open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tytonidae

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**Barn-owls** (family **Tytonidae**) are one of the two families of owls.  The other is the true owls, Strigidae. They are medium to large sized owls with large heads and heart-shaped faces. They have long, strong legs with powerful talons.

The barn owls are a wide ranging family.  They are not found in northern North America, Saharan Africa and large areas of Asia. They live in a wide range of habitats from deserts to forests, and from temperate latitudes to the tropics.

The barn-owls' main characteristic is the heart-shaped facial disc, formed by stiff feathers. The feathers help to amplify and locate the source of sounds when the bird hunts. Adaptations to the wing feathers eliminate sound caused by flying. This helps both the owl's hearing, and keeps the prey unaware of the owl. To summarise: the owl hunts mainly at dusk and night-time. Its uses sound to detect prey movement: its hearing is sensitive, and its wings are almost silent.

## Genera and species
'*Genus *Tyto'''*
* Greater sooty-owl, *T. tenebricosa*
* Lesser sooty-owl, *T. multipunctata*
* Australian masked owl, *T. novaehollandiae*
** Cave-nesting masked owl, *T. novaehollandiae troughtoni* - disputed; probably extinct (1960s)
* Golden masked owl, *T. aurantia*
* Lesser masked owl, *T. sororcula*
** Buru masked owl, *T. (sororcula) cayelii* - possibly extinct (mid-20th century?)
* Manus masked owl, *T. manusi*
* Taliabu masked owl, *T. nigrobrunnea*
* Minahassa masked owl, *T. inexspectata*
* Sulawesi owl, *T. rosenbergii*
** Peleng masked owl, *T. rosenbergii pelengensis* - probably extinct (mid-20th century)
* Common barn owl, *T. alba*
** Eastern barn Owl, *T. (alba) delicatula*
* Ashy-faced owl, *T. glaucops*
* Red owl *T. soumagnei*
* African grass owl *T. capensis*
* Australasian grass owl *T. longimembris*

*'Genus *Phodilus*'*
* Oriental bay owl *P. badius*
** Samar bay owl *P. (badius) riverae*
* Congo bay owl, *P. prigoginei* - sometimes placed in *Tyto*

**Fossil genera**. The fossil record of the barn-owls goes back to the Eocene.
* *Nocturnavis* (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) - includes *"Bubo" incertus*
* *Necrobyas* (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Late Miocene) - includes *"Bubo" arvernensis* and *Paratyto*
* *Selenornis* (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) - includes *"Asio" henrici*
* *Prosybris* (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy?  Early Miocene of France)

## References
* *Bruce* M.D. 1999. Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls). *In:* del Hoyo J.; Elliott A. & Sargatal J. (eds): *Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds*: 34-75, plates 1-3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 
**Steadman*, David William 2006. *Extinction and biogeography of tropical Pacific island birds''. University of Chicago Press. .
Carrot Top

**Scott Thompson** (born February 25, 1965), better known by his stage name **Carrot Top**, is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is known for his bright red hair, prop comedy, and self-deprecating humor.

## Other websites
* Official website
*
Jack LaLanne

**Francois Henri** "**Jack**" **LaLanne** (September 26, 1914 – January 23, 2011) was an American inventor, writer, actor, fitness and exercise instructor and expert who was known for helping people to get fit and healthy.

## Early life
LaLanne was born **Francois Henri LaLanne** in San Francisco, California on September 26, 1914. He was raised in Bakersfield, California.

## Career
LaLanne hosted his own show *The Jack LaLanne Show* and appeared in cameo appearances in some movies. LaLanne was also known for swimming in the San Francisco bay with a small fishing boat tied to a rope in his mouth.

LaLanne has a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He also received many nicknames, such as "The Godfather of Fitness" or "First Fitness Superhero." LaLanne has beat Arnold Schwarzenegger in a fitness contest in his 50s.

## Personal life
LaLanne was married to Irma Navarre from 1942 until they divorced in 1948; they had one daughter. Then he married Elaine Doyle from 1959 until his death in 2011, they had two sons and one daughter.

## Death
On January 23, 2011, LaLanne died at his home in Morro Bay, California from respiratory failure due to pneumonia. He was 96 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Jack LaLanne website
* 
*
Eileen Brennan

**Verla Eileen Regina Brennan** (née **Brennen**; September 3, 1932 – July 28, 2013) was an American television, movie and theater actress. She received an Oscar  for the movie *Private Benjamin*. She received Emmy nominations for guest starring roles on *Newhart* and *Will and Grace*.

Brennan was born in Los Angeles, California on September 3, 1932. She was married to David John Lampson from 1968 until they divorced in 1974. They had two children. Brennan died on July 28, 2013 in Burbank, California from bladder cancer, aged 80.

## References
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Derek Jameson

**Derek Jameson** (November 29, 1929 &ndash; September 12, 2012) was a British journalist, DJ, and broadcaster for several British newspapers. He is also known for his works in the *Daily Express*, the *Daily Star*, and for the *News of the World*. He was born in London, England. He was married three times and had four children. He died on September 12, 2012 in London, England from a heart attack, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
Theodoros Angelopoulos

**Theodoros "Theo" Angelopoulos** (Greek: **Θεόδωρος Αγγελόπουλος**; April 27, 1935 &ndash; January 24, 2012) was a Greek filmmaker, screenwriter, and movie producer who is known for his movie *Eternity and a Day*.

Angelopoulos was born in Athens, Greece on April 27, 1935 and studied at the University of Paris. He was married to Phoebe Economopoulou from 1980 until his death in 2012. They had three children. Angelopoulos died on January 24, 2012 in Piraeus, Greece after being hit by a motorcycle in a busy street. He was 76 years old when he died.

## References
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James Farentino

**James Farentino** (February 24, 1938 &ndash; January 24, 2012) was an American movie, voice, stage, and television actor. He was known for his role in *The Final Countdown*, *Jesus of Nazareth*, and in *Dynasty*. 

He was born in Brooklyn, New York on February 24, 1938. He was married to Elizabeth Ashley from 1962 until they divorced in 1965. He was married to Michele Lee from 1966 until they divorced in 1982. He was married to Debrah Farentino from 1985 until they divorced in 1989. He was married to Stella Farentino from 1994 until his death in 2012. He had a son, David Farentino.

Farentino died on January 24, 2012 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California, he was 73 years old.

## References
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Harry Fowler

**Henry James "Harry" Fowler**, MBE (10 December 1926 &ndash; 4 January 2012) was a British movie, stage, and television actor who has appeared in many movies during his 62-year career.

He was born in London, England on December 10, 1926. He was married to Joan Dowling from 1951 until she committed suicide in 1954. Then he was married Catherine Fowler from around 1955 until his death in 2012. Fowler died on January 4, 2012 from unknown causes in London, England, he was 85 years old.

## References
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Scarlet tiger moth

The **Scarlet Tiger Moth** (*Callimorpha dominula*, formerly *Panaxia dominula*) is a colourful dayflying moth of Europe and the near East. It belongs to the tiger moth family, Arctiidae.

The caterpillars feed mostly on comfrey (*Symphytum officinale*). The moth imago flies by day, and has both cryptic colouring on the front wings, and warning colour on the hind wings. If disturbed it jinks the front wings forward to show the red warning flash on the hind wings.

It can occur in rare colour morphs, one with yellow hindwings and body and one with extended black on hindwings. Yellow, black and red are common warning colours in insects and other animals.

The three morphs occurring in the population at the Cothill reserve in Oxfordshire have been studied for many years, including research by E.B. Ford and R.A. Fisher.

McNamara (1998) describes how amateurs can rear this species.

## References
Dabbs Greer

**Robert William "Dabbs" Greer** (April 2, 1917 – April 28, 2007) was an American movie, television, and stage actor. He was known for his role as Old Paul Edgecomb in the 1999 movie *The Green Mile*. He has also acted in Broadway plays. Greer was born on April 2, 1917 in Fairview, Missouri. He never married and had no children. He died on April 28, 2007 in Pasadena, California from renal failure and heart disease. He was 90 years old when he died.

## References
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Shel Silverstein

**Sheldon Allan "Shel" Silverstein** (September 25, 1930 &ndash; May 10, 1999) was an American writer, poet, singer-songwriter, musician, composer, cartoonist, screenwriter, and a children's author who is mostly known for his children's book *The Giving Tree*. He has won two Grammy Awards.

Although he's most known for his children's poetry, he also was good at many other things. In the 1950s, while he was serving in the U.S. armed forces, Silverstein drew cartoons for the Pacific Stars and Stripes, an American military newspaper. He started writing and drawing cartoons for Playboy magazine in 1952.

Shel Silverstein also wrote plays. It was Ursula Nordstrom, a book editor, who suggested that he should write for children.

## Career
Silverstein's first book of poetry, *Don’t Bump the Glump! and Other Fantasies*, was published in 1964. He's most well known for his books *A Light in the Attic*, *The Giving Tree*, and *Where the Sidewalk Ends*. He has been compared to other writers, like A. A. Milne, Edward Lear, and Dr. Seuss. Shel Silverstein won multiple awards for his children's poetry books. *Where the Sidewalk Ends* won the Michigan Young Readers' Award in 1981, and Silverstein also won the George C. Stone Center for Children's Books Award twice in 1984. Two books of poetry were published after Shel Silverstein's death, *Runny Babbit* and *Every Thing on It*.

## Songs 
Silverstein also had success writing songs. Some of his poetry was based on songs he had written.

"A Boy Named Sue" is a song written by Silverstein that was first made popular by Johnny Cash in 1969. That same year Silverstein also recorded it as a single on an album on RCA Records. It was produced by Chet Atkins.

## Personal life 
He was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in both Chicago and in Florida. He died in Key West, Florida on May 10, 1999 after having a heart attack. He was 68 years old.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
# "Shel Silverstein." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 19. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Biography in Context. Web. Apr. 1, 2014.
# Carlson, Ann D. "Silverstein, Shel." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web. Apr. 1, 2014.

## Other websites
* 
* Famous Poets and Poems
* Music inspired by Shel Silverstein 
* Shel Silverstein Discography
Eve Brent

**Eve Brent** (**Jean Ann Ewers**, September 11, 1929 – August 27, 2011) was a Saturn Award-winning American television, movie, and stage actress. She was known for her roles as Jane in ''Tarzan's Fight for Life* and as Elaine Connelly in the 1999 movie *The Green Mile''.

Brent was born in Houston, Texas on September 11, 1929. She was married to Micahel Ashe until his death in 2008. They had a son. Brent died on August 27, 2011 in Sun Valley, California from natural causes. She was 81 years old.

## References
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David Morse

**David Bowditch Morse** (born October 11, 1953) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for playing Brutus "Brutal" Howell in the 1999 movie *The Green Mile*.

He was born in Hamilton, Massachusetts. He has been married to Susan Wheeler Duff since 1982. They have 3 children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Naomie Harris

**Naomie Melanie Harris** (born 6 September 1976) is a British movie, stage, voice, and television actress. She is known for her role as Tia Dalma/Calypso in ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest* and in *Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End*. She was born in London on September 6, 1976 to a Jamaican mother and a Trinidadian father.  Harris played Winnie Mandela in the 2013 movie *Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom*.

She played Eve Moneypenny in the James Bond movies *Skyfall* (2012), *Spectre* (2015), and *No Time to Die'' (2021).

## References
## Other websites
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Eugene Levy

**Eugene Levy**,  (born December 17, 1946) is a Canadian movie, television, stage, voice actor, and comedian. He is known for his role in the all eight of the *American Pie* series of movies. He appeared in the 2012 movie ''Madea's Witness Protection''. He has won a Emmy Award, a Grammy Award, a Gemini Award, and a Satellite Award. He voiced Charlie, Dory's father, in the 2016 Pixar movie *Finding Dory* and Lou the Porcupine in *Over the Hedge*.

He is also known for his award-winning role as Johnny Rose in the television series ''Schitt's Creek''.

Levy was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada on December 17, 1946. and studied at McMaster University.

He has been married to Deborah Divine since 1977. They have two children (Dan and Sarah) and currently live in Los Angeles, California. In 2021, he was named honorary mayor of Pacific Palisades.

## References
## Other websites
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Sean Smith

**Sean Smith** (1978 &ndash; September 11, 2012) was an American Information Management Officer. He died during the 2012 U.S. diplomatic missions attacks in Benghazi, Libya which also killed Christopher Stevens, Glen Doherty, Tyrone S. Woods, ten Libyan police officers and injured two others. He was 34 years old at the time of his death. He was married to Heather Smith and had two children.

## References
Sargent Shriver

**Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr.** (November 9, 1915 &ndash; January 18, 2011) was an American politician who was the first director of the Peace Corps from 1961 until 1966, then he was the first director of the OEO from 1964 until 1968, and was the 21st ambassador to France from 1968 until 1970.

He was also a Vice President nominee with presidential nominee George McGovern in 1972, they lost to Richard Nixon and to Spiro Agnew. He was also an activist.

## Early life
Shriver was born in Westminster, Maryland on November 9, 1915 and was educated at Yale University and at Yale Law School. He had served in the army during World War II from 1941 through 1945 and was awarded a Purple Heart for his wounds during the war.

## Career
 at the Oval Office, 1964]]
Shriver founded many social programs and organizations, including Head Start, VISTA, Job Corps, Community Action, Upward Bound, Foster Grandparents, Legal Services, the National Clearinghouse for Legal Services (now the Shriver Center), Indian and Migrant Opportunities and Neighborhood Health Services, in addition to directing the Peace Corps. He was active in Special Olympics, founded by his wife Eunice.

Shriver was awarded the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award in 1967. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. *Pacem in terris* is Latin for 'Peace on Earth'.

Shriver served as U.S. Ambassador to France from 1968 to 1970, becoming a quasi-celebrity among the French for bringing what *Time* magazine called "a rare and welcome panache" to the normally sedate world of international diplomacy.

## Personal life
In 1953 Shriver married Eunice Kennedy (the sister of John F. Kennedy) and together they had 5 children; Robert Sargent Shriver III, Maria Shriver (the wife of Arnold Schwarzenegger), Timothy Peter Shriver, Mark Kennedy Shriver, and Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver. Shriver's wife of 56 years Eunice Kennedy Shriver died on August 11, 2009 from a stroke, two weeks later his brother-in-law Ted Kennedy died on August 25, 2009 from brain cancer.

### Health and death
In 2003 Shriver was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and has began to loose his memory and could not even name his own wife because of the disease. His daughter Maria Shriver wrote a children's book based on the disease.

On January 18, 2011 Sargent Shriver died in Bethesda, Maryland from Alzheimer's disease, he was 95 years old. He is buried next to his wife at the St. Francis Xavier Cemetery.

## References
## Other websites
*"American Idealist: The Story of Sargent Shriver" , PBS
*Ancestor David Shriver 
*FBI file on Sargent Shriver
*Life With Sargent Shriver  - slideshow by *Life*
*Sargent Shriver
*Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law
*The Shriver Center 
*Video: Sargent Shriver delivering a speech about the Peace Corps in 1965
*
Indiana State University

**Indiana State University** (ISU) is a university in the U.S. state of Indiana. It is in Terre Haute, Indiana.

ISU's sports teams, known as Sycamores, play mostly in the Missouri Valley Conference.

## References
2012 U.S. diplomatic missions attacks

On September 11, 2012, the United States embassies in Cairo, Egypt; Chennai, India; Tunis, Tunisia; Khartoum, Sudan; Sana'a, Yemen, and the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya were attacked.

## Protest and attack
On September 11, 2012, the attack was caused by protests over media excerpts from a trailer of a movie, *Innocence of Muslims*, which the protestors considered blasphemy against the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. In Egypt, a group scaled the embassy wall and tore down the American flag, replacing it with a black Islamist flag. In Libya, rocket-propelled grenades were fired at the consulate from a nearby farm. The attack killed the visiting U.S. Ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens, Glen Doherty a security officer, Sean Smith a United States Foreign Service Information Management Officer, and Tyrone S. Woods a former U.S. Navy Seal, ten Libyan police officers, and two others. The protest ended on September 27, 2012.

## Deaths
About 75 people were killed by the attack. The most notable deaths were the ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens, Sean Smith, Glen Doherty, and Tyrone Woods.
* Christopher Stevens (April 18, 1960 – September 11, 2012) was the ambassador. He died of suffocation from a smoke grenade.
* Sean Smith (1978 – September 11, 2012) was the Information Management Officer at the embassy. He also suffocated from smoke grenades.
* Glen Doherty (c. 1970 - September 11, 2012) was a security officer at the embassy. He died after the embassy caught fire.
* Tyrone Snowden Woods (January 15, 1971 &ndash; September 12, 2012) was an American Navy soldier and part of the State Department Diplomatic Security. Woods was killed while protecting diplomats.

File:Ambassador christopher stevens.jpg|Christopher Stevens
File:Sean Smith Diplomat.jpg|Sean Smith
File:Glen Anthony Doherty.jpg|Glen Doherty

## Other locations
Other locations include:

Some of these locations were burning the United States flag and the Israeli flag.

## International locations
## Related pages
* 2011 Libyan civil war
* 2011 Egyptian revolution

## References
## Other websites
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Libya" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Egypt" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Yemen" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in India" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Islam" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Sudan" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Tunisia" 
* "Official Webpage - United States embassy in Israel"
Linda Gray

**Linda Ann Gray** (born September 12, 1940) is an American television and movie actress. She is mostly well known for starring on the long running program *Dallas*. She starred in the stage of version of *Terms of Endearment*. She was born in Santa Monica, California.

## References
American Psychiatric Association

The **American Psychiatric Association** (APA) is a group of psychiatrists in the United States.  The group is responsible for writing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used to diagnose mental illnesses.  It has about 36,000 members. Its members are from USA and other countries in the world.  The APA was founded in 1844.

## References
RNA interference

**RNA interference** (**RNAi**) is a process in living cells. It adjusts (moderates) the activity of their genes. RNAi molecules are a key to gene regulation. In 2006, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm *Caenorhabditis elegans*, published in 1998.

Two types of small RNA molecules&nbsp;– microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA)&nbsp;– do the work. These small RNAs bind to normal messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and increase or decrease their activity. They can prevent a mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference defends cells against foreign nucleotide sequences&nbsp;– viruses and transposons. Also, they control development, and gene expression in general.

The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes including animals. RNAi is a valuable research tool, in cell culture and in living organisms. Synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can suppress  specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that shut down each gene to analyse cellular process or  cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology and medicine.

## Functions 
### Natural functions 
The natural functions of RNA interference are: 
#Immunity against foreign virus (and other) RNAs
#Upregulation of genes
#Downregulation of genes

### Artificial functions 
*Gene editing

## References
Deidre Hall

**Deidre Ann Hall** (born October 31, 1947 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) is an American actress and producer. She has been featured in many television soap opera shows. She played "Dr. Marlena Evans" in *Days of Our Lives* for more than 30 years.

## References
Assassination of William McKinley

in 1901]]
William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was shot on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died eight days later from gangrene caused by the wound.

## Shooting and death
On September 6, 1901, McKinley was shaking hands with the people when he was shot by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz. He died eight days later from his gunshot wounds. He was 58 years old. It was later known that Czolgosz killed the President in an attempt to advance anarchism.

Czolgosz was executed by the electric chair on October 29, 1901. McKinley's vice president, Theodore Roosevelt, became America's 26th president of the United States of America.

## References
Emerson Drive

**Emerson Drive** are a Canadian country band from Grande Prairie, Alberta. Emerson Drive have five members in the band; the current band members are Danick Dupelle, Brad Mates, Mike Melancon, David Pichette and Dale Wallace.

The band was formed in 1995 originally known under the name **12 Gauge**. The band was forced to change their name because a rap group had already owned the name. They decided to choose Emerson Drive as their name and is named for the Emerson Trail that crosses Western Alberta and joins the Alaskan Highway. They released their debut album *Open Season* in 1996. Their newest album *Decade of Drive* was released on February 8, 2011. They will release their seventh studio album in 2012. The first single, "She's My Kind of Crazy" was released on July 16, 2012.

On September 25, 2007, the bands bassist Patrick Bourque committed suicide in his Montreal, Quebec home. Bourque had quit the band in July of that year.

The band has been nominated for many awards including a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for their song "Moments" in 2008 and many Canadian Country Music Association awards.

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**Open Season* (1996)
**Until You Walk the Tracks* (1997)
**Emerson Drive* (2002)
**What If?* (2004)
**Countrified* (2006)
**Believe* (2009)

### Compilation albums
**Decade of Drive* (2011)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Assassination of James A. Garfield

(left) during the assassination, 1881]]
**The assassination of President James A. Garfield** happened in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield was shot in the back by Charles J. Guiteau at about 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States. 

Guiteau shot Garfield after being mad at him about not receiving credit for Garfield's victory in 1880 after he wrote a speech about Garfield but never made the speech. The 31st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives James G. Blaine was at Garfield's side when he was shot down.

Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881 aged 49. He was the second of four presidents to be assassinated, after Abraham Lincoln and the next president to be assassinated would be William McKinley and next John F. Kennedy. His vice president, Chester A. Arthur, became the next president after Garfield. And on June 2, 1882, Guiteau was executed by hanging, aged 40.

Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting than the other presidents who were assassinated. Lincoln and Kennedy died less than a day after being shot, and McKinley died a week later.
Ted (movie)

***Ted*** is a 2012 American comedy movie, directed, produced and co-written by Seth MacFarlane. It follows a Boston resident (Mark Wahlberg) and his teddy bear (MacFarlane), who came to life with a magical wish. A sequel titled *Ted 2* was released in 2015.

## Cast 
* Mark Wahlberg as John Bennett
* Mila Kunis as Lori Collins
* Seth MacFarlane as Ted (voice)
* Joel McHale as Rex
* Giovanni Ribisi as Donny
* Patrick Warburton as Guy
* Matt Walsh as Thomas Murphy
* Jessica Barth as Tami-Lynn McCafferty
* Aedin Mincks as Robert
* Bill Smitrovich as Frank Stevens

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Sámi languages

The **Sámi languages** are a branch of Uralic languages spoken by the Sámi people. They are spoken in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. They are Uralic languages like Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian.

They are sometimes considered dialects of the same language, but people from different dialects mostly do not understand one another. They share many things with the Baltic-Finnic languages such as Finnish, Estonian and Karelian but are not closely related to any of them. Their grammars are similar to Finnish, but their syntax has undergone influence from the Scandinavian languages.

Some linguists have a theory that the Sámi languages have come from a Proto-Sámi language, which existed c. 500 BC.

The Sámi languages include East Sámi.

## Western Sámi languages 
* Southwestern
** Southern Sami (600)
*** Åsele dialect
*** Jämtland dialect
** Ume Sami (20)
* Northwestern
** Northwestern proper
*** Pite Sami (20)
*** Lule Sami (1,000–2,000)
** Northern Sami (20,000)
*** Torne Sami
*** Finnmark Sami
*** Sea Sami

## Eastern Sámi languages 
* Mainland
** Inari Sami (300)
** Kemi Sami (extinct)
** Skolt Sami (420)
** Akkala Sami (extinct)
** Kainuu Sami (extinct)
*Peninsular
** Kildin Sami (500)
** Ter Sami (2–10)

## Related pages
*Sami literature

## References
James G. Blaine

**James Gillespie Blaine** (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative and became Speaker. He was a U.S. Senator from Maine. He was twice the U.S. Secretary of State. He was also nominated as the candidate for U.S. President for the Republican Party.

## Early life
Blaine was born on January 31, 1830 in West Brownsville, Pennsylvania. He was the third child of Ephraim Lyon Blaine and his wife, Maria Gillespie Blaine. He was educated at Washington College and later met his wife, Harriet Stanwood. They married in 1850 and had seven children.

## Career
He was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1869 to 1875. He was chosen by the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant.

Blaine served as a U.S. Senator from Maine from 1876 to 1881. Then, he served as a U.S. Representative from Maine's 3rd district from 1863 to 1876. Next, he was the 28th and 31st U.S. Secretary of State from 1881 to 1881 and then again from 1889 to 1892.

On July 2, 1881, Blaine and President James A. Garfield were walking in the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station in Washington, D.C. when Charles J. Guiteau shot Garfield in the back. Blaine resigned as Secretary of State several months later.

The Republican Party nominated Blaine for President in 1884, but the Democratic Party's candidate, Grover Cleveland, won the election.

## Death
Blaine died on January 27, 1893, just four days before what would have been his 63rd birthday, in his Washington, D.C., home from a heart attack, aged 62. He was later buried at Oak Hill Cemetery, in Washington, D.C., and was later reburied in Blaine Memorial Park, Augusta, Maine, in 1920. Blaine was a hypochondriac.

## References
## Other websites
* "James G. Blaine, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's *The Contenders*
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Christopher Stevens

**John Christopher "Chris" Stevens** (April 18, 1960 &ndash; September 12, 2012) was the tenth American ambassador to Libya from June 7, 2012 until his death on September 12, 2012.

## Early life
Stevens was born in Grass Valley, California on April 18, 1960. He studied at the University of California at Berkeley, at the University of California, at Hastings College of the Law, and at the National War College.

## Political career
 signing a condolence book for Stevens with then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, September 2012]]
Stevens joined the United States Foreign Service in 1991. His early overseas assignments included: deputy principal officer and political section chief in Jerusalem; political officer in Damascus; consular/political officer in Cairo; and consular/economic officer in Riyadh. In Washington, Stevens served as Director of the Office of Multilateral Nuclear and Security Affairs; Pearson Fellow with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; special assistant to the Under Secretary for Political Affairs; Iran desk officer; and staff assistant in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs.

### Ambassador to Libya
He had served in Libya twice previously: as the Deputy Chief of Mission (from 2007 to 2009) and as Special Representative to the National Transitional Council (from March 2011 to November 2011) during the Libyan civil war. He arrived in Tripoli in May 2012 as the U.S. Ambassador to Libya.

## Death
Stevens died on September 12, 2012 in Benghazi, Libya in the 2012 U.S. diplomatic missions attacks after he inhaled smoke from a smoke grenade. He was 52 years old.

According to the Daily Mail News Online, Ambassador Stevens had sent out a diplomatic cable expressing concerns, on the day he was killed. Stevens said that security at Benghazi was compromised. Stevens stated that two Libyan security groups were threatening to withdraw over a disagreement on U.S. Policy whether centrist politician Mahmoud Jibril would become Libya's prime minister.

Stevens is buried in his family's ancestral plot in Grass Valley, California.

## References
## Other websites
* Official bio 
* Introducing U.S. Ambassador to Libya, Chris Stevens&nbsp;– *US Embassy Tripoli* video
Michael Wallis

**Michael Wallis** (born October 7, 1945) is an American historian, writer, journalist, movie, and voice actor. He is known for his voice role as Sheriff in the animated movies *Cars* and *Cars 2*. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri on October 7, 1945. He studied at the University of Missouri. Wallis is married to Suzanne Fitzgerald-Wallis.

## References
## Other websites
* Michael Wallis Online  (official website)
*
Paul Dooley

**Paul Dooley** (born **Paul Brown**; February 22, 1928) is an American movie, television, voice actor, writer, and comedian. He is known for his voice role as Sarge in the Disney-Pixar animated movies *Cars* (2006), *Cars 2* (2011) and *Cars 3* (2017).

Dooley was born on February 22, 1928 in Parkersburg, West Virginia. Dooley married Winnie Holzman in 1984. They have a daughter, Savannah Dooley. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Okinawa (disambiguation)

**Okinawa** is one of Japan's southern prefectures.

**Okinawa** may also refer to:
* Okinawa, Okinawa, the second largest city in the prefecture
* Okinawa Island, the largest island in the prefecture
* Okinawa Islands, an island group including Okinawa Island and its neighbours
* Battle of Okinawa
Tony Shalhoub

**Anthony Marcus "Tony" Shalhoub** (born October 9, 1953) is an American movie, stage, television, and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Adrian Monk in *Monk*, Alexander Minion in the first three *Spy Kids* movies, and as Luigi in *Cars* and in *Cars 2*. Shalhoub has also appeared in plays on stage.

## Biography 
He was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin on October 9, 1953. Shalhoub is married to Brooke Adams since 1992 and they have two children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Jenifer Lewis

**Jenifer Jeanette Lewis** (born January 25, 1957) is an American movie, voice, stage, television actress and singer. She is known for her role as Flo in the Disney-Pixar movies *Cars* and *Cars 2*. Lewis was born in Kinloch, Missouri on January 25, 1957. She studied at Kinloch High School and at Webster University.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Cheech Marin

**Richard Anthony Marin** (born July 13, 1946) is an American actor and writer. He was part of the comedy duo Cheech and Chong along with fellow comedian Tommy Chong. He played Ramone in the Disney-Pixar animated movies *Cars*, *Cars 2*, and *Cars 3*.

## Early life
Marin was born **Richard Anthony Marin** on July 13, 1946 in Los Angeles, California. Marin was married to Darlene Morley from 1975 until they divorced in 1984. They had one child. He was married to Patti Heid from 1986 until they divorced. They had 2 children. He has been married to Natasha Rubin since 2009. Marin lives in Malibu, California. He is Mexican-American.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Katherine Helmond

**Katherine Marie Helmond** (July 5, 1929 &ndash; February 23, 2019) was an American film, theater and television actress and director, who portrayed Emily Dickinson on *Meeting of Minds*, as well as fictional characters, for which she was best-known, such as Jessica Tate on *Soap*, Mona Robinson on ''Who's the Boss?*, Doris Sherman on *Coach*, and Lois Whelan on *Everybody Loves Raymond* and Mrs. Lowry in *Brazil''.

Helmond was born in Galveston, Texas on July 5, 1929. She was married to George N. Martin from 1957 until they divorced in 1962. She married her second husband David Christian in 1962. She has no children.

Helmond died on February 23, 2019, from complications of Alzheimer's disease at her home in Los Angeles. aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Emily Mortimer

**Emily Kathleen Anne Mortimer** (born December 1, 1971) is a British movie, stage, television, stage actress, and comedian. She was in *30 Rock*, *Scream 3*, *Match Point*, *Lars and the Real Girl*, *Hugo*, *Cars 2*, *Shutter Island*, *Harry Brown*, *Cars 2*, *The Pink Panther*, *The Pink Panther 2*, and *The Newsroom*. She was born in London, England on December 1, 1971. She has been married to Alessandro Nivola since 2003.

## References
## Other websites
*
Peter Jacobson

**Peter J. Jacobson** (born March 24, 1965) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He played Randy Dworkin in *Law and Order*, and Dr. Taub in *House*. He also did the voice of Acer in *Cars 2*. Jacobson was born in Chicago, Illinois to Walter Jacobson. He studied at Brown University.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* uber accident attorney
*
Kristin Scott Thomas

**Dame Kristin Scott Thomas**  (born 24 May 1960) is an English actress. She was born in Redruth, Cornwall. She received international praise in the 1990s for *Four Weddings and a Funeral* and *The English Patient*. She has acted in many other movies during her career.

Her sister, Serena Scott Thomas (born 1961), is also an actress.

## Other websites 
*
Joe Mantegna

**Joseph Anthony** "**Joe**" **Mantegna** (born November 13, 1947) is an American movie, stage, television, voice actor, producer, writer, and director. He did the voice of Fat Tony in *The Simpsons*. He also played David Rossi in *Criminal Minds*. He also played Ian "The Shark" in *Airheads*. He played Grem in the Disney-Pixar animated movie *Cars 2*. He has won a Tony Award.

Mantegna was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has been married to Arlene Vrhel since 1975 and they have two children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
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Bill Kurtis

**William Horton "Bill" Kurtis** (born September 21, 1940) is an American television journalist, producer, narrator, news anchor, and historian who anchored *CBS Morning News*. He has also narrated crime shows and in movies.

Kurtis mostly spent his childhood in Chicago, Illinois. He studied his B.S. degree at the University of Kansas and his J.D. degree at Washburn University of Law. He was married to Helen Kurtis from 1966 until her death in 1977, they had two children (one who died). He is currently partners with Donna La Pietra.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dale Evans

(left), March 1989]]
**Dale Evans Rogers** (born **Lucille Wood Smith**; October 31, 1912 – February 7, 2001), best known as **Dale Evans**, was an American writer, movie actress, and singer-songwriter. She was the third wife of Roy Rogers, a singing cowboy.

Evans was born in Uvalde, Texas on October 31, 1912. She was married to Thomas Frederick Fox from 1927 until they divorced in 1929. They had a son. She was later married to August Wayne Johns from 1929 until they divorced in 1935. Her third husband was R. Dale Butts. They were married from 1937 until they divorced in 1946. Finally her last husband was Roy Rogers. They were married from 1947 until his death in 1998. They had one child and 4 adopted children.

Evans died on February 7, 2001 in Apple Valley, California from heart failure, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Walter Jacobson

**Walter David Jacobson** (born July 28, 1937) is an American, historian, and television personality. He is the anchor of WBBM-TV news at 6:00 pm. He was the anchor of WFLD news until his retirement in 2006.

Jacobson was born in Chicago, Illinois on July 28, 1937. He attended New Trier High School and Grinnell College. He got a B.A. degree. He went to Columbia University in New York to receive his J.D. degree. He was married to Lynn Straus from 1960 until they divorced in the 1970s. They had two children including actor Peter Jacobson. He was married to Diane Dybsky from 1980 until they divorced. They had two children. He has been married to Susan Jacobson since 1995. 

He currently lives in Chicago, Illinois. On June 18, 2008 Jacobson was arrested for DUI driving near his Chicago home. He pleaded guilty and received supervision. On November 2002 he slipped on a pumpkin in his house and broke several ribs. 

## References
## Other websites
* Mugshot photo
Christopher Meloni

**Christopher Peter Meloni** or **Chris Meloni** (born April 2, 1961) is an American movie, voice, and television actor. He is best known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler in *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* and as Chris Keller in *Oz*. Meloni also appeared as Colonel Hardy in the 2013 movie *Man of Steel*.

Meloni was born on April 2, 1961 in Washington, D.C.. He is of Canadian-French descent. Since 1995, he has been married to Doris Sherman Williams. They have two children. Meloni is a long-time gay rights supporter.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Christopher Meloni at Emmys.com
Andrew Koenig

**Joshua Andrew Koenig** (August 17, 1968 – February 25, 2010) was an American actor, director, activist, editor and writer.

Koenig is best known for playing Mike Seaver's best friend, Richard "Boner" Stabone on the sitcom Growing Pains. He was in 25 episodes of Growing Pains and also guest starred on episodes of 21 Jump Street, My Two Dads and My Sister Sam. Koenig starred in the 2003 fan film Batman: Dead End where he played The Joker. His father is Walter Koenig also an actor. Koenig disappeared on February 14, 2010. His parents said he showed signs of depression before he went missing. His body was found hanging from a tree in Vancouver's Stanley Park, on February 25, 2010.

## Filmography 
## References
## Other websites
*
Kevin Kline

**Kevin Delaney Kline** (born October 24, 1947) is an American stage, television, voice, and movie actor. He has won an Academy Award and two Tony Awards. Kline was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and an Emmy Award. He is known for his role as Otto West in *A Fish Called Wanda*, as both President Mitchell and Dave in *Dave*, and as both Artemus "Artie" Gordon and President Ulysses S. Grant in the 1999 movie *Wild Wild West*. He is currently the voice of Mr. Fischoeder in ''Bob's Burgers''.

## Personal life 
Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri on October 24, 1947. He has been married to Phoebe Cates since 1989. They have two children.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Lynn Redgrave

**Lynn Rachel Redgrave**, OBE (8 March 1943 &ndash; 2 May 2010) was an English actress. She has been  for many other awards including the Academy, BAFTA and Emmy awards. Redgrave starred in many movies and plays as well as working on television. She made her Broadway debut in 1967. She was the sister of actress Vanessa Redgrave and actor Corin Redgrave. She was an aunt of actresses Natasha Richardson and Joely Richardson. Redgrave died of breast cancer.

## Filmography 
* *Meet Your Animal Friends* (1983) ... Narrator (voice)

## Other websites 
*
Jeffrey DeMunn

**Jeffrey DeMunn** (born April 25, 1947) or **Jeff DeMunn** is an American stage, movie and television actor. He played Harry Terwilliger in the movie *The Green Mile*. He played Dale Horvath in the TV series *The Walking Dead*.

He was born in Buffalo, New York and studied at the Uninon College. DeMunn was married to Ann Sekjaer in 1974 until they divorced in 1995. They had two children. DeMunn has been married to Kerry Leah since 2001.

## References
Veronica Lake

**Veronica Lake** (November 14, 1922 – July 7, 1973) was an American movie actress and pin-up model. She was well liked by both audiences and critics. Lake is most notably known for her role in ''Sullivan's Travels* and for her femme fatale roles in film noir with Alan Ladd during the 1940s. These include *This Gun for Hire''. Lake had bad marriages. At the end of her career, she had problems with mental illness and alcoholism. She was born in Brooklyn. Her father was of Irish and Danish ancestry.

Paramount Pictures had Lake under contract.

## References
Cosmopolitan (magazine)

**Cosmopolitan** is an American magazine. It began publication around 1886 as a family magazine, although it later became a women's magazine around 1960. Topics include fashion, beauty, sex and health related issues.

## Sources
Seventeen (magazine)

**Seventeen** is a 20th-century American teen magazine. It was the first teenage magazine in the United States. This magazine is mostly for girls and women between age 12 to 19. It began as a publication for inspiring teen girls to be role models. This magazine was first published in September 1944.
Peter Lougheed

**Edgar Peter Lougheed**, PC, CC, AOE, QC, (July 26, 1928 &ndash; September 13, 2012) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and professional football player.

## Early life
Lougheed was born on July 26, 1928 in Calgary, Alberta. He studied at the University of Alberta and at Harvard University. 

Lougheed was married to Jeanne Rogers until his death in 2012. They had four children.

## References
Little Sandy Desert

The **Little Sandy Desert** is a desert in Western Australia. South of the Little Sandy Desert is the Great Sandy Desert and to west of it is the Gibson Desert. It is to the east of Great Northern Highway, which is south of the town Newman and about 200 kilometres north of Wiluna.

It is named because it is close and looks like the Great Sandy Desert, but it is much smaller. Both deserts are crossed by the Canning Stock Route.  

It is one of Western Australia's "Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia" (IBRA) regions.

## References
Bunny Breckinridge

**John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge** (August 6, 1903 – November 5, 1996) was an American movie and television actor and drag queen. He was best known for his role as The Ruler in Ed Wood's movie *Plan 9 from Outer Space*. That was the only movie role in his career.

He was born in Paris, France to an American family. Breckinridge was gay and talked about having a sex change operation but never had it. He died on November 5, 1996 in San Francisco, California from natural causes, aged 93. In the 1994 movie *Ed Wood* he was played by Bill Murray.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bunny's Obituary
Ed Wood

**Edward Davis "Ed" Wood, Jr.** (October 10, 1924 – December 10, 1978) was an American director, producer, screenwriter, actor, author, and editor who is known for his works in low-budget horror or fantasy movies and is also known for his works with Bela Lugosi. Wood is considered one of the worst movie directors of all time. His most famous were *Plan 9 from Outer Space, Bride of the Monster* and *Glen or Glenda*.

Wood was born in Poughkeepsie, New York on October 10, 1924. At a young age, because his mother had wanted a girl, he was forced to dress up as a girl and would have that crossdressing habit for the rest of his life.  Wood had a lifelong attraction to the feel of angora. 

Wood was married to Norma McCarty in 1956 until they divorced several months later. Then he married Kathy O'Hara in 1956. They were married until his death in 1978. Wood had an illigitimate daughter from a 1946 relationship who lived in NY. 

Wood died on December 10, 1978 in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack, aged 54. 

A 1994 movie was released based on Wood's life directed by Tim Burton. Johnny Depp played Wood in the movie.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Walter Brennan

**Walter Andrew Brennan** (July 25, 1894 &ndash; September 21, 1974) was an American movie, television, and stage actor. He was in the TV series *The Real McCoys*. He is tied with Jack Nicholson for the actor winning the most Academy Awards.

Brennan was born in Lynn, Massachusetts on July 25, 1894 and studied at Rindge Technical High School. He was married to Ruth Wells from 1920 until his death in 1974, they had three children. He died on September 21, 1974 in Oxnard, California from emphysema, aged 80.

## References
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*
*
*
George Kennedy

**George Harris Kennedy, Jr.** (February 18, 1925 – February 28, 2016) was an American movie, voice, radio, stage, and television actor. He won an Academy Award for his role as Dragline in *Cool Hand Luke*. He played Carter McKay in the *Dallas* television series, Chief Mechanic Joe Patroni in the *Airport* movie series and Captain Ed Hocken in the *Naked Gun* movie series.

Kennedy was born on February 18, 1925 in New York City. He studied at Chaminade High School and at Tarleton State University. He married Dorothy Gillooly in the 1940s. He was married to Norma Wurman from 1959, until they divorced in 1971. He remarried Wurman in 1973; they divorced again in 1978. He was married to Joan McCarthy from 1978, until her death in 2015. He had two children. He lived in Eagle, Idaho.

Kennedy died in a retirement home in Middleton, Idaho from heart disease on February 28, 2016 at the age of 91.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Gini coefficient

The **Gini coefficient** (also known as the **Gini index** or **Gini ratio**) is a measure of differences in income. It was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912.

## Definition 
The Gini coefficient is usually a number between 0 and 1 (or 0 to 100). 0  means a country where the income is equally distributed. On the other hand, 1 means that one person owns everything but the rest owns nothing. In reality, all scores are between 0.25 and 0.6 (between 25 and 60 on the 0 to 100 scale).

## Statistics 
The table below is about the *world* Gini coefficient (not by single countries).

The table below shows the income Gini coefficient of the United States from 1947 to 2009.

## References
Glen Doherty

**Glen Anthony Doherty** (July 10, 1970 - September 11, 2012) was an American writer and security officer. He died in the 2012 U.S. diplomatic missions attacks in Benghazi, Libya.

Doherty was born in Winchester, Massachusetts, and studied at Winchester High School.

## References