open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peter Thiel

**Peter Andreas Thiel** (teel; born October 11, 1967) is an American entrepreneur. He helped create PayPal, Palantir Technologies and Founders Fund. In 2018, he supposedly had $2.5 billion.

Thiel was born in Frankfurt. As a baby, he moved with his family to the United States. He spent some time in Southern Africa. He studied philosophy at Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1989. He then went on to the Stanford Law School and received his J.D. in 1992. He worked as a lawyer, speechwriter, and trader. He founded Thiel Capital in 1996. He co-founded PayPal in 1999. He was chief executive officer until he sold the company to eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.

He founded Clarium Capital, a global macro hedge fund. He launched Palantir Technologies, a big data analysis company, in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2018. He helped create Founders Fund, a venture capital firm. 

Thiel became Facebook's first outside investor by buying 10.2% for $500,000 in August 2004. He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $1 billion in 2012, but remains on the board of directors. He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010, co-founded Mithril Capital.

## References
Jan Terlouw

**Jan Cornelis Terlouw** (15 November 1931 &ndash; 16 May 2025) was a Dutch politician, physicist and writer. He was a member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party. Terlouw was born in Kamperveen, Netherlands. He was the Deputy Prime Minister and at the same time the Minister of Economic Affairs from 1981 to 1982 during the Dries van Agt cabinet. A children's writer, his best known work is *Winter in Wartime* (*Oorlogswinter*, 1972).

Terlouw died in Twello, Netherlands on 16 May 2025, at the age of 93.

## References
Axial Age

**Axial Age** (also **Axis Age**, from ) is a term invented by German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to ancient history from the 8th and the 3rd century BCE. He says that this time was a turning point in human history.

New ways of thinking appeared in Iran, India, China and the Greco-Roman world. There were new religions and philosophies. This all happened in places across Eurasia, without obvious contact between the people of these areas.  

## What is it 
## References
Raffaele La Capria

**Raffaele La Capria** (3 October 1922 &ndash; 26 June 2022) was an Italian novelist and screenwriter. He was known for his series of three novels (the most important is "Ferito a morte") which were known as *Tre romanzi di una giornata*. La Capria was born in Naples. He was married to actress Ilaria Occhini until her death in July 2019.

He worked as co-scriptwriter on many of Francesco Rosi's movies, including *Le mani sulla città* (1963), *Uomini contro* (1970) and *Cristo si è fermato a Eboli* (1979). In September 2001 he won a Premio Campiello lifetime achievement award and in 2005 ''L'estro quotidiano'' was selected as the winner of the Viareggio Prize for fiction.

La Capria died on 26 June 2022 in Rome, Italy at the age of 99.

## References
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

**Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow** (born 29 June 1957) is a Turkmen politician. He was the 2nd President of Turkmenistan from 2007 until 2022.

Berdimuhamedow, a dentist, worked in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health. He is the first dentist in the world to head a state or a government.

In February 2022, Berdimuhamedow announced his plans not to run for re-election in 2022.

## References
President of Turkmenistan

**President of Turkmenistan** (Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň prezidenti) is the head of state, head of government and the chief executive of Turkmenistan

Serdar Berdimuhamedow is the current President of Turkmenistan, only the third in the history of the country since it gained independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan and the Chairman of the country's Cabinet of Ministers.

## Term limits
The country passed reforms in 2016 eliminating term limits for the presidency and removing the age requirement of below 70, as well as extending the term from five to seven years. 

## Requirements for presidents and removal from office 
Requirements for candidates for President of Turkmenistan include the following:

* Must have been born in Turkmenistan
* Must be fluent in the Turkmen language
* Must be at least 40 years old 
* Must have resided in Turkmenistan for the past 15 consecutive years
* Must be employed

## List of presidents
## References
## Other websites
*U.S. State Department profile of Turkmenistan
Raşit Meredow

**Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow** (Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 1959) is a Turkmen politician. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan. He is also the First Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007 working for the Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow administration.

## References
Eberhard Kummer

at the Ossiach Abbey, 2003]]

**Eberhard Kummer** (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian folk singer and lawyer. He was an expert of medieval music. Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau, Austria.  He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important works to medieval music and the Austrian folksong.

Kummer died on 12 July 2019 in Vienna at the age of 78.

## References
Tuvan People's Republic

'''Tuvan People's Republic** was a partially recognized state that existed from 1921 to 1944. After 1944 it became part of the Soviet Union. Until 1926, it was also known as **People's Republic Tannu-Tuva'''. Only two states recognized the it: the Soviet Union and Mongolia. Even when it existed, it was seen as a puppet state of the Soviet Union. Its economy was largely based on nomads raising and selling cattle. The republic was between the Siberian part of Russia, and Mongolia. The capital was the city of Kyzyl. Since 1992, the territory is known as the Tuvan Republic. It is a self-governing part inside the Russian state.

## References
Rosa María Britton

**Rosa María Britton** (July 28, 1936 &ndash; July 16, 2019) was a Panamanian doctor and novelist. She was born in Panama City. Her best known novels were: *El ataúd de uso* (1983), *El señor de las lluvias y el viento* (1984), *No pertenezco a este siglo* (1991), *Laberintos de orgullo* (2002) and *Suspiros de fantasmas* (2005).

Britton died on July 16, 2019 in Panama City at the age of 82.

## References
Grizzy and the Lemmings

***Grizzy & the Lemmings*** () is a French computer-animated television series produced by Studio Hari with the participation of France Télévisions, Cartoon Network and Boomerang. It is a silent comedy focusing on a grizzly bear, named Grizzy, having to deal with the group of the eponymous lemmings, who he is irritated by. The show has no real dialogue, as characters will speak gibberish. The three-dimensional designs are by Bertrand Gatignol for the characters and Édouard Cellura for the sets.

The series was announced on June 22, 2015, and debuted internationally in the fall of 2016. It was renewed for a second season on July 5, 2017, which is stated to air on a number of channels around the globe in 2018. Season 1 was released for Netflix on July 15, 2019. In 2019, Hari Productions (Studio Hari) announced the development of the third season, titled ***Grizzy & the Lemmings World Tour***. Season 3 came out in 2021 ended in October 8, 2022.

## Characters 
### Grizzy
Grizzy is an anthropormorphic Grizzly bear who has a brown body and light brown fat stomach, and lives in the forest ranger's cabin. The setting for the series is a forest cabin that serves as a sort of vacation home for humans, but when the human owner is away, Grizzy the bear makes himself at home. Grizzy sees the cabin as his personal paradise and goes to great lengths to enjoy its comforts, which include a well-stocked refrigerator, a cozy fireplace, and various gadgets.

However, the cabin is not vacant, as a group of lemmings also inhabits the area. These small, blue-furred creatures are playful and love causing chaos. They often thwart Grizzy's attempts to enjoy the cabin by engaging in zany and humorous schemes.

The central dynamic of the show revolves around Grizzy trying to maintain his peaceful enjoyment of the cabin while dealing with the Lemmings' relentless and unpredictable antics. Grizzy's character is portrayed as clever but often overconfident, leading to humorous situations as he attempts to outsmart the Lemmings.

### Lemmings
The Lemmings are a group of anthropomorphic lemmings with blue bodies and light bluish gray stomachs, also inhabiting Forest Ranger's cabin. The Lemmings, on the other hand, have a knack for coming up with creative solutions to their problems, even if those solutions usually involve chaotic and slapstick humor. Despite their mischievous nature, they have a certain charm that makes them endearing.

## Voice cast 
* J.P. Karliak as Grizzy, various characters
* Eric Bauza as Grizzy (few lines), various characters
* David Errigo Jr. as Lemmings, various characters
* Various as various characters

## Episodes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* *Grizzy and the Lemmings* on Studio Hari's Website
Daniel Callahan

**Daniel Callahan** (July 19, 1930 – July 16, 2019) was an American philosopher. He was an important person towards the field of biomedical ethics. He was the co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute. He was the Director of The Hastings Center from 1969 to 1983, president from 1984 to 1996, and president emeritus from 1996 to 2019. He was the author or editor of 47 books. He was born in Washington, D.C..

Callahan died on July 16, 2019 in Dobbs Ferry, New York at the age of 88.

## References
John Elya

**John Adel Elya** (16 September 1928 &ndash; 19 July 2019) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. From 1993 to 2004, he was Eparch of Newton, with jurisdiction over Melkite churches in the United States. He was born in Maghdouché, Lebanon.

Elya died on 19 July 2019 at the age of 90.

## References
Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania

**Belle Vernon** is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the Monongahela River. As of the 2020 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,024.

## References
Bert Rechichar

**Albert Daniel "Bert" Rechichar** (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker. He played with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1952 to 1960. He also played for the American Football League's New York Titans in 1961. He was born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.

Rechichar died on July 19, 2019 in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania from an illness, aged 89.

## References
Ilaria Occhini

**Ilaria Occhini** (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She starred in more than 30 movies. Her best known roles were *Doctor and the Healer*, *Welcome to Home Gori* and *Loose Cannons*. Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria.

Occhini died in Rome on 20 July 2019 at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens

**José Manuel Estepa Llaurens** (1 January 1926 – 21 July 2019) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain from 1986 to 2003. He was born in Andújar, Spain.

He was created Cardinal-Priest of *S. Gabriele Arcangelo all’Acqua Traversa* by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 20 November 2010.

## References
## Other websites
*
Choctaw County, Mississippi

**Choctaw County** is a county in the central U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 8,246 people lived there. The county seat is Ackerman.

## References
Louis Lansana Beavogui

**Louis Lansana Beavogui** (28 December 1923 – 19 August 1984) was a Guinean politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Guinea from 26 April 1972 to 3 April 1984 and was interim President from 26 March 1984 to 3 April 1984.

Beavogui was born on 28 December 1923 in Macenta, French Guinea (now Guinea) and died of diabetes while hospitalized in Conakry, Guinea on 19 August 1984, aged 60.

## References
Claiborne County, Mississippi

**Claiborne County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 9,135 people lived there. Its county seat is Port Gibson.

## References
DeSoto County, Mississippi

**DeSoto County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 185,314 people lived there, making it the third-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Hernando.

## References
Ryukyu Kingdom

in Naha, Okinawa]]

**The Ryukyu Kingdom** is a country that no longer exists in present-day Okinawa. Before Japan took control of it during the Meiji Era, it was an independent country with its own culture, government, and language from 1429 to 1879.  Okinawa was a major trading center in Asia, so there are aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian cultures that were blended into the native Okinawan culture.

The name Ryukyu is a transcription of the Chinese name for the region, *Liuqiu* (written as 琉球 in Chinese characters).

Before the Ryukyu Kingdom was created, Okinawa was made up of three countries: Nanzan, Chuzan, and Hokuzan. Chuzan took over the other two kingdoms, united the three kingdoms, and created the Ryukyu Kingdom. The kingdom had its own dynasty of kings and they ruled from Shuri Castle in the city of Shuri. Although they used to be different cities, Shuri is now in the northern part of present-day Naha.
Shurijo

**Shurijo** or **Shuri Castle** was the palace where the Ryukyu kings lived before Okinawa became part of Japan. Since it was built when Okinawa was independent, the castle structure is very different from other castles in Japan. Shuri Castle is located in Shuri. Shuri was once the Ryukyu capital, but it is now part of the present-day city of Naha.

Throughout its history, it had been destroyed and rebuilt four times, including during the Battle of Okinawa. This is why the courtyard is a little asymmetrical, or lop-sided. It was a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

On the morning of 31 October 2019, a large fire broke out at the main hall of the castle. *Seiden*, *Hokuden*, *Nanden* and *Bandokoro* were completely destroyed. According to news sources, "Six castle buildings occupying some 4,200 square meters in total were [destroyed]." The fire was put out around 1:30 p.m.

## References
Mamady Youla

**Mamady Youla** (born 1961) is a Guinean businessman and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 29 December 2015 to 24 May 2018.

## References
Social commentary

**Social commentary** is indirectly expressing an opinion on how society should change. Martin Luther, Jonathan Swift and Charles Dickens are among many people who wrote social commentaries.

## Related pages
*Virtue signalling
Low comedy

booth, at Swanage, Dorset, England]]
**Low comedy** is a form of comedy that is meant only to make people laugh without any satire or social commentary. Low comedy can have people getting drunk, getting hit in the face with pies, tripping over banana peels and getting wedgies.  The name "Low Comedy" was created by John Dryden. It is often seen as the  of High Comedy.
High comedy

**High comedy** is a form of comedy based on wit, satire or clever dialogue.  The phrase was created by George Meredith in his 1877 *Essay on Comedy* in which he says that it is the opposite of low comedy.
Japanese knotweed

**Japanese knotweed** (*Persicaria japonica*) is a perennial herbaceous plant.  It lives in Asian countries including Taiwan, Japan and southern China.
## References
Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings

'''The Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings''' occurred on 20 July 1982. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army used a bomb in each park to attack British military ceremonies in central London.

In Hyde Park, a nail bomb in a car exploded. It killed four soldiers and seven horses.

In Regent's Park, a bomb underneath a bandstand killed seven military bandsmen.

## References
Mainland Japan

'*Mainland Japan (内地, *naichi*)*' is the name used to describe areas of Japan that are seen as more Japanese than other areas. It's meaning has changed a lot. Now, people use it as a name for the four biggest islands of Japan (Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū and Shikoku). People also use it as a name for the biggest island in Japan which is Honshu. Also, people from Hokkaido and Okinawa use it as a name for all the regions of Japan except for Hokkaido and Okinawa. People from Hokkaido and Okinawa use this name because their cultures and native people are different from the other parts of Japan. What somebody means when they say "Mainland Japan" can change depending on the context.

Until the end of World War II, the name was a legal  (an word with a meaning set by a law) and was used to describe areas that were directly controlled by the Empire of Japan. This term did not include the colonies of the Japanese Empire. Some of the areas that were included in this definition of "Mainland Japan" are the four biggest islands of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku), the Chishima Islands and the Ryūkyū Islands. Some of the areas that were not included in this definition of "Mainland Japan" are Taiwan, Korea and Japanese controlled Manchuria. Its important to know that just because a area was not part of Mainland Japan it did not mean that the Empire of Japan did not control them. Not being part of "Mainland Japan" just meant that they had a separate government from the Japanese Empire. However, since most of the areas that were colonies are no longer under control of Japan, those places don't call Japan "The Mainland" anymore.

In Hokkaido, a different word *Dogai* is also used. It means every part of Japan outside of Hokkaido.

In Okinawa a different word *hondo* is also used. It means every part of Japan outside of Okinawa.
Korean Empire

The **Korean Empire** (**Daehan Jeguk***,* ) was established in 1897 and lasted between until 1910. It was the last time Korea was unified and independent. The empire was established when King Gojong declared himself “Emperor” of Korea  . After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state. In 1907 Korea became a Japanese protectorate, then was annexed in 1910 by Japan as the province of Josean. At the Russo-Japanese War, the British Empire and the United States viewed on Korea's peace was not important more than the Russia's expansion. In addition, the international views on a Korea Penisula was changed. The Japanese Empire's forces got stronger as the time pass. Korea's unequal treaties were hidden and ignored.

## References
Japanese annexation of Korea

The **Japanese annexation of Korea** happened on 29 August 1910. The Empire of Japan annexed (made part of its territory) the Korean Empire according to the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 concluded on 22 August 1910. In Japanese, it is also called **日韓併合**、**朝鮮併合**、**日韓合邦** which translate as annexation of Korea, annexation of Joseon (an old name of Korea), and unification of Japan and Korea. In South Korean, It's often called **경술국치** (庚戌國恥), **국권피탈** (國權被奪) which mean national humiliation in Gyeongsul year (1910), and coercive loss of national sovereignty by Japan.

Then Japanese ruled Korea until 1945, after the Potsdam Conference at the end of World War II.

## References
Hot pot

.]]

**Hot pot** is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries. Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China. Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil. Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles. Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide. In Japanese, the dish is called **shabu-shabu**.
Chickasaw County, Mississippi

**Chickasaw County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 17,106 people lived there. Its county seats are Houston and Okolona.

## References
Death Parade

is a 2015 Japanese anime television series. It was created, written, and directed by Yuzuru Tachikawa and produced by Madhouse. The television series aired in Japan between January 9, 2015 and March 27, 2015.

## Story 
When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders. There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line. The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation. Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void. The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to. The place is also known as the Quindecim bar. His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman.

## References
Birmingham pub bombings

The **Birmingham pub bombings** was a terrorist attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.

The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people.  

## References
Ellsworth County, Kansas

**Ellsworth County** (county code **EW**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 6,376 people lived there. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River.

## Demographics
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Ellsworth USD 327
* Central Plains USD 112

## Communities
 Map of Ellsworth County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Ellsworth
* Wilson
* Kanopolis
* Holyrood
* Lorraine

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Ellsworth County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 70 pages; 1918.
* *Plat Book of Ellsworth County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 41 pages; 1901.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Ellsworth County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* *Ellsworth County Independent Reporter* (local newspaper)
* Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (Ellsworth County)
;Maps
* Ellsworth County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Mark Sanford

**Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr.** (born May 28, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican. He was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 1995 to 2001. Sanford was then elected Governor of South Carolina from 2003 until 2011. He ran again for the U.S. House and was a congressman from 2013 to 2019. He lost in the 2018 Republican primary for his re-election bid.

Sanford is a teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics.

In July 2019, Sanford said that he was thinking of a 2020 presidential bid against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination. He formally announced his candidacy on September 8, 2019. He dropped out from the race two months later on November 12.

## References
Word (computer architecture)

A **word** is the number of bits a particular computer's CPU can deal with in one go. 

Modern processors, including those in embedded systems, usually have a word size of 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits.

## References
List of heads of state of India

This is a **list of the heads of state of India**, from the time of independence of India in 1947 to present day. The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

From 1947 to 1950, the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was regarded as the king of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.

## Monarch (1947–1950)
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

### Governor-General
The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

Led a coup that overthrew President and Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi and his government. After the coup, Javed Khan declared himself President and Prime Minister.

राष्ट्रपति और प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र दामोदरदास मोदी और उनकी सरकार को उखाड़ फेंकने वाले तख्तापलट का नेतृत्व किया। तख्तापलट के बाद, जावेद खान ने खुद को राष्ट्रपति और प्रधानमंत्री घोषित कर दिया।
## List of presidents of India
### Company rule in India
### British Raj
### Provisional Government to Indian independence 
### British Raj
### Governor-General
### President of the Executive Council
### Subhas Chandra Bose Provisional Government to Indian independence 
### President of the Executive Council
### Governor-General
### President of India (1950–present)
;Key
-Died in office-Resigned

## Standards

File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947-1950).svg|Governor-General's Standard (1947–1950)
File:Flag of the President of India (1950–1971).svg|Presidential Standard (1950–1971)

## Living former heads of state
There are two living former Indian heads of state:
Bepanah Pyaar

***Bepanah Pyaar*** (English: * Endless Love*) is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV. It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani.

## Synopsis 
The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident. Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life.

## Cast 
* Pearl V Puri as Raghbir Malhotra; Pragati's husband; Bani's former husband
* Ishita Dutta as Pragati Malhotra; Raghbir's wife
* Aparna Dixit as Bani Raichand; Raghbir's former wife

## References
Louisiana Territory

The **Territory of Louisiana** or **Louisiana Territory** was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It was made from the former Louisiana (New France) on July 4, 1805. It lasted until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.

## Creation
On March 3, 1805, Congress passed legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, starting July 4, 1805.

The Territory was governed like how the Indiana Territory was governed.

## Government
The capitol of government was in St. Louis.

The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson. He was chosen by President Thomas Jefferson. He also was a Senior Officer of the United States Army while he was governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase from the Library of Congress
Grand Canal (China)

The **Grand Canal** or **Dayunhe** or **Jing–Hang Grand Canal** () is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world. 

It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou.

It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and Yang zi river 

The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC.  

The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing. 

The total length is . Its greatest height is 42&nbsp;m (138&nbsp;ft) near the Shandong mountains.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal. 

The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).

Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy. 

The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## References
Nebraska Territory

The **Territory of Nebraska** was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the part of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capitol was Omaha. The territory included areas of what is today Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, and Montana.

## Other websites
* "Nebraska as a Territory," *History of the State of Nebraska,* Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1882
* History of Nebraska
* History of Nebraska State Government Organization (PDF)
Issaquena County, Mississippi

**Issaquena County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 1,338 people lived there. Its county seat is Mayersville.

## References
Gainesville, Texas

, Lawrence Street, Gainesville, Texas, United States.]]
**Gainesville** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Cooke County.
Raleigh, Mississippi

**Raleigh** is a town in, and the county seat of, Smith County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,094 at the 2020 census, making it the largest town in Smith County.

## References
Jackson County, Mississippi

**Jackson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 143,252 people lived there which makes it the fifth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Pascagoula.

## History 
The county was founded in 1812 and named for Andrew Jackson, general in the United States Army and afterward President of the United States.

## Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (31%) is water. It is the largest county in Mississippi by total area.

### Bordering counties 
* George County - north
* Mobile County, Alabama - east
* Harrison County - west
* Stone County - northwest

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Gautier
* Moss Point
* Ocean Springs
* Pascagoula (county seat)

### Census-designated places 
* Big Point
* Escatawpa
* Gulf Hills
* Gulf Park Estates
* Helena
* Hickory Hills (former CDP)
* Hurley
* Latimer
* St. Martin
* Vancleave
* Wade

### Unincorporated places 
* East Moss Point
* Gulf Islands National Seashore

### Ghost towns 
* Brewton

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of Jackson County, Mississippi
Deal barracks bombing

The **Deal barracks bombing** was an attack on the Royal Marine Depot in Deal, Kent, England on 22 September 1989. The Provisional Irish Republican Army used a time bomb to kill 11 military bandsmen.

## References
Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)

**Tropical Storm Pabuk**, also referred to as **Cyclonic Storm Pabuk**, was a weak storm that hit the Malay Peninsula in January 2019. It was also the earliest storm in both the Western Pacific and North Indian Ocean basins on record. Forming on the last day of 2018, Pabuk went into 2019 and crossed into the North Indian Ocean basin several days later. The first storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon and North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons, Pabuk first appeared as a tropical disturbance in the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, which organized into a tropical depression on December 31.

Pabuk killed a total of 10 people, and the storm caused an estimated total of USS$95 million in damages. In Thailand, eight people were killed and the economic losses were estimated at $93.8 million. Pabuk also caused one death each in Vietnam and Malaysia. 

## Storm history 
A tropical disturbance formed over the southern portion of the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, absorbing the remnants of Tropical Depression 35W (Usman) on December 30. Under high vertical wind shear, the low-pressure area remained messy until December 31 when it was upgraded to a tropical depression by both the JMA and the JTWC.

Under good conditions, including warm sea surface temperatures, good outflow but strong vertical wind shear, Pabuk did not manage to intensify further for
another two days until it started to move west-northwestward and entered the Gulf of Thailand on January 3, where vertical wind shear was slightly weaker.

Soon after Pabuk crossed over into the basin, the IMD started to make warnings on the storm, making Pabuk the earliest-forming cyclonic storm for this basin, as well as the first cyclonic storm with a name originally assigned by RSMC Tokyo. Over the few days days, Pabuk continued moved west-northwestward, before weakening into a well-marked low on January 7. The system's remnant low then turned to the northeast. Finally, it disappeared on January 8.

## Impact 
The storm caused 10 deaths in total, and total damages were estimated to be ~$157.2 million (2019 USD).

On Thailand, 8 of the 10 people were killed with many trees downed. Elsewhere, many people were forced to evacuate coastal areas of Thailand. In Bangkok, rain and storm surge flooded roads in the large city. Pabuk killed 8 people in Thailand, including one Russian tourist.

## Related pages 
*2019 Pacific typhoon season
*2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

## Sources
Mobility as a service

**Mobility as a Service** (**MaaS**) is transportation that you can buy but do not have to own.

For example, you can pay an Uber car to pick you up, but you do not own that car.

Or you can pay for a city bike to travel around the city, but you do not own the bike.

In each case, you pay for the transportation.

Public buses, taxis, subways, high-speed rail, and airplanes are already forms of MaaS.

MaaS is already becoming popular around the world from the US, Europe, Japan, Korea, to China.

## Examples 
Examples include
* ride-sharing
* e-hailing services (matches passengers with vehicles)
* bike-sharing programs,
* and car-sharing services
* on-demand "pop-up" bus services.
* self-driving cars

## Short-term impact 
MaaS may decrease how many people own cars. This is already the case in China, where more than half of the population do not have cars--they just do not need it.

## Benefits 
MaaS can decrease traffic.

## Self driving cars (AV) 
Uber, Tesla, General Motors, Waymo, Apple, and Local Motors are building self-driving vehicles (or autonomous vehicles, AVs).

Self-driving cars could take people where they wanted to go at a lower cost than a taxi or ridesharer. It could help benefit the environment, make transportation faster, and even improve healthcare.

## References
Er Wang San Ke

**Erwang Sanke** (二王三恪) or "the two crownings and the three respects" is something Chinese emperors did to honor the previous dynasty. For example the Sui dynasty came directly before the Tang. So the Tang may honor descendants of the Sui royal family. The Tang would do this by giving these Sui descendants land to rule over. The Tang said you can control these lands and use laws of the previous Sui dynasty if you wish. There may also be a sacrifice at a religious place.

This was done to show respect to previous dynasties. This was also to make a peaceful transition of power.

It has been done in every major Chinese dynasty from the Xia to the Qing.

Sometimes people would pretend to be the descendants of the previous dynasty just to get this benefit.

## Name 
Er wang 二王 means two rulers. This refers to the current ruler and the previous ruler.

San ke 三恪 means three respects. This could refer to how this was done for the first three generation descendants of the previous ruler (their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren).

## References
Republic of Upper Volta

in Upper Volta.]]

**Republic of Upper Volta** is an old name for the country in Africa which is known as Burkina Faso today. It was a French colony, which became independent in 1960. Upper Volta existed as a French colony from 1918 to 1932. In 1932, it was disbanded, and its territory was shared between the neighboring countries, French Sudan, Niger and Ivory Coast. In 1947, Upper Volta was restored, with its former borders.
NEC

is a Japanese multinational provider of information technology (IT) services and products. It is headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It provides IT and network solutions to businesses, communications services providers and to government agencies. It has also been the biggest PC seller in Japan since the 1980s. The company was known as the **Nippon Electric Company, Limited**, before rebranding in 1983 as NEC.

NEC was the world's fourth biggest PC manufacturer by 1990. Its NEC Semiconductors business unit was the global semiconductor sales leader between 1985 and 1990, the second largest in 1995, one of the top three in 2000, and one of the top 10 in 2006. It was still one of the top 20 semiconductor sales leaders before merging with Renesas Electronics. NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group.

NEC was #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list.

## Related pages
* TurboGrafx-16

## References
## Other websites
*
Neoconservatism

**Neoconservatism** (often shortened as **neocon**) is a form of American conservatism that emphasizes an aggressive American foreign policy. It started in the United States during the 1960s. Neocons supported the Vietnam war, but disliked the Democratic party, Great Society, and the New Left.

Neoconservative sometimes refers to people who started as anti-Stalinists and then became American conservatives during the 1960s and 1970s.

## Examples 
Some neocons are Republicans, like the United States Presidents from the 1970s to the 2000s. For example, George W. Bush started the 2003 invasion of Iraq. His neocon advisors include Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld are also often said to be Neocons.  They supported the defence of Israel during the Second Intifada and the American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.  Very few of those people actually called themselves Neoconservatives though. Some people who call themselves Neoconservatives are Douglas Murray and Reihan Salaam.

## Where it came from 
The idea started in the 1960s with Jewish magazine *Commentary*, edited by Norman Podhoretz and published by the American Jewish Committee. They opposed the New Left and thus started the neocon movement. The name was invented in the 1970s.

## References
Batam

**Batam** (also called **Batam City**) is an industrial city in the province of Riau Islands, Indonesia. Over 1 million people live in it. It is the biggest city in Riau Islands, and the third biggest city in Sumatra. It is part of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand and Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore free-trade zone.

The city administrative covers an area of 3 big islands with some small islands surround them. The 3 big islands are Batam, Rempang, and Galang. The islands are conected by bridges called Barelang Bridges () that is a short name for Batam-Rempang-Galang Bridges.

## References
Gy, Switzerland

**Gy** is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland, near the border with France.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Yuji Naka

**Yuji Naka** (*中 裕司, Naka Yuji*) is a Japanese video game programmer, designer, and producer. He is best known as the former head of Sonic Team, where he was the lead programmer of the original *Sonic the Hedgehog* series of games on the Sega Genesis. In 2006, he created Prope, an independent game company. In January 2018, he joined Square Enix.

## Career 
Naka learned how to program by copying and debugging video game code printed in magazines. The experience made him want to study assemblers and practice writing code during his school classes. After graduating high school, Naka decided to skip university and stay in his home town.

Around 1983, Naka saw that Sega was looking for programming assistants. He decided to apply. His first task was designing maps and checking floppy disks for a game called *Road Runner* for the SF-7000. Naka can't remember if the game was ever released.

## Production history
## References
## Other websites 
* Official Prope website (Japanese)
* Sonic Team Speaks (archived by the WaybackMachine)
* Sega's Yuji Naka Talks!
* Yuji Naka On New Beginnings At His Studio, Prope
* Life after Sega: The Sonic creator talks about being free of the hedgehog
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (8-bit video game)

is a platform game developed by Aspect and published by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear. The Master System version was released in Europe on October 1992. The Game Gear version was released in Europe in October 1992, and in North America and Japan in November 1992. It's a sequel to *Sonic the Hedgehog* for Master System and Game Gear.

The Master System version of the game was not released outside Europe and Brazil. The Master System version was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008.

## Reception
## Notes
## References
Zhongyuan

**Zhongyuan** () or the **Central Plains** are plains in the middle of China. It is southwest of Beijing. The Yellow River goes through it. It is where Chinese civilization originated from.

It is part of the North China Plain.

Since the beginning of recorded history, the Central Plain had central importance to the Middle Kingdom (China 中国).

It was considered the “Center of the World”. It was the capital of the Xia dynasty. The earliest Chinese writing, the Jiahu symbols and Jiagu writing came from here.

*Zhongyuan* is sometimes used to refer to all of Chinese civilization.
Cuphead

***Cuphead*** is a run and gun indie video game developed and published by StudioMDHR. It was announced in 2013. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in September 2017. It was released for macOS in October 2018, and for Nintendo Switch in April 2019. The game was inspired by the rubber hose style of animation used in cartoons of the 1930s.

## Reception 
Ben Kuchera of *Polygon* wrote that *Cuphead* was one of the five most interesting games at Microsoft's E3 2014 press conference, even though he knew little about the game other than its aesthetic. He said it "stood out immediately" and that everyone in the website's press room reacted well to the trailer. *Cuphead* won the *IGN* Best Xbox One game at E3 award in 2015. It won the award for "Best Indie Game" at the Gamescom 2015 Awards. It was also nominated as "Best Independent Game" at the E3 2016 Game Critics Awards.

Many people say that *Cuphead* is a difficult game.
### Awards
*Entertainment Weekly* said *Cuphead* was fifth on the list of its "Best Games of 2017". GamesRadar said it was ninth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017". *Polygon* said it was 14th on their list of the "50 best games of 2017".

## Animated series
A animated series based on the video game, which is titled The Cuphead Show!, was released on February 18, 2021.

## References
Polygon (website)

***Polygon*** is an American video game website that publishes news, culture, reviews, and videos. *Polygon* wanted to focus on the stories of the people making the games instead of the games themselves. They also produced long-form magazine-style feature articles, invested in video content, and chose to let their review scores be updated as the game changed.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Daphne du Maurier

**Dame Daphne du Maurier**  (13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was a British author. She is best known for her books *Jamaica Inn* (1936), *Rebecca* (1938) and *The Birds* (1952).
Cartigny, Switzerland

**Cartigny** is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Yukiya Amano

was a Japanese diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) from July 2009, until his death in July 2019. Amano was an international civil servant for the United Nations. 

Amano died on 18 July 2019 in Vienna, Austria from cancer at the age of 72.

## References
Don Mossi

**Donald Louis Mossi** (January 11, 1929 – July 19, 2019) was an American major league pitcher from 1954 to 1965. He was a left-handed control pitcher. He played for the Cleveland Indians (1954–1958), Detroit Tigers (1959–1963), Chicago White Sox (1964) and for the Kansas City Athletics (1965). Mossi was born in St. Helena, California.

Mossi died on July 19, 2019, in Nampa, Idaho at age 90.

## References
Peter McNamara

**Peter McNamara** (5 July 1955 – 20 July 2019) was an Australian tennis player and coach. McNamara won five singles titles and nineteen doubles titles in his career. He won the 1980 and 1982 men's doubles championship at Wimbledon and the Australian Open doubles in 1979. McNamara's highest rank in doubles was No. 3. He was born in Melbourne.

McNamara died on 20 July 2019, at the age of 64, from prostate cancer in Sonthofen, Bavaria, Germany.

## References
Chicago Daily News

The ***Chicago Daily News*** was an afternoon daily newspaper in the midwestern United States, published between 1876 and 1978 in Chicago,  In 1984, Weston sold his rights to the *Chicago Daily News* trademark to Rupert Murdoch, who, at the time, was owner and publisher of the *Chicago Sun-Times*.

## References
Antonino Cuffaro

**Antonino Cuffaro** (21 April 1932 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian politician. He was born in Sambuca di Sicilia, Italy. Cuffaro was a member of the Italian Parliament from 1976 to 1987 and again from 1994 to 1996. He was a member of the Italian Communist Party.

Cuffaro died on 20 July 2019 in Trieste, Italy at the age of 87.

## References
Hugo Cóccaro

**Hugo Omar Cóccaro** (4 May 1954 – July 21 2019) was an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician. He was Governor of Tierra del Fuego Province from 2005 to 2007. Cóccaro was born in Saladillo, Argentina.

Cóccaro died on 21 July 2019 in Buenos Aires at the age of 65. The cause was cancer.

## References
Paul Krassner

**Paul Krassner** (April 9, 1932 – July 21, 2019) was an American writer and satirist. He was the founder, editor and a contributor to the freethought magazine *The Realist*. Krassner became an important figure in the counterculture of the 1960s as a member of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters. He was a founding member of the Yippies. 

Krassner died on July 21, 2019 in Desert Hot Springs, California at the age of 87.

## References
American exceptionalism

represents how the US sees itself as a unique nation and its mission to spread its values across the world.]]
**American exceptionalism** is the belief that 

# the US is unique and special
# the US has a unique mission to transform the world
# the US is superior to other nations because of its unique history and mission

## Unique nation 
The US started from the American Revolutionary War. Martin Lipset calls it the "first new nation". It developed an American set of ideas (Americanism) based on republicanism, democracy, laissez-faire (no government interference in economy), liberty, equality, individualism (importance of individual).

## Unique mission 
Abraham Lincoln said in the Gettysburg address (1863), that Americans have a responsibility to make sure that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."  

## Related pages 
* American decline
* American imperialism
* Americanism (ideology)
* Americanization
* Americentrism
* Anti-Americanism
* Juche (nationalist North Korean state ideology)
* Sonderweg (German exceptionalism)
* Yamato-damashii (Japanese spirit)
* Nihonjinron (Japanese uniqueness)

## References