open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Little Nemo

**Little Nemo** is the main fictional character in a series of weekly comic strips by Winsor McCay. These comic strips appeared in the *New York Herald* and *New York American* newspapers from October 15, 1905 – July 23, 1911 and September 3, 1911 – July 26, 1914. The strip was first called *Little Nemo in Slumberland* and then *In the Land of Wonderful Dreams*. Little Nemo in Slumberland came back for a short time from 1924-1927. 

The comic was about the dreams of a little boy named Nemo. His name means "nobody" in Latin. In the first strips he tried to go to Slumberland. That was the land of King Morpheus. The King wanted Nemo as a friend for his daughter, the Princess. The last picture in each strip always was Nemo waking up, in or near his bed. Then the grownups were angry with him, because he had woken them up. Or they comforted him because he was sad.

In the earliest strips, the dream would end because of a disaster that could hurt or kill Nemo. These events would be something like falling from a bridge, becoming a monkey, or becoming 90 years older. Later on Nemo reached Slumberland. Then *Flip* always woke him up. Flip wore a hat that had 'Wake Up' written on it. Other characters in the strip were Dr. Pill, The Imp, the Candy Kid, and Santa Claus.

The strip was not a very big success from 1905 to 1927. Most comics readers liked the slapstick actions of the *Katzenjammer Kids*, *Happy Hooligan*, and *Buster Brown* (other comic strips) more than the surreal (not real) fantasy of Nemo. From the 1970s until now, people like the strip more. Many of the original strips were found at a comic strip studio in 1966. They were shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
Very special of Nemo was that the pictures were very difficult, had many details and beautiful colours. Also the story was special, because it was a fast story and had many strange characters and places.
Pierre-Simon Laplace

**Pierre-Simon Laplace** (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827), later Marquis de Laplace, was a French mathematician and astronomer.

His work helped to develop mathematical astronomy and statistics. His five volume *Mécanique Céleste* (Celestial Mechanics) (1799–1825) was a key work. In it, he changed the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, which meant it could tackle a wider range of problems. In statistics, the so-called Bayesian interpretation of probability was mainly developed by Laplace.

He invented Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which is used in many branches of mathematical physics. The Laplacian differential operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him.

## Astronomy 
### Solar system 
Laplace's view on the origin of the Solar System is still ours today. He recognized, like Newton, that the key force in the Solar System was gravitation. Gravitation caused the coming together of gas and small particles into one central mass (which became the Sun) with other smaller groups (the planets), held to the central star by gravitation.

Laplace proved that the small irregularities in planetary motion were self-correcting, and that the solar system as a whole was stable. This meant the solar system was going to exist in the present state for a very long time. He worked out some problems in the moon's orbit, and how the moon caused tides.

### Black holes
Laplace also came close to getting the concept of the black hole.  He pointed out that there could be massive stars whose gravity is so great that not even light could escape from their surface (see escape velocity).  Laplace also speculated that some of the nebulae revealed by telescopes may not be part of the Milky Way and might actually be galaxies themselves. Thus, he anticipated Edwin Hubble's major discovery 100 years in advance.

## Quotes 
*"What we know is not much. What we do not know is immense". (attributed)
*"I had no need of that hypothesis". (''Je n'avais pas besoin de cette hypothèse-là'', as a reply to Napoleon, who had asked why he hadn't mentioned God in his book on astronomy).
*"It is therefore obvious that ..." (*Il est facile de voir que...*) a phrase frequently used in the *Celestial Mechanics* when he had proved something and mislaid the proof, or found it clumsy. Notorious as a signal for something true, but hard to prove.
*"The weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness".
*"...[This simplicity of ratios will not appear astonishing if we consider that] all the effects of nature are only mathematical results of a small number of immutable laws".

## References
Krazy Kat

at Krazy Kat, who misinterprets it as an expression of love]]
***Krazy Kat*** is a comic strip created by cartoonist George Herriman. It was published daily in newspapers between 1913 and 1944. It first appeared in the *New York Evening Journal*. Its owner, William Randolph Hearst, was a major booster for the strip throughout its run. 

The *Krazy Kat* characters were introduced in another Herriman strip *The Dingbat Family*. The phrase "Krazy Kat" originated there. It was the mouse's way of describing the cat. The strip is set in Herriman's vacation home of Coconino County, Arizona. *Krazy Kat* is mixture of offbeat surrealism, innocent playfulness, and poetic, idiosyncratic language. 

The strip focuses on the curious love triangle between Krazy Kat, a carefree, simple-minded cat; Ignatz Mouse; and police dog, Offissa Bull Pupp. Krazy has an unrequited love for the mouse. Ignatz despises Krazy. He throws bricks at Krazy's head. Krazy thinks this is a sign of the Mouse's affection. Krazy utters grateful replies such as "Li'l dollink, allus f'etful". Offissa Pupp is Coconino County's administrator of law and order. He makes it his mission to interfere with Ignatz's brick-tossing plans. He locks the mouse in the county jail.

The detailed characterization and Herriman's visual and verbal creativity made *Krazy Kat* one of the first comics to be praised by intellectuals. The strip was treated as "serious" art. Critic Gilbert Seldes wrote at length about the strip in 1924, calling it "the most amusing and fantastic and satisfactory work of art produced in America today." Poet E. E. Cummings admired Herriman and wrote the introduction to the first collection of the strip in book form. *Krazy Kat* was only a modest success during its initial run. In more recent years, many modern cartoonists have cited *Krazy Kat* as a major influence on their own work.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Krazy Kat at Internet Archive (comic strips, video and audio)
* Coconino County  — History, bios, strip archive, bibliography and more.
* "'Some Say it With A Brick': George Herriman's Krazy Kat"  — A critical essay.
* Full video of the "Krazy Goes A-Wooing" silent animated short produced by Hearst , with some similarities to the strip.
* The Columbia Crow's Nest  — Includes information on the Mintz-era cartoons bearing the *Krazy Kat* name.
* Ignatz Mouse — A site built around the second character of the strip. Forums, archives, etc...
* Krazy Kat Cartoons from the 1960s — A list of Krazy Kat cartoons in full-colors.
* Comic Strip Library — Archive of many strips in very high resolution.
* Bill Watterson's foreword of the book "The Komplete Kolor Krazy Kat"
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

**Johann Friedrich Blumenbach** (11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist and anthropologist. He was one of the first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural history. He used comparative anatomy to classify human races, of which he listed five.

## Blumenbach's classification of races 
Blumenbach divided the human species into five races in 1779. Later he based them on the anatomy of the human skull. Blumenbach's work included the description of sixty skulls published as *Decas craniorum* (Göttingen 1790–1828). This was a founding work for other scientists.

He called the five races (1793/1795):
* the Caucasian race or white race
* the Mongolian or yellow race
* the Malayan or brown race
* the Ethiopian, or black race
* the American or red race.

He did not think other races were inferior to the Caucasian race, and were potentially good members of society.

Anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he thought that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.

"Finally, I am of opinion that after all these numerous instances I have brought together of negroes of capacity, it would not be difficult to mention entire well-known provinces of Europe, from out of which you would not easily expect to obtain off-hand such good authors, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the Paris Academy; and on the other hand, there is no so-called savage nation known under the sun which has so much distinguished itself by such examples of perfectibility and original capacity for scientific culture, and thereby attached itself so closely to the most civilized nations of the earth, as the Negro."

These ideas were far less influential.  His ideas were adopted by other researchers and encouraged scientific racism. Blumenbach's work was used by many biologists and comparative anatomists in the nineteenth century who were interested in the origin of races: Wells, Lawrence, Prichard, Huxley and William Flower are good examples of his influence on human biology.

Regarding human origins, Blumenbach believed the first humans had originated in Asia.

## References
Yanick Dupre Memorial Award

The **Yanick Dupre Memorial Award** is presented annually to the American Hockey League's man of the year for service to his local community. The award winner is chosen by the league president. It was named after former Hershey Bears player Yanick Dupre, who died of leukemia at age 24.

## Winners 
## Other websites
*Official AHL website
*AHL Hall of Fame

## References
Homare Sawa

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
As a professional athlete, she was played with the Women's United Soccer Association from 2001 to 2003. In 2004 she was named Women's Player of the Year for the Asian Football Confederation. In 2009 and 2010, Sawa was part of Women's Professional Soccer.

Sawa has played for the Japan national team, including the team which won the 2011 World Cup. She participated in the last five World Cups. Sawa was part of the women's team at the 1996, the 2004, the 2008.  She was a member of the team which won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

## Statistics
## Honors
In 2012, Sawa was named the "FIFA Women's World Player of the Year". In  in Switzerland, she was awarded the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or. Japanese government officials commented that Sawa and her team-mates inspired confidence after the devastation caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Foot fetishism

]]
**Foot fetishism** (or *foot fetish*) is a sexual interest in human feet. The fetishist has an interest in foot shapes (such as foot arches or foot sizes), toe sizes, smell or foot wear (such as shoes, bracelets, or socks). The foot fetish is the most common fetish that is not the genitals. The fetish is most common for males, although females may also have this fetish.

A **footjob** is using feet to rub the penis (or sometimes the vulva or breasts) in a sexual way. It is a type of masturbation done with two people.

## References
List of Júbilo Iwata players

The **List of Júbilo Iwata players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

Júbilo Iwata is a Japanese professional football club in Iwata.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Robert Cullen
* Keisuke Funatani
* Naoki Hatta
* Yusuke Inuzuka
* Kenichi Kaga
* Jo Kanazawa
* Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi
* Yūichi Komano
* Lee Gang-Jin
* Lee Keun-Ho
* Ryoichi Maeda
* Takuya Matsuura
* Sho Naruoka
* Daisuke Nasu
* Norihiro Nishi
* Kentaro Ohi
* Ryu Okada
* Kota Ueda
* Kosuke Yamamoto
* Ryohei Yamazaki

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Júbilo Iwata website  
* J.League Club Guide
List of Kashima Antlers players

The **List of Kashima Antlers players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

Kashima Antlers is a Japanese professional football club in Kashima.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Takeshi Aoki
* Marcos Gomes de Araujo
* Masahiko Inoha
* Daiki Iwamasa
* Shinzo Koroki
* Kenji Koyano
* Masashi Motoyama
* Kōji Nakata
* Takuya Nozawa
* Mitsuo Ogasawara
* Go Oiwa
* Hiroyuki Omichi
* Ryuta Sasaki
* Akihiro Sato
* Hitoshi Sogahata
* Tetsu Sugiyama
* Takefumi Toma
* Atsuto Uchida

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Kashima Antlers website  
* J.League Club Guide
CTV 2

**CTV 2** is an English language television network in Canada. It is owned by Bell Media.

In 2007, CTVglobemedia bought **A Channel** in 2007 as part of taking over CHUM Limited. Media analysts thought that CTV might use its famous CTV name for that channel, but they changed the channel's name to **A** in 2008. Later on August 29, 2011, they rebranded it again as **CTV Two**.

## References
America's Funniest Home Videos

'''''America's Funniest Home Videos''''' is an American reality-comedy show. The show originally aired on ABC.
The X Factor (American TV series)

***The X Factor USA*** is an American television music competition. The winner gets a recording contract and 5 million dollars. It first aired on September 21, 2011 on Fox. There have been three winners; Melanie Amaro, Tate Stevens and Alex & Sierra.

On February 7, 2014, Fox announced that *The X Factor* got canceled due to Simon Cowell, who went back at the UK version of the show.

## Hosts and judges 
Season 1 was hosted by Steve Jones. For season 2, he was replaced by Khloé Kardashian and Mario Lopez. For season 3, Mario Lopez returned as the host but Kardashian did not.

The original panel consisted of Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, Nicole Scherzinger and L.A. Reid. After season 1, Paula and Nicole were replaced by Demi Lovato and Britney Spears. In season 3, L.A. Reid was replaced by Kelly Rowland.

## References
Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban

**Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban** is a commune of 5,270 people (2008). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the south of France.

## Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile is located in the commune.

## Transports 
* Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport

## References
The Yellow Kid

**The Yellow Kid** is the name of a comic strip character. He appeared from 1895 to 1898 in the *New York World*, and later in the *New York Journal*. The Yellow Kid was created and drawn by Richard F. Outcault in the comic strip ''Hogan's Alley''. It was one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper. Its graphical layout had already been established in political and other, purely-for-entertainment cartoons.  

The Yellow Kid was a bald, snaggle-toothed boy who wore an over-sized yellow nightshirt and hung around in a slum alley. This alley was typical of certain areas of squalor that existed in turn of the 19th to 20th century New York City. Hogan's Alley was filled with equally odd characters, mostly other children.  With a goofy grin, the Kid spoke in a ragged, peculiar slang. This slang was printed on his shirt, a device meant to mock advertising billboards.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Radio piece detailing the story behind the Yellow Kid, particularly his role in commercial advertising
*Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: (88 *Yellow Kid* pages) 
**New York Times Book Review*: "The Kid From Hogan's Alley" by John Canemaker
*R. F. Outcault Society's *Yellow Kid* site
*Yellow Kid origin 
*Yellow Kid Pinbacks
Citytv

**City** (formerly called **Citytv**) is a Canadian English language television system owned by Rogers.

## Citytv Stations
*CHMI Winnipeg, Manitoba

*CITY Toronto, Ontario

*CKAL Calgary, Alberta

*CKVU Vancouver, British Columbia

## Other websites
*Citytv
**CityNews*
Toon Disney

**Toon Disney** was an American cable television channel owned by Disney. It was replaced by Disney XD.  In Europe, the channel was replaced by Disney Cinemagic.

## References
Iwata, Shizuoka

is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan.  It is on the Tenryū River.
Iwata is made of 5 communities merged together: kyu-Iwata (former Iwata), Toyoda-cho, Fukude-cho, Ryuyo-cho, Toyoka-mura.
Part of Yamaha Corporation is in Iwata.

## History
There has been a settlement in the area of Iwata since ancient times.

 in the 1830s]]
During the Edo period, *Mitsuke-juku* was one of 53&nbsp;government waystations (*shuku-eki*) along the Tōkaidō road, which was a coastal route that ran from Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto.

## Related pages
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*
* Júbilo Iwata

## References 
## Other websites
* Iwata website
Kashima, Ibaraki

is a port city on the Pacific coast of Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan.

## History
An urban area developed around Kashima Shrine (*Kashima-jinga*).

It prospered as a temple town in Kashima temple which is Kuniichi Hitachi Miya.

After World War II, the economy of the region around the port city grew larger.

The Kajima seaside industrial zone centering on the Kashima harbor is formed.
 
Kashima city is an industrial city centering on a steel company.

### Timeline
* **1970** Kashima Line started business.
* **1985** Kashima-Rinkai Railway Oarai Kashima Line started business.
* **1993** Kashima Soccer Stadium was built.
* **1995** Kajima town became Kajima City.
* **2002** The World Cup was held in the Kajima stadium.

## References
## Other websites
* Kashima website 
* J.League, http://www.j-league.or.jp/stadium/kashima/
Marcus Salvius Otho

**Marcus Salvius Otho** (Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus, 28 April 32 –16 April 69 ) was a Roman military commander who became Roman Emperor in 69 CE. He led a coup against the Emperor Galba, but was defeated in a battle by Vitellius only eight weeks later. He took his own life after the battle. The year 69 was known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

## References
Bornhardt

, central Australia]]

A **bornhardt** () is a big dome-shaped, steep-sided,  rock formation. They are a kind of inselberg. They are usually made up of granites or gneisses, but can sometimes be found in other rock types like limestone, sandstone and conglomerate. They are named after Wilhelm Bornhardt (1864–1946), the German geologist who first described the feature.

## References
## More reading
*
*

## Other websites
*Granite Inselbergs of the Central Namib Deserts 
*Boulders/Tors/Inselbergs
Tosu, Saga

is a Japanese city in Saga Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.

## History
In 1874, disagreements with the central government of Japan became an armed conflict.  This was called the .  This involved regions of the modern city.

* March 12, 2011 &mdash; opening of the  which is operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu).   The design won an international award.

## Related pages
*Sagan Tosu

## References
## Other websites 
* Tosu website ; http://www.city.tosu.lg.jp/1559.htm
Lorenzo de' Medici

]]

'''Lorenzo de' Medici** (1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. He was called **Lorenzo the Magnificent'* (*Lorenzo il Magnifico'') by Florentines. He was a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. He is probably best known for what he gave to the world of art. He gave large amounts of money to artists so that they could make very good artwork. When he died, the Golden Age of Florence ended. The peace he helped keep between the many Italian states collapsed when he died. Lorenzo de' Medici is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence.

## Renaissance
Lorenzo was an artist. He wrote poetry in Tuscan.

Lorenzo's agents took a lot of classical works from the east. Lorenzo had a large workshop to copy his books and spread their content across Europe. He supported the development of humanism through his friends who studied Greek philosophers, and tried to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity. In this group were the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.

## Related pages 
* Medici

## More reading 
* Miles J. Unger, *Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de Medici* (Simon and Schuster 2008), biography of Lorenzo.
* Christopher Hibbert, *The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall* (Morrow-Quill, 1980); general history of the family.
* F. W. Kent, *Lorenzo de- Medici and the Art of Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History* (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004); summarises Lorenzo's relationship with the arts.
* Peter Barenboim, *Michelangelo Drawings - Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation* ( Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006) .

## References 
## Other websites 
* Works of Lorenzo de' Medici
Kashiwa, Chiba

is a Japanese city in northern Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

It has been  as a core city since 1996.

## History
In the Edo period, the area around Kashiwa was directly controlled by the Tokugawa shogunate.  These lands were known as *tenryō*.

## Related pages
* Kashiwa Reysol

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.city.kashiwa.lg.jp/foreign/english/index.html   
* Kashiwa International Relations Association (KIRA), http://www.kira-kira.jp/english/english.html ;
List of Kashiwa Reysol players

The **List of Kashiwa Reysol players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

Kashiwa Reysol  is a Japanese professional football club in Kashiwa, which is northeast of Tokyo in Chiba Prefecture.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Kazushige Kirihata
* Hideaki Kitajima
* Yuzo Kobayashi
* Masahiro Koga
* Naoya Kondo
* Yohei Kurakawa
* Ryoichi Kurisawa
* Hidekazu Otani
* Alceu Rodrigues Simoni Filho
* Masakatsu Sawa
* Françoaldo Sena de Souza
* Minoru Suganuma
* Takanori Sugeno
* Junya Tanaka
* Masato Yamazaki
* Shinya Yoshihara

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Kashiwa Reysol website  ; http://www.reysol.co.jp/main.php 
* J.League Club Guide
Offal

for sale in a market in Istanbul]]

**"Offal"** is the name for the internal organs or entrails of a dead animal.

It means "eatable parts apart from the muscles". It includes the heart, kidneys, lungs, livers, intestines and brains. The word can also be used to cover other parts of the animal including the tongue, tail and feet. The word offal means the parts that fall off when the animal is cut up for meat. Offal from birds are called "giblets". In some parts of the world people eat offal, and in others doing so is considered taboo or strange.

## Types 
## References
Billy Bean

**William Daro "Billy" Bean** (May 11, 1964 &ndash; August 6, 2024) was a Major League Baseball player. Bean was an outfielder, a pinch hitter, and a first baseman. He threw and batted left. He played for the Detroit Tigers from 1987 to 1989, the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1989 and for the San Diego Padres from 1993 to 1995.

Bean was born in Santa Ana, California. He attended Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. 

Bean was gay, and wrote a book, *Going the Other Way: Lessons from a Life in and out of Major League Baseball*. For 13 years, Bean was the partner of Efrain Viega, the founder of Yuca restaurant in Miami. They broke up in July 2008. 

Bean has appeared on television. He starred in a MTV episode of *Made*, and he was an actor in an episode of the sitcom *Frasier*.

Bean was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in 2023. He died from the disease on August 6, 2024 in New York City at the age of 60.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Billy Bean.com 
* 
* Baseball Library page
Jura Mountains

The **Jura Hills** are a long mountain arc. The Jura rock or stone consists of limestone. It reaches from Lake Geneva to the Rhine River. The Jura Hills are not only in Switzerland, but also in France. The Chasseral is one of the highest hills in the Jura Mountains. It has an altitude of 1607 metres above sea level. The highest part of the Jura Hills is the “Crêt de la Neige“ in France and it is 1718 metres high. Many fossils and dinosaur tracks have been found there. The rocks of the Jura were formed between 144 million and 208 million years ago. The agriculture and winter tourism are very important for the principal economics. 

## Other websites
* The Federal Council - About Switzerland
* Chasseral
* Le Reculet 1719m and Crêt de la Neige 1717.6m (in German)
Styx (disambiguation)

**Styx** has several different meanings:

* Styx (mythology), a river in Greek mythology
* Styx (band), a famous music band
* Styx Records, a music record label
Justified

**Justified** has several different meanings:
*Justified (album), a music album by the artist Justin Timberlake
*Justified (TV series), a television series on the FX network.
Kyūshū Shinkansen

The '''''' is a Japanese high-speed railway line between  Fukuoka and Kagoshima in Kyushu. The line is operated by the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). 

The southern 127&nbsp;km opened on 13 March 2004. 

The northern 130&nbsp;km section opened on 12 March 2011. Service began with a quiet start because of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## References
Jason Donovan

**Jason Donovan** (born 1 June 1968) is an Australian actor and singer. Donovan became famous when he played Scott Robinson in *Neighbours* from 1986 to 1989. He was a contestant in the 2006 series of ''I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!* and in the 2011 series of *Strictly Come Dancing''. He hosts a show on Heart Network Radio in the UK on Sunday afternoons.

## Early life
Donovan was born in Malvern, Melbourne. He was taught at De La Salle College. He is the son of actor Terence Donovan and newsreader Sue McIntosh. The youngest of his three maternal half-sisters is actress-singer Stephanie McIntosh.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
Arkose

**Arkose** is a kind of sandstone which is rich in the mineral feldspar. It is made mostly of quartz, but also has  at least 25% feldspar. Arkose usually contains small amounts of calcite cement, which may also contain iron oxide. Arkose is normally grey to reddish in colour. The sand grains making up arkose are usually .

Arkose is generally formed from the weathering of igneous or metamorphic rocks. These are usually granite rocks, which contain a lot of feldspar and quartz. Arkose is often found with conglomerate deposits where the sediment is made of granite. The  central Australian monolith Uluru is made of late Neoproterozoic/Cambrian arkose, deposited by the erosion of a granite-based mountain range.

## References
Linebacker

linebackers (MLB and LOLB) backing up their defensive line while the ROLB (front, upright) threatens to blitz, or rush the passer.]]
A **linebacker** is a defensive position in the game of American football. There are two kinds of linebackers. One is the outside linebacker (OLB), whose job is to tackle players, rush the passer, and sometimes drop back in coverage to prevent catches. The middle linebacker (MLB) is often called the "quarterback of the defense," as they direct many formations and are often looked up to as leaders and very good players, mostly handling the job of tackling as well.

Linebackers can appear in different formations, or looks. In a 4-3 defense, there are three linebackers; usually two OLBs and a MLB in the middle.

A 4-4 defense relies more heavily on linebackers. That system includes four linebackers.

Linebackers are often called the original name.
*On 4-3 defense 
Strong-side OLB: Sam (S)  MLB: Mike (M)  Weak-side OLB: Willy (W) 

*On 4-4 defense
Strong-side OLB: Sam (S)  Strong-side MLB: Mike (M)  Weak-side MLB: Kenny (K)  Weak-side OLB: Willy (W)
Jarret Johnson

**Jarret Webster Johnson** (born August 14, 1981) is an American former professional football outside linebacker. He played 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens and San Diego Chargers. He played college football at the University of Alabama. Johnson appreciated as an "unsung hero" and defensive leader by Baltimore fans. Johnson scored two career touchdowns and was a steady presence on a great Ravens defense.

On March 14, 2012, Johnson signed a 4-year contract with the San Diego Chargers. On February 24, 2015, Johnson announced that he was retiring from playing professional football.

## References
Lambeau Field

**Lambeau Field** is a sports stadium in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The stadium is home to the Green Bay Packers, an American football team that plays in the National Football League. The stadium is named after the Packers' founder Curly Lambeau.

## References
## Other websites
* Lambeau Field at Packers.com
Kelly McGillis

**Kelly McGillis** (born July 9, 1957) is an American actress. She was born in Newport Beach, California. She starred in *Witness*, *Top Gun* and *The Accused*.

McGillis is openly lesbian.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Samkranthi

**Makar Sankranti**, **Sankranti** or **Sankranthi** is one of the main festivals in India. It is the first festival of the year in the Gregorian calendar. This festival is celebrated by the people all over India. It marks the transition of the sun into *Makara rashi* (Capricorn) on its path across the sky. It is celebrated on the 14th or 15th of January. Makar Sankranti is celebrated with social festivities such as colourful decorations, melas (fairs), bonfires and feasts.

Makar Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names, though observed on the same date. It is known as Pedda Panduga in Andhra Pradesh, Makara Sankranti in Karnataka, and by other names.
D. W. Griffith

**David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith** (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American movie director and white supremacist. He is best known as the director of the Ku Klux Klan 1915 movie *The Birth of a Nation* and the 1916 follow-up movie *Intolerance*. *The Birth of a Nation* made early use of advanced camera and storytelling techniques. It was a very popular movie. It was also a very controversial movie.  The movie showed African Americans and White anti-racists in a bad way. It also showed slavery and the Ku Klux Klan as good things. The movie was praised by President Woodrow Wilson. He said it was "history written in lightning".  The NAACP boycotted the movie. Griffith responded to all the criticism with another movie, *Intolerance*. This movie showed the dangers of prejudice. The movie did not make as much money as *The Birth of a Nation*, but the critics liked it.  Many of Griffith's later movies were critical successes. They did not make a lot of money. Even so, he is one of the most important figures of early movies. Other famous movies by Griffith include *Orphans of the Storm* and *Broken Blossoms*.

## References
Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique

The '''Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique** (**SEFA'*) was the French national flight school, in nine places in France and managed by the *direction générale de l'aviation civile* (DGAC). It merged with French Civil Aviation University the 1st of January 2011.

## History 
### 1936 - 1946 
SEFA is a direct descendant of a long tradition of state involvement in helping to light aviation. By 1936, the Popular Front creates the "*sections d’aviation populaire*" (SAP), in order to democratize the flight training for young people and then to train more crew for the French military aviation. In 1946, the "*service de l’aviation légère et sportive*" (SALS) is created, which purpose is essentially to provide available aircraft and instructors for flying clubs.

### 1946 - 1976 
In 1955, SALS becomes the "*service de la formation aéronautique et des sports aériens*" (SFASA), in 1959 the "*service de la formation aéronautique, du travail aérien et des transports*" (SFATAT), in 1964 it is renamed the "*service de la formation aéronautique*" (SFA) and finally the "*service de la formation aéronautique et du contrôle technique*" (SFACT) in 1976. These designations reflect the successive changes in the organization of the civil aviation administration, but also the direct involvement of the State, in flight training. Thus "national centers" will be created, in 1945, for the gliding activities (Challes-les-Eaux, Beynes, Pont-Saint-Vincent, etc.), and then for the flight in piston aircraft (Carcassonne in 1945, Saint-Yan in 1947), and even skydiving (Biscarosse in 1953).

### 1976 - 1996 
Over the years, the French civil aviation administration gradually withdraw from its activities in the field of gliding and skydiving.
In 1959, the center of Saint-Yan welcomes the first course of airline pilot students (EPL, *Elève Pilote de ligne'', in English airline pilot student), ushering in a new mission of the SEFA : the training of airline pilots. The national centers were attached to the service of the civil aviation administration in charge of training. The creation of a single management structure was needed.
Thus was created the SEFA in 1993, bringing together under one organization all the necessary needs to implement the tasks entrusted by the DGAC. The direction of the SEFA moved to Muret in 1996, bringing together all central services previously scattered between Saint-Cyr-l'École and Paris.

### 1996 - 2011 
Finally, on the 1st of January 2011, the SEFA is merged with the French Civil Aviation University All the SEFA activities are now providing under the only acronym ENAC.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, ''50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation'', Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999

## Other websites 
* Official
Alexis Weissenberg

**Alexis Weissenberg** (26 July 1929 – 8 January 2012) was a French pianist of Jewish-Bulgarian descent. Technically brilliant, his playing was often described as cold and precise. Weissenberg was born in Sofia and in 1941 was sent to a concentration camp with his family. A guard liked his playing and helped the family escape to Turkey, and then to Jerusalem. In 1946 he moved to New York and studied at the Julliard School of Music. He toured for about ten years, but then did not play in public until 1966 when he performed with Herbert von Karajan in Berlin. He finally settled in Spain, but rarely performed in public.

## References
Carlos Soria

**Carlos Soria** (1 March 1949–1 January 2012) was an Argentine lawyer who became Governor of Rio Negro. A member of the ruling Peronist party, he had been the mayor of General Roca, until his election as governor of the province in October 2011. He died after being shot in the head during an argument at home with his wife.

## References
Bolshoi Ballet

The **Bolshoi Ballet** is a ballet company. It is based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1776. It is one of the oldest ballet companies in the world. It achieved worldwide acclaim in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. The Bolshoi and the Kirov Ballet are recognised as the foremost ballet companies in Russia.

The origin of the Bolshoi is found in the creation of a dance school for a Moscow orphanage in 1773. In 1776, dancers from the school were employed by Prince Pyotr Urusov and the English theatrical entrepreneur Michael Maddox to form part of their new theatre company. They performed in privately owned venues. Later they acquired the Petrovsky Theatre. The theatre would later be rebuilt as today's Bolshoi Theatre.

The early history of the Bolshoi Ballet is very sketchy. The company staged many famous ballets. It struggled to compete with the Imperial Russian Ballet of St Petersburg. It was not until Alexander Gorsky became Ballet Master in 1900 that the company began to develop its own unique identity. The company was acclaimed for productions of new or restaged ballets including, *Don Quixote* (1900), *Coppélia* (1901), *Swan Lake* (1901), *La fille mal gardée* (1903), *Giselle* (1911), *Le Corsaire* (1912) and *La Bayadère* (1917).

## References
American Ballet Theatre

**American Ballet Theatre** (ABT), is a classical ballet company based in New York City. It has an annual eight week season at the Metropolitan Opera House Lincoln Center. It tours around the world the rest of the year. American Ballet Theatre was founded in 1937 by Mikhail Mordkin. It is recognized as one of the world's leading classical ballet companies. American Ballet Theatre is the parent company of the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School. It was recognized as "America's National Ballet Company" in 2006 by the United States Congress.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* American Ballet Theatre entry in the Encyclopædia Britannica 
* American Ballet Theatre entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia 
* Archive footage of ABT (then Ballet Theatre) performing Interplay in 1949 at Jacob's Pillow
* Daily Telegraph obituary of Georgina Parkinson, December 20, 2009
* NY Times obituary of Georgina Parkinson, December 18, 2009
* NYPL theatrical lighting database , complete lighting paperwork for *Fall River Legend*
List of bridges in Calgary

and Elbow River ]]
The City of Calgary has a number of bridges, spanning the two main rivers that cross the city, Bow River and Elbow River, as well as some other geographical and physical features. 

## Crossings
### Bow River (west of downtown)
The Bow River enters the city from west, winds around downtown, then runs south. From west to south, the following structures cross the river.

### Bow River (downtown)
### Bow River (south of downtown)
### Elbow River
The Elbow River enters the city in the southwest, then turns north and merges into the Bow River immediately east of downtown. From west to north, the following structures cross the river.

### Fish Creek
Fish Creek flows from west to east in the south part of the city, through the Fish Creek Provincial Park. It merges into the Bow River in the southeast quadrant of the city.

## Related pages
* List of bridges in Canada

## References
## Other websites
List of bridges to the Island of Montreal

This is a list of bridges in Montreal.

## Crossings
### Spanning the Saint Lawrence River and Saint Lawrence Seaway
The construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in the 1950s required large changes for all bridges that existed at the time. Those are not reflected in the table below.

### Spanning the Rivière des Prairies
### Spanning the Lake of Two Mountains and the Ottawa River East Channel
All three spans across the Ottawa River East Channel are twinned by another span, built simultaneously, across the West Channel.

## Related pages
* List of bridges in Canada

## Notes
:The section of Honoré-Mercier bridge spanning over the St. Lawrence Seaway was rebuilt to seaway standards in the 1950s. The bridge was twinned by an identical one, on the downriver side, which opened in 1963.

:The Champlain Bridge Ice Structure, known in French as "l'Estacade Champlain," was built to control ice floes coming from the Laprairie Basin.
## References
Disney XD

**Disney XD** is an American pay television channel owned by the Disney Branded Television and Disney Entertainment units of The Walt Disney Company. The channel is aimed primarily at older children ages six to eleven years old. Disney Cinemagic

Disney XD's programming consists of original first-run television series, current and former original series and made-for-TV films inherited from sister network Disney Channel, theatrically released films, and acquired programs from other distributors, along with a primetime block of programming involving competitive gaming.

As of November 2023, Disney XD is available to approximately 44,000,000 pay television households in the United States, down from its 2013 peak of 82,000,000 households. In recent years, Disney XD has lost carriage with the growth of streaming alternatives including its parent company's Disney+, and has generally been depreciated by Disney in current retransmission consent negotiations with cable and streaming providers. Notably, the channel has recently been dropped in negotiations with Charter Spectrum in 2023 and with Verizon Fios in 2025.

## Programming
Disney XD's schedule consists largely of animated and live-action programs aimed at pre-teens and young teenagers. Disney XD content is a mixture of former original series as well as programs inherited from sister network Disney Channel. In addition to full-length live-action and animated original series, the channel also debuts short series similar to those seen on Disney Channel during commercial breaks (such as *Two More Eggs*), which serve as filler for programs scheduled to end during the half-hour and last usually around one to three minutes.

In addition, Disney XD airs original made-for-TV movies from Disney Channel and theatrically released feature films.

Unlike Disney Channel (and similarly, fellow sister network Disney Junior)—whose advertising comes in the form of program promotions, underwriter sponsorships, and interstitials for Disney films, home video, and game releases produced by the channel—Disney XD operates as an advertiser-supported service running traditional television commercials in addition to promotions for the channel's shows.

## References
Nagano Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Nagano. The capital is the city of Nagano.

Nagano was host to the 1998 Winter Olympics.

## Geography
Nagano Prefecture is south of Niigata Prefecture.  The eastern borders of Nagano meet Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture.  Nagano's souther border is shared with Aichi Prefecture.  The western borders of the prefecture are shared with Toyama Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture.

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Suwa jinja* is the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Nagano Prefecture Tourism website
Joan Crawford

**Joan Crawford** (born **Lucille Fay LeSueur**; March 23, 1907   was an American actress.

Crawford usually played as women who worked hard. Her characters were usually about women who went from being poor to becoming rich, or "rags-to-riches". Her characters were popular for Depression-era people. They were also popular with women. Crawford became one of Hollywood's most important actors. She was also one of the highest paid woman in the United States. However, her movies started to lose money. By the 1930s, she was called "box office poison" because her movies lost so much money.

She won the 1945 Best Actress Academy Award for *Mildred Pierce*. In 1999, she was voted to be the tenth-greatest female star in the history of American movies by the American Film Institute.

## Biography
Crawford was born in San Antonio, Texas. Her real name was Lucille Fay LeSueur.  She began her career as a dancer. She moved to Hollywood in 1925. She worked in silent movies. She played hard-working young women who wanted love, romance, and glamor. She made "talkies", too. She was given the name "Joan Crawford" from a magazine contest sponsored by MGM.

Crawford won the Best Actress Academy Award for *Mildred Pierce* in 1945.  She made many more movies, but retired in 1970. She died in New York City of a heart attack.

Crawford won success with *Letty Lynton* (1932). The film is mostly remembered because of the "Letty Lynton dress". This dress was designed by Adrian. It was a white cotton organdy gown with large ruffled sleeves, puffed at the shoulder. It was with this gown that Crawford's broad shoulders began to be accentuated by costume. Macy's copied the dress in 1932, and it sold over 500,000 replicas in the United States.

Crawford was married four times. First to actor Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and then to actor Franchot Tone. Her third husband was actor Phillip Terry, and her fourth and last husband was Pepsi executive Alfred Steele. Crawford became active in the Pepsi-Cola company after Steele's death of a heart attack.

Crawford adopted four children: Christina, Christopher, and "the twins" Cynthia and Cathy. Christina wrote a bestselling "tell-all" biography called *Mommie Dearest*. This book alleged that Crawford abused her children. It was made into a movie also called *Mommie Dearest*.

## Autobiographies
* 
* 

## Notes
## References
## Further reading
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Official Website 

* 
* 
* 
* 
*  
* Excerpt of March 2008 biography, VanityFair.com
* 
* Joan Crawford profile, Virtual-History.com
* Joan Crawford awards at Brandeis University
* Crawford, Joan (1906–1977) in the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Ezo

.]]
, also known as **Yezo** or **Yeso**, is an ancient Japanese name for the lands to the north of Japan. It was the name of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō.  It was also used as a name for islands in the Sea of Okhotsk, including the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin. 

The terms **Ezo**, **Yezo**, **Ebisu** or **Emishi** were also used as a name for the people and culture of northern Honshu, This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ezo region and people.

Titsingh's translation of *Sankoku Tsūran Zusetsu* was published in 1832.

## References
## Other websites
* Waseda University, 三国通覧図説 (*Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu*)
* An old map of Ezo and two other islands from 1854
Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges

**Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges** (7 November 1799 – 23 December 1875) was a French writer. He was born in Paris on 7 November 1799 and died there on 23 December 1875. He was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century.  He joined with others to write the librettos for the ballet *Giselle* by Adolphe Adam, for the opera *La fille du regiment* by Donizetti, and the opera *La jolie fille de Perth* for Bizet. He wrote over seventy works for the stage. He wrote novels. He liked plot twists and unlikely coincidences. His works are short on convincing characterizations. He was old-fashioned, dressing in 18th century style.
Paris Opéra Ballet

The **Paris Opera Ballet** (French: Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris) is the oldest national ballet company in the world. Many European and international ballet companies can trace their origins to it. It has always been an integral part of the Paris Opéra, which was founded in 1669 as the Académie d'Opéra (Academy of Opera). 

Theatrical dance was not an important part of the Paris Opera until 1673. Then was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique (Royal Academy of Music) and placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully. The Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history but since 1994 has been called the Opéra National de Paris (Paris Opera). Currently the company presents ballet primarily at the Palais Garnier.

## References
Our Dancing Daughters

***Our Dancing Daughters*** is a 1928 MGM silent movie. The movie is about the loosening of youth morals that took place during the 1920s. The movie was directed by Harry Beaumont. It was produced by Hunt Stromberg. The movie made Joan Crawford a big  star. She remained a big star for the next 50 years.

## Story 
"Dangerous Diana" Medford (Joan Crawford) is flashy and popular. Inside, she is a good person. Her friend Ann is an amoral boy-chaser. Diana and Ann both like Ben Blaine. He thinks Diana is not interested in him.  He marries Ann. Diana becomes unhappy for a while. Later, she throws a party. Ann hopes to go with her lover, Freddie. She argues with her husband. She goes to the party. Ben goes to the party behind Ann's back. Ben and Diana realize they love each other. Ann gets drunk. She falls to her death. Ben and Diana are free to wed.