September 23

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 1338 &ndash; Hundred Years' War: The Battle of Arnemuiden is fought, as the first naval battle.
* 1409 &ndash; Battle of Kherlen: Second significant victory by the Mongols over Ming Dynasty China since 1368.
* 1459 &ndash; Battle of Blore Heath: First major battle of the English Wars of the Roses.
* 1568 &ndash; Spanish naval forces rout and English fleet under command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulua near Veracruz.
* 1641 &ndash; The *Merchant Royal*, carrying treasure worth over a billion US Dollars, is lost at sea off Land's End, Cornwall.
* 1805 &ndash; Napoleonic Wars: After the Austrians march into Bavaria, France declares war on Prussia.
* 1806 &ndash; The Lewis and Clark expedition ends with the return to St. Louis, Missouri.
* 1821 &ndash; Tripolitsa, Greece, falls and 30,000 Turks are massacred during the Greek War of Independence.
* 1845 &ndash; The Knickerbockers Base Ball Club is founded in New York City. It is the first baseball team to play under modern rules.
* 1846 &ndash; The planet Neptune is officially discovered.
* 1868 &ndash; Grito de Lares, "Lares Revolt", occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
* 1875 &ndash; Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time, for stealing clothes from a laundryman.
* 1889 &ndash; Nintendo Koppai, later the Nintendo Company, is founded in Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1905 &ndash; Norway and Sweden sign the "Karlstad Treaty", peacefully ending their union.
* 1908 &ndash; The University of Alberta is founded.
* 1909 &ndash; *The Phantom of the Opera*, a novel by Gaston Leroux, is published as a series in the *Le Gaulois* newspaper.
* 1910 &ndash; French–Peruvian pilot Geo Chavez becomes the first person to fly a plane across the Alps.
* 1913 &ndash; Roland Garros becomes the first person to fly a plane across the Mediterranean Sea, doing so from San Raphael, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
* 1932 &ndash; The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is renamed Saudi Arabia.
* 1938 &ndash; Mobilisation of the Czech army in response to the Munich Crisis.
* 1939 &ndash; Psychologist and key figure in Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud dies at the age of 83.
* 1941 &ndash; Holocaust: The first gas chamber experiments take place at Auschwitz.
* 1943 &ndash; The Nazi puppet state of the Italian Social Republic is founded.
* 1959 &ndash; Iowa farmer and corn breeder Roswell Garst hosts Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.
* 1965 &ndash; Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 ends.
* 1972 &ndash; Ferdinand Marcos announces the implementation of martial law over TV and radio in the Philippines.
* 1973 &ndash; Chilean poet Pablo Neruda dies, 12 days after the coup that brought Augusto Pinochet to power in Chile.
* 1973 &ndash; Juan Perón retakes power in Argentina, but dies just over 9 months later.
* 1980 &ndash; Bob Marley plays in his last live performance, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
* 1983 &ndash; Saint Kitts and Nevis joins the UN.
* 1983 &ndash; Gerrie Coetzee becomes the first African heavyweight boxing World champion.
* 1983 &ndash; Gulf Air Flight 771 is bombed, killing all 117 people on board.
* 1989 &ndash; Azerbaijan declares its sovereignty from the Soviet Union.
* 1993 &ndash; The 2000 Summer Olympics are awarded to Sydney, Australia.
* 1999 &ndash; NASA announces it has lost contact with the Mars Climate Orbiter.

### From 2001 
* 2002 &ndash; The first public version of the web browser Mozilla Firefox (Phoenix 0.1) is released.
* 2004 &ndash; Hurricane Jeanne reportedly kills 1,070 people in Haiti.
* 2008 &ndash; The Kauhajoki Shooting occurs in Finland, as 10 people are shot dead. The gunman, Matti Saari, later turns the gun on himself.
* 2009 &ndash; Major dust storms affect Eastern Australia, as people in Sydney wake up to find their city shrouded in red dust.
* 2017 &ndash; New Zealand general election: The centre–right New Zealand National Party under Prime Minister Bill English becomes the largest party for the 4th term in–a–row. The New Zealand Labour Party under Jacinda Ardern performs a lot better than in the previous election.
* 2017 &ndash; Iran announces a weapon–test, only a few days after a speech by US President Donald Trump in which he strongly criticised the country.
* 2019 &ndash; British travel company Thomas Cook collapses.
* 2019 &ndash; Russia joins the Paris Climate Agreement.
* 2019 &ndash; Climate change activist Greta Thunberg speaks at a United Nations Climate summit.

## Births 
### Up to 1800 
* 480 BC &ndash; Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)
* 63 BC &ndash; Augustus Caesar, Roman Emperor (d. 14)
* 1158 &ndash; Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1186)
* 1161 &ndash; Emperor Takamura of Japan (d. 1181)
* 1215 &ndash; Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler (d. 1294)
* 1392 &ndash; Filippo Maria Visconti, Italian regent (d. 1447)
* 1434 &ndash; Yolande of Valois (d. 1478)
* 1495 &ndash; Bagrat III of Imereti, King of Imereti in Georgia (d. 1565)
* 1598 &ndash; Eleonore Gonzaga, wife of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1655)
* 1642 &ndash; Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1678)
* 1647 &ndash; Joseph Dudley, American statesman (d. 1720)
* 1713 &ndash; King Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1759)
* 1740 &ndash; Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (d. 1813)
* 1759 &ndash; Clothilde of France (d. 1802)
* 1771 &ndash; Emperor Kokaku of Japan (d. 1840)
* 1778 &ndash; Mariano Moreno, Argentine lawyer, journalist and politician (d. 1811)
* 1781 &ndash; Princess Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (d. 1860)
* 1783 &ndash; Peter von Cornelius, German painter (d. 1867)
* 1791 &ndash; Johann Franz Encke, German astronomer (d. 1865)

### 1801 &ndash; 1900 
* 1819 &ndash; Hippolyte Fizeau, French physicist (d. 1896)
* 1823 &ndash; John Colton, English–Australian politician, Premier of South Australia (d. 1902)
* 1834 &ndash; Aleksey Suvorin, Russian publisher, dramatist and theatre critic (d. 1912)
* 1838 &ndash; Victoria Woodhull, American Women's rights activist (d. 1927)
* 1850 &ndash; Alfred Boucher, French sculptor (d. 1934)
* 1852 &ndash; William Stewart Halsted, American surgeon (d. 1922)
* 1853 &ndash; Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (d. 1923)
* 1853 &ndash; Konstantin Stoilov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1901)
* 1861 &ndash; Robert Bosch, German industrialist, engineer and inventor (d. 1942)
* 1863 &ndash; Mary Church Terrell, American author and activist (d. 1954)
* 1864 &ndash; Draga Masin, Queen Consort of Serbia (d. 1903)
* 1865 &ndash; Emma Orczy, British novelist (d. 1947)
* 1865 &ndash; Suzanne Valadon, French painter (d. 1938).
* 1876 &ndash; Moshe Zvi Segal, Israeli scholar (d. 1968)
* 1880 &ndash; John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr, Scottish physician (d. 1971)
* 1883 &ndash; Grigory Zinoviev, Soviet politician (d. 1936)
* 1884 &ndash; Eugene Talmadge, American politician, Governor of Georgia (d. 1946)
* 1889 &ndash; Walter Lippmann, American journalist (d. 1974)
* 1890 &ndash; Friedrich Paulus, German general (d. 1957)
* 1892 &ndash; Georgi Damyanov, Bulgarian politician (d. 1958)
* 1893 &ndash; Aleksei Losev, Russian philosopher and philologist (d. 1988)
* 1895 &ndash; Miron Merzhanov, Soviet architect (d. 1975)
* 1897 &ndash; Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984)
* 1899 &ndash; Tom C. Clark, 59th Attorney General of the United States (d. 1977)
* 1900 &ndash; Bill Stone, British World War I veteran (d. 2009)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1901 &ndash; Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer (d. 1986)
* 1902 &ndash; Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Romanian jurist and Communist politician (d. 2000)
* 1902 &ndash; Su Buqing, Chinese mathematician and academic (d. 2003)
* 1905 &ndash; Tiny Bradshaw, American bandleader and musician (d. 1958)
* 1906 &ndash; Charles Ritchie, Canadian diplomat (d. 1995)
* 1907 &ndash; Albert Ammons, American pianist (d. 1949)
* 1907 &ndash; Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese royal (d. 1976)
* 1907 &ndash; Jarmila Novotna, Czech soprano and actress (d. 1994)
* 1908 &ndash; Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Indian Hindi poet (d. 1974)
* 1911 &ndash; Frank Moss, American politician (d. 2003)
* 1912 &ndash; Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Pakistani critic and linguist (d. 2005)
* 1913 &ndash; Tokutaro Ukon, Japanese footballer (d. 1944)
* 1913 &ndash; Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish painter (d. 2007)
* 1914 &ndash; Omar Ali Saifuddin III, Sultan of Brunei (d. 1986)
* 1915 &ndash; Sergio Bertoni, Italian footballer (d. 1995)
* 1915 &ndash; Clifford Shull, American physicist (d. 2001)
* 1916 &ndash; Aldo Moro, Italian politician (d. 1978)
* 1917 &ndash; Asima Chatterjee, Indian organic chemist (d. 2006)
* 1917 &ndash; Santo, Mexican masked professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984)
* 1917 &ndash; Imre Németh, Hungarian hammer thrower (d. 1989)
* 1918 &ndash; Salvatore Pappalardo, Italian cardinal (d. 2006)
* 1920 &ndash; Alexander Arutunian, Armenian composer (d. 2012)
* 1920 &ndash; Mickey Rooney, American actor (d. 2014)
* 1920 &ndash; Ovadia Yosef, Israeli rabbi (d. 2013)
* 1922 &ndash; Louise Latham, American actress (d. 2018)
* 1923 &ndash; Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman, British politician and businessman (d. 2019)
* 1923 &ndash; Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, Egyptian journalist (d. 2016)
* 1923 &ndash; Margaret Pellegrini, American actress (d. 2013)
* 1924 &ndash; Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, Nicaraguan editor and journalist (d. 1978)
* 1924 &ndash; Jean Piat, French actor (d. 2018)
* 1925 &ndash; Angelo Acerbi, Italian Roman Catholic archbishop
* 1925 &ndash; George J. Laurer, American inventor
* 1926 &ndash; John Coltrane, American jazz musician (d. 1967)
* 1926 &ndash; André Cassagnes, French toymaker (d. 2013)
* 1927 &ndash; Mighty Joe Young, American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter (d. 1999)
* 1928 &ndash; Hollie Pihl, American judge (d. 2018)
* 1930 &ndash; Ray Charles, American musician (d. 2004)
* 1930 &ndash; Colin Blakely, British actor (d. 1987)
* 1930 &ndash; Albert Manent, Spanish writer (d. 2014)
* 1934 &ndash; Franc Rodé, Slovenian cardinal
* 1934 &ndash; Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan
* 1934 &ndash; Per-Olov Enquist, Swedish author
* 1936 &ndash; Valentín Paniagua, former President of Peru (d. 2006)
* 1937 &ndash; Martin Litchfield West, British philologist (d. 2015)
* 1938 &ndash; Romy Schneider, German–born actress (d. 1982)
* 1939 &ndash; Roy Buchanan, American guitarist (d. 1988)
* 1939 &ndash; Henry Blofeld, English cricket journalist
* 1940 &ndash; Tim Rose, American–born English musician (d. 2002)
* 1940 &ndash; Michel Temer, President and 25th Vice president of Brazil
* 1940 &ndash; Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, Iranian musician and songwriter
* 1941 &ndash; Norma Winstone, English singer and lyricist
* 1941 &ndash; Luis Durnwalder, Italian politician
* 1942 &ndash; Sila María Calderón, 7th Governor of Puerto Rico
* 1943 &ndash; Julio Iglesias, Spanish singer
* 1943 &ndash; Tanuja, Indian actress
* 1943 &ndash; Lino Oviedo, Paraguayan general and politician (d. 2013)
* 1945 &ndash; Igor Ivanov, Russian politician
* 1945 &ndash; Ron Bushy, American drummer (Iron Butterfly)
* 1946 &ndash; Bernard Maris, French economist, writer and journalist (d. 2015)
* 1947 &ndash; Jerzy Popieluszko, Polish priest (d. 1984)
* 1947 &ndash; Mary Kay Place, American actress and singer
* 1949 &ndash; Bruce Springsteen, American singer-songwriter and musician
* 1949 &ndash; Floella Benjamin, British actress, author, television presenter and politician
* 1950 &ndash; Dietmar Lorenz, German judoka

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1952 &ndash; Mark Bego, American author
* 1953 &ndash; Nicholas Witchell, English journalist
* 1954 &ndash; Cherie Blair, English lawyer, wife of Tony Blair
* 1956 &ndash; Paolo Rossi, Italian footballer
* 1956 &ndash; Andoni Goikoetxea, Basque–Spanish footballer
* 1957 &ndash; Emilia Contessa, Indonesian actress and singer
* 1957 &ndash; Rosalind Chow, American actress
* 1957 &ndash; Fergus Ewing, Scottish footballer
* 1958 &ndash; Larry Mize, golfer
* 1959 &ndash; Fernando Romay, Spanish basketball player
* 1959 &ndash; Jason Alexander, American actor, director and producer
* 1959 &ndash; Elizabeth Peña, American actress (d. 2014)
* 1961 &ndash; William McCool, American astronaut (d. 2003)
* 1962 &ndash; Deborah Orr, Scottish journalist
* 1963 &ndash; Alex Proyas, Australian director and producer
* 1964 &ndash; Clayton Blackmore, Welsh footballer
* 1964 &ndash; Larry Krystkowiak, American basketball player
* 1965 &ndash; Aleqa Hammond, former Prime Minister of Greenland
* 1967 &ndash; Masashi Nakayama, Japanese footballer
* 1968 &ndash; Yvette Fielding, British actress and producer
* 1968 &ndash; Adam Price, Welsh politician
* 1968 &ndash; Erik Weihenmayer, American athlete, adventurer and author
* 1970 &ndash; Lucia Ciffarelli, American singer-songwriter and pianist
* 1970 &ndash; Ani DiFranco, American singer
* 1971 &ndash; Sean Spicer, former White House Press Secretary
* 1972 &ndash; Karl Pilkington, English radio personality
* 1973 &ndash; Jermaine Dupri, American hip hop musician
* 1973 &ndash; Toshihiro Hattori, Japanese footballer
* 1973 &ndash; Artim Sakiri, Macedonian footballer
* 1974 &ndash; Matt Hardy, American professional wrestler
* 1975 &ndash; Chris Hawkins, English journalist

### From 1976 
* 1976 &ndash; Homaro Cantu, American chef and inventor (d. 2015)
* 1977 &ndash; Rachael Yamagata, American singer
* 1977 &ndash; Suzanne Tamim, Lebanese singer (d. 2008)
* 1979 &ndash; Ricky Davis, American basketball player
* 1979 &ndash; Fábio Simplício, Brazilian footballer
* 1981 &ndash; Natalie Horler, German singer (Cascada)
* 1981 &ndash; Helen Richardson-Walsh, English field hockey player
* 1983 &ndash; Leinier Dominguez, Cuban chess player
* 1984 &ndash; Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch–American actress
* 1984 &ndash; Kate French, American actress
* 1985 &ndash; Hossein Kaebi, Iranian footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Maki Goto, Japanese singer-songwriter and actress
* 1986 &ndash; Martin Cranie, English footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Gina-Lisa Lohfink, German model and television personality
* 1987 &ndash; Skylar Astin, American actor and singer
* 1987 &ndash; Yu Kobayashi, Japanese footballer
* 1988 &ndash; Juan Martín del Potro, Argentine tennis player
* 1988 &ndash; Shannon Chan-Kent, Canadian actress and singer
* 1989 &ndash; Brandon Jennings, American basketball player
* 1991 &ndash; Lee Alexander, Scottish footballer
* 1991 &ndash; Key, South Korean singer and actor
* 1991 &ndash; Melanie Oudin, American tennis player
* 1992 &ndash; Finn Russell, Scottish rugby union player
* 1994 &ndash; Yerry Mina, Colombian footballer
* 1996 &ndash; Lee Hi, South Korean singer

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 76 &ndash; Pope Linus
* 1241 &ndash; Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian and poet (b. 1179)
* 1386 &ndash; Dan I of Wallachia (b. 1354)
* 1390 &ndash; John I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1346)
* 1535 &ndash; Catherine of Saxe-Lauenberg (b. 1513)
* 1657 &ndash; Joachim Jung, German philosopher and mathematician (b. 1587)
* 1738 &ndash; Herman Boerhaeve, Dutch humanist and physician (b. 1668)
* 1773 &ndash; Johan Ernst Gunnerus, Norwegian bishop and naturalist (b. 1718)
* 1789 &ndash; John Rogers, American Congressman (b. 1723)
* 1816 &ndash; Alessandro Verri, Italian writer (b. 1741)
* 1830 &ndash; Elizabeth Monroe, First Lady of the United States (b. 1768)
* 1835 &ndash; Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
* 1836 &ndash; Maria Malibran, French mezzo soprano (b. 1808)
* 1844 &ndash; Alexander von Benckendorff, Russian general and statesman (b. 1783)
* 1850 &ndash; José Artigas, Uruguayan national hero (b. 1764)
* 1870 &ndash; Prosper Mérimée, French writer (b. 1803)
* 1877 &ndash; Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician (b. 1811)
* 1882 &ndash; Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (b. 1800)
* 1889 &ndash; Wilkie Collins, English author and playwright (b. 1824)
* 1896 &ndash; Ivar Aasen, Norwegian poet and linguist (b. 1813)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1917 &ndash; Werner Voss, German World War I pilot (b. 1897)
* 1929 &ndash; Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian chemist (b. 1865)
* 1939 &ndash; Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychologist (b. 1856)
* 1943 &ndash; Salvo D'Acquisto, Italian military officer (b. 1920)
* 1943 &ndash; Ernst Trygger, Swedish politician (b. 1857)
* 1944 &ndash; Jakob Schaffner, Swiss author (b. 1875)
* 1950 &ndash; Sam Barry, American basketball player and coach (b. 1892)
* 1968 &ndash; Padre Pio, Italian priest (b. 1887)
* 1970 &ndash; Bourvil, French actor (b. 1917)
* 1971 &ndash; Billy Gilbert, American actor (b. 1894)
* 1971 &ndash; James Waddell Alexander II, American mathematician (b. 1888)
* 1973 &ndash; Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet (b. 1904)
* 1973 &ndash; A. S. Neill, Scottish educator (b. 1883)
* 1974 &ndash; Cliff Arquette, American actor (b. 1905)
* 1987 &ndash; Bob Fosse, American choreographer (b. 1927)
* 1988 &ndash; Tibor Sekelj, Yugoslavian explorer (b. 1912)
* 1992 &ndash; James Van Fleet, American general (b. 1892)
* 1994 &ndash; Jerry Barber, American golfer (b. 1916)
* 1994 &ndash; Robert Bloch, American writer (b. 1917)
* 1994 &ndash; Madeleine Renaud, French actress (b. 1900)
* 1998 &ndash; Ray Bowden, English footballer (b. 1909)
* 1999 &ndash; Ivan Goff, Australian–American screenwriter and producer (b. 1910)

### From 2001 
* 2003 &ndash; Shawn Lane, American musician (b. 1963)
* 2006 &ndash; Malcolm Arnold, British composer (b. 1921)
* 2006 &ndash; Etta Baker, American blues guitarist and singer (b. 1913)
* 2006 &ndash; Tim Rooney, American actor (b. 1947)
* 2009 &ndash; Ertugrul Osman, head of the Ottoman dynasty (b. 1912)
* 2012 &ndash; Corrie Sanders, South African boxer (b. 1966)
* 2012 &ndash; Pavel Grachev, Russian general (b. 1948)
* 2013 &ndash; Vlatko Markovic, Croatian footballer (b. 1937)
* 2014 &ndash; Al Suomi, American ice hockey player (b. 1913)
* 2014 &ndash; Gilles Latulippe, Canadian comedian, actor and theatre manager (b. 1937)
* 2014 &ndash; Henryk Glücklich, Polish speedway rider (b. 1945)
* 2015 &ndash; Mike Gibson, Australian sports journalist and broadcaster (b. 1940)
* 2015 &ndash; Dragan Holcer, Croatian footballer (b. 1945)
* 2015 &ndash; Denis Sonet, French priest (b. 1926)
* 2017 &ndash; Charles Bradley, American singer (b. 1948)
* 2017 &ndash; Elizabeth D. Phillips, American educator and academic administrator (b. 1945)
* 2017 &ndash; Samuel H. Young, American politician (b. 1922)
* 2018 &ndash; Charles K. Kao, Chinese–born electrical engineer (b. 1933)
* 2018 &ndash; Gary Kurtz, American film producer (b. 1940)
* 2019 &ndash; Al Alvarez, English poet and writer (b. 1929)
* 2019 &ndash; Madhav Apte, Indian cricketer (b. 1932)
* 2019 &ndash; Elaine Feinstein, English poet and novelist (b. 1930)
* 2019 &ndash; Robert Hunter, American songwriter, poet and guitarist (b. 1941)
* 2019 &ndash; Curt Wittlin, Swiss philologist (b. 1941)

## Observances 
* Feast of Saint Pio
* Celebrate Bisexuality Day
* National holiday of Saudi Arabia
* September equinox in some years (autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, and spring in the Southern Hemisphere)