open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ampthill

**Ampthill** is a small town and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England, between Bedford and Luton. About 6000 people live in the town. A regular market has taken place on Thursdays for more than 700 years.
## History
The name 'Ampthill' comes from an Anglo-Saxon word, 'Aemethyll', which means either 'ant-heap' or 'ant infested hill'. In the Domesday Book, Ampthill is called 'Ammetelle', with the landholder in 1086 being Nigel de la Vast.

In 1242, King Henry III gave Ampthill the right to hold a market on Thursdays. The Thursday markets are still held.

Henry VIII often visited Ampthill Castle. Katherine of Aragon lived at the castle from 1531 until she was divorced in 1533, when she was moved to Kimbolton.  The castle was built in the 15th century by Sir John Cornwall, later Lord Fanhope. He used money he had made from ransoms after the Battle of Agincourt. The castle is now gone but there are some interesting parts of castle life still in existence. This includes ponds, such as West Minster Pond, made to hold and grow fish for food for the castle.

## Houghton House
Houghton House was built in 1621 by Mary, Countess of Pembroke and brother of the poet Sir Philip Sidney.  In 1675, the house gave John Bunyan the idea for the 'House Beautiful' in his book ''The Pilgrim's Progress''. Bunyan's book is based on his own journey between Bedford and Luton. The steep slope leading into Ampthill was the model for the 'Hill of Difficulty'. Houghton House passed to the Duke of Bedford in 1738 and became a ruin after the roof was taken off in 1794.

## References
## Other websites
* Town Information Website 
* Town Directory Website
* Ampthill Town Council Website
* Ampthill Town Forum 
* Town's History Site 
* Ampthill Bell Ringers Website 
* St Andrew's Church of England
* Ampthill Town Band
Motion Picture Sound Editors

Founded in 1953, **Motion Picture Sound Editors** (**M.P.S.E.**) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members.  The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E The current president is Bobbi Banks.

The names of active members of the MPSE will generally appear in film credits with the post-nominal letters "MPSE".

## Membership requirements
The following are required for the membership application:

*A three year list of credits as one (or more) of the following:
**Sound editor
**Sound designer
**Dialogue editor
**ADR editor
**Sound effects editor
**Foley artist
**Music editor

*Two active MPSE member sponsors
*One letter of a sponsoring active MPSE member

## The Golden Reel Awards
Started in 1953, the MPSE has annually presented awards to sound editors in the following categories:

*Dialogue & ADR
*Effects & Foley
*Music

The categories are further broken down based on specific genres and between Feature Film's and Television shows.

There are also "other" categories that include Sound Editing in **Computer Entertainment**, the **Career Achievement Award**, and the '''Inaugural Filmmaker's Award**. The MPSE also sponsors the **Verna Fields Award for Sound Editing in a Student Film** and the **Ethel Crutcher Scholarship'''.

## Other websites
*Official MPSE Website
Shohei Baba

**Shohei Baba** (*Baba Shōhei*, January 23, 1938 – January 31, 1999) was a Japanese professional wrestler. He was co-founder of All Japan Pro Wrestling. He was also known as **Giant Baba**. Baba, along with Antonio Inoki, became one of the most famous Japanese wrestlers of his time, with a popularity in Japan that was like Hulk Hogan's in the United States of America. He was also a 3 time NWA Champion. 

Baba died on January 31, 1999 from cancer.

## In wrestling
***Finishing moves**
***Coconut Crush* (Side headlock facebreaker knee smash)
**Running neckbreaker

***Signature moves**
**Big boot
**DDT
**Dropkick
**Overhead chop
**Russian legsweep

***Nicknames**
**"The Giant of the East"

## Championships and accomplishments
***All Japan Pro Wrestling**
**AJPW All Asia Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**NWA International Tag Team Championship (6 times) - with Jumbo Tsuruta
**NWA World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
**PWF World Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
**Champion's Carnival (1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981,  1982)
**World's Strongest Tag Team League (1978, 1980) – with Jumbo Tsuruta

***Japan Wrestling Association**
**NWA International Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
**NWA International Tag Team Championship (6 times) - with Michiaki Yoshimura (1), Antonio Inoki (4), and Seiji Sakaguchi (1)
**World Big League (6 times)

***NWA Detroit**
**NWA World Tag Team Championship *(Detroit version)* (1 time) - with Jumbo Tsuruta

***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**PWI ranked him #**10** of the 100 best tag teams during the PWI Years - with Jumbo Tsuruta in 2003.

***Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum**
**Class of 2008

***Tokyo Sports Grand Prix**
**Wrestler of the Year (1975, 1979) 
**Outstanding Performance Award (1974, 1980) 
**Special Popularity Award (1976) 
**Special Award for breaking 5000 Matches (1993) 
**Special Achievement Award (1999) 
**Tag Team of the Year (1978, 1980, 1982)- with Jumbo Tsuruta 
**Match of the Year (1979)- with Antonio Inoki vs. Abdullah The Butcher and Tiger Jeet Singh on August 26, 1979 
**Match of the Year (1980)- with Jumbo Tsuruta vs. Terry Funk and Dory Funk Jr. on December 11, 1980 
**Match of the Year (1981)- vs. Verne Gagne on January 18, 1981 
**Match of the Year (1982)- vs. Stan Hansen on February 4, 1982 

***Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
**5 Star Match (1994) with Mitsuharu Misawa and Kenta Kobashi vs. Masanobu Fuchi, Akira Taue, and Toshiaki Kawada on February 13
**Best Booker (1989-1991)
**Promoter of the Year (1990-1994)
**Worst Tag Team (1990, 1991) with André the Giant
**Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

## Other websites
Mai

**Mai** may refer to:

*Mai (name)
*Mai, a minor character from the television show *Avatar: The Last Airbender*
*Laskovyi Mai - Soviet boy band from Moscow
*Chiang Mai - city in Thailand
*The translation of the month May in several European and other languages
## Movies or TV series
*Mai (2013 movie), a Bollywood movie featuring Asha Bhosle
*Mai (TV series), a 2022 Netflix India Original series
Appa

**Appa** is a fictional flying bison in Nickelodeon's animated television series *Avatar: The Last Airbender*. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Appa is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.

## Other websites
*Appa at Avatar Wikia
Albert Park Circuit

The **Albert Park Circuit** is a street circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a couple of kilometres south of central Melbourne. It is used once a year as a racetrack for the Australian Grand Prix and associated support races.

## Design 
The circuit uses everyday sections of road that circle Albert Park Lake, a small man-made lake just south of the Central Business District of Melbourne.  The roads that are used were rebuilt prior to the first race in 1996 to ensure consistency and smoothness.  As a result, the Albert Park track has quite a smooth surface. 

The course is considered to be quite fast and relatively easy to drive. Drivers have commented that the consistent placement of corners allows them to easily learn the circuit and achieve competitive times.  The flat terrain around the lake, coupled with a track design that features few true straights, means that it is not easy to pass another car on the track. Watching the entire race track can only be done from a grandstand seat.

Each year, most of the trackside fencing, pedestrian overpasses, grandstands and other motorsport infrastructure must be erected for the race. This is done about one month before the Grand Prix weekend. They are all removed by six weeks after the event.  Land around the circuit has restricted access during the grand prix weekend. This includes an aquatic centre, a golf course, a football stadium, some restaurants and rowing boathouses. Many nearby local residents are unhappy with the loss of park access. Some maintain a silent protest against the event. The event is popular with most people in Melbourne and Australia. They have a large European population and a general interest in motorsport. Middle Park (stadium), the home of South Melbourne FC was demolished in 1994 due to expansion at Albert Park.

Albert Park has the distinction of being the only venue to hold the Australian Grand Prix in both World Championship and non-World Championship formats.  Prior to the  Grand Prix, a modified version of the current circuit was used for both the 1953 and 1956 Grands Prix.  During this time Albert Park ran anti-clockwise as opposed to the current GP circuit standard clockwise.

## Related pages
*Adelaide Street Circuit

## References 
## Other websites 
* Australian Grand Prix Corporation
* Google Maps satellite view of the circuit
* Trackpedias guide to the Albert Park Circuit 
* Albert Park Circuit info from official F1 site
Semiramide

as Semiramide in 1825]]
***Semiramide*** is an Italian opera written by Gioachino Rossini. It has two acts. It was first performed at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice, on February 3, 1823, libretto by Gaetano Rossi. This was after Voltaire's *Semiramis*. This opera was successful from the start and is still performed today.

## Principal roles
* Semiramide - soprano
* Arsace - mezzo-soprano
* Assur - bass
* Idreno - tenor
* Oroe - bass
* Azema - soprano

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Vikings Books, 1989.
Clancy Brown

**Clarence James "Clancy" Brown III** (born January 5, 1959) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Byron Hadley in *The Shawshank Redemption* and  Career Sergeant Zim in *Starship Troopers*. He is perhaps best known for his role as the Kurgan in the cult classic *Highlander*. Brown also works extensively as a voice actor in animated TV series. He was the voice of Lex Luthor on *Superman: The Animated Series* and *Justice League*/*Justice League Unlimited*. He also voices Mr. Krabs on *SpongeBob SquarePants*.

## Further reading 
* Voisin, Scott, ''Character Kings: Hollywood's Familiar Faces Discuss the Art and Business of Acting'' BearManor Media, 2009. 

## Other websites
*
TV Guide (magazine)

***TV Guide*** is an American weekly magazine about television programming.

In addition to TV listings, the publication features television-related news, celebrity interviews, gossip and film reviews and crossword puzzles. Some issues also have horoscope listings.

## Other websites
* 
* TVGuide.com (now unrelated to the magazine)
Annie Awards

The **Annie Awards** are given to recognize good work in animation. They have been presented by the Los Angeles, California branch of the International Animated Film Association, ASIFA-Hollywood since 1972.

## Award categories 
### Production 
*Best Animated Feature
*Best Animated Home Entertainment Production
*Best Animated Short Subject
*Best Animated Television Commercial
*Best Animated Television Production
*Best Animated Video Game

### Individual achievement 
*Animated Effects
*Character Animation in a Feature Production
*Character Animation in a Television Production
*Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
*Character Design in an Animated Television Production
*Directing in an Animated Feature Production
*Directing in an Animated Television Production
*Music in an Animated Feature Production
*Music in an Animated Television Production
*Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
*Production Design in an Animated Television Production
*Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
*Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production
*Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
*Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
*Writing in an Animated Feature Production
*Writing in an Animated Television Production

### Juried awards
*June Foray Award
*Ub Iwerks Award
*Winsor McCay Award
*Special Achievement in Animation
*Certificates of Merit

## Notable nominations
*Animated features that earned the most nominations:

#16: *The Incredibles* (2004)
#16: *Kung Fu Panda* (2008)
#16: *Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit* (2005)
#13: *Ratatouille* (2007)
#12: *Finding Nemo* (2003)
#10: *Coraline* (2009)
#10: *Mulan* (1998)

## Other websites
* Official Site of the Annie Awards
* 35th Annie Award Recipients
Junior Seau

**Tiaina Baul "Junior" Seau, Jr.** (January 19, 1969 – May 2, 2012) was an NFL football player. His jersey number was #55 and he was a linebacker. He was 43 years old. He was 6'3" in height and weighed 250&nbsp;lb (pounds). He attended the University of Southern California. He played for the San Diego Chargers, New England Patriots and Miami Dolphins. He had a foundation called the Junior Seau Foundation. He owned his own restaurant in San Diego. He played in the Pro Bowl 12 times. He was of Samoan origin. He received the nickname "Tazmanian Devil" from his teammates. He also has a dance called the "Lightning Bolt Dance" from his days with the Chargers. On May 2, 2012, Seau was found dead in his home by his girlfriend from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest. After his death, an autopsy revealed that Seau had been suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

## References 
*His NFL page
*Biography
Momo

**Momo** could mean:
*Momo Challenge hoax, a hoax about an internet challenge
*Momo (Avatar: The Last Airbender), a lemur character in the TV series *Avatar: The Last Airbender*.
*A very successful children's book Michael Ende wrote in the 1950s, see Momo (book)
*Momo (food)
59th Primetime Emmy Awards

**The 59th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards** were held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California on September 16, 2007 and were live on television on Fox at 8:00 p.m. EDT (00:00 UTC) for the first time in high definition (on tape delay three hours later on the West Coast of the United States at 8:00 p.m. PDT/3:00 UTC). The ceremonies were hosted by Ryan Seacrest.  

## Nominations and winners
### Primetime Telecast Winners
:Winners are listed first, in **bold**. Other nominees are in alphabetical order. 

### Creative Arts winners
Creative Arts Awards winners who were recognized at the Primetime telecast.

## Related pages
*Emmy Awards

## References
## Other websites
* Primetime Emmy Awards 
* emmys.org — Advanced Primetime Awards Search 
* Emmy Awards coverage
Autódromo José Carlos Pace

**Autódromo José Carlos Pace**, also known by its former name **Interlagos**, is a motor racing circuit. It is in the city of São Paulo. It is named after Carlos Pace. Pace was a Brazilian Formula One driver, who died in 1977. The track was renamed in his honor. It is well known for being the venue of the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix.

## Previous History 
 in the circuit.]]
The land on which the circuit is built was originally bought in 1926 by property developers. They wanted to build a large suburban development.
Following financial difficulties, partly due to the 1929 stock market crash, it was decided to built a racing circuit instead. Construction started in 1938 and the track was opened in May 1940. The existing asphalt surface was entirely replaced, resulting in a much smoother track surface.  At the same time, the pit lane entrance was improve for safety. A new grandstand was built. For the work to be done, the circuit was closed. No events were held in the five months immediately preceding the race.

On 17 October 2007, Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) opened a new station of the Line C, *Autódromo*, near the racing circuit. The Line C had been extended to improve the access between the center of São Paulo and southern area of the Greater São Paulo including the circuit. This improved access to the circuit.

## Track Course 
 passes Kimi Räikkönen at the  Brazilian Grand Prix.]]

The race start is in front of the "Tribunas" section and features a long straight section. Next comes "S do Senna" (Senna's S), a series of left, right, and left turns.

"S do Senna" connects with "Curva do Sol" (Sun Turn), a large-radius left-turn that leads to "Reta Oposta" (Opposite Straight). This refers to the unused back straight of the pre-1990 circuit. Next are two left hand, downhill turns that are called "Descida do Lago" (Lake Descent) and "Mergulho" (Dive). Then there is a short straight section that goes downhill.

After "Mergulho" comes a slow and difficult section, with tight turns and elevation changes. These turns are "Ferradura" (Horseshoe), "Laranjinha" (Orange Turn), "Pinheirinho" (Small Pine Tree), "Bico de Pato" (Duck Bill), and then two left hand turns called "Junção" (Junction).

After "Junção" there is a long, high-speed section. The is "Subida dos Boxes" (Up to the Pits), a long, left-hand uphill turn. At the end there are turns 14 and 15 that form what was once called "Cotovelo" (Elbow).

## Pit Lanes 
Interlagos has one of the longest pit-lanes ever used in Formula One. It starts just before the start-finish straight and rejoining the main course after Curva do Sol. Before 2007, the pits entrance was a difficult high-speed left turn. The pit lane entrance was changed to become safer for the 2007 Brazilian Grand Prix.

## Comparison 
The fastest laps at the **Autódromo José Carlos Pace**.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Info from the Official Formula 1 Website 
* Official Brazilian Grand Prix website
* Satellite picture by Google Maps
Pewter

**Pewter** is an alloy made of tin mixed with antimony and copper. It is soft and flexible and it can be melted easily. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to produce tin(II) chloride, leaving the antimony and copper behind in the hydrochloric acid. In the past, it was used to make knives, forks, spoons and other pieces of cutlery because it was easy to melt down many times. It used to contain poisonous lead, but it does not contain lead anymore as the lead would make people ill when making things with pewter.

## Related pages
*Stainless steel, another alloy commonly used for silverware
Tin(II) sulfate

**Tin(II) sulfate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnSO4. It contains tin and sulfate ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is not a reducing agent like other compounds containing tin(II), like tin(II) chloride. It absorbs water from the atmosphere and dissolves in the water it absorbed.

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving tin in sulfuric acid. It is also made by reacting tin with copper(II) sulfate.

## Uses
It is used as a source of tin(II) ions without any tin(IV) ions contaminating them.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) sulfide
*Tin(IV) sulfide
The Cheeky Girls

**The Cheeky Girls** (**Gabriela** and **Monica Irimia**) are a Romanian female bubblegum pop/bubblegum dance and europop duo. They are identical twins from Transylvania who are based in the United Kingdom. The group was created in 2002 to audition for *Popstars: The Rivals*. Some of their songs are "Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)", "Take Your Shoes Off", "(Hooray, Hooray!) It's a Cheeky Holiday!", "Have a Cheeky Christmas", "Cheeky Flamenco" and "Boys and Girls (Xmas Time Love)". One of their singles, "The Farmyard Hokey", did not chart. One of their album|, "Party Time as In My Mind (Is A Different World - A Cheeky One)", also did not chart.

## References
Tin chloride

**Tin chloride** may refer to either of these compounds:

*Tin(II) chloride, stannous chloride, colorless solid, reducing agent
*Tin(IV) chloride, stannic chloride, irritating liquid, oxidizing agent
Tin(IV) chloride

**Tin(IV) chloride**, also known as **stannic chloride** or **tin tetrachloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl4. It contains tin and chloride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a corrosive liquid (anhydrous) or solid (hydrated). It makes hydrochloric acid fumes which irritate the nose. It reacts with strong bases to make tin(IV) oxide hydrate. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid to make the SnCl62- ion.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting tin with chlorine. 

Sn + 2 Cl2 → SnCl4

## Uses
It was used in World War I to create irritating clouds of smoke. It is also used to make tin(IV) fluoride. It is also used to make organic compounds that have tin in them.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) chloride
*Tin(IV) bromide
*Tin(IV) iodide
Strontium-90

**Strontium-90** is a radioactive isotope of strontium. It has a half life of roughly 29 years. Strontium-90 and strontium-89 have medical applications. They are used for radiation therapy,  in the treatment of certain bone cancers. Because its application generates a lot of heat it is sometimes used instead of Plutonium in nuclear power plants.
Tin(II) chloride

**Tin(II) chloride**, also known as **stannous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl2. It has tin and chloride ions in it. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state. 

## Properties 
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It is poisonous to mollusks like clams and oysters. It reacts with water to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white, and hydrochloric acid. That is why tin(II) chloride is normally dissolved in hydrochloric acid. It reacts with oxygen in the air to make tin(IV) chloride and tin(IV) oxide. It reacts with silver and gold compounds to make silver and gold metal. It also reacts with ferric compounds to make ferrous compounds.

It reacts with bases to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white; if more base is added, the tin(II) oxide hydrate dissolves to make a clear solution again. 

## Preparation 
It is made when tin reacts with hydrochloric acid.

## Uses 
It is used to electroplate tin on steel. It is used in the coloring of textiles. It is used to make silvered mirrors. A certain plastic uses it as a catalyst. It was used as a test for mercury(II) ions. If it is added to a colorless solution of mercury(II), a white solid of mercury(I) would form. If more is added, a black solid of mercury metal would be made. It turns bright purple in a solution that has gold ions in it. It is used in organic chemistry as a reducing agent.

## Related pages 
*Tin(II) fluoride
*Tin(II) bromide
*Tin(II) sulfate
Tin oxide

**Tin oxide** may refer to either of the following compounds:

*Tin(II) oxide, rare, blue-black or red, flammable, stannous oxide
*Tin(IV) oxide, common, white, stannic oxide
Tin(IV) oxide

**Tin(IV) oxide**, also known as **tin dioxide** or **stannic oxide **is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It has tin and oxide ions in it. It has tin in its +4 oxidation state. 

## Properties
It is a white powdery solid. It reacts with acids to produce stannic salts, such as tin(IV) chloride with hydrochloric acid. It reacts with strong bases to make stannites. It reacts with carbon at a high temperature to make tin metal.

## Occurrence
It is found as cassiterite in the mineral form. Cassiterite is an ore of tin. 

## Preparation
It can be made in pure form by burning powdered tin in air.

:Sn + O2 → SnO2

## Uses
It is used to detect carbon monoxide. It is also used as a catalyst for certain reactions. It is also used to make ceramics opaque (not clear). It is used in sensors of gases that can burn. A tin(IV) oxide wire is heated. When a flammable gas flows over it, it can conduct a little electricity. The sensor measures the electricity.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) oxide
*Tin(II) chloride
Chemical stability

**Chemical stability** refers to the resistance of a chemical to change in a chemical reaction. Some chemicals, like gold, are very stable and resistant to change; but sodium is unstable and corrodes rapidly in the presence of air. When an atom has an extra electron or a missing electron, it is unstable. When that atom loses or gains the electron, it becomes stable. Stable atoms have lower energy than unstable ones.

## Related pages
*Chemical compound
*Chemical equation
*Chemistry
Ultratop 40 Singles

**Ultratop 40 Singles**, often called **Ultratop 40**, is the weekly chart of best-selling singles in Wallonia, Belgium. Its equivalent covering the Flanders region is Ultratop 50.  Both charts are made and published by the Ultratop organization.  Like the UK Singles Chart, Ultratop creates charts based on retail record sales of around 500 retail outlets and legal digital downloads.  Currently GfK is the market observer of the charts. The chart broadcasts on Radio Contact on Saturdays from 12:00 to 14:00. The combined number of Ultratop chart listeners on radio or TV stations exceeds two million each week.  To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the charts in 2005 a jubilee book was published.  It covered all the 15,282 singles from 5,882 artists thus far.

## Related pages
*Ultratop 50

## References
Tin(II) oxide

**Tin(II) oxide**, also known as **stannous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO. It has tin in an oxidation state of +2. It also has oxide ions in it.

## Properties
It is normally a blue-black solid. It can be red but the red form is more unstable. It burns in air with a green flame to make tin(IV) oxide. It is a reducing agent. It is rarer than tin(IV) oxide. It dissolves in acids to make a colorless solution.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting sulfuric acid with tin and reacting the tin(II) sulfate made with sodium hydroxide to make the tin(II) oxide hydrate. This is heated to get the tin(II) oxide.

## Uses
It is used in touchscreens. It is used to make a glass with gold in it called ruby glass.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) chloride

## References
Ultratop 50 Singles

**Ultratop 50 Singles**, often called **Ultratop 50**, is the weekly chart of fifty best-selling singles in Flanders, Belgium.  Ultratop 50 and is produced and published by the Ultratop organization.  The chart has existed since March 31, 1995.  It is published in Dutch, French, and English, and is presented on several Belgian radio stations as well as on TMF Flanders television.

Its equivalent in the Wallonia region of Belgium is known as the "Ultratop 40 Singles" chart.

Three other charts from the Ultratop organization bear similar names: two separate and usually different charts named "Ultratop 50 Albums" tracking weekly album performance in the Dutch-speaking Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia regions, respectively; and one chart named "Ultratop 50 Alternative Albums". All of these charts, too, are published in three languages.

## Related pages
*Ultratop 40
Circuit Ricardo Tormo

**Circuit Ricardo Tormo** (also known as **Circuit de Valencia** and officially named "**Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo**") is a motorsport race track located in Cheste (Valencia, Spain) and built in 1999. It has a capacity of 120,000 spectators and seating for 60,000.  It is often used as a test track by the Formula One teams, because of the mild temperatures in winter. Anthony Davidson holds the unofficial lap record, set in 2006 while testing a Honda, with a time of 1 m 08.540sec. The track hosts the MotoGP Valencian Community Grand Prix.

The track is named after Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer Ricardo Tormo (September 7, 1952 – December 27, 1998). Circuit Ricardo Tormo has been featured in a number of video games and simulations.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Circuit de Valencia – Official website
Valencia Street Circuit

:*Not to be confused with Circuit de Valencia*

The **Valencia Street Circuit** is a semi-permanent street circuit in Valencia Spain. The circuit will host the Formula One European Grand Prix for seven years starting in  The first Formula One race on the circuit was held on 24 August 2008, with Felipe Massa winning the event, the European Grand Prix. The circuit uses the roads around the city's harbour and America's Cup port area. One section of the circuit uses a 140 metre long swing bridge. 
It also includes some roads designed to be used only for racing purposes by the German architect Hermann Tilke. Tilke also designed the buildings used for the circuit.

## History 
The deal to host the Valencia race was signed on 1 June 2007. It will last for seven years. The deal was made with the Valmor Sport group. The official track layout was unveiled by Valencia councillor and transport minister, Mario Flores, on 19 July 2007. The track was first used in the last weekend of July 2008. The circuit hosted a round of the Spanish F3 Championship and International GT Open. It was first used for the European Grand Prix on 24 August 2008.

## Layout
The track is  long and incorporates a total of 25 turns. There are 11 right-hand turns and 14 left-hand turns. It is estimated that the track has a top speed of around . Valencia is not as tight as Circuit de Monaco. There are not very many places to pass. The straights are not very straight; the track gets very dusty off line.

The circuit has been criticised by the drivers for its lack of overtaking opportunities. There have only been 4 recorded passes in the first race held in 2008, and no passes in 2009. There is little space in the circuit to make changes to improve passing.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The F1 Valencia Street Circuit Official Site 
*Valencia Street Circuit guide from Official F1 Site 
*Valencia F1 Street Circuit in Google Maps
Velvet Sky

**Jamie Szantyr** (born June 2, 1981) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Velvet Sky is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion. Sky also appeared in the WWE from 2005-06. Sky formerly dated Former WWE wrestler Gregory Helms but they broke up.

## Other websites 
* Velvet Sky's TNA profile
Sydney funnel-web spider

A **Sydney funnel-web spider** or **Atrax robustus** is a species of funnel-web spider. Their bite is very serious and venomous and has killed 13 people since 1927. It is found in Sydney, Australia. The funnel-web spider can be substantially larger than a 50 cent piece.

## Other websites 
*Sydney funnel-web spider at the Museum of Australia
James Wilson

**James Wilson** (September 14, 1742 – August 21, 1798) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, Wilson was elected two times to the Continental Congress and was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. He was a leading legal thinker and was one of the first six justices appointed by President George Washington to the Supreme Court. Wilson was born in Scotland but lived most of his life in Pennsylvania.

## Early life
James Wilson was born in Carskerdo, near St Andrews, Scotland. His parents were William Wilson and Alison Landall.

Wilson attended a number of universities in Scotland without getting a degree. Imbued with the ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in British America in 1766 and carried valuable letters of introduction. They helped Wilson begin tutoring and then teaching at the Academy and College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania). He petitioned there for a degree and was awarded an honorary Master of Arts several months later.

Wilson started reading law at the office of John Dickinson a short time later. After two years of studying, he got the bar in Philadelphia, and in the following year (1767) set up his own practice in Reading, Pennsylvania. His office was very successful and he earned a small fortune in a few years. By then, he had a small farm near Carlisle, Pennsylvania; was handling cases in eight local counties; and was lecturing at the Academy and College of Philadelphia.

On 5 November 1771, he married Rachel Bird, the daughter of William Bird and Bridgette Hulingsl they had six children together.

## Political career
In 1774, Wilson wrote a pamphlet that the British Parliament had no power in America. He was for the Declaration of Independence when he served in the Continental Congress. During the American Revolution, he served in the Pennsylvania State Militia.  He was also attacked at his house by a mob during what became called called the Fort Wilson Riot for successfully defing Loyalists' property. He also continued his practice of law and was France's advocate general (lawyer) in the United States.

Wilson was one of the main political economists at the Constitutional Convention. He gave more speeches than anyone else except Gouverneur Morris. He also proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise and sat on the Committee of Detail.

Wilson served on the Supreme Court from 1789 to 1798. The first associate justice, he was nominated by President George Washington.

## Death 
Wilson had problems with debts and so was briefly imprisoned. He got malaraia and then died of a stoke while he was visiting a friend in Edenton, North Carolina.

## References
Pisces (astrology)

** Pisces** (''''*) is the twelfth astrological sign, related to the constellation Pisces. It is also considered a water sign and one of the four mutable signs. In western astrology this sign is no longer aligned with the constellation. This is because of the precession of the equinoxes. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun meets Pisces from February 19 to March 20. 

## The Symbol 
The symbol represents the animal, the fish, swimming in different directions. The two shapes are also crescents, facing outward, which represents the idea that Pisceans are open to new things and to change.

## Astrology 
Pisces has been traditionally ruled by the planet Jupiter, but since its discovery, Neptune has been considered a modern ruler of this sign. Being the twelfth sign, Pisces is associated with the astrological twelfth house.

Individuals born when the Sun was in this sign are considered "*Pisceans*". The Sun can be seen 1n Pisces from about February 19 to March 20, ending at the moment of vernal equinox by definition under the tropical zodiac.

Under the *sidereal zodiac'', it is generally there from about March 15 to April 13.

## Traditional relationships with Pisces 
* Birthstone= Aquamarine 
* Colors= Sea Green, Aqua Blue
* Gemstones = amethyst
* Starstone= Coral
* Metal= Silver, Platinum, Tin, Steel, white gold
Tony Orlando

**Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis ** (born April 3, 1944), known professionally as **Tony Orlando**, is an American singer. He is best known for being in the singing group, Tony Orlando and Dawn, also the name of a television show that was popular for variety entertainment. They were known for singing the songs, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", "Knock Three Times", and "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)".

Orlando is from Greek, Latino, and Puerto Rican descent.

## Websites
*Tony Orlando's Official website
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir

**Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir** (*Pseudotsuga menziesii* var. ***glauca***) is a large evergreen tree in the genus *Pseudotsuga* in the plant family Pinaceae. The tree is native to British Columbia, Idaho and Colorado.
A1 road (Great Britain)

**A1** is the official title of the **Great Northern Road** in England. It runs up the eastern side of England from London to Edinburgh in Scotland. It is six hundred and sixty kilometres long, making it the longest numbered road in the U.K.. The A1 has six major junctions with motorways, and over twenty major junctions with other A roads.

The A1 follows, for much of the way, the course of a Roman road, Ermine Street, and the old coach route to Edinburgh. It is not a motorway, but a lot of it is now built to motorway standards. It is one of two main roads going from London to Northern England, the other being the M1 motorway.

Passing through Nottinghamshire, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest. Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where the traffic for Glasgow and the west of Scotland divides from that for Edinburgh, as it has for hundreds of years before car traffic. From North Yorkshire to Durham the road follows, for part of the way, another Roman road called Dere Street. This road ran from Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall in the lowlands of present-day Scotland.

Some parts of the A1 are motorways, and these parts are numbered **A1(M)**.

## References
Madison Rayne

**Ashley Nichole Lomberger** (née **Simmons**; born February 5, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name **Madison Rayne**, where she is also the coach of the women's division. She is best known for her time with TNA/Impact Wrestling, where she was the record three-time Knockouts World Tag Team Champion and a two-time Women's Knockout Champion. Rayne was part of the stable The Beautiful People. She has also wrestled for Ring of Honor and in WWE's 2018 Mae Young Classic tournament.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Dynamite Championship Wrestling**
** DCW Women's Championship (1 time)
* **International Wrestling Cartel**
** IWC Women's Championship (1 time)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 5 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the *PWI Female Top 50* in 2011
* **Ohio Championship Wrestling**
** OCW Women's Championship (2 times)
* **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
** OVW Women's Championship (1 time)
* **Shimmer Women Athletes**
** Shimmer Tag Team Championship (1 time, first) – with Nevaeh
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling**
** TNA Knockouts Championship (5 times).
** TNA / Impact Knockouts Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Lacey Von Erich and Velvet Sky (1), Gail Kim (1), and Tenille Dashwood (1)
** Queen of the Knockouts (2014)
* **Zero 1 USA**
** Zero 1 USA Women's Championship (1 time)

## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Madison Rayne's Official website
* Madison Rayne's TNA profile
Cam'ron

**Cameron Giles** (born February 4, 1976 in Harlem, New York) is an American rapper better known by his stage names '''Cam'ron** or **Killa Cam'''. 

Cam'ron was known for popularising the color pink. He demonstrated in his music video for "Killa Cam", where he was wearing all pink clothing and drove a pink Range Rover.

Cam'ron started the "Stop Snitchin'" campaign after he was shot outside a nightclub in his Lamborghini. The gunman was trying to carjack him. Cam'ron said in a *60 Minutes* interview that he did not know the gunman. He did not want to help the police because he did not want to be a snitch and it would hurt his record sales. He also mentioned his Stop Snitchin' campaign in another *60 Minutes* interview when Anderson Cooper asked him, "If there was a serial killer living next to you, you wouldn't tell the police?" He replied, "I would probably move." 

## Studio albums 
Cam'ron has released 7 studio albums:

## Filmography
* *Paid in Full* (2002)
**Death of a Dynasty* (2003)
* *State Property 2* (2005)
* *Killa Season* (2006)
* *Rap Sheet: Hip-Hop and the Cops* (2006)
* *First Of The Month* (2012)
* *Percentage* (2013)
* *Love & Hip Hop: New York* (2012; 2016–2017)
* *Honor Up* (2018)
* *Queens* (2021)

## References 
## Other websites
* Cam'ron's Myspace
Nihombashi Station

::*Not to be confused with Nippombashi Station in Osaka, Japan.*

**Nihombashi Station** (, ) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

## Adjacent stations
; Tokyo Metro
: Ginza Line
::: Kyōbashi （G 10） - **Nihombashi （G 11）** - Mitsukoshimae （G 12）
: Tōzai Line
:: Rapid, Local
::: Ōtemachi （T 09） - **Nihombashi （T 10）** - Kayabachō （T 11）
; Toei Subway
: Toei Asakusa Line
:: Airport Rapid, Airport Access Express, Airport Rapid Limited Express
::: Shimbashi （A 10） - **Nihombashi （A 13）** - Higashi-Nihombashi （A 15）
:: Local, Express, Rapid, Commuter Limited Express, Limited Express, Access Express, Rapid Limited Express
::: Takarachō （A 12） - **Nihombashi （A 13）** - Ningyōchō （A 14）
Kaihin-Makuhari Station

**Kaihin-Makuhari Station** (海浜幕張駅,かいひんまくはりえき) is a railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This is the nearest station to Makuhari Messe, Chiba Marine Stadium, and the AEON headquarters.

## Adjacent stations
; JR East
:  Keiyō Line
:: Commuter Rapid
::: **Pass**
:: Rapid
::: Minami-Funabashi - **Kaihin-Makuhari** - Kemigawa-Hama
:: Local
::: Shin-Narashino - **Kaihin-Makuhari** - Kemigawa-Hama

## Other websites
* JR East station information 
* Kaihimmakuhari Station bus terminal map 
* Keisei Bus Makuhari New City route map
Mariano Rivera

**Mariano Rivera** (born November 29, 1969 in Panama City, Panama) is a baseball player.  He has played with the New York Yankees for many seasons.  He is a “closer”, a type of pitcher who pitches in the ninth inning.  Rivera is thought to be one of the best relief pitchers ever, and will probably be in the Baseball Hall of Fame.  Rivera throws a very fast “cutter” pitches that are good at striking out batters.  Rivera has more saves in the World Series than any other pitcher.  He also has more saves all-time then anybody, a record he set in 2011.  Mariano Rivera wears #42, and is the only player in Major League baseball to do so.  Rivera was born in Panama and played his first baseball there.  

## References
## Awards Won
*Rolaids Relief Man of the Year, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009
*DHL Delivery Man of the Year, 2005, 2006, 2009
*2004 American League Championship Series MVP
*World Series Champion, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009
Season premiere

In television, a **season premiere** refers to the first episode of a new television season for a series that has been renewed.

In North America, a given show's season premiere often airs in September or October, after several months of reruns.

## Characteristics
A season premiere usually has one or more of the following characteristics:

* **Resolutions to cliffhangers** and other plots left unresolved in the previous season's season finale.
* **Introductions of new storylines**. Some stock examples might include a character having a new job (or losing one), a character gets a new love interest (or an existing relationship either ends or enters a new phase), children entering a new school, the core group of characters move to a new home (or hangout, etc.) ... and the list goes on.
:Often, one or more of these stories will introduce a fundamental change to a particular show. An example is ''Archie Bunker's Place'', where Archie's wife, Edith, died and the characters deal with her death. Subsequent episodes had Archie adjusting to life as a widower and re-entering the dating scene.
* **One-up episodes** with plots or special guest stars meant to entice viewers. Some shows feature a special guest star (e.g., Don Drysdale on a season premiere episode of *The Brady Bunch* or Jerry Seinfeld on a season premiere of *30 Rock*); others might have multi-part "adventures," such as the Bradys' family vacations to Grand Canyon and Hawaii.
* **A change in central setting** or, to a lesser extent, remodeling of the setting.
* **Introductions of new characters**, frequently to boost the ratings of a veteran show, two examples are John Doggett in season eight and Monica Reyes in season nine of *The X-Files*.
* In the case of **game shows**, the introduction of new (or revised) rules, new bonus games, rules concerning prizes (such as what can be won), and/or new models.
* The show airing at a **new day and/or timeslot**, either to improve sagging ratings or - if the ratings are high - to anchor a line-up of new and veteran programs.
Roman roads in Britain

The **Roman roads in Britain** are built for the Roman aqueducts, and for the Roman army, one of the most impressive features of the Roman Empire in Britain.

In Britannia, including for other provinces, the Romans constructed a network of paved trunk roads to (surfaced highways). In their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 – 410 AD) they built about 2,000 miles of Roman roads in Britain. They are shown on the Ordnance Survey's *Map of Roman Britain*. This is the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is available to the general public.

The pre-Roman Britons used unpaved trackways, including ancient ones running along the ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. In contrast, most of the Roman network was surveyed and built from scratch, with the aim of connecting key points by the most direct possible route. The roads were all paved, to permit heavy freight-wagons to be used in all seasons and weather.
 
Most of the known network was complete by 180 AD. Its main purpose was to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies. It was also vital for trade and the transport of goods.

Roman roads remained in use as trunk roads for centuries after the Romans withdrew from Britain in 410 AD. Systematic construction of paved highways did not resume in England until the 18th century.

## Construction of Roman roads 
]]
The Romans became expert at constructing roads, which they called *viae*. It was permitted to walk or drive cattle, vehicles, or traffic of any description along the road.

## Main Roman roads 
*Watling Street
*Ermine Street
*Dere Street
*Stane Street
*Fosse Way
*Portway
*Akeman Street

## References
Drew Brees

**Drew Brees** (; born January 15, 1979) is a former American football quarterback for the National Football League. A native of Austin, Texas, he played college football for Purdue and was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in 2001, where he was their starting quarterback until 2006. In 2009, he led the Saints to a Super Bowl championship and was named MVP of the game. He is currently a sportscaster and color commentator for the NFL on Fox. 

## NFL Statistics 
## Sources
## Other websites
* The Brees Dream Foundation
* 
* New Orleans Saints bio
Silky shark

The **Silky shark** (*Carcharhinus falciformis*) is a type of shark of the genus *Carcharhinus*, family Carcharhinidae. They are mainly found in warm bodies of water in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The Silky shark is large, slim, and grows up to a maximum length of 3.3 metres (10 feet). The Silky shark gets its name from the fact that it has a smooth, "silky" texture.
The Silky shark feeds on bony fish such as tuna, mackerel, sardines, and mullets, and molluscs such as squid and paper nautilus. They have also been known to feed on the bodies of dead whales.
The Silky shark is classified as "Near Threatened" by the IUCN.

## Description
A large, slim shark, the Silky shark has a fairly stretched, rounded snout, a relatively slanting first dorsal fin with a blunt top that is located behind the edges of the pectoral fins, a small second dorsal fin with an extremely long free rear tip (more than two times the height), and a low inter-dorsal ridge (ridge between the dorsal fins). The pectoral fins are long and slim, and have dusky coloured tips.
Silky sharks are normally dark grey with a shade of bronze, but are sometimes a golden-brown colour. Their undersides are white. Except for the first dorsal fin, the tips of all the fins are a dusky colour; this is more visible among the young.
The upper teeth are widely triangular and slanted, becoming more diagonal toward the angle of the jaws which are strongly cut and heavily jagged on the sides. The lower teeth are raised with smooth edges. There is usually 1 to 2 symphysial teeth on both, the lower and upper jaw.
The dermal denticles are small, tightly packed and over-lapping, giving the hide a smooth or "silky" texture, giving the shark it's name.
The maximum length for this species is 3.3 metres (10 feet). Males mature at the lengths of 2.2-2.3 metres (9–10 years of age) and grow to a lesser size than females, which reach maturity at the lengths 2.3-2.5 metres (12 years of age), however, these numbers are different among the different populations of this species. Silky sharks weigh around 350 kilograms (770 pounds).

## Taxonomy
The first specimen described was given the name *Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis* by Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle in 1841. The genus name *Carcharhinus* comes from the Greek words "*karcharos*" which means "sharpen", and "*rhinos*" which means "nose". Other names given to the Silky shark are *Squalus* or *Prionodon tiburo*, *Gymnorhinus* or *Gymnorrhinus pharaonis*, *Aprionodon sitankaiensis*, *Carcharhinus floridanus*, *Eulamia malpeloensis*, and *Carcharhinus atrodorsus*.

## References