open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Speaker (politics)

**Speaker** is the title of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.

## House of Commons of the United Kingdom
The speaker is elected by other members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, and is usually a member of the government party, but leaves his or her party because the speaker must be *neutral* (not like one side more than another).  The speaker does not vote. If the speaker wants to stand in for re-election the other parties do not oppose him to show he is neutral.  As of January 2020, the speaker is Lindsay Hoyle, a member of the Labour Party.

## Dail Éireann in Ireland 
The speaker (*Ceann Comhairle*) of the Dáil Éireann is  neutral, but the constitution (Bunreacht) of Ireland says he does not need to stand for re-election, he is given the first seat in his constituency. The current speaker (November 2017) is Sean Treacy.

## United States House of Representatives 
The speaker is the leader of the largest party. He or she is not neutral, but votes for his or hers party's policies.  The speaker also helps to get his or her party's ideas made law.  The term of the speaker of the House is two years in office.
Kana

**Kana**  is the name for syllable-based writing systems used in the Japanese language.

There are three types of kana:
* Manyogana  is the use of Chinese characters (or kanji) to represent each sound in spoken Japanese.
* Hiragana  is the script used to write native Japanese words and grammatical elements.
* Katakana  is the script used to write loanwords (or gairaigo) and onomatopoeia.
Although manyogana is the oldest of the three types of kana, being used as early as the seventh century, it was soon replaced by hiragana and katakana. Both of these characters came from the kanji characters that made up manyogana.

Today, there are 46 basic sounds in Japanese that are each represented by a hiragana and a corresponding katakana character as seen in the chart below. (The characters for the sounds *wi* and *we* are no longer used.) There are 25 other sounds that can be made by adding one of two diacritics: a dakuten or a handakuten. Also, 12 of the kana come in a smaller size to make other combinations of syllables.

Japanese sentences are usually written using a mix of hiragana, katakana, and kanji. Although it is possible to write a sentence in only hiragana or katakana characters, it is hard for most Japanese people to understand because the kanji symbols represent a concept which the kana do not show. Small kana symbols, however, can be put above kanji to show how it is pronounced (this is called furigana and is used a lot in karaoke).

Besides kana, Japanese sounds can also be written in Romaji (using the Roman alphabet) to help people who do not speak Japanese learn the language.

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## References 
## Other websites 
*Kana Copybook (PDF)
Alberto Gonzales

**Alberto Reynaldo Gonzales** (born August 4, 1955) is an American jurist who is the 80th Attorney General of the United States. Gonzales was appointed to the position in February 2005 by President George W. Bush. While Bush was Governor of Texas, Gonzales was part of his general counsel, and later was the Secretary of State of Texas and then was on the Texas Supreme Court. From 2001 to 2005, Gonzales served in the Bush Administration as White House Counsel.
On August 27, 2007, Gonzales announced that he is quitting his position as Attorney General, and that his last day will be September 16, 2007. He did not say why he is leaving. He is the highest-ranking Hispanic ever in the United States federal government.

## References
Orator

An **orator** is someone who pleads a case in public. Originally, it meant speaking in a public place for or against a person or a proposal. In ancient Greek, Latin, French and English, an orator spoke for and against the accused in courts, and for or against big political decisions, such as whether to go to war. Gradually, it came to mean someone who spoke in public on formal occasions.

Oratory, or rhetoric, is the skill of argument or persuasion used by orators. The invention of printing allowed books to be multiplied and produced cheaply. This has made it possible for orators to do their persuasion in print as well as speaking. Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill are good examples of how orators in the 20th century used media such as radio and movies where once they could only use speech. Both wrote books which sold in large numbers, though Churchill's books were about more than politics. Today television and newspapers play a vital role in deciding elections; the web less so.

Other types of orator are those who wish to change beliefs. Religious preachers like Martin Luther and John Knox changed religion in western Europe; William Wilberforce and Sojourner Truth led the fight against the evil of slavery. Emmeline Pankhurst, Martin Luther King Jr and others fought to get equal rights for all citizens.

We have orators today as much as the ancient Greeks did. The main difference is that the Greeks could see and listen to them face to face, but we rarely do today.

## Rhetoric 
The study of how persuasion is done by orators is called rhetoric. It has been studied for 2,500 years at least, and there are a huge number of books about it.

## References 
*Saunders A.N.W. 1970. *Greek political oratory*. Penguin. Translations of some important examples.
Jim Carrey

**James Eugene Carrey** (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian actor and comedian. He is known for his acting in movies, such as the *Ace Ventura* movie series, *Dumb and Dumber*, *The Cable Guy*, *Liar Liar* and *Bruce Almighty*. He has also been successful in dramatic roles in movies such as *The Truman Show*, *Man on the Moon*, *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* and *The Number 23*. He won the Golden Globe Award in 2000. Carrey has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites 
* Jim Carrey | Facebook
* 
* 
* Carrey: Life Is Too Beautiful, a summary of a November 2004 *60 Minutes* interview with Carrey
* Jim Carrey Biography - Cinema.com
* Top 11 Jim Carrey Film Roles  on Moviefone
* Jim Carrey Makes His Debut on National Television | Carson Tonight Show
Egyptian cobra

The **Egyptian cobra** *(naja haje)* is a type of poisonous cobra. It was worshiped by the Ancient Egyptians.  It lives in both North Africa and Southwestern Asia. It is one of the most venomous snakes in the world.  Egyptian cobras can grow up to 5 feet or 6 feet, 8 inches (1.5–2 m) and have been seen as large as 8 feet in some areas.   Recently, a man was sentenced to a year in jail and a fine of $17,000 for owning an Egyptian cobra.  Small symbols of Egyptian cobras were included in the crown of the pharaohs.

## References
Mikhail Baryshnikov

**Mikhail Nikolaevitch Baryshnikov** (, born 27 January 1948) is a Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor. Born in Latvia to Russian parents during the time of the Soviet Union, he later became an American citizen. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre, Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in western dance.

He has been called the world's greatest living male ballet dancer. Critic Clive Barnes once called him, "The most perfect dancer I have ever seen".

While on a tour in Canada with the Kirov Ballet in 1974, Baryshnikov asked for political asylum in Toronto. He became an American citizen in 1986. He has won three Emmy Awards.

Part of his significance is that he danced both classical ballet and modern dance. From 1978 he worked full-time in the New York City Ballet under the direction of George Balanchine. In 1980 he became artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre. Later he founded his own company and moved towards modern dance. He has danced many times on television in North America.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Kennedy Center Honors biography as of 2000 
* Baryshnikov Dance Foundation 
* Backstage with Baryshnikov  by Michael Dare
The Simpsons Movie

***The Simpsons Movie*** is a 2007 animated comedy movie. It is based on the television programme *The Simpsons*. The movie is mainly about environmental disaster. The movie features the main television voices of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, and Harry Shearer. On February 17, 2017, *The Simpsons Movie* aired on Teletoon at Night Is Rated PG for violence, sexual themes, and swearing, On February 17, 2017 *The Simpsons Movie* aired on Teletoon's nighttime programming block, Teletoon at Night.

## Plot 
Homer (Dan Castellaneta) adopts a pig, which he names Spider-Pig, a parody of Spider-Man. Lisa (Yeardley Smith) starts a campaign with a new boy named Colin (Tress MacNeille), who is Irish. They want to stop the people of Springfield from dumping in the lake. Everyone agrees to this and the lake is cleared up. Marge (Julie Kavner) questions Homer about Spider pigs 'leavings'. He says he has put them in a silo. This causes Marge to say "Get rid of the silo properly." Homer agrees to this, and Marge says he is allowed to take Spider-Pig with him. To which Homer tells Marge "He's not Spider-Pig anymore, he's Harry Plopper". This is based on Harry Potter. The pig even has the lightning bolt scar and the thick glasses, just like Harry Potter. Homer drives to the waste site to get rid of the silo. Homer's friend and co-worker Lenny (Harry Shearer) calls him from a donut store and tells him that they are giving out free donuts. Homer, with his love for donuts, tries to find a different way to getting rid of his silo. He then drives to the now clean lake. He ignores the "No Dumping" signs and dumps the silo into the lake. The lake then bubbles up and turns into a toxic poison.

## Cast
* Dan Castellaneta as Homer Simpson, Abe Simpson, Groundskeeper Willie, Krusty the Clown, Mr. Teeny, Sideshow Mel, Mayor Quimby, EPA Officer, Itchy, Barney Gumble, Hans Moleman, Burns' Lawyer, Rich Texan
* Julie Kavner as Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, and Selma Bouvier
* Nancy Cartwright as Bart Simpson, Maggie Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, TV Daughter
* Yeardley Smith as Lisa Simpson
* Hank Azaria as Moe Szyslak, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Comic Book Guy, Cletus Spuckler, Carl, Bumblebee Man, Dr. Nick, Chief Wiggum, Professor Frink, Captain McCallister, Officer Lou
* Harry Shearer as Mr. Burns, Smithers, Ned Flanders, Rainier Wolfcastle, Reverend Lovejoy, Lenny, Dr. Hibbert, Kent Brockman, Seymour Skinner, Otto Mann, President Schwarzenegger, Skull
* Pamela Hayden as Milhouse Van Houten, Rod Flanders, Jimbo Jones
* Tress MacNeille as Medicine Woman, Colin, Plopper, Cookie Kwan, Lindsey Naegle, Agnes Skinner, TV Son, Mrs. Muntz, Elly 
* Marcia Wallace as Edna Krabappel
* Russi Taylor as Martin Prince
* Maggie Roswell as Helen Lovejoy, Miss Hoover
* Albert Brooks as Russ Cargill (credited as 'A. Brooks')
* Karl Wiedergott as Man, EPA Officer
* Phil Rosenthal as TV Dad
* Joe Mantegna as Fat Tony 
* Green Day as Themselves 
* Tom Hanks as Himself

## Other websites 
## References
Great Seal of the United States

The **Great Seal of United States** is the official coat of arms of the United States. It is placed in official documents from the United States Government. The name is used both for the coat of arms, and the material seal itself, which is made by the United States' executive power. The design was submitted and accepted on June 20th, 1782.

The seal's design is used in national documents, such as passports, by the United States military, and flags. As a coat of arms, it has the national colors of the United States, but the material seal itself only has a basic black and white design (like when used on paper).

Since 1935, the two faces of the Great Seal appear in on the one dollar banknote.

## Other websites 
* **Vectorial logo the Great Seal** to download & print   
* The Great Seal
* downloadable PDF booklet from U.S. State Department
* Original Copy of the Great Seal
1444

## Events 
* March 2 – The Albanian League started in Lezha; Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg becomes leader of the Albanian resistance
* April 16 – Truce of Tours begins between England and France
* June 15 – Cosimo de' Medici starts the Laurentian Library.
* August 26 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs in the Old Zürich War.
* August – Murad II abdicates because of defeat at the Battle of Jalowaz.
* November 10 – Battle of Varna. King Ladislas of Poland and Hungary is killed.
* The Sultan of Egypt fails to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
* The Iguvine Tables are discovered at Gubbio, Italy
* Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the Senegal river and the Gambia river.
* The Mercado de Escravos, the first European slave market for selling African Slaves, opens in Lagos, Portugal.
* A fire occurs at St Paul's Cathedral in London.

## Births 
* January 24 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Italian duke (died 1476)
* March 1 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian artist (died 1510) (born 1444 or 1445)
* March 11 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (died 1514)
* John de Mowbray, English duke (died 1476)
* Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian mathematician and astronomer (died 1544)

## Deaths 
* February 14 – Henriette of Mömpelgard,countess (born 1387)
* March 9 – Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (born 1374)
* April 26 – Robert Campin, Flemish artist (born 1378)
* May 20 – Bernardino of Siena, Italian saint and missionary (born 1380)
* May 27 – John Beaufort, English duke and military leader (born 1404)
* October 15 – Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (born 1386)
* November 10 – King Wladislaus III, king of Poland (born 1424)
* November 25 – Martin Gouge, French chancellor
Antonio Banderas

**José Antonio Domínguez Bandera** (born 10 August 1960), better known as **Antonio Banderas**, is an Spanish movie, stage, television, actor, singer, and director. He has acted in several important Hollywood movies including *Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever*, *Assassins*, *Interview with the Vampire*, *Mariachi* sequels, *Philadelphia*, *The Mask of Zorro*, *The Legend of Zorro*, and *Puss in Boots* and its sequel in the Shrek movies.

Banderas and his wife Melanie Griffith said in June 2014 that they are divorcing. The divorce was finalized in 2015.

## Filmography
## Director 
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
1445

## Events of 1445 
* Dinas Diaz discovers Senegal and Cape Verde.
* Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay of Adal in the Battle of Gomit.

## Births 
* March 1 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (died 1510) (born 1444 or 1445)
* March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss preacher (died 1510)
* Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (died 1497)
* Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician (probable)

## Deaths 
*February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal
*June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer
*June 11 – Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick (born 1424)
*July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland
*August 8 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (born 1377)
*Olug Moxammat, Khan of Kazan
Liam Neeson

**William John "Liam" Neeson,** OBE (born 7 June 1952) is an Irish actor and comedian, nominated for many awards including the Oscar. He is well known for his role as Oskar Schindler in the 1993 movie ''Schindler's List*, and after that he has appeared in several popular movie series, including the *Star Wars* prequel trilogy, *The Chronicles of Narnia'' ( he is set to be replaced by Timothy Dalton for Netflix' s Narnia reboot) and *Batman Begins*. He has also continued to play real-life characters, including Michael Collins and Alfred Kinsey. 

## Other websites 
* 
*
Toshirō Mifune

**Toshirō Mifune** (Japanese: 三船 敏郎 *Mifune Toshirō* – IPA: [miɸɯne toɕiɺoː]) (1 April 1920 – 24 December 1997) was a Japanese actor. He had roles in almost 170 movies.

## Other websites 
### In English 
* Toshirō Mifune - Tribute Site
* Toshirō Mifune: Biographical details and selected filmography  at the British Film Institute
* 

### In Japanese 
* http://www.mifuneproductions.co.jp/mifune.html  - Official Toshirō Mifune Website
* Toshirō Mifune at the Japanese Movie Database
Andy García

**Andrés Arturo García Menéndez** (born April 12, 1956), professionally known as **Andy Garcia**, is an Cuban American actor and director born in Cuba. He became famous in the 1990s, when he acted in many successful Hollywood movies, including *The Godfather: Part III*, *When a Man Loves a Woman*, ''Ocean's Eleven*, and *Ocean's Thirteen*. 

He was nominated for several awards for his work, including the Oscar. In 2022, he played Billy Herrera in *Father of the Bride''.

His daughter, Dominik García-Lorido, is an actress.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Watch: Andy Garcia interviewed at the 2006 Miami Film Festival on independentfilm.com
* Andy Garcia interview for Smokin’ Aces
Begging

]]
 beggars in Bulgaria]]
**Begging** means asking people for money, food, shelter or other things, when one is not able to give anything instead. It is also referred to as **sponging**, **spanging** (short for "spare-changing") or (in American English) **panhandling**.

In larger cities, it is common to see beggars who ask for money, food, or other items. Typically, beggars often beg for spare change using coffee cups, mugs, small boxes, hats, or other items into which monies can be placed and sometimes display signs with messages such as "Help me. I'm homeless."

## Use of funds obtained by begging 
A 2002 study of 54 panhandlers in Toronto reported that of a median monthly income of $638 CAD, those interviewed spent a median of $200 CAD on food and $192 CAD on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs.  The Fraser Institute, however, criticized this study.  They said there were many forms of begging including ones in which good money can be earned.  They also said that panhandlers' reports were not reliable 

Because of this, some people say that it would be better to give the beggars gift cards or food/service vouchers, instead of money. Some shelters also offer business cards with information on the shelter's location and services, which can be given instead of cash.

## Aggressive panhandling 
**Aggressive panhandling** means to ask for donations or help in a threatening manner. This is not mugging, but rather similar and therefore often forbidden by law. Examples include:
* Asking customers inside a store or restaurant.
* Extending a hand, or even the head and both arms, into a car window
* Asking after dark, in a secluded area.
* There have been reports of beggars who will try to have their limbs amputated in the hope that they can get more out of sympathy.

## Well known beggars 
* Bampfylde Moore Carew self-styled King of the Beggars
* Nicholas Jennings in Thomas Harman's "Caveat for Common Cursitors"
* Ryan Larkin
* Eugene Kim (one of the homeless who hopes to pay his way through college by these means)
* Lazarus
* Omar

## Related pages
* Homelessness

## References 
## Further material 
* *Born Losers: A History of Failure in America*, by Scott A. Sandage (Harvard University Press, 2005).
Benicio del Toro

**Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez** (born February 19, 1967) is a Puerto Rican actor and film producer. He grew up in Santurce, but spent his adolescence and high school years in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, USA. He has won several awards in his career, including an Academy Award.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Benicio Del Toro Zone - Official Site
* This Is My Life: Benicio Del Toro - Miami Herald (October 10, 1997) 
* All About Benicio - Biography 
* Benicio Del Toro - Photo Gallery 
* Benicio Del Toro - Video: Declaration of Independence Performance 
*Benicio del Toro Heaven: THE Place for Benoholics© - Message Board
* The World of Benicio del Toro
Rodrigo Santoro

**Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro** (born August 22, 1975) is a Brazilian Actor. He started his career acting in different soap operas in his country. In the last few years, he has become known after his roles in the movies *Love Actually* and *300*.

Santoro was born in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro. He is half of Italian descent.

## Filmography
]]

## Awards and nominations
* **Brasília Film Festival**
** 2000 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
* **Recife Film Festival**
** 2001 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
***Brazil Quality Award**
** 2001 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
***Santo Domingo Film Festival**
** 2001 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
***SESC Best Film Festival**
** 2001 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
***Cinema Brazilian Grand Prix**
** 2002 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
***APCA Trophy**
** 2002 –  Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
* **Cartagena Film Festival**
** 2002 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
***Cero Latitud Film Festival**
** 2003 – Best Actor for *Bicho de Sete Cabeças* (Won)
* **Brasília Film Festival**
** 2003 – Best Actor for *Carandiru* (Nominated)
* **Cannes Film Festival**
** 2004 – Chopard Trophy of Male Revelation (Won)
* **MTV Movie Awards**
** 2007 – Best Villain for *300* (Nominated)
* **Brasília Film Festival**
** 2011 – Best Actor for *Meu País* (Won)
***Havana Film Festival**
** 2011 – Best Actor for *Heleno* (Won)

## References
## Other websites
*
Joaquin Phoenix

**Joaquín Rafael Phoenix** () (born October 28, 1973), originally called **Leaf Phoenix**, is an American actor. He is from a family of actors, like his brother, the late actor River Phoenix. He has been nominated four times for the Academy Award, winning once in 2020. He also won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA and Grammy Awards.

Phoenix is popular for his roles as Commodus in *Gladiator*, as Johnny Cash in *Walk the Line* and as the main character in *Joker*. 

He is also known for portraying firefighter Jack Morrison in *Ladder 49*. He has recently begun directing music videos, as well as producing movies and television shows. He also sang and recorded an album, the soundtrack *Walk The Line*, which won a Grammy Award. He has been a social activist for a long time, especially for animal rights. He is a vegan.

## Other websites 
* 
* Joaquin Phoenix interview for Walk the Line 
*Joaquin Phoenix
William Hurt

**William McChord Hurt** (March 20, 1950 &ndash; March 13, 2022) was an American actor. He won an Academy Award in 1985 for his work in the movie movie *Kiss of the Spider Woman*. He played Thaddeus Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

In May 2018, Hurt was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. He later died from the disease on March 13, 2022 at his home in Portland, Oregon, only one week before his 72nd birthday.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Adrien Brody

**Adrien Nicholas Brody** (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor. He starred in Roman Polanski's *The Pianist* (2002). The role won him an Academy Award for Best Actor, the youngest actor ever to win the award. In 2025, he won another Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in *The Brutalist* (2024).

His mother, Sylvia Plachy (born 1943) is a Hungarian photographer. His father is of Polish descent.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Adrien Brody website 
* Adrien Brody fansite
Mark Wahlberg

**Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg** (born June 5, 1971) is an American actor and television and movie producer. His father was of Swedish and Irish descent, and his mother is of Irish, Scottish, English ancestry. He has been nominated for an Academy Award. He was also known as "**Marky Mark**" at the beginning of his career, when he had become famous as a rap musician with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch after a brief time as a member of New Kids on the Block.

Wahlberg was convicted of assault when he was 16, for which he was imprisoned. He is a Roman Catholic.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Mark Wahlberg Message Board 
* Mark Robert Wahlberg British fan site
* 
* Mark Wahlberg Interview at Moviehole.net 
* Mark Wahlberg Interview on "Fresh Air"
* Mark Wahlberg on The Hour
* Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation
Michael Caine

**Sir Michael Caine** CBE ; (born **Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr.**, 14 March 1933) is a retired English actor, producer, and author. Caine is known for his distinctive cockney accent and he has appeared in over 115 movies, and is regarded as a British movie icon.

## Career
His early role in *Alfie* (1966) earned him an Academy Award nomination. He also starred in *The Italian Job* (1969) and *Battle of Britain* (1969).

His roles in the 1970s included *Get Carter* (1971), *The* *Last* *Valley* (1971), *Sleuth* (1972), for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination, *The Man Who Would Be King* (1975) and *A Bridge Too Far* (1977).

In 1986, he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen's *Hannah and Her Sisters*.

Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in *The Muppet Christmas Carol* (1992). In 1999, he won a second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for *The Cider House Rules*.

Caine played Nigel Powers, Austin Powers' father in the 2002 parody *Austin Powers in Goldmember*, and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan's *The Dark Knight Trilogy*. He appeared in several other of Nolan's movies, including *The Prestige* (2006), *Inception* (2010) and *Interstellar* (2014). 

He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón's *Children of Men* and Matthew Vaughn's action comedy movie *Kingsman: The Secret Service*.

Caine is one of only two actors nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s, the other one being Jack Nicholson.

## Personal life
Caine was married to Patricia Haines from 1955 until they divorced in 1962. He later married Shakira Baksh in 1973. Caine has two children. He supports the Conservative Party and voted for Brexit.

In July 2016, Caine legally changed his name from Maurice Joseph Micklewhite to Michael Caine in order to make security checks at airports easier. "[A security guard] would say, 'Hi Michael Caine,' and suddenly I'd be giving him a passport with a different name on it. I could stand there for an hour. So I changed my name."

## Selected awards
Caine won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in *Hannah and Her Sisters* and *The Cider House Rules*.

He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in *Educating Rita*.

He won the following Golden Globe Awards:
*Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in *Educating Rita*
*Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his role in *Jack the Ripper*
*Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in *Little Voice*

## References
## Other websites 
*The Official Michael Caine website
*
*Michael Caine's Norfolk childhood 
*PLAY DIRTY/Caine Special on Location in Spain
*Carfax Theatre  Horsham Scene of Sir Michael's first professional acting role
Edward Norton

**Edward Harrison Norton** (born August 18, 1969) is an American movie actor and director. He was nominated for three Academy Awards. He won the Golden Globe in 1997 for *Primal Fear*.

## Biography
Edward Harrison Norton was born on August 18th 1969. When he was 28, he played someone accused of murder in the movie, Primal Fear (movie) and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1997, Norton starred in the movie American History X and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In 1998, Norton played a character in the Matt Damon movie Rounders about poker. In 1999, Norton co-starred with Brad Pitt in the movie Fight Club. In 2000, Norton wrote the screenplay for a movie called Keeping the Faith.

In 2024, he played folk singer Pete Seeger in the Bob Dylan biopic *A Complete Unknown*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Cardinal (bird)

The **Cardinals** or **Cardinalidae** are a family of  passerine birds that live in North and South America.

## References 
* Stiles and Skutch,  *A guide to the birds of Costa Rica*  
* Hilty, *Birds of Venezuela*, 
*  ffrench, *Birds of Trinidad and Tobago* 
* "National Geographic" *Field Guide to the Birds of North America*  
* Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective. http://www.aou.org/meetings/abstracts/AOU_Meeting_Abstracts_122_2004.pdf . p.&nbsp;36

## Other websites 
*Cardinalidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Wesley Snipes

**Wesley Trent Snipes** (born July 31, 1962) is an American actor, martial artist and movie producer. He is best known for his role as the vampire hunter Blade in the *Blade* trilogy movies.

Snipes was born in Orlando, Florida and spent most of his childhood in The Bronx, New York City. He moved back to Orlando when he was a teenager.

## Film 
## Television 
## Theatre 
## Music videos 
## Soundtrack appearances 
## Video games 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Vacuole

s: 
(1) nucleolus  
(2) nucleus  
(3) ribosome  
(4) vesicle  
(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  
(6) Golgi apparatus  
(7) Cytoskeleton  
(8) smooth ER  
(9) mitochondria  
(10) **vacuole**  
(11) cytoplasm  
(12) lysosome  
(13) centrioles]]

A **vacuole** is a membrane-bound organelle. They are a kind of vesicle. Vacuoles are closed sacs, made of membranes with inorganic or organic molecules inside, such as enzymes. They have no set shape or size, and the cell can change them as needed. They are in most eukaryotic cells and do many things. They can store waste. Vacuoles and their contents are distinct from the cytoplasm, and are classified as ergastic according to some people. The solution that fills the vacuole is called cell sap.

What a vacuole does and how important it is depends on what kind of cell they are in. They are much more important in plant and fungus cells than in animal cells. Some common jobs of a vacuole are to:
 
* Hold waste products, and keep things separate from the rest of the cell
* Hold water in plant cells
* Keep the internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor steady in a cell. In land plants, this holds the stem upright.
* Keep an acidic pH on the inside of a cell
* Hold small molecules
* In seeds, proteins that seeds use to sprout are put in 'protein bodies'. Protein bodies are just vacuoles that are a little bit different from normal.

Vacuoles are also important in autophagy, keeping a balance between making and getting rid of many things in cells and organisms. They also help with destroying and recycling broken proteins that build up in cells. Vacuoles may help attack bacteria and some kinds of vacuoles may act as a house for symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles also store and help digest food that the protist ate.

## Central vacuole 
The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and holds materials and wastes. It also keeps the proper pressure in the plant cells, and supports the growing plant.

## Evolution 
The evolution of multicellularity took place several times on Earth. That is, separately in animals, fungi, streptophytes (charophyte algae and land plants), red algae, and brown algae. The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the green plants.

## References
Magpie

**Magpies** are birds in the crow family, Corvidae. They are general scavengers and predators of insects, small mammals, and other birds' eggs and young.

The word "magpie" usually means the European magpie (*Pica pica*) in the genus ***Pica,*** they are a very common bird, found everywhere in Europe. Though elsewhere, there are other species of magpie. Most having a distinctive black and white appearance. 

## Other birds called "magpie" 
There are other species of bird that are called 'magpies', though they are not true magpies. Oriental "magpies" are green and blue in colour, and belong to the genera *Urocissa* and *Cissa*. 

There is also one blue and white magpie, the azure-winged magpie *Cyanopica cyana*. 

There is the black magpie, which is really a treepie. 

There is also the Australian magpie. It is not a member of the crow family at all. It is in the Artamidae family. 

All of those birds are in a different genera from *Pica*. This is a good example of the confusion caused by common names, before the Linnaean system came into use.

## Description 
Magpies are large birds. They often have long tails. Magpies eat lots of different kinds of food. They may eat baby birds, eggs and carrion. They may also eat seeds and other parts of plants.

Magpies are clever birds. They can pass the mirror test. This is when the bird sees itself in a mirror and understands that the bird reflected in the mirror, is itself. Contrary to popular belief, they do not have any attraction to bright, shiny things. 

## Related pages 
*Yellow-billed magpie
*Black-billed magpie

## Other websites 
* Magpie videos on the Internet Bird Collection
* Magpie webcam  - Live webcam stream Magpies & Blackbirds nest
Geoffrey Rush

**Geoffrey Roy Rush**,  (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor who has won Academy and Emmy awards, as well as several others. He was the first Australian actor to win an Academy Award for acting.

Rush was born in Toowoomba, Queensland. He studied at Everton Park State High School and at University of Queensland. Rush was raised in Brisbane.

He has won one Academy Award for acting (from four nominations), three British Academy Film Awards (from five nominations), two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. 

He is the foundation President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year.

In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, before returning to continue his stage career with QTC.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Geoffrey Rush  – Stage acting credits
* Professional photographs of Geoffrey Rush – National Library of Australia
City of Sunderland

The **City of Sunderland** is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England.  Since 1992 it has had the status of a city and metropolitan borough. 

It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Washington, Houghton-le-Spring, and other smaller settlements.

The district was created in 1974 as the **Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland** when all local government in England and Wales was changed by the Local Government Act 1972.  This was when four different local government districts from County Durham were joined together. 

Sunderland became a city in 1992, the 40th anniversary of  Queen Elizabeth's *accession* (the time she became queen). 

The district had a population of 280,807 at the time of the 2001 census. 

On March 24, 2004, the City adopted St Benedict Biscop as its patron saint. A patron had never been adopted before.

## Related pages
*Sunderland
*Washington
*Houghton-le-Spring

## References
Self-Strengthening Movement

- this flag was made during the Movement]]
The **Self-Strengthening Movement** ( or ;  1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing Dynasty. The movement's intent was the modernization of China as a result of many military defeats it had faced at the hands of the West. It could be divided into three phases the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). 

After the defeat of Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and imperial officials realised that the Qing Government might be overthrown soon and they would no longer reign the country. In order to prevent this, a series of reforms were implemented in the Self-Strengthening Movement, sometimes called "Westernization" which sought to adopt ideas from the West, mainly in technology.

## Major leaders 
* Yixin, Prince Gong ()
* Wenxiang           ()
* Zeng Guofan        ()
* Li Hongzhang       ()
* Zuo Zongtang       ()
* Shen Baozhen       ()
* Zhang Zhidong      ()
Chechnya

**Chechnya** (; ), officially the **Chechen Republic** (; ), is a federal subject in Russia. It is located in the Caucasus region of Western Asia. The capital is Grozny.

Most people in Chechnya are Muslims and are of ancient Hurrian roots who spoke a Caucasian language. Most Chechens belong to the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam.

Chechens speak their own language, not related to the Russian language. The Chechen language is part of the Northeast Caucasian, or *Vainakh*, family, while Russian is a Slavic language.

During Soviet control, Chechnya was unified with Ingushetia. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Chechnya broke away from Ingushetia to form its own republic. The Chechens wanted independence. After the First Chechen War, Chechnya was de facto independent as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. After the Second Chechen War, Russia regained control of Chechnya.

Russia has claimed Chechnya as part of its country since the Russians invaded the Caucasus in the 18th century.

The current leader of the Chechen Republic is Ramzan Kadyrov. He is also the son of the 1st Chechen President, Akhmad Kadyrov.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site of the Republic of Chechnya
Nth root

[[File:Cube-root_function.svg|thumb|This is y=\sqrt[3]{x}. It is a cube root.]]

An '''*n*-th root'* of a number *r* is a number which, if *n* copies are multiplied together, makes *r*. It is also called a **radical** or a **radical expression**. It is a number *k* for which the following equation is true:
:k^n=r
(for the meaning of k^n, see Exponentiation.)

We write the nth root of *r* as \sqrt[n]{r}. If *n* is 2, then the radical expression is a **square root**. If it is 3, it is a **cube root**. Other values of n are referred to using ordinal numbers, such as *fourth root* and *tenth root''.

For example, \sqrt[3]{8} = 2 because 2^3 = 8. The 8 in that example is called the **radicand**, the 3 is called the **index**, and the check-shaped part is called the **radical symbol** or **radical sign**.

Roots and powers can be changed as shown in \sqrt[b]{x^a} = x^\frac{a}{b} = (\sqrt[b]{x})^a = (x^a)^\frac{1}{b}.

The **product property** of a radical expression is the statement that \sqrt{ab} = \sqrt{a} \times \sqrt{b}. The **quotient property** of a radical expression is the statement \sqrt{\tfrac{a}{b}} = \tfrac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{b}}.

:2\sqrt{2} + 1\sqrt{2} = 3\sqrt{2}
:2\sqrt[3]{7} - 6\sqrt[3]{7} = -4\sqrt[3]{7}

This is how to find the perfect square and rationalize the denominator.

:\frac{8x}{\sqrt{x}^3} = \frac{8\cancel{x}}{\cancel{x}\sqrt{x}} = \frac{8}{\sqrt{x}} = \frac{8}{\sqrt{x}} \times \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} = \frac{8\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}^2} = \frac{8\sqrt{x}}{x}

## Related pages
* Geometric mean
* Rationalization (mathematics)
* Square number

## References
Chrysanthemum

]]
**Chrysanthemums** are a genus (*Chrysanthemum*) of about 30 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, from Asia and northeast Europe.

## References and other websites 
*Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Chrysanthemum* 
*Painting of Chrysanthemums
*Chrysanthemum Gardening  and care
*ICBN: List of conserved genera (scroll down for *Chrysanthemum*)
Flagship

flagship]]A **flagship** is the ship used by the officer who commanded a group of naval ships. The term comes from the custom of the commanding officer to fly a special flag to show he was present.

Used in this way, "flagship" is normally a temporary name; the flagship is wherever the officer is flying his flag. However, admirals have always needed a special place; a meeting room large enough to hold all the captains of the fleet, and a place for the admiral's staff to make plans and draw up orders.

Over the years, the term "flagship" has been ed by other industries. These include broadcasting, automobiles, cell phones, and others to mean their  products or services.

## References
Opposite number

In mathematics, the **opposite** or **inverse** of a number k is an additive or a subtractive number n which, when added to k, results in 0. The opposite of a is -a. For example, −7 is the opposite of 7, because 7+-7 = 0. 

## Definition 
A number x  is called an opposite or inverse number of another number y  if x+y=0 . By definition, -x is the opposite number of x . For example, -2 is the opposite number of 2 and vice-versa. This is because -2+2=0.

## Properties 
The opposite numbers satisfy the properties listed below.
# The opposite of 0 is 0.
# Two opposite numbers have the same absolute value. This follows from the fact that the -a is the opposite number of a  and both have the same absolute value |-a|=|a|.
# The opposite of a positive number is the negative version of the number. The opposite of a negative number is the positive version of the number. 
# opposite numbers are located in the opposite direction on a number line having the same distance from the origin. That is, they are symmetric about the origin on a number line.
# The sum of two opposite numbers is always zero, because -a+a=0. 
# The division of two non-zero opposite numbers is always -1 , because \frac{-a}{a}=\frac{a}{-a}=-1. 
# Each number has a unique opposite number.

## Related pages 
* Addition
*Reciprocal
*Absolute value
*Operation (mathematics)

## References
Isle of Portland

The **Isle of Portland** is an island in Dorset in the south of England. Portland is south of the resort of Weymouth. 13,000 people live there. It is where the famous Portland limestone was originally found.

In 2012, the sailing in the Olympics took place on Portland and in Weymouth.

## References 
## Other websites
Sui generis

**Sui generis** (pronounced  or ) is a term from Latin. It can be translated to *Of (his/her/its) own kind*. It basically means that something has VERY special characteristics. They are so special, that the thing cannot really be compared to anything else. It is used in various contexts. The term was invented by philosophers. What they originally wanted to say was that an idea is so specific as to be unique, that it cannot really be part of a broader concept.

## Law
When lawyers talk about something being *sui generis*, they mean that something is unique.  It cannot be compared. With intellectual property, a design can be *sui generis*.

## Political sciences
The European Union is something that has come to be in the last few years. In some ways it is like state in others like a confederation of states or an international organisation. It is mostly classified as *sui generis*.

## Sociology
In the sociology of Emile Durkheim, *sui generis* is used to illustrate his theories on social existence. He says that society, as it was there before any living individual was born, is independent of all individuals. His *sui generis* (its closest English meaning in this sense being 'independent') society will furthermore continue its existence after the individual ceases to interact with it.

## Examples in media
Meryl Streep was praised in a *Wall Street Journal* review of *The Devil Wears Prada*: "(her) pitch-perfect portrayal of Miranda is *sui generis*, with a dramatic existence of its own, as unique and memorable as, say, a Bette Davis character."

Martin Kettle in *The Guardian* said about hung parliaments: "Each is *sui generis*, dependent on the particular parliamentary arithmetic, inter-party momentum and surrounding political circumstances."

*Slate* has used the term several times; one article discussed the unique variations of French Rose Champagne: "Grower Champagnes are wines made by small farmers in the Champagne region who, bucking convention, choose to craft their own wines rather than sell their grapes to the major Champagne houses. Typical of farmer fizzes, the grower rosés are utterly *sui generis*—in a few cases almost freakishly so."

A CNN *The Marquee* post said about James Brown, "I can't even begin to talk about his importance. He was *sui generis*."

Political commentator Dick Morris referred to the intense public interest in the 2008 US Presidential race as "clearly sui generis, and anything can happen."

## References
Straightedge and compass construction

:|alt=]]
**Straightedge and compass construction**, also known as **ruler-and-compass construction**, is drawing of lengths, angles or shapes using only a ruler and compass. 

Some things cannot be drawn this way.  For example, there are only 32 regular polygons with an uneven number of sides which are known to be constructible.  It has been proven that a square with the same area as the area of a circle cannot be constructed.  This is called "Squaring the circle".
Carnation

A **carnation** is a type of flower. It has been grown for so many years, yet we are not aware where it came from.

## Related pages
* Sweet William
Air Force One

.]]
**Air Force One** is the official air traffic control call sign for any aircraft carrying the president of the United States. Air Force One is usually always referred to any aircraft the president and his staff travels on. The official name of the plane is the SAM 2900 and VC-25.
*
* It has 85 telephones for government secured lines and regular use.
* It has 20 television sets.
* All of it's windows are bulletproof and armored.

## References
Regular polygon

A **regular polygon** is a shape that can be drawn on a flat surface. It has sides that are all the same length, and its angles are all the same. In other words, a polygon which is both equilateral (which means all its sides have the same length) and equiangular (which means that all its angles are the same) is a regular polygon. It always has the same number of edges and points.

A polygon is also convex if there aren't any two points within it that can't be connected with a straight line, where the entire straight line is also in it. An example of a concave shape is a five-pointed star. It's concave because you can connect two of the points of a star with a straight line, and most of the straight line doesn't go through the star. If a five-pointed star is both equilateral and equiangular, it is also a regular polygon, but it isn't a convex one. All regular concave polygons are stars.
## Examples
The simplest examples of regular convex polygons are:

Equilateral Triangle.svg|equilateral triangle
Square diagonals.svg|square
01-Fünfeck simple.svg|pentagon
Hexagon.svg|hexagon
Heptagon.svg|heptagon
Regular octagon.svg|octagon
Nonagon.svg|enneagon
Regular-Decagon.svg|decagon
Polygons with more sides look more like circles. A polygon with an infinite number of sides is called an apeirogon. Polygons can be described in text by a special symbol called a Schläfli symbol. This symbol is written as curly brackets, with some numbers inside it, like {3}. {3} is a triangle. The number inside can also be a fraction. A Schläfli symbol of {5/2} is a five-pointed star.

## Properties 
Most mathematical objects have things that can be said about them that are always true. These are called properties. All polygons (convex and star polygons) can be rotated in place by some angle and still look the same—in other words, they're all rotationally symmetric. For example, a square could be rotated a quarter turn, and it would look the same as before. Another way of seeing this property is that any polygon can have a circle drawn around it, touching all its points, and the polygon's points are evenly spaced around the circle. A polygon can also have a circle drawn inside it, touching all its edges (but not overlapping), and the places where the circle touches the polygon are also evenly spaced. The centers of the two circles drawn are in the same place. This proves that a regular polygon is rotationally symmetric.

The circle outside the polygon is called circumscribed, and the circle inside the polygon is called inscribed. Any polygon where a circle circumscribes all its points is called a cyclic polygon. All regular polygons are cyclic, but not all cyclic polygons are regular.
Eurasian magpie

The **Eurasian magpie** or **common magpie** (*Pica pica*) is a bird that lives in Europe, much of Asia, and northwest Africa. It is one of several birds in the crow family named as magpies.

In Europe, "magpie" is used by English speakers to call the European magpie; it is the only magpie in Europe outside the Iberian Peninsula. 

## Related pages
*General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

## Other websites 
* European Magpie videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
* Avibase