open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Spectrum (disambiguation)

A **spectrum** is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.

**Spectrum** can also be

;In physical sciences
* The electromagnetic spectrum
** The spectral class of asteroids
** The visible spectrum or optical spectrum, a subset of the electromagnetic spectrum
** An emission spectrum observed in light
** An absorption spectrum observed in light
** Radio spectrum, a radio frequency subset (or part) of the electromagnetic spectrum
** The spectral class of stars in Stellar classification
* The timbre (spectrum of sound energy) of a musical note
* The energy spectrum of a collection of particles (particle physics)
* The frequency spectrum of a signal
* The power spectrum of a signal
* The spectrum of activity of a chemical

;Proper nouns
* The ZX Spectrum, an early British home computer
* *IEEE Spectrum*, a magazine
* *Spectrum* (magazine), published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
* Spectrum Value Partners, a management consulting firm
* Spectrum (band), an Australian group of the 1970s led by Mike Rudd
* Spectrum, a band headed by Peter Kember
* The Smith Spectrum, a sports arena in Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
* The Wachovia Spectrum, formerly *The Spectrum*, a sports arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
* Guildford Spectrum, a leisure complex in Guildford, England
* Spectrum London, UK, an art gallery
* The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards or Spectrums, a literary award
* Spectrum (album), debut album of fusion drummer, Billy Cobham

;In social and medical sciences
* The economic spectrum
* The political spectrum of opinion
* A spectrum disorder, in psychiatry
* Autism for Autism Spectrum Disorder

;In mathematics
* The spectrum of a matrix, in linear algebra
* The spectrum of an operator, in functional analysis (a generalisation of the spectrum of a matrix)
* The spectrum of a ring, in commutative algebra
* The spectrum of a C*-algebra
* A spectrum (homotopy theory)
* The Stone space of Boolean algebra
* The spectrum of a theory, in mathematical logic
Continuum

A **Continuum** is a continuous series where all parts are very similar to their nearest neighbour, but the ends or extremes of it are different from each other. 

This describes something that changes gradually (little by little) from one condition, to a different condition, but without any sudden changes or .

The difference between a continuum, and something with very different changes that can be measured, is important for all continuum theories.

Continuum may also refer to:

* The space-time continuum
* Continuum (mathematics), the real line, or more generally any space, ordering, or cardinal that shares certain properties of the real line (e.g., "connectedness" or "size")
* Language continuum - a group of dialects, where the dialect of each area is understandable in neighboring areas, and these dialects may gradually 'slide' from one language to another related language, even though speakers of the different languages who live farther apart may have more difficulty understanding one another.
* Continuum concept, Jean Liedloff's articulation of the natural principles upon which attachment parenting was founded
* Continuum Entertainment, a Brazilian game developer
* Continuum Health Partners, a consortium of New York City Hospitals
* Continuum hypothesis, a mathematical hypothesis
* Continuum International Publishing Group, a publishing house
* Continuum mechanics, a branch of physics that deals with continuous matter
* Continuum RPG, the time travel role-playing game *C°ntinuum*
* Apache *Continuum*, a continuous integration server for building Java based projects
* Q Continuum, a parallel existence in the fictional Star Trek universe
* *Continuum* (song), a song by Jaco Pastorius released on his self-titled album, August 1976
* *Continuum* (album), an album by John Mayer released September 12, 2006
* *Continuum* (CD), the debut album by music project **Continuum** released in 2005
* *Continuum* (computer game), the North American version of the classic computer game, Alpha Waves
* *Continuum* (game client), a game client for the SubSpace computer game
* Continuum (games convention), a biannual British roleplaying convention dedicated to the worlds of Greg Stafford, Michael Moorcock, H.P.Lovecraft and many others
* Continuum (instrument), a "fretless keyboard"
* *Continuum* (Ligeti), a composition for harpsichord by György Ligeti
* Continuum (music project), the musical collaboration between Steven Wilson and Dirk Serries
* *Stargate: Continuum*, a direct-to-DVD movie of the *Stargate* franchise
Alive III

***Alive III*** is a live album by the American hard rock and heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 18, 1993.

## Track listing 
**Creatures Of The Night*
**Deuce*
**I Just Wanna*
**Unholy*
*''Heaven's On Fire*
**Watchin' You*
**Domino*
**I Was Made For Lovin' You*
**I Still Love You*
**Rock And Roll All Nite*
**Lick It Up*
**Forever*
**I Love It Loud*
**Detroit Rock City*
**God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II*
**The Star Spangled Banner''
Turbine

A **turbine** is an engine that turns fluid movement into energy. This energy can be changed to make electricity with a generator. A turbine is a turbomachine with normally 1 moving part called a rotor assembly (*a shaft or drum with blades attached*) Moving fluid,  normally water, moves the blades so that they transfer energy to the rotor. Some early turbine examples include windmills and waterwheels.

A casing can be placed around the turbine to control the movement of the fluid. Credit for the invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854 - 1931) for invention of the reaction turbine(turbines that utilize water pressure and water speed to rotate), and to the Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845-1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines normally utilize both the reaction and impulse turbine in one system.
 
## Types
* Steam turbine
* Gas turbine
* Transonic turbine
* Jet engine, including
* Turbojet
* Turbofan
* Turboprop
* Turboshaft
* Ceramic turbine
* Contra-rotating turbine
* Statorless turbine
* Shrouded turbine
* Shroudless turbine
* Bladeless turbine
* Water turbine
* Wind turbine
* Impulse turbine
* Velocity compound Curtis

## References 
## Other websites 
* Turbine introductory math
* Turbines jet powered 1/16 scale Airbus A330
Rotor

**Rotor** ( part) may mean:

In **engineering**:
*Helicopter rotor, the rotary wing(s) of a rotorcraft such as a helicopter
*Rotor (electric), the non-stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating with a stationary element called the stator.
*ROTOR, a former radar project in the UK following the Second World War
*Rotor (turbine), the rotor of a turbine powered by fluid pressure
*Rotor (brake), the disc of a disc brake, in U.S. terminology
*Rotor (distributor), a component of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine
*Rotor (engine), the rotary piston in a rotary combustion engine
*Rotor (antenna), an electric motor that rotates an antenna to the direction of transmission or reception
*Rotor (magazine), a US magazine covering the civil helicopter industry

In **computing**:
*Rotor machine, the rotating wheels used in certain cipher machines, such as the German Enigma machine
*Rotor (software project), the former code name for Microsoft's shared source implementation of its Common Language Infrastructure

In **music**:
* Rotor (band), a German progressive stoner rock band
* Rotor Plus (sometimes known as Rotor), an experimental electronica band from New Zealand

In **other fields**:
*SC Rotor Volgograd, a Russian football club
*Rotor (Sonic the Hedgehog), a fictional character from the Sonic the Hedgehog universe
*Rotor (ride), the trade name for an amusement ride
*Rotor (meteorology), a turbulent horizontal vortex that forms in the trough of lee waves
*Rotor (mathematics), an n-blade object in geometric algebra, which rotates another n-blade object about a fixed or translated point
*Rotor (planet), a planet in Isaac Asimov's book *Nemesis*
*Rotor (game), a game written for the Commodore Amiga computer
Electric power

uses cables and electricity pylons like this near Bartholomä in Germany]]
**Electric power** is defined as the power dissipated by an electric circuit. Electric power is a measurement of the rate at which energy is used over a period of time. The SI unit for power is the watt, the unit for energy is the joule, and the unit for time is the second.

For a direct current circuit, electric power equals the electric current multiplied by the voltage.

When electric current flows through a circuit, it is slowed down by the resistance in the circuit. Devices can convert this current to useful forms of work, such as heat radiation, light emission, mechanical motion, or acoustic vibrations.

## Related pages 
* Electric power transmission
* Electric power distribution
* Electrical generator

## References
* Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website 
* 
*
Kiss Unplugged

***Kiss Unplugged*** is an album of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss's performance on MTV Unplugged on August 8, 1995. The album was released on March 12, 1996.

## Track listing 
* Comin' Home
* Plaster Caster
* Goin' Blind
* Do You Love Me
* Domino
* Got To Choose
* Sure Know Something
* A World Without Heroes
* Rock Bottom
* See You Tonight
* I Still Love You
* Every Time I Look At You
* 2,000 Man
* Beth
* Nothin' To Lose
* Rock And Roll All Nite
Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions

***Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 28, 1997.

## Track listing 
* Hate
* Rain
* Master & Slave
* Childhood's End
* I Will Be There
* Jungle
* In My Head
* It Never Goes Away
* Seduction of the Innocent
* I Confess
* In the Mirror
* I Walk Alone
Head (hydraulic)

**Hydraulic head** is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum.

It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.

## Atmospheric pressure 
Even though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)

## Analogs to other fields 
Hydraulic head is a measure of energy, and has many analogs in physics and chemistry, where the same mathematical principles and rules apply:
**Hydraulic head* is analogous to:
**magnetic monopole
**electric charge
**heat (i.e., temperature)
**concentration
*A continuous "field" of hydraulic heads is analogous to:
**an electric field
**a magnetic field
*Similar differential operators can be applied to the fields, to find:
**the gradient, or the direction of flow
**the divergence of flow
**the curl, or if the field is rotating

## Related pages
*fluid dynamics
*Darcy's law

## References 
* Bear, J. 1972. *Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media*, Dover. .
* for other references which discuss hydraulic head in the context of hydrogeology, see that page's further reading section
Susan Brownmiller

**Susan Brownmiller** (February 15, 1935 &ndash; May 24, 2025) was an American feminist, journalist and activist. She was best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in *Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape* (1975). The book argued that rape was a crime of power and violence, not passion. She later took the pen name Brownmiller, legally changing her name in 1961.

## Activism
Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism. She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968. There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization.

Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journa in 1970, began work on *Against Our Will* after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979. 

She continued to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism. She wrote a memoir called *In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution* in 1999.

Brownmiller said that rape has been defined by men rather than women before she released her book. In her book, she said that men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. All men benefit from this. 

She was an Adjunct Professor of Women's & Gender Studies at Pace University in New York City.

## Personal life
She called herself as "a single woman", even though "I was always a great believer in romance and partnership." She never married.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Susan Brownmiller.com
* Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
* 1989 audio interview with Susan Brownmiller  by Don Swaim
Erich Fromm

**Erich Seligmann Fromm** (23 March 1900 in Frankfurt – 18 March 1980 in Muralto) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. He was part of what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He taught at several universities.

Fromm was born in a family of rabbis. Because of his Jewish background Fromm fled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and settled in the United States. After the war he moved to Mexico. The last years of his life he lived in the Swiss Alps. He died 1980 in Muralto.

One of his famous works is *Haben oder Sein* (*To Have or to Be?*) from 1974. In this book he critices many aspects in the western society like the pursuit of wealth.

## Other websites 
* Erich Fromm on the Mystical Site www.mysticism.nl
* Website der Internationalen Erich-Fromm-Gesellschaft
* www.erich-fromm.info  - German site - Curriculum vitae and available books.
* Clark, Neil. "Wanted: an Erich Fromm party." Guardian Unlimited, February 20, 2007.
Turkish Van

The **Turkish Van** is a breed of cat that comes from Turkey. It has lived in the Lake Van area of Turkey for hundreds of years and has been popular in that country. This is why it is named the Turkish Van. This part of Turkey is in very high mountains and has long, cold winters. But the summers are hot. 

This cat got used to this climate over time by its body changing. It now has a thick, full fur coat in the winter, but sheds in the summer and becomes a short-haired cat. The Turkish Van swims in the summer to cool itself off and the thin summer coat dries quickly.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Cat Fanciers' Association: The Turkish Van breed
Turkish Angora

The **Turkish Angora** is a cat from Turkey. It has long white fur.  It is like the Turkish Van cat, but its fur is different.

## References
François Adrien Boieldieu

**François Adrien Boieldieu** (December 16, 1775 – October 8, 1834) was a French composer. He mainly wrote operas.

## List of operas 
* *La fille coupable* (1793)
* *Rosalie et Myrza* (1795)
* *La famille suisse* (1797)
* ''L'heureuse nouvelle* (1797)
* *Le pari, ou Mombreuil et Merville* (1797)
* *Zoraïme et Zulnar* (1798)
* *Le dot de Suzette* (1798)
* *Les méprises espagnoles* (1799)
* *Emma, ou La prisionière* (1799)
* *Béniovski, ou Les exilés du Kamchattka* (1800)
* *Le calife de Baghdad* (1800)
* *Ma tante Aurore ou Le Roman impromptu* (1803)
* *Le baiser et la quittance, ou Une aventure de garrison* (1803)
* *Aline, reine de Golconde* (1804)
* *La jeune femme colère* (1805)
* *Abderkan* (1805)
* *Un tour de soubrette* (1806)
* *Télémaque* (1806)
* *Amour et mystère, ou Lequel est mon cousin?* (1807)
* *Les voitures versées* (*Le séducteur en voyage*) (1808)
* *La dame invisible* (1808)
* *Rien de trop, ou Les deux paravents* (1810)
* *Jean de Paris* (1812)
* *Le nouveau Seigneur de village* (1813)
* *Bayard à Mézières, ou Le siège de Mézières* (1814)
* *Le Béarnais, ou Henri IV en voyage* (1814)
* *Angéla, ou L'atelier de Jean Cousin* (1814)
* *La fête du village voisin* (1816)
* *Charles de France, ou Amour et gloire* (1816)
* *Le petit chaperon rouge* (1818)
* *Les arts rivaux* (1821)
* *Blanche de Provence, ou La cour des fées* (1821)
* *La France et l'Espagne* (1823)
* *Les trois genres* (1824)
* *Pharamond* (1824)
* *La dame blanche* (1825)
* *Les deux nuits* (1829)
* *La marquise de Brinvilliers'' (1831)

## Sources 
* François Adrien Boieldieu on Find a Grave site
Biological warfare

**Biological warfare** (or **germ warfare**) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare. 

Biological warfare has been used throughout history. The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols. During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies. Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:
*Deliberate poisoning of food or water supplies with infectious materials
*Use of microorganisms, living or dead animals in a weapon system.
*Use of fabrics that are contaminated

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.

Today, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.

The production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.

Validated BW threat agents include the following: Anthrax, Bioregulators, Botulinal toxins, Brucellosis, Cholera, Clostridium perfringens,Encephalomyelitis viruses, Glanders, Hemorrhagic Fever viruses, Mycotoxins, Neurotoxins, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB), Plague, Q-fever, Ricin, Shigella, Smallpox, Tularemia, and Typhus. 

There are also required characteristics of biological agents. These requirements are consistently producing a given result; being manufacturable on a large scale; being stable during production, storage, and transportation; being capable of efficient dissemination; being stable after dissemination. It is desirable to be possible to use forces to protect against it yet difficult for enemies to protect against or detect. Short and consistent incubation periods are also ideal, though not necessary.
Guido von List

**Guido (von) List** (born **Karl Anton List**; 5 October 1848 in Vienna &ndash; 17 May 1919 in Berlin) was an Austrian writer. His works were influenced very much by ideas of race. He was influenced by Arthur de Gobineau, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, and others. He believed there was a global jewish conspiracy. He thought that the conspiracy threatened those he believed to be the Aryan race. He also believed that runes had magic power. His beliefs were not unpopular in Western Europe in the 19th century. He was an occultist. A contemporary of his was Houston Steward Chamberlain. Chambelain lived at the same time as he did. One of his successors was Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels.

**Swastika**

He is attributed with suggesting the swastika as the symbol for all “anti-Semitic” organizations. This symbol was later introduced in the Nazi flag inside a white circle with a red background. 

## Other websites 
* The Guido von List website 
* ‘Der Meister' Guido von List and the Controversy of ‘von'
* The Armanen Futharkh: A Controversial Rune Row? 
* Works by and about Guido von List in the German National Library catalogue
* Armanenschaft glossary 
* [Das Geheimnis der Runen (The Secret of the Runes)](http://nsl-forum.net/buecher/bis1945/Guido%20von%20List%20-%20Das%20Geheimnis%20der%20Runen%20(1907,%2084%20S.,%20Scan).pdf) (German)
* [Die Armanenschaft der Ario-Germanen (The Armanism of the Ario-Germans)](http://nsl-forum.net/buecher/bis1945/Guido%20von%20List%20-%20Die%20Armanenschaft%20der%20Ario-Germanen%20(1908,%20436%20S.,%20Scan,%20Fraktur).pdf) (German)
* [Die Rita der Ario-Germanen (The Rites of the Ario-Germans)](http://nsl-forum.net/buecher/bis1945/Guido%20von%20List%20-%20Die%20Rita%20der%20Ario-Germanen%20(3.%20Auflage%201920,%20275%20S.,%20Scan,%20Fraktur).pdf) (German)
* [On the German Wotan Priestcraft](http://nsl-forum.net/buecher/bis1945/Guido%20von%20List%20-%20Von%20der%20Deutschen%20Wuotanspriesterschaft%20(1893,%2041%20S.).pdf) (German)
Franklins

**Franklins** is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.

The name of the shops is named after **Frank** **Lin**d**s**trom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be ''Australia's Original Discount Grocer''.

Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.

Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.

A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.

When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: *No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices* or as Franklins had put it: *Strictly No Frills*. Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.

Franklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened *Franklins Family Supermarkets* in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.
Bikini

A **bikini** is a type of swimsuit for women. It consists of two parts; pants and a bra top, leaving an uncovered area between the two. The bikini is an ancient invention, reinvented after the Second World War.

The bikini is perhaps the most popular female beachwear around the globe.

By the mid-2000s bikinis had become a US $811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company. The bikini has boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning industries.

## History 
 showing women exercising, first quarter of the 4th century AD. Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily]]
Predecessors of the bikini date back to antiquity, in Çatalhöyük and the Greco-Roman world. Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305&nbsp;AD) in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor. The images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls", exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today, are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site. Archeological finds, especially in Pompeii, show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini. A statue of Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere; others were found in the front hall.

By the early 1940s two-piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches. Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear.

The modern bikini was introduced by French engineer Louis Réard and fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. Réard was a car engineer but by 1946 he was running his mother's lingerie boutique near Les Folies Bergères in Paris. Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume. It comprised two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover its wearer's navel. Réard named his swimsuit the "bikini", taking the name from the Bikini atoll, one of a series of islands in the South Pacific where testing on the new atomic bomb was occurring that summer. He promoted it with the slogan "le bikini, la première bombe an-atomique". This is a play on words: "anatomique" means "relating to anatomy". Réard could not find a model to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the *Casino de Paris*. That bikini, with a g-string back, had  of cloth with newspaper type printed across. It introduced on July 5 at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris. Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, but the clothing was given its name by Réard. The bikini became increasingly popular throughout the 1960s and 70s.

## Images 

File:Nikki Beach Bar Dancer (261387510).jpg|The microskirt; a bikini bottom variation
File:Floé Kühnert cropped.jpg|Sports bikinis give extra support and protection for the breasts. German pole vaulter Floé Kühnert
File:Abril Alonso.jpg|A bandeau; a bikini top variation

## Other websites 
* "David Dodge and the Art of the Bikini" 
* "A Brief History of the Bikini: How the tiny swimsuit conquered America", *Slate Magazine*, July 5, 2006.
* Bikini Science 

## References
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap

***Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap*** is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981.

## Track listing 
# Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap 3:52
# Love At First Feel 3:13
# Big Balls 2:38
# Rocker 2:52
# Problem Child 5:47
# There's Gonna Be Some Rockin' 3:18
# Ain't No Fun (Waiting Round To Be A Millionaire) 6:58
# Ride On 5:54
# Sqeealer 5:15
High Voltage (1976 album)

***High Voltage*** is the debut studio album by  Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in Australia on 17 February, 1975.

## Track listing 
All songs were written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young, and Bon Scott.
# “It’s A Long Way To The Top  (If You Wanna Rock ‘N’ Roll)”– 5:02
# "Rock ‘N’ Roll Singer" – 5:04
# "The Jack" – 5:54
# "Live Wire" – 5:50
# "T.N.T." – 3:35
# "Can I Sit Next To You Girl" – 4:12
# "Little Lover" – 5:40
# "She’s Got Balls" – 4:52
# ”High Voltage” – 4:05
Psycho Circus

***Psycho Circus*** is the eighteenth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 22, 1998.

## Track listing  
## Personnel
*Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar, bass on track 8, acoustic guitar on tracks 5 & 8
*Gene Simmons – vocals, bass (except on 1, 8 & 9), rhythm guitar on track 5
*Ace Frehley – lead guitar and vocals (on tracks 4, 6 and 11)
*Peter Criss – drums (on track 4), vocals (on tracks 6 & 8)

### Additional musicians
*Kevin Valentine - drums (except track 4)
*Tommy Thayer - lead guitar (except tracks 2, 4, 6 & 11)
*Bruce Kulick - backwards guitar intro & solo on track 2, bass and backing vocals on tracks 1 and 9, rhythm guitar on track 9
*Shelly Berg – acoustic piano, orchestration and conductor on tracks 8 and 10
*Bob Ezrin – Fender Rhodes on track 8

## Certifications
## References
Iron oxide

**Iron oxides** are chemical compounds.  They are made of iron and oxygen. There are sixteen known iron oxides. Iron oxides are used in pigments. It is used in both man-made and natural pigments. Iron oxides are often non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.

Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes.  They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the "earthy" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.

Venetian red (haematite), Magnetite (Fe3O4), or a mixture of oxides make black or purple pigments. The umber, sienna and ochre are oxides or hydrated oxides of a yellow to chestnut colour.

Most iron oxide is mined as iron ore. Every year millions of tons go into blast furnaces to make iron.  

## Various iron oxides 
*Iron(III) oxide, reddish, commonly known as rust, found in the earth as haematite
*Iron(II,III) oxide, magnetic, black, found in the earth as magnetite
*Iron(II) oxide, black, rare, flammable, not stable at room temperature
*Iron(II) hydroxide, dark green hydrated iron oxide

## List of pigments (or iron oxide pigments)
*Caput mortuum (pigment)
*Earth pigment
*Falu red
*Ferrihydrite
*Goethite
*Golden ochre
*Hematite
*Hemosiderin

*Iron oxide
*Iron oxide red
*Iron(II,III) oxide
*Iron(II) oxide
*Iron(III) oxide
*Magnetite
*Mars Black (pigment)
*Mummy brown
*Ochre and Attic ochre
*Red Ochre

*Sienna
*Sinopia

*Umber

*Venetian red

## References
Incendiary device

)]]

**Incendiary devices** or **incendiary bombs** are bombs. These bombs have been designed to start a fire. Sometimes they are also called **firebombs**. They were used very frequently in World War II. Materials such as Napalm, White phosphorus, thermite, chlorine trifluoride are often employed in such bombs. A very crude such bomb (which uses fuel) is the Molotov cocktail.

The United States still uses such bombs, called Mark 77 bomb. They were used during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Most other countries no longer use them, since they are banned by Section III of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. This treaty was ratified in 1980.

Probably the most famous incendiary attack is the bombing of Dresden, Germany during WWII by the Allies. Flamethrowers are also incendiary devices.
Kiss Symphony: Alive IV

***Kiss Symphony: Alive IV*** is a live album by the American rock band Kiss, performing with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. It was released on July 22, 2003.

## Track listing 
*Deuce
*Strutter
*Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
*Lick It Up
*Calling Dr. Love
*Psycho Circus
*Beth
*Forever
*Goin' Blind
*Sure Know Something
*Shandi
*Detroit Rock City
*King Of The Night Time World
*Do You Love Me
*Shout It Out Loud
*God Of Thunder
*Love Gun
*Black Diamond
*Great Expectations
*I Was Made For Lovin' You
*Rock And Roll All Nite

## References
Maynard James Keenan

**Maynard James Keenan** (born **James Herbert Keenan** on April 17, 1964) is an American kickass Artist, Rock vocalist,songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in 3 extremely talented bands, Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer. 

## Early life
James Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.

### The Army
 yearbook (class of 1984)]]
Keenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname "Maynard". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.

### Art
After being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.

## Music career
Keenan started playing music soon after leaving art school. He and Adam Jones formed Tool. Keenan formed A Perfect Circle in 1999. They had 4 albums: *Mer De Noms*, *The Thirteenth Step*, *eMOTIVe* and *Eat the Elephant*. He then left again to be with his family. He now has a vineyard where he makes wine but still takes tours for his working side project; Puscifer. Tool released an album in 2019 named *Fear Inoculum*.

### Tool
Keenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. When D'Amour left the band, Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991.

## References
## Other websites
*MaynardJamesKeenan.com, currently redirecting to the Puscifer website
*
*Wine Spectator Online , where Maynard maintains a running blog about wine collecting and winemaking.
Naphtha

**Naphtha** is the name for a number of intermediary products that  when refining crude oil. They are liquid hydrocarbons. They are used to produce high octane gasoline products. The petrochemical industry also uses them to make olefins and solvents.

Typical naphtas are used for:
*Solvents in cleaning fluid.
*As an ingredient of Shoe polish.
*As an ingredient for some of the fuels used in lighters.
*Possibly one of the things in Greek fire.
Lukas Podolski

**Lukas Josef Podolski** (; born **Łukasz Józef Podolski**, , on 4 June 1985) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Ekstraklasa club Górnik Zabrze.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Podolski goal*.

## Honours 
**1. FC Köln**
* 2. Bundesliga: 2004–05

**Germany**

**Individual**
* 2.Bundesliga Top scorer: 2004–05
* FIFA World Cup Best Young Player: 2006
* Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2006, 2010, 2014
* Silver Shoe: Euro 2008
* UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2008
* *kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2010–11
* Goal of the Year (Germany): 2017
* Ekstraklasa Top assists provider: 2022–23

## References
MySQL

**MySQL** is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. To extract data from the tables, queries are used. 

For example:

`SELECT id_number`

`FROM main_database`

`WHERE name='John'` 

This query will return the `'id_number'` of the person named `'John'` from the table named `'main_database'`.

## History 
MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.

## Compatibility 
MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

## Major users 
Some of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:

* Apple
* Amazon.com
* Digg
* Google

Many PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:

* WordPress
* phpBB
* MediaWiki - the software behind Wikipedia

## Related pages
* PHP

## Notes
Naphthalene

**Naphthalene** is a crystalline, white hydrocarbon, with a strong smell. It is best known as the main ingredient in mothballs, urinal deodorizer blocks, and can be used as an antiseptic. In mothballs, it is used as an insecticide or pesticide.

Naphthalene is toxic. In humans, being exposed to naphthalene can destroy red blood cells. Naphthalene may also cause cancer.

## History 
In the early 1820s, two different papers were published on something that matched the description of Naphthalene. Both groups made it by distilling coal tar. In 1821 John Kidd cited both reports, and condensed their results to accurately describe the properties of naphthalene, and how to make it. Kidd named it naphthalene because "naphtha" means any explosive hydrocarbon mixture. By 1826, Michael Faraday discovered the formula for it. Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that it is two fused benzene rings in 1866, and Carl Gräbe confirms this three years later.

## References
## Other websites 
*Naphthalene (PIM 363) - mostly on toxicity of naphthalene
Miroslav Klose

**Miroslav Klose** (born June 9, 1978 in Opole, Poland) is a Polish born German football player. From 1999 until 2004 he played for Kaiserslautern and from 2004 until 2007 for Werder Bremen. In 2007 changed to Bayern Munich. In 2011, he left Bayern Munich and joined the Italian team Lazio. On the Germany national team he has played in 137 matches since 2001 and scored 71 goals.

Klose is a great player known for his heading skills and he is currently the all-time top scorer of the Germany national football team with 71 goals. He is also the all-time leading goal scorer of the FIFA World Cup after beating Ronaldo's record in the semi-final against Brazil.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1998–99||Homburg||Regionalliga||20||11||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||11
|-
|1999–00||rowspan="5"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0
|-
|2000–01||29||9||2||0||12||2||43||11
|-
|2001–02||31||16||4||0||colspan="2"|—||35||16
|-
|2002–03||32||9||4||4||colspan="2"|—||36||13
|-
|2003–04||26||10||1||1||2||1||29||12
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||32||15||4||0||8||2||44||17
|-
|2005–06||26||25||3||2||7||3||36||30
|-
|2006–07||31||13||1||0||13||2||45||15
|-
|2007–08||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||27||10||6||5||12||5||42||20
|-
|2008–09||26||10||4||3||8||7||38||20
|-
|2009–10||25||3||5||2||8||1||38||6
|-
|2010–11||20||1||4||3||2||1||26||5

|-
|2011–12||rowspan="5"|Lazio||rowspan="5"|Serie A||27||13||2||0||6||3||35||16
|-
|2012–13||29||15||2||0||5||1||36||16
|-
|2013–14||25||7||0||0||3||1||28||8
|-
|2014–15||34||13||6||3||colspan=2|—||40||16
|-
|2015–16||24||7||1||0||4||1||29||8

327||132||38||20||72||24||434||176
139||55||11||3||18||6||168||64
466||187||49||23||90||30||602||240
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2001||7||2
|-
|2002||17||12
|-
|2003||10||1
|-
|2004||11||5
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||17||13
|-
|2007||5||3
|-
|2008||15||8
|-
|2009||6||4
|-
|2010||12||10
|-
|2011||8||5
|-
|2012||13||4
|-
|2013||3||1
|-
|2014||7||3
|-
|**Total**||**137**||**71**
|}

## References
Frankfurt Stock Exchange

The **Frankfurt Stock Exchange **(*in German Börse Frankfurt*) is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Hesse. It is the biggest stock exchange in Germany by the amount of money exchanged and the number of companies.

## Other websites
*Frankfurt Stock Exchange - Website for investors
Bastian Schweinsteiger

**Bastian Schweinsteiger** ( , ; born 1 August 1984) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career
### Club
Schweinsteiger signed with Bayern Munich as a youth team player on 1 July 1998 and soon was successful with the youth teams and the second team. He made his debut in the first team as substitute in an UEFA Championsleague match versus  RC Lens in November 2002. onla a short time later he signed a professional contract for the first team.  He shot his first Bayern goal against VfL Wolfsburg in September 2003.

At the beginning of the 2005/06 season he was sent back to the second team but soon came back. Over the next three seasons, up until the end of 2007–08, Schweinsteiger made 135 appearances in all competitions for Bayern Munich (UEFA Champions League, Bundesliga and German Cup), scoring 10 goals. In December 2010, he prolonged his contract with Bayern until 2016. However, in July 2015 Schweinsteiger made a move to Manchester United.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Schweinsteiger goal.''

## Honours
**Bayern Munich Juniors**
* Under 17 Bundesliga: 2001
* Under 19 Bundesliga: 2002

**Bayern Munich II**
* Regionalliga Süd: 2003–04

**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
* DFB-Pokal: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
* DFL-Ligapokal: 2007
* DFL-Supercup: 2010
* UEFA Champions League: 2012–13

**Manchester United**
* FA Cup: 2015–16

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2010
* FIFA World Cup Most assists: 2010 (3, shared with Thomas Müller, Mesut Özil, Kaká, and Dirk Kuyt)
* Germany national team Player of the Year: 2010
* ESM Team of the Year: 2012–13
* Footballer of the Year in Germany: 2013
* UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2013 (7th place)
* FIFA FIFPro World XI 3rd team: 2013
* FIFA FIFPro World XI 4th team: 2014
* Bambi Award: 2016
* MLS All-Star: 2017, 2019
* FC Bayern Munich Hall of Fame: 2018
**Orders**
*  Bavarian Order of Merit: 2018

## References
Feller Bach

The **Feller Bach** is a right tributary of the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany). Its source is in the Hunsrück mountains. It flows through the villages Lorscheid (*Verbandsgemeinde* Ruwer), Fell and Riol (*Verbandsgemeinde* Schweich). It joins the Moselle in Riol.  

At the left there is the **Thommer Bach** in the Nossernvalley with the Fell Exhibition Slate Mine (Besucherbergwerk Fell).
Oliver Kahn

**Oliver Rolf Kahn** (; born 15 June 1969) is a former German football player. He played as a goalkeeper for Bayern Munich. From 1988 until 1994, Kahn played for Karlsruhe. He has played 86 matches for the Germany national team.

After 2006 FIFA World Cup, he retired from the national team. After the season 2007/2008 he ended his career and stopped playing for his club Bayern Munich, too.

Kahn has won several titles with Bayern München, among them are the UEFA champions league, the UEFA cup, the intercontinental cup, eight national championships and six national cups.
Kahn has in also has reached the final of both the UEFA champions league in 1999 and the 2002 world cup final.  
He was the first-choice goalkeeper in the Germany national football team which was the runner-up at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Kahn's nicknames are "King Kahn" and "The Titan".

## Career statistics
### Club
*1.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup.
*2.Includes German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and Intercontinental Cup.

### International
:Source:

## References
Bernd Schneider

**Bernd Schneider** (born 17 November 1973 in Jena, Germany) is a former German footballer. He played for Germany national team.

## Club career
Schneider started his professional career at local Carl Zeiss Jena, going on to help the East German outfit to remain five consecutive seasons in the second division; his debut came on 13 August 1991, playing ten minutes in a 1–3 loss at Darmstadt 98.

Schneider then played one season at Eintracht Frankfurt, subsequently moving to Bayer Leverkusen, and establishing himself as an important player for both club and country. In 1999–2000 and 2001–02, he was helpful in Bayer's 2nd-place finish in the Fußball-Bundesliga. He also appeared 19 times in the side reached the 2002 Champions League Final.

More a creator than a finisher, Schneider scored a career-best ten league goals in the 2003–04 season, making him the highest-scoring midfielder in that year's competition, alongside Johan Micoud; Leverkusen finished third and, during the following season, Schneider extended his contract a few more years.

After two more seasons in which he scored ten goals and achieved 18 assists in 60 matches, Schneider began suffering back-to-back injuries: first the calf, then the back, not appearing for almost the entire 2008–09 season due to the injuries. He only managed to return to action on 16 May 2009, playing the last 20 minutes of a 5–0 home win against Borussia Mönchengladbach. The following month, he announced his retirement because he could not fully recover from the injuries.

## Career statistics
### Club
*1.Includes Champions League and UEFA Cup.
*2.Includes 2. Bundesliga playoff and German League Cup.

### International
Source:

### International goals
:''Scores and results table. Germany's goal tally first:*

## Honours
**Bayer Leverkusen**
* Bundesliga runner-up: 1999–2000, 2001–02
* DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02, 2008–09
* UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002, 3rd Place 2006
* FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

**Individual**
* *kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2001–02, 2005–06
* UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2001–02

## References
David Odonkor

**David Odonkor** (born 21 February 1984) is a German former professional footballer who played as a right winger.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
**Appearances by national team and year**

:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Odonkor goal.''

## Honours
**Borussia Dortmund**
*Bundesliga: 2001–02

**Germany**
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008
*FIFA World Cup third place: 2006

## References
CMT (American TV channel)

**CMT** (**Country Music Television**) is an American country music cable television channel. Some of the programs on the channel include country music videos, taped concerts, movies, biographies of country music stars, game shows, and reality programs.

## References
## Other websites
*
Johnny Carson

**John William "Johnny" Carson** (October 23, 1925&nbsp;– January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known for thirty years as host of *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson* (1962–1992).

## Early life and career
Carson was born in Corning, Iowa, in 1925, to Homer Lloyd "Kit" Carson, a power company manager, and Ruth (Hook) Carson, who was of Irish ancestry. He grew up in the nearby towns of Avoca, Clarinda, and Red Oak in southwest Iowa before moving to Norfolk, Nebraska, at the age of eight. At the age of twelve, Carson found a book on magic at a friend's house and immediately purchased a mail-order magician's kit. He debuted as "The Great Carsoni" at age 14 and he was paid US$3; many other performances at local picnics and country fairs followed.

Carson joined the U.S. Navy on June 8, 1943, received V-12 officer training at Columbia University and Millsaps College, and continued to perform magic.

## Death
Carson died in West Hollywood, California from respiratory failure caused by emphysema, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites

*
*
*Official website for *The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson*
* at Salon
* at *The New Republic*
*Tynan, Kenneth. 1978 profile, *The New Yorker*
**The Johnny Carson Show*, *USA Today*
*Martin, Steve. Posthumous Letter to Carson, *The New York Times*
*Watch on line either clips from or entire program Johnny Carson King of Late Night - Watch The Full Documentary  *pbs.org* Includes a page on the making of the documentary.
*Episodes and highlights of the *Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson* are available on DVD at http://JohnnyCarson.com, on iTunes at http://itunes.com/JohnnyCarson, and on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/JohnnyCarson
*Follow Johnny Carson on Twitter at https://twitter.com/JohnnyCarson and Facebook at http://facebook.com/JohnnyCarson.

### Obituaries
*Obituary at CNN
*Obituary  at MSNBC
*Wolcott, James. Obituary , *Vanity Fair*
*
TNT (band)

**TNT** is a Norwegian hard rock/heavy metal band. The band was formed in Trondheim in 1982.

## Studio albums 
**TNT* (1982)
**Knights of the New Thunder* (1984)
**Tell No Tales* (1987)
**Intuition* (1989)
**Realized Fantasies* (1992)
**Firefly* (1997)
**Transistor* (1999)
**My Religion* (2004)
**All the Way to the Sun* (2005)
**The New Territory* (2007)
**Atlantis* (2008)
**A Farewell to Arms* (2010)

## Other websites 
*TNT - The Official Site
Timo Hildebrand

**Timo Hidebrand** (born 5 April 1979 in Worms, Germany) is a German former football player. He played for the German national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References