open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Adams–Onís Treaty

The **Adams-Onís Treaty** (also called the Florida treaty) was a treaty between Spain and the United States of America in 1819. This treaty gave the state of Florida to the United States. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries. It established the U.S- Mexican border. 

## Background 
The treaty was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came at a time of increasing difficulties related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America. This was with both the United States and Great Britain following the American Revolution. There were also tensions during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a problem for Spain. It could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. 

## Treaty 
The treaty was signed in Washington, DC on February 22, 1819. It was ratified in Madrid, Spain on October 24, 1820.

## References
James Spader

**James Todd Spader** (born February 7, 1960) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in *Stargate* (1994), *Wolf* (1994), *Crash* (1996), *Secretary* (2002), *Boston Legal* (2004) and *The Blacklist* (2013). He played Robert California in *The Office*.

Spader was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* James Spader at Emmys.com
Cătălina Ponor

**Cătălina Ponor** (; born 20 August 1987) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She has won five medals at the Summer Olympics, three of them were gold medals.

## References
Gregory Pardlo

**Gregory Pardlo** (born 1968) is an American poet, writer, and professor. His  book *Digest* won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. In 2007, Pardlo's first book *Totem* received the American Poetry Review/ Honickman Prize.  

Parldo was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1968. He grew up in Willingboro, New Jersey. Gregory Pardlo received his B.A. in English from Rutgers University. In 2001, he earned his M.F.A. from New York University. He was the New York Times Fellow in Poetry. He has received other fellowships. He is a fellow at the New York Foundation for the Arts, the Cave Canem Foundation, the MacDowell Artist's Colony, the Seaside Institute. Also, the Lotos Club Foundation, and City University of New York,. He received a translation grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. He is a Teaching Fellow at Columbia University.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References 
## Other websites
Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi

**Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi** (, 11 April 1938 – 21 April 2015) was an Egyptian poet. Before his death, he worked on children's books. His best known work is *Death on the Asphalt*. He was one of a generation of poets who wrote their work in the Egyptian dialect rather than in normal Arabic, the normal literary language.

Abnudi was born in Qena Governorate. He was married to director Attiyat El Abnoudy. He later married Nehal Kamal. He had two children, Nour and Aya.

Abnudi died from problems caused by brain surgery on 21 April 2015, aged 76.

## References
Ben Powers

**Alton "Ben" Powers** (July 5, 1950 – April 6, 2015) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Thelma Evans' husband, Keith Anderson, during the sixth and final season of the 1970s TV show *Good Times* (1978–1979).  During the 1970s, he was a cast member of the TV comedy series, *Laugh-In*.

## Other websites
*
Steve Byrnes

**Steven Patrick** "**Steve**" **Byrnes** (April 14, 1959 &ndash; April 21, 2015) was an American television announcer and producer. In 1985, he began his working on auto racing reporting, mostly NASCAR. In 2001, he began working with *NASCAR on Fox* as a pit reporter, and later became the host of Fox Sports 1's studio show *NASCAR Race Hub*.

Byrnes was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in New Carrolton, Maryland. He was married to Karen Goines from 1993 until his death. They had a son, Bryson.

Byrnes died from head and neck cancer on April 21, 2015 in Fort Mill, South Carolina. He was 56.

## References
Midge

**Midge** is a common term for many types of small fly. They are all in a suborder, the Nematocera.

They are found on practically every land area except permanently dry deserts and the frozen zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae (sand fly) and Simuliidae (black fly), are vectors of various diseases. Others are prey items for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows.

The highland midge of Scotland (*Culicoides impunctatus*) is present in huge numbers. It is a significant blood-sucking pest. It is found in upland and lowland areas (fens, bogs and marshes) especially in the north west of Scotland from late spring to late summer.

The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family midges commonly have similar ecological roles. Examples of families which include midges are:

* Blephariceridae, net-winged midges
* Cecidomyiidae, gall midges
* Ceratopogonidae, biting midges 
:also known as no-see-ums or punkies in North America, and sandflies in Australia.
* Chaoboridae, phantom midges
* Chironomidae, non-biting midges 
:also known as muffleheads in the Great Lakes region of North America 
* Deuterophlebiidae, mountain midges
* Dixidae, meniscus midges
* Scatopsidae, dung midges 
* Thaumaleidae, solitary midges

## References
Viktor Ahn

**Viktor Ahn** (; born November 23, 1985), also known as **Ahn Hyun-soo** () and **Victor An**, is a Russian short track speed skating athlete born in South Korea.

## References
Dirndl

A **dirndl** [ˈdɪʁndl̩] is a type of dress worn by women in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria and South Tyrol. It is made to look like the traditional clothing that s from the Alps used to wear. Originally the term *Dirndl* meant girl in Bavarian. Now it can mean either the dress or a girl. It was also called a *Dirndlgewand*. The bow on the apron is tied on the left (she is single) or the right side (she is not single).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Oktoberfest Dirndl Dress: The Bow 
* How to wear a dirndl
Sandra Izbașa

**Sandra Raluca Izbaşa** () (born June 18, 1990) is a Romanian gymnast.  She has won two Olympic gold medals, at the floor event at the 2008 Olympics and at the vault event at the 2012 Olympics.

## References
Charlotte Douglas International Airport

**Charlotte Douglas International Airport**  is a joint civil-military public international airport. It is located in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the 6th busiest airport in the world, based on traffic movements in 2010. It was also the 23rd busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic in 2013. The airport was opened in 1936 as the **Charlotte Municipal Airport**. It was renamed the **Douglas Municipal Airport** after former mayor of Charlotte Ben Elbert Douglas, Sr. in 1954. It was the largest hub for US Airways. In 2015, US Airways was combined with American Airlines. Now, Charlotte is the 2nd largest hub for American.

## Gallery

File:Lufthansa Airbus A340-642 (D-AIHA) (5057088130).jpg|A Lufthansa plane taking off from Charlotte.
File:CLT 5-9-08 N759GS (2492286323).jpg|A Southwest Boeing 737-700 landing at Charlotte. 
File:CLT Airport Diagram.pdf|Map of Charlotte Airport.

## References
## Other websites
*
Misako Uno

, known as Akane (茜) (born July 16, 1986) is a Japanese actress, product designer and talent agent. She is also a singer and dancer in the band *AAA: Attack All Around*. She was born in Endokawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Uno grew up in there. Her father is a copywriter. She has been active since the 1994.

## Career
In 2006 Uno appeared in her first movie, Hollywood's *The Grudge 2* as a Japanese student.  

In 2008 she played Keiko Endo (遠藤 恵子) in *Hitomi* (瞳) of the NHK television fiction show.

In 2010 Uno appeared in her second film *Rendez-vous (ランデブー！)* as the leading character. 

In 2011 her early life was into the English textbooks of Japan's Ministry of science. 

In 2012 she played Akane Yabuki (矢吹 茜) in *Ume-chan Sensei* (梅ちゃん先生) of the NHK television fiction show. 

In 2013 she played Hoshino Tsukiyama (月山 星乃) in *Tokyo toy box (東京トイボックス)* of the TV Tokyo. Tsukiyama is the heroine.

## Works
### Music
*2005: SLOW DANCE ORIGINAL SOUND TRACK
**Groovin' (with Mayu)
**Good Time (with Mayu, ECO)
**Now Is The Time 
*2007: The Grudge 2 ORIGINAL SOUND TRACK 
**End of This Way

### Films
*2006: The grudge2 ... Miyuki Nazawa
*2010:  … Meguru Taniyama

### Theater
*2006:  … Akane Sueyoshi
*2007: Super Battle Live Delicious Gakuin Bangaihen ~Delicious 5 Shijō Saidai no Teki~
*2008: Love Letters …
*2010:  …  
*2011: Legend of the Galactic Heroes

### TV
*2007-2008: On-Time (音時間) … master of ceremonies 
*2008:  … Keiko Endo
*2010: Massugu na Otoko (まっすぐな男) … Mina Matsushima
*2012:  … Akane Yabuki
*2013:  … Hoshino Tsukiyama 
*2014:  … Hoshino Tsukiyama 

### Radio
* 2006-2007: Uno Misako no English Lyrics Selection (宇野実彩子のイングリッシュ リリックセレクション) 
* 2011-2014: AAA Uno Misako's Radio Unoccoli (AAA宇野実彩子のラジオUNOッコリー) (FM Niigata)

### Books
*2010: UNO
*2011: 
*2011: 
*2012: UNO-BON
*2014: UNONU（you know） 

## References
## Other websites
* 宇野実彩子 AAAtwitter
* Misako Uno（AAA）Instagram
* PROFILEThe official website AAA (Triple A)
* AAA宇野実彩子のラジオUNOッコリー FM-NIIGATA
Ibrahim Yusri

**Ibrahim Yusri** (20 April 1950 &ndash; 20 April 2015) was an Egyptian actor. He worked on movies, stage, and television. His best known movie was *The Terrorist* (1994).

Yusri was born in Giza. He graduated from the Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts in 1975.

Yusri died from kidney failure on his 65th birthday in Cairo.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jean de La Fontaine

**Jean de La Fontaine** (; 8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was the first of the French fabulist. He was one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known for his fables. These provided a model for later fabulists across Europe. They were also an example for numerous  s in France and in French regional languages.

According to Flaubert, he was the only French poet to  and  the ties of the French language before Victor Hugo. A set of postage stamps celebrating La Fontaine and the *Fables* was issued by France in 1995.

## References
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik

**Janaki Ballabh Patnaik** (; 3 January 1927 &ndash; 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Assam from 27 November 2009 to 11 December 2014. He was Chief Minister of Odisha from 9 June 1980 to 7 December 1989 and again from 15 March 1995 to 17 February 1999. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress

Patnaik was born in Rameshwar, Puri district, Odisha to a Hindu family. He married to Jayanti Patnaik from 1953 until his death. They had a son and two daughters.

Patnaik died from a heart attack on 21 April 2015 in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. He was 88.

## References
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri

**Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri** ( *‘Izzat Ibrāhīm ad-Dūrī*; 1 July 1942 &ndash; 26 October 2020) was an Iraqi general and a commander of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order. He was an Iraqi military commander and was vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council until the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. He was second in command of Iraq after Saddam's sons.

Between 1979 to 2003, he was the Vice President of Iraq during the Saddam Hussein regime. 

Douri was born in Ad-Dawr, Saladin Province. He was a Sunni Muslim and a Naqshbandi Sufi.

Douri was apparently killed by Iraqi government forces on 17 April 2015 in Tikrit, aged 72 but DNA tests failed to confirm his death. A year later, he appeared in a video sent to the press. 

Douri died on 26 October 2020 in Iraq from leukemia, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
1860 United States presidential election

The **1860 United States presidential election** was the 19th election in the history of the United States. It occurred on November 8, 1860. This election was a four way race between the Republican nominee, former Congressman Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, the Northern Democratic nominee, Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illionis, the Southern Democratic nominee, Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky and the Constutitonal Union nominee, former Senator John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln won the election with 180 electoral votes, while Breckinridge got 72 electoral votes, Bell got 37 electoral votes and Douglas got only 12 electoral votes.

The election of President Abraham Lincoln served as a trigger for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into three factions. Each group felt they could best defeat the Republican Party . The convention was in complete , as Northern Democrats wanted to nominate Stephen A. Douglas. William H. Seward was the favorite among many. Abraham Lincoln had become known as a result of his debates with Stephen A. Douglas. He had the advantage the convention was held in Chicago, the center of his support. In one debate he said, "I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." One of his most memorable quotes he stated, "A house divided against itself cannot stand."

## Notes 
## References
Isle (river)

The **Isle** () is a river of south-western France that flows through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is a right tributary of the Dordogne river.

## Geography
The Isle has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 61.7 cubic metres per second at Coutras.

### Course
The Isle starts on the *Monts du Limousin*, part of the Massif Central, in the *commune* of Janailhac, Haute-Vienne department, at an elevation of about .

It flows generally southwest through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments before flowing into the Dordogne river in Libourne at about  of altitude.
 
The Isle flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 66 *communes*.
** Auvézère - 112.2&nbsp;km;
* Right tributaries
** Dronne - 200.6&nbsp;km;
** Lary - 53.7&nbsp;km;

## Gallery

Isle Jumilhac Chalard aval pont tour.JPG|The Isle river in Jumilhac-le-Grand
Périgueux passerelle voie verte sous pont Barris (1).JPG|The Isle river in Périgueux
Saint-Astier Isle.JPG|The Isle river in Saint-Astier
Isle_à_Libourne.png|The Isle river in Libourne

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References 
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - Station P9001510 - L'Isle à Coutras
Honoré III, Prince of Monaco

**Honoré III, Prince of Monaco** (Honoré Camille Léonor; 10 November 1720 – 21 March 1795) was a reigning prince of the small state of Monaco. He succeeded his mother Louise Hippolyte and is to this day still one of the longest reigning European rulers.

## Brief biography
The eldest surviving son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques

In May 1732 he moved to Paris to be with his father till he was officially proclaimed the prince of Monaco. Antoine Grimaldi, the *Chevalier de Grimaldi*, acted as regent for the prince between 1732 and 1784, when Honoré chose to live in Paris. This situation remained the same for half a century until Antoine's death in 1784,

## Marriage
On 5 June 1757  he married **Maria Caterina Brignole** a member of one of the most powerful and wealthy familys in the Republic of Genoa.  The had two sons before divorcing in 1770.

## Children
# Prince Honoré IV of Monaco (17 May 1758 – 16 February 1819) married Louise d'Aumont and had children.
# Prince Joseph of Monaco (10 September 1763 – 28 June 1816) married Marie Thérèse de Choiseul and had children.

## Titles and styles
***20 February 1731 - 17 May 1758** *His Serene Highness* The Marquis of Baux.
***7 November 1733 – 19 January 1793** *His Serene Highness* The Prince of Monaco, Duke of Valentinois.

## Further reading
*Edwards, Anne. *The Grimaldis of Monaco*. William Morrow, 1992.
*Maclaga, Michael and Louda, Jiri. *LINES OF SUCCESSION*; Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. MacDonald & Co., 1981; Little, Brown & Co., 1999; Time Warner Books, UK, 2002 
* Maurizio Ulino, ''L'Età Barocca dei Grimaldi di Monaco nel loro Marchesato di Campagna'', Giannini editore, Napoli 2008.
Jeremiah J. Rodell

**Jeremiah J. Rodell** (September 28, 1921 – April 17, 2015) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force that served as Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force from 1978 to 1980.

## References
Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov

**Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov** () (May 29, 1965 – April 21, 2015) was a Russian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was known for his comedy movie *Luna Papa* (1999). He won a Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival for his movie *Kosh ba kosh* (1993). 

Khudojnazarov died from a short illness in Berlin, Germany, aged 49.

## References
## Other websites
*
Samuel Wilson

**Samuel Wilson** (September 13, 1766 – July 31, 1854) was a meat-packer from Troy, New York, whose name is likely the source of the personification of the United States known as "Uncle Sam".

## References
## Other websites
Theodosia Okoh

**Theodosia Salome Okoh** (13 June 1922 She also played a leading role in the development of hockey in Ghana.

## References
Santa Rosa, California

**Santa Rosa** is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. At the 2020 census its population was 178,127. In the beginning of October, 2017, a firestorm burnt 5% of the homes in the city, killing atleast 19 people.

## References
## Other websites
*
Shiaphobia

**Shiaphobia** or '''Anti-Shi'ism''' (Arabic: شِيْعَةُ فُوبِيَا) is hatred of Shia Muslims or prejudice against them. 

Shia Muslims make up somewhere between 15-20% of Muslims worldwide. Shortly after Muhammad's death, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam split because they disagreed on what type of person that could become a caliph: a top Muslim leader. Shias believe the leader should be related to the Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis, however, believe the leader should be chosen for his ability to lead the community. but political upheaval has sparked new conflict between the two groups. Vali Nasr, an Iranian-American author and professor, has suggested that modern anti-Shi'ism violence is just a part of the overall conflict in the region, particularly due to the  of authoritarian rule in the region.

## References
Rose Greenhow

'''Rose O'Neal Greenhow''' (1813/1814&ndash; October 1, 1864) was a famous Confederate spy during the American Civil War. She was a socialite in Washington, D.C. before the war. Greenhow was friends with presidents, generals, senators, and high-ranking military officers. She used these friendships to pass along key military information to the Confederacy at the start of the war. In early 1861 she was put in control of a group of Confederate spies in Washington, DC. This was by Thomas Jordan, then a captain in the Confederate Army. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate president, gave her credit for helping the South's victory at the First Battle of Bull Run in late July 1861.

Greenhow was  in August. She was placed under house arrest. But she continued her spying activities. In 1862 after an espionage hearing, she was imprisoned for nearly five months in Washington, DC. She also wrote and published her memoir in London. The book was popular in England. She wanted to return to America. She took with her $2,000 in Gold. On her  back, her ship ran  off Wilmington, North Carolina. A Union gunboat had chased them up the Cape Fear River. Greenhow and one other passenger tried to escape in a rowboat. Weighed down with gold she drowned when her rowboat overturned. She was honored with a Confederate military funeral.

In 1993 the women's auxiliary of the Sons of Confederate Veterans changed its name to the Order of the Confederate Rose. This followed a television movie the previous year. A new biography of her was published in 2005.

## References
National Museum of History of Azerbaijan

The **National Museum of History of Azerbaijan** () is the national museum of history of Azerbaijan. It is the largest museum of Azerbaijan. It is in Baku, in the former mansion of Azerbaijani oil  and philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. It was founded in 1920.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dick Balharry

**Richard** "**Dick**" **Balharry**  (24 May 1937 &ndash; 22 April 2015) was a Scottish conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer. He was known for improving and protecting Scotland's natural landscapes. Just days before his death, he was given an award by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS).

Balharry was born near Dundee. He died from cancer on 22 April 2015, aged 77.

## References
Controlled burn

A **controlled burn** (sometimes also called a **prescribed fire**) is a fire that is started on purpose, and kept under control.  It is done by people who are trained in controlling a fire, with the right equipment and the right weather conditions.  It is done to help the environment or to make an area safer for people.

This is not the same as a **practice fire**, where a firefighter crew might start a fire in a house or other building that is going to be destroyed.  They use it for practice, to learn how to enter a burning house safely and how to put out a house fire.  Controlled burns, on the other hand, are done outdoors in forests or prairies.

## Reasons
There are several reasons why a controlled burn may take place.  In some areas, there may be too much dry wood and dead plants.  If a fire started there that was not controlled (like arson, an accident, or a lightning strike), that fire could become dangerous.  So by having trained people there, and burning it carefully, then the fire won't be as hot and won't get out of control.

Another reason is to help nature.  Some plants need fire so their seeds can start to grow, some animals prefer to live in places that have been recently burned, and sometimes it helps to get rid of weeds.  Also, the ash on the ground is a quick fertilizer and helps return nutrients to the soil.

Sometimes it is done to help people.  It can clear an area of brush and make it easier to see and move around.  Hunter-gatherer people would do this to chase game into an area where they can kill the animal for food.  This is becoming rare.

## Methods
From the fire triangle, it is known that a fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat.  To control a fire, removing one of these three things will cause the fire to go out.  To keep the fire in the area it is supposed to be in, the fire can be smothered, removing oxygen.  Or it can be sprayed with water, removing the heat.  And the fire finishes when there is no more fuel.

Generally, the *back fire* is started first.  This is the fire that burns into the wind, and moves slowly.  This is a smaller, safer fire, and is easier to control.  It can be started next to a trail or stream or other *fire break* that keeps the fire from moving downwind.

After the back fire is in place, then the *head fire* is started.  It will burn downwind (travels with the wind).  This will burn faster and hotter.  When it reaches the back fire, there is no more fuel for the fire, and it dies out.

## Equipment
The list can depend on the group doing the burn, but often includes:
* drip torch - this starts the fire by dripping fire onto the grass as the person walks along
* water sprayer - usually worn as a backpack, water can be sprayed onto the fire to keep it in the area it should be in
* flapper - a wide piece of rubber on a handle, this can be *flapped* onto the fire, putting it out
* shovel - this can be used to dig up dirt and create a fire break that will not burn

## Related pages 
* Wildfire

## References
Gennadi Vengerov

**Gennadi Aronovich Vengerov** (; 27 August 1959 &ndash; 22 April 2015) was a Belarusian-born Russian-German actor and voice artist. He began acting in 1978 on stage, and later in 1987 on television and movies. He had over 150 credits to his name. He was also the Russian voice of the title character of *EVE Online* and appeared in the movie *Enemy at the Gates* (2001). In 1990, he moved to German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and worked as a Deutsche Welle radio announcer.

Vengerov was born in Vitebsk. He served in the Soviet Army until 1983 when he moved to Moscow.

Vengerov died from lung and bone cancer on 22 April 2015 in Düsseldorf. He was 55.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fastlane (2015)

**Fastlane (2015)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 22, 2015 at FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee. It was the first Fastlane event held by the WWE.

The main event saw Roman Reigns defeat Daniel Bryan to keep his spot in the WWE World Heavyweight Championship main event match against Brock Lesnar at WrestleMania 31.

## Matches
1Cena passed out in Rusev's finisher, *The Accolade* and the match's outcome was announced as a submission victory for Rusev.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official Fastlane website
Roy Mason

**Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley**, PC (18 April 1924 – 20 April 2015), was a British Labour politician and former Cabinet minister. He was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in the late 1970s.

## References
Smith v. Allwright

***Smith v. Allwright *** (1944), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. The decision made it unconstitutional to keep African Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. By extension it covered white primaries in all states. It overturned *Grovey v. Townsend* (1935) which had allowed the Democratic party to hold all-white primaries that d black voters.

## The all-white primary 
The Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution gave African Americans freedom from slavery, citizenship and the right to vote. But many former slave states came up with ways to keep blacks from voting. These included poll taxes, literacy tests and complex voter registration laws. While these worked in most southern states, it did not work in Texas. This allowed Texas to use the all-white primary.

## The case 
In another decision, *Grovey v. Townsend* (1935), the Supreme Court decided that the Democratic Party was a private organization. Their state  could decide who can be a member. Lonnie E. Smith, a Houston dentist, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) decided to fight this decision. 

In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the court overturned the Grovey ruling. A majority of the justices decided that the Democratic party was more than a private organization. It was a part of the election process in Texas. For this reason the court said that it was  unconstitutional to stop African Americans from voting in the Democratic primary.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Smith v. Allwright - Impact
* Smith v. Allwright, The Oyez Project
M. H. Abrams

**Meyer** (**Mike**) **Howard Abrams** (July 23, 1912 – April 21, 2015), usually cited as **M. H. Abrams**, was an American literary critic. He was known for works on Romanticism, in particular his book *The Mirror and the Lamp*. 

Abrams died in Ithaca, New York, aged 102.

## References
## Other websites
Sixto Valencia Burgos

**Sixto Valencia Burgos** (March 28, 1934 &ndash; April 23, 2015) was a Mexican cartoon artist. He was born and died in Mexico City. He was best known for drawing famed Mexican cartoon character Memín Pinguín. He also worked as a cartoonist for *MAD* magazine.

## Other websites
*Bio from amiens.com 
*Cartoonist defends stereotyped image on new Mexican stamps
Cindy Yang

**Peng Hsin-yi** (; 4 December 1990 &ndash; 21 April 2015), better known by her stage name **Cindy Yang** (Chinese: 楊又穎), was a Taiwanese actress and model. She was known for her appearances on *100% Entertainment* and the movie *First of May* (2015).

Yang was born in Taichung. She was the daughter of politician Peng Tso-kwei. She committed suicide by helium inhalation on 21 April 2015, aged 24. Her funeral was held on 24 April.

## References
Ali Abu Mukhammad

**Ali Abu Mukhammad** (), also known as **Ali Abu Muhammad al-Dagestani**, born **Aliaskhab Alibulatovich Kebekov** (), was a Dagestani militant Islamist in Russia and the leader of the Caucasus Emirate following the death of inaugural leader Dokka Umarov. The United States Department of State added Kebekov to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists on March 25, 2015. 

On 19 April 2015, Ali Abu Mukhammad was killed by Russian security forces during special operations near Buynaksk.

## References
Aziz Asli

**Aziz Aslimanesh** (&lrm;; 9 April 1938 &ndash; 23 April 2015), better known as **Aziz Asli**, was an Iranian football goalkeeper, manager, painter, and actor. He played for teams such as Persepolis F.C. and his country from the late 1940s until the early 1970s. He managed Zob Ahan Isfahan F.C. for a short time. He also acted in movies before the Islamic Revolution.

Asli was born in Tabriz. He was of Azerbaijani ancestry. He died on 23 April 2015 in Munich, Germany, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Team Melli stats
Long Branch, New Jersey

{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Long Branch, New Jersey
|official_name            = 
|settlement_type          = City
|nicknames                 = The First Seaside Resort, Friendly City
|motto                    = Tide In

|image_skyline            = Church presidents detail.jpg
|imagesize                = 250x200px
|image_caption            = Church of the Presidents
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 

|image_map                = Monmouth_County_New_Jersey_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Long_Branch_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250x200px
|map_caption              = Location of Long Branch in Monmouth County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Monmouth County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).
|image_map1               = Census_Bureau_map_of_Long_Branch,_New_Jersey.png
|mapsize1                 = 250x200px
|map_caption1             = Census Bureau map of Long Branch, New Jersey

{
  "type": "ExternalData",
  "service": "geoshape",
  "ids": "Q995231"
}

|pushpin_map              = 
|pushpin_label            = 
|pushpin_map_caption      = 
|pushpin_relief           = 

|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = 
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_name1        = 
|subdivision_type2        = County
|subdivision_name2        = Monmouth
|government_footnotes     = 
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 16.28
|area_land_km2            = 13.27
|area_water_km2           =  3.01
|area_total_sq_mi         =  6.29
|area_land_sq_mi          =  5.12
|area_water_sq_mi         =  1.16
|area_water_percent       = 18.49
|area_rank                = 250th of 565 in state17th of 53 in county

|population_as_of         = 2020
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = 6180.1
|population_density_rank  = 86th of 565 in state9th of 53 in county
|elevation_m              = 
|elevation_ft             = 23
|coordinates_footnotes    = 
|coordinates              = 
|postal_code_type         = ZIP Code
|postal_code              = 07740
|area_code                = 732/848
|blank_name               = FIPS code
|blank_info               = 3402541310
|blank1_name              = GNIS feature ID
|blank1_info              = 0885285
|website                  = 
|footnotes                = 
}}
**Long Branch** is a city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 31,667.

## References
Desert locust

The **desert locust** (*Schistocerca gregaria*) is a species of locust. Plagues of desert locusts threaten agricultural production in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. They have done so for centuries. The livelihood of one-tenth of the world’s human population may be affected by this voracious insect. The destructive swarms of locusts do not form every year, but only when conditions are right for them.

The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances. It has two to five generations per year. The last major desert locust upsurge in 2004–05 caused crop loss in West Africa and reduced food supply in the area. The desert locust alone is not responsible for famines, but it is a contributing factor.

## Development 
The insect does not have complete metamorphosis. Its larvae develop in stages called "instars". As the larvae get closer to adulthood, they are called "nymphs" or "hoppers". There are two kinds of hopper: solitary and gregarious.

In the solitary phase the hoppers do not group together but move about independently. Their colouring in the later instars tends to be greenish or brownish to match the colour of the herbage. 

In the gregarious phase the hoppers bunch together and in the later instars develop a bold colouring with black markings on a yellow background. The immatures are pink and the mature adults are bright yellow and fly during the day in dense swarms. 

The change from a solitary insect to a voracious locust pack usually follows a period of drought, when rain falls at last, and vegetation flushes in desert locust breeding places. The population builds up rapidly and the competition for food increases. 

As hoppers get more crowded, the close physical contact causes the insects' hind legs to bump against one another. This stimulus triggers a cascade of metabolic changes which move the insects from the solitary to the gregarious phase. When the hoppers become gregarious, their colouration changes from largely green to yellow and black, and the adults change from brown to pink (immature) or yellow (mature). Their bodies become shorter, and they give off a pheromone that causes them to be attracted to each other. This causes swarm formation. 

## References
Pierre Claude Nolin

**Pierre Claude Nolin** (October 30, 1950 &ndash; April 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was the Speaker of the Senate from November 27, 2014 until his death. He was also Senator for De Salaberry, Quebec from June 18, 1993. He was a member of Conservative Party of Canada.

Nolin was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at the University of Ottawa. He married Camille Desjardins in 1976. They had three children.

Nolin died from cancer on April 23, 2015 in Ottawa, Ontario. He was 64.

## References
Razan Zeitouneh

**Razan Zaitouneh** or **Zeitunah** () is a Syrian human rights lawyer and activist. She was born 29 April 1977. In March 2013, Zeitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.  In December 2013, Zeitouneh disappeared in Syria.

## Early life  
Zaitouneh was part of the Syrian uprising.  She documented human rights in Syria for the Local Coordination Committees of Syria.  After the government accused her of being a foreign agent she went into hiding and her husband was arrested.

## Education and career 
Zaitouneh finished law school in 1999.  In 2001 started her work as lawyer, and she became a member of the team of lawyers for defense of political prisoners. In the same year, she was one of the founders of the Human Rights Association in Syria (HRAS). In 2005, Zaitouneh started SHRIL (the Syrian Human Rights Information Link), to report about human rights problems in Syria. In 2005, Zaitouneh became a member of the Committee to Support Families of Political Prisoners in Syria.

## Recognitions 
On 27 October 2011, Zaitouneh received the 2011 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, together with four other Arabs.  In 2011, she also received the Anna Politkovskaya Award. In 2013, Zaitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award.

In December 2013, pro-opposition websites said that Zaitouneh was kidnapped along with her husband, Wael Hamadeh, and two colleagues, Samira Khalil and Nazem Hammadi, in the opposition-held town of Douma to the north of Damascus. As of 4 February 2014, their location was still unknown.  The identity of the kidnappers was not certain, although they were suspected to be from the Islamist rebel group the Army of Islam.

## Awards 
* European Parliament’s Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, 2011.
* The 2011 Anna Politkovskaya Award.
* The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought for the year 2012 in Berlin.
* International Women of Courage Award 2013 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Profile at Huffington Post
* 2013 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Gideon Eilat

**Gideon (Gidi) Eilat** (17 January 1924 - 21 April 2015) was a German-born Israeli military person. He was a former member of the Palmach. He was the commander of the third battalion of the Yiftach Brigade during the War of Independence. His highest rank was that of lieutenant colonel (*sgan aluf*).

He was active in the Kibbutz Artzi movement. Eilat was one of the founders of the Civil Guard of the Israel Police Department. He was also a member of Kibbutz Beit Alfa.

Eilat was born in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He was raised in Tel Aviv, Israel. Eilat died at a hospital in Beit Alfa, Israel at the age of 91.

## References
Alpine, Texas

**Alpine** is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Brewster County. About 6,035 people lived there in 2020.

Alpine was first named Osborn for the part of the railroad that it was near.  From 1883 to 1888, Alpine was named Murphyville, for the owners of the land where the spring was that the railroad used to get water for its steam locomotives.

Sul Ross State University opened in Alpine in Summer of 1920.  Big Bend National Park was started near Alpine on June 12, 1944.  Both of these things forced people to move to Alpine.

## References
Francis Tsai

**Francis Tsai** (April 14, 1967 – April 23, 2015) was an American comic book artist, illustrator, author and conceptual artist. He was of Taiwanese and Japanese ancestry. Tsai also contributed covers and interior art for Marvel Comics.

Tsai was from Honolulu, Hawaii.

Tsai provided interior artwork for a number of *Dungeons & Dragons* manuals for Wizards of the Coast, including *Sharn: City of Towers*, *Monster Manual III*, *d20 Future*, *Races of Eberron*, *Lost Empires of Faerûn*, ''Explorer's Handbook*, *Tome of Magic: Pact, Shadow, and Truename Magic*, *Power of Faerûn*, and *d20 Future Tech*.

He also worked on movies such as *Sucker Punch* and *TMNT - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''.

In 2010, at the age of 42, Tsai was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. He died April 23, 2015.

## References
## Other websites
* Francis Tsai official website
*
Robert P. Casey

**Robert Patrick "Bob" Casey, Sr.** (January 9, 1932 &ndash; May 30, 2000) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 42nd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1987 to 1995. He previously served as a state senator (1963–68) and Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–77).

Casey died at the age of 68 from a rare disease called amyloidosis in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

## References
Richard Corliss

**Richard Nelson Corliss** (March 6, 1944&nbsp;– April 23, 2015) was an American movie critic. He was one of several editors of *Time* magazine who focused on movies, with occasional articles on other subjects. He created the widely used term "Drop Dead Gorgeous" in 1985 when describing Michelle Pfeiffer's performance in the movie, *Into the Night*.

Corliss died in New York City, New York from a stroke, aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Biography  - from *Time* magazine
*Biography - from *Allmovie*
*Corliss's Top Ten Picks  - a yearly breakdown of Corliss's favorite movies.
*Top 100 Movies Ever  - Corliss and fellow *Time* critic Richard Schickel's list of the greatest movies ever made
Władysław Bartoszewski

**Władysław Bartoszewski**  (February 19, 1922 in Warsaw – April 24, 2015 in Warsaw) was a Polish politician, social activist, journalist, writer, historian, former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner, World War II Resistance fighter, Polish underground activist, participant of the Warsaw Uprising, twice the Minister of Foreign Affairs, chevalier of the Order of the White Eagle, and an honorary citizen of Israel and a member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy.

## References
## Other websites
Peter Howell (actor)

**Peter Howell** (1919 &ndash; 20 April 2015) was an English actor. He was known for his appearances on *Emergency – Ward 10*, *The Avengers*, *The Prisoner*, *Doctor Who*, *The Lord of the Rings*, and *Yes Minister*.

Howell was born in London. He died after a short illness on 20 April 2015 in Northwood, aged 95/96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rex Robinson (actor)

**Rex Robinson** (1926 &ndash; April 2015) was a British actor. He was best known for appearing in three *Doctor Who* serials in the 1970s, all directed by Australian Lennie Mayne. He also appeared in television series such as *Z-Cars*, *The Onedin Line*, Within These Walls, *Terry and June*, The Professionals, *Only Fools and Horses*, and Yes Minister. He also appeared in the movie *Superman IV: The Quest for Peace* (1987).

Robinson was born in Derby, Derbyshire. He was married to actress Patricia Prior until his death. He died in April 2015, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lennie Mayne

**Leonard Edward** "**Lennie**" **Mayne** (8 November 1927 &ndash; 20 May 1977) was an Australian television director. He was best known for directing four *Doctor Who* serials, *The Curse of Peladon* (1972), *The Three Doctors* (1972), *The Monster of Peladon* (1974) and *The Hand of Fear* (1976). He also worked on television series such as Dr. Finlay's Casebook, *Warship* and *The Onedin Line*. He was married to actress Frances Pidgeon, with whom he had twin daughters.

Mayne died by drowning in a sailing accident on the English Channel in May 1977.

His life is documented in the film, Looking For Lennie, which is featured on the Bluray release of the Doctor Who story, The Three Doctors.

## Other websites
*
Call of Duty: Black Ops III

***Call of Duty: Black Ops III*** is a first-person shooter video game. The *Call of Duty* game was developed by Treyarch and by Activision. The game was announced on April 9, 2015, and was fully revealed on April 26, 2015. It was released on November 6, 2015 on Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.

## References
Titan arum

The **titan arum**, *Amorphophallus titanum*, is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. 

The titan arum's inflorescence is not as large as that of the talipot palm, *Corypha umbraculifera*, but the inflorescence of the talipot palm is branched rather than unbranched.

Due to its odor, which is like the smell of a decomposing animal, the titan arum is called a 'carrion flower', or 'corpse flower', or 'corpse plant'.  For the same reason, the name 'corpse flower' is also used for the genus *Rafflesia* which, like the titan arum, grows in the rainforests of Sumatra. The function of the smell is to attract insect pollinators.

Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence. The female flowers open first, and only lasts (or is "receptive") about 12 to 24 hours. Then a day or two following, the male flowers open. This usually prevents the flower from self-pollinating.

The popular name "titan arum" was invented by the broadcaster and naturalist Sir David Attenborough for his BBC series *The Private Life of Plants*, in which the flowering and pollination of the plant were filmed for the first time. Attenborough felt that calling the plant *Amorphophallus* on a popular TV documentary would be inappropriate.

The record size is 3.1&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft 2.25 in) tall.

## References
Talipot palm

***Corypha umbraculifera***, the **talipot palm**, is a species of palm native to eastern and southern India and Sri Lanka. It is also in Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand and the Andaman Islands.

It is one of the largest palms in the world. Individuals have reached up to 25&nbsp;m (82&nbsp;ft) with stems up to 1.3&nbsp;m (4.25&nbsp;ft) in diameter. It is a fan palm (Arecaceae tribe Corypheae), with large leaves up to 5&nbsp;m (16&nbsp;ft) in diameter, with a leaf stem up to 4 m (13 ft), and up to 130 leaflets. 

The talipot palm bears the largest inflorescence of any plant, 6-8 m (20-26 ft) long, consisting of one to several million small flowers borne on a branched stalk at the top of the trunk. The talipot palm flowers only once, when it is 30 to 80 years old. It takes about a year for the fruit to mature, producing thousands of round, yellow-green fruit 3-4&nbsp;cm (1.2-1.6&nbsp;in) in diameter, each containing a single seed. The plant dies after fruiting.

## References
P-type semiconductor

A **p-type semiconductor** is one of two main types of semiconductors, the other being an n-type semiconductor.  The p and n stand for positively-doped and negatively-doped, respectively. When a trivalent impurity (like boron, aluminum etc.) is added to an intrinsic or pure semiconductor (silicon or germanium), it is said to be a p-type semiconductor. Trivalent impurities such as boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), aluminum (Al) etc. are called acceptor impurities. Ordinary semiconductors are made of materials that do not conduct (or carry) an electric current very well but are not highly resistant to doing so either. Metalloids, such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), and a few other elements are commonly used for the main body of semiconductors. Their bulk conductivity falls halfway between that of conductors and insulators and so are called semiconductors. For an electric current to flow, charge carriers have to move through a material. A p-type semiconductor has free holes in its crystal lattice which can move in response to an applied electric field, causing current to flow.

Semiconductors are usually made from a material called silicon. Silicon is a chemical element that has four electrons in its outer layer. To make a type of semiconductor called "p-type," scientists add a small amount of another material, like boron or aluminum. These materials have only three electrons in their outer layer. When they replace some of the silicon atoms, they leave an empty space, or "hole," where a fourth electron would normally be. These holes help electricity move through the semiconductor. 4o

P-type semiconductors are made by adding materials called acceptors. These can take in extra electrons. N-type semiconductors are made by adding materials called donors. Donors give extra electrons. A PN junction, like in a diode, is made by putting P-type and N-type semiconductors together. Electrons move from the N-type side to the P-type side. This movement allows electricity to flow in only one direction.

## Manufacture
P-type semiconductors are made by doping the pure semiconductor material. The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor. The exact character of the semiconductor can be changed by varying the amount of dopant that is added. In p-type semiconductors the number of holes is much higher than that of thermally generated electrons.

## Related pages
*Semiconductor
*N-type semiconductor

## Other websites
* The Doping of Semiconductors - Hyperphysics
* PN Junction Theory - Electronics Tutorials
Pee Dee River

The **Pee Dee River**, also called the **Great Pee Dee River**, is a river in North Carolina and South Carolina. It originates in the Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina. Its upper course, above the mouth of the Uwharrie River, is known as the Yadkin River.  It has a number of dams for flood control and hydroelectric power. The lower part of the river is named Pee Dee (in colonial times written Pedee). It is named after the Native American Pee Dee people.  The Pee Dee region of South Carolina was named after either the tribe or the river. The first Europeans believed to have navigated part of the river was a party sent by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1521. They named it "River of St. John the Baptist ()."

## References
## Other websites
Mullumbimby

**Mullumbimby** is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is sometimes called *The Biggest Little Town in Australia*.

## References