open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Emperor Ninmyō

was the 54th  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 833 and ended in 850.

## Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .

Ninmyō was the second son of Emperor Saga and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.

Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (*kōi*); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.

### Events of Ninmyō's life
Ninmyō was Crown Prince for 10 years.

* **6 January 823** (*Kōnin 10, 4th month, 19th day*): At age 14, Prince Masara is named Junna's heir.
* **22 March 833** (*Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month*): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (*senso*) was received by his adopted son.  Masara*-shinnō* was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.  This was  in ceremonies.
* **838-839** (*Jōwa  5-6*): Diplomatic mission to Tang China headed by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu.
* **6 May 850** (*Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month*): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.

### After his death
Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Ninmyō's mausoleum.

## Eras of reign
The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name (*nengō*).
* *Tenchō*  (824-834)
* *Jōwa*    (834-848)
* *Kashō*    (848-851)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]

## Other websites
* Hokusai: Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court
John McCarthy

**John McCarthy** (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic. 

McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.
Hurricane Karl (2010)

**Hurricane Karl** was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season. It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz. As of September&nbsp;23, 22&nbsp;people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz. Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70&nbsp;billion MXN ($5.6&nbsp;billion USD). Despite the destruction, the name **Karl** was not retired.

## Sources
## Other websites
*The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Karl
*The NHC's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Karl
*The NHC's Graphic Archive for Hurricane Karl
Robert Pierpoint

**Robert Pierpoint** (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.
 
He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of *See It Now* in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's *Sunday Morning* broadcasts until his retirement. 
 
He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of *M*A*S*H.*
 
Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, *At the White House* (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.

One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.  The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.
 
## References
Liz Claiborne

**Liz Claiborne, Inc.** is a fashion company based in New York City and founded in 1976 by a fashion designer of the same name. The organization markets clothing and fragrances. In the 1980s it was the first company from a female to hit the *Fortune 500* mark.

The company was created by Liz Claiborne the person.
Xavier Tondo

**Xavier Tondo Volpini** (5 November 1978 – 23 May 2011) was a Spanish professional bicycle racer. He mainly participated in bicycle races up the mountain.

On 23 May 2011, while he was getting his bicycle ready for a ride, Tondo was trapped between his own garage door and car. He was crushed by the door. One of his teammates, Beñat Intxausti, was with him during the accident.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Profile  at *Cycling Archives*
Anemometer

An **anemometer** is a device used to measure wind speed. It is found in most weather stations. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word *ἄνεμος *, meaning *wind*. It describes any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. Leon Battista Alberti described an anemometer for the first time around 1450.
## References
Electrical outlet

An **electrical outlet** or **receptacle** is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in walls, although they can also be installed in the floor and other places. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Electrical adapters are used to convert between different types and voltages.

## Other websites 
* International power cords technology 
* Glossary of standards terms
* Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
* Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
* Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
* IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format) 
* South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug 
* Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
* Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units
Herbert A. Hauptman

**Herbert Aaron Hauptman** (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician. He won a Nobel Prize. He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials. With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 
## Biography
He was born in New York City. He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.
 
Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age. He studied at Townsend Harris High School. He graduated from the City College of New York (1937). He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.
 
After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the  direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.
 
In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972. At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following years.

Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Laureates
*Herbert Hauptman's Autobiography
*Dr Hauptman's CV 
*Pergament: A PBS portrait of Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman 
*Board of Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States
Viking program

The **Viking program** was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars. These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth. The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.

Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976. Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken. Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places. The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things. All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to. Eventually, they broke down. Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.

The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars. The program cost a total of US$1 billion. The program was very successful. Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.

## References
## Other websites
* NASA Mars Viking Mission 
* Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
* Viking Mission to Mars  (Video)
* A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile
Piculet

The **piculets** are a subfamily of small woodpeckers which are mostly in tropical South America, with just three Asian and one African  species.

Like true woodpeckers, piculets have large heads, long tongues to get their insect prey and zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backwards. However, they lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees. They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk.

They eat insects and grubs mainly from decaying wood. They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes. The eggs are white, as with many hole nesters.

There are 30 species in all. It is known that they split off from mainstream woodpeckers in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago (mya). Splits between the three genera happened about 7.9 mya.

Typically these birds have grey or dull green upperparts and dark-streaked white underparts.

## References
Fallin' for You

'''"Fallin' for You"'* is a song by the recording artist Colbie Caillat. The song was released June 29, 2009 as the lead single off her album *Breakthrough'', which was also released in 2009. The lyrics speak of someone falling for a guy with whom they are friends.
Moulting

**Moulting** (or **molting**) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle.  Moulting is also known as **sloughing**, **shedding**, or for some species, **ecdysis**.

Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer. In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects. Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.

## Examples
 molting]]

## Ecdysis 
In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (or shell).  

This process of moulting is called **ecdysis**. It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa. This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha. Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis. 

Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis. The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton. 

## References
Detention (imprisonment)

**Detention** is  depriving of liberty of a person by the authority of a government or a country, usually the police. Such depriving liberty is allowed only in the case that the person can considered to have committed a crime. Other depriving liberty is called arbitrary detention and prohibited by article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. And even if detention is done legally, the person must be treated with humanity and respected the person's dignity according to the Convention against Torture. 

## Related pages
*Arrest
*Prison
*International human rights law
Charles III of Spain

**Charles III** (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was a king of Spain and the oldest son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese. He ruled Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788. After he died, his son, Charles IV, became king. He was also the king of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759. In those places he was known as **Charles VII of Naples** and **Charles V of Sicily**. He was the builder of the Palace of Caserta as well as the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Real Albergo dei Poveri in Naples. 

Charles III grew up in Madrid. When he was 16 years old, he went to live in Parma, a city in Italy. He ruled that city, and the nearby city of Piacenza as their Duke from 1731 until 1734.  In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony. They had 13 children. Only 8 of them lived to be adults.

## Sources
*Lynch, John. "Charles III". Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Pope Paul V

**Pope Paul V** (; Rome, 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born **Camillo Borghese**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 234th Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.

## Early life
He was born in Rome.  He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.

## Cardinal
In June 1596 he was made Cardinal.

## Pope
Cardinal Borghese was elected pope in 1605;

### Construction
Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica.

### Canonisations and Beatifications
Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome. He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul V
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Borghese
1. Oberndorfer Sportklub 1920

The **1.Oberndorf Sportklub 1920** (also known as **Oberndorfer SK 1920**) is a football club from Oberndorf, Salzburg, in Austria. The club is the oldest football club outside the city of Salzburg.

## History 
In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club. By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association. Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war. In 1946, the club restarted again. The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.

Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg. In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again. So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north. 2014 the were promoted and play in the 2. Landesliga (5th level)

Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams. Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams. Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.
## Grounds 
At the beginning the club did not have a proper sports field. For years the game was played on the Viehmarktplatz, where football and livestock trading took place alternately. Around 1953 this place was no longer available. The club played in Bürmoos and Laufen . It was not until 1958 that a separate sports field was created, which is still the home of the OSK today.
* 1920ː "Viehmarktplatz", opposite the Gasthof Schiff
* 1920-21ːWeitwörth sports field (destroyed in a flood in September 1921)
* 1922–1953: Return to "Viehmarktplatz"
* 1954: SV Bürmoos sports field
* 1955–1958: SV Laufen sports field (Upper Bavaria)
* 1958 - today: Oberndorf sports field

## Current squad
## References
## Other websites 
* 1. Oberndorfer SK in TransferMarkt
* 1. Oberndorfer SK in German
Liz Claiborne (fashion designer)

**Anne Elisabeth Jane "Liz" Claiborne** (March 31, 1929 &ndash; June 26, 2007) was a Belgian-born American fashion designer and entrepreneur.

## Early life
Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939. She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company. 

## Death
Claiborne died in New York City from cancer of the lining of the abdomen.

## Other websites
*Official website
*Liz Claiborne Art Ortenerg Foundation
Edmundo Ros

**Edmundo Ros** OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 – 21 October 2011), born **Edmund William Ross**, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.

Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His *Wedding Samba* sold three millions copies on 78rpm. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.

The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.

He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.

During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was *Rhythms Of the South* (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.

He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.

## References
List of Harry Potter cast members

This is a list of *Harry Potter* movies cast members. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson are the pioneer trio in *Harry Potter* series for the 8 movies.

## Cast and characters
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
Emperor Montoku

was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

His  started in 850 and ended in 858.

## Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .  He was also known as *Tamura-no-mikado* or *Tamura-tei*.

He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō.

### Events of Montoku's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for 8 years.
* **6 May 850** (*Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month*):  In the 17th year of Ninmyō*-tennō* 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died.  His eldest son received the succession (*senso*).
* **850** (*Kashō 3, 4th month*): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (*sokui*).
* **850** (*Kashō 3, 5th month*): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died.
* **850** (*Kashō 3, 11th month*): The emperor named Korehito*-shinnō*, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.  This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa who was Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).
* **855** (*Saikō 2, 1st month*):  The Emishi organized a rebellion.  In response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.
* **855** (*Saikō 2, 5th month*): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off.

### After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (*misasagi*) of Montoku is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

## Eras of reign
The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or *nengō*.
* *Kashō*   (848-851)
* *Ninju*  (851-854)
* *Saikō*  (854-857)
* ''Ten'an''  (857-859)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]

## Other websites
Standard ML

**Standard ML** is a functional programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It is sometimes used for writing compilers and in theorem provers.
## Example 
Here is an example of a factorial function written in a simple, non-tail recursive, style.

```ocaml
fun fac (0 : int) = 1    (*  the : int part means that 0 and n are integers *)
 |  fac (n : int) = n * fac (n - 1)
```
Tiberius Gracchus

**Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus** (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs. He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria". This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land. The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military. But the Roman Senate did not like his plan. They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus. Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber. Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.

Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed. Together, the two are called the Gracchi. Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.

## Further reading 
*
*
*
*
*
*

## References
Constrictor knot

A **constrictor knot** is a type of knot that is tied around another rope.  It is a secure knot, but it can be difficult to untie after it is tightened.

## Related pages
* List of knots
Waiting to Exhale

***Waiting to Exhale*** is a 1995 American romance movie. It came out in December 1995. The cast for the movie includes Angela Bassett, Lela Rochon and Whitney Houston. The movie is about four women who live in Phoenix, Arizona and their relationships with men. *Waiting to Exhale* is unusual because it has an all African-American cast.

## Other websites 
*
Fixed point

A value *x* is a **fixed point** of a function *f* if and only if *f*(*x*) = *x*.
## Examples 
1 is a fixed point of x^2 because 1^2 = 1. Some functions do not have fixed points.  For example x + 1 does not have one because x + 1 is never equal to *x*.
Droste effect

The **Droste Effect** is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc.  It is named after an advertisement.  It is an example of recursion. In art, this is known as mise en abyme. In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image. In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px. The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image.  It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.

## References
Already Gone

**"Already Gone"** is a song by the recording artist Kelly Clarkson from her 2009 record *All I Ever Wanted*. This was the third single from that album to be released. The song is about the breakup of a relationship. Its release was surrounded by controversy: Clarkson said the arrangement used for the song was strongly similar to the 2008 song *Halo* from singer Beyoncé and feared the public would say Clarkson had stolen it. Despite this, however, the song received strong praise from critics, and *Already Gone* became one of the highlights from *All I Ever Wanted*. On the *Billboard* Hot 100 the single peaked at #13.
Emperor Seiwa

was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Seiwa's  started in 858 and ended in 876.

## Traditional history
This prince's personal name (*imina*) was  before he became the monarch.  In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito"  in his name.

Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku.  His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.  This was  in ceremonies.
* **15 December 858** (''Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month*): When Prince Korehito became emperor at age 9, his grandfather became regent (*sesshō*).  This was the first time that this role was given to a member of the Fujiwara family.  Also, it was the first time that someone so young became emperor.
* **859** (*Jōgan 1, 1st month*): Mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku was nationwide.
* **869** (*Jōgan 10''): Yōzei was born, and he is named Seiwa's heir in the following year.
* **876** (*Jōgan 17, 11th month*): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, he abdicated. He became known as emperor as *Mizunoo-no-mikado* or *Minoo-tei*.

### After his death
The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum.  From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).

The *kami* of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.

## Eras of reign
The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or *nengō*.
* ''Ten'an*       (857-859)
* *Jōgan''  (859-877)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]

## Other websites
De Morgan's laws

In boolean algebra, '''DeMorgan's laws''' are the laws of how a NOT gate affects AND and OR statements:
:\overline{A \cdot B} = \overline {A} + \overline {B}
:\overline{A + B} = \overline {A} \cdot \overline {B} 

They can be remembered by "break the line, change the sign".

## Truth tables 
The following truth tables prove DeMorgan's laws.

## References
Soho

**Soho** is an area of the City of Westminster and the West End of London. It is long established as an entertainment district. For much of the 20th century Soho had sex shops, prostitutes, jazz clubs, bars, night clubs, theatres and the movie industry. 

Since the early 1980s, the area has changed greatly: it has moved upmarket. It now is a fashionable district of expensive restaurants and media offices, with only a few sex industry venues. Some music venues survive, such as Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. The area includes Carnaby Street, the centre of the 'Swinging London' fashion scene of the 1960s, and Wardour Street, a centre of the movie and entertainment industry.

## Geography 
Soho was never an administrative unit with formal boundaries. It is an area of about a square mile, bounded by Oxford Street to the north, Regent Street to the west, Leicester Square to the south and Charing Cross Road to the east. Apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements. 

The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St James's.  According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, although some consider it a separate area.

### Broad Street pump 
 memorial, with John Snow pub in the background]]
A significant event in the history of epidemiology and public health was Dr. John Snow's study of an 1854 outbreak of cholera in Soho. He identified the cause of the outbreak as water from the public water pump located at the junction of Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) and Cambridge Street (now Lexington Street), close to the rear wall of what is today the *John Snow* public house. 

John Snow mapped the addresses of the sick, and noted that they were mostly people whose nearest access to water was the Broad Street pump.  He persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump, thus preventing any more of the infected water from being collected.  The spring below the pump was later found to have been contaminated with sewage.  This is an early example of epidemiology, public health medicine and the application of science–the germ theory of disease. It is home to Soho Theatre, built in 2000 for new plays and stand-up comedy. The British Board of Film Classification, formerly known as the British Board of Film Censors, can be found in Soho Square.

Soho is criss-crossed by a rooftop telecommunication network, and below ground level with fibre optics making up Sohonet, which connects the Soho media and post-production community to British movie studios such as Pinewood Studios and Shepperton Studios, and to other major production centres (such as Rome, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney and Wellington, New Zealand.

There are also plans by Westminster Council to deploy high-bandwidth Wi-Fi networks in Soho as part of a programme to further encourage the development of the area as a centre for media and technology industries.

## References 
## External sites 
* The Soho Society
Zipf's law

'''Zipf's law''' is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it. Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So *nth* word has a frequency proportional to 1/*n*.

Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.

The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc. The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913. 

It is not known why Zipf's law holds for most languages.

## References
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum

**Herbert Art Gallery and Museum** is a museum, art gallery, archive, learning centre and creative arts facility in Jordan Well, Coventry, United Kingdom.

It is named after Sir Alfred Herbert, a local business owner who gave money for the original building. Work on it began in 1939, with an interruption by the Second World War, and The Herbert opened in 1960. In 2008 it reopened after a £20&nbsp;million refurbishment.

It is free to get in and the museum in run by a charity. Its only income is from donations, sales at the museum shop, and hiring out  the buildings the charity owns. In 2010, the museum had over 300,000&nbsp;visitors. This makes it one of the most popular free tourist attractions in the West Midlands.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Herbert Media website
Steve Jones

**Stephen Philip** "**Steve**" **Jones** (born 3 September 1955) is an English rock guitarist, best known as the guitarist and founding member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols.

## References
Peter Tatsuo Doi

was a Japanese priest of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the first Japanese person to become a Cardinal.

## Early life
Doi was born in Sendai.  He studied in Rome.

## Priest
Doi was ordained as a priest in 1921.

## Cardinal
In 1960, Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal of Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana.

In 1965, Doi was among those who read the closing messages of the Second Vatican Council.

## References
## Other websites 
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Doi, Peter Tatsuo 
* Catholic-Hierarchy, Peter Tatsuo Cardinal Doi
* http://www.tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html ;
Stronger (Kelly Clarkson album)

***Stronger*** is the fifth studio album by recording artist Kelly Clarkson. The album was releases on October 24, 2011, by Reprise Records and Warner Bros. RecordsThe hit single "Mr. Know It All" was released on September 5, 2011.

## References
Henry Cooper

**Sir Henry Cooper** OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966. 

After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood.  He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.

Cooper married an Italian Catholic woman and converted to her faith. 

## References
## Other websites
* Remembering Clay v Cooper  East Side Boxing, 14 November 2006
*
My Life Would Suck Without You

"**My Life Would Suck Without You**" is a song from American singer Kelly Clarkson. It was the first single from her fourth studio album, *All I Ever Wanted*. It was her second number-one hit in Canada and the United States and her first chart-topper in the UK. This song was released on January 31, 2009.

The song has the largest jump to number one in *Billboard* Hot 100 history.  It was also the biggest leap on the chart ever until 2019, when Taylor Swift broke this record.  "My Life Would Suck Without You" entered at #97 and moved to the top the following week.

In 2017, in a radio interview with Z100 in New York City, Clarkson discussed Dr. Luke (who was involved in a lawsuit with singer Kesha for reported assault).  She claimed:

Clarkson also said that she usually asks for writing credits if she knows she created a fair-sized portion of a song.  She says she lost "millions" of dollars in royalties by not being listed on the writing credits of the song.

## Charts
## References
Morquio syndrome

**Morquio syndrome** is a very rare inherited disease. It is called **mucopolysaccharidosis** because the body cannot break down mucopolysaccharides which make up mucous. It has very serious effects, but can be helped by a synthetic version of the enzyme which is not working.           

## References
Ocean acidification

**Ocean acidification** is the decrease in the pH (scale of acidity and alkalinity) and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans. It is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans have put into the atmosphere. More than 30% of the carbon dioxide in the air goes into the oceans. Therefore, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the carbon dioxide in the ocean increases, too.
 
When carbon dioxide enters the oceans, it makes it more acidic.

## Problems
The skeletons and shells of many sea animals need what is known as calcium carbonate minerals. Due to ocean acidification, there are fewer of these minerals and there are species that could no longer produce or keep their shells. With more carbon dioxide in the ocean, this problem becomes worse and many species will be at risk. As a result, if humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, ocean life will be in severe danger. Also, coral is at risk, as it is being eroded by the acid in the ocean.

Between 1751 CE and 1994 CE the ocean's pH on the surface went from 8.25 to 8.1.

## Other websites 
* The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the effects of climate change
Wheeling, West Virginia

**Wheeling** is a city in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is in both Ohio County and Marshall County. It is the county seat of Ohio County. Wheeling is the main city of the Wheeling Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city had 27,052 people as of the 2020 census. It was previously home to the Wheeling Stogies minor league baseball team.

## References
## Other websites
*City of Wheeling, West Virginia Official Site
*Wheeling Convention and Visitor's Bureau
William Wallace Barron

**William Wallace "Wally" Barron** (December 8, 1911 – November 12, 2002) was a Democratic politician in West Virginia. He was the state's 26th Governor from 1961 to 1965. He later went to jail for .

Barron's governorship was . Many officials were convicted of criminal charges including bribery, making false records, conspiracy and tax evasion. In 1971 Barron was convicted of jury tampering in an earlier trial. Barron was sentenced to 5 years in prison.

He died on November 12, 2002 in Charlotte, North Carolina.

## References
## Other websites 
* Biography of William W. Barron 
* Inaugural Address of William W. Barron
Turk Telekom Arena

**Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena** is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. It became the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K. in 2011, replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The stadium has an all seated  capacity of 52,652.

## Dimensions 
*Stadium: 195,000 m² - 228m x 190m x 70m
*Playing level: 120 m x 83 m
*Gross grass area: 111 m x 72 m
*Playing field: 105 m x 68 m

## Construction 
*Total concrete used during stadium construction: 190,000 m³
*Total steel used during stadium construction: 35,000 tonnes
*Total steel used for the roof: 5,500 tonnes
Tawny owl

The **tawny owl** or **brown owl** (*Strix aluco*) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia.  There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring. 

The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial. Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.

This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. Vision and hearing adaptations and  silent flight aid its night hunting. The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk. Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.

Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's. Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting. They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing. Like most owls, it hunts at night. It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.

## References
Emperor Junnin

was the 47th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 758 and ended in 764.

## Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was Ōi*-shinnō* (Ōi-no-ō).  The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.

He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu. His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.

In the older Japanese documents, he was often referred as the .

### Events of Junnin's life
His fate was changed in 757 when Empress Kōken named him as her heir (crown prince).

* **7 September 758** (*Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month*): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated. The succession (*senso*) was received by her adopted son.  Then Emperor Jimmu is said to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.
* **760** (*Tenpyō-hōji 4*): New coins were minted.
* **764** (*Tenpyō-hōji 8*): Junnnin was sent in exile to Awaji.
* **10 November 765** (*Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd Day of the 10th Month*):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.

Junnin caused grain storage centers (*Jōheisō*) to be established in the provinces.  The government stored rice from the years of good harvests.  This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good.  The *Jōheisō* were abolished during the Kamakura period.

### After his death
.]]
The actual site of Junnin's grave is known.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum.  It is formally named *Awaji no misasagi*.

In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which he is now known.

## Era of Junnin's reign
The years of Junnin's reign are identified by a single era name.
* *Tenpyō-hōji*  (758-765)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]
Sierpinski triangle

A **Sierpinski triangle** or **Sierpinski gasket**, named after Wacław Sierpiński, is one of the most famous fractals, meaning smaller details look exactly like the full thing.

## Constructions 
To make one, start with a triangle. Remove the center part, or copy 3 times and arrange those copies in the shape of a triangle, either way works. If you keep repeating this, you get a shape that looks like this:

### The Chaos Game 
* Make a triangle.
* Choose any point in the triangle.
* Draw a line between that point and any corner of the triangle.
* Find the midpoint of the line. 
* Draw a line from that point and repeat the process.

The process should look like this:

### Pascal's Triangle 
Pascal's Triangle is a special arrangement of numbers where every number is the sum of the ones above it.

If you color in every even number (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, etc) in pink and every odd number (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc) in red, the result should look like the Sierpinski triangle.

## References
Macaroni

**Macaroni** is a pasta food which is made of wheat and flour. It is from Italy. It is in the shape of a small tube.  It can either be straight or curved. The curved type is called elbow macaroni.

Macaroni is almost never eaten by itself. It is usually eaten with another food or covered in a sauce. A very popular type of macaroni is "Macaroni and cheese", which is macaroni covered in melted cheese.

In Libya, macaroni is called Macroona Imbakbaka. Libya has Italian food because it used to be an Italian colony.

## References
Fried chicken

**Fried chicken** are pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried. The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior. The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left. Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes, Dave's Hot Chicken, Wingstop and Chick-fil-A.

Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, they added battering and seasoned it with herbs an cayenne pepper.  People in West Africa later added different seasonings. However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters. Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.

Some fried chicken is marinated in buttermilk and pickle juice before battering.

There is a racial stereotype that black people like eating fried chicken. There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.

## References
Pope Paul I

**Pope Paul I** (; 700 – 28 June 767) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 94th Pope from May 29, 757 to June 28, 767.

## Early life
He was the brother of Pope Stephen II.

## Deacon
Paul was ordained as a Roman deacon.

Paul's papacy was troubled by disputes with the Lombards.  He had good relations with Pepin, who was king of the Franks.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Paolo
Because of You

**"Because of You"** is a pop rock single from singer Kelly Clarkson off her second studio album *Breakaway*. It was first released in 2005. The single  made Clarkson the only winner in *American Idol* history to have a fourth song from the same album in Top 10 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. In 2007 *Because of You* was reprised in a duet alongside the country music artist Reba McEntire; the reprised version produced the first appearance of Clarkson in the Billboard Hot Country charts, where the single  hit Number 2.
Pope Paul II

**Pope Paul II** (;  23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born **Pietro Barbo**,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.

## Early life  
Pietro Barbo was born in Venice.  He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.

## Cardinal 
Barbo became a cardinal in 1440.  He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.

### After his death
The accounts of histories written soon after his death were unfavorable.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## More reading
* Pastor, Ludwig. (1894). *The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages,* Vol. IV, Chapter I.  London, J. Hodges. OCLC 64083707

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul II
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Barbo ; "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)"
Chatbot

A **chatbot** (or **chatterbot**) is a computer program that responds to input in a natural language. An example is ELIZA. This was one of the first chatbots. Every year, there is a contest for chatbots called the Loebner prize.

## References
Loebner prize

The **Loebner prize** is an award given out every year to a chatterbot.  The winner is chosen by a Turing test: Each judge talks (-based) to a chatterbot and to a human.  The judge guesses which is which.  The contest started in 1990 by Hugh Loebner.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Hyperoperation

A **hyperoperation** is a  of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc.  They are often written using Knuth's up-arrow notation.  Natural number level hyperoperations can be defined recursively as a piecewise function: 
:
  H_n(a, b) =  
   \begin{cases}
    b + 1 & \text{if } n = 0 \\
    a & \text{if } n = 1, b = 0 \\
    0 & \text{if } n = 2, b = 0 \\
    1 & \text{if } n \ge 3, b = 0 \\
    H_{n-1}(a, H_n(a, b - 1)) & \text{otherwise}
   \end{cases}\,\!

This is used to express really large numbers while being able to write them.