open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Civil law (common law)

**Civil law** is a branch of the law in common law countries. The other branch of common law is criminal law. Civil law is concerned with the duties individuals owe to other people or to their government. This excludes the duty not to commit crimes. Two features stand out, class actions and the awarding of punitive damages in tort cases. Contract cases, tort cases (when someone is hurt and seeks compensation) and crimes which are tried in a criminal court and then tried in a civil case. An example of the differences and that the same crime can result in both criminal and civil trials is the O. J. Simpson trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. Where juries are used, the presence of a jury has changed the form of civil proceedings. A jury has to be impaneled, they must hear witnesses and go over evidence before reaching a verdict. Judges usually prefer settlements to trials and prefer bench trials because they save time. Attorneys for both sides can usually agree on the facts of a case before the trial starts. This can save a great deal of time otherwise spent on hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence. This can save on the costs of a trial. In a jury trial, the judge is required to give instructions to the jury before they . If a judge makes an error in his instructions, this is called a reversible error and can be used as a basis for an appeal. In a bench trial, the judge gives no instructions since there is no jury. This means the judge cannot be reversed due to an error in the instructions.

## Related pages 
*Civil code
*Administrative law
*Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

## References
Jury trial

A **jury trial** or **trial by jury** is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact, which is called a verdict. The judge usually follows the jury's verdict in his . It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or  of judges makes all of the decisions.

## History 
William the Conqueror brought to England a system of having witnesses who had any knowledge of a crime tell the court what they knew after they had first  an oath. The English word "juror" comes from the French word *jurer* (to swear).

In the late colonial period, juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. Even in England, where juries started, is using them less in cases of serious fraud and may ban them from some inquests. In the United States, jury trials are on the decline. 

However, many Asian countries have legal systems that are moving towards using jury trials more often.

## Civil trials 
The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but very few other countries. England, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have all but replaced with civil jury trials with bench trials. Less than 1% of US civil trials are jury trials. The Seventh Amendment prevents judges from overturning a jury verdict in federal cases if the finding of fact is reasonably supported by the evidence. Also, the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases.

## References 
## Other websites 
* US Jury System 
* The Good, The Bad and the Ugly of a Jury Trial
* Why Trial by Jury is Usually a Better Choice than a Bench Trial
* Should I Waive a Jury Trial and Instead Have a Bench Trial?
CBGB

**CBGB** was a New York City music nightclub. The letters "CBGB" stand for *country, bluegrass, blues*. The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal. CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played. These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Ramones and Talking Heads. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.

One store next to CBGB became the "CBGB Record Canteen", a record shop and café. In the late 1980s, CBGB Record Canteen was changed into an art gallery and second performance space. The name was "CB's 313 Gallery." CB's Gallery was played by artists of milder sounds, such as acoustic rock, folk, jazz or experimental music. On the other side, CBGB had a small cafe and bar in the mid 1990s. The cafe served classic New York pizza.

In October 2006, the original CBGB closed after its final concert. The concert was by Patti Smith. CBGB Radio started on the iHeartRadio platform in 2010. In 2013, its previous building, 315 Bowery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Bowery Historic District.

## References
Delegate

A **delegate** someone who is either chosen or elected to vote or act for others. In organizations like the United Nations, each country sends delegates to represent them.

## Political delegates 
Before a general election in the US, the process to select candidates begins with delegates. At the state level each of the major political parties selects delegates to attend a national convention. Because there are often multiple rounds of votes taken to select a presidential candidate, delegates sometimes change their votes. But in recent elections that has become unnecessary. Since 1976, it was fairly clear who was the front-runner even before the first vote was taken.

## References
Glenwood, Illinois

**Glenwood** is a village in northeastern Illinois, near Chicago. At the 2020 Census, about 8,662 people were living there.

## References
Pareidolia

in the Cydonia region of Mars, often called the "Face on Mars". This was given as evidence of extraterrestrial habitation. Later higher-resolution photos from other viewpoints demonstrated that the "face" is in fact a natural rock formation.]]

**Pareidolia** ( ) is the bias of the human mind towards perceiving familiar patterns in stimuli even when the patterns are not really there.

Common examples are perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations, the "man in the moon", the "moon rabbit", and hidden messages within recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds.

## Etymology 
The word comes from Ancient Greek.
Charles Caldwell Ryrie

**Charles Caldwell Ryrie** (March 2, 1925 – February 16, 2016) was an American writer and Christian theologian. He served as professor of systematic theology and dean of doctoral studies at Dallas Theological Seminary. He also served as president and professor at what is now Cairn University. 

Ryrie was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Alton, Illinois. Ryrie studied at Haverford College and at University of Edinburgh. 

He was the editor of *The Ryrie Study Bible* by Moody Publishers. It contains more than 10,000 of Ryrie's explanatory notes. First published in 1978, it has sold more than 2 million copies. He was a notable advocate of classic premillennial dispensationalism.

Ryrie died in Dallas, Texas on February 16, 2016 from pneumonia. He was aged 90.

## References
Abdul Rashid Khan

**Abdul Rashid Khan** (19 August 1908 – 18 February 2016) was an Indian singer of Hindustani music. He performed khayal, dhrupad, dhamar and thumri.

Khan made several musical compositions. He was also a productive writer and poet. For his writing, he used the name **Rasan Piya**. He trained many students in his lifetime and became regarded as a "guru" at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy in Kolkata.

Khan died in 18 February 2016 from multiple organ failure. He was aged 107.

## References
Ludwig (surname)

**Ludwig** is German name. It can be a given name for males or a surname. It is derived from the Old High German name Hludwig, which means "famous warrior." The name Ludwig has a strong and powerful meaning, making it an excellent choice for parents who want to give their child a name that will inspire strength and courage. The name is also associated with intelligence and creativity, making it a great choice for parents who want to encourage their child to pursue their passions and interests. The pronunciation of the name is [ **luhd**-wig, '*l*oo*d*'-vig, -wig; *German* **loot**-vikh, **lood**- ].  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German American architect

* Ludwig von Mises, an Austrian economist
* Ludwig I of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1825–1848)
* Ludwig II of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1864–1886)
* Ludwig III of Bavaria, last king of Bavaria (1913–1918)
* Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), German composer and pianist
* Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian philosopher
* Ludwig Erhard, a West German chancellor
* Ludwig Beck, a general in Nazi Germany
* Ludwig Leichhardt, a Prussian explorer
* Alexander Ludwig (born 1992), Canadian actor
* Ludwig Rellstab, German poet and music critic
* Ludwig Von Drake, Disney character

## Related pages
* 

## References
Alexander Gutman

**Alexander Ilyich Gutman** (; January 29, 1945 &ndash; February 17, 2016) was a Russian movie director of Jewish origin. His career began in 1986. Gutman made over 50 documentary movies, 13 of them as director. He won awards at several Russian and international movie festivals. His most famous movie is *Journey Back to Youth*. 

Gutman was born in St. Petersburg. He graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute (now known as St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University) (1968) and VGIK (1978). Gutman died in Moscow on February 17, 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
*
Axillary nerve

, axillary, and radial nerves. (Axillary labeled at upper right]]

The **axillary nerve** is a nerve in the armpit. It comes from the brachial plexus. It has nerve fibers from the C5 and C6 nerve roots. The axillary nerve goes through the quadrangular space. It is sometimes called the **circumflex nerve**.

## Function
The axillary nerve sends and receives signals from three muscles in the arm: deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles) and the long head of the triceps brachii.  

The axillary nerve sends signals to two muscles in the forearm, and to muscles in the hand. The axillary nerve also sends signals to the brain from the shoulder joint, and from the skin.

## Injuries and problems
The axillary nerve can get injured from shoulder dislocation, squashing the armpit using a crutch or a broken arm. Injury to the nerve results in:

*Paralysis (meaning it can't move) of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle, resulting in trouble moving the arm. Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles results in flat shoulder deformity.
*Loss of feeling in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.

## References
A Touch of Class (band)

**A Touch of Class** (also known as **ATC**) was a pop group based in Germany. It had four members. They each came from different countries&mdash; Joseph "Joey" Murray from New Zealand, Livio Salvi from Italy, Sarah Egglestone from Australia and Tracey Packham from the United Kingdom. The group was active from 1998 to 2003.

They were most popular after the release of their first single, "Around the World (La La La La La)", in 2000. This song was an English version of the song "Pesenka" by Ruki Vverh! It was first released on 9 May 2000. It charted at #1 in Germany for six weeks. It was later a Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom and United States. The song was in a television commercial for General Electric in early 2002. Similar-sounding songs were successful in parts of Europe, but A Touch of Class are mainly remembered for this first hit.

Their first album was *Planet Pop*. It was released on 6 February 2001 by Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Republic Records. Their second album was *Touch The Sky*. It was not very successful. The group broke up in mid-2003.

## References
Triceps brachii muscle

The **triceps brachii muscle** is a muscle on the back of the upper arm.  There are three parts that each come from different places at the top of the arm and join together at the elbow. It straightens the arm. The name is Latin for "three-headed muscle in the arm".

## Structure
The triceps brachii has three **heads**. They are: the long head, medial (inside) head, and the lateral (outside) head.The long head comes from the shoulderblade. It goes down the arm between teres minor muscle and teres major muscle.
 of upper arm. Triceps muscle shown with green writing]]
The medial head and lateral heads comes from the humerus (upper arm bone).  

### Nerve supply
Scientists used to think that all three heads of the triceps brachii got nerve signals from the radial nerve. However, a study found that, in 20 cadaveric (dead) bodies and 15 live people, the long head actually got nerve signals from part of the axillary nerve in every case.

## Function
The triceps straightens the elbow pulls against the biceps and brachialis muscles. It can also hold the elbow in place when the forearm and hand are used for small movements, like writing.The long head might be used when the same force is needed for a long time, or to help control shoulder and elbow movement. The lateral head is used when a lot of force is needed at once, while the medial part is used for more careful movement.

Many mammals, like dogs, cows, and pigs, have a fourth triceps head, called the accessory head. It is between the lateral and medial heads.  

## Additional images

File:Triceps brachii muscle - animation03.gif|Position of triceps brachii (shown in red). Animation.
File:Triceps brachii muscle - animation02.gif|Animation. Close up.
File:Triceps brachii muscle10.png|Still image. Front view.
File:Gray412.png|Muscles on the back of the shoulderblade, and the triceps brachii.
File:Flexión del brazo.png|Triceps and biceps.
File:Gray208.png|Left humerus. back view.
File:Gray818.png|The suprascapular, axillary and radial nerves.
File:Slide2r.JPG|Triceps brachii muscle (of a newborn)
File:Slide4aaaa.JPG|Long head triceps brachii muscle (shown in green text)
File:Slide4FFFF.JPG|Triceps brachii muscle (shown in green text)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Photo  at Ithaca College
Roaring Spring, Pennsylvania

**Roaring Spring** is a borough in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It had 2,384 people living there at the 2020 census. It is part of the Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
List of castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan

This is a **list of castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan**.

## List 
## Other websites
* Historical monuments Azerbaijans.com
Roaring Spring

**Roaring Spring** may refer to:

*Roaring Spring, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Trigg County
*Roaring Spring, Pennsylvania, a borough in Blair County
Wilberforce (cat)

**Wilberforce**  was a cat who lived and worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He lived there between October 1973 and 13 November 1987.  His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".

He served under four British Prime Ministers: Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher. His chief job was to catch mice. While he was alive, he was said to be "the best mouser in Britain" as fit his role.

He retired on 3 April 1987, and was succeeded by Humphrey who was born in 1988, the year Wilberforce died.

## History and career 
Wilberforce was just a kitten when he was adopted from a London branch of the RSPCA in 1973.  This was while Edward Heath was Prime Minister. He was appointed the Office Manager's cat, with a living allowance for his care. The black-and-white cat turned out to be a terrific . The policeman on security duty at the front door of Number 10 had to ring the bell for Wilberforce whenever he wanted to come in.

According to Bernard Ingham, the former press secretary to Margaret Thatcher, Wilberforce was a normal cat for whom Thatcher once bought "a tin of sardines in a Moscow supermarket". Ingham was allergic to cats and did his best to avoid Wilberforce. "Bloody Wilberforce used to sit under my desk and I would have a fit of sneezing. I hate cats", he said.

On the BBC coverage of the 1983 UK general election, presenter Esther Rantzen was allowed to hold Wilberforce and introduce him to viewers.

Wilberforce retired in 1986, after 13 years of loyal service. He went to live with a retired caretaker from No. 10 in the country. He died in his sleep on 19 May 1988.

## Further reading 
*

## References 
## Other websites 
* In pictures: animals at Downing Street: Wilberforce @ The Daily Telegraph
La Paz, Honduras

**La Paz** () is the capital of the La Paz Department of Honduras. It has a population of 46,264 (2015 est.).

## References
Kenton County, Kentucky

**Kenton County** is a county in Kentucky. Its county seats are Covington and Independence.

Kenton County is included in the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Communities
### Cities
*Bromley
*Covington (county seat)
*Crescent Springs
*Crestview Hills
*Edgewood
*Elsmere
*Erlanger
*Fairview
*Fort Mitchell
*Fort Wright
*Independence (county seat)
*Kenton Vale
*Lakeside Park
*Ludlow
*Park Hills
*Ryland Heights
*Taylor Mill
*Villa Hills
*Walton

### Unincorporated communities
*Atwood
*Latonia
*Latonia Lakes
*Nicholson
*Visalia

## References
Trigg County, Kentucky

**Trigg County** is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,061. Its county seat is Cadiz.

## References
Roaring Spring, Kentucky

**Roaring Spring** is an unincorporated community in Trigg County, Kentucky, United States.

A post office called Roaring Spring was established in 1849, and operated until 1909. It is named after a nearby cave spring which produced a roar.

## References
Kenton

**Kenton** may refer to:

## Places
### Canada
*Kenton, Manitoba

### South Africa
*Kenton-on-Sea

### United Kingdom
*Kenton, Devon
*Kenton, London
*Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne
*Kenton, Suffolk

### United States
*Kenton, Delaware
*Kenton Hundred, an unincorporated subdivision of Kent County, Delaware
*Kenton County, Kentucky
*Kenton, Ohio
*Kenton, Michigan
*Kenton, Portland, Oregon
*Kenton, Oklahoma
*Kenton, Tennessee

## Other uses
*Kenton (surname)

## Related pages
*Ken-Ton, the pairing of Kenmore, New York and Tonawanda, New York
Paavo Nurmi

**Paavo Johannes Nurmi** (13 June 1897 – 2 October 1973) was a Finnish middle- and long-distance runner. He was born in Turku. Nurmi set 22 official world records at distances between 1500 metres and 20&nbsp;kilometres. He participated in the Olympic Games twelve times where he won nine gold and three silver medals.

## References
Hardin

**Hardin** may refer to:

## People
* Hardin (surname)

## Places
* Hardin, California
* Hardin, Illinois
* Hardin, Kentucky
* Hardin, Missouri
* Hardin, Montana
* Hardin, Ohio
* Hardin, Texas

### Counties
* Hardin County, Illinois
* Hardin County, Iowa
* Hardin County, Kentucky
* Hardin County, Ohio
* Hardin County, Tennessee
* Hardin County, Texas
Hardin, Ohio

**Hardin** is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Ohio.

## History
Hardin was platted in 1816. The community was named for John Hardin (1753–1792), a Continental Army officer in the American Revolutionary War.

## References
Jeffersonville

**Jeffersonville** is the name of several places in the United States:

*Jeffersonville, Georgia
*Jeffersonville, Illinois
*Jeffersonville, Indiana
*Jeffersonville, Kentucky
*Jeffersonville, New York
*Jeffersonville, Ohio
*Jeffersonville, Vermont
Belle (Disney)

**Belle** is a brunette Disney princess. She is in the Disney movie, *Beauty and the Beast*. She is a normal girl who loves to read and help her father. She hates the Beast till she finds out he is not a beast. He has a loving heart and was cursed by an old woman. Some say Belle has brown eyes, others say she has hazel, but it really depends on the image. She has long brown hair, and a loving heart.
Pantelis Pantelidis

**Pantelis Pantelidis** (23 November 1983 – 18 February 2016) was a Greek singer and songwriter. He was born in Athens and grew up in Nea Ionia. He worked in the Greek Navy, but left this job for a musical career. He learned music by himself. He became known from some YouTube videos. He worked with Greek musicians such as Vasilis Karras, Despina Vandi and others. He twice won awards at the MAD Video Music Awards, first in 2013 as the best new artist and secondly in 2015 as the best Greek male singer.

Pantelidis was killed on February 18, 2016, in a car crash in Athens. He was aged 32.

## References
Belinda Nash

**Belinda Nash** (October 27, 1946 – February 16, 2016) was an American historian, author and activist. She wrote a biography of Grace Sherwood, the last person to be "convicted" by ordeal of being a witch in Virginia. As a result of Nash's work, Sherwood was given a pardon, 300 years after her trial by ordeal.

Nash died in Virginia Beach, Virginia on February 16, 2016 from cancer. She was aged 69.

## References
Claude Jeancolas

**Claude Jeancolas** (1949 – 17 February 2016) was a French writer, art historian and journalist. He was best known for his expertise on Arthur Rimbaud. He was born in Nancy, France. 

Jeancolas died in Paris, France from cancer on 17 February 2016. He was aged 66.

## References
Displacement (ship)

**Displacement** or **displacement tonnage** is the weight of water that a ship pushes aside when it is floating, which in turn is the weight of a ship (and its contents). It is usually applied to naval vessels rather than commercial ones, and is measured when the ship's fuel tanks are full and all stores are aboard.  Merchant vessels use other measures such as net tonnage, gross tonnage, or deadweight tonnage.

## References
Tamerlan Aguzarov

**Tamerlan Kimovich Aguzarov**  (; 14 June 1963  – 19 February 2016) was a Russian politician. He was the head of North Ossetia-Alania from June 5, 2015 until his death in February 19, 2016.

Aguzarov died on 19 February 2016 in Moscow from complications of pneumonia. He was aged 52.

## References 
## Other websites
* Официальный сайт Правительства Республики Северная Осетия — Алания
Bill Daily

**Bill Daily** (August 30, 1927 &ndash; September 4, 2018) was an American comedian and dramatic actor. He acted in many television sitcoms. He was best known for playing astronaut Roger Healey on *I Dream of Jeannie* and commercial airline navigator Howard Borden on *The Bob Newhart Show*.

Daily was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Daily died on September 4, 2018 at the age of 91 in his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jasmine Tookes

**Jasmine Tookes** (born February 1, 1991) is an American model.

Tookes was born and raised in Huntington Beach, California. Tookes wther's showroom appointments.

Tookes' first commercial ad campaigns were in 2010 for ugg boots and Gap.

In September 2020, Tookes announced her engagement to her boyfriend of four years Juan David Borrero, director of international markets of Snap Inc and son of doctor Alfredo Borrero Vega, Vice President-elect of Ecuador.

## References
The Dream Makers II

***The Dream Makers II*** (, also ***The Dream Makers 2*** or ***ZZSF2***) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It is a sequel to the 2013 series *The Dream Makers*. It began its run from 4 December 2015. There are 32 episodes. It stars Zoe Tay, Li Nanxing, Huang Biren, Jeanette Aw, Rui En, Qi Yuwu, Romeo Tan, Julie Tan, Zhang Zhenhuan, Ian Fang, Chen Meifeng and Damian Lau as the main characters. The show is Channel 8's end-year blockbuster for 2015.

## Cast
*Zoe Tay as Zhou Weiyun
*Li Nanxing as Lin Tao
*Huang Biren as Guan Xie En
*Rui En as Fang Tonglin
*Qi Yuwu as Jason Lam
*Jeanette Aw as Zhao Fei'er
*Romeo Tan as Zhong Yiming
*Julie Tan as Dong Zihuai
*Zhang Zhenhuan as Chen Guang
*Ian Fang as Joey
*Damian Lau as Zheng Shouyi
*Chen Meifeng as Zhong Qianyi
*Wang Yuqing as Qin Wenxu
*Li Wenhai as MD Chong
*Choy Peng Hoy as Yalian
*Rayson Tan as Richard Ma
*Tracy Lee as Diana
*Richard Low as Zhao De
*Edwin Goh as Eddy
*Damien Teo as Eden
*Eelyn Kok as Meiling
*Yan Bingliang as Chen Dongqiang
*Yao Wenlong as Zheng Shoude
*Chen Hanwei (special appearance)

## Trivia
*This is Zoe Tay and Huang Biren's first drama collaboration in 27 years.
*This is Hong Kong TVB actor Damian Lau's second Singaporean drama series after Dare To Strike, and Taiwanese actress Chen Meifeng's first Singaporean drama.

## Accolades 
* Star Awards 2016 Backstage Achievement Awards - 
** Loh Woon Woon and Wong Foong Hwee were nominated for Best Director, to which Loh won.
** Rebecca Leow was nominated for Best Screenplay.
** Kee Chee Wee was nominated for Best Programme Promo.
** Tommy Lee Heng Soon was nominated for Best Cameraman (for Drama Programmes).
** Simon Poon, Joyce Teo and Steven Lee were nominated for Best Editing for Drama Programme, to which Poon won.
* Star Awards 2016 Part 2 - 
** 《终于》 won the Best Theme Song.
** Damien Teo won the Young Talent Award.
** Edwin Goh and Zhang Zhenhuan are nominated for Best Supporting Actor, to which Zhang won.
** Julie Tan won the Best Supporting Actress.
** Romeo Tan and Qi Yuwu are nominated for Best Actor, to which Qi won.
** Jeanette Aw, Rui En and Zoe Tay are nominated for Best Actress, to which Aw won.
** The series won the Best Drama Serial. It is one of the five dramas to be nominated for both the Best Drama Serial and Best Theme Song, along with *118*, *Crescendo*, *The Journey: Our Homeland* and *Tiger Mum*.
* Star Awards 2016 Post Show Party - 
** Jeanette Aw, Rui En and Huang Biren are nominated for Favourite Female Character. Despite Aw's wish to withdraw from voting-based award categories, she is nominated for "Favourite Female Character" and "Favourite Onscreen Couple" again. Aw won the award once again.
** Qi Yuwu and Rui En, Qi Yuwu and Jeanette Aw, and Zhang Zhenhuan and Julie Tan are nominated for Favourite Onscreen Couple (Drama). Qi and Aw won the award.
** Romeo Tan won the London Choco Roll Happiness Award.

## References
Comberton

**Comberton** is a village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, England. It is about 10&nbsp;km (6&nbsp;miles) south-west of the city of Cambridge.

Comberton has a population of about 2,400. It has two churches: an Anglican church dating from the 13th century, and a Baptist church dating from 1861.

Its neighbouring village is Barton.

## Related pages
* List of places in Cambridgeshire

## References
## Other websites
* Comberton Village Website
Aleksey Batalov

**Aleksey Vladimirovich Batalov** () was a Soviet and Russian actor. He has been known for his portrayal of noble and positive characters. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1976 and a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1989. He also starred in Mikhail Romm's *Nine Days of One Year* (1962). In 1967 he was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1973 he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.

Batalov died on 14 June 2017 in Moscow from complications of a fall at the age of 88.

## References
Eric Brown (pilot)

Captain **Eric Melrose "Winkle" Brown**, CBE, DSC, AFC, Hon FRAeS, RN (21 January 1919 – 21 February 2016) was a Scottish Royal Navy officer and test pilot. He flew 487 different types of aircraft, more than anyone else in history. 

He also held the world record for most aircraft carrier landings performed (2,407) and was the Fleet Air Arm's most decorated living pilot. He achieved several "firsts" in naval aviation, including the first landings on an aircraft carrier of a twin-engined aircraft, an aircraft with a tricycle undercarriage and a jet-propelled aircraft.

## References
Bruno Zuppiger

**Bruno Zuppiger** (24 February 1952 &ndash; 19 February 2016) was a Swiss management consultant and politician. He was a member of the conservative Swiss People's Party. He served on the Swiss National Council representing the Canton of Zürich. In 1999, he was elected to the National Council. He was chairman of the National Council's Finance Committee and also served on the Security Policy Committee.

Zuppiger was born in St. Gallen, Switzerland. He graduated from the University of St. Gallen and the Zürich Teachers' Seminary in 1976. Zuppiger died in Hinwil on 19 February 2016 of sudden heart failure. He was aged 63.

## References
Samuel Willenberg

**Samuel Willenberg** (February 16, 1923 – February 19, 2016) was a Polish-born Israeli prisoner in the Treblinka extermination camp. He was part of its prisoner revolt, and a participant of the Warsaw Uprising. In the uprising, he used the name ***Igo***.

Willenberg was born in Częstochowa, Poland.

After the war he lived in Israel. He received the highest of Poland's orders including Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit. It was awarded by President Lech Kaczyński.

His memoir, titled *Revolt in Treblinka*, was published in Hebrew, Polish and English between 1986 and 1991. He was a sculptor and painter.

Willenberg died on February 19, 2016 from complications of a stroke in Udim, Israel. He was aged 93. Before his death, he was the last living survivor of Treblinka.

## References
## Other websites
*Michał Grynberg, Maria Kotowska, *Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945* (The Life and extermination of Polish Jewry 1939–1945). Warsaw, Oficyna Naukowa 2003, p.&nbsp;202. . 
*Samuel Willenberg, *Bunt w Treblince* (Revolt in Treblinka). Warsaw, Biblioteka "Więzi" 2004, pp.&nbsp;9–150. . 
*Patrycja Bukalska, "Piekło płonie" (The Hell burns) in: *Tygodnik Powszechny* [on-line]. *Tygodnik.onet.pl*, 16/2013 (Special). Accessed August 29, 2013. 
*Barbara Engelking, Dariusz Libionka, *Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie* (Jews in the Warsaw Uprising). Warsaw, Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów (Center for Holocaust Association) 2009, pp.&nbsp;75–155. .
2015–16 UEFA Champions League – Group stage

The **2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage** began on 15 September and ended on 9 December 2015. A total of 32 teams competed in group stage to decide the 16 places in the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League.

## Groups 
### Group A

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;Notes

### Group H

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## References
Ove Verner Hansen

**Ove Verner Hansen** (20 July 1932 – 20 February 2016) was a Danish opera singer and actor. He played the character "Bøffen" (or "Biffen" in Norwegian, literally meaning "the steak" in both languages) in several of the Olsen Gang (Olsenbanden) movies. He played a tall large slow-moving henchman, often seen lifting Egon Olsen up over his head, carrying him under one arm, and trying to kill him.

Hansen died in Gentofte, Denmark from a heart attack on 20 February 2016. He was aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Ove Verner Hansen at Danskefilm.dk
Vi Subversa

**Frances Sokolov** (20 June 1935 – 19 February 2016), better known by her stage name **Vi Subversa**, was a British singer and guitarist. She was a member of the anarcho-punk band Poison Girls. She was born in London, England.

Subversa died of cancer at her home in London on 19 February 2016. She was aged 80.

## References
Log Cabin Republicans

**Log Cabin Republicans** (**LCR**) is an organization in the United States. They do work within the Republican Party. They work for equal rights for LGBT people in the United States.

On February 15, 2013, the National Board of Directors made Gregory T. Angelo the director.

## History
Log Cabin Republicans began in 1977 in California as a cause for Republicans who were against the Briggs Initiative. The Briggs Initiative would have banned homosexuals from teaching in public schools. It called for the firing of openly gay or lesbian teachers.

Ronald Reagan, who was running for president, was against the Briggs Initiative.

LCR was against the re-election of George W. Bush in 2004 because of his support of the Federal Marriage Amendment.

## Platform
LCR acts differently from socially conservative Republicans' views or is neutral. They work for same-sex marriage, domestic partner benefits and permanent removal of the estate tax.

The LCR has no official position on abortion.

## References
Briggs Initiative

**California Proposition 6**, also known as **Briggs Initiative**, was an initiative on the California state ballot on November 7, 1978. It did not pass. It was sponsored by John Briggs, a conservative state legislator from Orange County. The initiative would have banned homosexuals from working in California public schools.

The San Francisco politician Harvey Milk fought the measure. California Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter were against it. Polls had originally showed support for the initiative leading by a large margin. It was defeated by the LGBT community, conservatives and liberals alike.

## References
Hans Posthumus

**Hans Posthumus** (10 March 1947 – 15 February 2016) was a Dutch professional footballer (association football). He played as a striker.

Posthumus was born in Harderwijk, Netherlands. He played for VVOG, Wageningen, Feyenoord, Mechelen, Lierse and NEC. While with Lierse he was the top-scorer in the Belgian Pro League during the 1975–76 season. 

He retired from professional football in October 1978, at the age of 31, due to back pain.

Posthumus died of a stroke at a hospital in Rotterdam on 15 February 2016. He was aged 67.

## References
Nando Yosu

**Fernando Trío Zabala** (8 July 1939 – 20 February 2016), known as **Nando Yosu**, was a Spanish football midfielder and manager. His long career, as both a player and coach, was mainly associated with Racing de Santander. He played with Racing Santander from 1958 to 1962 and again from 1963 to 1964. He managed Racing Santander from 1977 to 1979, in 1996, 1998 to 1999, in 2005 and in 2006. 

Yosu was born in Mungia, Spain. He retired in 2006 because he had Alzheimer's disease. Yosu died from the disease on 20 February 2016 in Santander, Spain. He was aged 76.

## References
CAGE questionnaire

The **CAGE questionnaire** is a set of four questions about a person's drinking .  It is commonly used to test adults for alcoholism.

## Scoring the test
If a person answers "yes" to a question, they score one point for that question.  If they answer "no" to a question, they score a 0.  If a person needs a drink in the morning to feel better, it means they are having alcohol withdrawal symptoms.  This means the person's body is dependent on alcohol.  (The person's body is so used to having alcohol that when it does not have alcohol, even overnight, the person gets sick.)  This is one of the main signs of alcoholism.

## Effectiveness
Many studies have shown that the CAGE questionnaire is a good test for alcoholism.  For example, one study showed that:
* 77% of people who scored 2 or more on the CAGE were alcoholics
* 93% of people who scored less than 2 were not alcoholics

## Related pages
* Alcoholism

## References
Badajoz

**Badajoz** () is the capital of the Badajoz Province in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. The population in 2011 was 151,565.

A major Napoleonic siege was fought here between Britain and France

## Town twinning 
*  Elvas, Portugal
*  Santarém, Portugal
*  Nazaré, Portugal
*  Blumenau, Brazil
*  Granada, Nicaragua

## References
## Other websites
Alcohol tolerance

**Alcohol tolerance** is a special case of drug tolerance: with certain substances, such as alcohol, the body gets used to them. People consume substances such as alcohol, because these substances have certain effects. As the body gets used to the substance, the quantity needed to get the desired effect wil increase.

## Alcohol-related disorders 
With certain drugs, the same is true for stopping: directly stopping the drug is dangerous, because of withdrawal symptoms. So the amount of the drug taken has to be reduced in steps, before stopping altogether. There are drugs that can make stopping easier, because they reduce the severity of the withdrawal symptoms.

Consuming alcohol can have significant effects on the body, impacting metabolism, cell function, and various physiological processes. It's important to distinguish between the short-term effects of alcohol (such as intoxication) and the long-term effects associated with harmful use or dependence. Alcohol consumption can also significantly impact brain function, leading to a range of clinical consequences on both neuropsychiatric and behavioral levels, including memory impairment, blackouts, seizures, and others.

## References
Sonny James

**James Hugh Loden** (May 1, 1929February 22, 2016), known professionally as **Sonny James**, was an American country music singer and songwriter. He was best known for his 1957 hit, "Young Love". 

James had 72 country and pop charted releases from 1953 to 1983, including an unprecedented five-year streak of 16 straight Billboard #1 singles among his 26 #1 hits. Twenty-one of his albums reached the country top ten from 1964 to 1976. In May 2007 Sonny, accompanied by his Southern Gentlemen, walked the red carpet and were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

James died on February 22, 2016 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 86.

## References
Cyclone Winston

**Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston** was a tropical cyclone in February 2016. It was the first recorded Category 5 storm to hit Fiji. It was also one of the strongest tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere. Before the storm got to Fiji, many shelters were opened. A curfew was called across the country on 20 February.

The cyclone struck Fiji as a Category 5 tropical cyclone. Winston caused a lot of damage in the islands. It killed twenty-eight people.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of 20 February. Striking Fiji at Category 5 intensity on 20 February, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed 44 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands, with some remaining isolated more than two days after the storm's passage. A total of 40,000 homes were damaged or destroyed and approximately 350,000 people—roughly 40 percent of Fiji's population—were significantly impacted by the storm. Total damage from Winston amounted to FJ$2.98 billion (US$1.4 billion). The nation's government declared a state of emergency on 20 February, which remained in place for 60 days. Immediately following the cyclone, the governments of Australia and New Zealand provided logistical support and relief packages. In the following weeks, a coalition of international support, including intergovernmental agencies, brought tens of millions of dollars in aid and hundreds of tons of supplies to residents in Fiji.

## References
María Luisa Alcalá

**María Luisa Alcalá** (March 26, 1943 – February 21, 2016), also known as **Ma. Luisa Alcalá**, was a Mexican actress. She was known for her roles as Socorrito in *Esmeralda*, Filomena in *La usurpadora* and Malicha in *El Chavo del Ocho*. Alcalá was born in Mexico City.

Alcalá died in her sleep at her home in Mexico City from a heart attack on February 21, 2016. She was aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hans Reffert

**Hans Reffert** (19 July 1946 – 21 February 2016) was a German musician and composer. He was best known for his work with Guru Guru, Reffert was involved with a number of ensembles, including Flute & Voice, Zauberfinger, Sanfte Liebe and Schrammel & Slide. 

Reffert studied guitar with Sigi Schwab and flute and composition in Mannheim. He also created commissioned works for the National Theatre Mannheim and other theaters, as well as for cinema and television productions.

Reffert died in Mannheim on 21 February 2016. He was aged 69.

## References
Yochanan Sofer

**Yochanan Sofer** (1923 – February 22, 2016) was a Hungarian-born Israeli religious official and activist. He was the Rebbe of the Erlau dynasty. He was born in Eger, Hungary. After surviving the Holocaust, he continued their legacy by founding a yeshiva and a movement in their name, first in Hungary and then a few years later in Jerusalem.

Sofer died in Jerusalem on February 22, 2016 from pneumonia. He was aged 93.

## References
Gil Hill

**Gilbert R.** "**Gil**" **Hill** (November 5, 1931 – February 29, 2016) was an American civil servant and movie actor. He was the President of the Detroit City Council. He was also a corrupt police officer in Detroit and part-time actor. He acted in the *Beverly Hills Cop* movies.

Hill died on February 29, 2016 at DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital in Detroit of pneumonia. He was 84 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Metro Times overview of Hill's 2001 election campaign 
*
Toyota Avalon

The **Toyota Avalon** is a car made by Toyota. It is a full-size car with four doors. The car was first d as a 1995 .As of 2013, the Toyota Avalon is available in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Russia, South Korea, and the Middle East. The car is named after Avalon, a legendary island from Celtic legends.

In 2022, the car stopped being sold in the United States.

## References
Asha Patil

**Asha Patil** (1936 – 18 January 2016) was an Indian actress of Marathi movies, television and theatre. She was regarded as being one of the best stage and movie actresses of her time. Asha Patil was mostly known for portraying character roles of the Marathi Mother.

## Filmography 
### Films 
* *Antaricha Diwa* (1960)
* *Chandal Choukadi * (1961)
* *Manasala Pankha Astat * (1961)
* *Shahir Parshuram* (1962)
* *Rangalya Ratri Asha * (1962)
* *Sant Nivrutti Dnyandev  * (1964)
* *Kamapurata Mama * (1965)
* *Sadhi Manasa * (1965)
* *Preeti Vivah  * (1981)
* *Samna* (1974)
* *Karava Tasa Bharav  * (1975)
* *Soyarik* (1975)
* *Tumcha Aamcha Jamala * (1978)
* *Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya* (1978)
* *Sasurwashin* (1978)
* *Banya Bapu * (1977)
* *Ram Ram Gangaram * (1977)
* *Padarachya Sawalit  * (1977)
* *Sulavarachi Poli  * (1979)
* *Mantryachi Sun* (1980)
* *Utavala Navara  * (1989)
* *Gavran Gangu* (1989)
* *Palva Palvi* (1990)
* *Shubha Bol Narya* (1990)
* *Maherchi Sadi* (1991)
* *Sasarcha Dhotar* (1994)
* *Putravati* (1996)
* *Vajavu ka* 
* *Ghe Bharari* (2008)
* *Maherchi Pahuni*

### Theatre 
* *To Mi Navhech* (1962)
* *Ekach Pyala* (1976)

## References
All Night Long (1981 movie)

***All Night Long*** is a 1981 comedy movie starring Barbra Streisand, Gene Hackman, Diane Ladd, Dennis Quaid, Kevin Dobson, and William Daniels. It was written by W. D. Richter and directed by Jean-Claude Tramont.

## Box office
The movie was generally a failure. It had an opening weekend of about $1.4 million and sed around $10 million worldwide. This is a little over $26 million in 2016 dollars. It was nominated for Worst Actress at the Golden Raspberry Awards in 1982.

## References
Cara McCollum

**Cara McCollum** (February 6, 1992 – February 22, 2016) was an American journalist. She was a news presenter for *SNJ Today*, which she joined in July 2015. She was Miss New Jersey 2013 and competed for the Miss America 2014 title in September 2013. She was born in Forrest City, Arkansas.

McCollum died at the age of 24 on February 22, 2016, in Camden, New Jersey. She died because of injuries she got a week earlier from a car accident.

## References
Conosa

The **Conosa** is one of three subphyla in the Amoebozoa. It is subdivided into two infraphyla &ndash; the Mycetozoa and the Archamoebae.
*Mycetozoa: a group of slime moulds.
*Archamoebae: distinguishing mark: they have no mitochondria.

Conosa includes the species *Dictyostelium discoideum* and *Entamoeba histolytica*, among others.

About 2000 species are known, and probably there are many more. Because these cells have few visible characteristics, they do look rather alike: "they exhibit few morphological traits that can be used as taxonomic characters". As their molecular biology becomes known, many species may get split.

## Related pages 
*Slime mould

## References
Archamoebae

The **Archamoebae** are an important group of amoebae. They are unusual among protists because they have no mitochondria.  

The group includes many genera which are internal parasites or commensals of animals: for example *Entamoeba* and *Endolimax*. Some are human pathogens, causing diseases such as amoebic dysentery. Other genera of archamoebae live in freshwater habitats, and have flagella.  Most have a single nucleus and flagellum, but the giant amoeba *Pelomyxa* has many of each.

Analysis of 100 genes shows that the Archamoebae are part of the Amoebozoa which have lost their mitochondria. They are close relatives of the slime moulds. Parasitic and commensal forms like *Entamoeba* and *Endolimax* developed separately from free-living ancestors.

## References
Hardin County, Kentucky

**Hardin County** is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Its county seat is at Elizabethtown. 
The county was formed in 1792.

## References
Toulouse School of Economics

**Toulouse School of Economics** (TSE) is a school for the study of economics. The school is in Toulouse, France. It is one of the most famous research and teaching centers of economics in the world. It was created in 2006.

TSE is specialist in the fields of economics. Its President is Jean Tirole, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2014.

## Former students 
* Philippe Crébassa, French aerospace engineer and businessman.
* Éloïc Peyrache, French Economist

## References
## Other website
* Official
Intracranial hemorrhage

of a brain bleed. The light gray area at the top left is blood, which is squeezing the brain (the darker gray area)]]
An **intracranial hemorrhage** is bleeding in the brain. "" means "inside the skull"; "hemorrhage" means "dangerous bleeding").  

The most dangerous type of stroke is a hemorrhagic stroke, a type of intracranial hemorrhage. It is a bleed in the brain that happens when the brain has not been injured. Because the arteries in the dura are large, they carry a lot of blood. If one of these arteries is injured, it can bleed very quickly, and an epidural hematoma can build up almost right away.

Subdural hematomas can happen right away after a bad injury to the head. These are called acute subdural hematomas. These are the most dangerous of all head injuries. They kill about 60% to 80% of people who have them.

### Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater). ("Subarachnoid" means "under the arachnoid.") Because the subarachnoid space holds cerebrospinal fluid, bleeding here makes blood mix into the cerebrospinal fluid. The blood irritates the brain and spinal cord, and causes symptoms like a very bad headache and a  neck.

Subarachnoid hemorrhages can be caused by head injuries. They can also happen when an aneurysm in one of the arachnoid layer's blood vessels bursts and starts bleeding.

## Related pages
* Stroke
* Anal fissure
* Meninges

## References
Fernando Cardenal

**Fernando Cardenal Martínez** (26 January 1934 &ndash; 20 February 2016) was a Nicaraguan Jesuit and liberation theologian. He served as Minister of Education from 1984 to 1990, during the Sandinista era. His brother, poet Ernesto Cardenal, also a Catholic priest, served as Minister of Culture from 1979 to 1987. He was born in Granada, Nicaragua.

Cardenal died in Managua from heart failure on 20 February 2016. He was aged 82. 

## References
## Other websites
* Fernando Cardenal as a Jesuit Priest 
* Interview with Fernando Cardenal from Georgetown University
Cuiba language

**Cuiba** is a Guahiban language spoken in Colombia and Venezuela. There are 2,300 people who speak it in Colombia and 650 in Venezuela.  More than half of Cuiba speakers do not speak any other language. In Colombia the literacy rate among Cuiba speakers is 45%.

## References
Baure language

**Bauré** is an Arawakan language native to Bolivia. The language is nearly extinct. It is spoken by only 40 of the thousand Baure people. These people live in the Beni Department northwest of Magdalena, Bolivia. Some parts of the Bible have been translated into Baure. Most Baure people now speak Spanish.

Baure has an active–stative syntax.

## References
## Other websites
* Lenguas de Bolivia  (online edition)
* Documentation of Endangered Languages: Baure
Grant County, Kentucky

**Grant County** is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,941. Its county seat is Williamstown.

## References
## Other websites
* Historical Texts and Images of Grant County