open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iberian Peninsula

The **Iberian Peninsula**, or **Iberia**, is the southwest part of Europe. Like other peninsulas, it is mostly surrounded by sea. To the south and east of the peninsula is the Mediterranean Sea. To its north and west is the Atlantic Ocean. It is the third largest peninsula of Europe with an area of 582,860 km². The name Iberia is the Ancient Greek name for the region which the Romans called **Hispania**. **Hispania** is now used for Spain, while **Iberia** is used for the whole region. 
## Name
### Origin
The word **Iberia** was also used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for another territory at the opposite side of Europe, Caucasian Iberia, which is near the Black Sea.
## Countries and territories
### Countries
* Portugal, most of the west of the peninsula
* Spain, most of the peninsula, including the center, east and northwest
* France, a very small territory of the nation France is on the east side of the peninsula
* Andorra, a very small nation at the northern edge of the peninsula in the Pyrenees between Spain and France
### Territories
* Gibraltar, a tiny British territory in the south, bordering Spain
Hertfordshire

]]

**Hertfordshire** is a county in England. It is one of the so-called Home Counties, those counties that border or surround Greater London. The county is also surrounded by Essex, Cambridgeshire, Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire. The county town is Hertford; the oldest city is St Albans.

## Leading towns (2001 census) 
## Education
Hertfordshire has 26 independent schools and 73 state secondary schools.
The state secondary schools are entirely comprehensive, although seven schools in the south and southwest of the county are partially selective.

The University of Hertfordshire, formerly the Hatfield Polytechnic, is a modern university. It is mostly in Hatfield, and has more than 23,000 students.

### Independent schools 
Some of the most notable secondary schools are:
* Abbot's Hill School (secondary, Hemel Hempstead)
* Aldenham School (secondary boarding school, Elstree)
* Berkhamsted School (primary and secondary, Berkhamsted)
* Bishop's Stortford College (secondary, Bishop's Stortford)
* Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls (secondary, Elstree)
* Haberdashers' Aske's School (secondary, Elstree)
* Merchant Taylors' School (secondary, Northwood)
* Queenswood School (secondary, Hatfield)
* St Albans High School for Girls (secondary, St Albans)
* St Albans School (secondary, St Albans)

## Fame & fortune 
Hertfordshire has been home to many famous people, including George Michael and Geri Halliwell. Victoria Beckham, born in Essex, was raised near Broxbourne in Hertfordshire. The Beckhams bought a £2.5 million house in Sawbridgeworth when they married in 1999. They sold it last year to insurance entrepreneur Neil Uttley for £11.4 million.

The richest person in Hertfordshire is Mike Ashley, a retailing tycoon. His fortune is estimated as £3,650 million. He owns Newcastle United F.C. and has an 8.9% share in owning Glasgow Rangers F.C.

## References
Ilham Aliyev

**Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev** (born December 24, 1961) is the current President of Azerbaijan. He became president in 2003. 
## Career
Aliyev succeeded his father Heydar Aliyev who was president of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003. On August 4, 2003, two months before the presidential elections, he was made prime minister by his father who was very ill and dying. In October he easily won the presidential elections and became president on October 31, 2003. He also functions as the head of the New Azerbaijan Party. 
## Personal life
He has been married to Mehriban Aliyeva since 1983. They have three children.
## Other websites
*The President of Azerbaijan
Empty string

The **empty string** is the  string of no characters over some alphabet Σ. It is written as *ε* or *λ*. The length of this empty string is 0. 

In simple words, given some characters of an alphabet, the empty string is the *word* that can be made if no letters are used. There is of course only one such word.

Under concatenation, the empty string is the identity element of the free monoid on Σ. That is, for any string *s*, *s*ε = ε*s* = s.

## Representations 
In many programming languages, the empty string is written with two double quotes: *""*. The empty string is also sometimes noted by the Greek letter λ.

## Implementation 
In C, the empty string is represented by a character array with a null character in the zeroeth position. Note that all strings in C are terminated by a null character.
Formal language

In mathematics, computer science and linguistics, a **formal language** is one that has a particular set of symbols, and whose expressions are made according to a particular set of rules. The symbol \mathcal{L} is often used as a variable for formal languages in logic.

Unlike natural languages, the symbols and formulas in formal languages are syntactically and semantically related to one another in a precise way. As a result, formal languages are completely (or almost completely) void of ambiguity.

## Examples 
Some examples of formal languages include:

* The set of all words over {a, b}\,
* The set \left \{ a^{n}\right\}, where n\, is a natural number and a^n\, means a\, repeated n times
* Finite languages, such as \{\{a,b\},\{a, aa, bba\}\}\,
* The set of syntactically correct programs in a given programming language
* The set of inputs upon which a certain Turing machine halts

## Specification 
A formal language can be specified in a great variety of ways, such as:

* Strings produced by some formal grammar (see Chomsky hierarchy)
* Strings described or matched by a regular expression
* Strings accepted by some automaton, such as a Turing machine or finite state automaton
* Strings indicated by a decision procedure (a set of related yes/no questions) where the answer is 'yes'

## Related pages
* Language for languages in general
* Syntax for the form of a language in general
* Semantics for the meanings in a language
* Natural language for languages that are not formal
* Computer language for application of formal languages in computing
* Programming language for the application of formal languages to program computers

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* http://icalp06.dsi.unive.it/  ICALP 2006 33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming.
* http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/conferences/dlt/DLTConfSeries.html International Conferences on Developments in Language Theory
Groove (joinery)

In joinery, a **groove** is a  or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is something else than  a dado, which runs across the grain. 

Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields. Typically, a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers.

A groove may be *through*, meaning that it passes all the way through the surface and its ends are open, or *stopped*, meaning that one or both of the ends finish before the groove meets edge of the surface.

## Methods
A groove can be cut by the following methods:
*electric router using a straight or rebate bit
*circular saw with multiple passes (depending on width and depth)
*dado set in a single pass
*spindle moulder (wood shaper)
*hand saw and chisel
*router plane
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The **Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia**, (Armenian: Կիլիկիայի հայկական թագավորություն,  Kilikiayi haykakan t’agavorut’yun) was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.

## History 
The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded c. 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since mainland Armenia was under foreign occupation at the time. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region of Cilicia.

In 1198, with the crowning of Leo I, King of Armenia of the Rubenid dynasty, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom.

In 1226, the crown was passed to rival Hethumids through Leo's daughter Isabella's second husband, Hethum I. As the Mongols conquered vast regions of Central Asia and the Middle East, Hethum and succeeding Hethumid rulers sought to create an Armenian-Mongol alliance against common Muslim foes, most notably the Mamluks. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crusader states in the Levant began falling to the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies. After relentless attacks by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the fourteenth century, the Cilician Armenia of the Lusignan dynasty, mired in an internal religious conflict, finally fell in 1375 following the conquest of its capital Sis by the Mamluk Sultanate.

Commercial and military interactions with Europeans brought new Western influences to the Cilician Armenian society. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including chivalry, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. Moreover, the organization of the Cilician society shifted from its traditional system to become closer to Western feudalism. The European Crusaders themselves borrowed know-how, such as elements of Armenian castle-building and church architecture. Cilician Armenia thrived economically, with the port of Ayas serving as a center for East–West trade.

## References 
## Sources
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Notes
Lake Sevan

**Lake Sevan** (Armenian: Սևանա լիճ, romanized: *Sevana lich*) is a large lake in Armenia. It is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region. Sevan is one of the largest freshwater high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia. The lake is in Gegharkunik Province. It is  above sea level. The surface area of the basin of lake is about . It covers about one sixth of  Armenia's total area. The lake itself is . Its volume is . Sevan is fed by 28 rivers and streams. Only 10% of the water that enters the lake is drained by the Hrazdan River. The remaining 90% evaporates.

The lake is the source of about 90% of the fish and 80% of the crayfish caught in Armenia. Sevan is very important to the economy and culture of the area. The only large island (now a peninsula) is home to a medieval monastery.

Sevan was used for irrigation of the Ararat plain and creating hydroelectric power during the Soviet period. This causes the level of water to decrease by around . Its volume was reduced by more than 40%. Later two tunnels were built to move water from highland rivers. This stopped the decrease and its level began rising. Before people begane changing the lake's ecosystem, the lake was at an altitude of 1,916 m (6,286 ft) above sea level, 95 m (312 ft) deep, covered an area of 1,416 km2 (547 sq mi) (5% of Armenia's entire area), and had a volume of 58.5 km3 (14.0 cu mi).

## History 
Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Safavid Empire. These three lakes were called the Seas of Armenia. Sevan is the only one within the modern day Republic of Armenia. Lake Van and Lake Urmia are the other two great "seas" of historic Armenia. They  are located in Turkey and Iran. Lake Sevan is considered the "jewel" of Armenia. It is "recognized as a national treasure" in the country. The 2001 Law on Lake Sevan defines the lake as "a strategic ecosystem valuable for its environmental, economical, social, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, medical, climatic, recreational, and spiritual value."

In 1673, Chardin wrote of the "extraordinary sweetness of the Water", the "small Island in the middle of it; where stands a Monastery built about 600 years ago, of which the Prior is an Archbishop", and "nine sorts of fish which are there taken; the fairest trouts and carps which are eaten at Erivan being caught in this Lake".

Naturalist and traveler Friedrich Parrot, best known for climbing Mount Ararat in 1829, wrote that, It is important for the Armenian economy: being the main source of irrigation water, Sevan provides low-cost electricity, fish, recreation, and tourism.
Lisa Loeb

**Lisa Anne Loeb** (born March 11, 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American singer. She sings the song *Stay (I Missed You)*.
Mountain Time Zone

The **Mountain Time Zone** subtracts seven hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−7) and six hours during daylight saving time (UTC−6).

This time zone is called **Mountain Standard Time** (MST) during standard time (Winter). It is called **Mountain Daylight Time** (MDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called **Mountain Time** (MT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. The largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the largest metro area in the zone.

## Places that are in Mountain Time Zone
### Canada
In Canada, this time zone includes all of Alberta, the Northwest Territories (except for Tungsten), the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, part of southeastern and northeastern British Columbia, and the area of Saskatchewan around the city of Lloydminster.

### United States
In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Montana. It also includes parts of Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, and Nevada.

### Mexico
These states are part of the Mountain Time Zone: Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora.

## Mountain Daylight Time
Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−6). Most of the locations in Mountain Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Sonora and all of Arizona that is not in the Navajo Nation. These places stay on standard time all year.

## Other websites
* Accurate time for the Mountain Time Zone
Alex Lifeson

**Alex Lifeson**, OC (born **Aleksandar Živojinović**; August 27, 1953) is a Canadian musician. He is best known as the guitarist and co-founder for the Canadian rock band Rush. Lifeson has been a member of the band since 1968.

In Rush, Lifeson plays electric and acoustic guitars. He also plays other instruments including: mandola, mandolin and bouzouki.

Along with his music career, Lifeson is part owner of a Toronto restaurant called "The Orbit Room." He is also a licensed airplane pilot.
XHTML

**XHTML** stands for **eXtensible HyperText Markup Language**. It is markup used to design websites and webpages.

XHTML is much more strict than ordinary HTML, and is based on both XML and HTML. Due to the lax nature of HTML, different web browsers can sometimes display websites incorrectly since there is more than one way to interpret poorly written HTML. The strict and formal nature of XHTML, once fully adopted will allow for web browsers to display the same page correctly between them. Proper XHTML is also easier to read for humans.

For example, the below code shows one of the differences between HTML and XHTML:

Incorrect, HTML version:

```html4strict

```

Correct, XHTML version:

```html4strict

```

The line break tag in HTML does not have a closing tag, you just type it once and it creates a line break. In XHTML the rule is that tags that do not have an closing tag must close themselves within the initial tag. These tags are called "empty tags." Another empty tag is &lt;**hr**&nbsp;/&gt; which inserts a "horizontal rule" or dividing line.

## JavaScript Differences 
In XHTML, using `innerHTML` is not "allowed". 
XHTML also should not be used together with the JavaScript `document.write` command.

## Related pages
* HTML
Burgundy (colour)

**Burgundy** is a deep shade of red.  It is named after Burgundy wine.  This wine is named after the Burgundy region of France.

## Meaning of burgundy
* Burgundy is a popular color in both men's and women's fashion, for furniture and for linens.

* In cosmetology, a brighter shade of burgundy called "vivid burgundy" is used for dyeing hair. http://www.bobpage.de/contrib/burgundy.jpg

* Passports of the European Union member states are burgundy.

* Venezuela's athletes traditionally wear burgundy uniforms in international competitions. 
Because of this people give them the nickname "Red Wine".

* The color burgundy is also the color of Blackpool F.C.'s third team kit. This was chosen by Latvian owner Valeri Belekon, who wanted a kit which looked like the color on the flag of Latvia.

## Tones of burgundy color comparison chart
## Related pages
* List of colors
Pigment

pigment in powdered form.]]
 pigment is chemically identical to natural ultramarine.]]
A **pigment** is something that is added to something else to give it color. Natural pigments can come from just about anything. Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay plus salts. Pigments can also be created by people.

An example of a pigment is ultramarine. It is a powder found in nature. It adds a blue color to paints and dyes.

The first synthetic dye was aniline. Aniline is an organic chemical compound produced in two stages from benzene. It gives a mauve color which was much used for dyeing clothes in the 19th century. It was invented in 1856 by  William Henry Perkin. Apparently, it gave a brilliant fuchsia color when first applied, but fades rapidly to mauve.

## References
Sierra Nevada

**Sierra Nevada**, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is the name of at least three mountain ranges:

* Sierra Nevada (Spain) protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park, in Andalusia
* Sierra Nevada (US) in California and Nevada, United States
* Trans-Mexican volcanic belt in Mexico

There are also two single mountains named Sierra Nevada in the Andes which are volcanoes:

* Sierra Nevada (stratovolcano)
* Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas

Other mountains:

* Sierra Nevada de Mérida, protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park (Venezuela) in Mérida and Barinas.
* Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia)

**Sierra Nevada** may also refer to beer produced by Sierra Nevada Brewing Company, a California brewery.
Anarchy in the U.K.

"**Anarchy in the U.K.**" is a punk rock song by the Sex Pistols.  It was first released as a single in 1976.  In 1977, it was released as part of the album ''Never Mind the Bollocks Here's the Sex Pistols''. The song's lyrics espouse a nihilistic and violent concept of anarchy. It has been covered by various other bands, including Megadeth.

This song was in the video game *Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock*.

## Megadeth cover
"Anarchy in the U.K." was covered by American heavy metal band Megadeth for their third album *So Far, So Good... So What!*, released in 1988.

Megadeth's version has altered lyrics. Dave Mustaine explained that he could not understand Johnny Rotten's singing, so he made up the parts he could not understand (in a notable example, the line "another council tenancy" is changed to "and other cunt-like tendencies"). In addition, the country is changed to "USA", though the title is kept unchanged. The song's music video is a montage of live footage of the band, cartoon political figures, which were designed and animated by Mike Smith, Uli Meyer, Tim Watts, Jonathan Webber, Rob Stevenhagen, Jonathan Hodgson, Roxanne Ducharme and Tracy Shaw and animated at Felix Films studio in London, England, various stock footages, and of a man being forced to watch (much like Alex's therapy in *A Clockwork Orange*). Steve Jones played the second solo.

Mustaine now refuses to play the song live due to lyrics referring to the Anti-Christ, and he believes he's "better for it".

### Track listing versions
;United States 7"
# "Anarchy in the U.K."
# "Liar"

;United Kingdom 12"
# "Anarchy in the U.K."
# "Liar"
# "502"

;Germany 12"
# "Anarchy in the U.K."
# "Good Mourning/Black Friday" (live)
# "Devil's Island" (live)

### Megadeth's chart positions
## References
Cobalt blue

**Cobalt blue** is a cool blue colour. Louis Jacques Thénard discovered this colour in 1802. People make it using cobalt salts. That is why it is called cobalt blue. 

Many artists use cobalt blue. Many pieces of glassware have this colour. Glassware that has this colour is called *cobalt glass*. 

## Cobalt blue in popular media
* John Varley said that cobalt blue should be used to paint skies. Before this, most artists used ultramarine blue.
* Maxfield Parrish was a famous painter who painted the sky. People liked the bright colours that he used in his paintings. Commonly, he used cobalt blue. Because he was so popular, cobalt blue is also called *Parrish blue*.
* The Chinese made blue and white porcelain with cobalt blue. They used it as the main blue pigment because it was easy to make. The first used it during the late 1700s and early 1800s. It was very good and they used it for a long time afterwards.

## Tones of cobalt blue colour comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
1180

## Events 
* April 13 – Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter
* November 18 – Philip II becomes King of France
* During the third year of the Jisho era of Japan, a devastating whirlwind damages Kyoto.
* Emperor Antoku, reign of 81st emperor of Japan starts (1180-1185)
* Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon
* Artois is annexed by France
* Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between Taira and Minamoto clans
* Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and created the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria
* Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor
* The Wittelsbach family takes control of Bavaria
* Kilij Arslan II allies with Saladin after the death of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus
* Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes *De Natura Rerum*, an early mention of chess (approximate date)
* Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire.
* Last major volcanic eruption of Sunset Crater, in Arizona

## Births 
* August 6 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (died 1239)
* Berenguela of Castile, queen of Alfonso IX of Castile (died 1246)
* Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (died 1230)

## Deaths 
* September 18 – King Louis VII of France (born 1120)
* September 24 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1118)
* October 25 – John of Salisbury, French bishop
* Al-Mustadi, Caliph
* William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber
* Abraham ben David, philosopher (martyred)
* Roman of Kiev
* Yaroslav II of Kiev
* Prince Mochihito, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan
* Minamoto no Yorimasa, Japanese warlord (born 1106)

## References
Azure (color)

with its azure color]]

**Azure** is a color that looks like the color of the sky on a bright, clear day. It is a pure chroma on the RGB color wheel halfway between blue and cyan. The complementary color of azure is orange.

## Meaning of azure
* Azure is one of the national colors of Italy on its Coat of Arms.  Nations which use tones of Azure in their flags include Argentina, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Palau, San Marino, Somalia, Sweden, and Ukraine.  The European Union uses a vivid tone of azure called *royal blue* (the web color royal blue) as the background color for its flag.

* The flag of the United Nations is a tone of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue" (shown below).  It is also the color of the helmets worn by the United Nations peacekeeping forces.

* In Poetry, azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or Heaven. *Azure* is often used in France to describe the Mediterranean Sea.

## Where the name comes from
The word *azure* comes from the Persian لاژورد *lazhward*. Lazhward was the name of a place. This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone. Now we call this stone "lapis lazuli". It means "stone of Lazhward".

The word came to Old French by the twelfth century. The French used this word to talk about the colors of coats of arms. From the French the word came to the English. The first recorded use of *azure* as a color name in English was in 1374.

## Heraldry
In heraldry, the word *azure* simply means "blue". Azure is said to represent Jupiter and sapphires.

It belongs to the class of tinctures called "colors". In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either **az.** or **b.** as an abbreviation.

In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "sky blue". Neither azure nor bleu celeste is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade.

## Tones of azure color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Viridian

**Viridian** is a teal-green color with a hue toward  green.  The name comes from the Latin word *viridis* which means "green".   

## Meaning of viridian
* Viridian is a pigment used in art.

* Viridian is a popular color for painting dining rooms.  

* *Viridian* is the name of a city in the English translation of Pokémon Red and Blue.

* Viridian is a name on several cards in Magic: The Gathering.

* The color is similar to the color *forest green*, and both colors are thought of as having to do with forests and woods.

* Viridian represents the *Viridian Design Movement*, an effort to encourage *green architecture*--architecture based on ecological principles. 

## Tones of viridian color comparison chart

 Malachite (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81)
 Emerald (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120)
 Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153)
 Sea Green (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170)
 Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113)
 Pigment Green (Green (CMYK)) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80)
 Deep Green (Green (Crayola)) (Hex: #01A368) (RGB: 1, 163, 104)
 Jade Green (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107)
 Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137)
 Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135)
 Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147)
 Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150, 152)
 Paolo Veronese Green (*Verde Verones* (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125)
 Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 33)
 Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113)
 Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96)
 Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB:46, 139, 87)
 Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34)
 Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111)
 Skobeloff  (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007A74) (RGB: 0, 122, 116)
 Generic Viridian (*Viridian inspecfico* (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #007F66) (RGB: 0, 127, 102)
 VIRIDIAN (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB: 64, 130, 109)
 Dark Erin (Erin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3B7861) (RGB: 59, 120, 97)
 Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87)
 Tropical Rain Forest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94)
 Spanish Viridian (*Viridian specfico* (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #007F5C) (RGB: 0, 127, 92)
 Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69)

## Related pages
* List of colors
Theoretical computer science

**Theoretical computer science** is the study of mathematics and computer science related to the theory of computation and formal methods. Topics in theoretical computer science are:
*Automata theory
*Computability theory
*Distributed computing
*Formal languages
*Type theory

## References
Pedestrian

A **pedestrian** is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running.  In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically.

## History
The main way humans get around is by walking.  The first humans walked out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. We walked across India to reach Australia. We walked across Asia to reach the Americas.  We walked from the fertile crescent area to reach Europe.

 in Kazan]]
Nowadays, roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic, called the *sidewalk* in American English and the *pavement* in British English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians, especially ramblers, hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath. These footpaths, in mountains or forests, are called trails. 

 
Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments, especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks. Some activists advocate large auto-free zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles are allowed. 

## Related pages
*Walking

## Other websites 
* Early Pedestrians in North America
* US Pedestrian Advocacy Groups 
* UK Pedestrian Advocacy Group
* Transportation Alternatives: Pedestrian Advocacy
* America Walks
* Street quality promotion by street parties
* Pedestrian InRoads – US Pedestrian advocacy group 
* Perils For Pedestrians on YouTube
* Walkable Communities
*Donald Appleyard's Livable Streets study 
* Ultramarathons
Tarsier

The **tarsiers** are prosimian (non-monkey) primates. They got their name from the long bones in their feet. They are now placed together with the simians (monkeys).

They live in trees, and  are entirely nocturnal. Tarsiers are the only primates which are wholly carnivorous. They mainly eat insects, but some are also known to eat birds and snakes. Tarsiers can catch prey like birds even if they are in motion as the tarsiers jump from tree to tree to catch their prey.

## Senses 
Tarsiers have incredibly good hearing.

They have large eyes. Each is about 16 mm wide.They are very sensitive to touch, and weigh as much as their entire brain. Unlike many nocturnal animals, tarsiers lack a light-reflecting area (tapetum lucidum) of the eye. They also have a fovea,  which is also not usual in nocturnal animals.

### Brain difference 
The tarsier's brain is different from other primates in one respect. The sequence of cell layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus getting information from both eyes is different from the set-up in lemurs, lorises, and monkeys. "This apparent difference distinguishes tarsiers from all other primates, and reinforces the view that they arose in an early, independent line of primate evolution".

## Reproduction 
Pregnancy takes about six months, which is a long time for such a small animal. Tarsiers give birth to single offspring.

## History 
They were once widespread, but now tarsiers live only on islands in south-east Asia. Fossils are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and some disputed fossils from Africa. Living tarsiers are on several southeast Asian islands, including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra.

They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate. The fossil record shows that their teeth have not changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years. That means what they eat, and probably their lifestyle, has not changed much, either. The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements. Other tarsier species are listed as "data deficient".

## Gallery

Image:Tarsier.jpg
Image:Philippine sarangani tarsier.jpg
Image:Spectral Tarsier.jpg|Spectral Tarsier 
Image:Tarsius syrichta.jpg

## References
## Other websites 
* Primate Info Net - Primate factsheets & more: Tarsius sp.
* Video of a tarsier eating a cricket 
* A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine islands 
* The Philippine tarsier
Body double

A **body double** is a person who works in the movie or television production industry. Body doubles are models that act in scenes that actors or actresses do not want to do. For example, body doubles sometimes act in love scenes or scenes of nudity, where a person's body is shown. 

Body doubles are usually models that have developed very good bodies by exercising and by eating well. Actors whose characters must appear nude or otherwise show more skin, often have flaws and imperfections such as may come with age or being overweight and it can be expensive to digitally edit these out. Often, movies or television shows that use body doubles do not admit that a body double model was used. 

In the popular American movie *Pretty Woman*, a fashion and parts model named Donna Scoggins posed for the infamous movie poster in thigh-high boots, while another body double, Shelley Michelle, filmed nude scenes that actress Julia Roberts did not want to do. 

## Related concepts
Another job in the movie and television production industry where people do actions that the actors or actresses do not want to do is the job of stuntman. A stuntman is a person who does  actions in movies, for example, jumping, falling, getting in a car accident, or pretending to fight with knives.

What distinguishes a "stunt person" from a "stunt double" is the particular character they portray. If the character in question is a main character and/or central to the plot and uniquely identifiable, the stuntman is then typically referred to as a "stunt double" in the credits.

## References
Patti Deutsch

**Patricia Deutsch Ross** (born **Elaine Patricia Deutsch**; December 16, 1943 – July 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for appearing the television game show  *Match Game* in the 1970s.  She was also known for doing voices in animated movies. Deutsch was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Deutsch died in Los Angeles, California from cancer on July 26, 2017 at the age of 73.

## Filmography
### Animated Roles
* *Capitol Critters* - Trixie
* ''The Emperor's New School* - Mata the Lunch Lady
* *The Smurfs* - Additional Voices
* *Time Squad* - Amelia Earheart

### Film Roles
* *Happily N'Ever After* - Additional Voices
* *Jetsons: The Movie* - Lucy 2
* *Kronk's New Groove* - Waitress
* *Monsters, Inc.* - Additional Voices
* *Tarzan'' - Tantor's Mother
* ''The Emperor's New Groove* - Waitress
* *The Incredibles* - Stratogale
* *The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire'' - Rainbow Face #2

## References
## Other websites 
*
Intergenerational conflict

An **intergenerational conflict** is either a conflict situation between teenagers and adults or a more abstract conflict between two generations, which often involves prejudices against another generation.

Furthermore, intergenerational conflict describes cultural, social or economic discrepancies between generations. These can be caused by value shift or conflict of interest between younger and older generations. An example are changes to an intergenerational contract that may be necessary to reflect a change in demographics.

For examples of intergenerational conflict,* Dreaming in Cuban, *by Cristina Garcia is a good novel to take a look at.
Intergenerational contract

An **intergenerational contract** is an agreement between different generations. It assumes that future generations will honor the contract and provide a service to a generation that has done the same service for an older generation.

The most common use of the term is in social security and refers to the consensus  to provide pensions for the retired generations through payments made by the working generations.

The use of the word *contract* is not entirely accurate as the next generation enters the agreement without consent.
Inca rope bridge

**Inca rope bridges** were simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges to provide access for the Inca Empire. Bridges of this type were suitable for use since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport - traffic was limited to pedestrians and livestock. These bridges were an important part on the Inca road system and are an excellent example of Inca innovation in engineering. They were frequently used by runners delivering messages throughout the Incan empire.

## Other websites 
*The Last Inca Suspension Bridge: A Photo Album (various images of amazing Inca Bridges and pathways, old and new.)
*Boston University, Inca Bridge to the past This bridge was also in use of crossing when they were at war.

## References
* *Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory*, 1992, Virginia: Time-Life Books.

*Finch, Ric, 2002, *Keshwa Chaca: Straw Bridge of the Incas*:  Ithaca, N.Y., South American Explorer, n. 69, fall/winter 2002, p. 6-13.  Copies of this issue may still be available for purchase from the South American Explorer.

*Gade, D.W., 1972, *Bridge types in the central Andes*:  Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 62 (1), p. 94-109.    [Shows the bridge at Huinchiri and predicts the art of building it will be lost within another generation;   fortunately, this prediction has proven untrue, and ethnic/adventure tourism may help save this bridge for posterity.]

*Malaga Miglio, Patricia, and Gutierrez, Alberto, (pub. date unknown), *Qishwachaca*:  Rumbos (magazine published in Peru), p. 30-34.

*McIntyre, Loren, 1973, *The Lost Empire of the Incas*:  National Geographic Magazine, v. 144, n. 6, p. 729-787.

*McIntyre, Loren, 1975, *The Incredible Incas and Their Timeless Land*: Washington D.C., National Geographic Society, 199 p.

*Roca Basadre, David and Coaguila, Jorge, eds., 2001, *Cañon delApurimac, La Ruta Sagrada del Dios Hablador*:  Lima, Empresa Editora ElComercio, S.A., 78 p.

**Secrets of Lost Empires*:  Inca, 1995, NOVA program, available on video.

*Squier, Ephraim George, 1877, *Peru:  Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas*:   New York, Harper Bros., 577 p.

* Von Hagen, Victor, 1955, *Highway of the Sun*:  New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 120 p.

* Chmielinski, Piotr, 1987, *Kayaking the Amazon*:  National Geographic Magazine, v. 171, n. 4, p. 460 - 473.
Ewok

**Ewoks** are a fictional race of small, bear-like creatures from George Lucas' *Star Wars* universe. They first appeared in the film *Return of the Jedi*. 

They live on the forests on the moon of the Planet Endor. They often wear the skins or skulls of animals they have hunted. The most famous Ewok is Wicket W. Warwik, a brave Ewok who destroyed an entire Imperial shield projector. The Ewoks were also well known for their victory against the Empire in the "Battle of Endor".
Leonhard Euler

**Leonhard Euler** (pronounced Leonard *Oiler*) (April 15, 1707 – September 7, 1783) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. He spent most of his adult life in Russia and Germany.

Euler made important discoveries in calculus and topology. He also created many of the words used in math today. He introduced the notation we use to write mathematical functions. He is also known for his works in mechanics, optics, fluid mechanics, astronomy and music theory.

Euler is considered to be the most important mathematician of the 18th century, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time and one of the most prolific writing mathematicians. His collected works fill around 80 volumes. The famous mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace advised, "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all.”

Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc bill and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also celebrated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.

## Early years 
Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church. His mother was Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters, Anna-Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Euler started school back in Basel, where he lived with his grandmother. At the age of thirteen he went to the University of Basel. In 1723, he received his Master of Philosophy. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's extraordinary talent for mathematics.

## Related pages 
* Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory
* Euler–Mascheroni constant
* Euler characteristic
* Euler diagram
* Euler's homogeneous function theorem
* Euler's identity
* Euler's number
* Euler's polyhedron formula
* Euler's totient function
* Euler's totient theorem
* Eulerian path
* 
* 
* 

## References
Inca road system

The **Inca road system** (*El Camino Inca*) of Peru was the most extensive of many roads and trails that were constructed in pre-Columbian South America. 

It went across the Andes mountains and reached heights of over 5,000 metres (16,500 feet) above sea level. It covered approximately 22,500 kilometres (14,000 miles) and provided access to over three million square kilometres of territory.

The Incas did not use the wheel for transportation, and did not have horses until Spanish conquistadors arrived in Peru in the 16th century. As a result, the trails were used almost exclusively by people walking, sometimes accompanied by pack animals, usually llamas.

The Inca people used the trails to transport goods and to relay messages, carried via knotted-cord quipu and by memory. Runners could carry messages over as much as 240 km (150 mi) per day, working in relay fashion much like the Pony Express of the 1860s in North America.

There were approximately 2,000 inns, or *tambos*, placed at even intervals along the trails. The inns provided food, shelter and military supplies to the tens of thousands who traveled the roads. 

## Main routes 
The most important Inca road was the *Camino Real*, as it is known in Spanish. It is 5,200 km (3,230 mi) long. It began in Quito, Ecuador, passed through Cusco, and ended in what is now Tucumán, Argentina. 

By land, the Camino Real went across the Andes mountain range. At its highest, it reaches altitudes of more than 5,000 m. 

*El Camino de la Costa*, the coastal trail, is 4,000 km (2,420 mi) long and ran parallel to the sea. It was linked with the Camino Real by many smaller routes.

## Inca trail to Machu Picchu 
Today, the most popular of the Inca trails for trekking is the *Capaq Nan trail*, which leads from the village of Ollantaytambo to Machu Picchu, the so-called "Lost City of the Incas". There are many well-preserved ruins along the way, and hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world make the three- or four-day trek each year, accompanied by guides.

The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is actually three routes, which all meet up near Inti-Pata, the 'Sun Gate' and entrance to Machu Picchu. The three trails are known as the *Mollepata*, *Classic* and *One Day* trails, with *Mollepata* being the longest of the three. Passing through the Andes mountain range and sections of the Amazon rainforest, the Trail passes several well-preserved Inca ruins and settlements before ending at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain. The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 12,000 ft (3,660 m) above sea level, which can result in altitude sickness.
 

## Further reading 
* *Inca: Lords of Gold and Glory.* Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1992.
* *Andean World: Indigenous History: Culture and Consciousness* by Kenneth Adrien.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Inca trail map 
* Inca trail tour 
* Interactive Map Interactive Map
* Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Interactive Map
* Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Information
Color code

A **color code** is a system for displaying information by using different colors.  Color codes are often difficult or impossible for blind and color blind people to understand.

Examples of color codes:
*Bottled gases
*Electrical wiring
*Electronic color code
*Web colors for HTML color codes
*25-pair color code
*Fire extinguishers
*Hanky code
*Jumper cables
*Traffic lights
*Navigation lights, sea marks and characteristic lights
*Ribbon colors *see:* :Category:Ribbon symbolism
*U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Advisory System
*Utility color codes

*The Color Code* is also the title of a book (References, Joseph et al., 2002) combined with a nutritional practice by the same name in another book publication (Heber, 2001). *The Color Code* combines food science, medical knowledge and nutritional practices to encourage consumer intake of colorful plant foods for achieving optimal health.

## References
* Heber D. *What Color Is Your Diet? The 7 Colors of Health*, ReganBooks, HarperCollins, 2001,  
* Joseph JA, Nadeau DA, Underwood A. *The Color Code: A Revolutionary Eating Plan for Optimum Health*, Hyperion, 2002,
Jason

**Jason** was a hero in Greek mythology. He was born in Thessaly, northern Greece. Jason was the captain of the ship called the *Argos*. The men who helped to sail the boat were called the Argonauts. The word Argonaut comes from the name of the boat: Argo and the word ending -naut meaning "sailor".  

Jason and the Argonauts went to find the Golden Fleece. His father was Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcus. Jason fell in love with the daughter of the Golden Fleece's owner. Her name was Medea. Medea helped Jason get the Golden Fleece from her father. Jason and Medea killed the owner of the Golden Fleece and returned to Jason's city, Iolcus. Medea then killed Jason's half-brother Pelias so Jason could be in charge. When she was found out, Jason and Medea went to live in the Greek city of Corinth. Jason then married the princess of Corinth so they could stay. The story of Jason, the Argonauts, and the Golden Fleece is told in two modern movies: *Hercules* starring Steve Reeves, and *Jason and the Argonauts* starring Todd Armstrong.

## References
Battledress

**Battledress** is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to 'display' dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. It may be either monochrome (often a shade of green or brown) or in military camouflage colours.

## References
* 
* 
* *Khaki: Uniforms of the CEF* by Clive M. Law (Service Publications, 1998).
* 

## Other websites 
* www.canadiansoldiers.com: extensive discussion of Canadian Army uniforms, insignia, and traditions from 1900 to 2000