open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ralf Krewinkel

**Ralf Karel Hubert Krewinkel** (born 12 November 1974 in Kerkrade) is a Dutch politician.

Krewinkel is a member of the Labour Party. He has started his political career as a councillor (1998-2006) and an alderman (2006-2011) of his home town.

In 2011 he became mayor of Beek, followed by Heerlen in 2015. He quit in 2019.

Both Kerkrade, Beek and Heerlen are in the south of the province of Limburg.

## References 
*  www.rijksoverheid.nl
Bimmen

**Bimmen** is a hamlet in the German municipality of Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bimmen is low-lying. It borders on the Netherlands in the west and on the Rhine River in the north.

About 170 people are living there.

The Klever Straße is connecting Bimmen with neighbouring Dutch village of Millingen aan de Rijn.

## Other websites 
* Bimmen on the Kleve Website
Dolly Style

**Dolly Style** is a Swedish pop group. The group was created by Emma Nors and Palle Hammarlund. It features three girls, all born in 1996, that call themselves Molly, Holly and Polly. The trio claims to originate from a "dollhouse in Dollyville". The group gets its inspiration from 1960s fashion and victorian style. The group has participated in the Melodifestivalen three times, in 2015, 2016 and 2019.

## References
Kristina Winberg

**Kristina Eva Martina Winberg** (born 27 May 1965) is a Swedish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Sweden. She is a member of the Sweden Democrats, part of the Europe for Freedom and Democracy. On 25 May 2014, Winberg was elected to the European Parliament during  the 2014 European Parliament election in Sweden.

## References
Iris Mittenaere

**Iris Mittenaere** (born 25 January 1993) is a French runway model and the winner of the beauty pageant Miss Universe 2016 on 30 January 2017 in Manila, Philippines.

## Early life and education
Mittenaere was born on 25 January 1993 in Lille, to Yves Mittenaere, a professor of history and geography, and Laurence Druart, a schoolteacher and lecturer. She has a brother, sister, and half-sister. Her parents separated when she was three years old.

Mittenaere attended school in Steenvoorde, where she lived with her mother.

## Pageantry
### Miss France 2016
After winning the Miss Flandre title in Bailleul, Mittenaere represented Nord-Pas-de-Calais at the Miss France 2016 pageant. On 19 December 2015, she was crowned Miss France by Miss France 2015 Camille Cerf in Lille.

### Miss Universe 2016
She competed in Miss Universe 2016 where she succeeded Miss Universe 2015 Pia Wurtzbach of the Philippines. The last European titleholder to complete her year as Miss Universe was Miss Universe 1990 Mona Grudt of Norway.

## Personal life
Mittenaere is in a relationship with fellow dentistry student Matthieu Declercq.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joint List

and Hebrew.]]
The **Joint List** (, ''al-Qa'imah al-Mushtarakah*, , *HaReshima HaMeshutefet'') was an Israeli political cooperation of four, mainly Arab parties, established in 2015.

Its ideology depended on its members' ideology, but its common objective were the interests of the Arab Israelis.

Its political leader was Ayman Odeh (Hadash).

The group was founded in 2015 as a cooperation of Hadash (communist), Balad (social democratic, secular), Ra'am (Islamist), and Ta'al (right-wing centrist, secular). Especially the last three parties are fully Arab and anti-Zionist.

The Joint List was established to prevent the Arab parties from disappearing from the Knesset due to the raise of the election threshold (the minimum percentage of votes for a party to get one parliamentary seat), and also to support the Zionist Union in its effort to replace the third Netanyahu government.

The number of seats won by the Joint List in the 24th Knesset: 6 (Hadash: 3, Ta'al: 2, Balad: 1).

With Balad wanting to leave the coalition, it was later dissolved in 2022.

## References
Josh Dun

**Joshua William Dun** (born June 18, 1969) is an American musician. He is best known as half of Twenty One Pilots, alongside Tyler Joseph.

## References
Monotonic function

In algebra, a **montonic function** is any function whose gradient never changes sign. In simple words, it is a function which is either always increasing or decreasing. For example,  *sin x=f(x)* isn't a monotonous function or simply, non monotonous function. That is to say there are no turning points but there may be stationary points where the gradient is momentarily zero.  The derivative function  of a monotonic function which describes its gradient will never change sign. 

## References
Destroyer

A **destroyer** is a fast, small, and maneuverable warship. Destroyers escort larger warships. Destroyers were first used in the late 1800s to defend against torpedo boats. Destroyers were used extensively during World War I and World War II. Today, most naval warships are destroyers. Only three nations use cruisers. Modern destroyers use cruise missiles, automated turrets, and torpedos. Some can launch nuclear missiles. Modern destroyers usually support carrier groups and amphibious landings.

## References
Sok An

**Sok An** (; April 16, 1950 – March 15, 2017) was a Cambodian politician. He was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for the Office of the Council of Ministers from 2004 to his death, and started serving in the Cabinet in 1993. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Takéo and a member of the central committee of the Cambodian People's Party.

An was born in Kirivong, Takéo, Cambodia. He studied at University of Phnom Penh. He was married to Theng Ay Annie at the time of his death. They had five children.

An died at a hospital in Beijing on March 15, 2017 from a short illness at the age of 66. An suffered from diabetes and had been seeking medical treatment in Beijing since December 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*
Enrique Morea

**Enrique Jorge Morea** (11 April 1924 &ndash; 15 March 2017) was an Argentine tennis player. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Morea won the mixed doubles title of the 1950 French Championships. He also won two Gold medals at the inaugural men's tennis competition at the 1951 Pan American Games. Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph ranked Morea as World No. 10 in 1953 and 1954. 

Until his death, Morea was the honorary president of the Asociación Argentina de Tenis (AAT).

Morea died in Buenos Aires from natural causes on 15 March 2017, aged 92.

## References
Richard H. Solomon

**Richard Harvey Solomon** (June 19, 1937 &ndash; March 13, 2017) was an American diplomat. He served as the United States Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs from 1989 to 1992, after which he was Ambassador to the Philippines.

In September 1993, he became president of the United States Institute of Peace, a position he held until September 2012. He later joined the RAND Corporation as a Senior Fellow.

Solomon was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Solomon died on March 13, 2017 in Bethesda, Maryland from brain cancer, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
* President Bush's nomination of Solomon as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
* NNDB profile
* Profile from the United States Institute of Peace 
* https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/richard-solomon-kissinger-aide-involved-in-ping-pong-diplomacy-with-china-dies-at-79/2017/03/14/a8866d74-ef03-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html?utm_term=.6d38d0f8a232
Alice Teodorescu

**Alexandra "Alice" Teodorescu** (born 2 May 1984) is a Swedish jurist with the Företagarna organisation of Swedish entrepreneurs and a commentator on social and political issues.

Teodorescu was born in Bucharest, Romania, but came to Sweden as a child in 1989 and was raised in Lund.

She attended the Sture Academy, a training programme for young people owned and run by Timbro, a liberal think tank, and named after Sture Eskilsson.

## References
John Van de Kamp

**John Van de Kamp** (February 7, 1936 – March 14, 2017) was an American politician. He served as Los Angeles County District Attorney from 1975 until 1981, and then as the 28th Attorney General of California from 1983 until 1991.

Van de Kamp died at his Pasadena home on March 14, 2017 from a short-illness, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Office of the Attorney General
Rodrigo Valdéz

**Rodrigo Valdez** (December 22, 1946 – March 14, 2017) was a boxer from Colombia who was a World Middleweight Champion and Undisputed World Middleweight Champion whose rivalry with Carlos Monzón has long been considered among the most legendary boxing rivalries. 

Valdez was trained by International Boxing Hall of Fame coach Gil Clancy. Many people consider him, Antonio Cervantes and Miguel "Happy" Lora to be the three greatest boxers ever to come from that country. He is 29th on Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.

Valdéz died on March 14, 2017 in Cartagena, Colombia from a heart attack, aged 70.

## References
Henri Cueco

**Henri Cueco** (19 October 1929 – 13 March 2017) was a French painter, essayist, novelist and radio personality. 

His work was exhibited internationally. He was the author of several books, including collections of essays and novels. He was also a contributor to France Culture. 

He was a communist-turned-libertarian, he was a co-founder of Coopérative des Malassis, an anti-consumerist artists collective. He was best-known for *The Red Men*, a series of figurative paintings depicting aspects of the Cold War like the May 1968 events, the Vietnam War and Red Scare, and his 150 still lifes, or "portraits," of potatoes.

Cueco died of Alzheimer's disease on 13 March 2017 in Paris, aged 87.

## References
Jim McAnearney

**James "Jim" McAnearney** (20 March 1935 – 14 March 2017) was a Scottish football player and manager.

McAnearney played for Sheffield Wednesday, Plymouth Argyle, Watford and Bradford City, who he also briefly managed in 1968 with Tom Hallett. 

He later managed Rotherham United, Frickley Athletic, Scarborough and Hallam, and worked as a coach at Sheffield Wednesday (where he was also caretaker manager) and Leeds United. In later life he established and ran a tool/engineering business.

McAnearney died on 14 March 2017, at the age of 81.

## References
## Sources
*
Royal Robbins

**Royal Robbins** (February 3, 1935 – March 14, 2017) was one of the pioneers of American rock climbing.

After learning to climb at Tahquitz he went on to make first ascents of many big wall routes in Yosemite. As an early proponent of boltless, pitonless clean climbing, he, along with Yvon Chouinard, was instrumental in changing the climbing culture of the late 1960s and early 1970s by encouraging the use and preservation of the natural features of the rock.

He went on to become a well-known kayaker.

Robbins died on March 14, 2017 in Modesto, California from a long-illness, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*Royal Robbins website apparel company site
The Intouchables

***The Intouchables*** ( , UK: ***Untouchable***) is a 2011 French buddy comedy-drama movie  directed by Olivier Nakache & Éric Toledano. It stars François Cluzet and Omar Sy. 

The movie is about a quadriplegic Philippe (François Cluzet) and his caretaker and later best friend Driss (Omar Sy) going on adventures throughout Paris while Philippe is going through challenges of being quadriplegic.

Nine weeks after its release in France on 2 November 2011, it became the second biggest box office hit in France, just behind the 2008 movie *Welcome to the Sticks*. 

The movie was voted the cultural event of 2011 in France with 52% of votes in a poll by Fnac. The movie has received several award nominations. In France, the movie won César Award for Best Actor for Omar Sy, and seven nomination for César Awards include the César Award for Best Film But losing to the Academy Award for Best Picture winner *The Artist*.

In 2019, an English-remake titled *The Upside* (2019) was released with Bryan Cranston and Kevin Hart.

## References
Marcelino dos Santos

**Marcelino dos Santos** (20 May 1929 – 11 February 2020) was a Mozambican poet, revolutionary, and statesman. He was born in Lumbo.

He was a founding member of the *Frente de Libertação de Moçambique* (FRELIMO—Mozambican Liberation Front), in 1962, and served as the party's deputy president from 1969 to 1977. He was Minister of Economic Development in the late 1970s, Frelimo Political Bureau member in charge of the economy in the early 1980s.

He also was Chairman of the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1987 to 1994, and, as of 1999, remains a member of the Frelimo Central Committee.

Santos died on 11 February 2020 at the age of 90.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bookrags *Encyclopedia of World Biography* (accessed December 2007).
* Mozambique News Agency interview  (accessed December 2007).
Robert James Waller

**Robert James Waller** (August 1, 1939 – March 10, 2017) was an American author. He was best known for *The Bridges of Madison County*, a very successful book in 1993. He was also a photographer and musician.

Waller died on March 10, 2017, at his home in Fredericksburg, Texas. He was 77 and had been battling multiple myeloma.

## Novels
**The Bridges of Madison County* (1992) (original UK title *Love in Black and White*)
**Slow Waltz in Cedar Bend* (1993) 
**Puerto Vallarta Squeeze* (1995)
**Border Music* (1995)
**A Thousand Country Roads: An Epilogue to The Bridges of Madison County* (2002)
**High Plains Tango* (2005)
**The Long Night of Winchell Dear* (2007)

## References
Ángel Parra

**Luis Ángel Cereceda Parra** (27 June 1943 &ndash; 11 March 2017) was a Chilean singer and songwriter. He was born in Valparaíso, Chile. He traveled abroad helping to maintain the Nueva Canción tradition in Chilean expatriate communities in Europe, North America, and Australia. He was known for producing his second album, *Oratorio para el pueblo*, which was about his love for Chile.

Parra died of lung cancer in Paris, France on 11 March 2017, aged 73.

## References
Lee Hyun-jae

**Lee Hyun Jae** (born December 20, 1929) is a former South Korean politician. 

He served from March to December 1988 as the twentieth prime minister of South Korea. 

Lee is the chairman of the Ho-Am Prize Committee and an advisor of the Korean Association for Cultural Economics as of 2017.

## References
Doina Cornea

**Doina Cornea** (; 30 May 1929 – 3 May 2018) was a Romanian human rights activist and French language professor. She was notable as a dissident during the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu.

## Activism
Cornea illegally sent the first letter to Radio Free Europe in 1982. It was the first in a series of texts and protests against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime.

In August 1987, she addressed an open letter to Nicolae Ceaușescu, in which she advocated reform in the higher education: greater academic freedom.

## Beliefs
She argued for freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of travel; on the economic side, her letter (which may have been drafted by other collaborators) argued for closing down loss-making factories, re-tooling factories for being able to compete with foreign companies, hiring foreign managers and recreation of private land ownership, as well as the stopping of the Systematization programme.

## House arrest
Cornea was put on house arrest by the Securitate (Romanian government officials).

She was released 21 December 1989 (during the Romanian Revolution, on the day before the Ceaușescu regime fell);

## Personal life
Cornea born in Brașov, Romania. Cornea began studying French and Italian at Cluj University in 1948. In 1980, she published her first *samizdat* book, *Încercarea Labirintului*.

## References
## Other websites
* Dennis Deletant, *Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989*, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, .
Omar Sy

**Omar Sy** (born 20 January 1978) is a French actor and comedian. He is best known in France for his duo with Fred Testot, *Omar et Fred*, and for his role in *The Intouchables*. Internationally, he is known for his roles in *X-Men: Days of Future Past* and *Jurassic World*. His newest Film is French Lover. 

Sy received a César Award for Best Actor on 24 February 2012 for his role in *The Intouchables* and in doing so also became the first actor of African descent to win the French award.

Sy is a Muslim. His parents are both immigrants from West Africa.

## References
## Other websites
* Omar et Fred 
*
Anna Tramontano

**Anna Tramontano** (14 July 1957, Naples – March 2017) was an Italian computational biologist and Chair Professor of Biochemistry at the Sapienza University of Rome. From 2011 to 2014 she was a member of the Scientific Council of the European Research Council (ERC). 

She was an Associate Editor for the journal Bioinformatics from 2005 until 2016 editing papers in the area of structural bioinformatics.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.

Tramontano died in March 2017 in Rome, Italy at the age of 59. Her death was announced on 10 March 2017.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alfred Moisiu

**Alfred Spiro Moisiu** (; born 1 December 1929) is an Albanian politician. He was the fourth President of the Republic of Albania from 2002&ndash;2007. He is the eldest son of famed Albanian Army general Spiro Moisiu.

## Honors
*  Knight Grand Cross of the Croatian Grand Order of King Tomislav (, July 2, 2007), "For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Albania."
*  Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (27 March 2007)
*  Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

## References
## Other websites
* Photo
Salim Al-Huss

**Salim Al-Huss** (Arabic: سليم أحمد الحص; 20 December 1929 &ndash; 25 August 2024) was a Lebanese politician. He was a Prime Minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut.

Hoss died on 25 August 2024 in Beirut at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
Milan Panić

**Milan Panić** (, ; born 20 December 1929) is a Serbian-American former Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, humanitarian, and multimillionaire businessman based in Newport Beach and Pasadena, California. He served as Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1993. During and after his time as Prime Minister, he campaigned for peace and democracy in the Balkan region.

He ran for President of Serbia in 1992, ultimately coming in second to Slobodan Milošević.

## References
Efraín Goldenberg

**Efraín Goldenberg Schreiber**, or "Efraím," (28 December 1929 – 10 December 2025) was a Peruvian politician. He served as Peru's finance minister, foreign relations minister, and Prime Minister in the 1990s.

On February 17, 1994, he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Peru by then President Alberto Fujimori, a position that he held until 1995.

Goldenberg was born on December 28, 1929, in Lima, Peru, to Jewish Romanian immigrants. He grew up in Talara. He studied at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Goldenberg died on December 10, 2025 in Lima at the age of 95.

## References
Ultraviolet catastrophe

The **ultraviolet catastrophe** is the name given to a conflict between theory and the observation in classical physics. 

An ideal blackbody at thermal equilibrium emits radiation in all frequency ranges. It emits more energy as the frequency increases. By calculating the total amount of radiated energy, it can be shown that a blackbody would release an infinite amount of energy. This contradicted the principles of conservation of energy and showed a new model was needed for the behaviour of blackbodies. 

This happened around the end of the nineteenth century. It was one of the things that led to the invention of quantum mechanics. Theorists like Max Planck solved the problem with the quantum theory in which energy leaves the body in distinct packets called quanta rather than in continuous waves. The quantum theory accurately predicted the energy of the radiation that is observed.
Wojciech Młynarski

**Wojciech Młynarski** (March 26, 1941 &ndash; March 15, 2017) was a Polish poet, singer-songwriter, and translator. He was a well-known figure on the Polish musical scene. He was most famous for his ballads and what is known as sung poetry, as well as for his collaboration with numerous vocalists and cabarets.

He wrote lyrics to more than 2,000 songs, a small fraction of which he sang himself. His songs received a total of 25 "Karolinkas", which are the main awards of the Polish Song Festival in Opole, the most important Polish song festival, occurring annually since 1963. He also composed music to some of his songs. He is considered an icon of Polish culture.

Młynarski died on March 15, 2017 in Warsaw from cancer, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
* Wojciech Młynarski on filmpolski.pl
* Wojciech Młynarski on filmweb.pl
Geoffrey Wainwright

**Geoffrey John Wainwright** MBE (19 September 1937 &ndash; 6 March 2017) was a British archaeologist specializing in prehistory. He was the Chief Archaeologist of English Heritage from 1989 to 1999. He served as visiting professor to a number of universities. He served as President of the Prehistoric Society from 1981 to 1985 and the Society of Antiquaries of London from 2007 to 2010.

Wainwright was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales. He studied at Cardiff University and at UCL Institute of Archaeology. Wainwright died on 6 March 2017 in Pembrokeshire, Wales, aged 79.

## References
Torgny Lindgren

**Gustav Torgny Lindgren** (16 June 1938 – 16 March 2017) was a Swedish writer.

## Life
Lindgren was the son of Andreas Lindgren and Helga Björk. He studied in Umeå to become a teacher and worked as a teacher until the middle of the 1970s. For several years he was active as a local politician for the Swedish Social Democratic Party. In the 1980s he converted to the Catholic faith.

Lindgren died in Stockholm on 16 March 2017 from stomach cancer, aged 78.

## Career
Lindgren began as a poet in 1965 but had to wait until 1982 for his breakthrough, with the novel *The Way of a Serpent* (Swedish: *Ormens väg på hälleberget*). Lindgren was translated into more than thirty languages and was one of Sweden's most internationally successful contemporary writers. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1991.

## Awards and honors
* 1986 – Prix Femina étranger (for *Bathsheba*)
* 1995 – The August Prize (for *Sweetness*)
* 2000 – The Selma Lagerlöf Prize
* 2001 – Ordre des Arts et des Lettres  
* 2002 – Litteris et Artibus
* 2004 – De Nios Stora Pris

## References
Sears

, Florida|alt=|left]]
**Sears, Roebuck and Company**, known better as **Sears**, is an American department store chain with about 5 stores left in the United States. 

The first store opened in 1906. Sears was the largest retailer in the country until Walmart had more sales in October 1989.

Sears closed all 140 of its Canadian stores in 2017. Its 75 stores in Mexico have been operated by Grupo Carso since 1997. 

Sears filed for bankruptcy on October 15, 2018.

On June 3, 2019, the Sears assets were purchased by Transform Holdco.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rotating bolt

Rotating bolt is a method of locking used in firearms. Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse developed the first rotating bolt firearm, the "Dreyse needle gun" in 1836. The Dreyse locked using the bolt handle rather than lugs on the bolt head like the Mauser M 98 or M16. The first rotating bolt rifle with two lugs on the bolt head was the Lebel Model 1886 rifle. The concept has been implemented on most firearms chambered for high powered cartridges since the 20th century.

## Examples
* M1 Garand, gas-operated semi-automatic rifle
* Lebel Model 1886 rifle, bolt-action rifle
* Steyr-Mannlicher M1895, a straight-pull rifle
* M16, a gas-operated assault rifle
* AK-47, a gas-operated assault rifle
* IMI Tavor, a gas-operated assault rifle
* Ruger Mini-14, a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle
* IMI Desert Eagle, one of the few handguns with such mechanism.
* Remington Model 8, a recoil-operated rifle
* Chauchat, a recoil-operated light machine gun
* Remington Model 7600, a pump-action rifle
* The Winchester model 1200, 1300,and Super-X (SXP) Pump Shotguns
* SIG-Sauer MPX, the first submachine gun to use this mechanism.

## References
* Primer actuated M16 bolt
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMDoMSfLkaA
Tom Lanoye

**Tom Emiel Gerardine Aloïs Lanoye** (born August 27, 1958 in Sint-Niklaas) is a Belgian writer, poet and columnist.

Lanoye writes novels and playwrights as well as poetry and scenarios. 

He got many awards, among them the Constantijn Huygens Prize.

Lanoye is an atheist.

## References
50PLUS

**50PLUS**, the same in Dutch (shortened *50+*), is a Dutch political party. 

50PLUS was established in 2009 and aims at the interests of elder people.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 0 (-1).

MP Liane den Haan left 50+ on 6 May 2021. Since that time, 50+ has no longer been represented in the House of Representatives.

## Political leaders 
* Jan Nagel - 2009-2012
* Henk Krol - 2012-2013
* Jan Nagel - 2013-2016
* Henk Krol - 2016-2020
* Liane den Haan - 2020-2021
* Martin van Rooijen - 2021-2023
* Gerard van Hooft - 2023
* Martin van Rooijen - 2023-

## Other websites 
* Website of 50PLUS
List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 77 World Heritage Sites in Western Europe. These sites are in 9 countries. There are eight sites which are shared between countries. 

## Legend
The list below uses a definition of Western Europe which includes the United Kingdom and Ireland.
:**Site** – named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation
:**Location** – sorted by country, followed by the region at the regional or provincial level and geocoordinates. In the case of multinational or multi-regional sites, the names are sorted alphabetically.
:**Criteria** – as defined by the World Heritage Committee
:**Area** – in hectares and acres, followed by buffer zones if applicable. A value of zero implies that no data has been published by UNESCO
:**Year** – during which the site was added to the World Heritage List
:**Description** – brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable
## Sites 
## References
Christian Union

The **Christian Union**, Dutch: *ChristenUnie* (shortened *CU*), is a Dutch political party.

The Christian Union is an orthodox Christian democratic party.

It was established in 2001 as a merger of the Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) and the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF).

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (-2).

## Political leaders 
* Kars Veling - 2001-2002
* André Rouvoet - 2002-2011
* Arie Slob - 2011-2015
* Gert-Jan Segers - 2015-2023
* Mirjam Bikker - 2023-

## Other websites 
* Website of the ChristianUnion
Denk (political party)

**DENK** (the Dutch word "denk" means *think*) is a political party in the Netherlands. The official name is *Political Movement Denk* (Dutch: "Politieke Beweging Denk").

DENK aims at the interests of non-western citizens, and was established in 2015.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (0).

The party was founded by Tunahan Kuzu and Selçuk Öztürk, two Turkish Dutch members of the House of Representatives, after leaving the Labour Party on 13 November 2014. Upon winning three seats at the 2017 election, Denk became the first migrant-founded party to gain seats in the Dutch national parliament.

## Political leaders 
* Tunahan Kuzu - 2015-2020
* Farid Azarkan - 2020-2023
* Stephan van Baarle - 2023-

## References
## Other websites 
* Website of DENK
Forum for Democracy

The **Forum for Democracy** (Dutch: *Forum voor Democratie*. shortened *FVD*) is a Dutch political party.

The party was formed on 22 September 2016.

The Forum for Democracy is critical of the current political situation in the Netherlands. The party is right-wing and a national-conservative party. They are strongly against the European Union. They also want more direct democracy in the Netherlands.

Political leader and co-founder of the FVD is Thierry Baudet.

In the 2023 elections, they have won 3 seats (-5) in the House of Representatives.

The FVD group in the House of Representatives split on 13 May 2021. Wybren van Haga and two others MPs left the party and formed the Group Van Haga.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Website of the Forum for Democracy
GreenLeft

**GreenLeft**, Dutch: *GroenLinks* (shortened *GL*), is a Dutch political party.

GreenLeft is a leftist party that supports environmental protection.

It was established in 1989 as a merger of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP).

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 25 (together with the PvdA).

## Political leaders 
* Ria Beckers - 1989-1993
* Peter Lankhorst - 1993-1994
* Ina Brouwer - 1994
* Paul Rosenmöller - 1994-2002
* Femke Halsema - 2002-2010
* Jolande Sap - 2010-2012
* Bram van Ojik - 2012-2015
* Jesse Klaver - 2015-2023
* Frans Timmermans - 2023-

## Other websites 
* Website of GreenLeft
CU

**CU** or **cu**, may refer to:

* Close-up, in film making
* Cuba (ISO 3166, FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO diagram)
** .cu, Cuba's top-level domain country code
* Old Church Slavonic (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
* "See you", in e-mail shorthand
* Cubit, ancient unit of length

## Businesses and organizations 
*ChristianUnion, a political party in the Netherlands
*Credit union, a member-owned financial cooperative

## Science and technology 
* Copper, symbol Cu, a chemical element
* ".cu", the filename extension for CUDA objects
* chemical formula of Uranium carbide

## Universities 
### Asia
*Chittagong University, Bangladesh
*Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
*University of Calcutta, India

### Australia
*Curtin University, Australia

### Europe
*University of Cambridge, UK
*Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
*Coventry University, UK

### North America
*Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
*Chapman University, California, US
*Clarkson University, New York, US
*Clemson University, South Carolina, US
*Colgate University, New York, US
*Columbia University, New York, US
*Cornell University, New York, US
*Creighton University, Nebraska, US
*University of Colorado, US
**University of Colorado Boulder
Party for the Animals

The **Party for the Animals**, Dutch: *Partij voor de Dieren* (shortened *PvdD*), is a Dutch political party.

The Party for the Animals was established in 2002 and supports animal rights and fights global warming.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (-3).

## Political leaders 
* Marianne Thieme - 2002-2019
* Esther Ouwehand - 2019-

## Other websites 
* Website of the Party for the Animals
Reformed Political Party

The **Reformed Political Party**, Dutch: *Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij* (shortened *SGP*), is a Dutch political party.

The Reformed Political Party is an orthodox Calvinist party.
They are a very conservative party.

It was established in 1918.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (0).

## Political leaders 
* Gerrit Hendrik Kersten - 1918-1945
* Pieter Zandt - 1945-1961
* Cor van Dis Sr. - 1961-1971
* Hette Abma - 1971-1981
* Henk van Rossum - 1981-1986
* Bas van der Vlies - 1986-2010
* Kees van der Staaij - 2010-2023
* Chris Stoffer - 2023-

## Other websites 
* Website of the Reformed Political Party
Socialist Party (Netherlands)

The **Socialist Party**, Dutch: *Socialistische Partij* (shortened *SP*), is a Dutch political party.

The Socialist Party was established in 1972 (its forerunner in 1971) and is a socialist party. They are supportive of left-wing views.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 5 (-4).

## Political leaders 
* Daan Monjé - 1971-1986
* Hans van Hooft Sr. - 1986-1988
* Jan Marijnissen - 1988-2008
* Agnes Kant - 2008-2010
* Emiel Roemer - 2010-2017
* Lilian Marijnissen - 2017-2023
* Jimmy Dijk - 2023-

## Other websites 
* Website of the Socialist Party
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

The '''People's Party for Freedom and Democracy'*, Dutch: *Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie* (shortened *VVD''), is a Dutch political party.

The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative liberal party. They are the largest party in the country.

It was established in 1948 from a merger of the Freedom Party (PvdV) and the Oud Committee.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 24 (-10).

Current political leader is Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius, who was elected in 2023.

## Political leaders 
* Pieter Oud (1948&ndash;1963)
* Edzo Toxopeus (1963&ndash;1969)
* Molly Geertsema (1969&ndash;1971)
* Hans Wiegel (1971&ndash;1982)
* Ed Nijpels (1982&ndash;1986)
* Rudolf de Korte (1986)
* Joris Voorhoeve (1986&ndash;1990)
* Frits Bolkestein (1990&ndash;1998)
* Hans Dijkstal (1998&ndash;2002)
* Gerrit Zalm (2002&ndash;2004)
* Jozias van Aartsen (2004&ndash;2006)
* Mark Rutte (2006&ndash;2023)
* Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (since 2023)

## Other websites 
* Website of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
ESIEA (university)

'''''École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique*** (**ESIEA*') is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of Ivry-sur-Seine, close to the one of the *Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées*.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ESIEA relate to the following topics:
* Information & Systems Security
* Digital Interactions
* Health and handicap

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Pim Fortuyn List

The **Pim Fortuyn List**, Dutch: *Lijst Pim Fortuyn* (shortened *LPF*), was a Dutch political party.

The Pim Fortuyn List was a populist party, established by Pim Fortuyn, and also named after him, in 2002.

The LPF participated for the first time in the general elections of 2002, shortly after the murder of Fortuyn, and won 26 seats. 

Numerous quarrels within the party caused its downfall. The LPF was disestablished in 2008.
Dave Stallworth

**David Anderson Stallworth** (December 20, 1941 &ndash; March 15, 2017) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for eight seasons and was a member of the New York Knicks' 1969–70 championship-winning team. 

Stallworth played for the Knicks from 1965 through 1972 and again in 1974. He later played for the Baltimore/Capitol Bullets from 1972 through 1974. His basketball career began in 1962 and ended in his retirement in 1974.

Stallworth was born in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Wichita State University. Stallworth died on March 15, 2017 in Wichita, Kansas from a heart attack, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
* Article on Stallworth's career
Boulos Yazigi

**Boulos Yazigi** or **Paul Rami Yagizi** (Arabic: بولس يازجي ) is a bishop or metropolitan of the Greek Orthodox Church. He has been missing since 2013, when he was kidnapped with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

## Life 
Yazigi was born in 1959 in Lattakya, Syria. He studied for a civil engineering degree at the University of Tishreen in Latakia, Syria. He studied theology at the University of Thessaloniki in Greece and received a master's degree in 1989 and a PhD in 1992. The title of his thesis was "Eschatology & Ethics: The Eschatological Foundations of the Life in Christ According to St. John Chrysostom."   He also studied Byzantine music and iconography in Greece and Mount Athos.

Yazigi's brother is Greek Orthodox Patriarch John X Yazigi.

## Work 
In 1992, Yazigi became a religion instructor at Saint John of Damascus Institute of Theology at the University of Balamand in Lebanon. He was dean of the institute from 1994 to 2001. At the same time, he was appointed abbot of Balamand Monastery in the Koura District in northern Lebanon.

## Disappearance 
Yazigi disappeared on April 22, 2013 in Syria after he was kidnapped along with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.  The two men worked in Aleppo.  Their driver was shot and killed in the attack.  The two men were kidnapped in the village of Kfar Dael by "a terrorist group" on the road to Aleppo from the rebel-held border with Turkey at Bab al Hawa. Ibrahim went to get Yazigi because he was familiar with the border crossing and the route. The name of the driver killed was Fathallah Kabud.  Bishop Ibrahim went to the border to receive two priests who had been kidnapped: Armenian Catholic Michel Kayal and Greek Orthodox Isaac Moawad. Money was paid for the priests on April 19, but Ibrahim did not receive the priests that day, and they asked him to return. Ibrahim was experienced with negotiating kidnapping releases. In the year before his kidnapping, he participated in 20 successful hostage exchanges. 

## References
Herman Philipse

**Herman Philipse** (born May 13, 1951 in The Hague) is a Dutch philosopher, specialized in epistemology.

Philipse studied law and philosophy at Leiden University. 

From 1986 to 2003 he was a philosophy professor at Leiden University. Since 2003 he has been a philosophy professor at Utrecht University.

Philipse is an atheist.

He has published on philosophy and atheism.

## References 
* www.sg.uu.nl
Spirit (disambiguation)

**Spirit** is the part of a being that is not the body. It might also refer to:

*Alcoholic drink ("spirits")
**Spirit* (Leona Lewis album)
*Spirit Airlines
*Spirit, Wisconsin, a town in Wisconsin, U.S.
**Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron*, a DreamWorks movie
*Spirit Lake, Idaho
*Spirit Lake, Iowa
*Sociaal-Liberale Partij, a Belgian Flemish political party formerly called "Spirit"
Morton Deutsch

**Morton Deutsch** (February 4, 1920 – March 13, 2017), was an American social psychologist and researcher in conflict resolution.

Deutsch was one of the founding fathers of the field of conflict resolution. His survey *Review of General Psychology*, published in 2002, ranked Deutsch as the 63rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

## References
Hugh Hardy

**Hugh Hardy** (July 26, 1932 – March 17, 2017) was an American architect. He was known for designing theaters, performing arts venues, public spaces, and cultural facilities across the United States.

## Early life
Hugh Gelston Hardy was born on July 26, 1932, in Majorca, Spain to an American family. His family moved to Manhattan, New York in the 1940s. He went to Princeton University, where he earned a Bachelor of Architecture in 1954 and a Master of Fine Arts in Architecture in 1956.

## Career
 in Philadelphia is one of Hardy's best known works]]
Over the course of his career, Hardy founded three firms: Hugh Hardy & Associates in 1962, Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer in 1967, and H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture in 2004. Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer received the Architecture Firm Award in 1981, the highest honor bestowed on a firm by American Institute of Architects for distinguished work. Hardy was also a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. Hardy was named a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1993.

## Personal life
Hardy married the architect Tiziana Spadea in 1965. They had two children. He lived in New York City.

## Death
Hardy died of a cerebral hemorrhage at a hospital in New York City on March 17, 2017, aged 84.

## Impact
*The New Yorker* writer Brendan Gill called him "the Stanford White of our fin de siècle". In 1995, Julie Iovine of *The New York Times* wrote, "There is scarcely a cultural icon in the city with which Mr. Hardy has not been involved."

## References
## Other websites
* H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, the architectural studio of Hugh Hardy
Lawrence Montaigne

**Lawrence Montaigne** (February 26, 1931 &ndash; March 17, 2017) was an American actor, writer, dancer, and stuntman. As an actor, he was known for his appearances on many 1960s-era television shows such as *Star Trek*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*  Lawrence Montaigne's Personal Website
Inomjon Usmonxo‘jayev

**Inomjon Buzrukovich Usmonxo‘jayev** (in Cyrillic Uzbek: Иномжон Бузрукович Усмонхўжаев ; in Russian: Инамджан Бузрукович Усманходжаев *Inamdzhan Buzrukovich Usmankhodzhayev*; 21 May 1930 &ndash; 17 March 2017) served as the eleventh First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR. Usmonxo‘jayev became General Secretary following the disastrous "Cotton Scandal".

Usmonxo'jayev died on 17 March 2017 in Fergana, Uzbekistan at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*World Statesmen - Uzbekistan
Sergei Gimayev

**Sergei Nailevich Gimayev** (; 1 January 1955 – 18 March 2017) was a Russian professional ice hockey player. He was born in Moscow. He played ten seasons (1976–86) in the Soviet Championship League with HC CSKA Moscow and Leningrad SKA. After the end of his career as a player, Gimayev worked as a TV sports presenter.

Gimayev died in Tula, Russia on 18 March 2017 from a heart attack, caused by thrombosis, aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ashwin Sundar

**Ashwin Sundar** (27 July 1989 – 18 March 2017) was an Indian race driver. He was most active during 2005 till recent years winning several national titles in Go-Kart, Single Seater Formula Cars, Two Wheelers and Saloon cars.

He was born on 27 July 1989 at Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He was killed in a car accident in Chennai, India on 18 March 2017, aged 27.

## References
## Other websites
* High-octane drive - The Hindu http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Motoring/High-octane-drive/article12077969.ece
* ‘09 RACING SEASON: IT’S A WRAP! http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_ETNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=ETM/2009/10/15&ID=Ar03000 
*Sundar wins Formula Rolon - Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/other-racing/others/Sundar-wins-Formula-Rolon/articleshow/4741514.cms
* Ashwin proves class in JK Tyre racing championship | TwoCircles.net http://twocircles.net/2008feb10/ashwin_proves_class_jk_tyre_racing_championship.html
Miloslav Vlk

**Miloslav Vlk** ([ˈmɪloslaf ˈvl̩k]; 17 May 1932 – 18 March 2017) was a Czech prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Prague from 1991 to 2010. He was made a cardinal in 1994.

Vlk has been sharply critical of the rise of far-right and xenophobic sentiment in Central Europe, joining Jewish protests in 2007 when right-wingers planned a march through Prague's Jewish quarter on the anniversary of Kristallnacht.

Vlk was born in the Písek District of Southern Bohemia. He died on 18 March 2017 from cancer in Prague, aged 84.

## References
English claims to the French throne

window from *c.* 1350–77, showing the coat of arms of Edward III, which featured the three lions of England quartered with the fleurs-de-lys of France.]]

From 1340-1800 many English and later British monarchs claimed the throne of France. The origin of the claims come from Edward III's territorial claims of France which he claimed gave him the right to be king. He tried to take the throne of France and started the Hundred Years' War.

## Claims to the throne of France (1340-1360), (1369-1420) 
## Heir of France (1420-1422) 
## King of France (1422-1461), (1470-1471) 
 The first English monarch to completely rule France for majority of his reign.
Henry VI was made to be successor of French king Charles VI and on October 21st 1422 took up the position of the French king. He was said to rule the whole of France but in reality only ruled small parts of the north. Charles VII was later crowned as king of France, son of Charles VI starting a small line of disputed monarchs and the English, later British monarch claiming the throne of France for another 350 years.

## King of Calais (1461-1470), (1470-1558) 
Edward IV also claimed the throne of France during Henry VI's absence from the English throne and his claims happened in between Henry's so reign of the monarch may not be in perfect order for this list. The claim was of France but really monarchs only ruled Calais due to the terrible general skills of the Duke of Somerset, a close friend of Margaret of Anjou and Henry VI.

Phillip II of Spain/Phillip I of England who ruled with Mary did claim Calais and partially rule it but he is considered a co-king of the Tudor dynasty and will not be counted as a legitimate Calais ruler or English king and more of a co-king/consort.

## Later Tudor claimants (1558-1603) 
## English and Scottish claims (1603-1707) 
English and Scottish claims refer to claims made after the 1603 union between the English monarch and the Scottish monarch when Scottish king James VI became English king James I uniting the kingdoms under one king. However they remained geo-politically separate until the 1707 Acts of Union which united Scotland and England (including the Principality of Wales) into one nation now named Great Britain as of 1707, later the United Kingdom in 1800, the year George III dropped his claim.

## British claims (1707-1800) 
## References
Edward Balliol

**Edward Balliol** (;  1283 – 1367)  was a claimant to the throne of Scotland. He claimed the throne from 1314-1356, but reigned only from 1332-1336. He was the eldest son of John Balliol and thus the heir to the Scottish throne after him. However, John was deposed by Robert I and William Wallace (as guardian of Scotland).

He was chosen as king after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway. Although he was never considered to be the true king as he was an ally with Edward Longshanks and Edward II, kings of England.

## References
ISC Paris Business School

**ISC Paris Business School** is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in Paris, France. It has been established in 1962.

ISC Paris is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management. The school has a partnership with ISIPCA for an MBA fragrances and cosmetics.

## References
## Further reading 
* ISC Paris website
Tern

**Terns** are seabirds in the family **Laridae**. They are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands. 

They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below, with a contrasting black cap to the head, but some have dark plumage for part of the year. 

Terns breed in noisy colonies and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns make floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices. 

Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns may take small land vertebrates. Many terns are long-distance migrants, and the Arctic tern may see more daylight in a year than any other animal.
Bernie Wrightson

**Bernard Albert "Bernie" Wrightson** (October 27, 1948 – March 18, 2017) was an American artist. He was known for co-creating the creature Swamp Thing, his Frankenstein illustration work, and for his other horror comics and illustrations, which feature his trademark intricate pen and brush work.

Wrightson was born in Dundalk, Maryland. He was married to comic artist Michele Wrightson from 1976 until her death in 2015. He later remarried to Liz Wrightson and lived together in Austin, Texas.

Wrightson died on March 18, 2017 at a hospital in Austin, Texas from brain cancer, aged 68.

## Early life
Wrightson was born October 27, 1948, in Dundalk, Maryland. He received training in art from watching Jon Gnagy on television, reading comics, particularly those of EC, as well as through a correspondence course from the Famous Artists School. His art was influenced by the likes of Frank Frazetta, Al Williamson, Al Dorne, Graham Ingels, Jack Davis and Howard Pyle. He published a piece of fan art, containing a headstone bearing the inscription "Berni Wrightson, Dec. 15, 1965", on page 33 of Warren Publishing's *Creepy* #9 (cover-dated June 1966).

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*Bernie Wrightson  at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
*Bernie Wrightson at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
*Spotlight on Bernie Wrightson, Comic Book Resources, June 16, 2008