open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
American League Central

The **American League Central Division** is a group of baseball teams in the American League of Major League Baseball (MLB). The teams all play in the Midwestern United States. It was started in 1920.

## Teams in the American League Central Division
*Chicago White Sox
*Cleveland Guardians
*Detroit Tigers
*Kansas City Royals
*Minnesota Twins
Tuner (car)

s]]
 with a rear spoiler]]

When talking about cars, a **tuner** is a car with many parts changed so the car can go very fast. The word "tune" here means "to adjust" or "to change". Typically, people call any vehicle that has been modified for performance reasons a tuner car regardless of make or model.

When people want to drive fast cars but don't want to buy a very expensive car, they change some parts for an ordinary car to make it go faster.

## Making a tuner 
For basic tuning, the engine intake and exhaust are changed, which means the process that takes air into the engine and out of the engine happens faster. People can also make the frame of the car stronger, to help it go around corners better. A spoiler or wing helps air push the car down onto the ground, which means more grip.

## Some types of tuned cars 
 lowrider]]
* A **hot rod** is a classic American car with lots of engine upgrades to help it go fast in a straight line.
* A **lowrider** is a very low car, often with fancy paint and decals. Lowriders are popular in the United States.
* **JDM** means Japanese domestic market, It is used for cars that are made for Japan and are exported into other countries.

## Related pages
*Auto racing

## References 
## Other websites
*
María Teresa Rafaela of Spain

**Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain** (*María Teresa Antonia Rafaela*; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an *Infanta of Spain* by birth and was later the wife of Louis of France, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. She died during  childbirth aged 20, She gave birth to a daughter who died at two years of age leaving the Dauphine with no surviving descendants. She used the names "*Marie Thérèse*" (*see right*) 

## Life
She was the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Baptised with the names María Teresa Antonia Rafaela, she was known as *María Teresa*. She was engaged to Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France. The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745. The marriage was an idea to try and better relations between France and Spain after Louis XV had not married Mariana Victoria of Spain, María Teresa Rafaela's older sister. 

On 19 July 1746, *Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle* (as she was known in France) gave birth to a daughter before dying herself on 22 July at Versailles. The child died in 1748. Her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and was the mother of Louis XVI of France. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris. 

## Children
#Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died in infancy and was known simply as "*Madame Royale*". 

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***11 June 1726 – 23 February 1745** *Her Royal Highness* The Infanta *Doña María Teresa* Antonia Rafaela of Spain. 
***23 February 1745 – 22 July 1746** *Her Royal Highness* the Dauphine of France (*Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine"*.)

## Other websites
Rage Racer

***Rage Racer*** is a 1996 racing video game by Namco where the player controls different cars and wins races in order to become what the game calls "Rage Racer". Four different car manufacturers make cars to drive in the game. Each of the cars has its forte and is sometimes named after it. In the game, the player drives three (four later in the game) courses to try and win a trophy and move to the next class.

## Storyline
At the beginning of the game, the game shows a plot of how some elite few "Race Racers" started to race their "worldwide speedway".

## Gameplay
### Grand Prix
In the Grand Prix mode, the player starts at Class 1. They choose a course and then a car. As the player wins races, they win prize money, or "credits", which are called **e.g.** in the game. E.g. can be used to buy new upgrades, cars, or courses. If the player loses a race, they lose 1 chance. A player starts with 5 chances per class. If a player loses when they do not have any chances, the game ends. Players can still save, and can still retrieve their credit and cars, but medals and trophies are lost.

### Time Trial
Time Trial is a mode where the player races the clock. They choose a car and course, and then are shown the record for the track. Tracks are also divided into "***sections***", parts of a track.

A player can save or load data with a memory card.

## References
## Other websites
* Namco Site.
Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League

The **Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League** (French: *la Ligue de hockey junior Maritimes Québec*, shortened as *QMJHL* in English, *LHJMQ* in French) is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues which make up the Canadian Hockey League. Because the name of the league is so long, it is sometimes called the "Q". It was known as the **Quebec Major Junior Hockey League** until 2023.

There are 18 teams in the QMJHL that are in Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island in Canada. One of the New Brunswick teams will move to Newfoundland and Labrador after the 2024–25 season. The winner of the QMJHL plays against the winners of the Western Hockey League and Ontario Hockey League for the Memorial Cup. Many good players go from the QMJHL to the National Hockey League, and nine players from the QMJHL are in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

## History
The QMJHL was created in 1969 from two different junior leagues in Quebec, the **Quebec Junior Hockey League** and the **Metropolitan Montreal Junior Hockey League**. These two teams wanted to make a better junior league for the province, so combined teams from their leagues. Eight teams were from the QJHL and two from the MMJHL and another team came from a town in Ontario on the Ontario-Quebec border. Nearly every team was within a close distance of Montreal, the largest city in Quebec, though no team played in Montreal.

In 1972 the QMJHL finally wanted a team in Montreal, and tried to get the Montreal Junior Canadiens, who played in the Ontario Hockey Association, to join. The OHA made a deal with the QMJHL and gave them the Junior Canadiens while creating a new team in a different city to keep an OHA team with the same name.

In December 2023, the league changed its logo and the name of the league to the **Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League**. This was done to recognize the Maritimes teams that are also in the league.

## Member teams
## References
## Other websites
*Quebec Major Junior Hockey League Official website 
*Canadian Hockey League Official website
*Internet Hockey Database Archive of standings and statistics
Watercress

**Watercress** (*Nasturtium officinale*) is a plant which grows in water. It is a member of the Brassicaceae family, along with some other leaf vegetables.

People grow them for eating, often in salad or sandwiches. They have a peppery flavour and are fast-growing. Watercress is related to the cabbage and mustard plants.

Agrology of watercress is both a large scale and a garden scale. However the packaging used by super markets using sealed plastic bags under some pressure. Watercress is also known as tall nasturtium. This plant grows well in cold water. That's why you will find it near water like a ditch.

Watercress packs have a lot of nutrients such as Iron, potassium, vitamins C and E, etc. Watercress also helps with skin problems. It keeps the skin very clarified. Watercress is used in many recipes. You can use it to make a sandwich or in soup.

, Hampshire, England]]

If it is not harvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50–120 cm. 

New market, Alabama, was once known as "Watercress Capital of the World".

## References
Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

'''Cosimo I de' Medici''' (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 and then the first Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. He was the son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Maria Salviati. 

## Marriage and family
In 1539, he married Eleonora di Toledo (1522–1562). She died, with her sons Giovanni and Garzia, in 1562, aged forty. All three of them died from malaria while traveling to Pisa.

Before his first marriage, Cosimo fathered an illegitimate daughter with an unknown woman:

*Bia de' Medici (1536 – 1 March 1542) died in infancy.

With Eleonora, Cosimo fathered eleven children:

*Maria de' Medici (3 April 1540 – 19 November 1557) died unmarried.
*Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (25 March, 1541 – 19 October 1587) married Joanna of Austria and then Bianca Cappello.
*Isabella de' Medici (31 August 1542 – 16 July 1576) marrried Paolo Giordano I Orsini.
*Giovanni de' Medici (28 September 1543 – November 1562) Bishop of Pisa.
*Lucrezia de' Medici (7 June 1545 – 21 April 1561) married of Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara.
*Pietro (Pedricco) (10 August  1546 – 10 June 1547) died in infancy.
*Garzia de' Medici (5 July 1547 – 12 December 1562) died unmarried.
*Antonio de' Medici (1548–1548) died in infancy.
*Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) married Christina of Lorraine.
*Anna de' Medici (1553–1553) died in infancy.
*Pietro de' Medici (June 3, 1554 – April 25, 1604)*murdered his wife Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo because of infidelity*

After Eleonora's death in 1562, Cosimo fathered two children with his mistress Eleonora degli Albrizzi:
*Giovanni de' Medici (1563–1621)
*unnamed daughter (1566) died at birth?

In 1570, Cosimo married Camilla Martelli:

*Virginia de' Medici (29 May 1568 – 15 January 1615) Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena.
Singapore River

The **Singapore River** is a river in Singapore. It flows from the Central Area of Singapore to the ocean. It is  long. Its mouth was used as a port. In the past, it was a very busy place because of the spice trade. It became very polluted and was cleaned up from 1977 to 1987.

## References
Riau Islands

The **Riau Islands** is a province in Indonesia. Tanjung Pinang is its capital city. Its official language is Riau. In 2007, the population was around 1,392,900.

## Sources
## Other websites
* 
* Teknonium site from riau
East India Company

The **East India Company** (**EIC**) was a British joint-stock company that had its headquarters in London. It was started for trading with the East Indies, but most trade was with India and China. It was given a royal charter (official permission) to exist, in 1600 and traded many things in India.

In the mid-18th century, the company built up its own presidency armies and won the Battle of Plassey, which brought it from only trading with India to actually ruling the Indian subcontinent.

The company had armed forces and armed ships. It fought against various Indian rulers and struggled against the Dutch East India Company and other European powers. It was ruled by one governor and 24 directors and became a monopoly in most parts of India.

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British government ruled India directly, and the company was dissolved in 1874. Its role was taken over by the British Raj, which was the Indian government. At its height, the Raj covered a huge area from Baluchistan in the west to Burma in the east, as well as Ceylon and a number of other islands.

## References
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia

**Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia** (;  – 20 April 1960) was the elder daughter and fourth child of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna. She was the eldest sister Tsar Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia.

She married her father's cousin, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, and had seven children together. She was the mother-in-law of Felix Yusupov and a cousin of Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia who, together, killed Grigori Rasputin, holy healer to her haemophiliac nephew, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. During her brother's reign she recorded in her diary and letters increasing concern about his rule. After the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, she fled Russia with her mother, sister Olga and other remaining Romanov relatives, resettling in the United Kingdom.

## Early life 
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna was born on 6 April 1875 at Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg. Her mother was Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia.

After her grandfather died, her father became the Russian king. At this time, Xenia was six years old. It was difficult political time because of terrorist threats. Alexander III moved with his family from the Winter Palace to the Gatchina Palace to protect his family. Xenia, like her brothers, was educated by private tutors. She studied foreign languages very much. Apart from her native Russian, Xenia studied English, French, and German. Xenia also learnt how to cook and make puppets and clothes. She liked to ride, fish, draw, play gymnastics, dance, and perform the piano. Alexander was also a friend of her brother Nicholas. In 1886, twenty year old Alexander was in the navy. Eleven year old Xenia sent him a card when his ship was in Brazil, "Best wishes and speedy return! Your sailor Xenia". In 1889, Alexander wrote of Xenia, "She is fourteen. I think she likes me."

At age 15, though Xenia and Alexander wanted to marry, her parents did not want to allow them because Xenia was too young. They were also unsure if Alexander was really very nice. The Tsarina Maria Feodorovna complained that Alexander was too proud and . It was not until January 1894 that Xenia's parents allowed them to engage. The couple finally wed on 6 August 1894 at Peterhof Palace. Xenia's younger sister, Olga, wrote about the joy of her the wedding, "The Emperor was so happy. It was the last time I ever saw him like that."

## References
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

'''Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany''' (30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609. He succeeded his older brother Francesco I.

Ferdinando was the fifth son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Eleonora di Toledo. 

He was a Cardinal before he became Grand Duke, until he married Christine of Lorraine in 1589. He was succeeded by his eldest son, who reigned as Cosimo II. His wife and daughter-in-law Maria Maddalena of Austria acted as regents for Cosimo II.

## Issue
* Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590–1621); married Maria Maddalena of Austria and had issue;
* Eleonora de' Medici (1591–1617) died unmarried
* Catherine de' Medici (1593–1629); married Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, later Governor of Siena;
* Francesco de' Medici (1594–1614) died unmarried;
* Carlo de' Medici (1595–1666) died unmarried;
* Filippino de' Medici (1598–1602) died unmarried;
* Lorenzo de' Medici (1599–1648) died unmarried;
* Maria Maddalena de' Medici (1600–1633) died unmarried;
* Claudia de' Medici (1604–1648); married (1) Federico della Rovere and had issue; (2) Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and had issue.
Apache Subversion

**Apache Subversion** (also called subversion repository and **SVN**) is an internet software mainly used by software programmers. Subversion allows other developers to view the code easily.

To download files in a directory of a subversion repository, one can "checkout" using a subversion client.
## Further reading
* C. Michael Pilato, Ben Collins-Sussman, Brian W. Fitzpatrick; *Version Control with Subversion*; O'Reilly;  (1st edition, paperback, 2004, full book online, mirror)
* Garrett Rooney; *Practical Subversion*; Apress;  (1st edition, paperback, 2005)
* Mike Mason; *Pragmatic Version Control Using Subversion*; Pragmatic Bookshelf;  (1st edition, paperback, 2005)
* William Nagel; *Subversion Version Control: Using the Subversion Version Control System in Development Projects*; Prentice Hall;  (1st edition, paperback, 2005)

## Other websites 
* Subversion official website
* Wikimedia's subversion repository
Anaphalis

***Anaphalis*** (pronounced A-ná-pha-lis) is a genus within the Asteraceae family whose members are commonly known by the name **Pearly everlasting**. There are around 110 species within the genus with the vast majority being native to central and southern Asia. There is one species native to North America that is fairly well known and popular in cultivation, namely the Western Pearly Everlasting (*Anaphalis margaritacea*).

Two of the species, *A. javanica* and A. longifolia can be found on the mountain af the Java island in Indonesia. *A. javanica*, also known as the Javanese Edelweiss, is currently an endangered species.

## Species 
* Anaphalis javanica (Javanese Edelweiss)
* Anaphalis longiflora
* Anaphalis longifolia
* Anaphalis lorentzii
* Anaphalis margaritacea - Western Pearly Everlasting
* Anaphalis viscida - found in Mount Tambora, Indonesia
Cheating in video games

**Cheating** in video games is when a player creates an  for themself beyond what normal gameplay would allow. In general, cheating is breaking the rules to get an unfair advantage. One form of cheating is using "glitches" in a open world or Shooter game where a person may find a wall or a piece of ground they can walk through, like being able to walk through a wall on a certain angle or from one side but not be able to walk back through that same wall the other way, an example of this being effective would be in an ambush situation, the other person may not be able to shoot at you but you may be able to shoot them, "virtually" making you partially invincible. Another form of cheating is by changing a games code structure. In other world, it is included in an existing video game as if it is from that video game and continues to work in this way. If we look at it structuarry, it comes up with a very different work.

These kind of advantages can often be activated by entering codes. A set of **cheat codes** may have been written into the game's programming by the game's developers. When entered, a code activates a corresponding advantage. Cheat codes can also be created by added software, called a game trainer. Players can also cheat by taking advantage of software bugs in the game.

Some games have "activatable cheat codes" preset on the actual game such as Speed Racer, or the Lego series of video games and by playing the game you actually get told cheat codes to put in to be able to unlock advantages, these are different from "cheating" because the games developers "want" you to use these types of cheat codes and these types of cheat codes are only useable in single player games the bad type of cheat codes are cheat codes not intended to be used in a game that make the system do things that are not normal. For example, pressing a certain sequence of buttons may increase a character's hit points in an role-playing game, or make a car drive faster in a racing game.

Another way of video game hacks is using applications called *exploits.* like WiiBrew, which access a video games coding and allows you to completely change its code from adjusting a "left' button to go "up" instead all the way to completely recreating the game.

The number of users using competitive video games cheat continues to decrease with the development of anti-cheat systems. We can examine this thesis based on the League of Legends.

The reason why the rate of banned players is higher than the rate of cheating is that past activities can be detected.

## Other websites
* Official data shared by League of legends game
Photocathode

A **photocathode** is a negatively charged electrode in a light detection device. They are the main type of photomultiplier. That means they take a little light, and make more of it.

There are instruments which need to magnify the amount of light coming in. Examples are astronomical telescopes and military night-sight equipment: binoculars and telescopes on helmets and rifles etc.

The lens of the telescope or binocular passes the light onto a layer of glass coated with a special light-sensitive metal. When this is struck by light, the absorbed energy causes electrons to jump off. This is called the 'photoelectric effect'. The freed electrons are then collected to produce the final image.

## Some photocathode materials 
#**Ag-O-Cs**, (silver oxide/caesium, also called S-1). This was the first compound photocathode material, developed in 1929. 
#**High temperature bialkali** or low noise bialkali (sodium-potassium-antimony, Na-K-Sb). This material is often used in oil well logging since it can withstand temperatures up to 175 °C. At room temperatures, this photocathode operates with very low dark current, making it ideal for use in photon counting applications.
#**GaAs** (gallium(II) arsenide). This photocathode material covers a wide spectral response range, from ultraviolet to 930&nbsp;nm (nm = nanometre, a measure of the wavelength of the light or other electromagnetic radiation).
#**Cs-Te, Cs-I** (caesium-telluride, caesium-iodide). These materials are sensitive to vacuum UV and UV rays, but not to visible light and are therefore referred to as solar blind. Cs-Te is insensitive to wavelengths longer than 320&nbsp;nm, and Cs-I to those longer than 200&nbsp;nm.
These devices are mostly based on alkali metals.
Cro-Magnon

of a Cro-Magnon, based on skulls found by archaeologists]]
]]

**Cro-Magnons** were the first early modern humans. They were the first members of our species, *Homo sapiens*.

The earliest known Cro-Magnon remains are between 35,000 and 45,000 years old, based on radiometric dating.  The oldest of these, from 43,000  45,000 years ago, were found in Italy  Other remains also show that Cro-Magnons reached the Russian Arctic about 40,000 years ago.

Cro-Magnons had powerful bodies, which were usually heavy and solid with strong muscles.  Unlike Neanderthals, which had slanted foreheads, the Cro-Magnons had straight foreheads, like modern humans.  Their faces were short and wide with a large chin.  Their brains were slightly larger than the average human's is today.

## Naming
The name "Cro-Magnon" was created by Louis Lartet, who discovered the first Cro-Magnon skull in southwestern France in 1868.  He called the place where he found the skull *Abri de Cro-Magnon.*  *Abri* means "rock shelter" in French; and "Magnon" was the name of the person who owned the land where Lartet found the skull.  Basically, Cro-Magnon means "hole on Magnon's land."

This is why scientists now use the term "European early modern humans" instead of "Cro-Magnons."  In taxonomy, the term "Cro-Magnon" does not mean anything.  They hunted with spears, javelins, and spear-throwers.  They also ate fruits from plants.

The Cro-Magnons were nomadic or semi-nomadic.  This means that instead of living in just one place, they followed the migration of the animals they wanted to hunt.  They may have built hunting camps from mammoth bones; some of these camps were found in a village in Ukraine.  They also made shelters from rocks, clay, tree branches, and animal skin (leather).

## Related pages
* Neanderthal
* *Homo sapiens*
* Human evolution

## References
Reggie Bush

**Reginald Alfred "Reggie" Bush II** (born March 2, 1985) is an American football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the position of running back. 

## Career history
Bush played football at Helix High School in La Mesa, California, then played football at the University of Southern California. Bush won the 2005 Heisman Trophy, which is for the best player in college football, but in 2010, he gave the award back because of claims that he took gifts while in college that would have made him a professional athlete while still in college.

## NFL history
The New Orleans Saints chose Bush with the second pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. In 2010, Bush won a Super Bowl with the Saints over the Indianapolis Colts.

## References
Battle of Marathon

The **Battle of Marathon** took place in September 490 B.C. on the plain of Marathon. It was fought between the Athenians and the Persians. Athens was supported by a small force from the city of Plataea. The battle was the end of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius the Great, to conquer Greece and Thrace. It was part of the first Greco-Persian war. The Persians were defeated in the battle and the Thracian victory decisively slowed down the Persian advance into the Greek mainland. However, the Persians would sail across the Aegean Sea ten years later and successfully burn down and destroy Athens.

The Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt. Then, Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia, who were trying to overthrow Persian rule. The Athenians and Eretrians succeeded in capturing and burning Sardis, but were forced to retreat with heavy losses. In response to this raid, Darius swore to burn Athens and Eretria to the ground.

## Persian invasion 
Once the Ionian revolt was crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade, Darius began planning to conquer Greece. In 490 BC, he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean, to subjugate the Cyclades, the group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. The next step was to attack Athens and Eretria. After a successful campaign in the Aegean, the Persians defeated, captured and burnt Eretria.

The Persian force then sailed for Attica. They landed on Schinias beach on the east end of Marathon bay.

John Stuart Mill suggested that "the Battle of Marathon, even as an event in British history, is more important than the Battle of Hastings". The Battle of Marathon is perhaps now more famous as the inspiration for the Marathon race. Although historically inaccurate, the legend of a Greek messenger running to Athens with news of the victory became the inspiration for this athletic event, introduced at the 1896 Athens Olympics, and originally run between Marathon and Athens.

## Battle 
When the Athenian line was ready, according to one source, the simple signal to advance was given by Miltiades: "At them".p66 Herodotus suggests that this was the first time a Greek army ran into battle in this way; this was probably because it was the first time that a Greek army had faced an enemy composed mainly of missile troops (archers, spear-throwers). Some, unaware of the local terrain, ran towards the swamps where unknown numbers drowned.

Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield. It is unknown how many more died in the swamps. The Athenians lost 192 men and the Plataeans 11.

## Notes 
## References
Globular protein

, a globular protein.]]

A **globular protein** is one of a common type of protein.

They are one of three types of protein. The others are fibrous and membrane proteins.

Their structure is a result of protein folding. They are made of polypeptide chains folded into a compact sphere shape. 

They are soluble in water because of the hydrophilic ('water-loving') side chains that project from the outside of the molecules. They play an important role in metabolic reactions.

Unlike proteins which only have a structural function, globular proteins can act as:
*Enzymes, by catalyzing organic reactions taking place in the organism in mild conditions and with a great specificity. Different esterases fulfill this role.
*Messengers, by transmitting messages to regulate biological processes. This function is done by hormones, i.e. insulin etc.
*Transporters of other molecules through membranes
* Stocks of amino acids.
*Regulation of other molecules is also done by globular proteins rather than fibrous proteins.
*Structural proteins, e.g., actin and tubulin, which are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers.

Globular proteins include myoglobin and hemoglobin.

## Globulins 
**Globulins** are all globular proteins except albumins. They have higher molecular weights than albumins. They are insoluble in pure water but dissolve in dilute salt solutions. 

Some globulins have important function as antibodies, others are responsible for the transport of lipids, iron or copper in the blood.
Space Shuttle Enterprise

The **Space Shuttle Enterprise** (OV-101) is a spacecraft used by NASA for testing of the space shuttles. Enterprise was built without engines and without the heat protection system needed for it to travel into space and return to the atmosphere. Enterprise began being built in June 4, 1974, and was completed on September 17, 1976.   After the test flights, the Enterprise was used for vibration tests at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. After all the tests were finished, some parts of the Enterprise were used in the building of the other shuttles.

The Enterprise was going to be named the "Constitution", but many people wrote to the President and asked for it to be named after the space craft on the TV show Star Trek.

## References
Pickerel frog

The **pickerel frog** (*Lithobates palustris*, formerly *Rana palustris*) is a small frog in North America. It has dark squares on its back. The squares are in lines instead of randomly scattered. Leopard frogs have circular spots. They have an orange or yellow coloration on the inside of their back legs. They are found in the east of North America. They have toxic glands in their skin that can kill other frogs.

## Related pages
*Bullfrog
Wiki markup

**Wikitext language**, or **wiki markup**, is a markup language  used to write pages in wiki websites, such as Wikipedia. It is a simplified alternative to HTML. It is converted by wiki software (like MediaWiki) into regular HTML, which the user's web browser will render.

## Example 
(Quotation above from ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' by Lewis Carroll)

## Purpose 
The main purpose of having Wikitext in wikis instead of HTML is because HTML is more complicated and not many people know how to use it. Therefore, it is easier to use Wikitext rather than HTML and thus makes editors contributing to a wiki easier to create content.

## Related pages 
* HTML
* WYSIWYG editor

## Other websites 
* Help on editing on Meta Wiki
Environmentally friendly

**Environmentally friendly** (also **eco-friendly**, **nature friendly**, and **green**) are terms that refer to objects that people buy (called *goods*), services, laws, and rules that either do not harm the environment or do very little harm to it. To make people who buy the goods or services know that they are environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly goods and services often are marked  with *eco-labels*. But because there is no single type of eco-label, the International Organization for Standardization thinks that these labels do not mean much because they could mean different things.

## Etymology 
Environmentally friendly is a term used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies claimed to inflict minimal or no harm on the environment. Companies sometimes use these terms to promote goods and services by making environmental marketing claims, sometimes falsely and with eco-labels. Also ecofriendly, by 1993, from eco- + friendly.

## Other websites 
* No Impact Advice on sustainable living practices

## References 
## Related pages 
*Sustainable energy
Intranet

An **intranet** is a private computer network that only a few selected computers can have access to. Usually, they are being used as internal company websites for employees to know more about what is happening in the company without letting other people see.

An intranet works the same way as a normal network. The system administrator can add webpages to it and it can be accessed normally from a web browser.

Russia has successfully tested Runet, which is a country-wide alternative to the internet. An expert said "Increasingly, authoritarian countries who want to control what citizens see are looking at what Iran and China have already done... It means people will not have access to dialogue about what is going on in their own country, they will be kept within their own bubble".

## Related pages 
* Internet

## References
Northern green frog

The **Northern green frog** is a subspecies of the North American green frog. Its name is either *Rana clamitans melanota*, or *Lithobates clamitans melanota*.

It is moderately large. It is found in the northeast United States and some of eastern Canada. Its call sounds like a plucked banjo. It has a fold running from the top of its eyes down the side of its back. The bullfrog does not have these folds. It is normally found in swamps, marshes, and muddy streams.

## Related pages
*Pickerel frog

## References
Bold (type)

In formatting, **bold type** is a little bit darker and bigger than normal type. It is used to emphasize a few words as a bolded text can attract attention from the reader.

## Usage 
Markup languages provide different ways to make a word **bold**. For example:

* In HTML, the `` and the `` tags are used to surround the text that needs to be bolded.
* In Wikitext, an editor can bold a text using three apostrophes (``) around the text to be bolded to produce the same results.  
## References 
## Related pages 
* Italic
* Underlined
Underline

To make a text **underlined** means to add a straight line below the text. It is commonly used to emphasize the text. However, it is usually not used.

## Usage 
Both HTML and Wikitext uses the same way in making underlined text. They both use the `` and the `` tags to produce an underlined text.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Bold
* Italic
Iodic acid

**Iodic acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO3. It contains hydrogen and iodate ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Iodic acid is a white solid that can dissolve in water to make an acidic solution. Chloric acid and bromic acid only exist in solution and break down when crystallized. Iodic acid is a strong oxidizing agent. It can be converted to iodine pentoxide when it is heated gently. If it is heated strongly, it decomposes into iodine, oxygen, and other iodine oxides. 

It can form several things when it is reduced. If there is a lot of reducing agent, it is reduced to iodide. If there is a lot of iodic acid, it is reduced to iodine. If there is a lot of chloride, then it is reduced to iodine trichloride, a yellow liquid.

## Preparation
It can be made by electrolysis of an acidic iodide solution. 

## Uses
Iodic acid is used to make other iodates by reacting bases with iodic acid. It is also used as a strong acid.

## Related pages
*Periodic acid
Italic

of 1501, in italic]]

**Italic** script and  type has a long history. It was based on handwriting.

Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (1475–1527) was a papal scribe and type designer in Renaissance Italy. Present day cursive writing style known as "italic" is based upon the style he developed. It has been said that the style of cursive known as "italic" got its name from this *Italian* designer. Modern day scribes, also known as "calligraphers",  study the work of Arrighi to learn the structure of the style of writing known as "italic" , a modernized version of the Chancery hand which was first perfected by Roman scribes in the early part of the sixteenth century.

In typography, **italic type** is a cursive font based on a kind of calligraphic handwriting. Such letters normally slant slightly to the right.  

In modern texts, Italics can emphasise key points in a printed text. One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of underlining".

Calligraphy-inspired typefaces were first designed in Italy, to replace documents written in a handwriting style called chancery hand. As the illustration shows, there were flourishes copied from calligraphy. An alternative is oblique type: the type is slanted but the letterforms do not change shape: this less elaborate approach is used by many sans-serif typefaces.

## Usage on the web 
Using italic is usually used as a place holder for a blank piece of information.
There are different ways in making a text *italic*.

### HTML 
In HTML, the editor can add the `` and the `` tags to make text surrounded by these tags italic.

### Wikitext 
In Wikitext, the editor can just add two apostrophes (``) around the text to become italic.

## Related pages 
* Bold
* Underlined

## References
Tinie Tempah

**Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu** (born 7 November 1988) is a British rapper, singer and songwriter. He was born in Plumstead, London and is of Nigerian origin. He is better known by his stage name **Tinie Tempah**. He also founded the record label Disturbing London in 2006. 

Some of his more famous songs are "Pass Out", "Written in the Stars" and "Earthquake".

Tempah released his first album *Disc-Overy* in 2010. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. Seven singles were released from the album.

On 4 August 2013, the first single from *Demonstration*, "Trampoline", was released. 2 Chainz rapped in it. It reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. His second album *Demonstration* was released 4 November 2013. Twelve of the album's fifteen songs feature other musicians. Tempah won Best UK Hip Hop/Grime Act at the 2013 Music of Black Origin Awards.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Orang Laut

The **Orang Laut** are a group of Malays living in the Riau Islands. Their name means *the sea people*. They used to be pirates.
Japanese occupation of Singapore

The **Japanese Occupation of Singapore** is a time from 1942-1945 (during World War II) where the Japanese occupied Singapore. Japan attacked because Singapore was an important naval base for controlling other areas. The occupation started after the army of Japan defeated garrison troops from Australia, British Malaya, Britain, and India. This was at the Battle of Singapore. The British decided to  to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 at the Ford Motor Factory.

The city was renamed to Syonan-to (pronounced as Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South, during the rule. It was officially returned to the British after the peace treaty ending World War II was signed. 

The Japanese did not treat the people very well during their occupation.  There was a large amount of inflation because the Japanese printed paper money for Singapore to use, which did not have any identification numbers.  Also called 'banana notes' as they had a picture of a banana tree on them, the paper notes could have been printed by people who had a modern-day printer and sufficient paper.

## Timeline 
In 1941, due to the weak defenses, the Japanese attacked Singapore. They landed on Singaporean soil on the 9th of February 1942 and took control of the colony on 15 February 1942, soon renaming it Syonan-to (pronounced as Sio-nan-to or Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South Island, during the rule.  Many people suffered during this time till the Japanese surrendered and the British returned to Singapore in September 1945.

## The Black Market 
During the Japanese Occupation, the trade was disrupted, resulting in scarcity of food and other kinds of goods, causing the price to drastically increase in a process known as inflation. Even if one were to try to buy a jar of jam from a shop, the shopkeeper would say that he had none. However, if one was prepared to pay a very high price for it, the shopkeeper would know just where to get it: the black market.

## References
Ligand

(blue) with its ligand heme (orange) bound.]]

A **ligand** is a biochemical substance. Its function is to bind to a biological molecule, and make the molecule perform a function. Ligand binding alters the shape of the receptor protein. This changes the protein's behaviour. 

In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein.

The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation).  

Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity. 

## Related pages 
*Signal transduction
*Cytokine
*Agonist
*Receptor antagonist 

## References
Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg

**Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg** (*Polyxena Christina Johanna*; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, future King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

## Biography
Polyxena was born at Langenschwalbach in Hesse and was baptised with the names *Polyxena Christina Johanna *. King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match organised by "Agostino Steffani" with a daughter of Duke Rinaldo d'Este of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Anne Christine of Sulzbach died March 1723 having given birth to a son.

The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724. The happy marriage produced six children.

Praised as an attractive, cultured and kind woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in Turin in 1732, redecorated the *Villa della Regina*, the hunting lodge of Stupingi, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She popularised *chinoiserie*. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.

Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin. Originally buried at the *Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista*, she was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Two years after her death, her husband married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

## Issue
# Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) married Maria Antonia of Spain and had issue.
# Princess Eleonora of Savoy (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781) unmarried.
# Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (25 March 1729 – 22 June 1767) unmarried.
# Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801) unmarried.
# Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735) Duke of Aosta.
# Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733) Duke of Chablais.

## Titles and styles
***21 September 1706 – 23 July 1724** *Her Serene Highness* Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg. 
***23 July 1724 – 3 September 1730** *Her Royal Highness* the Princess of Piedmont.
***3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735** *Her Majesty* the Queen. 
## Other websites
Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine

**Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine** (Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine; 15 October 1711 – 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and a Queen of Sardinia as wife King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. She was a younger sister of Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine.

## Life
Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine was born at the Château de Lunéville and was the ninth of eleven children of Leopold Joseph of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans. Her mother was a niece of Louis XIV. 

Her mother wanted her to marry her cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans but the Duke of Orléans refused. As a result Elisabeth Therese was created the *coadjutrice* of Remiremont Abbey in October 1734.

In 1736 her brother the Duke of Lorraine married the Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The already twice widowed Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia asked for her hand in late 1736 and the marriage went ahead. 

The couple married in person on 1 April 1737. Charles Emmanuel III was her first cousin, his mother being Anne Marie d'Orléans – a half sister of her mother Élisabeth Charlotte. The marriage produced three children, only one of whom survived infancy.

Élisabeth Thérèse died at the Palace of Venaria aged 29, having fallen ill with a fever after childbirth. She was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista in Turin. She was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her stepson Victor Amadeus III. 

## Issue
# Prince Carlo of Savoy (Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto; 1 December 1738 – 25 March 1745) died young but given the title  Duke of Aosta.
# Princess Vittoria of Savoy (Vittoria Margharita; 22 June 1740 – 14 July 1742) died young.
# Prince Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) married his niece Maria Anna of Savoy, no children.

## Titles and styles
***15 October 1711 &ndash; 1 April 1737** *Her Highness* The Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine.
***1 April 1737 &ndash; 3 July 1741** *Her Majesty* the Queen of Sardinia.

## Other websites
Bradley International Airport

**Bradley International Airport** is an airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut serving Hartford, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts. 

It serves as a hub for UPS Airlines.

Bradley International Airport hosts the following airlines:
* Aer Lingus
* Air Canada
* American Airlines
* Delta Airlines
* JetBlue Airways
* OneJet
* Southwest Airlines
* United Airlines

It hosts an *Admirals Club* in Terminal A (West Concourse) and an Escape Lounge in the East Concourse. 

## References
Dr. Dolittle (movie)

***Dr. Dolittle*** is a comedy movie released in 1998 by Davis Entertainment/20th Century Fox. It stars Eddie Murphy who plays Dr. Dolittle. He is a doctor who lives in San Francisco. He discovers that he has the ability to talk to (and understand) animals. It was marketed as a family movie and earned $294,456,605. It had 1 sequel of the same format and 3 direct-to-video sequels. There was and is a video game based on the movie which was and is simulation game *Dr. Dolittle* by Blast! Entertainment Ltd/Aqua Pacific which was released in 2006.
Bronze (color)

**Bronze**  is the color of the alloy bronze. 

The first recorded use of *bronze* as a color name in English was in 1753. This shows that the dress was gold and white.

## Meaning of bronze 
* The color *bronze* means *third place* after gold (*first place*) and silver (*second place*) in awards such as the Olympic medals for the Olympic Games. 

## Tones of bronze color comparison chart 
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Sarcocystis

**Sarcocystis** is a genus of protozoa. Species in this genus can live in reptiles, birds, mammals, and sometimes pigs. The name came from the Greek language, *sarx*, which meant flesh, and *kystis*, which meant bladder. The organism was first found by Miescher in 1843, in a mouse.
Zapatista Army of National Liberation

The **Zapatista Army of National Liberation** (**EZLN**; ) is a political and militant group based in –Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Its members are called the **Zapatistas**. They advocate for libertarian socialism, environmental sustainability, and indigenous rights.

It is led by the indigenous people of the Chiapas Mountains. The name *Zapatista* refers to Emiliano Zapata who was a leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The group was formed in the 1980s and led a large rebellion in 1994. Where it captured a small region of Mexico and was granted control over it.

## Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos 
Though the movement has many leaders, both women and men, Marcos has become the unofficial spokesperson for the movement. This is because he is very well educated, a good public speaker, and has written letters to and worked with writers and intellectuals from all over the world. He signs almost all of his letters with "Subcomandante Marcos, from the mountains of the southeast of Mexico." He is wearing a ski-mask in every picture and video of him and ski-masks have become a symbol of the EZLN in Mexico, as the majority of its supporters also wear them. Followers of the EZLN also paint murals of Marcos in his mask and Emiliano Zapata to show their support.

## Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipalities 
Since 1994, the Zapatistas have been in control of a region in Southern Chiapas. The Zapatistas created a 'Council of Good Government' which is a direct democracy representing between 120,000 to 300,000 people. The economy is made up of a coordinated network of communal stores, worker cooperatives and family farms. Their autonomous government provides low-interest loans, free education and universal health care. The Zapatistas mainly produce corn, beans, coffee, bananas, sugar, cattle, chicken, pigs and clothing. The Mexican military has attacked communities several times with drones, infantry and helicopters.

## References