open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cymothoa exigua

***Cymothoa exigua***, or the **tongue-eating louse**, is a crustacean, a parasitic isopod. 

This parasite enters fish through the gills, and then attaches itself. The female attaches to the fish's tongue, and the male attaches on the gill arches beneath and behind the female. The female parasite destroys the fish's tongue. Then it attaches itself to the stub of what was once the tongue and becomes the fish's new tongue.

## Behavior
*Cymothoa exigua* gets blood through the claws on its front, causing the tongue to atrophy (wither) from lack of blood. The parasite then replaces the fish's tongue by attaching its own body to the muscles of the tongue stub. 

The fish is able to use the parasite just like a normal tongue. It appears that the parasite does not cause any other damage to the host fish. but only *C. exigua* is known to consume and replace its host's tongue.

## References
Milton Cardona

**Milton Cardona** (November 21, 1945 &ndash; September 19, 2014) was a Puerto Rican jazz and salsa percussionist, vocalist and conga player. He had over five hundred recordings, and made seven albums between 1985 and 2007. He worked on the soundtrack of the movie *El Cantante* (2007). He worked with musicians such as Spike Lee, Paul Simon, David Byrne, Celia Cruz, and the rock band Cream.

Cardona was born in Mayagüez. He was married to Bruni.

Cardona died from heart failure on September 19, 2014. He was 69.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Montek Singh Ahluwalia

**Montek Singh Ahluwalia** (born 24 November 1943) is an Indian economist and civil servant. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of the Republic of India. The position has the rank of a Cabinet Minister. He resigned from the post in 2014. This was before the end of the UPA II  in the center. Before this, he was the first Director of the Independent Evaluation Office at the International Monetary Fund.

## References
Georges Danton

**Georges Jacques Danton** (26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a politician during the French Revolution. He was a member of the city council of Paris, minister of justice and head of the Provisional Executive Council, member of the Convention, member of the National Assembly, and he was the first president of the committee of public safety. The Reign of Terror lasted from 1793 to 1794.  During the Reign of Terror, Danton changed his mind: He said that continuing the Reign of Terror was a bad idea, but other people disagreed. Danton was charged with treason and executed on the guillotine.

## References
Helepolis

**Helepolis** (, English: "Taker of Cities") was an ancient siege engine. It was used in the unsuccessful siege of Rhodes in 305 BC. It is based on an earlier, smaller design used against Salamis in 306 BC. The name was taken from the Greek *"ελείν πόλεις"*, meaning destroyer of *cities*.  Vitruvius, Plutarch, and in the Athenaeus Mechanicus. It was the largest and most powerful siege tower ever built.

## References
Belle Starr

**Myra Maybelle Shirley Reed Starr** (February 5, 1848&nbsp;– February 3, 1889, known as **Belle Starr**) was an American outlaw. She knew Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and other criminals and outlaws. She was convicted of stealing horses in 1883. She was sent to prison. In 1889, she was ambushed in Oklahoma. She died of shotgun wounds. No one knows who killed her.

## Early life
Belle Starr was born as Myra Maybelle Shirley on her father's farm near Carthage, Missouri. Her family called her May. Her father was John Shirley.  Her mother was Eliza Pennington. .

## American Civil War
The Union army attacked Carthage in 1864. The Shirleys moved to Scyene, Texas. Legend says that the Shirleys knew a number of Missouri-born criminals, including Jesse James and the Youngers. Starr knew the Younger brothers and the James boys because she had grown up with them in Missouri. People thought that Starr's brother Bud was in favor of the Confederate States of America. He was killed in 1864 by Union troops.

## After the Civil War
Starr married Jim Reed in 1866. In 1868, their first child was born. Starr was good at using guns. She used to ride sidesaddle to her criminal activities wearing a black velvet riding habit and a feathered hat. She carried two pistols. Cartridge belts were strapped across her hips. Both men were killed. After this, Starr stopped being an outlaw.

## Unsolved murder
During the last years of her life, Starr had relationships with several men. These men had colorful names like Jack Spaniard, Jim French, and Blue Duck. She married a relative of Sam Starr named Jim July Starr. He was about 15 years younger than Starr.

On February 3, 1889, Starr was killed in Oklahoma. She was ambushed. She died from shotgun wounds to her back, neck, shoulder, and face. Legend says she was shot with her own double barrel shotgun.

There were no witnesses. No one was ever convicted of the murder. Some say the murderer was one of her sharecroppers.  He was afraid she was going to turn him in to the police. He was an escaped murderer from Florida. He was tried for Starr's murder. He was found not guilty. The murder of Belle Starr remains unsolved.

## Story becomes popularized
Starr's story interested publisher Richard K. Fox. Her story was printed in dime novels and the *National Police Gazette*. Fox made her name famous with his novel, *Bella Starr, the Bandit Queen, or the Female Jesse James*. This book was published in 1889. This novel is sometimes cited as a historical reference.  It was the first of many popular stories that used her name.

## References
Taxali Gate

The **Taxali Gate** is one of the 12 gates of the old medieval walled city of Lahore, now a part of Pakistan. It dates from Mughal times.

## History
The Royal Mint (where coins were made) of the Mughal Empire or *Taxal*, was here. The gate was named for that.

## Present
Today, there is no mint here. There is a very famous shoe market, Sheikhupurian Bazaar. People can go there and try *Desi* (local) foods like *Siri Paya* and many types of sweets.

The world-famous Heera Mandi red light area is also in this area.

## References
Gregor Blanco

**Gregor Miguel Blanco Pedraza** (born December 24, 1983) is a Venezuelan professional baseball player.  He is an outfielder for the Arizona Diamondbacks.

## Career
Gregor Blanco was the center fielder and leadoff hitter for Tiburones de La Guaira in Venezuela.  He hit .315 (178 AB) in the 2006–07 season.  In the 2007-2008 season, he hit .345 (229 AB).  In the 2008-2009 season, he hit .349.  He eventually was sent to the majors because of Jordan Schafer's struggles.

## References
Heera Mandi

The **Heera Mandi** (Diamond Market), also called **Shahi Mohallah** (Royal Neighborhood) , is a famous red-light district of the old Taxali Gate of Lahore, Pakistan. Historically, the Heera Mandi was a centre of cultural activity, where courtesans trained in fine arts played influential roles in the social and cultural fabric of the Indian subcontinent. They were educators, poets, singers, dancers and intellectually sound women. During the British Raj, Heera Mandi was turned into a red-light district,  an area where prostitutes work, by the British rulers, who used their influence to relegate the status of the tawaifs (courtesans) of Heera Mandi into prostitutes. The tawaifs played an important role in the Freedom Movement against the British and provided both financial and moral support to the freedom fighters, along with taking part in political activities.  

## History
The Heera Mandi was first called the 'Shahi Mohallah' or Royal Neighborhood in the 17th century. It was called that because many princes and nobles of the Mughal dynasty used to come there. At that time there were only *Tawaifs* (dancing girls) and courtesans there. They were there to amuse the people. Later, some women from other parts of Indian Subcontinent were also brought to perform classical Indian dances such as Kathak to entertain Mughals. During the rule of the Sikh king Ranjit Singh, prostitution [Vaishyavirti] also was common. Many brothels were opened there. Ranjit Singh renamed this place 'Heera Mandi'. It was named for an officer, Heera Singh, who lived there. Some historians think that he named it for the beautiful girls (prostitutes) who lived there. They were like precious diamonds. The British government tried to move it, but they were forced to move it back because people did not like this idea. Later, after the 1870s, the British also added some special brothels there for British soldiers.

## References
Royal Alcazar of Madrid

The **Royal Alcazar of Madrid** (*Real Alcázar de Madrid*) was a former royal residence. It was originally built as a fortress by Muslims between 850 and 856 AD. It was in the center of Madrid and served as the center of the Spanish royal court. This was up to the construction of the Royal Palace of Madrid by the Bourbons in the 1700s. the great building kept its original title of *Alcázar* (English: "fortress").

The first extension to the building was completed in 1537 and was  by King Charles I. Its exterior was constructed by the architect "Juan Gómez de Mora" in 1636, commissioned by King Philip IV.

It was famous for its many paintings and for its unusual architecture. It was the residence of the Spanish Royal Family and home of the Court until it was destroyed by fire in 1734. Many artistic treasures were lost. This included over 500 paintings, although 1,038 artworks were saved from the fire. One of these was *Las Meninas* by Velázquez. It was , but later d by Juan García de Miranda.

## Related pages
*Royal Palace of Madrid the building that is presently on the site.

## References 
skrtttt the boi 100 is lit my boi
Joanne Whalley

**Joanne Whalley** (born 25 August 1961) is an English actress. She played Christine Keeler in the movie *Scandal*. She also played Colleen in ''Mother's Boys''

She was born in Salford, Lancashire, England.

## References
Reema

**Reema Khan** (born 1972) also known by her screen name **Reema**, is a Pakistani 
Lollywood movie actress, director and producer. She has appeared in more than 200 movies since making her debut in 1990.

## Early life
Reema Khan was born in 1972, in the Heera Mandi area of Lahore, Pakistan. She was first spotted in 1990 by the Pakistani movie director Javed Fazil and was offered the leading role in his movie *Bulandi*. She became popular at once and went on getting success.

## Main movies and later career
Khan's early movies included 'Zherilay', 'Ishq', 'Naag Devta', 'Pyar hi pyar', 'Sailab', 'Dil', 'Aag', 'Shama' and 'Sahiba'. These were followed by movies such as 'Hina', 'Anjuman', 'Chakuri', 'Chandni', 'Neelam' and 'Insaniat'. Later she appeared in 'Hathi Meray Sathi' directed by Shameem Ara and in 'Rani Beti Raj Karegi' directed by Altaf Hussain. In 2002, Asif Ali Pota's 'Fire' and Samina Peerzada's 'Shararat' were released starring Reema in the lead role. This was a very big commercial and critical success in Pakistan, making over 320 million rupees profit. Reema is mostly living in the USA now and planning new movie projects.

## References
Lucasfilm Animation

**Lucasfilm Animation** is an American television and movie animation company. It is the animation division of Lucasfilm Ltd.. It is known for the *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* television series. The division became part of Disney Television Animation company after Disney bought Lucasfilm for $4,000,000,000. Their logo included R2-D2. Lucasfilm Singapore moved into a new building at the beginning of 2014.

## Products
*Star Wars: Clone Wars television series (2005-2008 (co-produced with Cartoon Network studios)
*Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV Series) television series (2008-2014/present)(distributed by Cartoon Network)
*Star Wars Rebels television series (2014-present) (co-production with Disney and distributed by Disney XD)  
*Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles film series (2013/2014)(co-production with WILFILM and LEGO and distributed by Disney XD)
*Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) film (2008) (distributed by Wardner Bros.)
*Star Wars: Ewoks (co-production with Nevaland)

## References
Asma Jahangir

**Asma Jilani Jahangir** (27 January 1952 &ndash; 11 February 2018) was a leading Pakistani lawyer. Born in Lahore, she was an advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, President Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan and a human rights activist who works both in Pakistan and internationally to prevent the persecution of religious minorities, women, and exploitation of children. 

She won several international awards for her activism including Right Livelihood Award and the Four Freedoms Award in 2010 for promoting Religious Freedom. 

Jahangir suffered from brain haemorrhage while going into cardiac arrest in Lahore on 11 February 2018 and died when was taken to the hospital at the age of 66.

## References
Jean-Pierre Dumont

**Jean-Pierre "J. P." Dumont** (born April 1, 1978) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. Dumont played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres, and Nashville Predators. He also played for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Dumont played 4 seasons with the Val-d'Or Foreurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the New York Islanders in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. Dumont had a contract dispute with the Islanders and they traded him and a 5th round draft pick to the Chicago Blackhawks for Dmitri Nabokov in 1998.

Dumont played 72 games over two seasons with the Blackhawks and in March 2000, he was traded along with Doug Gilmour and a draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres for Michal Grosek. Dumont played 5 seasons with the Sabres and was named their captain in January 2004.

After the Sabres rejected Dumont's $2.9-million arbitration award, he signed a two-year, $4.5-million contract with the Nashville Predators on August 29, 2006. On June 30, 2011, the Predators bought out Dumont's contract and he became an unrestricted free agent for July 1. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2013.  Since retiring, Dumont is currently a member of tag HC Nashville which is based in Nashville, Tennessee.

## References
## Other websites
*
Peter von Bagh

**Kari Peter Conrad von Bagh** (29 August 1943 &ndash; 17 September 2014) was a Finnish movie historian, writer and director. He worked as the head of the Finnish Film Archive and directed many movie festivals. He was the editor-in-chief of *Filmihullu* magazine. 

From 2001 until his death, he had been the artistic director of the Il Cinema Ritrovato in Bologna, Italy. In 2004, he was a member of the jury in the competition category of the Cannes Film Festival.

## Early life and career 
Von Bagh was born in Helsinki. He graduated from the University of Helsinki. in 1970. He also was a professor at many other universities across Finland, teaching movie history.

Von Bagh died after a long illness on 17 September 2014 in Helsinki. He was 71.

## References
## Other websites
* Peter von Bagh at the Cannes Film Festival webpage
*
Flor Van Noppen

**Florentinus Ludovicus Leopoldus Eduard ("Flor") Van Noppen** (28 June 1956 – 22 September 2014) was a Belgian politician. He was a member of the N-VA. Van Noppen was the brother of veterinarian Karel Van Noppen, who was murdered by the hormone mafia. 

Van Noppen was elected as a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 2007 and reelected in 2010. He also served as city councilor (2001-2014) and alderman (2007-2013) of Dessel. Van Noppen, who suffered from Multiple system atrophy, retired from politics after the 2014 elections upon completing his term. 

Van Noppen died on 22 September 2014 from the disease, aged 58.

## References
French Urbanism Institute

The **French Urbanism Institute (IFU)** is a scientific research institute in the Université de Marne-la-Vallée near Paris, France. The institute was established in 1969 after the establishment of the Planning Institute of Paris in 1919.

## Other websites 
* French Urbanism Institute
Audrey Long

* (1944).]]

**Audrey Charteris** (née **Long**; April 22, 1922 &ndash; September 19, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in 33 low-budget movies and television shows in the 1940s and early 1950s. Her best known roles were in *Yankee Doodle Dandy* (1942), *Tall in the Saddle* (1944), *Wanderer of the Wasteland* (1945), *Born to Kill* (1947), and *Desperate'' (1947).

Long was born in Orlando, Florida. Her father was an Episcopal minister and English immigrant. During her childhood, she and her family moved to Canada as well as Honolulu, Hawaii, and San Francisco, California. She was educated in both California and Virginia. She was first married to Edward Rubin from 1945 until their divorce in 1951. She was later married to British writer Leslie Charteris from 1952 until his death in 1993.

Long died in Virginia Water, Surrey, after a long illness on September 19, 2014, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rackstraw Downes

**Rackstraw Downes** (born 1939) is a British-born American realist painter and author.  Downs was born **Rodney Harry Rackstraw Downes** in Pembury, Kent, England.

His oil paintings are known for their details about the months of plein-air sessions. His drawings usually show industry and the environment background. Downs lives in Midland, Texas, but was originally from Maine and Connecticut.

## References
David H. Levy

.]]
**David H. Levy** (born May 22, 1948) is a Canadian astronomer and science writer. He co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1993, which collided with the planet Jupiter in 1994. Levy was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 

## References
## Other websites
* David Levy's Home Page
Gallup, New Mexico

**Gallup** is a city in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 21,899 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of McKinley County.

## References
Smitley River

The **Smitley River** is a river in British Columbia, Canada. It is in the north Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains.  It flows southeast to join the Noeick River.  The Smitley River starts on the east side of Mount Saugstad.

## References
Eugene Merle Shoemaker

**Eugene Merle Shoemaker** (April 28, 1928&nbsp;– July 18, 1997), also known as **Gene Shoemaker**, was an American geologist. He was one of the founders of the field of planetary science. He was best known for co-discovering the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with his wife Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy.

Shoemaker died in a car crash in Alice Springs, Australia, aged 69.

On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon by the Lunar Prospector space probe.

## References
## Other websites
*USGS page about Gene Shoemaker
*NASA page about Gene Shoemaker
Carolyn S. Shoemaker

**Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker** (June 24, 1929 &ndash; August 13, 2021) was an American astronomer. She was a co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy&nbsp;9.  She held the record for most comets discovered by a single person. 

## Personal life
Shoemaker was born **Carolyn Jean Spellmann** in Gallup, New Mexico, United States. The cause of death was health problems caused by a fall.

## Career
Shoemaker started her astronomical career in 1980, searching for Earth-crossing asteroids and comets at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, and the Palomar Observatory, San Diego, California.

As of 2002, Shoemaker had discovered 32 comets and over 300 asteroids (counting the as-yet unnumbered ones).

## References
## Other websites
*
*Universe Today page about Carolyn Shoemaker
*Biography of Carolyn Shoemaker at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center
Zabardast Khan

**Zabardast Khan** (died 1788) was a Suleman Khel Ghilzai Pathan warrior in history. He fought at the Third Battle of Panipat as part of the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

## References
Panipat

**Panipat** is an old city in Haryana area of India. It is 90 kms north of Delhi and 130 kms south of Chandigarh. 

Three famous battles were fought here at different times in history: the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 and the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

Today, Panipat is famous as 'The Town of Weavers' because of its fine carpet-weaving and textile industries. It was first captured by Mahmud of Ghazni of the Ghaznavid Empire in the year 1005 and later by the Ghurid dynasty. It was then under the Delhi Sultanate and then the Mughal Empire until the British conquered this area and colonized India.

## References
Eulogy

delivers a eulogy at Ronald Reagan's state funeral, June 2004]]
A **eulogy** (from , *eulogia*, meaning "praise") is a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing. It is often given about a recently dead or retired person. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services.

## Related pages
*Epitaph

## References
North Bend, Ohio

**North Bend** is a village in Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 835 at the 2020 census. The 23rd US president, Benjamin Harrison, was born here.

## References
Radawczyk Drugi

**Radawczyk Drugi** is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Konopnica in eastern Poland.

About 200 people live in Radawczyk Drugi.

## References
Mary Haas

**Mary Rosamund Haas** (January 12, 1910 – May 17, 1996) was an American linguist. She studied Native American Indian languages. She also studied Thai and historical linguistics.

## Early life
Haas attended high school in Richmond, Indiana, and later Earlham College.

## Related pages 
*List of women linguists

## References
Arthur T. Hannett

**Arthur Thomas Hannett** (February 17, 1884&nbsp;–  March 18, 1966) was an American politician. He became the seventh Governor of New Mexico.

After serving as a member of the State Highway Commission from March 1923, until December 1924, Hannett was elected Governor of New Mexico and served from January 1, 1925 until January 1, 1927.
Sahana Pradhan

**Sahana Pradhan** (17 June 1927 &ndash; 22 September 2014) was a Nepalese politician. She was Minister of Foreign Affairs until she resigned on 16 April 2008. In 1986, she became the leader of the Communist Party of Nepal. In 1987, the political party merged with another one.

Pradhan was born in Kathmandu. She was married to politician Pushpa Lal Shrestha until his death in 1978.

Pradhan died from a brain haemorrhage on 22 September 2014 in Kathmandu. She was 88.

## References
Marc Okrand

**Marc Okrand** (; born July 3rd, 1948) is an American linguist.  He is known for making the Klingon language.

## Biography
### Linguistics
Okrand worked with Native American languages.  He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1972.  His 1977 doctoral work from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, a dialect of Ohlone (a.k.a. Southern Costanoan). Southern Costanoan is an extinct Utian language earlier spoken in the north central Californian coastal areas from Northern Costanoan down to 30 miles south of Salinas. Okrand's doctoral work was watched over by early linguist Mary Haas. He taught college linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, from 1975 to 1978. After that he took a post doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., in 1978.

### Star Trek
Okrand helped make closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982. While there Okrand met the producer for the movie *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan*. He also made a Klingon dialogue for the 2009 movie, but it was not used in the final edited version. Okrand was also involved in *Star Trek Into Darkness*, but only after the movie was finished being made.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* a press release about Marc Okrand  at the National Captioning Institute's website
* 
* Marc Okrand  at startrek.com
* Interview with Marc Okrand in the *Wall Street Journal*
Star Trek Into Darkness

***Star Trek Into Darkness*** is a 2013 American science fiction action movie. The movie was directed by J. J. Abrams. It was Leonard Nimoy's last movie appearance before his death in 2015. Set in the 23rd century, the movie follows Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of *USS Enterprise* as they are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking a former Starfleet member-turned-terrorist, Khan Noonien Singh.

It is the second *Star Trek* movie that features the supervillain Khan Noonien Singh, since the 1982 movie *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan*, who originally appeared in the first season of the *Star Trek: The Original Series*.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Atlantean language

The **Atlantean language** is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand. It was made  for Disney's film *Atlantis: The Lost Empire*.

## References
## Other websites
* Atlantean Language Institute – Provides a dictionary, grammar guide, and corpus

## Related pages
* *Atlantis: The Lost Empire*, the film for which the language was created.
Najam Hussain Syed

**Najam Hussain Syed** also spelt **Najm Hosain Syed** (born 1936) is a Punjabi play-writer, poet, and critic who lives in Lahore, Pakistan. 

## References
Valeria Golino

**Valeria Golino** (born 22 October 1965) is an Italian director and actress. She played Susanna in *Rain Man*. She played Ramada in *Hot Shots!*.

Golino was born in Naples, Italy. She was raised in Sorrento and Athens.

## References
Alexander Grothendieck

**Alexander Grothendieck** (Berlin, 28 March 1928  13 November 2014, Saint-Girons, Ariège) was a leading figure in the modern field of algebraic geometry and Galois theory.

In 1970 Grothendieck left the Institut des hautes études scientifiques, where he had been appointed research professor (1958–1970) and where he did his greatest work. He turned to radical pacifism and opposed all forms of warfare and aggression. This is why he declined the Crafoord Prize in 1988.

In 1966 he was awarded the Fields Medal.

## References
Ohlone

**Ohlone people** are a Native American people from the north and central California coast. They lived in small villages, and they hunted deer and other animals. Ohlone groups who lived near the shore ate shellfish too. After eating them, they put their shells in mounds called shellmounds. They also buried the dead in shellmounds.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.muwekma.org - Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area
*http://www.ohlonenation.org  - The Ohlone Nation
200 Cigarettes

***200 Cigarettes*** is a 1999 American comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a party in New York City on New Year's Eve 1981. Martha Plimpton plays Monica. Courtney Love plays Lucy. Christina Ricci plays Val. Janeane Garofalo plays Ellie. Kate Hudson plays Cindy.

The movie got negative reviews from critics.

## Other websites 
*
Dulla Bhatti

**Dulla Bhatti** or **Dullah Bhatti** (real name **Abdullah Bhatti**) popularly referred to as the ‘Son of Punjab' or 'Robin Hood of Punjab') was a Punjabi Muslim Rajput of the Bhatti tribe, a famous Punjabi Folk hero and freedom fighter who led a revolt against Mughal rule during the rule of Akbar. He was publically hanged to death in 1599 in Lahore by the Mughals.

The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual Lohri celebrations till today, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands now. The song "Sundri-Mundri" which is sung during the celebrations and is a tribute to him for his bravery and rebellion against the Mughal rule.

## Career
He belonged to the Bhatti Muslim rajput tribe and was a *zamindar* or rural farmer. Later, however, he was defeated by the Mughal forces through the betrayal of some enemies
* He is also remembered in the traditional *dhadhi* performances, like poems acted out, where actors show his many brave deeds.
* A number of books, stories (fiction) and plays (drama) have been written about his life and deeds, most famous of these is *Takht Lahore* a 1973 play or drama written by the Pakistani writer Najam Hussain Syed.
* A number of Urdu and Punjabi films have been made about him, including *Dullah Bhatti* (1956) by famed director Anwar Kamal Pasha.

## References
Arturo Umberto Illia

**Arturo Umberto Illia Francesconi** (; August 4, 1900 &ndash; January 18, 1983) was an Argentine politician. He was President of Argentina from October 12, 1963, to June 28, 1966. He was a member of the centrist UCR.
Gilles Latulippe

**Gilles Latulippe** (31 August 1937 – 23 September 2014) was a Canadian actor, comedian and theatre director and manager. Latulippe is a central figure in the history of comic theatre in Quebec. In 1998, he was named Quebec's favorite actor by the daily tabloid *Le Journal de Montréal*.

Latulippe was born in Montreal, Quebec and died from lung cancer there.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rodney Milgate

**Rodney** "**Rod**" **Milgate** (30 June 1934 &ndash; 23 September 2014) was an Australian painter, newsreader, actor and playwright. During the 1960s, he was a newsreader on Channel 7. He was also the Professor of the Visual Arts School of the City Art Institute at the University of New South Wales. He was given the Blake Prize for Religious Art three times. He also wrote more than ten stage plays between 1966 and 1996. He also published a novel in 1978. He also acted in his plays, and in 1960, he appeared in three television movies.

Milgate was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He married actress Dinah Shearing in 1960. They had two sons, Matthew and Adam. He was an agnostic.

Milgate died from a heart attack on 23 September 2014 at his home in northern Sydney. He was 80.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Rodney Milgate  at AustralianPlays
Niles, Ohio

**Niles** is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The city's population was 18,443 at the 2020 census.

## References
Manuel Uribe Ángel

**Manuel María Uribe Angel** (4 September 1822 – 16 June 1904) was a Colombian physician, geographer and politician. He has been called the "*father of medicine of Antioquia*". He was known outside the realm of medicine for his studies and works on the geography and history of Colombia.

He also served as President of the then Sovereign State of Antioquia and as Senator of Colombia.
Hasse Wallman

**Hans Erik** "**Hasse**" **Wallman** (1 May 1936 &ndash; 22 September 2014) was a Swedish businessman, impresario, composer, director, writer and producer. As an entertainment executive, he presented concerts for the British rock bands The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, as well as many other bands and performers. From 1965 until 1966, he was in charge of publicity at the record label Elektra Records. In 1991, he was given a Guldmasken award.

Wallman was born in Stockholm. He was married and had two children.

Wallman was injured in a horse riding accident at his home in Värmdö on 19 September 2014. He was put into a coma and died three days later, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
Caldwell Jones

.]]

**Caldwell** "**Pops**" **Jones** (August 4, 1950 &ndash; September 21, 2014) was an American professional basketball player. He played as both a center and a power forward between 1973 and 1990. He first played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1973 until 1976. He later played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1976 until 1990. Teams he played for in his fourteen-season career in the NBA were the Philadelphia 76ers, the Portland Trail Blazers, the Houston Rockets, the Chicago Bulls, and the San Antonio Spurs.

Jones was born in McGehee, Arkansas to an African American family. He was married to Vanessa. They had three daughters: Zori, Maya and Leah.

Jones died from a massive heart attack on September 21, 2014 while playing golf in Atlanta, Georgia. He was 64.

## References
## Other websites
* Caldwell Jones  at Basketball-Reference
Ahmad Khan Kharal

**Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal** (;  – 21 September 1857), widely known as Nawab of Jhamra, He is today considered a folk hero in Punjab.

## Biography
Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal was born into a rich landowning family of the Kharal tribe in the Sandal Bar region of Punjab, in Chak 434 Gb Jhamra village 23&nbsp;km from Tandlianwala Faisalabad District and 57&nbsp;km from Faisalabad city.

He was the de facto ruler (nawab) of Jhamra, he possessed large sum of land and cattle. He was respected by all Kharals as well as other tribes such as Kathia, Wattoo, Fatayana and others. Rai Kharal had influence over all of Sandal Bar.

Leopold Oliver Fitzhardinge Berkeley, or better known as Lord Berkley, was the extra Assistant Commissioner of Gogera in 1857. He held a meeting with important personalities of the Gogera including Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal. Berkley demanded all the leaders to supply the British with men (soldiers) and horses to crush the ongoing revolt. On this, Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal said "Kharals do not share wife, horse and land with anyone" and left.

### Role in War of Independence (1857)
On July 8, 1857 British arrested a large number of Joiya tribe's men, women and children after they refused to pay the heavy taxes (Lagan). But native accounts disagree suggesting that 145 prisoners died and 100+ EIC troops were also killed. British arrested Rai Ahmad but released him due to pressure from local tribes and as no proper evidence was available against him. The connection of Jhang to Lahore was completely cut. Rai Ahmed Khan Kharal planned a major assult on Gogera with other tribal leaders in a secret meeting but the information was leaked by Sarfraz Kharal of Kamalia to British. British prepared themselves to face the upcoming assult and when the rebels attacked they were repulsed with heavy losses. A few days later one of his supporters stole the head and buried it in his ancestral graveyard in Jhamra. Below is a line from one of the poems. Ahmad Khan Kharal had very cordial(good) relations with Maharaja Ranjit singh.(reference- Saeed Ahmed Butt (2015). "Rai Ahmad Khan Kharral (Myth or Reality)" (PDF). Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. 28 (2): 173–191. Retrieved 2020-05-07.) Later on, as an old man in his 70s, when the rebellion broke out against the British, he also raised a force to fight against them.

## Struggle and death
Amo Kharal was quite successful in helping the local people and keeping them safe from British troops, keeping up a guerilla warfare against them, for some months. On 26th July 1857, Amo Kharal went with a force to attack the Gogera Jail (now in Sahiwal District) to release some of his companions arrested by the British, but was ambushed by them and their local allies.

The deeds of this brave and noble warrior are still remembered and sung by Punjabi poets in *dholas* and *vars*, types of poems.

## References
Saeed Ahmed Butt (2015). "Rai Ahmad Khan Kharral (Myth or Reality)" (PDF). Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. 28 (2): 173–191. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
Paya (food)

**Siri Paya** or **Paya** is a traditional dish of Pakistan and India. It is especially 
popular at various festivals and treated to special guests and get togethers. Paya means feet in Urdu and Hindi.

The main ingredients of the dish are the trotters or hooves of a cow, goat, water buffalo or lamb; cooked with various spices. It is cooked to a thick, soup-like form and eaten with special *naan* bread dipped into it. 

Some of the best and most famous Siri Paya in South Asia are made in the Taxali Gate 
area of Lahore city. 

## References
Paleoanthropology

skulls]]
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**Paleoanthropology** (or palaeoanthropology) combines the  of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of human evolution. 

The subject is also closely  to archaeology. The evidence of tool-making and other activities shows the  but important changes in thinking that early humans went through.

## Related pages 
*Human evolution
*Palaeolithic

## References
Republican Governors Association

of Texas]]
The **Republican Governors Association** (**RGA**) is a Washington, D.C.-based 527 organization. It started in 1963. Its members are U.S. state and territorial Republican governors.

The RGA chairman is Governor Greg Abbott of Texas. He became chairman in November 2019 after Governor Pete Ricketts of Nebraska. The 2017 RGA Vice Chair was Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin. The rest of the Executive Committee includes Governors Kim Reynolds of Iowa, Larry Hogan of Maryland, Charlie Baker of Massachusetts, Henry McMaster of South Carolina, Kristi Noem of South Dakota, Bill Lee of Tennessee, Pete Rickets of Nebraska, Eric Holcomb of Indiana, and Doug Burgum of North Dakota.

40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, was once president of the RGA when he was Governor of California. 

These people have been leaders of the RGA: John Chafee, William Milliken, Winfield Dunn, Kit Bond, Arch A. Moore, Jr., Otis R. Bowen, Victor Atiyeh, Dick Thornburgh, John H. Sununu, John Ashcroft, George Voinovich, Tommy Thompson, Terry Branstad, Mike Leavitt, Jim Gilmore, Tom Ridge, Mitt Romney, Rick Perry, Sonny Perdue, Bobby Jindal, Scott Walker, Chris Christie, Haley Barbour and Susana Martinez.

The RGA is not working with the non-partisan National Governors Association.

## Related pages
* Democratic Governors Association

## References
Timeline

A **timeline** is a way of displaying a  of events in the order they happened (called chronological order). It may be in the form of a list or a graphic design. A graphic timeline typically shows a long bar labelled with dates and usually events. But it can be other layouts as well. 

## Uses of timelines
Timelines are often used in education. They help students and researchers understand the order or chronology of historical events for a subject. A timeline can be used to  the time between events, durations (such as lifetimes or wars), and the overlap of events. 

### History
Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey a sense of change over time. Wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies.

### Project management
Another type of timeline is used for project management. They are important to help team members to know what  need to be achieved. It also shows the time schedule. An example is showing a project timeline for a Systems development life cycle of a computer system.

## References
Assheton Gorton

**Assheton St George Gorton** (10 July 1930 &ndash; 14 September 2014) was a British production designer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the movie ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' (1981). He was also given a BAFTA nomination for Michelangelo Antonioni's movie *Blowup* (1966). He also worked on the movies *Wonderwall* (1968), *101 Dalmatians* (1996) and *102 Dalmatians* (2000).

Gorton was born in Sedbergh, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was married to Gayatri. They had three children: Sophie, Steve and Barnaby.

Gorton died after a long illness on 14 September 2014 in Church Stoke of Powys, Wales. He was 84.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Assheton Gorton Interview with The British Entertainment History Project
Michael Harari

**Michael "Mike" Harari** (February 18, 1927 – September 21, 2014) was an Israeli intelligence officer in the Mossad.  He was involved in several operations. He was part of the failed Lillehammer affair and the rescue of hostages at Entebbe. 

Harari died at his home on September 21, 2014 at the age of 87.

## References
Heer Ranjha

**Heer Ranjha** is a famous sad love story from the Punjab region. Other such Punjabi love stories include Mirza Sahiban, and Sohni Mahiwal.    

The theme of this story is based on Inter-caste rivalry. The story is centred around two lovers, Heer a beautiful  girl from a rich Sial caste family; and Ranjha belonging to a wealthy clan of Ranjhas. They both fell in love but Heer's parents against their marriage. Later, Heer is married by force to a rich young man. Ranjha, very saddened by this, became a hermit and tries to meet Heer several times but fails. Later, they both commit suicide under the same mulberry tree where they used to make love.   

This story has been written by different writers, at different times. The best and most famous is *Heer* by the poet Waris Shah written in 1761. Some films in Punjabi language and Urdu have also been made about this story. 

The story is still very popular today. Many young girls and boys who fall in love have to face the same problems due to the caste differences. Some people believe that there were two real young lovers called Heer and Ranjha, long time ago. They say that they died and were buried together in a tomb near Jhang in Punjab.  

## References
Heer

**Heer** is a general term for army in the German and some other languages of German origin. In date order:

;Armies
* Army of the Holy Roman Empire, or *Reichsheer* (1422-1806)
* *Bundesheer* or German Federal Army, the Army of the German Confederation (1815-1866)
* Imperial German Army, or *Deutsches Heer* (1871-1919), for Army of the German Empire
* *Reichswehr*, or *Reichsheer* (1919-35), for the interwar Army/military of the Weimar Republic
* Wehrmacht (1935-46) for the Second World War Army/military of Nazi Germany
* German Army, or *Deutsches Heer* (1955-present), for the Cold War Army of West Germany and the current Army of Germany

;Other Germanic peoples
* *Österreichisches Bundesheer* (1920-present), the current Military of Austria
* *Heer*, the current ground component of the Military of Switzerland

;People:
* Oswald Heer, a botanist and naturalist with the standard botanical author abbreviation Heer.
* Kamal Heer, a Punjabi singer and musician.
* Manmohan Waris ("Manmohan Heer"), a legendary Punjabi singer and musician.
* Sangtar ("Sangtar Heer"), a Punjabi composer and musician.

;Other meanings:
* Heer, Netherlands, an area in the municipality of Maastricht, Limburg
* *Heer* (film), a 1956 Bollywood film
* Heer (instrumental), an instrumental by Pakistani band Junoon
* Heer Ranjha, classical Punjabi folk story
Henryk Glücklich

**Henryk Glücklich** (22 January 1945 – 23 September 2014) was a Polish speedway racer. He was an international motorcycle speedway rider. He appeared in the Speedway World Championship finals three times, finishing fifth in 1970. He also rode in five World Team Cup finals. Glücklich was born in Rybnik, Poland.

Glücklich died in Berlin, Germany, aged 69.

## References
Skip E. Lowe

**Sammy Labella** (June 5, 1929 – September 22, 2014), better known by his stage name **Skip E. Lowe**, was an American talk show host and actor. He hosted *Skip E. Lowe Looks at Hollywood*. He appeared in the movies *Black Shampoo*, ''The World's Greatest Lover*, *Cameron's Closet* and *A-List''. Martin Short called him as the inspiration for his character Jiminy Glick.

He died on September 22, 2014, in Los Angeles, from emphysema at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Christopher Hogwood

**Christopher Jarvis Haley Hogwood** CBE (10 September 194124 September 2014) was an English conductor, harpsichordist, writer, and musicologist. He was the founder of the Academy of Ancient Music. Hogwood was born in Nottingham, England.

Hogwood died in Cambridge, England on 24 September 2014, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
*Christopher Hogwood's website 
*Edition HH Limited
*Christopher Hogwood interview  recorded by Doug Ordunio for usage aboard United Airlines (ca.2000)
* http://westfield.org/competition/fortepiano2011/announcement/ Juror for 2011 Westfield Center Fortepiano Competition
By the Sword

***By the Sword*** is a 1991 action-drama movie. This movie is about people who fence with swords. F. Murray Abraham plays Max Suba. Mia Sara plays Erin.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics. The screenplay was considered "terrible".

## References
## Other websites 
*
Yasiel Puig

**Yasiel Puig Valdés** born December 7, 1990) is a Cuban professional baseball player.  Puig plays for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Puig plays the position outfielder.

Puig played for the Cuban national baseball team in the 2008 World Junior Baseball Championship.  His team won a bronze medal. In 2012, he left Cuba and signed a contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1963115.html - From Cuba to the majors: Yasiel Puig’s harrowing story
Matt Kemp

**Matthew Ryan "Matt" Kemp** (born September 23, 1984) is a former American professional baseball player.  He is currently a special advisor for the Dodgers. He played the position of outfielder. He has previously played for the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Diego Padres. His career began in 2006.

Kemp was drafted by the Dodgers in the sixth round of the 2003 draft.  He went to the major leagues after four years in the minor leagues.

He did not become a full-time player until 2008.  He became the everyday starting center fielder.  He has been named to two All-Star teams. He has won two Gold Glove Awards. He has won two Silver Slugger Awards.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Site  - Matt Kemp official site
*
Cecilia Cenci

**Cecilia Cenci** (3 August 1942 &ndash; 21 September 2014) was an Argentine actress. She was best known her roles in the movies *Piedra libre* (1976) and *Contragolpe* (1979).

Cenci was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She was of Italian ancestry.

Cenci died from brain cancer on 21 September 2014 at the Fundación Favaloro in Buenos Aires. She was 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
Greg Mackey

**Greg Mackey** (20 October 1961 &ndash; 24 September 2014) was an Australian professional rugby league player from 1980 until 1996. He played as a five-eighth, fullback, winger and centre. He also captained some of his teams. He played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Paris Châtillon XIII, the Illawarra Steelers, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, the Warrington Wolves and Hull.

Mackey was born in New South Wales. He was married to Amanda. They had three children: two sons, Kane and Tom, and a daughter, Ebony. In December 2011, he was told that he had bowel cancer.

Mackey died from a heart attack on 24 September 2014 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 52.

## References
## Other websites
* Greg Mackey at the Rugby League Project
Erik van der Wurff

**Erik van der Wurff** (9 July 1945 &ndash; 22 September 2014) was a Dutch pianist, composer, arranger, producer and conductor. He worked on mostly the soundtracks and as a composer for many movies and television shows. He was mainly worked between 1977 and 2003. He also made acting appearances in two Dutch television shows in 1977 and 1980.
## Life
Van der Wurff was born in De Bilt, Utrecht. In 2009, he was given the Order of the Netherlands Lion.

Van der Wurff died from cancer on 22 September 2014 in Soest, near Amersfoort, Utrecht, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ben Webb (artist)

**Benedict Webb** (18 May 1976 – 22 September 2014) was a New Zealand artist. He worked in both New Zealand and Germany. He worked mostly with both oil and metallic pigments. His paintings were mostly portraits. A lot of his works showed paintings of the Weimar Republic-era of Germany.

Webb was born in Dunedin. He was the son of artist Marilynn Webb. One of his godparents was artist Ralph Hotere.

Webb died on 22 September 2014 at the age of 38. His death was announced on 24 September in an issue of the *Otago Daily Times*.

## References
## Other websites
* Ben Webb at the Jonathan Smart Gallery
Abubakar Shekau

**Abubakar Shekau** (; 1969 or 1975 &ndash; 20 May 2021), also known by his alias **Darul Tawheed** (), was a Nigerian Islamist terrorist. He is the leader of the Nigerian militant group Boko Haram, whose insurgency began in 2009. He served as deputy leader to the group's founder, Mohammed Yusuf, until Yusuf was killed in 2009. Shekau then became the leader of the group.

Shekau was born in Yobe State, Nigeria and is a Kanuri. He speaks Hausa, Arabic, and English. He has four wives. He has been reported dead several times during the early 21st century.

*The Wall Street Journal* reported that Shekau killed himself by suicide vest on 20 May 2021 to avoid being captured. Nigerian officials confirmed his suicide.

## References