open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rudolf Hess

**Rudolf Walter Richard Hess** (**Heß** in German) (26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987) was a high-ranking leader in Nazi Germany and a member of Adolf Hitler's inner circle. He was the third most powerful man in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1941 (after Hitler and Hermann Göring). 

## Early life 
Rudolf Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt, but moved back to Germany in 1908. He joined the army in World War I and was a soldier from 1914 until 1918. 

## Nazi career 
In 1920 Hess joined the Nazi Party, and in 1922 he joined the SA. He flew to Scotland during World War II in 1941 with the intention of putting an end to the war, but was arrested. 

After the war, in 1946, Hess was tried at the Nuremberg Trials and sentenced to life imprisonment. He spent the rest of his life in prison until his death in 1987 at the Allied Military Prison in Spandau, Berlin. Since 1966 he had been the only prisoner there. 

Hess's death was caused by strangulation by an electrical cord; officials recorded it as a suicide.

## References
Amin Maalouf

**Amin Maalouf** (; ; born 25 February 1949) is a Lebanese author. He studied sociology at the French University in Beirut. He was the director of the Beirut daily newspaper *an-Nahar*. But, he left the country 1975 at the start of the Lebanese Civil War. He moved to Paris and still lives there today.

Maalouf writes in French, and his works have been translated into many languages. He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his book *Rock of Tanios*.

He uses his experiences of civil war and migration in writing his novels. The characters in his novels are wanderers. They may not have just one home country, language, or religions.

## Works of fiction
* *First Century after Beatrice* 
* *Leo Africanus* 
* *Rock of Tanios* (Prix Goncourt 1993) 
* *Samarkand* (first published 1988 titled 'Samarcande') 
* *Gardens of Light* 
* *Ports of Call* (first published 1996 titled 'Les échelles du Levant') 
* ''Balthasar's Odyssey* 

## Works of non-fiction
* *Crusades through Arab Eyes* 
* *On Identity*
* *In the Name of Identity'' 

## Other websites
* Amin Maalouf Official Site
1520s

The **1520s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1520 and ended on 31 December 1529.

It is distinct from the decade known as the ***153th decade*** which began on January 1, 1521 and ended on December 31, 1530.

## Events 
*Aztecs surrender to the Spanish conquistadors.
*Ferdinand Magellan takes a trip around the world, and discovers the Philippines and Guam.
*Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

## Births 
*Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (1521)
*Taqi al-Din, Muslim scientist (1526)

## Deaths 
*Ferdinand Magellan, Spanish explorer (1521)
*Zhengde, Emperor of China (1521)
*Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (b. 1490)
*Marko Marulic, Croatian poet (1524)
*Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (1524) 
*Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman.
Wave

A **wave** is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. **Wave** motions transfer energy from one place to another.

Waves play an important role in our daily life.  This is because waves are a carrier of energy and information over large distances. Waves require some oscillating or vibrating source. Ocean surface waves were the first known waves. Later, other kinds were discovered.

## Types of waves 
In physics and technology, a wave (physics) carries energy that creates visible light, sound, and many other things. There are two categories of waves.
* Mechanical waves
* Electromagnetic waves

**Mechanical waves**  

Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. 

One example of a mechanical wave is sound. 

Sound can travel through air, water, or solids, but it can't travel through a vacuum. It needs the medium to help it travel. 

Other examples include water waves, seismic waves, and waves traveling through a spring.
*Earthquakes produce seismic waves
*A wave in the water, such as an ocean surface wave, is a disturbance on the surface (top) of water,

### Electromagnetic waves 
Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.

For example:
*Radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation carry one type of energy.  X-rays, heat and light waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

## Related pages 
* Radiation
Gluon

(u) and down quarks (d) are gluons.]]**Gluons** are what hold quarks together to make bigger particles called hadrons. Gluons carry the strong force between other quarks, so it is considered a force carrying particle. Photons do the same thing, but for the electromagnetic force. Also, like photons, gluons are spin-1 particles, and when a particle has spin-1 it is considered a boson.

Gluons are hard to study because although they exist in nature all the time, they are so small and require so much energy to break them away from quarks (about 2 trillion degrees) that scientists have only been able to find more about them from particle colliders such as  the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

Murray Gell-Mann (though it might have actually been Edward Teller) gave them this name in 1962 for being similar to an adhesive or glue that keeps the nucleus together. Together with the quarks, these particles were called partons by Richard Feynman.

## Notes
## References
Humphry Davy

**Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet**, FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) (born 17 December 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall, England; died 29 May 1829 in Geneva City, Switzerland), was a Cornish chemist. His study of chemistry led to the first pure forms of some of the chemical elements such as water and sodium.

## References
Bulb

:*For the electrical device that produces light, see Lightbulb.*
s, a type of bulb that people use for food.]]
A **bulb** is the part of some plants that is mostly under the dirt and stores food while the plant rests from growing.

Some well-known bulbs people grow to use as food are onions and garlic. Some bulbs grown for the decorative flowers are lilies, tulips, and some irises.

Some plant storage organs that are similar to bulbs but have different names are tubers, corms (swollen stems), tuberous roots, and pseudobulbs.
Neoclassical economics

**Neoclassical economics** is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free.  This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought.  The theory argues that allowing individual actors (people or businesses) freedom creates better economic outcomes.  These outcomes may be a higher average standard of living, higher wages, better average life-expectancies, and higher GDP.  

## Arguments 
Markets are an abstract idea: assumed to be all the 'actors' (businesses or people) selling one thing, service or type of thing or service, and all the 'actors' buying it.  

### Theory 
Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price.  the price is worked out in the market.

It may be easier to think about this in reverse: The market is not in equilibrium if people want to buy a haircut for ten (or more) dollars and someone is happy to sell the person a haircut for ten (or less) dollars, but for some reason this does not happen.  

Neoclassical economists say this will not happen. Neo-Keynesians say it might, so the government could make the customer and the person selling the haircut happier by helping the customer somehow.

## Opposition 
Neo-Keynesian economy is an alternative to Neoclassical economy. The major point of difference between neoclassical economics and neo-Keynesian economics is about whether 'markets' 'reach equilibrium'.  

## References
Myxobolus cerebralis

***Myxobolus cerebralis*** is a small Myxozoan parasite that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing **whirling disease**. 

This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries.  In the 1980s, people found out that *M. cerebralis* needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.  It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.

Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight.  This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger.  Dealing with *M. cerebralis* costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.

*M. cerebralis* has become well-established, particularly in North America. It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.

## Shape
*M. cerebralis* has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores.  Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet. 

### Triactinomyxon stage
*M. cerebralis* has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail.
The kind of *M. cerebralis* that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right.  There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long.  That piece has 64 cells in it. There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish. They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into.  Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.

### Myxosporean stage
The kind of *M. cerebralis* that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10  micrometers across and are made of six cells.  Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole. Myxospores from *M. cerebralis* look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
*The Whirling Disease Foundation 
*The Whirling Disease Initiative
Aamir Khan

**Aamir Khan** (born March 14, 1965 in Mumbai) is a Bollywood actor. Khan first appeared in *Yaadon Ki Baaraat* (1973) as a child actor. His first big starring role was in *Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak* (1988). Khan was born to a Muslim family.

Another of his best-known adult roles was starring in *Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India* (2001), which was nominated for an Oscar. Khan was credited as producer for the movie, with his first wife (1986-2002), Reena Datta, executive producer. Khan met his future second wife (2005-), Kiran Rao, on the set, where she was an assistant director.

Their first movie released in 2006 is *Rang De Basanti* after his divorce with Reena Dutta. He later married Kiran Rao. After his divorce from Kiran, he is scheduled to get married for the third time with Gauri Spratt.

## Movies 
## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Statue

A **statue** is a model of somebody or something, usually of a person or sometimes an animal. It is a sculpture. Several kinds of material can be used to make a statue, e.g. stone, bronze, clay, or wood. Statues are often at least life-size (the same size as the real person), but often they are much bigger, especially statues in the open air. Statues are often made to remember an important person (such as the statue of Alfred the Great), or to remember an event or an idea (such as the Statue of Liberty).
 in the town square in Winchester]]
Usually there is some writing on a statue to say who the person is. This writing is called an epigraph. The statue may be standing on a base. This base is called a "plinth".

A **bust** is a statue of the head, shoulders and upper body of a person.

A **colossus** is an enormous statue.

A statue of someone on horseback (riding a horse) is called an **equestrian statue**.
Connection

s are used to make connections.]]
A **connection** is when two things are put together. This can either be a 'real' connection, like a chain linking two objects, or the word can be used in a figurative way. Figurative examples include a train connection between two cities, and mean the trains running between them.
Nobuo Uematsu

**Nobuo Uematsu** (植松 伸夫; Uematsu Nobuo, born 21 March 1959) is a Japanese video game music composer. He composed music for each role-playing games for Square Enix, including *Final Fantasy* and *Chrono Trigger*.

## Other websites 
* Nobuo Uematsu's official Japanese website 
* Nobuo Uematsu's official English website 
* Smile Please Co., Ltd. official Japanese website
* Unofficial Nobuo Uematsu website
Nile

crossing the Nile near Aswan]]

The **Nile** (النيل *an-nīl*) is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650&nbsp;km or 4,132 miles), though other rivers carry more water. 

Its longest section starts in Lake Victoria, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria. It gets its name from the Greek word "Νεῖλος" (''Neil's*). 

This longest part is called the White Nile. It flows from Lake Victoria in Uganda, and through Sudan to Khartoum. There it is joined by the Blue Nile to form the Nile proper, which then flows through Egypt. The Blue Nile comes from Ethiopia near the Red Sea. The two branches meet near Khartoum, in Sudan. About 300 million cubic metres of water flow down the Nile each day.

The Nile is essential to the drier countries in the north of Africa. On the Nile there are many boats: it is one of the easiest ways to get around. Historically, most cities in Egypt are built next to the river, and the pyramids are close to the Nile. The Nile has always provided most of the water used to grow crops in Egypt: much of the rest of the country is a desert. In ancient times the Nile flooded every year and the people would starve if there was not enough water for the crops. The Ancient Egyptians got papyrus from the Nile to write on. Papyrus is made from a plant which grows near the Nile.

Many different types of animals live in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others. Not only do animals depend on the Nile for survival, but also people who live there need it for everyday use like washing, as a water supply, keeping crops watered and other jobs.

Pyramids were built close to the Nile because they needed the granite stones from Aswan to be transported by barges down the Nile.

## History of the word Nile 
The word "Nile" comes from Greek *Neilos* (). Neilos came from the word "river valley". In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called *Ḥ'pī* or *iteru*, meaning "great river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown above (literally *itrw'', and 'waters' determinative). In Coptic, the words *piaro* (Sahidic) or *phiaro* (Bohairic) meaning "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great") come from the same ancient name. 

Image:Ferry Crossing River Nile in Uganda 04.jpg|Ferry crossing the Nile River in Uganda
Image:BlueNileCFalls.jpg|The Waterfalls of the Blue Nile
Image:Nile aswan.jpg|The Nile, at Aswan
Image:Vallee fertile du Nil a Louxor.jpg|The Nile, at the height of Luxor

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nile River -Citizendium
Columbus

**Columbus** usually refers to:
*Christopher Columbus, the explorer
*Columbus, Ohio

It might also mean:
*Columbus, Georgia
*Columbus, Indiana
*Columbus, Kentucky
*Columbus, Mississippi
*Columbus, Montana
*Columbus, Wisconsin
Nucleus

**Nucleus** (plural: **nuclei**) means the center of something. It might mean:

*Cell nucleus, which is the part that controls the cell, or the very center
*Atomic nucleus, the center of an atom
*Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet
*Nucleus (brain)
Dharma

**Dharma** (or **dhamma**) is a concept that is part of many religions or spiritual beliefs that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It means *the law* of spiritual growth of believers. Indian religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism all believe in Dharma and are hence also known as Dharmic religions.

## In Buddhism
In Buddhism, the word "Dharma" also means the very old teachings of the Buddha. For example, The Four Noble Truths.

## In Hinduism
In Hinduism, dharma is the spiritual law for human beings. It is the way of goodness, truth and duty. For example, a child's dharma is to be a good student. Parents’ dharma is to raise and support their family. A teacher’s dharma is to teach, and the dharma of the police is to protect others. Each age brings new responsibilities, so dharma will change over your lifetime. It is everyone’s dharma to be honest, kind and religious, to do no harm to others and to be a good citizen. Hindus believe that following dharma fulfills the highest purpose on earth. When people follow dharma, they feel good about themselves.

## References
Walter Sisulu

**Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu** (18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003) was a South African activist and politician. He fought against apartheid. Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 to 1954. Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times. 

He was one of many people, including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961. He was sent to prison for 6 years because of this. While free on bail, he went into hiding. He was found in 1963 and put on trial again. In 1964, he as sent to prison for the rest of his life. He was released from prison in 1989. 

In 1991, he became the Deputy-President of the African National Congress. He held the position from July 1991 to 1994. Sisulu died from Parkinson's disease on 5 May 2003, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*Anti-apartheid fighter Sisulu dies - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
*South Africa mourns Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
*Nelson Mandela's tribute to Walter Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
* The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Interview with Walter Sisulu conducted in 1954 by George M. Houser of the American Committee on Africa. The website also includes photographs of Sisulu and demonstrations in the U.S. in support of the defendants in the Rivonia Trial.
List of U.S. state capitals

This is a **list of United States state capital cities**. Each has a capital building that acts as the center of government for its state. The capital city with the fewest people is Montpelier, Vermont, while the capital city with the most people is Phoenix, Arizona.

The dates listed in the following table indicate the years it has continuously served as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once. In the case of the thirteen bottom states, "statehood" in the table refers to its date of ratification of the United States Constitution.  

## Reference
Little Rock, Arkansas

**Little Rock** is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.  Billy Joel mentions it in "We Didn't Start the Fire".

## References
## Other websites
Idea

When a person s of something, that which they think about is called an "idea".  Ideas are concepts which exist in the mind.  Nobody really knows how this works.  Ideas are a  product.

One idea can change the whole world.  If someone has a better idea, they can try to convince others.

## Related pages 
*Idealism
*Ideology
Juneau, Alaska

**Juneau** is the capital city of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906. It is one of 2 capital cities that cannot be reached by road, the other being Honolulu, Hawaii. 

The government of the then District of Alaska was moved from Sitka by the decision of the U.S. Congress. The municipality unified in 1970 when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.

The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau  is at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2020 census, the City and Borough had a population of 32,255.

Juneau is named after gold prospector Joe Juneau, though the place was for a time called **Rockwell** and then **Harrisburg** (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris).  

The Tlingit name of the town is '''''Dzántik'i Héeni'''* ("*river where the flounders gather*"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called *Aak'w* ("*little lake*") in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold *t'aakh'' wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.

Downtown Juneau sits at sea level, with tides averaging , below steep mountains about  to  high. Atop these mountains is the Juneau Icefield, a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of these, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system; the Mendenhall glacier has been generally retreating; its front face is declining both in width and height.

The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was originally built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931.  Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse and a post office.  It also housed the territorial legislature and many other territorial offices, including that of the governor.  Today, it is still the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor.  Other executive branch offices have largely moved elsewhere, in Juneau or elsewhere in the state, in the ongoing battle between branches for space in the building, as well as the decades-long capital move issue.  Recent discussion has been focused between relocating the seat of state government outside of Juneau and building a new capitol building in Juneau.  Neither position has advanced very far.  The Alaska Committee, a local community advocacy group, has led efforts to thus far keep the capital in Juneau.

## References
## Other websites
* City and Borough of Juneau
* Visit Juneau
* Picture of Juneau and Douglas Island, 1914
*
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics

The **Nobel Prize in Physics** is a Nobel Prize in the science of physics.

Some famous winners are:
* Albert Einstein
* Werner Heisenberg
* Marie Curie
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Peter Higgs
* Enrico Fermi
* Ernest Lawrence
* Paul Dirac
* Roger Penrose
* Geoffrey Hinton

## List of winners
### Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country 
## Related pages 
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature
* List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site of the Nobel Foundation
Indianapolis

**Indianapolis** ( ), commonly called **Indy**, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana. It is also the seat of Marion County and is  with the county as a part of Unigov. The U.S. Census Bureau said that the population of Indianapolis together with Marion County was 977,203 in 2020. The "balance" population was 887,642. This measurement leaves out some cities that are slightly autonomous from Unigov. It is the 16th-most populous city in the U.S., the third-most populous city in the Midwest after Chicago and Columbus, Ohio, and the fourth-most populous state capital after Phoenix, Arizona, Austin, Texas, and Columbus. The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 33rd-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S., with 2,111,040 residents. Its combined statistical area ranks 28th, with a population of 2,431,361. Indianapolis has an area of . This makes it the 18th largest city by land area in the U.S.

Indigenous peoples lived in the area as early as 10,000 BC. In 1818, the Lenape gave their territory to the U.S. in the Treaty of St. Mary's. In 1821, Indianapolis was made as a planned city to be the new capital of Indiana. The old capital was Corydon. The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a  grid next to the White River. The finishing of the National and Michigan roads and the start of railroad building made the city an important transport hub. Two of the nicknames for Indianapolis (the "Crossroads of America" and "Railroad City") matches the city's history with transportation. The city has big amateur sports and auto racing markets. The city is home to three *Fortune* 500 companies, two major league sports teams, the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association, five university campuses, and many museums. Indianapolis has the world's largest children's museum. The city is maybe best known for hosting the world's largest single-day sporting event, the Indianapolis 500. The city has many historic sites and districts. Indianapolis has the most monuments about veterans and war casualties in the U.S. outside of Washington, D.C.

## References
Des Moines, Iowa

**Des Moines** is a city in Iowa.  It is the capital city of Iowa.  The city had a population of 214,133 in the 2020 United States Census. It is the home of the Des Moines Art Center, a regional art museum, and the Pappajohn Sculpture Park, an outdoor sculpture garden.

## References
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

**Baton Rouge** is the French capital and second-largest city of the U.S. state of Louisiana. It has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Explanatory notes 
## References
Helena, Montana

]]

**Helena** is the capital city of the U.S. state of Montana. It is also the county seat of Lewis and Clark County. About 32,000 people lived there in 2020.
* Mike Cooney, Lt. Governor of Montana
* Charles Donnelly, president of the Northern Pacific Railway
* Myrna Loy, actress
* Charley Pride, country music singer

## References
## Other websites
*City of Helena official website
Jackson, Mississippi

**Jackson** is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi. The city is also one of two county seats of Hinds County, along with Raymond. The city had a population of 153,701 at the 2020 census, down from 173,514 at the 2010 census. Jackson's population declined more between 2010 and 2020 (11.42%) than any major city in the United States. Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson metropolitan statistical area, the largest metropolitan area completely within the state and the 10th largest urban area in the Deep South. With a 2020 population estimated around 600,000, metropolitan Jackson is home to over one-fifth of Mississippi's population. The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi. Jackson is the only city in Mississippi with a population over 100,000.

Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital, the city is named after General Andrew Jackson, who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and later served as U.S. president. Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War, Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned.

During the 1920s, Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region. The current slogan for the city is "The City with Soul". It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues, gospel, folk, and jazz. The city is located in the deep south halfway between Memphis and New Orleans on Interstate 55 and Dallas and Atlanta on Interstate 20. Being at this location has given the city the nickname the "crossroads of the south".[*citation needed*]

The city has a number of museums and cultural institutions, including the Mississippi Children's Museum, Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, Mississippi Civil Rights Museum, Mississippi Museum of Art, Old Capital Museum, Museum of Mississippi History. Other notable locations are the Mississippi Coliseum and the Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium, home of the Jackson State Tigers football team.

The Jackson metropolitan statistical area is the state's second largest metropolitan area overall, due to four counties in northern Mississippi being part of the Memphis, Tennessee metropolitan area. In 2020, the Jackson metropolitan area held a GDP of 30 billion dollars, accounting for 29% of the state's total GDP of 104.1 billion dollars.

The Davis Magnet IB School was renamed "Barack Obama Magnet IB School" in 2017.

## References
Carson City, Nevada

**Carson City** is the capital city of the American state of Nevada. At the 2020 census, Carson City had a population of 58,639.

## History
Settlers who lived present-day Carson City named the area "Washoe", after the Washoe Native Americans who lived there. John C. Frémont and his party of  were the first European Americans to visit the Carson City area in 1843. Frémont named a river flowing through the valley Carson River for Christopher "Kit" Carson, who was a  on Frémont's expedition.

When Nevada became a state in 1864 during the Civil War, Carson City was confirmed as Nevada's permanent capital. Abraham Curry, the founder of Carson City, reserved an area equivalent to four city blocks (10 acres or 4.04 ha) at the center of the town for the future state capitol building. When the Capitol building was built ten years later, it was located there. The fourth session of the state legislature met in the still-incomplete building at the beginning of 1871. Construction was completed by May 1, 1871.

## Transportation
, just south of US 50 near Carson City]]
There are three major highways in the city US Route 395, US Route 50 and Interstate 580.

Carson City's first bus system, called Jump Around Carson, opened in October 2005. There is almost no ground public transportation to other cities.  Passenger train service stopped in 1948. Greyhound Lines stopped bus service there in 2006. Amtrak stopped their bus to Sacramento in 2008. Greyhound and Amtrak have busses to Reno, Monday to Friday.

Carson Airport is in the northern part of the city. Reno-Tahoe International Airport,  away, has domestic commercial flights.

## References
Montpelier, Vermont

**Montpelier** 
is a city in the U.S. state of Vermont that serves as the state capital. It is also the shire town (county seat) of Washington County. As the capital of Vermont, Montpelier is the site of the Vermont State House, the seat of the legislative branch of Vermont government. The Vermont State House has a golden dome. The population was 8,074 at the 2020 census. The Vermont History Museum and Vermont College of Fine Arts are in Montpelier.

The state legislature made Montpelier the state capital in 1805. 

## References
## Other websites
* City of Montpelier, Vermont
* Kellogg-Hubbard Library
* Central Vermont Chamber of Commerce
* State of Vermont
Concord, New Hampshire

**Concord** is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The land which Concord now occupies along the banks of the Merrimack River was settled thousands of years ago by Native Americans. The broad sweeps of the river valley, good soil for farming, and easy transportation on the Merrimack made the site of Concord equally inviting to English-speaking settlers in the eighteenth century. Settled by immigrants from Massachusetts in 1725, the community grew in prominence during the eighteenth century. Some of Concord's earliest houses remain today at the north end of Main Street. In the years following the American Revolution, the city's central location made it a logical choice for the state capital, and in 1808 Concord was named the official seat of state government. Today the 1819 State House is the oldest state capitol in which the legislative branches meet in their original chambers.

## History
This area's first settlement in 1659 was named Penacook, for the Indian name Pannukog, meaning crooked place or bend in the river. The first land grant was in 1725, and the town was incorporated as Rumford in 1733. The name was changed to Concord in 1765 upon resolution of a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and Bow. Its central location was the logical choice for state capital, and Concord was so named in 1808. The State House, built in 1818 and first occupied in 1819, is the oldest in continuous use in the country. In 1853, the State granted Concord a city charter. It was in Concord that the Abbotts built the famous Concord Coach, modeled after the coronation coach for King George III. Granite quarrying has been another major industry, and Concord's quarries supplied granite for the US Library of Congress. Concord was home to Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States, following his presidency.

## Population Trends
Concord had the tenth largest numeric change in population, totaling 12,777 over 50 years, from 27,988 in 1950 to 40,765 in 2000. The largest  percent change was a 22 percent increase between 1980 and 1990; all other decades increased by ten percent or less. At the 2020 census, Concord had 42,336 residents, which ranked third among New Hampshire's incorporated cities and towns.

## References
Trenton, New Jersey

{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Trenton, New Jersey
| official_name      = 
| settlement_type    = State capital city
| nickname           = *The Capital City*,*Turning Point of the Revolution*
| motto              = "Trenton Makes, The World Takes"

| image_skyline      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Trenton, New Jersey.svg
| flag_size          = 122px
| image_seal         = 

| image_map          = Mercer County New Jersey incorporated and unincorporated areas Trenton highlighted.svg
| mapsize            = 260px
| map_caption        = Location of Trenton in Mercer County highlighted in red (right). Inset map: Location of Mercer County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (left).
|image_map1               = Census_Bureau_map_of_Trenton,_New_Jersey.png
|mapsize1                 = 250x200px
|map_caption1             = Census Bureau map of Trenton, New Jersey

{
  "type": "ExternalData",
  "service": "geoshape",
  "ids": "Q25330"
}

| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_label      = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| pushpin_relief     = 

| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_type1  = State
| subdivision_type2  = County
| subdivision_name   = 
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_name2  = Mercer
| government_type    = Mayor–Council (Faulkner Act)
| governing_body     = City Council
| government_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 21.25
| area_land_km2      = 19.70
| area_water_km2     = 1.55
| area_total_sq_mi   = 8.20
| area_land_sq_mi    = 7.61
| area_water_sq_mi   = 0.60
| area_water_percent = 7.62
| area_rank          = 229th of 565 in state9th of 12 in county

| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_footnotes = 10th of 565 in state2nd of 12 in county
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 11989.8
| population_density_rank = 25th of 565 in state1st of 12 in county
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,074.3
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,782.4
| population_metro   = 387,340 (US: 143rd)

| timezone           = Eastern (EST)
| utc_offset         = −05:00
| timezone_DST       = Eastern (EDT)
| utc_offset_DST     = −04:00
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 18
| elevation_ft       = 59
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| coordinates        = 
| postal_code_type   = ZIP Codes
| postal_code        = 08608–08611, 08618–08620, 08625, 08628, 08629, 08638
| area_code          = 609
| area_code_type     = Area code
| blank_name         = FIPS code
| blank_info         = 3402174000
| blank1_name        = GNIS feature ID
| blank1_info        = 0885421
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

**Trenton** is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the county seat of Mercer County. Trenton is in the middle part of New Jersey, along the Delaware River.

## References 
## Other websites
Santa Fe, New Mexico

**Santa Fe** (; Tewa: Ogha Po'oge, ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico.  It is the fourth-largest city in the state. It is the seat of Santa Fe County. Santa Fe (literally 'holy faith' in Spanish) had a population of 87,505 in the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos combined statistical area. The city's full name when founded was "La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís" ("The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of Assisi").

In 1912, New Mexico became the United States of America's 47th state, with Santa Fe as its capital.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 52.3&nbsp;square miles (135.6&nbsp;km2), of which, 52.2&nbsp;square miles (135.3&nbsp;km2) of it is land and 0.1&nbsp;square miles (0.3&nbsp;km2) of it (0.21%) is water.

Santa Fe is at 7,199&nbsp;feet (2134&nbsp;m) above sea level, making it the highest state capital in the United States.

## Museums
Santa Fe has many world-class museums. Many are around the historic downtown Plaza or close by:
* New Mexico Museum of Art – collections of Southwestern Arts.
* Institute of American Indian Arts Museum – Native American arts with political aspects.
* Georgia O'Keeffe Museum – devoted to the work of O'Keeffe and others whom she influenced.
* New Mexico History Museum – behind the historic Palace of the Governors, showcasing the history of New Mexico.
* Site Santa Fe – A contemporary art space, at 1606 Paseo De Peralta. Known as the forefront for contemporary art presentation in the Southwest.

Others are on Museum Hill:
* Museum of International Folk Art – showcasing folk arts from around the world.
* Museum of Indian Arts and Culture – exhibits Native American arts.
* Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian – Native American art and history.
* Museum of Spanish Colonial Art – Tradition arts from the Spanish-colonial era to contemporary times.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Boise, Idaho

**Boise** is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Idaho.  It is also the county seat of Ada County.

The Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial is in Boise. It is the only human rights memorial in the US.

## Origin of name
Although different people believe different stories about the origin of the name, it is generally accepted that the name *Boise* originates from the French word *boisée* which means *wooded*.

## Notable People 
* Torrie Wilson: model
* Wayne Walker: former football player and Sports commentator

## References
Springfield, Illinois

**Springfield** is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County, Illinois. It is close to the center of the state. In the 2020 census, Springfield had more than 110,000 people living in it.

## Capitol
The state Capitol, in the middle of Springfield, is where the General Assembly (the state's legislature) meets and where the governor's office is. The Capitol is a big building with a dome that can be seen from many miles away. Springfield also has an old capitol, which is now a historic site.

## People
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln before he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln was a lawyer and practiced law many places in Illinois. His office is near the old capitol. When he died, his body was brought back to Springfield. His home, his law office, his tomb are all open to the public. Springfield also has a new building with a museum and library dedicated to him and his presidency.

## Roads
Springfield has two Interstate highways: I-55 and I-72. I-55 runs from Chicago to Springfield and then through St. Louis, Missouri. Springfield also has many smaller roads to other cities.

## Notes
## References
* 
* 

## Further reading
*  Angle, Paul M. ''"Here I have lived": A history of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821–1865* (1935, 1971)
* Crouthamel, James L. "The Springfield Race Riot of 1908." *Journal of Negro History* 1960 45(3): 164–181.  in Jstor
* Harrison, Shelby Millard, ed. *The Springfield Survey: Study of Social Conditions in an American City* (1920), famous sociological study of the city vol 3 online
* 
* Laine, Christian K.  *Landmark Springfield: Architecture and Urbanism in the Capital City of Illinois.* Chicago: Metropolitan, 1985. 111 pp.  
* Lindsay, Vachel. *The Golden Book of Springfield* (1920), a novel excerpt and text search
* Senechal, Roberta.  *The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot: Springfield, Illinois, in 1908.'' 1990. 231 pp.
* VanMeter, Andy.  "Always My Friend: A History of the State Journal-Register and Springfield." Springfield, Ill.: Copley, 1981. 360 pp. history of the daily newspapers
* Wallace, Christopher Elliott.  "The Opportunity to Grow: Springfield, Illinois during the 1850s."  PhD dissertation Purdue U. 1983. 247 pp. DAI 1984 44(9): 2864-A. DA8400427 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Winkle, Kenneth J. "The Second Party System in Lincoln's Springfield."  *Civil War History* 1998 44(4): 267–284. 

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* You Know You're From Springfield When... (Springfield History)
Bismarck, North Dakota

**Bismarck** is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is also the county seat of Burleigh County. In 2020, 73,622 people lived there.  133,626 people lived in the metropolitan area.

Bismarck was founded in 1872. It is named in honor of the German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. It has been North Dakota's capital since it became a state in 1889.

Bismarck is on the east side of the Missouri River, directly across the river from Mandan. The two cities make up most of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in the center of Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city.  Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota with health care and retail businesses.

## Climate 
Bismarck is in the middle of the Great Plains. Its weather changes a lot. It has a four-season humid continental climate (Köppen *Dfa*/*Dfb*). It is close to being a cold semi arid climate. In the winter, Bismarck is cold, dry, snowy, and windy. In the summer, it is warm and humid. There are many thunderstorms in Bismarck in the summer and spring. Much of the year is dry.
The warmest month in Bismarck is July. The mean temperature in July is .

There are also three elementary schools run by churches. One of them is St. Mary's Grade School. This school was founded in 1878. It is the oldest elementary school that still runs in North Dakota.

The city has three private high schools.

### Higher education 
There are three colleges and a university in Bismarck. The University of Mary is a four-year university. Bismarck State College is a two-year public college. United Tribes Technical College is a two-year tribal college. Sanford Health runs a nursing school.

## References
Columbus, Ohio

**Columbus** is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Ohio. It is in the middle of the state. The Ohio State Buckeyes and Columbus Blue Jackets play there. In 2020 there were 905,748 people.

Columbus is the second largest city in the American Midwest, and the fourteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County. The city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. It is named for explorer Christopher Columbus. The city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. It became Ohio's state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology.

Columbus has many technology companies. It has the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.

In 2008, ***MarketWatch*** named Columbus as the 7th best place to do business in the nation. In 2011, the city had five corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list including Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, Limited Brands, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, and Big Lots. Major foreign corporations operating or with divisions in the city include Germany-based Siemens and Roxane Laboratories, Finland-based Vaisala, Tomasco Mulciber Inc., and A Y Manufacturing, as well as Switzerland-based ABB Group and Mettler Toledo.

## Media 
### Television stations 
## References
Casablanca (disambiguation)

**Casablanca** can mean:

* Casablanca, a city in Morocco
**Casablanca* (movie), a 1942 movie starring Humphrey Bogart, set in the city
Casablanca (movie)

***Casablanca*** is a 1942 American movie set in Casablanca, Morocco during World War II. It stars Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. From the time of its debut, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever made.

## Other websites 
* 
* Casablanca at the Movie Wiki
Venus flytrap

The **Venus flytrap** (*Dionaea muscipula*) is a carnivorous plant (a plant that eats small animals, such as insects). Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. They get nitrogen from the insects they trap. This nitrogen is used to make intravenous food like proteins and fats.

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that can snap shut very quickly. When an insect or spider crawls along the leaves and touches a hair, the trap closes *only if a different hair is touched within twenty seconds of the first touch*. The two-touch  means that little energy is wasted on things that are not food.

## Appearance 
The Venus flytrap is a small plant, with small leaves. Its clam-shaped leaves look rather like flowers, and so they attract insects. When they are open, they are red and smell sweet. They have stiff hairs on each edge. Inside the leaves, there are very sensitive, tiny hairs which cause the leaves to snap shut when they are touched. Two hairs must be touched to make the leaves close. This makes it more likely that the thing that touched its hair is living.Then it secretes juices to digest the insect.

## Nutrition 
The Venus flytrap feeds on insects, such as ants, beetles, woodlice, worms, flies, grasshoppers, and moths.
First it traps the insect inside its leaves, and then lets out a liquid that helps digest the trapped animal. The plant consumes the insect and takes the nitrogen from the insect's body.

The Venus flytrap makes sugar by photosynthesis. The insects give it nutrients which it cannot get from the waterlogged soil. With the nutrients it can build up enzymes and other molecules which need trace elements as well as sugars and amino acids.

## House plants 
Venus flytraps were first discovered in North America on the coast of North and South Carolina, where it grows wild near the Cape Fear River. However, people anywhere can grow Venus flytraps in pots. Venus flytraps in pots need water and soil without calcium or nitrogen in it. It is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus.

## References 
## Other websites
* Information about the Venus flytrap from the Botanical Society of America website 
* website with information about the Carnivorous Plants of the world
Igloo

An **igloo**  is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome like half of a hollow ball. They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes.

They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called *Eskimoes*). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.