open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thermocouple

A **thermocouple**, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.

## How do thermocouples work? 
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire. 

Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.

Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.

It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.

## Use of thermocouple 
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.

Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.

## Some kinds of thermocouple 
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.
Lynchburg, Virginia

**Lynchburg** is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River. Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" and "The Hill City". It is sometimes called "A City Unto Itself" because of the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements.

At the 2020 census, 79,009 people lived in Lynchburg.

## References
North Ayrshire

**North Ayrshire** (Gaelic: *Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath*, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively.

The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.

## Towns and villages 
### Mainland 
* Ardrossan
* Barrmill
* Benslie
* Bourtreehill
* Beith
* Chapeltoun
* Cunninghamhead
* Dalry
* Dreghorn
* Fairlie
* Fergushill
* Gateside, North Ayrshire
* Girdle Toll
* Hessilhead
* Irvine
* Kilbirnie 
* Kilwinning
* Largs
* Perceton
* Portencross
* Saltcoats
* Seamill 
* Skelmorlie
* Springside 
* Stevenston
* West Kilbride

### Arran 
* Brodick
* Blackwaterfoot
* Lamlash
* Lochranza

### The Cumbraes 
* Millport

## Education 
### Secondary Schools In North Ayrshire 
* Ardrossan Academy, Ardrossan
* St Andrew's Academy, Saltcoats (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
* Kilwinning Academy, Kilwinning
* St Michael's Academy, Kilwinning (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
* Greenwood Academy, Irvine
* Irvine Royal Academy, Irvine
* Auchenharvie Academy, Stevenston
* Largs Academy, Largs
* St Matthew's Academy, Saltcoats
* Garnock Academy

## Places of Interest 
* Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park
* Eglinton Country Park, Irvine
* Eglinton Tournament Bridge

## Other websites 
* Ardrossan Academy website
Irvine, North Ayrshire

**Irvine** (Gaelic: *Irbhinn*) is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland. 
## History
Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame. 

The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots, was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town. 
## People
Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.
George Armstrong Custer

** George Armstrong Custer** (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876)  was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. 

At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war. Custer graduated last in his class and served at the First Battle of Bull Run as a staff officer for Major General George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Major General Alfred Pleasonton earned him a brevet promotion from First Lieutenant to Brigadier General of United States Volunteers at the age of 23.

Custer remained in the Army after the Civil War and served as an officer in the Indian Wars. He died with all this men in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876.

## Other websites 
* Custer Battlefield Museum
* Little Bighorn History Alliance
* Custerwest.org:Site For Traditional Scholarship 
* Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Big Horn, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 

## References
Daniel Weisiger Adams

**Daniel Weisiger Adams** (May 1, 1821 – June 13, 1872) was a noted lawyer and a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

## Sources
* 
**Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume 1607-1896.* Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1963.
Electronic engineering

]]
**Electronic engineering** is an engineering discipline that investigates the use of electricity and magnetism.  Electronic engineers are concerned with such processes as: the use of radio waves, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems, and the development of control systems such as aircraft autopilots and other embedded systems.

The term 'electronic engineering' started to emerge increasingly in the late 1950s.  Before World War II, electronic engineering was most commonly known as a 'radio engineering'.  At that time, studying radio engineering at a university was part of a physics degree.  Later, as other electronic devices were developed, the field broadened to include radar, television, audio systems, Hi-Fi and later computers and microprocessors.  In the mid to late 1950s, the term 'radio engineering' gradually gave way to the name 'electronic engineering', which then became a stand-alone university degree subject.

Engineers must study the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to understand systems and make them better.  Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided technologies when designing electronics systems.  Some electronic engineers work in robotics.
Rosyth

**Rosyth** is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is between Inverkeithing and Dunfermline.

## Naval Dockyard
Rosyth is most famous for its naval dockyard. Superfast Ferries services between Rosyth and Zeebrugge (Belgium) ended in September, 2008, however they will be operated by another operator, Norfolkline, with services starting around May 2009.
East Ayrshire

**East Ayrshire** () is one of 32 council area of Scotland. It borders North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the county of Ayrshire.

The area was formed in 1996, from the former Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley districts.

## Main Towns 
Kilmarnock is the largest town. Other towns are New Cumnock and Cumnock.

### HQ 
The HQ for East Ayrshire Council is on London Road Kilmarnock

### Twin towns (Kilmarnock) 
* Alès, France.
* Herstal, Belgium.
* Kulmbach, Germany.
* Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
* Sokhumi, Georgia.

## Towns and villages
### Places of interest
*Loch Doon
*Scottish Industrial Railway Centre
*Sorn Castle
*Stair House
*Dean Castle

## Education 
### Secondary Education 
*Auchinleck Academy 
*Kilmarnock Academy 
*Grange Academy 
*Loudoun Academy 
*Cumnock Academy 
*James Hamilton Academy
*Doon Academy
*St Josephs Academy
*Stewarton Academy

## Other websites 
*East Ayrshire Council 
*East Ayrshire Forums - Tenants Portal (not associated with East Ayrshire Council)
Homogeneity

**Homogeneity** is a word that means being similar. It is often applied to mixtures.  Mixtures that are *homogeneous* are those where it is not possible to tell the components they are made of by looking at them. The mixture will also look the same everywhere. Pure substances are homogeneous.
Retrovirus

A **retrovirus** is any virus which copies itself as part of the cell's DNA by reverse transcribing its RNA.  Since the cell cannot proofread the step in which RNA is converted back to DNA, errors often go unnoticed.  This changes the exact sequence of a retrovirus' RNA frequently.  This makes it harder for retroviruses to be attacked by drugs.

HIV is a retrovirus, which makes it very difficult to overcome using drugs.

## Related pages
*RNA virus
*Virology

## Other websites 
* Retrovirology Scientific journal
* Retroviruses at rcn.com
Hurricane Gilbert

**Hurricane Gilbert** was a very powerful tropical cyclone which caused much  to the Caribbean, Mexico and parts of South Texas in the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season. Before Hurricane Wilma in 2005, Hurricane Gilbert was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic in terms of Barometric pressure.

This hurricane was similar to Hurricane Beulah and Hurricane Allen, but Hurricane Gilbert was unique in many ways. Gilbert killed 341 people and left $5.5 billion in damage.

## Similar storms to Hurricane Gilbert
In addition to Beulah and Allen, Hurricanes Charlie (1951), Emily during 2005 and Dean in 2007 had tracks similar to Hurricane Gilbert. Emily and Dean were Category 5 hurricanes.
## Retirement 
Because Gilbert left a powerful impact, the name Gilbert was retired. The name "Gordon" was used in 1994, 2000, and 2006.
Rhea (bird)

The **rheas** are flightless birds of the genus *Rhea*, native to South America. They are ratites, which means they are large flightless birds with no keel to their breastbone or sternum.

## Description 
The greater or American rhea (also called the 'Nandu') is a large, flightless bird from forests of South America. This ratite is the largest bird in the Americas. It is a fast runner; and when it runs, its neck is almost horizontal to the ground. Rheas congregate in flocks of 20 to 30 birds. The lesser or Darwin's rhea, *Rhea pennata*, is mostly found in the southern part of South America.

## Diet 
Rheas eat mostly plants, fruits, seeds, and nuts, but also will also eat insects and other small animals (like lizards).

## Reproduction 
The female rhea lays 12-30 yellow-cream eggs in a clutch. The male digs the nest (a simple scrape in the ground), incubates the eggs (for 6 weeks), and raises the chicks. Rheas are mature at 2 years of age.

## Evolution 
It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern genetic analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites *are* monophyletic.

## References
Edward Porter Alexander

**Edward Porter Alexander** (May 26, 1835 – April 28, 1910) was an engineer, an officer in the U.S. Army, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and later a railroad executive, planter, and author. 

## Other websites
*Inventory of the Edward Porter Alexander Papers, 1852-1910, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
*Photographs of Alexander
Charles Kennedy

**Charles Peter Kennedy** (25 November 1959 &ndash; 1 June 2015) was a British politician.

From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom.

In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty & Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader.

He took the party through two General Elections. However, he faced criticism for his laid-back leadership style, and there was considerable speculation regarding his alcohol consumption. From December 2005, some within the party were questioning his leadership and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that ITN would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. Kennedy decided to pre-empt the broadcast and admit his drinking problem openly. He called a leadership election at the same time, stating that he intended to stand. The admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing within the parliamentary party. As support for him amongst this key group ebbed away, Kennedy resigned as leader on 7 January, saying that he would not be standing in the leadership election. Deputy leader Sir Menzies Campbell took over as interim leader and was elected as leader on 2 March 2006.

Kennedy was born in Inverness, Scotland. He was married to Sarah Gurling from 2002 until they divorced in 2010 and has a son.

Kennedy died on 1 June 2015 at his home in Fort William from haemorrhage due to his alcoholism, aged 55.

## References
Washington, Georgia

**Washington** (originally called Heard's Fort) is a city in Wilkes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,754 at the 2020 census. The city is the county seat of Wilkes County.

## References
Bill Henson

**Bill Henson** (born 7 October 1955) is an Australian art photographer. Bill Henson's works provoked a controversy; at one of his exhibitions, police found images of nude teenagers. Police first wanted to charge Henson for child pornography, but then did not. Instead, the exhibition was rated "parental guidance". This means that people under 16 should be accompanied by their parents.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Kempen, Germany

**Kempen** is a town in Germany. It is about  northwest of Düsseldorf, and  east of Venlo. It was once a center of textile making, silk, cotton, and linen.
Kempen can also refer to a different town that used to be part of Germany but in 1920 was given to Poland and now has a Polish name.

## References
## Other websites
Faro, Portugal

**Faro** is the capital city of Algarve, Portugal. The city has a population of 58,305 people.

## History
Politically, Faro was founded in the 10th century by Moors who remained in the region for the following five centuries, until the Christian conquest. They were responsible for many of the structures in the region, such as the main castle, but also for the many names that dotted the region's toponymy, as well as the legends and myths that developed by its peoples.

The village of Faro was taken from the Moors in 1249, during the reign of D. Afonso III, by Paio Peres Correia, Master of the Order of Santiago. The Christians gave thanks for their success to the Virgin Mary, and in an expansion of faith, Nossa Senhora da Alva (*Our Lady of the Dawn*) was named patron saint of Faro, as a result of the mythical legend of the *Conquest of the Castle*.

Faro obtained a foral (*charter*) from 12 November 1280, issued by King Denis of Portugal in Estremoz, it was the first charter issued by the king in the Algarve. On 1 June 1504, King Manuel of Portugal reformed the diplomatic map issued by King Denis, and promoted the town with the title *Nobre e Honrada* (*Noble and Honoured*).

Following the Restoration War, in the reigns of King Afonso VI and his brother, regent (then King) Peter II, the coastal lands were infested with Barbary pirates that anchored in the coastal coves and unprotected anchorages, then attacked and pillaged the local towns. Carrapateira was erected between two beaches, where pirates could easily disembark: Praia da Bordeira (to the north) and Praia do Amado (to the south). From these beaches, Barbary pirates targeted local homes, kidnapping many and selling them into slavery in the markets of Algiers. Similarly, in Arrifana, which formed a small cove protected by strong waves and easy access to the sea. Therefore, in the 17th century, they national government  constructed the Fort of Arrifana; erected in 1635, rebuilt in 1635 and 1670, it was originally established to protect a fishing port that existed by 1516.
Araluen, New South Wales

**Araluen** () is a small town 27 km south of Braidwood, New South Wales. It is in the Southern Tablelands area of New South Wales, Australia. It is in Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council local government area. It is on the banks of Araluen Creek. The creek joins the Deua River. 

## History
The name 'Araluen' is an Australian Aboriginal word. It is believed to mean 'water lily' or 'place of the water lilies'. When European settlers arrived Araluen was a wide alluvial valley. It had many billabongs covered with water lilies. No billabongs exist in the Araluen valley today. The natural shape and look of Araluen Creek and its valley were completely destroyed by uncontrolled and very destructive gold mining. This took place during the 'gold rush' in the second half of the 1800s.

The first Europeans to explore the area were Kearns, Packer and Marsh in 1822. Andrew Badgery started farming cattle in the area in the 1830s. The first European settler to live at Araluen was Henry Burnell. He was able to buy 1280 acres of land. The flood destroyed the town. After the gold rush was over most people left the town. The Court House, built about 1861, is now used as a place for tourists to stay.

### Ben Hall
In May 1865 the bushranger Ben Hall and his gang tried to hold up the **Araluen** gold coach. The coach carried gold from the Araluen gold fields to Braidwood. This was a very steep road and very hard for a wagon pulled by horses to travel along. Often the only way to goods in and out of the valley was to drag them up or down on sleds. The police were able to keep the bushrangers away from the coach, but Constable Kelly was wounded in the shooting.

## Fruit farms
The Araluen valley is now well known for its fruit farms and orchards. The fruit is sent to Canberra, Sydney and to other countries. She was named after the Araluen Creek. She died in 1870 at the age of 13 months.

Araluen is home to author Jackie French.

In November every year, the Braidwood Folk Music club have a weekend of folk music called *Music at the Creek*. This is held at the Majors Creek reserve, near the site of the Ben Hall robbery.

## Araluen Zieria
The Araluen Zieria (Zieria adenophora), is a small shrub about 50cm tall and 50&nbsp;cm wide. It is only found in one place, a slope above the Araluen Creek. There are only 56 known plants. These plans include:
* A fence to keep out wild goats
* Stopping any building or disturbing the site
* Studying the plant
* Trying to grow new plants in other places
* Looking for the plants in other places.

## References
## Other websites
* Ben Hall
Gundagai

**Gundagai** is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is a small town, but authors often write about Gundagai. It is seen to be the typical Australian country town. It is built on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. It is near the Muniong and Yambla Mountain ranges. Gundagai is 390 km south-west of Sydney. Gundagai is part of the  Gundagai Shire Council Local Government Area.  In 2006 there were 1,998 people living in Gundagai.

The bushranger, Captain Moonlight, is buried in the Gundagai Cemetery.

## References
MTV Unplugged in New York

***MTV Unplugged in New York*** is a live album by the American rock band Nirvana. It was recorded on November 18, 1993 as a part of the *MTV Unplugged* television series, which many artists and bands perform on with acoustic instruments instead of electric ones. It was released on November 1, 1994, six months after the band had broken up because of the death of Kurt Cobain, who was the lead singer and guitarist.

It was unusual compared to other artists on the *MTV Unplugged* series, because Nirvana played mostly their less-famous songs and cover versions of other artists' songs. Most artists on the program played mainly their hits.

Four singles were released from the album. This was unusual because it was a live album. The singles were "About a Girl", "The Man Who Sold the World", "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", and "Lake of Fire". All of these except for "About a Girl" were covers.

## List of songs
#"About a Girl"
#"Come as You Are"
#"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (The Vaselines cover)
#"The Man Who Sold the World" (David Bowie cover)
#"Pennyroyal Tea"
#"Dumb"
#"Polly"
#"On a Plain"
#"Something in the Way"
#"Plateau" (Meat Puppets cover)
#"Oh Me" (Meat Puppets cover)
#"Lake of Fire" (Meat Puppets cover)
#"All Apologies"
#"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (traditional; Lead Belly version cover)

## References
List of Roman emperors

This is a list of the Roman emperors:

Many of them were murdered by relatives, enemies, friends, and soldiers.

*Julio–Claudian dynasty

*Year of the Four Emperors

*Flavian dynasty

*Nerva-Antonine dynasty

*Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty
 nude statue of Trebonianus Gallus, a 3rd-century Roman emperor]]
*Crisis of the Third Century

*The Dominate: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

*Valentinianic dynasty

*Theodosian dynasty

*Western Roman Empire
*Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium

Note there were also numerous usurpers ("fake" emperors) including:
# Domitianus II (usurper)
## References
Salicaceae

***Salicaceae*** is a family of flowering plants. Each plant has either staminate or pistillate catkins. The flowers have no petals or sepals. Each has a small scale-like bract below it. These developing catkins on willows form the well-known "pussy-willow" branches.

Except for two species of *Populas* (Cottonwood), all the members of *Salicaceae* in the Bay Area are of the genera *Salix* (Willows).
Krist Novoselic

**Krist Anthony Novoselic** (born May 16, 1965) is a Croatian-American rock musician. He is most famous for being the bass player for the grunge band Nirvana with Kurt Cobain and Dave Grohl. When Cobain died in 1994, Nirvana broke up. Grohl moved on to form the band Foo Fighters, and Novoselic has been mostly involved in politics. He was also the bassist for the American punk band Flipper between 2006 and 2009. Novoselic was born in Compton, California. He was raised in San Pedro, Los Angeles.

## References
The Hush Sound

**The Hush Sound** is an indie rock band originally known as *The Hush*. They changed their name when they found out that there was a rapper called "The Hush." 

The Hush Sound has released three albums. Their first album, *So Sudden*, was released in 2005. Their second album was released in 2006, titled *Like Vines*. *Goodbye Blues*, their third and latest album, and was recorded in released in March 2008.

The Hush Sound is currently on a break.

## Foundation 
By the start of 2005, the band had formed properly with all its members. They had decided that piano and drums were not enough and looked for bass and guitar.

Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy came across the band's music and liked what he heard. He expressed interest in signing them onto his record label.

## Touring 
The Hush Sound had their first major tour in 2006. It was called **Black Clouds and Underdogs**. Other bands included Fall Out Boy and Hawthorne Heights.

## Other websites
* Official Website
* Official MySpace
* Official LiveJournal
* 2006 Euphonia Online interview with The Hush Sound
Mink

*.]]
*.]]

**Minks** are small, short-legged members of the Mustelid family. The mink is an aggressive mammal that is adapted to a semi-aquatic life. Mink live in swamps, rivers, marshes, lakes and streams in North America, Europe, and the far west of Asia. Mink have a life span of about 8 to 10 years. The common name 'mink' includes animals in two different genera on two different continents.

## Diet
Minks are carnivores (meat-eaters). They eat small mammals (like mice, rats and muskrats), frogs, crayfish, fish, insects, eggs, and ducks.

## Predators
Owls, wolves, coyotes, and bobcats prey on the mink.

## Reproduction
The breeding season is April to May. It takes 45 to 52 days after mating for birth to take place. A mink litter normally has 6 to 10 cubs (kittens).
Ioannina

**Ioannina ** is a Greek town in the northwest of Greece, in Ipiros district. Ioannina is the capital of Ioannina prefecture and Ipiros periphery. 67,384 people live there. Ioannina is built on the bank of Pamvotida lake. Around Ioannina there are many tall mountains. Beside the town is Mitsikeli mountain. In the east of Ioannina is the Pindos range. 

## Ioannina's lake 
Ioannina is built next to the lake which is named Pamvotida or Ioannina's lake. Ioannina has a small port on the lake which connects Ioannina with the island of the lake. The island of the lake is a small island with very importants monuments and buildings. These buildings have been built during Ottoman period and Byzantine period. 

## Sites of interest 
Ioannina has many places of interest. The most interesting place is the castle beside the lake. Many old churches are also very interesting places. There are many interesting sites on the lake's island about which we mentioned above.
Weddings Parties Anything

**Weddings Parties Anything** (sometimes called **WPA** and **Weddoes**) were an Australian folk rock band. They started in 1984 in Melbourne, Victoria. The band stopped playing together in 1998. They took their name from The Clash song "Revolution Rock". Music expert Billy Pinnell said their first album *Scorn of the Women* was the best first Australian rock album since Skyhooks' album ''Living in the '70s*.

## Discography
### Albums
* *Scorn of the Women* - WEA (1987) #52 AUS
* *Roaring Days* - WEA (1988) #46 AUS
* *The Big Don't Argue* - WEA (1989) #63 AUS
* *No Show Without Punch* - (Utility Records - UK release) (1990)
* *The Weddings Play Sports (and Falcons)* - Virgin Records (1990) #95 AUS
* *Difficult Loves* - rooArt (1992) #26 AUS
* *King Tide* - rooArt (1993)
* *Donkey Serenade* - WPA/Oz (1995)
* *River'esque*/*Garage Sale* - Mushroom Records (1997)
* *Trophy Night: The Best Of Weddings Parties Anything / Benched* - Mushroom Records (1998)
* *They Were Better Live* - Mushroom Records (1999)

### Singles/EPs
**Weddings Parties Anything'' (EP) Suffering Tram (1985) - 1,000 copies
*"Sergeant Small"(live)/"Go! Move! Shift!"(live) Suffering Tram (1986) - 600 copies
*"Away, Away"/"Bourgeois Blues" WEA (1987) #92 AUS
*"Hungry Years"/"The Swans Return" WEA (1987)
*"Shotgun Wedding"/"Australia Goodnight"/"The Bells of Rhymney" WEA (1987)
* "Goat Dancing on the Tables" (EP) WEA (1988)
*"Say The Word"/"Bright Lights Tonight" WEA (1988)
*"Tilting At Windmills"/" Misfits" (Kinks cover) WEA (1988)
*"Darlin' Please" (1989) 
*"Streets Of Forbes"/"Missing In Action" WEA (1989)
*"The Wind And The Rain"/"Marie Provost" WEA (1989)
*"Reckless"/"The Great North West" Virgin (1990)
*"Father's Day" (1991) #35 AUS
*"Monday's Experts" (1992)
*"Step In, Step Out"/"Shores of Americay"/"Wrapped Up and Blue"/"Over in the West" rooArt (1992) #60 AUS
*"The Rain In My Heart"/"Chewin' On Her Fingernails"/"Everybody Moves"/"All Over Bar the Shouting"/"Everywhere I Go" rooArt(1993)
*"Island Of Humour"/Bring 'em Home" rooArt (1994)
*"Luckiest Man"/"Lights Of Devonport"/"Reason To Believe"/"Sweet Thames Flow Softly" Mushroom Records (1996)
*"Don't Need Much" (1997)
*"Anthem"/"Traffic Goes By" Mushroom Records (1998)

### DVD/Video
***Live in Richmond/Christmas at the Central Club** VHS - An 18 song live recording at the Central Club in Melbourne, 1993. The video also contains interviews with members of the band in between songs.
***Into Time On** VHS - 20 song recording of the band playing at the Metropolis Nightclub in Perth on Friday, October 16, 1998.
***Siren** VHS - Live recording of the band's last official performance at the Belvoir Amphitheatre in Perth, in January 1999.
***Long Time Between Drinks** DVD/CD - Recorded live at the Queenscliff Music Festival, November 2006. Extras include Music Videos & Roaring Days film. Released in December 2007.

## References
West Punjab

**West Punjab** was a former province of Pakistan which existed from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of ,including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely states of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province had four divisions (Lahore, Sargodha, Multan and Rawalpindi). The province was bordered by the former Indian state of East Punjab to the east, the princely state of Bahawalpur to the south, the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh to the southwest, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the northwest, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Indian-administered Kashmir to the northeast.

## History
The independence of Pakistan in 1947 led to the divisions of the Punjab province into two new provinces. The East Punjab where most people were Sikh and Hindu became part of the new nation of India while the mainly Muslim West Punjab became part of the new nation of Pakistan. The name of the province was shortened to Punjab in 1950. West Punjab was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1955 under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. When that province was dissolved, the area of the former province of West Punjab was combined with the former state of Bahawalpur to form a new Punjab Province.

## People
At independence there was a Muslim majority in West Punjab with significant minorities of Hindus and Sikhs. Nearly all of these minorities left West Punjab for India, to be replaced by large numbers of Muslims fleeing in the opposite direction. The official language of West Punjab was Urdu but most of the population spoke Punjabi using the Shahmukhi script.

## Government
The offices of *Governor* of West Punjab and *Chief Minister* of West Punjab lasted from August 15 1947, until 14th October 1955. The first Governor was Sir Francis Mudie with Iftikhar Hussain Khan as the first Chief Minister. Both offices were abolished in 1955, when the province of West Pakistan was created. The last Governor of West Punjab, Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani, became the first Governor of West Pakistan.

## Related pages
* Punjab (India)
* Haryana
* Bahawalpur (princely state)

## References
## Other websites
* Government of Punjab 
* Government of Pakistan
* Punjab Provincial Assembly Records 
* Population at 1951 census by Statoids.com
Pushpa Kamal Dahal

Pushpa Kumal Dahal born on December 11, 1954) is the former Prime Minister of Nepal. He is one of the most influential personality in the nepalese political scenario. He is president of Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre). He is elected three times as a Prime Minister Of Nepal.

## References
River Tay

**River Tay** is a river in Scotland. It starts in Loch Tay, and opens up into the North Sea at the Firth of Tay. It discharges more water than the Thames and the Severn put together.

It is the longest river in Scotland and the sixth longest in the United Kingdom. It starts in the Scottish Highlands, and moves east until it goes through Perth. Its mouth is wide, and is called the Firth of Tay on the east coast. Dundee is on the north bank of the Firth.

The Tay's very wide mouth is spanned by a long rail bridge, the replacement for the one which fell in the Tay Bridge disaster. The Tay Road Bridge was opened in 1966.

## References
Stud poker

**Stud poker** is a variation of poker where players are typically dealt a total of five or seven cards, with the best five card poker hand winning (in situations where more than one player has the same poker hand, like a flush or straight, the winning hand is determined by whichever player has the highest one).

Stud poker has neither community cards nor blinds. Instead, each player at the table must ante first, and then is dealt two cards face down (hole cards) and one card face up. In typical stud games, the player with the lowest card showing must pay the ‘bring in,’ an amount relative to the limits, which starts off the action.

The bring in is typically a fraction of the limits, (for example, the bring in for a $1/2 stud game may be $.25), with play then continuing clockwise around the table, where players have the choice of folding, calling the bring in, or making the bet ‘complete’ (in our example, completing the bet to $1).  Once a bring in has been completed, it can be raised by a subsequent player, doubling the amount to twice the completed bet.

Each player remaining in the hand is then dealt another card face up, with the betting beginning with the player showing the highest two cards and proceeding clockwise around the table.  Again, players can fold, call, or raise the bet.  In a five card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then two cards face up, with the fifth card being dealt facedown.  In a seven card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then four cards face up, with the seventh card being dealt facedown.

Betting takes place between each dealt card and generally becomes a higher amount after the fourth card dealt.  Each round of betting is typically referred to by the number of cards a player has in front of them.  After the initial deal, players are considered to be betting on ‘third street’, represented by having three cards in front of them.  After the fourth card is dealt, players would then be on ‘fourth street’, and so on.  Stud poker is generally played as a limit game. 

## General variations
* Five Card stud
* Seven card stud

## References
* Stud Poker Variations 
* Seven Card Stud Rules
Multan

**Multan** is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the capital of the Multan District. Called the "City of the Saints", the history of the city goes back more than 5,000 years.

## Entertainment 
The best film production company launched in the history of Multan. 

• Ushna Films, Multan

• ZKF Zeshan Khan Films 

• Zeshan Khan Actor Prepare 

Prestigious Acting School in Multan.

## Etymology
Multan is **Moolastan** which means the Place of origin (Moolam is source or origin).

## History
The old city of Multan is a Walled city which is built on an ancient mound. Archaeologists believe the mound is made up of earlier cities going back to the Bronze Age.
* The Van Agnews Monument dating from British Raj times.

## Neighbour cities and towns
* Khanewal
* Vihari
* Bahawalpur
* Muzaffargarh
* Rahim Yar Khan
* Lodhran
* Shujabad

## References
Doenjang

**Doenjang** is a Korean soybean paste. It is salty and savory, and is used to season many kinds of Korean food. It is similar to Miso, Japanese soybean paste.

## History
The history of Doenjang begins before the period of three kingdoms. Books from the Chosun dynasty explain the way to make good Doenjang, saying that if doenjang in a house tastes bad, food in the house tastes bad. This means doenjang has been an important food in Korea for a long time.

## Manufacture
The main ingredients of Doenjang are sea water and *Meju*. The basic way to make Doenjang is to take Mejus and put them into big jars with sea water. Bad bacteria and odor are removed by adding charcoal and sun-dried chili peppers. Liquid is then taken out to make Korean soy sauce. This sauce takes about 20 to 30 days to make. The Mejus are taken out from the jar and tempered. Salt and soy sauce is added on this paste and the paste is put in jars again. After sun-drying for several days, it becomes Doenjang.

## Variety
There are several kinds of Doenjang; Chungukjang, Makjang, Dambukjang, BbamjangBbagaejang, Patjang, Jipjang, Garoojang, and Borijang. Each is made in different ways using different ingredients or at different times of the year. For example, Chungukjang is made within two to three days, whereas the other take longer time to make. Patjang uses red bean. Makjang is made in spring.
Moreover there are several attempts to improve doenjang using additional ngredients, such as green tea.

## Use
Many traditional Korean foods, which are well known as healthy food, uses Doenjang as their ingredients. Doenjang Jjigae and Chungukjang JJigae are examples of this.
Also, Korean have doenjang when they eat Ssambop, Samgyupsal, etc.

## Health
According to recent research, Doenjang has several materials that prevent cancer. Doenjang is very nutritious. Since Doenjang is a fermented food like yogurt and cheese, it is said that the older it is, the better it is.

## References
* KM.Hwang *et al.*, *Doenjang Extract Has Anticancer Activity and Induces Apoptosis in AGS Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma*, Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Vol.10 No.2, 2005. June
* Cancer Weekly, ''Doenjang's active compounds are genistein and linoleic acid'', published on 2003. May
Paul Hegarty

**Paul Anthony Hegarty** (born 25 July 1954) is a former Scottish football player and manager. He was captain of Dundee United during their most successful era in the 1970s and 1980s.

## Career statistics
## Honours
### Player 
;Dundee United
*Scottish Premier Division: 1982–83
*Scottish League Cup: 1978–79, 1979–80
**Runner-up 1980–81, 1984–85
*UEFA Cup: Runner-up 1986–87
*Scottish Cup: Runner-up 1980–81, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88

;St Johnstone
*Scottish First Division (second tier): 1989–90

### Individual
*PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year: 1979

## Managerial statistics
:''''

*no statistics currently available for Forfar Athletic.

## References
Hurricane Gordon (1994)

**Hurricane Gordon** was a very  tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates are between 500-2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Hurricane Gordon was the last storm of the inactive 1994 Season and the second most costly of the 1994 season, even though the storm was a hurricane for only a few hours.

## Storm History
On November 8 a tropical wave near Costa Rica became Tropical Depression Twelve. On November 10th in made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. The same day it became Tropical Storm Gordon after moving back into the Caribbean. It made its first landfall near Kingston, Jamaica on November 13 it soon made its second landfall in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on the same day. The storm brushed the northern coast of Cuba and the southern islands of the Bahamas. It made its third landfall in Key West, Florida on November 15. Gordon turned northeast and made it fourth landfall in Fort Myers, Florida the next day. When Gordon crossed Florida it took about nine hours and it went into the Atlantic Ocean on a northeastward track. Gordon stayed on that track until November 17, when it became Hurricane Gordon while it was about 245 miles southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. Shortly after becoming a hurricane it reached top winds of 85&nbsp;mph and then brushed the coast of North Carolina. Gordon weakened back to a tropical storm and started on a U-shaped track. Gordon weakened further into a tropical depression and on November 19 it made its fifth and last landfall near Vero Beach, Florida and on November 21 Gordon died out while over South Carolina.

## Impact
### Haiti
The damage in Haiti is unknown. But in Haiti, Hurricane Gordon killed about 1,122 people. The number is high likely because of mudslides and because of the deforestation (removing trees) of the forests in Haiti.

### Florida
Florida was where most of the damage was. Damage in Florida was at about $400 million. Gordon also crossed the state three times, which is likely why the damage is that high. 

## No retirement
In the spring of 1995 Gordon was not retired even though it caused lots of deaths in Haiti. Since Gordon was not retired in 1994, the name Gordon was used again in 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018. The name will next be used in 2024.

## References
Hurricane Diana (1984)

**Hurricane Diana** was a Category&nbsp;4 tropical cyclone that hit the United States east coast in 1984. Diana was a very unusual storm. forecasters had many problems saying when and where it would strike. 

In September of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season, Diana became an intense tropical cyclone. She had highest winds of  during its peak. The storm made landfall in southeast North Carolina with winds between 88 to 100&nbsp;mph. The storm itself did not kill anyone,  although three deaths were caused by it. Hurricane Diana was the first major hurricane in eastern North Carolina in almost three decades. Although it was a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane it caused only $65 million in damage.
Abbie Hoffman

**Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman** (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was an American social and political activist. 

He was one of the "Chicago Eight" along with Luke Stockdale, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale, who were arrested for demonstrating at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

At the Woodstock Festival in 1969, Hoffman ran onstage to interrupt The Who's performance. He tried to speak against the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party. Pete Townshend was adjusting his amplifier between songs and turned around to see Hoffman. Townshend cursed at Hoffman and tried to knock him off the stage. 

He was arrested after a conviction for selling cocaine. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1980. He committed suicide by an overdose of phenobarbital and alcohol in April of 1989.

Hoffman was raised in the Jewish faith in Worcester, Massachusetts, but later identified as an atheist.

## Portrayal in media 
Hoffman's life was dramatized in the 2000 movie *Steal This Movie*. Vincent D'Onofrio acted his part.

In the 1987 HBO television movie *Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8*, Michael Lembeck acted the part of Hoffman.

Richard D'Alessandro played the part of Hoffman in the 1994 movie *Forrest Gump*. He is seen speaking against "the war in Vietnam" at a protest rally at the Lincoln Memorial.

Hank Azaria's voice is heard as the animated Hoffman in the movie "Chicago 10".

Sacha Baron Cohen played Hoffman in Aaron Sorkin's movie *The Trial of the Chicago Seven*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* List of Abbie Hoffman items in *The Realist*
* The Yippies are Going to Chicago!, *The Realist* No. 82, August 1968
* The Trial of Abbie Hoffman's Shirt, *The Realist* No. 84, November 1968
* Advertisement for *Steal This Book*,*The Realist* No. 89, March 1971
* Love It or Diaper It, birth Announcement for America Hoffman, *The Realist* No. 90, May 1971
Todd Grisham

**Todd Grisham** (born January 9, 1976) is an American sports reporter. He works for DAZN and Glory kickboxing.  Until the end of 2016, he worked for ESPN.  He was the in-studio host for *Friday Night Fights* and a *SportsCenter* anchor. Grishem was a sports reporter for UFC from 2017 to 2020.

Before starting to work for ESPN in 2011, Grisham worked as a professional wrestling commentator for WWE. As of January 2017, Grisham is working for the UFC as a broadcaster.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Todd at Online World of Wrestling
Matt Hasselbeck

**Matthew Hasselbeck** (born September 25, 1975) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He spent the majority of his career with the Seattle Seahawks. He played college football at Boston College.

## Statistics
### Regular season
### Playoffs
## Other websites
* Seahawks.com  - Matt Hasselbeck - profile
* Matt Hasselbeck.com - Matt's official site
* NFL.com - Matt Hasselbeck - statistics
* Database Football.com  - Matt Hasselbeck - statistics
* USA Today.com - NFL salaries - Matt Hasselbeck
*
*
NFL Draft

The **NFL Draft** is a sports draft held every year in April. In the draft National Football League (NFL) teams select new players to be added to their team's roster. These new players usually are those ending their time playing football in college. 

## Other websites 
* Official NFL Draft Site
* Official NFL Draft History (1936-Present)