open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chevrolet Spin

The **Chevrolet Spin** is a mini MPV made by Chevrolet since 2012 it replaced the Chevrolet Meriva and the Chevrolet Zafira.

## History and Features 
The Chevrolet Spin was entirely developed and engineered entirely on Brazil. during the development it was known as the PM5/PM7 project. it uses the platform of the Brazilian version of the Chevrolet Cobalt and was made to replace both The Chevrolet Meriva and the Chevrolet Zafira.

The Spin was revealed in June 2012 in Brazil. and has two-row and three-row seating versions and has a 1.2 liter (offered in Indonesia only) 1.5 liter (avaliable in southeast asia only) gasoline engines a 1.8 liter flex engine and a 1.3 diesel engine with a 5-speed manual transmission and a 6-speed automatic transmission the Spin received a facelift in 2018.  and a second facelift in 2024.

## Markets 
The Chevrolet Spin is sold mainly in Brazil but is also sold in other South American countries like Argentina in Indonesia it was sold and produced locally there in Bekasi from 2013 to 2015 it was sold also in Philipines and Thailand however the plant in Indonesia cloaed in 2015. and the last spin was sold in 2016.

## References
Mountainside, New Jersey

**Mountainside** is a borough in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 census, 7,020 people lived here.

## References
Mauro Morandi

**Mauro Morandi** (1939 – 3 January 2025) was an Italian island hermit who was the sole resident of the Italian island Budelli from 1989 to 2021. He was nicknamed "**Robinson Crusoe**". He became world famous and a source of inspiration for people.

## Biography
Mauro Morandi was born in Modena, Italy in 1939. He worked as a physics teacher In 1989, shortly after setting off on a sailing trip to Polynesia he shipwrecked on Budelli, a tiny (1.6km²) island in the Strait of Bonifacio between Sardinia and Corsica, well-known for its pink-sanded beach. Fascinated by the beauty of the island, he decided to leave his old life behind and settle permanently on the island, taking over the role of the previous hermit-caretaker who was about to retire. He lived for 32 years alone on the island, in a house made of coral, shells and granite that he heated with a simple fireplace. He took care of the flora and fauna on the island, cleaned the beaches, and educated tourists about the island's ecosystem.

He was forced to leave the island in 2021 by the Italian authorities because he had made "some changes to his residence without a permit." A petition to let him stay on the island garnered over 7000 signatures, but the authorities' decision stood. Morandi moved to the nearby island La Maddalena, where he lived a modest life in a small apartment. He wanted to keep the beauty of the island for himself, but came to realize that sharing it could contribute to make others "aware of the value of nature." With the help of a smartphone he was given, he became a source of inspiration through social media and had over 66000 followers on Instagram.

After a fall in the summer of 2024, Morandi went to a nursing home in Sassari, and later moved to his hometown Modena. His health continued to deteriorate, and Morandi died there on 3 January 2025, at the age of 85.

## References
XX male syndrome

**XX male syndrome**, also known as **de la Chapelle syndrome** and **46,XX testicular difference of sex development** (**46,XX DSD**), is a rare intersex genetic disorder. People with this disorder have two X chromosomes, meaning they are genetically female, but they have a male phenotype (appearance and body). 

About 80% of XX males syndrome have the SRY gene, a gene found in the Y chromosome that causes male traits, that has crossed over into their X chromosomes. XX males with the SRY gene usually appear as a normal male and may not know they have XX male syndrome until later in life. A smaller amount of XX males do not have the SRY gene. They usually are not fully masculinized and may have ambiguous genitalia, meaning their genitalia may not be fully developed and may have female traits. All XX males are infertile because they cannot produce sperm.

About 1 in 20,000 to 30,000 people have XX male syndrome. It is also known as de la Chapelle syndrome, which is named after Finnish geneticist Albert de la Chapelle, who first found the disorder.

## Symptoms 
Normally, people are born with one of two pairs of sex chromosomes. They may have two X chromosomes (XX) or one X chromosome with a Y chromosome (XY). Normally, people with XX chromosomes look female while people with XY chromosomes look male. However, people with XX male syndrome have XX chromosomes but are male. Many XX males look like a normal male, but some may not be fully masculine. XX males are usually shorter than XY males. Some XX males develop gynaecomastia during puberty. Gynaecomastia is a condition where a male has larger breasts. All XX males who have been reported have azoospermia, a condition causing males to not produce sperm. This means all XX males are infertile. XX males usually have normal body and pubic hair, penis size, and libido (sexual desire).

XX males who do not have the SRY gene are more likely to have ambiguous genitalia.

## Diagnosis 
XX male syndrome is diagnosed through a karyotype. This is a test done by geneticists of someone's DNA to make a map of their chromosomes. This would find that someone who is male actually has XX chromosomes. Sometimes, tests on hormones are done too.

Most XX males have a fully male appearance and body, so they are not diagnosed at birth and are usually unaware they have XX male syndrome. They are usually diagnosed at puberty, if gynaecomastia (large breasts in a male) develop, or during their adult life when they learn they are infertile and want to know why.

## Treatment 
Some XX males may get counseling to help them with their gender identity. Others may get testosterone therapy to become more male-appearing. Some XX males may get estrogen therapy to become a female instead. XX males with ambiguous genitalia may get surgery done to make their genitalia look more male or female.

Because XX males are infertile, some choose to adopt or get sperm donations to have kids.

## Prevalence 
It is estimated that 1 in 20,000 to 30,000 males has XX male syndrome.

## References
Oxalic acid

of oxalic acid. White balls are hydrogen, red balls are oxygen, and black balls are carbon. Each line shows one chemical bond.]]

**Oxalic acid** (also known as **ethanedioic acid**) is a chemical compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Its chemical formula can be written as  or . It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid, a type of chemical which has two  functional groups. A salt of oxalic acid is called an oxalate.

Oxalic acid is found in many plants. It is named for the genus *Oxalis*, also known as wood sorrels, where it was first discovered in the 18th century.

Oxalic acid is a weak acid according to the chemical definition, meaning it does not completely separate into hydronium ions and oxalate when mixed with water, but it is one of the strongest carboxylic acids, with a pKa of 1.2. Stronger organic acids usually contain other elements like nitrogen, sulfur, or fluorine.

## References
Kuo Hsiao-Chuang

**Kuo Hsiao-Chuang** (Chinese: 郭小莊; born 1951) is a Taiwanese-born Chinese actress, Peking opera performer, and martial artist. As an actress, Kuo starred in several martial arts films, and was dubbed "Queen of Martial Arts Films".

## Early life 
Kuo began her studies in Chinese opera at the age of eight, where she studied singing, acrobatics, and martial arts, including weapon fights. By the age of 17, she was regarded by critics as one of the greatest opera stars in Asia. 

## Career 
Kuo is credited with integrating techniques of Western theater and modern dance in revolutionary ways that ushered in a new era for Peking Opera in Taiwan. She is the director of the Ya Yin Ensemble, which is noted for its progressive stage design.

Simultaneously with her opera career, Kuo became a motion picture actress and won the "Best Actress of the Year" award at the Hong Kong Film Festival in 1971. Known for her martial arts skills, Kuo was dubbed "Queen of Martial Arts Films". In television, she appeared in the series *A Long Reputation* (Wan-ku liu-fang).

## Filmography
* *The Insanity Being* (1972)
* *Chow Ken* (1972)
* *The Fast Fists* (1972)
* *Chiu Chow Kung Fu* (1973)
* *The Killer Must Pay* (1973)
* *The Two Cavaliers* (1973)
* *Tiger Tiger Tiger* (1973)
* *When Hell Broke Loose* (1975)
* *Strange Odyssey* (1975)

## References
Harlind Libbrecht

**Harlind Libbrecht** (26 October 1959 – 8 January 2025) was a Belgian musician and academic. He was co-founder and member of Kadril. He was an academic in the field of landscape architecture.

## Biography
### Academic career
Already from young ange he had  a great interest in nature and landscape.

### Music career
On 29 December 29 1976, Libbrecht together with a group of high school students who knew each other from the youth and nature movement  (currently the  founded the music group Kadril. Within the group he was "the musician with a moustache and a ponytail". Libbrecht wrote song lyrics and played mandolin, dulcimer, slide guitar and sang. 

Libbrecht was married and had children. In November 2018 he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. Two years later Kadril made the song *De Gouden Duif* in honor to him. His health continued to deteriorate.

## References
Seat (disambiguation)

**Seat** can mean:

## A place to sit
*Seat
* Chair
* Car seat
* Infant car seat, for children in a car
* Airline seat
* Ejection seat, rescue seat in an aircraft
* Jump seat, auxiliary seat in a vehicle
* Right seat, co-pilot's seat
* Saddle, a type of seat used on the backs of animals, bicycles (see bicycle seat), etc.
* Buttocks, see section "Other"

## A place or office of authority
This meaning derives from the Latin word *situs*, a place.

* Chair (official), a seat of office, authority, or dignity
** the family seat of a noble family, sometimes referred to as an ancestral seat
**the *cathedra* of a bishop
* Legislative seat, a membership in a parliament or other legislature
* Seat (legal entity), indicating where the headquarters of the entity are located
* Seat of government, the building(s) or city from which a government exercises its authority
* An administrative centre, the capital city of an administrative region, such as:
** County seat
** Canton seat
** Family seat
* Country seat, a place in the country
* Throne, the original seat of authority from which others may be derived
* Seat (administrative division), territorial-administrative unit in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom

## Other
* Seat, euphemism for Buttocks, the part of the body on which one sits
* SEAT, a Spanish car manufacturer, originally a state-owned company but currently owned by the Volkswagen Group
* S.E.A.T. (*Sociedad Española de Automóviles y Transportes*), a company that sold the French car brand Rebour in Catalonia in the early 20th century
* Seat (Buttermere), a fell in the Lake District, Cumbria, England
* Southeast Area Transit, a bus agency in Connecticut
* Single Engine Air Tanker, a type of aircraft
* Per-seat license, a software licensing model
* Seat, a proper name used for the star Pi Aquarii
* Seate, surname

## Related pages
*Seating assignment
*Seating capacity
Allobates sumtuosus

***Allobates sumtuosus*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, and Peru. Scientists think it could also live in Colombia.

## Home
People see this frog in forests and on the sides of hills.  Scientists have seen the frog between 90 and 100 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog inside protected parks in Peru, Suriname, Brazil, and other countries, for example Mabura Hill Forest Reserve in Guyana and Sipaliwini Nature Reserve in Suriname. There are more protected parks in the place where the frog lives: Estação Ecológica do Grão Pará, Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Floresta do Parú, Reserva Biológica do Rio do Trombetas, Reserva Biológica de Maicurú, Floresta de Faro, and Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, and scientists think it could live in these parks too.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. She lays 5-11 eggs at a time. After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to water. Scientists think the female frog might carry tadpoles too, but they are not sure.  The tadpoles swim in small pools of water. Sometimes the adult frogs put the tadpoles in foam nests.

## Danger
Scientists from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature say this frog is not in danger of dying out. In some places, humans cut down trees to get wood to build with, and this causes some problems for the frog.

## First paper
*

## References
Hilton family

The **Hilton family** is an American family that originally comes from Norway. The family members are known for power, wealth and status as socialites in the United States. They are they family who made Hilton Hotel Group. The hotel was made by Conrad Hilton in 1919 when he got his first hotel.

The Hilton family is one of the world's most powerful and famous families. The family is worth over $14.2 billion dollars.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Kardashian family
Tell es-Sultan

**Ancient Jerico/Tell es-Sultan** is an archaeological site and former settlement located northwest of present-day Jericho in the Jordan Valley in Palestine. The World Heritage Site the property is an oval-shaped tell, or mound, that contains the prehistorical deposits of human activity, and includes the adjacent perennial spring of 'Ain es-Sultan.

By the 9th to 8th millennium BC, Neolithic Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan was already a sizeable permanent settlement, as expressed by surviving monumental architectural features such as a wall with a ditch and a tower. It reflects the developments of the period, which include the shifting of humanity to a sedentary communal lifestyle and the related transition to new subsistence economies, as well as changes in social organisation and the development of religious practices, testified by skulls and statues found.

The Early Bronze Age archaeological material on the site provides insights into urban planning, while vestiges from the Middle Bronze Age reveal the presence of a large Canaanite city-state, equipped with an urban centre and technologically innovative rampart fortifications, occupied by a socially complex population.

## References
Infinite Icon

***Infinite Icon*** is the second studio album by American media personality and singer Paris Hilton. It  released on September 6, 2024, through her production company 11:11 Media in partnership with ADA. Sia is the album's executive producer. It was let out eighteen years after her album *Paris*.

## References
Manlius Township, Michigan

**Manlius Township** is a civil township in Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. In the 2020 census, 3,312 people lived in Manlius.

## References 
## Outside websites 
*
Diep.io

***Diep.io*** is a multiplayer browser game created by Matheus Valadares in 2016. 

In this simple browser game, cells try to eat agar and other cells to grow bigger. The game became popular on the internet, especially on YouTube, and attracted millions of players every day. It became the most played video game of 2015. A company from Switzerland called Miniclip made a mobile version of the game.
New Richmond Swing Bridge

The **New Richmond Swing Bridge** is a swing bridge in Manlius Township in the U.S. state of Michigan. In the past, the bridge connected 57th Street with Old Allegan Road over the Kalamazoo River. The bridge is one of the oldest swing bridges in the United States.

## References
Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad

The **Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad (C&MLS)** was a railroad in Michigan between 1869 and 1878. It was named the **Chicago and West Michigan Railroad** until 1881 when the railroad closed.

## References
American Viticultural Area

An **American Viticultural Area** (**AVA**) is a place named by the government as a wine grape-growing region in the United States. This helps wineries and wine drinkers. 

Wineries want their drinkers to know about where their wine is from. This is because wine has different flavor if its wine grapes are grown in certain places. Wine drinkers look for AVAs they enjoy and some wines from popular AVAs cost more. 

If a bottle of wine has an AVA label, at least 85% of the grapes of the wine are grown in the AVA and the wine must be finished in the same state as the AVA.

## Related pages 
* Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée

## References
Ferrari FF

The **Ferrari FF** was a model of Ferrari from 2011 to 2016. Its first public showing was at the Geneva International Motor Show in 2011.
## References 
*Ferrari FF in autoweek magazine
Elisa

**Elisa** may refer to:

## People
*Elisa (Italian singer) (born 1977), an Italian singer
*Elisa (Japanese singer) (born 1989), a Japanese singer
*Elisa Biagini (born 1970), an Italian poet and writer
Chatoyancy

In gemology, **chatoyancy** (/ʃəˈtɔɪ.ənsi/ *shə-TOY-ən-see*), also called **chatoyance** or the '''cat's eye effect'*, is an optical reflectance effect seen in certain gemstones, woods, and carbon fiber. Chatoyancy in wood occurs in various species – particularly hardwoods and the various types of Nanmu woods of China and South East Asia, particularly where stresses from the weight of the growing tree result in denser patches, or where stresses cause burl or *bird’s eye*. This ‘figure’, which has a striking three-dimensional appearance, is highly prized by woodworkers and their clients alike, and is featured regularly in furniture, musical instruments, and other decorative wood products. Figuring takes on a variety of forms and is referred to as *flame*, *ribbon*, *tiger stripe*, *quilting*, among other names.

This effect is sometimes called *wet look*, since wetting wood with water often displays the chatoyancy, albeit only until the wood dries. Certain finishes cause the wood grain to become more pronounced. Oil finishes, epoxy, and shellac can strongly bring out the *wet look'' effect. When the refractive index of the finish nearly matches that of the wood, light scattering no longer occurs at the wood surface, adding the appearance of depth to the wood's figure.

## References
Great Michigan Fire

The  **Great Michigan Fire** were forest fires in the state of Michigan in the United States in 1871. They may have been caused (or made worse) by the same winds that created the Great Chicago Fire, the Peshtigo Fire and the Port Huron Fire. Many cities, towns and villages like Alpena, Holland, Manistee, and Port Huron, were very damaged or destroyed. The Peshtigo Fire that happened at the same time in Wisconsin also destroyed several towns in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

## Related pages 
* Peshtigo fire of 1871
* Great Chicago Fire of 1871

## References
2011-12 Austrian football championship

The **2011-12 Austrian football championship** was the 101st season of a top Austrian league and the 38th under the name Bundesliga. The league was played by ten teams. They determined the Austrian football champions in four rounds. It began on July 16, 2011 and ended on May 17, 2012 with the 36th and final round. With the exception of Vorarlberg and Carinthia, all Austrian federal states are represented in the Bundesliga. Vienna, Lower Austria and Styria each have two clubs. In the 2011/12 season, as in previous years, ten clubs competed against each other in a total of 36 rounds. Each team played twice at home and away against every other team.

The Bundesliga was sponsored  by the sports betting provider tipp3 as the main sponsor. The subsponsor is the mobile phone provider T-Mobile Austria. The official league name is *tipp3-Bundesliga powered by T-Mobile*.

## Final table
## Matches 
### Round 1
### Round 2
### Round 3
### Round 4
### Round 5
### Round 6
### Round 7
### Round 8
### Round 9
### Round 10
### Round 11
### Round 12
### Round 13
### Round 14
### Round 15
### Round 16
### Round 17
### Round 18
### Round 19
### Round 20
### Round 21
### Round 22
### Round 23
### Round 24
### Round 25
### Round 26
### Round 27
### Round 28
### Round 29
### Round 30
### Round 31
### Round 32
### Round 33
### Round 34
### Round 35
### Round 36
## Champion squad 
## Top scorer
## References
Tren de Aragua

Confirmed Reported]]

**Tren de Aragua** (English: Aragua Train) is a large gang from Venezuela. There may be more than 5,000 people in the gang. The gang has moved into different nations in Latin America and into the United States. Stopping the gang has become very important to nations where Tren de Aragua has gone.

## References
Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park

**Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park** is a  botanical garden, art museum, and outdoor sculpture park in Grand Rapids Township, Michigan, United States. The Meijer Gardens quickly became a major attraction in the Midwest after it opened in 1995.

## References
John Ball Zoo

The **John Ball Zoo** is on the west side of the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States. The zoo is on the hills along the west side of the park.

The zoo has more than 2,000 animals of over 200 different species.

The zoo is a part of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. It was the first zoo in Michigan to be a part of the association.
 

## References
Singhal

**Singhal** or “**Singal**” is a predicated gotra of **Jat** by origin which oftentimes prevailed among the baniya class of Jind state.
 

## References
Jason Carter (politician)

**Jason James Carter** (born August 7, 1975) is an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Georgia State Senate from 2010 to 2015. Carter was the Democratic Party nominee for Governor of Georgia in 2014. He is the grandson of U.S. President and Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter.

## References
Stuart E. Eizenstat

**Stuart Elliott Eizenstat** (born January 15, 1943) is an American politician and attorney. He was the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 1993 to 1996 and as the United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 1999 to 2001. 

Eizenstat worked as the issues director of Jimmy Carter's 1970 gubernatorial campaign. 

Eizenstat worked on Carter's 1976 presidential campaign.

## References
## Other websites
* Taking on the Unfinished Business of the Twentieth Century
* APCO Worldwide
* 
* Bio at Covington & Burling
Alfred H. Kingon

**Alfred Hugh Kingon** (born May 11, 1931) is an American businessman who was the White House Cabinet Secretary under President Ronald Reagan from 1985 to 1987. He also was the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 1987 to 1989.

## References
Morgan Ortagus

**Morgan Deann Ortagus** (born July 10, 1982) is an American television commentator, financial analyst, and politician. She was the spokesperson for the United States Department of State from 2019 to 2021 during the first Trump administration. 

On January 3, 2025, Trump announced that he would hire her to be the deputy special presidential envoy for Middle East peace during his second administration.

Morgan Ortagus, Minister Counsellor of the US Mission to the UN, votes against a draft resolution during the 10000th meeting of the Council on the situation in the Gaza, September 18 2025.

## References
## Other websites
* Ortagus, Morgan: Biography. U.S. State Department.
Manuel Elkin Patarroyo

**Manuel Elkin Patarroyo Murillo** (November 3, 1946 – January 9, 2025) was a Colombian academic, immunologist and pathologist. He was known for making the world's first attempt to create a synthetic vaccine against the protozoal parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*, the cause of severe malaria. He worked at the Hospital San Juan de Dios and National University of Colombia. 

Patarroyo was a recipient of the TWAS Prize (1998). He was born in Ataco, Colombia.

Pararroyo died on January 9, 2025 in Bogotá, Colombia at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
* Race for Malaria Money
* Scientists Herald Malaria Breakthrough
* Guardian Unlimited: Scientist whose dream of beating disease came true
* Tables of Malaria Vaccine Projects
Rockwell A. Schnabel

**Rockwell A. Schnabel** (born December 30, 1936) is a Dutch-American businessman and politician. He was the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 2001 to 2005. He was the United States Ambassador to Finland from 1986 to 1989. He also was the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce from 1991 to 1993. 

## References
Kabbaliga Kolis

The **Kabbaliga Koli**, or **Kabaliga Koli** is a subcaste of the Koli caste mostly found in the India state of Karnataka. Kabbaliga Kolis are trying to be included in the Scheduled Tribe category to get the reservation benefits. The Kabbaliga Kolis are politically strong and important for local politics in the state.

During the British period, Kabbaliga Kolis were employed as **Talwars**, who used to protect the villages from the robbers and other armies. The Kabbaliga Koli community was engaged in occupations like hunting, animal husbandry, fishing and agriculture.  Later, hunting was banned and majority of these people started their agriculture and animal husbandry.

## Classification 
The Kabbaliga Kolis are classified as a Other Backward Class, or OBC by Government of Karnataka.

## Organisations 
* Nijasharana Ambigara Chowdaiah Development Corporation

## Titles 
* **Talwar**, former State Minister in Government of Karnataka
* Pramod Madhwaraj, former Fishery Minister

## References
Hoda Kotb

**Hoda Kotb**  (born August 9, 1964) is an American broadcast journalist, television personality, and author who was a main co-anchor of the NBC News morning show Today and co-host of its entertainment-focused fourth hour. She formerly served as a correspondent for the television news magazine program Dateline NBC.

Kotb alluded to her Muslim heritage in a 92nd Street Y interview when she talked about how her parents' immigration to the US had saved her from having to spend her summers with her veiled cousins in Egypt: 

Similarly, Kotb hinted at her family's Muslim heritage in her autobiography when she talked of her relatives' attempts to arrange marriages in Egypt.
List of Indian state dances

**India**, officially the **Republic of India** is a country in South Asia, consisting of 28 states and eight union territories. All Indian states and some of the union territories have their own elected government and the union territories come under the jurisdiction of the Central Government. India has its own national symbols. Apart from the national symbols, the states and union territories have adopted their own seals and symbols including dances listed below.

## States 
## Union territories 
## References
2070

**2070** (**MMLXX**) will be .

## Events 
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1974 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* September 17 - 150th anniversary of the NFL.
* September 21 - 100th anniversary of the Monday Night Football.
Budelli

**Budelli** is a small island in the Maddalena Archipelago off the northeastern coast of Sardinia, Italy. It is famous for its Spiaggia Rosa (Pink Beach), whose unique color comes from crushed coral and shells. Protected as part of a national park, Budelli's pristine coastline and turquoise waters make it a jewel of the Mediterranean.

## References
Clinodactyly

**Clinodactyly** is a medical term for when someone's finger or toe is very curved or bent. It can affect any finger or toe, but usually affects the fifth finger (or "pinkie"). Sometimes, clinodactyly is serious and needs surgery, but it usually does not need any treatment. Although anyone can have clinodactyly, it is usually associated with genetic disorders like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.

## Causes 
People can have clinodactyly if they have no medical condition. Sometimes, it is inherited. However, many people with it may have a genetic disorder. Some of the genetic disorders that can cause clinodactyly are:

* Down syndrome
* Turner syndrome
* Klinefelter syndrome
* Fanconi anemia

## Diagnosis 
Clinodactyly is usually diagnosed through an X-ray. Sometimes, clinodactyly will affect someone and make it harder for them to do daily tasks. In these cases, surgery may be done. It is usually done when the person is young because their bones are not as developed, which makes it easier to do surgery.

## Prevalence 
The prevalence of clinodactyly is not fully known. Some studies put the frequency as low as 1% and as high as 19.5%. The prevalence varies because the criteria for what counts as clinodactyly is not agreed on.

## References
Isla de Convalecencia

**Isla de la Convalecencia** (), commonly known simply as *Isla de Convalecencia* (sometimes erroneously called *"Isla de Convalencia"*), is a small and narrow river island on the Pasig River in Manila, the Philippines. It is the only island dividing the Pasig River in Manila located between the districts of San Miguel on the north bank, and Ermita on the south. The island, best known as the location of the **Hospicio de San José**, is administratively part of San Miguel's Barangay 646, Zone 67. It has a total area of approximately  and is connected to both sides of the river by the Ayala Bridge.

Although the island is primarily occupied by the Hospicio, it also hosts a detachment of the Philippine Coast Guard that patrols the periphery of the nearby Malacañang presidential palace complex located northwest of the island on the Pasig River. The island hosts the Hospicio’s small community of residents.

## History
The island's name dates back to the 1830s when the *Hospicio General* was built and the island was used principally as a place of recuperation or convalescence for patients of the Hospital of *San Juan de Dios*. It was earlier called **Isla de San Andrés** (English: Saint Andrew’s Island) in honor of *Don* Andrés Blanco Vermúdez, who owned the island but later donated it to the San Juan de Dios religious order. 

The Bastion de San Rafael located on the island's eastern end had its main gate facing the river with a large wharf made of *piedra de China* (granite stones). This structure has since been replaced by the convent hospital built by the San Juan de Dios religious order. On the island's southern portion facing San Fernando de Dilao (now Paco) and Concepción (now part of Ermita) was the Bastion de San Andres. The Hospicio General was originally housed in an old ruined building called *Petruz* on the island's western portion. It had a small chapel, two infirmaries and several wards. It was later renamed *Hospicio de San José* after Saint Joseph, the orphanage's patron saint.

## References
Pandoro

**Pandoro** is an Italian sweet bread that originated from Verona. It is most commonly eaten during the Christmas season. Pandoro is shaped like an eight-pointed star.

Pandoro is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, which is said to resembles a snow-covered peak.
Hyundai Celesta

The **Hyundai Celesta** is a Compact car made by Hyundai through the Beijing Hyundai joint venture from 2017 to 2023.

## History and Features 
The Hyundai Celesta was debuted at the Guangzhou Auto Show in 2016. its a updated version of the Hyundai Elantra Yuedong (which is a continuation of the 4th gen Hyundai Elantra) the Celesta however is still sold alongside the Elantra Yuedong. the car has a Sedan Version and a 
station wagon version called Celesta RV that was launched in September 2018. 

the car also has a 1.4 turbocharged and a 1.6 petrol engines and a 6-speed manual and automatic transmission and also a 7-speed DCT transmission.

## Markets 
The Hyundai Celesta in its entire production was sold only in the Chinese market.

## Discontinuation 
The Hyundai Celesta was discontinued in 2023 due to weak sales and people preferring newer cars.

## References
M-153 (Michigan highway)

down M-153 to Detroit]]
**M-153** is an east to west state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the US state of Michigan. It is also known as **Ford Road**. The name Ford Road ends at the western part that is an expressway into M-14. The road is named after William Ford. He was the father of Henry Ford. Ford Road runs from near Dixboro to the Dearborn–Detroit border.

## References 
## Other websites 
* M-153 at Michigan Highways
Kia KX7

The **Kia KX7** is a Mid-size Crossover SUV made by Kia from 2017 to 2021.

## History and Features 
The Kia KX7 made its debut on the Guangzhou Auto Show in 2016. and was put on sale in China in March 2017. the SUV is produced by the Dongfeng-Yueda-Kia joint venture and is based on the 3rd gen Kia Sorento which is imported in China and was positioned as a more affordable option to the KX7.

The Kia KX7 has 2.0 2.0 turbocharged and 2.4 liter petrol engines that are the same engines from the Sorento but adapted the KX7 has 6-speed manual and automatic transmissions.

## Markets 
The Kia KX7 was sold only in the Chinese market.

## Discontinuation 
The production of the Kia KX7 ended in 2021 and the SUV was discontinued without a sucessor.

## References
Christian mythology

**Christian mythology** is the stories that are believed in by people of the Christian faith. These stories include Creation, Noah and the Flood, the Tower of Babel, Abraham and Issac, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Esau, Jacob's Wives, Israel in Slavery in Egypt, Moses's Birth and Background, Moses and the Burning Bush, The Ten Plagues, Ruth and Boaz, Jesus Is Born, Baptism of Jesus, Temptation of Jesus, Sermon on the Mount, Jesus Feeds the 5,000, The Raising of Lazarus, The Triumphal Entry, The Last Supper, Jesus's Betrayal, Trial, and Crucifixion, Jesus's Resurrection, and The Ascension.

## References
Allobates ornatus

***Allobates ornatus*** is a frog.  It lives in Peru.

## Body
The adult male frog can be  16.9 mm from nose to rear end and the adult female frog can be 18.4 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is light brown in color. There are brown marks. Different frogs can have different marks. Some have a line between the eyes. Some have a shape like the letter X on the back. Sometimes there is a triangle mark near the end of the back.  There are light yellow stripes on the sides of the body.  The sides of the body are light brown-white in color with brown marks. The tops of the back legs are gray-brown in color with dark brown marks and one brown line across each upper leg, lower leg, and foot.  The backs of the back legs are brown in color. The mouth is cream-white in color with brown marks. The belly and front of the neck are yellow in color. There are scutes on the toes that are gray in color. The iris of the eye is green-bronze in color.

## Home
People see this frog in rainforests other forests that are not too high up in the mountains.  Scientists have seen the frog between 350 and 680  meters above sea level. People see the frog on the dead leaves on the ground during the day.

## Young
Scientists saw one female frog lay six eggs on land. They think the young grow on land.

## Danger
Scientists do not know if the frog is in danger of dying out. Scientists think the frog could be in danger from people changing the places where the frogs live into farms, for example coffee farms.

## First paper
*

## References
Hans Prakke

**Hans Prakke** (4 March 1949 – 7 January 2025) was a Dutch journalist.

## Biography
After high school, Prakke attended  in Utrecht and studied afterwards law at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, with a major in Constitutional Law. During his studies, he works for the hospital radio station of the  in Amsterdam. Through that hospital radio station, he started working at Radio North Sea International and gave sports contributions from the broadcasting ship, including the 1973 Tour de France and 1974 Tour de France.

In 1975 he made his debut for the broadcaster NOS at the 1975 UCI Road World Championships in Belgium. Due to his freelance work for NOS and AVRO, he temporarily stop studying law. After his freelance years at NOS, AVRO and Radio Stad he became a permanently ampoyer of AVRO in 1977 as an editor-reporter at ''AVRO's Radiojournaal*. From 1978 he worked as a political reporter for the AVRO in The Hague. He did reports of the Tour de France in 1977, 1978 and 1979 in the  *'' together with Theo Koomen and Heinze Bakker. He made a daily "Kneetstory" with Gerrie Knetemann. Prakke had a lot of cycling knowledge and had good contact with the cyclists. He was into cycling until older age.

Prakke, together with partner Alice Prakke, owned a monumental building in Zwollle and sold it in 2008. He died in Zwolle on 7 January 2025, at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
* Hans Prakke at beeldengeluid.nl
Marc Michetz

**Marc Michetz** pseudonym of **Marc Degroide** (15 October 1951 – 9 January 2025) was a Belgian comics artist.

## Biography
Michetz was one the original members of  (Mazda Gang). He started his career at Studio Graton and then drew for magazines *Tintin* and *Spirou*. Michetz was passionate about the Japanese Middle Ages. His best-known creation is the *Kogaratsu*' series, which he created together with  (Bosse) in 1983. Michetz held multiple Japanese-themed expositions.

Michetz died on 9 January 2025, at the age of 73.

## References
Kia K4 (China)

The **Kia K4** is a Compact car made by Kia from 2014 to 2020.

## History and Features 
The Kia K4 was previewed by the Kia K4 concept in the Beijing Auto Show in 2014 it was revealed at the Chengdu Auto Show in the same year. and was put on sale in October of the same year.  

The K4 shares its platform with the Hyundai Mistra and is positioned between the Kia K3 and the Kia K5 the car has a 1.6 turbocharged 1.8 and 2.0 liter petrol engines with a 6-speed manual and automatic transmission and a 7-speed DCT transmission a facelift of the car called the Kia K4 Cachet was launched in 2018.

## Markets 
The Kia K4 was made mainly for the Chinese market and was sold only there.

## Discontinuation 
The production of the Kia K4 ended in 2020 with no sucessor of the car being launched.

## References
Santa Mesa

**Santa Mesa** is a district in Manila, Philippines. It is surrounded by the Pasig River on the southwestern side, and by the San Juan River on its southern and eastern side. Land borders include the districts of San Miguel to the west and Sampaloc to the north; and to the northeast is Quezon City.

Santa Mesa was formerly a part of the Sampaloc district, from which it was partitioned and separated after having its own parish in 1911. The parish is now known as *Old Sta. Mesa*, which extends from Victorino Mapa Street (*old name:* Calle Santa Mesa) to Magsaysay Boulevard (*old name:* Santa Mesa Boulevard).

## Etymology
The district's name was coined by the Jesuits, who christened the area '**Hermandad de Santa Mesa de la Misericordia**' (*trans:* "Brotherhood of the Holy Table of Mercy"). The matriarch of the *Tuason* family, Doña Albina Tuason, who owned vast tracts of land of Santa Mesa during the Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) offered an '**obra pía**' (*trans:*"pious work"), and donated the area where the district's parish church now stands. Affluent families where attracted to Santa Mesa's cooler climate and the picturesque streets that were lined with *ylang-ylang* trees along Santa Mesa Boulevard. The abundance of these trees started a perfume industry in Santa Mesa — as flowers were harvested, pressed, and their fragrant oil exported in great quantities to perfumeries in France.

## History 
Up until the early American colonial period (1898–1946), Santa Mesa was one of the barrios that comprised Sampaloc, which was a town of the defunct **province of Manila** before it was absorbed by the *City of Manila* upon its chartering in 1901.

In 1911, Santa Mesa became a separate religious district out of Sampaloc when the first and oldest parish in the Philippines in honor of its titular patron, the *Sacred Heart of Jesus*, was established. The created parish is known today as the **Old Santa Mesa**. The neighborhood was a wealthy enclave of aristocratic Spanish and Filipino families who built summer houses, examples of which are the *Sociego Mansion*, former home of the Tuason family; and the *Carriedo Mansion* (currently known as the *Antique House*), former home of Governor General Francisco Carriedo y Peredo who spearheaded the clean water system of the City of Manila.

When the congressional districts of Manila were created, Santa Mesa was effectively separated from Sampaloc, falling to the jurisdiction of the 6th District. The Philippines' national census, however, still considers Santa Mesa as a part of Sampaloc for statistical purposes.

## References
Momentum Movement

The **Momentum Movement** (Hungarian: *Momentum Mozgalom*, **Momentum**) is a centrist political party in Hungary. It became well-known in 2017 with the NOlimpia campaign. This campaign was about stopping Budapest from hosting the 2024 Summer Olympics. In the end, Hungary withdrew its bid to host the Olympics.

## History 
Momentum became known across Hungary in January 2017 when it started a referendum initiative about hosting the 2024 Summer Olympics in Budapest. They collected 266,151 signatures to support this. The campaign, called NOlimpia, led to the withdrawal of Budapest's Olympic bid. After becoming a political party, Momentum grew quickly and built a national network. Now, it has local groups in every county and about 4,000 members.

## Ideology 
The Momentum has centrist views. It does not like to be called left or right, or liberal or conservative. The party says it is both national and liberal, and also conservative. Momentum wants to protect national values and support Hungary's connection to Europe. It prefers Western countries' systems over Eastern dictatorships. The party supports the global market and wants to lower taxes like VAT. It also wants better schools, easier rules for abortion, and more rights for gay people. 

## Notes
List of Prime Ministers of Bhutan

The **prime minister of Bhutan** (**Lyonchhen**) is the head of government of Bhutan. The prime minister is nominated by the party that wins the most seats in the National Assembly (Gyelyong Tshogdu) and heads the executive cabinet, called the Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog).

On 9 April 2008, Jigme Thinley became the first ever elected prime minister; he took office following the country's first democratic election.

The current prime minister is Tshering Tobgay, since 28 January 2024.

## Prime ministers of the Kingdom of Bhutan 
## List of Druk Gyaltsuens 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of the Government of Bhutan
Liaoningotitan

***Liaoningotitan*** is a genus of sauropod from the Middle Cretaceous of Liaoning, China. Its only species is ***Liaoningotitan sinensis***.

## Description 
Features of *Liaoningotitan* include its long neck and an ilium with a pointed preacetabular process.

## References
Furtwangen im Schwarzwald

**Furtwangen im Schwarzwald** is a town in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Black Forest. About 9,000 people live there.

The Breg is a small river which, starts from the mountainous areas around Furtwangen, flows down through the inner city to the east. The Breg is one of the two small rivers which combine to form the river Danube.

It is the home to the University of Applied Sciences Furtwangen and the German Clock Museum.

## References
History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula

Jews started living in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century BC, when Babylonian Empire's conquest of the Kingdom of Judah forced Jews out of Judea () located in the Land of Israel ().
## Overview
Successive waves of Jewish exiles – caused by alternating conquests of Judea – made Jews the leading ethnoreligious group in the Arabian Peninsula, where Judaism stood in contrast to the multi-god religion of ancient Arabs, many of whom had arrived later than the Jews due to their nomadic nature. The payment of *jizya* granted Jews the status of *dhimmi* under which they were prohibited – under the threat of execution – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing Jewish ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman. Jews were also not allowed to
* Banu Zurayq
* Banu Jusham
* Banu Alfageer
* Banu Qurayza
* Banu Qaynuqa 
* Banu Shutayba

## Related pages
* Judaism
* Islamism
* Antisemitism
* The Holocaust
* History of Jews
* Second Temple

## References
Television in Russia

This is a **list of television channels** broadcasting regularly programmes **in Russian language**.

## State-owned 
### TV channels 
## Russia 
## Other countries
## See also
*Lists of television channels

## References
List of Caillou episodes (PBS)

*Caillou* has produced a total of PBS 144 half-hour episodes (598 five-minute segments) from September 4, 2000 to December 27, 2020 in 20 years, The first series premiered at 7AM along with Wishbone and Arthur schedule times.

## Series overview 
*Caillou* consists of five seasons of PBS 144 half-hour episodes, and the 73-minute Christmas film ''Caillou's Holiday Movie*.

## Episodes 
 - New episode summaries uploaded in English Wiki article (estimated February 24, 2025).
### Pilot (1999) 
The pilot episode was released on March 22, 1999, after the ending series of the third season of *Arthur''.

### Season 1 (2000) 
### Season 2 (2003) 
### Season 3 (2006) 
### Season 4 (2006)
### Season 5 (2013)
## Related pages 
* List of Caillou episodes

## References
False equivalence

A **false equivalence** or **false equivalency** is an informal fallacy (argument that does not make sense) in which two things are said to be equal but they are not. This fallacy is a type of fallacy of inconsistency. In everyday language, a false equivalence is often called "comparing apples and oranges."

This fallacy is used when one shared trait between two things is assumed to show that the things are equal, especially in extent, when the things are not necessarily equal. False equivalence is common when an anecdotal similarity is said to be equal, but the claim does not survive scrutiny because the similarity is based on seeing the things as too simple or forgetting other factors. The pattern of the fallacy is often as such:If *A* is the set containing *c* and *d*, and *B* is the set containing *d* and *e*, then since they both contain *d*, *A* and *B* are equal.In a version that makes even less sense, *d* is not required to be in both sets; merely a similarity of two items *d1* in set *A* and *d2* in set *B* is said to show that things in the sets are equal.

Example: If apples and oranges are both fruits, and there are seeds in both apples and oranges, then since they both have seeds, apples and oranges are equal.False equivalence arguments are often used in journalism and in politics, where bad traits of one politician may be compared to bad traits of a completely different type of another politician.
Thomas Patterson of the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University wrote about the false equivalency used by the media during the 2016 United States presidential election:False equivalencies are developing on a grand scale as a result of relentlessly negative news. If everything and everyone is portrayed negatively, there's a leveling effect that opens the door to charlatans. The press historically has helped citizens recognize the difference between the earnest politician and the pretender. Today's news coverage blurs the distinction.

In simple words and grammar, this means:
False equivalencies are developing on a big scale. This is because of constantly negative news. If everything and everyone is shown as bad, they look equal. This invites liars. The press used to help people tell the difference between honest politicians and liars. Today's news makes it difficult to tell them apart.
List of tallest buildings in Grand Rapids

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This **list of tallest buildings in Grand Rapids** ranks buildings in the U.S. city of Grand Rapids, Michigan by height. The tallest building in Grand Rapids is the River House Condominiums, it is  tall.

## Tallest buildings 
This lists ranks Grand Rapids buildings  or taller. This height includes spires. This height does not include antennas.

## Tallest proposed 
## Timeline of tallest buildings 
## References