open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Coat of arms of Bahrain

The current **coat of arms  of Bahrain** is a coat of arms that was originally designed in 1932 by Charles Belgrave, the British adviser to the then-Shaikh of Bahrain. The design has undergone slight modifications since then, namely in 1971 in 2002 when mantling and the indentations of the chief were modified respectively, but the influence of the original design is still clearly visible in the modern blazon.

The arms act as a governmental and national symbol in addition to being the personal arms of the king; only the king, however, may display the royal crown ensigning the coat of arms.

## History
The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 gave Bahrain protected status (not as a protectorate of the United Kingdom). In 1932, the advisor to the Ruler, Charles Belgrave, designed a coat of arms for the Ruler, Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa. The original heraldic achievement was red with a white chief dancetée of three ensigned by an heraldic *ancient crown* of eight points, with five being visible in renditions.

After the United Kingdom withdrew from Bahrain in 1971, red mantling with a white lining was added to the coat of arms as a symbol of the island nation's newly acquired independent sovereignty. The mantling is displayed around the shield without a helm or torse, in a manner unusual to traditional heraldic practice. The Princely coat of arms still displayed the Crown when used as the personal arms of Emir, though the Crown was modified to have smaller points displayed between the space of each point. The arms displayed with the mantling sans Crown became the arms of dominion for Bahrain.

The heraldic device has been most recently altered in 2002, when the emirate was declared a kingdom by Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa. The shield remains red, but the white chief dancetée now includes five indentations to represent the five pillars of the Muslim faith, rather than the three as was originally assumed in 1932.
 
The design on the shield is nearly identical to the design of the national flag, the only difference being that the whole of the design is rotated so that the chief of the shield appears as the hoist of the flag. The current **coat of arms  of Bahrain** was made in 1932 by Charles Belgrave.

## Related pages 
*Flag of Bahrain

## References
Metonymy

**Metonymy**  is a term for a figure of speech.   Metonymy a thing or concept is indirectly named.  It is not called by its own name, but by the name of something which is closely related or  in the . 

One of the most common metonyms is the use of the capital city of a country to mean the government of that country, which is usually in the capital city. For example, mass media uses the word "Washington" to talk about the federal government and national politics of the United States, Other examples of metonyms often use place names to mean major industries which are based there. For example, the stock markets of the US are located on Wall Street in New York City, so "Wall Street" is used as a general word for the US economy. Here is a list of some well-known metonyms:

* Brussels as a metonym for the European Union 
* Casa Rosada ("Pink House") as a metonym for the President of Argentina
* Élysée Palace as a metonym for the President of France 
* Hollywood as a metonym for US cinema
* Westminster as a metonym for the Parliament of the United Kingdom
* White House used as a metonym for the President of the United States

## Related pages
* Antonomasia
* Eponym
* Euphemism 
* Newspeak
* Pun
* Synecdoche
* Trope

## References
Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain

**Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Crown Prince of Bahrain** (born 21 October 1969) is the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Bahrain. He is deputy supreme commander of the Bahrain Defense Force. Prince Salman is the oldest son of the current king of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and his first wife Queen Sabika bint Ibrahim Al Khalifa.

Salman went to high school at Bahrain School. He went to American University in Washington D.C. (1992). Then he got a MPhil degree from the University of Cambridge, England (1994).

On 11 November 2020, he became the Prime Minister of Bahrain following the death of Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa.

## References
Prime Minister of Bahrain

In Bahrain, the **prime minister** is the head of government of the country. According to the Constitution of Bahrain, the prime minister is appointed directly by the King, and needs not to be an elected member of the Council of Representatives.

## List of rulers
The Arabic title of the Hakim, as transliterated, was *Hakim al-Bahrayn* (). The Hakim also held the honorific title of sheikh.

## References
Bahraini dinar

The **Bahraini dinar** (symbol: .de.parti or **BD** code: **BHD** 1965) is the currency of Bahrain. It was second strongest currencies in the world. It was listed in top 10 strongest currencies in the world. It was divided into 1000 fils.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Banknotes of Bahrain
Telephone numbers in Bahrain

**Telephone numbers in Bahrain** are usually eight digits long. Most of the fixed land line numbers start with 1. Cellular (Mobile) phone numbers and pager numbers start with 3* or 663* or 669* depending on the service provider.  

The country code is +973. There is no area code in Bahrain. The two digit numbers after the land line prefixes are for different cities or regions in Bahrain.

Batelco is the main service provider for land lines. Mobile users commonly subscribe to Batelco, Zain or Viva.
Dilmun

**Dilmun** is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian civilizations.  It was a trade partner, a source of the metal copper, and an entrepôt of the Mesopotamia-to-Indus Valley Civilization trade route. Although the exact location of Dilmun is not known, it was most likely located in the islands of Bahrain and Failaka island, Kuwait. Dilmun had a presence in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and nearby Iranian coast in the Persian Gulf. Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Dilmun appears first in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets from the end of fourth millennium BC.

## References
Tylos

Bahrain was referred to by the Greeks as **Tylos**.  It was the centre of pearl trading, when *Nearchus* came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. From the 6th to 3rd century BC Bahrain was in the Persian Empire. The Greek historian, Theophrastus, states that much of the islands were covered in cotton trees. Tylos was famous for selling walking canes that were carried in Babylon.

It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire.  Alexander planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists. The upper classes spoke Greek. Tylos became a site of Greek athletic contests.

With the lessening of Greek power, Tylos was added into Characene or Mesenian. From the third century BC to the arrival of Islam in the seventh AD, Bahrain was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties of Parthians and Sassanids.

## References
Awal

**Awal** is the old name of Bahrain, an island country in the Persian Gulf. The name *Awal* was used for eight centuries. Awal is from the name of a god that was worshiped by people of the islands before Islam. Awal looked like the head of an ox. The god Awal is very similar to the god Nandi of the Hindus.
King Fahd Causeway

The **King Fahd Causeway** is a causeway joining Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The idea to make the causeway was to improve the connections between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Surveying began in 1968. Construction began in 1981.  In 1986 it was opened to the public.

In 2008 there was an average of 48,600 passengers per day.

## References
23rd century BC

The **23rd century BC** is a century which was from the year 2300 BC to 2201 BC.

## Events
*2334 BC – 2279 BC: (short chronology) Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Mesopotamia.
* 2333 BC: Beginning of the Gojoseon, the first dynasty and government system in Korea.
*c. 2300 BC: Bronze Age starts.
*c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur, (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is made. It is now in University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
*c. 2300 BC – 2200 BC: Head of a man from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq) is made. It is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
*c. 2300 BC: Canal Bahr Yusuf (current name) is made when the waterway from the Nile to the natural lake (now Lake Moeris) is widened and deepened to create a canal.
*c. 2288 BC – 2224/2194 BC: Pepy II and his mother, Queen Merye-ankhnes, Sixth dynasty of Egypt, is made. It is now at The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York City.
*c. 2285 BC: Enheduanna, high priestess of the moon god Nanna in Ur, was born.
*c. 2278 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II starts to rule (other date is 2383 BC).
*c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa (modern Shush, Iran), is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
*c. 2250 BC Earliest proof of growing maize in Central America.
*c. 2240 BC: Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world
*c. 2220 BC Scord of Brouster farmstead made in Shetland, Scotland
*c. 2215 BC:  Comet Hale-Bopp appeared. A Guti army swept down from the Zagros Mountains and defeated the Akkadian army. They took Agade, the capital of Akkad, and destroyed it.
*c. 2300 BC: Metals started to be used in Northern Europe.

## Significant persons
* Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Akkadian Empire and the earliest empire builder in recorded history
*2279 BC—Death of Sargon I

## References
24th century BC

The **24th century BC** is a century which was from the year 2400 BC to 2301 BC.

## Events
.]]

*c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
*c. 2360 BC: Hekla-4 eruption.
*c. 2400 BC: 2000 BC- Large painted jar with birds in the border (Indus valley civilization)  now at the Boston Art Museum.
*c. 2350 BC: End of the Early Dynastic III period in Mesopotamia.
*c. 2350 BC: First destruction of the city of Mari.
*c. 2345 BC: End of Fifth Dynasty. Pharaoh Unas died.
*c. 2345 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt starts (other date is 2460 BC).
*c. 2340 BC – 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire.
*c. 2334 BC – 2279 BC: Semitic chieftain Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Sumer and Mesopotamia.

*City of Lothal founded under the Indus valley civilization.

## Significant persons
*Urukagina
*c. 2332 BC—Sargon of Akkad starts to rule
*Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, priestess and the first author known by name
*Ptahhotep, ancient Egyptian Vizier, author of *The Maxims of Ptahhotep*

## Inventions, discoveries and introductions
*The first official mentioning of beekeeping in Egypt
*The first documented use of an organized courier service for distributing written documents in Egypt

## In popular culture
In modern South Korean national mythology, the character Dangun founded the state Gojoseon in **2333 BC**.  Danjun ruled it for about 2000 years.  

## References
Apollo 9

**Apollo 9** was a mission in NASA's Apollo program. It was the third crewed mission in the Apollo program and was the first flight of the Command/Service Module (CSM) with the Lunar Module (LM). The crew was Commander James A. McDivitt, Command Module Pilot David R. Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Russell L. Schweickart. The mission was launched on March 3, 1969. The mission tested several things which were important for landing on the Moon, including the LM engines, backpack life support systems, navigation systems, and docking maneuvers.

## References
29th century BC

The **29th century BC** is a century which was from the year 2900&nbsp;BC to 2801&nbsp;BC.

## Events
 headwall in the distance.]]
* c. 2900 BC – 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.
* 2900&nbsp;BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
* c. 2900&nbsp;BC – 2600 BC: Votive statues, from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (modern Tell Ashmar, Iraq) was made. It is now in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932–1933.
* 2897 BC: Hùng Vương established the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang).
* 2890 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.
* 2880 BC: Estimated germination of the Prometheus Tree
* c. 2874 B.C.: The 365-day calendar year was started in ancient Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days.
* 2852 BC: The beginning of the period of the Three August Ones and Five Emperors in China.
* 2832 BC: Estimated germination of the Methuselah Tree, the oldest known living organism
* 2807 BC: Possible date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.
* Ur becomes one of the richest cities in Sumer

## References
Pacific Northwest tree octopus

The **Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus** is a fake animal created in 1998 by Lyle Zapato. Zapato's website says the tree octopus is real, and that it lives on both land and water.  Zapato created this website about the fake tree octopus to show how important it is to think carefully about whether things on the Internet are true or not.

The original website that described the fake species is commonly used as an example in internet literacy classes to teach students to check more carefully if sources of information are reliable.

The text included other hoax species and organizations, mixed with links to pages about *real* species and organizations. Despite the falsehoods shown on the site, all 25 seventh-grade students involved in one well-publicized test believed the content. All but one of the 25 rated the site as "very credible".

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site
22nd century BC

The **22nd century BC** is a century which was from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.

## Events
 tablet of the Gilgamesh epic in Akkadian. The historical Gilgamesh had died centuries earlier before his epic was recorded]]

*4.2 kiloyear event – the land became very dry, an event that probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC and caused the end of several Old World civilizations.
*2217 BC – 2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of Akkad.
*2200 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt ended.
*c. 2190 BC: Caused by a severe drought, Old Kingdom finished in Ancient Egypt. Start of First Intermediate Period. 7th–10th Dynasties.
*c. 2184 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare dies (other date is 2289 BC?).
*c. 2181 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
*c. 2181 BC: First Intermediate Period starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
*2181 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Nitocris died. End of Sixth Dynasty, start of Seventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkara I started to reign.
*2180 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt. First Intermediate Period of Egypt starts.
*c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire fell under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.
*2173 BC: Egypt: End of Seventh Dynasty, start of Eighth Dynasty.
*2160 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Neferirkara died. End of Eighth Dynasty, start of Ninth Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkare started to reign.
*c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.
*c. 2150–2030 BC: Gilgamesh epic was written.
*c. 2150 BC: Lagash.
*c. 2144 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, started to reign.
*2138 BC: Babylon: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occurred and are believed to be the double eclipse that took place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.
*2130 BC: Egypt: End of Ninth Dynasty, start of Tenth Dynasty. Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt started.
*c. 2125 BC – 2055 BC: "Model of a house and garden, from Thebes". Eleventh dynasty of Egypt. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
*2124 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, died.
*c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) was made. It is now in the Musée du Louvre.
*2119 BC – 2113 BC: (middle chronology), Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur.
*2116 BC – 2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.
*2112 BC – 2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.
*2104 BC – 2103 BC: Date of the Biblical flood according to the Hebrew Calendar.

## Significant persons
* Gudea
* Ur-Nammu
Xenon difluoride

of XeF2 with free electron pairs.]]
**Xenon difluoride** is a chemical compound with the formula XeF2. This noble gas compound can be used as a good fluorinating agent. Xenon difluoride is the most stable compound of all xenon compounds.

The compound shows a trigonal bipyramidal pseudostructure or a linear real structure in VSEPR theory.

Xenon difluoride is solid in state of matter. It is achromatic (without color) and in crystal form. Under high pressure and temperature, the compound can be produced from xenon and fluorine directly.

:Xe + F_2 \to XeF_2

Xenon difluoride is used in organic syntheses as fluorinating agent.

Xenon difluoride can be destroyed by heating. It then results in the pure substances fluorine and xenon. This reactions happens explosively, even though that the enthalpy of reaction is negative ( \Delta_\mathrm{f}H^o = -163 \frac{kJ}{mol}). That is because the reaction changes the state of matter from solid to gas. The gas needs more space in room.

## Further reading 
* Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Xenon(II) Fluoride
26th century BC

The **26th century BC** is a century which was from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC.
## Events
***c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC**: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
***c. 2600 BC**: The Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
***c. 2600 BC**: Pre-Palace Period, phase I, in Crete 
***c. 2600 BC – 2500 BC**: Wild horses still provide hunting feasts in Denmark. )
***c. 2600 BC – 1900 BC**: Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, Harappan, is made.
***c. 2589 BC**: Pharaoh Khufu starts to rule (other date is 2601 BC).
***c. 2578 BC**: Khufu died.
***c. 2575 BC**: Old Kingdom in Egypt 4th Dynasty Snofru is Pharaoh. 
***c. 2570 BC**: Khafra started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
***c. 2566 BC**: Pharaoh Khufu dies (other date is 2578 BC).
***c. 2558 BC**: Pharaoh Khafra starts to rule (other date is 2570 BC).
***c. 2550 BC**: Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
***c. 2550 BC**: Egyptian rulers contact Western Desert oases, such as Dakhla Oasis.
***c. 2550 BC**: About this time, Mesannepada is king of Ur (followed by his son, A-annepadda) who founds the First dynasty of Ur and overthrows the last king of Uruk, as well as Mesalim of Kish. 
***c. 2550 BC – 2400 BC**: Great Lyre with bull's head, from the tomb of King Meskalamdug, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq, is made. It is now kept at University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.
***c. 2544 BC**: Khafra died.
***c. 2533 BC**: Menkaura started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
***c. 2532 BC**: Pharaoh Khafra dies (other date is 2544 BC).
***c. 2532 BC**: Pharaoh Menkaura starts to rule (other date is 2533 BC).
***c. 2515 BC**: Menkaura died.
***c. 2510 BC – 2460 BC**: Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, tomb of Ti, Saqqara, Fifth dynasty of Egypt, is made. Discovered by French archeologist Auguste Mariette in 1865.
***c. 2503 BC**: Pharaoh Menkaura dies (other date is 2515 BC).
***c. 2500 BC**: The legendary line of Sanhuangwudi rulers of China is founded by Huang Di.
***c. 2500 BC**: The construction of the stone circle at Stonehenge begins and continues for the next five hundred years.
***c. 2500 BC**: "Menkaura and a Queen, perhaps his wife, Queen Khamerernebty II" sculpture, later found at Giza. Fourth Dynasty. It is now in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

## Significant people
***c. 2601 BC–2578 BC**—reign of Pharaoh Khufu of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty

***2599 BC**—Huni is Pharaoh. 
***2575 BC**—Old Kingdom in Egypt; 4th Dynasty; Sneferu is Pharaoh. 
***2528 BC**—Ra'djedef is Pharaoh. 
***2520 BC**—Khep-heren (Ra'kha'ef) is Pharaoh. 

## Deaths
*Khufu dies

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions
*Rock drawings at Rødøy in Norway show the use of skis
*Bactrian Camel and Dromedary are domesticated
600s BC (decade)

## Events and trends
* 609 BC—The Babylonians defeat the Assyrian army of Ashur-uballit II and gain Harran. Ashur-uballit, the last Assyrian king, disappears from history.
* 609 BC—King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt, who is on his way north to aid the Assyrian state of Ashur-uballit II. Jehoahaz succeeds his father Josiah as King of Judah.  He is quickly deposed by Necho, who puts Jehoahaz's brother Jehoiakim in his place.
* 607 BC—Death of Zhou Kuang Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
* 606 BC—Zhou Ding Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty.
* 605 BC—Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon defeats the army of Necho II of Egypt, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria. The Babylonians pursue through Syria and Palestine.
* 605 BC—Nebuchadnezzar II succeeds his father Nabopolassar as King of Babylon. 
* 601 BC—Foundation of Perinthus by settlers from Samos.
* 600 BC— Foundation of Marseille by Focei winners in a naval clash on Carthaginians; It was the beginning of Greek-punic Wars. 
* 600 BC—Radiocarbon dating for first circular inhabitation enclosure at Emain Macha.
* 600 BC—Creation of Armenia.
* 600 BC—Foundation of Capua.
* 600 BC—Foundation of Milan by Celts (approximate date).
* 600 BC—Smyrna sacked and destroyed.
* 600 BC—Nebuchadnezzar builds the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 
* c. 600 BC—Orientalizing period of vases ends in Ancient Greece.
* c. 600 BC—Archaic period of sculpture starts in Ancient Greece.
* c. 600 BC—Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London.
* c. 600 BC—Kouros is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
* c. 600 BC–580 BC—Temple of Artemis, Korkyra (Corfu) is built.
* c. 600 BC—Pompeii is founded.
* c. 600 BC—Zarathustra's religion becomes popular in Persia.
* c. 600 BC—Beginning of the construction of the largest Mound at Cahokia, near East St. Louis, Illinois. Construction continues until AD 200.
* c. 600 BC—The Etruscans take the settlement of Rome, making it into a prosperous trading centre.
* c. 600 BC—Athens had severe economic problems.
* c. 600 BC—Doric order and Ionic order are well developed.
* c. 600 BC - 500 BC - Calendrical system appears in areas with strong Olmec influence in Mesoamerica.

## Significant people
*605 BC—Death of Nabopolassar, first ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
*c. 600 BC—Birth of King Cambyses I of Anshan, head of the Achaemenid dynasty.
*c. 600 BC—Thales, Greek philosopher.
580s BC

## Events and trends
* 589 BC—Apries succeeds Psamtik II as king of Egypt.
* 588 BC—Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon begins siege of Jerusalem; the opera *Nabucco* sets the date at 587 BC.
* 587 BC—Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians, ending the Kingdom of Judah. The conquerors destroy the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem and exile some of the land's inhabitants.
* 586 BC—Death of Zhou ding wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
* 28 May 585 BC—A solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes II is battling Cyaxares. This leads to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated.
* 585 BC—Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, defeats the Sabines, takes the town of Collatia, and celebrates a triumph for his victories on 13th September.
* 585/584 BC—Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as King of the Medes.
* 585 BC—Zhou jian wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
* 585 BC—Fall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)
* 582 BC—Military battle of the major Classical antiquity powers Egypt and Babylon.
* 582 BC—Pythian Games reorganised at Delphi. (This is the traditional date.)
* 581 BC—Isthmian Games founded at Corinth.
* 580 BC—Cambyses I succeeds Cyrus I as king of Anshan and head of the Achaemenid dynasty. (approximate date)
* c. 580 BC—Gorgon Medusa, detail of sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Korkyra, is made. It is now at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
*c. 580 BC—Standing Youth (Kouros) is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

## Significant people
* Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon
* 585 BC—Birth of Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (d. 525 BC)
* 585 BC—Death of Emperor Jimmu of Japan
* 582 BC—Birth of Pythagoras in Samos, Greek philosopher and mathematician (d. 496 BC)
* 580 BC—Death of Cyrus I of Anshan (approximate date)
600 BC

The year **600 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as '*year 154 *Ab urbe condita'''''. The denomination 600 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events 
### By place 
#### India 
* Lord Mahavir, the last and 24th Tirthankar, of the ancient Indian religion, Jainism was born.

#### Middle East 
*Zoroaster's religion becomes popular in Persia. (approximate date)
*Smyrna is sacked and destroyed by Alyattes I. (approximate date)
*The country of Armenia is created. (approximate date)

#### Western Europe 
*The first dwelling at Emain Macha (now Navan Fort) is built (approximate date).
*Milan is founded by Celts.
*Capua is founded by Etruscans. (approximate date)
*Pompeii is founded. (approximate date)
*The Etruscans seize possession of Rome, making it into a prosperous trade center. (approximate date)
*Victorious over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, the Greeks of Phocaea establish the city of Marseille in today's France.
*Athens is suffering severe economic problems (approximate date).

#### North America 
*The calendrical system begins appearing in areas with strong Olmec influence, continuing to appear until 500 BC (approximate date).

### By topic 
#### Art and architecture 
*Archaic period of sculpture begins in Greece (approximate date).
*Kouros (representation of a male youth) begins to be made, being finished in 580 BC (approximate date).
*Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London. (approximate date)
*The Temple of Artemis, Korkyra in Corfu begins to be built (approximate date).
*The Doric and Ionic orders are well developed (approximate date).

## Births 
*Cambyses I, father of Cyrus the Great and future king of Anshan (Persia) (approximate date)
*King Gong of Chu, king of the Chinese state of Chu

## Deaths 
*Battus I of Cyrene, founder and first king of the Greek colony of Cyrenaica
*Duke Cheng of Jin, ruler of the Chinese state of Jin
*Cyrus I, king of Anshan, according to some sources

## References
Long Island (disambiguation)

**Long Island** is an island of New York State. It may also be:

## Antarctica 
* Long Island (Antarctica), a small island off the Antarctic Peninsula

## Antigua and Barbuda 
* Long Island, Antigua, a small island off the coast of Antigua

## Australia 
* Long Island (New South Wales), an island in the Hawkesbury River north of Sydney, New South Wales
* Long Island (Whitsunday Islands), island in the Whitsunday Group, Queensland
* Long Island (Tasmania), island in eastern Bass Strait
* Long Island, Hogan Group (Tasmania), island in northern Bass Strait

## Bahamas 
* Long Island, Bahamas, an island in the Bahamas

## Canada 
* Long Island (British Columbia), on Harrison Lake
* Long Island (Frobisher Bay, Nunavut), off the coast of Baffin Island
* Long Island (Gull Lake), near Gravenhurst, Ontario
* Long Island (Hudson Bay, Nunavut), off the coast of Quebec
* Long Island (Nova Scotia)

## Croatia 
* Dugi otok (literally meaning *Long Island*), an island near Zadar, Croatia

## Falkland Islands 
* Bleaker Island, also called Long Island

## Hong Kong 
* Cheung Chau (literally meaning *Long Island*), a small island southwest of Hong Kong

## Ireland 
* Long Island, County Cork

## Namibia 
* Long Island, Namibia, two islands (North and South) of the Penguin Islands

## New Zealand 
* Long Island, Marlborough, an island in the Marlborough Sounds
* Long Island, Southland, an island in Fiordland

## Papua New Guinea 
* Long Island (Papua New Guinea)

## Seychelles 
* Long Island, Seychelles, one of the inner granitic islands of the Seychelles

## Sri Lanka 
* Long Island, Sri Lanka, another name for Delft Island or Nedun Theevu, Sri Lanka

## United Kingdom 
* Inchfad (meaning long island), Stirling
* Long Island (Dorset), Poole Harbour, Dorset, England
* Long Island (Hampshire), England
* Outer Hebrides in Scotland are sometimes referred to as "The Long Island" (*An t-Eilean Fada*)
* Long Island, County Down, a townland in County Down, Northern Ireland
* Long Island, County Fermanagh, a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

## United States 
* Long Island AVA, New York wine region
* Long Island (Alaska), an island in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska
* Long Island (Connecticut), a small island near Stratford in the Housatonic River
* Long Island, Florida, a barrier island in Florida
* Long Island, Kansas, a city in Phillips County
* Long Island, Maine, a town on an island of the same name in Cumberland County
* Long Island (Cecil County, Maryland) an island in Maryland
* Long Island (Maryland) an island in Maryland
* Long Island (Massachusetts), the longest island in Boston Harbor
* Long Island (Montana), an island in Lake Bowdoin
* Long Island (Tennessee), an island on the Holston River
* Long Island, Virginia, a town in Campbell County, Virginia
* Long Island (Washington), one of the San Juan Islands
* Long Island (Wisconsin), one of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior
* Long Island City an area of Queens in New York

## Other 
* USS *Long Island*, the name of two United States Navy ships
*Lon Gisland EP by Beirut
496 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **496 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* Hipparchos, son of Charmos wins the archonship of Athens.

#### Roman Republic 
* The former Etruscan King of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, who was exiled by the Romans in 508 BC, and his ally Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium, are defeated by the new Roman Republic army in the Battle of Lake Regillus, near Frascati. This battle begins Roman supremacy over the Latins.
* Carthage and Rome make a treaty.

#### China 
* King Goujian of Yue defeats King Fuchai of Wu.  This made a short peace in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period.

## Births 
* Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and  (d. 406 BC)

## Deaths 
* Sun Tzu, military philosopher and author of The Art of War (b. 544 BC)
* King Helü of Wu, king of the Chinese State of Wu
* Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the exiled last King of Rome
Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa

**His Royal Highness Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa**  (20 November 1935 &ndash; 11 November 2020) was a Bahraini royal and politician. He was the unelected 1st Prime Minister of Bahrain from 1971 until his death in 2020.  He was the longest-serving prime minister in the world. 

Khalifa is the uncle of the King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.

Khalifa died at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota on 11 November 2020, just two weeks before his 85th birthday.

## References
Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing

***Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing*** is a book of essays about writing. The author is Joseph Epstein. 

*Kirkus Reviews* and *Los Angeles Times* wrote about the book. The *Chicago Tribune* also had good things to say about the book. It said that Epstein's essays of literary criticism are his most interesting works and that they were definitely worth  together in a collection.

## References
Stranger with My Face

***Stranger with My Face*** is a fiction book. The author is Lois Duncan. It won an award called ALA Best Book for Young Adults.

## Other websites
*
*
Delhi Capitals

The **Delhi Daredevils** are a team in the Indian Premier League. In 2012 they qualified for the playoffs.
## References
406 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **406 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* Callicratidas becomes the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. 
* Athens wins the Battle of Arginusae.
* Returning to Athens after the battle, Theramenes leads Athenian anger against the eight generals who were in the battle. They did not get survivors from the broken ships after the battle. The Athenian generals are put to death.
* Sparta asks for peace. Cleophon says no. 

#### Roman Republic 
* The Roman forces begin a decade-long siege against Veii.

#### Carthage 
* The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum. Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies. 

## Deaths 
* Euripides, Athenian playwright (b. c. 480 BC)
* Hannibal Mago, Carthaginian general
* Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and politician (b. c. 495 BC)
240

ruins]]
__NOTOC__
Year **240** (**CCXL**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.

#### Asia 
* Maharaja Sri-Gupta becomes Emperor of Gupta.
* Ardashir I, Sassanid king of Persia, destroys Hatra.
* Shapur I becomes co-emperor with his father Ardashir I
* The Kushan Empire falls.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* At the court of Ardashir I, Mani, a young mystic of Ctesiphon, calls himself a prophet and preaches his doctrine, Manichaeism, throughout the Persian Empire.

## Births 
* Lactantius, Christian writer (d. 320) (approximate date)
* Sporus of Nicaea,  Greek mathematician and astronomer (approximate date)
* Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (d. 274)

## Deaths 
* Ammonius Saccas, Neoplatonic philosopher (approximate date)
* Huang Quan, general of the Kingdom of Shu
* King Midang, king of the Qiang tribe
* Zhou Fang, general of the Kingdom of Wu
200

__NOTOC__
Year **200** (**CC**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### World 
* Human population reaches about 257 million.

#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.
* Palestine, benefiting from the kind policies of Severus, sees a big economic return.
* The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.

#### India 
* Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.

#### Asia 
* Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu.
* In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.
* Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans surrender at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.

#### America 
* The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).
* The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).

### By topic 
#### Art 
* Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

#### Religion 
* Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi puts together tracts of the Mishnah.  This begins the making of Talmudic law.
* Clement of Alexandria says to not use musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.
* Brahmanism changes into Hinduism (approximate date).

## Births 
* Fei Yi, an official of Shu (approximate date) (d. 253)
* Ma Jun (d. 265)
* Wang Ling, general of Wei (d. 250)
* Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 242)
* Zhou Fang, general of Wu (d. 240)
* Diophantus, Greek mathematician
* Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor (d. 276)
* Valerian I, Roman Emperor

## Deaths 
* Chunyu Qiong (executed by Yuan Shao)
* Dong Cheng (executed by Cao Cao)
* Gan Ji, Taoist priest
* Han Juzi, general under Yuan Shao
* Ji Ping (executed by Cao Cao)
* Ju Shou (officer of Yuan Shao)
* Lü Weihuang
* Mi Heng, renowned scholar and friend of Kong Rong (executed by Huang Zu) (b. 173)
* Sui Yuanjin
* Sun Ce, 25, elder brother of the founder of Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (b. 175)
* Tian Feng (executed by Yuan Shao)
* Wen Chou, general under Yuan Shao
* Xu Gong
* Yan Liang, general under Yuan Shao
* Zheng Xuan (b. 127)

## References
276

]]
__NOTOC__
Year **276** (**CCLXXVI**) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Tacitus doubled the silver content of the Roman currency.
* Marcus Annius Florianus defeats the Goths and Alans who have invaded Asia Minor. Tacitus dies of illness or is murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia.
* Florianus becomes Roman Emperor. He stops his battles against the Heruli and marches from the Bosporus.  He has support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.  No one is the winner in a battle with Marcus Aurelius Probus in Cilicia.
* Florianus keeps power for some weeks.  Then he is assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus (Turkey). Probus, age 44, is the new Emperor of Rome.
* Probus  picks Marcus Aurelius Carus to Prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

#### Asia 
* King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.
* Reign of Mahasena in Ceylon. He tries to introduce Mahayana Buddhism to the country.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Mani, a sage from Persia, dies at Gundeshapur.

## Births 
* Gregory the Elder, bishop of Nazianzus (approximate date)
* Guo Pu, Chinese writer (d. 324)
* Jin Yuandi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 323)
* Wang Dao, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 339)

## Deaths 
* Bahram I, king of Persia
* Mani, prophet and founder of Manichaeism
* Marcus Annius Florianus, Roman Emperor
* Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor
173

__NOTOC__
Year **173** (**CLXXIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Gnaeus Claudius Severus and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus become Roman Consuls. 
* June 11 &ndash; Emperor Marcus Aurelius begins a battle against the Quadi.
* Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, stops shepherds known as the boukoloi.

## Births 
* Maximinus Thrax, Roman emperor  (d. 238)
* Mi Heng  (d. 200)
* Sun Ben, nephew of Sun Jian  (d. 209)
* Yuan Tan, eldest son of Yuan Shao  (d. 205)

## Deaths 
*
175

__NOTOC__
Year **175** (**CLXXV**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Marcus Aurelius stops a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria.
* Avidius Cassius is assassinated by Roman officers. 
* Commodus is named Caesar. 

#### Asia 
* Confucian scholars try to stay in the royal court of China.  They are massacred by the eunuchs.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter as the thirteenth pope (approximate date).

## Births 
* Cao Ang, eldest son of Cao Cao (d. 197)
* Gan Ning, general of Wu (d. 218)
* Sun Ce, elder brother of founder of the Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (d. 200)
* Wei Yan, general of Shu (d. 234)
* Yang Xiu (d. 219)
* Zhou Yu, militarist and strategist of the Three Kingdoms of China (d. 210)
* Ma Chao, son of Ma Teng, cousin of Ma Dai, brother of Ma Tie and Ma Xie, general and Tiger general of Shu for Liu Bei. (d. 222) 

## Deaths 
* July &ndash; Avidius Cassius, Roman Emperor (usurper)
* Concordius of Spoleto, Christian martyr
* Faustina the Younger, Roman empress
Viktor Troicki

**Viktor Troicki** (pronounced , , , ; born 10 February 1986 in Belgrade) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Viktor became pro in 2006. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Viktor play tennis right hand, two hand backhand.

## Sources
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Troicki`s official website
203

__NOTOC__

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium.
* Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and Publius Septimius Geta become Roman Consuls.
* An arch dedicated to Severus is put up near the Forum.
* The Portico of Octavia is rebuilt. 

#### Asia 
* Reign in India of Vijaya, Satavahana king of the Andhra.
* The Andhra empire is being broken apart into smaller and smaller independent sections.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.

## Births 
* November &ndash; Mahavatar Babaji in Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
* Probable birth of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Elagabalus (d. 222)
* Cao Rui, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (approximate date) (d. 239)
* Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, officer of the Wu Kingdom (d. 253)

## Deaths 
* Perpetua, Christian saint (martyred)
* Felicitas, Christian saint (martyred)
* Ling Cao, general under Sun Ce and father of Ling Tong (killed by pirate Gan Ning)
* Wu Jing
127

__NOTOC__
Year **127** (**CXXVII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome after a seven-year trip to the Roman provinces. 
* Hadrian decides that Christians will not be put to death without a trial.

#### India 
* Kanishka I starts to rule in Kushan Empire (approximate date).

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* The philosopher Carpocrates says ownership of private property is un-Christian.

## Births 
* Zheng Xuan, Chinese philosopher (d. 200)

## Deaths 
* Plutarch, Greek historian
Euclid's lemma

'''Euclid's lemma**, also called **Euclid's division lemma** or **Euclid's first theorem''', is an important lemma. It was made by the mathematician Euclid.

== Formula ( a = bq +r ) ==
He basically proposed that for any two integers (let us call them 'a' and 'b') there exists 2 unique integers (Let us call them ' q ' and ' r ') that satisfies the equation, a = qb + r, where r<a.

In the equation, the variable 'b' is dividing the variable 'a'. This makes 'b' the divisor and 'a' as the dividend
'q' is the quotient and 'r' is the remainder

The equation thus means that a dividend is equal to its divisor multiplied with its quotient and added with its remainder.
540s BC

## Events and trends 
* 546 BC—Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys.
* 546 BC—Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital.
* 546 BC—Cyrus makes a garrison in Sardis.  He adds the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor into Persian Empire. He gains the important ports that look out to the Mediterranean world.
* 546 BC—Pisistratus takes power in Athens from the aristocratic party.
* 546 BC—The architect Eupalinos of Megara built aqueducts that supply water to Athens.
* 546 BC—The peace conference between the kingdoms in China. A treaty between Jin, Chu and some other kingdoms was signed.
* 546 BC—A coup d'état in Qi kingdom.
* 544 BC—People of Teos move to Abdera, Thrace to escape Persia.
* 544 BC—King Jing becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
* 543 BC—North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon.  He makes a Sri Lankan dynasty.
* 543 BC—Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date).
* 543 BC—Guided by the Chinese statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng starts a formal code of law.
* 540 BC—Cyrus attacks Babylonia.
* 540 BC—Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date).
* 540 BC—Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos now in southern Turkey (approximate date).
* c. 540 BC—Amasis Painter makes Dionysos with maenads, black-figure decoration on an amphora. It is now at Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
* c. 540 BC—Exekias makes *The Suicide of Ajax*, black-figure decoration on a amphora. It is now at Chateau-Musee, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.

## Significant people
* 549 BC—Birth of Darius I
* 547 BC—Death of Croesus
* 546 BC—Death of Anaximander, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
* 545 BC—Death of Zhou ling wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
* 544 BC—Birth of Sun Tzu
* 543 BC—Death of Gautama Buddha (traditional in Thailand and elsewhere—basis of the Thai solar calendar)
* 543 BC—Death of Thales, Greek philosopher
* 540 BC—Amyntas I becomes king of Macedonia (approximate date)
* Amasis Painter, Greek painter
* Exekias, Greek painter
Southern Africa

Southern Africa is the most southern region of Africa.

## Countries
*South Africa
*Namibia
*Lesotho
*Eswatini
*Botswana
*Zimbabwe
*Zambia
*Mozambique
*Malawi
*Angola
Thiruvalluvar

**Thiruvalluvar** was a Tamil poet and philosopher who wrote the  classic of couplets  of Tamil, *Thirukkural*.

## Memorials 
* A temple-like memorial to Thiruvalluvar, Valluvar Kottam, was built in Chennai in 1976.
* There is a 133-foot tall statue of Thiruvalluvar erected at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent Kanyakumari where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge, the 133 feet denote Tirukkuṛaḷ's 133 Chapters or *athikarams* and the show of three fingers denote the three themes *Aram*, *Porul*, and *Inbam*, i.e. the sections on Morals, Wealth and Love.
* There is also a statue of Thiruvalluvar outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Thirukkural Oli Pathipu: Thirukkural Audio book
* Dialogue and History Constructing South India,1795–1895, Eugene F.Irschick,UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
* http://www.theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf  Page 70
* Thirukural – Another site which is categorized by chapters
Janko Tipsarević

**Janko Tipsarević** (born June 22, 1984) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Janko became pro in 2002. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Janko plays tennis right handed. He has a two-handed backhand. 

## Sources
* ATP Profile

## Other websites
* Tipsarevic`s official website
253

]]
__NOTOC__
Year **253** (**CCLIII**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire. 
* Aemilianus is called "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate. 
* Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire.  He promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of *Pontifex Maximus*. 
* Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium. Publius Valerianus made new emperor by the Rhine legions. 
* Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two.
* Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats the Roman army (70,000 men) under Valerianus I at Barbalissos in Syria.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
* June 25 &ndash; Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
* Lucius is arrested almost immediately after his election and also exiled.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Pope Cornelius
* Aemilianus, Roman emperor
* Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
* Volusianus, Roman emperor
* Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch
* Fei Yi, general-in-chief of the Shu Kingdom
* Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, nephew of Zhuge Liang, officer of the Wu Kingdom (b. 203) 
* Sun He, son of Sun Quan
* Ehe Shaoge, a general of Qiang

## References
242

__NOTOC__
Year **242** (**CCXLII**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Gordian III begins fighting against King Shapur I. The Greek philosopher Plotinus joins him and hopes to get first-hand knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophies. 
* Gordian III leaves the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the land is now controlled by the Goths.

#### Persia 
* Shapur I makes an attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans. 

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Patriarch Titus succeeds Patriarch Eugenius I as Patriarch of Constantinople.

## Births 
* Cao Mao, fourth emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 260)
* Saloninus, Roman Emperor (d. 260)
* Sun Hao, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wu (d. 284)

## Deaths 
* Man Chong, adviser to the Kingdom of Wei
* Sun Shao, general of the Wu Kingdom (b. 188)
Frank Bruno

**Franklin Roy Bruno** MBE (born 16 November 1961) is a British boxer-turned actor. His parents were from the Caribbean. He was born in Hammersmith, west London and grew up in Wandsworth, south London. He won the WBC heavyweight championship in 1995.

Bruno has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*