open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ottoman dynasty

The **Ottoman dynasty** () (or the **Imperial House of Osman**) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922. The dynasty began in northwestern Anatolia with the Oghuz Turk chieftain Osman I, but it was not recognized until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. The dynasty might have been known as Söğüt before 1383, but it was later renamed *Osmanlı* (Ottoman in English) in honor of Osman I.

The sultan was the sole ruler of the empire. Actual power often shifted to officials, such as the Grand Vizier, an office that eventually became Prime Minister and head of Parliament.

## Heads of the House of Osman
### Pre-Imperial Heads of the House of Osman
### Imperial heads of the House of Osman (1281-1922)
### Post-Imperial Heads of the House of Osman (1922-present)
## Expelled from the Imperial House 
*(Şehzade) Mahmud Şevket (Efendi Hazretleri) (1903, Istanbul - 1973, France) was expelled and deprived of the title of Prince and the style of His Highness from the Imperial House of Osman by His Imperial Majesty, the last Caliph Abdülmecid II. in 1931. He d. in France 1973, having had issue:

(a) HIH Princess Hamide Nermin Nezahat Sultana [1923 - 1998] by Adile Hanimsultan, a granddaughter of Abdülhamid II.

## Excluded from the line of sucssession  
*Mehmed Selim Orhan, (born in Paris, 3. October 1943 - 17. May 1998, descendant of Abdul Hamid II through Mehmed VII Orhan), deprived since birth of title HIH Şehzade, because he was born before his parents married in 1944.

## Other websites 
* Turkey, includes all the full ruler styles with various biographical data in the Royal Ark
* Sultans, Contemporary Paintings  by İsmail Acar
* Everything about Ottoman Empire  Everything about the history, culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire
* MSN encarta - the Ottoman Empire (see *Sultanate*)
* WorldStatesmen- Turkey
* Ottoman Dynasty meet at Dolmabahçe Palace
* Ottoman Empire - The Family
Köprülü family

The **Köprülü family** was an Ottoman noble family with origins from Albania. The family provided six Ottoman Grand Viziers. Several other family members became high-ranking Ottoman officers.

## Köprülü Grand Viziers
1281

## Births 
* Richard De Bury, English statesman (died 1345)
* Castruccio Castracani, duke of Lucca (died 1328)
* Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Russia (died 1325)
* Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (died 1345)
* Hamdollah Mostowfi, Ilkhanid Iranian historian (died 1349)
* Rudolph I of Bohemia (died 1307)

## Deaths 
* Ertuğrul, father of Osman I (born 1198)
* Traidenis, Grand Prince of Lithuania
1283

## Births 
* Date uncertain – Margaret, the Maid of Norway (died 1290)

## Deaths 
* January 9 – Wen Tianxiang, Chinese prime minister (executed, born 1236)
* October 3 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Welsh Prince of Gwynedd (executed)
* Philip, Crown Prince of Constantinople, Persian poet (born 1243)
* Piotr z Bogorii i Skotnik, Polish nobleman
1287

## Births 
* January 24 – Richard Aungerville, English writer and bishop (died 1345)
* April 25 – Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, de facto ruler of England (died 1330)
* Robert III of Artois

## Deaths 
* April 3 – Pope Honorius IV
* August 31 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet
* October 19 – Bohemund VII of Tripoli
* Llywelyn ap Dafydd, a Welsh prince, in his prison at Bristol Castle
* Hu Sansheng, Chinese historian (born 1230)
Angela Beesley Starling

**Angela Beesley Starling** (born on August 3, 1977) is a British web entrepreneur. She started as a volunteer editor at the English Wikipedia in February 2003. In June 2004, she was elected to the board of the Wikimedia Foundation and re-elected in July 2005.  

She worked with Jimmy Wales and started Wikia (Now known as Fandom) with him. She was the vice-president of Wikia until 2012, when she left the company.

She is married to Tim Starling.

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://a.nge.la
Derby (horse race)

**Derby** is a type of race for horses. The race is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby. A Derby only allows a certain age of horse to race. Most Derbies in the United States and the United Kingdom require the horse be three years old to race. So if the horse misses the Kentucky Derby when he is three, he will not get another chance to race in it. Derbies in other countries sometimes require the horse to be four years old.

## Famous derbies 
*Epsom Derby
*Kentucky Derby
Reef

A **reef** is a rock, sandbar, or other feature below the water surface (less than 80 meters below low water).

The best-known reefs are the coral reefs in tropical waters. They are built by corals and calcareous algae. Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to attract fish and other organisms.

]]
Luba Goy

**Luba Goy** (born 8 November 1945 in  Germany) is now a Canadian comedienne and a Canadian television star.  She is of Ukrainian descent. She was probably best known as one of the stars of the Canadian comedy show *Royal Canadian Air Farce*.
Ashley Tisdale

**Ashley Michelle Tisdale** (born July 2, 1985) is an American actress, singer and producer. She is known for co-starring in the movies *High School Musical*, *High School Musical 2* and *High School Musical 3*. She played candy counter girl Maddie Fitzpatrick on the Disney Channel television series *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.* *S*he also voiced Candace Flynn in the animated series *Phineas and Ferb*.

She began singing and acting at an early age. Her first studio album was called *Headstrong.* Some of her songs are *"*Be Good to Me*", "*Headstrong*", "*Not that Girl*" and "*Over It*". *Her second album was *Guilty Pleasure. *The songs on it include "It's Alright It's Okay", "Hot Mess", "Hair" and "Crank it Up".  

Her sister Jennifer Tisdale is also an actress and model. Her parents are Mike Tisdale and Lisa Tisdale.

## Filmography
### Animated roles
* *All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series* - Additional Voices
* *American Dad!* - Amy Reed
* *Family Guy* - Priscilla
* *Kim Possible* - Camille Leon
* *Phineas and Ferb* - Candace Flynn, Princess Baldegunde
* *The Powerpuff Girls* - Tanya-corn
* *Robot Chicken* - Little Orphan Annie, Oliver Twist, Pippi Longstocking
* *Skylanders Academy* - Stealth Elf
* *The Cleveland Show* - Lacey Stapleton

### Film roles
* *Aliens in the Attic* - Bethany Pearson
* ''A Bug's Life* - Lead Blueberry Scout
* *An All Dogs Christmas Carol* - Additional Voices
* *Birds of Paradise* - Aurora
* *Charming* - Cinderella
* *High School Musical* - Sharpay Evans
* *High School Musical 2* - Sharpay Evans
* *High School Musical 3: Senior Year* - Sharpay Evans
* *Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure* - Sharpay Evans
* *Getaway -* Kate
* *Whisper of the Heart'' - Yūko Harada

## References
## Other websites
*
Ashley Leggat

**Ashley Margaret Anne Leggat** (born September 26, 1986) is a Canadian actress who is known for her roles as "Casey MacDonald" in the Canadian series *Life with Derek*. She is close friends with her television co-star Michael Seater. She has four older brothers. She is also a supporter of anti-bullying along with Michael Seater.
Murder of Jessica Lunsford

**Jessica Marie Lunsford** (October 6, 1995 – February 27, 2005) was an American nine-year-old girl   who was abducted from her home in Homosassa, Florida on February 24, 2005, then raped and murdered by 46-year-old John Couey, a known sex offender.

The media covered the investigation and trial of her killer extensively. On August 24, 2007, a judge in Inverness, Florida sentenced Couey, a convicted sex offender, to death for kidnapping, raping and murdering her.  On September 30, 2009, before the sentences could be carried out, Couey died of natural causes.

Lunsford's murder influenced the legislation in Florida known as "''Jessica's Law''". It is designed to protect potential victims and reduce a sexual offender's ability to re-offend. It has influenced legislation in forty-two other states. 

## References
Puncak Jaya

**Puncak Jaya** is a  mountain in New Guinea. It the highest mountain in Oceania. It is also called the **Carstensz Pyramid**.

The mountain was first named the Carstensz Pyramid, after Jan Carstenszoon. He was a Dutch explorer who saw the glaciers on it in 1623. Then in 1963 the name was changed to Sukarno Peak by Indonesia, and then later to Puncak Jaya.

Puncak Jaya is thought of by some as the hardest to climb of the Seven Summits. The first people to reach the top were Heinrich Harrer, Philip Temple, Russell Kippax, and Albertus Huizenga, in 1962. An earlier group were first thought to reach the top in 1936. However, at the time it was not known which summit was the highest. They were able to climb two peaks but not what is now known to be the highest one.

## References
Raviv Ullman

**Raviv "Ricky" Ullman** (, born on January 24, 1986 in Eilat) is an Israeli-American actor. He played Phil Diffy in the Disney Channel show *Phil of the Future*.

## Early life
He was born in Israel to American parents, Laura and Brain Ullman. After his first birthday his family moved to Connecticut. When he went to camp he played Peter Pan in a show. This made him discover his talent in acting, singing, and dancing.

He eventually taught himself how to play the drums. He graduated from Fairfield Warde High School. Now he lives in South Carolina.
Homosassa, Florida

**Homosassa** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,299 at the 2020 census.

## References
Battle of Leyte Gulf

The **Battle of Leyte Gulf,** was the biggest naval battle in modern history. The battle was part of World War II, and happened in the seas near the Philippines island of Leyte. It took place from 23 October to 26 October 1944, between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. The Allies started the battle to cut the way between Japan and its colonies in South East Asia. Japan took its oil for fuel from that area. The Japanese gathered all the ships they had left to fight the Allied troops. However, they failed and lost many ships and aircraft.

The battle was the last big naval fight of World War II. Without fuel, the Imperial Japanese Navy never again sailed to battle. Most of their ships returned to Japan, and were inactive for the rest of the war.

The first use of kamikaze aircraft was during this battle. A kamikaze hit the Australian flagship *HMAS Australia* on 21 October. Many other suicide attacks by the "Special Attack Force" began on 25 October, and did great damage to the Allied ships.

## References
## Other websites 
* WW2DB: Leyte Campaign
* Animated History of The Battle of Leyte Gulf 
* Battle Experience: Battle for Leyte Gulf
* Task Force 77 Action Report: Battle of Leyte Gulf
* "Turkey Trots to Water"  — detailed description of the battle from battleship.org
* Orders of battle: Sibuyan Sea, Surigao Strait, Cape Engaño, Samar.
* "Glorious Death: The Battle of Leyte Gulf" by Tim Lanzendörfer
* battle-of-leyte-gulf.com
* The Battle Off Samar - Taffy III at Leyte Gulf by Robert Jon Cox
* Leyte Gulf Naval Chess Game, a free, educational boardgame of the battle, to print off, assemble, and play
* Return to the Philippines: public domain documents from ibiblio.org
* The Battle for Leyte Gulf Revisited  by Irwin J. Kappes
* Timeline for USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE 413)
* Japan's TA-Operation: A Blueprint for Disaster  by Irwin J. Kappes
Jaws (movie)

***Jaws*** is a 1975 American thriller movie directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the novel *Jaws* by Peter Benchley.

The events of the movie are set in the small, quiet, fictional seaside resort of Amity, Massachusetts. The movie follows three men as they try to capture and kill a great white shark that is threatening the town on Independence Day. The movie follows Martin Brody, the slightly unheroic local sheriff who must decide whether to follow his instinct to shut the beach for  reasons or keep the beach open to help the local tourist economy. Matt Hooper, a marine biologist, and Quint, the local shark hunter, help Brody to overcome his fears of the water and stop the great white shark attacks. It has three sequels: *Jaws 2*, *Jaws 3*, and *Jaws: The Revenge*.

## Awards
*Jaws* won three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, and Best Sound. It was also nominated for Best Picture, losing to ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest''. Along with the Oscar, John Williams's score won the Grammy Award, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music,

*Jaws* was chosen Favorite Movie at the People's Choice Awards. It was also nominated for best Film, Director, Actor (Richard Dreyfuss), Editing, Screenplay and Sound at the 29th British Academy Film Awards, and Best Film—Drama, Director, and Screenplay at the 33rd Golden Globe Awards. Spielberg was nominated by the Directors Guild of America for a DGA Award. The Writers Guild of America nominated Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb's script for Best Adapted Drama.

In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected it for the National Film Registry. In 2006, its screenplay was ranked the 63rd best of all time by the Writers Guild of America.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* 
*
Alcazar (band)

**Alcazar** is a Swedish pop group who had a string of hit singles during the early 2000s decade and are continuing successfully today.

Alcazar have taken part in the *Melodifestivalen*, the competition that selects Sweden's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest three imes. In 2003 *Not A Sinner, Nor A Saint* came third overall. But it became the biggest hit of all the songs in Melodifestivalen 2003 and won the National Finals Song Contest. It became Alcazar's first #1 single in Sweden and did sell gold. In 2005 *Alcastar* failed to qualify for the final automatically, but eventually made it through after a second chance semi-final.  However, the group again had to settle for third in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song *Las Vegas*. But the song became a hit and only needed three days in stores to became Alcazar's second #1 single in Sweden. In 2009 their *Stay the night* came fourth in TV-voting and fifth overall. 

## Other websites
Nostalgia

**Nostalgia** is an emotion. It is the feeling of enjoying events from the past. People with nostalgia will often look at or use old things that they were familiar with years ago. This is because people feel more connected to those past times that they enjoyed, usually because it reminds them of how long it has been since they last connected to such past times. Examples where people may have the feeling of nostalgia includes watching old TV shows, using old technology that was very enjoyable, and playing with toys that you played with as a child. These memories are usually misleading, and can make someone wish that they could be young again, even if their childhood was mediocre. Human brains often leave out boring or bad memories, which can cause incorrect feelings about their childhood.

During the early Greek times, nostalgia was treated as a mental condition primarily based on extreme homesickness. In modern times, however, nostalgia is treated as a separate emotion. Nostalgia is often associated with positive feelings, often associated with positive memories of the past. The feeling of nostalgia often helps improve the mood of the person who is experiencing nostalgia. It also makes the person feel more connected to society. It can make the person feel more aware about living life to the best. Nostalgia is also shown to help reinforce memories, as well as assist with learning.

Animals, such as cats and dogs, can also feel nostalgia.
, like this playplace, are also often nostalgic]]
## References
## Related pages
*Homesickness
*Retro
*Sentimentality
Mount

__NOTOC__
**Mount** has three main meanings. 

## Mountain 
"Mount" is often used to mean "mountain", as part of a name e.g. Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley, Mount Everest. 

## Mount as a verb 
To "mount" something means to put it onto something else. 

* An artist mounts his paintings on cardboard. An architect mounts his models on foamcore. 
* A camera is mounted on a tripod. A gun is mounted on the deck of a ship.
* A rider mounts a horse. A gymnast mounts the balance beam for a display. 
* A male animal mounts a female animal to have sexual intercourse. 

## Mount as a noun 
A "mount" is a thing for mounting something on. 

It might be a piece of equipment such as: 
* A lens mount for a camera. This is the part of the camera that is made specially so that lenses can be attached. 

It might be a piece of stiff flat "backing" such as: 
* A mount for a stuffed animal. This is a piece of polished wood that a stuffed animal can be fixed to, for display. 
* A picture mount. This is a piece of cardboard which a photograph or other picture is attached to. 

It might be an animal: 
* "Frederick's mount was a fine black horse, Ernest's mount was a chestnut mare, Clumsy Jack's mount was a skinny old goat." 

## Mount in computing and software 
* Mount (in computing), the process of making a file system accessible
* Mount Unix, the utility in Unix-like operating systems which mounts file systems 
* Mount (streaming), a concept used in streaming software programs
Odoacer

shows that Odoacer recognised Emperor Zeno.]]**Odoacer** (Flavius Odoacrus/Odovacar/Odowaker/Odoacer; born c. 430 † probably  March 15, 493 in Ravenna) was a soldier of Germanic descent in the army of the Western Roman Empire. 

When he forced the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus, to quit his throne in 476, Odoacer became King of Italy. That event is considered by historians to be the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. After a rule of 17 years, Odoacer was killed in 493, at around the age of 63, by Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great.
Julie Andrews

**Dame Julie Andrews**  (born **Julia Elizabeth Wells**; 1 October 1935) is a British actress, dancer, singer and writer. She was born in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. Andrews was a child actress and singer. She appeared on the West End in 1988. She made her Broadway debut in *The Boy Friend* in 1994. She starred in the stage musicals *My Fair Lady* and *Camelot* with real success. In 2007, she appeared on television in the musical *Cinderella*. She has also been author to two of her own memoirs.

Andrews made her movie debut in *Mary Poppins* in 1964. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for this performance. She appeared in *The Sound of Music* in 1965. Between 1964 and 1967, Andrews appeared in *The Americanization of Emily*, *Hawaii*, *Torn Curtain*, and *Thoroughly Modern Millie*. In the 1990s, Andrews had a few commercial disappointments before appearing successfully in *10* (1999) and *Victor/Victoria* (2002). Her career sagged in the 2000s. Her voice was damaged by a throat operation in 2007.

Andrews appeared successfully in dramatic roles in *The Princess Diaries* in 2001, and its sequel *The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement* in 2004. She had voice roles in the *Shrek* animated movies. In 2003 and again in 2005, Andrews directed revivals of her first Broadway hit, *The Boy Friend*, in New York and Connecticut. Andrews has also written children's books. In 2008, she published her autobiography, *Home: A Memoir of My Early Years*. Andrews has received many awards during her career including an Academy Award, Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Grammy Award, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, and Screen Actors Guild honors. In 2000, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) by Elizabeth II for services to the performing arts.

## Movie list 
* *Mary Poppins* (1964)
* *The Americanization of Emily* (1964)
* *The Sound of Music* (1965)
* *Hawaii* (1966)
* *Torn Curtain* (1966)
* *Thoroughly Modern Millie* (1967)
* *Star!* (1968)
* *Darling Lili* (1970)
* *The Tamarind Seed* (1974)
* *10* (1979)
* *Little Miss Marker* (1980)
* *S.O.B.* (1981)
* *Viktor/Viktoria* (1982)
* *The Princess Diaries* (2001)
* *Shrek 2* (2003)
* *The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement* (2004)
* *Shrek the Third* (2007)
* *Enchanted* (2007)
* Shrek Forever After (2010)
* *Despicable Me* (2010)
* Despicable Me 2 (2013)
* Minions (2015)
* Despicable Me 3 (2017)
* Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022)
* Despicable Me 4 (2024)
* Minions 3 (2026)
* Shrek 5 (2026)
* Despicable Me 5 (2028)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Slayer

**Slayer** is an American thrash metal band that began in California in 1981. The band was started guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King, as well as drummer Dave Lombardo and bassist/singer Tom Araya. Slayer is one of the "Big Four" of thrash metal music, along with Metallica, Anthrax and Megadeth.

Slayer's music has a fast and angry heavy metal style. The words to the band's songs are about murderers, Satan, religion, racism and war. Singing about these things gave the band a lot of controversy. Their music has inspired many other bands. Their third album, *Reign in Blood*, has been called one of the heaviest thrash metal albums.

Slayer has released ten studio albums, two live albums and a box-set. Four of the band's albums have been certified gold by the RIAA. The band has been the top band at many large music festivals around the world and their music has been added to many video games.

## Band members
### Current members
* Tom Araya – Lead vocals, bass (1981–present)
* Kerry King – Guitar (1981–present)
* Paul Bostaph – Drums (1992–1996, 1997–2001, 2013–present)
* Gary Holt – Guitar (2011–present)

### Former members
* Jeff Hanneman – Guitar (1981–2013)
* Dave Lombardo – Drums (1981–1986, 1987–1992, 2001–2013)
* Tony Scaglione – Drums (1986–1987)
* Jon Dette – Drums (1996–1997, 2013)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Show No Mercy* (1983)
**Hell Awaits* (1985)
**Reign in Blood* (1986)
**South of Heaven* (1988)
**Seasons in the Abyss* (1990)
**Divine Intervention* (1994)
**Undisputed Attitude* (1996)
**Diabolus in Musica* (1998)
**God Hates Us All* (2001)
**Christ Illusion* (2006)
**World Painted Blood* (2009)
**Repentless* (2015)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Slayer's official website
Pol'and'Rock Festival

'''Pol'and'Rock Festival'* (formerly *Przystanek Woodstock*) is a weekend-long music festival in Poland that has been held once a year since 1995.  The festival is named for and was inspired by the Woodstock Festival (**Przystanek Woodstock** is Polish for *Woodstock Station'').  Its motto is "Love, Friendship and Music."  It is organized by a foundation called the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity.  Drugs are prohibited, but not everyone follows this rule.

The festival has been held in the town of Kostrzyn nad Odrą since 2004.

## Other websites
Ohka

]]
The '*Yokosuka MXY-7 *Ohka'''* (櫻花 "cherry blossom") was a type of airplane rocket, used for suicide attacks by the Empire of Japan in the last months of World War II. The United States gave the aircraft the name *Baka* (Japanese for "stupid").

It was carried by a bomber that dropped it when close enough to an enemy ship. The pilot guided it to crash with the target. When dropping down, it could go so fast that it was almost impossible to stop it. The operational record of Ohkas used in action includes three ships sunk and three other ships with great damage.

## Related pages
* Kamikaze
* Kaiten

## Other websites 
**Thunder Gods*  1989 book about Ohka squadron
**The Cherry Blossom Squadrons*  1973 book about Ohka squadron
* The History of Kamikaze *Ohka'' 桜花
Headband

gold headband from the Iron Age]]

A **headband** (also known as a **headwrap**) is an accessory. It is made to fit over or around the head, usually to hold hair away from the face or sweat out of the eyes. 

It may be made of many different materials, like plastic or elastic fabric. They come in many shapes and sizes and are used for both practical and fashion reasons.

## Related pages 
*Alice band
Empire of Japan

The  (Japanese : 大日本帝國) also known as **Imperial Japan** was a historical Nation State and great power during the period from the Meiji Restoration to the Japanese  in World War II. It ruled the Home Islands of Japan and many other areas. The Emperors during this time, were Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito), from 1868-1912 and Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) from 1912-1926 and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) from 1926-1989. It is considered to go from the year 1868 to 1945. Hirohito was still emperor of Japan after the empire dissolved in 1947. Hirohito was emperor of Japan until his death in 1989.

In those years, Japan changed greatly. It became one of the great powers of the world.  Japan built a powerful Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJA and IJN), and changed from an agricultural to an industrial society.  The Japanese began to invade and occupy other near countries like Korea, Taiwan, Manchukuo and part of China to get natural resources.

The Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, after a long war against the Allied nations of World War II ending with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  The Allies occupied the country and made many changes, including a new constitution.  Allied occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s.

## Other websites 
* Imperial Japan 
* Death of the Father: Hirohito & Imperial Japan

## References 
;Notes
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers

This is the **list of Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire**.

|}

## Other websites 
* Turkish State Archives (1281-1406)  (in Turkish)
* Turkish State Archives (1413-1616)  (in Turkish)
* Turkish State Archives (1616-1689)  (in Turkish)
* Turkish State Archives (1691-1807)  (in Turkish)
* Turkish State Archives (1807-1876)  (in Turkish)
* Turkish State Archives (1876-1922)  (in Turkish)
* Regnal Chronologies: Full list of Ottoman Grand Viziers 
* Türk Tarihi: Fuller list of Ottoman Grand Viziers  (in Turkish)
Kimmie Meissner

**Kimmie Meissner** (born 4 October 1989) is a figure skater from the United States. She won the World Championships in 2006 and the United States national championships in 2007. She is the second American woman and the sixth woman worldwide to do a triple Axel jump.

## Life 
### Career 
#### Early career 
Meissner was a very good skater as a child. In 2003, she won the Novice title at the United States nationals. In 2004, she won the Junior title. In 2005, she won the bronze medal at the Senior level. While this would normally have given her a spot to the World Championships, Meissner was too young to go.

#### Olympics 
In 2006, she went to the 2006 Olympics, where she placed 6th. At the Olympics, she was called the future of American skating. The future came quickly. The next month, she won the World Championships, placing ahead of the Olympic silver medalist Sasha Cohen.

#### Four Continents Figure Skating 
In 2007, Meissner won the United States championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.

## Popularity 
Meissner is a very popular skater, especially in Baltimore, where she is from. She has done shows in Baltimore and is a local celebrity. Meissner has many endorsements, which means she gets money from telling people she uses products. She is also involved with the *Cool Kids*, which is an organization to help kids with cancer.

## Other websites
* U.S. Olympic Team bio
* U.S. Figure Skating biography 
* International Skating Union biography
Flying ace

A **flying ace** or fighter ace is a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat. Use of the term *"ace"* in military aviation began in World War I (1914–18). French newspapers called Adolphe Pegoud, as ''l'as'' (French for "ace") after he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Many other pilots later became aces, and some are very famous today, like the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen who had 80 kills.

Erich Hartmann was the ace with the most kills; he had 352.

Some countries have recognized armor commanders as "tank aces" for destroying five enemies.

## Other websites 
* Fighter ace list
Yours truly

**Yours truly** could mean:
* The ending of a letter, see Yours truly (letter)

**In music**, yours truly could mean:
* Yours Truly (*Snow Crash*), a character in the novel *Snow Crash*
* *Yours Truly* (Air Supply album), 2001
* *Yours Truly* (Ariana Grande album), 2013
* *Yours Truly* (Rick Braun album), 2005
* *Yours Truly (Sick of It All album)*, an album by hardcore punk band, Sick of It All, 2005
* "Yours Truly (song)", a single by Blindspott
* *Yours Truly* (Sublime with Rome album), 2011
* *Yours Truly*, a 1991 album by Earl Thomas Conley
Axel jump

An **Axel jump** is a jump in figure skating. It is the most famous and recognizable skating jump. It starts with the skater going forward. It is the only jump which involves this technique, and this allows recognition of an Axel jump. Because all skating jumps are landed going backwards, the Axel jump has an extra half rotation (full circle) in the air, more than all other skating jumps.

## History 
The jump was named after Axel Paulsen of Norway, who invented the jump.

### Performances 
The first skater to do a double Axel in competition was Dick Button, and Carol Heiss Jenkins was the first woman to do it. The first skater to do a triple Axel in competition was Vern Taylor. The first woman to do it was Midori Ito.

The first pairs skater to do a *throw triple Axel* (he helps her with the jump) were Rena Inoue & John Baldwin. It is not known who did the first *throw double Axel*.

## Methods 
The Axel can be a single Axel (1 and a half rotations in the air), a double Axel (two and a half rotations in the air), or a triple Axel (three and a half rotations in the air). Most junior men and senior skaters can do a double Axel.

Many senior-level male skaters do a triple Axel. As of January 2025, only one person, Ilia Malinin, has landed a quadruple axel (four and a half rotations in the air) in competition 

As of January 2025, 25 female figure skaters have completed a ratified triple axel (with positive GOE for those performed under the new judging system). This jump was first performed in the 1988 by Midori Ito (the first one to do it) followed by Tonya Harding in 1991. Over 10 years later, Yukari Nakano and Ludmila Nelidina performed the jump, followed by Mao Asada (the first one to land three triple Axels in one competition),  Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Rika Kihira, and  Mirai Nagasu   Since then, Alysa Liu, Alena Kostornaia, Young You, Kamila Valieva, Hana Yoshida, Rinka Watanabe, Anastasiia Shabotova, Varvara Kisel, Mana Kawabe, Sofia Akateva, Amber Glenn, Mao Shimada, Inga Gurgenidze, Ami Nakai, Yuseyong Kim, Yujae Kim, and Sophie Joline Von Felton have landed the jump successfully in international competition

## Values 
According to the International Judging System, the base value of a triple Axel jump is 8.0, and that of a double Axel is 3.3.

## Confusion 
Because the Axel is the most famous skating jump, many people make a mistake and call all skating jumps as *Axel jumps*. This has led to many mistakes in sports reporting of figure skating, for example a report in 2006 saying that Miki Ando was the first female skater to land a quad Salchow in an international competition, which is a different jump.

## References 
* John Misha Petkevich, *Figure Skating: Championship Techniques*. .
* Nancy Kerrigan, *Artistry on Ice*. .
* Dr. J. Dedic, *Single Figure Skating*. ISU, 1974.
* United States Figure Skating Association Media Guide.
Motoori Norinaga

**Motoori Norinaga** (; 21 June 1730 – 5 November 1801) was a Japanese scholar and poet during the Edo period. Norinaga's most important works include the *Kojiki-den* (*Commentaries on the Kojiki*), created over 35 years, and his comments on the *Tale of Genji*.

Motoori was born in what is now Matsusaka in Ise Province (now part of Mie Prefecture). At the age of 22, Motoori went to Kyoto to study medicine.  Although best known as a Kokugaku scholar, Norinaga worked as a doctor for 40 years in Matsusaka. 

He was the first to use the term Mono no aware, which is now an important concept in Japanese culture.
Valediction

A **valediction**  is a phrase used to say  at the end of a letter. It also refers to the act of saying goodbye to someone. It comes from the Latin *vale dicere*, which means "to say farewell". Valedictions are normally written before the signature in a written message. The words used usually express respect or  for the person to whom the message is written.

English valedictions often contain the possessive pronoun "yours"; for example, *Yours truly*. In the United Kingdom, *Yours sincerely* or *Yours faithfully* are most common.

## Versions 
### Old versions 
In old letters, *Yours truly* was often replaced with a longer sentence, for example:

:*I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,*
::*A. Name*

### Modern versions 
*Yours sincerely* is used when the person sending the letter knows the name of the person receiving the letter.

*Yours faithfully* is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").

## Drama and poetry 
Valedictions may be a prophecy, a warning or just a comment. In some types of literature, everyone is allowed a last word. In Njall's Saga, men tend to say things like "Oh, you have chopped off my arm", before dying. 

Stock characters tend to say predictable things. But in Shakespeare they are the way he moves the action along. Macbeth meets the three witches, who foretell his downfall without him realising it. They hail him as "Thane of Glamis and Cawdor", and that "he shall be King". He will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane".

## References
## Other websites
* Google Answers list of Farewells
Saburo Sakai

**Saburo Sakai** (, *Sakai Saburō*, August 25, 1916 – September 22, 2000) was a Japanese naval pilot and fighter ace (*"Gekitsui-O"*) of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the 4th best Japanese pilot by number of enemy aircraft he shot down. He survived the war, and became a famous figure for his criticism of the War and the government of the Japanese Empire. He became a pacifist and a Buddhist and promised that he would never again kill another living thing, even a mosquito. Only months before his death, Sakai told reporters that he still prayed for the souls of the Chinese, American, Australian and Dutch pilots he had killed. He also helped Microsoft design the popular computer game *Combat Flight Simulator 2*.

Sakai claims he shot down 64 enemy airplanes. He shot down a B-32 Dominator on the last day of the war.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Last Samurai 
* "Saburo Sakai passed away September 22, 2000" 
* Memorial To Saburo Sakai 
* Copy of Sakai's *New York Times* Obituary 
* Excerpt from *Samurai* 
* WarbirdForum: An afternoon with Saburo Sakai
* Sakai's Mercy over Java 
* Interview with Sakai during the production of *"Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2"*
* "A new-found friend, the man who killed my father" 
* PBS: Secrets of the Dead
Melbourne Central railway station

**Melbourne Central** is a train station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is one of three underground stations on the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop (City Loop).  The station is underneath Melbourne Central Shopping Center. Melbourne Central has four platforms and four tracks. It was known as **Museum Station** when the Melbourne Museum was at the State Library of Victoria, across the street. Melbourne Central opened on January 24, 1981.
Southern Cross Station

**Southern Cross Station** is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of five stations in the mostly underground City Loop and the main hub for V/Line's services outside Melbourne, via Bus and Train. The station was called **Spencer Street Station** until December 13, 2005

## References 
## Other websites 
*Southern Cross Station project
Parliament railway station

**Parliament** is an underground railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is part of the suburban train network. It is one of the five stations on the City Loop. The city loop goes around the central business district.

Parliament has 4 platforms on two levels, like the other to underground stations on the city loop. Each level is for the trains leaving. The different levels are for trains going to the north and west suburbs or to the south and east suburbs. The station opened on January 22 1983.

Many people who work for the government use the station because it is underneath the Parliament House of Victoria. It is also at the intersection of Bourke Street and Spring Street. The tram routes 86, 95 and 96 on Bourke Street, tram routes 11, 12, 31, 42, 109, and 112 on Collins Street and the free City Circle tram stop near the station.

The lower platforms are 38 meters low. That means that they are the lowest in the city loop. Its escalators were the longest in the southern hemisphere, when the station opened.
Cornflower

The **cornflower** (*Centaurea cyanus*) is also called '''bachelor's button**, or **basket flower'*. It is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated in Europe, but has been taken to many other places like Australia. It bears flowers once a year.

It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Several cultivars have been selected with varying pastel colours, including pink and purple. The flower gives its name to the characteristic blue colour.

## Other websites 
*Flora Europaea: *Centaurea cyanus*
*UK Biodiversity Action Plan: *Centaurea cyanus''
Asphyxia

**Asphyxia** or **asphyxiation** is a condition when a living body does not get enough oxygen. If this condition lasts long enough it can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.

Asphyxia can injure or kill people. This sometimes happens during suicide, torture, and in warfare. It can also be used as a capital punishment. It is also sometimes used (non fatally in martial arts, and combat sports)Because the need to breathe is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs with blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the shortage of oxygen in their body.

## Other websites
Bairnsdale railway line, Victoria

The **Bairnsdale railway line** is a regional railway in Victoria, Australia. It continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line. The part as far as Warragul used to be run with  Melbourne electric trains, but only for a period during the 1990s. It has 24 stations.

## List of stations
**Bold** stations are terminuses, *italic* stations are staffed at least part-time (this has been confirmed).

Continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line.

***Pakenham**
*Nar Nar Goon
*Tynong
*Garfield
*Bunyip
*Longwarry
**Drouin*
**Warragul*
*(Nilma, closed)
*(Darnum, closed)
*Yarragon
*Trafalgar
**Moe*
*(Herne's Oak, unmanned crossing loop)
**Morwell*
****Traralgon***
*(Flynn, Closed)
*Rosedale
*(Kilmany, Closed)
*(Fulham, Closed)
**Sale*
*(Montgomery, Closed)
*(Stratford Junction, Closed)
*Stratford
*(Munro, Closed)
*(Fernbank, Closed)
*(Lindenow, Closed)
*(Hillside, Closed)
****Bairnsdale***

Branch lines went from Warragul to Noojee, Moe to Walhalla (a 2' 6" line), Thorpdale and Yallourn after the line from Hearne's Oak to Yallourn was closed to allow for a grater expansion of a brown coal mine, Morwell to Mirboo North, Traralgon to Stratford Junction via Maffra, which also included a branch line to Briagolong, and a short branch line from Bairnsdale to Bairnsdale Wharf, all of which have been closed.

As well, several timber tramways existed from many of the stations between Pakenham and Yarragon.

## Other websites, maps, and timetables
*Traralgon to Melbourne timetable 
*Bairnsdale to Melbourne timetable 
*Statistics and detailed schematic map at the vicsig enthusiast website
Pakenham railway station

**Pakenham** is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb of Pakenham, on the Pakenham railway line. It is in Metcard Zone 2. It is the end of the Pakenham line, as well as a stop for regional trains going to Traralgon and Bairnsdale. The station contains 2 platforms.
North Melbourne railway station

**North Melbourne Railway Station** is the gateway for all west and northwest bound train lines in Melbourne, Australia. North Melbourne Railway Station is mainly used as an interchange point. The station was converted to a premium station in 1996, and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. The station is actually in West Melbourne, the station's main entrance, at its east, is at intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards.

The number 216 and 219 buses stop nearby the station.

## Redevelopment
On May 15, 2006, it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance was created at the southern end of the station with new escalators, stairs and lifts installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers.

## Other websites 
*Station to get $36m revamp
Medal

's family to political allies.  Renaissance Italy, designed by Pisanello (1447)]]
]]

A **medal** is a small metal object that is given as an award for doing something important or to commemorate something. There are medals for sports, military, academics, etc. Some medals have religious meaning. The Miraculous Medal has been distributed worldwide, for example. The Nobel Prize is a gold medal given to a few people every year. 

Military decorations, service awards, and medals are often confused with one another. *Decoration* is the term for awards which require acts of heroism or achievement (such as the British Victoria Cross or American Silver Star). A service award or campaign medal is awarded for serving in a place and time (such as the Iraq Campaign Medal). In either case, an award or decoration may be presented as a medal.

## Olympics
In the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions, medals are give to the top three people who took part in the competition. The winner of the competition is given the gold medal. The silver medal is given to the person who came second. The third placed person is given the bronze medal.

## Religious Medals
Medals are often worn for their religious significance. Such devotional medals include the Miraculous Medal associated with Marian groups and the Saint Benedict Medal.

## Other websites
*Atlantic Provinces Numismatic Association
*Official Medals of the Numismatic Associations and Clubs of the Atlantic Provinces 
*Exonumia defined
*Orders, Decorations and Medals  
*Nobel prize
*Most Comprehensive and Updated Listing of Orders, Decorations and Medals
*Weiss Collection
Osip Mandelstam

**Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam** (also spelled **Mandelshtam**, ; January 15, 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.
 in 1938]]
Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a rich Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.

In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year.

Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, *Tsekh Poetov*), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.

In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, *Tristia*, was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs (*The Din Of Time*, Russian: Шум времени, *Shum vremeni*; Феодосия, *Feodosiya* – both 1925) and small-format prose (*The Egyptian Stamp*, Russian: Египетская марка, *Yegipetskaya marka* – 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.

Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.

Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in the form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".

## Bibliography
* Osip Mandelstam: "Poems", chosen and translated by James Greene. Elek Books, 1977; revised and enlarged edition, Granada/Elek, 1980.
* Osip Mandelstam: The Noise of Time: Selected Prose (European Classics) (Paperback), translated by Clarence Brown Northwestern University Press; Reprint edition, 2002. 
* Coetzee, J.M. "Osip Mandelstam and the Stalin Ode", *Representations*, No.&nbsp;35, *Special Issue: Monumental Histories*. (Summer, 1991), pp.&nbsp;72–83.

## References
Shushi Massacres

The **Shushi massacres**  were anti-Armenian pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war, 1920, when Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the inhabitants of Shusha (Shushi). The massacres took place on March 22-26, 1920, and resulted in more than
20,000 Armenian deaths and the destruction of the town of Shusha in Nagorno-Karabakh.

## Background
On June 4-5, 1919, an armed Armenian-Turkish fight took place in Shushi. It was organized and started by Azeri Governor-General Khosrov beg Sultanov. The town was closed off by a blockade, and the Armenian population found itself needing food.

## Massacres in Shushi on March 22-26, 1920
From the very start of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the  temporary treaty agreement of August 22, 1919, continued the blockade around Karabakh. He increased the number of armed forces in strategically important locations and gave weapons to the local Azeri population.

In the early morning of March 23, 1920, the Azeri army soldiers and Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian part of town and began a horrible massacre of the Armenian population, which finished in March 26, 1920.

## Remembering
The famous Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, who was in Shushi in 1931, wrote a poem called "The phaeton driver" dedicated to this tragedy:

In July 1, 1997, the Baroness Caroline Cox gave a speech in the House of Lords, United Kingdom remembering the lives of Armenians who have been killed and specifically mentioned the occurrence in Shushi in 1920.

## Other websites 
*United Nations document
* Shoushi Massacres of Armenians 

## Publications 
* Vahram Atanesian: 20,000 Armenians Died In Shushi Massacres of 1920 http://www.nkrusa.org/newsletter/montly_newsletter/2002/march_april/page4.html
* (in Russian) М. Григорян, "Из 35 тысяч армян не осталось в Шуши ни одного..." // "Голос Армении", 24 Марта 2007 г., http://www.golos.am/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5213 

## References
Arara, Paraíba

**Arara** is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km².

## Other websites
Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga

**Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga y Balzola** (born Bilbao 27 January 1806; died Paris 17 January 1826) was an early 19th-century Spanish composer. He was still only 19 years old when he died. Like Mozart, he was a child prodigy and he might have become one of the world’s most famous composers if he had lived.

## His life 
Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born in Bilbao, in the Basque Country in Spain. His father and older brother first taught him music. He started to compose when he was 11 years old, and by the time he was 15 he had already written 20 works. Many of these are now lost. He may have thrown them away, thinking that they were not very good. In 1921, he went to Paris where he studied the violin with Pierre Baillot, and counterpoint and harmony with François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. He was so good that by 1824 he had become a teaching assistant in Fétis's class. 

Arriaga died in Paris at the age of nineteen, probably of a lung disease and .

## His music 
Arriaga has been called “The Spanish Mozart”. His music, however, does not sound particularly Spanish. It has a more general European character, based on the style of Mozart and Beethoven. He wrote a symphony which sounds at times like Schubert. He also wrote an opera *Los esclavos felices* ("The Happy Slaves"), and three string quartets. The string quartets were the only works that were published while he was still alive.