open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Church of England

The **Church of England** is the leading Christian church in England. It is the church established by law: its formal head is the English monarch (Charles III). It is the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Its headquarters are at Church House, Westminster, in London.

The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed:
***Catholic** because it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as in the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed and Athanasian Creed.
***Reformed** because it has been shaped by the doctrinal ideas of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, in particular by the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer.

There are other Protestant churches in England which are not part of the Anglican Communion.

## History 
The Church of England became independent under King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that it was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married).  He wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to break the Church away from the Roman Catholic Church. This established the independence of the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican (English) Church. Methodism broke away from the church in the 18th century. The Oxford Movement brought some Catholic beliefs and practices back into the church in the 19th century. 

Under his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant forms of worship were adopted. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer started more changes. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles.

## Related pages 
*Archbishop of Canterbury
*Thomas Cranmer
*Reformation
*House of Lords
*Supreme Governor of the Church of England

## Other websites 
*CofE website
Blackpool Tower

**Blackpool Tower** is a tall structure in Blackpool, a North England seaside town.

It was built in the style of the Eiffel Tower. Building started in 1891 and finished in 1894. It cost £45000 (around US$70000), is 518&nbsp;ft tall and weighs 2586 tons. It is mainly made from steel and cast iron.

It is one of the main tourist attractions in Blackpool. These include the tower itself, the Golden Mile, which is a row of arcades, the Irish Sea and beach, and Pleasure Beach Blackpool (a theme park).

The oldest part of the building is the old aquarium which was part of Dr Cockers' Menagarie and Aquarium since the 1870s. It was kept open to earn money while the tower building was built around it.

The tower was bought by Blackpool Council in 2010 and is now run by Merlin Entertainments for Blackpool Council.

Since Merlin Entertainments started running the tower, the building has been repaired and new attractions have been added. The aquarium was removed to make way for a new attraction.

Attractions at the tower include the Blackpool Dungeon, the Blackpool Tower Eye, the Blackpool Tower Circus, the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and Jungle Jim's.

## References
Tense (grammar)

**Tense** is the form of a verb that shows the time something happened, or is going to happen. There are three main tenses:

#Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or written.
#*Example: *She **goes** to school*. In this sentence, goes shows that it is a present tense. It suggests that she regularly goes to school.
#*Example: *She **is going** to school*. This says she is now going to school.
#Past tense: things that were true before the words were spoken or written. 
#*Example: *She **went** to school*. In this sentence, went shows that it is a past tense.
#Future tense: things that will be true after the words are spoken or written. 
#*Example: *She **will go** to school*. In this sentence, *will* shows that it is a future tense.

Tense can be shown by changing the spelling of a verb. For example, *be* can become *am*, *is*, and *are* in present tense, and *was* and *were* in past tense. In English, future tense is shown by adding *will* before the verb. For example, *be* becomes *will be* in future tense.

Some verb tenses are much more common than others in English.

*Note: These tenses can be subdivided further (see below)*.

## Aspect 
There are also different kinds of tense within each main tense.  
In addition to tense, verbs can also indicate the completion, progress, or duration of an action. This is done by adding "helping words" or "auxiliary words", such as *be* and *have*, before the verb. For example, "I give", "I have given", "I am giving", and "I have been giving" are all in present tense, but have different meanings*.* This is called **aspect**. 

Other languages have different ways of showing tense. For example, Latin usually shows tense by changing the verb, like English. However, Chinese and Indonesian show tense by adding new words, instead of changing the verb.

## References
Canadian dollar

.]]
The **Canadian dollar** is the national currency of Canada. It has been used since 1858. The Canadian dollar is also used in Saint Pierre and Miquelon along with the Euro.

## Other websites
*
Printer

A **printer** can be:

* A person or company who does printing
* computer printer, a computer peripheral that reproduces text and/or picture, usually on paper
* optical printer, a device to copy and/or modify images on motion picture film
Kookaburra

**Kookaburras** are birds of the genus ***Dacelo*** and are native to Australia and New Guinea. An adult kookaburra is generally 28–42 centimetres from the head to the tip of the tail.

## Taxonomy 
* Genus *Dacelo*
** Laughing Kookaburra (*Dacelo novaeguineae*) – Native to eastern mainland Australia, introduced to Tasmania, Flinders Island, Kangaroo Island and Western Australia. Some were also introduced to New Zealand between 1866 and 1880; but only those that were freed by Sir George Grey on Kawau Island are still there today.
** Blue-winged Kookaburra (*Dacelo leachii*) – Native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.
** Spangled Kookaburra (*Dacelo tyro*) – Found only on the Aru Islands and Trans Fly savanna and grasslands of southern New Guinea.
** Rufous-bellied Kookaburra (*Dacelo gaudichaud*) – Widely distributed through forests of lowland New Guinea and has also been seen on Saibai Island in Queensland.

## Life 
Kookaburras usually eat small animals: small mammals (like mice), insects, small birds, lizards and snakes. 

Kookaburras usually live in family groups. Young kookaburras help their parents to hunt and care for the smaller children.

Kookaburras are well known for their loud call, which sounds a bit like human laughter. Kookaburras use their calling to show others what is their land.
Poll tax

**Poll tax** is a system of taxing. It is also called **head tax**. It is based on the idea that everyone pays the same amount of tax. This is regardless of how much they earn. In the last few years of Margaret Thatcher's reign as British Prime minister, she received heavy opposition and mass riots were held when she tried to have poll tax used as the tax system.  Her tax was called Community Charge.  Council Tax took its place in 1993. An earlier poll tax in England caused the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. 

## References
Lancashire

**Lancashire** is a ceremonial county in the North West of England. Its two cities are Lancaster and Preston. Before 1974, Liverpool and Manchester were part of the administrative county of Lancashire.
## Rivalry
The county has developed a fierce rivalry with Yorkshire, the next county east. This comes from rivalry in sport, such as in cricket, and comes from the War of the Roses.
## Places
A big attraction in Lancashire is Blackpool, an English seaside resort, which has a theme park called Blackpool Pleasure Beach. It has the second largest rollercoaster in Europe ("The Big One") and Blackpool Tower, a tower which was made to look like the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Lancashire has market towns (like Chorley) and small villages (like Bretherton, Croston and Eccleston). It is just south of an area of outstanding natural beauty called the Lake District. Lancashire also has a lot of pleasant countryside such as White Coppice and the Rivington Moors.
## Food
A famous food from Lancashire is "Lancashire hotpot" which is made of meat, onion or other vegetables and potatoes. It is often found on many pub menus in the county and in other places in Britain. 
## People
The people of Lancashire are known for their friendly nature. Humour is also an important part of Lancashire life.
Copa Libertadores

**CONMEBOL Libertadores** or **Copa Libertadores** (**Libertadores Cup**) is a football competition between the best club teams in South America. The teams are qualified based on how well they did in the national tournament. The last year winner has assured participation. The tournament is run by Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).
## Schedule
Copa Libertadores is played annually. It usually happens between the months of February and November (South American summer and spring). Its winner is qualified for the annual FIFA Club World Cup.

Libertadores starts in January with the worst classified team of each country playing for to be a part of the "Main Draw". In February, the Main Draw begins. It is made up of 8 groups with 4 clubs in each group. Each team plays 6 games. They play three home games and three away games. The top 2 clubs in every group advance to the next round. A total of 16 clubs play in the playoffs.

The better qualified clubs in the Main Draw take advantage of playing the second game of each round of the playoffs at home. Libertadores goes on with clubs playing home and away, round after round till the Finals.
## Differences
Unlike European club competitions, the Copa Libertadores, in the past, did not use extra time or away goals to decide a tie. Starting with the 2005 event, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule, with the extra time used only in the final matches.
African Union

The **African Union** (**AU**) is an supranational organization consisting of fifty-five African member countries. Founded in Durban on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a replacement to the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the African Economic Community (AEC). 

The current Chairperson of the African Union is President of Angola João Lourenço since 2025.

## Mission
The AU, in the future, aims to have a Single Currency and a Single integrated Defense force, as well as other Institutions of State, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the organization is to help secure the continent's Democracy, Human rights, and a Sustainable Economy, especially by bringing an end to conflict between African Nations and creating an effective Common Market.

Example of relations with a country: FOCAC (or Forum on China–Africa Cooperation).

## Members
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### Observers 
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## Related pages
* African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
* European Union
* Pan-Africanism

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
The Freecycle Network

**The Freecycle Network** (**TFN**) is a global network of people who share and regive items. They organise their network through the Internet. Freecycle is a place for people to meet. There are just two things people can do there.

The first thing is this:  A person can ask other people for an item.  If someone has it, they can tell the person who wants it.

The second thing is this: A person can give away an item.  Sometimes many people want the item, and the donator has to choose just one person.

## Other websites 
*Official website
*Freecycle Group Finder
Longbow

A **longbow** is a type of bow. It was mainly used in the Middle Ages until the 1500s. It had many advantages over other weapons at the time: it was inexpensive to make, could easily be mass-produced, and was quite lethal. When shot from a longbow, metal-tipped arrows could pierce all but the strongest armour. 

Groups of longbowmen would shoot at the same time.  The arrows would come down like hail, which often scared the enemy. Archers (longbowmen) would usually have a second weapon, often a battle-axe, if the fighting came close to them.

## History 
The Welsh were the first people to use longbows. In AD 633 Offrid, son of Edwin, king of Northumbria, was killed by an arrow shot from a Welsh longbow. This happened during a battle between the Welsh and the Mercians — more than five centuries before any record of its use in England. Despite this, the weapon is more commonly known as the "English longbow" than the "Welsh longbow".

In the Middle Ages, the English and Welsh were famous for their very powerful Welsh longbows. They were used to great effect in the civil wars of the period and against the French in the Hundred Years' War (with notable success at the battles of Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415)).

The average length of arrow shafts recovered from the 1545 sinking of the Mary Rose is .

## Advantages 
The longbow had many advantages over other weapons of the time. It may not have been as strong as a crossbow, but it could shoot more arrows per minute. The longbow was made from a single piece of hard-wearing, flexible wood, often from a yew tree. Yew was cut during the winter when there was no sap. The flat side of the bow facing the target was flexible sapwood while the belly (facing the archer) was round and made of strong heartwood (from the center of a tree).

A longbow has practical advantages compared to a modern recurve or compound bow: it is usually lighter, quicker to prepare for shooting, and shoots more quietly. However, other things being equal, the modern bow will shoot a faster arrow more than the longbow.

## Effects on the human body
Bowmen had to practice for many years and gain a lot of strength before they could shoot a longbow well.  Longbows are very strong.  This made archers' bodies different from other people's bodies.  

Compared to other people's, the skeletons of medieval bowmen have thicker arm and shoulder bones that are a little bent.  These bones supported the large muscles that grew on the archers' arms and backs as they practiced with the bow.  

On some archers, the right shoulder was higher than the left shoulder.  This is because archers almost always shot on the same side.  They did not switch hands.

## References
Hooke's law

for small changes in length]]
, shown in his own work 'de Potentia Restitutiva']]

It is a law of mechanics and physics discovered by Robert Hooke. 

This theory of elasticity says the extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it. Many materials obey this law as long as the load does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Materials for which Hooke's law is useful are known as linear-elastic or "Hookean" materials.  

## The spring equation 
The length of a spring always changes by the same amount when it is pushed or pulled. The equation for this is:

: F=kx 
:where
::F is how much (push or pull) is on the spring 
::k is a constant, the stiffness of the spring. 
:: x is how far the spring was pushed or pulled 

When x = 0, the spring is at the equilibrium position. 
This equation only works on a **linear spring**. A linear spring is a spring that is only being pushed or pulled in one direction, such as left or right or up or down.

## Elastic potential energy 
Examples of everyday objects that have elastic potential energy are stretched or compressed elastic bands, springs, bungee cords, car shock absorbers, etc. 

Elastic potential energy is the energy saved in an object that is stretched, compressed (compression is pressing objects together), twisted or bent. For example, an arrow gets the elastic potential energy from the bow. When it leaves the bow, the potential energy turns into kinetic energy. 
The equation of the elastic potential energy is:

:U=\frac{1}{2}kx^2
:Which means:
::U is the elastic potential energy.
::k is the **spring constant**. 
:: x is the distance pushed or pulled.
CAF Champions League

The **CAF Champions League** (French: **CAF Ligue des Champions**) is the most important African club football competition. You can compare it to the European Champions League. From 1964 to 1996 it ran as the **African Cup of Champions Clubs**. It  is organized by the Confédération Africaine de Football. The season begins with the first round in January and usually ends with the final at the end of October or beginning of November each year.

While the predecessor competition, the African Cup of Champions Clubs, was played in a pure knockout system, a group phase was also introduced with the introduction of the Champions League.
## Current mode 
Two rounds are be played in a knockout system with a return leg. The participants in the quarter-finals will then be determined in a group phase with four groups of four teams each in the home and away games. The first and second placed teams in each group qualify for the new knockout phase, which is played in two legs up to the final.

The winner of this competition qualifies for the African Super Cup, the FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.

## Finals 
**African Cup of Champions Clubs** 

**CAF Champions League** 

### Clubs 
### Countries 
## Other websites
The Hague

**The Hague** (with capital T; Dutch: also called ''''s-Gravenhage**, commonly **Den Haag''') is the third-largest municipality in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It has a population of about 546,000 (2020) and an area of around 98&nbsp;km². It is in the west of the country, in the province South Holland. It is the capital of the province. About 1 million people live in the urban area of The Hague, on about 405 square kilometers.

The Hague is the location of the Binnenhof, the building where the national government of the Netherlands meets. Built in the 13th century, the Binnenhof is the home of the "Eerste Kamer" (literally "First Chamber") or "Senaat", and the "Tweede Kamer" (literally "Second Chamber"). These are the same as the upper and lower houses in some other countries. They form the "Staten Generaal" (literally the "Estates-General").

Willem-Alexander, the king of the Netherlands, lives and works in The Hague. His home is called the Noordeinde Palace and it is not far away from the Binnenhof. All foreign embassies and government ministries of the country are in the city, as well as the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (The Supreme Court) and many lobbying organisations.

All of this is unusual for a country, because The Hague is not the capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam. This is made so by the Constitution of the Netherlands.

Besides the buildings used by the government, the International Court of Justice of the United Nations is based in the Peace Palace, which is also in The Hague and often referred to as "The Hague" by metonymy. A tourist attraction is Madurodam, which has lots of tiny buildings that look like the real things.

The Hague is part of a large conurbation called the Randstad, where most Dutch people live. It is only an hour away from Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by train (most of which are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen) and with its two train stations, is easy to get to from many places in the Netherlands and all around Europe.

## Partner cities 
* Warsaw, Poland

## Things to see

International Court of Justice HQ 2006.jpg
Noordeinde Palace.jpg
Exterieur OVERZICHT INGANG - 's-Gravenhage - 20285549 - RCE.jpg
Overzicht voorgevel - 's-Gravenhage - 20358401 - RCE.jpg
2010-05-22-den-haag-by-RalfR-43.jpg
Steigenberger Kurhaus Hotel.JPG
2010-05-22-den-haag-by-RalfR-48.jpg
Binnenhof Panorama in Den Haag.jpg

## Related pages
*Residentie Orchestra

## References
Railfan

.]]

A **railfan** is a person who likes railways and trains. Railfans like to take pictures of trains.  They also like to watch trains.  Some railfans make models of railways.  These are called model railways.  

Some railfans like to study the history of railways.  Some railfans collect things having to do with trains.  Railfans may carry a radio scanner when they are watching trains, so they can listen to the railway workers talk. Some railfans work for a railway, or have family members who worked for a railway. Most railfans like to ride trains.

There are many magazines for people who like trains.  Railfans enjoy reading books and magazines about trains.
Time (magazine)

***Time*** is an American news magazine. It was founded in 1923. It is printed every week in the United States. It is published by Time Inc. It has articles on politics and current events. It is read by more people than any other news magazine.

There is also a magazine called *Time For Kids*, aimed at children. That magazine is eight pages long and contains more images and shorter articles than the regular *Time* magazine.
Cable television

**Cable television** is a way of letting people watch television without having to get signals from an antenna. The television signals are brought to the television through a coaxial cable or optical fiber, people usually have to pay for a subscription to get cable television. With cable television, people can watch many television channels carrying many television programs. Usually some of these are television stations and others are cable channels, made for the cable companies.

Cable TV is provided by many carriers, usually a place is served by only one or two cable companies. Some of those carriers in the United States are AT&T U-Verse, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Charter Communications and Verizon. Another method of subscription television is by Satellite television, especially in places where cable TV is not available.

## Related pages
* Satellite television
* History TV
* HBO
Jerk

**Jerk** is the change in the acceleration of an . Mathematically, jerk is the derivative, or the rate of change of acceleration by time. Jerk is also called **jolt** (in British English), **surge**, or **lurch**. Jerk is a vector and there is no word for its scalar value. 

The jerk is measured in metres per second cubed (m/s^3).

Yank can be thought as a force in terms of jerk. Force is mass times acceleration. Similarly, Yank is mass times jerk. It is also the derivative of the force. However, when an object is moving near the speed of light, a force is often written as the derivative of momentum. In this case, Yank is the rate of change of the derivative of momentum.

## Its use 
Jerk is used in engineering, particularly in making roller coasters. Weak objects such as people can be damaged by high acceleration or high jerk.
Also, jerk must be thought in the process of making any product. Sudden change in acceleration means very large jerk. Extent of exposure to jerk is often a good predictor of the rate of deterioration of tools while in normal use; it corresponds better to the appearance of metal fatigue among other modes of failure.
Slashdot

**Slashdot** (sometimes abbreviated as /.) is a website where people can read news.  Most people who go to Slashdot like computers.  Other people go, too.

On the Slashdot website, people can comment on the news. Often this leads to interesting discussions with many points of view.

Slashdot has been a website for ten years.  It has lots of things to talk about.  Some of the things are: computers, the Internet, video games, and politics.

Many people like Slashdot because you can share ideas.  People who like computers and the Internet can read the ideas to learn.

Anyone can go to Slashdot and read it and do not need to give money.  People from every country go.  It has many ideas which are never the same.

## Other websites 
*http://slashdot.org/(http://slashdot.org/)
Inbreeding

**Inbreeding** is a term in genetics, meaning the crossing (mating) of closely related animals or plants.  Self-fertilisation in plants is the most extreme kind of inbreeding.  It is quite widespread in plants which carry both male and female flowers on the same plant. Inbreeding is the opposite of outcrossing, which is the mating of unrelated members of the same species. The combination of inbreeding and outcrossing is a standard method of artificial selection.

Other terms are **inbred strain**, a group of organisms so inbred that they have little or no genetic variation, and **inbreeding depression**, which is the decreased fitness (usually lack of fertility and early illness and death) brought about by inbreeding.

Inbred strains, for example of mice or drosophila, are often used in biology as model organisms when genetic uniformity makes them useful in investigation of such things as drugs and cancer.

For human beings, inbreeding is destructive, and almost all cultures have an incest taboo. For example, many prohibit marriage between first cousins, and most prohibit it for closer family members.

## Loss of genetic variation 
Loss of genetic variation means that many gene loci that were heterozygous are now homozygous. The result of both genes at a locus being mutant can be serious. 

The most intense form of inbreeding is the self-fertilisation in an hermaphrodite, in which the proportion of heterozygotes is halved in each generation.p139 Aa x Aa (100%) gives 1 AA: 2 Aa; 1 aa (50%), and so on. A similar effect takes twice as long with brother-sister mating, and longer still with mating in very small isolated groups. The latter situation is famous because Sewall Wright did his calculations for just such groups, and he called the process genetic drift. Genetic drift and inbreeding are closely related concepts.

The degree of inbreeding can be measured in various ways. A simple test for mammals is the exchange of skin grafts. If the grafts are not rejected, the animals must be nearly identical genetically. Skin grafts can be successfully exchanged between rats in standard laboratory strains, and between cheetahs caught in the wild.

## Discussion 
Why is it that inbreeding brings about a loss of viability? There are two answers, and both seem to be true. The first is that a group with little genetic variation is vulnerable to environmental challenges: infections, sudden climate events, predators. Small groups are vulnerable to chance events in any case, but with no heritable variability they are even more vulnerable.

The second explanation is genetic. Some of the homozygous genes will be *deleterious recessives* which would normally be shielded by a dominant allele. Also, there are some loci where the heterozygote is inherently fitter than either homozygote. If so, inbreeding will automatically cause a loss of vigour.p103

Many plant species do self-pollination in the wild, but the great majority have occasional outcrossing. This provides them with sufficient variety for their survival.

## References
Cambridge

**Cambridge** is a city in England. It is  north of London. The city is famous for its university, the University of Cambridge, which is thought to be one of the best universities in the world. The university has a hospital (Addenbrooke's Hospital), laboratory (Cavendish Laboratory), chapel (King's College Chapel) and library (Cambridge University Library). There is also a Central Library in Cambridge, on the first floor of the Grand Arcade, St Andrew's Street.

There are 108,863 people living in Cambridge, of which 22,153 are students. There are lots of smaller towns and villages around Cambridge.

The city has lots of parks and is next to the river Cam - the city's name "Cambridge" means "bridge over the Cam."

## References
## Other websites 
*
Electric current

An **electric current** is a flow of electric charge through a conductor.  The equation of current is:

:I = \frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta t}
::where
::I is the current flowing
::\Delta Q is the change in electric charge
::\Delta t is the change in time

The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A). This is equal to one coulomb of charge in one second. Electric current can be found in wires, batteries, and lightning.

## The source of current 
In conducting materials, some electrons are very loosely bound to the atoms of the material.  When large amounts of these atoms come together, there is a sort of electron cloud that "hovers" near the atoms of the material.  If you examine a cross-section of the piece of conducting material, the electrons will move very quickly through it.  This motion is caused by temperature, and electrons flowing in one direction tend to equal the electrons flowing from the other direction, so this is not what causes current to flow.  Electrons flow from one atom to another, a process has been compared to the passing of water buckets from one person to another in a bucket brigade.

When an electric field is put on the wire, the electrons respond almost instantly by drifting slightly in the opposite direction of the field.  They gain energy from the field, which is lost very quickly when they bump into other electrons in the material.  As long as the field is in place, however, the electrons will gain back that energy that they lost, and the process will continue.  This "jolt" that electrons receive from the electric field is the source of current, not the overall flow of electrons themselves.  From this discussion, we can see two things that current is *not*:

*It is not an actual "flow" of electrons in the everyday sense of the word:  If we examine the speed given to the electrons by the field, it is usually very small, on the order of millimeters per second.  It would take half an hour for electrons to cross a 10-foot (3 m) room at this rate.  Since a light bulb flips on almost immediately after hitting the switch, something else must be at work.
*It is also not a "domino effect", although this analogy is closer than the flow.  Since electrons are so tiny, even when they are moving very quickly they are not being propelled by great force.

## Current in circuits 
When current is flowing in a wire circuit, it accelerates when there is no resistance in the circuit. Resistors are used to increase resistance in the circuit so it slows down the current. The relationship between resistance, current, and voltage (another part of the circuit) is shown by Ohm's law.

## References
Snooker

**Snooker** is a cue sport played by two players. It is popular in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and parts of Asia. 

It is played on a large (12 by 6 feet) table that is covered with a smooth green cloth called baize and has holes (called pockets) in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions.
 
The players use long thin sticks called cues to strike a white ball (the cue ball). The cue ball must always be hit first when attempting a shot at the target ball. 

There are 22 coloured balls. One white ball, and 21 other balls to try to put in the pockets. There are 15 red balls (worth 1 point each) and a yellow (2 points), green (3 points), brown (4 points), blue (5 points), pink (6 points) and black ball (7 points).

Each target ball must be aimed or 'potted' into one of the pockets in order. A red ball first, and then any other colour then a red ball again. This happens until only the coloured balls are left. The colours then have to be potted in the following order: yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black.

The player who scores more points wins the game or 'frame'. A match consists of an agreed number of frames.

Big events in snooker are the World Snooker Championship, UK Championship and the Masters. Professional players play on the World Snooker Tour.

The best-known snooker players are the seven-time world champion Ronnie O'Sullivan, seven-time world champion Stephen Hendry. Other former world champions are for example Joe Davis (fifteen wins), his brother Fred Davis, John Pulman (each eight wins) and six-time world champions Ray Reardon and Steve Davis.

## References
Simple Plan

**Simple Plan** is a rock band from Montréal, Canada that was founded in 1999.

## Members 
* Pierre Charles Bouvier, Vocals & Acoustic Guitar (born May 9, 1979 in Montréal)
* David Phillippe Desrosiers, Bass & Background Vocals (born August 29, 1980 in Sept-Îles, Canada)
* Charles André "Chuck" Comeau, Drums (born September 17, 1979 in Montréal)
* Sébestien Lefebvre, Rhythm Guitar and Background Vocals (born June 5, 1981 in Montréal)
* Jean-François "Jeff" Stinco, Lead guitar (born August 22, 1978 in Montréal)

When they were 13, schoolmates Pierre Bouvier and Chuck Comeau founded the band *Reset*. They published their first album in 1997. Soon after that, Comeau left the band because school was more important to him. He came back in 1999 and founded *Simple Plan* with Sebastien Lefebvre and Jeff Stinco. Bouvier met up with Comeau at a Sugar Ray concert, and Comeau offered Bouvier to join his band. David Desrosiers, who had replaced Bouvier in Reset, joined the band in 2000. In 2002, they published the album *No Pads, No Helmets,... Just Balls*. They worked together with Joel Madden (Good Charlotte) and Mark Hoppus (Blink-182). One year later, the album *Still Not Getting Any...* was published.

### Singles
* '* *No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls*.*'
** "I'm Just a Kid" (2001)
** "I'd Do Anything" (2002) #51 US
** "Addicted" (2003) #45 US, #63 UK, #10 AUS (2004 release)
** "Perfect" (2004) #24 US, #6 AUS (2004 release)

* '* *Still Not Getting Any...*.**
** "Welcome To My Life" (2004) #40 US, #7 AUS, **#1 CAN**, **#1 SPAIN**, #12 FR
** "Shut Up!" (2004) #99 US, #14 AUS, #12 CAN, #14 SP
** "Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me)" (2005) #49 US, #9 AUS,#3 CAN, **#1 SPAIN**
** "Crazy" (2005) #32 AUS, #4 CAN
** "Perfect World" (2006) (Single only in iTunes, but not launched in CD single)

* ***Simple Plan**'
** "When I'm Gone" (2007) 
** "Your Love is a Lie" (2008)
** "Save You (2008)

### Albums 
* *No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls* (2002)
* *Live in Japan 2002* (2003)
* *Live in Anaheim* (2004) (Limited Edition)
* *Still Not Getting Any...* (2004)
* *MTV Hard Rock Live* (2005)
* *Simple Plan* (2008)
* *Get Your Heart On!* (2011)
* Taking One For The Team (2016)
* Harder Than It Looks (2022)

### DVDs 
* A Big Package for You (2003)
* MTV Hard Rock Live (2005)

## Other websites
* Official website
Serj Tankian

**Serj Tankian** (born on August 21, 1967 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an Armenian-American musician who lives in Auckland, New Zealand. He was the lead vocalist of System of a Down. He is now a solo artist and has released five solo albums.

## Early life
Tankian was born in Beirut, Lebanon. Tankian moved with his parents to Los Angeles, California when he was five years old.

## Studio Albums
;Solo
* *Elect the Dead* (2007)
* *Imperfect Harmonies* (2010)
* *Harakiri* (2012)
* *Orca* (2013)
* *Jazz-Iz-Christ* (2013)

;Soundtracks
**Fuktronic* (with Jimmy Urine) (TBA)
**Prometheus Bound* (TBA)

;With System of a Down
**System of a Down* (1998)
**Toxicity* (2001)
**Steal This Album!* (2002)
**Mezmerize* (2005)
**Hypnotize* (2005)

;With Arto Tunçboyacıyan
**Serart* (2003)

;EPs
**Lie Lie Live* (2008)
**Imperfect Remixes* (2011)
**Elasticity (EP)* (2021)
*''Perplex Cities (2022)

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Axl Rose

**Axl Rose** (born February 6, 1962) is an American hard rock singer and songwriter. He was born **William Bruce Bailey** in Lafayette, Indiana, and grew up under the name William 'Bill' Bailey. He is best known as the lead singer for the rock band Guns N' Roses.

## Personal life
Rose started dating Erin Everly in early 1986. He wrote "Sweet Child o' Mine" for her and she was in the song's video.

He married Everly on April 28, 1990 in Las Vegas. Everly later said that Rose came to her house the day before their wedding with a gun and told her he would kill himself if she didn't marry him.

In 2012, it was rumoured that he was dating Lana Del Rey.

## References
## Other websites 
* GunsNRoses.Com - Official website of Guns N' Roses
*
Gravitational energy

**Gravitational energy** is the potential energy held by an object because of its high position compared to a lower position. In other words, it is energy associated with gravity or gravitational force. For example, a pen being held above a table has a higher **gravitational potential** than a pen sitting on the table. Gravitational potential energy is mechanical energy minus kinetic energy. It has a scalar quantity measured in Joules (J). 

An object gets gravitational potential energy when it moves uphill. The energy used up when moving up the hill is changed into gravitational potential energy. When the object comes back down again, the gravitational potential energy is turned back into kinetic energy (movement). That is why riding a bike up a steep hill is very hard, but when you are coming back down, you will not need to pedal at all - you are being powered by the gravitational potential energy that you stored when you rode up the hill. Another way gravitational potential energy helps us is by keeping earth and the other planets in orbit in our solar system around the Sun.

## Formula and example 
The mathematical formula for the gravitational potential energy:

Gravitational potential energy = m\cdot g \cdot h 

Where:
* *m* is the *mass of the object* , 
* *g* is the gravitational acceleration of the object , and
* *h* is the *height above a chosen point*.

Most scientists and students use these measurement unit:

*The value *m* is in kilograms.
*The value *h* is in metres.
*The value *g* is a physical constant with the value of 9.81 metres per second squared. This is known as the gravitational constant.
*The value of the gravitational potential energy that is calculated using values in the above units is called the Joule (J).

For example, an object with a mass of 1.5 kilograms that is 2.5 metres above the ground would have a gravitational potential energy value of:

1.5 kg \cdot 9.81 m/s^2 \cdot 2.5 m = 38.8 joules.
Nicotine

is usually grown, because of its high content of Nicotine]]
 

Since 2022 legislation against e-cigarettes  is on the rise as more studies are released. A large contributor to this was the World Health Organization's concerns raised about how secondhand smoke affects children in the home. Highlighting the potential risks of exposure to nicotine, which is known to cause issues in brain development and lead to anxiety disorders, among other health problems.

While e-cigarettes have been marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, there is still much debate about the potential risks and benefits of these products. As nicotine percentages are higher on average in many forms of e-cigarettes compared to traditional tobacco products.

## References
Addiction

**Addiction** is when the body or mind badly wants or needs something in order to work right. When you have an addiction to something it is called being *addicted* or being an *addict*. People can be addicted to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol,  caffeine, and many other things. 

When somebody is addicted to something, they can become sick if they do not get the thing they are addicted to. But taking more of the thing they are addicted to can also hurt their health. Some people who are addicts need to go to a doctor or hospital to cure the addiction, so they no longer crave (want or need) the drug.

Addiction takes place when the addictive element enters the body.  The blood stream moves the element around the body so that it gets to the brain, and makes the person feel that they are enjoying it; then they want more of that substance. This takes place remarkably fast for some addictions such as hashish and cocaine; but all of them control the consumer. Once under this control, the consumer does not have complete free will, and listens to the addiction's bidding.

People can also be addicted to other things which are not drugs. You may hear people talk about being "addicted to the Internet" or "addicted to chocolate" or gambling. This means that they get into a habit of enjoying that thing, so if they have to go without it for a while, they miss it a lot. 

Addiction is similar to a major disease like chronic heart disease or perhaps diabetes, but addictions are not taken as seriously as these major diseases. Most people believe addiction to be a lifestyle choice, which it is but it is also part of a person's genetics. While some people can do things and control themselves others cannot due to their genetic makeup. There are ways of helping the addict but this takes the admission of a problem and then proper testing to reveal what kind of treatment is needed.

The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual's life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in compulsive behaviors and often continue despite harmful consequences. Prevention efforts and treatment approaches for addiction are generally as successful as those for other chronic diseases.

## Related pages 
* Substance abuse
* Drug addiction
* Gambling addiction
* Alcoholism 

## References
## Other websites 
* American Society of Addiction Medicine
* Addiction Citizendium
Secession

**Secession** (independence) usually means when part of one country declares its independence and breaks away or leaves that country to start a new country.

Constitutions of countries may include  that either legally  or allow secession of part of the country. 

Examples of giving more devolved powers to prevent their secession include Quebec, Scotland and Flanders.

## References
New England

**New England** is a region in the Northeastern United States consisting of six states: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The name was coined in 1616 by the English explorer John Smith. 

Image:Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford.jpg|Connecticut
Image:L.L. Bean Hunting and Fishing Store, Freeport ME.jpg|Maine
Image:Worcester Memorial Auditorium, MA.jpg|Massachusetts
Image:Pumpkin_Fest,_Main_Street,_Keene_NH.jpg|New Hampshire
Image:Rosedale_Apartments,_Cranston_RI.jpg|Rhode Island
Image:Main Street, Montpelier VT.jpg|Vermont
Shining Rock Wilderness

The **Shining Rock Wilderness** is a protected area in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its first  have been part of the National Wilderness Preservation System since the System was created in 1964. It now includes , and is managed by the United States Forest Service.

Within the wilderness, the Art Loeb trail can be followed to the top of Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain is the  of a historical fiction novel set in the time of the American Civil War. A movie based on the book is also named *Cold Mountain*.

## Other webstites
*Shining Rock Wilderness at recreation.gov
*Shining Rock Wilderness at wilderness.net
Dead Calm

***Dead Calm*** is an American novel that was written in 1963. A 1989 Australian movie was made from it. The movie stars Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, and Billy Zane.

## What happened 
In it, a honeymoon couple rescue a young man from a sinking boat who claims to have lost his companions to food poisoning, but the real story is much less innocent.

In this movie, Kidman and Neill plays good guys and Zane plays a bad guy.  This movie was Kidman's first well-known movie, and it helped make her famous. In this movie, Zane's character rapes Kidman's character.

## Other websites 
*
Event Horizon

***Event Horizon*** is a 1997 Anglo-American science fiction horror movie.
It was directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. It stars Laurence Fishburne, Sam Neill, Kathleen Quinlan and Joely Richardson.

## Synopsis 
This movie is set in 2047. A spaceship is stuck near Neptune. Sam Neill's character (Dr. William Weir) is very sad because his wife has died. When they go to the space ship, they find that everyone has killed themselves. It all looks very scary. Then they find out that the ship has been to another dimension. It is like hell and everyone sees their worst nightmares.

Sam Neill sees his wife in his dream. She tells him to pull his eyes out. Neill then walks around without any eyes and starts to kill people. They send him out to space, but he does not die. People get very scared. Even after they kill Neill, they still see him.

## Other websites 
*
Michael Hayden

**Michael Hayden** (born March 17, 1945) is an American politician, writer and military personnel. He was the head of the CIA from 2006 to 2009.  On 24 May 2006, he was voted as the new head of the CIA by the United States Senate.  He was the director of the NSA from 1999 to 2005.  The NSA and CIA are both spy agencies.  He has worked as a spy since 1970.

On November 23, 2018, Hayden was hospitalized after suffering a stroke.

## References
## Other websites 
*Michael Hayden biography from the NSA
Lutherstadt Wittenberg

**Wittenberg** ( , ; Low Saxon: *Wittenbarg*; meaning *White Mountain*; officially **Lutherstadt Wittenberg** (traditional English: *Luther City Wittenberg*, Low Saxon: *Lutherstadt Wittenbarg*)) is a town in Germany. It lies in the eastern part of Saxony-Anhalt. Wittenberg became one of the most important German towns of political, cultural, historical, and artistic advances in the 16th century. The famous reformation places in the old town, and the buildings developed in different epochs, make up the architecture of the town.
Many people travel to Wittenberg because of its past, and its connection to Martin Luther who worked there.

Wittenberg has about 46,000 inhabitants. Its geographical coordinates are 51° 52’ N, 12° 39’ E.

## Notes 
## References
Cyberstalking

**Cyberstalking** is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group or organization. It may include false accusations, defamation, slander and libel. It may also include monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, doxing or blackmail.

## Stalking 
Stalking is following someone around in a way that makes them feel hunted or not safe in some other way. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life or because they want to have power over that person's life. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

## Cyberstalking 
Cyberstalking is when the stalker uses the Internet to contact or follow that person. The stalker may make direct contact with that person, they may send nasty messages to that person or spread lies about them to others. Sometimes stalkers use the Internet to learn more about the other person. They might find their address, phone number, workplace or photograph. Then they might use this information to do more stalking or find other ways to hurt that person on the Internet or hurt their body.

The person who is stalked on the Internet may feel they have more power if they can simply delete emails or turn their computer connection off. Or they may feel they have less power if they do not know who the stalker is.

## References
Current

**Current** could mean:

*Electric current
*Current (fluid)
**Ocean current
**Air current
*Current (mathematics)
*Present (time), e.g. *current events*