open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lieselotte Hellmann

**Lieselotte Hellmann** (born 3 December 1908) was a German track and field athlete, specialized as a sprinter and also competed in the long jump and discus throw. She was active during the 1920s and early 1930s, during the early era of women’s athletics in Germany. She was a member of SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg.

Together with SC Magdeburg teammates Anneliese Jacke and the twin sisters Rose Drieling and Ilse Drieling she set an official world record in the 4 × 100 meter relay in Breslau on 7 August 1927 during the  with a time of 50.0 seconds. The team also became national champion in 1927 with a time of 49.8 seconds. The team was runner-up during the national championships in 1926 and 1928. In 1930, the relay team finished in third place, with Erika Kreplin running instead of Jacke.

## References
Inés Suárez

**Inés Suárez** was a Spanish conquistadora who went to the New World in search of her husband, Juan de Malaga. Juan had left for the New World with the Pizarro brothers. She encountered Pedro de Valdivia, another Spanish conquistador who recruited her along his expedition of 121 men into Chile. She served as a maid during this expedition, however she fought alongside the men when it was needed.

Suárez helped to win the battle of Santiago in which she helped to capture and decapitate the seven caciques who led the battle for the Mapuche warriors. She is seen as a hero to the Spanish and is known for her tactics and bravery in battle.
Cable (character)

**Cable** (real name **Nathan Christopher Charles Summers**) is a fictional character and superhero that appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, appearing as the main protagonist of the titular comics and a major character in the *X-Force* and *Deadpool* comics. He was created by Chris Claremont, Rick Leonardi, Louise Simonson, and Rob Liefeld, and first appeared as Nathan Summers in *Uncanny X-Men* #201 in January of 1986, and first appeared as Cable in *New Mutants* #86 in February of 1990.

## Publication history 
The character was created by Chris Claremont, Rick Leonardi, Louise Simonson, and Rob Liefeld, and first appeared as Nathan Summers in *Uncanny X-Men* #201 in January of 1986, and first appeared as Cable in *New Mutants* #86 in February of 1990.

## Fictional character biography 
The son of the X-Men's field leader Cyclops and Jean Grey's clone Madelyne Pryor, Cable was conceived on the secret plot of Mister Sinister. He was later infected with a techno-organic virus, and was taken to an alternate future to be treated. In the future, the child would become Cable and the sworn enemy of the powerful mutant Apocalypse. Returning to the present, Cable has become a frequent ally to the X-Men, Deadpool, Domino, Rachel Summers and Hope Summers.

## Powers and abilities 
Cable has incredible telepathic and telekinetic abilities. He can telepathically read most minds, manipulate others' thoughts and bodies, shield his own mind against probing, levitate telekinetically, and disassemble or move other objects or beings.

## In other media 
Cable was introduced to a wider audience as a recurring character in *X-Men: The Animated Series* (1992–1997) and its sequel series, voiced by Lawrence Bayne and by Chris Potter respectively. The character made his live-action cinematic debut in *Deadpool 2* (2018), portrayed by Josh Brolin.
Ursula Hess

**Ursula Hess** (born 7 August 1946) is a retired Swiss archer. Hess competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## References
Born Mountain

The **Born Mountain** is a small mountain in the district of Olten in Switzerland. The towns of Wangen bei Olten and Olten have land over this mountain. It is 719 m above sea level.

## References 
## Other websites 
*https://oltentourismus.ch/de/entdecken_erleben/natur/naherholungsgebiete/born
*https://www.routeyou.com/de-ch/location/view/48069085
Celestron

**Celestron** is a company that makes telescopes, microscopes, and binoculars. The main office of Celestron is in Torrance, California.

## Optical instruments 
### Telescopes 
Celestron makes refractors, and reflectors. The telescopes of Celestron are usually from 2 inches up to 10 inches of aperture.

## Other websites 
*https://www.celestron.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoop6HzAnn9kogS1SLxnggeCa555Goh0XIF3mRqNx7gjC8zL8c8V
Skewb

A **Skewb** is a variation of the 3x3 Rubik's cube, except it turns diagonally instead of left-right and up-down.

## Combinations 
The Skewb can have over 3 Million combinations. The 2x2 Cube has around the same with 3674160 possible combinations.

## Record 
The fastest time to solve a Skewb currently goes to Carter Kucala for solving it in 0.75 seconds. He made this record on the March of the 23rd 2024.
Zürich Station

**Zürich Hauptbahnhof**, also known as **Zürich HB**, is the main railway station in Switzerland. Many trains come and stop there. Trains from France, Germany, Italy, Austria and the Czech Republic stop at this station. 

## Eurocity lines 
* TGV (France)
* Trenitalia (Italy)
* Eurocity (Switzerland-Germany-Italy)
* DB (Germany)
* CD (Czech Republic)

## Other websites 
* 
https://www.sbb.ch/de/reiseinformationen/bahnhoefe/bahnhof-finden/shopville-zuerich-hauptbahnhof.html
Culter

*To see more, see Culter (disambiguation).*

***Culter*** is a genus of cyprinids in the subfamily Cultrinae found in freshwater areas of East Asia. The name means "knife" in Latin. They are simply called **culters** and are related to *Chanodichthys*.

## Species 
* *Culter alburnus* Basilewsky, 1855 (topmouth culter)
* *Culter flavipinnis* Tirant, 1883
* *Culter oxycephaloides* Kreyenberg & Pappenheim, 1908
* *Culter recurviceps* J. Richardson, 1846

### Type species 
The type species is the topmouth culter (*Culter alburnus*).

## References 
# Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "*Culter alburnus*" on *FishBase*. January 2010 version.
# Huckstorf, V.; Freyhof, J. (2012). "*Chanodichthys flavipinnis*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*.
# "Fishing in China for Topmouth Culter aka Skygazer".

## Other websites 
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814623025979
Set-builder notation

**Set-builder notation** is a mathematical notation used in set theory, logic, mathematics, and computer science to describe a set by stating the properties that its members must satisfy. Defining sets by properties is also known as *set comprehension*, *set abstraction*, or defining a set's *intension*.

## Structure 
In set-builder notation, a set is typically written in one of the following forms:
* {{math|{\{x \mid \Phi(x)\}} or 
* {{math|{\{x : \Phi(x)\}} 

Where:
* **x** is a variable representing an element of the set.
* The vertical bar "∣" (or sometimes a colon ":") is interpreted as "such that" or "for which."
* **Φ(x)** is a predicate (a logical formula) that must be satisfied by the elements of the set.

## Use in Predicate Logic 
Set-builder notation is heavily used in predicate logic to define sets based on conditions. If the predicate (the condition) is true for a particular element, that element belongs to the set.

## Empty Sets 
If no values satisfy the condition specified in set-builder notation, the set will be the empty set, denoted by  or {{math|\{ \}}.

## See also 
* Set (mathematics)
* Set theory
* Predicate logic
* Naive set theory
* List of mathematical symbols

## References
Sultan Sheikhmus

**Sultan Sheikhmus** (Kurdish:    ) or with his full name **Musa bin Mahin El-Mardini ez-Zûlî** (b. 1077, Mardin; d. 1164, Mardin), was an Islamic scholar and a student of Abdul Qadir Gilani .

His tomb is in the village of Yüce on the Mardin-Diyarbakır road. 

## References
Minor civil division

A **Minor Civil Division** (MCD) is a term used by the United States Census Bureau for primary governmental and/or administrative divisions of a county or county-equivalent, typically representing a municipal government such as a city, town, or civil township. MCDs are used for statistical purposes by the Census Bureau and do not necessarily reflect the primary form of local government. They range from non-governing geographical areas to municipalities with varying powers of self-government.

## Overview 
MCDs serve as subdivisions of counties and are primarily used by the Census Bureau for data collection. While some MCDs represent actual municipalities with significant governing authority, others may simply be geographic survey areas with little to no governing power. MCDs exist in 29 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. In states where MCDs are not utilized, the Census Bureau uses Census County Divisions (CCDs) for similar purposes.

## History 
Before the 2010 census, 28 states used MCDs. However, in 2008, the state of Tennessee shifted from using CCDs to MCDs, bringing the total number of states utilizing MCDs to 29.

## Structure 
MCDs encompass various types of entities:

* Townships – These are often found in states like Illinois and Iowa, and may either govern local affairs or exist as non-governing entities.
* City – In states like New York, cities can function as MCDs, though some cities may span multiple counties, such as Chicago.
* Parish – In Louisiana, the equivalent of MCDs are *parish governing authority districts*.
* Villages – In some states like New Jersey, villages and boroughs act as MCDs.

## Unorganized Territories 
In some states, where state-defined MCDs are absent or incomplete, the Census Bureau creates unorganized territories to account for such regions. These are assigned special FIPS codes for statistical tracking.

For example, when state boundaries extend into ocean areas (e.g., the Great Lakes), but MCDs are not defined, unallocated water areas are assigned the FIPS county subdivision code 00000 and an ANSI code of eight zeroes.

## Related pages 
* United States Census Bureau
* Administrative division

## References
List of highest-income counties in the United States

This article is part of a series on Income in the United States.

## Topics 
- Household income - Personal income - Affluence - Social class - Income inequality (gender pay gap, racial pay gap)

## Highest-Income Counties by State 
The following states have counties that are represented in the top 100 highest-income counties:

* **Virginia** (18)
* **California** (11)
* **Maryland** (10)
* **New Jersey** (9)
* **New York** (6)
* **Texas** (6)
* **Illinois** (5)
* **Colorado** (4)
* **Massachusetts** (4)
* **Minnesota** (4)
* **Ohio** (3)
* **Pennsylvania** (3)
* **Georgia** (2)
* **Indiana** (2)
* **Utah** (2)
* **Washington** (2)
* **Connecticut** (1)
* **Washington, D.C.** (1)
* **Iowa** (1)
* **Kansas** (1)
* **Kentucky** (1)
* **New Hampshire** (1)
* **New Mexico** (1)
* **Tennessee** (1)
* **Wisconsin** (1)

## Notes and References
Sky-Watcher

**Sky-Watcher** is a company that makes telescopes and telescope items. They make reflectors, refractors and catadioptric telescopes. As for telescope items, they make barlows, diagonals, finder scopes, eyepieces, bino viewer. Alt-Az and Eq mounts. The telescopes of Sky-Watcher range in size from 2 inches to 20 inches.

## Other websites 
*https://skywatcher.com/
Culter alburnus

The **topmouth culter** (*Culter alburnus*) is a species of culter that lives in East Asia. It is the type species of the genus *Culter*.

## Description 
The topmouth culter has a sharp head. Not much is known about its description, though.

## Distribution and habitat 
### Distribution 
This culter occurs in Buir Lake and the Onon and Kherlen Rivers.

### Its habitat 
*Culter alburnus* lives in rivers that have lots of aquatic plants.

## Human relationships 
### Usage as food 
The topmouth culter is highly regarded for its yummy and unique flavor. They are also one of the most valuable freshwater fish species in China.

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://www.gbif.org/species/172898913
* https://www.youtube.com/shorts/O-8_9u5j_vY
Place Anneessens

The **Place Anneessens** (French) or **Anneessensplein** (Dutch) is a square in central Brussels, Belgium. It is named after François Anneessens, a local leader, who was killed on the Grote Markt (Brussels' main square) during a rebellion in the Austrian Netherlands.

## Location
The square is on the Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier (Maurice Lemonnierlaan), in the Midi–Lemonnier or Stalingrad district, which is the southern part of the City of Brussels. It is served by the premetro (underground tram) station Anneessens on lines 3 and 4.

## History
The square, with seven other streets, was created in 1639 on the Voldersbempt or Pré aux Foulons, a quiet field near the Rue d'Anderlecht (Anderlechtstraat), the river Senne, and a small part of the river called the "Lesser Senne" (French: Petite Senne, Dutch: Kleine Zenne).

Before the Senne was covered over (1867–1871), the square had a famous flea market called the Old Market (French: Vieux Marché, Dutch: Oude Markt). Due to a richer crowd and complaints from local people after the Central Boulevards were built, in March 1873, the city decided to move the Old Market to the Place du Jeu de Balle (Vossenplein) in the Marolles (Marollen) district, a role that square still has today.

## References
## Other websites
* Media related to Place Anneessens at Wikimedia Commons
Palaeoniscum freieslebeni

***Palaeoniscum freieslebeni*** is an extinct species of palaeoniscoids belonging to the genus *Palaeoniscum*. It is the type species of that genus.

## Description 
*Palaeoniscum freieslebeni* was possibly 40 cm long. Its body was full of scales and fossils with 10 cm are very uncommon and unique.

## Some images 

File:PalaeoniscusFreieslebenensis-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg|Another fossil
File:Palaeoniscus freieslebeni.jpg|Life Restoration
File:Palaeoniscum freieslebeni - Zoo am Meer - Bremerhaven 01.jpg|Yet another fossil

## Related pages 
* Palaeoniscum vratislavensis
* Palaeoniscidae

## References 
# "*Palaeoniscum freieslebeni* Blainville, 1818". *GBIF*.
Dicellopyge

***Dicellopyge*** is an extinct genus of palaeoniscoids that lived in freshwater environments in what is now South Africa. It lived in the Anisian era.

## Description 
A small fish, *Dicellopyge* had a blunt snout and a forked tail. The body was long and the skull was short. It was 15 cm long.

## Classification 
### Naming 
The genus *Dicellopyge* was first described by James Brough as "*Dicellopygae*". However, it was changed to *Dicellopyge* shortly after.

### Species 
* †*Dicellopyge draperi* Woodward, 1931 (type species)
* †*Dicellopyge lissocephalus* Brough, 1931

There could be a third species named *Dicellopyge tenuis*. However, there's not much research on it.

## Related pages 
* Palaeoniscum

## References 
# Hutchinson, Peter (1975). "Two Triassic fish from South Africa and Australia, with comments on the evolution of the Chondrostei". *Palaeontology*.

## Other websites 
* Data related to  at Wikidata
Angels in the Endzone

***Angels in the Endzone*** is a 1997 American fantasy sports movie directed by Gary Nadeau and starring Christopher Lloyd. It is a sequel to the 1994 movie *Angels in the Outfield*. The movie is about a high school football team that lacks skill.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Patrick Jopp

**Patrick Jopp** (born 8 January 1962) is a Swiss archer. Jopp  competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## References
Battle of the Indus River

During the Hun invasion, the **Battle of the Indus River (458)** along the Indus river took place which resulted in Skandagupta checking the advances of the Hunas, along with heavy losses for the Hunas.

The Bhitari pillar inscription states that Skandagupta defeated the Hunas:

## References and Notes
France Nuyen Vannga

**France Nuyen Vannga** (born ) was a French war survivor, stage and film actress, psychotherapist, and artistic model. Vannga immigrated to the United States in 1956, at the age of 16, and she was discovered by a film director. She decided to became a actress. Vannga starred in a number of multiple films, *Liat (1958 film)*, *In Love and War (1958 film)*, *The Last Time I Saw Archie (1961 film)*, *Satan Never Sleeps (1962 film*, *Diamond Head (1963 film)*, *A Girl named Tamiko (1963 film)*, *The Man in the Middle (1963 film)*, *Dimension 4 (1965 film)*, *Ah Toy, One More Train to Rob (1970 film)*, *Slingshot (1971 film)*, *The Big Game (1972 film)*, *Colonization of the Planet of Apes (1973 film)*, *Il blancho, il giallo, il nelo* (1975 film), *China Cry: A True Story (1990 film)*, *Write to Kill (1991 film)*, *The Joy Luck Club (1993 film)*, *A Passion To Kill (1994 film)*, *Angry Cafe (1995 film)*, *A Smile Like Yours (1997 film)*, and  *The Battle of Shakher Heights (2003 film)*. 
## Biography 
France Nyugen Vannga was born on  in the city of Marseille, France, to parents Louis Vannga and Julie Vannga (née Mazaut). Her maternal family were  French-born Romani people. World War II broke out in 1939 with the German, Slovak, and Soviet invasion of Poland. The Germans invaded and occupied northern France in 1940, but southern France became a collaborator to the Nazis, so they did not invade and occupy that part, and southern France became the famous independent Vichy France. The Germans and Vichy officers lost to the Allies their occupation in northern Africa, so the Germans feared that the Allies would gain control of Vichy France. As a result, the Germans quickly invaded and occupied Vichy France in November 1942. 
The Germans persecuted, deported, and murdered the Jews and Slavic peoples, as well as the Romani population, and so Vannga's mother was actually a Romani Holocaust survivor. Vannga herself was a war survivor,  and she was well aware of war and hunger by age 6. Vanga left school aged 11, and immigrated to the United States in 1956, at the age of 16, and she was discovered by a film director. She starred in a number of multiple films, and was a successful actress. She also later became a psychotherapist, and a model.
ETA SA

ETA SA is a company that makes watches and machines that make watches. 

## Locations 
ETA SA has many locations in Switzerland. They do not have any outside Switzerland. 

* Grenchen
* Bettlach
* Moutier
* Boncourt
* Sion
* Fontainemelon
* St. Imier
* Villeret
* Assemti, Riazzino
* Diantus, Mendrisio

## Apprenticeship 
ETA SA has apprentices for teenagers in German, and French. They do not offer appprenticeships in the Italian speaking region. ETA SA has jobs in Automation, Designing, and Horology.

## References 
* https://www.eta.ch/de/karriere-lehrstellen/Lehrstellenangebot
* https://www.eta.ch/de

## Other websites 
*https://www.eta.ch/de
Hera (space mission)

**Hera** is a spacecraft that has been made for the European Space Agency and its Space Safety program. It's mission objective is to study the Didymos binary asteroid system that was collided by NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test spacecraft four years before Hera.

It was launched on October 7, 2024 by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket 

## Sources
Hurricane Milton

**Hurricane Milton** was a powerful tropical cyclone that is an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The hurricane started in early October in the Western Gulf of Mexico.

Milton became stronger and turned into a Category 5 on October 7, 2024 and hit the peninsula of Florida and was gone around October 12, 2024. The hurricane had a big impact on the Tampa Bay area as well as the west coast of Florida. Residents in the Tampa Bay Area had to evacuate the area. Airports around Florida cancelled flights due to the hurricane.

The Europa Clipper was delayed due to the hurricane.

The hurricane damaged a lot of houses and created floods. The hurricane also cause 67 deaths and injured hundreds. The name Milton was later retired and replaced with *Miguel* for the 2030 season.

## Notes 
## References
History of Poland (1939–1945)

Poland would be the first European country to be invaded by Nazi Germany during the Second world war. With the nazis occupying  Poland for most of the war. Resistance rose up to fight the German occupiers for almost 6 years from 1 September 1939 - 14 May 1945. The war ended with the resistance not liberating the country and the government-in-exile not returning until 1990. instead, Poland was liberated by the Soviet Union and the Polish People's Army. And a puppet state called the Polish People's Republic was formed in 1947.
Ebro Foods

, Spain]]

**Ebro Foods** is a Spanish food company. It is the world's largest producer of rice and the second biggest producer of pasta. Its main office is in Madrid. Ebro Foods was founded in 1998.

## Other websites 
*
Amanda Archer

**Amanda Archer** is an Australian entrepreneur and public relations professional. She has made her mark in the luxury travel and technology sectors. With a solid academic foundation and early career experiences, she developed the skills that later shaped her success in the field of public relations.

## Career 
### FAWC (First-class Access Worldwide Concierge)
Archer is the founder and CEO of FAWC, a luxury travel and concierge technology company launched in 2023, in collaboration with supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio. FAWC seeks to bring new approaches to the travel industry by offering high-end travel solutions designed to be both exclusive and cost-effective. The company provides its members with a range of benefits, including hotel upgrades and custom travel itineraries. 

Archer's leadership has helped FAWC gain traction in the industry. In 2022, she spoke at the Women in Web 3 panel at the South by Southwest (SXSW) festival, reflecting her role in the tech startup space. In 2023, she was also selected for a mentorship program led by tech entrepreneur Randi Zuckerberg.

## Public relations 
Before founding FAWC, Archer worked as a public relations consultant, where she became known for organizing major media events and facilitating high-profile interviews for well-known brands and public figures. She was involved in coordinating the Jackson family's first interviews after Michael Jackson's death, marking a notable moment in her career.

Archer has also contributed to a range of publications, including Hello!, Forbes, People, 60 Minutes, Mail On Sunday, and OK! Magazine. Her PR work has involved collaborations with several celebrities, such as Paris and Nicky Hilton, Elle Macpherson, Tatum O'Neal, Scott Disick, Lindsay Lohan, Piers Morgan, Caitlyn Jenner, Crystal Hefner, Abby Lee Miller, and Priscilla Presley.

Beyond her commercial endeavors, Archer has participated in charitable projects, including campaigns for Olympian Ian Thorpe in partnership with Prince William's Fountain for Youth and initiatives with the Irwin family's Wildlife Warriors.

## Personal life
Archer's career spans luxury travel, public relations, and event management, where she has made a lasting impact. Her approach, combining innovative strategies with an extensive professional network, has positioned her as a key figure in these fields.

## References
## Other websites
*FAWC website
Ekkehard Knobelspies

**Ekkehard Franz Knobelspies** (born July 10, 1967, in Konstanz, Germany) is a German entrepreneur and consultant. He is best known for ranking the "World's 101 Best Steak Restaurants."

## Early Life 
Ekkehard Knobelspies was raised in a conservative, Catholic, entrepreneurial, and sports-oriented family in Radolfzell, located on Lake Constance. He is the great-grandson of August Kratt and also related to Barbara Rockefeller, married to Margarete Knobelspies (née Pohlig), a great-great-granddaughter of Professor Julius Pohlig, the world’s leading cable car engineer at the beginning of the 20th century.

Knobelspies played tennis when he was young. He trained with important coaches like Nick Bollettieri and Harry Hopman. He was the runner-up in the Baden Youth Championships and a finalist in the German International Championships (Sport Scheck Youth Cup). He competed in several tournaments as part of the ITF World Juniors Tour in Switzerland and Florida, playing against notable opponents including Boris Becker and Thomas Muster, both of whom later achieved the world number one ranking in tennis.

After completing his secondary education, Knobelspies pursued language studies in Paris and Valencia through an exchange program. He later participated in a college tennis exchange at Houston Baptist University in Texas before returning to Germany to complete his military service at the Bundeswehr site in Pfullendorf.

## Career 
Knobelspies began his professional career in international five-star hospitality, training as a hotel manager at the InterContinental Hotel Düsseldorf. He eventually left the hotel industry as Sales Director of the Excelsior Hotel Ernst in Cologne, a member of the Leading Hotels of the World. After this, he worked for leading brand communications companies. His client portfolio includes brands like Mercedes-Benz, Deutsche Bank, and Coca-Cola. He then moved to London and worked with FTSE500 companies like HSBC, Allianz, and Jaguar Land Rover.

Knobelspies is the founder of the "World's 101 Best Steak Restaurants" list and now works as a consultant for many companies in the hospitality and real estate industry. His clients have included family offices, A-list celebrities, and blue chip companies. He has worked with ultra high net-worth individuals such as Countess Heidi Horten, Alexander Chesterman and fashion model Naomi Campbell. He currently is writing a book titled *So Rich and Yet So Poor*, planned to be released next year.

Knobelspies has been described by Monocle Magazine as a multifaceted, successful, and versatile entrepreneur and personality.

## Personal Life 
Knobelspies is involved in helping protect endangered animals, is a passionate hunter and conservationist, he advocates for biodiversity in both rural and urban areas, guided by his personal motto: "We must eat what we want to protect." He currently resides with his wife in London and the South of France.

## References
Stewart's Fountain Classics

'''Stewart's Fountain Classics''' is an American brand of premium soft drinks. They are nostalgic "old fashioned" fountain sodas. It originated at the Stewart's Restaurants, a chain of root beer stands started in 1924 by Frank Stewart in Mansfield, Ohio.
Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog

**Dr. Horrible’s Sing-Along Blog** is an Internet musical movie written by Joss Whedon and starring Neil Patrick Harris. Harris plays a Mad scientist named Billy, also known as Dr. Horrible, who wants to join a Supervillain team called the Evil League of Evil which will only let him in if he murders someone.

## Plot 
### Act 1 
Billy, pretending to be a villain named Dr. Horrible, records a video of him talking to his audience. Reading his email in the video, he talks about someone he has simply referred to as "her" and explains his plan to have her fall in love with him using his freeze ray so she will notice him in the laundromat ("My Freeze Ray"). Billy's evil roommate Moist enters the room with Billy's mail. Billy finds a letter from the leader of the supervillain league he applied to, called the Evil League of Evil. In the letter, the leader, named Bad Horse, explains to Billy that he will be graded based on his next crime ("Bad Horse Chorus").

The next day, the girl is trying to get people to help people who don't have places to live ("Caring Hands") Meanwhile, Billy tries to steal an element called Wonderflonium to power his freeze ray by stealing a van. He is interrupted by the girl from the laundromat, named Penny. She asks for him to sign a piece of paper to help her cause, which he does.

Billy then changes into Dr. Horrible and returns to stealing the van. His plan fails when his enemy, Captain Hammer, appears and destroys the remote control Billy was using to control the van. Hammer accidentally steers the van towards Penny, whom he then pushes into a pile of garbage bags. Hammer and Penny talk to each other while Dr. Horrible sneaks away with the Wonderflonium ("A Man's Gotta Do").

### Act 2 
Billy finds out that Penny and Captain Hammer have been seeing each other in public, so he watches them and complains about what they're doing ("My Eyes"). Billy is back in his house recording another video, outlining his plans to take down Hammer with the freeze ray. The camera cuts to him the next day, who informs the audience that his plan failed, as Hammer watches his videos.

Billy gets a phone call from Bad Horse, who informs him that since his plan failed, the only way for him to get into the Evil League of Evil is to kill someone ("Bad Horse Chorus (Reprise)").
Independent Alliance (UK)

The **Independent Alliance** is a parliamentary faction in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It is made up of five members of Parliament (MPs) who were elected as independents. The group is not a political party, but a technical group.

The Independent Alliance was formed on 2 September 2024 by Jeremy Corbyn, formerly leader of the Labour Party, alongside Shockat Adam, Adnan Hussain, Ayoub Khan and Iqbal Mohamed.

## References
Hyloxalus felixcoperari

***Hyloxalus felixcoperari*** is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Body
Scientists saw three adult male frogs. They were 20.3 to 20.8 mm long from nose to rear end and three adult female frogs were 21.4 to 23.8 mm long. The skin of the frog's mouth is light brown or cream-white in color, with small dark brown spots. The skin of the frog's back is light brown in color with darker brown spots and patterns. The skin of the frog's front legs is red-brown in color with spots and patterns. The sides of the body are dark brown with white spots. The sides of the back legs are red-brown in color with some dark brown stripes. The backs of the back legs are yellow in color and sometimes have dark brown marks or patterns. The adult male frog has a dark brown chest and throat and the adult female frog has a white chest, throat, and belly. The frog has a dark black stripe down each side of its body to its rear end.

## Home
Scientists saw this frog in exactly one place, between 2500 and 2577 meters above sea level in the Cordillera Oriental. They saw the frog in a cloud forest in the mountains.

Scientists saw the frog in a protected park: Las Nubes Private Natural Reserve.

## Young
This frog is awake during the day when it is warm. The male frog chooses a good place, about 1-4 m away from other males. He sits in the dead leaves on the ground and calls to the female frogs.

Scientists saw one female frog carrying three tadpoles on her back.

The tadpoles have oval-shaped bodies. At one point in their lives  they are about 3.8 to 4.4 mm long not counting the tail and 8.6 to 9.7 mm with the tail.

## First paper
*

## References
Adnan Hussain

**Adnan Hussain** (born July 1989) is a British independent politician and solicitor. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn since 2024.

## References
Shockat Adam

**Shockat Hussain Adam Patel** (born November 1972) is a British businessman, optometrist, and independent politician. He has been a Member of Parliament for Leicester South since 2024.

## References
Iqbal Mohamed

**Iqbal Hussain Mohamed** is a British independent politician, engineer, and IT consultant. He has been the Member of Parliament for Dewsbury and Batley since 2024. He is known for his pro-Palestine stance. He became the first independent MP to be elected to a seat in Yorkshire since 1907.

## References
Battle of Ypres

The **Battle of Ypres** was a series of battles during **World War I** near the Belgian city of Ypres, between the German and Allied forces (Belgian, French, and British). The battles resulted in over one million casualties across five major engagements:

* **First Battle of Ypres** (19 October – 22 November 1914): Over 220,000 casualties.
* **Second Battle of Ypres** (22 April – 15 May 1915): First large-scale use of poison gas by Germany; about 100,000 casualties.
* **Battle of Passchendaele** (31 July – 10 November 1917), also known as the Third Battle of Ypres.
* **Third Battle of Ypres**: Between 400,000 and 900,000 casualties.
* **Battle of the Lys** (7 – 29 April 1918), also called the
* **Fourth Battle of Ypres**: Around 200,000 casualties.
* **Fifth Battle** of Ypres (29 September – 2 October 1918), also known as the
* **Advance of Flanders**: Approximately 10,000 Allied casualties; German casualties unknown.
Gary Ruvkun

**Gary Bruce Ruvkun** (born 26 March 1952) is an American molecular biologist. He is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston.  

Ruvkun was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019. 

Ruvkun was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Victor Ambros for their discovery of microRNA.

## References
Bernal Sphere

A **Bernal sphere** is a type of space habitat intended as a long-term home for permanent residents, first designed in 1929 by John Desmond Bernal.

Bernal's original proposal described a hollow non-rotating spherical shell, filled with air, 10 miles (16 km) in diameter, with a target population of 20,000 to 30,000 people.

In 1975-1976, Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill designed *Island One*, a changed Bernal sphere with a diameter of only 500 m (1,600 ft) for a population of 10,000. It would rotate about twice each minute to produce a full Earth artificial gravity at the sphere's equator. A "Crystal Palace", formed by multiple rings next to the sphere at both ends, would be used for agriculture. Sunlight was to be provided to the interior of the sphere using external mirrors to direct it in through large windows near the poles. O'Neill also designed a larger version, *Island Two*, 1800 meters in diameter, with an equatorial circumference of nearly 6.5 km (4 miles). In addition to *Island One* and *Island Two* Bernal spheres, Gerard K. O'Neill also designed another type of space habitat: *Island Three*, also known as O'Neill cylinder, with an even far larger size than *Island Two*.

## References
Victor Ambros

**Victor R. Ambros** (born December 1, 1953) is an American developmental biologist. He discovered the first known microRNA (miRNA). He is a professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.

Ambros received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Gary Ruvkun in 2024 for their research on microRNA.

## References
Billiard table

]]
The **billiard table** also known as a **pool table**, or **pool break** is a type of sports table. Billiard tables are typically used to play billiard on. The game usually has 16 balls, which have to be inserted inside of pockets using a cue.
Ayoub Khan

**Ayoub Khan** (born 1972 or 1973) is a British Independent politician. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Perry Barr since 2024.

## References
Tehran Conference

The **Tehran Conference** (codenamed **Eureka**) was a meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943. It was held at the Soviet Union's embassy at Tehran in Iran. It was the first of the World War II conferences of the "Big Three" Allied leaders (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom).

The main result of the Tehran Conference was the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany. The conference also addressed the Big Three Allies' relations with Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan.

## References
Mephistopheles

, 1888]]
**Mephistopheles**, also known as **Mephisto**, is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend and has since become a stock character appearing in other works of arts and popular culture.

During the Renaissance, he was known by the name Mephostophiles, from which one of his possible etymologies is derived, according to which the name comes from the combination of the Greek negative particle μὴ (not), φῶς (light), φιλής (he who loves), or what is the same: he who does not love the light. However, the meaning of the word has not been fully established. Butler mentions that the name suggests conjectures in Greek, Persian or Hebrew languages. Among the suggested names, there are Mephophiles (enemy of light), Mefaustophiles (enemy of Faust), or Mefiz-Tofel (destroyer-liar).

Extended by Romanticism and universalized by Faust, it symbolizes the process of loss of faith and concretization to the practical according to a moral system typical of advanced societies as a consequence of the Scientific and Industrial Revolution.

Mephistopheles is often portrayed as a tragicomic figure, caught between his victory in getting the masses to stop considering God the center of all things, and his defeat in losing relevance himself for the same reason. Graphically, Mephistopheles has been shown as the most refined representation of evil, being characterized with lavish clothing typical of nobility and with a cold, rational mind with a high level of logic, the same one he would use to mentally trap people and make them follow his designs.
Lucien Trepper

**Lucien Trepper** (born 19 May 1953) is a Swiss archer. Trepper competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## References
Sally Svendelin

**Sally Svendelin** (born 19 November 1939) is a Swiss archer. Svendelin competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## References
Flag of Etzatlán

The **flag of Etzatlán** () It is colored and the coat of arms in the center in white, was created in 2023. It has a white diagonal cross divided the field into alternating blue and yellow areas. The center of the cross merges into a white disk, on which there are eight solid six-pointed stars outlined in yellow. The ratio of the flag was 2:3 until 27 September 2023. The ratio of the flag is 3:4.

## References
Hephthalites

of the Hephthalite Empire circa 500 AD.]] 6th century China.]]The **Hephthalites**, also known as the **White Huns** (Sanskrit: ***Sveta-huna***; Old Persian:  ***Spet Xyon***; Bactrian: ***Εβοδαλο***, or ***Ebodalo*** in Romanized form), were an ethnic group whose members lived in Central Asia from the 5th to 8th century CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns.
## History
The Hephthalites formed an empire, sometimes called the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily significant from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sassanid Empire defeated them. After 560 CE, they established "principalities" in the area of Tokharistan, under the suzerainty of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Traditional Chinese: 西突厥汗國) – north of the Oxus – and of the Sassanid Empire – in the areas south of the Oxus – before the Tokhara Yabghus took over the region in 625 CE.

## Related pages
* Sogdia
* Scythia
* Tocharians
* Tang Dynasty
* Sassanid Empire
* Indo-Iranian peoples
* Indo-Iranian languages

## References
DiscoVision

**MCA DiscoVision, Inc.** was a division of entertainment giant MCA (Music Corporation of America), established in 1969 to develop and sell an optical videodisc system. DiscoVision was the original name for what would later be known as the LaserDisc format. The format was intended as a home video distribution system using reflective optical discs.

## History 
MCA DiscoVision launched in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1978, with discs pressed in Carson and Costa Mesa, California. The company released titles from major studios, including Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, and Disney. There were also agreements with Columbia Pictures and United Artists, though no discs were released under the DiscoVision label from these studios. Eventually, several of these companies began releasing titles under their own labels. The first to do so was Paramount Home Video, which released a dozen films on the format in the summer of 1981.

DiscoVision's quality issues with disc pressings led to a partnership between MCA and IBM to form DiscoVision Associates (DVA), aiming to improve the quality of the product. However, significant improvements were never realized. In 1981, responsibility for the LaserDisc format was sold to Pioneer Electronic Corporation. This partnership included the establishment of disc pressing plants in Japan and the creation of the Pioneer PR-7820 player, the first industrial model of a DiscoVision player, launched in 1978.

## Decline and Legacy 
In the same year (1981), MCA discontinued the DiscoVision branding, as the format was rebranded to LaserDisc under Pioneer’s ownership. MCA's LaserDisc releases were now produced by Pioneer under the new "MCA Videodisc" banner, which was later unified with VHS releases under the "MCA Home Video" name.

Some of DiscoVision's technical staff later went on to form MCA Video Games, which focused on producing video game cartridges.

## Films Released 
DiscoVision released a number of films from major studios, including:
* *Jaws* (1975)
* *The Godfather* (1972)
* *Saturday Night Fever* (1977)
* *The Four Seasons* (1981)
* And many more...

## References 
## Other websites 
* DiscoVision Archive  - Comprehensive history and discography of DiscoVision titles.
Lotti Tschanz

**Charlotte "Lotti" Tschanz** (born 10 July 1933) is a Swiss retired archer. Tschanz competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## References
Elliptical trainer

An **elliptical trainer**, also known as a **cross-trainer**, is a stationary exercise machine used to simulate walking, running, or stair climbing. It offers a low-impact form of cardiovascular exercise that reduces strain on the joints, making it a popular option for people with joint issues or those recovering from injuries. By engaging both the upper and lower body, elliptical trainers provide a full-body workout.

## History 
Elliptical trainers were first introduced in the 1990s by the fitness equipment manufacturer Precor. Their first model, the **Elliptical Fitness Crosstrainer (EFX)**, was released in 1995. It featured a rear flywheel design and allowed the user's foot to roll naturally from heel to toe, replicating the motion of walking or running. The patented four-bar linkage system that Precor developed enabled smooth, elliptical motion and significantly reduced the impact on joints compared to other cardio equipment like treadmills.

Since their launch, elliptical trainers have undergone further development with features including computerized tracking systems, adjustable stride lengths, and a variety of resistance programs to accommodate varying levels of fitness. These characteristics have helped them become more and more well-liked in both residential and commercial workout facilities. Elliptical machines are especially popular for home gyms in places like the United Arab Emirates because of their minimal impact and space-efficient design, which makes them ideal for anyone looking for efficient cardiovascular workouts without putting undue strain on their joints.

## Types 
Elliptical trainers are generally categorized based on the placement of the drive system:

* **Rear-drive**: The most traditional design, with a flywheel located at the back of the machine, providing smooth movement.
* **Front-drive**: The flywheel is positioned at the front, offering a more compact design, but the movement may feel slightly different compared to rear-drive models.
* **Center-drive**: Features a flywheel placed near the center, providing a balanced and upright workout experience.

## Benefits 
The elliptical trainer is favored for its low-impact nature, as it provides a cardiovascular workout without the jarring effects on the joints, common in running or stair climbing. The adjustable resistance and ability to change speeds allow users to customize their workouts, varying from light to intense. Many elliptical models also include movable handlebars, offering users the ability to work their upper body in conjunction with their lower body, providing a full-body workout.

## Common usage 
Elliptical trainers are used widely in gyms, fitness centers, and homes as part of a cardiovascular exercise routine. They are particularly effective for individuals looking for a low-impact workout to build endurance and strengthen muscles without over-straining joints.

## Related pages 
* Treadmill

## References
Patent holding company

A **patent holding company** (**PHC**) exists to hold patents on behalf of one or more other companies. Unlike operating companies, PHCs typically do not manufacture products or provide services based on the patents they hold. Their main function is patent ownership, which can be used for licensing purposes or strategic management of intellectual property.

## Purpose 
Patent holding companies may be formed for several reasons:

* Tax considerations: Some companies use PHCs to benefit from tax advantages. For example, a company might transfer ownership of patents to a subsidiary in a jurisdiction with favorable tax laws.
* Licensing management: PHCs may manage the licensing of patented technologies. They sometimes organize patent pools, which provide a single source for companies to license multiple patents from different holders. This is common in industries like telecommunications and electronics, where complex technologies rely on numerous patents.

## Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs) 
Patent holding companies that aggressively enforce their patents through litigation or threats of litigation are referred to as **patent assertion entities** (**PAEs**). These entities typically do not manufacture products or provide services themselves but focus solely on enforcing patent rights. PAEs have been criticized for engaging in what is commonly known as *patent trolling*.

## Criticism and Patent Trolling 
Patent trolls are companies or individuals that acquire patents primarily to profit from enforcing them against alleged infringers, rather than for developing or marketing the technology themselves. On June 4, 2013, the National Economic Council and the Council of Economic Advisers in the United States released a report entitled "Patent Assertion and U.S. Innovation," which found that PAEs harm the economy by hindering innovation and imposing significant legal costs on companies. The report made several recommendations to curb the negative effects of PAEs.

In the same year, President Obama expressed criticism of companies that do not produce anything but instead leverage others' inventions to extract payments through patent claims. He stated that such behavior stifled innovation and entrepreneurship.

## Examples of Patent Holding Companies 
Some well-known examples of patent holding companies or PAEs include:

* Intellectual Ventures – One of the largest patent holding companies, focused on acquiring and licensing patents.
* Acacia Research Corporation – A company that partners with patent owners to license and enforce their intellectual property rights.

## Related pages 
* Patent troll
* Intellectual property

## References 
## Other websites 
* United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) – Official site for U.S. patents.
* Obama White House Archive on Patent Assertion
T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra Line

The **T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra Line** is a rail service operated by Sydney Trains.

## History
The line between Town Hall and Bondi Junction opened on 23 June 1979.
## Stations
### All branches
*Bondi Junction
*Edgecliff
*Kings Cross
*Martin Place
*Town Hall
*Central
*Redfern
*Sydenham
*Tempe
*Wolli Creek
*Arncliffe
*Banksia
*Rockdale
*Kogarah
*Carlton
*Allawah
*Hurstville
*Penshurst
*Mortdale
*Oatley
*Como
*Jannali
*Sutherland
### Cronulla branch
*Kirrawee
*Gymea
*Miranda
*Caringbah
*Woolooware
*Cronulla
### Waterfall branch
*Loftus
*Engadine
*Heathcote
*Waterfall
## References
T7 Olympic Park Line

The **T7 Olympic Park Line** is a rail service operated by Sydney Trains.

## History
The line opened on 8 March 1998.

## Stations
*Lidcombe
*Olympic Park

## References
Culter (disambiguation)

**Culter** is Latin for "knife". It can also mean: 

* Culter, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
* *Culter*, a genus of cyprinids
* Culter F.C., a junior football club from the village of Peterculter, Aberdeen, Scotland
* Cults Academy (Culter School), a primary school in Aberdeen
* Peterculter, commonly shortened to Culter

__DISAMBIG__

## Related pages 
* Coulter