open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flint water crisis

The **Flint water crisis** is a drinking water contamination crisis in Flint, Michigan which began in April 2014. When the city changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water to the Flint River, it created a serious public health danger. 

In Flint, between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead. They may experience serious health problems. The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that has killed 10 people in the county.

On January 5, 2016, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder declared a state of emergency for Flint. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency. He authorized additional help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security almost two weeks later.

## References
Solar Wind Composition Experiment

standing next to the Solar Wind Composition Experiment.]]

The **Solar Wind Composition Experiment** (SWC) was an experiment that took place on the Moon during the Apollo program (Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16). It was done to measure the solar wind outside of Earth's magnetosphere. It was the first notable measurement of isotopic solar material.

The experiment was suggested by a Swiss team headed by Johannes Geiss of the University of Bern and Peter Eberhardt of the Swiss Institute of Technology. It was partially funded by the Swiss Government.

The SWC experiment was done by getting a aluminum sheet and facing it towards the sun. The foil was to collect the ion types and energies of the solar wind on the lunar surface. After the experiment, the sheet was placed into a Teflon bag, and sent back to Earth to be studied. The experiment was successful and found Helium, Neon and Argon isotopic compositions coming from the sun.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs: Solar Wind Composition
Atmosphere of Mars

The **atmosphere of Mars** is the layer of gases surrounding Mars. It is mainly made up of carbon dioxide. The average atmospheric pressure of the Martian surface (6.0 mbar) is much lower than that of the Earth (1,013 mbar). The pressure is well below the Armstrong limit, meaning that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body: 98.6 °F (36.6 °C).

The Martian atmosphere contains 96% carbon dioxide, 1.9% argon, 1.9% nitrogen, and traces of oxygen, carbon monoxide, water and methane, and so on. Ever since the discovery of methane in 2003, scientists say that this might indicate life. It has also been suggested that is may be caused by geochemical processes, volcanic or hydrothermal activity.

The atmosphere of Mars is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a light brown or orange-red color when seen from the surface. Data from NASA pointed out that the dust particles are 1.5 micrometres diameter.

On 18 March 2015, NASA found an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars.

Liquid water on Mars was once commonplace, which means the atmosphere was thicker. Many studies have found that the atmosphere of Mars has been weakened over time due to solar winds. On Earth, the magnetic field protects us from most of the wind. Mars used to have a magnetic field, but cooling of the core has resulted in the magnetic field being lost.

## References
Caesar's Comet

(c. 19–18 BC)]]

'''Caesar's Comet** (**C/-43 K1''') is also known as 'Comet Caesar' and the 'Great Comet of 44 BC'. It was one of the most famous comets of ancient times. Many Romans thought the comet's seven-day appearance was a sign of the deification of recently assassinated dictator, Julius Caesar (100–44 BC).

Caesar's Comet was one of only five comets known to have had a negative absolute magnitude and may have been the brightest daylight comet in history. It was not , and it had a parabolic orbit. The comet might now be more than 800 AU from the Sun.

## References
Do You Know the Way to San Jose

**"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"** is a 1968 popular song. It is about a person from San Jose, California who wants to go back to her hometown. Dionne Warwick performed it.

The song sold over a million copies. Warwick won her first Grammy Award for it.

The song was Warwick's first song after "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"/"I Say a Little Prayer". It was released in April 1968.

The song was later sung by Connie Francis, Rita Reys, Neil Diamond, Nancy Sinatra and others.

## References
Julia Holter

**Julia Holter** (born December 18, 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, composer and artist. Her first studio album, *Tragedy*, was released in 2011. She released a second album, *Ekstasis*, in March 2012. This album was compared to works by such artists as Laurie Anderson, Kate Bush, Joanna Newsom and several others. *Ekstasis* received many positive reviews.

Holter joined Domino Recording Company. She then released her 3rd album *Loud City Song*. The album was a critical success.

She released *Have You in My Wilderness* in 2015. The album was very successful.

## References
Hanalei, Hawaii

**Hanalei** is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 444 at the 2020 census. Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian. *Hanalei* also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay.

## Geography 
Hanalei is located next to Hanalei River on the north shore of the island of Kauai.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.72 square miles (1.86 km), of which 0.68 square miles (1.75 km) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km) is water. The total area is 5.4% water.

## History 
### Imperial Russia 
People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century. In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii. Schäffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire. Kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai. An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America.

## Demographics 
At the 2020 census, there were 444 people, 165 households and 113 families residing in Hanalei. The population density was 656 per square mile (253/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 64% White, 12% Asian, 8% Pacific Islander, <2% from other races, and 14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6% of the population.

There were 165 households of which 27% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52% were married couples living together, 18% had a female householder with no husband present, 22% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32% were non-families.

As of 2022, the median household income was $97,292, and the median family income was $95,417. About 6% of families and 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

## Climate 
The climate of Hanalei is mild.

## References
Marley Shelton

**Marley Eve Shelton** (born April 12, 1974) is an American television and movie actress. She began her acting career in 1991. She has acted in different movie genres. She played Amanda in *Grand Canyon*. She also played Tricia Nixon Cox in *Nixon* (1995). voice roles include, Nutri Ventures, The Powerpuff Girls as additional adr voices.

Shelton was born in Los Angeles, California.

## References
Don't Make Me Over

'''"Don't Make Me Over"'* is a 1962 popular ballad. It was written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. Dionne Warwick sang this song. 

The song reached #5 on the *Billboard'' R&B charts.

The song was later recorded by other artists, such as Jennifer Warnes and Julia Holter.

## References
Paul Ryan (cartoonist)

**Paul Ryan** (September 23, 1949 &ndash; March 6, 2016) was an American comic book and comic strip cartoonist. Ryan worked  for Marvel Comics and DC Comics on a number of super-hero comics. Until his death in 2016, he worked on *The Phantom* for King Features Syndicate. He was born in Somerville, Massachusetts.

Ryan died in Worcester, Massachusetts of cancer on March 6, 2016. He was aged 66.

## References
Victory Day

**Victory Day** (also shortened as *V-Day*) is a common name of many different public holidays in various countries. In most cases it is to commemorate victories in important battles or wars in the countries' history. For example, in Russia, it is celebrated on May 9th for the defeat of Nazi Germany in what Russia calls "The Great Patriotic War" (World War II). For the United States and Britain, the victory in Europe (celebrated as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day) was only part of the victory. It is celebrated on May 8th (May 7th in the United Kingdom). The war in the Pacific did not end for the US and Britain until the Japanese surrender on Sept. 2, 1945. This is celebrated as Victory over Japan Day or V-J Day. This part of the war is usually not studied by Russians. In France, their Victory Day also celebrated the end of World War II and is celebrated on May 8, 1945, when Charles de Gaulle announced the end of the war.

## List of countries with a Victory Day 
## Related pages 
* November 11: Remembrance Day, Veterans Day, Armistice Day
* Liberation Day: List of dates on which countries were liberated from occupiers
* National Day: A day marking the founding of a nation which can be related to a key victory

## References 
## Other websites 
* Victory Day in Egypt, February 11, 2011
* Victory Parade, Russia, Moscow, 2015
Adrian Hardiman

**Adrian Hardiman** (21 May 1951 &ndash; 7 March 2016) was an Irish judge. He was the justice of the Supreme Court of Ireland. He served from 7 February 2000 until his death on 7 March 2016.

Hardiman was born in Dublin, Ireland. He studied at Belvedere College, at University College Dublin, and at the King's Inn. Hardiman died in Dublin, Ireland from a heart attack. He was aged 65.

## References
## Other websites
*Irish Courts Service
*University College Dublin
*The Honorable Society of the Kings Inns
*The Literary and Historical Society (L&H) 
*List of Irish Times winners
*UCC Philosoph wiki database of debaters
Vernon L. Smith

**Vernon Lomax Smith** (born January 1, 1927) is an American professor of economics. He worked at Chapman University's Argyros School of Business and Economics and School of Law in Orange, California. Smith shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics with Daniel Kahneman.

He is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D.C..

In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him.

## References
Radiometer

. The vanes rotate when exposed to light]]
A **radiometer** or **roentgenometer** is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation. Generally, a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or ultraviolet detector.

## Types 
* The name Radiometer is frequently used to refer to a Crookes radiometer ("light-mill"). This is an early device wherein a rotor  in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light. 
* The Nichols radiometer is a newer and more sensitive radiometer than the Crookes type. It measures radiation pressure. It has two small mirrors suspended on a quartz fiber. 
* A microwave radiometer operates in the microwave wavelengths. The radiometer contains argon gas to enable it to rotate.
* The MEMS radiometer can operate on the same principles of Nichols or Crooke radiometers.  It can operate over a wide spectrum of wavelength and particle energy levels.

## References
Collard greens

**Collard greens** (or **collards**) are loose leafed cultivars of *Brassica oleracea*. Collard greens are part of the acephala group of the species, which includes kale and spring greens.

Collard greens are known for their large, dark colored and edible leaves. They are also known as a garden ornamental.

Collard greens are available year round. They are tastier and more nutritious in cold months, after the first frost.

## References
Sheila Varian

**Sheila Varian** (August 8, 1936 – March 6, 2016) was an American breeder and trainer of Arabian horses. She was born in Santa Maria, California. Her career began in 1963. She used *vaquero*-influenced methods of training horses. 

Varian produced many famous Arabian horses who won many show horses in the United States. Varian received many awards from the United States Equestrian Federation. She was added into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 2003.

Varian died in Arroyo Grande, California from ovarian cancer on March 6, 2016. She was aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
* Thwaites, Jeanne. "Sid Spencer". Full excerpt of section on Spencer from *Horses in the West*, footnoted *above*.
Reading Rainbow

***Reading Rainbow*** is an American educational children's television series that aired on PBS Kids from July 11, 1983 to November 10, 2006. It was hosted by LeVar Burton. The show t encouraged children to read and think. In 2012, an iPad and Kindle Fire educational interactive book was launched with the *Reading Rainbow* name.

The public television series won over 200 broadcast awards, including a Peabody Award and 26 Emmy Awards. Eleven of those awards were in the "Outstanding Children's Series" category.

The series canceled on November 10, 2006 and reruns ran until August 28, 2009.

The original team included Lynne Brenner Ganek, Ellen Schecter, and LeVar Burton.

## References
Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The **Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (**SCLC**) is an African-American civil rights group.  The SCLC was very important in the Civil Rights Movement.  Martin Luther King, Jr. was its first president.

Today, the SCLC says it is "a nonprofit, non-sectarian, inter-faith, advocacy organization that is committed to nonviolent action to achieve social, economic, and political justice."  This means the group is open to people of all faiths and religions, not just Christians.

## Creation
The SCLC was created in 1957, after the Civil Rights Movement's successful Montgomery Bus Boycott.  On January 10, 1957, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. invited about 60 black pastors and leaders to Atlanta, Georgia.  Their goal, at the time, was to end segregation on buses in the Southern United States.  However, they agreed that they would only use non-violent ways of protesting and trying to make change.  Their motto was: "Not one hair on one head of one white person shall be harmed."

About a month later, the group met again in New Orleans, Louisiana.  They decided that their goal would be to end segregation everywhere  not just on buses.  They also chose Dr. King as their president, and chose the name "Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Many of the Civil Rights Movement's adult leaders went to or taught Citizenship Schools.
** Ralph Abernathy had to take over this campaign after Dr. King was murdered on April 4, 1968

## 1968-1997
Ralph Abernathy became the President of the SCLC after Dr. King's murder.  Under his leadership, the SCLC:
* Continued Dr. King's Poor People's Campaign, which united poor people of all races from all over the country (1968)
** The Campaign got the U.S. government to create programs for poor people, including the Food Stamp Program; free meal programs for poor children; and programs for work, child care, and health insurance for poor people
* Protested the Apollo 11 , saying that the government was spending so much money on the Space Race that they could be spending to help poor Americans (1969)
* Helped hospital workers in Charleston, South Carolina get better pay and working conditions

Abernathy was President until 1977.  Joseph Lowery replaced him, and was President until 1997.

## 1997  today
 with Confederate cross, which the SCLC helped change]]
Since 1997, some of the issues the SCLC has worked on include:
* Police brutality (police being violent to people, and hurting or killing them)
* Changing the Georgia state flag, which had a big Confederate cross on it
** After the SCLC's campaign, Georgia did change its state flag
* Racial profiling (assuming something about a person because of their race; for example, assuming a black person is a criminal because they are black)
* Prisoners' rights
* Educating young people and adults about personal , leadership, and doing things to help their community
* Continuing to fight discrimination
* Supporting affirmative action
* Continuing Dr. King's Poor People' campaign

## Related pages
* Civil Rights Movement
* Martin Luther King, Jr.
* Social justice

## References
Chivalric romance

**Chivalric romances** are stories, poems or songs. They were written about marvel-filled adventures. Knights  having heroic qualities went on quests. It is the emphasis on love and courtly manners which distinguishes it from other kinds of epic. Other types of epic are about masculine military heroism.

Romances were written in European languages of the Middle Ages.

The best known romance was King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight* is another example.

## References
I've Been to the Mountaintop

'''I've Been to the Mountaintop''' is the name of the last speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave before he died.

King gave the speech on April 3, 1968.  He was in Memphis, Tennessee for the Memphis Sanitation Strike.  The sanitation (garbage) workers in Memphis were on strike because they got paid very little, and their work was dangerous.  King says:

King thought that if protesters or the people on strike were violent, other people would only pay attention to the violence.  They would not pay attention to how badly the sanitation workers were treated.

#### Boycotting
King suggested boycotting things sold by white businesses as a nonviolent way of protesting and getting people's attention.  He explains that one black person might be poor, but all together, they spent a lot of money.  This gave them power.  If they stopped buying things from businesses owned by white people, then those businesses would lose a lot of money.  Then they would have to pay attention, or else they could go out of business.  Meanwhile, black people could use their money to buy things from businesses owned by other blacks.  King says:

### The Civil Rights Movement
King then talks about the Civil Rights Movement.  He says:

King promises that civil rights activists will not stop until they get their basic human rights.

### Possible death
At the end of the speech, King says that as soon as he got to Memphis, he began to get threats.  However, he says he is not afraid of death.  This is the most famous part of the speech, and also its ending:

## The Bible in the speech
King was a Baptist pastor.  He often mentioned stories from the Bible in his speeches.

In the end of this speech, King is talking about a story from the Old Testament.  Moses was the leader of the Israelites (the people of Israel).  The Israelites followed Moses because they thought he would lead them to a Promised Land.  In this Promised Land, they could live in peace. 

However, before the Israelites got to the Promised Land, God spoke to Moses.  God said he would let Moses see the Promised Land with his eyes.  However, God would not let Moses enter the Promised Land.  The Bible says: 

Soon after this, Moses died. Joshua replaced him as leader, and led the people of Israel into the Promised Land.

King is saying that like Moses, he has "been to the mountaintop" and seen the Promised Land  a society where black people have peace and equal rights.  He knows that he may not get to this Promised Land with them, because he might die first.  However, he tells his listeners that, like the people of Israel, African-Americans as a people will get to the Promised Land.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (Full text of the speech)
Spenserian stanza

The **Spenserian stanza** is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem *The Faerie Queene*. Each stanza contains nine lines in total. The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, that is consist of ten syllables, followed by a single alexandrine line in iambic hexameter, that is are made up of twelve syllables. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c."

Many poets used the stanza after Spenser, for example Lord Byron (Chlide Harold's Pilgrimage), Percy Bysshe Shelley (Adonais), John Keats (The Eve of St. Agnes) and Alfred Tennyson (The Lotos-Eaters). Spenserian stanza remained a typical English form and it was never much popular outside England. Only few poets employed it in Central Europe, for example Juliusz Słowacki, Jan Kasprowicz and Jaroslav Vrchlický. 

## References
Biotti

**Biotti** is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

*Carlo Biotti, Italian jurist
*Chris Biotti, ice hockey player
Paul Webley

Professor **Paul Webley** CBE (19 November 1953 &ndash; 2 March 2016) was a British educator. He was the Director and Principal of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London from 2006 to 2015.  From 2010 until his death in 2016, he served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. 

He was a member of the Editorial Board of the *Journal of Economic Psychology*. He was the former President of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology. Webley was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to higher education.

Webley died in London, England on 2 March 2016 from cancer.

## References
Caracol Televisión

**Caracol Televisión** is the most viewed national television network in Colombia, founded in 1969 and Caracol Internacional.

The Grupo Santodomingo is the Caracol Televisión's (or **Canal Caracol**) main actionist.

## References
## Other websites
*Caracol Televisión 
*Caracol TV Official Site
*Caracol TV International
*GOL Caracol
*http://www.wgentv.com/ 
*https://www.jumptv.com/es/channel/caracoltv/
Comet Swift–Tuttle

**Comet Swift–Tuttle** (**109P/Swift–Tuttle**) is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 133 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with a period between 20 and 200 years.

Chinese records show that in 188 AD the comet reached apparent magnitude 0.1. The comet made a return appearance in 1992, and became visible with binoculars. In 2126 it will be a bright naked-eye comet reaching about apparent magnitude 0.7.

It is the parent body of the Perseid meteor shower, perhaps the best known shower and among the most reliable in performance.

## Near-Earth orbit 
A close encounter with Earth is predicted for the comet's return to the inner Solar System in the year 4479, around Sept. 15; the closest approach is estimated to be 0.03–0.05 AU, with a probability of impact of 1, or 0.0001%.

Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as "the single most dangerous object known to humanity". However, the probability of Earth impact per orbit is about a million to one against. It is estimated as 2 (0.000002%).

An unusual aspect of its orbit is that it is captured into a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter; it completes one orbit for every 11 of Jupiter.

## References
Guadarrama National Park

**Sierra de Guadarrama National Park** () is a national park in Spain. It covers about . The park is one of the biggest national parks in Spain. Only four national parks are bigger.
## Ecology
Guadarrama National Park has eleven different types of places for plants and animals to live (ecologies). More than 1,280 species of animals live in the park. Thirteen of them are endangered. There are more than 1,500 types of plants that come from the area. There are more than 30 types of vegetation.
Shita-kiri Suzume

**Shita-kiri Suzume** (which means *The Tongue-Cut Sparrow*) is a Japanese folk legend. It is told by many parents to their children. The story is about being kind and helping someone who is hurt. It is also about being mean and greedy.

## The story
Shita-kiri Suzume is the story of an old man and an old woman who find a sparrow. The old man takes care of the sparrow and gives it food. The old woman treats the sparrow badly and cuts out the sparrow's tongue. After the sparrow flies away, the old man goes to find it in the mountains. When he does, the sparrows give him a choice between two baskets to take home. The basket he picks is filled with many good things. The old woman sees the good things and goes to the sparrows to get a basket for herself. She is greedy and mean when she talks to the sparrows, but they still give her a basket. She is not patient and opens the basket before she gets home. 

## References
Lester Menke

**Lester D. Menke** (December 16, 1918 &ndash; March 5, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in O'Brien County, Iowa. He was a state Representative from the Iowa's 5th and 7th Districts. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1985. He served as Speaker pro Tempore from 1981 to 1985.

Menke died in Des Moines, Iowa on March 5, 2016 from dementia. He was aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
*Iowa General Assembly - Lester Menke  **official government website**
*Lester Menke Obituary Des Moines Register
Michael White (producer)

**Michael White** (16 January 1936 &ndash; 7 March 2016) was a Scottish movie and theatre producer. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. White won two Tony Awards in 1971 and in 1973. White was known for his works in *The Rocky Horror Picture Show* and *Monty Python and the Holy Grail*. 

White died on 7 March 2016 in Ojai, California. He died of heart failure. White was aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jean-Bernard Raimond

**Jean-Bernard Raimond** (6 February 1926 &ndash; 7 March 2016) was a French politician. He served as Foreign Minister during the government of Jacques Chirac. Raimond was born in Paris. He served from 1986 to 1988. He was the French ambassador to a number of states from the 1970s to the 1990s. He also served as a deputy in the French National Assembly from 1993 to 2002.

Raimond died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on 7 March 2016. He was aged 90.

## References
Donald Riegle

**Donald Wayne Riegle, Jr.** (born February 4, 1938) is an American politician. He was born in Flint, Michigan. He served for five terms as a Representative from 1967 through 1976. He served for three terms as a Senator in the U.S. Congress from 1976 through 1995. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

In 2016 and 2020, Riegle endorsed Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.

## References
African fish eagle

The **African fish eagle** (*Haliaeetus vocifer*) or the **African sea eagle** is a large species of eagle.

It is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa where there are large bodies of open water with plenty of fish. It is the national bird of Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Sudan.

This species looks a bit like the bald eagle. They are related, but live on different continents. The bald eagle lives in North America.

## References
Barrier

**Barrier** may refer to:

* Breakwater, a barrier on a coast to protect a harbour from ocean currents and waves
* Defensive wall, built to protect against an attack
* Blood–brain barrier, a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid
* Barrier reef, a type of coral reef running along a coast
** Belize Barrier Reef, off the coast of Belize
** Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia
* Dam
Elizabeth Garrett

**Helen Elizabeth Garrett**, commonly known as **Elizabeth Garrett**, (1963 – March 6, 2016), was an American professor of law and an academic administrator. In 2010, she became Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Southern California. On July 1, 2015, she became the 13th president of Cornell University.

Garrett died on March 6, 2016 from colon cancer at her New York City home. She was aged 52.

## References
New York City English

**New York City English** (also called **New York English**) is a regional dialect of American English. It is spoken by many people in New York City and the New York metropolitan area. The dialect is known through its use in media. It is most often used in New York City itself and its nearby suburbs. However, it is used all across the metropolitan area.

The dialect is known for dropping the "r" in some words. For example, the word *cart* in New York sounds similar to *cot* or *caught*.

Some New York area people say *tawk* for *talk* (which sounds like *toak*, producing a « trumpet effect »).

There are many well known people and fictional characters who speak New York English. They include Archie Bunker, Bugs Bunny, Fran Drescher and Marisa Tomei.

## References
Akira Yamaoka

is a Japanese video game composer, sound designer, guitarist, and producer. He is best known for composing music for the *Silent Hill* video game series and *Silent Hill* movies. He has also composed music for many other Konami games.  

Yamaoka studied product design and interior design at Tokyo Art College. He said that he first wanted to follow a career in design. He first joined Konami on September 21, 1993. On December 2, 2009, he announced that he was leaving Konami after 16 years with the company. He joined Grasshopper Manufacture on February 3, 2010.

## References 
## Other website
*Official website
Chron

A **chron** is a general term in Earth science. It means a period of time, usually less than a million years.

*Stage (geology)
*Geomagnetic reversal
Root (disambiguation)

**Root** may refer to:
*Root, a part of a plant
*Nth root, a number such that if N copies of a number are multiplied together, gives the original number
**Square root, a root of power 2
*Root of a function (zero of a function), an input value that produces an output of zero
*A user account in many operating systems (especially Unix) which has full permissions over the system
*Ancestry.
Root of a function

In mathematics, a **root of a function** *f* is a number x that turns the value of *f* to 0:

f(x)=0.

For example, one of the roots of \sin{x} is \pi, the only root of x^n is 0, for 2x + 5 it's -2.5 and so on.

Because polynomials are also functions, roots are real things.

The fundamental theorem of algebra says every polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one (complex) root. Using the fundamental theorem of algebra and the polynomial remainder theorem together shows that every complex polynomial of degree *n* has exactly *n* complex roots, and some of them may be equal.

## Root of a polynomial 
For first degree polynomials ax+b the root is x = \frac{-b}{a} .

For second degree polynomials ax^2+bx+c = 0 the roots are: x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}.

There are also equations for solving 3rd and 4th degrees but Évariste Galois proved that 5th degree polynomials cannot be solved using  radicals.

Polynomial remainder theorem states that if a is a root of a polynomial P(x) If and only if P(x) is divisible by x-a.

The Fundamental theorem of algebra states that the Complex plane is an algebraically close Field meaning that any polynomial from degree n has exactly n roots including repeating roots.

If a Polynomial  P(x) = (x-a)^t Q(x) , for t > 0, a is a root of P and a root of the first t-1 derivatives of P.

If P is a polynomial such that all of his **coefficients** are Integers:

1. If a is an Integer root of P, the constant coefficient is divisible by a.

2. If  \frac{a}{b}  is an Rational root of P, the constant coefficient is divisible by a and the leading coefficient is divisible by b.

For example : P(x) =  x^2 + 2x + 1 , we can see that the root should be a divisor of 1 meaning it is 1 or -1,  after we check the 2 options we can see that the root is -1.
Legionnaires' disease

'''Legionnaires' disease'* is a form of pneumonia caused by any type of *Legionella* bacteria. Over 90% of cases are caused by *Legionella pneumophila''. 

The length of time between exposure to the bacteria and the appearance of symptoms is generally two to ten days. It can be as much as 20 days. People with Legionnaires' usually have fever, chills, and a cough. Some also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, diarrhea or vomiting.

People of any age may have Legionnaires' disease. It is most common in middle aged and older people.

## References
De Moivre's formula

In mathematics, '''de Moivre's formula** or **de Moivre's theorem'* is an equation named after Abraham de Moivre. It states that for any real number *x* and integer *n'', 

(\cos x + i\sin x)^n = \cos nx + i \sin nx 

The formulation of De Moivre's formula for any complex numbers z (with modulus r and angle \theta) is as follows:

 z^n = (re^{i\theta})^n = [r(\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)]^n = r^n (\cos n \theta + i \sin n \theta)

Here, e is Euler's number, and re^{i\theta} is often called the polar form of the complex number z.

The formula is very important because it connects complex numbers and trigonometry. It can be proved using the trigonometry form of complex numbers by mathematical induction, with the help of some trigonometrical identities. It can also be proved using Euler's formula as well. 

By using this formula, any equation of the form z^n = w, where *w* is complex, can be solved.

## Related pages 
* Euler's formula

## References
Airbus Helicopters H175

The **Airbus Helicopters H175** is a European helicopter built by Airbus Helicopters, subsidiary of Airbus Group. It made first flight in 2009 as Eurocopter EC-175.

## References
Ilyushin Il-86

**Ilyushin Il-86** (Илью́шин Ил-86; NATO reporting name: **Camber**) is a Soviet civilian aircraft. It was the first wide-body aircraft built in USSR. Some are used by Russian Air Force as a transport aircraft. This is the basis of development of the military aircraft Ilyushin Il-80.
Sikorsky R-4

The **Sikorsky R-4** is the first military helicopter built in USA. It flown during World War II and beginning of Korea War. Some were used by US Navy, US Coast Guard and Fleet Air Arm.

-KOREAN WAR-

The R-4 was used in Korea as a rescue helicopter helping to carry wounded troops to military hospitals. Sikorsky said his greatest accomplishment with the helicopter, even better than making more space for air fields was the tens of thousands of live his invention saved through the multitude of wars it was deployed in.
Curtiss F6C Hawk

The **Curtiss F6C Hawk** is an american fighter. It's a biplane aircraft made in wood and metal. Is was used by US Navy between 1925 and 1932.
Fatima Naoot

**Fatima Naoot** ( فاطمه ناعوت ) (born September 18, 1964) is an Egyptian writer and poet. In January 2016, the Egyptian government sentenced Naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on Facebook about killing sheep for the Islamic feast Eladha (Sacrifice) in which Muslims slaughter sheep according to Islamic religion

## Work 
Naoot was a candidate for the Egyptian parliament.
## Insulting religion
Fatima Naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion. In October she published a post on Facebook was describing "the Eid Al-Adha’s tradition of slaughtering sheep as the “greatest massacre committed by human beings.” Then one candidate from parliament said that "Her aim is to insult Islam". Thus she wrote through Ahram Online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions.” 

Because of the law of 1982 which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of LE500 to LE1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity. she was put in jail for 3 years and fined 20.000 LE. She said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult Islam, but she just explained her point of view. Naoot said through Middle east online "I'm not sad about the sentencing as I don't care about going to jail. I'm sad that the efforts of reformists have been wasted”.

THE ARAB NETWORK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION issued a statement saying  "“the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression. Such a matter, in turn, makes Egypt one of the most Arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far.” Fatma is not a political figure, she is an Egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fatima Naoot (Fāṭimah Nāʻūt) on WorldCat
Beechcraft King Air

The **Beechcraft King Air** is a twin-engine aircraft designed and built in USA. It is built in two major series: **King Air 90** and **King Air 100**. It used as light business aircraft and light transport aircraft. 

Beechcraft Super King Air is a modern variant.

## Military variants 
**Beechcraft King Air** are known in the US Army as **U-21 Ute**, for light transport duties. In US Navy it known as T-44 Pegasus, a trainer.
Southern American English

**Southern American English** (aka **Southern U.S. English** or **Southern drawl**) is a group of American English dialects used in the Southern United States. Southern English is usually used in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia and parts of Florida. Modern day Southern English dialects have been used in the following states: they include Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, southern Iowa, south central Indiana, southern Ohio and Kansas.

The dialects are also used in some parts of the Mid-Atlantic States.

In Southern English, people use terms like ''ain't*, *you was*, *fixin to* (rather than *going to*), *been* (rather than *have been*) and *that there*.

Features of most southern accents include

***glide-deletion**- the conversion of the *ai'' dipthong into a monophthong

*drawling and\or **vowel breaking**

***pen\pin merger**

*

Varieties include 
 
*The Tidewater Accent

*Charleston English

*Appalachian English

*Texan English

*New Orleans English

*High Tider

*Boontling English

## References
BAC Jet Provost

The **British Aircraft Corporation Jet Provost** is a British military aircraft. It's a single-turbojet aircraft. It was used by nine foreign countries as a trainer. British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster is a modern variant for light attack duties.
Airbus Helicopters

**Airbus Helicopters** is a French and German company that designs and produces civilians and militaries helicopters. The headquarters is in Marignane, France. Factories are in France, Germany, and for some helicopters in the United States. 

The company was previously named **Eurocopter**. The name change was made 1 January 2014. It's a part of the Airbus company.

## References
Danville, New Hampshire

**Danville** is a small town in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. New Hampshire is in New England which is in the northeastern part of the United States. Danville is in the Southeast part of New Hampshire and is in Rockingham County. Danville has Sandown to its west, Hampstead to its south, Kingston to its east, and Fremont to its north.

It is in the Timberlane Regional School District, which consists of Atkinson, Plaistow, Sandown and Danville. It has a public elementary school named Danville Elementary School. Danville Elementary School has preschool to 5th grades.

Danville has a population of 4,408 people, as of 2020.

## Other websites
* Town of Danville official website
Twenty One Pilots

**Twenty One Pilots** (often written as **twenty one pilots** or **TØP**) is an American duo from Columbus, Ohio. It was initially formed as a band in 2009. Its members are Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun. The band is well known for the popular songs, "Stressed Out", "Ride", and "Heathens", which became very successful during 2015 and 2016. 

The band was formed in 2009 with three members, Tyler Joseph, Nicholas Thomas, and Chris Salih. Together, the band released two albums, *Twenty One Pilots* (2009) and *Regional at Best* (2011). In late 2011, Thomas and Salih left the band, and Josh Dun joined. In 2012, Twenty One Pilots were signed with Fueled by Ramen, a record label. Their first album through the record label, *Vessel*, was released with Fueled by Ramen in 2013. Their next album, *Blurryface*, was released on May 15, 2015 through the same label. After a year-long hiatus, they released their fifth studio album, *Trench*, on October 5, 2018. They released a single named "Level of Concern" on April 9, 2020. They released four singles which are named "Shy Away", "Choker", "Saturday" and "The Outside" in 2021, and also an album, named *Scaled and Icy* on May 21 in that same year. *Clancy*, their seventh album, was released on May 24, 2024. It was delayed from the original date of May 17.

## Discography 
* *Twenty One Pilots* (2009)
* *Regional at Best* (2011)
* *Vessel* (2013)
* *Blurryface* (2015)
* *Trench* (2018)
* *Scaled and Icy* (2021)
* *Clancy* (2024)
* *Breach* (2025)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Mil Mi-8

The **Mil Mi-8** is one of the most famous helicopters built in USSR during the Cold War. It is used for transport and attack by more than 50 countries in the world. It's the basis of Mil Mi-14 and Mil Mi-17 helicopters.

## Bibliography 
* Jackson, Robert, *Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft* (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
* Gaillard, Pierre, ''Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui'' Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
Messerschmitt Me 163

The **Messerschmitt Me 163** is a German military aircraft used during World War II. It was a rocket-powered aircraft.  It was designed by Lippisch.

## Additional references 
*
Oprichnina

**Oprichnina** (*опричнина*) is a state policy used by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible between 1565 and 1572. The origin of its name is old Russian *опричь*, what means 'apart', 'except', or 'special'. Oprichnina included secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation (taking somebody's property) of land from the boyars. It was created because Ivan didn't trust the boyars (Russian feudal aristocrats) anymore.
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on January 17, 1919 and went into effect a year later, the **Eighteenth Amendment** (**Amendment XVIII**) of the United States Constitution ned the making, transporting, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The Volstead Act was passed by Congress to  the Eighteenth Amendment. It did not prohibit the drinking of alcohol however. It started the period in American history called the Prohibition Era. This was a period of mass civil disobedience to the law. Those who could afford the higher prices of smuggled liquor went to illegal bars called speakeasies. Working class people tended to drink moonshine and so-called bathtub gin at home. Americans started drinking more than before and it caused crime to rise significantly. The Eighteenth Amendment was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment. The thirty-sixth state (required number for passage) to ratify the amendment did so 394 days later on January 16, 1919.

The second clause gave the federal and state governments concurrent powers to enforce the amendment. Congress passed the national Prohibition Enforcement Act, also known as the Volstead Act. The act defined any beverage containing more than one-half of one percent an intoxicating beverage. If it was not ratified by the required number of states in that time period, the amendment would not go into effect. (36 out of the 48 states at that time.)

## Background 
During the 1820s intense religious and social movements spread across the country calling alcohol and drunkenness a "national curse." They were called temperance movements. The first state to have a temperance law was Massachusetts who in 1838 enacted a law prohibiting the sale of liquor in less than  quantities. They were joined by women such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.  in the suffrage movement (women's right to vote). He asked the Mayor of New York City, Jimmy Walker, when prohibition was supposed to go into effect. Farmers who grew fruit quickly learned to sell their harvests in dehydrated bricks. In New York City alone there were thousands of speakeasy clubs. The mob made millions in illegal sales of alcohol on the black market. He organized illegal bootlegging on an international scale. He even controlled the distribution of his alcohol. He hired his own delivery trucks, salespeople, and his own heavily armed guards to protect his investments. Capone was making over $100 million a year. He had no trouble bribing all the politicians and law enforcement members in his district.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Effects of the 18th Amendment
* Significance of the 18th and 19th amendments
Lloyd Shapley

in 2012]]
**Lloyd Stowell Shapley** (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and economist. He was known for his work on mathematical economics and especially game theory. Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Shapley has been thought by many experts as the very creator of game theory. 

With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design". In recent years, he worked at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Shapley was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. Shapley died on March 12, 2016 in Tucson, Arizona from complications of a broken hip. He was aged 92.

## References
Ken Adam

**Sir Kenneth Hugo Adam** (born **Klaus Hugo Adam**; 5 February 1921 &ndash; 10 March 2016) was a German-born British movie production designer. He was born in Berlin. Adam was best known for his set designs for the James Bond movies of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for *Dr. Strangelove*. He won two Academy Awards (1975, 1994) and two BAFTA Awards (1964, 1965).

Adam died in London on 10 March 2016, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Ken Adam at BFI Screenonline
*Ken Adam at Web of Stories
*Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
*Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
*Imperial War Museum Interview from 2009
Ray Griff

**Raymond "Ray" Griff** (April 22, 1940 – March 9, 2016) was a Canadian country music singer-songwriter. He was from Vancouver, British Columbia. 

Griff began songwriting in the early 1960s. Griff moved to Nashville in 1964 to pursue his music career full-time. His first records as a singer were released in the late 1960s. Griff had his first hit, "Patches", a remake of the Clarence Carter soul hit in 1970 which peaked at No.&nbsp;26 in *Billboard*. 

Griff recorded for the small country label Royal American and later moved on to Dot Records without much success.  His stint at Capitol Records from 1975-1979 was more successful, racking up eight more country top 40 hits, the most successful being 1976's "If I Let Her Come In" which peaked at No.&nbsp;11. He was aged 75.

## References
Naná Vasconcelos

**Naná Vasconcelos** (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016) was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player. He was known for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, He worked with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri and Milton Nascimento. He was born in Recife, Brazil.

Vasconcelos died in Recife, Brazil from lung cancer on 9 March 2016. He was aged 71.

## References
Richard Davalos

* (1955)]]
**Richard Davalos** (November 5, 1930&nbsp;– March 8, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Aaon Tusk in *East of Eden* and as Blind Dick in *Cool Hand Luke''. He was born in The Bronx, New York. His career began in 1953. He retired in 2008.

Davalos died on March 8, 2016 at a hospital in Burbank, California. He was aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*