open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Diocese

A **diocese** is an area of land under the charge of a bishop. He looks after the religious needs of the Christians who live within the diocese's jurisdiction. The bishop organises the work of the Church in the area, and is responsible for all the ministers (priests) in his area. Another word for diocese is **see**, or even 'episcopal see'.

The diocese is the key geographical unit of religious authority in the church. Archbishops have an **archdiocese**. Inside each diocese are a number of parishes. Each parish is the area supervised by a local priest, and is part of the diocese.

Each diocese have a cathedral serving as the bishop's (or for the case of an archdiocese, archbishop's) office.

## History 
As the Western Roman Empire fell during the 5th and 6th centuries the bishops of the Church took over many of the administrative roles of the former Roman prefects. The areas of ecclesiastical administration always coincided with those of the Roman civil administration. 

A thousand years later, the Ottoman Empire conquered the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire. The eastern bishops then continued as the Roman civil structure was stripped away. Many an ancient diocese, though later divided among several dioceses, preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division.

## Related pages
* Archbishop ad personam
* Auxiliary bishop

## Other websites
Battlefield: Bad Company 2

***Battlefield: Bad Company 2*** is a first-person shooter video game. It was developed by EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game is part of the Battlefield series.

The game has received very good reviews from game critics.

## References
Nico Rosberg

**Nico Rosberg** (born 27 June 1985 in Wiesbaden, West Germany) is a racing driver for the Mercedes GP Formula One team. He races under the German flag in Formula One. Earlier in his career, he competed for Finland. He holds dual nationality of these two countries. Nico is the son of Finnish  Formula One World Champion Keke Rosberg.

Rosberg won the 2005 GP2 Series for the ART team. Before that, he raced in Formula Three Euroseries for his father's team. Rosberg joined the Mercedes team for the  season. Ahead 2016 Singapore Grand Prix, Rosberg annocuned his retirements after 2016 season. He replaced to Valtteri Bottas sign Mercedes, He replaced from Lewis Hamilton in qualifying session on 2017 Jerez Grand Prix after Hamilton's injured due to crash during FP3 sessions.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete Formula Three Euroseries results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance completed.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nico Rosberg official website 
* Profile  from Mercedes GP official website
Reagent

A **reagent** is a chemical used to test for other chemicals. For example, potassium dichromate is used to test for alcohol, and nitric acid can be used to test for gold. Normally there is an obvious change, such as a color change or the formation of a solid substance. 

## Related pages
*Chemistry
*Chemical compound
Chromic acid

**Chromic acid** is a chemical that comes in several forms. It is made by reacting chromates or dichromates with acids or by reacting chromium(VI) oxide with sulfuric acid. As its name shows, it is an acid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it turns green. It is used to oxidize many chemicals, such as alcohol. It is very toxic because it contains the chromate ion. It is either a reddish solution or red flakes. It is used to make chromyl chloride.

## Related pages
*Chromium
*Chromium(VI) oxide
*Chromium(III) oxide, one of the chemicals it is reduced to
Chromium(VI) oxide

**Chromium(VI) oxide**, also known as **chromium trioxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CrO3.It has chromium in its +6 oxidation state. It also has oxide ions. It is a solid used in cleaning glass. Chromium-6 is odorless and tasteless.

## Properties
It is a dark red crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can ignite alcohol when it is mixed with it. It is very toxic and irritates skin. It is a stronger oxidizing agent than chromate. It dissolves in water to make chromic acid, which is acidic. It reacts with strong bases to make chromates. It gives off oxygen when heated and turns into chromium(III) oxide. 

## Preparation
It is normally made by reacting sodium chromate or potassium chromate with sulfuric acid. It can also be made by drying chromic acid. 

## Uses
It is used to clean glass. It is also used to plate chromate on things. It reacts with metals to make a metal chromate which stops the metal from corroding. 

## Safety
Chromium(VI) oxide is very toxic and irritating. It is a carcinogen and can cause mutations. It can be destroyed by reacting it with a reducing agent like ferrous sulfate. It is a dangerous hazard to the environment.

## Related pages
*Manganese(VII) oxide
*Chromium(IV) oxide

## References
Chromyl chloride

**Chromyl chloride**, also known as **chromium oxychloride** is a chemical compound. It has the formula CrO2Cl2. It is a red liquid. It is made by reacting hydrochloric acid with chromium(VI) oxide or potassium chromate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. When it is mixed with sulfur it oxidizes it. It is the result of a test for chloride. It is toxic because it contains chromium in its +6 oxidation state, and its fumes can irritate the eyes. It can also burn the skin and can cause cancer. It also contains some hydrochloric acid. It reacts with grease and some plastics.

## Related pages
*Chromic acid
*Chromate
*Dichromate

## References
Sodium iodide

**Sodium iodide** is a chemical compound. It is composed of sodium and iodide ions. The chemical formula is NaI. It is a white crystalline solid. It is a weak reducing agent. When it is exposed to oxygen in the air, it turns yellow-brown. It does this because some of the iodide was oxidized to iodine. It is used to supply iodine to the human body. 

## Related pages
*Sodium fluoride
*Sodium bromide
*Sodium chloride
Sodium fluoride

**Sodium fluoride** is a chemical compound. It is made of sodium and fluoride ions. Its chemical formula is NaF. It tastes bitter and is toxic. It is made by reacting hydrofluoric acid with sodium hydroxide. It is used in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay. It is a white crystalline solid.

## Related pages
*Sodium chloride
*Sodium bromide
*Sodium iodide
Todd Heap

**Todd Benjamin Heap** (born March 16, 1980 in Mesa, Arizona

## Personal life
He is married to Ashley and they had five children. On April 14, 2017, Heap accidently killed his daughter Holly Alivia when he ran her over in his driveway while moving his truck. Heap created the Hugs from Holly campaign in her honor.

## References
## Other websites
*Todd Heap at baltimoreravens.com
Potassium dichromate

**Potassium dichromate** is a chemical compound. It contains potassium and dichromate ions. It has a chemical formula of K2Cr2O7 (K2Cr). The chromium is in its +6 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a bright red crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent in acidic conditions. It is poisonous because it contains dichromate, which is carcinogenic. It can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. It can be reduced to green chromium(III) compounds such as chromium(III) oxide. 

## Preparation
Potassium dichromate can be made by oxidation of potassium hydroxide and chromium(III) oxide. It can also be made by adding an acid to potassium chromate. 

## Occurrence
It is very rarely found in the earth. It is only found in very dry areas. If it rains, it dissolves in the water and is washed away.

## Uses
It is used as a reagent for many chemicals, such as alcohol. Some breath alcohol testers use this, and the red turns to green when there is alcohol in the breath. It can be used to make chromic acid, which is used to clean glass. It can be used in cement. It is used to tan leather. It can be used in photography and to test for certain metals. It can be used to treat wood.

## Safety
Potassium dichromate is very irritating. It can cause cancer when the dust is inhaled. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can start fires. It can be reacted with iron(II) sulfate to detoxify (remove the toxicity of) it.

## Related pages
*Potassium chromate
*Ammonium dichromate
*Chromate
Nico Hülkenberg

**Nicolas "Nico" Hülkenberg** (born 19 August 1987 in Emmerich am Rhein, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German racing driver. He races in Formula One for Kick Sauber. He won the 2009 GP2 Series championship. He is a past champion in Formula Three Euroseries and the A1 Grand Prix, as part of A1 Team Germany. He is one of three drivers to win the GP2 series championship in his first season. The other two are Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg.

Hülkenberg earned his first pole position at the  Brazilian Grand Prix. His lap time was over one second faster than second place Sebastian Vettel on a drying circuit. It was the first pole for Williams in 100 races, since the  European Grand Prix.

After the Abu Dhabi GP, it was announced that Hülkenberg would not race for Williams in 2011. For the  season, he is the third driver for the Force India team.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula Three Euroseries results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap) 

 Season in progress.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Nicolas Hülkenberg official web page
Rover 25

The **Rover 25** is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the Rover 200 Series in late 1999 and received a sporty version in 2001 with the MG ZR. It was facelifted in 2004 and was produced until 2005 with the collapse of MG Rover. 

## Engines 
* *1.1* 55&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;hp)
* *1.4* 62&nbsp;kW (84&nbsp;hp) and 76&nbsp;kW (103&nbsp;hp)
* *1.6* 80&nbsp;kW (109&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8* 86&nbsp;kW (117&nbsp;hp) and 107&nbsp;kW (145&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 TD* 74&nbsp;kW (101&nbsp;hp) and 83&nbsp;kW (113&nbsp;hp)

## References
Alfa Romeo 145

The **Alfa Romeo 145** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 33 in 1994, and were replaced by the Alfa Romeo 147 in 2000.

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *1.4* 66 kW (90 hp)
* *1.4 Twin Spark 16V* 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.6* 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.6 Twin Spark 16V* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *1.7 16V* 95 kW (129 hp)
* *1.8 Twin Spark 16V* 103 kW (140 hp) and 106 kW (144 hp)
* *2.0 Quadrifogilo* 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.9 JTD* 77 kW (105 hp)
* *2.0 TD* 66 kW (90 hp)
Renault Safrane

The **Renault Safrane** was a car produced by Renault. It replaced the Renault 25 in 1992, facelifted in 1995 and was produced until 1998. It was replaced by the Renault Vel Satis in 2000.

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *2.0* 79 kW (107 hp)
* *2.0 12V* 103 kW (140 hp)
* *2.0 16V* 100 kW (136 hp)
* *2.2* 79 kW (107 hp)
* *2.2 12V* 101 kW (137 hp)
* *2.5 20V* 121 kW (165 hp)
* *3.0* 123 kW (167 hp)
* *3.0 24V* 143 kW (194 hp)
* *3.0 Biturbo* 193 kW (262 hp)

### Diesel 
* *2.1 dT* 65 kW (88 hp)
* *2.2 dT* 83 kW (113 hp)
* *2.5 dT* 83 kW (113 hp)
Renault 21

The **Renault 21** is a car produced by Renault. It replaced the Renault 18 in 1986, facelifted in 1989 with a hatchback model added and were replaced by the Renault Laguna in 1994. The Nevada station wagon continues until 1995.

## Versions 

File:Renault 21 front 20071031.jpg|4-door saloon(21)

File:Renault 21 Nevada Utrecht.jpg|5-door station wagon(21 Nevada)

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *1.4* 52 kW (71 hp)
* *1.7* 56 kW (76 hp), 67 kW (91 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
* *2.0* 78 kW (106 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
* *2.0 12V* 104 kW (141 hp)
* *2.1 Turbo* 119 kW (162 hp) and 131 kW (178 hp)
* *2.2* 79 kW (107 hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.9 d* 47 kW (64 hp)
* *2.1 d* 50 kW (68 hp)
* *2.1 dT* 66 kW (90 hp)
Volkswagen Tiguan

The **Volkswagen Tiguan** is an SUV produced by Volkswagen since 2007.
## First generation 
First generation Tiguan was firstly shown as a concept vehicle at the LA Auto Show in November 2006. Tiguan started selling in Europe in early 2008.

**Pre-facelift styling**

File:VW Tiguan 2.0 TDI front 20100801.jpg|Front (Track & Field)
File:2009 Volkswagen Tiguan (5N MY10) 125TSI 4MOTION wagon (2015-07-24) 01.jpg|Front
File:2009 Volkswagen Tiguan (5N MY10) 125TSI 4MOTION wagon (2015-07-24) 02.jpg|Rear

**Post-facelift styling**

File:VW Tiguan Track & Field (Facelift) – Frontansicht, 31. Dezember 2012, Ratingen.jpg|Front (Track & Field/USA)
File:2014 Volkswagen Tiguan Match TDi BMT 4motion 2.0 Front.jpg|Front
File:2014 Volkswagen Tiguan Match TDi BMT 4motion 2.0 Rear.jpg|Rear

### Safety 
#### Euro NCAP 
#### Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 
#### NHTSA
### Engines 
* *1.4 TSI* 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.0 TSI* 125 kW (170 hp) and 147 kW (200 hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp), 120 kW (163 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

## Second generation 
Second generation Tiguan introduced in 2015 on the Frankfurt International Car Show.
File:2017 Volkswagen Tiguan 110TSI Trendline 2WD wagon (2017-11-18) 01.jpg|Front
File:2017 Volkswagen Tiguan 110TSI Trendline 2WD wagon (2017-11-18) 02.jpg|Rear
File:VW Tiguan Allspace Comfortline 4MOTION (II) – Frontansicht, 10. Mai 2018, Düsseldorf.jpg|Tiguan Allspace
File:VW Tiguan Allspace Comfortline 4MOTION (II) – Heckansicht, 10. Mai 2018, Düsseldorf.jpg|Rear

### Facelift 
The facelifted Tiguan introduced on 30 June 2020.
File:Tiguan-fl-2020-frontansicht-1.jpg|Facelift
File:Tiguan-fl-2020-heckansicht-1.jpg|Rear
File:2022 Volkswagen Tiguan Allspace Life TSI - 1498cc 1.5 (150PS) Petrol - Indium Grey - 03-2024, Front.jpg|Tiguan Allspace (facelift)
File:2022 Volkswagen Tiguan Allspace Life TSI - 1498cc 1.5 (150PS) Petrol - Indium Grey - 03-2024, Rear.jpg|Rear

### Tiguan R 
In 2020, the Tiguan range also has been expanded with the addition of performance-oriented R variant.
File:VW Tiguan R 20210309.jpg|Tiguan R
File:VW Tiguan R Heck 20210309.jpg|Rear

### Tiguan X 
A coupé SUV version of the Tiguan was revealed in China as the Tiguan X in September 2020.
File:2021 SAIC-Volkswagen Tiguan Х (front).jpg|Tiguan X
File:2021 SAIC-Volkswagen Tiguan Х (rear).jpg|Rear

### Powertrain 
#### Europe 
#### North America 
* *China*

### Safety
#### Euro 
#### IIHS 
## Third generation 
The production version of third generation Tiguan was introduced on 19 September 2023.
File:Volkswagen Tiguan III DSC 7193 (cropped).jpg|Third generation
File:Volkswagen Tiguan III DSC 7191.jpg|Rear

### Safety 
## Sales 
† excluding imported models
## References
Rover 45

The **Rover 45** is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the Rover 400 Series in late 1999 and received a sporty version called the MG ZS in 2001. It was facelifted in 2004 and was produced until 2005 when MG Rover collapsed. 

## Engines 
* *1.4* 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.6* 80 kW (109 hp)
* *1.8* 86 kW (117 hp)
* *2.0* 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.0 TD* 74 kW (100 hp)
John Madden

in December 2007]]
**John Earl Madden** (April 10, 1936 &ndash; December 28, 2021) was an American football player, broadcaster, and commentator. He was the coach of the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) for 10 years. After retiring from coaching, he became a well-known color commentator for NFL telecasts.

Madden never had a losing season. As head coach his teams won seven division titles and one Super Bowl.

## References
Medicine Hat

**Medicine Hat** is a town in the Canadian province of Alberta. In 2021, the city had 63,271 people.

## References
Derrick Mason

**Derrick James Mason** (born January 17, 1974 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American former professional football wide receiver and returner. He played college football for Michigan State University. He never won a Super Bowl. Mason was known for his work ethnic (motivation), but sometimes took it too far when he did not receive the ball, like he sometimes did with Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco.

In the National Football League, Mason was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in 1997. He played as a returner and wideout and helped Tennessee to a Super Bowl XXXIV appearance. Before the 2005 season, Mason signed with the Baltimore Ravens. With Baltimore, Mason became a very successful veteran receiver. He is their all-time leading wideout.

In 2011 however, the Ravens released Mason. Mason spent portions of 2011 with the New York Jets and Houston Texans, where there was more controversy (arguments, etc.) He announced that he was going to retire from professional football after he signed a 1-day contract with Baltimore Ravens on June 11, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*Derrick Mason at NFL.com
Life After Life

***Life After Life*** is a 1975 book written by psychiatrist Raymond Moody. The book presents the author's account of what it is like to die. 

*Life After Life* sold more than 13 million copies and became an international best seller which made the subject of near death experiences popular, and opened the way for many other studies. 

Moody wrote a second book, *Reflections on Life After Life*, in 1977.

## Related pages
* Bruce Greyson
* Ian Stevenson
* Parapsychology
* Life Before Life

## References
Raymond Moody

**Raymond Moody** (born June 30, 1944) is a psychologist and medical doctor. He has written books about near death experiences (NDEs), a term that he coined in 1975. His best-selling book is *Life After Life*.

## Related pages
*Bruce Greyson
*Ian Stevenson
*Parapsychology
*Life Before Life
Golden, British Columbia

**Golden** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia and is nicknamed "Kicking Horse Country".

Golden was first known as The Cache and Kicking Horse Flats.

Frederick W Aylmer heard about a development west of Banff, Alberta being called *Silver City*, thought to call this community Golden City. "City" was dropped when the CPR arrived in 1885.

The current mayor of Golden is Ron Oszust. The mayor in 2009, Aman Virk died suddenly of a surpise heart attack while vacationing in India.

The population is 3,986 from the 2021 census.

Golden is home to the longest freestanding timber frame bridge in Canada called the "Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge".

NHL player Doug Barrault was born in Golden.

## References
## Other websites
*Official city website
Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

**Saint Croix** (; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean Sea.  It is a county and a district of the United States Virgin Islands. It is the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## References
## Other websites
Taryn Terrell

**Taryn Nicole Terrell** (born December 20, 1985) She could return from her suspension, the WWE released her from her contract on November 19, 2010.

## Personal life 
Terrell has a daughter born in 2014, and a son in 2017. She has been married to Joseph Dryden in 2015. 

## In wrestling
***Finishing moves**
**Diving crossbody
***Signature moves**
**Northern Lights suplex
****"Insatiable"** performed by Patsy Grime and composed by Jim Johnston

## References
## Other websites
*TNA profile 
*WWE profile
Ammonium dichromate

**Ammonium dichromate** is a chemical compound. It is composed of ammonium and dichromate ions. Its chemical formula is (NH4)2Cr2O7. It is a reddish crystalline solid. It is a weak acid. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can explode when heated in a closed container. This is because ammonium is a weak reducing agent, making a redox reaction. It is used in volcano demonstrations. It is poisonous because it contains dichromate, which is similar to chromate. It is a carcinogen. It is used in oxidation reactions. It is made by reacting chromic acid and ammonium hydroxide.

## Related pages
*Potassium dichromate
*Potassium chromate
*Chromium
City for Conquest

***City for Conquest*** is a 1940 boxing-drama movie that is produced by William Cagney, Anatole Litvak and Hal B. Wallis who was uncredited and was directed by Anatole Litvak and Jean Negulesco who was uncredited.

## Plot 
The movie based on the novel *City for Conquest* by Aben Kandel and is about truck driver, Danny Kenny (James Cagney), who starts as a New York boxing contender. His girlfriend, Peggy is played by Ann Sheridan. Danny's brother, Eddie wants to become a professional musician and Danny decides to help him. Peggy falls in love with her dancing instructor and Danny proposes to her but she rejects him. Danny gets blinded in a fight with a boxer who put rosin dust on his gloves. Danny works as an operator for a newspaper stand and Peggy is sad when her dreams of a dancer are dashed. Eddie becomes a successful composer and dedicates his first major symphony at Carnegie Hall to Danny and Danny is listening to the concert on the radio from his newsstand.

## Cast 
* James Cagney as Danny Kenny
* Ann Sheridan as Peggy 'Peg' Nash
* Arthur Kennedy as Eddie Kenny
* Frank Craven as Old Timer
* Anthony Quinn as Murray Burns
* Elia Kazan as Googi Zucco

## Ratings 
*City of Conquest* gained positive reviews:

* Rotten Tomatoes - 80%
* IMDB - 7.3 out of 10

## Other websites 
* City of Conquest at Turner Movie Classics
Hattie McDaniel

**Hattie McDaniel** (June 10, 1895 – October 26, 1952) was an American actress and singer. She was born in Wichita, Kansas. She made her movie debut in the 1932 movie, The Golden West. McDaniel is probably best known for her role as *Mammy* in the 1939 movie, Gone with the Wind where she won a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress making her the first African-American to win an Academy Award.

McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for singing and one for acting.

McDaniel died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, on October 26, 1952 at age 57 from breast cancer.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
* Hattie McDaniel's IMDB profile
List of governors of Alabama

This is a **list of the governors of U.S. state Alabama.**

## List of governors 
## Living former Governors of Alabama 
As of March 2026, there are seven living former Governors of Alabama, the oldest being Fob James, who served as the 48th and 51st Governor of Alabama (served 1979-1983, 1995-1999), at 91. The most recent death of a former governor was that of John M. Patterson (served 1959-1963) on June 4, 2021.

## References
**Notes**
John Bellamy Foster

**John Bellamy Foster** (born August 19, 1953) is editor of the independent socialist magazine *Monthly Review* and professor of sociology at the University of Oregon in Eugene. His writings have focused on political economy, environmental sociology, and Marxist theory.

Foster's most recent book, *The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet*, examines the ecological crisis, and includes essays on global warming, peak oil, species extinction, world water shortages, global hunger, alternative energy sources, sustainable development, and environmental justice. Foster says that any attempt to solve our problems merely by technological, industrial or free market means, divorced from fundamental social relations, cannot succeed.

## References
SEAT Toledo

The **SEAT Toledo** is a car produced by SEAT in four generations from 1991 to 2019. 

## First generation (1991–1999) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol 
* *1.6* 53&nbsp;kW (72&nbsp;hp), 55&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;hp) and 74&nbsp;kW (100&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8* 66&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 16V* 94&nbsp;kW (128&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0* 85&nbsp;kW (115&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 16V* 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel 
* *1.9 D* 47&nbsp;kW (64&nbsp;hp) and 50&nbsp;kW (68&nbsp;hp)
* *1.9 TD* 55&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;hp)
* *1.9 TDI* 66&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp) and 81&nbsp;kW (110&nbsp;hp)

## Second generation (1999–2004) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol 
* *1.4 16V* 55&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;hp)
* *1.6* 74&nbsp;kW (100&nbsp;hp)
* *1.6 16V* 77&nbsp;kW (105&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 20V* 92&nbsp;kW (125&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 20V Turbo* 132&nbsp;kW (180&nbsp;hp)
* *2.3 VR5* 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp) and 125&nbsp;kW (170&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel 
* *1.9 TDI* 66&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp), 81&nbsp;kW (110&nbsp;hp), 96&nbsp;kW (130&nbsp;hp) and 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp)

## Third generation (2004–2009) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol 
* *1.4* 63&nbsp;kW (86&nbsp;hp)
* *1.6* 75&nbsp;kW (102&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 TSI* 118&nbsp;kW (160&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 FSI* 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 TSI* 147&nbsp;kW (200&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel 
* *1.9 TDI* 77&nbsp;kW (104&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 100&nbsp;kW (136&nbsp;hp), 103&nbsp;kW (140&nbsp;hp) and 125&nbsp;kW (170&nbsp;hp)

## Fourth generation (2013-2019) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol 
* *1.2* TSI 63&nbsp;kW (86, 105&nbsp;hp)
* *1.4* TSI 75&nbsp;kW (122&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel 
* *1.6* TDI 77&nbsp;kW (90, 105&nbsp;hp)
Boy with the Blues (EP)

***Boy with the Blues*** is an album by the rock band Oasis.  It was released in early July 2009 as an iTunes exclusive EP.  It contained two songs not previously available on general release and also a remix of "(Get Off Your) High Horse Lady" from their album *Dig Out Your Soul*.

## Track listing
# "Boy with the Blues"
# "I Believe in All"
# "(Get Off Your) High Horse Lady" - the May 29th Devendra Banhart Mix

The first two tracks were only available on the *Dig Out Your Soul* Deluxe Boxset Bonus Disc, while the third track had only been released as a listen only track on Oasisinet's Radio Supernova.
Sébastien Buemi

**Sébastien Olivier Buemi** (born October 31, 1988 in Aigle, Vaud) is a Swiss racing driver, who competes for Scuderia Toro Rosso in Formula One.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

## References 
*Career statistics from driverdb.com, retrieved June 2, 2007.

## Other websites 
*Official website
The Usos

**The Usos** (born August 22, 1985) are a professional wrestling tag team consisting of fraternal twin brothers Jimmy and Jey Uso. They are signed to WWE, where they perform on the Raw brand. In WWE they are nine-time Tag team champions (four-time World Tag Team Champions and five-time SmackDown Tag Team Champions, and the first men to hold both titles together as the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship). Their fifth reign as SmackDown Tag Team Champions is the longest tag team championship reign in the company at 622 days. 

Jimmy (real name Jonathan Solofa Fatu) and Jey (real name Joshua Samuel Fatu) are the twin sons of Solofa Fatu, better known as Rikishi, and are part of the Anoa'i family. They were members of the family's stable The Bloodline. Their younger brother Joseph Yokozuna also works in WWE as Solo Sikoa.

## In wrestling
***Finishing moves**
**Double diving splash
**1D (for One and Done)

***Signature moves**
**Assisted Samoan drop
**Double Superkick

***Managers**
**Tamina Snuka
**Naomi

## Championships and accomplishments 
* ***CBS Sports***
** Feud of the Year (2020) 
** Tag Team of the Year (2018)
* ***ESPN***
** Best Storyline of the Year (2022) – 
** Best Storyline of the Year (2023) – 
** Tag Team of the Year (2022)
* ***New York Post***
** Storyline of the Year (2022) – 
** Storyline of the year (2023)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Faction of the Year (2022) – with The Bloodline
** Tag Team of the Year (2014)
** Ranked Jimmy No. 25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2014
** Ranked Jey No. 26 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2014
* ***Rolling Stone***
** Tag Team of the Year (2017)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Feud of the Year (2023) 
* **WWE**
** WWE/Raw/World Tag Team Championship (4 times)
** WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (5 times)
** André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal (2021) – Jey Uso
** Slammy Award (2 times)
*** Tag Team of the Year (2014, 2015)

## Footnotes
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Sam Koch

**Samuel David Koch** ("Koch" is pronounced "Cook") (born August 13, 1982 in York, Nebraska) is an American former professional football punter. He played for 16 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire NFL career with the Baltimore Ravens.

## Career
Koch was drafted out of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln by the Baltimore Ravens with the 203rd pick in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Koch has had a good career, with an impressive 43.8 punting average. In a 2008 Week 16 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Koch has a critical fourth down run. In 2010, he passed to cornerback Cary Williams for a first down on another fake punt. Koch has also kicked occasionally in relief of Matt Stover. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31. During the end of the game, Koch scrambled in his own end zone and took an intentional safety to leave 4 seconds on the clock, he then booted a 60-yard free kick which Ted Ginn, Jr. returned for 31 yards but was tackled in the midfield as the time ran out.

On May 19, 2022, Koch announced that he was retiring from playing professional football. After he retired, Koch became a special teams consultant for the Ravens.

## References
## Other websites
*Sam Koch at nfl.com
Billy Cundiff

**William A. "Billy" Cundiff** (born March 30, 1980) is an American former professional football placekicker. He played parts of 13 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Dallas Cowboys, New Orleans Saints, Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens, Washington Redskins, San Francisco 49ers, and Buffalo Bills. Cundiff played college football at Drake University and was also part of the Drake Bulldog's Men's Basketball team.

## References
## Other websites
*Billy Cundiff at baltimoreravens.com
Vitantonio Liuzzi

**Vitantonio "Tonio" Liuzzi** (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian raceing driver. He was born in Locorotondo. He currently drives for the Hispania Formula One team. He has homes in Lugano, Switzerland and Pescara, Italy.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.
 As Liuzzi was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

### Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicates fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official website for Vitantonio Liuzzi 
* Vitantonio Liuzzi profile and statistics
Book frontispiece

'', designed by Owen Jones.]]
A **frontispiece** is a picture. It is in a book, on one of its front title pages. It is usually a big scene of the book, or a portrait of the writer. In older times, the picture of the writer was more often used. This was because it was less costly, and could be used again for the writer's other books. Frontispieces were often used in scholarly books and Bibles, and many are fine works of art.
Vitaly Petrov

**Vitaly Aleksandrovich Petrov** (born September 8, 1984 in Vyborg) is a Russian Formula One driver for the Renault F1 team. He is known as "Vyborg Rocket" in Russia. By racing in the  Bahrain Grand Prix, he became the first Russian driver to take part in the Formula One World Championship. He lives in Valencia, Spain.

## Racing career 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

## References 
## Other websites 
* VitalyPetrov.com   - Официальный Виталий Петров сайт
* Vitaly Petrov career statistics at Driver Database
Pedro de la Rosa

**Pedro Martínez de la Rosa** (born 24 February 1971, Barcelona) is an Spanish Formula One racing driver. He has driven in Formula One since 1999. 

For , de la Rosa was signed by the Sauber team to drive with teammate Kamui Kobayashi. After the Italian Grand Prix, Sauber announced that Nick Heidfeld had been signed to replace de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to . De la Rosa wishes Sauber well, and said, "I still intend to be in Formula One for 2011."

On 27 September, Pirelli announced that de la Rosa had been hired as their new test driver. He will replace Romain Grosjean. Grosjean filled in for Heidfeld when he left Pirelli to join Sauber.

After the Friday morning practice for the  Canadian Grand Prix, Sergio Pérez became ill. He had received a concussion at the Monaco Grand Prix and was unable to race. Sauber announced that de la Rosa would replace Pérez for the remainder of the weekend.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official website for Pedro de la Rosa
Sakon Yamamoto

is a Japanese racing driver. He last raced in Formula One for the Hispania Racing team. He currently is the test driver for Marussia Virgin Racing.

## Early life
He was born in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture,

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sakon Yamamoto Official Website
33rd Annie Awards

The **33rd Annual Annie Awards** were held on 4 February 2006 at the Alex Theatre in Glendale, California. They were hosted by Tom Kenny.

## Winners and nominees
Winners are highlighted in **boldface.**

### Best Animated Feature
**Chicken Little*
**Corpse Bride*
*''Howl's Moving Castle*
**Madagascar (film)*
****Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit***

### Best Home Entertainment Production
**Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows*
**Kronk's New Groove*
****Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has A Glitch***
**Tarzan II*
**The Batman vs Dracula*

### Best Animated Short Subject
****The Fan and the Flower***
**Life in Transition*
**Milch*
**Moongirl*
**The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation*

### Best Animated Television Commercial
*ConocoPhillips - "1975"
*They Might Be Giants - "Bastard Wants to Hit Me"
*Coke - "Futbol"
*GE - "Tower"
**'United Airlines - "Mr. Pants"

### Best Animated Television Production
**Avatar: The Last Airbender*
*''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends*
**My Life As a Teenage Robot*
****Star Wars: Clone Wars***
**The Batman*

### Best Animated Video Game
**Psychonauts*
**Resident Evil 4*
**SpongeBob SquarePants: Lights, Camera, Pants!*
**Tak: The Great Juju Challenge*
****Ultimate Spider-Man**''
Kyle Richardson

**Kyle Davis Richardson** (born March 2, 1973 in Farmington, Missouri) is a retired American football punter who used to play for the Miami Dolphins, Seattle Seahawks, Baltimore Ravens, Minnesota Vikings, Philadelphia Eagles, Cincinnati Bengals, Cleveland Browns of the NFL. He was on the Baltimore Ravens championship team in 2000 when they won Super Bowl XXXV in 2000.

He now works as the vice president of sales & marketing for Caring One, a healthcare information services provider.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile on NFL.com
Le'Ron McClain

'''Le'Ron McClain''' (born December 27, 1984, named pronounced Lay-ron, as in lake) is an American former professional football fullback. He played for 7 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens, Kansas City Chiefs, and San Diego Chargers. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the fourth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama. McClain spent the 2011 season with the Kansas City Chiefs. McClain has worn jersey numbers 37, 33, and 44 in his football career.

## Early Years
He played high school football at Tuscaloosa County High School. 

## College
McClain played fullback in college football for the University of Alabama during the 2003-2006 college seasons, wearing #33.

## Professional career
### Baltimore Ravens
McClain was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the 4th Round (137 overall) in the 2007 NFL Draft. McClain wore #37 as a rookie in 2007. He mostly blocked that year, but caught a receiving touchdown in a loss to the San Diego Chargers, who were actually McClain's future team.

In 2008, McClain was part of a "3-Headed Monster" that also included Ray Rice and Willis McGahee. McClain's role was larger that year. His best moment was probably when he ran for an 82-yard touchdown to seal a win against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 16, in the last game ever at Texas Stadium. McClain finished the year with 232 attempts, 902 rushing yards, and 11 total touchdowns as he was used more as a runningback.

McClain was used more as a fullback again during his last two seasons in Baltimore. McClain made it clear he wanted more carries, even selling t-shirts to campaign.

### Kansas City Chiefs
McClain signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. With the Chiefs, McClain hoped to become a featured ball carrier. However, he had only 15 rushing attempts for 51 yards and two total touchdowns.

### San Diego Chargers
McClain signed with the San Diego Chargers for the 2012 NFL season.

## References
## Other websites
*Le'Ron McClain at baltimoreravens.com
Chromium oxide

**Chromium oxide** can refer to any of these compounds:

*Chromium(II) oxide, basic, reducing agent, black
*Chromium(III) oxide, basic, unreactive, green
*Chromium(IV) oxide, black, crystalline, hard to make
*Chromium(VI) oxide, acidic, strong oxidizing agent, red, toxic

## Related pages
*Chromic acid, a mixture of chromium(VI) oxide and water
Chromium(II) oxide

**Chromium(II) oxide** is a chemical compound. It contains chromium in its +2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CrO. It reacts with oxygen when heated to produce chromium(III) oxide. It is a reducing agent. It is made by reduction of chromium(III) oxide by hypophosphites.

## Related pages
*Chromium(IV) oxide
*Chromate
*Chromium(VI) oxide
Chromium(IV) oxide

**Chromium(IV) oxide** is a chemical compound. It is used in audio cassettes. Its chemical formula is CrO2. It is made by heating chromium(VI) oxide and water at very high pressures. It is a black crystalline solid.

## Related pages
*Chromium(II) oxide
*Chromium(III) oxide
*Chromium(VI) oxide
Genesis Award

The **Genesis Awards** are awarded annually to major news and entertainment personalities and media for producing outstanding works which raise public understanding of animal issues. Presented by The Humane Society of the United States, the awards show takes place every March in Beverly Hills, California. The awards have honored such well-known personalities as Peter Gabriel, Jane Goodall, Peter Jennings, David E. Kelley, Sir Paul McCartney, Arthur Miller and Prince as well as journalists, film and documentary writers and producers, print and broadcast news outlets in the United States.

The Genesis award was launched in 1986, by animal advocate, actress and Broadway star Gretchen Wyler.

## References
## Other websites
*Genesis Awards 
*The Hollywood office of the HSUS 
*The Humane Society of the United States
Sodium chlorate

**Sodium chlorate** is a chemical compound. It is a crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Its chemical formula is NaClO3. It contains sodium and chlorate ions. It is made by electrolysis of a hot sodium chloride solution. It is used as a herbicide. It is toxic because of its oxidizing properties. It is mostly known to be used as non-selective herbicide. 

## Related pages 
*Potassium chlorate
*Perchlorate
*Chlorate
*Sodium chlorite
Karun Chandhok

**Karun Chandhok** (born 19 January 1984 in Chennai) is an Indian racing driver. In  he began driving for the HRT F1 Team in Formula One. After the British race, HRT announced that Sakon Yamamoto would replace Chandhok at the German Grand Prix. 

Before Formula One, Chandhok won the Formula Asia championship in 2001, and he was the first Formula Asia V6 by Renault champion in 2006. He then drove in the GP2 Series for three years, winning two races.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Karun Chandhok career statistics
Nigel Short

**Nigel David Short** MBE (born 1 June 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest English chess player of the 20th century. He became a Grandmaster at age 19. He challenged for the World Chess Championship against Garry Kasparov at London 1993. Still active, Short continues to enjoy international success. He is also a chess columnist, coach and commentator.

Short's best achievement was in the World Candidates matches of 1992, when he beat world-class players Boris Gelfand, Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman to reach the final. In the World Championship match, London 1993, he was decisively beaten by the reigning World Champion, Gary Kasparov. The match caused controversy because the two players broke away from FIDE, for reasons mostly to do with the prize money.

Short has played 21 times for England in Chess Olympiads, and European and World Team championships. He has been living in Greece with his wife and children for a number of years.

## References
Sodium hypophosphite

**Sodium hypophosphite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaH2PO2. It contains sodium and hypophosphite ions. 

## Properties
It is a white solid. It is a strong reducing agent. When it is heated, it produces phosphine gas and sodium phosphite. It is quite poisonous. It can be oxidized to sodium phosphate.

## Preparation
It is made by heating white phosphorus in sodium hydroxide solution. This makes phosphine gas and sodium hypophosphite.

## Uses
It is used for nickel plating without doing electrolysis. 

## Related pages
*Phosphorus
*Phosphate
*Hypochlorite
Hypophosphite

**Hypophosphite**, also known as **phosphinate**, is an ion. Its chemical formula is . It contains phosphorus in its +1 oxidation state. It is made by disproportionation of phosphorus in warm alkali. Phosphine is also produced. It is a strong reducing agent. Chemical compounds that contain the hypophosphite ions are called hypophosphites. They are poisonous. Hypophosphites are salts of hypophosphorous acid.

## Related pages
*Phosphite
*Phosphate
*Sodium hypophosphite
Muscle atrophy

**Muscle atrophy** or “muscle wastage” is a medical problem where a person loses muscle tissue.  This makes the person's muscles weaker.  With muscle atrophy, muscles can shrink completely, or only partly.

Many older people have muscular atrophy. Muscle atrophy can also happen to people with certain diseases or medical conditions, like cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure (where the kidneys do not work correctly).  Muscles can get smaller and weaker when those muscles are not used as much as usual - for example, when a person has to wear a cast for a broken arm or leg, or when a person must be on bed rest for a long time during a long illness.  Muscle atrophy can also be caused by Dejerine Sottas syndrome, cachexia, burns, liver failure, and starvation.
 
Muscular atrophy can cause serious problems in a person's life.  As the person loses muscle strength, they will lose the ability to do more and more things.  When they try to do things, they will be more likely to have accidents.  Muscular atrophy increases the risks of falling.

No one knows exactly what causes muscular atrophy. It may be due to the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibres, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.

In muscle atrophy, the normal balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation changes.  There is a down-regulation of protein synthesis pathways, and an activation of protein breakdown pathways.  In the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway,  particular proteins are targeted for destruction by the ligation of at least four copies of a small peptide called ubiquitin onto a substrate protein. The substrate is later targeted for destruction by the proteasome.

Muscle atrophy can be treated 
* by exercise which induces an increase in muscle mass. The exercise downregulates the pathways which induce muscle hypertrophy, or an increase in muscle size.  
* by the use of functional electrical stimulation to stimulate the muscles. This has been  successful in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients.
* by therapy with muscle-building amino acids for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are critical to this process, in addition to lysine and other amino acids.

## References
Chamomile

**Chamomile** (*KAM-ə-meel or KAM-ə-myl*), also known as **camomile**, is a plant from the genus *Anthemis*. Its name comes from the Greek word *chamaimelon*, meaning "ground apple", because of its smell. It has white or yellow flowers, and over 100 species. It has been shown to make rodents feel calmer, and helps make people less stressful. It is the national flower of Russia.

## References
Fiat 500 (1957)

The **Fiat 500** is a car produced by the Fiat company of Italy between 1957 and 1975. The car was designed by Dante Giacosa. In 2007 Fiat launched a similar car, the Fiat Nuova 500.
Fiat Marea

The **Fiat Marea** is a car produced by Fiat. It replaced both the Fiat Tempra and the Fiat Croma in 1996, and were replaced by the Fiat Stilo Multi Wagon in 2002.

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *1.4 12V* 59 kW (80 hp)
* *1.6 16V* 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.8 16V* 83 kW (113 hp)
* *2.0 20V* 108 kW (147 hp), 110 kW (150 hp) and 113 kW (154 hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.9 TD* 55 kW (75 hp) and 74 kW (100 hp)
* *1.9 JTD* 77 kW (105 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
* *2.4 TD* 91 kW (124 hp)
* *2.4 JTD* 96 kW (130 hp)
Phosphite

of phosphite ion]]
**Phosphite** (systematic name: **phosphonate**) is an ion. Its chemical formula is . It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Chemical compounds containing the phosphite ion are called phosphites. Phosphites are the salts of phosphorous acid. They are poisonous. They are reducing agents. An example would be sodium phosphite.

## Related pages
*Phosphate
*Hypophosphite
*Phosphorus