open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Halteres

of this crane fly are two knobs on stalks. They are the halteres.]]

**Halteres** are small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in flies. They vibrate during flight, and help the insect fly better.

The halteres evolved from wings. Ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do. Flies have only the front pair of wings.

## Function 
Halteres help balancing and improve flight. They help flies to perform their fast aerobatics. In addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help  the head during flight.

They are flapped rapidly and work as gyroscopes, telling the insect about its body position during flight. This is an excellent illustration of an important mechanism of evolutionary development; a simple homeotic gene change can result in a radically different phenotype.

## Convergent evolution 
The Strepsiptera, small insects parasitic on bees, wasps and cockroaches, also have halteres. We know the evolution was independent because in the Strepsiptera the *forewings* evolved into halteres while, in the Diptera, the *hindwings* changed into halteres. This is a classic case of convergent evolution.

Grimaldi and Engel say halteres have evolved at least seven times in insects, and "in most cases it is known to be associated with improved manoeuvering in flight".

## References
Chartres

**Chartres** is a French commune in the Eure-et-Loir department. About 39,000 people live there.

## Sister cities
Chartres is twinned with:
*  Ravenna, Italy
*  Speyer, Germany
*  Chichester, United Kingdom
*  Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority
*  Évora, Portugal
*  Cusco, Peru
Communes of the Eure department

The following is a list of the 675 '*communes of the Eure *département'''* in France.

* (CAE) *Communauté d'agglomération d'Évreux*, created in 2000.
* (CAL) *Communauté d'agglomération Seine-Eure*, created in 2001.
* (CAV) *Communauté d'agglomération des Portes de l'Eure'', created in 2003.
Jethou

**Jethou** is a small island that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is privately leased, and not open to the public.

It is immediately south of Herm and has an area of approximately 44&nbsp;acres (18 ha).

## History
, with Sark in the background and the east coast of Guernsey.]]
It is said that in AD 709 a storm washed away the strip of land which connected the island with Herm.

The island's name contains the *-hou* suffix, which means "a small island".

In 1416, it became part of Henry V of England's estate.  It is still a Crown lease, and is owned by the States of Guernsey.

### Modern history
From 1920 to 1923 it was leased by Compton MacKenzie along with Herm and remained part of that estate for years, although it is currently part of a different one.

The British 1957 musical *Free as Air* by Dorothy Reynolds & Julian Slade was set on the fictitious island of 'Terhou', which was based on Jethou.

On the top is a marker. It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Crevichon.

From September 1964 until December 1971 the island was occupied by the Faed family consisting of Mr Angus Faed, his wife Susan Faed and their four children, Colin, Erik, Colette and Amanda. Mrs. Susan Faed was the 22nd tenant of Jethou.

It is flanked by two islets, Crevichon to the north and Fauconniere to the south. There is one house on the island and two cottages as well as a large garage where vehicles such as quad bikes and tractors are stored.

It is now leased by Sir Peter Ogden of IT company Computacenter.

## Politics
Unlike the largely autonomous islands of Sark and Alderney within the Bailiwick, Jethou cannot pass its own laws.  It is administered by the States of Guernsey, and elects members to the States of Deliberation as part of the St. Peter Port South electoral district.

## Wildlife
At the east of Jethou, puffins can be seen swimming off the rocks.

They also nest there in the east clifftop.

## Related pages
*List of tenants of Jethou

## References
* *BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names* (Oxford UP, 1971)

## Other websites 
* Jethou Homepage 
* Free Gutenberg Project book, a Crusoe-like novel on Jethou
* Stamps from Isle of Jethou 
* Island of Jethou at Britlink
Lihou

*Not to be confused with Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve*

**Lihou** () is a small tidal island (95 vergées; 38½ acres; 15.6 hectares) that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: . The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is connected to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone causeway between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's. Lihou's bird and marine life makes it an important conservation area.

 of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Lihou is on the far left.]]

## History
Like many other Channel Islands, Lihou's name contains the Norman language suffix "*-hou*" of Old Norse origin.

The island has the ruins of the priory of St. Mary which is believed to have been set up by Benedictine monks in the 12th century. The monks of the priory were not very popular with the local people, who thought they were devil worshippers.  This animosity may be due to the monks' insistence on rights of wreck.  Until 1415 it was under the control of Mont Saint Michel and then Eton College until the Reformation when it was closed and fell into disrepair.

The house on Lihou was used for target practice by heavy artillery during the German Occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.  It has now been rebuilt as accommodation for school groups, and is used as an educational resource.

*Vraic* (seaweed) was harvested and dried on frames set up on the beach. A 1927 factory building produced iodine from seaweed. All traces of the industry disappeared during the German Occupation.

The Lihou family name is included in parish records which go back as far as the early 15th century and there are a number of groups who study the ancestry of the Lihou's. More recently a group was set up using the social networking site 'Facebook' which links Lihou's around the world.

## Other websites 
* Lihou Island
* "History of Little Lihou" 
* Archeology on Lihou

## References
* *BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names* (Oxford UP, 1971)
Crevichon

**Crevichon** is an islet off Herm, immediately to the north of Jethou, in the Channel Islands.

According to Dr S.K. Kellett-Smith, the name "Crevichon" means "island of crabs, crayfish or cranes".

Like many names in the Channel Islands, it is Norman language in origin. A thousand years ago, the water level was ten feet lower (3&nbsp;m), so there were many more of the animals the island was named after.

## Geography 
The island is about 212 by 168 metres (696 by 551&nbsp;ft) at its widest.  Its area is less than . The distance to Jethou is about 215 metres (705&nbsp;ft).

## History
 1672, showing the keep that was destroyed by an explosion later that year. Much of its stone came from Crevichon.]]

A 16th-century drawing of the islet, now in the British Museum, shows Crevichon as apparently a wooded islet.

Prof. John Le Patourel, in *The Building of Castle Cornet* said that in 1566, iron and hammers were taken to "Creavissham", and the island quarried for the castle. The quarry has been used since then, but this has made the island much smaller, and less visible. As a result, a fifteen-foot () marker was built on the top. Crevichon may have provided the granite for the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Jethou.

Compton Mackenzie, former owner of Herm called Crevichon "Merg" in his book, *Fairy Gold*, which is a fictionalised version of the islands.

### Wrecks
In 1953, Victor Coysh says that he saw the remains of a German bomber, from the time of the occupation.

Other wrecks include:
* *Courier*, a Guernsey steamer, beached in 1905 with 80 passengers.

## References
* *Channel Islets* - Victor Coysh

## Other websites 
* Pictures of Crevichon by the Faeds of Jethou 
* Faed Family WebSite with pictures of Jethou and Crevichon
Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

The following is a list of the 403 '*communes of the Eure-et-Loir *département''''', in France.

* (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération de Chartres, created in 2000.
* (CAD) Communauté d'agglomération du Drouais, created in 2003.
Communes of the Gard department

This is a list of the 353 '*communes of the Gard *département''''', in France.

* (CAN) Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole, created in 2002.
* (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Alès en Cévennes, created in 2000.
* (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, created in 2001, most of which is located in the Vaucluse * département*.
Vergée

A **vergée**, or **vergee**, is a unit of area, a quarter of the French acre. Other spellings include **vergie** and **vrégie**. It is not an SI unit. The SI unit of area is the square metre.

The term derives from Latin *virga* (rod). Compare French *verge* (yard).

In the Channel Islands, it is a standard measure of land, but the statutory definition differs between the bailiwicks.

* In Guernsey, a vergée (Guernésiais: vergie) is 17,640 square feet (1,639 m²). It is 40 (square) Guernsey perches. A Guernsey perch (also spelt perque) is 21 feet by 21 feet.
* In Jersey, a vergée (Jèrriais: vrégie) is 19,360 square feet (1,798.6 m²). It is 40 (square) Jersey perches. A Jersey perch (also spelt pèrque) is a square 24 *pied de perche* on each side (i.e. a square 22 imperial feet on each side).

In France a vergée was 12,100 square Paris feet (1,276.8 m²). It was 25 (square) perches. The surveying perch measured 22 French feet. the royal perch was 18 French feet.

## Conversions
1 vergée (Guernsey) is equivalent to:
*1 638.809 63 m²
*0.404958678 acres

1 vergée (Jersey) is equivalent to:
*1,798.60285 m²
*0.444444444 acres

## References
## Related pages
*French units of measurement (to 1795)
*Virgate
Thylacosmilus

***Thylacosmilus*** is a extinct genus of carnivorous sparassodont. found as fossils in deposits dated from about 10 million to 3 million years ago (late Miocene to late Pliocene epoch) in Argentina, South America. 

*Thylacosmilus* was sabre-toothed and was about as large as a modern jaguar. To a remarkable degree, *Thylacosmilus* paralleled the evolution of felid sabre-toothed cats like *Smilodon*. Its canine teeth were long and powerfully developed; they were used for stabbing prey. Its killing method was to hold its prey, and make deep bites into the soft tissue driven by powerful neck muscles. The canine teeth were protected by a well-developed flange, or projecting edge, in the chin region of the lower jaw. The canines continued to grow during adult life, which they do not in marsupials or placental mammals.

*Thylacosmilus* died out during the late Pliocene, whereas saber-toothed cats did not get to South America until the middle Pleistocene epoch. As a result, the last appearance of *Thylacosmilus* is separated from the first appearance of *Smilodon* by over one and a half million years.

## References
Châteauroux

**Châteauroux** is a commune in the Indre department in the center of France.

Aérocentre is in Châteauroux.

## Sport
* Châteauroux is the end of the 7th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

## Sister cities
Châteauroux is twinned with:
*  Gütersloh, Germany since 1977
*  Bittou Department, Burkina Faso since November 1985
*  Olsztyn, Poland since 23 February 1991
Communes of the Indre department

The following is a list of the 247 '*communes of the Indre *département''''', in France.

* (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération Castelroussine, created in 2000.
Compromise of 1877

The **Compromise of 1877** was an unwritten agreement after the American Civil War between leaders of the Democrats, who mostly ruled the South, and the Republicans, who mostly ruled the North. The Democrats agreed to settle the Presidential election of 1876 by allowing Rutherford B. Hayes to become President and not their own candidate, Samuel J. Tilden. 

The Republicans promised to remove the Army from the occupied territory of the South, thus ending the Reconstruction era. The Democrats promised they would maintain African American rights.

The government stopped trying to fix Southern society and stopped helping the African Americans and Republicans there. Additional details are unclear, because it was an unwritten agreement.
Keys to the City (song)

"**Keys to the City**" is a 2007 industrial metal song by the American industrial metal band Ministry & Co Conspirators. The song was made for the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL and the Wirtz family who is the owner of the Blackhawks. The money that was collected from the iTunes downloads was donated to Blackhawks Charities. It was the final song that Ministry did before the band was retired in 2008. The song was featured in the EA Sports video game *NHL 10*.

## References
-hou

of the Bailiwick of Guernsey]]

**-hou** is a suffix (part added to the end of a word) found in many Channel Islands and Norman names. It is the Norman language version of the Old Norse *holmr*, meaning a small island, and often found anglicised elsewhere as "holm". It can still be found in modern Scandinavian languages, e.g. Stockholm.

The Norman *hommet/houmet* also comes from this suffix.

In Parisian French, the equivalent is *îlot*, which is the same as the English "islet".

## Bailiwick of Guernsey 
* Off Guernsey
** Lihou
** Les Houmets including - Houmet Benest/Benet, Houmet Paradis & Houmet Hommetol (Omptolle).
* Off Alderney
** Burhou
* Off Herm
** Jethou
** Le Plat Houmet
* Off Sark
** Brecqhou

## Bailiwick of Jersey 
* Les Écréhous
* Le Plat Hommeit
* Le Hommet du Ouaisné
* Les Hommets
* La Rocco (from *rocque-hou*)
* Icho (from *ic-hou*)

## Normandy 
* Tatihou
* Quettehou
* Néhou
* Tribehou

## References 
* 
*
Coober Pedy, South Australia

**Coober Pedy** is a small town in South Australia. It is famous for the opals which have been mined there since 1915. The town was first settled after opals were first discovered. The town is about half way between Adelaide and Alice Springs, on the Stuart Highway. The highway was named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart, who was the first Europen person to see the area in 1858. 

The area around Coober Pedy is very dry, treeless flat desert. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification). The town has about 1700 people, many of whom live in underground houses to keep out of the heat. The name comes from two Aboriginal words which mean "white men in holes in the ground."

## References
Ballad

A **ballad** is a form of verse. It is often a story set to music. Ballads were popular in British and Irish poetry and music until the 19th century from the late medieval period. It was also used in Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. Poets and composers from the 18th century used this form. In this way, they produced lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, ballads were slow form of popular love song. The term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock *power ballad*. 
 of the ballad *The Twa Corbies*]]

## Power ballad
s.]]
**Power ballad** is a name given to love songs that were predictably included in heavy metal albums in the 1980s.  

The power ballad was usually slower in tempo and much less aggressive in lyrics than the other music on the album.  The songs were often made in a hope of scoring a Top Forty hit, and were particularly associated with bands in the hard metal genre. Examples include Poison's "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" and Bon Jovi's "Wanted Dead Or Alive".

## References
Le Puy-en-Velay

**Le Puy-en-Velay** is a commune. It is found in the Haute-Loire department in the south of France.

Le Puy-Kathedrale-04-2001-gje.jpg
Le Puy-Kathedrale-14-Kreuzgang-2001-gje.jpg
Espaly-Saint-Marcel-06-Burg-2001-gje.jpg
Le Puy-16-Madonna-2001-gje.jpg
Le Puy-28-Treppe-2001-gje.jpg
Le Puy-Saint-Michel-04-2001-gje.jpg
Le Puy-Saint-Michel-16-innen-2001-gje.jpg

## Sister cities
Le-Puy-en-Velay is twinned with:
*  Meschede, Germany
*  Tonbridge, United Kingdom
*  Tortosa, Spain
*  Brugherio, Italy
*  Mangualde, Portugal
Lons-le-Saunier

**Lons-le-Saunier** is a spa town in France. It is the prefecture of the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

## Sister cities
Lons-le-Saunier is twinned with:
*  Offenburg, Germany
*  Ripley, United Kingdom
Communes of the Landes department

The following is a list of the 331 '*communes of the Landes *département'''*, in France.

* (CAM) *Communauté d'agglomération du Marsan'', created in 2002.
Credo Reference

**Credo Reference** is a company that offers subscription-based online reference content. It provides full-text online versions of more than 700 published reference works from over 70 publishers, including general and subject dictionaries and encyclopedias.

## History
The company began in 1999 and has offices in Oxford, England, and Boston, Massachusetts. It changed its name from Xrefer in 2007.

Subscriptions are available to academic, government, public and company libraries. Access to Credo Reference is free to users if their library is a subscriber. Librarians can select which titles they wish to subscribe to within Credo General Reference. They can manage the selection during their subscription period by swapping titles in and out.

Between 2000 and 2003, Xrefer offered a free site supported by advertising. When the dot com bust caused Internet advertising revenues to collapse, Xrefer launched a premium subscription variant, called *Xreferplus*. On 17 June 2003, the free service stopped.

## References
## More information
* Golderman, Gail; Connolly, Bruce. "eReviews: General Reference Sources and Short Takes", *Library Journal.com*, Oct 15, 2010.

## Other websites
* corp.credoreference.com
George Balabushka

**George Balabushka** (December 9, 1912&nbsp;– December 5, 1975) was a Russian-born  American billiards (pool) cue maker. He may have been the most important cue stick maker. He is sometimes called "the Stradivarius of cuemakers". His full name or last name alone is often used to refer to a cue stick made by him. in Manhattan, The company made building blocks for nurseries and schools. As Balabushka's carpentry skills improved he began building accordions and other detailed carpentry pieces on his own time.

Balabushka worked hard on playing ability and fine craftsmanship in his cues. In 2004, he entered the Meritorious Service category of the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.

## References
## Other websites
*''George Balabuska's* listing in the BCA Hall of Fame
**George Balabuska's'' listing in the ACA Hall of Fame
Communes of the Hérault department

The following is a list of the 343 '*communes of the Hérault *département'''*, in France.

* (CAM) *Communauté d'agglomération Montpellier Agglomération*, created in 2002.
* (CAB) *Communauté d'agglomération Béziers Méditerranée*, created in 2002.
* (CAS) *Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin de Thau*, created in 2003.
* (CAA) *Communauté d'agglomération Hérault Méditerranée'', created in 2003.
Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department

The following is a list of the 291 '*communes of the Loir-et-Cher *département''''', in France.

* (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération du Blaisois, created in 2003.
Communes of the Haute-Loire department

The following is a list of the 260 '*communes of the Haute-Loire *département''''', in France.

* (CAP) Communauté d'agglomération du Puy-en-Velay, created in 2000.
Communes of the Jura department

The following is a list of the 544 '*communes of the Jura *département''''', in France.

Tancua was included in Morbier on January 1, 2007.
Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department

The following is a list of the 221 **communes of the Loire-Atlantique department**, in France.

* (NM)    *Nantes Métropole, Communauté urbaine* of Nantes.
* (CAB)   ''Communauté d'agglomération* of *Côte du Pays Blanc*, created in 2003, part of which is also in the *département* of Morbihan.
* (CAS)   *Communauté d'agglomération Région Nazairienne et de l'Estuaire*, created in 2001.
* (LS)    *Communauté de communes Loire & Sillon*, created in 2002.
* (COMPA) *Communauté de communes* of *Pays d'Ancenis''.
The Sin of Madelon Claudet

***The Sin of Madelon Claudet*** is a 1931 American drama movie. The screenplay was adapted from the play *The Lullaby* by Edward Knoblock. It tells the story of a woman who was put in jail for the crime she did not commit and later had to turn to theft and prostitution to support her son.

In 1932 Helen Hayes won an Academy Award for her leading role in it and was named a Favorite Actress at the first Venice Film Festival.
MacDonnell Ranges

The **MacDonnell Ranges** are a long narrow range of mountains in the Northern Territory of Australia. They run in an almost straight line from east to west for hundreds of kilometres, on either side of Alice Springs. There is a long walking trail along the ranges called the Larapinta Trail.

The Arrernte people, the indigenous Australian people who live in the area, believe the mountains were once giant caterpillars, called *Yerrenye*. 

## References
Fallow deer

The **fallow deer** (*Dama dama*) is a type of deer from the family Cervidae. The animal originally lived in Eurasia, though it has been brought it to other parts of the world, such as Australia.

The male is called a buck, the female is a doe, and the young a fawn. They live for about 12–16 years. All of the fallow deer have white spots on their backs, and black tips at the ends of their tails. Only bucks have antlers, which are wide and shaped like a shovel.

They are grazing animals. They like to live in an area that is mixed woodland and open grassland. They try to stay together in groups of up to 150.

## Colours
They have a lot of different coloured coats (hair). There are four main colours: "common", "menil", "melanistic" and "white".
The common coat is a brown coat with white spots that are best seen in the summer. In the winter the coat is much darker. The white coat is lightest colored, almost white. The common and menil coat are darker. The melanistic coat is very dark, sometimes even black.

### Historical herds
One noted historical herd of fallow deer is kept in the Ottenby Preserve in Öland, Sweden. Karl X Gustav built a drystone wall of four kilometres long around a royal fallow deer herd in the mid 17th century. The herd still exists as of 2006.
Another herd lives in Phoenix Park in Ireland. 400-450 fallow deer descend from the original herd introduced in the 1660s.

## References
### Further reading
* FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER   27. (1982). *Deer farming guidelines on practical aspects*. . Retrieved on 4 January 2008.
* Clutton-Brock, J. (1978). *A Natural History of Domesticated Animals*. London, British Museum.
* Lyneborg, L. (1971). *Mammals* [of Europe]. .

## Other websites
* Fallow deer in New Zealand
Consumption

**Consumption** may refer to:

*Tuberculosis, an infectious disease
* Consumption (ecology), when a living thing eats another living thing to get energy
* Consumption (economics), the purchase of goods
** Consumption function, an economic formula

## Related pages
* 
* Consumerism
G20 developing nations

The **G20** (**Group of 20**, also variously **G21**, **G22** and **G20+**) is a bloc of developing nations established on 20 August 2003. Distinct and separate from the G-20 major economies, the group emerged at the 5th Ministerial WTO conference, held in  Cancún, Mexico, from 10 September to 14 September 2003.  The G-20 accounts for 60% of the world's population, 70% of its farmers and 26% of world’s agricultural exports. In 2008 the group had 23 members.

## References
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department

The following is a list of the 363 '*communes of the Maine-et-Loire *département''''' in France.

(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération d'Angers, created in 2001.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Choletais, created in 2001.
(CAS) Communauté d'agglomération Saumur Loire Développement, created in 2001.
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

The following is a list of the 319 '*communes of the Lot-et-Garonne *département'''*, in France.

* (CAA) *Communauté d'agglomération'' (unitary authority) of Agen, created in 2000.
Wyre

**Wyre** is a local government district in Lancashire, England. It is a borough, based in the town of Poulton-le-Fylde. Wyre is named after the River Wyre, which runs through the district.

Wyre was formed in 1974.
## Town and parish councils in Wyre
### Urban areas
*Fleetwood
*Poulton-le-Fylde
*Thornton Cleveleys
### Parish councils
*Barnacre with Bonds
*Bleasdale
*Cabus
*Catterall
*Claughton on Brock
*Forton
*Garstang
*Great Eccleston
*Hambleton
*Inskip-with-Sowerby
*Kirkland, Lancashire
*Myerscough and Bilsborrow
*Nateby
*Nether Wyresdale
*Out Rawcliffe
*Pilling
*Preesall (Town Council) 
*Stalmine-with-Staynall
*Upper Rawcliffe with Tarnacre
*Winmarleigh

## References
## Other websites
*Wyre Borough Council
Michael Konsel

**Michael Konsel** (born 6 March 1962) is a retired Austrian football player who played as goalkeeper in Austria and Italy.

## Career
He started as defender for Fortuna 05 when he was six but at the age of nine he became goalkeeper, a position he played for the rest of his career. At the age of 16 he came to  FC Kritzendorf where he became goalkeeper of the first team. His first professional team was First Vienna FC, then he want to SK Rapid Wien. For Rapid he played 395 matches in the league, 47 Cup matches and 42 international matches He played twice in the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

After his successful time with Rapid he went to AS Roma in Italy's Serie A. The last year of his career he spent with SSC Venice.

## International
Michael Konsel played 43 matches in Austria's national team. He was member of Austria's team for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 and 1998. 1990 in Italy he was second goalkeeper but 1998 he was number 1 and played 3 matches. Although he played his first match in 1985 he did not because number one until ten years later. His last match was a friendly versus world champions France in Vienna's Ernst-Happel-Stadion.
## International statistics
## Honours
***Austrian Bundesliga (3):**
** 1987, 1988, 1996
***Austrian Cup (3):**
** 1985, 1987, 1995
***Austria**
**Goalkeeper of the year: 1987/88, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97
**Footballer of the year:
***Krone-Fußballerwahl:1987,1995
***APA-Fußballerwahl:1995
***VdF-Honourary price:1998
***Italy **
**Best Goalkeeper Serie A : 1997/98
***FIFA World Cup:**
**Member of the Austrian team 1990 and 1998

## Other websites 
* Official homepage
* players profile Michael Konsel
Communes of the Loiret department

The following is the list of the 334 '*communes of the Loiret *département''''', in France.

* (AgglO) Communauté d'agglomération Orléans Val de Loire, created in 2002
* (AME)   Agglomération Montargoise et Rives du Loing, created December 14, 2001
* (CC4V)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Vallées (seat in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais), created in 2002
* (CCB)   Communauté de communes du Beaunois, created in 2002
* (CCBG)  Communauté de communes de Beauce et du Gâtinais
* (CCCB)  Communauté de communes du canton de Briare, created in 2002
* (CCCCL) Communauté de communes du canton de Châtillon-sur-Loire, created in 2002
* (CCCL)  Communauté de communes du canton de Lorris, created in 2002
* (CCCOL) Communauté de communes du canton d'Ouzouer-sur-Loire, created in 2002
* (CCF)   Communauté de communes de la Forêt (seat in Loury), created in 2002
* (CCG)   Communauté de communes du Giennois (seat in Gien), created in 2002
* (CCL)   Communauté de communes des Loges (seat in Jargeau), created in 2002
* (CCQR)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Rivières (seat in Châtillon-Coligny), created in 2002
* (CCVA)  Communauté de communes du Val d'Ardoux (seat in Cléry-Saint-André), created in 2002
Lamp (electrical component)

A **lamp** is a component that can be  such as an incandescent light bulb. It is designed to make light from electricity. These components are usually made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which makes an electrical connection.
Locus

**Locus** may refer to:

*Locus (mathematics), one of a set of points which satisfies one or more conditions
*An allele's position on a chromosome
*Locus Award

## Related pages
*Locust
Shanghai Knights

***Shanghai Knights*** is an 2003 martial arts action-comedy movie that was produced by Jackie Chan, Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum and was directed by David Dobkin. It is a sequel to *Shanghai Noon*. *Shanghai Knights* was released on February 7, 2003 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 66% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 58 out of 100 from Metacritic. prequel *Shanghai Dawn*.

## Cast 
* Jackie Chan as Chon Wang
* Owen Wilson as Roy O'Bannon
* Fann Wong as Chon Lin
* Thomas Fisher as Inspector Artie Doyle/Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
* Aidan Gillen as Lord Nelson Rathbone
* Donnie Yen as Wu Chow
* Aaron Johnson as Charlie Chaplin
* Oliver Cotton as Jack the Ripper
* Kim Chan as Chon Wang's Father
* Gemma Jones as Queen Victoria
* Brad Allan as Thug (*uncredited*)

## Stunts 
* Tom Wu
* Nicky Li
* He Jun
* Wu Gang
* Park Hyun Jin
* Lee In Seob
* Han Guan Hua

## Other websites 
*Shanghai Knights Official website 
* 
*
Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department

The following is a list of the 594 **communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department**, in France.

(CUN) Communauté urbaine du Grand Nancy, created in 1995.
Diffraction

**Diffraction** is a physics concept which occurs when waves bend around small obstacles, or spread out after they pass through small openings. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as light that the eye can see. Diffraction also occurs with as electrons.

## Causes of diffraction
Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object. This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself.  Interference can be either constructive or destructive.  When interference is constructive, the intensity of the wave will increase.  When interference is destructive, the intensity will decrease, sometimes to a point where it is completely destroyed.  These patterns of interference rely on the size of the diffracting object and the size of the wave.  The strongest examples of diffraction occur in waves where the wavelength is similar to the size of the object causing diffraction.

## Uses of diffraction
Diffraction can be used to separate different wavelengths of light using a diffraction grating.  A diffraction grating can be a series of closely-spaced slits or a mirror with a series of small grooves.  Diffraction gratings work because different wavelengths of light will constructively interfere at different angles.  Diffraction gratings are used in many analytical chemistry tools, such as a spectrometer.

Diffraction can also be used to look at molecules using X-ray crystallography.  In X-ray crystallography, X-rays are aimed on a crystal. The crystal diffracts the X-ray and makes a diffraction pattern.  This pattern is unique to the type of crystal and can be used to identify the molecule that makes the crystal. Diffraction also occurs in a bending movement where the wave becomes more spread out

## References
Skoog, D.A.; Holler, F.J.; Crouch, S.R.  Principles of Instrumental Analysis. (Brooks/Cole, California). 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Diffraction.png
Bar-le-Duc

**Bar-le-Duc** is a commune. It is found in the Meuse department in the east of France.

## Sister cities
Bar-le-Duc is twinned with:
* Tambov, Russia
* Griesheim, Germany, since 1975
* Wilkau-Haßlau, Germany, since 1990
* Gyönk, Hungary, since 1995
Vannes

**Vannes** is a commune. It is the prefecture of Morbihan in Brittany.

## Education 
* Institut catholique d'arts et métiers

## Sister cities
Vannes is twinned with:

*  Mons, Belgium *(since 1952)*
*  Cuxhaven, Germany *(since 1963)*
*  Fareham, United Kingdom *(since 1967)*

Vannes also has partnerships (***‘partenariats’***) with:
*  Barouéli, Mali, since 2003
*  Wałbrzych, Poland, since 2001
Saint-Lô

**Saint-Lô** is a commune. It is in the Manche department in west France.

## Sister cities
Saint-Lô is twinned with:
* Saint-Ghislain, Belgium, since 1961
* Aalen, Germany, since 1979
* Christchurch, UK, since 1985
* Kervénanec, Lorient, France, since 1988
* Roanoke, Virginia, US, since 1999
Chaumont, Haute-Marne

**Chaumont** is a commune of France, and the capital (or *prefecture*) of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.

## Geography
The city of Chaumont is on the *Langres* plateau on the geographical centre of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France. It is along the Marne (river) river.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The *commune* of Chaumont is surrounded by the *communes* Condes, Treix, Chamarandes-Choignes, Laville-aux-Bois, Biesles, Verbiesles, Neuilly-sur-Suize, Richebourg, Semoutiers-Montsaon, Villiers-le-Sec and Jonchery.

Two rivers flow through the city: the *Suize* to the west and the Marne to the east.

### Climate
The climate of Chaumont, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population
The inhabitants of Chaumont are known, in French, as *Chaumontais* (women: *Chaumontaises*).

The city of Chaumont has a population, in 2014, of 22,674; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2. This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Chaumont, formed by 65 *communes*, with a population of 42,594 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

## Administration 
Chaumont is the prefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the *arrondissement* of Chaumont and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
* Chaumont-1 formed by 6 *communes* and part of Chaumont, with 10,816 inhabitants (2014).
* Chaumont-2 formed by 4 *communes* and part of Chaumont, with 8,534 inhabitants (2014).
* Chaumont-3 formed by 5 *communes* and part of Chaumont, with 10,609 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality *Chaumont, du Bassin Nogentais et du Bassin de Bologne Vignory Froncles* ().

### Twinned and partner towns 
Chaumont is twinned with:
*  Ashton-under-Lyne, England, since 1956.
*  Ivrée, Italy, since 1983.
*  Bad Nauheim, Germany, since 1992.
*  Oostkamp, Belgium, since 2004.

## Gallery

File:Chaumont (Haute-Marne) vieille ville.jpg|Chaumont old city
File:Le viaduc de Chaumont 1856.jpg|The viaduct of Chaumont
File:France Haute Marne Chaumont 02.jpg| Saint Jean Baptiste Basilica
File:Basilique St jean Baptiste de Chaumont (52).jpg|Saint Jean Baptiste Basilica inside

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Chaumont
* Communes of the Haute-Marne department

## References
## Other websites
* Site officiel de la ville de Chaumont 
* Office de Tourisme du Pays de Chaumont en Champagne
Royal Hospital Kilmainham

The **Royal Hospital Kilmainham** is a 17th-century building in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. It was built to be a home for retired soldiers. It was used as a home for over 250 years. 

The hospital was built between 1680 and 1684 by architect Sir William Robinson. He was the official State Surveyor General for James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to King Charles II. 
The style is based on Les Invalides in Paris. The Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea, London was completed two years later and looks alike in style. 

The Tudor Gothic gateway at the end of the road leading to the Royal Hospital was designed by Francis Johnston. He was one of the leading architects of the day. This gateway originally stood beside the River Liffey at Bloody Bridge (now Rory O'More Bridge). It was moved after the arrival of the railway in 1844. 

When the Irish Free State was formed, they thought about using the building for the Oireachtas Éireann, the new Irish national parliament. This did not happen. After the soldiers were all gone, the buildings were used for different things like offices for the Garda Síochána (the Irish police force) and as storage for the National Museum of Ireland. 

The Government of Ireland restored the buildings in different stages from 1957, and opened in 1985 as the National Centre for Culture and the Arts. In 1991 the Irish Museum of Modern Art was opened here.

Every year on the National Day of Commemoration the President of Ireland lays a wreath in the courtyard in memory of all Irishmen and Irishwomen who have died in past wars and on service with the United Nations.

## Related pages
* Kilmainham Gaol

## References 
## Other websites
* Royal Hospital Kilmainham website
* Virtual Tours of Royal Hospital Kilmainham North Range, Courtyard and Formal Gardens
Communes of the Morbihan department

The following is a list of the 261 '*communes of the Morbihan *département''''', in France.

(CAL) Communauté d'agglomération of Pays de Lorient, created in 2000.
(CAV) Communauté d'agglomération of Pays de Vannes, created in 2001.
(CAB) Communauté d'agglomération of Côte du Pays Blanc, created in 2003, the largest part of which is located in the Loire-Atlantique *département*.
Balancing selection

**Balancing selection** refers to selective processes by which different alleles (different versions of a gene) are kept in the gene pool of a population *at frequencies above that of gene mutation*.

This usually happens when the heterozygote for a gene has a higher relative fitness than the homozygote. In this way genetic polymorphism is conserved.
 
Evidence for balancing selection can be found in the number of alleles in a population which are maintained above mutation rate frequencies. All modern research has shown that this significant genetic variation is common in panmictic populations. It is the field experience of Darwin, Wallace and others, that natural populations in the wild are extraordinarily varied. Museum collections of single species tell the same story.

There are several ways balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism. The two major and most studied are heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection.

## Mechanisms of balancing selection 
### Heterozygote advantage 
.]]

In heterozygote advantage, or *heterotic balancing selection*, an individual who is heterozygous at a particular gene locus has a greater fitness than a homozygous individual. Polymorphisms maintained by this mechanism are *balanced polymorphisms*.
 
A well-studied case is that of sickle cell anemia in humans, a hereditary disease that damages red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia is caused by the inheritance of a variant hemoglobin gene (HgbS) from both parents. In these individuals, hemoglobin in red blood cells is extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation, and this causes shorter life expectancy.
 
A person who inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent, and a normal hemoglobin gene (HgbA) from the other, has a normal life expectancy. The heterozygote is resistant to the malarial parasite which kills a large number of people each year. The heterozygote frequency is kept high because of the fierce selection against both the homozygotes.

The heterozygote has a permanent advantage (a higher fitness) wherever malaria exists.

### Frequency-dependent selection 
Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency.

In *positive frequency-dependent selection* the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. In *negative frequency-dependent selection* the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes less common. For example, in prey switching, rare morphs of prey are fitter because predators concentrate on more frequent morphs.

### Fitness varies in time and space 
The fitness of a genotype may vary greatly between larval and adult stages, or between parts of a habitat range.

### Selection acts at different levels 
The fitness of a genotype may depend on the fitness of other genotypes in the population: this covers many natural situations where the best thing to do (from the point of view of survival and reproduction) depends on what other members of the population are doing at the time.

## References
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

**Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield** PC KG (22 September 1694 – 24 March 1773) was a British statesman and intellectual.

Stanhope was born in London. He got his schooling at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After that, he went on the Grand Tour of the continent. He became gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.

## Career in government
In 1715, he entered the House of Commons as Lord Stanhope of Shelford and member for St Germans. He left for Paris and sent the government valuable information about the Jacobite plot. In 1716, he returned to Britain and sat in the House of Commons. He liked to take part in the debates. 

He took his seat in the House of Lords. In 1728, he was sent to the Hague as ambassador. He did a good job, and got the Order of the Garter in 1730, and the position of Lord Steward. After he did not support Walpole's Excise Bill, he was dismissed from his stewardship. He spent years opposing the ruling party in the House of Lords. First against Robert Walpole and then against King George II of England. In 1744, the "Broad Bottom" party, led by Chesterfield and Pitt, came into office. They ruled together with the Pelhams. 

He was then sent to the Hague as ambassador a second time. The object of his mission was to persuade the Dutch to join in the War of the Austrian Succession. His mission was successful. When he got back to London, he was made Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. This was a position he wanted for a long time.

He took the his role seriously. He established schools and manufacturing in Ireland. In politics, he found a way to work with both Protestant and Roman Catholic parties. 

He also still took his seat in the Upper House. In 1751, he helped in making the Gregorian calendar a fact. That Act of Parliament is sometimes known as Chesterfield's Act. After he slowly became deaf, he had to stop his work in the parliament. 

He lived for some years at the Ranger's House, Chesterfield Walk, Greenwich, London.

## How he is remembered
In politics, he is best known for the time he was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. As a writer, he is best known for his *Letters to his Son*. Those letters were not really written to be read by the general public. His widow Eugenia Stanhope first published them in 1774. *Letters to his Godson* was published in 1890. Both sets of letters are written with great style and knowledge. 

Chesterfield County, Virginia and Chesterfield County, South Carolina in the United States were named in his honour. He also plays a role in the 1757-1758 novel *The Virginians* by William Makepeace Thackery.

Things he has probably said: 

:"An able man shows his spirit by gentle words and resolute actions."

:"I recommend you to take care of the minutes, for the hours will take care of themselves."

## Other websites
*
*Scans of Stanhope's *Letters to his son*, 1774–1775 edition, Vol. 1, Vol. 2
*Guide to the Chesterfield Manuscripts at the Lilly Library, Indiana University

## References
*
Hermit thrush

The **hermit thrush** (*Catharus guttatus*) is a common bird that is found in North America. The size of one is 15 to 17 cm. It has a brown head. It is closely related to the Mexican Russet nightingale-thrush. They are mainly brown and have a reddish tail. Underneath they are white with some dark spots. They have pink legs. The hermit thrush is the state bird of Vermont.

## Other websites 
* Hermit Thrush on the IUCN red list
List of European stadiums by capacity

The list contains European stadiums with a capacity of at least 25,000. Almost all of these stadiums were built mainly for association football. Most of the rest were built for athletics, the rugby codes, or (in Ireland) Gaelic games.

## Current Stadiums
### Capacity of 25,000 or more
Notes:

**(d)** indicates retractable seating deployed, 
**(nd)** indicates retractable seating not deployed
**(m)** indicates movable seating deployed
**(t)** indicates capacity with temporary seats to be removed

An asterisk - ***** - indicates that a team does not play all of its home matches at that venue.

The "Category" column indicates whether the stadium has been designated by UEFA as capable of hosting Champions League or Europa League matches.

, London]]
, Dublin]]
, Madrid]]
, Moscow]]

## Under construction
The following is a list of European stadiums which are currently under construction and will have a capacity of 25,000 or more.

## References
Dublin Zoo

The **Dublin Zoo** (), in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland is the largest zoo in Ireland. It is one of Dublin's most popular attractions. It was opened in 1831. in size. It has a number of special areas like:
* The Kaziranga Forest Trail. This is an Asian rainforest with elephants.
* African Savanna. This area has animals like giraffes and zebras.
* Family farm. In this area people can see goats and sheep and other farm animals.
* South American House. Animals like the saki monkey, the two-toed sloth and iguana live here.

It was founded on 10 May 1830 and opened to the public on 1 September 1831. This makes it the third oldest zoo in the world. The animals, 46 mammals and 72 birds, It now has over 600 animals from all over the world.

In 2010, Dublin Zoo received 963,053 visitors.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
How to

A **how-to** or a **how to** is an informal, often short, description of how to do a specific physical task, think to solve a specific problem, or think about a topic. There are many forms of these, such as video-game walkthroughs, parkour how-to guides, and others. 

## Characteristics 
How-to guides "guide" you through a topic. They include videos, descriptions, and other resources to help the reader understand what the guide is trying to teach. Usually, the guide contains helpful third-party resources. An example of this is wikiHow. However, the topic taught needs to be in layman's terms, or a simple general guide, similar to this project. To meet the requirements for a how to, the creator has to understand the topic better than the reader. For example, if a person is reading a guide on particle physics, the author of the guide does not need to be a astronaut with a Phd in physics, but the author also cannot be a person who just found out about the subject. This is explained better in Mentorship. 

### Guidance 
Some guides are for the field, like the Golden Guides, and others made to help others understand a topic, like a guide on Nuclear Science. The reader cannot observe the reactions but can understand how they happen. How to guides are mostly populated by field guides, like "How to fire a gun properly." and "How to be a helpful Wikipedia contributor". Guides can't start without the "how to" prefix, in the process confusing potential readers and making the title seem like a statement rather than a question-statement hybrid. "Fire a gun properly" sounds like a statement, so people will click away from the guide without actually understanding how, just planning to do what the title said.

### Topics 
A topic needs to be teachable. A subject cannot be "How to watch a show" because the solution can be easily found. A topic needs to be teachable to a new person who wants to learn more about the subject, and retain its hard-earned difficulty.