open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eric Roberts

**Eric Anthony Roberts** (born April 18, 1956) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for his roles in *King of the Gypsies* and ''Paul's Case*. He is also known for playing a Gotham Gangster Salvator Maroni in *The Dark Knight''. He was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and one Academy Award.
 
## Early life
Roberts was born in Biloxi, Mississippi. His parents, Betty Lou (née Bredemus) and Walter Grady Roberts, one-time actors and playwrights, met while performing theatrical productions for the armed forces. They later co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta, Georgia off of Juniper Street in Midtown. Roberts' mother filed for divorce in 1971 and it was finalized early in 1972. His younger siblings, Julia Roberts (from whom he was estranged until 2004) and Lisa Roberts Gillan, are also actors. His mother married Michael Motes and had daughter Nancy Motes in 1976. Roberts is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and Swedish ancestry. Roberts was raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He studied at Henry W. Grady High School.

## Personal life
He was sued two times, one for drug related problems and the other for slamming his wife into a wall. All charges were later dropped.

He is a vegan and supporter of animal rights.

## Marriage and family
Roberts is currently married to Eliza Garret since 1992; they have a son and a daughter. He also has a daughter from an earlier relationship with Kelly Cunningham, Emma Roberts. He is the brother of Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan.

## References
## Other websites
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Psy

**Park Jae-sang** (; born December 31, 1977), mainly known by his stage name **PSY** ( ; ), is a South Korean singer-songwriter, rapper and record producer. His 2012 single "Gangnam Style" was a surprise viral video. Before its popularity he was little known outside South Korea. Psy performed "Gangnam Style" on the American show Saturday Night Live.

## Discography
### Albums
### Singles
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Charles Cyphers

**Charles Cyphers** (July 28, 1939 &ndash; August 4, 2024) was an American movie, television, and stage actor who was known for his role as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in *Halloween* (1978) and *Halloween Kills* (2021). He was born Niagara Falls, New York on July 28, 1939. His career started in the 1970s.

Cyphers died in Tucson, Arizona, on August 4, 2024, at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Brad Dourif

**Bradford Claude Thomas Dourif** (; born March 18, 1950) is an American character actor. He was nominated for an Oscar, and won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for his supporting role as Billy Bibbit in the film ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* (1975). He is also known for his roles as Charles Lee Ray and the voice of Chucky in the *Child's Play* franchise (1988–2017), and Gríma Wormtongue in *The Lord of the Rings'' series (2002–2003).

Dourif's other film roles include *Wise Blood* (1979), *Dune* (1984), *Blue Velvet* (1986), *Mississippi Burning* (1988), *The Exorcist III* (1990) and *Alien Resurrection* (1997). He also appeared in many television series, notably *Deadwood* (2004–2006, 2019), for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.

## Personal Life
Dourif has three children, two daughters: Kristina / Christina Dourif, born c. 1976, actress Fiona Dourif, born c. 1981, and one son: Thomas, born c. 1984 with his late wife Jonina Dourif,whose name sometimes appears in media as Janet.

## References
## Other websites
* 
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Guillermo del Toro

**Guillermo del Toro** (born October 9, 1964) is a Mexican movie director, screenwriter, author, and producer who is known for directing ''Pan's Labyrinth*, *Hellboy II: The Golden Army*, *The Shape of Water*, *Pinocchio* and *Frankenstein''. He known for his fiction or fantasy movies. He is also known for his monster movies. He won a Golden Globe, BAFTA Award, Satellite Award and an Academy Award in 2018.

He is also close friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro G. Iñárritu, collectively known as "The Three Amigos of Cinema".

He was born on October 9, 1964 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.  He was married to Lorenza Newton from 1986 until they divorced in 2017 and they have two children. He lives in Agoura Hills, California. He has won a British Academy Film Award and a Saturn Award.

Guillermo del Toro's filmmaking style is marked by a blend of genres, meticulous attention to detail, practical effects for creatures, exploration of deep themes, the creation of unique atmospheres through genre conventions, challenging stereotypes, a personal penchant for the macabre and Gothic themes, and a strong atmosphere that immerses viewers.

## References
## Other websites
* 
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Lisa Roberts Gillan

**Lisa Roberts Gillan** (born **Lisa Roberts**; August 7, 1965) is an American actress. She is the sister of actors Eric Roberts and Julia Roberts, and the aunt of actress Emma Roberts.
She is married to Tony Gillan.

## Early life
Roberts was born in Decatur, Georgia. Her mother, Betty Lou Motes (née Bredemus), was a one-time church secretary and real estate agent, and her father, Walter Grady Roberts, was a vacuum cleaner salesman. Roberts's parents, one-time actors and playwrights, met while performing theatrical productions for the armed forces and later co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta, Georgia off Juniper Street in Midtown; the two divorced in 1971. Her mother later married Michael Motes and had a daughter, named Nancy Motes, who was born in 1976. Roberts's father died of cancer when she was ten.

## References
## Other websites
*
James R. Thompson Center

The **James R. Thompson Center** is a dome shaped building that is about 93 meters to the top of the building. It is a building of house offices of the state of Illinois. The center was named after Governor James R. Thompson in 1993. It opened in 1985. It is located in Chicago, Illinois. 

In 2015, and again in 2017, Governor Bruce Rauner also proposed selling the property, and a legislative committee to explore his request was announced by Democratic House Speaker Michael Madigan in February 2017.

On February 13, 2018, Chicago Police Commander Paul Bauer was shot and killed by Shomari Legghetti, while Bauer was perusing a suspected outside of the Thompson Center.

## References
## Other websites
* Commerce, Culture, & State Offices Under Glass
* Commerce, Culture, & State Offices Under Glass
* James R. Thompson Center
* New York Times Travel Guide Chicago James R. Thompson Center
* Emporis.com page
* Google Maps page
Crain Communications Building

**Crain Communications Building**, formerly known as **Smurfit-Stone Building** and **Stone Container Building**, is a small skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois constructed in 1983 and finished in 1984. The building is 582&nbsp;feet (177&nbsp;meters) and 41 stories tall. It is well known for the diamond shape upon the top of the building. The diamond shaped facade is also known to occasionally sport worded slogans at night, such as "GO BEARS" or "GO CUBS."

The design of the south east corner of the building features a prominent vertical slit from the ground, through the diamond shaped facade, and to the top of the building. It is because of this that some theorize the building was deliberately designed this way (resembling a woman's vulva) to antithesize the often "male-featured" inspiration behind most skyscrapers. This, however, was later debunked by the architect to be a mere coincidence.

## References
## Other websites
Richard Hamilton (actor)

**Richard Hamilton** (December 31, 1920 &ndash; December 21, 2004) was an American movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Agent D in *Men in Black* (1997). 

Hamilton was born on December 31, 1920 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Marilyn Morgan Hamilton until his death in 2004. Hamilton died on December 21, 2004 in New York City, New York from natural causes, he was 83 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Thurl Ravenscroft

**Thurl Arthur Ravenscroft** (February 6, 1914 &ndash; May 22, 2005) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor, and singer who is known for his voice roles as Kirby in *The Brave Little Toaster Movie Series* and as Tony the Tiger. 

He was born on February 6, 1914 in Norfolk, Nebraska. Ravenscroft was educated at Otis College of Art and Design. He was married to June Ravenscroft from 1946 until her death in 1999, they had two chidren. Ravenscroft died on May 22, 2005 in Fullerton, California from prostate cancer, he was 91 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
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Northeast Greenland National Park

**Northeast Greenland National Park** is a national park in Greenland, Denmark. It is the largest national park in the world, with an area of . This makes the park larger than most countries. It would place 31st if it were a country, just behind Egypt. It is the only national park in Greenland, and the most northerly national park in the world. Its most northerly point reaches slightly further than the most northerly point in Quttinirpaaq National Park in Canada.

## History
]]
The park was first created on 22 May 1974.  It came from the northern, practically uninhabited part of the former Ittoqqortoormiit Municipality in Tunu (East Greenland). In 1988 the park was expanded by another  to its present size.  This was by adding the northeastern part of the former county of Avannaa (North Greenland). In January 1977 it was made an international biosphere reserve.

## Fauna
An estimated 5,000 to 15,000 musk oxen, as well as many polar bears and walrus, can be found near the coastal regions of the park. This is claimed to be 40% of the world population of musk ox. Other mammals include arctic fox, stoat, collared lemming and arctic hare. Other marine mammals include ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal and hooded seal as well as narwhal and Beluga whale.

Species of birds which breed in the park include great northern diver, barnacle goose, pink-footed goose, common eider, king eider, gyrfalcon, snowy owl, sanderling, ptarmigan and raven.

## References
Hooded seal

The **hooded seal** (*Cystophora cristata*) is an arctic pinniped.  It is found only in the central and western North Atlantic.  It ranges from Svalbard in the east to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the west.

The male has a peculiar inflatable bladder on the head.  This bladder hangs between his eyes and down over his upper lip in the deflated state. In addition, he can inflate a large balloon-like sac from one of his nostrils. The bulge develops when the seal is four years old. The male can blow up this bulge, so that it is the size of its head.

The hooded seal can live to about age 30 to 35.

## Size
Adult males are  long on average, and weigh . Females are much smaller:  long and weighing . The colour is silvery; the body is scattered with dark, irregular marks. The head is darker than the rest of the body, and without marks.

## Offspring
Pups are about  long at birth and weigh about . They are born on the ice from mid-March to early April. They are born with a slate blue-grey coat with a pale cream color on the belly.  They moult after about 14 months. Nursing of the pup lasts for an average of only 4 days.  This is the shortest lactation period of any mammal.  During the 4 days the pup doubles in size, gaining around 7 kg/day. This is possible because the milk that they drink has a fat content of 60%. The female pup will mature between ages 3 and 6.  The male pup will mature between ages 5 and 7.

## References
Barnacle goose

The **barnacle goose** (*Branta leucopsis*) belongs to the genus *Branta* of black geese. This genus has species with largely black plumage, setting them apart from the grey *Anser* species.

## Description 
The barnacle goose is a medium-sized goose,  long. Its wingspan is  and the body mass is . It has a white face and black head, neck, and upper breast. Its belly is white. The wings and its back are silver-gray with black-and-white bars that look like they are shining when the light reflects on it. During flight, a V-shaped white rump patch and the silver-gray underwing linings can be seen.

## Ecology, behaviour and life history 
Barnacle geese often build their nests high on mountain cliffs and in dark, damp caves.  This keeps them away from predators (mostly Arctic foxes and polar bears) but also away from food. Like all geese, the goslings are not fed by the adults.

Instead of bringing food to the newly hatched goslings, the goslings are brought to the ground. Unable to fly, the three-day-old goslings jump off the cliff and fall. Their small size, feathery down, and very lightweight helps to protect most of them from serious injury when they hit the rocks below. Some do die from the fall. Arctic foxes are attracted by the noise made by the parent geese during this time. They eat dead or injured goslings. The foxes also stalk the young as they are led by the parents to wetland feeding areas.

## References
Bearded seal

The **bearded seal** (*Erignathus barbatus*), also called the **square flipper seal**, is a medium-sized pinniped.  It is found in and near to the Arctic Ocean.

Fossils indicate that, during the Pleistocene epoch, bearded seals went as far south as South Carolina.

## Description
Features of this earless seal include square front flippers and thick bristles on its muzzle. Adults are greyish-brown in colour, darker on the back. Occasionally the face and neck are reddish-brown. Bearded seal pups are born with a greyish-brown fur with scattered patches of white on the back and head. The bearded seal is unique in the subfamily Phocinae in having two pairs of teats.  This is a feature it shares with monk seals.

Bearded seals are about  to  in nose-to-tail length.  They are  to  in weight. Both sexes are about the same size.

Bearded seals are a main food source for polar bears and for the Inuit of the Arctic coast. The body fat content of a bearded seal is 30–40%.

## Hunting and Diet
Bearded seals feed on a variety of small prey found along the ocean floor, including clams, squid, and fish. Their whiskers serve as feelers in the soft bottom sediments. Adults tend not to dive very deep.  They like shallow coastal areas no more than  deep. Pups up to one year old will venture much deeper, diving as deep as .

## Reproduction and Lifecycle
Bearded seals give birth in the spring. In the Canadian Arctic, seal pupping is in May. Further south, in Alaska, most pups are born in late April. Pups are born on small drifting ice floes in shallow waters. They usual weigh around 30–40&nbsp;kg. They enter the water only hours after they are born, and quickly become very good divers. Mothers care for the pups for 18–24 days.  During this time the pups grow at an average rate of 3.3&nbsp;kg per day. Pups consume an average of eight liters of milk a day. By the time they are weaned, the pups have grown to about one hundred kilograms.

Just before the pups are weaned, a new mating cycle takes place. Females ovulate at the end of their lactation period, but stay close to their pups, ready to defend them if necessary. During the mating season, male seals will "sing". This sound may attract females, or may be used by the males to say what territory is theirs or their readiness for breeding. Males live in the same areas from one year to the next.

]]

## References
## Other Websites
Bearded Seal on animal-glossary.com
Richard J. Daley Center

The **Richard J. Daley Center** or **The Daley Center** is a civic center in the city of Chicago, Illinois. The center is named after Mayor Richard J. Daley. The building is 648 feet (198 meters) 30 store building. The Daley Center was opened in 1965. The center has a sculpture, *Chicago Picasso* made by Pablo Picasso.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Chicago 
* Cook County
* Richard J. Daley Center on Emporis
* Daley Plaza Eternal Flame
Common eider

The **common eider** (*Somateria mollissima*) is a large sea-duck.  They live on the northern coasts of Europe, North America and eastern Siberia. It breeds in Arctic and some northern temperate regions.  They winter farther south in temperate zones.  There it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to 113&nbsp;km/h (70&nbsp;mph).

## Description 
The common eider is both the largest of the four eider species and the largest duck found in Europe and in North America.  It measures  in length, weighs  and spans  across the wings. It has a bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is unmistakable, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird. It can be told apart from all ducks, except other eider species, because of size and head shape. This duck's call is a pleasant "ah-ooo".  The species is often readily approachable.

This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food.  The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their gizzard and excreted.  When eating a crab, the Eider will remove all of its claws and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion.

## Social behaviour 
Eiders are colonial breeders. They nest on coastal islands in colonies ranging in size of less than 100 to upwards of 10,000-15,000 individuals. Female eiders often return to breed on the same island where they were hatched. This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island.

## References
King eider

The **king eider** (*Somateria spectabilis*) is a large sea duck.  It breeds along Northern Hemisphere Arctic coasts of northeast Europe, North America and Asia. The birds spend most of the year in coastal marine ecosystems at high latitudes.  They migrate to the Arctic tundra to breed in June and July. They lay four to seven eggs in a scrape on the ground lined with grass and down.

The king eider winters in arctic and subarctic marine areas, most notably in the Bering Sea, the west coast of Greenland, eastern Canada and northern Norway. It also happens yearly off the northeastern United States, Scotland and Kamchatka. Breeding areas include the Arctic coastal tundra of the north coast of Alaska. This species dives for benthic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, polychaete worms, and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. Wintering birds can form large flocks on suitable coastal waters, with some flocks bigger than 100,000 birds.

This species is smaller than the common eider. The male is unmistakable with its black body, white breast and multicoloured head. The drake's call is a deep cooing. 

The female is a brown bird.  They can still be told apart from all ducks except other eider species on size and structure. The head is shorter than in the common eider, and the feathering onto the bill is rounded, not triangular in shape.

An immature drake is typically all dark with a white breast and a yellow bill patch. 

## Traditional Uses
 wildlife refuge]]
The king eider is a regular source of fresh meat in the spring.  They begin their migration past the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in late April and are hunted in great numbers. In May, several hundred thousand eiders pass Point Barrow in northern Alaska on their way to Alaskan and Canadian breeding grounds.

## References
Joyce Randolph

**Joyce Sirola**  (October 21, 1924 &ndash; January 13, 2024) was an American actress. She played Trixie Norton on *The Honeymooners*. Randolph was born on October 21, 1924 in Detroit, Michigan. 

She was married to Richard Lincoln Charles from 1955 until his death in 1997. They had a son. She was the last living Honeymooners cast member.

She was professionally known as Joyce Randolph.

Randolph died in her sleep on January 13, 2024 under hospice care in New York City at the age of 99, nine months before her 100th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Colonel Sanders

**"Colonel" Harland David Sanders** (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was an American entrepreneur. He started the company Kentucky Fried Chicken.

Sanders was born in Henryville, Indiana on September 9, 1890. He studied at Southern University. He was married to Josephine King until they divorced. He later married Claudia Price. Sanders had 3 children. Sanders died at age 90 on December 16, 1980 in Louisville, Kentucky from leukemia and pneumonia.

## References
## Other websites
* Kentucky Fried Chicken 
* 
*
Pink-footed goose

The **pink-footed goose** (*Anser brachyrhynchus*) is a goose which breeds in eastern Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard. It is migratory.  It winters in northwest Europe, especially Great Britain, the Netherlands, and western Denmark.

It is a medium-sized goose, 60–75&nbsp;cm (24–30&nbsp;in) long.  The wingspan is 135–170&nbsp; (53–67&nbsp;in) cm.  It weighs 1.8–3.4&nbsp;kg (4–7.5 lbs). It has a short bill, bright pink in the middle with a black base and tip, and pink feet. The body is grey-brown, the head and neck a richer, darker brown, the rump white, and the tail grey with a broad white tip.

## Ecology
Nesting is often on cliffs close to glaciers.  This gives protection from mammalian predators (mainly Arctic Fox). Three to six eggs are laid in early to mid May in Iceland, late May in Svalbard. Incubation lasts 26–27 days. On hatching, the goslings go with the parents on foot to the nearest lake.  They fledge after about 56 days. Southbound migration is from mid September to early October, and northbound from mid April to early May.

The diet is almost entirely vegetarian. In summer, they feed on a wide range of tundra plants, both on land and in water. In winter, they graze mostly on oilseed rape, sugar beet, potato, and various grasses.  Damage to crops can be large.

## References
Chan's megastick

'''Chan's megastick** (***Phobaeticus chani*'*) is a species of stick insect. It is the longest insect in the world. One specimen in the London Natural History Museum  measures . This is with the front legs fully extended. The body is  long.

Named after amateur Malaysian naturalist, Datuk Chan Chew Lun, only six specimens are known, all from the state of Sabah in Borneo. Very little is known about its biology, but it may live in the canopy of the rainforest, making it especially hard to find.  The species was also listed as one of the top ten discoveries of the decade in a BBC television documentary (broadcast in either 2010 or 2011).

## References
## Other websites
* Phasmid Study Group: *Phobaeticus chani''
* Image of insect
Tochigi (city)

is a Japanese city in Tochigi Prefecture.

## History 
In the Edo period. Tochigi was a significant city.

In the early Meiji period, the city of Tochigi was the Prefectural capital of the old Tochigi Prefecture.  After the old Utsunomiya Prefecture and Tochigi Prefecture merged, Tochigi City was briefly the prefectural capital.  The capital was moved to Utsunomiya soon after.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/hp/menu000001000/hpg000000364.htm ; http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/
University of Mainz

The **Universität Mainz** (; abbreviation: *JGU*) is a university in Mainz, Germany. It was founded in the year 1477. In 2012, there were more than 36,000 students.

The University of Mainz has ten faculties:
* Theology
* Social sciences, Media and Sport
* Jurisprudence and Economics
* Medicine
* Philosophy
* Linguistics
* History
* Physics, Mathematics and Computer science
* Chemistry, Pharmacy and Earth sciences
* Biology

## Other websites 
* Website of the University of Mainz
Ziegler Polar Expedition

The **Ziegler polar expedition** of 1903–1905 was a failed attempt to reach the North Pole. The party was stranded north of the Arctic Circle for two years before being rescued.  All but one of its members survived. The expedition was paid for by William Ziegler and led by Anthony Fiala.  They left from Tromsø, Norway, on June 14, 1903, aboard *America*. 

## Planning 
Ziegler chose Anthony Fiala, who was a photographer on an earlier mission, to lead his second polar trip. Fiala calculated that the food for an eight dog team and driver would be at least 1100 pounds. This was an issue, as the most a sled could hold was 600 pounds. He planned to use ponies to carry the extra supplies.  Then to feed the dogs on horse meat when the supplies were low.

## Isolation and rescue 
In November 1903 severe weather started.  The ship broke up, destroying the provisions and coal. 

The following spring, more tries were made to reach the pole by traveling both east and west.  The conditions were too severe, and open water caused difficulties. Supplies ran low, and the expedition headed south.  They reached depots at Cape Flora, Cape Dillion, and Camp Ziegler.

William Peters, who was second in command, took this time to lead the crew in survey work.  This helped to make maps and charts better.

With the knowledge that rescue ships would be sent to them, the expedition stayed hopeful.  A rescue party, led by William S. Champ aboard the *Terra Nova*, sailed direct to the ice fields. On July 24, they encountered thick ice.  This made the crew doubt they could reach their destination. However the ship reached Palmi Island on July 28 and Cape Dillion the following day. 6 expedition members were found there. More members were found at Cape Flora, and the Terra Nova returned to Cape Dillion. A sled party was organized, which brought back the crew.

## References
Photographic memory

A **photographic memory**, or eidetic memory, is the ability to remember images or objects in great detail after seeing them for only a short time without mnemonic. The existence of this ability is disputed.

The claims made differ somewhat, but stress the recall of visual information. Examples of the information include: pages from books, magazines, and license plate numbers. It is claimed that those with a photographic memory tend to have higher IQs than those without it. A common misconception with photographic memory is that those with it do not use mnemonics. This is actually not the case, sometimes, those with photographic memory still use mnemonics as a form of quick and accurate remembering of things, instead of having to pull it up in their memory over and over again. It's like defining a function in a code instead of having to write it out over and over again. This way, remembering is more efficient and easier to make connections with the given information, but some people with it might not use them if they have a "stronger" form of photographic memory or different learning style/goal with the given information. 

The ability is said to occur in the early childhood of a small number of children (between 2 percent and 10 percent) and generally is not found in adults.

Adriaan de Groot studied the ability of chess grandmasters to memorize the positions of chess pieces on a chess board. At first, people thought they had photographic memory because they could memorize far more information than nonexperts. However, when shown arrangements of pieces that could never occur in a game, their recall was no better than nonexperts. This suggests that they only have an ability to remember certain types of information, rather than photographic memory.

Around 1970, Charles Stromeyer studied his future wife, Elizabeth. He claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language which she did not understand. She could remember the poetry years after she had first seen the poem. She also could, apparently, recall random dot patterns so as to combine two patterns into a stereoscopic image. She is the only person who is known to have passed such a test. The methods used in the testing procedures were not clear. Additionally, the tests have never been repeated (Elizabeth has consistently refused to repeat them). This raised further concerns, and increased skepticism about whether photographic memories were real.

All in all, the existence of this ability or possessing of it by someone purely depends on the context, and because the learning style is so difficult to comprehend, its existence is questioned. With that being said, there are different "types" of photographic memory in different people, but all of them follow the same pattern, so all the types are generally categorized as one. It is also possible to naturally possess an exceptional memory, but mistake it for photographic memory. 

## References
Hirado, Nagasaki

is a Japanese city in Nagasaki Prefecture.

## History
Hirado has been a port since the Nara period. 

During the Edo period, Hirado was the seat of the Hirado Domain. The city developed around Hirado Castle (*Hirado-jō*).

The first Frenchman to arrive in Japan was Francis Caron.  He live in Hirado.

## Geography
The city is located on the island of the same name; and it has expanded to the  island of Kyūshū. The two parts of the city are connected by the Hirado Bridge which was built in 1977.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.city.hirado.nagasaki.jp/english/home.htm ; [http://www.city.hirado.nagasaki.jp/ ]
* American Friendship Doll at Hirado Kindergarten
Sasebo

is a Japanese city in Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

It has been  as a special city since 2001.

## History
In 1866, Sasebo was established as a major port for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN).

## References
## Other websites
*  
* Sasebo Tourist Information site  in English
Yehoshua Sofer

**Yehoshua Sofer** () is an Israeli hip hop musician and martial artist. He was born in 1958 as **Nigel Wilson** in Jamaica. His family moved to Los Angeles in 1963. There, he studied Tang Soo Do and got a black belt by 1968; at that time, he was just ten. He studied Kuk Sool Won from 1974, and worked as a trainer and bodyguard during the 1970s and 1980s.

## Other websites 
* Abir Warriors
Sado, Niigata

is a Japanese city on  in Niigata Prefecture.

## History
Uesugi Kagekatsu took control of the island in the late 1580s.

In the Edo period, gold was discovered on the island. The Tokugawa shogunate took direct control of it. It was administered by an official called the Sado-bugyō for gold mining.  Okubo Nagayasu was appointed to this position by Tokugawa Ieyasu

In the Meiji period, the island became part of Niigata Prefecture.

## References
## Related pages
*Watatsu Shrine
## Other websites
*Sado Tourism Association English language site
*Sado City website 
*Sado Island at JNTO.go.jp
Joseph Black

**Joseph Black** (16 April 1728 - 6 December 1799) was a French-Scottish scientist, physicist, and inventor. He is known for his research on carbon dioxide, latent heat, and specific heat. He also invented the analytic scale.
Whipping boy

A **whipping boy** was a young boy who grew up with a young prince. If the prince did something wrong, the whipping boy was punished instead of the prince. Because both grew up together, punishing the whipping boy had strong psychological effects on the prince. In England this was very common. For instance, the English king Charles I had many whipping boys for his son.

## References
False memory syndrome

**False memory syndrome** is a medical condition where the memory of a person does not match what actually happened. People with this condition believe their memories, they are usually not aware that the memories may be incorrect. People with the condition often witnessed a traumatic event: In order to cope, people "invent" new memories. Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist, talked about memory falsification, in 1886.

## References
Gavin MacLeod

**Gavin MacLeod** (born **Allan George See**, February 28, 1931 &ndash; May 29, 2021) was an American movie, stage, and television actor who was known for his role as Captain Merrill Stubing in *The Love Boat* and as Murray Slaughter in *The Mary Tyler Moore Show*.

He was born in Mount Kisco, New York on February 28, 1931. He was married to Joan Devore from 1954 until they divorced in 1972, they had four children. He was married to Patti Kending from 1972 until they divorced in 1982 and remarried in 1985.

MacLeod died at his home in Palm Desert, California on May 29, 2021 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*NNDB Entry
Kaymak

.]]
 served with kaymak]]

**Kaymak**  is  a Turkish dairy product. It is similar to clotted cream.

Traditional Turkish kaymak is made from water buffalo milk, but it can also be made from cow milk.

Kaymak is main part of Turkish breakfast. It can be eaten at breakfast with honey or served with desserts.
Suzy Amis Cameron

**Suzy Amis Cameron** (born **Susan Elizabeth Amis**; January 5, 1962) is an American environmentalist and writer who used to be an actress and model. She is known for her role as Lizzy Calvert in *Titanic*. She is the wife of Academy Award-winning director James Cameron since 2000; they have four children. She was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She retired from acting in 1999. She also played Eddie Finneran in *The Usual Suspects*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Lance LeGault

**Lance LeGault** (**William Lance Legault**, May 2, 1937 &ndash; September 10, 2012) was an American movie, television, and voice actor. He was known for his many television roles, mostly in *The A-Team*. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Theresa LeGault from 1984 until his death in 2012. They had four children. He died on September 10, 2012 in his home in Los Angeles, California from unknown causes. He was 77 years old.

## References
## Other websites
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Robert Flemyng

**Robert Flemyng** (January 3, 1912 &ndash; May 22, 1995) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio and television actor who is known for his role as Professor Bernard Hichcock in *The Horrible Dr. Hichcock* (1962). 

He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England. Flemyng was married and had one child. He died on May 22, 1995 in London, England from pneumonia, he was 83 years old. 

## References
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Jason Segel

**Jason Jordan Segel** (born January 18, 1980) is an American movie, television, and voice actor who is known for his roles as Marshall Eriksen in *How I Met Your Mother* and Jimmy in the Apple TV+ series *Shrinking*. He has also appeared in *Despicable Me* (2010) and *The Muppets* (2011). He was born in Los Angeles, California. He was partners with actress Michelle Williams from 2012 through early 2013.

## References
## Other websites
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Tony Bennett

**Tony Bennett** (born **Anthony Dominick Benedetto**, August 3, 1926 – July 21, 2023) was an American singer who was best known for his song "I Left My Heart in San Francisco". During his career, he won 20 Grammy Awards, a Lifetime Achievement Award, and two Primetime Emmy Awards.

## Career
Bennett started singing at an early age. He fought in the final stages of World War II. He had his first number-one popular song with "Because of You" in 1951. Several popular tracks such as "Rags to Riches" followed in early 1953. In 1962, Bennett recorded his best known single, "I Left My Heart in San Francisco". He sang several duets and organized concerts with many well known American and foreign singers, including Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Vicente Fernández and others. 

Later in his career, he became known for his collaboration with Lady Gaga, which began with the album *Cheek to Cheek* (2014). They released another album together *Love for Sale* (2021). For this album, Bennett broke the individual record for the longest run of a top-10 album on the *Billboard* 200 chart for any living artist. Bennett also broke the Guinness World Record for the oldest person to release an album of new material, at the age of 95 years and 60 days.

Bennet's final live performances were on August 3 and 5, 2021, when he presented a pair of shows with Lady Gaga at Radio City Music Hall.

## Personal life
Bennett was born at St John’s Hospital in Queens, New York.

He was married three times and had four children. Bennett was a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

In February 2021, Bennett said that he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2016. He died from the disease on July 21, 2023 in New York City, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Tony Bennett music website 
* Official Tony Bennett art website
*
Gary (rapper)

**Kang Hee-gun** (; born February 24, 1978) is a South Korean rapper. He is better known by his stage name, **Gary** (). He is also a former cast member of the variety show *Running Man* and musician of hip-hop duo Leessang.

## Discography
### Albums
* *2002* (2015)
### Extended plays
* *Mr. Gae* (2014)
* *2020* (2020)
### Others
* *Leessang Unplugged*
* *AsuRa BalBalTa*
* *HEXAGONAL*
* *Baekahjeolhyun* (伯牙絶絃, 백아절현)
* *Black Sun*
* *Library Of Soul*
* *Leessang Special*
* *Jae, Gyebal* (재,계발)
* *Leessang Of Honey Family*

## Television
* SBS's *Running Man* (런닝맨), Cast member, 2010–2017

## Movies
* 2012: *Wonderful Radio* – cameo appearance
* 2008: *Dachimawa Lee* – cameo appearance
Ryūkyū Islands

]]

The , also known as the , are a chain of Japanese islands in a line between Kyushu and Taiwan. 

## History 
In the islands, the  dates from the middle 14th century.  It entered into a tributary relationship with Imperial China.

In the early 17th century, the kingdom entered into a tributary relationship with Japan after the Satsuma Domain invaded.

In 1765, the islands were described by Hayashi Shihei in *Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu*.

### Timeline 
* **1314**: Kingdoms of Nanzan, Chūzan, and Hokuzan are founded

* **1429**: Ryūkyū Kingdom is founded

* **1609**: Ryūkyū Kingdom is invaded by the Satsuma Domain, causing its vassal status to Japan and its loss of the Amami Islands

* **1872**: creation of the Ryūkyū Domain, 1872-1879

* **1879**: creation of Okinawa Prefecture

## Culture 
Karate was invented by the local people (mainly from Okinawa). The Japanese phrase "Karate-do" means "way of the empty hand"). The Ryukyuan languages have become rare.

## Related pages 
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Ryukyuan languages

## References
Desi Arnaz

**Desi Arnaz** (**Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III**, March 2, 1917 &ndash; December 2, 1986) was a Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, and film and television producer. He is known for playing Ricky Ricardo in *I Love Lucy*.

He was born in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. He was married to Lucille Ball from 1940 until they divorced in 1960. They had a son named Desi Jr, and a daughter named Lucie. Then he was married to Edith Mack Hirsh from 1963 until her death in 1985. Arnaz died from lung cancer in Del Mar, California, on December 2, 1986. He was 69 years old.

## References
## Other websites
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Pig footed bandicoot

]]
The **pig footed bandicoot** {*Chaeropus ecaudatus*) is a small marsupial. The distribution range of species was later reduced to an inland desert region, where it was last recorded in the 1950s. It is now believed to be extinct.

## Description 
The pig footed bandicoot has a body which around 23-26 centimetres and a tail 10-15 centimetres. The bandicoot has a pointed ears and large, slender limbs. It had a broad head and a slender snout. Its fur was coarse and straight. Its colour varied from a grizzled grey through fawn orange-brown.

## Habitat 
The pig footed bandicoot is known to live in the western Victoria and New South Wales. It inhabited a fairly wide range of types: from grassy woodland and grassland plains to the spinifex country and parched flats of central Australia. 

## Diet/ food sources
The pig footed bandicoot only eats plants.

## Other websites
Leessang

**Leessang** (Hangul: 리쌍; stylized as **LeeSsang**) is a South Korean Hip-hop duo, composed of Kang Hee-gun ("Garie") and Gil Seong-joon ("Gil").

## Members
**Garie**
***Birthname**: Kang Hee-gun (Hangul: 강희건)
***Date of Birth**: 
***Height**: 
***Position**: Rapper, Leader

**Gil**
***Birthname**: Gil Seong-joon (Hangul: 길성준)
***Date of Birth**: 
***Height**: 
***Position**: Vocalist

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Site
George Pal

**George Pal** (**György Pál Marczincsak**, February 1, 1908 &ndash; May 2, 1980) was a Hungarian-American animator, movie director and producer who helped the movie industry grow during the 1950s and 1960s. An award is named after him.

Pal was born in Cegléd, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, (now Hungary). He was educated at the Budapest Academy of Arts. He was married to Elizabeth Zsoka from 1930 until his death in 1980, they had two children. Pal died on May 2, 1980 in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack. He was 72 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* NNDB entry
* George Pal
Adobe After Effects

**Adobe After Effects** is a video editing app developed by Adobe Systems. The current version is 22.6. After Effects is an advanced app which lets you create animations, edits, special effects, and more.

## References
Don Cornelius

**Donald Cortez "Don" Cornelius** (September 27, 1936 &ndash; February 1, 2012) was an American television host and television producer. He was known for creating the music franchise series *Soul Train*.

Cornelius was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Delores Harrison until they divorced. He was later married to Viktoria Chapman from 2001 until they divorced. Cornelius committed suicide on February 1, 2012 in Sherman Oaks, California after shooting himself with a gun.

## References
Hypertext

A **hypertext** is a text that is **NOT** organized like a network. Parts of the text reference other text messages or texts which can directly be accessed. The parts that provide the reference are known as *hyperlinks*. An example of a hypertext is the HTML standard used in the World Wide Web. Wikis also use hypertext.
Many-plumed moth

The **many-plumed moths** are the **Alucitidae**, a family of moths with unusually modified wings. Both fore- and hind-wings consist of about six rigid spines, from which radiate  . They make a structure similar to a bird's feather.

This is a small family, with 9 genera and 130 species. They are found mostly in temperate to subtropical (but not tropical) regions. They are rare even in parts of their core range; both in Great Britain and North America for example, only one species is found &ndash; the Twenty-plume Moth (*Alucita hexadactyla*) &ndash; and in America, it is introduced. This smallish moth may be found fluttering in the evening twilight or resting with its "wings" outstretched. Its larvae feed on honeysuckle (*Lonicera*). 

On the other hand, in Continental Europe there are many species, mostly of the large genus *Alucita*.

## References
Matt Vogel

**Matthew J. "Matt" Vogel II** (born October 6, 1970) is an American puppeteer. He has worked with the Muppets, *Sesame Street*, and *Oobi*.

In 2017, he started playing Kermit the Frog. He was an understudy for the character Big Bird since 1998. Caroll Spinney, the first person that played Big Bird, retired in 2018. From then on, Matt Vogel played Big Bird full-time.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Matt Vogel at the Muppet Wiki
* Mighty Weaklings Official Site
Will Lee

**William** "**Will**" **Lee** (born **William Lubovsky**; August 6, 1908 – December 7, 1982) was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for playing Mr. Hooper on *Sesame Street*. Lee was born in Brooklyn, New York.

## Other websites
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Evolutionary arms race

An **evolutionary arms race** is when two species (or populations) are so linked that a change in one indirectly causes a change in the other. It is a metaphor drawn from the so-called arms race between the West and the Soviet Union, after the World War II. Evolutionary arms races are a kind of coevolution.

## Examples 
### Predator-prey 
Predatorprey evolution is the classic example. If a predator gains a new advantage, the prey must answer with a new defense.

Conifers are one example. They grew tall, to some extent out of the reach of sauropod dinosaurs. Dinosaurs grew taller and continued eating the conifers.

Gazelles and cheetahs both run very fast, which helps them catch prey. Both have continued to evolve changes which increase their running speed and thus their hunting abilities. This is another example of predator-prey evolution.

The rough-skinned newt and the garter snake interact to impact toxin resistance, according to a well-researched case study. Where the two species live together, the newt produces more toxin, and the snake has evolved to resist it; where they live separately the newt toxin is milder, and the snake has little resistance. The snakes pay a price for their resistance: their digestion and body metabolism is slower than related species. According to one source: "Really resistant snakes have slower crawl speeds than snakes with little or no resistance".

### Parasite-host 
Parasitehost evolution is another classic. As a host species splits into two, so do its parasites. And when the host immune system defends against the parasites, so they adapt and survive.

### Sexual selection 
Sexual selection can be a kind of evolutionary arms race.

Female mating preferences were responsible for the evolution of male secondary sex characteristics. Selection is between males in species where female choice is the pairing method.

Sexual conflict between breeding partners is quite common. The basic interests of the male and female can be quite different, and each develops adaptations to get the best 'deal' in terms of offspring. **Males**: their interest is to mate with a large number of completely faithful females, thus spreading their genes widely in the population. **Females**: Their interest is to mate with a large number of fit males, thus producing a large number of fit and *varied* offspring.

## References
Jason Robards

**Jason Nelson Robards, Jr.** (July 26, 1922 – December 26, 2000) was an American actor. He has won two Academy Awards, a Tony Award, and a Emmy Award. Robards was born in Chicago, Illinois on July 26, 1922. 

## Personal life 
He married to Eleanor Pittman from 1948 to 1958. He married Rachel Taylor from 1959 to 1961. He married Lauren Bacall from 1961 to 1969. He married Lois O'Connor from 1970 to 2000. He had six children. Robards died of lung cancer on December 26, 2000 in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

## References
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