." You can see stratus clouds as thick cloud blankets near the sea. They are sometimes called "high fogs".  Light rain and drizzle often fall from stratus clouds. When rain falls from stratus clouds they are mostly called nimbostratus  The name derives from the Latin word *nimbus* = rain, and *stratus* = spread out.  

## References
Usher (musician)

**Usher Raymond IV** (born October 14, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter and dancer. He became well known in the late 1990s with the release of his second album *My Way* (1997). The album's single "Nice & Slow" reached number one on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. In 2000, *My Way* was given a 6x platinum certification by the RIAA for sales of 6 million copies in the United States alone.  His next album, *8701*, released two number one singles. These include "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad". *8701* was given a 4× Platinum certification by the RIAA in July 2002. At 1.1 million, *Confessions* has the highest first week sales for an R&B singer in history. The album had four number one *Billboard* singles. These include "Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II", and "My Boo". Usher's next album, *Here I Stand* (2008), sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The lead single, "Love in This Club" reached number one on the Hot 100 chart.

Two years later, Usher released his sixth album *Raymond v. Raymond* (2010). It became his third album to debut at number one on the *Billboard* 200 chart. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. Its single "OMG" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Usher's ninth number one single in the United States. Because of this, he became the first 2010s artist to have number one singles in three consecutive decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). *Versus* (2010) was released as an extended play and a deluxe edition of *Raymond v. Raymond*. It debuted at number four on the *Billboard* 200 chart. "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love", a single from the album, reached number four on the Hot 100 chart.

According to RIAA, Usher is one of the best-selling artists in American music history. He has sold over 23 million albums in the United States alone and over 65 million albums worldwide. This makes him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Usher has won a lot of awards. These include eight Grammy Awards. According to *Billboard* in 2009, Usher was named the number one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s. While they ranked him second for the most successful artist of the 2000s. His 2004 album *Confessions* was ranked at the top solo album of the 2000s. Usher has nine Hot 100 number one songs (as lead artist). He also has eighteen Hot 100 top-ten songs.

Usher was the halftime performer for Super Bowl 58 on February 11, 2024. His show featured guest performances from Jermaine Dupri, Alicia Keys, Lil Jon, Ludacris, H.E.R., and will.i.am.
Usher’s halftime show broke records.

## Discography
* *Usher* (1994)
* *My Way* (1997)
* *8701* (2001)
* *Confessions* (2004)
* *Here I Stand* (2008)
* *Raymond v. Raymond* (2010)
* *Looking 4 Myself* (2012)
* *Hard II Love* (2016)
* *Coming Home* (2024)

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* [ Usher] at Billboard.com
Alyosha Karamazov

**Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov** is the "hero" of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, *The Brothers Karamazov*. He is also called Alyosha, Alyoshka, Alyoshenka, Alyoshechka, Alexeichik, Lyosha, and Lyoshenka. He is the youngest of the Karamazov brothers, being "then only twenty (his brother Ivan was twenty-three and their older brother, Dmitry, twenty-seven)". The author's  and first chapters declare that he is the novel's hero.

## Description 
Alyosha is physically described as:

 

His personality is remarkably unselfish, extremely  in his religious faith, sensitive to other people's feelings, and loving - "he certainly loved people: throughout his life he seemed to believe in people and to trust them, and yet no one ever thought him simple-minded or naive. There was something in him (and it stayed with him all his life) that made people realize that he refused to sit in judgment on others, that he felt he had no right to, and that, whatever happened, he would never  anyone." He passes on the influence of Zosima to the "younger generation" (the schoolboys) of the town. Even with all his kind goodness, he has a gentle personality that makes almost everybody love him and feel comfortable around him. Proud young Kolya Krasotkin says that the best thing about Alyosha is that he treats him like "an equal".

## Criticism 
Anna-Theresa Tymieniecka says that Alyosha, like Prince Myshkin, the protagonist in another Dostoevsky novel, *The Idiot*, are almost Jesus-like characters, who are, however, unable to stop the greatest suffering of those around them. She suggests that Alyosha is too calm, and does not do much action in the events of the novel.

Rufus W. Mathewson, however, argues that Alyosha Karamazov is a more successful  hero than Prince Myshkin. He argues that Alyosha's most impressive success as helping Dmitri. He describes Alyosha as using forgiveness, kindness and natural justice, rather than trying to change people.

## Inspiration 
It is probable that Dostoevsky used his friend Vladimir Solovyov's character for Alyosha. Vladimir Solovyov was a Russian poet and philosopher who was very generous, even giving away his clothes to people in the street.

## References
Ball lightning

**Ball lightning** is a glowing ball of lightning that sometimes appears in a thunderstorm, but usually lasts much longer than lightning. Scientists do not understand ball lightning very well, and some even do not think ball lightning is real, because it is so strange. However, it has been widely reported in weather journals by many trustworthy people. Laura Ingalls Wilder writes in her book about ball lightning, saying that when she was little, she saw balls of light, which her mother chased away with a broom. 

Czar Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor, said he had seen ball lightning:

## References 
## Other websites 
* A video of a microwave plasma ball experiment
* CityTV report on lightning striking a car
Sauropterygia

The **Sauropterygia** was a superorder of successful aquatic reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic era. They are united by an adaptation of their shoulder, designed to support powerful paddle strokes. Some later sauropterygians like the pliosaurs developed a similar mechanism in their pelvis.

## Origins and evolution
The earliest sauropterygians appeared about 245 million years ago, at the start of the Triassic period. At first they were small, less than a metre. They were semi-aquatic lizard-like animals with long limbs (called pachypleurosaurs). They developed into a group called the nothosaurs, several meters long. The sauropterygians included another very distinctive group: the placodonts. They were bottom-feeders on shellfish, and possessed flat, crushing teeth to handle their prey.p148–151

The end-Triassic extinction event wiped them all out except for the plesiosaurs. During the earliest Jurassic these diversified quickly into the long-necked small-headed plesiosaurs proper, and short-necked large-headed pliosaurs. 

### Orders 
*Nothosaurs
**Pachypleurosaurs
*Placodonts
*Plesiosaurs

### Position uncertain 
**Pistosaurus*

## References 
## Other websites 
* A review of the Sauropterygia . Adam Stuart Smith. *The Plesiosaur Directory*. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
* Paleofile taxalist  - lists every species and synonyms. Retrieved February 26, 2006
Norah Jones

**Norah Jones** (born March 30, 1979) is an American singer and pianist. Her first album, *Come Away with Me* was released in 2002. It was a mix of contemporary jazz, folk, and country music. The album won five Grammy Awards in 2003. She released her second album, *Feels Like Home* in 2004, which sold over a million copies in its first week of its release. "Sunrise" won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Her third album, *Not Too Late* was released in 2007. That year Jones also acted in a movie for the first time. The movie, *Blueberry Nights*, had a song by Jones on its soundtrack. In 2009, *The Fall* was released. According to Billboard, Jones is the 60th highest-selling artist of the 2000s. In 2011 Jones sung on Seth MacFarlane's first album. Jones' fifth album *Little Broken Hearts* was released in 2012. It was produced by Danger Mouse. On November 25, 2013, an album Jones made with Billie Joe Armstrong called *Foreverly* was released.

## Early life
Jones was born Geetali Norah Jones Shankar in 1979 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, to Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar and American concert producer Sue Jones. When Jones was sixteen she changed her name to Norah Jones.

## Discography
* *Come Away with Me* (2002)
* *Feels Like Home* (2004)
* *Not Too Late* (2007)
* *The Fall* (2009)
* *Little Broken Hearts* (2012)

## References
## Other websites
*
Oceanic trench

s; the lithosphere is subducted back into the asthenosphere at trenches]]
-Chile trench.]]

**Ocean** **trenches** are deep depressions that have relatively steep sides falling to the ocean floor.

Ocean trenches are typically caused when an oceanic crustal plate slides under a lighter continental plate or another oceanic plate. It is believed to work by density.  Where one plate slides under another, this is called subduction. As the heavier plate descends, the long, narrow feature caused is called the "subduction zone." It is here that oceanic trenches form. They can be 1,500 miles (2,400&nbsp;km) long, several miles deep, and as much as 70 miles (112&nbsp;km) wide.
 
At least five trenches are over 6 miles (10&nbsp;km) deep. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 
 below sea level.  Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3&nbsp;km2/yr.

Trenches are active with earthquakes and resulting tsunamis. Most volcanism associated with trenches occurs on the continent and not on the sea floor. However, many of the ocean's volcanic islands and seamounts are found in what are called island arcs, bending chains of islands rising from the sea floor, usually paralleling the concave edges of an oceanic trench. The western Pacific has island arcism as do the Aleutian Islands.

Near the island of Guam is the famous Mariana Trench where the Pacific Plate descends under the leading edge of the Eurasian Plate. Measured at 36,201 feet - over 6.8 miles (11&nbsp;km) deep, this trench is the deepest known spot in any ocean. In 1960, two men in the bathyscaph *Trieste* reached bottom of the Mariana Trench.  

Other extensive trench regions around the world include the South Sandwich Trench between South America and Antarctica, the Peru-Chile Trench, and the Aleutian Trench.

## References 
*Shukman, David 2013. Deep ocean undersea vents. *BBC News* Science & Technology https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21520404.
Pliosaur

The **pliosaurs** were a group of large marine plesiosaur reptiles. They lived in the Mesozoic era (later Jurassic period). They had short necks and large heads, with large hind flippers. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres. They were predators of large fish and other marine reptiles.

The first specimen was found by Mary Anning, on the Jurassic Coast of Lyme Regis, England, in the 1820s. Many of her finds are on display in the Natural History Museum, London.

Their body shape suggests they swam and ate under water.p29 It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that plesiosaurs fell into two groups. The pliosaurs were large predators which ate large prey in deep water. The other plesiosaurs were long-necked with smaller heads. Their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. The pliosaur group also contained sea-dwelling lizards called mosasaurs. The most famous members of the pliosaur family are *Kronosaurus*, *Rhomaleosaurus* and *Liopleurodon*.

## References
Ot en Sien

]]

**Ot en Sien** (**Ot and Sien**) are two little children who appear in a series of stories which were written in the Dutch language more than a hundred years ago.   **Ot** (short for “Otto”) is a little boy and **Sien** (pronounced like the English word “seen”), whose name may be short for “Francine”, is the little girl who lives next door.  Although they are now very old-fashioned, the books are still popular in Holland.  They were written in rhyme and were illustrated with colourful pictures.

The author of the stories was called Hendricus Scheepstra.  The ideas for the stories were given to him by Jan Ligthart.  Cornelis Jetses made the illustrations.

The stories are set in Drenthe, which is in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands.  Drenthe was a very poor part of the country, but Ot and Sien live in a nice house and are quite well-off.  They are often seen playing in the garden with their toys which include a wooden horse on wheels and a doll in a dolly’s pushchair.  The cat is often in the picture.  They are also seen at school.

The authors wrote the stories to show a happy family life.  Everyone is very friendly in the book, and strangers help them when they get lost in the street.  The family have a servant who helps in the house.

The stories were widely read by children in schools in the Netherlands until after the Second World War.  By then they had become very old-fashioned.  The daily life of Ot and Sien seemed to belong to a time long ago in history.   Hardly any Dutch children now live in a family with a servant.  No Dutch child nowadays goes for a walk dressed in sailor’s costume with a father who wears a cloak and hat.  The books are no longer read in schools, but they continue to be popular with Dutch people at home.  In 2004, one hundred years after the first book was written, a special exhibition about Ot and Sien was held.

There is a statue to Ot and Sien in The Hague, made in 1930.

## Dutch expressions referring to Ot and Sien 
In the Dutch language there are expressions which refer to Ot and Sien.
* *Als Ot en Sien*, (*Like Ot and Sien*) means: “in a simple, child-like way”
* *Uit de tijd van Ot en Sien* (*from the time of Ot and Sien*) means: “a long time ago”, like the English expression “in the good old days”.
Violet-fronted brilliant

The **violet-fronted brilliant** (*Heliodoxa leadbeateri*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## References 
* BirdLife International 2004.  Heliodoxa leadbeateri .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
SS Yongala

'*SS *Yongala''''' was a passenger ship that was launched in 1903. It sank off Cape Bowling Green on 23 March 1911 on its way to from Melbourne, Australia to Cairns she entered into a cyclone and sank without a trace south of Townsville. All passengers onboard drowned and the shipwreck was found in 1958 off the coast of Townsville.

## Related pages
*Death of Tina Watson  - A drowning in 2003 at the shipwreck that became world news.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Townsville Maritime Museum
* Dive spot description plus underwater pictures and videos of the Yongala wreck
Parides childrenae

The **Green-celled Cattleheart** (***Parides childrenae***) is a species of butterfly. It s in the family Papilionidae. It is found in southern North America and northern South America.

## Description
The upper side of the wings is black. The male has a bright green patch on the fore wing (top wing). There is a small pale yellow spot near the tip of the fore wing. There is a red patch on the hind wing (bottom wing). The female has a small white patch on the fore wing. There are a few pale spots on the fore wing. There is a band of red spots on the hind wing. The underside of the wings is also black. The male has small pale spots near the tip of the fore wing and a few red spots on the hind wing. The female's underside is the same as the upper side.

## References
## Other websites
* *Parides childrenae* at funet.fi
North Kosovo

divides the city of Kosovska Mitrovica, located at its bend.]]
**North  Kosovo** is a Serbian enclave  in Kosovo.  It has  over  80,000 residents, at least 98% of them are Christian Serbs. There are about 3,000 Albanians, and about 2000 Turks, Greeks, Gorans, Romas and others.

Unlike the Strpce municipality which is autonomous, North Kosovo is directly run by the Government of Belgrade.

In North Kosovo, Serbian car plates are still used and the Serbian dinar is used as the official currency.

The  enclave consists of the 3 municipalities of Zvecan, Leposavic, Zubin Potok (as well as part of Mitrovica. The enclave's area is  (11% of the country's total area). Lake Gorazdevac is also in the enclave.

The United Nations does not recognize Kosovo as a country because of the 1999 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Other world governing bodies do not recognise it as a country, either.

## References
Los Angeles (disambiguation)

**Los Angeles** is a city in California and the second-largest city in the United States.  **Los Angeles** may also mean:
*Sports teams in the California city:
**Los Angeles Clippers (a National Basketball Association team)
**Los Angeles Dodgers (a Major League Baseball team)
**Los Angeles Galaxy (a Major League Soccer team)
**Los Angeles Kings (a National Hockey League team)
**Los Angeles Lakers (a National Basketball Association team)
*Los Angeles County, a county in California that includes the city
*Los Angeles International Airport, an airport serving Los Angeles
*Los Angeles River, a river that flows through Los Angeles County
*Los Angeles riots of 1992 
*Los Ángeles, Chile
Aplacophora

The **Aplacophora** is a class of small, deep-water, exclusively benthic, shell-less marine molluscs. They are found in all oceans of the world. They are a small group of molluscs which have deviated from the normal molluscan form. There are approximately 320 known species living today. They are rather worm-like and average about an inch (2.5 cms.) in length.

## Description 
Most live in deep water, except a few more northern species.  One group bury themselves into the sand and mud of the ocean bottom where they feed on annelids and other small invertebrates. The rest of the known aplacophorans parasitize hydroids and other corals.

This class used to be classified as sea cucumbers in the echinoderms. In 1987, they were officially recognized as molluscs and given their own class. The class is polyphyletic, and consists of two clades.

## References
Oviparous animals

**Oviparous animals** are animals that reproduce by laying eggs. This is how most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and arachnids reproduce. All birds and monotremes also reproduce like this.

The eggs of most animals that live on land are protected by hard shells. They fertilize their eggs internally. Water-dwelling animals like fish and amphibians lay eggs that have not been fertilized yet. Then the males lay sperm on top of the eggs, which is called external fertilization.

## Related pages 
*Viviparity
*Ovoviviparity
Panionios F.C

**Panionios** is a Greek football club. It was founded in 1890 in Smyrni, Turkey by Greek people who lived there. During the Greek-Turkish war in 1922 the Greek people left from there and they went to Greece. So, the club came to Greece to the Athenian suburb Nea Smyrni. The colours of the club are red and blue. Panionios has won two Greek cups.

## References
## Other websites
*Official football club website
Dave Meltzer

**Dave Meltzer** (born in 1959) is a man who writes about professional wrestling for his magazine, and also on the Internet. Meltzer's website is called the *Wrestling Observer*. Before Meltzer, most writers wrote that professional wrestling was real, but Meltzer writes that it is not. He has also written two books called *Tributes* and *Tributes II*.

## Related pages 
* Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

## References
Monoplacophora

**Monoplacophora**  is a class of molluscs. They have a cap-like shell and live on the bottom of the sea. 

They were well-known as a fossil group from the Cambrian to the Devonian. One species was dredged up from the Pacific Ocean off Mexico in 1952. It was found to be a Monoplacophoran, and given the genus of *Neopilina*.  This was one of the most remarkable modern discoveries of a 'living fossil', and a Lazarus taxon. 

More than that, they are the most extreme example of the *pull of the recent*, which is a term in palaeontology. All fossil groups have a first and last appearance in the fossil record but, for living species, their last appearance is the present day. This may be very much later than their last appearance as a fossil. The discovery of the living monoplacs extended their time range by 400 million years.

The anatomy of *Neopilina* shows "serially repeated structures" such as gills. Serial repetition of anatomical structures such as gills and muscles may have evolved once in the common ancestor of chitons and monoplacophorans. It suggests the ancient ancestor of molluscs had bilateral symmetry, and segments.

## Reference
Aris Thessaloniki F.C.

**Aris Thessaloniki F.C.** is a Greek football club based in Thessaloniki. Their colors are yellow and black, and the emblem is the ancient god of war, Ares. The club is the fifth most successful Greek club, as it has won three championships and one Greek cup. Aris won the first Greek championship in 1928.

## Other websites
*Official website of Aris
Zebra turkeyfish

The **Zebra Turkeyfish** (*Dendrochirus zebra*) is a very venomous fish. It lives in the Indian and Pacific seas. The fish has 13 venomous spines along its back, used to look after itself. The fish is slow and quiet but can be a danger. The fish rests in dark places such as under a rock or a piece of coral. They aren't affected by each other's venom. They are solitary fish that are not scared of anything, as they have no predators other than groupers.

## References
## Other websites 
* *Dendrochirus zebra*. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
*
Slender loris

The **slender loris** is a nocturnal hunter. It moves slowly through trees and grips branches tightly with its opposable thumbs and toes. When it attacks prey it goes closer and then snatches it with both hands. 

## Description 
The slender loris is about the size of a squirrel, and has small finger nails. It has two brown eyes, and has white fur on its chest.  displayed in a museum]]

## Habits
The slender loris usually spends its time on trees. They like to groom and wrestle with each other.

## Food
These animals eat insects, lizards, birds, but will also eat things like slugs, flowers, shoots, young leaves, and sometimes even eggs. They would also like termites and roaches for a tasty treat.

## History
Native people thought that the slender lorises had magical powers. It is not clear how many slender lorises survive in the wild.

## References
List of chess grandmasters

This is a list of chess grandmasters rated 2700+, plus other players of the highest status. There are at present over 1900 chess grandmasters, and the full list is on English wiki. Notice also the list in Di Felice, Gino 2017. *Chess International Titleholders, 1950–2016*. McFarland, ISBN 978-1-4766-7132-1.

*In alphabetical order of surnames, please, on each list:

## Chess grandmasters 
### Living 
*Maurice Ashley
*Michael Adams
*Toby Obirs
*Ben Finegold
*Eric Hansen
*Evgeny Alekseev
*Zoltan Almasi
*Viswanathan Anand 
*Ulf Andersson 
*Levon Aronian
*Etienne Bacrot
*Evgeny Bareev 
*Magnus Carlsen
*Fabiano Caruana
*Maia Chiburdanidze
*Pavel Eljanov
*Jaan Ehlvest
*Laurent Fressinek
*Nona Gaprindashvili
*Boris Gelfand 
*Alexander Grischuk
*Hou Yifan
*Robert Huebner 
*Vassily Ivanchuk
*Dmitry Jakovenko
*Baadur Jobova
*Gata Kamsky 
*Sergey Karjakin
*Anatoly Karpov 
*Rustam Kasimdzhanov
*Garry Kasparov
*Alexandra Kosteniuk
*Vladimir Kramnik 
*Pontus Carlsson 
*Peter Leko 
*Ding Liren
*Vladimir Malakhov
*Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
*Luke McShane
*Amon Simutowe
*Alexander Morozevich
*Alexander Motylev
*Sergei Movsesian
*Henrique Mecking 
*Hikaru Nakamura
*David Navara
*Ian Nepomniachtchi
*Illya Nyzhnyk
*Fridrik Olafsson 
*Judit Polgar 
*Susan Polgar 
*Ruslan Ponomariov
*Lajos Portisch 
*Teimour Radjabov
*Yasser Seirawan
*Alexei Shirov 
*Nigel Short 
*Sanan Sjugirov
*Wesley So
*Boris Spassky 
*Jonathan Speelman 
*Peter Svidler
*Jan Timman
*Evgeny Tomashevsky
*Veselin Topalov 
*Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
*Francisco Vallejo Pons
*Nikita Vitiugov
*Hao Wang
*Yue Wang
*Radoslaw Wojtaszek
*Jun Xie
*Ethan Evans Damani
*Vidit Gujhrati
*Akiko Sato
*Arnold Tadeus
*Andrew Hong

### Deceased 
*Paul Morphy 
*Harold Paul
*Adolf Anderssen 
*Johannes Zukertort 
*Pal Benko 
*Efim Bogolyubov
*Mikhail Botvinnik
*David Bronstein
*José Raúl Capablanca
*Max Euwe
*Bobby Fischer
*Vugar Gashimov
*Svetozar Gligoric 
*Paul Keres
*Viktor Korchnoi
*Bent Larsen 
*Tony Miles
*Aaron Nimzovich
*Lembit Oll
*Tigran Petrosian
*Samuel Reshevsky
*Akiba Rubinstein
*Vasily Smyslov
*Howard Staunton
*Mikhail Tal
*Carlos Torre Repetto

## Related pages
*List of World Chess Champions

## Other websites
* FIDE top players
*Chessgraphs.com - Rating history of world chess champions and grandmasters
Umkhonto we Sizwe

**Umkhonto we Sizwe** (), was a South African guerilla movement created in 1961 by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and other people from the African National Congress. It was created when the government started killing and hurting people who protested against apartheid. Mandela first wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government created laws to prevent that. Mandela then decided that if black people did not use violence, they would never regain their rights. They carried out many attacks, including bombings. The most deadly of these was the Church Street bombing in Pretoria.

Umkhonto we Sizwe stopped being active in 1990 before the end of apartheid, in 1991.

## References
Heikki Kovalainen

**Heikki Johannes Kovalainen** (born October 19, 1981 in Suomussalmi, Finland) is a Finnish Formula One racing driver who spent the 2008 and 2009 seasons with British-based team Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. In 2010, he joined the new Lotus team.

## Racing record 
### Career summary
 Season in progress.

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

## References
Romain Grosjean

**Romain Grosjean** (born April 17, 1986 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Formula One racing driver, who holds dual nationality from France and Switzerland, but competes under a French racing licence. He was the 2007 Formula Three Euroseries drivers' champion and the inaugural GP2 Asia Series champion. He driving 2022 IndyCars Series.

## References
Nick Heidfeld

**Nick Lars Heidfeld** (born May 10, 1977 in Mönchengladbach, West Germany) is a German racing driver In 2010 he was the test and reserve driver for the Mercedes GP Formula One team. In August, Mercedes released Heidfeld from his contract to allow him to do tyre testing. He will test the new Pirelli tyre that will be used in the  season. He previously raced in Formula One from  to . 

In September, Heidfeld was signed by Sauber to replace Pedro de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to .

In 2011, Renault selected Heidfeld to replace the injured Robert Kubica.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

## References 
## Other websites
Timo Glock

**Timo Glock** (born 18 March 1982 in Nurburg) is a German motor racing driver. At the  Canadian Grand Prix, Glock replaced Giorgio Pantano at Jordan. Glock joined the small group of drivers who have scored a World Championship point in their first Formula One race. As of , he driving is for Marussia F1. He has failed to score a point with the team since its creation in 2010

## Racing record
### Career summary
 Season in progress.
 As Glock was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points.

### Complete Formula Three Series results
(key) 

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points were awarded at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix as less than 75% of the race distance was completed.

### American Open-Wheel 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position)
#### Champ Car 
## Other websites 
* Timo Glock Official website
Kamui Kobayashi

**Kamui Kobayashi** (born 13 September 1986 in Amagasaki, Hyogo Japan) is a Japanese racing driver. He has competed in the GP2 Series, won the GP2 Asia Series, and drove in the FIA Formula One World Championship with the Toyota Formula One team in 2009. He is currently driving for Sauber.

Kobayashi was born in Amagasaki, near Kobe.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

## References
Jarno Trulli

**Jarno Trulli**  (born 13 July 1974 in Pescara, Abruzzo) is an Italian Formula One auto racing driver. He has been a regular in Formula One since 1997, driving for Minardi, Prost, Jordan, Renault and Toyota. He won the  Monaco Grand Prix for Renault, his only Grand Prix victory to date. He is known for being a qualification expert. After Toyota pulled out of the sport, following the 2009 season, he joined the new Lotus Racing team in 2010.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

### Pre-F1 career 
*1996: 1st German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel)
*1995: 4th in German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel), 1st in Italian Go-kart class 100 FA, 1st in World Go-kart class 125FC, Senna Memorial World Cup winner
*1994: Senna Memorial World Cup winner, 1st in North American class 100SA, 1st in European class 100SA
*1993: 2nd in World Go-kart Champion class 100 SA, 1st in Grand prix of Japan Class 100 FSA
*1992: 2nd in World Go-kart class 125 FC
*1991: 1st in World Go-kart class 100 FK
*1990: 1st in Grand Prix of Hong Kong Class 100 FA
*1988–1990: Three times 1st in Italian National 100 Class
*1983–1995: Karting
Mark Webber

**Mark Alan Webber** (born 27 August 1976 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales) is an Australian Formula One driver. At the  German Grand Prix, he became the first Australian to win a race since Alan Jones in .

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap; small number denotes finishing position)

 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed by the winner.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

## References
## Other websites