open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vole

A **vole** is a small mouse-like mammal. It is a rodent from a subfamily called the **Arvicolinae**. They live in woodlands and grasslands.

There are about 155 species of voles. There are species in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The closest relatives of voles are the lemmings and muskrats, which are in the same subfamily.

Adult voles, depending on the species, are 7.5 to 17.5 centimetres (three to seven inches) long. They eat seeds, grass or other plants, and insects.

Many animals hunt voles, for example owls, hawks, coyotes, foxes, weasels, cats and snakes.

The average life of the smaller vole species is three to six months. These voles rarely live longer than 12 months. Larger species, such as the European water vole *Arvicola*, live longer. They usually die during their second winter. As many as 88% of voles die during the first month of life.

## References
Coyote

.]]

The **coyote** (*Canis latrans*) is a canid wild dog from North America. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.

The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word ***cóyotl***.

## Appearance 
Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.

## Range 
Coyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.

## Life 
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.

Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.

Coyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.

## Mythology 
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of *vagina dentata* or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.

Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark. 

Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter. 

## References
Rodent

]]
s]]

**Rodents** (from Latin **rodere**, "to gnaw"), are mammals of the order **Rodentia**, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. 

## Description 
Rodents comprise about 40% of all mammal species. They are native to all major land masses except for New Zealand, Antarctica, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity.

## Rodent species 
Rodent is the naming term of all members of Rodentia order of mammals and can be identified by their teeth. Their incisors (upper and lower) grow throughout their lives. Gnawing on hard material keeps the teeth worn down and sharp. Lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares are often mistaken for rodents. These animals have an additional pair of upper incisors that rodents lack, a very successful number of mammals that form the order Rodentia. 

They have no more than 2 incisors. These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin *rodere*, "to gnaw", and *dent*, "tooth".

Most rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Examples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).

Almost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.

Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.

Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.

## Taxonomy 
There are more families than these. The list includes the more common families.

* Order **Rodentia**
** Suborder Anumaluromorpha
*** Family Anomaluridae
*** Family Pedetidae
** Suborder Castorimorpha
*** Family Castoridae (*Beavers*)
*** Family Geomyoidea (*Pocket gophers*, *Kangaroo rats and mice*)
** Suborder Hystricomorpha
*** Family Ctenodactylidae
*** Family Hystricidae
*** Family Myocastoridae
*** Family Caviidae
*** Family Chinchillidae
*** Family Cuniculidae
**Suborder Sciuromorpha
***Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
***Family Gliridae (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice
***Family Sciuridae: squirrels, including chipmunks, prairie dogs, & marmots
** Suborder Myomorpha
*** Superfamily Muroidea
*** Superfamily Dipodoidea
**** Family Dipodidae

## Related pages 
* *Josephoartigasia*

## Other websites 
* UCMP Berkeley: Introduction to the Rodentia
*https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/taxaMamm/lagomorpha.htm
1550

## Events 
* January 6 – Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar in what is now Colombian territory.
* February 7 – Julius III becomes Pope.
* The first book in Slovenian, *Abecedarium*, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany.
* Nostradamus' first almanac is written.
* Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is founded by Gustav Vasa.
Columbus, Georgia

**Columbus** is the second largest city, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Coca-Cola and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola) were first made here. It is south of Atlanta. It is about one hour and thirty minutes to two hours away from Atlanta.

## References
1102

**1102** (MCII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* Valencia is captured by the Almoravids.
* Henry I of England orders the tomb of Edward the Confessor opened; the body is found undecayed.
* Henry I of England takes possession of Arundel Castle.
* The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.
* Boleslav III becomes king of Poland.
* coronation of Coloman of Hungary in the town of Biograd, adding the Croatian duchies of Slavonia and Dalmatia to the crown of Hungary.
* Crusaders capture Caesarea Palaestina.
* Crusaders defeat an Egyptian invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near Ascalon.
* Dagobert of Pisa is briefly deposed as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (and restored later in the year).
* Raymond IV of Toulouse begins to besiege Tripoli, and takes the nominal title of count of Tripoli.
* Raymond IV of Toulouse is imprisoned by Tancred, regent of the Principality of Antioch.
Carthage

]]

**Carthage** was an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia. It began as a Phoenician colony. At the height of its power, Carthage was the most important power in the Mediterranean and the wider Western world and controlled parts of Spain, as well as Sicily, North Africa, and Sardinia. 

The Roman Republic destroyed Carthage during the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In later centuries, Rome started a colony in the same place that became an important city of Africa Province. Eventually, the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.

## Punic Wars 
Carthage was a rival in the western Mediterranean for the Roman Republic, which wanted to take over the whole region. Carthage was a large obstacle and so in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina and landed an army in Sicily. That started the First Punic War. The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian areas in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them. Even at sea, the Romans copied the Carthaginian bireme ships, with two oars on each side, and won several major victories on the sea. However, the Romans had not been a sea power, which the Carthaginians had been.  

Finally, a general, Hamilcar Barca, took up to defend the Carthaginians and replaced of the older and less energetic Hanno. Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle and so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans. That tactic was slightly more effective against the slow heavily-armored roman troops. Eventually, however, the Romans took Lilybaeum, the Carthaginians' main stronghold in Sicily. That ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War. 

During the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian Army through Spain, southern Gaul and across the Alps into Italy in 218 BC. There, he clashed with and stunningly defeated the Romans in three major battles: the Battle of the River Trebia, the Battle of Lake Trasmine, and the Battle of Cannae. He failed, however, to take Rome and eventually in 203 after nearly 15 years had to retreat to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis at the Battle of Zama.

The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC during the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were mostly sold into slavery.

## References
1684

## Events 
* July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
*  October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
* December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper *De motu corporum in gyrum*, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.

### Undated 
* France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
* Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to liberate Europe from the Ottoman Turkish rule.
* The Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just *count* the verses.
* The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a , but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.
* Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
* England has its coldest winter in living memory; the River Thames and the sea as far as 2 miles out from land freezes over.
* John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim's Progress Part 2.
* The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the River Thames frost fairs on the Thames in London.

## Births 
* January 1 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (died 1748)
* January 14 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (died 1745)
* February 24 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (died 1738)
* March 15 – Francesco Durante, Italian composer (died 1755)
* March 19 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (died 1766)
* April 15 – Catherine I of Russia (died 1727)
* June 22 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (died 1762)
* September 18 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (died 1748)
* October 10 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (died 1721)
* October 26 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (died 1757)
* December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (died 1754)

## Deaths 
* April 1 – Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (born 1603)
* April 5 – Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1602)
* May 4 – John Nevison, English highwayman (born 1639)
* May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (born c.1620)
* July 2 – John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (born 1630)
* July 6 – Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (born 1614)
* August 8 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer (born 1622)
* October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (born 1606)
* October 11 – James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (born 1617)
1569

**1569** (MDLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
*January 11-May 6 – First recorded lottery in England performed nonstop at the west door of the St. Paul's Cathedral. Each share costs 10 shillings and proceeds are used to repair the harbors and for other public works
*March 13 – Battle of Jarnac – Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape under Gaspard de Coligny.
*June 10 – German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny near Limoges
*July – September – Huguenot forces under Coligny and 15 year-old Prince Henry of Navarre besiege Poitiers
*August 24 – Battle of Orthez – Huguenot forces under Gabriel de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives would be spared. Huguenots agreed, but then massacred the Catholics anyway.
*September – A Royalist army under the Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers
*October 3 – Battle of Moncountour – The Royalist forces of Tavannaes and Anjou defeat Coligny's Huguenots.
* Gerardus Mercator devises the Mercator projection
* Assemblies of 3 Lithuanian provinces, Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie vote to be incorporated into Poland.
* Poland and Lithuania are united in the Union of Lublin. They form Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Hey Arnold!

***Hey Arnold!*** is an American animated comedy television series. It was created by Craig Bartlett. The series was first broadcast on Nickelodeon from October 7, 1996, to June 8, 2004. It was about a boy with a football-shaped head named Arnold, his "gang" of friends and their lives in the fictional city of Hillwood. Each episode of *Hey Arnold!* ran for about 15 minute. In 2002, Nickelodeon made a movie, Hey Arnold!: The Movie based on the series.

Arnold's best friends in his gang are Gerald, Sid, Stinky, Eugene, Rhonda, Phoebe, Lila, and Curly. Adult Arnold was voiced by Christopher Walberg.

## Broadcast 
* Nickelodeon (United States)
* CBeebies (United Kingdom)
* France 5 (France)
* Playhouse Disney (France Spain Italy and Latin America)
* EBS (Korea)
* TVBC (South Korea)
* TV12 (Singapore)
* TVO (Canada)
* TV Azteca (Mexico)
* VBC (Vietnam)

## References
1302

## Events 
* June 12 – beginning of Rakvere town, Estonia
* July 11 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (*Guldensporenslag* in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French.
* September 24 – Charles II of Naples makes peace with Frederick III of Sicily under the Treaty of Caltabellotta – the War of Sicilian Vespers ends

* Roger de Flor starts the Catalan Company with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta
* Spain occupies the harbor of Algiers
* Jicin, Bohemia is chartered as a city
* Pope Boniface VIII stops the activities of the Franciscans
* Boniface VIII publishes the bull *Unam Sanctam*
* First meeting of the French States-General
* Dante Alighieri is sent away (exiled) from Florence by the Black Guelphs, as is Petrarch's father (see Guelphs and Ghibellines)
* Robert I of Scotland makes peace with Edward I of England
Brockton, Massachusetts

**Brockton** is a town in Plymouth County in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It and the town of Plymouth are the county seats of Plymouth County.

Brockton is also called 'the city of champions' because world boxing champions Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler came from there. It is also home to a large number of Haitians who speak Haitian Creole.

## References
Pentomino

A **pentomino** is a 2D shape made out of 5 side-by-side equal-sized squares. They can be found in the books *Chasing Vermeer* and *The Wright 3*. It was created by Solomon W. Golomb.

These are the 12 pentominos:

## Other websites
* All about pentominoes
Duke Kahanamoku

**Duke Kahanamoku** (August 24, 1890 &ndash; January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing. He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals.

Contrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna. He himself rejected that term, because he knew its meaning. The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the '40s & '50s in Malibu.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Team

A **team** is a group of people who have a certain task to . In order to meet their , the members of the group must work well with each other.

Successful team - a group of people who tend to meet their target despite barriers. The group members cooperate with each other and take other members' ideas into consideration.

Unsuccessful team - a group of people who have a very difficult time when  to complete a certain task. This may be because the members of the group think of only themselves and create an uncomfortable environment for other members of the team.
Hirohito

**Hirohito** (裕仁; 29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989), posthumously known as , was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989. He was the longest-reigning emperor in Japanese history and one of the longest-reigning monarchs in the world. His reign, known as the Shōwa era, encompassed the Empire of Japan's rise in militarism, its imperial expansion in Asia, the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, as well as the country's postwar economic miracle.

He was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito. In Japan, reigning emperors are known simply as "the Emperor" and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name, .

The name "Shōwa" was given to Hirohito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed in this way; and people started using the new name in 1990.  During his long reign, many people outside Japan call him Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito.

## Events of Shōwa's life
Prince Hirohito was named regent for his father in 1921. he became emperor after his father's death.

### Constitutional monarch
After Japan's defeat in the war, the role of emperor changed. The emperor became a symbol of the state. 

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Hirohito, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 900+ works in 1,500 publications in 15 languages and 31,000 library holdings .

* 1967 – *A Review of the Hydroids of the Family Clathrozonidae with Description of a New Genus and Species from Japan.*
* 1969 – *Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands.*
* 1971 – *Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer.*
* 1974 – *Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands*
* 1977 – *Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.*
* 1983 – *Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima.*
* 1984 – *A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.*
* 1988 – *The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.*
* 1995 – *The hydroids of Sagami Bay II.*

## Honors
* Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
* Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
* Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
* Order of the Garter (KG), UK
* Fellow of the Royal Society, UK

## Notes 
## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Shōwa period

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

**Notes**

## Further reading
* Bix, Herbert P. (2000). *Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan.* New York: HarperCollins. ; OCLC 247018161

## Other websites
1222

## Events 
* Foundation of the University of Padua
* Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca, Portugal
* Eric XI becomes King of Sweden
* Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia
* John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea)
* Alexander of Hales enters the Franciscan order
* April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, opens a council at Osney

## Births 
* February 16 – Nichiren, Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
* August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (d. 1262)
* Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264)

## Deaths 
* March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
* June 23 – Constance of Aragon (b. 1179)
* August 2 – Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (b. 1156)
* August 12 – Ladislaus Jindrich of Bohemia
* Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea
North Holland

**North Holland** is a province (area with a local government) of the Netherlands. It is in the northwest. The capital is called Haarlem. Other cities in the province are Amsterdam, Hilversum, Alkmaar, Zaandam, and Hoorn. About 2,888,000 people are living in North Holland (2021).

## Municipalities 
## Other websites 
*
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

The **Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact**, otherwise known as the **Nazi-Soviet Pact**, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.

A secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.

Only nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began. 

About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets. 

On 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.

Hitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945.

## References
Bacon

**Bacon** is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved.

In the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon.

Bacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered "unclean." Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.

## Cuts
The type of bacon is different depending on the primal cut of pork it is made of.

* **Side bacon**, sometimes called "streaky bacon", comes from the pork belly. This is the most common form of bacon in the United States. It is a leaner cut, with less fat than side bacon.
* **Collar bacon** is taken from the back of a pig near the head.
* **Cottage bacon** is made from the lean meat from a boneless pork shoulder. It is typically tied into an oval shape.

The inclusion of skin with a cut of bacon is called the 'bacon rind'.

## History
Salted pork belly first appeared in China. In Middle English the term bacon or bacoun meant pork in general.  Before the Industrial Revolution, bacon was mostly made on local farms and in home kitchens. The world's first bacon processing plant was opened in Wiltshire in the 1770s.

## References
Vyacheslav Molotov

**Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov** (;  in Kukarka – November 8, 1986 in Moscow) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1941. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power.  He worked for Joseph Stalin from 1924 to 1953, when Stalin died, and for Georgy Malenkov from March to September 1953. Molotov worked for Nikita Khrushchev until Khrushchev dismissed him from office in 1956.

Molotov was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, and both countries promised not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years until Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

The Molotov cocktail, which was invented by Finns fighting in the Winter War against the Soviet invasion of Finland, is named after him.
Noise

spectrum of environmental noise recorded on a busy street in Vienna]]

 are used to protect the ears from loud sounds |257x257px]]
**Noise** refers to unwanted sound, typically perceived by the ears. It can cause damage to hearing. In physical acoustics, noise often results from irregular or unwanted vibrations transmitted through a medium. Prolonged exposure to loud noise can lead to hearing loss, a condition called deafness. The level of noise is measured in decibels (dB), and sounds above 85 dB can be harmful over time.

Noise can also describe data, such as *white noise*, which lacks meaningful information. Loudspeaker tests often use white noise to assess the frequency response of speakers. In mathematics, noise can also refer to random data, which is often generated without a specific pattern or predictable sequence. This type of noise is useful in fields like cryptography and simulation.

In electronics, heat causes noise in resistors, with the amount varying depending on the type of resistor. This is known as thermal noise or Johnson-Nyquist noise. Most audio devices are designed to minimize noise production by using components that reduce unwanted signals, ensuring a clearer sound.

Another type of noise, called background noise, refers to environmental sounds that are not part of the main sound being observed. This can include sounds like traffic, people talking, or machines operating. In some situations, background noise can be helpful, such as in white noise machines used to aid sleep.

## Related pages 
* Noise (electronics)
*Earplug
## References
Joachim von Ribbentrop

officer while a Nazi ambassador and foreign minister ]]
**Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop** (30 April 1893 - 16 October 1946) was the foreign minister of the German Third Reich in Nazi Germany between 1938 and 1945. He was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials and executed by hanging.

## Early life 
Ribbentrop ("von" was added only later) was born in Wesel, Rhine Province, Prussia, German Epire.

He served as an infantry soldier in the Imperial German Army of the German Empire from 1914-1918 in Europe. 

## Nazi career 
Ribbentrop joined the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1932. He became an SS officer in 1933 and held the following ranks:

* 1933: SS Mid Senior Officer rank of Standartenfuhrer/Oberfuher (Colonel)

* 1933-1935: Senior SS Officer with the rank Obergruppenfuhrer (General)
* 1936-1938: Ambassador to the United Kingdom

He remained a member of the SS, run by Heinrich Himmler, until World War II ended in 1945.

## Trial and execution 
Ribbentrop was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed on 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. 

## Related pages 
* World War II
* Nazi Germany
* The Holocaust
* Nuremberg Trials
* War crimes
* Schutzstaffel (SS)

## Other websites
Western hemisphere

The **western hemisphere** is a geographical term for the  of the Earth that is west of the Prime Meridian. Pretend that the earth is cut in half, from the North Pole, through England, to the South Pole. The Western Hemisphere is the half to the west. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere.

## Related pages
* The Americas
* New World
* Eastern hemisphere
* Northern hemisphere
* Southern hemisphere
* Prime Meridian

## References
Flammability

**Flammability** or **inflammability** means that something can be set on fire easily. It will burn easily. The words come from Latin. The word at the base is *in-flammare* (late Latin). It means something like "to put fire to a thing".

*Inflammable* and *flammable* are used to mean the same thing. People sometimes get confused and think that *inflammable* means "not flammable" because the prefix *in* is often used to mean *not*. For example, something that is inhuman is not human. Since many people do not know that *inflammable* means "burns easily", *flammable* is used more often in public places as a warning.

Flammability can be tested. Paper, for example, is more flammable than wood, and less flammable than natural gas.
Arson

in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004.]]
**Arson** is a crime. When someone  sets fire to anything (such as a building or vehicle) they do not own and they do it on purpose, it is called arson. A person who commits arson is an **arsonist**. Arsonists usually use gasoline or kerosene to start a fire.

Arsonists use matches, Molotov cocktails and fire starters to start a fire. Arson is common in violent protests and retaliations against the government and .

Arsonists deliberately burn things for what they want. This includes personal reasons, reasons related to money, or political reasons.

Julio Gonzalez became one of the most prolific arsonists in history when he set fire to the Happy Land nightclub with only 6 of the 93 occupants making it out alive. Julio started the fire after the bouncer kicked him out late in the evening due to him quarreling with his girlfriend Lydia Feliciano after she recently quit her job there. She was one of the 6 people to survive the fire. The club was condemned for lacking fire escapes or sprinklers.

## References
Cocktail

cocktail, served in a cocktail glass]]

A **cocktail** is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If beer is an ingredient, like in a Queen Mary, it is called a beer cocktail.

If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

## Common cocktails 
There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

* A **martini** is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive
::There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
* The **old-fashioned** is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
* A **margarita** is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.
::A **sidecar** is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
* A **Manhattan** is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters
::If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
* A **mojito** is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.
::A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
* A **daiquiri** is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
* A **piña colada** is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut puree and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
* A **bloody Mary** is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

## References 
## Other websites
* Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes
1103

## Events 
* April 27 – Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after falling out with Henry I of England
* Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy
* Bohemund I of Antioch is released from imprisonment among the Turks
* The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see within the Roman Catholic Church

## Births 
* Emperor Toba of Japan
Sneeze

A **sneeze** is a reaction in the body that suddenly presses air out of lungs so it flows out through the mouth and nose. Air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. Sneezing often happens after breathing dust or other small things that irritate the membranes in the nose. The function of sneezing is to clean the space in the nose by removing the mucus and irritating things. Sneezing is mostly involuntary, which means that it happens without trying.

A sneeze consists of a deep inward breath that fills the lungs, a closing or partial closing of the throat, and a sudden increase in pressure in the lungs that forces air out. This increase in pressure is a result of muscles near the lungs that contract (tighten and shorten). When people sneeze, their eyes also close. Sneezing never happens during sleep because reflex signals do not pass to the part of the brain that causes muscles to move. The speed of the air from sneezing is about 150 kilometers per hour or more.

Many animals sneeze, including human beings, cats, dogs, chickens and iguanas. When a person sneezes, many small drops of saliva and mucus blow out from the nose and mouth. These tiny drops usually have viruses and bacteria inside. Some of these are germs, which can make other people sick. To keep this from happening as much, it is common to block the sneezed air with something like cloth or tissue to catch the drops. It also helps to move away from other people, go outside, or face away.

A common thing to say to people when they sneeze is "Bless you!", or sometimes "Gesundheit!" (from German, meaning "Good health"). There is a story that the blessing started with Pope Gregory VII (540–604&nbsp;AD). He said a blessing might stop people from getting the bubonic plague which was killing people in Rome at the time. There is a myth that when you sneeze, your heart and all internal organs stop functioning.

The sound of a sneeze is written as "achoo!" in English. Other languages write it differently. For example, in Swedish it is "atjoo!", in French it is "atchoum!" and in German it is "Hatschi!".

## Related pages 
* Cough
* Hiccups
* Yawn

## References
Puma

**Pumas** (*Puma concolor*), also called **cougars**, **mountain lions**, **catamounts**, or **brown panthers**, are large wild cats. They live in the western half of North America, Florida, and most of Central and South America. 

## Description 
Pumas are mainly tan in color. They can be up to 9 feet long, although average length is 6 – 8 feet. They can weigh from 29 kilograms to 90 kilograms.  (The males are larger.)   

Most pumas live up to 21 years.  

Unlike the big cats in the genus *Panthera*, the puma cannot roar. Instead, it can growl, hiss, screech, and purr. Most of the big cats can only purr while breathing out. 

Female cougars take care of their babies until they are old enough to take care for themselves. Baby cougars are called cubs or kittens. 

## Diet 
Pumas are hyper-carnivores; they eat only meat. They are apex predators 

## Habitat 
Pumas live in the mountains and forests. They prefer to stay far from people, but encounters with humans happen sometimes. In the last 30 years, 26 people have been killed by cougars in North America. However, many more cougars have been killed by humans. Cougars used to be found all across eastern North America, but they were hunted to extinction there by the beginning of the 1900s. 

Recent sightings of cougars have been reported from Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Vermont. For now, the only confirmed population of cougars east of the Mississippi River is in Florida, where a subspecies called the *Florida panther* lives.

## Related pages
* Jaguar
* Lion
* Leopard
* Cheetah

## Sources
## Other websites 
* IUCN 

* Information on Pumas
Google Talk

**Google Talk** (also called **Google Chat**) was an instant messaging service that was offered by Google. It let users communicate by using texting and voice chatting. The service was sometimes called **Gchat**, **Gtalk**, or **Gmessage** by its users.

It is built on the XMPP platform. A web-based version was also available online.

## References
Armour

s rolling off an amphibious carrier at the Battle of Anzio.]]

**Armour** (or **armor** U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.

Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets.  Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.

## For vehicles 
Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.

Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank. 

Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked such as film stars or leaders of major companies.

## For animals 
In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.

## For sports
Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic.
North Star Computers

**North Star Computers** was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the *North Star Horizon*, they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called *North Star DOS* (or *N*DOS*). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.

Their second computer, called the *North Star Advantage*, ran CP/M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the *Advantage*.

Their third computer, the *North Star Dimension*, was multi-user like the *Horizon*, but MS-DOS based.

Because their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business.
Oval

An **oval** is a shape. It is round but a bit longer in one direction. 

* An **oval** can look like an egg or an ellipse.
Focus

**Focus** is a Latin word for hearth. In English it means many things.

* Focus (geometry), one of the two points around which a conic section is built
* Focus (optics), the bringing together of light rays by a lens
* Ford Focus, a car
* The hypocenter of an earthquake
* The place where a nuclear explosion goes off
Mario Bros.

***Mario Bros.*** is a video game made in 1983.  It is the first game to feature Luigi as a playable character as well as the first game in which Mario is named Mario; in *Donkey Kong*, Mario was called "Jumpman". It was later remade for other game consoles at the time. *Mario Bros.* was also included with the four *Super Mario Advance* games and *Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga*.

## Gameplay
In the game, Mario and Luigi must defeat enemies by jumping on them from below and then kicking them when they are knocked down.

## References
Celtic

The words **Celt** and **Celtic** can have many meanings.  

Pronounced /kel-(tik)/:

*Ancient Celtic religion, a pagan religion.
*Celt, either ancient or Modern Celts
*Celtic languages, descending from the Proto-Celtic language, spoken by these people and their modern descendants
*Celtic mythology
*Celtici, Celts from ancient Lusitania (which is now Portugal). (See also Celtiberians for a Celtic people on the Iberian peninsula)
*Irish music, folk music that started in "Celtic" cultures.
*Celtic art, art from the "Celtic" culture
*Celtic Christianity
*Celtic calendar

The following should only be pronounced /selt(ik)/:

*Boston Celtics professional basketball team
*Celtic F.C. a football team in Glasgow
Manx language

**Manx**, or **Manx Gaelic** (known in Manx as *Gaelg* or *Gailck*), is a language spoken on the Isle of Man.

It is a Gaelic language, the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish. All of them are Celtic languages.

Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last old native speaker died in 1974.

Manx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

## History 
Manx began to separate from Middle Irish in about 900–1600 AD and is called *Yn Ghaelg* *Yn Ghailck* by its speakers. There became fewer and fewer speakers during the 19th century, when the language was replaced by English. In the 1901 census, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx, but in the 1921 census, that had dropped to only 1%.

Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.

## Today 
Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.

There is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. According to the 2001 census, 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second-language speakers, mainly on the Isle of Man.

## References
Goidelic languages

The **Goidelic languages**, or **Gaelic languages**, are a group of Celtic languages that are spoken in Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.

There are three Goidelic languages:

* Scottish Gaelic (*Gàidhlig*)
* Irish (*Gaeilge*)
* Manx (*Gaelg*)
Manx cat

The **Manx** is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a "rumpy", or it has a very short tail, a "stumpy". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.

The Manx's character is nervous. The Manx's appearance is round on the whole. They are skilled hunters.

## Other websites
Horn

**Horn** can mean several things:

* Horn (anatomy), something some animals have on their heads
* Horn (musical instrument)
* A car has a horn on the steering wheel to warn people of .

## Places
* Horn, Switzerland, a place in Switzerland
* Horn of Africa, a peninsula in East Africa
Agave

***Agave*** is a type of succulent plant from Mexico and the southwestern parts of the United States. They have thick, sharp leaves. Agave plants flower only once, produce seeds and then die. Before flowering they usually live for 10 to 25 years. Because they live for a long time they are sometimes called "century plants".

Agave is used to make things like tequila, agave syrup and pulque. They were an important food for many indigenous people in the southwestern United States, such as the Navajo and the Hokoham.

## Images

Image:Agave_americana4.jpg|*Agave americana* var. *americana*
File:Agave americana74.jpg|*Agave americana* 'Marginata'
Image:Agave americana 'Medio-Picta' Plant 3264px.jpg|*Agave americana* cv. 'Mediopicta Alba'
Image:Agaveespinho2.jpg|*Agave angustifolia* 'Marginata'
File:Caribbean Agave (Agave angustifolia) with inflorescence at Secunderabad, AP W IMG 6676.jpg|*Agave angustifolia*
Image:Agave attenuata Pot 2250px.jpg|*Agave attenuata*
Image:Agave bracteosa.jpg|*Agave bracteosa* (spider agave)
Image:Agave_deserti_form.jpg|*Agave deserti*
Image:Agave_ferox_3.jpg|*Agave salmiana* var. *ferox*
Image:Agave_filifera01.jpg|*Agave filifera*
Image:Agaveespinho1.jpg|*Agave horrida*
Image:Agave inaequidens ssp barrancensis.jpg|*Agave inaequidens* ssp. *barrancensis*
Image:Agave lechuguilla0.jpg|*Agave lechuguilla*
Image:Agave palmeri.jpg|*Agave palmeri*
Image:California Cabbage Agave.jpg|*Agave parryi*
Apple sauce

**Apple sauce** (or **applesauce**) is a sauce made from stewed and mashed apples.  Peeled or unpeeled apples can be used and different spices or additives like cinnamon can be used.  

Sugar or high fructose corn syrup is often added to the applesauce to sweeten it.  Applesauce can be fine or coarse textured, and can include large pieces of apple.  It is easy to make at home, and it is also sold ready-made in supermarkets. 

It is a  food or snack for children and people who have problems eating solid food. Parents often feed it to their babies because teeth are not needed to eat it.

In the United Kingdom, apple sauce is normally used as a sauce for ham, pork, and gammon.

## Use and availability
Apple sauce was once a food prepared for winter, since it keeps well.

Apple sauce can be used in baking as a substitute for fat (such as butter or oil) or eggs.

## References