open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1955–56 Austrian football championship

The **1955-56 Austrian football championship** was organized was organized by the Austrian Football Association. The  Staatsliga B served as the lower tier of the Staatsliga A. It only included clubs from Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland, Upper Austria  and Styria. For clubs from western Austria  the Tauernliga Nord (Salzburg), the Tauernliga Süd (Carinthia)  and the Arlbergliga (Tyrol, Vorarlberg) were organized. This leagues were Amateur leagues. The respective regional leagues of the federal states served as the third level.

The championship  in the State League was contested by 14 teams. They  met twice throughout the season. Rapid Wien won the Austrian football championship for the 20th time . Defending champions Vienna finished third. Wiener AC as champion of the Staatsliga B and  Kremser SC after relegationmatches were promoted to the Staatsliga A for the 1956-57 season.

## Final table
Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient.

## Matches 
### Round 1
### Round 2
### Round 3
### Round 4
### Round 5
### Round 6
### Round 7
### Round 8
### Round 9
### Round 10
### Round 11
### Round 12
### Round 13
### Round 14
### Round 15
### Round 16
### Round 17
### Round 18
### Round 19
### Round 20
### Round 21
### Round 22
### Round 23
### Round 24
### Round 25
### Round 26
## Champion squad 
## Top scorer
## References
Firouzophrynus peninsularis

The **penninsular toad** or **penninsular true toad** (*Firouzophrynus peninsularis*) is a toad.  It lives in India.
## Home
This frog lives in forests and wet places. This frog needs to live in places where the tree branches come together like a roof. Scientists saw the frog between 0 and 1000 meters above sea level.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Human beings do change the places where the frog lives to make farms and other things people need, and pollution can kill this frog.

## First paper
*

## References
Chakha Moiremba

**Chakha Moiremba** () was an ancient warrior of the Khuman clan in early Khuman kingdom. He is remembered for his tragic yet heroic duel with Kangbishu, a fighter of the ancient Heirem community. His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats), which records 27 real-life single combats between warriors of different clans of Meitei civilisation of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur).

## Background 
Chakha Moiremba belonged to the Khuman clan, one of the prominent clan-based principalities in Manipur in early period. At a time when the Heirem warrior Kangbishu had become a source of fear and oppression in the southern region of the region, none dared to confront him, except Chakha Moiremba.

## Duel with Kangbishu 
Despite warnings from his wife Namun Chaobi, who had a bad dream suggesting danger, Chakha Moiremba volunteered to face Kangbishu in single combat. Before departing, his wife prepared food and drinks for him, a common practice in the Chainarol, where duels were conducted with ritualistic respect, even among enemies.

The two warriors met, armed with spears, and prepared for the fight by measuring the distance between them. Out of respect, Chakha Moiremba offered Kangbishu the advantage of fighting on his home ground. Kangbishu refused, stating that since the Khuman warrior issued the challenge, he should strike first.

Chakha Moiremba’s spear grazed Kangbishu’s foot, but Kangbishu lied, claiming it was because of only a leech bite and not a wound caused by the spear. In his turn, Kangbishu threw his spear and fatally struck Chakha Moiremba in the abdomen.

## Final moments 
Even in defeat, Chakha Moiremba showed great dignity. He offered his rival the food and wine prepared by his wife. He begged Kangbishu to take his head swiftly and without torture. He died with honour, following the warrior code.

## Revenge and legacy 
Soon after the duel, Kangbishu fell seriously ill, which was interpreted as divine punishment for his deceit in battle. Chakha Moiremba’s widowed wife, Namun Chaobi, appealed to the Khuman king for revenge, but her plea was rejected. She then found her long-lost brother-in-law (Chakha Moiremba's brother), who entered Kangbishu’s residence at night and killed both Kangbishu and his guards, bringing back their heads to the Khuman kingdom.

## Related pages 
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman dynasty
* Khuman Apokpa
* List of Khuman kings
* List of Khuman queens
* Khuman royal necklace incident
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Khuman Puremba
* Khuman Khamba
* Khumanlol
* Khuman language
* Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
* Maithingkongaba

## References
Kangbishu

**Kangbishu** or **Kangbisu** () was a warrior of the Heirem community, an influential group in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is best known for his legendary single combat with Chakha Moiremba of the Khuman clan, an episode recorded in the classical Meitei martial chronicle Chainarol (An Account of Combats). His story shows themes of martial pride, betrayal, divine retribution, and clan rivalry in early Manipur. While he was undoubtedly a skilled and fearsome warrior, his story also warns against dishonourable conduct in combat. His downfall serves as a moral lesson in ancient Meitei literature, showing how violating the unwritten codes of single combat leads to both social disgrace and divine retribution.
## Background 
Kangbishu belonged to the Heirem clan, a militarily dominant community located in the southern part of the Manipur valley. By the time of his famed duel, Kangbishu had gained a fearsome reputation and was considered a threat to the safety and dignity of other clans, especially the Khumans.

## Duel with Chakha Moiremba 
When no other warrior dared to face Kangbishu, Chakha Moiremba, a brave Khuman fighter, volunteered to meet him in single combat.

The fight followed the customary code of honour typical of Chainarol traditions. The warriors met armed with spears and observed pre-combat formalities. Chakha Moiremba was allowed the first strike. His spear grazed Kangbishu’s foot, but Kangbishu denied being wounded, claiming instead that the blood came from a leech bite, a clear act of deception. Kangbishu then retaliated with full force. His spear struck Chakha Moiremba in the abdomen, fatally wounding him. Despite the dishonourable tactic, Kangbishu accepted the food and drink offered by the dying Khuman and took his head as per martial custom.

## Death 
After his apparent victory, Kangbishu returned home with Chakha Moiremba’s head encaged in a wicker basket. However, he soon fell seriously ill, which was interpreted as divine punishment for violating the warrior code by lying about his injury and winning through deceit.

Chakha Moiremba’s widowed wife, Namun Chaobi, sought vengeance for her husband's death. Though her request was rejected by the Khuman king, she eventually found her brother-in-law (Chakha Moiremba's brother) who took it upon himself to avenge Chakha’s death.

In a daring nighttime operation, the avenger entered Kangbishu’s home, killed both him and his guards, and returned with their severed heads.

## Related pages 
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman martial traditions
* Khuman kingdom
* Meitei warriors
## References
Thongbu Wainucha

**Thongbu Wainucha** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei text Chainarol (An Account of Combats), where he is portrayed as a brave fighter whose strength and fame were unmatched in his time. His tragic end, however, is remembered as a cautionary tale of betrayal in battle.

## Background 
Thongbu Wainucha lived during a period when clan-based warfare and one-on-one ritual combat were central to the martial culture of ancient Meitei civilisation in Manipur. He belonged to the Khuman kingdom, one of the major clan-dynasty-based kingdoms before the unification of Manipur under the Meitei kings.

Thongbu Wainucha was celebrated for his physical prowess, courage, and invincibility in combat, often traveling with a companion or second to help assert territorial or honour-related claims.

## Encounter at Waya Khong 
Thongbu Wainucha’s most notable combat is recorded in the Chainarol, during his journey to annex the region of Waya Khong, a place admired for its beauty and strategic value. Accompanied by his comrade Makpiting Haomiyacha, Thongbu encountered Khoiri Tonjaosu, a warrior of Moirang kingdom, and his companion Khoiri Lamsingba, who had also come to claim the same territory.

At first, the two parties attempted a spear duel, which ended without a clear winner. They then engaged in wrestling, which too proved inconclusive for a long time.

## Betrayal and death 
The stalemate was broken when Khoiri Tonjaosu, prompted by his companion, resorted to dishonourable tactics. During the wrestling match, he bit Thongbu Wainucha’s private parts, causing severe injury. Overcome with pain and unable to continue, Thongbu collapsed.

Khoiri Tonjaosu then beheaded the wounded Khuman warrior, placing his head in a basket and returned triumphantly to Moirang. This act, though bringing victory, was seen as a breach of the martial code of honour upheld by the combatants of the time.

## Related pages 
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman dynasty
* Khuman Apokpa
* List of Khuman kings
* List of Khuman queens
* Khuman royal necklace incident
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Khuman Puremba
* Khuman Khamba
* Khumanlol
* Khuman language
* Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
* Maithingkongaba
* Chakha Moiremba
## References
Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest

Sweden has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 64 times since its debut in . Sveriges Television (SVT) is the Swedish broadcaster, which selects its entry through Melodifestivalen. Sweden had missed only three contests: , , and .

Sweden's seven victories was achieved with the following songs:
*ABBA — Waterloo ()
*Herreys — Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley ()
*Carola — Fångad av en stormvind ()
*Charlotte Nilsson — Take Me to Your Heaven ()
*Loreen — Euphoria ()
*Måns Zelmerlöw — Heroes ()
*Loreen — Tattoo ()

## Participation overview 
## Hostings 
Sweden has hosted the contest seven times, three times in Stockholm (, , ), three times in Malmö (, , ), and one time in Gothenburg ().

## See also 
* Melodifestivalen

## Notes 
## References
Loibi Tharangamba

**Loibi Tharangamba** () was a Meitei queen of King Thawanthaba of the Ningthouja dynasty in 13th-century Kangleipak (early Manipur Kingdom). She is notably mentioned as a supporting but important character in the classical Meitei historical-literary work Thawanthaba Hiran, known for her role in the palace intrigues that contributed to the tragic downfall of Queen Khayoiron Tangja Samphabi and the outbreak of the Khuman–Meitei War.

Though not a central figure in the narrative, Loibi Tharangamba’s presence in the royal household provides a significant backdrop to the jealousy and rivalry among the queens of the Meitei king.
As one of the senior queens in Thawanthaba’s extensive harem, Loibi Tharangamba represents the complexities of female rivalry and hierarchical power within the palace.

## Role in the Thawanthaba Hiran 
Queen Loibi Tharangamba does not act directly in the primary conflict of the story, but her maidservant, Akong Langmeisu, is responsible for the fateful act that sets the tragedy in motion.

Akong Langmeisu, loyal to her mistress, is depicted as a tale-bearer and instigator who seeks to undermine the Meitei king's new and favored queen, Khayoiron Tangja Samphabi, the Khuman princess. She deliberately places a bunch of flowers, once belonging to the king’s younger brother, beside Samphabi’s pillow, leading King Thawanthaba to suspect an affair and order her execution.

While the text does not indicate that Loibi Tharangamba explicitly instructed this act, the implication of jealous tension between the established queens and the newcomer is clear. The incident shows the fragile coexistence of co-wives in a polygamous royal household, where influence, attention, and power were often contested.

## Court dynamics and jealousy 
Loibi Tharangamba’s character shows the feelings of the senior queens of the Meitei court who felt threatened by the rising prominence of younger or politically significant consorts such as Samphabi. Her position within the royal hierarchy had given her considerable access and influence, fueling court rivalries.

## Related pages 
* List of Khuman queens
* List of Khuman kings
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Ningthourol Lambuba
* Cheitharol Kumbaba
## References
Halloween Gambit

The **Halloween Gambit** (also known as the **Müller–Schulze Gambit** or **Leipzig Gambit**) is an aggressive chess opening which begins with these moves:
# e4 e5
# Nf3 Nc6 
# Nc3 Nf6 (Four Knights Game)
# Nxe5?!
White sacrifices a knight early to get fast development and attack Black’s position. If Black does not prepare, White can get an initiative.

## History 
The Halloween Gambit appeared in the late 19th century, about 1888. At that time, it was called the Müller–Schulze Gambit (a type of joke by German players,  similar to Jones and Smith in English) or the Leipzig Gambit. But Rainer Schlenker, who loved strange openings, renamed it the Halloween Gambit in his Randspringer magazine in December 1993. This name is actually based on how players, when they first see the unexpected and weird fourth move of White, are extremely shocked, as if they were scared when faced with a "Halloween mask".

## Main line 
The main line continues 4... Nxe5 (White tries to push Black’s knights back) 5. d4 Ng6 6. e5 Ng8 and 7. Bc4. This move puts pressure on f7 and tries to keep Black’s pieces passive. After this move, Black has lots of ways to play:
### 7...d6?!
After 7...d6, White threatens checkmate with 8.Qf3. Then if Black plays 8...Qe7, White will continue with 9. O-O dxe5 and 10. Nd5 (Black just develops a queen and a knight, White has more central squares and threatens to take Black's queen). If Black plays 8...Qd7, it will block the bishop’s development and create a defensive position for Black. The best move for Black is 8...Be6 - a natural move is just able to play if Black knows the theory.

## References
Nickel City Opera

The **Nickel City Opea** is an American opera company in Buffalo, New York which puts on performances of opera. The Nickel City Opera (often simply called: **The NCO**) has staged opera productions, commissions and world premieres. It was started in 2004. The NCO collaborated with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. The NCO produced standard operatic repertory and contemporary works from the 17th through the 21st century. Michael Ching was the music director of NCO from 2004 to 2017 and its principal conductor from 2012 to 2017. Matthias Manasi was the music director and chief conductor of NCO from 2017 to 2021.

In June 2016 the NCO produced the world premiere of the opera *Shot!* composed by Persis Vehar about the assassination of President McKinley.

The locations at which NCO staged operas included Shea's Performing Arts Center which is with 3,019 seats one of the big opera houses in the United States. The NCO has also produced operas at the Riviera Theatre, Artpark Amphitheatre and Nicholas Flickinger Performing Arts Center.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Namun Chaobi

**Namun Chaobi** () was a noblewoman of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), best known from the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats). She is remembered for her role as the widow of the Khuman warrior Chakha Moiremba, and for her unwavering pursuit of justice following her husband's death in a ritual combat.

## Background 
Namun Chaobi was married to Chakha Moiremba, a brave and honourable warrior of the Khuman clan. Her name is associated with loyalty, courage, and agency in a highly patriarchal warrior society. Though not a combatant herself, her actions deeply influenced the events that followed one of the most iconic duels recorded in the Chainarol.

## Role in the duel aftermath 
After Chakha Moiremba was killed in single combat by Kangbishu, a fearsome warrior from the Heirem community, Namun Chaobi mourned his death but did not accept it passively. She initially appealed to the Khuman king, requesting official revenge for her husband’s death on the trickster Heirem warrior.

The Khuman king refused, declaring that Chakha Moiremba had accepted the terms of ritual combat voluntarily and died in honourable fashion, even if his opponent had acted deceitfully.

## Pursuit of justice 
Refusing to be silenced, Namun Chaobi sought out her long-separated brother-in-law (husband's brother), and persuaded him to avenge Chakha Moiremba's death. He agreed. In a daring operation conducted at night, the brother-in-law infiltrated the Heirem settlement, where Kangbishu lived. He beheaded Kangbishu as well as the warriors who had stood guard by his side. The decapitated heads were taken back to the Khuman territory, where justice was seen as fulfilled.

## Related pages 
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman kingdom
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman dynasty
* Khuman Apokpa
* List of Khuman kings
* List of Khuman queens
* Khuman royal necklace incident
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Khuman Puremba
* Khuman Khamba
* Khumanlol
* Khuman language
* Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
* Maithingkongaba

## References
Tengleimaka Amba

**Tengleimaka Amba ()** was a Meitei warrior from the Mangang clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is known for his duel with the Khuman warrior Haokhong Sinaikhu. He is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary text Chainarol (An Account of Combats). His character is known for themes of honour, oath-breaking, and divine retribution. His story is served as a cautionary tale about dishonour and divine punishment. His deception is viewed as contrasting to the bravery and moral integrity of Haokhong Sinaikhu. Despite his skill as a warrior, Tengleimaka’s legacy is shadowed by his failure to uphold the martial code of honour.

## Background 
Tengleimaka Amba lived during a time in early Meitei civilisation when single combat between warriors from different clans was a respected tradition. These duels followed a strict code of conduct and were usually fought to settle disputes, assert clan prestige, or prove one's personal bravery.

He represented the Mangang clan, one of the dominant groups of the region, and participated in a formal duel with a rival from the Khuman clan.
## Duel with Haokhong Sinaikhu 
In the duel between Tengleimaka Amba and Haokhong Sinaikhu, Sinaikhu’s spear struck first, causing blood to be drawn, a clear mark of victory according to the rules of such fights. Realizing his life was in Sinaikhu’s hands, Tengleimaka humbly requested to be spared, swearing by the sacred spear that he would go home and tell his people he had been defeated.

Moved by this plea and the sanctity of the oath, Sinaikhu spared his life and returned home, claiming victory.

## Breaking of the Oath 
The following year, a Khuman minstrel on a visit to the Mangang kingdom saw Tengleimaka Amba alive, dressed in regal attire and walking proudly toward the royal court. When asked about his earlier defeat, Tengleimaka mocked the claim, denied the defeat, and accused the Khuman bard of spreading lies.

The news reached Haokhong Sinaikhu, who was deeply ashamed and angry. Remembering that Tengleimaka had sworn by the sacred spear, Sinaikhu cast the weapon into fire, invoking divine justice. Shortly afterward, Tengleimaka Amba died suddenly, believed to be a result of breaking a sacred oath.

## Related pages 
* Meitei confederacy
* Meitei warrior traditions
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman kingdom
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
## References
Haokhong Sinaikhu

**Haokhong Sinaikhu** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats). He is remembered for his notable duel with the Meitei warrior named Tengleimaka Amba. Their combat shows the themes of honour, oath-keeping, and divine justice in Meitei martial tradition.

Sinaikhu’s character shows the importance of oaths and honour in ancient Meitei martial ethics, as well as a rare instance of mercy during combat. There is a belief in divine intervention when justice is denied by human actions. His reputation was restored among his people after the truth came to light, showing the value placed on integrity and spiritual faith.

## Background 
Haokhong Sinaikhu belonged to the Khuman clan, the major clan lineage in Khuman kingdom, known for its martial traditions and skilled warriors. During his time, formal one-on-one combats were a common way to settle disputes or prove bravery between warriors from different clans. These fights often followed a shared code of conduct, rooted in ritual and honour.

## Duel with Tengleimaka Amba 
The most famous account of Sinaikhu appears in the Chainarol, where he engages in a duel with Tengleimaka Amba, a warrior of the Ningthouja/Mangang clan. In the fight, Haokhong Sinaikhu’s spear was the first to draw blood, which should have confirmed his victory. However, Tengleimaka Amba requested that he be allowed to return home alive, swearing by the infallible spear that he would tell others he had been defeated.

Moved by his opponent’s humble plea and the oath taken, Sinaikhu let him live and returned to the Khuman kingdom, claiming victory.

## Breach of oath and aftermath 
Later, a Khuman minstrel traveling to the Ningthouja/Mangang kingdom saw Tengleimaka Amba alive and well, dressed as a noble and heading to court. When asked why he was not dead as believed, Tengleimaka mocked the Khuman claim, denying ever being defeated.

Upon hearing this, Haokhong Sinaikhu felt deep shame for being dishonoured by a false oath. Remembering that the opponent had sworn by the spear, Sinaikhu threw the spear into a fire, calling upon divine justice. Soon afterward, Tengleimaka Amba died suddenly, believed to be the result of breaking his sacred promise.

## Related pages 
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman dynasty
* Khuman Apokpa
* List of Khuman kings
* List of Khuman queens
* Khuman royal necklace incident
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Khuman Puremba
* Khuman Khamba
* Khumanlol
* Khuman language
* Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
* Maithingkongaba
* Thongbu Wainucha
* Chakha Moiremba
* Haoba Athouba
## References
Chimarangba

**Chimarangba** () was a Meitei warrior of Mangang clan in ancient Kangleipak (present-day Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei historical-literary work Chainarol, a collection of narratives centered on one-on-one combats between warriors from different clans. His story is known for his moral complexity and for the dramatic turn it takes during his fateful duel with a Khuman warrior named Kangchin.
He is remembered not only for his violation of the warrior’s code of conduct but also as a caution in how betrayal can lead to one's downfall.

## Background 
During the early period of Manipur, warfare among clans such as the Meitei Mangang, Khuman, Moirang clan, and others was often ritualized through structured single combats. These duels, rich in ceremonial and ethical dimensions, were expressions of both personal honour and clan prestige. While the warrior code upheld fairness and integrity, violations of this code, as seen in Chimarangba’s case, sometimes led to disgrace.

## Duel at Kangamung 
### Dispute 
Chimarangba and Kangchin met each other at Kangamung, a historic location, each claiming the same plot of land as his own. To avoid open conflict, the two warriors agreed to a peaceful contest. The condition was that the land would belong to the one who hoisted a pennant on a designated tree first at dawn the next day, and importantly, that both would come unarmed.

### Breach of Code 
Kangchin arrived early the next morning, climbed the tree, and placed his flag. While he waited above, Chimarangba appeared, violating the agreed rules by bringing weapons. Armed with a spear and shield, Chimarangba declared the land his and demanded Kangchin’s surrender, asserting dominance by force rather than by agreement.
### Turn of events 
Feigning surrender, Kangchin appealed to Chimarangba’s warrior sensibility and asked to share food and drink, provisions prepared by his wife, in accordance with customary practice before death. Chimarangba, perhaps out of pride or misplaced trust, laid down his weapons to participate in the final ritual.

In a sudden and decisive act, Kangchin leapt from the tree, attacked the now-disarmed Chimarangba, and beheaded him, thereby claiming victory and justice in a manner both shocking and brilliant.
## Related pages 
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman martial traditions
* Khuman kingdom
* Meitei warriors

## References
Maithingkongaba

group]]

**Maithingkongaba ()** was a warrior of the Khuman clan who lived in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the historical classical Meitei text Chainarol, a collection of dramatic real-life duels between warriors from various clans. His encounter with the Meitei warrior named Akangsu is remembered for its ironic twist and serves as an example of both overconfidence and unexpected mercy in the warrior tradition of Manipur. His experience shows that even the most well-prepared warriors can fall if they let their guard down.

## Background 
During Maithingkongaba's times, clan-based warrior culture played a central role in maintaining honour, reputation, and social order. Warriors often issued direct challenges to their counterparts, and these duels were often ceremonial, featuring shared meals and a code of conduct even in the face of death.

Maithingkongaba’s tale is one of the many that show the unpredictability of combat, where not just strength, but wit and timing, play decisive roles.

## Encounter at Waisen Pheibok Yi 
Maithingkongaba, dressed up in full warrior attire and equipped with sword, spear, and shield, left his home in search of combat. His destination was Waisen Pheibok Yi, a known location for warrior duels.

There, he came across Akangsu, a Meitei man, engaged in fishing. Spotting what seemed to be an easy target, Maithingkongaba challenged Akangsu to a fight. However, Akangsu, being unarmed and focused on his fishing task, politely requested a short delay, stating that he had not yet caught enough fish. 
Maithingkongaba, confident and perhaps dismissive, agreed and settled under the shade of a nearby tree. In a moment of carelessness, he fell asleep.

## Turn of events 
As Maithingkongaba fell asleep, Akangsu seized the opportunity. Quietly approaching the sleeping Khuman warrior, he overpowered and bound Maithingkongaba’s hands and feet. The situation, which had begun with Maithingkongaba holding the upper hand, had completely reversed.

Fearing for his life, Maithingkongaba pleaded for mercy. He offered his fine warrior garments and weapons as trophies, hoping that Akangsu might spare his life and return home as a victor.
In a surprising act of compassion, Akangsu chose not to kill him. He untied the Khuman warrior and allowed him to live. Akangsu then returned to his people, displaying the captured weapons and garb as symbols of his cunning victory.

## Related pages 
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman kingdom
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman dynasty
* Khuman Apokpa
* List of Khuman kings
* List of Khuman queens
* Khuman royal necklace incident
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Khuman Puremba
* Khuman Khamba
* Khumanlol
* Khuman language
* Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba

## References
Akangsu

**Akangsu** () was a Meitei warrior from ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), whose memorable encounter with a Khuman fighter named Maithingkongaba is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei historic martial text Chainarol. Unlike many warriors chronicled in the text, Akangsu’s story is known not for brute strength or bloody combat, but for cleverness, patience, and unexpected mercy, which stood in contrast to the typical glorification of headhunting and vengeance. Akangsu is remembered as an unconventional hero, as he challenges the typical glorification of violence in the Chainarol and offers a rare example of mercy triumphing over vengeance. It stands out as a lesson in humility, cleverness, and the power of restraint.

## Background 
In the martial society of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), warriors from various clans upheld personal and clan honour through ritualized single combats, often resulting in the death of one combatant and the taking of his head by the victor. These stories were collected in the Chainarol, a record of 27 duels that reflect the values, ethics, and drama of the warrior class.

Akangsu was a member of the Meitei Mangang clan and is remembered for his surprising victory over a fully armed Khuman warrior using wit and restraint rather than sheer force.

## Duel at Waisen Pheibok Yi 
Akangsu’s most famous encounter took place at a location called Waisen Pheibok Yi, where he was peacefully engaged in fishing when he was approached by Maithingkongaba, a Khuman warrior dressed in full battle gear and carrying sword, spear, and shield. Maithingkongaba, spoiling for a fight, challenged Akangsu to a duel.

Not ready for battle and preoccupied with his fishing, Akangsu requested a delay, saying he had not caught enough fish. Maithingkongaba, possibly amused or overconfident, agreed and rested under a tree.

Taking advantage of this moment, Akangsu quietly approached the sleeping warrior, overpowered him, and tied his hands and feet.

## Act of mercy 
With the tide turned unexpectedly, Maithingkongaba pleaded for his life and offered Akangsu his weapons and warrior attire as tokens of submission. Rather than killing him, despite having the opportunity and justification under the warrior code, Akangsu chose to spare his life.

He returned home in triumph, not with a head as was customary, but with the symbolic trophies of his opponent, the sword, shield, and attire of a warrior, showing his cleverness and dominance without bloodshed.

## Related pages 
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman martial traditions
* Khuman kingdom
* Meitei warriors
## References
The Great American Bash (2007)

**The Great American Bash (2007)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on July 22, 2007, at the HP Pavilion in San Jose, California. It was the fourth Great American Bash event held by WWE and the 19th overall.

## Results
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Great American Bash 2007 website
Michel Bampély

**Michel Bampély** (born 8 October 1974 in Kyiv, Ukraine) is a French sociologist, poet, singer, and music producer. He is also known by his stage name **Saint-Michel**. His work mixes music, spoken word, and social research.

## Biography 
Bampély grew up in Paris, where he discovered hip hop. He studied literature and sociology and earned a PhD from EHESS under Jean-Louis Fabiani.

His grandfather, Michel Mongali, was a youth and sports minister in Congo in the 1960s. His uncle Maxime Mongali was a known Congolese composer.

## Personal life 
He married poet Mademoiselle Éférie in 2022. They have two children and perform together as a duo.

## Discography 
* *La fête des fous* (2000)
* *Les Rillettes du Mans* (2011)
* *Grand Enfant (Afro-Jazz Vol.1)* (2023)
* *Les Infinis (Soul Jazz Poetry)* (2025)

## Publications 
* 1999: *La fête des fous, songs for voice and piano*. Scorpio Music.
* 2016: *Songs and Costumes in French Legal Tradition*. Éditions L’Épitoge.
* 2025: *In Africa, the Constitutional Order in Question*. Afrique Contemporaine.

## Articles 
* 2025: Michel Bampély, “Review of *Cuba and Africa, 1959–1994: Writing an Alternative Atlantic History*”, in *Afrique Contemporaine*, no. 278, vol. 2 (2024).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official profile at EHESS
* "Saint-Michel, Afro-Jazz and Congolese Heritage" on Afrik.com
* "Jazz, Love and Africa" on Africultures
*  at Wikimedia Commons
Torbung (Khamba Thoibi)

captured tigers]]

**Torbung hunting** (), or **Torbung Sadanba** *(also spelled as Satanba, Shadanba, Shatanba)*, or **Puremba-na Kei Phaba** or **Purembana Kei Faba** (), refers to an event in the ancient Moirang kingdom of early Manipur, described in the Moirang Kangleirol tradition of Meitei mythology and Meitei folklore. The story centers on the hero Puremba (also spelled Purenba) of the Khuman dynasty, and his encounter with nine divine tigers sent by the god Thangjing to restore cosmic balance and reward the hero.

The Torbung hunting incident is part of the classical Meitei epic Khamba Thoibi and is also featured in its refined poetic version, Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, written by Hijam Anganghal.

## Background 
The event of Torbung hunting is closely linked to the myth of Ngangkha Leima (goddess Arai Leima) and her union with Khuman Puremba.

According to the story, Ngangkha Leima appeared in the Ngangkha Lawai region to request Puremba to take her as his wife.
The king of Moirang, unaware of her divine identity, took her and kept her as his consort.
To correct this injustice and restore the divine order, God Thangjing sent nine divine servants in the form of ferocious tigers to the human world.
The tigers were supernatural and could not be killed by anyone except Puremba, showing the mythological theme of a chosen hero fulfilling a divine purpose.

## Main incident 
The tigers caused widespread chaos among the livestock and properties of Moirang. The people appealed to the king to stop them.
The king arranged a grand hunting event at Torbung, a forested grassland region, setting up a high stage with bamboo poles to observe the hunters safely.
The nine tigers appeared in three waves of three tigers each. All other warriors fled in fear.

Puremba’s actions during the hunt:
* First trio: Puremba defeated all three tigers and received rewards from the king.
* Second trio: The king, unable to climb the stage quickly during the attack, witnessed Puremba defeat the next three tigers and rewarded him again.
* Third trio: Puremba defeated the final three tigers. The king had exhausted all material rewards. The only thing left of value was Ngangkha Leima, his consort, who was then given to Puremba.

## Consequences 
Following the Torbung hunting, Ngangkha Leima stayed with Puremba, fulfilling her divine promise.
She gave birth to a daughter named Khamnu, biologically the king’s child but born and raised in Puremba’s household, and later a son named Khuman Khamba, who became a central hero in the classical Meitei epic Khamba Thoibi.

## Related pages 
* Kabui Salang Maiba (Khamba Thoibi)
* Khoirentak tiger

## References
Lamjel (Khamba Thoibi)

**Lamjel** (), also known as **Mukna Lamjen** (), is a national racing and wrestling championship described in the Khamba Thoibi classical epic of Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. It took place in the ancient Moirang kingdom and occurred before the Kao (bull) capturing and Ukai Kappa incidents. The event highlights early rivalry between Khuman Khamba and Angom Nongban Kongyamba.

## Background 
As Khuman Khamba’s fame increased, Angom Nongban Kongyamba became envious of him. Athletes across the kingdom began preparing for the annual racing and wrestling championships. Each pana (state province) selected its own champions through its officers.

Khamba was chosen as the champion for his pana. He was known for running long distances very fast, keeping his chest low. Kongyamba was chosen for his pana. He ran quickly but held his head high and could not maintain speed over long distances.

## Championship 
That year, the organizers made the race longer than in previous years. Both Khamba and Kongyamba became champions of their respective panas in wrestling and running events.

On the night before the race, Kongyamba planned with his followers on how to defeat Khamba. He expressed fear of disgrace if he lost to Khamba. At the same time, Khamba’s elder sister, Khamnu, worried that jealousy might cause harm to her brother.

## Deception and exclusion 
On the following day, Kongyamba spread a false message among the people, claiming that it was harmful for the land if a poor man won the race, as it could bring scarcity. This message spread among the public.

Khamba was stopped and told that his name was not on the list of contestants. Believing this, he returned home in sadness and told Khamnu what had happened. The siblings reported the matter to Chaoba Nongthonba. Nongthonba went to the king, who ordered that Khamba should participate if the race had not yet begun.

## Race 
Khamba and Nongthonba’s son, Feiroijamba, hurried to the race starting point. The race was about to begin when they arrived. They announced that they carried the king’s order. Khamba immediately joined the race and ran with great speed.

Kongyamba’s men tried to stop Khamba during the race, but he struck them aside. Khamba eventually caught up with Kongyamba, who had become tired and was running slowly. Fifteen horsemen loyal to Kongyamba attempted to block Khamba, but he kicked them away.

Encouraged by Khamnu’s shout to run for their father’s honor, Khamba reached the finish line first. Kongyamba finished second.

## Aftermath 
Both Khamba and Kongyamba saluted the king. The king was especially pleased with Khamba and rewarded him with a gold embroidered coat. The queen gifted him fine clothes, and the ministers added many more gifts.

Khamba and his sister Khamnu generously distributed many of these gifts to elderly men and women of the kingdom.

## Related pages 
* Meitei traditional games
* Marathon

## References
Kangjei (Khamba Thoibi)

and Angom Nongban Kongyamba wrestling]]
 with a hockey stick]]

**Kangjei** () is an event from the Khamba Thoibi classical epic in Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. The event focuses on traditional wrestling (Mukna Kangjei) and hockey (Khong Kangjei) contests and marks Khuman Khamba’s first public recognition in the Moirang kingdom.

## Entry into the wrestling club 
Khamba went among the men of the kingdom and joined the wrestling club. An elderly man noticed Khamba’s great strength and asked him to wrestle. At that time, Angom Nongban Kongyamba was the national wrestling champion of the Moirang kingdom. He invited Khamba to wrestle with him.

To everyone’s surprise, Kongyamba was defeated by Khamba.

## Question of identity 
After the match, Minister Chaoba Nongthonba asked Khamba his name. Khamba at first refused to reveal his true identity. He had been warned by his elder sister, Khamnu, not to disclose his background. He also avoided naming his father.

Nongthonba became angry at Khamba’s refusal. Khamba then explained that his father had died when he was an infant and that his sister had raised him. Nongthonba carefully observed Khamba and realized that his appearance closely resembled that of Puremba, his close friend.

## Revelation and acceptance 
Nongthonba felt regret for speaking harshly and asked Khamba again about his identity. With Khamnu’s permission, Khamba revealed the truth. Nongthonba expressed sorrow over the loss of Khamba’s father and spoke of how people often forget their own kin.

Nongthonba developed deep affection for Khamba. He informed his wives about the young man and asked them to prepare fine clothes and good food for Khamba and Khamnu. He also remembered the earlier marriage engagement between his son, Feiroijamba, and Khamnu.
Nongthonba and his family went to Khamnu’s house. At first, Khamnu hid herself in the women’s chamber and wept. After hearing their lament, she came out and accepted the gifts they brought.

## Introduction to the royal family 
Nongthonba later took Khamba to the marketplace, where Crown Prince Chingkhu Akhuba, the king’s brother, was present. Nongthonba introduced Khamba to him. Khamba was then presented to King Chingkhu Telheiba.

The king treated Khamba kindly and offered him the duty of collecting flowers for God Thangjing.

## Royal recognition 
Khamba told Khamnu everything that had happened. The crown prince also showed kindness toward Khamba and spoke publicly about Khamba and his late father. He reminded the people of late Puremba’s high official position, noble birth, and service to the kingdom. Princess Thoibi asked her father to honor Khamba by building him a house.

## Related pages 
* Meitei traditional games
* Meitei martial arts

## References
Khoiri Tonjaosu

**Khoiri Tonjaosu** () was a warrior from the Moirang clan of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary text Chainarol (An Account of Combats). Known for his physical strength and competitive spirit, Khoiri Tonjaosu is both celebrated and criticized for his controversial victory over the Khuman warrior Thongbu Wainucha. His victory over Thongbu Wainucha is not dismissed outright, but it serves as a literary example of the decline of honour in ritual combat. While he is acknowledged as a capable warrior, his method of securing victory has made him a symbol of deceitful conduct within a code that otherwise prized nobility and fairness.
## Background 
Khoiri Tonjaosu lived during a time when ancient Meitei civilization valued ritual combat, personal honour, and clan pride. He hailed from ancient Moirang, one of the powerful and culturally rich principalities in ancient Kangleipak, and was reputed to be a warrior of great prowess. He is remembered in the literary record as traveling with his companion Khoiri Lamsingba, with whom he shared close camaraderie and military ambition.

## Duel at Waya Khong 
In one of the notable episodes in the Chainarol, Khoiri Tonjaosu and Khoiri Lamsingba journeyed to Waya Khong, a desirable tract of land, intending to lay claim over it. There, they encountered Thongbu Wainucha and Makpiting Haomiyacha, two Khuman warriors with the same aim. A formal duel ensued, first with spears, then wrestling, with neither side able to secure a victory. The combat showed the warriors' skills, endurance, and traditional respect for combat etiquette.

## Controversial victory 
As the stalemate continued, Khoiri Tonjaosu, reportedly incited by his companion, resorted to a dishonourable tactic during the wrestling match. He bit Thongbu Wainucha’s private parts, a violation of the warrior code. Thongbu, overwhelmed by pain, collapsed, allowing Tonjaosu to behead him and return to Moirang in triumph. This action, though securing victory, is widely regarded as a breach of the traditional martial ethics observed among Meitei warriors. The victory is thus portrayed as tainted by treachery, contrasting with the otherwise honourable tone of many Chainarol combats.

## Related pages 
* Meitei confederacy
* Meitei warrior traditions
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman kingdom
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
## References
Kangchin (Khuman warrior)

**Kangchin** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is known for his cunning and bravery during a duel with a Meitei warrior named Chimarangba. His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol, that documents historic and semi-historic single combats between warriors of various early Meitei clans. Kangchin is celebrated for his presence of mind and bold strategy that turned certain defeat into victory.

Kangchin is remembered for his intelligence overcoming brute force, his quick thinking, composure under pressure, and use of cultural ritual to disarm a deceitful opponent. He faced the tension between honourable combat (or warrior code) and betrayal (or treachery). Unlike other warriors who used brute strength, Kangchin’s victory stemmed from psychological agility. By defeating a dishonourable enemy, Kangchin restores justice and personal dignity.

## Historical context 
The period in which Kangchin lived was marked by inter-clan rivalries in ancient Kangleipak (present-day Manipur). The Khuman, Moirang clan, Ningthouja/Mangang, and other clans frequently clashed in contests of honour through ritualized single combat. These duels followed a martial code, showing courage, sportsmanship, and ritual respect, though at times they also revealed treachery and deceit.

## Encounter with opponent 
The encounter between Kangchin and Chimarangba, a warrior from the Ningthouja/Mangang clan, took place at a place called Kangamung. Both warriors met each other on the way and laid claim to the same tract of land. Their dispute led to an agreement to resolve the matter through a non-lethal challenge.

## Challenge 
Kangchin and Chimarangba decided that the land in dispute would belong to the warrior who could first hoist his pennant on a broad-leafed tree the following morning. According to their pact, both were to appear unarmed to ensure a fair contest.

## Breach of Honour 
Kangchin arrived first at the tree, climbed it, and hoisted his flag. However, Chimarangba arrived shortly afterward, armed with a spear and shield, violating their agreement. From below, he declared the land his and prepared to attack Kangchin, who was trapped in the tree.

## Turnaround 
Kangchin quickly devised a clever strategy. Pretending to surrender, he requested that they share a final meal, invoking the warrior tradition of consuming food and drink brought by one’s wife before death. Moved by the gesture, Chimarangba disarmed himself.

In a swift and surprising move, Kangchin leapt from the tree, overpowered the unarmed opponent, and beheaded him, claiming both victory and honour.

## Related pages 
* Khuman warrior traditions
* Meitei martial arts
* Meitei traditional weapons
* Khuman kingdom
* Moirang kingdom
* Khuman dynasty
* Khuman Apokpa
* List of Khuman kings
* List of Khuman queens
* Khuman royal necklace incident
* Khuman Kangleirol
* Moirang Kangleirol
* Khuman Puremba
* Khuman Khamba
* Khumanlol
* Khuman language
* Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
* Maithingkongaba
* Thongbu Wainucha
* Chakha Moiremba
* Haoba Athouba
* Haokhong Sinaikhu
## References
CeraVe

**CeraVe** is a company that sells skin care products.

## Products 
The company creates multiple skin care products (Mainly moisturizer) mainly used to remove acne, eczema, dry skin, and many more. Some have ceramides in them.

## History 
CeraVe was founded in 2005 and was owned by Valeant. Then, in 2017, it has been sold and acquired by L'Oréal with 2 other companies for 1.3 billion dollars.

## References
E-ACT

**E-ACT** is a multi-academy trust. It is responsible for 38 academies in England. Over 93% are now rated as “Good” or better by Ofsted.

## References
The Border (2008 TV series)

***The Border*** is a Canadian drama television series made for CBC Television. It starred James McGowan, Grace Park, Graham Abbey, Jonas Chernick, Mark Wilson, Jim Codrington, Athena Karkanis, Catherine Disher, Sofia Milos, Nazneen Contractor, and Ali Kazmi. The show ran from January 7, 2008 until January 14, 2010.

The show is about a team of customs and security agents called Immigration and Customs Security (ICS) and it follows them as they deal with the security of the Canada–United States border and protect the country against terrorism and spys.

The series was nominated for many awards. At the Monte-Carlo Television Festival, James McGowan was nominated for Best Actor and Sofia Milos for Best Actress in 2008. In 2009, the series was nominated for five awards, including Outstanding International Producer in Drama, Outstanding Dramatic Actor, and Outstanding Dramatic Actress. At the 23rd Gemini Awards, *The Border* was nominated for 9 awards, winning for Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series and Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Program or Series.

## References
## Other websites
*