open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hendrik Verwoerd

**Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd** (8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966. He was the person chiefly responsible for enforcing apartheid, which was established by Daniel Francois Malan. 
He was born in the Netherlands. His parents emigrated to South Africa when he was two years old. In 1950, Verwoerd became Minister of Native Affairs (native meant the black Africans in the country). He was Prime Minister from 1958 to 1966, when he was assassinated. Verwoerd was associated with the National Party.

## Biography 
Verwoerd is often called the "Architect of Apartheid" for his major role in the apartheid policy when he was the Minister of Native Affairs and later the Prime Minister. Verwoerd once described apartheid as a "policy of good neighbourliness".

On 9 April 1960, a British-born white farmer named David Pratt firstly attempted to assassinate Verwoerd by shooting him with a .22 pistol as revenge for the Sharpeville massacre (which occurred under Verwoerd's leadership) and Verwoerd's major role in the apartheid policy, but Verwoerd survived his first assassination attempt.

In 1960, Verwoerd announced that he planned to hold a referendum in South Africa on whether to remain a Commonwealth realm under the British monarch's rule or become a republic. The South African Parliament (a kind of legislature) voted to present the referendum to the people, and it was held in October. Voters were asked if they wanted to remain under the British monarch's rule, or become a republic. 52% voted to change to a republic. South Africa became a republic on May 31, 1961.

The National Party government under Verwoerd continued to develop the military, and it successfully made new developments in arms production including aircraft, small arms, armed vehicles, and even nuclear weapons.

Three days before his death, Verwoerd held talks with the Prime Minister of the Lesotho, one of the native tribes in South Africa, Chief Leabua Jonathan, at the Union Buildings in Pretoria.  Following the meeting, a joint statement was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs".

## Assassination 
On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was stabbed to death with a knife in Cape Town, shortly after entering the House of Assembly at 2:15&nbsp;pm. A "mestiço" or "coloured" parliamentary messenger from Portuguese Mozambique named Dimitri Tsafendas pulled out a knife and stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before other Assembly members restrained him. Members who were also trained as medical practitioners rushed to aid Verwoerd and started giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Verwoerd was rushed to Groote Schuur Hospital, but was declared dead upon arrival.

## References
## Other websites
Parable of the Mustard Seed

The **Parable of the Mustard Seed** is one of the parables of Jesus.  It is found in three of the Gospels of the New Testament: Gospel of Matthew (13:31–32), Gospel of Mark (4:30–32), and Gospel of Luke (13:18–19). The differences among the three tellings are minor.  

In Matthew and Luke, this parable is followed by the Parable of the Leaven. The Parable of the Leaven also has a theme about the Kingdom of Heaven growing from small beginnings. A version of the parable also occurs in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas 20.

The parable from Matthew reads: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field; which indeed is smaller than all seeds. But when it is grown, it is greater than the herbs, and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in its branches." The parables from Mark and Luke are similar.

## References
Didache

The **Didache** (pronounced "*did* ah kay") or **The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles** is an early Christian hand book. It was written in the first or early second century AD.
It gives information about Christian ethics, rituals such as baptism and Eucharist, and Church organization.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Greek text
*English translations
Parable of the Lost Sheep

The **Parable of the Lost Sheep** is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found in the Gospel of Matthew at 18:12–14 and the Gospel of Luke at 15:3–7. It also appears in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas. The parable is one of three that tell of loss and redemption. The others are The Lost Coin and The Prodigal Son. The Lost Sheep tells of a shepherd who leaves his 99 sheep to search for one sheep that is lost. Joel B. Green writes that "these parables are ... about God, ... their aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost." The parable has been depicted often in art.

## References
Brandenburg Gate (Potsdam)

The **Brandenburg Gate** () on the *Luisenplatz* in **Potsdam**, should not be confused with the gate of the same name on Berlin's *Pariser Platz*, it was built in 1770/71 by Carl von Gontard and Georg Christian Unger by order of Frederick II of Prussia. It stands at the western end of *Brandenburger Straße*, which runs in a straight line up to the Church of St.&nbsp;Peter and St. Paul.

Previously, from 1733, there was another, simpler gate on the same spot, which resembled a castle gateway. Together with the city wall, a form of  barrier, and the other gates it was intended to prevent desertion and smuggling.

Towards the end of the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great had the old gate demolished and built, in its stead, this new Brandenburg Gate, as a symbol of his victory.

Since the city wall was demolished around 1900 the Brandenburg Gate has been a free-standing structure.

## Sources 
* Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, .

## Other websites
Frogs as pets

*) in its habitat with a UK 2p coin for scale.]]
Frogs have become a popular exotic pet. They can be kept in basic conditions, compared to reptiles. They are not expensive and their food is easily purchased. Common pet frogs includes ranids, hylids, bufonids, leptodactylids, and dendrobatids.

Pet frogs can be fed a lot of different live foods. These include crickets, rodents and fish. Small pet frogs will only eat crickets, fruit flies, springtails and other small arthropods. Medium-sized pet frogs can be fed larger crickets, mealworms, butterworms, silkworms, grasshoppers and small fish. Large pet frogs like *Ceratophrys'' can be fed small fish, other frogs, reptiles, and small mammals such as mice or rats.

Amphibians of all sizes would need different terrariums. Tree frogs like to climb and can escape if a pet owner does not add a top cover for their tanks. Semi-aquatic amphibians need both land and water divided in the tank. Tropical frogs would need mist and high humidity in their terrariums. All water for amphibians must be dechlorinated. The chlorine can kill amphibians, and may be in tap water. Many amphibians are popular exotic pets and are found in some pet stores.
Debbie Allen

**Deborrah Kaye "Debbie" Allen** (born January 16, 1950, Houston ) is an American dancer, actress and television producer. She also taught choreography and acted in Broadway plays.

## References
Ascaphidae

**Ascaphidae** is a family of frogs. They are called **tailed frogs** because they have an organ that looks like a tail. The tail helps them to live in fast-moving streams. They live in North America.

## References
## Books 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Excerpt from Zeiner et al. 1988 describing tailed frogs 
* Type information from the American Museum of Natural History
Pipidae

The **Pipidae** is a family of frogs. They do not have tongues. There are over 30 species of Pipidae frogs. They are found in tropical places in South America and Africa.

## Genera 
Family **Pipidae**
* *Hymenochirus* - Dwarf clawed frogs
* *Pseudhymenochirus* - Merlin's clawed frog
* *Xenopus* - Common clawed frogs
* *Silurana* - Tropical clawed frogs
* *Pipa* - Surinam toads

## References 
*
*
*

## Other websites
African bullfrog

The **African bullfrog** (*Pyxicephalus adspersus*) is a species of frog. They are in the Ranidae family. They are commonly named **pixie frog** because of their Latin name. They are found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo. They live in dry savannas, subtropical or tropical habitats. Males are bigger and longer than females.

**Growth Divergence:** Sexual size differences were studied in the African bullfrog (*Pyxicephalus adspersus*), a species in which adult males are about 2.5 times larger than females. The growth profile shows that males and females begin to differentiate in growth at 4 weeks after metamorphosis, at the same time as the appearance of differentiated gonads.

**Parental Care:** The African frog (*Pyxicephalus adspersus*) expresses its parental care by scraping tadpole passages to larger water bodies. This gives cooler conditions for their young to survive in frequent overheating and rapid drying breeding pits.

## References
## Other websites
* The Natural History of the African Bullfrog, copyright 2002 by Terry Gampper.
* Natural History, Care and Breeding Information for African Bullfrogs / Pyxie frogs
Leonid Yengibarov

**Leonid Georgievich Yengibarov** (; ; March 15, 1935 – July 25, 1972) was a Soviet clown and actor.

Yengibarov was born in Moscow. His father was Armenian. His mother was Russian. He started his career as a boxer. In 1955 he joined the State School of Circus Art. After graduation in 1959 he moved to Yerevan and joined the Armenian state circus.

He was one of the first Soviet clowns to create the poetic, intellectual clownery. He was invited to work in cinema. His first film was *A Path to the Arena*.

In 1960s he was known as one of the best clowns in the USSR and Eastern bloc. He created a pantomime troupe, and managed to stage only a single piece, "Star Rain" before his death in 1972.

## Family 
Wife: Jarmila Galamkova

Daughter: Barbara Yengibarova (Born in 1965)

## Filmography 
*1963: *A Path to the Arena*, *Путь на арену*
*1964: *Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors*, *Тени забытых предков*
*1966: *Aybolit-66*, *Айболит-66* 
*1971: *A Necklace for My Beloved*, *Ожерелье для моей любимой*. (Comedy, directed by Tengiz Abuladze, cast in the Georgian SSR, Soviet Union) 
*1972: *Stoves-Benches*, *Печки-лавочки*

Films about him
**Please meet Leonid Yengibarov*,
**2 Leonid 2*, *2 Леонид 2*
Chytridiomycosis

**Chytridiomycosis** is a disease that can kill amphibians, for example frogs. A fungus causes it, called the chytrid fungus. The fungus which causes the disease is also called*Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.* 

Chytridiomycosis has caused more loss of biodiversity on Earth than any other disease that humans have seen. Chytridiomycosis one reason why there are fewer amphibians on Earth than there were. It has already killed more than 200 species. The fungus has decreased the amphibian population by 30% worldwide. Many species are now extinct because they died of chytridiomycosis.  In some species, only a few animals die, but in other species, they all die. When they all die it is 100% mortality (or 100% mortality rate). In some species, the frog gets sick but does not die. This frog can carry the fungus to new places where other frogs catch the fungus and die.

People have seen chytridiomycosis fungus all over the world, from sea level to 5,348 meters above sea level in the Andes Mountains.

## Other websites 
* Article in National Geographic Magazine, April 2009 
* Wildlife Trade and Global Disease Emergence
* Main preventative management strategies for the Chytrid fungus 
* Amphibian chytridiomycosis at Amphibian Diseases Home Page 
* 'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus 
## References
Twyla Tharp

**Twyla Tharp** (born July 1 1941) is an American dancer and choregraher.  She lives and works in New York City.  

Her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music.  In 1973, Tharp choreographed the ballet *Deuce Coupe* to the music of The Beach Boys.  It is considered to be the first crossover ballet.  Later she choreographed *Push Comes to Shove*.  That ballet featured Mikhail Baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.

Tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world.  She also has had success on Broadway.  In 1985, her staging of ''Singin' in the Rain,* played at the Gershwin for 367 performances.  Her dance musical *Movin' Out* ran for 1,331 performances on Broadway. The musical is set to the music and lyrics of Billy Joel. It received 10 Tony Award nominations and Tharp was named Best Choreographer.  

## Honors and awards
Twyla Tharp received two Emmy Awards, 19 honorary doctorates, the Vietnam Veterans of America President’s Award, the 2004 National Medal of the Arts.

Tharp was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 1993.

She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree for 2008.

## Movies
**Hair*	
**Ragtime* 	
**Amadeus* 	
**White Nights* 
**I'll Do Anything''

## References
Lepospondyl

The **Lepospondyli** are a large group of batrachomorph tetrapods from the Palaeozoic era. They are sometimes included in the Labyrinthodonts. 

They lived during the Carboniferous to the early Permian. There are six different groups. The Acherontiscidae, Adelospondyli, Aïstopoda, Lysorophia, Microsauria and Nectridea. The included species which looked somewhat like newts, eels, snakes and lizards. Some of them were aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial animals. None of them were big animals.

## Other websites 
* Lepospondyli - Palaeos 
* Lepospondyli 
* Lepospondyli - phylogeny
Parable of the Prodigal Son

The **Parable of the Prodigal Son** is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found only in the Gospel of Luke at 15:11-32.  The parable is about a son who wastes his share of his father's estate. He loses all his money and gets work feeding pigs—one of the lowest jobs a person can do according to the Jewish religion.  He repents and returns to his father's house. He is welcomed and a feast is held.  His older, dutiful brother, who has worked without reward for his father, resents the fuss made over the prodigal son. His father reminds him that all he has is his. He says they should still celebrate the return of the younger boy because he has come back to them. In the Western Catholic church, this parable is usually read on the third Sunday of Lent. In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the *Sunday of the Prodigal Son*. The parable is the subject of much art, music, literature, and stage works.

This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption. It follows the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin. Jesus tells this parable after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners." The father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love, and "God's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."

## References
Temnospondyl

**Temnospondyls** are an order of small to giant batrachomorph tetrapods. They lived worldwide from the Carboniferous to the Triassic. A few species continued into the Lower Cretaceous.

The Temnospondyls are similar or identical to the Labyrinthodonts minus the Lepospondyls. It is probably an evolutionary grade, not monophyletic. It is convenient to use, because all these early amphibia were so different from present-day amphibia.p169 Many in the early Permian looked more like reptiles because they were adapted to life in a drier climate. Nevertheless, they were amphibians, and many larval stages have been found.

They are a large group of some 40 families and 160 genera.p322 Fossils have been found on every continent. Their evolutionary history spans 210 million years. During this time, they adapted to a wide range of habitats including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments.

Fossils are known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity.p184 Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates which modern amphibians do not have.

The youngest known temnospondyl is the Australian Koolasuchus that lived about 120 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Temnospondyli  Tree of Life project page on temnospondyls.
* Temnospondyli Palaeos page on temnospondyls.
Peltobatrachus

**Peltobatrachus** (from Greek pelte, meaning shield and batrakhos, meaning frog) is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibians from the late Permian period of Tanzania. They were large and slow-moving animals. They reached 70 centimeters (2.3 ft) in length. They were terrestrial amphibians. They only went back to the water to lay their eggs. They eat insects, worms and snails.

## References
Reptiliomorpha

**Reptiliomorpha** is a clade of the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians).

Unfortunately, different experts have used the term in several different ways. It has even been used for fossils of early amphibians. It is best used for animals which lay cleidoic eggs, but are not synapsids. Otherwise precursors of reptiles (sauropsids) get lumped together with precursors of mammals (synapsids).

Its only justification is that it may not always be possible to decide which group a fossil is from. But gradually, as with *Seymouria*, it is possible to separate fossils into more specific grouups.
Youth Riding a Hippalektryon (Epiktetos)

***Youth Riding a Hippalektryon*** is a circular painting (tondo) in the bottom of the bowl of an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup. It was painted by Epiktetos. It is dated to the Archaic period of Greek art (ca. 530–520 BC). The cup stands about 5 1/8 in. (13&nbsp;cm) tall. A hippalektryon is a mythical creature, part horse and part rooster. The cup is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The museum writes, "Late sixth-century vases connected with drinking occasionally have subjects that go beyond the familiar gorgons, griffins, or sphinxes. The hippalektryon belongs to this category. It is interesting to compare this piece to the fine early red-figure plate by Epiktetos showing a youth riding a rooster."

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
*
Spy-fi

The genre known as **Spy-fi** is a cross-over between the genres of spy fiction and science fiction. The story usually involves a spy with advanced technological weapons or gadgets, and sometimes the villain is a mad scientist or evil genius with robots or advanced technological weapons and gadgets. The film and novel series *James Bond* was a popularizer of the genre, as well as such TV shows as The Man from UNCLE, Mission: Impossible, and I Spy.
Amanda Marshall

**Amanda Marshall** (born August 29, 1972) is a Canadian pop-rock singer. Her self-titled first record was in 1995. It was a major success in Canada. Her most successful single was "Birmingham". Marshall has released many singles. She has not had a studio album since around 2001.

## References
## Other websites
Terrestrial animal

A **terrestrial animal** is an animal that lives on land such as dog, cat, an ant or an emu. It can also be used for some species of amphibians that only go back to the water to lay their eggs. It is usually a term to describe the difference between animals that live in water, (such as lobsters and fish), from animals that live on land.

## Books
* Clark J. A. (2002). *Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods*. Indiana University Press, 369 pp., .
* Cloudsley-Thompson J. L. (1988). *Evolution and adaptation of terrestrial arthropods*. Springer, 141 pp., .
* Little C. (1983). *The colonisation of land: Origins and adaptations of terrestrial animals*. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 290 pp., .
Sister group

A **sister group** or **sister taxon** is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree. It is a term in cladistics.

The sister group of organism A is B. The sister group of the clade B+A, is C.

## References
Pentathletes (Carpenter Painter)

***Pentathletes*** is a painting on an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup from Athens. It is said to be the work of the Carpenter Painter. It is dated about 510500 BC.  The cup measures 4 5/16 x 15 x 13 3/16 in. In the circular painting (tondo) at the bottom of the bowl of the cup, a youth pulls an older man to him for a kiss. The outside of the cup depicts bearded men and youths exercising with discus and javelin. A youth in a long robe plays music. The pictures reflect the interests of the aristocrats who would have used such a cup at a drinking party.

## References 
*
Witchetty grub

A **witchetty grub** (also spelled **witchety grub** or **witjuti grub**) is the large, white larva of a moth. It is a name used in Australia. Normally, it refers to the larvae of the cossid moth *Endoxyla leucomochla*, found in central Australia. These moths eat the roots of the witchetty bush (a plant named after the grubs). It is also sometimes used to refer to the larvae of other cossid moths, as well as those of ghost moths (Hepialidae). It is used mainly when the larvae are being thought of as food. Because it contains a lot of protein, the grub is the most important insect food of the desert. It was a staple in the diets of nomadic Aboriginal people living in the outback.

The name *witchetty* (or *witjuti*) comes from the Adnyamathanha language. The name comes from the words *wityu* (meaning "hooked stick") and *vartu* (meaning "grub").

## References
## Other websites
*Witchetty Grub on Australian Insects
Singing Reveler (Epiktetos)

***Singing Reveler*** is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by Epiktetos. It is dated about 520510 BC.  The cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in. The cup is in the collections of The J. Paul Getty Museum.

The tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing. The setting is probably a drinking party (*symposium*). These cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes. 

The tondo presented problems to painters. It was difficult to present upright figures in a circle. Epiktetos solved this problem by using the couch as a line. The man's mantle slipping from the couch creates depth and space. The museum writes, "Epiktetos also used the circular frame of the tondo as part of the composition: it supports the man's pillow, and he props his foot on it."

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
*
Salt pan

in Bolivia]]
A **salt plain** (also known as a **salt pan** or **salt flat**) is a flat area of ground covered with salt and other minerals. They are usually purely white. They are found in desert areas. In areas where salt plains form, the rate of evaporation (how quickly water dries up) is faster than the rate of precipitation (how often rain falls). A salt plain is formed where a lake or pond would otherwise be found. When the water dries up, the minerals stay left behind on the suface of the ground. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) build up on the surface.

Large salt plains are common in the Sahara Desert, the Kalahari Desert, the Rann of Kutch, the western United States and the central deserts of Australia. The Altiplano in Bolivia has the world's largest salt plan, the Salar de Uyuni.

## Related pages
* Salt lake

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Carpenter Painter

The **Carpenter Painter** was a red-figure vase painter. He worked in Athens. He was active between 515 and 500 BC.  He chiefly painted cups. His real name is unknown. "Carpenter Painter" is taken from his depiction of a carpenter at work on a cup in the British Museum. Few of his works are known. The way he painted nipples, pectorals, hands, garments, and other details identify his work.

## Related pages 
* Pentathletes (Carpenter Painter)

## References 
*
John Astin

**John Allen Astin** (born March 30, 1930) is an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He has acted in many movies and television shows. He is best known for his role as Gomez Addams in *The Addams Family*, his role in *Evil Roy Slade*, and other comedic characters.

Astin was born on March 30, 1930 in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Washington & Jefferson College and at Johns Hopkins University.

Astin was married to Suzanne Hahn from 1956 until they divorced in 1972. He was married to Patty Duke from 1972 to 1985. He married Valeri Ann Sandobal in 1989. Astin had five sons; three by Hahn (David, Allen, and Tom), one by Duke (Mackenzie) and one adopted by Astin and Duke (Sean). Astin lives in Baltimore, Maryland.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Yu Kil-chun

**Yu Kil-chun** (, 1856 – 1914) was a Korean politician, philosopher, thinker, reform activist and independence activist during the Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was **Gudang**, **Chunmin**, **Guyil**.

## Life 
Yu Kil-chun was born in Kwangju. In his early years he studied under Park Kyu-su and Oh Kyung-suk. As a young man in 1881, he went to Meiji Japan to study at Keio University. He then went to the United States in 1884 to study mathematics. After that, he was accused of supporting the *Gaehwadang* (enlightenment party). He was arrested and put in jail from 1885 to 1894.

Between 1894 and 1895, Yu worked for the government of prime minister Kim Hongjip. He was Vice Minister of State for Home Office. In October 1895, Korea's King Gojong claimed that Yu was involved in the assassination of Queen Min. Kim was killed and his cabinet was disbanded. Yu went to the Russian embassy and escaped the country for exile in Japan. He returned to Korea in 1907 after he was pardoned by Emperor Sunjeong.

In 1910, when Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan, Yun started a movement against the annexation. Yu was offered the title *danshaku* by the Government of Japan, but he refused it. He died in 1914 of a heart problem. He was aged 58.

## Works 
* Seoyugyonmun (서유견문)

## Notes 
## Sources 
* De Ceuster, Koen. “The World in a Book: Yu Kilchun’s Soyu kyonmun.” In Remco E. Breuker, ed. Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven. Leiden: CNWS Publications, 2008.

## Other websites 
* 구당 유길준(矩堂 兪吉濬):2003년 12월의 문화 인물   
* Yu Kil-chun  
* Yu Kil-chun , Korean historical person information 
* Yu Gil-jun  
* Yu Gil-jun   
* Yu Gil-jun
Las Vegas culture

**Las Vegas culture** is the name for a number of setltements on the coast of present-day Ecuador. These settlements were created between roughly 8000 and 4600 BCE. In total, there are 31 settlements. The people who lived there were hunter-gatherers. They had also started agriculture. Bone points and a spatula have been discovered. They may have been used for making nets or textiles, along with various tools and containers shaped of shell; wood, bamboo, reeds, and bark are also believed to have been used in the tool industry.

No mummies have been found on the coast of Ecuador. The Las Vegas people had similarities with the people whose remains are preserved as the Chinchorro mummies of the north coast of Chile.They also lived at the same time. 

## References
Cerastes

**Cerastes** is a genus of small venomous vipers growing up to the length of around 50&nbsp;cm. There are currently three species found. They are usually known as the "*Horned Vipers*", the "*North African Desert Vipers*", or the "*Cerastes Vipers*".

## Behavior
The Horned Viper is nocturnal and terrestrial (lives on the ground), and is usually found buried underneath the sand. They are said to be slow moving, but they are able to do sidewinding. When they do sidewinding they can move faster across the sand. They are able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. They sink into the sand tail first and keep on sinking deeper into the sand until only their eyes and nose are sticking out of the sand. The reason they do this is so they can ambush prey which come close to it. They are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. They live in the deserts of North Africa, Arabia, and Iran.

### Feeding
The Horned Viper catch their prey by ambushing. They eat mainly rodents, birds and lizards.

## Species
* Desert Horned Viper, *C. Cerastes*
* Arabian Horned Viper, *C. Gasperettii*
* Sahara Sand Viper, *C. Vipera*
Plot

**Plot** may mean:

*The events and scheme of a book, film or other medium
**Fiction#Plot
**Narrative

*A conspiracy, usually secret, against a person or a regime
Peter O'Toole

'''Peter Seamus O'Toole''' (2 August 1932 &ndash; 14 December 2013) was a British stage and movie actor. He was known for his stage plays that were mostly based on those written by William Shakespeare.

O'Toole won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA Award, and an Emmy Award. He also received an honorary Academy Award in 2003. 

O'Toole died on 14 December 2013 in London, England from stomach cancer. He was 81 years old.

## Early life
O'Toole was born on 2 August 1932 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. His mother was Constance Jane Eliot (née Ferguson), a Scottish nurse. His father was Patrick Joseph O'Toole, an Irish footballer. O'Toole studied to become an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from 1952 until 1954.

## Career
'']]

O'Toole's career began in 1954 on stage. His movie career began in 1960 in the movie *Kidnapped* as Robin MacGregor. His became famous when he played T. E. Lawrence in *Lawrence of Arabia*. He became one of the most famous actors during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1972 O'Toole played both Miguel de Cervantes and Don Quixote in *Man of La Mancha*.

In 1980, he received good reviews for playing the director in the behind-the-scenes movie *The Stunt Man*. He received mixed reviews as John Tanner in *Man and Superman* and as Henry Higgins in *Pygmalion*. He won a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in *Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell* (1989).

O'Toole played King Priam in the 2004 movie *Troy*. His last worldwide movie role was as food critic Anton Ego in the 2007 Disney-Pixar movie *Ratatouille*. On 10 July 2012 O'Toole released a statement that he would be retiring.

## Awards
He was offered a knighthood but rejected it in objection to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's policies.

O'Toole was nominated for eight Academy Awards. He holds the record of having the most nominations for an Academy Award without winning. Rock star Sting and ex-wife Siân attended his funeral. O'Toole's remains ware being planned to be taken back to his birthplace of Connemara, Ireland. His daughter Kate said, "We're bringing him home. It's what he would have wanted." At the mean time, O'Toole's ashes are kept in a safe in the Irish presidential mansion.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* "Peter O'Toole as Casanova" 
* Richard Harris, Peter O'Toole & Munster Rugby 
* University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
* The Making of *Lawrence of Arabia* , Digitised
Katherine Jackson

**Katherine Esther Jackson** (born May 4, 1930 as **Katherine Esther Scruse**) is the matriarch of the Jackson family of musicians and singers, including Michael Jackson, La Toya and Janet Jackson. She is the widow of Joe Jackson. 

Jackson had 10 children. Several of the children became famous.  In 1986 *Essence* honored her as "Mother of the Year".

In 1990, Jackson released her autobiography, *My Family*.  The book told about her elderly  years and her relationship with her husband and their children.

In 2009, Michael died. Katherine was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children. In 2012 her guardianship was suspended for a short time.  The guardianship resumed with TJ Jackson, Michael's nephew, added as a co-guardian. 

## Children
*Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
*Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1952)
*Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (October 15, 1953 – September 15, 2024)
*Jermaine La Jaune Jacksun (born December 11, 1954)
*La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
*Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
*Brandon Jackson (March 12, 1957 – March 12, 1957)
*Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009)
*Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
*Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)

## References
Abderrahmane Hammad

**Abderrahmane Hammad Zaheer** (born May 27, 1977 in Dellys) is a former Algerian track and field athlete.  He was in the high jump. He won the bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics.  He was also in the 2004 Athens Olympics. His personal best of 2.34&nbsp;m is the Algerian record for the event. He retired from the sport in 2010.

Hammad began his international career as a junior in 1994.  He won the high jump silver medals at the African Junior Athletics Championships and Pan Arab Junior Championships. He went on to win the African Junior gold medal the following year.  Then he won the Arab Junior title in 1996. He was at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics but did not make it into the final round.

Hammad had his first international success at senior level in 1997.  He won the silver at both the Pan Arab Championships and the 1997 Pan Arab Games.

The 2000 season was the top of his career.  He kept his title at the 2000 African Championships in Athletics in Algiers.  He made his areer best jump of 2.34&nbsp;m. He then was in his first Olympicss at the 2000 Sydney Games. He won the bronze medal. He won his third high jump title in a row at the 2002 African Championships in Athletics.  He took bronze at the 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final.  He placed fourth for Africa at the 2002 IAAF World Cup.

He represented Algeria for a second time at the Olympics at the 2004 Games in Athens.  He failed to reach the final.

## Achievements
*2004 Pan Arab Games - gold medal
*2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final - third place
*2002 African Championships - gold medal
*2001 Mediterranean Games - gold medal
*2000 Summer Olympics - bronze medal
*2000 African Championships - gold medal
*1999 All-Africa Games - silver medal
*1998 African Championships - gold medal
*1997 Arab Championships - silver medal
*1997 Pan Arab Games - silver medal

## References
Bombinatoridae

**Bombinatoridae** or **fire-bellied toads** is a family of toads. It includes two genus *Barbourula* and *Bombina*. They have bright colors which means that they are toxic.

## Species
Family **Bombinatoridae**
* Genus *Barbourula*
** *Barbourula busuangensis* - Busuanga Jungle Toad
** *Barbourula kalimantanensis* - Kalimantan Jungle Toad
* Genus *Bombina*
** *Bombina bombina* - Common Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina fortinuptialis* - Guangxi Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina lichuanensis* - Lichuan Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina maxima* - Yunnan Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina microdeladigitora* - Hubei Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina orientalis* - Oriental Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina pachypus* - Apennine Firebelly Toad
** *Bombina variegata* - Yellow-bellied Toad

## Books 
*
Carl von Gontard

**Carl von Gontard** (January 13, 1731 in Mannheim – September 23, 1791 in Breslau) was a German architect; he worked primarily in the German cities Berlin, Potsdam, and Bayreuth.

He modified the original Deutscher Dom and Französischer Dom cathedrals in Berlin and added the domed towers.

## References 
## Other websites
Pacific tree frog

The **Pacific tree frog** (*Pseudacris regilla*) is a species of tree frog. They live on the West Coast of North America. This includes California, Oregon and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia in Canada. They live on the ground, but some have been found living in places 10,000 feet above sea level. They are the only frogs to make a "ribbit" sound.  Human beings also brought it to Ketchikan, Alaska.

This frog is small.  The adult frog is  3/4 of an inch to 2 inches long from nose to rear end.  It has a stripe near each eye.  Sometimes there is a mark in the shape of a triangle on its head and dark marks on the legs.  The frog's main body can be gray, green, light brown, brown, or black. in color.  This frog can change color.  It can be dark in color with no spots, then medium in color with spots, then light in color with no spots.  It takes the frog about 8 to 10 minutes to change from dark to light.  This frog has large disks on its toes for climbing and webbed skin on its back feet.

This frog eats insects:  leaf-hoppers, spring-tails, flies, stoneflies, ants, wasps, beetles, and caterpillars. It can also eat spiders, snails, and isopods.

This frog moves around at night but it does sometimes move during the day.  It can climb trees but it spends most of its time on the ground.

The female frog lays 5 to 60 eggs at a time in bodies of water at least 4 inches deep.  The eggs sometimes stick to twigs or other things underwater.  The tadpoles are about 45 mm long.  They are black or yellow-brown in color with a white or near-white belly. 

## References
## Other websites
* Fact sheet, taxonomic details, distribution maps, slideshow, and images of *Pseudacris regilla* at ZipcodeZoo.com.
*Californiaherps.com description - Includes detailed description, photos, recordings of calls
*mister-toad.com Pacific Tree Frog description - Description of the ecology of Pacific Tree Frogs with photographs, audio and video.
* http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/herps/amphibid/species/hylareg.htm
Edible frog

The **edible frog** (*Pelophylax* kl. *esculentus*) is a species of frogs. It lives in Europe. It is also known as **water frog** or **green frog**. However, **green frog** is usually given to the North American frog *Lithobates clamitans*. It is used for food, in countries such as France, Germany and Italy, for the delicacy frog legs. Females are between  long, males between .

File:Rana-esculenta_swimming_331.jpg|A swimming frog
File:Rana-esculenta_mating_325.jpg|Copulation trial between two males
File:Teichfrosch isst teichfrosch.JPG|Proof of cannibalism
File:Waterfrog head.jpg|Close-up of the frog head
File:Rana_esculenta_on_nymphaea_front_view.JPG|Close-up of the head, other perspective
File:Veekonn.JPG|Edible frog on an arm

## References 
## Other websites
Texas toad

The **Texas toad** (*Bufo speciosus*) is a species of toads. They are very small only reaching three inches. They live in the United States in the state of Texas. But they are also found in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Mexico.

## References 
*  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (*Bufo*). *Evolution* *58*: 2517–2535.
*  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern.
*IUCN RangeMap: *Bufo speciosus*
*USGS: Texas Toad
French Cathedral, Berlin

'*** (German for: **French Cathedral*') is the colloquial naming for the *French Church of Friedrichstadt* (, ) in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the Deutscher Dom (*German Cathedral*), formerly a church of German-speaking congregants.

The first parts of the actual *French Church* were built from 1701 to 1705 for the Huguenot (Calvinist) community. At that time, Huguenots made up about 25% of Berlin's population. The *French Church* was modelled after the destroyed Huguenot temple in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France.

 in the foreground.]]
In 1785 Carl von Gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the French-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming. The domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners. The tower, similar to that of Deutscher Dom, was simply built to give the Gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design. 

The church is not a cathedral in the strict sense of the word because it has never been the seat of a bishop.

The domed tower, which is a viewing platform open to visitors, provides a panoramic view of Berlin. A restaurant is located in the basement underneath the prayer hall. The tower also contains the Huguenot museum of Berlin.

## Other websites
Cane toad

The **cane toad** (*Rhinella marina*) is a species of toad. They are also known as the **marine toad** or the **giant neotropical toad**.
 
Cane toads are terrestrial amphibians. This means that they only go back to the water to lay their eggs. They live in Central America and South America. However, they have been introduced to Australia, Oceania in general and the Caribbean.

## In Australia 
Nearly 80 years ago, a group of 102 cane toads were sent to Queensland to catch sugar beetles. 
Cane-growers were concerned about the damage insect larvae were doing to crops. The insects were native to Australia, but bad for the valuable cane crops.

The first cane toads were brought into Queensland by Reginald Mungomery, an entomologist. Before 1935, Australia had no toads. The entire continent, full of various frog species, had no toads. Tough and always moving into new areas, the cane toads started reproducing and expanding outwards every wet season. This "invasion front" moved around 10&nbsp;km a year until the 1960s, when it began speeding up significantly.

Cane toads are rapidly adapting to dry climates, a huge change from their origins in the South American rainforest. They have poison gland in their skin.

## Their predators 
In their native habitat, a number of fish and reptiles prey on the tadpoles and the adult toad.
These include the broad-snouted caiman (*Caiman latirostris*), the banded cat-eyed snake (*Leptodeira annulata*),  eels (family Anguillidae), various species of killifish,  the black rat (*Rattus rattus*) and the Asian water monitor (*Varanus salvator*).

They have far fewer predators in Australia but, as time passes, some of the local animals will adapt their behaviour. Already some Australian crows have learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back. Opossums of the *Didelphis* genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity. Meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, and therefore are able to kill them. The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.

Ibis flip the toads about, throwing them in the air. After this they either wipe the toads in the wet grass, or they go down to a water source  and rinse the toads out.

## In popular culture
A cane toad is one of the non-human characters in Dave Barry's 1999 novel *Big Trouble* and in the 2002 movie based on the novel.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Species Profile - Cane Toad (*Bufo marinus*) , National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for cane toad.
Parotoid gland

The **parotoid gland** is a skin gland on the back, neck and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a substance that predators can smell. This smell will tell them that they are toxic animals. The substance, bufotoxin, acts as a neurotoxin.

Parotoid glands looks like warts on an amphibian skin. However, warts are grown by viral infections. Parotoid glands are normal and healthy parts of the animals that have them. Many people believe that touching a toad may cause warts. However, this is not true.

## References
Mantellinae

**Mantellinae** is a subfamily of frogs. They are part of the family Mantellidae. These frogs lives in Madagascar and Mayotte. These frogs looks  to poison dart frogs. Most Mantellinae frogs are toxic. They have a lot of warning colors. There are over 100 species in this family.

## Species and family 
There are two genus:
* *Mantella* (16 species)
* *Mantidactylus* (over 80 species)

## Other websites
Rib

A **rib** is a bone that forms a structure around the thorax of vertebrates. This is known as the rib cage. Humans have 24 ribs, 12 on each side. 

It is a common urban legend that male humans have one fewer pair of ribs than female humans. However, this is not true. This came from the Christian bible explaining the creation of Eve from the rib of Adam.

## Other websites
Taricha

***Taricha*** is a genus of newts. There are only three species and four subspecies. They are called **western newts** and **Pacific newts**. All newts are part of the family Salamandridae. The three species in this genus are California newt, the rough-skinned newt and the red bellied newt. They are all found on the west coast of the United States.

## Species 
Genus *Taricha* (Western Newts / Pacific Newts) - 3 species
* Rough-skinned Newt (*Taricha granulosa*)
* Red-bellied Newt (*Taricha rivularis*)
* California Newt (*Taricha torosa*)
Mole salamander

**Mole salamander**s are member of the genus *Ambystoma*. They are a group of animals that live in North America. They are the only genus in the family Ambystomatidae. The Axolotl (*Ambystoma mexicanum*) is a popular exotic pet. They are also used in research. The Tiger Salamander (*Ambystoma tigrinum*) is an official amphibian of many US states. They are also sold as pets.

## Species
* Mountain Stream Salamander (*Ambystoma altimirani*) **V**
* Blunt-Headed Salamander (*Ambystoma amblycephalum*) **V**
* Anderson's Salamander (*Ambystoma andersoni*) **N**
* Ringed Salamander (*Ambystoma annulatum*) **T**
* Streamside Salamander (*Ambystoma barbouri*) **T**
* Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (*Ambystoma bishopi*) **T**
* Delicate-Skinned Salamander (*Ambystoma bombypellum*) **T**
* California Tiger Salamander (*Ambystoma californiense*) **T**
* Frosted Flatwoods Salamander (*Ambystoma cingulatum*) **T**
* Lake Patzcuaro Salamander (*Ambystoma dumerilii*) **N**
* Yellow-Peppered Salamander (*Ambystoma flavipiperatum*) **T**
* Northwestern Salamander (*Ambystoma gracile*) **T**
* Granular Salamander (*Ambystoma granulosum*) **T**
* Jefferson salamander (*Ambystoma jeffersonianum*) **T**
* Blue-spotted Salamander (*Ambystoma laterale*) **T**
* Silvery Salamander (*Ambystoma platineum*)
* Tremblay's Salamander (*Ambystoma tremblayi*)
* Lake Lerma Salamander (*Ambystoma lermaense*) **V**
* Leora's Salamander (*Ambystoma leorae*) **T**
* Mabee's Salamander (*Ambystoma mabeei*) **T**
* Long-toed Salamander (*Ambystoma macrodactylum*) **T**
* Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (*Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum*) **T**
* Spotted Salamander (*Ambystoma maculatum*) **T**
* Barred Tiger Salamander (*Ambystoma mavortium*) **V**
* Axolotl (*Ambystoma mexicanum*) **N**
* Marbled Salamander (*Ambystoma opacum*) **T**
* Puerto Hondo Stream Salamander (*Ambystoma ordinarium*) **V**
* Michoacan Stream Salamander (*Ambystoma rivulare*) **T**
* Tarahumara Salamander (*Ambystoma rosaceum*) **V**
* Durango Salamander (*Ambystoma silvense*) **V**
* Mole Salamander (*Ambystoma talpoideum*) **V**
* Taylor's Salamander (*Ambystoma taylori*) **N**
* Small-mouthed Salamander (*Ambystoma texanum*) **T**
* Tiger Salamander (*Ambystoma tigrinum*) **V**
* Plateau Tiger Salamander (*Ambystoma velasci*) **V**

## Other websites
*Tree of Life: Ambystomatidae 
*Herpseeker.dk 
*IUCN redlist of threatened Ambystomatidae
Irritation

**Irritation** in biology is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell damage. The skin and the eyes may turn red.

## Related pages
* Itch
Cloris Leachman

**Cloris Leachman** (April 30, 1926 &ndash; January 27, 2021) was an American actress.

## Personal Life 
She was in many stage plays, movies, and television programs. She won eight Primetime Emmy Awards and one Daytime Emmy Award. She was a vegetarian. Leachman was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Leachman won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1971 for her role as Ruth Popper *The Last Picture Show*.

## Death 
Leachman died on January 27, 2021, at her home in Encinitas, California at the age of 94. The cause of death was a stroke caused by COVID-19.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites