open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ruby (color)

**Ruby** is a deep red color that is a representation of the color of the cut and polished ruby gemstone. 

The first written use of *ruby* as a color name in English was in 1572.

## Meaning of ruby
* The ruby slippers are the magical shoes worn by Dorothy (played by Judy Garland) in the 1939 MGM movie *The Wizard of Oz*. 

## Tones of ruby color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Adam Rodríguez

**Adam Michael Rodríguez** (born April 2, 1975) is an American actor. He is best known for his long running role as Eric Delko on *CSI: Miami*.

## Early life
Rodríguez was born in Yonkers, New York. His parents are Janet and Ramon Rodríguez. He is Puerto Rican and Cuban. He studied at Clarkstown High School North in New City, New York with the NFL player Keith Bullock of the New York Giants. He graduated in 1993.

Rodríguez wanted to become a baseball player. Because of an injury, he could not do that. Afterwards, he wanted to become an actor. His first casting was at the age of 10 years for *The Cosby Show*.

## References
James Dougherty (police officer)

**James Dougherty** (born April 12, 1921 – August 15, 2005) was an American policeman in the Los Angeles Police Department. He was Marilyn Monroe's first husband.

## Early life
Dougherty was born in Texas. His parents were Ethel and Edward Dougherty. He was youngest of five children. His grandparents were immigrants from England and Ireland. When he was a child, he moved to Globe, Arizona with his parents.

He studied at Van Nuys, California  High School and graduated in 1938. Jane Russell, who grew up to become a very famous actress was in the same graduating class as James Dougherty.

## Marriages
In 1942, when he was 20 years old, he met his neighbor, Norma Jeane Baker. She was 16 years-old and they married in Los Angeles. After the wedding, he joined the navy. They separated in 1946. He told the Sun-Journal in 1997, that he was in love with a small town girl, not an actress. Until Monroe died in 1962, he followed the career of his ex-wife.

In 1947, he married Patricia Scoman. They have three daughters Cheryl Ann Dougherty (born 1947), Vivian Kathleen Dougherty (born 1950), and Maria Irene Dougherty (born 1952). Dougherty and Scoman separated in 1972.

His third wife was Rita Lambert. They married in 1974 and moved to her hometown in Maine. They were married until she died in 2003.

## Death
At the age of 84 years, he died in August 2005 of leukemia.

## Other websites
*
*
Boeing E-6 Mercury

.]]
The **Boeing E-6 Mercury** is a U.S. military aircraft. It is used by the US Navy as airborne headquarters and a communication aircraft. It is the biggest aircraft of the U.S. Navy. **Boeing E-6 Mercury** is a military variant of the Boeing 707 airliner.
Fiat G.91

The **Fiat G.91** is a military aircraft designed and built in Italy. It was built for a NATO request as a light fighter jet and training aircraft. It was used in Germany, Italy, and Portugal.
Boeing E-3 Sentry

The **Boeing E-3 Sentry** is a military aircraft. It is used as an airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft by the United States Air Force, NATO and three foreign operators: France, Saudi Arabia, and the UK. It is a military variant of the famous Boeing 707 airliner. It is classified as an Airborne Warning and Control System, or an AWACS for short.

This kind of aircraft was used in the Gulf War, as well as in the War in Afghanistan.

The Boeing E-3 Sentry is used to watch the battlefield in the air and on the surface by tracking and observing them, then giving that information to military members on the same side. As such, they are considered very important by the air forces that use them.

The E-3 gets this data from to a big rotating radar that rises from its back. This radar allows it to detect enemy planes, while being out of range of enemy anti-air guns and missiles.

## References 
* E-3 Sentry (AWACS), Archived, Tinker Air Force Base

### Citations
God's Gonna Cut You Down

'''"God's Gonna Cut You Down"''', also known as "Run On" and "Run On for a Long Time", is a traditional folk song which has been recorded by many artists representing many genres. The lyrics are a warning to sinners that no matter how hard they try, they will not avoid God's judgment. Johnny Cash sang this song for an album called *American V: A Hundred Highways* (2006).
Exogeny

**Exogeny** refers to coming from the outside. People, planets, computers, and anything else can be influenced either by things in its environment or by things within itself. Things from within itself are indigenous.

The Earth is shaped by many geological processes. The forces that make these things happen come from both inside and outside the Earth.

In geology, **exogenous** processes come from forces *on or above* the Earth's surface. Processes caused by forces from *within* the Earth are **endogenous** processes. *Exo* is a prefix meaning "out", and *endo* is a prefix meaning "in".

Many exogenous (extraterrestrial) forces are caused by other bodies in the Solar System. For example, the Moon causes tides in the Earth's oceans and other big bodies of water. Impacts from comets and meteoroids change the surface of the Earth. When they strike the Earth, they make craters in the ground.

The Sun is the main exogenous influence in the Solar System. It has many effects on Earth. Radiation from the Sun is a main cause of the surface temperature of the Earth, and for the growth of plant life. We are partly shielded from the Sun's solar wind by the Earth's magnetic field. Storms of solar particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer which protects us from ultraviolet radiation. Sometimes we see aurorae, which are lights that can be seen at night near the poles.

An example of an exogenous process that is not as a result of bodies in space is erosion. Erosion is mostly made by precipitation such as rain and snow, and by wind. 

There are three main endogenous geological processes: folding, faulting and volcanism. They take place mainly along the plate boundaries. These are the zones on the edges of plates. Endogenous processes cause many major landform features.
Kingsland, Arkansas

**Kingsland** is a city in Cleveland County, Arkansas, United States. Its population was 347 at the 2020 U.S. census. It is included in the Pine Bluff, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is famous as the birthplace of legendary country music artist Johnny Cash.

## References
Vasoconstriction

**Vasoconstriction** occurs when blood vessels become narrower because of the tightening of the muscles in their walls. Its opposite is vasodilation, which is when blood vessels widen. For example, when you are cold, blood vessels near the skin vasoconstrict so that you don't lose too much heat from your blood. 

When blood vessels vasoconstrict, this increases blood pressure. Sometimes, blood pressure is too high and this can cause heart disease, so people have to take medicine to make the muscles in the blood vessels relax. 

## References
Wish I Was Here

***Wish I Was Here*** is an American comedy drama movie directed by Zach Braff. It was released on July 18, 2014. It is about Aidan Bloom (Zach Braff), a struggling actor, father and husband. He is trying to find the purpose of his life at the age of 35.

## Cast
* Zach Braff as Aidan Bloom
* Kate Hudson as Sarah Bloom
* Joey King as Grace Bloom
* Pierce Gagnon as Tucker Bloom
* Mandy Patinkin as Gabe Bloom
* Josh Gad as Noah Bloom
* Ashley Greene as Janine
* Jim Parsons as Paul
* Donald Faison as Anthony 
* Phill Lewis as nerd
* Leslie David Baker as Audition actor #1
* James Avery as Audition actor #2
* Mark Thudium as Terry
* Bob Clendenin as Defense attorney

## Other websites
* 
* *Wish I Was Here* at Kickstarter
Jeannette Littlemore

**Jeannette Littlemore** studies applied linguistics in the English Language department at the University of Birmingham. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in European Studies at the University of Bradford in 1989, Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics and English Language Teaching at the University of East Anglia in 1993, and PhD in English Language Teaching at Thames Valley University in 1998. She has taught in Spain, Japan, Belgium, and the UK. One of her research interests is the use of metaphor and gestures.

## Books 
* *Figurative Thinking and Foreign Language Learning*. Co-author Low, G. Palgrave Macmillan. (2006).
* *Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching*. Palgrave Macmillan. (2009).
* *Doing Applied Linguistics*. Co-author Groom, N. Routledge. (2011)
* *Metonymy: Hidden Shortcuts in Language, Thought and Communication*. Cambridge University Press. (2015)

## Related pages 
List of women linguists

## Other websites 
* An Interview with Jeannette Littlemore

## References
Hurt (Nine Inch Nails song)

**"Hurt"** is a song written by Trent Reznor. It was first released on Nine Inch Nails' 1994 album *The Downward Spiral*. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Song in 1996 but lost to Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know".

Originally recorded by Nine Inch Nails, the song "Hurt" has been adapted and covered by several artists, including Johnny Cash and Leona Lewis. The song clearly includes references to self-harm and heroin addiction, although the overall meaning of the song is unknown. 

In 2002, Johnny Cash covered the song for his album, *American IV: The Man Comes Around*. The line "crown of shit" was changed to "crown of thorns", not only removing profanity from the lyrics, but also more directly referencing Christ and Cash's devout Christianity. Its accompanying video, featuring images from Cash's life and directed by Mark Romanek, was named the best video of the year by the Grammy Awards and CMA Awards, and the best video of all time by *NME* in July 2011. The cover was released on a single with the B-side 'Personal Jesus', a cover of the Depeche Mode single.

## References
Escape from New York

***Escape from New York*** is a 1981 American science fiction movie.  It was released on July 10, 1981. It was directed by John Carpenter and written by Nick Castle.  The film's total budget was estimated to be US$6 million.

It stars Kurt Russell.

The cast includes Donald Pleasence (as the President of the United States), Isaac Hayes, Adrienne Barbeau, Harry Dean Stanton, Lee Van Cleef, Ernest Borgnine, Tom Atkins, Charles Cyphers, Ox Baker, and Jamie Lee Curtis as introduction narrator (uncredited).

A following movie was released called, *Escape from L.A.*.
Escape from L.A.

***Escape from L.A.*** is a 1996 American science fiction movie directed by John Carpenter. It stars Michael Sopkiw, Cliff Robertson, Steve Buscemi, Peter Fonda, Stacy Keach, Bruce Campbell, and Pam Grier. Robertson replaced Donald Pleasence as President due to his death in 1995. It was sequel for *Escape from New York*. It was released on August 9, 1996.

## Sources
Blue Jasmine

The movie ***Blue Jasmine*** is a 2013 drama movie. This was directed by Woody Allen. The subject talks about an NYC area woman by the name Jasmine, whose life completely falls apart, at which point she then relocates to San Francisco. This movie was released in July and August 2013. It has received very enthusiastic reviews by the critics. Woody Allen would not release *Blue Jasmine* in India. It was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 2014.

## References
Poseidon (movie)

***Poseidon*** is a 2006 American disaster movie directed by Wolfgang Petersen. It is a remake of *The Poseidon Adventure*. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. It stars Josh Lucas, Kurt Russell and Richard Dreyfuss. It was released on May 12, 2006.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Air Force One (movie)

***Air Force One*** is a 1997 American action-thriller movie written by Andrew W. Marlowe and directed by Wolfgang Petersen. It is about a group of Russian terrorists hijacking Air Force One. It stars Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman, Glenn Close, Xander Berkeley, Jürgen Prochnow, William H. Macy, Dean Stockwell, Wendy Crewson, Philip Baker Hall and Paul Guilfoyle. The movie was composed by Jerry Goldsmith.

## Filming
Kevin Costner was offered the role of President James Marshall but turned it down as he had other commitments, and the script was given to Harrison Ford who accepted it.

Ford refused to do a scene in the script where Marshall sits down to gather himself as he felt that he didn't sit down when family is in a crisis. Marlowe always felt the "Get off my plane!" line was cheesy until Ford performed it to "pitch-perfect".

## Response
On Rotten Tomatoes, *Air Force One* has an approval rating of 79% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. On Metacritic, the movie has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 25 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the movie an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

A *Wall Street Journal* poll in 2016 named Harrison Ford's James Marshall as the "greatest fictional U.S. president of all time".

## References
## Other websites
*Air Force One DailyScript.com
Triangular trade

The **triangular trade** refers to trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually develops when a region is exporting resources that are not needed in the region from which its main imports come. Instead, the resources are exported to a third region. The routes involved were historically also shaped by the winds and currents during the age of sailing ships.

The best-known triangular trading systems were across the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Atlantic slave trade, which lasted from the late 16th to early 19th centuries. During this time, European countries such as Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and France had colonies in the Americas and Africa. The ships carrying slaves, crops and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the colonial powers in Europe. The use of African slaves was very important to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to buy African slaves, which were then brought from West Africa to the Americas to work on the crops. The middle passage of the triangular trade refers to the transportation of the slaves to America.

The Atlantic economy was tied into the idea of mercantilism, which thought it was a good idea for European countries to have a lot of colonies that traded only with them. Goods that were traded in the Atlantic economy were rum, slaves, sugar, tobacco, gold, spices, fish, lumber and manufactured goods. Triangular trading became less common in the 20th century due to free trade and ships specialized for particular cargoes.

## Other websites
* The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages
Waistline

**Waistline** can mean several things:

* Waist, the narrow point of the human body between the ribcage and hips
* Waistline (clothing), part of clothing that sits on the waist
Heliocentrism

**Heliocentrism** is the idea that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, which is the center of the solar system. Many people proposed heliocentrism, such as Aristarchus of Samos from ancient Greece, but Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to think of good reasons why it is true. This was the beginning of modern astronomy.

## History 
Before Copernicus, most people thought that the Sun and the other planets revolved around the Earth (this was called geocentrism). This is because if you stand on Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. However, when people watched for many years they saw many things that did not make sense if the Earth was the center of the Solar system. For example, sometimes the planets seemed to move back and forth instead of moving around the Earth. Copernicus explained why these things happen in 1543, when he published the book *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* ("On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres"). This gave his reasons for thinking the Sun was at the center instead.

Other astronomers who made further advances after Copernicus were Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. For example, Kepler showed that the planets do not orbit in perfect circles, and Galileo built very good telescopes that helped to confirm the heliocentric model.

Copernicus also thought that the sun was the center of the universe, but we now know that this is incorrect. The Sun is part of the Milky Way galaxy which is one out of billions of galaxies.

## Further reading
*
*
**On the Revolutions *; translation of *De Revolutionibus* with commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, .

## References
Let It Be (song)

"**Let It Be**" is a song by The Beatles, released in March 1970 as a single, and (in an alternate mix) as the title track of their album *Let It Be*. 

It was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon. It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band (by that time, Lennon had already left). 

Both the *Let It Be* album and the US single "The Long and Winding Road" were released after McCartney's announced departure from and subsequent break-up of the group.

"Let It Be" holds the number-one spot on "The Fans' Top 10" poll included in ''The 100 Best Beatles Songs: An Informed Fan's Guide'' by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis. The song is number three in the 100 Best Beatles Songs list, only behind "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "A Day in the Life", which is number one.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Spitzer Space Telescope

The **Spitzer Space Telescope** is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2003. It is the fourth telescope in the Great Observatories program (the Hubble Space Telescope was the first). The Hubble Space Telescope takes pictures of visible light, and the Spitzer Space Telescope takes pictures of infrared light. Unlike Hubble, Spitzer orbits the Sun instead of the Earth.

The Spitzer Space Telescope is named after the scientist Lyman Spitzer. It was planned to last for 2.5 years, but it actually lasted until 2009 when it exhausted its supply of coolant. Some parts of the telescope can work even when they are warm, and are still working.

## Discoveries
The Spitzer Space Telescope was able to see very good detail. Spitzer was the first telescope that could see light from extrasolar planets (planets outside the Solar System.) It was also able to see some of the first stars in the universe, believed to be only 100 million years after the Big Bang.

 (M31) taken by Spitzer in 2004.]]

## Further reading
*Spitzer Space Telescope website at NASA.
*Spitzer Space Telescope website at Caltech.

## References
Trance

was famous for giving ambiguous advice in a trance-like state ]]

**Trance** describes a state of mind. A trance is when a person is conscious, and not sleeping, but is unaware of what is happening around him or her.

The term *trance* is associated with hypnosis, meditation, magic, flow, religion, and certain kinds of music. It is an "altered state of consciousness".

There are many efforts to define what a trance is. Some think it is a borderland between normal consciousness and spirituality.

The most straightforward example is when a person is hypnotized, they are in a trance. Conscious, and responding to the hypnotist, the person seems to block out other thoughts and other information.

Another common example is the day-dream, where a person's mind drifts across private thoughts. Everyone daydreams, but young children constantly daydream, and have vivid imaginary fantasies. This is entirely normal. In the language of psychology, this kind of temporary separation from one's surroundings is called "dissociation". Research shows that a lot is going on when we daydream.

There are many examples of trance in religion. African animistic religions, such as that of the Yoruba, feature dances in celebration of the spirits. Under the influence of rhythm and song, a group dances, often for hours at a time. During this time, various members of the group may fall into trances, and some may act as if possessed by one of the spirits being worshiped. States of "spiritual ecstasy" are known in most forms of Christian worship. It is a main part of those aspects of religion known as "mysticism".

## Related pages 
*Flow (psychology)

## References
Nominative case

In grammar, the **nominative case** is the grammatical case used when talking about the subject of the sentence. For example, "the boy kissed the girl." 
The boy is the subject, so the nominative case is used.
Genitive case

In grammar, the **genitive case** is the grammatical case used when talking about possession: something that belongs to someone. For example, in the sentence "the boy's bike was red," the bike belongs to the boy. The word "boy's" is in the genitive case. 

## References
Age of the universe

In cosmology, the **age of the universe** is the amount of time since the Big Bang. The best measurement of the age of the Universe is 13.8 billion years (specifically, 13.798±0.037 billion years). The most recent and most accurate measurements were made by the Planck spacecraft. These measurements were made using the cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion of the Universe.

A conclusion from one mathematical model, says that the age of the Universe is about 26.7 billion years: that was published July 2023 in  *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. to 13–15 billion years. Eventually, scientists were able to make much better measurements using spacecraft.

## Possible future 
Unknown, though there are various theories to explain the possible future of planet Earth. There are various scientific theories that explains how the Earth might end. Among of them, one of the most popular theories is that the Sun will eventually become a red giant and consume the Earth. However, there are other logical theories that explain how the Earth might end.

## References
NuSTAR

**NuSTAR** is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2012. It is the eleventh satellite in the "Small Explorer" program. Telescopes in space can see much better than on Earth, because the telescopes on Earth need to look through the atmosphere. 

NuSTAR measures high-energy X-rays, which have a much higher frequency than visible light. It uses special optical devices to do this, so it works differently from a normal telescope. This type of telescope is called a Wolter telescope.

NuSTAR is searching for black holes. It is also looking at supernovae to help understand how the chemical elements are created.

## Further reading
*
*NuSTAR website at NASA. 

## References
Olinguito

The **Olinguito** (*Bassaricyon neblina*), is a newly identified mammal of genus *Bassaricyon*. It is part of the Procyonidae family which also include raccoons. 

Its discovery was announced on 15 August 2013 by the curator of mammals at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The curator discovered specimens of the species in storage at the Field Museum of Natural History and used DNA testing to confirm a new species.

## Distribution and habitat
Specimens of the species have been identified from the cloud forest stretching from central Colombia to western Ecuador. Four subspecies of the olinguito have been described.

## Ecology and behaviour 
The animal is mainly a frugivore, as well as solitary and nocturnal. It produces a single offspring at a time.

## References
John Barry

**John Barry Prendergast**, OBE (3 November 1933 &ndash; 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of movie music.

He composed the soundtracks for 11 of the *James Bond* movies between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "James Bond Theme" to the first movie in the series, 1962's *Dr. No*. He wrote the scores to the award-winning films *Midnight Cowboy*, *Dances with Wolves* and *Out of Africa*, in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999 he was appointed OBE for services to music.

Barry was born on 3 November 1933 in York, Yorkshire, England. He studied at St Peter's School, York.

Barry was married four times. His first three marriages, to Barbara Pickard (1959–63), Jane Birkin (1965–68), and Jane Sidey (1969–78) all ended in divorce. He was married to Laurie from 1978 He is survived by Laurie, his wife of 33 years, and by his four children and five grandchildren.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jericho

of State of Palestina, also called "Shalom Al Yisrael" or "Whole Over Israel...". 

It is located in Judaea (South Palæstinian Territory). ]]
**Jericho** is a very old city in the West Bank/Judaeo-Samaria. It is mentioned in the Book of Joshua. In 2007 18,346 people lived there. The City is a home to Jericho Synagogue, amongst the only *Synagogues* that are owned by the *State of Palestina* and one of the most ancient mainstream Jewish-Synagogues in the world. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/30/world/world-news-briefs-oldest-synagogue-found-from-first-century-bc.html 

## References
## Other websites
*Bible places
Marvin Kaplan

**Marvin Kaplan** (January 24, 1927 &ndash; August 25, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for providing the voice of Choo-Choo in *Top Cat*. He was also known for appearing in the comedy movie ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World* (1963) and *The Great Race.''

Kaplan was born on January 24, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. His career began in 1949. He was married to Rosa Felsenberg from 1973]] until they divorced in 1976.

He died on August 25, 2016 in Burbank, California of heart failure, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
*official website
*An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part One
*An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part Two
Penny Ur

**Penny Ur** (born 1944) is a professor at Oranim and Haifa University. She retired as head of the Masters of Education program at the Oranim Academic College of Education. Ur studied at several universities earning her Master of Arts at Oxford University, PGCE at Cambridge University, Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Reading University. She moved from the United Kingdom to Israel in 1967. She taught in primary and secondary schools in Israel for more than 30 years. She is interested in language-teaching methodologies, how they change the ways teachers teach, and English as a lingua franca. She writes for the Learning English section of the Guardian Weekly.

Ur received the OBE (Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for her work as an English language teacher.

## Works 
* *A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory*. Cambridge University Press.
* *Discussions that Work*. Cambridge University Press.
* *Five-Minute Activities*. Cambridge University Press.
* *Grammar Practice Activities*. Cambridge University Press.
* *Teaching Listening Comprehension*. Cambridge University Press.
* *Vocabulary Activities*. Cambridge University Press.

## References
Lisa Robin Kelly

**Lisa Robin Kelly** (March 5, 1970 &ndash; August 15, 2013) was an American actress who acted mostly on television. She played Laurie Forman in the sitcom ''That '70s Show''. She also acted in other sitcoms for TV. Kelly was raised in Connecticut. She died  in Altadena, Los Angeles County on August 15, 2013 from a drug-overdose, aged 43. Was of European-American heritage.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bipolar junction transistor

A **bipolar junction transistor** (**BJT** or **bipolar transistor**) is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor in order for it to work. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators. BJTs can be found either on their own, or in large numbers as parts of integrated circuits.

They are named *bipolar* transistors because their operation involves both electrons and holes.

The current gained is measured in hfe, Forward Current Gain. Typical amount can be between 200-350.

## Other websites
* Simulation of a BJT in the Common Emitter Circuit 

## References
Earl Cameron

**Earl Cameron**, CBE (8 August 1917 &ndash; 3 July 2020) was a Bermudian actor. Along with Cy Grant, he was known as one of the first black actors to break the "colour bar" in the United Kingdom. He also had repeated appearances on many British science fiction programmes of the 1960s, including *Doctor Who*, *The Prisoner* and *The Andromeda Breakthrough*.

Cameron was born on 8 August 1917 in Pembroke, Bermuda. He was married to Audrey Cameron until her death in 1994. He was married to Barbara Cameron from 1994 to 2020. He had six children. 

Cameron passed away on 3 July 2020 in Kenilworth aged 102.

## References
## Other websites
* Podcast interview with Earl Cameron on his life on the occasion of receiving his honorary degree from the University of Warwick on 23rd January 2013
* Feature on Earl Cameron at onecountry.org
* 
* *Royal Gazette* interview with Earl Cameron 
* Biography details on Screenonline
* Detailed filmography at the British Film Institute
Earl Stevick

**Earl Stevick** (23 October 23, 1923 - 13 August 2013) was an expert in language learning and teaching. Stevick was influential in developing the communicative approach to language learning. He was a practicing Christian and this greatly influenced his approach to education.

## Academic career 
He studied government at Harvard University, earned a Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Columbia University, and a PhD in linguistics at Cornell University. After he received his PhD, Stevick began teaching at Scarritt College for Christian Workers in Nashville, Tennessee. He applied for and received a Ford Fellowship and went to teach in Angola, Belgian Congo and Southern Rhodesia for two years. He then worked for the U.S. State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, creating courses to learn local African languages.

## Books 
* *Memory, Meaning and Method* (1976 & 1996 editions)
* *Teaching Languages, A Way and Ways*
* *Humanism in Language Teaching: A Critical Perspective* 
* *Teaching and Learning Languages*
* *Chinyanja Basic Course*  (and many other FSI courses)
* *Success with Foreign Languages* 
* "Images and Options in the Language Classroom"
* "Adapting and Writing Language Lessons"

## Family 
Stevick met Betty Rae Culp in 1947. They married in 1948. Some of Stevick's family members are still alive, including: a brother, Bob Stevick, of Seattle, Washington; three children, Becky Clarke of Lexington, Marian Walton of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Joel Stevick of Rockville, Maryland; eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.

## References
Boinpalle

**Boinpalle** or **Boinpalli** is a village and a mandal in India. It is in Karimnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is 28&nbsp;kilometres from the district capital.

Drought is common in this area. Many people from this area migrate to Gulf countries to find jobs as unskilled labourers. Agriculture is the primary industry in this area. Main crops are cotton and maize. Rice is the secondary crop.

The mandal of Boinpalle has 18 village panchayats.

# Ralla Ramannapeta
# Rathnampet (population 1200)
# Deshai palli
# Vardavelli
# Kodurupaka
# Vilasagar
# Korem
# Marlapeta
# Tadagonda
# Venkatrao palli
# Anantha pally
# Burgu palli
# Mallapur
# Manvada
# Neelogipalli
# Rajannapeta
# Kothapeta
# Narsingapur
Greatest Hits

**Greatest hits** might mean:
*Greatest hits album, a compilation album of previously released songs that were very successful hits of a particular music artist or band
Specific albums:
* *All the Greatest Hits*, by McFly
**Greatest Hits: My Prerogative* by Britney Spears
**Greatest Hits* (Chris Gaines album)
**Greatest Hits* (Guns N' Roses album)
**Greatest Hits* (Mariah Carey album)
**Greatest Hits* (Selena album)
**Greatest Hits* (Social Distortion album)
York, Pennsylvania

**York** (nicknamed **The White Rose City**) is a city in south-central Pennsylvania. The city was established in 1741, and officially incorporated to city status in 1887. In the 2020 Census, there were 44,800 people living there.

## References
Birmingham (disambiguation)

**Birmingham** is a city in the West Midlands, England. It might also mean:

*Birmingham Airport, an airport near the English city
*Birmingham City F.C., a football club in the English city

*Birmingham, Alabama
*Birmingham, Iowa
*Birmingham, Michigan
*Birmingham, Missouri
York (disambiguation)

**York** is a city in England. It might also mean:

## England 
*York Minster, a cathedral
*York City F.C., an association football team
*University of York, a university

## United States 
*York, Alabama
*York, Pennsylvania

## Canada 
*The old name of Toronto, the capital of the province of Ontario
**York, Toronto, a former municipality that is now part of Toronto
*York Region, a regional municipality to the north of Toronto
*York University in Toronto
Darwin's finches

'''Darwin's finches**, also known as the **Galapagos finches''', are finches that live on the Galápagos Islands. They are not actually finches, but they are a kind of passerine bird.

Charles Darwin used the finches to provide evidence for natural selection. He realized that the finches have different beaks because they are adapted to eat different kinds of food. For example, a finch with a big beak is very good at cracking open nuts, and a finch with a long beak is very good at catching insects. Darwin was able to see that the finches had a common ancestor which is why they were so similar except for their beaks. Eventually, this led to the theory of evolution.

## Further reading
*
*
*

## References
Wilson's theorem

'''Wilson's theorem'* is a theorem of number theory. Let *n'' be any natural number. Wilson's theorem says that *n* is a prime number if and only if:
:(n-1)!\ \equiv\ -1 \pmod n
This means that if *n* is a prime number, the equation is correct. Also, if the equation is correct, then *n* is a prime number. The equation says that the factorial of *(n - 1)* is one less than a multiple of *n*.
Chatham

**Chatham** might refer to:
*Chatham, Kent, a town in England
*Chatham, Massachusetts, a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts
*Chatham, Virginia, a town in the U.S. state of Virginia
*Chatham County, North Carolina, a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina
Bristol (disambiguation)

**Bristol** is a city in England. It might also mean:

;Things related to the English city:
*Bristol Airport
*Bristol City F.C.
*Bristol Rovers F.C.

;Cities in the United States
*Bristol, Connecticut
*Bristol, Florida
*Bristol, Virginia
Dolby Surround 7.1

**Dolby Surround 7.1** is a sound system by Dolby Laboratories. It produces theatrical 7.1 surround sound in cinemas. It adds two new channels to current Dolby Digital 5.1. The first movie to feature Dolby Surround 7.1 was *Toy Story 3* (2010) by Disney and Pixar. There are 4,500 locations worldwide as of March 2013.

## 2010
## 2011
## 2012
## 2013
## References 
## Other websites
*Dolby 7.1 webpage 
*Movies Released Presented in 7.1
A Boy Named Sue

"**A Boy Named Sue**" is a song written by Shel Silverstein. It was first made popular by Johnny Cash.  Cash was at the height of his popularity when he recorded the song live at California's San Quentin State Prison at a concert on February 24, 1969.  The concert was taped by Granada Television. It was later shown as a television program. Carl Perkins played guitar during the performance.  

The sound recording of the concert was later released on Cash's *At San Quentin* album by Columbia Records. Cash also sang the song as a comedy performance in December 1969 at Madison Square Garden.  

The song became Cash's biggest hit on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It was his only top ten single there, spending three weeks at No. 2 in 1969. The track was also at the top of the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts that same year. It was certified Gold on August 14, 1969, by the RIAA.

Shel Silverstein's recording was released the same year as "Boy Named Sue". It was a single on his album *Boy Named Sue (and His Other Country Songs)*. It was produced by Chet Atkins and Felton Jarvis.

## The song 
The story of the song was inspired by the writer Jean Shepherd, a close friend of Shel Silverstein.  He was often made fun of as a child because of his feminine-sounding name.

In his autobiography, Cash wrote that he had just been given the song and only read it a couple of times. It was included in that concert just to try it out. He did not know the words when he first sang it.  On the video recording, he can be seen regularly looking at a piece of paper. Cash was surprised at how well the song went over with the audience. 

## References
African art

**African art** is art made in Africa or by Africans. Although the term itself is debatable, as there are few other continents whose art is grouped in this way, and given the differences between individual countries within Africa, historically art from Africa has often been considered in this way.

## Other websites
*National Museum of African Art 
*Inside African art
Penn's Creek Massacre

The '''Penn's Creek Massacre''' was a  committed by Delaware Indians on 16 October 1755. It happened near what is present day Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. Made bold by Braddock's defeat on July 9, Indians killed and  along the Pennsylvania . Fourteen settlers were killed at Penn's Creek. Eleven were taken . One was wounded, but escaped. A posse sent to  was attacked, and both posse members and Indians were killed. At least five of those taken captive in the Penn's Creek Massacre eventually returned to frontier society alive. 

## References
*
Showaddywaddy

**Showaddywaddy** are a British pop group famous for their hit "Under the Moon of Love". They mostly played songs by other groups from the 1950s and 60s.

## Band members
*Original members listed in **bold**

;Current members
***Romeo Challenger** (born 19 May 1950, St John's, Antigua, West Indies) — drums (1973–present)
***Rod Deas** (born 13 February 1948, Scarborough) — bass (1973–present)
*Paul Dixon — guitars (2008–present)
*Rob Hewins — drums (2012–present)
*Dean Loach — keyboards (2012–present)
*Andy Pelos — vocals (2012–present)

;Former members
***Dave Bartram** (born 23 March 1952, Leicester) — vocals (1973-2011)
***Trevor Oakes** (born Trevor Leslie Oakes, 9 September 1946, Leicester) — guitars (1973-2009)
***Al James** (born Geoffrey Betts, 13 January 1946, Leicester) — bass (1973-2008)
***Buddy Gask** (born William Gask, 18 December 1945, Leicester &ndash; 7 June 2011, Spain) — vocals (1973-1987)
***Russ Field** (born James Lewis Russell Field, 1 September 1949, Berwick-upon-Tweed) — guitars (1973-1985)
***Malcolm "Duke" Allured** (born 27 August 1945, Leicester) — drums (1973-1984)
*Ray Martinez — guitars (1985-1995)
*Danny Willson — guitars (1995-2009)
*David Graham — saxophone (2009-2011)

## Other websites
*Official Showaddywaddy website
*Interviews from the Leicester Mercury, on the Leicester Band's website
Marmaduke (movie)

***Marmaduke*** is a 2010 live action movie. It is adapted from Brad Anderson's comic strip of the same name. The movie is about a rural Kansas family and their pets, a Great Dane named Marmaduke and a Balinese cat named Carlos. The family moves to California because of business . The movie was released on June 4, 2010. It had negative reviews.

## References
Dependent personality disorder

A **dependent personality disorder** (DPD) is a type of anxious personality disorder that involves a psychological  on other people. It is a long-term (chronic) condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs. 

According to the Cleveland Clinic:People with DPD often feel helpless, submissive and incapable of taking care of themselves. They may have trouble making simple decisions.

DPD is treatable. Psychotherapy is a key treatment; medications may also be used.

Only a small percentage of people with dependent personality disorders are eventually able to manage on their own.

## References
Rachel Boston

**Rachel Boston** (born May 9, 1982) is an American movie and television actress and producer. She is well known for her roles as Beth Mason on the NBC television show *American Dreams* and as Abigail Chaffee on *In Plain Sight*. She stars in the Lifetime television series *Witches of East End* in 2013.

## References
Pico do Fogo

***Pico do Fogo*** ("Fire peak") is the highest peak of Cape Verde, rising to  above sea level. It is an active stratovolcano lying on the island of Fogo. The last eruption of the main volcanic cone was in 1675 and all the people living in the island had to leave.

A lateral vent (the opening of a volcano from which lava flows) erupted in 1995. The only deadly eruption was in 1847 when earthquakes produced in all the island claimed several lives. Volcanic lava has reached the eastern coast of the island in historical times.

*]]
Its most spectacular feature is a volcanic crater (or caldera, *caldeira* in Portuguese) that is about  wide, with a border (*bordeira* in Portuguese) that is about  high. The crater has a slit in its eastern wall, and a large peak like a volcanic cone rises in its center that. The central cone is the highest point of the island (2829 m) and its peak is about 100 m higher than the *bordeira'' that surrounds the crater.

The mountain's slopes are used to grow coffee, while its lava is used as building material.

The Fea's petrel (*Pterodroma feae*), a Near Threatened species of bird, breeds in this mountain.

The endemic plants *Echium vulcanorum* and *Erysimum caboverdeanum* are only known to occur on the outer rim of the volcano.

 of Pico do Fogo.]]

## References
## Other websites
* Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory
* Observatório Vulcanológico de Cabo Verde (OVCV)
Smith Wigglesworth

**Smith Wigglesworth** (8 June 1859 – 12 March 1947) was a English evangelist from Yorkshire. He was an important leader in early Pentecostalism. He was an illiterate plumber. He is said to have been used by God in healing people.

## Other websites
*Smith Wigglesworth
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

***The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time*** is a list published in 1990 by the Crime Writers' Association (CWA).

Five years later, the Mystery Writers of America (MWA) published a similar list named ***The Top 100 Mystery Novels of All Time***. Many titles can be found in both lists.

## The CWA Top 100 
## The MWA Top 100 
## Related pages
*Pulitzer Prize for Fiction – Lee

## References
## Other websites
*The CWA Top 100, Past Offences: classic crime reviews and news
Heidelberg Catechism

The **Heidelberg Catechism** is an important Protestant document. It was written in 1563 in Heidelberg, Germany. It was intended to teach the faith of the Christian Reformed Church. It was commissioned by Elector Frederick III.

## Related pages
*Three Forms of Unity

## Other websites
*CRCNA
List of Kojak episodes

This is a list of episodes of the television series *Kojak*.

There have been six seasons of *Kojak*. The first five seasons (Pilot + 118 episodes) were shown on the channel CBS from 1973 to 1978. The Pilot of the series was "The Marcus-Nelson Murders", which was aired on March 8, 1973. The fifth season was the last season in the series' original run. Then, in the mid-1980s, CBS aired two TV-movies: "The Belarus File" and "The Price of Justice". The series was revived (brought back) in 1989, with a sixth season. In this season, Kojak had the rank of captain. The sixth season is the final season. It consisted of 5 episodes; it was shown on ABC. The last episode was shown on April 7, 1990.

Lt. Theo Kojak is the main character of the series. He is played by Telly Savalas in every episode.

## Series overview

## Episodes
### Pilot movie (1973)
### Season 1 (1973–74)
### Season 2 (1974–75)
### Season 3 (1975–76)
### Season 4 (1976–77)
### Season 5 (1977–78)
### TV movies (1985–90)
## References 
## Other websites 
*
*The Official Site of Telly Savalas
Fugue state

A **fugue state** (**dissociative fugue** or **psychogenic fugue**) is a rare psychiatric disorder. It involves temporary loss of memory (amnesia). It usually only lasts a short time (from hours to days), but can last months or longer. In a fugue state, the person not only forgets all about who they are, but may suddenly adopt a new identity. They may leave home and , settle in another area with a new name. Fugue occurs to avoid stress and anxiety. After the fugue state comes to an end, the person recovers the memories they lost, but usually forgets all that happened during the fugue.

## References
## Other websites
*"Dissociative Fugue " from the Mental Health Matters website.
*"Dissociative Fugue" from the Merck & Co. website.
Geoffrey II of Anjou

**Geoffrey II**, called **Martel** ("the Hammer"), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1040 to 1060. He was the last count who was a male line descendant of Ingelger. The countship passed through his sister Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou to her son Geoffrey III.

## Early career 
Geoffrey was born 14 October 1006. He was the son of Fulk the Black and Hildegard of Lorraine. About 1038 Geoffrey was asked by Herbert Braco to help him against Gervais, the Bishop of Le Mans. During the short war between them Geoffrey broke his hip. This caused Geoffrey to have to transfer some of his vassals to Bishop Gervais.  

About 1047 Geoffrey began to look to the north for more land. Geoffrey attacked the castle of Château-du-Loir owned by Bishop Gervais. He did not capture the castle but burned some of it. Geoffrey did capture Bishop Gervais who he threw in prison. Even when the pope did excommunicate Geoffrey the following year he would not release the Bishop. From there he raided into Normandy. In 1051 Duke William moved against Domfront but was not able to defeat the fortress. William then set up a siege of the castle to force it to surrender. This caused Geoffrey to leave Maine and return to Anjou. 
In the same year, 1052, when the count of Maine, Hugh, died Geoffrey took over Maine without a fight. William of Arques, a vassal and relative of Duke William rebelled.  The king's brother, Odo, led a second force which attacked Normandy from the west. Odo's forces were defeated causing the king and count Geoffrey to leave Normandy again. The two planned their next attacks on Normandy. In August of that year the two led a combined force into Normandy to pillage and burn what they could.

## Family
Geoffrey II's first wife was Agnes of Burgundy, the widow of William V of Aquitaine; she and Geoffrey married in 1032, but had divorced by 1050. 

His second wife was named Grace. 

His third wife was Adèle, the daughter of a "Count Odo" of Blois.

His last wife was Adelaide "La Teutonne".

Geoffrey died childless.

## Notes 
## References
Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

**Douglas Elton Fairbanks, Jr.**, KBE, DSC (December 9, 1909 &ndash; May 7, 2000) was an American actor. He was a highly decorated naval officer of World War II. He was the son of legendary silent movie actor Douglas Fairbanks.

Fairbanks was born on December 9, 1909 in New York City, New York. He was 90 years old. Fairbanks was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Douglas Fairbanks Jr  – Daily Telegraph obituary
*Photographs of Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
*Navy Department History entry 
*1983 US passport  at Passport-Collector.com
Celestial Navigations

**Celestial Navigations** is a musical story-telling group. It was started by actor Geoffrey Lewis and musician Geoff Levin. Their performances are Lewis telling a story while electronic music is played to enhance the story. Lewis received a Drama-Logue Award for his performances.

## Albums
## References
## Other websites
*
August Schellenberg

**August Werner Schellenberg** (July 25, 1936 &ndash; August 15, 2013) was a Canadian-American actor. He is known for his role in *Free Willy* and in his Emmy Award-nominated for in *Bury My Heart in Wounded Knee*. 

Schellenberg was born on July 25, 1936 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was of Mohawk and Swiss-German ancestry. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schellenberg was married to Joan Karasevich until his death in 2013. They had three children. Schellenberg died on August 15, 2013 in his home in Dallas, Texas from lung cancer, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*