open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Philately

**Philately** is the study and collection of postage stamps and postal history.

## Types of Philately 
* Thematic philately, also known as topical philately, is the study of art shown on stamps. This can be pictures of many things on a stamp, like people, animals, boats, insects, and vehicles. Interesting parts of thematic philately also include mistakes in the art of a stamp. For example, the removal of cigarettes from United States stamps.
* Postal history studies the history of how mail and stamps were processed. This relates to post offices, postmarks, and how mail is taken from place to place.
* Aerophilately studies airmail (mail that travels on planes).
* Astrophilately studies stamps that are related to outer space, and objects like the Moon.

## Organizations 
;In the United Kingdom
* National Philatelic Society UK
* Philatelic Traders Society (London) 
* Royal Philatelic Society London
* Welsh Philatelic Society 

;In the United States
* American First Day Cover Society
* American Philatelic Society
* American Revenue Association
* American Topical Association
* National Postal Museum (USA)
* Precancel Stamp Society
* Old World Archaeological Study Unit 

;Other places
* Académie Européenne de Philatélie
* Fédération Internationale de Philatélie
* Scouts on Stamps Society International
* GEOPHILA Association of collectors of stamp territories around the world
* Wreck & Crash Mail Society
* Europe: Small European Postal Administration Cooperation
* Argentina: Féderación Argentina de Entidades Filatélicas
* Australia: Australian Philatelic Federation
* Canada: British North American Philatelic Society
* Cyprus: Cyprus Philatelic Society
* India: Indian Postal Service
* New Zealand: Royal Philatelic Society of New Zealand Inc 
* Russia: The Rossica Society of Russian Philately
* South Africa: Thematic Collecting Group in South Africa 
* Ukraine: Odessa City Collectors' Society

## Related pages 
* All-Russian Society of Philatelists
* Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
* Philatelic International
* Soviet Philatelic Association
* Stamp collector
* Soviet Philatelist

## Other websites
*
Camelot

, 1868.]]
In the legends of King Arthur, **Camelot** is Arthur's castle. In fiction about the Middle Ages, Arthur rules Scotland from Camelot and holds feasts at his round table. The round table, which has no legs or head, symbolized the idea of a good king because every knight who sat at it had an equal place. Since Camelot's original place is still uncertain, the truth about it, if it ever existed, is still unknown. Camelot once held many great things such as The Holy Grail, The Holy Sword Excalibur and The Round Table which brought Arthur's best knights together. 

The end of Camelot was caused by Sir Lancelot's and Queen Guinevere's love affair, which forced Camelot to plunge into civil-war.
Cowlitz River

**Cowlitz River** is a river in the state of Washington in the United States. The river is a tributary of the larger Columbia River. There are several mountains near the river including Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Adams. 

## Other websites
* USGS Cowlitz River Basin map 
* Cowlitz Falls Project 
* http://www.energy-northwest.com/generation/packwood
University of Hawaiʻi

The **University of Hawaii** is a group of public colleges and universities in Hawaii established in 1907. There are three universities, seven community colleges, an employment training center, four education centers and some research laboratories:

;Universities
*University of Hawaii at Hilo, doctoral university in Hilo
*University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, doctoral university in Honolulu
*University of Hawaii-West Oahu, baccalaureate university in Kapolei

;Community Colleges
*Hawaii Community College, Hilo
*Honolulu Community College, Honolulu
*Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu
*Kauai Community College, Līhu'e
*Leeward Community College, Pearl City
*Windward Community College, Kāne'ohe
*University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului

## References
*
Alexandre Dumas

**Alexandre Dumas** can mean one of two people

*Alexandre Dumas, père, a French author
*Alexandre Dumas, fils, also a French author, the son of the one above
Leonidas I

**Leonidas I** (; c. 530 BC–480 BC) was a king of the Greek city-the state of Sparta from about 490 BC until his death in 480. The Spartans and associates defended the pass at Thermopylae against the Persian army. 

Although Leonidas lost the battle, his death at Thermopylae was seen as a heroic sacrifice. Leonidas sent most of his army away when he realized that the Persians had outmaneuvered him. Three hundred of his fellow Spartans stayed with him to fight to the death. Almost everything that is known about Leonidas comes from the work of the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–c. 425 BC)

## Thermopylae 
### Invasion of Greece 
In 480 BC, the Persians with their king Xerxes attacked Greece. When the Greeks asked the Spartans to join their army against the Persians, the Spartans went to the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle gave a prophecy. It said that either Sparta would fall or the Spartans would lose a king.

### Fighting back 
In August 480 BC, Leonidas went to Thermopylae with only 300 of his bodyguards. Other Greek forces joined him there and formed an army of 4,000 soldiers. This army would try to hold the  of Thermopylae against the great army of Xerxes I, King of Persia.

### Siege 
Leonidas and his men held Thermopylae for three days. On the third day, a Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian army behind the Spartans. It was then that Leonidas sent away all the Greek troops except 700 Thespians, who refused to leave. The small Greek force was attacked from both sides. They fought hard but finally they were all killed. Xerxes told his men to remove Leonidas' head and put it on a stake. He also told them to crucify his body. Now, there is a monument near Leonidas’ death site. It has the following :

### After the battle 
Only two Spartans survived that battle. One was Kirtanian. He was injured and sent behind the rest of the soldiers. The other was Pantites. He was sent by Leonidas to get help in Thessaly. He did not get back to Thermopylae until after the battle was done. At the end, he hanged himself because he was harassed and often referred as a coward.
Shrapnel

s.]]
**Shrapnel** is small chunks of broken objects, such as concrete and metal, that is around an explosive, usually as part of a container. When the explosive goes off, the shrapnel flies out in all directions with a similar effect to a bullet. Nail bombs work like this.

## Related pages
*Gunpowder
*Weapon

## Notes
Introduced species

An **introduced species** is an living thing that is not native to a given place. It has been brought there by human .  People may have brought the living thing by accident or on purpose.  The introduced species can cause problems when it becomes a pest in the new place.  It may damage the ecosystem of the new place.  This damage can be to other animals, plants and also human activity.

One introduced species is the tilapia.  It is a fish that comes from warm freshwater areas of Africa, North and South America, India and Sri Lanka.  It has been taken to other areas because it is good for fish farming, and it also is a good pet for an aquarium.  When the fish is released into other parts of the world, it quickly takes over from the native fish.  It can do this because it breeds quickly, eats all the available food, and eats the eggs and babies of native fish.  This can cause the water to become so muddy, that the native fish cannot live.  Tilapia has been listed as one of the 100 worst introduced species. 
*People brought cats and stoats to islands.  When birds live on islands with no mammal predators, they sometimes do not build nests in trees.  Instead, they nest on the ground.  This makes it easy for the cats and stoats to eat the chicks and eggs.  Some birds, for example the kiwi and kakapo do not fly.  The animals that like to eat the kakapo were mostly birds of prey that flew high overhead.  They would find the kakapo by seeing it.  The kakapo would stand very still so the bird of prey would not find it.  But this does not work against a mammal predator that finds its prey by smelling it.  The kakapo would stand very still, and the introduced mammal would catch it.
*Rats hid on human ships and got onto Easter Island.  Historians think the rats might have eaten palm tree seeds and could be what made the trees on the island die out.

## Related pages 
* Invasive species
*Feral

## References
Over-harvesting

stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s. That led to their abrupt collapse in 1992.]]

**Over-harvesting** means taking more from the land (or sea) than it can replace. It includes extreme farming, grazing, fishing, and using fresh water. 

Over-harvesting is harmful in the long term. Forests or wetlands are hard to replace. Damage to nature hurts animals and humans. Most wetlands are damaged by overuse as a source of drinking water, and they are sometimes drained to make farmland or land for building. A thriving and diverse ecosystem is destroyed. 

Over-harvesting also applies to animals. Population numbers may drop as a result, and species may become extinct. Overfishing is a typical example. Fishing and the shooting of deer or birds are now legal at only certain times of the year. The season in which they mate, reproduce. and lay eggs or have the young are protected. Areas of special natural beauty or scientific interest are also protected. Now, in the United Kingdom, it is illegal to take bird eggs.

One thing which acts against conservation is the overpopulation of the world. The greatest single reason for the world ri lose forests is that some people want the land for other purposes. A few people gain, but everyone shares the cost. That is called the tragedy of the commons.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Overfishing
Bunker

A **bunker** is a military building for fortification. They are usually built below ground. Blockhouses are like bunkers, but are built above ground.  Bunkers were of big importance during World War I and World War II.  Bunkers were built during the Cold War for important political people and for the general public because of the scare of a nuclear war.

## Types of bunkers
There are many different types of bunkers:

### Trench 
A trench is long and narrow.  It may be part of a big system of trenches.  Soldiers often dig and use trenches.  When most of the front-line soldiers use trenches, it is called trench warfare.

### Pillbox
A pillbox is a small building made of concrete that also has small windows that people can shoot guns out of.  The name came from the fact that they look like the boxes that pills came in.
Pillboxes were used a lot during World War I when defence in depth was being used.  Pillboxes are most often found camouflaged so that they are harder to spot.  They can also be part of a trench system, where the pillbox is a firing step that has been built to take grenade blasts and smaller mortar fire.  Pillboxes were also built to help protect strategic structures such as bridges or jetties.

### Industrial
Industrial bunkers are built like regular bunkers and they can be mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes places that people live in.  They were built by nations during World War II to help protect the important industries from getting bombed.  Many mines in France and Germany were made into bunkers by both the Germans and the French in both World War I and World War II.

### Bomb/fallout shelters
A bomb shelter or fallout shelter is a type of bunker, usually civilian bunker, used for protection against nuclear weapons and the toxic radiation "fallout" they leave behind. These shelters run the gammit from modified storm shelters to vast underground cities

## Famous bunkers
Famous bunkers include the World War II V-weapon buildings in Germany (e.g., Mittelwerk, La Coupole, and Éperlecques) and the Cold War buildings in the United States (Cheyenne Mountain, Site R, and The Greenbrier) and Canada (Diefenbunker).

### Examples of bunkers
* *Atlantic Wall*, coasts of Western Europe, built by Nazi Germany during WWII
* *Maginot Line*, eastern France, built by France, pre-WWII
* *Führerbunker*, built by Nazi Germany before and during WWII

## References
## Other websites
* Europe WW2 bunkers in Europe  (reference website about museums and sites of WW2 pillboxes, bunkers and other defensive structures with maps and photos)
* Great Britain  (image collection of WW2 coastal defences)
* Great Britain Pillboxes UK (reference website about WW2 pillboxes and other defensive structures)
* Great Britain UK Heritage: Pillboxes  (short article about "Miniature modern castles")
* Great Britain Subterranea Britannica: Cold War  (information on Cold War-era underground structures in Britain)
Neuhof an der Zenn

**Neuhof an der Zenn** is a municipality in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.

## References
Cecil (band)

**Cecil** was a rock band from Liverpool, England.

## History 
### Formation 
Cecil formed in Liverpool in 1993. The members were Ste Williams (vocals), Patrick Harrison (guitar), Ally Lambert (drums), Anthony Hughes (guitar and keyboards), and Jay Bennett (bass).

### First concert 
The band took part in a "Battle of the Bands". It was sponsored by Liverpool Echo who later tried to stitch the band up by putting them on the front cover under the title "Bulger Band", a reference to their song No Excuses that they believed, incorrectly, to be about the murder of toddler James Bulger. The band never spoke to the Liverpool Echo again. The band signed a manangement contract with Raymond Coffer. They later signed with the record label Parlophone (EMI). They released their first single "No Excuses" with Parlophone in October 1995.

### Tours 
The band spent the end of 1995 and most of 1996 playing concerts in much of the United Kingdom. They played with such bands as The Levellers, Skunk Anansie, and Paw. They also played in music festivals at Donnington and T in the Park. During this time, they released their second single "My Neck", which was backed with an acoustic track and a piano version of the single, giving a hint of the direction they were heading in for the recording of their 2nd record.

### First album 
In 1996, their first album *Bombar Diddlah* was getting good reviews. It was produced by Barrett Jones of Foo Fighters.

### Later history 
Cecil spent most of 1997 writing songs, touring with the band Mansun and making their music sound even better.  The changes could particularly be heard in the sound of Ste Williams' vocals. By the end of 1997, their new sound could be heard in their new release "Red Wine At Dead Time". They released a second album in 1998, "Subtitles". It did not sell as well as hoped. The band spent the next few years writing and touring sporadically, finally relocating to Seattle in 2001 to work on a third album with long time cohort Barrett Jones. After a productive 2-month stint, straight after the 9/11 bombings, the band went back home to write more songs and booked to go into Stone Gossard's (Pearl Jam) Studio Litho with Barrett to record the rest of the third record. This never happened after being dropped from their label.The band went their separate ways in March 2002 and remain firm friends, occasionally reuniting for off the cuff live shows in their native Liverpool.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* Bombar Diddlah (1996)
* Subtitles (1998)

### Singles 
* "No Excuses" (1995)
* "My Neck" (1996)
* "Measured" (1996)
* "Red Wine at Dead Time" (1997)
* "Hostage in a Frock" (1997)
* "The Most Tiring Day" (1998)

### EPs 
* "Canyon EP" (2000)
* "Missile EP" (2001)
Bass clarinet

The **bass clarinet** is a type of clarinet, and is a woodwind single-reed instrument. The earliest record of the bass clarinet is called a 'bass tube' invented in Paris in 1772 by G. Lott. It usually has a B-flat pitch. It plays one octave lower in pitch than the normal clarinet. This means that when a bass clarinet makes a note, the note that actually sounds is an octave and a whole tone lower. There are some bass clarinets that have an A or C pitch as well as E flat, but these are not common.

## References
## Other websites
Cornett

The **cornett** is a brass instrument from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque times. It is also called a **zink**, **cornetto**, or by its Italian name, *cornetto curvo*. It is different from the modern cornet, also a brass instrument. It has only one feature shared with the **cornett**.

## Other websites
* A page about the cornett 
* Christopher Monk Instruments , one of the more well-known modern makers of cornetts
* The English Cornett and Sackbut Ensemble, a performance group that makes use of the cornett
* A possibility to build your own curved cornett
Christopher Marlowe

**Christopher "Kit" Marlowe** (6 February 1564–30 May 1593) was a major dramatist, poet, and translator of English Renaissance drama. Swinburne has written that: "Marlowe is a **Father of English Tragedy** and the creator of English blank verse and therefore also the teacher and guide of Shakespeare." He was born the same year as Shakespeare, or at least baptised, but lived only to the age of 29, when he was murdered in a fight.

Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury. Because he was smart, he got scholarships, to King's School in Canterbury at age 15, and two years later to the University of Cambridge. Marlowe was well-educated; he earned a bachelor's degree in 1584 and a master's degree in 1587. 

Marlowe's plays were both popular and controversial, while he was still alive and later. His plays deal with disturbing subjects like devil worship (*Doctor Faustus*), homosexuality (*Edward II*), and anti-Semitism (*The Jew of Malta*). Marlowe is generally regarded as master of blank verse.

In addition to seven plays, Marlowe wrote one long poem, *Hero and Leander*, and one famous shorter poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."

Marlowe's death was also highly controversial. He was killed in a fight at a tavern (similar to a pub/bar) where he was stabbed in the head.  Marlowe was, or sometimes claimed to be, an atheist, at a time when atheism was a crime that could be punished by death. Some people have wondered if his death were connected with these other issues.

Uncertainty about Marlowe's death has led some people to believe that Marlowe faked his death and continued to write plays using the name "William Shakespeare." This is called the "Marlovian theory."

## Plays 
* *Dido Queen of Carthage*
* *Tamburlaine, Parts 1 and 2*
* *The Jew of Malta*
* *Doctor Faustus*
* *Edward II*
* *The Massacre at Paris*

### Other possible works 
* *The Contention of York and Lancaster* (or *The First Part of the Contention betwixt the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster*) is an annoymous work that some people think may have been written by Marlowe. It was the basis for Shakespeare's play *Henry VI, Part 2*.

## References
Habitat fragmentation

**Habitat fragmentation** happens when large habitats are divided into smaller ones, separating all the species that lived there and depended on each other. 

## Causes 
Habitat fragmentation is not good because it involves some amount of habitat . Plants and other organisms in these areas are destroyed and mobile animals escape from those places to find another habitat causing an excessive crowding and possible competitions among different animals.
Baoruco Province

**Baoruco**, also written **Bahoruco** (but the "h" is not pronounced), is a Dominican province, in the western part of the country, in the *Hoya de Enriquillo* valley. Its capital city is Neiba (or Neyba).

It was created on 1943. It was part of the Barahona province before being elevated to the category of province. It was called Baoruco because the northern side of the Sierra de Bahoruco was part of the province; with the creation of the Independecia province, that part went to the new province but the name was not changed.

## Location
Baoruco is bordered to the north by the San Juan province, to the east by the Azua and Barahona provinces, and to the south and west by the Independencia province.

## History
When the Baoruco province was created in 1943, it was formed with the municipalities Neiba, Duvergé, La Descubierta and Tamayo. With the creation of the Independencia province in 1948, Duvergé and La Descubierta became municipalities of the new province. Villa Jaragua became a municipality of the province in 1974, Galván in 1997 and Los Ríos in 2001.

The municipal districts of the province were created in:

The largest city of the province is Neiba, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in 2010) of 27,105 inhabitants.

The Baoruco province is in the *Hoya de Enriquillo* valley, a very dry valley with some parts below sea level; its capital, Neiba, has an elevation of only 10 m above sea level. In this valley is the *Lake Enriquillo*, and the northeastern part of the lake, about of third of its surface, belongs to the Baoruco province, including its small islands of Barbarita and Islita.

The Sierra de Neiba runs across the northern part of the province, on the border with the San Juan province.

The most important river in the province is the Yaque del Sur river, one of the longest in the country; it forms the eastern limit of the province and its water is used for irrigation. Other rivers are Las Marías and Panzo.

The climate of the province is a tropical climate, very hot and dry in the valley, but it is cooler on the mountains. In the valley, cacti and other plants of dry regions are common. There are some rainforests in the mountains.

The only important road in the province goes through the southern part of the province, along the valley, and the most important towns of the province are along this road.

### Municipalities
There are five municipalities and nine municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

## Economy 
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantains in Tamayo, grapes in Neiba and Los Ríos. On the Sierra de Neiba, coffee and beans are important products.

## References
Snorri Sturluson

**Snorri Sturluson** (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was three-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the *Prose Edda* or *Younger Edda* and the *Heimskringla*, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history.

## References
*
*Snorri Sturluson, "Kringla leaf" (c. 1260), part of Heimskringla treasure 1  National Library of Iceland displayed via *The European Library*
*. A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.
*Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). *Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning*. Historiska Media, Falun. 

## Notes
## Other websites
*
*Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts , site maintained by Unnur Valgeirsdóttir at the University of Iceland.
*Snorri Sturluson , article by Jónas Kristjánsson at snorrastofa.is.
*The Women in Snorri's Life .
Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy

***Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*** is a platform game made by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the first video game in the *Jak and Daxter* series, and can only be bought for the Sony PlayStation 2. It was released in winter of 2001, and has two sequels, *Jak II* and *Jak 3*. It also has two spin-offs, *Jak X: Combat Racing* and *Daxter*. Many people think of *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy* as the spiritual successor to Naughty Dog's *Crash Bandicoot* series.
Analects

The ***Analects*** was a book put together by the students of Confucius. It is about his thoughts on family, government and war. It was likely written by his followers.

## Other websites
*MIT text
Club

A **club** can be many things. 

* Club (weapon)
* A club is an apparatus of rhythmic gymnastics
* Social club, a place where people gather
* Club (biscuit)
* a sports team, such as a football club
Ethylene

**Ethylene** or **ethene** is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule.  These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a hydrocarbon.  It is very important in industry and has even been used in biology as a hormone.  It is also the most made chemical. About 75 million tons of it have been made each year since 2005. Its biggest use is to make polyethylene.

It is a gas at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a specific pressure).

## History
Since 1795, ethylene was called an *olefiant gas*, or *oil making gas*.  This was because it came together with chlorine to make the *oil of the Dutch chemists*.

In 1866, the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann came up with a system for naming hydrocarbons. The suffixes -ane, -ene, -ine, -one, and -une were used to call the hydrocarbons with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane it came from.  Because of this system, ethylene became ethene.

In 1979, the IUPAC decided that ethylene would stay ethylene.

## How it is made
Ethylene is made in the chemical industry by steam cracking.  Some of the parts of an ethylene plant can be:

# The steam cracking furnaces;
# Heat recovery systems;
# A steam recycling system;
# A system to compress the cracked gas;
# A system to remove acid gas;

There are other systems in an ethylene plant.  The systems listed above were the most important systems in an ethylene plant.

Since making ethylene uses much energy, those making the ethylene attempt to prevent gasses from leaving the furnaces.

## References
## Other websites
*International Chemical Safety Card 0475
Skol

**Skol** is a brand of beer made by the Danish company Carlsberg Group. Skol was first brewed in 1959 for European customers. The beer's name comes from the Danish word *skål* which means "to your health", a common toast (a word or phrase said before drinking). Skol is available in a few different flavors.

Skol was started in 1964 in Europe. It became available in Brazil in 1967. In 1979, it was one of the first beers to be sold in aluminum cans. As of 2004, Skol was available in more than 20 countries.

In 2000, the first annual Skol Beats music festival was held in São Paulo, Brazil. The type of music featured at Skol Beats is electronic, including trance, techno, electro, drum and bass, house, and breakbeat. Skol's new "Beats" beer was revealed at the 2000 festival. Beats has a different flavor and alcohol content than the original Skol. It is marketed as the beer for people that like parties and excitement.

In October of 2006, the new Skol Lemon was released. Response to Skol Lemon has been divided. Some people really like it and others do not.

## References
Fragmentation

**Fragmentation** can mean:
## In biology
* Fragmentation (reproduction), a form of asexual reproduction
* Fragmentation (cell biology)
* Habitat fragmentation

## Other
* Fragmentation (computer) a phenomenon of computer storage
* Fragmentation (economics), a process of globalisation
* Fragmentation (music), a compositional technique
* Fragmentation (sociology), in urban sociology
* Fragmentation (weaponry), a feature of explosive weaponry
* IP fragmentation, a process in computer networking
Heimskringla

***Heimskringla*** is the best known of the old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 1242) ca. 1230. The name *Heimskringla* was first used in the 17th century, it comes from the first two words of one of the manuscripts (*kringla heimsins* - *the circle of the world*).

Heimskringla is a collection of tales about the Norwegian kings, beginning with the legendary Swedish dynasty of the Ynglingas, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from Harald Fairhair of the 9th century up to 1177.

## Bibliography
* . A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.

## Other websites
* Heimskringla in Old Norse from "Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad" Norway.
* Berkeley page on Snorri Sturluson's text
Stone circle

stone circle in England]]

]]

A **stone circle** is an ancient type of monument. There are about 1,000 remaining stone circles and 80 stone henges in Great Britain and Ireland. Stonehenge is a famous example of a stone circle. 

Stone circle monuments are made of several standing stones that are arranged in a certain way (often in circles or ellipses). The number of stones can vary between four and 60. Often, burial sites are in or near the circle. 

Most likely stone circles were used for rituals. They might also have been used as calendars; some stone circles are arranged so that certain stones are lit on special dates, such as the summer solstice.

## References
Rheinfelden (Baden)

**Rheinfelden** is a town in Germany that was started in 1922.  The name means "the fields of the Rhine", like Rheinfelden in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Rheinfelden

**Rheinfelden** is:

* the name of two towns on the banks of the Rhine:
** Rheinfelden (Baden) in the Lörrach Rural District of Baden-Württemberg, Germany
** Rheinfelden, Switzerland in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, also
* Rheinfelden (district), a district in Aargau Canton.

## Other 
* Rudolf of Rheinfelden (or Rudolf of Swabia) (1025&ndash;1080), Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
* Rheinsfelden, eine suburg in the district of Glattfelden, in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland
County Mayo

**County Mayo** is a county in the province of Connacht, in Ireland.  Castlebar and Ballina are the two towns with the most people living in them in the county.  The highest point in Mayo and Connacht is Mweelrea.

## Towns and villages
The following is a list of the towns and villages in County Mayo:
*Achill Island
*Balla, Ballina, Ballinrobe, Ballintober, Ballycastle, Ballyhaunis, Ballyglass, Ballyvary, Bangor, Belmullet, Bohola
*Castlebar, Charlestown, Claremorris, Cong, Crossmolina
*Derrew
*Foxford
*Geesala
*Keel, Kilkelly, Killala, Kiltimagh, Knock
*Louisburgh
*Mayo, Mulrany
*Newport
*Swinford
*Tourmakeady
*Westport

## Other websites
*Mayo County Council's website
*Map of Mayo
Standing stone

in the Outer Hebrides]]
 stone circle, Ireland]]
]]
, Brittany.]]

**Standing stones** (also called **menhirs**) are stones set into the ground vertically. They were put there by Neolithic people in the British Isles and Brittany. They also occur elsewhere in the world.

There may be single standing stones, circles, lines or groups of them. Their dates are mostly from 4000 BC to 1,500 BC. Since Neolithic peoples did not have writing, we do not know much about what they were used for. It is generally thought they had both practical and ceremonial or religious uses. Pottery found near some of these stones suggest that some standing stones in Europe belonged to the so-called 'Beaker culture'.

## Features 
Their shape is generally uneven and squared, usually becoming thinner near the top. Menhirs can be found across Europe, Africa and Asia. However, they are mostly found in Western Europe, especially in Brittany and the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland). There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas. 

Standing stones are usually hard to date. However, pottery found underneath some standing stones in western Europe connects them with the Beaker people. They were made as part of a megalithic culture which was powerful in Europe and beyond.

### Megalithic monuments 
Where they appear in groups, often in a round, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called megalithic monuments. These are sites of very old religious ceremonies, sometimes having burial chambers. 

The developments of radiocarbon dating and tree-ring calibration have helped us learn more of their timing. In some archaeological sites, the remains of wooden henges can be found. Woodhenge was a henge and timber circle monument in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England. It is 2 miles (3.2&nbsp;km) north-east of Stonehenge.

## History
Historians do not know the social group, religious thoughts, or language of the people who made the menhirs. We do know that they buried their dead. They also had the skills to grow cereal, farm, and make pottery, stone tools and jewelry. 

Some recent research into the megaliths in Brittany suggests a much older origin, maybe back to six to seven thousand years ago. This is not generally accepted.

## Related pages 
*Stonehenge
*Avebury
*Carnac stones

## Further reading 
*Malone, Caroline. 2005. *Neolithic Britain and Ireland*. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

## References
Brazos Country, Texas

**Brazos Country** is a city in Austin County, Texas. It had a population was 514 people in 2020.

## References
Arthur Rimbaud

**Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud**  (20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet, born in Charleville. He wrote his best works when he was 15–18 years old.  He was  and moved around the world a lot. He was homosexual. He died of bone cancer just after his 37th birthday.

## Works
* *Le Soleil Était Encore Chaud* (1866)
* *Poésies* (c. 1869–1873)
* Soleil et chair (1870)
* *Le bateau ivre* (1871)
* *Proses Évangeliques* (1872)
* *Une Saison en Enfer* (1873) – published by Rimbaud himself as a small booklet in Brussels. Although "a few copies were distributed to friends in Paris... Rimbaud almost immediately lost interest in the work."
* *Illuminations* (1874)
* *Lettres* (1870–1891)

## References 
## Other websites 
*  Arthur Rimbaud, his work in audio version  
* THE QUIET LIFE A collection of photos and drawings of Arthur RİMBAUD Edited by Beyaz Arif AKBAS Yalnizgoz BOOKS/Edirne 2011 USA
Elisée Reclus

**Élisée Reclus** (March 15, 1830–July 4, 1905), also known as **Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus**, was a French geographer and anarchist.

## Biography
He was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant priest, who had a family of fourteen children. His education, begun in Rhenish Prussia, was continued in the Protestant college of Montauban, and completed at the university of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.

After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852–1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the *Revue des deux mondes*, the *Tour du monde* and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.

In 1867–1868 he published *La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe*, in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the *Cri du Peuple* an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5. On November 16, he was sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed to a ban as an exile.

Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.

In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.

After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.

Some articles wrote by Reclus:
* Nouvelle Géographie Universelle - Nuova Geografia Universale (1875- 1894 ).
* La Terre, description des phénomènes de la vie du globe (1867-1868).
* Histoire d'une montagne (1872).
* Histoire d'une ruisseau (1876).
* L'Homme et la Terre - (postum) in (1905).

Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.

## Related pages
* Anarchism in France
* Onésime Reclus, his brother

## Other websites
* Élisée Reclus, le site 
* Reclus at the Anarchy Archive
Feldspar

.]]
**Feldspar** is the name of a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.

Feldspar forms crystals from magma in both intrusive and extrusive rocks, and they can also happen as compact minerals, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed entirely of plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite. Feldspar is also found in many types of sedimentary rock.

Feldspar is typically reddish or pale pink in color, and has a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale, making it roughly as hard to scratch as glass.

There are two groups of feldspar, both made out of silica and aluminum:
#*Orthoclase or "alkali" feldspars*: a group of minerals that all have the same formula (KAlSi3O8 with sodium sometimes replacing the potassium in some pieces), but are formed in different ways because of how different the times and places where they formed were. 
#*Plagioclase feldspars*: A series of minerals that are made up of a series of two chemicals (Albite, NaAlSi3O8, and anorthite CaAl2Si2O8), with a given piece having its place on the series determined by the relative amounts of the two chemicals.
Michael Emerson

**Michael Emerson** (born September 7, 1954) is an American theatre, television, and movie actor. He won an "Outstanding Guest Actor" Emmy in 2001 for a part on *The Practice*. He is best known for playing Zep Hindle in the 2004 movie *Saw* and Ben Linus in the television series *Lost*.

## Biography 
### Early life 
Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, Iowa. He studied theater and art at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated in 1976. He then moved to New York City. He had trouble finding work as an actor so he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator. In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. In Jacksonville, between 1986 to 1993, he was in local productions, and worked as a teacher and director.

### Career 
Emerson thought about not being an actor and being a teacher instead, because it is a more stable job. He decided to go back to school and get a Master of Fine Arts. He thought it might help him meet theatre professionals and directors. 

Emerson's first big role was in 1997. He starred as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's play, *Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde,* and then was in many other plays. In 1998, he acted with Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of *The Misanthrope*. In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in *The Iceman Cometh* with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both *Give Me Your Answer, Do!* and *Hedda Gabler*.

In movies and television, Emerson played somewhat dangerous, damaged characters. He played the roles so that the character would seem mysterious. In 2001, he won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of *The Practice*.

One of Emerson's most well-known works was in 2004, as the character Zep Hindle in the horror movie *Saw*. In 2006, Emerson began guest-starring on the television series *Lost* as Henry Gale/Ben Linus . He was originally planned to be in a small number of episodes, but he returned for season 3 as a main cast member. In 2007, he was nominated for another Emmy Award for his work on the series.

## References
Marianna

**Marianna** can be one of the following:

* Marianna, Arkansas, USA
* Marianna, Florida, USA
* 602 Marianna, an asteroid, number 602 in the minor planet catalog
Battle of Chantilly

The **Battle of Chantilly** happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia. It was the last battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War. The battle had two names: the Union side called it the "Battle of Chantilly" and the Confederates called it the "Battle of Ox Hill".

## Background
Confederate General Robert E. Lee had just won the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 29. The Union Army, commanded by John Pope, started retreating north towards Washington, D.C. Lee wanted to destroy Pope's army. He sent Thomas J. Jackson's corps to march around Pope's army in order to capture the road to Washington. If the Confederates captured the road, Pope would have been surrounded and be forced to surrender.

On September 1, Pope found out where Jackson was. He sent Jesse L. Reno with two divisions to attack Jackson. Jackson had stopped on Ox Hill, which was near the Chantilly Plantation. He decided to stop there because he found Pope's army was farther north than he expected.

## The battle
The first Union commander to arrive at Ox Hill was Isaac Stevens. He decided to attack Jackson's men about 5 p.m. At the same time, a thunderstorm broke out and made some of the solders's ammunition too wet to fire. Many men had to fight with bayonets. Stevens's division made part of the Confederate army retreat. But the Confederates counterattacked and forced Steven's division retreat. During the attack, Stevens was killed.

After Stevens' s attack failed, Philip Kearny's division arrived. Kearny tried to attack the Confederates but he was killed too. After sunset, the Union soldiers retreated from the battlefield.

## Aftermath
The Union army lost about 1,000 casaulties in the battle. The Confederates lost about 500 to 600 casualties. Pope continued retreating to Washington on September 2.

## Sources
* Hennessy, John J. *Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas*. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .
* Taylor, Paul. *He Hath Loosed the Fateful Lightening: The Battle of Ox Hill (Chantilly) September 1, 1862*. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Books, 2003. .
Egyptian Museum

The **Egyptian Museum**, formally known as the **Museum of Egyptian Antiquities**, is a museum in Cairo, Egypt, which has a large  of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 120,000 items. The museum's Royal Mummy Room, shows some mummies of New Kingdom kings and queens.

Another large museum of Egyptian antiquities is Egyptian Museum of Turin, which is the only museum other than the Cairo Museum that is dedicated only to Egyptian art and culture.

## Other websites 
* Egyptian Museum in Cairo 
* Egyptian Museum of Turin
Jörg Haider

**Jörg Haider** (26 January 1950 – 11 October, 2008) was an Austrian politician who was often said to be off right-populism ("rechtspopulist"). He was born in Bad Goisern, Upper Austria, and died in Köttmannsdorf near Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria.

At the age of 29 he became the youngest member of the Austrian parliament and in 1989 the Governor of Carinthia for the first time.

Haider led the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27% behind the SPÖ with 33% and could form a coalition with the Austrian People's Party ÖVP (having for the first time only the third most votes) making Wolfgang Schüssel Chancellor of Austria.

Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor.

In 2004 Haider was re-elected as Governor of Carinthia. One year later the leading members of the FPÖ as well as their party members in the government together with Jörg Haider (as their new head) founded a new Party, the BZÖ. In 2006 the BZÖ party reached the 4% (that time lea by P. Westenthaler) in the Austrian elections and so became part of the Parliament with 7 representatives. For the snap elections in September 2008 he was voted unanimously in his party for the leading position and ran as candidate again for the elections. The party gained 10.7% and therefore could rise its seats 3 times now having 21 representatives under the lead of Jörg Haider. However Haider promised before the votes toke place to remain Governor as he would have only changed to become Chancellor. There were possibilities to build a government with Jörg Haider as chancellor (Haider already managed to form a coalition where the ÖVP under Schüssel with the 3rd most votes got the Chancellor) or at least the BZÖ represented in the government. For this a coalition of BZÖ with FPÖ and ÖVP was necessary, however Haider never got into this position.

On 11 October 2008, Haider died in a traffic accident near the town of Klagenfurt. He was returning home after an event that had taken place earlier. Many people living in Carinthia in reaction to his death, left public offerings as flowers, candles, cards and personal messages, Austrian singer and intendant Harald Serafin called the tragic death even an "Austro-Lady-Diana-Story".

## References
Yagan

**Yagan** (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early  indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia. 

Yagan was the son of Midgigoroo, one of the elders of the tribe who lived in the Perth area. 

After a long search his remains were rediscovered in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and returned to Australia in 1997. The park is on the site where Yagan was killed in 1833.

## References
Daytona 500

**The Daytona 500** is an auto race held in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is the opening event of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Daytona has hosted racing for many years. Originally cars raced on the beach, but in 1959, race officials built the Daytona International Speedway, where the race has been held ever since. The Daytona track hosts many other races as well. The Daytona 500 is considered the most important event in NASCAR.

The Daytona 500 has many memories, the winners receive a Harley J. Earl Trophy every year at the end of every race, The trophy is not the only one awarded to the event, The crew chief of the teams receives the Cannonball trophy, a trophy by Cannonball Baker.

Eventually, the  race was held in 1959, It was the second 500-mile NASCAR race, following the Southern 500, By 1961, the race was referred as the Daytona 500.

At Daytona, the cars pile up in multi-car wrecks, known as The Big One.

## List of Daytona 500 winners
## Other websites
Beat 'em up

'''Beat 'em ups'* are video games where the player beats up bad guys while walking through levels. Sometimes the player has to beat up certain bad guys to progress through the game. Most of the time, these games have level bosses which are usually at the end of the level. Examples of "beat-em up" games are arcade games like *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* and *The Simpsons*. *Super Smash Bros. Brawl'' also has a "beat-em up" part in the game where the player fights bad guys from the Subspace Emissary and fights other characters as well in order to beat the levels.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

**Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky** () is a city in Russia. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Kamchatka Krai. Population: 163,152 (2024).

The city lies on the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

It was founded by Vitus Bering in 1740 and was named after ships the *St. Peter* and the *St. Paul*.

Principal industry is fishing.

## Education
* Kamchatka state university
* Kamchatka state technical university

## Science
Institute of volcanology and seismology of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the city.

Climate is mild. Annual average temperature is +2,8&nbsp;°C.

## Other websites 
* Official website of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district
Perspective

**Perspective** may mean:
Literally, in visual topics:
* Perspective (visual), is the way in which objects appear to the eye
* Perspective (graphical), means to represent the effects of visual perspective in drawings

Metaphorically, in relation to cognitive topics:
* Perspective (cognitive), one's "point of view", the choice of a context for opinions, beliefs and experiences
* Perspective (pharmacoeconomic), the vantage point from which a pharmacoeconomics analysis is conducted
* Point of view (literature), the related experience of the narrator

Proper names:
* *Perspective* (album), released by Jason Becker in 1996
* Perspective (software), a Wiki software written in C# that runs in ASP.NET
* Perspective Records, a record label
* Perspectives on Anarchist Theory, a magazine

In mathematics:
* Perspective (geometry), a property of triangles

## Related pages
* Point of view