open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Artemis Fowl

***Artemis Fowl*** is a series of books about a young criminal mastermind. The books were written by Irish author Eoin Colfer. The series currently has eight main books and two short stories. The first two books are have been made into graphic novels.

**Artemis Fowl*
**Artemis Fowl And The Arctic Incident*
**Artemis Fowl And The Eternity Code*
**Artemis Fowl And The Opal Deception*
**Artemis Fowl And The Lost Colony*
**Artemis Fowl And The Time Paradox*
**Artemis Fowl And The Atlantis Complex*
**Artemis Fowl And The Last Guardian*

The two short stories are:
**LEPrecon*
**The Seventh Dwarf*
LEPrecon comes before Artemis Fowl, and is about one of the main characters, an elf called Holly Short. It tells how she moves to a unit in the fairy 'police' called LEPrecon (a word-play on leprechaun).
The Seventh Dwarf comes between Artemis Fowl and Artemis Fowl and the Arctic Incident. The Seventh Dwarf is about when two of the characters are trying to steal a tiara. They do not originally know they are both trying. They meet, and end up helping each other.

As the books advance, more attention is given to the moral progressiveness of the main character, Artemis Fowl II. In the first book he is shown as the bad guy, but further on in the series he is shown as a goodie.
Lee Hazlewood

**Barton Lee Hazlewood** (July 9, 1929 – August 4, 2007) was an American country singer, songwriter and record producer. He was most famous for writing the song *These Boots Are Made For Walking* for Nancy Sinatra. He was born in Mannford, Oklahoma.

Hazlewood died of kidney cancer on August 4, 2007 in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 78.

## Other websites
*Article about his death at the BBC Website
Boundary

**Boundary** may mean:

*A border that encloses a space or area
*Boundary (cricket)
*Boundary (topology)
*Boundary lubrication
*Boundary (surveying), a dividing line between parcels of real property.
*Boundaries that are studied in landscape history
*Boundaries - 1997 Movie starring Playboy Playmate Kathy Shower
Decimal separator

The **decimal ** is a symbol used to mark the border between the integer and the fractional parts of a decimal numeral. This symbol can be a period ("."), as is common in United States and other English-speaking countries, or a comma (","), as in continental Europe and many Arabic-speaking countries (which use a slightly different character ٫ instead). **Decimal point** and **decimal comma** are also common names for the decimal separator. For example, 9.5 means nine and one half in English speaking countries, while in many European countries, the same number might be written as 9,5 (and ٩٫٥ in an Arabic-speaking country). 

### Digit grouping 
For ease of reading, numbers with many digits (e.g. numbers over 999) may be put into groups using a , such as: comma (,),  (.), half-space or thin space (" "),  (" "),  (_), or  ('). Example, using thin spaces as separator: 20 000 and 1 000 000 for "twenty thousand" and "one million". To stop confusion, different international organizations have called for using spaces, as the digital group separator: ISO, BIPM, IUPAC, and American Medical Association's (AMA).

In many programming languages, digits can be put into groups, to make code easier to read. Ada, D, Fortran, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Kotlin, PHP, Python, Rust, Swift, and V (Vlang) use the underscore (_) character for this purpose. The number seven hundred million shows as "700_000_000". In C++ and Red, they use an apostrophe for digit grouping; "700'000'000" in those languages.

## Related pages 
* Arithmetic precision
* Decimal degrees
* Dewey Decimal System

## References
Clannad

**Clannad** are a musical group from  Gweedore, in County Donegal, which is in the north-west of Ireland. They are very famous for their haunting sound that has been used in many Hollywood movies. They have sold over 20 million albums all over the world and won a Grammy award in 1999. They are brothers and sisters Máire, Ciarán, and Pól Brennan and their uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. Their younger sister Enya was once part of the group.
Altan
Their first language is Gaelic and many of their songs are sung in that language.
 
## Discography
* 1973 – *Clannad (The Pretty Maid)* debut
* 1975 – *Clannad 2*
* 1976 – *Dúlamán*
* 1978 – *Clannad In Concert* [live]
* 1980 – *Crann Úll*
* 1982 – *Fuaim*
* 1983 – *Magical Ring*
* 1984 – **Legend** [soundtrack for Robin of Sherwood]
* 1985 – *Macalla*
* 1987 – *Sirius*
* 1988 – *Atlantic Realm* [soundtrack]
* 1989 – *Past Present* [compilation]
* 1990 – *The Collection* [compilation]
* 1989 – *The Angel and the Soldier Boy* [soundtrack]
* 1990 – *Anam* (US: 1992)
* 1993 – *Banba* (with The Last of the Mohicans soundtrack theme)
* 1994 – *Themes*
* 1996 – *Lore*
* 1996 – *Rogha: The Best Of Clannad*
* 1997 – *Landmarks*
* 1998 – *An Díolaim* [collection of early recordings for Irish Gael-Linn label]
* 2003 – *The Best Of: In A Lifetime*
* 2005 – *Clannad: Live In Concert, 1996* [live]

## Websites 
*Official Clannad site
*Fan site with videos, galleries and news blog
Tatiana Golovin

**Tatiana Golovin** (born 25 January 1988 in Moscow, Russia) is a professional female tennis player. She moved to Paris, France and earned French citizenship. She won the 2004 French Open mixed-doubles event with Richard Gasquet. She lives in Miami, Florida. She speaks English and French.

## WTA Tour titles
### Singles
*2007 Amelia Island defeated Nadia Petrova

### Singles finalist
*2004 Birmingham lost to Maria Sharapova
*2005 Tokyo lost to Nicole Vaidišová
*2006 Stuttgart lost to Nadia Petrova

## Grand Slam titles
### Mixed doubles
*2004 French Open with Richard Gasquet defeated Cara Black and Wayne Black

## Other websites 
* 
*
Nicole Vaidišová

**Nicole Vaidišová ** (born 23 April 1989 in Nuremberg) is a Czech professional female tennis player. 

She became a tennis professional in 2003, and debuted in several ITF tournaments. She measures at  and weighs . She enjoys reading, watching movies, yoga, and bike riding. Her favorite city is New York City. She speaks German, English, Czech, and is learning French.

## WTA Tour Titles
### Singles
* 2004 Vancouver defeated Laura Granville
* 2004 Tashkent defeated Virginie Razzano
* 2005 Seoul defeated Jelena Jankovic
* 2005 Tokyo defeated Tatiana Golovin
* 2005 Bangkok defeated Nadia Petrova
* 2006 Strasbourg defeated Shuai Peng

### Singles Finalist
* 2005 Istanbul lost to Venus Williams

## ITF Titles
### Singles
* 2003 Plzen defeated Andrea Hlavackova
* 2004  Columbus defeated Shuai Peng

## Other websites
* Nicole Vaidisova profile on WTA Tour
Arzashkun

**Arzashkun** () was a capital city of the Kingdom of Urartu in the 9th century B.C. It is thought that the city was located north of Lake Van in what is now eastern Turkey. The city had two walls and towers. It was protected from attack, by a thick forest. An army could not easily travel through this forest. 

The nation of Urartu was at the headwaters of the river Tigris in the 9th century B.C. Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria thought that Urartu was a danger to Assyria. He started an expedition to Urartu in 857. He said that he destroyed the capital, Arzashkun. He also claimed that he traveled as far as Lake Van and left his inscription on Mount Irritia.

It is believed that the name *Arzashkun* is the Assyrian form of an Armenian name.

## Related pages
* Lake Van
* Ancient Armenia
Caucasus Mountains

The **Caucasus Mountains** is a mountain range in Eurasia. They are in the Caucasus region between the Black Sea in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east. The Greater Caucasus divide Europe from Asia. The Lesser Caucasus are south of there. 

## Related pages 
* Languages of the Caucasus

## References
Kidnapping

, (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)]]
**Kidnapping** is an illegal act of stealing people. It has been around for a long time. For example, there were slave traders in Ancient Rome who kidnapped people and sold them as slaves. If a parent steals a child without the other parent's consent it is known as parental abduction. Sometimes, kidnapping is done for ransom. Many times, people kidnap children, an example is Amber Hagerman.

## References
## Related pages
* Abduction
* Hostage
* Stockholm syndrome
Mol

**Mol** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 33060 people lived there.

It is at 51° 11 North, 05° 07 East.

## References
Regatta

A **regatta** is a term used to describe either a boat race, or series of boat races. 

Although the term typically describes racing events of unpowered watercraft, some powerboat race series are also called *regattas*.  Most commonly, a *regatta* is either a series of rowing, sailing or yacht racing.

## Rowing regattas
*Henley Royal Regatta, held every year on the river Thames is the most prestigious British event
*The Boat Race is a rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club. It is rowed annually each Spring on the Thames in London.
*Dad Vail Regatta, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*Head of the Charles Regatta, on the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts

## Sailing regattas
*America's Cup, hosted by prior winner
*Balmain Regatta held annually on Sydney Harbour, Australia
* Bass Week, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumbria
*Bay Week, Put-in-Bay, Ohio
*Block Island Race Week, Storm Trysail Club Rhode Island
*CORK Regatta, Kingston, Ontario, annually in August.
*Cowes Week, Royal Yacht Squadron, England
*Fowey Royal Regatta, Fowey Cornwall annually in August http://www.foweyroyalregatta.co.uk/index.htm 
*Kamer 2 Sailing Marathon, Kaag, Netherlands, annually in September
*Key West Race Week, Key West, Florida
*Larchmont Race Week, Larchmont Yacht Club, New York
*Long Beach Race Week, Long Beach, California
*National Offshore One Design (NOOD)
*Round Texel, Texel, Netherlands, annually in June
*Lysekil Women's Match , Lysekil, Sweden, annually in August
*Tjörn Runt, Tjörn, Sweden, annually in August
*Washington's Birthday Regatta, Coconut Grove, Florida, annually in February
*Youngstown Levels, Youngstown, New York
*Figawi Race, Hyannis, MA

## College Sailing Regattas
*Charleston Open, College of Charleston
*Kennedy Cup, US Naval Academy
*The Roth Regatta, Roth Pond, State University of New York at Stony Brook
*Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships, various locations

## High school sailing regattas
*Mallory Cup, United States high school sailing national championships.
*The National School Sailing Assosiation Regatta, UK. Annual Sailing reggatta held in various sailing clubs and competed in by many secondary school students.

## Other regattas
*The Madison Regatta, Madison, Indiana. (hydroplanes)
*Kingston Multi-Hull Regatta, Kingston, Ontario (multihull sailboats and sailing hydrofoils)
*Henley-on-Todd Regatta - an Australian dry-land event.
*Royal Hobart Regatta - A Multiple event 3 day Reggatta in Tasmania, Australia.
*Sy Barash Regatta - discontinued event at Penn State
*Worrell 1000, between South Beach and Virginia Beach, Virginia
*For the Cruise Ship **Regatta** see Oceania Cruises

## Other websites
*How to Start Racing a Boat 
*The photos and videos of Borneo regatta
*Watski Skagerrak TwoStar, online yacht race in Norway, Denmark and Sweden 
*Aegean Regatta Photos 
*International Sailing Federation, the international governing body of sailboat racing
*US Sailing's official homepage
*Sailing Anarchy, a very popular international sailing site
Maya (software)

**Autodesk Maya**, commonly shortened to **Maya** (), is a 3D computer graphics program that runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux. It was originally made by Alias Systems Corporation and is now owned by Autodesk, Inc. 

It is used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects.

## Sources
Kingdom of Urartu

**Kingdom of Urartu** (Assyrian: māt Urarṭu, Babylonian: Urashtu, Hebrew: אֲרָרָט,  Ararat), was an Iron Age kingdom. Territory of the ancient Kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and the Republic of Armenia. Its center was the Armenian highland between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. During the seventh century, the Urartians collaborated with a combination of Scythians and Cimmerians in their jockeying for power, but by 590, having been weakened in the constant rivalry between Assyrians, Babylonians, Scythians, and Medes, Urartu was swallowed by the Medes.   

## Urartu and Armenians
Armenians are the heirs of the Urartians. A. E. Redgate says that the Urartians are the "most easily identifiable" ancestors of the Armenians. Philip D. Curtin defined the Kingdom of Urartu as an Armenian kingdom. 
## Maps 
## References 
## Sources 
*  
* 
* 
* 
*
Hayk

**Hayk** (Armenian:Հայկ, also known as **Haik**),  in Armenian legend, was the founder of the Armenian nation. His story is found mostly in the 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi's book *History of Armenia*.

## History 
According to Moses Khorenatsi, Hayk is the son of Torgom (Togarmah), the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth. Hayk is also called the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. According to the historian Juansher, Hayk "was prince of the seven brothers and stood in service to the giant Nimrod (Nebrovt') who first ruled the entire world as king."

Hayk is also the name of the constellation Orion in the Armenian Bible (Job 38:31)

According to Moses Khorenatsi, after Hayk the son of Torgom became father to Armeneak while living in Babylon, because the arrogant Titan Bel (who is Nimrod, according to Moses) has made himself king of the world, Hayk moves with his family and 300 others to the land of Ararat, and starts a village called *Haykashen*. On the way, he leaves one area for his grandson, Cadmus. Bel sends one of his sons to give Hayk a message, saying that he must return to Babylon, but Hayk answers that he will not. Then Bel marches against him with a great army, but Cadmus warns Hayk that he is coming. Hayk gathers his own army on the shore of Lake Van and tells them they must either defeat Bel or die trying, so they will not become his slaves.

After that, he finds Bel's army on a mountain. Moses says this mountain is found at Dastakert. Bel himself is seen in front of his army. In the middle of the battle, Hayk kills Bel with a lucky arrow and Bel's army becomes confused and defeated.

According to other writers, this battle was fought at Dyutsaznamart around Julamerk, southeast of Lake Van, in the year 2501 BC. Hayk builds a castle called *Haykaberd* and the village of Haykashen. He names the country where the battle was fought "Hayk" after himself, and today the name of Armenia is called "Hayastan" and the Armenian people are called "Hay", in their language. Also, in the ancient writings of the Hittites, there was a country called Hayasa in the area.

## Sources
*Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia," Michigan, 1968 http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/8*.html
1413

## Events 
* March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England.
* Project of Annals of Joseon Dynasty began.
* The University of St Andrews is chartered by papal bull.

## Births 
*February 21 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (died 1465)
*November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1470)

## Deaths 
*March 20 – Henry IV of England (born 1367)
*September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (born 1337)
*October 6 – Dawit I of Ethiopia (born 1382)
Northern Ireland Assembly

The **Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly** was set up after the Belfast Agreement to allow the people of Northern Ireland to run their own government and pass some laws. The United Kingdom parliament can still abolish the assembly, because Northern Ireland is not an independent country, but a part of the United Kingdom. The assembly comes together in the city of Belfast. The Speaker is Edwin Poots.

The assembly is elected using a form of proportional representation voting. The seats of each party after the 2022 election is shown in this table:

## Other websites 
* Official website
Northern Ireland Office

The **Northern Ireland Office** (NIO) was set up in 1971.  It is a ministry in the British Government which looks after the affairs of Northern Ireland. It head is the **Secretary of State for Northern Ireland**.

The job of Secretary of State is less important now because the Northern Ireland Assembly and the ministers in the assembly do a lot of the work of the Northern Ireland Office. 

The devolution of police and justice in April 2010 transferred many of the NIO's previous responsibilities to the Northern Ireland Assembly and its devolved government, the Northern Ireland Executive. The Department of Justice (Northern Ireland) looks after those matters. This transfer of power resulted in a smaller Northern Ireland Office, similar to the Scotland Office and Wales Office.
Cyprian

**Cyprian** ( ; ;  210 – September 14, 258 AD) was bishop of Carthage. He was an important early Christian writer. Cyprian was a bishop of Carthage of Berber descent, many of whose Latin works are extant. He is recognized as a saint in the Western and Eastern churches. He was probably born at the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage. At Carthage, he learned about classical (Paganism). After becoming a Christian, he became a bishop around the year 249. He died a martyr at Carthage. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Joshua Burns, "Perception and persecution in the Roman Empire: The Edict of Decius" 
* Pontius the Deacon (Pontius Diaconis), "The Life and Passion of Cyprian, Bishop and Martyr"
* "The Plague of AD 251" 
* Cyprian on the nature of the Church and Papacy by Dom John Chapman 
* New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia article on Cyprian
* Works by Cyprian at the IntraText Digital Library, with concordance and frequency lists
* Acta proconsularia S. Cypriani
Simon Barere

**Simon Barere**  (1 September 1896 – 2 April 1951) was a Russian pianist. He was born in Odesa, Ukraine.

Barere died of a massive bleeding in brain during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall with Philadelphia Orchestra.

## Other websites
* Simon Barere's Liszt, Rachmaninoff, Balakirev, Chopin on Remington Records.
Tomsk

**Tomsk** (Russian: *Томск*) is a Russian city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast. One of the largest cities in Siberia. Population 575 352 (2019).

## History 
Established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604.

In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan.

## Education 
Tomsk State University is the first university in Siberia (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The Tomsk State University Library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in Russia.

Tomsk Polytechnic University is the first (founded in 1896 and opened in 1900) technical university in Siberia.

Siberian Medical University is one of the oldest (founded in 1930) and highest rated medical schools in Russia.

## Climate 
Continental climate, transitional from subarctic to sharply continental climate.

The annual average temperature is 0.9 °C. Winters are severe and lengthy (from the end of October to the beginning of April), and the lowest recorded temperature was −55 °C in January 1931.

## References
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam

**International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam (ASI)** () is a Pakistan-based organisation. It was made in 1980 by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi. Its headquarters are in Kotri, Hyderabad, Sindh and Pakistan.

## Purpose 
The purpose of this movement is to invite all man without any discrimination of caste, creed, nation or religion towards the divine love of God.
### Organizational Structure 
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam is divided into two branches one for men only and other is for women only. The ladies wing is led by Mrs. Gulzar. However, the president of men wing is Mr. Wasi Muhammad Qureshi, who was nominated by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi as President of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam. Gohar Shahi himself is the Patrorn-in-Chief of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam.

### Founding Members 
In 1980, when Shahi formed the movement it had only five members, who are called founding members. Following are the names of the founding members of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam:
* Muhammad Arif Memon (Late)
* Wasi Muhammad Qureshi
* Dr. Abdul Qayoom Shaikh(Late)
* Muhammad Anwar Qadri
* Maulana Saeed Ahmed Qadri

## Other websites 
* International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam 
* Web Portal of Gohar Shahi 
* Gohar Shahi web site 
*Sarfrosh.org
Roman Curia

The **Roman Curia** (Latin Curia Romanae) is usually called "**The Curia**". It is the cabinet of Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church.

Parts of The Curia look after the independent country of the Vatican.  For example, The Curia includes the Vatican's courts.

Other parts of The Curia do jobs that are important for the Catholic Church.  For example, the *Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian * is in charge of meeting other churches.

All of the parts of The Curia that are listed on the Vatican's website are explained in this table.

## Related pages
* Vatican City
* The Holy See

## References
In God We Trust

***In God We Trust*** is one of the national mottos of the United States. The other is E Pluribus Unum. *In God We Trust* has been put on American money since 1864 when it was added to a two-cent coin. A law passed in 1956 made it a national motto. It is also the motto of Florida.
Apostolic Nunciature

An **Apostolic Nunciature** is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country.  The nunciature protects the affairs of the Holy See both in governance over Vatican City and the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, and also liases between the Holy See and the Catholic Church in that country.

The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio. The nuncio is the  of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner (Ambassador) in Commonwealth countries which represents and serves as the Pope's spokesperson in a particular country, making the nuncio's presence in some Catholic-related events one of the two ways to represent the Holy See to a country and the world, the other being the visit of a Pope himself.

Some countries make the Nuncio *Dean of the Diplomatic Corps* (head of the group of ambassadors to its country).  This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats.  Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country.

A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically.  The Holy See stopped using the title in 1991.

An Apostolic Delegate represented the Holy See to the church, but not the government, in another country.

## Notes
Gag (disambiguation)

**Gag** may mean:
* Gag, a tool which is used to prevent speaking.
* Gag reflex, a normal reflex in human's throat.
Cookie (disambiguation)

A cookie, is a small cake.

**Cookies** could also mean:
* HTTP Cookie, a small amount of information saved on computers by websites.
* *Cookie*, a 1989 comedy movie.
Gag reflex

**Gag reflex**, also called *pharyngeal reflex*, is a reflex contraction of the throat in humans that prevents anything to pass through the throat, except during normal swallowing. It is also named as *pharyngeal reflex*.

Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people. The gag reflex can also be caused by touching the roof of the mouth, or the back part of the tongue. The gag reflex can be used to make someone vomit as well.

## References
Flame

A **flame** is the visible part of a fire. It gives light and heat. It is the result of an exothermic reaction. The color and temperature of a flame depend on the type of fuel that is used to make the fire. A blue or white flame is often very hot, while a red, orange, or yellow flame is less hot.

## Related pages 
* Eternal flame
* Fire
Luna

**Luna** may refer to:
* The Moon, Earth's only natural satellite, known as "Luna" in Latin () and other languages
* Selene, the goddess of the moon in Greek and Roman mythology
* Luna (given name), a common given name
* Luna is the name of earth's moon in the famous "Star Trek" series.
Sargon of Akkad

**Sargon of Akkad**, also known as **Sargon the Great**, was the ruler of the Akkadian Empire. He was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire. 

## Identity 
Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin). Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria. He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty. He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia.

## The Empire 
Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula. He ruled from a new capital, Akkad, which the Sumerian king list claims he built on the left bank of the Euphrates. He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, although the Sumerians Lugal-anne-mundu and Lugal-zage-si also have a claim. His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half.

Sargon allowed the people of the lands he conquered to retain their local rulers and customs. They had to obey him, however, and pay a protection tax known as a tribute. Sargon's policy contributed to the preservation of peace and the loyalty of people throughout his empire.

### Akkadian language 
The Akkadian language was made the official language of international discourse. During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script, which was previously used for the Sumerian language. A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual.

## References
Kaliningrad

**Kaliningrad** (; ; German: ; ; briefly Russified as  *Kyonigsberg*) is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea. It is the westernmost Oblast of Russia.

It is surrounded by NATO and European Union members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself. Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air.

In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people. This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done. At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280. About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians.

Until World War II the people were mostly Germans. Many fled during the war, and the rest were expelled between 1946 and 1949.

It was named **Königsberg** originally. The city had that name from 1254 to 1945.

## History
It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

The Albertina University opened in 1544.
  
## Famous people
One of the famous people from Königsberg was the philosopher Immanuel Kant.

## References
Incubation period

An **incubation period** is the time it takes between the day a person is infected with a pathogen (something that causes a disease, like a virus), and the day that the person starts having symptoms of the disease.  For example, if a person is infected with the common cold, it usually takes about one to three days for the person to start having cold symptoms.  This means that the common cold's incubation period is one to three days.

With some diseases, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), a person can still give other people HIV during the incubation period.  Even though the person with HIV has no symptoms, the virus is making copies of itself during the incubation period.

## What affects incubation periods
Many different things affect the incubation period for a disease.  These things include:
* How much of the pathogen a person got
* Whether the person was vaccinated against this pathogen, and if they were, which vaccine was used
* How fast the pathogen makes copies of itself once it is in the body
* How strong the person's immune system is

## Examples of incubation periods 
Incubation periods are not exactly the same for everyone, because every person is different.  Because of this, an incubation period is always written as a range (for example, "one to three days").

For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants.

Some diseases have very short incubation periods.  Other diseases have incubation periods of many years.  For example:

## References
Cataplexy

**Cataplexy** is a medical condition where people become limp when they are exposed to spontaneous emotions such as laughter, fright, anger, or sadness. People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them. Cataplexy  often affects people who have narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep. They cannot control when they fall asleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.

The term 'cataplexy' originates from the Greek *kata*, meaning down, and *plexis*, meaning a stroke or seizure.
The New Yorker

***The New Yorker*** is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).

The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger,  Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay *Hiroshima* filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story *The Lottery* drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.

## References
## Other websites 
* The New Yorker
Mosleh Zamani

**Mosleh Zamani** (also referred as **Moslah Zamani**) was a young Kurdish man from Sanandaj, who was executed for *adultery* in December 2009 (under Iranian law, every sexual contact outside marriage, even if both people are unmarried, is adulterous).

Mosleh, who was arrested at age of 17 and spend four years in prison, was sentenced to death by hanging.

His case raised strong controversies, because of both nature of his crime and fact he was 17 year old (Iran, because of international obligations, is not permitted to sentence anyone to death for crime he or she had committed under age of 18).

The only person who could have commuted the death sentence is Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, the head of the judiciary.

## Related pages
* Delara Darabi
* Reza Alinejad

## Other websites 
* About Mosleh
Brundtland Commission

The **Brundtland Commission** was   by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and   of economic and social development. 

The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.

## Brundtland Report
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report  can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.

The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:

:"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

## Notes and references
Gro Harlem Brundtland

(IPA: ) (born 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician. She is an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She is a former Prime Minister of Norway. She was the Director General of the World Health Organization. In 2007, she became a Special Envoy for Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

## Education 
Brundtland has a degree from the University of Oslo. She also has a master's degree from Harvard University.

She was elected a honorary member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.

## References 
## Other websites
Mia Rose

**Mia Rose** (aka **Miaarose**) is a YouTube artist who sings. She was born on January 26, 1988. She has signed a record deal with NextSelection. Her real name is Maria Antónia Teixeira Rosa. She says she is Portuguese. She is currently recording songs with groups. Rose also works with Prez Wszeborowski, a 17-year-old music composer that has written "You're Pitiful" for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists.

## Other websites 
*
Hepatitis A

**Hepatitis A** is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus.  Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease.

## How is hepatitis A spread?
When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces.  Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces.  For example, hepatitis A can be spread by:

## Treatment and prognosis
There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months.

Unfortunately, a small number of patients develop Fulminant hepatic failure, which is very serious.

## Prevention
A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, and anti-hepatitis A immunoglobulin is also used.

## References
Mutual fund

A **mutual fund** is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.

Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.

There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.

## Related pages
*Stock
*Bond (finance)

## Related pages
* Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

## References
*US SEC answers about mutual funds
Modular Audio Recognition Framework

**Modular Audio Recognition Framework** (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general. In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java. MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily. MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better. A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF. There is also a lot of documentation of the project. MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license.
## Related pages 
* Speech recognition

## References 
* 
* 
*
Hepatitis B

**Hepatitis B** is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.  A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it.

Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection.

Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver.

Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.

## References
Fullmetal Alchemist

**Fullmetal Alchemist** (in  '''') is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) *Monthly Shonen Gangan*. The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, *The Conqueror of Shamballa* was made for the 2003 show, and *The Sacred Star of Milos* was created for the 2012 show.

## Plot 
The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange.

*Fullmetal Alchemist* became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise.

## Characters 
Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment. 

Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.

## References
My Dying Bride

**My Dying Bride** is an English doom metal band. They are from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990.

## Members 
* Aaron Stainthorpe - Vocals (1990–present)
* Hamish Glencross - Guitar (1999–present)
* Andrew Craighan - Guitar (1990–present)
* Lena Abé - Bass (2007–present)
* Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)

## Past members
* Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
* Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1991–1998)
* Calvin Robertshaw – guitar (1990–1999)
* Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
* Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
* Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006)
* Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
* Sarah Stanton - Keyboards (2002-)
* Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
* Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2012)

## Albums 
* *As the Flower Withers* (1992)
* *Turn Loose the Swans* (1993)
* *The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
* *Like Gods of the Sun* (1997)
* *34.788%... Complete* (1998)
* *The Light at the End of the World (1999)
* *The Dreadful Hours* (2001)
* *Songs of Darkness, Words of Light* (2004)
* *A Line of Deathless Kings* (2006)
* *For Lies I Sire* (2009)
* *Evinta* (2011)
* *A Map of All Our Failures* (2012)
* *Feel the Misery* (2015)
* *The Ghost of Orion* (2020)
* *A Mortal Binding* (2024)

## Other websites 
* My Dying Bride's website
Flax

**Flax** (also known as **common flax** or **linseed**) (*Linum usitatissimum*) is a type of  flowering plant.

The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres. A Vegetable oil (linseed oil) can be made from the dried ripe flax seeds. 
Flax has been used for a long time in such tasks as making bows and candles.

## Toxicity
Flax seed and its oil are nontoxic and are safe for human consumption.

However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is *nontoxic* when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing.

## References 
## Other websites
Vikram Samvat

The **Vikram era**, or **Vikram samvat** is a calendar system (mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent, while people from Nepal follows it as their main calendar) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle.

The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March and ends in Chaitra which falls in March and April.

The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement.

## The story 
The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called **Mahesara Suri**.

The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger.

Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the **Vikrama era**.
Mitre

A **mitre** is a  hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The  and  are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the  is a bishop.

Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.
Boňkov

**Boňkov** is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov. Its size is . It was first documented in 1305.

## Other websites 
* Boňkov
Modular

Something is **modular** when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together.

## Related pages
*Modular Programming
Finite set

In mathematics, a **finite set** is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., *n*} and *n* must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.

Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with *n* elements is called an *n*-set.

A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself.  (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself).  For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2*n* corresponds to *n*), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1).  This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.
Antonín Klimek

**Antonín Klimek** (January 18, 1937 in Prague – January 9, 2005 in Prague) was a Czech historian. He wrote mainly about the Czechoslovakian First Republic.

## Books 
* 1989 – *Diplomacie na křižovatce Evropy*
* 1989 – *Jak se dělal mír roku 1919*
* 1995 – *Československá zahraniční politika 1918-1938 (with Eduard Kubů)*
* 1995 – *Vítěz, který prohrál, generál Radola Gajda (with Petr Hofman)*
* 1996–98 – *Boj o Hrad I, II*
* 1998 – *Říjen 1918*
* 2001 – *Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIII. (1918-1929)*
* 2002 – *Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIV. (1929-1938)*
* 2003 – *Vítejte v první republice*
Milan Nakonečný

**Milan Nakonečný** (February 8, 1932 &ndash; December 4, 2025) was a Czech psychologist (professor of psychology) and historian. During the so-called normalization era in the Czechoslovakia, communists banned him from teaching and publishing books. He was born in Horažďovice, Czechoslovakia.

## Death
Nakonečný died on 4 December 2025 in Tábor, Czech Republic at the age of 93.

## Books (selected) 
**Motivace lidského chování* (1997) 
**Psychologie osobnosti* (1998) 
**Encyklopedie obecné psychologie* (1997) 
**Lexikon magie* (1993) 
**Lexikon psychologie* (1995) 
**Novodobý český hermetismus* (1995) 
**Psychologie osobnosti* (1995) 
**Základy psychologie osobnosti* (1993) 
**Úvod do sociální psychologie*
**Motivace pracovního jednání a její řízení* (1992) 
**Emoce a motivace* (1973)
**Sociální psychologie* (1970)
**Martinismus* (1991) 
**Základní otázky psychologie* (1968)
**Sociální psychologie*  (1999) 
**Základy psychologie* (1998) 
**Průvodce dějinami psychologie* (1995) 
**Lidské emoce* (2000) 
**Úvod do psychologie *(2003) 
**Psychologie téměř pro každého* (2004) 
**Sociální psychologie organizace* (2005) 
**Vlajka: k historii a ideologii českého nacionalismu* (2001) 
**Český fašismus* (2006) 
**Motivace lidského chování* (1996) 
**Magie v historii, teorii a praxi* (1999) 
**František Mareš* (2007) 

## References