open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Elf (movie)

***Elf*** is an American 2003 Christmas comedy movie, directed by Jon Favreau.

It stars Will Ferrell, James Caan, Bob Newhart, Zooey Deschanel, and Ed Asner with Leon Redbone. Ferrell plays a human named **Buddy** who is raised by elves in the North Pole. He lives the way the elves do and helps in Santa's workshop. He travels to New York City to find his father. He is used to how elves live, which is very different from how humans live, with New York being a perfectly opposite way of living compared to the North Pole.

The movie was released to positive reviews on November 7, 2003 by Warner Bros. The film inspired the 2010 Broadway musical *Elf: The Musical* and NBC's 2014 stop-motion animated television special ''Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas''.
Russian Compound

in Jerusalem.]]

The **Russian Compound in Jerusalem** is an old district in central Jerusalem. It began as a Russian colony in the 19th century. It is centred around a large Russian Orthodox church. The main square in the Russian Compound is Moscow Square.

## Other websites 
* photos of the Russian Compound in Jerusalem from the Jerusalem webshots site
Zenobia

**Zenobia** (240 – c. 275 ) was a queen who ruled in the 3rd century over the Palmyrene Empire in what is today Syria. She led a famous revolt against the Roman Empire. She was the second wife of King Septimius Odaenathus. Zenobia became queen of Palmyra after Odaenathus' death in 267. By 269, Zenobia had expanded the empire, taking over Egypt from the Romans. Tenagino Probus, the Roman governor, committed suicide after his failed attempt to recapture the territory. In 272 Zenobia declared herself Empress. She ruled over Egypt until 274, when she was defeated and taken as a hostage to Rome by Emperor Aurelian.

Zenobia was Semitic. Many people think she was either Arab, Jewish or Aramean. She gave her son an Arabic name but her family spoke the Aramaic language, the language of the Arameans. She is known by other names, such as ''* () in Arabic sources, *Zenobius* in Latin sources and *'' () in Aramaic sources.
Whitehouse.gov

**www.whitehouse.gov** (also simply known as **whitehouse.gov**) is the official website of the White House. The website is owned and run by the federal government of the United States.

The content of the White House website is designed to be an open portfolio for the public to know the current operations of the president during their presidency. 

The website contains information about the president, the vice president, the first lady, the spouse of the vice president, press releases, and a transcript of speeches by White House staff officials.  

The website also offers information about getting Involved with the White House. This includes directions on how to write or call the White House, learn about the White House Internship Program and White House Fellows program.

## Administration 
This is a table of the current administration officeholders.

## References
## Other websites
* Archived Presidential White House Websites from the National Archives and Records Administration
** Archived versions of the site during the Clinton administration
** Archived versions of the site during the Bush administration
** Archived versions of the site during the Obama administration
** Archived versions of the site during the Trump administration
Kate Bornstein

**Katherine Vandam "Kate" Bornstein** (born March 15, 1948) is an American writer.  She lives in New York City with her partner Barbara Carrellas. 

In 2012 she made a video for Dan Savage's It Gets Better Project. In August 2012 she was diagnosed with lung cancer.

## Life 
Bornstein was born in New Jersey to a Jewish family. She joined the Church of Scientology in 1970, and left in 1981.

Bornstein does not feel male or female. She was born male and had sex reassignment surgery in 1986. She has written several books about gender; the best-known is *Gender Outlaw*.

## Media 
In 2013 a documentary about Bornstein called *Kate Bornstein is a Queer & Pleasant Danger* was made.

## References
Carlos Ghosn

**Carlos Ghosn** (; ; , born 9 March 1954) is a French-Lebanese-Brazilian  businessman and fugitive from the justice system of Japan.

He is an internationally wanted criminal. He was the Chairman and chief executive officer of Renault, which is based in Paris. He held the same positions at Nissan, based in Japan. Together, these companies produce more than 10% of cars sold around the world. Ghosn was also Chairman and CEO of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, the strategic partnership overseeing the two companies through a unique cross-shareholding agreement.

He was born in Brazil.

On January 2, 2020, Interpol issued a red notice to Lebanon seeking Ghosn's arrest.

## References
Disconnecting switch

A **disconnecting switch** (or **disconnector**) is an electrical switch used in high-voltage electrical circuits to isolate the section which has electricity from the section with no electricity. This is done for a full safety method during electrical equipment maintenance or service. They are primarily used for the isolation of various substation equipment, including circuit breakers, power transformers, capacitor banks, and reactors.

## Related pages
* Circuit breaker

## References
Donald Watson

**Donald Watson** (2 September 1910 – 16 November 2005) was an English woodwork teacher who made the word 'vegan'. He started the Vegan Society in 1944. 

In 1924, Watson saw a pig being killed on his uncle's farm. After this he became a vegetarian. He was fourteen years old. When Watson was fifteen he left school to be an apprentice woodworker. Watson was born in Mexborough, Yorkshire.

## References
Transmission tower

]]

A **transmission tower** or **pylon** (also known as an **ironman** in Australia and a **hydro tower** in parts of Canada) is a tall tower used for electric power transmission. It carries the electrical conductors (wires) of high-voltage overhead power lines. The tower is high for a safe distance for people, animals or things below the wires.

Most big transmission towers are lattice steel structures. Smaller ones may be wood, concrete or steel poles.
.]]

## Types 
Most transmission towers are built as suspension towers. They only hold up the wires, not pull them. Their insulators are used vertically.

Tension towers (also known as anchor towers) pull on the wires. Their insulators are used horizontally. They work as terminal towers at the end of a power line. They work as branch towers where power lines split and run in different directions. 

Transposition towers are relatively rare. They allow the wires to change their position on the tower.

## Related pages
* Underground cable
Overburden

]]

**Overburden** is the material that sits on top of an area where miners or archaeologists want to dig. In mining, it is usually the soil or rock that sits on top of a coal or ore deposit. The soil needs to be removed to get to the minerals or objects below.
Coal preparation plant

]]

A **coal preparation plant** (or **coal handling plant**) is a place where coal is  for use after it has been mined. The coal is washed and resized here, before it is transported to be sold, loaded on coal transport or used locally. It is then transported to coal-fired power plants, for example.
Boiler feedwater pump

]]

A **boiler feedwater pump** is a pump that supplies water to a boiler. The water can be supplied freshly from a water source (such as a reservoir) or from water that has gone through the condensation process from the previous water cycle. The pump is a high-pressure pump, and it can be found in any plant that uses boiler, such as thermal power stations.
Power factor

In electricity, the **power factor** (**PF** or **cosφ**) is the ratio between the power that can be used in electric circuit (real power, P) and the power from the result of multiplication between the current and voltage circuit (apparent power, S). The power factor is defined as:
:\frac{P}{S}

PF ranges from zero to one. The higher the PF, the more efficient the circuit is because more power can be used, and vice versa. Factors that can cause PF to be less than one is non-linear load, which are capacitive load and inductive load.

## Practical applications of power factor 
Power factor plays an important role in the performance, efficiency and cost of electrical systems across different sectors. In many applications, maintaining a high power factor reduces current draw, minimises transmission losses, and improves the utilisation of electrical infrastructure. The typical ranges and significance of power factor in common fields are shown below.
Leonid Gaidai

**Leonid Gaidai** (30 January 1923 – 19 November 1993), was a Soviet comedy movie director. He was born in Svobodny, Amur Oblast.

## Other websites 
*
Laverne Cox

**Laverne Cox** (born May 29, 1972) is an American actress and LGBT advocate. She is best known for playing Sophia Burset in *Orange Is the New Black*, a Netflix series. Burset is a transgender woman in a women's prison.

## Early life
Laverne Cox was born in Mobile, Alabama and was raised by a single mother and grandmother within the AME Zion church. She has an identical twin brother, M Lamar, who portrays the pre-transitioning Sophia (as Marcus) in *Orange Is the New Black*. Cox stated she attempted suicide at the age of 11, when she noticed that she had developed feelings about her male classmates and had been bullied for several years for not acting "the way someone assigned male at birth was supposed to act".

Cox is making a documentary about CeCe McDonald, an African American transgender woman who was put in prison for killing a man who attacked her. On January 13 2014 Cox met CeCe to drive her home after she was released from prison. Cox spoke at the start of the 2014 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force conference Creating Change. Cox was chosen as one of the 2014 grand marshalls for the New York City Pride March.

## Honors and awards
* 2013 – Anti-Violence Project 2013 Courage Award honoree
* 2013 – Reader's Choice Award at *Out Magazine*s OUT100 Gala, honoring the magazine's selection of 2013s 100 "most compelling people of the year."
* 2014 – Woman of the Year by *Glamour* magazine.
* 2014 – Included in the annual Root 100; this list honors "standout black leaders, innovators and culture shapers" age 45 and younger.
* 2014 – Topped the British newspaper *The Guardian*s third annual World Pride Power List, which ranks the world's most influential LGBT people.
* 2014 – Stephen F. Kolzak Award from GLAAD.
* 2014 – Named to the EBONY Power 100 list.
* 2015 – Named to the 2015 OUT Power 50 List.
* 2015 – Included in the *People* World's Most Beautiful Women List.
* 2015 – Three Twins Ice Cream in San Francisco renamed its chocolate orange confetti ice cream Laverne Cox's Chocolate Orange Is the New Black for Pride weekend.
* 2015 – Named in the 2015 *Time* 100 Most Influential People List; her entry was written by Jazz Jennings.
* 2015 – Named by Forum for Equality as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month.
* 2015 – Winner of a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for *Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word.* This made Cox the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, *The T Word* is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Number of the Beast

**The number of the Beast** (from ) is the fear of the number 666. It comes from the Biblical verse Revelation , which says that the number 666 is the number of the beast, associated with Satan or the Antichrist.
## Examples
A well-known example of this fear is Nancy and Ronald Reagan, who, in 1989, when moving to their home in Bel-Air, Los Angeles, had its address changed from 666 St. Cloud Road to 668 St. Cloud Road. Another well-known example was the U.S. Route 666, where accidents and incidents were common. It is known as "Devil's Highway" and renamed to U.S. Route 491.

## References
Paiçandu

**Paiçandu** is a city in the state of Paraná in the south of Brazil. Paiçandu was founded in 1948.

## History 
During 1938 and 1940 the area of land where is the County Paiçandu was inhabited by Native Americans and caboclos. There was a small cemetery that was the point of reference in the dense virgin forest, where were buried those who died at that time.
 
In the period 1942–1944, the first explorers of Minas Gerais and São Paulo were attracted by the fertility of the land. It was suitable for growing coffee. At the time the land was cleared, coffee was the largest source of wealth in the region. Facing all sorts of difficulties, farmers built their small farms and formed their crops.

The prospects for progress attract residents from different parts of the country. Trade prospered dramatically with the installation of warehouses and general merchandise. The good quality land started the first agricultural productions, especially the coffee culture.

Its name is a honor to the Brazilian Army. In the Uruguayan War, the army conquered the Uruguayan city of Paysandú.

## Geography 
* Area: 171,604 km²
* Altitude: 550,00 m
* Distance from Curitiba, the state capital: 449 km
* Distance from Paranaguá, Paraná's primary seaport: 540 km
* Distance from Maringá, site of the nearest major airport: 7 km

## Economy 
;Participation in the Municipal GIP
* Agriculture: 8.72%
* Industry: 38.92%
* Services: 52.35%
* GDP: U.S. $ 39,784,126.08%
* GDP per capita: U.S. $ 1,651.07%
* Economically Active Population: 14597.00 hab.
Gossip (band)

**Gossip** is an American indie rock band. They started in 1999 in Olympia, Washington as **The Gossip**. The main singer is Beth Ditto. Brace Paine is the guitarist, Hannah Blilie is the drummer and Heather Schultz is the keyboardist. The band became popular with their third album *Standing in the Way of Control* (2006). Three singles were released from the album. The first single, "Standing in the Way of Control", reached number seven in the UK Singles Chart. Gossip's fourth album *Music for Men* was released in 2009 by Columbia Records. Their 2009 single "Heavy Cross" reached number two in Germany's chart.

## Other websites
*Official website

## References
House of Gonzaga

in Italy, from 1432. Gianfrancesco Gonzaga was raised to the rank of marquis by the Emperor Sigismund.]]

The **House of Gonzaga** were a noble family that ruled Mantua in Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708. They also ruled Monferrato in Piedmont, Nevers in France, and also many other lesser fiefs in Italy and Europe. Among their members was a saint, twelve cardinals and fourteen bishops of the Catholic Church.
Up All Night

***Up All Night*** is the first studio album by English-Irish boy band One Direction. It was released in November 18, 2011 in Ireland and the UK, and worldwide in 2012 by Syco Records. Just four months after placing third on the seventh season of *The X Factor* in December 2010, the group began recording the album in Sweden, the UK, and the US with various writers and producers. The songs are about youth, relationships, heartbreak, and confidence.

The album received mostly positive reviews, with critics praising its catchy pop sound and strong melodies. It debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and became the fastest-selling debut album in the UK in 2011. In the US, it entered the Billboard 200 at number one, selling 176,000 copies in its first week. It was a global hit, topping charts in 16 countries. According to the IFPI, it was the third best-selling album worldwide in 2012, with 4.5 million copies sold.

## Track listing
## Personnel
(Credits taken from AllMusic and *Up All Night*s liner notes.)

* Beatgeek – producer
* Orlando Calzada – mixing
* Tom Coyne – mastering
* Carl Falk –  producer
* Matt Furmidge – mixing
* Josh Devine – drums
* Chris Galland – assistant
* Jon Shone – keyboards, various instruments
* Dan Richards – guitar
* Sandy Beales – bass guitar
* Şerban Ghenea – mixing
* Chris Gray – illustrations
* John Hanes – mixing
* Niall Horan – guitar, vocals
* Ash Howes – mixing, producer
* Jimmy Joker –  producer
* Savan Kotecha – producer
* Steve Mac – arranger, producer
* Eric Madrid – assistant
* Zayn Malik – vocals
* Manny Marroquin – mixing
* Paul Meehan – producer
* Tom Meredith –  producer
* Liam Payne – vocals
* Brian Rawling – producer
* RedOne – producer
* Steve Robson – producer
* Phil Seaford – assistant
* Shep Solomon – producer
* Matt Squire – composer, producer
* Richard Stannard – producer
* Harry Styles – vocals
* Lou Teasdale – hairstylist, make-up
* Louis Tomlinson – vocals
* John Urbano – photography
* Caroline Watson – stylist
* Rami Yacoub – producer
* Avril Mackintosh – vocal recording and Pro Tools editing

## References
Hill House School

**Hill House School** is a preparatory school in Knightsbridge, London, England. It was started in 1951 by Lt. Col. Stuart Townend. It is for boys and girls aged 4 to 11. The school only allowed male students until 1981.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Competitive advantage

In economics a **competitive advantage** is something that allows someone or a company to beat their rivals. This includes:

# Low cost: I have better resources. I can make things at a lower cost. I sell things at a lower price than others.
# Differentiation: The product I create is different, better, or both.
# Focus: The product I create is targeted to a specific person.

## Related pages 
* Comparative advantage
Susan Stryker

'''Susan O'Neal Stryker'* (born 1961) is an American professor and activist. She is a lesbian transgender woman. Her first book, *Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area*, was published in 1996 by Chronicle Books. Stryker wrote the book with Jim Van Buskirk. It was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award.

She edited the 2003 essay collection *The Transgender Studies Reader*. In 2005 *Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria'' was released. Stryker got an Emmy Award for it. In 2008 Seal Press published Stryker's book *Transgender History*. She wrote the 2013 documentary *Masculinity/Femininity*. The Association for Queer Anthropology gave Stryker the 2013 Ruth Benedict Prize.

## References
## Other websites
Heinrich Boere

**Heinrich Boere** (27 September 1921 – 1 December 2013) was a convicted German-Dutch war criminal and former member of the Waffen-SS. He was one of the most wanted Nazis during the 1940s.

Boere was born in Eschweiler, Germany to a Dutch father and German mother.

Boere began serving his life sentence on 16 December 2011 at the age of 90. He died on 1 December 2013 in prison custody in Fröndenberg from natural causes, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Germany: Trial opens of former SS member Heinrich Boere, wsws.org 2 November 2009
* Life imprisonment for SS man Heinrich Boere, wsws.org 3 April 2010
Manal al-Sharif

**Manal al-Sharif** is a Saudi Arabian activist for women's rights in the kingdom. She helped start a women's right to  campaign in 2011. A women's rights activist who had previously filmed herself driving, Wajeha al-Huwaider, filmed al-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on YouTube and Facebook. 

Women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. Al-Sharif was arrested and released on 21 May and then rearrested the next day. On 30 May, al-Sharif was released on bail, on the conditions of returning for questioning if asked, not driving and not talking to the media. *The New York Times* and Associated Press reported the women's driving campaign as part of the Arab Spring. They reported the length of al-Sharif's detention with the Saudi government's fear of protests. 

Following her driving campaign, al-Sharif remained an active critic of the Saudi government. She posted things on Twitter (known as tweeting) about imprisoned female foreign workers, the lack of elections for the Shura Council, and the murder of Lama al-Ghamdi. Her work has been praised by *Foreign Policy*, *Time*, and the Oslo Freedom Forum.

## References
Lewis Collins

**Lewis Collins** (26 May 1946 – 27 November 2013) was an English actor. He was best known for his tough-guy role as Bodie in the ITV drama series *The Professionals*. It ran from 1977 to 1983.

## References
## Other websites
*
*The Unofficial Lewis Collins website
Tony Musante

**Anthony Peter "Tony" Musante** (June 30, 1936 – November 26, 2013) was an American actor. He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut into an Italian-American family. He was known for his role as David Toma in the 1970s television series *Toma* and as Joe D'Angelo in *As the World Turns*.

He died of complications following surgery on November 26, 2013, aged 77, in Manhattan, New York City.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Edward Heffron

**Edward James Heffron** (May 16, 1923 - December 1, 2013)   was a former American World War II-veteran. Heffron was played in the HBO miniseries *Band of Brothers* by Robin Laing. He wrote some books about his view of the war. 

Heffron was born in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 16, 1923. He died on December 1, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 90. 

## References
## Other websites
*Photos of Babe Heffron & the Band of Brothers during the 2008 USO tour to the Middle East 
*Men of Easy Company website
Mister Donut

**Mister Donut** is a worldwide food franchise which sells pastries, soda, coffee, muffins and doughnuts. The company was established in the United States in 1956, though it is now based from Japan. The company was acquired in 1990, following which every North American outlet was renamed Dunkin' Donuts except for fewer than six by the start of 2010. Only one Illinois location continues using the *Mister Donut* corporate name.
Olive Garden

The **Olive Garden** is an American casual dining restaurant. It serves Italian-American cuisine. The Olive Garden was established in December 1982 in Orlando, Florida. There are over 900 locations worldwide.

The food includes soup, salad, and breadsticks. 

## Menu 
Olive Garden’s menu primarily features Italian-American dishes, including:

* Pasta entrées such as fettuccine alfredo, spaghetti, and lasagna
* Chicken, seafood, and beef main courses
* Soups including Zuppa Toscana, Chicken & Gnocchi, and Minestrone
* The "Never-Ending" Salad and Breadsticks, which have become signature items
* A variety of desserts such as tiramisu and zeppoli

Menu items vary by location, and the company regularly introduces seasonal offerings. 

## References
Maria Bello

**Maria Elena Bello** (born April 18, 1967) is an American actress and singer. She has acted in the movies *Permanent Midnight* (1998), *Payback* (1999), *Coyote Ugly* (2000), *The Cooler* (2003), *A History of Violence* (2005), *Thank You for Smoking* (2006), and *The Jane Austen Book Club* (2007). In television, she acted in the medical drama *ER* from 1997 to 1998. She stars in *NCIS*. She also acted in *Touch* in 2013.

She was born in Pennsylvania. In November 2013, Bello wrote about having a same-sex relationship with her partner Clare Munn.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Ipovlopsychophobia

**Ipovlopsychophobia** is a fear of having one's own photograph taken. It is a type of specific phobia.

## References
Camera shyness

**Camera shyness** is when a person does not like having their photograph taken, or refers to someone doesnt want their photograph to be taken. Many people who are camera shy also do not like to speak in public or perform in front of other people.

A fear of having one's own picture taken is called ipovlopsychophobia.

## Related pages 
* Modesty
Hikikomori

**Hikikomori** is a Japanese word that describes people who withdraw from society and spend extreme amounts of time in their own house. The withdrawal usually happens slowly. Tamaki Saitō was the first person to use the word. In 1998 his book *Shakaiteki hikikomori--Owaranai Shishunki* was published. An English translation by Jeffrey Angles, *Hikikomori: Adolescence without End*, was published in 2013. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines hikikomori as people who refuse to leave their house for over six months. In 2010 there were 700,000 hikikomori. The average hikikomori was 31 years old. Tamaki Saitō thinks that there may be over 1 million hikikomori (1% of the Japanese population).

People who withdrew from society during school refusal is often referred to as *futōkō* (不登校).

English words with similar meanings include recluse and agoraphobic.

## In popular culture
**Welcome to the N.H.K.*, a 2002 novel by Tatsuhiko Takimoto, is about hikikomori.
*The main character of the 2002 manga *Rozen Maiden* is a hikikomori. 
*The 2008 film *Tokyo!* has a part about a hikikomori.
*On her 2011 album *Conatus*, American singer-songwriter Zola Jesus has a song called "Hikikomori". 
*The main character of the anime *Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day* is a hikikomori.
*In 2013 *Hikikomori and the Rental Sister*, a novel by Jeff Backhaus, was published. It is about an American hikikomori who has sex with a Japanese immigrant.

## References
Base load power plant

]]

A **base load power plant** is a power station that usually provides a continuous supply of electricity throughout the year with some minimum power generation requirement. Base load power plants will only be turned off during periodic maintenance, upgrading, overhaul or service. Base load power plant has the character of slow demand respond, a mechanism to match generation with the load it supplies.

Examples of base load power plants are coal-fired power plant, geothermal power plant, tidal power plant, nuclear power plant, etc.

## Related pages
* Load following power plant
* Peaking power plant
Load following power plant

]]

A **load following power plant** is a power plant that can adjust the amount of electricity it generates to match the changing demand throughout the day. Load following power plants are usually in between base load power plant and peaking power plant in terms of construction cost, cost of the electricity it generates, efficiency, and capacity.

Hydroelectric power plant can be considered load following power plant.
Peaking power plant

A **peaking power plant** (or **peaker**) is a power station that only runs during peak hours of demand of electricity. Because of that, the price of electricity it generates is generally higher than the electricity generated by base load power plant, which operates continuously throughout the year. Peak hours may include hot afternoons when air conditioners are working.

Examples of peaking power plants are a hydropower plant, pumped-storage hydro power plant, and gas-fired power plant. Nuclear and solar power are not used in this way. Peaker plants have been replaced with battery storage in some places. The New York Power Authority (NYPA) is seeking to replace gas peaker plants with battery storage, 142 Tesla Megapacks (storng 100 MWh) replaced a gas peaker plant in Ventura County, California and in Lessines, Belgium 40 Tesla Megapacks (50 MWh) replaced a turbojet generator. Australia's Clean Energy Council found in April 2021 that battery storage can be 30% cheaper than gas peaker plants.

## Related pages
* Load following power plant

## References
Analytical psychology

**Analytical psychology** is the school of psychology that came from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. Analytical psychology has two main parts: 

* The first part is clinical and related to the care of any particular person (child or adult), who suffers from mental health issues such as addictions, anxiety, depression, panic attacks and fears, using talking and sometimes drawing, painting, music or sand-play. 

* The second part is about research into all kinds of repeating patterns in the human mind and in human behaviour. They include the contents of dreams, personality types like introversion and extraversion, being shy or a show off, feeling abilities and sensations. The research is guided by clinical theories, observations and experiments like active imagination, free-association of ideas and word association tests. It also includes looking into the meaning of fairy tales, myths and legends as well as paranormal events and coincidences.
Adams County, Indiana

**Adams County** is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Decatur.

## Cities 
* Decatur
* Berne

## Towns 
* Geneva
* Monroe

## References
Brownout (electricity)

]]

A **brownout** is a drop of voltage in an electrical power supply. Brownouts may be done intentionally in order to reduce the load during an emergency. This is done to prevent a total supply failure ("blackout"). Brownouts can also be caused accidentally by faults in the electrical grid which cause a drop in voltage.

## References
Alice Herz-Sommer

**Alice Herz-Sommer**, also known as **Alice Sommer** (26 November 1903 &ndash; 23 February 2014), was a Czech-British music teacher and supercentenarian from Bohemia. She was a survivor of the Theresienstadt concentration camp and was the world's oldest known Holocaust survivor until Yisrael Kristal was recognized as such.

Herz was born in Prague, Austria-Hungary on 26 November 1903, along with her twin sister Mariana. She married the businessman and amateur musician Leopold Sommer in 1931. They had one son, Raphael Sommer. Leopold Sommer was later sent to Auschwitz. Although he survived the camp, he died at Dachau in 1944.

She lived in Israel and worked as a music teacher in Jerusalem. She then moved to Belsiza Park in London in 1986. Raphael Sommer, her only child, was a cellist and conductor. He died in 2001.

Herz-Sommer died on the morning of 23 February 2014 in London, England, from natural causes, aged 110.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "Life is beautiful", *The Guardian*, 13 December 2006
* "I look at the good", *Haaretz*, 21 January 2010
* "I played Chopin as they sent my family to their deaths" , *Jewish Chronicle*
Comparative advantage

**Comparative advantage** is a term economists use, especially in international trade. A country has a comparative advantage when it can make goods or services at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

## Ricardo's example 
For example, during the Industrial Revolution, England and Portugal both made wine and cloth.

Suppose the number shows the number of hours required to create one piece of cloth or one crate of wine. In 100 hours, England can either make 1 unit of cloth or 5/6 units of wine. Meanwhile in 90 hours Portugal can make 1 unit of cloth or 9/8 units of wine. Portugal has an absolute advantage in both. However England's opportunity cost of 5/6 is lower than Portugal's OC 9/8. Hence England has a comparative advantage in cloth-making.

David Ricardo predicted that Portugal would stop making cloths and England would stop making wine. That did happen.

Theory predicts that even if one country can produce all good more efficiently than another, trade will make both better off if they specialize in the goods they have a comparative advantage in.

This theory also says that protectionism (raising tariffs or blocking trade from other countries) does not work in the long run.

## Related pages
*Competitive advantage

## References 
## Other websites
* What Is Comparative Advantage? | The Street
* Comparative advantage and when to blow up your island
* Ricardo's Difficult Idea, Paul Krugman's 1996 exploration of why non-economists don't understand the idea of comparative advantage
* What is comparative advantage? | Investopedia
Donald Malarkey

**Donald G. Malarkey** (July 31, 1921 &ndash; September 30, 2017) was a former non-commissioned officer during World War II.  Malarkey was portrayed in the HBO miniseries *Band of Brothers* by Scott Grimes. 

Malarkey was born in Astoria, Oregon on July 31, 1921.

## References
## Other websites
*Photos of Don Malarkey & the Band of Brothers during their visit to the 1st Armored Division in Germany 
*Photos of Don Malarkey during his 2009 visit with Prince Charles 
*Interview from Men of Easy Company
Independent Power Producer

An **Independent Power Producer** (**IPP**) or **Non-Utility Generator** (**NUG**) is an organisation that owns a power-producing facility and can sell electricity to utility companies and electricity users. An IPP is usually a private company and is generally not a public utility company. Transaction of electricity between IPP with its customers are usually regulated under the power purchase agreement.

An **independent water and power producer** (IWPP) is similar to an IPP, but with a unified process to also output usable treated water.

## References
Bartholomew County, Indiana

**Bartholomew County** is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Columbus.

## Cities 
*Columbus

## Towns 
*Clifford
*Edinburgh
*Elizabethtown
*Hartsville
*Hope
*Jonesville

## References
Sei Shōnagon

was a Japanese writer. She was a court lady who served the Empress Teishi (Sadako) during the middle Heian period. She is best known as the author of . She also wrote diaries and poems.

## *The Pillow Book* 
The Heian period of Japanese history lasted from 794 to 1185 CE. Sei Shōnagon lived and died during this time. Not a lot is known about her as a child. We only know about her personality by her writing, especially *The Pillow Book*. This book contains a lot about her life at the imperial court and her feelings. It is a collection of lists, poetry,  and observations from her years in the court (things she saw and how she felt about them). *The Pillow Book* became very well-known during the Heian period. It revealed an interesting view on life at court.

The name *Pillow Book* came from an event where the empress was given a bundle of notebooks. The empress did not know what to use the notebooks for so Sei Shōnagon asked Empress Sadako if she could have them. Sei Shōnagon told the empress that she wanted to use them to make a pillow.

The book has about 320 entries. She also wrote lists in her diaries. There are about 164 lists. Some of the lists that were included in her diary were: "Depressing things" and "Things that arouse a fond memory of the past". Sei Shōnagon completed this book some time between 1000 and 1010 CE. Some people believe that a copy of Sei Shōnagon's book was given to Empress Sadako's daughter.

## References
* Hackney, Ryan. "Sei Shonagon." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
Al-Ma'mun

in 829 to Ma'mun (drawn left) from Theophilos (drawn right)]]
**Abū Al-Abbas Abdullāh al-Maʾmūn ibn Harūn** (Arabic: ابُو عَبَّاسِ عَبْدِاللَّهِ الْمُعَوِنِ بْنِ هَارُونَ) (also spelled **Almamon**, **Al-Maymun**, **Al-Ma’moon**, and **el-Mâmoûn**; 13 September 786 – 9 August 833) was an Abbasid caliph. He reigned from 813 until his death in 833.

Al-Ma’mun was born on 13 September 786 AD in Baghdad. His father was Harun al-Rashid, who was an Abbasid caliph. He was a member of the third dynasty of the descendants of Muhammad who were caliphs of Islam. While his father ruled, al-Ma’mun was the governor of Khorasan. After al-Ma’mun was born his father had another son named al-Amin. Before his father died he announced that al-Amin would be the new caliph and al-Ma’mun would continue to be the governor of Khorasan even though al-Ma’mun was older. When Harun al-Rashid died and al-Amin became the caliph, he took away al-Ma’mun's ability to inherit the throne after he died. The two brothers went to war against each other. Al-Ma’mun defeated al-Amin. He cut off al-Amin's head. Since al-Amin had no other heir to the throne, al-Ma’mun became the new caliph.

During his reign al-Ma’mun tried to reunite Sunnis and Shiites. These are the two main brances of Islam that have different beliefs on who should lead Islam. Al-Ma’mun opened many learning centers in his empire. One big one was in Baghdad, which was called the House of Wisdom. Many other libraries and schools were built all over the empire. He was also a big sponsor of philosophy and astronomy.

He had one wife who he tried to divorce. However, his wife got a powerful judge who refused to allow the divorce. He had no children and no heirs with this wife. Instead, he chose another woman to provide an heir.

Al-Ma’mun died on August 9, 833. He remained caliph until his death. 

## Notes
Al-Kindi

**Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī** (, ;  801 – 873 CE), was an Iraqi philosopher. He was called "the Philosopher of the Arabs". He is often thought of as the first Arab philosopher, and one of the most important scholars in the Islamic world.

Al-Kindi was born in Yemen to a rich family. As well as philosophy, he worked in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, geography, and many other topics. He became a member of a scientific place of study called the House of Wisdom. As a member there, he helped to preserve a type of philosophy called Hellenistic philosophy. He also edited Greek treatises (written works that formally explain a topic). He also wrote his own treatises on vision, precious stones and minerals. He wrote the first treatise on various types of steel swords, metallurgy. His treatises on music were thought to be the best works on the subject of music in Arabic. He died at age 72 in 873.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from the Middle East

## References
* "Abu Yusuf Ya Qub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Tomoe Gozen

(born 1747 – died 1797)]]
 was a female samurai who lived in Japan.

When Tomoe Gozen was a girl who was taught the skills of an upper-class Japanese woman: writing, musical theatre, archery, horseback riding and fencing. She became a skilled horseman and brave warrior. She became a concubine of Minamoto no Yoshinaka when she was a teenager.

When Tomoe Gozen was about 28 years old, she fought in the Gempei War (1180–1185). In the Battle of Awazu (February 1184), Minamoto no Yoshinaka was killed by his cousin Yoritomo. Tomoe's reaction to this is not really known. Some people have theories about what might have happened to her. Some think she may have fled from the Gempei War or she may have continued fighting after his death. She also might have been asked to go by Yoshinaka (who believed that his honor would be destroyed if he was killed by a woman) when he realized he would be killed.

After this time, historians do not know what happened. Yoritomo's friend Yoshimori forced Tomoe to marry him. But Yoshinori died before Tomoe gave birth to a son. According to legend, their son was Asahina Yoshihide. He grew up to be a famous samurai. Tomoe joined a nunnery, where she stayed for the rest of her life. Today, Tomoe Gozen is a role model for many Japanese women.

## Gallery 

File:Tomoe Gozen.jpg|Tomoe Gozen—artist's impression by Kikuchi Yōsai (1781–1878)
File:Battle of Awazugahara.jpg|Tomoe Gozen in the Battle of Awazu—by Utagawa Yoshikazu
File:Yōshū Chikanobu Tomoe Gozen.jpg|Tomoe Gozen defeats Uchida Ieyoshi and Hatakeyama Shigetada—Woodblock printing, 1899
File:Chikanobu - Gempei seisuki - Walters 95360.jpg|Tomoe Gozen at the Yodo River—by Toyohara Chikanobu (1838–1912)
File:Tomoe Gozen, Wife of Kiso Yoshinaka, Defeating Uchida Saburo LACMA M.84.31.209.jpg|Tomoe Gozen defeats Uchida Saburō—by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892)
File:TomoeGozenM1942.jpg|Memorial to Tomoe at Gichū-ji, Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Cai Lun

print depicting Cai Lun as the patron of paper making]]
**Cai Lun** (;  50 AD – 121) was a Chinese eunuch and politician. He is generally regarded as the inventor of paper. Earlier forms of paper, such as papyrus, were used in China from the 2nd century BC. However, Cai Lun developed another form of paper, which is used today.

Cai Lun was born in Leiyang (then called Guiyang), a part of Hunan. He lived during the Han Dynasty. His courtesy name was **Jingzhong** (). He served the government as a eunuch from AD 75, and in AD 89 got a promotion to be a "Shang Fang Si", someone who makes weapons, and a Regular Palace Attendant (中常侍). Cai Lun invented paper in the year 105. For his invention, he was rewarded by the Emperor. After his death he was considered the patron of papermaking. To make paper, Cai Lun used a  made of materials such as tree bark and rags. He then strained the liquid from the pulp and spread it out to dry. Legend has it that the mortar, a tool he used to grind materials, was buried in a pool near his grave.

## References
*"Cai Lun (Chinese Inventor)." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2013. 
*Rosinsky, Natalie M. "Let's make paper." Calliope Feb. 2007: 44+. General OneFile. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. 
*Forage, Paul. "Printing and Papermaking." Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 7-9. World History In Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013
Allen County, Indiana

**Allen County** is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Fort Wayne.

## Cities 
*Fort Wayne
*New Haven
*Woodburn

## Towns 
*Grabill
*Huntertown
*Leo-Cedarville
*Monroeville
*Zanesville

## References
Eleazar of Worms

**Eleazar of Worms** (; c. 1176 – 1238), or **Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus**, was a Jewish mystic. He was an important student of the Talmud. He was also the last major member of the Chassidei Ashkenaz, a group of German Jewish mystics.

Eleazar of Worms was born in Mainz. He traveled and studied at many centers of learning in Germany and northern France. He belonged to the Kalonymus family, which was one of the most important German-Jewish families at the time. His father, Judah B. Kalonymus, was one of the leading scholars of his generation. Eleazar learned from his father about Jewish law and theology.

Eleazar spent most of his life living in Worms. He was a Jewish pietist. Eleazar wrote many books and poems on praising God, and studied liturgical poetry, halakhah, theology, ethics and exegesis. Some of his works were printed but many have been lost. Eleazar witnessed and suffered the persecution of Jews. Eleazar's wife, two daughters  were murdered, and he and his son were badly injured.

## References
Mansa Sakura

**Mansa Sakura** (also spelled **Sakoura**) was the sixth emperor (*mansa*) of the Mali Empire. He was born a slave, but was later freed. Soon after he was freed he became a general in the army of Sundiata Keita. When Sundiata Keita died, there was a struggle between his sons over who would become the emperor. Around 1285, Sakura took control of the throne. He became the ruler of Mali and brought the empire back together. 

Mansa Sakura became a powerful leader. He was known for exploring other lands and using the ideas he saw in his own kingdom. He also encouraged trade. Under Sakura's leadership, the Mali Empire made several new conquests. It expanded along the Gambia River to the sea. It became a dominant force in West Africa.

Sakura performed the Hajj shortly before his death. On his way home, he was attacked near Djibouti by warriors who wanted his gold. He was killed in the attack, which happened around the year 1300.

After Sakura died, the throne was returned to the royal heirs of the Keita dynasty. The next emperor was Sundiata's nephew, Gao.

## References
Al Sahili

**Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Sahili** (1290–1346) was an architect during the Mali Empire. He lived under the rule of Mansa Musa.

He was born in Granada in 1290. At the time this was part of Muslim Spain. Al-Sahili studied law and the arts. He was known as a gifted poet. His family were rich merchants (traders). He left Granada in 1321 and began to travel through the Middle East, to Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen. In 1346, he met the ruler of Mali, Mansa Musa, who loved his poetry and invited him to return.

Al-Sahili built for Mansa Musa an audience chamber (or Djingereyber; Great Mosque) in 1327. The mosque was described as a square building with a dome. The outside was decorated with plaster and patterns in colors. It was built with banco: soil mixed with wood, mixed with dried grass, and other fibers allowed to dry in the sun. It was built with the same architectural style as the Alhambra in Granada. Mansa Musa then wanted him to make a house for him, but the building was destroyed over time. He started a new trend of rounded arches in Timbuktu. Al-Sahili died there in 1346.

## References
*
Sonni Ali

**Sonni Ali** (also known as **Sunni Ali Ber** or **Sunni Ali**) was the first king of the Songhai Empire in western Africa. He ruled from about 1464 to 1492. He was the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty. During Sonni's reign, Songhai surpassed the Mali Empire in power. His armies captured several important cities, such as Timbuktu (in 1468) and Djenné (captured in 1475). His battle strategies greatly expanded the empire's territory.

Before Sonni took Timbuktu in 1468, the city was controlled by Tuareg raiders. He then conquered the Tuareg and took them under his rule, which brought the great Saharan trade routes to his kingdom. After conquering Timbuktu, he and his army went south to conquer the port of Djenné, on the Niger River. The city surrendered after a long-fought siege.

Sonni defined himself as Muslim, but was careful to not separate himself from the traditional animist beliefs. He executed many of the clerics from Timbuktu. He ran a very organized and powerful military. His army included both soldiers on horseback, as well as soldiers who fought on foot. He also built a fleet of ships to control the ports along the Niger River.

In 1480, Sunni Ali attacked the Mossi Kingdoms south of the Niger River. Unfortunately, he did not conquer the Mossi, but he was able to stop the spread of their empire. He also fought a successful war against several of the Fulani states. On his return home from this war, Sonni drowned in a river, in 1493

## References
Shen Kuo

**Shen Kuo** (or **Shen Gua** ; 1031–1095) was a Chinese scientist and politician. He lived during the Song Dynasty. He was a polymath, being good at many fields of study.

Many of his most important works came from his use of astronomy. In 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation. He was also one of the first to suggest that the Earth goes through gradual climate change. His hobbies consisted of music, painting, calligraphy, and philosophy.

## Related pages
*List of Chinese scientists
Refractory

]]

A **refractory** is a material that can stand high temperature. It is used in furnaces, kilns, incinerators and reactors. Materials to make refractory must be chemically and physically stable at high temperature, such as alumina, silica, magnesia and lime.

## Types of refractory 
### Based on material 
* Acidic refractory
* Neutral refractory
* Basic refractory

### Based on ways to manufacture 
* Dry press process
* Fused cast
* Hand molded
* Formed
* Unformed
* Unformed dry vibratable

### Based on operating temperature 
* Normal refractory
* High refractory
* Super refractory