open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Heiji

was a  after *Hōgen* and before *Eiryaku.*  This period started in April 1159 and ended in January 1160. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Heiji* era
* **23 January 1159** (*Heiji 1, the 3rd day of the 1st month *): The emperor made a formal visit to his father.

* **19 January&ndash;5 May 1159 ** (*Heiji 1, 9th-26th day of the 12th month*): The Heiji Rebellion, also known as the "Heiji Insurrection" or the "Heiji War."

The *Tale of Heiji* is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Heiji Rebellion. Along with the *Tale of Hōgen* and the *Tale of Heike*, these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Wiener FC 1898

**Wiener FC 1898** (Vienna Football Club 1898) was one of the first football clubs in Austrias capital Vienna. The club existed from 1897 till 1903.
## History
The club was the football section of the *Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein Wien* (German-Austrian gymnastic club). The Turnverein was founded by Jewish members of the  *Ersten Wiener Turnverein 1861* (First Vienna gymnastic club). In the 1880s the club allowed only members of German origin to be members. So did other sports clubs. The Jewish members formed the Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein.

In 1898 the football section became a club of its own. In the first year they reached the final of the Challenge-Cup, a football competition for clubs from the Austrian- Hungary Empire. They lost 7-0 to  Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. In the next editions the club reached the semi finals. In 1900/01 the Österreichischen Fußball-Union organized a league and Wiener FC was put in the 1. Klasse. They played for the Tagblatt-Pokal (Tagblatt-Cup, "Tagblatt" was a newspaper from Vienna)

The reason for quitting the league was that the club suffered often from a lack of players. 
## Honours
* Challenge-Cup-Final: 1898
* Challenge-Cup-semi finals: 1899, 1900, 1903
## Notable player
*Julius Wiesner 1 international match 1902
Teleology

**Teleology** is a philosophical idea that things have  or causes. It is the "view that developments are due to the purpose or design which is served by them".

An example would be Aristotle's view of nature, later adopted by the Catholic Church.  The word "*teleological*" comes from the Ancient Greek *telos*, which means "end" or "purpose". A simpler example would be a tool such as the clock, which is designed by people to tell the time.

Whether or not an entity (person or god) is needed to cause teleology to happen is one of the most important questions. All cultures we know of have creation stories in their religions. However, much of science operates on the principle that the natural world is self-organising. This applies particularly  to astronomy and biology, which were once explained as the action of a deity, and are now seen as natural and automatically self-organising. Cybernetics is the basic science of self-organising systems.

The general issue of whether the original sense of teleology applies to the natural world is still a matter of controversy between religion and science.

## Related pages 
*Argument from design
*Metaphilosophy
*Metaphysics

## References
Non sequitur

**Non sequitur** means "does not follow."  It is a type of logical fallacy: a bad argument that makes no sense.  

It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.

The term "*non sequitur*" usually refers to those types of invalid arguments which are not named formal fallacies (e.g. post hoc ergo propter hoc). In other words, in practice, "*non sequitur*" refers to an unnamed formal fallacy. 

A non sequitur argument takes something that people accept is true, and says that because this is true, the conclusion is right.  The problem is that the conclusion has nothing to do with the premise (original statement that people agree on).

People often have difficulty applying the rules of logic. For example, a person might say this syllogism is valid:
# All birds have wings.
# That creature has wings.
# Therefore, that creature is a bird.

It would only be true if all winged animals were birds (which is not so).

## References
Left-wing anarchism

**Left-wing anarchism** is an extreme kind of left-wing libertarianism. It is a kind of politics that believes capitalism and the government both need to be removed. These anarchists want to end private property because they believe people who own it have unfair power over others. They want a future based on people working to help each other, instead of for money. But they want to make these things happen without using a government. It wants a society where there is no one in charge. Each person does what they need to without others to lead them. Left-wing anarchism often means the same as socialist anarchism and libertarian socialism. Left-wing anarchists have been a part of anti-globalization protests. For example, the protest in 1999 against the World Trade Organization in Seattle.

## Other types of anarchism 
Ulrike Heider, a syndicalist, grouped anarchism into left-wing anarchism, right-wing anarchism (anarcho-capitalism), and green anarchism. Some other people who study anarchists, including Murray Bookchin, do not agree with her. They say her research was not good enough. Left-wing anarchism is distinguished from free-market anarchism and right-wing anarchism (such as that of Murray Rothbard).

* **Anarcho-capitalism** is often not included as real anarchism. But it does combine capitalism with the belief in no government.
* **Individualism** and **egoism** can be types of anarchism. These kinds of anarchists believe they should be totally free to do what they want, with no police or government to stop them.
* There is also a kind of anarchism called **Post-leftism**. It wants to rebel against left-wing politics from within left-wing ideas.

## References
## Other websites
* Defining anarchism  from An Anarchist FAQ, written by social anarchists
* Collectivist-Anarchism and Communist-Anarchism from *The Conquest of Power*, by Albert Weisbord
* *The Incredible Lameness of Left Anarchism*  by Jason McQuinn. A critique from a post-left anarchist perspective.
Software testing

**Software testing** takes place during software engineering. It is done before the release to the final audience.

Software testing is meant to see how the software works under different conditions. These conditions might be different depending on what the audience is. Testing is done to understand if it will work  correctly, partially fail to work properly, or totally fail to work properly. Each test may be used to see how one, or many, parts of the software work at a point in its development.

Proper performance may be based on  specific (written)  s or standards (which might, for example, be usability). Bad performance, or poor quality, might cause an unhappy audience. This could cause more work needing to be done on the software and higher costs.

A review of the results of tests may show that some parts of the software system may need to be done again, or may work well. Some bad performances or software bugs may need to be fixed.  After more work on the software, testing may be done again.

For larger software systems, tracking may take place checking completeness of the set of tests, test results, and how quickly any problems are fixed. All this information can be used for decision making about how ready the software is, and when it could be released to the final audience.

Software testing may be done with separate parts of the software, with a group of these parts, or with the entire software. Software testing may be done by allowing the software to be used by a small number of people who the software is meant for, under controlled settings. It is then tested with a larger group of people under less controlled settings (**beta testing**).

Some related terms are unit testing, white box testing, black box testing, regression testing, manual testing, automated testing, testing tools, test plan, test case, test data and test coverage.
Eiryaku

was a  after *Heiji* and before *Ōhō.*  This period started in January 1160 and ended in September 1161.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Eiryaku* era
* **1160** (*Eiryaku 1*):  Minamoto no Yoshitomo (1123–1180), was killed in a campaign to overthrow the imperial chancellor, Taira no Kiyomori; and his wife, Tokiwa Gozen was forced to flee Heian-kyō (Kyoto) with her three sons.

* **1161** (*Eiryaku 2*): The emperor married widow of Emperor Konoe.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kyūju

was a  after *Ninpei* and before *Hōgen.*  This period started in October 1151 and ended in April 1154. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Kyūju* era
* **1154** (*Kyūju 1, 8th month*): Fujiwara no Saneyoshi was named Grand General of the Left.

* **22 August 1155** (*Kyūju 2, 23rd day of the 7th month*): In the 14th year of Konoe's reign, the emperor died.

* **23 August 1155** (*Kyūju 2, 24th day of the 7th month*): The succession (*senso*) was received by a younger brother who would become known as Emperor Go-Shirakawa.  This was confirmed by ceremonies.

## Related pages 
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Hōgen (era)

was a  after *Kyūju* and before *Heiji.*  This period started in April 1156 and ended in April 1159.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Hōgen* era
* **20 July 1156** (*Hōgen 1, 2nd day of the 7th month*): Former-Emperor Toba died at age 54.

* **28 July&ndash;16 August 1156** (*Hōgen 1, 10th-29th days of the 7th month*): The *Hōgen* Rebellion, also known as the *Hōgen* Insurrection or the *Hōgen* War.

* **1156** (*Hōgen 1, 9th month*): A special building was constructed in Kyoto, where—as in the days of Emperor Go-Sanjo, requests and complaints were received and examined.

* **1157** (*Hōgen 2, 10th month*): The foundations are laid for a grand audience hall (*dairi*) in the palace.  Three had not been such a structure within the palace compound since the time of Emperor Shirakawa.

* **1158** (*Hōgen 4, 8th month*):  Emperor Nijō is officially established as monarch (*sokui*).

The *Tale of Hōgen* is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Hōgen Rebellion. Along with the *Tale of Heiji* and the *Tale of Heike*, these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Cuban Revolution

The **Cuban Revolution** (1953-1959) was an armed revolt in the mid-1950's. It was led by Fidel Castro against the government of Fulgencio Batista. The revolt took place between 1953 and 1959. Batista was finally removed from office on January 1, 1959. He was replaced by a revolutionary government led by Castro. This government changed to communism, and became the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.

The revolt began with the assault on the Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953.  It ended on December 31st, 1958, when Batista was forced to leave the country and Santa Clara and Santiago de Cuba were taken by rebels. Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and Huber Matos led the rebels.  Guevara led the group at Santa Clara. Raúl Castro and Matos led the rebels at Santiago de Cuba. Castro used guerilla warfare methods. 

The United States of America tried to sabotage the new government (Led by Fidel Castro) Cuba. The U.S tried to send them and more soldiers to the Bay of Pigs to try and create a surprise attack. Somehow, Fidel Castro got wind of their attack and sent his army to the bay to fight. The U.S force was outnumbered, and faced defeat. Many soldiers were captured and killed in public.
Platt (surname)

**Platt** is a surname, and may refer to:

## People
* Alyce Platt, Australian actress
* Campion Platt, American architect
* Casper Platt (1892 – 1965), a United States federal judge.
* Charles Platt (science-fiction author), American writer
* Charles A. Platt, American architect
* Charles Z. Platt, NYS Treasurer 1813-1817
* Clive Platt, footballer
* Conal Platt, Irish footballer
* David Platt, English footballer
* Edward Platt, American character actor best known for his portrayal of "The Chief" in the 1965-70 television series *Get Smart*
* Geoff Platt, Canadian ice hockey player
* Howard Platt, stage and screen actor known for his role as "Officer Hopkins" on the hit NBC-TV series *Sanford and Son*
* Jenny Platt, British actress
* John Platt, computer scientist
* John Platt (MP), textile machine manufacturer from Oldham
* John Platt, partner in Mather and Platt in Salford
* Jonas Platt, New York politician
* J. Platt Goodsell (1819-1869), NY State Engineer and Surveyor 1866-1867
* Ken Platt, British north-country comedian
* Kin Platt, American writer for radio
* "General" Larry Platt, American civil rights advocate and musician 
* Lewis Platt, American, CEO of Hewlett-Packard
* Marc Platt, British writer
* Marc Platt (dancer), American
* Marc E. Platt, American film producer 
* Moss K. Platt (1808-1876), New York politician
* Nicholas Platt, American diplomat
* Oliver Platt, American actor
* Orville H. Platt, American politician, proponent of the Platt Amendment
* Steve Platt, British journalist, former editor of *The New Statesman*
* Tristan Platt, British anthropologist
* Thomas C. Platt, American politician
* Zephaniah Platt, American lawyer
*

## Fictional characters
* Bethany Platt, from *Coronation Street*
* David Platt (*Coronation Street*)
* Gail Platt, from *Coronation Street*
* Martin Platt, from *Coronation Street*
* Sarah-Louise Platt, from *Coronation Street*
* Yardley Platt, from *Harry Potter*
* Esme Anne Platt, from *Twilight* (her maiden name)

## Related pages
*Platt
*Platts McGraw Hill
*Platt Brothers Textile Machine Manufacturers
Oracle of Delphi

**The Oracle of Delphi** was an institution in Ancient Greece, dedicated to the god Apollo. Only one priestess operated at Delphi at any one time, and the name given to her was 'the **Pythia**'. The woman gave up her own name when she became priestess.

The Temple of Apollo was at Delphi, on the slopes of Mount Parnassus in Greece. According to legend, the god answered questions through the medium of the priestess, who was famous for her ambiguous predictions. Scholars from time to time have suggested that burning Oleander or volcanic gases played their part in her strange utterings.

## Croesus of Lydia 
In 560 BC Croesus, King of Lydia in 580 BC, went to the Delphic Oracle and the Oracle at Thebes for advice. He asked if he should make war on the Persians. Both oracles gave the same response, that if Croesus crossed the river (made war on the Persians), *a mighty empire would be destroyed*. They also advised him to seek out the most powerful Greek peoples and make alliance with them.

## Famous for ambiguity 
An example of her ambiguity is *You will go you will return never in war will you perish*. This can be read with a comma either before or after the word *never*. Thus it covers both outcomes.

## References
George Stephanopoulos

**George Robert Stephanopoulos** (; born February 10, 1961) is an American television journalist and a former political advisor.

Stephanopoulos is the chief political correspondent for the news&nbsp;division at ABC-TV– and a co-anchor of ABC-TVs morning news program, *Good Morning America* (*GMA*). He returned as host of ABC-TV's *This Week* in January 2012, a Sunday morning news program produced by ABC-TV's news division. He is the main replacement anchor for ABC-TV's newscast program, *World News with Diane Sawyer*.

In recent years, he has co- ABC Newss special live coverage of political events with Charles Gibson and Diane Sawyer. He and has often been on *GMA* and *World News*. He launched ''George's Bottom Line*, an ABCNews.com blog.

Before he started working for ABC News, he was a senior political adviser to the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign of Bill Clinton. He later became the White House Communications Director for two years. He was replaced by David Gergen. This change came after the Republican party getting control of the U.S. House and Senate in the mid-term elections of 1994.

In April 2020, Stephanopoulos was diagnosed with COVID-19.

## References
## Further reading
*Clinton, Bill (2005). *My Life*. Vintage (New York City). .
*Stephanopoulos, George (1999).  *All Too Human&nbsp;– A Political Education*. Little, Brown (Boston, Massachusetts). .

## Other websites
*abcnews.com/thisweek, *This Week with George Stephanopoulos* official website
*blogs.abcnews.com/george, *George's Bottom Line*, an *ABC News'' blog by Stephanopoulos
*
*
Ciara Bravo

**Ciara Quinn Bravo** (born March 18, 1997 in Alexandria, Kentucky) is an American actress, singer, and voice actress. She is best known for her role in *Big Time Rush* as Katie Knight. Bravo is also known for voicing Giselita in *Open Season 3* and Peaches in *Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas*.

## Filmography
### Movies
* *Big Time Audition* - Katie Knight (2009)
* *Big Time Concert* - (2010)
* *Big Time Christmas* - (2010)
* *Open Season 3* - Giselita (2010) (voice)
* *Big Time Beach Party* - Katie Knight (2011)
* *Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown* - Patty (2011) (voice)
* ''My Dog's Christmas Miracle* - Heather (2011)
* *Big Time Break-Up* - Katie Knight (2011)

### Television
#### 2008
* *Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?* - Additional Voices (voice)

#### 2009
* *Special Agent Oso* - Sarah (voice)
* *The Cafeteria* - Caroline (short)
* *Washed Up* - Sarah
* *Big Time Rush* - Katie Knight

#### 2011
* *Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas* - Peaches (TV special) (voice)
* *BrainSurge'' - Herself

## References
## Other websites
*
Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run

'''''Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run'''* is a 2006 American computer-animated short movie from Sony Pictures Animation. The movie is a spin-off of the movie *Open Season* and stars Boog and Elliot, the main characters of the *Open Season'' franchise.

## Plot 
One summer night, Bob and Bobbie (Georgia Engel) leave the trailer to go skinny-dipping, leaving Mr. Weenie (Cody Cameron) to guard the cinnamon buns they left on the counter. Boog (Martin Lawrence) and Elliot (Ashton Kutcher) sneak into the camp and discover there's buns in trailer. Unfortunately, Weenie is guarding the door.

To avoid the waking Weenie, Boog and Elliot climb onto the roof and Boog ties Elliot to the end of a rope and lowers him through the open skylight. Unfortunately, Elliot is distracted by the buns and salivates, waking Mr. Weenie, who bites his backside, accidentally pulling Boog into the trailer. Bob and Bobbie is hear noises from outside and think that Weenie is being nightmarely attacked. Bobbie puts on a towel to go investigate. Shocked by what she sees, she accidentally drops her towel, revealing her bare tattooed buttocks (as well as everything else her breasts, abdomen, and crotch, which are off-screen) to the passing police car, whose driver pulls over, startled away by the screaming and naked woman. Elliot runs out of the window looking for a place to hide, leaving Boog incriminatingly holding Weenie by the tail when the police officer, Gordy (Gordon Tootoosis), breaks into the RV camper. Then Mr. Weenie laughs to Boog, "You are so busted?!" and Boog responds, "Tell me about it?.."

## Voice cast
* Martin Lawrence as Boog
* Ashton Kutcher as Elliot
* Georgia Engel as Bobbie
* Gordon Tootoosis as Sheriff Gordy
* Cody Cameron as Mr. Weenie

## Release 
### Home media 
''Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run* was exclusively released on December 15, 2006, as a special feature on the *Open Season* DVD and Blu-ray.

The DVD copy of the short film was released on May 9, 2007 in China and the DVD copy of the short film was released on March 18, 2008 in Japan. The DVD copy of the short film was debuted on TV in Sweden on December 27, 2009.

## References 
# ↑ McCutcheon, David (January 4, 2007). *"Open Season's DVD Hunt". IGN. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2011.*
# ↑ *"Open Season Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved August 23, 2011.''
Richard W. Lariviere

**Richard W. Lariviere** was President of the University of Oregon (OU) from 2009 to 2011. He is a Life Member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
He became president of OU in 2009. Lariviere's contract was not renewed in 2011 amid a racketeering scandal in the OU Dean of Students office. 

Lariviere has stated that he will remain at OU as a tenured faculty member.
## Biography
Lariviere was Visiting Lecturer in the South Asia Regional Studies Department of the University of Pennsylvania from 1978-79. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Iowa from 1980-1982. Lariviere was dean of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Austin from 1999 to 2006. He was executive vice chancellor and provost at the University of Kansas from 2006 to 2009. Governor Kitzhaber signed that law on July 20, 2011 to give public college more control over how they spend money. At the same time, OU developed a separate legislative proposal (the "New Partnership") to start a separate 15-person board of trustees for OU and a $800 million state bond issue to match private donations to a new OU endowment fund. The governor and state board asked Lariviere to delay pushing for the OU legislation while Senate Bill 242 went through the legislature first.  Because Lariviere and OU seemed to be working separately from the Governor and state board, the board voted to fire him on November 28, 2011. He was given 30 days to leave his office. The board hired Robert M. Berdahl as interim president.

## Education
***Ph.D.** Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1978
***B.A.** History of Religion, University of Iowa, 1972

## References
## Other websites
*Presidential website 
*vitae  (PDF)
*OU biography
Ninpei

, also romanized as **Nimpyō**, was a  after *Kyūan* and before *Kyūju.*  This period started in January 1151 and ended in October 1154. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Ninpei* era
* **1151** (*Ninpei 1, 1st month*): Fujiwara no Yorinaga was given the role of reading formal written requests before they should be presented to the emperor.

* **13 April 1152** (*Ninpei 2, 7th day of the 3rd month*): Emperor Konoe visited the home of former Emperor Toba on the occasion of his 50th birthday.

* **28 January 1153** (*Ninpei 3, 2nd day of the 1st month*): Konoe re-visited his father's home.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Oxford Movement

]]

The **Oxford Movement** was a religious movement within the Church of England, based at the University of Oxford, which began in 1833. Members of this movement were known as 'Tractarians' (from *Tracts for the Times*, a collection of books, pamphlets and essays that described their beliefs). Opponents of the movement called them Newmanites (before 1845) and Puseyites (from 1845), after John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey, two leading Tractarians. The members of the movement tried to bring back Catholic doctrine and forms of service into the Church of England.  The Oxford Movement wanted to make services more like a Catholic Mass. They also believed the Anglican church was an 'apostolic' church, connected directly to the Church of Saint Peter and the other Apostles. John Keble was another leader of the movement.

After publishing ninety Tracts, Newman decided, in Tract 90, that the Branch Theory (that the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Churches were all part of the one Church) was not enough, and he converted to Catholicism, and later became a Cardinal. Enemies of the Movement thought this proved that they were trying to reunify with Rome. Others followed Newman to Rome (Henry Edward Manning, another important Tractarian, converted in 1851) while others, such as Pusey and John Keble, remained in the Anglican Church to continue the work of reforming it.

Today, it is represented in the 'Anglo-Catholic' or High Church (more Catholic, as opposed to Low Church, more Protestant) part of the Anglican Church, the smaller, conservative part. Recently, with the Anglican Church debating if female clergymen should be allowed, some Anglo-Catholics, such as Bishop Burnham, Bishop Newton and sixty priests  left the Church and converted to Rome in protest, as they do not believe female bishops or female priests should be allowed.

## More information
*Michael Chandler *An Introduction to the Oxford Movement*. New York: Church Publishing, 2003

## Other websites
* *Tracts for the Times*
* *Tractarianism* (*Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge*)
Tabuaeran

**Tabuaeran** is one of the Line Islands of the central Pacific Ocean. It is an atoll. Tabueran is part of Kiribati.  The highest point on the island is about 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) above high tide.

Tabuaeran is the name in Gilbertese language. The island is also called **Fanning Island** or **Fanning Atoll** in English.

## Other websites
*Map of Tabuaeran 
*Fanning Island on Jane Resture's Oceania Home Page  A strong resource including geography, history, photos, and links.
*Fanning-Island.com 
*Ancient Polynesian remains
*Atoll Institute, proposed Field Station 
* *Edmund Fanning* in *Explorers of the Pacific* by Buck (eText)
Kyūan

, also romanized as **Kyū-an**, was a  after ''Ten'yō* and before *Ninpei.*  This period spanned the years from July 1145 through January 1151. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kyūan* Era
* **1145** (*Kyūan 1, 8th month*): Taiken-mon In, died. She was mother of former-Emperor Sutoku.  

* **1146** (*Kyūan 2, 2nd month*), The emperor visited the home of former Emperor Toba.

* **1148** (*Kyūan 4, 6th month*): In Heian-kyō (Kyoto), the imperial palace was destroyed by fire.

* **1150** (*Kyūan 6, 1st month*): Konoe married Fujiwara-no Tokoku.  This bride became *kōgū* (first empress).

* **1150** (*Kyūan 6, 3rd month*): Konoe took a second wife; and this bride became *chūgyo* (second empress).  Konoe caused discord when he neglected his first wife.

* **1150** (*Kyūan 6, 12th month''): Minamoto no Yoshikane became head of the Ashikaga clan in Shimotsuke province.

## Related pages 
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Robert M. Berdahl

**Robert Max Berdahl** (born March 15, 1937) is an American historian, author and the interim President of the University of Oregon (OU). He was chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 1997 to 2004. He was president of the Association of American Universities (AAU) from May 2006 to June 2011. In addition to his duties as interim President, he serves on the Board of Directors of Lam Research Corporation.

## Biography
Berdahl was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota in 1937. He received his B.A. degree from Augustana College (South Dakota). Berdahl got an M.A. degree from the University of Illinois. He earned a Ph.D. in history from the University of Minnesota in 1965.   On November 28, 2011, the board gave Richard W. Lariviere 30 days to leave his office. Berdahl had written an editorial supporting Lariviere. Berdahl took office on December 29, 2011 and will serve until fall 2012 when his successor is named.

## References
## Other websites
* OU official webpage
Graphics Interchange Format

**Graphics Interchange Format** (often shortened to **GIF**) is a file format for images.

It is a raster graphics format; that is the image has a fixed size. CompuServe developed and introduced the format in 1987. Today, it is widely used on the World Wide Web.The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel, or 256 colors. It also supports animations. Each frame of an animation can have its own set of 256 colors. GIF is not used to show photographs very much, because having only 256 colors is limiting for such a task.

To reduce their size, images are compressed using Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression. Lempel-Ziv-Welch, or LZW, is a lossless compression. No information is lost when compressing or uncompressing. There were some problems with the patent of the LZW compression. That patent was not held by CompuServe, but by Unisys. These issues led to the development of another format, called PNG. This is no longer a problem, because the patents have expired.

A GIF may often represent a small clip of a favorite scene from a show or video.

## Pronunciation of GIF 
The creators of the format pronounced the word as "jif" with a soft "G" /dʒɪf/ as in "gin". Steve Wilhite says that the intended pronunciation deliberately echoes the American peanut butter brand Jif, and CompuServe employees would often say "Choosy developers choose GIF", spoofing this brand's television commercials.

The disagreement over the pronunciation led to heated Internet debate. On the occasion of receiving a lifetime achievement award at the 2013 Webby Award ceremony, Wilhite rejected the hard-"G" pronunciation, and his speech led to 17,000 posts on Twitter and 50 news articles.

## References
Davison, Michigan

**Davison** is a city in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Flint. The population was 5,143 at the 2020 census. Davison is located within Davison Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , which is all land. Davison was first settled in 1842 by Eleazer Thurston. Davison was named after Judge Norman Davison, who founded a nearby town formerly known as Davisonville, now known as Atlas.

## References
Augustana University

**Augustana University** is a private liberal arts college in South Dakota. It is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The school is in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. The 100-acre (40&nbsp;ha) campus makes the school the largest private university in South Dakota. Some people call the college “Augie.”

It was first called "The Lutheran Normal School". It was started for the purpose of educating teachers. In 1918, the college got its current name after joining with Augustana College in Canton. This happened because synod officials worried about having enough money to run two institutions so close together. The schools were only 20&nbsp;miles (32&nbsp;km) apart. The college claims its founding as 1860, the same as its sister-school (which shares the same name) in Rock Island, Illinois. Augustana gets its name from the *Confessio Augustana*, the Latin name for the Augsburg Confession of 1530.

Augustana regularly gets high  among other Midwestern schools. Publications such as *The Princeton Review* named Augustana a "Best Midwestern College" and *U.S. News & World Report* listed Augustana as a "Best Buy" in 2009. *U.S. News & World Report* has listed the school a top tier baccalaureate college in the Midwest for 13 years in a row, with Augustana placing third as of 2009. It got this ranking again in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
* Augustana College, official website
* Augustana Choir 
* Augustana Computer Organization 
* KAUR FM , Minnesota Public Radio's talk radio station (owned in name by Augustana College).
* Augustana Pre-Med Club 
* The Mirror , Augustana's student newspaper
* Augustana College Theatre Company
* Circle K , Circle K International-Augustana chapter
* ACSJ Augustana Coalition for Social Justice Blog
* Mikkelsen Library
* Hillsboro Academy , Historical Society of Montgomery County Illinois
Karley Scott Collins

**Karley Scott Collins** (born December 14, 1999) is an American actress and voice artist. She is the voice of Gisela in the *Open Season* franchise.

## Filmography
* *The Class*
* *Private Practice*
* *The Hottie & the Nottie*
* *Pulse 2: Afterlife*
* *Amusement*
* *Pulse 3*
* *The Collecter*
* *Amish Grace*
* *Letters to God*
* *Open Season 3*
* *Family Guy*
* *Fringe*
* *Answers to Nothing*
* *When You Find Me*
* *Once Upon a Time*

## Other websites
Portfolio management

**Portfolio management** refers to earning money by putting assets into different types of investments. The idea of portfolio management comes from the portfolio theory. This theory says that a person can reduce the risk of investment by having a  portfolio that has different types of securities of which some of them may cause a great return on the investment.
Keio

**Keio** may refer to:

* Keiō (慶応), a Japanese era name
* Keio University (慶應義塾大学), a Tokyo-based University
Koan

**Kōan** is a story, dialog, question, or statement in the context of Zen Buddhism.

**Kōan** may mean:
* Kōan (Kamakura period), a Japanese era (1278-1288)
* Kōan (Muromachi period), a Japanese era (1361-1362)
* Emperor Kōan, the 6th emperor of Japan
The Chiodo Brothers

**The Chiodo Brothers** (**Stephen, Charles & Edward Chiodo**, all born in Bronx, New York) are a group of sibling special effects artists. They are best known for their movie *Killer Klowns from Outer Space* and for making puppets and effects for movies such as *Critters*, *Ernest Scared Stupid*, and *Team America: World Police*. They made the detailed dioramas seen in the 2010 movie *Dinner for Schmucks*. The post-hardcore band Chiodos (originally called The Chiodos Bros) is named after them as a tribute.

Their studio has also made several clay animation segments on *The Simpsons*

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Chiodos

**Chiodos** (pronounced  ) is an American post hardcore band. They formed in Davison, Michigan in 2001. The band was first known as "The Chiodos Bros." This was a tribute to the filmmakers Stephen, Charles, and Edward Chiodo. Chiodos released their first full-length album on July 26, 2005. It was titled ''All's Well That Ends Well*. Their second album was titled *Bone Palace Ballet*. 

It was released in North America on September 4, 2007.  Later on, Warner Bros. Records released *Bone Palace Ballet* in the United Kingdom on January 26, 2009. It debuted at number 5 on the *Billboard'' 200. 

It also reached number 1 on the Independent Albums chart. Chiodos has not said why they let Owens leave the band. On February 2, 2010, Chiodos announced Brandon Bolmer from Yesterday's Rising would be their new lead vocalist. Illuminaudio has received very positive reviews. It reached #37 on the Billboard 200 and #5 on Top Alternative Albums.

## Band members
;Current
*Pat McManaman - rhythm guitar (since 2001)
*Bradley Bell - keyboards, synthesizers, piano, backing vocals (since 2001)
*Matt Goddard - bass guitar (since 2001)
*Jason Hale - lead guitar (since 2004)
*Brandon Bolmer - lead vocals (since 2010)
*Tanner Wayne - drums (since 2010)

;Former
*Craig Owens - lead vocals (2001&ndash;2009)
*Crosby Clark - drums (2002&ndash;2004)
*Dane Spencer - lead guitar (2002&ndash;2003)
*Patrick "Chip" Kelly - lead guitar (2003&ndash;2004)
*Derrick Frost - drums (2004&ndash;2009)
*Mike Catalano - drums (2009)

## Discography
;EP's
* *The Chiodos Bros.* (2001)
* *The Best Way to Ruin Your Life* (2002)
* *The Heartless Control Everything* (2003)
;Studio albums
* ''All's Well That Ends Well* (2005)
* *Bone Palace Ballet* (2007)
* *Illuminaudio'' (2010)

## References
Viber

**Viber** is an application for iOS, Windows Phone and Android OS. It lets users make free phone calls and send free text messages to anyone who has the application installed. Viber works on both 3G and Wi-Fi networks. A version for BlackBerry devices is in the works, according to Viber. 

As of March 2017, this application is said to have 800 million registered users worldwide. In 2017, the app introduced a new feature "secret chats" wherein, the users are given an option to start conversations that self-destruct after a certain time limit.

## Reference
* Fans website 

## Other websites 
* Official website
Yun Seon-do

**Yun Seon-do** (; June 22, 1587  June 11, 1671) was a Korean politician, philosopher, and poet during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also called Gosan (고산, 孤山), Haeong (해옹, 海翁), or Yaki (약이, 約而).

## Works 
* Gosanseonsaengyugo (고산선생유고, 孤山先生遺稿)
* Byeoljip (별집, 別集)
* Yakhwaje (약화제, 藥和劑)
* Seonchangyak (선창약, 癬瘡藥)
* Hwaechungyak (회충약, 蛔蟲藥)
* Haesuyak (해수약, 咳嗽藥)
* Bokhaksinbang (복학신방, 腹학神方)
* Uyeoksinbang (우역신방, 牛疫神方)
* Oseonjubang (오선주방, 五仙酒方)

## Related pages
* Heo Mok
* Yun Hyu
* Jeong Gu
* Song Siyeol
* Jeong Yak-yong

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=123646
* http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A1587_1_0008531 
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=689760
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=465
The Saturdays

**The Saturdays** are a five person Anglo-Irish girl group. They were formed in 2007 in London. They released their first single, "If This Is Love" in 2008. The group consists of Una Healy, Mollie King, Frankie Sandford, Vanessa White and Rochelle Humes. They have sold over four million singles in the UK and Ireland.

## Other websites
*Official website
*
Kōan

:*For other uses, see Koan*

The **kōan** (; ) are s of related questions and answers which are a paradox. The *kōan* may be a story which cannot be understood or explained easily.

The *kōan* can be a special kind of metaphor with a hidden meaning, such as "the sound of one hand clapping".

## History
*Kōans* originate in the sayings and events in the lives of wise men and legendary figures. 
  
A *kōan* can refer to a story selected from Buddhist historical records and sutras.

The *kōan* is a fundamental part of the history and practice of Zen Buddhism.

## Select examples
* "Firewood becomes ash and it does not become firewood again".
* "The verbal and the nonverbal are like vines clinging to a tree".

## Classical kōan collections
* *Blue Cliff Record* or *Account of the Blue Montains* ; ,  is a collection of 100 Kōans compiled in the 12th century by Hongzhi Zhengjue (宏智正覺 1091–1157)
* *The Gateless Gate* or the *Gate with no Entrance* ;  is a collection of 48 kōans and commentaries published in 1228 by Chinese monk Wumen (無門 1183–1260). The title may be more accurately rendered as *Gateless Barrier* or *Gateless Checkpoint*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Gateless Gate 48 Zen kōans compiled in the early 13th century
* Book of Serenity  A collection of 100 kōans, originally compiled in the 12th century
* Life at the Monastery &nbsp;– a humorous look at kōans
* Zen Buddhism Koan Study Pages
* Koan Collections and Studies
* Short Zen Poems, Koans&nbsp;– Collection of modern koans.
* Zen Koans: Transcending Duality&nbsp;– a list of kōans
* What is the sound of one hand clapping?
Ten'yō

was a  after *Kōji* and before *Kyūan.*  This period started in February 1144 and ended in July 1145. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the ''Ten'yō* Era
* **1144** (*Ten'yō 1, 7th month*): A comet was sighted in the sky.
* **1145** (*Ten'yō 1, 8th month*): The empress Taiken-mon In, mother of former-Emperor Sutoku died.
* **1145** (*Ten'yō 1''): The emperor went to Iwashimizu Shrine and to the Kamo Shrines.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Cinematic Sunrise

**Cinematic Sunrise** was an American rock band signed to Equal Vision Records. The members of the band were Craig Owens (vocals), Bradley Bell (piano), Bryan Beeler (guitar), Marcus VanKirk (bass), Nick Martin (guitar), and Dave Shapiro (drums). Their only released work, "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record" included a coloring book and four colored pencils with the purchase of the EP. "Basically, the whole idea - everything about Cinematic Sunrise - is just happy and fun. And there's nothing more fun than coloring," explains vocalist Craig Owens about the decision to include the coloring book  with the EP.

## History
Owens and Bell were both in Chiodos at the time Cinematic Sunrise formed. The group differs majorly from Chiodos's post-hardcore sound, as Cinematic Sunrise plays more of pop rock and pop punk. The group's debut EP, titled *A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record*, was released on May 13, 2008. Beeler recorded, and produced the EP. The EP barely reached the Billboard charts, at #196. The EP also hit #8 on the Top Heatseekers chart. It also got to #26 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The EP was re-released in late October 2008, with two new songs. This was because they ran out of the original copies, selling past 10,000 copies.

## A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record
*A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record* is the first and only EP by the band Cinematic Sunrise, who is a side project of Chiodos' Bradley Bell and Craig Owens. The pair's pop rock project is all about having a good time and making music that is innocent and fun to play. The record was first released with four color pencils. These would be used in a book that includes drawings of animals with pictures of the band members hidden somewhere in the coloring page. 

On October 14, 2008, Equal Vision Records re-released *A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record*. The re-release includes two bonus tracks. They were titled "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset" and "Crossing Our Fingers for Summer".

### Track listing 
Source: Amazon

## References
## Other websites
*
Kōji (Heian period)

was a  after *Eiji* and before ''Ten'yō.*  This period spanned the year from April 1142 through February 1144.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kōji* Era
* **1143** (*Kōji 2, 1st month*): Former Emperor Go-Toba, now known by the title Daijō Tennō or  or *Hōō*, visited his mother.
* **1143** (*Kōji 2, 5th month''): Emperor Konoe lived simply.  His main activities were praying at Tōdai-ji and praying at the temples on Mount Hiei.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Eiji

is a common masculine Japanese given name.

Eiji can be written using different kanji characters which can mean:
*栄治, "prosperity, peace"
*英治, "great, peace"
*英二, "great, second"
*永次, "eternity, next"

## People
*Eiji Aonuma (英二, born 1963), Japanese designer and director of video games

*Eiji Toyoda (英二, born 1913), chairman of *Toyota Motor Corporation*

*Eiji Yoshikawa (英治, 1892–1962), Japanese historical novelist

*Eiji Kawashima Japanese National Football Team's Goalkeeper

## Other 
* Eiji (永治),  Japanese era name (1141-1142)
Eiji (era)

was a  after *Hōen* and before *Kōji.*  This period started in July 1141 and ended in April 1142.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Eiji* Era
* **1141** (*Eiji  1, 3rd month*): Former Emperor Toba became a Buddhist monk at age of 27.

* **5 January 1132** (*Eiji 1, 7th day of the 12th month*): In the 18th year of Sutoku's reign, the emperor abdicated.  The succession (*senso*) was  by a younger brother.  Soon after, Emperor Konoe  accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*). This was  in ceremonies.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## Reverences
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Civic Star

The **Civic Star** () is a French award.

It was established by the Académie française in 1930.

The star distinguishes those who contribute to the enrichment of the community, improvement of social life,and the progress of Humanity. It is particularly for those whose lives are of hard work, sacrifice and would remain unknown without this award. It is divided into four degrees: Bronze, Silver, Gold and Silver-gilt.

The star's motto is '''' ('To honor the civic virtues - Serving national prestige').

## References
Augustana

**Augustana** may refer to:

In religion:
* The **Augustana**, or Augsburg Confession, which gives its name to several Lutheran institutions
* Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church, a Lutheran religious body from the 1860 until 1962

In education:
* Augustana Academy, a former educational institute in South Dakota, USA
* Augustana College (Illinois), a liberal arts college in Illinois, USA
* Augustana College (South Dakota), a liberal arts college in South Dakota, USA
* Augustana University College, a formerly Lutheran college in Alberta, Canada
* The University of Alberta Augustana Faculty of the University of Alberta, the present incarnation of the former Augustana University College after its merger with the University of Alberta
* Augustana Divinity School (Neuendettelsau), a divinity school of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria in Neuendettelsau, Germany

In music:
* Augustana (band), a rock band from California, USA
* Augustana (album), this band's third, self-titled album
Facepalm

A **facepalm** (sometimes also **face-palm** or **face palm**) is when someone places their hand flat across their face or puts their face into their hand or hands. This gesture is found in many cultures. It can be done as a display of frustration, embarrassment, shock, or surprise.

## References
Hōen

was a  after *Chōshō* and before *Eiji.*  This period started in September 1135 ended in July 1141. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Hōen* Era
* **1136** (*Hōen 2, 3rd month*): The former-Emperor Toba hosted a grand dinner party.

* **1138** (*Hōen 4, 9th month*): Toba went to Mount Hiei, where he stayed for seven days.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Natalie Cassidy

**Natalie Ann Cassidy** (born 13 May 1983) is an English actress and television personality from London. She is best known for her role as Sonia Jackson in *EastEnders*.

Cassidy was a contestant in the 2009 series of the reality programme *Strictly Come Dancing*. She was a housemate in Celebrity *Big Brother* 2012 (UK).

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Galactose

**Galactose** (from the Greek stem γάλακτ– *galakt–*, "milk") is a sugar. It has almost the same chemical structure as glucose. 

Large amounts of pure galactose do not exist in nature. Instead, galactose is usually found with glucose in lactose, a sugar found in milk and other milk products. After lactose is digested and absorbed, galactose arrives in the liver. There it is changed into either glucose or glycogen.

## References