open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Muskogee County, Oklahoma

**Muskogee County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2020, 66,339 people lived there.  Its county seat is Muskogee.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 840 square miles.

## Bordering counties
*Wagoner County  (north)
*Cherokee County  (northeast)
*Sequoyah County  (east)
*Haskell County  (southeast)
*McIntosh County  (southwest)
*Okmulgee County  (west)

## Cities and towns 
## NRHP sites 
The following sites in Muskogee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

## References
Polans

**The Polans** were a West Slavic tribe that lived in Greater Poland. Polans united other Polish tribes and created Poland. The first Catholic ruler of the Polans was Mieszko I. Here is an extract of Helmold's Chronica Slavorum:

"*Slavorum igitur populi multi sunt habitantes in litore Balthici maris. Sinus huius maris ab occidentali occeano orientem versus porrigitur. Appellatur ideo Balthicus (...) idemque mare barbarum seu pelagus Schiticum vocatur a gentibus, quas alluit, barbaris. Hoc mare multae circumsedent naciones. Dani siquidem ac Sueones, quos Northmannos vocamus, septentrionale litus et omnes in eo continent insulas. At litus australe Slavorum incolunt nationes, quorum ab oriente primi sunt Ruci, deinde Polani, habentes a septentrione Pruzos, ab austro Boemos et eos qui dicuntur Marahi sive Karinthi atque Sorabi.*"

in English, it means:

"''There are a lot of Slavic tribes, that live on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The bay of this sea is directed from the west ocean to east. It's called Baltic (...) This sea is also called barbarian or Scythian from the barbarian tribes, that is failing. There are a lot of tribes that live around this sea; namely Danes and Swedes, which we call Normans, they live on the northern coast and all of the isles. Southern coast inhabit Glavic tribes, the first of them are Rus'; there are also Polans, that border in the north with Prussians, on the south with Czechs, and these, that are calling themselves Moravians or Carynthians and Sorbians.''"
Headline

A **headline** is text at the top of a article, telling the reader the nature of the article below. Newspapers almost always have *headlines* in their papers. 

A headline does more than just name the story: it quickly summarizes the most important information and also attracts the reader’s attention. Journalists use headlines as a “hook” so people want to read the rest of the article.

Headlines are usually written in a short, compressed style, often dropping small words (such as "the", "a", or "is") to save space.

Headlines can also frame a story. They help shape how readers understand the article and how events are remembered.

## References
Transistor–transistor logic

**Transistor–Transistor Logic** (**TTL**) is a class of digital circuits built from transistors and resistors. It is called *transistor–transistor logic* because the logic function (e.g., AND) and amplification is performed by transistors. Many integrated circuits have TTL technology. They are used in applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, synthesizers, etc.

TTL gates define a voltage below 0.5V as *0*, and a voltage of 4–5V as *1*.

## Series Type 
* Bipolar
** 74 - the "standard TTL" logic family (long obsolete) had no letters between the "74" and the specific part number.
** 74L - Low power (compared to the original TTL logic family), very slow (rendered obsolete by the LS-series)
** H - High speed (rendered obsolete by the S-series, used in 1970s era computers)
** S - Schottky (obsolete)
** LS - Low Power Schottky
** AS - Advanced Schottky
** ALS - Advanced Low Power Schottky
** F - Fast (faster than normal Schottky, similar to AS)
* CMOS
** C - CMOS 4-15V operation similar to 4000 series
** HC - High speed CMOS, similar performance to LS, 12nS
** HCT - High speed, compatible logic levels to bipolar parts
** AC - Advanced CMOS, performance generally between S and F
** AHC - Advanced High-Speed CMOS, three times as fast as HC
** ALVC - Low voltage - 1.65 to 3.3V, tpd 2nS
** AUC - Low voltage - 0.8 to 2.7V, tpd<1.9nS@1.8V
** FC - Fast CMOS, performance similar to F
** LCX - CMOS with 3V supply and 5V tolerant inputs
** LVC - Low voltage - 1.65 to 3.3V and 5V tolerant inputs, tpd<5.5nS@3.3V, tpd<9nS@2.5V
** LVQ - Low voltage - 3.3V
** LVX - Low voltage - 3.3V with 5V tolerant inputs
** VHC - Very High Speed CMOS - 'S' performance in CMOS technology and power
** G - Super high speeds at more than 1&nbsp;GHz, 1.65V to 3.3V and 5V tolerant inputs, tpd 1nS (Produced by Potato Semiconductor)
* BiCMOS
** BCT - BiCMOS, TTL compatible input thresholds, used for buffers
** ABT - Advanced BiCMOS, TTL compatible input thresholds, faster than ACT and BCT
Troy Aikman

**Troy Kenneth Aikman** (born November 21, 1966 in West Covina, California) is a former American football quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League, and is now a television sportscaster for the Monday Night Football for ESPN and ABC television network. He is also a shared owner of the NASCAR Nextel Cup racing team, Hall of Fame Racing, along with fellow former Cowboys quarterback, Roger Staubach. He was chosen for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006.

## References
Protactinium

**Protactinium** is a very radioactive chemical element with the symbol **Pa** and atomic number 91. The density of this element is 231.04

## Notable characteristics 
Protactinium is a silver metallic element that is in the actinide group, with a bright metallic shine that it keeps for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.

## Applications 
Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic research.

Protactinium-231 (which is made by the alpha decay of Uranium-235 followed by beta decay of Thorium-231) could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kg. Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible in Protactinium-231.

## History 
Protactinium was first discovered in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope 234m-Pa, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, while they were studying the decay chain of 238-U. They gave the new element the name *Brevium* (Latin *brevis*, brief, short); the name was changed to *Protoactinium* in 1918 when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered 231-Pa. The name was shortened to *Protactinium* in 1949.

In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. For many years to come, this was the world's only way to get the element. It is said that the metal was sold to laboratories for a cost of 2,800 USD / g in the following years.

## Precautions 
Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.

## References 
## Other websites 
* ANL factsheet 
* WebElements.com – Protactinium
* It's Elemental – Protactinium 
* InfoHaunter http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/protactinium.html
Johnny Unitas

**John Constantine "Johnny" Unitas** (May 7, 1933 – September 11, 2002, often called "Johnny U."), was a professional American football player in the 1950s through the 1970s. He was a record-setting quarterback and the National Football League's most valuable player in 1959, 1964 and 1967. His record of throwing a touchdown pass in 47 consecutive games (between 1956-1960) is unrivaled. Unitas is commonly considered the greatest quarterback of all-time. He spent his first and last seasons each with the Pittsburgh Steelers and San Diego Chargers. He is most famous for his time with the Baltimore Colts. He was part of what some considered "The Greatest Game ever Played,"  in 1959. Unitas handed a ball to Alan Ameche, who scored against the New York Giants. The Colts eventually moved from Baltimore to Indianapolis in 1984. Unitas supported the Baltimore Ravens and is part of their Ring of Honor (Inducted 2002).
, Maryland, USA.]] 

## References 
## Other websites
* Official Johnny Unitas Information Site 
*https://www.flickr.com/photos/15795636@N02/2103926819/
Dick Butkus

**Richard Marvin "Dick" Butkus** (December 9, 1942 – October 5, 2023) was an American former football player. He was commonly considered as the greatest linebacker of his time. He was raised in Roseland, Chicago, Illinois.
 
In college, Butkus played for the University of Illinois. He played professional football in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears. He became a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1979.

Butkus died in his sleep at his home in Malibu, California, on October 5, 2023, at the age of 80. The cause of death was a stroke caused by atrial fibrillation, atherosclerosis, and hypercholesterolemia.

## References
The Sean Hannity Show

, the main host of ***The Sean Hannity Show***]]
**The Sean Hannity Show** is an American radio show with conservative talk show host Sean Hannity. It is a political talk show, but many times will cover things other than the mainstream media. The *Hannity* program is the second highest rated program, behind only The Rush Limbaugh Show. On the show, *Sean* and the people who call in often say to each other "you're a great American!" 

## Other websites 
* Hannity's radio website
John Elway

{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = John Elway
| image = Uso-show-john-elway-defenselink-mil.jpg
| caption = Elway in December 2004
| number = 7
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Port Angeles, Washington
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 3
| weight_lbs = 215
| draftyear = 1983
| draftround = 1
| draftpick = 1
| high_school = Granada Hills (CA) 
| college = Stanford
| pastteams =
* Denver Broncos (–)
| pastadmin =
* Colorado Crush (–)CEO & co-owner
* Denver Broncos (–})General manager & executive vice president of football operations
* Denver Broncos ()  President of football operations
* Denver Broncos ()  Consultant
| highlights =
**As a player:**
* 2× Super Bowl champion (XXXII, XXXIII)
* Super Bowl MVP (XXXIII)
* 9× Pro Bowl (1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996–1998)
* First-team All-Pro (1987)
* 2× Second-team All-Pro (1993, 1996)
* NFL Most Valuable Player (1987)
* 2× AFC Offensive Player of the Year (1987, 1993)
* NFL Man of the Year (1992)
* NFL passing yards leader (1993)
* NFL 1990s All-Decade Team
* Denver Broncos Ring of Fame
* Denver Broncos No. 7 retired
* Pac-10 Player of the Year (1982)
* Unanimous All-American (1982)
* Stanford Cardinal No. 7 retired
**As a general manager:**
* Super Bowl champion (50)
| statlabel1 = TD–INT
| statvalue1 = 300–226
| statlabel2 = Passing yards
| statvalue2 = 51,475
| statlabel3= Completion percentage
| statvalue3 = 56.9
| statlabel4 = Passer rating
| statvalue4 = 79.9
| statlabel5 = Rushing yards
| statvalue5 = 3,407
| statlabel6 = Rushing touchdowns
| statvalue6 = 33
| nfl = ELW276861
| HOF = john-elway
| CollegeHOF = 2055
}}
**John Albert Elway, Jr.** (born June 28, 1960 in Port Angeles, Washington) is a retired Hall of Fame American football quarterback. He played his college football at Stanford and his whole professional career for the Denver Broncos football team of the National Football League (NFL). He was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1987. Elway won Super Bowls with the Broncos in 1998 and 1999, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999, throwing for one touchdown and rushing for another as the Broncos beat the Atlanta Falcons, 34-19. That ended up being his final game (other than the 1999 Pro Bowl), as he retired after that season. He is famed for the fact that Homer Simpson wants to be him in the Simpsons episode “Cape Feare”, this is ironic as he lost 55-10 to the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIV, thus Homer should want to be Joe Montana.
Michael Irvin

**Michael Jerome Irvin** (born March 5, 1966) is a former American football player for the Dallas Cowboys. He is also a former broadcaster for ESPN's *NFL Countdown*. He is currently a studio analyst for NFL Network. He is commonly known as one of the most successful and greatest wide receivers in the history of the National Football League.

## Other websites
*Michael Irvin's Official Website and Merchandise .
Howie Long

**Howard Michael Moses Long** (born January 6, 1960 in Somerville, Massachusetts) is a former American football player who played as a defensive end, and was chosen for the Hall of Fame in 2000. He won the Super Bowl XVIII with the Los Angeles Raiders on January 22, 1984. Long currently works as a studio analyst for the Fox Network's NFL coverage.
Detroit Lions

The **Detroit Lions** are an American football team in Detroit. The Lions play in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) North division. The team plays its home games at Ford Field.

The Lions won four NFL Championship Games between 1935 and 1957, all prior to the Super Bowl era. Since the 1957 championship, the franchise has won 3 playoff games during the 1991 and 2023 seasons and held the league's longest postseason win drought. They are the only franchise that has existed for the entire Super Bowl era to not appear in the Super Bowl.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Site
Third-person shooter

**Third-person shooter** is a genre of video games in which the players character is seen from a distance. A first-person shooter is where the player plays as if they *are* the character. In a third person shooter the player *controls* the character. Some examples of a third-person shooter are the Grand Theft Auto series and Mafia. 
For PSP can also have Socom Fireteam Bravo Also with the Syphon Filter series with first person scope aim.
Hoang Hoa Tham

**Hoàng Hoa Thám** () or **Đề Thám** (); (born **Trương Văn Thám** () 1858&nbsp;– February 10, 1913) was leader of the famous Yen The Uprising against the French during Western conquest of Vietnam.

## References 
*
Pro Football Hall of Fame

in front of the sign of the ***Pro Football Hall of Fame***]]
The **Pro Football Hall of Fame** is the hall of fame of the National Football League (NFL). It opened in Canton, Ohio, United States, on September 7 1963 with 17 original inductees. Through 2008, all but one of the Hall of Fame members have played some part of their professional career in the NFL (the only player who did not is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, who played his whole career in the American Football League (AFL) before the 1970 AFL-NFL merger). The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers in the league at 26.

## Citations
Cypress

]]
 swamp]]

**Cypress** is a name used for many trees and shrubs in the conifer family Cupressaceae (cypress family). 

The name comes from the genus *Cupressus* which survives today as a conifer tree. About 30 cypress species survive.

Many cypress trees have needle-like, evergreen foliage and acorn-like seed cones.

Their earlier relatives were very common in the forests of the Jurassic period.
Mi'kmaq language

The '''Mi'kmaq language''' (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or priorly Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 9,000 Míkmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Míkmaq population of roughly 40,000. The word *Míkmaq* is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular *Míkm*); the adjectival form is *Míkmaw*. The language's native name is *Míkmawísimk*  or *Míkmwei* (in some dialects).

## Writing system 
Míkmaq is written with letters of the Roman alphabet. This writing system was created by missionaries in the 19th century. Before, the language was written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing, a script of partially-native origin.

## Orthographies 
## Notes 
## References 
* Rand, Silas Tertius. 1888. *Dictionary of the language of the Micmac Indians, who reside in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and Newfoundland.* Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Company. Reprinted 1994: New Delhi & Madras: Asian Educational Services, 

## Other websites 
* Mi'kmaq Online Talking Dictionary
* Internet Archive of "Míkmaq Language"
* Native Languages page on Míkmaq
* Ethnologue report
* Chris Harvey's page on Míkmawísimk
Los Angeles Chargers

The **Los Angeles Chargers** are a professional American football team in Los Angeles, California. They are currently part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The club was founded by Barron Hilton in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The club spent its first season in 1960 in Los Angeles before moving to San Diego in 1961, becoming the **San Diego Chargers** and spending 56 seasons in that city before moving back to the Los Angeles area from 2017 to 2019. The team played at Dignity Health Sports Park, a soccer stadium in suburban Carson that serves as home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer. They made only one Super Bowl appearance in 1994. In 2020, the Chargers joined the Los Angeles Rams at that team's new SoFi Stadium in another Los Angeles suburb, Inglewood.

From 2007 to 2019, Phillip Rivers was their starting quarterback.  The current quarterback is Justin Herbert. The original team logo was a charging horse. Over time, the logo evolved into a lightning bolt strike, a play on a different meaning of "charge".  The team wears navy blue jerseys and white pants for most home games, white jerseys and navy pants for road games, and powder blue jerseys with white pants for designated home games.  There is a gold bolt on the jersey that is outlined in both powder blue and navy.

## Pro Football Hall of Famers
*Dan Fouts QB
*Antonio Gates  TE
*LaDainian Tomlinson RB
*Kellen Winslow TE
*Rodney Harrison CB
*Antonio Cromartie CB
*Shawne Merriman LB
*Junior Seau DE
*Charlie Joiner WR

## Footnotes 
## Other websites
*Official Website
Metal leaf

.]]
**Metal leaf** is a type of metallic foil used mostly for decoration. Gold leaf, a thin layering of gold foil, is the most common form of metal leaf, and the two words are often mixed up. Only very malleable metals can be made into leaf.  Those metals are easily shaped, but at the same time very hard to break. Metal leaf is seen in various fields other than in decoration, sometimes used in art and gilding, its purposes in some cultures varies. Vark is a type of silver leaf used to decorate Indian cuisine.

## References 
*Patricia E. Nimocks, *Decoupage*. 1968, Scribner.
Koweta Mission Site

**Koweta Mission Site** is a National Register of Historic Places site added in 1973.

The Koweta Mission was founded in 1843 when white missionaries arrived in Coweta, Oklahoma to teach Native American children. Reverend Robert Loughridge and his wife, Olivia, bought an empty cabin for ten dollars and began teaching. He named the mission "Koweta".

## Citations
Ronnie O'Sullivan

'''Ronnie O'Sullivan''' (born 5 December 1975) is an English professional snooker player. He was born in Wordsley, West Midlands. He grew up in Chigwell, Essex and still lives there. He is the most successful snooker player of all time.

Ronnie O'Sullivan made his first century break at age 10. In total he has made more than 1000.

He won the World Snooker Championship in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2020 and 2022. He has won the UK Championship eight times. This was in 1993, 1997, 2001, 2007, 2014, 2017, 2018 and 2023. He has won the Masters seven times, in 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016 and 2017.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Rain (entertainer)

**Jung Ji-Hoon** (born June 25, 1982), better known by his stage name **Rain**, is a South Korean singer, recording artist, dancer, actor, model and designer.

In Rain's music career, he produced seven albums (six Korean, one Japanese), 19 singles and many concert tours around the world. His acting career began in 2003. This was when he won the KBS Best New Actor Award for his role in the drama ''Sang Doo! Let's Go To School*. In 2004, Rain won the KBS Excellence in Acting award for his role in the drama *Full House*. After starring in *A Love To Kill*, he acted in his first Korean film, *I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK* (2006), which won the Alfred Bauer Prize at the Berlin International Film Festival. Rain has acted in the American films *Speed Racer* (2008) and *Ninja Assassin'' (2009). He was the first Korean to win an MTV award.

In 2007, Rain left the management of JYP Entertainment and started his own company, J. Tune Entertainment. However, he still keeps contact with Park Jin-young.

## Early life
Rain spent most of his childhood living with his parents and younger sister near Yonsei University. Rain was a quiet and shy child. He discovered his passion for dance when he performed in a talent show for High School. Rain decided to follow his passion and attended High School of Arts.

Rain lost his mother when she died with diabetes in 2000. In the same year, Rain was picked up to train for JYP Entertainment, led by Park Jin-Young. However, in a CNN interview and also in a Discovery Channel documentary called Discovering Hip Korea, he said he was repeatedly rejected because of his looks. During the early years of training, Rain was a backup dancer.

## References
Ismaning

**Ismaning** is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. As of December 31, 2008, it had a population of 15,181.

## References
## Other websites
Grünwald, Bavaria

**Grünwald** (Central Bavarian: *Greawoid*) is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The Bavaria Film Studios and a castle are in Grünwald. It is one of the wealthiest municipalities in Germany.

## References
## Other websites
Haar, Bavaria

**Haar** is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

## References
## Other websites
Algonquian languages

The **Algonquian**  or ;
(also **Algonquin**, **Algonkian**) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The term "Algonquin" comes from the Maliseet word *elakómkwik* (), "they are our relatives/allies". Many Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, while a number of others have already died out completely. There are about 30 languages. The three categories of the Algonquian languages are *Plains Algonquian Languages*, *Central Algonquian Languages* and *Eastern Algonquian Languages*.

Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains. The language from which all of the languages of the family come was spoken at least 3,000 years ago.

The Algonquian languages are 'poly-synthetic', which means that you can make entire sentences in one word.

## Languages and groups 
Algonquian languages by group include:

* Plains Languages: Blackfoot, Arapaho proper, Gros Ventre (†) and Cheyenne
* Central Languages: Cree–Innu–Naskapi, Menominee, Ojibwe, Potawatomi,  Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, Shawnee and  Miami–Illinois (†)
* Eastern Languages: Miꞌkmaq, Western Abenaki, Eastern Abenaki (†), Malecite–Passamaquoddy,  Massachusett, Narragansett (†) Mohegan–Pequot (†), Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog (†), Mohican (†), Munsee (Lenape), Unami (Lenape, †), Nanticoke–Piscataway (†), Carolina Algonquian (†), Powhatan (†), Etchemin (†), Loup A (†),  Loup B (†) and Shinnecock (†)

Extinct languages are marked with (†)

## Related pages 
* Northeastern Woodlands 
* Plains Indians 
* First Nations 
* Native Americans in the United States

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Campbell, Lyle (1997). *American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America*. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Goddard, Ives (1994). "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology." In William Cowan, ed., *Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference*, pp.&nbsp;187–211. Ottawa: Carleton University.
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). *The languages of Native North America*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  (hbk); .

## Other websites 
* Algonquian Family
*
Arieş River

The name Arieş River can be one of three rivers in Romania:

* Arieş, a river in Romania, tributary of the Mureş River
* Arieş, a river in Romania, tributary of the Râul Mic
* Arieş, a river in Romania, tributary of the Someş River
Garching bei München

**Garching** (Central Bavarian: *Garching bei Minga*) is a town in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. There are  other towns in Germany, which are called *Garching* so this one is often called *Garching bei München*. This is German for Garching near Munich.

## References
## Other websites
Elmo

**Elmo** is a Muppet character from the TV show *Sesame Street*. He is a red monster and has his own part of the show called ''Elmo's World*. He is three-and-a-half years old, and his birthday is on February 3. He is very famous for his laugh. His best friend is a pink fairy named Abby Cadabby. 

Elmo was originally a nameless extra performed by various puppeteers with no established identity. After that, he became a recurring character on the show. 

Brian Muehl was the first main performer and gave him a whispery voice. Richard Hunt performed him next and gave him a gruff voice. Then, Kevin Clash was given the Muppet in 1984 and used a new voice for him. This voice was made using falsetto. The Muppet then became very popular. Elmo always talks in the third person; for example, Elmo says, "Elmo loves you!" rather than "I love you!" Elmo has a pet fish named Dorothy. He plays the toy piano and likes to ride his tricycle. Elmo is very popular with younger children.

In the 1990s, an Elmo toy called "Tickle Me Elmo" was sold. In a short time, it became one of the most popular *Sesame Street'' toys in stores.

## References
Arena Football League

]]
The **Arena Football League** (or **AFL**) is a defunct American football league in the United States that ran from 1987 to 2008, and 2010 to 2019. After it ended the first time, another league like it started in 2010, called Arena Football 1. Some, but not all, of the AFL teams joined Arena Football 1. The league later changed its name to the Arena Football League. There were 6 teams in 2019 when the league folded due to bankruptcy.

Unlike what people in this league call the outdoor league (the NFL), *Arena football* is played in an smaller arena. Arena Football is played with only 8 players on a team, not 11 like the NFL.

## Teams
### Timeline
The Arena Football League has had many teams join and leave the league. Every year, there has been at least one team which did not play with the same name as the year before.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website of the *Arena Football League* 
*Official website of *Arena Football 1*
Tennessee Titans

The **Tennessee Titans** are a professional American football team from Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) of the National Football League (NFL). They used to be known as the **Houston Oilers** and played in Houston, Texas. The team was started in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). The Oilers won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.

The team moved to the state of Tennessee in 1997. They played in Memphis for one season before moving to Nashville. For two seasons, the team was known as the **Tennessee Oilers**. They changed their name to the Titans in 1999. Tennessee played in Super Bowl XXXIV, losing 23–16 to the St. Louis Rams. The game ended with the Titans one yard away from scoring a touchdown that could have tied the game.

## Other websites
*Tennessee Titans official web site
Civilian Conservation Corps

; the tents were soon changed to barracks by Army employers for the workers.]]
The **Civilian Conservation Corps** (**CCC**) was started by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. The *CCC* gave young men jobs such as fighting forest fires, digging ditches, and planting trees. The *CCC* paid these men about thirty dollars a month. At first, it was planned to get men out of the cities, but more men came from small towns and rural areas.

## Other websites 
*TripleCCC Museum in St. Louis, Missouri
Foo Fighters

**The Foo Fighters** is an American rock band started by musician and former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. Grohl made the band in 1994 after Nirvana's singer, Kurt Cobain, died. The band's name comes from a term used in World War II about strange sky objects (UFOs). Pat Smear, who was also in Nirvana, is a member of the band.

The band has achieved a world-wide following, and has won many awards for their music. They have released ten studio albums and twenty-eight singles. Foo Fighters has won fifteen Grammy Awards, and is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The current members of the band are Dave Grohl (singing and guitar), Pat Smear (guitar), Chris Shiflett (guitar), Nate Mendel (bass guitar), and Rami Jaffee (piano). Josh Freese Was announced for Hawkins replacement p
Alan Vaytsman performed many tribute to Taylor Hawkins. The song by John Lennon is dedicated to Taylor Hawkins.

## Band members
**Current members**
* Dave Grohl – lead vocals, guitar (1994–present)
* Nate Mendel – bass (1995–present) 
* Pat Smear – guitar (1995–1997, 2010–present; session/touring musician 2005–2010)
* Chris Shiflett – guitar (1999–present)
* Rami Jaffee – keyboards, piano (2017–present; session/touring musician 2005–2017)
* Josh Freese – drums, percussion (2023–present)

**Former members**
* William Goldsmith – drums, percussion (1995–1997)
* Franz Stahl – guitar, backing vocals (1997–1999)
* Taylor Hawkins – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1997–2022; his death)

**Former touring/session musicians**
* Drew Hester – percussion, vibraphone (2005–2008)
* Petra Haden – backing vocals, violin, mandolin (2005–2006)
* Jessy Greene – cello, violin, backing vocals (2007–2008)
* Laura Mace – backing vocals (2017–2022)
* Samantha Sidley – backing vocals (2017–2022) The band also received three Kerrang! Awards. At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, the band won Best Rock Video for "Walk". They won the Radio Contraband Major Label Artist of the Year in 2011 and 2014. The band won Song of the Year for "Something from Nothing" and Album of the Year for *Sonic Highways* both in 2014.

The band was nominated for six Grammy Awards—Album of the Year, Best Rock Performance, Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, Best Rock Song, Best Rock Album, and Best Long Form Music Video (for *Back and Forth*)—at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards held in February 2012. They won five of the six, losing only to Adele in the Album of the Year category. The following month, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility.

## References
Chiang Mai

**Chiang Mai** is the biggest city in northern Thailand and the second biggest city in Thailand. The city's name is Thai for "new city" because it replaced Chiang Rai, meaning "old city", as the capital of the Lan Na Kingdom. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, the second-biggest province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from northeast to northwest) Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son. In the north it is next to Shan State of Myanmar.

## References
Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels

***Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels*** is a *Super Mario* video game made by Nintendo. It was released as *Super Mario Bros. 2* in Japan in 1986 for the Famicom Disk System. 

*The Lost Levels* was not released in the United States since Nintendo of America felt that Americans would not be happy with the game because they felt it was too hard and too similar to *Super Mario Bros.* Instead, Nintendo of America took another game, called *Doki Doki Panic*, and released that under the *Super Mario Bros. 2* name.

## Gameplay
*Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels* features updated graphics from the original, new items, and new functions. The only new power-up is the Poison Mushroom; normally, a mushroom will make Mario bigger (Super Mushroom) or give him an extra life (1-Up Mushroom), but this one will make Mario smaller or kill him. They are easily distinguishable by their black-dotted mushroom caps. They are re-colored to purple in the *Super Mario All-Stars* release. There are also red Piranha Plants which will come up even if Mario is on top of them, compared to the green ones that hide when Mario is near them.

Mario and Luigi now act differently. Luigi has a higher jump and skids more when coming to a stop.

## Releases
The game was first released around the world in 1993 in *Super Mario All-Stars* for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. That game had the other three *Super Mario Bros.* games with better graphics and a save function.

Since then, it has been re-released three more times.  
*In 1999, it was packaged in *Super Mario Bros. Deluxe* for the Game Boy Color. After the player earned 300,000 points, it was unlocked and subtitled *For Super Players*. This version uses the original *Super Mario Bros.* graphics, does not have wind, and does not have the differences between Mario and Luigi.
*In 2004, it was released in Japan as Volume 21 in the Famicom Mini series for the Game Boy Advance. It was not released anywhere else.
*In 2007, it was released on the Wii's Virtual Console service.

## References
Adelaide Zoo

**Adelaide Zoo** is Australia's second oldest zoo. It is in Adelaide, South Australia. The zoo has over 1800 animals from 300 different species. 

In 2009, the zoo will be get two Giant Pandas, from China.

## Other websites
*Web site of the Adelaide Zoo 

## References
Ruth Harkness

**Ruth Elizabeth Harkness** (21 September 1900 – 20 July 1947) was an American fashion designer and socialite. She traveled to China in 1936 and brought back the first live giant panda to the United States. Her story was told in a book by Vicki Constantine Croke, *The Lady and the Panda*, published by Random House in 2005. Ruth was found dead in a hotel on July 20th 1947.

## References
Mumps

**Mumps** is a viral disease. Only humans get it. Some of the most common symptoms are fever, headaches, swelling of the parotoid glands, sore throat, and orchitis (which means swelling of the testicles). 

Mumps can be diagnosed by the increase in alpha amylase isoenzymes in blood plasma.

The MMR vaccine stops measles, mumps and rubella. Hence we can say that mumps can be prevented by MMR vaccination.
Mike Ditka

**Michael Keller Ditka, Jr.** (born October 18, 1939, in Carnegie, Pennsylvania), is a former NFL player, television commentator, and coach. Ditka coached the Chicago Bears for 11 years and New Orleans Saints for 3 years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only two people to win Super Bowls as a player, an assistant coach and a head coach. Ditka was the only person to take part in the last two Chicago Bears' championships, as a player in 1963 and as head coach in 1985.

On November 23, 2018, Ditka was hospitalized in Naples, Florida after suffering a heart attack while playing golf.

## References
## Other websites 
*www.mikeditka.com
Wakayama Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is the city of Wakayama. Wakayama Prefecture is surrounded by Osaka Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture and Tokushima Prefecture.

## History 
In the Meiji period, Wakayama Prefecture was created from the western part of Kii Province.

## Geography 
Wakayama's southwestern coastline faces the Seto Inland Sea and its southeastern coastline is on the Pacific Ocean.  The northern borders of the prefecture meet Osaka Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, and Mie Prefecture.

### Cities
There are nine cities in Wakayama Prefecture:

### Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district:

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Hinokuma-kunikakasu jinjū* is the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Wakayama Prefecture website
Jacksonville Jaguars

The **Jacksonville Jaguars** are a professional American football team in Jacksonville, Florida in the National Football League (NFL). They are currently members of the Southern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars, and the Carolina Panthers, became part of the NFL as expansion teams in 1995. Their starting quarterback is Trevor Lawrence. 

## Head coaches
* Tom Coughlin (1995–2002)
* Jack Del Rio (2003–2011)
* Mel Tucker (interim, 2011)
* Mike Mularkey (2012)
* Gus Bradley (2013-2016)
* Doug Marrone (interim, 2016-2020)
* Urban Meyer (2021)
* Darrell Bevell (interim, 2021)
* Doug Pederson (2022-2024
* Liam Coen (2025-present)

## References
## Other websites
*Official Jacksonville Jaguars web site
*Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation
Webcast

A **webcast** is a type of media file used on the Internet. It is distributed using streaming media technology to many people at the same time. It is basically the same as broadcasting over the internet.

Many radio and TV stations, as well as stations that are only on the internet, have webcasts. Businesses may have webcasts to give presentations or to teach people. Some people broadcast weddings or funerals through webcasts.

## References
Cleveland Browns

The **Cleveland Browns** are a professional American football team in Cleveland, Ohio. The team plays in the AFC North division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Cleveland Browns started playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference and joined the NFL in 1950 after the AAFC folded. After the 1995 season, the Browns moved to Baltimore, Maryland and changed its name to the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Browns' team history stayed behind in Cleveland. A new Cleveland Browns team began playing in the 1999 NFL season, inheriting the history of the first Browns team.

The team has also won four NFL Championships. It is one of two teams in Ohio, the other team is the Cincinnati Bengals.

They are one of two NFL teams to finish the season with 0 wins, going 0-16 in the 2017 NFL season. They share this achievement with the Detroit Lions, who went 0-16 in 2008.

## References
## Other websites 
* Cleveland Browns official web site
* Sports E-Cyclopedia.com
Cincinnati Bengals

The **Cincinnati Bengals** are a professional American football team in Cincinnati, Ohio. They are currently members of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Their first season, 1968, was as an American Football League franchise, but they joined the NFL as part of the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger. Their current quarterback is Joe Burrow.

The Bengals' stadium is Paycor Stadium, in Downtown Cincinnati.  Their uniforms are an orange, black, or white jersey with tiger stripes and black or white pants.

The team chose its name for the fierce and dangerous big cat called the Bengal tiger.

## Other websites 
*Cincinnati Bengals official web site
*Sports E-Cyclopedia.com
*Bengals History
San Francisco 49ers

The **San Francisco 49ers** are a professional American football team. The team plays its home games in Santa Clara, California at Levi's Stadium, as the teams head office and practice areas are located there. The 49ers are a member of the NFC West of the National Football League (NFL). The team is called the 49ers because of San Francisco's history in the Gold Rush of 1849. The team colors are red, gold, and silver. The team has appeared in eight Super Bowls, winning five of them.

## Head coaches 
* Lawrence (Buck) Shaw (1946-1954)
* Red Strader (1955)
* Frankie Albert (1956-1958)
* Red Hickey (1959-1963)
* Jack Christiansen (1963-1967)
* Dick Nolan (1968-1975)
* Monte Clark (1976)
* Ken Meyer (1977)
* Pete McCulley (1978)
* Fred O'Connor (1978)
* Bill Walsh (1979-1988)
* George Seifert (1989-1996)
* Steve Mariucci (1997-2002)
* Dennis Erickson (2003-2004)
* Mike Nolan (2005)
* Mike Singletary (2005-2010)
* Jim Harbaugh (2011-2014)
* Jim Tomsula (2015)
* Chip Kelly (2016)
* Kyle Shanahan (2017-present)

## References
## Other websites 
* San Francisco 49ers official web site
Kelvedon

**Kelvedon** is a village and town in Essex, England.

## Origins
There has been a settlement on the bend of the River Blackwater for thousands of years. Archeologists have found evidence that shows the settlement was a Celtic trading port.
The present village of Kelvedon has been lived in since the early Middle Ages. The building of the Norwich - London railway, made Kelvedon a good place to live, but with easy and quick access to London. The village was built along one road, High Street. From the 1930's the village began to spread for miles along the street which was part of the A12. In the 1960's a bypass was built to go around the village. In the 1980's a large housing development called "Riverside Park" added hundreds of houses.

## Other websites
* Kelvedon Free Music Festival 

## References
Buffalo Bills

The **Buffalo Bills** are an American football  team from the Buffalo, New York area. Their home field, Highmark Stadium, is in nearby Orchard Park, New York. They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Bills started playing in 1960 as an original member of the American Football League and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger.

The Bills won two American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the team has not won a league championship since the merger. Buffalo is also the only team to win four consecutive AFC Championships (1990-93), though they did not win any of the four following Super Bowls.

Ralph Wilson, the longtime owner who had established the Bills in 1959, died on March 25, 2014. On September 9, 2014, Wilson's family announced that it had sold the team to Terry Pegula and his wife, Kim. The Pegulas also own the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL.

The Bills team name is based on the famous "wild west show" star known as Buffalo Bill. The American bison is the team symbol. This large mammal is commonly known in North America as the "buffalo", although it is only distantly related to other large mammals known as such.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Buffalo Bills - Official Site
Washington Commanders

The **Washington Commanders** are a professional American football team based in the Washington, D.C. area.  The team plays at Northwest Stadium in Landover, Maryland. The team's head office and training area are at Commander Park in Ashburn, Virginia. They are part of the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

The team began in Boston in 1932. They were first named for the Boston Braves baseball team. They were soon renamed the "Redskins." They kept that nickname after moving to Washington in the late 1930s. Native Americans and others said this word was insulting to Native Americans. There were protests and legal challenges, but the team kept the name for many years. 

On June 18, 2014, the United States Patent Office decided that they were going to cancel the Redskins trademarks and called the name "disparaging to Native Americans."

In June 2020, 87 of the team's sponsors wrote a letter asking the team to change its name.  PepsiCo, Nike, and FedEx were three of these sponsors.  Together those three companies pay more than US$600 million to show their products and services next to the team.  That summer, the team announced that there would be a review of the name. On July 13, 2020, the team officially retired the "Redskins" name, although they did not choose a new team name at that time. The team played the 2020 and 2021 seasons as the Washington Football Team.

The team hired John Wright to find a new name.  He spoke to fans, former players, and some Native Americans.  Fans liked the name "Red Wolves," but too many other teams already legally owned names and pictures that were like "Red Wolves." On February 2, 2022, Wright went on the Today Show.  He said the new name would be "Washington Commanders" and showed everyone the new team uniforms. The name is based on the US naval rank, commander.

Some Native American leaders, for example Fawn Sharp of the National Congress of American Indians, said the team also should have apologized for using the name for so long and making so much money with it.  Others said it was a step in the right direction.

## References
## Other websites 
* Washington Commanders official web site
* Sports E-Cyclopedia.com 
* ESPN's Redskin Page 
* History of the Washington Redskins
* Team Names
Super Princess Peach

***Super Princess Peach*** (スーパープリンセスピーチ in Japanese) is a 2005 platform video game. It was developed by TOSE and published by Nintendo. In 2009, this game was re-released as a Nintendo Selects title. It was released for the Nintendo DS.

Unlike most *Mario* video games, Bowser has decided to kidnap Mario. The player takes control of Peach who must go out and save Mario.
Hyōgo Prefecture

**Hyōgo Prefecture** is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Kobe. 

## History 
In the Meiji period, Hyōgo Prefecture was formed by merging the provinces of Harima, Tajima, Awaji, and parts of Tamba and Settsu.

In 1993, Himeji Castle was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  It is in the city of Himeji.

In 1995, the Great Hanshin earthquake damaged Kobe and neighboring Osaka Prefecture. It caused the deaths of 5,000+ people.

## Geography 
Hyōgo has coastlines on two seas. The Sea of Japan is north of the prefecture and the Seto Inland Sea is on the south.  Awaji Island in the Inland Sea is part of Hyōgo.

Hyōgo shares land borders with Osaka Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture and Okayama Prefecture.

### Cities
There are twenty-nine cities in Hyōgo Prefecture, including

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 20% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Izumo daijinju* is the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture. 

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Hanshin Tigers

## References
## Other websites
*Official Hyōgo Prefecture website
* Himeji-jo, World Heritage Site
Minnesota Vikings

The **Minnesota Vikings** are a professional American football team in Minneapolis, Minnesota.  The Vikings play in the National Football Conference of the National Football League (NFL). They are in the NFC North division. The Vikings have won their division 16 times, which is the third most among teams that are playing in the NFL now. They appeared in four Super Bowls during the 1970s, and lost all four of them. Their home field is the U.S. Bank Stadium

The team is called the Vikings because the state of Minnesota was settled by a great many people of Scandinavian ancestry. The historical Vikings originated in Scandinavia.

## Other websites 
* Minnesota Vikings Official Website
* Radio Home of the Minnesota Vikings 
* Star Tribune Coverage of the Minnesota Vikings 
* Pioneer Press Coverage of the Minnesota Vikings
Reno, Nevada

**Reno** is a city in the American state of Nevada. It is the county seat of Washoe County. As of 2020, there were 264,165 people living in Reno. Charles Fuller built the first log cabin in 1859 and was named Lakes Crossing in 1861. 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
*