open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chartreuse (color)

**Chartreuse green** is the colour halfway between yellow and green on the RGB and RYB color wheel, with the hex code of #80FF00.

*Chartreuse green* (the web color known as *chartreuse* since the X11 colors were created in 1987 and then renamed the X11 web colors in 1991) is a web color that was named because it looked like the green color of a French liqueur called *green chartreuse*, made since 1764. Before 1987, this color was called *yellow-green*, but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below. 

The color *chartreuse yellow* (the traditional color originally called *chartreuse* since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because it looked similar to the yellow color of a French liqueur called *yellow chartreuse*, introduced in 1838.  The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below. Chartreuse yellow is the color halfway between lime and yellow on the RGB color wheel. 

## Meaning of chartreuse green
* Chartreuse green is the color of most salad greens and therefore it is associated with good health and a healthy diet. It is associated with nature and the country and  with healing.

## Tones of chartreuse green color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Clyde F.C.

**Clyde Football Club** is a Scottish professional football team based in the town of Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire. They are members of the Scottish Football League and currently play in Scottish League Two.
List of companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma

**Companies headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma**

This list is very out of date and incomplete.

## Largest Companies
*ONEOK - Fortune 500 (312)
*Williams Companies - Fortune 500 (367)
*Dollar-Thrifty Automotive Group - Fortune 1000 (958) - Purchased by Hertz and Jobs moved from Tulsa.
*Semgroup 
*QuikTrip - Fortune's Largest Private Companies (33)
*Vanguard Automotive Group:Alamo, National Purchased by Enterprise.  Most jobs moved to St. Louis or eliminated.  Small/Growing Shared Service Center remains.

## Other companies
*AAON
*Bama Pie
*BOK Financial Corporation, parent company of Bank of Oklahoma, Bank of Texas and 4 other bank subsidiaries
*BOLD Roofworks
*Bluefin Payment Systems
*Casillas Petroleum
*Crane Carrier Corporation
*ENGlobal Corporation
*Enovation Controls
*Explorer Pipeline 
*Facet International
*FlightSafety International   (Simulation Systems Division)
*Rubbean Construction Company
*GasTech Engineering Corporation
*Helmerich & Payne, Inc., oil and gas exploration, and real-estate holding company
*Hilti USA - Moved most of it's operation to Dallas.
*John Zink Co.
*Kenco Engineering
*Lowrance Electronics
*Lufthansa Technik Tulsa
*Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P.
*Manhattan Construction Company
*Matrix Services
*Mazzio’s
*McElroy Manufacturing, Inc.
*Nordam Group
*Plymouth Pharmaceuticals
*Public Service Company of Oklahoma a subsidiary of American Electric Power
*RibCrib
*Saint Francis Health System
*Skycam
*SmartMax Software
*Syntroleum
*Samson Investment Company, petroleum production and exploration company
*TD Williamson
*Unit Corp
*Webco Industries
*Winnercomm
*Xcel Energy
*Xeta Technologies
*ZFG Mortgage
*Leinbach Company
Jouke de Vries

**Jouke de Vries** (born September 26, 1960 in Deersum) is a Dutch academic.

He studied political sciences at the University of Amsterdam and has been working at the group Leaderships Art  at the University of Leiden since 1984. De Vries was promoted and got his degree in 1989 from H. Daudt. en H. Daalder for the article he wrote on "Ground Politics and Cabinet Crisis in the Netherlands". He almost became faction leader of the Partij van de Arbeid (the Dutch Labour Party), but narrowly lost to Wouter Bos.  He teaches students at Leiden University. He is a professor on Political Sciences (Dutch:Hoogleraar) and teaching is his profession. He is a columnist for a Dutch language website. 

Jouke de Vries lives in Leiden near the University where he teaches. He married in 1986 and has two sons and a daughter. 

## References
Dundee F.C.

:*Not to be confused with Dundee United F.C.

**Dundee Football Club**, founded in 1893, are a football team based in the city of Dundee, Scotland. They are nicknamed *The Dee* or *The Dark Blues'' and play their home matches at Dens Park. Their home shirt colour is dark blue.

Dundee FC currently play in the Scottish Championship, having been relegated from the Scottish Premiership in 2019. The team is currently managed by James McPake. 

Unusually for a city of its size, Dundee supports two senior professional football teams, Dundee FC and Dundee United. Their grounds are within a few hundred yards of each other and are the two closest professional football grounds in the United Kingdom.

## Current squad 
## References
Brisingr

***The Seven Promises of Eragon Shadeslayer and Saphira Bjartskular***, better known as ***Brisingr***, is the third book of the *Inheritance Cycle* by Christopher Paolini. It comes after the books *Eragon* and *Eldest*. It was released on September 20, 2008. The title means "fire" in the fictional Ancient Language of Alagaesia.

The book sold 550,000 copies on its first day of sale, the most ever for a Random House Children's Book.

## References
## Other websites
* The Official Australian Brisingr website 
* Excerpt  from the third installment at Alagaesia.com
* , an Inheritance Cycle wiki
* Brisingr Review
University of Edinburgh

The **University of Edinburgh** is a university in Edinburgh, Scotland.

## Related pages
* Old College, University of Edinburgh
* List of universities in the United Kingdom
Inheritance Cycle

The ***Inheritance Cycle*** is a series of young-adult fictionfantasy books written by Christopher Paolini.

## Origin
In 1998, Christopher Paolini, then 15 years old decided to write a fantasy novel that would be like The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars but with a protagonist who rides a dragon. Paolini spent a month working on writing a plan for a trilogy of books about this. Then he spent a year writing the first book called Eragon. Then he gave the book to his father and mother and asked them to edit it. Then his parents started their own publishing company and published Eragon in 2000 when Paolini was 17. Then the company Alfred A. Knopf paid to become the new publisher in 2002 and it became a bestseller, which is to say a book that a lot of people bought. Paolini wrote a sequel called Eldest. After writing it, he started writing a third book called Brisingr but then decided that it was too long so he wrote it as two books called Brisingr and Inheritance (book). He then decided to call it the Inheritance Cycle instead of the Inheritance Trilogy.

## Books 
**Eragon*
**Eldest*
**Brisingr*
**Inheritance*

## Characters 
** Eragon: A farm boy who finds a dragon egg and becomes a Dragon Rider.*
*'' Saphira: Eragon's'** sapphire**' dragon.''
*  Galbatorix, an evil dragon rider who is now Emperor.
Take This to Your Grave

***Take This to Your Grave*** is the debut studio album by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released 2003. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, and Andy Hurley.

## Tracklisting 
1. "Tell That Mick He Just Made My List of Things to Do Today"

2. "Dead on Arrival"

3. "Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy"

4. "Saturday"

5. "Homesick at Space Camp"

6. "Sending Postcards from a Plane Crash (Wish You Were Here)"

7. "Chicago Is So Two Years Ago"

8. "The Pros and Cons of Breathing"

9. "Grenade Jumper"

10. "Calm Before the Storm"

11. "Reinventing the Wheel to Run Myself Over"

12. "The Patron Saint of Liars and Fakes"
Stephen Guernsey Cook Ensko

**Stephen Guernsey Cook Ensko** (May 9, 1896 – December 18, 1969) also known as **Stephen G.C. Ensko**, was an expert on American antique silver. His book is the standard reference work for antique silver.

## Biography
Ensko was born in 1896 in New York City to Robert Ensko (1855-1934) and Mary Elizabeth Blakeley (1857-?). He married Dorothea (1892-1977) on June 4, 1918 in Manhattan. They had three children: Dorothea Charlotte Ensko (1920- ) who married Vernon Charles Wyle (1913-1986); Stephen W. Ensko (1922-c1945), who was a 2nd Lieutenant in the US Army who was killed in action in World War II; and Alice Elizabeth Ensko (1924-1999), who married George M. Kellar II on December 24, 1944, and later married Alfred Woodward (1913-2007), the Illinois judge.

Ensko registered for the draft on June 5, 1918 but he did not serve. At the time he was working as an antique dealer at 598 Madison Avenue. He lived in Freeport, New York on Long Island. In 1930 Ensko was living at 40-20 205th Street, Bayside, in Queens, and had a servant living in the household. Robert Ensko, Inc. silver was being advertised in The Antiquarian Magazine in March and April 1930. At the death of his father in 1934, Ensko took over Robert Ensko, Inc. which had its showroom at 682 Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. He continued to commission the creation of reproductions of antique silver, to be sold under the Ensko name.

## References
Siamang

The **Siamang** (*Symphalangus syndactylus*) is a tailless, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. It lives in trees, that's why it is called arboreal. The Siamang is the largest of the lesser apes. It can grow to be twice the size of other gibbons. Siamangs grow to about 1 m in height, and weigh up to 23&nbsp;kg. The Siamang is the only species in the genus ***Symphalangus***.

The Siamang is different form other gibbons. In Siamangs, two fingers on each hand are fused together, that's where  the name "syndactylus" is from. Siamangs have large  "gular sacs". These can be found in both males and females. The gular sac is a throat pouch that can be inflated to the size of its head. This allows the Siamang to make loud resonating calls or songs.

There may be two subspecies of the Siamang. If so, they are the nominate Sumatran Siamang (*S. s. syndactylus*) and the Malaysian Siamang (*S. s. continentis*, in peninsular Malaysia). Otherwise, the Malaysian individuals are only a population. The Siamang is the only gibbon which occurs sympatrically with other gibbons; its two ranges are entirely within the combined ranges of the Agile Gibbon and the Lar Gibbon.

The Siamang can live over 30 years in captivity.

While the illegal buying and selling of pets takes a toll on wild populations, the main threat to the Siamang is habitat loss in both Malaysia and Sumatra. Palm oil production is clearing lots of forest, reducing the habitat of the Siamang, along with that of other species such as the Sumatran Tiger.

## References
Will Turner

**William Turner Jr.** is a fictional character in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* movies. He appears in *The Curse of the Black Pearl* (2003), ''Dead Man's Chest* (2006), *At World's End* (2007), and *Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017). He is played by Orlando Bloom.

William Turner is a blacksmith's working in Port Royal, Jamaica. His love interest is Elizabeth Swann, the governor's daughter and upper class. Will is the son of Bootstrap Bill Turner. He works to free his father from service to Davy Jones. 

He marries Elizabeth Swann in ''At World's End''. They have a son named Henry (played by Brenton Thwaites).

## References
Jack Sparrow

as Jack Sparrow]]
**Jack Sparrow** is a fictional character in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* movie series. Sparrow is the main character in the series. 

Sparrow is played by Johnny Depp. The character was created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio.

## Background
Sparrow is based on a combination of The Rolling Stones' guitarist Keith Richards and Looney Tunes cartoon character Pepé Le Pew.  

He first appears in the 2003 movie *Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl*. He later appears in the sequels ''Dead Man's Chest* (2006), *At World's End* (2007), *On Stranger Tides* (2011), and *Dead Men Tell No Tales* (2017).

## Biography
Sparrow is one of the nine pirate lords in the Brethren Court, the Pirate Lords of the Seven Seas. He is the captain of the *Black Pearl'' and his main enemy is Hector Barbossa.  

Later, Sparrow tries to escape his blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones while fighting the East India Trading Company. 

## References
Elizabeth Swann

**Elizabeth Swann** (later **Elizabeth Turner**) is a fictional character and the tritagonist of the *Pirates of the Caribbean* movie series. She appears in *The Curse of the Black Pearl* (2003) and three of its sequels, ''Dead Man's Chest* (2006), *At World's End* (2007) and *Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017). She is played by Keira Knightley. She is married to Will Turner.

Elizabeth is the only child to Weatherby Swann, the love interest (later wife) to Will Turner, mother to Henry Turner and daughter-in-law to William “Bootstrap Bill” Turner.

Swann becomes the Pirate king and captain of Singapore's pirate fleet in ''At World's End''.

## References
Tom Hollander

**Tom Hollander** (born 25 August, 1967) is an award-winning English actor. He had roles in productions such as *Enigma*, *Gosford Park*, *Cambridge Spies*, *Pride and Prejudice* and *Pirates of the Caribbean*.

## Filmography
**Bird Box* (2018) - Gary 
**Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle* (2018) - Tabaqui
**Bohemian Rhapsody* (2018) - Jim Beach
**Valkyrie* (2008) - Colonel Heinz Brandt
**The Soloist* (2008) - Peter Snyder
**John Adams* (2008) - King George III (Episode 4: "Reunion")
**Freezing* (2008) - Leon
**Elizabeth: The Golden Age* (2007) - Sir Amias Paulet
**The Company* (2007) (TV) - Kim Philby
**Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worlds End* (2007) - Lord Cutler Beckett
**Land of the Blind* (2006) - Maximilian II (a.k.a. "Junior")
**A Good Year* (2006) - Charlie
**The Darwin Awards* (2006) - Henry
*''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest* (2006) - Lord Cutler Beckett
**Pride and Prejudice* (2005) - Mr. Collins
**The Libertine* (2004) - Sir George Etheredge
**Paparazzi* (2004) - Leonard Clark
**Stage Beauty* (2004) - Sir Peter Lely
**Cambridge Spies* (2003) (TV) - Guy Burgess
**The Lost Prince* (2003) (TV) - King George V
**Possession* (2002) - Euan
**Gosford Park* (2001) - Lieutenant-Commander Anthony Meredith
**Enigma* (2001) - Logie
**Maybe Baby* (2001)- Ewan Proclaimer
**Wives and Daughters* (1999) (TV) - Osborne Hamley
**Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence* (1998) - Daniel
**Bedrooms and Hallways'' (1998) - Darren

## References
## Other websites
*Tom Hollander's Career at Thomagination.com 
*
Jack Davenport

**Jack Davenport** (born 1 March 1973) is an English movie and television actor. His first important role was in the mid-1990s in the television series *This Life*. He has since become best known for his roles in the *Coupling* television series and the *Pirates of the Caribbean* series of movies. He has also appeared in many other Hollywood movies such as *The Talented Mr. Ripley *. He often plays pompous or clumsy characters. He played a lead character in the TV series *Swingtown*.

Davenport married actress Michelle Gomez on 1 May 2000. Their son was born in 2010. 

## Filmography 
* *This Life* (1996)
* *The Moth* (1997) (TV)
* *Fierce Creatures* (1997)
* *Macbeth* (1998)
* *Tale of the Mummy* (1998)
* *Ultraviolet* (1998) (TV)
* *The Wisdom of Crocodiles* (1998)
* *Ticks* (1999)
* *The Cookie Thief* (1999)
* *The Talented Mr. Ripley* (1999)
* *The Wyvern Mystery* (2000) (TV)
* *Coupling* (2000–2004) (TV)
* *Subterrain* (2001)
* *Not Afraid, Not Afraid* (2001)
* *Look* (2001)
* *Gypsy Woman* (2001)
* ''Asylum't' (2001) (TV)
* *Offending Angels* (2001)
* *The Bunker* (2001)
* *Dickens* (2002) (TV)
* *A Very English Genius* (2002) (TV - narrator)
* *The Showbiz Set* (2002) (TV -narrator)
* *The Real Jane Austen* (2002) TV
* *The Boy Who Would be King* (2003) (TV - narrator)
* *Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl* (2003)
* *Beethoven - Eroica* (2003) (TV)
* *The Welsh Great Escape* (2003) (TV)
* *Terrible Kisses* (2004) 
* ''Agatha Christie's Marple* (2004) (TV)
* *The Libertine* (2005)
* *The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant* (2005) (TV)
* *The Wedding Date* (2005)
* *A Higher Agency* (2005)
* *Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest* (2006)
* *This Life + 10* (2006)
* *Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End* (2007)
* *Swingtown* (2008) (TV)
* *The Key Man* (2008)
* *The Boat That Rocked* (2009)
**A United Kingdom'' (2016)

## Other websites 
*
Yulia MacLean

**Yulia** (full name **Yulia MacLean**) is a Russian-born New Zealand crossover singer. Her first Solo Album 'Into The West' went platinum in its first week of sales in New Zealand, achieving four times platinum sales. She won 2 NZ Music Awards; 'Best female solo artist' and '42Below Best selling album in New Zealand'. She has supported Amici and Russell Watson with 2 sold-out tours in Tokyo. Yulia's albums "Into the West" and "Montage" had three top 40 radio hits in New Zealand, "Into the West", "Angel" & "We're All Alone".  Yulia is known for her amazing contralto singing voice. 
She was also the lead singer in a pop duo with her husband Glyn MacLean, called the MacLeaNZ.

## Life
Yulia moved to New Zealand to live, from Russia in 2002.   

Within two years Yulia learned to speak English, passed all of her senior high school exams at Cashmere High School in Christchurch and signed a recording deal with Sony Music New Zealand. She was taught by Cashmere High School's music department head Gary Thin and teacher Noeleen Penter.

Her first ever concert was in Christchurch with Ivan Rebroff where she received a standing ovation for her version of *Ave Maria*.

She was first discovered on regional television as a last minute subject for a ten minute segment on *Good Living With Kerry Pierson* on Christchurch's local television station CTV.

Gray Bartlett, co-director and owner of the Auckland-based promotion company Pacific Entertainment Limited, signed her to a 6 year worldwide sole agency deal but was ended early by Yulia and she was managed temporarily by Michael Glading, ex head of Sony NZ.

In 2007 Yulia met Glyn MacLean, 17 years her senior, director and owner of Oikos Music Group and signed to a management and music publishing deal. On Feb 10th 2008, Yulia married Glyn.

## Discography
### Albums
*Into The West Special Christmas Edition (2004)
*Into The West (2004) #1 NZ (4x Platinum - 60,000+)
*Montage (2006) #1 NZ (2x Platinum - 30,000+)

## References
## Other websites
*Official site 
*/ MySpace
*/ YouTube
*/ Facebook
Herman Melville

**Herman Melville** (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. He is best known for writing *Moby-Dick*.

## Related pages
*Billy Budd (opera)
*List of poets from the United States

## References
Martin Heidegger

**Martin Heidegger** (26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher.

His best known book, *Being and Time*, is considered one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It is a very difficult book, even for the German reader.

, where Heidegger grew up]]

## Works
In it, and later works, Heidegger maintained that our way of questioning defines our nature. But philosophy, western civilization's chief way of questioning, has lost its way. Finding ourselves "always already" fallen in a world of presuppositions, we lose touch with what being was before its truth became "muddled".  As a solution to this condition, Heidegger advocated a return to practical life in the world, allowing it to reveal, or "unconceal" itself.

## References
Parmenides

**Parmenides** (also **Parmenides of Elea**) (, early 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, Italy and was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. His only known work is a poem, but only bits and pieces have survived. In it, he describes two views of reality. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and later, the whole of western philosophy. 

His philosophy was based on materialistic monism. Materialistic monism is the belief that everything in the universe is made of a single substance. Parmenides' biggest argument was that change does not exist. Parmenides' explanation is that we think we see change, but our senses are not reliable, and they create the illusion of change.

## Other websites 
* Parmenides' of Elea Way of Truth with an annotated bibliography
Democritus

**Democritus** () was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Thrace, Greece, circa 460 BC.

He was a rich citizen of Abdera, in Thrace, and a student of Leucippus, another Greek philosopher. He studied natural philosophy in Thrace, Athens and Abdera. He liked to study geometry and he travelled to many places, including Egypt, Babylon and India. He wrote many books and never married.

Democritus is famous for his atomic theory of the universe. He said the universe is made up of two elementsː the atoms, and the space where they exist and move". He believed that all matter is made up of atoms. They are eternal, indestructible and indivisible particles. They have different shapes and different properties, and they are always moving. He believed the number of atoms is infinite.

Democritus didn't have any scientific evidence. He had these ideas thinking about them. However, his ideas were close to the discoveries made 2000 years after his death.

He died ca. 370 BC.
Leucippus

**Leucippus** or **Leukippos** (, first half of 5th century BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was an early philosopher of atomism, the idea that everything is made up of many tiny things which always continue to exist, which he called Atoms.

Leucippus was born at Miletus or Abdera, although apparently Epicurus said he never existed. There has long been a controversy about this.

Leucippus may have been the first person to suggest the idea of empty space (a vacuum). It is difficult to know which ideas come from him, and which come from Democritus.

## References
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End

'''''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'''* is a 2007 American fantasy swashbuckling action epic comedy movie.

This is the third movie in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* series. It was released on May 25, 2007 by Disney and was followed by a sequel *Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides'' in 2011.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, it was positively welcomed from audiences and fans alike which praised its story, directing, humor, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Knightley), Hans Zimmer's musical score, emotional weight, action scenes, message, screenplay and the special effects and it led the box office, grossing more than US$963 million worldwide.

## Cast
The main characters are:
*Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow
*Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
*Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann
*Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
*Bill Nighy as Davy Jones
*Naomie Harris as Tia Dalma/Calypso
*Tom Hollander as Lord Cutler Beckett
*Jack Davenport as James Norrington
*Stellan Skarsgård as Bootstrap Bill Turner
*Chow Yun-fat as Captain Sao Feng

## Related movies
**Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl*
*''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest*
**Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides*

## Other websites
*Official Site
*
*
**Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' at MySpace
*
Olympus

**Mount Olympus** (; also transliterated as **Ólympos**, and on Greek maps, **Óros Ólimbos**) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is  high. Since its base is at sea level, it is one of the highest mountains in Europe in terms of topographic prominence, the relative altitude from base to top.
 
In Greek mythology the mountain was regarded as the "Home of the Gods", specifically of the Dodekatheon, the twelve principal gods of the ancient Hellenistic world.

## References 
## Other websites
* Revisiting the determination of Mount Olympus Height (Greece)
* Mount Olympus
* Greek Mountain Flora
Ronald David Laing

**Ronald David Laing** (7 October 1927, Glasgow Scotland &ndash; 23 August 1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who described mental illness, especially psychosis. 

Laing is known for his theories on the causes of the mental perturbations. His theory on the "schizogenous" (?) parents or schizophrenia was to exclude him from the psychiatric orthodoxy of his times. He often was connected in thought with the movement against psychiatry called antipsychiatry, although he rejected that epithet.

## Writings (selection)
* 1960 - Laing, R.D.: *The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness*. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 
* 1964 - Laing, R.D. and Esterson, A.: *Sanity, Madness and the Family*. London: Penguin Books.
* 1964 - Laing, R.D. and Cooper, D.G.: ''Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy*. (2nd ed.) London: Tavistock Publications Ltd.
* 1966 - Laing, R.D., Phillipson, H. and Lee, A.R.: *Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research*. London: Tavistock.
* 1967 - Laing, R.D.: *The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise*. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 
* 1969 - Laing, R.D.: *Self and Others*. (2nd ed.) London: Penguin Books. 
* 1970 - Laing, R.D.: *Knots*. London: Penguin. 
* 1971 - Laing, R.D.: *The Politics of the Family and Other Essays*. London: Tavistock Publications.
* 1976 - Laing, R.D.: *Do You Love Me? An Entertainment in Conversation and Verse* New York: Pantheon Books. 
* 1976 - Laing, R.D.: *Sonnets*. London: Michael Joseph.
* 1976 - Laing, R.D.: *The Facts of Life*. London: Penguin.
* 1977 - Laing, R.D.: *Conversations with Adam and Natasha*. New York: Pantheon.
* 1982 - Laing, R.D.: *The Voice of Experience: Experience, Science and Psychiatry*. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
* 1985 - Laing, R.D.: *Wisdom, Madness and Folly: The Making of a Psychiatrist 1927-1957*. London: Macmillan.
* 1995 - Mullan, B.: *Mad to be Normal: Conversations with R.D. Laing''. London: Free Association Books.

## Other websites 
* The International R.D. Laing Institute (Switzerland)
* The Society for Laingian Studies
Hapoel Asi Gilboa F.C.

**Hapoel Asi Gilboa** is an Israeli football club based in Prazon on Mount Gilboa. The club currently plays in the northern division of Liga Alef. Their main rivals are Hapoel Afula.

In 2001 the club won the Liga Bet North B division and was promoted to Liga Alef after 18 years in Liga Bet. 

## Honours
***Liga Bet**
**North B champions 2000-01

## Other websites 
*Hapoel Asi Gilboa  Israel Football Association
Alcoholic drink

, malt whisky, lager, sparkling wine, lager, cherry liqueur and red wine.]]
An **alcoholic drink** is a drink that contains 0.5% or more ethanol. In chemistry there is a whole class of substances known as alcohols.
## Overview
The alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is known as ethanol or *grain alcohol*. Grain alcohol is generally made through a process called fermentation. In fermentation, bacteria change sugar to make ethanol or vinegar. Other kinds of alcohol are usually harmful to drink, so the only kind of alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is grain alcohol. 
### Usage
Since most people do not have to use any other kind of alcohol except ethanol, they will use the word "alcohol" to mean only ethanol. Sometimes people also use the word "alcohol" to talk about any drink containing ethanol, such as liquor, whiskey, vodka, or gin.

## Synthesis
Fermenting grain can only make a drink that is 20% alcohol. To get higher amounts of alcohol in drinks, distillation is used. This allows to get substances that are made of alcohol to about 80-85% (Certain kinds of Rum used for cooking are at 70–80% alcohol). When beverages are sold, the amount of alcohol is listed as alcoholic proof rather than percentage.

## Classes
Generally, alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes:
* Beers, meads and ciders (generally up to about 15% alcohol)
* Wines and sake (12–20% alcohol), and 
* Spirits (20% alcohol or more, distilled alcohol)

Most countries limit the sale of the different kinds of alcohol. Usually there are two limits, one for wines and beers, and the other for distilled alcoholic drinks. 

Alcopops are very sweet, and usually do not contain much alcohol (most have less than beer), but many governments make it illegal to buy them in certain places or at certain times because they have distilled alcohol mixed into them. They are controversial because some people think that they might be popular among young people.

## Effects
Drinking ethanol causes a person to feel relaxed. Ethanol is very commonly used, and has been made by humans for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and most used recreational drug (drugs used for fun) in the world. People may overuse it for the same reason. The addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. 
### Danger
Alcoholic drinks can be dangerous. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, they become intoxicated, meaning that they get drunk. People who are drunk may do or say strange or dangerous things and may not be able to control themselves. 

The amount of alcohol that it takes to get somebody drunk is different from person to person. All alcohols are toxic, but ethanol is less toxic because the human body can break it down quickly. Some strong alcohols can also cause intoxication and impairment.

Long-term use can cause damage to various parts of the body, and significantly increases risk of developing cancer. Any amount of alcohol is bad for you. 

## Gallery 

File:Ouzo Sans Rival Bottle.jpg|Greek Ouzo
File:Cocktail1.jpg|A typical cocktail

## Related pages
* Beer
* Cocktail
* Rum
* Tequila
* Vodka
* Wine
* Prohibition Era

## References
Continental Congress

The **Continental Congress** was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies. It governed the colonies before and during the American Revolution and met three times from 1774 to 1789.
## First congress
In the First Continental Congress, delegates from twelve colonies (all but Georgia) met in September 1774 because of the Coercive Acts imposed by the British Parliament on Massachusetts to answer the Boston Tea Party and other resistance to new taxes. The following men served as the president of the First Continental Congress:

* Peyton Randolph (September 5, 1774 – October 21, 1774) 
* Henry Middleton (October 22, 1774 – October 26, 1774)

## Second congress
The **Second Continental Congress** met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania starting in May of 1775. It was made up of representatives from all 13 colonies. On July 4, 1776 the Congress approved the United States Declaration of Independence, which was mostly written by Thomas Jefferson. The Second Continental Congress was formed partly to manage the colonial troops fighting the Revolutionary War. Troops fighting for the colonies were known as the militia army led by George Washington.

The following men served as president of the Second Continental Congress:

* Peyton Randolph (May 10, 1775 – May 23, 1775) 
* John Hancock (May 24, 1775 – October 31, 1777) 
* Henry Laurens (November 1, 1777 – December 9, 1778) 
* John Jay (December 10, 1778 – September 27, 1779) 
* Samuel Huntington (September 28, 1779 – March 1, 1781)
Wild Dances

"**Wild Dances**" is a song by Ukrainian pop-star Ruslana Lyzhichko (Ruslana).  It won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004.

## Charts 
## References
Lancaster

**Lancaster** may be

* City of Lancaster, a local government district of Lancashire, England
** Lancaster, Lancashire, a settlement in the City of Lancaster district after which it is named
* House of Lancaster, an English dynasty
* Lancaster, California, United States
* Lancaster, Kansas, United States
* Lancaster, Kentucky, United States
* Lancaster, Massachusetts, United States
* Lancaster, Missouri, United States
* Lancaster, Ohio, United States
* Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States
* Lancaster, Texas, United States
* Lancaster, Wisconsin, United States
* Lancaster Barnstormers, an American baseball team
Tia Dalma

**Tia Dalma** is a fictional character from the movies ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest* and *Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End''. She is the sea goddess Calypso in human form. She is played by Naomi Harris.

Tia Dalma is a voodoo priestess with black teeth and blue lips, and she has her hair in dreadlocks. She speaks in Jamaican Patois. 

## References
Tibetan Plateau

range to the south and the Kunlun Range to the north]]
s as seen from space looking south from over the Tibetan Plateau]]

The **Tibetan Plateau**, also known as **Qinghai–Tibet Plateau**, is a vast and high plateau. It covers most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Qinghai Province in China, most of Northern Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and parts of northern India.

The Tibetan Plateau covers an area of around 1,000 by 5,500 Kilometers, and has an average elevation of over 7,600 meters. It is the largest plateau in the world.

It was formed by the same forces which formed the Himalayas, the movement of the Indo-Australian plate into the Eurasian plate. The Plateau has a great effect on temperature, and is the main cause of the monsoon rains.
Kate (text editor)

**Kate** is a text editor for the KDE desktop environment. The name is an acronym for "KDE Advanced Text Editor."  It was first put in the KDE 2.2 release, on August 15, 2002.

## Features 
The "advanced text editor" part of its name refers to its many abilities. It can do many more things than a simpler text editor, like Notepad, but it does not have some of the important features of a word processor (compare it with KWord). Some important features of Kate include a checker for proper spelling, a thesaurus, and highlighting of computer programming code.
Heraclitus

**Heraclitus** of Ephesus or **Herakleitos** (c.535 – 475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor.

His teaching, as we have it now, is a series of . This means his teachings are sayings and remarks, rather than systematic essays. Heraclitus is famous for his doctrine of change being central to the universe. His famous sayings, "All is flux", and "You cannot step twice into the same river" is still remembered today. Another of his sayings appeals to some psychologists:
*"You cannot discover the depths of the psyche, even if you travelled every road to do so, such is the depth of its meaning".

Often it is difficult to understand what he was trying to say. He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that "the path up and down are one and the same".
*"Good and bad are the same". In many of these 'opposite ends' pairs, if one never happened, then the other would be meaningless.
His utterance that "all things come to be in accordance with this *logos*," (literally, "word," "reason," or "account") has been the subject of many interpretations.
*Logos* became a technical term in philosophy, beginning with Heraclitus, who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge.

Diogenes Laërtius states that Heraclitus' work was "a continuous treatise *On Nature*, but was divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology." Theophrastus says (in Diogenes) "...&nbsp;some parts of his work are half-finished, while other parts make a strange medley".

Diogenes also tells us that Heraclitus deposited his book as a dedication in the great temple of Artemis, the Artemisium, one of the largest temples of the 6th century BC, and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Ancient temples were regularly used for storing treasures, and were open to private individuals under exceptional circumstances. Many later philosophers refer to the work.

## References 
*Robinson T.M. 1987. *Heraclitus: Fragments: a text and translation with a commentary*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .
Anaximenes of Miletus

**Anaximenes** () of Miletus (c. 585 BC-c. 525 BC) was a Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher from the latter half of the 6th century, probably a younger contemporary of Anaximander, whose pupil or friend he is said to have been.

## His ideas 
Anaximenes, like others in his school of thought, practised material monism, the idea that underlying reality is one single thing.

For him, the primary substance was air. it was an attempt to find a natural way to explain the world.

## References
Anaximander

's painting *The School of Athens*, 1510–1511]]

**Anaximander** (;  *Anaximandros*; c. 610 – c. 546 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and Pythagoras amongst his pupils.

Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Philoctete* – Anaximandre: Fragments ((Grk icon)) 
* *The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy* – Anaximander 
* Extensive bibliography by Dirk Couprie
* 
* Anaximander entry by John Burnet  contains fragments of Anaximander
Eberhardt del’Antonio

**Eberhardt del’Antonio** (April 21, 1926 in Lichtenstein – February 22, 1997 in Dresden) was a German writer.

## Life 
Eberhardt Del'Antonio was the son of a locksmith. He learned the job as a technical drawer. He was fighting for the German army during the Second World War.

## Publications 
* *Gigantum*, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1957
* *Titanus*, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1959
* *Projekt Sahara*, Tribüne, Berlin 1962
* *Heimkehr der Vorfahren*, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1966
* *Okeanus*, Greifenverlag, Rudolstadt 1988
* *Volle Kraft voraus*, Junge Welt, Berlin 1991 (with Jens Prockat)

## Other websites 
* 
* The Science Fiction of the DDR. Authors
Gorgias

**Gorgias** (, ca. 487-376 BC), Greek sophist, presocratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger.

His theory was subjected of critique by Plato in his work *Gorgias*.
Protagoras

**Protagoras** () (ca. 490–420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is called one of the sophists by Plato, the Greek philosopher who followed Socrates. In Plato's dialogue *Protagoras*, he credits Protagoras with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue.

## Philosophy 
It is thought that Protagoras used the phrase "Man is the measure of all things" (). By this, he meant that nothing is absolutely truth, but there are different truths for each person, and each person makes the truth for themselves. For example, one person might go outside on a cold day and feel some water in a bucket, and they will say that the water is warm. And another person might go outside on a hot day and feel the same water, but they will say that the water feels cold to them. Each person is right.

## Related pages 
* Relativism

## Other websites 
*
Sophism

**Sophism** can mean two very different things. In Ancient Greece, sophism was practiced by *sophists*, who were a group of teachers of rhetoric. In modern usage, a sophism is a confusing or slightly incorrect argument used for deceiving someone.

## Etymology
The word **sophism** derived from the Greek word σόφισμα ("sophisma" from σοφίζω). A similar Greek word σοφιστής ("sophistēs") means "wise-ist, one who does wisdom, one who makes a business out of wisdom," while σοφός ("sophós") means a "wise man".

## History
The ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras 
(c. 490 – 420 BC) is often said to be the first sophist. Others include Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, Thrasymachus, Lycophron, Callicles, Antiphon and Cratylus. Plato opposed those sophists as they abused wisdom for self-interest and refused truth or justice.

## Modern usage
Nowadays, *sophism*, *sophist* and *sophistry* are derogatory words due to the influence of many philosophers in history. Sophism and Platonism were rival schools of thought. A *sophism* is a statement to deceive someone in a debate or conversation to make themselves look right when they are wrong. Sophism sometimes shows up as difficult words and complicated sentences to coerce the audience into agreeing with them. *Ad hominem* is an example of sophistry. A *sophist* is a person engaging in sophism. *Sophistry* means employing sophism for deceptive reasoning.

## References
Joshamee Gibbs

**Joshamee Gibbs** (known as **Mr. Gibbs** or **Master Gibbs**) is a fictional character in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* movie series. Alongside Jack Sparrow and Hector Barbossa, he is one of the few characters to appear in every movie. Gibbs is played by Kevin McNally in the movies.

Writer Terry Rossio has said he actually thinks that Gibbs to be the most important character in the series.

Gibbs is first seen as a Royal Navy warrant officer aboard the vessel carrying Governor Weatherby Swann and his young daughter Elizabeth from England to Port Royal. Gibbs is highly scared of pirates.

## References
Thales

**Thales of Miletus**, about 624 BC – 546 BC, was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was from Miletus in Asia Minor. Many, notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition.

According to Bertrand Russell, "Western philosophy begins with Thales".  Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world—without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for science.  He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses. As a result he has been called the "Father of Science", though maybe Democritus is more deserving of this title.

In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. Also, Thales was the first person known to have studied electricity.

## Referencesty
Rocket-propelled grenade

A **rocket-propelled grenade** or an **RPG** is the name for any kind of weapon, held on the shoulder that fires rockets that have an explosive warhead. These warheads are attached to a rocket motor and the rocket has fins which help it to fly straight. Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are used only once and then thrown away. RPGs, with the exception of self-contained versions, are muzzleloaders, loaded from the front end.

RPGs with High explosive anti-tank warheads are very effective against armored vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs). They can also be used against tanks, as long as the shooter targets a weak part of the tank, such as the tracks or the top door of the turret. 

In general, the front armour on a tank is too thick to be penetrated by an RPG warhead. In some cases, teams attacking tanks with RPGs will have multiple RPG users fire at the same tank, which may penetrate the armour. Insurgents have sometimes successfully used RPGs to shoot at helicopters.

## Related pages 
* Yasin (RPG)
* Bazooka
*M72 LAW
Amy Lee

**Amy Lynn Lee** (born December 13, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She is the co-founder, lead vocalist, keyboardist and main songwriter of the rock band Evanescence. She is a classically trained pianist and a multi-instrumentalist. to an E6 in full head voice (MTV Video Diary). Her highest recorded note in full head voice is a C#6 in the song "Weight of the World" and her lowest recorded note is a C3 in the cover of U2's song "With or Without You". Lee's highest mixed note in studio recording is a G#5 in the collaboration with American rock band Halestorm's song "Break In". Overall, her highest mixed note is a Bb5 in a cover of Michael Jackson's song "Dirty Diana". Lee has also been known for her scream in the song "Tourniquet" also, in which is in the note of a D5. In an MTV special, Lee managed to hit an E6 live during a vocal warm-up in full head voice, also showing that she is capable of reaching up to Bb7 through exclamation.

After writing much of the material for Evanescence's third album, Lee decided to scrap the songs and start over because the songs were "not right for Evanescence" and had little involvement from the rest of the band members. In an interview with Pulse of Radio, Lee noted the possibility of using the discarded tracks in future projects "I think it’s totally possible that some of those songs will end up in a different project someday – maybe solo, maybe something else".

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**Fallen* (2003)
**The Open Door* (2006)
**Evanescence* (2011)
**Synthesis* (2017)
**The Bitter Truth* (2021)

### Live albums
* *Anywhere But Home* (2004)
* *Synthesis Live* (2018)

### EPs and demos
* *Evanescence* EP (1998)
* *Sound Asleep*/*Whisper* EP (1999)
* *Origin* (2000)
* *Mystary* EP (2003)

### Collaborations and other songs 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Evanescence official site
* BMI Repertoire Listing for Amy Lee
Jeff Buckley

**Jeffrey Scott "Jeff" Buckley** (November 17, 1966 – May 29, 1997) was an American singer and guitarist. His father was Tim Buckley. He was also a musician. 

Buckley died after drowning in the Wolf River in Memphis at the age of 30. His body was found on 4 June. 

## Life and death
Buckley was born in Anaheim, California. He was the only son of Mary Guibert, a Panama Canal Zonian and Tim Buckley (1947-1975). Buckley is of Greek, French, Irish and Panamanian descent. Buckley was known as Scott "Scotty" Moorhead as a child. This name was based on his middle name and his stepfather's surname. His father died when he was eight years old.

Buckley died at the age of 30 on the evening of May 29, 1997. His death was ruled as an accidental drowning after he went missing after going swimming in the Wolf River Harbor which is a slackwater channel of the Mississippi River. His body was found floating on the surface on 4 June. 

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## Awards
*April 13, 1995 - "Grand Prix International Du Disque" by the Académie Charles Cros.
*1995 - MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video for "Last Goodbye" (nominated).
*1995 - Rolling Stone magazine for Best New Artist (nominated).
*1995 - #14 best song of 1995 in the world's largest voting competition for "Last Goodbye" by Triple J Hottest 100.
*2006 - *Grace* was named the #1 Modern Rock Classic of all Time by Mojo.
*1998 - Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Everybody Here Wants You" (nominated).
*2003 - *Grace* was ranked #303 of the 500 Greatest Albums by Rolling Stone.
*2004 - His cover of "Hallelujah" was ranked #259 of the 500 Greatest Songs by Rolling Stone.
*2008 - He was ranked #39 in Rolling Stone's 2008 list: The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
*2009 - His version of "Hallelujah" was voted in 3rd place, Last Goodbye was 7th, Lover, You Should've Come Over was 56th and Grace came in 69th on the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time.

## Other websites
*Jeff Buckley's Official website
Stigmata

**Stigmata** are marks on a person's body, that are like the wounds Jesus got from being crucified.

They supposedly happen to other religious people like Saint Francis of Assisi, as well as Jesus. The marks include nail holes in the hands and feet, as if the person had been crucified, but without that having happened. 

## Contradictions 
Those who believe in stigmata say that actual nails were not used, but the holes just appear as a miracle. Those who do not believe say it is not a miracle. They have other ways to explain those stories.
Islamic State of Afghanistan

The **Islamic State of Afghanistan** was the name given to the nation of Afghanistan during the rule of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan government. After 2001, the country was renamed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Governmental Ideologies:
Tajik Islamic-Nationalism 
Pan-Islamism
Sunni-Shia Unity 
Pan-Jihadism