open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mountain-mahogany

**Mountain-mahogany** is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters.  
Mountain-mahogany is an extremely important upland forage for New Mexico Mule Deer and to a lesser extent American Elk.
Dryas (plant)

***Dryas*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.

There are three species and one hybrid:
**Dryas drummondii* – Drummond's avens
**Dryas integrifolia* – Entire-leaved avens
**Dryas octopetala* – Mountain avens
**Dryas × suendermannii* – *D. drummondii* × *D. octopetala*
Yellow Rose of Texas

The **Yellow Rose of Texas** ('''Harison's Yellow**) is a flower in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of yellow rose. It is often found around homes in the American state of Texas and along trails in the state of Oregon. It is also called the **Oregon Trail Rose'*.

Also mentioned in country songs such as *Solid Country Gold* by Shooter Jennings and *Texas Pride'' by Miranda Lambert.

## References
D'Anjou

'''D'Anjou** (also known as the **poire d'Anjou** or **Beurré d'Anjou''') is a type fruit in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of pear that first came from Anjou,France. D'Anjou pears usually cost less than other types of pears, but are not as sweet. There are two main varieties of D'Anjou:

***Green Anjou** has a green skin that may turn yellow as the pear ripens.
***Red Anjou** has a red skin that darkens as it ripens.
Roseraie de L'Haÿ

**Roseraie du Val-de-Marne** is a garden of roses. It was created in 1894 in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and  roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and  roses on the other side.

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens

## Other websites 
* Roseraie du Val-de-Marne Website 
* Arena Roses website with photos 
* Town council website for Roseraie de L'Haÿ
Monochrome

**Monochrome** comes from the two Greek words *mono* (meaning "one") and *chroma* (meaning "surface" or "the colour of the skin"). If something is **monochromatic**, it only has a single color. 

In physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. 

For an image, the term monochrome usually means the same as black-and-white or grayscale. It may also be used when talking about other combinations that only have two colors, for example, green-and-white or green-and-black. In computing, monochrome has two meanings:

*It may mean having only one color which is either on or off.  If it also has shades of that color, then it is called grayscale.
*A monochrome computer monitor can only show a single color, often green, amber, red or white. It can often also show shades of that color.
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

and Lewis Hamilton have won the World Drivers' Championship a record seven times.]]
The '''Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC)''' is the most successful Formula One race car driver of the year. The award is given by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the driver who scores the most points during a season.

The **WDC** was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe "Nino" Farina. The first driver to win more than one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953. The latest driver awarded the championship is called the *reigning* or *defending* champion. As of the end of the 2024 Formula One season, the reigning champion is Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing.

The FIA does not officially award the Championship until the end of the season. Sometimes one driver will be far ahead of the other drivers in points. Even if the leading driver scores no more points, none of the other drivers could pass his point total. When this happens, the driver is said to have *clinched* the Championship.

## Champions 
### By season 
**Bold** indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).

# The  and  championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
# Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
# Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
# Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the  season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

### By drivers 
### By country 
### By constructor 
Constructors still active in Formula One are in **bold**.

## Records 
### Youngest Drivers' Champion 
Active drivers are in **bold**.

### Oldest Drivers' Champion 
Active drivers are in **bold**.

### Most Drivers' Championships won in a row 
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |

Active drivers are in **bold**.

## Related pages
* List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
* Formula One World Championship scoring system

## References 
* GrandPrix.com - Grand Prix Encyclopedia 
* Formula1.com - Hall of Fame 
* ChicaneF1 - Drivers' Championships 
* Formula 1 Championships
*
Semitone

A **semitone** 
(British English) (also called a **half step** or a **half tone**) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.

A **whole tone** means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.

This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard.  The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).

To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.

To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.

To go from a C to a D is a tone.

An octave is divided into twelve semitones.  These semitones are exactly equal in size.

Musical intervals are defined by a ratio of frequencies. An octave is a ratio of 2:1, so from 100 Hz to 200 Hz, and from 200 Hz to 400 Hz, are both octaves. A semitone is a ratio of the 12th root of 2 to 1, which is equal to 1.05946:1, so 1000 Hz and 1059.46 Hz are a semitone apart. A musical interval sounds better if the two notes have a small integer ratio. For this reason, it can be approximated by a ratio of 16:15 in just intonation. 
## Related pages
*Scale (music)
*Interval (music)
*Circle of fifths 
*Chromaticism

## References
## Further reading
*Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. *A History of Western Music, 6th ed*. New York: Norton, 2001.  .
*Hoppin, Richard H. *Medieval Music*. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. .
Malvern, Worcestershire

**Malvern** is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar. 

## Other websites 
*Malvern Gazette Local Malvern weekly newspaper
*Malvern Hills District Council 
*Worcestershire County Council  
*Malvern Museum
*Biking in Malvern 
*Malvern Linux Users Group
*Malvern Fringe Festival
Binary

**Binary** is a base 2 number system. It is called base 2 because there are only 2 digits: 0 and 1. Decimal also has the digits 0 and 1, so a subscript "(2)" is usually added to binary numbers to not confuse people.

Computers work in binary, because it is the simplest way to store information using electricity. A wire can be powered on to represent a 1, or powered off to represent a 0. Large sets of binary numbers can be used by computers to represent other types of information, such as text, songs, or videos. 

## Number system 
When being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how decimal numbers work. A single-digit number can only go from 0 to 9, and people often need to use larger numbers than that. So, we add another digit, and say that it counts tens instead of ones. Another digit counts hundreds, then another counts thousands, and so on.

Binary is the same. A single-digit number can only go from 0 to 1, so we add another digit that counts twos instead of ones, then another that counts fours, then eights, and so on.

For example, let's look at the number 1101 in decimal and binary. In decimal, the number means "add one thousand, one hundred, one". In binary, the number means "add one eight, one four, one". Therefore, 1101 in binary is equal to 13 in decimal.

## Computers 
All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.

With computers, eight binary bits together is called a *byte*. The size of files is commonly measured in *kilobytes* or *megabytes* (sometimes in *gigabytes*). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a *kibibyte*, 1024 kibibytes in a *mebibyte*, and 1024 mebibytes in a *gibibyte*.
Silly Putty

**Silly Putty** (originally called **nutty putty**) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by *Binney & Smith Inc.*. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.

## Description
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual s. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.

## Other websites 
* Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty 
* Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
* Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty 
* American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
* Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video)
Butcher

A **butcher** is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.

## Notable Butchers and Butcher Shops 
Dario Cecchini

Denny’s

Giuseppe Campano

Lobel's of New York

Tom Mylan

Omaha Steaks

Arthur Orton

Pat LaFrieda Meat Purveyors

Salt Bae
.htaccess

**.htaccess** is a type of computer file for the configuring of some web servers. .htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner bandwidth and therefore money.

## Preventing direct or Hot-linking 
A .htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be  to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: ). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.

## Examples of .htaccess being used 
### MediaWiki 
By default, MediaWiki uses  type of URL to display the main page. But by changing the .htaccess and LocalSettings.php, it can display URLs like  so that it will look nicer (like Wikipedia).

### Wordpress 
By default, all posts made in Wordpress uses  to display posts. But it can be changed into URLs like  in .htaccess and the permalink setting in the site admin of that blog.

#### .htaccess 
htaccess file is to cache the image on the browser so that next time the website does not take much time to load.

## References
Prunus mume

An **ume** (*Prunus mume*) is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

A lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it.

## References
Vaud

**Vaud** is a canton of Switzerland. It borders the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Fribourg, Berne and Valais (west to east).  The capital city is Lausanne. About 790,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 138,000 live in Lausanne. About 82% of the population speak French as their first language.

## Districts 
Between 1803 and 2007, the canton of Vaud was formed out of 19 districts:

* Aigle, capital Aigle
* Aubonne, capital Aubonne
* Avenches, capital Avenches
* Cossonay, capital Cossonay
* Echallens, capital Echallens
* Grandson, capital Grandson
* Lausanne, capital Lausanne
* Lavaux, capital Cully
* Morges, capital Morges
* Moudon, capital Moudon
* Nyon, capital Nyon
* Orbe, capital Orbe
* Oron, capital Oron
* Payerne, capital Payerne
* Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Château-d'Œx
* Rolle, capital Rolle
* La Vallée, capital Le Sentier
* Vevey, capital Vevey
* Yverdon, capital Yverdon-les-Bains

But since 2008, there is only 10 districts.
* Aigle, capital Aigle
* Broye-Vully, capital Payerne
* Gros-de-Vaud, capital Echallens
* Jura-Nord vaudois, capital Yverdon-les-Bains
* Lausanne, capital Lausanne
* Lavaux-Oron, capital Cully
* Morges, capital Morges
* Nyon, capital Nyon
* Ouest lausannois, capital Renens
* Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Vevey

## References
Hotlinking

**Hotlinking** is an internet term for displaying an image on a website by linking to the website hosting the image. The link gets the source data of the picture each time it is needed.
 
This avoids having the image on every website which uses it. So, a website owner uses a link to the picture such as ''''. When the hotlinking website is loaded, the image is loaded from the original website, which uses its bandwidth, so it costs the hotlinked website money. For this reason many website owners use .htaccess files to prevent hotlinking. In some cases website owners use the .htaccess file to replace any hotlinked images with an offensive image to deter any other website owners from hotlinking. Hotlinked images are usually hosted on sites like imgur.

The original image may be owned by the original website. It might be wrong to make a copy of the original image file for use on a different web page, without being careful to get proper permission.

Hotlinking can also be used for file types other than images, including documents and videos.

## Example 
Hotlinking is known as the act of using another website's bandwidth by linking directly to their website's assets, such as images or videos. For example, say the owner of website A is hosting a particular image on their server. The owner of website B sees that image and decides they want it on their website as well. However, instead of downloading the image and hosting it on their own server, the owner of website B links directly to website A's domain. Therefore, instead of linking to the image via their own domain such as:

* ``

They would be instead using website A's domain:

* ``

Hotlinking someone's website assets can vastly increase their hosting costs.

## References
Sympathy

. By Briton Riviere, c.1878 ]]
**Sympathy** exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathiser".

The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy is understanding and feeling another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed. 

Sympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing. 

In different religions, 'Sympathy' can mean different things, for example in Buddism, it means the sharing of thought, soul, emotion, and part of life with people close to you. In Hindi, it means roughly the same thing, but a small fraction of the definition is different. It means benevolence, clemency, compassion, grace, humanism, humanity, mercy, pity, tenderness, and ruth. Many beliefs also relate 'sympathy' to 'love', as the two forms of mind status have power over each other in emotional levels.

## Related pages
*Compassion
*pity
*liking
Puddle

A **puddle** is a small mass of liquid, usually water, uncontained on a surface. It can form either in depressions in the surface, or directly upon the flat surface, held together by surface tension. A puddle is generally considered to be small enough to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse with a boat. 

Puddles commonly form during rainstorms, and can cause problems for transport, especially when combined with cold conditions to form patches of ice, which are highly slippery and difficult to see.
Beam (structure)

A **beam** is a structural element that carries structural load.  

Beams generally carry  forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (those loads can result from winds or earthquakes). The loads that a beam carries are led to columns or walls, which lead the force to the next element.

Beams are characterized by their  (their shape), their length, and their material. Today, most construction has beams that are made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood.
Load

**Load** may mean:

* The structural load or forces (weights, wind or water pressure, earthquake shocks, etc.) applied to a structure.
* Cargo or Freight
Ceiling

ceiling tells the story of creation]]
A **ceiling** is the surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, as it does not hold anything up. It simply conceals the underside of the floor or roof above it.

There are many different types of ceilings in architecture. In religious buildings, the ceilings are often decorated with frescos, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. Perhaps the most famous example is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo.

## Related pages
* Hammerbeam roof

## Other websites
*Virtual Museum treatise on ceiling construction
Twin

**Twins** are two babies that are born at the same time.

*Human twins* are two people that shared a single pregnancy, and one is normally born quickly after the first.

## Types of twins
There are 2 types of twins. They are:
### Fraternal twins 
**Fraternal twins** are also known as "non-identical twins" or *dizygotic twins*. They happen when two ova are released from the ovary at the same time, and each is fertilized by a different sperm. This results in the birth of fraternal twins. They can be of different sexes. Genetically, they are no more similar than any two siblings.

### Identical twins 
**Identical twins** or *monozygotic twins*: A single ovum is fertilized to form one zygote. This zygote later splits, and each half of the zygote becomes a twin. The twins have the same genes.

## Variations 
There are five variations of twinning that occur commonly. The frequency varies in different populations. The three most common variations are all fraternal, meaning the two twins are not from the same egg: 
:(1) male-female twins are the most common result, at about 41% of all twins born; 
:(2) female fraternal twins (sometimes called sororal twins), about 20%; 
:(3) male fraternal twins, about 19%. 
The last two variations are identical twins, which means they come from one single egg that split later: 
:(4) female identical twins (about 10%) and 
:(5) (least common) male identical twins (about 10%).

## Other animals
Twinning is common in many other species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is being done to improve the chances of twins being born. If an animal has twins it can be more profitable for the breeder, especially if there is a smaller chance of miscarriage.

## References
Column

]]
A **column** in architecture is a  element that transmits the weight of the structure above to the structure below. Columns can be either a single piece or several pieces put together. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. 

## History
.]]

Stone columns were already used in the architecture of ancient Egypt as early as 2600 BC.
Dazaifu, Fukuoka

**Dazaifu** (太宰府市, Dazaifu-shi) is a city in the Japanese prefecture of Fukuoka. It has a population of 67,428. The city was founded on April 1, 1982, but it has been historically important for around a thousand years.

## Sister cities 
*  Tagajō (Miyagi Prefecture) - 21 November 2005
*  Nara (Nara Prefecture) - 27 June 2002
*  Yabakei (Ōita Prefecture) - 26 September 1992
*  Buyeo, South Chungcheong Province (South Korea) - 21 April 1978

## Education
There are several universities in the city:
*Chikushi Jogakuen University
*Fukuoka International University
*Japan University of Economics 
*Fukuoka Social Medical Welfare University
Bow (ship)

*Spirit of Endeavour*]]
 17-31 (Severn class) in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England]]

The **bow** is the forward part of the  hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway. 
The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it. The bow is helpful for letting the ship smoothly pass through the ocean.
Sambucus

***Sambucus*** is a genus in the family Adoxaceae. It is commonly called **Elder** or **Elderberry**. It includes several similar types of shrubs that produce fruit that is also called elderberries. The plant can be found in swampy habitats and other areas that provide enough water.

Black Elderberry has been found to be effective against the H5N1 strain of Avian Flu (Zakay-Rones et al. 1995). Black Elderberry contains a unique compound called Antivirin® that can help protect healthy cells and inactivate infectious viruses. When given to patients, scientists have found the Black Elderberry, has the ability to ward off flu infections quickly (Zakay-Rones 2004). Black Elderberries are rich in anthocyanins which are a type of flavonoid – anthocyanins are antioxidants that may protect cells from free radicals and support your body’s immune system.
Black Elderberries have almost 5 times as many anthocyanins as Blueberries and twice the overall antioxidant capability of cranberries
Black Elderberry has a more potent antiviral effect than Echinacea. At sites in Switzerland and Italy, researchers have uncovered evidence that the black elderberry may have been cultivated by prehistoric man, and there are recipes for elderberry-based medications in the records dating as far back as Ancient Egypt. Historians, however, generally trace the tradition of the elderberry’s healing power back to Hippocrates, the ancient Greek known as the “father of medicine,” who described this plant as his “medicine chest” for the wide variety of ailments it seemed to cure.

Over the centuries, elderberry has been used to treat colds, flu, fever, burns, cuts, and more than 70 other maladies, from a toothache to the plague. In the 17th century, John Evelyn, a British researcher, declared, “If the medicinal properties of its leaves, bark, and berries were fully known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he might not fetch a remedy [from the elderberry], either for sickness or wounds.”
 

Elderberry can grow in the form of a shrub or small tree, reaching up to 6 feet in height and width depending on the variety. It blooms during the spring or summer, and its flowers contain both male and female reproductive systems in the event that it is unable to reproduce through cross-pollination. It can be used to create a violet dye. 
## References
## Other websites
Rambutan

A **rambutan** (*Nephelium lappaceum*) is a tree from southeast Asia. The fruit that grows on the tree is also called rambutan. It is in the same family as Lychee.

The name rambutan is a word that means "hairy".  The fruit does look hairy.  The fruit is green in color when not yet ripe. Once ripe the outside of the fruit turns red.  The flesh on the inside of the rambutan is white in color. 

Rambutan is native to Indonesia. Rambutan trees grow naturally in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and elsewhere in Southeast Asia .
Other than those countries, Sri Lanka is also popular  for rambutan.

The fruit are usually sold fresh, used in making jams and jellies, or canned.

## References
Jambul

**Jambul** or **Jamun** or **Jamblang** or **Jambhul** जांभुळ (मराठी)(*Syzygium cumini*), **Kaalo Jaam** (Bangla) Naavar Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar, Nepal and Afghanistan.  The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname.  In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits.  The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blueberry , jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambolão. Scientific synonyms include *Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini* and *Eugenia jambolana*.

A fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years.  Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value.  The wood is strong and water resistant.  Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.

The Jamun tree starts flowering in March-April. The fragrant flowers of Jamun are small, nearly 5 millimetres in diameter.  This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry. The berry is oblong and ovoid.  It is green when just appearing, pink when as it matures, and shining crimson black when fully ripe.  Another variety comes in white and some people say that it can be used as a medicine.  Jamun fruit is a mixture of sweet, slightly sub acid spicy flavour that stands out even after eaten since it turns the tongue into purple color. The fruit is universally accepted to be very good for medicinal purposes, especially diabetics.  The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis.  Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit.
Tangerine

A **tangerine** is citrus fruit related to the mandarin orange. Tangerines are smaller and easier to peel than common oranges. The taste is considered less sour, but sweeter and stronger, than that of an orange.  

Very often, tangerines are simply peeled and eaten by hand, but they are sometimes also used as an ingredient of salads. In Sichuan cuisine, the dried peel of tangerines is used as an ingredient. 

Clementines are sometimes considered as alternatives to tangerines.

## References
Jackfruit

Artocarpus heterophyllus is the scientific name for jackfruit, and is family of Moracea. **Jackfruit** (also called "*Jakfruit*") is a type of fruit from India, Bangladesh (National fruit) and Sri Lanka. When a Jackfruit ripens, it changes from green to slightly yellow.

## Parts of the Fruit 
The seeds are cooked and taken food, the green like unready fruit is cooked as a plant used for food, and the brown made ready is taken food a little cold.

## Jackfruit Tree 
The jackfruit tree can be up to 15-20 meters, and its leaves are a stiff, glossy green color and measure up to about 15 to 20 centimeters long. This tree is considered the largest tree-borne fruit in the world weighing near 18 kilograms and reaching up to 60 cm long in length.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Epitaph Records

**Epitaph Records** is an American record label. The company mainly deals with punk bands. Epitaph was started by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. Bands that have signed this label are:

* 1208
* Alkaline Trio
* ALL *
* Bad Religion
* The Blackout
* The Boss 
* The Bouncing Souls *
* Bring Me the Horizon * (U.S. only)
* Busdriver
* Cadence Weapon
* Can't Hang
* The Color of Violence
* Converge
* The Coup
* Danger Doom
* Darkest Souls
* Death By Stereo *
* Descendents *
* The Draft
* Dropkick Murphys *
* Escape the Fate
* Every Time I Die
* Farewell
* Frank Turner (U.S. only)
* Frenzal Rhomb (Australia only)
* The Ghost of a Thousand
* Green Day (re-releasing old material in Europe) *
* Guttermouth *
* The Higher
* The Hives *
* The Hot Melts
* I Am Ghost
* I Set My Friends On Fire
* Leathermouth
* The Locust
* Matchbook Romance
* Millencolin (U.S. only)
* New Found Glory
* NOFX *
* Off With Their Heads
* The Offspring *
* Our Last Night
* Parkway Drive (U.S. only)
* Pennywise
* The Pietasters *
* Rancid (now on Epitaph's sub-label Hellcat Records) *
* Rich Kids on LSD *
* The Robocop Kraus
* Sage Francis
* Settle
* Set Your Goals
* Social Distortion
* Sing It Loud
* SNFU *
* SoliLLaquists of Sound
* Story of the Year *
* Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros *
* Ten Foot Pole *
* This City http://www.epitaph.com/artists/artist/272/This_City_Europe_only
* Thursday
* Vanna
* Veara
* The Weakerthans
* You Me At Six (U.S. only)

The asterisk (*) marks indicate as those who are no longer signed to Epitaph.
Software versioning

**Software versioning** is a way to name different  of computer software. A computer software has different states in its life-cycle process from development through deployment into production and sustainment. Each state in the process is given a unique version and version number. Versions are most often a sequence of one to four numbers (for example, 12.2.3) to represent Major.Minor.Maintenance actions, but they can also use names, dates, or other sequencing mechanisms.  In some practices, the numbers are used with variations like the 3rd digit being replaced by a letter (for example, 4.1a).  The changes are all revisions in that something is being changed and the version number tells people how complex the change is to the software.

Many times, after a program has been made, things called *patches* can be downloaded from the program's website. The patches usually make small updates or fixes to the main program, such as fixing bugs or updating information or program functions. When a patch is used, the program is advanced to the next version, advancing the version number by the appropriate level.
Cantaloupe

A **cantaloupe** (also known as a **muskmelon**, **rockmelon**, **sweet melon** or **spanspek** or spelled "**canteloupe**", "**cantalope**" or "**cantelope**") is a type of fruit. It is a muskmelon that is probably related to the watermelon. There are two types of cantaloupe, European and North American. Cantaloupes range in size from 0.5 to 5.0 kilograms (1.1 to 11&nbsp;lb).
## Types of cantaloupe 
* The European cantaloupe is oblong with a light green skin.
* The North American cantaloupe is round with a thin light brown skin. The flesh of the fruit is firm, orange and sweet.

## Nutrition
Cantaloupes are a source of polyphenol antioxidants. These are chemicals which were thought to provide certain health benefits to the cardiovascular and immune systems by regulating the formation of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a key chemical in promoting health of the endothelium and prevention of heart attacks. However, recent research has indicated they do not benefit the body. The body already has ways to deal with oxidation.

Cantaloupes also are an excellent source of vitamin C.

Dirty cantaloupes can spread bacteria. In 2011, 21 people died in the United States from cantaloupes having *listeria* bacteria. The bad cantaloupes were traced back from around the country to a single farm in Colorado.

## References
## Other websites 
* Nutritional and Historical Information 
* MSNBC Article on Farming of Hybridization That Mentions Cantaloupes
Keyboard instrument

A **keyboard instrument** is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard. In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals.

The ways in which the sound is made varies a lot:

* In the piano, hammers hit the strings.
* In the organ, air is sent through pipes.
* In the electronic organ or synthesizer, sound is made electronically.
* In the harpsichord, the strings are plucked by quills or “jacks”.
* In the clavichord, the strings are hit by a metal “tangent”.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the word *Clavier* was used in Germany to mean any kind of keyboard instrument. Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same. 
 instrument.]]

The development of electronic instruments in the 20th century has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments. These include the ondes Martenot and the synthesizer.

Nowadays, people often talk about a *keyboard* meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. “He plays the keyboard”). The plural form of the word is "keyboards".

Yamaha have now made the most successful keyboards, selling over 770,000 units a year.

## Types of keyboards
Keyboard types include:

* Arranger keyboards
* Digital workstation keyboard

## Arranger keyboard
Arrangers are mainly aimed at performers. Arrangers are mainly identified by their automatic accompaniment styles. They are used widely by musicians who perform by their own, more like a one-man band. Arrangers offer extensive libraries containing prerecorded accompaniment tracks in nearly every music style imaginable. The instrument can support their singing with onboard effects, vocal harmony, and lyric display while providing MIDI and/or audio file playback. Music played by the keyboardist can often be recorded and saved into a memory bank. Arrangers also help in writing songs and can provide realistic drum styles that match with the tempo and style the musician developed.

The top seller for arrangers include Yamaha and Korg which are used by many keyboardist worldwide.

## Workstation keyboard
A keyboard workstation is a keyboard that is used to change the features of a variety of sounds on a keyboard. Workstation allows one to create new voices using filters, effects and modulations. It also allows for mixing sounds. 

Top brands for these are Nord, Yamaha, Korg, Casio which are used by many keyboardists worldwide.

## References
Smash (album)

***Smash*** is one of The Offspring's most successful albums. It came out in 1994 under the label Epitaph Records. It contains their famous hit singles such as "Come Out and Play (Keep 'Em Separated)" and "Self Esteem". *Smash* is often credited as one of the best punk rock albums sold in the entire world, and is the best selling album ever made on an independent label.

The album is also one of the albums that started mainstream Pop punk music.

## Track listing
#"Time to Relax" - 0:25
#"Nitro (Youth Energy)" - 2:27
#"Bad Habit" - 3:43
#"Gotta Get Away" - 3:52
#"Genocide" - 3:33
#"Something to Believe In" - 3:17
#"Come Out and Play" - 3:17
#"Self Esteem" - 4:17
#"It'll Be a Long Time" - 2:43
#"Killboy Powerhead" (The Didjits) - 2:02
#"What Happened to You?" - 2:12
#"So Alone" - 1:17
#"Not the One" - 2:55
#"Smash" - 10:39
Ilama (fruit)

The **Ilama** (*Annona macroprophyllata*), also known as the **soncoya** or **sincuya**, is a kind of fruit, and also the name of the tree that it grows on. The trees and fruits can be found in tropical Central America.  The name comes from the Spanish translation of the Nahuatl *ilamatzapotl*. Its rough translation is 'old woman's sapote'.  The name is also applied to a similar fruit, ***cabeza de negro***  (*A. pupurea*) which is cultivated as an alternative to the cherimoya.  The cabeza de negro is similar in size to the Ilama but grey-brown in color with hard bumps on the surface, and orange flesh that tastes like mango or papaw.

The Ilama fruit is delicious when eaten ripe. It is either eaten on the half-shell or scooped out with a tool. The Ilama is usually chilled when served, it is sometimes served with a little cream and sugar to intensify the flavor, or with a drop of lime or lemon juice to bring in a tart and bitter tinge.

## References
Mount Adams (Washington)

**Mount Adams** is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range.  Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens.

## Other websites 
* USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory 
* Backpacking information at FreeTrails.org 
* U.S. Forest Service page
Vaccinium

***Vaccinium*** is a genus of flowering plants. All of them are shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The fruits of *Vaccinium* species include blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, and Bilberry.

In total, there are about 450 species, mostly in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere. There are a few tropical species which grow in places like Madagascar or Hawaii. The plants usually grow in heathlands or in forests. Like most plants of the Ericaceae, many species grow in acidic soils. 

The larvae of a number of lepidoptera species (moths and butterflies are examples of lepidoptera) grow on these plants.

## Modern research 
The taxonomy of the genus is complex, and is being investigated. Genetic analysis shows that the genus *Vaccinium* is not monophyletic. ''Vaccinium's'' taxonomy can be fixed by enlarging the genus to include a number of related genera. Alternatively, the genus could be broken up into several different genera.

The vaccinium uliginosum is a type of vaccinium that grows in North America and Eurasia.

## References
Apples, Vaud

**Apples** was a municipality in Switzerland. It is in Vaud Canton. Vaud Canton has 364 communes in it.

On 1 July 2021, the former municipalities of Apples, Bussy-Chardonney, Cottens, Pampigny, Reverolle and Sévery merged to form the new municipality of Hautemorges.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Aerial views of the municipality 
* Commune de Apples - VD - Suisse . *communal.ch*.
The Offspring (album)

***The Offspring*** is the first album by The Offspring. It was originally on vinyl in 1989 under the label Nemesis Records. In 1995, it was re-released on CD on Epitaph Records.

## Track listing
# "Jennifer Lost the War" – 2:35
# "Elders" – 2:11
# "Out on Patrol" – 2:32
# "Crossroads" – 2:48
# "Demons" – 3:10
# "Beheaded" – 2:52
# "Tehran" – 3:06
# "A Thousand Days" – 2:11
# "Blackball" – 3:24
# "I'll Be Waiting" – 3:12
# "Kill the President" – 3:22

## Personnel
* Keith Holland (Listed as "Dexter Holland" on the CD version) - Vocals
* Noodles - Guitar, Backing Vocals on "Blackball"
* Greg K. - Bass, Backing Vocals on "Blackball"
* R. Welty - Drums

The song "Beheaded" was co-written by The Offspring and (original drummer) James Lilja.

## References
Vaccinium arboreum

***Vaccinium arboreum*** (also called **sparkleberry** or **farkleberry**) is a species of Vaccinium native to south-eastern United States.  They are usually found in southern Virginia west to southeastern Missouri, and south to Florida and eastern Texas.

Vaccinium arboreum is a shrub (rarely a small tree) growing to 3-5 metres (sometimes up to 9 metres) tall.  The leaves are evergreen in the south of the range, but deciduous farther north where winters are colder.  They are oval-elliptic with an acute apex, 3-7 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a smooth or very finely toothed margin. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 3-4 mm in diameter, with a five-lobed corolla, produced in racemes up to 5 cm long.  The fruit is a round dry berry about 6 mm diameter, green at first, black when ripe, edible but bitter and tough.

## References
*Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Vaccinium arboreum* 
*Missouriplants: *Vaccinium arboreum* 
*Virginia Tech Dendrology: *Vaccinium arboreum*
Joseph Barbera

**Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera** (March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an American animator, director, producer and co-, together with William Hanna, of Hanna-Barbera. He was born in Manhattan and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The studio produced well-known cartoons such as *Tom and Jerry*, *The Huckleberry Hound Show*, *The Flintstones*, *The Jetsons*, *Scooby-Doo* as well as the musical film, ''Charlotte's Web.

## Other websites 
* 
* Joseph Barbera profile from Tom and Jerry Online
* Hanna Barbera Studios
* Obituary at BBC news
William Hanna

**William Denby "Bill" Hanna** (July 14, 1910 &ndash; March 22, 2001) was an American animator, director, producer and co- with Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera. The studio made well-known cartoons, such as *Tom and Jerry*, *The Huckleberry Hound Show*, *The Flintstones*, *The Jetsons*, and *Scooby-Doo*, as well as the musical movie, ''Charlotte's Web.
Governor General of Canada

**The Governer General of Canada** serves as the representative of the Canadian monarch, currently **King Charles III**, within Canada. While the King is the country’s head of state, he resides primarily in the United Kingdom due to his responsibilities as monarch of multiple Commonwealth realms.

The Governor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the **Prime Minister of Canada**. As the King’s representative, the Governor General performs various ceremonial and constitutional duties, including granting Royal Assent to legislation, appointing the Prime Minister, and summoning or dissolving Parliament.

Although the Governor General technically possesses significant constitutional powers, these are exercised almost exclusively on the advice of the Prime Minister or Cabinet, in accordance with Canada’s system of responsible government. For example, the Governor General appoints Senators, federal judges, and other officials based on recommendations from the Prime Minister.

In rare circumstances, the Prime Minister may seek the King’s direct involvement, such as when appointing additional Senators under Section 26 of the **Constitution Act, 1867**.

Would you like help editing the actual article? It could be fun to improve it together!

## Official Title
As Canada has two official federal languages, the Governor General's title is in both English and French.  

The Governor General's style and title in full is, in , and in 

## Living former governors-general of Canada
As of , there are five living former governors general of Canada. The most recently deceased former governor general, Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999), died on 24 June 2009.
Hanna-Barbera

**Hanna-Barbera** is a company that made cartoon television programs and movies. It was founded in 1956. Some of these cartoons were *Tom and Jerry*, *Droopy*, *Spike and Tyke*, *Huckleberry Hound*, *Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks*, *Hokey Wolf*, *The Jetsons*, *The Flintstones*, *Scooby-Doo*, *Yogi Bear*, *Piggy Doggy*, *Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids*, *Smurfs*, *Wacky Races*, *Wally Gator*, and *Peter Potamus*, and Charlotte's Web. It was started by and named after William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. In January 1992, Cartoon Network was launched. In February 2018, Hanna-Barbera studios started to produced series with Warner Bros. Animation.

Hanna-Barbera Studios has many cartoon programs on the air for over now six decades. This studio competed with Disney, Filmation, Ruby-Spears, Looney Tunes and Warner Bros. to produce cartoons.

## Related pages
*Animation
Apple (disambiguation)

An apple is a kind of fruit. Apple may also mean:
* Apple Inc., a company that makes computers, portable music players, cell phones and computer software
* Apple Corps, a company that was founded by The Beatles
** Apple Records, a record label and part of Apple Corps
* Apples, Vaud, a village in the Swiss canton of Vaud
Spruce

(*Picea sitchensis*)]]

**Spruce** are trees of the genus ***Picea***, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae. They live in the northern temperate and taiga regions of the Earth.

Spruce are large trees, from 20 to 60 (–95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their conical form and their needles, that are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old.

## Growth 
More than half of spruce seedling mortality occurs during the first growing season and is very high during the first winter. Seedlings get freezing damage, frost heaving and erosion, and smothered by litter and snow-pressed vegetation. 

Losses often remain high for some years. "Establishment" is a subjective concept based on the idea that once a seedling has successfully reached a certain size, not much is likely to prevent its further development.

## Classification 
There are 35 species alive in the world. The Plant List has 59 accepted spruce names. The other list is World Flora Online.

## Other websites 
* Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 1)
* Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 2)
* Gymnosperm Database – Picea

## References
Christmas tree

tree in a Danish home.]]

**A Christmas tree** is a tradition associated with the celebration of Christmas. It is usually an evergreen coniferous tree that is cut and brought into the home. In Europe, the tree is traditionally a Norway spruce tree.

The tree is decorated with Christmas lights and colourful ornaments during the days around Christmas. An angel or a star is often placed at the top of the tree. Fir trees outside the home may be decorated in a similar fashion. The custom of the Christmas tree has its origin among the Protestant peoples of Northern Europe. It is not a religious symbol. 

## In minority communities 
There Is an annual Christmas tree lighting party in the courtyard of the YMCA in Gaza City () in the Gaza Strip.

## Jingle Bells 
## References 
## Other websites 
* British Royal Family Christmas trees
Cell division

**Cell division** is how a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. When the cell divides, everything inside it divides also. The nucleus and the chromosomes divide, and the mitochondria divide also.

In mitosis, an ordinary body (somatic) cell divides to make two daughter cells.

In meiosis, a cell divides twice, to produce four gametes (sex cells). The first division of meiosis is a special kind of cell division called a reduction division because the number of chromosomes is halved. The second division of meiosis is similar to mitosis.
; right are mitosis and meiosis as in eukaryotes.]]

Cells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life. For simple unicellular organisms like Amoebozoa, one cell division reproduces the entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg (zygote). Cell division also allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism.

## References
Spruce (disambiguation)

**Spruce** are trees in the genus *Picea*. "Spruce" may also mean:

**Places:**
*Spruce, Wisconsin, United States of America
*Spruce Township, Minnesota, United States of America

**People:**
*Richard Spruce, English botanist and explorer
*Stuart Spruce, former rugby player for Bradford