open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alkali

In chemistry, an **alkali** is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH value of more than seven.
The word 'alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water used as cleaning products (such as soaps) are made of alkali materials.

## Example
*An alkali is where a base is  in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal.
*An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralized (brought down to pH seven) by adding acid.

## Characteristics 
* It feels **soapy**.
* It is **corrosive** (it can burn your skin away).
* The higher the number is over seven on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
* Highly soluble (can be dissolved) in water.
* They have a bitter taste.
* Turns red litmus paper blue.
* Can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
* Is it blue or purple on a universal indicator?

## Strength 
Like acids, alkalis can be weak or strong, depending on the nature and the concentration of the ionic salt composing it. The strength of an alkali can be found using universal indicator. Also like acids, the strength of an alkali is rated using the pH scale.

For example, soap and toothpaste contain weak alkalis, while cleaning products often contain strong ones. 

## Examples of common alkalis 
* Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
* Potassium hydroxide, KOH
* Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
* Aqueous ammonia, NH3 (aq)
* Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2

## Uses of common alkalis 
* Sodium hydroxide is used to make paper, detergents and soap.
* Potassium hydroxide is used by farmers to make acidic soil more alkaline so that plants will grow better in it, and is also used as the electrolyte in alkaline, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries.
* Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic soil.
* Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleaning agent.

## Oxides and hydroxides 
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of base. When neutralized (an acid is added), they produce salt and water. The type of salt produced depends on the acid and base.

## Related pages
* Base
* Acid

## Other websites 
* Small article on Alkaline chemicals
* A distributor of Alkali Metals
* A revision site directed towards GSCE students 
* In depth article on Alkalis - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
* Alkali cleaning materials
* Small in depth article on Alkali Metals
The White Stripes

**The White Stripes** were an American rock duo from Detroit, Michigan. There were two  in the band: Jack White (songwriter, vocals, guitar, piano, and bass) and Meg White (drums, percussion, and vocals). They are influential in the 2000s indie rock and garage rock revival. 

The White Stripes started in Detroit, and released two albums: their self-titled debut (1999) and *De Stijl* (2000). They became famous with their third album, *White Blood Cells* (2001). Their fourth album, *Elephant* (2003), won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. Their last two albums, *Get Behind Me Satan* (2005) and *Icky Thump* (2007), each won the same award. After a break, they ended in 2011. 

The White Stripes were known for presenting in strictly red, white, and black colors, and their frequent use of the number three. Jack and Meg White were married when they started the band, but divorced after its formation. They did not want people to know that they were once married, and told the public that they were brother and sister. 

## Members 
* Jack White – vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano, bass, percussion
* Meg White – drums, percussion, vocals

## Awards 
The White Stripes won a lot of awards. They won three Grammy Awards and five MTV Video Music Awards. Two of their albums are on *Rolling Stone*'s "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list. *Rolling Stone* called them the sixth greatest duo of all time.

## Discography 
**Studio albums**
* *The White Stripes* (1999)
* *De Stijl* (2000)
* *White Blood Cells* (2001)
* *Elephant* (2003)
* *Get Behind Me Satan* (2005)
* *Icky Thump* (2007)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Millennium Dome

]]

The **Millennium Dome** is a large dome-shaped building in Greenwich in South East London, UK (now known as **The O2)**. It was built between 1997 and 2000 to celebrate the beginning of the third millennium. The name was officially changed to **The O2** when Telefónica O2 Europe plc  bought the naming rights from the devehutz Entertainment Group.

From 31 December 1999 until 31 December 2000 the Dome and some surrounding buildings were the home of the Millennium Exhibition which was meant to show the best of Britain to the world. The most successful part of the Exhibition was the stage show that was held two or three times each day in the middle of the dome. The show had dozens of dancers and acrobats, music by Peter Gabriel, and a tower that rose out of the dome's floor.

The rest of the Exhibition was not as successful as the Dome's owners had hoped. About 6 and a half million people visited the Exhibition, which was only half the number its owners hoped for.

The dome was sold to US Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and reopened in July 2007 as the O2, an entertainment complex including a 22,000-seat concert and sports venue, cinema, music club and exhibition spaces. Among the first artists to perform there were Bon Jovi and Prince. The Rolling Stones performed there in August 2007, Led Zeppelin played a reunion show there in December 2007, and the Spice Girls took residence in the arena from December 2007 to January 2008.

In 2012, as part of the Summer Olympics in London, the building was renamed the "North Greenwich Arena" and was used to host gymnastics and basketball.

A walkway across the top of the dome's structure has been opened, allowing visitors to cross the roof at a height of 60m. The O2 Roofwalk tourist attraction is now partially  powered by solar energy.

In 2022, a large hole was ripped in the O2 arena caused by Storm Eunice. 1,000 people were evacuated but nobody was injured.

## References
Millennium

A **millennium** (plural: *millennia*) is a time period of one thousand (1000) years. The word *millennium* is derived from two Latin words *mille* ("thousand") and annum ("year").
Outlook

**Outlook** is a free email, address book and calendar software, included with Microsoft Office. It is owned by Microsoft. It was started in 1996 as **Hotmail**. It was created by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith. In 1997, Microsoft bought Hotmail for about $400 million. They renamed it twice, to MSN Hotmail and Windows Live Hotmail. In 2013, Hotmail became Outlook. 

## References
## Other websites 
* 
Outlook login
House music

**House music** is a type of electronic dance music. It began during the early 1980s from disco and the black American soul music tradition.  It takes its name from the Warehouse, a Chicago club where DJs first played their records to a large audience.   The original "House" sound is  by "four on the floor" beats at 120-130 BPM, forward-driven bass lines, an emphasis on the second and fourth beats of each measure, handclaps, and cymbals.  Over the years, house has created many types of house music. These include:

* Acid house (with its "trippy" melodic lines, usually generated on a Roland 303 synthesizer)
* Ambient house (with an ambient, atmospheric sound)
* Bassline house (with an prominent warpy low bass sound)
* Deep house (with a greater emphasis on "soul" and atmospheric background sounds)
* Electro house (with a fuzzy, electronic and dirty bassline and heavy usage of synthesizers, similar to electropop)
* Euro house (with a sound similar to Eurodance)
* Balearic house (originating in the Balearic islands of Spain)
* French house (originating in France)
* Italo house (originating in Italy)
* Speed garage (featuring choppy basslines, reggae-style vocals and often "broken" beats)
* Kuduro (a type of house music played in Angola features Angolan music and world music)
* Progressive house (usually faster than traditional house, with many volume and phase changes and a "progression" of different background sounds)
* Disco house (even greater emphasis on the bassline, and the return of many disco-like additions such as violin sections)
* Hip house (House music with rapped lyrics)
* Tech house (techno sounds featured over a house-derived beat, with melodic progression often less emphasized)
* Latin house (incorporating elements of traditional Latin American music)
* Tribal house (greater emphasis on drumlines; melodies may be present, but with less traditional "progression") 
* Witch house (with a dark, paranormal and witchcraft-themed sound) and Rodrick Onunuga

## References
Train (disambiguation)

**Train** can mean more than one thing:

***A train** is a series of cars on a railway. 
****A wagon train** is an older kind of train.

***To train** is to teach how to do something, or to practice doing something.  Not only human beings but also animals can be trained.

***Train (band)**, an American pop rock band.
Media

**Media** may refer to: 

* Media (communication), tools used to store and deliver information or data
** Advertising media
** Broadcast media
** Digital media
** Electronic media
** Hypermedia
** Print media
** Published media
* Mass media can mean television, radio, newspapers, magazines and the internet
** News media, mass media focused on communicating news
*** Journalists, the people who write for and work in news media
* Multimedia, communications that include multiple forms of information
* Media (computer), used in computer data storage devices
* Media (arts), materials and techniques used by an artist to produce a work

## Related pages 
* Media studies
* Multimedia
* Medium (disambiguation)
Southend-on-Sea

**Southend-on-Sea** is a city and unitary authority borough in the East of England. It is a seaside resort in the south-eastern corner of the county of Essex.

## History
It was built in 1790s when the Grand Hotel (now Royal Hotel) was made. Southend Pier was built in 1830 and expanded in 1834 and 1848. The first railway trains came to Southend in 1856 when the station was built near the high street. Southend became incorporated as a town in 1892.

Southend had a massive redevelopment between 1960s and 1970s. During that time a dual carriage way called Queensway was built around the city centre, new offices were built at Victoria Avenue and a new shopping centre was built.

On 15 October, 2021, Sir David Amess, the MP was killed in the church. Three days later, the Prime Minister and the Queen told them it would gain its city status. Southend officially became a city on 1 March, 2022 with a pier train named after Sir David Amess.

## The Pier
Southend is known for the longest pier in United Kingdom. The pier is 2,158 meters
(1.34 miles) long. It has a railway line that runs to the pier head. It had been badly damaged by big fires five times in 1959, 1976, 1977, 1995 and 2005. It was made in 1830 as wood which had to be longer three times. It had turned to a iron pier in 1889. Near that, there are arcades, two hotels, casinos and a theme park with rides called Adventure Island.

## Transport
### Railway
Southend has ten railway stations. Two are the biggest and both found near the centre.

### Airport
Southend has an airport called London Southend Airport. It had made the runway longer in 2012.

## Other websites 
* Southend Pier
Caretaker

:*Caretaker can also refer to a caregiver.*

A **caretaker** is someone who has the job of looking after a building. For example, the building could be a school or shop.

## Related pages
* Cleaner
Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis

***Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis*** is a video game for the PC and PlayStation 2. The  of the game is to create a theme park and keep the park guests safe. The player can choose the island they build on and what dinosaurs to place in their park. They can choose up to 25 dinosaurs to add to the park. After the park is created, they can play 12 missions. After winning all missions, a game option called Site B is unlocked. With Site B, the player can create an island without any fences or , just like the 3rd *Jurassic Park* movie.
Think Quest

**ThinkQuest** was an educational website. It was used by students of schools in the United States and other countries. It was run by the Oracle Education Foundation.

As of July 1, 2013, ThinkQuest was discontinued.

## References
## Other websites 
*ThinkQuest library archive
British

A **British** person or object comes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and Northern Ireland. It is sometimes used by the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands (near France). It can also be used for some overseas places like Gibraltar (near Spain) or the Falkland Islands (near South America).

The term "British" is often used to describe something unique to the UK, for example British people, 'the British way of life' or 'the British weather'.

A British person can also be called a Briton. A unique symbol of the "British" is the Union Jack flag which is recognised globally as a symbol of the United Kingdom. The flag is made up of a combination of the flags of the countries that are part of the United Kingdom.

The British Isles are Great Britain, Ireland, and some smaller islands. The British Isles include the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Although being British is a collective identity, the countries of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales have separate identities and flags which make them unique.

## Related pages
*British people

## References
John Cleese

**John Marwood Cleese** (born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, comedian, producer and writer. He was born in Weston-super-Mare, England. He graduated from Downing College, Cambridge. He was a member of the comedy team Monty Python. He starred in the television sitcom *Fawlty Towers* that he co wrote with his first wife, Connie Booth, who played the role of Polly Sherman on the show. He plays the role of Q in some of the various James Bond movies.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Muslims

A **Muslim** is a person who believes in Islam, an Abrahamic monotheistic religion. Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam and the six pillars of *iman* (faith). Muslims believe the Qur'an is a book of the words that the God of Abraham gave to Muhammad. Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in previous revelations of God, such as the *Tawrat* (Torah), the *Zabur* (Psalms), the *Injeel* (Gospel), the *Scrolls of Abraham*, and the *Scrolls of Moses*. Muslims believe human beings will be judged for how they lived on the Day of Judgement by Allah (God).

## Muslims around the World 
Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Qur'an forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the Arab caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area. The Islamic conquests culminated in the Arab Empire being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe). Today, there are about 1.57 billion Muslims in the world, which is about 1 person in every 4 people. The Muslim population continues to grow.

## Related pages 
* Islam
* Hadith rejectors
* Islamic state
* Non-denominational Muslims
* Arabs
* Caliphate
* Umayyad Caliphate

## References 
## Other websites
*Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
*Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah  – University of Chicago
* *Islamophobia Today* Newspaper  – An Islamophobia news clearing house
* Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, *Understanding and Countering Islamophobia*
*WikiSaurus:Muslim
* 
*
Ferrari

**Ferrari S.p.A.** is an Italian automobile company that makes fast luxurious automobiles. They are made in Italy and are very expensive. They usually cost $150 000 to $1 500 000. Ferrari's first car was the Ferrari 125S.

Ferrari has a rich racing history and is a well known premium automobile brand. The fastest street Ferrari is the F50 GT1, which can go over 370&nbsp;km/h (about 222&nbsp;mph).
The most powerful Ferrari is the FXX, which has about 800 horsepower. The FXX is a lighter, improved version of the F60 Enzo; it is Ferrari's most exclusive model. It is basically a race car that you can buy from Ferrari. The automobile is so extreme (completely flat tires, low ride height, and no roadcar safety features such as Airbags) that it cannot be driven on roads legally. Ferrari will keep it for you at their Factory in Maranello in Italy. You can go to Italy and drive it on their private race track, or have it transported to another race track around the world, the same as if you were driving for a racing team. Thirty have been built and all but two were sold to customers for $2,500,000 each. Ferrari gave one to seven-time Formula 1 World Champion Michael Schumacher, who had driven for Ferrari for ten years when he retired in 2006, having brought Ferrari much success. Ferrari made his FXX different by painting it black. The other twenty-nine are either red or white, with stripes painted in the other colour.

## Other websites
* Official website
Samuel Beckett

**Samuel Barclay Beckett** (; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish writer. He was born in Dublin, Ireland. Becket wrote novels, plays and poetry. He also translated other famous works of literature. He was given the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969.

His best-known play is *Waiting For Godot*. It has often been acted on stage and on TV.

Beckett was stabbed in Paris in 1938. 

He died of breathing problems in Paris in 1989. 

Many writers of plays (playwrights) and others think he is one of the most important writers of the 20th century. There have been many books written about him.

His books are often about people going through hard times and seeing life as both sad and funny.

## Works
**Theatre**
* *Human Wishes* (c. 1936; published 1984)
* *Eleutheria* (written 1947 in French; published in French 1995, and English 1996)
* *En attendant Godot* (published 1952, performed 1953) (*Waiting for Godot*, pub. 1954, perf. 1955)
* *Acte sans Paroles I* (1956); *Act Without Words I* (1957)
* *Acte sans Paroles II* (1956); *Act Without Words II* (1957) 
* *Fin de partie* (published 1957); *Endgame* (published 1957)
* ''Krapp's Last Tape* (first performed 1958)
* *Fragment de théâtre I* (late 1950s); *Rough for Theatre I*
* *Fragment de théâtre II* (late 1950s); *Rough for Theatre II*
* *Happy Days* (first performed 1961); *Oh les beaux jours* (published 1963)
* *Play* (performed in German, as *Spiel*, 1963; English version 1964)
* *Come and Go* (first performed in German, then English, 1966)
* *Breath* (first performed 1969)
* *Not I* (first performed 1972)
* *That Time* (first performed 1976)
* *Footfalls* (first performed 1976)
* *Neither* (1977) (An "opera", music by Morton Feldman)
* *A Piece of Monologue* (first performed 1979)
* *Rockaby* (first performed 1981)
* *Ohio Impromptu* (first performed 1981)
* *Catastrophe* (*Catastrophe et autres dramatiques*, first performed 1982)
* *What Where* (first performed 1983)

**Radio**
* *All That Fall* (broadcast 1957)
* *From an Abandoned Work* (broadcast 1957)
* *Embers* (broadcast 1959)
* *Rough for Radio I* (published 1976) (written in French in 1961 as *Esquisse radiophonique*)
* *Rough for Radio II* (published 1976) (written in French in 1961 as *Pochade radiophonique*)
* *Words and Music* (broadcast 1962)
* *Cascando* (broadcast:1963 French version; 1964 English translation)

**Television**
* *Eh Joe* with Jack MacGowran (broadcast 1966)
* *Beginning To End* with Jack MacGowran (1965)
* *Ghost Trio* (broadcast 1977)
* *... but the clouds...* (broadcast 1977)
* *Quad I + II* (broadcast 1981)
* *Nacht und Träume* (broadcast 1983); *Night and Dreams*, published 1984
* *Beckett Directs Beckett* (1988–92)

**Cinema**
* *Film'' (1965)

## References
Daihatsu

The **Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd.** makes small cars and trucks. The company is part of the same manufacturing group that includes FAW Group Motor Ltd. The company was set up in 1907. Examples of their cars are the Daihatsu Charade, the Rocky Four Wheel Drive SUV and the Daihatsu Copen. Daihatsu cars and trucks are notable for their rugged construction and high level of finish. After a brief, unsuccessful attempt at the U.S. market toward the end of the 20th century, the company withdrew from the U.S. in 1999. The Subaru Sambar is also made by this company. 1951
## Current production vehicles
Fiat

**Fiat** (UK: /ˈfiːət, -æt/, US: /-ɑːt/, Italian: [ˈfiːat]; originally **FIAT**, Italian: *Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino*, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is a car company in Italy. It was founded in Turin in 1899. Over the years, Fiat also made different products like planes, trains, trams, buses, trucks, manufacturing robots, space rocket parts, refrigerators, washing machines, and more. Fiat is currently part of Stellantis.

## History 
On 11 July 1899, Gianni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, *Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino*. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

## Cars 
### Models by year 
#### Years 1950s - 1980s 
* 124
* 125
* 126
* 127
* 128
* 130
* 131
* 132
* 133
* 500
* 600
* 850
* 1100
* 1300
* 1400
* 1800
* Dino
* Multipla
* Ritmo
* X1/9

#### Years 1980s - 2000 
 - Auto Moto Show Katowice 2006.]]

* Argenta
* Barchetta
* Fiat Bravo/Brava
* Cinquecento
* Coupé
* Croma
* Duna
* Marea
* Panda
* Punto
* Ritmo
* Regata
* Tempra
* Tipo
* Uno

#### Years 2000-2010 
* Albea
* Bravo (Nuova) (new)
* Croma (Nuova) (new)
* Fiorino
* Punto
* Grande Punto
* Idea
* Multipla
* Palio
* Panda (Nuova) (new)
* Scudo
* Sedici
* Seicento
* Siena
* Stilo
* Ulysse
* 500 (Nuova) (new)
* Doblò

#### Years 2010-present 
* Bravo (Nuova) (new) (2007-2016)
* Croma (Nuova) (new) (2005-2010)
* Fiorino
* Grande Punto, Punto Evo (2005-2018)
* Panda (Nuova) (new)
* Scudo (2007-2016, 2020-present)
* Sedici (2006-2011)
* Stilo
* Ulysse (2020-present)
* 500 (Nuova)
* 500e (2020-present)
* Doblò

## Aircraft 
.]]
### From 1920 to 1945 
* Fiat CR.42 Falco.
* Fiat G.50.

### From 1945 to 2000 
* Fiat G.91.

## References
Hunter S. Thompson

**Hunter Stockton Thompson** (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American writer.

He was known for a unique style of writing which he called **Gonzo journalism**, where the writer writes about himself trying to write about what was happening around him. 

He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky and spent most of his adult life on his ranch in Colorado. He committed suicide in Woody Creek, Colorado by shooting himself in the head. His main topic was the health of the American Dream.

## Works 
His books include:

* *Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas*
* *The Rum Diary*
* ''Hell's Angels*
* *The Great Shark Hunt*
* *The Kingdom of Fear*
* *The Curse of Lono''

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Arthur Conan Doyle

**Arthur Conan Doyle** (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about Sherlock Holmes. He wrote science fiction and historical stories. 

He became an  agnostic by the time he left school. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for . His first Sherlock Holmes story that was published was *A Study in Scarlet*.

Doyle's great gifts as a writer were story-telling and character. He created really memorable characters. Holmes' gift for deduction has been copied many times in fiction. The character was probably based on a doctor called Joseph Bell. Holmes himself and Watson were balanced by the evil genius Moriarty, one of the great villains in fiction.

After *A Study in Scarlet* came *The Sign of the Fair*, *The Valley of Fear* and *The Hound of the Baskervilles*. The other Holmes stories were published in the *Strand Magazine*. They were later collected together in five volumes, starting with *The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes*. Conan Doyle also wrote *The Lost World*, published in 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live.

Their children were: Mary Louise, Arthur Alleyne Kingsley (with Louise), Jean Lena Annette, Denis Percy Stewart, and Adrian Malcolm (with Jean). Doyle's wife Louisa died in 1906. After the death of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law and his two nephews shortly after the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate
* The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Vegetarianism

, Malaysia.]]

**Vegetarianism** is the practice of not eating meat or fish. People who follow vegetarianism are called **vegetarians**. Vegetarians eat foods like vegetables, fruit, nuts, beans and grains. Some vegetarians eat or drink animal products, like milk and eggs. They are called lacto-ovo vegetarians. Vegetarian people may like tofu, falafel and other meat substitutes.

There are many reasons for not eating meat. Vegetarians are healthier than other people in some ways. When people decide to become vegetarian, they usually think carefully about what they eat and choose healthy food. They also go to the trouble of finding fresh food more often. Vegetarians eat lots of antioxidants and natural fiber. A vegetarian diet or a diet very low in meat has proven good effects on human health. Scientists say vegetarians are less likely to have heart disease, some kinds of cancer, obesity and diabetes.

Vegetarians as well as vegans usually have to take supplement tablets to make up for missing nutrients, such as vitamin B12. They have to do this to prevent nerve and brain damage, fatigue, and to maintain their appearance.

### Religious and spiritual 
 sells tasty ingredients for a vegetarian diet.]] Most vegetarians in the world are Hindu. Hinduism and Jainism in general teach vegetarianism, while Buddhism may or may not. Rastafari and Seventh-day Adventism also teach vegetarianism. Without any specific religion, some people in the Western world also follow a vegetarian diet because it may deepen inner spiritual connections (for example, James Redfield). Mahatma Gandhi said that spiritual experiences are greatly enhanced on a vegetarian diet. 

#### Hinduism 
Hindus teach vegetarianism as a way to live with a minimum of hurt to other beings. In today’s world, about twenty percent of all Hindus are vegetarians. There are approximately 200 million vegetarians in India, which has more people that do not eat meat than any other country. More vegetarians live in the South of India than in the North, possibly because the North is colder. For yoga and meditation, it is wise to be vegetarian. 

The Hindu who believes in non-injury or nonviolence (ahimsa) naturally adopts a vegetarian diet. It is a matter of conscience more than anything else. The Vedic and Puranic scriptures of Hinduism explain that animals have souls and the act of killing animals brings bad karma because the killer will suffer the pain of the animal he has killed in this life or the next. Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami adds that when we eat meat, fish, fowl and eggs, we absorb the vibration of the creatures into our nerves. This promotes fear, anger, jealousy, confusion, resentment and the like. The Manu Dharma Shastras state, “When the diet is pure, the mind and heart are pure.” Generally there is the belief, based on scriptures such as Bhagavad Gita, that one's food shapes the personality, mood and mind.

## See also 
* Veganism 
* Balanced diet 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Vegetarian Society website
*HappyCow's Vegetarian Guide
*Vegetarian facts
*GoVeg
Uncle John's Bathroom Reader

'''''Uncle John's Bathroom Readers'''* is the name of a series of books aimed at people who like to read while using the restroom. The books are full of trivia.

The books were first published in 1988. 

## Books
# *Uncle John's Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Second Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Fourth Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Fifth Bathroom Reader'' (Forms - along with 6 and 7 - Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathrom Reader)
# ''Uncle John's Sixth Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Seventh Bathroom Reader*
# *The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Ultimate Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Giant 10th Anniversary Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Great Big Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Absolutely Absorbing Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's All-Purpose Extra-Strength Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Supremely Satisying Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Slightly Irregular Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Fast-Acting Long-Lasting Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Curiously Compelling Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Unsinkable Bathroom Reader*
# *Uncle John's Endlessly Engrossing Bathroom Reader''

### Kid's Bathroom Readers
#''Uncle John's Bathroom Reader for Kids Only*
#*Uncle John's Electrifying Bathroom Reader for Kids Only*
#*Uncle John's Top Secret Bathroom Reader for Kids Only''

### Other books 
There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

## Common columns
*"Court Transquips"
*"Famous for 15 Minutes"
*"Strange Lawsuits"
*"Urban Legends"
Hydrocarbon

A **hydrocarbon** is a type of chemical compound. It is made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
They can be found in crude oil and are separated by fractional distillation (which means they are separated into different groups). The hydrogen and carbon are bonded with non-polar covalent bonds. Because of its lack of **polar covalent bonds**, hydrocarbons cannot create hydrogen bonds with water and are **hydrophobic**.

## Hydrocarbon "families" 
Hydrocarbons are grouped into "families" or "homologous series". There are five main families. The hydrocarbons in each family have a general formula and similar chemical properties, and similar trends in physical properties. This system was approved in 1892 by the International Congress of Chemists, meeting in Geneva.

### Alkanes
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons. Their general formula is CnH2n+2.

### Alkenes
Alkenes are similar to alkanes. The main difference between them is that alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond. The general formula for the alkenes is CnH2n.

Note that there is no "Methene". Methene is not possible as alkenes require a carbon-carbon double bond and methane only has one carbon atom.

### Alkynes
Alkynes have a carbon to carbon triple bond. CnH2n-2 is their general formula.

"Methyne" does not exist because of methane's one carbon atom.

### Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. They have the same general formula (CnH2n), the only difference is that they do not have a carbon to carbon double bond.

Note that ethene does not have a cycloalkane as it can only form a straight line.

### Alkadiene
Alkadienes have two carbon to carbon double bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. They are isomers of alkynes.

In a similar manner, there can also exist alkatriene (three carbon to carbon bonds) and other forms. The versatile nature of Carbon's chemistry allows for a nearly infinite number of configurations and compounds.

## Aromatic hydrocarbons 
Aromatic hydrocarbons are aromatic organic molecules that form flat ring-shaped bonds. The most simplest of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and indole. They can have one ring, *heterocyclic*, like benzene or 2 rings, *bicyclic* like napthalene (primary ingredient in mothballs) or many rings, *polycyclic* like anthracene (red dye colourant).
Their general formula is CnH2n-6, where n is a number greater than or equal to 6.
Comparison

A **comparison** is an evaluation of similarities and differences.

*Comparison (computer programming)
*Comparison (grammar)
*Comparative
*Three degrees of comparison
Catalonia

**Catalonia** (; : ) is a Spanish autonomous community. It is south of the eastern Pyrenees, and has a northern border with France.
 
Catalonia is made up of four provinces: Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona () and Lleida (). It has a population of over seven million people. Catalonia has three official languages: Catalan, Spanish and Occitan. The last is spoken in a small region of northern Catalonia that borders France and is known in Occitan as Val d'Aran.

The capital of Catalonia is Barcelona, on the Mediterranean Coast. Between Costa del Garraf and Costa del Maresme, Barcelona very popular in summer for tourists, foreign or national.

The Catalan people have autonomy within Spain and so they have their own local government and their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which was approved in 2006. According to the Spanish Constitution, Spain is a group of historical nationalities and regions, but that declaration has no judicial status since it only appears in the preamble to the constitution.

On 27 October 2017, Catalonia declared independence from Spain after a vote in Parliament, but that was not recognised by the international community. The Spanish Senate voted in favour of direct rule. It removed the Catalan government and called a snap regional election. The Spanish Supreme Court imprisoned seven former ministers of the Catalan government on charges of rebellion and misuse of public funds. Several others—including then-President Carles Puigdemont—fled to other European countries.

Catalonia is one of Southern Europe's most prosperous regions. Industrialization, especially in the textile industry, began  earlier and took place faster than in other Spanish territories. The region is also greener than Southern Spain as it gets more rain, and it has different kinds of crops grown. Catalonia, especially the northern part, is much less hot than the rest of Spain.

## References
**Notes**

 in the Catalan Pyrenees]]
Civil engineering

**Civil engineering** is the term for the work of designing and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures, like bridges, dams, buildings, roads and tunnels.  It may also be applied to smaller structures like residential buildings.  It also covers complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage networks.  Civil engineers can be involved in all stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning and construction to maintenance and demolition.  Civil engineering often overlaps with architecture.

Civil engineering has many different areas or disciplines.  Some important areas are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. It is important for civil engineers to have an understanding of all these disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time. Pont Lafayette and city of Lyon.]]

Civil engineers are responsible for lots of the things that are required for a society to function properly. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment, roads, railways and buildings are all part of civil engineering.

To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job), sometimes with apprenticeship. 

To be a professional in civil engineering requires studying at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

The profession of civil engineering is represented by professional bodies in various countries. In the UK the Institution of Civil Engineers promotes civil engineering as a discipline and supports engineers throughout their careers. The American Society of Civil Engineers performs a similar task in the USA. 

Professional engineers often choose to become Chartered Engineers. Chartership shows employers and clients that they are both qualified and experienced in their jobs. Civil engineers usually have to write a big essay and take an interview with a panel of experienced engineers to gain chartership.

## Related pages 
* Geotechnical engineering
* Infrastructure
* Military engineering
* National Academy of Engineering
* Structural engineering

## Other websites 
* List of Civil Engineering Words

## References
Software engineering

Technical Reference Model.]]
**Software engineering** is a field of engineering, for designing and writing programs for computers or other electronic devices.  A software engineer, or programmer, writes software and compiles the software to make instructions the computer can follow. 

Good quality software is easier to fix and add new features. Good documentation and good design are parts of good software. Becoming a software engineer requires experience and practice writing code. Software engineering may be very difficult work.   The software release life cycle includes getting the requirements, planning, writing, documenting and testing the software before it is released. When it is released, it is given to other people to use, who are called the "end users". Good software should be user friendly, which means it is easy to use.

## Steps in creating software
Software engineering can broadly be split into the following steps:
* *Requirements* say what the software should do.
* *Software design* is usually done on paper. It says what the different parts of the software are, and how they talk to each other.
* After the design phase is done, each component (part) of the software is coded.  Code is what tells the computer exactly what to do at each step.
* Testing is done to see if the components meet the requirements and that the system as a whole meet the requirements.
* Part or all of this process can be repeated if software bugs are found or new requirements are needed.

## Tools used in creating software
Software engineers use many tools and practices in making software.  Some of the most common are:
* Flowcharts
* UML diagram
* Debugging tools
* Compiler
* Text editor, usually part of an IDE - Integrated Development Environment
* Database

## Related pages 
* Software development

## Other websites 
*The British Computer Society
*The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
*Computer Degrees and Careers 
*Software engineering -Citizendium

## Notes
Student

class]]
A **student** is a person who goes to school to learn something. Students can be children, teenagers or adults who are going to university, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college. A young person who cannot be classed as a student is called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if at university. They also do much reading. Students can also be studying for a specific profession. If they study to be officers, they are cadets.
, China, 2017. The school does not have a school uniform.]]
, 1927]]

## Subjects
Students in school learn subjects. There are many subjects in school like:
*Math
*Science
*Social Studies
*Writing
*Reading
*Language

## Related pages 
* Education
* Study
Suburb

, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio.]]
A **suburb** is an area of a town or city, a little away from the downtown (city center), where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. Such places are called suburban areas or suburban districts. Sometimes, the suburbs cover a very large area. The suburbs are part of the metropolitan area and may be legally part of the main city.

Since the Industrial revolution, urbanization has spread very quickly and far. Transport in the form of trams, buses, trains and cars allows commuting from distant homes to work in the inner city. This led to the growth of suburbs as residential areas. Housing commonly includes Detached houses and semi-detached houses and flats. Houses are built farther apart than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks.

As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Authorities have created green belts on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. They also encourage development within the town, and protect the countryside. The need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others are threatened. That's because it is cheaper to build on empty land than to redevelop brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.

## Related pages 
* Suburbanisation - how suburbs are created
Integer

In mathematics, **integers** are whole numbers (natural numbers, their negatives, and zero). Integers can also be shown on a number line like this:

{...-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4,...}\,\!

In particular, zero or 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative. An integer is a whole number with no fractional or decimal part.

Integers have no smallest or largest value because for any given integer, there is always a larger and smaller integer. Any integer is either greater than or smaller than any other integer. Consecutive integers are integers that come after each other (as in {1, 2, 3, 4}).

The sum, difference, and product of integers is always an integer.
* For example, (12 + 2345 × (67 - 8)) × 9 is an integer.  
An integer divided by an integer is sometimes *not* an integer.
* For example, 1 ÷ 2 = 0.5.  

\mathbf{Z} or \mathbb{Z} is the name of the set of integers, and \mathbb{Z}_+\! is the set of positive integers. (\mathbf{Z}, +, 0) is an abelian group.

The number of integers is infinite. The cardinal number of \mathbf{Z} is \aleph_0. The ordinal number of \mathbf{Z} is ^*\omega + \omega.

To sum up, an integer is a whole number that has no decimals.

## In programming                                                                                                                             
In some programming languages, like C and Python, there are types called "int" or "integer."

Somewhat confusingly

, integers don't always correspond to *exactly* one type in a programming language, such as:
* `char`, `short`, `int`, `long`, `long long` in C
* `int`, `bignum` in Python
All seven of the above types are integers.

"Unsigned" integers are *not* allowed to have a negative sign, such as {0, +1, +2, +3, ...}

"Signed" integers *are* allowed to have a negative sign (or positive sign or no sign), such as {-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ...}

## Notes
Kitchen

The **kitchen** is the room in the house where food is cooked. Sometimes, people eat in their kitchens, too. Hotels, schools, and places where people work often have kitchens as well. A person who works in a kitchen in one of these places may be a kitchen worker or a chef (depending on where he/she cooks).

## History
Kitchens have evolved significantly over time. Early kitchens were basic areas with open fires for cooking, often separate from the living areas due to the smoke. In the Middle Ages, larger homes featured separate kitchens with chimneys. 

The Industrial Revolution brought advancements like cast iron stoves, which made kitchens more efficient. By the 20th century, kitchens became central to homes, equipped with gas and electric stoves, refrigerators, and sinks with running water.

Modern kitchens combine cooking and social spaces. They often form part of open-plan living areas.

## Types 
Kitchens can vary in size, layout, and purpose. Common layouts include:

* L-shaped kitchens: Popular for small spaces, offering two connecting walls for work areas.
* U-shaped kitchens: Efficient for cooking, providing workspace on three sides.
* Galley kitchens: Narrow and compact, often used in apartments.
* Open-plan kitchens: Integrated with living or dining areas, creating a communal space.

Outdoor kitchens are also common in warm climates and are used for barbecues and social gatherings. They might include grills, sinks, and/or storage. Usually they are located near a water source.

## Key elements
A typical kitchen includes the following elements.

* Appliances: Stoves, ovens, refrigerators, and dishwashers.
* Workspaces: Countertops and islands for food preparation.
* Storage: Cabinets, shelves, and pantry areas for food and utensils.
* Lighting: Task lighting for preparation areas and ambient lighting for aesthetics.

Modern kitchens often include smart appliances, such as refrigerators with touchscreens or ovens controlled via smartphone apps.

## Kitchen trends
Current kitchen trends include:

* Sustainability: Using eco-friendly materials like bamboo and reclaimed wood.
* Minimalism: Clean lines, open shelving, and clutter-free spaces.
* Smart Kitchens: Featuring energy-efficient appliances and voice-activated controls.
* Multi-functional Spaces: Combining cooking areas with dining and entertainment spaces.

## Cultural variations
Kitchen designs differ around the world:

* Japan: Emphasises compact, organised spaces with minimal decoration.
* Mediterranean: Features earthy tones, tiled surfaces, and large cooking areas.
* Western: Often open-plan, blending cooking, dining, and living areas.

## Renovating kitchens
Renovating a kitchen can improve functionality, energy efficiency, and aesthetics. Popular renovations include adding islands, upgrading appliances, and improving storage.

## References
Skyscraper

, New York City, a famous skyscraper.]]
, Chicago, another famous skyscraper.]]

A **skyscraper** is a very tall high-rise building, usually more than 152 metres (500 feet) in height.  Most skyscrapers are built in urban areas such as cities, and they are very common in the central business district (also called downtown) areas of many large cities including New York City, Chicago, London, Paris, Sydney, Beijing, Berlin, Toronto, Moscow, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Skyscrapers  are common in downtown districts where it's more economical to build up instead of out.

## History 
Originally, the word **skyscraper** meant a tall sail on a sailing ship. Over time, the word's meaning has changed, and today it means a tall building. Until the nineteenth century, buildings taller than six stories tall were not common. Tall buildings made of weak materials would fall down. In addition, people did not like walking up many steps and running water could only be brought up to fifty feet (15m) high.

Better technology helped make skyscrapers more common. Stronger building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete were developed, so stronger buildings could be made. Water pumps brought water up to heights above fifty feet.

The first building to be considered a skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, and was designed by William LeBaron Jenney. The building, ten stories high, was built from 1884 to 1885. It was destroyed in 1931 because they wanted to build another building in its previous place.

In the same year the Home Insurance Building was destroyed, one of the oldest and most famous skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, opened in New York City. Later in the 20th century, people started building skyscrapers in cities that did not have many tall buildings in the past. In 1973, the then-called Sears Tower in Chicago was finished and became the world's tallest building until the late 1990s. It took the record from the World Trade Center in New York City, which opened in 1970 but was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Many taller buildings have been built since then, including Taipei 101 in Taipei. This building was the world's tallest from 2004 until 2008, when the Burj Khalifa in Dubai opened. Burj Khalifa is at this time the tallest building and man-made structure ever made, but the Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, which is still being built, will be even taller.

## Related pages
*List of tallest structures in the world
*List of tallest buildings in Australia
*List of tallest buildings in Thailand
*List of tallest buildings in the United States
*Urbanization