open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Karl Arnold

**Karl Arnold** (born 21 March 1901 in Herrlishöfen, died 29 June 1958 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956. 

## Life and profession 
After 1920, Arnold worked full-time basis for the Christian trade union movement. He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924. 

In 1928, Arnold married Arnold Liesl Joeres. Their son Gottfried was born in 1933 and was a member of the German Bundestag between 1961 and 1983. 

Arnold was partner in a business in Düsseldorf in 1933. During the Third Reich the Gestapo watched and followed him. He was arrested after Count von Stauffenberg tried to assassinate (murder) Hitler on 20 July 1944. 

Arnold helped to found the industrial unions, today's DGB, with Hans Böckler in the Rhineland in 1945. 

He got permission from the American Army to publish the Rheinische Post (Rhenish Post) daily newspaper. His family still own part of the paper today.

He died of a heart attack on 29 June 1958, during the Landtag (state parliament) election campaign. 

Karl Arnold was buried in Düsseldorf's South Cemetery. 

## Political party 
Arnold joined the Centre party in 1920. 

After the World War II Arnold founded the of Düsseldorf Christian democratic party in 1945. Later this became a part of CDU. Arnold was the CDU's deputy federal chairman from 1956 until his death.

## Public offices 
1925 to 1933 he was a member of the city council of Düsseldorf and acting chairman the of the Centre Party group. 

He was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1946 until his death. Between 1947 and 1949 he was also a member of the parliament of the Bizone (which was the British and American occupation zones). 

In 1957, Arnold was elected to the Bundestag with 72.6% of the votes in the Gelsenkirchen-Erkelenz Jülich constituency. He was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group. 

On 29 January 1946, Arnold was appointed mayor of Düsseldorf by the American Military Government. He was elected mayor in the first free elections on 26 October 1946. 

From December 1946 until 1956 he was Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia. 

From 7 September 1949 to 6 September 1950, he was the first President of the Bundesrat. 

This also mean that between 7 and 13 September 1949, he was Acting President of Germany, until Theodor Heuss was elected Federal President. 

Arnold lost a constructive vote of 'no confidence' on 20 February 1956. His successor (person who followed) as Minister President was Fritz Steinhoff. 

Arnold died one week before the next state elections, in 1958. He was only 57 years old.
279 Thule

**279 Thule** is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.

The orbit of Thule is unusual. It appears to orbit in the farthest edge of the Main belt in a 3:4 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter. Unlike the Hilda asteroids whose eccentricity is fairly common of main belt asteroids, Thule has a very low eccentricity - actually much lower than that of Jupiter itself and only a bit higher than that of Earth. Why it has this orbit is not clear, as is the reason for the absence of smaller bodies in similar 4:3 resonances with Jupiter.

Some astronomers have argued that Thule's present orbit is the natural result of the force of Jupiter on a body orbiting at exactly the distance from the Sun Thule does, in the same way (though with the reverse effect) as the Kirkwood gaps in the closer parts of the asteroid belt. It could be that the resonance which holds Thule in a very low-eccentricity orbit serves to eject other smaller bodies whose distance from the Sun is only a bit different from that of Thule itself.

It is the main member of the Thule dynamical group.

It was found by Johann Palisa on October 25, 1888 in Vienna and was named  after the ultimate northern land of Thule.

## References
## Other websites 
* 279 Thule on NASA/JPL Small-Body Database
Courrendlin

**Courrendlin** is a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Courroux

**Courroux** is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

It is three kilometers southeast of the city of Delémont. It is the third largest municipality in the canton of Jura by area.

## References 
## Other websites
DDR2 SDRAM

In information technologies we use the term **DDR2 SDRAM** for a **Double Data Rate** memory module of the second generation. This technology is used for high speed storage of the working data.

## History 
DDR2 was first made in 2001.

## Comparisons 
The main difference between DDR and DDR2 modules is that the bus on which the DDR2 memory modules are working is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells. In practical terms we can say that four words of data can be transferred during one memory cell cycle. To sum it up DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.

## Specification standards
### Chips and modules
For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch.  DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).
Delémont

**Delémont** (German: *Delsberg*) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Jura. The city has about 12,000 people there since 2004.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.delemont.ch
* http://www.jura.ch/musees/arthist.htm
Mr. Men

***Mr. Men*** is a series of 52 children's books by Roger Hargreaves started in 1971. *Little Miss* was another series of 39 books by the same author with female characters that started in 1981. After Hargreaves died in 1988, his son, Adam Hargreaves, began writing and illustrating new stories about the *Mr. Men* and *Little Miss* characters. He created ten new characters; four of them were inspired by work Roger Hargreaves had produced before his death.

## List of Characters
### Special Characters
* Mr. Nobody
* Wilfred the Wizard
* Grandfather Clock

### Advertising
* Mr. Stupid [and made in figerines]
* Mr. Spendy (Huddersfield & Bradford Building Society)
* Mr. Thrifty (Appeared in Mr. Spendy)
* Mr. Beefeater

### Mr. Men and Little Miss (Everyday)
* Mr. Men at the Park
* Mr. Men on Holiday
* Mr. Men go Swimming
* Mr. Men: Rainy Day
* Mr. Men on the Farm
* Mr. Men Making Music
* Mr. Men go Camping
* Mr. Men: New Pet
* Mr. Men go to the Doctor
* Mr. Men go to the Zoo
* Mr. Men at Bedtime
* Mr. Men go Cycling
* Mr. Men go to the Dentist
* Mr. Men go Outside
* Mr. Men go to the Festival
* Mr. Men at the Café
* Mr. Men go Shopping
* Mr. Men in the Garden

### Mr. Men and Little Miss (Discover You)
* Be Kind: A Book About Kindness
* Worries: A Book About Feeling Anxious
* All Different: A Book About Diversity
* Try Again: A Book About Resilience
* Feeling Sad: A Book About Coping with Sadness
* Find Calm: A Book About Mindfulness
* Be Yourself: A Book About Confidence
* Sharing: A Book About the Joy of Sharing
* I Am Angry: A Book About Managing Anger
* Caring: A Book About Empathy
* Friendship: A Book About Being a Good Friend
* Something New: A Book About Change
* Feeling Jealous: A Book About Coping with Jealousy
* Be Curious: A Book About the Joy of Learning
Stage6

**Stage6** was a video sharing website. It was similar to other websites like YouTube because it let users upload, view, and share video clips. Unlike many other video sharing sites, Stage6 allowed users to upload better quality videos and very large file sizes. There are few upload limitations, and visitors could download videos easily through the website.

## History 
Stage6 was a video sharing community, where users could upload and share their video clips and stream them in high quality because the video clips were -encoded with DivX and Xvid video codecs. 

Unfortunately the website never got a chance to go grow beyond beta status and was shut down by DivX Inc. On February 29, 2008 because DivX was unable to support Stage6. 

On June 2008, CNET had stated that Stage6 was one of the greatest defunct websites in history. 

Stage6 was first launched in 2006 by DivX Ink and in public beta, Stage6 was a similar webpage like Youtube which had allowed its users to stream and upload videos, for those customers that had registered. 

On July 24, 2007 DivX had stated that they were pursuing to separate from Stage6, and become a single company away from DivX Inc. The Co-Founder and Executive Chairman Jordan Greenhall would be changing from his current role as CEO to manage the separating Stage6. 

It was successful, and was estimated to be done by 2007. By January 2008, Stage6 had a total of 10.7 million views. 

On February 25, 2008, DivX announced that they would shut down Stage6 on February 28, 2008, stating that they were unable to continue to provide the attention and resources required for its continued operation. 

A day later than stated, Stage6 ceased to operate, directing users to a Veoh welcome page designed specifically for the purpose of receiving the Stage6 community.

## Related pages
* Youtube
* Video sharing

## Other websites 
* Stage6  Video sharing site designed to demonstrate DivX codec
* DivX.com DivX website
* Stage6 Forum  Stage6 Community forum set up by members of Stage6 to keep in touch and up to date on developments with stage6 after the shutdown
* https://archive.org/details/stage6

## References
Mélodie

***Mélodie*** is the French word for “melody”. The word is used in music to mean songs written by French composers of classical music from the mid-19th century to the present. The *mélodie* in French music is similar to the *Lied* in German music. "*Mélodie*" is not the same as *chanson* (the French word for “song”). The word "*chanson*" is used for folksongs or popular songs.

## History
In Germany composers of classical music had been writing great songs from about 1800, but in France the *mélodie* became important about 50 years later. While some German *Lieder* were based on folksong, the texts of the *mélodie*s were usually poems by serious poets. 

Hector Berlioz was the first composer to call some of his compositions *mélodie*s. His ''Les Nuits d'Été* (1841) is one of the greatest of all song cycles. Charles Gounod wrote about 200 *mélodie*s. He used texts by famous poets such as Hugo.

Gabriel Fauré wrote more than 100 *mélodie*s, many based on poems by Verlaine.

Henri Duparc wrote seventeen *mélodie*s.  These are what he is known for.

Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were very famous composers who wrote a lot of music, including *mélodie*s that are often sung today. Ravel’s melodies are unusual because they are often based on folksong. Other composers of *mélodie* at the time include Albert Roussel, Reynaldo Hahn and André Caplet.

*Mélodie*s continue to be composed today, though perhaps the last really popular composer of them was Francis Poulenc, who died in 1963.

## Performing *mélodie*s
In the French *mélodie* the poet’s feelings are often suggested or hinted at rather than stated in an obvious way. There is a very close relationship between the text (words) and the melody. To sing *mélodie* really well a singer must know the French language very well and understand a lot about French poetry. The rules about singing in the French language can be quite complicated. It is important to know when to let the last sound of a word run into the next word (elision). Several books have been written about this.

Although many famous singers are well known for singing French *mélodie*, the most famous singer from the past was Pierre Bernac. He gave many song recitals with the composer Francis Poulenc who accompanied him on the piano. He wrote a book on how to sing *mélodie''s.
Video sharing

**Video sharing** is when one person shares a video clip with another or many other people. This is usually done over the Internet. There are many websites that offer video sharing. Many people use these sites to share videos they have made with their family and friends. But, sharing videos which are copyrighted, like television programs, without permission from those who own them might be illegal.

## Related pages
* Internet meme
* Stage6
* Vimeo
* YouTube
* TikTok
Angus Young

**Angus McKinnon Young** (born 31 March 1955) is a Scottish-born Australian guitarist and songwriter. He is one of the founders of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. He is known for his style of playing the guitar, his very active performance while on stage, and schoolboy-uniform clothing. He was ranked 96th on *Rolling Stone*s list "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".  Young uses Gibson SG guitars often but he also owns Fender Telecasters, Firebirds and ES-335s. In 2003, he became a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with other members of AC/DC.

His brothers were Malcolm and George Young.

## References
SuperDisk

**LS-120** or **SuperDisk** is a high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy disk. It is called High density media. The main advantage when compared to FDD and ZD is the possibility to use the united mechanism for these special diskettes even for FDD and ZD. This SuperDisk was introduced by Iomega in 1995 as ZD. But the SuperDisks were not expanded because of slowness and unreliability in comparison with ZD.

SuperDisk 120MB Diskettes may still be available in the marketplace, however are no longer warranted. We do not have information about where these products can be purchased.

Once a drive fails, it may be impossible or expensive to get data off the diskettes.

SuperDisk diskettes are etched with a servo pattern at the factory. This pattern is then read by the SuperDisk drive to precisely align the read/write head. The result is that a SuperDisk diskette can have 2,490 tracks, as opposed to the 160 tracks that conventional 3.5-inch 1.44 MB diskettes use. 

Unlike other removable disk storage solutions, such as the Zip drive, SuperDisk is backward compatible with older diskettes. This means that the same SuperDisk drive can be used to read and write to older 1.44 MB diskettes as well as the new 120 MB SuperDisk diskettes. 

Here are some current data storage and backup technologies that Imation supplies for a variety of customer needs. A combination of backup media may be the best course; for instance, backing up currently used files to Flash Drives or Micro Drives, and keeping seldom used files on DVD or CD.that snapbacks are back.
## References
Good Hair Day

**Good Hair Day** (also called **ghd**) is an English hair styling company. It is the UK's leading maker of hair irons and hair products.

## Ownership 
Good Hair Day is owned by Jemella Group. The company was started in 2001 by Martin Penny, Gary Douglas and Robert Powls.  In 2007, after being sold to Lloyds Development Capital, Jemella was re-sold 11 months later to Montagu Private Equity group for ₤160 million.

## Popularity
The brand has received endorsements from celebrities, such as Madonna, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Victoria Beckham. and Consumer Products Entrepreneur Of The Year.  The product has been involved with many fashion shows, such as New York Fashion Week, Alice McCall, and Willow Lingerie, and also sponsored the 2004 season of reality TV program The Salon.

## Related pages
*Hair iron

## References
## Other websites
*The official GHD site
Blake River Megacaldera Complex

The **Blake River Megacaldera Complex** is a giant caldera cluster that spans across the Ontario-Quebec border in Canada. It is considered to be a supervolcano because of its great size (3,000&nbsp;km2) and its numerous dikes and vents. The cluster is about 2700 million year old.  

## Other websites
*Google Map location
Al Jean

.]]
**Al Jean** (born January 9, 1961 in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American television comedy writer best known for his work on *The Simpsons*. He has been showrunning (managing) *The Simpsons* since season 13.

## Other websites
* 
* Washington Post - A Q&A with Al Jean
Mike Reiss

**Mike Reiss** (born September 15, 1959 in Bristol, Connecticut) is an American television comedy writer. He went to Harvard University. He was co-president with Jon Vitti of the Harvard Lampoon. He has frequently collaborated with his writing partner Al Jean as a writer for *The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson*, and writers/producers for many episodes of *The Simpsons*. The duo created and executive produced *The Critic* and *Teen Angel*, which was cancelled in its first season.  Reiss independently produced a short internet cartoon series entitled *Queer Duck* for Icebox.com. In 2002, the series was picked up by Showtime, where it aired as a supporting feature to *Queer as Folk*.  *Queer Duck: the Movie* was released on DVD July 18, 2006. The feature film reunites the Queer Duck cast.  As a professional speaker, Reiss has lectured on comedy and the Simpsons at colleges. He has published six children's books, including *How Murray Saved Christmas*. He also won an Edgar Award for his mystery story "Cro-Magnon PI".

## Other websites
* Reiss feature in The Tattoo Teen Newspaper, including audio about writing for "The Simpsons"
* Channel4 - 100 Greatest Cartoons
William H. Macy

**William Hall Macy** (born March 13, 1950) is an Emmy Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated American Actor. He was in the movie *Fargo*. He is also a teacher and director in theatre, movie and television. He is now known for his award-winning role as Frank Gallagher in the television series *Shameless*.

## Personal Life
Macy and actress Felicity Huffman dated on-and-off for 15 years and married on September 6, 1997. They have two children, daughters, Sophia Grace (born December 1, 2000) and Georgia Grace (born March 14, 2002).

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* William H. Macy  at Tv.com
Rowan Williams

**Rowan Douglas Williams, Baron Williams of Oystermouth**, DD, PC, FBA (born 14 June 1950) was the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury from 2002 until 2012. In this role he was the most senior bishop in the Church of England and the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Williams is a distinguished theologian and poet. He is the current Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. He is married and has a daughter and son.

Williams was ordained as a priest in 1978, and was consecreated as a bishop in 1992. He served as Bishop of Monmouth from 1991. He held the office of Archbishop of Wales from 2000 until his election as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Following his retirement as archbishop, he was created a life peer as *Baron Williams of Oystermouth*.

## References
## Other websites
*Archbishop of Canterbury official site
*The Anglican Communion's official website
*Canterbury Cathedral official site
*Conservative Evangelical critique of the Archbishop's theology 
*"The Archbishop's guide to Muslim intolerance"  - critical op-ed in Haaretz
*Church must be 'safe place' for gay and lesbian people
Single person

A person is called **single** if he or she is not married, not in a civil union, and not in a sexual or romantic relationship. In a more general sense, the word also means that person currently has no exclusive partner, like a boyfriend or girlfriend. Such people can be classified into different types:
*People who choose to live alone. This includes hermits and shamans. The Catholic Church does not want that their priests marry. There are also some restrictions in the Orthodox church. Nuns and monks are also not allowed to marry. Such singles are often part of a religious order or community.
*People who live alone because of social norms. This was especially true for children who were born outside a marriage, in the Middle Ages. 
*People who have not yet found their partner. Some people actively search for a mate, others simply wait until the right person comes along.
*People whose partner died, or who are divorced.

In English, male singles used to be called *bachelors*, female singles used to be called *spinsters* (or *bachelorettes*, more recently). In general, the word *single* is used more often now, because it also does not make a difference between the two sexes.

In 2019, actress Emma Watson coined the term *self-partnered* to call herself single and happy.
Sam Simon

**Sam Simon** (March 6, 1952 - June 8, 2015) was an American television producer and writer, most notable as one of the original developers of *The Simpsons*, along with Matt Groening and James L. Brooks.  He is perhaps best known for his creation of many *Simpsons* characters.

In late 2012, Simon was diagnosed with terminal colorectal cancer which later metastasized in his other organs, including his liver and kidneys. Simon died in his Los Angeles home from complications from the disease on June 8, 2015.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *60 Minutes* interview with Sam Simon 
* Sam Simon's Foundation for animal welfare
Adam's apple

The '''Adam's apple** is a feature of the human neck. The medical name in English for it is the **laryngeal prominence'*. This lump is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage (*a type of soft bone'') around the larynx (part of the throat which holds the vocal chords).

The Adam's apple can usually be seen better in adult men than in women, girls, or boys. The Adam's apple is only part of the thyroid cartilage around the larynx. A large Adam's apple is commonly seen as a male secondary sex characteristic, although not all males have it and quite a few women have one too.

## History of the name
It is called "Adam's apple" as a reference to the forbidden fruit, which according to a traditional Jewish belief, got stuck in Adam's throat. Different languages use the same term, for instance *Adamsappel* (Dutch), ''pomme d'Adam* (French) and *Adamsapfel* (German). Until the 19th century, the medical term was also generally *Pomum Adami*. When the Basle Nomina Anatomica was introduced in 1895, it became *Prominentia laryngea''.
## References
Adam's apple (disambiguation)

An '''Adam's apple** is a structure in the front of the throat more prominent in men than women.

**Adam's apple'* can also mean:

**Adam's Apples*, a 2005 Danish movie
**Adam's Apple'' (album), a 1966 album by Wayne Shorter
*"Adam's Apple" (song), a 1975 song by Aerosmith
*''Adam's Apple'' (2004 album), by John Wesley Harding

## Related pages
*Forbidden fruit
Forbidden fruit

The words **forbidden fruit** stand as a metaphor (an image). The metaphor comes from the book of Genesis in the Bible. There Adam and Eve are thrown out of Paradise because they eat from the tree of knowledge.

The fruit has commonly been represented as an apple due to wordplay of the Latin word for apple, *malus*, which can mean both "evil" and "apple". The Bible does not specify a fruit, but locates it as being at the very center of The Garden of Eden. In Judaism the fruit is believed to be either a grape, a fig, a citron or wheat. Most scholars say that the type of fruit is not forbidden, it was just the fruits of that particular tree that were. 

In general, the term can also refer to something illegal or immoral to do. It might also be dangerous. Many times this is about sex outside of marriage.

Gnostic scriptures consider the forbidden fruit as something positive and the act to make it forbidden as a malevolent action from humanity's creators.

## Related pages
*Adam's apple

## References
Real Sociedad

**Real Sociedad de Fútbol** is a Spanish football team.  The team is in Donostia-San Sebastián in the Spanish province of Guipuzcoa. It was created in 1909. In the 2006/07 season, the team was in La Liga. After 40 years in this division, in the season 2007/08 Real Sociedad plays in Segunda División. The colors of the team are blue and white. 

## Name 
* 1909-1931 **Real Sociedad**
* 1931-1939 **Donostia F.C.**
* 1939-present **Real Sociedad**

## Anoeta 
Anoeta Stadium is the stadium of Real Sociedad. Anoeta has a capacity of 32 000. Anoeta Stadium was opened in 1993. 

## Title 
; Spain
* La Liga (2): 1981 and 1982
* Copa del Rey (2): 1909 and 1987
* Supercup (1): 1982
;Europe
* Real Sociedad has not won any trophies in Europe.

## League position 
### Former position
Richard Mentor Johnson

**Richard Mentor Johnson** (October 17, 1780 – November 19, 1850) was the ninth vice president of the United States and served under President Martin Van Buren. A resident of Kentucky, Johnson served as a U.S. representative and senator from Kentucky and in the Kentucky House of Representatives.

Johnson started his career as a lawyer by representing many people for free. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1806. During the War of 1812, Johnson led troops against the British.

Johnson later served in the Senate before he was chosen as vice president. Johnson was elected by the Senate and not through the normal election because he did not have enough electors to win. That happened because Johnson lived with a slave named Julia Chinn, had two children with her, and treated her like his wife.

Johnson was not chosen to run with Van Buren in 1840. Johnson served in the Kentucky House of Representatives again as well as ran for a Senate seat again. In 1850, he was again elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, but he died two weeks into his term on November 19, 1850.
Mortadella di Bologna

**Mortadella di Bologna** is an Italian kind of sausage. It is made of ground pork meat. Salt, pepper, sugar as well as small cubes of pork fat are added. It is then made into big sausages. It is then cooked in special ovens at 90°C (194° Fahrenheit). Some kinds of Mortadella have other spices in them. 

As a Protected Geographical Status food, Mortadella di Bologna must come from the Bologna province.

## Outside Italy 
Mortadella is also produced and consumed in other countries. It is very popular in Spain, and Portugal. 

Many Italians emigrated to South America in  the early 20th cenury. For this reason, Mortadella is also very popular in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela. In these countries it is spelled , and its recipe is quite similar to the traditional Italian, with additional pepper grains.
Catfish

**Catfish** are an order of teleost fish, the **Siluriformes**. There are about 40 families in the order.

They are called catfish because their barbels look like the whiskers of a cat. They are very diverse. The heaviest is the Mekong giant catfish, up to  350&nbsp;kg (770&nbsp;lb). The longest is the wels catfish, up to 4&nbsp;m (13&nbsp;ft). There are also detrivores in the group. There are some tiny parasitic catfish called candiru. Some catfish are grown for food, in fish farms. Some catfish can be kept in aquaria.

## Special lifestyles 
Most catfish do not harm people, but some of them can cause problems. It is said that the candiru can enter the human urethra, where they stay as parasites. In normal life they are parasites on fish gills.

The Malapteruridae are a family of electric catfish. Several species of the family can produce an electric shock of up to 350 volts using electroplaques of an electric organ.

## Types of catfish 
### Wels catfish 
The wels catfish (*Silurus glanis*) is a large catfish.

### *Corydoras* 
*Corydoras* is a genus of popular aquarium fishes.

### Widemouth blindcat 
The widemouth blindcat (*Satan eurystomus*) is another species of catfish.

### Madtoms 
Madtoms are catfish comprising the genus *Noturus*.

### Channel catfish 
]]
The channel catfish (*Ictalurus punctatus*) is a North American freshwater catfish.

## Ecology 
### As invasive species 
]]
Species of the genus *Ictalurus* have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource. Walking catfish have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida.

## References 
## Other websites 
* All catfish species inventory
Illegal drug trade

The **illegal drug trade** or **drug trafficking** is a global black market and includes the growing, making, distribution, and sale of illegal drugs. While some drugs are legal to possess and sell, in most areas laws do not allow the trade of some drugs.

Trade in drugs includes many which, correctly used, have a medical function.

Those drugs often include heroin, cocaine, marijuana or others. Drug traffickers may be punished with time in prison for several years. In some countries, the crime carries the death penalty.

## Punishment 
Several countries use the death penalty to punish people for drug trafficking.

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Brunei
* China
* Egypt
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kuwait
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Somalia
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Vietnam
* United Arab Emirates
* Zimbabwe

## Related pages 
*Corruption
*Golden Crescent
*Organized crime
*Smuggling
*Money laundering
*Drug cartel
*Rum-running

## Other websites
*News, information, laws and photos of illegal drugs, narcotics and drug trafficking
*United Nations - Drug Programme  	 
*Geopium: Geopolitics of Illicit Drugs in Asia  (English and French) 
*United Nations World Drug Report  	
*Illicit drug issues by country, by the CIA
Canobbio

**Canobbio** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland

It is not to be confused with Ca*nn*o*b*io in nearby Italy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.canobbio.ch
Capriasca

**Capriasca** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## History 
Capriasca was created on 15 October 2001 by a merger of the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Carabietta

**Carabietta** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, it was incorporated into the municipality of Collina d'Oro.

## References 
## Other websites
Carabbia

**Carabbia** was a municipality until 2008, when it was moved to the municipality of Lugano, in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites
* Official website
Carona, Ticino

**Carona** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

## References 
## Other websites
Caslano

**Caslano** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is near to the Italian border.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Caslano
Capolago

**Capolago** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Capolago on the City of Mendrisio's website
*
Cavagnago

**Cavagnago** is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## References 
## Other websites
Sarabande

A **sarabande** (spelt **sarabanda** in Italian), is a dance that was popular in Baroque music in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

Composers of the Baroque period often composed a group of several dances.  This was called a suite.  There was usually an Allemande, a Courante, a Sarabande and a Gigue, in that order, and sometimes two Bourrées as well.

The sarabande was a slow, stately dance with 3 beats in a bar (3/4 time or Simple Triple). There was always a small stress (Tenuto) on the second beat of the bar. The note on the first beat would often be played quite short so that the second beat would feel heavy. Like the other dance movements in the suite, the Sarabande was in Binary form.

The sarabande seems to have come from Central America where it was known as "zarabanda".  Although it was mainly used in the Baroque Period, composers in the 20th Century such as Debussy, Satie, Howells and Britten sometimes wrote Sarabandes.

Perhaps the most famous Sarabande is one written by an unknown composer. The piece is called *La folie espagnole*. Many Baroque composers such as Monteverdi and Corelli and even some modern ones used this well-known tune.

## Movies 
The sarabande has been used a lot in movies, including one by Ingmar Bergman called *Saraband* (2003). It uses the sarabande from the 5th suite for solo cello by Bach.
Caviano

**Caviano** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

## References 
## Other websites
Altentreptow

**Altentreptow** () is a town in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte Rural District, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.  Altentreptow is the chief town of the Treptower Tollensewinkel amt.

It is on the river Tollense,  north of Neubrandenburg and  south of Greifswald.

## Name 
The town was called Trybethowe in 1175. From 1191 it was being called Trebutowe, and Tributowe in 1245. The name Treptow was being used is 1254. In 1295 the Latin *Antiquum Treptow* was used. This means Old Treptow, or in 

Until 1939 the city's name was *Treptow an der Tollense* (Treptow on the Tollense).

## Fires 
The town was burned down several time in the 1500s. Later, during the Thirty Years War the Holy Roman Empire's army was forced to leave the town by the Swedish Army. Later Prussian troops returned, threw the Swedes out, and looted (robbed) the town.

## The modern town 
By the 18th century wars had made the town very poor. The city wall was taken down to get new land for growing food.

1869 a new city hall was built and there were cloth weavers and spinning mills as well as farmers in the city.

Later a new mill, but this was burned down ´in 1999. A railway line connected the town with Neubrandenburg and Stralsund, and a school, a bank, a hospital and a post office were opened.

1888 a dairy cooperative was started, and they opened new building in 1995.

Electricity arrived in the city in 1916. This encouraged more people to move to the city and build.

The official name of the city was *Treptow an der Tollense* until 26 January 1939.

A big residential area arose with 1049 flats was built between 1960 and 1985. In the middle of the 1960s the old primary school was changed to a home for old people and a zoo was opened in 1972.

Altentreptow was the capital of the Landkreis (administrative district) Altentreptow from 1952 to 1994.

After the German reunification the old town centre was rebuilt. A modern hospital was opened with 108 beds in 2001.

## Twin town 
  Meldorf

## Culture and sights 
* This newly repaired historical old town with the Little Tollense River, the market place and the town gates. The half-timbered houses at Oberbaustraße 26 were built in 1663 and 1823.
* The St. Petri church was built in the 14th and 15th centuries
* Two gates from the old town wall still exist. The Brandenburg Gate and the Demminer Gate were built in 1450.
* The Fritz Reuter House. (The writer Fritz Reuter lived and worked in the town from 1850 to 1856). 
* The fountain on the market. Water sprays in all directions
* The city hall of 1869 in the neo-Gothic style.
* The meadow landscape along the Tollense.
* The cloister mountain steeped in history with facilities for culture, leisure time, sports and relaxation.

## References 
## Other websites
Bignasco

**Bignasco** is a village in the district of Vallemaggia, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Bignasco is not a free municipality anymore after merging with another village to become Cevio.
Cerentino

**Cerentino** is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Massa

**Massa** is a town and "comune" in Tuscany, Italy, in the centre of province of Massa-Carrara. It is in the northern part of the Tuscany region.

## Location 
Massa is near the sea, and has a population of approximately 69,000 inhabitants, distributed in five areas. 

## Tourism 
The Massa area has a high number of touristists, and it's famous for concentration of some 600 industrial and craft activities where are working about 7,000 people. 
Together with the twin town of Carrara, Massa is worldwide known for the extraction and production of marble.

## History 
From the 15th to the 19th century, Massa was the capital of the independent Principate (later Duchy) of Massa and Carrara, controlled and ruled by the Malaspina and Cybo-Malaspina families.

In 1829, the city was handed by the Austrian Este family. In 1859, during the unification of Italy process, it joined the Kingdom of Sardinia.

## Important monuments 
Massa's attractions include: 
* The Malaspina Castle (15th century)
* The Renaissance Ducal Palace, on the Piazza Aranci
* The Cathedral.

## References
298 Baptistina

**298 Baptistina** is a common Main belt asteroid. It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 9, 1890 in Nice.

Although it has an orbit similar to the Flora family asteroids, it was found to be an unrelated asteroid.

A 2007 US-Czech study decided that 298 Baptistina may be the biggest remnant of a 170&nbsp;km (110 mile) asteroid that was destroyed about 160 million years ago in an impact with a smaller body, making the Baptistina family of asteroids and that the Baptistina event may have created the eventual impact asteroid believed by many to have caused the K/T extinction event about 65 million years ago. This is the K/T impactor believed to be shown in the geological record. This theory has not, as yet, found general acceptance among the scientific community.

## References
VLC media player

]]
**VLC media player** (also known as **VLC** or **VideoLAN Client**) is a free software media player by the VideoLAN project.

It is a highly portable multimedia player, encoder, and streamer that supports many kinds of audio and video. VLC can repair and play files that are corrupt, damaged or unfinished.

It is one of the most platform-independent players, available for BeOS, BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Solaris and Windows CE, and had over 50 million downloads for version 0.8.6.

VLC uses a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries. Many of its codecs are provided by the libavcodec codec library from the FFmpeg project, but it uses mainly its own muxer and demuxers. VLC gained honor as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux by using the libdvdcss DVD library.

## History 
VLC was initially the client for the VideoLAN project, and it was originally made by students at the École Centrale de Paris, and was released under the GPL license on the 1 February 2001.  It now has supporters and contributors worldwide.

The icon of VLC is a traffic cone collected by Ecole Centrale's Networking Students' Association.

## Design principles 
 interface, running on KDE]]

VLC has a very flexible design, which makes it easier to include modules for new file formats, codecs or streaming methods.  There are more than 300 modules in VLC.  VLC also lets users make personalized skins through the skins2 interface, Winamp 2 and XMMS skins. VLC can play high definition recordings of D-VHS tapes duplicated to a computer using CapDVHS.exe

## Related pages
* List of media players
* Comparison of media players

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Website
Guitar Hero II

***Guitar Hero II*** is a music video game, released for the PlayStation 2 on November 7, 2006 and the Xbox 360 on April 3, 2007. It is the sequel to *Guitar Hero*. The game features a guitar-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the playing of rock music. Much like the original game, *Guitar Hero II* was very successful and helped the *Guitar Hero* series become a cultural phenomenon. The game features artists such as Aerosmith, Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Rage Against the Machine and Guns N' Roses.
Carrara

**Carrara** is a city in the province of Massa-Carrara (Tuscany, Italy), famous for white or blue-gray marble, and for being a city "symbol" of international anarchism.

## History
Carrara was ruled by Pisa in 1235, Lucca in 1322, Genoa in 1329, and Milan in 1343. After Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan died in 1477, Carrara was controlled by Tommaso Campogregoso, lord of Sarzana, and the Malaspina family.

Carrara and Massa made up the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century. In 1929, the cities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were joined into a single big city, called *Apuania*. In 1945 "Apuania", was abolished, and the cities were separated.

## Important monuments
* Cathedral (12th century).
* Ducal Palace (16th century), now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy.

## Economy and culture
**Carrara marble** has been used since the time of Ancient Rome for buildings, like the Pantheon and Trajan's Column in Rome. Many sculptures of the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo's *David*, were made from Carrara marble.

The city has academies of sculpture and fine arts and a museum of statuaries and antiquities. The local marble is exported around the world.

## Famous people born in Carrara
* Pietro Tacca, an important sculptor
* Pietro Tenerani, sculptor born in 1800
* Carlo Finelli, sculptor
* Gianluigi Buffon, goalkeeper of the Juventus team and of the Italian National Football Team
* Pellegrino Rossi, economist and politician
* Emanuele Repetti, geographic
* Domenico Zaccagna, geologist
* Maurizia Cacciatori, volleyball player
* Danese Cattaneo, sculptor and poet
* Arturo Dazzi, sculptor
* Gino Lucetti, anarchist
* Giorgio Chinaglia, football player
* Belgrado Pedrini, partisan and anarchist
* Renato Ricci, an important man in the fascist era
* Goliardo Fiaschi, anarchist

## Other websites
* Official website
Guitar Hero (video game)

***Guitar Hero*** is a music video game, released on November 8, 2005 for the PlayStation 2. The game uses a guitar-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the playing of rock music. *Guitar Hero* has earned comparisons to *Dance Dance Revolution* played with a guitar. Despite a high price for the guitar/game bundle, *Guitar Hero* was very successful and had several sequels; *Guitar Hero II* and *Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock*, as well as other games in the music game genre. The game features artists such as David Bowie, Judas Priest, Sum 41 and Deep Purple.
Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock

***Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock*** is a music video game, released on October 28, 2007. The game, like *Guitar Hero II*, was made for PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360, but this time it was also released for PlayStation 3, Nintendo Wii, PC and Mac home computers. The game features a guitar-like controller that simulates the playing of rock music. The game has a number of controllers like microphones and keyboards that can be bought.

There are songs in this game by many bands and singers. Some of these include "Anarchy in the U.K." by the Sex Pistols, "Paint it Black" The Rolling Stones, "Even Flow" by Pearl Jam, "Through the Fire and Flames" by DragonForce, "Before I Forget" by Slipknot, "Story of My Life" by Social Distortion, "My Name is Jonas" by Weezer and "The Number of the Beast" by Iron Maiden.
Volcanic Explosivity Index

In volcanology, the **Volcanic Explosivity Index** (**VEI**) is the way to measure the strength of a volcanic eruption. The Volcanic Explosivity Index measures how large or strong volcanic eruptions are. The index is a scale of 0 to 8. 0 is very small, and 8 is huge and very rare.

The largest eruption in modern times, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, was a 5 on the index. The Oruanui eruption of the Taupo Volcano in New Zealand was the world’s largest known eruption in the past 70,000 years was an 8. Another eruption of the Taupo volcano happened about 1,800 years ago. It was the most violent eruption in the world in the last 5,000 years. Mt Tambora was a 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Supervolcanoes have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8; and if the definition is expanded, also include volcanoes with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7.

About 40 eruptions of VEI-8 magnitude within the last 132 million years (Mya) have been identified, of which 30 occurred in the past 36 million years. Considering the estimated frequency is on the order of once in 50,000 years, The most recent is Lake Taupō's Oruanui eruption, more than 27,000 years ago, which means that there have not been any Holocene eruptions with a VEI of 8.

## References
## Further reading 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* VEI glossary entry  from a USGS website
* How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption , from *The Guardian*
* The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, a 2004 article from the *Bulletin of Volcanology*
* List of Large Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
Lockheed U-2

*For the band, see U2 (band).*

The **U-2** (nicknamed the **Dragon Lady**) is an espionage fixed-wing aircraft made by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1957. It flies a lot like a glider. It was made during the Cold War, because the United States needed a way to look at the Soviet military from high up. Taiwan also used it to spy on China.

The United States wanted to keep the purpose of the U-2 secret, but on May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers was shot down in his U-2 by a Soviet SAM SA-2 missile. In 1962, Powers was released and traded for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. After this, the SR-71 Blackbird started spying on the Soviet Union, which was faster and harder to see on radar.

The U-2 is still in service even though the design is over 50 years old.

## U-2 details (U-2 model) 
The U-2S is 62.99 feet (19.20 meters) long, 104.99 feet (32 meters wide), and is 15.75 feet (4.80 meters) tall. It weighs 14,991 pounds (6,800 kilograms) empty, but when full, it weighs 41,006 pounds (18,600 kilograms). It is powered by one General Electric F118-101 engine with 17,000 pounds (7711.2 kilograms) of thrust. It can go 475 miles per hour (764 kilometers per hour), fly 7,000 miles (11,265 kilometers) without refueling, and can fly upwards of 70,000 feet (21,336 meters), possibly as high as 84,974 feet (25,900 meters).

## U-2 Incident of 1960 
The Soviet military shot down a U-2 spy plane that was doing aerial reconnaissance over the Soviet Union. They shot it down with a surface-to-air ballistic missile. The pilot survived and was captured and sentenced to 10 years of hard labour in a Soviet gulag for espionage.

## Related pages
*Cold War
*Espionage

## References
PeaZip

**PeaZip** is an open source, cross-platform, portable data compression, file manager and encryption software, available for Microsoft Windows and Linux.

PeaZip created and can open the "Pea" archive format, made by the same corporation. Peazip is written in Free Pascal, using Lazarus. Peazip is under  the GNU Lesser General Public License, PeaZip is free software.

Peazip can change look, like opacity, colors, and icons.

## Full support formats 
7Z, 7Z-sfx, BZip2/TBZ, GZip/TGZ, LPAQ1/5, PAQ8F/JD/L/O, PEA, QUAD/BALZ/BCM, split (.001), TAR, WIM, XZ, ZIP

## Just extract or reading formats
ACE, ARJ, CAB, CHM, COMPOUND files (MSI, DOC, PPT, XLS...), CPIO, DEB, ISO CD/DVD images, Java archives (JAR, EAR, WAR), LZH, NSIS installers, OpenDocument, PET/PUP (Puppy Linux installers), PAK/PK3/PK4, RAR, RPM, WIM, XPI, Z, ZIPX

## References
## Related pages
* List of file archivers
* Comparison of file archivers

## Other websites 
* PeaZip's official website 
* Frequently Asked Questions
Chief Justice of the United States

The **Chief Justice of the United States** is the senior judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.

They have no more powers than any of the other judges of the Supreme Court, who are called Associate Justices. The Chief Justice is responsible for organizing the Court's schedules and administration.

By tradition, the Chief Justice administers the oath of office to the President of the United States. The only time this has not happened is when Calvin Coolidge became president.

## List of chief justices 
### Notes