open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple

**Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple** is a temple dedicated to the deity Vasantha Vallabharaya (the Hindu god Vishnu). It is in Vasantapura in Bangalore. It dates back to the Chola period.

## References
Percival

** Sir Percival** was one of King Arthur's knights and a member of the Round Table. He proved himself to be one of Arthur's most loyal knights. Percival is most commonly known for retrieving Excalibur from a clan of mischievous faery creatures, whose only distinguishing characteristics were their brightly colored headwear and small stature. This eventually led to the present day Anglo-Saxon folklore of garden gnomes.

Percival is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest. Percival first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished *Percivale or Conte del Graal* (c. 1190). The incomplete story prompted a series of "continuations," in the third of which (c. 1230), by an author named Manessier, Percival achieves the Grail. (A similar story to Chrétien's tale is found in the thirteenth-century Welsh romance Peredur.)

## In popular culture
The main character in the book *Ready Player One* has a virtual avatar named after Percival, but with a different spelling (Parzival).
Roger Johansson

**Roger Johansson** (born April 17, 1967, in Ljungby, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 4 seasons in the NHL.

Johansson started his playing career with the Färjestads BK of the Swedish Hockey League. He played 3 seasons with them and signed with the Calgary Flames of the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Flames and went back to the SEL to join the Leksands IF for 1 season. After the season ended, Johansson rejoined the Flames. After his season with the Flames was over, he rejoined Leksands IF again for 1 season. He played 38 games with them and then signed with the Chicago Blackhawks after the 1994–95 NHL lockout was over and played 11 games with them before once again returning to the SEL to play with Leksands IF. He played 6 seasons with Farjestads BK Karlstad and was forced to retire because of an injury.

He also played with the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the 1994 Winter Olympics when they won the gold medal.

## Other websites
*
*
Outerbridge Crossing

The **Outerbridge Crossing**, also known as the **Outerbridge**, is a cantilever bridge that connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey opened. It was named after Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the Port of New York Authority. The bridge is of one of three bridges for cars that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge and the Bayonne Bridge to Bayonne, New Jersey.

## References
## Other websites
Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls

'''''Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls*** (sometimes, ***Oliver Optic's Magazine''''') was a 19th-century American weekly children's magazine. It was edited by boys' book writer, William Taylor Adams. Adams used the pen name "Oliver Optic". At its demise in December 1875, it was being published monthly. It became the most popular children's monthly in the United States.

The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts by Lee & Shepard. Publication began in January 1867. It had a nine year run, folding in December 1875. A 16-page single copy cost 6 cents; a yearly subscription was $2.50. Issues were reprinted in 1872 as ***Our Boys and Girls Mirror***.  

Contents included puzzles, rebuses, exercises in declamation with illustrations of appropriate gestures, dialogues, etc. Adams' serial story, *Our Starry Flag*, brought forth at least 100 letters from the magazine's readers. Adams felt compelled to write another story featuring the same characters  in order not to "disappoint his young friends". The magazine was hugely popular.

## References
Robert Merry's Museum

'''''Robert Merry's Museum''''' was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was founded in 1841 by Samuel Griswold Goodrich in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Boston publisher was Bradbury & Soden. The monthly began publication as a 12.5 cent, 32 page magazine in February 1841. The number of pages had grown to 48 by November 1872, at which time the magazine was absorbed by *The Youthful Companion*.

The magazine was edited in the beginning by Goodrich. A number of editors followed him. Children's writer Louisa May Alcott edited between 1867 and 1869. She edited under her own name though other editors of the magazine used fictional names like "Aunt Sue", "Uncle Miles", "Hiram Hatchet", etc. Goodrich edited under "Robert Merry" and "Peter Parley".  

## References
Tod Browning

**Tod Browning** (born **Charles Albert Browning, Jr.**; July 12, 1880 &ndash; October 6, 1962) was an American motion picture actor, director and screenwriter. Browning's career spanned the silent and talkie eras. Best known as the director of *Dracula* (1931), the cult classic *Freaks* (1932), and classic silent movies with Lon Chaney. Browning directed many movies in a wide range of genres.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Tod Browning bibliography  via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
*
*
*Tod Browning at Virtual History
The Little Pilgrim

***The Little Pilgrim*** was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between October 1853 and December 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Leander K. Lippincott. It was edited by his wife, Sara Jane Lippincott, under the pen name, "Grace Greenwood". 

*The Little Pilgrim* was intended to replace the discontinued children's  magazine, *Friend of Youth*. F. O. C. Darley drew the picture of the boy pilgrim on the cover. In January 1857, the page size was reduced to about a third of its original height because "it was found that our paper was too long to fit on the book-shelves". The number of pages increased from 8 to 12 with the height reduction. *The Little Pilgrim* was absorbed by *The Little Corporal* in 1869.

## References
Goethals Bridge

The **Goethals Bridge** is a cantilever bridge that connects Elizabeth, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell, who also designed the Outerbridge Crossing. It was built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Outerbridge Crossing opened. It was named after George Washington Goethals, who was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Outerbridge Crossing and the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne, New Jersey.

The bridge was replaced in 2018 with a pair of cable-stayed bridges. The old bridge was demolished soon after. The new bridge has pedestrian and bicycle access, which the old one didn't have.

## References
## Other websites
I Am Legend (novel)

***I Am Legend*** is a 1954 horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It helped the development of the zombie genre and in popularizing the idea of a worldwide apocalypse due to disease. 

The novel was a success. It was adapted to a movie as *The Last Man on Earth* in 1964, as *The Omega Man* in 1971, and as *I Am Legend* in 2007. It also came with a direct-to-video 2007 production capitalizing on that movie, *I Am Omega*. The novel was also the inspiration behind the 1968 movie *Night of the Living Dead*.
BC Place

**BC Place** is a sports stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on June 19, 1983, and is the current home to the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer.

It will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup. 

## History
The stadium was originally built for the Expo 86 which was held in Vancouver. Until May 4, 2010, the stadium was the world's largest air-supported domed stadium. It was deflated and replaced with a retractable roof. The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League played in the arena from 1983 to 1984. There have been 8 Grey Cup championship games held in BC Place in 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2005, and 2011. 

The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympic Winter Games and the opening ceremonies of the X Paralympic Winter Games.

On September 2, 2023, an Ed Sheeran concert broke the attendance record with 65,061 people. The last record was held by U2 in 2009.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Lewiston, Maine

**Lewiston** is a city in Androscoggin County, Maine. It is the second-largest city in the state. The population was 37,121 at the 2020 census. That was up from 36,592 at the 2010 census.

Lewiston is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, this has a combined population of 111,139. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population of 662,879 as of 2020.

The city has the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul. It has 5 colleges and universities, 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places, the Androscoggin Bank Colisée, the Stephens Observatory, the Olin Arts Center, the Bates College Museum of Art, and two important hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center, and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center.

While the most common language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a large Somali population. It also has the largest French-speaking population in the United States. But it is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, in percentage of speakers.

The Farmers' Almanac is printed in Lewiston.

On October 25, 2023, 18 people were killed and 13 hurt by multiple mass shootings at two places in Lewiston done by Robert Card. This was the most deadly shooting in Maine history, and the tenth deadliest in U.S. history.

## Newspapers
* The Sun Journal prints a daily newspaper in four different versions statewide. The Sun Journal was the winner of the 2008 New England Daily Newspaper of the Year and the 2009 Maine Press Association Newspaper of the Year.
* The Twin City Times is a free weekly newspaper printed in Auburn. It is publicly available in Lewiston as well. It features local news and short articles.

## Public schools
Lewiston Public Schools is in charge of public schools.

* Lewiston High School (9–12)
* Lewiston Middle School (7–8)
* Farwell Elementary School (K–6)
* Raymond A Geiger Elementary School (K–6)
* Robert V. Connors Elementary School (K–6)
* Montello School (K–6)
* Thomas J McMahon Elementary School (K–6)

## Other websites
* City of Lewiston, Maine
* Lewiston Public Library
* *Lewiston Sun-Journal Online*
* L/A Arts
* Lewiston, Maine detailed profile
* The Public Theatre
Anxiety disorder

, *the Scream*, 1893. After his death, doctors said that Munch probably suffered from depression.]]
The term **anxiety disorder**  is a term for a number of psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be classified into two very broad groups:

#Disorders that are marked by extreme worry about the past, present or future.
#Disorders that are marked by fear of a given object or situation. 

Anxiety conditions include phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders include agoraphobia and panic disorder. Stress from life events, including past abuse, being intimidated or health worries, can trigger anxiety problems for many people. Symptoms include headache, spasms in the muscle, trembling, fatigue and exhaustion. There are various manners for treating anxiety disorders. These include medication and therapy. There is some recent research.

When people talk about feeling, they use the words anxiety and fear without making much of a difference. When professionals talk about them, there is a difference, though: Fear always has a cause, people are afraid of something or of something happening. So fear is the emotional response to an external threat. Anxiety is more general, the cause is either not known, or not controllable easily. 

Both fear and anxiety are normal reactions, to protect against a threat. Someone feeling fear or anxiety now and then does not have an anxiety disorder. Only when they occur so often that they impact people's lives do they become a disorder.

## References
Edmund Muskie

**Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie** (28 March 191426 March 1996) was an American politician who was a member of the Democratic Party.

Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine, to a Polish family.

He was the Governor of Maine from 1955 to 1959 and a U.S. Senator from 1959 to 1980. He served as United States Secretary of State from 1980 to 1981 under the Carter administration. President Jimmy Carter gave Muskie the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981.

## Career
Muskie was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election. Muskie later ran for President in the 1972 presidential election. After announcing that he had lost, he chocked with anger and began to cry. Afterwards, Muskie siad that he had not he cried and said that it was simply "melted snow flakes" in his eyes, not tears. He later said he had cried was that because newspapers had insulted his wife. If he won the presidential election in 1972, he would have been the first Polish-American President of the United States.

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan appointed Muskie to serve in the Tower Commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair.

## Personal life
He was married to Jane Gray from 1940 until his death in 1996. He died of congestive heart failure. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

## References
## Other websites
*The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation
*Edmund Muskie at Findagrave
Bijou Theater

The **Bijou Theater** is a gay adult theater and sex club in Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1970, and is the oldest such theater and club in the United States of America.  It is located at 1349 N. Wells St. in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood. 

In January 1970, the Bijou opened on the first floor of a four story Victorian. The first movie shown was Richard Nixon's Checkers speech, named after Nixon's dog Checkers. The movie that followed was a gay porn movie.

In 1980, the Bijou expanded to the second floor, where a sexual playground was established. On this floor are booths, glory holes, a dungeon with slings, and a Saint Andrew's cross. The same year, the back yard was overhauled for summer frolicking. The Bijou was opened 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In 1984, the Bijou expanded to the third floor.

## References
Maclyn McCarty

**Maclyn McCarty** (June 9, 1911 &ndash; January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of  bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

## The work 
The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead *Streptococcus pneumoniae* of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the  material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.

## References
William Hathaway

**William Dodd Hathaway** (February 21, 1924 &ndash; June 24, 2013) was an American Democratic Party politician from Maine.

## Early life
Hathaway was born on February 21, 1924 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and at Harvard Law School.

## Career
A Maine Democratic Party, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Maine Republican Party state. This same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway was the successful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Margaret Chase Smith. In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were Thomas Eagleton and Gaylord Nelson.) Hathaway served from 1973 to 1979. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to William Cohen.

## Personal life
Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C. area after leaving the Senate. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as chairman from 1993 to 1996.

### Death
Hathaway died on June 24, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 89.

## References
Propene

**Propene** is an organic compound. The substance is also known as **propylene** and has the formula C3H6. It is the second-simplest alkene. Since it is only made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, it is a hydrocarbon. At room temperature and normal pressure it is a gas.

## Uses
Propene is produced from fossil fuels, and from coal. Propene is the second most important product used in the petrochemical industry, after ethene. About two thirds are used to produce polypropylene. Propene and benzene are converted to acetone and phenol via the cumene process. Propene is also used to produce isopropanol (propan-2-ol), acrylonitrile, propylene oxide (epoxypropane) and epichlorohydrin.

## References
Emilio Colombo

**Emilio Colombo** (11 April 1920 &ndash; 24 June 2013) was an Italian politician who was Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972. In 2003 he was appointed to be an Italian senator-for-life, a seat which he held until his death. In the first five years as senator, he was an independent. During the 16th term of the Senate in 2008-2013, he opted to join the parliamentary group UDC-independence.

Colombo was born on 11 April 1920 in Potenza, Basilicata, Italy. In November 2003, he admitted to have used cocaine (for "therapeutic purposes") over a 12- to 18-month period, and to be a homosexual. Colombo died on 24 June 2013 from natural causes in Rome, Italy, aged 93.

## References
Steve Dubinsky

**Steven Dubinsky** (born July 9, 1970 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a total of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Nashville Predators, and St. Louis Blues

## Career
Before he played in the NHL, Dubinsky played 4 seasons at Clarkson University.

He was drafted 226th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. From 1993 to 1998, Dubinsky would play for both the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League and the Chicago Blackhawks. He was traded to the Calgary Flames and played 2 seasons with them. He rejoined the Blackhawks in the 2000-01 NHL season and played 2 seasons with them before being traded by the Blackhawks to the Nashville Predators. He played 1 season with the Predators and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He only played half of the season with the Blues because of a head injury. He would retire from playing professional hockey the next season.

## Personal life
Dubinsky is Jewish. He has 3 sons and his middle son plays for the Junior Blackhawks.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Rumination

**Rumination** is the constant urge for a person to focus their attention on their troubles, misery or worries and possible causes or consequences. Rumination is having thoughts about earlier events, failures, abuse or hardships. The tendency to ruminate often serves as a big factor for clinical depression. People who ruminate a lot are more likely to become depressed and to carry major mental troubles, such as generalized anxiety disorder and suicidal behavior. One type of rumination, the **state rumination**, is connected with pessimism and serious neurosis.

## Theories 
### Response Styles Theory 
The Response Styles Theory (RST) was developed by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema in the early 1990s in the hope of explaining the strong relationship between depression and rumination. The theory describes rumination as a way of dealing with hard situations where you keep thinking about how and why you are depressed, and difficult situations in this way are more likely to get depressed in the future. Even though this theory is most focused on how rumination influences depression, research on rumination also explains how it relates to other mental troubles too, like anxiety, binge drinking and eating disorders. Wendy Traynor and her co-workers tried to improve RST to explain the link between rumination and depression better, because some people said that there might be other things that explain the relationship. They created the two-factor model. This says that rumination can be divided into two parts: brooding and reflection. Brooding is when you keep thinking of how your situation right now is not where you want to be, and what stops you from getting there. This style of rumination is related both to being depressed and getting depressed in the future. The second style is reflection, and is thought to be a better way to deal with difficult situations and feelings as it is related to less depression in the future. Reflection is when a person often tries to solve problems by thinking about how they can deal with their difficult situation or depression.

### Goal Progress Theory 
Goal Progress Theory (GPT) says that rumination is a way of achieving goals. This way of seeing rumination is very different from RST, which says that rumination “does not lead to active problem solving”. This association seems to hold even when you account for people being depressed at the start of the study, and to be valid across ages and populations. but evidence has shown that this might not be true, and instead rumination predicts how many and how deep depressive episodes a person might have.  It was also first suggested that people who ruminate can distract themselves to improve their mood, This finding is limited by similar things such as worry and neuroticism playing into the association, though. The two-factor model suggests that it is the higher rates of brooding among women specifically that is driving the gender differences we see in depressive symptoms.

## References
Céline

**Céline** is a French female given name that comes from Greek. It may refer to:

* Céline Dion (born 1968), a Canadian singer
* Louis-Ferdinand Céline, a French writer and doctor
* Céline (brand), a French luxury fashion brand
Celine (brand)

**Céline** is a French luxury fashion house. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Today, it is an international brand owned by LVMH. It was sold to LVMH in July 1988 for 2.7&nbsp;billion francs (US$540&nbsp;million).

Céline started as a children's shoe business. It later began selling  women's shoes and accessories. It began selling ready-to-wear shoes in the 1960s. Celine Vipiana remained the designer until 1997. American fashion designer Michael Kors then took over as creative director for the brand. Kors turned the fashion house into a highly successful brand. The current creative director of Céline is Hedi Slimane, who replaced Phoebe Philo at the beginning of 2018.

## Chief designers
*Céline Vipiana (1945–1997)
*Michael Kors (1997–2004)
*Roberto Menichetti (2004–2005)
*Ivana Omazic (2005–2008)
*Phoebe Philo (2008–2018)
*Hedi Slimane (2018-Present)

## References
Price controls

in the United States during World War II]]
In economics, **price control** is the idea that the government fixes the prices that can be charged for a given product or service, in a given market. The government either fixes an absolute price that is charged, or a price range, with a minimum and a maxium. Usually this is done so that goods such as staple food remain affordable. It can also be done to avoid people charging way too much for a good or service, which is known as price gouging. Another field where it is done is to ensure a minimum wage or salary that employers must pay.

The problem with the approach is that according to the Law of Supply and Demand, the price of a good or service depends on its supply compared with the demand for it. If the price is fixed below the price the market would normally ask, the demand will increase - the product is "cheaper" than it should be. In general, the supply is fixed- at some point it is not possible to increase the production, and the supply. In the long term, it will therefore not be possible to meet the demand, and there will be a .

In the 4th century BC, Lactantius wrote that Diocletian "by various taxes he had made all things exceedingly expensive, attempted by a law to limit their prices. Then much blood [of merchants] was shed for trifles, men were afraid to offer anything for sale, and the  became more excessive and grievous than ever. Until, in the end, the [price limit] law, after having proved destructive to many people, was from mere necessity abolished."  As with Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices, shortages lead to black markets where prices for the same good exceed those of an uncontrolled market. When price controls on gasoline were lifted, the shortage ended and the long lines of cars at gas pumps disappeared.

Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman said "We economists don't know much, but we do know how to create a shortage. If you want to create a shortage of tomatoes, for example, just pass a law that retailers can't sell tomatoes for more than two cents per pound. Instantly you'll have a tomato shortage. It's the same with oil or gas."

## References
Patricia Kennedy Lawford

**Patricia Helen "Pat" Kennedy Lawford**  (May 6, 1924 – September 17, 2006) was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. She was married to actor Peter Lawford from 1954 to 1966.

## Early life
She was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the sixth of nine children born to Rose (nee Fitzgerald) and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr..

## Marriage and family
She met English actor Peter Lawford through her sister Eunice in the 1940s. They met again in 1949, and again in 1953. They courted briefly and officially announced their engagement in February 1954. They married on April 24, 1954, at the Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas More in New York City, twelve days before her thirtieth birthday. They settled in Santa Monica, California, and often socialized with actress Judy Garland and her family. Garland gave birth to her son Joseph at the same hospital and on the same day Kennedy gave birth to her son Christopher. 

The couple had four children, all born in Santa Monica, California:
* **Christopher Kennedy Lawford** &ndash;
* **Sydney Maleia Kennedy Lawford** born 
* **Victoria Francis Lawford** born 
* **Robin Elizabeth Lawford** born 

## Personal life
, Jean Kennedy Smith, Raisa Gorbachyova, and Mikhail Gorbachev.]]
After her divorce, Kennedy battled alcoholism and suffered from tongue cancer. She worked with the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, as well as with the National Center on Addiction, and was a founder of the National Committee for the Literary Arts, for which she arranged a series of author lectures and scholarships.

## Death
Lawford died at her Manhattan home from pneumonia at the age of 82. She was survived by her four children and ten grandchildren, as well as, at the time, her sisters Eunice and Jean, and her brother Ted.

## Related pages
*Kennedy family

## References
## Other websites
*Patricia Kennedy Lawford obituary
*
Apathy

, Roman Beggar, 1857.]]
**Apathy** (also called **impassivity**) is a state of indifference or suppression of concern, not being excited or having no passion to perform things. Apathy is often expressed by people with schizoid personality disorder, depression and schizophrenia.

## References
Air America

**Air America** (also called **Air America Radio** or **Air America Media**) was an American radio network which represented in liberal and progressive talk radio. 

Air America began in March 2004. It dissolved in January 2010. The network had discussion and information programs from the liberal perspectives. Several shows had audiences over one million. Liberal and progressive personalities included Rachel Maddow and Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr. The network was financially troubled, however, and the radio network declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy once. The radio group resumed. However, financial problems caused the radio group to stop programming in early 2010.

## References
The Student and Schoolmate

***The Student and Schoolmate*** was a 19th-century monthly American children's magazine. It was the product of a merger between the children's magazines, *The Student* and *The Schoolmate*. It began publication in New York City by Calkins & Stiles in 1855, and in Boston the same year by James Robinson.

The magazine went through various name changes: *The Student and Schoolmate* (November 1855-1865); ''The Student and Schoolmate, and Forrester’s Boy's and Girl's Magazine* (1865-1866); and *The Student and Schoolmate* (1866-1871); and *The Schoolmate'' (1872). 

Boys' book writer William Taylor Adams ("Oliver Optic") edited the magazine between 1858 and 1862. He first published some of his boys' books as serials in its pages. Many of Horatio Alger, Jr.'s boys' books were first published as serials in the magazine, including his all-time bestseller, *Ragged Dick*.

## References
The Open Road

***The Open Road*** was a 20th-century American monthly magazine for teen boys. It focused on outdoor life, sports, and other subjects of interest to teen males. It was published from November 1919 to 1954. 

The magazine went through several title changes: *The Open Road* (November 1919); *The Open Road for Boys* (October 1925); ''Open Road: The Young People's Magazine* (April 1950); and *American Boy and Open Road'' (July 1953).
Northeastern United States

Northeast Region.]]
The **Northeastern United States**, or simply **the North** or **the Northeast**, is a U.S. region defined by the United States Census Bureau. It consists of the Mid-Atlantic (New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey) and New England (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Maine). The border states of Delaware and Maryland and other states are sometimes included in other definitions of the Northeast, but the Census Bureau considers both states to be part of the Southern United States. Cities in the Northeast include Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City.

This table provides information about the population, size (land area), and population density of states in the Northeast, as defined by the Census Bureau. Population density is defined as the population divided by the area of land in the state or region. The rank column in the table shows how the states rank among all 50 states by population density. New Jersey has the highest population density of any state, and the four highest density states are in the Northeast. The rank for the Census Bureau divisions, in pink, is the rank by population density among the country's nine total divisions. The two divisions in the Northeast (Middle Atlantic and New England) are ranked first and third in the 2020 census. The South Atlantic region passed New England in population density between 2010 and 2020.

Finally, the entire Northeast is ranked first among the four Census Bureau regions. With 355.8 people per square mile, its population density is about 2.5 times that of the second-ranked region, which is the South.
Seychelles parakeet

The **Seychelles parakeet** *(Psittacula wardi)* is an extinct bird. It used to live on the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean.

## References
Little auk

The **little auk**, or **dovekie** (*Alle alle*), is a small auk, the only member of the genus, *Alle*. It breeds on islands in the high Arctic. There are two subspecies: *A. a. alle* breeds in Greenland, Iceland, Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen, and *A. a. polaris* on  Franz Josef Land.

## References
Destrier

The **destrier** is the best-known type of Warhorse of the medieval era. It carried knights in battles, tournaments, and jousts. It was described by contemporary sources as the *Great Horse*, due to its significance.

The word *destrier* comes from the Vulgar Latin *dextarius*, meaning "right-sided" (the same root as our modern *dexterous* and *dexterity*). This may refer to it being led by the squire at the knight's right side (or led by the right hand) or to the horse's gait, (possibly leading with the right).

While highly prized by knights and men-at-arms, the destrier was not very common. Most knights and mounted men-at-arms rode other war horses, such as coursers and rounceys.  These three types of horse were often called **chargers**.

## Characteristics of the destrier
The word *destrier* does not refer to a breed, but to a *type* of horse: the finest and strongest warhorse. These horses were usually stallions, bred and raised from colts specifically for the needs of war. The destrier was also considered the most suited to the joust; coursers seem to have been preferred for other forms of warfare. They had powerful hindquarters, able to easily coil and spring to stop, spin, turn or sprint forward. They also had a short back and well-muscled loin, strong bone, and a well-arched neck. From medieval art, the head of the destrier appears to have had a straight or slightly  profile, strong, wide jaw, and good width between the eyes.

The destrier was specifically for use in battle or tournament; for everyday riding, a knight would use a palfrey, and his baggage would be carried on a sumpter horse (or packhorse), or possibly in wagons.

## References
Democratic Party of Japan

The  was a centre to centre-left political party in Japan. It was founded in April 1998. It used to be the second largest political party in Japan after Jiminto. It was led by Katsuya Okada. The party dissolved in March 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Yukio Hatoyama

**Yukio Hatoyama** (born 11 February 1947) is a Japanese politician. He was born in Bunkyō, Tokyo. He was Prime Minister of Japan starting in 2009 and resigned in 2010. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Japan until 2012. His brother, Kunio, is also a politician. He is married to Miyuki Hatoyama.He also mentioned money scandals involving a top party leader, Ichirō Ozawa, who resigned as well, in his decision to step down. Hatoyama had been pressed to leave by members of his party after doing poorly in polls in anticipation of an upper house election in July 2010. He was the first Prime Minister from the modern Democratic Party of Japan. In 2013 Japan's defense minister called Hatoyama a 'traitor' for his acknowledgement of the land dispute between China and Japan. He was the grandson of former Prime Minister Ichirō Hatoyama.

## References
Banri Kaieda

**Banri Kaieda** is a Japanese politician who has served as the Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan  since 2021. He was born in 1949 in Tokyo and went to Keio University. He was the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan from 2012 to 2014.

## Other websites
*Profile
Palfrey

A **palfrey** is a type of horse that was valued as a riding horse in the Middle Ages.  It is not a breed.

## Breeding
The term 'palfrey' usually meant a more expensive and well bred type of riding horse popular during the Middle Ages, sometimes equalling the Knight's Destrier in price.  It was popular with nobles, ladies and knights for riding, hunting and ceremonial use during the medieval period. A palfrey had a smooth, ambling gait.  
It was an ideal horse for traveling long distances comfortably.

## References
Henry de Bohun

**Sir Henry de Bohun** (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, the nephew of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford. He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Bannockburn by King Robert the Bruce.
Riding in the vanguard of heavy cavalry, de Bohun caught sight of the Scottish king who was mounted on a small palfrey *(ane gay palfray Li till and joly)* armed only with a battle-axe. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, but Bruce stood his ground. At the last moment Bruce manoeuvred his mount nimbly to one side, stood up in his stirrups and hit de Bohun so hard with his axe that he split his helmet and head in two. Despite the great risk the King had taken, he merely expressed regret that he had broken the shaft of his favorite axe.

## References
Ramona and Beezus

***Ramona and Beezus*** is a 2010 Fox-Walden comedy movie adaptation of the Ramona series of novels by Beverly Cleary. It stars Selena Gomez, Joey King, Josh Duhamel, and Sandra Oh. It was released on July 23, 2010.

## Plot
This is a kids movie and rated G by the movie MPAA board. Ramona and Beezus are two sisters living together. They get into a lot of trouble while having fun with their teacher, their parents, and other children in the neighborhood.

## Other websites
* 
*
Battle-axe

A **battle-axe** (also **battle axe** or **battle-ax**) is an axe designed for combat. Battle axes were versions of utility axes. Many were suitable for use in one hand, while others were larger and were used two-handed.
 
Through the course of human history, commonplace objects have been used as weapons. Axes, because they are common, are no exception. Besides axes designed for combat, there were many axes that were also used as tools. Axes could be modified into throwing weapons as well (see the francisca for an example).  

Axes were always cheaper than swords and were always available.

## References
Let's Play

A '''Let's Play**, often called an **LP''', is a recorded video of a video game that includes commentary from the person playing the game. Let's Play videos can be seen on video sharing websites such as YouTube. Many people do Let's Play videos as a series of videos showing a play- of a video game. 

Let’s Play videos often include live reactions, jokes, and explanations of game mechanics, which helps viewers understand the gameplay and makes the video more entertaining. These videos can be educational, showing tips, strategies, and hidden features of games, and they have become an important part of online gaming culture and communities. 

## Well-known Let's Players 
* PewDiePie
* Achievement Hunters
* Markiplier
* Game Grumps
* VanossGaming
* TheDiamondMinecart

## References
## Other websites
*The Let's Play Archive
Antoni Gaudí

]]
 in Barcelona]]

**Antoni Gaudí i Cornet** (25 June 1852 &ndash; 10 June 1926) was a Spanish architect. He was born in Reus, in Catalonia, and became a leader of Catalan modernism. Gaudí's works are in his own  style. Most are in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, especially his greatest work, the Sagrada Família.

He got some ideas from neo-Gothic art, Art Deco and Oriental techniques, and became part of the modernist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Between 1984 and 2005, seven of his works were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The seven works were:  the Park Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà; the Nativity facade, the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Vicens and the Casa Batlló in Barcelona, and the crypt of the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló.

Gaudí's Roman Catholic faith grew during his life, and religious images are found in his work. This earned him the nickname "God's Architect", and eventually led to his beatification in 2011.

His work had a style inspired by nature. Gaudí rarely drew detailed plans of his works, instead preferring to create them as three-dimensional scale models and molding the details as he was conceiving them.

Gaudí died on 10 June 1926 in Barcelona, Spain, after being hit by a tram, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
* Overview of Gaudí's major works  
* Sagrada Família information and discussion of lesser-known Gaudí works 
* Sagrada Família image gallery
* Casa Batlló information and image gallery
* Analysis of fractals and other mathematical elements in Gaudí's architectural style 
* Pàgina del Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc 
* Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet
Miguel Ángel Deniz Mendez

**Miguel Ángel Deniz Mendez** (born November 17, 1982 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B1/S11 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.   He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race and third in the 100 meter backstroke event.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. 

## References
Cadillac CTS

The **Cadillac CTS** was a mid-size Luxury vehicle manufactured by the American automaker Cadillac. It was first introduced in January 2002 as a 2003 model. The CTS was available in several body styles, including a Sedan, Coupé, and later, a Wagon version.
## First Generation (2003–2007) 
The first generation of the Cadillac CTS was launched in 2002 It featured rear-wheel drive (RWD) and all-wheel drive (AWD) options and was available with a variety of V6 and V8 engines.
## Second Generation(2007-2014) 
The second generation of the CTS was introduced in July 2007 as a 2008 model. It featured updated design elements and The second generation also expanded the lineup, adding coupé and wagon versions. This generation also had features such as navigation systems and premium audio options.

## Third Generation (2014–2019) 
The third generation of the CTS debuted in September 2013 as a 2014 model. The third-generation CTS offered advanced safety features, larger engine options, and better handling. It was discontinued in 2019, marking the end of the CTS model in Cadillac's lineup.
## References
Robert E. Gilka

**Robert E. Gilka** (July 12, 1916 &ndash; June 25, 2013) was an American photojournalist best known for being an editor and director of photography at National Geographic for 27 years.

Gilka was born on July 12, 1916 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was married to Janet Gilka from 1941 until her death in 2004. They had four children. Gilka died on June 25, 2013 from pneumonia in Arlington, Virginia, aged 96.

## References
Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih

**Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih** (born September 11, 1987 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B1/S11 type swimmer. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 400 meter Freestyle and 100 meter Butterfly races. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished number one in the 50 meter Freestyle, 100 meter Freestyle and 400 meter Freestyle races.  He was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two person to finish in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He was the number three person to finish in the 50 meter Freestyle and the 100 meter Butterfly races.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.  Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

He raced at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih's website
Mary Beth Peil

**Mary Beth Peil** (born 25 June 1940 in Davenport, Iowa) is an American actress and singer. She acts on stage and in movies. She played Alma in the 1971 play *Summer and Smoke*. She also performed in many other plays. Her last name is pronounced "peel".
William F. Nolan

**William Francis Nolan** (March 6, 1928 &ndash; July 15, 2021) was an American author. He wrote hundreds of stories in the science fiction, fantasy and horror genres. Nolan was known for writing the science fiction novel ''Logan's Run''.

Nolan was born on March 6, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri. He studied at Kansas City Art Institute before dropping-out. 

Nolan died on July 15, 2021 in Vancouver, Washington from sepsis-related problems at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Enrique Floriano Millan

**Enrique Floriano Millan** (born October 9, 1982 in Lorca, Murcia) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is also a B2/S12 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He was the number one swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle and 200 meter individual medley race.  He was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter backstroke race.  He was in the number three team in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle and in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race.  He was the number three swimmer in the 200 meter individual medley race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race.

He got a job with help from the Employment HPOD PROAD Program, which is helped by ONCE.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.  He race at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.  Two times, he was one of the top three swimmers in his races. He finished first in the 5&nbsp;km open water swim.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Enrique Floriano Millan's website
Linnea Quigley

**Barbara Linnea Quigley** (born May 27, 1958) is an American actress. She acts mostly in movies. She acted in the 1985 horror movie *Return of the Living Dead*. She also did a lot of independent movies. Quigley was born in Davenport, Iowa.

## References
The Children's Magazine

'''''The Children's Magazine'''* was the first magazine for children published in the United States.

*The Children's Magazine'' was published in Hartford, Connecticut and printed by Hudson & Goodwin. A notice in Hartford's *Connecticut Courant* on February 2, 1789 alerted readers to its publication and intent:Calculated for the Use of Families and Schools ... Each Number of this work will contain 48 Pages, duodecimo, printed on good paper and letter, and will be sold at Four Shillings and Six-Pence a dozen, or Six Pence a single number. This work is designed to furnish Children, from seven to twelve years of age, with a variety of lessons on various subjects, written in a plain, familiar style, and proper to lead them from the easy language of Spelling-Books up to the more difficult style of the best writers. Teachers of Schools have long complained of the want of such a work, and the Publishers are happy that they are now enabled to furnish it at a small expence.   

## References
Laraine Newman

**Laraine Newman** (born March 2, 1952) is an American comedian and actress who acts mostly in movies. She acted in *The Powerpuff Girls* franchise, *Finding Nemo* and *Wreck-It Ralph*. Newman was born in Los Angeles.
            
## TV roles
Juan José Fuertes Martinez

**Juan Jose Fuertes Martinez** (born March 11, 1976 in Pamplona, Navarra) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is an S5 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, Georgia.  He was the number one swimmer in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter freestyle races. He was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter Freestyle relay 20 Points race.  He was in the number three swimming team in the 4 x 50 meter medley relay 20 Points race.

## References