open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
École normale supérieure

**École normale supérieure** is the name for a number of French higher education bodies *grand école*s, comparable to universities. In France, universities have to accept all students with a baccalaureat. This is different for the so-called Grandes Ecoles, which includes the Ecoles normales supérieures. These schools do not have the obligation to accept anyone, and only a select few can attend studies at these institutions, most of whom will become part of the elite in various areas. Universities have faculties, and each faculty is responsible for one branch of studies. the ENS usually group similar subjects at one school, and do not have faculties.

The history of *écoles normales supérieures* goes back to 30 October 1794 (*9 brumaire an III*), when ''École normale de l'an III* was established during the French Revolution. From 1808 to 1822 the school was subsequently reestablished as *pensionnat normal*, before being recreated in 1826 and in 1830 it was named *École normale*. The current name comes from 1845, when the word *supérieure* was added to the so-called *écoles normales*, which were institutes created in 1845 for the training of primary school teachers.

The Savary Law of 1984 restructured higher education in France and classified *écoles normales supérieures* within the category of *établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel*.

As of January 2014, there are **four** existing ENSes: 

*, located in Paris 
*, located in Lyon
*, located in Gif-sur-Yvette, near Paris
*, located in Rennes

A twin institution has existed in Italy since its foundation by Napoleon Bonaparte, the *Scuola Normale Superiore'' in Pisa.

## Notable Alumni 
* Louis Althusser
* Michel Foucault
* Jean-Charles Darmon (1982), French literary critic.
* Jacques Derrida
* Jean-Paul Sartre

## References
Kuwait at the Olympics

**Kuwait** has been in 10 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

In the 1992 Barcelona Games, Kuwait received a bronze medal in taekwondo.  It was only a demonstration sport that year so the medal was not official.

The National Olympic Committee for Kuwait was formed in 1957 and  in 1966.

## Medalists
## References
Maldives at the Olympics

The **Maldives** were first at the **Olympic Games** in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2025, the Maldives has not won any  at the Olympics. 

The National Olympic Committee for Maldives was formed in 1985 and  by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## References
Malaysia at the Olympics

**Malaysia** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1956.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malaysia was MAL. It is now MAS.

## History
Teams from Malaysia have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1956, except the  1980 Summer Olympics.  Malaysia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As the Federation of Malaya, the nation was named*Malaya* (MAL) for the 1956 and 1960 Games.  North Borneo sent an independent team to the 1956 Games, and Singapore had also competed at the Olympics from 1948 to 1960.  After these British colonies formed an independent *Malaysia* in 1963, the nation competed under that name for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics.  Singapore regained independence from Malaysia in 1965 and competed once again as Singapore at the Olympics from 1968 onwards.

Malaysian athletes have won a total of 11 Olympic .  Most are in badminton.

The National Olympic Committee for Malaysia was formed in 1953 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1954.

## List of medalists
* Medalist of Demonstration & Exhibition Sports

### Medals of demonstration and exhibition sports 
**Only for demonstration and exhibition sports medalists*

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Malaysia profile at London2012.com
Myanmar at the Olympics

**Myanmar**, also known as *Burma*, was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Myanmar is MYA.  In 1964, it was BUR for Burma.

## History
Athletes from this country have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976 Games.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Since the 1992 Games, the nation has been named *Myanmar* in Olympic competition.

As of 2011, no Burmese  has ever won an Olympic .

The National Olympic Committee for Myanmar was formed in 1947 and  by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Myanmar profile at London2012.com
Mongolia at the Olympics

**Mongolia at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1956.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Mongolia is MGL.

## History
A team from Mongolia was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the  1984 Summer Olympics.

Mongolia has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1964.  They have missed only the 1976 Winter Games.

Mongolian  have won a total of 30 , all in Summer Olympics competitions.

The Mongolian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1956 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1962.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
Nepal at the Olympics

**Nepal at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1963. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nepal is NEP.

## History
Nepal has been in fifteen Summer Olympic Games, and in four Winter Olympic Games. 

The country has never won an official Olympic medal.  Bidhan Lama won a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, when taekwondo was an exhibition sport.

The Nepal Olympic Committee was formed in 1962 and  in 1963.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
*om/olympics/countries/NEP/ Sports Reference
*Home page
Oman at the Olympics

**Oman at the Olympics** is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 30+ athletes. Since 1982, Oman has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Oman is OMA.

## History
Teams from Oman have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but not the Winter Olympic Games.  No Oman  has won an Olympic .

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Oman profile at London2012.com
University of Tarapacá

The **University of Tarapacá** (in Spanish: *Universidad de Tarapacá*) is a Chilean university with 3 headquarters located in Arica and one in Iquique. It's another university in the north of Chile.

## History 
It was founded on 1981 but starts in 1982. This university derives from the old headquarter of University of Chile in Arica.

## Faculties 
* Sciences
* Health Sciences
* Law & Social Sciences
* Education & Humanities
* Agronomical Sciences

## Other websites 
* Universidad de Tarapacá
Pakistan at the Olympics

**Pakistan at the Olympics** is a history which includes 17 games in 13 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1948, Pakistan  has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Pakistan is PAK.

## History
The Pakistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1948.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

Pakistan's team first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Pakistan's first time in the Winter Olympic Games was at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Pakistan profile at London2012.com
Laos at the Olympics

**Laos** has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. They have never won a . 

The National Olympic Committee of Lao was formed in 1975 and  in 1979.

## References
## Other websites
*
South Korea at the Olympics

**South Korea at the Olympics** is a history which includes 32 games in 18 countries and 2,000+ athletes.  Since 1946, South Korea (KOR) has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

## History
The Korean National Olympic Committee was formed in 1946.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.

Korea's team first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

### Summer games
### Winter games
## Host country
Korea hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics (XXIVth Olympiad) in Seoul.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Korean Olympic Committee 
* South Korea profile at London2012.com
North Korea at the Olympics

**North Korea at the Olympics** is a history which includes 17 games in 14 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1946, North Korea has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the North Korea was NKO.  It is now PRK.

## History
The North Korean National Olympic Committee was formed in 1953.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1957.

North Korea's team first competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck.

## Medalists 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
* Democratic People's Republic of Korea profile at London2012.com
Marie Stopes

commemorating Marie Stopes at the University of Manchester]]

**Marie Carmichael Stopes** (Edinburgh, 15 October 1880 – Dorking, 2 October 1958) was a British palaeobotanist, author and campaigner for birth control.

Stopes' newsletter *Birth Control News*, her book *Married Love*, and her organisation Marie Stopes International, were hugely important in Britain and throughout the British Empire. She was the founder of British family planning, and fought many battles in print with those whose opinions differed from hers.

## Education 
Stopes was one of the most highly educated women of her time. Her parents, who were both well educated, kept her away from school until she was twelve. She went to University College London in 1900, and graduated in 1902 with double honours in Botany and Geology. She was awarded a year's scholarship for research.

Stopes next went to the University of Munich, where she got a PhD in palaeobotany (fossil plants). She took the *viva voce* in German. In 1905 she became DSc (Doctor of Science) of the University of London. She was then the youngest holder of the Doctor of Science degree in England. This was despite the opposition of the Catholic Church and other forces.

Also, there has been a continuous improvement in knowledge about sex and in medical attention to female needs in relation to birth. The availability of knowledge on all subjects relating to personal life has continued to improve.

Later in 1918 Stopes published a second book, *Wise Parenthood: a sequel*. This ran to 25 editions and many reprints. in 1919 came *A letter to working mothers on how to have healthy children and avoid weakening pregnancies*. The stream of books and pamphlets continued to the end of her life.

#### The Marie Stopes Clinic 
Stopes opened the UK's first family planning clinic at 61, Marlborough Road, Holloway, North London on 17 March 1921. In 1925 the Mothers' Clinic moved to Central London, where it remains to this day.

The parent body of Marie Stopes Clinics round the world is now called Marie Stopes International. It is especially strong in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

## Personal life
Stopes had a relationship with Japanese botanist Kenjiro Fujii (or Fugii). They met at the University of Munich in 1904 whilst she researched her Ph.D. It was serious, and in 1907 she went to be with him in Japan. However, the affair ended there.

In 1911 Stopes married Canadian botanist and geneticist Reginald Ruggles Gates. It was a disaster which changed her life. She got a divorce on the grounds that the marriage was never consummated. Her marriage to Gates was annulled in 1914.

In 1918 she married Humphrey Verdon Roe. He was the financial backer of her most famous work, *Married Love*.

Stopes died at her home in Dorking, Surrey, UK from breast cancer.

## References
Ostracoderm

The **ostracoderms** are a class of extinct fish. They were bony-armoured jawless fish, the **Osteostraci** ("bony shields"). They lived in what is now North America, Europe and Russia from the Middle Silurian to Upper Devonian. They were the first fish to use gills just for respiration.

Ostracoderms were the first fossil fish to be discovered. They were found in the 1830s in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. The genus *Cephalaspis* is quite a common fossil in these rocks.

The term "Ostracoderm" is polyphyletic, because it refers to groups which should not be lumped together.

## References
Nancy Wake

**Nancy Grace Augusta Wake** (30 August 1912 – 7 August 2011) known as the "White Mouse", was an Australian who worked as a spy for the British in World War II. At one time she was on the top of the Gestapo's most wanted list.

Wake was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1912, and moved to Australia when she was two. She ran away from home at the age of 16, and in 1935 went to London. She learned to be a journalist and worked in Paris. She married a rich factory owner, Henry Fioca in 1939. When the war started she became an ambulance driver. She soon became a part of a group led by Pat O'Leary (real name Albert Guérisse) which helped British soldiers escape from France.

She was given several important medals for bravery including the British George Medal, the French Croix de Guerre (on three occasions), the Médaille de la Résistance and she was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur. The Americans gave her the Medal of Freedom.

She was an unusual woman for her time. She had a reputation among the soldiers she worked with for being a heavy drinker. Major John Farmer said about her drinking that "...we just couldn't work out where it all went". When the Australian government offered her a medal she said they could "stick their medals where the monkey sticks his nuts". She sold her medals to support her income in her old age. She said "There was no point in keeping them, I'll probably go to hell and they'd melt anyway".

## References
Mount Tamalpais

**Mount Tamalpais** (, known locally as **"Mount Tam"**) is a mountain in Marin County, California, United States. It is the highest mountain in the Marin Hills. It is often seen as a symbol of Marin County.

A lot of Mount Tamalpais is on protected public lands such as Mount Tamalpais State Park and the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. The elevation at the East Peak, its second highest point, is . The West Peak, the mountain's highest peak, is  above sea level.

## References
Erymanthian Boar

, 1904 (Berlin Tierpark)]]

In Greek mythology, the **Erymanthian Boar** (Greek: ὁ Ἐρυμάνθιοs κάπρος; Latin: aper Erymanthius) is a creature. It is known in connection with The Twelve Labours, in which Heracles, the enemy of Hera, visited all the other sites of the Goddess throughout the world to defeat every monster that nature could imagine, and return the early world to his Olympian father, Zeus, who would be its new master. 

## References
*Graves, Robert, *The Greek Myths* 1955.
*Kerenyi, Karl, *The Heroes of the Greeks* 1959.
*Carl A. P. Ruck and Danny Staples, *The World of Classical Myth,* 1994.
*Ovid, *Heroides* 
*Apollodorus, ii.5.4ff
*Diodorus Siculus iv.12
*Apollonius of Rhodes i.122ff
*Pausanias, *Greece*

## Other websites 
* Greek Mountain Flora 
* Theoi Project : **Erymanthian Boar**, Giant boar of Arcadia
Punjabi Language Movement

The **Punjabi Language Movement** (PLM) is a linguistic movement in Punjab (Pakistan) aimed at reviving the Punjabi language, art, culture and literature in Pakistan. The Punjabi people constitute the largest ethnic group in Pakistan though Urdu is the national language and Punjabi itself does not have an official status. The PLM's ideologies are based on Punjabi nationalism. 

## References
Platanus orientalis

.|300px]]

***Platanus orientalis***, also called **Oriental plane tree** and **chenar**, is a large, deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family. It is known for its longevity and spreading crown. 

The species name derives from its historical distribution eastward from the Balkans, where it was recognized in ancient Greek history and literature. Following Greek usage it is called *Platane* or related names in Europe. It was equally as famous to the Iranian-speaking world and from  Turkey to Kashmir is called *Chenar* or related names, following the Iranian. 

The native range of the Oriental plane is Eurasia from the Balkans to as far east as at least Iran. Some accounts extend its native range to Iberia in the west, and to the Himalayas in the east. 

The oriental plane is found naturally in riverine settings, together with such trees as alder, willow and poplar. However, it is quite capable of survival and success in dry soils once it is established. In Kashmir it is recognised as the State tree of the region.

## References
Koi

**Koi** (, Romaji: *koi*) or more specifically **nishikigoi** (, literally "brocaded carp"), are ornamental varieties of common carp (*Cyprinus carpio*) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens.

Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream.

It is illegal to keep koi in Queensland, Australia because they are an invasive species.

## References
Heathen Chemistry

***Heathen Chemistry*** is the fifth studio album by English rock band Oasis, released in 2002. It was the final album with drummer Alan White who left in 2004. White was replaced with Zak Starkey.

## Track listing
## Band members
### Oasis
* Liam Gallagher – lead vocals, tambourine
* Noel Gallagher – guitars, vocals
* Gem Archer – guitars
* Andy Bell – bass
* Alan White – drums
2010–11 Manchester United F.C. season

The 2010–11 season is Manchester United's 19th season in the Premier League.

In September, Nemanja Vidić named as Manchester United's new captain.

## Pre-season 
Manchester United started their season with a tour in North America for the first time since 2004.

## Transfers 
### In 
### Loan out
### New deal
### Retired
## Community Shield 
Community Shield is match between the champions of Premier League and the champions of the FA Cup.

## Premier League 
## Champions League 
## Squad 
|

|}

## Squad statistics
## References
Exergaming

**Exergaming** or **exer-gaming** (a portmanteau of "exercise" (moving the body) and "gaming") is a word used for video games that are also a form of exercise. Exergaming is based upon technology that records body movement. The game type has been credited with promoting an active lifestyle. Exergames are seen as coming from technology changes with the purpose of making videogames more fun.

https://exercisehealthcoach.com/exergaming-the-fun-way-to-stay-fit-and-healthy/=== How to Get Started with Exergaming ===
## 1. Choose Your Platform 
Exergames are available on various platforms, including consoles, smartphones, and virtual reality systems. Popular console options include Nintendo Switch, Xbox, and PlayStation, while smartphone users can find countless exergaming apps on both Android and iOS. Virtual reality systems like Oculus Quest and PlayStation VR also offer immersive exergaming experiences.

## 2. Select Your Games 
Once you've chosen your platform, explore the available exergames to find ones that appeal to you. Consider your fitness goals, interests, and preferred intensity level when making your selection.

## 3. Set Up Your Space 
Ensure you have enough space to move comfortably during your workouts. For console-based exergames, you may need a TV, a gaming console, and potentially additional accessories like motion controllers or a gaming mat. Smartphone-based exergames often require just your phone and a comfortable area to move in, while VR exergaming will need a VR headset and adequate room to move without obstacles.

## 4. Start Slow and Progress Gradually 
Like any new workout routine, it's crucial to start slow and progress gradually. Begin with lower-intensity workouts and shorter sessions, then increase the difficulty and duration as you become more comfortable and build endurance.

## References
Mario Party (video game)

***Mario Party*** is the first video game of the *Mario Party* series. It was made by Japanese company Nintendo and first party company Hudson. It was released for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. It is a party board game.

## References
Communications satellite

around Earth.]]
**Communications satellites** are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. They relay radio waves between different places. Most are in synchronous orbit. Direct-broadcast satellites transmit many television channels.

Satellite based communication systems can be used for voice and data transmission in remote and underserved locations such as ships at sea. Satellite internet access is internet access provided through satellites. Satellite based systems can be used for providing high quality broadband internet connection to businesses.

Herman Potočnik (writing as 'Herman Noordung') was the first to propose that space stations use radio to communicate with Earth. In October 1945 **Arthur C. Clarke** published an article titled "Extraterrestrial relays" in the British magazine *Wireless World*.

Primitive communication satellites were tested in the early 1960s. Geosynchronous satellites became important in the 1970s.

## Types of Satellite Orbits 
There are 4 main satellite orbits.

* **Low Earth Orbit (LEO)** - Between 160 km to 2,000 km from Earth surface and completes one orbit in 90 - 120 minutes
* **Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)** - 36000 km from Earth
* **Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)** - Between LEO and GEO orbits
* **Elliptical Orbit** - A long, narrow orbit that spends much of its time over subarctic areas

### Revisit Time 
The time taken by satellites to visit the same point on earth again is called the revisit time. Revisit time can be shortened by combining data from multiple satellites.

## Other uses of Communication Satellites 
In addition to transmitting data, Modern satellites have; 

* **Optical sensors** to capture photographs
* **Radar sensors** to accurately measure height
* **Atmospheric sensors** to detect gas levels in air
* To detect damage from Natural disasters

## References
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

]]

**The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)** is a non-profit organisation that donates money to fight diseases and poverty. It was founded by Bill Gates, the founder and previous CEO of Microsoft and his wife Melinda Gates.

The money comes from the billions of dollars Bill Gates earned from Microsoft.

## References
Standing on the Shoulder of Giants

***Standing on the Shoulder of Giants*** is the fourth studio album by English rock band Oasis, released on 28 February 2000.

## Track listing
All songs written by Noel Gallagher, except for "Little James".

## Band members
**Oasis**
*Liam Gallagher – vocals
*Noel Gallagher – guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards, production
*Alan White – drums, percussion
**Guest musicians**
*Paul Stacey – keyboards, additional lead guitar on "Fuckin' in the Bushes", backwards guitar on "Who Feels Love?", bass on "Who Feels Love?", "Gas Panic!", "I Can See A Liar" and "Roll It Over", additional acoustic guitar on "Where Did It All Go Wrong?"
*P. P. Arnold – backing vocals on "Fuckin' in the Bushes", "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is" and "Roll It Over"
*Linda Lewis – backing vocals on "Fuckin' in the Bushes", "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is" and "Roll It Over"
*Mark Coyle – electric sitar on "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is", twelve-string acoustic guitar on "Little James"
*Mark Feltham – harmonica on "Gas Panic!"
* Tony Donaldson - Mini Moog & Mellotron on "Gas Panic!"
*Charlotte Glasson – flute on "Gas Panic"
Marc Janko

**Marc Janko** (born 25 June 1983) is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a striker. Janko was a successful goal-scorer, particularly during his time at Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg, where he scored 75 league goals in 108 matches, including 39 goals in 35 matches in the 2009–10 season. He is the son of Eva Janko who won a medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## Club career
He started in the youth ranks of Admira Wacker Mödling and became a professional player in 2002 for this club. In 2005 he went to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. For Salzburg he scored 75 goals in 108 matches. The 2007–08 season was bad because he was injured most of the time. His most successful season was 2008–09 when he scored 39 goals in the league (and 9 assists). In the match against SC Altach he scored all 4 goals in the 4:3 victory, when he came on in the second half. Only Hans Krankl scored more goals in a single season (41). Although many clubs were interested, he signed again with Red Bull Salzburg. 2010 he went to FC Twente in the Dutch Eredivisie where he scored 14 goals in 29 matches in his first year with the club.

## International career
Janko made his debut for Austria in a May 2006 friendly match against Croatia and earned his second cap in October that year against Liechtenstein. In 2009, he scored one of Austria's two goals against Lithuania on 10 October 2009. Four days later, he scored Austria's lone goal against France.

He represented the national team at UEFA Euro 2016.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Sources:

### International
:Source:

### International goals
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first.''

## Honours
### Club
**Red Bull Salzburg**
*Austrian Bundesliga: 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10

**Twente**
*KNVB Cup: 2010–11
*Johan Cruyff Shield: 2011

**Porto**
*Primeira Liga: 2011–12

**Basel**
*Swiss Super League: 2015–16, 2016–17
*Swiss Cup: 2016–17

### Individual
*Austrian Football Bundesliga Topscorer: 2008–09
*Professional Footballers Australia Player of the Month: February 2015
*A-League Golden Boot: 2014–15
*A-League PFA Team of the Season: 2014–15
*Sydney FC Team of the Decade: 2015

### Records
* Most goals for Sydney FC in a league season: 16
* Most consecutive Sydney FC goalscoring appearances: 7

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website - Marc Janko
* Player profile - Red Bulls Salzburg
*Players profile-FC Twente
Mario Party (disambiguation)

***Mario Party*** can refer to the following:
**Mario Party (game)*- the first game in the *Mario Party* series
**Mario Party (series)*- the series of *Mario Party* games
Delaware Route 52

**Delaware Route 52** is a state highway in Delaware. It goes from Wilmington north to the Pennsylvania border.

## References
La Paz

**Nuestra Señora de La Paz** (; ; )  is the capital of Bolivia, and La Paz Department. It is the second largest city (in people) only after Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It is in the western part of the country in the department of the same name. It is at an elevation of  above sea level, making it the world's highest *de facto* capital city.

## References
John Stossel

**John F. Stossel** is an American libertarian author, columnist, investigative reporter, and television host. He works for Fox News Channel and Fox Business Network. He used to report for *20/20* on ABC.

## Other websites
* "John Stossel's Take ", John Stossel's blog at Fox Business
* 
* Harper Collins (Publisher)  – Biography at Publisher's website
* 
* ABC News Biography
* Johnson, Peter. "Stossel's evolution from activist to contrarian angers some of his fans", *USA Today*, April 30, 2006
* "John Stossel: Myth-Buster" , FrontPageMag.com
* Sigall, Ed. "John Stossel: Not Afraid to Tell the Truth", NewsMax.com, June 3, 2006
* "John Stossel – Libertarian" , TheAdvocates.org
* Sullum, Jacob. "Risky Journalism: ABC's John Stossel bucks a fearful establishment"  *Reason*, April 1997.
Delaware Route 82

**Delaware Route 82** (DE 82) is a state highway in the northwest suburbs of Wilmington in New Castle County, Delaware. The route runs  from DE 52 near Greenville to the Pennsylvania border near Yorklyn. There it continues as Pennsylvania Route 82 (PA 82). The route passes through areas of trees and fields in the north part of New Castle County. A lot of the route passes next to the Red Clay Creek. All of the route is a part of the Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway, made in 2005. DE 82 was first given its number by 1952. It was signed onto the same road it is on today. In 2010, DelDOT had planned to remove the route number. But it did not happen because people did not want the route number to be removed.

## Route description
DE 82 s to the west of DE 52 near Greenville as Campbell Road.  The road has two lanes cars can travel on without a median, which is a physical divider between the travel lanes in each direction. East of DE 52, the road continues to DE 100 as Kirk Road. The road passes areas of homes with trees and fields. Then it crosses over the Hoopes Reservoir. Not far after the reservoir, DE 82 makes a left turn onto New London Road to go south. The route passes through large areas of trees, turning to the west as it makes many turns. The road goes near more fields and homes in a rural area before coming to an intersection with Mt. Cuba Road. Here, DE 82 goes northwest on Creek Road and passes next to the Red Clay Creek and the Wilmington and Western Railroad on a road with many trees. It makes more turns and goes over the creek two times before crossing the railroad two times.  In this area, the route passes the Ashland Nature Center. The route comes to the community of Yorklyn, where the route turns southwest for a short time and passes a few buildings in rural areas. After making a turn to the northwest to go on Creek Road, DE 82 heads north next to the Red Clay Creek. The Wilmington and Western Railroad turns to the southwest away from the road. A short distance past Yorklyn, the route comes to the Pennsylvania border, where it becomes PA 82 and goes toward Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. All of DE 82 is a part of the Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway, a  byway (road) name given to many roads in the Red Clay Creek valley.

## History
When Delaware started giving numbers to state highways in the 1930s, the road that is DE 82 today did not have a number. By 1952, DE 82 was made on the road it follows today to go between PA 82 to DE 52 near Greenville. DE 82 became part of the Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway, the second  byway in Delaware, in 2005.

## Major intersections
The entire route is in New Castle County.

## References
## Other websites
George II

**King George II** may mean one of two people: 

* George II of Great Britain - king of Great Britain between 1683 and 1760. 
* George II of Imereti - a Georgian king during the 16th century. 
* Yuri II of Vladimir, also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich
Delaware Route 100

**Delaware Route 100** is a state highway in Delaware. It goes from Elsmere north to the Pennsylvania border.

## References
Marlin

**Marlins**, family **Istiophoridae**, are fish with an elongated body, a spear-like snout or bill, and a long rigid dorsal fin, which extends forward to form a crest. Its common name is thought to derive from its resemblance to a sailor's marlinspike. Even more so than their close relatives the scombrids, marlin are incredibly fast swimmers, marlins are fast swimmers, reaching speeds of about .

Marlin are rarely table fare, appearing mostly in fine restaurants. Most modern sport fishermen release marlin after unhooking.

Most suited to grilling, marlin can also be prepared by baking, poaching, shallow frying or smoking, or eaten raw as sashimi. Marlin is delicious smoked and is a common entrée.

## References
Pufferfish

**Tetraodontiformes** is an order of fish, with about 100 species. They are known as the **blowfish**, **fugu**, **swellfish**, and **globefish**. They are called pufferfish because when they are threatened, they puff up to about twice their normal size by gulping water. In this enlarged state, the pufferfish can swim at only about half their normal speed. 

Pufferfish are generally believed to be the second-most poisonous vertebrates in the world, after the golden poison frog. They use tetrodotoxin, a powerful neurotoxin.

Most pufferfish are found in sub-tropical and tropical marine waters (including coral reefs) in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Some pufferfish live in brackish and fresh water. 

The scientific name refers to the four large teeth, fused into an upper and lower plate, which are used for crushing the shells of crustaceans and mollusks, their natural prey. Even though pufferfish are poisonous, the meat of some species is eaten in Japan (as 河豚, pronounced 'fugu'), Korea (as 복 bok or 복어 bogeo ), and China (as 河豚 hétún). It is prepared by specially trained chefs who know which parts, and how much of them, are safe to eat. 

Aside from extant pufferfish, there are also prehistoric pufferfish, like *Zignoichthys*. Some people also keep pufferfish as pets.

## References
Nasi kucing

and martabak]]

***Nasi kucing*** (also called ***sego kucing***), meaning **cat rice** or '''cat's rice'*, is an Indonesian rice dish. It comes from Yogyakarta, Semarang, and Surakarta. It can now be found in many places. It is a small serving of rice with different toppings. Often the toppings include chili sauce, dried fish, and tempeh. It is wrapped in banana leaves. 

## Name origin
The name *nasi kucing'', which means "cat rice" or "cat's rice", comes from the size of the rice served. There is very little rice, almost like what a Javanese person would give to a cat.

## Origin
*Nasi kucing* was first served in Yogyakarta, Semarang, and Surakarta. Now it can be found in many places. It can be found in Jakarta

## Sales
 with wrapped *nasi kucing* visible in the foreground]]
*Nasi kucing* is often sold at a low price. Sometimes *nasi kucing* can be as cheap as Rp 1000 (US$ 0.12). *Sego macan* can be about Rp 4000 (US$ 0.48). This has led to *angkringan* being called the "lowest class of eatery". To open their stalls, they borrow money from a patron, called a *juragan*. They may borrow up to Rp 900,000.00 (US$ 105.00). The seller must repay the patron from the net profits of Rp 15,000.00 – Rp 20,000.00 (US$ 1.75 – 2.35) a day.

## References
## Bibliography
*
*
*
Pennsylvania Route 82

**Pennsylvania Route 82** is a state highway in Pennsylvania. It goes from the Delaware border north to Elverson.

## References
Oxytocin

**Oxytocin** is a hormone found in mammals. It is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It acts on the brain. In humans it is released during female reproduction, especially during and after childbirth. 

It has other effects. It encourages pair bonding, and parental behaviour. It is released during intimate moments during orgasms and even hugs. For this reason it is often called the 'love hormone'.

Strange to say, the oxytocin released by the pituitary gland cannot reach the brain: it does have effects on the rest of the body. The reason is that there is a blood–brain barrier which prevents large molecules from getting into the brain. Instead, the hormone is produced by special nerve cells inside the brain. 

Oxytocin is also released through the use of recreational drugs like MDMA and some prescription anti-depressants.

Oxytocin was the first polypeptide hormone to be sequenced and synthesized, by Vincent du Vigneaud and colleagues in 1953.

## Related pages
*Peptide hormone

## References
Aermacchi M.B.339

**Aermacchi M.B.339** was built by Alenia Aermacchi. The creation of this type was requested by the Aernautica Militaire. They wanted to use it as new trainer.

## Development
Based on Aermacchi M.B. 326,  M.B. 339 is a direct successor of this type. The changes made on the cockpit, front parts and tail-end result in new product. The delivery has started in 1978. From 1982, those planes became the main plane of the Italian flight group Frecce Tricolori. This plane has been exported in 8 countries. The later types like M.B. 339 CD/FD have been produced only for Frecce Tricolori and can be seen as 4th generation fighters.

## Technical data (M.B.339A) 
## References
Ocean sunfish

The **ocean sunfish** (*Mola mola*), also called the **mola** or **sun fish**, is a large ocean fish found in warm and temperate oceans. It is the heaviest known bony fish in the world. 

It has an almost circular, flattened body. This unusual fish swims by flapping its long pectoral and dorsal fins; the caudal fin is used as a rudder (for steering).

Some sunfish have been seen floating on their sides at the top of the sea; they may be using the sun to heat themselves up. They eat crustaceans, starfish, jellyfish, sponges, mollusks, algae, plankton, squid, and small fish. The species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the globe. It resembles a fish head with a tail, and its main body is flattened laterally.

## Description 
### Appearance 
The ocean sunfish has an unusual appearance. It does not have a caudal fin and has a pseudotail; the clavus. The body is round and oval-shaped. The dorsal fin and anal fin are extended, making the fish appear big. The dorsal and anal fin are used as the rudder. The fish lacks a swim bladder.

### Skin 
A sunfish's skin can vary from silver to white. The fish also gains the ability to vary skin color from dark to light, especially when attacked.

## Range and behavior 
### Range 
Ocean sunfish are found in temperate and tropical waters of all oceans. 
### Behavior 
Sunfish can sometimes be found in a group, but usually alone. They sometimes bask sideways.

## Related pages 
* List of fish common names

## References 
# Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2016). "*Mola mola*"  in FishBase.
# "The Ocean Sunfish, a Giant from the Depths".

## Other websites 
*  on Wikidata
Remora

**Remoras**, sometimes called **suckerfish** or **sharksuckers**, are fish in the family **Echeneidae** of ray-finned fish in the order Carangiformes. They are small fish that live on and around sharks. They eat stray bits of food left by the shark and tiny shrimp-like parasites that live on the shark's skin. They have sucker-like disks on their heads with which they attach to the shark. 
Both the shark and the remora benefit from the pairing, but the remore benefits much more; this is commensalism. Remora are also known as sucker fish or shark sucker.

## References
Rick Snyder

**Richard Dale Snyder** (born August 19, 1958) is an American politician, business executive, venture capitalist, and accountant who was the 48th Governor of Michigan. A member of the Republican Party, he became governor on January 1, 2011 and left office on January 1, 2019.

Snyder was seen as a possible Republican Party candidate for Vice President of the United States in 2012, although Paul Ryan was selected.

A report by the University of Michigan School of Public Health concluded Snyder has "significant legal responsibility" for the Flint water crisis, exposing 6,000 to 12,000 Flint children to lead.

On April 16, 2020, an article was published in *Vice* gave details and evidence of corruption, and a cover-up by Snyder, including details of how he was warned repeatedly about the dangerous effects of the decisions he had made about the water supply to the city of Flint during the water crisis. In January 2021, Snyder was criminally charged for his role in the crisis.

## References
Bibliomania

**Bibliomania** can be a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder, by collecting of books to the point where social relations or health are in danger. It can be connected to stealing (kleptomania) of books.

Bibliomania is not to be confused with bibliophilia, which is the usual love of books.

Don Quixote may be the most famous bibliomaniac in fiction.

## More reading
*
List of numbered routes in Delaware

The following is a **List of numbered routes in Delaware**, made up of Interstate highways, U.S. routes, and state routes. The Delaware Department of Transportation is responsible for taking care of the numbered roads in Delaware. State routes in Delaware use a highway sign that has the numbers in a white circle on a black square. Delaware's numbering system is like that of the U.S. Highways in that odd numbered highways (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9) travel north-south and even numbered routes (2, 4, 6, 8, or 0) go east-west. The numbers get bigger as one goes south and west respectively. There are some numbers that do not follow this, however, mostly with routes from other states keeping their number as they enter Delaware.
__TOC__

## History
The first numbered routes in Delaware came in 1925 with the creation of the U.S. Highway System, in which US 13, US 40, and US 113 were made by law to run through the state. In 1930 and again in 1932, the Delaware State Highway Department suggested giving numbers to state roads to go along with the existing U.S. Highway System. By 1936, Delaware began giving numbers to state routes. In 1956, the Interstate Highway System was made, with under 40&nbsp;miles of Interstate highway made by law in New Castle County.

## State routes
## U.S. routes in Delaware
## Interstate highways in Delaware
## References
## Other websites
* AARoads Delaware Highways Page
Jersey Shore

at night, 2008.]]
The **Jersey Shore** is the name for the part of New Jersey that is along the Atlantic Ocean.
Jefferson Cardoso

**Jefferson Cardoso dos Santos** (born February 15, 1986) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Guarani in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C.

He started playing football with his local club  São Vicente Atlético Clube and then went on to Jabaquara Atlético Clube in Brazils 4th league. He became Champion with this team and then went on to Red Bull Brasil. With this team he was two times promoted. In summer 2011 he and his teammate Alex Rafael were invited to train with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. He played two test matches for Salzburg (Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Olympique Lyon). He convinced the club and so he was signed for Red Bull Salzburg. After some matches as substitution he played his first match in the starting team on 21 August 2011 in a league match versus S.K. Sturm Graz.

## Honours
* 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
* 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd league): 2010
* 1x Finale Copa Paulista: 2010

## References
Hyponatremia

**Hyponatremia** (British English: **hyponatraemia**) is when there is not enough sodium in the body (in the blood). It is mostly caused by the presence of too much water. Sodium is an essential mineral.

## Causes
Hyponatremia is most often a complication of other medical illnesses in which excess water collects in the body faster than can be excreted. For instance, congestive heart failure is a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) use. Some runners who drink a lot of water before running a marathon also suffer this illness. Drinking too much water can impair the ability of marathon runners.

## References
Bob Burnquist

**Bob Burnquist** is a professional skateboarder from Sao Paulo, Brazil. He is in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater video games. 

## References
Chillán Viejo

**Chillán Viejo** is a Chilean commune in the south of Chillán. According to the Chilean , Chillán Viejo has an area of  and 26,172 inhabitants.

## History 
This commune began in 1895. Thanks to an administrative crisis, the title of commune was revoked on 1927. Finally, in 1995, during the promulgation of a law in the government of the now ex-president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Chillán Viejo is again a commune.

## Tourist Attractions 
### The Monumental Park "Bernardo O'Higgins" 
The colonial house where Bernardo O'Higgins born on 1778.

### Traditional Parties 
* Saint Raphael
* Our Lady of Mount Carmel
* Our Lady of the Rosary

## References 
## Other websites 
*Municipality of Chillán Viejo
The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales

***The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales*** is a children's book by Jon Scieszka. It was published in 1992 by Viking. It is a collection of stories which make fun of famous children's stories and fairy tales, such as "Chicken Licken", "The Gingerbread Man" (changed to The Stinky Cheese Man of the title), "The Ugly Duckling", and others. It was illustrated by Lane Smith, who won the Caldecott Honor for his illustrations. This book also won the New York Times Best Illustrated Book award, among numerous awards in many countries.

The book was also re-released in a new edition in 2002 to celebrate its tenth anniversary. This new edition also included a story which had been listed in the Table of Contents of the previous editions, but had not appeared anywhere in the book. This story was printed on the back of the dust jacket.
Palestine at the Olympics

**Palestine at the Olympics** is a history which includes 5 games in 5 countries and 10+ athletes.  Since 1996, Palestine (PLE) has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

## History
Palestine has been at the Summer Olympics since 1996.  Since 1986 Palestine is part of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA).  Palestine has not won any Olympic .

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Palestine profile at London2012.com
Pyramid scheme

A **pyramid scheme** is a way of making money that cannot continue very long. It involves promising people payment or services, primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme or training them to take part. It does not supply any real investment or sale of  products or services to the public. Pyramid schemes are a form of fraud. For this reason, pyramid schemes are illegal in many countries. 

This type of scheme became widespread in the late 19th century. The way the scheme is described is sometimes changed to hide what it is doing. Many people believe that multilevel marketing (MLM) is also a pyramid scheme.

## Concept and basic models
A successful pyramid scheme combines a business that seems real with a simple-to-understand money-making description which is used for profit. The idea is that the first person, Mr. X, makes a payment. To get money, Mr. X has to recruit others like him who will also make a payment. Mr. X gets paid out of money received from those new people (recruits). The recruits go on to involve others. As each new recruit makes a payment, Mr. X gets a part. He is promised always increasing benefits as the "business" expands.
Such "businesses" do not have real products or services. To make them more believable, most such scams have fake letters from successful members and information. Only the first person (sometimes called the "pharaoh") and a very few at the top levels of the pyramid make a lot of money. The amounts get much smaller further down the pyramid. Someone at the bottom of the pyramid loses money. They paid to enter, but cannot get anyone else to join.

## The "Eight-Ball" model
Recruiting a large number of others into a scheme can be difficult so a system is used that seems more simple. In this model each person must recruit only two others. However, a larger number of levels is needed before the person gets paid any money. The scheme requires a person to recruit two others, who must each recruit two others, who must each recruit two others.  

The "eight-ball" model contains a total of fifteen members. This scheme has been called the "Airplane Game" and the four tiers labelled as "captain," "co-pilot," "crew," and "passenger" to denote a person's level. 

Such schemes may hide their pyramid nature by calling themselves as "gifting circles" with money being "gifted." The eight passengers must each pay (or "gift") a sum (e.g. $1,000) to join the scheme. This total of $8,000 goes to the captain who leaves the scheme. Everyone remaining moves up one level. There are now two new captains so the group splits in two with each group requiring eight new passengers. A person who joins the scheme as a passenger will not get any money until they advance through the crew and co-pilot levels to captain. Therefore, the participants in the bottom 3 tiers of the pyramid lose their money if the scheme collapses. Popular schemes such as the "Women Empowering Women" do this.

## Related pages
* Ponzi scheme: it is similar but not the same as pyramid scheme