open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial in Israel

The **Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial in Israel** (Hebrew: אנדרטת חללי פעולות האיבה, Andartat Halalei Pe'ulot HaEiva) is a memorial to all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 onward. The memorial is located at the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. The memorial includes the names of Jewish and non-Jewish people who have been killed in acts of terror. 

## Other websites 
* The Monument for Victims of Hostile Acts: Honor Inscribed In Stone .
Dalton's law

In chemistry and physics, '''Dalton's law''' states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert (give out) independently. This law was observed by John Dalton in 1801.
Élie Ducommun

**Élie Ducommun** (19 February 1833 &ndash; 7 December 1906) was a Swiss peace activist. He won the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize, which he shared with Charles Albert Gobat.
 
Ducommun was born in Geneva Switzerland on December 19, 1833. Ducommun worked as a tutor, language teacher, journalist and a translator for the Swiss federal Chancellery (1869–1873).
 
In 1867, he helped to found the  (League for Peace and Liberty), though he continued working at other positions, including secretary for the Jura-Simplon Steel Company from 1873 to 1891. That year, he was appointed director of the newly formed  (International Peace Office), the first non-governmental international peace organization, based in Bern. He refused to accept a salary for the position, stating that he wished to serve in this capacity solely for reasons of idealism.
 
His keen organizational skills ensured the group's success. He was awarded in the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902 with Charles Albert Gobart. He served as director of the organization until his death.

Ducommun died from respiratory and heart failure on December 7, 1906 in Bern, Switzerland at the age of 73.

## References
Eretz Israel Museum

The **Eretz Israel Museum** is an archeological, historical and anthropological museum in Tel Aviv. It is dedicated to history of Jewish life in the Land of Israel before 1948. The museum has some pavilions and a large archaeological park. 

## Other websites 
* 
*Official site
*Land of Israel Museum  at ilMuseums.com
Roy E. Disney

**Roy Edward Disney** (January 10, 1930 – December 16, 2009) was an American animator and executive for The Walt Disney Company. He is the nephew of Walt Disney. Disney is the last member of the Disney family. He and Michael Eisner are one of the most well known people in the Disney industry. Disney had about 1.2 million dollars.

Disney was born on January 10, 1930 in Los Angeles, California to Roy O. Disney and to Edna Francis. He was raised in Los Angeles, California and in Chicago, Illinois.

He studied at the Buckley School and at Pomona College. He was married to Patricia Ann Dailey from 1955 until they divorced in 2007. Then he was married to Leslie DeMeuse from 2008 until his death in 2009. He had three children with Dailey.

Disney died on the morning of December 16, 2009 from stomach cancer in Newport Beach, California, aged 79. After his death, his remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at the Pacific Ocean.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Roy E Disney
* Interview with Netribution
Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research

The **Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research** (Hebrew: מכון וולקני) is an agricultural research center named after its founder and director Yitzhak Elazari Volcani. The Institute is located in Rishon LeZion, Israel. 

## Other websites 
*Institute of Agricultural Research  website
Academy of the Hebrew Language

The **Academy of the Hebrew Language** (, ''HaAkademya laLashon ha'Ivrit'') is the main institution of the Hebrew language. The academy was started in 1890 as the "Hebrew Language Committee" in Jerusalem. In 1953 it was replaced by the "Academy of the Hebrew Language" that was established in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on the Givat Ram campus.

## Other websites 
*
Tobias Asser

**Tobias Michael Carel Asser** (April 28, 1838 &ndash; July 29, 1913) was a Dutch lawyer and legal scholar of Jewish background. In 1911, he was cowinner (with Alfred Hermann Fried) of the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the formation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the first Hague peace conference (1899).

He was the son of Carel Daniel Asser (1813-85), and grandson of Carel Asser (1780-1836). He studied law at the University of Amsterdam and Leiden University and was law professor at the University of Amsterdam. Asser died on July 29, 1913 in The Hague, Netherlands, aged 75.

## References
*Tobias Michael Carel Asser–Biography

## Other websites
*Nobel biography
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

**Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities** is the supreme institution for sciences and humanities in Israel. Its headquarters are located in Jerusalem.

## Related pages 
* Albert Einstein Square (Jerusalem)

## Other websites 
* Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Electra Heart (album)

***Electra Heart*** is an album released by Marina and the Diamonds on 27 February 2012. It was met with average reviews, scoring 57/100 on Metacritic.

Marina has released a series of seven videos on YouTube surrounding the release of *Electra Heart*. Part 2, 4, 6 and 7 are music videos to singles released from the album.

The album entered at number one in the United Kingdom (selling 21,358 copies) and Ireland. It also peaked at number 2 on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart, whilst reaching the top twenty in three other countries. It also reached number 31 on the US Billboard 200.

## Singles 
**Radioactive* was released as a 'teaser' single on 23 September 2011. It reached number 25 in the United Kingdom. The single was later not included in the released version of *Electra Heart* but is included on the deluxe version.
**Homewrecker* was released as a free track for signing up to Marina's mailing list.
**Primadonna* was released as the lead single on 20 March 2012. It reached the top 10 in six countries. It gave Marina her most successful single. It reached number eleven in the UK and three in Ireland.
**How to be a Heartbreaker* was released as a worldwide single on 16 December 2012. The single is not included in the UK edition of *Electra Heart*.

**Power & Control* was released in the UK as a second single in July 2012.
Total Drama

***Total Drama*** is a Canadian animated television series. The show first premiered on Cartoon Network on June 12, 2008 and ended on October 9, 2015.

## Characters
*Ezekiel - A boy with a beige complexion with a medium complexion, big gray eyes, short brown hair, a green beige and gray hoodie underneath a white t-shirt, turquoise and blue jeans, white socks, green beige and gray winter boots, and a turquoise and blue woolen hat with a black stripe and a pompom.
*Eva - A girl with a medium beige complexion, a dissatisfied expression, long straight shoulder-length black hair tied in a ponytail with a navy blue elastic band, light brown eyes, a dark blue cotton tank top, dark blue cotton shorts, white cotton knee-high socks with large navy blue and black stripes, and black and white sneakers.

## Episodes
*List of Total Drama episodes
Gatka

tribesmen performing Gatka in northern Pakistan.]]
**Gatka** is a martial art most commonly practiced in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Though today generally identified with Punjabi Sikhs, it has traditionally been created by the Sikh gurus during the time of religious turmoil in India.

The word G*atka* properly refers to the wooden sticks which were originally used for sparring in this sport although now a range of other weapons are also employed. 

Gatka can be practiced either as a contact sport (*khel*) or ritual/ceremonial demonstration (*rasmi*).

## References
Asia Cup (cricket)

The **Asia Cup** is an international cricket competition. It began in 1984, and is played every few years as either a One Day International (ODI) or a Twenty20 International (T20I) tournament. Each tournament takes place in one of the competing countries, which are Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). There have been 14 ODI and two T20I tournaments to June 2025. India and Sri Lanka have won one T20I title each. India have won seven ODI titles, Sri Lanka have won five, and Pakistan have won two.

## References
Maliar

The **Maliars** are an ethnic group, or people, mostly inhabiting the Northern districts of Punjab (Pakistan) and the lower plains of the Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 

The Maliars are by and large an agrarian people and most still work as farm tenants and small peasant farmers. The term or name 'Maliar' itself derived from the Punjabi language word that means 'gardener' and 'cultivator'. 

Almost all the Maliars are Muslims.
Michael Eisner

**Michael Dammann Eisner** (born March 7, 1942) is an American executive of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 through 2005.

Eisner was born on March 7, 1942 in Mount Kisco, New York. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Eisner studied at The Lawrenceville School and at Denison University. He has been married to Jane Breckenridge since 1967. They have three children. He now lives in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site MichaelEisner.com
* 
* Eisner Foundation
Comilla Jagannath Temple

**Comilla Jagannath Temple** is a Hindu temple in Comilla, in southeastern Bangladesh. Its terracotta brick construction is in the typical Bengal style of temple architecture. The temple was originally built in the 16th century by Sree Sreejoktou Moharaja Rada Kishor Manikuo Bahadur, who was the king of Tripura. The statues of the deities of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were originally installed in a temple in Tripura from where they were subsequently shifted to this temple.

## Other websites
*Photograph of the Temple https://www.flickr.com/photos/aminul/page7/
Garden of the Missing in Action

The **Garden of the Missing in Action** (, ''*) is a memorial garden in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. It is in the National Military and Police cemetery of Israel. The garden is dedicated to the missing in action whose bodies were never found from 1914 to today. There is also a temporary monument for the unknown soldiers. It is planned to move this to the National Memorial Hall. The memorial includes names of Jewish and non-Jewish soldiers and officers who have served in the Israeli Army and Israeli Police. The garden was built in 1954 a short time after an ancient Jewish cave was discovered nearby. It became the *Garden of the Missing'' in 2004. The garden includes "empty graves" with a memorial board with all the names of the missing in action next to a memorial plaza.

The Operation Boatswain Memorial is next to the garden.

## Gallery 

File:גן הנעדרים - הר הרצל 1.jpg|memorial board
File:גן הנעדרים - מצבות 1.jpg|Empty Grave memorials
File:Garden of the Missing in Action IMG 1297.JPG|Memorial for Eli Cohen.
File:Garden of the Missing in Action - Ceremonial Plaza.jpg|memorial plaza
File:PikiWiki Israel 12292 dakar submarine memorial in mount herzl.jpg|INS Dakar Memorial
File:Garden of the Missing in Action IMG 1300.JPG|the eternal flame of the garden
File:Memorial for the Kaf Gimel (23) Boat Seamen IMG 1330.JPG|the Operation Boatswain Memorial next to the garden

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official web site (in Hebrew) 
* Stamp commemorating the opening of the Garden of the Missing Soldiers  by the Israel Postal Company
* Israeli Soldiers "Missing in Action"
Rita Ora

**Rita Janet Ora** (born 26 November 1990) is a British singer-songwriter and actress.

## Career 
### Acting 
In 2004, Ora appeared in the British movie *Spivs*. Ora played Mia Grey in the 2015 movie *Fifty Shades of Grey*. In 2019, she will appeared in the movie *Pokémon: Detective Pikachu*.

### Music 
In 2009, she auditioned for *Eurovision: Your Country Needs You* on BBC One to be the British contestant for the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. She later quit the competition. The same year, Ora made a cameo on Jay-Z's video for "Young Forever" and "Over" by Drake. Ora caught the attention of Jay-Z and he signed her to Roc Nation, for which she was featured in a commercial for Roc Nation + Skullcandy Aviator Headphones.

Her first album *Ora* was released in August 2012 and entered the charts at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. Four singles have been released which appear on the album. "Hot Right Now" featured Rita Ora's vocals and entered at number one in the UK in March 2012. Rita was the lead artist on "R.I.P" and "How We Do (Party)", which also entered the UK charts at number one. Her single "I Will Never Let You Down" also reached number one in 2014. So far in the UK she became the first artist to appear on four top 10 singles in 2012.

### Television 
]]
In 2012, Rita Ora was a guest judge on *The X Factor.* She returned to the show in 2016 as a permanent judge for that year's season. She has also been one of the four celebrity panellists on the UK version of *Masked Singer*. She was also a coach on *The Voice*. Ora was also an interval act in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2023. 

## Personal life 
Rita Ora was born in 1990 in Pristina, Kosovo to Albanian parents and moved to London in the same year. The artist is currently married to Taika Waititi.

## Discography 
;Albums
**Ora* (2012)
**Phoenix* (2018)
**You & I* (2023)
;Singles:
*As featured artist*
**Hot Right Now* (2012)
**Black Widow* (2014)
*As main artist*
**R.I.P.* (2012)
**How We Do (Party)* (2012)
**Shine Ya Light* (2012)
**Radioactive* (2013)
**I Will Never Let You Down* (2014)
**Poison* (2015)
**Body on Me* (2015)
**Champagne Lights (2020)* 
**Seaside* (2021) 
**Follow Me* (2021) 

## References
Andrew Ebbett

**Andrew Ebbett** (born January 2, 1983 in Vernon, British Columbia) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Anaheim Ducks, Chicago Blackhawks, Minnesota Wild, Phoenix Coyotes, Vancouver Canucks, and the Pittsburgh Penguins. He also played for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA) and the EHC Red Bull München of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He played college hockey with the University of Michigan for 4 seasons before entering the NHL. He signed a one-year contract worth $525,000 with the Vancouver Canucks on July 1, 2011.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
The Family Jewels (album)

***The Family Jewels*** is an album released by Marina and the Diamonds on 15 February 2010. It has received mostly positive reviews scoring 68/100 on Metacritic.

It debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart, selling 27,618 copies in its first week. It also peaked at number 7 in Greece, 9 in Ireland and 20 on the European Top 100 Albums Chart. The album gave Marina three top forty singles in the UK.

## Singles 
*"Mowgli's Road" was released as thr lead single on 13 November 2009.
*"Hollywood" was released on 1 February 2010 as the second single. It was the most successful single from the album, peaking at number twelve in the UK and twenty-one in Ireland.
*"I Am Not A Robot" was the third single on 26 April 2010.

**Only in UK and Ireland:**
*"Oh No" was the fourth single released in August 2010.
*"Shampain" was a fifth single released in October 2010.
Alfred Hermann Fried

**Alfred Hermann Fried** (November 11, 1864 &ndash; May 5, 1921) was an Austrian Jewish pacifist, publicist, journalist, co-founder of the German peace movement, and winner (with Tobias Asser) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911.

Fried was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on November 11, 1864. Fried left school at the age of 15 and started to work in a bookshop. In 1883 he moved to Berlin, where he opened a bookshop of his own in 1887.

In 1892 he was a co-founder of the German Peace Society (). He was one of the fathers of the idea of a modern organisation to assure worldwide peace (the principal idea was fulfilled in the League of Nations and after the Second World War in the United Nations).

Fried was a prominent member of the Esperanto-movement. In 1903 he published the book ''* (*Textbook of the International Language of Esperanto''). In 1911 he received the Nobel Peace Prize together with Tobias Asser. During the First World War he lived in Switzerland. Fried died in Vienna on May 5, 1921, aged 56.

## References
## Other websites
*Alfred Hermann Fried (November 11, 1864 – May 5, 1921) (Archived 2009-10-25)
*Nobel biography
Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The **Hebrew University of Jerusalem** is a university in Israel. It is the country's second-oldest university. It was founded in 1918, 30 years before the reestablishment of Israel. It was the first Israeli university with three campuses. Its campuses are located on Mount Scopus, in Givat Ram and Ein Kerem. A few hospitals, including the Hadassah Medical Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and ALYN Hospital, are associated with this university.

## Footnotes
## References
Don Messick

**Donald Earl "Don" Messick** (September 7, 1926 &ndash; October 24, 1997) was an American actor. He was the voice of Scooby-Doo in  *Scooby-Doo*, Bam Bam Rubble in *The Flintstones*, Astro the Dog in *The Jetsons*, Muttley the Dog in *Wacky Races*, Papa Smurf in *The Smurfs*, and as Dr. Quest in *Johnny Quest*.

Messick was born on September 7, 1926 in Buffalo, New York. He was married to Helen Marie McHugh from 1953 until his death in 1997. Messick died on October 24, 1997 from a stroke in Salinas, California, aged 71.

## Filmography
* *The Undersea World of Fifi* (1992) ... Hamton J. Pig/Pig Servant/Additional voices (voice)

## References
## Other websites
* Don Messick Tribute  Short biography of Don Messick
* 
*
Don Hewitt

**Donald Shepard "Don" Hewitt** (December 14, 1922 &ndash; August 19, 2009) was an American television producer. He was known for creating *60 Minutes*. He also produced the first televised presidential debate in 1960.

Hewitt was born on December 14, 1922 in New York City, New York. He was raised in New York, New York. He studied at Rochelle High School and New York University.

He was married to Mary Weaver from 1945 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Frankie Hewitt from 1963 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Mariyln Berger from 1979 until his death in 2009. They have three children and one is adopted.

Hewitt died on August 19, 2009 from pancreatic cancer in his home in Bridgehampton, New York, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Don Hewitt - Daily Telegraph obituary
Greg Jennings

**Gregory Jennings, Jr.** (born September 21, 1983 in Kalamazoo, Michigan) is a wide receiver. He plays for the Green Bay Packers of the NFL. He played college football at Western Michigan University. He was drafted in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft.

## High School Career
Jennings played three sports in high school, football, basketball, and track. He played many football positions, including wide receiver, running back, linebacker and defensive back.

## College career
Greg Jennings decided to go to Western Michigan University. He finished his career there with 238 receptions for 3539 yards and 39 touchdowns. In his second year, he broke an ankle bone, and had to miss eight games.  He graduated from the college in 2010.

## NFL career
Jennings declared for the NFL Draft in 2006. He was chosen by the Packers with the 52nd pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. In his fourth game, Jennings caught Brett Favre's 400th touchdown pass. He was voted Rookie of the Week that week. Jennings finished the season with 45 catches for 632 yards and 3 touchdowns. His next season was better, with twelve touchdowns and 932 yards. After his first thousand yard season in 2009, Jennings got a 26.35 million dollar contract. In 2010 and 2011, Jennings made the Pro Bowl. He also played in the Super Bowl in 2010, where he had two touchdowns in a Packers victory. He had to miss most of the 2011 and 2012 seasons with injuries.

### Career statistics
## References
Diane Downs

**Elizabeth Diane Frederickson Downs** (born August 7, 1955) is an American convicted murderer. She was born Elizabeth Diane Frederickson in Phoenix, Arizona. In Oregon on May 19, 1983, she shot her three children and then shot herself in the arm. On June 17, 1984, she was convicted of murder, attempted murder and assault and sentenced to life imprisonment. Downs has been diagnosed with three cluster B personality disorders: antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic. 

The movie Small Sacrifices is about her.  

## References
Cover Drive

**Cover Drive** were a four-piece band from Barbados consisting of Amanda Reifer, T-Ray Armstrong, Barry "Bar-Man" Hill and Jamar Harding.

The band began by performing covers of popular songs and posting them on Youtube. The band was signed by record label Global Talent, part of Polydor Records. They were an opening act for Rihanna on her Loud Tour.

## Career 
Amanda met T-Ray when she became his babysitter. T-Ray was in the same year at school as Jamar although not in the same school. Amanda met Bar-Man at college because they were in the same year.

They were signed to Polydor Records in April 2011. Their album *Bajan Style* contained four singles. "Lick Ya Down", "Twilight" and "Sparks" all entered the top ten in the United Kingdom whilst "Explode" peaked at number 29. The album itself peaked at number 14 on release on 7 May 2012.

They also appeared on Far East Movement's single "Turn Up The Love" which peaked at number 13 in the UK and in the top twenty in six other countries.
ICloud

**iCloud** is a cloud storage and cloud computing service from Apple Inc.. It was launched on October 12, 2011. As of July 2012, the service has more than 150 million users.

## References
Robert Wuhl

**Robert Wuhl** (born October 9, 1951) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, comedian, and writer who is known for his roles in *Arliss*, *Batman*, *Mistress*, and in *Police Squad!*. He has won an Emmy Award in 1991.

Wuhl was born on October 9, 1951 in Union Township, New Jersey. He studied at Union High School and in the University of Houston. He married Barbara Koldys Capelli in 1983.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ross Perot

**Henry Ross Perot** (June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American businessman. He founded Electronic Data Systems in 1962. He ran for president in 1992 and in 1996. Both times he lost to Bill Clinton. Perot had about 3.5 billion dollars.

Perot was born on June 27, 1930 in Texarkana, Texas. He studied at Texas High School, at Texarkana Junior College and at the United States Naval Academy. Perot married Margot Birmingham in 1956. They had five children and 16 grandchildren.

In 2012, Perot endorsed Mitt Romney for President.

Perot died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Dallas from leukemia at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites

* *United We Stand*, H. Ross Perot; text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his Presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year *United We Stand America*, as saved by *The Internet Archive*.
**Booknotes* interview with Carolyn Barta on *Perot and His People: Disrupting the Balance of Political Power*, January 16, 1994. 
*"Ross Perot, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's *The Contenders*
King Peak

**King Peak** (or **Mount King**) is the fourth highest mountain in Canada. It is also the ninth highest peak in North America. It is located just west of Mount Logan, and is considered a one of the outlying peaks of that massive mountain.

The first people to climb King Peak were some students from the University of Alaska, in 1952. They climbed from the foot of Quartz Ridge, where most of their supplies had been dropped in by a plane. They reached Camp 2, on the west ridge, on 3 June. They waited two days for a storm to pass, and then two of them set out for the summit, while a third had to stay in camp because of a knee injury. They reached the top on 6 June.

## References
Lovebird

A **lovebird** (***Agapornis***) is a type of parrot. There are nine species. They are a social and affectionate small parrot. Seven species are native to Africa, and the Grey-headed lovebird is native to Madagascar. 

Their common name comes from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long time the pairs spend sitting together. Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grass and seeds. Black-winged lovebirds also eat insects and figs. Black-collared lovebirds have a special dietary requirement for native figs: this makes them more difficult to keep in captivity.
2004 NFL Draft

In 2004, the thirty two teams of the NFL got together and held the sixty eighth yearly NFL Draft, where each of them chose college players to play for their team. It was held at Madison Square Garden in New York on April 24 and 25. The draft was shown on ESPN. There were 255 choices in the draft.

The draft started with the San Diego Chargers picking Eli Manning. He was traded to the New York Giants a short time later.  There were 32 picks given to 16 teams because they lost free agents that offseason. The teams with the most compensatory picks were the Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams, and New York Jets, each with four. There were several records during the draft: the most wide receivers selected in the first round (7), and the most trades in the first round (28). The University of Miami had six players chosen in the first round. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 players picked in all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has another records: it is the first draft which has had two quarterbacks who each won more than one Super Bowl (with Ben Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli Manning winning his second in 2011). The positions of the players in the draft were:

__TOC__

## Player selections
| cellspacing="2"|

|}

## References
Shimla Hill

**Mount Shimla** or **Shimla Hill** (or *Shimla Pahari* in the local Hindko dialect) is a mountain or hill to the west of Abbottabad, Pakistan. It is not to be confused with Simla in Himachal Pradesh, India.
Shimla

**Shimla**, also known as **Simla**, is the capital city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The city is up in the mountains at around 2,200 metres (approximately 7,234 feet). Shimla is a popular tourist destination in India.

In 1864, Shimla was made the summer capital of British India. After Indian independence, the city became the capital of Punjab and was later named the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is the main commercial, cultural and educational centre of Himachal Pradesh.

## References
Pakistan Military Academy

The **Pakistan Military Academy** (also known as **PMA** or **PMA Kakul**) is a military training academy. It is located at Kakul near Abbottabad, Pakistan. It provides training to the officers of the Pakistan Army. 

## History
The Pakistan Military Academy was established in the year 1948. Before Partition of British India and the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, the location had been used as the PT and Mountaineering School of the British Indian Army, on the site of an old POW Camp for prisoners from the Boer War. Later it became the premises of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps (RIASC).
Jean-Charles Darmon

**Jean-Charles Darmon** is a French literary critic born in 1961.

## Biography 
Graduate in 1982 from the *École Normale Supérieure*, he first teaches at Amherst College (USA).

Teacher of French literature at the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines*, Honorary Member of the *Institut Universitaire de France* (2001-2006), he was head of the *École Normale Supérieure* from 2005 to 2009.

Specialized in connections between literature, philosophy and ethics in the classical age, he is the author of books on libertarianism scholar and Epicureanism, the forms of the fable or satire, from an interdisciplinary perspective.

## Further reading
* ''* (Epicurean philosophy and literature in seventeenth-century France. Studies on Gassendi, Cyrano, La Fontaine, Saint-Evremond), Paris, PUF, « Perspectives littéraires », 1998.
* *Cyrano de Bergerac, Lettres satiriques et amoureuses, précédées de Lettres diverses (édition)* (Cyrano de Bergerac, satirical and love letters, preceded by various letters (edit)), Paris, Desjonquères, « Dix-septième siècle », 1999.
* *La Fontaine, Fables (édition)* (La Fontaine, Fables (edit)), Paris, LGF, 2002.
* *Philosophies de la Fable. La Fontaine et la crise du lyrisme* (Philosophies of Fable. La Fountaine and the crisis of lyricism), Paris, PUF, « Écritures », 2003.
* *Le Songe libertin. Cyrano de Bergerac d’un monde à l’autre* (The Dream libertine. Cyrano de Bergerac from one world to another), Paris, Klincksieck, « Bibliothèque française et romane », 2004.
* *L’athée, la politique et la mort. Essai suivi d’une édition critique de La Mort d’Agrippine de Cyrano de Bergerac* (The atheist, politics and death. Test followed by a critical edition of The Death of Agrippina from Cyrano de Bergerac), Fougères, Encre Marine, « La Bibliothèque hédoniste », 2005.
* *Histoire de la France littéraire, tome 2. Classicismes xviie – xviiie siècle* (Literary history of France, Volume 2. Classicisms seventeenth - eighteenth century), Paris, PUF, « Quadrige », 2006.
* *Le moraliste, la politique et l’histoire. De La Rochefoucauld à Derrida* (The moralist, politics and history. From De La Rochefoucauld to Derrida), Desjonquères, « L’Esprit des lettres », 2007.
* *Variations épicuriennes : une philosophie et ses marges, entre science, morale et politique. Études sur Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond* (Epicurean variations: a philosophy and margins between science, ethics and politics. Studies of Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond), Paris, Honoré Champion, « Lumière classique », 2008.
* *Pensée morale et genres littéraires* (Moral thought and literary genres), with Philippe Desan, Paris, PUF, 2009.
* *Philosophie du divertissement. Le jardin imparfait des Modernes* (Philosophy entertainment. Modern garden imperfect), Paris, Desjonquères, « Le bon sens », 2009.
* *« Philosophies de la Fable. Poésie et pensée dans l’œuvre de La Fontaine »'' ("Philosophies of Fable. Poetry and thought in the work of La Fontaine "), Paris, Éditions Hermann, coll. « Savoir Lettres », 2011.

## References
Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall

The **Magomayev Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall** (Azeri: *Maqomayev adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Filarmoniyası*) is the main concert hall for classical music and folk music in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku.

## History
The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall was built between the years 1910–1912 at the  of the city  and is designed in the Italian Renaissance (outside) and German Rococo (inside) architectural styles. Its design was influenced by the architectural style of the buildings of the Monte-Carlo Casino, particularly the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. The building was originally organized as a club for the  of Baku, who  it for banquets and entertainment. During the Russian Civil War it was a place for public rallies. In 1995, the hall was closed down for more than 8 years for another renovation. It was not until November 2002 that the restoration works finally started due to President Heydar Aliyev's special decree. The opening of the fully renovated building happened on 27 January 2004.

## Building
The main building has two halls: The Summer Hall with 1100 seats and the Winter Hall with 610 seats, which are joined by a single stage. The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall is home to 7 performing groups:

* The Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra
* The Azerbaijan State Choir Capella
* The Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra
* The Azerbaijan State Piano Trio
* The Azerbaijan State String Quartet
* The Azerbaijan State Folk Song and Dance Ensemble
* The Azerbaijan State Orchestra of Folk Instruments

## Related pages
* Concert hall
* Concert

## References
## Other websites
* Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website  
* The Ali and Nino Walking Tour: Philharmonic Hall by Betty Blair and Fuad Akhundov. *Azerbaijan International* Magazine. #12.2. Summer 2004
Barnston

**Barnston** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 850 people living in Barnston. It has a church called St Andrew.

## References
Import

An **import** is a raw material or a finished product that is brought into a country from abroad. For example America imports maple syrup from Canada and exports manufactured products to the Caribbean.  Some Caribbean countries import nearly all their goods, paying for them with money earned through tourism, banking, and other service industries.

## Related pages 
* Export
* International trade
Accipitridae

The **Accipitridae** are one of the two major families in the order Accipitriformes (the diurnal birds of prey). 

They are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills (beaks). They vary accordig to their diet. They feed on  prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals. Some feed on carrion and a few feed on fruit. The Accipitridae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all the world's continents (except Antarctica) and a number of oceanic island groups. Some species are migratory.

Many well-known birds, such as hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures are included in this group. The osprey is usually placed in a separate family (Pandionidae), as is the secretary bird. The New World vultures are now usually a separate family or order.

## References
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby

The **brush-tailed rock-wallaby** or **small-eared rock-wallaby** (*Petrogale penicillata*) is a kind of wallaby. It is one of several rock-wallabies in the genus *Petrogale*.  It lives in the rocks and cliffs of the Australia's Great Dividing Range from about  north-west of Brisbane to the Grampians in south west Victoria. Its habitats include rainforest and dry sclerophyl forests. Numbers of brush-tailed rock-wallabies have gone down in the south and west of its range. It remains locally common in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. In Victoria the species is nearly extinct with only four in the Grampians National Park, and 20 in East Gippsland. In 1988 at Jenolan caves in New South Wales, about 80 wallabies were released into the forest, but by 1992 there were only seven left. Rock-wallabies were removed from Rangitoto and Motutapu Islands during the 1990s. Another 33 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau during the 2000s, and returned to Australia.

In 2003 some Kawau brush-tails were relocated to the Waterfall Springs Conservation Park north of Sydney, New South Wales, for captive breeding purposes.

Two wallabies escaped in 1916 on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. There is now a small breeding population.

## References
## Other websites
*Brush-tailed rock-wallaby recovery in NSW (Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife) 
*Brush-tailed rock-wallaby population in Green Gully - a conservation case study 
*Brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat modelling 
*BBC video of brush-tailed rock-wallabies in action 
*The Aussie Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby Ark Conservation Project
Semites

**Semites** is a word that was used for people who speak a Semitic language like Arabic or Hebrew. Scientists no longer use the words *Semites* or *Semitic peoples*, but they still speak of *Semitic languages*. 
## Origin
The word *Semite* was taken from Shem, a son of Noah in the Genesis (chapters 6-11). It was first used in the 1770s by German professors at the University of Göttingen.

## Related pages
* Hamitic
* Antisemitism

## References
Oghi Tehsil

**Oghi Tehsil** is a *tehsil* or subdivision of the Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is in a mountainous area close to the Kala Dhaka tribal zone. The main or capital town of this tehsil is Oghi.

The large part of the population of Oghi tehsil is indigenous Swatis, Gurjars, Awans and a mixture of other smaller groups. Hindko is spoken as the main language by around 62% of the people, Pashto language by some 30% and Gojri by some 8 %.

Part of this tehsil is  the Agror valley which also used to be the estate of the former Khan of Agror, a famous tribal chieftain.

## References
Fazlur Khan

**Fazlur Rahman Khan** (ফজলুর রহমান খান) (April 3, 1929 &ndash; March 27, 1982) was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect. He and his business partner Bruce Graham are known for designing the Willis Tower and the John Hancock Center both in Chicago, Illinois. He was one of the most well-known architects in the 20th century.

Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in Dhaka, then-British India. He studied at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

He was married to Liselotte Khan until his wife death in 1990. 

Khan died of a heart attack on March 27, 1982 while on a trip in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, at the age of 52. He is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

## References
## Other websites
* Article on Fazlur Khan 
* Article on Khan's buildings
* Profile on Fazlur Khan 
* Website dedicated to Fazlur Khan
Bruce Graham

**Bruce John Graham** (December 1, 1925 &ndash; March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-American architect. Graham and his business partner Fazlur Khan are well known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue, both in Chicago, Illinois.

Graham was born to a Canadian father and to a Peruvian mother in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Columbia. He was raised in Bogotá, Columbia and in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, at the University of Pennsylvania, Case School of Applied Sciences, and at University of Dayton. 

Graham died on March 6, 2010 from emphysema in Hobe Sound, Florida, aged 84. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

## References
## Other websites
* Architect of Willis Tower John Hancock Center dies at 84
* Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Hubble Extreme Deep Field

The **Hubble eXtreme Deep Field** (**XDF**) is an image of a small part of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. It is in the direction of the constellation Fornax. The image shows the deepest optical view into space.

## eXtreme Deep Field

File:XDF-scale.jpg | *XDF* size compared to the size of the moon - several thousand galaxies, each consisting of billions of stars, are in this small view.
File:The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field.jpg | *XDF* (2012) view - each light speck is a galaxy - some of these are as old as 13.2 billion years - the universe is estimated to contain 200 billion galaxies.
File:XDF-separated.jpg | *XDF* image shows mature galaxies in the foreground plane - nearly mature galaxies from 5 to 9 billion years ago - protogalaxies beyond 9 billion years.

## Related pages
* Big Bang
* Universe
* Hubble Deep Field
* Hubble Deep Field South
* Hubble Ultra Deep Field
* Hubble Space Telescope

## References
Hypnotic

A **hypnotic** is a drug designed to help you sleep. It is a type of psychoactive drug which acts as a **soporific**, and is also used for surgical anaesthesia. Many hypnotics are addictive, and have side-effects. Because of this, most are prescribed as a last resort, and only for a short time. Rohypnol is a particularly powerful example of a hypnotic.

"Nonbenzodiazepines are a relatively newer class of hypnotics. Also known as the [ Z drugs or] “Z” drugs, this class includes zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon, and eszopiclone", according to media.

## References
Anxiolytic

**Anxiolytics** are drugs that are used for the treatment of anxiety, and anxiety-related disorders. The common drugs can be classified:
*Benzodiazepines
*Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, often abbreviated SSRIs
*Azapirones
*Barbiturates
*Hydroxyzines
*Pregabalin

In addition to these drug classes, there are also certain plants that have such properties. Many of the drugs listed above have side-effects. For this reason, they are only available on prescription. Certain forms of therapy have also been used to treat anxiety disorders.

## Mechanism 
Anxiolytics are said to act on key biochemical messengers in the brain and eventually decrease the abnormal excitability. The biochemical messengers or binding sites are unevenly distributed in the brain, and also said to be associated with a GABA receptor and a chloride channel.

## References
Armin van Buuren

**Armin van Buuren** (born 25 December 1976) is a disc jockey from the Netherlands. He is the number one ranked DJ. He has won DJ Magazine's Top 100 DJs fan poll a record of 5 times. He won it 4 years in a row (2007-2010) and again in 2012. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called *A State of Trance*. The program says about 25 million people in 26 countries listen to it each week. This fact would make it one of the most listened-to radio programs in the world. 

## References
The Mindy Project

***The Mindy Project*** is an American romantic comedy television show on FOX from September 25, 2012 to March 24, 2015 and Hulu from September 15, 2015 to November 14, 2017. It stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri, a obstetrician-gynecologist in New York City.

## Other websites 
*
Wishbone

***Wishbone*** was an American children's television show on PBS.

## Cast
* Soccer, also Slugger, Shiner, Phoebe, and Bear as Wishbone
* Larry Brantley - Wishbone's voice
* Jordan Wall - Joe Talbot
* Adam Springfield - David Barnes
* Christie Abbott - Samantha Kepler
* Mary Chris Wall - Ellen Talbot
* Angee Hughes - Wanda Gilmore
* Justin Reese - Nathaniel Bobelesky
* Adan Sanchez - Lee Natonabah/Dan Bloodgood
* Rick Perkins - Mr. Bob Pruitt
* Taylor Pope - Curtis

## Awards 
* Academy of Television Arts & Sciences First Honor Roll of Children's Programming, 1999
* George Foster Peabody Award, 1998
* Emmy Award - Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design, 1997
* Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1997
* Emmy Award - Graphics and Title Design, 1997
* Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1996
* Emmy Award Nominations, 1998, "WISHBONE's Dog Days of the West"
* Directing in a Children's Special
* Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design
* Main Title Design
* Costume Design/Styling
* Television Critics Association - Best Children's Show, 1996 and 1997

## Other websites
* World Wide Wishbone 
*
*
Fen

, perhaps similar to the original fenland habitat]]

A **fen** is a type of wetland. It is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater.  Fens have neutral or alkaline water, with dissolved minerals but few other plant nutrients. They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses like *Scorpidium* or *Drepanocladus*.p8 

Fens may have a high diversity of other plant species, including carnivorous plants such as *Pinguicula*. Fens may occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level keep soil wet, with few woody plants. 

The distribution of individual species of fen plants is connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations.

Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which indicate environmental conditions. They are called "fen indicator species".

Fens are distinguished from bogs. Bogs which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, with abundant *Sphagnum* mosses.  Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.ch13 The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to keep the quality of water, and prevent invasion by woody plants.

## Related pages 
*The Fens

## References
Jagannath Temple, Pabna

**Jagannath Temple** is a Hindu temple in the Pabna district of the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh. It is dedicated to the god Jagannath. It is also known locally known as the **Handial Mandir**.

The temple was built between 1300 to 1400 CE. The temple is famous for its terracotta sculptures, and has been described as one of the most beautiful Hindu temples in Northern Bangladesh. The temple is incurring damage by high salinity from the soil it is built on.

## References
Kal Bhairab Temple, Brahmanbaria

**Kal Bhairab Temple** is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the god Shiva, in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the large linga. It is supposed to be the largest in the world. The goddess Kali is also worshipped there.

## History
The temple dates back to the 19th century. It was damaged by Pakistani soldiers during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

## References
Bog

A ***bog*** is a wetland where peat builds up. Peat is layers of dead plant material&mdash;often mosses, in most cases, *Sphagnum* moss.  It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include **mire**, **quagmire** and **muskeg**.

Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink.

Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins.

In general, the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil.  So, the amount of peat increases. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat. Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.

## World's largest peat bog 
The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville). It is as big as England. The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground. It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation.

## References
Persimmon

A **persimmon** is a fruit that people can eat.  The ripe fruit ranges from light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety. Persimmons come from a species of tree in the genus *Diospyros*. A ripe persimmon tends to have an orange jelly-like inside that is usually very sweet, or a more mild taste and mango like texture depending on variety or species.
BeOS

**BeOS** was an operating system made by Be Inc. and designed for multimedia and personal desktop use. It made good use of multiprocessor technology. Palm, Inc. bought Be Inc. in 2001 and new versions of BeOS were not made.

## Related pages
*Haiku (operating system)
Coccus

A **coccus** (plural of **cocci**) is a bacterium that is shaped like a sphere or circle. Cocci are one of the three types of bacteria shapes. The word coccus comes from the Greek word *kokkos*, or "berry".

Some examples of cocci are  Abiotrophia, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus.

## Related pages
*Bacillus (one of the other two types of bacteria shapes)
*Spirillum (the other shape of bacteria)