open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
French Revolution of 1848

, the last King of the French]]
The **February 1848 Revolution** in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852). 

The revolution established the principle of the "right to work" (*droit au travail*), and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc. Tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists would cause the June Days Uprising a few months later.  

Meanwhile the revolution inspired other European Revolutions of 1848.

## The End of the Revolution in France
The era of revolution in France came to an end when Louis Napoleon dissolved the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so, and became the sole ruler of France. In 1852 he reestablished the empire and took the title Emperors Napoleon III.

## 1848 Revolution in literature
* Karl Marx's Essay *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (1852) describes the 1848 revolution as a class struggle.
Forlì

**Forlì** is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital of the *Province of Forlì-Cesena*. About 110,000 people live in Forli. It has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy during World War Two, was born near Forli, in Predappio.

## References
Giugliano in Campania

**Giugliano in Campania** is a city the region of Campania in Italy. It is the largest city in Italy that is not a capital of a province. About 105,000 people live there.

## References
Olaf Kölzig

**Olaf Kölzig** (born April 6, 1970) is a South African-born German retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Washington Capitals and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Kölzig was born in South Africa, but he grew up in several cities across Canada and his family moved to Union Bay, British Columbia, Canada, when he was a teenager. Kölzig never applied for Canadian citizenship, which, combined with his German parentage and German passport, allows him to represent Germany internationally. In May 2008 Kolzig announced that he would not return to the Capitals.

## References
Nyon (district)

The **District of Nyon** is a district in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The seat of the district is the city of Nyon.

## Municipalities
On 1 September 2006, Nyon was reorganized. There are now fewer municipalities.

## References
León, Guanajuato

**Léon** is a city in the Mexican state of Guanajuato. About 1,150,000 people live in Léon. This makes it the seventh largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Guanajuato.

## References
Jim Carey (ice hockey)

**Jim Carey** (born May 31, 1974 in Dorchester, Massachusetts) is an  American retired professional ice hockey goaltender.

## Awards
*1993 - WCHA All-Rookie Team
*1993 – WCHA Rookie of the Year
*1993 – WCHA Second All-Star Team
*1995 – AHL Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award
*1995 – AHL Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award
*1995 – AHL First All-Star Team
*1995 – NHL All-Rookie Team
*1996 – NHL First All-Star Team
*1996 – NHL Vezina Trophy

## Transactions
*June 20, 1992 – Drafted in the 2nd round, 32nd overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft
*March 1, 1997 – Traded by the Washington Capitals with Jason Allison, Anson Carter, and the Capitals' 3rd round selection (Lee Goren) in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft to the Boston Bruins for Adam Oates, Bill Ranford, and Rick Tocchet
*March 1, 1999 – Signed by the St. Louis Blues

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Playoffs
## Other websites 
*
Ciudad Juárez

**Ciudad Juárez** is a city in the Mexician state of Chihuahua. About 1,600,000 people live in Ciudad Juárez. This makes it the fifth largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Chihuahua. It is at the border to the USA, opposite El Paso.

## References
Skip James

**Nehemiah Curtis "Skip" James** (June 9, 1902 – October 3, 1969) was an American Delta blues singer, guitarist, pianist and songwriter.

## Biography 
### Early years 
James was born near Bentonia, Mississippi. He worked on road construction in the early 1920s, and wrote his earliest song, "Illinois Blues", about his experience as a worker. He began playing guitar in open D-minor tuning with three fingers.

### 1920s and '30s 
Skip James traveled to Grafton, Wisconsin to record for Paramount. James recorded blues and spirituals and cover versions of other songs.

The Great Depression happened just as James' records were put on the market. Not many people bought them because of this and James had to give up Blues music and worked in a church with his father.

### After the depression
For the next thirty years, James did not record any songs. In July 1964, James started playing again and he recorded for the Takoma, Melodeon, and Vanguard labels and played until his death in 1969.

## Discography
**Paramount 78s: 1931**
**Complete 1931 Session* Yazoo, 1986
**Complete Recorded Works (1931)* Document, 1990
**The Complete Early Recordings of Skip James - 1930* Yazoo, 1994
**Cypress Grove Blues* Snapper Music Group, 2004
**Illinois Blues* Universe, 2004
**The Complete 1931 Recordings* Body & Soul, 2005
*''Hard Time Killin' Floor* Yazoo, 2005

**After the depression: 1964-1969**
**Greatest of the Delta Blues Singers* Biograph, 1964
**She Lyin* Adelphi, 1964 (first released: Genes, 1996)
**Skip James Today!* Vanguard, 1965
**Devil Got My Woman*  Vanguard, 1968
**I'm So Glad* Vanguard, 1978
**Live: Boston, 1964 & Philadelphia, 1966*  Document, 1994
**Skip's Piano Blues*, 1964 (Genes, 1998)
**Blues From the Delta* Vanguard, 1998 (two unreleased recordings)
**The Complete Bloomington, Indiana Concert - March 30, 1968* Document, 1999
**Skip's Guitar Blues*, 1964(?) (Genes, 1999)
**Studio Sessions: Rare and Unreleased*, 1967 (Vanguard, 2003)
**Hard Time Killing Floor Blues* Biograph, 2003
**Heroes of the Blues: The Very Best of Skip James* Shout!, 2003
**Hard Time'' Universe, 2003

## Other websites 
* Illustrated Skip James discography
* Interview with Skip James' surviving cousin 
* ''Can't Find No Heaven: The Mysteries of Skip James''  by Matt R. Lohr, a speculative study of Skip James' personality
San Cristóbal Ecatepec

**San Cristóbal Ecatepec** (or *Ecatepec de Morelos*) is a city in the state of México in Mexico. About 1,700,000 people live there. This makes San Christóbal de Ectatepec the second largest city in Mexico and the largest in the state of México.

## Other websites
Léo Dandurand

**Joseph Viateur "Leo" Dandurand** (July 9, 1889 – June 26, 1964), was the owner of the Montreal Canadians in the National Hockey League and in the league that evolved into the Canadian Football League.
## Life
Dandurand was born in Bourbonnais, Illinois. He moved to Canada with his family when he was 16 years old and attended Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal. He was a referee in the National Hockey Association and was involved with minor hockey in the Montreal, Quebec area.

On November 2, 1921, Dandurand and his partners, Joseph Cattarinich and Louis Letourneau, purchased the Montreal Canadiens hockey club from the widow of George Kennedy for $11,000. Under Dandurand's ownership, the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in 1924, 1930, and 1931. Letourneau sold his stake in the club in 1930, and Dandurand and Cattarinich continued as owners until selling the team in 1935 for $165,000.

Along with hockey, Dandurand and his partners were heavily involved with horse racing. In 1932, they bought Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal. They owned 17 tracks in Quebec, Ontario, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Illinois, Utah, and Louisiana at the time of Cattarinich's death in 1938. Dandurand was also a boxing and wrestling promoter in Montreal and a director of the Montreal Royals baseball team.

In 1946, Dandurand founded the Montreal Alouettes football team with Eric Cradock and Lew Hayman. The team played in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union, which later became the CFL's east division.

In his later years, Dandurand owned a successful restaurant in downtown Montreal. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and died of a heart attack on June 26, 1964 at age 75.
## Leo Dandurand Trophy
The Leo Dandurand Trophy is a CFL award presented each year to the most outstanding lineman in the East Division.

## References
*
Billy Smith

**William John Smith** (born December 12, 1950) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He won four Stanley Cups with the New York Islanders. Smith was credited as the first goaltender to score a goal in the National Hockey League.

He was nicknamed "Battlin' Billy" or "Hatchet Man".

## Other websites
* 
*
Bill Durnan

**William Ronald Durnan** (January 22, 1916 – October 31, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Montreal Canadiens. Until Roberto Luongo was named captain of the Vancouver Canucks on September 30, 2008, Durnan was the last goaltender to be a captain in the National Hockey League, and one of only seven ever. Bill Durnan was ambidextrous, meaning he could catch with either hand. This star goalie is one of the greatest Montreal Canadiens in history. He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Canadiens and was a six-time Vezina Trophy winner. Durnan was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964.

## Awards 
First All-Star Team goalie in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950.
Won the Vezina Trophy in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950.
Played in NHL All-Star Game in 1947, 1948, 1949

## References
## Other websites
*
1925–26 NHL season

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

### Leading goaltenders
*GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average*

## Playoffs
### NHL Championship
**Pittsburgh Pirates vs. Montreal Maroons**

*Montreal wins total goals series 6 goals to 4*

**Montreal Maroons vs. Ottawa Senators**

*Montreal wins total goals series 2 goals to 1.*

### Finals
**Victoria Cougars vs. Montreal Maroons**

*Montreal Maroons win best-of-five series 3 games to 1 for the Stanley Cup*

### NHL Playoff leading scorer
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## NHL awards
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1925–26 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark debut in playoffs):
*Wildor Larochelle, Montreal Canadiens
*Albert Leduc, Montreal Canadiens
*Pit Lepine, Montreal Canadiens
*Babe Siebert, Montreal Maroons
*Nels Stewart, Montreal Maroons
*Joe Simpson, New York Americans
*Hec Kilrea, Ottawa Senators
*Roy Worters, Pittsburgh Pirates
*Harold Darragh, Pittsburgh Pirates
*Baldy Cotton, Pittsburgh Pirates
*Lionel Conacher, Pittsburgh Pirates
*Hib Milks, Pittsburgh Pirates

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1925–26 (listed with their last team):
*Georges Vezina, Montreal Canadiens

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
1961–62 NHL season

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1961–62 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark debut in playoffs):
*Ed Westfall, Boston Bruins
*Pat Stapleton, Boston Bruins
*Pit Martin, Detroit Red Wings
*Red Berenson, Montreal Canadiens
*Vic Hadfield, New York Rangers
*Gerry Cheevers, Toronto Maple Leafs

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1961–62 (listed with their last team):
*Dollard St. Laurent, Chicago Black Hawks
*Leo Labine, Detroit Red Wings
*Marcel Bonin, Montreal Canadiens
*Johnny Wilson, New York Rangers
*Bert Olmstead, Toronto Maple Leafs

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Night of Champions (2008)

**Night of Champions (2008)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on June 29, 2008 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas and featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. It was the second Night of Champions event held by WWE and the first without the Vengeance name. As a tradition, every championship in WWE was defended at the event.

## Results 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Night Of Champions website
Jacques Plante

**Joseph Jacques Omer "Jake the Snake" Plante** (January 17, 1929 – February 27, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He grew up in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, and began to play hockey in 1932. Plante started to play organized hockey at age 12, and his first professional game was at age 18. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1963; during this time, the team won the Stanley Cup six times, including five wins in a row.

Plante first retired in 1965, but he was asked to come back to the NHL to play for a new team, the St. Louis Blues, in 1968. Plante was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1970, and then to the Boston Bruins in 1973. He joined the World Hockey Association, first as coach and general manager for the Quebec Nordiques in 1973–74. After his time with Quebec was not successful, Plante played goal for the Edmonton Oilers in 1974–75. Plante retired for the last time during training camp in the 1975-76 season.

Plante is considered one of the most important inventors in ice hockey. Most importantly, Plante was the first NHL goaltender to always wear mask when playing. With the help of other experts, he made and tested many versions of the goalie mask, including a version of today's mask/helmet combination. Plante was the first goaltender to regularly play the puck outside his crease in support of his team's defencemen, and often instructed his teammates from behind the play, as the goaltender usually has the best view of the game.

Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978. He was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens' "dream team" in 1985. He was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. Lastly, the Montreal Canadiens retired Plante's sweater, #1, in 1995.

Plante was the eldest of 11 children. In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard. In 1970, Plante met his second wife, Raymonde Udrisard, with whom he eventually moved to Switzerland. He died in Geneva, on February 27, 1986, shortly after he had been diagnosed with untreatable stomach cancer. He was buried in Sierre.

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Post season
## Awards and honours
## Related pages
*Goalie mask
*Glenn Hall
*Terry Sawchuk

## Bibliography
*O'Brien, Andy with Plante, Jacques (1973) *The Jacques Plante Story*. Toronto: McGraw Hill. .
*Plante, Jacques (1972). *On goaltending: Fundamentals of hockey netminding by the master of the game*. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada. .
**Published 1972 in French as *Devant le filet*. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada.  .
**Both editions reprinted 1997. Montreal: Multimedia Robert Davies.  (English) and  (French).

## References
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Notes
## Other websites 
*
*
*History by the Minute—re-enactment of the game where Plante first wore a goaltender mask in regulation play
*NHL Network Online video article on Plante, including footage from November 1, 1959
1926–27 NHL season

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

### Leading Goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average*

## Stanley Cup Playoffs
### Playoff bracket
*All dates in 1927*

### Quarterfinals
**Montreal Canadiens vs. Montreal Maroons**

*Montreal Canadiens win total-goals series 2–1*

**Boston Bruins vs. Chicago Black Hawks**

*Boston wins total-goals series 10 goals to 5*

### Semifinals
**Ottawa Senators vs. Montreal Canadiens**

*Ottawa wins total-goals series 5–1*

**New York Rangers vs. Boston Bruins**

*Boston wins total-goals series 3–1*

### Finals
**Boston Bruins vs. Ottawa Senators**

*Ottawa wins best-of-five series 2–0–2*

### Playoff scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## NHL awards
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1926–27 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start was in playoffs):
*Percy Galbraith, Boston Bruins
*Eddie Shore, Boston Bruins
*Harry Oliver, Boston Bruins
*Duke Keats, Boston Bruins
*George Hay, Chicago Black Hawks
*Mickey MacKay, Chicago Black Hawks
*Dick Irvin, Chicago Black Hawks
*Frank Foyston, Detroit Cougars
*Jack Walker, Detroit Cougars
*Frank Fredrickson, Detroit Cougars
*George Hainsworth, Montreal Canadiens
*Art Gagne, Montreal Canadiens
*Herb Gardiner, Montreal Canadiens
*Hap Emms, Montreal Maroons
*Red Dutton, Montreal Maroons
*Norman Himes, New York Americans
*Paul Thompson, New York Rangers
*Bill Cook, New York Rangers
*Bun Cook, New York Rangers
*Murray Murdoch, New York Rangers
*Lorne Chabot, New York Rangers
*Clarence Abel, New York Rangers
*Ching Johnson, New York Rangers
*Ace Bailey, Toronto St. Patricks
*Butch Keeling, Toronto St. Patricks
*Carl Voss, Toronto St. Patricks

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1926–27 (listed with their last team):
*Shorty Green, New York Americans
*Newsy Lalonde, New York Americans
*Jack Adams, Ottawa Senators
*Bert Corbeau, Toronto St. Patricks

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
The Left Hand of Darkness

***The Left Hand of Darkness*** is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1969. It won the 1969 Nebula and 1970 Hugo awards.

## Translations 
* , 1985, 1997
* , 2004 (ISBN 978-953-203-182-9)
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* , also known as *Winterplanet* (Heyne-Verlag paperback edition, translated by Gisela Stege)
* 
*  and later as  
* , 1979, 2015
* 
*  1995, 2002
* 
* 
* 
* , 1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2006
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Notes
## References
## Further reading
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Bibliography: *The Left Hand of Darkness* at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* Audio review and discussion of *The Left Hand of Darkness* at The Science Fiction Book Review Podcast
William M. Jennings Trophy

The **William M. Jennings Trophy** is an award in the National Hockey League (NHL) given each year to "to the goalkeeper(s) having played a minimum of 25 games for the team with the fewest goals scored against it. Winners are selected based on regular-season play." Up until 1981, the Vezina Trophy had been awarded under that definition, but it was later changed and replaced by the Jennings Trophy. Since it began in 1982, it has been awarded at the end of 25 seasons to 27 different players. The most recent winners are Corey Crawford of the Chicago Blackhawks and Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens, who both allowed only 189 team goals against for their teams in the 2014–15 NHL season.

## History
Until the 1980–81 season, the Vezina Trophy was awarded to the goaltender(s) of the team allowing the fewest goals during the regular season. However, it was discovered that this often meant the trophy went to the goaltender of the better team rather than the individual, so they changed it to offer the Vezina to the most outstanding goaltender, as voted by the NHL General Managers. The William M. Jennings Trophy was created as a replacement and is given to the goaltender(s) playing for the team with the fewest goals scored against them.

The Jennings Trophy was donated by the NHL's board of governors and first handed out at the end of the 1981–82 season. It is named for the late William M. Jennings, who was a governor and president of the New York Rangers and who helped build ice hockey in the United States.

Five players have won both the Jennings and Vezina Trophy for the same season: Patrick Roy (1988–89 and 1991–92), Ed Belfour (1990–91 and 1992–93), Dominik Hasek (1993–94 and 2000–01), Martin Brodeur (2002–03 and 2003–04) and Miikka Kiprusoff (2005–06). Roy has won the trophy five times, the most of any goaltender. Belfour and Brodeur are tied for second, having each won the trophy four times. It has been won most often by the Montreal Canadiens, on 5 occasions. The New Jersey Devils have won four times, and Buffalo Sabres and Chicago Blackhawks have three wins each.

## Winners
**Bold** Player with the fewest goals ever scored against in a season.

## Notes
*For the 2002–03 season, there was a tie between Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils and Robert Esche and Roman Cechmanek of the Philadelphia Flyers. This is the only time that there has been a tie between players from different teams.*

## References
;General
*
*
*
;Specific
Akan language

**Akan** is a language group spoken by related peoples in mainly Ghana and eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Akan belongs to the Kwa group of the Niger-Congo language family.
## Dialects
Akan comprises four main mutually intelligible dialects: Fante, Asante Twi,Bono and Akwapim Twi. Asante Twi is the widely used.  Akan is the most widely spoken and used indigenous language in Ghana. About 44%, of Ghana’s population of about 22 million, speak Akan as first language. However, about 80% of Ghanaians speak Akan as a first and second language. It is officially recognized for literacy, at least at the lower primary (Primary 1-3) level, and studied at university as a bachelor or masters program. It is the most important indigenous language of Ghana. It is the language of the Western, Central, Ashanti, Eastern, Brong Ahafo regions, and the northern portion of the Volta region of Ghana.

A form of Akan is also spoken in South America, notably Suriname and Jamaica. The language came to these places through the slave trade.

## Studies
Akan is studied in major universities in the United States, including Ohio University, Ohio State University, University of Wisconsin, Harvard University, Boston University, Indiana University, Michigan University, and The University of Florida. It has been a regular African language of study in the annual Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) program.

## References
Afar language

The **Afar language** () (also known as **’Afar Af**, **Afaraf**, **Qafar af**) is a lowland East Cushitic language spoken by the Afar people in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. It is thought to have 1.5 million speakers. Its most similar language is the Saho language.

## References
Hockey Hall of Fame

]]
The **Hockey Hall of Fame** () is in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is both a sports history museum and a hall of fame. It holds displays about players, teams, National Hockey League (NHL) records, and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. First opened in Kingston, Ontario, the Hockey Hall of Fame was first began in 1943 by James T. Sutherland. The first group of members was selected in 1945, before the Hall of Fame had a permanent location. It moved to Toronto in 1958 after the NHL took away its support for the Kingston location. Its first permanent building opened at Exhibition Place in 1961. Because the Hall was getting too big for its location, it was moved to an old Bank of Montreal building in downtown Toronto in 1993, where it currently is.

## References
* 

## Other websites
*The Hockey Hall of Fame official site
*History of Toronto: Hockey Hall of Fame
Adyghe language

The **Adyghe language** is one of the two main languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation. It is spoken by many tribes of the Adyghe people.  The language is called by its speakers "*Adygebze*" or "*Adəgăbză*", and can also be spelled in English as *Adygean*, *Adygeyan* or *Adygei*. It is also called *Circassian*. 

## References
Akkadian language

**Akkadian** ('**) or **Assyro-Babylonian''' was a Semitic language, part of the Afro-Asiatic language family, spoken in ancient Iraq. The first-known Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system from ancient Sumer.

## History
The earliest known Akkadian inscription was found on a bowl at Ur. It was addressed to a very early pre-Sargonic king of Ur by his queen Gan-saman, who is thought to have been from Akkad. The Akkadian Empire, established by Sargon of Akkad, introduced the Akkadian language, i.e. the "language of Akkad", as a written language. It used Sumerian cuneiform orthography (writing method) for the purpose. 

During the middle Bronze Age (Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian period), the language displaced Sumerian. Sumerian probably became extinct as a living language by the 18th century BC.
## Evolution
Akkadian is divided into several varieties based on geography and historical period:
*Old Akkadian, 2500–1950 BC
*Old Babylonian/Old Assyrian, 1950–1530 BC
*Middle Babylonian/Middle Assyrian, 1530–1000 BC
*Neo-Babylonian/Neo-Assyrian, 1000–600 BC
*Late Babylonian, 600 BC–100 AD
## References
Alemannic German

**Alemannic German** () is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. It is spoken by about ten million people in southern Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy. In Switzerland it is sometimes called **Swiss German**. In Alsace, the language is usually called Alsatian.

Outside this area: the village Zădăreni in  Romania, Old-order Amish in Adams County and Allen County in the United States, and  Colonia Tovar in Venezuela. In the US: the Bernese dialects are stable, and spoken by about 5% of all Amish (15.000 people), Alsatian dialects are in decline there.  

In contrast to other languages, Alemannic German is only a spoken language; there is no fixed orthography for the language.

## References
Gemsbok

The **gemsbok** or **gemsbuck** (*Oryx gazella*) is an African plains antelope.  They are found all over Africa, especially Tanzania, Namibia and South Africa.  

## Grouping 
Gemsboks live in a herd of 10-40.  The herds are usually set up with a dominant male and female as leaders of the herd.  The males have striaght pointed horns and have been known to attack and kill lions and other predators by impaling them.  The females are the same, but sometimes have curved horns.

## Northern and Southern 
There are two varieties of gemsbok.  A Northern Gemsbuck and a Southern Gemsbok.  The northern variety have black fringed ears and live in the more northern parts of Africa.  The Southern variety have longer horns and live in the southern parts of Africa.
Abkhaz language

**Abkhaz** is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mostly in Abkhazia (Georgia) and Turkey. It is  the official language of Georgia's Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, where around 100,000 people speak it.

## References
**Notes**
International Justice Network

**The International Justice Network (IJNetwork)** leads human rights initiatives around the world by giving legal help and skill to victims of human rights abuses and by making a global network of legal professionals, non-governmental organizations and community-based human rights people to protect and promote human rights and the rule of law.

IJNetwork is the only organization working with prisonerrs in the United States prison, Bagram Theater Internment Facility in Afghanistan.

## Other websites 
*http://www.ijnetwork.org/ 
*http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0107-05.htm 
*http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4882936
Chip 'n Dale

'''Chip 'n Dale''' are two fictional, animated anthropomorphic chipmunks. They were made by The Walt Disney Company. Their names are a pun from the name "Chippendale" (see Thomas Chippendale). Chip has a black nose, one tooth, and smooth short hair on his head. Dale has a red nose, two teeth, and ruffled hair. They like peanuts and apples. Chip is a reliable character. Dale is an easygoing character.

Chip 'n Dale first appeared in the cartoon *Private Pluto* in 1943. They were in 23 animated short films. Usually they got into trouble with either Pluto or Donald Duck.

## List of Chip 'n' Dale shorts
* *Private Pluto* (1943)
* ''Squatter's Rights* (1946)
* *Chip an' Dale* (1947)
* *Three for Breakfast* (1948)
* *Winter Storage* (1949)
* *All in a Nutshell* (1949)
* *Toy Tinkers* (1949)
* *Crazy Over Daisy* (1950)
* *Trailer Horn* (1950)
* *Food for Feudin'* (1950)
* *Out on a Limb* (1950)
* *Chicken in the Rough* (1951)
* *Corn Chips* (1951)
* *Test Pilot Donald* (1951)
* *Out of Scale* (1951)
* *Donald Applecore* (1952)
* *Two Chips and a Miss* (1952)
* *Pluto's Christmas Tree* (1952)
* *Working for Peanuts* (1953)
* *The Lone Chipmunks* (1954)
* *Dragon Around* (1954)
* *Up a Tree* (1955)
* *Chips Ahoy* (1956)

## *Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers*
In 1989, Chip and Dale starred in an animated series *Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers*. In the series, they formed a detective agency with three new characters. There were 65 episodes aired over three seasons. Their personalities changed a bit for the series. Instead of causing trouble, in the series they fought crime and helped the less fortunate. Chip was the responsible, no-nonsense leader who wore a leather jacket and fedora. Dale was goofy, laid-back, and wore a Hawaiian shirt.

## *Chip 'n Dale: Park Life*
In 2021, Chip and Dale starred in an animated series *Chip 'n Dale: Park Life''.

## Other websites 
*
*
*Disney Archive Entry
Reporters Without Borders

**Reporters Without Borders** (**RWB**) ( or **RSF**,  or **RSF**,  or **ROG**)  is an international non-governmental organization. Its headquarters is located in Paris. The organization was founded in 1985.

## Stated purpose
The official website of the organization says that Reporters Without Borders:
*"defends journalists and media assistants imprisoned or persecuted for doing their job and exposes the mistreatment and torture of them in many countries." 
*"fights against censorship and laws that undermine press freedom." In addition, RSF keeps a yearly count of journalists killed on the job.

To mark World Day Against Cyber-Censorship on 12 March 2020, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) unveiled a list of 20 Digital Predators of Press Freedom and announced that it is unblocking access to a total 21 websites in the sixth year of its Operation Collateral Freedom.

## Structure 
RSF's head office is based in Paris. It has 13 regional and national offices, including Brussels, London, Washington, Berlin, Rio de Janeiro, Taipei and Dakar, and a network of 146 correspondents. It employs 57 salaried staff in Paris and internationally. A board of governors, elected from RSF's members, approves the organisation's policies. An International Council has oversight of the organisation's activities and approves the accounts and budget.

## Accusations
John Cherian from India says that Dalai Lama, leader of the Tibetan people, has Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ties. John Cherian says that Reporters Without Borders has supported Tibet and tells a rumor that also Reporters Without Borders has CIA ties. Someone says CIA gave money to RWB.

Accusations have been made by Diana Barahona, who sends stories to Counterpunch website. She claims that RWB takes sides. They take sides especially when they publish news on Cuba. She says that on its press freedom index, Reporters Without Borders gives Cuba a lower ranking than countries like Colombia, Peru and Mexico where she claims reporters are routinely killed. She claims the U.S. State Department has donated to RWB. She claims that the organization has links with the International Republican Institute (IRI), which she claims is an arm of the Republican Party. She claims that IRI funding opposition leaders of Hugo Chávez and Jean-Bertrand Aristide in close connection with CIA. She claims RWB's trustworthiness is questionable.

## Related pages 
* Internet censorship

## References
Kudu

**Kudu** are a type of African antelope that are found all over Africa, depending on the variety. There are two varieties of Kudu.  The Lesser Kudu and the Greater Kudu. The Lesser Kudu live in Eastern Africa and Kenya and Tanzania. The Greater Kudu live in Eastern and Southern Africa.  

## Appearance 
They are a brown-grey color with white stripes that go down the center of their body.  They are very fast and stealthy.  For these facts their other African name is Grey Ghost.  The males have tall spiraling horns.  The females regularly have no horns. Greater Kudus are more slender than lesser Kudus. Baby Kudus usually are a lighter brown than adult Kudus.

## Grouping and behavior 
Male Kudus live widespread from the group, or in bachelor groups.  The males do not normally have long fights over dominance.  They normally prepare to fight but one stands up more lateral, making himself look larger and more of a threat.  Males are only seen with females during mating season, in groups of 6-10 with their offspring.  The calves grow very quickly and are usually ready to leave their mother at around six months. 
*Mother Kudus usually leave the group when they are ready to give birth.  They will leave the newborn out for 4–5 weeks.  Then the calf will start meeting its mother for short periods in times.  At 3–4 months it will be with its mother constantly.  At six months the calf will be old enough and join the group as an adult.

## Diet 
They do not eat meat, they eat plant shoots, and in dry season they eat fruit like wild watermelon for the liquid and natural sugars. The lesser kudu is less dependent on water sources than the greater kudu.
Electrode

An **electrode** is an electrical conductor that carries electricity. It is used to touch a non-metal part of a circuit. The two types of electrodes are anode and cathode.

## Related pages
* Electricity
1996–97 NHL season

The **1996–97 NHL season** was the 80th regular season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup winners were the Detroit Red Wings. They swept the Philadelphia Flyers in four games. The Red Wings had not won the Stanley Cup for 42 years.

## Regular season
The Boston Bruins recorded the league's worst record, missing the playoffs for the first time in thirty seasons and ending the longest number of years in a row in the playoffs ever recorded in the history of North American professional sport.

### Final standings
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points*

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### Scoring leaders
***Note:** GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
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### Conference quarterfinals
#### Eastern Conference
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#### Western Conference
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### Conference semifinals
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### Conference finals
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### Stanley Cup final
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### Scoring leaders
***Note:** GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points*

## NHL Awards
The **NHL Awards** presentation took place on June 19, 1997.

### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1996–97 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
*Dwayne Roloson, Calgary Flames
*Marc Denis, Colorado Avalanche
*Roman Turek, Dallas Stars
*Tomas Holmstrom, Detroit Red Wings
*Jean-Sebastien Giguere, Hartford Whalers
*Tomas Vokoun, Montreal Canadiens
*Jay Pandolfo, New Jersey Devils
*Bryan Berard, New York Islanders
*Wade Redden, Ottawa Senators
*Janne Niinimaa, Philadelphia Flyers
*Vaclav Prospal, Philadelphia Flyers
*Patrick Lalime, Pittsburgh Penguins

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1996–97 (listed with their last team):
*Tim Cheveldae, Boston Bruins
*Charlie Huddy, Buffalo Sabres
*Denis Savard, Chicago Blackhawks
*Sergei Makarov, Dallas Stars
*Neal Broten, Dallas Stars
*Mike Ramsey, Detroit Red Wings
*Vladimir Konstantinov, Detroit Red Wings
*Dale Hawerchuk, Philadelphia Flyers
*Brad McCrimmon, Philadelphia Flyers
*Dan Quinn, Pittsburgh Penguins
*Joe Mullen, Pittsburgh Penguins
*Tim Hunter, San Jose Sharks
*Craig MacTavish, St. Louis Blues
*Gary Leeman, St. Louis Blues
*Jon Casey, St. Louis Blues
*Jay Wells, Tampa Bay Lightning
*Don Beaupre, Toronto Maple Leafs
*Nick Kypreos, Toronto Maple Leafs
*Mike Ridley, Vancouver Canucks

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Roy Worters

**Roy "Shrimp" Worters** (October 19, 1900 – November 7, 1957) was a Canadian professional ice hockey Hall of Fame goaltender who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Canadiens and New York Americans, and was notable for having 66 shutouts in his career and being, at 5'3" tall, the shortest player ever to play in the NHL.

## Awards & achievements 
* Hart Memorial Trophy (1929)
* Second All-Star Team Goalie (1932, 1934)
* Vezina Trophy (1931)

## Other websites 
*
Al Rollins

**Elwin "Al" Ira Rollins** (October 9, 1926 – July 27 1996) was a professional Canadian ice hockey goaltender.

Born in Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Rollins played in the NHL for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He played a big role in the  Leafs 1951 Stanley Cup victory. Rollins also won the 1951 Vezina Trophy and the 1954 Hart Memorial Trophy.

Rollins retired in 1962 and decided to become a coach. After retiring, Rollins coached the University of Calgary ice hockey team as well as clubs in Spokane, Salt Lake City, Houston, Tulsa and Phoenix. As a coach, he had a lot of success, including an Allan Cup win with the Spokane Jets in 1970.

His son Jerry Rollins played in the WHA which no longer is in operation.

## Awards & Achievements 
*Vezina Trophy Winner (1951)
*Stanley Cup Championships (1951)
*Hart Trophy Winner (1954)
*Played in NHL All-Star Game (1954)
*Allan Cup Championships (1970)

## Other websites
*

## References
New York Americans

The **New York Americans** were a professional ice hockey team, the third expansion team in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the second to play in the United States. The team was part of the NHL from the 1925-26 season until the end of the 1941-42 season. The team was very popular in its first season. This popularity led to a new team, the New York Rangers, being organized for the 1926-26 season. The increasing success of the New York Rangers in the 1930s resulted in a decrease in popularity for the New York Americans. In 1941 the team name was changed to Brooklyn Americans, the name for a borough of New York City. After the 1941-42 season the team decided to stop competing until the end of World War II. When the war ended the NHL decided to not have the team play again. The New York Americans played their home games at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

## Season-by-season record 
***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Notable players
### Hall of Famers
*Billy Burch
*Charlie Conacher
*Lionel Conacher
*Red Dutton
*Chuck Rayner
*Sweeney Schriner
*Joe Simpson
*Hooley Smith
*Nels Stewart
*Roy Worters
*Busher Jackson

### Team captains
*Billy Burch (1925-32)
*Red Dutton (1932-36)
*Sweeney Schriner (1936-39)
*Charlie Conacher (1939-41)
*Tommy Anderson (1941-42)

## Coaches 
Head Coaches for the New York Americans:

* Tommy Gorman, 1925-26
* Newsy Lalonde, 1926-27
* Shorty Green, 1927-28
* Tommy Gorman, 1928-29
* Lionel Conacher, 1929-30
* Eddie Gerard, 1930-31,1931-32
* Bullet Joe Simpson, 1932-33 to 1934-35
* Red Dutton, 1935-36 to 1941-42

## References
*New York Americans 
*
Jesse G. James

**Jesse Gregory James** (born April 19, 1969) is an American television personality and CEO of West Coast Choppers. He builds custom-made motorcycles. James is the host of *Motorcycle Mania* and the former television series *Monster Garage* on the Discovery Channel. 

## Biography 
Jesse Gregory James was born in Lynwood, California to Larry and Carol James, the younger of two children. James says he is related to criminal Jesse James from his great grandfather's cousin. However, there is no evidence of it being true. James says he grew up in Long Beach, California, but that he did not spend his whole childhood there. James' parents divorced while he was still in grade school in South Gate, California. He and sister Julie moved to Riverside with their father, Larry James, and attended La Sierra High School.

## Other websites 
* West Coast Choppers
* Cisco Burger 
* Monster Garage
* Motorcycle Mania
*
Jesse James (movie)

***Jesse James*** (1939) is a western movie created by Henry King and includes Tyrone Power, Henry Fonda, Nancy Kelly, and Randolph Scott. Written by Nunnally Johnson, the movie is based on the life of the famous criminal for which the movie gets its name.

## Plot 
The movie follows the life and death of Jesse James (Tyrone Power), as well as his adventures with his brother, Frank James (Henry Fonda).

## Actors 
*Tyrone Power *as* Jesse James
*Henry Fonda *as* Frank James
*Nancy Kelly *as* Zerelda 'Zee'
*Randolph Scott *as* Will Wright
*Henry Hull *as* Maj. Rufus Cobb
*John Carradine *as* Bob Ford
*Charles Tannen *as* Charlie Ford
*Slim Summerville *as* Jailer
*J. Edward Bromberg *as* Mr. Runyan
*Brian Donlevy *as* Barshee
*Donald Meek *as* McCoy
*Claire Du Brey *as* Mrs. Bob Ford
*Jane Darwell *as* Mrs. Samuels
*Lon Chaney Jr. *as* James Gang member

## Other websites 
* 
*
Chuck Rayner

**Claude Earl "Chuck" Rayner** (August 11, 1920 – October 6, 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Brooklyn Americans and New York Rangers. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973.

## Awards & achievements
*Turnbull Cup MJHL Championship (1940)
*AHL Second All-Star Team (1941)
*NHL Second All-Star Team (1949, 1950, & 1951)
*Hart Memorial Trophy Winner (1950)
*Played in the NHL All-Star Game (1949, 1950, & 1951)
*Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973
*“Honoured Member” of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

## Other websites
*
*
*Chuck Rayner's biography  at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford

***The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford*** is a 2007 Western movie. It was based on Ron Hansen's 1983 novel of the same name. The movie is directed by Andrew Dominik, with Brad Pitt portraying Jesse James and Casey Affleck as Robert Ford. Filming took place in near Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg.

## Actors
* Brad Pitt as Jesse James
* Casey Affleck as Robert Ford
* Sam Rockwell as Charley Ford
* Paul Schneider as Dick Liddel
* Jeremy Renner as Wood Hite
* Sam Shepard as Frank James
* Garret Dillahunt as Edward Miller
* Alison Elliott as Martha Bolton
* Mary-Louise Parker as Zee James
* James Carville as Governor Thomas T. Crittenden
* Zooey Deschanel as Dorothy Evans
* Hugh Ross as Narrator

## References
## Other websites
* Official site and trailer
* Official website for the Family of Jesse James with the James Family's Own Movie Review 
* 
*
1997–98 NHL season

The **1997–98 NHL season** was the 81st regular season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup winners were the Detroit Red Wings, who swept the Washington Capitals in four games.

## Regular season
### Highlights
Jari Kurri reached 600 goals in his career, finishing with 601.

The Vancouver Canucks and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim opened the season with two games in Tokyo, Japan; this was the first time the NHL played games outside of North America.

### Final standings
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points*

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|}

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|}

### Scoring leaders
***Note:** GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
### Conference quarterfinals
#### Eastern Conference
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|-
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#### Western Conference
| valign="top" |

|-
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### Conference semifinals
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### Conference finals
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### Stanley Cup final
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### Scoring leaders
***Note:** GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points*

## NHL Awards
The **NHL Awards** took place in **Toronto, Ontario**

### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1997–98 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
*Joe Thornton, Boston Bruins
*Sergei Samsonov, Boston Bruins
*Derek Morris, Calgary Flames
*Olli Jokinen, Los Angeles Kings
*Brendan Morrison, New Jersey Devils
*Sheldon Souray, New Jersey Devils
*Zdeno Chara, New York Islanders
*Marc Savard, New York Rangers
*Chris Phillips, Ottawa Senators
*Marian Hossa, Ottawa Senators
*Daniel Briere, Phoenix Coyotes
*Marco Sturm, San Jose Sharks
*Patrick Marleau, San Jose Sharks
*Pavel Kubina, Tampa Bay Lightning
*Danny Markov, Toronto Maple Leafs
*Mattias Ohlund, Vancouver Canucks

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1997–98 (listed with their last team):
*Brent Sutter, Chicago Blackhawks
*Jari Kurri, Colorado Avalanche
*Slava Fetisov, Detroit Red Wings
*Kevin Lowe, Edmonton Oilers
*Andy Moog, Montreal Canadiens
*Bruce Driver, New York Rangers
*Pat LaFontaine, New York Rangers
*Joel Otto, Philadelphia Flyers
*Michel Petit, Phoenix Coyotes
*Mike Gartner, Phoenix Coyotes
*Al Iafrate, San Jose Sharks
*Kelly Hrudey, San Jose Sharks
*Jeff Brown, Washington Capitals

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com