open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis

As a Commonwealth realm, St Kitts and Nevis has the same monarch as several other Commonwealth countries, King Charles III.

In St Kitts, or when representing St Kitts in another country, he is known as the King of St Kitts and Nevis, His full official title being: *Charles the Third, by the Grace of God, Kingof Saint Christopher and Nevis and of His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth*.

When acting as King of St Kitts, Charles III only takes advice from the Government of St Kitts and Nevis.  This is because the Statute of Westminster of 1931 said that all Commonwealth countries were independent of each other, and that the British government no longer had the right to interfere or give orders to the other countries.

Usually the King's constitutional roles are carried out by the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Royal succession (who is next in line to the throne) is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, which is part of constitutional law.

## References
COBOL

**COBOL** is a programming language that was developed in the year 1959. It was one of the first computer programming languages. The name COBOL stands for ***CO**mmon **B**usiness-**O**riented **L**anguage*.
## Background
COBOL was created because people wanted a language they could use to describe the problems in a way that is independent of the hardware used. Like SQL COBOL uses a syntax that is close to that of natural languages. As an example,  ***ADD** YEARS **TO** AGE* is a valid expression.
## History
There are several different versions of COBOL. The newest is from 2002. In general, versions of the language before 1985 are not compatible with the newer versions, from 1985 and later. 

In his letter to an editor in 1975 titled "How do we tell truths that might hurt?", computer scientist and Turing Award recipient Edsger Dijkstra remarked that "The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, therefore, be regarded as a criminal offense." In this letter, Dijkstra also criticised several other languages which were used at the time.

In recent years, COBOL has been extended to allow object-oriented programming, user-defined functions, and user-defined data types. 
## Reputation
The computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins disagreed, and defended structured COBOL: "COBOL programs with convoluted control flow indeed tend to 'cripple the mind'", but this was because "there are too many such business application programs written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well...".
## References
Edsger W. Dijkstra

**Edsger Wybe Dijkstra** (May 11, 1930 – August 6, 2002; ) was a Dutch computer scientist. He received the 1972  Turing Award  for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000.

Shortly before his death in 2002, he received the ACM PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize the following year, in his honor.
3 Doors Down

**3 Doors Down** are an American alternative rock band. They formed in 1994 in Escatawpa, Mississippi. The members of the group are Brad Arnold, the singer, Matt Roberts, who plays the lead guitar and backing vocals, Chris Henderson, who plays the rhythm guitar, Todd Harrell who plays the bass guitar and Greg Upchurch, who plays the drums. 

On May 7, 2025, Arnold announced that he had been diagnosed with Stage IV clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma, a form of kidney cancer. On February 7, 2026, Arnold died in his sleep after battling cancer.

## Discography
### Studio albums
*2000: *The Better Life*
*2002: *Away from the Sun*
*2005: *Seventeen Days*
*2008: *3 Doors Down*
*2011: *Time of My Life*
*2016: *Us and the Night*

## References
## Other websites
*
Viglen

**Viglen** is an IT company based in the United Kingdom. Viglen is operated by UK businessman Lord Sugar and most schools in the UK own Viglen computers. Some of the products that Viglen have made are the Incepta II and the Genrie Pro. 

## References
Frill-necked lizard

The **frilled lizard** (*Chlamydosaurus kingii*) has a large reptile, thin frill around its head, which it displays in order to frighten enemies. To appear even more impressive, it also opens its mouth wide and often rears up on its hind legs. When frightened, this lizard will run away, using its back-legs only, earning it the nickname, the "bicycle lizard." 

## Description 
These lizards spend most of their life in trees (they are primarily arboreal). They live in the north of Australia and in New Guinea. They inhabit moist tropical and warm-temperate forests and in woodlands with shrubby understory. When displayed, the frill is 9.5-14 inches (24-34 cm) wide. When the lizard is at rest, the frill folds down on its shoulders. Adults are over 8 inches (20 cm) long. 

## Diet 
Frill-necked Lizards are carnivorous (meat-eaters). They eat bugs (like cicadas, ants, spiders, termites) small mammals, and small lizards. They hunt in trees and on the ground. 

## Reproduction
Females lay 8 to 23 small eggs in an underground nest. These lizards hatch with the ability to be fully independent, hunt and to use their frill.
Bukittinggi

**Bukittinggi** (Indonesian for "high hill", formerly called *Fort de Kock*) is a city in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The population of this city was estimated at 120,000 according to the 2010 census. Bukittinggi became the capital city of Indonesia from 1948 to 1949 when Indonesia was at war with the Netherlands.

## References
Jodi Picoult

**Jodi Lynn Picoult** (born 19 May 1966 in Nesconsent, Long Island, New York) is an American author. Picoult comes from what she calls a "non-practicing Jewish family". She was raised in her hometown in Long Island, but moved to the U.S. State of New Hampshire when she was 13 years old. She went to Princeton, a university in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where she studied writing and graduated from in 1987. She also went to Harvard University, where she earned a master's degree in education. She had many jobs, as a guest writer for magazines like *Seventeen*, to editing textbooks and teaching eighth grade English. She published her first novel *Songs of the Humpback Whale* in 1992. Her first book to debut as a New York Times best-seller was her 2007 novel *Nineteen Minutes*; the following year her novel *Change of Heart* became her second novel to debut as #1 on the New York Times Best Seller's list. Her last novel to be featured on the list was *Handle With Care* (2009). Four of her novels, *The Pact* (1998), *Plain Truth* (2000), *The Tenth Circle* (2006) and most recently, ''My Sister's Keeper'', which published as a book in 2004 but released as a movie in 2009. She was awarded the New England Bookseller Award for fiction in 2003. Picoult currently has some 14 million copies of her books in print worldwide. In addition to writing novels, Picoult had written for DC Comics' third volume of Wonder Woman in 2007; she only wrote 5 issues. She lives with her husband, Tim Van Leer, their three children and pets in Hanover, New Hampshire.

## Books by Picoult 
## References
Yogyakarta

**Yogyakarta** is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Yogyakarta was the capital city of Indonesia from 1947 to 1948. The city is near two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple.

## Education
Yogyakarta is a major center of education in Indonesia. Public universities in the city include:
* Gadjah Mada University one of Indonesia's best known state universities. 
* Yogyakarta State University
* Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University
* Indonesia Arts Institute

Private universities include:
* Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta
* Islamic University of Indonesia
* Atma Jaya University
* Sanata Dharma University

## References
Shad Gaspard

**Shad Gaspard** (January 13, 1981 &ndash; May 17, 2020) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He teamed with JTG and they formed the tag team, Cryme Tyme. Gaspard later began an acting career which he stated in an interview for Right After Wrestling. He starred in *Get Hard*.

Gaspard was born in New York City.

Gaspard married his longtime girlfriend Siliana Gaspard in 2009, together the couple had a son, in April 2010.

On March 5, 2011, Gaspard was arrested by police in Columbus, Ohio for having allegedly refused the commands of a police officer and then resisting arrest for jaywalking. He was later cleared of all charges in July 2011.

On May 17, 2020, Gaspard was caught in a strong rip current at Marina del Rey beach in Venice Beach, California. On May 20, 2020, his body was found washed up in Venice Beach, California, three days after he had gone missing and identified by the Los Angeles County coroner's office. He was 39 years old.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Xavier Woods

**Austin Watson** (born September 4, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE where he competes on the Raw brand under the ring name **Xavier Woods**. He is a member of the tag team The New Day with Kofi Kingston. He is a 13-time tag team Champion and the 2021 King of the Ring. He has also wrestled for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2007 to 2010 under the ring name **Consequences Creed** and won the TNA World Tag Team Championship one time with Jay Lethal.

As **Austin Creed**, he is also famous for his gaming channel on YouTube, called *UpUpDownDown*. It has more than 2 millon subscribers and more than 500 million views on YouTube. It won a Guinness World Record in August 2018 for Most Subscribed-to Celebrity Video Gaming Channel.

## Championships and accomplishments 
, Woods is a four-time and longest-reigning WWE (Raw) Tag Team Champion, a record seven-time SmackDown Tag Team Champion, and a one-time NXT Tag Team Champion, making him a Tag Team Triple Crown Champion and overall 12-time tag team champion in WWE.]]
* **Deep South Wrestling**
** DSW Heavyweight Championship (1 time, final)
* **East Coast Wrestling Association**
** ECWA Super 8 Tournament Champion (2010)
* **Florida Championship Wrestling**
** FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Wes Brisco
* **NWA Anarchy**
** NWA Anarchy Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hayden Young
** Most Popular Wrestler (2006)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Tag Team of the Year (2015, 2016) 
** Ranked No. 58 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2016
** Ranked No. 8 of the top 50 tag teams in the *PWI Tag Team 50* in 2020 
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** TNA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jay Lethal
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
**Best Gimmick (2015) – The New Day
* **WWE**
**WWE/Raw/World Tag Team Championship (5 times, current) – with Big E (2) and Kofi Kingston (5)
** WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Big E and Kofi Kingston (7)
**NXT Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kofi Kingston
** Third Tag Team Triple Crown Champion – with Kofi Kingston
** King of the Ring (2021)
** WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship Tournament (2018) – with Big E and Kofi Kingston
**WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
*** Men's Tag Team of the Year (2019) – with Big E and Kofi Kingston
** Slammy Award (1 time)
*** Ring Gear of the Year (2020) – with Big E and Kofi Kingston

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites
* 
* UpUpDownDown on YouTube
*Consequences Creed's official website 
* 
*
Kenzo Suzuki

is a Japanese professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). He is currently wrestling for All Japan Pro Wrestling and was a member of the stable, Voodoo Murders. He was often managed to the ring by his real-life wife, Hiroko Suzuki.

## Championships and accomplishments
***All Japan Pro Wrestling**
**Gaora TV Championship (1 time)
**World Tag Team Championship (1 time) &ndash; with The Great Muta
**World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2010) &ndash; with KONO
***DDT Pro-Wrestling**
**KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) &ndash; with Danshoku Dino and Super Sasadango Machine
**King of Dark Championship (1 time)
***Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling**
** World's Strongest Ganbare Tag Tournament (2017) &ndash; with Kazma Sakamoto
***New Japan Pro-Wrestling**
**Young Lion Cup (2000)
**Young Lion Tournament (2002)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**PWI ranked him #**392** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
***Tokyo Sports**
**Rookie of the Year (2000)
***VKF Battle Entertainment**
**VKF Championship (1 time)
***World Wrestling Entertainment**
**WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) &ndash; with René Duprée

## References
## Other websites
*Kenzo Suzuki's OWOW profile
Doug Williams (wrestler)

**Douglas Clayton Durdle** (born 1 September 1972) is an English professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He was known under the ring name, **Douglas Williams**.  

## Signature moves
***Bombs Away* (TNA) / *Bomb Scare* (Independent circuit) (Diving knee drop)
***Chaos Theory* (Williams pushes the opponent from behind into the turnbuckles, grabs hold of their waist, rolls backwards with them and follows up with a bridging German suplex)
**Guillotine choke – 2010
***Revolution DDT* (Tornado DDT)
***Signature moves**
***Anarchy Knee* (Running high knee)
***British Figure Four Leglock* (Reverse figure four leglock)
**Cravate, sometimes with repeated knee strikes to the opponent's head
**European uppercut, sometimes from the top rope
**Inverted Gory special
**Bridging/Release double underhook suplex, sometimes from the top rope
**Northern Lights suplex
**Push up facebusters
**Snap suplex transitioned into a gutwrench suplex and finished with an exploder suplex

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
** PWI ranked him #45 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010

* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** IWGP Tag Team Championship (one time) with Brutus Magnus
** TNA Television Championship (two times)
** TNA World Tag Team Championship (one time) with Brutus Magnus
** TNA X Division Championship (one time)

## Other websites 
* TNA.com Profile 
*
Philidor Defence

'''Philidor's defence'*, usually called *the Philidor*, is one of the basic chess openings. It was used often by the 18th century master François-André Danican Philidor, and he published analysis about it in his textbook *L'Analyse du jeu des échecs'' (1849).

## Variations 
### Philidor's counter-gambit 
:1.e4 e5 
:2.Nf3 d6
:3.d4 f5

### Main line 
:1.e4 e5
:2.Nf3 d6
:3.d4 exd4
:4.Nxd4 Nf6
:5.Nc3 Be7 or 5...g6 followed by 6...Bg7

### Transposition 
Black can reach a line called the Hanham variation by transposing from the Pirc defence:
:1.e4 d6
:2.d4 Nf6
:3.Nc3 Nbd7
:4.Nf3 e5

*Kosten, Tony 1992. *Winning with the Philidor*. Batsford, London.
*List of chess openings
Gifu Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is on the island of Honshu. Its capital is the city of Gifu.

Gifu is part of the Tōkai region. Shirakawa in Gifu is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site.

## History
In the Meiji period, Gifu Prefecture was created by  several old provinces, including Hida Province and Mino Province.

"Gifu" may have been named by Oda Nobunaga.

## Geography
Gifu shares borders with seven other prefectures: Aichi Prefecture, Fukui Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture.

## Landmarks
* Kinkazan and Gifu Castle
* Takayama
* Joining hands-structure of Shirakawa-go
* Gero hot springs

## Special products
* Ayu-cuisine
* Eel
* Hida beef

### Cities 
* Ena, Gifu
* Gero, Gifu 
* Gifu, Gifu, capital
* Gujō, Gifu
* Hashima, Gifu
* Hida, Gifu
* Kakamigahara, Gifu
* Kani, Gifu
* Kaizu, Gifu
* Mino, Gifu
* Minokama, Gifu
* Mizuho, Gifu
* Mizunami, Gifu
* Motosu, Gifu
* Nakatsugawa, Gifu
* Ōgaki, Gifu
* Seki, Gifu
* Tajimi, Gifu
* Takayama, Gifu
* Toki, Gifu
* Yamagata, Gifu

### National parks
National parks cover about 18% of the total land area of the prefecture.

### Otaki Limestone Cave
Otaki Limestone cave is one of the biggest limestone caves in Japan. There is no daylight inside, so you may feel that the air in there is very still. If you go there in summer, you may feel cool, and if you go there in winter, you may feel much warmer than outside of it. The walls are made of limestone and look milky white.

## Shrines and temples
*Hidaichinomiya-Minashi jinja* is the main Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* F.C. Gifu

## References
## Other websites 
*Gifu Prefecture's Official website 
*A prefectural office of Gifu
Myrtillocactus

***Myrtillocactus*** is a genus of plants in the family Cactaceae.

All of these plants are succulents. The plants grows in Mexico and Guatemala. In total, there are 4 species:
* *Myrtillocactus cochal*
* *Myrtillocactus eichlamii*
* *Myrtillocactus geometrizans*
* *Myrtillocactus schenckei*
*]]

Flowers are white or yellowish, its length is appr. 2.5 cm.

Some species of Myrtillocactus are popular houseplants.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Myrtillocactus*
* NCBI: *Myrtillocactus''
Robert Boyle

**Robert Boyle** FRS (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and founding member of the Royal Society.

Boyle was born in Ireland to a titled Anglo-Irish family. He was the fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who had arrived in Ireland in 1588.

## Career
Robert Boyle is best known for Boyle's law.

When Robert Hooke was young, Boyle employed him as an instrument-maker and assistant. They continued to cooperate when Hooke took charge of experiments at the Royal Society.

Scientific research was the main focus of Boyle's life.  He joined other like-minded men in a group which called itself the "Invisible College".  He was part of the group which founded the Royal Society in 1660.
 
Boyle was an alchemist, but also the first modern chemist. His 1661 book, *The Sceptical Chymist*, is important in the history of chemistry.

## Religious interests
As a director of the East India Company Boyle spent large sums in promoting the spread of Christianity in the East. He contributed liberally to missionary societies and to the expenses of translating the Bible or portions of it into various languages.

Boyle supported the policy that the Bible should be available in the language of the people, in contrast to the Latin-only policy of the Roman Catholic Church at the time.

## References 
## Further reading
* Hunter, Michael. (2000). *Robert Boyle, 1627-91: scrupulosity and science*. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. ; OCLC 185478148
* __________. 2009. *Boyle: between God and science*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 698916661
Susan Collins

**Susan Margaret Collins** (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician who is the senior U.S. Senator from Maine since 1997. She is a moderate in the Republican Party. Collins was elected to the Senate in 1996. The Senator was born December 7, 1952.

On February 13, 2021, Collins was one of seven Republican senators to vote Donald Trump guilty of starting an insurrection at the U.S. Capitol attack in his second impeachment trial.

## References
Semih Erden

**Semih Erden** (born July 28, 1986 in Istanbul, Turkey) is an Turkish basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA. He was selected 60th overall in the 2nd round in the 2008 NBA Draft by the Boston Celtics, while he was playing for Fenerbahçe Ülker in his homeland. Erden arrived in Boston for the 2010–11 season, but was traded to Cleveland near the end of the season. During the 2011 NBA lockout, he returned to Turkey and played for Beşiktaş; after the lockout ended in December 2011, he returned to the Cavaliers.   

## Other websites
*Semih Erden's NBA profile
Steeplechase (athletics)

]]
The **steeplechase** is an obstacle race in athletics, which derives its name from the word *steeplechase* in horse racing.

## Related pages
* Sprint
* Middle distance race
* Walking race
* Hurdle race
* Relay
* Long distance race
* Cross-country race
* Marathon
USS Nimitz (CVN-68)

The '*USS *Nimitz* (CVN-68)*' is a supercarrier of the United States Navy. Starting in late 2011, The USS *Nimitz* will be stationed at Naval Station Everett in Everett, Washington. It is named after Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.

It is 1063 feet (333 meters) long. It has four separate steam catapults that can launch a 100,000-pound plane to 160 mph in 100 meters. It can launch early warning planes, light fighters, and larger fighter-bomber aircraft. It is powered by two nuclear reactors and can stay at sea for 24 years without refueling. However, refueling needs to be done carefully and only in special naval bases. The carrier weighs 100,000 tons, and it carries a maximum of 130 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornets or 85-90 larger planes.
Emma Bunton

**Emma Lee Bunton** (born 21 January 1976) is a British singer-songwriter and television promoter. She was a member of girl group the Spice Girls. She gained her nickname **"Baby Spice"** from being the youngest member of the group. 

She was a contestant in the 2006 series of *Strictly Come Dancing*. She is also the host of the Heart FM Saturday evening show from 4pm to 7pm.

On 12 August 2012, The Spice Girls performed a medley of "Wannabe" and "Spice Up Your Life" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. They got back together just for the event. Their performance was the most tweeted moment of the Olympics closing ceremony with over 116,000 tweets on Twitter per minute. 

## Personal life
Bunton's long-term partner since 1998 is singer Jade Jones. The couple have two children: Beau Lee Jones and Tate Lee Jones. She is also a godmother to Geri Halliwell's daughter Bluebell Madonna Halliwell, alongside Victoria Beckham.

## References
Barred spiral galaxy

A **barred spiral galaxy** is a big group of stars shaped like a spiral, and which has a long, straight bar also made up of stars  across its middle. Imagine it like a pinwheel firework with a stick going through it. Our home, the Milky Way, is one of these galaxies and has its own bar.

Edwin Hubble  made a list of all the galaxies he could find and put them into groups according to their shapes. He noticed that some of the spirals have tight arms, some have loose arms, and others are somewhere in between. He even made a category for those with a straight bar and no spiral arms.

Bars in galaxies act like nurseries for stars. They help bring gas toward the center, where new stars are born when there is enough gas and dust around. But the bars do not last forever; over time, they might change, and the galaxy becomes a more typical spiral. 

Scientists think that this whole process takes about two billion years. They have found evidence that even in the early days of the universe, some galaxies already had these bars.

Barred spiral galaxies are like big whirlpools of stars with a straight bar made of more stars  in the middle. It is like a special phase in a galaxy's life, and it takes a long time for them to go from being just a spiral to having a bar.

## References
S Club

**S Club**, formerly **S Club 7** are a British pop band. They formed in 1998 in London and split up in 2003. The band members were Jo O'Meara, Bradley McIntosh, Paul Cattermole, Rachel Stevens, Hannah Spearritt, Jon Lee and Tina Barrett. The group reunited in 2008 with Jo O'Meara, Bradley McIntosh and Paul Cattermole and was renamed S Club.

## Discography
### Studio albums
*1999: *S Club*
*2000: '''7'*
*2001: *Sunshine*
*2002: *Seeing Double''

## Iconic songs of S Club 
Some iconic songs from S Club includes 'Never Had a Dream Come True', 'Don't Stop Movin', 'S Club Party', 'Reach' and 'Bring It All Back'.
Muskmelon

**Muskmelons** (*Cucumis melo*) are a type of melon. Cantaloupes are a popular type of muskmelon, but there are other types like the Honeydew Melon.  They come from Persia  (Iran) and nearby countries.  They were transported west to Europe near the time of Christ's birth.  The name Cantaloupe comes from the Italian town they were cultivated in: *Cantalupo* *nel Sannio*

The name of the muskmelon comes from the words "musk," which means "perfume" in Persian and "melon," which is French and comes from a Latin word melonem (melo in the accusative form - direct object function in a sentence) that means "fruit of a cucurbit."

During the Middle Ages the muskmelon spread across Europe to as far west as Spain and Christopher Columbus brought seeds of it to the Caribbean in 1494.  In the 1600s it was being grown across North America by the Spanish, the English and Native Americans.  By 1650 the muskmelon was being grown in Brazil.

## Taste
Muskmelons can widely vary in taste, depending on each fruit: some are sweet and some more closely resemble their cucurbitaceae cousin, the cucumber, in taste.  In 1513, a Spanish writer said of the muskmelon that "the good [muskmelons] are like good women, and the bad like bad women."  Maybe expecting all melons to be sweet, which is not the case as mentioned earlier.
 
## References
Cuban solenodon

The **Cuban solenodon** or **almiqui** (*Solenodon cubanus*) is a species of soricomorph that is endemic to Cuba. It belongs to the family Solenodontidae along with a similar species, the Hispaniolan Solenodon (*Solenodon paradoxus*). The solenodon is unusual among mammals in that its saliva is venomous. Since its discovery in 1861 by the German naturalist Wilhelm Peters.
Chicago Tribune

***Chicago Tribune*** is a major newspaper in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded on June 10, 1847 by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, and Joseph K. C. Forrest. The Tribune ran the wrong result in its headline, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" during the 1948 United States presidential election.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
South Sudan

**South Sudan** is a country in East Africa. Its official name is the **Republic of South Sudan**. It was part of Sudan until 2011. Just two years after South Sudan gained its independence, in 2013, a civil war began.

South Sudan is landlocked, meaning that no part of the country touches the ocean. The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya to the southeast; Uganda to the south; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest; the Central African Republic to the west; and the Republic of Sudan to the north. 

South Sudan includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd formed by the White Nile, locally called the *Bahr al Jabal*.

## History
What is now South Sudan was once part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This part of the British Empire became the Republic of Sudan when independence was achieved in 1956. 

After the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year, the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. 

### Independence 
South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011 at midnight local time, after a referendum held in January 2011. In the referendum, nearly 99% of voters wanted to separate from the rest of Sudan.

The United Nations Security Council met on 13 July 2011 to formally discuss admitting the Republic of South Sudan to the Security Council. The next day, 14 July 2011, South Sudan became a United Nations member state. 

South Sudan has also applied to join the Commonwealth of Nations, the East African Community, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The country was declared eligible to apply for membership in the Arab League as well.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, one athlete from South Sudan competed under the flag of the International Olympic Committee. 

In 2013 a civil war broke out.

## People 
According to estimates, in 2023 South Sudan's population was 11,483,374, and in 2024 it increased to 12,703,714.

South Sudan's population is fairly young overall. In 2023, around one out of every 5 people in South Sudan (22%) was between the ages of 0 and 14. Only three countries in the world scored lower: Central African Republic, Nigeria, and Chad.

## Religion 
The main religion is Christianity, practised by nearly 78% of the population. Another 20% practise African traditional religions, and just 2% are Muslim.

## Economy 
Much of South Sudan's economy is based on oil, but they also have a large lumber industry mainly consisting of teak.  It is a very poor and under-developed country. There is very little infrastructure, and the civil wars have caused a lot of damage.

## References
2006 Hengchun earthquakes

The **2006 Hengchun earthquake** happened on Tuesday December 26, 2006 at 12:25 UTC (20:25 local time) near Taiwan. On the surface the center of the earthquake was about 22.8&nbsp;km west southwest of Hengchun, Pingtung County, Taiwan.  The center of the earthquake underground was 21.9&nbsp;km deep in the Luzon Strait ().

Reports of the strength of the quake do not all agree. Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau reported 7.0 ML  The United States Geological Survey estimated the quake to be 7.1 Mw  The Hong Kong Observatory   and the Japan Meteorological Agency  said 7.2 Mw. Taiwan's Central News Agency reported that it was the strongest earthquake to hit Hengchun in one hundred years. The earthquake hurt and killed many people and damaged many buildings. It also damaged several undersea cables. The broken cables were a problem for telecommunication services in parts of Asia.

The date of the earthquake was unusual. The earthquake happened exactly two years after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that caused terrible damage to the coastal communities across Southeast and South Asia. It was also exactly three years after the 2003 earthquake that almost destroyed the southern Iranian city of Bam.

## Tsunami warning
### Taiwan
This earthquake was the first time Taiwan detected a tsunami. The water level changed only 25&nbsp;cm and did not damage anything.

### Warning from agencies in other areas
An early tsunami warning came from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). They reported that the earthquake caused a 1-meter tsunami. It was moving towards the east coast of the Philippines. The Hong Kong Observatory also reported a tsunami that would probably not affect Hong Kong.

## Related pages
* List of earthquakes
* 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

## References
## Other websites
* US Geological Survey (USGS) earthquake report 
* Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau earthquake report
* Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan  The CWB maintains an up-to-date record of earthquakes and their aftershocks.
* *Reuters* article
* *BBC NEWS* article
* *CNN* article 
* *International Herald Tribune* article 
* Singapore's *Channel NewsAsia* report on 28 December 2006
Snooki

**Nicole Elizabeth** "**Snooki**" **LaValle** (née **Polizzi**; born November 23, 1987) is an American reality television personality, television host, author, professional wrestler, and dancer. She is best known for being a cast member of the MTV reality show *Jersey Shore* and starring in *Snooki & Jwoww* and *Jersey Shore: Family Vacation*. She earned $150,000 per *Jersey Shore* episode by the last season. 

She also appeared as the guest hostess for *WWE Raw* in 2011 and competed at WrestleMania XXVII that year.

## Early life and education
Polizzi was born in Santiago, Chile. Andy and Helen Polizzi. Polizzi’s father is a volunteer firefighter and auto-salvage supervisor, and her mother is an office manager.

Polizzi was given her nickname, Snooki, in middle school, her friends named her after "Snookie", a male character in *Save the Last Dance*, because she was the first of her friends to kiss a boy. She grew up and went to school in Marlboro, New York, where she was a cheerleader. 

Snooki went to Marlboro High School in Marlboro. After graduating, she went to Brookdale Community College in Middletown Township, New Jersey,

## Filmography
## Awards and nominations 
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Sammi Giancola

**Sammi Giancola** (born March 14, 1987)  is an American television personality and businesswoman. She is best known as one of the eight main cast members of the MTV reality series *Jersey Shore*.

## References
Vinny Guadagnino

**Vincent "Vinny" Guadagnino** (born November 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality. He is best known for his time on MTV's* Jersey Shore*.

In the November 8, 2011 episode of *90210*, he played a small role that he reprised in the episode titled "O Holly Night". 

MTV has also produced Guadagnino's own talk show, *The Show with Vinny*, which debuted in May 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Speaking Profile Vinny Guadagnino's profile and lecture topics on the American Program Bureau website
JWoww

**Jennifer Lynn "Jenni" Farley** (born February 27, 1986), also known as **JWoww**, is an American television personality. She is known for being one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series *Jersey Shore*, and is a main cast member of its spin-off, *Snooki & Jwoww*.

## References
Michael Sorrentino

**Michael Sorrentino** (born July 4, 1982), also known as **The Situation**, is an American television personality. He appeared on the MTV reality show *Jersey Shore* in all six seasons from December 2009 through its final episode in December 2012.

On January 19, 2018, Sorrentino pleaded guilty to one count of tax evasion, as part of a plea bargain with prosecutors. On October 5, 2018, Sorrentino was sentenced to 8 months in prison, 2 years of supervised probation, and 500 hours of community service.

## References
Ken Anderson (wrestler)

**Kenneth Anderson** (born March 6, 1976) is an American professional wrestler. Anderson is known for his time working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2005 to 2009 under the ring name **Mr. Kennedy**. He has also wrestled in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as **Mr. Anderson** from 2010 to 2016. He is currently signed to Top Rank Boxing as their announcer.

Anderson is a former WWE United States Champion, He is known for performing his ring announcements himself.
** ACW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mike Mercury (1), Eric Hammers (1), and Adrian Serrano (1)
** ACW Television Championship (1 time)
** ACW Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
* **Big League Wrestling**
** BLW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** BLW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
* **Championship Of Wrestling**
** cOw/WPWI United Championship (1 time)
* **Great Lakes Championship Wrestling**
** GLCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Heavy on Wrestling**
**HoW Undisputed Championship (1 time)
* **Mid American Wrestling**
** MAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **NWA Midwest**
** NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **Nu-Wrestling Evolution/New Wrestling Entertainment**
** NWE World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 7 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2011
* **Pro Wrestling Pride **
** PWP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **River City Championship Wrestling**
** RCCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** TNA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
* **World Wrestling Entertainment**
** WWE United States Championship (1 time)
** Money in the Bank (2007)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
**Best Gimmick (2005)
** Worst Gimmick (2013) as a member of Aces & Eights
* **Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling**
** XICW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Joey Padgett

## References
## Other websites
* 
* TNA Wrestling profile
*
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro

**Ronald J. Ortiz-Magro Jr.** (born December 4, 1985) is an American television personality. He is best known as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series *Jersey Shore*. He was born in The Bronx, New York City.

In 2017, Ortiz-Magro appeared in the second season of the E! reality series *Famously Single.* 

In 2018, Ronnie Ortiz-Magro became part of the main cast in the MTV reality television series *Jersey Shore: Family Vacation*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stephen Baldwin

**Stephen Andrew Baldwin** (born May 12, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for his conservative religious and political beliefs. He is the youngest of the Baldwin brothers. He was a housemated in the 2010 series of Big Brother (UK).

## References
The New York Times Best Seller list

'''*The New York Times* Best Seller list'* is a list of best-selling books in the United States that has been published weekly on Sundays by the *New York Times'', a New York City based newspaper since 9 April 1942. It is also released a stand-alone publication, meaning it is sometimes published separately outside of the newspaper, and can also be found online. The list is usually split into fiction and non-fiction sections; each contain ten to twenty titles. It has been accused of being easily manipulated, so it may not actually list the best sellers.
Deena Nicole Cortese

**Deena Nicole Buckner** (born **Deena Nicole Cortese**; January 12, 1987) is an American reality television personality. She appeared on the MTV reality show *Jersey Shore* from 2010 to 2012.

In November 2016, Cortese became engaged to Christopher Buckner. They were married on October 28, 2017.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pauly D

**Paul DelVecchio Jr.** (born July 5, 1980), publicly known as **DJ Pauly D**, is an American television personality and disc jockey. He is best known for being a housemate on MTV's reality show *Jersey Shore*.

He is the first of the *Jersey Shore* cast to get his own spin-off show, *The Pauly D Project*.

## References
Angelina Pivarnick

**Angelina Pivarnick** (born June 26, 1986) is an American television personality. She is best known for starring in the first two seasons of the MTV's reality show *Jersey Shore* and the VH1 show *Couples Therapy*. Pivarnick made her return to television in *Jersey Shore: Family Vacation*. She was born in Staten Island, New York.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pirc Defence

The **Pirc defence** is one of the asymmetrical hypermodern defences, usually to 1.e4. It is similar to the Modern defence, but reserves the decision as to whether to fianchetto the g8 bishop.

Because it is so  it lends itself to transpositions. This is one of the main lines:

:1.e4 d6
:2.d4 Nf6
:3.Nc3 g6
:4.f4 Bg7
:5.Nf3 0-0
:6.Bd3 Na6
:7.0-0 c5

A completely different idea is:
:1.e4 d6
:2.d4 Nf6
:3.Nc3 Nbd7
:4.Nf3 e5
which is a transposition into Philidor's defence. Another idea is:
:1.d4 d6
:2.Nf3 Bg4
which is called Wade's defence.
Fianna Fáil

**Fianna Fáil** is an Irish political party. It was founded in 1926 by Éamon DeValera and Constance Markievicz,
. Its leader is Micheál Martin, who has also been Taoiseach since 2020. It was a faction of Sinn Fein - another Irish political party alongside Fine Gael - before splitting to become its own political party in 1926. Its name is translated from Irish as 'Soldiers of Destiny' but literally means 'Warriors of Fál' (Fál was the name of Ireland in legends). 

The party is part of a coalition government with Fine Gael and the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil being the largest party in the Dáil Éireann.

## Presidents/Leaders
There have been eight leaders of the Fianna Fáil since its creation in 1926.

## Youth Wing
The Youth Wing of Fianna Fáil is the Ógra Fianna Fáil, which was created in 1975 to get younger people to vote and support the party. 

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official party website
* The Official Youth Wing 'Ógra Fianna Fáil's' website
Area code 869

**Area code 869** is the local telephone area code of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The 869 area code was created during a split from the original (809) area code which was done in October, 1996. Like many Caribbean countries St Kitts uses +1 followed by the area code as the international direct dial phone code.

When in Saint Kitts and Nevis, use the seven digits alone. When calling to Saint Kitts and Nevis from anywhere in the United States or Canada simply dial 1(869) + seven digit phone number.

## Other websites 
* North American Numbering Plan Administrator
* List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com, 869 Area Code
Jim Agnew

**Jim Agnew** (born March 21, 1966) is a Canadian retired professional hockey defenceman. Agnew was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks in the 8th round (157th overall) in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft. After a stellar career in the Western Hockey League with the Brandon Wheat Kings and Portland Winter Hawks, Agnew began his professional career with the Canucks in 1986.

## Playing career
Agnew spent most of the 1986–87 in the American Hockey League, although he did receive a four-game stretch with the Canucks. He would spend four full seasons in Vancouver's minor-league system while seeing occasional action in Vancouver. Playing ten games for the team in the 1987–88 during which time he recorded his only career point, and was called up again for seven games in 1989–90.

While playing for the Canucks in March 1990, Agnew seriously injured his left knee and required surgery. This would be the start of a chronic knee problem. Injuries to his left knee caused him to miss significant action six times over the next four seasons, and required three separate surgeries.

His knee problems struck just as he made the NHL on a full-time basis. He spent virtually the entire 1990–91 and 1991–92 seasons on the Canuck roster as a utility player seeing action at both forward and defence, but was limited to just 44 games over that stretch due to injury and failed to record a point.

He was released by the Canucks in 1992 and signed as a free agent with the Hartford Whalers. Again, however, he was limited to only 16 games by an injury to his left knee. After injuring his knee again during the Whalers' 1993 training camp, he decided to retire.

Agnew appeared in 81 NHL games over parts of six seasons, recording 1 assist and 257 penalty minutes.

## Career statistics 
## References 
*
* Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
Metropolitan Police

The **Metropolitan Police Service** (**MPS**), sometimes called **the Met**, is the name of the police service for the county of Greater London in England (all of London except the City of London).

It is the oldest of the 52 police forces in the United Kingdom, and ranks as the country's largest police force, by amount of officers, too. 

The force operates under the leadership of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, who is directly accountable to the mayor of London, through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime and the Home Office. 

Excluding its national roles, the Met oversees the eighth-smallest primary geographic area (police area) compared to other territorial police forces in the UK.

## References
False pregnancy

A **false pregnancy**, **hysterical pregnancy** or **pseudopregnancy** is when a mammal shows some of the symptoms associated with a pregnancy, but without being pregnant. False pregnancies commonly occur in dogs and mice. False pregnancy in humans is less common, and usually has psychological causes. False pregnancy is probably caused by changes in the endocrine system of the body, which leads to the secretion of hormones. These hormones are the reason physical changes happen, similar to those during pregnancy. The underlying cause is often mental.
## References
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The **Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa** is an insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northwest Pakistan. It involves the United States, United Kingdom, Pakistani military and Pakistani tribes against the Taliban, al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The main reason for the conflict was tensions breaking out between Pakistan Armed Forces and al-Qaeda in 2004. 3117 Pakistani armed forces members have been killed, as well as 235+ tribe members and 15 United States soldiers. 17742 insurgents have been killed or captured.

During 2004, S.A.S. soldiers were ordered to take out a renegade police officer. Two men were caught by the police and taken back to the station. Tempers had already been running high because of an arrest by soldiers who had turned out to be agents working in the Taliban.

In 2023, the National Security Committee of Pakistan, under the leadership of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, decided to launch a new military operation to eliminate militants who pose a threat to the western regions of Pakistan.

## Related pages
*List of ongoing armed conflicts

## References
Deloraine, Manitoba

**Deloraine** is a farming town in the Canadian province of Manitoba.  It is near the Turtle Mountains in the southwest corner of the province.

## Other websites
*Town of Deloraine
*Town of Deloraine Community Profile 
*Map of Deloraine at Statcan
Western Hockey League

The **Western Hockey League** (WHL) is a major junior ice hockey league based in Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States.  

## Teams 
; Notes

# *A star (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.*

## References 
;General
*
*
*
;Specific

## Other websites 
* Official website of the Western Hockey League 
* Official website of the Canadian Hockey League
* Maps to WHL arenas
Chrissie Hynde

**Christine Ellen "Chrissie" Hynde** (born September 7, 1951 Akron, Ohio) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She is a member of the rock band The Pretenders. She has been performing since 1975.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sandhill crane

The **sandhill crane** (*Grus canadensis*) is a bird that lives in Canada and the northern U.S. It migrates to Mexico and the southern U.S. in winter.

## References
Cyclone Yasi

**Tropical Cyclone Yasi** was a tropical cyclone that caused a lot of damage when it reached the Australian coast at about midnight on Wednesday 2 February 2011. The storm which started in the Coral Sea, destroyed hundreds of homes in the northern Queensland towns of Tully, Mission Beach, Innisfail and Cardwell. Yasi was a Category Five storm, the highest level, with winds of about 300 km/h. It was the biggest storm in Queensland's history, with more than 10,000 people moved from their homes. The storm passed between the two big cities of Cairns and Townsville which only suffered minor damage.

Cyclone Yasi did not cause the damage that government expected as it missed major cities. It did however destroy 30% of the houses in Tully. At least 75% of the banana crop was destroyed, and damage to the sugar cane farms is expected to cost about AU$500 million. One person died when they were poisoned by fumes from a portable generator. Damage to power lines left 150,000 homes without electricity.

The rainforest around Mission Beach was flattened by the cyclone. This meant that most of the food and shelter needed for the wildlife has been destroyed. The Southern Cassowary, a large endangered bird, will need help to survive in the forest. After Cyclone Larry in 2006 it is thought that about one third of the cassowaries at Mission Beach died from starvation. A group, called Rainforest Rescue, is going to set up feeding areas in the forest for the birds.

## References
## Other websites
* Photos of damage from Cyclone Yasi
* Rainforest Rescue
Behind the Paint

***Behind the Paint*** is an autobiography of Joseph Bruce better known as **Violent J**, one half of the hip-hop group, Insane Clown Posse. The book was published by Psychopathic Records in July of 2003 and had a revised second edition that was released in August 2004. The book is about Bruce's childhood, professional wrestling career, and musical career. Brian Raftery, a writer for *Wired* magazine commented on the book saying: it was a "soul-baring memoir filled with unpleasant details."

## References