open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1418

## Events 
*May 19 – Capture of Paris by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
*September – Beginning of English Siege of Rouen
*Mircea I of Wallachia, is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul.
*The first Portuguese settlers move to Madeira Islands.

## Births 
*December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (died 1463)
**date unknown* – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (died 1457)

## Deaths 
*March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
*June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
*June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
*November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (born 1401)
*December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (born 1364)
**date unknown*
**Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs
**Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (since 1386)
1419

## Events of 1419 
* January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England.
* June 20 – Start of the Oei Invasion of Tsushima Island in Japan by Joseon Korea.
* July 30 – 1st defenestration of Prague
* September 10 – Assassination of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy by adherents of the Dauphin
* Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator discover the Madeira islands
* The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.

## Births 
* July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (died 1471)

## Deaths 
* April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (born 1350)
* August 16 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (born 1361)
* September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (born 1371)
* November 22 – Antipope John XXIII
*December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
**date unknown* – Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (born 1357)
1420

## Events 
* May 21 – Treaty of Troyes.  With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir and as virtual ruler of most of France.
* May 25 –  Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
* The Madeira Islands were discovered by the Portuguese João Gonçalves Zarco.
* Hussite Wars – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor fails at the battle of Vysehrad and is ejected from  Bohemia.
* Catherine of Valois marries Henry V of England.
* Henry V of England starts the construction Grace Dieu (ship)
* Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China while the Forbidden City is completed.
* World population reaches 3.75 million.

## Births 
* November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (died 1473)
**date unknown*
**Jean Fouquet, French painter (died 1481)
**Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (died 1480)

## Deaths 
*June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (born c.1369)
*August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (born 1351)
*September 3 – Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
**date unknown*
**Epiphanius the Wise, Russian saint
**Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish chronicler (born 1350)
1417

## Events of 1417 
*April 18 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule as margrave of Brandenburg
*June 24 – The Isle of Man holds the first known Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of its parliament Tynwald which has continued every year until present.
*July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
*November 11 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII as the 206th pope.
* The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemas.

## Births 
*February 23 – Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
*June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (died 1468)
*November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (died 1487)
**date unknown*
**Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden
**Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (died 1487)

## Deaths 
*January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (born 1357)
*April 29 – Louis II of Naples (born 1377)
*September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
*September 16 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
*October 18 – Pope Gregory XII
*December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader
**probable* – Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
1426

## Events 
* March 6 – Battle of St. James (near Avranches).  An English army under John, Duke of Bedford defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.
* June 16 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Usti nad Labem The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
* *"Castello Orsini-Odescalchi"* built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.

## Births 
*February – Christian of Oldenburg, later King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
**date unknown*
**William Brandon, English nobleman (died 1485)
**John II, Duke of Bourbon (died 1488)
**Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (died 1492)

## Deaths 
*December – Pipo of Ozora, Hungarian military leader
* December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter (born c. 1377)
**date unknown*
**Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of John of Gaunt
**Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
1421

## Events 
* March 21 – Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of  Henry V of England, in Normandy.
* May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II.
* November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth flood. The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands was flooded due to an extremely high tide of the North Sea. 72 villages were drowned, killing about 10,000 people.
*John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
*The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.
*In a theory proposed by Gavin Menzies, supposedly the year that Chinese explorer Hong Bao and Zhou Wen discovered the Americas, beating Columbus by about 70 years.

## Births 
* July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (died 1461)
* December 6 – King Henry VI of England (died 1471)
**date unknown*
**Sogi, Buddhist priest and Japanese poet (died 1502)
**Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France
**Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (died 1467)

## Deaths 
*January 21 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated)
*March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388)
*May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta
*May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389)
**date unknown* – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385)

## References
1424

JAYDIP

## Events of 1424 
* August 17 – Battle of Verneuil – An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.  Alençon was captured and Douglas killed.
*June – Battle of L'Aquila – Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo for the Kingdom of Naples defeat Braccio da Montone for Alfonso V of Aragon.

## Births 
*October 31 – King Wladislaus III of Poland (died 1444)
**date unknown*
**Demetrius Chalcondyles, Greek scholar (died 1511)
**Abu Sa'id, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (died 1469)

## Deaths 
*January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero
*May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
*June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero
*June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (born 1377)
*June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga
*August 12 – Yongle Emperor of China (born 1360)
*December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, English military leader
**date unknown*
**Parameswara, Malay prince (born 1344)
**Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader
**probable* – Johannes Abezier, provost and bishop of the Teutonic Knights (born 1380)
1430

## Events 
*May 14 – First French attempts to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.
*May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne.
*June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.
* The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians.
* The Order of the Golden Fleece is founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage.
*Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
*Švitrigaila succeeds his cousin as ruler of Lithuania.
* First use of optical methods in the creation of art.
* Janissaries are created.
 in 1430 (click image to enlarge).]]

## Births 
* October 16 – King James II of Scotland (died 1460)
* October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English politician (died 1475)
**date unknown* – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
**probable* – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (died 1505)

## Deaths 
*January 29? – Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (born 1360)
*August 14 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
*August 18 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
*October 27 – Vytautas the Great, Grand Prince of Lithuania (born 1352)
**date unknown*
**Thomas FitzAlan, English nobleman
**Christine de Pizan, proto-feminist writer

## Related pages
* List of state leaders in 1430
1432

## Events 
* April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour; end of Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
* June 1 – Battle of San Romano – Florence defeats Siena.
* Foundation of Université de Caen.

## Births 
* January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481)
* March 30 – Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1481)
* August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (died 1484)
* *date unknown*
** Pope Innocent VIII (died 1492)
** Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (died 1455)
* *probable* – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (died 1488)

## Deaths 
* January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, theologian (born 1356)
* May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)
* June 29 – Janus of Cyprus (born 1375)
* October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (born 1392)
* *date unknown* – Gyaltsab Je, throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (born 1364)
1423

## Events 
*April 27 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Horic – The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.
* July 31 –  Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
* August 23 – English with Burgundian soldiers defeat the French, who were supported by the Scots, at Verneuil. The English-Burgundian alliance was strengthened by the marriage of the Duke of Bedford to Anne of Burgundy. Anne was sister of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Philip the Good had allied Burgundy with England after his father was murdered in 1419 by the French Dauphin, son of Charles VI of France.
* According to the 1421 theory, the return of Zheng He's fleets to China.

## Births 
*May 30 – Georg Purbach, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1461)
*June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (died 1494)
*July 3 – King Louis XI of France (died 1483)
*August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (died 1500)
*November 24 – Baron Raß von Balzers, descendant of Frederick II

## Deaths 
*May 23 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (born 1328)
*October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
*December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
**date unknown* – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (born 1358)
1434

## Events 
* April 14, The foundation stone of Cathedral St. Peter and St. Paul in Nantes, France was laid.
* May 30, Battle of Lipany in the Hussite Wars
* Jan van Eyck paints the wedding of Giovanni Arnolfini
* Explorer Gil Eanes reaches Cape Bojador in Western Sahara.  In the same year, Portuguese traders deliver their first cargo of African slaves to Lisbon.
* Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia

## Births 
* March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shogun (died 1443)
* September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess of Savoy (died 1478)
** *probable*
** Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (approximate date; died 1494)
** Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (died 1530)

## Deaths 
* 30 May
** Prokop the Great, Hussite general (b. 1380)
** Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b. 1374)
* June 11 – King Wladislaus II of Poland
* June 19 – Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess of Masovia
* November 12 – King Louis III of Naples (b. 1403)
* *date unknown*
** John I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1381)
** Amda Iyasus, Emperor of Ethiopia
Gal

**Gal** can mean the following:

*A term for a girl (used mostly in North America)
*Abbreviation for gallon, an imperial system measurement.
1441

## Events 
* King's College, University of Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI.
* Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Empire.
* Two Ethiopians attend an ecclesiastical council at Florence, as part of the negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic and Roman Catholic Christianity. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian Church with Europe.
* Revolt in Yucatán capital Mayapan; Maya civilization falls into warring city-states.
* Christopher of Bavaria succeeds Karl Knutsson Borde as king of Sweden.
* Alfonso V of Aragon captures Naples after a five-month siege.
* With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Haci Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
* The Republic of Venice annexes the  seigniory of Ravenna, ending the Da Polenta dynasty.
## Births 
* February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, politician and poet (died 1501)

## Deaths 
* January 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
* July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
* July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shogun (born 1394)
Czech Airlines

:*Sometimes called the CSA; for other uses see CSA.*

**Czech Airlines** was started as Czechoslovak State Airlines on 6 October 1923. This was when the Czech Republic and the Slovakia were one country.  

The company started flying *domestically* (only inside Czechoslovakia) in 1924. In 1930 they made their first international flight.

CSA stopped flying between 1938 and 1945 when the country was occupied by Germany.

When Czechoslovakia split into two countries, all of the Czechoslovak State Airlines stayed in the Czech Republic and became Czech Airlines. That is why Czech Airline's logo still says **CSA : Czech Airlines**

## Gallery

File:CSA building Ruzyne.jpg|The headquarters of Czech Airlines
File:Tupolev Tu-154M, CSA Czech Airlines JP5959832.jpg|A Czech Airlines airplane at Faro
File:OK-YBA (22180979575).jpg|A Czech Airlines Airbus A330 in 2015
Fantasy (disambiguation)

**Fantasy** is a genre of art, books, movies, television and music that uses magic and other supernatural things as a main part of either plot, theme, setting or all three. **Fantasy** may also refer to:
* Fantasy (psychology), a situation imagined by an individual or group, which does not correspond with reality but expresses certain desires or aims of its creator
* Fantasy movie, movies with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds.
* Fantasy (fragrance), a women's fragrance by Elizabeth Arden, endorsed by Britney Spears
* Fantasy, another name for Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a date-rape drug
* Fantasy sport, a game where fantasy owners build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by individual players or teams of a professional sport
* Sexual fantasy
* Fantasy (music), a free-form musical composition

;Discographies:
* Fantasy (Aldo Nova song), a song by Aldo Nova
* Fantasy (Appleton song), 2003 single by the British-Canadian duo, Appleton
* Fantasy (Aiko Kayo song), a 2004 single by the Japanese singer
* Fantasy (The Blizzards song), a 2007 single by the Irish band
* Fantasy (Carole King album), a 1973 album by Carole King
* Fantasy (Mariah Carey song), 1995 single by Mariah Carey
* Fantasie (album) a 1988 album by Münchener Freiheit
** Fantasy (Münchener Freiheit album), the English version
* Fantasy (R&B group), a vocal group based in New York
* Fantasy Records, a United States-based record label founded in 1949
* Fantasy (Jay Chou album), Jay Chou's 2nd album which was released on 1st September 2001
* Fantasy (Lena Philipsson album), a 1993 album by Lena Philipsson
* Fantasy (Candy Lo album), an album by Candy Lo (盧巧音)
* Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire song), 1977 song by Earth, Wind & Fire

**Transportation**

Fantasy a cruise ship built by Carnival Cruises, which currently sails out of New Orleans to the Caribbean.
Protagonist

A **protagonist** is the main character of a story. It can be used for any kind of story: in literature, a movie, a television show or a play. The protagonist is also called the **central character** or **main character** and is often the **hero** of the story. However, the protagonist does not always win and survive in a story.

Protagonists are usually moral and benevolent, helping other characters to change their badness to become good again, or defeating the bad characters. This is not always the case.

The protagonist's name can sometimes be in the title of the fiction he or she is in, for example:
*In *Harry Potter*, Harry Potter is the protagonist.
*In the tragedy *Hamlet* by William Shakespeare, the prince Hamlet himself is the protagonist of the story. 
*In *DC Comics*, Batman is the protagonist. 
*In *Marvel Comics*, Spider-Man is the protagonist.                                
*In Mario, Mario is the protagonist.
*In Sonic, Sonic is the protagonist.
*In *Stranger Things*, Eleven is the protagonist.
*In Peter Rabbit (movie), Peter Rabbit is the protagonist.
1427

## Events 
*August 4 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
*August 17 – First band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris.
*Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
*Balsics rule of Montenegro comes to an end.
*Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.
*Gabriel V elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
*Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (*ancient Burma*).
* Conflict of Druimnacour in Sutherland, Scotland.
* First witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
* Celestine Order established in France.
* Celebration of *Sant Jordi* (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he would later become its patron saint).
* Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
*Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.

## Births 
*September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (died 1464)
*October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (died 1499)
*October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (died 1496)
*November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (died 1464)
*November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (died 1492)
**date unknown*
**Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

## Deaths 
*April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
*May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
*August 27 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr (born 1395)
**date unknown*
**Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (born 1397)
**Qu You, Chinese novelist (born 1341)
**probable*
**Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (born 1350)
**Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
1437

## Events of 1437 
* Foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford.
* Ulugh Beg's *Zij-i-Sultani* star catalogue is published.
* Kazan Khanate is established.
* Edinbourgh is made the capital of Scotland.

## Births 
* October 4 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria
* *date unknown* – Isaac Abrabanel, Jewish statesman (died 1508)
* *probable* – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of King Edward IV of England (died 1492)

## Deaths 
* January 3 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry V of England (born 1401)
* February 21 – King James I of Scotland (b. 1394)
* June 10 – Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre (born 1370)
* November 20 – Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (born 1363)
* December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1368)
* *date unknown*
** Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian Renaissance humanist (born 1364)
** John II Stanley of the Isle of Man
Russian Armenia

**Russian Armenia** () is the time of Armenia's history under Russian rule from 1829, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire to the start of the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1918.

## Related topics 
* Russian Empire
Arika Yumemiya

**Arika Yumemiya** is a fictional protagonist from the anime *My-Otome*.

## Story
Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.

Arika is from the countryside, so she does not know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's . When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.

They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.

They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.

## Personality
Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she does not get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.

But when she sometimes does not understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she does not give up her dream to become an otome.

## Meaning of name
*Arika* in Japanese means a *place*. *Yume* in her surname, Yumemiya, means *dream*. Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.
Monocotyledon

**Monocotyledons** are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. 

You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.

Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.

## Clade diagram 
## Other websites 
* APG II
* Petrosaviales
That's So Raven

'''''That's So Raven''''' is an original Disney teen television comedy series. The main character is a teenage girl, Raven Baxter, played by actress Raven-Symoné. The original character name was Dawn Baxter. Then it was changed to Mariah Baxter, then to Raven Baxter when Raven Symone won the part.

## Summary 
Raven Baxter is a psychic teenager who can see the future. She sees the future in visions. She has to try to understand her visions. Sometimes, she tries to keep them from coming true.

## Cast 
* Raven-Symoné as Raven Baxter
* Kyle Massey as Cory Baxter
* Anneliese van der Pol as Chelsea Daniels, who is characteristically ditzy (especially in seasons 3 and 4)
* Orlando Brown as Eddie Thomas
* Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
* T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter

## Episodes 
### Season 1 
# Test of Friendship
# Mother Dearest
# Party Animal
# Wake Up, Victor
# A Fish Called Raven
# Smell of Victory
# Campaign in the Neck
# Saving Psychic Raven
# The Parties
# Ye Olde Dating Game
# Dissin' Cousins
# Teach Your Children Well
# Driven to Insanity
# A Dog by Any Other Name
# Saturday Afternoon Fever
# A Fight at the Opera
# Psychics Wanted
# If I Only Had a Job
# Escape Claus
# Separation Anxiety
# To See or Not to See

### Season 2 

 Out of Control
 Don't Have a Cow
 Run Raven Run
 Clothes Minded
 Four's a Crowd
 Hearts and Minds
 Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind
 That's So Not Raven
 Blue in the Face
 Spa Day Afternoon
 Leave It to Diva
 There Goes the Bride
 Radio Heads
 A Goat's Tale
 He's Got the Power
 Skunk'd
 The Dating Shame
 The Road to Audition
 The Lying Game
 Numb and Numb-er
 My Big Fat Pizza Party
 Shake, Rattle and Rae

### Season 3 

 Psychic Eye for the Sloppy Guy
 Stark Raven Mad
 Opportunity Shocks
 Taken to the Cleaners
 Five Finger Discount (Part 1)
 Five Finger Discount (Part 2)
 Sweeps
 Double Vision
 Bend It Like Baxter
 The Big Buzz
 True Colors
 Dog Day After-Groom
 The Royal Treatment
 Art Breaker
 Boyz 'N Commotion
 Gettin' Outta Dodge
 On Top of Old Oaky
 They Work Hard for His Honey
 Mind Your Own Business
 Hizzouse Party
 Mismatch Maker
 Chef-Man and Raven
 When in Dome
 Too Much Pressure
 Extreme Cory
 The Grill Next Door
 Point of No Return
 Country Cousins (Part 1)
 Country Cousins (Part 2)
 Food for Thought
 Mr. Perfect
 Goin' Hollywood
 Save the Last Dance
 Cake Fear
 Vision Impossible
 The Four Aces

### Season 4 

 Raven, Sydney, and the Man
 Pin Pals
 Dues and Don'ts
 Unhappy Medium
 Adventures In Boss Sitting
 Hook Up My Space
 Driving Miss Lazy
 Be Prepared
 Juicer Consequences
 Sister Act
 Checkin' Out
 Fur Better or Worse
 Mad Hot Cotillion
 When 6021 Met 4267
 Soup to Nuts
 Members Only
 The Ice Girl Cometh
 Rae of Sunshine
 The Dress Is Always Greener
 Teacher's Pet
 The Way We Were
 Where There's Smoke - Finale

## Spin-offs
*Cory in the House
*Raven's Home

## Indian adaptation
In 2015, a Indian adaptation of the show was made. It was called Palak Pe Jhalak.
Hornsby, New South Wales

**Hornsby** is a suburb and shire in the northern part of Sydney. It has passenger trains and buses to and from Parramatta and Sydney CBD. 

## History 
The name 'Hornsby' comes from a convict who became a constable. His name was Samuel Henry Horne, and he was given some land for helping catch two bushrangers, whose names were Dalton and MacNamara. He named the land he was given 'Hornsby Place' after himself.

## Geography 
### The Shire 
Hornsby shire is one of the biggest Local Government areas of Sydney, with a population of 155,971. It consists of the following suburbs:
* Arcadia
* Asquith
* Beecroft
* Berowra
* Berowra Heights
* Berowra Waters
* Berrilee
* Brooklyn
* Canoelands
* Carlingford
* Castle Hill
* Cheltenham
* Cherrybrook
* Cowan
* Dural
* Fiddletown
* Forest Glen
* Galston
* Glenhaven
* Glenorie
* Hornsby
* Hornsby Heights
* Kangaroo Point

* Laughtondale
* Maroota
* Middle Dural
* Milsons Passage
* Mount Colah
* Mount Ku-ring-gai
* Normanhurst
* North Epping
* Pennant Hills
* Round Corner
* Thornleigh
* Wahroonga
* Waitara
* Westleigh
* West Pennant Hills
* Wisemans Ferry

### The suburb 
Hornsby station, Hornsby Westfield, Hornsby Library and many business buildings are in the centre of the suburb. The eastern side of the train line is often called the 'modern part' of Hornsby, and Westfield and the Hornsby Library are here, with many new towering apartment blocks. The western side of the railway line is home to Hornsby's main post office, court house, police station, council office, public swimming pool, TAFE college and many older shops and businesses. There is also an industrial area on the far western part of Hornsby, with many large warehouses and factories.

There are also many schools, including:
*Hornsby Girls High School
*Barker College
*Hornsby South Public School
*Hornsby North Public School

Hornsby Hospital and Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Hospital are two hospitals in Hornsby.

## Population 
Hornsby is a place of many cultures, and many people from around the world live there.

The current population of Hornsby is 18,702.

## References
Ruben Studdard

**Ruben Studdard** (born September 12, 1978) is an African-American singer. He won season 2 of American Idol. His runner up is Clay Aiken.

## Performances and results
* Corey Clark was taken out of the contest so the Top 9 performances became Top 8 when no one was taken out.
* When Ryan Seacrest said the results of this Studdard was at the Bottom 2. He was safe, as Trenyce was taken out of the contest.

## Awards and nominations
*American Music Awards
**2004, Favorite Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)

*BET Awards
**2004, Best Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)
**2004, Best New Artist: (Nominated)

**2005, Best Gospel Artist: (Nominated)

*Billboard Music Awards
****2003, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Sales Single - "Superstar/Flying Without Wings"**
****2005, Top Gospel Artist**
**'*2005, Top Gospel Album  -*I Need an Angel***

*Grammy Awards
**2004, Favorite Male R&B Vocal Performance - "Superstar": (Nominated)

*Image Awards
**2004, Outstanding Male Artist: (Nominated)
****2004, Outstanding New Artist: Won**

*Soul Train Awards
**2004, Best New R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist: "Superstar": (Nominated)

*Teen Choice Awards
****2003, Choice Male Reality/Variety Star for *American Idol*: Won**

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
Ruben has songs on an album that put together from songs on other albums

### Singles
### Single certifications
### Other albums
* ***American Idol Season 2: All-Time Classic American Love Songs*** (2003)
** "What the World Needs Now"  (with Season 2 Finalists)
** "God Bless the U.S.A. (Proud to Be an American)" (with Season 2 Finalists)
** Superstar
* ***American Idol: The Great Holiday Classics*** (2003)
** "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
** "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (American Idol Ensemble)
** "This Christmas"
* ***Genius & Friends*** (2005)
**"Imagine" with Ray Charles and The Harlem Gospel Singers
* ***Ain't Misbehavin'''''' (2009 Cast Recording)
**"Honeysuckle Rose" duet with Frenchie Davis
**"The Jitterbug Waltz" with Patrice Covington & Company
**"Lounging At The Waldorf" with Frenchie Davis, Trenyce Cobbins & Patrice Covington
**"Your Feet's Too Big"

## Movies
**Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed* (2004)
**Natural Born Komics* (2006) (direct-to-DVD)
* *Lifted* (2011)
* *The Perfect Gift* (2011)

## References
## Other websites
*Official Foundation site 
*
*
Potential

**Potential** might refer to:

*Scalar potential
*Vector potential
*Potential difference, the amount of energy to be able to pass from one energy to another
*Potential energy, an energy which stores to release in a different energy
Iuridictum

**Iuridictum** is an encyclopedia about law in Czech language made with a wiki, which means that anyone can change the encyclopedia or create new articles.  The project was started in 2005 by Tomáš Pecina, former administrator of Czech Wikipedia.

## References 
## Other websites
* Iuridictum
Nina Wang

**Nina Wang** is a fictional character from the anime ***My-Otome.***

## Background
Nobody knows of Nina's past, just that she was kidnapped by assassins when she was young. She trained to become an assassin with other young children, until a man called Sergay Wang came to kill the assassins. Sergay sees Nina, and decides to adopt her. Nina trains in Garderobe from then on, to become Nagi's (Sergay's master) otome. She grows to love her stepfather more than loving a father, and is jealous when she finds that Sergay loved a woman called Rena Searrs from a photo album.

When she first meets Arika, she is angry at Arika for ing her. This is because Arika tried to catch a drink from falling and landed on Nina instead. Nina fell down, showing the inside of her skirt, and she felt embarrassed in front of other people who were there, for example, Sergay. It is her dream to please Sergay and so she pretends that her dream is to become an otome, because Sergay would be proud.
Numeral system

A **numeral system** (also called a **number system** or **system of numeration**) is a way to write numbers. Roman numerals and tally marks are examples. "11" usually means eleven, but if the numeral system is binary, then "11" means three.

A numeral is a way to represent a number. It may be a symbol or a word in a natural language, or a group of them. Numerals differ from numbers just as the word "rock" differs from a real rock. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are all numerals that represent the same number. Babylonian numerals, Greek numerals and Roman numerals are among the systems that were long used, before the Hindu–Arabic numeral system largely replaced them.

## Bases
Various symbols are used as numerals to make numbers. A system with base 10 (the common decimal system), normally uses the symbols *0*, *1*, *2*, *3*, *4*, *5*, *6*, *7*, *8*, and *9*. Each of the numbers 0 to 9 can be written as one symbol, *0* ... *9*. To count past 9, symbols have to be put together. *10* can be seen as *1* in the tens' place and *0* in the ones' place, or as *1 times 101 plus 0 times 100*. With a base of 2, only the symbols *0* and *1* are used. *10*base 2  is therefore *1 times 21 plus 0 times 20*. This is the same as 2, in the base 10 notation.

For bases bigger than 10, capital letters are used as symbols. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) uses the numerical digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Today, base 10 is the most commonly used system. Computers use binary and people who study computers often use octal and hexadecimal numeral systems. Ancient Sumer used sexagesimal (base 60). New world used base 20. 

Most electronic calculations are done in binary (base 2), but most people do calculations in decimal (base ten) or duodecimal.

## References
## Other websites
*History of Counting and Numeral Systems-PlainMath.Net 
* Online Numeral Base Converter for Different Numeral Systems (Base 2-36)
* Online Converter  for Decimal/Roman Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)
* Number Sense & Numeration Lessons 
* Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea
Mashiro Kazahana

**Mashiro Kazahana** is a main character in the anime My-HiME. **Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom** is her name in My-Otome.

Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.

## Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom
Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is surprized because she wants to be a queen so much. But a  says that the real princess was  away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro does not look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.
Chairperson

, former chairman of Apple Inc.]]

A **chairperson** is a person who presides over meetings, such as a board of directors for a corporation, or any other meeting.  The chairman of a corporation is not the chief executive officer, and only conducts the meetings in most companies.  

Although "chairman" has been used for both men and women, some prefer to use the terms "chairperson", "madame chairman" or "chairwoman." The conduct of meetings is governed by the organization's by-laws or charter, or, more formally, Parliamentary procedure for government organizations or large meetings generally.  Rarely the chairperson is called the "chair," though in educational institutions a "chair" indicates a specific endowed position on a faculty.

## References
Darwin (operating system)

environment]]

**Darwin** is a free, open source, Unix operating system made by Apple Inc. It is named after Charles Darwin. Darwin is used as the base of macOS, but it cannot run macOS programs by itself.

## Derived projects 
### Other derived projects 
]]
* XQuartz is the X Window System of macOS (Darwin). XDarwin, before the introduction of Apple's X11.app.
* WebKit is a layout engine made to let web browsers show web pages.
Mashiro

**Mashiro** is a Japanese name meaning white. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). 

## People 
*Mashiro Matsumura 
*Mashiro Kazahana or Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom, fictional characters in My-HiME and My-Otome 
*Mashiro, a fictional character in *Bleach* (manga)
*Sakamato Mashiro
*Masahiro Fukuda, Japanese association football player
*Masahiro Endo, Japanese association football player
*Masahiro Ando, Japanese association football player

## References
Loyalty

**Loyalty** is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is **loyal** can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are loyal to. 

## Loyalty in business 
Being loyal can also bring good to business because the boss, or person in control, may let the person do something difficult but greatly paid. This is because loyal people are expected and trusted to behave responsibly.

Some firms (e.g. insurance companies) may give "loyalty discounts" to customers who stay with them for a long time (who are loyal to the firm).  Some stores may offer their customers "loyalty cards" to get some money off their purchases.
Loyal

**Loyal** may be meaning:
*The concept of loyalty.
*Ben Loyal, a mountain in Sutherland
*Some places are named **Loyal** in the United States:
**Loyal, Oklahoma
**Loyal, Wisconsin
**Loyal (town), Wisconsin
Graduation

in academic dress receives an honorary doctorate]]
**Graduation** is the confirmation of the finishing of an university, military academy, academy or high school. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day, commencement, invocation, or convocation. Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.
Shōnen

is a Japanese word. In English, it means *few years*. It can have any of the these meanings:
*Shōnen, a normal boy. A student in primary school up to Middle School
**Shōnen (magazine)*, a manga magazine published by Koubunsha
**Weekly Shōnen Magazine*, a manga magazine published by Kodansha 
*Shounen (media), media whose audience is boys under 18-years-old
ITunes Store

The **iTunes Store** is a digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It was opened on April 28, 2003, as a result of Steve Jobs push to open a digital marketplace for music.

The iTunes Store is available on most Apple devices, including the Mac (inside the Music app), the iPhone, the iPad, the iPod touch, and the Apple TV, as well as on Windows (inside iTunes). As of January 2009, the number of songs sold worldwide has surpassed 6 billion. The iTunes Store is also the most popular online movie store (as of April 11, 2007, the store had sold approximately 2 million movies). In the U.S the iTunes Store is the third largest music retailer overall. The files you order are sent along with usage guidelines established by FairPlay, Apple's version of digital rights management.

New songs are added to the iTunes catalog every day, while the iTunes Store is updated every Tuesday. The store currently has over 13,000,000 songs (available in all national versions of the iTunes Store).

The user must pay with an iTunes credit card if they are a countries of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, or the United States.

## Related pages 
* iTunes Originals
ITunes

.]]

**iTunes** is a media player made by Apple. It came out on January 10, 2001, at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco. iTunes is used for playing and sorting music and video files. It also lets users see and change what is on their iPod or iPhone. 
iTunes is a free download for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows from Apple's website but requires a subscription. The download is also included with QuickTime, a program used to play videos. It also comes with all Apple Macintosh computers, and some HP and Dell computers. However, on 3 Jun 2019, Apple announced that iTunes would not be available on macOS Catalina.

## iTunes Store 
The iTunes Store is an online store built into iTunes. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store if there is an internet connection to buy and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games, audiobooks, podcasts, and movies. The files from the iTunes Store used to use Digital Rights Management (DRM) to prevent piracy. However, iTunes now sells music and videos called iTunes Plus, which are higher quality and have no DRM.

Some singers and bands do not have most of their music on iTunes yet: The KLF, Garth Brooks, Bob Seger, Def Leppard, King Crimson and Tool.

For a long time, users could not get music by The Beatles on iTunes due to a legal conflict between Apple Inc. and Apple Records. Starting in November 2010, users can now get music by the Beatles. It is very popular nowadays. There is a lot of advertisements by Apple for Beatles music.

## Beginning 
Bill Kincaid had developed SoundJamMP which was released later in the year of 1999. It was later renamed iTunes which was then purchased by Apple in 2000.

As SoundJam was being worked on throughout the years, the interface of the site was changed to make it easier for people to understand how to use it.  And added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.

On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began to dig through iTunes’s resource fork where they discovered that there were so many other strings and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers.

## References 
* http://www.answers.com/topic/itunes
Hidden

**Hidden** or **The Hidden** can refer to:

* L'Encobert (in Catalan; El Encubierto in Spanish; "The Hidden [One]"), a mysterious rebel leader in the Revolt of the Brotherhoods in Valencia in 1522
* *Hidden*, also known as *Caché*, a 2005 French drama movie
* *Hidden* (2009 movie), a 2009 Norwegian horror movie
* *The Hidden* a 1987 American science fiction movie
AAC

**AAC** is a file format for storing music or other sounds. It stands for Advanced Audio Coding or Advanced Audio Codec. It is used by Apple Inc. in the iPod and iTunes, by Sony in the Walkman, in all Android devices, in car stereos, and by many other devices. AAC is one of the standard formats that comes from the MPEG organization, the same people who invented MP3. AAC is part of the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards. Like MP3, AAC is a compressed format. It works by removing parts of the music that people can not hear. A good AAC encoder can compress CD quality music to about 10% of its original size without affecting the perceived sound quality.

## Profiles 
There are several profiles (variants) of AAC. These are the most popular:
* AAC LC – Standard AAC profile with no extensions. All AAC players support this profile. This is the format used by Apple (iPod / iPhone), Sony (Walkman), and many others; it takes up more space, has high audio quality, and is used for music stored on an iPod, CD-ROM, or disk drive.
* HE-AAC v1 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication - a more efficient format; it saves space for music sent over a network, like over the Internet or to a cell phone, although at the cost of sound quality. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™, Nero Digital™, and AAC+. A variant of this format is used for HD Radio.
* HE-AAC v2 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication and Parametric Stereo - an even more efficient format for music sent over a network, although at the cost of reduced stereo separation. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™ v2, eAAC+™, and AAC+ Enhanced™.
* AAC-LD - Low delay profile used for VOIP applications.

Various other profiles exist, but are not commonly used.

## File names 
Here are some common AAC file name endings:
* .aac–music only (raw file without mp4 container, uncommon)
* .m4a–music and information
* .m4p–music and information, with DRM
* .m4b-speech and information, "Audiobook" recognized by Apple that keeps the listener's position
* .m4r-music and information used by Apple as a ringtone
* .mp4–music, video, or both, plus information

An AAC file that has only music and information could have a name that ends with either .m4a or .mp4.

## Encoders 
A number of encoders exist for AAC. These are some of the most popular:
### Actively developed encoders 
* Fraunhofer FDK AAC
* Fraunhofer FhG AAC
* Apple AAC
* Microsoft Windows Media Foundation AAC
* FFmpeg AAC
* Exhale (xHE-AAC only)

### Obsolete encoders 
* FAAC
* Nero AAC
* VisualOn AAC
* PsyTel AAC
* Compaact
* Coding Technologies HE-AAC

## Metadata 
A KDE/Qt application for Linux/Unix called easytag will edit metadata about AAC-encoded files as long as they end with the .m4a extension. Typically, renaming files to .m4a and back to the original extension after editing is sufficient. This method can be used to configure typical ID3v2 metadata including cover art. This cover art is used by Apple's iTunes and their media players. Note that easytag does not have the ability to add chapter points into Audiobooks (.m4b).
My-HiME

***My-Hime*** (舞-HiME, Mai-Hime) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc. My-Otome is the parallel sequence to this story.

## Story 
Mai Tokiha, the protagonist, is once of the Himes (Princesses) who are girls with power who fight against monsters and an evil organisation.
Zodiac

The **Zodiac** is the twelve constellations in the form of animals, humans or objects.

## Western zodiac
The modern astrological signs are the simplified pictures of the signs used in the Hellenistic times. These are the twelve aspects the signs represent:

*Aries  (The Ram) - (21 March - 19 April)
*Taurus  (The Bull) - (20 April - 20 May)
*Gemini  (The Twins) - (21 May - 20 June)
*Cancer  (The Crab) - (21 June - 22 July)
*Leo   (The Lion) - (23 July - 22 August)
*Virgo (The Virgin) - (23 August - 22 September)
*Libra (The Scale) - (23 September - 22 October)
*Scorpio  (The Scorpion) - (23 October - 21 November)
*Sagittarius (The Centaur-Archer) - (22 November - 21 December)
*Capricorn (The Sea-Goat) - (22 December - 20 January)
* Aquarius  (The Water-Bearer) - (20 January - 18 February)
*Pisces  (The Fish) - (19 February - 20 March)
A person's Zodiac sign is determined by at what time and on what day they are born. The Meteorological Signs do the same thing.

## Chinese Zodiac
In the Chinese zodiac, years match twelve animals in turn.
*Rat
*Ox
*Tiger
*Rabbit
*Dragon
*Snake
*Horse
*Goat
*Monkey
*Rooster
*Dog
*Pig

## Indian zodiac 
* Mesha (Aries)
* Vrishabha (Taurus)
* Mithuna (Gemini)
* Karka (Cancer)
* Simha (Leo)
* Kanya (Virgo)
* Tula (Libra)
* Vrischika (Scorpio)
* Dhanu (Sagittarius)
* Makar (Capricorn)
* Kumbha (Aquarius)
* Meena (Pisces) 

## References