open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2002 Winter Olympics

**The 2002 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States from February 8 to 24, 2002. There were about 2,400 athletes from 77 nations. 78 events were contested. Utah was the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games.

78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games. Cameroon, Hong Kong (China), Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand competed in their first Winter Olympic games.

## Highlights
 during the opening ceremonies]]
*The Olympic Flame was lit by the members of the gold medal-winning US Hockey Team of the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY.
*These Olympics were the first time a United States president opened an Olympic Winter Games.
*These were the first Games to be held under IOC president Jacques Rogge.
*Janica Kostelić won three golds and a silver which were the first Winter Olympic medals ever for Croatia It was the first three-gold performance by a female.
*Skeleton returned as a medal sport in the 2002 Games for the first time since 1948.
*2002 was the first time with the Women's Bobsled Event.
*China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A).
*One of the most memorable stories of the event was at the men's short track. Australian skater Steven Bradbury was behind in the semi-final. The winning skaters crashed into each other, letting him finish second and go through to the final. Bradbury was again behind in the final. Again all four other skaters crashed out in the final turn. He won the gold medal.This was the first gold for Australia—or any other country of the Southern Hemisphere—in the Olympic Winter Games.
*Australia won their second gold medal when Alisa Camplin won in Women's Aerials. This was the first ever Winter Games gold won by a woman from the Southern Hemisphere.
*The Canadian men's ice hockey team defeated the American team 5–2 to claim the gold medal. This ended 50 years without the hockey gold. The Canadian women's team also defeated the American team 3–2.
Stradivarius

, Madrid, Spain]]

A **Stradivarius** is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century  Italian luthier Stradivari family (especially by Antonio Stradivari) that was famous for making them.

Violins have been sold (at auction) for as high as US dollars [11 million] or 11.25 million; That violin is from 1714; It is called the *Joachim-Ma Stradivarius violin*; Two of its previous owners, were "Joachim" and "Ma".

Stradivarii are known for their high quality sound and ability to last a long time without tuning. Most of these instruments survive to this day, though few have been stolen. They are some of the best and most expensive instruments, and even each string instrument created has a name. So many people have wanted Stradivarii, and some have sold for more than a million dollars. Famous violinists, such as Midori Goto or Joshua Bell have Stradivarii.

## References
2000 Summer Olympics

at Stadium Australia, on 15 September 2000.]]

The **2000 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXVII Olympiad**, took place in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia from September 15, 2000 until October 1, 2000.

.]]

199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) were in the Sydney Games. Four were in the Olympics for the first time. These were Timor-Leste, Eritrea, Micronesia and Palau.

## Returned medals
Marion Jones, winner of three gold and two bronze medals for the United States, gave back her medals in October 2007.  She said she took tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), a drug that could make her run faster, from September 2000 through July 2001.

On 2 August 2008, the International Olympic Committee took the gold medal from the U.S. men's 4x400-meter relay team. Antonio Pettigrew said he used a banned substance. Besides Pettigrew other athletes used performance-enhancing drugs.  These are twins Alvin and Calvin Harrison, and Jerome Young.

On 28 April 2010, the IOC took China's bronze medal from Gymnastics.  This was for using an underage gymnast.

## Venues
### Sydney Olympic Park
]]
]]
]]
*Olympic Stadium: Ceremonies (opening/closing), Athletics, Football (final)
*Sydney International Aquatic Centre: Diving, Modern Pentathlon (swimming) Swimming, Synchronised Swimming, Water Polo (medal events)
*State Sports Centre: Table Tennis, Taekwondo
*NSW Tennis Centre: Tennis
*State Hockey Centre: Field Hockey
*The Dome and Exhibition Complex: Badminton, Basketball, Gymnastics (rhythmic), Handball (final), Modern Pentathlon (fencing, shooting), Volleyball (indoor)
*Sydney SuperDome: Gymnastics (artistic, trampoline), Basketball (final)
*Sydney Baseball Stadium: Baseball, Modern Pentathlon (riding, running)
*Sydney International Archery Park: Archery

### Sydney
]]
*Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre: Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Weightlifting, Wrestling
*Sydney Entertainment Centre: Volleyball (indoor final)
*Dunc Gray Velodrome: Cycling (track)
*Sydney International Shooting Centre: Shooting
*Sydney International Equestrian Centre: Equestrian
*Sydney International Regatta Centre: Rowing, Canoeing (sprint)
*Blacktown Olympic Centre: Baseball, Softball
*Fairfield City Farm: Cycling (mountain biking)
*Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre: Water Polo
*Penrith Whitewater Stadium: Canoeing (slalom)
*Bondi Beach: Volleyball (beach)
*Sydney Football Stadium: Football
*Olympic Sailing Shore Base: Sailing
*Centennial Parklands: Cycling (road)
*Marathon course: Athletics (marathon)
*North Sydney: Athletics (marathon start)
*Sydney Opera House: Triathlon

### Outside Sydney
*Bruce Stadium, Canberra: Football
*Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide: Football
*Melbourne Cricket Ground: Football
*Brisbane Cricket Ground: Football

## References
German Bundestag

The **German Bundestag** (commonly referred to as *Bundestag*) is the legislature of Germany. It meets in Berlin, in the Reichstag building, which was specially rebuilt ready for the Bundestag to move from Bonn.

The Bundestag has at least 598 members. Every 4 years the German people vote. After the 2017 election there were 709 members. In the election of 26 September 2021, 736 members were assigned - the base 598 seats plus 138 overhang and leveling seats. After the 2025 election, this was reduced to 630. The next election is expected in 2029.

A party gets seats when it gets at least 5% of the votes or 3 direct mandates. Every voter has two votes, one for a person and one for a party. 299 members each represent a constituency, just as in the British House of Commons or the US House of Representatives. The other half are elected from a party list in each Land. The total number of seats a party gets depends on the number of the second "party votes" it gets.

But if a party wins more constituency seats than its share of the party votes, then it keeps those extra seats. These extra seats, or *extra mandates*, are the reason the Bundestag sometimes has more than 598 members. If a party gets extra mandates, the other parties get some extra seats too to make sure every party gets exactly its share of party seats. This system of giving extra mandates was changed in 2013. Before 2013, if a party won extra mandates, then it got to put more members in the Bundestag, which gave the party more influence over the Bundestag than it won in the elections. 

The Bundestag president is named Bärbel Bas. She oversees the sessions of the body.

## Related pages 
* Politics of Germany#Bundestag (election results of 2013)
* German federal election, 2025

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites
Persephone

of Persephone.]]
**Persephone** (, *Persephonē*) is the goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth. She is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is married to the god Hades, with whom she rules over the souls of the dead. As a vegetation goddess, she presided over the bounty of the harvest as it emerged during the season of spring. 

Persephone and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which promised initiates a reward in the afterlife. The tale of her being abducted by Hades, during which she was tricked into eating seeds from a pomegranate (the food of the dead), served to explain the cause of the seasons, and is one prominently featured in ancient Greek literature. Her symbols included the pomegranate, flowers and seeds of grain. During the summer she would rise up from the underworld to be with her mother Demeter. The goddess Proserpina is her Roman counterpart. 

## Birth and Early Life 
Persephone is the daughter of two powerful gods in Greek mythology. Zeus, was the king of all gods. Demeter, her mother, was goddess of the harvest, agriculture and fertility. Her mother was affectionately known as 'Mother Nature'. Persephone was born as a result of one of father's numerous affairs. Being born to a goddess of agriculture, it would come as no supride that Persephone is a goddess of spring and new life.
Gadolinium

**Gadolinium** is a chemical element.  It has the chemical symbol **Gd**.  It has the atomic number 64.  It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides.  It is a rare earth element.  It is silvery white, malleable and .

Its main uses are as chemical compounds in color televisions and nuclear magnetic resonance radio contrast agents.  In color cathode ray tube televisions (the type first produced, not flat televisions) some of the pixels are dots of gadolinium compounds. When the electrons from the cathode ray tube hit the  pixels and transfer energy to the gadolinium compounds they give out light as energy.  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is used in medicine where it is named MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging).  It is used to take picture of inside the body.  How the pictures look is changed by the gadolinium compounds and how much water is around.  It makes the images clearer because it makes the difference in the concentration of water in different parts of the body look more clear (more contrast) in the picture that is made.

## Related pages
* Periodic table
* List of common elements

## Other websites 
* WebElements.com - Gadolinium
* It's Elemental – Gadolinium
Angela Haynes

**Angela Haynes** (born September 27, 1984 in Bellflower, California ) is a professional tennis player from the United States. Haynes's top WTA singles ranking is **World No. 95** which she got in August, 2005. Angela was ranked World No. 157, race-singles World No. 120 and World No. 171 in doubles as of November 7, 2009.

Haynes' brother, Dontia Haynes, who used to be a San Diego State University tennis player ranked among the top 100 ranked collegiate tennis players in the United States, died on September 23, 2005.

## Clothing
Angela's clothes are made by Adidas. Her racquets are made by Babolat. Angela's current racquet is believed to be the Babolat Pure Storm. Angela likes to wear bandanas while playing.

## Appearances
Angela appears in *Top Spin 2* which is for the Xbox 360, Nintendo Game Boy, and Nintendo DS.

## References
List of citrus fruits

**Citrus** is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae.  It originated in tropical and subtropical southeast Asia. The name comes from the citron.

Citrus fruits usually have a sour taste but farmers grow more of the sweet ones. There are many types of citrus fruits in the world.

## List of citrus fruits 
*Citron
*Clementine
*Grapefruit
*Hyuganatsu
*Kumquat
*Lemon
*Rough Lemon
*Lime
*Kaffir lime
*Key lime
*Leech Limes
*Mandarin orange
*Minneola
*Orange (fruit)
*Pomelo
*Satsuma
*Shonan gold
*Sweety
*Tangerine
*Tangelo
*Ugli
*Imperial Lemon
*Red finger lime
*Amanatsu
*Orangelo
*Oroblancho
*Tangor
*Yuzu
Rowing

**Rowing** is about moving a boat on water using human muscle power. It can be a sport. The goal in rowing is to move as fast as possible on top of the water. The athletes use a boat. They move the boat forward by using two sculls or one oar. There are different types of rowing. The types depend on how many people are in the boat and if they have a coxswain or not. Rowing is a very popular sport in England, the Commonwealth, and the Northeastern United States. The old universities of the United States and England have yearly rowing matches.

## Other websites 
* FISA – The Official World Rowing Website
* Rachel Quarrell's Rowing Service – UK rowing news and information site.
* Row2k.com – Worldwide Rowing information site with news, results and photographs.
Ur

]]
 of the Ziggurat]]

**Ur** was the one of the world's first cities, in Mesopotamia. It was a Sumerian city-state, founded around 3,800&nbsp;BC. There are written records dating from the 26th century. Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the River Euphrates on the Persian Gulf. It is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank,  from Nasiriyah, Iraq.
## Ziggurat
In the Sumerian city, the Ziggurat of Ur was a skyscraper over the city. It was about 20&nbsp;metres (66&nbsp;feet) tall. The only level that remains today is the bottom. There were big staircases to get up and down. They tell a lot about the people who built them. Sumerians had no tools and machinery like us. They were careful brick builders. Brickmakers formed mud bricks that were perfect. After drying they took them to the site and set them in place with bitumen. Bitumen is similar to asphalt, a thick sticky black stuff. It's like asphalt, the stuff they use to pave roads. They braided reeds so they would be stronger, and hooked them up like steel cables. Later the Ziggurat became more than a place for gods. There were workshops for craftworkers. For the priests, there were temples to do worship.
## Social classes
Ur had four social classes. The richer, like government officials, priests, and soldiers, were at the top. The second level was for merchants, teachers, laborers, farmers and craftmakers. The bottom were for slaves captured in battle. The level above all was the singular Owen Ramm Steffen, ruler of all people of Ziggurat. He was the most importante y gracioso and believed in member of Ur, even writing on the walls, "I hope Carter Mikolay burns in hell." Burials at Ur give insight into people's social standing. Kings and queens were buried with treasure. Since irrigation gave Ur abundant crops, not everybody needed to work on farms. People learned other skills. Sir Leonard Woolley found a tablet that listed Ur's specialized workers. The chisel workers made sculptures, the gem cutters made gems, and the fullers stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The metal workers made weapons.

## References
Laser printer

A **laser printer** is a printer for computers. It uses laser or LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper.  Very often, this costs less to use than the ink of inkjet printers.  Laser printers often print text more neatly than inkjet printers, but print photos less clearly. Printing on photo paper or coated paper designed for inkjet printers can damage the laser printer's drum and fuser unit.

The laser printer was first invented by a team at Xerox in 1969. The first laser printer was called the Xerox 2000.

## Process 
Laser printing is a process which typically involves seven steps:

# **Raster Image Processing**: the processor inside the printer converts the data to be printed from its current file format, into a bitmap of the page to be printed - this is then stored in raster image memory.
# **Charging**: An electrostatic charge is then projected onto a revolving photosensitive drum inside the printer.
# **Writing**: A laser beam is directed at a rotating polygonal mirror, which redirects the beam onto the photosensitive drum. The rasterized data in memory is now read, and used to control whether the laser is on or off, as the beam sweeps across the drum - where the laser beam strikes the drum the charge is reversed, creating a latent electrical image on the surface. Some laser printers use an array of tiny LEDs instead of a sweeping laser beam.
# **Developing**: The surface of the drum is then exposed to negatively charged particles of toner, which are attracted to the areas where the laser wrote the latent electrical image. The toner will be repelled by the negative charge on areas of the drum where the laser beam did not strike, and hence remove the charge.
# **Transferring**: The drum is now rolled over paper, transferring the image from the drum to the paper (to aid in this process there is a positively charged roller behind the paper, which pulls the toner off the drum and onto the paper).
# **Fusing**: The paper is then passed through a fuser, where rollers provide heat and pressure to bond the toner to the paper.
# **Cleaning**: An electrically uncharged blade and a discharge lamp remove any toner and all the charge remaining on the drum (this will all happen in one  of the drum).
Inkjet printer

An **Inkjet printer** is a printer for computers. It uses special ink to print on the paper. Another type of printing technology is the Laser printer. Inkjet printers are preferred for printing photos and graphics due to their high-quality color output, whereas laser printers are preferred for printing text due to their high contrast and speed.

Usually, inkjet printers are used by people who print very little. The ink comes in special ink cartridges, which can be very expensive and uneconomical. Also, the ink in the cartridge may dry up. This means that a new cartridge is needed. Three colors of cartridges, which combine magenta, yellow and cyan inks are used to create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome  output. Some professional printers have one or more additional colors for better photo quality, such as light cyan, light magenta, blue, red, green, orange, and grey.

Inkjet printers may use either dye or pigment inks. Pigment inks are less likely to fade, whereas dye inks create more-realistic photos and are less likely to clog the printhead.

Many professionals use inkjet printers to print on very large surfaces (up to 5m width). These printers usually do not use cartridges, but have a continuous supply of ink that could last for a long time. Standard-size (A4 or US Letter) printers with a continuous ink supply are also available.
Inkjet printers need special paper. This paper has been treated so that the ink does not smear. 
Less expensive inkjet printers, which cost a little more than 100 US dollars, are a bargain for users who want to be able to print pages in color. Inkjet printers can be very cheap but the ink can also be rather expensive. Some professional inkjet printers can print on surfaces other than paper, such as CDs/DVDs or plastic cards.

An inkjet printer can print between 300 and 720 DPI (Dots Per Inch). Some newer printers can print at higher resolutions, although the benefit of resolutions beyond 720 DPI may not be noticed by the human eye.

A common problem with inkjet printers is that if the printhead is clogged, banding (stripes) will appear in the printed image. To fix this, the printhead needs to be cleaned using the software included with the printer. This problem occurs most often when the printer has not been used for a long time. To prevent this from happening on rarely-used printers, a cron job can be scheduled to print a purge sheet (an image containing all colors used by the printer) once per day. A small, barely noticeable (usually only noticeable by magnification) amount of banding will occur even with a perfectly clean printhead due to the way the printer works.
Lawrencium

.]]**Lawrencium** is a chemical element. Before being officially named, it was known as **eka-lutetium** and **unniltrium**. It has the symbol **Lr**. It has the atomic number 103. It is a group 3 element and transition metal, but is also often counted as an actinide.

It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Lawrencium is made from californium. The isotope that has the longest half-life (262Lr) has a half life of about 3.6 hours.

No uses for lawrencium are known. What lawrencium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

Discovered by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers in 1961, in California. Named after Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a research instrument with which several new elements have been found/made.

## Related pages
* Periodic table
* List of common elements

## References
Darmstadtium

**Darmstadtium** is a chemical element. It has been named **ununnilium (Uun)** or **eka-platinum** but is now named darmstadtium. It has the symbol **Ds**. It has the atomic number 110. It is a transuranium element.
]]
The element is named in honor of German city Darmstadt.

Darmstadtium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The isotopes with an atomic mass from 267 to 273 have very short half-lifes. The half life of these isotopes is measured in milliseconds. Isotopes of darmstadtium with an atomic mass of 279 and 281 were synthesised after the other isotopes. Ds-279 and Ds-281 decay more slowly. The isotope with an atomic mass of 279 has a half life of 180 milliseconds and Ds-281 has a half life of 11.1&nbsp;seconds.

No uses for darmstadtium are known. What darmstadtium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

## History 
Darmstadtium was first made on November 9, 1994. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Only a few atoms of it were made. It was made by bombarding a lead  with nickel. A nuclear fusion reaction happened and made the element.

This is shown by the equation below that is the reaction that happened. Pb is the symbol for lead, Ni is the symbol for nickel and n is the symbol for a neutron.

:Pb + Ni→ Ds + n

The element was named for Darmstadt which was the place of its discovery. The GSI is in Wixhausen, a part of the north of the city of Darmstadt. The new name (darmstadtium) was given to the chemical element by the IUPAC in August 2003.

## References 
## Other websites 
* WebElements.com - Darmstadtium
* IUPAC: Element 110 is named darmstadtium 
* Apsidium - darmstadtium
Mandir

]]

**Hindu temple** or **Mandir** is referred to a place where Hindus go to worship gods in the form of various deities. Many Hindu temples are filled with wooden and stone arts like pashupatinath temple. A mandir is a spiritual place for Hindus. It is the landmarks around which ancient arts, community celebrations and economy were developed, as well as this the mandir has been recognised for.

It is believed that the Mandir are stone or wooden images of idols  infused with the divine presence of God. They worship with arts and other ceremonies.

## Purpose 
Hindus believe that gods and goddesses will answer the prayers of the faithful and inspire spiritually. For them, the temple also acts as a contact between the gods and goddesses and the worshipers. They also believe that the gods and goddesses will grant their wishes and protect them from danger.

## Appearance 
In Hinduism gods are represented in various forms. Sometimes gods or goddesses are represented in a human form like Shiva, Vishnu, Saraswati or Kali. Sometimes there are gods goddesses in human and animal fused form like Ganesh. Sometimes they are also represented in plants and non-living form like Tulsi and Shaligrams. Murtis are made according to the prescriptios of the ilpasastra, and then installed by priests through the prana pratishtha ceremony. Afterward the divine personality is believed to be present in the Murtis.

## Method 
To show respect, Hindus give gifts and food to the murtis. They are treated with respect and worshipped everyday. If a temple is a family temple it is treated as part of the family. Some Hindus also offer a part of their daily food to the god or goddess. They are given clothes and are changed at certain times. 

File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg|The Nataraja Mandir, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
File:Hindu temple Norway.jpg|A Mandir in Norway. This one is Slemmestad, and belongs to the biggest Hindu community in Norway.
File:Hindutempelcolombo.JPG|A Mandir in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
File:Temple-Angkor Wat.jpg|A Mandir which later became a Buddhist Temple in Angkor Wat, Cambodia.
File:Temple-at-mysore-palace.jpg|Mandir at Mysore Palace, Southern India.

## References
Kitchener, Ontario

**Kitchener** is a city in Ontario, Canada. Kitchener is in Southwestern Ontario and is near Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga and London. It is in Waterloo Region. Other cities in Waterloo Region include Waterloo and Cambridge. Sometimes Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge are known as the "technology triangle". It is on the Grand River, which leads to Lake Erie.

## History 
At first, Kitchener was called Berlin. When World War I started it seemed like a bad idea to have a city named after the capital of Germany. The city was renamed Kitchener, after a British general, Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener then slowly became a  city as it is today.

## Future 
A rapid transit system is planned to be added in the Waterloo Region.

## Media 
CHYM 96.7

CKWR 98.5

## Other websites 
* City of Kitchener
* Centre in the Square 
* The Record Newspaper (Serving Waterloo Region)
* Satellite image courtesy of Google Maps
* Grand River Transit (serving Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge)
* Grand River Monorail (competing proposal for a Rapid Transit line through Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge)
Thorium

**Thorium** is a chemical element in actinide group. It is a weakly radioactive metal. It has a shiny, silvery white color. It has the chemical symbol **Th** and the atomic number 90. Natural thorium has an atomic weight of 232. Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. Its ores are found in nature (that is, on Earth), especially in India, the United States, and Australia. 

Thorium would make a good source of nuclear fuel because it makes much less waste and is four times as common as uranium. It does not need the wasteful process of enrichment. It makes 3,200,000 times as much energy as coal and 200 times as much energy as uranium. Scientists believe that there is enough of it to power the world for thousands of years. Thorium has been used for various purposes since the 19th century. It is an alloying agent in magnesium and is also used as an industrial catalyst.

Thorium is safer than uranium. This is because thorium cannot undergo nuclear fission on its own. Usually, plutonium is need to start and maintain a reaction. This is why thorium is considered better for nuclear reactors. Also, nuclear waste from thorium reactors contains far smaller amounts of dangerous transuranic elements than waste from uranium reactors.

## Estimates of Thorium that can be mined
Estimates of mineral resources have been made about how much Thorium is available to be mined from different countries,

## References 
## Other websites
*EnergyFromThorium.com
*Thorium - WebElements.com
*Thorium - World-Nuclear.org
River source

, England]]
The **source** of a river or stream is the original point from which the river flows. It may be a lake, a marsh, a spring or a glacier.  This is where the stream starts.

The source is the farthest point of the river stream from its estuary or its confluence with another river or stream.  Rivers are usually fed by many tributaries.  The farthest stream is called the **head-stream** or **head water**. There is sometimes disagreement on which source is the head water, hence on which is the true source. 

A lake fed by many rivers is sometimes called the source of the bigger river flowing out of it. For example, Lake Victoria is often called the source of the Nile, as the rivers that flow into it have names of their own. 

Headwaters are usually in mountains. Glacial headwaters are made by melting of glaciers.

The source is where a river begins, and the river mouth is where it joins the sea.  The mouth may be in the form of a river delta.  The joining of a streams is called a confluence.

## Related pages 
*Fountain
Laserdisc

A **Laserdisc**, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed. LaserDisc was also known by the names **DiscoVision** and **LaserVision**.

Laserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 USD or more.

## Technology
Laser Discs work like a regular CD-ROM or DVD. The surface of the disc is covered with small holes that are read by a laser. This sequence of holes and no holes is turned into pictures and sound by the Laserdisc player. Most Laserdiscs can hold about 30 minutes to an hour of video per side for a total of 1 to 2 hours per disc.

The early Laserdisc players used a Helium-Neon laser to read the disc, but the later models used infrared lasers. The first units that were made with the infrared laser had some problems such as skipping, strange colors spots, and fuzziness. These problems were fixed in later models.

Some of the later Laserdisc players made were ones that could play Audio CDs as well as Laserdiscs. In Japan, one of the last models to be produced even had the ability to play DVDs as well as CDs and Laserdiscs.

## Other websites
*LaserDisc Database
Californium

**Californium** is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol **Cf**. It has the atomic number 98. Californium is a transuranium element.  Californium does not have many uses. It was discovered by bombarding a curium  with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium is named after the US State of California, where it was discovered, in the University of Berkeley.

Californium is produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators. 
There are 20 known isotopes. The most stable is californium-251, which has a half-life of 898 years. This short half-life means the element is not found in the Earth's crust. Californium-252, whose half-life is 2.645 years, is the most common isotope used.

Compounds of californium are mostly of californium(III), which can take part in three chemical bonds. Californium can be used to help start up nuclear reactors, and is used as a source of neutrons. It can be used in making higher mass elements. Ununoctium was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with calcium-48 ions.

## Safety 
When californium is used, workers must be protected from the element's ability to disrupt the formation of red blood cells.

## References
Torgau

**Torgau** is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. The town is well known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces met with forces of the Soviet Union during the invasion of Germany on April 25, 1945.

This marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces, but not the occcupation zones. In fact the area surrounding Torgau at first occupied by U.S. forces was later, in July 1945, given over to Soviet forces.

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.torgau.de
* http://www.torgau-oschatz.info
Spring (water)

in Michigan]]
A **spring** is a place where groundwater flows out of the ground. A spring may flow the whole year or only sometimes. This depends on the water getting into the ground all of the time (rain) or only once in a while (snow melting).

Water from a spring often flows downhill, along the land. This is how rivers start.

Some springs produce water that is good for health reasons. Sometimes towns grow by these springs because many people who are ill come there to get better. Such towns are called spa towns.

## Other websites 
*"The Science of Springs" (via Wayback Machine)
*"What Is A Spring?"
*List of First-Magnitude springs in Florida 
*Technical and educational material on mineral springs and mineral water in Victoria
Physical property

A **physical property** is a property, quality or way that an object is. A physical property can always be measured without changing or making the object chemically different or different in a way that would effect its chemical or atomic structure. There are two types of physical properties: *intensive* and *extensive*.

**Intensive physical properties* do not depend on how much of the object there is. For example, a small rock will be just as hard as a large rock. ,  and speed (quickness) are intensive physical properties.

**Extensive physical properties* change depending on how much of the object there is. For example, a small rock weighs less than a large rock. Volume, total mass, and weight are extensive physical properties.
Concept

A **concept** is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a "term". For example, the word "Dog" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog. 

Different terms can be used to identify the same concept. Car and Automobile are synonyms for the same concept. Different languages have different terms for the same concept. This is what makes translation possible. The terms may be different in each language, but the concept is the same. The concept of jumping is the same to a person from England and a person from Italy, but one person uses the term "Jump" to mean the concept and the other person uses "Salto".

## Related pages 
*Abstraction
Kenpo

**Kenpo** or **kempo** is the descriptive name of various Japanese martial arts with Chinese origins, and also of hybrid martial arts: the Japanese ones and the Chinese ones. Kenpo is similar to karate and includes more punches and kicks than holds or joint locks of wrestling. 

## More known styles of Kenpo 
* American Kenpo 
* Kajukenbo 
* Seishindo Kenpo
* Shorinji Kenpo (Kenpo of Shaolin) 
* Kempo Tai Jutsu 
* Tracy Kenpo 
* Kenpo Jiu-Jitsu 
* Kenpo Kai

Kempo is a Japanese Martial Arts form. However, unlike Karate, its origins are linked back to China and still have very strong influences from Chinese systems. 
It is not uncommon for a Kempo artist to both use traditional Japanese and Chinese style techniques. The difference lies in that because of the Chinese influence, the Japanese moves tend to emphasize more fluidity than most of the other Japanese styles. And because of the Japanese influence, there is a stronger focus for shorter stances and movements than other Chinese styles.
For the same reason that many other styles are sometimes simply listed as "karate", Kempo has long been strongly linked under the general banner of "karate". Kempo is known for its near explosive, short-ranged attacks that often move faster than the opponent can see. 
Kempo has a very strong presence in Hawaii, the home base for many of the systems under Kempo that exist today in the United States. Throughout each of the histories of the different groups there are strong signs of the continued merging of both Chinese and Japanese influences.

## Other websites 
*European Kenpo Kai Organization Website
Edge

**Edge** can mean:
*In geometry, an edge is where two surfaces meet.
*In graph theory, an edge is a connection between two nodes (or vertices)
*In geology, it describes an escarpment
*It can stand for Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution. This is a way to make mobile phones transmit data faster than with GSM
*Microsoft Edge, an internet browser.
*Edge (magazine), a UK video game magazine.
*The Edge (born 1961), Irish musician, member of U2
*Edge (wrestler) (born 1973), ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Adam Copeland.
Tyr

**Tyr** is the god of war, heroic endeavor and justice in Norse mythology. In the Eddas, he is either the son of Odin or Hymir. He is the god of single (man-to-man) combat. Tyr only has one hand.

## How Tyr lost his hand 
At one point in time, the gods decided that the wolf Fenrir (also called *Fenriswolf*) could no longer go free. They wanted to lock him up onto a chain. But he broke every chain they tried to put on him. Finally, they had the dwarves make a magical chain. But Fenrir sensed what the gods would do. So Fenrir asked that one of them put his hand into his mouth. Knowing that if Fenrir was left unfettered, he would have grown strong enough to kill all the gods and destroy the world. Tyr was the only one who had the courage. When Fenrir sensed he had been tricked, he bit off Tyr's hand. Tyr remained handless forever.

Fenrir will remain bound until Ragnarök. Then, Tyr's opponent will be Garm, the guard dog of Hel.
Loki

*) as depicted on an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript (SÁM 66)]]
**Loki** (, often Anglicized as ) is a god in Norse mythology. Loki is  the son of Fárbauti  and the brother of Helblindi and Býleistr. Loki is married to Sigyn. They have a son, Narfi (Nari). Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr.  While in the form of a horse, Loki was impregnated by Svaðilfari and gave birth to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Loki is referred to as the father of Váli in *Prose Edda''. This source also refers to Odin as the father of Váli twice and Váli is only said to be a son of Loki once.

Loki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki sometimes helps the gods and sometimes behaves badly towards them. Loki can change his shape. He has appeared in the form of a salmon, a mare, a fly, and possibly an old woman named Þökk . Loki's good relations with the gods end with his role in causing the death of the god Baldr. During Ragnarök, Loki is said to fight against the gods among the forces of the jötnar. He will fight the god Heimdallr, and they two will kill each other.

Loki is talked about in the *Poetic Edda*,  the *Prose Edda* and *Heimskringla*, the Norwegian Rune Poems, in the poetry of skalds and in Scandinavian folklore. Loki may be shown on the Snaptun Stone, the Kirkby Stephen Stone, and the Gosforth Cross. Scholars disagree about Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology. Some have described him as a trickster god.

## Other media
Loki has been used in many different forms of media in modern popular culture. Most notable of this is his use in Marvel Comics and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tom Hiddleston has played Loki in the movies *Thor*, *Thor: The Dark World*, *Thor: Ragnarok*, *The Avengers* and *Avengers: Endgame*. He also played versions of Loki in the TV series *Loki* on Disney+.
Odenwald

The **Odenwald** is a mountain chain in the south of Hesse, in the north of Bavaria and the north of Baden-Württemberg. 

## Geography 
In the south of the Odenwald there is the Neckar River. In the east there is the Main River . In the west there is the valley of the Rhine River. The highest mountain is the **Katzenbuckel** (literally "cat's hump", 626&nbsp;m).

## Neighboring cities 
The big cities Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main are near to the Odenwald. People of these cities like to go there at holidays. It is known for its clean thin air. There are many marked hiking paths. You can find wild blueberries, strawberries and mushrooms in the forests. 

Several small towns are very beautiful like Weinheim on the Bergstraße and Michelstadt.  The mild climate of the area is well known. 

Image:Felsenmeer-klein.jpg|rocks of the *Felsenmeer*
Image:Katzenbuckel 1.jpg|Katzenbuckel
Image:Alsbach 1.JPG|castle Alsbach
Braveheart

***Braveheart*** is a 1995 American historical movie war drama movie starring Mel Gibson and Sophie Marceau. It is loosely based around the life of 13th century Scottish warrior William Wallace, who fought against the English when they occupied Scotland. The movie it was released on May 24, 1995 in the United States. The movie is 177 minutes long. It is rated R.

## Actors in Leading Roles
* Mel Gibson - as *William Wallace*
* Sophie Marceau - as *Princess Isabelle*
* Patrick McGoohan - as *King Edward I*

## Other websites 
* 
*
Æsir

The **Æsir** (Old Norse: singular *ǫ́ss* or *áss*; feminine *ásynja*, plural *ásynjur*) are the main group or tribe of deities in Norse mythology. Including Odin, Frigg, Thor, and Baldr, the Æsir reside in the realm of Asgard, at the top of Yggdrasil's highest branch.

Alongside the Æsir is a second family of gods, known as the Vanir, who joined with the Æsir to form a single, unified pantheon after the devastating war between the two tribes of deities. The Vanir were native to Vanaheimr, the god Njörðr and his children, Freyr and Freyja chief among them. The Æsir gods were usually connected with power and war, and the Vanir were associated with fertility and nature.

## Norse mythology
The things that happened between the Æsir and the Vanir are an interesting part of Norse mythology. While other cultures have had "elder" and "younger" generations of gods, as with the Titans and the Olympians of ancient Greece, the Æsir and Vanir were portrayed as contemporaries. The two tribes fought battles, concluded treaties, and exchanged hostages. Freyr and Freyja were said to be hostages. Some believe that events that occurred between the Æsir and Vanir were a reflection of events common between different Norse clans at the time.

The Æsir did not grow old and instead remaining young by eating the apples of Iðunn. While they did not age, they could be killed. It was said that most of them woulld die at Ragnarök.

## List of Æsir 
* Baldr—God of light and radiance, he is the most beloved of the gods. He is the son of Odin and Frigg and younger brother of Thor.
* Frigg—Wife of Odin and goddess of marriage, she rules Asgard as queen alongside the All-Father.
* Heimdallr—Known as the All-Seeing, he is the guardian of the rainbow bridge Bifröst.
* Höðr—God of winter and darkness; a blind god, he is the son of Odin and Frigg.
* Iðunn—Goddess of youth, she was keeper of the apples that grant the gods their phenomenal longevity and youth.
* Loki—Though oftentimes referred to as the god of trickery and mischief, Loki is not counted among the Æsir. The son of the (female) jötunn Laufey and Fárbauti (Old Norse: “cruel striker”), he is Odin’s blood brother.
* Odin—God of wisdom, poetry and war, he is chief of the Æsir and ruler of Asgard.
* Sif—Goddess of agriculture and fertility, she is the beloved wife of Thor, known across the Nine Worlds for her golden hair, which was sheared by Loki.
* Thor—God of thunder and lightning, he is Asgard's greatest champion. He is the eldest son of Odin, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.
* Týr—God of law and heroic glory, he is one-handed. Either the son of Odin or the jǫtnar Hymir and Hroðr (Old Norse: “famed”).
* Ullr—God of the hunt and archery, he is the son of Sif and Thor's stepson.
* Viðarr—God of vengeance, he is the son of Odin and the female jötunn Gríðr.

## Other websites 
* W. Wagner's "Asgard and the Home of the Gods" e-book 
* Peter Andreas Munch's "Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes" e-book
Curium

**Curium** is a synthetic chemical element in the periodic table that has the atomic number 96. It has the chemical symbol **Cm** and it is a radioactive metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Curium is a transuranic element. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Curium has a silver color and it is made by bombarding a plutonium  with alpha particles (helium ions). Curium was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre.

## Uses 
Curium is used currently in rovers and space machinery.

## References
Lanark

**Lanark** is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is close to Carluke and Biggar. Lanark is approximately 40 miles from Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. William Wallace once lived there. There is a statue of Wallace on the town church. A plaque remembers where he "first drew sword to free his native land" in 1296, when he killed Heselrig, the English sheriff of Lanark. This event forms the start of the Mel Gibson film, *Braveheart*. 

Lanark is also notable for its annual Lanimer celebrations, where local children on coloured floats parade through the streets along with marching pipe bands. A Lanimer Queen is elected from the children, and crowned in a ceremony at the foot of the High Street. A Lord Cornet is chosen from local businessmen, and acts as escort for the Queen for the events of Lanimer Week.

## References
Monty Python's Life of Brian

'''''Monty Python's Life of Brian''''' is a 1979 comedy movie by Monty Python. It is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same neighbourhood as Jesus Christ. People mistake Brian for the Messiah.

## Other websites 
*
Geelong

**Geelong** is the second biggest city in the state of Victoria, Australia. It has a large port and 190,000 people living in its area. Geelong at Corio Bay, which is 75 kilometres south-west 
Melbourne.

The city is a near many famous tourist attractions, for example the Great Ocean Road, the Shipwreck Coast and the Bellarine Peninsula. Geelong also has the second oldest Australian rules football club in the world, the Geelong Football Club, also called *The Cats*.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Geelong Government Site 
*Local history of Geelong
Call of Duty

***Call of Duty*** is a series of first-person shooter video games.

The first 6 games are about World War II, but the series began branching out beginning with *Modern Warfare*. The series now spans World War II, the Cold War, the present, the near future, and the far future. The *Modern Warfare* series takes place in present times and is developed by Infinity Ward. Infinity Ward also created *Infinite Warfare.* The *Black Ops* series takes place in the secret missions of the Cold War and in the future, and is developed by Treyarch. The majority of the games have been developed by Infinity Ward and Treyarch, with studio Sledgehammer Games developing Advanced Warfare ,and WWII . Many smaller studios have also assisted with development duties.  

The *Call of Duty* games are on the Gamecube, Xbox, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, PC, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, and the Nintendo DS. The first four games are rated Teen, and each game released after that is rated Mature for blood, violence and strong language.  

## Game series 
* *Call of Duty - 29 Oct, 2003* 
* *Call of Duty: Finest Hour - Dec 3, 2004*
* *Call of Duty 2 - Oct 25, 2005*
* *Call of Duty 2: Big Red 1 - Nov 1, 2005*
* *Call of Duty 3 - Nov 7, 2006*
* *Call of Duty 3: Roads to Victory - Mar 13, 2007*
* *Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare* *- Nov 5, 2007*
* *Call of Duty: World at War - Nov 11, 2008*
* *Call of Duty: World at War Final Fronts - Nov 10, 2008

* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Nov 10, 2009*
* *Call of Duty: Black Ops - Nov 9, 2010*
* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 - Nov 8, 2011*
* *Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 - Nov 12, 2012*
**Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified - Nov 13, 2012*
* *Call of Duty: Ghosts - Nov 5, 2013*
* *Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare - Nov 4, 2014*
* *Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Nov 6, 2015*
* *Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare - Nov 4, 2016*
* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered - Nov 4, 2016*
* *Call of Duty: WWII - Nov 2, 2017*
* *Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 - Oct 12, 2018*
*Call of Duty: Mobile - *Oct 1, 2019*
* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019) - Oct 25, 2019*
* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered - Mar 31, 2020 (PS4); Apr 30, 2020 (Xbox One, PC)*
*Call of Duty: Warzone - *March 10, 2020*
* *Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War - Nov 13, 2020*
* *Call of Duty: Vanguard - Nov 5, 2021*
* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II* - October 28, 2022
* *Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III* - November 10, 2023
* *Call of Duty: Black Ops 6'' - October 25, 2024
* Call of Duty: Black Ops 7 - November 14, 2025
## Other websites 
* Official website
Seamonkey

**Seamonkey** may mean:

* **Sea-Monkey**, a very small animal
* **SeaMonkey**, an internet application
* **The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys**, a television series.