open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gullah

The **Gullah** (also called **Geechee**) are the descendants of African slaves who lived in the Lowcountry regions of Georgia and South Carolina. They lived on the mainland and on the Sea Islands.

The Gullah region used to include what is now Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, but today the Gullah area is only in Georgia and South Carolina.

The Gullah were able to keep parts of their African culture, but were also influenced by North American culture. The Gullah people speak a creole language that is based on English, but has many African loanwords.

## History
The name "Gullah" may come from Angola, where the ancestors of some Gullah people likely came from. They created a new culture from the numerous African peoples brought into Charleston and South Carolina. Other scholars think that it came from the name of other ethnic groups in Africa.

### Origin of Gullah culture
Along the western coast of Africa, the people had cultivated African rice for 3,000 years. When British colonial planters discovered that rice would grow in the American South, they wanted enslaved Africans from this region. Africans were taken as slaves from the Western region of Africa (in what is today Sierra Leone), transported to the Americas, and were traded in Charlestowne, South Carolina. These African farmers brought their skills for farming and irrigation.

According to British historian P.E.H. Hair, Gullah culture had elements of many different African cultures. The Gullah people were able to keep much of their African culture because the climate and geography of this area were similar to Africa, and because slaves lived in large groups and had little interaction with whites.

The slaves also brought the diseases malaria and yellow fever. These diseases spread to English and European settlers because of the subtropical climate, and became endemic in the region. Africans had more immunity to these diseases. Many white planters left the area during seasons when the diseases were more common. The Heritage Corridor will extend from southern North Carolina to northern Florida.

### Cultural survival
The Gullah people still have their traditional culture. Their traditions have survived in the Lowcountry mainland and on the Sea Islands, and also in urban areas such as Charleston and Savannah, Georgia. Gullah people who have moved far away have also preserved their traditions. In the summer, they usually send their children back to rural communities in South Carolina and Georgia, where they live with grandparents, uncles, and aunts.

## Representation in art, entertainment, and media
### Historical landmarks
* "Designated by Congress in 2006, the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor extends from Wilmington, North Carolina in the north to Jacksonville, Florida in the south."

### Literature
The characters in Joel Chandler Harris' Uncle Remus stories speak in a Deep South Gullah dialect.

## Notable Americans with Gullah roots
*Joe Frazier
*Michelle Obama
*Chris Rock
*Clarence Thomas

## Related pages
*Gullah Gullah Island

## References
Vipsania Agrippina

**Vipsania Agrippina** (36 BC – 20 AD) was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa from his first wife Caecilia Attica. Octavian and her father betrothed her to Tiberius before her first birthday. In about 19 BC she married Tiberius. Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC.

Her father Agrippa died in March 12 BC. He was then married to his third wife, Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia.  Tiberius reportedly loved Vipsania and disapproved of Julia. Vipsania was pregnant with a second child in 12/11 when the couple divorced.  The second child did not survive.

Tiberius divorced Vipsania against his will in 11 BC, according to Suetonius. He always regretted this. On one occasion Tiberius caught sight of Vipsania and followed her with "an intent and tearful gaze". They had a number of children, mostly sons. Their eldest son Gaius was put to death by Messalina, the infamous third wife of the Emperor Claudius.

## References
Citizens band radio

**Citizens band radio** (also known as **CB radio**) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27 MHz (11 m) band. Citizens band not the same as the Amateur Radio Service ("ham" radio) which has a much longer range. In many countries, CB operation does not require a license to operate. It may be used for business or personal communications. 

Like many other two-way radio services, citizens band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may transmit at a time. All other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available. It is customary for stations waiting to use a shared channel to broadcast the single word "break" (or "breaker") during a lull in the conversation. This lets other people using the channel know that others are waiting. In the US, channel 19 is most often used by truckers. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies.

## History 
The citizens band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal radio services regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio band for personal communication. In 1948, the original CB radios were designed for operation on the 460–470&nbsp;MHz UHF band. There were two classes of CB radio: "A" and "B". Class B radios had simpler technical requirements, and were limited to a smaller frequency range. 

Al Gross established the Citizens Radio Corporation during the late 1940s to manufacture Class B handhelds for the general public. In the 1960s it became popular with taxicab companies to communicate with their drivers. In the 1970s it became popular with truckers, who 

began using it to warn other truck drivers of police speedtraps. The 10 codes were used as a shortcut to longer standard messages. A few of the more often used codes are:

* 10-4 (ten-four) meant message received. It is used to warn drivers of various trail conditions, hazards, and delays.

## Other countries 
CB radio is used as a system of short-distance communications between people in many countries. Nearly all use a system of 40 channels in the 27 megahertz or 11 meter band. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* How to Operate a CB Radio
* List of 10 codes 
* Radio Codes and How to Operate a CB Radio
Tread Lightly!

**Tread Lightly!** is a non-profit organization in the United States with the  of responsible  use with the use of "ethics, education and ". Tread Lightly! is supported by individuals, small business and corporations. As off-roading with vehicles such as ATVs, off-highway motorcycles, snowmobiles and four-wheel drives like Jeeps and pickup trucks is becoming more and more popular, it poses more of a threat to the natural resources. Off-road vehicles are only a part of the problem that Tread Lightly! addresses. All outdoor recreation poses a threat to the ecosystem. In 1990, through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Tread Lightly! became a nonprofit organization. Today, Tread Lightly! is recognized as an important non-political organization.

## Land Rover Great Divide Expedition
Land Rover’s inaugural Great Divide Expedition in the fall of 1989 helped launch Tread Lightly! as a non-profit focused on supporting and encouraging stewardship on America’s lands and waterways. Since the Great Divide Expedition, Tread Lightly! and partners like Land Rover have built and led a national movement to protect and enhance recreation access and opportunities. They do this by promoting outdoor ethics to heighten awareness. To mark the 25 year anniversary of The Great Divide Expedition, Tread Lightly! and Land Rover reunited for the 2014 Great Divide Expedition. Land Rover auctioned off a fully d 1990 Range Rover Great Divide  as well as the opportunity to be a guest of Land Rover on a nine-day adventure.

## About
The organization is "managed and financed by companies like Ford and Toyota." It leads  workshops and restores trails.
The organization has also worked with auto manufacturers to try to change the off-road images used in TV commercials. Toyota, Nissan and Mercedes-Benz have asked Tread Lightly to review their ads. At least one company cancelled a TV spot the organization didn't like.

Tread Lightly! "offers extensive online s and s on being more responsible in hiking, camping, boating, hunting, horseback riding, ATVs and more," the *Deseret News* has reported.

## Criticisms
Some off-highway , though, according to the *New York Times,* have been opposed to the concept, with  Brad Lark, the publisher of the website extreme4x4.com, calling Tread Lightly! "a veiled form of extreme environmentalism." An anonymous writer on offroad.com was quoted as saying: "I don't Tread Lightly. I trample. From tree-huggers to their totalitarian signage that follows. I trample all in the path of freedom's future."

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Tread Lightly! official web site
* Phil Howell criticism of TreadLightly! on the *extreme4x4.org* website.
Rick MacLeish

**Richard George "Rick" MacLeish** (January 3, 1950 &ndash; May 30, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.

He played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Philadelphia Flyers, Hartford Whalers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Detroit Red Wings. He played 12 seasons in Philadelphia, winning two Stanley Cups with the Flyers in 1974 and 1975.

On May 11, 2016, MacLeish was hospitalized for meningitis. He died at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from kidney and liver failure as a result of meningitis on May 30, 2016, aged 66.

## References
Goosebumps (movie)

promoting the movie at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International, July 2014]]
***Goosebumps*** is a 2015 American fantasy horror comedy movie. It was based on the children's book series of the same name by R.L. Stine. It is directed by Rob Letterman and produced by Deborah Forte and Neal H. Moritz. It was written by Darren Lemke with music by Danny Elfman. It was made by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation.

The movie stars Jack Black, Dylan Minnette, Odeya Rush, Amy Ryan, Halston Sage, Ryan Lee, and Jillian Bell. It was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. The movie is set in present-day Delaware. It was released on October 16, 2015 to mostly positive reviews. It earned $156 million.

It received nominations for the Las Vegas Film Critics Society for Best Family Film and the Visual Effects Society for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Special Venue Project.

On September 2, 2015, it was reported that a sequel was in the works. *Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween* was released on October 12, 2018.

## Cast
Dylan Minnette as Zach Cooper

Jack Black as R.L. Stine

Odeya Rush as Hannah Fairchild.

Amy Ryan as Gale Cooper

Ryan Lee as Champ

Jillian Bell as Lorraine Conyers

Halston Sage as Taylor

Ken Marino as Coach Carr

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Goosebumps* 
* 
* 
* 
* *The Goosebumps Movie*
Michał Kubiak

**Michał Kubiak** (born 23 February 1988) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Polish national team and Turkish club Halkbank Ankara, a participant of the Olympic Games (London 2012), 2014 World Champion, a gold medalist of the 2012 World League, silver medalist of the 2011 World Cup, bronze medalist of the 2011 European Championship and the 2011 World League, 2016 Turkish Champion.

## Other websites
* FIVB Profile
* PlusLiga player profile
Cauby Peixoto

**Cauby Peixoto** (10 February 1931 – 15 May 2016) was a Brazilian singer, and actor. His career lasted from the late 1940s until his death in 2016. He is known for his deep voice and hairstyles. His genres include jazz and soft rock.

Peixoto was known for his album "Maxximum". He also appeared in movies. He was known for his appearance as a singer in the movie *Com Água na*.

He had a brief career in the United States in the 1950s, where he presented under the pseudonyms **Ron Coby** or **Coby Dijon**.

Peixoto was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. He studied at a Salesian school in Niteroi. Peixoto died in São Paulo, São Paulo from pneumonia on 15 May 2016, aged 85.

Cauby was named by *Time* and *Life* magazines as the Brazilian Elvis Presley.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* 
* Entry on Dicionário Cravo Albin (in Portuguese)
Central Louisiana

**Central Louisiana** (**Cenla**), also known as the **Crossroads**, is the region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

## Parishes 
Central Louisiana consists of the following 10 parishes:
* Allen Parish
* Beauregard Parish
* Catahoula Parish
* Concordia Parish
* Grant Parish
* La Salle Parish
* Natchitoches Parish
* Rapides Parish
* Sabine Parish
* Vernon Parish
Can't Stop the Feeling!

'''"Can't Stop the Feeling!"'* is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. It was on the soundtrack to the DreamWorks Animation movie, *Trolls*.  The song entered at number one on the US *Billboard'' Hot 100. It reached the top five in the UK and Australia.  The song was Timberlake's comeback single after his son, Silas Randall Timberlake, was born to Justin and his wife, actress Jessica Biel.

## References
Robert Louis Freeman Sr.

**Robert Louis "Bobby" Freeman** (April 27, 1934 &ndash; May 16, 2016) was an American attorney and politician. He was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana. He was the Democratic lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana from 1980 to 1988. He worked with governor Edwin Edwards. Before becoming a politician, Freeman was an amateur boxer.

Freeman died at a hospital in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from an aneurysm on May 16, 2016, aged 82.

## References
Oya Aydoğan

**Oya Aydoğan** (10 February 1957 &ndash; 15 May 2016) was a Turkish actress, model and television presenter. She was the winner of the Ses Magazine Movie Actress Contest in 1976. Her career began in 1976 with the movie *Deli Şahin*. She was born in Erzincan, Turkey.

She was an Alevi Muslim. She retired in 2015.

She suffered an aortic aneurysm on 7 May 2016, the day before Mother's Day. She died on 15 May 2016 in a hospital in Istanbul, aged 59.

## References
## Other websites
*
Romaldo Giurgola

**Romaldo** "**Aldo**" **Giurgola**  (2 September 1920 &ndash; 16 May 2016) was an Italian-Australian academic, architect, professor and author. Giurgola was born in Rome. He was a partner in the Philadelphia firm Mitchell/Giurgola Architects from 1958 until his death in 2016. He became an Australian citizen in 2000. He was known for designing the Parliament House in Canberra.

Giurgola died in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on 16 May 2016, at the age of 95.

## References
Modena Volleyball Club

**Modena Volley** is a professional volleyball team based in Modena, Italy.  It has played in the highest level of the Italian Volleyball League since 1968. It is the most successful Italian club, having won the national league twelve times and the national cup as well: Modena is the current holder of both titles. The club is one of the most prominent and prestigious in Europe. It achieved thirteen European trophies including four CEV Champions League. The main sponsor of the club is DHL Express.

## References 
* Official website
Barry Bostwick

**Barry Knapp Bostwick** (born February 24, 1945) is an American actor and singer. He is best known as Brad Majors in the musical comedy horror movie *The Rocky Horror Picture Show* (1975) and Mayor Randall Winston in the sitcom *Spin City* (1996–2002). Bostwick has also done well in musical theater. He won a Tony Award for his role in *The Robber Bridegroom*.

## References
Star chart

, visible to the unaided eye. In 2012, a young, hot gas giant planet about 50 times the mass of Jupiter was seen in orbit around the star at an apparent distance of 55 ± 2 AU. That is almost twice as far as Neptune is from the Sun. The companion is shining by the heat of its formation, cooling as it ages]]
 in Bayer's *Uranometria*]]

A **star chart** is a graphic device or diagram which shows the night sky as seen from Earth. They are one of the oldest types of written or carved communication. There is a claim for a prehistoric carving as the first known star chart, but the evidence is not clear.

Star charts occur in Babylonian and Ancient Egyptian wall decorations and writing. In the ancient world, knowledge was needed for practical reasons and for religious reasons. Early star charts were used for all these purposes. Even today, they are used for both astronomy and astrology. In the renaissance, with its interest in ideas, hundreds of books were printed with star charts and other diagrams.

The key point for scientific charts is the use of data taken from observations, and listed in tables or databases. Historically, the first tables were in Ptolemy's *Almagest* (~AD 150). It has the last known star table from antiquity, with 1,028 stars.

## References
Ojo

**Ojo** is a town and local government area in Lagos State, Nigeria. The town is traditionally ruled by the *Olojo of Ojo*. Alaba International Market and Lagos State University are located there.

## References
Ikorodu

**Ikorodu** is a city and local government area in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located along the Lagos Lagoon and shares a boundary with Ogun State.

## Etymology
The word **Ikorodu** was derived from two Yoruba words *Oko* (*English: farm*) and *Odu* (*English: a plant that blackens*).

## References
Kevin Downes

**Kevin Downes** (born September 21, 1972) is an American film actor, writer, producer and director. Downes grew up in Visalia, California, three hours north of Los Angeles.

## References
## Other websites
Intel NUC

s.]]

The **Intel NUC** (Next Unit of Computing) is a very small desktop computer replacement that uses the ultra compact form factor. It is build as a direct clone of the Apple Mac Mini, which was launched 7 years before in January 2005. It is built to be a very small PC that can be used for basic computer jobs like word processing and internet reading. It can also be used to play most computer games. Some people use the NUC as a home theater computer because of its small size and how quiet it is.

## History
The Intel NUC is on its sixth generation. The generations were called, in order from oldest to newest, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Bay Trail, Haswell, Broadwell/Braswell, and Skylake. The names come from the processor that is on the motherboard of the NUC.

### Models
**Sandy Bridge**

**Ivy Bridge**

**Bay Trail**

**Haswell**

**Broadwell** / **Braswell**

**Skylake**

## References
Samara (fruit)

*)]]
 zeyheri*]]
*)]]

A **samara** is an achene, a type of dry winged botanical fruit. The shape of a samara enables the wind to carry the seed farther away than regular seeds from the parent tree:

* The seed can be in the centre of the wing, like the elms and the hoptree.
* The seed can be on one side, with the wing extending to the other side, making the seed self rotate it falls.

## References
## Further reading
*Ralph Lorenz 2006. *Spinning flight: dynamics of frisbees, boomerangs, samaras and skipping stones'', ,  Copernicus New York.
British Petroleum

**British Petroleum**, now called "**BP plc**", is one of the world's seven biggest oil and gas companies. Its headquarters are in London. The company grew out of the old Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which was founded in 1908. It was privatised by the British government in stages between 1979 and 1987.

## References 
* Bamberg, James H 1994/2000. *The history of the British Petroleum Company*. vols 2 & 3 of 3 vols, Cambridge University Press.
Alan Zweibel

**Alan Zweibel** (born May 20, 1950) is an American producer and writer. He was one of the original writers on *Saturday Night Live*. He and Garry Shandling were the co-creators of Showtime's ''It's Garry Shandling's Show''. Zweibel was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn and grew up in suburbs of Wantagh and Woodmere on Long Island. Zweibel graduated from George W. Hewlett High School and the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Alan Zweibel on Twitter
* Alan Zweibel on Facebook
*
Austenite

**Austenite** is iron but in a metallic form. It is one of the allotropes of iron, which means its physical form is different from iron, but its chemical form is the same. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902).

## Austenitization
**Austenitization** means to heat iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a high temperature. At that temperature, the crystal structure of the metal changes from ferrite to austenite, which can dissolve more carbon.

For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during this austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is **two-phase austenitization**.

## References
## Other websites
*Fe-Fe3C phase diagram
Today (American TV program)

***Today*** (also known as ***The Today Show***) is a morning talk/news show. It airs on the NBC television network.

During the week, the hours of *Today* (7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) and Craig Melvin (2025–present). Al Roker (weather anchor, 1996–present) forecasts the weather, and Carson Daly (features anchor, 2013–present) contributes to the program too.

The show also has a third and fourth hour, but they are treated like separate shows. The third hour, called ***3rd Hour Today***, is hosted by Roker, Melvin, Sheinelle Jones and Dylan Dreyer. The fourth hour, called ***Jenna and Friends***, is hosted by Jenna Bush Hager.

On Saturdays, the show is co-anchored by Peter Alexander and Laura Jarrett. On Sundays, Willie Geist hosts *Sunday Today with Willie Geist*.

Former anchors include Bryant Gumbel, Ann Curry, Katie Couric, Meredith Vieira, and Matt Lauer.

## References
Phetchaburi province

**Phetchaburi** (, ) is one of the western provinces (*changwat*) of Thailand.

## Geography
Phetchaburi is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The Gulf of Thailand is to the east. Most of the province is a flat plain. The Kaeng Krachan National Park is Thailand's largest national park, covering nearly half of the province. It covers 3000 km2.

## History
Phetchaburi is an old royal city, dating back to the Mon of the 8th century. Later Khmer settled in the city, as can be seen by the prangs of Wat Kamphaeng Laeng.

In 1860, King Rama IV built a palace near the city of Phetchaburi, commonly known as *Khao Wang*, but its official name is Phra Nakhon Khiri. Next to the palace the king built a tower for his astronomical observations. On a hill near the palace is the royal temple Wat Phra Kaeo.

## Tourism
### Sights
**Hat Cha-am (หาดชะอำ) **
This tourist resort resort, with modern facilities, is on a beach considered to be one of the most popular beaches of Thailand.

**Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park (อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์พระนครคีรี) **
This park is a hilly area with an old palace and historical temples near the town.  It has royal halls, temples and groups of buildings, constructed in Thai, Western neoclassic and Chinese architectural styles.

**Wat Kamphaeng Laeng (วัดกำแพงแลง) **
This temple was originally a Khmer place of worship.  It was later turned into a Buddhist temple and a shrine hall was constructed.  However, the outlook of the place has not much changed due to the existence of sandstone walls and four Khmer style pagodas. 
 

**Hat Chao Samran (หาดเจ้าสำราญ) **
Legend says that King Naresuan the Great and King Eka Thotsarot made several royal visits here and enjoyed its beauty.  The villagers called it "Hat Chao Samran", which means "beach of royal leisure".
### Local products
Phetchaburi is known for a vast variety of sweet food. The reputation comes from the use of Tanot (palm) sugar.  Examples are Mo-kaeng, a sweet made from flour, sugar and eggs; A-lua and Sampanni, a sweet made from flour and sugar; Thong Yip, Thong Yot and Foi Thong, sweets made from baked egg-yolk; and Chao Tan Chueam (palm seed in thick syrup).
### Festivals
**Phra Nakhon Khiri Fair (งานพระนครคีรี) **, also known as Khao Wang, it is an important historical site. During the reign of King Rama IV, it served as the king's out-of-town palace.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Website of province  (Thai only)
Apportionment

**Apportionment** or **apportionment by population** is a concept in United States law of  representatives or taxes among the US states. Apportionment is based on the United States Census taken every ten years. Seats in the United States House of Representatives are then apportioned among the states. Each state gets a number of seats based on its population (the minimum is one seat). Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following every census until the mid-20th century. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations.

## References
David Muir

**David Muir** (born November 8, 1973) is the anchor of World News Tonight on ABC News. Muir also hosts special events and breaking news stories. He formerly anchored the weekend version of the show until he replaced Diane Sawyer in 2014. He was born in Syracuse, New York.

He co-moderated a Republican and a Democratic debate for ABC News alongside of Martha Raddatz.

## References
Perlin noise

**Perlin noise** was made by Ken Perlin in 1983. He made it because when computers created pictures that were supposed to look natural, they didn't look very good. Noise can be used to draw things that look natural, like clouds or smoke. It helps computer artists draw patterns that look more real.

In 1997, Perlin was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for discovering the algorithm:

## References
Mireia Lalaguna

**Mireia Lalaguna Royo** (born 28 November 1992) is a Spanish model and actress. She is the winner of the Miss Spain 2015 and Miss World 2015 beauty competitions.

## References
Saheed Osupa

**Saheed Akorede Okunola** (born 1969), popularly known as **Saheed Osupa** or **King Saheed Osupa** is a Nigerian musician, performer and film actor. His genre of music is majorly fuji.

## Biography
Saheed Osupa was born in Ibadan, Oyo State but grew up in Lagos State where he completed his early education.

In 1983, Saheed Osupa chose music as his profession and went on to release his first record album titled *Fuji Fa Disco* which earned him fame. He has released over 25 record albums.

## Related pages 
* List of Nigerians

## References
Taxing and Spending Clause

The **Taxing and Spending Clause** contained in Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to  taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending  are two additional clauses: the **General Welfare Clause** and the **Uniformity Clause**.

## Text 
## Background 
The Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote:

He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. At first, the Supreme court declared that a tax is uniform "if it "operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." In United States v. Ptasynski (1983), the Court concluded ly that any tax in which the subject is defined in non-geographic terms satisfies the Uniformity Clause. Secondly, where a subject is defined geographically, the tax needs to carefully look for any "actual geographic discrimination."

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Taxing and Spending Power, YouTube
Lagos State University

**Lagos State University**, most times called **LASU**, is a university located in Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria. The university was established in 1983. It was the only state university in the former British colony.

## References
## Other websites
*
Steve Biko

**Stephen Bantu Biko** (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement.

## Life
Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School.  However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa.  He finished high school at St. Francis College.

During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal.  During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968.

As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko.  This severely limited his freedom of speech.

Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising.

## Death
On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested.  He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody.

## Cultural references
In the movie *Cry Freedom* (1987), which was about Biko's role in the anti-apartheid struggle and about his death while in police custody, Biko was played by American actor Denzel Washington.

## References
## Other websites
*Young Black Leader Dies in Detention in South Africa, Raising Fears of New Unrest By John F. Burns, special to the New York Times
*Thesis on the prospects of Bikoism in today's South Africa 
*The Steve Biko Foundation
*The relevance of Black Consciousness today
*Donald Woods talks in 1987 about his friendship with Steve Biko
*New Introduction to *I Write What I Like* by Lewis Gordon
*Black Consciousness: The dialectics of liberation
Ikeja

**Ikeja** is a town and local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It serves as the capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is known for being a well-planned commercial settlement with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas.

## History
Ikeja, originally known as "Akeja," was named after a god of the Awori tribe of Ota. The Awori people first settled there, and the territory was attacked for slaves until the mid-nineteenth century. It formed an agricultural hinterland for Lagos in the early twentieth century. The construction of the Lagos-Ibadan railway in 1901, as well as the expansion of Lagos as a port, converted Ikeja into a residential and industrial district of Lagos. In the mid-1960s, an industrial estate was constructed, and in 1976, Ikeja was designated as the state capital of Lagos. 

## Communities
Communities in the city of Ikeja include; 
# Agidingbi
# Alausa
# Akiode
# Anifowose
# Oregun
# Ojodu
# Opebi
# Ogba
# Magodo
# Maryland
# Onigbongbo
# Government Reserved Area (GRA) Ikeja.

## References 
## Other websites
It's Garry Shandling's Show

'''''It's Garry Shandling's Show''''' is an American sitcom. It is about the everyday life of Garry Shandling (portraying a fictionalized version of himself). It aired from 1986-1990.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co

'''''Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company''''', , was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. In a 5–4 decision the Court ruled that the federal Income Tax Act of 1894 was unconstitutional. The Pollock decision was overturned by the ing of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. The bill was declared unconstitutional in 1872 when it was repealed. All income over $4,000 was subject to a 2% tax. It was the first peacetime federal income tax in the United States. Shareholders of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., based out of New York, would pay the required tax. In addition they would provide a list of the names of shareholders to the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

A Shareholder, Charles Pollock, who lived in Massachusetts and owned ten shares of stock, sued the company. He did not want them to pay the tax. He lost his case in the lower courts and appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. The high court ruled in Pollick's favor declaring the tariff act (sections 27 to 37) unconstitutional.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Two Minute Supreme Court Case Summary : Pollock v Farmers Loan and Trust Co, YouTube
Jimmy MacDonald

**John James "Jimmy" MacDonald**  (May 19, 1906 – February 1, 1991) was a British-born American foley artist, voice actor, musician and conductor. He was also known for being the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1947 to 1977. After MacDonald's resignment in 1977, Wayne Allwine took over the role as Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Biography at Disney Legends website
* 
* The Voice of Mickey Mouse at The Scotsman website
* The Voice of Mickey Mouse at BBC Radio Scotland
Milton Obote

**Apollo Milton Obote** (28 December 1925  10 October 2005) was a Ugandan politician who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial rule.

Betweeen 1962 to 1966, Obote served as Prime Minister of Uganda. He also went on to serve twice as President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 then from 1980 to 1985.

On 10 October 2005, Obote died of kidney failure in a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, aged 79.

## References
Susanne Blakeslee

**Susanne Blakeslee** is an American actress and voice artist. best known for voicing Wanda in The Fairly OddParents, Cruella de Vil and for Maleficent's voice in the Kingdom Hearts. She was born in Los Angeles, California.

## Animated roles 
**Chowder* - Witch, Abigail and Turtle Lady (episode "The Big Hat Biddies")
**Cow and Chicken* - Additional Voices
**The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy* - Crabina (episode "My Fair Mandy")
**The Loud House* - Mrs. Agnes Johnson, Mrs. Jelinsky
**The Powerpuff Girls* - Sandra Practice (episode: "Girls Gone Mild")
**The Powerpuff Girls (2016)* - Ms. Marlene Moss, Additional Voices (replaced Tress MacNeille in season 3)
**The Secret Saturdays* - Rani Nagi, Dr. Miranda Gray
## References
## Other websites
*
Sammy Ellis

**Samuel Joseph Ellis** (February 11, 1941 &ndash; May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1962 &ndash; 1967), California Angels (1968), and Chicago White Sox (1969). He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. His career began in the early 1960s. He retired in 1970. 

Ellis was an MLB All-Star in 1965.

Ellis died of cancer at his home in Temple Terrace, Florida on May 13, 2016, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
 or Baseball Almanac or Retrosheet or Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Dick McAuliffe

**Richard John "Dick" McAuliffe** (November 29, 1939 &ndash; May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1960 to 1973 and for the Boston Red Sox from 1974 to 1975. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

McAuliffe died on May 13, 2016 in Farmington, Connecticut after suffering a stroke and Alzheimer's disease, aged 76.

## References
Ismail Kadare

**Ismail Kadare** (, also spelled *Kadaré*; 28 January 1936 &ndash; 1 July 2024) was an Albanian novelist and poet. He was known for writing short stories until the publication of his first novel, *The General of the Dead Army*.

In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France. In 2005, he won the first Man Booker International Prize and in 2016, he was ''Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur* recipient.

Some have said that Kadare should have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works have been published in about 30 languages.

Kadare died of a heart attack on 1 July 2024 in Tirana, Albania at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Vepra e plote e Kadarese
* National Library of Albania
* In the Palace of Nightmares’: An Exchange - *New York Review of Books''
Seán Ardagh

**Seán Ardagh** (25 November 1947 &ndash; 17 May 2016) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 1997 to 2011.

Ardagh died on 17 May 2016 after a long-illness in Dublin, aged 68.

## References
Katherine Dunn

**Katherine Karen Dunn** (October 24, 1945 &ndash; May 11, 2016) was an American novelist, journalist, voice artist, radio personality, book reviewer and poet. She was born in Garden City, Kansas, but was raised in Portland, Oregon.  She was best known for the novel *Geek Love* (1989). 

Dunn died of lung cancer on May 11, 2016 in Portland, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*An interview with *Guernica Magazine* about her new book, *One Ring Circus* 
*What The Hell Ever Happened To... Katherine Dunn? LitReactor, 2012
*Entry in *The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction*
Guy Clark

**Guy Charles Clark** (November 6, 1941 &ndash; May 17, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning American country and folk singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He has released more than twenty albums.

His songs have been recorded by other artists including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, and Rodney Crowell. 

Clark won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: *My Favorite Picture Of You*.

Clark died in Nashville, Tennessee from lymphoma on May 17, 2016, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Guy Clark's “Someday The Song Writes You” review at CountryMusicPride.com
*Guy Clark and His Craft: The Turnstyled Junkpiled Interview
*Slipcue.Com profile 
*Feature story and reviews of Guy Clark at Country Standard Time
2013–14 La Liga

The **2013–14 La Liga** season (known as the *Liga BBVA* for sponsorship reasons) was the 83rd since its establishment. The season began on 17 August 2013 and ended on 18 May 2014.

## League Table 

## Statistics
### Top goalscorers
The Pichichi Trophy is awarded by newspaper *Marca* to the player who scores the most goals in a season.

Source: pichichi.es

### Top Assists
### Zamora Trophy
The Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper *Marca* to the goalkeeper with least goals-to-games ratio.

### Hat-tricks 
4 Player scored four goals

5 Player scored five goals

(H) – Home ; (A) – Away

### Discipline 
* Most yellow cards (club): **102**
** Málaga
* Most yellow cards (player): **15**
** Alberto Botía (Elche)
* Most red cards (club): **8**
** Real Betis
** Rayo Vallecano
** Osasuna
* Most red cards (player): **2**
** 6 players

## References
Marco Pannella

**Marco Pannella** (born **Giacinto Pannella**; 2 May 1930 &ndash; 19 May 2016) was an Italian politician and political and human rights activist.

He was the leader of the Radical Party. Between 1979 and 2009, he was a Member of the European Parliament, where he sat as a full member in the Committee on Legal Affairs, in the Committee on Budgetary Control and in the Delegation for relations with Israel. 

He was also President of the Nonviolent Radical Party. He was a bisexual. He was an atheist.

Pannella died on 19 May 2016 of lung and liver cancer in Rome, aged 86. 

## References
## Other websites
*Nonviolent Radical Party official website
*Rome Set To Lead Peace-Keeping Mission
Alexandre Astruc

**Alexandre Astruc** (13 July 1923 &ndash; 19 May 2016) was a French movie critic and movie director. He was known for being part of the French New Wave. He was born in Paris.

Astruc was known for his movies *The Crimson Curtain*, *La Putain respectueuse*, *Les Mauvaises rencontres*, *Amour de poche*, *Une vie*, and ''La proie pour l'ombre''.

In 1994, he was given the René Clair Award.

Astruc died in Paris on 19 May 2016, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Alexandre Astruc on NewWaveFilm.com
* 
* Foco - Revista de Cinema, special edition devoted to Alexandre Astruc
Fritz Stern

**Fritz Richard Stern** (February 2, 1926 &ndash; May 18, 2016) was a German-born American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography. 

He was a University Professor Emeritus at New York's Columbia University.  His work focused on the relationships between Germans and Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of National Socialism in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.

Stern died on May 18, 2016 in New York City, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
Michael Roberds

**Michael Roberds** (April 29, 1950 – May 30, 2022) was a Canadian actor. He starred on Fox Family's *The New Addams Family* as Uncle Fester. He also starred in ''Da Vinci's City Hall* and *Police Academy*. He was also known for his movies roles in *Elf* and *Hot Tub Time Machine''.

Roberds died from a suspected heart attack at a hospital in Langley, British Columbia on May 30, 2022, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
*TV.com : Michael Roberds 
*Brenna and Brittany Interview - Michael Roberds - August 1999
*Michael Roberds(Aveleyman)
Yūko Mizutani

was a Japanese actress, voice actress, narrator and singer from Ama District, Aichi. Throughout her life, she was attached to Production Baobab; she was attached to Aoni Production at the time of her death. Mizutani was best known for her roles of Sakiko Sakura in *Chibi Maruko-chan*, Mihoshi Kuramitsu in *Tenchi Muyo!*, Excellen Browning in *Super Robot Wars*, Sora Takenouchi in *Digimon Adventure*, Leina Stol in *Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos*, Sarah Zabiarov and Cheimin Noa in *Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam* and Pinoko in *Black Jack*. Mizutani was the official Japanese voice actress for Minnie Mouse from 1991 until her death; she also voiced her in the *Kingdom Hearts* franchise.

On May 17, 2016, Mizutani died as a result of breast cancer. She was 51 years old at the time of her death.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Aoni Production (Japanese)
Alexandru Lăpușan

**Alexandru Lăpușan** (1 February 1955 &ndash; 17 May 2016) was a Romanian politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture from 1992 through 1996. He was member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Țăndărei, Romania.

Lăpușan died on 17 May 2016, aged 61.

## References
## Other websites
*Alexandru Lăpușan  on Chamber of Deputies official site.
Huguette Dreyfus

**Huguette Dreyfus** (30 November 1928 &ndash; 17 May 2016) was a French musician and educator. She was known for playing the harpsichord. She was born in Mulhouse, Alsace. Dreyfus taught at the Schola Cantorum, at the Sorbonne in Paris, and at the National Conservatory of Music and Dance of Lyon.

Dreyfus died on 17 May 2016 in Lyon, aged 87.

## References
Jim McMillian

**James M. "Jim" McMillian** (March 11, 1948 &ndash; May 16, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Raeford, North Carolina. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers from 1970 through 1973, the Buffalo Braves from 1973 through 1976, the New York Knicks from 1976 through 1978 and the Portland Trail Blazers from 1978 through 1979. At the end of his career, he moved to Italy and played for Sinudyne Bologna for two seasons from 1979 through 1981. He retired in 1981. 

McMillian died on May 16, 2016 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina from heart failure, aged 68.

## References
## Other websites
*Player Profile  @ basketball-reference.com
*The book "Buffalo, Home of the Braves", complete narrative and photo history of the Buffalo Braves
John Berry (musician)

**John Berry, Jr.** (August 29, 1963 &ndash; May 19, 2016) was an American punk-genre guitarist. He was born in New York. Berry was known for being an original member of the rap band Beastie Boys. He was known for creating the name of the band. He joined the band in 1981, but left in 1983. His most famous album recorded with the band was "Polly Wog Stew". 

Berry died from complications of dementia in a hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts on May 19, 2016, aged 52.

## References
## Other websites
* Partial biography  at Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.com
Lino Toffolo

**Lino Toffolo** (31 December 1934 &ndash; 17 May 2016) was an Italian actor, singer, author and television presenter. He was born in Murano, Italy. He was  known for his roles in *Yuppi du*, *Brancaleone at the Crusades*, and *Million Dollar Eel*.

Toffolo died in Murano, Italy on 17 May 2016, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mike Agostini

**Michael George Raymond "Mike" Agostini** (23 January 1935 &ndash; 12 May 2016) was a Trinidadian track and field athlete. He was from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. 

In 1954, he became the first athlete from that country to take a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games when he won the 100 yards final in Vancouver, Canada, on 31 July. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Agostini died on 12 May 2016 in Sydney, Australia from pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

## References
François Maistre

**François Maistre** (14 May 1925 &ndash; 16 May 2016) was a French, television and theatre actor. He was born in Demigny, Saône-et-Loire, France. He appeared in nearly 100 movies between 1960 until his retirement in 2003. He was known for his roles in *Angélique, Marquise des Anges* and *The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie*.

Maistre died in France on 17 May 2016, aged 91.

## References
Luis H. Álvarez

**Luis Héctor Álvarez Álvarez** (October 25, 1919 &ndash; May 18, 2016) was a Mexican industrialist and politician. Álvarez was a member of the National Action Party. In 1958 he was a candidate for the Presidency of Mexico. He has also served as Mayor of Chihuahua. He served as President of the National Action Party from 1987 through 1993.

## Other websites
* Biography of Luis H. Álvarez
Giovanni Coppa

**Giovanni Coppa** (9 November 1925 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as a diplomat of the Holy See. He was elevated to cardinalate in 2007. He was born in Alba, Italy.
	
Coppa died on 16 May 2016, aged 90.
 	
## References
## Other websites
*	
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 	
*Catholic-Hierarchy''''	
*Catholic-pages
President of Nigeria

The **President of Nigeria** is the head of state and head of the executive of Nigeria. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe. The current President is Bola Tinubu, since 29 May 2023.

## Requirements
The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria of Nigeria sets the requirement. A president must:
*be a citizen of Nigeria;
*be at least 40 years old;
*be a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party.

## Powers of the president
These powers include:
*Appointing ambassadors and diplomatic and consular representatives
*Approving and signing of bills
*Conferring honours
*Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives
*Referring a Bill to the Constitutional Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality
*Summoning the National Assembly, or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business

## References
## Other websites
*State House Abuja Official Website