open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1288

## Events 
* June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
* August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
* The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.
* The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome dates to 1288.
* Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay.
* The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.
Crocodilia

The order **Crocodilia** is a group of archosaur reptiles. There are three living families of crocodilians.

Some crocodilians are crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans.

Crocodilians first evolved during the Earlier Jurassic period. They are descendents of a much wider group of archosaurs called the crocodylomorphs. These, in the Upper Triassic, were slender land-living animals.

The crocodylomorphs, in turn, were part of an even larger group, the Crurotarsi, which are first seen early in the Triassic.

Crocodilians are the sister group of the dinosaurs. This means crocodilians are the closest living relatives to birds. They are both survivors of the Archosauria.

s]]

## Taxonomy
### Clade
*Sauropsida
**Archosauria
***Crurotarsi
****Crocodylomorphs
*******Crocodilia**

### Families
* Order **Crocodilia**
** Family Crocodylidae
*** Crocodiles
** Family Alligatoridae
*** Alligators
*** Caimans
** Family Gavialidae
*** Gharial
*** False gharial

*See also: Crocodilomorpha, the archosaur stem-group.
Biometrics

**Biometrics** is a field of study which identifies or recognises people by the traits they have. Not to be confused with biometry, the application of statistics to biology.

Given those traits, a system can be trained to recognise certain people, with a certain probability. Training lowers the probability of falsely identifying someone. 

The traits used are of two types:
*Based on the body (physiological traits). These include fingerprints, face recognition, scent, voice recognition, iris (eye), or retina recognition.
*Based on the behaviour of a person.

Most often, the two types are combined, as in voice or signature recognition. Most of these biometrics are seen as "behavioral", but some are linked to the physiology, e.g. of the vocal tract, or of the hand. 

A person  may be identified by a fingerprint, or by letting the person sign a .  The data could then be kept.  Someone who is checking can again take the fingerprint or the signature, and compare it to the old version.

When selecting features, those choosing must also look at social acceptance. Taking a fingerprint may be ok, taking a blood test may not be. Some biometric data is also easier to fake, e.g. signatures.

Also, when voice samples are taken, they may be distorted, if only a telephone line is available. Telephone lines cut off some bandwidth from the signal.

Other than for passports, biometric methods are also used in many banks.

## Related pages 
* Fingerprint scanner
* Biometric passport

## References
Bandwidth (signal processing)

**Bandwidth** is used to measure electronic and other types of communication. This includes radio, electronics, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, Bandwidth is the difference between the electronic signal having highest-frequency and the signal having the lowest-frequency.

In computer networks, **bandwidth** is often used as a term for the data transfer bit rate.  More easily, the amount of data that is carried or passed from one point to another in a network, in a given time period (usually a second).  

## Frequency
Many systems work by means of continuous movements, or *oscillations*. Each complete "back and forth" it makes is called a *cycle*. The number of cycles every second is its *frequency*. Frequency is measured in *cycles per second*, most often called "Hertz", or "Hz" for short.

Systems have at least one frequency, and usually many different frequencies.  For example, sound waves travel as vibrations.  People can hear sound frequencies low as 20&nbsp;Hz, and high as 20,000&nbsp;Hz. A *band* of frequencies is a continuous range of frequencies; the band of frequencies people can hear is from 20&nbsp;Hz to 20,000&nbsp;Hz.

**Bandwidth** is the width of a frequency band; The width is the highest frequency minus the lowest frequency.  In the hearing example, the bandwidth of a person's ears is about 20,000&nbsp;Hz - 20&nbsp;Hz = 19,980&nbsp;Hz.

## Usage
Bandwidth is used with electromagnetic spectrum (for example, radio waves, light waves and X-rays). Such waves are oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. For example, the lowest United States AM radio channel has the band of frequencies from 535,000&nbsp;Hz to 545,000&nbsp;Hz.  It has a bandwidth of 10,000&nbsp;Hz (545,000 - 535,000 = 10,000).  All United States AM radio broadcasting stations have this bandwidth (But, the location of each band is distinct).  The lowest United States FM radio channel has the band from 88,000,000&nbsp;Hz (88&nbsp;MHz) to 88,200,000&nbsp;Hz (88.2&nbsp;MHz).  It has a bandwidth of 200&nbsp;kHz. You can see that the width of an FM band is 20 times the width of an AM band.

The word "bandwidth" has been used incorrectly in digital data communication to mean "data carrying capacity". There is no such thing as "digital bandwidth"; the proper term for the data carrying capacity of a communication channel is channel capacity.

In general, the channel capacity of a system increases with the bandwidth used for communication. However, many other parts are also important. Therefore, in most systems, the channel capacity is different from the channel bandwidth.

## References
Hertz

with varying frequency]]

The **hertz** (symbol: **Hz**) is a unit derived from time which measures frequency in the International System of Units (SI). Frequency is how often something happens. A frequency of 1 hertz means that something happens once a second. While "hertz" and "Hz" are the standard ways to express it, other expressions are sometimes used, as shown in the table.

The note Middle C (the C in the middle of the piano) is 261.65 (262)&nbsp;Hz. This means there are 262 vibrations every second, which is heard as the note Middle C, when that piano key is played.

Humans are able to hear sounds from (20 to 20 000)&nbsp;Hz. Owls are able to hear sounds between 200 and 12 000&nbsp;Hz.

The basic unit is per second. The unit is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.

## Multiple units 
1000 hertz is 1 kilohertz. 1000 kilohertz is 1 megahertz, 1000 megahertz is 1 gigahertz: (see table)

## Examples 
* The frequency of the Earth's spinning (once per ~24 hours) is about 12 microhertz (much smaller than 1&nbsp;Hz).
* The hertz is sometimes used to measure the power of a processor in computing and electronics.
* Amateur radio in the United States of America is at different frequencies between 1.8 and 1300&nbsp;MHz
* Air traffic control uses frequencies between 3 and 25&nbsp;MHz as well as frequencies between 108 and 136&nbsp;MHz
* Musical note middle G (G4) has a frequency of 392&nbsp;Hz.

## Sources
Ulster Scots dialect

**Ulster Scots**, sometimes called **Ullans**, is a dialect of Scots that is spoken in Ulster, the north of Ireland. It is closely related to English.
Sara Cox

**Sara Cox** (born 13 December 1974) is an English broadcaster. She was born in Bolton, Greater Manchester. She presents shows for BBC Radio 1 and has hosted many television programmes.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

***Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*** (DS9) is the third *Star Trek* television series. Most of the series takes place on a space station called "Deep Space Nine". It was the first and so far only *Star Trek* show to be based on a space station rather than a starship.

## Episodes 
### "Babel" 
On the space station Deep Space Nine, the crew gets sick with an aphasia virus, which makes them say random words in place of what they mean to say.

## Cast 
* **Benjamin Sisko** (Avery Brooks) – Commander of the Space Station Deep Space Nine, in which the show takes place
* **Kira Nerys** (Nana Visitor) – Alien (Bajoran) military officer, second in command of Deep Space Nine
* **Odo** (René Auberjonois) – Alien (Changeling) security chief of Deep Space Nine
* '''Miles O'Brien** (Colm Meaney) – Chief Engineer
* **Worf** (Michael Dorn) – Tactical Officer
* **Jadzia Dax** (Terry Farrell) – Science Officer
* **Ezri Dax''' (Nicole de Boer) – Station Counselor. Replaced Jadzia Dax in show's final year
* **Dr. Julian Bashir** (Alexander Siddig) – Station's doctor
* **Quark** (Armin Shimerman) – Owns a bar on Deep Space Nine
Jack o'lantern mushroom

The '''jack o'lantern mushroom''' is an orange- to yellow gilled mushroom.  It looks like the chanterelle and emits light. Unlike the chanterelle, the jack o'lantern mushroom is very poisonous. While eating this mushroom will not kill you, it may cause cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. This mushroom smells and looks very appealing, so there are reports of repeat poisonings from individuals who were tempted to try them a second time.

## Description 
The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom's fruiting body (its stem and cap) is an orange color. It grows from late summer into November, in large clumps on or near tree stumps. However, it can also be found growing on the ground (along buried roots) nearby. Underneath the cap is its well-known glowing color, which glows in a lime green color. This mushroom is asexual.

## Gallery 

Omphalotus olearius - listast himenofor.jpg
Omphalotus olearius - listići.jpg
Omphalotus olearius 1.jpg
Omphalotus olearius 3.jpg
Omphalotus olearius100.jpg
Norfolk County, Ontario

**Norfolk County** is a city in Ontario, Canada that is largely agricultural. It has many primary schools and high schools and the majority of citizens are Christian. Its communities include:
* Simcoe
* Delhi
* Port Dover
* Pine Grove
* Gilbertville
* Waterford

The current mayor is Amy Martin who took office in 2022.
Simcoe, Ontario

**Simcoe** is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada. It is named after John Graves Simcoe.

## Buildings 
It has a secular high school and a faith-based high school along with several primary schools, two shopping malls, two free clinics and a hospital.

A Wal-Mart that opened on January 23, 2008 at the northeast end of Simcoe. A Shoppers Drug Mart and a Boston Pizza are currently open.

## Festivals 
During the summer, the town hosts the *Friendship Festival*, which is famous all over Ontario. In the fall, the *Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show* brings carnival rides and midway attractions for 6 days. Simcoe is also a central area for migrant labour, to harvest tobacco, fruits and vegetables.

### Religious festivals 
Winter time brings the Panorama and a selection of religious and Christian dioramas for the town to see.

## Famous people 
For such a small town, Simcoe is famous for producing world class hockey talent. The town is famous for hockey players Rob Blake, Jassen Cullimore, Dwayne Roloson, Rick Wamsley, John Stevens (although not born in Simcoe, was product of Talbot Street arena hockey program), Geordie Kinnear, Ryan VandenBussche and more who play hockey in the *National Hockey League* in North America. Also it is the home of Red Kelly, who played in the NHL. The Stanley Cup was seen around Simcoe for 3 seasons in a row (over a 4-year period due to NHL Players strike that occurred). Barry Boughner was from local town Delhi, Ontario. Serious aspirational professional hockey player kids should strongly consider Simcoe as a starting point (in someone's opinion).
Liberal Party

**Liberal Party** might refer to:

In particular, this applies to the following parties:
*Liberal Party (UK)
*Liberal Party of Canada
*Liberal Party (Australia)
*Liberal Party (1922)
*Liberal Party (Philippines)
Paul Keating

**Paul John Keating** (born 18 January 1944) was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia. He was from the Labor Party. He grew up in the city of Sydney and the suburb of Bankstown. He left De La Salle College at Bankstown at 14 years of age and worked as a clerk with the Sydney County Council doing this while juggling with studies and managed a rock band called The Ramrods. Annita van Iersel married Paul Keating in 1975. In 1998, the Keatings separated.

Keating was Treasurer from 1983 to 1991 and Deputy Prime Minister from 1990 to 1991. He challenged and beat Bob Hawke for the job of prime minister in 1991. He won one election in 1993 but was beaten by John Howard in 1996. As treasurer with Bob Hawke, he made lots of changes to the Australian economy and made it more modern. In the early 1990s, Australia had a really bad recession while he was treasurer, and when he became Prime Minister. As Prime Minister he tried to make Australia better friends with Asian countries and liked things like APEC. He also wanted Australia to become a republic and wanted the government to say it was "sorry" to Aboriginal people for the things that white Australians did not long ago.

## References
Commonwealth of Independent States

states: 
]]

The **Commonwealth of Independent States** (**CIS**) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia of countries that used to form the Soviet Union.

## Establishment
On December 8, 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met at the nature reserve called Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. They discussed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in place of the Soviet Union. They reached an agreement about many points and signed a document creating the CIS. One of these points stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union. Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.

## Nations
The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS. Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991. Because Ukraine did not ratify the CIS agreement in the national parliament, it never became an official member of the CIS, but nevertheless participated as a de facto member. In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member. On 15th August 2008 Georgia left the CIS membership, and Georgia's CIS membership officially ended on 17th August 2009. On 19 May 2018, Ukraine, which stopped participating in CIS in 2014 because of its conflict with Russia over Crimea and the Donbas, formally ended all participation in CIS.

With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. It was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many consider that with CIS, Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.

## Headquarters
The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus. An executive director heads the CIS. The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union. The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries. It is more like the European Community. The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation. They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matters.

## Other websites 
* http://cis.minsk.by Belarus
* Commonwealth of Independent States - Citizendium
Electric motor

An **electric motor** changes electrical energy into mechanical movement.  A dynamo or an electric generator does the reverse: it changes mechanical movement into electric energy.  Most electric motors work by using the force of magnetism.  Electrostatic motors have also been used. 

Machines using electric motors include: fans, washing machines, fridges, pumps, and vacuum cleaners.

## Inside an Electric Motor 

Let's start by looking at the overall plan of a simple two-pole DC electric motor. A simple motor has six parts: 
* Armature or rotor 
* Commutator 
* Brushes 
* Axle 
* Field magnet 
* DC power supply of some sort 
An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create motion. If you have ever played with magnets you know about the fundamental law of all magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel. So if you have two bar magnets with their ends marked "north" and "south," then the north end of one magnet will attract the south end of the other. On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other (and similarly, south will repel south). Inside an electric motor, these attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion.

To understand how electric motors work, the key is to understand how electromagnets work. An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor.

Electric motors are broadly classified in to two different categories i.e. DC (direct current) and AC (Alternating current). With in these categories there are numerous types, each offering unique abilities that suit them well for best applications.

## History 
In 1821, Michael Faraday made the first electric motor. It worked using the force of magnetism.

He created a simple electromagnet by taking a nail and a wire, wrapping about 100 loops of wire around the nail and connected it to a battery. With this he had a simple electromagnet with north and south pole. In the  middle of the nail he had made a hole and put a spindle into the hole so that the nail could rotate. He then took a horseshoe-shaped magnet and placed the wire wrapped nail in the middle.

He connected the wire of the north pole to the negative pole of the battery and the wire of the south pole to the positive pole. The basic law of magnetism told him what would happen: the north end of the electromagnet would repel the north end of the horseshoe-shaped magnet and would attract the south pole. The same happened on the other side of the nail, with the result that the nail turned. 

However, Faraday was not happy with the results because the electromotor turned only once. He later discovered that by simply wrapping the wire multiple times around the nail, he could cause the polarity to change back and forth. These additional "turns" around the nail, caused the wire-wrapped nail to turn continuously around the spindle (as long as the battery is not empty).

## Related pages 
* Stepper motor

## References
UNICEF

The '''United Nations Children's Emergency Fund** or **UNICEF** is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946. At that time, its name was **United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund'''. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the words *Emergency *and *International* from its name. Its name became United Nations Children's Fund. But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.

The current executive director of UNICEF is former United States National Security Advisor Anthony Lake since 2010.

UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America. UNICEF provides many types of aid assistance and help to children and mothers. It receives money from different governments and private persons. It works in almost 190 countries according to board director and spokes person Gerard Devan who serves as Group CEO of 20th Century Fox Corporation and is a non executive director of the UN in Australia.

## Functions 
UNICEF has decided the following 5 areas as priority or main areas:
* Young Child Survival and Development
* Primary Education and Gender Equality
* Child protection
* HIV/AIDS
* Early childhood

Some other priority areas are the child in the family, and sports for development.

UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world. In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work. But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF. They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works. Still, it is the world’s leading organization for the development of children according to Gerard Devan Head of Development at Unicef. It operates in 190 countries around the world.

## Other websites 
* Official UNICEF homepage
* UNICEF Colombia
* Careers at UNICEF 
* Donate to UNICEF
Partitions of Poland

The **Partitions of Poland** or ** Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth** is a term used in history. They took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place:
* 5 August 1772
* 23 January 1793
* 24 October 1795

The partitions were carried out by Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Austria dividing up the Commonwealth lands among themselves.

The less often used term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any later division of Polish lands, specifically:
* After the Napoleonic Era, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna;
* The 1832 incorporation of the "Congress Kingdom" into Russia, and the 1846 incorporation of the Republic of Kraków into Austria; and
* The 1939 division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

## History 
### Prelude 
 at its greatest extent.]]

Poland-Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century), before the partitions was already not a completely sovereign state. It was almost a vassal, or a Russian satellite state, with Russian tsars effectively choosing Polish kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.

In 1730 Commonwealth's neighbours, namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement in order to maintain the *status quo*: specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "Alliance of the Three Black Eagles" (or ''Löwenwolde's Treaty''), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland). 

The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the Seven Years' War, though sympathizing with the alliance of France, Austria, and Russia. It allowed Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia. Frederick II of Prussia retaliated by ordering Polish currency counterfeited to affect the Polish economy.

The Poles tried to expel foreign forces in an uprising (the Confederation of Bar, 1768–1772), but the irregular and poorly commanded forces had litte chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a defeat. Adding to the chaos was a Ukrainian peasant rebellion, the Koliyivschyna, which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of noblemen (szlachta), Jews, Uniates, and Catholic priests before it was put down by Polish and Russian troops.

## References
Explosive material

**Explosives** are chemical compounds that cause explosions; they flare up and burst with a loud sound. Explosive material has many special characteristics: it is a chemically unstable material, it changes its form very fast and, while changing its form, it explodes by bursting and making loud sounds. 

There are two types of explosives: low explosives and high explosives. This classification depends on their rate of explosion. Low explosives *conflagrate* (burn very fast). High explosives *detonate* (explode with a shock wave). A low explosive is a material, which burns very fast, but does not explode generally. For exploding them, people mix them with high explosives. Sometimes, even a low explosive may detonate. A high explosive bursts and explodes very fast. High explosives produce more pressure than low explosives but low explosives are more safe to use. People use low explosives in fuses, rocket engines and fireworks, and high explosives in mining and demolition (destroying old bridges and buildings). Guns use low explosives as propellants; most bombs use high explosives.

Gunpowder and ammonium nitrate are low explosives.

High explosives may belong to different groups: primary explosives and secondary explosives. Primary explosives are very unstable and rapidly react to shock, friction, and heat. Any shock, friction, or heat makes primary explosives to burn or blast fast. Secondary explosives are much more safe to use and do not react very fast to shock, friction, and heat. Any shock, friction, or heat may burn such explosives, but not make them to burst and blast. Some people call secondary explosives as base explosives. Some people also tell about another group of explosives. These are tertiary explosives. These explosives do not react to shock, friction, and heat. For explosion, tertiary explosives may need a mixture with secondary explosives. 

Primary explosives are used as *detonators*: that is, to cause the secondary explosives to explode. Mercury fulminate, picric acid, lead azide, nitroglycerine and nitrogen triiodide are examples of primary explosives. TNT, dynamite, hexogen, HMX and Torpex are examples of secondary explosives.

While sending explosives from one place to another, the packs containing different types of explosives may have different types of markings on the boxes. The United Nations has advised use of such markings. Some examples are:

* **1.1** Mass Explosion Hazard
* **1.2** Nonmass explosion, fragment-producing
* **1.3** Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard
* **1.4** Moderate fire, no blast or fragment: a consumer firework is 1.4G or 1.4S
* **1.5** Explosive substance, very insensitive (with a mass explosion hazard)
* **1.6** Explosive article, extremely insensitive

## References
OECD

The **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development** (**OECD**) is an international organisation of countries. Member countries of OECD all have a democratic system of government. They also accept the principle of a free economy. A country has a free economy when its government does not control the economic activities of its citizens and companies. 

The OECD started 1948 as the **Organisation for European Economic Co-operation** (OEEC). The Second World War had just ended three years before in 1945. Some countries of Europe came together to form OEEC to help each other re-build their industry and other things destroyed in the Second World War. Later on, some non-European countries also joined this organisation. In 1960, OEEC changed its name, and it became OECD: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris.

## Secretaries General
## Members
OECD has thirty-eight member countries, of which 19 became members in 1961. These countries are:
# Austria
# Belgium
# Canada
# Denmark
# France
# Germany
# Greece
# Iceland
# Ireland
# Luxembourg
# Netherlands
# Norway
# Portugal
# Spain
# Sweden
# Switzerland
# Turkey
# United Kingdom
# United States

19 countries joined OECD after 1961. The names of these countries (with the year they joined in brackets), are: 
# Italy (1962)
# Japan (1964)
# Finland (1969)
# Australia (1971)
# New Zealand (1973)
# Mexico (1994)
# Czechia (1995)
# Hungary (1996)
# South Korea (1996)
# Poland(1996)
# Slovakia (2000)
# Chile (2010)
# Estonia (2010)
# Israel (2010)
# Slovenia (2010)
# Latvia (2016)
# Lithuania (2018)
# Colombia (2020)
#Costa Rica (2021)

## References 
## Related pages
*International Energy Agency

## Other websites
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
* OECD iLibrary - OECD's portal for books, reports, statistics, working papers and journals
* International Futures Programme
* OECD Forum 
* Text of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
* The OECD Observer
* OECD Statistical portal 
* OECD-UNDP Partnership for Democratic Governance 
* Statistics
* Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes

### Video clips
* OECD YouTube channel
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

**Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe** (**OSCE**) is an international organization for peace and human rights. Presently, it has 57 countries as its members. Most of the member countries of the OSCE are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America. 

The headquarters of OSCE are in Vienna, Austria. There are more than 3,500 persons who work for OSCE. Most of the persons who work for OSCE work at different places, and only about 10% of them work at its headquarters. 

Since the end of the Second World War, many countries of the Europe wanted to have an organization to discuss various matters, especially security. Such discussion had continued since 1950s. Many years after, 
in November 1972, leaders of 35 countries met in Helsinki. In 1973, these countries set up the **Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe** (CSCE). By the end of 1990s, communist governments in many countries had changed. In this situation, the role of CSCE was also changing. The leaders from member countries of CSCE met in Paris. On 21st November 1990, they signed an agreement. This changed the name of Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). This international organization continues to function. 

## Related pages
* Council of Europe
* European Union
* International organization

## Other websites 
* OSCE official website
Franco-Prussian War

The **Franco-Prussian War** **(1870-1871)** was a war between France and Prussia, which was helped by German allies of Prussia. The war was provoked by Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck, who wanted to unite Germany under Prussian rule by making its states fight together against a common enemy. Bismarck tricked French Emperor Napoleon III into declaring war on 19 July 1870. The war ended by a Prussian victory on 10 May 1871.

## Causes 
France feared a strong Germany on its border. The French had helped Prussia beat Austria during the Austro-Prussian War (1866) but would not allow the North German Confederation and the South German states to unify. In 1869, the throne of Spain was offered to a prince of the Catholic cousin of the Prussian Hohenzollern royal family, which was Protestant. 

France found out about the offer and demanded Prussia to reject it since France did not want to be surrounded by Hohenzollerns. The prince refused, but the French wanted Prussia to do the same. Prussian King Wilhelm I sent a telegram from Ems that assured French Emperor Napoleon III that the prince would not become king of Spain.

Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck publicly released a version that he had edited or doctored to make it seem falsely that his king and the emperor's ambassador had insulted each other. That was part of his plan to unify the German states. Both sides exchanged angry words, and France declared war. On July 19 1870 the war started, and Prussia was fully supported by the South German states.

## Results 
With its German allies and universal conscription, Prussia brought together a bigger army than the French. The Prussian Army also had better weapons, training and leadership. For example, the Prussian General Staff were very well organised. The army had some old-fashioned equipment like the Dreyse needle gun, but its Krupp mobile artillery (heavy-duty guns) were far better than the old French muzzleloaders. Notable Prussian victories occurred at Sedan, Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte and Metz. The Germans captured Napoleon in Metz, but republicans overthrew the Second French Empire and continued the war for a few months. prussia conquered Paris and then made peace.

After the war, France had to give Prussia most of Alsace and some of Lorraine, regions that had long been under French control though they mostly spoke German dialects. Prussia took steps to unite the independent German states into one country, the German Empire. The historical term for the process is the Unification of Germany.

## References
Kaohsiung

**Kaohsiung City** (Traditional Chinese: 高雄市, Hanyu Pinyin: Gāoxióng, Tongyong Pinyin: Gaosyóng, POJ: Ko-hiông; coordinates 22°38'N, 120°16'E) is the third largest city of Taiwan, after New Taipei City and Taichung City, and the main city in Southern Taiwan.

## History
In 2014, 32 people were killed by a series of explosions. In 2021, 46 people were killed in a fire.

## Subdivisions
Kaohsiung is divided originally into 11 districts, after the administrative division's adjustment in 2010, the subdivisions of Kaohsiung has increased to 38 districts, most of them are added from the former county of Kaohsiung.

Two islands in the South China Sea are governed by Kaohsiung City and is a part of Cijin District:
* Taiping (island) (太平島)
* Dongsha Islands or Pratas Islands (東沙群島)

## Related pages
*List of counties of Republic of China
*Taipei City (The largest city in Taiwan)
*Keelung City
Peter Crouch

**Peter James Crouch** (born 30 January 1981) is a former English football player. He was born in Macclesfield and was raised in Singapore and Ealing, west London. At 6 feet, 7&nbsp;inches (201&nbsp;cm), he is one of the tallest people to ever play in the Premier League. Crouch played for Liverpool and England. He was the first player to score 10 goals for England in a single year. He is known for his famous robotic dance celebration, which he first performed after his goal against Hungary in May 2006.

He was a judge on the fourth series of the United Kingdom's version of *The Masked Singer*.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
 in 2007]]

:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Crouch goal.*
*FA Community Shield: 2006
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2006–07
*FIFA Club World Championship runner-up: 2005

**Individual**
*Queens Park Rangers Player of the Season: 2000–01
*Portsmouth Player of the Season: 2001–02
*Stoke City Player of the Year: 2011–12
*Stoke City Goal of the Season: 2011–12

## References
Taiwan Strait

The **Taiwan Strait** or **Formosa Strait** is a 180&nbsp;km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan. The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast. The thinest part is 131&nbsp;km wide. The Taiwan Strait is often incorrectly called the "Taiwan Straits". 

The Strait has been the theatre for several military confrontations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China since the last days of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 when the Kuomintang forces led by Chiang Kai-shek retreated across the Strait and relocated its government on its final stronghold of Taiwan.
Character

**Character** could mean:
*Character (persona), a social role
*Fictional character, a character who exists in fiction.
*Non-fictional character, usage of a real person in a fictional context
*Moral character
*Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
*Character structure, personal traits

In **symbols**:
*Letter, a symbol used to write a language
**Chinese character, a written language symbol
*Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme
*Character (mathematics)

In **accounting and mathematics**:
*Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the USA

In **entertainment**:
**Character* (1997 movie) a 1997 Dutch movie based on Bordewijk's novel
**Character* (album), by Dark Tranquillity
**Characters* (album), by Stevie Wonder
*Character Options, a toy company
**The Characters*, a book by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus

In **biology**:
* a trait, a  feature of an organism.
Tashkent

**Tashkent** (, ) is the capital city of Uzbekistan. It is also the most populated city in Central Asia, with a population of 2,603,000 in 2023. Its name means "Stone City" in English.

Tashkent has been inhabited by people for thousands of years. It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219, but later profited from the Silk Road. Tashkent was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1865, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. Under the Soviet Union, Tashkent grew in population.

In 2008, Uzbeks accounted for 63% of the population, and the city has large minorities of Russians, Tatars, Koreans, and Tajiks.

## Geography 
Tashkent is west of the Altai Mountains, and is next to the Chirchiq River. Tashkent is situated at around 430&nbsp;m (1,411&nbsp;ft) above sea level. Tashkent also suffers from earthquakes, and the major 1966 earthquake destroyed most of the city.

Tashkent has a mediterranean climate with continental climate influences. Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are hot, sunny, and dry. The record high temperature was 44.6&nbsp;°C (112.3&nbsp;°F), and the record low temperature was −29.5&nbsp;°C (−21.1&nbsp;°F). The city has an average of 427&nbsp;mm (17 inches) of precipitation each year. Throughout its existence, it functioned as a caravanserai, museum, and fortress. It was one of the few buildings to survive the 1966 earthquake.

The Navoi Theater, formally the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, is the possibly the most notable opera house and theatre in Uzbekistan. It was designed by Alexey Shchusev, who also designed Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow. It was partially built by the Japanese prisoners of war from 1945 to 1947. The theatre can house at least 1,400 spectators.

## Sports 
Tashkent is home to some of the most successful Uzbek football clubs. These include Pakhtakor Tashkent, Lokomotiv Tashkent, Bunyodkor, and Spartak Tashkent.

Some notable athletes from Tashkent include cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov, gymnast Elvira Saadi, and footballer Maksim Shatskikh.

## References 
## Other websites 
* All about capital of Uzbekistan – Tashkent
* Photos of historical monuments and modern buildings in Tashkent
* Recent photos of Tashkent with comments in English
Wedge

The term **wedge** may mean many things. Some of them are as noted below:

*Wedge (mechanics) is a simple machine. People use this machine to separate two things. Sometimes, people use a wedge to split a thing into two or more parts, or  to fix things tightly
*Wedge product is a term in mathematics
*Wedge Antilles is a character in many Star Wars films
*Wedge hairstyle, a hairstyle used by the skater named Dorothy Hamill
Aşgabat

**Aşgabat** (; , UniPers: Ešq-âbâd;  - Ashkhabád) is the capital city of Turkmenistan. It also spelled as **Ashgabat**, **Ashkabat**, **Ashkhabad**, **Ashgabad**. Aşgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001) and is between the Karakum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. The name is believed to borrow from the Persian Ashk-abad meaning "the City of Arsaces". Another explanation is that the name is a corruption of the Persian Eshq (Love) + abad (natured place or city), and therefore loosely translates as "The city built by/from love". Aşgabat is at 37°58′N 58°20′E (37.9667, 58.333). Aşgabat's major ethnic groups are: Turkmen, Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Arsaces was king of Persia and his name appears between 3 and 4 times in the Bible.

## More images

Image:Aschgabat01.JPG
Image:Aschgabat02.JPG
Image:Aschgabat03.JPG
Image:07 Асхабад. Скобелевская площадь.jpg|Old Aschgabat

## References
Crew

crew]]

A **crew** is a group of people that work as a team within a common organization and perform similar activities. Crews can be found in places like ships and airplanes. It is common for members of a crew to have a special role. Different positions within a crew are commonly organized on a scale of power, like a hierarchy, so that there is a clear chain of command. Aboard a ship, for example, every member of the crew has someone else above them, and this chain of power ends at the captain who is in charge of everyone below them. Teams who work backstage in theaters, on movie sets, and in television studios are also called crews. Such crews are distinct from the cast.
Ransom

**Ransom** can mean two things:
#Holding a person against their will, in order to get some money (or some other things)
#The money, or the goods which (could possibly) be obtained in such a way.

If people talk about that they need to pay money to the state or the police, to get free, the correct legal term used is usually bail.

Often in piracy, pirates would steal something or someone important and demand a ransom payment.
Cargo

carrying gas bottles in Morocco]]

**Cargo** or **freight** means goods which people transport, often using a vehicle made for that purpose rather than for passenger service. The vehicle is usually a truck or freighter or cargo aircraft or freight train.

Prefabricated cargo is a type of cargo for transportation in prefabricated batches, which are completed at the expense of piece units and container volumes.  

The noun is used as not countable; people will talk about *some* freight.  Today, goods other than bulk cargo are usually packed in shipping containers, which are carried.  A place which loads or unloads cargo is usually called a *cargo terminal*.

## Related pages 
* Cargo plane
* Cargo ship

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Gallery of Transport Loss -- Photos & Lessons of Disaster
Paraphilia

**Paraphilia** is a concept in sociology and medicine. A paraphilia is when someone gets very sexually aroused by something considered unusual. Paraphilias often involve things or people who do not consent to being involved, or cannot consent. Some examples include:

* Exhibitionism: Arousal from exposing one's body to others
* Frotteurism: Arousal from rubbing against or groping strangers
* Infantilism: Arousal from being treated like an infant or toddler
* Incestophilia: Arousal from sexual intercourse with family members
* Masochism: Arousal from being physically hurt
* Necrophilia: Sexual attraction towards corpses
* Sadism: Arousal from physically hurting another person
* Sadomasochism: Arousal from physically hurting another person and being physically hurt together
* Sexual fetishism: Arousal from non-sexual objects or body parts
* Voyeurism: Arousal from watching others do sexual acts
* Urolagnia: Arousal from urinating on someone and/or being urinated on
* Zoophilia: Sexual attraction towards animals

Homosexuality used to be considered a paraphilia, but this is no longer the case in a lot of countries.

## References
Bohemia

**Bohemia** is one of the regions of the Czech Republic. Poland is to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and the Czech province of Moravia to the east. The capital city of Prague is in Bohemia. 

Bohemia is well known for its glasswares and other handicrafts, its beer and its cuisine.

During the Middle Ages, Bohemia was sometimes an independent duchy or kingdom. In 1526, it came under control of the House of Habsburg. After Austria-Hungary was defeated during World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia.

## References
Belo Horizonte

**Belo Horizonte** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte is a Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais, with a population of approximately 2.415 million peoples and an area of ​​331.354 km², or approximately 205.89 square miles.  It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country.

## Colleges and Universities
* Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG);
* Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG);
* Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG);
* Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS);
* Centro Universitário Newton Paiva;
* Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO);
* SKEMA Business School

## Culture and Architecture
*  ARQBH

## Sister Cities
* Toronto, Ontario, Canada
* Porto, Portugal (1986)
* Milan, Italy
* Havana, Cuba
* Bethlehem, Palestine
* Boston, Massachusetts, United States (2007)
* Fort Lauderdale, United States (2003)
* Newark, New Jersey, United States (2006)
* Masaya, Nicaragua (2002)
* Granada, Spain (1975)
* Minsk, Belarus (1987)
* Luanda, Angola (1968)
* Tegucigalpa, Honduras (2004)
* Zahle, Lebanon (1974)
* Homs, Syria (2001)
* Tripoli, Libya (2003)
* Cuenca, Ecuador (2004)
* Córdoba, Argentina (2007)
* São Paulo,  Brazil
* Lisbon, Portugal (2007)
* Wuxi, China (1996)

## References
Jasmine

**Jasmine** is a genus of plants, *Jasminum*. They are shrubs or vines that grow in moderately warm climates. 

There are about 200 different species of *Jasminum*. They are also a favourite in gardens. Tea can be made from the flowers. Some species are used to make special oil, perfumes or incense. Women, especially from Asia sometimes wear jasmine flowers in their hair.

Jasmine flowers are white or yellow in colour, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. Jasmine flowers are well known for their lovely smell. Jasmine is also a female name.

## Gallery

Image:Jasminum polyanthum flowers.JPG|Jasmine flowers (closeup)
Image:Jasmine tea.jpg|Jasmine tea
Article

The word **article** can mean:

* Something written for an encyclopedia or newspaper on a particular topic. This page is an article about the word "article".
* Article (grammar), a little word before a noun, like "the", "a" or "an"
Unification of Germany

The **Unification of Germany** occurred in the 19th century. Until then, there had been many states in Central Europe. Some of them were very small, possibly no more than  from one border to the other. Many Germans wanted a nation that would be united, powerful and influential. The leaders of Germany believed that they should be part of a new German Empire, which led to the strategic battles and alliances that united Germany.

The unification took place on January 18, 1871. After the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the German nation at the Palace of Versailles, France, at the Hall of Mirrors. The unification joined many independent German states, which became the German Empire. The king of Prussia became Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany, and the Chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, became Chancellor of the Germany.

The unification of Germany had begun many years earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars. At the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, which is also called the Battle of Nations, many of the German states joined Russia, Sweden and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna ended the Napoleonic Wars. Austria remained the most politically powerful German state. Prussia emerged as Austria's political and diplomatic rival.

There were many problems in unifying the German states. Not all politicians wanted unification. Some feared that it would give Austria and Prussia too much power among the many states. There were also problems in deciding who would collect taxes and how much they would be.

## Background 
Before the creation of the modern German State, there were hundreds of small duchies and kingdoms. Many of them were part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 800 AD, Pope Leo III made Frankish King Charlemagne the first Holy Roman Emperor.

In the 18th century, the hundreds of rulers of parts of the Holy Roman Empire were practically independent, seldom had to obey the Emperor and often made war against one other or against the Emperor. During the Napoleonic Wars, the empire was abolished. Napoleon made a new satellite state, the Confederation of the Rhine. He was soon defeated, and the Congress of Vienna reorganized the German states into a new German Confederation. Later, one of the aims of the German revolutions of 1848–1849 was to unite the Germans. Otto von Bismarck's North German Confederation replaced the old German Confederation until he converted it into the German Empire.

## References