open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hugh Cook

:*There is also Hugh Cook (science fiction author), born in England, who also lived in New Zealand and Japan.*
**Hugh Cook** (born 1942) is a Canadian writer.

## Bibliography
**Cracked Wheat and Other Stories* - 1985 ()
**The Homecoming Man* - 1989 ()
**Home in Alfalfa* - 1998 ()
Zapotec peoples

**The Zapotec** are a native tribe of people from Mexico. People think there are between 300.000 and 400.000 people. Most of them live in the state of Oaxaca. Most of them speak either Zapotec languages or the Chatino language. Before Christopher Columbus came to America, the Zapotec civilisation was highly developed. It also included a system of writing. 

## References
*Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna, ed. (1998); "Zapotec" in *The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes*; Gale Research, Detroit, Michigan.

## Other websites 
* Zapotec Culture  (in English and Spanish)
* Zapotec Language  (including variants, in English and Spanish)
IMAX

**IMAX** is a kind of movie projection system, which shows movies on a very large screen. It was first introduced in Japan in 1970.

## Other websites
*Official site
Franz Boas

**Franz Boas** (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-born American anthropologist. He is considered by many to have been the 'Father of American Anthropology.' While today archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, and Biological anthropology are often considered somewhat separate areas of study in anthropology, Boas used each of these fields to address research questions.

## Early life 
Boas was born in Prussia, or modern-day Germany, to wealthy, well-educated Jewish parents. In an effort to expose him to the values of the Enlightenment, Boas's parents enrolled in a very strong early education. During his primary school years, Boas explored the field of natural history, and as he moved on to secondary school he conducted research on the natural range of plants.

## Academic Career 
Franz Boas attended Heidelberg University for one semester, before transferring to Bonn University where he studied mathematics, physics, and geography.

Boas continued to study geography and eventually did fieldwork in Baffin Island, Canada with the native Inuit there. He first travelled to Baffin Island in 1883 to study the role of the environment in Inuit migrations. He published his findings in 1888 in *The Central Eskimo* He was very critical of Nazism as well as critical of the radical the war effort in the United States. Boas was also involved with combating racism. In 1963 Thomas Gossett claimed that "It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history." Franz Boas died of a stroke on December 21, 1942.', as well as 'cultural relativism.' Boas was a founding member of the American Anthropology Association (AAA) and served as one of the organization's first vice presidents.

Franz Boas is often credited with the development of several concepts in anthropology including 'historical particularism In general, the school of thought associated with Franz Boas, often referred to as "Boasian anthropology," emphasized the importance of multi-approach, context-based methods to understanding human societies. His theories laid the foundation for modern cultural anthropology. 

Although Boas was commonly known as the “Father of Anthropology” it is also important to recognize that other anthropologists like George Hunt, Zora Neale Hurston, Ella Deloria, Francis La Flesche, and Anténor Firmin either worked with him, did similar work before him, or worked under his guidance and are not equally given the credit of this title.

## References
Sect

A **sect** is a small religious or political group that separates from a larger group. Sects have many of the same beliefs and practices as the original group, but often have some different doctrines. In contrast, a denomination is a large religious group. 

## Related pages 
* Cult
* New religious movement
Riddle

A **riddle** can be classed as a statement with a solution. This solution, however, need not be logical. Solving riddles usually involve thinking about the question and putting it into context. 

## Other websites 
*Riddleness - Riddles With Answers
*Anglo-Saxon riddles
*riddles for adults-interesting and challenging riddles for adults
Caracal

The **caracal** (*Caracal caracal*), also called **Persian lynx** or **African lynx**, is a wild cat. Caracals are similar to lynxes, but are more related to the serval. Caracals are the fastest of the small cats.

## Look 
The Caracal is 65 cm in length (about 2 feet), plus 30&nbsp;cm tail (about 1 foot). It has longer legs and a look very similar to a lynx. The colour of its fur may be wine-red, grey, black, or sand-coloured (a type of yellow). Young caracals have red spots on the fur, but the only markings adults have are black spots above the eyes. A special part of the caracal body are its long black ears - the word "caracal" come from the Turkish word *karakulak* ("black ear"). Their ears are controlled by 20 different muscles, to help them find the animals they hunt.

## Life 
 Zoo]]

Caracals live in Africa and Western Asia. Their habitat is dry steppes (areas without trees, covered with grass or shrubs) and semi-deserts, but also can live in places similar to woodlands, savannas, and scrub forests. They live alone or with a mate in a territory.

A caracal may live without drinking for a long time - they get the water from the body of the animals they eat. It hunts at night (but in winter they also hunt in the daytime) for mices, rodents, birds, guineafowl, and hares. It is not usual, but sometimes they hunt small antelopes. They prefer to eat only the external meat of the mammals they hunt, and do not eat the internal organs, and they also do not like eating fur. But they eat the feathers of small birds and rotten meat.

They can hunt birds very well; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time. Caracals can jump and climb every well, which enables them to catch hyraxes better than any other carnivore.

## Caracals and humans 
Because they can learn tricks and get accustomed to live with humans, caracals are sometimes kept as pets (especially in the United States and some European countries). Farmers in Africa do not like them, because sometimes they enter in farms and eat chickens and other animals. So they make their dog chase the caracal.

It is not easy to see caracals in nature because they hide very well. Drivers in countries where caracals live, for example, Kenya and Botswana, see many animals next to roads, but it is very rare a sighting of a caracal.

## Kinds of caracals 
There are many species of caracals. See them and where they live:
* *Caracal caracal caracal*, East, Central and South Africa
* *Caracal caracal algira*, North Africa
* *Caracal caracal damarensis*, Namibia
* *Caracal caracal limpopoensis*, Botswana
* *Caracal caracal lucani*, Gabon
* *Caracal caracal michaelis*, Turkmenistan (endangered)
* *Caracal caracal nubicus*, Ethiopia, Sudan
* *Caracal caracal poecilictis*, West Africa
* *Caracal caracal schmitzi*, West Asia, Iran, Arabia, Pakistan and India

## References
Eel

**Eels** are teleost fish. They have long and narrow bodies like snakes. Adult eels can be as short as 10&nbsp;cm  or as long as 3&nbsp;m. It depends on their species. The large eels can weigh up to 65&nbsp;kg.

Eels have fewer fins than other fish. They do not have all the belly and chest fins. The back and anal fins are long and usually connected to the tail fin. The fins do not have spines.

The shoulder bones are separate from the skull. The scales have smooth edges or are absent.

Eels hatch from eggs. Baby (larval) eels are flat and transparent (clear). They are called *leptocephalus* (Greek for "thin head"). A young eel is called an **elver**. For a long time people did not know where eels came from, because baby eels look very different from adults. They thought the babies were a different species.

Most eels prefer to live in the shallowest parts of the ocean. They live at the bottom of the ocean, sometimes in holes. Eels in the Anguillidae family come to fresh water to live there. Eels in the Nemichthyidae family swim about 500&nbsp;m below the ocean surface. Eels in the Synaphobranchidae family live as deep as 4000&nbsp;m below the surface.

Hand netting (catching with nets) is the only legal way of catching eels in England. It has been done for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn.

Most eels are predators. They hunt their prey.

## Classification
True eels belong to the order (group) **Anguilliformes** (Latin for "eel-shaped"). This order has 4 suborders (smaller groups) called *Anguilloidei*, *Nemichthyoidei*, *Congroidei*, and *Synaphobranchoidei*.

The suborders are separated into 19 families. The families are  into 110 genera. The genera are then divided into species. There are 400 species of eels in all.

The term "eel" is also used for other eel-shaped fish, such as electric eels, spiny eels, swamp eels, and deep-sea spiny eels. These other clades, however, evolved their eel-like shapes independently from the true eels. Eels live both in salt water and fresh water and some species are catadromous (they migrate).

## Uses 
Freshwater eels (*unagi*) and marine eels (Conger eel, *anago*) are used in Japanese food. Eels are used in Cantonese (Hong Kong) food and Shanghai food. Some people eat the European eel and other eels that live in lakes all around the world. A traditional London food is "jellied eels." The Spanish meal, *angulas*, consists of deep-fried elvers.

]]
Eel skins are used to make some wallets and purses.

In some classifications, the family Cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the Anguilliformes, but in the FishBase system that family is included in the order Saccopharyngiformes.

The electric eel of South America is not a true eel, but is a South American knifefish more closely related to the carps and catfishes.

## References
Esotericism

**Esotericism** is about secret knowledge for a small group of people.   Esotericism also describes mystical, spiritual or occult points of view. Esotericism studies Gnosticism, Yoga, Alchemy, Magic, Spiritualism, Hypnosis, Astrology, Meditation, Mysticism, and Occultism. Many followers of Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, have criticized Esotericism as black magic. Esotericism in religion is called "obscurantism".

Esotericism can also be about understanding symbolism and hidden meanings of many different books.  They include religious books, philosophy books and books about history.  They use these books as their texts.

## Esoteric groups 
* Alawites
* Anthroposophy
* Freemasons
* Hermeticism
* Illuminati
* Kabbalah
* Knights Templar
* Rosicrucians
* Theosophy

## References
Archaea

geyser]]

The **Archaea** (or *Archea*) are a group of single-celled organisms. The name comes from Greek αρχαία, "old ones". They are a major division of living organisms.

Archaea are tiny, simple organisms. They were originally discovered in extreme environments (extremophiles), but are now thought to be common to more average conditions. Many can survive at very high (over 80&nbsp;°f) or very low temperatures, or highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers, oil wells, and hot vents in the deep ocean. Recent research has found ammonia-eating archaea in soil and seawater.

In the past they had been classed with bacteria as prokaryotes (or Kingdom Monera) and named **archaebacteria**, but this is a mistake. The Archaea have an independent evolutionary history and show many differences in their biochemistry from other forms of life. They are now classified as a separate domain in the three-domain system. In this system, the three distinct branches of evolutionary descent are the Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota.

Archaea are, like bacteria, prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that do not have nuclei and cell organelles of the eukaryote type.

## Comparison to other domains
The following table compares some major characteristics of the three domains, to illustrate their similarities and differences. Many of these characteristics are also discussed below.

=
Interesting facts about archaea:
*No archaean species can do photosynthesis.
*Archaea only reproduce asexually.
*Archaea show high levels of horizontal gene transfer between lineages.
*Many archaea live in extreme environments.
*Unlike bacteria, no archaea produce spores.
*Archaea are common in the ocean, and especially in the plankton. They make up to 20% of all microbial cells in the ocean.p475
*Carl Woese discovered the Archaea in 1978.

## Related pages 
*Carl Woese
*Earliest known life forms
*Methanogen

## Further reading 
* Barry E.R. & Bell S.D. 2006. DNA replication in the Archaea. *Microbiology and molecular biology reviews* (MMBR) '*70*, 876-887.
*Kelman L.M. & Kelman Z. 2003. Archaea: An archetype for replication initiation studies? *Molecular microbiology*, **48**, 605-615.

## Other websites 
* Archaea -Citizendium

## References
Lemur

**Lemurs** are primates and prosimians (not monkeys). The word "lemur" comes from the Latin word *lemures*, which means "ghosts". Lemur are divided into eight families, with 15 genera and about 100 living species. However, lemur  classification is controversial: it depends on which species concept is used. *Lemur* is also a genus in one of the families. 

Lemurs are native *only* to the island of Madagascar. From there a few species got to smaller islands nearby, for example the Comoros. Madagascar, like Africa and India, was part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana.  

Lemurs weigh from 30g to the 10kg. Larger species have all become extinct since human groups moved to Madagascar. Usually, the smaller lemurs are active at night (nocturnal), and the larger ones were active during the day (diurnal).

Lemurs are endangered species because people destroy their habitat and used to hunt them, and perhaps still do so.

## Physical description 
Ring-tailed lemur, the most studied, are white and black with a ring tail The larger species are about 1.5 meters tall and weigh about 2 to 3.5 kilograms. They move quietly, usually at night, sometimes letting out eerie wailing cries, which some people think is the reason why they got their names.

## Feeding habits and life 
Lemurs mostly eat fruit, leaves, and other plant parts. They live in family groups of 5 to 42 members which is called a troop. Females are dominant and remain in the same troop for life. Males move between troops. The female's gestation period lasts four to five months, and they usually have one or two babies. Lemur mothers nurse their babies until they are about four months old. Then they begin to feed the babies solid food such as fruit. Lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Some are great leapers, flinging themselves from tree to tree.

## Communication 
Lemurs communicate with a variety of hoots. They will also send messages with scents (smells). When a male lemur wants to scare another male away, he first rubs its tail on the smelly glands under its arms and then waves the tail in the other male's face. These are called "stink fights".

*Lavasoa dwarf lemur
*Grey bamboo lemur
*Ring-tailed lemur
*Aye-aye
*Black-and-white ruffed lemur
*Silky sifaka

## Related pages 
* Duke Lemur Center

## References
## Other websites 
*Lemurs of the East Coast of Madagascar 
*New lemurs found in Madagascar
*Great leaping lemurs
Iglesia ni Cristo

The '*** (IPA: ; Filipino for **Church of Christ**), or **INC*',  is a religious denomination which was founded in the Philippines by Felix Manalo in 1914. The INC states the church was founded by Jesus Christ but that Felix Manalo restored it. The church does not believe in the religious teaching that Jesus is God and part of the Trinity.

## History 
Felix Manalo was born a member of the Roman Catholic Church, but joined a number of Protestant churches until he believed that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.

## Beliefs and teachings 
Some of the teachings INC believes in are:

* God is the one who made the Heavens and the Earth, and he is the only god.
* There is no Holy Trinity; God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are not one.
* Jesus is the Son of God.
* The Holy Spirit is the power of God given to Jesus to teach and for us to help us with our problems.
* Manalo was God's last messenger.
* God chose INC members to serve him just as he did the early church and Israel in the past.
* INC is the same church as the Christian church in the first century.
* INC is God's true church, and the only way to be saved.
* INC believes in baptism by dipping the whole body under water.
* Members must follow the Administration and the Administration must follow the words of Christ.
* Members should live a life of good.
* Members must not eat food made with blood or marry a non-member.
* It is everyone's job to worship God by going to worship services two times a week.
* Members should treat each other like brother and sister.
* The church should act as one; this includes voting.
* The dead will come back to life and either be blessed or punished.
* Jesus will come again very soon because the signs that He is coming back (such as World War 1 and World War 2, and widespread news of poverty, famine, earthquake and other disasters) have happened.
* A holy city is being made by Jesus for INC members and all other chosen people in the past to live in when he comes back.

## References 
## Books 
*
Easter egg

An **Easter egg** is an egg, eaten and used for decoration during the Easter holidays. The egg was a symbol of the Earth to celebrate spring.

## Use 
The use of painted and  Easter eggs was first recorded in the 13th century. The church did not let people eat eggs during Holy Week, but chickens still laid eggs during that week. Because there was nothing else to do with the eggs, they were used for Easter decoration.

In modern times, chocolate eggs with a colorful wrapping are given to children to be eaten. In the United Kingdom, children receive on average 8.8 chocolate Easter eggs every year. It is unclear where this tradition comes from. Most likely, it comes from a pagan fertility ritual during spring. Sometimes on Easter, children go on egg hunts to look for Easter eggs. They can look for them indoors or outdoors.

An Easter egg is also the name of something secret added in computer programs, such as a joke, a picture, or a message that can be uncovered.

## History 
Although there have been claims that Easter eggs came from the  symbols, there is no solid evidence for this. At the Passover, a hard-boiled egg dipped in salt water is a symbol of both new life and the Passover  offered at the Temple in Jerusalem. In Christian times, the egg was a symbol of new life just as a chick might hatch from the egg. The Easter egg tradition may have celebrated the end of the privations of Lent. In the Medieval Europe, people were not allowed to eat eggs on fast days. It was traditional to use up all of the eggs that they had before Lent began, and this also made the tradition of Pancake Day. Eggs were viewed as symbols of new life and fertility through the ages. It is believed that for this reason many ancient cultures, including the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Romans, used eggs during their spring festivals. In Eastern Christianity, both meat and dairy are still not allowed to be eaten during the fast, and eggs are seen as "dairy" too.

It was during Easter that everybody was trying to get rid of the eggs before the fast. Eggs were given as gifts for children and servants, and used for decoration. And this is probably the reason why eggs came to be associated with Easter.

## Gallery 

Image:Ostereier-Wien.jpg|Easter eggs for sale in Vienna.
Image:Chocolate_easter_egg.jpg|Chocolate Easter egg
Image:Easter eggs - crochet decoration.jpg|Easter egg decoration
Image:OsterbrunnenHeiligenstadt.jpg|Easter egg decoration

## References
Computer engineering

**Computer engineering** is the practice of making computers and their parts. Computer engineers are always trying to make new parts smaller and better.  They can also work on software, especially software for embedded systems (specialized electronics like cell-phones and satellite receivers, not a general-purpose computer).

 
Computers are electrical machines that run programs.

Computer engineering has parts of both electrical engineering and computer science/software engineering. In computer engineering classes, students learn about the hardware and software of computers. They start with learning how transistors and computer chips are made and how they work (which uses quantum mechanics). Then the student learns how the chips talk to each other and how to make a complete printed circuit board (PCB), which is the electrical part. They also learn how to program the ROM or Flash memory so the computer can do something useful.

Because computer engineering is closely related to electrical engineering and computer science, the fields are found in the same department at many universities. Students also need to learn fundamental science subjects and mathematics, such as calculus and differential equations.

Computer engineering is difficult to learn, but computer engineers are needed. Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other companies hire computer engineering majors upon graduation and pay them well.

## Notes
Fyodor Tyutchev

**Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev** (rus: *Фёдор Иванович Тютчев*, fyô'dər ēvä'nəvĭch tyū'chĭf) (December 5 1803 – July 27, 1873) was one of the most significant Russian poets. Almost 20 years of his life he spent in Munich and Turin. Tyutchev was a good friend of Heinrich Heine, knew Schelling as well. Tyutchev didn’t want people to know him as a poet. He didn’t take any part in a literary life.

## Works 
He has around 400 of his poems. Russian people quote them very often. His early poems are made in Russian poetic tradition of the XVIII century. In the 1830s we can find an influence of European (especially German) romanticism on Tyutchev’s lyrics. He writes philosophic poems about the universe, nature and human being. In 1840s Tyutchev wrote several articles about relations between Russia and Occidental civilization. In 1850s Tyutchev created several heartfelt poems, in which we can see love as a tragedy. These poems are combined into one cycle, named “Denisievsky”. “Denisievsky” means dedicated to a mistress of Tyutchev – Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva. In 1860s–1870s Tyutchev wrote mainly political poems.

The most famous Tyutchev's poem is “Silentium!”. This is a hard appeal to be silent. Because a man never can understand another person. A line “A word once uttered is untrue” is one of the most popular aphorisms of Tyutchev. As well as “We can't understand Russia by the reason” and “We are not know, what will be the respond for our word”. 

## Other websites 
* Tyutcheviana (in russian)
* Translations of some poems into different languages
Erythropoietin

**Erythropoietin**, or **Erythropoetin** (**EPO**) is a hormone produced by the kidneys. **Epoetin** is a synthetic version.

Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow so that it makes more red blood cells. It is made to treat some kinds of anemia. Anemia can happen in kidney failure, or from chemotherapy to treat cancer. The man-made hormone is made with cell cultures. The hormone can be used for blood doping in endurance sports although this is illegal in all athletic competitions.

It is also responsible for inhibiting the body process "Gluconeogenesis" (a process in your body which makes glucose from products other than carbohydrates), thus contributing to cure of type2 diabetes, glucose intolerance.

## Related pages
*List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
Jared Diamond

**Jared Mason Diamond** (September 10, 1937 &ndash; ) was an American author and biologist. His book *Guns, Germs, and Steel* won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.

## Life 
Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a doctor and his mother was a teacher. He received his college degree from Harvard University in 1958, and then he received a doctorate degree from the University of Cambridge in 1961.

In 1966, he became a teacher at UCLA, a university in Los Angeles, California. He has also traveled to some islands called New Guinea, which are far away from the United States, in the South Pacific Ocean. Diamond is famous for knowing a lot about the birds that lived on that island, and he has traveled there many times.

## Writing 
Diamond writes about science in ways that people can understand, and he has written many articles for magazines like *Discover* in the United States.

He also writes books. One of his first books was called *The Third Chimpanzee*, which talked about the way that people evolved from monkeys, and how many things are the same between humans and monkeys.

His most famous book is *Guns, Germs, and Steel*. In his book, Diamond explained why he thought that different parts of the Earth had people on them at different times, and why some people in some parts of the world had more science or farming than people in other parts of the world. The book went over thousands of years of human history.

In 2004, he wrote another book, called, *Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.* In this book, Diamond wrote about why he thought that some groups of people from many hundreds of years ago were able to have their groups get very big and strong, while other groups fell apart. His book talked about what people today can maybe learn from the studying the problems from history.

### Books 
* *Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed* (2005), .
* *Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies* (1997), .
* *Why is Sex Fun? The Evolution of Human Sexuality* (1997), .
* *The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal* (1992), .
* *The Birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, Ecology, & Biogeography* (with Ernst Mayr, 2001), .
* *Avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea*, Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 12, Cambridge, Mass., pp.&nbsp;438 (1972).

## Family 
* Diamond is married to a woman named Marie. Her grandfather was an important man in the country of Poland. She also had an uncle named Raphael Kalinowski, who became a saint.
* Diamond and his wife Marie have two sons, named Josh and Max. They both go to university. Josh goes to Duke University, and Max goes to Northwestern University.

## References 
* Diamond's page at the UCLA website
Spanish Civil War

The **Spanish Civil War** (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. Francisco Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975.

The civil war began after a *pronunciamiento* (revolt) against the Republican government by the Nationalists. The nationalists were supported by FE de las JONS, a far right political party. During this time, fascist General Francisco Franco and his nationalist troops wanted to take control of the Spanish Republic. The Army split, with about half of the troops being loyal to the Republic. 

Many different groups worked together to help the democratic Spanish Republic stop Franco, including Basques, Catalans and other groups.

 Main Nationalist centres 
 Main Republican centres 

 Land battles 
 Naval battles 
 Bombed cities 
 Concentration camps 
 Massacres 
 Refugee camps
 ]]

## Foreign involvement 
### Support for Republicans
The Soviet Union, Mexico and French Third Republic sold the Republican weapons, the International Brigades was a left wing international militant group formed to fight Franco, many anti-fascist partisans internationally volunteered to fight against Franco, including people from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.

### Support for Nationalists
The governments of Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and Second Portuguese Republic provided troops and supplies for Franco.

## Death toll and atrocities 
Around half-a-million people died in the war, and many atrocities were committed by both sides. The most famous atrocity was the bombing of Guernica. On 26 April 1937, the city was bombed by Legion Condor, a Nazi military unit working for Franco. It was the first time that an air bombing caused so many civilian casualties. The bombing was reported all over the world in newspapers and made people aware of the German involvement.

## Related pages
* Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
* Proxy war
* European Civil War
* Spain in World War II
* Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
* SS Cantabria

## References
Breton

**Breton** can mean:
*The Breton language
*The Breton people, a Celtic ethnic group native to the region of Brittany
Slavs

]]

**Slavs** live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Central Asia and North Asia. Present-day Slavic peoples are classified into West Slavs (mainly Poles, Silesians, Czechs, Moravians and Slovaks), East Slavs (mainly Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians), and South Slavs (mainly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Pomak, Torbesh, Gorani, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins).

Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians (although 1/3 of Romanian population is made of Slavic population, mainly Serbians and Bulgarians), Estonians, Lithuanians and Latvians (and these 3 countries have sizable Russian and Poles population, so much so that they make a majority ethnic groups in those countries) live near the Slavic nations but are not Slavs themselves. There are more Slavs than any other ethnic group in Europe. Russians make up the most Slavs, followed by Poles and Ukrainians.

There are many small historic Slavic nations like Lusatia (and Lusatian Serbs, typically referred to as Sorbs, who still live in eastern Germany), Rusyn, Kashubia and others. Russia is now the most powerful and populated Slavic country, but in the 10th century Bulgarians and Czechs were powerful, and in the 16th century Poland was the strongest nation in the area.

The Slavic languages are closely related. The largest similarities can be found within the same group (for example, Polish and Slovak, both West Slavic languages), but similarities exist even between Slavic languages from other different subgroups (such as Bulgarian and Russian).

However, the greatest similarities are between Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian, which are South Slavic languages. They are considered separate by the Bosnian and Croatian governments (the separation is of political nature), but linguistically they are one language- Serbo-Croatian (since Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are more similar than those variants of English, German, Dutch, or Hindi–Urdu, and mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German or Spanish).

Slavic languages are spoken natively by 300 million people and as second or third languages by many more people in countries as far away as Germany and China.

## References
Maharbal

**Maharbal** was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War. Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome.  In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.

Maharbal is most famous for what he said to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae. According to Livy, a Roman historian, the conversation went like this after Maharbal said he wanted to go with the army to Rome immediately:

"I commend your zeal", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose." "Assuredly", Maharbal replied, "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it."   -Livy, The History of Rome 22.51

*In Simple English:*
"I like your enthusiasm", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to think about what you want to do." Maharbal said back, "It is true that no one is perfect. You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after."

Livy wrote this in Latin, so Maharbal's reply is often quoted in Latin, and is a famous phrase: "Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis."
Necrophilia

showing a man molesting a dead woman]]
**Necrophilia** is a paraphilia of being sexually attracted to dead bodies. Some necrophiliacs have sex with dead bodies. It is usually considered morally wrong. In addition sexual contact with dead bodies carries the risk of disease if the body has started to decay. It is illegal in many parts of the world, but not all.
Strait of Magellan

image of the Strait of Magellan]]

The **Strait of Magellan** is a passageway from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It is just south of mainland South America and north of Tierra del Fuego. It goes through Argentina and Chile and for a long time the two countries argued over which one owned the land around it. Chile now owns it. The strait is named after Ferdinand Magellan. It is very foggy and stormy.

File:NaoVictoria.JPG
File:Commerson's_dolphins_(Cephalorhynchus_commersonii)_in_the_Strait_of_Magellan.jpg
File:US_Navy_040621-N-6536T-066_The_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76)_cruises_through_the_Straits_of_Magellan.jpg
File:Ferry_magallanes.jpg

## Other websites
* The first map made of the Strait of Magellan. It was made in 1520
Fenerbahçe S.K.

**Fenerbahçe** is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It was officially founded in 1907.
Fenerbahçe's home stadium is the Fenerbahce Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium in Kadıköy, Istanbul.
They have won the Spor Toto Super League 19 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 6 times.

## Other websites 
* Official website of Fenerbahce
* Fenerbahceulker basketball website 
* Fenerbahce Ulker Spor 
* Fenerbahce Community Portal
Lake Tanganyika

1985]]
**Lake Tanganyika** is a large lake in the Great Rift Valley of central Africa. The lake is divided between four countries – Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia. It is the longest fresh water lake in the world and the second deepest.

## Other websites
State court (United States)

In some countries, a **municipal court** is a court with limited jurisdiction, both in people and laws. Most commonly, municipal courts only deal with the laws and citizens of one city or town. But in some places, they make decisions for an entire county and may be involved with early hearings of cases that will be tried in a higher court. Some things that often involve municipal courts are traffic tickets, leash laws, and building code violations and death.

## Mississippi
Municipal courts in Mississippi are "Judge Alone" courts. This means that judges alone hear the presented cases and offenders (and alleged offenders) have no right to jury trials. In felony cases in Mississippi, the Municipal court holds a preliminary hearing and then sends the case to the grand jury of the state. The Municipal court is not a court of record and its cases are summarized by docket.

## North Carolina
There are no municipal court facilities in the state. All courthouses are done at the county level. For example, if a speeding ticket violation occurred, it automatically goes to the county seat in which the violation occurs whether it is in a municipality or unincorporated. In the case of some elongated counties like Chatham County, there is an alternate courtroom in Siler City as well as Pittsboro, the county seat. In other cases where there are multiple large population centers like in Guilford County, court cases are handled in Greensboro and High Point. Although a federal issue, traffic violations occurring in military bases are not subject to civilian courts.
Lubbock, Texas

**Lubbock** is a city in the United States. It is in the state of Texas. More than 250,000 people live there.

It is the home of Texas Tech University.

## References
Pearl

.]]

**Pearls** are made of a kind of material made by mollusks, like oysters. Pearls are small and often white but sometimes in pale colors or even black. They are often round, but sometimes half-round, oval, or in different shapes. Pearls are often used for jewelry. The pearl is the birthstone for the month June.

## How a natural pearl is formed 
A natural pearl is formed when nacre-producing cells are displaced from the mantle tissue of an oyster. These cells are genetically programmed to produce nacre, the substance that lines the inner sides of an oyster's shell. When the cells become displaced, often by a boring parasite or damage to the outer shell, they continue to do what they are programmed to do -- produce nacre and form a pearl.

They can be very tiny (as tiny as a peppercorn) or quite big (as big as a human's ). The world's largest pearl, found in 1934 and called the Pearl of Lao-tze, is about the size of a basketball.

## Types of pearls 
There are two kinds of pearls: saltwater pearls and freshwater pearls. Saltwater pearls come from oysters that live in the oceans.  Freshwater pearls are found in mussels that live in rivers, lakes, or ponds. 

There is also a *natural pearl* and a *cultured pearl.* Natural pearls are made by oysters accidentally, and are very rare. Cultured pearls are made by inserting small  and a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of saltwater pearls) into the reproductive organ of a saltwater oyster, or simply inserting a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of freshwater pearls) into a small incision in the mantle of a freshwater mussel.

## References
Emma Goldman

**Emma Goldman** (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an Russian-American anarchist and labor organizer. She was an anarcho-communist who was an early supporter of atheism, gay rights and feminism.

## Life 
Goldman fought for women’s rights and equality, workers' rights, queer rights, and anarchism (anarchism is the belief that society should be run without authorities or a government). She was also known for being one of the first women’s reproductive rights activists.She fought for women’s sexual and economic freedom. Goldman was a nurse and midwife and taught other women about birth control. She was imprisoned in 1916 for this because at the time spreading information about birth control was illegal. 
### Troubles
Goldman faced many legal troubles. In 1893, she was convicted of starting a riot and spent a year in prison. She was arrested in 1901 for allegedly conspiring in the assassination of President McKinley, but was never found guilty.
In 1917 she was arrested and spent two years in prison for not supporting World War I. 
### Back to Russia
In 1919, Goldman and Berkman were sent back to Russia because the American government thought they were too dangerous. The Russian Revolution had just happened and Goldman was hopeful that Russia might end up being a good place. She ended up deciding that the revolution in Russia was not as good as she thought and that the Bolsheviks tricked many of the people in Russia. She thought the Bolsheviks were too controlling and were too powerful. She also did not like that the Soviet Union put lots of anarchists in jail for not agreeing with them.
### Moving to Europe
She and Berkman left after two years and Goldman lived in many places in Europe, including England and France. In 1936 she moved to Spain to help the anarchists fight the fascists during the Spanish Civil War.
### Death
She died in Toronto of a stroke. She is buried near Chicago.

## References
Household hardware

:*For the computer term, see Computer hardware.*
**Household hardware** describes various things used mostly at home.  Those things can be equipment such as fasteners, keys, door knobs, locks, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, tools, screws  and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal.

## Related pages 
* Hardware

## References 
## Other websites
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi

***Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi*** is a science fiction movie. It is the sixth film in the *Star Wars* film series. The movie was released in 1983. It also includes romance, action, adventure and drama.

## Plot 
The Empire constructs a new Death Star. Luke, Leia, and the droids rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt, an evil slug-like gangster. Later, Luke learns that Leia is his sister and must confront his father (Darth Vader) and return him to the good side. The movie is also famous for introducing a group of little creatures called Ewoks who help fight the Empire's troopers.

## Cast 
* Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker 
* James Earl Jones as Darth Vader 
* Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
* Kenny Baker as R2-D2
* Frank Oz as Yoda
* Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
* Ian McDiarmid as Darth Sidious

## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* 
* 
* *Return of the Jedi* The Movie Database
Quarter

**Quarter** may mean:

* One fourth of something
* Quarter (U.S. coin) 
* A neighborhood or section of a city, such as the Armenian Quarter
Freedom of religion

of 1943]]
**Freedom of religion**, also known as **freedom of worship**, is the human right and civil liberty to be able to practice a religion without fear of being persecuted for it. The freedom means you can choose your religion or have no religion, and the government cannot force you to follow one religion. It usually involes tolerating religions that are not the majority religion and usually comes alongside a separation of church and state, although not always. According to the United Nations, freedom of religion is part of international law.

## By country 
### United States 
In the United States, freedom of religion is part of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

## Related pages
* Blasphemy
* Religious conversion
* Religious toleration
* Separation of church and state
* State religion
* Secularism

## Other websites 
* Text of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Franz Ferdinand

**Franz Ferdinand** could mean:
* Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, whose assassination led to World War I
* Franz Ferdinand (band), a Scottish band
** *Franz Ferdinand* (album), their debut album
** *Franz Ferdinand* (DVD), their music DVD
* Franz Ferdinand, a character from the *Alfred J. Kwak* anime series

## Related pages
*Ferdinand Frantz, a German opera singer
Optimus Prime

**Optimus Prime**, otherwise known as formerly **Orion Pax**, currently **Victory Leo** or **Star Optimus Prime**, **Optimus Convoy**, **Super Ginrai** or **Star Optimus Convoy** in Japan and **Star Prime** or **Star Convoy** for short, is a character from the *Transformers* franchise. Prime is the leader of the Autobots, a group of transforming robots from the planet of Cybertron. The Autobots are constantly at war with another group of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis O'Neil made his name. In the 1986 animated film Transformers: The Movie, he is killed by his archenemy Megatron, who is the leader of the Decepticons. Optimus Prime is voiced by Peter Cullen.

## Generation 1 
In the Transformers Generation 1 cartoon series, Optimus was originally a naive and defenceless dock worker named Orion Pax. Some time later, Orion was killed by Megatron and rebuilt by Alpha Trion as Optimus Prime.

## Films 
In the films, Optimus does not have his original Generation 1 look or voice due to the fact they were not based on the cartoon series. In Transformers (2007), Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon, he had his original body, the one from the 2007 film. In Age of Extinction, Optimus appears battle damaged but was revealed to have been hiding from humans with the other Autobots, according to his friend Ratchet. In the movie, he was given a new look after being fixed by a human named Cade Yeager. In The Last Knight, Optimus is seen floating around in space after running low on Energon, a source of energy that transformers run on. When he appears on Cybertron, Optimus had no memory of what had happened to Cybertron, which had imploded on itself in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, Optimus is brainwashed by Quintessa, the prime of life and turned into Nemesis Prime. He also has the look he had in Transformers: Age of Extinction.

## References
## Bibliography
* 

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Pages on Optimus Prime at the Transformers Wiki
MDC (band)

**MDC** are an anarcho-punk and hardcore punk band that started in Austin, Texas in 1979. They helped make hardcore punk popular in Austin, but in 1982 they moved

Their lyrics were very political. They did not like the police, war, capitalism or racism. They did like gay people and thought that they should be treated  to San Francisco, California, where they continued to become popular in the hardcore punk community. In 1993 the band stopped playing music, but they began again in 2000 and still play music today. fairly.  

The name MDC is an abbreviation and has meant many things. The band changes what it means a lot. It has meant "Millions of Dead Cops", "More Dead Cops", "Millions of Dead Children", "Multi Death Corporations", "Millions of Damn Christians", "Missile Destroyed Civilization" and "Magnus Dominus Corpus". 

## References 
## Other websites 
*X-Con Ron's Official MDC Website
First ScotRail

**ScotRail** was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.

## History
National Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004.

On July 28, 2003, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.

On June 11, 2004, Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004. It originally traded as *First ScotRail* before being rebranded as *ScotRail* in September 2008.

On October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015.

## References
 
 
 
 
|-
Comic strip

A **comic strip** is a series of panels with cartoon drawings in them that make a story. Sometimes comic strips are humorous, and sometimes they are serious. Famous examples of comic strips are *Peanuts* by Charles Schulz and *Garfield* by Jim Davis

There are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. Penny Arcade and xkcd are famous webcomics.
Hoysala Empire

**The Hoysala Empire** (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ) was an Indian empire. It controlled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346 A.D. Belur, Karnataka was the empire's capital. The Hoysala Empire is remembered today mostly because of its architecture. The hundreds of temples found across Karnataka are good examples of temples that were in the cities of Belur, Halebid and Somnathpura. The Hoysala kings were affected majorly by two religions, Jainism and Hinduism. King Vishnuvardhana and the kings after him believed in Vaishnavism.

In the beginning, the Hoysalas were a small part of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. However, they began to grow until they made their own empire in Karnataka. Some famous Hoysala kings were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III. Kannada was the main language of the Hoysala kings. The Hoysalas helped to increase Kannada and Sanskrit writing.

## Kings 
* Nripa Kama (1000 - 1045) 
* Vinayaditya (1045 - 1098) 
* Ereyanga (1098 - 1100) 
* Veera Ballala I (1100 -1108) 
* Vishnuvardhana (1108 - 1152) 
* Narasimha I (1152 – 1173) 
* Veera Ballala II (1173 – 1220) 
* Narasimha II (1220 – 1235) 
* Vira Someshwara (1235 – 1253) 
* Narasimha III (1253 – 1292) 
* Ramanatha (1253 – 1295) 
* Veera Ballala III (1292 – 1342)
* Veera Ballala IV (1342-1346)

## Other websites 
* www.hoysala.in  
* More on Hoysala art and architecture by Dr. Jyothsna Kamat
* History of Karnataka  by Mr Arthikaje
* South Indian Inscriptions Archeological Survey of India (vols 9, 15,17,18) 
* Hoysala Tourism