open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Human trafficking in the United States

**In the U.S., human trafficking** often happens near international airports and cities with large immigrant communities, especially in California, Texas, and Georgia. Victims can be children, teens, men, or women, and they may be from the U.S. or other countries.

According to federal law (18 USC § 1589), it's illegal to force someone to work through threats, pressure, or fear. In 2017, the U.S. was ranked as a "Tier 1" country by the State Department, meaning it was actively working to fight human trafficking.

## Where forced labor happens
A 2011 U.S. State Department report said most victims of forced labor come from countries like Thailand, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Haiti, Honduras, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic. Many are brought to the U.S. through visa programs meant for students or temporary workers. These people often end up working in jobs like hospitality, landscaping, construction, food service, and farming — where they can be taken advantage of.

Human trafficking is most common in large cities with lots of international travel and big immigrant communities. The highest numbers of reported cases were in California, New York, Texas, and Florida. A U.S. Department of Justice report also listed California, Oklahoma, New York, and Texas as having the most survivors of human trafficking.

## References
Rhincodon ferriolensis

The European Whale shark (***Rhincodon ferriolensis***) is an extinct species of Whale Shark that lived in Miocene epoch, in late Burdigalian age. It considered the direct ancestor of current Whale shark (*Rhincodon typus*).

## References
Cadereyta de Montes Municipality

**Cadereyta de Montes** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.

## Demography 
## Other websites
Rhincodon

***Rhincodon*** is a genus of sharks of Orectolobiformes order that inclued two species. The Whale shark is the only representant of the genus.

## References
Rhincodontidae

***Rhincodontidae*** is a family of sharks that inclued one living species: Whale Shark (*Rhincodon typus*). It lived in Paleocene to Recent, inclued one fossil genus: *Palaeorhincodon*.

## References
Eupsophus migueli

'''Miguel's ground frog'*  (*Eupsophus migueli'') is a frog. It lives in Chile.

## Body
This frog is  33.5 to 42.0 mm long from nose to rear end. Not all frogs are exactly the same color. Mostly, the skin of the frog's back is red-brown or pink in color. The sides of the body are white. There is yellow color where the four legs meet the body. The belly is white in color.  There are light gray spots on the back. There are light gray rings near the ends of the legs, like bracelets. The iris if the eye is yellow in color with black lines.

## Home
People find this frog under logs near streams in forests with Nothofagus plants. Sometimes people find them in small pieces of rainforest or on pine tree farms that have many smaller plants growing on them.  Scientists saw this frog between 30 and 650 meters above sea level.

## Young
The adult female frog lays eggs in holes on the sides of hills. The tadpoles are 18.4 - 19.6 mm long with the tail. The tadpoles do not have any color in their bodies or tails.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to make towns, places for visitors, and farms, for example pine and eucalyptus tree farms. People also change the forest to make places to raise mink and sheep. Fires and too many visitors to the frog's home can also cause problems.

## First paper
*

## References
Gigglebiz

***Gigglebiz*** is a British sketch comedy children's television series. It was broadcasted on CBeebies since September 7, 2009.

## References
Slave marriages in the United States

Before the American Civil War, slave marriages were usually not legal in the United States. Enslaved African Americans were treated as property, not as people, and had no civil or political rights. This did not change until slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

## Slave Codes 
Slave codes were laws created by states and the federal government starting in 1705 to control the lives of enslaved African Americans. These laws treated enslaved people like property—just like animals or tools on a farm.

They were not allowed to:

* Sign legal agreements  
* Own property  
* Control their time or movements  

Anything they had legally belonged to their enslaver. They could not legally marry or keep their families together. After the slave rebellions, it became illegal to teach them to read or write. In 1856, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sandford that enslaved people were not U.S. citizens and had no constitutional rights because they were considered property.

## Historiography 
Since the mid-1970s, some historians—like Herbert Gutman, John Blassingame, Jacqueline Jones, Ann Malone, and Eugene D. Genovese—have argued that most enslaved children were raised by both their parents. But more recent studies, including a review of census and slave records from Loudoun County, Virginia, suggest otherwise. According to historian Brenda E. Stevenson, enslaved fathers often could not play a strong role in the family. Many enslaved mothers led their families alone, and their husbands often lived on different plantations, known as having "abroad" spouses. As a result, enslaved men might have close relationships with more than one woman.

However, Herbert Gutman found a slave register from a South Carolina plantation that covered almost 100 years. It showed that some enslaved men and women had long-lasting marriages. He also found similar examples in other states like Virginia, northern Louisiana, North Carolina, and Alabama.

Slave traders often broke up families by selling them to the Deep South and Southwest, especially in the years before the Civil War. Even so, many enslaved people tried hard to find and reunite with their loved ones. Historians still debate how much the interstate slave trade actually broke up families.

## References
Subdivisions of Egypt

Egypt is has a "dual system" for organizing their administrative divisions. Egypt can either have 2 or 3 subdivisions. There can also sometimes be more subdivisions in some areas. Egypt has a centralized local government. This local government is called the "local administration". The local administrative is part of Egypt's executive branch of the government.

Egyptian has governorates, centers, cities, districts, and villages. Each of these divisions can make their own administrative decisions. Some governorates are split into 2 divisions. Other governorates are split into 3 divisions. 

There are 27 governorates (singular:  '**, plural:  **') in Egypt. Each governorate has a capital. This capital is led by a governor. The President of Egypt chooses the governors.

Governors report to the prime minister. The prime minister leads the Council of Governors *(maglis al-muhafzin)*. The Ministry of Local Development makes the budgets for governorates and coordinates the governors.

## List of governorates 
Egypt is divided into 27 governorates (muhāfazāt). Each governorate is run by a governor. Most governorates have a population density of more than one thousand per km2. The 3 largest governorates have a population density of less than 2 people per km2.

## List of municipal divisions 
As of 2013, there were 351 subdivisions. There are 177 qisms, 162 marakiz, 9 new cities, and 3 police-administered areas. There are also some unorganized areas.

## Demographics
### Urbanization
### Population density
## Related pages
*List of cities and towns in Egypt

## References 
## Other websites
* Ministry of Local Development
* Ministry of Local Development (Archived defunct website 2006-2017)
* "Know Your Government", Tadamun Initiative
* Census Data and Maps (1996, 2006, 2017) 
*  Egypt Administrative Divisions Map, The University of Texas at Austin Library
* History of administrative divisions in Egypt since the French Invasion  (in Arabic)
Supergirl (2026 movie)

***Supergirl*** is an upcoming American superhero movie based on the DC Comics superheroine Supergirl. It will be the second movie in the DC Universe (DCU), after *Superman* (2025). The movie was directed by Craig Gillespie and written by Ana Nogueira. It stars Milly Alcock as Kara Zor-El / Supergirl and Matthias Schoenaerts, Eve Ridley, David Krumholtz, and Emily Beecham. It will be released on June 26, 2026.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
SENS Research Foundation

The **SENS Research Foundation** is a non-profit group that studies how to use medicine to repair the body and fight aging. It started in 2009 and is based in Mountain View, California, USA. Every year, it shares a report about the work it has done.

## References
Homer and Her Sisters

"**Homer and Her Sisters**" is the ninth episode of the thirty-sixth season of ***The Simpsons***. It first aired on December 15, 2024.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent

university and monastery was a major institution of higher-learning in ancient India from the 5th century CE until the 12th century.]]
Buddhism began in India and was once a major religion there. Over time, especially between the 4th and 14th centuries CE, Buddhism gradually declined in the Indian subcontinent. This happened due to various reasons, both from within the Buddhist community and from outside influences.

## Internal factors that led to decline 
* Divisions within Buddhism: Buddhism split into different groups like Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. These divisions caused confusion and weakened the unity of the religion.
* Corruption and decay in monasteries: Some Buddhist monks and monasteries became wealthy and involved in worldly affairs, moving away from the original teachings of Buddhism. This made the religion less appealing to many people.
* Loss of royal support: After the reigns of supportive kings like Ashoka and Harsha, fewer rulers promoted Buddhism. Without royal backing, Buddhism lost resources and influence.

## External factors that contributed 
* Rise of Hinduism: Hinduism became more popular, especially with movements like Bhakti that emphasized personal devotion. This attracted many people who might have otherwise followed Buddhism.
* Muslim invasions: Between the 10th and 12th centuries, Muslim rulers invaded parts of India. They destroyed important Buddhist centers like Nalanda University, leading to a significant decline in Buddhist practices.
* Economic challenges: Buddhist monasteries often relied on donations and land grants. Over time, they lost these sources of income, making it hard to sustain their activities.

## Survival and revival 
Despite the decline, Buddhism didn't disappear entirely. It remained strong in places like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan. In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were efforts to revive Buddhism in India, notably by figures like Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, who encouraged many to embrace Buddhism as a way to fight social discrimination.

## References
Flag of Albuquerque

The **flag of Albuquerque** () is colored red and the center with a yellow zia sun symbol. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## Design and symbolism 
The meaning of the colors of the flag are as follows:

## References
Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria

**Pope Tawadros II** (born as **Wagih Subhi Baqj Sulayman** on  Coptic calendar: [25 Paopi 1668]) is the current and 118th pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria succeeding the late Pope Shenouda III as the pope of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. He took office and his papacy began on 18 November 2012 [9 Hathor 1729], two weeks after he was elected to the papacy of the patriarchate.
Go-Jo

**Marty Jo Zambotto** (born 25 November 1995), is an Australian singer and songwriter. He represented Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where he finished 11th in the semi-final with 41 points.

## Biography
Zambotto was born on 25 November 1995 in Manjimup, Western Australia, Australia and grew up on a remote, self-sustaining estate, which helped to develop his musical style and artistic identity.

## Discography
### Singles
## References
Lviv pogroms (1941)

The **Lviv pogroms** refer to the massacres of Jews between June and July 1941 in Lwów. They reportedly got angry when they found thousands of bodies from the NKVD prisoner massacres in three Lviv prisons. They blamed it on "Jewish Communists". The Germans tapped into their sentiment and incited the pogroms.]]

## First pogrom
### June 30
When the German-led Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union, about 160,000 Jews lived in Lviv, many of whom were refugees from Nazi-occupied Poland. Lviv was taken over by the Wehrmacht in the morning of June 30, 1941. The German troops included the 1st Mountain Division and the Abwehr-subordinated Nachtigall Battalion staffed by ethnic Ukrainians. 

Then, they forced Jews to remove the NKVD prisoner massacres' bodies and clean up the scene. In the afternoon, Ukrainian locals were reportedly angry at "the Jews [...] who had always collaborated with the Bolsheviks".

In the evening, Ukrainian nationalists declared an independent Ukrainian state and future collaboration with Nazi Germany. 

## Death toll
### Nazi German estimate
A German security report of July 16 stated that 7,000 Jews were "captured and shot". American historian Richard Breitman put the death toll at 8,000.

### *Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945*
According to the *Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945*, the first pogrom killed 2,000 to 5,000 Jews, and 2,500 to 3,000 more were shot by the *Einsatzgruppen*, while the second pogrom killed over 1,000 Jews. 

The Lwów Ghetto was founded in November 1941 on the orders of SS-*Brigadeführer* Fritz Katzmann, the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of Lemberg. The 120,000 Jews of the ghetto were deported to the Belzec extermination camp or killed locally over the following two years. When Soviet troops reached Lviv on July 21, 1944, less than 1% of Lviv's Jews had survived. In Soviet Ukraine, Jewish deaths were counted as Soviet civilian deaths. 

Historian John-Paul Himka said that the OUN did not consider Jews their main enemies, but they killed Jews to curry favor with the Germans, hoping that they would be granted a Ukrainian state. The false perception of Jews supporting Communism, shaped by pre-existing antisemitism among Ukrainians and Polish Catholics, also contributed to violence against Jews. 

Meanwhile, historian Jeffrey Kopstein said that much anti-Jewish violence happened in where the Germans were not present. Known Ukrainian Communists were spared despite local anti-Soviet sentiment being common. Lviv Jews also had a high level of support for Zionism, which was considered a threat by both Polish and Ukrainian nationalists. Some Western Ukrainian towns with higher Jewish sympathy for communism in turn had fewer pogroms.

## Related pages
* Iași pogrom
* Kristallnacht
* Jedwabne pogrom
* Szczuczyn pogrom

## Footnotes
## References
Animal welfare in Nazi Germany

In **Nazi Germany**, the government introduced several laws to protect animals, reflecting the leadership's interest in animal welfare. However, these measures often served propaganda purposes and were inconsistently enforced.

## Key animal protection laws 
* 1933 Animal Protection Law: This law prohibited unnecessary harm to animals, including overworking them, neglect, and certain procedures like docking dogs' ears or tails without anesthesia. It also banned force-feeding poultry and the inhumane killing of animals.
* Ban on Vivisection: In August 1933, Hermann Göring announced a ban on vivisection (animal experimentation) in Prussia, threatening violators with concentration camps. Despite this, the ban was later relaxed, and animal experiments continued under regulated conditions. 

## Animal experiments 
Although initial laws aimed to restrict animal testing, in practice, such experiments persisted and even expanded. Researchers conducted studies on animals to advance medical knowledge, including cancer research and the effects of smoking. Some experiments were precursors to human testing, highlighting a contradiction between stated policies and actual practices. 

## Hunting and wildlife 
Hunting was popular among Nazi officials, including Hermann Göring, who was appointed Reich Master of the Hunt. While some regulations were introduced to manage hunting practices, these often aligned with the personal interests of the leadership rather than genuine conservation efforts. 

## Animals in warfare 
During World War II, the Nazi regime utilized animals such as horses, dogs, and oxen for military purposes. Approximately 200,000 dogs were employed for tasks like messaging and guarding. This extensive use strained veterinary resources, affecting animal care in civilian sectors. 

## Education and propaganda 
Animal protection was incorporated into educational curricula, and public campaigns promoted the Nazi image as defenders of animals. However, these efforts often served to distract from the regime's broader oppressive policies.

## References
First Lady of the Republic of Poland

**First Lady of the Republic of Poland** is a ceremonial title applied to the wife of the President of the Republic of Poland. The current holder is Marta Nawrocka since 2025.

The First Lady does not hold a constitutional position, and there are no established duties or obligations associated with the position.

## First ladies since 1989 (third republic)
## References
## Other websites
* First Lady of Poland  (in Polish)
Karol Nawrocki

**Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki** (born 3 March 1983) is a Polish historian and politician who has been the President of Poland since 2025. 

On 24 November 2024, Nawrocki was announced and endorsed by Law and Justice as an „independent candidate” for the 2025 Polish presidential election, in which he defeated the pro-democratic and progressive candidate Rafał Trzaskowski - Mayor of Warsaw and has been elected as a President of Poland.

## Career
He graduated in History from the University of Gdańsk, where he earned his PhD in 2013. In 2023, he completed an MBA in Strategy and Project Management at the Gdańsk University of Technology.

He worked at the Institute of National Remembrance (INR) since 2009, heading its Gdańsk office between 2013 and 2017. He was also Chairman of the Siedlce District Council in Gdańsk. In 2017, he was appointed Director of the World War II Museum, a position he held until 2021, when he returned to the INR as Vice President and then its President. 

He is the author of several books and articles on the anti-communist opposition, organized crime in communist Poland, and the history of sports. 

## 2025 presidential campaign
On November 24, 2024, he was announced as an independent presidential candidate for the Law and Justice party. 

On 2 May 2025, Nawrocki met with President Donald Trump in the Oval Office. On 1 June 2025, Nawrocki was elected President of Poland winning a little over 50.9% of the vote, beating Rafał Trzaskowski by a small margin.

## Presidency (2025–present) 
Nawrocki was inaugurated as president of Poland on 6 August 2025, replacing Andrzej Duda. On the same day he took part in the ceremony of accepting the authority of the President of Poland on the Polish Armed Forces. Early in his presidency, he pushed back against Prime Minister Donald Tusk's government.

## Honors
In 2016 he was awarded the Bronze Cross of Merit of the Republic of Poland. In 2021 he was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
Mandya

**Mandya** is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is also the headquarters of Mandya district. The city is located between Bengaluru (the capital city of Karnataka) and Mysuru. It is about 100 kilometers from Bengaluru and 45 kilometers from Mysuru.

Mandya is sometimes called the **Sugar City** because it has many sugar factories and sugarcane farms.   The area is known for growing sugarcane, rice and other crops. Farming is the main job for many people in the district.

The Cauvery River flows through Mandya, and it helps the farmers with water for irrigation.  The '**Krishna Raja Sagara** (KRS) Dam, near Mandya, is a famous water reservoir and a popular tourist place.

Mandya has a long history and is part of the rich culture of Karnataka. Many people in Mandya speak Kannada, the official language of the state.

Mandya also has many schools and colleges. It is connected by road and train to major cities like Bengaluru and Mysuru.

## References
Rocket Lab

**Rocket Lab** is an American aerospace company that constructs and launches space rockets and satellite equipment. It was founded in New Zealand in 2006 by Peter Beck, a self-taught rocket engineer.

Rocket Lab builds and launches one rocket that can reach a stable orbit: Electron. They are currently designing a larger rocket called Neutron. Governments, companies, and organizations can purchase launches from Rocket Lab.

## Electron 
Electron is a small-lift launch vehicle capable of carrying up to 300 kg (661 lbs) into a low Earth orbit. It was designed to carry small satellites into space for companies and governments that do not need a larger rocket.Because of its small size, it is relatively cheap to launch, costing only US$ 6,000,000. It was first launched in 2017 from Rocket Lab's Mahia Launch Complex in New Zealand. It completed its 50th launch in June of 2024.

Rocket Lab currently picks up the first stage of the rocket after it falls into the ocean. They clean up the body, which is made of a carbon composite, and use the body in their other rockets. The company was even able to catch the first stage with a helicopter, which they plan to re-use. This directly caught booster will require less maintenance than an ocean splashdown. 

## Neutron 
Neutron is a partially re-usable medium-lift launch vehicle currently being tested. It will be capable of carrying up to 13,000 kg (28,660 lb) to a low Earth orbit, 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) to a geostationary orbit, and 1,500 kg (3306 lb) to the planets Mars or Venus. It was designed to carry satellites, cargo, and even people into space. The rocket's first stage is re-usable because it can land on an unmanned boat in the ocean. If the launch customer has a lighter payload, the rocket can even land at the launch site where it lifted off. Neutron's fairing, the part that keeps the payload safe during liftoff, is also recovered (unlike most other rockets), which makes it even easier to re-use.

## References
Emmy (Norwegian singer)

**Emmy Kristine Guttulsrud Kristiansen** (born 13 September, 2000), known mononymously as **Emmy**, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where she finished 13th in the semi-final with 28 points.

## Biography
Emmy was born on 13 September, 2000 in the village of Sande in Holmestrand Municipality, Norway. She sang in a choir as a child. In 2015, when she was 14 years old, she took part in the youth music show *Melodi Grand Prix Junior* with the song "Aiaiaiai". Her older brother Erlend had previously participated in the contest in 2011.

## Discography
### Singles
## References
Eupsophus nahuelbutensis

The **Nahuelbuta ground frog**  (*Eupsophus nahuelbutensis*) is a frog. It lives in Chile in the Nahuelbuta  mountains and Ramadillas.

## Home
People find this frog under logs near streams in forests with Nothofagus plants and in forests with pine trees. Sometimes people find them at the ends of eucalyptus tree farms. Scientists saw this frog between 100 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog in Nahuelbuta National Park.

## Young
The adult female frog lays eggs in water-filled holes in the groud.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to get wood to burn and to make farms, for example pine and eucalyptus tree farms. Fires can also hurt the frog.

## References
Metal carbonyl

was the first pure metal carbonyl to be discovered.]]

**Metal carbonyls** are a type of chemical compound. They are a transition metal coordination complex where the metal atom is connected to molecules of carbon monoxide as ligands.

The term can mean both *homoleptic* carbonyls, where  is the only ligand, and *heteroleptic* carbonyls, which have other ligands as well as carbonyl. "Carbonyl compound" includes both metal carbonyls and organic compounds with a  functional group.

## Sources
Garnierite

**Garnierite** is a name for an ore of nickel. It has a bright green color. Alongside pentlandite, it is one of the main sources of nickel metal.

Garnierite is not a single mineral, but a mixture of different nickel phyllosilicates. Garnierite can include minerals from the serpentine, smectite, and talc groups.

## Sources
Would You Like a Tour?

**Would You Like a Tour?** was Canadian rapper Drake's third concert tour as a headlining act. It was for his 2013 studio album *Nothing Was the Same*. The tour began on October 18, 2013 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It ended on March 5, 2015 in Brisbane, Australia.

## Background 
On June 13, 2013, the tour was first teased by Drake on his Twitter account and was officially announced on June 20.

There was some controversy after it was reported American rapper Future was kicked off of the tour because of negative comments he had made about Drake during an interview for *Billboard* but the reports were denied by Drake and Future stayed on the tour.

Drake originally had a concert in Philadelphia at the Wells Fargo Center on October 19, 2013 but it had to be cancelled an hour before it began because an issue with the catwalk and other technical issues. Drake later postponed the concert until December 18.

The tour was very successful. It was the of the highest-grossing hip-hop tours of all-time, earning around $46,200,000.

## Set list 
These are the songs that Drake performed during the tour. He did not always perform the same songs at every show and also played some songs where he was a featured artist.

#"Tuscan Leather" (First verse)
#"Headlines"
#"Crew Love"
#"Tuscan Leather" (Third verse)
#"Furthest Thing"
#"Wu-Tang Forever"
#"Own It"
#"Pop That"
#"No New Friends"
#"Love Me" (with Future)
#"Honest" (with Future)
#"Same Damn Time" (with Future)
#"Fuckin' Problems"
#"The Motto"
#"Versace"
#"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
#"The Motion"
#"Come Thru"
#"From Time"
#"Hold On, We're Going Home"
#"Connect"
#"Too Much"
#"Pound Cake"
#"Worst Behavior"
#"The Language"
#"305 To My City"
#"All Me"
#"Started from the Bottom"

## Shows 
## References
Lorenzo DeStefano

**Lorenzo DeStefano** is an American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, film producer, director, and photographer.He has worked in film, television, and theatre in the United States and the United Kingdom. He is a member of the Directors Guild of America and was previously a member of the Motion Picture Editors Guild.

## Early life 
DeStefano was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. As a teenager, he worked as a location scout for local commercial productions. He also learned from independent filmmakers in Hawaii. During this time, he practiced street photography, taking pictures of life in Honolulu.

His first on-screen credit was as an assistant editor on a National Geographic Special called *Hong Kong – A Family Portrait*, directed by Robert M. Young.

In 2008, DeStefano started the Ventura Film Society. The group organizes public film screenings and events.

## Filmography 
### Screenplays 
### Theatre 
## References
Red Sebastian

**Seppe Guido Yvonne Herreman** (born 13 May 1999), known professionally as **Red Sebastian**, is a Belgian singer and songwriter. He represented Belgium at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "Strobe Lights", where he finished 14th in the first semi-final with 23 points.

## Biography
Herreman was born on 13 May 1999 in the coastal city Ostend in Belgium. He now lives in the city of Ghent. He identifies as part of the LGBTQ+ community.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
## References
Syriac Orthodox Church

The **Syriac Orthodox Church** (), fully known as the **Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch**, is an Oriental Orthodox church that developed from the Church of Antioch. Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church. The patriarch of the church and the see of Antioch is Ignatius Aphrem II, who has led the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch since 2014.

With 1.5 million followers worldwide, it employs the Liturgy of St. James in its West-Syriac rite. The church upholds the doctrines of the Nicene Creed, Miaphysitism, and sacraments. The patriarchate is currently located in Cathedral of Saint George in Bab Tuma, Damascus, Syria.

## Institutions 
The Syriac Orthodox Church has many institutions, including seminaries and colleges. It comprises 26 archdioceses and 13 patriarchal vicariates. It also has an autonomous maphrianate based in India, the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church. In 1934, the patriarch at the time, Afrem I Barsoum, established the St. Ephrem Clerical School in Zahlé, Lebanon. The school was moved to Mosul, Iraq in 1946. Many figures who would later be part of the church graduated from this school. A church in New Jersey, USA has the title of "Assyrian Orthodox Church".

In 1990, the Order of St. Jacob Baradaeus was established for nuns of the church.

## Views 
Per sacred tradition, the church was established by‌ St. Peter at Antioch. It then developed its own unique structure, separate from the Imperial Church, following the deposition of Severus the Great by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, which the Syriac Orthodox Church does not acknowledge. Thus, the church recognizes and adheres to the first three ecumenical councils: Nicea, Constantinople, and Ephesus.

The church adheres to the doctrine of Miaphysitism, which states that the two natures of Christ — divine and human — are fully united into one composite nature. It believes in the seven sacraments, which are: Baptism, Chrismation, Eucharist, Confession, Anointing of the Sick (also known as Unction), Holy Orders, and Matrimony. It upholds the mystery of the Incarnation and venerates the Virgin Mary as *Theotokos* (God-bearer).

In recent times, the church hierarchy has generally supported an Aramean ideology, driven by an anti-Assyrian stance, which has evolved into a sectarian and vocal anti-Assyrianism.

## Gallery 

File:Emblem of Syriac Orthodox Church.svg|Emblem of Syriac Orthodox Church
File:Syriac Orthodox church altar at St. Ephrem the Syrian Cathedral in Amman, Jordan by Assyrian community.jpg|A church altar
File:Sankt Afrems katedral i Södertälje.jpg|St. Ephrem Cathedral in Södertälje, Sweden
File:St George cathedral - Hassaké, Syria - كاتدرائية مار جرجس.jpg|St. George Cathedral in al-Hasakah, Syria
File:Deyrulzaferan P1030925 20080501122627.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deyrulzaferan_P1030925_20080501122627.JPG|The Saffron Monastery (Mor Hananyo), also known as Deyrulzafaran, in Mardin Province, Turkey

## References 
## Other websites 
* Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate Official Website
* Syriac Orthodox Department of Syriac Studies
* Syriac Orthodox Resources
Mamagama

**Mamagama** is an Azerbaijani musical band that were formed in 2021. The band consists of Asaf Mishiyev, Hasan Heydar and Arif Imanov. They represented Azerbaijan at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "Run with U", where they finished 15th in the first semi-final with 7 points.

## Members
### Current
* Asaf Mishiyev – vocalist
* Hasan Heydar – guitarist
* Arif Imanov – drummer

### Former
* Roman Zilyanev – guitarist
* Klim Gudin – drummer

## Discography
### Extended plays
### Singles
## References
Eupsophus septentrionalis

***Eupsophus septentrionalis*** is a frog. It lives in Chile.

## Home
People find this frog in pieces of forest with *Nothofagus obliqua* and *Nothofagus glauca* plants. People find them on the dead leaves on the ground, under logs, and near streams. Scientists saw this frog between 100 and 450 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog in Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles and Reserva Nacional Los Queules.

## Young
The female frog lays about 200 eggs at a time. Scientists saw male and female adult frogs near holes in the dirt near streams. The holes had eggs or tadpoles in them. The adult female frog lays eggs in water-filled holes in the groud.  The tadpoles are dragged to streams, where they swim. The tadpoles do not eat.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives by cutting the forest into small pieces. People to get wood to burn and cut forests to make tree farms, for example pine and eucalyptus tree farms.

## References
Tungstate

**Tungstate** is a name for several related minerals and chemical compounds. Tungstates can be mixed oxides of tungsten or contain tungsten oxyanions. A common type of tungstate is **orthotungstate**, . Most tungsten ores are tungstates.

## Examples 
The mineral scheelite and the solid solution wolframite are two important tungstates. They are orthotungstates of calcium, manganese, and iron. Most tungsten metal is made from one of these ores.
Canada Water

**Canada Water** is a freshwater lake and nature reserve in Rotherhithe, London in the Docklands area. Canada Water station is named after the lake and is located immediately to the north, while the Surrey Quays Shopping Centre is adjacent to Canada Water to the south.

The lake was named after the former Canada Dock, a historic dock, the northern third of which now forms the lake. The rest was filled in. Canada Dock got its name because it was primarily used for ships from Canada . Like many Docklands facilities, the Surrey Commercial Docks, of which Canada Dock was a part, closed in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the *London Docklands Development Corporation* (LDDC) took over the site and invested heavily in its development. About half of Canada Dock was filled in, and the Surrey Quais Shopping Centre was built on it. An ornamental canal, the *Albion Channel* (through the now filled *Albion Dock*), was created, connecting Canada Water and *Surrey Water. The excavated material was used to create Stave Hill* in the nearby Russia Dock Woodland.

The area around the Thames improved rapidly, and when the Jubilee Line was extended in 1999, the focus shifted to the lakeside area. The opening of Canada Water tube station provided good public transport links; Canary Wharf is just one stop away, Westminster less than 10 minutes, and Bond Street about 15 minutes.

## References
Chamarajanagar

**Chamarajanagar** is a district in the southern part of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is named after the famous king Chamaraja Wodeyar of Mysore. It shares its borders with the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The district has many hills, forests and rivers. The main town and administrative center of the district is also called **Chamarajanagar**.

## Population and People 
Many people live in this district, including different communities and tribes.   Agriculture is the main job for many people here.

## Economy 
Farming is important in Chamarajanagar. Farmers grow crops like ragi, sugarcane and coconut. The district is also known for its silk production.

## Wildlife and Nature 
Chamarajanagar is famous for its natural beauty and wildlife. It has many forests and wildlife sanctuaries. The Bandipur National Park is partly located in this district and is home to elephants, tigers and many other animals.

## Culture 
The people of Chamarajanagar celebrate many festivals and traditions. Kannada is the main language spoken here.
## References
Edward Ludwig

**Edward Irving Ludwig** (October 7, 1899 &ndash; August 20, 1982) was a Russian-born American movie director and writer. He directed about 100 movies between 1921 and 1963. He sometimes used the names Edward I. Luddy and Charles Fuhr. His style was known for its use of montage. A collection of his scripts is held at the American Film Institute Louis B. Mayer Library.

Ludwig was born Isidor Litwack in Ukraine which was part of the Russian Empire at the time.  He came to the United States from Canada on March 6, 1911.  He became a naturalized citizen on December 23, 1932  He died in 1982 in Santa Monica, California, at age 82.

## Some movies he directed
* *Rip Van Winkle* (1921)
* *The Man Who Waited* (1922)
**What an Eye* (1924) a haunted house comedy for Universal Pictures
* *The Irresistible Lover* (1927)
* *Spuds* (1927)
* *Jake the Plumber* (1927)
* ''The Girl from Woolworth's* (1929)
* *See America Thirst* (1930)
* *Steady Company* (1932)
* *They Just Had to Get Married* (1932)
* *A Woman's Man* (1934)
* *Let's Be Ritzy* (1934)
* *Friends of Mr. Sweeney* (1934)
* *The Man Who Reclaimed His Head* (1934)
* *Age of Indiscretion* (1935)
* *Three Kids and a Queen* (1935)
* *Old Man Rhythm* (1935)
* *Adventure in Manhattan (1936)
* *Fatal Lady* (1936)
* *The Last Gangster* (1937)
* *Her Husband Lies* (1937)
* *That Certain Age* (1938)
* *Coast Guard* (1939)
* *Swiss Family Robinson* (1940)
* *The Man Who Lost Himself* (1941)
* *Born to Sing* (1942)
* *They Came to Blow Up America* (1943)
* ''Bomber's Moon* (co-director credited as "Charles Fuhr"; 1943)
* *The Fighting Seabees* (1944) with John Wayne
* *Three Is a Family* (1944)
* *The Fabulous Texan* (1947)
* *Wake of the Red Witch* (1948) with John Wayne
* *The Big Wheel* (1949) 
* *Smuggler's Island* (1951)
* *Caribbean* (1952)
* *The Blazing Forest* (1952)
* *Sangaree* (1953)
* *The Vanquished* (1953)
* *Jivaro* (1954)
* *Flame of the Islands* (1956)
* *The Black Scorpion* (1957)
* *New Comedy Showcase* (TV series, 1960, Season 1 Episode 7: "Maisie")
* *The Gun Hawk'' (1963)

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Dedekind

**Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind** (1831-1916) was a German mathematician.

## Biography 
At first Dedekind was only interested in physics and chemistry. At the age of 19, he entered the University of Göttingen. Two years later, he defended his doctoral thesis on Euler integrals before a jury which Carl Friedrich Gauss was a member. In 1854, Dedekind taught at the University of Göttingen. For the first time, in the academic year 1857-1858, he wrote a textbook on the theory of Évariste Galois and perhaps this was the first time this textbook was taught. He appreciated the importance of the concept of group in algebra and arithmetic. At the age of 26, Dedekind became the Professor at the University of Durich. After five years, he went to Brunswick Technical College for more than half a century. He had strong body and sharp mind. He never married.

## Studies 
Richard Dedekind invented the theory of ideals in algebra . He axiomatized his arithmetic works. He also researched  probability. His most famous work was Dedekind cut.

## Friends 
Dedekind was a friend of Georg Cantor, Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Bernhard Riemann . Dedekind and Cantor first met in Switzerland, and then reunited in the Harz Mountains. Dedekind collected and published Dirichlet's lectures and research results on arithmetic under the name *Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie* (English: Lectures on arithmetic). As for Riemann, Dedekind became acquainted with him when Dedekind began teaching at the University of Göttingen.

## Honor 
The asteroid 19293 Dedekind is named after Richard Dedekind.
The Discovery

***The Discovery*** is a British American science fiction and romance movie directed by Charlie McDowell, who also co-wrote the script with Justin Lader. The film stars Jason Segel, Rooney Mara, Robert Redford, Jesse Plemons, Riley Keough, and Ron Canada.

It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2017, and was released to the public by Netflix on March 31, 2017.

## Plot 
In the near future, Dr. Thomas Harbor proves that there is life after death. This discovery causes a wave of suicides around the world, as people seek to reach the afterlife sooner. Meanwhile, a man and a woman fall in love while struggling with their past traumas and trying to understand what the afterlife really means.

## Cast 
* Jason Segel as Will Harbor  
* Rooney Mara as Isla  
* Jesse Plemons as Toby Harbor  
* Riley Keough as Lacey  
* Robert Redford as Thomas Harbor  
* Ron Canada as Cooper  
* Kimleigh Smith as Pam  
* Mary Steenburgen as Interviewer  

## Production 
Filming began on March 28, 2016, in Newport, Rhode Island, and concluded on May 1, 2016.

## Release 
In June 2016, Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film and scheduled it for a 2017 release. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was released for streaming on March 31, 2017.

## References
Sine qua non

A ***sine qua non***, refers to a necessary action or condition for something.

## Origin
It came from a Latin legal term for "[a condition] without which it could not be". Also, *sine qua non* causation is the formal word for "but-for causation." As a Latin word, it occurs in the work of Boethius (c. 480–524 AD) and came from Aristotelian expressions. 

In Classical Latin, the phrase  was used. In later Latin, the phrase was also used with , an error in translation as  means *construction* rather than *condition*. It has gone into common usage, including English, German, French, Italian and Spanish.

## Footnotes
## References
List of tallest buildings in Argentina

skyline, Buenos Aires]]

The tallest buildings in Argentina are mostly for living in and most of them were made after 2000. However, the Kavanagh Building, an Art Deco skyscraper was made in 1936, and the Alas Building was made in the late 1950s.

Almost all of the country's high-rise buildings are located in Buenos Aires, the Argentine capital city and a big metropolitan area in South America. In Buenos Aires, the Dock 3 of Puerto Madero has been where most of Argentina's tallest skyscrapers have been built. Tall buildings have also been made at the Dock 1, where the 192-metre (649 ft) tall Harbour Tower, the second tallest building in Argentina, is being made.

## Completed
This list ranks finished buildings in Argentina that stand at least  tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

## Being built
This lists buildings that are being built in Argentina and are planned to be at least  tall.

:

## References
Mashonaland Eagles

The **Eagles** cricket franchise, formerly the **Mashonaland Eagles**, is based at Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. Eagles have won the trophy three times, most recently in 2022–23. Their home ground is Harare Sports Club. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.

## Mashonaland Province
The Eagles franchise effectively replaced the old Mashonaland provincial team which held first-class status from January 1994 until March 2006. That team played a total of 52 first-class matches, mostly in the Logan Cup. They won the title nine times in eleven seasons between 1994–95 and 2004–05 inclusive.

## References
2025 Boulder fire attack

On June 1, 2025, in Boulder, Colorado, United States, Mohamed Sabry Soliman, an Egyptian man living in Colorado, allegedly used a makeshift flamethrower and Molotov cocktails to attack a group of people taking part in a walk to raise awareness for the hostages taken from Israel by Hamas during the October 7 attacks.

The attack left thirteen people injured, including the suspect. Soliman yelled "Free Palestine" and said antisemitism was the reason for his attack.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) treated the attack as a targeted terror attack, and he was charged with a federal hate crime and other related state charges.

U.S. President Donald Trump announced in a post on Truth Social after the attack that Soliman would be deported under his Administration. Attorney General Pam Bondi said that the U.S. Department of Justice would hold the alleged attacker "accountable to the fullest extent of the law."

## References
Mid West Rhinos

The **Rhinos** cricket franchise, formerly the **Mid West Rhinos**, is based at Kwekwe in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. Rhinos have not won the trophy, but have been runners-up six times, most recently in 2024–25. Their home ground is Kwekwe Sports Club. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.

## References
Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat

**Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat** (; born 19 March 1977) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been the Bishop of Urgell and *ex officio* episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra since 2025.

On 31 May 2025, Serrano became both the Bishop of Urgell and the co-prince of Andorra following the acceptance of the resignation of Vives by Pope Leo XIV.

## References
Solid solution

A **solid solution** is a mixture of two or more solids that have the same crystal structure. A **mineral series** is a solid solution that is found in nature as a mineral. In general, solid solutions happen when part of one substance can replace part of another without changing how the substances are shaped.

Most solid solutions can be described in terms of "pure" compounds called **endmembers**. For example, olivine is a solid solution. It has a mixture of iron and manganese cations and orthosilicate anions. The chemical formula of olivine can be written as  or {{chem2|Fe_{x}Mn_{2-x}SiO4}}. The endmembers are the pure iron mineral fayalite and pure manganese mineral tephroite. These, and any mixture of them, are members of the olivine mineral series.
Chemical transport reaction

reactants (A) react to make a gas intermediate (B), which moves and condenses into the product (C).]]

A **chemical transport reaction** is a type of chemical process. It is used to purify chemicals and grow crystals. Chemical transport reactions work by converting the chemicals into a gas with a chemical reaction, and then undoing that reaction somewhere else to leave behind the original compound.

## Examples 
* The Mond process for purifying nickel
* The Van Arkel–de Boer process, used in the past to purify titanium
* Germanium can be purified by transport with iodine

## Sources
Scheelite

**Scheelite** is the mineral form of calcium tungstate, . It is one of two main ores of tungsten. The other is wolframite (ferberite and hübnerite).

Scheelite was historically called "tungsten". Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a new mineral acid could be made from this mineral, and named it "tungstic acid". Scheele believed this acid contained a new chemical element, but could not make it. After the element was discovered and named "tungsten", the mineral was renamed after Scheele.

## Sources