open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Blenny

]]
A **blenny** is a member of a large order of teleost fish called the **Blenniiformes**. The suborder has about 900 species in 151 genera.

Blennies are generally small fish. They have long bodies (some almost eel-like), and relatively large eyes and mouths. Their dorsal fins are continuous and long. The pelvic fins have a single embedded spine, and are short and slender. The tail fin is rounded. 

The blunt heads of blennies often have whisker-like structures called *cirri*. As generally benthic fish, blennioids spend much of their time on or near the sea floor.

They are quite similar in form to some gobies.
Neoproterozoic

The **Neoproterozoic** era lasted from 1,000 to 541  million years ago (mya).

In the first period, the Tonian, the global supercontinent Rodinia broke up into separate land masses.

In the second period, the Cryogenian, the Earth had two great ice ages, the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations. These ice ages were so severe they are sometimes called Snowball Earth.

In the third period, the Ediacaran, the earliest fossils of multicellular organisms are found, the Ediacaran biota.

## References
Pfizer

**Pfizer**() is an American pharmaceutical corporation. One of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, it is ranked 64 on the 2020 *Fortune* 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. It was founded in 1849 in New York City. It is ranked the largest drug company in the world. The company is responsible for the first COVID-19 vaccination. Pfizer is known for its drugs Advil and ChapStick. The company bought Wyeth, which also used to be a drug company. The deal was completed in 2009. 

## Drugs 
* Advil
* ChapStick
* Zyvox
* Zoloft

## References
Zoonosis

, a zoonotic disease, killed one-third of Europe's population in the 1300s.  This painting from *The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis* show people burying plague victims]]

**Zoonosis** or a **zoonotic disease** is an infectious disease which an animal can give to a human.  These diseases may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Zoonotic diseases are very common.  About 60% of all infectious diseases in humans are spread by animals.

Zoonotic diseases can be spread in different ways.  They may be spread from a sick animal directly to a human  for example, through bites and infected saliva (like with rabies), or through the air.  This is called *direct zoonosis*.

Zoonotic diseases can also be spread through a vector.  This is an animal that carries the pathogen that causes the disease without getting infected.  Diseases like this are called *vector-borne diseases*.

Sometimes the vector picks up the disease from another animal.  For example, rats who have the bubonic plague do not directly infect humans.  Instead, fleas bite the rats and pick up the bacteria that causes plague without getting sick.  Then, if the flea bites a human, they can pass the bacteria on to the human, and the human can get the plague.  The rat is the host of the disease, and the flea is the vector.

## Types of zoonotic diseases
### Foodborne illnesses
Many foodborne illnesses are zoonotic diseases.  In these cases, a human gets infected by eating food that came from a sick animal, or one which had picked up a parasite.

The most common pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are *Salmonella*, *Campylobacter*, and *Escherichia coli* (*E. coli*) bacteria.  Eggs, seafood, meat, poultry, and dairy products can all carry these bacteria and cause foodborne illnesses, like food poisoning, in humans.

Other zoonotic illnesses that humans can get from eating or drinking include:

Often, people can avoid foodborne illnesses by cooking meat, seafood, and eggs well enough to kill the bacteria or parasites in them.

### Direct zoonoses
Below are some examples of zoonotic diseases that humans can get directly from sick, live animals.

### Vector-borne zoonotic diseases
## Related pages
* Infectious disease
* Vector (biology)
* 2019 novel coronavirus

## References
Santalaceae

**Santalaceae** is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales, put in the Eudicots. 

Modern treatments of the Santalaceae include the family Viscaceae (mistletoes), previously considered distinct. 
You can see that the example shows a dark fruit, while the term 'mistletoe' usually means the fruit is white.

There are many species which grow on standing trees. See lianas on another page.
No Strings Attached (movie)

***No Strings Attached*** is a 2011 American romantic comedy movie. It stars Natalie Portman and Ashton Kutcher. The movie is about two friends who make a decision to have regular casual sex.  The film was released in the United States on January 21, 2011.

## Other websites 
*
Christa McAuliffe

**Sharon Christa McAuliffe** (September 2, 1948 – January 28, 1986) was an American teacher from Concord, New Hampshire. She was a member of the crew of Space Shuttle *Challenger*, who were killed in the Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster.

## References
## Other websites
* Official NASA biography
* Challenger Center bio
Brian Wilson

**Brian Douglas Wilson** (June 20, 1942 &ndash; June 11, 2025) was an American musician, songwriter and singer.  He was born in Inglewood, California.  

He was a founding member of The Beach Boys, although he was largely separate from the band from the 1970s until 2011. He played bass, sang, and wrote songs for them.  In the 1970s and 80s, Wilson struggled with drug problems and eating too much.  In the 1980s and 90s, he began a solo career. 

He was a Kennedy Center honoree in 2007. In 2011, Wilson reunited with The Beach Boys.

Wilson had bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder. In 2024, it was revealed that Wilson had a "dementia-like disorder".

Wilson died on June 11, 2025 in Beverly Hills, California from respiratory arrest caused by sepsis and cystitis at the age of 82. He had health problems caused by long COVID.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Hypersexuality

**Hypersexuality** is known as **nymphomania** when in women and **satyriasis** when in men. It refers to a stronger than usual urge to have sexual intercourse. Masturbation causes euphoria (extreme pleasure). 

## Causes
It is caused by some stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine. It is also caused by some mental disorders, including bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. The causes of some cases are unknown. Some psychologists believe that it is caused by hormonal imbalance, while others believe that it is caused by early exposure to sex and pornography.
Lobelioideae

***Lobelioideae*** is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family *Campanulaceae*. It is sometimes considered a different family ***Lobeliaceae***. The type genus is Lobelia. Lobelias are delightful plants in many area.
Cleaner fish

*Epinephelus tukula*.]] 

**Cleaner fish** are fish that provide a service to other fish species by removing dead skin and ectoparasites. This is an example of mutualism, an ecological interaction that benefits both parties. 

A wide variety of fishes show cleaning behaviors. They include wrasse, cichlids, catfish, and gobies, as well as by a number of different species of cleaner shrimp. 

There is also at least one predatory mimic, the sabre-toothed blenny. It mimics cleaner fish but in fact bites off pieces of fin.

## References
Dipsacus

**Teasel** is a plant in the genus ***Dipsacus***. There are about 15 different species of teasel. These flowering plants are tall and leafy (herbaceous). They are biennial plants and are native to (come from) Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. They can grow to be  tall.

These plants have a prickly stem and leaves. Its flowers are purple, dark pink, or lavender and grow directly on the end of the stem. After flowering, the head of the plant dries out and holds small seeds. These seeds are important food in the winter for birds, especially the European Goldfinch. Teasels are grown in gardens and nature reserves to attract these goldfinches.

In the United States, teasel is an invasive species. It is not native to the continent and takes over the land of native plant species.

## Species 
Some of the most common species of teasel are:
**Dipsacus ferox* - Spiny Teasel
**Dipsacus fullonum* - Wild Teasel, Common Teasel, Fuller's Teasel
**Dipsacus japonica* - Japanese Teasel, Chinese Teasel
**Dipsacus laciniatus* - Cut-leaved Teasel
**Dipsacus pilosus* - Small Teasel
**Dipsacus sativus* - Fuller's Teasel (cultivated form)
**Dipsacus strigosus* - Slim Teasel

Image:Fleur 9 - VTdJ.JPG|*Dipsacus fullonum*
Image:Dipsacus laciniatus inflorescence.jpg|*Dipsacus laciniatus*
Image:Dipsacus pilosus01.jpg|*Dipsacus pilosus*
Image:Dipsacus sativus-17.jpg|*Dipsacus sativus*

## References
Free writing

to overcome writer's block]]
**Free writing** or **stream-of-consciousness writing** is a genre of writing. In free writing, a person writes continuously for a certain period of time. The writer does not need to  pay attention to spelling or grammar and writes whatever comes to mind. In the writing process, free writing takes place during prewriting.

The writing that is created by free writing is raw and unusable. The process is sometimes used by writers to overcome writer's block, apathy, and self-criticism. It is mostly used by writing teachers and people who write prose (not poetry.)

It is sometimes thought to be a kind of brainstorming. In brainstorming, the writer lists ideas and possibilities. In free writing, the writer writes sentences to make paragraphs.

## References
A Serbian Film

***A Serbian Film*** is a horror movie which opened to much controversy. When it was released during 2010, the movie was marked with a Refused Classification rating in Australia. A highly censored version was later approved. It was released in the United States with a rating of NC-17 (No Children 17 or Under Admitted) in May 2011. The movie is about a pornographic movie star who agrees to perform in an art film, but then learns that he has been dragged into a snuff movie filled with necrophilia and other adult themes. *A Serbian Film* faced severe censorship problems in many countries because of its mature content.

## References
Wrasse

in Hawaii|250px|thumb|right|alt=Photo of two small wrasses cleaning large wrasse's gills]]

The **wrasses** are a family, the **Labridae**, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 82 genera.

They are usually small fish, mostly less than  long, although the largest, the humphead wrasse, can measure up to .

## Etymology 
The word "wrasse" comes via Cornish from the Welsh word *gwrach* meaning an old woman or hag.

## Taxonomy 
### Subgroups and tribes 
* *Cheilines*
* *Hypsigenyines*
* *Julidines*
* *Labrichthyines*
* *Labrines*
* *Novaculines*
* *Pseudocheilines*
* *Pseudolabrines*
* *Scarines*

### Genera 
* *Acantholabrus*
* *Achoerodus*
* *Ammolabrus*
* *Anampses*
* *Anchichoerops*
* *Austrolabrus*
* *Bodianus*
* *Centrolabrus*
* *Cheilinus*
* *Cheilio*
* *Choerodon*
* *Cirrhilabrus*
* *Clepticus*
* *Conniella*
* *Coris*
* *Ctenolabrus*
* *Cymolutes*
* *Decodon*
* *Diproctacanthus*
* *Doratonotus*
* *Dotalabrus*
* *Epibulus*
* *Eupetrichthys*
* *Frontilabrus*
* *Gomphosus*
* *Halichoeres*
* *Hemigymnus*
* *Hologymnosus*
* *Iniistius*
* *Labrichthys*
* *Labroides*
* *Labropsis*
* *Labrus*
* *Lachnolaimus*
* *Lappanella*
* *Larabicus*
* *Leptojulis*
* *Macropharyngodon*
* *Malapterus*
* *Minilabrus*
* *Notolabrus*
* *Novaculichthys*
* *Novaculoides*
* *Novaculops*
* *Ophthalmolepis*
* *Oxycheilinus*
* *Oxyjulis*
* *Paracheilinus*
* *Parajulis*
* *Pictilabrus*
* *Polylepion*
* *Pseudocheilinops*
* *Pseudocheilinus*
* *Pseudocoris*
* *Pseudodax*
* *Pseudojuloides*
* *Pseudolabrus*
* *Pteragogus*
* *Sagittalarva*
* *Semicossyphus*
* *Stethojulis*
* *Suezichthys*
* *Symphodus*
* *Tautoga*
* *Tautogolabrus*
* *Terelabrus*
* *Thalassoma*
* *Wetmorella*
* *Xenojulis*
* *Xiphocheilus*
* *Xyrichtys*

## The cleaner wrasse 
**Cleaner wrasses** are the best-known of the cleaner fish.

## Feeding methods 
They are carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small invertebrates. Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, eating invertebrates left by big fish.

Wrasses can put their jaws forwards, usually with separate jaw teeth that jut outwards.

Many species can be recognized by their thick lips. The inside of these lips is curiously folded, which gave rise the German name of *Lippfische*. The dorsal fin has 8–21 spines and 6–21 soft rays, usually running most of the length of the back.

Wrasse are sexually dimorphic. Many species are capable of changing sex. Juveniles are a mix of males and females (known as Initial Phase or IP individuals) but the largest adults become territory-holding (Terminal Phase or TP) males.

## Related pages 
* List of fish common names

## References 
## Other websites 
* Wrasse photos on Sealife Collection
Hatchet II

***Hatchet II*** is a 2010 American slasher movie. The movie picks up where the original *Hatchet* ended. It is set in Louisiana. *Hatchet II* was released with no rating by the MPAA in the United States.
Sands of Iwo Jima

***Sands of Iwo Jima*** is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Edmund Grainger and was directed by Allan Dwan. *Sands of Iwo Jima* was released on December 14, 1949 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Marines. The movie follows their training for the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award in 4 categories; Best Actor in a Leading Role (for John Wayne), Best Film Editing, Best Sound, Recording and Best Writing, Motion Picture Story.

## Cast 
*John Wayne as Sgt. John M. Stryker
*John Agar as PFC Peter Conway
*Forrest Tucker as PFC Al Thomas
*Wally Cassell as PFC Benny Regazzi
*James Brown as PFC Charlie Bass
*Richard Webb as PFC Dan Shipley
*Arthur Franz as Corporal Robert Dunne / Narrator
*James Holden as PFC Soames
*Peter Coe as PFC George Hellenpolis
*Richard Jaeckel as PFC Frank Flynn
*William Murphy as PFC Eddie Flynn
*George Tyne as PFC Harris
*Hal Baylor as PFC "Sky" Choynski
*Adele Mara as Allison Bromley
*Julie Bishop as Mary

## Other websites 
*
Mimosa

* in Hyderabad, India.]]

***Mimosa*** is a genus of plants. It has around 590 species of herbs and shrubs. It is classified in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae.  The word "mimosa" comes from the Greek word  that means "mimic".

The best known species of mimosa are *Mimosa pudica* and *Mimosa tenuiflora*. *Mimosa pudica* is found in Central and South America. When touched or heated, it folds its leaves. *Mimosa tenuiflora* is used by shamans (traditional magical) healer.  

It is used in ayahuasca brews (a "magic" drink) because of the psychedelic drug N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT in its roots. In general, the production of such a chemical is a defence against herbivory.

## Grouping 
The *Mimosa* genus has been split up into smaller groupings or lumped into larger ones. It has over 3,000 names to describe its species. Most of these names are now considered synonyms. Some of the names have been given to other species and genera.

The name "mimosa" has been used for other species that look like mimosa but are not related. Some of the most common unrelated plants called this name are the silk tree (*Albizia julibrissin*) and sattle (*Acacia dealbata'').

## Description
This genus includes some plants that are able to move fast. This is very rare. The mimosa's leaves close quickly when touched.

*Mimosa* is related to the genera *Acacia* and *Albizia*. The difference between them is that the mimosa's flowers have ten or fewer stamens. The big round flower of the mimosa is actually an inflorescence, a cluster (close group) of many small flowers.

## References
* Barneby, R.C. 1992. Sensitivae Censitae: A description of the genus *Mimosa* Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, vol. 65.

## Other websites 
* http://www.mimosa-pudica.de/e_index.html 
* Two small videos showing the plant folding its leaves
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy

***My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy*** is the fifth studio album by American rapper Kanye West. The album was released on November 22, 2010. The album peaked at #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, US *Billboard* 200, US *Billboard* R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and US *Billboard* Rap Albums. Music critics gave it very good reviews. Pitchfork gave it ten out of ten. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. In 2012 *Rolling Stone* magazine put the album at number 353 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

The making of the album came after the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. During Taylor Swift's speech for Best Female Video, West ed to say Beyoncé should have won the award. After the incident, West went to Hawaii to rest from stress. Most of the songs were created during this time.

## Singles
Four singles were released from the album. The first single "Power" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance.

## Track listing 
;Notes and sample credits
* signifies additional producer
* signifies a co-producer
*"Dark Fantasy" contains samples of "In High Places," written by Mike Oldfield and Jon Anderson, and performed by Oldfield.
*"Gorgeous" contains portions and elements of the composition "You Showed Me," written by Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn, and performed by The Turtles.
*"Power" contains elements from "It's Your Thing," performed by Cold Grits; elements of "Afromerica," written by Francois Bernheim, Jean-Pierre Lang, and Boris Bergman, and performed by Continent Number 6; and material sampled from "21st Century Schizoid Man," composed by  Robert Fripp, Michael Giles, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, and Peter Sinfield, and performed by King Crimson.
*"So Appalled" contains samples of "You Are&mdash;I Am," written by Manfred Mann, and performed by Manfred Mann's Earth Band.
*"Devil in a New Dress" contains samples of "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow," written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin, and performed by Smokey Robinson
*"Runaway" contains a sample of "Expo 83," written by J. Branch, and performed by Backyard Heavies; and excerpts from *Rick James Live at Long Beach, CA, 1981*.
*"Hell of a Life" contains samples of "She’s My Baby," written by Sylvester Stewart, and performed by The Mojo Men; samples of "Stud-Spider" by Tony Joe White; and portions of "Iron Man," written by Terence Butler, Anthony Iommi, John Osbourne, and William Ward.
*"Blame Game" contains elements of "Avril 14th," written by Richard James, and performed by Aphex Twin.
*"Lost in the World" contains portions of "Soul Makossa", written by Manu Dibango; a sample of "Think (About It)," written by James Brown, and performed by Lyn Collins; samples of "Woods," written by Justin Vernon, and performed by Bon Iver; and samples of "Comment No. 1," written and performed by Gil Scott-Heron.
*"Who Will Survive In America" contains samples of "Comment No. 1" performed by Gil Scott-Heron.
## References
Twelve O'Clock High

'''''Twelve O'Clock High'''* is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck and was directed by Henry King. *Twelve O'Clock High'' was released on December 21, 1949 in Los Angeles and on January 26, 1950 in New York. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Army Air Force. The movie follows aircrews that were in the United States Army's Eighth Air Force and flew daylight bombing missions against Nazi Germany and occupied France during the early days of American involvement in World War II. The movie won 2 Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Dean Jagger), and Best Sound Recording.

## Cast 
*Gregory Peck as Brigadier General Frank Savage
*Hugh Marlowe as Lieutenant Colonel Ben Gately
*Gary Merrill as Colonel Keith Davenport
*Millard Mitchell as Major General Pritchard
*Dean Jagger as Major/Lieutenant Colonel Harvey Stovall
*Robert Arthur as Sergeant McIllhenny
*Paul Stewart as Major "Doc" Kaiser (flight surgeon)
*John Kellogg as Major Cobb
*Robert Patten as Lieutenant Bishop
*Lee MacGregor as Lieutenant Zimmerman
*Sam Edwards as Lieutenant Birdwell
*Roger Anderson as Interrogation Officer
*Lawrence Dobkin as Captain Twombley, group chaplain (uncredited)
*Kenneth Tobey as Sgt. Keller, guard at gate (uncredited)
*Paul Picerni as Bombardier (uncredited)
*Harry Lauter as Radio officer (uncredited)
*Barry Jones as Lord Haw-Haw, German radio commentator (voice) (uncredited)
*Don Gordon as First patient in base hospital (uncredited)

## Other websites 
*
Federico García Lorca

**Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca**; (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads during the Spanish Civil War.  He was gay. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death. The Garcia Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar. However, no human remains were found.

## Related pages
**Le Monde*'s 100 Books of the Century, a list which includes *Gypsy Ballads*
*List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

## References
## Sources 
*
*
*
*
*  Maurer,  Christopher (2001) *Federico García Lorca:Selected Poems* Penguin

## Other websites 
* The Lorca Foundation 
* Huerta De San Vicente, Grandada - The Lorca Family home now a museum 
* *Lorca censored to hide sexuality* - article by *The Independent*, 14 March 2009
* LGB biog of García Lorca  
* *Lorca and Censorship: The Gay Artist Made Heterosexual*   - essay  by Eisenberg, D; FSU
Isopod

**Isopods **are animals that belong to an order of peracarid crustaceans. This order is called *Isopoda. *The name Isopoda derives from the Greek roots (*iso-*, meaning "same") and (*podos*, meaning "foot"). Some isopod species live in water, like the tongue louse. Others live on land, like woodlice and pill bugs.

## Description 
Most isopods are under half an inch long, but some, like the Giant isopod, can grow as large as 14 inches or more. They are usually gray, brown or black, with an oval-shaped body. They have seven armor plates, called "pereonites," which protect them. They also have seven pairs of short legs. Isopods have two pairs of antennae; one pair feels along the ground.

Isopods have gills and need water to breathe. Because of this, the isopod species which live on land must stay in moist places.

## Related pages 
**Cymothoa exigua*

## Other websites 
*
*
Karl Denke

**Karl Denke ** (August 12, 1870 – December 22, 1924) was a serial killer from Germany. He is one of the most well-known serial killers in Germany in the 1920s.

Denke was born in Münsterberg, Silesia in the Kingdom of Prussia (now Ziębice in Poland.) There is not a great deal of information about his early life. As an adult he was well liked in his community. He worked as an organ player at the local church.

On December 20, 1924, Denke was arrested after attacking a man at his house with an axe. Police searched Denke's home and found human flesh in huge jars of curing salts. A ledger (record book) contained the details of 30 people Denke had murdered and cannibalized (eaten) over the years. Police thought he sold the flesh of his victims at the Breslau (today's Wrocław) market.

The day after his arrest, Denke hanged himself in his cell. His exact motives are unknown and can only be guessed at.

## Bibliography 
* Matthias Blazek: *Karl Denke*, in: *Carl Großmann und Friedrich Schumann – Zwei Serienmörder in den zwanziger Jahren*, ibidem: Stuttgart 2009, p.&nbsp;133 f. 

## Other websites 
* Short biography, other short articles: http://www.denke.org/stowoe.htm and http://www.denke.org/stowoe.htm
* Biography in Polish
Machinist

A **machinist** is a person who uses tools to make  parts and objects, such as parts for firearms, vehicles such as airplanes, cars, and boats, and plastic injection molds. A machinist can cut metal, plastic, wood, or other materials, such as ice. Machinists may operate manual machines or Numerical control (CNC) machines.

Machinists follow a print that tells them what kind of metal to use, where to cut, how deep to cut, what angles to cut at, and many other specified instructions to meet a person's standards.

## Machines 
These tools include, but are not limited to, the:

* Lathe, a machine tool that grips a piece of "stock" (metal cut into a smaller size for machining) and spins it against cutting point. A lathe may be CNC or manual.
* Milling machine, a machine tool that grips a cutter and spins it, and allows the stock to be pushed into, away from, or against the cutter. A milling machine may be CNC or manual.

## Tools 
Machinists will make use of calipers, gages, micrometers, paints, and other items for the use of checking to see if parts are machined correctly or planning out cuts.

Layout paint may come in red or blue. It is used to coat the side of a part for scribing a path or shape of a cut.

## Bar stock 
**Bar stock** is metal that has not yet been machined. It may be referred to as slugs, blanks, or billets. It may be made of different kinds of steel or aluminum. 

Metals higher in Carbon are harder to cut, while metals lower in carbon are easier to cut.
Transformers: Dark of the Moon

***Transformers: Dark of the Moon*** is a 2011 American science fiction action movie. It is the third movie in the Transformers series. The movie was directed by Michael Bay and stars Tyrese Gibson, John Malkovich, Shia LaBeouf, and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley. The movie was released late June and early July of 2011 in United States and Canada. It grossed more than 500 million in total while in theaters. The movie was mostly shot in Chicago, Illinois, and in Washington, D.C..

It is followed by the sequel, Transformers: Age of Extinction in 2014.
Shehbaz Sharif

** Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif** (, born 23 September 1951) is a Pakistani politician. He is the 20th and current Prime Minister of Pakistan since 2024, and previously from 2022 to 2023. He is also the President of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N). He is the brother of Nawaz Sharif, former Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is the chief minister of Pakistan's most populous province Punjab since 2008. Previously, he held this position from 1997 to 1999, when Pervez Musharraf took control of Pakistan in a military coup. He, along with his entire family, was forced into exile until his return to Pakistan in late 2007.

On 29 July 2017, Sharif was named as the Prime Minister of Pakistan following the resignation of outgoing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif after Panama Papers case decision. 

After Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, it was reported that he was likely to continue as Prime Minister for next ten months until 2018 general election, however Nasirul Mulk was selected. He ran for the office in the 2018 election, but controversially Imran Khan was elected Prime Minister.

After Imran Khan was removed from office by a motion of no confidence on 10 April 2022, Shahbaz was elected prime minister the next day.

On 12 August 2023, the parliament was set to expire due to the completion of the 5 year tenure. However, to gain more time for elections and other political gains, Sharif and the PDM alliance agreed to dissolve the parliament on 9 August 2023 which was approved by the President of Pakistan.

On 3 March 2024, he was re-elected Prime Minister of Pakistan for a second term, receiving 201 votes to 92 votes for the PTI-backed Omar Ayub Khan.

## References
Fresh Film Festival (Ireland)

The **Fresh Film Festival** is an event for children in Limerick, Ireland. They learn about things related to movies. This is a long-running festival that began in 1997.

The festival wants children to learn to make movies.

## Other websites
Fresh Film Festival Official Site
Nader Shah

**Nader Shah Afshar** () was a Shah, or king, of Iranfrom 1736 to 1747. He was also the founder of the Afsharid dynasty .

During the time he ruled Iran, he attacked India and defeated Muhammad Shah, conquered Delhi, and agreed to retreat for Indian wealth and gold.

## Sources 
* 

## References
Manilkara

**Manilkara**, previously known as **Sapota**, are plants in the family of :Sapotaceae. They are commonly known as Manilkara trees. An important species is Manilkara Chicle, a tree used to make chewing gum. Manilkara zapota is known as the common Sapodilla. Leaves form distinct rosettes at the ends of branches and short lateral shoots, obovate, leathery, glossy green above, paler below. Flowers are greenish-yellow, in small clusters under the new leaves. 

## References
V (2009 TV series)

***V*** is an American science-fiction television show from ABC channel. It started November 3, 2009 and ended March 15, 2011.

## References
Nawaz Sharif

**Nawaz Sharif** (, ; born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani politician and businessmen. He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms from November 1990-July 1993, February 1997-October 1999, and June 2013-July 2017. He is the longest-serving prime minister of Pakistan, having served a total of more than 9 years across three tenures. He was the Chief Minister of Punjab from 1985 to 1990.

Born into the upper-middle-class Sharif family in Lahore, Nawaz is the son of Muhammad Sharif, the founder of Ittefaq and Sharif groups. He is a wealthy businessman and a conservative politician. His first term was shortened after the Pakistan Army pressured him to resign. In 1997, he was overwhelmingly elected for a second term by a wide margin. During his second term, he notably ordered Pakistan's first nuclear test in response to India's aggressive nuclear tests. He was ousted in an October 1999 military coup by Pervez Musharraf. He returned to Pakistan in late 2007 after eight years of exile. He successfully called for Musharraf's impeachment and the reinstatement of former Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chuadhry. 

On 28 July 2017, after a direct ruling from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Sharif resigned as Prime Minister due to his role in the Panama Papers case.

In December 2019, Sharif was diagnosed with heart disease.

## Sources
Schistosomiasis

**Schistosomiasis**, also known as **snail fever** and **bilharzia**, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes.

## Cause 
The disease is caused by contact with fresh water containing the parasites (schistosomes). Eggs of the parasite may be found in urine or stool. An estimated 4,400 to 200,000 people die from it each year. The disease is mainly found in Africa, Asia, and South America. In tropical countries, schistosomiasis is a great economic problem. Schistosomiasis is listed as a neglected tropical disease.

## References
Trichomoniasis

**Trichomoniasis** (often called **trich**) is a sexually transmitted disease.  It is caused by a parasite called *Trichomonas vaginalis*, which is a protozoa made of just one cell. Trichomoniasis can affect both men and women.  It is usually an infection of the urinary system and genitals.

## Cause
The *Trichomonas vaginalis* parasite can only live in the human genital tract.  Trichomoniasis is only spread through sex, or if two people's genitals touch.

## Signs and symptoms
Most people with trichomoniasis do not have any symptoms. 

When people do have symptoms, they usually start about 5 to 28 days after the person got infected.  Symptoms may include:
* Pain, burning, or itching in the urethra (urethritis), the vagina (vaginitis), or the penis
* Pain while having sex (dyspareunia)
* Women may have a yellow-green, badly-smelling vaginal discharge
* Lower abdominal pain (this does not happen often)

### Complications
Complications are serious problems that can happen because a person has a disease.  These problems do not happen to everyone with trichomoniasis.  They are the most serious problems that trichomoniasis can cause.  Some of the most dangerous problems that can happen to a person with trichomoniasis include:
* People with trichomoniasis are more likely to get (or spread) HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
* If a woman is pregnant, trichomoniasis can cause her to have a premature infant, or an infant that weighs less than normal.
* In men, trichomoniasis can cause inflammation (swelling) of the urethra and the prostate.  In the prostate, trichomoniasis may create chronic (long-term) inflammation that may eventually cause prostate cancer.

## Treatment
Treatment for trichomoniasis is usually metronidazole (Flagyl), which kills protozoa like *Trichomonas vaginalis*.  However, this medication has to be used carefully with woman who are in the early stages of pregnancy.  Anyone the infected person has had sex with should also get treatment, even if they have no symptoms.

About 95% to 97% of people with trichomoniasis are cured after one dose of metronidazole.  

Without treatment, trichomoniasis can stay in a woman's body for months to years.  In many (but not all) men, it seems to go away on its own.

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that women who are having vaginal discharge should get tested for trichomoniasis.

## How common is trichomoniasis?
Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world that is not caused by a virus.  Every year, about 248 million more people get trichomoniasis.  It is more common in women than men. 

It is also the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the United States.  In the U.S., about 3.7 million people have trichomoniasis, and about 1.1 million more people get infected every year.  Recent research has said that 3% of the U.S. population (3 in every 100 people) have trichomoniasis.  In people who are at higher risk of getting trichomoniasis, like people with HIV and people in prison, between 7.5% to 32% are infected.

## Related pages
* Sexually transmitted disease
* Safe sex
* Parasite

## References
Rubik's Revenge

A '''Rubik's Revenge''' is a 4x4 Rubik's Cube. It has 24 centers, 24 edges, and 8 corners. It was made by Peter Sebestény. Unlike the Rubik's Cube, the centers can move to different places.

## Ways to solve 
There are different ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge. One way is to solve the centers, and then the edges. Then, you can solve it like a 3x3. But, special problems can happen. 2 edges flipped wrong, or 2 sets of edges could be swapped from each other.

These problems are called parity errors. It can still be solved, but special moves must be done to solve it. Another way is to solve the edges first, then the centers. But, it is also possible to get parity errors. There are ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge without getting parity errors. One way is to solve the corners and edges first, then the centers.
## Related pages
*Pocket Cube
*Rubik's Cube
*Professor's Cube

## Other websites 
*How to solve a Rubik's Revenge
Nyctaginaceae

**Nyctaginaceae**, the four o'clock family, has about 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. It includes plants like the *Bougainvillea* and the four o'clock. Most of the species are vines.

The family has a unique fruit type, called an "anthocarp". Many genera have extremely large (>100 µm) pollen grains.

A curious aspect of *M. jalapa*, the four o'clock, is that flowers with different colours grow  on the same plant.

## Notes
Cleaner shrimp

cleans a mouth of moray eel]]

**Cleaner shrimp** is a generic term for any swimming decapod crustacean that cleans other organisms of parasites. This is an example of symbiosis: Both parties benefit. The fish benefit because they have parasites removed, and the shrimp gain the nutritional value of the parasites. In many coral reefs, there are cleaning stations, with many cleaning shrimps.

This behaviour is similar to that of cleaner fish. Sometimes, cleaer shrimp join cleaner wrasse and other cleaner fish.

Cleaner shrimp are often included in salt water aquaria to keep the tank clean.
Kusunoki Masashige

was a 14th century samurai from Kawachi Province. He fought for Emperor Go-Daigo. The warrior's  conduct and death are recognized as examples of bushido.

## Battle planner
Kusunoki was a brilliant tactician and strategist. He defended two key Loyalist fortresses at Akasaka and Chihaya. This helped Go-Daigo to briefly return to power. However, one of the loyalist generals, Ashikaga Takauji, betrayed Go-Daigo. Ashikaga led an army against Kusunoki and the remaining loyalists. Kusunoki suggested to the Emperor that they hide on sacred Mount Hiei and allow Takauji to take Kyoto. Later, they could move quickly down from the mountain to trap Ashikaga and destroy him.

### Disaster
Go-Daigo would not leave the capital. He insisted that Kusunoki meet Ashikaga's larger army forces in the field in a direct battle. Kusunoki obediently accepted his Emperor's foolish command. This became a great example of loyalty. He left his death poem with his young son Masatsura and knowingly marched his army into almost certain death. The battle took place at Minatogawa in modern-day Chūō-ku, Kobe. It was a tactical disaster. Kusunoki had only 73 of the original 700 horsemen left and was surrounded. He committed suicide along with his brother Masasue, 11 close clan members, and 60 others. According to legend, his brother's last words were *Shichisei Hōkoku!* (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country!") and Kusunoki Masashige agreed.

## After his death
Kusunoki Masashige's son, Kusunoki Masatsura, served the next emperor, the 12-year old Go-Murukami. These two had a trusting relationship like their fathers. Masatsura died alongside his brother Masatoki and cousin Wada Takahide in battle. That was the end of the Kusunoki clan.

Kusunoki Masashige's successful defense of Chihaya castle is believed to have helped the emperor gain power against the Kamakura bakufu.  Kusunoki held out so long in his castle, so Ashikaga Takauji changed sides and helped the emperor. The Kamakura bakufu ended.  However, Ashikaga Takauji quickly learned that he did not like following the emperor's commands. He changed loyalty again and established his own Ashikaga bakufu.  He was able to establish his own shogunate after defeating Kusunoki Masashige and the commander in chief Yoshisada in the final battle.  Kusunoki Masashige tried to bring Ashikaga Takauji back to the emperor's side, but the emperor rejected this plan.

## Legacy
Kusunoki's life and death are an important part of the historical narrative which is recorded in the *Taiheiki*.

## Related pages
* Otoya Yamaguchi

## References
Grenada at the Olympics

**Grenada** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1984.  They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then.  Grenada won its first medal at the London 2012 Olympics. Kirani James set a new national record of 43.94 seconds to win gold in the Men's 400 meters.

The Grenada Olympic Committee was formed in 1984 and  in the same year.

Grenada has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Grenada profile at London2012.com
Teenage Dream

***Teenage Dream*** is the third studio album by American pop singer Katy Perry. The album was released in the United States on August 24, 2010, and went straight to number one on the Billboard 200, selling 192,000 copies in its first week. There have been six singles released from *Teenage Dream* and two from its re-release, all of which have achieved massive chart success. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. "Teenage Dream" was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. "California Gurls" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. In 2012 "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Solo Pop Performance.

## Track listing 
## Personnel
Adapted from the *Teenage Dream* liner notes.

*Ammo – drums, keyboards, programming, producer (track 8)
*Benny Blanco – drums, keyboards, programming, producer (tracks 1, 3)
*Dr. Luke – drums (1-3, 7-8), keyboards (1-3, 7-8), programming (1-3, 7-8), producer (1-3, 7, 8), executive producer
*Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording engineer (4), producer (5), instrumentation (4-5)
*Nicolas Essig – assistant engineer
*Fabien Waltmann – synthesizer, music programming (track 10)
*Josh Freese – drums (tracks 6, 11)
*Charles Malone – guitar (track 6), assistant engineer
*Max Martin – drums (1-3, 7-8), keyboards (1-3, 7-8), programming (1-3, 7-8), producer (1-3, 7-8), executive producer
*Julio Miranda – guitar (track 6)
*Monte Neuble – keyboards (tracks 9, 11)
*Tucker Bodine – assistant engineer
*Randy Urbanski – engineer
*Luis Navarro – assistant engineer
*Nick Chahwala – other sounds, guitar (track 6)
*Chris "Tek" O'Ryan – recording engineer (tracks 6, 9, 11), guitar engineer
*Brent Paschke – guitar (tracks 9, 11)
*L. Leon Pendarvis – arranger (track 7), conductor
*Katy Perry – vocals (All tracks), piano, guitar, songwriter, producer, executive producer
*Lenny Pickett – saxophone (track 2)
*Serban Ghenea – mixing (1-3, 5, 7-8, 10-12)
*John Hanes – mix engineer (1-3, 5, 7-8, 10-12)
*Daniel Silvestri – bass guitar, guitar (track 6)
*Snoop Dogg – vocals (track 3)
*Stargate  – producer
*Tricky Stewart – keyboards (9, 11), producer, drum programming (6, 9, 11)
*Greg Wells – synthesizer (track 10), piano (10, 12), drums (10, 12), programming (10, 12), producer (10, 12)
*Will Cotton – photography

## References
Franz Binder

**Franz Binder** (1 December 1911 – 24 April 1989) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played for SK Rapid Wien as a forward. He was born in St. Pölten and died in Vienna.

## Career
### As player
Binder played his whole career for SK Rapid Wien, where he started at the age of 19. With Rapid he won 3 times the Austrian Championship and in 1941 the German Championship, bacause Austria was then occupied by Germany. In the match versus Schalke 04 he scored three of the four goals for Rapid.

He played in the Austrian national football team  14 times before the Second World War and five times after the war. For Germany he played between 1938 and 1941 nine times and scored 10 goals. For Austria he scored 16 times in 19 matches.

### As coach
After the end of his career he became coach in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. (SSV Jahn Regensburg, PSV Eindhoven, 1. FC Nuremberg, 1860 München and Rapid Wien)

## League statistics
## International statistics
;for Austria

;for Germany

## International goals
### Goals for Austria
:*Austria score listed first, score column indicates score after each Austria goal.*

### Goals for Germany
:*Germany score listed first, score column indicates score after each Binder goal.*

## Player honours
*Austrian Football Bundesliga (4):
** 1935, 1938, 1946, 1948
*Great Germany Gauliga (2):
** 1940, 1941
*Wiener Cup (1):
** 1946
*German Cup (1):
** 1938
*Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (3):
** 1933, 1937, 1938
*Gauliga Top Goalscorer (3):
** 1939, 1940, 1941

## References
## Other websites
*Franz Binder international goals
Honduras at the Olympics

**Honduras at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1968.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Honduras is HON.

## History
Honduras has been in nine Summer Olympic Games. They were at the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.  They have never won a .

The Comité Olímpico Hondureño was formed in 1956 and  by the IOC the same year.

## Olympic table Summer
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Honduras profile at London2012.com 
* Honduras at SportsReference.com
Guatemala at the Olympics

**Guatemala** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guatemala was GUT.  It is now GUA.

## History
Guatemala has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968.  The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games only once, in 1988.

Guatemala won their first Olympic medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Erick Barrondo took second place in the men's 20&nbsp;km walking race.

The National Olympic Committee for Guatemala was formed in 1947 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Guatemala at Olympic.org
* Guatemala profile at London2012.com
Aru Valley

The **Aru Valley** is in the southern area of Jammu and Kashmir, India. At a distance of 12 km from Pahalgam, the valley is known for its scenic meadows, lakes and mountains. It is also the base camp for trekking to the Kolhoi Glacier and Tarsar Lake. The Overa-Aru Biosphere Reserve of around 511 Km² is also the home for several rare and endangered species.

Aru Valley enriches the glory of Jammu and Kashmir tourism by being the starting point of trekking expeditions to Kolahoi Glacier and Sonmarg. Apart from the trekkers, the village also caters to the skiing desires of tourists who love to visit the place during winters.

The location of the village among the grasslands, make this place a tourist delight. It is reachable by walking along a mountain path. The village also serves as the start point for trekking to Kolahoi glacier. Another long trek for the serious trekker is to Sonmarg, which can be covered in 3 days! Besides, the valley is also known to be a good site for camping.

## References
Guyana at the Olympics

**Guyana** has been in 14 Summer Olympic Games. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guyana is GUY.  In 1964, it was GUI for British Guiana.

## History
Athletes from this country have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. For the first 5 games the country's name was British Guiana. 

Michael Anthony won a bronze  at the 1980 Summer Olympics in boxing.

The Guyana Olympic Association was formed in 1935 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Guyana profile at London2012.com
Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics

**Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1931.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the region of the Netherlands Antilles was NAN. It is now AHO.

## History
Athletes from the Netherlands Antilles have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation supported the Netherlands'  of the 1956 Games and the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.  The Netherlands Antilles has been in the Winter Olympic Games two times.

The National Olympic Committee for the Netherlands Antilles was formed in 1931 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1950.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, three athletes from the region of the Netherlands Antilles competed under the flag of the IOC.

## List of medalists
As of 2008, Jan Boersma is the only Netherlands Antillean  to win an Olympic , a silver medal in sailing.

Churandy Martina finished second, behind Usain Bolt but was  after an American led protest that Martina ran out of his lane during the race.

## Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee has continued to exist as the umbrella body for sports on the five islands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The five islands will continue to be in the Olympic Games under the  "Netherlands Antilles" name, but as a region in the Caribbean rather than a political entity. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved this in June 2007.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Netherlands Antilles at BBC
Nicaragua at the Olympics

**Nicaragua in the Olympics** is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1959, Nicaragua has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nicaragua was NCG. It is now is NCA.

## History
The National Olympic Committee for Nicaragua (*Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense*) was formed in 1959; and it was  by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Nicaragua was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.

## Olympic table Summer
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nicaragua profile at London2012.com