Allosaurus

***Allosaurus*** was a large theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic period, a predatory carnivore. *Allosaurus* averaged 8.5 metres (28&nbsp;ft) in length, though some remains suggest it could reach over 12 meters (39&nbsp;ft). Its three-fingered forelimbs were smaller than its large hind legs, and the body was balanced by a long, heavy tail. It weighed 2.3 tons. It is the most common large predator found in the Morrison Formation of Colorado. This formation was laid down 155 to 145 million years ago, in the Jurassic. *Allosaurus* was at the top of the food chain. It probably preyed on large herbivorous dinosaurs and perhaps even other predators, including *Ceratosaurus* and *Marshosaurus*. Potential prey included ornithopods, stegosaurs, and sauropods.

Some paleontologists think *Allosaurus* had cooperative behavior, and hunted in packs. Others believe they may have been aggressive toward each other. Groups have been found together in the fossil record. This might be evidence of pack behavior, or just the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcass. Remains of many individuals have been found, including some which are almost complete. Over sixty-nine individuals from one species have been found.

## Feeding 
Sauropods, live or dead, seem to be likely candidates of prey. *Apatosaurus* bones with holes fitting allosaur teeth, and the presence of shed allosaur teeth with *Camarasaurus* bones have also been found.

There is dramatic evidence for allosaur attacks on *Hesperosaurus* and *Stegosaurus*. An *Allosaurus* tail vertebra has been found with a partially healed puncture which fits a *Stegosaurus* thagomizer. Also, there is a *Hesperosaurus* neck plate with a U-shaped wound that correlates well with an *Allosaurus* snout. 

An *Allosaurus* was probably not a predator of a fully grown *Haplocanthosaurus*, unless it hunted in packs. It had a modestly sized skull and relatively small teeth, and was greatly outweighed by adult *Haplocanthosaurus*. Another possibility is that it preferred to hunt juvenile *Haplocanthosaurus* instead of fully grown ones.

Researchers have made other suggestions. Robert T. Bakker compared the short teeth to serrations on a saw. This saw-like cutting edge runs the length of the upper jaw, and could have been driven into prey. This type of jaw would permit slashing attacks against much larger prey, with the goal of weakening the victim.

Another study showed the skull was very strong but had a relatively small bite force. The authors suggested that *Allosaurus* used its skull like a hatchet against prey, attacking open-mouthed, slashing flesh with its teeth, and tearing it away without splintering bones, but this is disputed by other scientists.

Different strategies could be used against different prey. The skull was light enough to allow attacks on smaller and more agile ornithopods, but strong enough for high-impact ambush attacks against larger prey like stegosaurs and sauropods.

Their ideas were challenged by other researchers, who found no modern examples of a hatchet attack. They thought it more likely that the skull was strong to absorb stresses from struggling prey.

The original authors noted that *Allosaurus* itself has no modern equivalent, so the absence of a modern 'hatchet attacker' was not significant. They thought the tooth row was well-suited to such an attack, and that articulations (joints) in the skull helped to lessen stress.

Another possibility for handling large prey is that theropods like *Allosaurus* were flesh grazers that take bites of flesh out of living sauropods such as *Cetiosaurus*, sufficient to sustain the predator so it did not need to kill the prey outright. This strategy might have allowed the victim to recover and be fed upon again later. The forelimbs were strong and capable of restraining prey, and the articulation of the claws suggests that they could have been used to hook things.

The shape of the *Allosaurus* skull limited binocular vision to 20° of width, slightly less than that of modern crocodilians. As with crocodiles, this may have been enough to judge prey distance and time attacks. The similar width of their field of view suggests that allosaurs, like modern crocodiles, were ambush hunters.

Finally, the top speed of *Allosaurus* has been estimated at 30 to 55&nbsp;kilometers per hour (19 to 34&nbsp;miles per hour).

## Cleveland-Lloyd discoveries 
The fossil site  known as the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Emery County, Utah was known in 1927, but major operations did not begin there until 1960. An effort from nearly 40&nbsp;institutions got thousands of bones between 1960 and 1965. Regardless of the cause, the great quantity of well-preserved *Allosaurus* remains means the animal is one of the best-known theropods. Individuals of almost all ages and sizes are found, from less than 1&nbsp;meter (3.3&nbsp;ft) to 12&nbsp;meters (39&nbsp;ft) long.

## Species 
There are five species of *Allosaurus*: 
* *Allosaurus fragilis*
* *Allosaurus tendagurensis* (named as *Epanterias*)
* *Allosaurus atrox*
* *Allosaurus europaeus*
* *Allosaurus jimmadseni*
* *Allosaurus anax*

## Media 
*Allosaurus,* like *Tarbosaurus*, *Tyrannosaurus* and *Torvosaurus*, has come to represent the fourth large, carnivorous dinosaur in popular culture.

It is a common dinosaur in museums. A number of museums cooperated in excavations at the Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. By 1976, museums in eight countries on three continents had Cleveland-Lloyd allosaur material or casts. *Allosaurus* is top predator in both Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel, *The Lost World.*

*Allosaurus* was depicted as a species of *Tyrannosaurus* in the 1956 horror film *The Beast of Hollow Mountain*, and the 1969 film *The Valley of Gwangi*. Gwangi is billed as an *Allosaurus*, though Ray Harryhausen named it as a *Tyrannosaurus*. *Allosaurus* appeared in the second episode of the 1999 BBC television series *Walking with Dinosaurs* and the follow-up special *The Ballad of Big Al*, which speculated on the life of the 'Big Al' specimen, as revealed by the numerous injuries and pathologies in its skeleton.

## References