open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Jungle Book 2

***The Jungle Book 2*** is a 2003 animated movie produced by DisneyToon Studios in Sydney, Australia. It was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution. It was released in France on February 5, 2003, and released in the United States on February 14, 2003. It is the sequel to Walt Disney's 1967 movie *The Jungle Book*.  Haley Joel Osment did the voice of Mowgli, and John Goodman did the voice of Baloo. The movie was going to be a direct-to-video movie, but it was released in theaters first. The movie is not based on *The Second Jungle Book* by Rudyard Kipling (published in 1895). However, they do have some of the same characters. When released, the movie was criticised mainly for its bad animation and a story similar to the original movie. Disney released the VHS and DVD versions on June 10, 2003. On June 17, 2008, a Special Edition DVD was released.

## The story 
Mowgli feels unwelcome and out of place in the human village where he now lives. When Baloo arrives for a visit, Mowgli leaves with him to go back to the jungle. However, his friend Shanti thinks he was kidnapped. She follows him into the jungle. Shere Khan is still hunting for Mowgli, which puts him, as well as Shanti and Baloo, in danger. Mowgli must decide whether he wants to live in the jungle with Baloo, or stay in the village with Shanti.

## Voice Cast 
* Haley Joel Osment as Mowgli
* John Goodman as Baloo
* Mae Whitman as Shanti
* Connor Funk as Ranjan
* Bob Joles as Bagheera
* Tony Jay as Shere Khan
* John Rhys-Davies as Ranjan's father
* Jim Cummings as Kaa, Colonel Hathi and M.C. Monkey
* Phil Collins as Lucky
* Jeff Glen Bennett as Buzzie
* Veena Bidasha as Messua
* Brian Cummings as Flaps
* Baron Davis as Dizzy
* Bobby Edner as Hathi Jr.
* Jess Harnell as Ziggy
* Devika Parikh as a woman

## Production 
* John Goodman recorded his voice work in New Orleans while Haley Joel Osment recorded his in California.
* Due to a legal dispute, the character of King Louie from the original *Jungle Book* could not be included in this movie. However, he makes a cameo in the prologue of the movie and is briefly mentioned in the middle of the movie.
* The decision was made to keep Shere Khan in shadow during the beginning of the movie to "reflect his 'wounded pride'".

## Soundtrack 
The band Smash Mouth recorded a cover of the Sherman Brothers song, "I Wanna Be Like You" (originally from the 1967 musical movie), which is featured on this movie's soundtrack.

## Reception 
### Criticism 
Many people thought that *The Jungle Book 2* was too much like the original 1967 classic. Many people thought it should have gone direct-to-video like what it was originally made for. On Rotten Tomatoes, the general opinion is "This inferior rehash of *The Jungle Book* should have gone straight to video." Based on 86 reviews, the movie has a "rotten" 19%, with an average score of 4.4. In the "cream of the crop" division, the movie has a 17% with an average score of 4.1. In the RT Community, it has a 30%, with an average score of 3.7.

### Box office 
The movie has made a total domestic gross of $47,901,582.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Sooty mangabey

The **sooty mangabey** (*Cercocebus atys*), is an Old World monkey of Guinea Bissau, Gabon, Senegal and Ghana. It has social groups of four to twelve individuals.

## Disease 
Sooty mangabeys are naturally infected with a strain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). Due to extensive human-mangabey contact in sub-Saharan Africa, the virus has jumped from this species into humans on many occasions. This resulted in the HIV-2 virus. The HIV-1 strain by contrast came from the common chimpanzee strain of SIV.

The sooty mangabey can also get leprosy, as can humans, the Nine-banded Armadillo, the common chimpanzee, and the crab-eating macaque.

## References
College basketball

**College basketball** is basketball played between teams from colleges or universities, usually in the United States. The most popular American college basketball league is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).  Basketball in the NCAA is put into three divisions: Division I, Division II and Division III. However, there are other college basketball leagues, such as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). College basketball teams are split into conferences, which are groups of about 10 teams.

Division I of the NCAA has two tournaments to determine who the national champion. One tournament is for men and one is for women. The men's tournament has 68 teams, and the women's tournament has 64 teams. These tournaments are often called "March Madness".

## Compared to professional basketball
NCAA basketball and NBA basketball are different in some ways:
*In NCAA basketball, there are more teams.
*In NCAA basketball, there are fewer games.
*In NCAA basketball, the 3-point line is farther back.
*In NCAA basketball, the game is split into two 20 minute halves instead of four 12 minute quarters.
*In NCAA basketball, the shot clock is 35 seconds instead of 24 seconds.
*In NCAA basketball, the scores are usually lower.
Shirley Hufstedler

**Shirley Mount Hufstedler** (August 24, 1925 &ndash; March 30, 2016) was United States Secretary of Education under President Jimmy Carter. She was born in Denver, Colorado.

In 1966, she was appointed Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal. President Lyndon Johnson appointed her Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1968. She served for eleven years before President Jimmy Carter appointed her U.S. Secretary of Education.

Hufstedler was considered to be a candidate for the Supreme Court if a vacancy had occurred under a Jimmy Carter Presidency.

On March 30, 2016, Hufstedler died in Glendale, California from cerebrovascular disease at the age of 90.

## References
University of Michigan–Dearborn

The **University of Michigan–Dearborn** is a university in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is one of the three campuses in the University of Michigan, Michigan's oldest university and main campus.
Margaret Spellings

**Margaret Spellings** (born **Margaret Dudar**; November 30, 1957) was the second  Secretary of Education under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. She was previously Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy to President Bush. 

She was one of the principal authors of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act.
Breeza

**Breeza** is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is about 43 kms south of Gunnedah and 393&nbsp;km north of Sydney. It is a part of the Gunnedah Shire Local Government Area.  Breeza is in the Liverpool Plains agricultural area. The area around Breeza is called the "Breeza Plains". There are about 25 people who live in Breeza, and 133 who live in the area.

Breeza is on the Kamilaroi Highway about halfway between Gunnedah and Quirindi. It is also on the North-west railway line, close to where it crosses the Mooki River.  Breeza has a grain silo.

It is often erroneously said that the bushranger Ben Hall was born at Breeza.  He was in fact born near Maitland, NSW but his father, Ben HAll Snr worked on Breeza Station at one time. There is a Ben Hall wall with a painting at the roadside rest area/picnic spot. The mural was painted by Bronwyn Bassett. 

The bushranger, Frederick Ward, known as 'Thunderbolt',  robbed a Mr Matthews on the Breeza Plain in 1865. 

Dow AgroSciences has established an agricultural research field station at Breeza which researches wheat breeds.

## References
## Other websites 
*Breeza Information  - website
*Breeza Travel Australia -  website
*River conditions - Mooki River at Breeza
Mauro Zárate

**Mauro Matías Zárate** (born 13 March 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer. He plays as a forward for Danubio.

## References
Retail

]]
**Retail** is selling goods or items to the people who will use them. This is different from wholesale, which is selling to a retailer.

According to Oxford Dictionary, Retail is the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.

Retailers buy finished goods or items directly from a manufacturer or a wholesaler and then distribute in smaller quantities to the final consumer who has a need for such items.

For instance, when we buy shoes to wear or food to eat, we buy from a retailer.

Retailing can be done at shops and stores. This includes department stores, malls and markets where stalls or stands are set up at a cleared area.

Another way of purchasing retail items is by ordering them by mail, telephone, Internet or other methods, to be delivered by post or package delivery service such as United Parcel Service. Some items are sold door-to-door, in which a sales person goes to a possible customers home and tries to sell an item.

## References
Public Ivy

**Public Ivy** is a term started by Richard Moll in his 1985 book ''Public Ivys: A Guide to America's best public undergraduate colleges and universities*. The book is about universities which "provide an Ivy League collegiate experience at a public school price." Public Ivies are chosen, according to the *Journal of Blacks in Higher Education'', to be able to be "successfully competing with the Ivy League schools in academic rigor... attracting superstar faculty and in competing for the best and brightest students of all races."

## References
National Library of Australia

]]
The **National Library of Australia** is Australia's largest reference library. It was started by the *National Library Act*. The library has to keep and develop a national collection of library material. This includes a broad and complete collection of library material about Australia and the Australian people. It is in Canberra, the capital of Australia.

## History
The National Library of Australia, was officially set up with the *National Library Act, 1960*. It had been working as a National Library, not just a Parliamentary Library, since 1901.

In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was started to help the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia. From its beginning, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library began to develop of a truly national collection. In 1907 the chairman of the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee,  Sir Frederick Holder, gave the reasons for having the library. Australia should have a great public library, like the famous Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. It would be a home for the literature of the world, for ever.

The library building was opened in 1968.

## Collections
The Library's collections of Australian objects has become the nation's single most important collection of materials recording the Australian cultural history. The Library collects Australian materials of all kinds including:
* books
* serials
* newspapers
* maps
* music
* ephemera (small unimportant things that are not usually kept)
* online publications
* unpublished material like manuscripts, pictures and oral histories.

The Library has good collections in the performing arts, including dance. The Library also has big collections of general overseas and rare book materials, as well as world-class Asian and Pacific collections which add to the Australian collections.

The print collections include large collections of microform. The Library keeps the National Reserve Braille Collection. In total, over 5 million items are held. Films and sound recordings are kept in a separate collection run by the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra.

The Library has digitised over 130,000 items from its collection. The 100,000th was a photo http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3409117. These digital items can be seen on the Internet. The Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques. It keeps an Internet archive of selected Australian websites, called the Pandora Archive.

## References
Gunnedah

**Gunnedah** is a town in north-western New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 7,542 people living in the town.

Gunnedah is on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways. It is 475 kms from  Sydney. There is also a railway to Sydney. There is a daily train service, the NSW TrainLink Xplorer, between Sydney and Moree. There are buses to and from Dubbo.

The major business is agriculture. Gunnedah produces cotton, coal, beef, lamb, pork, and cereal and oilseed grains.
Gunnedah is also the home of AgQuip, Australia's largest annual exhibition of agricultural equipment.

## History
The Gunnedah area was the home of the Australian Aborigines who spoke the Kamilaroi (Gamilaraay) language. The area of the town was settled by Europeans in 1833 or 1834.

Dorothea Mackellar wrote her famous poem *My Country* (popularly known as *I Love a Sunburnt Country*) about her family's farm near Gunnedah. Every year the Dorothea Mackellar Poetry Awards for school students are held in Gunnedah.

Coal was found on Black Jack Hill in 1877. By 1891, 6,000 tons of coal had been dug from shafts. The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May, 1899. One month later a private railway some 5.7&nbsp;km in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine. In September, 1957, the Government Railway took over the working of the line.

"The Red Chief," by great Australian author Ion L. Idriess, tells the true story of "Red Kangaroo" and his tribe, from this area.

## Geography
Gunnedah Shire is 264 metres above sea level on the Liverpool Plains in the Namoi River valley. It is very flat. The tallest hills are only 200 metres above the flat plains. The climate is hot in summer, mild in winter and dry. Rainstorms occasionally cause flooding of the Namoi River. Floods can cut transport links to the town and cut it off from the outside world.

The Gunnedah area has a lot of Australian wildlife, including kangaroos, echidnas and koalas. Koalas can often be seen in trees within the town.

## Media 
There is a newspaper, the Namoi Valley Independent. There are 2 radio stations 2MO and 2GGG. 2MO claims to be the first station started in Australia outside the capital cities.

## Railway station 
Gunnedah railway station is on the Mungindi (or North West) railway line, 475&nbsp;km from Sydney. The station was opened in 1879. There is a large station building with single platform.  There is also a passing loop and small goods yard. There is a single daily Xplorer diesel railmotor operating between Sydney and Moree.

## Other websites 
*Info Gunnedah 
*AgQuip
*Gunnedah Shire Profile 
*Gunnedah Speedway
*Gunnedah High School
*Gunnedah South Public School

## References
Now That's What I Call Music! 29 (U.S. series)

'''''Now That's What I Call Music! 29*** is the 29th album in the original **Now*' series. This compilation album was released in November 2008. Songs include "Thunder" by Boys Like Girls, "Whatever You Like" by T.I., "Got Money" by Lil Wayne, and "Dangerous" by Kardinal Offishall and Akon and 16 other tracks.

## Tracks
# P!nk – "So What"
# E.G. Daily – "Changing Faces"
# Pussycat Dolls – "When I Grow Up"
# Sarah Robertson – "Exhausted"
# Ne-Yo – "Closer"
# Chris Brown – "Forever"
# Kardinal Offishall featuring Akon – "Dangerous"
# T.I. – "Whatever You Like"
# Lil Wayne featuring T-Pain – "Got Money"
# Savage featuring Soulja Boy Tell 'Em – "Swing"
# Young Jeezy featuring Kanye West – "Put On"
# Yung Berg featuring Casha – "The Business"
# Jordin Sparks – "One Step at a Time"
# Leona Lewis – "Better In Time"
# Boys Like Girls – "Thunder"
# Saving Abel – "Addicted"
# Daughtry – "What About Now"
# Matt Nathanson – "Come On Get Higher"
# Darius Rucker – "Don't Think I Don't Think About It"
# Keith Anderson – "I Still Miss You"
#Christina Aguilera - "Reflection"
#Rihanna - "Disturbia"
#Katy Perry - "Hot 'n' Cold"

## Related pages
* Now That's What I Call Music! (U.S. Series)
Thrissur

**Thrissur** is one of the fourteen districts of Kerala in southwest India. It is the second largest city in Kerala and 20th largest city in India. At the center of the city is a temple, the Vadakkumnathan temple which has Lord Siva as its presiding deity. It is known as the cultural capital of Kerala because of the city's association with history, culture and archaeological remains. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometers (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. It is famous for Thrissur Pooram which is a temple festival. Thrissur is also known as the “cultural capital of Kerala” as its well known for its cultural, spiritual and religious learnings throughout history.    

## Other websites 
* Satellite image of Thrissur
* Thrissur District Information- Hotels, Hospitals, Thrissur Places, Shops, Doctors, Banks, etc.
Jurassic Coast

The **Jurassic Coast** is a stretch of  coast in south-west England. It is between Orcombe Point near Exmouth in East Devon and Old Harry Rocks near Swanage in East Dorset. This is 96 miles long (154&nbsp;km).  

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Its entire length can be walked on the South West Coast Path.

## Major fossil finds 
Some of the greatest fossil discoveries were made in this area. 
*The first ichthyosaur skeleton
*The first plesiosaur
*The first pterosaur outside Germany
These finds were by Mary Anning in the first part of the 19th century. This area was home to Mary, a collector who searched for fossils of the coastline around Lyme Regis and discovered several complete Ichthyosaur fossils.

## Geology 
The Jurassic Coast is made of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous cliffs, spanning 185 million years of geological history.

The site contains a number of special features and shows different landforms, including the natural arch at Durdle Door, the cove and limestone folding at Lulworth Cove and an island, the Isle of Portland.

Chesil Beach (or Chesil Bank) is one of England's three shingle (gravel) beaches. It is a barrier beach which runs parallel to the coastline and connects to Portland Bill (see photo). Between the barrier and the regular coastline is a lagoon.

Golden Cap is the highest place on the south coast of England. It is  high.

### Sequence of rocks 
This section notes the main rocks found on the coast, starting with the lowest (earliest).

#### Blue Lias 
The **Blue Lias** is a geologic formation in the Jurassic Coast and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Lias Group.

The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur *Dimorphodon*.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone.

## Gateway towns 
These are special towns that are related to the Jurassic Coast:
* Weymouth
* West Bay
* Abbotsbury
* Bridport
* Budleigh Salterton
* Charmouth — Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre
* Exmouth
* Lulworth
* Lyme Regis
* Seaton
* Sidmouth
* Swanage

Pretty much the same rocks can be seen near the Yorkshire coast near Hull (Kingston upon Hull) in Yorkshire near the Humber Estuary. Also the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks can be followed into northern France. 

## Gallery

Image:Durdle Door, Dorset (2004).jpg|Durdle Door
Image:PortlandCoast.JPG|The Jurassic limestones on the Isle of Portland.
Image:070329jad ukdor 01.jpg|Lyme Bay
Image:Landslip near Lyme.JPG|Landslip near Lyme Regis
Image:Man_o_war_cove.jpg|Man O War Cove
Image:Oldharryrocks.jpg|Old harry rocks
Image:Lyme_regis_001.JPG|Lyme Regis, England
Image:Dactylioceras_Chesil_Fossil.jpg|Ammonite from the Jurassic Coast, Dorset.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

## References
## Other websites 
* Jurassic Coast official website 
* The South West Coast Path National Trail
* Jurassic Coast UNESCO World Heritage site datasheet
Michigan Territory

**Michigan Territory** was a territory of the United States in the early 19th century, between June 30, 1805 and January 26, 1837, when it became Michigan, the 26th state of the Union. Detroit was the territory's capital.

## History
The Treaty of Detroit was signed on November 17, 1807 between William Hurt and American Indians from the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot people. Those Indian tribes agreed to give the United States the area of Southeast Michigan and a part of Ohio near the Maumee River. The Indians were allowed to own small amounts of land in the area. This helped expand the territory.

## Population
These numbers do not count most Native Americans.  In 1800, the whole of the Northwest Territory had 43,365 people living in it. Under the Northwest Ordinance, a territory could apply to become a state once it had 60,000 people living in it.

## Governors
## References
## Other websites
*An act to divide Indiana Territory  (the law which created the Michigan Territory)
Abercrombie

**Abercrombie** may refer to:

In **places**:
* Abercrombie, Fife, a village in Fife, Scotland
* Abercrombie, Alabama, a place in the state of Alabama in the United States
* Abercrombie, North Dakota, a city in Richland County, North Dakota in the United States
* Abercrombie Township, Richland County, North Dakota
* Abercrombie, Texas, a place in the state of Texas in the United States
* Abercrombie River, a river in New South Wales, Australia

In **business**:
* Abercrombie & Fitch, an American apparel company
* abercrombie kids, (marketed simply as "abercrombie"), a children's subsidiary of Abercrombie & Fitch

**Other**:
* Abercrombie (horse) (1975–2000), a bay harness racing horse, won the 1978 E. Roland Harriman Award for harness horse of the year
* *Abercrombie* class monitor, a class of monitors that served in the Royal Navy during the First World War
* HMS *Abercrombie*, the name of three ships of the Royal Navy
* USS *Abercrombie* (DE-343), a US Navy *John C. Butler*-class destroyer escort of World War II
* Abercrombie (surname)
SA80

**SA80** (Small Arms for the 80s) is the name of a weapons family used by the British Army and Royal Marines. All are of bullpup design: this means the magazine is behind the trigger so the weapon is shorter yet still has a long barrel.

The series includes an assault rifle known as the **L85** and a Light Support Weapon (LSW) designated the **L86** as well as a carbine variant for helicopter crews and a bolt action army cadet variant. 

The LSW variant is far more accurate than its predecessor, and is used in army FSGs (Fire Support Groups). They are amazingly accurate for their size (Army marksmanship tests were redesigned after the SA80 introduction because it was so accurate). Nevertheless, the SA80 family has been plagued by poor reliability. They have had an upgrade by the German arms company H&K when it was British owned. This resulted in the A2 series, but not all models have been upgraded. 

The SA80 also has a cadet force variant (L98 A2 Cadet GP) that is the same size, and is used throughout the ACF. It has a success rate far higher than the old, bolt-action A1 version.
Geoff Bunn

**Geoff Bunn** is an Anglo-Swedish author and artist. He was born in Birmingham, England in 1963.  He has been in galleries such as the Tate but is better known for placing his work in the ordinary environment rather than 'traditional' art galleries.  During the early 2000s, he worked in France, for a time, with painter Fred Yates.

Bunn has also painted a number of large and rather disturbing canvases of empty interiors. This series of paintings - which Bunn entitles 'Interior Landscapes' - led to Bunn being awarded the Cartazini Prize in 2007.

Bunn has written a number of books, including the best-selling transgender romance *Blonde Boy, Red Lipstick*.

## References 
*Documenta Exhibition 2002
Fred Yates

**Frederick Joseph Yates** (25 July 1922 – 7 July 2008) was an English artist. He  was born in Urmston, His work was very much in the style of the late L. S. Lowry.  Yates lived and worked all over England but in later years he was based in France.

## References
Sauerbraten

:*This article is about the dish; the computer game can be seen at Cube 2: Sauerbraten*
**Sauerbraten** is a meat dish eaten mainly in Germany, but also neighbouring countries. The name comes form *sauer* (sour) and *braten* (roast). It refers to the way the dish is prepared: the meat is left in a kind of sour sauce (based on vinegar) to marinate.

Image:Sauerbraten-mariniert.jpg|Marinating
Image:Sauerbraten-gebraten.jpg|Ready to serve
Piacenza

**Piacenza** is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital city of the province of Piacenza. 102'394 people live there. Piacenza is famous for its *palazzi*.

## References 
## Other websites
Poison (band)

**Poison** is an American glam metal band from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.  They were formed in 1983. Their lead singer is Bret Michaels. One of their most popular hits was "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" which was the Hot 100 number-one single of December 24, 1988 and lasted until January 7, 1989.
Yao Ming

**Yao Ming** (; born September 12, 1980) is a Chinese former professional basketball player. He played for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was the tallest player in the NBA, at 7 foot, 6 inches. (2.29m), though not the tallest ever. 

Yao Ming was born at Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital in Shanghai, He is only child by Yao Tzi Yuan and Fong Fengdi , There are professional basketball players by their family,
He started with the Shanghai Sharks as a teenager and played on their senior team for five years in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). The team won a championship in his final year. Then he entered the 2002 NBA Draft. The CBA had to release him, and he was selected by the Houston Rockets to play on their team. He had also been chosen to play for the NBA All-Star Game for all six of his seasons. However, the Rockets have not advanced past the first round of the playoffs since he joined the team, and he has also had injuries in each of the past three seasons. On July 20, 2011, Yao Ming announced that he was retiring from basketball after many foot and ankle injuries. 

His father, Yao Zhiyuan, is  in tall; his mother, Fengdi Fang, is  in tall. She was captain of the Chinese national women's basketball team. Yao Ming's parents were the tallest couple in China when he was born.

Yao Ming is married to Ye Li, who used to play for the China women's national basketball team. He is one of China's best-known athletes. He has sponsorships with several major companies, and he has been the richest celebrity in China for six straight years, earning US$51 million (CN¥357 million) in 2008. 

His rookie year in the NBA was the subject of a documentary film, *The Year of the Yao*, and in 2004 he wrote an autobiography titled *Yao: A Life in Two Worlds*. As well as his other book a in the previous year  The Tao of Yao: Wit and Wisdom from the Moving Great Wall Yao Ming

## References
## Other websites
*Yao Ming's NBA profile
Instruction (computer science)

In computer science, an **instruction** is a single operation of a processor defined by the processor instruction set.

The size or length of an instruction varies widely, from as little as 4-bits in some microcontrollers to many as multiples of a bytes in some very long instruction word (VLIW) systems.  Most modern processors used in personal computers, mainframes, and supercomputers have instruction sizes between 16 and 64 bits. In some architectures, especially Reduced instruction set computers, instructions are of fixed length, typically corresponding with that architecture's word size.

On traditional architectures, an instruction includes an opcode specifying the operation to be performed, such as "add contents of memory to register", and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data. The operand specifiers may have addressing modes determining their meaning or may be in fixed fields.

In VLIW architectures, which include many microcode architectures, multiple simultaneous operations and operands are specified in a single instruction.

Instructions are rarely specified using their machine code form; they may be specified by programmers using an assembly language or, more commonly, may be generated by compilers.

There is another more general definition for an "instruction" not only related to the processor instruction set , which is: An "instruction" may be any representation of an element of an executable computer program.

## Related pages
*Machine language
The Economist

***The Economist*** is a magazine published each week in England. It was founded in 1843. It currently has about 1.3 million subscribers.

It was founded in 1843 by Scotsman James Wilson with assistance from the Anti-Corn Law League as a voice against England’s Corn Laws, regulations governing the import and export of grain. Wilson’s son-in-law Walter Bagehot, who served as editor of *The Economist* from 1861 to 1877, expanded the publication’s coverage into politics and strengthened its focus on U.S. affairs. A later admirer of Bagehot's was Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

In 1992 WT Layton was appointed as editor. His editorship was of profound importance to the newspaper, and he was probably the person to whom it owes most thanks for its survival and continued independence.*The Economist* is classically liberal and economically liberal. It supports free trade, globalization, and the legalization of same-sex marriage and illegal drugs. It targets highly educated readers, as well as famous people such as Bill Gates, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Ted Turner.  

## Tone and voice 
*The Economist* has a consistent voice, partly because its writers are anonymous. It assumes its readers have a basic understanding of economics. Its articles are often witty.

## References
Human height

**Human height** is the height of a human body. Factors that influence human height are genetics, what people eat, the human body's natural chemicals, and being sick or healthy.

Over the last two millennia, human height, based on skeletal remains, has stayed fairly steady, oscillating around . The global mean height of adult men born in 1996 was , while the global average height of adult women born in 1996 was . In 2023, the average male height worldwide was approximately , while globally, the average height for adult females was approximately . The average man is taller than the average woman: this is seen across all countries in the world.

## Related pages 
* Human weight

## References
Levi Lincoln Sr.

**Levi Lincoln, Sr.** (May 15, 1749–April 14, 1820) was an American revolutionary. He was a Minuteman at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, a state legislator in Massachusetts, Governor of Massachusetts, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, a U.S. Representative, Attorney General for President Thomas Jefferson and Acting Secretary of State.
Ray Emery

**Raymond "Ray" Emery** (September 28, 1982 – July 15, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL) until his death. Emery played for the Ottawa Senators, Anaheim Ducks and Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played in KHL with the Atlant Moscow Oblast. Emery was awarded many honors, most from the minor league.

## Career
Emery was given various nicknames over his career, most goes by "Razor" and "Sugar Ray." In the 2001 NHL entry draft, Emery was chosen 99th overall by the Ottawa Senators. Emery was made starting goaltender in the 2006-07 NHL season. That year, the Senators made it to the Stanley Cup finals. On June 20, 2008, after some off-ice incidents, the Senators released Emery. Under one month later, Emery signed a one-year, $2M contract with Atlant Mytishchi of the Russian KHL. After his time in Russia, it was announced on June 10, 2009 that the Philadelphia Flyers had signed him to a one-year deal for $1.5 million. In March 2010, Flyers GM Paul Holmgren announced that Emery would miss the remainder of the season because of avascular necrosis and that a bone graft would be done to alleviate his hip issues. Emery began workout and rehabilitation process and later signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Anaheim Ducks on February 7, 2011. During his time with the Ducks, he tied for fourth in the league after he posted a 7–2–0 record with a 2.28 goals-against average (GAA) and a .926 save percentage (SV%) in 10 regular season games going into the playoffs. He attended the Chicago Blackhawks training camp on a tryout basis and was later signed by the Blackhawks to a 1-year, $600,000 deal.

Emery has been known for getting into several altercations while playing ice hockey, a rarity for an ice-hockey goaltender. Emery once fought two Buffalo Sabres players, Martin Biron and Andrew Peters in a line brawl during the 2006-07 NHL season. He also fought with his teammate, Brian McGrattan, during a practice in January 2008. He has also fought with teammate's Jason Spezza and Chris Neil.

On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On July 5, 2013, he signed a $1.65 million, 1-year deal with the Philadelphia Flyers.

## Death
On July 15, 2018, Emery accidentally drowned while diving at a yacht club in Hamilton, Ontario, aged 35.

## Career statistics 
### Regular season 
### Playoffs 
Statistics via Eliteprospects

## References
## Other websites
*
Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons

The **pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons** talks about all known Atlantic tropical cyclones before to 1600. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

**Atlantic hurricane seasons**
**Pre-1600** 1600s/10s 1620s/30s

Observation info for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because record keeping was non-existent in the pre-Columbian era, and any records that may have once existed have long since been lost. Even info from the early years of the Columbian era is suspect and incomplete because the difference between a hurricane and an extratropical system was not drawn by Renaissance scientists and sailors and because European exploration and colonization of the regions affected by hurricanes did not begin in earnest until the mid-16th century.

However, paleotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia. A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast. During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic Oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. In fact, few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5 times. On the Atlantic coast, chance of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.

## Storms
### Pre-1525

### 1525-1549

### 1550-1574

### 1575-1599

## Related pages
*List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

## References
## Further reading
*
*
*
*

## Other websites
*http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml
*http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm 
*http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vahur.htm
*http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/la18hu.php
Execution unit

In computer engineering, an **execution unit** is a part of a CPU (not to be confused with the CPUs main control unit) that performs specific operations or calculations. It may have its own internal control sequence unit, some registers, and other internal units such as a sub-ALU or FPU, or some smaller, more specific components.

Now modern CPUs have multiple parallel execution units, referred to as scalar or superscalar design. The simplest arrangement is to use one, the bus manager, to manage the memory interface, and the others to perform calculations. Additionally, modern CPUs execution units are usually pipelined.

## Other websites
* The Department's Computer Science Research Center on the UMass Faculty
Speculative execution

In computer science, **speculative execution** is the execution of code, before being sure if the result will be needed.

The technique is used in most high-performance microprocessors to execute a complete instructions or parts of instructions before being sure whether this execution is required

In the context of functional programming, the term **"speculative evaluation"** is used instead.

## Other websites 
*"Speculative computation in Multilisp."
James R. Schlesinger

**James Rodney Schlesinger** (February 15, 1929 – March 27, 2014) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter.

On March 27, 2014, Schlesinger died from complications of pneumonia at a Baltimore hospital. He was 85.

## References
Branch prediction

In computer architecture, a **branch predictor** is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch (jump) in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not. This is called **branch prediction**. 

**Branch predictors** are important in today's modern, superscalar processors for achieving high performance. They allow processors to fetch and execute instructions without waiting for a branch to be resolved.

Almost all pipelined processors do **branch prediction** of some form, because they must guess the address of the next instruction to fetch before the current instruction has been executed.  

Many earlier microprogrammed CPUs did not do branch prediction because there was little or no performance requirements; for this reason there is no need for altering the flow of the instruction stream.

## Other websites
*Seznec *et al.* (1996). "Multiple-Block Ahead Branch Predictors " – demonstrates prediction accuracy is not impaired by indexing with previous branch address.
*Seznec *et al.* (2002). "Design Tradeoffs for the Alpha EV8 Conditional Branch Predictor " – describes the Alpha EV8 branch predictor. This paper does an excellent job discussing how they arrived at their design from various hardware constraints and simulation studies.
*Jimenez (2003). "Reconsidering Complex Branch Predictors " – describes the EV6 and K8 branch predictors, and pipelining considerations.
*Agner Fog. Branch Prediction in the Pentium Family
*
Aka

**A.K.A**, **AKA**, **Aka** or **aka** may refer to:

*a.k.a. or aka ("also known as"), used to describe author pseudonyms, aliases, nicknames, stage names, working names, legalized names, pen names, maiden names, etc.
* also means "red" in Japanese
Secure channel

In cryptography, a **secure channel** is a way of transferring data that is very difficult (called r*esistant*) to overhear or copy (called *interception*) and understand (called *decrypt*) or change (called *tampering*).

A **confidential channel** is a way of transferring data that is resistant to interception, but may not be resistant to tampering and may not be resistant to impersonation by someone else (called *spoofing*).

An **authenticatable channel** is a way of transferring data that is resistant to spoofing but may not be resistant to interception or tampering.
Terminology

**Terminology** is the study of terms and their use. Terminology studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" in one or more subject fields or areas of human activity. **Terms** are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts.  Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture.

## Overview
Work on terminology consists mainly of:
* analyzing the concepts in a field of activity
* identifying the terms given to the concepts
* establishing correspondences between terms in different languages
* putting the terminology onto a database
* creating new terms, as required

## Related pages 
*Concept
*Jargon
Althen-des-Paluds

**Althen-des-Paluds** is a commune of 1988 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Key exchange

**Key exchange** is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between users, allowing use of a cryptographic system.

If two parties wish to exchange encrypted messages, each needs to know how to decrypt received messages and to encrypt sent messages. The information they require to do so depends on the encryption technique they might use. If they use a code, both will require a copy of the same codebook. If they use a cipher, they will need appropriate keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property, both will need the other's public key.

The **key exchange problem** is how to exchange whatever keys or other information needed so, in such a way, that no one else can obtain a copy. Usually, this required trusted secure channel. With the arrival of (public key / private key) cipher algorithms, the encrypting key (aka, the public key) could be made public, since (at least for *"high quality"* ciphers) no one without the decrypting key (aka, the private key) could decrypt the message.

In principle, then, the only remaining problem was to be sure that a public key actually belonged to its claimed owner, this is not a problem easy to solve; specially when the two users involved have never met and know nothing about each other.

In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published a cryptographic protocol, (**Diffie-Hellman key exchange**), which allows users to establish secure channels in order to exchange keys, even if an attacker is monitoring that communication channel. However, **Diffie-Hellman key exchange** did not address the **"identity authentication"** problem of being sure of the actual identity of the person or an entity.

Public key infrastructures have been proposed go around the problem of **"identity authentication"**. In their most usual implementation, each user applies to a "certificate authority" for a digital certificate which serves for other users as a correct (**termed**: non-tamperable) authentication of identity.

In contrast, the web of trust system, which do not use central "certificate authority" at all. Each user is responsible for **verifying** any certificate from another user before using that certificate to communicate with the user who claims to be associated with the particular public key in a certificate, (see digital signatures).

The problem of key exchange has not yet been solved. In particular, it has not yet been solved for the modern situation of two previously unknown users attempting to communicate electronically, as, for instance, in electronic commerce. Some of the existing work-around designs work, more or less, but are not fully satisfactory.

## Related pages
* Key (cryptography)
* Symmetric-key cryptography
* Public-key cryptography
Out-of-order execution

In computer engineering, **out-of-order execution**, **OoOE**, is a technique used in most high-performance microprocessors to make use of cycles that would otherwise be wasted by a certain type of costly delay. Most modern CPU designs include support for out of order execution.

The key concept of OoO processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of delays (**termed**: *"stalls "*) that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable.

OoO processors fill these "slots" in time with other instructions that **are** ready, then re-order the results at the end to make it appear that the instructions were processed as normal. The way the instructions are ordered in the original computer code is known as **program order**, in the processor they are handled in **data order** (the order in which the data, operands, become available in the processor's registers). Fairly complex circuitry is needed to convert from one ordering to the other and maintain a logical ordering of the output; the processor itself appears to be running the instructions in random order.

The benefit of OoO processing grows as the instruction pipeline expands and the speed difference between main memory (or cache memory) and the processor increases. On modern machines, the processor runs many times faster than the memory, so during the time an in-order processor spends waiting for data to arrive, it could have processed a large number of instructions.

In earlier **In-order processors**, the processing of instructions is normally done in these steps:
# Instruction fetch.
# If input operands are available (in registers for instance), the instruction is dispatched to the appropriate functional unit.  If one or more operands is unavailable during the current clock cycle (generally because they are being fetched from memory), however, the processor stalls until they are available.
# The instruction is executed by the appropriate functional unit.
# The functional unit writes the results back to the register.

**Out-of-order processors** breaks up the processing of instructions into these steps:
# Instruction fetch.
# Instruction dispatch to an instruction queue (also called **instruction buffer** or reservation stations).
# The instruction waits in the queue until its input operands are available. The instruction is then allowed to leave the queue before earlier, older instructions.
# The instruction is issued to the appropriate functional unit and executed by that unit.
# The results are queued (Re-order Buffer).
# Only after all older instructions have their results written back to the register file, then this result is written back to the register. This is called the **graduation** or **retire** stage.

In the examples outlined above, the **OoO** processor avoids the stall that occurs in step (2) of the i**n-order processor** when the instruction is not completely ready to be processed due to missing data.

## Related pages
* Parallel computing
* Instruction-level parallelism

## Other websites 
* "Implementation of precise interrupts in pipelined processors", a paper by Smith and Pleszkun (1985).
Cabrières-d'Aigues

'''Cabrières-d'Aigues''' is a commune of 819 people (2006). It is in the  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Sami Hyypiä

**Sami Tuomas Hyypiä** (; born 7 October 1973) is a Finnish professional football manager and a former player who played as a centre-back.

## Statistics
### Club career statistics
### International
:''Scores and results list Finland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hyypiä goal''.

## Managerial statistics
*1.Sami Hyypiä and Sascha Lewandowski were both in-charge of the first team. Hyypiä's first training session was on 12 March 2013.

**MyPa**
*Finnish Cup: 1992, 1995

**Liverpool**
*FA Cup: 2000–01, 2005–06
*Football League Cup: 2000–01, 2002–03; runner-up 2004–05
*FA Charity/Community Shield: 2001, 2006
*UEFA Champions League: 2004–05; runner-up 2006–07
*UEFA Cup: 2000–01
*UEFA Super Cup: 2001, 2005
*FIFA Club World Championship runner-up: 2005

**Finland**
*Nordic Football Championship: 2000–01

**Individual**
*UEFA Team of the Year: 2001
*ESM Team of the Year: 2000–01
*Liverpool Player of the Season: 2001–02
*Finnish Sportsperson of the Year: 2001
*Premier League Player of the Month: November 1999
*PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Premier League, 2001–02 Premier League
*Finnish Sports Hall of Fame
*Finnish Footballer of the Year: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010
**kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2009–10
*UEFA awards 100 caps: 2011

## Other websites
*Thisisanfield.com player profile
*Profile at ESPNsoccernet.com 

## References