open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

The **Pistol Mitralieră model 1963** (abbreviated **PM md. 63**) is an Romanian assault rifle based on the Soviet AKM, and chambered in the 7.62×39mm cartridge. It is exported as the **AIM**.

The **Pistol Mitralieră model 1965** (abbreviated **PM md. 65**) is the underfolding-stock version of the PM md. 63, and is exported as the **AIMS**.

## History 
In the early 1960s, the Romanian Army used mostly PPSh-41, Oriţa submachine guns and imported AK-47 assault rifles.  With the development of the stamped Type 4 AKM receiver, and the Soviet Union's call to each of the Warsaw Pact's nations to produce their own assault rifles chambered in 7.62mm, be they AK-47 pattern or not, the Romanian State Arsenal developed an AKM clone featuring a forward-pointing front handgrip molded into the lower handguard, called the **Pistol Mitralieră model 1963** (literally 'machine pistol' model 1963). The underfolding stock version is designated the **Pistol Mitralieră model 1965**, and features a rear-pointing front handgrip, allowing the underfolding stock to be completely retracted.

## Users 
## References
Beautiful Inside

"**Beautiful Inside**" is a song recorded by English singer Louise. It was released on 30 October 2000 as the second and final single from Louise's third studio album *Elbow Beach* (2000) and charted at number 13. The single was taken from her 3rd solo album *Elbow Beach* and contains a sample from the song "Different Strokes" by Syl Johnson and had also been sampled by American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan.

## Track listings
**UK CD 1 single**
#Beautiful Inside (Radio Edit)
#Clear Water
#Better Back Off
#Beautiful Inside Video

**UK CD 2 single**
#Beautiful Inside (Radio Edit)
#Beautiful Inside (D-Bops Saturday Night Mix)
#Beautiful Inside (Sleaze Sisters Anthem Mix)

## References
Light of My Life

"**Light of My Life**" is the debut single released by English singer Louise. It was released on 25 September 1995 as the lead single from Louise's debut album *Naked* (1996). *Light of My Life* is her first single as a solo artist following her leaving her former group Eternal earlier that year. It reached number eight in the UK Singles Chart and number eighteen in Ireland. The video was directed by Russell Young.

## Track listings
**UK CD 1 single**
#Light of My Life
#Light of My Life (Piano and Vocal Mix)
#Real Love

**UK CD 2 single**
#Light of My Life
#Real Love (Tin Tin Out Remix)
#Real Love (Stonebridge Remix)
#Exclusive Interview With Louise

## References
Robert Mundell

**Robert Alexander Mundell**, CC (October 24, 1932 &ndash; April 4, 2021) was a Canadian economist. He was a professor of economics at Columbia University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Mundell was also known for the Mundell–Fleming model and Mundell–Tobin effect.

He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1999 for his pioneering work in monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas. Mundell is known as the "father" of the Euro, as he laid the groundwork for its introduction through this work and helped to start the movement known as supply-side economics which inspired Reaganomics.

Mundell died on April 4, 2021 in Siena, Tuscany from problems caused by bile duct cancer, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Robert Mundell's homepage 
* Single Global Currency Association – Bretton Woods 2024 
* his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas.
* Economista canadiense. Profesor en la Columbia University de New York.
* The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
* The Kiel Institute Global Economy Prize
* Nobel biography for laureate Mundell 
* 
* IDEAS/RePEc
*
Disco (Grace Jones album)

***Disco*** is a box-set of three albums by Jamaican recording artist Grace Jones released in May 2015. The album contains *Portfolio* (1977), *Fame* (1978), and *Muse* (1979), all of which were recorded at Philadelphia's Sigma Sound with disco artist Tom Moulton as producer, in their full album length.

## Track listing
## Weekly charts
## References
National League Division Series

In Major League Baseball, the **National League Division Series (NLDS)**, played early to mid October, is a playoff round to determine which two National League teams play in the NLCS.  It consists of two best-of-five series featuring three division winners and the winner of the wild card game.

## History
The first Division Series was played in 1981.  A strike shortened the MLB season that year.  Division winners from the first half took on the second-half division champions.  

The Division Series was implemented for good in 1994.  The leagues were expanded two three divisions, and the wild card was also added.  However, a strike cancelled the rest of the 1994 MLB season, including the playoffs.   The current Division Series thus began play in 1995.
Ebrahim Nafae

**Ebrahim Nafae** (12 January 1934 – 1 January 2018) was an Egyptian journalist. He was editor of the Egyptian newspaper *Al-Ahram* from 1979 to 2005 and chair of the General Union of Arab Journalists from 1996 to 2012. He was born in Suez, Egypt. He then became an editor at Egyptian Radio and an economy editor of the state-owned *Al Gomhuria*.

Nafae died of lung cancer on 1 January 2018 in Dubai after undergoing surgery.

## References
Atalanta

**Atalanta** (;  *Atalantē*) is a girl from Greek stories. She is very strong and fast. She can run, hunt, and wrestle. She helped hunt a big wild boar. She wanted to stay a virgin (not marry), but later she married a man who could beat her in a race. She is like the goddesses Athena and Artemis because she is strong and brave. People in old Greek art often show her hunting and running.

## Family and early life 
Atalanta’s father was either King Schoeneus, King Iasus, or King Maenalus. Her mother was Clymene.
When she was a baby, her parents left her in the forest. A bear, sent by the goddess Artemis, took care of her. Then hunters took care of her. People think her parents wanted a son, so they left her. When she grew up, an oracle (a wise person who talks for the gods) told her not to marry. Atalanta promised to stay a virgin and became a hunting friend of Artemis, the goddess.

## Calydonian Boar Hunt 
Atalanta’s most famous adventure is hunting the Calydonian boar. A big, scary boar with big white teeth attacked the city of Calydon. The boar destroyed farms and hurt people. The goddess Artemis sent the boar to punish King Oineus for not giving her a gift. Meleager, the king’s son, led a group of heroes to hunt the boar. The hunters were Jason, Theseus, Castor and Pollux (Dioscuri), Melanion, Peleus, Peirithoos, Atalanta, and hunting dogs. During the hunt, Meleager fell in love with Atalanta, but she stayed focused. Some hunters had accidents. Peleus mistakenly killed Eurytion. Centaurs (half-man, half-horse creatures) attacked Atalanta. She killed them both easily.

Atalanta shot the boar first, then Meleager killed it. They gave the boar to Artemis. Atalanta got the boar’s skin. Later, Meleager’s uncles stole the skin. Meleager killed them. Then, his mother Althaea, angry and sad, burned a magic piece of wood that is not burning, but is still red and hot after a fire has died. It took Meleager’s life. He died. Althaea was so sad she killed herself.

## Atalanta’s race 
Atalanta was very good at sports. She beat Peleus in wrestling. Her father wanted her to marry. Atalanta agreed but said that her husband must beat her in a race. Many men ran with her, but she won every time. The losers had a sad ending, they were killed. One man, Hippomenes, won by dropping three golden apples on the track. Atalanta stopped to pick them up, so he won. Later, Atalanta and Hippomenes married. But after they were in a temple, a god punished them and turned them into lions. They had a son, Parthenopaeus, before this happened.

## Afterlife 
In the Greek afterlife (Elysium), heroes could choose a soul to have. Atalanta chose the soul of a runner because she loved running, hunting, and wrestling.
## References
Manuel Olivencia

**Manuel Olivencia Ruiz** (25 July 1929 – 1 January 2018) was a Spanish lawyer with a career as a professor, economist, and diplomat. He worked at the University of Seville and organized Seville Expo '92. He was born in Ronda, Spain. He won the Creu de Sant Jordi Award in 1990. He was Undersecretary of Education and Science during the first Transition government, advisor to the Bank of Spain, and a member of the board of RTVE.

In 1960 he became a professor of law at the University of Seville. One of his students was future Prime Minister Felipe González. There, he was dean of the school of law from 1968 to 1971 and dean of the school of economics from 1971 to 1975.

Olivencia died of respiratory failure complicated from a fall in Seville, Spain on 1 January 2018 at the age of 88.

## References
Lalo Schifrin

**Boris Claudio** "**Lalo**" **Schifrin** (June 21, 1932 &ndash; June 26, 2025) was an Argentine pianist, composer, arranger and conductor. He was best known for his movie and TV scores since the 1950s, including the theme from *Mission: Impossible* and *Enter the Dragon*. 

Schifrin received five Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations. Schifrin was also known for his works with Clint Eastwood from the late 1960s to the 1980s, particularly the *Dirty Harry* movies.

Schifrin died on June 26, 2025 at a hospital in Los Angeles, California from problems caused by pneumonia, five days after his 93rd birthday.

## References
Diamond Platnumz

Nasibu Abdul Juma Issaack (born 2 October 1989), popularly known by his stage name **Diamond Platnumz** (or simply **Dee/Simba**), is a Tanzanian bongo flava recording artist and dancer from Tanzania. He is best known for his hit song "Number One" which he featured Nigerian artiste Davido. Diamond has won numerous awards at Channel O and the HiPipo Music Awards. Diamond is considered influential among his fans, and is said to be the most loved  Tanzanian artist at the moment. He was believed to be the highest selling Tanzanian artist of ringtones by mobile phone companies in 2013, as well as being among the artists earning the highest income in the African Great Lakes region's music industry.

## Discography
### Albums
*2010: *Kamwambie*
*2012: *Lala Salama*
*2018: *A Boy from Tandale*
*2022: *First Of All*

### Singles and collaborations 
### Featured in
"Watora Mari" (Jah Prayzah ft. Diamond Platnumz)

## References
List of Hund's rules

In atomic physics, '''Hund's rules''' are rules that determine how the electrons in an atom work. Often, the first of Hund's rules is most often mentioned. The first rule of Hund's rules is so important in chemistry that it is simply just called "'''Hund's rule'''". 

Below is a brief description of Hund's rules.

# In each orbital, one electron is placed in each orbital before pairing. For example, if the 2p orbital is filled to 2p^3, all of the electrons will not be paired. The 2p orbital will continue to be filled until it reaches 6 electrons, making that orbital full.
# If all electrons are orbiting in the same direction, some of them will be orbiting the opposite direction.
# Energy will shift due to spinning of the electrons.

## References
Adrienne

**Adrienne** is a female first name. It is the female form of Adrien. The name can be also spelled **Adrianne**.The pronunciation of the name is [ **ey**-dree-en, -*uh*n; *French* a-dree-**en** ].  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

The meaning of the name is "from the city of Hadria." It also means "the dark one."

There are a few fictional characters with the name, such as Adrienne Johnson from *Days of our Lives*.

## People named Adrienne
* Adrienne Albert (born 1941), composer
* Adrienne Ames (1907–1947), American actress
* Adrienne Arsenault (born 1967), Canadian journalist
* Adrienne Bailon (born 1983), member of girl group The Cheetah Girls
* Adrienne Barbeau (born 1945), American actress
* Adrienne Beames (born 1942), Australian long-distance runner
* Adrienne Bolland (1896–1975), French test pilot and first woman to fly over the Andes
* Adrienne Clarke (born 1938), Australian botanist and former Lieutenant Governor of Victoria
* Adrienne Clarkson (born 1939), Canadian journalist and former Governor General of Canada
* Adrienne Corri (born 1933), Scottish actress
* Adrienne Fazan (1906–1986), American Academy Award-winning film editor
* Adrienne Frantz (born 1978), American actress and singer-songwriter
* Adrienne Goodson (born 1966), American former professional basketball player
* Adrienne Jackson (born 1995), American Recording Artist
* Adrienne Kennedy (born 1931), African-American playwright
* Adrienne Krausz (born 1967), Hungarian pianist
* Adrienne de La Fayette (1759–1807), wife of Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette
* Adrienne Lau, American singer and actress
* Adrienne Lecouvreur (1692–1730), French actress
* Adrienne Maloof (born 1961), American businesswoman and television personality
* Adrianne Palicki (born 1983), American actress
* Adrienne Posta (born 1948), English actress
* Adrienne Rich (1929–2012), American poet and essayist
* Adrienne Roy (born 1953), comic book colorist
* Adrienne Shelly (1966–2006), Russian-American filmmaker and actress
* Adrienne Du Vivier (1626–1706), one of the first white women settlers in Montreal

## References
Pillai

**Pillai** can mean: 
*Pillai (Kerala title), a title used in Kerala
*Pillai (title), a suffix used by various social and religious groups of South India and Sri Lanka (includes a list of people with this title)
*Pillai of Pallichal, a title of the order of nobility in Travancore
*Pillai (community), a community from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka
*Pillai (surname)
*Pilai, a Finnish bagpipe
* The Pillai statistic used in multivariate statistics, named after K. C. Sreedharan Pillai
*The Indian mathematician Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
Saoirse Ronan

**Saoirse Una Ronan** (born 12 April 1994) is an American-Irish actress. She is best known for her role as Susie Salmon in Peter Jacksons 2009 supernatural drama movie *The Lovely Bones* and Jo March in Greta Gerwig's *Little Women*. She also played Broiny Tallis in *Atonement* (2007), Eilis Lacey in *Brooklyn* (2015) and Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson in *Lady Bird* (2017). 

Ronan received four Academy Award nominations. She won a Golden Globe Award in 2018.

In 2024, she appeared in *The Outrun* and *Blitz*.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Mark E. Smith

**Mark Edward Smith** (5 March 1957 – 24 January 2018) was an English singer-songwriter and musician. He was the lead singer, lyricist and only constant member of the post-punk group The Fall. Smith formed The Fall in 1976 after attending a Sex Pistols gig at the Manchester Free Trade Hall in June that year.

Smith died on 24 January 2018 in Prestwich, Greater Manchester of lung and kidney cancer at the age of 60.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Fall online formerly: The Official Fall Website & The Unofficial Fall Website
* Various interviews 
* *Guardian* interview (2005)
* BBC Collective interview (2005)
Makoto Shinkai

, born as , is a Japanese movie director, writer, producer, animator, editor, cinematographer, voice actor, manga artist and former graphic designer. He directed the highest-earning anime movie *Your Name*.

## Biography 
Shinkai was born in Nagano Prefecture. He went to Chuo University where he studied Japanese literature. He was a part of the literature club there and he drew picture books there. He said that he liked creating because he had read manga, novels and had watched anime when he was young. After finishing university in 1994, he got a job at Falcom. It is a video game company. He worked there for 5 years by making video clips.

In 1999, Shinkai released *She and Her Cat*. It is a five-minute short movie that is black and white. It won many awards. It won the grand prize at the 12th DoGA CG Animation contest (2000). The short movie is about the life of a cat. It is from the cat's point of view. Shinkai quit his job at Falcom after winning the prize. He began making a new movie about a girl in space, which was called *Voices of a Distant Star*. After, he released his first full movie. It was called *The Place Promised in Our Early Days* and was released in Japan on November 20, 2004. His next movie was called *5 Centimeters per Second* and was released on 3 March 2007. It consists of three short films called *Cherry Blossom*, *Cosmonaut*, and *5 Centimeters per Second*.

In 2009, he started to work on his next movie. Shinkai said that the movie he was making would be his longest movie that he made and said the story was a "lively" animated movie that would have adventure, action, and romance. He revealed that his next movie would be called *Children Who Chase Lost Voices from Deep Below*. The movie was released on 7 May 2011. His next movie, *The Garden of Words*, was released on 31 May 2013. On 26 August 2016, he released *Your Name*, which was  by audiences. It became the highest-grossing anime movie. Shinkai directed the 2019 anime movie *Weathering With You*.

## Works 
### Movies 
### Video games 
### Books 
### Manga 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Official website  
* 
*
Präz

**Präz** () was a municipality of the district Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the municipalities of Portein, Präz, Sarn and Tartar joined and became the new municipality of Cazis.
The Founder

***The Founder*** is a 2016 American biographical drama movie directed by John Lee Hancock and written by Robert Siegel. The movie stars Michael Keaton as businessman Ray Kroc. It is about the story of his creation of the McDonald's fast food chain. Nick Offerman and John Carroll Lynch co-star as McDonald's founders Richard and Maurice McDonald.

The movie premiered at Arclight Hollywood on December 7, 2016 and was released in the United States on January 20, 2017, by The Weinstein Company. It made $24 million worldwide and got generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for Keaton's performance.

## References
John Carroll Lynch

**John Carroll Lynch** (born August 1, 1963) is an American actor and director. He became known for his role as Norm Gunderson in *Fargo*.   He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom *The Drew Carey Show* as Steve Carey, as well as on *American Horror Story: Freak Show* and *American Horror Story: Cult* as Twisty the Clown.

His movies include *Face/Off*, *Gran Torino, Volcano* , *Shutter Island*, *Ted 2*, *The Invitation*, and *Zodiac*. Most recently, he played McDonald's co-founder Maurice McDonald in *The Founder*.

Lynch directed his first movie with the 2017 movie *Lucky* starring Harry Dean Stanton.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard and Maurice McDonald

**Richard James McDonald** (February 16, 1909 &ndash; July 14, 1998) and **Maurice James McDonald** (November 26, 1902 &ndash; December 11, 1971) were American fast-food restaurateurs. They were the founders of the original McDonald’s restaurant in San Bernardino, California and inventors of the ‘Speedee Service System’. They were born in Manchester, New Hampshire.

In 1954, the McDonald brothers partnered with Ray Kroc. Kroc took 1.9 percent of the gross sales, of which the McDonald brothers got 0.5 percent. The brothers wanted to only have a small number of restaurants, which Kroc did not want them to have. Ray Kroc eventually bought them out.

On November 30, 1984, Richard McDonald – the first cook behind the grill of a McDonald's – was served the ceremonial 50,000,000,000th (50 billionth) McDonald's hamburger by Ed Rensi, then president of McDonald's USA, at the Grand Hyatt hotel in New York City.

Maurice McDonald died from heart failure in Riverside, California, on December 11, 1971, at the age of 69. Richard McDonald died in Manchester, New Hampshire, on July 14, 1998 of a heart attack, at the age of 89.

In the 2016 movie *The Founder*, Richard McDonald is played by Nick Offerman, and John Carroll Lynch portrays Maurice McDonald.

## References
Mauro Staccioli

**Mauro Staccioli** (11 February 1937 – 1 January 2018) was an Italian sculptor. He was born in Volterra, Italy. Staccioli started teaching and in 1968 joined the Academy of Fine Arts of Brera in Milan.

In the beginning of the 1970s, his career began as his works were about urban environment and, with sculpture, tries to give answers to social questions.

## Works
Among all his permanent work installations: Villa Celle in Santomato of Pistoia (1982); Olympic Park in Seoul (1988); Djerassi Foundation in Woodside (1987–1991); Museum of Contemporary Art of Seul Kwachon (1990); Museum of Contemporary Art of San Diego (1996); Ordino d’Arcalis in Andorra (1991); Munich (1996); Parc Tournay-Solvay in Brussels (1996); Villa Glori in Roma (1997); Schuman roundabout in Brussels (1998); Lapiz building in La Jolla (2003); Chiaopanshan International Sculpture Park in Taiwan (2003); University of Puerto Rico Arecibo (2004); Carrazeda de Ansiães in Portugal (2008); Centre Val St Quentin in Voisins-le-Bretonneux (2008).

File:"Roma 2010" di m staccioli .jpg
File:Mauro Staccioli Equilibrio Sospeso Watermael-Boitsfort 2008-03-15.jpg
File:Mauro Staccioli Parc Tournay-Solvay Watermael-Boitsfort 2008-03-15.jpg
File:El Anillo, Múnich, Alemania, 2012-04-30, DD 01.JPG

## Death
Staccioli died of complications from pneumonia on 1 January 2018 in Milan at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
Zumbastico Fantástico

**Zumbastico Fantástico**  is a Chilean television program broadcast by TVN and Cartoon Network Latin America, the program lasts 30 minutes, was produced by "TVN" and "Solo por las niñas". The series aired on Cartoon Network from November 1, 2011, the series contains animations made by Chilean cartoonists.

## List of Zumbastico Fantástico programs 
* Telonio and his demons
* Pepe, a square in a round world
* Edgar's surprising navel
* Piggy Doggy (Based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon from the 50's)
* The League of Semi-Heroes (Based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon from the 60's)
*Huckleberry Hound (Based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon from the 40's)
Inverse element

The **inverse element** is the opposite of a number or equation. The inverses of x in addition is -x (called the additive inverse), and \tfrac{1}{x} or x^{-1} in multiplication (called the multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal).

In general, given an element *g* in a group *S* equipped with an operation \circ, an inverse element of *g* is an element *g** such that g \circ g^* and g^* \circ g are both equal to the identity element (of the group). Other examples of inverse include inverse function and matrix inverse.

## Related pages 
* Field (mathematics), a set equipped with additive inverses and multiplicative inverses (except for zero)

## References
Steatopygia

woman showing steatopygia]]

**Steatopygia** is the state of having substantial levels of fatty tissue on the buttocks and thighs. This can be seen on the buttocks, the inside and outside of the thighs, and the knee.

Steatopygia is an inherited condition of the Khoisan peoples of southern Africa. Charles Darwin wrote about the Khoisan in *The Descent of Man* in 1882, commenting that their steatopygia evolved through sexual selection in human evolution, and that "the posterior part of the body projects in a most wonderful manner".

## References
Annette Crosbie

**Annette Crosbie** (born 12 February 1934) is a Scottish actress. She is known for her role as Margaret Meldrew in the BBC sitcom *One Foot in the Grave* (1990–2000). She won the BAFTA Award twice for *The Six Wives of Henry VIII* in 1971 and *Edward the Seventh* in 1976.

Her other movie appearances include *The Pope Must Die* (1991), *Shooting Fish* (1997), *Calendar Girls* (2003) and *Into the Woods* (2014).

## References
## Other websites
*
Ferdinando Imposimato

**Ferdinando Imposimato** (9 April 1936 – 2 January 2018) was an Italian magistrate. He was the Honorary President of the Supreme Court of Italy until his death. He was known for being a high-ranking prosecutor. He led the investigations of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro, Mehmet Ali Ağca's attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II, the assassination of banker Michele Sindona and many Mafia trials. He was twice a member of the Senate of the Republic.

In January 2015, he was nominated by the Five Star Movement as its candidate for the 2015 presidential election. An online survey by supporters of the movement won him 32% of the votes.

Imposimato was born in Maddaloni. He graduated from the University of Naples in 1959. He became a magistrate in 1964.

Imposimato died on 2 January 2018 in Rome, at the age of 81.

## References
Tim Sweeney

**Tim Sweeney** (1929 &ndash; 1 January 2018) was an Irish sportsman. He played hurling with his local club Foneagh. He was a member of the Galway senior inter-county team between 1949 and 1963.

He won back-to-back county titles with Fohenagh in 1959 and 1960.

Sweeney died at the age of 88 on 1 January 2018.

## References
Khoisan

The **Khoisan** is the name for two peoples of Southern Africa: the **San** and the **Khoikhoi**. The San are foraging bushmen, and the Khoi are a pastoral people previously known as the **Hottentots**. The relationship between the two groups is not very clear. The San are generally smaller than other humans in the area. They also look very different than other groups of people there. As of 2018, between 90.000 and 100.000 San are left.  Most of them live in Botswana and Namibia. There are San minorities in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The San were some of the original (indigenous) inhabitants of Southern Africa. Then the southward Bantu migrations from North and East Africa reached the region 700 years ago. The Bantu populations displaced the Khoi and San to become the predominant inhabitants of Southern Africa.

The Khoisan “was the largest population on Earth at some point”, according to one evolutionary geneticist. The evidence of the Khoisan's original presence in South Africa is the distribution of their languages today. Khoisan language groups often have extreme differences in structure and vocabulary despite close proximity, which demonstrates a long period of settlement and co-evolution of languages in the same region.

.]]

Charles Darwin wrote about the Khoisan and sexual selection in *The Descent of Man* in 1882, commenting that their steatopygia evolved through sexual selection in human evolution, and that "the posterior part of the body projects in a most wonderful manner".

In the 1990s, genomic studies of the world's peoples found that the Y chromosome of San men share patterns of polymorphisms that are different from those of all other populations. Because the Y chromosome changes little, this type of DNA test is used to determine when different human subgroups separated from one another. This shows their last common ancestry. The authors of these studies suggest that the San may have been one of the first populations to differentiate from the most recent common ancestor of all living humans, estimated to have lived 60,000 to 90,000 years ago.

## References
Persistence hunting

**Persistence hunting** is important because it is thought to have been important in earlier human societies. It is practiced today by the San people and by the Rarámari (Tarahumara) people of northwest Mexico.

Many animals on grassland move faster than humans. However, humans have endurance and can jog-trot for long distances. Their loss of hair allows them to sweat easily, and their spears give them a way to kill prey at the end of the hunting. 

A group of about four men start out on a search. Finding a suitable antelope, they move towards it, and the animal runs away. They check the signs, such as broken blades of grass, and follow it more slowly, but persistently. Eventually the animal has to stop to eat grass. Grass has so little nutrient that continual eating during the day is essential for their survival. If the antelope runs off into the far distance, one of the younger men is chosen to run after it while the others jog along behind. The runner comes back to say where the animal has gone. In this way younger members with endurance and older men with experience have their roles in the hunt. Eventually the men catch up while the animal can run no further without digesting grass (which is its 'fuel').

There is an alternative explanation as to why the animal eventually stops running, and that relates to its lesser ability to reduce its temperature by sweating, because its coat of fur is so much denser than the human hair covering. This may indeed play a part, but primarily the cause of fatigue is what is called 'metabolic fatigue', such as the shortage of fuel within the muscles.

The San people and their hunting methods were presented on television by David Attenborough in the documentary *The Life of Mammals, Program 10 Food for thought*. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o
Luo people

The **Luo** (also called **Joluo** or **Jonagi**/**Onagi**, singular **Jaluo**, **Jaonagi** or **Joramogi**/**Nyikwaramogi**, meaning "Ramogi's heirs") are an ethnic group in western Kenya, northern Uganda, and the Mara Region in northern Tanzania. They are part of a larger group of the linguistic Luo peoples who inhabit an area ranging from South Sudan, South-Western Ethiopia, Northern and Eastern Uganda, South-Western Kenya and North-Eastern Tanzania.

The Luo are the fourth largest ethnic group (15%) in Kenya, after the Kikuyu (22%), the Kalenjin (18%) and the Luhya (16%). The Luo and the Kikuyu inherited most of political power in the first years after  Kenya's independence in 1963. The nummber of Luo in Kenya was estimated to be 2,185,000 in 1994 and 3.4 million in 2010 during to government census.

They are mostly fishermen, with some farmers, but durng the colonial era, they had a mixed economy in which livestock and farm products were used for economic and divine activities. They migrated from Bahr-El-Ghazal a sub-tributary of the Nile, and first settled at Pukungu Pakwach in Uganda and later dispersed to Kisumu in Kenya and Tanzania near Lake Victoria.

Their 'state' leaders who lead groups of related clans are called *Ruoth*, meaning "Chief", and their national leaders  are now called *Jodongo* - Luo Council of Elders and are led by a *Ker*, meaning "King". They now are members of Christianity, traditional African religions and Islam.

Their god was called Nyasaye, who used to stay at Ramogi Hills. Their initiation used to be done on teenaged boys who woild get their six lower teeth removed and then would  be regarded as men.  They now have syopped that practice and have copied the Kikuyu and circumsising the foreskin.

## Notable people 
# Jaramogi Oginga Odinga one of Kenya's founding fathers
# Barrack Obama former President of The U.S
# Lupita Nyong'o Award winning actor in the Oscars
# Raila Odinga former Prime Minister of Kenya
# Raymond Omollo  Permanent Secretary (PS) Interior
#Tito Okello former Uganda President
#Elijah Omolo Agar one of Kenya's founding fathers

## References
Middelburg

**Middelburg** may refer to:

* Middelburg, Belgium, a neighborhood of Maldegem, Province of East Flanders, Belgium
* Middelburg, Eastern Cape, a town in the Province of Eastern Cape, South Africa
* Middelburg, Mpumalanga, a city in the Province of Mpumalanga, South Africa
* Middelburg, Netherlands, capital of the Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands
* Middelburg, North Holland, a hamlet in the Province of South Holland, the Netherlands
Bâgé-Dommartin

**Bâgé-Dommartin** is a new commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of east France. It started on January 1, 2018 and has the former communes of Bâgé-la-Ville and Dommartin in it.

## References
DStv

**DStv** (**Digital Satellite Television**) is MultiChoice's digital satellite TV service in Sub-Saharan Africa, launched in 1995, providing various bouquets offering general entertainment, movies, lifestyle & culture, sport, documentaries, news & commerce, children, music, religion and consumer channels to MultiChoice subscribers. DStv has around 8 million subscribers, with the majority being in South Africa and Nigeria. These two markets are considered to be the most important markets for DStv, although markets such as Kenya, Ghana, Angola, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Mauritius and Tanzania, though not having as many subscribers, they are on major focus too.

## References
Inverse (mathematics)

**Inversion** (or **finding the inverse**) is an idea from mathematics, which is about finding a number, function or mathematical structure which is different from the current one, but which has similar properties.  The simplest case of this is negation: Given a positive number, find the negative number which has the same value, except for the sign. 

Inversion can refer to the following concepts:
*The inverse element for addition or for multiplication.
*An inverse function
*Inverse (logic)
*The inversion of an Invertible matrix
*The Fourier inversion theorem states that sometimes, it is possible to reconstruct the original function, after a Fourier transform
*In Set theory, the complement will return all elements not in the set.
*Inversive geometry studies the properties of a shape that are preserved after geometrical inversion.
Jahn Otto Johansen

**Jahn Otto Johansen** (3 May 1934 – 1 January 2018) was a Norwegian journalist, newspaper editor, foreign correspondent and non-fiction writer. He was born in Porsgrunn, Norway. He worked for the newspaper *Morgenposten* from 1956 to 1966, for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) from 1966 to 1977, and was chief editor of *Dagbladet* from 1977 to 1984.

Johansen died in Oslo on 1 January 2018 at the age of 83.

## References
Ali Akbar Moinfar

**Ali Akbar Moinfar** (Persian: علی‌اکبر معین‌فر) (14 January 1928 – 2 January 2018) was an Iranian politician. He served as the first Petroleum Minister of Iran. He was a member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly representing Tehran from 1980 through 1984. He was born in Tehran.

Moinfar died in Tehran on 2 January 2018 of renal failure at the age of 89.

## References
Rick Hall

**Roe Erister "Rick" Hall** (January 31, 1932 &ndash; January 2, 2018) was an American record producer, songwriter, and music publisher. He was best known as the owner and proprietor of FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and "Father of Muscle Shoals Music". 

Hall was born in Tishomingo County, Mississippi. He was raised in Rockford, Illinois. He was drafted to the Korean War, though rejected the draft as a conscientious objector.

Hall was added into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1985 and also received the John Herbert Orr Pioneer Award. In 2014, he won the Grammy Trustees Award in recognition of his long career. Hall remained active in the music industry with FAME Studios, FAME Records, and FAME Publishing.

Hall died of prostate cancer in Muscle Shoals, Alabama on January 2, 2018 at the age of 85.

## References
George Clements

**George Harold Clements** (January 26, 1932 &ndash; November 25, 2019) was an American Roman Catholic priest. In 1981, became the first Catholic priest in the Chicago area to adopt a child. 

In June 1969, Father Clements became the first black pastor of Holy Angels Catholic Church on the South Side of Chicago. He was also well known for his involvement in civil rights activities in the 1960s. 

Clements suffered a stroke on October 12, 2019. He died on November 25, 2019 at a hospital in Hammond, Indiana from a heart attack caused by the stroke, aged 87.

## References
Jack F. Matlock Jr.

**Jack Foust Matlock Jr.** (born October 1, 1929) is an American former ambassador, career Foreign Service Officer, a teacher, a historian, and a linguist. He was a specialist in Soviet affairs during the years of the Cold War, and served as U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1987 to 1991 during the Presidency of Ronald Reagan.

## References
## Other websites
* JackMatlock.com website and blog
*
***Booknotes* interview with Matlock on *Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended*, September 26, 2004.
Rebecca Matlock

**Rebecca Burrum Matlock** (December 7, 1928 &ndash; November 9, 2019) is an American photographer. She was born in Manchester, Tennessee. She is the wife of former U.S. Ambassador Jack F. Matlock Jr. since 1949. They both studied at Duke University.

In 1956 the Matlocks joined the Foreign Service and were posted in following years to Vienna, Oberammergau, Moscow, Accra, Zanzibar, and Dar es Salaam. Two more children were born during their first tour in Moscow (David and Joseph).

In 2009 she was named Honorary Trustee of the Friends of Davis International Center of Princeton University.

## Published works
# At Spaso House: People and meetings: Notes of the wife of an American ambassador (in Russian) Transl. from English by T. Kudriavtseva, Moscow:  EKSMO, Algorithm, 2004 
# Challenges: A Memoir of My Life in Opera by Caldwell, Sarah with Matlock, Rebecca, Middletown, Conn. : Wesleyan University Press, 2008 

## References
Naina Yeltsina

**Naina Iosifovna Yeltsina** (, née **Girina**, ; born 14 March 1932) is the widow of the first President of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin.

Yeltsina was rarely seen in public. She accompanied her husband on some of his foreign visits, including 1997 visits to Sweden, Finland, and a 1999 visit to China. As a rule, Naina Yeltsina never interfered in her husband's political work.

## References
Robert Mann

**Robert Mann** (July 19, 1920 – January 1, 2018) was an American violinist, composer, and conductor. He was the founding member of the Juilliard String Quartet in 1946. He was as well a faculty member at the Manhattan School of Music. Mann, the first violinist at Juilliard, served on the school's string quartet for over fifty years until his retirement in 1997.

Mann died at his home in Manhattan, New York on January 1, 2018 at the age of 97.

## References
The Conjuring 2

***The Conjuring 2*** is a 2016 American supernatural horror movie directed by James Wan. It is the sequel to 2013's *The Conjuring* and the third movie in *The Conjuring* series.

## Background
Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga reprise their roles as paranormal investigators and authors Ed and Lorraine Warren from the first movie. The movie is about the Warrens as they travel to England to help the Hodgson family, who are experiencing poltergeist activity in Enfield council house in 1977. This event became referred to as the Enfield Poltergeist.

## Release
*The Conjuring 2* was released in North America on June 10, 2016. The movie received positive reviews from critics and has made over $320 million worldwide. A spin-off prequel movie, *The Nun*, is scheduled to be released in 2018.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
American League Division Series

In Major League Baseball, the **American League Division Series (ALDS)** is played from the beginning to the middle of October, and decides which two teams in the American League will play in the American League Championship Series.  It consists of two best series out of the five series featuring three division winners, and the winner of the wild card game.  Each series is completed once a team has won three games.

## History
The first Division Series was played in the strike shortened 1981 MLB season.  Teams in first place before the strike took on teams in first place after the strike.  In 1994, the Division Series was added for good.  Both leagues were split in to three divisions each; and the wild card was added as well.  However, a strike cancelled the rest of the 1994 season, including the playoffs. The current-day Division Series thus began the play in 1995.
Hurricane Julia (2010)

**Hurricane Julia** was the easternmost Category 4 hurricane recorded in the Atlantic basin since reliable satellite observations became available. On Sept. 15, Julia and Igor had both been powerful category four hurricanes but Julia's wind speeds had continued to drop since because of wind shear from monster hurricane Igor's outflow. By 11 a.m. EDT on Sept. 20, the National Hurricane Center issued their final warning on Julia. She was 1,100 miles west of the Azores near 34.7 North and 46.4 West and maximum sustained winds were near 46 mph, but quickly weakening. Julia had later been downgraded into a low pressure system and is now in the 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season history books. Meanwhile, Igor's life history is not finished as he makes a track further into the North Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Julia became a Category 4 storm in just 24 hours. She is currently out in the Atlantic with sustained winds at 135 mph. Luckily, there were no deaths. The maximum wind speed  of the cyclone was 140mph. The minimum pressure created was 948/949mb. The cyclone lasted for 13 days (09/12 - 09/24) with the changing of the catergories.
Wolf Point East Tower

**Wolf Point East Tower** is the second tallest of three buildings being developed in the Near North Side community area on the Wolf Point property near the Chicago River in downtown Chicago.

The building is planned to be about 60 stories and  tall. It will have 698 units. Although originally thought to be a mixed use building when planned in 2012 and approved in 2013, the building was reenvisioned as an apartment building in 2016. Construction began in 2017.

## References
1000M

**1000M** is an apartment tower in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District portion of Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Loop. It was designed by Helmut Jahn and Kara Mann, the building is a 73-story,  tall tower located at 1000 South Michigan Avenue.

Construction on 1000M began in December 2019 but stopped during the COVID-19 pandemic. It opened in June 2024. The building was the final project designed by Jahn.

## References
Rock N Roll McDonald's

The '''Rock N Roll McDonald's** (formerly **The Original Rock 'N Roll McDonald's''') is a McDonald's restaurant in Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the most famous McDonald's locations in the world and was once the busiest in the United States.

The restaurant, in the River North section of the Near North Side community area (neighborhood) of Chicago, a few city blocks west of the Magnificent Mile, had been a tourist attraction since it opened in 1983.

After the demolition of the original building, the present building opened in 2005 and originally had a seating capacity of 300. The original 1983 building and the first design of the rebuilt 2005 structure site held a rock and roll exhibit in a building next to the restaurant and a small upstairs McDonald's museum display.

The building features the first two-lane McDonald's drive-through, a café, flat panel televisions and a green roof. In 2017, a redesign of the restaurant planned to remove the Rock N Roll theme for a more modernized version, which opened on August 8, 2018.

## References
Helmut Jahn

**Helmut Jahn** (January 4, 1940 &ndash; May 8, 2021) was a German-American architect from Chicago, Illinois. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany.

Jahn was well known for designs such as the Sony Center on the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany, the Messeturm in Frankfurt, Germany, the One Liberty Place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (formerly the tallest building in Philadelphia), and the Suvarnabhumi Airport, an international airport in Bangkok, Thailand. 

Recent projects include a residential tower in New York City, 50 West St in 2016 and the Thyssenkrup Test Tower in Rottweil, Germany in 2017. He was designing the 1000M, a super-tall residential complex in Chicago at the time of his death.

Jahn was riding his bicycle on May 8, 2021 and was hit by a car in Campton Hills, Illinois. He died from his injuries a few hours later, aged 81.

## References
Gateway Tower (Chicago)

**Gateway Tower** is a proposed mixed-use supertall skyscraper planned on the abandoned site of the former Chicago Spire in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side of Chicago.

The building is planned to be  tall. The building would include condos, apartments, a hotel, a Skylobby, a Skydeck with a restaurant, an amusement ride and sky-garden.

## References
St. Regis Chicago

**The St. Regis Chicago**, formerly **Wanda Vista Tower**, is a 101-story,  supertall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.

Construction started in August 2016 and was completed in 2020 with the remaining portion expected to finish by the third quarter of 2021.  Upon completion, St. Regis became the city's third-tallest building at , passing the Aon Center. It is the tallest structure in the world designed by a woman. It was designed by architect, Jeanne Gang. Vista Tower complements the design of the nearby Aqua skyscraper.

Vista Tower cost nearly $1 billion to construct.

The tower is made up of three connecting towers with differing heights. The tower topped out in April 2019. It formed part of the Lakeshore East development.

## References
One Bennett Park

**One Bennett Park** is a skyscraper at 451 East Grand Avenue, in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago.

The project was first announced as the building at **451 E. Grand Ave** in July 2014, approved in December 2014, and named One Bennett Park in October 2015.

The building is named for Edward H. Bennett, the Chicago architect and urban planner who coauthored the 1909 Plan of Chicago. When completed, it will be among the tallest buildings in Chicago.

## References
Streeterville

is generally considered the western boundary]]
**Streeterville** is a neighborhood in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States, north of the Chicago River. It is named for George Streeter. 

It is bounded by the river on the south, the Magnificent Mile portion of Michigan Avenue on the west, and Lake Michigan on the north and east, according to most sources, although the City of Chicago only recognizes a small portion of this region as Streeterville. It can be described as the Magnificent Mile plus all land east of it.  

The majority of the land in this neighborhood is sandbar.

## References
Humboldt Park, Chicago

**Humboldt Park**, one of 77 designated community areas, is on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Humboldt Park neighborhood is known for its social and ethnic demographic change over the years. The Puerto Rican community has identified strongly with the area since the 1970s.

Humboldt Park is also the name of a 207-acre (0.8&nbsp;km²) park near to the community area. The area is considered to be the most violent in the city.

## References
Kappalottiya Tamizhan

**Kappalottiya Tamizhan** (The Tamilian who drives the ship) is a Tamil movie released in 1961. The movie was directed by B.R.Panthulu. The main roles were acted by Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan. The supporting roles were made by S. V. Subbaiah, T. K. Shanmugham, S. V. Ranga Rao, Savitri and S. A. Ashokan. The movie was based on the life history of freedom fighter, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. This movie was awarded the National Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Somehow it failed in the collections or became a commercially failed movie.

## Reception
*Kappalottiya Thamizhan* received generally positive reviews. Malathi Rangarajan of *The Hindu newspaper* said, "Films on patriotism are many. But Panthulu's *Kappalottiya Tamizhan* stands higher for the natural imitations of Sivaji Ganesan as VOC, and S.V. Subbiah as Bharatiar. The reviews praise the movie that it remains a perfect showcase of the Independence Movement in the South.

## Box office
*Kappalottiya Thamizhan* was the first Tamil movie to get tax exemption (No tax is needed to pay), from the Government of India. This is because of the movie's content of patriotism. But it became a commercial failure. It faced a loss of Rs. 7 Lakhs.

## References
West Side, Chicago

The **West Side** is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, along with the North Side and the South Side. The West Side consists of communities that are of historical, cultural, and ideological importance to the history and development of Chicago. On the municipal flag of Chicago, the West Side is represented by the central white stripe.

It is often seen by the media and residents as a largely poor, crime-ridden area of the city.

## References