open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Objectivity (journalism)

**Objectivity** is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.

Objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "Fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "Disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "Factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "Nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.

The editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.

In many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. These stories may be either news or analysis. They may or may not be objective.

## Definitions 
Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality.  However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work.  In *Discovering the News* (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."  In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric. 
 
Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)

## Related pages
*Objectivity
*Objectivity (philosophy) for a general discussion of objectivity
*Objectivity (science)

## References 
*Herman, Edward and Noam Chomsky.  1988.  *Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.*  New York: Pantheon.
*Mindich, David T. Z.  1998.  *Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism.*  New York: New York University Press.
*Schudson, Michael.  1978.  *Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.*  New York: Basic Books.
*Schudson, Michael.  1997.  "The Sociology of News Production."  In *Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader.*  Dan Berkowitz, ed.  Pp. 7-22. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Erlasee Solar Park

The **Erlasee Solar Park**  is in one of the sunniest regions of Germany. On the former wine-producing Erlasee estate near Arnstein in Bavaria, in southern Germany, SOLON has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 MW. Just under 1,500 "SOLON-Movers" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein.  

The solar power plant cost £35 million and covers 77 hectares of land.

## Related pages
*Photovoltaics

## References
## Other websites
*SunPower Celebrates the Dedication of SOLON's Gut Erlasee Solar Park
Objectivity

**Objectivity** can mean:

* Objectivity (philosophy)
* Objectivity (journalism)
* Objectivity (science)
* Objectivity in historiography

## Related pages
* New Objectivity, German art movement
Sega Nomad

The **Sega Nomad** is a portable video game console released by the Sega Corporation. It has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, as it shares similarities with the hardware of the Sega Genesis (Mega Drive)

It cannot be used with the Sega CD and Sega 32X unless special modifications are made. But such special modifications may not be safe.

Fewer than one million Genesis Nomads were sold. 

## History
The Sega Genesis was Sega's entry into the 16-bit era of video game consoles. In Japan, Sega released the Mega Jet, a portable version of the Mega Drive for use on Japan Airlines flights. The Mega Jet requires a connection to a television screen and a power source, and so outside of airline flights can only be used in cars equipped with a television set and cigarette lighter receptacle. On planes, the Mega Jet was connected into armrest monitors. It had a limited consumer release in Japanese department stores in 1994 but did not see success.

## References
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

**Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani** (, *Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī*), **Hashemi Bahramani** (; August 25, 1934 &ndash; January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician. He was the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 to his death.

*Forbes* magazine listed Rafsanjani in its list of richest people in the world and wrote that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years." His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of *Akbar Shah* in Iran.

Rafsanjani was President of Iran from 1989 to 1997 and lost on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. He then ntried to use his position in the Expediency Discernment Council to denounce Ahmadinejad's administration. He wanted to carry out privatizations and change foreign policy. However,  Ahmadinejad noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between  privatizations and taking over government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad also commmented on  the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration, which led  to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.

Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe of $80,000,000 from Total oil company. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however. 

Rafsanjani died on January 8, 2017 in Tehran from a heart attack at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites 
*Profile: Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani at BBC News
*Profile:  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani  at www.aljazeera.com

### Video clips
*Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 1
*Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 2
Porthmadog F.C.

**Porthmadog Football Club** is a football team, playing in the Cymru North. The club was started in 1884.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Evander Holyfield

**Evander Holyfield** (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Holyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama. He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. 

In 2005, Holyfield  was a contestant on season 1 of *Dancing with the Stars*. He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).         

## Other websites
*Boxing record
Wadowice

**Wadowice**  () is a town in Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the mountainous range known as Zakopane region,  southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).

Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920. He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.

The town is twinned with 4 others, all in Italy.

## Other websites 
*History of Wadowice
Khula

**Khula** is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so. Following the Sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married. 

After divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children. The children live with the mother for 7 years. After 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide.
Piano six hands

Music described as **piano six hands** is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello.  Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.

## Examples
Compositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's "Âmes d’enfants", Paul Robinson (composer)'s "Pensees" and "Monmartre", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's "Metrorhythmia 1", John Pitts's "Are You Going?", Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's "Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's "Slowdown" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's "Promenade".

## References
Rice wine

**Rice wine** is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. However, it is not a true wine, despite the name. True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. This sugar is then fermented. This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer. 

The *rice wines* made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18–25% alcohol compared to 10–14% for normal wines). Beers on the other hand usually have 4–8% alcohol in them.

Many people use the term *rice wine* to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines).
Alcopop

An **alcopop** is an alcoholic drink, also known as **ready-to-drink** (**RTD**), **flavored alcoholic beverage** (**FAB**) or **flavored malt beverage** (**FMB**). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted. 

There are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted),  or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.

Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).

## Related pages
*Mixed drink
Pedal (music)

**Pedals** on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.

There are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.

## Piano
The piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three.  The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings.  Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").

The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter.  It is called the "una corda" pedal (Italian for "one string").  This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound).  On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one.  They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead.  On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.

On pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.

## Organ
On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes.  An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes.  These are low notes written in the bass clef.  An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands.  He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes.  It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.

## Harp
There are seven pedals on a concert harp.  Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position.  The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.).  Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position).  From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.

## Timpani
Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead.  This will make the note go up or down in pitch.  It is a fairly new invention.  Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani.  Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side.  Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.

## Harpsichord
Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound.  In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.

## Related pages
*Pedal point
Pedal

A **pedal** is something that is made to work by someone's foot.  The word "pedal" comes from the Latin word for "foot".  Many things can be made to work by pedals.  These include:

*a car (automobile) which has a brake pedal, an accelerator pedal and sometimes a clutch;
*a musical instrument such as piano, harp or organ (see pedal (music));
*a spinning wheel
*a sewing machine (in the days before electricity)
Sprain

A **sprain** is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side effects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.

## Degrees 
The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.

The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.

The third degree is a complete rupture.

## Signs and symptoms 
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation: 
* localized pain
* swelling
* loss of function

## Joints involved 
Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:
* the ankle. It is the most common.
* the knee. Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players. 
* the fingers.
* the wrist. The wrist is also a popular sprain area. 

## Prevention 
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.

## Other websites 
* More information and treatment at nhsdirect.nhs.uk
Ligament

]]

In anatomy, the word **ligament** usually means the fibrous tissue that joins bones to other bones or cartilages.
 
A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres. Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint. They do *not* connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons. Some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether. 

Ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple. 
The result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.

## References
Carolina Gynning

**Carolina Gynning** (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model. She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother. Gynning has also written the book, *Ego Girl*. It is a biography of her early life. In 2008 it was reported that Gynning would write a continuation to *Ego Girl* called *Ego Woman*.
 2006. ]]

## Sources 
*Gynning in Swedish newspaper

## References
Nicole Richie

**Nicole Camille Richie** (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, and author. She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show *The Simple Life*. During late 2007 Nicole Richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to Paris Hilton, her co-star and friend in *The Simple Life*. She has had two children with Joel Madden: Harlow and Sparrow Madden. On February 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with Madden.

Richie is of black, Creole, English, French, French-Canadian, Indigenous Mexican, Mexican, Cherokee Native American, Scottish and Spanish descent.

## References
## Other websites 
*IMDb - Nicole Richie
Carrie Underwood

**Carrie Marie Underwood** (born March 10, 1983) is an American country singer-songwriter and actress. She won the fourth season of *American Idol*. Her first album, *Some Hearts*, has sold 7 million copies. Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist, and more.

Carrie Underwood grew up in Oklahoma, on her family's farm in Checotah. She started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows. In 2002 she entered Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism. She has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including "Inside Your Heaven", "Jesus, Take the Wheel", and "Before He Cheats". In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the live shows of American Idol, season 6. On December 5, 2013, Underwood appeared in *The Sound of Music Live* on NBC television. She played the heroine Maria von Trapp in the three-hour production. She received critical praise in the *New York Times* for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Some Hearts* (2005)
* *Carnival Ride* (2007)
* *Play On* (2009)
* *Blown Away* (2012)
* *Storyteller* (2015)
* *Cry Pretty* (2018)
* *Denim & Rhinestones* (2022)

;Singles
* *Jesus, Take the Wheel* (2005)
* *Before He Cheats* (2006)
* *So Small* (2007)
* *Cowboy Casanova* (2009)
* *Temporary Home* (2010)
* *Good Girl* (2012)
* *Two Black Cadillacs* (2012)
* *Church Bells* (2016)
* *Cry Pretty* (2018)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*  Résumé of Carrie Underwood's autobiography, accomplishments, and personal interests
Jordin Sparks

**Jordin Brianna Sparks** (born December 22, 1989 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American musician, record producer, dancer, model, singer and actress. On May 23, 2007, she won the 6th season of the reality television show *American Idol*. She was the youngest winner of the talent show. She has released three studio albums *Jordin Sparks*, *Battlefield* and the hit album *"No Restrictions"*.  She has a vocal range of a mezzo-soprano.

## Other websites 
*Jordin Sparks official webpage 
*Jordin Sparks Planet
Taylor Hicks

**Taylor Reuben Hicks** (born October 7, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. In 2006, he won the fifth season of *American Idol*. The runner-up was Katharine McPhee. After he won, he was signed to Arista Records. His album called *Taylor Hicks* was released on December 12, 2006.

## Other websites 
* Taylor Hicks Official Site
*
* Taylor Hicks at rehearsals.com
* Taylor Hicks  at GoFish
*Taylor Hicks on American Idol  at American Idol Watch
*Taylor Hicks on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno
1. FC Köln

**1. FC Cologne**, also known by its German name **1. FC Köln** or simply just **FC Cologne**, is a football club that is from Cologne, Germany. The 1. FC KOLN was created in 1948. It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (Kölner BC 01 und SpVgg Sülz 07).
In the present day, 1.FC Köln plays in the Bundesliga, the first teir of German football. The club's main rival is Borussia Mönchengladbach, though their Ultrá group WH96 does have friendly connections to The Unity of Borussia Dortmund.

## League title 
* Bundesliga : 2
** 1963/64, 1977/78

## League position 
### Former position 
## Head coaches since 1963
### Current squad
## Popular ex-players 
* Toni Polster
* Bernd Cullmann
* Thomas Häßler
* Bodo Illgner
* Pierre Littbarski
* Dieter Müller
* Morten Olsen
* Wolfgang Overath
* Anton Polster from 1993 – 1998
* Harald "Toni" Schumacher from 1972 – 1987
* Bernd Schuster from 1978 – 1980 (Coach 1998 – 1999)
* Lukas Podolski from 1995 - 2006 and from 2009 to 2012

## References
All Saints' Day

'''All Saints' Day''' is a mandatory religious holiday in Catholicism which honors the saints in heaven. Catholics celebrate this holiday on November 1. They following day, they celebrate All Souls' Day, which focuses on praying for the dead (especially souls in Purgatory). Both days are considered important and are integrated with each other.

Some other Christians also celebrate All Saints' Day (though not necessarily on November 1). The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches.

In the past, All Saints' Day was called **All Hallows** or **Hallowmas.**

## Customs 
All Saints' Day customs differ around the world. 

People make *ofrendas* (offerings) to the saints in Portugal, Spain and Mexico. In Spain, the play *Don Juan Tenorio* is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives.  

In Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, Austria and Germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. Filipinos do the same, but often in a picnic-like atmosphere.  

In English-speaking countries, the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn "For All the Saints" by William Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is *Sine Nomine* by Ralph Vaughan Williams. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* American Catholic - Saints FAQs, All Saints and All Souls Day  	 
* All Saints' Day article in the *Catholic Encyclopedia* 	 
* All Saints Sunday Orthodox England
* All Saints Church, Barbados
Powiat

A **county** (Polish: *powiat*, pronounced "povyat"; plural, *powiaty*) is the Polish  second-level unit of  administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.  A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, *województwo*. One would call it in English "province").

## Names 
Most Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat. 
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County."  Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "*bielski*," "*grodziski*," "*ostrowski*" and "*tomaszowski*" each denote *two* distinct counties.

## History and functioning
Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" (*powiat grodzki*), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.  

The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.  

In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "*Kreis*" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań. 

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. *Powiat*s (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999.  There are now 314 "land counties" (*powiat ziemski*) and 65 "urban counties" (*powiat grodzki*), more formally "municipalities with county status" (*miasto na prawach powiatu*).
Salvation

In theology, **salvation** can mean various things:

* following the sunnah of prophet Muhammad (surah Baqarah)
* rejecting shirk, or disbelief in the oneness of Allah (sahih Bukhari)
* being saved from something, such as suffering or the punishment of sin - also called deliverance (see Epistle to the Romans 5:8)
* being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God - also called redemption (Gospel of Luke 23:43)
*being saved through a process of healing or transformation to wholeness, such as gaining secret knowledge, or becoming Christlike.(Ephesians 1:4)

## Related pages 
* Crucifixion of Jesus
* History of salvation
* Salvation (Christianity)
The Simple Life

***The Simple Life*** is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on Fox from 2003 to 2005 and on E! from 2006 to 2007. The series stars Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie doing ordinary jobs.

## Other websites 
* FOX - *The Simple Life* official website
Calendar date

A **Calendar date** is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. With the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. With a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. This can be seen easiest when comparing the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar. 

Calendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) One example may be Easter. In the Middle Ages, it has been fixed that Easter is to be the first Sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox. 

Most calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. Sometimes the week is added. 

## Other websites
*On This Day In History
Ishy Bilady

"**Ishy Bilady**" (, ; "Long Live My Country") is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven United Arab Emirates. The tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. Then, in the year 1986 Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan Sahab came up with words for the song. The song is dedicated to the UAE. In the song, the people praise their country by stating that "the unity of the Emirates has lived" and "the United Arab Emirates has lived to be the nation, whose religion is Islam and whose guide is the Quran" the people also vow to forever work hard and sincerely for the country. The people also state that they "supply their country with their body, blood and souls." The song is a representation of love and submission of the Emirati people to country. It music was composed by Mohammed Abdul Wahab.

## Lyrics 
### Arabic original 
### English translation 
Long live my country, the unity of our Emirates lives.
You've lived for the nation's faith of Islam and guide of the Quran.
I've made you stronger in God's name, o homeland.

My country, my country, my country, my country.
God protected you from the evils of time.
We have sworn to build and work –
work earnestly, work earnestly.
we will be sincere.

The safety has lasted, the flag has lived, o our Emirates!
The symbol of Arabism: we all sacrifice for you and give you our blood;
For you we sacrifice with our souls, o homeland!

## References
Hexagon

A **hexagon** is a polygon with 6 sides and 6 corners (vertices). Like regular triangles and squares, hexagons fit together without gaps. This is known as a tessellation. Because of this, they are often used for tiling floors. They are also quite common in nature. For example, the honeycombs in a beehive are hexagons.

## Hexagons: in nature and by humankind 

Image:Honey_comb.jpg|A beehive honeycomb
Image:Carapax.svg|The scutes of a turtle's carapace
Image:Saturn hexagonal north pole feature.jpg|North polar hexagonal cloud feature on Saturn, discovered by Voyager 1 and confirmed in 2006 by Cassini http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia09188.html  http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20070327.html  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Icar...76..335G&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=
Image:Snowflake 300um LTSEM, 13368.jpg|Micrograph of a snowflake
Image:Hexagonal tessellation.JPG|Hexagonal floor tessellations (in Rome)
Image:Giants causeway closeup.jpg|Naturally formed basalt columns from Giant's Causeway in Ireland; large masses must cool slowly to form a polygonal fracture pattern
Image:Fort-Jefferson Dry-Tortugas.jpg|An aerial view of Fort Jefferson in Dry Tortugas National Park

## Related pages
* Polygon
* Triangle
* Square
* Pentagon
* Heptagon
* Octagon

## Other websites 
* Definition and properties of a hexagon With interactive animation
* Cassini Images Bizarre Hexagon on Saturn  
* Saturn's Strange Hexagon 
* A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole
* "Bizarre Hexagon Spotted on Saturn" - from Space.com (27 March 2007)
West Edmonton Mall

s in the West Edmonton Mall]]
The **West Edmonton Mall** (WEM) is the second-largest shopping centre in North America. It is in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Alberta. The mall is also the fourth largest in the world. WEM first opened on September 15, 1981.

## Attractions 
]]
In addition to the over 500 shops in the West Edmonton Mall, there are many other things which people go to the mall for.
* **Galaxyland**: The world's largest indoor Amusement park. The park has 24 rides. These rides include a triple loop rollercoaster.
* **World Waterpark**: world's largest indoor waterpark. The park includes the world's largest indoor wavepool. The wavepool can create waves up to 5–6 feet in height. It also has ten water slides. Its tallest water slide is 83 feet high.
* **Deep Sea Adventure**: An indoor salt water lake with performing sea lions. The lake also has a structure built to look like Christopher Columbus' Santa María.

The mall also has an Ice skating rink, miniature golf course, casino, skate park, hotel, petting zoo, three movie theaters and many other things to see.

## Other websites 
* Official site 
* A map of the mall 
* The list of shops in the mall 
* Hours of Operation
Ahmad Khatami

Ayatollah Sayyid **Ahmad Khatami** () is a member of the Iranian Assembly of Experts.

Although his name resembles that of Mohammad Khatami, the reformist former president of Iran, the two men are not related.  In fact, they have opposite points of view on many issues, such as democracy and velayate faqih in Iran.

## Other websites
*Ahmad Khatami
*The Republicans in the U.S. Are in a Crisis; Sanctions on Iran Will Harm the West More than Iran
*Iran warns France: US rope decaying
Tendon

A **tendon** (or **sinew**) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is built to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together, roughly as follows. When muscles contract, the tendon transmits the pull to the bone.

## Anatomy 
A tendon connects to a muscle at one end, and to bone at the other end. Each tendon has these two "insertions".

Collagen fibres connect the muscle to the bones. A tendon inserts into bone at one end, and into the muscle at the other end. 

Tendons do not create any pulling force of their own. The tendons transfer the force of muscles pulling on the bone. Unlike elastin (another bodily tissue) tendons have very little "give". 

Tendons are often connected to joints.
Kuzcham Dherai

**Kuzcham Dherai** (also sometimes called **Dherai**, **Dehrai** or **Derai**) is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is located on the bank of the river Swat and a couple of miles away from Swat Saidu Sharif airport. The population of Dherai is about 10,000 people.

## History
It is believed that Alexander the Great once passed through this area.
Iranian calendars

The **Iranian calendar**  also known as **Persian calendar** or the **Jalāli Calendar** is a solar calendar. It is currently used in Iran and Afghanistan. It is observation-based, rather than rule-based. Each year starts on the vernal equinox as precisely determined by astronomical observations from Tehran (or the 52.5°E meridian, which also defines IRST) and Kabul. This makes it more accurate than the Gregorian Calendar.

The current Iranian Calendar year is '*1401 AP* (AP = Anno Persico/Anno Persarum = Persian year)*.*'

## Other websites 
* An online Persian/Gregorian date convertor, Persian calendar for mobile (j2me)
Coffee substitute

**Coffee substitutes** are products that try to taste like coffee. The idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. The main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical and economic. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. It was also hard to get. In the American Civil War there was a similar story -

*"For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves."* The Southern Banner, 1865

## Ingredients
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.

Some ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.

Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides. Chicory is a native plant of Western Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. And the cultivation of the plant is considered to be originated in Egypt. In France, around the 1800s, chicory was used as an ingredient or substitute for coffee.

Postum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. It made from roasted grains and molasses. Postum history goes back to 1895 when an American named C.W. Post created the coffee substitute, inspired by a caramel coffee recipe made by Harvey Kellogg. It reached the height of its popularity during World War II. It also really caught on with people who for health or religious reasons preferred not to consume drinks that contained caffeine. For popular usage on the sitcom Seinfeld George says to Jerry he does not know why postum is not a more popular beverage.

## Related pages
* Coffee

## References
Polyhedron

|}
 are polyhedra.]]
A **polyhedron** (*polyhedra* or *polyhedrons* if more than one) is a geometrical shape. It is a 3D shape with flat faces, and straight edges. Each face is a polygon surrounded by edges. Usually it is known by the number of faces, corners, or edges it has. 

There are many groups of polyhedra, which can either be only a small set, or can be infinite. Prisms, pyramids, antiprisms, and bipyramids are groups of polyhedra. 

A regular polyhedron has faces that are all the same, corners that are all the same, and edges that are all the same. A uniform polyhedron can have one or two kinds of its parts be all the same. 

## Definition 
Two types of polyhedron are convex and concave. The edge connecting any two points of a convex polyhedron is inside the polyhedron. The line connecting two points of a concave polyhedron may go outside the polyhedron. The Platonic solids are regular convex polyhedra. 

Mathematicians do not always agree on what makes a polyhedron. Some may only consider the convex polyhedra, and disregard the ones that are not convex. Some polyhedra are degenerate, meaning that when drawn as real objects, they look flat.

### Naming 
Usually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. The first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of four triangles, pentahedron (five faces, can look like a four-sided pyramid), hexahedron (six faces, a cube if it is regular), heptahedron (seven faces) and octahedron (eight faces). Prisms, pyramids and other shapes can also be named after how many faces they have.

## Other websites 
*
* Making Polyhedra
* Polyhedra Pages
* Stella: Polyhedron Navigator – Software for exploring polyhedra and printing nets for their physical construction.  Includes uniform polyhedra, stellations, compounds, Johnson solids, etc.
* The Uniform Polyhedra
* Virtual Reality Polyhedra – The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
** Polyhedra and Pyramids
* Paper Models of Polyhedra Many links
* Paper Models of Uniform (and other) Polyhedra
* Interactive 3D  polyhedra in Java 
* World of Polyhedra  – Comprehensive polyhedra in flash applet, showing vertices and edges (but not shaded faces)
* Polyhedra software, die-cast models, and posters
* Electronic Geometry Models – Contains a peer reviewed selection of polyhedra with unusual properties
* Symmetry, Crystals and Polyhedra 
* uniform solution for uniform polyhedra by Dr. Zvi Har'El 
* Java applet with the use of kaleido 
* Origami Polyhedra – Models made with Modular Origami
* Polyhedra Collection – Various virtual and physical polyhedra models
Prize

A **prize** is an award given to a person or a group of people to reward good work. 

Official prizes often include monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them. Some prizes are given out in famous ceremonies, such as the Oscars.

Prizes are given for a number of reasons: as an honour for special persons, for exemplary behaviour and to provide incentives in competitions, etc. In general, prizes are regarded in a positive light, and their winners are admired. However, many  prizes, especially the more famous ones, have often caused  and jealousy.

Specific types of prizes include:
* First prize, second prize, third prize etc.
* Consolation prize: an award given to those who do not win an event but are deserving of recognition.
* Booby prize: typically awarded as a joke to whoever finished last.
Class

**Class** could mean:

*Social class refers to the differences between groups in societies or cultures, and is a basic idea in economics, sociology and other social sciences
*Class (education), a group of students in a course or lesson
** class, a lesson, in education
** class, short for a classroom

*Class (biology), a rank used in taxonomy
*Class (philosophy), distinguishes between classes and types
*Class (set theory), in mathematics
*Travel class

## Media, entertainment and sport 
*Character class in role-playing games and other genres
**Class* (film), a romantic comedy released in 1983
**Class: A Guide Through the American Status System*, a book by Paul Fussell
**The Class*, a CBS sitcom which began in fall 2006
*Class, known as one-design in sailing, where boats built the same way race against each other

## Technology 
*Appliance classes, in making electric appliances
*Class (emission), a type of radio emission
*Ship class, in a navy, a set of vessels that are built the same way

### Computer science 
*Class (programming), related to object-oriented programming
*Class (file format), a Java file format
*Class (warez), a warez group that stopped being used
*Class attribute, a part of many HTML and XHTML elements, such as div and span, often to help apply styles

## Railroads 
*Class (locomotive), a railroad locomotive design as assigned by the railroad
*The classification of United States railroads by income:
**Class I railroad
**Class II railroad
**Class III railroad

## Other 
*Classes of United States Senators
*CLASS, Community Leaders At Service of Society, a non-profit organization in Silicon Valley, California.
* "Class", British slang word meaning "great" or "fabulous".
Pentagon

A **pentagon** is a polygon with five edges. It is defined by five points, which are all on a plane. If all the edges have the same length and the angles at the corners are all 108°, the pentagon is called *regular*. If the pentagon intersects itself, it is called a pentagram.

Pentagons also occur in nature: Fruits of the Okra are pentangular. The flowers of Ipomoea are pentagular. In chemistry, many Cyclic compounds are pentangles: Cyclopentane and Furan are examples for this. In architecture, many bastions are pentangular: Bourtange, in the Netherlands has been completely restored, and is a pentangle.  The Citadel of Lille, Nyenschantz, near St. Petersburg, or the Citadel of Pamplona are . The Villa Farnese is a palace in the form of a pentagon, so is the castle of Nowy Wiśnicz. The Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk near Žďár nad Sázavou  also uses a pentangular design.

## Formulas 
*Note: these formulas only work for regular pentagons.*

\text{Height} = \frac{\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}}{2} \cdot \text{Side}\approx 1.539 \cdot \text{Side},

\text{Width} = \text{Diagonal}= \frac{1+\sqrt5}{2} \cdot \text{Side}\approx 1.618 \cdot \text{Side},

\text{Width} = \sqrt{2-\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}} \cdot \text{Height}\approx 1.051 \cdot \text{Height},

\text{Diagonal} = R\ {\sqrt { \frac {5+\sqrt{5}}{2}} } = 2R\cos 18^\circ = 2R\cos\frac{\pi}{10} \approx 1.902 R,

*R* is the radius of the circumcircle.

## Examples of pentagons
### Plants

File:BhindiCutUp.jpg|Pentagonal cross-section of okra.
File:Morning Glory Flower.jpg|Morning glories, like many other flowers, have a pentagonal shape.
File:Sterappel dwarsdrsn.jpg|The gynoecium of an apple contains five carpels, arranged in a five-pointed star
File:Carambola Starfruit.jpg|Starfruit is another fruit with fivefold symmetry.

### Animals

Image:Oreaster reticulatus201905mx.jpg|A sea star. Many echinoderms have fivefold radial symmetry.
Image:Haeckel_Ophiodea.jpg|An illustration of brittle stars, also echinoderms with a pentagonal shape.

### Artificial

Image:The Pentagon January 2008.jpg|The Pentagon, headquarters of the United States Department of Defense.
Image:Home base of baseball field in Třebíč, Třebíč District.jpg|Home plate of a baseball field
File:Fortbourtange.jpg|Fort Bourtange,in the Netherlands
Church (disambiguation)

**Church** could mean:

## Religion
* Church, a building used for religious services, usually referring specifically to those for Christian worship.
* Christian Church, the worldwide body of Christians.
* Christian church, the body of people who share a faith or denomination within a community.
* Religious denomination, an organization of churches sharing the same faith.

## Places
* Church, Lancashire, a city in England

## People
* Albert T. Church (born 1947), a Vice-Admiral in the United States Navy
* Alonzo Church (1905–1995), a logician, (famous for the Church-Turing thesis and lambda calculus)
* Benjamin Church (1734–1776), the first Surgeon General of the Continental Army and grandson of Captain Benjamin Church
* Captain Benjamin Church (1639–1718), a colonial officer during King Philip's War
* Bill Church, an American musician
* Brad Church
* Charlotte Church (born 1986), British soprano singer and talk show host
* Doug Church, a video-game designer
* Ellen Church
* Forrester Church (born 1948), an  American minister, son of Senator Frank Church
* Francis Pharcellus Church (1839–1906), an American writer (famous for the editorial *Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus*)
* Frank Church (1924–1984), a four-term U.S. Senator from Idaho
* Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900), a landscape painter
* George W. Church, Sr., founder of Church's Chicken, a chain of franchised fried chicken restaurants
* John A. Church, an expert on sea-level and its changes
* Judith Church (born 1953), a politician in the United Kingdom
* Louis K. Church
* Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954), an American writer and civil-rights activist
* Mike Church (born 1962), a Southern US radio commentator often considered a shock jock
* Richard Church (general) (1784–1873), a British military officer and general in the Greek army
* Richard William Church (1825–1890), an English divine, nephew of the general
* Richard Church (poet) (1893–1972), an English poet and man of letters
* Robert Reed Church (1839–1912), the first African-American millionaire
* Ryan Church (born 1978), an American baseball player
* Thomas Dolliver Church (1902–1978), an American landscape architect
* Thomas Haden Church (born 1961), an American actor in television and movies
* Thomas Langton Church (1870–1950), a Canadian politician
* Walter G. Church, Sr., member of the North Carolina General Assembly
* William Church (circa 1778 - 1863), American inventor who patented a typesetting machine in 1822

## Music
* The Church, an Australian rock band
* Church, weekly meetings of the Hells Angels motorcycle club
* "The Church", a song by Hawkwind from their 1982 album *Church of Hawkwind*
* "Church", a song by Outkast from their 2003 album *Speakerboxxx/The Love Below*
* "Church", a song by Galactic from their 1998 album ''Coolin' Off*
* Chvrches, an electropop trio from Glasgow, Scotland

## Fiction
* Church (*Red vs. Blue''), a fictional character
* Church, the family cat in Stephen King's novel *Pet Sematary*
* The Church, set up by The Order in *Silent Hill*
Religious denomination

A **religious denomination** (also simply **denomination**) is a subgroup within a religion that has a common name, tradition, and identity.

The term is often used for several Christian denominations including Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, and the many sorts of Protestantism like: Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, and Pentecostal.

It is also used for the four branches of Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist), and for the main branches of Islam (Sunnism and Shi'ism, Quranism, Ibadism, Sufism, Muwahhidism).

In Hinduism the major deity or philosophical belief functions as the identifier of a denomination and typically each has distinct cultural and religious practices. The major denominations include: Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Smartism, and Halumatha.  

## Related pages
* Sect
* Cult
* Religion
* Christian denomination
* Full communion
* Schism (religion)
Christendom

at the centre of the world.]]
**Christendom** or the **Christian world**, in the widest sense, means Christianity as a territorial phenomenon. That means: those countries where most people are Christian and because of that are part of Christendom.

People have used the term **Christendom** for the medieval and Renaissance understanding of the Christian world as one single *Body of Christ* with Christ as the head.  With the rise of modern secularism and the Reformation during the early 16th century the understanding changed to a modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society that consists of many different communities.

## Related pages
* Caliphate (an Islamic analog to the Medieval political concept)
* Muslim World and Ummah

## References
## Other websites
*Catholic Encyclopedia: Christendom