open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Barak Valley

The **Barak Valley** (Bengali: বরাক উপত্যকা) (also South Assam) is located in the southern region of the Indian state of Assam. The main city of the valley is Silchar. The region is named after the Barak river. The Barak valley mainly consists of three administrative districts of Assam State - namely Cachar, Karimganj, and Hailakandi. Among these three districts, Cachar and Hailakandi belonged to the erstwhile Cachar district in British-India, whereas Karimganj belonged to the Sylhet district . Karimganj was separated from Sylhet after the 1947 referendum; with the rest of Sylhet falling under East Pakistan and Karimganj under India.

Bengali and Meitei (Manipuri) are the two official languages of Barak Valley districts of Assam.

## Etymology 
The name "Barak" has derived from the Dimasa words 'Bra' & 'Kro'. **Bra** means bifurcation and **Kro** upper portion/stream. The river Barak is bifurcated near Haritikar in the Karimganj district in to Surma River and Kushiyara River. The upstream of this bifurcated river was called Brakro by the local Dimasa people. Over the years, Brakro got converted in to Barak.

## Demography 
Barak valley had a population of 4,377,612 as per as 2021 census. Hinduism have gone-down from 50% in 2011 to 47% in 2021 due to low fertility rate and large scale immigration of the community from the Valley to others parts of the region in search of jobs and livelihood. Islam is the fastest growing religion in Barak valley, As per as  2011 census, Muslims were 48.1% in the valley and in 2021 census it have gone up to 51% due to high fertility rate and lower immigration of the community to others regions/parts of the country.
Christian missionaries have active in Barak region since from the time of independence. As a result of Christian missionaries, Christianity is rapidly growing among the tribals and poor section of Muslim and Hindu society of the valley since from the past 2 decades. In 2011, Barak valley had 57.9 thousand christians but in the year of 2021, it have grown to almost 74.4 thousands approximately due to high rate of conversion from various church denomination missionaries from the valley.

## References
Lionel Jeffries

**Lionel Charles Jeffries** (June 10, 1926 &ndash; February 19, 2010) was an English actor, screenwriter, and director who is known for his roles in *Chitty Chitty Bang Bang*, *Camelot*, *The Railway Children*, *The Amazing Mr Bluden*, *First Men in the Moon*, *Two-Way Stretch*, and *The Trails of Oscar Wilde*.

## Early life and education 
Jeffries was born on June 10, 1926 in Forest Hill, London, England. He studied at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School. He was married to Eileen Mary Walsh from 1951 until his death in 2010. They had three children. 

## Death 
Jeffries died on February 19, 2010 in Poole, Dorset, England from vascular dementia, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Lionel Jeffries - Daily Telegraph obituary
* Lionel Jeffries  - Times obituary
Kiki Farrel

**Kiki Farrel** (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, May 26, 1986) is an actor from Indonesia. He began his career by being extras in a number of sitcoms, increasingly uphill career by participating in the event Supermama Selebconcert with her mother, Mama Dahlia. After following Supermama Selebconcert, she starred in the soap opera *Cinta Kirana*.

## Personal life
Kiki Farrel was rumored to have a relationship with some of the women and the last relates to Yuriska Patricia.  Kiki Farrell is saddened. The mother passed away today, Thursday, May 12 after battling colon cancer. Kiki admitted that she and her father could finally be this close again after being separated due to past events.

## Filmography
* Love
* Cinderella (Apakah Cinta Hanyalah Mimpi?)
* Cinta
* Cinta Kirana
* Cinta Intan
* Andra Cari Cinta
* Terlanjur Cinta

## References
Russ Mayberry

**Russell "Russ" B. Mayberry** (December 22, 1925 &ndash; July 27, 2012) was a Scottish-American television director who directed *Dallas*, *Matlock*, *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, *I Dream of Jeannie*, and *Kojak*.

Mayberry was born on December 22, 1925 in Glasgow, Scotland. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Northwestern University. Mayberry was married to Sandy Mayberry until his death in 2012. They had two children. Mayberry died on July 27, 2012 in Fort Collins, Colorado from an illness, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jane March

**Jane March** (born 20 March 1973) is an English actress. She was born in London to a Vietnamese-Chinese mother and Anglo-Spanish father. She has starred in many movies. These movies include *The Lover* and *Color of Night*. Both of these movies were originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA.

## References
## Other websites
*
J. Michael Riva

**John Michael Riva** (June 28, 1948 &ndash; June 7, 2012) or **J. Michael Riva** was an American production designer. He worked on *Halloween II*, *Bad Boys 2*, *Spider-Man 3*, *Iron Man 2*, *The Amazing Spider-Man*, and *Django Unchained*. His grandmother was actress Marlene Dietrich.

Riva was born on June 28, 1948 in Manhattan, New York City, New York to William Riva and Maria Sieber. He studied at Institute Le Rosey and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Wendy Riva until his death in 2012. They had four children. Riva died of a stroke in New Orleans, Louisiana while filming Django Unchained, aged 63.

## References
## Other websites
*
Christine Taylor

**Christine Joan Taylor** (born July 30, 1971 in Allentown, Pennsylvania) is an American actress and comedian. She played the character Marcia in *The Brady Bunch Movie* and *A Very Brady Sequel*. She also starred in *Party Girl*, a television program based on the 1995 comedy of the same name.

Taylor dated actor Matthew Lillard in 1995.

Taylor married actor Ben Stiller in 2000.

## References
American Forces Network

The United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service is called **American Forces Network (AFN)**.   AFN broadcasts radio and television to American soldiers, sailors, airmen, Department of Defense and other US government civilians and their families stationed outside of the U.S. and on U.S. Navy ships.  AFN broadcasts popular American radio and television programs from  U.S. networks. It is sometimes called the Armed Forces Network.  AFRTS, American Forces Network and AFN are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Defense.

## Other websites 
*American Forces Radio and Television Service 
*American Forces Network Europe 

## Books 
* Patrick Morley: '''This Is the American Forces Network': The Anglo-American Battle of the Air Waves in World War II*. Praeger Publishing (2001).
* Trent Christman: *Brass Button Broadcasters: A Lighthearted Look at Fifty Years of Military Broadcasting*. Turner Publishing (1992).
* *History of AFRTS: The first 50 years''. U.S. Government Printing Office (1993).

## References
Holly Robinson Peete

**Holly Elizabeth Robinson Peete** (born September 18, 1964) is an American actress and activist. She has acted in many television sitcoms. These include the 1992-1997  ABC sitcom ''Hangin' with Mr. Cooper''. She is also an activist on the subject of autism. Peete was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## References
Iced Earth

**Iced Earth** is an American heavy metal band from Tampa, Florida.

The band was formed under the name **Purgatory** on January 20, 1985 by guitarist Jon Schaffer. The band later changed their name to *Iced Earth*. Since the band was created, they have had many different line-up changes with over twenty musicians joining and leaving Iced Earth.

They released their debut album, *Iced Earth*, in November 1990 in Europe and in February 1991 in North America. They are currently signed to Century Media Records.

## Band members 
;Current
*Jon Schaffer - rhythm and lead guitars, backing vocals (1985–*present*)
*Brent Smedley - drums (1996–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–*present*)
*Jake Dreyer - lead guitar (2016–*present*)
*Stu Block - lead vocals (2011–*present*)
*Luke Appleton - bass guitar, backing vocals (2012–*present*)

;Former
*Richard Bateman - bass (1985-1986)
*Bill Owen - lead guitar (1985-1987)
*Greg Seymour - drums (1985-1989)
*Gene Adam - lead vocals (1985-1991)
*Dave Abell - bass (1987-1996)
*Randall Shawver - lead guitar (1988-1998)
*Mike McGill - drums (1989-1991)
*John Greely - lead vocals (1991-1992)
*Rick Secchiari - drums (1991-1992)
*Rodney Beasley - drums (1992-1995)
*Matt Barlow - lead vocals (1994-2003, 2007-2011)
*Mark Prator - drums (1995-1996, 1998)
*James MacDonough - bass (1996–2000, 2001–2004)
*Larry Tarnowski - lead guitar (1998–2003)
*Steve DiGiorgio - bass (2000–2001)
*Richard Christy - drums (2000–2004)
*Ralph Santolla - lead guitar (2003–2004)
*Tim "Ripper" Owens - lead vocals (2003–2007)
*Bobby Jarzombek - drums (2004-2006)
*Ernie Carletti - lead guitar (2006)
*James "Bo" Wallace - bass (2006-2007)
*Tim Mills - lead guitar (2006–2007)
*Dennis Hayes - bass (2007)
*Freddie Vidales - bass (2008-2012)
*Troy Seele - lead guitar (2007-2016)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Iced Earth* (1990, Europe) (1991, North America)
**Night of the Stormrider* (1991, Europe) (1992, North America)
**Burnt Offerings* (1995)
**The Dark Saga* (1996)
**Something Wicked This Way Comes* (1998)
**Horror Show* (2001)
**The Glorious Burden* (2004)
**Framing Armageddon* (2007)
**The Crucible of Man* (2008)
**Dystopia* (2011)
**Plagues of Babylon* (2014)
**Incorruptible* (2017)
**A Narrative Soundscape* (2022)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Strip Me (song)

**"Strip Me"** is a 2010 single by the English singer Natasha Bedingfield off her album, also named *Strip Me*. The song didn't do well on *Billboard Hot 100*; it peaked near 91 on the chart. This song was featured in the movie *Morning Glory*.
Sister Sledge

**Sister Sledge** is an American R&B and pop music group. It was founded in Philadelphia in 1971. They have had several hit singles. Their hits are *We are Family*, *Frankie* and ''He's the Greatest Dancer''. Their names are Kim, Kathy, Joni and Debbie. Sledge is their actual last name. The original identity of the group was "Mrs. Williams Grandchildren", though it was later changed to the current name "Sister Sledge". They were especially popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Regina Taylor

**Regina Annette Taylor** (born August 22, 1960) is an American actress and playwright. She has won several awards during  her career. These include a Golden Globe Award and NAACP Image Award.

## References
Gorgoroth

**Gorgoroth** are a Norwegian black metal band that are currently based in Bergen. 

The band was formed in 1992 by guitarist Infernus after he made a "deal with the Devil". The name of the band comes from the dead plateau of evil and darkness in the land of Mordor from J. R. R. Tolkien's 1954 fantasy novel, The Lord of the Rings. 

They released their debut album, *Pentagram*, on 12 October 1994.

## Band members 
;Current
*Infernus – guitars (1992–present)
*Tomas Asklund – drums (2007–present)
*Atterigner – vocals (2012–present)

;Former
*Goat Pervertor – drums (1992–1994)
*Hat – lead vocals (1992–1995)
*Kjettar – bass guitar (1993)
*Samoth – bass guitar (1993–1994)
*Storm – bass guitar (1995)
*Grim – drums (1995–1996)
*Ares – bass guitar (1995–1997)
*Vrolok – drums (1996–1998)
*T-Reaper – bass guitar (1998–1999)
*Gaahl – lead vocals (1998–2007)
*Sersjant – drums (1999)
*Kvitrafn – drums (2000–2004)
*Frost – drums (1994–1995, 2004–2005)
*King ov Hell – bass guitar (1999–2006, 2007)
*Pest – lead vocals (1995–1997, 2008–2012)
*Tormentor – guitars (1996–2002, 2008–2012)
*Bøddel (2007–2015; died in 2015)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Pentagram* (1994)
**Antichrist* (1996)
**Under the Sign of Hell* (1997)
**Destroyer* (1998)
**Incipit Satan* (2000)
**Twilight of the Idols* (2003)
**Ad Majorem Sathanas Gloriam* (2006)
**Quantos Possunt ad Satanitatem Trahunt* (2009)
**Under the Sign of Hell 2011* (2011)
**Instinctus Bestialis* (2015)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Peter Breck

**Joseph Peter Breck** (March 13, 1929 &ndash; February 6, 2012) was an American actor and personality who is known for his roles in *The Big Valley*, *Shock Corridor*, *Black Saddle*, *The Beatniks*, and in the *Crawling Hand*.

Breck was born on March 13, 1929 in Rochester, New York. He was raised in Houston, Texas. He studied at the University of Houston. Breck was married to Diana Breck from 1960 until his death in 2012. They had one son, Christopher. Breck died on February 6, 2012 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada from dementia, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*The Official Peter Breck website
Retinal migraine

**Retinal migraine** (also known as ophthalmic migraines, or ocular migraines) is a medical condition that affects the eyes by causing vision loss in one eye for less than 1 hour, usually for about 10–20 minutes. When these retinal migraines happen they can also cause a headache, either a *diffuse* headache which is a headache that causes pain which is spread out and hurts a person's whole head, or, a *unilateral* headache, which is a headache that causes pain on one side of a persons head either, the left side or the right side.

It is believed retinal migraines are caused by *vasospasms *of the blood vessels of the eye in the area of the *retina*. The retina is at the back of the inside of the eye. In medicine a *spasm* is a sudden constriction or tightening of muscles that is *involuntary* - a person does not control them they move on their own. Muscle spasms can happen in different muscles of the body, like when a person's leg or eye *twitches*. The twitching is caused by the spasms.

*Vaso-* means something to do with the blood vessels, so a *vasospasm* causes the muscle cells inside the walls of a blood vessel to suddenly constrict or tighten up. This causes the whole blood vessel to *constrict* which means makes the blood vessel narrower. When a blood vessel constricts it is called *vasoconstriction*.

When vasoconstriction happens less blood the normal is able to flow through the blood vessel, like the way squeezing (constricting) a garden hose makes less water come out. Vasoconstriction can happen for different reasons including because of a medical problem.

The second part of a vasospasm -*vasodilation* - occurs after the vasoconstriction. After the blood vessel constricts it *dilates* - becomes bigger. It may return to normal size or slightly larger than normal size.

The vasoconstriction and vasodilation complete one spasm. Spasms often happen many times over and over again. It is beleved that the muscle cells tigntening and loosenening may trigger the pain of a retinal migraine.

## References
Jimmy Fallon

**James Thomas Fallon** (born September 19, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, singer, musician and television host. Fallon has been the host of *The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon* since 2014. He was the host of *Late Night with Jimmy Fallon*. He was a cast member of *Saturday Night Live* and has also hosted that show. 

On April 3, 2013, NBC announced that Fallon would be the new host of *The Tonight Show*,  beginning at the end of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

## Personal life 
Fallon was born on September 19, 1974 in the Bay Ridge neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York. He was raised in Saugerties, New York. He studied at The College of Saint Rose. Fallon married Nancy Juvonen in 2007.

## References
## Other websites

*
*Food Bank For New York City public service announcement 
*NBC's Official Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Site
Barbara Werle

**Barbara May Theresa Werle** (October 6, 1928 &ndash; January 1, 2013) was an American actress who was known for her roles in *The Ed Sullivan Show*, *Krakotoa: East of Java*, *Battle of the Buldge*, and in *Charro*.

Werle was born on October 6, 1928 in Mount Vernon, New York. She studied at a Catholic High School in New York. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. Werle had one son. Werle died on January 1, 2013 in Carlsbad, California from natural causes, aged 84.

## Death
She died at age 84 on January 1, 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tony Lip

**Tony Lip** (**Frank Anthony Vallelonga**; July 30, 1930 &ndash; January 4, 2013) was an American actor who was known for his roles in *The Sopranos*, *Raging Bull*, *The Godfather*, *Goodfellas*, and in *Law & Order*.

Lip was born on July 30, 1930 in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. He was raised in The Bronx, New York. He was married to Dolores Lip until her death in 1999. They had three sons. Lip died on January 4, 2013 in Teaneck, New Jersey from an illness, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
Louis de Saint-Just

**Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just** (nicknamed the *Angel of Death*) was an important person in the French revolution and the Reign of Terror. He worked closely with Robespierre.
He was born August 25, 1767, Decize, France and died on July 28, 1794, Paris to the Guillotine. Saint-Just reputedly accepted his death with coolness and pride.

## Other websites
Samantha Mathis

**Samantha Mathis** (born on May 12, 1970, New York) is an American actress who has acted in lots of movies. In particular, she acted in *The American President*, *Broken Arrow* and *Little Women*. She also starred in some television programs.
Jean-Paul Marat

**Jean-Paul Marat** was a French doctor and journalist famous for writing about the French revolution and encouraging the Reign of Terror.

## Death
He was stabbed to death in Paris by Charlotte Corday, an act made famous in a painting by Jacques-Louis David. Corday was executed 4 days later after the assassination.
## References
## Other websites
Ayub K. Ommaya

**Ayub K. Ommaya** or **Ayub Khan Ommaya** (1930-2008) was a famous Pakistani neurosurgeon settled in the USA. He is especially well known for being the inventor of the Ommaya reservoir, which is a method to help cancer patients receive chemotherapy treatment.

Ommaya was born in Mian Channu Tehsil, British India, now Pakistan,  in 1930.  He moved to Oxford, England in 1956.  He then moved to the United States in 1961.  Later, following illness, he moved to Islamabad, Pakistan with his wife in 2005.  He died there in 2008.

## References
Ragout

s)]]

The term **ragout** refers to a main-dish stew of meat, poultry, fish or vegetables. It uses "well-seasoned meat and vegetables cooked in a thick sauce". A typical sauce to use would be roux.

## Etymology
The word is from the French *ragoût*. The term comes from the French *ragoûter*, meaning: "to revive the taste". The related word Italian *ragù* is a sauce, such as *Ragù Napoletano*. It is used to dress pasta.

## Preparation
The basic method of preparation involves slow cooking over a low heat. The main ingredients are many; ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned.

## Notes
Melissa Leo

**Melissa Leo** (born September 14, 1960 in Manhattan, New York) is an American movie and television actress. She acted in the television series *All My Children* (2011) and in the movie *Oblivion* (2013). She won the Golden Globe and the Screen Actors Guild Awards in 2011, for the movie *The Fighter* (2010).

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Immortal (band)

**Immortal** are a Norwegian black metal band that are currently based in Bergen. 

The band was formed in 1990 by vocalist Abbath Doom Occulta and former guitarist Demonaz Doom Occulta after the bands Old Funeral and Amputation disbanded and members from both of the bands joined together to make Immortal. Immortal disbanded in 2003 because of personal reasons but they reunited in 2006.

They released their debut album, *Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism*, on 1 July 1992.

## Band members 
;Current
*Abbath Doom Occulta – vocals, guitar (1989–2003, 2006–*present*), bass (1989-1998), drums (1992–1993, 1994–1995)
*Demonaz Doom Occulta – lyrics (1989–2003, 2006–*present*), guitar (1989–1997)
*Horgh – drums (1989–2003, 2006–*present*)
*Apollyon – bass (2006–*present*)

;Former
*Jörn Tonsberg – guitar (1989–1991)
*Armagedda – drums (1990–1992)
*Kolgrim (Jan Atle Åserød) – drums (1992)
*Kapten Galachtik – bass (1992–1993)
*Grim – drums (1993–1994; died 1999)
*Hellhammer – drums (1995)
*Ares – bass (1998)
*Iscariah – bass (1999–2002)
*Saroth – bass (2002–2003)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism* (1992)
**Pure Holocaust* (1993)
**Battles in the North* (1995)
**Blizzard Beasts* (1997)
**At the Heart of Winter* (1999)
**Damned in Black* (2000)
**Sons of Northern Darkness* (2002)
**All Shall Fall* (2009)
**Northern Chaos Gods* (2018)
**War Against All* (2023)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Melanie Lynskey

**Melanie Jayne Lynskey** (born 16 May 1977) is a New Zealand actress who has starred in lots of movies, including *Hello I Must be Going*, ''But I'm a Cheerleader* and *Heavenly Creatures*. She was in the sitcom *Two and a Half Men'' and in other television programs. She was born in New Plymouth.

## Other websites 
*
Ambient intelligence

**Ambient intelligence** is an idea from computer science to create an environment of machines that meaningfully interact with people. The idea is that these machines help people solve the problems they have, and that people can interact with the machines in a natural way. An example would be a camera that recognizes the owner of a house or apartment, and that is able to turn off the alarm, and unlock the door. The systems that control the camera, the alarm system and the door lock are all connected to each other. When the camera sees the person, it works with the other systems to make the person's life easier. 

## Requirements
In order for the idea to work well:
*Computer hardware should be small
*Different networks of computers and home appliances need to be connected so they can communicate with each other
*Computer networks are easy to control and program. New devices in the networks should configure themselves automatically, or their configuration should be easy to do, without the need to understand how they all work.
*The interfaces to control the devices focus on the user and are easy to use
*The system should be forgiving with errors. It should be secure and work as long as possible, even with errors

## In fiction
Ambient intelligence has also be shown in fiction. The movie *Minority Report* shows how advertising changes for each user. the book ''The Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy'' by Douglas Adams shows intelligent doors that have emotions, which they show when people use them. 

## References
Joanna Cassidy

**Joanna Cassidy** (born **Joanna Victoria Caskey**, August 2, 1945 in Haddonfield, New Jersey) is an American actress. She acted in the TV series *Six Feet Under* and *Body of Proof*. She acted in many movies. These include *Blade Runner* (1982), *Where the Heart Is* and *Who Framed Roger Rabbit?*.

## References
## Other websites
*
David Suchet

**Sir David Suchet** CBE (born 2 May 1946 in London) is an English actor. He mainly works on British television. He has been in many films over the years. He is perhaps best known for playing Hercule Poirot in the series ''Agatha Christie's Poirot''. He has made a film version of almost all of the books by Agatha Christie.

He started his career in theatre. In 1974 he joined the famous Royal Shakespeare Company. In 2002 he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire and in 2010 he was made a Commander of the same order.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Giuseppe Ungaretti

**Giuseppe Ungaretti** (; 8 February 1888 – 2 June 1970) was an Italian modernist poet, journalist, essayist, critic, academic, and recipient of the inaugural 1970 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. He was one of the most important people in 20th century Italian literature.

## Works 
*''* ("The Buried Port", 1916 and 1923)
**La guerra* ("The War", 1919 and 1947)
**Allegria di naufragi* ("The Joy of Shipwrecks", 1919)
**L'allegria* ("The Joy", 1931)
**Sentimento del tempo* ("The Feeling of Time", 1933)
**Traduzioni* ("Translations", 1936)
**Poesie disperse* ("Scattered Poems", 1945)
**Il dolore* ("The Pain", 1947)
**La terra promessa* ("The Promised Land", 1950)
**Un grido e paesaggi* ("A Shout and Landscapes", 1952)
**Il taccuino del vecchio'' ("The Old Man's Notebook", 1960)
**Vita di un uomo* ("The Life of a Man", 1969)
Internal conflict in Myanmar

The **internal conflict in Myanmar** refers to fighting between government soldiers and rebels in Myanmar, which began shortly after the country, formerly known as Burma, separated from the United Kingdom in 1948. The government of Myanmar has fought different rebel groups from different ethnic minorities. The cause of the conflict is the government's refusal to give minority groups such as the communists and the Karen people the amount of political representation that they want. Since the beginning of the fighting, hundreds of thousands of civilians in Myanmar have been killed and millions have become refugees.

## Related pages
*List of ongoing armed conflicts

## Notes
## References
Bailee Madison

**Bailee Madison** (born October 15, 1999) is an American actress. She was in the movie *Bridge to Terabithia*. Madison was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michelle Dockery

**Michelle Suzanne Dockery** (born 15 December 1981 in London) is an English television actress who began with the television program *Fingersmith* around 2005. She is strongly known for playing Lady Mary Crawley in the television drama series *Downtown Abbey*. Dockery is also a singer.
Stew

s, lentils, yellow (heirloom) and orange carrots, rosemary, and other spices]]
]]
'' (Korean tofu stew)]]

A **stew** is a dish cooked for a long time, and served in the gravy produced by the cooking. The basic materials may be any  meat and/or vegetables. It is ideal for tough meat like mutton and beef cuts which have marbling (fat) and connective tissue. Also, the tougher vegetables should be used.

It is traditional to start off with a simple sauce, such as a roux. Even simpler, flour and an Oxo stock cube can be stirred in some milk and water. It is usual for the tougher meats to start off by themselves, with vegetables added later.

Casseroles and stews are similar. Casseroles often have a topping; stews do not. Stewing is a cooking process whereby heat is applied to the bottom of the cooking vessel (typically over a fire or on a stove), whereas casserole cooking is generally baked in an oven where heat circulates all around the cooking vessel.

## History
Stews have been made since ancient times. It figures in the Roman cookbook by Apicius. Herodotus says that the Scythians (8th to 4th centuries BC) "put the flesh into an animal's paunch, mix water with it, and boil it like that over the bone fire. The bones burn very well, and the paunch easily contains all the meat once it has been stripped off. In this way an ox, or any other sacrificial beast, is ingeniously made to boil itself."

Amazonian tribes used the shells of turtles as vessels, boiling the entrails of the turtle and various other ingredients in them. Other cultures used the shells of large mollusks (clams etc.) to boil foods in. There is archaeological evidence of these practices going back 8,000 years or more.

There are recipes for lamb stews and fish stews in the Roman cookery book *Apicius*, believed to date from the 4th century AD. *Le Viandier*, one of the oldest cookbooks in French, written by the French chef known as Taillevent, has ragouts or stews of various types in it.

Hungarian goulash dates back to the 9th century Magyar shepherds of the area, before the existence of Hungary. Paprika was added in the 18th century.

The first written reference to 'Irish stew' is in Byron's "The Devil's Drive" (1814): "The Devil&nbsp;... dined on&nbsp;... a rebel or so in an Irish stew."

## Related pages 
*Casserole

## References
Pamela Sue Martin

**Pamela Sue Martin** (born January 5, 1953 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American actress. She played Nancy Drew in the television series *The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries*. She played Fallon Carrington Colby in the television series *Dynasty*. She also acted in other television series and movies.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Bonnie Franklin

**Bonnie Gail Franklin** (January 6, 1944 &ndash; March 1, 2013) was an American actress. She worked mostly on television. She starred in the situation comedy *One Day at a Time*.

Franklin's father was Russian; her mother was Romanian.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Aisha Tyler

**Aisha N. Tyler** (born September 18, 1970 in San Francisco, California) is an American actor, writer, model, comedian and television host. She attended Dartmouth College studying political science. She then began as an advertising executive before becoming a Stand-up comedian in the mid-1990s. She was a cast member for two years in *Friends*. 

## References
Francesca Capaldi

**Francesca Angelucci Capaldi** (born June 8, 2004)  is an American actress. She is best know as a child actress for her role of  *Chloe James* in the Disney Channel television series, *Dog with a Blog*.

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Philippe Bond

**Philippe Bond** (born 28 June 1979) is a Canadian comedian and radio host. He is from Quebec. Through his comedy, he shows to everyone that it is sometimes in the most innocuous situations that people find the funniest facts of everyday life.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.enspectacle.ca/artistes/philippe-bond  
*
Yilpi Adamson

**Imiyari** "**Yilpi**" **Adamson** (born 1954) is an Aboriginal artist from central Australia. She is known for her work in a range of art forms, including painting, sculpture, weaving, knitting and batik.

Yilpi was born at a place near Uluru, in the Northern Territory. Her mother was a member of the Pitjantjatjara people and her father was Yankunytjatjara. When Yilpi was still very young, her parents came to live at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission in northwest South Australia. She grew up there, and later began working at Ernabella Arts.

Batik was one of the first forms of art Yilpi learned to make at Ernabella. Several of her works were shown at an exhibition in Adelaide in 2006, and one of these was bought for the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. Later examples of her batik works were bought by the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Yilpi is also known for making woven items, such as baskets, out of *tjanpi* (desert grass). She made several objects with a women's project called the Tjanpi Desert Weavers.

Yilpi began painting much more recently. She has painted both abstract and figurative works. The abstract works are expressions of her Dreaming legends, passed down to her from her mother. Her most successful works, however, are the figurative paintings of her life as a child at Ernabella in the 1950s. Examples of Yilpi's paintings are held in the Art Gallery of South Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. The National Gallery of Australia also has a series of ceramic pots that Yilpi painted with Malpiya Davey, Alison Carroll, and other Ernabella women.

## References
Steven William

**Steven William Umboh** also known as **Stevan William** or **Stefan William** (born in California, United States, August, 11, 1993) is an American and Indonesian actor.

## Biography
### Personal life
He is the first son of the couple Clinton Avery (American-Russian) and Ellen Thelma Umboh (Indonesian), and has a younger sister named Jennifer Avery who is currently living in (Australia) with father and mother. He is also the grandson of a famous Indonesian director of his time, namely Wim Umboh.

## Filmography
### Movies 
* *Bestfriend?* (2008) 
* *Putih Abu-Abu dan Sepatu Kets* (2009)
* *Keranda Kuntilanak* (2011)
* *Bila* (2012)
* *Air Terjun Pengantin Phuket* (2013)

### Television series 
* Arti Sahabat (2010 - 2011)
* Gol-Gol Fatimah (2011)
* Aku Suka Dia (2012)
* Calon Ibu Untuk Anakku (2012)
* Yang Muda Yang Bercinta (2013)
* Akibat Pernikahan Dini (2013)
* Fortune Cookies (2013 - 2014)
* Siti Bling Bling (2014)
* Siti Bling Bling Mengejar Cinta Pertama (2014) 
* Anak Jalanan (2015)

## References
Dark Funeral

**Dark Funeral** are a Swedish black metal band from Stockholm. 

The band was formed in 1993 by guitarist Lord Ahriman and former guitarist Blackmoon. They released their debut album, *The Secrets of the Black Arts*, on 28 January 1996. Some past and present members of the band have an affinity for Satanism. Lord Ahriman and Emperor Magus Caligula are both practitioners of LaVeyan Satanism.

## Band members 
;Current
*Lord Ahriman – guitar (1993–*present*)
*Chaq Mol – guitar (2003–present)
*Dominator – drums (2007–2010, 2011–*present*)
*Zornheym – bass (2011–*present*)
*Nachtgarm – vocals (2011–*present*)

;Former
*Themgoroth – vocals, bass (1993–1996)
*Blackmoon – guitar (1993–1996)
*Draugen – drums (1993–1994)
*Equimanthorn – drums (1994–1996)
*Typhos – guitar (1996–1998)
*Alzazmon – drums (1996–1998)
*Emperor Magus Caligula – vocals (1996–2001, 1996–2010)
*Gaahnfaust – drums (1998–2000)
*Matte Modin – drums (2000–2007)
*Dominion – guitar (1998–2002)
*Mikael Hedlund – bass (2001) (session)
*Lord K Philipson – bass (2001–2002) (session)
*Richard "Daemon" Cabeza – bass (2002–2005) (session)
*B-Force – bass (2005–2010)

## Discography 
### Albums
**The Secrets of the Black Arts* (1996)
**Vobiscum Satanas* (1998)
**Diabolis Interium* (2001)
**Attera Totus Sanctus* (2005)
**Angelus Exuro pro Eternus* (2009)
**Where Shadows Forever Reign* (2016)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
I (band)

**I** is a Norwegian heavy metal supergroup. It was formed in 2006  by  Abbath Doom Occulta and Armagedda of  the band Immortal and TC King of Gorgoroth and Ice Dale of the band Enslaved. Their debut album was *Between Two Worlds.*It was released on November 3, 2006 in the United Kingdom and November 14, 2006 in North America.

## Band members 
*Abbath Doom Occulta – vocals, guitar
*Ice Dale – guitar
*TC King – bass guitar
*Armagedda – drums
*Demonaz Doom Occulta - lyrics

## Discography 
### Albums
**Between Two Worlds* (2006)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Ommaya reservoir

**The Ommaya reservoir** is an invention by Dr Ayub K. Ommaya, a famous neurosurgeon.  During surgery a catheter - a thin tube - is placed into one of the ventricles of the brain.  The catheter is attached to a  right under the scalp.

The Ommaya reservoir can be used for a few different things:
* To deliver chemotherapy directly to where a brain tumor is
* To take samples of cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.  This can cut down on the number of painful spinal taps (lumbar punctures) the patient needs to have.
* To give morphine directly into the brains of patients who are dying of cancer and are in terrible pain

## References
Genco Gulan

**Genco Gülan** ( (born 13 January 1969) is a Turkish sculptor, painter and writer. He was born in Istanbul and has lived in Frankfurt and New York. Gulan is interested in integrating new technologies, classics and conceptual art with contemporary culture. His art is conceptual pop media. He layers the symbolism and brings to our attantion with colors. He's teaching at Mimar Sinan Academy and Bogazici University.

## References
## Other websites 
*The Sunday Times Malta.
*Java Museum , Cologne
Pinscreen animation

**Pinscreen animation** is a technique used for making animated movies with a device called a pinscreen. This device is a screen lit by the two vertical sides and filled with a vast number of movable pins. The pins can be pushed back and forth, casting their shadows on the screen to create images. It makes unique visual effects, but because of the carefulness the technique requires and its time-consuming side, it has been and always remains very rarely used.

## Origins
The pinscreen is a device invented in the early thirties by Alexandre Alexeïeff, a French engraver, illustrator, and filmmaker of Russian origin. Alexeïeff conceived this device to make animation movies showing the same kind of textural effects that its engravings.

## Animation technique
Each of the frames created on the pinscreen is photographed before creating the next frame. When strung together, the frames create the illusion of movement.

## Pinscreen movies and legacy
Alexeïeff and his partner Claire Parker completed, in 1933, the animated movie "Night on Bald Mountain", before making another movie in 1943, "En passant", for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). Many years later, The NFB acquired a full-sized pinscreen and in 1972, Alexeïeff and Parker were invited back to the NFB and gave several workshops on pinscreen animation to a group of filmmakers. One of the most interested Quebecer filmmaker in pinscreen animation is probably Jacques Drouin. He made several animated movies using that technique : "Trois exercices sur l'écran d'épingles d'Alexeïef" in 1974, "Mindscape" in 1976, "Nightangel" in 1986 that was co-directed with Bretislav Pojar, "Ex-child" in 1994, "A Hunting Lesson" in 2001 and "Imprints" in 2004. It's with his movie "Mindscape" that Drouin expressed his own style with the pinscreen technique for the first time, a style different from Alexeïeff's. On the technical plane, Drouin also innovated with "Nightangel", in which he colours the pinscreen images by filtering the light sources. Recently, animator and illustrator Michèle Lemieux has made "Le grand ailleurs et le petit ici" with the NFB's pinscreen.

## References
Muria people

The **Muria** are an aboriginal tribe in Chhattisgarh, India. They are a tribe of the Gondi people. The Muria live in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. They traditionally live by agriculture, hunting and fishing, working as a community. They are surrounded by Hindu culture, but they are animists. They have an omnivorous diet, and liquor plays a big role in their society. According to sociologists, the Muria tribe is a very harmonious society.

When they reach adolescence, children leave their family houses to live in a *ghotul*. A *ghotul* is like a mixed-sex dormitory where adolescents practice sexual intercourse, sometimes with a single partner and sometimes with multiple partners. Pregnancy should be avoided and they are obligated to regularly change partners, in order to avoid affection. In the *ghotul*, the minors govern themselves and it is important to maintain social and traditional order in the group. If the rules are not respected, the children will be punished. They can be expelled from the *ghotul* and this can be almost as bad as death.

In the *ghotul*, there is no bond of affection because they want to avoid too much love before the marriage. The objective of all this organisation is to avoid divorce. For the Muria, it is considered important to govern sexuality in their community, because they believe that the sexuality is the biggest problem of humans and that society will not be able to achieve equilibrium if they don't figure prominently in sexuality.

## References
## Other websites
Lucy Hale

**Karen Lucille "Lucy" Hale** (born June 14, 1989 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American actress and singer. Her movies include *Scream 4*, *Bionic Woman* and *Privileged*. She also acted in the TV series *Pretty Little Liars*. 

## References
Kimberley Walsh

**Kimberley Jane Walsh** (born 20 November 1981) is a British singer, model and actress. She was born and raised in Bradford, West Yorkshire. She is a member of pop quintet Girls Aloud. She was runner-up in the 2012 series of *Strictly Come Dancing*. In 2012 she presented a chat show called *Suck My Pop*. On 4 February 2013, Walsh released *Centre Stage*, her first solo album.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Victoria Rowell

**Victoria Rowell** (born May 10, 1960 inPortland, Maine) is an American actress and writer. She stars mostly on television programs. She played the character Drucilla in the CBS soap series *The Young and the Restless*. She also did other television programs. 

## References and notes
Ashley Benson

**Ashley Victoria Benson** (b. December 18, 1989 in Anaheim, California) is an American actress. She plays the character Abby Deveraux on the soap opera *Days of Our Lives*. She also played the character Hanna in the TV series *Pretty Little Liars*. She began her acting career with commercials. Benson is one of the stars in *Spring Breakers*.

## References
Love's Labour's Won

'''''Love's Labour's Won'''* was probably the name of a play William Shakespeare wrote before 1603. One theory is that it was a sequel to another play, possibly *Love's Labour's Lost''. Another theory is that the play survived, but with a different name. Today, no copies of the play exist.
Vertigo

*This article is about a medical condition. For an article about the movie with the same name, see Vertigo (movie).* 

**Vertigo** means a person feels as if the world around them is spinning, or that they are spinning, or the spinning is in their head. Vertigo can be caused by different medical conditions; when it happens because of a migraine it is called *migraine-associated vertigo*. It may happen before a migraine headache starts or during the headache, but vertigo is most common during the period of time between headaches. Many people who have migraines have vertigo or dizziness as the main symptom instead of a headache. You can experience vertigo when you get dizzy.

There are different ways of vertigo associated with migraines, making a person feel; from feeling lightheaded or: 
*Episodic true vertigo: 
*Positional vertigo: which happens when a person holds their head in a certain positions.
*Constant imbalance: 
*Movement associated dysequilibrium: different types of movement may cause vertigo.

## References
Malpiya Davey

**Malpiya Davey** (born 1959), also known as **Irpintiri Davey**, is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Pukatja, South Australia. She is best known for her ceramic artworks, but she also does painting, printmaking and weaving. Davey works for Ernabella Arts, the community arts co-operative in Pukatja. Ernabella Arts opened a ceramic studio in 2003, and Malpiya has since become one of its most prolific artists. She specialises in ceramic sgraffito.

Malpiya is Pitjantjatjara. Her parent's country is to the west of Pukatja between Watarru and Iltur, close to the border with Western Australia. She decorates the ceramic with glazed or painted designs. Her designs depict various traditional bush foods from her family's country, such as '** (desert raisins), **' (quandong) and '''' (wild figs). These are the subject of many of her sgraffito pieces.

Malpiya's ceramic work has been shown in several major exhibitions around Australia, including at Flinders University, Cudgegong Gallery, Strathnairn Homestead Gallery, and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory. It was also featured twice at the annual Desert Mob exhibition in Alice Springs, in 2003 and 2004. Examples are held in the permanent collections of the Grafton Regional Gallery in New South Wales, the Art Gallery of South Australia, and the National Gallery of Australia. The National Museum of Australia also contains examples of Malpiya's screen prints.

## References
## Other websites
*Malpiya Davey at *Prints and Printmaking*
Malya Teamay

**Malya Teamay** is an Aboriginal Australian artist. He is also an administrator of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, serving as a member of its Board of Management. As an artist, Teamay works for Walkatjara Art Uluṟu. This art centre is part of the Uluṟu&ndash;Kata Tjuṯa Cultural Centre located inside the national park. Examples of Teamay's paintings are held in the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the Museum of Victoria.

Teamay was born in 1947, at Curtin Springs, a cattle station in the southwest of the Northern Territory. His family was Pitjantjatjara. He grew up at Uluṟu, Areyonga and Ernabella. He worked as a stockman for most of his early life. Teamay moved to Muṯitjulu after it was established in the mid-1980s. He began painting soon after, originally as a way of telling others about the history of his people. His first painting was about the problem of petrol sniffing. He has made several different versions of this painting since.

Like most other artists from this region, Teamay also paints the '''' associated with his country. These are stories about his spiritual ancestors from the Dreamtime and their journeys across the land. Teamay's paintings focus on the Seven Sisters, and the Liru and Kuniya Dreamings. His work *Tjukurpa of Uluṟu* is pictured on the admission tickets to the park. It depicts the spiritual law associated with Uluṟu. The other subjects he commonly paints are stories from the Australian gold rush, social problems faced by his community, and the effects of destructive habits on the environment.

Malya is a very active member of the Aboriginal community and has travelled widely around Australia to speak on Anangu issues. He has also served as the chairman of the Nyangatjatjara Aboriginal Corporation, which governs employment, educational and economic opportunities for Aboriginal people in the southwestern Northern Territory.

## References
Dress code

A **dress code** is a rule about what people should, must or mustn't wear. Many times these rules are obvious: they do not need to be written. For example, when walking around a city or going to work one needs to have appropriate clothes. These can change depending on different countries and cultures. At other times a dress code can be a written rule: this can happen for important events. Some private places might also have a dress code that people need to follow to be allowed in - for example churches and nightclubs. Many organizations require a uniform.

The way a person chooses their clothes can be very important in a social environment. Different types of clothes can give an idea of how much money a person has, what religion he follows, marital status, etc.

## Western dress codes 
In the Western world, there are the following dress codes for important events. These can include, for example, State dinners (when important people of different countries meet over dinner), weddings or the Nobel Prize ceremony.
*Casual attire is a relaxed dress for more freedom. Examples of casual garments and accessories include t-shirts, shorts, jeans, baseball caps, most sunglasses
*Ceremonial dress or Court dress: this depends on the country and occasion
*Formal or White tie. Men have a black suit, a white shirt and a white bow tie. Women have a long dress; they can't wear trousers.
*Semi-formal or Black tie. It is similar to a white tie, but the suit is a bit different and the bow tie needs to be black.
*Informal or Business attire. Men have a simple business suit with a shirt of any colour and a tie. Women can wear a short dress or even a business suit if they like.
MI5

The **Security Service**, commonly known as **MI5**, is one of three British intelligence agencies. It is the security agency responsible for counter-intelligence inside the United Kingdom. It gives the government information about hostile activities inside the UK. The slang term for MI5 inside the security services is "Box 500", after its old wartime postal address. Priorities are set by the Joint Intelligence Committee. All its employees are bound by the Official Secrets Act.

The Secret Intelligence Service (or *MI6*) is responsible for intelligence collection outside the UK, and the Government Communications Headquarters is responsible for providing signals intelligence.

The arm of the law which works for MI5 is known informally as Special Branch. They have been rearranged as part of the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command. MI5 staff do not have the power of arrest: what they do is instruct Special Branch, who then do the leg-work and interrogation of suspects.
Gretchen Mol

**Gretchen Mol** (born November 8, 1972 in Connecticut) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and in television programs. She starred in *Rounders*, *Celebrity* and *Girl 6*. Gretchen began her acting career during the mid 1990s.