open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Life Less Frightening

"**Life Less Frightening**" was the third single from the Chicago punk rock band Rise Against, from their 2004 album, *Siren Song of the Counter Culture*. It is the third track on the album. It runs about 3 minutes and 44 seconds.

The lyrics of the song tell of the horrors of the world and a longing for a "life less frightening" ("...I'm soaking with the sins of knowing what's gone wrong...") and tells that  of action will only cause the problems to worsen ("Time again I have found myself stuttering/Foundations pulled out from under me.").
OCLC

**OCLC**, Inc. is a library service and  organization. It helps people find more information and helps libraries work. Later its name changed to **Online Computer Library Center** as it grew. In 2017, its name changed to OCLC, Inc. 30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries are members of OCLC. The organization was started by Fred Kilgour. Its head office is in Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. It makes WorldCat, a very big online catalog (a list of books and things like books).

## OCLC control numbers 
OCLC gives a special number (called "OCN" for "OCLC Control Number") to every new record in WorldCat. A record is metadata about books and things like books. Every record has a different number. There are more than a billion numbers, and there are more every day. Old numbers are small and new numbers are big.

OCNs help find books and things like books that do not have ISBNs. Many books from before 1970 do not have ISBNs. OCNs are often used for books in Wikipedia and Wikidata.

## References
Alameda County, California

.]]

**Alameda County** is a county in the San Francisco Bay Area in state of California, USA. According to the 2020 population census, 1,682,353 people live in Alameda County. It is seventh biggest county in the state of California by population. Its county seat and largest city is Oakland.

The county was formed in 1853, from part of Contra Costa County. It was named for the largest river in the county, Alameda Creek. In Spanish, an *alameda* is a road lined with trees.

## Cities in Alameda County
*Alameda, founded in 1916
*Albany, founded in 1908, renamed Albany in 1909
*Berkeley, founded in 1878
*Dublin, founded in 1982
*Emeryville, founded in 1896
*Fremont, founded in 1956
*Hayward, founded in 1928
*Livermore, founded in 1876
*Newark, founded in 1955
*Oakland, founded in 1852
*Piedmont, founded in 1907
*Pleasanton, founded in 1894
*San Leandro, founded in 1872
*Union City, founded in 1959

## References
The Sufferer & The Witness

***The Sufferer & the Witness*** is the fourth album by American punk rock band Rise Against. The album was released on July 4, 2006.  It was their second release on popular label, Geffen Records. The album follows 2004's *Siren Song of the Counter Culture*. It sold 48,000 copies in its first week, debuting at number 10 on the Billboard 200. It has been awarded Gold by the RIAA.

The song "Drones" was used for WWE's 2007 Royal Rumble's theme song.

## Making the album
After the good reviews of their big label debut, *Siren Song of the Counter Culture*, and its single, "Swing Life Away", Rise Against came back to the studio in January 2006 to start their fourth studio album. The band had been writing songs and ideas during the *Siren Song of the Counter Culture* tour and had finished five songs by early December 2005. Also in December, it was said that Bill Stevenson would make the album at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. The band began in January 2006 in Chicago. The album was mixed by Chris Lord-Alge in Los Angeles. It was finished in April 2006.

## Track listing
# "Intro/Chamber the Cartridge" – 3:35
# "Injection" – 3:19
# "Ready to Fall" – 3:47
# "Bricks" – 1:30
# "Under the Knife" – 2:45
# "Prayer of the Refugee" – 3:19
# "Drones" – 3:01
# "The Approaching Curve" – 3:44
# "Worth Dying For" – 3:20
# "Behind Closed Doors" – 3:15
# "Roadside" – 3:21
# "The Good Left Undone" – 4:10
# "Survive" – 3:40

## References
Tilopa

**Tilopa** (Prakrit; Sanskrit: **Talika** or *Tilopada*, 988–1069) was a tantric practitioner and mahasiddha. He was born in either Chativavo (Chittagong), Bengal or Jagora, Bengal into the Brahmin (priestly) caste. He had several teachers and meditated a lot under their guidance: Saryapa, Lawapa, Indrabhuti, Matanga, Nagarjuna . Finaly he reached Mahamudra or state of complete enlightement. Tilopa is regarded as founder of Kagyu lineage of Vajrayana Buddhism. His main student is Naropa.
Christmas Day (song)

"**Christmas Day**" is a song by the British musician Dido.

## Track listing
# "Christmas Day" (3:50)
# "Going Crazy" (2:25)

## Other websites
*Squeeze discography at Squeezenet
This Is the New Shit

"**This Is the New Shit**" is a 2003 industrial metal song by Marilyn Manson off their fifth album *The Golden Age of Grotesque*. The bassist, Tim Sköld added some industrial beats to the song when he joined the band in 2002.

Many movies, TV shows and video games have used the song including:

*CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode "*Suckers*"
*Hatchet
*Unreal Tournament 2004
*ECW Wrestling (radio edit)

## References
Epicureanism

]]

**Epicureanism** is a philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus. It started about 307 BC. Epicurus was a materialist who believed that material was made of atoms. The teaching about atoms was first started by Democritus. 

Epicurus forcefully attacked superstition. According to Epicurus, the gods are passive: They do not intervene in the world.  Epicurus believed that the greatest good was to have certain pleasures, and to reach a state of mind where there is no fear and no pain. Epicureanism is a form of hedonism, which declares that pleasure is the only good there is. Epicureanism says that the absence of pain is the greatest pleasure; it also advocates a simple life. These ideas make it sufficiently different from "hedonism" as it is usually defined.

Epicurus spoke favorably about the enjoyment of simple pleasures; he also meant abstaining from bodily desires, such as sex and appetites, almost like asceticism. 

He argued that when eating, one should not eat too richly, for it could lead to dissatisfaction later, such as the grim realization that one could not afford such delicacies in the future. Likewise, sex could lead to increased lust and dissatisfaction with the sexual partner. Epicurus did not articulate a broad system of social morality that has survived.

Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism, though later it became the main opponent of Stoicism. Epicurus and his followers shunned politics. Many Epicurean societies flourished in the late Hellenistic period and during the Roman era (such as those in Antiochia, Alexandria, Rhodes and Ercolano). 

The poet Lucretius was its best-known Roman proponent. By the end of the Roman Empire, having undergone Christian attack and repression, Epicureanism had all but died out, but was resurrected in the 17th century by the atomist Pierre Gassendi, who adapted it to the Christian doctrine.

Some writings by Epicurus have survived. Some scholars consider the epic poem *On the Nature of Things* by Lucretius presents in one work the core arguments and theories of Epicureanism. Many of the papyrus scrolls unearthed at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum are Epicurean texts. At least some are thought to have belonged to the Epicurean Philodemus.
Hayley Wickenheiser

**Hayley Wickenheiser**, OC, (born August 12, 1978 in Shaunavon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian women's ice hockey forward. She is the first woman to play full-time pro hockey in a position other than goaltender.

She plays for the Canada women's national ice hockey team. She has represented Canada at 5 Winter Olympic Games, winning the gold medal four times and the silver medal once. She was named tournament MVP twice. She has also played softball for Canada at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Wickenheiser has the most gold medals of any Canadian Olympian. She is considered to be the greatest female ice hockey player in the world.

On February 20, 2014, She was chosen to be a part of the International Olympic Committee's athlete commission.

## References
## Other websites 
* Hayley Wickenheiser's official website
Ground Combat Vehicle

The **Ground Combat Vehicle** (**GCV**) is the U.S. Army's replacement program for heavy tracked and wheeled armored fighting vehicles. The GCV is part of the *Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package* of the BCT Modernization program. The vehicle of the vehicle family is to be built by 2015 and given out by 2017. It replaced the canceled Future Combat Systems, manned ground vehicles program.

## Design
The GCV family will be built around one or more common vehicle bodies.

.]]

The GCV would have a very advanced communications system.

The vehicle will be heavy and large but it must be moved by aircraft, rail and ship. The GCV will have good off-road mobility while remaining fuel efficient. The IFV will hold a crew of three and a squad of nine people.

### Secondary vehicle
The "secondary vehicle" is listed on the "Work Breakdown Structure" document. So far, no details have been released about the use of this vehicle.

## References
## Other websites
* *Official U.S. Army Ground Combat Vehicle page* 
* TACOM page
Novaya Zemlya

**Novaya Zemlya** () is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the north of Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe. The archipelago is made of a north island and a south island; it separates the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea. There is a narrow channel, called Matochkin Strait that separates the two islands. Both islands together are about 900 km long; they are between 470 and 1150 km north of the Arctic Circle. Today, 2716 people live on the islands. 2622 of them live in the capital *Belushya Guba* (on the south island)

The Russians knew of Novaya Zemlya from the 11th century, when hunters from Novgorod visited the area.

Novaya Zemlya is the northern part of the Ural Mountains and the interior is mountainous throughout. The northern island contains many glaciers, while the southern one has a tundra landscape.

In July 1954, Novaya Zemlya was designated the Novaya Zemlya Test Site.  It was used as a test site throughout the cold war. In 1961 Tsar Bomba was dropped on the archipelago. The Tsar Bomb was the largest nuclear bomb ever made at 50 Mt. By contrast, the largest weapon ever produced by the United States, the now-decommissioned B41, had a predicted maximum yield of 25 Mt.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Selected satellite views of nuclear test site Novaya Zemlya (global security).
*Environment, climate change, and history of exploration (Barents' wintering).
*Rozenberg Publishers - Climate and glacial history of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic 
*Nuclear tests in Novaya Zemlya, International Atomic Energy Agency Department of Nuclear Safety and Security.
Trailer Park Boys

***Trailer Park Boys*** is a Canadian mockumentary created by Mike Clattenburg. It is produced by Mike Clattenburg, Barrie Dunn and Michael Volpe. In Canada, it was shown on the Showcase Television. The series had thirteen seasons and ran from April 22, 2001 to December 7, 2008. It then restarted by on the streaming service SwearNet and released through Netflix from September 5, 2014 until March 30, 2018.

The series mainly follows three men Ricky, Julian, and Bubbles and their life inside the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

The television programme has spawned four movies: *Trailer Park Boys: The Movie* on October 6, 2006, *Trailer Park Boys: Countdown to Liquor Day* on September 25, 2009, ''Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It* on April 18, 2014, and *Standing on the Shoulders of Kitties: The Bubbles and the Shitrockers Story* on December 6, 2024.

TV.com rated the series a 10.

An animated show called *Trailer Park Boys: The Animated Series* started showing on Netflix on March 31, 2019. A spin-off called *Trailer Park Boys: Jail'' started on January 1, 2021. There was also a Christmas special released. It was the last show John Dunsworth was featured in before he died.

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites
*Trailer Park Boys' Official website
Chocolate chip cookie

A **chocolate chip cookie** is a drop cookie from the United States. Small portions of the dough are "dropped" from a spoon onto a baking sheet, then baked 10-15 minutes in a medium oven until done. Main ingredients in the original recipe are flour, butter, eggs, salt, vanilla extract, both brown and white sugar, and chocolate chips. Variants feature nuts, oatmeal, etc. Chocolate chip cookies can be made at home or purchased at bakeries and in stores.

The chocolate chip cookie was the accidental invention of Ruth Graves Wakefield. She and her husband owned and operated the Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts in the mid-1930s. Wakefield prepared meals and desserts. One day she was without Baker's Chocolate for a butter drop cookie recipe. She cut a Nestlé's semi-sweet chocolate bar into bits and added the bits to the dough, thinking the pieces would melt as the cookie baked. The bits did not melt completely, but they did soften. The result was called the Toll House Cookie. Nestlé printed the recipe on its packages of chocolate. Wakefield received a lifetime supply of Nestlé semi-sweet chocolate for her permission to print the recipe.

## Preparation 
Chocolate chip cookies are made by using white sugar, brown sugar, flour, salt, eggs, baking soda, butter or shortening, and chocolate chips. Some cookies optionally add vanilla, milk, or nuts for more flavor.

## References
Rei Ayanami

is a main character in *Neon Genesis Evangelion*. In 1996 and 1997, she was listed as the best female anime character by the journal *Animage*. She was born in the underground laboratory, but lost her memories. It is known that she has many "spare bodies", which are used for her reincarnation, if she dies. 
In the Italian dub she is voiced by Valentina Mari.
Theo Waigel

**Theo Waigel** is (* 22 April 1939 in Oberrohr, Bavaria) a German Politician (CSU). He was the Finance Minister between 1988 and 1999 and the Chairman of the CSU, respectively.

## Personal life and work 
Theo Waigel obtained his High School Degree at the Simpert-Kraemer-High School, in Swabian Krumbach Waigel immatriculated at the Facultys of Law and political Science in Munich, later in Wurzburg. He successfully earned his Bachelor of Law in 1963, in 1967 he obtained the Master of Law and finished with a PhD with his essay about the Constitutional system of the German especially the Bavarian Agriculture. The first job of Mr. Waigel was an Assessor for the Attorney General at the Regional Court in Munich I, in 1969 he took over a new assignment as a Personal Secretary for the State Secretary in The Finance Ministry, Bavaria. 
In 1970 he took over the same job in the Ministry of Transport.

After his political career, he worked for German Investment Counselling Inc. as well as the Electrical Company ENBW as a Member of the Board of Directors.

Theodor Waigel, married again. Irene Epple, his second wife, gave birth to three children.

In a short TV-serial, *The Affair Semmeling* from Dieter Wedel, he had a small guest role in his previous position as a Finance Minister.
Powerbomb

performing his finishing move the "*Batista Bomb*" on Edge.]]
This page explains different types of **powerbombs** in professional wrestling.

## Gutwrench powerbomb 
This  has a wrestler tuck an opponent's head in-between their legs, hook their arms lift them up, turning them in mid-air, and slam them down to the mat (ring).
Facebuster

This page explains different types of **facebusters** in professional wrestling.

## Chickenwing facebuster 
This  has a wrestler hook both their opponent's arms standing up stomach to back, lift them in the air, and then push them forwards so to make them move towards the ring face down with force.

## Turkeyleg facebuster 
This maneuver involves one opponent forcefully pushing the other until they are facing away from them. They then constrict the opponent's torso with their arms and kick the back of their knees, causing them to falter and fall forward, face first - with the opponent on top of them.
Myall Creek massacre

The **Myall Creek Massacre**  was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay  people by European settlers.  It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.

## References
Credit default swap

A **credit default swap** (or **CDS** for short) is a kind of investment where you pay someone so they will pay you if a certain company gives up on paying its bonds, or **defaults**. A credit default swap is like insurance on bonds, but different from insurance in important ways:
* Insurance companies make sure you own the thing you're insuring, but you can buy credit default swaps for bonds you don't own.
* The government makes rules (called **regulations**) for insurance, but they don't make any yet for credit default swaps.
* Insurance companies have to have enough money in case lots of people need to collect insurance at the same time. Because there aren't many rules for CDS sellers, they don't have to be as careful.
Because nobody makes sure you have the bonds you get credit default swaps for, people can speculate on them by buying credit default swaps on companies they think will get in trouble.

## Role in Financial Crisis of 2008 
When Lehman Brothers went bankrupt on September 15, 2008, it defaulted on its bonds. The insurance company AIG had sold lots of credit default swaps for Lehman, but they didn't have enough money to pay all the people they had sold them to.

This is because the way lots of companies speculated was by hedging on credit default swaps. They bought credit default swaps for a company, and then sold credit default swaps for the same company when the CDSes got more expensive. For example, if you bought some Lehman Brothers CDSes from AIG where you had to pay $500,000, and you sold the same number of CDSes on Lehman a year later for $600,000, you made $100,000 profit. If Lehman defaulted, you're supposed to pay the people you sold the CDSes to, but that should be OK because now AIG is supposed to pay you for the CDSes you bought.

So many companies bought and subsequently sold CDSes that when Lehman collapsed, no one had enough money to pay the people they sold the CDSes to. They tried getting it from the companies they'd bought CDSes from, but they didn't have enough money either. Those companies tried collecting from the companies that owed them money, but they didn't have enough either, and so on. Since AIG had sold so many of these, people were afraid that AIG would just give up on trying to pay them all. If they had done that, there would be a domino effect where everybody would go out of business. Because so many companies would've gone out of business, the government decided to help AIG pay so the economy wouldn't collapse.

## Role in the Greek Financial Crisis 
When people found out that the Greek government owed more money than everybody thought it did, people who didn't own any Greek government bonds started buying credit default swaps on Greek bonds. They did that because they thought Greece would give up on trying to pay, so the bonds would become worthless and the people who sold the credit default swaps would pay them. Unfortunately, this makes people who have Greek bonds nervous, so they want to sell them and not buy any more. That makes it hard for Greece to borrow money to fix its money problems.
List of Internet Relay Chat commands

This is a list of all **Internet Relay Chat commands** from IETF RFCs 1459 and 2812. Most IRC clients need commands to have a slash ("/") before the command. Angle brackets ("") mean what's placed in the secondary field, not a literal part of the command. Settings encapsulated in square brackets ("[" and "]") are optional and override the command's defaults.

## User commands
## Notes
## Related pages
* Internet Relay Chat
* IRCd
* IRCX
* Server

## References
## Bibliography
* 
* 

## Further reading
* 
* 
* 
*
Powerslam

This page describes the different types of **powerslams** in professional wrestling.

## Fireman's carry powerslam 
 performing the "Attitude Adjustment" (Fireman's carry powerslam) on Kurt Angle.]]
This  has a wrestler lift their opponent on their back in a fireman's carry position. Grab their opponent's leg lift that side up and over turning to face their opponent in the process and then slam them to the mat.
Alexine Tinne

**Alexandrine Pieternella Françoise Tinne**, called **Alexine Tinne** (October 17, 1835 – August 1, 1869) was a Dutch explorer. She used her money to  her curiosity about Africa.

With her mother and several scientists, Tinne first travelled down the Nile in 1863. Because of the trip, she gathered lots of scientific information, but  Tinne's mother and two of the scientists died. Later, she prepared another trip across the Sahara. She took two big iron  of water. The Muslim people, thinking that the tanks had gold inside, attacked Tinne. They cut her with their swords, cutting off her hand so she could not use her gun. The attackers then ran away, leaving her to bleed to death. She died alone in the desert.

The church built in her memory in her hometown, The Hague, was destroyed by bombs in World War II.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Saudi Aramco: 'Alexine and the Nile' 
*  Tinne, Alexandrine
Super Mario Galaxy 2

***Super Mario Galaxy 2*** is a video game for the Wii. It is the sequel to the 2007 game *Super Mario Galaxy*. It was first announced at E3 2009, and was released in the second quarter of 2010 in Japan, on May 23, 2010 in North America, on June 11, 2010 in Europe, and in June-August, 2010 in Australia. Unlike its predecessor, *Super Mario Galaxy 2* allows the player to ride on Yoshi. *Super Mario Galaxy 2* introduces two new power-ups: the Cloud Flower and the Rock Mushroom.

## References
Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients

The following tables compare general and technical information between a number of IRC client programs. Please see the individual products pages for more information. This page is does not include everything and may not be current.

## General 
Basic general information about the notableclients: creator/company, license, etc. Clients listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

## Release history 
A brief overview of the release history.

## Operating system support
The operating systems on which the clients can run natively (without emulation).

Unix and Unix-like operating systems:
* Unix (BSD): 386BSD, BSD/OS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, SunOS, ULTRIX
* Unix (System V): AIX, A/UX, HP-UX, IRIX, SCO OpenServer, Solaris, UnixWare
* Unix-like: Linux, NeXTSTEP, OpenVMS, OSF/1, QNX, Tru64 UNIX

## Protocol support 
What IRC related protocols and standards are supported by each client.

### Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) support 
The Direct Client-to-Client Protocol (DCC) has been the primary method of establishing connections directly between IRC clients for a long time now. Once established, DCC connections bypass the IRC network and servers, allowing for all sorts of data to be transferred between clients including files and direct chat sessions.

### IRCv3 Support 
This software is compliant natively; other software may be compliant with extensions.https://ircv3.net/software/clientshttps://ircv3.net/software/libraries

#### IRCv3 SASL Mechanisms 
IRC SASL authentication primarily uses the same mechanisms as SASL in other protocols. Most commonly:
* PLAIN as defined by RFC 4616
* EXTERNAL as defined by RFC 4422
* SCRAM-SHA-256 as defined by RFC 7677

## Features 
Information on what features each of the clients support.

## References
Ed McMahon

**Edward Leo Peter "Ed" McMahon, Jr.** (March 6, 1923 – June 23, 2009) was an American announcer, game show host, comedian, actor, singer, and combat aviator. He was the announcer and co-host of *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson* with host Johnny Carson. Ed McMahon has also been on *Star Search*. He was best known for being on television.

McMahon was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts and in Mexico, Maine. McMahon studied at Boston College and at The Catholic University of America. His career began in 1957 while broadcasting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

McMahon was married to Alyce Ferrill from 1945 until they divorced in 1974. Later, he married Victoria Valentine from 1976 until they divorced in 1989. Lastly, he married Pam Hurn from 1992 until his death in 2009.

McMahon died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged, 86.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Lazarus taxon

In paleontology, a **Lazarus taxon** (plural *taxa*) is a taxon that disappears from one or more periods of the fossil record, only to appear again later. The term refers to the Gospel of John, in which Jesus is claimed to have raised Lazarus from the dead. Lazarus taxa occur either because of (local) extinction, later resupplied, or as a sampling artifact. The fossil record is imperfect (only a very small fraction of organisms become fossilized) and contains gaps not necessarily caused by extinction, particularly when the number of individuals in a taxon becomes very low.

The concept was developed in palaeontology where, after a major extinction event, some groups reappear after millions of years. The usual explanation is that numbers were driven so low that their chance of fossilisation were extremely low. Then, gradually, their numbers revived.

## History of the idea 
In 1974 Batten pointed out that the Lower Triassic record lacked genera and species which had been present in the Permian, but which reappeared 20 million years later in the Middle Triassic. Jablonski later coined the term 'Lazarus taxon' for species and genera which disappear from the fossil record, only to reappear later when conditions return to normal.

## Living examples
There are some well-known examples of it happening to present-day species.

Some well-known examples:
 *Latimeria chalumnae*.]]
* A complete clade of lobe-finned fish, the sub-class Coelacanthimorpha, was thought to have gone extinct 80 million years ago. Then a Coelacanth (*Latimeria*), was found in 1938.
*The Monoplacophora, a class of molluscs were believed to have gone extinct in the middle Devonian (~380 million years ago) until living members were discovered in deep water off Costa Rica in 1952.
*Dawn Redwood or *Metasequoia*, a genus of conifer, was first described as a fossil from the Mesozoic era by Shigeru Miki in 1941, but in 1944 a small stand was discovered in Modaoxi, China.
*Mountain Pygmy Possum (*Burramys parvus*), Australia's only truly hibernating marsupial, known originally from the fossil record, was discovered in 1966.

## References
Joe Louis Arena

**Joe Louis Arena**, nicknamed **The Joe** and **JLA** was a hockey arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League.

Joe Louis Arena also hosted the 2009 Royal Rumble.

The arena closed at the end of the 2016–17 NHL season, with the Red Wings opening the new Little Caesars Arena a few blocks away. After the Wings moved, the arena was torn down and will be replaced by a combined hotel and retail development.

## References
First Time

"**First Time**" is the first single from Lifehouse's fourth studio album *Who We Are*.

On April 24, 2007, the band released the single to be played on the radio. At the beginning, the song was played every hour on Star 98.7 in Los Angeles that day and was later released to general radio. The song's first ranking on the Billboard Hot 100 was number 48 in May, and it rose all the way to number 26. It was #74 on *MTV Asia**s list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.

## Track listing
**US radio promo single**
#"First Time" - 3:25

**Australian commercial single*'
#"First Time"
#"You and Me" (Live In Portland)

## References
Crown Prince Sado

**Crown Prince Sado** () or **Crown Prince Jangheon** (), January 1735 - May 1762) was a Crown Prince of Joseon. He was the second son of King Yeongjo, and the father of King Jeongjo of Joseon.

After the death of his half brother Prince Hyojang, he became heir to the throne. Because of his mental illness and strange behaviour, his father had him locked in a rice chest and starved to death.

## References 
*http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=133415
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

at Cal Poly Pomona.]]
The **California State Polytechnic University, Pomona** (also known as **Cal Poly Pomona**) is a public university in Pomona, California, United States. It is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. It was founded in 1938. Cal Poly Pomona offers 72 degree programs in disciplines like engineering, science, architecture, and many others. The university covers 1,147 acres. It is near the city of Los Angeles.

Cal Poly Pomona student-athletes play sports against other universities using the name *Cal Poly Pomona Broncos*. The university is a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association and the NCAA. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are green and gold.

## References
Pat Verbeek

**Patrick "The Little Ball of Hate" Verbeek** (born May 24, 1964 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a former Canadian NHL ice hockey right winger who played 21 seasons in the NHL.

He was given the nickname "The Little Ball of Hate" by Glenn Healy because teammate Ray Ferraro was nicknamed "Big Ball of Hate".

## Statistics
Opcode

An **opcode** identifies which basic computer operation in the instruction set is to be performed. It is used when writing machine code. It tells the computer to do something. Each machine language instruction typically has both an opcode and operands.  The opcode is like a verb in a sentence, and the operands are like the subject in a sentence.
Operands are typically memory or registry addresses.

Opcodes are used in machine code for a number of functions, including Float Addition of registers, Two's compliment addition of registers, Shifting register values to memory, or to a hard drive, stopping a program, etc. There are quite literally hundreds of common opcodes employed in modern computers.

Due to the nature of a computer's architecture, opcodes take the form of binary numbers. Alternatively, opcodes can be represented by hexadecimal digits, (for example, 10100101 = A5) for ease of reading and coding when designing or emulating a machine-code program. These values are then transformed into their binary equivalents to be saved. Modern opcodes are at least two hex characters in length which take up 1 byte of storage space.

Opcodes will vary in capability and 'value' depending on the computer to which they belong, as they are hardware dependent. For instance, the opcode for STORE as expressed in Hex could be FA for one machine and 02 for another. Some opcodes will not be available on some computers. In general, there are two approaches toward building instruction sets. A reduced instruction set computer (RISC) offers less possible opcodes in favor of increasing speed for simple processes. Complex instruction set Computing (CISC) offers more opcodes in favor of increasing speed for complex processes.

Opcodes are seldom used by programmers directly. Whenever they are directly programmed into memory, they are only ever guaranteed to work on the computer they were designed for. When programmers write in assembly language, a translator program converts program statements, one-for-one, into machine language commands.  The programmer must only remember a mnemonic for each opcode instead of its binary value.  Alternatively, a high level-programming language can be used, say 4th generation, which gets converted to 3rd generation and so on until it reaches 1st generation. From here, an individual computer will convert the program to machine code whenever the program file is read. This way, a program can work on a much larger variety of computers.

## Notes
2010 Chile earthquake

's beach.]]
The **2010 Cauquenes earthquake ** was an earthquake that happened off the coast of Maule region of Chile, near Cauquenes, on February 27, 2010, at 03:34:12 local time (06:34:12 UTC). It is said to have lasted between ten and thirty seconds. At first, its  was reported to be between 8.3 and 8.5 on the Moment magnitude scale, but this was later corrected upwards, to be at 8.8 of that scale. It was the strongest earthquake in Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake, and the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

The epicenter of the earthquake was offshore from the Maule Region, approximately 8&nbsp;km west of Curanipe and 115&nbsp;km north-northeast of Chile's second largest city, Concepción. Also, the epicenter is less than 20&nbsp;km due east from that of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Other cities exposed to Mercalli intensity scale intensity VIII (Destructive) shaking were Arauco, Lota and Constitución.

The earthquake was also felt in the Chilean capital Santiago as well as in some Argentinean cities. Tsunami warnings were issued in 53 countries.

Chile was hit by another earthquake in March 11, 2010, with epicenter in the coastern town of Pichilemu, Province of Cardenal Caro, almost 200 kilometers from Santiago de Chile. It was MW 6,9 in the Richter scale.

 after the Earthquake, Saturday February 27, 2010.]]

## References 
## Related page 
*Great Chilean Earthquake
Wet boxer contest

The **wet boxer-short contest** is a beauty contest between men in their underwear. It is a lot like a wet t-shirt contest that shows women.  However, unlike a wet T-shirt contest, the water used in a wet boxer-short contest is warm instead of cold. The contests are often considered degrading for women due to sexism; however, they are not considered degrading for men and are instead considered comical. 
Wet boxer contests are also held in gay bars. 

## Notes
Eazy-Duz-It

***Eazy-Duz-It*** is the first studio album by American rapper Eazy-E. It was released on September 16, 1988. The producers on the album were Dr. Dre & DJ Yella.

## Track listing 
*All songs produced by Dr. Dre and DJ Yella

## Notes
*The original cassette & LP excluded "Ruthless Villain".
*The 2002 re-release includes the 1992 EP *5150: Home 4 tha Sick*.

## Personnel
The following personnel can be verified by the album's notes.
* Eazy-E - Executive producer and performer
* Dr. Dre - Producer and performer
* Yella - Producer
* MC Ren - Writer and performer
* The D.O.C. - Writer and performer
* Ice Cube - Writer and performer
* Stan the Guitarman - Guitar/bass
* Big Bass Brian - Mastering
* Eric Poppleton - Photography
* Donovan "The Dirt Biker" Smith - Sound engineer

## Charts
### Chart positions 
### Year-end charts 
### Chart positions 
## Certifications 
## Release history
## References
Viral culture

A **Viral culture** is a laboratory test in which the virus samples are placed with a cell medium that the virus being tested for is able to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then a culture is positive, meaning the test indicates infection.

The older way of viral culture has been replaced by shell vial culture, in which the sample is spun onto a single layer of cells and viral growth is measured by antigen detection ways. This shortens the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus, for which the method was developed.

## Related pages
*Cell culture
*Instruments used in microbiology
*Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
*Viral plaque

## References
*

## Other websites
* 
*
Viral life cycle

Viruses are near the same to living organisms, however there are differences.  One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to make more of themselves. A virus cannot survive on its own. It is only active when reproducing within a host, using a hosts' resources and food. Once inside a host, a virus's main purpose is to make as many copies of itself, and infect other host cells; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring.

## Overview 
The viral life cycle is dependent on a host cell. A virus is not able to replicate on its own or use "raw" materials on which to survive. A virus will remain dormant until it is able to infect the next host, activate and replicate. Some viruses can live in an open place for a short time, in some cases, only a few hours. Viruses use the most efficient method to locate a host, create copies, and spread to other hosts.

## Exposure of host 
Usually viral infections occur when a virus enters the host:

* through a physical breach (a cut in the skin)
* direct inoculation (e.g.mosquito bite moves the virus from the mosquito mouth into the human, or animal host.) )
* direct infection of the surface itself (the animal or human breathes (inhales) of the virus into trachea)
It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to cells in order to invade.

## Viral Entry 
In order for the virus to make copies and infect, it must enter cells of the host animal and use those cells' materials. In order to enter the cells, proteins found on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or , occurs between the viral part and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where viral reproduction may start.

## Viral replication 
Next, a virus must take control of the host cell's replication mechanisms. It is at this stage a distinction between susceptibility and permissibility of a host cell is made. Permissibility determines how the infection will progress. After control is taken by the virus and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself, replication occurs quickly.

## Viral shedding 
After a virus has made many copies of itself, it usually has used up the cell's resources. The cell is now no longer useful to the virus, therefore it must find a new host. The process by viral copies are released to find new hosts, is called shedding. This is the final stage in the viral life cycle.

## Viral latency 
Some viruses can "hide" inside another cell, either to defend itself against the host cell defenses or immune system, or because it is not in the best interest of the virus to make more copies at the time.  This hiding is called latency. During this time, the virus will not produce any copies, it will remain inactive until external stimuli (such as light or stress) prompts it into activation, or the restart of the life cycle.

## References
Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

**Pop** is a British children's channel that airs many children's cartoons.

## History 
Pop was called *Popfun* sometime before 2013, but in July 2022, it changed its name to *POP*. At first it was just music videos but in early 2023 it started to show cartoons. These include things like *Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks*, *Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir* etc.; The music videos were kept but all disappeared in mid 2016. They were brought back in 2017 but only during a slot called *Pop Party*. Also changes have been made to the logo throughout the years. To start with, it showed letters being replaced by balloons, it was all in lower case, and it had no exclamation mark but in November 2016, a change was made. It was now white letters on an red background. They were in 3D now. The exclamation mark was added and the letters were now all done in upper case. Due to copyright reasons on the music that got changed in 2017. In 2018, Pop's logo yet again changed. It used to be coloured letters on a red background but the background disappeared and the letters were now all light red. This is its current logo but the old one is still on the pop website.

## Popfun.co.uk 
Not long after the launch of Tiny Pop's website, Pop had its own channel launched too. It features a fun and games bit, a what's on bit, a competitions page, and the logo. The games are things like Oggy Moshi, and things like that.

## References
Quantum of Solace

***Quantum of Solace*** is a James Bond movie, featuring lead actor, Daniel Craig. Bond fights with business man Dominic Greene. A "quantum of solace" is a complicated way of saying "A small moment of peace".

## Other websites 
*
Tonian

The **Tonian** was the first geological period in the Neoproterozoic era. It lasted from 1000 million years ago (mya) to 720 mya. The supercontinent Rodinia began breaking in this period. Acritarchs radiated during the Tonian.

## References 
*
Binge drinking

is traditionally a time when many drink excessive amounts of alcohol. This picture is from a 1912 postcard mailed in the United States.]]
, at a binge-drinking event]]
**Binge drinking** is an unhealthy way of drinking alcoholic beverages. When people **binge drink**, they usually drink a lot of alcohol in a short time, or drink with the goal of getting drunk.

Binge drinking is very common in the United States. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that in the U.S.:
* More than half of the alcohol drunk by adults is drunk during binge drinking; and
* About 90% of the alcohol drunk by youth under age 21 is drunk during binge drinking.

## What exactly is binge drinking?
Different researchers and countries sometimes have different definitions of what exactly binge drinking is.

### United States
In the United States, the most common definition of binge drinking was created by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in 2009. It says that binge drinking is a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings a person's blood alcohol content (BAC) to 0.08 or more. Blood alcohol content is the percentage of ethanol in the person's blood. (In the United States, a BAC of 0.08 means a person is legally drunk.) This means that a person would be binge drinking if:
* A usual adult man had five or more drinks in about two hours
* A usual adult woman had four or more drinks in about two hours.

### United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service (NHS) says that binge drinking is having "eight or more units [of alcohol] in a single [drinking] session for men and six or more for women." (Units are used in the United Kingdom to measure alcohol.) This means a person would be binge drinking if:

## Dangers of binge drinking
Binge drinking can be dangerous. It can cause alcohol poisoning. If a person drinks too much, they could stop breathing and die. Binge drinking can also damage the liver.

Also, it increases binge drinkers' risks of having other problems. Binge drinkers are more likely than people who do not binge drink to:
* Drive while drunk, causing them to crash the car, and hurt or kill themselves or other people
* Hurt themselves or other people on purpose (injuries from guns, rape, and domestic violence are all more common among binge drinkers)
* Get sexually transmitted diseases or get pregnant without meaning to (because they are more likely to take risks and not use birth control like condoms)
* Have children who are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome if drinking while pregnant
* Have high blood pressure, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases
* Get liver disease, like cirrhosis
* Get brain damage
* Have erectile dysfunction

## References
La Leyenda

***La Leyenda*** (in English: *The Legend*) is a "Greatest Hits" album by Mexican-American singer Selena. *La Leyenda* was released on March 9, 2010 as four different box-sets. Q-Productions and EMI Latin teamed up and promoted *La Leyenda* around the world, *La Leyenda* had personal messages from Selena's family, friends, and fans across the world.

## Tracks on the album
### Four Disc Edition 
* Disc 1: Cumbias and Pop

# Amor Prohibido
# Baila Esta Cumbia
# La Caracha
# Besitos
# Como La Flor
# El Chico Del Apartmento 512
# La Llamada
# Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
# Quiero Ser
# Si Una Vez
# No Debes Jugar
# Techno Cumbia
# Costumbres
# Fotos Y Recuredos
# No Quiero Saber
# Enamorada De Ti
# Tu Robaste Mi Corazon
# Ya No
# No Te Vayas
# Amame
# Aunque No Salga El Sol
# Puede Ser (duet with Nando "Quero" Dominguez)
# Sukiyaki
# Buenos Amigos (duet with Alvaro Torres)

* Disc 2: Tejano and Rancheras
# Contigo Quiero Estar
# Amame, Quiereme
# Ya Ves
# Mentiras
# La Traclera
# Cobarde
# Si La Quieres
# Tus Desprecios
# Yo Te Sigo Queriendo
# Ven Conmigo
# Las Cadenas
# Vuelve A Mi
# Siempre Estoy Pensando En Ti
# Yo Te Amo (Live version)
# Yo Me Voy
# Despues De Enero
# Dame Un Beso
# Tengo Ganas De Llorar
# Tu Eres
# Tu, Solo Tu
# El Toro Relajo
# Siempre Hace Frio
# Que Creias
# No Me Queda Mas

* Disc 3: English
# I Could Fall In Love
# My Love
# Missing My Baby
# Captive Heart
# I'm Getting Used To You
# God's Child (Baila Conmigo)
# Dreaming Of You
# Wherever You Are (Donde Quiera Que Estes)
# Only Love
# A Million To One
# Is It The Beat?
# Where Did The Feeling Go?
# A Boy Like That
# Always Mine
Bonus Tracks
# I'm Getting Used To You (Def Club Mix)
# Don't Throw Away My Love

* Disc 4: Live songs
# Disco Medley (I Will Survive/Funkytown/Last Dance/The Hustle/On The Radio)
# Amame, Quiereme/Siempre Estoy Pensando En Ti
# Amor Prohibido
# Baila Esta Cumbia
# No Me Queda Mas
# El Chico Del Apartamento 512
# Si La Quieres
# Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
# Si Una Vez
# Ya Ves
# Que Creias
# Tus Desprecios
# Cobarde
# Techno Cumbia
# La Carcacha
# Ven Conmigo/Perdoname
# Como La Flor
Bouns Tracks
# Como Te Extrano (Pete Astudillo)

### Two Disc Special Edition 
Disc 1:

# Amor Prohibido
# Besitos
# Baila Esta Cumbia
# La Carcacha
# Como La Flor
# No Debes Jugar
# La Llamada
# Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
# Si Una Vez
# El Chico Del Apartamento 512
# Techno Cumbia
# Costumbres
# Fotos Y Recuerdos
# Contigo Quiero Estar
# Amame, Quiereme

Disc 2:

# I Could Fall In Love
# Only Love
# Dreaming Of You
# I'm Getting Used To You
# Where Did The Feeling Go?
# Is It The Beat?
# Buenos Amigos (duet with Alvaro Torres)
# Aunque No Salga El Sol
# No Quiero Saber
# Que Creias
# No Me Queda Mas
# Tu, Solo Tu
# El Toro Relajo
# Siempre Hace Frio
# Como Te Extrano (Pete Astudillo)

### Single Disc Edition 
# Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
# La Llamada
# Amor Prohibido
# Como La Flor
# No Me Queda Mas
# La Carcacha
# Fotos Y Recuerdos
# I Could Fall in Love
# Tu, Solo Tu
# Dreaming of You
# Techno Cumbia
# No Quiero Saber
# El Chico Del Apartamento 512
# Baila Esta Cumbia
# Buenos Amigos (duet with Alvaro Torres)

## References