open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
LIGO

The **Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory** (**LIGO**) is a large-scale physics observatory which s cosmic gravitational waves co-founded by Scottish physicist Ronald Drever. They were first ed by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conceived,  and are d by Caltech and MIT. 
The NSF has funded s for LIGO to increase sensitivity, which allowed them to make the first detection of gravitational waves. LIGO is the largest and most  project ever funded by the NSF.

LIGO is an interferometer. It fires a laser beam and splits it into two laser beams. Mirrors bounce them back towards a light detector and merge them. Normally, the two laser beams should cancel each other, so the light does not reach the detector, but any changes in space-time caused by gravity waves can change the laser beams, so that they don't cancel out fully. When this happens, the light detector will see some of the laser light, which it can then use to work out the size of the space-time distortion.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Physicists Announce the Detection of Gravitational Waves; YouTube
* LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory; YouTube
Emma Lazarus

**Emma Lazarus** (22 July 1849 - 19 November 1887) was an American poet and playwright of Jewish origin.

Lazarus was one of seven children of Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus. She never married, although she was considered a pretty woman. Emma Lazarus died of Hodgkin's lymphoma. 

Lazarus wrote many lyric poems. She used classic forms like rhyme royal and ottava rima (in the cycle named *Epochs*). She was especially good at writing sonnets. Her best known work is the sonnet *The New Colossus*. It was placed at The Statue of Liberty in New York. She also translated into English poems by romantic German poet Henrich Heine. As a journalist she always protested against any kind of discrimination. 

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Bette Roth Young, *Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters*. With a Foreword by Francine Klagsburn, The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 1995.

## Other websites
* *The Poems of Emma Lazarus*,        Vol. I.
* *The Poems of Emma Lazarus,        Vol. II.
* *Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. Translated by Emma Lazarus.
University of Trieste

**University of Trieste** (*Università degli Studi di Trieste*) is a university in Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Italy. It was founded in 1924. The university is composed of 10 faculties.

## Organization 
* Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Department of Economic, Business, Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
* Department of Engineering and Architecture
* Department of Humanities
* Department of Legal, Language, Interpreting and Translation Studies
* Department of Life Sciences
* Department of Mathematics and Geosciences
* Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences
* Department of Physics
* Department of Political and Social Sciences

## Notable *alumni* 
* Darko Bratina, sociologist and Member of Parliament
* Alberto Conti, mathematician
* Antonio Giordano, physician
* Albert O. Hirschman, economist
* Andrea Illy, entrepreneur
* Dušan Jelinčič, journalist and novelist
* Carlo Pelanda, economist
* Ermin Smrekar, architect
* Marta Verginella, historian
* Lamberto Zannier, diplomat

## Other websites 
*University of Trieste - official homepage
Ladies' Code

'''Ladies' Code'* () was a South Korean girl group formed by Polaris Entertainment and 1TheK (formerly LOEN Music) in 2013. The group originally consisted of five members: Ashley, Sojung, EunB, Rise and Zuny. Their debut album was *Code#01''.

They won the New Artist of The Year award at Gaon Kpop Chart Awards and the MBC music star award at MelON music awards.

On September 3, 2014, at 1:20 KST time, the group was involved in a car crash which killed members EunB and Rise, leaving the group as a trio.

In late 2015, Ladies' Code and the other Polaris artists held a memorial concert for the dead members.

In 2016, Ladies Code returned for the first time since the accident with the single album *Myst3ry*.

## Members
**Current members**
* Ashley () – leader
* Sojung ()
* Zuny ()

**Past members**
* Rise ()
* EunB ()

## Discography
### Mini-albums
**CODE #01 Bad Girl* (2013)
**CODE #02 Pretty Pretty* (2013)
**Strang3r* (2016)
**Code#03 Set Me Free* (2019)
### Single albums
**Kiss Kiss* (2014)
**Myst3ry* (2016)
### Soundtrack appearances
*"Make Me Go Crazy" (*Flower Grandpa Investigation Unit* OST) (2014)
Jan Kochanowski

**Jan Kochanowski** (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet, translator and playwright. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest poets in Polish literature.

## Biography 
Jan Kochanowski was born into a noble family in the village of Sycyna, Poland. He studied at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Then he attended the University of Königsberg (Królewiec), in Ducal Prussia, and Padua University in Italy.

## Works 
Jan Kochanowski wrote in Polish and Latin. The last work was written by the poet after death of his daughter Ursula.

The translator Piotr Kochanowski was Jan Kochanowski's nephew.

## References 
## Other websites
* Jan Kochanowski's Biography and Poems at Virtual Library of Polish Literature.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

The **assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria**, the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and of his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, happened on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo. Both of them were shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip. 

Princip was one of a group of seven assassins (five from Serbia and one from Bosnia) from the Black Hand. The political reason for the secret society to commit assassination was to make Austria-Hungary's South Slavic provinces and then combine them into a new country, Greater Serbia. 

That led to the outbreak of war in Europe in late July 1914, which started when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia. Both countries had allies that fought in World War I. 

## References  

## Other websites 
* Map of Europe  at the time of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand at omniatlas.com
* Newsreels about Franz Ferdinand's assassination at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu
* Prison Interview with Gavrilo Princip after the Assassination
South Mills, North Carolina

**South Mills** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Camden County, North Carolina, United States. South Mills has a post office with ZIP code 27976, which opened on March 2, 1840. The community is located near U.S. Route 17. U.S. Route 17 Business and North Carolina Highway 343 pass through the community.

The William Riley Abbott House, Dismal Swamp Canal, and Morgan House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## References
Quantum tunnelling

**Quantum tunnelling** is a part of the theoretical branch of physics known as quantum mechanics. It states that  electrons can behave like both particles and waves, and can cancel the effects of an energy barrier if the energy barrier is thin enough, due to quantum mechanics being  dependent on probability. In other words, particles can travel through walls, doors, etc. if the door or wall is thin enough. The particle&mdash; usually a subatomic or quark particle such as an electron or photon&mdash;can become a wave to focus a great deal of energy on the barrier, ultimately negating it. There is also a non-zero chance that it could be found *inside* the barrier. However, this only noticeably works for subatomic particles, as the chance for macroscopic objects to do this is very, very low, small enough to not be thought about much.
Caazapá Department

The **Caazapá department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Caazapá. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-06**.

Its name comes from Guarani *ka´aguy jehasapá*, that means "beyond the forest".

People from the department are calle *Caazapeño* (women: *Caazapeña*).

## Geography
The Caazapá department is in the southeast of the *Oriental* region. It has an area of . , the department has a population of 151,415 ( of the population of the country) for a population density of .

The protected areas in the department are the National park Caaguazú, the Golondrina Private Reserve and the Protected Wildlife Area Susu Island.

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Caazapá was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of .

## Districts
The department is divided in 11 districts:

## Economy
Farming is the main economic activity in the department. The main crops are cotton and soybean. But cattle raising is the most important activity.

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Gobernación de Caazapá website  
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
* Secretaria Nacional de Turismo
Olmec figurine

.  The hunchback at center is less than 3 in (7 cm) tall.]]
**Olmec figurine** is the name for figurines which were produced in Central America, from about 1000 BCE to about 500 BCE. Many come from the Olmec heartland, which is the gulf region of modern-day Mexico. Olmec figurines show the influence of the Olmec culture. In 2016, it is not known how far this influence extended. It is therefore possible that some of these figurines were produced by other people, who were influenced by the Olmec. 

Many of the figurines were found in household waste and in landfill used for construction. Outside the Olmec heartland they were also found in graves. Looters often took these figurines. It is impossible to tell where the looted figurines are from. 

Most of the figurines are made from terracotta. Since terracotta is fragile, most only survive in parts. Wooden busts have been discovered in the submerged site El Marati, but no figurines made of wood have been found. 

The figurines best known to the public are made of stone or minerals,such as jade, serpentine, greenstone or basalt. Figurines of stone or minerals are often carved, while those made of terracotta are simpler in design.

## Motifs 
The figurines found show different motifs or designs:
*"": This is a common motf for the Olmec culture, and often occurs, at least in the early period.
*" man": This shows a human figure in an artificial pose, with thin limbs. The head is often deformed. 
*"Were-jaguar": This is theme that can be found in all of Olmec art, there are also figurines with the motif.
*Transformation figurines: They show how an animal transforms into human form, or humans with animal masks.
*Small humans, in a naturalistic pose
*Dwarf figurines
## Gallery

File:Olmec figurine, serpentine.jpg|An "elongated man" figurine, dark green serpentine. Inlays, since lost, once animated the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.
File:Olmec Seated Were-Jaguar AMNH.jpg|A small jade were-jaguar figurine. Stand-alone were-jaguar figurines are rare - most were-jaguar figurines show a were-jaguar baby accompanied by a human adult. Height: 8.6 cm (3.4 in).
File:Olmec Eagle Transformation Figure.jpg|Olmec eagle transformation figure, 10th–6th century B.C.  Jade (albite), with cinnabar.  Height: 4.5 in. (11.4 cm).
File:Olmec Figurine.jpg|This rather unlively figurine belongs to Blomster's Group 2.
File:Baby_face_at_Jade_Museum_(Museo_Nacional_del_Jade)_-_San_Jose,_C_R.jpg|A baby-face figurine from the Museo Nacional del Jade, San Jose, Costa Rica.
File:Olmec Fetal Figurine AMNH.jpg|A jade fetal-style figurine from Guerrero, Mexico.  Height: 3.8 in (9.5 cm).

## References
*
Sigismund II Augustus

**Sigismund II Augustus** (1520-1572) was a Polish king, the last  of the Jagiellon dynasty. He was also the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1548 to 1572.

## Biography 
Sigismund II Augustus was born in Kraków on 1 August 1520. He was the only son (he had sisters) of king Sigismund I the Old and his wife, Italian princess Bona Sforza. His great grandfather was Jogaila, the founder of the dynasty. Sigismund II Augustus was crowned as a child on 20 February 1530 when his father was still alive (in Latin *vivente rege*). From 1544 he ruled in Lithuania. He was married three times but remained childless. He died on 7 July 1572 in Knyszyn. He was a Roman Catholic, but was known for his tolerance for Protestants.

When king Sigismund II Augustus received diplomats or made important decisions, he did so in the audience hall in the royal castle. This room was also called "Under the Heads" for the carved heads set in the ceiling. One of these was a woman's head. The legend says whenever he would make a decision she would speak in Latin (using rhyme and alliteration): *Rex Auguste, iudica iuste* ("King August, judge justly"). He followed her  but after that her mouth was covered with a ribbon so she would never again  in royal decisions.
## References 
## Other sources 
* Stanisław Cynarski, *Zygmunt August*, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1988 (in Polish).

## Other websites 
* Sigismund II Augustus
Yoshinori Ohsumi

(born 9 February 1945) is a Japanese cell biologist. He won the 2016 Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of how cell autophagy works.

Autophagy is the process that cells use to break down and recycle cellular components. This allows the orderly recycling of cellular components.

Ohsumi is a professor in Institute of Science Tokyo's Frontier Research Center. He got the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science in 2012.

## References
Autophagy

**Autophagy** (which means "eating itself"), is one of the basic cell mechanisms. It allows the controlled breaking down of cell parts which do not work, or are not needed. The cell parts can then be recycled as required. 

There are several ways this happens. Targeted cell parts may be isolated from the rest of the cell in an *autophagosome* (a double-membraned vesicle). The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes and the contents are broken down and recycled. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.

The name "autophagy" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963. This led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.

## References
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

**Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński** (c. 1550 &ndash; c. 1581) was a Polish nobleman and poet. He is generally regarded as one of the most important Polish writers and the first representative of Baroque in Poland.

## Biography 
Little is known about life of Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. He was born around 1550 in the village of Zimna Woda near Lviv (today in Ukraine, then in the Kingdom of Poland). He was a member of Protestant family. He was the son of Joachim Sęp called Szarzyński. He studied abroad in Germany at universities of Wittemberg and of Lepzig. Then he continued his studies at the University of Padua in Italy. but some scholars are not convinced of that.

Szarzyński's poems were written probably in the years 1568-1581. They were published by the poet's brother in 1601. The book was named *Rytmy abo wiersze polskie* (Rhythms or Polish Verses).

## Works 
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński did not write many poems. All his published works can be printed on one hundred pages. He wrote in Polish and in Latin. He wrote six sonnets and some other poems, cantos and epitaphs. His poetry focuses on religious themes.

Szarzyński shaped his sonnets according to a French scheme that is abba abba cdcd ee. Julian Krzyżanowski, editor of Szarzyński's poems, points out the use of alliteration in them.

Szarzyński's poems were translated into English by Steven Clancy and Richard Sokoloski.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Czesław Miłosz, *The History of Polish Literature*. Second edition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1983.
Great Green Wall

The **Great Green Wall of Africa** is a strip of trees being planted across Africa to stop the Sahara desert from moving south. The Sahara desert moving south is affecting countries such as: Niger, Chad, Sudan, Mali and many more. The expansion of desert areas may affect the lives of up to 19 million people, including more than 1 million children. 

The strip of trees is planned to be about 15 kilometers wide. 

Unfortunately some people, when they see these trees, gather wood as timber for them to make fire or other uses. 

## References
Sursee

**Sursee** is a city of the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is the capital of the district of Sursee.

It is at the northern end of Lake Sempach.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Sursee tourism
GfK Entertainment charts

The **GfK Entertainment charts** are the official music charts in Germany.

The charts are gathered and published by **GfK Entertainment GmbH** (formerly **Media Control GfK International GmbH**). GfK is an abbreviation  for "Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung". GfK provides weekly top 100 lists.
Wladyslaw I of Poland

**Wladyslaw I of Poland** (1261  2 March 1333) was the ruler who united Polish lands into one state at the beginning of 14th century.

## Biography 
Władysław was born probably in 1261. He was a son of duke Casimir of Kuyavia. He was the step-brother of duke Leszek the Black. He was called Łokietek, that means "the Short" or "Elbow-high".

At the time of his birth Poland was divided into many independent states. For years Władysław struggled to unite Poland into one strong state. He was at war with a powerful king of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II. His lands were also in danger of the Teutonic Knights who had seized the town of Gdansk. Despite all odds, Władysław united Greater Poland and lesser Poland and was crowned in 1320.

He had still to fight in defence of the country. In 1331 he defeated the Teutonic knights in the battle at Płowce. He was seventy then. He died two years later. His only son, Casimir III of Poland, succeeded him. Wladyslaw I was buried in the cathedral at Wawel Castle.

## An anecdote 
At the time of Władysław's reign many Germans lived in Polish towns. They opposed him and rioted against him. After the riot of Lord Mayor Albert Władysław ordered his soldiers to expel all Germans from the town. One of them asked Władysław, how to recognise a German. The duke ordered them to make everyone speak aloud the words *Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn* (that means *Lentil, wheel, grinds, mill*). A man who could not speak it correctly was regarded as a German.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Paweł Jasienica, *Polska Piastów*, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1960.
* Henryk Samsonowicz, *Łokietkowe czasy*, Krakowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989.
Simone Biles

**Simone Arianne Biles** (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist. She was part of the gold medal-winning team dubbed the "Final Five" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She also won the bronze medal for the balance beam during the Olympics. Biles is a three-time world all-around  (2013–15), three-time world floor champion (2013–15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), four-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16), and a member of the gold medal-winning American teams at the 2014 and 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

Having won a combined total of 37 Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast. She took this over from Shannon Miller, who had held this record since 1996. With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to have won an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games.  With four Olympic gold medals, Biles set a new American record for most gold medals in women’s gymnastics at a single game.

On April 22, 2023, she married American football player Jonathan Owens.

## References
John Martin (painter)

**John Martin** (19 July 1789 – 17 February 1854) was an English romantic painter. 

## Biography 
John Martin was born in Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on 19 July 1789. He was best known as an author of historical paintings. They were mostly inspirated by the Bible and poetical works. Martin's works were usually landscapes with little drawings of people. He was a friend of the poet Edwin Atherstone. They both liked to paint scenes of mass destruction. 

After the Belgian government bought *The Fall of Ninevah*, the Belgian Academy made Martin a member. He also was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold by the king of Belgium.

John Martin died in Douglas, Isle of Man on 17 February 1854.

## Works 
(A selection)
* *Christ Stilleth the Tempest* 
* *The Calvary*
* ''Belshazzar's Feast* (1821)
* *The Destruction of Herculanum and Poempeii* (1822)
* *The Deluge* (1826) 
* *The Fall of Nineveh* (1829)
* *The Fallen Angels Entering Pandemonium* (1841)
* *The Last Man* (1849)
* *The Great Day of His Wrath (1851-1853)
* *The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah* (1852)
* *The Last Judgement* (1853)

## References 
## Bibliography 
* William Feaver, *The Art of John Martin*, Oxford 1975.
Corps of Topographical Engineers

The **U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers** was ed by the United States Congress in 1838. It was made up of only officers who were hand-picked graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Their main purpose was to map and make military surveys for s to the Pacific.

## Background 
From 1777 to 1863, topographical engineers were used in the United States Army. In 1813, Congress d eight officers to be a part of the general staff. Each was to have the brevet  and pay of a major in the U.S. Cavalry.

## Accomplishments 
Their first priority was to explore the American West to make it accessible. Early on they worked to make the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers navigable. They were also involved in surveying boundary lines, especially in Texas during the Mexican–American War. Until they were merged with the Corps of Engineers in 1863, they surveyed and built roads bridges and forts for the Union Army during the Civil War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Library of Congress, Maps, U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

**Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey** (1517-1547) was an English nobleman and poet.

## Biography 
Henry Howard was born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire in 1517, during the reign of Henry VIII. His father was Thomas Howard. He took the title of Earl of Surrey in 1524. but Surrey was first to use it. Second, he invented blank verse This metre was later used by Thomas Kyd in drama and by John Milton in epic poems. Everyone knows blank verse from Shakespeare's works. Henry Howard used blank verse in his translations from Virgil.

## References
Harry Hamlin

**Harry Robinson Hamlin** (born October 30, 1951) is an American actor. He is well known for his role as Perseus in the 1981 fantasy movie *Clash of the Titans*. He also played Michael Kuzack in *L.A. Law*.
Algonquin Provincial Park

**Algonquin Provincial Park** is a provincial park in Canada. It is the oldest provincial park in the province of Ontario, opened in 1893. It is very large at 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 square miles), and is the third largest provincial park in Ontario after Polar Bear and Wabakimi. The park contains many streams, lakes, rivers, and other water sources. Its forests are a mix of deciduous and coniferous. The variety of environments in the park makes it home to many species of plants and animals, and it is an important park for wildlife research. It is a very popular park with campers because of its size and how close it is to large cities such as Toronto and Ottawa.

In 1992 Algonquin Park became a National Historic Site of Canada.

## History 
Algonquin Park started as a logging area, where people would come to cut down trees. A group of loggers wanted to make the area a park because of how beautiful it was and to protect the animals that lived there. In 1892 a request was made by five members of the government asking for a park to be opened on the land. The next year in 1893 the park was officially made. It was the first provincial park in Ontario, but when it was opened it was called a national park. It was changed to a provincial park in 1913.

In 1896 a railway was built on the park. In 1898 cottages, lodges and camps started being sold to tourists, and in 1908 the first hotel in the park was built. The hotel was very popular. After that hotel opened others started being built.

## Activities 
The park is a very popular place for outdoor activities all year. Many people camp in campgrounds on the park. Fishing, hiking, horse riding and canoeing are other popular things to do. In winter people skate on the lakes, and the park opens their own skating rink.

There is also a museum, called the Algonquin Logging Museum, on the park. This museum tells people about the history of the park as well as the logging that happens today. There is a book store, exhibits with information about the park and a remade version of a logging camp from the late 1800s.

## References
California's Gold

'''''California's Gold''''' is a public television travel program that explores the natural, cultural, and historical features of the state of California. The series ran for 18 seasons from 1994 to 2012. There were 443 episodes.  It was produced and hosted by Huell Howser for its entire run. The minimal production allowed locations and people to remain the focal point of the program. The series stopped after Howser's death in 2013, although reruns have continued to air after his death.

The series' theme song varies between several renditions of "California, Here I Come," but was most often played on the series by local musicians Eddie Enderle and Richard Chon.

## References
## Other websites
* Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University
* California's Gold
* Video Podcast Feed - California's Gold 
* 
* California's Gold episodes available free on iTunes
Institut d'optique Graduate School

'''Institut d'optique Graduate School** (**SupOptique**) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* **Ingénieur SupOptique** (SupOptique Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* **Masters Recherche** & **Doctorat** (**PhD** doctorate studies )
* **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS''')

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at SupOptique.

## Research labs 
Research activities at SupOptique relate to the following topics:
* Optics
* Metrology
* Imaging
* Photonics
* Nanotechnology

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Mary Sidney

**Mary Sidney** (1561-1621) was an English poet. She was the sister of more famous poet Philip Sidney.

## Biography 
Mary Sidney was the daughter of Henry Sidney and Mary Dudley. She was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhall near Bewdley in Worcestershire.  When she was fifteen, she married Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. Thus she became Countess of Pembroke. She had four children, Katherine, Anne, William and Philip. She died of smallpox in London on 25 September 1621. She is said to have been the most important woman poet in 16th century England save the queen.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Margaret P. Hannay, *Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621)*.
Vladimír Holan

**Vladimír Holan** (September 16, 1905 – March 31, 1980) was a Czech poet.

## Biography 
Vladimír Holan was born in 1905 in Prague. He got his high-school certificate in 1926 and started to study law. However, he was not much interested in it and left the university quickly. He worked in an office and after some years abandoned it because of ill health.

In 1926 Holan published his first book of poetry named *Blouznivý vějíř* (*A Thoughtful Fan*). The poet himself was not much pleased with the book. In 1930 he published another book which was more successful, named *Triumf smrti* (*The Triumph of Death*). Many other books followed that. The most important work by Holan is *Noc s Hamletem* (*A night with Hamlet*). Holan wrote poems till 1977 when his only daughter died. After it he wrote nothing more. Holan was awarded many times and nominated for Nobel prize. The poet died in Prague in 1980. He was buried at Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

## Work 
Holan's poems are different and usually regarded as difficult. The poems are full of symbols and images that can be understood in different ways. He used classical verse forms and free verse as well. He is also known to have employed alliteration and puns. Holan was also a translator. He translated European literature into Czech.

## Criticism 
* *Úderem tepny. Sborník ze semináře k interpretaci básnického díla Vladimíra Holana*, Edited by Vladimír Justl, Viola, Praha 1986

## References 
## Bibliography 
* James Partridge, *The Narrative Poetry of Vladimír Holan, 1939-1955*, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
* Józef Waczków, Vladimír Hola [in:] Literatury zachodniosłowiańskie czasu przełomów 1890-1990, Vol. 2, Katowice 1999 (in Polish).

## Other websites 
* Vladimír Holan's poems at Art of Europe.
Lluta River

The **Lluta** is a river in the Atacama Desert. It is the most northern of the great transversal Chilean rivers that start in the Andes and flow into the Pacific Ocean. It flows through the Arica y Parinacota region.

It has a broad estuary near the port city of Arica that forms a wetland, a habitat used by many water birds (birds that live on or near water).

## Geography
The Lluta river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Lluta river starts on the Andean mountain slopes near the border with Peru and Bolivia, at an elevation of about , in the place called *Humapalca*, *comuna* of General Lagos, Parinacota province, Arica y Parinacota.

The river is formed by the confluence of two streams:

## Gallery

File:Cuesta Ruta 11 a Putre Región de Arica.jpg|The Llauta valley from the Ruta 11 road
File:Desembocadura Rio Lluta, Nidal, Arica.JPG|Mouth of the Lluta river
File:Humedal rio lluta (2).JPG|Wetland of the Lluta river, Arica
File:Humedal rio lluta (1).JPG|A water bird in the Lluta river wetland

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Cuenca del río Lluta
John Fitchett

**John Fitchett** (1776-1838) was an English poet.

## Biography 
John Fitchett was born on 21 September 1776. He became an orphan very early. It took forty years to write it. who lived during the 9th century and fought against the Vikings. The poem is a literary curiosity. It is probably the longest poem ever written in English. John Fitchett left it unfinished, but his friend Robert Roscoe finished and published it. *King Alfred* is over 131 000 lines long. 2585 more lines were added by Roscoe.

## References
Currituck County, North Carolina

**Currituck**    **County** is the northeastern-most county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,100. Its county seat is Currituck. The county was formed in 1668 as a precinct of Albemarle County and later gained county status in 1739. The name is "traditionally said to be an Native American word for wild geese; *Coratank*."

Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the state of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.

## References
Tyrrell County, North Carolina

**Tyrrell County** is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,245 making it the least  county in the state. Its county seat is Columbia. The county was created in 1729 as Tyrrell Precinct and gained county status in 1739.

## References
Gates County, North Carolina

**Gates County** is a small, rural county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of North Carolina, on the border with Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,478. Its county seat is Gatesville.

Gates County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is part of the Albemarle Sound area of the Inner Banks.

## References
Vittoria Colonna

**Vittoria Colonna** (1490-1547), marchioness of Pescara, was an Italian noblewoman and poet.

## Biography 
Vittoria Colonna was born at Marino, Lazio, Italy in 1490. She was a friend of many other poets and artists, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione and especially Michelangelo. Colonna wrote sonnets, *canzone* (songs) and short poems in ottava rima. She wrote also a longer poem named *Capitolo del trionfo di Cristo* (*The chapter about the Triumph of Christ*).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Poems by Vittoria Colonna (In Italian).
*
Kordshuli (tribe)

The **Kurdshuli** are a nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran.They speak Luri language.

## References
Anil Kumble

**Anil Kumble** (full name:Anil Radhakrishna Kumble) is a retired Indian cricketer who captained Indian national cricket team for a few matches.Anil Kumble is a right arm leg spin bowler.One of the best bowler in world cricket.
## Birth
Anil Kumble was born in Bangalore, Karnataka to Krishnaswamy and Saroja. Anil Kumble has a brother named Dinesh Kumble. Kumble studied his studies in Holy Saint English School. He started playing cricket in streets in Bangalore. Kumble completed B.E in Rashtriya Vidhyalaya College of Engineering in 1991-92.
## Cricket
Anil Kumble made his first-class debut against Hyderabad on 30 November 1989 playing for Karnataka. He took 4 wickets in the match. Anil played his debut Test match against England national cricket team. He picked 3 wickets in the second match of the series. Anil picked 18 wickets with the average of 25.94 at the economy rate of 1.84 in the four match series against South Africa in 1992. He picked 21 wickets against the series with England in the same year.In the third match of the series he picked 7 wickets for 165 runs and was awarded the Man of the Match award. On November 27 1993, Kumble picked 6wickets/12 runs against West Indies in the final match of Hero Cup. This record was broke by Stuart Binny against Bangladesh. Kumble picked 15 wickets in 1996 World Cup and became the leading wicket taker in the tournament. He picked 61 wickets in that single year. Anil along with Jim Laker are the persons who picked all the ten wickets in a single Test inning. He achieved this against Pakistan in the year 1999.Kumble had bowled over 40850 balls totally in his international cricket career, stands after Muttiah Muralidharan.

## Personal life 
Anil Kumble is married to Chetana Ramatheertha, whom he met during his early cricketing career. The couple tied the knot in 1999. Chetana, a former employee at TransOcean, was previously married and had a daughter from her earlier relationship, whom Kumble later adopted. Their love story, marked by mutual respect and overcoming social challenges, has often been appreciated by the public.

The couple has two children, a daughter from Chetana’s previous marriage, and a son born to the couple after their marriage. Kumble is known to be a family-oriented person and has often credited his wife and children for being a strong support system throughout his career.
## Awards
* Arjuna award, a sports award from the Government of India, in 1995
* One of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year, in 1996.
* Among the 16 cricketers shortlisted for the Wisden Indian Cricketer of the 20th Century, in 2002  (Kapil Dev won)
* Padma Shri, a civilian award from the Government of India, in 2005.
* A prominent intersection in M. G. Road, Bengaluru has been named after Anil Kumble.
* ‘Best breakthrough performance IPL 2009’ for his five-for-five against Rajasthan Royals in IPL 2009.
* ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, a sports award from the ICC, in 2015.
## References
Canindeyú Department

The **Canindeyú department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Salto del Guairá. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-14**.

Its name comes from Tupi ***Kaninde*** - macaw; ***ju*** - yellow, blue-and-yellow macaw (*Ara ararauna*).

## Geography
The Canindeyú department is in the northeast of the *Oriental* region. It has an area of . , the department has a population of 191,447 ( of the population of the country) for a population density of .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Salto del Guairá was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Districts
The department is divided in 13 districts:

## Economy
Farming is the main economic activity in the department. The main crops are soybean, tobacco and maize. Cattle raising is also an important activity.

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Atlas Censal del Paraguay - Canindeyú 
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
* Secretaria Nacional de Turismo
Guido Guinizelli

**Guido Guinizelli** (c. 1230–1276) was an Italian poet. He is best remembered as the founder of Dolce Stil Novo.

## Biography 
Guido Guinizelli (or Guinizzelli) was born around 1230 in Bologna. He was a son of Guinizzello da Magnano, a famous judge. He studied law and became a lecturer at the university of Bologna. He died in Monselice in 1276.

## Works 
Guido Guinizelli wrote canzone and sonnets. He introduced into Italian poetry a new style which was named *Dolce Stil Novo* that is *The Sweet New Style*. Dante Alighieri called him "padre mio" ("my father"), regarding him as his teacher of poetry.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* A. Bongioanni, Guido Guinizelli e la sua riforma poetica, Leo S. Olshki, Venezia 1896.

## Other websites 
* Guido Guinizelli's poems at Italian Wikisource.
Taurine

**Taurine** is an organic compound. It is up to 0.1% of total human body weight, and is a main constituent of bile. Taurine is essential for the heart, the skeletal muscles, the retina, and the nerves. The body makes it from the amino acid cysteine.

Taurine comes from the Latin /taurus/ which means bull or ox. It was first extracted from ox bile in 1827.

## Food
Taurine is in fish and meat. The daily intake is around 58 mg (range from 9 to 400 mg). It is low or negligible from a strict vegan diet. Taurine intake is generally less than 200 mg/day.

### Energy drinks
Synthetic taurine is used to make some "energy drinks".  Many contain 1000&nbsp;mg per serving, and some as much as 2000&nbsp;mg.

## References
## Other websites 
* Taurine MS Spectrum
* Taurine bound to proteins in the PDB
Research and development

**Research and development** (**R&D**) refers to a wide range of  by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas. This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things. R&D generally has three main activities. These are: basic research, applied research and development. Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product. R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Project Management for Research and Development; YouTube
Philip Sidney

**Philip Sidney** (1554–1586) was an English poet, diplomat and soldier .

## Biography 
Philip Sidney was born on 30 November 1554. Phillip Sidney wrote both poetry and prose. He is famous for his sonnets. They were edited in the sequence named *Astophil and Stella*. He also wrote *Arcadia* and *The Defence of Poesy*. 

Philip Sidney's sister was the poet and translator Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621).    

## References 
## Other websites 
* Philip Sidney, Astrophil and Stella. The text of each poem with a line by line paraphrase, and occasional explanatory notes by A. S. Kline.
Egolzwil

**Egolzwil** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Gettnau

**Gettnau** was a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Gettnau became a part of Willisau.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Gandria

.]]

**Gandria** is a quarter and former municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello merged into the city of Lugano.

## Other websites 
*
Viganello

**Viganello** is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Until 2004, it was a municipality on its own. Then it was created to Lugano.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site of the quarter 
*
Linares Province

**Linares** () is one of four provinces of the central Chilean region of Maule (VII). The provincial capital and largest city is Linares.

## History
In 1873, the province of Linares was created from the old province of Maule; it had three departments: Linares, Parral and Loncomilla.

In 1927, Linares is eliminated as a province and became part of the new province of Maule but, in 1936, Linares was made again a province. When the regions were created in 1975, the Maule region was formed with the Curicó, Linares, Maule and Talca; later, the province of Cauquenes was added.

## Geography
Linares is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) with an area of , the largest province in the Maule region.

The province is at the very center of mainland Chile, and its capital is at  south of Santiago and  south of Talca, the regional capital, in the middle of a rich agricultural area and with many vineyards.

Linares is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Talca province, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Ñuble province (Bío Bío region) and to the west by the Cauquenes province.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 253,990 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km². The urban population was 139,742 persons ( of the total).

The largest city of the province is Linares, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 65,133 inhabitants, followed by the cities of Parral (26,397 inhabitants) and San Javier (20,524 inhabitants).

## Administration
As a province, Linares is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 8 communes (*comunas*). The city of Linares serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## Gallery

File:Gobernación Linares Chile.jpg|Governorship building
File:Plaza de Armas Linares Imagen 006.jpg|Central square of Linares
File:Museo Linares 2.jpg|Museum of Art and Crafts

## Related pages
* Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website 
* Province of Linares website
Ministro Pistarini International Airport

**Ministro Pistarini International Airport** or also called as **Ezeiza International Airport** is an airport in Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Its IATA code is EZE and ICAO code is SAEZ.

It is the direct entrance of long-distance international flights to the country, since the domestic and regional connections operate mostly from the Jorge Newbery Airport, which makes it the largest and most modern air terminal in Argentina.  It recently received a rating of over 8 points out of 10 in the 2019 AirHelp Score, earning it 20th place in this ranking.

It is currently the base of operations for Aerolíneas Argentinas internationally. It is also the headquarters of the Ezeiza Naval Air Station of the Argentine Navy.

Opened in 1949, it was for three years the largest air base in the world. It operates with several airlines. Given its geographical location and market size, an important part of its flights have stopovers in Santiago, São Paulo and Lima.

Here are some of North American carriers that currently serve Ministro Pistarini:
* American Airlines (Flies JFK-EZE and MIA-EZE)
* United Airlines (Flies IAH-EZE)

## Extensions
### Modernization 2017-Current
In January 2017, the Minister of the Interior, Rogelio Frigerio, presented the Advance Passenger Information system that speeds up immigration procedures and obtains accurate information on the criminal record of passengers entering the country.

In March 2018, the Argentine government presented a $15 billion investment plan to transform the Ezeiza International Airport.
## Statistics 
## Infrastructure
]]
* Track area: 483,897&nbsp;m²
* Taxiway area: 298,720&nbsp;m²
* Platforms: 515,900&nbsp;m²
* Maintenance area: 15,000&nbsp;m²
* Hangars: 5
* Landing and take-off runways: 2
* Telescopic sleeves: 20
* Remote positions: 25

The airport has the capacity to serve the Airbus A380 superjumbo in hangar 5.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Clapper

**Clapper** or **Clappers** may refer to:
*Part of a bell
*Clapper (musical instrument), made of two pieces of wood struck together
*James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence of the United States
*Clappers, Scotland, a small village in Scottish Borders, Scotland
Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport

**Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport** or also called as **Santiago-Pudahuel Airport** is an airport located in Santiago, Chile, is Chile's largest aviation facility.

Its IATA code is SCL and ICAO code is SCEL.

The building is the hub for various Chilean airline companies, such as Chile's largest national and international airlines, which has been the subject of a drug trafficking investigation by chilean police.

Airlines which serve Comodoro Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport include:

*Aerolineas Argentinas
*Aeromexico
*Air France 
*American Airlines
*Copa
*Cubana De Aviacion
*Delta Airlines
*Lacsa
*Iberia
*Lan Chile
*Ladeco
*Lloyd Aereo Boliviano
*Martinair
*Pluna
*Swiss
*TAME
*United Airlines
*Varig

## Other websites 
* Official website
São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport

**São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport** is an airport that serves São Paulo, Brazil, located 25&nbsp;km north of the city centre. It is sometimes called **Cumbica Airport**, after the suburb in which it is located.

Its IATA code is GRU and ICAO code is SBGR.

The airport is the busiest in Brazil in terms of transported passengers (41,307,915 in 2023), aircraft operations, and cargo handled.

Line 13-Jade of the São Paulo Metro Rail Transport Network connects with the airport through Aeroporto-Guarulhos Station. A single fare provides access to all lines in the São Paulo Metro system. This line started its operations on March 31, 2018. That makes São Paulo's São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) the first among major South American airport hubs (such as Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Santiago de Chile, Lima, El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, and Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport) to have a direct railway connection.

Aeroporto-Guarulhos station is located near Terminal 1, and passengers can access Terminals 2 and 3 via a free shuttle service. 

The following airlines fly into Guarulhos: 
*Aerolineas Argentinas
*Aeroméxico
*Air Canada 
*Air France
*Alitalia 
*American Airlines 
*All Nippon Airways
*Avianca 
*British Airways 
*BRA 
*Copa Airlines 
*Cubana de Aviación 
*Delta Airlines 
*Iberia Airlines
*JAL Japan Airlines 
*KLM Royal Dutch
*LAN Airlines 
*Lapa 
*Lloyd Aero Boliviano 
*Lufthansa 
*Nacional Transporte Aéreo 
*Ocean Air
*Rio Sul
*South African Airways 
*Scandinavian Airlines 
*Swiss Air
*LATAM Cargo Brasil 
*TAP Portugal 
*United Airlines 
*Varig
*Via Brasil

Many of these airlines have lounges at Guarulhos, most of which have internet access and mobile phone support, along with two meeting rooms for corporate executives.

There are also several restaurants, bookstores and cafés in the airport.

## Other websites 
* Official website