open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush

]]
On November 30, 2018, George H. W. Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas of natural causes. Bush was the 41st President of the United States, the 43rd Vice President of the United States, the former Director of Central Intelligence, and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. This happened nearly 8 months after the death of his wife Barbara Bush in April.

Bush was the first president to die since Gerald Ford in 2006, and, at the age of 94 years and 171 days, he surpassed Ford for the title of longest-lived U.S. president in history.

Shortly after news broke of Bush's death, on December 5, 2018, Donald Trump declared a National Day of Mourning and ordered all flags "throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions" lowered to half staff for the remainder of the year.

The state funeral of Bush is the official funerary rites conducted by the Government of the United States. He was interred at the George Bush Presidential Library. The state funeral and respective activities occurred over a period of four days from December 3 to December 6, 2018.

## Events
]]
The corps of cadets of the United States Military Academy, United States Air Force Academy, and United States Coast Guard Academy, and the corps of midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy are to be immediately assembled to be officially informed of the death by the superintendents of their respective institutions.

Very early on the morning of December 1, 2018, the flags at the White House were lowered to half staff.

## State funeral
]]
Before his death, Bush filed a 211-page document with the Military District of Washington, which had a request for an aerial flyover of fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force during his state funeral, as well as final interment and burial to occur at the George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas.

Bush made plans for a national funeral service to be held at Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

Bush lay in state in the United States Capitol rotunda from the evening of December 3 through the morning of December 5.

Tributes were made by Jon Meacham, Brian Mulroney, Alan K. Simpson, and George W. Bush at the Washington National Cathedral. President Donald Trump and former Presidents Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, Bush and Jimmy Carter attended the funeral.

International leaders attending these services include: Britain's Prince Charles and former Prime Minister John Major, former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Polish President Andrzej Duda and former President Lech Wałęsa, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, former Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari Abdullah II of Jordan and Speaker of Taiwan's Congress Su Jia-chyuan.

Shortly after the Washington service, Bush's body was taken back to Houston by a custom-made train where a service was held. On December 6, 2018, his body was buried at the George Bush Presidential Library next to his wife Barbara Bush.

## Related pages
* Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan

## References
Farid Zizi

**Farid Zizi** is a French aerospace engineer.

Since 1 August 2018, he has been the head of the France Aviation Civile Services (previously DSNA Services).

He is known for having been head of the Education and Research at the French Civil Aviation University and head of the Air Navigation Commission at ICAO.

## References
Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska

**Kenai Peninsula Borough** is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,799. The borough seat is Soldotna.

## References
Ice shelf

. Ross Ice Shelf is red, Fincher Ronne is the large area in blue.]]

An **ice shelf** is a large platform of ice, where a glacier flows down to a coastline. An ice shelf is usually very thick, usually  or more. Some ice shelves float on the water. Ice shelves that float are usually much thinner. 

The biggest areas of ice shelf are in Antarctica:
*Ross Ice Shelf , as of 2013
*Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, 

## Other websites
Tecknau

**Tecknau** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Ouachita County, Arkansas

**Ouachita County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,650. The county seat is Camden. It was founded on November 29, 1842 and is named for the Ouachita River.

## References
Roxas, Capiz

**Roxas City** is a city in the Philippines. It is the capital of Capiz province. In 2015, the city had 167,003 people. It is the second most important city in the island of Panay. The most important is Iloilo City. It is named after a former president of the Philippines and is known for its seafood and a statue of Jesus.
File:Sacred Heart of Jesus giant statue.JPG|The statue of Jesus.
File:Finger nail of the statue.jpg|A finger nail of the Jesus statue.
File:Roxas Airport.jpg
File:WV banner Capiz Roxas panorama.jpg

## References
Ripoff

A **ripoff** happens when  something  is very overpriced (overcharged). Ripoff affects senior citizens, women, youth and minorities more than others.

## References
Giorgio Morandi

**Giorgio Morandi** (July 20, 1890 – June 18, 1964) was an Italian painter and printmaker who specialized in still life. His paintings are noted for their tonal subtlety in depicting apparently simple subjects, which were limited mainly to vases, bottles, bowls, flowers and landscapes.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters
Yell County, Arkansas

**Yell County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,263. The county seats are Dardanelle and Danville. It was founded on December 5, 1840.

## References
Ennio Fantastichini

**Ennio Fantastichini** (20 February 1955 – 1 December 2018) was an Italian actor. He was born in Gallese, Italy. His first role was in *Open Doors*. In 2010, for his performance in Ferzan Özpetek's *Loose Cannons*, he won a David di Donatello for best supporting actor.

Fantastichini died of leukemia in Naples on 1 December 2018, aged 63.

## References
## Other websites
*
Menahem Degani

**Menahem Degani** (18 August 1927 &ndash; 23 November 2018) was an Israeli basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament for the Israel's national team at the 1952 Summer Olympics. 

Degani was born in Tel Aviv and died in Tel Aviv at the age of 91.

## References
Stefanie Tücking

**Stefanie Tücking** (1 April 1962 &nbsp;– 1 December 2018) was a German radio and television presenter. She was born in Kaiserslautern, Germany. In Germany, Tücking worked for the German broadcaster Südwestrundfunk (SWR) as a television and radio presenter.

Tücking was found dead in Baden-Baden, Germany on 1 December 2018 at the age of 56.

## References
## Other websites
* www.tuecking.com &nbsp;— official site
*
Mariana Treviño

**Mariana Treviño** (born 27 November 1977) is a Mexican actress. She was known for her role as Lupita in the popular Mexican musical *Mentiras*. She starred in other comedy movies *No sé si cortarme las venas o dejármelas largas* (2013) and *Amor de Mis Amores* (2014).

Since 2015, she starred in the Netflix telenovela *Club de Cuervos*. In 2018, she starred in the American comedy *Overboard* alongside Eugenio Derbez and Anna Faris.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ruth Haring

**Ruth Inez Haring** (also known as **Ruth Orton**; January 23, 1955 – November 29, 2018) was an American chess player and Woman International Master. Born in Maine, she competed in the United States Women's Championship in the 1970s and 1980s, and represented the country in the 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, and 1982 Chess Olympiads. She was President of the United States Chess Federation from 2011 to 2016.

Haring died on November 29, 2018 in Chico, California at the age of 63.

## References
## Other websites
*
Anwar Hossain (photographer)

**Anwar Hossain** (6 October 1948 – 1 December 2018) was a Bangladeshi photographer and cinematographer.
## Biography 
He was born in Dhaka, East Pakistan. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Cinematography a record five times for the movies *Sundori* (1979), *Emiler Goenda Bahini* (1980), *Puraskar* (1983), *Anya Jibon* (1995) and *Lalsalu* (2003).

Hossain died on 1 December 2018 at his hotel room in Dhaka from a heart attack at the age of 70.

## References
Scott Stearney

**Scott Andrew Stearney** (October 21, 1960 &ndash; December 1, 2018) was an American naval aviator and Vice Admiral of the United States Navy. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Stearney was Commander of the Fifth Fleet based in Bahrain from May 2018 until his death in December 2018.

On December 1, 2018, Stearney was found dead in his home in Bahrain in an apparent suicide, aged 58.

## References
Wright King

**Thomas Wright Thornburg King** (January 11, 1923 – November 25, 2018), better known as **Wright King**,  was an American actor. He was born in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. His career lasted from 1949 until his retirement in 1987. He was known for his roles in *A Streetcar Named Desire*, *Stagecoach to Fury* and in *Planet of the Apes*.

King died on November 25, 2018 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Lizzie Borden

**Lizzie Andrew Borden** (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was an American woman who was known as the main suspect in the August 4, 1892, axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts. Borden was tried and acquitted of the murders.

Despite being proven innocent, many believed she committed the murders and has become the subject of folklore. 

## References
## Other websites
* The Lizzie Andrew Borden Virtual Museum & Library
* Tattered Fabric: Fall River's Lizzie Borden
* *The Fall River Tragedy: A History of the Borden Murders*  (1893), full text detailing crimes
* Lizzie Borden Moot Court, with tribunal made up of U.S. Supreme Court justices and Stanford University Law School professors. September 16, 1997
Ken Berry

**Kenneth Ronald Berry** (November 3, 1933 – December 1, 2018) was an American actor, dancer, writer and singer. He was born in Moline, Illinois. Berry starred on the television series *F Troop*, *The Andy Griffith Show*, *Mayberry R.F.D.* and ''Mama's Family*. A Broadway actor, he starred in *The Billy Barnes Revue* and *George M!''.

From 1960 to 1976, Berry was married to actress Jackie Joseph and the two adopted two children.

Berry died in Burbank, California on December 1, 2018 at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Radio Video Active interview, scroll down to Ken's Interview, date unknown
Robert Klein

**Robert Klein** (born February 8, 1942) is an American comedian, singer, and actor. He was born in New York City. He was nominated for a Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award for 1979's ''They're Playing Our Song*. He was known for hosting *Saturday Night Live* twice.

Klein starred in many movies such as *The Owl and the Pussycat*, *Hooper*, *Primary Colors*, *Radioland Murders*, *Ira and Abby*, *One Fine Day*, *Two Weeks Notice*, *How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days*, *The Last Unicorn*, and *The Safety of Objects''.

## References
## Other websites
*
Daayan (TV series)

***Daayan*** (English: *Witch*) is an Indian supernatural drama series. It was created by Ekta Kapoor under their productions banner Balaji Telefilms and produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor. It started on 15 December 2018 on And TV. The show stars Anupriya Kapoor, Tina Dutta and Mohit Malhotra in the lead roles.

## Cast
### Main cast
* Anupriya Kapoor as Daayan
* Tina Dutta as the main female lead
* Mohit Malhotra as the main male lead

## References
Ivan Katardžiev

**Ivan Katardžiev** (, ; January 6, 1926 – December 1, 2018) was a Macedonian historian. He was called the country's most important expert on the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and the Macedonian history under Yugoslavia as well as the early years of independence.

Katardžiev was also director of the Institute for National History.

## References
Yellow vests protests

The '''*Yellow Vests* movement** (, ; ; ), also called as the **Yellow Jacket'* movement in English, is a protest movement in Europe which began with a petition posted in May 2018, and which took action for the first time on Saturday, 17 November 2018.  

The "yellow vests" blocked roads and caused traffic chaos on Saturdays. The demonstrations stem from anger over rising diesel fuel prices and taxes.

By November 24, The *Gilets jaunes* protests had led to two deaths and over 750 injuries, including 136 police officers. Two days later, officials estimated that the damage in Paris alone could be up to €1.5m (£1.3m), and had mobilised 200 additional workers to assist with the cleanup and repair work.

By December 2, The *Gilets jaunes'' protests had led to three deaths, the third being in Arles, according to Reuters.

## References
Sentientism

**Sentientism** is a way of thinking about what is right and wrong - an ethical philosophy.  It uses evidence of the real world and careful thinking to develop beliefs. It rejects beliefs where there is no good evidence for them. Sentientism says we should care about all sentient beings and care more about beings that are more sentient.

Sentient beings include anything that can experience good or bad things or feelings.  These include humans, most non-human animals and may eventually include artificial beings we create or intelligent aliens we meet.

People who agree with sentientism are called sentientists.  They are atheist and often humanist. They are also often vegan or vegetarian for moral reasons.

Things that are not sentient, such as plants, rivers and mountains, may be important because they affect how sentient beings feel.  However, we don't need to care about them directly because they cannot suffer or feel pleasure.

Sentientist thinking has a long history, from Jeremy Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation through to modern philosophers such as Richard D. Ryder and Peter Singer.

Sentientism differs from Speciesism because it uses degrees of sentience, rather than species, to decide what things we should care about.

Sentientism differs from painism because it counts positive experience, as well as the ability to feel pain, in making moral decisions.

Sentientism agrees with Animalism that humans are animals so we should care about both. However, sentientism argues that we should also care about non-animal sentient beings, such as potential artificial or alien intelligences.

## Notable Sentientists
Notable sentientists include: Thandie Newton, Bill Maher, James Cameron, Stephen Fry, George Meyer, Ricky Gervais, Sam Harris, Benjamin Spock, Oliver Sykes, Steven Pinker, Gary Holt (musician), Ellen Page, Kristen Bell, Cloris Leachman, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Richard Dawkins, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jessica Lange and John Stewart Bell.

In some cases sentientism is implied because these people are atheists and/or humanists and vegans or vegetarians.

## Related pages
## References 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Sentientism movement web-site
* Sentientism discussion group (Facebook)
* Sentientism Sub-Reddit
* Sentientism Twitter account
* List of sentientists (Twitter)
Phillips County

**Phillips County** is the name of four counties in the United States:
* Phillips County, Arkansas
* Phillips County, Colorado
* Phillips County, Kansas
* Phillips County, Montana
Phillips County, Arkansas

**Phillips County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas, in what is known as the Arkansas Delta along the Mississippi River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,568. The county seat is Helena-West Helena.  It was founded on May 1, 1820.

## References
Haines Borough, Alaska

**Haines Borough** is a home-rule borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,080.

## References
Vittorio Gassman

**Vittorio Gassman**, Knight Grand Cross, OMRI (; born **Vittorio Gassmann**; 1 September 1922 – 29 June 2000), popularly known as **Il Mattatore**, was an Italian actor, director and screenwriter. He was born in Genoa. Gassman was known as "the Laurence Olivier of Italy".

Gassman was known for his movie roles *Il sorpasso* (1962), *La Grande Guerra* (1962), *I mostri* (1963), ''L'Armata Brancaleone* (1966), *Profumo di donna* (1974) and *C'eravamo tanto amati'' (1974).

From 1952 to 1954, he was married to actress Shelley Winters. 

Gassman died on 29 June 2000 in Rome from a heart attack at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
Buckten

**Buckten** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Paul Sherwen

**Paul Sherwen** (7 June 1956 – 2 December 2018) was an English professional racing cyclist and later a broadcaster on cycling. He worked with NBC and commentated on the Tour de France. He raced in seven editions of the Tour, finishing five. He raced for the Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt and for the Raleigh Bicycle Company.

Sherwen was born in Widnes, Lancashire. He died on 2 December 2018 at his home in Kampala, Uganda from heart failure at the age of 62.

## References
Arapaima

The **arapaima**, **pirarucu**, or **paiche** are several large species of bonytongue fish in the genus ***Arapaima***. 

They are native to the Amazon and Essequibo basins of South America.  
These fish are widely dispersed and do not migrate.  This makes scientists think that there are more species of arapaima that scientists have not found yet. 

## Species 
* *Arapaima agassizii* (Valenciennes, 1847) (Agassiz's arapaima)
* *Arapaima gigas* (Schinz, 1822) (*pirarucu*, arapaima)
* *Arapaima leptosoma* D. J. Stewart, 2013 (slender arapaima; Solimoes arapaima)
* *Arapaima mapae* (Valenciennes, 1847) (Mapa arapaima)

## Ecology 
The diet of the arapaima consists of fish, crustaceans, fruits, seeds, insects, and small land animals that walk near the shore. Arapaima can leap out of the water if they feel harassed or bullied.

## Gallery

File:Arapaima shedd.jpg|Arapaima at the Shedd Aquarium
File:Arapaima gigas - Manila Ocean Park 01.jpg|Arapaima at the Manila Ocean Park
File:Arapaima-full.jpg|Arapaima at the Cologne Zoological Garden
File:Arapaima leptosoma 2009 G1.jpg|*Arapaima leptosoma* at the zoo (sea aquarium) in Sevastopol
File:Stamp British Guiana 1954 72c.jpg|Arapaima depicted on a 1954 postage stamp of British Guiana

## References
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel

The **Japanese dwarf flying squirrel** (*Pteromys momonga*) lives in forests on Honshu and Kyushu islands. They eat buds, leaves, bark and fruits. The International Union for Conservation of Nature do it as a "least-concern species".

## Appearance
Its body is 14–20&nbsp;cm long and the tail length is 10–14&nbsp;cm.  It is much smaller than the Japanese giant flying squirrel. Its back is covered with grey brown hair, and its belly is white. It has large eyes and a flattened tail. Species of flying squirrels possess a patagium, which is a skin membrane used in gliding. In this particular species of flying squirrel their patagium spans between their wrists and ankles, but not between their legs and tail.

## Living areas
It is native to Japan where it inhabits sub-alpine forests and boreal evergreen forests on Honshu and Kyushu islands.

Japanese dwarf flying squirrels make their nests in the cavities of trees,or at the cross point between branches and tree trunks. These squirrels also tend to line their nests with mosses and lichens.Tree cavities are very important nest resources for them. They tend to nest in conifers, such as pine and spruce, more than broad-leaved trees.

## Food and water
It eats seeds, fruit, tree leaves, buds and bark. It can leap from tree.

## Reproduction
Breeding form is embryonic. Birth 2 - 6 cubs in 2 times a year at a time.

## Threats
Old forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests with trees for nesting are decreasing and they are divided

## Relationship with humans
They also eats acorns etc. in natural forest. This habit can be compatible with forestry and coexistence with humans is possible. It is because we only need to leave some natural forests when planting cedar.

## References
Japanese weasel

The **Japanese weasel** (*Mustela itatsi*) is a carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Mustelidae. It lives in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu of Japan. Major habitats are plains, but in western Japan it mainly lives in mountainous areas.

## Appearance
Adult males of the Japanese weasel can reach  in body length with a tail length of up to . Females are smaller. The fur is orange-brown with darker markings.

## Distribution and Habitat
The Japanese weasel was na­tive to three of Japan’s four larger is­lands: Hon­shu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Over the past cen­tury, they have been intro­duced to most other Japan­ese is­lands to control the population of rodents. Their range now in­cludes Hokkaidō and the many of the Ryūkyū Islands.

Their diet changes depending on the season, the number of some foods. Fish and insects are a part of their diet throughout all seasons. They mostly eat coleoptera insects in spring, fruits in summer, orthoptera insects and crustaceans in autumn and fish and fruit in winter. Japanese weasels help in controlling rodent and other small animal populations.

## Behavior
Japanese weasels live by themselves, with the except when mating, and raising the young ones. They do not like other Japanese weasels entering their home range and will defend their home range. When scared, weasels release musk to discourage predators.

Japanese weasels are also great hunters. They chase down prey by any means, including running down tunnels, climbing trees, or swimming. Anywhere prey can go, the weasel can follow. They are both diurnal and nocturnal.

## Reproduction
The mating season is from early May to late June. After mating, gestation takes about 30 days. The number of kits varies from 2 to 12, but is usually 5 or 6. It takes 8 weeks to fully be weaned and live by themselves. Japanese weasels are sexually mature at one year old.

Breeding season is twice a year in Kyushu, once a year in Hokkaido.

## Economic importance 
In the past century Japanese weasels have been introduced to many small Japanese islands to kill rats that were damaging crops. Together with the use of some rodenticide, the weasels helped reduce rat populations. Japanese weasels are also trapped and used in the fur trade. Japanese weasels also sometimes hunt domestic birds, such as chickens and ducks.

## Conservation status
Although their populations are in slight decline, Japanese weasels are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of their widespread population across Japan. The main threat to Japanese weasels is habitat loss because of residential and commercial development.

## References
Okinawa rail

The **Okinawa rail** (*Gallirallus okinawae*) is a species of bird endemic to Okinawa Island in Japan, where it is known as the *Yanbaru kuina* (Yanbaru rail). It is known to local people such as Agathi, Agacha (meaning 'hurry'),and Yamadhui(meaning 'mountain bird').

## Appearance
The face is black with a white spot between the bill and eye and a white line behind the eye, extending back to the side of the neck. The undertail-coverts are dark brown with pale bars.
Its wing length is 15–16&nbsp;cm. Its eggs are 5&nbsp;cm long and 3.5&nbsp;cm wide. It lives in the evergreen broad-leaved forest which is 500m above sea level.
It is about 30&nbsp;cm long with a wingspan of 50&nbsp;cm and a weight of around 435 g.

## Living areas
It lives in subtropical moist forests and in neighbouring habitats.

## Food and water
It has any prey which inhabit in an artificial water field advanced organic pollution. Such as food mainly living in the road and forest adge.

## References 
The bill and iris are brownish and the legs and feet are yellow-ochre.

It is a noisy bird with a variety of loud calls. It calls most often early and late in the day, usually from the ground but sometimes from trees. Pairs often call together and up to 12 birds have been heard in one area.

## Relationship with human
Forest logging and agricultural land development - Destruction and division of habitats by forest roads and dam construction, traffic accidents, weakness death due to chicks sliding down to side grooves, predation by artificially introduced dogs and nonneko · fairy mongoose etc. Is decreasing
Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle

The **Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle** or **Ryukyu leaf turtle**, *Geoemyda japonica*, is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae (formerly Bataguridae) endemic to the Ryukyu Islands in Japan.  In 1975, the species was designated a National Natural Monument of Japan.  It grows to about 5–6&nbsp;inches long.  In captivity, it feeds on worms, snails, insects, and fruit.  Due to its rarity and very attractive appearance, this species is highly sought-after by turtle collectors worldwide.

At first it was considered a subspecies of *Geoemyda spengleri*, and named ***Geoemyda spengleri japonica***.  It was redescribed as a separate species and given its current binomial name in 1992.

## References
## Introductione
Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle is an  endemic species of turtle in Japan.

## Appearance
It grows to about 15.6&nbsp;cm. It has black and yellow in stomach.

## Living areas
It lives in North Okinawa, Kubejima and Tokasikijima. It does not herdine but it spends at the cave and around the cave during winter.

## Food and water
It eats leaf, fruit and insect. It is eaten by Ryukyu born.

## Repruduction
It borns two babies at once from June and September. Baby is about 3.5&nbsp;cm.

## Threats
It's threats are habitat loss by the development.

## Relationship with humans
We cannot export it in Japan.
This species is endangered and is protected.

 
*  Listed as Endangered (EN A1ce, B1+2c)
*Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. (2005): On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: *Sacalia* × *Mauremys*). *Salamandra* **41**: 21-26. PDF fulltext

## Other websites
* IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group   » Geoemyda japonica, 002
Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki

***Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki*** was an Indian television soap opera drama. The series was created by Shashi Sumeet Productions It was shown 2011 to 2012 on Life OK. Sudeep Sahir and Shraddha Arya portrayed the lead characters.

## Cast
;main 
* Shraddha Arya as Lakshmi Agnihotri/Kaanchi Kashyap
* Sudeep Sahir as Ajay Sharma/Arjun Agnihotri

;Recurring
* Aadesh Chaudhary as Aditya  
* Nisha Rawal as Soumya, Arjun's ex fiancee  
* Abhishek Tiwari / Anuj Thakur  as Saravana  
* Gurpreet Kaur as Swati
* Heena Parmar as Saraswati  
* Anshul Trivedi as Vishal     
* Ajay Arya/Dishank Arora as Akaash Agnihotri  
* Aruna Irani as Dadiji  
* Anil Dhawan as Lakshmi's father  
* Vinny Arora as Ginnu
* Pallavi Rao as Kishori  
* Aarya Rawal as Renuka Agnihotri 
* Arbaaz Ali Khan as Rajvardhan Angihotri 
* Simran Khanna as Purva  
* Roshni Walia as Jiyana Arjun Agnihotri (Arjun & Lakshmi's daughter)
* Dinesh Kaushik
* Ali Zafar as Nikhil (Cameo Appearance)

## References
Brown-headed thrush

The **brown-headed thrush** (*Turdus chrysolaus*), sometimes known as the **brown thrush**, is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. 

This bird breeds in Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and Japan. It winters in the south, toward the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Hainan and the northern Philippines. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.

It is 23–24 cm long and weighs around 64–90 g. The body color of the male and female is almost the same and black on the head and distinct bright orange feathers from chest to side of abdomen. The male has slaty-brown face and throat, shading through brown on hindcrown and neck to russet-tinged brown upperparts; chestnut-orange breast.

They prefer to live in bright needle-leaved forests with larches from flatlands to mountains.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Amanda Vickery

**Amanda Jane Vickery** (born 8 December 1962) is an English writer and television presenter. She was a professor of History at the Royal Holloway college at the University of London. 

She wrote the following books:

* Behind closed doors: At home in Georgian England [2009]
* The gentleman's daughter: Women's lives in Georgian England [1998]
* Women, privilege, and power: British politics, 1750 to the present [2001]
* Gender, taste, and material culture in Britain and North America, 1700-1830 [2006]

In 2015 she presented the documentary The Story of Women and Power on BBC 2

## References
Delicatessen

A **delicatessen** is a shop that sells prepared foods of high quality to retail customers (shoppers). Typical products are cheeses, smoked fish, and cured meats, "delicacies" that have a long shelf life. The foods requiring refrigeration are kept in and sold from a cold case, or as canned foods on shelves. 

Neighborhood delicatessens often feature ethnic foods for immigrant and second-generation patrons.
Polk County, Arkansas

**Polk County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,221. The county seat is Mena.  Polk County was founded on November 30, 1844, and named for James Polk, 11th President of the United States (1845–1849).

## References
Randolph County, Arkansas

**Randolph County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,571. The county seat is Pocahontas. It was founded on October 29, 1835.

The county is between the Ozark Mountains and Arkansas Delta.

## References
Palestine, Texas

**Palestine** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Anderson County.

## Geograply 
Palestine has a total area of 19.6 square miles.
Prairie County

**Prairie County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Prairie County, Arkansas
* Prairie County, Montana
Prairie County, Arkansas

**Prairie County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,282. The county seats are Des Arc and DeValls Bluff. It was founded on November 25, 1846.

## References
Coat of arms of Sweden

The **coat of arms of Sweden** () has a lesser and a greater version.

## Related pages 
* Flag of Sweden

## References
South African Communist Party

The **South African Communist Party** **(SACP)** is a communist party in South Africa. It was founded in 1921.

## Other websites 
* South African Communist Party official website
Challenge (TV channel)

**Challenge** is a British television channel, launched as ***The Family Channel*** on 1 September 1993. The channel was renamed and rebranded as *Challenge TV* on Monday 3 February 1997, with most of the original programmes dropped from the schedule or moved to other channels. The channel mostly shows game shows from the UK and around the world, with some original productions. On 1 February 2011, Challenge replaced Channel One on the Freeview platform. On 3 December 2012, Challenge launched on the free-to-air satellite platform Freesat.
## Current programmes 
* Blockbusters
* Bruce's Price is Right
* Bullseye
* The Chase
* Dale's Supermarket Sweep
* Dickinson's Real Deal
* Family Fortunes
* Play Your Cards Right
* Pointless
* Richard Osman's House of Games
* Tenable
* The Bidding Room
* Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Bennwil

**Bennwil** is a municipality of the district of Waldenburg in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Geoff Murphy

**Geoffrey Peter Murphy**  (October 1938 – 3 December 2018) was a New Zealand movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Wellington. Murphy was known for his works in *Goodbye Pork Pie* (1981), *The Quiet Earth* (1985), *Young Guns II* (1990), *Freejack* (1992) and *Under Siege 2: Dark Territory* (1995). He also was a second-unit director for *The Lord of the Rings* movie series.

Murphy died on 3 December 2018 in Wellington at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Geoff Murphy at NZ On Screen
*Geoff Murphy  at New Zealand Film Commission
Pauls Putniņš

**Pauls Putniņš** (12 November 1937 – 1 December 2018) was a Latvian playwright, journalist and politician.

## Biography 
He was born in Riga, Latvia. He was a popular playwright in the 1980s and 1990s, he wrote 30 plays; some 25 of his works were staged across Latvia. A politician, he was a member of Latvian Writers' Union, he was elected to the Riga City Council. He retired in 2010.

Putniņš died in Riga on 1 December 2018 at the age of 81.

## References
Sandy Alderson

**Richard Lynn "Sandy" Alderson** (born November 22, 1947) is an American baseball executive. He was the general manager of the New York Mets from 2010 to 2018. He was an executive with the Oakland Athletics, San Diego Padres and the commissioner's office of Major League Baseball.

In July 2018, Alderson was diagnosed with a returning form of cancer.

## References
John Andretti

**John Andrew Andretti** (March 12, 1963 &ndash; January 30, 2020) was an American race car driver. He was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He was the older brother of racer Adam Andretti and the nephew of Indianapolis 500 winner Mario Andretti. He won in CART, IMSA GTP, Rolex Sports Car Series, and NASCAR.

In April 2017, Andretti said that he was diagnosed with stage four colon cancer. He died from the disease in Mooresville, North Carolina on January 30, 2020 at the age of 56.

## References
Ginger Baker

**Peter Edward** "**Ginger**" **Baker** (19 August 1939 – 6 October 2019) was an English drummer. He was a founder of the rock band Cream. His work in the 1960s earned him the title of "rock's first superstar drummer". Baker is known for his musical genres jazz fusion, heavy metal and world music.

In 2013, Baker was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In September 2019, his family announced he was critically ill and asked fans to keep him in their prayers. While it was announced Baker was holding his own three days later; he eventually died on 6 October 2019 at the age of 80.

## References
Johnny Beattie

**John Gerard Beattie MBE**, (9 November 1926 – 9 July 2020) was a Scottish actor and comedian. He was born in Glasgow. He was known for appearing on the sketch show *Scotch & Wry* and the sitcom *Rab C. Nesbitt*. Later in life, he became known for playing Malcolm Hamilton in the soap opera *River City*.

Beattie was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2007.

Beattie died on 9 July 2020 under hospice care in Clydebank, Scotland at the age of 93.

## References
Howard S. Becker

**Howard Saul Becker** (April 18, 1928 &ndash; August 16, 2023) was an American sociologist. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was known for his works to the sociology of deviance, sociology of art, and sociology of music.  Becker also wrote extensively on sociological writing styles and methodologies. He worked at the University of Chicago.

Becker died in San Francisco, California on August 16, 2023 at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nino Benvenuti

**Giovanni "Nino" Benvenuti** (born 26 April 1938 died 20 May 2025) is a retired Italian boxer and actor. He was an amateur welterweight boxer he won the Italian title in 1956–60, the European title in 1957 and 1959, and an Olympic gold medal in 1960. An actor, he is known for his roles in *Sundance and the Kid* (1969) and then in *Mark Shoots First* (1975).

Benvenuti was born in Isola d'Istria, at that time in Italy (now in Slovenia). After the war, his family fled to Italy due to the consequences of the war treaty and the hostilities created by the Yugoslav government.  He was added in the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1992.

In 1961, Benvenuti married Giuliana Fonzari; they had four sons and adopted a Tunisian girl. They later divorced, and Benvenuti married Nadia Bertorello, with whom he had one daughter.

Benvenuti died on 20 May 2025, at the age of 87.
## References
## Other websites
*  Official website
Modernization

**Modernization** is the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society. Modernization is the industrial society where it is a continuous and open-ended process. 

## References
Mark Wilson (magician)

**James "Mark" Wilson** (April 11, 1929 &ndash; January 19, 2021) was an American magician and author. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was known for becoming the first major "television magician" and for showing illusions on television format. 

Wilson died on January 19, 2021 at the age of 91.

## References
Andrei Bitov

**Andrei Georgiyevich Bitov** (, 27 May 1937 – 3 December 2018) was a Russian writer. He was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union. In 1988, he was one of the founders of the Russian PEN Club and was its President beginning in 1991. He also taught at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute.

Bitov was known for his works *Life in Windy Weather: Short Stories*, *A Captive of the Caucasus*, *Ten Short Stories*, *Pushkin House*, *The Monkey Link* and *The Symmetry Teacher*. In 2018, he received the Order of Friendship.

Bitov died in Moscow on 3 December 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*  *Palace without a Tsar*
*  The Baggage of Writer Andrei Bitov
*  Biography
Juliet Ace

**Ann Juliet Ace** (27 June 1938 – 6 August 2025) is a British dramatist and screenwriter. She was known for her works on *EastEnders* and *The District Nurse*. She also wrote scripts for BBC Radio drama, including *The Archers*. She wrote the screenplay for *Cameleon*, which won the Golden Spire Award in 1998. She was born in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire in South Wales. 

Ace lives in London. In September 2014 she was made a fellow of the renamed Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance.
Ace lived in London. She died on 6 August 2025, aged 87.
## References
David Berglas

**David Berglas** (30 July 1926 – 3 November 2023) was a British magician and mentalist. He was one of the first magicians to appear on UK television. In the 1950s, Berglas created what is now referred to as the "Holy Grail" of card magic, known as "The Berglas Effect." The effect was first named "The Berglas Effect" by Jon Racherbaumer in his 1984 book *At The Table*  

## Movies
* The 1967 version of **Casino Royale** 
* Stanley Kubrick's **Barry Lyndon** 
* Albert R. Broccoli's  **Octopussy** 
* George Lucas's **Willow** 
* Tim Burton's **Batman**

## Honours
Berglas was awarded an MBE in the 2019 New Year Honours List.

## References
Barbara Taylor Bradford

**Barbara Taylor Bradford** OBE, (10 May 1933 – 24 November 2024) was a British-American novelist. Her debut novel, *A Woman of Substance*, was published in 1979 and has sold over 30 million copies worldwide. It ranks as one of the top-ten bestselling novels of all-time. She was born in Leeds, Yorkshire.

Bradford died on 24 November 2024 in New York City at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Barbara Taylor Bradford's blog
Peter Cellier

**Peter Cellier** (born 12 July 1928) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Sir Frank Gordon in *Yes Minister* and then *Yes, Prime Minister* in the 1980s.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Curriculum vitae
Terry Carter

**Terry Carter** (born **John Everett DeCoste**; December 16, 1928 &ndash; April 23, 2024) was an American actor and movie director. He was known for his roles as Sgt. Joe Broadhurst on the seven-year TV series *McCloud* and as Colonel Tigh on the original *Battlestar Galactica*. He was born in New York City.

Carter died in New York City on April 23, 2024 at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Michael Charlton

- presented by Michael Charlton, 5 November 1956.]]
**Michael Charlton** (born 1 May 1927) is an Australian-born British journalist and broadcaster. He was born in Sydney. He worked for the BBC in the United Kingdom for many years. 

In 1961 he was the inaugural presenter of *Four Corners*, an Australian current affairs programme. In 1963 he was the recipient of the Australian Gold Logie award.

## References
Charles Clarke

**Charles Rodway Clarke** (born 21 September 1950) is an English Labour Party politician. He was born in London. Clarke was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 until 2010. He was Home Secretary from December 2004 until May 2006.

## References
## Other websites
* Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Charles Clarke MP 
* TheyWorkForYou.com – Charles Clarke MP
* BBC News – Charles Clarke profile 17 October 2002
Roy Clarke

**Royston Clarke**  OBE (born 28 January 1930) is an English comedy writer. He was born in Austerfield, West Riding of Yorkshire. Clarke is best known for creating the sitcoms *Last of the Summer Wine*, *Keeping Up Appearances*, *Open All Hours* and its sequel series, *Still Open All Hours*.   

## References
## Other websites
*
John Cocks

**John Cocks** (23 August 1966 &ndash; 6 February 2019), also known as '''John 'Cocksy' Cocks'*, was a New Zealand celebrity builder and television presenter. He was most notable for working on the *My House My Castle'' series in the 1990s for New Zealand's TV2. 

In 2016, he was diagnosed with terminal kidney cancer. He died from the disease on 6 February 2019 at his home in Tairua, New Zealand, aged 52.

## References
Martin Cooper

**Martin** "**Marty**" **Cooper** (December 26, 1928 - ) is an American engineer. He was born in Chicago. Cooper is a pioneer in the wireless communications industry. He is known for creating the first mobile phone. Martin Cooper was known for making the first handheld phone. Martin Cooper made the first public call in Manhattan. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-history-composers-and-performers-biographies/martin-cooper#2506300048

## References
## Other websites
*
Kenneth Cope

**Kenneth Charles Cope** (14 April 1931 &ndash; 11 September 2024) was an English actor. He was best known for his roles as Marty Hopkirk in *Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)*, Jed Stone in *Coronation Street* and Ray Hilton in *Brookside*. Cope was born in Liverpool, England.

Cope was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2013. He died on 11 September 2024 from problems caused by the disease in Southport, England at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
John Bird (actor)

**John Bird** (22 November 1936 – 24 December 2022) was an English satirist, actor and comedian. He is best known for his work with John Fortune. Bird was born in Bulwell, Nottinghamshire, England.  

Bird is known for his works in *A Dandy in Aspic* (1968), *30 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia* (1968), *This, That and the Other* (1969), *Take A Girl Like You* (1970), *Jabberwocky* (1977), *The Seven-Per-Cent Solution* (1976), and *Yellow Pages* (1988).

Bird died from complications of a stroke at Pendean House Care Home in Midhurst, West Sussex, on 24 December 2022, aged 86.
## Selected acting credits
### Film
**Red and Blue* (1967)
**A Dandy in Aspic* (1968)
**30 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia* (1968)
**This, That and the Other* (1969)
**Take A Girl Like You* (1970)
**The Breaking of Bumbo* (1970)
**The Alf Garnett Saga* (1972)
**The Seven-Per-Cent Solution* (1976)
**Jabberwocky* (1977)
**Yellow Pages* (1985)
**A Fish Called Wanda* (1988)
**The Strange Case of Delfina Potocka: The Mystery of Chopin* (1999)

### Television
**That Was the Week That Was* (1962–1963)
**Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life* (1964–1965)
**My Father Knew Lloyd George* (1965)
**If It Moves File It* (1970)
**The Melting Pot* (1975)
**Blue Remembered Hills* (1979)
**The Dangerous Brothers* (1980)
**Marmalade Atkins* (1981–4)
**King Lear* (1982)
**Travelling Man* (1984)
**A Very Peculiar Practice* (1986–8)
**Yes, Prime Minister* (1988)
**Joint Account* (1989–90)
**El C.I.D.* (1990–2)
**Cluedo* (1993)
**To Play the King* (1993)
**Sooty & Co.* (1993)
**One Foot in the Grave* (1995)
**Chambers* (1996–9)
**Bremner, Bird and Fortune* (1999–2007)
**Jonathan Creek* (2000, 2014)
**Absolute Power* (2003–5)
**Bert and Dickie* (2012)
**Midsomer Murders* (2017)

### Theatre
**One Way Pendulum* (1988)

### Radio
**Chambers* (1996–9)
**Absolute Power* (2000–6)
**Desolation Jests* (2016)

## References
## Other websites
*
Jon Culshaw

**Jonathan Peter Culshaw** (born 2 June 1968) is an English actor, comedian and impressionist. He is best known for his work on the radio comedy *Dead Ringers* since 2000.

Culshaw has voiced many characters for ITV shows including *2DTV* (2001), *Spitting Image* (1994–96) and *Newzoids* (2015–2016), as well as appearing in *The Impressions Show* alongside Debra Stephenson from 2009 until 2011.

## References
Clive Cussler

**Clive Cussler** (July 15, 1931 &ndash; February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and explorer. Cussler was born on July 15, 1931, in Aurora, Illinois, as **Clive Eric Cussler**. He was known for his novels which feature character Dirk Pitt. In 1976, Cussler wrote his third book, which is about the *Titanic* being raised, *Raise the Titanic!*. They have reached *The New York Times* fiction best-seller list more than 20 times. In 1980, Clive Cussler’s *Raise the Titanic!* was adapted into Jerry Jameson’s feature film *Raise the Titanic*. Cussler is the founder and chairman of the real-life National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA). He later died in Paradise Valley, Arizona, on February 24, 2020. At that time, Cussler was aged 88.

## References
Paul Dewar

**Paul W. Dewar** (January 25, 1963 &ndash; February 6, 2019) was a Canadian educator and politician. He was born in Ottawa, Ontario. He was the New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Ottawa Centre from 2006 to 2015.

On February 14, 2018, Dewer had surgery for a brain tumour. He was later diagnosed with terminal glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. Dewar died from the disease on February 6, 2019 in Ottawa, aged 56.

## References
Divide and conquer algorithm

The **Divide and Conquer algorithm** (also called the **Divide and Conquer method**) is a basis for many popular sorting algorithms. An algorithm is simply a series of steps to solve a problem. The general idea of divide and conquer is to take a problem and break it apart into smaller problems that are easier to solve. 

This idea can be seen in many popular algorithms. A helpful way to think of this idea, would be when a person looks through a dictionary. For example, if they are looking for the word “Dog”, and land on a page with the word “Firetruck”, the person knows that all the pages to the right of firetruck will not contain dog.  They know this because D comes before F in the alphabet. This logic allows a person to spend less time searching, because every time they arrive on a page with the wrong letter, they know that they can ignore the pages to the right or left of that page. This is an example of dividing a problem up into smaller pieces. An algorithm that uses this idea is binary search. For example, to find an item in a sorted list, one would start by looking at the middle item. By comparing the item in the middle to the item one is looking for, one can tell which half of the list the item cannot be in. They only need to look in the other half. One would use this logic again on that half of the list, and so on until there is only one item they need to look at. This way they broke apart the problem of “where in the list is this item” into “which half of the list is this item in” and “where in that half of the list is this item.” Skipping half of the items each time lets them do much less work than looking at every item in the list.
Terrance Dicks

**Terrance Dicks** (14 April 1935 &ndash; 29 August 2019) was an English author and former television screenwriter, script editor and producer. Dicks had a long association with the BBC science-fiction series *Doctor Who*, also working as a writer and script editor from 1968 to 1974. He was known as "the most prolific contributor to *Doctor Who*".

Terrance died at his home in Hampstead, London after he short-illness on 29 August 2019 at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*