open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
George Bell Swift

**George Bell Swift** (December 14, 1845 &ndash; July 2, 1912) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1893; 1895–1897) for the Republican Party.  He was selected to replace the assassinated Carter Harrison, Sr. as Mayor pro tem in 1893 and lost his re-election bid.  He was re-elected when he ran in 1895.

Swift was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to Samuel W. Swift and Elizabeth Swift (born Bell). His family moved to Galena, Illinois when he was young. By his teenage years, the family was living in Chicago. Prior to serving as mayor of Chicago, Swift served two terms as an alderman.  From 1887 to 1889, he was the city's Commissioner of Public Works. Swift died on July 2, 1912 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 66.

## References
Augustus Garrett

**Augustus Garrett** (1801 &ndash; November 30, 1848) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois  twice (1843–1844, 1845–1846) for the Democratic Party.

Garrett was born in 1801 in New York City, New York. He was married to Elize Clark. They had no children. Garrett died on November 30, 1848 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 47. 

## Other websites
*First Inaugural Address
*Invalidated Second Inaugural Address
*Third Inaugural Address
Francis Cornwall Sherman

**Francis Cornwall Sherman** (September 18, 1805 &ndash; November 7, 1870) served as Mayor of Chicago two terms (1841–1842, 1862–1865) for the Democratic Party.
 
Sherman was born on September 18, 1805 in Newton, Connecticut. He was a brick manufacturer and made the bricks for Archibald Clybourne's mansion. In July 1835, he was elected a village trustee. In 1837, he opened the City Hotel, later the Sherman House. He continued to work as a contractor and builder, eventually serving as mayor of Chicago three times.
 
His son, Francis Trowbridge Sherman, was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War.

Sherman died on November 7, 1870 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 65. 

He was married to Electa Trowbridge in Danbury, Connecticut before moving here in Chicago. They had seven children.

## Other websites
*First Inaugural Address
*Second Inaugural Address
*Third Inaugural Address
John Charles Haines

**John Charles Haines** (May 26, 1818 &ndash; July 4, 1896) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1858–1860) for the Democratic Party.

Haines was born on May 26, 1818 in Deerfield, New York. Haines died on July 4, 1896 in Waukegan, Illinois, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*Inaugural Address
*Inaugural Address
Mike Honda

**Michael Makoto Honda** (born June 27, 1941), also known as **Mike Honda**, is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for the 17th District of California until 2017 when he lost to Democrat Ro Khanna.

## Early life
Honda was born in Walnut Grove, California in 1941.

## References
## Other websites
*Congressman Mike Honda at US House website 
*Mike Honda at Peace Corps
John Wentworth

**John Wentworth** (March 5, 1815 – October 16, 1888) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago two times.

Wentworth was born on March 5, 1815 in Sandwhich, New Hampshire. He studied at Dartmouth College. He was married to Roxanna Marie Loomis. Wentworth died on October 16, 1888 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
* John Wentworth, "First Inaugural Address", Chicago Public Library
* John Wentworth, "Second Inaugural Address", Chicago Public Library
Mount Scopus

**Mount Scopus** ( ; , ) is a mountain in Jerusalem. It is north-east of the Old City. The mountain is  above the sea. The land is considered an exclave of Israel, surrounded by the West Bank. It was captured from Jordan in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

The cemetery of the American Colony in Jerusalem is near the entrance to the Hebrew University.

## Gallery 

File:HebrewU-MtScopus.JPG|Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Mount Scopus  campus
File:הגן הבוטני הלאומי ע"ש מונטגיו למפורט - הר הצופים.jpg|National Botanic Gardens
File:Jerusalem war cemetery 2.JPG|Jerusalem British War Cemetery
File:Har Hatsofim IMG 7790.jpg|Tomb of Nicanor
File:Hadassa 1.JPG|Hadassah Medical Center - Mount Scopus
File:Bezalel.jpg|Bezalel Academy of Art and Design
File:בית הקברות של המושבה המאמריקאית בירושלים - הר הצופים 1.jpg|Jerusalem American Colony Cemetery
File:בית הקברות של משפחת בנטוויץ' - הר הצופים.jpg|Bentwich Cemetery
|Ammunition Hill

## Other websites 
*Jerusalem Photos Portal - Mount Scopus
Julian Sidney Rumsey

**Julian Sidney Rumsey** (April 3, 1823 &ndash; April 20, 1886) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1861–1862) for the Republican Party.

Rumsey was born on April 3, 1823 in Batavia, New York. Rumsey died on April 20, 1886 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 63.

## References
## Other websites
*
William Hale Thompson

**William Hale Thompson** (May 14, 1869 &ndash; March 19, 1944) was an American who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1915 to 1923 and again from 1927 to 1931. Known as "Big Bill", Thompson was the last Republican to serve as Mayor of Chicago.

Thompson was born on May 14, 1869 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Thompson died on March 19, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 74.

## References
Francis Fukuyama

**Francis Fukuyama** (born October 27, 1952) is an American political scientist and author, who is most known for his widely discussed book *The End of History and the Last Man* was published in 1992, in which thesis of a post-Cold War.

He was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He earned his Ph.D in political science from Harvard University.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*Francis Fukuyama's home page at Stanford University
Robert Matsui

**Robert Takeo Matsui** (September 17, 1941–January 1, 2005) was an American Democratic politician.  He was the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of California. He was in office from 1979 until his death. His wife, Doris Matsui, replaced him.

Matsui was born in Sacramento, California.  He comes from a Japanese-American family. He is *Sansei*, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Matsui family was interned Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942.

At the University of California, Berkeley, Matsui earned a BA in political science in 1963.  He graduated from Hastings College of Law in 1966.

Matsui was the second Japanese American from the U.S. mainland elected to the US Congress.  Also, he was the first *Sansei* congressman.

## References
## Other websites
* Doris Matsui
Har HaMenuchot

**Har HaMenuchot** (), also known as **Givat Shaul Cemetery** is the second largest cemetery in Jerusalem. It is located on the western edge of Jerusalem. It opened in 1951 after the Mount of Olives cemetery was captured by Jordan in 1948.  The mountain is 750 meters above the sea level and next to Jerusalem Forest.

## Other websites 
* Burial in Jerusalem: The Har Menuchos Cemetery
National Headquarters of the Israel Police

The **National Headquarters of the Israel Police** is the headquarters of the Israel Police. It was established during the British Mandate of Palestine in Tel Aviv and moved to Jerusalem shortly after the Israel declared independence in 1948. It was moved to the Russian Compound in Jerusalem. In 1951, a branch of the headquarters was opened in the Mandatory British Police building in Tel Aviv and in 1973 the headquarters was moved to a new building near Mount Scopus.

## Other websites 
* Israel Police
Doris Matsui

**Doris Okada Matsui** (born September 25, 1944) is an American politician.  She is the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of California.

## Early life
Doris Okada Matsui comes from a Japanese-American family. After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Okada family was interned in Arizona where Doris was born.

She grew up on a farm in California.

## References
## Other websites
*Congresswoman Doris Matsui at US House website
Supreme Court of Israel

The **Supreme Court of Israel** () is the highest court of Israel. It is located in Jerusalem, in the neighbourhood of Givat Ram. After Israel was established in 1948, the Supreme Court was sitting in the Russian Compound in Jerusalem. In 1986, the government held a contest to build a new building for the court and in 1992 the supreme court was moved to a new building next to the Knesset.

Since 2017 Esther Hayut has been president of the Supreme Court.

## List of presidents
* Moshe Smoira (1948–1954)
* Yitzhak Olshan (1954–1965)
* Shimon Agranat (1965–1976)
* Yoel Zussman (1976–1980)
* Moshe Landau (1980–1982)
* Yitzhak Kahan (1982–1983)
* Meir Shamgar (1983–1995)
* Aharon Barak (1995–2006)
* Dorit Beinisch (2006–2012)
* Asher Grunis (2012–2015)
* Miriam Naor (2015–2017)
* Esther Hayut (since 2017)

## Other websites 
*Israeli Judicial Authority
*Jewish Virtual Library: The Judicial Branch
Mark Takano

**Mark Allan Takano** (born December 10, 1960) is an American teacher and politician.

In November 2012, Takano was elected to the U.S. Representative for the 41st District of California.

## Early life
Takano was born in Riverside, California. He is the son of Japanese American parents.  He is *Sansei*, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Takano family was  relocated and interned from California to "War Relocation Camps" during World War II. He graduated from Harvard University in 1983.

## Career
Takano taught in public school for 23 years.

## References
Bev Oda

**Beverley Joan "Bev" Oda**, PC, MP (born July 27, 1944) is a Canadian teacher, television broadcaster and politician. She was the first Japanese-Canadian member of the House of Commons of Canada.

## Early life, education
Oda was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.  

Oda earned a degree from the University of Toronto.

## Career
Oda was the first Japanese-Canadian to be appointed a Cabinet Minister.  She was a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.

## References
## Other websites
* "Bev Oda quitting as MP and cabinet minister" at CBC
Vakkom Majeed

**Vakkom Majeed** (20 December 1909 &nbsp;– 10 July 2000) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and a former member of the Travancore-Cochin State Assembly. He was born in Vakkom, Travancore, in the Madras Presidency of British India. He died in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

## References
Fred A. Busse

**Fred Busse** (March 3, 1866 &ndash; July 9, 1914) was the mayor of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois, from 1907 to 1911.

Busse was born on March 3, 1866 in Chicago, Illinois. He was secretly married to Josephine Lee from 1902 until his death in 1914. Busse died on July 9, 1914 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart disease, aged 48.

## References
Melissa McBride

**Melissa McBride** (born  May 23, 1965 near Lexington, Kentucky) is an American movie and TV actress and casting director. She has performed in many television programs and movies. She plays Carol Peletier in *The Walking Dead*.

## References
Mount Zion

**Mount Zion** (, *Har Tsiyyon*; , *Jabel Sahyoun*) is a hill in the south-west corner of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is an extension of Temple Mount. There are a lot of churches and many little Christians and Jewish cemeteries in the area of Mount Zion. Half of the Mount Zion is in the Old City, in the Jewish and Armenian Quarters. The grave of King David is at the top of Mount Zion.

In the past there was a small cable car that connected the mountain to the valley below and the Old City. Today the cable car room is a museum inside an old hospital building.

## Other websites 
* the Mount Zion Cable Car in the Gems in Israel website 
* the Mount Zion Cable Car in mycountry israel website 

## Gallery 

File:Jerusalem, Zion Gate.JPG|Zion Gate
File:Jerusalem Tomb of David BW 1.JPG|King David Tomb
File:Last Supper Room Panoramic.jpg|Cenacle
File:Kidron jerusalem (110).JPG|Mount Zion Cable Car
File:Entrance to Chamber of the Holocaust.jpg|Chamber of the Holocaust
File:פתח אחת ממערות הגניזה כפי שצולם בשנת 1995.jpg|Sambuski Cemetery - ancient jewish cemetery
File:Mount Zion Franciscan Cemetery Jerusalem 03326.JPG|Mount Zion Franciscan Cemetery
File:Christian cemetery on Mt. Zion, Bishop Gobat School.jpg|Mount Zion Protestant Cemetery
File:Pope's Road leading up to Mount Zion.jpg|the Pope Road

## Other websites 
* City of David
Gurban Gurbanov

**Gurban Gurbanov** (; born 13 April 1972, Zaqatala) is a retired Azerbaijani international footballer. At present he is the manager of Azerbaijani football team- FK Qarabağ. He played in the forward position. His football career started with the local Azerbaijani football club Dashgyn Zagatala in 1989. Gurbanov had a 17-year long professional football career. He retired in 2006. He scored total 174 goals in 396 league matches.

## Playing career
He started his career in Dashgyn Zagatala, and then played for Mertskhali Ozurgeti, Turan Tovuz, Kur-Nur, Neftchi Baku, Dinamo Stavropol, Baltika Kaliningrad, Fakel Voronezh and Volgar Gazprom. The last club he played for was Inter Baku. In the 1996–97 season, Gurbanov was the leading scorer in the Azerbaijan Premier League for Neftchi with 25 goals. He was named Azerbaijan's Player of the Year once, in 2003.

### International 
He played for the national team in their very first match on 17 September 1992, and until his retirement on January 2006 he scored 14 goals in 66 international matches, which is the national team goalscoring record.

### Managerial career 
After he had ended his football player's career, he became a sport director of the football club Inter. However, in summer 2006 he was made the head coach of Neftchi Baku. Since the beginning of the season 2008/08 he was made the head coach of FK Qarabağ.

In 2010, he became the most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions with 11 wins.

## International goals 
## Honours
### Player
#### Neftchi Baku
* Azerbaijan Premier League (2): 1996–97, 2003–04
* Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2003-04

### Individual
* Azerbaijani Footballer of the Year: 2003
* Azerbaijan Premier League: Top scorer: 1996–97
* Azerbaijan national football team: Top scorer: 14 goals.

### Manager
#### Qarabağ
* Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2008–09

### Individual
* The most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions: 11 wins.

## References
## Other websites 
* Profile at national-football-teams.com
Mauno Koivisto

**Mauno Koivisto** (25 November 1923 &ndash; 12 May 2017) was a Finnish politician. He was the ninth President of Finland and the 32nd Prime Minister of Finland.

## Early life
Koivisto was born in Turku. His family was not rich, his father was a carpenter building ships. His mother died when he was young. He finished school in young age, and took odd jobs. In Second world war Koivisto volunteered at the front. After the war he joined Social democratic party.

Koivisto studied in his adult age and became doctor of law in 1953. Koivisto died on 12 May 2017 in Helsinki from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.

## References 
## Other websites
* Pictures
O Foxo, Silleda

**O Foxo** is a village in north-western Spain. It is in the parish of Silleda, in Pontevedra, Galicia. In 2007, it had a population of 54 people, 26 of them were men and 28 were women. This represents a decrease in the number of people over the year 2000. It was also the former capital of the county.

## Bibliography
*

## Other websites 
* Silleda municipal web site
* Silleda tourist web site
Kyösti Kallio

**Kyösti Kallio** (10 April 1873 - 19 December 1940) was the fourth President of Finland. 

He was president from 1937 to 1940. He is the only Finnish president who did not have any higher education.

Kallio was born in Ylivieska. He died in Helsinki.

## References 
## Other websites
Saimaa

**Saimaa** is the largest lake in Finland. It covers . The Vuoksi River flows from Saimaa to Laatokka. The cities nearby to Saimaa's beaches are Lappeenranta, Joensuu, Mikkeli, Imatra, Savonlinna and Varkaus. 

## Other websites
Yonsei

**Yonsei** may mean:

* Yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei), descendants of Japanese emigrant
* Yonsei University, a private university in Seoul
David Tsubouchi

**David Tsubouchi** (born August 20, 1951) is a Canadian lawyer and politician.

## Early life
Tsubouchi was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is the son of Japanese Canadian parents. He is *Sansei*, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to Canada.

At York University, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1972 and a law degree in 1975.

## Career
Tsubouchi was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003. He is the first Japanese-Canadian to hold a cabinet position in a Canadian provincial government.

## References
International Convention Center (Jerusalem)

The **International Convention Centre** of Jerusalem (, ), also called: **Binyenei HaUma** ( - Buildings of the nation) is the main convention center in Jerusalem and the central auditorium of Israel.

## Other websites 
* International Convention Center (Jerusalem) - official website
Colleen Hanabusa

**Colleen Wakako Hanabusa** (May 4, 1951 &ndash; March 5, 2026) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician. She was the U.S. Representative for the 1st District of Hawaii from 2011 to 2015 and again from 2016 to 2019.

## Early life
Colleen was born in Waiʻanae, Hawaii in 1951.

## Death
Hanabusa died on March 5, 2026 in Honolulu, Hawaii from cancer at the age of 74.

## References 
## Other websites
*Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa at U.S. House website
Preamplifier

**Preamplifier** is a type of electronic amplifier. It doesn't have enough power to feed speakers. Rather a preamplifier amplifies weak signals, for example from a microphone, for electronic processing or distribution.  

Early preamplifiers used vacuum tubes. Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, less expensive, and more reliable.

## Related pages 
* Amplifier
Argleton

**Argleton** is the name of a village that does not exist. It is a phantom settlement that was shown on Google Maps. It was located in the parish of Aughton, Lancashire.  An employee of Edge Hill University noticed this in 2008, and could show that at the location, there are only empty fields. 

Some people have suggested that Google added a fake village to Google Maps on purpose to catch out other people in case they plagiarised their work. However, other people have suggested that Google Maps just made a mistake. 

## References
Yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei)

:*This article is about fourth-generation Japanese immigrants or emigrants.  For other uses, see Yonsei.*
 is a Japanese language term used in North America and South America for the great-grandchildren of Japanese people who immigrated (moved to another country). The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called *Issei*; and their children born in the new country are called *Nisei* (second generation). The  of *Issei* are called *Sansei* (third generation) and their  are called *Yonsei*. The children of Yonsei are called *Gosei* (fifth generation).

The  and  of the *Yonsei* can be seen in their social history.  The *Yonsei* are the subject of on-going academic research in the United States and Japan.

## History
The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Immigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community which grew from these first immigrants has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including around 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of *Yonsei* grew up in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru. 

The use of the term *Yonsei* was based on the term *Issei* (first generation), which came into common use in the 1930s. The word replaced the term "immigrant" (*ijusha*). This change in usage reflected changes in the way the *Issei* looked at themselves, including the idea of belonging to the new country.  

The *Issei* were born in Japan, and their cultural point-of-view was primarily Japanese; but they were in the Americas by choice.  Their *Yonsei* great-grandsons and great-granddaughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their great-grandparents.

Although the *Issei* kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.  The *Yonsei* had never known a country other than the one into which they were born.

The *Issei,* *Nisei* and *Sansei* and *Yonsei* generations all show very different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, religious practice, and other matters. 

## Select list of notable *Yonsei* 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

* Warren Furutani (1947-&nbsp;), American politician
* Colleen Hanabusa (1951–2026), US Congresswoman
* Gina Hiraizumi (1980 - ), American actress and singer
* Garrett Hongo (1951 - ), American poet
* David Horvitz (1974 - ), American artist
* Grant Imahara (1970–2020), American engineer and television host
* Travis Ishikawa (1983 - ), American baseball player and coach
* Brandon League (1983 - ), American baseball player 
* Devin Setoguchi (1987 - ) Canadian ice hockey player
* Don Wakamatsu (1963 - ) American baseball player and manager
* Kristi Yamaguchi (1971-&nbsp;), American Olympic athlete (1992), figure skater

## References
## Other websites
* Japanese American National Museum
* Japanese American Historical Society
* Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
* Discover Nikkei
Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan

The **Football Federation of Azerbaijan (AFFA)** () is the governing body of football in Azerbaijan. It organizes the football league, Azerbaijani Premier League, and the Azerbaijani national football team. It is based in Baku.

## Other websites 
* Football Federation of Azerbaijan
Kokeshi

***Kokeshi***  are traditional Japanese wooden dolls.

The dolls have a very simple shape: a head and a column-shaped body, with no arms or legs. The joint between the head and the body was made thin, so that a child could easily grasp it. *Kokeshi* are traditionally hand-painted. Their faces are made with a few simple lines, and their bodies are often decorated with colorful patterns.

## History
The first *kokeshi* were made in the Tōhoku region of Japan during the Edo period (1600–1868) and sold as souvenirs to people visiting the region’s hot springs. They were made by artisans called *kijishi*, who created the dolls’ unique shape by woodturning.

During the Taishō period (1912–1926), *kokeshi* became less popular with children (due to more foreign toys now being available in Japan) and began to be appreciated more by adults as a type of .

An all-Japan *kokeshi* contest is held every year in May. Since 1954, the annual Prime Minister's prize has been awarded to the best work of creative *kokeshi* makers.

## Types of *kokeshi*
There are more than 250 types of *kokeshi*.
*,
*,
*,

## Popularity of *kokeshi*
*Kokeshi* are a cultural symbol of the Tōhoku region and a well-known example of Japanese folk art. The dolls are popular as souvenirs for tourists visiting Japan. 

*Kokeshi* inspired the design of Nintendo’s Mii avatars. Miis are digital characters with a simple design that can be customized by players.

## References
## Other websites
* "32nd Michinoku Kokeshi Festival" at Destination Tohoku 
* "*Kokeshi*" at Japanya.co.uk
Sadao Munemori

**Sadao Munemori** (born August 17, 1922-April 5, 1945) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Munemori was born in Los Angeles, California to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

During World War II, Munemori's parents and siblings were interned at the Manzanar concentration camp.

Munemori volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in April 1945, he was the only Japanese American to be awarded the Medal of Honor during or immediately after World War II.

## Medal of Honor citation
Munemori’s Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1945.  Without help from others, he attacked two machine guns before smothering a grenade blast with his body.
* *USNS Private Sadao S. Munemori* (T-AP-190), a troop ship
* Sadao S. Munemori Hall at the US Army Reserve Center in West Los Angeles
* Sadao Munemori American Legion Post 321 in Los Angeles

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Image of Munemori Memorial Interchange in LA 
* Image of statue of Munemori at Pietrasanto Italy
Menorah (Temple)

]]

The **menorah** was an ancient lamp that accompanied the Israelites during their wanderings through the desert and later sat in their Temple. It had seven branches (a center branch with three branches on each of its sides), and it was made of gold. Olive oil fed the menorah's flames. God commanded Moses to construct the menorah while Moses and the Israelites were wandering the desert (see Book of Numbers chapter 8). 

The menorah is associated with miracles, such as the miracle of Hanukkah. During First Jewish-Roman War, the Romans destroyed the Temple and took its treasures, including the menorah. They took the menorah to Rome and displayed it throughout the city during a celebration of their victory over the Jewish rebels.

Today, the menorah is featured in the present state of Israel's coat of arms, and some Jewish places of worship contain replicas of the menorah. A nine-branch menorah is used during Hanukkah.
Seoul Lantern Festival

The **Seoul Lantern Festival** () is a festival that takes place in Seoul, South Korea. It shows various themes through lanterns. It is hosted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and is organized by the Seoul Tourism Organization. It has been celebrated every year since 2009. It has officially become an annual event. It is usually held from early in November and lasts 2 weeks. 

In 2012, as 2.57 million people visited the festival, it gets to become the representative festival of Seoul.

## Other websites
*Official website  - with photographs of each theme
Vibraslap

The **vibraslap** is a percussion instrument. It is a modern version of the jawbone. Due to the fragile nature of the jawbone, the vibra-slap was created to provide a stronger alternative with a similar sound. It has been used mainly in popular music. Several rock bands have used this sound for the last decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century. It is also popular in Latin music. 

The vibraslap is made of a cowbell-shaped hollow box (acting as a resonator) and a wooden ball connected by a steel rod. The steel rod is bent in an "L" shape that allows the performer to hold the rod in one hand and strike the ball with the palm of their other hand. The steel rod acts as a sort of spring that vibrates the box on the other end. The box acts as a resonating body for a metal mechanism placed inside with a number of loosely fastened pins or rivets that vibrate and rattle against the box, much like the teeth of the jawbone. The vibraslap is produced in a number of sizes using different materials such as wood, metal or composite materials.

The Vibra-Slap was the first patent granted to the instrument manufacturing company Latin Percussion.
The Vibra-Slap's inventor was Martin Cohen. It is sometimes sold as a "Donkey Call" or "Rattleslap".
Mercury poisoning

**Mercury poisoning** is a health disturbance caused by high levels of exposure to mercury. 

Symptoms of mercury poisoning include pink colour in the cheeks, fingertips, and toes, swelling, unexplainable sweating, lots of saliva, fast heartbeat (tachycardia), high blood pressure (hypertension) and hair loss for some people. Mercury exposure happens most often through eating certain types of fish or via other ways.

The nasty property of mercury is that it accumulates (that is: piles up) in the food chain. A famous case of mass mercury poisoning is the Minamata case in Japan. Minamata is a fishing town at Kyushu island, Japan, and there was a chemical factory whose process used mercury. Some of the mercury went to waste water and in the sea. The algae (small water plants) absorbed the mercury, which were in turn eaten by small fish, and the small fish were eaten by bigger fish, which were then caught by the fishermen. The poisoning was first detected on the town cats, which ate the fish the fishermen had caught. The animal effects were severe enough in cats that they came to be named as having "dancing cat fever." But in the end the same happened to humans too as the fishermen and their families ate the same fish. The mercury had accumulated in the food chain and in the end poisoned the apex predators (cats and humans). The poisoning and resulting deaths of both humans and animals continued for 36 years, while the company and the Kumamoto prefectural government did little to prevent the epidemic.  In the end the epidemic was discovered and reported, the factory was sentenced to pay repairments to the people, and it changed the process into one where mercury was no more used. There have been no new poisonings after 1968 in Minamata.

## References
Students in Free Enterprise

**Students in Free Enterprise** (**SIFE**) is an international non-profit organization. It works with university students who want to change their communities positively and learn practical knowledge to become socially responsible business leaders. Students form teams in their campuses and use business model to make better the quality of life and standard of living for people in need. 

## History 
SIFE, was established in 1975 in the United States by Robert T. Davis. SIFE was originally a regional leadership training program attended by university students who taught their communities what they had learned. Eventually, these university students competed on the outcomes of their efforts. 

## Operating system 
More than 1,600 university campuses in 39 countries take part in SIFE's projects. SIFE gives these students the chance to develop leadership, teamwork and communication skills through learning, practicing and teaching the knowledge of free enterprise. SIFE Teams teach important concepts including market economics, entrepreneurship, personal and financial success, and business studies, their communities and their countries. 

### Competitions 
Each year, SIFE competitions are held worldwide, so called World Cup, with thousands of students and business leaders. Teams present their projects to judges who evaluate those projects and determine which teams had the most impact improving the quality of life and standard of living for members of their community.
Every country organizes a national competition to pick up national champion and give him a opportunity to compete at the World Cup. 
The criterion is as follows:
**``Considering the relevant economic, social and environmental factors, which SIFE team most effectively empowered people in need by applying business and economic concepts and an entrepreneurial approach to improve their quality of life and standard of living.``**

## Partners 
SIFE partners include corporations, organizations and individuals' foundations such as HSBC, PepsiCo, Unilever, DELL, Microsoft. 

## Other websites
SIFE is now called Enactus. Here is the press release link - http://enactus.org/sife-changes-their-name-to-highlight-a-deep-commitment-to-entrepreneurial-action/#.W4mPFvmnGUk 

*Previous  (no longer working)
*Current Official website
Bulguksa

**Bulguksa** is a temple of Korean Buddhism in Gyeongju in South Korea. It was designated as a historic site number 502 by Korean government. In 1995, Bulguksa was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.  It is known as one of the tourist attractions in Korea, where over 2 million people are visiting each year. It includes Dabotap(Korea's national treasure number 20) and Seokgatap(Korea's national treasure number 21), Cheongun-gyo(Blue Cloud Bridge, Korea's national treasure number 23) and Backun-gyo(White Cloud Bridge, Korea's national treasure number 23), and two gilt-bronze statues(Korea's national treasure number 26, 27) of Buddha.

## History
The temple was made in the Silla kingdom, the golden age of Buddhist art. According to Samguk yusa (Three Kingdoms of Korea's history book), the temple had begun to be constructed under King Kyeongdeok in 751 and completed in 774. Kim Daeseong, the Prime Minister of Silla, decided to construct this temple in order to cherish the memory of his parents. The name of the temple 'Bulguk' means the country of Buddha. He wanted to his parents live happily in the Buddha's country after they died.

Bulguksa has been reconstructed thoroughout history. Especially in the Japanese colonial era, it was damaged a lot and lost its valuable treasures. After the independence of the Republic of Korea, Korean government started to reconstruct and reorganize the temple.

## National Treasures in Bulguksa
**Dabotap and Seokgatap (Num 21, 22)**
Dabotap is well known for its feminine and sophisticated beauty. Its height is 10.4m and it is representative of Korea's unique pagodas.
Seokgatap is relatively simple and masculine compared to Dabotap. Its height is also 10.4, which makes Dabotap and Seokgatap the twin pagodas in Bulguksa.

**Chengun-gyo (Num 23)**
At the entrance of Bulguksa is Chengun-gyo. It is said that the bridge links the human world to the world of Buddhist. It is decorated with stones very beautifully and its structure is so solid that it can withstand earthquakes.

## References
* KOREA TOURISM ORGANIZATION  
* http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/736
* National treasure of Korea  

## Other websites
* Official Site of Korea Tourism Org : Bulguksa
Molecular cloning

**Molecular cloning** is a type of work in molecular biology. It is used to assemble **recombinant DNA** molecules, and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word *cloning* means a DNA molecule from a single living cell is used to make a large population of cells containing identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning methods are central to many areas of modern biology and medicine.

Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for multiplying (replicating) the **recombinant DNA**. 

In a molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is got from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to get smaller DNA fragments. These fragments are then joined with vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of *E. coli* bacteria). This produces a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are "transgenic" or genetically-modified microorganisms (GMO). 

This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, *recombinant DNA* refers to DNA molecules, while *molecular cloning* refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.

## History 
The idea of using molecular cloning to produce recombinant DNA was invented by Paul Berg, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980, jointly with Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger.

## References
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair

The **Chesapeake–Leopard Affair** was a naval battle that took place off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia on June 22, 1807. The English warship  attacked and boarded the American . The British were looking for people who had deserted the Royal Navy. The commander of the American ship surrendered his vessel to the British. When he returned home, he was tried, and had to leave the military.

The *Chesapeake–Leopard Affair* made many Americans angry. Some of them wanted to go to war with Great Britain, but most people did not. President Thomas Jefferson tried to use the anger to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British diplomats showed that they felt they did nothing wrong in the matter. The diplomats also said that impressment would continue. Jefferson's political failure to solve the problem with Great Britain led him towards economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807.

## Further reading
*Perkins, Bradford. 1968. *Embargo: Alternative to W*ar (Chapter 8 from Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805-1812, University of California Press, 1968) in *Essays on the Early Republic 1789-1815*. Leonard Levy, Editor. Dryden Press, 1974.

## References
Phone connector

A **phone connector** (also called **jack plug**, **stereoplug**) is an electrical plug that is used in audio systems. For example, it is used in electric guitar cables to connect the guitar to an amplifier. There are typically three different sizes of phone connectors: 6.3&nbsp;mm, 3.5&nbsp;mm and 2.5&nbsp;mm diameters.

Balanced and unbalanced circuits are possible with stereoplug connector when using monosignal per one stereoplug. Sound quality improves with a balanced circuit because noise signal reduces, especially with microphones where the signal is often weak.

## Related pages
*XLR connector
Tokoname

is a Japanese city in Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

## History
Tokoname has been known for making ceramics since the 12th century.

## Geography
Tokoname is on the western coast of Chita Peninsula in southern Aichi Prefecture.

## Related pages
* Chūbu International Airport

## References
## Other websites
*Tokoname City website 
* "Giant Maneki Neko....Tokoname Japan" at Panoramio
Avellino

**Avellino** is a city in southern Italy. It is capital of the province of Avellino.

## Museums
* National Gallery of selachoidei (Museum of sharks), Corso Umberto I, 131 and Via F. Petronelli, 8
* Museum of Art - MdAO, Via degli Imbimbo, 47 
* Museum of the Cathedral and the Diocese of Avellino, Via 23 novembre
* Provincial Archaeological Museum, Corso Europa
* Provincial Art Gallery, in the “Carcere Borbonico” 
* Zoological Museum of invertebrates "L. Carbone”, Corso Umberto I, 131
Alexander Loyd

**Alexander Loyd** (August 19, 1805 &ndash; May 7, 1872) was an American politician. He served one term as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1840 until 1841 for the Democratic Party.

Loyd was born on August 19, 1805 in Orange County, New York. He was raised in Chicago. He was married until her death. They had four children. Loyd died on May 7, 1872 in West Lyons, Illinois from heart failure, aged 66. 

## References
## Other websites
* Inaugural Address
* Grave at Rosehill Cemetery
Central Texas Council of Governments

The **Central Texas Council of Governments (CTCOG)** is a voluntary association of cities, counties and special districts in central Texas.

It is based in Belton, Texas the Central Texas Council of Governments is a member of the Texas Association of Regional Councils.

## Military community
Fort Hood is located in Bell and Coryell Counties and is the largest employer in the CTCOG region. The U.S. Census recognizes Fort Hood as a Census-Designated Place; in 2010 the Fort Hood CDP had 29,589 residents.

## References
## Other websites
*Central Texas Council of Governments - Official site.
John Putnam Chapin

**John Putnam Chapin** (April 21, 1810 &ndash; July 27, 1864) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1846–1847). He was a member of the Whig Party.

Chapin was born on April 21, 1810 in Bradford, Vermont. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Chapin died on July 27, 1864 in Chicago from a heart attack, aged 54.

## References
Buckner Stith Morris

**Buckner Stith Morris** (August 19, 1800 &ndash; December 16, 1879) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1838 to 1839. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was in jail for 9 months because of war conflicts.

Morris was born on August 19, 1800 in Augusta, Kentucky. Morris was married to Evlina Barker until her death. Then he was married to Elize Stephenson until her death. Then he was married to M. E. Parrish until his death. He had three children. Morris died on December 16, 1879 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 79.

## References
Benjamin Wright Raymond

**Benjamin Wright Raymond** (June 15, 1801 &ndash; April 6, 1883) was an American politician who twice served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1839–1840, 1842–1843) for the Whig Party.

Raymond was born on June 15, 1801 in Rome, New York. He studied at St. Lawrence Academy. Raymond was married to Amelia Porter from 1835 until his death in 1883. They had a son, George Lansing. Raymond died on April 6, 1883 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 1842 Inaugural Address
James Machon

**James Machon** (born 1848) was a Boy in the United States Navy and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Stationed in the immediate vicinity of the shell whips which were twice cleared of men by bursting shells, Machon remained steadfast at his post and performed his duties in the powder division throughout the furious action which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Samul nori

**Samul nori** is a Korean traditional musical performance, which is performed with four percussion instruments: Jing, Janggu, Buk (the drum in Korean), Kkwaenggwari. The performance includes dancing. Specifically, in *Samul*, *sa* means "four", and *mul* means "object" in Korean, and *nori* means "to play". Considering the meaning of *Samul nori*, this is one kind of playful and casual art performance done in public. In the past, Korean people usually play *Samul nori* when they work in agricultural area to relax after working.

Nowadays, some Korean people who play Korean traditional music try to boost Samul nori. Famous samul-nori performances are *Kim duk soo Samul nori* and *Namsadang nori*. Namsadang Nori was chosen as a UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In addition, some Koreans are trying to transform Samul nori to modern styles by mixing this with other modern performances. For example, there were TV shows where Samul nori performers were dancing with pop singers or DJs. 

Furthermore, other than mixing Samul nori with modern performances, some Korean people try to create new performance inspired by Samul nori. For example, *Nanta*, a performance of sounds made by hitting everyday objects, is inspired by Samul nori. Also, there is *Nori dan*, social enterprise in Korea, which play recycled garbage as musical instruments by hitting them.
Surabaya

**Surabaya**  the second largest city in Indonesia, is the capital of East Java. The meaning of Surabaya is combination of *sura* meaning shark and *baya* meaning crocodile. There are about 3 million people living in Surabaya and they speak a dialect of Javanese called Suroboyoan. Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. Surabaya is located on the edge of the northern coast of Java Island and dealing with the Madura Strait and Java Sea.

## Historical Places 
There are many museums and monuments that represents and shows the history of Surabaya.

### House of Sampoerna 
The House of Sampoerna is a museum that exhibits from the story of the founder of Sampoerna, Liem Seeng Tee to history of tobacco making. One part of the museum shows the history of how this place was found. It starts from Seeng Tee moving to Indonesia after the death of his wife until how he found the old building of Dutch-supported orphanage. There are displays of Seeng Tee’s old objects such as his bicycle, motorcycle, and equipment and objects related to tobacco. There is a tobacco plant within the building where 3,500 women are rolling Dji Sam Soe cigarettes.

### Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa 
Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa is a Catholic church. It is one of the old buildings left from during the Dutch invasion in the 18th century. It is the oldest church in East Java. It has been preserved by the Dutch government in Indonesia. Despite the fact that it is old, the brick stones are undamaged. Without air-conditioning in the hot weather of Indonesia, the temperature inside the church is low and cool. Services were held since 1800s and it still continues today every Sunday in Chinese. 

### Tugu Pahlawan 
Surabaya is not only the second largest city in Indonesia but it is known as the “city of heroes” because of the role it played in the Battle of Surabaya in November 10, 1945. This monument Tugu Pahlawan, Heroes Monument, is the symbol of Surabaya and is built to respect the heroes who fought for independence. This rocket-like monument points towards the moon 41.15 meters high. Along with the monument, there is a museum where diorama of Surabaya in 1945 is displayed. History of Surabaya at that time could be seen through pictures, clips, and stories. There are other buildings surrounding the monument to depict the struggles Indonesians had to go through.

### Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma 
Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma was built in 1990s in order to save and maintain nation's cultural heritage. This museum exhibits historical items related to health and items that are used today. In September 14, 2004, Minister of Health changed the name of the museum to "Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma, MPH - MOH. There is a special library in the museum that displays materials such as books, magazines, tapes, and video recording that provides information about health studies. The museum also has different show rooms that displays different equipments used in the past and genealogy of royal families of Indonesia. 

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Menorah (Hanukkah)

(left) receiving a hanukkiah in the Oval Office as a gift from Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion (center) alongside Israel's Ambassador Abba Eban (right), 1951.]]

The **Hanukkah menorah**, also known as ***Hanukiah*** or ***Chanukiah*** (), is a nine-branched lamp or candleholder used on the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. It is used to celebrate, remember, and honor the historical miracle of Hanukkah. Its shape is an upright stand with eight equal branches to hold a candle or oil with a wick. A ninth branch, at the center or to one side and usually taller, is the *shamash* (). The *shamash* is lit first, then used to light the others, while a prayer is recited. One of the branches is lit on the first night, two on the second, etc., which lasts eight nights. The Hanukkah menorah commemorates, but is distinct from, the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. Along with the seven-branched menorah and the Star of David, it is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art.
## Construction
To be kosher, the *shamash* must be offset on a higher or lower plane than the main eight candles or oil lamps, but there are differing opinions as to whether all the lights must be arranged in a straight line, or if the hanukkiah can be arranged in a curve.

## References