open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Atomic force microscope

**Atomic force microscopes** (AFMs) are a type of microscope. AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. In fact, the AFM may be used to look at individual atoms. It is commonly used in nanotechnology.

The AFM can do some things that the SEM cannot do. The AFM can provide higher resolution than the SEM. Further, the AFM does not need to operate in a vacuum. In fact, the AFM can operate in ambient air or water, so it can be used to see surfaces of biological samples like living cells.

The AFM works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam. The tip of the needle runs over the ridges and valleys in the material being imaged, "feeling" the surface. As the tip moves up and down due to the surface, the cantilever deflects. In one basic configuration, a laser shines on the cantilever at an oblique angle, and allows for the direct measurement of the deflection in the cantilever by simply changing the angle of incidence for the laser beam. In this way, an image may be created revealing the configuration of the molecules being imaged by the machine.

There are many different operating modes for an AFM. One is the "contact mode", where the tip is simply moved across the surface and the cantilever deflections are measured. Another mode is called "tapping mode", because the tip is tapped against the surface as it travels along. By controlling how hard the tip is tapped, the AFM can move away from the surface when the needle feels a ridge, so that it will not hit against the surface when it moves across. This mode is also useful for biological samples, because it is less likely to damage a soft surface.
These are the basic modes most commonly used. However there are different names and methods such as "intermittent contact mode", "non-contact mode", "dynamic" and "static" modes and more, but these are often variations on the above described tapping and contact modes.

## Related pages
* Microscope
* Electron microscope

## References
Anne Robinson

**Anne Josephine Robinson** (born 26 September 1944) is an English television presenter and game show host. She was born in Crosby, Lancashire. She is best known for presenting BBC quiz show, *The Weakest Link* from 2000–2012 which earned her the nickname "Queen of Mean". In the United States, she presented *Weakest Link* for three series on NBC. She is one of the presenters on the long-running British consumer affairs series, *Watchdog* from 1993–2001 and again from 2009–2015, on 28th June 2021, she became the new host of the long-running game show *Countdown*. However, she was unpopular with viewers and left the series on 13th July 2022, she was replaced by Colin Murray.  

## Personal life
In 2001, Robinson was diagnosed with skin cancer, for which she had surgery.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Omarosa Manigault Newman

**Omarosa Manigault Newman** (; born February 5, 1974) known mononymously as **Omarosa** is a reality television personality and writer. She was a contestant on Donald Trump's television reality show *The Apprentice*. 

Omarosa was born in Youngstown, Ohio where she attended Rayen High School. She has gone on to appear on various talk shows and other reality shows, where her strong personality has often been the source of controversy. Her partner was late actor Michael Clarke Duncan.

## *The Apprentice* 
Omarosa became famous for appearing on the first season of *The Apprentice*, a reality show where contestants fought for a job working for Donald Trump. Omarosa's appearance on Trump's *The Apprentice* ended on Week Nine, when she was "". 

She returned to the show a few years later as a contestant on *The Celebrity Apprentice*. She was eliminated once again, this time in Week 10. Omarosa returned a third time for the All-Stars season. She was fired in Week 5.

## Donald Trump cabinet 
In 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump selected Omarosa to be Director of Communications for the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs. She resigned on January 20, 2018, a year after taking the position.
## Post-White House Controversy
In August 2018 while on a book tour, she released controversial recordings of her time in the White House, including conversations with the president and white house chief of staff John Kerry. She also told MNSBC she had heard Trump use the N-word during the Apprentice.

## Notable television appearances 
* *The Apprentice* (2004)
* *The Surreal Life* (2005)
* *Celebrity Apprentice* (2008)
* *All-Stars Apprentice* (2013)
* *Celebrity Big Brother USA* (2018)
* *Big Brother VIP Australia* (2021)

## References
Sizzler

]]

**Sizzler** is a chain of steakhouse restaurants in the United States and other countries around the world.
Scooch

**Scooch** are a British bubblegum dance group. The members of Scooch are Natalie Powers, Caroline Barnes, David Ducasse, and Russ Spencer. They formed in 1998.

Scooch represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland, with their song "Flying the Flag (for You)".

The song reached #5 in the UK Top 40 Singles Chart on 13 May 2007. People had already had the chance to download the song 2 months before. If however the download and CD were released at the same time it is considered that they would have been #1 in the UK for 2 weeks in a row.

## Performance in the ESC final
Scooch performed in 19th place on the final night and after the votes were confirmed, came 22nd out of 24 entries. The quartet received 7 points from Ireland and the maximum 12 points from Malta. This was the first time since 2002 that a UK Eurovision entrant had received the maximum 12 points in the competition from any country.

## Other websites 
*Facebook
Breakfast at Tiffany's

'''''Breakfast at Tiffany's''''' is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. The movie won two Academy Awards. It was  for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.

## Summary of the story 
''Breakfast at Tiffany's'' is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred. She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen. Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life. She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother.                
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building. Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits. They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic. The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship. 
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers. The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.

### Explanation of the title 
Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming. She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings. Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co., so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Breakfast at Tiffany's  at the TCM Movie Database
* Tiffany & Co., the jewelry story where the movie gets its name

### Sources
Juan Ignacio Molina

**Juan Ignacio Molina**. Born June 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as **Abate Molina** (form of Abbott Molina). He wrote *Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno del Cile* (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish. The journal *Moliniana* is dedicated in his honour.

## Related pages
*List of biologists

## Source 
*Charles E. Ronan: Juan Ignacio Molina. The World's Window on Chile.
Edward Teach

**Edward Teach** (1680 – 22 November 1718) was a pirate, often called **Blackbeard**. (It is not clear what his real name actually was; some historians think that his last name may really have been Thatch.)  He attacked ships in the Caribbean and the American colonies. His flagship ship was the captured French slave ship *La Concorde* which Blackbeard renamed ''Queen Anne's Revenge''. About 1718 it ran  near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina and was ed. 

Teach was said to have been shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated. Legends about his death immediately sprang up. His headless body, was thrown overboard, but swam three times around the ship before sinking. Teach's head was placed as a trophy on the bowsprit of the ship.  Captain Maynard had to keep the head to claim his prize when he returned home. Later, Teach's head hung from a pike in Bath, Somerset.

## References
Rock art

and disciples in Feilai Feng (The peak that flew from afar) Caves (Hangzhou, China).]]
an culture]]

**Rock art** is a term in archaeology for any markings that were made on natural stone by human beings. They can be divided into:

*Petroglyphs – carvings into stone surfaces
*Pictographs – rock and cave paintings

In addition, there is rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones.  The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.

## Location
One can find petroglyphs and pictographs on the walls of a cave or on rock in open air.

## Similar terms 
Rock art has also been described as rock records, rock sculptures, rock inscriptions, rock carvings, rock paintings, rock engravings, rock drawings, or rock pictures.

## Gallery 

Image:Buddhas at ili.jpg|Buddhist stone carvings at Ili River, Kazakhstan
Image:Bhimbetka.JPG|Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka rock painting, World Heritage Site
File:Sweden-Brastad-Petroglyph Skomakaren-Aug 2003.jpg|"The Shoemaker", Brastad, Sweden

## Related pages 
*Cave painting
*Upper Palaeolithic

## References 
## Further reading 
*Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, *Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorao Plateau Rock Art*, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, CA,  (cloth). For the "general public", this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.
*Rohn, Arthur H. and Freguson, William M, 2006, *Puebloan ruins of the Southwest*, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM,  (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.
*Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, *Indian Rock Art of the Southwest*, School of American Research, Sana Fe, University of New Mexico press, Albuquerque, NM, . Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "Figures", 11 Maps, and 2 Tables.

## Other websites 
* Ekaterina, Devlet. 2001. Rock Art and the material culture of Siberian and central Asian shamanism. In *The Archaeology of Shamanism*. 43-54. 01/04/2007. 
* Rock Art studies  - A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 10,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.
* The website of Rock Art Foundation - Native American Rock Art 
* Trust for African Rock Art 
* British Rock Art Collection 
* ARARA American Rock Art Research Association.
* Rupestre.net A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
* EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
* Art and Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago 
* Bradshaw Foundation Supports dissemination of information on rock art, migration, and the study of artistic man around the world.
*Rock Art in South Africa http://rockart.wits.ac.za/origins/ 
* UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Diazepam

**Diazepam** (brand names: **Valium**, **Dialar**, **Diazemuls**, **Diazepam Desitin**, **Diazepam RecTubes**, **Stesolid** and **Tensium**) is a benzodiazepine. It acts to reduce anxiety (as an anxiolytic medication). 

It is made mostly to treat anxiety, certain forms of epilepsy, It has been one of the most prescribed medications in the world since 1963   

## Prescribing 
It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It was the best-selling medication between 1968 and 1982 in America.  

## Use 
It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect. Diazepam has caused huge problems in Scotland in the past.  

## Related pages 
* Hydrocodone
* Benzodiazepine

## References
Fluoxetine

**Fluoxetine hydrochloride**, also known by its trade name **Prozac**, is an antidepressant medication. It is used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder, bulimia and other disorders. Fluoxetine is one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions. Fluoxetine remains very popular still. 

Fluoxetine was invented by Eli Lilly and Company in 1972 and entered medical use in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 22nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24 million prescriptions. It is the third most prescribed antidepressant.

Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is said to cause significant increase in congenital heart defects in newborn babies but most babies born to women taking prozac have a normal heart. It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during breastfeeding if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants have not been effective. The drug passes into breastmilk and may cause side effects in nursing babies, so it is important to ask the doctor or midwife for advice on taking it during or after pregnancy. 

## References
Psilocybin

*Psilocybe mexicana* ]]

**Psilocybin** is a chemical substance. It can cause hallucinations when eaten, and has also been found to reverse psychological conditioning, grow brain cells and heal the brain. It occurs in many kinds of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms. Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms. It grows in Europe, South America, Mexico, and the United States. Mushrooms that contain psilocybin are known as magic mushrooms.

The substance is used as a recreational drug. It is illegal in many countries.

Psilocybin works by activating serotonin receptors, most often in the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain affects mood, cognition, and perception. Hallucinogens also work in other regions of the brain that regulate arousal and panic responses.

The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin usually occur within 30 minutes after a person ingests it and last 4–6 hours. In some individuals, changes in sensory perception and thought patterns can last for several days.

In 2016, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers first reported that treatment with psilocybin under psychologically supported conditions significantly relieved existential anxiety and depression in people.

## References
Portable Document Format

The ***Portable Document Format*** (**PDF**) is a file format for storing documents on a computer. Adobe created it in 1993 to make it easier to exchange documents. PDF is often used to make documents print-ready. PDF documents can have stylised text and images in them.

The document is stored in such a way that the content does not change the way it looks on different screens, computers and printers as can happen with other file formats. 

PDF is an open standard that was officially published on July 1, 2008 by the ISO.

PDF reader software is required to read PDF documents.

## References
Mescaline

*Mescaline*' (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance. It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus, the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus. Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.

The chemical can cause hallucinations. In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies. It is illegal in many countries. Some people use it as an illegal drug.

Mescaline is used primarily as a recreational drug and is also used to supplement various types of meditation and psychedelic therapy. It is classified as a schedule I drug in the U.S., making it illegal in all forms; however, it remains legal in certain religious ceremonies registered by the Native American Church. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

## Use and effects 
* visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience)
* open and closed eye visualizations
* euphoria
* dream-like state
* slowed passage of time
* laughter
* a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as "seeing a sound" or "hearing colors")
* pupil dilation

## Side effects or risks 
* anxiety, fear
* racing heart beat (tachycardia)
* dizziness
* weakness
* diarrhea
* excessive sweating
* tremors
* nausea, vomiting
* headache
* accidental injury
* psychosis, panic or paranoia
* seizures
* amnesia (loss of memory)
* post hallucinogen perceptual disorder (flashbacks)
* rarely, suicidal thoughts or actions

## Use in Pregnancy 
According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), researchers have found that mescaline found in peyote may affect the fetus of a pregnant woman using the drug.

## References
Survivor (TV series)

***Survivor*** is a popular reality television game show produced in many countries throughout the world. In the show, contestants are isolated in a remote location and compete for cash and other prizes. The format for *Survivor* was created in the UK in 1992 by Charlie Parsons, and the first production of it was the  Swedish show *Expedition: Robinson* in 1997. The US version is commonly considered the mother of American reality TV shows because it was the first highly rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the USA. The show even has its own "reality coaster" at Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, CA, called Survivor: The Ride!.

## Other websites 
* Survivor news and blogs
Ashmore and Cartier Islands

The **Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands** () is the collective name for two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands. The islands are in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti. The Australian mainland is about  to the southwest, the island of Timor (and Roti next to it) is about  to the north.

The territory includes **Ashmore Reef** (West, Middle, and East Islets) and **Cartier Island**  east with, a total area of  within the reefs and including the lagoons, and  of dry land. They have a long coastline, over , but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage. Nearby **Hibernia Reef**,  northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.

## Government 
The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Therefore, it is a dependency within the commonwealth. The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.

## Images 

File:Cartier Island.png|Cartier Island
File:Hibernia Reef.png|Hibernia Reef
File:Ashmore Reef2.png|Ashmore Reef

## References
British Antarctic Territory

|- style="text-align: center;"
| style="font-size:95%" colspan="2" | Motto: *Research and Discovery*
|- style="text-align: center;"
| style="font-size:95%" colspan="2" | Anthem: God Save the King
|- style="text-align: center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#fff;"| 
|-
| **Status**
| British overseas territory
|-
| **Official&nbsp;language(s)**
| English (de facto)
|-
| **Commissioner**
| Leigh Turner
|-
| **Administrator**
| Michael Richardson
|-
| **Area**
| 1.709.400 km² 
|-
| **Population**
| c. 200
|-
| **Currency**
| Pound Sterling
|}

The **British Antarctic Territory** is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory. It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908. Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
* Graham Land
* the South Orkney Islands and
* the South Shetland Islands.

The Territory overlaps other claims on Antarctica by Argentina and Chile

The Territory is inhabited largely by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations.

## History 
The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands. In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.

## Geography 
In addition to continental Antarctica, within which the BAT claim includes the Palmer Land peninsula, and the Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, the territory also includes the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands.

## Administration 
It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.

The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.

## Research 
The British Antarctic Survey has three permanently staffed research stations in the Territory:
* Halley
* Rothera
* Signy

## References 
## Other websites 
* UK Foreign Office homepage 
* British Antarctic Survey
Australian Antarctic Territory

The **Australian Antarctic Territory** (**AAT**) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation. The area is about 6.119.818&nbsp;km². Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.

## History 
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia. On 13 February 1954 http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=7041 , Mawson Station was set up. It was the first Australian station on the continent proper. 

Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/communication/report/chapter6.pdf . As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.

## Postage stamps 
Australia issues postage stamps for the Australian Antarctic Territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.

## Telephone connections 
Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world. The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.

## Other websites 
* Australian Antarctic Division
* PDF-Map of the AAT 
* Australian Antarctic Gazetteer 
* Russian stations
Heard Island and McDonald Islands

The **Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands** (abbreviated as HIMI ) is a territory of Australia. They are islands in the Indian Ocean. They are about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. 

The islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History
The islands were discovered in 1833 by the British sailor Peter Kemp. They have been territories of Australia since 1947.

In 2025, Donald Trump imposed 10% reciprocal tariffs of Heard Island and McDonald Islands, despite not being inhabited by people. The US said that it had a trade deficit with the island.

## Geography
Big Ben is an active volcano.  The volcano is also known as "Mawson Peak".

The group's size is 372 km² in area.

## References
## Other websites
* "Heard and McDonald Islands" at *CIA World Factbook*
Cocos (Keeling) Islands

The **Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands** () is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka. 

## History 
Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811. A Scottish merchant seaman called Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross. 

On November 23 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the *Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955*. In the 1970s, Australian government dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory purchase. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that the government could not buy Oceania House.  Instead the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be given to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.

In 2004 there were 629 people living on the Cocos (Keeling) islands. There are about 120 Europeans on West Island and 500 Malays on Home Island.  A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim. India does not recognise Anglo annexation of these Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands as part of Australia and disputes its status to counterbalance regional hegemonic sea power. 

## Government 
The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam (Home Island). Governance of the islands is based on the *Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955*  

## Other websites 
* Atoll Research Bulletin vol. 403 
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website 
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands  entry from the CIA World Factbook
* Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Noel Crusz, *The Cocos Islands mutiny*, Reviewed by: Peter Stanley, Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial 
* History of Cocos (Keeling) Islands 
* Areas of individual islets 
* The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'

## References 
**Notes**
Ross Dependency

The **Ross Dependency** is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.

The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.

The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory.  The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways.  This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.

## Jurisdiction 
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper.  If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean.  It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.

The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.

In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel *Southern Quest* sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.

## References 
## Other websites
* Government of the Ross Dependency — official description
* Antarctica New Zealand — Crown entity charged with administering, developing and managing Ross Dependency
* 50 years of Scott Base 
* History - From University of Canterbury
* http://www.south-pole.com/homepage.html
* Stamps of Ross Dependency 
* map of Ross Dependency (central part)
British Indian Ocean Territory

The **British Indian Ocean Territory** is a dependency of the United Kingdom. It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean. The territory is the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very small. There is a total land area of . The largest island is Diego Garcia. 

Both India and Mauritius claim the territories, and do not recognise the United Kingdom's authority over the Chagos Archipelago. India does not recognise Anglo sovereignty over these "Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands" and has disputed their status since 1947.

The natives of these islands were deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government. They were sent to Mauritius and the Seychelles. This happened in 1968 to 1973, to allow the United States to build a joint UK/US military base. In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fought hard against this court decision, and many of the natives are still said to be tried to move back to the islands. Following resumed negotiations a treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that will formally transfer the sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once it comes into effect, while the Diego Garcia military base remains under British control during a 99-year lease. The UK government expects the treaty to be ratified near the end of 2025. On May 23, 2025, India welcomed the agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius for the transfer of sovereignty over the Chagos Islands, describing it as an important step in completing the decolonization of the island nation "in the spirit of international law and a rules-based order".

In June 2025, UN experts called for the suspension of a recently signed agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, warning that it failed to protect the rights of the displaced Chagossian people. “By maintaining a foreign military presence of the United Kingdom and the United States on Diego Garcia and preventing the Chagossian people from returning… the agreement appears to be in contradiction with the Chagossian right of return,” according to the experts. The experts criticized the lack of provisions allowing access to cultural sites or the preservation of the Chagossian heritage. They called on the two countries to renegotiate the restitution agreement, stating, “We call for the suspension of ratification of the agreement and the negotiation of a new agreement that fully guarantees the rights of the Chagossian people”.

## References
Southern lapwing

The southern lapwing (***Vanellus chilensis***) is a large long-legged bird. Lapwings are shorebirds. It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes. It is the national bird of Uruguay.

## References
Reinforced concrete

**Reinforced concrete** is concrete with long bars inside to make it stronger. The reinforcing material has greater tensile strength than concrete has. Usually the bars are steel. Galvanizing saves the steel from rusting and corrosion.  In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced. Reinforced concrete is stronger, and can be even stronger if the steel is stretched to make prestressed concrete.

## References
Courthouse

, Vermont courthouse]]
 building]]
 building]]

A **courthouse** is a building that holds a court. Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants. In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials. The term is common in North America while in most other English-speaking countries, they are simply called "courts" or "court buildings". In most of continental Europe and former non-English-speaking European colonies, the equivalent term is a **palace of justice**
State (disambiguation)

** State** may mean:
## Political science
* A state in politics, which is the same as a country or a nation.
* A city-state in politics, which is a city that is an independent nation.
* A nation state in politics, where the people living in a country have the same nationality.
* A sovereign state in politics
* A U.S. state, one of the 50 members of the United States. A U.S. state is like a province, prefecture, or district in another country.

## Science
* A state of matter in chemistry. For example, solid, liquid, or gas.
* An equation of state in thermodynamics.
* An oxidation state in chemistry, referring to the number of electrons added or subtracted from an atom

## Computing 
* State (computer science), a unique configuration of information in a program or machine
** Program state, in computer science, a snapshot of the measure of various conditions in the system
** State pattern, in computer science, a behavioral design pattern
* State (printmaking), a unique form of a print, caused by a deliberate change to a matrix
* State (software), animation software for YouTube and social media sites
Prosecutor

A **prosecutor** is a lawyer who argues in a court that the defendant should be found guilty of a crime. Prosecutors usually represent the government in an adversarial system.  

A lawyer who helps the defendant in trial, is acting as a **criminal defense attorney**.
Ibiza

**Ibiza** (in Catalan **Eivissa**) is an island which is part of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which all belong to Spain. It is famed for its nightclubs and nightlife.

## Other websites 
* ''Consell Insular d'Eivissa i Formentera'' (local government) 
* Official City Council Site
Octave Mirbeau

**Octave Mirbeau** (1848&ndash;1917) was a French writer. His most famous novels are *Le Jardin des supplices* (in English: *The Torture Garden*) (1899) and ''Le Journal d'une femme de chambre* (in English: *Diary of a Chambermaid*) (1900). His best known comedy is *Les affaires sont les affaires* (in English: *Business is business*) (1903).

## Other websites 
*  Société Octave Mirbeau.
*  *Dictionnaire Octave Mirbeau'' .
Tumulus

from the 5th and the 6th centuries. Originally, the site had 2000 to 3000 tumuli, but owing to quarrying and agriculture only 250 remain.]]
-era tumuli in the Sulm valley necropolis]]
A **tumulus** (one tumulus, several *tumuli*) is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.

## Related pages
**Kofun*
*Pyramid
Mixe-Zoque languages

The **Mixe-Zoque languages** is a group of languages and dialects. They are currently all spoken in Mexico. There are about 350.000 people speaking one of the languages. Depending on who is asked, there are between 12 and 16 languages, with several dialects. Some languages that have become extinct are not counted in these.
Step pyramid

, is one example of an enormous step pyramid.]]
, in Ancient Egypt]]
**Step pyramids** are a form of pyramid. They are usually large. Several civilisations developed them.  Several step pyramids can be found in Egypt, what is now Mexico, and what is now Sudan.
Chichen Itza

**Chichen Itza** was a large Mayan city by the Mamadou civilization. It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120&nbsp;km to the east of Mérida. 

Some of the most famous parts of Chichen Itza include:
the temple of Kukultán, the Plumed Serpent . This is called El Castillo: in Spanish.  It has four sides, and each side has 91 steps.It is one of the seven wonders of world.

There are many temples and pyramids in Chichen Itza. Tourists, or visitors, were once able to climb some of the pyramids, but it was quite challenging because the steps are very steep and small. Climbing is no longer permitted.

*Temple of the Warriors* is a big temple with hundreds of columns. The columns used to hold up the roof of the temple. These columns are carved on all four sides with figures of warriors wearing feathers.

*The Great Ballcourt* is the largest known ancient sports field in Central America. It is 545 feet in length and 225 feet in width. Each end has a raised temple area. The sounds in the ballcourt are remarkable: a whisper from one end can be clearly heard at the other.

*Sacred Cenote* (pronounced sen-O-tay): a cenote is an underground lake or river.  This cenote is where royalty gave gifts to the gods.

Chichen Itza means at the mouth of the well of enchanted water.
Olmec

The **Olmecs** were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics.  

The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.

## Overview
The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta. The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin. The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown. They developed many different cultures.

## Art 
The Olmecs created a range of artwork such as altars, jade masks and stone carvings.

### Colossal heads 
The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization. The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male. They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata. Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations.  No two are alike. The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.

Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects. The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt. Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range. According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities. 

Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads. These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization.  The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match.  The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.

## References 
* http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html
Deryck Whibley

**Deryck Whibley** (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41. He was married to Avril Lavigne but on October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.

## References
Common sense

**Common sense** means what people would agree about. It is a personal judgement based on the facts of a situation. Common sense is usually the simplest and most direct account of a situation. It is the knowledge and experience which most people have, or should have. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way".

"Common sense" has at least two philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the mind to perceive things like movement and size. The second is our natural sense for other humans and the community. Both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge. Most people are expected to share these things naturally, even if they can not explain why.

It is quite possible for common sense to be wrong, and science often explains things in quite a different way from common sense. People lack any common-sense intuition of the universe at subatomic distances, or of speeds approaching that of light. Today it is well known that the Earth travels around the Sun but before the scientific revolution people thought that the Sun going around the Earth was common sense. 

According to the Simple English Wiktionary “Common sense is something that everybody knows and understands.”

## Related pages 
*Common good
*Custom
*Endoxa

## References
Magic User's Club

***Magic User’s Club*** is an anime created by Junichi Sato. There were two manga released for it. One is for girls and the other is for boys.

## Plot
A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth. People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to. A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.

## Characters
***Sae Sawanoguchi:** Sae is a new member in the Magic Club. She wants to do magic, but she is very clumsy. She loves Takeo, but she is too shy to tell him.
***Nanaka Nakatomi:** Nanaka is a new member of the Magic Club. She is Sae’s best friend. Nanaka does not want to be in the Magic Club. She stays in the Magic Club because Sae loves the Magic Club. Nanaka loves Aburatsubo, but she doesn’t think he will love her back.
***Akane Aikawa:** Akane is a new member of the Magic Club. She is rich and pretty. She thinks magic is easy. She works as a model. 
***Takeo Takakura**: Takeo is the leader of the Magic Club. He is a pervert. He loves Sae, but he is too nervous to tell her.
***Ayanojyo Aburatsubo**: Aburatsubo is a member of the Magic Club. He is good at magic. He is good at tennis and acting too. He loves Takeo, but Takeo doesn’t love him back.
Christmas Island (disambiguation)

**Christmas Island** could mean:

*Christmas Island, an Australian island territory in the Indian Ocean
*Kiritimati, an island of Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean
*Christmas Island, Nova Scotia, Canada a community on Cape Breton Island
**Christmas Island* (album) a Christmas album by singer Jimmy Buffett
Glam rock

**Glam rock** (also called **glitter rock**) is a genre of rock music that first became popular in the early 1970s in the United Kingdom. Glam rock was mainly known for the hairstyles, makeup, and flashy clothing of its musicians, especially platform shoes and glitter. Glam artists took inspiration from many things, from bubblegum pop and 1950s rock and roll to cabaret, science fiction, and art rock. The  clothing and styles of performers were often camp or  and have been described as playing with gender roles. It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, Elton John, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen and Sweet.   

## Notable artists
*T. Rex
*David Bowie
*Gary Glitter
*Roxy Music
*Mott the Hoople
*Alice Cooper
*Queen
*Mud
*Wizzard
*Suzi Quatro
*Slade
*Sweet
*Rolling Stones (were influenced on their 1973 song *Silver Train*).