open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nefertiti

collection, currently on display in the Altes Museum.]]
**Nefertiti** (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta) (c. 1370 BC  c. 1330 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. She was the mother-in-law and may have been stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. After her husband died, Nefertiti may have also ruled as pharaoh under the name Neferneferuaten.   However, some archaeologists do not think Nefertiti was Neferneferuaten.

Her name in English means "the beautiful (or perfect) woman has come". Nefertiti was one of the most powerful queens in Ancient Egypt.

## Background 
Nefertiti was the first and most loved wife of Akhenaten. she might have reigned under the name of Ankhkheperure Neferneferuatan. She had six daughters with Akhenaten.

## Mystery 
There are many tales about Nefertiti being born as a royal and her father being pharaoh Ay, but they are not confirmed. So it would be unlikely that she did become a pharaoh without royal blood. Her daughter Meritaten was born a royal, so she had more of a chance of becoming a pharaoh. Her parenthood is still a mystery. The only detail known is that they were nobles.

## Disappearance 
Two of her daughters became queens of Egypt. In the 12th year of Akheneaton rule many of the princesses died, but what was more confusing was that Nefertiti vanished. So everyone assumed that she died like the other princesses. There was no record of Nefertiti’s death and no evidence that she was ever buried.

## Bust 
She is best known for her bust, which is in the Altes Museum in Berlin, Germany.  This bust is considered to be a beautiful example of Egyptian art.

A man called Ludwig Borchardt with a team of people discovered a portrait bust of Queen Nefertiti. This bust captured all her beauty even though one of the eyes was damaged. The famous bust of Nefertiti was displayed at the museum of Berlin in the 1920’s. The queen's bust became known around the world.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Row over Nefertiti bust continues
* Do We Have the Mummy of Nefertiti?  by Marianne Luban, 1999 (predates Joann Fletcher's work).
* J. Kluger, A. Dorfman, *Nefertiti found?*, Time, June 16, 2003; online edition 
* Tracking Nefertiti Discovery article on Joann Fletcher's work.
* King Tut tut tut The Sunday Times on Joann Fletcher's work.
* Spinning Nefertiti 
* Discussion on the *Nefertiti found?* program 
* The Encyclopedia of El Amarna, examining her time and connections 
* *Nefertiti*, a musical based on the Egyptian queen. 
* Altes Museum, Berlin 
* "Queen Nefertiti, Images & History"
* ''Reconstruction of  Nefertiti's Face''
* "M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection"
Perdita (moon)

**Perdita** is a closer moon to Uranus. Perdita's discovery was not simple. The first pictures of Perdita were taken by the *Voyager 2* spacecraft in 1986, but it was not seen on the photographs for more than ten years. In 1999, the moon was noticed and reported.

Because no further pictures could be taken to confirm its existence, in 2001 it was thought to be non-existent. However, in 2003, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope managed to pick up an object where Perdita was supposed to be. This proved its existence at last.

After its discovery in 1999, Perdita was labelled **S/1986&nbsp;U&nbsp;10**.

Perdita belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Belinda. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  15&nbsp;km, and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it.

## References
## Other websites
*Perdita Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Inverter

An **inverter** is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy (e.g. movement) into alternating current.

Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.

An inverter usually also increases the voltage. In order to increase the voltage, the current must be decreased. So, an inverter will use a lot of current on the DC side when only a small amount is being used on the AC side.

Inverters are made in many different sizes. They can be as small as 150&nbsp;watts, or as large as 1&nbsp;megawatt (1&nbsp;million&nbsp;watts). Smaller inverters often plug into a car's cigarette lighter socket and provide 120 or 240 volt AC power from the car's 12 volt supply.

The earliest inverters consisted of a Motor–generator, a DC motor connected mechanically to an AC generator. A later design often used with vacuum tube car radios used a rapidly switching relay. Modern inverters are based on MOSFET or IGBT transistors.

## Types 
* **Sine wave inverters** produce good-quality AC power. They use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to produce a true sine wave, which makes them expensive.
* A **modified sine wave inverter** produces a lower quality of AC power, with strong power system harmonics but is cheaper. The output of a typical modified sine wave inverter is a square wave with a pause between the change in direction. Various modulation strategies are used in cascaded multilevel inverters to reduce the harmonic contents. Modified sine inverters reduce the performance of some appliances, such as microwave ovens and appliances containing electric motors, and are known to damage some equipment including smoke detectors and some battery chargers.
Social Democrat Hunchakian Party

The **Social Democrat Hunchakian Party** (**SDHP**) (), also known as **Hentchak** is one of the oldest political parties in Armenia and the first Socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and in Persia in the 1880s. It was founded in 1887 by Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Ruben Khan-Azat and others, who studied in Geneva, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire, which is part of Armenian national liberation movement. Its name, taken from its newspaper *Hunchak,* means "Bell" in English, and is taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom."

## History 
All of the 7 founders of Hunchakian party were Russian-Armenian Marxist students who had left Russia to continue their higher education in universities of Western Europe. They were young persons, in their twenties, and were from well‑to‑do bourgeois families who were financially supporting them. For the purpose of furthering revolutionary activity in Turkish Armenia, they formed the Hunchakian Revolutionary Party in August, 1887.

Hunchak party fought many battles against the Ottoman Empire, to free the Armenian people from Turkish rule. One of Armenia's famous national heroes Andranik Ozanian, at first, joined the Hunchak party, but disagreement with party policies led Andranik to leave the Hunchak ranks and join the Dashnak party.

### Democratic Republic of Armenia 
The party also played role in establishment of Democratic Republic of Armenia, as party members took part in the Battle of Sardarapat, during the World War I at Caucasus Campaign, which defended the Armenian capital of Yerevan from Army of Islam of Ottoman Empire.

### Activities in Lebanon 
In the 1950s, it clashed, sometimes violently, with the Dashnak Party, due to tensions that escalated when the ARF elected Bishop Zareh as Catholicos of Cilicia, a move that was rejected by the Hunchaks.  In the midst of increasing sectarian strife in the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, Lebanon's Armenian community began to close ranks, and in 1972, the Hunchakian Party ran a joint ticket with the Dashnaks.  In 2000, the Hunchakian Party joined forces with Rafik Hariri's Dignity party, which swept the city of Beirut.

## Modern 
In the early 1990s, the party took part in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict.  The party today forms part of the opposition "Justice" bloc.

This party is also active in Lebanon, where it competes for the six National Assembly seats reserved for ethnic Armenians.  The party subscribes to a socialist ideology and advocates a planned economy for Lebanon.

## Affiliate organizations 
The Hunchakian party has established affiliate organizations such as the AEBU which is an organization that helps with educational, health and social care, the Armenian Dkhrouhi Youth Association and HMM (Homenmen) which is a sporting organization (not to be confused with Homenetmen).

## Related pages
* Armenian Revolutionary Federation

## Other websites 
* Party's Official Web Site 

## References 
* "The 89-th commemoration of the 20 Hunchakian martyrs" / Tchahagir Weekly, Cairo, 17 June, 2004, p.&nbsp;1
Francisco (moon)

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**Francisco** is the closest non-spherical moon of Uranus. 

Francisco was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al. and Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003 from pictures taken in 2001 and given the designation **S/2001&nbsp;U&nbsp;3**.
Confirmed as **Uranus XXII**, it was named after a lord in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*.

## Related pages
* List of Uranus' moons

## References 
* Ephemeris IAU-NSES
* Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites 
* Francisco profile  by Solar System Exploration
* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
Grand Duchy of Hesse

The **Grand Duchy of Hesse** () was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the actions of Napoleon, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy. For this reason, this state was occasionally known simply as **Hesse-Darmstadt**.

## History
Because Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to give up a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss*, was given to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.  

The Grand Duchy changed its name to the **Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine** () in 1816. 

## Subdivisions of Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces:
* Starkenburg: (Capital: Darmstadt) Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main
* Rhenish Hesse, (Capital: Mainz) Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna
* Upper Hesse (Capital: Giessen) North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt, which was later annexed by Prussia in 1866.

## Other websites
*Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918 
*Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910 

## References
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches

**Warnings and watches** are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

## Watch
A **tropical storm watch** is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.

## Warning
A **tropical storm warning** is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.  Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

## Other websites
* NHC - watches and warnings
Kingston, Jamaica

The **City of Kingston** is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Extract from *Tour Jamaica* by Margaret Morris
* Jamaica Library Service: brief history of Kingston 
* 2001 Census 
* Accounts of 1907 Earthquake in The Times 
* Kingston City Guide 
* Jamaican Affairs - Kingston 
* Kingston Guide
Caliban (moon)

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**Caliban** is the second biggest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.

Caliban was found on 1997-09-06 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope together with Sycorax and given the designation **S/1997&nbsp;U&nbsp;1**.

Designated **Uranus&nbsp;XVI** it was named after the monster fictional character in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Stephano to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diameter is estimated at 72&nbsp;km (assuming albedo of 0.04), making it the second biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, half the size of Sycorax, the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus.

The light curve suggests Caliban's rotation period is 2.7 hours.

## Related pages
*List of Uranus' moons

## References
*Ephemeris IAU-NSES
*Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites
*Caliban Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewiit pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Tropical cyclone forecast model

.]]
A **tropical cyclone forecast model** is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast where tropical cyclones will go and how strong they will be. Models use powerful supercomputers and mathematical modeling software. There are two general types: statistical and dynamic. There are two main types of forecasts: track and intensity.

## Other websites
* Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5 
* Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP
Villalba, Puerto Rico

**Villalba**  (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico. It is in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo. Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

## References
Trinculo (moon)

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**Trinculo** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Holman, *et al.* on 2001-08-13, and given the designation **S/2001&nbsp;U&nbsp;1**. 

Confirmed as **Uranus&nbsp;XXI**, it was named after the drunken jester Trinculo in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*.

## Related pages
* List of Uranus' moons

## References 
*Ephemeris IAU-NSES
*Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites 
* David C. Jewitt pages
* Scott S. Sheppard pages
Cabo Engaño

**Cabo Engaño** is a cape near Punta de Agua, the easternmost point of the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic. The region around the cape is very dry where cacti grow.

Christopher Columbus saw the cape for the first time on 16 January 1493 and named it as Cape Sant Theramo (or Cape San Telmo).

Punta Cana International Airport, one of the busiest airport of the country, is to the south of the cape.

## References
Sycorax (moon)

**Sycorax** is one of Uranus' moons. It is the biggest retrograde non-spherical one of its moons.

Sycorax was found on September 6, 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars. They found it using the 200-inch Hale telescope. They also found Caliban. Sycorax was given the designation **S/1997&nbsp;U&nbsp;2**.

Sycorax was confirmed as **Uranus&nbsp;XVII**. It was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*.

## Orbit 
Sycorax follows a far orbit, more than 20 times farther from Uranus than the farthest regular moon Oberon. Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and eccentric.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Setebos and Prospero, to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

## Physical characteristics 
The diameter of Sycorax is estimated at 150&nbsp;km (assuming albedo of 0.04) making it the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, comparable in size with Himalia, the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter.

The rotation period could not be estimated well (best fit ~4 h).

## Related pages
* List of Uranus' moons

## References 
*Ephemeris IAU-NSES
*Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites 
* Sycorax Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
Gram (mythology)

In Norse mythology, **Gram** (Old Norse ***Gramr***, meaning "Wrath"), is the name of the sword of Sigurd (Siegfried). He used it to kill the dragon Fafnir. It was forged by Wayland the Smith and originally belonged to his father, Sigmund, who received it in the hall of the Volsung after pulling it out of a log into which Odin had stuck it–nobody else could pull it out. The sword was destroyed and reforged at least once. After it was reforged, it clove an anvil in half. (See Sigurd for more details on the story of Siegfried and Fafnir)

In the *Nibelungenlied*, Siegfried's sword is called **Balmung**; in Richard Wagner's *Der Ring des Nibelungen*, it is called **Nothung** (**Notung** in more modern German).

## References
Tantra

**Tantra** (Sanskrit: तन्त्र "weave" meaning *continuity*), **tantricism** or **tantrism** is the name for a number of traditions from Indian religions. Tantra began to blossom as a movement within both Buddhism and Hinduism around A.D. 500, reaching its fullest flowering 500 to 700 years later. These traditions are usually esoteric in their nature. Tantra exists in Hindu, Bönpo, Buddhist, and Jain forms. Tantra in its various forms has existed in India, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia, and Mongolia.  In the West, today, traditional Tantric practices can be found within the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, and via the Kundalini and Kriya yoga schools, all of which are right-handed paths.

Tantra is derived from 2 words - "Tanoti" (Liberation of energy) and "Trayati" (Expansion of consciousness).

## Notes 
## References 
*
* 
* Second Revised Edition
* First Indian Edition, Kant Publications, 2003.
*
*
* 
*
* 
*
* 
* Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
Sorbs

The **Sorbs** are Slavic people. They live mostly in Germany and Poland. There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world. About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.  

In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish". They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.  

Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian dialects are protected languages in parts of Germany under the European Charter for Minority or Regional Languages
1994 FIFA World Cup

The **1994 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in USA from June 17 to July 17, 1994. 24 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after Roberto Baggio from Italy famously missed the last penalty in a penalty shootout.

## Participants 
### Africa 
* Cameroon (CMR) • Squad
* Morocco (MAR) • Squad
* Nigeria (NGA) • Squad

### Asia 
* Korea Republic (KOR) • Squad
* Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad

### Europe 
* Belgium (BEL) • Squad
* Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
* Germany (GER) • Squad
* Greece (GRE) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Netherlands (NED) • Squad
* Norway (NOR) • Squad
* Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
* Romania (ROU) • Squad
* Russia (RUS) • Squad
* Spain (ESP) • Squad
* Sweden (SWE) • Squad
* Switzerland (SUI) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* Mexico (MEX) • Squad
* United States (USA) • Squad

### South America 
* Argentina (ARG) • Squad
* Bolivia (BOL) • Squad
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad
* Colombia (COL) • Squad

## Results 
### Round 1 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
#### Group E 
#### Group F 
### Knockout stage 
#### Final
 won the championship.

## References 
* FIFA 

|
Ratnasambhava

**Ratnasambhava** is one of the five Dhyani Buddhas. 

His mandala is yellow and is in the southern direction. Ratnasambhava embodies Dharma that changes pride, miserliness and avarice into equanimity. He is shown with his right hand extended down, palm facing outwards. His left hand holds a precious jewel in his lap.  He is associated with changing poverty into wealth. Ratnasambhava’s blessings allow us to overcome pride and miserliness, thereby developing inner calm. The wealth-giving Buddhas or Jambhalas are associated with the family of Ratnasambhava.
Hydrangea

**Hydrangea**, common name Hortensia,  is a genus of 70-80 species of flowers. The earliest kinds of hydrangea came from southern and eastern Asia. 

The color of the flowers can tell you how much acid is in the soil the plant is growing in. Alkaline soil produce pink flowers. Acidic soil produce blue flowers.

## Other websites 
*Flora of China at efloras.org
Mandala

A **Mandala** is a symbol of either a man or a woman in the world. 

## Uses 
The Mandala acts as a support for anyone in meditation. The Mandala itself is often illustrated as a palace with four gates, facing the four corners of the Earth. It is a symbol that represents wholeness, and can be seen as a model for the structure of life itself. There are generally symbols within it that represent something.
Sigurd

**Sigurd** or **Sigur** is a male name used in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland. It comes from Old Norse *Sigurðr* (from *sigr* "victory" and *varðr* "guardian"). Other forms of this name are Sigvard and Siward. A short form of the name is Sjur.

Sigurd can be:

* Sigurd, Utah, a town in Sevier County, Utah, United States
* Sigurd (opera), an opera by Ernest Reyer
*Several figures from Norse mythology and legend:
**Sigurd, a hero from the *Völsunga Saga*
** Sigurd Hring, the legendary Danish king and father of Ragnar Lodbrok
**Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, the Viking warlord and son of Ragnar Lodbrok

## People
*Sigurd Hart, a king of Ringarike
*Sigurd Syr, petty king of Ringarike and father of Harald III of Norway
*King Sigurd I of Norway, also known as Sigurd Jorsalfar (the Crusader).
*King Sigurd II of Norway

Several earls of Orkney:
*Sigurd Eysteinsson, late 9th century
*Sigurd Hlodvirsson (d. 1014), killed at the Battle of Clontarf

Other figures from Scandinavian history:
*Sigurd Haakonsson (d. 962), Earl of Lade
*Saint Sigurd of Växjö, also known as Sigfrid
*Siward, Earl of Northumbria
*Sigurd Jonsson of Sudreim, Regent of Norway on two occasions in the 15th century. Offered the throne in 1448, but said "no".
*Sigurd Ibsen, politician and son of Henrik Ibsen.

In science:
*Sigurd Angenent, Dutch mathematician

Military:
*Sigurd Kihlstedt, Swedish military surgeon
*Sigurd Lagerman, Swedish Navy vice admiral

In politics:
*Sigurd Agersnap (born 1993), Danish politician

## References
Margaret (moon)

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**Margaret** is the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.  It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003 and given the designation **S/2003 U 3**.

Confirmed as **Uranus XXIII**, it was named after the servant of Hero in William Shakespeare's play *Much Ado About Nothing* 
 
## Orbit
Margaret stands out as the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of Margaret, unique  among the non-spherical moons of Uranus, with inclination on the vertical axis and the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

## Related pages
*List of Uranus' moons
https//ifarley.net

## References
* Ephemeris: IAU-NSES
* Mean orbital parameters: NASA JPL

## Other websites
*Margaret Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Joanot Martorell

**Joanot Martorell** (1413 – 1468) was the Valencian author of the novel *Tirant lo Blanch,* which is written in the Valencianlanguage (Martorell calls it "the Valencian vernacular" "*vulgar llengua valenciana"* used in the Crown of Aragon). First published in Valencia in 1490, it was reprinted in Barcelona in 1497, and some consider it the first modern novel in Europe. 

It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company. Miguel de Cervantes in the book burning scene of Don Quixote considers it the best knight novel. Martorell himself was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leading to a colleague, Marti Joan de Galba, finishing the novel.

## Other websites
*Tirant lo blanc, by Joanot Martorell (Lletra, espai virtual de literatura)
*
City of Lancaster

The **City of Lancaster** (2002 population: 133,914) is a local government district in Lancashire, England. Its main town is Lancaster, from which it obtained its city status. Other towns in the district include Morecambe, Heysham, Slyne, and Carnforth.

## History 
The district was made on April 1 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, when the boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, along with Carnforth urban district, Lancaster Rural District and Lunesdale Rural District joined together.

### Population 
## Twin Cities 
 Aalborg
St Albans

of St Albans from 1944]]

**St Albans** is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. It is 22 miles (35&nbsp;km) north of London. St Albans is the former Roman town of **Verulamium**.

## History 
It was originally named Verlamion by the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe, and Verulamium by the Romans. It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north.

Many of the Roman walls were knocked down by William the Conqueror and used to build St Albans Abbey, otherwise known as St Albans Cathedral. The town had many notable buildings but most were knocked down by Henry VIII. The only building left is the abbey. Though many other buildings have been built nearby Ye Old Fighting Cocks, which claims to be the oldest pub in the UK, a Roman amphitheatre and hypocaust floor, a disused bear baiting square in Verulamium Park, and the imposing Rats Castle at the top of Hatfield Road as well as Roman Verulanium Museum

The bones of St. Alban, the first English martyr, were kept in the Abbey in a shrine, but were stolen during the 19th century.They were smuggled out of the country into Munich. A few years ago The German Cathedral sent the shoulder bone of St. Alban and it is kept in the shrine behind a curtain

Now, due to its proximity to London, St. Albans is a commuter town.

### St Albans School 
St Albans School is a public school. It occupies a site to the west of the Abbey, which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway. The school was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope. Adrian IV was the only Englishman to become Pope.

### Important people from St Albans 
* Nicholas Breakspear (or Breakespeare, c.1100–1159), later Pope Adrian IV, was born in Abbots Langley, and attended school in St Albans.
* Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I, built Old Gorhambury House.
* Francis Bacon (1561–1626), noted philosopher, scientist and statesman, lived at Old Gorhambury House. Bacon was styled 'Viscount St Albans' from 1618.
* Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744), wife of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and close friend of Queen Anne, was born in St Albans.
* Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe (Lord Grimthorpe) (1816–1905), lawyer, amateur horologist, and architect; best known locally for rebuilding the west front of St Albans Cathedral in 1880-1885 at his own expense, but also designed Big Ben. Lived at Batchwood Hall.
* Cuthbert Thicknesse (1887–1971), 4th Dean of St Albans Cathedral 1936–1955, objected to the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945, and refused to let the cathedral's bells be rung on VJ Day.
* Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999), film director, lived in Childwickbury Manor, to the north-west of the town, from 1978 until his death
* Stephen Hawking (b 1942), theoretical physicist, was educated at St Albans School.
* Sir Stephen Lander (b 1947), former head of MI5, has lived in St Albans for many years.

## Other websites 
* St Albans - Official website

## References
Almazán

**Almazán** is a city in Castilla y León, in Spain. The city name comes from Arabic. There it means *The fortified place*. It is located about 32&nbsp;km south of the capital of the province (Valladolid), and about 192&nbsp;km from Madrid. Today, about 5.700 people live there.

The city has a long history. In it, the Pedro IV of Aragon and Enrique II of Castilla signed the truce between Castillla and Aragon. Juan Hurtado de Mendoza was the majordomo of king Enrique III. The king Enrique IV of Castilla gave the city to him. He also got to supervise the city. Later the duchy was divided into two different parts.

The city itself was governed by the *Alcalde Mayor*. He was helped by a committee of people from the city (3 noblemen, and 3 from the Hidalgo class).

The city belonged to the county of Altamira. The counts descended from Hernando de Mendoza.

Diego Laínez was a Jesuit monk who was born in the city. He was a companion to San Ignacio de Loyola. He also succeeded him as head of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order. Laínez later had a large influence in the Council of Trent.

Most of the city is built in a Romanesque style. There are also some examples of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic art styles.

Some of the notable buildings are:

*St. Michael's church, an example of Romanesque architecture
*St. Vincent's church, as an example of Romanesque architecture. It has been converted. It is a culture hall today.
*The hermit's place of Jesus of Nazareth

## Other websites 
* El Románico de la ribera del Duero  
* Recorrido fotográfico por San Miguel de Almazán
Ninety-Five Theses

The ***Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences***, commonly known as ***The Ninety-Five Theses***, is a list of complaints about the Catholic Church which was written by Martin Luther in the year 1517.

Luther argued that the Church should not sell indulgences. Because many people agreed, Luther became very popular, paving the way for the Protestant Reformation.

On October 31, 1517, Luther approached the church authorities with his pressing call for reform. On this day he presented them with his theses. When the bishops did not respond, Luther circulated his theses privately. The theses spread quickly and were printed in Nuremberg, Leipzig, and Basel.

Most recently, in February 2007, the media reported that a handwritten note by Luther's secretary Georg Rörer, found in the university library at Jena, appeared to confirm the traditional account of Luther's nailing the theses to the door. As of February 2007, this new find has yet to be assessed by scholars.

## Bibliography 
* Erwin Iserloh The Theses Were Not Posted: Luther Between Reform and  Reformation. trans. by Jared Wicks, S.J.. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Project Wittenberg: 95 Theses by Dr. Martin Luther (1517)
* BELIEVE Religious Information Source
Peripheral equipment

**Peripheral equipment** (also called: **input and output devices**) connects a computer to other things. It gives a computer system more features. Input is anything that goes in and output is anything that goes out. Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment. This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.

Peripheral equipment is necessary for people to interact with a computer system. Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, work for both input and output.

One peripheral device can be connected to many systems.  computers can also connect to peripheral equipment]]

## Input devices
An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a television. Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.

### Examples 
* Computer mouse: The device for moving the cursor or arrow around the screen.
* Digital camera: A digital camera takes pictures to put into the computer. The pictures become information inside the computer.
** Image scanner: Digitizes a document or other two-dimensional object.
* Keyboard: The device for typing characters into the computer.
* Webcam: Video camera filming user. It can be use for recodfing videos or calling with somebody.
* Joystick: The device most use for playing games.

## Output devices
An output device is anything to which the computer sends signals, for example things that display information from the computer or make sound from the computer. 

### Examples 
* Monitor: Displays information on the screen for you to look at.
* Printer: It takes information from a computer and prints it out so that you can see it.
* Speaker: That play sounds and music.

## Input/Output devices
Peripheral equipment is often labelled **I/O device** (Input/Output device). I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system. An example of an output device is a set of computer speakers. Computer speakers are plugged into a device controller called an audio device. The device is connected to the rest of the system inside. An example of an input device is a computer mouse. It is connected in the same way as an output device. Most peripherals connect by cable but some connect by Bluetooth.

Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment. People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device. To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device.

### Examples 
* Hard disk: A data storage device
* Optical drive: Reads and writes CDs and DVDs
* Other data storage devices
* etc.
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

**Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos** (5 January, 1744  27 November, 1811) was a  Spanish neoclassical statesman, writer, and philosopher.

## Banishment 
Involved in the disgrace of his friend, Francisco de Cabarrús, Jovellanos spent the years 1790 to 1797 in a sort of prison at Gijón where he wrote.

## Reintroduction 
In 1797 he came back and refused the post of ambassador to Russia, but accepted to become minister of grace and justice. 

Joseph Bonaparte, on mounting the Spanish throne, made Jovellanos lots of offers but he refused them all and joined a patriotic party. 

When he was involved in the fall of the party he was sent back to Gijon. The vessel in which he sailed was compelled by stress of weather to put in at Vega de Navia (now Puerto de Vega) in Asturias where died on November 27 1811.
Indulgence

An **indulgence**, in Roman Catholic theology, means that temporal punishment (punishment here on Earth) for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner. 
 made possible the mass production of form documents offering indulgences.]]
The indulgence is given by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution. 
Indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early church.

The basis of indulgences was said to be that the church has a "treasury of merit". This came from past Christians who had been even better than was required to gain salvation. Their good deeds were kept in a kind of bank that the Pope could draw from. He could give or sell the merit to others whose sins prevented them from being saved. 

During the crusades, the Pope promised "full indulgence" to those who volunteered to fight the Muslims. This meant that if they became soldiers in the Pope's army and died, they would go to heaven even if they had done evil things. 

By 1500, indulgences had developed into a printed letter that said that having paid money a person had received full pardon for all their sins.  Even people who had died and were suffering in purgatory could be instantly freed if a living person paid for the indulgence. The money was used for building a church in Rome, with some of it going to local princes or secular leaders.

This extreme abuse of indulgences caused Martin Luther to protest against them. Luther said that it is better to give money to the poor and repent of one's sins instead of paying money to the Church. This was the starting point for the Protestant Reformation (1517). Soon after, at  the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church tried to respond to the problems that led to the Reformation and the sale of indulgences was stopped. 

In modern times, the idea of indulgences has occasionally been used by the Catholic Church, but only as a reward for certain pious acts, and not as a full pardon for sins. 

## Notes
## Other websites
*Code of Canon Law (1983) concerning Indulgences
**Enchiridion Indulgentiarum*, 4th edition, 1999 (Latin) (English translation: "Manual of Indulgences", published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, )
*Pope John Paul II's General Audience on Indulgences - 29 September 1999
*The Apostolic Penitentiary publication on 'The Gift of the Indulgence' (29 January 2000) concerning esp. the Jubilee Indulgence
*"Indulgences", in the *Catechism of the Catholic Church*.
*"A Primer on Indulgences" by James Akin 
*"The Enchiridion of Indulgences" (1968)
*"Myths About Indulgences" from Catholic Answers 
*Indulgence of Sancta Congregatio Sedes
Calvià

**Calviá** is a village on the island of Mallorca and it has some of the most beautiful beaches on the island.

The village of Calvià has an area of  and an  altitude of  . There are almost 50,000 inhabitants.

## Economy 
Tourism is the main source of income in this city. In summer there are many tourist coming to this city, especially from the United Kingdom.

## Related pages
* Mallorca
Hoover Dam

The **Hoover Dam** is a large dam on the Colorado River. It is on the border of the states of Arizona and Nevada. The reservoir it made is called Lake Mead. The dam is named after the former US President Herbert Hoover. At first it was called "Boulder Dam", but the name was changed to honor Hoover, who was president when the idea of building the dam started.

## References
## Other websites 
* Hoover Dam's official website 
* Official State of Nevada Tourism Site
* Hoover Dam: Lonely Lands Made Fruitful 
* BBC - Hoover Dam, industrial and social history 
* Hoover Dam page
* Dams of the Lower Colorado River - Hoover Dam 
* "Boulder Dam" &ndash; Part I and Parts III and IV,  documentary films from the Prelinger Archives at the Internet Archive.
* Construction of diversion tunnel #4 and spillway tunnel which drops sharply to enter diversion tunnel
* PBS American experience - Hoover Dam
Felanitx

**Felanitx** is on the east side of Majorca close to Porto Colom on the coast. It is  from Palma.
It is the centre of a very touristic  area (there are more than 2.300 hotel rooms), especially in summer.
 
There are 17,000 inhabitants. 

It is the home town of the famous painter Miquel Barceló, who has just worked in the cathedral of Palma.

## References 
* http://www.idealspain.com/Pages/Places/mallorca/Felanitx.htm
* http://www.info-mallorca.co.uk/felanitx/
Empire State Building

The **Empire State Building** is a skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.  It is  tall and has 102 floors. Named after the popular nickname for New York, the Empire State, it is one of the most famous landmarks in the US. When the Empire State Building opened on May 1, 1931, it was the world's tallest building.

## History
Designed by the architects named Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates, it was built at a time when many people were trying to make the world's tallest building, but the Empire State Building won. The old Waldorf-Astoria Hotel was destroyed so that the Empire State Building could be built. The Empire State Building was completed in 410 days. It opened on May 1, 1931, when United States President Herbert Hoover pushed a button in Washington, D.C. to turn on the lights. The Empire State Building's design was based on the 21-story Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem, built in 1929. In the 1930s, the Empire State Building was called the "Empty State Building" because few people worked in the building.

The Empire State Building became the tallest building in New York City and the world until the first World Trade Center towers passed it in 1970. When these towers were brought down in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in New York. It stopped being New York's tallest building in 2012 when the new One World Trade Center was built. 

On Saturday, July 28, 1945, a plane crashed into the building due to heavy fog and started a fire.  The building was only slightly damaged, but 14 people (3 in the plane) were killed.

On January 24, 2000, an elevator cable snapped, causing one of the building's elevators to crash from the 44th floor, stopping on the 4th floor. Both passengers in the elevator were only slightly injured.

## Building design 
The Empire State Building is at 350 Fifth Avenue. The building has its own ZIP code, 10118. There is a big Art Deco  with shops at Fifth Avenue. People can also go to a lobby on 34th Street. The Empire State Building has 73 elevators.

The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors have places where people can look at the city from high above. There is a steel mast on the top of the Empire State Building. The builders wanted to have an airship station on the roof, but the station was not opened. Today, people cannot go to the mast.  The mast has radio transmitters. The Empire State Building also lights up at night.

## Photos 

File:Empire State Building Red and Green.JPG
File:Empire State Building3 Dec.2005.jpg
File:Empire states3.jpg
File:Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker.jpg
File:Empire State Building Feb 2006.jpg
File:Mast Empire State Building.JPG
File:Empire State Building 2005.jpg
File:Empire State Building 55.jpg

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world
* List of tallest buildings in New York City

## References 
## Books 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Official Website – Empire State Building
* Emporis.com – Empire State Building
* SkycraperPage.com – Empire State Building
Alcúdia

**Alcudia** is a city on the island of Majorca. About 5,400 people live there. It used to be a fortified city to prevent attacks. Tourism is one of the main resources in the city, especially during the summer, which is known as the high season.

## Other websites 
* Alcudia tourist information
* Alcudia and Playa de Muro information 
* Alcudia map and information
Setebos (moon)

|-
! align="left" | Atmospheric pressure
| 0 kPa
|}
**Setebos** is one of the farthest retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus. It was found on 1999-07-18 by John J. Kavelaars *et al.* and designated **S/1999&nbsp;U&nbsp;1**.

Confirmed as **Uranus&nbsp;XIX** it is named after the god worshipped by Caliban and Sycorax in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Sycorax and Prospero to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin. However, this suggestion does not appear to be supported by the observed colours. The moon appears grey in the visible light, similar to Prospero but different from Sycorax (which is *light red*).

## Related pages
* List of Uranus' moons

## References 
# Ephemeris (IUA)http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NatSats/NaturalSatellites.html
# 

## Other websites 
* Setebos Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* David Jewiit pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
Dio

**Dio** was an American heavy metal band. It was founded by Ronnie James Dio in 1983 after he left Black Sabbath. He left the band because of an argument with Tony Iommi and Geezer Butler over the mixing of Live Evil and took Vinny Appice with him. He also left Sabbath because he wanted to make his own music.   He took Vinny Appice with him. Appice stayed in the band until 1988. He and Ronnie joined Sabbath again in 1992. They toured with Sabbath as well. They both left the band again, and made music until 1996.

The band made 10 studio albums. Dio had many different members. Ronnie James Dio was the only person to stay in the band. Some of the people who have played in the band are Vivian Campbell, Craig Goldy, and Doug Aldrich. The band was put on hiatus in 2006 when Dio joined Heaven and Hell. They released one song and started work on a new album.Those plans were demolished after the band officially broke up in 2010 when Dio died from stomach cancer. He was 68 years old.

Dio sold more than 20 million albums. Their most popular albums are *Holy Diver* (1983) and *The Last in Line* (1984). These albums were certified platinum by the RIAA.

## Studio albums 
* *Holy Diver* (1983)
* *The Last in Line* (1984)
* *Sacred Heart* (1985)
* *Dream Evil* (1987)
* *Lock Up the Wolves* (1990)
* *Strange Highways* (1993)
* *Angry Machines* (1996)
* *Magica* (2000)
* *Killing the Dragon* (2002)
* *Master of the Moon* (2004)

## References
Hydroelectricity and dams in the Dominican Republic

There are many hydroelectric plants in the Dominican Republic, which is composed of rivers, lakes, streams, and several waterfalls.

*Note:* 

* *Capacity does not mean the amount of water that passes by the dam. It means the capacity of dam.
* **Some rivers have the same name as dams or hydro-electric plants.
Culebra, Puerto Rico

**Isla Culebra** () (Snake Island) is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico originally called **Isla Pasaje** and **Isla de San Ildefonso**. It is located about seventeen miles east of the Puerto Rican mainland, twelve miles west of St. Thomas and nine miles north of Vieques. Culebra is spread over 5 wards and Culebra (Dewey) Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city). The island is also known as **Isla Chiquita** (Little Island) and **Ultima Virgen** (Last Virgin).  Residents of the island are known as *Culebrenses*.

## References
## Other websites
* Culebra-Island.com
* Culebra - The Complete Travel Guide
* CulebraBlog - Culebra Information
* Culebra National Wildlife Refuge 
* Map of Culebra Puerto Rico
Vieques, Puerto Rico

**Vieques** (English pronunciation: *vee-AY-kayz* or *-kez*), in full **Isla de Vieques**, is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean. Like mainland Puerto Rico the island is United States territory, though it retains strong Spanish influences from 400 years of Spanish ownership.

## References
## Other websites
* Pictures from the island  
* Vieques, Puerto Rico: ATSDR Documents Dealing with the Isla de Vieques Bombing Range 
*
Fajardo, Puerto Rico

**Fajardo**  (fah-HAHR-do) is a small city in eastern Puerto Rico.  It is on the Atlantic Ocean, north of Ceiba and east of Luquillo. Fajardo has 7 wards and Fajardo Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

## Photo gallery

Image:Fajardo_plaza.jpg|Fajado Plaza
Image:Fajardo_El_Conquistador_entrance.jpg|El Conquistador
Image:Fajardo_Palomino_Island_beach_1.jpg|Palomino Island
Image:Fajardo_Las_Croabas_3.jpg|Las Croabas

## References
## Other websites
* Map of Fajardo Puerto Rico