open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Saint Patrick

(Argentina)]]

**Saint Patrick** (about 402 - March 17, probably 491 or 493) is the patron saint of Ireland. He was born in a village in Roman Britain. Saint Patrick came from a Christian family. He was the son of Calpornius, who was a deacon. According to the autobiographical Confessio of Patrick, when he was about sixteen years old, he was captured by Irish pirates. They took him from his home in Britain and sold him as a slave in Ireland. His work was to take care of animals. He lived there for six years and learned the local language. He then escaped and returned to his family. 

After becoming a cleric, he returned to northern and western Ireland as a missionary. Because he knew the language he could preach to the people.  He also married couples when the king prohibited it. 
He brought Christianity to Ireland. He converted many pagans to Christianity. He also challenged many of their leaders and druids such as Aodhan the Brave also known as Chief Aodhan. St.Patrick eventually converted Chief Aodhan and they worked together to convert many other pagans.  

St. Patrick's Day is celebrated every year on March 17 in his honour.

## Saint Patrick's Bell 
There is a bell in the National Museum of Ireland that was made around the time of Saint Patrick's life. There is no evidence that Saint Patrick owned the bell but the Irish have believed for 1400 years that the bell belonged to Saint Patrick. One of the kings of Ulster who was the high king of Ireland at the time had a beautiful cover made out of gold and gems to preserve the bell. The names of the bishops of Ireland were engraved on the cover. The style of the letters on the cover were used to make the first typewriters. It is believed that the bell was rung by Saint Patrick to let people know it was time for church.

## Saint Patrick and the snakes 
There are no snakes in Ireland but there is a legend that at the time of Saint Patrick there were lots of snakes and he chased them all into the Irish Sea. Some say that this legend came to be because pagans had tattoos of snakes and Saint Patrick got rid of the pagans by teaching Christianity and therefore drove out the snakes from Ireland.

## Holy Trinity and the Shamrock 
* St. Patrick is credited with teaching the Irish about the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. He used a three-leafed shamrock as an illustration of "three-in-one". For this reason, shamrocks are a central symbol for St. Patrick’s Day.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Some facts about Saint Patrick 
* The history of ringing Saint Patrick's bell in modern times 
* A list of catholic patron saints
Somerset

**Somerset** is a county in South West England.

The main town of Somerset was Somerton, but it is now Taunton. There are two cities in Somerset. They are Bath and Wells.

## History
The name "Somerset" comes from the Anglo-Saxon phrase *Sumorsaete,* which was used to describe people from Somerton.

In the past, the northern border of Somerset was the River Avon. However, as the city of Bristol has grown, the border moved south.

In 1974 parts of north Somerset, the city of Bristol and parts of south Gloucestershire were joined into a new county. This county was named Avon. In 1996 Avon was split into 4 parts, which are now unitary authorities. People usually say that 2 of these parts (named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset) are part of Somerset, even though they have their own councils.

The oldest prison in England which is still used is in a town named Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Somerset also has the world's oldest road which people built. It is called the Sweet Track; it was built in about 3800 BC.

## Industry and tourism
 Yarn Market was built in 1609 for the trading of local cloth]]
There is not much large industry in Somerset, but Bridgwater is a port, and Yeovil is important in building helicopters.

Tourism is an important industry in the county; in 2001 about 23,000 people worked in tourism. Tourists like Somerset because it is very beautiful, with much countryside and few big towns. Somerset has many places to visit:
* Part of the Exmoor National Park is in Somerset.
* Another popular place is Glastonbury, which has a popular music festival every year.
* The Cheddar Gorge has caves which are popular with visitors, and locally made cheese.

Farming is an important industry in Somerset, but not as many people work in this industry today. Somerset is famous for its cider (an alcoholic apple drink) and it has many apple orchards.

### Interesting places in Somerset

## Politics
### Districts of Somerset
The numbers on the map are linked to the numbers below.

# South Somerset
# Taunton Deane
# West Somerset
# Sedgemoor
# Mendip
# Bath and North East Somerset (Unitary)
# North Somerset (Unitary)

## Cities, towns, and villages 
 Cathedral]]
This is a list of the main towns and cities in Somerset:

## Other websites 
* BBC Somerset
* Somerset County Council
* Bath and North East Somerset Council
* North Somerset Council
* Travel Information
Glastonbury

**Glastonbury** is a town in Somerset, England. It is well known for being mistakenly thought of where Glastonbury Festival is held, however the festival is in fact held in the village of Pilton, nearly 7 miles to the east.

## History
Glastonbury is also well known because of Glastonbury Abbey. This is because Glastonbury Abbey is said to be the place where King Arthur is buried, and it was burned down when King Henry the Eighth got angry at all Catholic monasteries in the country as the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The abbot, Abbot Whiting, was killed on the Tor, a local landmark.
## Gallery

Glastonbury-42-Tor-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury-46-Landschaft-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury Abbey-08-Kueche-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury Abbey-10-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury-32-Laeden-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury-04-Strasse-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury-26-Esoterik-Hof-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury-12-Schaufenster-2004-gje.jpg
Glastonbury Abbey

**Glastonbury Abbey** is in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. It was King Ine of Wessex who decided to build Glastonbury Abbey and out of stone. King Edmund I of England was buried at the Abbey in 946 AD. It is said to be the burial place of King Arthur.

## References
Somerton

**Somerton** is a town in Somerset. In 2001 there were 4509 people living in Somerton. It is between the towns of Yeovil and Street.  It is in the South Somerset District of Somerset. 

Somerton was the capital of the Kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 901.  It also used to be Somerset's county town, but this is now Taunton.

## References
Patron saint

'', the patron saint of travelers, painting by Peter Paul Rubens]]
A **patron saint** is a person or being who is considered in some Christian churches as a saint who pleads in heaven for the interests of a specific nation, place, craft, activity, class of people or person. Catholics were traditionally named after a patron saint in the belief that the patron saint would then help them throughout their life.

Here is a list of some patron saints and the items that they are the patron saint of:

## Countries, regions and cities
*Saint Andrew (Scotland, Russia)
*Catherine of Siena Italy and Europe
*Saint David (Wales)
*Saint Denis (France)
*Saint Francis of Assisi Italy
*Saint George (Canada, Catalonia, England, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Aragon, Catalonia, Moscow)
*Saint Michael (Vatican City, Rome, Lazio, Italy, France, Germany, Israel, Normandy, France and Kyiv)
*Saint Patrick (Ireland)
*Saint Piran (Cornwall)
*Saint James (Spain)
Street

:*See also Street (town)*
A **street** is a piece of land, made flat and often with pavement, so that people can travel on it better. "Street" and "road" may mean the same thing, but "street" is more often used only in a town.

Many streets are the center of local culture or of a specialized activity. New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter. The Bowery in Manhattan was, at different times, a main highway, a center of underground punk culture, and a specialized shopping district for light fixtures.

## Related pages
* Avenue
* Boulevard
* Road
Taunton

**Taunton** is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the Taunton Deane District.  Taunton is the county town of Somerset.  Taunton is on the River Tone and takes its name from the river.  *Tone town* became Taunton.

In 1685, Judge Jefferies was based in Taunton during the Bloody Assizes that followed the Battle of Sedgemoor.

## References
Bath, Somerset

**Bath** is a city in the county of Somerset in England. It is  west of London, and  southeast of Bristol.

Bath is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city has preserved some of its Roman remains and its 18th century architecture.

## History
The city gets its name from the famous Roman baths in the town. The Romans built the baths as part of a spa, in the year 43&nbsp;BC. They called it *Aquae Sulis*, which means "The waters of Sulis". Sulis was a local goddess.

During the Middle Ages, it was an important city for buying and selling wool.

Bath became a city in 1585, when Queen Elizabeth I declared it to be one.

Bath has two universities and several schools and colleges.

Bath is where Roald Dahl's short story "The Landlady" takes place. The city is also mentioned in many of Jane Austen's books, like *Northanger Abbey*, *Sense and Sensibility*, and *Pride and Prejudice.*

## Gallery

File:Pulteney Bridge, Bath 2.jpg|Pulteney Bridge by Robert Adam
File:BathRoyalCrescentAirial morecontrast.jpg|Aerial view of Royal Crescent at Bath

## References
## Other websites
*
Wells, Somerset

**Wells** is a city in the county of Somerset. It is in the district of Mendip. The only other city in Somerset is the much larger Bath. In 2018 there were 12,000 people living in Wells.

Wells Cathedral is in Wells. The cathedral is very popular with visitors to Wells. The cathedral has a school attached to it. The school specializes in music (as well as normal school subjects). Timothy K. Murray, composer, was a student there.

The city of Wells is named after springs in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace.

It is the second smallest city in the United Kingdom after St Davids in Wales. The area of Somerset was known in past centuries as a stronghold of taxation avoidance and liquor smuggling (from ships wrecked on the coast). In the 18th century the Bishop of Bath and Wells used to travel with half-a-dozen armed soldiers, and no doubt they were needed. The city has been there since Roman times, indeed it was originally a Roman settlement.

## References
Yeovil, Somerset

**Yeovil** is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo.  *Yeo Village* became Yeovil over time.
## Transportation
The town has two railway stations.  They are called Yeovil Junction and Yeovil Pen Mill.  The town has many villages near by.  These are West Coker, East Chinnock, East Coker, Stoford, Evershot, Halstock and Yetminster.  
## Politics
Yeovil is where Yeovil Town Council is based for the district of South Somerset.  The town's main employers are GKN Westlands Helicopters.
## Sports
Yeovil is home to the *giant killer* football club Yeovil Town F.C..  The club played against Liverpool F.C in 2004. Yeovil used to be famous for glove-making.  This is why the football team are nicknamed *The Glovers*.
East Coker, Somerset

**East Coker** is a village in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  East Coker is near the town of Yeovil.  

St Michael's church contains the ashes of the poet T. S. Eliot. One of his poems is called *East Coker*. William Dampier, explorer and buccaneer was born in the village in 1651. He circumnavigated the world four times and published a book about his experiences. Dampier Island and Dampier Straits off Australia are named after him. Along the approach to the church are 12 almshouses built in 1640 by Archdeacon Helyar, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth l.

One of East Coker's famous residents is Trevor Peacock.  Trevor Peacock played *Jim* in *The Vicar of Dibley*.
Chard (Somerset)

**Chard** is a town in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  It is near the border of the county of Devon.

Chard is the birthplace of aviation.  It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.

In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion.  He stayed in *The Choughs*, a public house in Chard.
River Tone

The **River Tone** is a river in the county of Somerset.  It flows through the town of Taunton and joins the River Parrett.

Taunton takes its name from the River Tone.  *Tone town* became Taunton.
River Yeo

The **River Yeo** is a river in the county of Somerset in the United Kingdom.  It flows through the town of Yeovil and joins the River Parrett.

Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo.  *Yeo Village* became *Yeovil* over time.
River Adur

The **River Adur** is a river in the county of Sussex, in England. It starts from South Downs, southern England and ends in the port town of Shoreham-by-Sea.

## Other websites 
* Adur Valley Guide
Crewkerne

**Crewkerne** is a town in Somerset, England where about 6,700 people live. It is in the South Somerset District, near the border with Dorset. 

## History 
The first time it is mentioned in history is 899, when king Alfred the Great left the manor to his son Aethelweard. The name *Crewkerne* comes from the Saxon words *Cruce* (cross) and *earne* (cottage), because of the early church there. There was also a mint where coins were made between 978 and 1035. In 1066, the manor belonged to Edith, mistress of Harold Godwinson. After the Norman Conquest, it belonged directly to William the Conqueror. 

## Notable Sites 
St Bartholomew's Church is located on the high ground west of the town. Its' existence dates back as far as the 9th Century.

## Other websites
* Archaeology of Crewkerne  (.pdf file)
River Aire

.]]
The **River Aire** is a river in England.  It runs through the counties of North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, although most of it is in West Yorkshire.

The river starts in Malham, and from there flows through (in order) Skipton, Keighley, Shipley, Leeds, Castleford, Knottingley and Airmyn.
River Alt

The **River Alt** is a river in the county of Merseyside in England just north of Liverpool. The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown. Other towns along the river include Kirkby, Maghull and Formby. There are 75&nbsp;km of tributary feeding the river. About 250,000 people live in the area around the river. The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.
River Aln

The **River Aln** is a river in the county of Northumberland.  It starts at the hamlet of Alnham in the . The river ends at the North Sea at Alnmouth on the east coast of England. The river forms part of the name of the town of Alnwick. It also forms part of the names of the villages of Alnmouth and Alnham. The river served as a war zone between the English and the Scots.
## References
River Yare

The **River Yare** is a river in the county of Norfolk, England.

The river starts south of Dereham in the county of Norfolk. From there it flows to the east of the world.  The river flows along the southern edge of the city of Norwich. The river continues past Norwich into the tidal lake of Breydon Water. Here the Yare is joined by the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It empties into North Sea at Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.Google Chrome

Small coastal boats can sail along the river from Norwich to the North Sea. In the past, the river had a large number of boats carrying goods to Norwich. Larger modern boats cannot get across Breydon Water because it is not deep enough. Because of this, a canal was created at Reedham to provides a connection to the River Waveney.

## References
Ilminster, Somerset

**Ilminster** is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.  

Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church.  The church is known as the *Minster*.  It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name.  *Ile* and *Minster* became *Ilminster*.
Watchet

**Watchet** is a harbor town in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name either from the blue *wacet* dye found in the cliffs, or from British *gwo coed* or *waeced*, "under the wood". 
## History
It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there. Legend says he was killed there by a violent man who cut off his head. There is a spring of water dedicated to him there. 

Coins were minted here for Ethelred II and five other Saxon kings. They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997. Harold Godwinson's mother Eleanor fled through this port in 1066.

Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster. 

## Other websites 
* Watchet's rich heritage 
* Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey 
* Watchet
Burnham-on-Sea

es at Burnham with a low wooden lighthouse.]]
**Burnham-on-Sea** is a small town in the county of Somerset in England on the mouth of the River Parrett at Bridgwater Bay. Burnham was a small fishing village until the late-18th century when it became popular as a seaside resort. This made the village grow larger into a town.
Yatton

**Yatton** is a large village with 9,000 people in the county of Somerset in England. Archaeology in the area has found a Roman villa (country-house) belonging to some rich person who lived here in the late 3rd century, judging from the coins. Records show the land was part of the manor of John the Dane before the Norman Conquest, and Giso, bishop of Wells afterward. 

## Other websites 
*Yatton Parish Council 
*Roman villa
Cheddar cheese

**Cheddar** is a type of hard cheese made from cow's milk. It was originally produced in the English village of Cheddar, Somerset. Romans may have brought the recipe to Britain from the Cantal region of France. The first record of cheddar cheese dates back to the 12th century. In 1170, King Henry II bought  at a farthing per pound.  Charles I (1600&ndash;1649) also bought cheese from Somerset.

Cheddar cheese is the most popular cheese in the United Kingdom. It accounts for 51 percent of the country's £1.9 billion annual cheese market. It is the second most popular cheese in the United States, behind mozzarella, with an average annual consumption of  per person. The United States produced 3,233,380,000 lbs in 2010, and the UK 258,000 tonnes in 2008. The name "cheddar cheese" is widely used and has no protection within the European Union. Only cheddar produced from local milk within four counties of South West England may use the name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar."

Cheddar cheese may be used to make cheese on toast.

## Gallery 

File:White cheddar cheese.jpg|**White cheddar** is a special type of cheddar cheese.
File:Cheddar cheese and Wasa crispbread - Massachusetts.jpg|Cheddar cheese and crispbread
File:Toast with cheddar cheese and tomato.jpg|Cheddar cheese on toast topped with tomato slices
File:Cheddar cave cheese.jpg|Cheddar cheese is being matured in a cave.

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEnifYNnDCA
Nailsea

**Nailsea** is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England. In 2011, there were 15,630 people living in Nailsea.

## References
Backwell

**Backwell** is a village in the county of Avon, in North Somerset. 5,455 people live in Backwell. It is 7 miles from Bristol. Nailsea, Flax Bourton, Yatton, Brockley and Barrow Gurney are nearby.

There is a railway station in the village called *Nailsea and Backwell*. Bristol International Airport is less than three miles away.

## References
River Exe

The **River Exe** is a river in the county of Devon in England. It  flows south through the city of Exeter.   Exe Island was made in the 10th century by draining the marshlands between the city walls and the river. The island had many mills making paper and textiles. The wide estuary of the River Exe is a ria (drowned river valley).  The **Exeter** Ship **Canal** goes along next to the river from Exeter down to the estuary.

The name of the city of Exeter means "castle on the river Exe".

## References
* The Leats of Exeter - A Short History
Scone

A **scone** is a kind of bread that is baked on a griddle or sheet. Scones are small, and are in the same group as the crumpet or muffin. They are made of wheat, barley, or oatmeal with baking powder to make them rise. The scone is shaped similarly to the North American biscuit, and its recipe is almost the same as it too. Sometimes scones may have raisins, currants, cheese, or dates in them. In the United States, however, scones include more sweet fillings like cranberries, chocolate chips, or nuts. They can often be found in cafes, tea rooms and at local events in the British Isles. It is generally thought that scones are best eaten cut in half with clotted cream applied to each half then topped with jam.

## Etymology 
Some think that scone comes from the Gaelic "sgonn", which meant a piece of dough that has been cooked for a couple of minutes, shapeless mass or large mouthful; and the Dutch "schoonbrot", which meant *fine white bread*; or, for last, the German "sconbrot", which meant *fine or beautiful bread*. The Oxford English Dictionary believes the German and Dutch is more accurate.

It is sometimes debated on the correct pronunciation for "scone". In Scotland and North England, the word is pronounced as "skawn", or "skahn", while in Southern England, it is pronounced as "skoan" or "skown". The latter pronunciation came from the United States and Canada.

Meanwhile, Cambridge Dictionary presents both options as acceptable.

## History 
Scones are connected traditionally with England, Scotland, and Ireland, but nobody knows which country invented it. However, the first known mention of a scone that was printed is from the translation of *The Aenaid* (1513) written by a Scottish poet named Gavin Douglas.

Scones are related to the ancient Welsh tradition of cooking small round yeast cakes on stones, that later changed to griddles. First-made scones included oats inside them, and were baked over an open fire. However, today's scones are more like American biscuits. They are made with wheat, and baked in the oven.

The most popular scones are soda scones, wholemeal scones, rich white scones, treacle scones, potato scones, ballater scones and drop scones. Scones usually take about four to ten minutes to bake.

## References
Ankara

]]
**Ankara** is the capital city of the country of Turkey. It is in the center of Anatolia. It is the second most populated city after Istanbul. The city has a population of 4,319,167 (2005) (Province 5,153,000), and an elevation of 938 meters (3080 feet). It was formerly known as Engürü. The city is the center of Ankara Province.

Ankara is a very modern city. Ankara was made the capital of Turkey in 1923. Ankara is known for its performing arts, home to the State Opera and Ballet, the Presidential Symphony Orchestra and several national theater companies. In Ankara there's a place called Anitkabir, which is a big hilltop mausoleum that was built to celebrate Kemal Atatürk who was the first president.

## History 
Ankara is a city that has a lot of history. Ankara was invaded many times. In 546 BCE, Achaemenid Iranians was in control of Ankara (approximated date). Ankara was then invaded by the Romans in 25 BCE. At the time, Ankara was controlled by Augustus. Ankara castle was attacked by Christian invaders in 1101. Ankara castle was captured by the Seljuks in 1227. Ankara was controlled again by the Ottoman Turks in 1403. On October 13, 1923 Ankara became the capital of Turkey.

## References 

File:Kore Savaşı Anıtı, Ankara.jpg|Kore Parkı
File:Ankara-Turkey-viewP5280005.JPG
File:Ankara-Turkey-viewP5280004.JPG
Johannes Gutenberg

**Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg** (more commonly known as **Johannes Gutenberg**) (1390s – 3 February 1468), was a German metal-worker and inventor. He is famous for his work in printing in the 1450s, and is specifically known for inventing typography.

Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, as the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived.

Gutenberg invented a sort of metal alloy for printing; inks; a way to fix type (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of printing press. He took the idea for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type, but it was already invented in China before that: see printing.

Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole page from one piece of metal or wood. With movable type, the printer makes a letter (A, B, C ...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In Renaissance Europe, the improved information technology made an information explosion – in a short time, people printed many new books about many topics.

The high number of new books was partly because of the popular Bible Gutenberg printed – the Gutenberg Bible. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on 23 February 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had legal problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. The Archbishop at the time sympathized with Gutenberg because of his contributions to society, so told him that he would receive a pension each year with clothes, wine, and grain.  Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, in 1468.

In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were traveling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, which helped bring the scientific revolution and new technology. More Europeans, not just priests, scribes and scholars, learned to read.

Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are most likely the oldest books that printers made with moveable type.

The *Gutenberg Galaxy* and Project Gutenberg use Gutenberg's name. The city of Guttenberg, Iowa in the United States is named after him.

## References
Cate Blanchett

**Catherine Elise Blanchett**  (; born 14 May 1969) is an Australian actress, producer, and theatre director. She was born in Ivanhoe, Victoria, Australia. 

In 1998 she won an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for playing Elizabeth I in *Elizabeth*. In 2005 she won Best Supporting Actress for playing Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese's *The Aviator*. 

Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she is noted for her versatile roles in blockbusters, independent films, and in her stage work in various theatre productions. She has received  numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and three British Academy Film Awards. 
In 2022 she was awarded with the international Goya award in Spain for her outstanding cinematographic career. That same year, she appeared in the movie *Tár*, which earned her multiple nominations such as for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress.

## Filmography 
## References
Elizabeth I

**Elizabeth I** (7 September, 1533 – 24 March, 1603) was the Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 to her death. She was also called **Good Queen Bess** or **the Virgin Queen** or **the Gloriana**.

She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, and was the last of the Tudor dynasty of monarchs. When Boleyn was disgraced at court and executed, Elizabeth's life became a troubled one, including being locked up in the Tower of London, an old prison, since she was suspected of helping Queen Mary I of England's enemies.

However, Elizabeth reigned with intelligence and hard work.  Her reign was distinguished with great achievements in the arts, trade, and exploration. She ably defended her country through the days of the Spanish Armada. She never married but claimed that she was married to England. She also had a few other favourites, including the Earl of Leicester. At her death in 1603, King James VI of Scotland was named her successor.

## Early life 
Elizabeth was born in 1533 at Greenwich, England. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She had an older half-sister, Mary, and, later, a younger half-brother Edward. Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, Humphrey Gilbert and other "sea dogs" looted Spanish ships. They also sailed to the Americas. In 1580, Drake became the first Englishman to sail around the world.

## Death 
Elizabeth died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603. The Protestant King of Scotland, James VI, became King James I of England. He was the son of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots.

Elizabeth I was the last Tudor monarch and reigned for 44 years. Her accession date was a national holiday for 200 years.

## References 
## Related pages
*Elizabethan era

## Other websites 
* Elizabeth I -Citizendium
Natalie Imbruglia

**Natalie Jane Imbruglia**  (born 4 February 1975) is an Australian actress and singer-songwriter. 

Imbruglia was born in Sydney, New South Wales to an Anglo-Australian mother and Italian-Australian father. She left the show to move to London in 1994. 

She received an MTV Award for Best New Artist in 1998.  She had 3 Grammy Award nominations in 1999. That same year, she also won two Brit Awards for Best International Newcomer and Best International Female. She has sold over 9&nbsp;million albums worldwide.

## Discography 
* *Left of the Middle* (1997)
* *White Lilies Island* (2001)
* *Counting Down the Days* (2005)
* *Come to Life* (2009)

## Movie career 
## Television 
## Awards and nominations 
## References
Kylie Minogue

**Kylie Ann Minogue**,  (; born 28 May 1968) is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress, sometimes known simply as **Kylie**. She became popular in the late 1980s, because of her role in the Australian television soap opera *Neighbours*, before becoming a pop and dance singer.

Minogue has won two Grammy Awards: Best Dance Recording in 2004 for "Come into My World" and Best Pop Dance Recording in 2024 for "Padam Padam".

## Early life
Kylie Ann Minogue was born on May 28, 1968 in Melbourne to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. Her sister Dannii is also a singer, and her brother Brendan works as a cameraman.

## Career
She was signed to a contract by British songwriters and producers Stock, Aitken & Waterman, she got hit records throughout the world. Her popularity began to decline by the early 1990s and she left Stock, Aitken & Waterman in 1992. For years she tried to become an independent performer and songwriter. Her projects were widely talked about, but her albums resulted in the lowest sales of her career.

In 2000, Minogue became popular again as a dance-pop singer and became well known for her sexual music videos and elaborate concerts. She has one of the longest and most successful careers in pop music, and she has become one of the most recognisable celebrities and sex symbols. In Australia, she holds the record for the highest concert ticket sales for a woman, and has had nine singles at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart.

## Personal life
### Breast cancer
On 17 May 2005, Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was on tour at the time, and the rest of it had to be cancelled. Minogue had surgery for it on 21 May 2005 at a hospital in Malvern, Victoria, and started chemotherapy soon afterwards. She finished her chemotherapy treatment in January 2006 but still needed six more weeks of radiotherapy to stop any new cancerous tumours from growing.

### Relationships
Minogue was in a relationship with Andres Velencoso from 2008 until 2013. 

Minogue began a relationship with Joshua Sasse in 2015. The couple became engaged in February 2016. They said in February 2017 that they had split up.

## Discography 
;Studio albums
* *Kylie* (1988)
* *Enjoy Yourself* (1989)
* *Rhythm of Love* (1990)
* ''Let's Get to It* (1991)
* *Kylie Minogue* (1994)
* *Impossible Princess* (1997)
* *Light Years* (2000)
* *Fever* (2001)
* *Body Language* (2003)
* *X* (2007)
* *Aphrodite* (2010)
* *Kiss Me Once* (2014)
* *Kylie Christmas* (2015)
* *Golden* (2018)
* *Disco* (2020)
* *Tension* (2023)
* *Tension II'' (2024)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
*
Alyson Hannigan

**Alyson Lee Hannigan** is an American actress. She was born March 24, 1974 in Washington, D.C. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia when she was 2 years old to live with her mother. She started to act in commercials for McDonalds, Six Flags amusement parks and Oreo cookies when she was small. When she was 11, she went to Los Angeles with her mother to go to school and become famous. She started getting noticed with her roles in *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* as Willow Rosenberg and in the *American Pie* movies as Michelle Flaherty. She is currently on the television series *How I Met Your Mother*.

## Other websites 
* 
* The Indy Channel interview  (February 15, 2006)
* Sun Times interview  (July 21, 2005)
Natalie Portman

**Natalie Portman** (born **Natalie Hershlag**; ; June 9, 1981) is an Israeli-American Jewish actress and filmmaker born in Jerusalem, Israel. She is most famous for starring in Star Wars Episodes I, II and III as Padme in the early 21st century. 

Portman is also known for her appearances in the *Thor* movies. In 2010, She won the Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards for "Best Actress" for her acting in the movie *Black Swan*. She has also appeared on Saturday Night Live.

## Personal life
Natalie Portman is Jewish. She was born in Jerusalem, Israel. Being the only child, she lived in Washington, D.C. and Connecticut before arriving in Long Island, New York with her parents. In 1999, she graduated from Syosset High School. Portman attended Harvard University, studying Psychology. She is married and has two children. On March 8, 2024, Portman and her husband Benjamin Millepied got divorced.

## Movies
* *Song to Song* (2017)
* *Planetarium* (2016)
* *Jackie* (2016)
* *Pride and Prejudice and Zombies* (2016)
* *Jane Got a Gun* (2016)
* *A Tale of Love and Darkness* (2015)
* *Knight of Cups* (2015)
* *The Seventh Fire* (2015)
* *Thor: The Dark World* (2013)
* *Thor* (2011)
* *Your Highness* (2011)
* *No Strings Attached* (2011)
* *Black Swan* (2010)
* *Hesher* (2010)
* *Brothers* (2009)
* *New York, I Love You* (2009)
* *The Other Woman* (2009)
* *The Other Boleyn Girl* (2008)
* ''Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium* (2007)
* *The Darjeeling Limited* (2007)
* *My Blueberry Nights* (2007)
* *Goya's Ghosts* (2006)
* *Paris, je t'aime* (2006)
* *V for Vendetta* (2005)
* *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith* (2005)
* *Closer* (2004)
* *Garden State* (2004)
* *Cold Mountain* (2003)
* *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones* (2002)
* *Where the Heart Is* (2000)
* *Anywhere but Here* (1999)
* *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace* (1999)
* *Mars Attacks!* (1996)
* *Everyone Says I Love You* (1996)
* *Beautiful Girls* (1996)
* *Heat* (1995)
* *Léon* aka The Professional (1994)

## Awards
* 2002 - Teen Choice Awards, Choice Movie Actress: Drama/Action Adventure: *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones*
* 2005 - Golden Globe Awards, Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: *Closer*
* 2005 - National Board of Review Awards, Best Acting by an Ensemble: *Closer*
* 2005 - San Diego Film Critics Society Awards, Best Supporting Actress: *Closer*
* 2007 - The Constellation Awards, Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Film, TV Movie, or Mini-Series: *V for Vendetta*
* 2007 - Saturn Awards, Best Actress: *V for Vendetta''
* 2010 - Academy Awards, Best Actress: Black Swan
* 2010 - BAFTA Awards, Best Actress: Black Swan
* 2010 - Golden Globe Awards, Best Actress - Motion Picture: Black Swan

## References
## Other websites
Brad Pitt

**William Bradley "Brad" Pitt** (born December 18, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning American actor and Movie producer.

## Early life
William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counsellor, and William Alvin Pitt, who ran a trucking company. He was born into a conservative household. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell Pitt (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969). He was raised as Southern Baptist. Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country", having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes".

## Career
Pitt's television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera *Another World*. In 1995 Pitt won two MTV Movie Awards for his role in *Interview with the Vampire*. He played Tyler Durden in *Fight Club*. Pitt produced the 2013 movie *12 Years a Slave*. He also played a small role in the movie. 

He starred in two Quentin Tarantino movies: *Inglourious Basterds* and *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood*.

In 2020, he won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood*.

## Philanthropy and activism 
In September 2006, Pitt and Angelina Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world. In January 2010, the foundation donated $1 million to Doctors Without Borders for emergency medical assistance to help victims of the Haiti earthquake.

In September 2012, Pitt reaffirmed his support for Obama, saying, "I am an Obama supporter and I'm backing his U.S. election campaign."

## Personal life
Pitt stands at a height of about 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m).

## References
## Other websites 
*
Clevedon

**Clevedon** is a town in the county of Somerset, in England. The name comes from Old English and means "divided hill". Archaeology shows that many people lived here during the Roman occupation. Just before the Norman Conquest in 1066 it was part of a huge manor held by John (Gunni?) the Dane. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it belonged to Matthew of Mortaigne and had only a few people living there. The town of today was not built until around 1800 as a seaside resort.

## Other websites 
*Clevedon Civic Society
Weston-super-Mare

**Weston-super-Mare**, sometimes known as just **Weston** is a sea-side town  Somerset, England. Weston is  from the city of Bristol. It also includes the suburbs of Oldmixon, West Wick and Worle. The beach is a popular tourist destination. The town has many museums and a pier.

## History
### Iron age
The earliest settlements of Weston are iron age hill forts in the north
### 19th century
By the time of the 19th century, Weston had already become a popular tourist destination
### Modern history
in world war 2, 4,000 people migrated to weston-super-mare
## Transport
Weston is connected to the M5 motorway by junction 21 where the dual carriageway A370 goes to the town centre.

The main railway station is on a short loop off the Bristol to Exeter line. The station is called Westo-super-Mare. It is close to the town centre and less than ten minutes walk from the sea front.

## References
Nicole Kidman

**Nicole Mary Kidman**, AC  (born 20 June 1967) is an Australian-American actress, model, singer and film producer. She began acting in movies in 1983. She starred in various Australian movies and television shows. Her first major role was in *Dead Calm* in 1989.

Her performance in the musical *Moulin Rouge!* (2001) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She later won the award in this category for playing Virginia Woolf in *The Hours* (2002).

Nicole Kidman appeared as Atlanna, Aquaman's mother, in the 2018 DC Comics - Warner Bros. movie *Aquaman* (2018). She played Lucille Ball in the 2021 biographical drama movie *Being the Ricardos*. She won a Golden Globe Award and earned an Academy Award nomination in 2022 for her role as Ball.

## Early life
Nicole Mary Kidman was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to an Australian parents. They were temporarily in the United States on educational visas. Nicole Kidman can therefore claim citizenship in Australia and the United States. Her father, Antony David Kidman (1938 - 2014) was a biochemist, clinical psychologist, and author. Her mother, Janelle Ann (née Glenny), is a nursing instructor who edits her husband's books and was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby. Nicole Kidman is of Scottish and Irish ancestry. At the time of Kidman's birth, her father was a graduate student at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He soon became a visiting fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health of the United States. Opposed to the war in Vietnam, which was causing social unrest in both Australia and the United States, Kidman's parents participated in anti-war protests while they were living in Washington DC The family returned to Australia when Nicole Kidman was four and her parents now live on Sydney's North Shore. Nicole Kidman has a younger sister, Antonia Kidman, a journalist and TV presenter.

## Career
Kidman's first movie was in 1983. It was called *BMX Bandits*. Her first famous movie was *Dead Calm* in 1989.
Her first major movie was called *Days of Thunder*, which also starred Tom Cruise. They fell in love during the filming of that movie and married. Nicole Kidman was then in more movies like *Flirting*, *Billy Bathgate*,anti tarnish jewel  *Far and Away*, *Malice*, *My Life* and *To Die For*.  All of these movies were successes.

She was then in movies like *Batman Forever* and *Practical Magic*. In 1999 she starred in a movie with Tom Cruise called *Eyes Wide Shut*. They played a married couple in the movie. It was the last movie directed by director Stanley Kubrick. They separated and divorced after making *Eyes Wide Shut*.

Since Kidman and Cruise divorced, she has been in movies including: *Moulin Rouge!*, *The Others*, *Cold Mountain*, *The Stepford Wives* and *Bewitched*.

## Personal life
Kidman was married to Tom Cruise until 2001. She is currently married to Keith Urban with whom she has two daughters, born in 2008 and 2010 respectively.

## Movie
## References
## Other websites
*
Katharine Hepburn

**Katharine Houghton Hepburn** (May 12, 1907&nbsp;– June 29, 2003) was an American actress. Her career lasted 66 years. She is thought of as one of the top screen actresses in movie history. She was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, winning four.

Hepburn was born in Hartford, Connecticut and went to Bryn Mawr College. She got her degree in 1928 and started on Broadway that same year.

In 1932 she got a role in the George Cukor movie *A Bill of Divorcement*, with John Barrymore. She was very successful in the early 1930s, but then she became unpopular. She became popular again with the movie *The Philadelphia Story*. In 1942 she starred in *Woman of the Year* with Spencer Tracy. They made eight more movies together, including ''Adam's Rib* and *Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''. They also had an off-screen romance that lasted until Tracy's death in 1967, but they never married because Tracy did not want to divorce his wife. Before this, Hepburn was married to Ludlow Ogden Smith from 1928 to 1934, and also had relationships with Leland Hayward and Howard Hughes.

Her autobiography, *Me: Stories of My Life*, came out in 1991. She died on June 29, 2003 at 2:50&nbsp;p.m., at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home, in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. She was 96.

## Stage work
* *These Days* - 1928
* *Art and Mrs. Bottle* - 1930
* ''The Warrior's Husband* - 1932
* *The Lake* - 1933
* *The Philadelphia Story* - 1939
* *Without Love* - 1942
* *As You Like It* - 1950
* *The Millionairess* - 1952
* *The Merchant of Venice; Measure for Measure; The Taming of the Shrew* - 1955, On tour in Australia with the Old Vic
* *The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado About Nothing* - 1957, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
* *Antony and Cleopatra, Twelfth Night* - 1960, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
* *Coco* - 1969
* *A Matter of Gravity* - 1976
* *The West Side Waltz'' - 1981

## Filmography
## Further reading
*
Charles Kay Ogden

**Charles Kay Ogden** (1 June 1889 – 21 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, psycholinguist and writer. He is a well-known book writer about the controlled language called BASIC English, which he created himself. He is known for his work with I. A. Richards on *The Meaning of Meaning* (1923). He also translated *Tractatus*, a book by Ludwig Wittgenstein, into English.

## Books written by him 
* BASIC English versus the artificial languages
* BASIC English Applied (Science)
* The ABC of Basic English
* The System of Basic English

## References 
## Other websites
* C.K. Ogden biography
Katie Holmes

**Katherine Noelle "Katie" Holmes** (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio. She was "Joey" on the WB network TV show Dawson's Creek. Her mother's name is Katherine Ann Holmes

## Early life 
Holmes was born in Toledo, Ohio. She is the youngest of five children. Her mother, Kathleen, was a homemaker and philanthropist. Her father, Martin Joseph Holmes Sr., was an attorney who played basketball at Marquette University under coach Al McGuire.

Weeks after her relationship with Chris Klein ended, Katie Holmes began dating actor Tom Cruise. She and Cruise married on November 18, 2006. On April 18, 2006 their daughter named Suri was born.

In June 2012, Katie Holmes filed for divorce. This was the first divorce for Katie Holmes and the third for Cruise.

## Legal issues
In early March 2011, Katie Holmes filed a $50 million libel lawsuit against the *Star*.  They had a cover story which made it seem that she took drugs. The suit was settled on April 27, 2011. The *Star* wrote a public apology in the May 6, 2011 issue. They also made a "substantial" donation to Katie's charity Dizzy Feet Foundation.

## Awards
In June 2011, Katie Holmes received the Women in Film Max Mara Face of the Future Award.

## Movies and television
## References
## Other websites 
*
B

**B** is the 2nd letter of the English alphabet. It's appearance depends on the writer's calligraphy. It has an uppercase and lowercase version like most other letters.
## Origin
The letter B was already part of the Phoenician alphabet more than 3000 years ago in 1000 BC. It is part of many alphabets today.
## Usage
* In the game of bingo, B is a column
* In medicine, B is one of the human blood types
* In chemistry, B is the chemical symbol for boron
* In particle physics, b is the symbol for the bottom quark
* In transport, B is the vehicle registration plate of Belgium
* In music, B is a note sometimes referred to as "Si" or "Ti"
* In education, B is a passing grade, usually around 80-70 marks
* In the New York Stock Exchange, B is the symbol for the Barnes Group
* On the internet, B (or /b/) is any of a number of image boards that allow anonymous posts

## Other websites
Galatasaray S.K.

**Galatasaray** is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. They started in 1905.

In 2000, they became the first Turkish club to win both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the same year.
The team's colors are red and yellow. Turkish people also call it "Cim Bom". Their mascot is a lion. The Rams Park is their stadium, and is also known as Aslantepe; Lion Hill. It is an all-seater stadium. It can hold 52,652 people.

Galatasaray is one of the "big five" clubs in Turkey. The other clubs are Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Trabzonspor and Bursaspor. They have won the Spor Toto Super League 25 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 18 times. As of September 2022, the president is Dursun Özbek, and the coach is Okan Buruk.

## Players 
### Out on loan 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Galatasaray