open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Open source

**Open source** is a software similar to free software, but is more related to business. It is different from other software because the source code is available to everyone. The source code is a set of instructions for the computer, written in a programming language. 

Anyone can see how the source code works and can change it if they want to make it work differently. The opposite of open source is closed source. Closed source software is not available to everyone. Open source has a lot in common with free software but each has its own focus and goals.

Open source and free software have been around for decades. They became more popular with the Linux and BSD software communities.  To protect the code, a special user license is used. The most common kinds of licence are the GPL, BSD and LGPL. Wikipedia uses open source too. The Open Source Movement is led by the Open Source Initiative.

The open source movement became separate from the free software movement in 1998.

## Examples
### Computing
* GNU Octave
* R
* Scilab

### Document creation
* GNU Emacs
* LaTeX
** Beamer
* LibreOffice
* SATySFi
* Vim

## Companies making open source software
* Facebook
* Google
* Microsoft

## References
## Other websites
* Open Source Initiative
* Open Source Download Centre
Leader

A **leader** is somebody whom people follow. A leader has authority. For people to accept a leader, his or her leadership must therefore be legitimate.
]]Because people follow a leader, the leader can make people do things. A leader can therefore make people work together towards a common goal. 

An example of a leader is the head of government of a country. People within the government *follow* the leader, and citizens look to the head of government for inspiration and guidance. Sometimes, when a head of government lacks legitimacy, people will stop following him or her. The head of government is therefore no longer able to lead properly. This may result in a new election, or in worst case civil war.

A group with no leader is called **leaderless**. 

## References 
## Related page
*Charisma

## Other websites
*'The Vision Thing': How Effective Leaders Cultivate and Co-ordinate Social Identity in Order to Promote Followership 
*Leadership Qualities
OpenOffice.org

**OpenOffice.org** was a free open source office suite. The free software project was hosted by Sun Microsystems and then Oracle Corporation and it was based on the older StarOffice software that was created by Sun Microsystems. It was available for many different operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, OS X, FreeBSD and Solaris; and was meant to be an alternative to Microsoft Office. It supported Microsoft Office file formats as well as its own OpenDocument format.

The ".org" part of the previous name OpenOffice.org was there because OpenOffice is already trademarked. It was often called "OOo" for short.

In January 2010, Oracle Corporation bought Sun Microsystems, which developed OpenOffice.org until that point. In September 2010, a large part of the developers created The Document Foundation and forked the project into the new **LibreOffice** project because, among other reasons, they were not certain if the development would be successful under Oracle management. In April 2011, Oracle stopped development of OpenOffice.org and laid off the remaining development team. A few months later, it donated the existing source code and trademarks to the Apache Foundation, which released the first version of **Apache OpenOffice**.

## Parts 
OpenOffice is a collection of applications that work together closely to provide the features expected from a modern office suite. Many of the parts are designed to be alternatives to those available in Microsoft Office. The parts available include:

## Other websites 
*

## References
Download

**Download** means to get information from another computer or server. The opposite of downloading is **uploading**, which is sending data to another computer. Usually, we do not say "download" for a single web page (for example, when you open this page on your computer). When we say we downloaded something, it is normally a bigger computer file, like data or a computer program.

The word **downloadable** means the ability to get information or data from an owner for one's use. The source is expected to be authentic and have the right to send it. At the user's end, the downloaded information or data are to be used based on agreement notice.

## Sideload
As most non-technical users use the word download to talk about any data transfer, the word "sideload" is sometimes used for local to local transfers as distinct from distant ones.

## Related articles
Sideloading
## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Desktop environment

In graphical user interfaces and consoles a **desktop environment** is a location on a personal computer that helps the user get around on the computer.  The desktop itself is a place in the operating system used for short cuts to computer files and folders on the hard drive. Computer icons (small pictures) are used to represent files/folders. Clicking  these icons will open or start a folder or program. The desktop is the area where the start menu is if the computer has a start menu.

Usually the desktop is the main screen on the computer. If no programs or folders are open, the computer will display the desktop.

The most common desktop environment on personal computers is the one given by Microsoft Windows; another common environment is the one given by Apple Mac OS X. Other mostly-used desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems using the are KDE, GNOME, Xfce. There are also other desktop environments, including : Aston, EDE, Graphical Environment Manager, IRIX Interactive Desktop, Sun's Java Desktop System, Mezzo, Project Looking Glass, ROX Desktop, UDE, Xito, XFast.

## Examples of Desktop Environments 

Image:GNOME 3.32.1.png|GNOME
Image:KDE Plasma 5.16.png|KDE
Image:Mate-desktop-1.26.en.png|MATE
Image:XFCE-4.12-Desktop-standard.png|Xfce
Image:102shot xft1.png|EDE
Image:Etoiledock.png|Étoilé
Image:Wmaker-0.80.2.png|Window Maker
GNOME

**GNOME** is a computer desktop environment. It was designed for Linux, but many other operating systems can use it too. GNOME aims to provide an easy way to use a computer. GNOME is a free software project.  It was made because at the time, people were questioning whether KDE was free software.  GNOME is part of the GNU project.

## Aims 
According to the GNOME website:

The GNOME project puts heavy emphasis on simplicity, usability, and making things “just work” (see *KISS principle*). The other aims of the project are:

* Freedom—to create a desktop environment with readily-available source code for re-use under a free software license.
* Accessibility—to ensure the desktop can be used by anyone, regardless of technical skill or physical circumstances.
* Internationalization and localization—to make the desktop available in many languages. At the moment, GNOME is being translated to 161 languages.
* Developer-friendliness—to ensure ease of writing software that integrates smoothly with the desktop, and allow developers a free choice of programming language.
* Organization—to adhere to a regular release cycle and maintain a disciplined community structure.
* Support—to ensure backing from other institutions beyond the GNOME community.

## Applications 
GNOME has many applications written for it. Some of them include:

* Abiword - A word processor, used for writing s
* Calculator - For doing maths
* Epiphany (software) - Internet browser
* Empathy - Internet messenger
* Ekiga - VoIP and video conferencing
* Eye of GNOME - View your picture files
* Gthumb - View your photos
* GIMP - Art and photo software
* Nautilus - File manager
* Totem - Play music and video

## Related pages
* Ubuntu Linux

## References
## Other websites 
*The GNOME website
*News about GNOME
Blindness

of day by feeling it with their fingers.]]
 is led by a guide dog.]]

**Blindness** is to not see anything. Some people are called blind, even though they can see a little bit. This is because they cannot see clearly, but only see unfocused shapes or colors. 

In modern countries, few young people are blind. In all the world, blindness is mostly caused by malnutrition and diseases of old people, like cataracts and trachoma. People can become blind because of diseases or accidents, but sometimes people are born blind.

Legal blindness is defined as a level of visual acuity low enough to qualify for disability benefits and\or special accommodations. Legal blindness is also defined as being unable to be completely corrected by prescription glasses or contact lenses.

Some people are *color blind*, which means they can see, but cannot tell certain colors apart. 

When people are blind they use such things as the alphabet in *braille* and *guide dogs* to do every day life things.  In addition, they may wear sunglasses all the time to hide and \or protect their eyes.

Famous blind people have included Louis Braille, the inventor of the braille alphabet, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles and Helen Keller.

## References
* Book on the history of blindness 
* Royal National Institute for the Blind 
* Scottish Sensory Centre 
* Blind Net
* Guide Dogs for the Blind Association
Sin

]]

A **sin** is a bad act. Particularly, it is a bad act against another person(s), an animal, a spirit, or a god. 

In Abrahamic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism, it is an act that goes against what God wants. It turns people away from God and true happiness. In Exodus chapter 20, Moses was given the Ten Commandments by God, explaining important sins like murder and idolatry. This is not believed by all people, and not all societies have the same idea of sin.

There is a difference between sins and prohibitions. For example, Muslims and Jews say that it is wrong to eat pork, and Hindus do not eat beef. That is for them, but for others it is not wrong to eat these things.

## Related pages
* Original sin
* Seven deadly sins
Alberta

**Alberta** is a province in western Canada. It is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia on the west, Saskatchewan on the east, the US state of Montana on the south and the Northwest Territories to the North.

Alberta is the fourth largest Canadian province with an area of . Alberta has over five million (5,000,000) people living there, making it the fourth most populous province in Canada.

The capital of Alberta is Edmonton lying near the middle of Alberta. The city of Calgary, Alberta’s other major centre is located about 300 kilometres to the south of Edmonton.

## History 
Canada became a country in 1867. It was much smaller than it is now, and did not include the parts of the country to the west. From 1670 to 1870, parts of Alberta were included in "Rupert's Land", land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company in support of its trading monopoly over a vast area of Canada and parts of the United States. Northern part of Alberta was part of the what was then called "Northwestern Territories".

Alberta was made a province of Canada in 1905, at the same time as Saskatchewan.

The Aboriginal peoples of Canada are referred to as First Nations or by the Name of their Nation. Mixed (European/Aboriginal) People are called Metis.

## Weather 
Alberta is very cold in the winter and has a lot of snow during the very cold season. There is a dry part of Alberta in the south.

## Work in Alberta  
Alberta has a huge amount of oil (in the Athabasca Oil Sands) and natural gas.

There are also a lot of farms in Alberta. Farmers grow several different types of crops Farmers mainly grow wheat. There are also a lot of cows on Alberta farms, and Alberta beef is exported.

## References
## Other websites 
* Government of Alberta website
* 
* Provincial Archives of Alberta website 
* Travel Alberta
* Alberta Encyclopedia
* CBC Digital Archives—Striking Oil in Alberta
* CBC Digital Archives—Electing Dynasties: Alberta Campaigns 1935 to 2001
* CBC Digital Archives—Alberta @ 100
Scalar

**Scalars** are simple numbers. They are used for measuring things. Many things can be measured, and the measure can be explained by only giving the number.

Suppose we are measuring a rod. We could give the measured length as 2 metres or 3 cm—depending on the length of the rod under observation. Here, only the figure 2 or 3 along with the unit of measure is enough to transmit information about the rod.

Other examples of scalars are: 
*Unit of mass (Kilograms)
*Unit of measuring luminosity (Candela)
*Unit of length (Metres)

In other words, mass is measured by scalars, just like distances are measured by scalars.

In mathematics, scalars are distinguished from more complex mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices in that they consist of only one number. A scalar k can also be multiplied to a vector \mathbf{v} or a matrix A, resulting in the vector k\mathbf{v} and the matrix kA, respectively. For vectors, scalar multiplication produces a new vector of different length in the same or opposite direction of the original vector.

## Related pages 
* Dot product, a scalar quantity
* Scalar (physics)

## References
Soap bubble

A **soap bubble** is a very thin film of soap water. Their shape is a , round ball, or sphere. They have a colorful surface. Soap bubbles do not last very long. Sometimes they break in the air. When they touch something else, they usually break. When people talk about soap bubbles they think about them being pretty but short-lived. So, they are a symbol for other things that are pretty but short-lived or unimportant. Children enjoy playing with bubbles. Sometimes, adults enjoy seeing art done with soap bubbles.

They get their colors from iridescence.

## Artists 
* Tom Noddy, author of *Bubble Magic*,
* Keith Michael Johnson,
* Fan Yang,
* Louis Pearl,
* Reinhold Leppert,
* Craig Glenday,
* John Erck.

## References
Fire Brigades Union

The **Fire Brigades Union** (**FBU**) is the main union for firefighters in the United Kingdom. A union is a group of workers.  They make the group to improve pay and working conditions.  It was founded in 1918 in the London area as the *Firemans Trade Union*.  It soon grew to cover the entire country.    Today, it has around 50,000 members.

## Other websites 
*FBU homepage
Wheel

en wheels with spokes]]
 is a well-known application of the wheel and axle]] 

A **wheel** is a disc or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow things to *roll*; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels moves more easily along the ground.  It is a simple machine. The principle behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage. Many machines have wheels with teeth, known as gears.

## History 
 today.|alt=]]
Most experts believe that  the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 4000 BC.

People in Asia also discovered it on their own around 3500 BC.  The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work.  Africa south of the Sahara desert and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from Europe.  Early wheels were solid disks; the spoked wheel was invented around 2000 BC. The earliest documentation of a vehicle with wheels is a painting dated between 33503500 BC.

## Uses 
Today, wheels are used in cars, carts, airplanes, wheelchairs, bicycles, trains, and skateboards, in addition to many more devices.

## References
Physical exercise

cricket player Makhaya Ntini doing a flexibility exercise.]]

The word **exercise** means:
*Things to do to get some practical experience and skill in some activity.
*Repeatedly moving the human body to make it stronger or better at doing something. This is called *physical exercise*.

## Basic modes of physical exercises
People do physical exercises as a part of their healthy lifestyle to get stronger and healthier or stay strong and healthy or to improve their body image. There are three basic modes of physical exercises:

* Flexibility exercises help the human body in general or its part in particular to be able to reach farther and bend better.  
* Aerobic exercises help the body work hard for a long time.  
* Anaerobic exercises, like lifting weights, make the arms and legs stronger.

Exercises can be an important part of physical therapy, weight loss, or sports performance.

Exercise can be , but it is important for the exerciser to do what they like and eat enough calories, so when they exercise they are building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel. Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit.

## Exercise benefits
Benefits of exercise for all ages have been known since antiquity. Marcus Cicero, around 65 BC, stated: “It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor.”

The CDC recommends that adults should get 150 minutes of physical activity weekly. Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others. Exercise also helps people feel less tired.

Regular exercise can have a profoundly positive impact on depression, anxiety, and ADHD. It also relieves stress, improves memory, helps sleep better, and boosts overall mood. Studies show that exercise can treat mild to moderate depression as effectively as antidepressant medication but without the side-effects, of course.

## Examples of physical exercises
*aerobics
*bodybuilding
*running
*squat
*sport
*stretching
*walking
*weight training
*Cycling
*Swimming
*Yoga
*Pilates
*High-Intensity Interval Training

## References
7. Why Fitness is famous and necessary?
Percentage

**Percent** means *out of one hundred*.  It is often shown with the symbol "%". It is used even if there are not a hundred items. The number is then scaled so it can be compared to one hundred. Percent is also used to indicate changes in numerical quantities.  

For example, we have a bowl of fruit with three apples and one orange. The percentage of apples is 3 out of 4, or 3/4 = 75/100 = 75%.  

A percentage is only one way of writing a ratio; one can also write it as a fraction or decimal. There are ways to convert fractions to percentages or decimals to percentages.

## Uses 
Percentages are useful in practice, because it allows one to  things that are not out of the same number.  For example, exam marks are often percentages, which can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other.

## Related pages 
* Annual percentage rate
* Percentile
* Per mille

## References
Rock

**Rock** has several meanings:

* Rock (geology), a hard substance made of minerals, often found in or on the ground
* Rock music
* Rock and roll music, a form of popular music that started in the 20th century
Plato

**Plato** ( ) was one of the most important philosophers of all time. Born to wealthy parents in Athens, Greece,

## Dialogues
Plato wrote his books in the form of conversations called dialogues. In a dialogue, two or more people talk about ideas and sometimes disagree over them. The *Laws* is Plato's longest dialogue and probably his last.
's painting The School of Athens in the Vatican. Plato's pointing is sometimes thought to  Plato's theory of forms, which exist in another realm.]]
Socrates is usually the main person in Plato's dialogues. Often, Socrates talks with people and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical.

## Theory of Forms
Plato is famous for developing the theory of forms. This theory says that everything in our world is imperfect but  to a perfect version of itself that exists in another .   

In other words, Plato thought that the world we live in is just a shadow of the real, "intelligible realm," which only a few people will ever understand. He thought that all perfect forms come from perfection itself, which he called "the good.”

## Plato vs. Socrates 
People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used Socrates as a character to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important.

## Works by Plato 
There are many dialogues that were written by Plato. This list includes those he probably did write:

## Related pages 
*Platonic realism
*Platonic solid

## References
Sundial

A **sundial** shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted. 

Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans.

## Related pages
* Time
* Water clock
* Clock

## Other websites 
* Sunbeams and Sundials Children's guide to the sun, the seasons and sundials.
* There is a book from 1319 that talks about sundails
* There is another old book from the 1500's that talks about how to make a sundial. It's written in the Arabic language
Peninsula

]]
A **peninsula** is a region of land that projects into a body of water.  It is also defined as a piece of land with water on three sides.

Many countries are on peninsulas, and may either take up part of a peninsula (such as Portugal) or all of it (such as India).  Parts of a country may also be on a peninsula.  For example, Jutland is a peninsula, as is Baja California in Mexico and Malaya.

If Eurasia is considered a continent then the continent of Europe is technically a peninsula. In this case, the great peninsulas of Europe, the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas would technically be peninsulas within peninsulas. The area of the European Peninsula, comprised of Europe minus Russia, Fennoscandia, and any islands, is roughly 4.4 million square kilometers.

The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers.
Derivation

A **derivative** is something created from a primary source, which can mean different things.

* Derivative, or derivative security
* Derivative, a central idea of calculus
*Derivative works made from an existing work of art
* Derivative, a word that is made from a more basic word
* Derivative, a substance that has similar properties to the original. However, one or more components of the original are replaced
Nim

**Nim** is a simple game used for examples in combinatorial game theory. The rules of nim are simple:
# The game begins with some piles of counters.
# Players alternate turns.
# On a turn, a player takes counters from a pile. At least one counter must be taken, but up to 3. All counters must be in the same pile.
# If a player cannot take a counter, that player loses.

There is a simple mathematical strategy to play the game perfectly. If both players play perfectly, the winner is determined by the initial setup.

## Other websites 
* Nim Game
Memory

**Memory** is the personal record of past experiences. It is the brain's  to store information to use later. Memory is studied in sciences known as "cognitive psychology". 

There are two types of memory: short-term and long-term memory, or known as working memory and reference memory.

# *Short-term memory*, the ability to keep information in mind for a short time, like remembering a phone number long enough to find a piece of paper.
# *Long-term memory*, the ability to remember things long after they happen, like remembering a holiday you had last year.

The Greeks considered memory (Mnemosyne) as the mother of Muses, for without her there would be no art and science. 
## Related pages
*Commemorative plaque
*Memorial
*Mnemonic
*Performing music from memory
*Photographic memory
**Damnatio memoriae*

## References
Freedom of speech

**Freedom of speech** is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punished. Sometimes this is also called **freedom of expression**.

Freedom of speech may include freedom of the press and freedom of information. It usually includes *speaking in public*; only rarely does it include speaking in the family or in other private situations. 

Most people think freedom of speech is necessary for a democratic government. In countries without free speech, people might be afraid to say what they think. Then, the government does not know what the people want. If the government does not know what they want, it cannot respond to their wants. Without free speech, the government does not have to worry as much about doing what the people want. Some people say this is why some governments do not allow free speech: they do not want to be criticised, or they fear there would be revolution if everyone knew everything that was happening in the country.

A well-known liberal thinker, John Stuart Mill, believed that freedom of speech is important because the society that people live in has a right to hear people's ideas. It's not just important because everyone should have a right to express him or herself.

Few countries with "free speech" let everything be said. For example, the United States Supreme Court said that it was against the law to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also says that it is not okay to cause national, racial or religious hatred. Also, some countries have laws against hate speech.

As Tocqueville pointed out, people may be hesitant to speak freely not because of fear of government punishment but because of social pressures.  When an individual announces an unpopular opinion, he or she may face the disdain of their community or even be subjected to violent reactions.  While this type of suppression of speech is even more difficult to prevent than government suppression is, there are questions about whether it truly falls within the scope of freedom of speech, which is typically regarded as a legal right to be exercised against the government, or immunity from governmental action.

## Related pages
* Internet censorship
* Free Speech Flag
* Civil and political rights

## References
Blue

has a blue background]]
 of Earth, taken by NASA's Apollo 17]]
]] 
**Blue** is one of the colors of the rainbow that people can see. It is one of the primary colors (colors that can be mixed with other colors) of light, along with red and green. Apart from indigo and violet, it has the shortest wavelength of colors in the rainbow (about 470 nanometers).

Blue paint can be made by mixing magenta and cyan paint.

Blue is the color of the Earth's sky and sea.  Earth looks blue when seen from outer space by astronauts.

It is the color of cold, introversion and openness, by opposition to the red, which is the color of warm, extroversion and the closure. In alchemy, blue is also the color of the warm introvert (blue fire), by opposition to the red, which is the color of the warm extrovert (red fire).

Blue is usually associated with masculinity, harmony, conservatism, liberalism, the cold, sadness, calmness and royalty.

## Meaning of blue 
The color blue is sometimes associated with sadness, which may be where the name of the music style The Blues comes from.
Blue is a color of the Jewish religion.
In Western cultures since the 1940s, blue is associated with men/boys, while pink is associated with women/girls. Before the 1940s, it was the other way around in some countries, so blue was for women/girls and pink was for men/boys. Nobody knows exactly why it changed.

## Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine 
## Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple
## Tones of blue color comparison chart 
## Related pages
* List of colors
* Aqua
* Aquamarine
* Azure
* Blueberry
* Blue-gray
* Blue-green
* Blue-violet
* Brilliant blue
* Cerulean
* Cobalt
* Cool
* Cyan
* Denim blue
* Electric blue
* Indigo
* Navy blue
* Prussian blue
* Royale blue
* Sky blue
* Teal blue
* Ultra
* Ultramarine

## References
Crucible

In chemistry, a **crucible** is a kind of laboratory equipment that is usually a small cup, about the size of a shot glass, made of porcelain or non-reactive metal. Crucibles are used to heat chemical compounds to very high temperatures. Metals such as nickel and zirconium are also used as a modern crucible material.

## References
* Metal Technology - a manufacturer of crucibles
Biel/Bienne

**Biel/Bienne** (official name; *Biel* is German, *Bienne* is French) is an industrial town in Switzerland. It is in the part of Switzerland named Bern and near the city also named Bern. The town is known for many companies that make watches and machines. 

## Description 
The town of Biel, the capital of Swiss watch-making, lies at the end of Lake Biel, at the foot of the Jura Hills in the Lake Region. 
The wonderful old town with its town church and its location as the gateway to the three Jura lakes (Lakes Biel, Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Murten) with vineyards on the hillsides and extensive vegetable cultivation make the town very attractive.
Biel is the only town in Switzerland in which German and French are spoken side by side We can feel the relaxed mentality here coming from the mixture of these three languages. 

Biel was awarded the Wakker Prize in 2004 by the Swiss Heritage Society for the way it conserved its 20th century buildings, especially the ‘new construction’ from the 1920s and 30s. 

Swatch, Rolex, Omega, Tissot, Movado and Mikron all come from this town. But Biel has also become important in the field of other industries and in communication. 

It is possible to travel on various routes along the lakes on passenger boats in summer. The day trip through all three Jura lakes is especially popular. Of course there are all types of water sports on Lake Biel.

## Old town 
The town of Biel was built by the Prince-Bishop of Bale between 1220 and 1230. The old town is the smallest part of Biel with only . Most buildings there still look as in the 18th century. The biggest part of the old town is without any traffic. There aren’t any big stores or industries or any big companies. Each Saturday there is a market. The castle, “the ring” and the theatre are very popular. The town church is on the “Ringplatz” and was built between 1451 and 1470.There they burned the witches in the 18th century. From the 6 medieval city gates only one and two towers survived.

### Heritage sites 
The entire town of Biel is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Several individual buildings in the old town have also been protected for their cultural heritage.

The Reformed City Church is one of the most important late-Gothic buildings in the Canton of Bern. The church has a main floor, two second floors and four small chapels. There are some wall-paintings in the church. Most windows are among the oldest ones in Switzerland. The church was first written about in an index in 1228. After a horrible fire in the old town the church was destroyed. It was rebuilt between 1367 and 1451. The town church got on a new organ on 6th November 2011. The church was closed for more than half a year to put the new organ in and to improve the inside of the church. It cost about 1,74 million Swiss francs. The old organ was sent to Poland.

## Language 
About 57% of the people in Biel speak German as their mother tongue. The remaining 43% speak French as their mother tongue. That is why the city has two names.

## References 
## Other websites 
*www.biel-bienne.ch
*Official website
*Dickemauern
Beryllium

**Beryllium** is in group 2 of the periodic table, so it is an alkaline earth metal. It is grayish (slightly gray) in color. It has an atomic number of 4 and is symbolized by the letters **Be**. It is toxic and should not be handled without proper training.

Beryllium has 4 electrons, 4 protons, and 5 neutrons.

Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals: 1560 K (1287&nbsp;°C). It is added to other metals to make stronger alloys. Beryllium-copper alloy is used in tools because it does not make sparks.

At standard temperature and pressure, beryllium resists oxidation when exposed to oxygen.

Beryllium is best known for the chemical compounds it forms.  Beryllium combines with aluminium, silicon and oxygen to make a mineral called beryl.  Emerald and aquamarine are two varieties of beryl which are used as gemstones in jewelry.

Since it has a very high stiffness to weight ratio, beryllium is used to make the diaphragms in some high-end speakers.

## Uses 
Beryllium is used to make jet aircrafts, guided missiles, spacecraft, and satellites, including the James Webb telescope. Beryllium can reflect neutrons, and thin foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapons as the outer layer of the plutonium pits. Beryllium is also used in fuel rods for CANDU reactors. Beryllium is used to make many dental alloys.

## Rarity 
It is a relatively rare element in the universe. It usually occurs when larger atomic nuclei have split up. In stars, beryllium is depleted because it is fused and builds larger elements.

## Related pages 
* Periodic table
* List of common elements

## References
Tongue-twister

A **tongue-twister** is a phrase that is hard to say. They often use alliteration and homophones. They are commonly employed to help warm up singers and actors

Tongue-twisters can range from simple phrases for beginners to complex sequences that require advanced vocal control. They are popular in language learning, helping non-native speakers improve their pronunciation and familiarity with tricky sounds. Additionally, tongue-twisters are often used in competitions or as games, where participants try to say them without stumbling

## Examples 
* How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?  He would chuck as many wood as a woodchuck chucks if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
* She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. The sea shells she sells are sea shells for sure.
* Six sick hicks nick six slick bricks with picks and sticks.
* The lips, the teeth, the tip of the tongue.

## References
AbiWord

**AbiWord** is a free word processor that can be downloaded for free, it is open source and is much smaller in size than a proprietary alternative, Microsoft Word. It is available for FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and QNX. Its mascot is Abi the ant. It is much smaller than many other commercial word-processors of its time, only using about 15Mb on a computer's hard drive under Microsoft Windows.

## Related pages
*OpenOffice.org Writer

## Sources 
## Other websites 
*Abiword 
** AbiWord Portable, AbiWord portable
** AbiWord
Computer jargon

**Computer jargon** means words to do with computers and surrounding topics. Knowing what these words mean can help people know more about computers. Most people use these words to discuss computer ideas, but some people use these words to impress others (also known as buzzwords).

Some examples of jargon are:
*Disk - a place to store data.
*Data - information stored on a computer. The amount of data that is stored on a disk is measured with the following terms:
**Bit - the smallest data unit, can either be a "0" or a "1."
**Nibble, sometimes nybble - there are 4 bits in a Nibble. This is the amount of data that can be expressed in one hexadecimal (base 16) character.
**Byte - there are 8 bits in a byte. One byte is enough to hold one single letter or number of text.
**Kilobyte - there are 1024 Bytes in a Kilobyte.
**Megabyte - there are 1024 Kilobytes in a Megabyte.
**Gigabyte - there are 1024 Megabytes in a Gigabyte.
**Terabyte - there are 1024 Gigabytes in a Terabyte.
**Petabyte - there are 1024 Terabytes in a Petabyte.
***Note that some people and some companies use a different version of these numbers, replacing 1024 with 1000 in each of the above numbers.*
*Upload - to put data on somewhere. For example, on the internet or a website, "I uploaded my pictures to Facebook."
*Download - to copy data from somewhere. For example, "I downloaded a song from iTunes."
*Load - to get data from, or put it on, a disk.
*Save - to put data on a disk.
*RAM - random access memory.
*ROM - read only memory. This is memory that does not get changed.
*Hardware - the solid parts of a computer, like monitors, fans, CPU, etc. 
*CPU - central processing unit, another name for processor.
*GHz - gigahertz. Used to describe the speed of a processor. Some processors are capable of doing more than one thing at once, as they have multiple "cores", so a bigger number is not necessarily better. The bigger the GHz number, the faster it runs and the more energy it uses.

*USB - universal serial bus, a method used to plug computer tools into a machine.
*Email - electronic mail.
*WWW - World Wide Web, part of the Internet.
*Broadband - a fast internet connection.
*WiFi - a way to connect to a network wirelessly.
*Plug & Play - a function from the OS that auto-recognizes any change to the hardware of the computer.
*OS - operating system. The main program that controls all the computer functions, it calls other programs.
*Program - set of data that tells the processor what to do and call for in the rest of PC.
*Software - another name for program.
*Installation - the way a software sets the place for itself in a computer. 
*Malware bad software made to do something to a computer or destroy data

* Spyware Malware made to steal data
* Computer Virus - Malware that spreads automatically
* Hacker - people who search flaws in the way computers work. They can use their knowledge for evil, too.
1000 (number)

**1000** (**1,000**, **one thousand** or **thousand** for short) is the natural number after 999 and before 1001. One thousand thousands is known as a million. In Roman Numerals, 1000 is written as M.

## History Of The Number 1000 
The number 1000 represents a significant milestone in mathematics, history, and culture, often symbolizing vastness, completion, or a millennium. It is the first 4-digit integer. In Western Europe, the year 1000 was marked by increased religious fervor and was thought to be a potential end-times period by some. It also marked a time of increased global connections, such as Viking exploration and the spread of trade networks.

## Examples
* The number of years in a millennium
* The number of grams in a kilogram
* The number of millimeters in a meter
Gross domestic product

In economics, **gross domestic product** (**GDP**) is how much a place produces in an amount of time. GDP can be calculated by adding up its output (total production) inside a country.

To find the GDP of a country, one adds up all consumer spending (C), all investment (I), all government spending minus taxes (G), and the value of exports minus imports (*X – M*). This is shown by the equation:GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) This measure is often used to find out how healthy a country is; a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy. The United States has the largest GDP in the world. Germany has the largest in Europe, Nigeria in Africa and China in Asia.

When a country's GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters it is considered to be in a recession. This is an unhealthy state for the country.

There are different ways to calculate GDP. Nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on all the goods (new and final) in an economy; however, real GDP (adjusting for changes in prices) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the prices rise by 2% (meaning, everything costs 2% more) and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP growth is only increased by 3%.

## GDP per capita 
GDP per capita is the total income of a country divided by the number of people living in that country. It shows how rich people are, on average.

There are also different ways of calculating GDP per capita: nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP).  does not take into account the inflation rate and the cost of living of a country, but it's more useful when comparing national economies on the international market. PPP may be more useful when comparing peoples' living standards between countries.

## Gross national product 
The GDP measure is different from **gross national product** (GNP) in that GNP = GDP + net income from assets in other countries (net income receipts).
Q

## Nominal GDP 
When the gross domestic product is d at the current market prices, it is called the nominal GDP. It includes changes in prices which makes it different from the real GDP due to inflation or price s. It can be d in one of three different ways: *income approach* uses the total of all income from businesses and individuals in a single year; the *expenditure approach* uses the market value of all goods purchased in a single year; and the *production approach* is based on the total  in a single year.

## References
Track and field athletics

**Track and field** is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and *throwing*. Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. These tracks are generally made up of synthetic rubber – rubber particles bound with latex or polyurethane. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium.
Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short-distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put.

File:Brittney Reese Berlin 2009.JPG|Long jump at Berlin, 2009.
File:Zoltan Kovago o.jpg|Discus throw at Barcelona. 
File:Sally Peake pole vault.jpg|Pole vault event at Birmingham.
File:200metres Helsinki2005.jpg|200 meters race at Helsinki.

There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing. One of these is the *decathlon*, which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault.

All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.

Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.

## Notes
## Other websites
*International Association of Athletics Federations website
*USA Track & Field website
*Results & Statistics for Collegiate, High School, Middle School, and Club teams
Badminton

**Badminton** is a sport for two or four( "singles" or "doubles") people. The game is either one player against one player or a team of two players against another team of two players. Players use rackets to hit a shuttlecock over a net but if it goes too far it will be an out. It is often enjoyed in various settings, from casual backyard matches to intense professional tournaments.  

The aim of the game is to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way that the other player or pair cannot hit it back properly before it hits the floor. Every time this is done, the player or pair gets one point. They also get to serve. The first player or pair to reach 21 points wins a set. 

The winner of the match is the first to win 2 sets.

## History 
Badminton traces its history to a game called George Cajoles, which was played in Pune, India in the 19th century by the British military officers stationed there. This game was taken by retired officers back to England where it developed and quickly grew in popularity. 

In 1877, the first set of written rules were arranged by the newly formed Bath Badminton Club. The All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, was held in 1899.
Badminton has been an Olympic sport since 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Although badminton originated in England, it is mainly played in countries of Asia such as China, Nepal, Indonesia, India, and the Republic of Korea that now dominates this sport.
The first Indian to win the All England Badminton Championship was Prakash Padukone in the year 1980.

## Equipment
*Rackets 
*Shuttlecocks 
*Net/ court 
*Line Courtyard
*Badminton shoes 

## References
## Other websites 
* International Badminton Federation
* Badminton Central 
* Badminton World Federation
* https://www.badmintonengland.co.uk/
GNOME Web

**GNOME Web** (sometimes called **Epiphany**) is a web browser for GNOME. The browser uses the WebKit browser engine to load web pages but supports extensions from Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome and uses Firefox Sync's API to allow syncing between multiple browsers. This also allows the browser to sync its bookmarks and reading list with Firefox and its mobile app.

GNOME Web was originally made from Galeon by Marco Pesenti Gritti (also the creator of Galeon) with the aim of making a web browser with a very simple user experience. Because of that, GNOME Webdoes not have its own themes, instead, it uses GNOME’s settings that are set in the GNOME Control Center. It also used to be Firefox based but switched to WebKit in September of 2009.

## References
## Other websites 
*Epiphany Homepage
*Galeon History homepage  covering the decision to split development
*GNOME Human Interface Guidelines 
*Epiphany WebKit Project
Video game console

, a gaming console.]]
A **video game console** is a machine that is used to play video games. Video game consoles usually  to a television.  
Special controllers are attached to the console to control the game.  Some video game consoles are handheld. They can be carried around and have their own screens. The Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable are examples of handheld consoles. Some video game consoles can also run general software, such as Linux.

## Video game consoles
### Atari
### Bandai
### Coleco
### Commodore
### GamePark
### Magnavox
### Mattel
### Microsoft
### NEC
### Nintendo
I

### Sega
### SNK
### Sony
### The 3DO Company
### VTech
### Other consoles
## Notes 
## References
PlayStation (console)

The **PlayStation** (often known as the **PS1** or the **PSX**) is a video game console made by Sony released in December 1994. At the time, it was competing against the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn. PlayStation games were stored on CDs. The controllers that were first released with the console had no analog joysticks on them, but analog joysticks and a vibration feature were added to later controllers. 

A slimmer version of the console called the *PS One* was released in 2000. It was white instead of grey. 

It was succeeded by the PlayStation 2 in March 2000 and was discontinued on March 23, 2006 (eight months before the PlayStation 3 was released).

## History
The PlayStation was created by Ken Kutaragi, a Sony executive who managed a engineering division and was later nicknamed "the Father of the PlayStation". 
The PlayStation was released in 1994 in Japan and 1995 in North America and Europe
## Sales
The **PlayStation** and the PSOne have sold over 120 million consoles.

## Peripherals
### PocketStation
The PocketStation is a very small games console released as a peripheral (an extra accessory) for the PlayStation. It has a clock, an LCD display and four buttons. It can be used as a memory card. It wasn't released in the United States, because it did not sell well.

## References