open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Legacy of Kings

***Legacy of Kings*** is the second album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released September 28, 1998.

## Track listing 
# "Heeding the Call"  (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 4:30
# "Legacy of Kings"  (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 4:13
# "Let the Hammer Fall"  (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 4:16
# "Dreamland"  (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 5:42
# "Remember Yesterday"  (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 5:04
# "At the End of the Rainbow"  (*Albrecht/Mück/Dronjak/Cans*) - 4:05
# "Back to Back" (*Pretty Maids cover*) - 3:39
# "Stronger Than All"  (*Dronjak*) - 4:29
# "Warriors of Faith" (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 4:45
# "The Fallen One" (*Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad*) - 4:23

## Personnel 
* Joacim Cans - vocals
* Oscar Dronjak - Guitar, backing vocals
* Stefan Elmgren - Lead Guitar
* Magnus Rosén - Bass
* Patrik Räfling - drums
No Sacrifice, No Victory

***No Sacrifice, No Victory*** is the seventh studio album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It  was released February 20, 2009. This is the first album featuring the band's new lead guitarist Pontus Norgren.

## Track listing 
# "Any Means Necessary" - 3:37 (*Joacim Cans / Oscar Dronjak*)
# "Life Is Now" - 4:45 (*Cans / Dronjak*)
# "Punish and Enslave" - 3:59 (*Cans / Dronjak*)
# "Legion" - 5:38 (*Cans / Dronjak*)
# "Between Two Worlds" - 5:30 (*Dronjak*)
# "Hallowed Be My Name" - 3:58 (*Cans / Dronjak*)
# "Something for the Ages" - 5:06 (*Pontus Norgren*)  
# "No Sacrifice, No Victory" - 3:34 (*Cans / Dronjak*)
# "Bring the Hammer Down" - 3:43 (*Cans / Stefan Elmgren*)
# "One of a Kind" - 6:16 (*Cans / Dronjak / Jesper Strömblad*)
# "My Sharona" (The Knack cover) - 3:57 (*Doug Fieger / Berton Averre*)

## Personnel 
* Joacim Cans - Lead and backing vocals
* Oscar Dronjak - Rhythm, Lead Guitars and backing vocals
* Pontus Norgren - Rhythm, Lead Guitars and backing vocals
* Fredrik Larsson - Bass and backing vocals
* Anders Johansson - Drums

## References
Pe (Cyrillic)

**Pe** (**П**, **п**) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [p]. Its   form is *п*.

It comes from the Greek letter pi and stands for the Roman letter P.

## Related pages
* П, п - Pi (Greek)
* P, p (Roman)
* Р, р - Er (Cyrillic)
* N, n (Roman)
Schwarzenberg, Saxony

**Schwarzenberg** (German pronunciation: [ʃvaɐ̯t͡sənbɛɐ̯k]) is a town in the rural district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. The town was built in the 12th century. It is located about  southeast of Aue, and  southwest of Chemnitz.

## References
## Other websites
Kipling, Saskatchewan

**Kipling** is a town in the southeastern part of Saskatchewan in Canada.

## One red paperclip
On 12 July 2006, Kyle MacDonald traded with the town of Kipling after he traded many times starting with one red paperclip.

## Other websites
* Official website
* One Red Paperclip Website
Masterpieces (album)

**Masterpieces** is the second complilation album by the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

## Track listing 
# "Child of the Damned" (Tsamis) (Warlord cover) – 3:42
# "Ravenlord" (Spengler) (Stormwitch cover) – 3:31
# "Eternal Dark" (Lovell/Jaarsveld/Vreugdenhil/Manen/Bakker) (Picture cover) – 3:07
# "Back to Back" (Hammer/Owen/Atkins) (Pretty Maids cover) - 3:39
# "I Want Out" (Hansen) (Helloween cover) – 4:36
# "Man on the Silver Mountain" (Blackmore/Dio) (Rainbow cover) –5:55
# "Head Over Heels" (Accept/Deaffy) – (Accept cover) – 4:35
# "Run With the Devil" (Wahlquist) (Heavy Load cover) – 5:13
# "We're Gonna Make It" (Snyder) (Twisted Sister cover) – 3:33
# "Breaking the Law" (Downing/Tipton/Halford) (Judas Priest cover) - 2:48  
# "Angel of Mercy" (Chastain) (Chastain cover) – 5:38  
# "Rising Force" (Malmsteen/Turner) (Yngwie J. Malmsteen cover) – 4:31
# "Detroit Rock City" (Stanley/Ezrin) – (Kiss cover) – 3:53
# "Crazy Nights" (Takasaki/Niihara) – (Loudness cover) – 3:38
# "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" (Holmstrand/Jansson/Dahl) – (Roger Pontare cover) - 3:09 
# "Flight of the Warrior" (Reale/Van Stavern/Moore) – (Riot cover)* - 4:22
# "Youth Gone Wild" (Bolan/Sabo) – (Skid Row cover)* - 3:20
# "Aphasia" (Norum) – (Europe cover)* - 2:35

## Credits 
* Joacim Cans – Vocals (All tracks except track 5 and 10)
* Oscar Dronjak – Guitar, backing vocals (All tracks)
* Pontus Norgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Tracks 16-18)
* Fredrik Larsson – Bass, backing vocals (Tracks 1, 15-18)
* Anders Johansson – Drums (Tracks 7-18)
* Jesper Strömblad – Drums (Tracks 1)
* Glenn Ljungström – Guitar (Tracks 1)
* Patrik Räfling – Drums (Tracks 1-5)
* Magnus Rosén – Bass (Tracks 2-14)
* Stefan Elmgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Tracks 2-15)
Balsam Lake

**Balsam Lake** can be any of the following:

*Balsam Lake, Wisconsin, a village
*Balsam Lake (town), Wisconsin

*Balsam Lake (Ontario), a lake in the Kawartha lakes region, Canada 
**Balsam Lake Provincial Park, on the above lake
Cryonics

**Cryonics** (from Greek *kryos*, which means 'cold') is the process of vitrifying a human (or animal) about  after a doctor says they are dead. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.

Cold people like this are not awake at all as they have no brain activity. The law also says they are dead. Their body and its brain are made more like glass than ice because ice would harm their cells more. To do this, their blood is replaced with chemicals called *cryoprotectants*, which act like anti-freeze (something that stops freezing).

## Companies 
There are five big cryonics companies:
# Alcor, Arizona, USA
# Cryonics Institute (CI), Michigan, USA
# American Cryonics Society (ACS), California, USA
# KrioRus, Russia
#Tomorrow Biostasis, Germany

## References 
## Other websites 
* Why Cryonics Makes Sense - Wait But Why
* Afterlife Insurance - Is Cryonics Really That Crazy | Answers With Joe
Balsam Lake, Wisconsin

**Balsam Lake** is a village of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  It is the county seat of Polk County.  About 934 people were living in Balsam Lake as of 2020.

## References
## Other websites
*Balsam Lake Wisconsin - Official Website
Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken

***Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken*** is an album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It was released on March 4, 2005.

## Track listing 
# "Secrets"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 6:06
# "Blood Bound"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 3:49
# "Fury of the Wild"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 4:44
# "Hammer of Justice"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 4:37
# "Never, Ever"  (*Dronjak*) – 4:05
# "Born to Rule"  (*Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren*) – 4:08
# "The Templar Flame"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 3:41
# "Imperial"  (*Dronjak*) – 2:29
# "Take the Black"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 4:46
# "Knights of the 21st Century"  (*Dronjak/Cans*) – 12:19
# "The Metal Age" (Live) - 4:55

## Personnel 
* **Joacim Cans**      -      *Lead & Backing Vocals*
* **Oscar Dronjak**    -      *Guitars & Backing Vocals*
* **Stefan Elmgren**   -      *Guitars*
* **Magnus Rosén**     -      *Bass Guitar*
* **Anders Johansson** -      *Drums*
* **Conrad "Cronos" Lant** - *Additional vocals on "Knights of the 21st Century"*
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel

***Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel*** is the sequel to the movie *Alvin and the Chipmunks*. It is a live-action/CGI movie. It was first set to be shown in theaters on March 19, 2010, but the date was changed to December 23, 2009. The movie introduces the Chipettes. The movie stars Zachary Levi, David Cross, and Jason Lee and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler, Jesse McCartney, Amy Poehler, Anna Faris, and Christina Applegate. The movie is being filmed at Woodrow Wilson Classical High School in Long Beach, CA.

## Plot
In the sequel, Dave makes Alvin, Simon and Theodore go to school, saying that it is "good for them." He does not know that the Chipmunks feel like "Chipmunks Out of Water" because of all the (human) children around. Meanwhile, Ian (after the Chipmunks dealt him a serious blow) is freed from jail and searches the world for animals who can sing and dance. He finds the Chipettes and cannot wait to make them famous and get back at the Chipmunks.

## Cast
* Zachary Levi as Toby Seville
* David Cross as Ian Hawke
* Jason Lee as Dave Seville
* Justin Long as Alvin Seville
* Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville
* Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
* Amy Poehler Eleanor Miller
* Anna Faris as Jeanette Miller
* Christina Applegate as Brittany Miller
* Wendie Malick as Dr. Rubin
* Anjelah Johnson as Julie Ortega
* Kathryn Joosten as Aunt Jackie Seville
* Kevin G. Schmidt as Ryan Edwards
* Chris Warren Jr. as Xander
* Bridgit Mendler as Becca Kingston

## Related pages
**Alvin and the Chipmunks*
**Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked*
**Alvin and the Chipmunks 4: The Road Chip*

## References
Ceremonial Oath

**Ceremonial Oath** was a Swedish death metal band who started making music in 1989 when they called themselves "Desecrator" and stopped in 1995.In their six years, they released two demos, one EP, and two full-length albums.

## Members
### Final line-up
* Anders Fridén – vocals (1993 – 1995)
* Anders Iwers – guitar (1989 – 1995)
* Mikael Andersson – guitar (1993 – 1995)
* Thomas Johansson – bass (1993 – 1995)
* Markus Nordberg – drums (1989 – 1995)

### Former members
* Jesper Strömblad – bass (1989 – 1993)
* Oscar Dronjak – vocals, guitar (1989 – 1993)

### Session members
* Tomas Lindberg – vocals on three songs from *Carpet* (1995) 

## Discography
* *Promo 1991* (Demo, 1991)
* *Lost Name of God* (EP, Corpse Grinder Records, 1992)
* *The Book of Truth* (CD, Modern Primitive Records, 1993)
* *Carpet* (CD, Black Sun Records, 1995)

### Under the name Desecrator
* *Wake The Dead* (Demo)
* *Black Sermons* (Demo)

## References
St. Mirren F.C.

**Saint Mirren Football Club** is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley, Renfrewshire. St. Mirren play in the Scottish Premiership, having been promoted from the Championship in 2017-18. They are managed by Stephen Robinson. 

## Current squad 
### Club officials 
**Boardroom**
* Chairman: **Stewart Gilmour**
* Vice-Chairman: **George Campbell**
* Directors: **Bryan McAusland**, **Gordon Scott**, **Ken McGeoch**
* Director/Secretary: **Allan Marshall**

**Coaching and Medical Staff**
* Manager:Danny Lennon 
* Assistant Manager: **Iain Jenkins**
* First Team Coach: **Stuart Balmer**
* Head Of Youth Development: **David Longwell**
* Goalkeeping Coach: **Paul Mathers**
* Club Doctor: **Dr Gerry Canning**
* Club Physiotherapist: **Elmer Boothroyd**
* Sports Scientist: **Frank Nutall**

## References
Dheeran Chinnamalai

**Dheeran Chinnamalai** ( born as **Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Uttama Kāminda Mandraadiyaar** (Surname of Payiran Kulam Gotra of Kongu Vellalar community) on April 17, 1756) is the protagonist of the "Dheeran Chinnamalai Udukkai Kadhaigal" and Kongu Mandala Sadhagam stories written by Kaarmega Konar, in the story he is depicted as a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rises up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu, Southern India. He is first born in Melapalayam, near Erode in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

He then becomes one of the main leaders in the Polygar Wars and commands a vast army to fight the British forces, notably during the historical Second Polygar War that took place in 1801–1802. A thousand-strong army under him took French Military training in modern warfare alongside Tipu's Mysore forces to fight against the British East India company. They helped Tipu Sultan in his war against the British in the story and were instrumental in victories at Chitheswaram, Mazahavalli and Srirangapatna. 

Later on, Dheeran Chinnamalai was promoted as a historical icon for political mileage by the Kongu Vellalar community. 

## References
*Theeran Chinnamanlai Gounder by Pulavar S. Rasu, Samba Publications, 152 Peters Road, Chennai, India 600 086, 1996.
*Kongu Nattu Lion Singham Theeran Chinnamalai by Kavignar Magudam Manickam, Sakunthla Publications, Rangoli Graphics, 329 E.V.N.Road, Erode, TH, India 638 009, year 2001.
Verdict

A **verdict** is a term in law. It is the formal finding of a fact by a jury of a court. In a criminal court, the accused may be found guilty or not guilty. 
## Examples 
In Scotland, the acquittal is one of two types: "not guilty" and "not proven".
Gosport (disambiguation)

**Gosport** can be any of the following:

*Gosport, a town in Hampshire, England
*Gosport, Indiana, a town in Indiana, United States
*Gosport, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada
*Geography of Gosport, the area of Gosport in England
Gosport, Indiana

**Gosport** is a town of Wayne Township in Owen County, of the state Indiana in the United States. There were 842 people living in Gosport as of 2020.
## References
World Poverty and Human Rights

***World Poverty and Human Rights*** is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge says that the poorest 46 percent of people have 1.2 percent of global income, and 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five.

At the other end of the spectrum, the 15 percent of people in the developed countries have 80 percent of global income. Pogge says that shifting 1 or 2 percent of our share toward poverty eradication seems morally compelling. Yet most of the rich people believe that they have no such responsibility.

## References
Psittacinae

The **Psittacinae** (**Afrotropical parrots**, **African parrots**, or Old Word Parrots)is a subfamily in the parrot family. It contains the true parrots, parakeets and macaws, but not the lories, lorikeets and cockatoos.

## References
Winona Ryder

**Winona Laura Horowitz** (born October 29, 1971), better known under her professional name **Winona Ryder**, is an American actress. She started her career in 1986. She first appeared in the movie *Lucas* in 1986. Her first big role came in 1988 with *Beetlejuice* as Lydia Deetz, a Gothic teenager.

## Filmography 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
The Poodles

**The Poodles** was a hard rock band from Sweden.

## Discography
### Albums
* *Metal Will Stand Tall* (2006)
* *Sweet Trade* (2007)
* *Clash of the Elements* (2009)
* *Performocracy* (2011)
* *Tour De Force* (2013)
* *Devil in the Details* (2015)
* *Prisma* (2018)

### Singles
* "Night of Passion" (2006)
* "Metal Will Stand Tall" feat. Tess Merkel (2006)
* "Song for You" (2006)
* "Seven Seas" feat. Peter Stormare (2007)
* "Streets of Fire" (2007)
* "Line of Fire" feat. E-Type (2008)
* "Raise the Banner" (2008) Swedish official song for the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008
* "One Out of Ten" (2009)

## Other websites
* Official web
* German The Poodles Fanpage
Er (Cyrillic)

**Er** (**Р**, **р**) is the sixteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [r].

It comes from the Greek letter rho and stands for the Roman letter R.

## Related pages
* Ρ, ρ - Rho (Greek)
* R, r (Roman)
* R, p (Roman)
Es (Cyrillic)

**Es** (**С**, **с**) is the seventeenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [s].

It comes from the Greek letter sigma and stands for the Roman letter S.

## Related pages
*Σ, σ, ς - Sigma (Greek)
*S, s (Roman)
*C, c (Roman)
U (Cyrillic)

**U** (**У**, **у**) is the eighteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like it comes from the Greek letter upsilon and stands for the Roman letter U.

## Related pages
* Υ, υ - Upsilon (Greek)
* U, u (Roman)
* Y, y (Roman)
Lucas (movie)

***Lucas*** is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Seltzer, It was released on March 28, 1986. The movie was a geared toward a teen audience. This movie ranked number 16 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies .

## Plot summary
The main character of the movie, *Lucas* is a shy and quiet, fourteen-year-old nerd, who is in love with a girl. This leads to heartbreak when his older friend and the girl fall in love.

## Other websites 
*
Te (Cyrillic)

**Te** (**Т**, **т**) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [t]. The 's т  looks like an *т*.

It comes from the Greek letter tau and stands for the Roman letter T.

## Related pages
* Τ, τ - Tau (Greek)
* T, t (Roman)
Nuclear explosion

A **nuclear explosion** is energy being released from a very fast nuclear reaction. It can be caused by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.

Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with *mushroom clouds*, although mushroom clouds can occur as a result of large chemical explosions. It is also possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

The first nuclear weapon was detonated on July 16, 1945, when the United States tested a Plutonium type implosion-device called Gadget in Trinity Site, New Mexico. The second use of a nuclear weapon was in combat on August 6th when the United States dropped a uranium type device called Little Boy on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The United States also bombed Nagasaki three days later with a similar bomb to Gadget, called Fat Man, making it the last use of nuclear weapons in combat. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 to 220,000 people while more died over time due the nuclear radiation. 

Power plant accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima were caused by steam and hydrogen explosions, not nuclear explosions. The fuel in a nuclear power plant is not enriched enough to create a nuclear explosion.

## Other websites
*Videos and other media on nuclear explosion
*Images of nuclear explosion
Godparent

baptism showing parents and godparents]]
A **godparent** is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity & Judaism. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays.

Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.

## References
Nystagmus

**Nystagmus**, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems.

## Causes of Nystagmus
There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including:
* Alcohol
* Drugs, especially sedatives
* Head injury
* Inner ear problems like labyrinthitis or Meniere's disease
* Thiamine deficiency
* Vitamin B12 deficiency
* Diseases that can affect the brain's control of the eyes such as a tumor, or multiple sclerosis.

## Features of nystagmus 
*People with nystagmus do not normally see the world as moving, but they do occasionally. 
*They have poor distance vision, but most have good close vision. 
*Nystagmus is not painful.
*Between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 2000 people have nystagmus.
*Nystagmus can be hereditary, but it can also be a result of something else.
*Most people with nystagmus can see well enough to drive an automobile
*Nystagmus does not get worse with age.

## Treatments and research 
There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.

## References
## Other websites 
*http://www.nystagmus.co.uk  nystagms.co.uk
*http://www.nystagmusnet.org nystagmusnet.org
Susanna (Book of Daniel)

The story of **Susanna and the Elders** is found in some Bibles inside a chapter of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel. Modern Jewish and Protestant Bibles do not have this story but Catholic and Orthodox ones have it. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.

In the story, two bad judges secretly want to have sexual intercourse with Susanna, a beautiful and virtuous wife. A judge in ancient Israel was an important person who could make decisions about the life of other people. A bad judge was someone who used their power to help themself instead of to support Justice. 

One hot day, she takes a bath inside her walled garden but she does not know that the judges are hiding inside the garden. The judges tell her to have sex with them but she doesn't want to. When she refuses, they tell the people of the village that they saw her having sex with a man who was not her husband. This is called adultery, which was against the law at that time. The people of the village believe the judges and want to kill Susanna. A boy named Daniel does not believe the judges, so he asks one of the judges to go away and the other one to say what he saw. Daniel does this again with the other judge. The judges tell different stories, showing that they lied. The people get mad and kill the judges instead.
Orto botanico di Pisa

The **Orto botanico di Pisa**, also known as the '''Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pisa''', is a botanical garden, and the University of Pisa takes care of it. The garden is at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. It is open weekday mornings and it does not cost money to see it.

The garden was started in 1544 under Cosimo I de' Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, and it was put under the care of the famous botanist Luca Ghini of Imola. In 1563 the garden was moved from its original place near a river (now the Medicean Arsenal) to one near the convent of Santa Marta. In 1591 the garden was again moved to a third place, where it still is. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects (now Pisa's Museo di Storia Naturale), a library (now part of the university library), and portraits of its directors throughout the centuries. It also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy.

Today there are different sections in the garden containing the botanical school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses, and various buildings. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, with a facade ornamented with sea-shells.

## Related pages
* List of botanical gardens in Italy
* List of botanical gardens

## Other websites 
* University of Pisa website for the Orto botanico di Pisa
Nuclear Blast

**Nuclear Blast** is a record label. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Germany. At first, it released hardcore punk records. After a while, they started releasing albums by melodic death metal, grindcore, power metal and black metal bands. Their most successful artists include Blind Guardian, Soilwork, In Flames, Meshuggah, Therion, Dimmu Borgir, Nile, Death, HammerFall, Sonata Arctica, Epica, Wintersun, and Nightwish.

## Related pages
* Nuclear Blast
* Nuclear energy
* Nuclear disasters
* Nuclear fission
* Nuclear fusion
* Nuclear physics
* Nuclear power
* Nuclear power plant
* Nuclear reaction
* Nuclear reactor
* Nuclear weapon

## References
El Bierzo

**El Bierzo** is a shire in the province of León, Spain. The capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo.

## Related pages
* Province of Llión
* Leonese language
Lime kiln

, London]]

A **lime kiln** is a kiln used to produce quicklime by the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate). The chemical equation for this reaction is:

:CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2

Limestone is poured into one side of the kiln, it is then heated up with hot air and quicklime [Calcium Oxide] comes out the other end.
Waste Gases come out of the top of the kiln.
Wild Horses

***Wild Horses*** is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1971 album *Sticky Fingers*. It has been covered by many other artists. Alicia Keys' recording, for her album *Alicia Keys: Unplugged*, featured the frontman of Maroon 5, Adam Levine.
Light Rail Transit Association

The **Light Rail Transit Association** (LRTA) is an association. Its purpose is to help and encourage research to keep and develop of light rail and tramway/streetcar systems. The LRTA publishes the monthly magazine *Tramways and Urban Transit* (formerly *Modern Tramway*). It is based in the United Kingdom but it has an international membership and remit. 

## History 
The LRTA was formed in 1937. It was called Light Railway Transport League (LRTL) until 1979. 

The opening of the Tyne and Wear Metro in 1980, followed by the Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and other new tram systems in Sheffield, Birmingham, Croydon and Nottingham, are very much in line with the aims of the Association.

## Related pages
*National Tramway Museum
*Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
*Transport 2000

## Other websites
*LRTA official website
*The official publication of the LRTA
Grant (money)

A **grant** is money given by a government, company, foundation, or trust to a group, school, business, or person. Unlike a loan, a grant does not need to be paid back. Grants help with a specific project or goal and often have rules about how the money can be used.  

People may need to write applications or proposals to get a grant. They might also have to follow rules and report on how they use the money.

## Types of grants 
Grants can be categorized into types based on their source, purpose, and requirements. Grants are divided into, among others:

# Government grants
# Foundation grants
# Corporate grants
# Research grants
# Educational grants

## References
Lucifugum

**Lucifugum** is a black metal band from Ukraine.

## History 
Lucifugum is a popular black metal band from Ukraine. They and Nokturnal Mortum are two of the best-known exponents of the East European black metal scene. Lucifugum was formed in 1995 by poet/composer Khlyst and musicians Bal-a-Myth (guitar, bass) and Faunus (vocals). The band continues to perform, despite Faunus having left the band in 2001, and Bal-a-Myth having died in his sleep on October 5, 2002; the albums *Back to Chopped Down Roots* and *Sociopath: Philosophy Cynicism* were recorded in 2003 by numerous session musicians which, however, did not join the band. In 2004 Khlyst moved to the Ukrainian town Mykolaiv to continue the activity of Lucifugum and Propaganda together with local black metal musician Elena (aka Stabaath) (ex-Namtar, ex-Hesperus). *Vector33* is the first album with Stabaath (she recorded vocals, guitar, bass, and keyboards). All lyrics are written by Khlyst, and music is composed by Stabaath and Khlyst. Khlyst and Stabaath (real names Igor and Elena Naumchuk) are married. They are the owners of black metal label Propaganda.

The music of Lucifugum was different and changed during the years. The early period can be described as symphonic black metal (1996-2000), later it was black/thrash metal, sometimes with death metal touches (2001-2003), and after 2004 the music of the band has transformed into pure black metal style.

According to Propaganda web site (details to album “Sublimessiah”) Khlyst performs vocals since 2014. The critical problems with Stabaath’s throat have stopped her during the record of the vocal. So, there are just 3 tracks (1,3,5) with Stabaath’s vocals on “Sublimessiah”.

## Band members 
* Khlyst (Igor Naumchuk) – vocals (2014-), lyrics (1995-), drum programming (2008-)
* Stabaath (Elena Naumchuk) – guitars, bass (2004-), vocals (2004-2014), keyboards (2005)
  
### Former members 
* Bal-a-Myth (deceased) – guitars, bass (1995-2002)
* Faunus – vocals (1995-2001)

## Discography 
* Gates of Nocticula - 1996
* Path of Wolf - 1996
* Through the Indifferent Sky - 1997
* on the sortilage of Christianity - 1999 
* On hooks to pieces! - 2000
* …and the Wheel keeps crunching… - 2001
* Stigma Egoism - 2002
* …back to chopped down roots - 2003
* Sociopath: philosophy cynicism - 2003
* Vector33 - 2005
* The Supreme Art of Genocide - 2005
* Involtation - 2006
* Sectane Satani - 2007
* Acme Adeptum – 2008
* Xa Heresy – 2010
* Od Omut Serpenti – 2012
* Sublimessiah – 2014
* Agonia Agnosti – 2016
* Infernalistica – 2018
* Tri nity limb ritual – 2020

### Music videos 
*2000 - "Vse Materi Umirayut"
*2003 - "Sociopath: Philosophy Cynicism"
*2005 - "Na Smertj"

## Other websites 
* Lucifugum interview for Ophiolatry Zine (Russia) 
* Lucifugum at Metal Archives
* Lucifugum at Discogs
* Black metal label Propaganda (owned by Khlyst and Stabaath)
* Lucifugum biography @ Rockdetector
* Adipocere records 
* BlackMetal.Com
* Drakkar productions
St. Catharines

**St. Catharines** is the biggest city in the Niagara Region of Canada.  Around 137,000 people live in St. Catharines as of 2021.

## Sister cities 
*  Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of St. Catharines' Official Website
Bellevue, Washington

**Bellevue** is a city of King County in the state of Washington, in the United States.  It is found across Lake Washington from Seattle.

## References
Say It Again (Natasha Bedingfield song)

***Say It Again*** is a single by Natasha Bedingfield originally released in 2007, off the studio album *N.B.*. The song also appears on the 3rd studio album by Bedingfield called *Pocketful of Sunshine*.
Camellia sinensis

***Camellia sinensis***, the **tea plant**, is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to make tea. It is in the genus *Camellia*. 

White tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea all come from this species. They are processed differently, so they have different levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from *Camellia sinensis*, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves.
Worcester, Massachusetts

**Worcester** is a city of Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts in the United States.  It is the county seat of Worcester County.  About 206,000 people were living in Worcester as of 2020.

Worcester is 40 miles from Boston, Massachusetts and 40 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts—right in the middle.

In 1774, the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence in New England took place in Worcester.

## Sister cities 
* Worcester, England (1998)
* Piraeus, Greece (2005)
* Pushkin, Russia (1987)
* Afula, Israel

## References 
## Other websites 
*Worcester official website
2008 California Proposition 8

**Proposition 8** is an initiative passed in California on November 4, 2008 that banned same-sex marriage.  The measure passed by 52% to 48%. It changed California's Constitution by adding a section that says, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."  The law was in response to a judge's ruling that gay marriage was legal under the California state Constitution.  The campaign to pass Proposition 8 was mostly paid for by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Proposition 8 is controversial and is being debated in court. On August 4, 2010, Judge Vaughn Walker in the United States District Court made a ruling that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional and should be overturned. This would make same-sex marriage legal again in California, however, Judge Walker issued a stay of execution, so that those in favor of Proposition 8 could legal appeal.

The appeal of the case went to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On February 7, 2012, the judges in this court agreed with Judge Walker that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional. However they also issued a stay of execution, so that their ruling could be appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

Those in favor of Proposition 8 appealed to the Supreme Court on July 30, 2012. On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court agreed to judge the case. The Supreme Court will issue a final ruling on the case in 2013.

There are several possible outcomes:
* The Supreme Court could agree with the lower courts, which would force Proposition 8 to be cancelled and would allow same-sex marriage to resume in California. 
* The Court could also disagree with the lower courts, in which case Proposition 8 would remain law. 
* The Court could rule that the supporters of Proposition 8 didn't have the right to bring the case to the Supreme Court, in which case the lower court ruling would stand, and Proposition 8 would also be overturned.

Depending on exactly how the Supreme Court rules, Proposition 8 could be overturned in California only, or all other laws against same-sex marriage in the United States could be overturned as well.

## References
Digsby

**Digsby** was an instant messaging piece of software. It was for Microsoft Windows, with plans to support Mac and Linux. It supported Google Mail, Yahoo messenger, MSN Messenger, Facebook chat and others. Currently no longer operational.
Palacios del Sil

**Palacios del Sil** is a municipality in the province of León, Spain.

Several Leonese language writers were born there.

## Related pages
* Cuentos del Sil
* Leonese language
Oshawa

**Oshawa** is a city of Ontario in Canada.  It can be found on the shores of Lake Ontario. Around 175,000 people were living in Oshawa as of 2021.

## List of radio stations
*CKDO 1580

*CKGE 94.9

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Oshawa website
David Archuleta (album)

***David Archuleta*** is the first album released by runner-up of Season 8 of American Idol, David Archuleta. The studio album includes the songs "Crush", and "A Little Too Not Over You". 

## Original Track Listing 
# "Crush"
# "Touch My Hand"
# "Barriers"
# "My Hands"
# "A Little Too Not Over You"
# "You Can"
# "Running"
# "Desperate"
# "To Be With You"
# "Don't Let Go"
# "Your Eyes Don't Lie"
# "Angels"

### iTunes Deluxe Edition Tracks 
# "Waiting for Yesterday"
# "Falling"
# "Let Me Go"
# "Somebody Out There"

### Wal-Mart Bonus Tracks 
# "Works For Me!"
Crush (David Archuleta song)

"**Crush**" is a #1 hit single by David Archuleta. The single came off the album *David Archuleta*. "Crush" was released on August 2, 2008. The single was recorded during the final episodes of Season 8 of *American Idol*.
A Little Too Not Over You

***A Little Too Not Over You*** is a 2009 song. It was released in early January 2009 by David Archuleta. The hit single came off the album *David Archuleta*. The song was on airplay since late-December. *A LIttle Too Not Over You* is the 4th track off the album by Archuleta.
Seismology

**Seismology** is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist. 

It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets. 

Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.  

Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.   

## Related pages
*Earth science
*Seismic analysis
Nellis Solar Power Plant

The **Nellis Solar Power Plant** was the largest solar power plant in North America when it was built in 2007. It is in Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada.

## References
Richard Keys

**Richard Keys**, (born 23 April 1957, Coventry, England) is an English broadcaster who is famous for presenting live football matches on Sky Sports since the early 1990s. He was a presenter on TV-am before joining Sky.

## References
Energetics

]]  
**Energetics** is the scientific study of energy movement and storages under change. Energetics is a wide field of study. This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry. Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends.
David Archuleta

**David James Archuleta** (born December 28, 1990) is an American pop vocal artist. He was the runner-up of season 7 of *American Idol*. He had the singles "Crush", "A Little Too Not Over You", "Angels", and "Touch My Hand". He released the album *David Archuleta* in November 2008.

## Discography
### Albums
* 2008 - *David Archuleta*
* 2009 - *Christmas from the Heart*
* 2010 - 'The Other Side of Down*
* 2012 - *Forevermore*
* 2012 - *Begin*
* 2017 - *Postcards in the Sky*
* 2018 - *Winter in the Air*
* 2020 - *Therapy Sessions''

### Singles
* 2008 - "Crush"
* 2008 - "Angels" (Robbie Williams)
* 2009 - "A Little Too Not Over You"
* 2009 - "Touch My Hand"
* 2009 - "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
* 2010 - "Something 'Bout Love"
* 2010 - "Elevator"
* 2010 - "Falling Stars"
* 2011 - "Wait"
* 2012 - "Forevermore"
* 2012 - "I'll Never Go"
* 2012 - "Broken"
* 2012 - "Everybody Hurts"
* 2013 - "Rainbow (Remix)"
* 2013 - "Don't Run Away"
* 2014 - "Glorious"
* 2015 - "The Prayer" (with Nathan Pacheco)
* 2016 - "Numb"
* 2016 - "My Little Prayer"
* 2016 - "Mi Pequeña Oración (My Little Prayer)"
* 2017 - "Up All Night"
* 2017 - "Invincible"
* 2018 - "Seasons" (featuring Madilyn Paige)
* 2018 - "Christmas Every Day"
* 2018 - "Winter in the Air"
* 2019 - "Postcards in the Sky"
* 2019 - "Paralyzed"
* 2019 - "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays"
* 2020 - "OK, All Right"

### Other Songs
* 2008 - "Imagine" (John Lennon)
* 2008 - "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (Elton John)
Wally Gator

***Wally Gator*** is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 3, 1962. The main character is an alligator named Wally. Wally lives in a zoo. He tends to run away from the zoo because he misses the swamp. However, Mr. Twiddle (the zookeeper) often captures Wally and brings him back to the zoo.

## References
*
Elie Wiesel

**Elie Wiesel** (; born **Eliezer Wiesel** on September 30, 1928 &ndash; July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-American Jewish writer, teacher, political activist, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and Holocaust survivor.  His most well-known book is *Night* which is about his life in several concentration camps during the Holocaust. He was a humanitarian.  

Wiesel won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize.  The Norwegian Nobel Committee praised his message "of peace, atonement and human dignity".

Wiesel died on July 2, 2016 at his home in Manhattan, aged 87.

## Works
**The Gates of the Forest* 
**Night*

## References
Leaked in London

***Leaked in London*** is a live EP that was recorded by Fall Out Boy in 2007. The EP was made in response to their fourth album, *Infinity on High*, being leaked onto the internet three weeks before its actual release date. Those who bought *Infinity On High* could download *Leaked In London* from Fall Out Boy's website by using the CDPass software and inserting the *Infinity On High* CD into their computer.

## Track listing 
All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.
# "Thriller" – 3:29
# ""The Take Over, the Breaks Over"" – 3:33
# "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" – 3:32
# "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)" – 3:31
# "Hum Hallelujah" – 3:50 (Fall Out Boy, Cohen)
# "Golden" – 2:32
# "Thnks fr th Mmrs" – 3:23
# "Don't You Know Who I Think I Am?" – 2:51
# "The (After) Life of the Party" – 3:21
# "The Carpal Tunnel of Love" – 3:23 (Fall Out Boy, Eisold)
# "Bang the Doldrums" – 3:31
# "Fame < Infamy" – 3:06
# "You're Crashing, But You're No Wave" – 3:42
# "I've Got All This Ringing in My Ears and None on My Fingers" – 4:06

## References
Scott Raynor

**Scott Raynor** (May 23, 1978) is an American drummer. He was Blink-182's drummer from 1992 to 1998, when he was told to leave the band. Now Raynor is a drummer for the bands *Isinglass* and *One Track Mind*.

When asked about being removed from Blink-182 in an interview, this is what Raynor said:

## Discography 
### Blink-182 
* *Flyswatter* (1993)
* *Demo #2* (1993)
* *Short Bus* (1994)
* *Cheshire Cat* (1994)
* *Buddha Promo* (1994)
* *They Came to Conquer... Uranus* (1995)
* *Dude Ranch* (1997)
*Buddha (1998)

### ISINGLASS 
* ISINGLASS(1999)
* New Millennium (2000)

### One Track Mind 
* *Music for Dummies* (2003)

## References
Pictorella mannikin

The **pictorella mannikin** (*Heteromunia pectoralis*) (also known as the **pictorella munia** or **pictorella finch**) is a species of bird in the family Estrildidae. They live in northern Australia, from the Fitzroy River in Western Australia, across the "Top End" of the Northern Territory, over to the Cape York Peninsula.

## References
* 
*  (2007a): [ 2006-2007 Red List status changes  ]. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.
*  (2007b): Pictorella Munia - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2007-AUG-28.
Czechoslovak government-in-exile

]]
The **Czechoslovak government-in-exile** (sometimes also officially called the **provisional government of Czechoslovakia**) was an informal name given to the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee, first by British diplomatic recognition. The name was used by other World War II Allies as they followed the British in recognizing it. The Committee was originally created by the former Czechoslovak President, Edvard Beneš in Paris in October 1939. Unsuccessful negotiations with France for diplomatic status, as well as the impending Nazi occupation of France, forced the Committee to move to London in 1940. From there, it moved to Aston Abbots, Buckinghamshire in 1941, where it sought relative safety from the London Blitz.

It was the true government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War. A specifically anti-Fascist government, it sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the following German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to return the Republic to its 1937 boundaries. Due to this, it was considered by those countries that recognized it, the legal continuation of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia.

## References
RPG-26

The **RPG-26** *Aglen* is a disposable anti-tank rocket launcher that was made by the Soviet Union. It entered service in 1985. It can shoot to about 250 meters.

## Information about the gun
* **Calibre:** 72.5&nbsp;mm
* **Length:** 770&nbsp;mm
* **Weight:** 2.9&nbsp;kg
* **Range**: effective combat, 250 m
* **Operating temperature:** -50 to +50°C

## Other websites
Grimsby, Ontario

**Grimsby** (population 28 883) is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Grimsby is a part of the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area.  Most of its population lives in the area surrounded Lake Ontario and the Niagara escarpment.  The escarpment is home to a section of the Bruce Trail. There are many famous people from Grimsby, including NHL player Kevin Bieksa, and The Three Stooges director Del Lord. Grimsby is known as "the gateway between Hamilton and Niagara". In the early 1900's, Grimsby was known as an amusement park, with a roller coaster, a movie theater, and cabins on the lake. One of Grimsby's elementary schools, Grand Avenue Public School, used to be the fairgrounds for the amusement park.

## References
Borna, Leipzig

**Borna** () is a town in the rural district Leipzig, in Saxony, Germany. It is also the capital of this district. It is located about  southeast of Leipzig.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Sullivan Bay, Victoria

**Sullivan Bay** is the site of the first official European settlement in Victoria, Australia. It is a very small bay near Sorrento, Victoria. It is close to the entrance of Port Phillip Bay,  south of the city of Melbourne.
In 1802, Governor Philip Gidley King in Sydney had written to Lord Hobart, Minister in charge of the colonies, in London, saying that Britain should start a settlement at Port Phillip Bay. King thought it would be good area for fishing and sealing. He was also worried that the French might settle in the area and then would control Bass Strait. Lieutenant John Murray had explored Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and thought that the Sorrento area would be a good spot to start a settlement.

## Leaving England
Lieutenant Governor David Collins was put in charge of starting the new settlement. He took 307 convicts, some with wives and children, 51 soldiers, 17 free settlers, some with wives and children, and a government staff of 12, and a clergyman, the Reverend Knopwood. The group of more than 400 people left England in April 1803, in the store ship “Ocean” and the convict ship “Calcutta.” The soil was very sandy and not suitable for farming. There were very few trees suitable for cutting up into building timber. The sandy ground meant that heavy items could not be carried in a wagon, which would be stuck in the sand, but had to be  instead. The small entrance to the bay made it difficult for sailing ships to get in or out safely. The tools brought from England, such a spades, hoes and axes, were very badly made and broke easily. Coscape. He had hoped to increase the food supply with fresh fish and kangaroos, but they were not able to catch any. and the remains of a water barrel in the Latrobe Library collection.

## Other websites
*Parks Victoria: Collins Settlement Historic Site 

## References
Hartenstein, Saxony

**Hartenstein** is a town in the rural district Zwickau, in Saxony, Germany. It is located on the river Zwickauer Mulde, 14 km southeast of Zwickau. Hartenstein has about 5,000 Inhabitants.

## Population
## References
## Other websites
Fright Night (album)

***Fright Night*** is the first album by the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius.

## Track listing 
#"Future Shock" – 4:36
#"False Messiah" – 5:20
#"Black Night" – 3:43
#"Witch-Hunt" – 3:22
#"Fire Dance" – 2:20
#"Fright Night" – 8:13
#"Night Screamer" – 4:48
#"Darkness" – 6:57
#"Goodbye" – 1:14

## Band members 
*Timo Tolkki - Guitar, Vocals
*Jyrki Lentonen - Bass
*Antti Ikonen - Keyboards
*Tuomo Lassila - Drums