open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
101 Dalmatians: The Series

***101 Dalmatians*** is an animated Disney television series. Is based on the *101 Dalmatians* movie. The series was originally shown from September 1, 1997 to March 4, 1998 in first run syndication and on ABC's *One Saturday Morning* lineup. It had a total of 65 episodes.

## Main Characters 
The main characters in the series are Lucky, Cadpig, Rolly, and Spot. Lucky is the most adventurous of the 99 puppies and is unique in having his only spots in the shape of a horseshoe on his back. Cadpig is another runt of the litter and the smallest of the 99 puppies but quite possibly the most intelligent, if not deluded. She is unique in having long floppy ears, a big head, a kind personality, and she's also quite strong for her size. Rolly is the very hungry one. Almost all his decisions are based on food and this, at times, gets him and the pups into trouble. He is, however, a loyal and helpful sibling, especially when it comes to his incredible sense of smell. Spot is a chicken who wants to become a Dalmatian. She is a voice of reason for the foursome but, more often than not, is ignored. She is easily frightened and is prone to literally bouncing off the walls. She is, however, a good dancer (which has to count for something, according to her) and appears to be good at math. She is also able to fly. Patch appears in the series in his look from the Dodie Smith novel; he appears to be more laid-back unlike his movie counterpart. Dipstick retains a bit of his movie look; he is portrayed as dimwitted but loyal. Wizzer changed quite a bit from his movie look, being smaller and with white ears and a red collar. He follows Mooch's orders without question and is still prone to having accidents as in the live-action movie. Two-Tone changed quite a bit from her movie appearance, now having two black ears, a gold hoop earring in her right ear, a chubby body, a blue collar instead of pink, and a lower black body with white spots. She was Mooch's girlfriend and second in command of his gang until she dated Lucky in "Love 'Em and Flea 'Em." Since then, Two-Tone has gone off on her own.

The main villains in the series are Cruella de Vil and her henchmen, Horace and Jasper. Cruella is now a corporate criminal and most of her plans revolve around getting richer, tormenting the Dalmatians, and plotting to steal the Dearly Farm. Horace and Jasper are usually hired to perform her plans, usually failing.

Other characters include Roger Dearly, Anita Dearly, Nanny, Pongo, Perdita, Mooch, Scorch, the Colonel, Sergeant Tibbs, Captain, Lt. Pug, Thunderbolt, Lucy, Swamp Rat, Steven the alligator, Cydne the snake, and the entire de Vil family.

## Other websites 
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* 
*
Pindar

**Pindar** (;  , ; ; c. 518 – 438 BC) was an ancient Greek poet of Thebes. He was born in Boeotia, around 518 BC. He died in Argos, at age 80 in 438 BC. He is known for his odes in praise of athletes and their accomplishments but he wrote poems in many other forms as well.

## References
Jungle Cubs

***The Fox and The Hound: The Series*** is an animated Disney television series. It is based on *The Fox and The Hound* as it is focused on the youth of Tod and copper before the events of *The Fox and The Hound 2*. The series was first shown from October 5, 2003 to January 10, 2006 before it's reruns to the *Disney Channel*. The show was broadcast on *Fox Family Channel*, but was taken off the schedule in 2004. Reruns aired on *Disney Junior* from 2012 to 2013. The series also aired on *Toon Disney* and in the United Kingdom.

## Main Characters
* **Baloo** (voiced by Pamela Adlon): A friendly and free-spirited sloth bear. 
* **Bagheera** (voiced by Elizabeth Daily in Season 1, Dee Bradley Baker in Season 2): He is a sensible panther. Bagheera is known as "Baggy" or "Bags". He is the youngest in the group.
* **Louie** (voiced by Jason Marsden in Season 1, Cree Summer in Season 2): Baloo's best friend, an orangutan. 
* **Shere Khan** (voiced by Jason Marsden): A proud, arrogant Bengal tiger. He is often called "Khannie" by Baloo and Louie.
* **Kaa** (voiced by Jim Cummings): A young python who wants to hypnotize other animals, but his skills at hypnosis are not very good.
* **Hathi**: An elephant who tyies to keep the group in order. He is often called "Little Peanut" by Baloo.
* **Cecil** and **Arthur** (voiced by Michael McKean and David Lander) - Two vultures who are always hoping for one of the cubs to die so that they can eat them. They are never seen as a real threat.
* **Mahra** (voiced by Tress MacNeille) - A baboon that lives in the wasteland. She and her sons have often antagonized the Jungle Cubs when they enter the wasteland.
** **Ned** (voiced by Charlie Adler) - One of Mahra's sons.
** **Jed** (voiced by Jim Cummings) - One of Mahra's sons.
** **Fred** (voiced by Jim Cummings) - One of Mahra's sons.

## International home video releases
### Episodes
#### Hobo Collection (United Arab Emirates)
Special episodes were aired as two part episodes, and were also added to video cassette.

Monkey business:  some monkeys escape from a circus train and befriend Todd, who is nervous being around animals he doesn’t know.

The great  granny rose:  granny roses, jealous, and wants to perform a magic trick of her own after discovering that bigger staff can brave everything in the forest.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Aladdin (animated TV series)

***Aladdin*** is an American animated children's television series based on the 1992 film. The series ran from February 6, 1994 to November 25, 1995 with three seasons and eighty-six episodes.

## Main characters
* Aladdin (voiced by Scott Weinger)
* Princess Jasmine (voiced by Linda Larkin)
* Genie (voiced by Dan Castellaneta (seasons 1-2) and Robin Williams (season 3))
* Iago (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried)
* Abu / Rajah / Xerxes / Hakim the Palace Guard / Fizal the Palace Guard (voiced by Frank Welker)
* Eden / Dhandi (voiced by Debi Derryberry)
* Sadira (voiced by Kellie Martin)
* Magic Carpet
* Abis Mal (voiced by Jason Alexander)
* Haroud Hazi Bin (voiced by James Avery)
* Mozenrath (voiced by Jonathan Brandis)
* Amin Damoola (voiced by Jeff Bennett)
* Mechanicles (voiced by Charlie Adler)
* Razoul / Prince Wazoo (voiced by Jim Cummings)
* The Sultan (voiced by Val Bettin)
* Khartoum (voiced by Tony Jay)
* Phasir (voiced by Ed Gilbert)
* Mirage (voiced by Bebe Neuwirth)
* Ayham Aghoul (voiced by Hamilton Camp)
* Aziz (voiced by Michael Bell)
* Minos (voiced by Keith David)
* Fatima (voiced by Charity James)
* Uncouthma (voiced by Tino Insana)
* Chaos (voiced by Matt Frewer)

## Other websites 
* 
*
E.G. Daily

**Elizabeth Guttman "E.G." Daily** (born **Elizbeth Ann Guttman**, September 11, 1961, in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer. She has acted on television and in movies and video games. She is best known as the voice of Thomas Malcolm "Tommy" Pickles in *Rugrats*/*All Grown Up* and *The Powerpuff Girls* franchise.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Cygnus (constellation)

**Cygnus** is a constellation in the northern sky. Cygnus means "swan" in Greek.  There is a pattern of stars in Cygnus that is called the **Northern Cross**.  This is because the pattern of stars looks like a cross.  The constellation Crux (constellation) has a pattern of stars that is called the Southern Cross.  The astronomer Ptolemy listed Cygnus in the 2nd century when he made a list of constellations.

## Deep-sky objects
*North America nebula
*Pelican nebula

## Famous stars
* Deneb
* Albireo
* Chi Cygni
* KY Cygni

## References
2000 UEFA Cup Final riots

The **2000 UEFA Cup Final Riots**, also known as the **Battle of Copenhagen**, was a riot in City Hall Square in Copenhagen, Denmark, between fans of English football team Arsenal and Turkish side Galatasaray around the 2000 UEFA Cup Final on 17 May 2000. The fights, in which four people were stabbed, also included fans from other clubs and were viewed by the media as part of revenge attacks for the killing of two Leeds United fans by Galatasaray fans the month before.

## References
Dark Tranquillity

**Dark Tranquillity** is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Billdal. 

The band was formed in 1989 by band member Mikael Stanne and guitarist Niklas Sundin. Stanne and Sundin originally formed a band under the name *Septic Broiler*. Members Anders Fridén, Anders Jivarp and Martin Henriksson joined the band shortly after. Dark Tranquillity is an important part of the melodic death metal genre of music and are one of the longest-standing bands from the original Gothenburg metal scene.

They released their debut album, *Skydancer*, on August 30, 1993. They are currently signed to Century Media Records.

## Band members
;Current
*Mikael Stanne - vocals (1989–*present*)
*Martin Henriksson - guitar (1989–*present*)
*Niklas Sundin - guitar (1989–*present*)
*Daniel Antonsson - bass (2008–*present*)
*Anders Jivarp - drums (1989–*present*)
*Martin Brändström - programming, keyboards (1999-*present*)

;Former
*Anders Fridén - vocals (1989–1993)
*Fredrik Johansson - guitar (1993–1998)
*Mikael Niklasson - bass (1999−2008)

## Discography
### Albums
**Skydancer* (1993)
**The Gallery* (1995)
*''The Mind's I* (1997)
**Projector* (1999)
**Haven* (2000)
**Damage Done* (2002)
**Character* (2005)
**Fiction* (2007)
**We Are the Void* (2010)
**Construct'' (2013)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
1142

## Events 
### By area 
#### Africa 
* When it was unable to feed its population during a famine, the emir of the great commercial center of Mahdia has to recognize the de facto protectorate of Roger II of Sicily.
* Failed Norman raid against the city of Tripoli.

#### Asia 
* Emperor Konoe succeeds Emperor Sutoku on the throne of Japan.

#### Europe 
* Henry the Lion becomes Duke of Saxony.
* The Empress Maud grants Oakley, Buckinghamshire Church, with its chapels of Brill, Boarstall and Addingrove, to the monks of St. Frideswide's Priory, in Oxford.

## Births 
* Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet (d. 1220)
* Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1192)

## Deaths 
* January 27 &ndash; Yue Fei, Chinese military leader (b. 1103)
* April 21 &ndash; Pierre Abélard, French scholastic philosopher (b. 1079)
* Orderic Vitalis, English chronicler (b. 1075)

## References
Radioactive contamination

represents two-thirds of the United States' high-level radioactive waste by volume. Nuclear reactors line the riverbank at the Hanford Site along the Columbia River in January 1960.]]
 site remains highly radioactive. About 160,000 people still live in temporary housing. Some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The difficult cleanup job will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.]] 
 (indicated in red), which covers an area the size of Wales. The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk from 1949 until 1989 with little regard for their effect on the local people or environment. The full impact of radiation exposure was hidden for many years by Soviet authorities and has only come to light since the test site closed in 1991.]]
 danger symbol. The red background is intended to convey urgent danger, and the sign is intended to be used in long-term radioactive waste repositories, which might survive into a distant future where other danger symbols may be forgotten or misinterpreted.]]

**Radioactive contamination**  or **radiological contamination** is the contamination of the environment with radioactive materials, where these materials are not present. Many radioactive substances have very long half lives; this means that if they are present in the envioroment, they can be dangerous for a very long time. Many nuclear power plants produce such substances; usually they are processed to radioactive waste. There is little danger that comes from radioactive waste,if it is stored safely.

## Causes
*Incidents in nuclear power plants
*Nuclear medicine uses radiation for the treatment of illnesses. Sometimes, there are accidents.
*Explosions in nuclear facilities (and atomic bombs) cause nuclear fallouts: This means that nuclear particles are scattered using normal atmospheric phenomena, such as the weather
*Nuclear reprocessing can contaminate water

## Accidents
## References
Awty International School

**The Awty International School** is a private school in Houston, Texas. It is for pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. It is the largest international school in the United States.

## School history
Awty was founded in 1956 as pre-school by Kathleen Awty. Adding High School, in 1975, the complex changed Awty into College preparatory school. They then united with French School of Houston and became Awty International School, as it is today, in 1984. Enrollment increased from 600 to 1,475 during last 15 years. In 1990 there was pre-school building added, in 1991 new high school building, in 1995 pre-school classrooms were added. Finally, in 2009, Awty opened athletic stadium with a soccer field, track, and tennis courts.

## Awty today
Awty is made of a big French Section and huge International Section. It is an accredited international and largest private school in US. It's licensed by ISAS and CIS, and also it is member of NAIS.

### Faculty and Students
School faculty comes from about 30 different countries and they are native speakers of languages from these countries.

Students are 40% American, 30% French and 30% from many other countries around the world.

Graduates attend universities in the US, Canada, Latin America, Australia, the Middle East, Asia and Europe.

### Location and Campus
The school is located on a 15-acre (61,000 m2) campus in central Houston. It includes 300 classrooms, 6 science laboratories, 3 art rooms, 4 computer laboratories, 3 libraries, 2 lunch rooms, 2 covered basketball/volleyball courts, an athletics center, 2 soccer fields and 2 gymnasiums.

### Vision and Mission
Awty's Vision is to inspire and educate students, so they could think outside the box, with help of unigque school spirit and welcoming campus.

The Awty International School provides a challenging education, leading to either the International Baccalaureate or the French Baccalauréat.
Within a friendly and nurturing environment, which encourages learning and the pursuit of excellence, Awty celebrates linguistic, cultural and international diversity and seeks to maximize the potential in all of our students as they grow to become responsible world citizens.

### Sports and arts
The school is member of TAPPS, they play basketball, perform in music contests or win in soccer. A lot of Awty's musicians are in TAPPS Area or Region band.

## References 
## Other websites
* Awty International School official site
* Architectural information on the renovation of Awty's lower school
1136

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* Béjaïa repeals a Genoan naval assault.

#### Europe 
* February 5 &ndash; Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland.
* The people of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod of Pskov and remove him from power.
* Battle of Crug Mawr: Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans.
* Grimoald, duke of Bari, supported by the emperor, rebels against the king of Sicily Roger II.

### By topic 
#### Arts and culture 
* The Saint Denis Basilica is completed in Paris.
* Peter Abelard writes the *Historia Calamitatum*, describing his relationship with Heloise.

## Births 
* Amalric I of Jerusalem
* William of Newburgh, English historian (d. 1198)

## Deaths 
* April 15 &ndash; Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (b. 1094)
* May 28 &ndash; Hughes de Payens, first Grand Master of the Knights Templar
* October 28 &ndash; Boleslaus III of Poland (b. 1086)
* November 15 &ndash; Margrave Leopold III of Austria (b. 1073)
* November 21 &ndash; William de Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury
* *date unknown*
** Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, Spanish mathematician and astronomer (b. 1070)
** Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, Persian physician

## References
Irreligion

**Irreligion** (meaning **not religious**) is a term that describes people who reject religion, or who do not have a particular religion.

The term covers all those who answer "none" to questionnaires which ask people about their religion. In the social survey world, they are called "the nones". The term *irreligious* is an umbrella term, for atheists, agnostics, deists and ignostics.

Irreligion takes many forms, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as atheism, agnosticism, ignosticism, deism and irreligious theism. All these views can also be alternatively called secular humanism. 

Irreligion may be a purely naturalist worldview which denies a belief in anything supernatural. The broadest and loosest definition, is the lack of religious identification (attendance at church, temple etc.). The broadest definition is not belonging to any religion, which still does not exclude belief in any supernatural forces, which some irreligious people may believe in. The narrowest and strictest is subscribing to "positive atheism". That might be described as a willingness to state rejection of a deity absolutely. Public statements of belief can be, and are, tailored to the various social climates.

## 'No religion' groups 
There are, at least five different groups of "not religious" people:
*Agnostics
*Atheists
*Deists
*Irreligious theists
*Ignosticists

## References
1230

## Events 
### By area 
#### Africa 
* Sundiata starts to rule in Mali (approximate date).
* In the West African village of Siby, Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, forces the Malinkés to bind themselves to each other by oath.

#### Europe 
* March 9 &ndash; Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus near the village of Klokotnitsa.
* Iberian Peninsula: Alphonso IX defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as almogàver by the Christians) at the battle of Alange. This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops. The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.
* September 24 &ndash; The Kingdoms of León and Galicia unite with the Kingdoms of Castile and Toledo under Ferdinand III.
* The Teutonic Knights are invited into Prussia to forcibly convert the Prussians and Yatvags to Christianity.

### By topic 
#### Arts 
* The *Carmina Burana* poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).

## Births 
* Eudes of Burgundy (d. 1266)
* Hu Sansheng, Chinese historian (d. 1302)

## Deaths 
* May 2 &ndash; William de Braose (hanged)
* July 28 &ndash; Duke Leopold VI of Austria (b. 1176)
* September 23 &ndash; Alfonso IX of Leon (b. 1171)
* October 25 &ndash; Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (b. 1180)
* December 15 &ndash; Otakar I of Bohemia
* December 23 &ndash; Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I of England
* Xia Gui, Chinese painter (b. c. 1180) (approximate date).

## References
1127

]]

## Events 
* Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Kaifeng, capital of China.

### By area 
#### Asia 
* January 9 &ndash; Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng (the Jingkang Incident, 靖康事變), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China.

#### Europe 
* Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II.
* The first coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily is formed. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. To guaranty the security of the seas, the king also establishes a pact with the maritime republic of Savona, probably following an Almoravid raid against his realm. 
* Count Charles the Good of Flanders is assassinated.
* First mention of the consuls in Brescia, indicating that the city has become an independent commune.
* The commune of Milan conquers the neighboring city of Como.

### By topic 
#### Arts 
* The minaret of Kalyan is completed in Bukhara (present day Uzbekistan).

## Births 
* October 18 &ndash; Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1191)
* November 27 &ndash; Emperor Xiaozong of China (d. 1194)
* Constance of Antioch (d. 1163), the Princess regnant of the principality of Antioch 
* Yang Wanli, Chinese poet (d. 1206)

## Deaths 
* *probable* &ndash; Fulcher of Chartres, French chronicler (b. c. 1059)
* Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, abbot of Clonmacnoise 

## References
1140

## Events 
### By area 
#### Europe 
* December 21 &ndash; Conrad III of Germany besieged Weinsberg, the stronghold of Welfs.
* Henry Jasomirgott is made count palatine of the Rhine.
* The town of Lanark in Scotland is made a Royal Burgh by David I of Scotland.
* Marburg becomes a town.
* The Assizes of Ariano are enacted by Roger II of Sicily.
* Roger II of Sicily places the practice of medicine under royal control.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* June 3 &ndash; Pierre Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France.
* September 8 &ndash; Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the *Kuzari*, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.
* The first Cistercian monastery in Spain is founded in Fitero. The order enjoys a rapid expansion in the region in the following 15 years.
* Camaldolite monk Gratian founds the science of Canon law with the publication of the *Decretum Gratiani*.

## Births 
* May 28 &ndash; Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (d. 1207)
* Minamoto no Yoshihira, Japanese warrior (d. 1160)

## Deaths 
* January 12 &ndash; Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
* February 6 &ndash; Thurstan, Archbishop of York
* February 14 
** Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
** Leo I, Prince of Armenia
* November 15 &ndash; Adelaide of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia
* *date unknown* &ndahs; Kitti Sri Megha, Sri Lankan ruler

## References
TaleSpin

***TaleSpin*** is an American animated television show.  It is based on characters from Disney's The Jungle Book movie.  Instead of being wild animals from the jungle, the characters in TaleSpin wear clothes, live in a town, and have jobs. The series was originally shown from May 5, 1990 to August 8, 1991. It had a total of 65 episodes.

## Main Characters
*Baloo
*Kit Cloudkicker
*Rebecca Cunningham 
*Molly Cunningham  
*Wildcat (mechanic)
*King Louie
*Shere Khan
*Don Karnage and his pirates
*Colonel Spigot

## Home video releases
### VHS
#### Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Eleven VHS cassettes containing 21 episodes of the series were released in Argentinina/Chile.

### DVD
#### Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
The sets from Germany and the United Kingdom have also been released in Argentinina/Chile. The First Collection came out on September 15, 2012. The Second Collection was released on April 12, 2013. The Third Collection was released on September 14, 2013.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* TaleSpin Source , Information about *TaleSpin*, including a section with answers from the creators of the series.
1132

## Events 

* June &ndash; A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou. It destroyed 13,000 homes and forced many to flee to nearby hills. Due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed to the poor, and the government temporarily suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.
* July 24 &ndash; Battle of Nocera: Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily.
* Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster.
* St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church.
* Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales.
* Barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England.
* The Japanese era 長承 (Choushou) begins.
* Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq.
* Champa again invades Vietnam.
* Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.
* Abd al-Mu'min becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa.

## Births 
* Joachim of Fiore, Italian mystic and abbot (d. 1201)
* Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruler of Deheubarth (d. 1197)

## Deaths 
* April 14 &ndash; Prince Mstislav of Kiev (b. 1076)
* Hugh of Grenoble, French saint (b. 1052)

## References
1111

## Events 
### By area 
#### Asia 
* Crusaders and Seljuk Turks fought the Battle of Shaizar in Syria to a draw.
* The Song Dynasty, Chinese Donglin Academy is established.

#### Europe 
* May 24 &ndash; The commune of Laus is destroyed by Milanese troops.
* Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders.
* Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II.
* Santarém and Sintra are captured by the Almoravid troops of the general Sir ibn Abi Bakr. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year, the city had experienced the sole urban rebellion against their lord to take place in Portugal.
* Alfonso VII becomes King of Galicia.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.
## Births 
## Deaths 
* February 22 &ndash; Roger Borsa, King of Sicily (b. 1078)
* March 3 &ndash; Prince Bohemund I of Antioch (b. 1058)
* October 5 &ndash; Robert II, Count of Flanders (b. 1065)
* Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)
* Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys
* Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys in eastern Wales
* Richard II of Gaeta, consul and duke of Gaeta
* Otto II, Count of Habsburg
* Antipope Sylvester IV
* Ōe no Masafusa, scholar and tutor (b. 1041)
* Robert of Molesme, Christian saint and abbot (b. 1027)

## References
1112

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* The count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, obtains the county of Provence due to his marriage with the heiress, Douce. 
* The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop.
* Salzwedel, Germany is founded.
* The German state of Baden is founded.
* Afonso I becomes Count of Portugal.
* Otto of Ballenstedt is made Duke of Saxony by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
* Anonymus Gallus begins to write Gesta principium Polonorum to Boleslaw III.

## Deaths 
* October 5 &ndash; Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler
* Tancred, Prince of Galilee, crusader (b. 1072)
* Giorgi II of Georgia
* Henry, Count of Portugal (b. 1066)
* Bertrand of Toulouse, count of Toulouse, and the first count of Tripoli.
* Ghibbelin of Arles, Archbishop of Arles (b. c. 1045)

## References
Apus

**Apus** is a constellation in the southern sky.  It is hard to see because it is not very bright.  Apus means "no feet" in Greek.  It was named "no feet" because it looks like a Bird-of-Paradise, and people used to think that birds-of-paradise did not have feet.

## References
1113

## Events 
* Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris.
* Alaungsithu succeeds Kyanzittha as king of Burma.
* Suryavarman I's reign begins in the Khmer Empire.
* Bridlington Priory is started.
* The Order of the Knights of the Hospital of Saint John started to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, swears to fight in its defense.
* A riot starts in Kiev.
* The Republic of Florence takes over the neighboring city of Montecascioli as part of its effort to extend its control over the contado.
* Unsuccessful attempt of Queen Urraca to take over Burgos defended by her ex-husband King Alfonso.

## Births 
* January 11 &ndash; Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist and co-founder of the Quanzhen School (d. 1170)
* August 24 &ndash; Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (d. 1151)
* Stefan Nemanja, Serbian Grand Zupan

## Deaths 
* April 13 &ndash; Ida of Lorraine, saint and noblewoman (b. c. 1040)
* April 16 &ndash; Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Russian ruler (b. 1050)
* August 4 &ndash; Gertrude of Saxony, Countess and regent of Holland (b. c. 1030)
* December 10 &ndash; Radwan, ruler of Aleppo
* Wanyan Wuyashu, chief of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)

## References
Ara (constellation)

**Ara** is a constellation in the southern sky.  Ara means altar in Latin.  It was one of the 48 constellations written down by the astronomer named Ptolemy in the 2nd century.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

In Greek mythology, Ara is the altar where Zeus and his brothers and sisters said that they were going to win in a war against Cronos and the other Titans.  It is also where people burned incense to show that they appreciated Zeus.  The Greek poet named Aratus said that if sailors could see the constellation Ara, it meant that there was going to be wind blowing from the south.

The Stingray Nebula is in Ara.  It is the  planetary nebula that was created most recently.

NGC 6193 is an open cluster at about 3,765 light-years away from Earth.

## References
1110

## Events 

* December 4 &ndash; First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.
* Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor invades Italy.
* Inge the Younger becomes joint king of Sweden with his brother Philip.
* The Russian *Primary Chronicle* ends.
* Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in France.
* Beirut and Sidon are captured by the Crusaders.
* Mawdud of Mosul captures all land belonging to the Crusader County of Edessa east of the Euphrates.
* Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus renews his war with the Seljuk Turks.

## Births 
* Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Gyalwa Karmapa (d. 1193)
* St. Euphrosyne of Polatsk, a Belarusian saint and princess (d. 1173)

## Deaths 
* Hugh VI of Lusignan

## References
1116

## Events 
### By area 
#### Africa 
* Baldwin I of Jerusalem begins an invasion of Egypt.
* The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, takes over the independent island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

#### Americas 
* The Aztecs leave Aztlán, searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitlán (later Mexico City).

#### Europe 
* The Portuguese, under the leadership of countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Countess Theresa, Queen Urraca of Leon and Castile, attacks Portugal.
* Almoravid troops take over the Balearic islands whose Muslim king had been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.

### By topic 
#### Arts and technology 
* The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China.
* Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India.
* Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty.

## Births 
* Roger de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173)

## Deaths 
* February 3 &ndash; Coloman of Hungary (b. 1070)
* February 25 &ndash; Robert of Arbrissel, a preacher and founder of the abbey of Fontevrault (b. c. 1045)

## References
1114

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* The Song Dynasty emperor Huizong sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments for use in royal banquets to the Goryeo court of Korea, by request from the Goryeo king Yejong.

#### Europe 
* January 7 &ndash; Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
* Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and his Pisan allies, takes over Ibiza and Mallorca.
* The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an offensive against the County of Barcelona but is defeated at the Battle of Martorell by Ramon Berenguer III.
* As part of the Norman expansion southward, the count Routrou II of Perche enters the service of the king of Castille, Alfonso the Battler. 
* The Polovtsy attack the Byzantine Empire.

## Births 
* Otto of Freising, German bishop and historian (approximate date; d. 1158)
* Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (approximate date; d. 1187)
* Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1152)
* Bhaskara II, Indian mathematician

## Deaths 
* Nestor the Chronicler, Slavic historian (approximate date) (b. c. 1056)
* Koloman, *ban* (ruler) of Croatia

## References
1117

## Events 
### Africa 
* Conflict between the independent republics of Mahdia and Gabes in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of the Roger I of Sicily.

### Asia 
* Pelusium is destroyed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
* Miidera and the sohei of Enryakuji attack Nara, Japan.

### Europe 
* Borivoj II of Bohemia becomes prince in place of Vladislav I of Bohemia.
* The people of Santiago de Compostela (present-day Spain) try to burn their prelate in his palace, along with the queen.
* Iceland ends slavery.
* Short-lived Almoravid reconquest of Coimbra (Portugal).

## By topic 
### Education 
* May 3 &ndash; Merton Priory (Thomas Becket School) is consecrated.

### Technology 
* The earliest use of a compass for navigational purposes is recorded.

## Births 
* Humphrey II of Toron, Constable of Jerusalem

## Deaths 
* April 16 &ndash; Saint Magnus, Earl of Orkney (executed)
* December 9 &ndash; Gertrud of Brunswick, Markgräfin of Meißen
* Anselm of Laon, French theologian
* Ivo of Chartres, French canon lawyer (b. 1040)
* Bertrade de Montfort, wife of Fulk IV of Anjou and Philip I of France
* Li Zhiyi, Chinese poet

## References
1120

translation of the Chinese couplet, *Ming wang shen de, si yi xian bin* ("明王慎德.四夷咸宾": "When a wise king is heedful of virtue, foreigners from all quarters come as guests")]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* The Song Dynasty governor of the seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports the population of his city has reached 500,000.
* August&ndash;September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) &ndash; Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script

#### Europe 
* January 16 &ndash; The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
* June 17 &ndash; at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I defeat the Almoravid army.
* November 25 &ndash; The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.
* Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.
* Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
* Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.
* Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.

## Births 
* November 28 &ndash; Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
* Ioveta of Bethany, daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem
* Louis VII of France (d. 1180)

## Deaths 
* November 25 &ndash; William Adelin, son of Henry I of England (sinking of the White Ship) (b. 1103)
* September 3 &ndash; Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040)
* Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)

## References
1115

## Events 
* Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. Bernard.
* Anselm of Laon becomes archdeacon of Laon.
* Hugh of St. Victor joins the Victorines in Paris.
* Pierre Abélard becomes canon of Notre Dame de Paris.
* Stephen of England becomes count of Mortain.
* Battle of Welfesholz: Lothair I of Supplinburg defeats Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. 
* Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman, and is briefly removed from his position as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
* The Jurchen start the Jin Dynasty of China.
* The Crusader castle of Montreal is built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
* Roger of Salerno's Crusaders stop the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Sarmin in Syria.
* The Mixtec lord Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a group of city-states led by his brother-in-law

## Births 
* Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare (d. 1153)

## Deaths 
* July 24 &ndash; Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (b. 1046)
* November 8 &ndash; Godfrey of Amiens, bishop of Amiens and Catholic saint.
* Adela of Flanders, queen of Denmark, regent of Apulia
* Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine
* King Olaf Magnusson of Norway (b. 1099)
* Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler

## References
1108

## Events 

### By area 
#### Asia 
* The Taira and Minamoto clans join forces to rule Japan after defeating the warrior monks of the Enryakuji Temple near Kyoto.
* Alexius I Comnenus and Bohemund I of Antioch negotiate the Treaty of Devol.

#### Europe 
* May &ndash; Battle of Uclés: The Almoravids defeat the Kingdom of Castile and roll back the advances of Reconquista; several towns recently captured by Christians are lost to the conquering Berbers such as Tarragona.
* Saint Magnus becomes the first Earl of Orkney.
* In Pistoia, Italy, the Cathedral of San Zeno burns to the ground.
* Louis VI of France starts to rule.
* First mention of the consuls of Bergamo indicating that the city has become an independent republic.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Chichester Cathedral is consecrated.

## Births 
* Bohemund II of Antioch (d. 1131)
* Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut (d. 1171)
* Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1141)

## Deaths 
* July 29 &ndash; King Philip I of France (b. 1052)
* Saint Alberic

## References
Argonautica

***Argonautica*** is a Greek epic poem by Apollonius of Rhodes. It was written in the 3rd century BC. It tells the story of Jason getting the Golden Fleece. *Argonautica* inspired other writers, such as Catullus and Virgil. 

## References
1089

## Events 
### By area 
#### Asia 
* Rama Varma Kulashekhara is crowned in Kerala.
* Palmyra is destroyed by an earthquake.

#### Europe 
* Northumbria is divided by the Normans into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.
* August 11 &ndash; A powerful earthquake is recorded in Britain.
* June 22 &ndash; Gaston IV of Bearn and the Frankish crusaders take the Aragonese city of Monzón from the emir of Zaragoza.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is founded in southern France.
* The Synod of Melfi under Pope Urban II issued decrees against simony and the clerical marriage.

## Births 
** Dahui Zonggao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1163)
** Han Shizhong, Chinese general (d. 1151)

## Deaths 
* May 24 &ndash; Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury
* May 31 &ndash; Sigwin von Are, Archbishop of Cologne
* September 29 (or 30) &ndash; Theobald III, Count of Blois
* November 11 &ndash; Saint Peter Igneus, Italian Benedictine monk 

## References
1092

## Events 
* May 9 &ndash; Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.
* High tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin flooded and are now known as the Goodwin Sands
* The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his *Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao*, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.
* Kingdom of England annexes Cumbria from the Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde.

## Births 
* Adélaide de Maurienne, queen of France (d. 1154)
* Foulques V, Count of Anjou and King of Jerusalem

## Deaths 
* January 14 &ndash; King Vratislaus II of Bohemia
* May 7 &ndash; Remigius de Fécamp, first Bishop of Lincoln
* September &ndash; Jordan of Hauteville, military commander in Sicily
* September 6 &ndash; Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia
* October 14 &ndash; Nizam al-Mulk, Seljuk vizier (b. 1018)
* November 19 &ndash; Melik Şah I, Seljuk Sultan

## References
1074

## Events 
* February 7 &ndash; Battle of Montesarchio: Prince Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed fighting the Normans.
* November 25 &ndash; Magreb brings the Tengizi islands together, and becomes the first king of the Kingdom of Tengiz.
* The Liao Dynasty emperor says no to the idea of all Khitan people using surnames.

## Births 
* February 12 &ndash; King Conrad of Germany and Italy (d. 1101)
* Edgar of Scotland (d. 1107)

## Deaths 
* April 25 &ndash; Hermann I, Margrave of Baden

## References
1090

## Events 
### By area 
#### Africa 
* Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.

#### Europe 
* Third expedition of the Almoravid army in al-Andalus who subdue the taifas kingdoms. Córdoba, Seville, Grenada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

### By topic 
#### Arts and culture 
* Troubadours begin playing in Provence.

#### Technology 
* Song Dynasty Chinese writer Qin Guan writes the *Can Shu* (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.

## Births 
* Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
* Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz
* Qin Hui, Chinese Song Dynasty Prime Minister (d. 1155)

## Deaths 
* June 26 &ndash; Jaromír (Bishop of Prague)
* July 3 &ndash; Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (b. c. 1060)
* October 6 &ndash; Saint Adalbero

## References
1091

## Events 
### By area 
#### Europe 
* King William II of England invades Normandy.
* Ladislaus I of Hungary occupies Slavonia.
* King Stjepan II of Croatia, the last member of the Trpimirović dynasty, died without leaving anyone to inherit his thrown and title.

##### British Isles 
* October 17 &ndash; London Tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in St Mary-le-Bow of London, England; the storm destroys London Bridge.
* Henry, the third son of William the Conqueror, is forced to give up his property of Cotentin in Normandy after his two older brothers, William Rufus and Robert Curthose, make a peace agreement. 
* King Malcolm III of Scotland makes an unsuccessful attempt to invade English territory, but is finally forced to give a public statement of allegiance to King William II of England. 
* Cardiff Castle is built.

##### Mediterranean 
* April 29 &ndash; Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs surround and attack Constantinople, but are defeated so completely by Emperor Alexius I that they are completely eliminated.
* February; With the taking of Noto, the Normans complete the 30 year long takeover of Sicily from the Islamic rulers.
* The Islamic Abbadid dynasty ruling in Spain falls when the Almoravids storm Seville. Faced with this new threat, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, got the support of Castile in exchange for the Muslim positions on the Tagus river — Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon.
* Roger Guiscard takes Malta.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

## Deaths 
* June 17 &ndash; Dirk V, Count of Holland
* July 5 &ndash; Abbot William of Hirsau
* August 25 &ndash; Sisnando Davides, military leader
* December 19 &ndash; Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin
* *date unknown* &ndash;
Robert D'Oyly, first Lord of Oxford Castle

## References
1126

## Events 
### By area 
#### Asia 
* January&ndash;March &ndash; In Song Dynasty China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around Kaifeng for the restoration of a probity military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the Government.
* Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and another by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
* The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China.
* The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.

#### Europe 
* Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland.
* Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without ruler, but Magnus the Strong claims sovereignty over Gothenland for the time being.
* Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and León in Spain.
* King Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon launches a raid into Granada.
* The Venetians occupy Cephalonia. Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos restores their trading privileges.
* Olegarius creates the community of knights known as the confraternity of Tarragona to combat the Andalusians in Catalonia.

### By topic 
#### Science 
* Adelard of Bath translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical tables into Latin.

## Births 
* Fan Chengda, Chinese poet, travel writer, and geographer (d. 1193)
* Averoes, Andalus judge and physician
* Eynion de Tilston Lord of the Manor of Tilston

## Deaths 
* February 10 &ndash; William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and poet (b. 1071)
* March 8 &ndash; Queen Urraca of Castile (b. 1082)
* October 1 &ndash; Morphia of Melitene, Queen of Jerusalem
* Edgar Ætheling, last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house (b. 1052)
* Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne (killed by upset peasants at the thing)
* Abbot Ekkehard of Aura
* Omar Khayyam, Persian poet and mathematician

## References
Open All Hours

***Open All Hours*** is a British television sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC. It ran for 26 episodes in four series, which aired in 1976, 1981, 1982 and 1985. The programme developed from a television pilot broadcast in Ronnie Barker's comedy anthology series, *Seven of One* (1973). *Open All Hours* ranked eighth in the 2004 Britain's Best Sitcom poll. It is set in a small grocery shop in Balby, Doncaster, South Yorkshire. It stars Ronnie Barker as the owner Albert Arkwright and David Jason as his nephew Granville, who works for him. Lynda Baron plays nurse Gladys Emanuel, whom Arkwright is strongly attracted to. A sequel, entitled *Still Open All Hours*, began airing in 2013.

## References
## Other websites 
*
1079

## Events 
* Persian astronomer, Omar Khayyám, determined the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days which has been the most accurate calculation of old times. Khayyam also wrote Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produced a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric answers.
* Murder of Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów *(pol. Stanisław ze Szczepanowa)* by Polish King Bolesław II the Bold
* Upon the death of Håkan the Red, Halsten returns as king of Sweden, jointly with his brother Inge the Elder.
* Ladislaus Herman succeeds Boleslaus II in Poland.
* William I of England establishes the New Forest.
* Constance of Burgundy founds a monastery in Burgos.

## Births 
* August 8 &ndash; Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
* Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142)

## Deaths 
* April 11 &ndash; Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków
* *date unknown*
** Adela of France, Countess of Flanders, wife of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and mother of Matilda of Flanders, Queen of England (born 1010)
** Agatha of Hungary, wife of Edward the Exile (born 1024)
** Agatha of Normandy, Queen of Castile, daughter of William the Conqueror (born 1064)
** Håkan the Red, king of Gothenland since 1070 and king of Sweden since 1075

## References
1065

## Events 
* December 28 &ndash; Westminster Abbey is declared sacred.
* The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of Garcia.
* Sima Guang, high chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, heads a team of scholars in initiating the compilation of an enormous written universal history of China, known as the *Zizhi Tongjian*.

## Deaths 
* Ferdinand I of León

## References
Aries (constellation)

**Aries** is one of the constellations of the zodiac.  It is in the Northern Hemisphere.  Aries is Latin for ram - a male sheep.  Its symbol is  (), which represents a ram's horns.  Aries had the meaning of a ram four thousand years ago in Babylonia.  It represents the ram whose fleece (hair) became the Golden Fleece in Ancient Greek Mythology.   The astronomer Ptolemy listed Aries when he made a list of 48 constellations.

## References
## Notes