open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eastern Europe

]]
**Eastern Europe** is the eastern region of Europe. Originally, it meant the countries that were under the influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople during the Middle Ages and Western Europe meant those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. Later, during the Cold War, it meant the European countries that were allied to the Soviet Union. It is now used to talk about the European post-Soviet states and the former Warsaw Pact. Others say that Eastern Europe is a region of mainly Slavic cultures, though other ethnic groups live there as well. Eastern Europe has a large Roma gypsy population.
  ]]
According to the widest contemporary definitions - including those used by the UN Statistics Division, several other UN organizations and EuroVoc (the multilingual thesaurus of the EU) - the following states are in Eastern Europe:
# 
# 
# 
# 
# 
# 
# 
# 
# 
# 
Partly recognized:
#  (part of Western Asia)
# 
# 
#  (part of Western Asia)

## Alternatives 
Since January 1993 some groups have changed their definitions of Eastern Europe. Although the list above is still the most popular and widely accepted definition of this region, some experts divide the region further into subsections. According to such theories: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are in Central Europe (the western sections of Belarus and Ukraine are also sometimes listed as Central European) or East-Central Europe. Finally, the countries of Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania and Slovenia are occasionally grouped with a number of other countries into Southern Europe, but more often referred to as Southeast (or Southeastern) Europe.

## Other websites 
* Civic Education Trends in Post-Communist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe 
* Information about Eastern European People 
* Business portal for Central and Eastern Europe
* Slavic and East European Resources
* The Slavonic and East European Review 
* The Slavic Review
Eastern Bloc

The term **Eastern Bloc** referred to the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the countries of the Warsaw Pact, along with Yugoslavia and Albania, which were not aligned with the Soviet Union after 1948 and 1960 respectively. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) arranged economic cooperation among the members. Although officially independent countries, they were Soviet satellite states.  The Eastern Bloc was created in 1944 by Joseph Stalin who was leader of the Soviet Union.

Communist governments were initially installed, mostly in places that had been controlled by the Axis countries and occupied due to the victories of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II). The process included extensive political and media controls, along with a Soviet approach to restricting emigration. Events such as the split of Josip Broz Tito and Berlin Blockade prompted stricter control. While certain oppositional factions in the Bloc had revolts, such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika experienced inefficiencies and stagnation throughout much of the Bloc preceding the Bloc's dissolution. Counterrevolutions in 1989 dissolved the Soviet Bloc.

A 2009 Pew Research Center poll showed that 72% of Hungarians and 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy.

### Countries in the Eastern Bloc 
* Czechoslovakia
* Romania
* Bulgaria
* East Germany
* Poland
* Albania

## Post-1991 Eastern Bloc associations
### Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
*Armenia
*Belarus
*Kazakhstan
*Kyrgyzstan
*Russia
*Tajikistan

### Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
*People's Republic of China
*India (from 2017)
*Kazakhstan
*Kyrgyzstan
*Pakistan (from 2017, also aligned with Western Bloc)
*Russia
*Tajikistan
*Uzbekistan

### African countries 
*Angola
*Burundi
*Mozambique
*Tanzania
*Uganda
*Zimbabwe
*Mali
*Chad
*Guinea
*Gabon
*Niger
*Burkina Faso

### ALBA
*Antigua and Barbuda
*Bolivia
*Cuba
*Dominica
*Grenada
*Nicaragua
*Saint Kitts and Nevis
*Saint Lucia
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
*Venezuela

### Remaining communist or non-Marxist-Leninist states
*People's Republic of China
*Cuba
*Laos
*North Korea
*Syria
*North Vietnam

## References
Truthiness

.]]

**Truthiness** is a word used by Stephen Colbert. It was first used on October 17, 2005 in the first episode of the television show *The Colbert Report*. The word is used to describe something that feels truthful. Facts and logic have nothing to do with truthiness. The truthiness of something is only measured by it instinctively feeling correct.

The word was picked as the word of the year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society on January 6, 2006. It was also selected by the Merriam-Webster dictionary on December 10, 2006 as its 2006 Word of the Year. It beat the term *google* to get Word of the Year.

## Colbert on Truthiness
On the October 5 2005 Cobert Report, Stephen Colbert has this to say about truthiness:
:
:"I will speak to you in plain, simple English. And that brings us to tonight's word: 'truthiness.' Now I'm sure some of the 'word police,' the 'wordinistas' over at Webster's are gonna say, 'hey, that's not a word.' Well, anyone who knows me knows I'm no fan of dictionaries or reference books. 
:I don't trust books. They're all fact, no heart. And that's exactly what's pulling our country apart today. 'Cause face it, folks; we are a divided nation. Not between Democrats and Republicans, or conservatives and liberals, or tops and bottoms. No, we are divided between those who think with their head, and those who know with their heart.

:Consider Harriet Miers. If you 'think' about Harriet Miers, of course her nomination's absurd. But the president didn't say he 'thought' about his selection. He said this:

::(video clip of President Bush:) 'I know her heart.' 
:Notice how he said nothing about her brain? He didn't have to. He feels the truth about Harriet Miers.

:And what about Iraq? If you think about it, maybe there are a few missing pieces to the  for war. But doesn't taking Saddam out feel like the right thing?"

## References
## Other websites 
*Video feed of Stephen introducing "Truthiness" on *The Colbert Report* 
*"Truthiness: a flash in the pan?" from Language Log
*Macmillan Dictionary on *truthiness* 
*Global Language Monitor on Top Television Buzzwords
Free world

]]
The **Free World** is a term that was used during the era of the Cold War. It was often used by non-communist nations to describe themselves. It was used to describe the greater personal freedom that the people of non-communist countries (such as the United States and European democratic countries) had compared to the communist Soviet Union and its Communist Bloc allies. 

On the other hand, many of the non-communist countries that were allied with the "Free World" during the Cold War repressed people and sometimes had dictators as their leaders. This included countries in South America, Asia and Africa.

The President of the United States was often called  the "leader of the Free World". This was very common especially in the United States itself. The President of the U.S. is sometimes still called this.

Neil Young sang a song called "(Keep on) Rockin' in the Free World".
Multi-core processor

A **multi-core** CPU is a computer processor which has two or more sections. Each section of the chip executes instructions as if it was a separate computer. The actual processors are still on one chip. On this chip every core looks mostly like the other. They are several mostly independent cores which work together in parallel. A **dual-core** processor is a multi-core processor with two independent microprocessors. A quad-core processor is a multi-core processor with four independent microprocessors. As you might be able to tell from the prefix, the name of the processor is based on the number of the microprocessors on the chip.

## History 
In the 20th century most computers used single-core processors and not multi-core processors.  Multi-core solutions were only used in unusual cases.  The usual way to make a computer faster was to increase the clock rate.  But at a frequency about 4&nbsp;GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity.  This was the point when multi-core processors became more important.  Therefore, the demand for multi-core processors increased.  In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors.  Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four, eight, or more independent microprocessors.  Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers, but they remain popular in embedded systems which do not need a fast processor.

## Advantages
* A multi-core processor in a computer will work faster for certain programs.
* The computer may not get as hot when it is turned on.
* The computer needs less power because it can turn off sections that are not needed.
* More features can be added to the computer.
* The signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, therefore they degrade less.

## Disadvantages
* They do not work at twice the speed as a normal processor. They get only 60-80% more speed.
* The speed that the computer works at depends on what the user is doing with it.
* They cost more than single core processors.
* They are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-core processors.
* Not all operating systems support more than one core.
* Operating systems compiled for a multi-core processor will run slightly slower on a single-core processor.

## Operating system support 
The following operating systems support multi-core processors
* Microsoft Windows (Windows XP or newer)
* Linux
* macOS
* Most BSD-based systems
* Solaris

## References
List of acronyms and initialisms

## 0-9 
* 2D - Two dimensions
* 3D - Three dimensions
* 4WD - Four-wheel drive

## A 
*APP - American Patriot Party

## B 
* BASIC - **B**eginners **A**ll-purpose **S**ymbolic **I**nstruction **C**ode
* BIOS - Basic Input/Output System

## C 
*CCTV - Closed-circuit television, China Central Television, Cork Community TV
*CD - Compact Disk
*CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
*COBOL - Common Business-Orientated Language
*CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
*CPU - **C**entral **P**rocessing **U**nit

## D 
* DVD - Digital Versatile Disc and Digital Video Disc

## E 
*E3 - Electronic Entertainment Expo
*ESPN - Entertainment and Sports Programming Network

## F 
*FTP - File Transfer Protocol
*FPS - First Person Shooter, Frames Per Second
*FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator
*FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation

## H
*HTTP - Hyper Text Transport Protocol
*HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

## I 
*Internet - **Inter**connected **Net**works

## L 
*LASER - **L**ight **A**mplification by **S**timulated **E**mission of **R**adiation

## M 
*Maser - **M**olecular **A**mplification by **S**timulated **E**mission of **R**adiations
*MMORPG - Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
*MOSFET - **M**etal **O**xide **S**emiconductor **F**ield **E**ffect **T**ransistor

## N 
*NAFTA -  **N**orth **A**merican **F**ree **T**rade **A**greement
*NASA -  **N**ational **A**eronautics and **S**pace **A**dministration

## P
*Perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
*PHP - PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
*POP - Post Office Protocol
*POSH - Port Out, Starboard Home

## R
*Radar - Radio detection and ranging
*RAM - Random Access Memory
*ROM - Read Only Memory
*RPG - Role Playing Game
*RTFM - Read The Fine ( or Flippin' ) Manual
*RTS - Real Time Strategy

## S 
*SCUBA - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
*Sitcom/SITCOM - **SIT**uation **COM**edy
*SKU - Stock Keeping Unit (bar code on products)
*SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
*Sonar - Sound navigation and ranging
*SWAT - Special Weapons And Tactics

## T 
* TBS - Turn-Based Strategy
* TV - Television
*TNA - Total Nonstop Action

## U 
*USB - Universal Serial Bus

## W
*W3C - **W**orld **W**ide **W**eb **C**onsortium
*WWW - World Wide Web
*WWE - World Wrestling Entertainment
*WWF - World Wildlife Foundation

## X 
XWD - Cross Wheel Drive
Central Europe

2. Inner Western Carpathians
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians
5. Southern Carpathians
6. Western Romanian Carpathians
7. Transylvanian Plateau
8. Serbian Carpathians]]
 
**Central Europe** is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeastern  Europe or Western Europe. The understanding of the concept of *Central Europe* varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. 

The region often includes: 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Alternative Definitions 
If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half.  When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.

In addition, other countries such as Croatia and the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively.

## References
Four-wheel drive

A **four-wheel drive** (also called **4WD** and **4x4**) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle. 4WDs are often used off road. Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles. By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode (part-time systems). Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).

## Types 
There are basically four types of four-wheel drive.

### Part-time 4-wheel drive 
Part-time systems are the most basic type. They are also still the most popular type for using off-road. The can be shifted (ly or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive. This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road. When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed. There usually is no center differential. For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement. If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible. Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials. These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction. These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.
 

### All-Wheel Drive 
All-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions. All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off-road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road. Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use. Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive. However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.

### Part-Time All-Wheel Drive 
Part-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions. When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels. As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive. This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car). This makes it popular on compact vehicles. It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles. They do not have a low range or a transfer case.

## References
Warsaw Pact

:''Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about financial liability in air travel, and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland.''
The **Warsaw Pact**, officially the **Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance**, was an organization of Central and Eastern European states. The communist states were to be allies and to fight together if one of them was attacked. In theory, all of the countries in the organisation were equals, the smaller countries were controlled by the Soviet Union. The countries in the Warsaw Pact were East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. However, Albania withdrew in 1968 after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and Romania followed. 

It was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland, in response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on 14 May 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech and German. The Pact lasted until the end of the Cold War, when some members quit in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union.

All of the Warsaw Pact countries and three that were part of the Soviet Union have joined NATO.

## Members 
Most member states were considered puppet states of the Soviet Union. Additionally, Mongolia, North Korea, Vietnam and (until 1961) China were observer states.

## References
**Notes**
Microraptor

in New York. The feathers are on both front and rear legs.]]

***Microraptor*** was a small feathered dinosaur. It was a basal theropod related to *Velociraptor* and *Deinonychus*. It had flight feathers, and could glide and possibly fly. About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens were found in Liaoning, China. They come from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, 125&nbsp;million years ago. 

Adult specimens are 42–83&nbsp;centimeters (1.4–2.7&nbsp;ft) long, so *Microraptor* was one of the smallest dinosaurs. Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers. A diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail gave stability during flight. 

Sankar Chatterjee found that, in order for *Microraptor* to glide or fly, the fore and hind wings must have been on different levels (as on a biplane) and not overlaid (as on a dragonfly). Using this biplane model, he calculated possible methods of gliding, and determined that *Microraptor* most likely launched itself from a perch, swooped downward in a deep 'U' shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree. The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control and alter the flight path. The hind wings would also have helped control the gliding flight. 

Chatterjee also used computer algorithms to test whether or not *Microraptor* was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to gliding. The data showed that *Microraptor* could sustain some level powered flight, so it is possible that the animal flew as well as glided.

## References
Opera (web browser)

**Opera** is a web browser that formerly included e-mail, webfeed reader, and IRC Chat. There are versions available for several operating systems. These include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux. There are also version for mobile phones, personal digital assistants, game consoles, and interactive televisions.

Opera is developed by Opera Software which is based in Oslo, Norway.

## History 
Opera was created in 1994 at Telenor, which is Norway's largest telecommunications company. In 1995, Opera became its own company called and more… Opera Software ASA.

Opera was first released publicly with version 2.0 in 1996, which only ran on Microsoft Windows.  With the release of Opera 4.0 in the year 2000, other operating systems were supported.

## Features 
* **Security**: Opera helps protect against computer viruses. When accessing a certain page opera will warn the user beforehand that the site may impose a threat to their computer. 
* **Tabs**: Users can save an unlimited number of tabs on their computer, so the next time that the users utilized their PC the pages will still be there. The order of the tabs can be changed, by dragging and dropping them in their needed location. 
* **Blocking**: Users can block unwanted spam and pop ups, and the blocking features allow the individual to inactivate certain elements. 
* **Resizing**: Users can use the zoom button to change the size of the text on the screen, also the ‘Fit to Width’ button is available to change the size of the web page to evade horizontal scrolling.
* Opera also includes a free ad blocker and vpn.

## Related pages
* List of IRC clients

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Orange

**Orange** can mean:
* Orange (color)
* Orange (fruit)

Places in the **United States**:
* Orange, California
* Orange, Connecticut
* Orange, Massachusetts
* Orange, New Hampshire
* Orange, New Jersey
* Orange, New York
* Orange, Ohio
* Orange, Texas
* Orange, Virginia
* One of several towns named Orangeville
* One of the several counties named Orange County

Places in **South Africa**:
* Orange Free State
* Orange River
* Orange River Colony

Other places in the world:
* Orange, New South Wales, Australia
* Orange, Vaucluse, France
*part of the commune La Roche-sur-Foron, in Haute-Savoie, France is named Orange
Diplodocus

***Diplodocus*** is a huge dinosaur from It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.

## Size 
*Diplodocus* was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6&nbsp;ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down. The longest species is the *hallorum*, which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now *Amphicoelias*).

## Fossils 
*Diplodocus* skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.

## *Seismosaurus* 
*Seismosaurus* was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of *Diplodocus*. It is now known as *Diplodocus hallorum*.

*Seismosaurus* was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long. Current length estimates are 33–36 metres long. Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes. Weight estimates of other *Diplodocus* species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes.

## References
Wash

**Wash** could mean:
* Wash (creek), a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain
* WASH, a Clear Channel Communications radio station
* Wash (distilling), the liquid produced by the fermentation step in the production of distilled beverages
* *Wash (Firefly)*, a fictional character who originated in the science fiction television series, *Firefly*
* Wash (painting), a light covering of diluted paint on a painting
* *Wash (Prison Break episode)*, 40th episode of American television series *Prison Break*
* The Wash, the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia
* *The Wash (movie)*, a hip-hop styled movie,
* "Wash (song)", a Pearl Jam song

## Related pages
* Car wash (disambiguation)
* Washing
Universal House of Justice

The **Universal House of Justice** is the name of a council that leads the Bahá'í community.  It was described by the person who made the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, in his books and letters.  He called it the Supreme House of Justice.  His son, `Abdu'l-Bahá called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bahá'ís.  There will be other "Houses of Justice" for each country and city, but for now these are called "Spiritual Assemblies."  

Bahá'ís vote for the members of this council every five years during a special festival held between April 20 and May 2.
Onion

, 1896-1898]]

**Onions** are plants in the genus, *Allium*. They are eaten as vegetables. Most species of onions have bulbs that people can eat. They have a strong flavour and a very distinctive smell.

Onions have been grown for a long time. They were probably first grown in Ancient Egypt, together with leek and garlic, but maybe earlier. Now, most of the world's cultures eat onions.

## Cultivation 
Farmers and gardeners can grow onions from seeds or from bulbs. If they plant seeds, they must later pull out most of the young plants so the rest can grow better. This is called 'thinning'. A different way to plant onions is to plant young bulbs. This is faster, but the onions that grow this way are weaker than the onions that started as seeds.

## In food 
Onions can be eaten in different ways:
* Fried sliced or chopped onions are often served on hot dogs.
** Onion rings are sliced, the slices dipped in batter, and deep-fried so the batter is crisp and onion is cooked soft.
* Pickled onions are eaten as a relish with chips or with salad.
* Raw onions:
** Sliced (cut into flat layers) for hamburgers and sandwiches
** Chopped or minced fine in salads or as garnish on cooked foods
* Cooked in soups, stews and curries
* Roasted whole alongside roasted meat
* Red Onions
*

## Why onions make eyes water 
When cutting an onion, the cells of the onion start to open. Then, some chemicals react. When one chemical floats through the air and reaches your eyes, they sting.
There are ways to keep the chemical away. You can:　
* Cut the onion under water
* Keep the onion in the fridge, and cut when it is cold
* Leave the root end on until last
* Use a sharper knife
* Have a fan blowing away from you on the onion
* Wear goggles, like for swimming or skiing

The ability of plants to deter or limit being eaten is called defence against herbivory.

## Gallery 

File:Two colors of onions.jpg|Two colours of onion
File:YellowOnions.jpg|Yellow Onions
File:Onion Flower Head.jpg|Flower head of a yellow onion
Monster (disambiguation)

A **monster** is often a type of creature.

The term **monster** can also mean:

* *Monster* (movie), a 2003 movie starring Charlize Theron and Christina Ricci
* Monster truck, a pickup truck with extra large tires and suspension
* Monster, South Holland, a town in the Netherlands
*Monster Energy, an energy drink
Logitech

office]]

**Logitech** (sometimes shortened to **Logi)** is a Swiss company that makes electronics. They are best known for making peripheral equipment for computers, including webcams, keyboards and computer mice.

## History 
Logitech was founded in Apples, Switzerland, in 1981 by graduates of Stanford University Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, and former Olivetti engineer Giacomo Marini.

In 2001, Logitech acquired Labtec for $150 million to expand its range of computer peripherals.

In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, which allows a user to use natural gestures to control a PC.

In December 2009, Logitech acquired video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize Communications.

In July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile visual communications provider Mirial.

In January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech's chief executive officer; then-CEO Guerrino De Luca continued as Logitech's chairman of the board.

In January 2016, Logitech spun off the video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize.

In April 2016, Logitech agreed to pay  penalty related to accusations that it and some former executives improperly inflated the company's results for its 2011 fiscal year to meet guidance and other accounting violations. 

On 12 April 2016, Logitech announced that they had agreed to acquire Jaybird, a leader in wireless audio wearables for sports and active lifestyles, for , with an additional earnout of up to  based on achievement of growth targets.

On 15 September 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for .

On 26 September 2019, Logitech acquired Streamlabs, producer of software and tools for live-streaming, for approximately $89 million.

On 29 July 2021, Logitech, in collaboration with choreographer JaQuel Knight, introduced its #Creators4BIPOC initiative under the Logitech For Creators brand. It allows social media creators, particularly BIPOC influencers, to copyright and monetize their online creations by making it possible for choreographers who amplify attention to hits by major artists in the entertainment business to secure copyright of their choreography using Labanotation and earn royalties from it.

## Mice 
The first mice were made in Switzerland. Now Logitech makes its items all over the world. Selling computer mice made Logitech a big company. In 2008, Logitech made its billionth mouse.

## Product lines 
As well as webcams, keyboards and mice, Logitech also makes other products such as:
* Loudspeakers
* Gamepads
* Phone accessories
* Special TV remotes
*Headphones
*Programmable remote controls

Logitech has also made two computer games: *Jelly Jumper* and *Jelly Battle*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Logitech
* Mouse maker reveals how niche players succeed , Swissinfo, 20.4.2006
SG Essen

The **SG Essen** (German: **Startgemeinschaft Essen**) is a swimming club in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). It is a union of the swimming sections of 13 sports clubs. The SG Essen is one of the most successful swimming clubs in West Germany. The women's team is in the first Bundesliga (national league), the men's team in the second.

The SG Essen's breaststroke swimmers are well known: Mark Warnecke, Anne Poleska, and Rebecca Horstmann. The chief trainer is Horst Melzer.

## Other websites 
* Homepage of the SG Essen*(in German)*
Licensed to Ill

***Licensed to Ill*** is the first album by the Beastie Boys. Beastie Boys is an American hip hop music group. The album was released in November 1986.

## Track listing 
#"Rhymin & Stealin"  – (4:08)
#"The New Style" – (4:36)
#"She's Crafty" – (3:35)
#"Posse in Effect" – (2:27)
#"Slow Ride" – (2:56)
#"Girls" – (3:14)
#"Fight for Your Right" – (3:28)
#"No Sleep Till Brooklyn" – (4:07)
#"Paul Revere" – (3:41)
#"Hold It Now, Hit It" – (3:26)
#"Brass Monkey" - (2:37)
#"Slow and Low" – (3:38)
#"Time to Get Ill" – (3:37)

## Members 
*Mike D - Voice 
*Adam Horovitz - Voice 
*Adam Yauch - Voice 
*Rick Rubin - Sampling
*Kerry King - Electric guitar
Fructose

**Fructose** is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two are glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose. Processed foods also contain fructose due to how sweet it is.

## References
## Other websites 
* Fructose 
* Carbohydrate metabolism 
* Fructose Information Center
Peer pressure

**Peer pressure** is influenced by the peer group members. It often happens to children during puberty. The group defines some social values. For somebody to stay "cool" in that group, they must act like other people. Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favor inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise. For example, it can influence a person to smoke cigarettes or  marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and many other things that they might regret.Most of the time,adolescents create a peer group of their age to enjoy themselves. They have strong faith and belief in their friends of the same group. The new desires, aspirations, and interests are developed because of the changes they experience. They become sensitive and sentimental.

When parents and society do not consider and address their needs, aspirations, and desires, they feel dominated and leave home to spend most of their time with their friends in peer groups. Sometimes they cannot get proper counseling and guidelines in these stages. Consequently, sometimes, they can fall prey to many bad habits. There are many positives and negatives to peer pressure. 

Peer pressure is commonly thought of negatively, but in reality, it's not always a bad thing. Sometimes peer pressure is used to influence people positively. Learning about acceptable group norms can be a positive part of learning how to live with and socialize with other people.  

Positive peer pressure, in which people are influenced to do nice things like give to charity, is usually a good thing.

## References
Leek

A **leek** is a vegetable. It belongs to the genus *Allium*. This is the same genus as onion and garlic. 

Leeks can be used for cooking. They are usually tall and skinny with a cylinder-like body.

Leeks take around 100 to 120 days to grow. They are mainly harvested in Europe and Asia. They are planted in deep holes to protect them from sun. The soil must be fertile, and it must allow water to travel without creating puddles or draining too quickly.
Coronary artery disease

**Coronary artery disease**, also called **coronary heart disease (CHD)**, is a heart disease. ("Coronary" means "the blood vessels of the heart".) Coronary heart disease causes plaque to build up inside the coronary arteries. This causes the coronary arteries to become narrower and pressure to build, forcing the heart to work harder, as well as the risk of heart attacks or blockage of the vessels.  

The heart pumps blood full of oxygen and nutrients through the arteries, working with the lungs to get it to different parts of the body. Blood that is pumped back to the heart through veins contains carbon dioxide taken out of cells to be removed from the body. The coronary arteries are very important. They supply blood to the heart muscle. So when the coronary arteries become narrower, less blood gets to the heart muscle.
## Symptoms
Most people with coronary artery disease feel healthy for years before they start experiencing symptoms. The most common symptom is a heart attack.  If it is not treated, some of the plaques in the coronary arteries can break away and block the blood flow to the heart.  Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of sudden death. It is also the most common cause of death in people over 65 years old. Men are 10 times more likely to get coronary artery disease than women.

## Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a form of heart disease. It causes fatty materials (like cholesterol) to build up in the arteries, forming harder materials called plaques. This causes the arteries to become narrower. It also makes it more difficult for blood to flow through the arteries. This can cause blood clots to form, blocking blood from traveling through the arteries.  Small pieces of plaque can also break off and block smaller blood vessels.

If an artery becomes blocked completely, it causes serious problems. All cells, tissues, and organs in the body need oxygen and nutrients (carried by blood) to survive. If cells or tissues are not supplied with enough blood, they  die. (This is called necrosis.) When this happens in the coronary arteries, a section of the heart dies. This can cause a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) to happen.

## Prevention 
People at risk or with CAD can do many different things to lower their chances of suffering from it, or help not make it worse. Everyone can make lifestyle or dietary changes to lower their risk of getting heart disease too. Prevention includes changes like:
* Healthy or a healthier diet. For example, eating fewer fatty foods, and taking in as few saturated fats and avoiding trans fats as possible
* Eating less salt
* Eating more more vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains
* Avoid drinking excessive alcohol
* Exercising regularly.

Not being overweight or obese is helpful in reducing the risk of CAD, if the person can help it. Overweight people are more at risk of developing heart disease, and following the diet and lifestyle changes can help with getting to and maintaining a healthy weight. 

## Related pages 
* Body Mass Index (BMI)
* Cardiovascular diseases

* Pulmonary edema
* Healthy diet and the food pyramid

## References
Great power

A **great power** is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world. That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength. It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.

Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere. They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries. There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.

## Great powers 
The world's great powers as of the early 21st century are at least:

* China
* Germany
* Japan
* Russia
* United Kingdom

### Potential great powers
* India

## Older great powers
* France
* Italy

## Related pages
* Superpower
* Hyperpower

## References
Bite

A **bite** is a wound received from the teeth of an animal.  Animals may bite things in self-defence.  Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.

Bites can cause many medical problems, such as:
* Tearing or scratching the tissue
* Haemorrhaging if major blood vessels are pierced
* Infection by bacteria or pathogens, such as rabies
* Introduction of venom by venomous animals such as some snakes
* Introduction of things that may irritate the person by causing inflammation or itching

## Treatment 
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water.  The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage.  Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.

Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it.  If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies.  Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes.  If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected.  In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.

### Snake bites 
Many of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a "safe" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.

### Spider bites 
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults.  Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.
Northern Europe

**Northern Europe** is the northern part of  the  European continent. Most people see the following states as part of it:
* The Nordic countries, including , , ,  and . 
*  and the  (but see also Western Europe)
* The Baltic states, i.e. , , and  
* Areas bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, e.g. north-western , northern  (most often referred to as Eastern Europe), , , , and northern .

Europe, the planet's 6th largest continent, includes 47 countries and assorted dependencies, islands and territories. 

Before the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and .

In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and . In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.

In a European Union context, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often seen as belonging to a Northern group.

## References
Furnace

A **Furnace** is a device used for heating. It does this through burning propane, natural gas, other something else flammable. The word has different meanings, though:
* In American English, it is the name for a heating system in the house. British English usually calls such systems boiler, heater or kiln.
* There are industrial furnaces; these provide heat so some processes can take place. An example of such a furnace would be the use in metallurgic processing. Blast furnaces for example make iron.
Western Europe

**Western Europe** is a geographic region of Europe. This term does not have an exact definition. Some definitions include countries like Spain and the United Kingdom, while some don't. Its use has changed over time. During the Middle Ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. During the Cold War, *Western Europe* was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic European countries of the First World, which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion. 

At its widest medieval definition, it includes the following 8 countries:

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 

Many, such as Norway, are also in Northern Europe or in Central Europe or Southern Europe.

Today, the term "Western Europe" has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with liberal democracy, socialism and also with the European Union, though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.

Most of the countries in the region share Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania.

In addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes. The Iberian Peninsula, the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the Americas.

It is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines.

## References
Southern Europe

**Southern Europe** is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.
Most importantly, in a European Union context, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Croatia and Slovenia officially belong to the Group of the South.

## Geographical definition 
Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.

## Geopolitical definition of the United Nations 
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For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions.  Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian South Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy.

## Climatical definition 
The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.

## Linguistic and cultural definition 
Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy, Spain and Portugal. 
Greece, Malta and Cyprus are also associated with the concept of Southern Europe, even though Cyprus is geographically in Asia.

## List of countries 
Although there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:

* Southern Europe
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
**
* Balkans
** 
**
** 
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
World Wide Web Consortium

The **World Wide Web Consortium** (**W3C**) is an organization created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, in order to continue the development of the web, and its languages. Tim Berners-Lee also wants to make standards for the languages, and to improve them. As of 2 April 2010, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 328 Members.

As of 29 March 2012, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 351 members.

As of  9 June 2014, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 384 Members.

## References 
## Other websites 
*W3C - Homepage
Maser

A **maser** is a device that produces light and heat by using atoms to release energy. It was invented by Charles Hard Townes in the 1950s. A maser takes the small vibrations in atoms and amplifies them to release electromagnetic radiation. Originally, they were referred to by the acronym **MASER** or '**M**icrowave **A**mplification by **S**timulated **E**mission of **R**adiation. Unlike most radio transmitters, maser waves tend to have very similar wavelengths. Their usage was first predicted by Albert Einstein. In the 1960s masers were made to emit optical wavelengths, and soon were called lasers.
Deinonychus

***Deinonychus***  was a medium theropod dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, and also a larger relative of the famous *Velociraptor*. This 3.4 meter (11&nbsp;ft) long *Deinonychus* lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 115-108 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.

*Deinonychus* is perhaps the single most important dinosaur discovered in the mid 20th century.

## Ostrom's analysis
Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of *Deinonychus* in the late 1960s started the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded. It is now accepted that all or most smaller theropods had feathers whose function was temperature regulation. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal, posture, and the enlarged claws on the feet, which suggested the animal was an active, agile predator. Before this, the popular idea of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants.

*Deinonychus* means 'Terrible claw'. This refers to the large, sickle-shaped claw bone on the second toe of each hind foot. In life, a horny sheath over this bone extended the length. Ostrom reconstructed the claw as over  long.

## Paleoecology
*Deinonychus* remains have been found near those of the ornithopod *Tenontosaurus*. Teeth discovered near  *Tenontosaurus* specimens suggest it was hunted or at least scavenged by *Deinonychus*.

## References
Cheerleader

A **cheerleader** is a person who does **cheerleading**, or leads s for sporting events or during competition. This is usually done as a group. It is done to keep the spirit of a sports team up. Although often women, there are also men, irregardless of sexual orientation, who decide to become cheerleaders. 

## History 
This sport is originally from the United States. It was first seen in the beginning of the 1900s. It was, and is still used to support a local sports group (for example football). 

Because of the athletic ability often needed in cheerleading, many people think cheerleading is a sport. Cheerleaders perform s that include dancing, tumbling, cheering, stunting and jumping. Cheerleading teams can compete in competitions against other cheer teams as well as perform for different sporting events.

## References
## Other websites 
*Cheerleading Squads
My Opera Community

The **My Opera Community** is a virtual community, which provides help and social networking services for people who use the Opera browser.

## History 
The My Opera Community started in August 2001 and was shut down after February 2014. It currently has over 16,000,000 members, who are from all over the world.

## Sources 
## Other websites 
*The My Opera Community Website