open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Diwali

**Diwali** (also: ***Deepawali***) is one of India's biggest festivals. The word '**Deepawali**' means rows of lighted lamps. It is a Festival of Lights, and Hindus celebrate it with joy. It marks the beginning of a new year.

Diwali is one of the most important festivals in Hinduism. It comes on Amavasya in the month of Kartik.  

Dipavali (IAST: Dīpāvalī),[a] commonly known as Diwali (/dɪˈwɑːliː/),[4] is the Hindu festival of lights, with variations celebrated in other Indian religions such as Jainism and Sikhism.[b] It symbolises the spiritual victory of Dharma over Adharma, light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance.[5][6][7][page needed][8] Diwali is celebrated during the Hindu lunisolar months of Ashvin (according to the amanta tradition) and Kārtika – between around mid-September and mid-November.[9][10][11][12][13] The celebrations generally last five or six days.[14][15]  

## Celebrations 
During this festival, people light up their houses and shops with small cup-shaped oil lamps made of baked clay. They worship the Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi for welfare and prosperity. People clean and decorate their houses before the festival. They make colorful rangoli art on floors with rice and flowers.

Deepawali is celebrated in India and is a public holiday there. Shops, school, offices and temples are thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and decorated with lights, flowers and oil lamps. Hindus believe that, on this day, Lakshmi enters houses which are neat and tidy. They leave the lights on in their homes to welcome Lakshmi with happiness. 

At night, buildings are illuminated with earthen lamps, candles and lights.  

On the day of Deepawali, people wear new clothes and exchange greetings, gifts and sweets with their loved ones. People buy sweets for their families and also send them as presents to their friends and relatives. Others prepare lots of sweets with their oil. People light diyas and burn crackers. 

The Goddess Lakshmi is also worshiped in the form of silver coins.  People offer prayers for their own health, wealth and prosperity.  

## References 
## Other websites 
Diwali Holds A Special Place In The Hearts Of Millions, Transcending Boundaries Of Region, Culture, And Religion. 
*The Ancient Origins of Diwali, India’s Biggest Holiday, Becky Little (2017)
Arthashastra

**Arthashastra** is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft. Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) is the author of this book. He is often identified with Kautilya who was the Prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya (321 BC – 297 BC), the founder of the Mauryan Empire. After many revisions and additions, the book took its present form in the 2nd century. It was rediscovered in 1905. 

The book is divided into fifteen sections. It tells about politics and administration. Different sections of the book talk about many subjects, such as: war and politics "rule with a harsh hand"

*Duties of the ruler
*Training of the princes
*Qualifications of ministers of state, home, and foreign offices
*Civil services
*Defense
*Judiciary
*Civil and criminal law
*Corporation and guilds

## References
Hanuman

**Hanuman** is one of the most popular gods of Hindus. He is also known by other names like **Hanumata**. His mother’s name was Anjana. Based on her mother’s name, Hanuman is sometimes called *Anjaneya*, that is, one born of Anjana. His father’s name was Kesari. 
He is blessed by Vayu as the god of winds. Hanuman’s image shows him as a strong man with the face of a monkey. He also has a tail it represents the morality, higher pride of being self.
Hanuman was awarded boon of Immortality by Mother Sita ( Wife of Lord Rama) and is still alive

Hanuman is a very powerful and strong god. He finds an important place in the Ramayana. He is a devotee of Rama, a form (avatar) of Lord Vishnu, a god of Hindus. Hanuman is a figure of strength, perseverance and devotion. When he was young he thought the sun a mango. One of his most famous stories is  when he helped Rama rescue Sita from Ravana which is the famous story of Diwali.

## Other websites
Badrinath

**Badrinath** is an important pilgrimage place for the Hindus. The place is in Uttarakhand state of India, and is located at a high  in the Himalayas. The Hindu scriptures say that the place is sacred to Vishnu, one of the gods of Hindus.

Badrinath gets its name from a tree's name. The name of that tree is *badri-tree* or Indian Jujube tree. The botanical name of a badri-tree is *Zizyphus jujba Lam*.

The modern Badrinath temple was established by Adi Shankaracharya in the ninth century after the old temple fell to ruin. The Badrinath area is referred to as Badarikaashram (बदरिकाश्रम) in Hindu scriptures.
The temple was renovated many times because of age or damage by avalanche. In the 17th century, the temple was renovated by the kings of Garhwal. After the great 1803 Himalayan earthquake, it was rebuilt by the King of Jaipur.
Kanchipuram

**Kanchipuram** is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus. It is about  southwest of Chennai, Tamil Nadu state, India. Kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of Ancient India. The city continues to be an important religious place. 

 – the largest temple in the city|alt=temple tower with a lake in the foreground]]
For a long time, from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the Pallava dynasty.

There are many temples in the city.
There is a Math (religious centre) of Shankaracharya in this city.

Kanchipuram silk sarees are famous
Accompaniment

An **accompaniment** in music is music that **accompanies** (goes with) something else.

A piece of music may have a melody (tune) and an accompaniment underneath.  The music may be played on the piano with the right hand playing the tune and the left hand playing the accompaniment.  The accompaniment might also be played on a different instrument.

Music does not have to be a tune with accompaniment, although it often is.  The accompaniment does not always have to be lower than the tune.  To play the piano, the pianist has to learn to play a tune in the right hand and accompaniment in the left hand, or the tune might be passed from one hand to the other.  The tune should usually be played a little louder than the accompaniment.  The accompaniment must not ‘drown’ the tune.

An accompaniment might be single notes, or chords, or any other pattern. The accompaniments help us to feel the harmony. An accompaniment might be another tune (this is called counterpoint).  Tunes can be played or sung without accompaniment.  Folk songs are traditionally sung unaccompanied.

If one instrument accompanies another, the person who plays the accompaniment is an *accompanist*.  The piano is the most popular instrument for accompanying in Western music.  A good pianist can accompany a violin, cello, oboe, trumpet, singer or choir.  They have to listen carefully to the instrument(s) they are accompanying, and play with the same kind of feeling.

When a soloist plays a concerto the orchestra are accompanying the soloist.  An organist playing a hymn is accompanying the congregation.  A percussion player in a rock band is accompanying the lead instrument.

Guitars and electric keyboards are often used for accompaniment.  In Elizabethan times the lute was popular.  People sang songs and often accompanied themselves on the lute or harp.  In the Baroque period the accompaniment was often played by the basso continuo (harpsichord or organ with cello or bassoon on the bass line).

The pianist Gerald Moore was a famous accompanist.  When he started his career in the 1920s people did not think that the accompanist was very important.  Sometimes their name would not even be printed in the programme.  A singer would expect the audience to start to clap as soon as they had sung their last note, even if the piano had several more bars to play.  This might not matter too much with some music, but in songs by Schubert, Wolf and other composers of Lieder the piano parts are very important.  Gerald Moore made people realize how important the accompanist is.  A good performance can be ruined by a bad accompaniment.
Indra

''''* (Devanagari: इन्द्र) also known as  is the supreme Vedic God. He is the god of war,  thunderstorms, sovereignty, and heaven. In the Vedas, many verses (hymns) are there in his praise. The Rigveda praises him as the most powerful and highest god. Many Hindu scriptures tell about Indra, his character and his deeds; though his character has gone through changes in post-Vedic scriptures.

Indra resides in a mythical city located above in the sky. The city’s name is Amaravati. He lives there with his wife named Shachi, and several other smaller gods and goddesses. There are many apsaras in Amaravati.

Indra was a very important god during the Vedic period. Later his importance became less as gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva became more important in Hinduism.  

Indra in current form of Hindu mythology, is similar to that of Zeus in Greek mythology. Though his importance has come down, he is still considered to be king of the gods. His status is below that of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Thus, he is has become the king of the lesser Gods.

Again, his weapon is Vajra, which is the lightning. In the Vedas, Indra is described as heroic, powerful, yet aggressive and righteous; but in post-Vedic stories, His means, at times, treacherous and he is shown as, at times, jealous, vengeful. Further, he is made to suffer his own bad deeds.

## References
* Masson-Oursel, P.; Morin, Louise (1976). "Indian Mythology." In New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, pp.&nbsp;325–359. New York: The Hamlyn Publishing Group.
*Janda, M., *Eleusis, das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien'' (1998).
*http://www.magellanexperiences.com/tirta_empul_temple.htm 

## Other websites
*Indra, the Storm-god - by Benjamin Slade
*Encyclopaedia Britannica, Indra
*Indra according to Vedic literature
Linga

A **linga** or a **lingam** is  a revered symbol in Hinduism, embodies the essence of formless Shiva. As described in ancient scriptures and texts, the Linga represents an abstract manifestation of Shiva's infinite consciousness and cosmic energy. Its cylindrical shape signifies the boundless and eternal nature of the divine, transcending physical form. Within the sanctum sanctorum of temples and in worship rituals, devotees venerate the Linga as a symbol of the unmanifest aspect of Shiva, recognizing it as a focal point for spiritual reverence and connection to the formless essence of the divine. Thus, the Shiva Linga serves as a potent reminder of the omnipresent and timeless presence of Shiva, beyond the confines of physical attributes or limitations.   It is associated with Shiva, supreme god in main gods of the Hindus. 

The Hindu scriptures say that a linga represents energy and strength.
The Hindu scriptures also say that Shiva took twelve forms as Jyotirlinga, that is, *a linga of light*. In India, there are twelve places where this form of Shiva is worshiped. The Hindu scriptures also tell about five more forms of lingas. These form of lingas represent the earth, the water, the fire, the air and the sky (or ether). There are five different places in India where Hindus worship these forms of Shiva. These places are located at the following locations:

* Kanchipuram: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the earth
* Thiruvaikaval: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the water
* Tiruvannamalai: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the fire
* Kalahasti: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the air
* Chidambaram: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the sky (or ether)

Beside above places, in almost all the towns and villages of India, Shiva’s temples are found. In all such temples, Shiv lingas are worshipped.
Also in other places in the World of Ancient history, Shiva Limgam was worshipped.

## References
Bishop's Stortford

'''Bishop's Stortford''' is a town in Hertfordshire in south-east England, with about 35,000 people living there.

## History
People have lived in the area for thousands of years but it became a permanent town by the time of the Saxons.

The Domesday Book says there were 120 people living there in the 1100s.  The Normans built a small castle there but it was unused and broken by the time of the Tudors.

The town grew as an important centre for transport.  After 1769, boats were able to use the river.  It was a stagecoach stop for travel on the road between London and Cambridge. In 1842 the town got a railway station.

In 1901 there were 7,000 people living there, and by 1951 it was 13,000.  

The town is popular for travellers to London because of the M11 motorway (an important road) and good train services to London.  Stansted Airport has also caused development.
Raven

A **raven** is a big black bird, (*Corvus corax*). It is also called the common raven or the northern raven. It is similar to a crow, but bigger. It and the thick-billed raven are the two largest birds in the crow family, and perhaps the heaviest perching birds. The raven's feathers are all black, but a crow has feathers that are white at the bottom. This cannot be seen from a distance. 

The most famous raven is in the Edgar Allan Poe story called *The Raven*.

The common raven can be . Some think it causes trouble and is a liar/trickster, and it has been regarded as a bird of evil and  character.

## References
Malnutrition

in 2011. ]]
**Malnutrition** is eating a diet which does not supply enough nutrients. There are two broad categories of malnutrition: 

* The amount of food eaten is too little to provide for all the nutrients required. This is usually called **undernourishment**. 
* Sometimes, the amount of food is enough, but the quality of the food is such that it does not provide all nutrients required for a healthy diet.  
* A third category is called dehydration; it is caused by not getting enough liquid (usually water).  

Sometimes, people need to lose weight, and eat according to a special diet. This is usually not called malnutrition.

Malnutrition  is considered a more scientific and official term than starvation which has negative associations.  Malnutrition is not, however, simply a matter of eating too little.  Someone can be malnourished if they eat an unhealthy diet.  This can be cured by eating a proper balanced diet.

Children whose daily diet contains less carbohydrate and protein do not grow well.  They do not gain weight. Their hands and legs appear as skin and bones.  They cry all the time with hunger.  They are not active and have sunken eyes.  Such children often fall sick.  Lack of a particular vitamin is another kind of malnutrition which can cause a particular deficiency disease, such as beriberi and rickets.

Malnutrition becomes a bigger problem during famine because most of the people do not get enough food, hence increasing the death rate.

## Related pages 
* Famine
* Food security
* Hunger
* Global Hunger Index
* Kwashiorkor
* Marasmus
* Starvation
Carolina parakeet

The **Carolina parakeet** (binomial name ***Conuropsis carolinensis***) is an extinct species of parrot.

It was the last parrot type to have lived before the European conquest in the eastern United States. It was found from the Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and lived in old woods along rivers. 

The last wild Carolina parakeet was killed in Okeechobee County in Florida in 1904, and the last bird kept by people died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. This was the male bird called "Incas", who died within a year of his mate "Lady Jane". It was not until 1939, however, that it was agreed that all the Carolina parakeets had died.

At some date between 1937 and 1955, three parakeets looking like this sort of bird were seen and recorded on videotape in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia. However, the American Ornithologists Union thought that they had probably recorded escaped pets. Additional sightings were recorded in Okeechobee County in Florida until the end of the 1920s.

## Reasons for extinction 
The Carolina parakeet died out for a number of reasons. To make space for more farms, large areas of forest were cut down, taking away its living space. The colorful feathers (green body, yellow head, and red around the bill) were in demand as decorations in ladies' hats, and the birds were kept as pets. Even though the birds were bred easily in captivity, little was done to make sure enough birds were bred to avoid their dying out. Finally, they were killed in large numbers because farmers thought they were pests.

Another reason that led to their extinction was that, unfortunately, they liked to return in large flocks to places where some of them had just been killed.  This led to even more being shot by hunters as they gathered about the wounded and dead members of the flock.

## References
Melanesia

**Melanesia** is a region of islands in Oceania.

It stretches from the western side of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, to the Arafura Sea, northeast of Australia. Its name was invented in 1832 and means "black islands". 

The following islands and groups of islands since the 19th century have been considered part of Melanesia:
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea (Papua New Guinea mainland and the Indonesian province of Papua)
* Maluku Islands 
* Solomon Islands
* Torres Strait Islands
* Vanuatu
* Palau Islands

Islands whose long-established inhabitants are of mixed ancestry and do not necessarily self-identify as Melanesian:
* Flores
* Nauru
* Sumba
* Timor

Some of the islands to the west of New Guinea such as Halmahera, Alor, and Pantar can also be considered part of Melanesia, although people in this area do not make use of the term.
Diaphragm

The **diaphragm** is a muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage of mammals.

When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs.
When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.
This increases the surface area of the air so that there is more oxygen that the lungs can hold.

## Other websites
*Science Aid: Lungs 

## Related pages 
* Respiratory system

## References
Labor Day

]]
**Labor Day** is a holiday in the United States and Canada on the first Monday of September. This holiday honors workers.  It is similar to the May Day holiday in other countries.  Many businesses close on Labor Day.  Many students start school the day after Labor Day. 

In some countries, it is known as International Workers' Day. It is celebrated every year on May 1 in almost 80 countries in the world. The day is celebrated on a different day, such as the first Monday of September in the United States.   

## References 
*
Martin Luther King Jr. Day

and Coretta Scott King at the Martin Luther King Jr. Day signing ceremony.]]
**Martin Luther King, Jr. Day** is a US Federal Holiday. It marks civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. It is celebrated on the third Monday in January and is one of only four United States Federal holidays to honor an individual person.

President Ronald Reagan signed a bill, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, to create a federal holiday honoring King. The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986. It is observed on the third Monday of January.

## References
Washington's Birthday

'''Presidents' Day''', originally was two separate observances, Abraham Lincoln's birthday, which was February 12, and George Washington's birthday, which was February 22. The two observances were combined in 1971 into a single observance which is held on the third Monday in February.
Columbus Day

**Columbus Day** is a holiday celebrating the day Columbus landed on San Salvador. It is celebrated in many countries. This holiday is very controversial because of the way Columbus treated the Native Americans at the time.

## Related pages
*Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day
Veterans Day

**Veterans Day** is the American holiday when people who had served in the military during war-time are remembered and thanked. It is both a federal and a state holiday. The holiday is celebrated on the same day as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other countries. These holidays are all November 11. This is the day seen as the end of World War I. The first World War ended on November 11, 1918. 

The holiday was first created as Armistice Day in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson. Thirty states made it a state holiday that year. It was made a holiday for the entire country in 1938. In June 1, 1954, the name was changed to Veterans Day. 

## Other websites 
* Official Website  United States Department of Veterans Affairs
Recycling

.]]

**Recycling** is when you recover scrap or waste  and reprocessing the material into useful products. Glass, paper, plastic, and metals such as aluminum and steel are often recycled. Dead plants dead and vegetable scraps can be recycled through composting. 

It is important not to confuse recycling with reusing, which is where old things, such as clothes, are donated or given a new use instead of being thrown out.

Recycling reduces trash in landfills and incinerators. Another reason people recycle is to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy used in making things. Most of the time, it takes less energy to recycle trash than to throw it away, *The Economist* says. Recycling can reduce your carbon footprint and it can help to minimize the whole size of landfills around the world

The 3 R's are Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.

## Plastic recycling 
Most people make about two kilograms of waste (trash) every day, and about 7% of this waste is made up of plastic  that can be recycled. Today, plastic can be recycled into products like picnic tables, park benches, and even high-chairs.

### Sort it out 
First, plastic is collected and taken to a recycling center, where it is *sorted out*. When plastic is sorted out by hand, symbols have to be printed on every recyclable plastic product used. Nowadays, machines can sort out the plastic automatically. There are different types of plastic, for example *polyethylene*, *polypropylene*, *polystyrene*, and *polyethylene terephthalate*. There are two kinds of polyethylene plastic: *high density polyethylene* (HDPE), and *low density polyethylene* (LDPE). HDPE plastic is usually used to make milk bottles and bottles for shampoo or detergents. LDPE plastic are usually things like toothpaste tubes, plastic bags, and films for packaging. Polypropylene plastic is used to make buckets, plastic boxes, and flower pots. Polyethylene terephthalate is the material from which water and soft drink bottles are made.

### Grinding  washing 
HDPE plastic is  into a small powder. LDPE plastic, which are usually thin films, need to be ground by a special machine. After that, both plastics are washed with hot water and detergent. Dirt and other things, like labels, are taken off. After the wash, the powder is dried with hot air.

Sometimes, the powder is sold. But other times, the powder is heated, colored, and then put into a *pelletizer*. The pelletizer makes the powder into little pellets, which are bought by a company that shapes the pellets into pieces of plastic "wood". This plastic wood is used to make flowerpots, trash cans, pipes, picnic tables, benches, toys, mats, and many other things.

## Related pages 
* Battery recycling
* Computer recycling
* Landfill
* Sustainable development

## References
Dili

**Dili** is the capital of the country East Timor. People from Portugal moved there around 1520. Now, Dili is home to about 150,000 people.

## Other websites 
* Discover Dili
Dysentery

**Dysentery** is a disease that involves severe bloody diarrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, which causes the intestines to swell up a lot. The  opposite of dysentry is enteritis (diarrhea with no blood). The main symptom of dysentery is having blood or mucus in the excrement. Other symptoms are high fever and abdominal pain. It is usually treated with antibiotics. The diarrhea is severe and can be a problem for the people who catch the disease.

## Related pages
*Vomiting
National Guard (United States)

The **United States National Guard** is an organization of the United States Army and the United States Air Force. Both the Army and the Air Force are branches of the United States military. The National Guard is a militia (an emergency army) for the United States. Each U.S. state has its own National Guard, usually under the control of the state's government. When needed, it is mobilized under control of the United States. 

There are two parts of the United States National Guard, which are administered by the National Guard Bureau of the United States Department of Defense. The Air National Guard is part of the United States Air Force, and the Army National Guard is part of the United States Army. 

Both groups are identified by the kinds of jobs they do. The Air National Guard is mainly for air defense, and the Army National Guard is on the ground. 

## Related pages
* United States Army Reserve
* [National Guard (United States)](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States))
Fargo, North Dakota

**Fargo** is the  is the county seat of Cass County. The city was founded in 1871, and it has a population of 125,990 as of the 2020 census. This makes it the largest city in the American state of North Dakota. It is the 216th largest city in America.

Fargo is in the eastern part of the state, near the Minnesota border. Fargo is at the intersection of two major highways, Interstate 29 and Interstate 94. Fargo has a twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota. Fargo, Moorhead, West Fargo, and Dilworth, Minnesota, are part of the Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Fargo was founded in 1871 on the Red River of the North floodplain. Fargo is very important to North Dakota. It is a cultural, retail, health care, education, and industry center in the Midwest. North Dakota State University is in the city.

## History 
Fargo is on the Red River of the North. Fargo was originally part of Lake Agassiz. When the lake drained, it formed the Red River Valley. Many Native American groups lived near this area. By the 19th century, Fargo was part of Sioux (Dakota) territory. By 1859, there were many settlements in the Red River Valley. The area that is now Fargo was a stopping point for steamboats traveling across the Red River. In 1871, Centralia was established. However, the town was soon renamed to Fargo, after William Fargo. While Fargo was being developed, two separate towns started to form: "Fargo on the Prairie" and "Fargo on the Timber". Fargo on the Prairie was a tent town. It was said to be well-lead by both Northern Pacific Railway engineers and military officers. Fargo on the Timber was known for having lots of whisky and being lawless. In 1872, federal troops shut down Fargo on the Timber, leaving only Fargo on the Prairie. In 1875, Fargo was officially incorporated.

## References
Ralph Vaughan Williams

**Ralph Vaughan Williams** (b. Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, 12 October 1872; d. London, 26 August 1958) was the most important English composer of his generation.

Vaughan Williams always pronounced his first name “Rafe” - (“Vaughan” rhymes with “born”). His father was a rector. Ralph was very young when his father died. The family moved to Dorking near London. He went to Charterhouse School and played the viola in the school orchestra. He studied at the University of Cambridge and at the Royal College of Music where Hubert Parry was his teacher.

## Early career 
Vaughan Williams wanted to be a good composer, so he went abroad to study with famous composers like Max Bruch in Berlin and Maurice Ravel in Paris. Yet he knew that he must not simply imitate these composers, so he also studied English folk song. He became good friends with the composer Gustav Holst. The two men always showed one another the music they were writing so that they could help one another by offering criticism.

In 1910 he wrote a work which became one of his best-known pieces of music: the *Fantasia on a theme of Thomas Tallis*. The piece is for a string orchestra divided into two sections. It uses a theme by the famous 16th century composer Tallis. He also wrote hymn tunes for the English Hymnal. One of his most popular hymn tunes is the one called *Sine Nomine* sung to the words “For all the saints”. Another lovely work is *The Lark Ascending*. This is a short work for solo violin and orchestra. The violin sounds like a skylark singing in the sky. In 1934 he wrote a short piece for flute, harp and string orchestra called *Fantasia on Greensleeves* which is based on the famous English Renaissance tune *Greensleeves*.

## Later works 
During his long life Vaughan Williams wrote nine symphonies, works for the stage, songs, choral music and chamber music. In 1938 he wrote a famous piece called *Serenade to Music* for 16 solo singers and orchestra. It was one of several works he wrote inspired by Shakespeare. The words were from the play *The Merchant of Venice*. It was written for the 50th anniversary of Sir Henry Wood’s career as a conductor. In 1953 he wrote music for Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation, including a very short and simple motet *O taste and see* which has remained very popular with church choirs.

In his old age he became quite deaf. This was because of the noise of gunfire he had been exposed to when he was serving as a stretcher bearer in World War I.

## His importance in English music 
Some of Vaughan Williams’s best works are those where he makes his music sound like folk song. He loved the poetry of Housman and used some of the poems in a song cycle called *On Wenlock Edge* for tenor, piano and string quartet. His music always sounds English. He was born in the 19th century which was a time when people thought English musicians were not very good. Vaughan Williams and Edward Elgar (who was a little older) made people realise that it was possible for an Englishman to write beautiful, moving music.

## References 
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980
Blur (band)

**Blur** is an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 originally under the name Seymour, the group's members are singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's first album *Leisure* (1991) contained the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. After a change in sound started by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released *Modern Life Is Rubbish* (1993), *Parklife* (1994) and *The Great Escape* (1995). As a result, the band helped the Britpop genre become popular and became popular in the UK, which was helped by a rivalry with Oasis in 1995 called "The Battle of Britpop".

## Discography
**Leisure* (1991)
**Modern Life Is Rubbish* (1993)
**Parklife* (1994)
**The Great Escape* (1995)
**Blur* (1997)
**13* (1999)
**Think Tank* (2003)
**The Magic Whip* (2015)
**The Ballad of Darren* (2023)
Paralympic Games

The **Paralympic Games** or **Paralympics**, are a major international sports event. People with physical disabilities compete in these games. They are called Paralympians. They include people with disabilities that affect movement, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy.

There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games. They are held just after the Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

## History
The Paralympics started as a small gathering of British World War II veterans in organised by Sir Ludwig Guttmann in 1948. They became one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century.

## Paralympians
Paralympians have many different kinds of disabilities, so there are several categories in which they compete.  The disabilities are in seven broad categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and  "the others". These categories are further broken down which vary from sport to sport.

Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympians. Olympians receive much more money than Paralympians. Some Paralympians have also participated in the Olympic Games.

## References
NHK

**NHK**, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan's public broadcaster, like PBS in the United States. Its name is written as  or Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai in Japanese.

## History
NHK was founded in 1926, based on the BBC radio company in the United Kingdom. They began operating TV broadcasting in 1953. The first color broadcast was in 1960.

Everyone in Japan who owns a TV is asked to pay anywhere 15,720 or 27,360 (included satellite broadcasting) 円 per year to support NHK; there is a discount for lump sum payment.

## TV Programming
NHK has lots of types of TV shows:
*Local, national, and world news.
*Emergency Reporting,  such as warning about earthquakes and tsunamis.
*Education shows for kids.
*Weather reporting for local and international locations.
*Sports, including the six national Sumo tournaments and other events.
*Drama shows.
*Documentaries.
*Kid's shows.

NHK has 500 staff members in the announcer division alone; but announcers that convey nationally important events and news are operated quite fixedly like Korean Central Television.

## Other websites 
*NHK English Site
FIFA Women's World Cup

The '''FIFA Women's World Cup''' is a football tournament for women's national teams from countries that are part of FIFA. It happens every four years, one year after the men's World Cup. The first one was in China in 1991. Teams compete for 31 spots through qualifications, and the host country gets the 32nd spot. The tournament, called the World Cup Finals, takes place in the host country over about a month. Five different countries have won the nine Women's World Cup tournaments. The United States won four times, Germany twice, and Japan, Norway, and Spain once each.

Eight countries have hosted the Women's World Cup, including China and the United States twice. Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Sweden have each hosted it once.

In 2023, Australia and New Zealand co-hosted the tournament, marking the first time it was in the Southern Hemisphere, the first Women's World Cup hosted by two countries, and the first FIFA competition to span two confederations.
## Champions and top four finish 
: *host nation*
Nathula

**Nathula** is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. It connects Sikkim in India and Tibet in China. It is at a height of 4,500&nbsp;metres above sea level.
Klondike Gold Rush

camp in the Klondike region]]

The **Klondike Gold Rush** happened in the 1890s when many people went to the Klondike region of the Yukon, in Canada. They hoped to find gold there and become rich. Many of these prospectors came from the United States. Gold was first found in Klondike in a creek called Rabbit Creek. Prospectors named the creek "Bonanza Creek" because of the gold (*bonanza *means a lucky source of wealth). Four million dollars worth of gold was found. 

Going to the gold fields was difficult. Most people who started the journey did not arrive. Very few who arrived found any gold. The city that likely profited most from the Klondike Gold Rush was Dawson City, Yukon in Canada.
Clone High

***Clone High*** is an adult-animated comedy television series about a high school full of clones of famous dead people. It aired on MTV in the US and Teletoon in Canada. It was produced by Nelvana, Touchstone Pictures, Teletoon Canada, and MTV.

## Characters
### Main Characters
* Abraham Lincoln
* Cleopatra
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Joan of Arc
* John Kennedy
* Principal Cinnamon J. Scudworth
* Mr. Lynn Butlertron
* The Secret Board of Shadowy Figures

### Other Clones
* Jesus Christ
* Walt Disney
* George Washington Carver
* Marie Curie
* Helen of Troy
* Vincent van Gogh
* Julius Caesar
* Genghis Khan
* Elvis Presley
* Abraham Lincoln
* Eros
Nagorno-Karabakh

**Nagorno-Karabakh** is a region in the South Caucasus. It is recognized by other countries as part of Azerbaijan, but from 1994 until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, most of it was militarily controlled by Armenians as the Republic of Artsakh, which was not officially recognized by any other country, including Armenia which supported it.         

In September of 2023, Azerbaijan invaded the Artsakh Republic after a long siege. Within a few days, Artsakh surrendered and came under the control of Azerbaijan. Nearly all of Artsakh's population fled to Armenia as refugees.

## Demographics 
## Etymology 
The names for the region in the different local languages all translate to "mountainous Karabakh", or "mountainous black garden". The word "nagorno" is Russian for "mountainous/on the mountain", "kara" is Turkish for "black", and "bakh" means "garden" in Azerbaijani.
* Armenian: , transliterated *Lernayin Gharabagh*
* Azerbaijani: **Dağlıq Qarabağ**, or **Yuxarı Qarabağ** (meaning "upper Karabakh" or "mountainous Karabakh")
* Russian: **Нагорный Карабах**, transliterated *Nagornyj Karabakh*

## History 
Around 180 BC, Artsakh became one of the 15 provinces of the Armenian Kingdom and remained so until the 4th century.  Then it became part of the Sasanian Empire. In the 7th century, the region was conquered by the invading Muslim Arabs.  The House of Khachen, then ruled Artsakh until the early 19th century.   Persia formally ceded the whole of  Karabakh to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. In April 1920  Azerbaijan was taken over by the Bolsheviks.  It was in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.  In the 1980s there was a movement to have the autonomous oblast transferred to the Armenian SSR.  When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow and started campaigns of publicity and democratic reforms at the end of the 20th century, Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh sent letters to Gorbachev demanding him to move the autonomous oblast to the control of Armenia. When it was declined, the Armenians started an independence movement.

In November 1991, seeking to stop this movement, the Parliament of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the region. In response, the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians held a referendum on December 10, 1991,  which was boycotted by Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh and none of them participated in it, therefore the overwhelming majority of the population voted for independence.

## Gallery

File:Five principalities of karabakh.png|In the 1500s
File:Red kurdistan 1930.png|In 1930
File:Nagorno Karabakh03.png|In 2006
File:Nagorno-Karabakh regions named english.png|In 2006
File:Location Artsakh en.png|Nearby countries
File:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.svg|Map of the war in 2020
File:2014 Górski Karabach, Klasztor Gandzasar (14).jpg|The Gandzasar monastery, built in the 1200s

## References
## Other websites 
* Karabakh documents 
* Artsakh from ancient time till 1918 
* Artsakh (Nagorno Karabakh) - France 24 Report
James Read

**James Christopher Read** (born July 31, 1953) is an American actor. He acted in many movies and television series. He is best known for the *North and South* miniseries (1985, 1986, 1994). He was born in Buffalo, New York.

## Filmography 
The following is some of the movies and television programms Read has been in.

## Other websites 
*
Newcastle upon Tyne

**Newcastle upon Tyne** is a city in north-east England. In 2021, 286,445 people lived in the city.

Newcastle upon Tyne is called **Newcastle** for short. It is famous for its big bridge called the Tyne Bridge.

The local dialect and accent is called the *Geordie* dialect. People from Newcastle are also called Geordies.

## References
Hitopadesha

of the *Hitopadesha*, c.1800]]

***Hitopadesa*** is a collection of short stories. It was originally written in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named *Panchatantra*. It contains fables with both animal and human characters.

The book was written many centuries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world. 

The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/hitopadesha_arnold/, then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861.
Mercalli intensity scale

The **Mercalli intensity scale** (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Unlike with the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). When there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it.

Very often, non-geologists use this scale, because it is easier for people to describe what damage an earthquake caused, than to do calculations to get a value on the Richter scale. 

Values range from I - Instrumental to XII - Catastrophic.

Giuseppe Mercalli (1850-1914) originally developed the scale, with ten levels. In 1902, Adolfo Cancani extended the scale to include twelve levels. August Heinrich Sieberg completely rewrote the scale. For this reason, the scale is sometimes named **Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale**, or **MCS scale**.

Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann translated it into English, and published it as **Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. Charles Francis Richter** also edited it. He also developed the Richter scale, later on.

## Modified Mercalli Intensity scale
The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed damage to structures.

The large table gives Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake.

This is an accurate representation

The Scale under here is also a really good source for the Mercalli Scale.

## Related pages
*Richter scale
*Moment magnitude scale

## References
14

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
*Tacitus reports that the town and port of Nauportus is plundered by a mutinous Roman legion.
*Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Emperor of the Roman Empire.
*Legions on the Rhine revolt after the death of Augustus. Germanicus and Drusus stop the revolt.
*Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany.
*Augustus dies and is declared to be a god.
*A census shows there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens.
*Claudia Marcella marries Sextus Appuleius.
*Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.

### Asia 
*First year of *tianfeng* era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
*Famine hits China. Some citizens turn to cannibalism.

## Births 
*Salome

## Deaths 
*August 19 – Roman Emperor Augustus.
*Julia the Elder, daughter of Roman Emperor Augustus.
*Postumus Agrippa, Grandson of Roman Emperor Augustus.
Premier League

The **Premier League**, commonly known as the **English Premier League**, or the **EPL** (formerly called the Barclays Premier League due to sponsorship reasons and before 2007 **the Premiership**) is the top tier of English football. 20 teams compete in the Premier League each season, which is usually played between August and May. Each season, 38 games are played (playing all 19 other teams home and away). For historic reasons, a few clubs from Wales also compete in the English football system. 

The competition started in 1992, after 22 clubs from the Football League First Division decided to break away from The Football League (now the EFL). The Premier League has since become the world's most watched sporting league. It is the world's most lucrative football league, with combined club revenues of £1.93&nbsp;billion ($3.15bn) in 2007–08. It is also ranked first by UEFA's Association Ranking system.

## Current clubs
### List
:* Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.*

### Map
## Champions 
## Referees
* Stuart Attwell
* Peter Bankes
* Tom Bramall
* John Brooks
* David Coote
* Darren England
* Jarred Gillett
* Tony Harrington
* Simon Hooper
* Rob Jones
* Chris Kavanagh
* Andy Madley
* Andre Marriner
* Michael Oliver
* Craig Pawson
* Michael Salisbury
* Graham Scott
* Anthony Taylor
* Paul Tierney

## Assistant Referees
* Natalie Aspinall
* Simon Bennett
* Gary Beswick
* Lee Betts
* Stuart Burt
* Darren Cann
* Dan Cook
* Neil Davies
* Derek Eaton
* Nick Greenhalgh
* Constantine Hatzidakis
* Adrian Holmes
* Nick Hopton
* Ian Hussin
* Peter Kirkup
* Scott Ledger
* Harry Lennard
* Simon Long
* James Mainwaring
* Sian Massey-Ellis
* Steve Meredith
* Adam Nunn
* Marc Perry
* Dan Robathan
* Mark Scholes
* Eddie Smart
* Wade Smith 
* Richard West
* Matthew Wilkes
* Tim Wood 

## Dedicated video assistant referee
Mike Dean

## Former referees
Graham PollPeter WaltonMike RileyPhil DowdMike JonesMark HalseyUriah RennieMark ClattenburgHoward WebbKeith HackettDavid EllerayPaul DirkinJeff WinterDermot GallagherChris FoyLee ProbertNeil SwarbrickMike DeanJon MossLee Mason

## Former video assistant referees
Lee Mason

## Managers 
 was the longest serving and most successful manager in Premier League history.|alt=The torso and head of a grey-haired white man in a football stadium. He is wearing spectacles and a black coat.]]

## Related pages
* Football League First Division
* English Football League (EFL)
** EFL Championship
** EFL League One
** EFL League Two

## References
Cetology

]]
**Cetology** is a type of science. It is the study of the cetaceans. It includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

Cetology is the branch of marine mammal science which studies approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. The term was created in the mid-19th century from the Greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study").
Cetologists, or those who study it, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics.

## References
Giro d'Italia

*, the pink jersey]]
The *'Giro d'Italia'*, or Tour of Italy, is a famous bicycle race held in Italy, every spring. It is one of the most famous, and best paid bicycle races. The first race was in 1909.  It started because the editor of a newspaper called *La Gazzetta dello Sport* wanted more people to read his newspaper.  He planned a race similar to the Tour de France, which had started in 1903.

The leader of the race wears a pink jersey called the *maglia rosa*.  This is because pink is the colour of *La Gazzetta dello Sport*.  For many years, the leader of the mountain climbing competition wore a green jersey (called the *maglia verde*), but a change in the sponsor for that competition led to a jersey change in 2012. The mountains leader now wears a blue jersey (called the *maglia azzurra''). Similarly, the leader of the sprinters' competition wore a mauve jersey (called the *maglia ciclamino*) for many years. However, a sponsorship change in 2010 also led to a jersey change. The sprints leader now wears a red jersey (called *maglia rosso passione*).  The leader of the young riders' competition, for riders under age 25, wears a white jersey (called the *maglia bianca*).  This is the same as the young riders' competition in the Tour de France.

## Winners of the Giro d'Italia
Greeting

**Greetings** are things that are said when people meet each other. Greetings may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language:
* "Hello"
*"Hi" 
* "Hey" 
* "Good *morning, afternoon, evening,night*, Formal , which changes with the time of day
* "What's up?", "Yo", "What's up?", "'Sup" and "What's happening?", which are not 
* "G'day", a greeting used a lot in Australia
* "Howdy", an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States
* "How do you do", which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others
* "What is good, my neighbor?"
* "As-salamu alaykum", used in the Muslim world.

There are also ways to greet without talking, such as these:
* Handshakes
* Bowing
* Waving
* Hat-raising or tipping
* Kissing on the hand or cheek
* Hongi
* Kowtow
* Namaste, a common greeting in India
* Roman salute
* Hugging