open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Granule (cell biology)

In cell biology, a **granule** can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy. The term is most often used to describe a secretory vesicle.

## Leukocytes 
A group of leukocytes called granulocytes contain granules and play an important role in the immune system. The granules of certain cells, such as Natural killer cells, contain components which can lead to the lysis of neighboring cells. 

## Platelets 
The granules of platelets are classified as dense granules and alpha granules.
Comfort women

**Comfort women** were women and girls forced into sexual slavery. These women, mostly Korean and Chinese, were forced by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II. There are different estimates of how many comfort women there were. Most researchers say there were probably around 50,000 to 200,000 comfort women. One source says the number of comfort women was closer to 20,000 while another says there were as many as 410,000.

## References
Fan fiction

, 1917, John Rae|thumb]]**Fan fiction** or **fanfiction** (also known as fanfic) is a name for fiction created by fans instead of the original author.

Fanfiction writers take fictional characters and settings from fictional (or sometimes historical) stories that were created by other people, and write original stories about them. People write fan fiction for many different book, television series, and movie fandoms.

When fanfiction first began, it was often only published in fan magazines. Today fanfiction, like many fandom activities, can be usually found on the internet. This has created many fanfiction communities. People in these communities post their fanfiction and receive feedback (reviews) from other community members.

There is also fan art (also called fanart), which is often drawings or other visual art based on a fandom.

## Related pages
*Fandom
*Fictional universe

## Other websites 
*Fanfiction.net
Archetype

In psychology, an **archetype** is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.

In the analysis of personality, the term *archetype* is often broadly used to refer to
# a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
# an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.

But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining *example* of a personality type. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.

Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years. The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.

## Etymology 
The word *archetype* appeared in European texts as early as 1545. It derives from the Latin noun *archetypum* via the Greek noun *arkhetypon* and adjective *arkhetypos*, meaning "first-moulded". The Greek roots are *arkhe-* ("first" or "original") + *typos* ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

## References 
* Jung, C. G., (1934–1954). *The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious*. (1981 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol.9 Part 1), Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. 
* Arrien, Angeles (1992). *Signs Of Life:  The Five Universal Shapes And How To Use Them*.  Sonoma, CA, USA:  Arcus Publishing Company.  

## Notes 
## Other websites
* Einführung in die Archetypen des Unbewussten nach C.G. Jung
Archetype (disambiguation)

**Archetype** can mean:
* An original model or prototype of which all other similar persons, objects, or concepts are developed.
* Archetype, traditionally defined in the field of psychology as the idealized model of a person or personality
* Stock character, standard character types seen in fiction and literature
* Archetype, a formal re-usable model of a domain concept
* *Archetype*, an album by Fear Factory
* Becoming the Archetype, is an Christian metalcore band
Efficiency

**Efficiency** could mean:

* Energy efficiency, useful work per quantity of energy
** Energy conversion efficiency, desired energy output per energy input
** Energy conservation, reducing the use of energy
** Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed
** Fuel efficiency, converting energy in fuel to kinetic energy or work
*** Specific impulse, in propulsion systems, a measure of fuel-efficiency
** Volumetric efficiency, in internal combustion engine design
** Lighting efficiency, visible light from a light source per unit of power, in lumens per watt
** Mechanical efficiency, the effectiveness of a simple machine, mechanical advantage over ideal mechanical advantage
** Thermodynamic efficiency, useful work per change in heat
*** Exergy efficiency, measure of 2nd-law themodynamic loss
*** Thermal efficiency, useful work per the higher heating value of the fuel
** Radiation efficiency, ratio of radiated power to power absorbed at the terminals of an antenna
* Efficiency (aerodynamics), for fixed wing aircraft the Lift-to-drag ratio
* Efficiency (economics), a general term, to capture the amount of waste or other undesirable features
** Pareto efficiency, making one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off
** Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, like a less stringent Pareto efficiency
** Allocative efficiency, an optimal distribution of goods
** The optimisation of a social welfare function
** Efficiency wages, paying workers more than the market rate for increased productivity
* Efficiency (statistics), a measure of desirability of an estimator
* Efficiency ratio, expenses as a percentage of revenue, etc.
* Efficiency Movement, of the Progressive Era 1890-1932, advocated efficiency in the economy, society and government
* Material efficiency, compares material requirements between construction projects or physical processes
* Textual efficiency, density of a message
* Algorithmic efficiency, the speed and space requirements of a computer program
* Quantum efficiency, a measure of sensitivity of a photosensitive device: the percentage of photons hitting the photoreactive surface that will produce an electron–hole pair
Prototype

A **prototype** is an original type, form, or instance of something. (usually in engineering) It serves as a typical example or standard for things of the same category. Some prototypes are used to find defects or to test an idea. Building a prototype of each idea and testing them is a good way to choose a final design.

## Different kinds
Prototypes are built for different reasons:
***Proof of principle prototype** (or model): Shows that something can be done.  These kinds of prototypes are built to test a part of the design. These prototypes do not look like the finished product, in most cases. Such prototypes are used to show that certain design choices will work or will not work.
***Form-study prototype** (model): This tries to show what the finished design will look like, but without the function. Such prototypes allow to take decisions about the exact shape, size, or ergonomic properties.  This lets a designer see if things fit together, and will feel right.
***Visual prototype**: These will look like the actual product, and are used for market research. They do not have any of the functionality of the final product. An example is a *concept* car at a car show.  It may look like a new car but may not even have an engine.
***User experience prototype** represents enough of the appearance and function of the product  that it can be used for user research.
***Functional prototype**: These will behave and act like the final product as much as possible. For cost reasons, they may be smaller in size, or they may not have the final look of the product.
***Paper prototype** is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the user interface of a software product. Such prototypes are commonly used for early testing of a software design, and can be part of a  software walkthrough to confirm design decisions before more costly levels of design effort are expended.

## Manufacturing Process 
Prototyping typically begins with a digital 3D model, which is transformed into a physical prototype using processes like 3D printing, CNC machining, or vacuum casting. The chosen method depends on the material, complexity, and intended use of the prototype. After manufacturing, prototypes undergo testing and evaluation for functionality, fit, and design accuracy. This iterative process allows for fast modifications, enabling efficient refinement and validation before committing to large-scale production.

## References
Microdon

Flies in the genus ***Microdon*** are a type of hoverfly. *Microdon* and its subfamily are different from most other flies because they are myrmecophiles. This means they live in ant colonies (nests). There are more than 350 species of *Microdon* in the world. Some of these will be split off in time because *Microdon* has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species. Most *Microdon* live in the tropics; 30 species live in North America.

## What they look like 
*Microdon* adults are very hairy and look like bees. They are 8 to 15 mm long. The antennae are almost as long as the fly's face. These flies have black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and their bodies are either black or metallic green or blue.

The larvae of *Microdon* flies look strange. They are very round and look like stout little slugs. At first scientists thought they were mollusks and scale insects.

## References
Pattern

al tiling of a floor in Rome. The tiling follows a simple pattern]]
A **pattern** is an idea, a concept or a model. The model is usually abstract, and can then be applied to the domain where it is used. Pattern matching is checking if a certain pattern is present. Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses. 

Some patterns are based on the fact that there are repetitions, that a certain thing occurs over and over again. An example of a simple pattern might be the tiling of a floor. For example, lots of bathrooms have a paisley or floral tiling pattern on the floor. In computer science, design patterns are model solutions for problems that occur often. Sometimes people see patterns when there are none. This is called pareidolia.

## Mathematical patterns
In Mathematics, there are many different patterns. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is a complex type of pattern. There are some simple ones like:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...

In this pattern, the next number is the product of the previous number multiplied by 2. Basically a mathematical pattern is a sequence of numbers which follows one rule.
Bean

s.]]
**Bean** is the name used for the seeds of plants. Most of these plants are known as legumes. Their scientific name is Fabaceae. Common beans, lentils, soybeans, peas are some types of beans.  Beans contain a lot of fibre. They are also high in protein. Vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants but not all legumes are edible. Laburnums for example are very poisonous as are some lupins.  

The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans. This is mostly because they look like true beans. Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.

## Gallery 

Image:Heaps of beans.jpg|Green beans
Image:3 types of lentil.jpg|Three types of lentils
Image:South Central Farm 32.jpg|The red things in the bowl are tomatoes, the rest are different kinds of beans
Image:Soja.jpg| A soybean
Image:Phaseolus vulgaris.jpg|Beans as they can be commonly grown in the garden.
Luxembourg franc

The **Luxembourg Franc** was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. From 1944 to 2002 it had the same value as the Belgian franc, and people were able to use both currencies in both countries. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.

## Coins 
There were different types of Luxembourg Francs, like 25 cent, 1, 20, and 50 Francs.

## Related pages
*Belgian franc
Belgian franc

The **Belgian franc** was a type of money. It is nearly the same as its partner, the Luxembourg franc. The Belgian franc was founded in 1848 in Belgium. The symbol for the Belgian franc is fr. or F. It was replaced by the euro (€) on January 1, 1999. One euro has the same value as about forty Belgian francs.

## Coins
The different types of coins used were 1, 5, 20, and 50 francs. 50 cents was another type of coin, but is not common.

## Banknotes
The different types of banknotes used were 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 francs.

## Related pages
* Luxembourg franc

## Other websites
*
Three Laws of Robotics

The **Three Laws of Robotics** are three rules which Isaac Asimov thought should be programmed into robots. The rules assume that robots will be human-type machines, able to walk about and do things. Asimov called these robots *positronic robots*. The laws are presented in his 'Robot' series of short stories and novels.

The first mention of the laws is in Asimov's short story *Runaround* (written in 1942). 
# A robot may not injure a human being or, by failing to act, allow a human being to come to harm.
# A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where carrying out those orders would break the First Law.
# A robot must protect its own existence, as long as the things it does to protect itself do not break the First or Second Law.

Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are changed one by one so that there can be no reason for a robot to break the Zeroth Law. .

According to the *Oxford English Dictionary,* the passage in Asimov's short story "Liar!" (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word *robotics*. Asimov was not aware of this at the time; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with *mechanics,* *hydraulics,* and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.

The Three Laws form a theme in his *Robot* series and the other stories linked to it, as well as his Lucky Starr series of science fiction for children.  Other authors working in Asimov's fictional universe have adopted them, and references (often parodic) appear in science fiction and other genres. Technologists in the field of artificial intelligence have speculated upon the role the Laws might have in the future.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Worley, Gordon.  "Robot Oppression: Unethicality of the Three Laws ".
* "Frequently Asked Questions about Isaac Asimov", *AsimovOnline* 27 September 2004.
* Ethical Considerations for Humanoid Robots: Why Asimov's Three Laws are not enough.
Glycolysis

**Glycolysis** is a metabolic process in most organisms. It is the first stage in cellular respiration. It allows both aerobic  and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy. The word "glycolysis" comes from the Greek words γλυκύς (meaning "sweet") and λύσις (meaning "rupture").

Glycolysis is thought to be the archetype of a universal metabolic pathway. It occurs, with variations, in almost all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis shows that it is one of the oldest known metabolic pathways.

Glycolysis has ten intermediate compounds, catalysed by ten different enzymes. Only the broad outline is described here.

## Process 
### Preparatory phase 
The first half of glycolysis is the preparatory phase. It starts off by adding a phosphate group to glucose (Glucose 6-phosphate). Next, the Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into Fructose 6-phosphate. Another phosphate group is added turning it into fructose -1,6- biphosphate. The fructose -1,6-biphosphate is then split in two, one part turning into G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into G3P, leaving us with the two G3P triose sugar molecules used in the Pay-off phase.

### Pay-off phase 
The second half of glycolysis is known as the 'pay-off phase', by the net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. Since glucose leads to two triose (G3P) sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose molecule.

**Summary**: 2ATP → 4ATP + 2(NADH + H+) + 2 pyruvate (net production of 2ATP)

### Aerobic respiration 
Cells performing aerobic respiration (respiration using oxygen) synthesize much more ATP, but not as part of glycolysis. These further reactions use the pyruvate from glycolysis. 

Eukaryote aerobic respiration produces about 30 additional molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many cells.

## Related pages 
*Cellular respiration (overview)
*Link reaction
*Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
*Electron transport chain (ETC)

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Glycolytic enzymes in Glycolysis 
* Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 
* Notes on glycolysis
Paradise Island

**Paradise Island** is an island in the Bahamas. The island is just north of the island of New Providence, Bahamas. There are two bridges connecting the two islands. One was built in 1999 and the other one was built in the late 1990s.

## Description
Paradise Island (and all of the Bahamas) is known for its sandy white beaches and all year round warm climate. The island is also is known for Atlantis, a hotel and casino.

## Movies
Paradise Island is a hot spot for filming movies. The Beatles film *Help!* and James Bond movie *Casino Royale* are only some of the movies filmed on Paradise Island.

## Related pages
* Caribbean

## Other websites
* Paradise Island official website
* Atlantis official webstite
* Bahamas tourist site
Multiculturalism

**Multiculturalism** is a word describing a society with many various cultures. It is the simple fact of cultural diversity.

## Multicultural society
In a multicultural society, there is not an official culture that is decided by those in charge for everyone. Instead, different cultures are similarly respected. A multicultural society emerges when persons from different countries migrate to one country, or an empire conquers many countries. Tolerance is a great help for multiculturalism. Xenophobia makes it difficult. A multicultural society would be composed of those from different ethnic backgrounds and cultures living and working together. Those from different backgrounds link with one another's culture, which shows the acceptance of their culture and background.

## Related pages
* Multilingualism
* Cultural assimilation
* Multiculturalism in Canada
Eddie Izzard

**Edward Jonathan "Eddie" Izzard** (born 7 February 1962) is an English actor and stand-up comedian. He has acted in movies and television. He is known for his strange comedy and for being a transvestite (he often wore women's clothes).

## Personal life
Izzard has described herself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body".

## Other websites 
*Izzard's website
*

## References
SkyOS

**SkyOS** is a discontinued prototype operating system. SkyOS is mostly POSIX-compliant. It comes with the core of the open source GNU tools, including GCC.

Many Linux or other UNIX programs, like AbiWord and Gaim, run on SkyOS thanks to its POSIX compliance and GTK+ support. Some games, like *Quake*, have also been ported.

Development started in 1996. Its first version was released in December 1997.

Up until version 4.x the OS was free. After 2003, SkyOS's beta version cost $30.

It was made by Robert Szeleney.

## References 
## Other websites 
* SkyOs official website
Emulator

]]
An **emulator** is a computer program or software that makes one kind of computer behave like a different one, so that it can use the same programs or do the same things as the other one. They are best for using old software and games on newer computers. They can be hardware that you add to the computer, or software that you use on it. Some types of emulators require newer computers that have the right system requirements. For example, you need a processor that is fast enough to meet the demands of the emulator. Memory (both RAM and hard drive space) may be another factor to help it run smoothly and more accurately. With the more advanced emulators, if your computer is too old, the emulator or even the operating system may crash.

## Types of emulators 
The simplest type of emulator is called an interpreter, and it runs the foreign program one step at a time. This is the slowest type of emulator but it is easy to debug and port to new platforms. Another type is called the dynamic recompiler, and it takes foreign code a block at a time and recompiles (converts) it into native code. Foreign code that has already been converted is kept, so if the foreign program uses that code again, the emulator does not have to recompile it again. This type of emulator is much faster than the interpreter. Another type is the hypervisor, which only makes slight modifications to the foreign code, and runs it directly on the host processor. The hypervisor requires that the guest (foreign) and host systems use the same type of CPU.
Orthodoxy

**Orthodoxy** means right belief or purity of faith. Orthodoxy is established by an absolute authority. 

The term "orthodoxy" or "orthodox" is typically used to label or identify a specific kind of theology and doctrine of religion.

Orthodoxy or "correct" belief is not subjective.
 
## References
## Related pages 
* Orthodox Judaism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Oriental Orthodoxy

## Other websites
* History of Orthodox Christianity 
* Orthodox Christian Information Center
ReactOS

**ReactOS** is a project to develop an operating system that is compatible with software for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and its successors. In 2018, the project is still in its first stage of development. ReactOS is not based on Linux or Unix. ReactOS uses some code from the Wine project.

## Other websites 
* ReactOS official website
* 
* 
* ReactOS Google+ page
* ReactOS SourceForge page
* 
* ReactOS VKontakte page 
*
Context

The word **Context** have a couple of meanings:

* Context (language): the text in which a word or passage appears and which affects its meaning; also the words and social setting which surrounds a spoken word or passage.

* ConTeXt, a macro package for the TeX typesetting system
* ConTEXT, a Windows text editor
* Context (computing), the virtual environment required to suspend a running software program
* Archaeological context, an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record
* the Context Science Fiction Convention , held every fall in Columbus, Ohio

**Context** may also be used for:

* Context analysis, analysis of the environment in which a business operates
* Context awareness, ability for computers to adjust to the natural environment
* Context menu, usability improvement based on context awareness
* Context mixing, a type of data compression algorithm
* Context principle, philosophy of language
* Context Sensitive Solutions, transportation
* Context theory, theory of how environmental design and planning of new development should relate to its context
* Contextualization, a translation approach that is not literal; predominately used in regards to Bible translations
* Trama (**context** or **flesh**), the mass of non-hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body
* Low context culture
* High context culture

## Related pages
* Locality (disambiguation)
* State (disambiguation)
* Natural environment
* Causality
* Context free
* Context-sensitive
* Opaque context
President of the French Republic

The **President** **of the French Republic** is the head of state of France. The current President is Emmanuel Macron since 14 May 2017 defeating Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017.

## List of French presidents (Fifth Republic)
## Living former presidents of France
There are two living former French presidents:

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
Corn Pops

**Corn Pops** is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. It was originally called Sugar Pops in 1951, and then changed Sugar Corn Pops, and then to "Corn Pops" and in January of 2006 the name of the cereal was changed to Pops, only to be changed back to Corn Pops several months later. In the middle of 2007, Corn Pops made a new kind of cereal called "Peanut Butter Pops".

## Canadian variant
* Canadian Corn Pops are round, while the American Corn Pops are flat and longer.
* Canadian and American Corn Pops taste very different; it has been suggested that the American type is sweeter. They also have a different texture. Canadian Corn Pops are closer to Kix cereal.
* Canadian and American Corn Pops contain no trans-fat.

## Taglines 
* Sugar Corn Pops Are Tops! (pre-1980s)
* Gotta get... POPS! (1981 - 1988)
* Gotta have my pops. (1988 - 2000)
* It's hard to stop when it's pops. (1995 - 1999)

## References
## Other websites 
* Kellogg's
Conrad Lant

**Conrad "Cronos" Lant** (born 15 January 1963) is the vocalist and bass player in black metal band Venom. He was born in 1963 in London, England.

## History 
Cronos started to sing in 1978 in the band *Guillotine*. Then he knew Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn and they founded Venom.

In 1989 Cronos left the band to start a solo work. Venom could not go on without him and they stopped singing in 1993. Then Cronos returned in 1995 and rejoined the band.

## Other websites 
* Official Venom Website
County Wicklow

**County Wicklow** (Irish: *Contae Chill Mhantáin*) is a county on the east coast of Ireland. It is directly south of Dublin. County Wicklow has an area of 2,024&nbsp;square kilometres (781 sq&nbsp;mi). Wicklow is known as "The Garden of Ireland" because of its scenery.

The county town is Wicklow. County Wicklow's largest municipality is Bray. Bray has a population of 30,951 and is not a suburb of Dublin. Other main towns include Greystones and Arklow.

## Other websites 
*Wicklow County Council
*Map of Wicklow
*Wicklow News 
*Pictures of County Wicklow, Irelandscape
Końskowola

**Końskowola**   is a village in Southeastern Poland. It is the capital of a separate commune within Puławy County and the Lublin Voivodeship. It has 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2004). L

## History 
The town was established on June 8, 1532. Końskowola served as a center of the foodstuffs trade for the surrounding area. Several textile production factories were also located there. 
During World War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola was taken by German troops and occupied. During the course of WWII, the Germans set up a POW camp and camps for slave labor in the town. The POW camp was soon stopped, but a labor camp continued in operation through 1943. 

A ghetto was established in the town, to which many groups of Jews were relocated, including Jews from Slovakia. On May 8, 1942, the Nazis conducted an *Aktion* in which many Jews were rounded up and transported to a death camp. In October 1942, the ghetto's population was killed in a massacre carried out by German troops. Some 800-1000 Jews, among them women and children, were taken to a nearby forest and killed. The ghetto's remaining inhabitants were moved to another camp.

With the approach of Soviet Union forces in the summer of 1944, the Germans had plans to burn the town. On July 25, 1944, the German occupation forces were attacked by fighters of the Polish resistance. The town was soon freed from the Germans.
J. R. Richard

**James Rodney "J. R." Richard** (March 7, 1950 &ndash; August 4, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Houston Astros. Richard was excellent in basketball and baseball in high school. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1969 amateur draft. He made his baseball debut on September 5, 1971, and pitched a complete game and had fifteen strikeouts. After that, he was one of the top pitchers in the National League, and in all of baseball. He led the league in many pitching categories. They include strikeouts, earned run average (ERA) and hits allowed per nine innings.

On July 30, 1980, Richard suffered a stroke and collapsed while playing catch before a game. He was sent to Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas and had emergency surgery. The surgery removed a dangerous blood clot in his neck. The next year, Richard tried to make a comeback into baseball, but the stroke had slowed down his reaction time and vision. He then spent the next few seasons in minor league baseball. He was later released by the Astros on April 27, 1984. After baseball, Richard was involved in business. He had a few bad business deals and went through two divorces. This left him homeless in 1994. He then found help in a local church, and then became a minister and baseball instructor for young people in Houston.

Richard died on August 4, 2021 at a hospital in Houston, aged 71. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Retrosheet: J. R. Richard
Lusaka

**Lusaka** is the capital of Zambia. It is also the largest city in that country. It is in south central Zambia on a plateau at 1300 m (4265 ft) in altitude. Lusaka Province had the highest population size at 3,093,615.

## References
Bellinzona

**Bellinzona** ([] in French *Bellinzone* [] and *Bilitio* [] in Latin) is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino. Its German name *Bellenz* [] is no longer in use. With about 17.300 people living there, it is the second biggest city of the canton (after Lugano, with about 52.000 people).

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

Image:Castelgrande.JPG|Castel Grande in Bellinzona
Image:Castelli.JPG|More Castles
Image:Bellinzona Altstadt.JPG|The old town of Bellinzona; with the church

## References 
## Other websites 

* Bellinzona official website 
*Rabadan carnival
*UNESCO
Jodie Foster

**Jodie Foster** (born **Alicia Christian Foster**; November 19, 1962) is an American actress, director and producer. She has starred in many movies like *Bugsy Malone*, *Taxi Driver*, *The Silence of the Lambs* and *Panic Room*. She has won many awards including two Oscars. 

Foster began directing movies in 1991. These include *Little Man Tate*; *Home for the Holidays*  and *The Beaver*.

Foster is openly lesbian and is married to photographer Alexandra Hedison. Hedison is the daughter of actor David Hedison.

## Movie work
*1976: *Taxi Driver* as Iris Steensma
*1976: *Bugsy Malone* as Tallulah
*1988: *The Accused* as Sarah Tobias
*1991: *The Silence of the Lambs* as Clarice Starling
*1994: *Nell* as Nell Kellty
*1997: *Contact* as Dr. Eleanor "Ellie" Arroway
*2002: *Panic Room* as Meg Altman
*2021: *The Mauritanian* as Nancy Hollander

## References
## Other websites
*
Gerbilling

**Gerbilling** is an urban legend.  This means it is a story that is not true.  It is the act of placing a gerbil into the human rectum for sexual pleasure.  Other small live animals (usually gerbils but also mice, hamsters, rats and various other rodents) are used.

Folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand writes that the urban legend began in 1984.  It involved a mouse and an unidentified gay man. In passing years this story changes into a gerbil, and was made to involve to many named male celebrities that were publicly thought to be gay. Rumors about various male celebrities engaging in gerbilling have become popular urban legends over the years. 

In Poland, controversial scholar Marek Jan Chodakiewicz lectured on gerbilling at the Institute of National Remembrance's educational center, describing that his ex-girlfriend Debbie, a registered nurse, extracted a fat-smeared hamster from the rectum of a gay man in 1984. Polish media stated that the hamster story is a well known urban legend, so well known that it has a Wikipedia page.

## References
*
Shield

A **shield** is the name used to refer to any object or force used to block something.
 (3rd century A.D.)]]
## History 
The oldest shield known was a device used to block hand weapons and arrows. The shield has been constructed differently over time, even animal hides were used, and the size and weight were largely different as well.

### Middle Ages 
In the Middle Ages, Kite shields were commonly used. The Kite shield is a shield in the form of a kite. Because of the lack of mobility due of the kite shields' weight, kite shields were given up for more mobility and two handed weapons. The Buckler was a shield with a round shape. It was commonly used as a replacement for the heavy Kite shields.

### Modern Shields 
Shields were used even after gunpowder weapons. the shield is still used by police and army forces today. Many shields now in days are usually made from advanced material, as well as electronics. Shields also vary from not only hand helds, but clothing, such as vests and, in a way, boots and gloves.

## Future 
The future of shields have varied from multiple ideas and fiction, usually force fields and energy shields.
Fog

.]]

**Fog** is a meteorological phenomenon.  It is stratus clouds on the surface of the Earth.  Fog may appear on land or sea and it usually lowers visibility (makes it hard to see very far).  When the air chills, moisture will turn to fog.

Fog is made up of tiny water droplets or, in very cold conditions, ice crystals. When seen on a high speed camera, (a special camera that takes many frames and can view videos at very low speed) it looks like hundreds of small water droplets moving through the air. These water droplets make up the fog or mist. 

There are many types of fog, classified according to what makes the condensation. They include evaporation fog, advection fog, radiation fog, and upslope fog. The thickness of fog varies depending on the atmosphere, temperature, weather and location.

Image:Crepuscular rays with reflection in GGP.jpg|Crepuscular rays made by tree shadows over fog
Image:Lienz SG8.JPG|The morning fog in the Rhine Valley between Lienz / Altstätten and Rüthi.
Image:Nebelostfriesland.jpg|Ground fog in East Frisia (Moordorf)
File:Sunrise in the fog 7723.jpg|A foggy sunrise

## Other websites 
*
Frost

(Southern Brazil) is the coldest of Brazil's state capitals; the greenhouse of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba protects sensitive plants.]]

**Frost** is ice that is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface. It has a white, powdery appearance. It forms on cold surfaces when the temperature of the air is very low. It can destroy crops. This can cause mass hunger.

Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant and tissue exposed to low temperatures. Greenhouses help to protect crops from cold and frost damage.
Anomie

**Anomie** means the absence of the usual moral or ethical values, where a person or group lacks ethical standards. In the context of society or government it may be a cause of social unrest.

## Etymology 
The word comes from Greek, namely the prefix  *a-* “without”, and *nomos* “law”. The original meaning of *anomie* was "against or outside the law". 

In contemporary English the word *anomie* can mean not only normlessness but also anarchy. Émile Durkheim and later theorists, meant with *anomie* a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.

## Anomie in literature and film 
In Albert Camus’s existentialist novel *The Stranger*, the protagonist Meursault struggles to construct an individual system of values as he responds to the disappearance of the old. He exists largely in a state of *anomie*, as seen from the apathy evinced in the opening lines: *“Aujourd’hui, maman est morte. Ou peut-être hier, je ne sais pas”* (“Today Mother died. Or maybe yesterday, I don't know.”) 

Dostoevsky, whose work is often considered a philosophical precursor to existentialism, often expressed a similar concern in his novels. In *The Brothers Karamazov*, the character Dimitri Karamazov asks his atheist friend Rakitin, ”...without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?” Raskolnikov, the anti-hero of Dostoevsky’s novel *Crime and Punishment*, puts this philosophy into action when he kills an elderly pawnbroker and her sister, later rationalizing this act to himself with the words, “...it wasn’t a human being I killed, it was a principle!”

On Hermann Hesse´s *Der Steppenwolf* we can also find a very clear picture of anomie. The protagonist affirms that the men of the Dark Ages did not suffer more than those of the Classical Antiquity, and vice-versa. It is rather those who live between two times, those who do not know what to follow, that suffer the most. In this token, a man from the Dark Ages living in the Classical Antiquity, or the opposite, would undergo a gulping sadness and agony.

## Bibliography 
* Marco Orru 1883. The Ethics of Anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim, *British Journal of Sociology*, **34**, #4. 499–518.
* Jordi Riba 1999. *La morale anomique de Jean-Marie Guyau*. Paris : L'Harmattan.

## References 
## Other websites 
*"Anomie" discussed at the Émile Durkheim Archive.
Njord

**Njörðr** is the god of the seas and the wind in Norse mythology. A member of the Vanir, he is the father of the twin gods Freyr and Freyja by an unnamed sister of his. He is married to the jötunness Skaði, daughter of Þjazi.

## Marriage With Skaði
Skadi's father Þjazi caught Loki, and forced him to lure out the goddess Iðunn, keeper of the apples which grant the Æsir their phenomenal youth and longevity. As the gods began to age, they sought out the one responsible for taking Idunn; discovering it was Þjazi, they killed him and freed Iðunn. Angered at the offense, Skaði came to fight the gods, but they did not want to fight her. The Æsir instead offered Skaði compensation, allowing her to choose a husband among the gods, but only by looking at their feet. Skaði wished to marry Baldr, the most handsome of the gods, but the feet she picked belonged to Njörðr, whose feet were shining and clean. (Odin later took Þjazi's eyes and placed them as stars in the night sky). When Skaði moved to her new husband's home near the sea, she missed her mountain home. Trapped in a loveless marriage, she only spends half her time with her husband. When Skaði is away, Njörðr is sad, causing storms at the sea.
Spinach

**Spinach** is a green, leafy vegetable. It comes from southwestern and central Asia. Its flowers are small and yellow. Spinach is rich in vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate, making it healthy. Spinach, along with other green, leafy vegetables, is rich in iron.

Here are some perceptions about spinach that come from popular culture:
*Spinach is traditionally unpopular with children.
*The cartoon character Popeye eats spinach in order to become strong.

## References
Cardiomyopathy

The word **cardiomyopathy** means "heart muscle disease". Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases in which the function of the myocardium (heart muscle) is impaired for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.

There are four main types of cardiomyopathy:

* Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form. Patients with this disease usually undergo heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is impaired.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) is a genetic disorder in which the heart muscle is thickened, which can block blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
* Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is caused by an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
* Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood.

## References
Richard Gere

**Richard Tiffany Gere** (born August 31, 1949) is an American actor and activist. He grew up in Syracuse, New York. He has been acting for over 20 years. In favour with 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, Gere is a devout Tibetan Buddhist, which he converted to in 1978. He has three sisters and a brother. Gere was married to model Cindy Crawford from 1991 until 1995, when the two divorced.

## Movies 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* *Hello Magazine*, Hello! Profile 
* The Gere Foundation
Norm

One common understanding of **norm** is: something that is regarded as normal or typical.

But it may mean as well:
*Norm (artificial intelligence)
*Norm (philosophy)
*Norm (sociology)
*Normative
*The diminutive of the proper name, "Norman"

In **mathematics**:
*Norm (mathematics), a map that assigns lengths to vectors
**Normed vector space
**Matrix norm
*Field norm in algebraic number theory and Galois theory
*Reduced norm in algebra over a field theory
*The nonnegative integer function in the definition of Euclidean domain
*The product of conjugate elements of an algebraic element
*In descriptive set theory, a map from a set into the ordinals (see prewellordering)
*A statistical concept in psychometrics

**Norm** may also be:
* Norm MacDonald (1959-2021), comedian and star of the 1999-2001 sitcom *The Norm Show* (a.k.a. *Norm*)
*Norm Abram, carpenter in the television show *This Old House*
*Norm Peterson, a character in the sitcom *Cheers* and its spin-off *Norm*
*Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
*Norm, a character from the video game *Crash Nitro Kart*
*Norm the Genie, a villain in *The Fairly OddParents*
**Norm*, a character from the Life. Be in it. campaign.

**Norms** may refer to Norms Restaurants, a chain of restaurants in Southern California.

## Related pages
*Normal
*Norma (disambiguation)
*Surface normal
Clamp

A **clamp** is a device used to hold things tightly together and to prevent movement and/or separation of objects.

Clamps are used in technical work, such as woodworking. There are also special types of clamps used in medicine.

## References
Salamandridae

The family **Salamandridae** is a family of amphibians. It consists of true salamanders and newts. 

The species are spread all over the northern hemisphere - Europe, Asia, the northern tip of Africa and North America. 

As of 2007, there were 74 known species, in 20 genera.
Gold Coast Art Centre

The **Gold Coast Art Centre** is a place on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The Art Centre is home to many facilities including the Gold Coast City Art Gallery. The Art Centre holds events like weddings, Theatre, parties, corporate functions, seminars and conferences. The art centre is funded by the Gold Coast City Council

## Facilities 
The Gold Coast Art Centre has many facilities, the facilities are listed below:

*Panorama Suite 
*Two Cinemas 
*Paradise Room 
*Arts Theatre 
*Arts Restaurant 
*Lobby Shop 
*Harlequin Room 
*Two Art Galleries 
*Clubroom 
*Sculpture Walk 
*Cafe Arts 
*Costume Hire Department 
*Comedy Clubhouse 
*Technical Services Department 
*The Boardroom 
*St. Margaret's Chapel 

## Other websites 
*Gold Coast City Art Centre Webstite
Rikishi

A **rikishi** () is a professional sumo wrestler. The Japanese characters making up the name mean "strong man". The people who take part in sumo wrestling are very strong and big.

During their careers, the sumo wrestlers live in "stables" kept by a former wrestler. The former wrestler makes sure the new wrestlers who live there live a very strict life.

## Gallery 

File:97-Sumo-Wrestlers-Edo-period-Utagawa-Kuniteru-1867.png|97 Rikishi of the Edo Period by Utagawa Kuniteru II
Thorax

## Humans and mammals 
In mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm. 

## Insects 
The **thorax** is a part of an animal's body that is between the head and the abdomen. 

In insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax.

## Related pages 
* Chest
* Thoriac
Edda

**Edda** or the plural **Eddas** or **Eddur**, including *Poetic Edda* (or Older Edda) and *Prose Edda* (or Younger Edda), are two collections of stories about Viking deities. They were made in around 9th to 13th century by Icelandic Christian historians.
Although the Eddur are the most important written records remaining today about Norse mythology, they are not very reliable because Christians hated pagan religions, and they changed the original tales to make the Norse gods and goddesses look silly, lusty, and barbaric.

The term "Edda" most likely refers to Oddi, a place where both Saemund Sigfusson (a cleric who is rumoured author of Older Edda), and Snorri Sturluson (a Christian politician, author of Younger Edda) lived.

## Related pages 
* Saga
Legalism

**Legalism** was one of the four main philosophies in Chinese history during the Warring States Period. It is a political philosophy which says that people are bad by nature and need to be controlled by the government. It was introduced by Qin Shi Huang.

One of the most important contributors to Legalism was Han Fei (). He said that a ruler must use following tools to govern a state:
# **Fa** (; literally "law or principle"): The law must be known by everyone. Everybody under the ruler is equal before the law. If you do what law wants you will be rewarded. If you break the law or try to break it, you will be punished.
# **Shu** (; literally "method, tactic or art"): These are methods the ruler has to use so that nobody is able to abolish the system.
# **Shi** (; literally "legitimacy, power or charisma"): The position of the ruler is important, not the ruler himself.

## Related pages 
* Confucianism
* Taoism

## Other websites 
* "The Book of Lord Shang"
Reynoldsburg, Ohio

**Reynoldsburg** is a city in Fairfield, Franklin, and Licking counties in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## Famous people
*Mark Anthony Garrett - International Speaker, Author
## References
Berberis

***Berberis*** or **barberry** is a genus of shrub, usually with spines and yellow flowers and red or blackish berries. It is used for medicines.

## References