open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Solomonid dynasty

The **Solomonic dynasty**, also known as the **House of Solomon**, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. The dynasty was restored by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270. His successors claimed he was descended from the legendary king Menelik I, the son of the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, in order to legitimize the dynasty's assumption of power.  Based on a genome study published in the "American Journal of Human Genetics", there is genetic (DNA) evidence that there was gene flow from the Levant (today's Israel and Syria) into Ethiopia 3,000 years ago, during the times of Solomon and David. The origin and date of the admixture is in support of the dynasty's claims ("Ethiopian Genome and Queen of Sheba", Sergio Prostak, Sci.News). The Solomonic dynasty remained in power until 1974, when its last emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a coup d'état.

The emperors did not use their real name when they became Emperor of Ethiopia, but they made up a regnal name for their rule.  For example, the first Emperor of the Solomonids was Yekuno Amlak.  But he used the name *Tasfa Iyassus* after he became ruler.

The dynasty began in 1270, when Yekuno Amlak killed the last king of the Zagwe dynasty, which had ruled Ethiopia.  Yekuno Amlak was made king, and European historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty.  But most Ethiopian books say that Menelik I, the son of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, was the first Emperor of this dynasty.

The leaders of Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975 (mostly Solomonids):
Emperor of Ethiopia

The **Emperor of Ethiopia** was the name of the ruler of Ethiopia until 1975 when the emperors and the royal family, the Solomonids, were taken out of power.

The name that was used for *Emperor* by the Ethiopians means *King of Kings*.
The Sound of Music

***The Sound of Music*** is a musical. It was based on a 1956 German movie, *Die Trapp-Familie* and *The Story of the Trapp Family Singers* by Maria von Trapp. The book was written by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein II. The music was written by Richard Rodgers. It was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Hammerstein died nine months after the Broadway opening.

## Story
A young Austrian woman named Maria Rainer becomes the governess to the children of Captain Georg von Trapp, a widow. The children included Liesl (16), Friedrich (14), Louisa (13), Kurt (10 or 11), Brigitta (9), Marta (7) and Gretl (5). Maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song *Do Re Mi*. The captain and Maria fall in love and marry. Von Trapp refuses to join the Nazis and escapes from the Salzburg Festival, where his family performed. The story ends with Maria and her family leaving from Austria to Switzerland.

## Productions
*The Sound of Music* was released on 16 November 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway. It starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp. It moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 6 November 1962, and closed on 15 June 1963 after 1,443 performances. The musical opened on the West End at the Palace Theatre on 18 May 1961. It starred Jean Bayless as Maria and Roger Dann as Capt. von Trapp. The musical ran for 2,385 performances.

## Awards
The musical won a Tony Award for Best Musical.

## Adaptations
The musical was released as a 1965 movie starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer.
Vichy France

The **Vichy France**, officially the **French  State**, was the government of France during the early 1940s.  It included all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine and Pas-de-Calais.  It also governed the French colonial empire.  The state was led by Philippe Pétain.  He had been notable for helping to win World War I. The **Vichy French Military** took place from July 1940 to September 1944.

## History
When the French and the British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk, and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made Pétain Minister. He negotiated an armistice with Germany. He agreed that France would be neutral in World War II. He became head of state and ruled as a dictator.  He usually did what the Germans told him to do. 

The Axis powers militarily occupied northern and western France. They also controlled part of the southeastern part of the country.  The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the Free Zone, the unoccupied parts of France. In November 1942 the United States joined the North African Campaign by invading French North Africa, so the German army occupied the Vichy zone. In 1943, the Vichy government, now a puppet state, moved to Paris. In 1944, it moved to Germany.  The government disbanded in 1945 with the defeat of Nazi Germany.
Tarja Halonen

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = President
| name                = Tarja Halonen
| image               = Tarja Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg
| office              = 11th President of Finland
| primeminister       = Paavo LipponenAnneli JäätteenmäkiMatti VanhanenMari KiviniemiJyrki Katainen
| term_start          = 1 March 2000
| term_end            = 1 March 2012
| predecessor         = Martti Ahtisaari
| successor           = Sauli Niinistö
| office1             = Minister of Foreign Affairs
| primeminister1      = Paavo Lipponen
| term_start1         = 13 April 1995
| term_end1           = 25 February 2000
| predecessor1        = Paavo Rantanen
| successor1          = Erkki Tuomioja
| office2             = Minister of Justice
| primeminister2      = Harri Holkeri
| term_start2         = 28 February 1990
| term_end2           = 26 April 1991
| predecessor2        = Matti Louekoski
| successor2          = Hannele Pokka
| office3             = Member of Finnish Parliament for Helsinki
| term_start3         = 24 March 1979
| term_end3           = 29 February 2000
| successor3          = Ilkka Taipale
| birth_name          = Tarja Kaarina Halonen
| birth_date          = 
| birth_place         = Helsinki, Finland
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = Social Democratic Party
| spouse              = Pentti Arajärvi (2000–present)
| children            = Anna
| alma_mater          = University of Helsinki
| profession          = Lawyer
| signature           = Tarja Halonen signature.svg
| website             = 
}}
**Tarja Halonen** (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012.

## References
Turku

**Turku** () is a city in Southwest Finland. It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000.

It is next to the municipalities of Aura, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Pöytyä, Raisio and Rusko.

The official languages spoken in Turku are Finnish and Swedish.

The harbour of Turku is an important port. Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and  to Stockholm. Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports.

Turku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku. 

## History
Turku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland. From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki.  A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827. After that, even the university moved to Helsinki.

The first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century. The first university in Finland, "The Royal Academy of Turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki. Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language.

## Museums and other sights 

File:Turkucastle_edit.jpg|The medieval Turku Castle as seen from the harbour side.
File:Turku Museum of Art.jpg|Turku Museum of Art is a classical example of Romantic nationalism in architecture.
File:Turun apteekkimuseo.jpg|Pharmacy museum.
File:Turun hovioikeus.jpg|The Court of Appeal.
File:Turun käsityöläismuseo.jpg|Luostarinmäki handicraft museum.
File:St Michael's Church, Turku.jpg|Michael's Church
File:Martin kirkko, seen from north.jpg|Martin's Church
File:Länsiranta, ilta.jpg|Western side of Aura River in central Turku.
File:Turku orthodox church.jpg|Turku Orthodox Church stands next to the main Market Square.
File:Brinkhallin kartano.jpg|Brinkhall Manor in Kakskerta island.
File:Kakskerran kirkko.jpg|Kakskerta Church.
File:Turku Samppalinna.jpg|Old Mill in Samppalinna.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site of Turku
*How to (say or) pronounce the Finnish city "Turku". Say the Word (Youtube channel)
Sunrise (movie)

***Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans*** or ***Sunrise*** is a 1927 silent movie. It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production. This category was not used again. It won the award for Best Cinematography and actress, Janet Gaynor, won the Best Actress award. It was directed by F.W. Murnau.

## References
Rocky

***Rocky*** is a 1976 American sports drama movie. It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone. The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer.

It won three Academy Awards and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.

The movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million. It was shot in 28 days.  Many people liked the movie.  It turned Stallone into a major star.

## Cast
* Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr., an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night. He is given the chance at the heavyweight title.
* Talia Shire as Adrian Pennino, Rocky's love interest; a quiet pet store clerk who falls in love with Rocky and supports him through his training.
* Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Adrian's brother; a meat-packing plant worker by trade, Paulie lets Rocky train in the freezer.
* Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and heavyweight champion. The character was based on real-life boxing great Muhammad Ali.
* Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill: Rocky's manager and trainer, a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym.
* Thayer David as George Jergens: the fight promoter who has "promoted fights all over the world".
* Joe Spinnell as Tony Gazzo, loan shark and Rocky's employer.

Boxer Joe Frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie. Due to the movie's low budget, members of Stallone's family played minor roles. Michael Dorn made his acting debut as Creed's bodyguard.

## Awards
*Rocky* received ten Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, winning three:

The Directors Guild of America awarded *Rocky* its annual award for best movie of the year. It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The Writers Guild of America Award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time.

## Sequels
* Rocky II (1979)
* Rocky III (1982)
* Rocky IV (1985)
* Rocky V (1990)
* Rocky Balboa (2006)

## Related 
* Creed (2015)
* Creed II (2018)
* Creed III (2023)

## References
## Other websites
*
Wings (movie)

***Wings*** is a 1927 American silent drama movie released on August 12, 1927. It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Plot
 as Mary Preston]]
Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen) are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis (Jobyna Ralston). Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston (Clara Bow), is desperately in love with him. The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the Air Service. When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection.

Jack and David are billeted together. Their tent mate is Cadet White (Gary Cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day. Undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends. Upon graduating, they are shipped off to France to fight the Germans.

Mary joins the war effort by becoming an ambulance driver. She later learns of Jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in Paris. She finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. She puts him to bed, but when two Military Police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to America.

The climax of the story comes with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel. David is shot down and presumed dead. However, he survives the crash landing, steals a German biplane, and heads for the Allied lines. By a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by Jack, who is bent on avenging his friend. When Jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before David dies, he forgives his comrade.

With the end of the war, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome. When he returns David's effects to his grieving parents, David's mother blames the war, not Jack, for her son's death. Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tailor

]]
A **tailor** is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. They also mend (fix) clothes. A tailor is also called a **seamster**, or a **seamstress** for a woman.
Academy Award for Best Picture

The **Academy Award for Best Picture** is one of the Academy Awards. Also called **Oscars**, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first **Outstanding Picture** in 1927. In 1930, the name was changed to **Best Picture**. It is still called that today.

In the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.

## Winners 
### 1920s
### 1930s
### 1940s
### 1950s
### 1960s
### 1970s
### 1980s
### 1990s
### 2000s
### 2010s
### 2020s
## References
;Notes

## Other websites 
* Oscars.org (official Academy site)
* Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
* The Academy Awards Database  (official site)
* Academy Awards Photos and News (People.com)
* Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees 
* IMDb.com (Internet Movie Database site)
* Link to DVD list of all Best Picture Winners
Template

A **template** is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the  of something from the things inside it.

In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.

In publishing for example, a template is a  made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story.  A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the .

Humans or machines can use templates.  Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures.  It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.

When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint.  This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.

## Related pages
* Computer programming
Oliver!

***Oliver and Company*** is a musical. It is based on the novel, *Oliver Twist* by Charles Dickens. The book, lyrics, and music were written by Lionel Bart.

## Premieres
*Oliver!* had its world premiere on 30 June 1960 at the New Theatre in the West End. It ran for 2621 performances. The musical was directed by Peter Coe, and choreographed by Malcolm Clare. It starred Ron Moody as Fagin, Georgia Brown as Nancy, Martin Horsey as Dodger, and Keith Hamshere as Oliver.

*Oliver!* opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 6 January 1963. Georgia Brown reprised her role as Nancy, Clive Revill played Fagin, Davy Jones played Dodger, and Bruce Prochnik played Oliver. It won three Tony Awards including Best Original Score.

## Adaptations
In 1968, the musical was adapted to a movie of the same name. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Patton (disambiguation)

George S. Patton was a United States Army general during World War II

**Patton** can also mean:
**Patton*, a 1970 motion picture about General Patton
*The Patton tank, named after the general
*George Patton IV, son of the general
*Charlie Patton, a US blues musician
*Mike Patton, an American musician who used the title 'General Patton' for a one-off collaboration with The X-Ecutioners
Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show

**Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show** or simply just **Dr. Hook** was an American band. They formed in Union City, New Jersey in 1968. Their two best known songs were "Cover of the Rolling Stone" "Sharing the Night Together" and "When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman".
Glider

]]

**Gliders** are aircraft which do not have a motor. Gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks. Some gliders can only carry one person; others can carry two. In gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick. Gliders always have seats for the pilots.

'Sailplanes' are gliders with long wings so that they will only lose height slowly. In some places a vertical draft makes the air go up faster than the glider is going down. The pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places. This is called soaring. Good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air. Some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day. Other pilots just fly for fun.

Gliders cannot get into the air by themselves. They are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground.

There are two other types of gliders. Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks. The wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape. These other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs.

 being launched by a person. This kind of launch is called a footlaunch.]]
The weight of a microlift glider, can be as low as 54 kg (119 lb).
John Stuart Mill

**John Stuart Mill** (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher and political economist. He was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his godfather Jeremy Bentham.

As a utilitarian, he believed that the good of society as a whole is more important than the pleasure of one or a few individuals.

## References
Dinosaur Comics

**Dinosaur Comics** is a comic by Ryan North. It shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy and some other topics.  The art is the same every day, but the words are different. This comic is intended to be funny.
Things in the comic that are not true: 
*Dinosaurs did not talk 
*There were no cabins, cars, or women when dinosaurs lived 
*The dinosaurs in this comic (Tyrannosaurus Rex, Dromiceiomimus, and Utahraptor) did not live at the same time or even in the same places. 
*Tyrannosaurus Rex was not friendly
Lucid dream

A **lucid dream** is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he or she is in the dream. In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his or her surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid. 

The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.

## Ways to lucid dream
Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up. 

There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should  on this while returning to sleep. There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.

## Other websites 
*Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource 
*Lucidipedia 
*Lucidity.com
*LD4all
My Fair Lady

***My Fair Lady*** is a musical. It is based on George Bernard Shaw's play, *Pygmalion*, and on the movie adaptation of the play starring Wendy Hiller and Leslie Howard. The book and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Jay Lerner. The music was written by Frederick Loewe. 

## Synopsis
The common flower girl, *Eliza Doolittle*, tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things. As Eliza grew up on the streets of London, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing ‘lovely’ as ‘loverly’), the phoneticist, *Professor Henry Higgins*, overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn Eliza into a lady within the space of a year. 

## Productions
The musical premiered on Broadway on 15 March 1956 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre.  It moved to other theatres in New York during its original run, and closed on 29 September 1962 after 2,717 performances. It starred Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Robert Coote, and Stanley Holloway. It was directed by Moss Hart. 

The West End production opened on 30 April 1958 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway played their Broadway roles. It ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances.

## Awards
The musical won the Tony Award for Best Musical. 

## Adaptations
The musical was made into a movie in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison.
A Man for All Seasons

***A Man for All Seasons*** is a play by Robert Bolt about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960. It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Academy Award that year. It was also made into a TV movie in 1988.
Composite number

A **composite number** (or simply a *composite*) is a natural number, that can be found by multiplying prime numbers.

For example, the number *nine* can be found by multiplying *three* by *three*.  Another example is the number *12*, which is obtained by multiplying *3*, *2* and *2*.

All natural numbers (greater than one) can be put in one of the two classes below:

* The number is prime. 
* The number is not prime. It can be found by multiplying together other primes. The same prime number can be used several times, as in the example with 12 above. This is known as the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.

## Related pages
*Perfect number
A Portuguesa

"**A Portuguesa**" (, meaning "The Portuguese") is the national anthem of Portugal, adopted in 1911. The music of the song was composed by a Portuguese composer and painter named Alfredo Keil. The words of the song were written by a poet named Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, in response to the 1890 British Ultimatum for Portuguese troops to get rid of their positions in Africa between the Mozambique and Angola in the Pink Map.

## Lyrics
## References
Jeremy Bentham

**Jeremy Bentham** (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism, animal rights and gay rights.

Bentham was one of the most influential Classical liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later started the idea of socialism). He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century. After he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at University College London to this day

## References
Stalking

**Stalking** means following something or somebody secretly. In the animal kingdom, predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing. 

Someone who likes to watch other people is known as a voyeur. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.

## Criminal stalking 
Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes the victim feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. The stalker can make that person feel scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

Celebrities are often stalked. Taylor Swift, Kim Kardashian, Rihanna, Jennifer Lopez, Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner often have stalkers.

## Celebrities 
People with Celebrity Worship Syndrome often stalk celebrities.

## Cyber-stalking 
Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called cyberstalking.

## References
Ham

in a store]]
**Ham** is pork that comes from a leg of a pig. 

Ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. Dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with salt. Wet-cured ham is made with brine.

Types of dry-cured ham:
*Prosciutto crudo (Italian)
*Prosciutto di Parma (Italian)
*Jambon de bayonne (French)
*Jamón serrano (Spanish)
*Jamón iberico (Spanish)
*Country ham (American)
*York ham (English)
*Westphalian ham (German)

Ham is used in SPAM.

## Gallery 

File:Paul Gauguin 035.jpg|*Le jambon* (Paul Gauguin, 1889).
File:Ham (4).jpg|Cooked ham
File:Ham baguette at Black Horse Inn, Nuthurst, West Sussex England.jpg|A ham sandwich on a plate with a lot of different vegetables and fries
File:Jamón ibérico de bellota Gran Reserva Or.jpg|Spanish Iberico ham with knife  

## References
Spam (food)

**Spam** is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation. It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham.

There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" actually means. The Hormel Foods Corporation said the meaning of the name "is known by only some people". In some dictionaries "Spam" means "**sp**iced h**am**", "**s**houlder of "**p**ork **a**nd ha**m**" and Specially Produced American Meat

Spam was used a lot in World War II, as there wasn't proper meat. Because of that, spam was used as a rationed item.

## Jokes about Spam 
*The British comedy group Monty Python created a short sketch about Spam in 1970. In it, a lady who does not like Spam is talking to a waitress in a restaurant when a bunch of Vikings cut their conversation by singing the word "Spam" over and over again. The lady does not like what is happening and eventually the word "Spam" became widely used to mean unwanted email messages.
*Weird Al Yankovic made a parody song called Spam. It was first recorded in 1988.

## References 
## Other websites
*  – United States
* Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Spam from The TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design.
The Broadway Melody

***The Broadway Melody*** is one of the first Hollywood musical movies. It was released in 1929. It made more money than any movie that year. It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Starring
* Charles King
* Anita Page
* Bessie Love
* Jed Prouty
Joint

, a joint.]]

A **joint** is the place where two or more bones make contact. They allow movement (except for skull bones) and give mechanical support.

Joints have cartilage in between them, which help to make the movement flexible. Joints are described structurally and functionally. Structural classification is how the bones connect to each other; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones. 

## Synovial bursa 
A synovial bursa is a small fluid-filled sac lined by a synovial membrane. It has an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (bit like raw egg white). The bursa is *a cushion between bones and tendons* and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement.

## References
Anguilla

**Anguilla** is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea.  The islands are ruled by the United Kingdom.

Anguilla was colonized by the British Empire and used to be part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of Great Britain. Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent.

It is named after the Spanish word for "eel", because it has such a shape.

Anguilla was first settled by Arawakan-speaking Indians who called it Malliouhana. 

## Politics
The King or Queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor.  He or she names, or *appoints* the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch.  The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly.

## Economy
Anguilla has mostly been part of the British Empire since the 17th century. The British brought thousands of slaves from Africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the Caribbean and North America. Many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work. When the British decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves. Now Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.

## Culture
Most people in Anguilla are Protestants, and speak English.

## References
## Other websites
Euclid

: the square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides]]

**Euclid of Alexandria ** () (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt and worked at the Library of Alexandria. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was Pharaoh. It is not known where and when he was born.

## The Elements 
Euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. His *Elements* is the main source of ancient geometry. Textbooks based on Euclid have been used up to the present day. In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric  and of whole numbers, based on those axioms.

The *Elements* also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. Apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. Euclid came up with the idea of *greatest common divisors*. They were in his *Elements*. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers.

The geometrical system described in the *Elements* was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today that system is referred to as Euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century.

## Other works 
In addition to the *Elements*, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as *Elements*, with definitions and proved propositions.
* *Data* deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the *Elements*.
* *On Divisions of Figures*, which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a third century AD work by Heron of Alexandria.
* *Catoptrics*, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution to Euclid is doubtful. Its author may have been Theon of Alexandria.
* *Phaenomena*, a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to *On the Moving Sphere* by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC.

## Tributes to Euclid 
* An asteroid, is named after Euclid.
* A crater on the moon is named after Euclid.

## References
Guadeloupe

**Guadeloupe** is part of France in the Caribbean Sea. It is made up of five islands. The capital is Basse-Terre. 

Arawak native Americans first lived on the islands. Most died when Europeans came. Guadeloupe was first governed by the French Company of the American Islands. It was then taken over by England, given to Sweden, and given back to France. 

Today, most of the people in Guadeloupe are Roman Catholic and are of African descent.

* 71%: African or Multiracial (European, African, Chinese, East Indian, Amerindians, and others).
* 15%: East Indian
* 9%: European
* 2%: Middle Easterns
* 3%: Chinese

## Related pages
* Martinique, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

## Other websites
* Guadeloupe Tourism Authority
Hosni Mubarak

**Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak** (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020), commonly known as **Hosni Mubarak** (), was an Egyptian politician. He served as President of Egypt from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

Mubarak became the vice-president of the Republic of Egypt after moving up the ranks of the Egyptian Air Force. Then he became the President after President Anwar Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981. His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha.

As President of Egypt, Mubarak is thought to have been one of the most powerful leaders in the region. Under the 1971 Constitution of Egypt, Mubarak exercised strong control over the country and was generally considered a dictator. In 2005, he called an election and easily won it. Many opponents believed Mubarak changed the election results so he could win.

In early 2011, during the Arab Spring, there were huge protests against his government. In the end, Mubarak resigned and handed over power to the armed forces. It is hoped that elections later that year for a new government. On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was sentenced to life imprisonment for ordering the shooting of protesters in the revolution that ousted him.

On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak was detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court.

He was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and released on 24 March 2017.

He died on 25 February 2020 at a Cairo hospital after having surgery, aged 91.

## References
1616

## Events 
*War between Austria and Venice.

## Births 
*May 25 – Carlo Dolci, Italian artist

## Deaths 
*April 23 – Miguel de Cervantes
*April 23 – William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet
1770

## Events 
* March 5 – Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later.
* May 14 – Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.
* May 16 – 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes Louis XVI King of France).
* May 16 – Fireworks at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris cause a fire – 800 dead
* June 3 – Gasper de Portola and Father Junipero Serra establish Monterey, which was the capital of California from 1777-1849.
* July 1 – Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth
* August 22 – James Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia)
* Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks.
* Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture.

## Births 
* December 17 – Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised).
Lou Reed

**Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed** (March 2, 1942 – October 27, 2013) was an American rock musician. He was originally from Long Island, New York and spent most of his life in New York City. He is remembered for being in the Velvet Underground, although he also released solo work. He was friends with artist Andy Warhol.

## Early life
**Lewis Allan Reed** was born on March 2, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Syracuse University. Reed was raised Jewish.

## Career
Reed began his career in 1964. He is perhaps most famous for his songs "Walk on the Wild Side" (about transgender woman Candy Darling and other such people Reed had known), "Perfect Day" (which was covered by many other artists, including Duran Duran and a version used by the BBC) and "Heroin" (an "love song" about the drug. Reed's 1989 album *New York* drew attention and praise, for its matter-of-fact look at the condition of New York City in the late 1980s.

At the height of his popularity as a solo artist, Reed released one of the least "commercial" recordings ever; his 1975 experimental album *Metal Machine Music*. It was an hour of electric guitar feedback, and not what many people thought was music. The album did not hurt his career in the long run, and it reminded people that Reed was a unique musician.

Because of his song about heroin, Reed was believed to have been addicted to the drug, but this was not the case. He was a longtime user of amphetamines, marijuana and tobacco, but gradually stopped using any drugs. He began exercising more, and enjoyed Tai Chi.

In May 2000, Reed performed before Pope John Paul II at the Great Jubilee Concert in Rome.

Reed was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with The Velvet Underground in 1996 and as a solo artist in 2015.

## Personal life
Reed was bisexual. He was married to Betty Reed during 1973. Then he was married to Sylvia Morales from 1980 until they divorced in 1994. Then he was married to Laurie Anderson, the performance artist and musician, from 2008 until his death in 2013. Reed had no children.

## Death
In April 2013, Reed had a liver transplant. He died from a liver disease on October 27, 2013 in his home in Long Island, New York. He was 71 years old.

Tributes were paid to Reed on Twitter, including those from Miley Cyrus, Salman Rushdie, Samuel L. Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, Ricky Gervais, Ryan Adams, Elijah Wood, and many others. John Cale, his Velvet Underground bandmate, posted on his Facebook: "The world has lost a fine songwriter and poet…I've lost my 'school-yard buddy'".

## References
## Other websites
* Official Lou Reed website
* 
* Comprehensive music biography of Reed by Allmusic
* BBC obituary
Augusta

**Augusta** may refer to:

## Places
### In Australia
*Augusta, Western Australia
*Port Augusta, South Australia
*Shire of Augusta-Margaret River

### In Canada
*Augusta, Ontario
*North Augusta, Ontario

### In Europe
*Augusta, Sicily, Italy

### In the United States
*Augusta, Arkansas
*Augusta, Georgia
*Augusta, Illinois
*Augusta, Kansas
*Augusta, Kentucky
*Augusta, Maine (capital city of Maine)
*Augusta, Michigan
*Augusta, Minnesota
*Augusta, Missouri
*Augusta, Montana
*Augusta, New Jersey
*Augusta, New York 
*North Augusta, South Carolina 
*Augusta, West Virginia 
*Augusta, Wisconsin 
*Augusta County, Virginia
*Augusta Charter Township, Michigan
*Augusta Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota

## People
* Augusta (given name)
Berkeley

**Berkeley** could mean:

*Berkeley, California, USA
**University of California, Berkeley
*Berkeley Software Distribution
Charleston

**Charleston** might mean:

## Places
;Cities in the United States
*Charleston, Arkansas
*Charleston, Illinois
*Charleston, South Carolina
*Charleston, West Virginia

## Other
*Charleston (dance), a dance
*Charleston Battery, a soccer club based in Charleston, South Carolina

## Related pages
*Charlestown, Indiana
Anthropomorphism

's fable, *The North Wind and the Sun*, a personified North Wind tries to strip the cloak off of a traveler.]]

**Anthropomorphism** is the addition of human traits to something that is not a human. For example, the non-human might have human feelings, needs, and wants. It is common for people to use anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is often used in stories and art. The story of the "Three Little Pigs" has a wolf and three pigs who talk and act like humans. Disney's Mickey Mouse also talks and acts like a human. Some people act and dress like anthropomorphic animals, and call themselves "furries".

The novel *The Call of the Wild* also uses anthropomorphism. The main character is a dog named Buck. Many other characters are dogs and wolves. In the story, the animals think and act more like humans than dogs.

## In Fairy tales and mythology 
For thousands of years, people have told stories and made art with anthropomorphic characters. Egyptian mythology has many gods who are part animal and part human. Roman mythology has a story about a minotaur, which is part bull and part human. The werewolf of European mythology is part wolf and part human. There is also Aesop's fables, that usually have animal characters talking in them. 

## Cartoons and video games 
Many cartoons, shows, and movies have anthropomorphic characters. Examples include: 

* Looney Tunes,
* Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,
* Kung Fu Panda,
* My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, and
* Zootopia.

Many video games also have anthropomorphic characters. A few examples:

* Jak and Daxter,
* Ratchet and Clank,
* Crash Bandicoot,
* Sonic the Hedgehog, and
* Star Fox.

## Reasons for anthropomorphism
Humans can usually explain why humans do things. Humans are not as good at explaining why non-human things do things. This can lead to people assuming non-human things will do things like humans.

Humans learn about other humans early in life. They know more about humans than about things that are not humans, and they can remember it better.

## Related pages
* Furry: A section of anthropomorphism where animals and legendary creatures are shown as human-like in stories and art, It's a modern name given for Anthropomorphic Animals.

## References
Apostrophe

The **apostrophe** (**Ↄ**, **ↄ**, **’**), also known as the **apostrophus**, is a punctuation mark used in writing. It is also a diacritic.

In English, it has two jobs:
* To show where one or more letters have been left out, as in the abbreviation (contraction) of *do not* to ''don't*.
* To show the possessive case, as in *the cat’s whiskers''.

## Examples 
### Its versus it's 
The most common grammatical mistake in written English is to put ''it's* where *its* is correct. 

***Its***: a possessive adjective and pronoun of the personal pronoun *it*. 
**The cat chased its tail*. (correct)
**The tyre lost it's grip*. (wrong)

*'''It's'''*: a contraction of the verbal phrase *it is* or *it has*.
**It's mine*. (correct; check: *It is mine*)
**It's been here*. (correct; check: *It has been here*)
**The cat chased it's tail*. (wrong; cannot be expanded to *it is*)

The same applies to *yours*, *theirs* and *ours* because these are also possessive adjectives of personal pronouns.
**The colour is ours*.
**That book is hers* (or *his*).
**Theirs was the responsibility*.

### Possession 
Apostrophes are also used to show something belongs to someone (or something). Again, correct uses can be expanded:
* *Mike's car*. (correct; the car that belongs to Mike)
* *The dog's ball*. (correct; the ball that belongs to the dog)
**Those dog's are large''. (wrong; here "dogs" is a plural word)

### The intrusive apostrophe 
Comes in plurals which don't (*do not*) need it. Do not put an apostrophe in word ending in **s**, such as a plural. Put an apostrophe, or 's, at the end of the word instead.
*''Mr. Jones' hat* or *Mr. Jones's hat*. (both correct)
**Both of my parents' birthdays*. (correct)
**CD's* and *DVD's* (wrong; not possessive. See "Plural" section below)
**Apple's* and *pear's* (wrong; not possessive)

### Writing dialogue or titles 
Apostrophes are also used when other words are shortened, as in slang:
**Go get 'em tiger!* or *Li'l Bow Bow''.
This is just a version of the abbreviation function.

### Plural 
To make a word that doesn't (*does not*) usually exist as a plural into a plural, an apostrophe is occasionally used. See these examples:
* ''How many A's did you get this year?* Here it is wrong because it is not needed.
* *The poll received many yes's and very few no's.'' Here it is sensible because without it the words 'yess' and 'nos' look quite peculiar. However, you may find 'yeses' and 'noes' are appropriate as plurals. General rule: if an apostrophe is not needed, do not use it.

## References
Ryan North

**Ryan M. North** (born October 20, 1980) is a Canadian writer. He is the author of the comic strip Dinosaur Comics, as well as Whispered Apologies and several other projects. He is also the programmer of ohnorobot, a web comic search engine. Ryan North is also a member of The Ryans, a group dedicated to being called Ryan and making comics.

## Other websites
* *Dinosaur Comics*
* *Whispered Apologies*
Albany

**Albany** can be any of the following:

## Geography
;Australia
* Albany, Western Australia
* Albany Creek

;Canada
* Albany, Nova Scotia
* Albany, Ontario
* Albany, Prince Edward Island
* Fort Albany, Ontario

;New Zealand
* Albany, New Zealand

;South Africa
* Albany, South Africa

;United Kingdom
* Albany, Tyne and Wear

;United States of America
* Albany, Alabama 
* Albany, California, 
* Albany, Georgia, 
* Albany, Illinois
* Albany Park, Chicago, Illinois
* Albany Township, Illinois
* Albany, Indiana
* Albany, Iowa
* Albany, Kentucky
* Albany, Louisiana
* Albany Township, Maine
* Albany, Minnesota
* Albany Township, Minnesota
* Albany, Missouri
* Albany Township, Nebraska
* Albany, New Hampshire
* Albany, New York, the capital of New York and the most populous city in this list
* Albany County, New York
* Albany, Ohio
* Albany, Oklahoma
* Albany, Oregon
* Albany Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
* Albany Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
* Albany, Tennessee
* Albany, Texas
* Albany, Vermont
* Albany, Wisconsin
* Albany, Green County, Wisconsin
* Albany, Pepin County, Wisconsin
* Albany, Wyoming
* Albany County, Wyoming

## Rivers
* Albany River, in Canada

## People
* Duke of Albany, a Scottish, and later, British Peerage title

## Other
* Albany Records, a record label in Albany, New York