open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Georgian uprising on Texel

The **Georgian Uprising of Texel** (5 April 1945 – 20 May 1945) was an insurrection (a rebellion, or mutiny, when soldiers disobey their orders) by Soviet Georgian soldiers on the island of Texel. The uprising was against the Germans army who had taken over the Dutch island during the Second World War. The event  is sometimes described as ''Europe's last battlefield*.

The island was very important in the German Atlantic Wall – the line of defences along the Atlantic coast. It was strong and had many defences. The Georgians were soldiers from the Soviet Republic of Georgia who had been captured (taken prisoner) on the Eastern front. They were now fighting for the Germans so that they did not have to stay in camps for prisoners. Their job was to help the German troops.

On the night of 5–6 April 1945 they thought that the Allies would land soon. They took over the island and killed 400 German soldiers. Some parts of the island stayed under German control and the Georgian soldiers could not capture them. More Germans were able to come to the island to help defeat the Georgians. After a few weeks of very tough fighting the Germans took control of the island again.

Unfortunately the British and Canadians, who were warned of the events on Texel by escapees who fled by boat to England, did not believe them, and did not take any action in order to stop the fighting. 

On Texel this is called the *Russian war''. Approximately 800 Germans, 500 Georgians, and 120 Tesselans (people from the island) were killed. Lots of farms were burned. Even after the Germans surrendered (gave up) in the Netherlands and Denmark on 5 May 1945, and after the full German surrender on 8 May, the fighting continued. Canadian soldiers stopped the fighting on 20 May.

The Georgian survivors did not have a happy ending. They were sent back to the Soviet Union. Stalin said that because the soldiers had been captured by the Germans, they had not fought until they died, so they were traitors. Some of the two million Soviet prisoners who were sent back to the Soviet Union by the Allied forces after the end of the war were executed (killed) when they got there. 

A museum at the airport on the island tells the story of this event.
San Marino

**San Marino** (officially called the **Most Serene Republic of San Marino**) is a country in Europe. It is one of the smallest countries in the world. It is in Southern Europe and is fully surrounded by Italy (this is called an *enclave*, and only the Vatican City, Lesotho and San Marino are like this). Fewer than 30,000 people live there. Its total area is 61&nbsp;km2. Its capital is the City of San Marino.

San Marino is claimed to be the world's oldest republic that still exists. It was started on September 3, 301 A.D. by a skilled builder called Saint Marinus. Its written constitution was  on October 8, 1600. The very small nation was recognized by Napoleon's France in 1797, and by the other European nations at the 1815 Congress of Vienna.

Even though it is an independent country, it depends very much on Italy. Since the 19th century, when Italy was unified, San Marino has been fully surrounded by Italy.

The biggest industry in San Marino is tourism. Selling postage stamps is an important source of income, too. San Marino is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is used in San Marino.

People in San Marino speak the Italian language. Most people in San Marino believe in Roman Catholicism.

## History 
Saint Marinus left the island of Rab (today Croatia) with his lifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini to work as a stonemason. After the Persecution of Diocletianus following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano. There he built a small church and founded what is now the city and state of San Marino.

The official founding date is 3 September 301 AD. In 1320 the community of Chiesanuova chose to join the country. In 1463 San Marino extended with the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle. Since then there have been no changes in the country's borders.

In 1503, Cesare Borgia occupied the Republic for six months. It remained like that until Pope Julius II intervened and restored the country's independence.

## Geography
San Marino is covered by the Apennine mountain range, and it has a rugged terrain with no natural level ground. The highest point in the country is Monte Titano. There are no bodies of water of any significant size. It is between the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Marche.

San Marino is the third smallest country in Europe, Only Vatican City and Monaco are smaller.

Two rivers flow through San Marino. There is no major water transport, and no major port or harbour.

## Municipalities
These are the 9 *castelli* (municipalities) of San Marino:

## Food
The food of San Marino is very similar to Italian, especially the Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions. It has a lots of its own unique foods. It's best known food is the *Torta Tre Monti* ("Cake of the Three Mountains" or "Cake of the Three Towers"), a wafer cake covered in chocolate. The country also has a small wine industry.

## Public holidays and festivals
## References
Play (theatre)

A **play** is a piece of writing (literature) which can be seen at a theatre or on television, or heard on the radio. Plays often show conversations between people. A play is usually watched, rather than being read.

The people who appear in a play are actors; in a theatre they stand on a stage so the people watching (the audience) can see them better. A director helps the actors to work better, or tells them how he wants the play to be.

Plays can be very interesting because they can be understood in many different ways. When the writer - the playwright - makes the play, he can not say how the actors or director will use it. Sometimes the playwright is also the director or an actor: Molière, for example, was often an actor in his plays. But the director can change the play in different ways: the actors' costume, the music, how people say things, how they move or what they hold. Modern directors can direct plays by Shakespeare, and these old plays seem modern now, too.

There are many sorts of plays, but there are six important sorts:

#Tragedy - the end is sad, because of bad luck, because the hero is not perfect, or because of the gods.
#Comedy - the end is happy. Some things in this sort of play are funny; it makes us laugh.
#Domestic drama - the play is about normal life, family and friends.
#Tragicomedy - this play is both a tragedy and a comedy.
#Melodrama - this sort of play often has a happy ending. In it there is a villain - a bad person - but the hero (and often a heroine) win. The emotions are very strong.
#Symbolic - this sort of play is about ideas. The people in the play are not so important.
Symbolic can also be called expressionistic. Its all about how the writer or director presents ideas in a very different point of view.
#(Experimental) - this is a play in which the director and actors can try out new ideas.  Anything can be tried out.  It is an experiment.

## Related pages 
*Drama
*Intermission
*Improvisation
Neutrino

**Neutrinos** are a type of elementary particle that exist all across the universe. The word *neutrino* means a small neutral particle. Physicists study these particles, but they are hard to find because they have a very small chance of interacting with regular matter. (For example, they usually pass through the whole earth without touching any other particles). Neutrinos travel near the speed of light.

Neutrinos are very difficult to detect. They are very unlikely to collide (interact) with other particles as they travel through space or through matter. Electrons have an electric charge, but neutrinos do not.  This means that neutrinos are unaffected by the electromagnetic force. The first detectors built to find neutrinos observed only 10 or 15 each year. Recent detectors use tanks that contain about a thousand tons of water or other liquid, which lets them detect about 10 to 100 neutrinos per day.

Neutrinos are generated in particle accelerators, in the sun, in other stars, and in nuclear reactions such as in nuclear reactors. They are generated whenever there is a nuclear reaction in the form of beta decay. This process starts off with one neutron, and ends with one electron, one proton, and one neutrino.

We used to think that neutrinos have no mass, but a few years ago physicists found that they have a very small mass, much lighter than electrons. By finding neutrinos, we can learn about the structure and the history of the universe. Since most of them pass easily through sun, physicists have learned about the reactions in the center of the sun that make the sun's heat, by detecting the neutrinos that come out from the sun's center.

The three types of neutrinos are named after the three leptons that have electric charge. There is the electron neutrino (ve), the muon neutrino (vµ), and the tau neutrino (vτ). Each neutrino has an antiparticle, called an antineutrino. Therefore, there is an electron antineutrino, a muon antineutrino, and tau antineutrino.

The three types of neutrinos change into each other over time, so an electron neutrino could turn into a muon or tau neutrino and then back again. This is called neutrino oscillation. This oscillation was suggested when then number of electron neutrinos from the Sun was measured in the 1960s, and the amount was only about a third of what theories at the time said there should be. The result of neutrino oscillation is that most of the electron neutrinos made in the Sun change to another type of neutrino.
 
Most neutrinos passing through the planet Earth come from the Sun. About 65&nbsp;billion () solar neutrinos per second pass through every square centimeter of area, including our own bodies.  
This is true even on the night side of Earth, because nearly all the neutrinos from the sun pass easily through the Earth.

## Related pages
* Antares Telescope - uses neutrinos to make images

## References
Atlantis

's map of Atlantis, here seen in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The map is oriented with south at the top.]]

**Atlantis** is a name for a fictional, large island or small continent that was in the Atlantic Ocean many years before it sank into the depth of the sea.

The name Atlantis first appears in the writings of Herodotus - he describes the western ocean as "Sea of Atlantis." Then, one generation later, Atlantis is described in detail in the stories Timaeus and Critias by the Greek philosopher Plato.  He used this story to help explain his ideas about government and philosophy. Plato was the only ancient writer who wrote specific things about Atlantis.

After the discovery of the Americas, some people in Europe thought they might be Atlantis.

Atlantis has appeared in many works of fiction.  In Marvel Comics, Atlantis is at the bottom of the ocean and exists in modern times, with people who breathe water.  Other works of fiction use Atlantis as background.  For example, Robert E. Howard set his Conan the Barbarian stories in a fictional time called the Hyborian Age, which began with the destruction of Atlantis and ended when real written history started.

## References
Comparative

Adjectives and Adverbs can be **comparative** in English and some other languages. When people are talking about two or more nouns, they can compare them (say the differences between them). The word which explains how they compare is called the **comparative**. They can also compare actions using adverbs.

Examples: (The comparative is in **bold**).
* John is tall, but Mark is **taller**
* An hour is **longer** than a minute.

Many words can be made into a comparative by adding *er* to the end of the word. 
*cool - cooler
*big - bigger
*wet - wetter
*dark - darker

Words that end with the letter 'Y' can still be made into a comparative, but people change the 'Y' to an 'I' and then add 'ER'.
*happy - happier
*fluffy - fluffier
*angry - angrier
*costly - costlier

Some words cannot be made into a comparative by adding 'ER' Instead we use the word **more** in front. Most of these words have three or more syllables, such as *beautiful*, *reliable*. 

If people are not sure about a word, it is always acceptable to say "more" (something), such as "more beautiful", "more expensive".

Warning:  The 'ER' ending and the word "more" together cannot be used. 
*I am happier than you. - Correct.
* I am more happy than you. - Correct.
* I am more happier - WRONG. (Double comparative)

## Related pages
* As
* Like
Phrasal verb

**Phrasal verb** is the name given to an English verb which is composed of two or three words. One verb is combined with a preposition (like *on, in, under)* or an adverb (like *up, down, away*). Sometimes a phrasal verb can have a meaning that is very different from the meaning of at least one of those two or three words separately. Some textbooks call these verbs **multi-word verbs**. Phrasal verbs are used more frequently in everyday speech than in formal, official writing or speaking. 

Here are some examples:

''Maria didn't know the word, so she* **looked it up** *in the dictionary.*

*Oh no, we've* **run out of** *milk! I'll have to buy some more.*

*Farmers have to* **get up** *early in the morning.*

*The rocket* **took off** *with a loud roar.*

Often these phrasal verbs have a one-word equivalent in other languages. 
In Spanish, **to get up** can be translated as *levantarse*, in French as *se lever'' etc.

## Types of phrasal verbs 
There are **four** different types of phrasal verbs.
These are:
* **Phrasal verbs which take  and are separable **
* **Phrasal verbs which take objects and are inseparable**
* **Phrasal verbs which do not take objects ** (these are always inseparable) 
* **Three-word phrasal verbs**

Instead of "" or "separable", some text books use the word "split" or "splittable".

A useful piece of advice to confused students of English is this:

**If you do not know if a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable ALWAYS use a noun or noun phrase and do not try to separate the verb.**
Syllable

A **syllable** is a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, loosely, a single sound. All words are made from at least one syllable.

*Monosyllables* are words that have only one vowel sound; *polysyllables* have more than one. If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is called a *closed syllable*. If a syllable ends with a vowel, it is called an *open syllable*. Patterns of syllables can be shown with C and V (C for 'consonant', V for 'vowel'). Closed syllables are often shown as *CVC* (such as *got*), and open syllables as *CV* (such as *go*). Some languages like English have many kinds of closed syllables. Other languages, like Japanese, have few kinds of closed syllables. Other languages still, like Hawaiian and Swahili, have no closed syllables. 

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does NOT match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

There are many words in English that have only one syllable. 

IPA has been added in slashes.
* He /hi/ (CV) - open
* The /ði/ /ðə/ CV) - open
* Like /laɪk (CVC) - closed
* Run /ɹʌn/ (CVC) - closed
* Cat /kæt/ (CVC) - closed
* House /haʊs/ (CVC) - closed
* It (VC) /ɪt/ - closed
* On (VC) /ɑn/ - closed

However, in several languages, such as English, syllables can have consonant clusters (having multiple consonants next to each other), which easily allow for words to have much more complicated syllables, such as:
* Crow /cɹoʊ/ (CCV) - open
* Through /θru/ (CCV) - open
* Spray /spɹeɪ/ (CCCV) - open
* Ports /pɔɹts/ (CVCCC) - closed
* Sports /spɔɹts/ (CCVCCC) - closed
* Trip /tɹɪp/ (CCVC) - closed
* Dent /dεnt/ (CVCC) - closed
* Plant /plænt/ (CCVCC) - closed
* Sprint /spɹɪnt/ (CCCVCC) - closed
* Splints /splɪnts/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
* Strengths /stɹeŋθs/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
* Angsts /eɪŋsts/ (VCCCC) - closed
There are many more words that have two or more syllables.
* Basket /bæs.kεt/ (2 Bas-ket; CVC-CVC)
* Doctor /dɔc.tɔr/ (2 Doc-tor; CVC-CVC)
* Happy /ha.pi/ (2 Ha-ppy; CV-CV)
* Friendly /frεnd.li/ (2 Friend-ly; CCVCC-CV)
* Greenland /grin.lænd/ (2 Green-land; CCVC-CVCC)
* Computer /cəm.pju.tər/ (3 Com-pu-ter; CVC-CCV-CVC) [-pu- is pronounced "pyuu' or CCV]
* Merciful /mər.ci.fəl/ (3 Mer-ci-ful; CVC-CV-CVC)
* Pronunciation /prə.nən.ci.eɪ.ʃən/ (5 Pro-nun-ci-a-tion; CCV-CVC-CV-V-CVC)

Some languages do not use an alphabet with letters. Instead, each sign may stand for a syllable. For example: Japanese can be written using Kana. A writing system based on syllables is called a syllabary. Since words in languages like English can have many different complex syllables (well over 10,000 can be produced in English), writing such languages using a syllabary would be completely impractical, thus alphabets are much better suited to write languages with complex syllable structures. However, since words in Japanese can be made with just a few simple syllables (around 90), writing such languages are well suited for the type of language.

## References
Carisbrooke Castle

**Carisbrooke Castle** is the Isle of Wight's only remaining medieval castle. It was built on a Roman site. The castle earthworks were begun in 1070. 
The shell keep was built on the site some 70 years later.  None of the Norman domestic buildings now remain.  The gatehouse with its drum towers dates from the 14th and 15th centuries.

In 1377, the French landed on the island but the castle was not attacked.

During Elizabethan times the threat of a Spanish invasion was avoided when the Spanish Armada was turned away at a nearby battle.  However, the castle was considerably altered to resist the new artillery.  Outer lines of defence were built enclosing the old castle.  The curtain walls, bastions, and bulwarks remain in good condition to this day.

Charles I was held as prisoner at the castle in 1647. An attempt to escape failed, when he got stuck in the bars.

Later the castle was the occasional residence of the governor of the Isle of Wight and it became home to Princess Beatrice, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, when she was governor.
Usenet

**Usenet** () is a type of discussion system on computers. It was created from the Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis began the idea in 1979. The system was created in 1980. People read and post messages (called *articles*, *posts* or *news*) to one or more categories. These categories are called newsgroups. Usenet is similar to a bulletin board system (BBS) in many ways. It is the precursor to Internet forums. Discussions are threaded but posts are stored in order of when they were posted.

A main difference between a BBS and Usenet is that usenet has no administrator. Also, the network used to share the messages is not constant.  Usenet is spread over a large, constantly changing group of news servers. The servers store and forward messages to one another. Each user reads messages from and posts messages to a local server. The local server can be operated by anyone.

Usenet is important in the networked world. Many well known ideas and terms were either created on usenet or made popular there. These include "FAQ", "flame", sockpuppet, and "spam".  In the early 1990s,  Usenet connections via Fidonet's dial-up BBS networks made it more common for people to discus things worldwide. They did not need a server, just (local) telephone service.

## References
Diagonal

]]
**Diagonal** is a kind of straight line.  A diagonal line does not go straight up and down, or across left and right. It is a line that connects two corners of a shape.    

In mathematics, "diagonal" has different meanings.  For example, in geometry a diagonal is any line that goes between the corners of a polygon. So a square has two diagonals, and a five-sided shape has five diagonals. In general the count of diagonal can be identified by a formula [n(n-3)]/2 where n is the total number of sides of shapes.
Kwashiorkor

**Kwashiorkor** is a health condition of poor nutrition from not having enough protein in the diet.  If a person uses up energy from carbohydrates (starches) and lipids (fats), their body may begin to use protein for energy. 

The body breaks down protein into energy that can be used. They then do not have enough protein for other needed bodily functions such as growth and building tissues like bones. Usually this is a condition of children from aged 1 to 5 years, but rarely adults and older children get it. It is common in poor places in Africa. Symptoms include having a pot belly, swollen face, and hair that is dark then light then dark. This can be cured by having a protein- rich diet.

Kwashiorkor comes from a protein deficiency (lack) in the diet. Body parts becomes swollen due to an accumulation of water in the spaces between the body's cells. Other symptoms are poor muscle development, swollen legs, puffy face, difficulty in eating, diarrhea, and dry skin are the symptoms of this disease.

## References
Kwashiorkor - The New Oxford Dictionary of English, OUP 1998
Popocatépetl

**Popocatépetl** (also called **El popo** or **Don Goyo**) is an active volcano.   The volcano is the second highest mountain in Mexico after Pico de Orizaba (5,610m). It is  high .

## History
Popocatépetl is the Aztec word for "Smoking Mountain". Popocatépetl was an Aztec warrior who loved Iztaccíhuatl. Iztaccíhuatl's father sent Popocatepetl to war in Oaxaca. He promised him his daughter as his wife if he returned (which Iztaccíhuatl's father thought he would not). Iztaccíhuatl's father told her that her lover had died in battle. She died of sadness. When Popocatépetl returned, and found out about the death of his lover, he killed himself by stabbing a knife into his heart. The gods covered them with snow and changed them into mountains. Iztaccíhuatl's mountain was called "La Mujer Dormida, (the "Sleeping Woman"), because it looks like a woman sleeping on her back. Popocatépetl became the volcano Popocatépetl, raining fire on Earth in anger at the loss of his lover.

### Eruptions
Popocatepetl has had more than 20 big eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. A major eruption happened in 1947. On December 21, 1994 the volcano threw out gas and ash which was carried as far as 25 km away by the wind. This led to people having to leave nearby towns. Scientists began to check the volcano for an eruption.The way scientists checked the volcano was by implementing 10 composite monitoring stations around the volcano, including broadband seismometers, thermal surveillance cameras, tiltmeters, electronic distance meters, lahar acoustic detectors and other instruments. In December 2000, tens of thousands of people were made to leave the area by the government based on the warnings of scientists. The volcano then made its largest display in thousands of years. The most recent eruption which was this year didn't have any injuries. Since it was so near Mexico City so many cameras were recording this eruption. Officials recorded that the eruption had a column of smoke that went as high as 2 miles into the air, with moderate ash content.

## Related pages 
* List of volcanos
* Dormant volcano
* Extinct volcano

## Notes
## References
*De la Cruz-Reyna, Servando, et al. “Tectonic Earthquakes Triggering Volcanic Seismicity and Eruptions. Case Studies at Tungurahua and Popocatépetl Volcanoes.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 193, no. 1, 2010, pp. 37–48.
*https://earthsky.org/earth/volcano-popocatepetl-eruption-mexico-jan-9-2020

## Other websites
Jan Peter Balkenende

**Jan Peter Balkenende** (born 7 May 1956) is a Dutch politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 2002 until 2010. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal party.

Balkenende lives in Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands.

## Biography 
Balkenende grew up in the village of Biezelinge in Zeeland province. He completed his high school at the Christelijk Lyceum for Zeeland in Goes and earned a degree in History and Dutch law from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. His political career started in Amstelveen, where he was a city council member from 1982 to 1998. During this time, he also earned a PhD in law and became a part-time professor of Christian social thought at VU, a position he held until becoming prime minister in 2002.

Balkenende's political career started very quickly. He joined the CDA faction in the Dutch House of Representatives in 1998 and became the faction leader in 2001 after an internal power struggle. As the party leader, he led the CDA to a big victory in the 2002 elections, which focused on voter dissatisfaction with the previous governments and the rise and fall of Pim Fortuyn. However, the coalition formed by the CDA, VVD, and Fortuyn’s LPF lasted only three months before collapsing.

After new elections, the second Balkenende cabinet (2003-2006) was formed, but the coalition between CDA, VVD, and D66 also failed. D66's departure led to the brief Balkenende III cabinet, which became a caretaker government after a few months due to new elections. The fourth Balkenende cabinet (2007-2010) struggled to work together, and it fell in 2010 after a crisis over the Uruzgan decision. After the CDA lost heavily in the 2010 elections, Balkenende resigned as party leader, and his (caretaker) premiership ended with the formation of the Rutte cabinet in October 2010.

Much of Balkenende’s time being primer minister was during good economic times. The public debate in the Netherlands focused on identity, with issues of multiculturalism and immigration becoming political topics. Balkenende positioned himself as a defender of values and norms and led the search for national identity. The economic climate shifted towards the end of his premiership due to the financial crisis, and the government intervened by supporting struggling banks. Policy changes also included a significant reform of the healthcare system in 2006.

Since late 2010, Balkenende has been a professor of Governance, Institutions, and Internationalisation at Erasmus University Rotterdam.

From 2011, he worked for Ernst & Young (EY) as a partner and later as an external advisor. Since 2021, he has also worked as an independent professional at Hague Corporate Affairs.

## References 
* Bio at Parlement.com 

## Other websites 
*
Toleration

**Tolerance** is not taking action against people who do things one does not like. The opposite of tolerance is intolerance. Intolerance is often found in dictatorships historically and often causes the hate crime and hate speech. Tolerance is often about religion (religious toleration), sex, or politic opinion, nation, race, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity.

Also multiculturalism is promoted through toleration. 

## Related pages
*Acceptance
*Altruism
*Pluralism
*Religious toleration
William the Silent

**William I of Orange-Nassau** (24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584) was an important leader of the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish in the Eighty Years' War. He was the first leader of the Netherlands. He held the title of Prince of Orange.

William of Orange is better known as **William the Silent** (in Dutch: *Willem de Zwijger*). It is not known how he got this name. One story says that when the kings of France and Spain proposed to William to kill all Protestants in his area, William did not reply.

William was born in Nassau in Germany. The king of Spain made him stadtholder (a sort of leader) of several Dutch provinces. But William converted to Protestantism, the religion of the Dutch people, and joined their struggle for independence. The king of Spain offered a reward for the person who would kill William. In 1584 William was shot by Balthasar Gerards in his house in Delft. William's  last words were in French: "Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, ayez pitié de moi et de ton pauvre peuple" (My Lord, My Lord, have pity on me and your poor people). Balthasar Gerards never received his reward, because he was killed by the angry Dutch.

In the Netherlands, people often call him "Father of the fatherland". The Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, is about William.
Tux

**Tux** is a mascot of the Linux operating system; a cartoon penguin made by Larry Ewing in 1996. Wherever he is seen, it means such a system can work with Linux. He is also a character in some video games made for Linux, like *Super Tux*.

The name "Tux" comes from James Hughes, who named the Linux mascot that as an shortened form of "**T**orvalds' **U**ni**X**," as Linus Torvalds was the person who made the Linux kernel. Tux is also an abbreviation of tuxedo.

## References
Asbestos

are what makes asbestos dangerous. This image was taken with an electron microscope]]

**Asbestos** is a set of six silicate minerals which occur naturally. White asbestos makes up 95% of the asbestos found in buildings. It occurs in all parts of the world. It is fibrous, heat resistant and non flammable. These properties made it very attractive as a component in building materials and other products such as insulation and automobile brake pads. People have used asbestos throughout history. Ancient Egyptian people used asbestos. Asbestos is extremely dangerous for human health, as it can cause lung diseases such as asbestosis, emphysema and mesothelioma if the fibres get loose in the air and are breathed in. It can also harm animals such as livestock or pets.

The word "asbestos" comes from Greek, and means "inextinguishable". This refers to its use for wicks that would not burn.

Asbestos was linked to lung cancer in the early 1970s, and was replaced by other materials in most applications by 1980.

## Types of asbestos 
There are six types of asbestos:

*Chrysotile (white asbestos)
*Crocidolite (blue asbestos)
*Amosite (brown asbestos)
*Anthophyllite asbestos
*Tremolite asbestos
*Actinolite asbestos

All of these except chrysotile are part of the amphibole group of minerals.

## Substitutes 
* Fiberglass - This is the most popular substitute. Fiberglass is physically similar to asbestos and its safety is also being questioned. Fiberglass has been called "man-made asbestos".
* Carbon fiber - Lighter weight than fiberglass or asbestos, but not heat resistant
* Wood fiber mixed with cement (in non-heat applications)
* Various polymer and plastic fibers
* Asbestos rope can be replaced with synthetic or fiberglass rope.
* Vermiculite insulation is a common substitute, although vermiculite itself can be contaminated with asbestos
* Basalt fiber is a mineral fiber with properties similar to asbestos. It is suitable for high-heat applications.
* Mineral wool is a common substitute that is popular in Europe
* Silica aerogel is the best insulator available. It is non-fibrous and is not believed to cause cancer if inhaled into the lungs.
* Asbestos siding or roofing can be replaced with aluminum or steel siding or roofing.

## Disposal 
Since asbestos is so resistant to heat, water, and chemicals, it is very difficult to destroy. It can be melted in a furnace to make a non-hazardous glass-like substance. This requires very high temperatures (1200°C or more) and consumes a lot of energy.

## Lawsuits 
Many companies that use or used to use asbestos have been sued by current or former employees who got sick with mesothelioma or asbestosis. Asbestos, especially tremolite, is also a contaminant in many other mineral products, such as talc and vermiculite. These contaminated products have also been the subject of lawsuits and product recalls.

Many lawyers specialize in asbestos-related lawsuits.

## References
## Other websites 
*Cancer Resource Center 
*Asbestos Institute
Marine

**Marine** might mean:
* Marine biology
* Marine (military), most notably the United States Marine Corps
Cape of Good Hope

The **Cape of Good Hope** is a place near the far south end of Africa, where the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean meet. It is a well known area for ships that pass in the sea between southern Africa and Antarctica. It is in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and forms part of the Table Mountain National Reserve. 

The first person from Europe to see it was the Portuguese man Bartolomeu Dias.  He saw it in 1488 and named it the "Cape of Storms". His king renamed it.

## Map
## Other websites
*An old map of Cape of Good Hope from 1842
Computer graphics

in 1975]]

**Computer graphics** are visual representations of data, made with the help of computers. Computer graphics can be a series of images (video or animation) or a single image.

Computer graphics are very useful. Computer-generated imagery is used for movie making, video games, computer program development, photo editing, scientific modeling, design for advertising and more. Some people see computer graphics as art.

## Areas of computer graphics 
Computer graphics can be 2D or 3D. They are made differently and used differently. People can use computer programs to make different types of graphics.

### 2D graphics 
2D computer graphics are usually split into two categories: vector graphics and raster graphics. 

#### Vector graphics 
Vector graphics use lines, shapes and text to create a more complex image. If a vector graphic image is made very big on the monitor, it will still look as good (smooth) as its regular size. This is one of the reasons vector graphics are liked so much. Vector images also take very little computer memory when saved. Vector graphics are made with programs like Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape, and were used for some older computer games. Today, they are often used for when computer graphics have to be printed out. 

;Examples of vector graphics

Image:TheStructorr Lamborghini Gallardo.svg|A car.
Image:Sparlampe.svg|A compact fluorescent light bulb.
Image:Diagram of the human heart.svg|Diagram of human heart.

#### Raster graphics 
Raster images are made up of very small points called pixels. Digital cameras create raster pictures but artists can make them with computers too. The artists don't have to change a single pixel at a time –⁠ raster programs often have tools like paintbrushes, paint buckets and erasers to make a picture. Programs used to make these include Adobe Photoshop, GIMP and Corel Paint Shop Pro.

Sometimes people *do* use only pixels to make an image. This is called pixel art and it has a very unique style.

;Examples of raster graphics

Image:The Gunk.png|A pixel art image of "The Gunk."
Image:Rosa Gold Glow 2.jpg|Photographs are raster images.
Image:Cartoon steamer duck walking animation.gif|Raster animation.

### 3D graphics 
3D graphics are graphics that look more realistic because they are three-dimensional. This means the computer thinks it has a height, a length and a depth, and displays them as we would see them in the real world with our eyes. Among other things they use solid geometry and trigonometry to create correct perspective. Some programs used to make 3D graphics are Bryce, 3D Studio Max, Maya and Blender. 3D graphics are used many times in movies and TV shows and video games.

Most of 3D graphics can be seen as vector graphics because it uses mathematical shapes like 3D triangles to describe objects. But there also exists 3D graphics that uses a grid of "3D pixels" which we call voxels.

;Examples of 3D graphics

Image:Glasses 800 edit.png|A bunch of drinking  glasses.
Image:Elephants Dream s6 both.jpg|A picture of the movie Elephants Dream.
Image:Low poly 3D duck.png|Simple 3D model.

## Related pages 
* Computer animation
Hand washing

**Hand washing** is the process of cleaning hands with water and soap or other special liquids. It is done to take off dirt, germs, and poisons.  Germs and poisons cause diseases and other health problems.  Germs are bacteria, viruses, or fungi.  Some diseases are not stopped by antibiotic drugs. Hand washing prevents lots of new diseases. Not washing hands before cooking or touching food is risky.

## When hands are washed
Always wash hands:
*After using the toilet, urinate, or defecate.
*After touching an animal or pet, such as a dog, cat, or turtle.
*Before and after touching or helping a sick person.
*Before making or cooking food.
*After touching uncooked meat, fish, or poultry (bird meat). Some uncooked foods carry diseases.
*Before eating so as to prevent contamination of food from germs.
*After blowing one's nose/or sneezing into his/her hand.

## Washing hands
Use soap and warm (running, if available) water. Wet hands and add soap. Rub wet hands strongly with soap outside running water more than 10 seconds. Rub all parts of the hands again and again. Clean all dirt under fingernails. Then rub hands under running water again and again to take off all soap. Dry hands using a clean cloth or paper. Use moisturizing lotion so hands do not dry if the hands are being washed many times every day.

## Families & Parents
*Train a boy or girl to wash his or her hands every time before eating and after using the toilet, urinating, or defecating.
*Wash hands after taking off dirty clothes, pants or diapers from a baby.
*Request medical workers, doctors, and nurses to wash their hands before touching a boy or girl.

## Medical hand washing
For a medical worker, doctor, or nurse, not washing hands before touching every new person is dangerous. Use more than enough soap and water and rub each part of the hands again and again. Rub between each finger. Use a brush and clean under fingernails. Use more water to take off the soap and dry hands with a paper towel.

To *scrub* the hands for a surgery, water that can  be turned on and off without touching with the hands is needed, a cleaning liquid named "chlorhexidine" or "iodine wash", sterile cloth for drying the hands after washing, a sterile brush for hard washing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails. Take off all watches, rings, and other jewels from the hands before washing. Wash the hands  and arms to the elbows again and again. Be strong and serious about the washing.  Use running water again and again to take off all soap. Keep hands up so water does not go from arms to hands. Dry the hands with the sterile cloth and put on surgical shirt or dress. Sterile means nothing on it that could cause a disease.

## Related pages
*Global Handwashing Day
*Hygiene
*Ignaz Semmelweis

## Other websites
*3000 word report - Comprehensive overview Importance of handwashing 
*official website of Global Handwashing Day celebrated on October 15
Abel Tasman

**Abel Janszoon Tasman** (1603–1659) was a Dutch sea explorer. He found Tasmania and New Zealand while on voyages in 1642 he 1644, in the service of the VOC (Dutch East India Company). He also made the first historical sightings of large parts of Australia. Witness the trajectory of his 1642-43 journey widely around it, reaching New Zealand and returning north of New Guinea he discovered that it was not connected to the ice covered continent around the south pole then known as 'Terra Australia Incognita or Australia', so that it was a large separate continent. He named it New Holland (in Dutch). James cook would later respect that name by reporting that he had 'charted the East Coast of New Holland and named it New South Wales'. 

He was born in Lutjegast, Netherlands. He went to Batavia (now called Jakarta) to work for the VOC in 1633. He went back to Holland in 1636. He went back to Batavia with his wife, Jannetie Tjaerss, two years later. He went north to Japan in 1640. In 1642 Tasman went south to Palembang.

## Tasmania and New Zealand 1642-4 
Tasman set Governor General of the Dutch East Indies. This man sailed around to the east coast of Van Diemen's Land and claimed the land for the Dutch on December 3, 1642. The ships then sailed west and found New Zealand. His ships were attacked by Maori in large war canoes (boats) and four sailors died. Tasman then sailed north-east to Tonga and Fiji. He then sailed north west to New Guinea and got back to Batavia in June 1643.

## Western Australia 1644 
In 1644 Tasman sailed from Batavia with the ships *Limmen*, *Zeemeeuw* and *Bracq*. He sailed along the west coast of New Guinea, and then the coast of Australia from Cape York to North West Cape. He went back to Batavia in August 1644. He showed that Western Australia and Queensland were part of the same country. He was not able to get through Torres Strait, but his maps were used for the next 200 years. Tasman made more trips including to Sumatra in 1646, Siam in 1647, and Manila in 1648. He purchased a lot of land in Batavia where he died in October 1659.

Several places have been named after him, including Tasmania, the Tasman Peninsula, Tasman Island and the Tasman Sea.

## References 
*
Hard science

**Hard science** is science that uses systematic observation, experiments and sometimes mathematics to get knowledge. In hard science, experiments have to be reproducible (if the experiment is done a second time, it will have to produce the same  as the first time). Also, in hard sciences there is usually good agreement as to what is known for sure. This is not true of soft sciences. Also, in hard science there is a world-view or theory which is widely agreed.

Hard science subjects include the natural sciences, which are about the natural world. These include physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, and botany. Soft science is any of the social sciences, including history, sociology, and political science. Those sciences are soft because something could be done more than once, and produce a very different result each time. Also, there are radical disagreements between various schools of thought.

## References
DBS

**DBS** may stand for:
* DB Sterlin (Engineering Firm)
* Direct broadcast satellite
* Deep brain stimulation
* Development Bank of Singapore
* Douai Business School, an international business college in Douai, France
* Diocesan Boys' School, Hong Kong
* Den Beste Sykkel - a Norwegian bike manufacturer
* Dibutyl sebacate - an organic compound used to make plastics
Booting

**Booting** is what happens when a computer starts. This happens when the power is turned on. It is called "reboot" if it happens at other times. When you boot a computer, your processor looks for instructions in system ROM (the BIOS) and executes them. They normally 'wake up' peripheral equipment and search for the boot device. The boot device either loads the operating system or gets it from somewere else.

People use the word "boot" to mean "to start a computer" or other device with electronics built in. For example, if a person wants to ask a friend to turn on a satellite phone, they would say "could you boot up the satellite phone?".

Most operating systems call the first data storage device it uses a boot device.  It may also be called a bootstrap loader. This is because the computer is making itself go, as in the idiom.  When we start a computer, we can often see the simple instructions the computer uses to start, then more complicated pictures or software. 

The phrase "to boot" in this meaning is short for "to bootstrap".  This use is part of net jargon along with similar multi-use words like Internet or web.  Often the computer is just called a box, so a phrase like "to boot the box" means "to start the computer".

The term "reboot" can also be used in a different context to mean a restarting of a storyline established in previous iterations of a series of fiction.
Programmer

A computer **programmer** is a person who makes computer programs using a programming language. Programmers are also called  software developers or software engineers or often **coders**.

A programmer's main jobs are writing program source code, testing if it works, and debugging (fixing) the program if there are problems. Programmers often use software tools such as text editors and IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) to help them work.

Computer programming is a profession that can be done from a computer anywhere in the world. This is called *telecommuting* - doing work on the Internet instead of in an office.

Some programmers are famous because their software is used by many people. One example is Linus Torvalds, who created an important part of the Linux operating system.

Programming can be done in many different languages and can look very different but do the same thing.  An example of this is the Hello world program.

## Video game programmer 
A **video game programmer** is a person; part of a video game development team in charge of programming the code of a video game.

Related pages
* Software engineering
World

When people say "the **world**" they usually mean Earth, especially in a cultural and geopolitical sense. Humans and all other known living things live in this world. Sometimes "world" means another planet. 

Before people discovered that Earth is a planet, they often used "World" to mean "Universe". They still sometimes use it to mean all humans or all civilization.

Sometimes they mean a small part of Earth such as Western world, Islamic world, third world, new world or ancient world.

## Related pages 
* Universe
Tea

, India]]

**Tea** is a caffeinated drink made from steeping the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Tea can have other herbs, spices, or fruit flavors in it, like lemon.

## Overview
Sometimes, *tea* is used for other drinks that have been made by soaking fruit or herbs in hot water, like "rosehip tea" or "chamomile tea". These are called "herbal teas". After water, tea is the most widely consumed drink in the world.

## Types
There are three main types of tea: black tea, oolong, and green tea.

### Black tea
To make black tea, leaves are dried with hot air until they turn brown or black. Next, they are broken into pieces and put into a room where they absorb oxygen, or oxidize. Chemical reactions change the taste and style of the tea.

Most black tea comes from Sri Lanka, Indonesia and eastern Africa. Another name used for black tea, especially in China, is **red tea**.  That is because when black tea leaves are brewed in boiling water, the tea made from them looks deep dark red.

### Oolong tea
Oolong tea is a traditional semi-oxidized Chinese tea. It is produced by withering the leaves under strong sun. 

### Green tea
Green tea is made by steaming freshly picked leaves. This keeps them green. Then they are crushed and dried in ovens. India is the biggest maker and user of green tea.

## Distribution
Tea is mainly grown in China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Japan, Nepal, Australia, Argentina and Kenya. 

## Brewing
Green tea is usually steeped for 2–3 minutes in water at , while black tea is steeped for 3–5 minutes in boiling water.

## Blends
* Earl Grey tea is black tea with bergamot oil
* English afternoon tea is medium-bodied, bright and refreshing
* English breakfast tea is a full-bodied, robust blend that is made to go well with milk and sugar
* Assamese and Kenyan teas are blended with Ceylonese teas which adds a light, brisk quality to the blend

## Gallery

File:Tea bags.jpg|Tea bags
File:Qi Lan Oolong tea leaf.jpg|Dried Oolong tea leaves
File:Cup of tea, Scotland.jpg|Tea from Scotland
File:Everything Stops for tea.jpg|Tea from Paris, France
File:Gyokuro-with-kyusu.jpg|A white mug with gyokuro tea with a kyusu tea pot to the right of it

## Related pages
* Mate (drink)
* Coffee
* Infusion
* Japanese tea ceremony

## References
## Other websites
* The United Kingdom Tea Council
Al-Khwarizmi

**Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī** (, ) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer. He was believed to have been born around 800 AD and died in 850 AD during the Abbasid Empire.

Al-Khwarizmi was known for the book he wrote about algebra, *Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing*. This book was later titled the *Hindu Art of Reckoning*. that is at the beginning of the title of the book.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi worked at the House of Wisdom, where people worked on translating scientific works.

## Related pages 
Kharazmi University

## References