open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Edgar Bronfman Sr.

**Edgar Miles Bronfman** (June 20, 1929 &ndash; December 21, 2013) was a Canadian-American

Bronfman was born on June 20, 1929 in Montreal, Québec, Canada. He studied at Williams College.

Bronfman was married to Ann Loeb from 1953 until they divorced in 1973. Then he was married to Lady Carolyn Townshend from 1973 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Rita "Georgiana" Webb until they divorced. Then he was married to Jan Aronson from 1994 until his death in 2013. Bronfman has seven children.

Bronfman died on December 21, 2013 from natural causes in Manhattan, New York City, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
* *Huffington Post* Blogs
* *Washington Post* Editorials
* Appearances  on Charlie Rose
* Interview for Big Think
* Interview  with Jacques Berlinerblau for Faith Complex Series
* Interview with *New York Times Magazine*
Geoffrey of Monmouth

**Geoffrey of Monmouth** (c. 1095 – c. 1155) was a clergyman and writer. He was probably born in Wales. He was made the bishop of St Asaph on 21 February 1152.

Around 1136 he wrote *Historia Regum Britanniae* in Latin, translated as *History of the Kings of Britain*. It is a mythical history which included the first account of  King Arthur, Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table.

Stories about in Geoffrey's book helped to make Arthur a popular character. Shakespeare  Geoffrey's book when he wrote *King Lear* and *Cymbeline*.

As early as 1190, William of Newburgh wrote "it is quite clear that everything this man wrote about Arthur and his successors, or indeed about his predecessors from Vortigern onwards, was made up, partly by himself and partly by others".

## References
Million Dollar Password

***Million Dollar Password*** is a television game show that aired on CBS. It is an updated version of the game show *Password*. It aired from June 1, 2008 to June 14, 2009. It was hosted by Regis Philbin.

## Gameplay
The game is played in two parts. The first part of the game has two contestants and two celebrities. Both contestants play 30-second rounds where they try to get five words from clues given by their celebrity partner. Clues have to be one word. The celebrity can give as many clues as they want for each word. They must wait for a response from the contestant before giving a new clue. Only one clue can be given at a time. After each contestant plays, they switch partners. The contestant who gets the most words after four rounds wins and moves on to the Million Dollar Password round. If the contestants are tied after four rounds, a tie-breaking word is given to both teams, starting with the team who won a coin toss. The contestant who gets the word wins.

### Million Dollar Password
|}
This round has a six-step prize ladder with a top prize of $1,000,000. The contestant's celebrity partner is the one who they got the most words with. If they got the same amount of words with both celebrities, their partner is the one that they last played with. The contestant can give or receive the clues for this round. For each step of the ladder, the clue giver has to get their partner to say five words in 90 seconds. Up to three clues can be given for each word. The clue giver can pass on a word, but cannot come back to it.

If the clue giver is successful in getting their partner to say five words, the contestant wins the amount on the level that they are on. They can then decide if they want to take the money they have or go on to the next level. Each level has one less word than the last one. If a contestant fails on a level, the game ends. Failing on the first two levels means that the contestant leaves with nothing. Failing on the $50,000, $100,000 or $250,000 levels means that the contestant leaves with $25,000. If the contestant gets to the $250,000 level, they can play the $1,000,000 level with no risk of losing the $250,000.

If the contestant is giving the clues, starting at the $250,000 level, they are shown the words for that level before they decide if they want to take the money they have or go on to the next level.

## References
## Other websites
*
944

## Events 
* The city of Algiers is (re)founded by the Zirid king Buluggin ibn Ziri.
* Abu Yazid starts a rebellion against the Fatimids in the Aures Mountains.
* The Al-Askari Mosque is built in Samarra.
* King Edmund I of England takes Northumbria from the Vikings.
* Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos is deposed as Byzantine emperor.  It was by his own sons, Stephen Lekapenos and Constantine Lekapenos.

## Births 
* Otto, Duke of Burgundy
* Minamoto no Yorimitsu
* Fujiwara no Sukemasa
* Fujiwara no Akimitsu

## Deaths 
* Flaithbertach mac Inmainén, abbot of Inis Cathaig, Ireland
* Wilgred of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne
* Abu Mansur Al Maturidi, Muslim theologian
* Ngo Quyen, Vietnamese prefect and general
* Wichmann the Elder, Saxon nobleman
* Donnchad Donn, King of Ireland
942

## Events 
* The Chavda Kingdom is overthrown in Gujarat, India.
* October 30 – Pope Marinus II succeeds Pope Stephen VIII as the 128th pope.

## Births 
* Pampa, Kannada poet in India
* Genshin, Tendai scholar

## Deaths 
* King Idwal Foel of Gwynedd
* December 17 – William I of Normandy
* Gaozu of Later Jin, founder of the Later Jin Dynasty in China
* Liu Yan of the Southern Han Kingdom
McCormick Place

**McCormick Place** is the largest convention center in North America. It consists of four interconnected buildings on and near the shore of Lake Michigan. It is about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of downtown Chicago, Illinois, USA. McCormick Place hosts many trade shows and meetings. The 2012 NATO Summit in Chicago was held at McCormick Place. President Barack Obama made his 2012 election victory speech speech there. It was named after Colonel Robert R. McCormick.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority
* McCormick Place floor plan for RSNA 2009
941

## Events 
* The Rus'-Byzantine War is fought.
* Oda the Severe becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

## Births 
* Charles d'Outremer, son of Louis IV of France
* Brian Bórumha mac Cennétig, High-King of Ireland

## Deaths 
* April 21 – Bajkam, commander of commanders of the Abbasid Caliphate
940

## Events 
* Saadia Gaon makes his siddur (Jewish prayer book) in Iraq.
* Narita-san Temple is founded in Chiba, Japan.
* The Liao Dynasty stops the rule that a younger sister replace an older sister who died in marriage.

## Births 
* Abu'l-Wafa, Iranian mathematician
* Brian Boru, high king of Ireland

## Deaths 
* July 20 – Ibn Muqla, Abbasid vizier and calligrapher
* December 25 – Makan ibn Kaki, Dailamite warlord
* Taira no Masakado, leader of the Taira Clan
Hylobates

The genus ***Hylobates*** is one of the four genera of gibbons. It is the most widespread type of gibbon; there are six or seven species. Individuals in this genus are characterized by 44 chromosomes and often have a ring of white fur around their faces.

## Species 
* *Hylobates lar*
* *Agile Gibbon|Hylobates agilis*
* *Hylobates albibarbis*
* ''Müller's Bornean Gibbon|Hylobates muelleri*
* *Silvery Gibbon|Hylobates moloch*
* *Hylobates pileatus*
* *Hylobates klossii''

## References
Parametric statistics

**Parametric statistics** is a branch of statistics. It assumes that in the unknown population, the observations follow a probability distribution. Most of the parameters of the distribution are assumed to be known. Most  methods of statistical analysis are of this type. Jacob Wolfowitz was the first to use the term:
:*Most of these developments have this feature in common, that the distribution functions of the various stochastic variables which enter into their problems are assumed to be of known functional form, and the theories of estimation and of testing hypotheses are theories of estimation of and of testing hypotheses about, one or more parameters. . ., the knowledge of which would completely determine the various distribution functions involved. We shall refer to this situation. . .as the parametric case, and denote the opposite case, where the functional forms of the distributions are unknown, as the non-parametric case.*
## References
Sandhurst

**Sandhurst** commonly refers to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, near the town of Sandhurst in Berkshire, England

**Sandhurst** may also refer to these places:
* Sandhurst, Berkshire, England, a town
* Sandhurst, Gloucestershire, England, a village
* Sandhurst, Kent, England, a village
* Sandhurst, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia 
* a former name of Bendigo, Victoria, Australia 
* Sandhurst, Gauteng, South Africa, a suburb of Sandton
Huron, South Dakota

**Huron** is a city in the eastern part of South Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Beadle County, and 14,263 people lived there at the 2020 census. Huron became a city in 1883.

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Huron website
Watertown, South Dakota

**Watertown** is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Codington County, and 22,655 people lived there at the 2020 census. Watertown became a city in 1885.

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Watertown website
Libertarian Party (United States)

The **Libertarian Party** is a political party in the United States, founded in 1971. The current Chairwoman of the Libertarian National Committee is Angela McArdle of Texas since 2022.

It is the third largest party in the United States in terms of the popular vote in the country's elections and number of candidates run per election, and it is also identified by many as the fastest growing political party in the United States.

## Ideas
The political ideas of the Libertarian Party reflect the ideas of libertarianism: supporting less regulated markets, a less powerful state, strong civil liberties (favoring same-sex marriage and other LGBT rights), the legalization of cannabis, separation of church and state, open immigration, neutrality in diplomatic issues, staying out of other countries' wars, freedom of trade and travel to all foreign countries, and a better democracy. They also support more lenient gun laws.

As of February 2024, there are over 650,000 voters registered as Libertarians. Hundreds of Libertarian candidates have been elected or appointed to public office, and thousands have run for office under the Libertarian banner.

## Presidential elections
The Libertarian Party has had a number of records, such as being the first party to get an electoral vote for a woman in a United States presidential election. On May 5, 2012, Gary Johnson received the Libertarian Party's official nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 election. In 2016, Johnson once again became the party's nominee with running mate William Weld. In the 2016 United States presidential election, they won more popular votes than ever before. In 2020, Jo Jorgensen became the Presidential nominee with the running mate Spike Cohen.

## Caucuses 
Given the diverse nature of libertarianism, there are several political factions within the Libertarian Party that have formed caucuses. Currently, the Mises Caucus runs the party.

## Other websites 
* Official website

## References 
**Notes 9. reference is a dead link**
Tracy, New Brunswick

**Tracy** is a Canadian village in Sunbury County, New Brunswick. It is at Route 101 and the Eastern Terminus of Route 645. 

## People 
In 2021, it had a population of 610.

The village is on the North Oromocto River, about 40 km south of Fredericton, New Brunswick.

## References
Trudel, New Brunswick

**Trudel** is a Canadian village in Gloucester County, New Brunswick.

The village is located on the Acadian Peninsula. The community centres around the intersection of Route 135 and Route 325.
Paquetville

**Paquetville** is a Canadian former village in Gloucester County, New Brunswick. It is located on the Acadian Peninsula, at the intersection of Route 340, Route 135 and Route 350. In 2021, Paquetville had a population of 718.

The village is the home of Édith Butler, who sings the song "Paquetville".
 
## Demographics
**Population trend**

**Mother tongue language (2021)**

## References
## Other websites
St. George, New Brunswick

**St. George** is a Canadian town in Charlotte County, New Brunswick.

## Geography
St. George is nicknamed the "Granite Town". It is located on the Magaguadavic River between Passamaquoddy Bay and Lake Utopia. It is 70&nbsp;km west of Saint John. The Magaguadavic River flows through the town and into a large gorge and the St. George Dam at St. George, with caves in the cliffs on either side.

## History
The town was founded by Peter Clinch, a United Empire Loyalist who emigrated from the United States in 1784. Several granite quarries operated in the 19th and early 20th century.

In 2023, the village of St. George combined with Blacks Harbour and five other districts to become Eastern Charlotte.

## Transportation
The town is centered mainly between Route 1 to the north, Route 172 to the south-east along the most southern portion of Route 770.

## References
## Other websites
* Town of St. George 
* Charlotte County Guide
Moncton

**Moncton**  is a Canadian city in Westmorland County in southeastern New Brunswick. Moncton is the largest city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, and the second largest in the maritime provinces.

## References
Onoway

**Onoway** is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is west of Edmonton at the junction of Highway 37 and Highway 43. 

The Canadian National Railway tracks run through the town, which is east of Lac Ste. Anne and south of the Sturgeon River. Onoway built and opened a new elementary school, but the fate of the existing school has not yet been confirmed. Every June, Onoway has a fair weekend, called "Heritage Days".

## Demographics 
In the 2021 Census, the Town of Onoway had a population of 966. This was an 6.1% decrease from its 2016 population of 1,029. About 360 of its 388 total houses were occupied. The town has a land area of  and a population density of .

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Sackville, New Brunswick

**Sackville** is a Canadian former town in Westmorland County, New Brunswick.

In 2023, the town of Sackville combined with Dorchester and three other districts to become Tantramar.

## References
Saint John, New Brunswick

The **City of Saint John** is the second largest city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, and the third largest in the maritime provinces.

## Media
CHSJ 890

CKLT CTV Television Network

CHNB Global Television Network

Rogers

## References
Lamèque

**Lamèque** is a Canadian former town in Gloucester County, New Brunswick. In 2021, it had a population of 1,301. Lamèque is a French-speaking community. It is located on Lamèque Island, off the northeastern tip of the Acadian Peninsula.

## History
Lamèque's economy is tied to the fishing and peat industries.

It has hosted an annual baroque music festival every summer since 1975.

The Lamèque Eco-Parc is a nearby park that contains many of the plants and animals of the Acadian Peninsula.

In 2023, the village of Lamèque combined with Sainte-Marie-Saint-Raphaël and other districts to become Île-de-Lamèque.

## Notable people
Lamèque is also where Vancouver Canucks late player Luc Bourdon was born and raised.

## References
## Other websites
*  Ville de Lameque
Edward Tilley

**Edward Tilley** was a passenger on the *Mayflower*. He was baptized in Henlow, Bedfordshire, England on 27 May 1588.  He was the son Robert and Elizabeth Tilley. Edward was a weaver. 

He married Ann (or Agnes) Cooper on 20 June 1614 in Henlow. They had no known children. The Tilleys went to Holland a few years after their marriage. In September 1620, they sailed for the New World on the *Mayflower* with two young relatives of Anne's, Henry Samson and Humility Cooper.

As the *Mayflower* lay off Cape Cod in November 1620, Tilley and other passengers signed the Mayflower Compact. He and his wife died during the winter of 1620-1621.
Nomascus

**Nomascus** is the second most common genus (biology) of Gibbon. There are six species in the genus. Originally Nomascus was a sub-genus of the Hylobatidae.

## References
Pathological liar

A **pathological liar** is someone who lies as a habit. It is a form of mental illness. The problem was first written about in 1890 by G. Stanley Hall and in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck.

The word phrase **pathological** comes from pathology, a study of the causes and effects of diseases, and also injuries.

## Related pages
*Münchausen syndrome
## Other websites
*Live Science
CNN en Español

**CNN en Español** is a Pan-American Spanish-language news channel, owned by CNN Worldwide, a news division for Warner Bros. Discovery. It was launched on pay television, on March 17, 1997.

## References
## Other websites
*
*CNNExpansion 
*CNN en Español on XM 
*Main CNN Site
Luis Antonio Arevalo Espadas

**Luis Antonio Arevalo Espadas** (born September 10, 1982 in Miguelturra) is a swimmer from Spain.  He is also a student.  He has a disability: He is blind and is an S13/SB13/SM13/B3 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He came in third in 4 x 100 meter relay 49 Points swimming race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. 

## References
Classical unities

The **classical unities**, **Aristotelian unities** or **three unities** are rules for drama. They are found in Aristotle's *Poetics*. These are the three unities:
* The *unity of action*: a play should have one main action that it follows, with no or few subplots.
* The *unity of place*: a play should cover a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.
* The *unity of time*: the action in a play should take place over no more than 24 hours.

## References
Vegetative reproduction

'' produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they are mature enough, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath]] 

**Vegetative reproduction** is a kind of asexual reproduction. Many plants do it. By vegetative reproduction plants can cover the ground quickly: ground taken by one plant is difficult for other plants to take. This occurs naturally, and can also be done on purpose by horticulturists. 

Vegetative reproduction uses mitosis. This means that the newly created cell is a clone, and identical to the parent cell.  Some plants put out new roots underground, have bulbs, or grow new vines and shoots above ground.

By this process, new plants can be grown naturally without any seeds or spores. Therefore, it is widely used especially in agriculture to spread the trees that are of great value to the economy. 

## Cuttings 
In gardening and farming, vegetative reproduction means cutting a tree branch below its center joint, planting it in some other earth, and letting it form new roots. In this way, many kinds of useful plants can be easily reproduced without any seeds, for example: apple, avocado, banana, cacao, hemp, orange/lemon, date, fig, grape, almond, pineapple, potato, strawberry, sugar cane and tea. 

## Related pages 
*Plant reproduction

## References
Mary Carlisle

**Mary Carlisle** (born **Gwendolyn L. Witter**; February 3, 1914 &ndash; August 1, 2018) was a retired American actress, dancer and singer. She was known for her roles in *Long Live the King*, *Madame Satan*, *College Humor*, *Double or Nothing*, and *Doctor Rhythm*.

Carlisle was born on February 3, 1914 in Boston, Massachusetts. She was married to James Blakeley from 1942 until his death in 2007. They had one child. In 2010, aged 98, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Carlisle became the last known sole surviving "WAMPAS Baby Star".

Carlisle died on August 1, 2018 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles at the age of 104.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Photographs of Mary Carlisle
Thomas Norton

**Thomas Norton** (1532 – 10 March 1584) was a lawyer, a statesman, and a politician who wrote *Gorboduc*, the first English tragedy in blank verse.

Norton was born in London to Thomas Norton, a merchant, and Elizabeth Merry Norton. He went to the University of Cambridge. In 1556, he studied law. He was a Member of Parliament. He was a Calvinist, and tortured Catholics. The English bishops grew to dislike him. He was charged with treason and sent to the Tower of London. He was soon released, but his health had grown poor. In March 1584, he died in his Bedfordshire home.

Norton began to write sonnets and other poems when he was 18. In 1560, he wrote the earliest English tragedy in blank verse, *Gorboduc*, with Thomas Sackville. He wrote many anti-Catholic pamphlets.  He also translated John Calvin's *Institutes* (1561) and Alexander Nowell's *Catechism* (1570).

## References
*
José Manuel Rodríguez Vazquez

**José Manuel Rodríguez Vazquez** (born September 2, 1980 in Cádiz) is a boccia player from Spain.  He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC3 type athlete. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics  in the two person game and finished second. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## References
Division of Wilmot

The **Division of Wilmot** was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Tasmania. It was located in central Tasmania. At various times it included the towns of Deloraine,  Beaconsfield, Devonport, Latrobe and New Norfolk.

The Division was named after Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, the sixth Lieutenant-Governor of Tasmania. It was set up for the 1903 election. The division was abolished in 1984, and new boundaries were created. Much of the area is now included in the Division of Lyons.

## Members
The most famous member was Joseph Lyons, a Premier of Tasmania, who later became the 10th Prime Minister of Australia. Lyons died while still in office, and a by-election was held for the Division in 1939.
Begoniaceae

The **Begoniaceae** are a family of flowering plants with about 1400-1500 species occurring in the subtropics and tropics of both the New World and Old World. All but one of the species are in the genus *Begonia*. The only other genus in the family, *Hillebrandia*, is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and has only one species.

Many varieties (or cultivars) of some species and hybrids of the genus *Begonia* are used as ornamental plants.

## Description
### Plant and leaves
Most of the plants in this family are perennial herbaceous plants and very few are shrubs o subshrubs; they are from only a few centimetres to 3 metres tall. Their leaves and stems are succulents, that is, leaves and stems are juicy and store water.

Stems are upright (vertical) and many species form rhizomes or tubers (fleshy, thickened underground stems). In some cases, the stems are very short and the leaves are in a group close to the soil.

### Chromosome number
The chromosome number is variable, n=10-21 or more.

## Genera
The family Begoniaceae was named in 1820 as Begoniae by the Bohemian scientists Friedrich Graf von Berchtold and Jan Svatopluk Presl in *Prirozenosti Rostlin*, 1:270, and then in 1824 as Begoniaceae by the Swedish botanist Carl Adolph Agardh, published in *Aphorismi Botanici*.

There are two genera in this family:
* *Begonia*, with approximately 1400 species that are widely distributed in the tropics.
* *Hillebrandia*, with one species that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the only member of the Begoniaceae native to those islands.

The New Guinean genus *Symbegonia* Warb. has recently been reduced to a section of *Begonia*.

One species, *B. grandis* grows in the temperate zone, growing as far north as near Beijing (China).

## Uses
Some species, hybrids and cultivars of the genus *Begonia* are used worldwide as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, balconies and as houseplants because they have beautiful leaves and flowers.

## References
## Other websites
* American Begonia Society
* Begonia - Gardenology.org 
*A Phylogeny of *Begonia* Using Nuclear Ribosomal Sequence Data and Morphological Characters
*[A recircumscription of Begonia based on nuclear ribosomal sequences](http://www.springerlink.com/(vylxjw45gax3bqakqnuvoy45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,5,12;journal,29,1501;linkingpublicationresults,1:104878,1) 
*Notes on the geography of South-East Asian Begonia and species diversity in montane forests 
*Phylogenetic position and biogeography of *Hillebrandia sandwicensis* (Begoniaceae): a rare Hawaiian relict 
*Phylogenetic Relationships of the Afro-Malagasy Members of the Large Genus *Begonia* Inferred from trnL Intron Sequences
Bludenz

, around 1890]]

**Bludenz** is a city in Vorarlberg. Bludenz was first named in a document from 830. About 14,000 people live there. Archeological findings suggest that there was a settlement from the Bronze age, probably relating to the La Tène culture. 

Today, Bludenz is an important railway hub, at the point where the Klostertal, Brandnertal and Montafon join. It is the start of the railway line that links Vorarlberg to Tyrol, over a mountain pass called Arlberg. In the year  1274, Bludenz was awarded city rights.
José Vaquerizo Relucio

**José Vaquerizo Relucio** (born October 10, 1978 in Valencia) is a boccia player from Spain. He has not always had a job. He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC1 type athlete.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third in the Team BC1-2 game.

## References
The Girl Can't Help It

'''''The Girl Can't Help It'''* is a 1956 American romantic comedy musical movie. It stars Jayne Mansfield as Jerri Jordan. It was produced and directed by Frank Tashlin. It was based on the 1955 book *Do Re Mi'' by Garson Kanin. Musical stars Little Richard, The Platters, and others appear in the movie as themselves.

## Plot 
Marty "Fats" Murdock, a slot machine mobster, hires press agent Tom Miller to promote his talentless girlfriend, Jerri Jordan, as a singer. Despite Miller's efforts to dissuade Murdock, he records Jordan singing a prison-themed song and promotes it to a rival in the jukebox industry. Suspicion arises about Miller and Jordan's relationship, but a manipulated phone conversation convinces Murdock otherwise. At Jordan's debut show, Murdock is targeted for assassination, but Miller saves him, and the success of their song leads to Murdock's signing. The film concludes with Miller and Jordan on their honeymoon as Murdock and his associate perform on TV.

## References
## Other websites 
* Four Christmases' Official website 
*
Olaudah Equiano

**Olaudah Equiano** (c. 1745 – 31 March 1797) also known as **Gustavus Vassa or Graves**, was an important African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade. He was made a slave when he was a child but was later able to buy his freedom. He worked as an author, merchant, and explorer in South America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom, where he settled by 1792. In his autobiography, *The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano*, he wrote about the horrors of slavery. This influenced the passing of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.

## References
German papiermark

The **German Papiermark** (often just **Papiermark**) was the money of the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1923. On 15 November 1923 it was replaced by the Rentenmark, and in 1924, the Reichsmark became the official money. In 1914, the Gold standard was abolished; there was the First World War. The period when it was used was marked by a high inflation rate. At some time, the "millions" and billions of Mark were written in words, because there was not enough space on the paper.

The introduction of the Papiermark came after Germany faced severe economic challenges following World War I, including massive war reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The government printed large amounts of money to pay its debts, which triggered rapid and uncontrolled inflation. By late 1923, the value of the Papiermark had fallen drastically, leading to the famous hyperinflation crisis where prices could double within hours.

Everyday life was deeply affected: workers were paid daily because salaries quickly lost their value, and citizens often needed wheelbarrows full of banknotes to buy basic goods like bread. Businesses and savings were wiped out, and the middle class suffered enormous financial losses.

To stabilize the economy, the Rentenmark was introduced on 15 November 1923, backed by land and industrial assets rather than gold, restoring confidence in the currency. The subsequent adoption of the Reichsmark in August 1924 replaced the Papiermark permanently and marked the beginning of economic recovery.

The hyperinflation of the Papiermark era remains one of the most dramatic examples of monetary instability in history, illustrating the dangers of uncontrolled money printing and economic mismanagement. It has since become a key case study in economics and history courses worldwide.

## Bills 

File:10 Mark.jpg|10 Mark (1920)
File:Reichsbanknote 100 Mark Netz.png|100 Mark (1920)
File:1000 Mark.jpg|1000 Mark (15. September 1922)
File:Reichsbanknote 10000 Mark von 1922 Nr 1H 266213.png|10.000 Mark (19 January 1922)
File:Reichsbanknote Zwanzigtausend Mark.png|20.000 Mark (20 February 1923) 
File:Reichsbanknote Hunderttausend Mark.png|100.000 Mark (1 February 1923) 
File:20 millionen mark.jpg|20 million Mark (18 September 1923)
File:100 Millionen Mark.jpg|100 million Mark (22 August 1923)
File:5 Milliarden 1923-10-20.jpg|5 milliard Mark (20 October 1923)
File:5Bio.jpg|5 billion Mark (1 November 1923)
Roberto Alcaide García

**Roberto Alcaide Garcia** (born March 22, 1978 in Madrid) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a physical disability: He is a C4/LC2 type cyclist. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He was the first racer to finish in the Individual Pursuit track LC2 race.  He finished second in the Combined Road LC2 race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  He was the second racer to finish in the Individual Pursuit track LC2 race.  He was the third racer to finish in the Road Trial LC2 race.  He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## References
Teacup

A **teacup** is a porcelain cup that is used to hold liquid for drinking. It is usually used for drinking tea. It is also used for drinking coffee or some other hot drink. A teacup has a handle on the side that stays cool when the rest of the cup is too hot to hold. It also has its own small plate to sit on, called a *saucer*.

These can be made from ceramic, clay, glass or even plastic. Usually, teacups are ceramic (made of porcelain) because it is safer. Teacups can also be made for decoration. If they are made for decoration, their owners might keep them on display and not actually use them. 

Teacups are often decorated with patterns or pictures. Those painted by hand can be expensive. Some people collect decorated teacups as a hobby.
## Related pages
*Mug
Promises! Promises!

***Promises! Promises!*** is a 1963 movie. It was the first Hollywood sound movie to feature a major star—Jayne Mansfield—in the nude. She was in three nude scenes that together lasted a bit over a minute.

*Playboy* publisher Hugh Hefner was charged with obscenity when he printed nude photos of Mansfield on the set in his magazine. The movie was banned in some American cities. It was a big box office success in cities where it was shown.

## Story
Sandy Brooks (Jayne Mansfield) wants to get pregnant. Her husband Jeff (Tommy Noonan) is too stressed out with work to make love to her. They take a cruise, and meet another couple (Marie McDonald and Mickey Hargitay).

The four get drunk. They change partners when going to their rooms. Later, both women learn they're pregnant. They wonder whether the fathers are their own or the other's husband.  For some, the nude scenes were the movie's main attraction.
 There are only three short nude scenes.

Together, these three scenes last a little bit over one minute. Mansfield was seen only topless in the movie, but the book *Hollywood Babylon* shows her on the set completely nude. Her pubic hair can be seen.

## *Playboy*
In June 1963, *Playboy* published a photo article about the movie. In the photos, Mansfield plays with one of her breasts. Publisher Hugh Hefner was ed and charged with obscenity.

## Reception
*Promises! Promises!* was banned in several American cities. Both the original movie and an edited version had box office success in places where it was not banned.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Jiah Khan

**Jiah Khan** (born Nafisa Rizvi Khan, 20 February 1988 – 3 June 2013) was a British-American-Indian actress that appeared in movies for Bollywood. 

Khan was born on 20 February 1988 into a Muslim family in New York City, New York. On 3 June 2013, she was found dead in her apartment in Sagar Sangeet building in Juhu, Mumbai after hanging herself.

## References
## Other website
*
Granbury, Texas

**Granbury** is a city in the American state of Texas. It is the county seat of Hood County, Texas.  As of the 2020 census, 10,958 people lived in Granbury. It is the main city of the Granbury micropolitan statistical area. The city is named after Confederate General Hiram B. Granbury. 

## References
Air superiority fighter

in 1997.]]
An **air superiority fighter** is a fighter airplane. They are designed for close combat in the air against enemy fighters. This type of aircraft is very expensive Less of them are made than other types of fighters.

During World War II and the Korean War, fighters were divided by their roles. These roles included heavy fighter, interceptor, escort fighter and night fighter. When guided missiles were invented in the 1950s, new fighters were designed and made in two different kinds: 
* Aircraft designed for fighting beyond the visual range (BVR) of the pilot. This kind of fighter is called an interceptor. They are not very common in modern militaries. This is because they were not the best designs available as technology got better. They often did  not have a gun They also had poor maneuverability. This was because they were not designed to get in a dogfight with the enemy fighters. This kind of fighter has long range air-to-air missiles and a very strong radar. An example of an interceptor is the F-4 Phantom
* Aircraft designed for fighting within visual range are dogfighters. This kind of fighter has weapons such as guns and short range missiles for close combat. This kind of fighter has a very good maneuverability. These aircraft are also not very common anymore. This is because advancements in technology made long-range air-to-air missiles better for combat. An example of a dogfighter is the F-5 Tiger.
* Aircraft designed to fight in both beyond visual range and within visual range. These aircraft are the most common fighters today. They have both long and short range missiles,. They also have a powerful cannon. They are often very maneuverable. An example of this type of fighter is the F-22 Raptor.

## Examples of air superiority fighters
## Related pages 
*Fighter aircraft

## Notes
José Andres Blanco Sánchez

**Jose Andres Blanco Sanchez** (born April 13, 1958 in Madrid) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is a type LC3 cyclist. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the Individual Pursuit track LC3 race. He finished third in the Road LC3 race. 

## References
Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?

***Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?*** is a 1957 movie. It stars Jayne Mansfield, Tony Randall, Mickey Hargitay, and Groucho Marx in a cameo appearance. It was produced and directed by Frank Tashlin. He also wrote the screenplay, using little more than the title and the character of Rita Marlowe from the Broadway play of the same name by George Axelrod. The play ran from 1955 to 1956. It also starred Mansfield. The movie was a great success.

It received a nomination for a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Actor – Musical/Comedy (Tony Randall). It also received a nomination for the Writers Guild of America, East WGA Award (Screen) for Best Written American Comedy (Frank Tashlin). In 2000, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## Notes
## References
*Solomon, Aubrey. *Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series)*. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. .
 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh

**Ruairí Ó Brádaigh** (2 October 1932 – 5 June 2013) was an Irish republican paramilitary and political leader. He was Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) from 1958–1959 and again from 1960–1962, president of Sinn Féin from 1970 to 1983, and president of Republican Sinn Féin from 1987 to 2009.

Brádaigh was born on 2 October 1932 in Longford, Irish Free State. He was raised in Dublin, Irish Free State. Brádaigh studied at St. Mel's College and at University College Dublin. He was married to Patsy O'Connor until his death in 2013. They had no children. Brádaigh died on 5 June 2013 in Roscommon, Republic of Ireland from a short illness, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
* "Ruairí Ó Brádaigh's speech to the 1986 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis ", CAIN Web Service.
* "Transcript of interview " SWR Interview with Ruairi O'Bradaigh
* "Transcript of interview " with Ruairí Ó Brádaigh on the question of the legitimacy of the Republic of Ireland and its institutions on RTÉ Radio 1's News at One programme, 3 March 2002
Hooverville

.]]
A **"Hooverville"** is the popular name for slum towns built by people without homes during the Great Depression. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it.

Most Hoovervilles were made out of any materials people could find, including crates, cardboard, and scraps of metal. They usually had a small stove, a bed, and some cooking instruments. People who were living in Hoovervilles without jobs created public charities or asked for food from people with houses.

One well-known Hooverville was in Central Park in New York City, where people lived on the Great Lawn, which was then an empty reservoir.

## References
Thomas E. Donilon

**Thomas E. "Tom" Donilon** (born May 14, 1955) is a former United States Government official. He was the National Security Advisor in the Obama Administration. He has had a career as a U.S. political advisor, government official and lawyer. Previously, he served together with diplomat Wendy Sherman as Agency Review Team Lead for the State Department in the Obama transition,  and as Deputy to National Security Advisor James Jones early in the Obama administration.  Donilon replaced Jones as National Security Advisor on October 8, 2010. Donilon announced his resignation as National Security Adviser on 5th June 2013. Susan Rice was his successor.

Donilon was also Chief of Staff to former Secretary of State Warren Christopher at the United States Department of State in the Administration of President Bill Clinton.

Donilon was born on May 14, 1955 in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at the Catholic University of America and at Virginia University. He is currently married to Catherine Russell. They have two children. 

## References
## Other websites
* National Security Council
Dorothy Custer

**Dorothy Custer** (May 30, 1911 &ndash; April 22, 2015) was an American comedian, harmonica player, and centenarian. She was best known for her two appearances on *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno*. She has become the top featured story of all time on the Boise-based television station KTVB. She has been the subject of many interviews in Idaho and other states.

Custer was born in Twin Falls, Idaho. She had four children. She died in her sleep on April 22, 2015, aged 103.

## References
## Other websites
*
Carl Adolph Agardh

**Carl Adolph Agardh** was a Swedish botanist and bishop of Karlstad. He was known for his extensive work on algae.

## Biography
Agardh was born on 23 January 1785 in Båstad, a town in Scania (), Sweden. He began to study at Lund University in 1799.

In 1807, Agardh became a teacher of mathematics at Lund. In 1812, he was appointed professor of botany and rural economy. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1817, and of the Swedish Academy in 1831.

Agardh became a Lutheran clergyman in 1816. He was a member of the Swedish Parliament on several occasions from 1817. He was *rector magnificus* of Lund University from 1819 to 1820. In 1835 he became the bishop of Karlstad, where he remained until his death. He died on 28 January 1859 in Karlstad.

## Publications
Agardh devoted considerable attention to political economy. As "a leading liberal", he "succeeded in improving and raising the standards of education in Sweden".  He wrote on theological and other subjects, but he is best known for his botanical works, especially *Systema algarum*, *Species algarum rite cognitae*, and *Icones Algarum* (1824, 1820–28, and 1828–35). He translated into German most of his *Manual of Botany* (2 vols., Malmoe, 1829–32)

## Some of his works
*[*Algarum decas prima -quarta /auctore Carolo Ad. Agardh*
**Dispositio algarum Sueciae /cuctore Carolo Adolfo Agardh* 
**Caroli A. Agardh Synopsis algarum Scandinaviae : adjecta dispositione universali algarum* 
**Aphorismi botanici. *
**Classes plantarum* (with Holmberg, L. P. and Lundstrom, Petrus M.)
**Adnotationes botanicae* (with Swartz, Olof, Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim, and Wikström, Joh. Em)
* *Synopsis algarum Scandinaviae* (Lund 1817)
* *Species algarum rite cognitae etc.* (Greifsw. 1823-28, 2 Voll.)
* *Icones algarum europaearum* (Leipz. 1828-35)
* *Systema algarum* (Lund 1824)
* *Essai de réduire la physlologie végétale à des principes fondamentaux* (Lund 1828)
* *Essai sur le développement intérieur des plantes* (1829)
* *Lärobok i botanik* (Malmö 1830-32, 2 Voll.)
* *Försök till en statsökonomisk statistik öfver Sverige* (Stockh. 1852-63, 4 Voll.)

## Family
Agardh was the father of Jacob Georg Agardh, also a botanist.

## References
## Other websites
* Agardh, 1. Karl Adolf (in Swedish)
* Lund University, Botanical Museum
* Lund Museum - Collections: algae
Bing Russell

**Bing Russell** (May 5, 1926 - April 8, 2003) was an American actor and baseball club owner.   He was best known for playing the role of Deputy Clem Foster on *Bonanza*, beginning in 1959 and of Robert in *The Magnificent Seven* in 1960.

Russell was the father of Golden Globe nominated actor, Kurt Russell. He was also grandfather of an American actor, Wyatt Russell, who is also a former professional hockey player. Wyatt is the son of Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell. Russell was also grandfather of a former major league baseball player, Matt Franco, who is Kurt Russell's nephew.

## Early life
He was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and grew up wanting to be an actor. He studied drama at his high school. As a boy, he became an unofficial mascot of the New York Yankees, becoming friends with the players Lefty Gomez and Joe DiMaggio. Another Yankees batter, Lou Gehrig,  gave him the last bat he used to hit a home run before he retired, due to the illness ALS.  It was directed by Chapman Way and Maclain Way, grandsons of Russell.  The movie was first shown at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2014.  It began being shown on Netflix on July 11, 2014.

*The Battered Bastards of Baseball* got positive reviews from critics.

Scott Foundas of *Variety*, said that "So rife with underdog victors and hairpin twists of fortune that, if it weren't all true, no one would believe it." Duane Byrge, writing in *The Hollywood Reporter*, praised the movie. He said that "The Battered Bastards of Baseball is not just about baseball. It transcends the game and is a charming anti-establishment yarn that should delight audiences who don't even know an r.b.i. from a balk."

Dustin Krcatovich, from *Esquire*, wrote "easily one of the most raucously entertaining films to come out this year, and the best sports documentary in a while." Katie Walsh of *Indiewire* gave the movie a B+ grade. She said "The Batterered Bastards of Baseball is an entertaining celebration of the independent spirit and the love of the game."

The *New York Daily News* listed the documentary as one of the 10 best movies of 2014.

## Death
Russell died from cancer on April 8, 2003 in Thousand Oaks, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bonanza Cast Biographies - Bing Russell
*
*
Plymouth Rock

**Plymouth Rock** is an American historic site in Plymouth, Massachusetts. People say the *Mayflower* Pilgrims arrived there in 1620. But, they may not have. Edward Winslow did not mention the rock in ''Mourt's Relation* (1620–1621). William Bradford did not mention it in his journal *Of Plymouth Plantation'' (1620–1647). The first written reference to the Pilgrims landing on a rock is found 121 years after they landed. 
## References
## Other websites
Susan Rice

**Susan Elizabeth Rice** (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat and policy advisor. She was the 22nd Director of the United States Domestic Policy Council from 2021 to 2023 under President Joe Biden. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the 27th United States ambassador to the United Nations from 2009 to 2013. 

Rice was the 23rd U.S. National Security Advisor from 2013 to 2017 under President Barack Obama. Rice also served as the 12th assistant secretary of African Affairs from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton.

## Obama administration
She was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN ambassador by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent on January 22, 2009. 

She is the first Jamaican-American woman to hold that office. Rice succeeded Tom Donilon as National Security Adviser. Donilon's resignation was announced on June 5, 2013.

## Post-Obama presidency activities
On March 8, 2017, Rice joined American University as a distinguished visiting research fellow in the School of International Service (SIS) at the university. In her residency she planned to work on her next book and mentoring young SIS students.

On March 28, 2018, Rice was appointed to the board of directors at Netflix.

## 2018 U.S. Senate race in Maine
After U.S. senator Susan Collins from Maine voted in favor of Brett Kavanaugh for the Supreme Court, Rice publicly considered a challenge to Collins in 2020. In April 2019, however, Rice announced that she would not seek a Senate run against Collins in 2020.

## 2020 presidential election
In July 2020, it was widely reported that Rice was under consideration to be Joe Biden's running mate for Vice President in the 2020 general election.

## Biden administration
On December 10, 2020, it was reported that Rice was picked by President-elect Joe Biden to serve as Director of the Domestic Policy Council in the Biden administration. She left office in May 2023 and was replaced by Neera Tanden.

## Personal life
Rice was born on November 17, 1964 in Washington, D.C.. She studied at Stanford University and the New College, Oxford. Rice is an African American whose maternal grandparents were Jamaican. 

## References
## Other websites
*United States Mission to the United Nations 
* The Ethiopian-Eritrean War: U.S. Policy Options  Before the House Committee on International Relations, Africa Subcommittee, May 25, 1999. . Retrieved 2008-05-13.
* Fox News Interview with Laura Ingraham (video)
* Interview with Dave Ross on MyNorthwest.com (audio)
* Profile on Foreign Policy
Vittorio Amuso

**Vittorio Amuso** (born 1934) is an American mobster from New York City. He was the leader of the Lucchese crime family from 1987 to 2012. He is currently serving a life sentence in prison for murder and racketeering.

## References
Toni Braxton (album)

***Toni Braxton*** is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Toni Braxton. It was released in July 1993 by LaFace Records. Songs on the album include "Breathe Again", "I Belong to You" and "You Mean the World to Me".

## Track listing
Adina Howard

**Adina Howard** (November 14, 1973) is an American R&B singer who was popular in the mid 1990s. She was extremely notable for her hit single "Freak Like Me", though there were other minor songs. She represented with a rather provocative image. Adina was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan.