open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stereotype threat

**Stereotype threat** is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat may reduce the performance of people who belong to a negatively stereotyped group.

## Steele and Aronson
Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson did research for this theory of social psychology. They had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white) and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport. Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving simulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group was twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian.

## Effects 
Stereotype lift can increase a person's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong.

Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.

Stereotype threat can have a bad effect on people. It has a negative effect on performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person".

A simple way to stop these negative consequences is to tell people about stereotype threat.

## References
Cyclone Bodil

**Cyclone Bodil** (also **Cyclone Xaver**) was a winter storm that affected Western Europe. This storm brought intense snowfall and strong wind to Sweden and the United Kingdom. Belgium, Germany, The Netherlands, Denmark and Poland also suffered from strong winds and downpours. Several people died. Most of them in Sweden.

## References
Boo (character)

**Boo** (Japanese: テレサ *Teresa*) is a fictional ghost that appears in the *Mario* and *Yoshi* series of video games. Boos first appeared in *Super Mario Bros. 3*. In which they were named "Boo Diddley". Since then, they have become a common enemy in the *Mario* games. They sometimes appear as playable characters in the *Mario* spin-off games. In some games, such as *Paper Mario*, they help Mario during his adventure. They are named after the sound that a person might make when they want to scare someone ("boo!"). 

Boos most often attack the player by sneaking up behind the player while the player's back is turned to them. When the player looks at them, they will hide their faces. They cannot be defeated without certain items or abilities. Boo are voiced by Sanae Susaki.

## References
## Other websites
*Boo at Super Mario Wiki
Vitruvian Man

The ***Vitruvian Man***, known in Italian as '''''L'uomo vitruviano***, is a drawing made by Leonardo da Vinci in about 1490. Around the drawing are notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. Its original name was ***Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio''''' - this means "The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius".

The drawing is done in pen and ink on paper. It is of a male figure standing in two positions, that are superimposed (drawn over the top of each other). The figure's arms and legs are drawn in two different positions, while the rest of the body stays in one position. The figure is drawn standing inside both a circle and a square.

The drawing and text are sometimes called the **Canon of Proportions** or, less often, **Proportions of Man**. It is stored in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy. It is displayed only occasionally.

The drawing is based on the ideal proportions of a man's body, and how this relates to geometry. This relationship was described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise *De architectura*. Vitruvius wrote the human figure was the main source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. He wrote that the ideal body should be eight heads tall. Da Vinci's drawing is traditionally named in honour of the architect.

## References
## Other websites
* Willamette University site on *Vitruvian Man*
* Stanford University site on *Vitruvian Man*
* Leonardo's *Vitruvian Man*
WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain

***WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as **Exciting Pro Wrestling 5** in Japan.

It was released on October 27, 2003 in North America, November 7, 2003 in Europe, and January 29, 2004 in Japan. The game is the fifth in the WWE SmackDown! video game series and is the sequel to WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth. It was the last game under the SmackDown! title and was followed by WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw.

## Reception
IGN rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "One of the best wrestling games we've ever played...With its ultra-improved gameplay mechanics, enhanced visual engine, smarter career mode, and established create-a-character feature, Yuke's and THQ are definitely the track to success.”

GameSpot gave the game a 9 out of 10 and stated "What the game lacks in innovation, however, is more than made up for in sheer playability."

The game was nominated in the "Sports Game" category at the 1st British Academy Video Games Awards. It was also nominated for "Best Sports Game" and won "Best Fighting Game" at the 2003 Spike Video Game Awards.

### Awards 
## References
Solomon Asch

**Solomon Eliot Asch** (September 14, 1907 – February 20, 1996) was a Polish and American Gestalt psychologist. 

## Early life
Asch was born in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, to a Jewish family that considered themselves Polish. He grew up in a small town called Łowicz. In 1920, Asch and his family moved to the United States. They lived on the Lower East Side of New York. He did not speak English well, so he found school difficult. He learned English by reading Charles Dickens. Asch got his degree from the College of the City of New York in 1928. In 1930, he married Florence Miller.

## Career
In the 1930s, Asch started to do research. In 1951, Asch did an experiment that is known as the Asch Experiment. Asch's experiment tested how much humans are influenced by other people's opinions. A textbook that Asch wrote, *Social Psychology*, was published in 1952. In 1966 Asch started the Institute for Cognitive Studies at Rutgers University. In 1972 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania. He stayed there as a professor of psychology until he retired in 1979. He started all of this research because he thought that there was a problem with the Sherif's conformity test.

## References
Mary Lambert

**Mary Lambert** (born May 3, 1989) is an American singer and songwriter. She is best known for singing on the rapper Macklemore's single "Same Love" from 2012. It sold over 2 million copies in the United States.

## Early life
Lambert was born in Everett, Washington. When she was 17 she came out as a lesbian. She moved to Seattle in 2007. She lives there with her girlfriend Rachel.

## Career
Lambert released her first extended play ''Letters Don't Talk'' on July 17, 2012. The next day "Same Love" was released as a single from Macklemore and Ryan Lewis' album *The Heist*. Lambert sung on it and helped write the song. The single reached number one in Australia and New Zealand.

In January 2013, her first book of poetry, *500 tips for fat girls*, was published.

In May 2013, she sang "Same Love" on The Colbert Report.

Lambert released the video for her single "She Keeps Me Warm" in August 2013. Lambert's second extended play, *Welcome to the Age of My Body*, was released on December 17, 2013.

She will release her first album in 2014. She was nominated for two awards at the 2014 Grammys. Lambert performed "Same Love" at the ceremony.

## References
Alloy wheels

]]
**Alloy wheels** are automobile wheels that are made of an aluminum alloy instead of steel. Most new cars have alloy wheels, either as standard equipment or as an option. Older buses and large trucks almost never have alloy wheels, but they have recently become an option on newer models. The first alloy wheels were made of magnesium alloys, but these are no longer made because the magnesium alloys were too weak and would eventually crack.
Gene Clark

**Harold Eugene "Gene" Clark** (November 17, 1944 – May 24, 1991) was an American singer and songwriter. He started the folk rock band The Byrds in 1964. He wrote lots of The Byrds' most well known songs. They were very popular. In 1967 he released his first solo album, *Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers*. It was not successful. However he went on to make several more solo albums.

## Early life
Gene Clark was born in Tipton, Missouri. He was the third of thirteen children. He started writing songs when he was 11.,

## Career
In 1964 Clark started The Byrds with Jim McGuinn and David Crosby. Clark was the singer. Clark released his first album with The Byrds, *Mr Tambourine Man*, in 1965. In 1966 Clark left the band. He joined the band again in 1967. He left after three weeks. In 1968 Clark released his first album with Doug Dillard, *The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark*. Dillard & Clark released their second album, *Through the Morning, Through the Night* in 1969. In 1974 Clark's fourth album *No Other* was released. It got bad reviews. Clark released an album with Carla Onson in 1987 called *So Rebellious a Lover*. It was his last studio album.

## Death
Clark died on May 24, 1991. He was 46. He died because of a bleeding ulcer that he had.

## References
Maslow's hierarchy of needs

**Maslow’s hierarchy of needs** was created by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow suggested that human needs could be put into five levels.

## Hierarchy needs levels (pyramid)  
The levels are in order of importance.
# Basic needs. These include things such as breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, and sleep.
#Safety needs. This includes things such as feeling physically safe in your environment. It also includes feeling psychologically safe. It also includes emotional safety and emotional well-being. It includes employment and resources. It includes feeling healthy and health security. It includes feeling that you have enough money and supplies to keep you alive and well.
#Social belonging. People need to feel love, and they need to feel that they belong in society. Partners could include husbands, wives, girlfriends, boyfriends, or other spouses. It can also include co-workers joining a club or regular activity. It includes feeling a sense of belonging. 
#Self-esteem. To have esteem, you need to be confident in yourself.  Also, you feel like others think that you are important. It can also include feelings of self-respect, confidence, and feeling valued by others.
#Self-actualization. This complicated idea is expressed as “What a man can be, he must be”.

### Safety Needs 
The safety level of Maslow's hierarchy includes varying levels of safety. These include psychological safety and the safety of the self, family, resources, jobs, health, and life. Both children and adults are very aware of their safety needs. Needs of safety are just as important as physiological needs. However, these needs deal more with the mind. They include having a sense of safety in the world. Every person’s sense of safety is different depending where they live. When this happens, a person could lose the desire for love altogether and not think that it is important anymore. Psychopaths cannot give or receive love and have lost the ability to feel it. For this type of people, the love and belonging level would not exist. Some needs that are higher in the hierarchy may actually appear and become important early in an infant or child’s life. Maslow’s hierarchy is hard to prove scientifically. It cannot be proved false easily. There may not be enough hard, scientific evidence to fully support Maslow’s hierarchy.

The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric. In turn, Hofstede's work has been criticized by others. 

Maslow's hierarchy does not tackle the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. 

The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies *may* be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies. They may focus on improving themselves. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community may outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.

## References 
* *A Theory of Human Motivation.* In *Psychological Review.* 1943, Vol. 50 #4, pages 370–396; *A Theory of Human Motivation* – online version at the University of York.

Maslow was 5'10
Pfalz D.III

The **Pfalz D.III** is a biplane fighter aircraft. It was flown during World War I. It was a single-engine aircraft. It was very fast when diving. The Pfalz D.III was often used to attack observation balloons.
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

**Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi** (born Cairo, 19 November 1954) has been the President of Egypt since June 2014. el-Sisi was Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt from 16 July 2013 - 26 March 2014. He was Minister of Defence from 12 August 2012 until 26 March 2014 when he retired from the Army. el-Sisi ran for President in May 2014, and won against Hamdeen Sabahi. He has supported fighting radical Islam while President. He is also well known for negotiating a ceasefire between Israel and Palestine.

el-Sisi graduated from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977 with a diploma in military sciences and was an Army officer for more than 30 years. He is married to Entissar Amer.

el-Sisi was appointed defense minister by Mohamed Morsi in 2012. After Morsi began to crack down on opposition in Egypt, protests broke out. In 2013, with the support of the military and el-Sisi, Morsi was ousted in Egypt's second revolution in three years.

He was voted *TIME* Magazine's Person of the Year in 2013 by the public, but lost to Pope Francis for the official title.

In 2019 and 2020, el-Sisi was the Chairperson of the African Union.

## References
Martel, Lot

**Martel** is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

The town has a distinctive sky-line with medieval towers. There is a museum containing items from Puy d'Issolud, a local Gallic archaeological site which has been identified as Uxellodunum, besieged by Julius Caesar in 51 BC.

Henry the Young King died here in 1183.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Lot department

## References
Rebirth (album)

***Rebirth*** is a studio album by Lil Wayne. It is his debut rap rock album. It was supported by the songs: "Prom Queen", "Knockout" (featuring Nicki Minaj), and "Drop The World" (featuring Eminem).
Swim Good

"**Swim Good**" is a song by Frank Ocean. It is from his mixtape *Nostalgia,  Ultra*. It is about a man who kills himself because of heartache. Frank Ocean references "808s & Heartbreak" by Kanye West.
Joana Raspall i Juanola

**Joana Raspall i Juanola** (1 July 1913 – 4 December 2013) was a Spanish writer and librarian. She was born in Barcelona on 1 July 1913. Juanola died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes, aged 100.

## References
## Other websites
*Joana Raspall at escriptors.cat
Novacane (song)

"**Novacane**" is a song by Frank Ocean. It is from his mixtape *Nostalgia, Ultra*. It is about a girl who works as a dentist and pornstar to get money for drugs. It is Ocean's first single. It is a PBR&B, neo soul, and alternative hip hop song.
WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth

***WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as **Exciting Pro Wrestling 4** in Japan. The Japanese version was published by Yuke's.

It was released on October 31, 2002 in North America,

GameSpot gave the game a 8.9 out of 10 and stated "The gameplay still might be a little too fast-paced for some, but Shut Your Mouth tries to balance it with a more useful grappling, submission, and counter system."

## References
Kim Bum-soo

**Kim Bum-Soo** (; born January 26, 1979) is a South Korean R&B and soul singer. His first successful song was "One Day", released in early 2000. He became most famous for his song "I Want to See", which was used on the soundtrack of the drama *Stairway to Heaven*. He performed in the television program *I Am a Singer* in 2010.

## Biography 
When Kim was young, he sung in a church choir in Seoul. He wanted to become a Christian music singer. He went to Soongsil University. He was allowed in because they had a shortage of students. It was disappointing for him enter like that, but he trained a lot to win a scholarship. He wanted a scholarship because his family was having difficulties with money. After he failed to get the scholarship, a singer named Park Sun-Joo began training Kim to sing. By chance he was signed to an agency, and he recorded part of a new song by R.ef, which was a famous rave music group in those days.

Kim released his first album, *A Promise*. However, after he appeared on a television program, his sales decreased because his appearance did not satisfy the public's expectations. His agency decided to promote him as a "faceless" singer instead. His songs were broadcast through radio and television again, but his name and appearance was never known to people.

After the success of the song "I Want to See", Kim wanted to appear on television again. He made his agency allow him once more to be broadcast. He appeared on a show called *Love Letter*. He received good comments from the public. His song "I Want to See" was selected to be on the soundtrack of the drama *Stairway to Heaven*. Kim has remained best known for this song. His later albums were not very successful. He served his military service from 2006 to 2008. After he was discharged from the army he released his sixth album, *The Practical Usage of Sadness*. His seventh album, *Solista*, was an ambitious work. The first part was released in 2010, but was not successful.

His appearance on the television show *I Am a Singer* was a turning point of his career. He became recognized again thanks to the popularity of the program. His song "Please Come Back", which was originally by Lee So-ra, maintained the first position in several websites for a month. Kim released his second part of *Solista* in 2011. It was popular, and Kim held several concerts to promote it.

## Albums 
* *A Promise...* (1999)
* *Remember* (2000)
* *I want to see* (2002)
* *The 4th Episode* (2004)
* *Remember Kim Bum Soo & So Long* (2006)
* *Kim Bum Soo 6th, The Practical Usage of Sadness* (2008)
* *Solista* (2010 and 2011)

## Awards
### Mnet Asian Music Awards
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Thinkin Bout You

"**Thinkin Bout You**" is a ballad by Frank Ocean. It is from his debut album *Channel Orange*. The song is a torch song. It is dedicated to his male lover. Although the song was very successful worldwide it was still very personal to Ocean. The song was originally supposed to be from Shea Taylor for her EP, but ended up being Frank Ocean's song.
Beach House

**Beach House** is a pair of dream pop musicians from Baltimore. The band started in 2004. Victoria Legrand sings their songs and plays keyboards. Alex Scally plays guitar and plays keyboards. Beach House have released eight albums and five EPs. 

## History
They made their first album in two days. Carpark Records released Beach House's first album, being their self-titled record, *Beach House*, in 2006. 

*Devotion* was released in 2008. 

In January 2010 Subpop Records released Beach House's third album *Teen Dream*.

Beach House performed as an opening act for Vampire Weekend in August 2010. 

In 2012 *Bloom* was released. It went straight to number seven in the *Billboard* 200. 

The band released a short film called *Forever Still* on February 4, 2013.

In January 2014 Beach House performed Gene Clark's 1974 album *No Other* with Robin Pecknold, Daniel Rossen, Hamilton Leithauser, Iain Matthews, and Jess Wasner in the United States.

On April 19 2014 *Space Project*, an album with a song by Beach House on it, will be released for Record Store Day. 

On August 28, 2015, the band released their 5th studio album, *Depression Cherry,* which featured a track named "Space Song" that would go on to have relative popularity on platforms such as TikTok and YouTube. 

Just 49 days later, on October 16, the band released their sixth studio album, *Thank Your Lucky Stars*. 

On June 30, 2017, Beach House released a compilation album named *B-Sides and Rarities,* featuring many past singles, hidden tracks, and even some previously unreleased songs. 

On May 11, 2018, the band released their 7th studio album, aptly titled *7*. It was arguably a noticeable stylistic shift from their earlier work, yet preserved their core essence as a band, subjectively speaking. The band said it served as a "cleaning out the closet to pave the way for a new creative process." 

Their 8th record, *Once Twice Melody*, would be their very first double album (an album containing double the discs or songs typical for a given band) and it would be released in four chapters. The first chapter was released on November 10, 2021, the second on December 8, 2021, the third on January 19, 2022, and the fourth and final chapter was released on February 18, 2022, along with the full album. 

On April 22, 2023, the band released an EP titled *Become.* They stated on Instagram:       

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Neon Jungle

**Neon Jungle** were a British girl group. They started in early 2013. The members were Shereen Cutkelvin, Jess Plummer, Asami Zdrenka and Amira McCarthy.

On 8 August 2013, the band put a cover they sung of "We Can't Stop" by Miley Cyrus on their YouTube channel.

They released their first single "Trouble" on 1 September 2013. The song was written and produced by CocknBullKid and Benjamin Berry. It reached number twelve in the UK Singles Chart and four in the Scottish chart.

In November 2013, the band performed at the 2013 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.

They released their second single "Braveheart" on iTunes in January 2014. It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart.

The group separated in 2015.

## Background 
Two of the band's members were chosen for their strong looks.

Jess is from London. She has a Jamaican father and English mother. Asami lives in Scotland but was born in Japan. Shereen has a Scottish mother and Belizean father. Amira has a Gambian mother and Jamaican father.

## References
Qunu

**Qunu** [ˈk͡ǃuːnu] is a small rural village in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. It is  south-west of Mthatha on the road between Butterworth and Mthatha. 

Nelson Mandela spent his childhood here and had a retirement home there. On 15 December 2013, Mandela was buried in Qunu after a state funeral.

## References 
## Related pages 
*More about the Nelson Mandela Museum at Qunu
United States National Library of Medicine

**United States National Library of Medicine** is a medical library in Bethesda, Maryland. It is operated by the United States Federal government. It is the largest medical library in the world.

## References
## Other websites
* National Library of Medicine
Neo soul

**Neo Soul** is a genre (style) of music. It combines soul, hip hop soul, alternative hip hop and quiet storm. Some notable artists that make this kind of music are Frank Ocean, SZA, Erykah Badu, Amerie, Jordin Sparks, Adele, Beyoncé, Muni Long and Miguel. The term neo soul was created by the record producer Kedar Massenburg.
Scarling.

**Scarling** is an American noise pop band. The members are Jessicka and her husband Christian Hejnal-Addams. They have released two albums. 

## Overview 
Jessicka Fodera started Scarling. in Los Angeles in 1999 after her band Jack Off Jill broke up. Their first single, "Band Aid Covers the Bullethole" was released in 2003. The b-side was a cover of "Creep" by Radiohead. They released their first album *Sweet Heart Dealer* on February 17, 2004. It was produced by Chris Vrenna. In the summer of 2004 Scarling. performed at Curiosa, a tour organized by Robert Smith.

They released their second album *So Long, Scarecrow* on October 25, 2005. Scarling. produced the album with Rob Campanella. They their first UK tour in December 2005. In 2006 they released an EP, *Staring to the Sun*. It has a cover of "Wave of Mutilation" by Pixies on it. 

On October 29, 2013 they released a single, "Who Wants to Die for Art"? Their next album will be released in 2014 by The Committee to Keep Music Evil.

## References
## Other websites
*
Roberto M. Levingston

**Roberto Marcelo Levingston Laborda** (January 10, 1920 &ndash; June 17, 2015) was an Argentine politician. He was a general in the 
Argentine Army and president of Argentina from June 18, 1970 to March 22, 1971, during the Revolución Argentina period in Argentine history.

## References
Eastern Cape

The **Eastern Cape** is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bhisho. Its two largest cities are Port Elizabeth and East London. It was formed in 1994. It was the home of the 1820 settlers. The central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the Xhosa people. 

This region is the birthplace of many famous South African politicians, such as Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, Chris Hani, Thabo Mbeki, Steve Biko and Charles Coghlan.

## References
## Other websites
*Eastern Cape National Government information 
*Eastern Cape Provincial Government 
*Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council
*Eastern Cape Tourism Board 
*Eastern Cape Development Corporation
Douglas Wilder

**Lawrence Douglas Wilder** (born January 17, 1931) is an American politician. He served as the first African American to be elected as Governor of Virginia. He was the first African-American governor of any state in the United States since the 1870s during the Reconstruction of the United States.

## Early life
Wilder was born in Richmond, Virginia. He studied at Virginia Union University and at Howard University.

## Political career
Wilder served as the 66th Governor of Virginia from 1990 to 1994. When earlier elected as Lieutenant Governor, he was the first African American elected to statewide office in Virginia. His most recent political office was Mayor of Richmond, Virginia, which he held from 2005 to 2009.

L. Douglas Wilder was born in the segregated Church Hill neighborhood of Richmond on January 17, 1931.

### Later career
On May 30, 2004, Wilder announced his intention to run for Mayor of Richmond. On November 2, 2004, Wilder received 79% of the vote (55,319 votes) to become the first directly elected Mayor of Richmond in sixty years. On May 16, 2008 Wilder announced that he would not seek reelection to another four-year term as mayor.

## Personal life
Wilder was married to Eunice Montgomery. Their marriage ended in divorce. He now lives in Richmond, Virginia.

## References
## Other websites
*L. Douglas Wilder's oral history video excerpts  at The National Visionary Leadership Project
DJ Drama

**DJ Drama** is an American DJ and record producer. He has made albums and mixtapes. He is signed to T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records.

## References
Deerhoof

**Deerhoof** is a noise pop band. It was started in San Francisco in 1994 by Rob Fisk and Greg Saunier. They have released twelve albums. The members of Deerhoof are now Satomi Matsuzaki, John Dieterich, Ed Rodriguez, and Greg Saunier.

## Career
Deerhoof was signed to Kill Rock Stars in 1995. The band released its first album on the label, *The Man, the King, the Girl* in 1997. In 1998, Kelly Goode joined the band to play keyboard. She left in 1999. The band's fourth album was released by 5 Rue Christine and Kill Rock Stars. In 2001, Chris Cohen became a guitarist for the band. On September 4, 2012, Deerhoof released their 11th studio album, *Breakup Song*, on Polyvinyl Records. 

## Discography
* *The Man, the King, the Girl* (1997)
* *Holdypaws* (1999)
* *Halfbird* (2001)
* *Reveille* (2002)
* ''Apple O'* (2003)
* *Milk Man* (2004)
* *Green Cosmos* (2005)
* *The Runners Four* (2005)
* *Friend Opportunity* (2007)
* *Offend Maggie* (2008)
* *Deerhoof vs. Evil* (2011)
* *Breakup Song'' (2012)

## Other websites
*Official website
Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela 1918-2013]]
Nelson Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at his home in Houghton, Johannesburg, South Africa surrounded by his family after a prolonged lung infection. His death was announced by President Jacob Zuma. Reactions from governments, international organizations, and notable individuals, got worldwide media coverage for a man of honor

## Reactions
His death got reactions  from Barack Obama, David Cameron, Pope Francis, Queen Elizabeth, Joe Biden, Harry Reid, Rihanna, Bashar al-Assad, José Mujica, Raul Castro, Nicolás Maduro, Prince William, and F. W. de Klerk.

## Official funeral events
 delivers his speech at Mandela's state memorial service]]
 village in the Eastern Cape, where Mandela's funeral will be held on 15 December 2013]]
The South African government announced a period of 10 days of national mourning ending with the state funeral on 15 December 2013. All flags on government buildings were flown at half-mast for the duration of this period.

On 9 December, it was confirmed that at least 80 foreign heads of state and government would travel to South Africa to attend events. Notable guests included the President of the United States and three former presidents of the United States; the President of India; the Prime Minister of Italy; the Vice President of China; the President of Brazil; the President of France; the President of Ireland; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; the President of Germany; the Prime Minister of Australia; two former Governors General of Canada, the Prime Minister of Canada, and three former Prime Ministers of Canada; the Prime Minister of Jordan; and the President of Afghanistan. Royal dignitaries attending include, the King of the Netherlands, the King of Belgium, the Prince of Wales, the Prince of Asturias, the Crown Prince of Denmark, the Crown Princess of Sweden, the Crown Prince of Norway, the Crown Prince of Japan, and the Queen Rania of Jordan.

## Day of prayer
The South African government declared Sunday, 8 December 2013 to be observed as a national day of prayer and reflection. 

## Showing the body at the seat of the Government (or lying in state)
Mandela's body lay in state at the Union Buildings in Pretoria from 11 to 13 December 2013.

### State funeral, Qunu
The state funeral was held on 15 December 2013 in Qunu in the Eastern Cape. He was later buried there on the same day.

## References
## Other websites
WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role

***WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as ***Exciting Pro Wrestling 2*** in Japan. The Japanese version was published by Yuke's.

It was released on November 21, 2000 in North America, December 1, 2000 in Europe and on January 25, 2001 in Japan. The game is the second game in the *WWF SmackDown!* video game series and the last WWF game on the original PlayStation. It is the sequel to *WWF SmackDown!* and was followed by *WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It* on the PlayStation 2.

## Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10 and said "*SmackDown 2*, if it's the last wrestling game on the PlayStation (which is likely), is a fine high note to go out on - no WWF fan is liable to be disappointed by what they get when they pick it up, as they undoubtedly will.”

GameSpot gave the game a 8.9 out of 10 and stated "While it isn't that much different from the last *SmackDown!*, *SmackDown! 2* makes enough incremental changes and upgrades to be significant in its own right."

## Footnotes 
## References
Jane Goldman

**Jane Loretta Anne Goldman** (born 11 June 1970) is an English screenwriter and television producer. She was born in Hammersmith, west London. She wrote the screenplay for the 2012 movie *The Woman in Black*. She married Jonathan Ross in 1988. She has two daughters and a son with him. She lives with Ross in Hampstead Garden Suburb. She produces *The Big Fat Quiz of the Year*.

## Other websites 
*

## References
Houghton Estate

**Houghton Estate** (often simply called **Houghton**) is a rich suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located north-east of the city center. Houghton Estate has been informally divided into two areas: *Upper Houghton*, and *Lower Houghton*. The most famous resident of Houghton Estate was Nelson Mandela. Mandela died here.

## References
## Other websites
* C. Chipkin. *Johannesburg Style: Architecture & Society 1880s-1960s*. David Philip. .
* N. Musiker and R. Musiker. (2000) *A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg*. Francolin Reference. .
* Chantelle Benjamin. "Sun sets on areas with low rates." The Weekender, 3–4 November 2007, p3.
Haim

**HAIM** (which is said like 'time' with a 'h' instead of a 't') is an American indie pop band from Los Angeles, California. The members are sisters Alana, Danielle, and Este. They released their first album *Days Are Gone* on September 27 2013. The British newspaper The Guardian put the album at number twelve on their list of 2013's 40 best albums. They are often compared to Fleetwood Mac.

## Career
The sisters grew up in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles. In 2006 they started HAIM. For the next five years the band performed where they lived. On February 10, 2012 HAIM released their first EP *Forever*. It was on their website to download for free for a short amount of time. 

In January 2013 HAIM won BBC's Sound of 2013 poll.

On September 22, 2013 HAIM released their fourth single from their album *Days Are Gone*, "The Wire". It reached number sixteen in the UK Singles Chart. It was their highest charting single in the UK yet.

On November 23 2013 HAIM performed their singles "The Wire" and "Don't Save Me" on Saturday Night Live.

## Albums 
* Days Are Gone (2013)
* Something to Tell You (2017)
* Women in Music Pt. III (2020)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
The Sound of Music Live

***The Sound of Music Live!*** was a live television production of the musical *The Sound of Music*. It was telecast on NBC Thursday evening December 5, 2013 between 8 and 11 p.m. ET. 

## Characters
The production starred Carrie Underwood as Maria von Trapp. Others in the cast included Stephen Moyer as Georg von Trapp, Audra McDonald as Mother Abbess, Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader, and Christian Borle as Max Detweiler.

## Background
The production was based on the original 1959 Broadway musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, rather than the 1965 movie adaptation starring Julie Andrews.

## Reviews
Critics said that Underwood sang well, but she received poor reviews for her acting. The *New York Times* wrote that Underwood's "bloodless performance put a damper on the night" and described her as "sleepwalking". The greatest praise was given to Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader who was said to have "had all the sparkle and mischief that Ms. Underwood, as Maria, lacked." The *Times* closed their review with, "It was a live performance of a legendary musical that felt muted and a little sad."

## References
Machete Kills

***Machete Kills*** is a 2013 action movie. The movie is the sequel to *Machete*. It is about a man named Machete who fights for the rights of immigrants. Danny Trejo plays Machete Cortez. Amber Heard plays Blanca Vasquez and Miss San Antonio. Michelle Rodriguez plays Luz/She. The movie received negative reviews. It did not make much money.
Danny Wells

**Jack Westelman** or **Danny Wells** (April 7, 1941 &ndash; November 25, 2013) was a Canadian-American actor and composer. He was known for his role as Charlie the bartender on *The Jeffersons*. He also portrayed Luigi in *The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!* The last episode Uncle Cereal to voice Uncle Grandpa Episode Escalator in 2013.

Wells died on November 25, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
Christopher Evan Welch

**Christopher Evan Welch** (September 28, 1965 – December 2, 2013) was an American actor of Broadway, movie, and television. One of his last movie appearances was in Steven Spielberg's *Lincoln* (2012).

Welch died of lung cancer  on December 2, 2013, aged 48, at a hospital in Santa Monica, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Barry Jackson

**Barry Jackson** (29 March 1938 &ndash; 5 December 2013) was an English movie and television actor. His movie roles include ''Ryan's Daughter*, *Barry Lyndon*, *Aces High*, *The Raging Moon*, *Mr. Love*, *Toscanini in His Own Words*, and *Wimbledon''.

He died in London on 5 December 2013 from a stroke, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fred Bassetti

**Fred Bassetti** FAIA, (January 31, 1917 &ndash; December 5, 2013) was an American architect, teacher, and a prime contributor to the regional approach to Modern architecture during the 1940s-1990’s.  His architectural legacy includes some of the Seattle area's more recognizable buildings and spaces.  The American Institute of Architects (AIA) described his role as a regional architect and activist as having made significant contributions to  “the shape of Seattle and the Northwest, and on the profession of architecture.” 

## References
## Other websites
* AIA Seattle honors awards 1988 
* AIA Seattle honors awards 1950 to present 
* AIA Seattle memories - Bassetti, 10/18/1993 
* Architecture Week 
* Bassetti Architects corporate webpage
* Bizjournals.com 11/01/1999 column
Rob Cohen

**Robert "Rob" Cohen** (born March 12, 1949) is an American movie director and producer. He is known for directing the entire *Fast and Furious* movie series. He also directed *A Small Circle of Friends*, *Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story*, *Dragonheart*, *Daylight*, and *xXx*.

## Other websites
*
* Rare 1989–1990 Footage of Rob Cohen Directing Dick Wolf's "Nasty Boys"
Jack Daniel

**Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel** (September 5, 1850 – October 10, 1911) was an American distiller and the founder of Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey.

Daniel died from an infectious case of blood poisoning at Lynchburg in 1911. The infection allegedly set up originally in a toe, which Daniel injured in kicking his safe in anger when he could not get it open early one morning at work. He always had trouble remembering the combination.

## References
C. V. Raman

Sir **Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman**, FRS (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) born in Thiruvanaikoil was an Indian physicist. He studied light scattering. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his work in physics. He discovered that, when light passes through a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect. He died of natural causes in his institute garden surrounded by flowers. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.  **Read More..**

Born on November 7, 1888, in the city of Tiruchirappalli, India, Raman's early years were marked by a keen fascination with the wonders of the natural world. From a young age, he displayed an extraordinary curiosity, spending countless hours observing and experimenting with various scientific phenomena. His inquisitive nature propelled him towards a path of scientific exploration that would shape his remarkable career. **Read More...**

Raman's insatiable thirst for knowledge and his commitment to scientific inquiry led him to pursue higher education at the Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai), where he studied physics and excelled in his academic pursuits. It was during his time as a student that he first encountered the phenomenon that would become the focus of his groundbreaking research—light scattering. 

Raman's fascination with the scattering of light sparked a curiosity that would drive him to unravel its secrets. In 1921, while aboard a ship in the Mediterranean Sea, Raman made a remarkable observation. He noticed that when sunlight passed through transparent materials such as water, the scattered light displayed different colors compared to the incident light. This phenomenon, which came to be known as the "Raman Effect," held the key to unlocking a wealth of information about the molecular structure of matter. **Read More..**.

READ MORE..https://learnwithvdk.blogspot.com/2023/06/The-Curious-Mind-of-C.V.-Raman.html

## References
Colin Wilson

**Colin Henry Wilson** (26 June 1931 – 5 December 2013) was an English novelist and writer. Wilson also wrote widely on true crime and criminology, mysticism, the paranormal, and other topics. In all, there are over 120 books, including some fiction. He preferred to call his philosophy new existentialism or phenomenological existentialism.

Wilson was interested in metaphysics and the occult. In 1971, he wrote a nonfiction book named *The Occult: A History*. In it, he talked about the beliefs of Aleister Crowley, George Gurdieff, Helena Blavatsky, Kabbalah, primitive magic, Franz Mesmer, Grigori Rasputin, and Paracelsus. He also wrote a biography of Crowley, *Aleister Crowley: The Nature of the Beast*. He also wrote biographies on other visionaries in spirituality and psychology, including, George Gurdjieff, Carl Jung, and Wilhelm Reich.

Wilson suffered a stroke in June 2012 and lost his ability to speak. He died on 5 December 2013, aged 82.

## *The Outsider* 
This was the book which made his name. It was really a work of literary criticism, but was also about social philosophy. It was based mainly on the work of Dostoyevsky, Camus and Satre, all of whom featured characters who were lost, outsiders, alienated from society.

Gollancz published the 24-year-old Wilson's *The Outsider* in 1956. The book became a best-seller and helped popularise existentialism in Britain. It has never been out-of-print since publication day and has been translated into over thirty languages (including Russian and Chinese).

## Crime 
Wilson's writing on crime is quite extensive and commercially successful. He wrote several books about serial killers and murderers.
* *The mammoth book of true crime*. New edition 1988. London: Robinson.
* *The serial killers: a study in the psychology of violence*. London: W.H. Allen. (with Donald Seaman)
* *A plague of murder: the rise and rise of serial killing in the modern age*. London: Robinson.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Colin Wilson Papers (2 document boxes) housed at the Eaton Collection of Science Fiction and Fantasy  of the University of California, Riverside Libraries.
* The Colin Wilson Collection at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom - This is Wilson's bibliographer Colin Stanley's collection of books, articles, manuscripts, letters, photographs and assorted ephemera now at the University of Nottingham. Regularly updated by Stanley.
WWF SmackDown!

***WWF SmackDown!*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as ***Exciting Pro Wrestling*** in Japan. The Japanese version was published by Yuke's Future Media Creators. It is named after the television show of the same name produced by the World Wrestling Federation.

It was released on March 2, 2000, in North America,

GameSpot gave the game a 8.7 out of 10 and stated "The little things that debut in *SmackDown*, such as a never-ending season mode and inklings of a plot, really make the game feel fresh and new."

## Notes
## References
Deap Vally

**Deap Vally** is a pair of Americans, Lindsey Troy and Julie Edwards, who make music together. They started their band in Los Angeles in 2011. Lindsey sings and plays the guitar. Julie plays the drums.

## Career
They met at a needlework class that Julie Edwards was teaching. Lindsey Troy was performing music on her own at the time. Edwards was playing drums and keyboards and singing in a band called The Pity Party 

In July 2012 they released their first single "Gonna Make My Own Money" on Ark Recordings. The next month the band was signed to Island Records.

Their first album *Sistrionix* was released in June 2013.

## References
Voortrekker Monument

The **Voortrekker Monument** is a monument in Pretoria in South Africa. It is a massive granite structure on a hilltop. It was built to commemorate the Voortrekkers who left the Cape Colony between 1835 and 1854. It was designed by the architect Gerard Moerdijk.

## Background
Most of the Voortrekkers were not satisfied with the British government that ruled over them in the Cape. The British made English the official language, established racial equality (although it was limited), and in 1834, abolished slavery. That is why they packed their ox wagons and started the Great Trek to greener valleys to the north of current South Africa.

## Importance
The Voortrekker Monument is an important structure to the Dutch (Afrikaner) bloodline (children), because it shows many pictures, reliefs and statutes inside the building of what happened in the history of those years.
## Heritage 
On 8 July 2011, the Voortrekker Monument was declared a National Heritage Site by the South African Heritage Resource Agency.

## References
Nguni cattle

**Nguni** is a breed of cattle. It is found in southern Africa. 

It is a mixture of local and Indian cattle, they were introduced by the Bantu tribes of southern Africa from the north. They are medium sized and like eat grass of the Highveld.
University of Pretoria

The **University of Pretoria** is a large public research university in Pretoria, the capital of South Africa. It opened in 1908.

The University was built on seven suburban campuses (in parts of Pretoria). It is organised into nine faculties and a business school.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Jamelia

**Jamelia Niela Davis** (born 11 January 1981), best known as **Jamelia**, is a British singer-songwriter. She has released three albums.

## Early life
Jamelia was born to Jamaican parents in Birmingham. She was raised there on a council estate by her single mother.

## Career
When she was 15 she signed with Capitol Records. In 1999 she released her first single, "So High". It didn't sell many copies, so Jamelia left Capitol Records and signed to Parlophone. They released her first album *Drama* in 2000.

She released her second album *Thank You* on 29 September 2003. Seven singles were released from the album. The second single "Superstar" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in Australia and the Netherlands. The third single "Thank You" reached number two in the UK. It was nominated for Best British Single at the 2005 BRIT Awards. The fourth single "See It in a Boy's Eyes" was written by Jamelia with Chris Martin. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. The album is Jamelia's best-selling in the UK.

Jamelia's third album *Walk with Me* was released in 2006.

Jamelia was a panellist on the ITV magazine show Loose Women from 2013 to 2016.

## Discography
* *Drama* (2000)
* *Thank You* (2003)
* *Walk with Me* (2006)

## Personal life
Jamelia had her first daughter Teja in 2001. In 2005 she had her second daughter Tiani.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
WWE Survivor Series (video game)

***WWE Survivor Series*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Natsume and published by THQ. The game was released for the Game Boy Advance.

It was released on October 12, 2004 in North America

GameSpot gave the game a 5.6 out of 10 and stated "This is almost an exact duplicate of WWE Road to Wrestlemania X8 from two years ago, warts and all."

## References