open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Four Stages of Cruelty

of William Hogarth]]
 and have his body dissected.]]

***The Four Stages of Cruelty*** is a  of four printed engravings. They were published by the English artist William Hogarth in 1751. Every print is about a different part of life of Tom Nero, a fictional (not real) character.

The *First stage of * shows Nero, when he is a child, hurting a dog. In the *Second stage of cruelty*, Nero, who is an adult, beats his horse. Then in *Cruelty in perfection*, he becomes a robber and murders his pregnant . At last, in *The reward of cruelty*, his body is taken from the gallows after his execution and is cut up into pieces by surgeons. This last annotation refers directly to the act of parliament then under consideration and passed in 1752 which changed the law to require the bodies of executed murderers to be surrendered to the surgeons for use in anatomy classes and only buried after they had been anatomized. The act was created in response to the increase in murders, especially  in the suburbs of London.

William Hogarth, who had been very unhappy at the acts of cruelty that he saw on the streets of London, printed the pictures for moral learning. They were printed on cheap paper for poor people. The pictures are rougher and more violent than Hogarth's other works, which usually have touches of humor. He had felt he needed to do this to make people understand his message. However, the pictures still have the small, careful details that Hogarth is famous for.

## History 
Like most of his other prints, such as *Beer Street* and *Gin Lane*, Hogarth wanted *The Four Stages of Cruelty* to be a warning against cruel and evil acts, and that it was easy for a small  to become a criminal. He wished to stop "that barbarous (mean) treatment of animals, the very sight of which renders (makes) the streets of our metropolis so distressing () to every feeling mind". Hogarth loved animals. When he painted a portrait of himself, he included his pug in the picture. He also marked the graves of his dogs and birds at his home in Chiswick.

## Reception 
Hogarth was pleased with his pictures. *European Magazine* reported that he said to a person who sold books named Mr. Sewell:

In his unfinished *Apology for Painters* he added:

In his 1817 book *Shakespeare and His Times*, Nathan Drake said that picture in the first plate changed the opinion of people about "throwing at cocks", and encouraged them to be firmer about stopping the people who did these things.

Some people, however, did not like the series very much. Charles Lamb said that the series were not as good as Hogarth's other works. Art historian Allan Cunningham also disliked the series:

## Gallery

file:Cruelty1.JPG|First stage
file:Cruelty2.JPG|second stage
file:Cruelty3.JPG|third stage
file:Cruelty4.JPG|last stage

## References
Chicken turtle

The **chicken turtle** (*Deirochelys reticularia*) is a freshwater turtle found in the southeastern United States. It has a long neck and a brownish shell with yellow lines on it. Their shells are 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) in length.

## References
Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant

The **Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant**  is a nuclear power plant in Iran. It is about  southeast of the city of Bushehr. It is between the fishing villages of Halileh and Bandargeh along the Persian Gulf.

The power plant was first planned back in the 1970s. German companies started the work in 1975, but stopped in 1979. Later, Russia took over the planning. The governments of Iran and Russia agreed to build the nuclear plant. It costs about $800 million dollars.

The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is now Iran's first nuclear power plant. It was first filled with nuclear material on 21 August 2010.

## References
Joseph Blackburne

by 'Ape', 1888.]]

**Joseph Henry Blackburne** (Manchester, 10 December 1841 – London, 1 September 1924), nicknamed 'The Black Death', was the leading British chess Grandmaster during the later part of the 19th century. 

Blackburne learned the game at the relatively late age of 18 but quickly became a strong player. He went on to develop a professional chess career that spanned over 50 years. At one point he was the world's second most successful player, with a string of tournament victories behind him. Blackburne especially enjoyed giving simultaneous and blindfold displays around the country. Blackburne also annotated  a collection of his own games (explained the moves), and was a chess correspondent for a leading journal until his death.

:"For more than 20 years he was one of the first six players in the world, and for even longer the leading English-born player".p42

Blackburne was fond of Scotch whisky, and often drank during a display. He once drank his opponent's glass, and said: "He left it *en prise*, and I took it *en passant!*"  Much loved, he was supported by subscriptions from his fans in his last years.

## References
Stile

A **stile** is a simple wooden structure which helps people to climb over a fence in the countryside.  Where there is a footpath (a right of way) which goes through a field with animals, there may be a stile so that walkers can climb over out of the field.  The stile is there instead of a gate.  If there were a gate and there were animals in the field, the animals could escape if the gate were left open.  Stiles are, of course, a problem for people who are disabled.

There are many stiles in the countryside in the United Kingdom. Another way of letting walkers through but keeping animals in is to use a kissing gate.

## Related pages
* Turnstile
* Kissing gate
* Cattle grid
Frederic William Henry Myers

**Frederic William Henry Myers** (1843 – 1901) was a classical scholar, poet, philosopher, and past president of the Society for Psychical Research.

## Education
Frederic William Henry Myers was educated at Cheltenham College, and Trinity College, Cambridge where he received a B.A. in 1865.

## Research
In 1900 Myers was president of the Society for Psychical Research.

In 1903, after Myers death, *Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death* was compiled and published. It was two large books at 1,360 pages in length, which presented an overview of Myers' research into the unconscious mind. 

Frederic Myers had a big influence on William James, Pierre Janet, Théodore Flournoy and Carl Jung.

## Related pages
*William James
*Irreducible Mind

## References
Border Collie

The **Border Collie** is a breed of dog that  along the English-Scottish border. People have used border collies to herd livestock for over 300 years. They are one of the most intelligent dog breeds. 

Border collies are also well known as pets and show dogs. The breed is a member of the collie dog breed group.

## Size 
The border collie is about 20 inches (51 cm) in height and weighs 31 to 50 pounds (14 to 23 kg). It is usually a long-haired dog. Its coat is often black and white.

## Temperament 
Like other herding and sheepdogs, border collies can be fiercely protective of their territory and their owners. This instinct to protect their family makes them ideal guard dogs. If a border collie notices anything new, they alert the family by barking loudly. 

## Exercise 
Exercise is one of the most important parts of caring for a border collie. Over a hundred years, people have bred herding dogs to provide them with intelligence, agility, and a high energy level to perform a job (wrangling sheep).

Now, most border collies don't have to do this job. This leaves them with high amounts of energy. They are not recommended for pet owners, who may be unable to provide their dogs with high enough amounts of exercise.

## References
Pyrolusite

**Pyrolusite** is the natural form (ore) of manganese dioxide. Its hardness is about 5 on the Mohs scale. It is used in batteries, although many batteries use artificial manganese dioxide. It is an oxide mineral.

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Manganese
*Oxide
Manganese(II) oxide

**Manganese(II) oxide** is a chemical compound. It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnO. It is made by reduction of manganese(IV) oxide by hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane. It is also made by heating manganese carbonate.

## Related pages 
*Manganese
*Manganese dioxide
*Iron(II) oxide
Manganese carbonate

**Manganese carbonate**, also known as **manganese(II) carbonate**, is a chemical compound. It is a brownish powder with a chemical formula of MnCO3. It can be heated to produce manganese(II) oxide and carbon dioxide. It is made by reacting a soluble manganese compound such as manganese(II) chloride with sodium carbonate. 

## Related pages
*Manganese
*Manganese(IV) oxide
*Potassium carbonate
Manganese(II) chloride

**Manganese(II) chloride** is a chemical compound. It has a chemical formula of MnCl2. It is a light pink crystalline solid. It is used to make manganese carbonate and manganese(II) oxide. It is made by reacting manganese with hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride. It is also made when manganese(IV) oxide is reacted with hydrochloric acid; this reaction also produces chlorine.

## Related pages
*Manganese
*Iron(II) oxide
*Iron(II) chloride
Manganese oxide

**Manganese oxide** can refer to either of the following compounds:

*Manganese(II) oxide, pink-brown
*Manganese(III) oxide, black
*Manganese(IV) oxide, black
*Manganese(VII) oxide, dark red or dark green oil
Samuel Reshevsky

**Samuel Reshevsky** (Szmul Rzeszewski, near Łódź, 26 November 1911 – New York, 4 April 1992) was a Polish-American chess Grandmaster.

Sammy was a famous chess prodigy, and later a leading American chess Grandmaster. He was a contender for the World Chess Championship from about 1935 to the mid-1960s. He came equal third in the World Chess Championship 1948 tournament, and equal second in the 1953 Candidates Tournament. He was also an eight-time winner of the U.S. Chess Championship.

He was the greatest American player in the long period between Pillsbury (d.1906) and Fischer. Sammy was an Orthodox Jew, and did not play on the Jewish Sabbath: his tournament games were re-arranged. He was a regular top board for the USA at Chess Olympiads. He played in eight Olympiads, helping the U.S. team to win the gold in 1937.p335

Sammy was tremendously strong in matches, and the Soviets made sure he never got the chance to play Botvinnik in a match. He played eleven of the first twelve world champions, and drew a match against Fischer at the age of 49. His one weakness as a player was his time trouble. He used up so much of his time in the early stages of a game that he was often short of time at the end. This probably cost him the Candidates tournament in 1953.

Reshevsky was not a full-time chess player. He was a qualified accountant.

*Reshevsky, Samuel [and Fred Reinfeld] 1948. *Reshevsky on chess*. [aka ''Reshevsky's best games of chess*, Dover.] Chess Review, N.Y.
*Reshevsky, Samuel [and Fred Reinfeld] 1962. *How chess games are won*. Pitman, N.Y & London.
*Gordon, Stephen W. *Samuel Reshevsky: a compendium of 1768 games''. McFarland, Jefferson NC. Some annotated by Soviet grandmasters.

## References
Bullmastiff

The **Bullmastiff** is a breed of dog. It started in 19th-century England. It is a mixture of a bulldog and a mastiff. It has a short tan, reddish-brown coat with black on the face and ears.
 
## Appearance 
It stands  and weighs . Bullmastiffs were originally used to discourage poaching and are now also used by police and as guard dogs.

## References
Bull Terrier

The **Bull Terrier** is a breed of dog that  in 19th-century England from a mixture of other dogs. They were first used as fighting dogs. 

Bull terriers have a short coat, small triangular eyes and an egg shaped head. They are about 21–22 inches (53–56&nbsp;cm) in height and weigh about 50–60 pounds (23–27&nbsp;kg). Bull terriers are very strong for their size.

## Related pages
* Bulldog

## References 
## Other websites
*
Nõmba

**Nõmba** is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia. It is in the middle of a forest. Many of the old buildings have thatched roofs, which have been restored. There used to be seven windmills in the village in the early 1900s, but these have all been pulled down.
Chow Chow

The **Chow Chow** is a breed of dog that  in China and is believed to be one of the oldest dog breed. It has a large head, a curly tail and a blue tongue. It has a thick coat of fur and can be either  or . Most Chow Chows are a reddish brown or black color. It stands about 17–20 inches (43–51&nbsp;cm) and weighs 45–70 pounds (20–32&nbsp;kg).

## References
Kevin McKidd

**Kevin McKidd** (born 9 August 1973) is a Scottish actor. He has played many acting roles such as Lucius Vorenus on *Rome*, as Dan Vasser on *Journeyman*, as Poseidon on *Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, and as Dr. Owen Hunt on *Grey's Anatomy''.

## References
Fredonia

**Fredonia** can refer to any of the following places:
* Fredonia, Alabama
* Fredonia, Arizona
* Fredonia (Biscoe), Arkansas
* Fredonia, California
* Fredonia, Iowa
* Fredonia, Kansas
* Fredonia, Kentucky
* Fredonia, New York
* Fredonia, North Dakota
* Fredonia, Pennsylvania
* Fredonia (Spartanburg County, South Carolina), a former NRHP in Spartanburg County, South Carolina
* Fredonia, Gregg County, Texas
* Fredonia, Mason County, Texas
* Fredonia, Wisconsin
* Fredonia (town), Wisconsin
* Fredonia Township, Michigan
* Fredonia, Antioquia, a municipality of Colombia
Chad Johnson

**Chad Javon Johnson** (born January 9, 1978 in Miami, Florida) is a former American football wide receiver. He played for the  Cincinnati Bengals and New England Patriots. He also played for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He has also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals. Johnson was drafted out of the Oregon State University by the Cincinnati Bengals with the 36th pick in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft.

On April 17, 2014, Johnson signed a two-year deal to play for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League.

He was also known as **Chad Ochocinco**.

## References
## Other websites
*Chad Ochocinco's Official website
*Chad Ochocinco at cincinattibengals.com
Bloodhound

The **Bloodhound** is a large breed of dog famous for its  ability by scent. It stands 23–27 inches (58–69 cm) tall and weighs 80–110 pounds (36–50&nbsp;kg). It has a long nose, large ears with wrinkles on its face. Its fur is short and its coat is usually a brown and black color. Bloodhounds are known to be a gentle and affectionate breed. Bloodhounds are often used by police because of their tracking ability.

## References
Celosia

**Celosia** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. These plants are native to Eurasia, Africa, South America, and North America.

The genus includes more than 50 recognized species. Some notable species are:

* *Celosia argentea*
** *C. argentea var. argentea*
** *C. argentea var. cristata* (syn. *Celosia cristata*)
** *C. argentea var. plumosa* (syn. *Celosia plumosa*)
* *Celosia isertii* (syn. *Celosia laxa*)
* *Celosia leptostachya*
* *Celosia nitida*
* *Celosia odorata*
* *Celosia palmeri*
* *Celosia spicata*
* *Celosia trigyna*
* *Celosia virgata*

Many species of Celosia are cultivated as ornamental plants for their distinctive and colorful flower heads. Some are also used in traditional medicine and cuisine in various cultures.

## Other websites 
* Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Celosia* 
* ITIS: *Celosia*
* NCBI: *Celosia*
Wheel theory

**Wheel theory** is the theory of wheels. A wheel is an algebraic structure where division by 0 has meaning. The term *wheel* was inspired by the topological picture \odot.

## Definition 
A wheel is an algebraic structure satisfying(for all values x, y, and z):

* Addition and multiplication are commutative and associative, with 0 and 1 as their respective identities.
* //x = x
* /(xy) = /y/x
* xz + yz = (x + y)z + 0z
* (x + yz)/y = x/y + z + 0y
* 0\cdot 0 = 0
* (x+0y)z = xz + 0y
* /(x+0y) = /x + 0y
* 0/0 + x = 0/0

Wheels replace the usual division with a unary operator applied to one argument /x similar (but not identical) to the multiplicative inverse x^{-1}, such that a/b becomes shorthand for a \cdot /b = /b \cdot a. Also, \bot replaces the fraction 0/0.

## Sources
*Carlström, Jesper: . Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 14(2004): no. 1, 143–184 (also available online here ).

## References
The Hangover (movie)

***The Hangover*** is a 2009 American comedy movie and the first installment of the trilogy. The movie is directed by Todd Phillips, and stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Justin Bartha, Ken Jeong, Heather Graham and Jeffrey Tambor. It follows three men looking for another friend in Las Vegas, before the wedding is cancelled.

## Cast 
* Bradley Cooper as Phil Wenneck
* Ed Helms as Dr. Stu Price
* Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner
* Heather Graham as Jade
* Mike Epps as Black Doug
* Justin Bartha as Doug Billings
* Jeffrey Tambor as Sid Garner
* Ken Jeong as Leslie Chow
* Rachael Harris as Melissa
* Rob Riggle as Officer Franklin
* Sasha Barrese as Tracy Garner
* Bryan Callen as Eddie
* Ian Anthony Dale as Chow's henchmen
* Gillian Vigman as Stephanie Wenneck

## Ratings
The Hangover received mostly positive reviews:

*Rotten Tomatoes - 78%
*Metacritic - 73% out of 100
*Roger Ebert - 4.5 out of 5

## References
## Other websites
*The Hangover's Official website
* 
*
Mafia II

***Mafia II*** is the 2010 sequel to *Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven*. It was released on August 24, 2010 in North America and August 27, 2010 in the PAL region. The game is set in Empire Bay which is a parody of The Empire State, the nickname for New York in the years 1945 to 1951. *Mafia II* was protested by an Italian-American group because they thought the game was portraying ethnic stereotypes.

## Second sequel
A third game and final sequel to *Mafia* is *Mafia III*. It was released in 2016.

## Other websites
* Mafia II's Official website 

## References
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers

***The Amazing Jeckel Brothers*** is the fifth studio album by American horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on May 25, 1999. The producers of the album were Insane Clown Posse and Mike E. Clark. The album was the fifth of the "Joker Cards" in the Dark Carnival mythology. The album featured guest vocals such as Ol' Dirty Bastard, Snoop Dogg, The Jerky Boys and Twiztid.
Brent Bowden

**Brent Michael Bowden** (born May 21, 1987 in Huntsville, Alabama) is an American football Punter that is currently a free agent in the National Football League (NFL). Bowden was drafted out of the Virginia Tech University with the 172nd pick in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

## Other websites
*Brent Bowden at nfl.com
Thomas Morstead

**Thomas Morstead** (born August 13, 1982 in Pearland, Texas) is an American football punter for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). Morstead was drafted out of Southern Methodist University by the New Orleans Saints with the 164th pick in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Morstead won Super Bowl XLIV while part of the New Orleans Saints.

## Other websites
*Thomas Morstead at nfl.com
Meqabyan

**Meqabyan** (Amharic: መቃብያን), also called called **Ethiopic Maccabees** or **Ethiopian Maccabees,** are three books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Biblical canon of the Old Testament. They are very different in content from the Books of Maccabees in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. The Maccabees described in the three books are not those of the Hasmonean dynasty, and their "Five Holy Maccabean Martyrs" do not match the "woman with seven sons", who were also called "Maccabees" and are revered throughout Orthodoxy as the "Holy Maccabean Martyrs".

The books appeared only in Ethiopian languages for a long time but have recently been translated into English.
## 1st Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
According to this book, a certain man from the territory of Benjamin called Meqabis had three sons Abya (Amharic: አብያ- Abijah), Seela (Amharic: ሴላ- Shelah), and Pantos (Pantera), who opposed the tyrannical policies of the king and refused to worship his idols. Their account consumes only a short section of the book, spanning Chapters 2 to 5. A second group of brothers is later introduced in Chapter 15: Yihuda (Amharic: ይሁዳ- Judah), Meqabis and Mebikyas, and they are said to have led a successful revolt against the ruthless King Akrandis of Midian. That appears to be a historical allusion to King Alexander I Balas, who ruled the Seleucid Empire after the death of Antiochius IV and supported the legitimacy of the Maccabees' cause. However, in this folk rendering of history, Mebikyas enters the king's military camp and decapitates him at his dinner table while his food is still in his mouth. The remainder of the book, Chapters 16 to 36, have no dealing with the Maccabean Revolt and offer no further historical narrative. Their purpose is unknown, as they recount significant events from the Old Testament.

## 2nd Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
**The Book of Second Meqabyan* has 21 chapters and starts: "After he found the Jews in Syrian Mesopotamia". The story is that a king of Moab, Meqabis, makes war against Israel, whcih is its punishment. Later, he feels bad for his sins and teaches God's law to the people living in Israel. After his death, Tsirutsaydan introduces idolatry and burns the sons of Meqabis.

## 3rd Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
**The Book of Third Meqabyan* has 10 chapters and starts: "And the islands of Egypt shall rejoice". It tells about salvation and punishment, as seen in the lives of Adam, Job, David and others.

## English Translations 
    Selassie, Feqade. Ethiopian Books of Meqabyan 1–3, in Standard English. 2008; Lulu Press Inc, Raleigh, NC

    Curtin, D.P. The 1st Book of Ethiopian Maccabees. 2017; Dalcassian Publishing, Philadelphia, PA

## References
## Other websites
* The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today, by R. W. Cowley - specific info on Meqabyan 1-3 found at footnote #9
* *The Book of First Meqabyan* in Iyaric
Southwark

**Southwark** ( ) is the main part of the inner London Borough of Southwark. It is on the Thames, south of London Bridge. It is often called just 'The Borough'. Southwark was once a separate town in Surrey, and was made part of London in 1889.

Southwark has several important buildings: Southwark Cathedral, London Bridge station and the Tate Modern art gallery. Two Roman roads met in Southwark: Watling Street and Stane Street. The area was marshy with islands in Roman times. They built the first London Bridge here.

The word 'Southwark' is pronounced *Suthuk*.

## References
Chris Kluwe

**Christopher James Kluwe** (born December 24, 1981 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a former American football Punter. Kluwe played for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Kluwe was undrafted but played college football at the University of California.

He is a supporter of same-sex marriage and released a letter on Deadspin that he sent to Maryland state assembly delegate Emmett Burns. In the letter he defended the opinions of Baltimore Ravens linebacker Brendon Ayanbadejo who is a supporter of same-sex marriage and criticized Burns for sending a letter to the Ravens owners to "inhibit such expressions" by their employee and trying to stifle Ayanbadejo's freedom of speech.

## References
## Other websites
*Chris Kluwe at nfl.com
Watling Street

**Watling Street** is the name of an ancient route in England.  It was first used by the Ancient Britons between Canterbury and St Albans. 

Later the Romans made it one of the main Roman roads in Britain.  The Romans paved the route from London to the port of Dover, and from London to St Albans.  'Street' comes from the old word for paving.  Eventually, the road stretched to Caerwent in Wales on the Severn estuary, just west of Chepstow.

Its route is now covered by the A2 road from Dover to London, and the A5 road from London to Wroxeter (Roman *Viriconium*, in modern Shropshire).  These are major roads in England, which still exist alongside the modern motorways. 

Mancetter on Watling Street is thought to be  the site of Boudica's defeat by the Romans. Later, the A5 was part of the southwestern border of the Danelaw. In the early 19th century, the course between London and the Channel was paved and became known as the Great Dover Road. At various points along the historic route, the name Watling Street is still used.
Southwark Cathedral

**Southwark Cathedral**, in Southwark, London, lies on the south bank of the River Thames close to London Bridge. 

It is the mother church of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark. It has been a place of Christian worship for over 1,000 years, but a cathedral only since 1905.  The present building is mainly Gothic, from 1220 to 1420.  

The main railway line from London Bridge station to Cannon Street station passes close to the cathedral, blocking the view from the south side. Borough Market and the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass by the river are close by.

## History 
### Saxon and medieval 
The earliest reference to the site was in the Domesday Book survey of 1086. The 'Minster' of Southwark seems to be under the control of Bishop Odo of Bayeux (William the Conqueror's half-brother). Its early history is obscure. A Saxon minster (a teaching church) served a south Thames area. In 1106, Henry I's reign, the latter became an Augustinian Priory: Norman stonework can still be seen, and Thomas Becket preached here before departing to Canterbury, days before his murder in 1170.

### Architecture 
The church is the oldest Gothic church building in London, built from 1220 to 1420. It is one of the smallest cathedrals, which is because it was not built as a cathedral, but as a Priory chapel.

### Choir 
The cathedral has three choirs, The main Cathedral Choir is supported financially by the St Olave's & St Saviour's Schools Foundation. They were two parochial schools set up in the 1560s, and still hold their annual services here as their 'foundation' church.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Southwark Cathedral official website
Volkswagen Sharan

The **Volkswagen Sharan** is a car produced by Volkswagen between 1995-2023. The SEAT Alhambra and the Ford Galaxy are based on the same platform as the Sharan.

## First generation (1995–2010) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol 
* *1.8 T* 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.0* 85 kW (115 hp)
* *2.8 VR6* 128 kW (174 hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.9 TDI* 66 kW (90 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp), 96 kW (130 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 103 kW (140 hp)

## Second generation (2010 until production ended) 
### Engines 
* *1.4 TSI* 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 103 kW (140 hp)
Kia Picanto

The **Kia Picanto** is a car produced by Kia Motors. It replaced the Kia Pride in 2003. The Fiat Idea Hyundai i10 is based on the Picanto's platform.

## Engines 
* *1.0* Mazda 44 kW (60 hp)
* *1.3* Toyota 48 kW (65 hp)
* *1.3 CRDi* 55 kW (75 hp)
Cannon Street station

**Cannon Street station** is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex in the City of London, the financial district of London. It is built on the site of the mediaeval Steelyard, the trading base in England of the Hanseatic League. It is in Travelcard Zone 1.

## Rail 
This  is a terminal station approached across the River Thames by the Cannon Street Railway Bridge, with entrances from Cannon Street and Dowgate Hill. Its approach by rail is by a triangular connection to both London Bridge station and Charing Cross station. Cannon Street is one of seventeen UK railway stations managed by Network Rail.

### Original structure 
The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway on 1 September 1866. The original station building had two Wren-style towers,  square and  high, which faced on to the River Thames. The towers supported a  long iron train shed crowned by a high single arch, almost semicircular, of glass and iron. To this was joined in 1867 an Italianate style hotel and forecourt. These gave passenger facilities, as well as an impressive frontage onto the street.

## References
Fundamental theorem of calculus

The **fundamental theorem of calculus** is central to the study of calculus.  It is the theorem that shows the relationship between the derivative and the integral and between the definite integral and the indefinite integral.  It is broken into two parts, the first fundamental theorem of calculus and the second fundamental theorem of calculus.

## Background
A definition for derivative, definite integral, and indefinite integral (antiderivative) is necessary in understanding the fundamental theorem of calculus. The derivative can be thought of as measuring the change of the value of a variable with respect to another variable. The definite integral is the net area under the curve of a function and above the x-axis over an interval [a,b]. The indefinite integral (antiderivative) of a function f is another function F whose derivative is equal to the first function f.

## History
The history of the fundamental theorem of calculus begins as early as the seventeenth century with  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton.  Leibniz looked at integration as the sum of infinite amounts of areas that are accumulated. As such, he references the important concept of area as it relates to the definition of the integral.  Isaac Newton used geometry to describe the relationship between acceleration, velocity, and distance. This is key in understanding the relationship between the derivative and the integral; acceleration is the derivative of velocity, which is the derivative of distance, and distance is the antiderivative of velocity, which is the antiderivative of acceleration.  In 1823, Cauchy defined the definite integral by the limit definition. Also in the nineteenth century, Siméon Denis Poisson described the definite integral as the difference of the antiderivatives [F(b) − F(a)] at the endpoints a and b, describing what is now the first fundamental theorem of calculus.  It wasn’t until the 1950s that all of these concepts were tied together to call the theorem the fundamental theorem of calculus.

## First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The first fundamental theorem of calculus states that if the function f(x) is continuous, then

\int_{a}^{b} f(x)dx = F(b)-F(a)

This means that the definite integral over an interval [a,b] is equal to the antiderivative evaluated at b minus the antiderivative evaluated at a. This gives the relationship between the definite integral and the indefinite integral (antiderivative).

## Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The second fundamental theorem of calculus states that if the function f is continuous, then

\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\int_{a}^{x} f(t) dt = f(x)

This means that the derivative of the integral of a function f with respect to the variable t over the interval [a,x] is equal to the function f with respect to x. This describes the derivative and integral as inverse processes. 

## References
Farringdon station

**Farringdon station** is a London Underground and National Rail station in Clerkenwell, located just north of the City of London in the London Borough of Islington. 

It adjaced Kings Cross St. Pancras, St. Pancras International, Barbican and City Thameslink. When Crossrail opens Farringdon will serve its station between Tottenham Court Road and Barbican/Moorgate/Liverpool Street.

Crossrail will stack when the Abbey Wood branch of the Elizabeth line opens. 

It is in **Travelcard Zone 1**.

## Current developments 
Farringdon will, from 2017, be one of the country's busiest stations (if not the busiest station) by number of trains passing through, being served by both Crossrail and the upgraded Thameslink route, as well as the existing Underground lines.

### Thameslink upgrade 
Farringdon station has been renovated, to allow longer Thameslink trains to fit, and to make other improvements to the station. The existing station building will be given a new roof canopy, and a new entrance and concourse facing Turnmill Street. Platforms will be made wider and longer, which will require the Cowcross Street bridge pillars to be moved. The bridge, along with the Cardinal Tower building, will be torn down and rebuilt once the pillars have been shifted.Cowcross Street will be made into a street for pedestrians only. Lifts will be provided throughout.

The existing ticket hall and concourse will be re-built. Interchange within the station will be improved by means of removing the existing interchange bridge and installing new stairs and lifts with access to all four platforms, thereby allowing disabled passengers to use the station.

Extending the platforms towards the north could not be done due mainly due to the steep gradient (1 in 27) of the Thameslink line immediately north of Farringdon. The platforms therefore had to be extended to the south, cutting off the two-station branch to Moorgate. As a result, since Christmas 2009 Thameslink trains no longer call at Barbican and Moorgate stations, but London Underground still serve those stations.

The new station is designed by the architects from the firm Aukett Fitzroy Robinson.

### Crossrail development 
A 'Farringdon' Crossrail station is being built between Farringdon and Barbican underground (tube) stations and it will have interchanges with both of them. Access at the Farringdon end will be via the new Thameslink ticket hall. Work will not be complete until 2017.

## References
Blackfriars station

**Blackfriars station** is a London Underground and National Rail station in the City of London. It is close to Blackfriars Bridge at the junction of New Bridge Street and Queen Victoria Street. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. The Underground station was closed until 2011 while refurbishment and major engineering works took place.

## Demolishment 
= wikitable
Blackfriars station is being rebuilt and the office building above it demolished and replaced as part of the Thameslink programme. The mainline station remained open during this work except for a period of around two months around Christmas 2010 when trains passed through without stopping. The Underground station was closed until late 2011.

## References
4Lyn

**4LYN** is a German nu metal group, based in Hamburg. It formed in 1995 as *Headtrip*.

## History 
In the year 2000 the band renamed to 4LYN after realizing the band name *Headtrip* was used by many other rock bands all over the world. The letters *LYN* are for *Little Young Nasties* and the *4* for the sum of the band members. They became famous after touring with bands such as Papa Roach, Dredg, Thumb and Therapy?. Finally in spring 2001 they released their first album. In 2002 they continued their successful way with another album called *neon* and live performances such as on Rock am Ring and the *Desperados*-Tour together with Cosmotron and Dredg. In the mid-2000s, they changed their style from nu metal to emo and alternative rock.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *4LYN* (2001 Motor Music)
* *neon* (2002 Motor Music)
* *Take It As A Compliment* (2004 Edel Records)
* *Take It As A Compliment / Live Compliments* (2004 Edel Records)
* *Compadres* (2005 Rodeostar/Edel Records)
* *Hello* (2008 Rodeostar/SPV)
* *Live in Hamburg* (22008 Rodeostar/SPV)
* *Quasar* (Very Us, 2012)

### Singles 
* *Whooo!* (2001 Motor Music)
* *Bahama Mama* (2001 Motor Music)
* *Lyn* (2001 Motor Music)
* *Pearls & Beauty* (2002 Motor Music)
* *Husky* (2002 Motor Music)
* ''Hey Ho, Let's Go* (2003 Self-release)
* *Kisses Of A Strobelight* (2004 Edel Records)
* *Matilda, Matilda (Promo Single)* (2004 Edel Records)
* *Drrty Rokka* (2005 Rodeostar/Edel Records)
* *Go, Sea Devils!* (2007 Rodeostar/Edel Records)
* *Hello (For You I'm Dying)'' (2008 Rodeostar/SPV)

### DVD's 
* *The Good Life Period* (2008)
* *Live In Hamburg* (2008)
* *Hello (Limited Edition) (includes CD/DVD)* (2009)

## Other websites
* Official homepage
* myspace-Page
* Discography @ DISCOGS
* 4LYN @ Last.fm 
* Full detailed Fanpage by Petra Preuss  
* 4LYN @ Webpark
Newfoundland dog

The **Newfoundland** is a large breed of dog that  in Newfoundland. 

Newfoundlands were first used by fishermen and sailors to carry goods. They would also jump overboard to save people from drowning. Newfoundlands are great swimmers because of their waterproof fur, their webbed feet and their strong muscles.

Newfoundlands are known to be very gentle and loyal. The ears are long and wide, and reach below the jaw. 

Newfoundlands can have problems with cystinuria just as humans can. They can also inherit subvalvular aortic stenosis, which damages the heart.

They have very thick fur, so owners need to brush it once a week.

## References
PlayStation Store

The **PlayStation Store** is an online market for users of Sony's PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita game consoles via the PlayStation Network.

## Other websites
*Media Go download page
*US PlayStation Store information page on PlayStation.com
*UK PlayStation Store information page on PlayStation.com
*Japan PlayStation Store information page on PlayStation.com 
*European PlayStation Store updates
Literary genre

A **literary genre** means the style of a certain piece of literature, such as a book. Several common ones are epic, comedy, tragedy, novel, and short story. There are other ways to group them, though. A piece of literature is either poetry or prose. There are three types of poetry; narrative, lyric, and dramatic. There are two types of prose; fiction and nonfiction.

## Related pages
*Literature
*Writing
*Genre
Boys Don't Cry (movie)

'''''Boys Don't Cry''''' is a 1999 American drama movie. The stars of the movie are Hilary Swank and Chloe Sevigny. This movie is about Brandon Teena (1972-1993), a female-to-male transsexual in Nebraska who was raped and murdered.

## Other websites 
*
Rubidium hydroxide

**Rubidium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. It is composed of rubidium and hydroxide ions. Its chemical formula is RbOH. It is a very strong base. It can eat through glass. It is made by dissolving rubidium oxide in water. It causes immediate burns to the skin. It gets very hot when it is dissolved in water. It is a white solid at 15&nbsp;°C at standard atmosphere, and in many other situations.

## Uses 
Rubidium hydroxide is not commonly used because potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide can replace rubidium hydroxide.  Metal oxide catalysts are sometimes changed with rubidium hydroxide.

## Related pages
*Potassium hydroxide
*Sodium hydroxide
*Lithium hydroxide

## Reference
Rubidium oxide

**Rubidium oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Rb2O. It is a yellow solid. It reacts vigorously with water to produce rubidium hydroxide, a very strong base. It is made by reduction of rubidium nitrate using rubidium metal. It can also be made by reduction of rubidium hydroxide with rubidium metal. It reacts with hydrogen to disproportionate it into rubidium hydroxide and rubidium hydride.

## Related pages
*Lithium oxide
*Calcium oxide
*Chemistry
Doctor (title)

**Doctor** is an academic degree, awarded by a university or similar institution. "Doctor" may be used to refer to a person with a doctorate.

To get the degree, people need to pass a doctorate exam, or write a thesis or dissertation. The requirements vary according to the subject-matter. 

There are three levels of university qualification:
* A bachelor's degree
* A master's degree. 
* The doctorate.
The first level of these, the Bachelo's degree, covers the basics; the things that people will need in their job almost every day. There is very little specialization. A bacheolor's degree usually takes 3-4 years.

The second level covers specializations; usually people need a bacheolor's degree in the same branch, or a closely related one. The master's degree is about more advanced cases, and specializations. It usually takes another 1.5 to 2 years.

So, people can do a master's degree in about 4.5-5 years. People who do a doctorate write a theseis that can answer one, or a few very specific questions. With the doctorate, they show that they are capable of doing research. Usually, a doctorate takes andother 3-5 years after a master's degree. 

Depending on the country, there are cases where people get what is called a professional doctorate. This is mostly the case in law, and in medicine. A professional doctorate is comparable to a master's degree.

People who have a doctor's degree may use the title "doctor", though in practice it is often used only by medical doctors. Medical doctors examine, diagnose and treat patients. They can specialize in a number of medical areas, such as pediatrics, anesthesiology or cardiology, or they can work as general practice physicians. Becoming a medical doctor requires a doctoral degree in medicine and participating in clinical training. Medical doctors need a licence, and certification may also be required for many specialists.     

* Medical doctor or Doctor of Medicine, a person who practices medicine. Degrees vary: M.D. is common in the United States; MRCP is common in the UK, and they are addressed as "doctor" whatever the degree.
** Surgeon, a doctor who performs surgery, is in the UK not called "doctor", because the legal qualification is MRCS: Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, because the profession had a different origin. 
**Physiotherapist, a physiotherapist having Doctor of Physiotherapy is also called Doctor in USA and in countries like India "traditional and conventional use of Doctor" can be used by using "PT" as suffix for B.P.T.(Bachelor of Physiotherapy) degree holders.
* Juris Doctor or Doctor of Law 
* Doctor of Philosophy a general degree for any subject which offers a doctorate for research and presentation of a thesis.

* Universities may award doctorates to people who have done a lot in their fields of study: these are called honorary doctorates. There is no set rule for this. These may be abbreviated "Doctor h.c." (for "honoris causa").
Rubidium nitrate

**Rubidium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is RbNO3. It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by reacting rubidium or rubidium hydroxide with nitric acid. The reaction with rubidium is very violent. It is used to make other rubidium compounds. 

## Related pages
*Rubidium oxide
*Rubidium hydride
*Potassium nitrate
St Pancras station

**St Pancras station**, also known since 2007 as **St Pancras International**, is a central London railway terminus celebrated for its Victorian architecture. The area is served by Eurostar and MML.
## Buildings
The Grade&nbsp;I listed building stands on Euston Road between the British Library, King's Cross station and the Regent's Canal. It was opened in 1868 by the Midland Railway as its southern terminus. The company became the **LMS**: the London, Midland and Scottish railway. When the station opened, the arched train shed was the largest single-span roof in the world.
## History
After escaping planned demolition in the 1960s, the complex was renovated and expanded during the 2000s at a cost of £800&nbsp;million. A secure terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe—via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel—along with platforms for domestic connections to the north and south-east of England. The restored station houses fifteen platforms, a shopping centre and a bus station, in addition to London Underground services from King's Cross St. Pancras tube station.  St Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways along with the adjacent urban regeneration area known as King's Cross Central.

## References
Rubidium hydride

**Rubidium hydride** is a chemical compound. It contains rubidium and hydride ions. Its chemical formula is RbH. It is a strong reducing agent and will react with water, air and chlorine violently. It is made by disproportionating hydrogen by reacting hydrogen with rubidium hydroxide. This process also produces rubidium oxide. It is normally made by reacting rubidium and hydrogen.

## Related pages
*Rubidium nitrate
*Hydride
*Rubidium compounds

## References
Jane Addams

**Jane Addams** (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was an American social worker and sociologist. She was born in Cedarville, Illinois. In 1886, she founded a place called Hull House along with Ellen Gates Starr. It tried to take care of the problems poor people and immigrants faced in Chicago through social work. She wanted more peace, and more civil rights for immigrants and women against prostitution.  She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, and was the first American woman to earn it. She was the sister of Alice Haldeman. Addams was a lesbian. She died in Chicago.

## Related pages
*List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
## References
## Other websites
Calcium phosphate

**Calcium phosphate** may refer to:
*Tricalcium phosphate, a chemical compound with the chemical formula of 
*Dicalcium phosphate, a chemical compound with the chemical formula of 
*Monocalcium phosphate, a chemical compound with the chemical formula of
Hurricane Joan–Miriam

**Hurricane Joan** was a powerful and deadly hurricane during 1988. Over 200 people died because of Joan. The hurricane reached Category 4 strength.
Richard Rusczyk

**Richard Rusczyk** is one of the creators of the Mandelbrot competition, and the founder of Art of Problem Solving (AoPS) Inc, and Beast Academy He also founded the San Diego Math Circle.

Rusczyk graduated from Princeton University in 1993.

## References
## Other websites
*The Art of Problem Solving
London Bridge station

**London Bridge station** is a major railway and London Underground station in Bermondsey in the London Borough of Southwark. It is immediately south-east of London Bridge and 1.6 miles (2.6&nbsp;km) east of Charing Cross. It is the oldest railway terminus in London, opened in June 1839. There is also a bus station. It is the fourth busiest rail terminal in London. In addition, it is where many commuters transfer between lines.

This mainline station is one of 18 railway stations managed by Network Rail and is a major transport terminus and interchange for south London. Including Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Gatwick Airport, over 54 million people each year use the station.

The tube station is a junction station between the two lines, the Jubilee Line and the Bank branch of the Northern Line. All tube platforms are accessed through the ticket barriers. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1. It is south of the River Thames, so it does not have a direct connection to the Circle Line.
 approaching London Bridge station.]]

## References
Chris Chelios

**Christos Kostas Tselios** (born January 25, 1962 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played his playing career for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, Detroit Red Wings and Atlanta Thrashers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Chelios won the Stanley Cup in 2008 and was also the captain of the Chicago Blackhawks from 1995 to 1999. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on July 9, 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*