open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Aphelion

The ** aphelion** is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun. The point in the orbit where an object is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion. The word *aphelion* derives from the Greek words, *apo* meaning *away, off, apart* and *Helios*. It's an apoapsis of a body in the Solar System.

The Earth's orbit has its aphelion around 25th June or July the third, at which it is approximately 152.1 million kilometers or 94.5 million miles from the Sun. Due to the workings of the Gregorian calendar, it may be a day or two earlier or later. 

This path's shape varies due to the gravitational influences of other planetary objects, particularly the Moon. Approximately every 100,000 years, the Earth's orbital path changes from being nearly circular to elliptical. The difference of the Earth’s orbital shape from a perfect circle is known as its **eccentricity**. An eccentricity value of 0 is a circular orbit, while values between 0 and 1 describe an elliptical orbit.
Paul Williams

**Paul Williams** can be:
* Paul Williams (songwriter) (born 1940), songwriter for the Carpenters and many other groups; also film and television actor
* Paul Williams (saxophonist) (1915–2002), rhythm and blues saxophonist
* Paul Williams (The Temptations) (1939–1973), one of the lead singers of the popular Motown act The Temptations
* Paul Williams (stage name for Paul Humphries), mandolinist and harmony singer for bluegrass legend "Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys"
* Paul Williams, birth name of soul musician Billy Paul
* Paul Williams (British singer), vocalist and keyboardist for 1970s bands Tempest and IOU.
* Paul Williams (Composer / Pianist) (born 1940), a Composer and Pianist in the UK
* Paul Williams (Crawdaddy! creator) (born 1948), American author who created the music magazine *Crawdaddy!*
* Paul Williams (writer), a British writer associated with *Doctor Who*
* Paul L. Williams, former FBI consultant, journalist and author
* Paul O. Williams (born 1935), American science-fiction author and poet
* Paul Williams (Irish journalist), is an Irish journalist and non-fictioncrime  writer
* Paul Williams (footballer), English association football (soccer) player for Stoke City F.C.
* Paul Williams (Australian rules footballer) (born 1973), Australian rules football player for the Sydney Swans
* Paul Williams (boxer) (born 1981), American welterweight boxer
* Paul Williams (architect) (1894–1980), prominent African American architect in Los Angeles, California
* Paul Williams (director) (born 1943), American film and television director https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0931435/
* Paul Williams (politician) (born 1922), former British Member of Parliament
* Paul Williams (professor), professor at American University and director of the Public International Law & Policy Group
* Paul Williams (British professor), professor of Indian and Tibetan Philosophy at the University of Bristol, UK.
* Paul Williams (Y&R), a fictional character on *The Young and the Restless*
Decidability theory

**Decidability theory** is a branch of mathematics. Suppose there is a set, and there is an element. There is also an algorithm. The algorithm will simply check if the element belongs to the set or not. If the algorithm stops (after a limited time) and has reached a decision, if the element is in the set or not, this is called **decidable**.

In simple terms, if there is a shopping bag, **decidability** is that one is able to check whether or not there is some salad in the bag.

Some logical problems cannot be decided that way (*This statement is false*). They are called **undecidable**

There is a weaker property too, called **semidecidable**.

A set is called semidecidable (or recursively enumerable), if there is an algorithm that lists its elements out.
Bayreuth

**Bayreuth** (German: [ˈbaɪ̯rɔʏ̯t] or [baɪ̯ˈrɔʏ̯t]; Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bavarian: *Bareid*; East Franconian: *Baraid*) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of Upper Franconia. About 74,000 people live there. Bayreuth is internationally famous for the Bayreuth Festival (), a festival for the music of Richard Wagner. Nearby bigger cities are Coburg, Bamberg, Hof and Nuremberg. Bayreuth has a university, the University of Bayreuth.

## Sights
Bayreuth has a lot of sights and historical buildings which are usually visited by many tourists, especially at the time of the Bayreuth Festival. You can find sights such as the New Palace (*Neues Schloss*), Bayreuth Festspielhaus, Eremitage, Spitalkirche, The Old Castle, Margravial Opera House, and Wahnfried. Most of the sights have been built in the 18th century and the 19th century. The most popular sight in Bayreuth is the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which is a major opera building located north of Bayreuth.

## References
Jörmungandr

**Jörmungandr** (Old Norse: *Jǫrmungandr* - "huge monster"), also known as the **Midgard Serpent** (Old Norse: *Miðgarðsormr*), is a sea serpent, the middle child of Loki and the giantess Angrboða. According to the *Prose Edda*, Odin took Loki's three children by Angrboða (the wolf Fenrir, Hel, and Jörmungandr) and tossed Jörmungandr into the great ocean that encircles Midgard. The serpent grew so large that it was able to surround the Earth and grasp its own tail, receiving the name of the Midgard Serpent as a result. Upon the onset of Ragnarök, Jörmungandr will release its tail, as he is met in battle by his arch-enemy, Thor, god of thunder.

.]]

## References
Hof, Bavaria

**Hof** is a German city in the north of Franconia. The next bigger cities are Coburg, Bayreuth and Chemnitz. The population of Hof is 44,000.

It is surrounded by, but not part of, the district of Hof, so it  has its own local council.

## References
## Other websites
*
Never Mind the Buzzcocks

***Never Mind the Buzzcocks*** is a British television game show on both channels BBC Two and Sky Max. It was first presented by Mark Lamarr, then a different person each episode, then Simon Amstell, then different people again and finally Rhod Gilbert. The left team is captained by Phill Jupitus. The right team was captained by Sean Hughes, then Bill Bailey, then different people for each episode and finally by Noel Fielding.

## Other websites 
*

## Notelist
1657

## Events
* September 24 &ndash; The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict are recorded in the Colony of Maryland.

### Date unknown
* Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").
1587

## Events
* February 8 &ndash; Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.

## Births
* August 18 &ndash; Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler, the first person of English parentage born in America (date of death unknown)
1538

## Events
* October 28 &ndash; The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded.
1486

## Events
* January 18 &ndash; King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York are married, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York after the Wars of the Roses.
1481

## Events 
* May 21 – Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481–1513).
* December 26 – Battle of Westbroek: Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht.
Ragnarök

, 1905)]]

 describes it]]
In Norse mythology, **Ragnarök** which in Old Norse translates to "*Doom of the Gods*" is the battle at the end of the world. It is to be fought between the gods or Æsir, led by Odin; and the fire giants, the Jötnar and other monsters, led by Loki and Surtr. Not only will most of the gods, giants, and monsters die in this battle, but almost everything in the universe will be destroyed.

The following battles will be fought:
* Odin vs Fenrir: Odin will be swallowed by Fenrir.
* Vidar vs Fenrir: Vidar will kill Fenrir by stepping on the jaw of Fenrir (also known as Fenris) and split it all the way down through his tail. That's when Ragnarok ends. 
* Thor vs Jormungandr: Thor kills Jormungandr, but then dies from his wounds and the poison after taking nine steps.
* Tyr vs Garm: Garm bites off Tyr's other hand and he bleeds out, but not before he gives Garm a mortal wound, which does kill him.
* Heimdall vs Loki: Both will inflict fatal wounds on each other, but Loki shall refuse to die until he sees the destruction of the worlds which will happen soon after. They'll both die next to each other.

After these gods die, Surtr will alight the world in flames, until a flood finally covers the world. Only a few Gods will survive this end battle according to the mythology.

## Surviving gods 
Hoenir, Magni, Modi, Njord, Vidar, Vali, and the daughter of Sol are all stated to survive Ragnarok. All of the remaining Æsir then reunite at Ithavllir. Baldr and Hod return from the underworld - Baldr having been killed by Hod, and Hod by Vali, before Ragnarok. Hoenir either makes slots for divination or receives a wand for divination, depending on the translation. Vidar - who avenges Odin - and Vali are unharmed by Surtr's fire or the flood. Magni and Modi who will wield their father's (Thor) hammer, Mjolnir, will also live. Njord is stated to return to Vanaheim at "the doom of man", which has been interpreted as Ragnarok. Sol (who dies) gives birth to a daughter who will follow her path in the new world.

### Theories 
There are some beings whose fate after Ragnarok is uncertain. Nidhhoggr is stated to fly with darkness under him and corpses on his back at the end of the Voluspa. This has been noted to not fit well with the theme of the last stanza, in which all of the old and bad has been burnt, and a new world with only good will rise of the waters. The last stanza has seen this interpreted differently, with some having Nidhoggr as the last remaining evil in the new world, and others stating that Nidhhoggr will rise one more time but then fall back to the ground, meaning evil has been defeated and all is good in the new world.

Additionally, the dwarfs are stated to be in their "stone doors". This has been interpreted as meaning that the dwarfs are stuck in their mountain homes or structures, which are going to fall - but that they are unable to leave, as they will turn to stone if they do.

## References 
 2. The Voluspa in the Poetic Edda
1301

## Births 
* August 5 – Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 19 March, 1330), youngest surviving son of King Edward I of England
1040s

The **1040s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1040 and ended on 31 December 1049. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***105th decade** which* began on January 1, 1041 and ended on December 31, 1050.

## Significant people 
* King Macbeth of Scotland (d. 1057)
* Godwin, Earl of Wessex (d. 1053)
* El Cid (b. 1040)
1474

## Events 
The Treaty of Utrecht was signed ending the Anglo-Hanseatic War in February

## Births 
* Ludovico Ariosto (d. 1533), Italian Poet
* Giulia Farnese (d. 1524) mistress to Pope Alexander VI
* Juan Ponce de Leon (d. 1521), Spanish explorer
* Perkin Warbeck (d. 1499) English Throne Pretender

## Deaths 
* Guillaume Dufay, Franco-Flemish Renaissance composer
1020s

The **1020s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1020, and ended on 31 December 1029. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***103rd decade*** which began on January 1, 1021, and ended on December 31, 1030.

## Events 
* 1021 &ndash; The Moorish *taifa* (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
* 1024 &ndash; The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
* 1024 &ndash; John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
* 1027 &ndash; On March 26, Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor. 
* 1027 &ndash; On May 14, Henri I is crowned king of France at Reims Cathedral.
* 1027 &ndash; Aldred becomes abbot of Tavistock.
* 1027 &ndash; Start of the Tibetan calendar.
* 1028 &ndash; On November 12, dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
* 1028 &ndash; On November 15, Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.

## Births 
* August 28, 1025 &ndash; Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan

## References
1296

## Events 
* April 27 – Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.

## Births 
* August 10: King John I of Bohemia
1487

## Events
* August &ndash; Bartolomeu Dias leaves Lisbon on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope.

### Date unknown
* Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl dedicates the Great Temple Pyramid of Tenochtitlan with thousands of human sacrifices.

## Births
* February 7 &ndash; Queen Dangyeong, Korean royal consort (d. 1557)
* February 8 &ndash; Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1550)
* February 15 &ndash; Henry of the Palatinate, bishop of Utrecht (d. 1552)
* April 10 &ndash; William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1559)
* July 5 &ndash; Johann Gramann, German theologian (d. 1541)
* July 16 &ndash; Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530)
* July 17 &ndash; Ismail I, Shah of Persia (d. 1524)
* August 27 &ndash; Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Schleswig and Holstein (d. 1514)
* September 10 &ndash; Pope Julius III (d. 1555)
* October 5 &ndash; Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1553)
* November 14 &ndash; John III of Pernstein, Bohemian land-owner, Governor of Moravia and Count of Kladsko (d. 1548)

## Deaths 
* March 21 &ndash; Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (b. 1417)
* June 16 &ndash; John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (b. c. 1463)
* June 26 &ndash; John Argyropoulos, philosopher
* July 16 &ndash; Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1436)
* September 9 &ndash; Chenghua Emperor of China (b. 1447)
* September 14 &ndash; Mara Branković, Serbian princess (b. 1416) 
* September 30 &ndash; John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1400)
* October 22 &ndash; Antonio Bettini, religious writer (b. 1396)
* *date unknown*
** William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel (b. 1417)
** Tlacaelel, high priest of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)
1093

## Events 
* Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland.

## Births 
* King Conrad III of Germany
* King Roger II of Sicily

## Deaths 
* King Malcolm III of Scotland (b. 1031)
File

**File** has several meanings:

* Folder (computing) used to organize documents
* Filing cabinet
* Computer file
* File (tool)
* Filing (legal)
* File (formation) Military term for a single column of men one in front of the other. See also Rank (formation)
* File (chess)
* file (Unix), a program used to determine file types.
* The File menu
* filé culinary ingredient used in Cajun and Creole cooking
1548

## Births 
* Giordano Bruno (d. 17 February 1600), Italian philosopher, priest, mathematician, and astronomer
* 8 July – Kim Jang-saeng (d. 3 August 1631), Korean scholar, politician, and educator

## Deaths
* January 23 &ndash; Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (b. 1490)
* February 26 &ndash; Lorenzino de' Medici, writer and assassin (b. 1514)
* March 23 &ndash; Itagaki Nobukata, Japanese retainer
* March 24 &ndash; Gissur Einarsson, first Lutheran bishop in Iceland
* April 1 &ndash; King Sigismund I the Old of Poland (b. 1467)
* May 30 &ndash; Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Mexican Catholic saint (b. 1474)
* June 3 &ndash; Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Catholic bishop of Mexico (b. 1468)
* June 6 &ndash; João de Castro, Portuguese explorer (b. 1500)
* June 14 &ndash; Carpentras, French composer (b. c. 1470)
* September 8 &ndash; Catherine Parr, Sixth and last Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. c. 1512)
* October 27 &ndash; Johannes Dantiscus, Polish poet and Bishop of Warmia (b. 1485)
* December 27 &ndash; Francesco Spiera, Italian Protestant jurist (b. 1502)
Labium

**Labium** (plural *labia*) is a Latin-derived term meaning "Lip". *Labium* and its derivatives (including **labia**, labial, labrum and *labellum*) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, *labium* often specifically refers to parts of the vulva.

A variant of the word, *labellum* (plural: *labella*), is used by people studying entomology and botany. 

## References
Rete testis

**Rete testis** is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm. They can sometimes get cysts.

## Purpose 
The rete testis have concentrated sperm and fluid in them, and they help the epididymis to absorb this fluid. If the fluid is not absorbed, the person can be infertile.

## Gallery

Image:Gray1149.png|The tubes in the testis

## Related pages 
* Testes

## References
## Other websites 
* Image at UC Davis 
* Diagram 
* Diagram
1st century BC

The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the **last century BC**. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year −1'.

## Related pages 
* Kofun period
Popular

**Popular** may refer to:

*Popularity, the quality of being well-liked
**Popular culture
**Popular fiction
**Popular music
*"Popular" (song), by Nada Surf
* "Popular", a song in the musical, *Wicked*
**Popular* (TV series), a teenage dramedy on The WB
*Popular Holdings, a Singapore-based educational book company
*Popular, Inc, a Puerto Rican-based financial services company, also known as *Banco Popular*
*Poplar, a genus of trees, *Populus*, which includes the cottonwoods, poplars, and aspens
John Grisham

**John Ray Grisham Jr.** (born February 8, 1955) is an American politician, lawyer, and writer.

## Biography and career
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. His father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer. After moving often, the family settled in 1967 in the town of Southaven in De Soto County, Mississippi, and he graduated from Southaven High School. Young Grisham loved to read. In 1977, Grisham received a degree from Mississippi State University. He earned his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. After leaving law school, he entered a small-town general law practice for nearly 10 years in Southaven, MS where he paid a lot of attention on criminal law and civil law.

In 1983, he was elected as a Democrat to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he served until 1990.  During this time, he continued his private law practice in Southaven.

In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the testimony of a 12-year-old girl who was raped. In his spare time, Grisham began work on his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers. He spent three years on *A Time to Kill* and finished it in 1987. The book was bought by Wynwood Press, which published it in June 1988.

The day after Grisham finished *A Time to Kill*, he began work on another novel, the story of a young attorney lured to what seemed to be a perfect law firm. That second book, *The Firm*, became the bestselling novel of 1991. Grisham then went on to write at least one work a year, most of them popular bestsellers. 

Grisham has been declared  "the bestselling novelist of the 90s," selling a total of 60,742,288 copies. Grisham's 1992 novel *The Pelican Brief* sold 11,232,480 books in the United States alone, making it the bestselling novel of the decade and the only novel to sell ten million books or more during a period of 10 years.

## Books by John Grisham
### Fiction
* *A Time to Kill* (1989)
* *The Firm* (1991)
* *The Pelican Brief* (1992)
* *The Client* (1993)
* *The Chamber* (1994)
* *The Rainmaker* (1995)
* *The Runaway Jury* (1996)
* *The Partner* (1997)
* *The Street Lawyer* (1998)
* *The Testament* (1999)
* *The Brethren* (2000)
* *The Summons* (2002)
* *The King of Torts* (2003)
* *The Last Juror* (2004)
* *The Broker* (2005)
* *The Appeal* (2008)
* *The Associate* (2009)

### Non-fiction
**The Innocent Man* (2006)

## Other websites 
* Official website
* 
* John Grisham Quotes
Cosplay

cosplay.]]

 is a short way of saying of "Costume Play". It is an act of dressing up to look like an anime, manga, video game, book, Japanese rock,  or K-pop character. A person who does this is called a Cosplayer. 

Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes. Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.

Even though cosplaying comes from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, UK, Indonesia, and the Philippines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.

Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.

## References
Monarchy of the United Kingdom

, Monarch since 2022.]]
The **Monarch of the United Kingdom** is the head of state of United Kingdom and formal head of Church of England. The current monarch is Charles III who has reigned since 2022. The king is currently the head of the UK and 15 other nations known as the Commonwealth realms.

## List of Monarchs of the United Kingdom
### House of Stuart
* Anne (In England and Scotland, 1702 – 1707. In Great Britain, 1707 – 1714) First British Monarch.
### House of Hanover
* George I (1714 – 1727)
* George II (1727 – 1760)
* George III (1760 – 1820)
* George IV (1820 – 1830) (Regent 1811–1820)
* William IV (1830 – 1837)
* Victoria (1837 – 1901)

### House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover. With monarchs it started in 1901. The name was changed in 1917 by George V.

* Edward VII (1901 – 1910)

### House of Windsor
In 1917 King George V changed the royal house's name to Windsor because the United Kingdom was at war with Germany and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a German name. 

* George V (1910 – 1936, changed name of house in 1917)
* Edward VIII (1936), abdicated
* George VI (1936 – 1952)
* Elizabeth II (1952 – 2022)
* Charles III (2022 – present)

In 1922 Ireland was split into the future Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom. However, the name was not changed until 5 years later and George V continued to be King of Ireland until he died ("of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India").
Las Vegas algorithm

A **Las Vegas algorithm** is an algorithm that uses randomness which has the consequence that the algorithm terminates with the probability p. If the algorithm does terminate then it does so with a correct result (unlike a Monte Carlo algorithm which definitely terminates but with a result that is only correct with the probability p). The algorithm  gambles with the resources used. It may take a very long times to give back a result, or it may not give back a result at all.

A simple example would be a version of the Quicksort. Quicksort is used to quickly sort things (mostly numbers). For this, each element is compared to a central element (called *pivot*). Depending on how this element is selected the sorting can take more time or less.

Most often, a Las Vegas algorithm is used to pick the pivot randomly.
Factorial

In mathematics, the **factorial** of a whole number n, written as n!, is equal to the product of n and all the whole numbers less than it. In symbols, n! = n(n-1)(n-2) ... (3)(2)(1). 

For example, the factorial of 4, written as 4!, equals 24. This is because 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 24. In symbols, we can write 4! = 4(3)(2)(1) = 24. For some technical reasons, 0! is equal to 1.

## Arranging objects 
Factorials can tell us how many possible ways there are to arrange n objects.

## Permutations and combinations 
Factorials are also used to find permutations and combinations. In a permutation, we begin with n objects and want to know how many different ways we can order a subset r of them. For example, suppose there are n = 8 runners in a race. After the race is over, how many different ways can these eight runners stand on the winners' podium (first, second, and third), so that r=3?

The way to find the answer is to calculate the following: P(n,r)=n!/(n-r)!. The answer is 336.

Combinations are the same, except that for a combination, the order of the r=3 objects does not matter. Therefore, the way to calculate a combination is C(n,r)=n!/((n-r)!r!).

## Notes 
Factorials are not defined for negative integers. However, the related gamma function (\Gamma(x)) is defined over the real and complex numbers (except for negative integers).

## Related pages 
* Exclamation mark
* Permutation

## References 
## Other websites
* Calculation of Factorial (0≤N≤40000)
Lichtenfels

**Lichtenfels** may refer to:

## Places
* Lichtenfels, Hesse in Germany
* Lichtenfels, Bavaria in Germany
** Lichtenfels station
** 1. FC Lichtenfels, a German association football club
* Lichtenfels (district) in Bavaria
* Lichtenfels, Greenland, a former settlement

## People with the surname
* Friedrich-Karl Freiherr von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels (1907–1940),  German Major in the Luftwaffe during World War II
* Julius Lichtenfels (1884–1968), German fencer
* Eduard Peithner von Lichtenfels (1833–1913), Austrian painter
* Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (1821–1891), German gynecologist and obstetrician
* Gustav Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (lawyer) (1885-1977), grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels
* Gustav Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (1855–1924), German general of World War I

## Ships
* SS *Lichtenfels* (1929), a heavy lift ship, built for the DDG Hansa shipping company
Neustadt bei Coburg

**Neustadt bei Coburg** is a German city in the North of Franconia. It has an population of about 17,000. It is near Coburg. Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD).

## Sister cities
* Sonneberg, Germany
* Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
* Member in the City Friendship Neustadt (Newton) in Europe

## Traffic
Next important traffic routes are in Coburg.

## References
## Other websites
Kronach

**Kronach** is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, in the Frankenwald area. It is the capital of the district Kronach.

## Geography
### Place
Kronach is at the southwestern edge of the Franconian Forest. The rivers Haßlach, Kronach and Rodach unite in Kronach.

### Town districts
Kronach is divided into the following districts:

* Bernsroth
* Birkach
* Blumau
* Dennach
* Dörfles
* Fischbach
* Friesen
* Gehülz
* Glosberg
* Gundelsdorf
* Höfles
* Kestel
* Knellendorf
* Kreuzberg
* Krugsberg
* Neuses
* Ruppen
* Seelabach
* Seelach
* Stübental
* Vogtendorf
* Vonz
* Wötzelsdorf
* Ziegelerden

## Twin towns – sister cities
Kronach is twinned with:
* Hennebont, France
* Kiskunhalas, Hungary
* Rhodt unter Rietburg, Germany

## References
## Other websites
*
*Official website
Rödental

**Rödental** is a German town in the north of Franconia. There are about 14,000 people living in Rödental. Rödental and Coburg have grown together like one city. The mayor of Rödental is Gerhard Preß.

## References
## Other websites
Record

**Record** can mean:

*A thing that is used to store information, such as --
**vinyl record (also called a "phonograph record" or "gramophone record")
**Compact disc
*World record, an unsurpassed accomplishment or statistic
*Record (computer science) a record (also called a structure or struct) is a type of data structure. A way to group fields together, that might be of different data types.
*Record (technical) a document, originated by a qualified person or qualification body, that register or records data, parameters, variables, values and/or measurements pertaining to a specific technical activity.
*Administrative records, a collection of documentation pertaining to personal information or transactions or organizational meetings.
** Any document for administrative use
** Vital record of life events
** Business record of economic transactions
** Medical record of a person's medical history and treatments
** Service record, usually associated with military service
** Minutes, a summary of the proceedings at a meeting
** Public record, information that has been filed or recorded by public agencies
**Records* (album), the 1982 album by rock band *Foreigner*
**The Record* (name of a number of newspapers and other publications)
**Record* (newspaper), a Portuguese sports newspaper.
**Récord*, a Mexican sports newspaper
Rocko's Modern Life

'''''Rocko's Modern Life''''' is an American animated sitcom television series that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996. A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year. The television special, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling was released in 2019.

Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friends Heffer, a turtle named Filburt, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's storyline was based on Rocko's everyday life.

Rocko was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.
Asgard

**Asgard** (Old Norse: *Ásgarðr* - “Enclosure of the Æsir; Court of the Ás”) is one of the Nine Realms in Norse mythology, home to the tribe of deities known as the Æsir. Asgard lies at the top of Yggdrasill’s highest branches, and the only thing connecting Asgard to Midgard is the mystical rainbow bridge Bifröst. 

At the center of Asgard lies the bountiful field of Iðavöllr; there the Æsir meet to feast, make revelry, and discuss important issues. The male gods meet in a hall called Glaðsheimr, the goddesses in the hall Vingólf. *According to the poem *Grímnismál* (as found in the Poetic Edda), Glaðsheimr is the field in which Valhalla was located.

## Popular Culture
In the science fiction series Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series, *Stargate Atlantis*, "Asgard" is the name of a highly advanced, fictional race of beings who are extraterrestrial in origin.  

Asgard appears frequently in Marvel Comics. Similar to the original mythological location, it is one of the Nine Realms, home to a race of beings known as the Asgardians, whom the Germanic peoples (in particular Norsemen) once worshipped as gods. It is often seen and referenced in both film, and television shows.

## Spellings
*Other spellings: Ásgard, Ásegard, Ásgardr, Asgardr, Ásgarthr, Ásgarth, Asgarth, Ásgardhr
* Common Swedish and Danish form: Asgård
* Norwegian: Åsgard (also Åsgård, Asgaard)
* Icelandic, Faroese: Ásgarður
Isabella of Castile

**Isabella of Castile** (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. 

Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him.  The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).  

When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enrique's daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called “The New World”. She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen. 

## References
* Weissberger,Barbara, 2008. *Queen Isabel I of Castile: power, patronage, persona*. Tamesis, Woodbridge, p.20-21.
* Boruchoff, David A. 2003. *Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: critical essays*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Xinhai Revolution

The **Xinhai Revolution**, also known as the **1911 Revolution**, was a revolution in China in 1911 that consisted of many revolts and rebellions. At the end of the revolution, the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated. China changed from a monarchy to a republic.

The revolution ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was a result of more then a decade of revolts and uprisings, the most famous of which was the Boxer Rebellion. The revolution's success marked the end of over two millennia of monarchy and the beginning of the country's early republican era.

In the 19th century, the Qing dynasty faced a number of challenges to its rule that weakened its power and served as the foundation to its downfall. The two Opium Wars especially made the Qing dynasty's international position weaken drastically. The loss of land, the opening of ports for trade, and the gradually-increasing dissatisfaction led to the Qing dynasty's rapid decline. 

Last-ditch efforts at constitutional reform did not pave the way to long-term control as the Qing government had hoped since the decentralization of power had led to a fragile stabilization for less than a decade. The revolution was only the last straw that broke the camel's back and had been caused by decades of government decay, foreign invasion, and calls for reform. 

## References
Midgard

*à Miðgarði* meaning "in Midgard" – "in Middle Earth", on the Fyrby Runestone (Sö 56) in Södermanland, Sweden.]]

**Midgard** is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.

## Old Norse 
Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.

According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.
Basque

**Basque** might mean:
*Anything related to Basque Country (greater region), a region in southwestern Europe within France and Spain;
*Basque people, the people from that region;
*Basque language, spoken in the Basque Country;
*Basque (clothing), a type of garment for women.
Alien (movie)

***Alien*** is a 1979 British science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott, released in the United Kingdom on 25 May and the United States on 6 September. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures.  The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and kills the crew of the spaceship *Nostromo*. The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.

The extraterrestrials in the movies are usually called **Xenomorphs**.

*Alien* was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine.

There are three sequels to this movie: *Aliens* (1986), *Alien³* (1992), *Alien: Resurrection* (1997), and a cross-overs: *Alien vs. Predator* (2004) and *Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem* (2007).

The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: *In space no one can hear you scream.*

## Plot
A spaceship called the *Nostromo* is towing cargo through space when it gets a signal from an unknown source on an alien planet. The crew wake up from cryonic sleep and go down to the planet to find out what it is. They find a large alien ship wrecked there. Its pilot is long dead and on board they find mysterious eggs. One of the crew, Kane (John Hurt) looks into an egg and is attacked by an alien creature that grabs onto his face. They bring him back to the *Nostromo* and try to cut the creature off him, but find out it has acid for blood. The creature later falls off and dies, but Kane is killed afterwards by another alien the first creature put into his stomach. The new creature quickly grows into a huge monster and starts killing the rest of the crew. Later the survivors find out that Ash is actually an evil android and the company that owns the *Nostromo* secretly wants the alien and doesn’t care if they die getting it. The survivors destroy Ash and plan to blow up the ship. The alien kills everyone left except Ripley and the ship’s cat Jonesy, who escape in a small shuttle before the *Nostromo* explodes. However, the alien is actually still on board the shuttle. Ripley kills it by shooting it into space and blasting it with the shuttle’s engines. The movie ends with Ripley going into cryonic sleep with Jonesy after leaving a message that the ship was destroyed and the rest of the crew are dead.

## Other websites 
* 
* Executive producer Ron Shusett on making *Alien* - video interviews and transcript
Hildburghausen

**Hildburghausen** is a German town in the south of Thuringia. The next towns in size are Suhl and Coburg. Its population is ca. 13,000. Its mayor is Steffen Harzer.

## Sister cities
* Pelhřimovin
* Würselen (Germany)

## References
## Other websites
*
Haßfurt

**Haßfurt** (; English: Hassfurt) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Haßberge district. It is on the river Main, 20&nbsp;km east of Schweinfurt and 30&nbsp;km northwest of Bamberg.

## References
Eisfeld

**Eisfeld** is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population was about 7500 in 2020. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.

## Sister cities
* Ahorn (Germany)
* Ham (France)

## Traffic
* B 4 Nürnberg-Coburg-Erfurt-Hamburg
* A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl

The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg

## References
## Other websites
*
Sonneberg

**Sonneberg** is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.

## Sister cities
* , Göppingen
* , Neustadt bei Coburg

## Sights
### Museums
* Schlauaquarium Nautiland
* Heimattiergarten
* German Toy Museum
* Astronomiemuseum

### Buildings
* Sternwarte
* Citychurch St.Peter
* Militarychuch St. Aegidien
* Old City hall
* New City hall
* House of AOK
* Main station

## Regular meetings
* International Jazz Days of Sonneberg
* Sonneberger Vogelschießen
* Sonneberger Kneipenfest
* Sonneberger Musikmeile
* Doll Theater Weeks
* International Doll Festival (with Neustadt bei Coburg)
* City festival

## Traffic
* B 89 Konach-Meiningen
* A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl about  away from Sonneberg there is the Connectionpoint Neustadt bei Coburg-Sonneberg. It is next to Coburg.
* With the train to Coburg and to Eisenach
* Next airports in Coburg and Suhl

## References
Bad Colberg-Heldburg

**Bad Colberg-Heldburg** is a German city in the south of Thuringia. It is near the Franconian city of Coburg. The population is 2,260. The mayor is Anita Schwarz. Before 1993, there were eight different municipalities (villages, cities) that merged into the current city.

Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Heldburg.

## References
## Other websites 
* Bad Colberg-Heldburg official city website
Construction worker

A **construction worker** is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built. Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers. Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them. Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes. Many construction workers also wear brightly coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.

Examples of structures are:
*	Bridges
* Buildings
* Dams
* Towers

Also built on construction sites are:
*	Airports
*	Railway lines
*	Roads
*	Tunnels
Schleusingen

**Schleusingen** is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is  north of Hildburghausen, and  southeast of Suhl.

The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.

## Sister city 
* , Plettenberg

## Traffic 
* A 73 Coburg-Suhl
* The next important train stations and airports are in Coburg and Suhl.

## References
## Other websites
* Schleusingen on the net
Ummerstadt

**Ummerstadt** is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Hildburghausen and Coburg. With a population of 527, it's one of the smallest towns in Germany. The mayor of Ummerstadt is Christine Bardin.

## References
## Other websites
Seßlach

**Seßlach** is a German city in the north of Franconia. The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern. The population of Seßlach is about 4,000. The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel. The movies *Luther* and *Der Räuber Hotzenplotz* were made there.

## References
## Other websites
Ebern

**Ebern** is a town in Haßberge, Bavaria, Germany. It is  southwest of Coburg and  northwest of Bamberg. Its population is about 8,000. Its mayor is Robert Herrmann.

Its name comes from , the German word for boar.

## Villages of Ebern
The borough of Ebern covers an area of  within which are 18 villages as well as the town of Ebern itself.

## Creation legend 
The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar. It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters. They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die. The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it. That is why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar.

Image:Schloss Eyrichshof.jpg| Schloss Eyrichshof
Image:Burg Rauheneck Palas.jpg|Ruins of Rauheneck Castle
Image:Burg Rotenhan 5.jpg| Ruins of Rotenhan
Image:Burg Bramberg Haupt.jpg|Ruins of Bramberg Castle

## References
1214

## Events 
* Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter.
* June 20 – University of Oxford receives its charter.
* July 27 – Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
* Foundation of the German city of Bielefeld.
* The Emperor of Jin China surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis Khan who have been besieging Beijing for a year. He pays a huge ransom and then abandons Northern China, heading for Kaifeng.

## Births 
* April 25 – King Louis IX of France (died 1270)
* Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241)

## Deaths 
* September 14 – Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (born 1149)
* October 5 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1155)
* October 31 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162)
* December 4 – King William I of Scotland
* John de Gray, bishop of Norwich
* Rostislav II of Kiev (born 1173)
* Vsevolod IV of Kiev
* Rurik Rostislavich, Prince of Novgorod
* Steksys, Grand Prince of Lithuania
Ludwigsstadt

**Ludwigsstadt** is a town in Kronach, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.

## Geography
It is in the valley of the Loquitz River, a tributary of the Saale, in the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands of the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Franconian Forest mountain ranges. Being  north of Kronach, the Bavarian border with the state of Thuringia runs about  north of the town centre, with Thuringian Saalfeld in a distance of c.  down the Loquitz. Ludwigsstadt is the only municipality of the State of Bavaria north of the Rennsteig ridge.

## References
Bad Staffelstein

**Bad Staffelstein** is a small town in the Bavarian Administrative Region of Upper Franconia in Germany. It has about 10,000 residents.

## Geography
### Location
The municipal territory of Bad Staffelstein extends on both sides of the Main river. It is northeast of Bamberg in Lichtenfels.

### Subdivisions
Bad Staffelstein consists of the following *Stadtteile*:

## References
**The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent.*

## Further reading
### Antiquarian
*Heinrich Karl, *Staffelsteiner Chronik*. Staffelstein 1905.

### Modern
* Karl-Ludwig Ostertag-Henning,  *Der Apfelbaum im Gottesgarten*. Staffelstein 1998, 
* *Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein*. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 1. Staffelstein 2000, 
* Günter Dippold und Alfred Meixner (Hrsg.), *Staffelsteiner Lebensbilder*. Staffelstein 2000, 
* Günter Dippold, *Bad Staffelstein. Kleinod im Gottesgarten am Obermain*.  Stuttgart 2001, 
* *Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein*. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 2. Bad Staffelstein 2002, 

## Other websites
*
Teuschnitz

**Teuschnitz** () is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 19&nbsp;km north of Kronach, and 15&nbsp;km east of Sonneberg.

## References
Steinach

**Steinach** is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Coburg and Sonneberg. The population of Steinach is about 4,500 people. The mayor of the city is Ulrich Kurtz.

## References
## Other websites
Römhild

**Römhild** is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 2,000. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge *verwaltungsgemeinschaft*

## References 
## Other websites
Mutant

A **mutant** can be:

* an organism with genetic changes, see **Mutation**

* Mutant (Marvel), fictional mutants from Marvel Comics
Wallenfels

**Wallenfels** is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 11&nbsp;km east of Kronach, and 32&nbsp;km west of Hof.

It is a twin town of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England.

## Geography
Wallenfels is on the B 173, between Hof and Coburg. Bordering communities are Kronach, Marktrodach, Schwarzenbach am Wald, and Presseck.

## References
Neuhaus am Rennweg

**Neuhaus am Rennweg** is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is about 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.

## References
## Other websites
Vincenzo Bellini

**Vincenzo Bellini** (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer.

Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was *Il pirata* in 1827. It was followed by *I Capuleti e Montecchi* in 1830. Then came his most famous operas *La sonnambula* (1831), *Norma* (1831) and his last *I puritani* (1835).

His second to last work *Beatrice di Tenda* (1833) was less successful.

Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s.

## Reference
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Charles-Valentin Alkan

**Charles-Valentin Alkan** (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt,  Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works.

Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.

## Other websites
*