open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
New England Emigrant Aid Company

The **New England Emigrant Aid Company** (est.1854), originally the **Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company**, was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts. It was created to bring immigrants to the Kansas Territory. This was done to make sure Kansas would become a free state. The company was created by Eli Thayer, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, over a month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854. This act allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose for themselves whether or not slavery would be legal. The concept was called popular sovereignty.

The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million. Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery  in the Northern United States. At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills. The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors. Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause , the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society. The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas. But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act. To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent  men and Sharps rifles to Kansas. The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles". This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas.

## References
New York Tribune

The ***New-York Tribune*** was an American newspaper. It was ed by Horace Greeley as a Whig Party newspaper in April 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper was called the ***New-York Daily Tribune.*** Greeley, through the Tribune, supported the beginnings of Republican Party. In 1860 the *Tribune* supported Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States and during the Civil War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* New York NY Tribune. Pdf copies of all issues 1841–1924
Gerzensee

**Gerzensee** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The town is named after its lake: Gerzensee.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Gerzensee
Realp

**Realp** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

## References
## Other websites
* Official Webpage
2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

The **2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A** (known as the **Brasileirão Petrobras 2012** for sponsorship reasons) was the 56th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Corinthians come in as the defending champions having won the title in the 2011 season. On 11 November 2012, Fluminense won the title for the fourth time.

## Teams 
### Stadiums and locations 
## Statistics 
### Top goalscorers 
Source: globoesporte.com

### Hat-tricks
Golaten

**Golaten** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.

## References 
## Other websites
Gondiswil

**Gondiswil** (Dialect: *Gumiswil*) is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Gallery

File:2012-03-01-Supra Argovio (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 031.JPG|Protestant church, municipality and Post Office of Gondiswil
File:2012-03-01-Supra Argovio (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 045.JPG|Gondiswil

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Gondiswil
Central Italy

**Central Italy** ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

## Geography
Central Italy borders to the northwest with Liguria (Northwest Italy); to the northeast with San Marino and Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy); to the south with Abruzzo, Molise and Campania (South Italy).

The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy. The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is  high. The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers. The largest lakes are Trasimeno, Bolsena and Bracciano.

## Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985  comuniː

As geographical region, however, Central Italy also includes the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are usually part of Southern Italy for historical reasonsː both were part of the southern Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The *comuni* with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

## Related pages
* NUTS level 1:
** Northwest Italy
** Northeast Italy
** **Central Italy**
** South Italy
** Insular Italy
* Northern Italy
* Southern Italy

## References
LDU Quito

**Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito** (also called **Liga de Quito** or just **Liga**) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador. The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930. LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 12 national titles, and 5 international titles. They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well.

## Honours 
;Regional
* **Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3):** 1932, 1952, 1953
* **Campeonato Professional Interandino (6):** 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967
;National
* **Serie A (10):** 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010
* **Serie B (2):** 1974 E1, 2001
;International
* **Copa Libertadores (1)**: 2008
* **Copa Sudamericana (1)**: 2009
* **Recopa Sudamericana (2)**: 2009, 2010

## References
Jo Cox

]]
**Helen Joanne** "**Jo**" **Cox** (née **Leadbeater**; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her assassination in June 2016. She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election. She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam.

## Assassination
On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents. Cox was left in critical condition and she died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41. A 52-year-old man was arrested after the attack.

## References
Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen

'''Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen''' (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist and botanist. His works were about the tropics and tropical Africa. His career lasted over 50 years. He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae. As of 2008, he had written some 655 scientific publications.

## References
## Other websites
* Articles by A. C. van Bruggen  at Naturalis Digital Repository
Gil Bartosh

**Gilbert C. Bartosh, Sr.** (May 21, 1930 – June 4, 2016) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head football coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1974 to 1975, with a record of 6–28.

He was born in Granger, Texas. He died in Liberty Hill, Texas, aged 86.

## References
Villefranche-d'Albigeois

'''Villefranche-d'Albigeois''' is a commune in the Tarn department of France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Tarn department

## References
*INSEE

## Other websites
*
Sulabha Deshpande

**Sulabha** (or **Sulbha**) **Deshpande** (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director. She was known for her roles in *Bhumika* (1977),  *Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan* (1978) and *Gaman* (1978).

Deshpande died on 4 June 2016 from a long-illness in Mumbai at the age of 78 or 79.

## References
## Other websites
* Awishkar website 
* 
* Sulabha Deshpande at Bollywood Hungama
Villefranche

**Villefranche** may refer to:

;Places in France
* Villefranche, Gers, Gers department
* Villefranche, Yonne, Yonne department
* Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Tarn department
* Villefranche-d'Allier, Allier department
* Villefranche-de-Conflent, Pyrénées-Orientales department
* Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Haute-Garonne department
* Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Dordogne department
* Villefranche-de-Panat, Aveyron department
* Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron department
* Villefranche-du-Périgord, Dordogne department
* Villefranche-du-Queyran, Lot-et-Garonne department
* Villefranche-le-Château, Drôme department
* Villefranche-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher department
* Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes department
* Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône department
* Villefranche, former municipality, now part of Saulmory-Villefranche, Meuse department
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama

**Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama**  also known as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a Brazilian professional sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighborhood of São Cristovão. Although it competes in a number of different sports, Vasco is mostly known for its football team**.**

## League title
*Série B : 1
**2009

## References
Lois Duncan

**Lois Duncan Steinmetz** (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as **Lois Duncan**, was an American writer of children's books. She was best known for young-adult novels of suspense. She wrote two early novels under the pen name **Lois Kerry**.

Duncan won the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution in writing for teens.

On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at home in South Sarasota, Florida from complications of a stroke.

## References
Iron ore

.]]

**Iron ores** are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be got.  

Ores with high quantities of hematite or magnetite (more than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore". They can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces.

Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements. It makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust. It is the second most abundant and widely distributed metal (Aluminium is the most common). People have used it for more than 3,000 years. However, its use only became widespread in the 14th century, when smelting furnaces (the forerunner of blast furnaces) began to replace forges.

Iron is made in the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae. It was picked up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. All higher elements on Earth have this origin.

Iron is abundant on the ancient continents, but not so on island chains formed by volcanoes (Japan, Hawaii). That reflects the difference between the continental crust (which has many rare and common elements), and the island chains formed by volcanism (oceanic islands). They have basalt, and very little else. Islands which were once part of a supercontinent usually carry heavy element ore. The classic example is the British Isles, which are a snapped-off part of the large ancient continent, the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Larussia). Consequently, the British Isles has a very wide range of metallic ores, whereas Hawaii and the Japanese archopelago do not.

The main source of ore for the steel used in modern Japan comes from Western Australia.

## Iron ores 
The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. 

*magnetite (, 72.4% Fe)
*hematite (, 69.9% Fe)
*goethite (, 62.9% Fe) 
*limonite ()  
*siderite (, 48.2% Fe)

## References
Beijing Guoan F.C.

**Beijing Guoan F.C.** (Chinese: 北京国安; Pinyin: ''Běijīng Guó'ān'') is a Chinese professional association football club based in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Beijing Guoan also plays in the Workers' Stadium (which has a capacity of 66,161 people).

The club was formed professionally on 29 December 1992 as the Beijing Football Club, and they have won many titles since.

## Honours 
All-time honours list including semi-professional Beijing period.
* **Chinese Super League**
:**Winners**: 2009
:*Runners Up* (2): 2011, 2014
* **Chinese Jia-A League**
:Winners (5): 1957, 1958, 1973, 1982, 1984

* **Chinese FA Cup**
:Winners (4): 1985, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2018

* **Chinese FA Super Cup**
:Winners (2): 1997, 2003

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Stats on Sohu  
* Stats on Sina 
* Beijing Guoan Youth Football Development 

## References
Antti Hyry

**Antti Kalevi Hyry** (20 October 1931 &ndash; 4 June 2016) was a Finnish writer. He won the Eino Leino Prize in 2005. For his 2009 book *Uuni* (*Oven*), Hyry won the Finlandia Prize, Finland's premier prize for literature.

Hyry was born in Kuivaniemi. He is married to Maija Hyry. He died in Espoo, aged 84.

## References
Chinese Super League

The **Chinese Football Association Super League** (Chinese: *中国足球协会超级联赛*; Pinyin: *Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài*; usually called **Chinese Super League** (*中超联赛*) or **CSL**; and known as **Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League** for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China. It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association.

The league was created in 2004 and replaced the *Chinese Football Association Jia-A League*.

Currently, 16 teams play in the league. The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande.

## 2016 clubs 
## History 
In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league. People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000. In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004.

## Results and statistics 
### Champions 
The following table shows who won the league and when.

### Top scorers 
## Other websites 
* Official site of the Chinese Super League  
* Official site of the Chinese Football Association 
* RSSSF.com - China - List of Champions
* English site about the CSL

## References
Queen Ratna of Nepal

**Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah** (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges.

She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.

## References
## Other websites
*Royal Court of Nepal
Shandong Taishan F.C.

**Shandong Luneng Taishan Football Club** (Chinese: 山东鲁能泰山;Traditional Chinese: 山東魯能泰山; Pinyin: *Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān*) is a Chinese professional association football club based in Jinan, Shandong, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Shandong Luneng Taishan also plays in the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium (which has a seating capacity of 56,808 people).

The club was formed professionally on 2 December 1993 and was previously called the Shandong Provincial team. The club has since won many domestic titles.

## Honours 
***Chinese Super League**(2004- ):
** **Winners (3)**: 2006, 2008, 2010
** *Runners Up*: 2004,2013
** *Third Place*: 2005,2007,2015
***Chinese Jia-A League** (1994-2003) 
** **Winners:** 1999

### Cup
***Chinese FA Cup Winners:** 
** **Winners (5):** 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2014
***Chinese Super League Cup**
** **Winners (1):** 2004
***Chinese FA Super Cup**
** **Winners (1):** 2015

## Other websites 
* Official Site  

## References
2015 Chinese Super League

The **2015 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League** (Chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th Chinese Super League season and was won by Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao.

## Clubs 
## Table 
Below shows the results of the tournament.

## Statistics 
### Top scorers
## References
Grafenried, Switzerland

**Grafenried** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Grafenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

## Other websites
Spiringen

**Spiringen** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Grandval, Switzerland

**Grandval** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
Alvaschein

**Alvaschein** () is a former municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Alvaschein, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls, Mon, Stierva, Surava and Tiefencastel merged into the new municipality of Albula/Alvra.

## Other websites
* Official Website
Andeer

**Andeer** () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Clugin and Pignia merged into the municipality of Andeer.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Grossaffoltern

**Grossaffoltern** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Villages
Ammerzwil, Kaltenbrunnen, Kosthofen, Ottiswil, Suberg, Vorimholz and Weingarten.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Cyrus K. Holliday

**Cyrus Kurtz Holliday** (April 3, 1826 &ndash; March 29, 1900) was a prominent Kansas businessman who was part of the free-state movement during the period called Bleeding Kansas. Holliday was one of the s of the city of Topeka, Kansas and was its first president. He was also the founder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He served in the Kansas Senate. Holliday was president of the Merchants National Bank and also the Excelsior Coke and Gas Company, both of Topeka.

## Early career 
Holliday was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania on April 3, 1826. His parents were David and Mary (Kennedy) Holliday. Holliday made a considerable profit of $20,000 in a short-line  in Pennsylvania.

## Career in Kansas 
### Political 
In 1854, when Kansas Territory was opened up for settlement, he became one of the first settlers. Believing Kansas would become a free state, he and several business associates decided to establish the town of Topeka as the capital of the new state of Kansas. He helped found the Kansas Republican Party. The line was completed through Kansas by December 1872. By 1880, the line was completed to Santa Fe. The railroad experienced hardships in 1893 and almost had to declare bankruptcy. Holliday was able to refinance and reorganize the railroad. He remained president of AT&SF until his death on March 31, 1900.

### Military 
In 1855, he supervised a regiment of Free-Staters in the Wakarusa War during the violent period known as Bleeding Kansas. For this he was given the   of colonel which he used for the rest of his life. During the Civil War he served as the adjutant general of Kansas.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Cyrus K. Holliday diary
* The Iconic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
* Cyrus K. Holliday Papers, 1854-1934; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas
Grosshöchstetten

**Grosshöchstetten** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.

## References 
## Other websites
Hotel for Dogs

***Hotel for Dogs*** (1971) is a children's novel by Lois Duncan. It was made into a movie of the same name by DreamWorks Pictures. When the book was originally released in 1971, Andi's name was Liz, and Friday's name was Sadie. The book was re-released December 1, 2008, to promote the movie with the names changed.

Two sequels were released: *News for Dogs* in 2009 and *Movie for Dogs* in 2010.
Endothermic reaction

An **endothermic reaction** is a chemical reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings. The opposite of an endothermic reaction is an exothermic reaction. Reversible reactions are where the products can react to remake the original reactants. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy: the reaction absorbs heat. The temperature decrease can sometimes be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of endothermic reactions are:

* Photosynthesis
* Reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate
* Dissolving ammonium chloride in water
* Thermal decomposition
Banana split

A **banana split** is a type of dessert. It is made with ice cream, sliced bananas, and usually toppings. The toppings often include flavored sauces, whipped cream, nuts, and most notably a cherry on top of the dessert.

One banana split has 893 calories.

## History
There are a few different stories about the first banana split. People in Chicago, Illinois; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Wilmington, Ohio say that the first banana split was made in their city. However, most people say that David "Doc" Strickler made the first banana split in the city of Latrobe, Pennsylvania in 1904. He sold the first banana splits for ten cents. Many students at St. Vincent College, a school in Latrobe, liked the banana splits and told their friends in other cities about them. After a few years, the banana split was popular in many cities in the United States. 

## References 
## Other websites
Hawthorn Football Club

in an AFL match]]
**Hawthorn Football Club**, known as the "Hawks", is a team in the Australian Football League. They won four premierships in 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Their home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The coach Alastair Clarkson, is a former student at Ballarat and Clarendon College.

## Club song

''We're a happy team at Hawthorn*
*We're the Mighty Fighting Hawks.*
*We love our club and we play to win,*
*Riding the bumps with a grin at Hawthorn.*
*Come what may, you'll find us striving*
*Team work is the thing that talks,*
*One for all and all for one*
*Is the way we play at Hawthorn.*
*We are the Mighty Fighting Hawks.''
This Is What You Came For

"**This Is What You Came For**" is a song written and produced by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris.  It features Rihanna.  The song was released on May 1, 2016, via digital outlets.  The song has reached number one in Canada and Australia, number two in the United Kingdom, and the top five in the United States.  In the U.S., "This Is What You Came For" entered the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart at number nine.  It later reached number three there and was certified triple-Platinum by the RIAA.  The song is Rihanna's 28th top-ten song in the U.S.  The song reached number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 of 2016 in the US.

Harris' ex-girlfriend, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, co-wrote the song under the name Nils Sjöberg.  BMI, which publishes a list of songwriting credits, changed the name to Swift's real name.

## Music video 
The music video for the song was released at midnight (Eastern daylight time) on June 17, 2016.  It shows Rihanna wearing a black ponytail and a large gray sweater. She dances inside of a white cube with changing backgrounds.  The scenes of fields are similar to those that are in the music video for "We Found Love", which is also a collaboration between Rihanna and Harris.  Some critics viewed the changing colors and cube background to be similar to the music video for Canadian rapper Drake's 2015 single "Hotline Bling".

The music video won the award for Best Male Video at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2016.

## References
Silenen

**Silenen** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

## Villages
Amsteg, Bristen, Dägerlohn, Dörfli, Maderanerthal, Ried and Rusli.

## Gallery

File:Silenen.jpg|Silenen
File:Silenen-Meierturm-Burghofstatt.jpg|Meierturm Silenen

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Exothermic reaction

An **exothermic reaction** is a chemical reaction where the  reacting release energy as heat. An example of this is combustion. Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. The reaction that does the opposite (it absorbs heat) is an endothermic reaction.

The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer, and the thermal energy by a calorimeter. Some examples of exothermic reactions are: 
*burning
*respiration
*neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis
*the reaction between water and calcium oxide

## Related pages 
* Heat of combustion
Arvigo

**Arvigo** was a municipality in the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Arvigo, Braggio, Cauco and Selma merged into the new municipality of Calanca.
Ardez

**Ardez** () is a former municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Ardez, Ftan, Guarda, Sent and Tarasp merged into the municipality of Scuol.

## Other websites
* Official website of Ardez
Gündlischwand

**Gündlischwand** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
Breggia, Switzerland

**Breggia** is a new municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 25 October 2009 when the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged to form the new municipality of Breggia.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Andiast

**Andiast** was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Andiast 
*
Arosa

**Arosa** is a municipality and a ski resort in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Calfreisen, Castiel, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Arosa
Cugnasco-Gerra

**Cugnasco-Gerra** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2008, the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged into the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Cugnasco-Gerra 
* 
*
Cave of the Patriarchs

The **Cave of the Patriarchs**, also called the **Cave of Machpelah** (Hebrew: מערת המכפלה, * *, trans. "cave of the double tombs") and known by Muslims as the **Sanctuary of Abraham** or the **Ibrahimi Mosque** (, '''') is an archaeological site in Hebron, West Bank. 

The Cave of the Patriarchs is revered in all Abrahamic religions. According to religious tradition, the cave contains the graves of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebecca, Jacob, and Leah. These graves have been buried under a church built in the Byzantine Period in Palestine, which is now used as a mosque.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website (Israeli) 
* Cave of the Patriarchs
* The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch  Jewish Virtual Library
* Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos Sacred Destinations
* Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela  Hebron.org.il
* Aerial Photograph Google Maps
* 
* Bible Land Library 
* Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela
Gurbrü

**Gurbrü** () is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## History 
Gurbrü is first mentioned in 1214 as *Gurbru*. In 1901, the Bern–Neuchâtel railway built a station in the municipality.

## Demographics 
Gurbrü has a population () of .

## References
Pottawatomie massacre

The **Pottawatomie massacre** happened on the night of May 24, 1856. John Brown and a number of  Free-Staters attacked and murdered five men in a small settlement on the Pottawatomie Creek near Osawatomie, Kansas. The killings were particularly brutal. One by one, settlers were dragged from their homes and ed to death with broadswords and shot. The victims were pro-slavery, but were not slave owners themselves. 

## Background
### The Territory 
In 1854, the Missouri Compromise, which had ed the  of Slavery in the United States, was done away with by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the federal government allowed the issue of slavery to be decided by those settling the Kansas Territory. Soon, the different sides held their own elections and set up two opposing territorial governments. Along the way he got funds from other abolitionists and bought a large number of guns and swords for the fight he was sure would come. They destroyed the Browns' property and Brown's son Frederick was shot and killed. Brown escaped Kansas and fled north. It was from Mahala Doyle, whose husband and two sons Brown killed:

## Notes 
## Reference
Purification

**Purification** is the process of rendering something pure. For example, clean of foreign elements and/or pollution. It may refer to:
* List of purification methods in chemistry
* Water purification
** Organisms used in water purification
* Purification of quantum state in quantum mechanics, especially quantum information
* Purification theorem in game theory and economics, a Nash equilibrium consisting of randomly mixed strategies
* Ritual purification, the religious activity to remove uncleanliness
* Purification of the Virgin, a Christian liturgical feast
* Purification Rundown in Scientology, a procedure that supposedly rids the body of toxins
* *Purification*, a 2002 Crimson Thorn album
* Sweat lodge
The Museum of Philistine Culture

The **Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture** () is an archaeological museum in Ashdod, Israel. It explores the culture of the Philistines that lived in the area of the city. The museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Philistines culture. It was the first museum that opened in Ashdod in 1990.

Corinne Mamane was a Jewish student born in Casablanca in Morocco. She was killed in 1984 in a car accident in France during her university studies.

The museum has 3 floors. The first is an exhibition of the Philistines culture. The second is for changing exhibitions. The third floor is dedicated to the "Philistines Kitchen" by exploring the food culture of the Aegean sea.

## Gallery 

file:תצוגת הקבע עולמם של הפלשתים צילום אבישי פינקלשטיין .jpg
file:פעילות לכל המשפחה. צילום אילן ספרא.jpg

## Other websites 
* Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture
Abrahams Well International Visitors Center

The '''Abraham's Well International Visitors Center''' is an archaeological museum and convention center in Beer Sheva, Israel. It was opened in 2013 on the site of Abraham's Well. The center is near the Old city of Beer Sheva and Nahal Beer Sheva on the road to Eilat. The well was discovered in the 19th century by Edward Robinson and Henry Baker Tristram. In 1897, a Beduin sheikh built an Arabian structure above the well to take over the place. In the Ottoman Period, a Bustan was grown next to the well. According to the Jewish Bible, in the place of the well Abraham signed a peace agreement with Abimelech, the king of the Philistines.

## Gallery 

file:View of Beer-Sheva 2014 02.JPG|
file:BEER ABRAAM.jpg|

## Other websites 
https://www.facebook.com/pg/AbrahamswellBR7/about/?ref=page_internal (May appear in Hebrew only)

*Abrahams Well International Visitors Center  (Dead link as of 06 May, 2019)
Nablus

**Nablus** ( '** ,  **', Biblical *Shechem* ISO 259-3 *Škem*,  Νeapolis) is a Palestinian city in the Samaria Mountains, in a Valley between "**Mount Ebal (the mount of the blessing)** in the south and "**Mount Gerizim (the mount of the curse)**" in the north. Nablus was the first Jewish city in the world and Joseph the son of Jacob was barried in the eastern side of the city. according to the Jewish tradition the city of Nablus was the first jewish City in the world.

## the Samaritan 
a small comunity of Samaritan is living in the south of the city in a neighbourhood called: "Kiryat Luza" next to Mount Gerizim.

## Gallery 

File:Mt. Gerizim as Seen from Mt. Ebal (2837595897).jpg|Mount Ebal
File:Mt-Grizim-national-park-7920.jpg|Mount Ebal
File:קבר יוסף.JPG|Joseph's Tomb

## Other websites 
* 
* A site explaining the reasons for the devastated Palestinian economy 
* Nablus the Culture, reviving cultural life in Nablus 
* Nablus after Five Years of Conflict December 2005 report by OCHA (PDF).
* Archaeological Remains Found in Nablus
* Picture showing Nablus from east (Panorama) 
* Picture showing east region of Nablus (Panorama) – The picture taken from Askar 
* Bahjat Sabri, "Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" *An-Najah University Journal for Research - Humanities*, Volume 6 (1992)
Data corruption

.]]
**Data corruption** is errors in computer data that happens while the computer is reading, writing, storing, transmitting or processing the data. Such errors introduce unintended changes to the original data. 

If data corruption happens in a file, unexpected results will happen when accessed by the system or an application; such results may range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a Microsoft Word file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with Microsoft Word, they may get an error message. That means that person will get either a file that cannot be opened or a file with a minor loss of data.

One of the ways this can happen is if a power shortage happens while saving the document, the computer cannot power down properly and the file becomes corrupted. 

Hackers can also corrupt data, be it accidentally or on purpose.
Anton Yelchin

**Anton Viktorovich Yelchin** (; March 11, 1989 – June 19, 2016) was a Soviet-born American movie, television and voice actor.

## Early life
Yelchin was born in Leningrad, present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia, which was then the Soviet Union. His family was Jewish. His family moved to Tarzana, California as refugees. He studied at Sherman Oaks Center for Enriched Studies and at the University of Southern California.

## Career
His career began in 2000. He was in the movies *Along Came a Spider* and *Hearts in Atlantis* (both 2001). His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries *Taken* was his most famous role as a child actor. 

He later appeared on the television series *Huff* and starred in the movies *Terminator Salvation* (2009), *Charlie Bartlett* (2007), *Fright Night* (2011), *Like Crazy* (2011), *Odd Thomas* and *Only Lovers Left Alive* (both 2013). 

Yelchin was best known for portraying Pavel Chekov in the *Star Trek* reboot series, appearing in *Star Trek* (2009), *Star Trek Into Darkness* (2013) and *Star Trek Beyond* (2016).

## Death
On June 19, 2016, Yelchin was found by friends crushed between his car and the iron security gate of his Studio City, Los Angeles home. It was described as a "freak accident". He was pronounced dead at 1:00 am at the age of 27.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Esino

The **Esino** () is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It is one of the most important rivers in the region because of the size of its drainage basin.

There is another river, but smaller, in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy.

## Geography
The Esino river has a length of about  and a drainage basin with an area of .

### Course
The source of the Esino is in the sides of the *Monte Caffagio*, comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about .

The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi. The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga. It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano.

Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the *Fiumesino* near Falconara Marittima.

Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province  of Perugia (Umbria).

## Main tributaries
The main tributaries of Ensino river areː
* **Giano** (24 km long), that begins in the Fabriano *comune* and flows into the Ensino in *Borgo Tufico*, part of Fabriano
* **Sentino**, that begins in Umbria
* **Esinante**

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
Guttannen

**Guttannen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
*
Sweat lodge

The **sweat lodge** (also called **purification ceremony** or simply **sweat**) is a hut, typically dome-shaped and made with natural materials. It used by Native Americans for ceremonial steambaths and prayer. Sweat lodges were largely a reaction to the influences of European culture with its negative effects on Native Americans. 

There are several styles of structures used in different cultures. These include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, a permanent structure made of wood and earth, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with wood. Stones are typically heated and then water poured over them to create steam. In ceremonial usage, these ritual actions are accompanied by traditional prayers and songs.

Native Americans in many regions use the sweat lodge. For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites. The ancient Mesoamerican tribes of Mexico, such as the Aztec and Olmec, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as temazcal as a religious way to make up for bad things they'd done and making themselves pure.

## References
Ernesto Maceda

**Ernesto Madarang Maceda** (March 26, 1935 – June 20, 2016) was a Filipino columnist and a politician. He served as a Senator from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1987 to 1998. He served as Senate President from 1996 to 1998.

Maceda died of multiple organ failure at a hospital in Quezon City, Philippines on the night of June 20, 2016, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website of the Philippine Senate – Sen. Ernesto Maceda, PhD
Odometer

An **odometer** or **odograph** is an instrument that shows the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. It can be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The name comes from the Greek words *hodós* ("path" or "gateway") and *métron* ("measure"). It is sometimes called a **mileometer** or **milometer**.

## References
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

'''John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry** (also known as **John Brown's raid** or **The raid on Harpers Ferry''') was an effort by white abolitionist John Brown to start an  armed slave revolt in 1859. He attacked and d the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 21 men in his party,

## Background 
Brown came from a staunch Calvinist and anti-slavery family. It was called the Pottawatomie massacre and it marked the beginning of the period called Bleeding Kansas. On August 30, 1856, Brown and about 40 men fought against about 250–300 Border Ruffians at the Battle of Osawatomie. Two years later Brown and his men raided into Missouri where they killed a planter and set 11 slaves free. From there he and his followers would help runaway slaves and launch attacks on slaveholders. They cut the telegraph lines then captured the federal armory. Later in the afternoon, US Marines arrived commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Many said he accomplished more by his death than he ever did in life.

Of the US Marines at Harpers Ferry:
* Robert E. Lee left the U.S. Army in the spring of 1861. He became the commander of the Confederate Army of America.
* Jeb Stuart became the Confederate Army Chief of Cavalry.
* Israel Greene also resigned from the army and joined the Confederacy. He became a Captain in the Confederate Marines and rose to the rank of Major.
* Major Russel was the only officer who did not join the Confederacy. He was Paymaster of the United States Marine Corps and died in 1862.

## Notes 
## References
Galícia Esporte Clube

**Galícia Esporte Clube** is a Brazilian football club which plays in Salvador da Bahía, Brazil.

## Honors 
**Bahia League Championship (Campeonato Baiano)**

*Champion*: 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1968.

*Runner-up*: 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1967, 1980, 1982 and 1995.

**Bahia League Championship Second Level (Campeonato Baiano Segunda Divisão)**

*Champion*: 1985, 1988 and 2013.

*Runner-up*: 2007.

**Northeast Zone of the North-Northeast Cup (Copa Norte-Nordeste)**

*Runner-up*: 1969.

## Other websites 
* Galícia Esporte&nbsp;– Official Site
Masada

**Masada** (in Hebrew: **מצדה - metsada** means: **fortress**) is an archaeological site and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel. It is on top of an isolated rock plateau, like a mesa. The rock is on the east of the Judaean Desert, and overlooks the Dead Sea.

Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BC, and built palaces for himself on the mountain. 

According to Josephus, the Sicarii, a splinter group of the Hebrew Zealots, held out against a Roman legion here.  This was the Siege of Masada at the end of the First Jewish–Roman War. The seige ended in the mass suicide of 960 people – the rebels and their families.

The hill is 63 meters above the sea level and 450 above the dead sea level near Mount Elazar.  

## References 
## Other websites 
*Masada photos
*Masada page on Israeli National Park website
The Sweet Escape (song)

"**The Sweet Escape**" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It is from her second studio album of the same name. It was written by Stefani, Akon, and Giorgio Tuinfort. Akon was featured on the song and also produced and created the songs beat. As both Stefani and Akon wrote the song, Stefani was surprised how the song ended up as it was a doo-wop song and not a hip hop song.

## Track listings
*; UK and German CD single
# "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
# "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
*; Australian and German CD maxi single
# "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
# "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
# "Wind It Up" (Robots to Mars Remix) – 3:34
# "The Sweet Escape" (video) – 4:05
*; US 12" single
:A1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:03
:A2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version) (featuring Akon) – 4:06
:B1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Instrumental) – 4:03
:B2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Instrumental) – 4:06
:B3. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Acappella) – 3:51
*; Digital download – Konvict Remix
# "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:01

## Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of *The Sweet Escape*.

* Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
* Akon – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, vocals
* Yvan Bing – assistant engineering
* Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
* Bojan Dugic – recording
* David Emery – assistant engineering
* Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

* Mark "Exit" Goodchild – recording
* Keith Gretlein – recording
* Tony Love – guitar
* Kevin Mills – recording
* Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
* Giorgio Tuinfort – co-production, keyboards, programming, songwriting

## Charts
### Weekly charts
## References
Skirmisher

A **skirmisher** is a soldier usually sent ahead of a main body of troops to harass the enemy. Groups of skirmishers may also be placed on the flanks to prevent a surprise attack or flanking maneuver. It meant a small-scale fight between two opposing forces or a  battle involving troops in front of the main force. Skirmishers were usually infantry or cavalry soldiers who formed a skirmish line ahead or next to friendly troops.

## History 
### Colonial America 
Two conflicts that involved the American colonies and the development of skirmishers were the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War in the American colonies) and the American Revolutionary War. The main development of skirmisher tactics came from the Native American allied primarily to the English and French. Light cavalry were often used as skirmishers The tactics were based on Napoleon's heavy  on skirmishing during the Napoleonic Wars. However, massed formations were not frequently used during the Civil War.

### Plains Indian Wars 
During the Plains Indian Wars, especially after the Civil War, the US Army used companies of skirmishers ahead of the main force. The recommended distance between them was , but most commanders simply kept skirmishers within sight of one another. The skirmishers were used mainly ahead of the main force but could be used to defend the flanks or as a rearguard.

If the Indians attacked, the skirmisher company formed a defensive circle. Once the danger had passed, they returned to their original positions. Often, the entire company was not deployed as skirmishers. Some were kept in reserve to fill gaps, to get ammunition or to carry messages. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Civil War Reenactment 2011: Skirmish Of Gamble's Hotel March 5, 1865; YouTube
* Diablo 4 Man Room Clearing at Military Base Skirmish; YouTube
George Brett

**George Howard Brett** (born May 15, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia) is a retired American baseball player. He played 21 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals. He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and was inducted in 1999 with a fourth-highest voting percentage in baseball history (98.2%). Brett was a third baseman and designated hitter.

Brett won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985.

In 1994, his number (#5) was retired  by the Royals. He is one of only two Royals players to have his number retired by the team (the other is Frank White).

Brett was also notorious for putting excessive amounts of pine tar on his bats, which sometimes led to confrontations and interventions with the umpires, as there is a league rule governing the use of pine tar on the bat.

He raises money for the disease ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or better known as Lou Gehrig's Disease.

## References
Bergün/Bravuogn

**Bergün/Bravuogn** (, , , in the local Romansh dialect Brauégn) is a former municipality in the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged into the new municipality of Bergün Filisur.

## Villages
Bergün, Latsch, Preda and Stuls.

Berguen von Crap Sol igl Munts.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-06-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-24-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-28-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-34-Landschaft-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-Bahn-06-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-St Peter und Florin-06-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-St Peter und Florin-12-Fresko-Engel-2006-gje.jpg
Berguen-Bravuogn-St Peter und Florin-14-Fresko-Heilige-2006-gje.jpg

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Villa Epecuén

**Villa Epecuén** was a tourist village in Adolfo Alsina, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It was flooded in 1985, and was abandoned. Its ruins are on the eastern shore of the Laguna Epecuén, about  north of Carhué.

## Images 

Image:Epecuen3.JPG|Epecuén Ruins
Image:Epecuen2.JPG|Ruins of the Old Slaughterhouse

## References
## Other websites