open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Winglet

]]
A **winglet** is a component that reduces how much fuel airplanes use during flight. It does this by lowering the amount of induced drag.

## Explanation of induced drag 
Drag happens when air pushes, or exerts force, against a moving object.

However, induced drag happens when air is pushed out from under the plane's wing and to its far edge, known as the wingtip. This air then goes up and over the wingtip, creating a spiral; these spirals are known as wingtip vortices.

These spirals of air bring more high-pressure air from under the wing to the space above the wing, pulling the wing down and backward. This process is what makes induced drag.

Induced drag increases with the strength of wingtip vortices. Heavier and slower airplanes create stronger wingtip vortices; as a result, they create more induced drag.

## Applications 
To keep high-pressure air under the wings of an airplane, winglets are used. Winglets make it harder for air to go around the wingtips and push the wings down; as a result, the plane's induced drag is reduced.

Winglets are useful in large aircraft that make a lot of induced drag, such as business jets, airliners, and cargo planes.

## References
Canaan, Maine

**Canaan** is a town of Somerset County in the state of Maine, United States. The population was 2,193 in 2020.

## References
West Kallada

** West Kallada ** is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India.

## Demographics
 India census, West Kallada had a population of 17,958 with 8,705 males and 9,253 females.

## Workship centres
### Kallada Valiyapally
Kallada St Marys Orthodox Valiyapally. The Tomb of Mar Adrew is in this church.So the Church called as Mar Adrew Pilgrim Church.

### Thiruvatta Temple 
Thiruvatta Temple (Malayalam: തിരുവാറ്റ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവർ   ക്ഷേത്രം ) is an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva at Westkallada

## Educational institutions 
*Govt. HSS, West Kallada.
*Government UPS,  Valiyapadam
*Govt. L. P. School, Kothapuram.
*Govt. L. P. School, Kanatharkunnam.

## Hospitals
*Govt Ayurvedic Hospital, West Kallada
*Govt Veterinary  Hospital, West Kallada
*Primary Health Center, Aithottuva, West Kallada
*Primary Health Center, Koikkalbhagom, West Kallada

## Cultural institutions
*Sri Kumbalath Sankupilla Smaraka Grandhasala, Karali junction
*Abhiraj Grandhasala, Kanatharkunnam
*V.K.S. Grandhasala Aithottuva.
*Chintha Grandhasala Ulluruppu
*Nalandha Library, Thottathilkadav
*Navodaya Grandhasala, Kadapuzha
*E.M.S. Grandhasala, Valiayapadam west, Vilanthara.
*Gramam. Grandhasala, Valiayapadam, Vilanthara.
*C.K. Thankappan Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva.
*P.K. Raghvan Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva.
*Kadisseril Achyuthan Pilla Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva
*Priyadarsini  Grandhasala, Aithottuva
*T.P. Sadanandan Smaraka  Grandhasala, Aithottuva.

## Government service centers
*Akshaya- E- Center
*St Antonys Building, Karali Junction

## Festivals 
*Kallada Jalotsavam
*Vallam Kali

## Popular Games 
Some of the popular games here
* Kabaddi
* Gulan perish

## References
## Other websites
*Sri Kumbalath Sankupilla
Vilakkudy

**Vilakkudy** is a village in Kollam district, Kerala, India.

## Demographics 
At the 2001 India census, Vilakkudy had a population of 32,677 with 15,773 males and 16,904 females.

## References
Pidavoor

**Pidavoor** is a village in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Pidavoor is near the Pathanapuram town. Pidavoor is a part of Thalavoor Grama Panchayat.

## Politics 
Pidavoor is the part of Pathanapuram legislative assembly in Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency. Shri. Kodikkunnil Suresh is the present member of parliament. Shri. K. B. Ganesh Kumar is the current MLA of Pathanapuram.

## Demographics 
 India census, Pidavoor had a population of 10087 with 4858 males and 5229 females.

## References
Inigo Jones

**Inigo Jones** (15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was a famous English architect in the early modern period. He was the first person to introduce the architecture of Ancient Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. His buildings were the first in Britain to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry. He also made a major contribution as a theatre designer. He designed the scenery and costumes for many masques (a kind of early opera). From 1629 to 1635 he worked for buildings in Covent Garden. 

Jones's career as a full-time architect ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. The Parliament of England seized all of the King's houses in 1643. In his later years Jones lived in Somerset House in central London. He died there on 21 June 1652. He was buried with his parents at the Church of St Benet. St Benet's was the Welsh church of the City of London. 

## References
Piravanthur

** Piravanthoor ** is a village in Kollam district, Kerala, India.

## Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Piravanthoor had a population of 23336 with 11222 males and 12114 females.

## Offices and Places of Piravanthoor 
# Piravanthoor Krishi Bhavan
# Piravanthoor Co-operative Bank
# Indian Pentecoastal Church
# St.Mary Orthdox Church

## References
Gennadi Gusarov

**Gennadi Aleksandrovich Gusarov** () (11 March 1937 – 2 June 2014) was a Soviet Russian football player.

He earned 11 caps and scored 4 goals for the USSR national football team, and represented the country in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, the 1962 FIFA World Cup, and the 1964 European Nations' Cup.

## Honours
* Soviet Top League: 1960, 1963; runner-up: 1961, 1967.
* Soviet Cup winner: 1959–60, 1966–67; runner-up: 1961.
* 1964 European Nations' Cup runner-up.
* Grigory Fedotov club member.
* The best 33 football players of the Soviet Union: five times.
* Soviet Top League top scorer: 1960, 1961.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile (in Russian)
Millennium Island

**Millennium Island** (previously **Caroline Island,** or **Caroline atoll**), is an atoll, in the Pacific Ocean that is part of Kiribati. It is the easternomost atoll of Kiribati. The atoll is part of the Southern Line Islands. In total, the atoll consists of 39 islets(motus), which cover a surface (landmass) of about . The atoll covers an area of about  

It was first sighted by Europeans in 1606, it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1868. It has been part of the Republic of Kiribati since the island nation's independence in 1979. Caroline Island has remained relatively untouched and is considered one of the world's most pristine tropical islands, despite guano mining, copra harvesting, and human habitation in the 19th and 20th centuries. It is home to one of the world's largest populations of the coconut crab and is an important breeding site for seabirds, most notably the sooty tern.

The atoll is currently designated as a wildlife sanctuary. In 2014 the Kiribati government established a 12-nautical-mile fishing exclusion zone around each of the southern Line Islands (Caroline (commonly called Millennium), Flint, Vostok, Malden, and Starbuck). Both Flint and wostok are about  to the west. Papeete, Thahiti is about  to the south.

## Geography 
It extends about    from north to south, and about    from east to west. The total landmass is just . The coral reef extends about  out. The lagoon is very shallow, and normal boats usually cannot enter. At high tide, it is possible to reach a beach with a boat. At low tide, a walk of about  in waist-deep water is required.

In the north and in the south, there are bigger islands. The one in the north is called Nake Island, the one in the south is called South Island. Both have freshwater sources. There are aquifers on both. 

In 1994, Kiribati changed the International date line, so that all of Kiribati would have the same date. This meant that Caroline atoll would be the first landmass on earth with the new date. For the year-2000 celebrations, the atoll was renamed **Millennium Island**. Other names in the past have included *Hirst Island*, *Clark Island* *and Independence Island*.

The island is an important breeding place for birds. The only known mammal on the atoll is a rat.

## Image gallery 

File:CarolinePic-Kepler-South.jpg|Lagoon side of South Islet, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Mannikiba.jpg|Lagoon on Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Arundel.jpg|Clear lagoon shallows, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Brothers.jpg|Brothers Islet, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Fishball.jpg|Sunset over Fishball Islet, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Long.JPG|Channel between Long Islet and Nake Islet, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Nake.JPG|Ancient Polynesian marae, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-NorthArundel.jpg|Cordia trees on North Arundel Islet, Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Pig.jpg|Pisonia trees on Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Shark.jpg|Shark Islet on Caroline Atoll
File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Windward.jpg|Scaevola thicket on Windward Islet, Caroline Atoll

## References
Pathanapuram

**Pathanapuram** is a town in Kollam district, Kerala, India. It is in Pathanapuram taluka, of which it is also the headquarters.

## Geography 
Pathanapuram is spread over an area of .

## Demographics 
 census of India, Pathanapuram Panchayat had a population of 32,339.

## Transport 
The area is connected to the rest of the state by bus services of KSRTC. The nearest railway stations to the town are , , Kayamkulam,  and . KSRTC sub depot also in Pathanapuram near Forest Range Office. Nearest airport is Trivandrum (80&nbsp;km).

## Politics 
Pathanapuram assembly constituency is a part of the Mavelikkara Loksabha Constituency. Kodikunnil Suresh is the present member of parliament who won the 2014 Indian general election. Pathanapuram is also the home constituency of actor turned politician K. B. Ganesh Kumar. He is the current M. L. A. from Pathanapuram.

## Tourism 
Pathanapuram lies on the border of the Periyar National Park.

## Education 
Educational institutions in Pathanapuram include:

* MGHSS Edathara Pathanapuram 
*St.Stephen's HSS Pathanapuram
*Mount Tabor Girls HSS Pathanapuram,
*MTLPS Pathanapuram
*Mount Tabor Training College Pathanapuram
*Mother Susan EMLPS Pathanapuram
*Al-Ameen Public School Pathanapuram
*St.Mary's Senior Secondary School Pathanapuram
*St.Stephen's college Maloor
*University Institute Of Technology Pathanapuram
*College of engineering Pathanapuram

## References
Wow... The Story

***Wow... The Story*** is the first studio album by Jamaican rapper, Baby Cham. *Wow... The Story* was released on 24 October 2000 and was produced by Dave Kelly and Tony Kelly. The album is referred to by the *Miami New Times* as "the most anticipated album in years from any reggae artist.".

## Disc one
## Disc two
## Credits
*Brian Gold - backing vocals
*Tony Gold - backing vocals
*Brian Thompson - vocals	
*Christopher Birch - keyboards
*Nigel Staff - keyboards
*Bounty Killer - performer
*Tony Kelly - producer, engineer
*Rovleta Fraser - backing vocals	
*Colin "The Captain" Hines - mixing
*Claude "Weakhand" Reynolds - assistant engineer
*Kirk Allen - assistant engineer
*Dave Kelly - bass guitar, producer, engineer, drum programming, mixing, instrumentation
*Baby Cham - main performer
*Aisha Davis - backing vocals
*Mario "Baddable" Gordon - assistant engineer
*Delano "Baddable" McLaughlin  - assistant engineer
*Sharpe Sherida - backing vocals
*Sisco "Baddable" Wedderburn - assistant engineer
*Roselyn Williams - backing vocals

## Album singles
## References
Eurovision Song Contest 2019

The **Eurovision Song Contest 2019** was the 64th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest and took place in  Tel Aviv, after Netta won for her country in Lisbon, Portugal last year.

Duncan Laurence from the Netherlands won the contest.

The 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Venue  
The contest happened in Expo Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. The venue holds 7,300 people.

## Participating countries 
### Semi-final 1
The first semi-final happened on 14 May 2019 at 22:00 IDT (21:00 CEST). Seventeen countries participated in the first semi-final. Those countries plus France, Israel and Spain voted in this semi-final.

The highlighted countries qualified for the final.

### Semi-final 2
The second semi-final happened on 16 May 2019 at 22:00 IDT (21:00 CEST). Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final. Those countries plus
Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final.

The highlighted countries qualified for the final.

### Final
The final happened on 18 May 2019 at 22:00 IDT (21:00 CEST). Twenty-six countries participated in the final, with all 41 participating countries eligible to vote.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fritz Thyssen

**Friedrich "Fritz" Thyssen** (9 November 1873 – 8 February 1951) was a German businessman from Mülheim. 

His father August was head of the Thyssen mining and steelmaking company, founded by his father Friedrich and based in the Ruhr city of Duisburg. 

He  supported Nazism in the 1920s.  He  led the Ruhr steelmakers in refusing to co-operate in producing coal and steel for France and Belgium as part of the reparations for the first World War.   He was arrested, imprisoned and fined.   His companies employed 200,000 people.  He gave a lot of money to the Nazi Party, and got other companies to do the same.  He thought this would stop the spread of communism.  In November, 1932, Thyssen and Hjalmar Schacht were the main organisers of a letter to President Paul von Hindenburg telling him to appoint Hitler as Chancellor. 

He sacked his Jewish workers but he objected to the persecution of Christians by the Nazis.  After *Kristallnacht*  in November 1938, he resigned from the Prussian Council of State. He started criticising Nazi economic policies. In September 1939 sent he Hermann Göring a telegram saying he was opposed to the war.  He and his family went to Switzerland.  His company was nationalised. In 1940 he moved to France. He was arrested while he was visiting his ill mother in Belgium.  In 1943 he and his wife were sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and in 1945 to Dachau. They were  liberated by the 42nd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division on 5 May 1945.

After the war he was tried for being a supporter of the Nazi Party.  It was decided that he was a lesser offender and  he was sentenced to a fine of 15% of his assets.  In January 1950, he and his wife moved to Buenos Aires, where he died the following year.

## References
Omar Gaber

**Omar Mahmoud Gaber** (; born 30 January 1992) is an Egyptian footballer who plays for Egyptian Premier League side Zamalek and mainly as a right-back but also sometimes as a right midfielder.

## Honours 
### Club 
; Zamalek

* Egyptian Premier League: 2014–15
* Egypt Cup: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15

**Basel**

* Swiss Super League: 2016–17
* Swiss Cup: 2016–17
### National team 
; Egypt

* Africa Cup of Nations Runner-up: 2017

## References
Hossam Ashour

**Hossam Mohamed Ashour Sanad Atia** (, born 9 March 1986) is an Egyptian former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

## Honours 
* Egyptian Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
* Egypt Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2016–17
* Egyptian Super Cup: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017
* CAF Champions League: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013
* CAF Confederation Cup: 2014
* African Super Cup: 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Egyptian Navy

The **Egyptian Navy** is a branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. It is the largest navy in the Middle East and Africa. It is also the sixth largest navy in the world by the number of vessels. The navy aims to protect more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline. Its main mission is to support army operations. In 1989, the Egyptian Navy had 18,000 personnel and also 2,000 personnel in the Coast Guard.

## Chain of command 
## Flags 
### Ranks Flags 
## Related pages 
* Egyptian Armed Forces

## References 
## Other websites 
* Globalsecurity.org - egyptian navy
* armstrade.sipri.org
Punnala

**Punnala** is a small village in Kollam district, Kerala, India.

## Geography 
Punnala is located at 9.08264°N 76.914°E. The village is spread over an area of 69.1&nbsp;km2

## Transport 
The area is well connected to the rest of the state by bus services of Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport services. Even though there are still places remains transportation facility is poor. The nearest railway stations are Punalur railway station and Avaneeswaram railway station

## Politics 
Punnala is a part of the Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha Constituency). Kodikunnil Suresh is the present member of parliament who won the 2014 Indian general election. Pathanapuram is assembly constituency and actor turned politician K. B. Ganesh Kumar is the current M. L. A. from Pathanapuram.

### Political parties 
There are Many political parties working in the village.
# Indian National Congress
# Communist Party of India (Marxist)
# Communist Party of India
# Bhartiya Janatha Party
# Indian Union Muslim League
# Kerala Congreess (M) etc. are some of them. Also there are different communal and religious organizations working in the region.

## Government Establishments 
# Government Higher Secondary School Punnala.
# Government Homeo dispensary, Chachippunna.
# Telephone Exchange, Punnala.
# Post Office, Punnala
# Village office, Punnala.

## References
Aplastic anemia

**Aplastic anemia** is a rare disease in which the bone marrow stops producing enough blood cells. There are fewer than 20,000 cases a year in the United States (US). Aplastic anemia can be treated by a medical professional. The blood disease is not always deadly, but can be after lots of bleeding both internal and external.

## References
Hezbe Wahdat

**Hezbe Wahdat** () is one of the political parties of the Hazara people in Afghanistan, which was founded in 1989. The main founder and leader of this party was Abdul Ali Mazari, who was killed by the Taliban in March 1995.

## Related pages 
* Abdul Ali Mazari

## References 
## Other websites 
* www.wahdat.net
Hana to Yume

is a semi-monthly Japanese shōjo manga magazine published by Hakusensha. The magazine is published on the 5th and 20th of every month. It is often nicknamed as HanaYume among the readers.

It is entirely written in Japanese and only available in Japan. Japanese girls ranked this magazine as their 4th favourite manga collection in a survey conducted by Oricon in 2006.

## References
Overboard (2018 movie)

***Overboard*** is a 2018 American romantic comedy movie directed by Rob Greenberg, written by Greenberg, Bob Fisher and Leslie Dixon. It stars Eugenio Derbez, Anna Faris, Eva Longoria, John Hannah, Omar Chaparro, Cecilia Suárez, Mariana Treviño and Swoosie Kurtz with Fernando Luján. It is a remake of the 1987 movie of the same name. 

*Overboard* was released in the United States on May 4, 2018 to mixed reviews.

## References
How to Be a Latin Lover

***How to Be a Latin Lover*** is a 2017 American comedy movie directed by Ken Marino, written by Chris Spain and Jon Zack. It stars Eugenio Derbez, Salma Hayek, Raphael Alejandro, Raquel Welch, Rob Riggle, Rob Huebel, Rob Corddry, Renée Taylor, Linda Lavin, Kristen Bell, and Rob Lowe. The movie is about a man who has spent his whole life married to a rich old woman, and must learn to make it on his own when she kicks him out.  

It was released on April 28, 2017 by Pantelion Films and made $61 million worldwide.

## References
Arthur Barnard

**Arthur "Art" Barnard** (March 10, 1929 &ndash; May 1, 2018) was an American sprinter. He was born in Seattle, Washington. He competed mainly in the 110 m hurdles event, winning a bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics. 

Barnard died in Stanford, California on May 1, 2018 at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Arthur Barnard's obituary
False color

**False color** (or **false colour**) refers to a group of color methods used to display recorded images in color. A **false-color image** is an image which shows an object in colors different from that which a true-colour photograph would show.

In addition, there is *false color* used for visualization of genuine data.

A photograph shot in color will show the colors in the picture as they appeared on the film, or to the sensor of a digital camera. Since most films and most digital cameras are made to show the world as human color vision would see it, this is known as true-color image. In a **false color** image, the color shown in the image does not correspond to the one the human eye would see. In such an image, color is used for extra information that the eye would not see. Many false color images, for example, show infrared light that humans cannot see.

## References
Richard Lester

**Richard Lester** (born **Richard Lester Liebman**; January 19, 1932) is an American movie director. Lester is known for his work with the Beatles in the 1960s and his work on the *Superman* movie series in the 1980s.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Richard Lester: A hard day's life
*The Beatles in West Somerset in 1964
*NYT biog 
*BFI film database
Will Alsop

**William Allen Alsop**, OBE RA (12 December 1947 – 12 May 2018) was a British architect and Professor of Architecture at University for the Creative Arts's Canterbury School of Architecture. In 2000, Alsop won the Stirling Prize, the most prestigious architecture award in the United Kingdom, for the Peckham Library in the south-east of London.

Alsop has been made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), and was elected to the Royal Academy on 18 May 2000.

In 2013, Alsop became Professor of Architecture at the University for the Creative Arts's Canterbury School of Architecture.

Alsop died on 12 May 2018 at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of Will Alsop
*Will Alsop at the British Council website
*Will Alsop at the "From Here to Modernity" website on Open2.net, the online learning portal from the Open University and the BBC 
*Will Alsop at the Royal Academy of Arts website 
*Radio interview of William Alsop on 4 April 2005 at the A Palaver website (available as stream) 
*Interview with Will Alsop (video)
Epitácio Cafeteira

**Epitácio Cafeteira Afonso Pereira** (June 27, 1924 – May 13, 2018) was a Brazilian politician. He was federal deputy (1975–1987), governor of Maranhão (1987–1990) and senator (1991–1999, 2007–2015). Cafeteira was born in João Pessoa, Paraíba.

Cafeteira died on May 13, 2018 of pneumonia in Maranhão at the age of 93.

## References
Steve Hogan

**Stephen D. Hogan** (1948 – May 13, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the Mayor of Aurora, Colorado from November 2011 until his death in May 2018. Hogan was a member of the Republican Party. He sat on the Colorado House of Representatives between 1975 and 1976. He was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.

His mayoralty received international attention when twelve people were killed during the 2012 Aurora shooting.

Hogan died of cancer on May 13, 2018 in Aurora at the age of 69.

## References
Franz Marc

**Franz Moritz Wilhelm Marc** (8 February 1880 &ndash; 4 March 1916) was a German painter and printmaker, one of the key figures of the German Expressionist movement. He was a founding member of *Der Blaue Reiter* (The Blue Rider), a journal whose name later became synonymous with the circle of artists collaborating in it.

## Related pages
*List of German painters
Lopača (Vrbanja)

**Lopača** is one of many right tributaries in the upper flow of Vrbanja (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Lopača has its source from two components (small streams) in the eastern slopes of Selačka Mountain, between the hills Marina Glava (1192 m) and Lujin Dirjek (1180 m). These components of the source meet at about 1090 m.   
In the upper part of its course, Lopača flows towards the southwest, then it goes to the northwest, then just before its confluence to Vrbanja, redirects again to the southwest.

Lopača flows below the village of Gelići, along the slopes of Melina (north) and Osoje (south). It flows into Vrbanja at an altitude of 566 m, under the slopes of Previja with the summit of Padališće (785 m).
On each side, it receives water from six streams and small streams, the largest of which (right) is Dolovi. It also receives water from several coastal sources, which keeps its water level relatively stable even during the longest periods of drought.

Below the village of Gelići until its confluence, in the 1960s, there were 20 watermills on Lopača.

## Related pages 
*Vrbanja

## References
María Elena Meneses Rocha

**María Elena Meneses Rocha** (1 December 1961 &ndash; 14 May 2018) was a Mexican journalist and professor and researcher into media, communications and the Internet with the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City. She was born in Monterrey, Mexico. She lived in Mexico City. She worked for Univision during her early journalist career.

Meneses Rocha died in Mexico City on 14 May 2018 of complications from surgery at the age of 56.

## References
E. C. George Sudarshan

**Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan** (also known as **E. C. G. Sudarshan**; 16 September 1931 &ndash; 14 May 2018) was an Indian theoretical physicist. He was a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. 

Sudarshan was known for his works to the field of theoretical Physics including Optical coherence, Sudarshan-Glauber representation, V-A theory, Tachyons, Quantum Zeno effect, Open quantum system, Spin-statistics theorem, non-invariance groups, positive maps of density matrices, quantum computation among others. 

His works include also relations between east and west, philosophy and religion.

In 2005, the Nobel Committee controversially did not award Sudarshan the Nobel Prize in Physics yet awarded his work about Glauber–Sudarshan P representation to Roy J. Glauber only. 

## References
Trnovac (Vrbanja)

The **Trnovac** (Трновац) is a river/stream in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of many right tributaries of Vrbanja river.

Before the village Hajdarovići receives water of six right tributaries/springs, and in the case of two more left. In Vrbanja, it flows into the famous excursion site Trnovac, at an altitude of 546&nbsp;m.

Most of its flow, Trnovac runs to east - west, parallel to the upper stream Crkvenica and Lopača  (also to the right tributaries of Vrbanja). It runs between Šipraško hill and the village of Kurušići (north) and Orahova ravan (plain)  with the village of Gelići (south).

In the 1960s, there were 12 watermills in Trnovac, six with Hajdarovic and its estuaries.

## Related pages 
* Vrbanja river

## References
Margot Kidder

**Margaret Ruth Kidder** (October 17, 1948 – May 13, 2018) professionally known as **Margot Kidder**, was a Canadian-American actress and activist. She was known for her role as Lois Lane in the 1978 movie *Superman* and the eventual other movies within the movie series, alongside Christopher Reeve.

Kidder also starred in Brian De Palma's cult thriller *Sisters* (1973); in the slasher movie *Black Christmas* (1974); and the dramas *The Great Waldo Pepper* (1975); *The Reincarnation of Peter Proud* (1975). She starred as Kathy Lutz in *The Amityville Horror* (1979).

Kidder was born in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. She studied at Havergal College in Toronto. From 1975 to 1978, she was married to Thomas McGuane. From 1979 to 1980, Kidder was married to John Heard, for a total of six days. From 1983 to 1984, Kidder was married to Philippe de Broca. She had one child.

Kidder suffered from paranoia and bipolar disorder which caused her to suffer from mental breakdowns and temporarily retire a few times. In April 1996, Kidder went missing for four days in Los Angeles and was found at a backyard of a house after she was nearly raped.

Kidder was in a car crash in December 1990, after which she was unable to work for two years, causing her financial problems.

In 1978, Kidder won a Saturn Award for Best Actress for her Lois Lane role. In 2015 Kidder won an Emmy award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming for her performance in ''R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour''.

In 2005, Kidder became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In later years, Kidder became an outspoken political, environmental, and anti-war activist. She endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in 2016.

Kidder died on May 13, 2018, at her home in Livingston, Montana at the age of 69. On August 8, 2018, it was reported that Kidder's death had been ruled a suicide by drug and alcohol overdose.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Article: From paranoid delusions to orthomolecular medicine 
* Canadian Film Encyclopedia
* *The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar*
Abdallah Said

**Abdallah Said** (; born 13 July 1985) is an Egyptian football player. He is an attacking midfielder. He plays for Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek. He also plays in the Egyptian national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*Statistics accurate as of match played 6 February 2022.*

### International goals
:''Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.''

## Honours 
* Egyptian Premier League: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
* Egypt Cup: 2017
* Egyptian Super Cup: 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017
* CAF Champions League: 2012, 2013
* CAF Confederation Cup: 2014
* CAF Super Cup: 2013, 2014

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Quim Torra

**Joaquim Torra i Pla** (born 28 December 1962) is a Catalan nationalist politician, lawyer and editor. Torra was a member of the Parliament of Catalonia from 2018 to 2020 and is the 131st President of Catalonia since May 2018.

Torra was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia at the 2017 regional election as an independent candidate for the pro-independence Junts per Catalunya electoral alliance. In May 2018 he was elected 131st President of Catalonia after the Spanish courts blocked three other candidates.

In March 2020, Torra tested positive for COVID-19 during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.

In September 2020, he was removed from office.

## References
## Other websites
*
Waleed Al-Husseini

**Waleed Al-Husseini** (born June 25, 1989 in Qalqilya) is a Palestinian essayist, writer and blogger. In October 2010, the Palestinian Authority arrested him for allegedly blaspheming against Islam on Facebook and in blog posts; his arrest garnered international attention. He later escaped to France, where he successfully applied for asylum. In 2013, he founded the Council of Ex-Muslims of France, and in 2015 he wrote his first book, *blasphemer : the price i paid for regecting islam*.

## Bibliography 
 interviews Al-Husseini about *Blasphémateur* (2016).]]
*''Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah*, 2015, Grasset ()
**English translation: 
**Une trahison française : Les collaborationnistes de l'islam radical devoilés'' ("A French Treason: The Collaborators of Radical Islam Unveiled"), 2017, Éditions Ring
Amelita Ramos

**Amelita "Ming" Jara Martinez-Ramos** (born December 29, 1926) is the wife of Fidel V. Ramos–the twelfth President of the Philippines–and was the eleventh First Lady of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998.

## References
Jose Miguel Arroyo

**José Miguel "Mike" Tuason Arroyo** (born June 27, 1945) is a former First Gentleman of the Philippines. He is the husband of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the current Representative of the Second District of Pampanga. He is the only male Spouse of a President of the Philippines and Vice President of the Philippines.

## References
Glenn Branca

**Glenn Branca** (October 6, 1948 – May 13, 2018) was an American avant-garde composer and guitarist. He was known for his use of volume, alternative guitar tunings, repetition, droning, and the harmonic series. Branca received a 2009 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.

Early members of his group included Thurston Moore and Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth, Page Hamilton of Helmet, Phil Kline of The Del-Byzanteens, and several members of Swans including Michael Gira, Dan Braun, and Algis Kizys.

On May 13, 2018, Branca died from throat cancer at the age of 69.

## References
## Other websites
*
*EST Interview  by and (c) Brian Duguid.
*Theoretical Girls by Paris Transatlantic magazine
*Glenn Branca interview
*Glenn Branca: "Acoustic Phenomena" (3:59) published on the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine @ Ubuweb
Loi Ejercito

**Luisa Pimentel-Ejército ** (also **Loi Ejercito Estrada** or simply **Loi Estrada**; born **Luisa Fernandez Pimentel** on 2 June 1931), is the wife of  Philippine President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. She was the twelfth First Spouse of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001.

## References
## Other websites
*Senate of the Philippines – Loi Ejercito Estrada
*Senate of the Philippines – Loi Ejercito Estrada biography
Teofisto Guingona Jr.

**Teofisto Tayko Guingona Jr.** ( , born July 4, 1928) is a Filipino politician. He was the 11th Vice President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2004, during the first term of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

He was appointed as Chairman of the Commission on Audit by then newly installed President Corazon Aquino in 1986 until 1987. He was elected as a Senator of the Philippines. He won in the reelections in 1992 and became Majority Leader a year after.

President Fidel V. Ramos appointed him as Executive Secretary from 1993 until 1995 and as Justice Secretary from 1995 until 1998. He was reelected to the senate again as a Minority Leader from 1998 until 2001.

## References
## Other websites
*Office of the Vice President of the Philippines - Guingona (2001-2004) 
*Senate of the Philippines - Teofisto Guingona's Profile
Neri Oxman

**Neri Oxman** (; born February 6, 1976) is an American–Israeli architect, designer, and professor at the MIT Media Lab. She is known for art and architecture that combines design, biology, computing, and materials engineering.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 

## Related pages
* Bill Ackman
Cecilia Suárez

**María Cecilia Suárez de Garay** (; born November 22, 1971) is a Mexican actress. She was born in Tampico, Mexico. She studied at Illinois State University. She is a Ariel Award and Emmy International nominated actress. She is known for her roles in *Sexo, pudor y lágrimas*, *The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada*, *Travesía*, *The Air I Breathe*, *Dreaming of Julia*, *Wash and Wear* and *Overboard*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vice President of the Philippines

The **Vice President of the Philippines** is the second-highest executive official of the government of the Philippines, after the President. 

The Vice President currently holds office at the Quezon City Reception House in Quezon City. The current office of the Vice President was re-established under the 1987 Constitution.

Sara Duterte from Davao City assumed the office on June 30, 2022 as the 15th and current vice president.

The official title of the office in Filipino is *Pangalawang Pangulo,* although *Bise Presidente,* derived from Spanish, is the usual title used in some of the major Philippine languages, such as Cebuano and Hiligaynon language.

## Eligibility
Article 7, Section 3 of the Constitution mandates that the Vice President must bear the same qualifications as the President which means he must be:
* a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
* a registered voter;
* able to read and write;
* at least forty years of age on the day of election;
* and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election."

## Succession
There has been four cases where the Vice President has assumed the Presidency, three of which because of the President's death, and one because of the President's resignation:
* Sergio Osmeña in 1944, upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon.
* Elpidio Quirino in 1948, upon the death of Manuel Roxas.
* Carlos P. Garcia in 1957, upon the death of Ramon Magsaysay.
* Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in 2001, upon the resignation of Joseph Ejercito Estrada, as decided by the Supreme Court.

## List
## Living former Vice Presidents

Josephestradapentagon.jpg|Joseph Ejercito Estrada(under Fidel V. Ramos)Born 
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.jpg|Gloria Macapagal Arroyo(under Joseph Ejercito Estrada)Born 
Vp guingona.jpg|Teofisto Guingona(under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo)Born 
Vp Noli De Castro.jpg|Noli L. de Castro(under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo)Born 
Jejomar Binay.jpg|Jejomar C. Binay(under Benigno S. Aquino III)Born 
14th Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo.png|Leni Robredo(under Rodrigo Duterte)Born 

## References
## Other websites
* Office of the Vice President of the Philippines
Elsa Raven

**Elsa Raven** (born **Elsa Rabinowitz**; September 21, 1929 &ndash; November 3, 2020) was an American actress. She was born in Charleston, South Carolina. She was best known for her two years (1988–1990) on the sitcom *Amen* and playing the mother of Vincent Terranova on the TV series *Wiseguy*.

She played Ida Straus in the 1997 movie *Titanic* and had a voice role in the 1981, animated movie *American Pop*.

Raven retired in 2011.

Raven died at her home in Los Angeles on November 3, 2020 at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ghetto Story

***Ghetto Story*** is the second studio album by Jamaican rapper, Cham. *Ghetto Story* was released on 15 August 2006 and was produced by Dave Kelly and Tony Kelly. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

## Track listing
## References
Benjamin Guggenheim

**Benjamin **"**Ben**"** Guggenheim** (October 26, 1865 – April 15, 1912) was an American businessman. He died aboard the *RMS Titanic* when the ship sank in the North Atlantic Ocean. His body was never recovered.

## References
## Other websites
*Encyclopedia Titanica Biography of Benjamin Guggenheim
*Benjamin Guggenheim on Titanic-Titanic.com
Ida Straus

**Rosalie Ida Straus** (née **Blun**; February 6, 1849 – April 15, 1912) was a German-American homemaker and wife of the co-owner of the Macy's department store. She and her husband Isidor died on board the RMS *Titanic*.

Rosalie was born in 1849 in Worms, Germany to Nathan Blun and his wife Wilhelmine "Mindel" Freudenberg.

In 1871, Rosalie married Isidor Straus (1845–1912), a German-American businessman. She and Isidor had seven children.

Isidor and Ida were last seen together on deck holding hands before a wave swept them both into the sea. Isidor’s body was recovered by the Mackay-Bennett and he was buried in New York’s Woodlawn Cemetery. Ida’s body was never recovered.

## References
Luigi Gatti

**Gaspare Antonio Pietro "Luigi" Gatti** (3 January 1875 – 15 April 1912) was an Italian businessman and restauranteur. He was best known as the manager of the *À la Carte* restaurant on the RMS *Titanic*, catering to passengers for whom first-class service was not exclusive enough.

Gatti went down with the ship, dying on 15 April 1912. His body was recovered by the CS *Minia* between 26 April and 6 May 1912, and buried in Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

## References
Edward Austin Kent

**Edward Austin Kent** (February 19, 1854 – April 15, 1912) was an American architect who worked in Buffalo, New York.  Kent died on April 15, 1912 when the RMS Titanic sank and was seen helping women and children into the lifeboats. His body was recovered from the ocean and buried in New York.

## References
Sidney Leslie Goodwin

**Sidney Leslie Goodwin** (9 September 1910 – 15 April 1912) was a 19-month-old English boy who died during the sinking of the RMS *Titanic*. 

His unidentified body was recovered by the *Mackay-Bennett* after the sinking, and for many years, he was called **The Unknown Child**. In 2008, mitochondrial DNA testing by the Armed Forces lab revealed his identity. Baby Goodwin is the only member of his family whose body has been recovered and identified.

## References
Frank M. Warren Sr.

**Frank Manley Warren Sr.** (May 10, 1848 – April 15, 1912) was an American businessman. He made his fortune in the salmon canning industry. The community of Warrendale, Oregon, the site of one of his canneries, was named for him. He died in the sinking of the *Titanic*.

He was born in Ellsworth, Maine, but raised in Portland, Oregon.

## References
Thomas Byles

**Thomas Roussel Davids Byles** (26 February 1870 – 15 April 1912) was an English Catholic priest. He was born in Leeds, Yorkshire. 

Byles was a passenger aboard the *RMS Titanic* on its maiden voyage when it sank after striking an iceberg during the night of 15 April 1912. He was reported as being one of the trapped passengers on the ship's rear deck in its final moments. He refused to leave the ship knowing people were unable to leave on lifeboats.

As the ship was sinking, he assisted many third-class passengers up to the boat deck to the lifeboats. He reputedly twice refused a place on a lifeboat. Toward the end he recited the Rosary and other prayers, heard confessions and gave Absolution to more than a hundred passengers who remained trapped on the stern of the ship after all of the lifeboats had been launched.

Pope Pius X later described Byles as a "martyr for the Church".

In 2015, the procedure to make Byles a saint began.

## References
## Other websites
* Website dedicated to Father Thomas Byles
* Encyclopedia Titanica
* Titanic Memorial
* Titanic: A Voyage of Discovery
Henry Lee III

Major-General **Henry Lee III** (January 29, 1756 – March 25, 1818) was an early American patriot and politician. He was a cavalry officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His nickname was **Light-Horse Harry**. He married Anne Hill Carter Lee. They had seven children. The most notable was Robert E. Lee. Henry Lee III died in 1818.

## References
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center

The **Walter Reed National Military Medical Center** (WRNMMC), formerly known as the **National Naval Medical Center** and also known as **Bethesda Naval Hospital**, **Walter Reed**, or **Navy Med**, is a tri-service military medical center, located in the community of Bethesda, Maryland, near the headquarters of the National Institutes of Health, in the United States. 

It is one of the most well-known U.S. Armed Forces medical centers in the United States, it is in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area and has served numerous U.S. presidents since the 20th century.  

Ronald Reagan, on July 13, 1985, underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. In May 2018, First Lady Melania Trump successfully underwent cyst-removal surgery of the kidney at the hospital.

In October 2020, President Donald Trump was hospitalized with COVID-19 at Walter Reed. 

## References
## Other websites
*
President of the Philippines

The **President of the Philippines** (, informally known as *Presidente ng Pilipinas*) is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines.

The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The President is directly elected by the people, and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the Vice President of the Philippines.

However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, such as by the death or resignation of an incumbent president.

Filipinos refer to their President as *Pangulo* or *Presidente*. The President serves a single, fixed, six-year term without possibility of re-election. On June 30, 2022, Bongbong Marcos was sworn in as the 17th and current president.

## Eligibility 
Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution reads that in order to be eligible for President the person must:
* Be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
* A registered voter
* Able to read and write
* At least forty years of age on the day of the election
* A resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately before the election

## List
## Living former presidents
As of , there are three living former Presidents:

The most recent president to die was Fidel V. Ramos (served 1992–1998), on July 31, 2022, at the age of 94.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Office of the President of the Philippines 
* The Presidential Museum and Library 
* 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
* 'We Say Mabuhay' – The Anthem of the President of the Philippines
* 'March of the President of the Philippines' (unofficial title) – song played when the President is given military honors by the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Roy J. Glauber

**Roy Jay Glauber** (September 1, 1925 &ndash; December 26, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist. He was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona.

Glauber was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch.

He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 2012.

Glauber died on December 26, 2018 at a hospital in Newton, Massachusetts at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*2013 Video Interview with Roy Glauber by Cynthia C. Kelly Voices of the Manhattan Project
*Audio Interview with Roy Glauber by Owen Gingerich Voices of the Manhattan Project
* Glauber States: Coherent states of Quantum Harmonic Oscillator 
* Roy J. Glauber at the Harvard Physics Department Faculty website 
* The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005
* Dannie Heineman Prize 1996
* "Physics Professor Awarded Nobel", *Harvard Crimson*, October 5, 2005 
* "Double Honours", *Guardian*, October 11, 2005
* NYC High Schools
Prokopis Pavlopoulos

**Prokopios Pavlopoulos**, GColIH (, , born 10 July 1950), commonly shortened to **Prokopis** (Προκόπης), was the President of Greece, in office from 2015 to 2020.

Pavlopoulos was a lawyer, university professor and politician, he was Minister for the Interior from 2004 to 2009.

## References
President of Greece

The **President of the Hellenic Republic** (, *Próedros ti̱s Elli̱nikí̱s Di̱mokratías*) is the head of state of Greece. The President is elected by the Hellenic Parliament.

His role is mostly ceremonial since the 1986 constitutional reform. The office was formally established by the Constitution of Greece in 1975. The current president, since 2025,KonstantinosTasoulas  , serving her first term in office. She is also the first female president.

## Oath of office
Before taking office, the President must recite an oath before Parliament:

## List of presidents of the Third Republic
## References
## Other websites
President of Israel

The **President of the State of Israel** (, ''Nasi Medinat Yisra'el*, or , *Nasi HaMedina*, literally *President of the State'') is the head of state of Israel.

The position is filled with executive power effectively being exercised by the Prime Minister. The current president is Isaac Herzog, who took office on 7 July 2021. Presidents are elected by the Knesset for a seven-year term and are limited to a single term.

## Background
Any Israeli resident citizen is eligible to run for President.

The first presidential election took place on 16 February 1949, and the winner was Chaim Weizmann.

Albert Einstein, a Jew but not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952 but turned it down, stating "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it. All my life I have dealt with objective matters, hence I lack both the natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people and to exercise official functions". Ehud Olmert was reported to be considering offering the presidency to another non-Israeli, Elie Wiesel, but he was said to be "very not interested".

## List of presidents
## Living former presidents
As of 2021, there are two living former presidents:

File:Moshe Katsav (00310100).jpg|Moshe Katsav(2000 – 2007)
File:Reuven Rivlin as the president of Israel.jpg|Reuven Rivlin(2014 – 2021)

The most recent serving and former president to die was Shimon Peres in September 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Clint Capela

'''Clint N'Dumba-Capela''' (born May 18, 1994) is a Swiss professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Houston Rockets. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland.

Capela was only 15 years old when he played at the European Junior Championships. He was drafted by the Rockets in the 2014 NBA draft.