open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Syllogism

A **syllogism**  is a  deduction. It is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the *conclusion*) is inferred from two or more others (the premises). The idea is an invention of Aristotle.

In the *Prior Analytics*, Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so". (24b18–20)

Each proposition must have some form of the verb 'to be' in it. A categorical syllogism is like a little machine built of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion. Each of these parts is a proposition and, from the first two, the "truth value" of the third part is decided.

## Examples
:Major premise: All men are mortal.
:Minor premise: All Greeks are men.
:Conclusion: All Greeks are mortal.

Each of the three distinct terms represents a category. In the above example, "men," "mortal," and "Greeks."  "Mortal" is the major term; "Greeks", the minor term.  The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the *middle term*; in this example, "man." Both of the premises are universal, as is the conclusion.

:Major premise: All mortals die.
:Minor premise: Some men are mortals.
:Conclusion: Some men die.

Here, the major term is "die", the minor term is "men," and the middle term is "mortals". The major premise is universal; the minor premise and the conclusion are particular. Aristotle studied different syllogisms and identified valid syllogisms as syllogisms with conclusion true if both premises are true. The examples above are valid syllogisms.

A **sorites** is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion. For example, if one argues that a given number of grains of sand does not make a heap and that an additional grain does not either, then to conclude that no additional amount of sand will make a heap is to construct a sorites argument.

## Logic today 
The syllogism was replaced by first order logic after the work of Gottlob Frege, published in 1879. This logic is suitable for mathematics, computers, linguistics and other subjects, because it uses numbers (quantified variables) instead of sentences.

## References
Gulf of Aden

The **Gulf of Aden** (, pronounced ''Khalyj 'Adan''; ) is a gulf in the Indian Ocean. To its south is the Guardafui Channel, the Somali Sea and Somalia. To its north is Yemen. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab el Mandeb strait. In the southwest, it connects with the Somali Sea through the Guardafui Channel.
William Griffiths

**William Griffiths** may mean:

* William Griffiths (VC) (1841–1879), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
* William Griffiths (field hockey), participant in the 1948 Summer Olympics
* William Griffiths (politician) (1912–1973), British Member of Parliament for Manchester Exchange 1950–1973
Charles James Napier

General **Sir Charles James Napier**, GCB (August 10, 1782 – August 29, 1853) was a British general and Commander-in-Chief in India, famous for conquering Sindh province in present-day Pakistan.
BBC Online

**BBC Online** (which used to be called **bbc.co.uk**) is the website for BBC's UK online services. It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK and includes features such as BBC News, BBC Sport, BBC Weather, BBC iPlayer and learning services such as *Bitesize*. The BBC has had a website for information about its TV and radio programmes since 1994 but did not launch officially as **BBC Online** until December 1997, following government approval to fund it with the TV licence fee. The website address was registered in 1991.
Commander-in-Chief, India

. Clive was one of the many Commanders-in-Chief who helped the British gain control of India.]] 

The British **Commander-in-Chief in India** (or **Commander-in-Chief of India**) was the chief military commander of the British administration in India. The Commander-in-Chief's staff were known as India Command and most were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).
BBC iPlayer

**BBC iPlayer**, commonly shortened to **iPlayer**, is an online service developed by the BBC which lets you catch up on the last week's television and radio. The service can be used from computers on the BBC website at bbc.co.uk. It can also be used from games consoles, cable television, smart phones and tablets.

BBC iPlayer was first called the **Integrated Media Player** (iMP), the **Interactive Media Player**, and then **MyBBCPlayer**. BBC iPlayer left Beta and went live on 25 December 2007.
On 25 June 2008, it was announced that a new-look iPlayer would be launched. The new version is now live.

## History
In July 2007 the BBC started a small BETA version of iPlayer as a trial service. During this BETA time, iPlayer was only available as a download (WMV format) meaning that any person who did not have Windows loaded on their computer could not use iPlayer. This was not a popular move, and the BBC was put under pressure to allow all people to use iPlayer.

On Christmas Day 2007, iPlayer was no longer in BETA. People could now also watch programmes on the website instead of having to download the video as people had to do before. This meant that people who did not have Windows installed on their computers could use iPlayer as well. This made iPlayer a lot more popular and easier to use, so much so that 3.5 million programmes were viewed in a fortnight.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Microsoft Builds on the Success of Red Button And BBC IPlayer For Next Gen T.V.
Battle of Miani

**The Battle of Miani** (February 17, 1843) was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur rulers of Sindh (now a province of Pakistan).

## Reason
The British were upset about the local rulers' stance during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). After Napier first gained military control of the region by forcing an agreement with the Sindh amirs, his forces attacked the fortress at Imamgarh. After the attack on Imamgarh a popular revolt broke out against the British by the people of Sindh.

The Battle of Miani (also known as Meeanee by the British) was the decisive victory that allowed British to take control of all of Sindh (apart from the state of Khairpur).

Later, on March 24, 1843, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur, the ruler of Southeastern Sindh (Mirpurkhas) tried to liberate Sindh from the occupation of the British East India Company forces at the Battle of Dubbo but he could not succeed

## Casualties
More than twenty thousand Baloch forces were killed while fighting British invaders.

## References
Sexual arousal

**Sexual arousal** is the feeling humans and  animals get when they are ready to have sexual intercourse. Someone who can only get sexually aroused after forming an emotional bond with someone is called a demisexual.

## Sexual arousal in people
When people become sexually aroused, their bodies change in certain ways.

## Animals 
Animal sexuality is not very well understood today, but scientists are sure that animals do get sexually aroused without having sexual intercourse. Dolphins and Bonobos both use sex as a *"social tool to strengthen and maintain bonds."*

## Related pages
* Aphrodisiac
* Human sexuality
* Sex
* Sexual attraction
* Sexual intercourse
* Sexual orientation

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sex: The science of sexual arousal
Brahan Castle

**Brahan Castle** was a castle that used to stand near Dingwall, in Easter Ross, Scotland. The castle belonged to the chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie who ruled the area. The Jacobite risings as well as religious struggles all took place around the castle. 

The castle was also the place where the Jacobite Mackenzies became the first defeated clan who were forced to surrender and be ruled by the English. The building was demolished in 1951.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Fahrenheit (disambiguation)

**Fahrenheit** may refer to:
*Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German-Polish physicist
*Fahrenheit, the temperature scale
*Fahrenheit (album), an album by Toto
*Fahrenheit (comics), a comic book character
*Fahrenheit (cologne), a cologne made by Christian Dior
*Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band), a Taiwanese boy band
***Fahrenheit* (Fahrenheit album), their first album
*Fahrenheit (Thai band), a Thai rock band
**Fahrenheit* (video game), a 2005 video game
**Fahrenheit* (1994 video game), a 1994 video game
**Fahrenheit 9/11*, a movie by Michael Moore
**Fahrenheit 451*, a novel by Ray Bradbury
***Fahrenheit 451* (1966 movie), François Truffaut's movie adaptation
*Fahrenheit graphics API, computer software
**7800° Fahrenheit*, an album by Bon Jovi
*Farrenheit, an American rock band
*Fahrenheit (denim), an American denim/fashion company based in Washington, DC http://www.fahrenheitdenim.com 
*Fahrenheit (roller coaster), a roller coaster opening at Hersheypark in the 2008 season
*Fahrenheit Project, a series of downtempo/ambient musical projects by various artists
*Fahrenheit (Chilean band), a chilean Hard rock band.
Clan Mackenzie

Victorian-era picture of a Clan Mackenzie clansmen by R. R. McIan from *The Clans of the Scottish Highlands* published in 1845.]]

**Clan Mackenzie** is a Highland Scottish clan, historically associated with lands in Kintail and Ross-shire.

The clan were involved many times in fighting against rival clans and the English. In 1746 the clan were victorious against the British government and the people who supported them. Afterwards however they were to be defeated.

## References
Awami Muslim League

The **Awami Muslim League** () is a political party in Pakistan headed by Sheikh Rashid Ahmad. The Awami Muslim League was formed in June 2008.

## References
Wasim Sajjad

**Wasim Sajjad** (born 30 March 1941) was President of Pakistan two times. He served as interim President prior to elections.
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar

**Muhammad Rafiq Tarar** (, November 2, 1929 – March 7, 2022) was President of Pakistan from January 1, 1998 until June 20, 2001. During Pakistan's independence in 1947, Rafiq Tarar worked as a relief worker in camps set up by Muslim Students Federation for refugees, migrating from British India to Pakistan.

He belonged to the Tarar Jatt clan of Pakistani Punjab. He was also a Senator from 1997 until 1998. Tarar was also a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan from 1991 until 1994.

Tarar died on March 7, 2022 in Lahore, Pakistan from a heart attack, aged 92.

## References
Patnitop

**Patnitop** or **Patni Top**, is a hill top tourist location in Udhampur District on the National Highway 1A, on the way from Udhampur to Srinagar. It is located in the Shiwalik belt of the Himalayas, and is in Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. Patnitop is 47 km from Udhampur and 112 km from Jammu. This famous hill resort is perched on a beautiful plateau, at an altitude of 2024 m across which the Jammu-Srinagar Highway passes. The river Chenab flows close to this location.

Origin of the name Patnitop is a distortion of the original name of "Patan Da Talab" meaning "Pond of the Princess". In olden times a pond existed in the meadows and the kings princess often used to have her bath there. Part of the pond still exists near the youth hostel. The Britishers probably could not get the name correctly in their revenue records, and over the years it changed from "Patan Da Talab" to Patnitop.

## References
Muhammad Ali Bogra

**Muhammad Ali Bogra** (; October 19, 1909 — January 23, 1963) was a Pakistani statesman of Bengali origin. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 until 1955.

 

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Beveridge, Victoria

**Beveridge** is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway,  north of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 1,192 people living in Beveridge and the local area.

## Early history
Beveridge was named after Scottish sheep farmer Andrew Beveridge who built the Hunters' Tryste Inn in 1845. The Inn still serves as a hotel, as well as post office and general store.

## Ned Kelly
The town is known as the birthplace of bushranger Ned Kelly. He lived there as a small boy. His birth details aren't known, but he was probably born at his grandfather, James Quinn's farm. A cottage where the Kelly family lived for a short time is still standing today, located on Kelly Street. It is recorded that John Kelly built this house in about 1859 when Ned was about five years old. Dan Kelly and Kate Kelly were born in the house. The Primary School is a bluestone building once a church where the Kelly family prayed. Sitting on a hillside, this gothic style building was built between 1857 and 1862. The sacristy and chancel were added in 1877.

## Mount Fraser
Near Beveridge is Mt Fraser, an extinct volcanic cone.  It last erupted about 1 million years ago. It is about 120 metres in height above the surrounding land. From this spot the explorers Hume and Hovell first saw Port Phillip Bay on 14 December 1824.  
 
## References
*Bill Denheld 'Where was Ned Kelly Born?'
Liaquat Ali Khan

**Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan** (, '**, October 1, 1895 – October 16, 1951) was a Pakistani politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and Defence Minister. Liaquat rose to political importance as a member of the **All-India Muslim League.'''

He played an important and crucial role in the independence movement of Pakistan from the British Empire. In 1947, he became the prime minister, a position that he held until his assassination in October 1951.

In Pakistan, he is regarded as one of the right-hand men of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and first governor-general of Pakistan, but stands largely a controversial figure due to his bad relations with Miss Fatima Jinnah an account of which has been published in Qudrat Shahab's "Shahab Nama". He was one of the architect as well as one of the few builders of Pakistan. He tried to organize the social and political life in Pakistan along these lines "in Pakistan, consensus can be desired in all areas of civil life, such as art and literature, politics, religion and education. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the titles of **Quaid-e-Millat** (Leader of the Nation), and, after his death, **Shaheed-e-Millat** (Martyr of the Nation).

## References
Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon

**Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon** (1893-1970) was a politician from Pakistan. He was the 7th Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Muhammad Khan Junejo

**Mohammad Khan Junejo** (Urdu: , Sindhi :محمد خان جوڻيجو, August 18 1932 – March 16 1993) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the tenth prime minister of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988, under president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.

## References
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi

**Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi** (; 14 August 1931 - 20 November 2009) was Prime Minister of Pakistan for 3 months, from August 6, 1990 to November 6, 1990.
Shaukat Aziz

**Shaukat Aziz** (, born March 6, 1949, in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2004 to 2007.

## References
Zafarullah Khan Jamali

**Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali** (Urdu/Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (January 1, 1944 &ndash; December 2, 2020) was a Pakistani politician and businessman. He was the 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2002 to 2004. He was the chairman of the Pakistan Hockey Federation. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali was born in present-day Balochistan, Pakistan.

Jamali died of a heart attack on December 2, 2020 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan at the age of 76.

## References
Yousaf Raza Gillani

Syed Makhdoom **Yousaf Raza Gillani** (, born 9 June 1952 in Karachi) was the 16th Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was a former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan (1993-1997) and former Federal Minister (1985-1986).

He was  by Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with the support of coalition partners, Pakistan Muslim League (N), Awami National Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) and Muttahida Qaumi Movement on 22 March 2008. He took the oath of office from President Pervez Musharraf on 25 March 2008. Gilani is the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from the Seraiki-speaking belt, a much-neglected area politically.

Gilani is also the present vice chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party.

On 26 April 2012 Gillani was discharged from the prime ministership due to white-collar crime charges. On 19 June 2012, the supreme court of Pakistan finally ousted Gillani from the premiership due to charges of corruption. He was replaced by Raja Pervez Ashraf because the first candidate Makhdoom Shahabuddin was arrested on alleged drug trafficking, in collaboration with Gillani's son. The hearing of cases against Gillani are going on at this time.

## References
OpenOffice Writer

**OpenOffice Writer** is the word processor part of the OpenOffice.org software package. Writer is a word processor that is like Microsoft Word and Corel's WordPerfect.

Just like all of the OpenOffice suite, Writer can be used on many Operating Systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Released under the terms of the Apache License, Writer is free software. if anybody wants to collect a word processor free of cost he has software for him called open office.org writer.

## Abilities 
Writer can open and save documents in a lot of formats, including the OASIS Open Document Format 1.1, Microsoft Word's DOC, RTF and XHTML.

Writer has a number of abilities that are not in Word, including the ability to export to the PDF format natively.

Abilities include:
* Auto Correct
* Auto Complete
* Styles and Formatting
* Text Frames and Linking
* Tables of Contents
* Indexing
* Bibliographical References
* Illustrations
* Tables

## Criticism 
Though OpenOffice.org Writer has a spell checker, it does not have an included grammar checker though this is available as an extension. Writer's mail merge functions, rewritten in 2.0, is still less flexible than in other word processors.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Writer home page
* OpenOffice.org Processing Project
* Word Processor Writer FAQ
Run Run Shaw

**Sir Run Run Shaw** CBE, GBM (19 November 1907 &ndash; 7 January 2014) was an important name in Hong Kong cinema. He made many films with his brother Runme Shaw. Later in life, he donated a lot of money to charity, schools, and hospitals.

He died at his residence on the morning of 7 January 2014 at 6:55am (HKT) at the age of 106 from natural causes, peacefully with his family by his side.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* TVB (Television Broadcasts Limited)
* Shaw Studios
* Shaw Prize
* Shaw Tower at Cathedral Place (Vancouver, Canada)
* Life of Shaw brothers 
* Celestial Pictures Limited
* My Life's Pleasure
Gears of War

***Gears of War***, sometimes called ***Gears***, is a third-person shooter video game developed by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It was released only for the Xbox 360 in 2006 but was later released for Microsoft Windows. 

The company sold three million copies in ten weeks and was the fastest selling video game of 2006. It was the second most played game on the Xbox 360's online service, Xbox Live, in 2006 - only beaten by *Halo 3*. A film version of the game is currently being made by New Line cinema. The sequel, *Gears of War 2*, was released in November 2008. 

## Copy protection 
The PC version uses a DRM protection scheme. The certificate needed to play the game is invalid since January 1, 2009, making the game unplayable. Fortunately to the players, the protection can be worked around by simply changing the system date. 

## References 
## Other websites 
**Gears of War* website (*Warning: Contains pictures of in-game violence*)
A.K. Fazlul Huq

Working Committee at the Lahore session]]
**Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq** (*Abul Kashem Fozlul Hôk*) (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962), often called **Sher-e-Bangla** (Bengali: শেরে বাংলা *Shere Bangla*, from Urdu: *Sher-e Banglā* "Tiger of Bengal") was a well-known Bengali statesman in the first half of the 20th century. He held different political posts including General Secretary of the Indian National Congress (1918-1919), Education Minister (1924), the first Muslim Mayor of Calcutta (1935), Chief Minister of undivided Bengal (1937-1943) and East Pakistan (1954), Home Minister of Pakistan (1955-56), Governor of East Pakistan (1956-58), Food and Agriculture Minister of Pakistan (1958-61)

## Death 
Fazlul Huq died on Friday 27 April 1962 at 10:20 am. He was 89 years and 6 months old. His body was kept at his home in 27 K. M. Das Lane, Tikatuli until 10:30 am on 28 April. It was on a customized ice-bed. Then his *Salat al-Janazah* prayer was held at the Paltan Moydan. His funeral drew a crowd of over half a million. All educational institutions of Pakistan were declared closed on 30 April to pay tribute to him. All important officials of Pakistan attended his Janazah.

## Related pages
*Muslim League
*Lahore Resolution
Amritsar Tahsil

**Amritsar Tahsil** was an administrative subdivision of the Lahore Division in British Punjab of British India. The tahsil had an area of 545 square miles. To the west was Lahore situated on the Ravi River and east was the Beas River, which divided it from the State of Kapurthala. The area contained fertile land irrigated by the Bari Doab Canal. The city of Amritsar city is located in this area. The population of the tahsil in 1901 was 488,383, compared with 462,734 in 1891. The city of Amritsar (population, 162,429 in 1901) was the headquarters. It also contained the towns of Majitha (6,403) and Jandiala Guru (7,750); and 373 villages.

## References
Punjab Province (British India)

**Punjab** was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan. The area that made up British Punjab streched from Himachal Pradesh in the east to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, which itself was separated in 1909; has today been split into the following areas:

*Punjab Province, Pakistan
*Punjab State, India
*Haryana State, India
*Himachal Pradesh State, India
*Delhi State, India (after the Revolt of 1857)
*Chandigarh, former part of Punjab
*Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan

## Meaning
The word Punjab is named from the "five rivers" which flow through it: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all tributaries of the Indus.

## Geography
The Punjab province of British India was a triangular area of country bordered by the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.

, blue is Multan, gray is Lahore, green is Jalandhar, and orange is Ambala.]]

## Partition
In 1947, the province of Punjab was divided between the new republics of India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state in 1966. Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so the partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Lahore and Amritsar were at the center of the problem, the British were not sure where to place them - make them part of India or Pakistan. The British decided to hand both cities to India, but because of a lack of control and regulation for the border, Amritsar became part of India while Lahore became part of Pakistan. Areas in west Punjab such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Gujrat, had a large Sikh population and many of the residents were attacked or killed by radical Muslims. On the other side in East Punjab cities such as Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Gurdaspur had a majority Muslim population in which many of them were wiped out by Sikh guerrillas who launched an all out war against the Muslims.

## References
Lilian Jackson Braun

**Lilian Jackson Braun** (June 20, 1913 &ndash; June 4, 2011) was an American writer. She is most well known for her "The Cat Who..." series of  books. The books are about the life of former newspaper reporter James Qwilleran, and his two Siamese cats, KoKo and Yum Yum. She wrote 29 books in "The Cat Who..." series. Braun also wrote several collections of short stories. She did not like to use technology such as computers. She wrote her books on a typewriter or in longhand.

## List of books 
### The Cat Who novels 
# *The Cat Who Could Read Backwards* (1966)
# *The Cat Who Ate Danish Modern* (1967)
# *The Cat Who Turned On and Off* (1968)
# *The Cat Who Saw Red* (1986)
# *The Cat Who Played Brahms* (1987)
# *The Cat Who Played Post Office* (1987)
# *The Cat Who Knew Shakespeare* (1988)
# *The Cat Who Sniffed Glue* (1988)
# *The Cat Who Went Underground* (1989)
# *The Cat Who Talked to Ghosts* (1990)
# *The Cat Who Lived High* (1990)
# *The Cat Who Knew a Cardinal* (1991)
# *The Cat Who Moved a Mountain* (1992)
# *The Cat Who Wasn’t There* (1992)
# *The Cat Who Went into the Closet* (1993)
# *The Cat Who Came to Breakfast* (1994)
# *The Cat Who Blew the Whistle* (1995)
# *The Cat Who Said Cheese* (1996)
# *The Cat Who Tailed a Thief* (1997)
# *The Cat Who Sang for the Birds* (1998)
# *The Cat Who Saw Stars* (1999)
# *The Cat Who Robbed a Bank* (2000)
# *The Cat Who Smelled a Rat* (2001)
# *The Cat Who Went Up the Creek* (2002)
# *The Cat Who Brought Down the House* (2003)
# *The Cat Who Talked Turkey* (2004)
# *The Cat Who Went Bananas* (2005)
# *The Cat Who Dropped a Bombshell* (2006)
# *The Cat Who Had 60 Whiskers* (2007)
# *The Cat Who Smelled Smoke* (Unfinished)

### Short stories 
# *The Cat Who Had 14 Tales* (1988)
# *Short and Tall Tales* Moose County Legends Collected by James MacKintosh Qwilleran (2002)
# *The Private Life of the Cat Who…* Tales of Koko and Yum Yum from the Journals of James MacKintosh Qwilleran (2004)

## Other websites 
* Detroit News Interview with Braun archived at NewsBank

## References
Stone Sour

**Stone Sour** was a rock band from Iowa, United States. Their singer is also the lead singer in Slipknot (Corey Taylor). They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released six albums. They have been  for three Grammy Awards, one in 2005 and two in 2006.

## Discography 
* *Stone Sour* (2002)
* *Come What(ever) May* (2006)
* *Audio Secrecy* (2010)
* *House of Gold and Bones – Part 1* (2012)
* *House of Gold and Bones – Part 2* (2013)
* *Hydrograd* (2017)

## References
## Other websites
*Stone Sour's Official website
Faridpur District

**Faridpur district** () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. Faridpur is the headquarter of this district. The area of this district is 2072.72 km² and is bordered by Rajbari and Manikganj districts on the north, Gopalganj district on the south, Dhaka, Munshiganj and Madaripur districts on the east. The soil of this region is fertile, although once upon a time the district consisted mainly of marshland.

The main rivers are Padma, Old Kumar, Arial Khan, Gorai, Chandana, Bhubanshwar and Lohartek.

## Subdivisions
Faridpur district consists of 9 upazilas, 4 municipalities, 79 union parishads, 36 wards, 92 mahallas and 1859 villages. The town consists of 9 wards and 35 mahallas. The area of the town is 20.23 km². The population of the town is 99634; male 51.73%, female 48.27%.

The district's nine upazilas:
* Alfadanga Upazila
* Bhanga Upazila
* Boalmari Upazila
* Charbhadrasan Upazila
* Faridpur Sadar Upazila
* Madhukhali Upazila
* Nagarkanda Upazila
* Sadarpur Upazila
* Saltha Upazila

## History
The district is named after the Sufi saint Shah Sheikh Fariduddin, who preached there in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the early 1800s, Hazi Shariatullah started the Farayzi movement against the British rulers from this district. The movement against the British use of Indigo cultivation was also started from Faridpur under the leadership of Dudu Miah.

The district used to be called Fatehabad until 1860. The town of Faridpur came into being towards the late 1700s. Faridpur was one of the places which led the other districts in the anti-colonial movement across the 30s and 40s.

## People
The total population is 1,714,496:

*Male 50.55%
*Female 49.45
*Muslim 88%
*Hindu 11% 
*Others 1%.

## References
Chittagong Division

**Chattogram Division** is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the most southern areas of the country and is also the second largest one.

## History 
### Pakistani rule 
In 1947 the area was continued as a Division, as one of four divisions of East Bengal. The upland districts of *Khagrachhari*, *Rangamati* and *Bandarban* together comprise an area known as the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Before 1995, the four districts of Sylhet Division were also a part of Chittagong Division. 

## Overview
Barisal Division

**Barishal** (also spelt **Barisāl**) is a division of south-central Bangladesh. It used to be a district called Bakerganj. It is now one of 8 divisions of Bangladesh, but before Bangladeshi independence it was formerly part of East Pakistan as a district. The town of Barishal was under the control of the Roychoudhury family, which now has moved to Calcutta.

## History 
### British rule 
In 1797 the area was established as Bakerganj District but later renamed as Barisal District.

## Points of interest 
Kuakata beach is the main tourist spot in the division. It is one of the two sea beaches in South Asia where both sunrise and sunset at sea can be seen.

Durga Sagor is another beautiful Dighi where a number of migratory birds arrive every winter.
There are 42 upazilas in total in Barisal division: most recent upazilas are  Rangabali in Patuakhali and Taltoli in Barguna.

## Administrative Divisions
The division is subdivided into six districts (zilas) and thence into 39 sub-districts (upazilas). Lower level administrative areas are 353 union parishads, 3,159 mouzas, 12 municipalities, 25 wards and 4,163 villages.
Rajshahi Division

**Rajshahi Division** is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It has a population of almost 30 million and area of about 34,513&nbsp;km2. Rajshahi division consists of 16 districts, 128 Upazilas and 1,092 Unions (the lowest administrative tier). It has an excellent rail and roads. The divisional city Rajshahi is only four hours road journey away from Dhaka, the capital city. 

## Location 
Rajshahi division is in the north western corner of Bangladesh. The famous river Padma borders Rajshahi division on the south and another famous river, Jamuna, lies across the eastern border. In the north and west, Rajshahi division shares a border with India.

## References 
* Banglapedia: Rajshahi Division
Khulna Division

**Khulna Division** is one of the eight divisions of Bangladesh. It is in the southwest of the country. Almost 30 million people live there. Its headquarters is Khulna city in Khulna District.

## Geography 
The Khulna division borders the Rajshahi Division to the north, the Dhaka Division to the northeast, Barisal Division to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south and the state of West Bengal (in India) to the west. Barisal Division used to be part of Khulna Division.
 

## Districts 
Khulna Division consists of the following districts:

# Bagerhat District
# Chuadanga District
# Jessore District
# Jhenaidah District
# Khulna District
# Kushtia District
# Magura District
# Meherpur District
# Narail District
# Satkhira District

## Economy 
When part of East Pakistan's - Khulna provided most of the money from abroad due to the Jute industry. The country's second seaport, Mongla Port, and the country's only ship building yard is in Khulna division.

The largest mangrove forest in the World the Sundarban is spread over the three districts of the division: Satkhira, Khulna and Bagherhat.

## Related pages
* Dhaka
* Bangladesh
Barguna District

**Barguna** is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. It has a total area of 1831.31&nbsp;km². It is bordered on the north by the districts of Jhalokati, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali. In the east, it borders Patuakhali District. On the south, Barguna is bounded by Patuakhali District, the Bay of Bengal. On the western side, it borders Pirojpur and Bagerhat districts. Important rivers of Barguna district include the Payra river, Bishkhali river and the Baleshwar river.

## Administration
Barguna is divided into 6 upazilas: 

#Amtali Upazila
#Taltali Upazila
#Bamna Upazila
#Barguna Sadar Upazila
#Betagi Upazila
#Patharghata Upazila

There are a total of 38 union parishads (union councils), 238 mouzas and 560 villages in these five upazilas. Barguna also has four municipalities containing 44 wards and 49 mahallas.

The largest city in the district is Barguna Town. It has a total area of 15.57&nbsp;km² and is divided into 9 wards and 19 mohallas.

## People
As of 2007, Barguna District has a population of 902,465, females constitute a majority of the population with a percentage of 50.12% while males constitute 49.88%. 91.01% of the people are Muslim, 8.69% Hindu, 0.04% Christian, 0.24% Buddhist, and 0.02% other.

## References
Barisal District

**Barishal** is a district in southern Bangladesh. It is also the headquarters of Barishal Division.

## History
Barishal was a semi-independent area in the Mughal period. Later it came under the control of British India. After British rule it was part of East Bengal (later East Pakistan) and finally, Bangladesh.

## Subdivisions
Barishal District is divided into the following Upazilas (formerly called Thanas): 
#Agailjhara Upazila
#Babuganj Upazila 
#Bakerganj Upazila 
#Banaripara Upazila 
#Gaurnadi Upazila 
#Hizla Upazila 
#Barishal Sadar Upazila 
#Mehendiganj Upazila 
#Muladi Upazila 
#Wazirpur Upazila
Bhola District

**Bhola** () is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is in the Barisal Division. It is also the largest offshore island region in Bangladesh, with an area of 3403.48 km². It is bordered by Lakshmipur and Barisal districts to the north. Bay of Bengal is to the south; Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts, Meghna (lower) river and Shahbazpur Channel are to the east. Patuakhali district and Tentulia river are to the west.

## Subdistricts
Bhola district comprises the following upazilas:
#Bhola Sadar Upazila
#Burhanuddin Upazila 
#Char Fasson Upazila 
#Daulatkhan Upazila 
#Lalmohan Upazila 
#Manpura Upazila 
#Tazumuddin Upazila

## Places of interest
* Bhola Shishu Park
* Charfashion College

## Related pages
*Districts of Bangladesh
*Barisal Division

## References
Jhalokati District

**Jhalokati** or **Jhalokathi** () is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division.

## Subdivisions
The district is administratively subdivided into 4 upazilas, these are:

#Jhalokati Sadar Upazila
#Kathalia Upazila 
#Nalchity Upazila 
#Rajapur Upazila
## References
Patuakhali District

**Patuakhali** is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. This district is called "SagorKonna", which means daughter of sea. It is watered by the Bay of Bengal.

## Subdivisions 
There are 6 Upazilas/Thanas in this district. They are:
# Bauphal Upazila
# Dasmina Upazila 
# Dumki Upazila 
# Galachipa Upazila 
# Kalapara Upazila 
# Mirzaganj Upazila 
# Patuakhali Sadar Upazila. 

## Economy 
Agriculture is the profession of the most of the people. Fishing is also a prominent profession of this district. Thousands of boats go into the deep sea to fish and come back with tons of fish. Paddy, Jute, and different types of vegetables are the main product of agriculture sector.
## References
Pirojpur District

**Pirojpur** () is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. Most of the land is low lying and the soil is fertile. There are small forests. The Pirojpur municipality was established in 1985. Nesarabad is famous for business centres and also for the Sundori tree (a kind of mangrove tree) that grows there.

## Subdivisions 
Pirojpur district is divided into units, also known as *Thana*s: Pirojpur Sadar, Nesarabad, Mothbaria, Bhandaria, Zianagar, Nazirpur, Kawkhali. The subdivision of Pirojpur was created in 1866.

## References
Divisions of Bangladesh

Bangladesh consists of a number of administrative areas called '*divisions (*bibhag*)*', each named after its respective capital.

*Barisal (বরিশাল *Borishal*)
*Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম *Chôţţogram*)
* Dhaka (ঢাকা *Đhaka)*
* Khulna (খুলনা *Khulna*)
* Mymensingh (ময়মনসিংহ *Moymonsingho*)
* Rajshahi (রাজশাহী *Rajshahi*)
* Sylhet (সিলেট *Sylhet*)
*Rangpur (রংপুর Rangpur)

Each division is further split into districts (*zila*) which are then further sub-divided into Upazilas.

## History
Following the Independence of Bangladesh of Bangladesh in 1971, the country inherited the four divisions of former East Pakistan: 

* **Chittagong** (চট্টগ্রাম *Chôţţogram*)
* **Dacca** (ঢাকা *Đhaka*)
* **Khulna** (খুলনা *Khulna*)
* **Rajshahi** (রাজশাহী *Rajshahi*)

In 1983, the English spelling of the Dacca division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed to Dhaka to more closely match the Bangla pronunciation.

In 1993, Barisal division was split off from Khulna. Barisal (Bengali: বরিশাল) is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Located in the south-central part of the country, it has an area of 13,644.85 km2 (5,268.31 sq mi), and a population of 8,325,666 at the 2011 Census. It is bounded by Dhaka Division on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Chittagong Division on the east and Khulna Division on the west. The administrative capital, Barisal city, lies in the Ganges (Padma) River delta on an offshoot of the Arial Khan River (Kirtonkhola). Barisal division is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that earned it the nickname 'Dhan-Nodi-Khal, Ei tine Borishal' (rice, river and canal built Barisal).

Sylhet Division (Bengali: সিলেট) also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bordered by the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura to the north, east and south, respectively; and by the Bangladeshi divisions of Chittagong to the southwest, Dhaka and Mymensingh to the west.

Rangpur Division  (Bengali: রংপুর) became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it was the northern 8 districts of the Rajshahi Division. The Rangpur division has eight districts: Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Lalmonirhat. There are 58 subdistricts under these eight districts. Rangpur is the northernmost division of Bangladesh. There were 15,665,000 people at the 2011 Census. The major cities of this new division are Rangpur and Dinajpur.

On 12 January 2015 prime minister Sheikh Hasina declared the establishment of a new Mymensingh Division (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ). The intention was that this would carve six districts (those comprising the original Mymensingh district of 1787) out of the Dhaka Division. However, while four of the districts were eager about the establishment of new division, people of Tangail and Kishorgonj Districts wanted to remain part of Dhaka Division. On 14 September 2015 Mymensingh was officially announced as a division consisting of four districts. It has an area of 10,485 km² and a population of 11,370,000 as of the 2011 census.
Sylhet Division

**Sylhet Division** is the Northeastern division of Bangladesh. It is named after its main city, Sylhet. The division is bordered by the Meghalaya State of India on the north, Tripura State on the south, Assam State of India on the east and Dhaka and Chittagong divisions on the west. Bangladeshis also claims the Karimganj Thana as part of its country.

## Demographics
The population of Sylhet Division is about 10 million. Followers of different religions are: Muslim 81.16%, Hindu 17.80%, Christian 0.06%, Buddhist 0.02% and others 0.96%.

## History of Sylhet
Sylhet district was created in 1772 after this area was acquired by the British in 1767 and Mr. William Thackeray was appointed as the first collector.  Current Sylhet district consists of 12 (twelve) upazilas.  There is an attempt to make this web portal useful to the needs of information seekers.  It contains detailed information on various important government departments, resources, publications, education, agriculture, medicine, tourism and housing.  The process of continuously enriching the web portal will continue. the late 18th century, the British East India Company became interested in Sylhet. They saw it as an area of strategic importance in the war against Burma. Sylhet gradually fell under British control and administration. It was governed as a part of Bengal. After the British administrative reorganization of India, Sylhet became a part of Assam. It remained a part of Assam for the rest of the era of British rule.

In 1947, after a referendum, almost all of Sylhet as a district became a part of East Bengal at the time and remained so after Bangladeshi independence. The Karimganj subdivision became part of the new Indian state of Assam. The referendum was held on 3 July 1947. There were a total of 546,815 votes cast on 239 polling stations. A majority of 43.8 per cent voted in favour of East Bengal. There were protests about false votes, but the referendum was acknowledged during India's independence on 18 July 1947.  In 1971, Sylhet became part of the newly formed country of Bangladesh.

## References
Bandarban District

**Bandarban** (Bengali:বান্দরবান) is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bandarban (meaning *the dam of monkeys*) is also known as Arvumi or the Bohmong Circle (of the rest of the three hill districts Rangamati is the Chakma Circle and Khagrachari is the Mong Circle).

## British and Pakistani rule
As part of British India the area became part of the Bohmong circle and had some independence. During World War II many soldiers arrived in the area to fight against the Japanese who were in nearby Burma. The tribes of these hills have always rebelled against those who have tried to rule them. When India, Pakistan and Burma became independent from Britain, the tribes of Bandarban flew the flag of Burma for a few days. During the Bangladesh War of 1971 which was fought to gain independence from Pakistan, leaders of the tribal people sought allegiance with Pakistan government.

## After Bangladeshi independence
In the late 1970s, Bengalis stated settling into the hills pursued, which later gave rise to much violence against the hill people and started a rebellion led by Shanti Bahini. 

## References
Calafat

**Calafat** is a city in Dolj County, Romania.  It is near the Danube River. This is across from the Bulgarian city of Vidin.  Calafat was started in the 14th century by Genoese colonists.  About 21,200 people lived in Calafat, as of 2000.

## International relations
### Twin towns — Sister cities
Calafat is twinned with:
*  Vidin, Bulgaria
*  Zaječar, Serbia
*  Duiven, Netherlands
*  Biñan, Philippines

## Other websites
Dacia

The **Roman province of Dacia** was in the Balkans. It included Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia in the modern Romania, and Muntenia and southern Moldova. It did not include the nearby regions of Moesia.

It was a big district in Central Europe of the Roman Empire. The northern part of the border was made up of the Carpathians; the southern part of the border of Dacia was made up of the Danube River, and the western part of the border of Dacia was made up of the Tisza River. Along the borders many Roman strongpoints built. The Dacia district protected the Empire from foreign tribes of the north east side.

The place where Dacia once was is now made up of Romania and Moldova, along with some parts of Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The capital of Dacia was Sarmizegetusa. The name of Romania came probably from the idea of the former "Romans country".

Dacia was added to the Roman Empire in its earliest days by the Emperor Trajan. Despite its wealth, it was the first province from which Rome withdrew.

From circa 168 BC to 106 AD, Dacia was an independent kingdom ruled by the Dacians, whom were native to the region. They were conquered by the Romans in 106 AD.

## Gallery

File:Porta Praetoria at castra Porolissum, Romania - view from a distance.jpg|Old entrance to castra Porolissum
File:Sarmisegetusa Regia - ansamblu 1.jpg|Ruins

## References 
## Other websites
Districts of Bangladesh

There are 64 **Districts of Bangladesh** known as jelas (Bengali: জেলা *Jēlā* - district). The districts are further subdivided into 495 sub-districts, or upazila (উপজেলা *upojela*).  

These 64 districts make up the eight divisions of Bangladesh, the districts are listed below in alphabetical order by division. The official English name of each district is followed by the official Bengali name (in brackets).

## Barishal
* Barguna (বরগুনা *Bôrguna*)
* Barisal (বরিশাল *Borishal*)
* Bhola (ভোলা *Bhola*)
* Jhalokati (ঝালকাঠী *Jhalkaţhi*)
* Patuakhali (পটুয়াখালী *Poţuakhali*)
* Pirojpur (পিরোজপুর *Pirojpur*)

## Chittagong
* Bandarban (বান্দরবান *Bandorban*)
* Brahmanbaria (ব্রাহ্মনবাড়ীয়া *Bramhonbaŗia*)
* Chandpur (চাঁদপুর *Chãdpur*)
* Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম *Chôţţogram*)
* Comilla (কুমিল্লা *Kumilla*)
* Cox's Bazar (কক্সবাজার *Kôksbajar*)
* Feni (ফেনী *Feni*)
* Khagrachari (খাগড়াছড়ি *Khagŗachhoŗi*)
* Lakshmipur (লক্ষীপুর *Lokkhipur*)
* Noakhali (নোয়াখালী *Noakhali*)
* Rangamati (রাঙ্গামাটি *Raņamaţi*)

## Dhaka
* Dhaka (ঢাকা *Đhaka*)
* Faridpur (ফরিদপুর *Foridpur*)
* Gazipur (গাজীপুর *Gajipur*)
* Gopalganj (গোপালগঞ্জ *Gopalgônj*)
* Kishoreganj (কিশোরগঞ্জ *Kishorgônj*)
* Madaripur (মাদারীপুর *Madaripur*)
* Manikganj (মানিকগঞ্জ *Manikgônj*)
* Munshiganj (মুন্সীগঞ্জ *Munshigônj*)
* Narayanganj (নারায়ণগঞ্জ *Naraeongônj*)
* Narsingdi (নরসিংদী *Nôrshiņdi*)
* Rajbari (রাজবাড়ী *Rajbaŗi*)
* Shariatpur (শরীয়তপুর *Shoriotpur*)
* Tangail (টাঙ্গাইল *Ţaņgail*)

## Mymensingh
* Jamalpur (জামালপুর *Jamalpur*)
* Mymensingh (ময়মনসিংহ *Môemonshiņho*)
* Netrakona (নেত্রকোনা *Netrokona*)
* Sherpur (শেরপুর *Sherpur*)

## Khulna
* Bagerhat (বাগেরহাট *Bagerhaţ*)
* Chuadanga (চুয়াডাঙা *Chuađaņa*)
* Jessore (যশোর *Jôshor*)
* Jhenaidah (ঝিনাইদহ *Jhinaidôh*)
* Khulna (খুলনা *Khulna*)
* Kushtia (কুষ্টিয়া *Kushţia*)
* Magura (মাগুরা *Magura*)
* Meherpur (মেহেরপুর *Meherpur*)
* Narail (নড়াইল *Nôŗail*)
* Shatkhira (সাতক্ষীরা *Shatkhira*)

## Rajshahi
* Bogra (বগুরা *Bogura*)
* Joypurhat (জয়পুরহাট *Jôepurhaţ*)
* Naogaon (নওগাঁ *Nôogão*)
* Natore (নাটোর *Naţor*)
* Chapai Nawabganj (চাঁপাই নওয়াবগঞ্জ *Nôoabgônj*)
* Pabna (পাবনা *Pabna*)
* Rajshahi (রাজশাহী *Rajshahi*)
* Sirajganj (সিরাজগঞ্জ *Shirajgônj*)

## Rangpur
* Dinajpur (দিনাজপুর *Dinajpur*)
* Gaibandha (গাইবান্ধা *Gaibandha*)
* Kurigram (কুড়িগ্রাম *Kuŗigram*)
* Lalmonirhat (লালমনিরহাট *Lalmonirhaţ*)
* Nilphamari (নীলফামারী Nilfamari)
* Panchagarh (পঞ্চগড় Pônchogôŗ)
* Rangpur (রংপুর Rôņpur)
* Thakurgaon (ঠাকুরগাঁও Ţhakurgão)

## Sylhet
* Habiganj (হবিগঞ্জ *Hobigônj*,  *Obigoinj*)
* Maulvibazar (মৌলভীবাজার *Maulbhibajar* *MolowiBazar*)
* Sunamganj (সুনামগঞ্জ *Shunamgônj*, *Shunamgoinj*)
* Sylhet (সিলেট *Sileţ*,*Sylot*)
Backergunje

**Backergunje**, or **Bakarganj** was a former district of British India in the Dacca division of Eastern Bengal and Assam, and is now mostly in Bangladesh. In the year 1901, the population was 2,291,752. The district was mainly flat even country with areas of bamboo and betelnut trees, and was crossed by dark-coloured and sluggish streams. There was not a hill in the whole district.

## Rivers
The main rivers of the district were the Meghna, the Arial Khan and the Haringhata or Baleswar. The Haringhata, Baleswar, Madhumati and Garai are different names for the same river - people could travel throughout the district by boat.

## People
There were small trading villages throughout the district, and each area had fairs to trade. The condition of the people was good, people had land and were able to grow rice to support their families, for this reason it was very hard to hire people for work.
India Command

**British India Command** was the name given to the general staff of the Commander-in-Chief (shortened to C-in-C) of British India.

The Commander-in-Chief of India reported to the civilian Governor-General of India. Most of the C-in-C's staff were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).

## World War II 
During World War II the C-in-C India was also responsible for Ceylon and the Burma Campaign. During this time Chinese and American units also came under the operational control of the India Command.

## Other websites 
* OPERATIONS IN THE FAR EAST From 17th October, 1940 To 27th December 1941