open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Battle of Stamford Bridge

The **Battle of Stamford Bridge** took place near the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England. On September 25th, 1066, an English army under King Harold Godwinson fought an  Norwegian army led by King Harald Hardrada. 

Harold's brother Tostig Godwinson joined Hardrada's forces. Less than three weeks later, Godwinson's English army was defeated by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.

## Background 
King Edward the Confessor of England died in January 1066 without having left an heir. This caused a  over who would be king after him. The Norwegian army numbered about 11,000 men. Arriving off the English coast in September, Hardrada was joined by forces recruited in Flanders and Scotland by Tostig Godwinson. Tostig was angry with his older brother Harold, who had been elected king by the witan on the death of Edward. Tostig lost his position as Earl of Northumbria and was exiled in 1065. Tostig had mounted a series of attacks on the Sussex coast of England in the spring of 1066. The king believed Tostig's raid on the coast was a sign that William, the Duke of Normandy, was about to invade England. On September 20th, they defeated a northern English army led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and his brother Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, at the Battle of Fulford. He made the journey from London to Yorkshire, a distance of about 190 miles, in only four days.

## Battle
No one is certain of the exact location of the battle. There is no abbey,  or cross to mark the place. The main part of the Viking army was on the other side of the bridge. A small Viking force held the approach to the bridge but they were quickly swept aside. but Tostig flatly refused.

## Aftermath 
Stamford Bridge was a major victory for Godwinson. It showed he was a very capable commander. It also demonstrated how well trained his Housecarls were. However, Stamford Bridge will always be overed by the Battle of Hastings, which took place just under three weeks later. The battle at Stamford Bridge left Godwinson's army very tired and in need of rest. He had lost the forces of his two earls from the earlier battle. However, he received news that Duke William had landed.

Harold quickly marched his tired army down to London and stopped at Waltham Abbey long enough to pray for another victory. On October 12 he was in London trying to find more soldiers to add to his army before facing William at Hastings. On October 14, Godwinson formed his army on the  looking down on the battlefield. That started the Battle of Hastings and the end of Anglo-Saxon rule in England.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066 - End of the Viking Age: YouTube
* 20th September 1066: Harald Hardrada wins Battle of Fulford: YouTube
Michael Flynn

**Michael Thomas "Mike" Flynn** (born 24 December 1958) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general. On 20 January 2017, Flynn became the 24th United States National Security Advisor. He resigned on 13 February 2017. He last served as the 18th Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, from 22 July 2012 to 7 August 2014.

On 18 November 2016, Flynn accepted president-elect Donald Trump's offer of the position of National Security Advisor.

*The Wall Street Journal* reported on 22 January 2017, that Flynn was under investigation by U.S. counterintelligence agents for his communications with Russian officials. On 13 February 2017, Flynn resigned the position of National Security Advisor.

On 1 December 2017, it was reported that Flynn had accepted a deal with Special Counsel Robert Mueller to plead guilty to a single count, that of "willfully and knowingly" making "false, fictitious and fraudulent statements" to the FBI, a felony.

On 4 July 2020, Flynn announced his support and belief in the pro-Trump QAnon conspiracy theory.

On 25 November 2020, Flynn was issued a presidential pardon by President Trump. 

After Trump lost his re-election in 2020, Flynn wanted Trump to suspend the United States Constitution, force martial law, silence the press, and hold a new election under military supervision as an attempt to overturn the election results.

## References
Steve Bannon

**Stephen Kevin** '**Steve**' **Bannon** (born November 27, 1953) is an American campaign manager, businessman and media executive and former Counselor and Senior Adviser to Donald Trump.

He [went] to prison on July 1, 2024. He is supposed to stay in prison for 4 months. The prison is FCI Danbury in Connecticut.

He became chief executive officer of the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump in August 2016. He was later hired as his chief strategist and Senior Counselor.  President Trump signed an executive order giving Bannon a seat on the United States National Security Council. He was removed from the National Security Council on April 5, 2017.

Bannon resigned on August 4, 2017, but his resignation became in effect on August 18, 2017 during the aftermath of the Unite the Right rally.

In August 2020, Bannon was arrested in New York and indicted for fraud in connection with an online fundraising scheme.

In November 2020, Bannon's Twitter account was permanently suspended after he said that Anthony Fauci and FBI Director Christopher Wray should be beheaded. Bannon was held in contempt of Congress in October 2021 after ignoring a subpoena by the House of Representatives committee investigating the 2021 United States Capitol attack. He was indicted by a federal grand jury on November 12, 2021. He turned himself in to the FBI later that month.

## References
Adam Kokesh

**Adam Charles Kokesh** (born February 1, 1982 in San Francisco, California) is an American political activist. He is a decorated veteran of the War in Iraq, Kokesh came to disparage war and advocate nonviolent resistance to power. He is a member of the Libertarian Party. He has called for a "new American revolution" for the "orderly dissolution of the federal government." He was raised in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He now lives in Arizona.

Kokesh announced that he would run for President of the United States under the Libertarian Party ticket in the 2020 United States presidential election.

## References
## Other websites
* Adam Kokesh.com (Kokesh 2020 announcement as of November 2016) 
* Adam Kokesh on Amazon 
* The Freedom Line website
Black Awareness Day

, Brazil.]]

In Brazil, **Black Awareness Day** or **Black Consciousness Day** () is held every year on November 20. It is a day "to celebrate a regained awareness by the black community about their great worth and things they have done for the country". The date is an official public holiday in five Brazilian states.

Black Awareness Day has been celebrated since the 1960s. It has become bigger in the last few years. First, it was celebrated on May 13 (the date of abolition of slavery in Brazil). It was later moved to November 20 to honour Zumbi's death, and is sometimes called **Zumbi Day**.

## Events 
Members of the organization "Black Movement" (the largest of its kind in Brazil) organize educational and fun events involving mainly children of African parents. These events wants to get rid of the fact that many people see Afro-Americans as less important. Other "hot topics" in the Black community during the Day of Black Awareness are the working together of African-Brazilian workers with Caucasian-Brazilian and other workers, ethnic identity, and black pride.

## Similar days celebrating racial groups in Brazil 
The "Day of the Caboclo" (*Dia do Caboclo*) is held on June 24. It celebrates the contributions and identity of the original caboclos and their children. This date is an official public holiday in the State of Amazonas.

"Mixed Race Day" (*Dia do Mestiço*) is held on June 27, three days after the Day of the Caboclo. It celebrates all mixed-race Brazilians, including the caboclos. The date is an official public holiday in three Brazilian states.

"Indian Day" (*Dia do Índio*) is held on April 19. It recognizes and honours the indigenous peoples of Brazil.

## Related pages 
* Afro-Colombian Day, Colombia

## References
Pukhrayan train derailment

The **Pukhrayan train derailment** was an accident that happened on 20 November 2016 in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The Indore-Rajendra Nagar express derailed in the place of Pukhrayan, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.It has resulted in 140 deaths and 200+ injuries.
## Accident
The Indore-Rajendra Nagar Express is a passenger train between the Indore Junction and Rajendra Nagar Terminal. On 20 November 2016 at the time 3:00 the train derailed in the place of Pukhrayan, a town in Uttar Pradesh.

## Death
After the derailment about 142 passengers travelled in the train were reported dead and 200+ passengers were injured. It has been reported as one of the deadliest derailments after the 2010 Jnaneshwari Express derailment.

## Compensation
* PM Narendra Modi declared ₹200,000 compensation for each death in the accident and ₹50,000 for each seriously injured person.
* 
* Indian Railways declared compensation of ₹3.5lakhs to the family of each dead people and ₹50,000 for each seriously injured.
* 
* Uttar Pradesh CM Akhilesh Yadav announced ₹5 lakh compensation for dead people's family, ₹50,000 for seriously injured and promised ₹25,000 for minorly injured.
* 
* Madhya Pradesh CM Shivraj Singh Chohan announced ₹2lakh to the family of each dead people and ₹50,000 for each seriously injured.

## References
Joe Kennedy III

**Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy III** (born October 4, 1980) is an American lawyer, politician, and a member of the Kennedy family. He was the U.S. Representative for  from 2013 to 2021. In 2022, he became the United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. He is a Democrat whose district stretches from the western suburbs of Boston to the state's South Coast.

He is the son of former U.S. Representative Joseph P. Kennedy II and grandson of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy. He worked as a Peace Corps volunteer and as an assistant district attorney in the Cape and Islands and Middlesex offices before his election to Congress.

On January 30, 2018, Kennedy delivered the Democratic response to President Trump's State of the Union address.

On September 21, 2019, Kennedy announced his plans to run against Ed Markey in the 2020 Massachusetts United States Senate race. He lost the primary to Markey on September 1, 2020, making him the first Kennedy family member to lose an election in Massachusetts.

In December 2022, Kennedy was named the United States Special Envoy to Northern Ireland for Economic Affairs by President Joe Biden.

## References
Afrocarpus falcatus

***Afrocarpus falcatus*** is a tree in the family Podocarpaceae. Common terms include common yellowwood, bastard yellowwood, outeniqua yellowwood, African fern pine, and weeping yew.

The tree is native to the montane forests of southern Africa. It can be found in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland.  The tree is widespread in some areas and not considered threatened. In South Africa it is a protected tree in South Africa.

## Description
This is an evergreen conifer. It often grows up to about 45 meters tall, but is known to reach 60 m. The trunk can be 2 to 3 m wide, and is gray-brown to reddish. The leaves are arranged in spirals on the branches. They are small and narrow, up to 4.5 cm long by about 6 mm wide.

## Biology
Female trees bear their fruit only every few years. The main agents of seed dispersal are fruit bats. They eat the fleshy covering but discard the hard, woody seed. 

Many birds feed on the fruits, such as hornbills, Cape parrot, purple-crested turaco, Knysna turaco, Ross's turaco, African olive pigeon, African green pigeon, and eastern bronze-naped pigeon. Colobus monkeys, bushpigs and rodents also feed on the fruits.

## References
Latin rock

**Latin rock** is a term to describe a music subgenre. It has traditional sounds and elements of Latin American and Caribbean folk music merged with rock music. However, it is widely used in the English-language media to refer any kind of rock music featuring Spanish or Portuguese vocals.

* in 1971]]

The archaetypal latin rock band was led by Carlos Santana. His band *Santana* was far and away the most popular latin rock fusion  of the late 1960s to the early 2000s. *Santana'' has sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling groups of all time.

In 1969, after the release of the debut album by *Santana*, Latin rock appeared in the US and other parts of the world. The band's musical style is a fusion of Latin American and Caribbean rhythms, soul, jazz, funk, blues, psychedelia and rhythm and blues based on rock music.

Equally important to their success was the use of English lyrics. In the United States of fifty years ago, to sing in Spanish was to limit the audience to Puerto Rican, Mexican and Cuban immigrants. To sing in English was to open up the chance of really wide popularity.

## References
New York City Hall

**New York City Hall** is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center area of Lower Manhattan.  The building is the oldest city hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions. It has the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the New York City Council.  While the Mayor's Office is in the building, the staff of thirteen municipal agencies under mayoral control are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building.

It was built from 1810 to 1812. The New York City Hall is a National Historic Landmark. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Both the outside (1966) and the inside of the building (1976) are designated New York City landmarks.

## References
Gateway drug theory

**Gateway drug theory** is the idea that once a person uses one illegal drug, they are more likely to use other drugs.  It is also called **stepping-stone theory**, **escalation hypothesis**, or **progression hypothesis.**

If the gateway theory is true, people who use one drug may be more likely to use other drugs because:
* Using the first drug changed their brain
* They have similar attitudes about using different drugs

The gateway theory helps shape education and lawmaking about drugs. Scientific study of the possible causes of the gateway theory is important for health policy.

## References
Mount Selinda

**Mount Selinda** is a village and mission station in the province of Manicaland in the eastern mountains of Zimbabwe. Its altitude is 1,100 meters.

Mount Selinda is on the very edge of the Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve – the southernmost tropical rainforest in Africa. It is at the southern end of the Eastern Highlands mountain range which separates Zimbabwe from neighboring Mozambique. The Indian Ocean is about 400 kilometers away.

## Flora and fauna 
The Mount Selinda area is home to a variety of indigenous African flora, fungi, birds, butterflies, insects and reptiles. This is mainly due to being near the Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve, which is protected by law.

Among the hundreds of indigenous trees found in Mount Selinda are: Red mahogany, Brown mahogany, Natal mahogany, Albizia, White stinkwood, Chirinda stinkwood, Ironwood and colossal specimens of strangling figs. The largest Red Mahogany tree in southern Africa stands at Mount Selinda.

Other smaller flora include thousands of specimens of the yucca-like *Dracaena fragrans*, numerous ferns, creepers, vines, epiphytes, montbretia, orchids and flame lilies.

Mount Selinda boasts a dazzling array of bird life, with Trumpeter hornbills, Livingstone's turaco, African pygmy kingfishers, Firefinches, Sunbirds, African green pigeons, Owls, Nightjars, Eagles and Bee-eaters.

The reptile population includes pythons, cobras, vipers, mambas, adders, chameleons, geckos, skinks and lizards. The endemic Marshall's pygmy chameleon, *Rhampholeon marshalli*, is found within the forest and at the forest margin.

The variety and brilliant colors of butterflies in the area is also noteworthy.

## Agriculture 
Avocadoes, tea, bananas, sweet potatoes, taro, citrus, pineapples, sugarcane, coffee, macadamia nuts are grown in the area. There are also commercial timbers such as eucalyptus, wattle and pine. Dairy farming is also a part of the agriculture.

## References
Jnaneswari Express train derailment

The Jnaneshwari Express derailed on 28 May 2010 in West Midnapore district, West Bengal. It is believed that the track was bombed or sabotaged, damaging it.

## Derailment
At that time The Communist Party of India (Maoist) arranged a four-day bandh in that area. State police said that the track of length about 46&nbsp;cm was removed by the Maoist-Naxalites. At 1:30pm Jnaneshwari Super Deluxe Express train with 13 carriages which was travelling from Howrah to Mumbai derailed.

## Casualties
At least 148 people were killed and over 200 others were injured. Compensation was announced Rs.5Lakhs for the family of the people who were killed.

## References
2004 Sri Lanka tsunami train wreck

The **2004 Sri Lanka tsunami train wreck** was the largest single rail disaster in history (by death toll). It was caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

## Train
Train #50, the *Matara Express,* also known as the "Queen of the Sea" line, was a regular train between the Sri Lankan capital Colombo and Matara. The train, overcrowded with 1800+ passengers, left Colombo on 26 December 2004.

## Tsunami strikes the train
At 9:30 am in the village of Peraliya  gigantic waves arrived at the beach. The first wave flooded the carriages and caused panic among the passengers. The next wave arrived after 10 minutes. It was huge and washed away the train and smashed it against trees and houses which were nearby.

## Casualties
The huge waves of tsunami  destroyed the train and only 150 passengers out of more than 1800 survived. About 1700 were reported dead, even though only 900 bodies were recovered. The  Sri Lankan authorities did not know where the train was washed to. After 4 pm, Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa's helicopter identified it. Even though there were  rescue operations not more than 150 people survived and the village was also washed away by the waves.

## References
Kavaratti

**Kavaratti** is a town and is the capital of Lakshadweep in India. It is also the name for the atoll on which the town stands. It is well known for its sandy beaches and calm lagoons. This makes it a popular tourist destination.

## References
Agave nectar

**Agave nectar** (also called **agave syrup**) is a sweetener produced from several species of agave, including blue agave (*Agave tequilana)*. Agave syrup is sweeter than honey and tends to be less viscous. Most agave syrup comes from Mexico and South Africa.

## References
National Anthem of Saudi Arabia

The **national anthem of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia** (), which can be known by its incipit "**Hasten!**" (), was first adopted in 1950. A few years before, this song was a present given by the Fâruq of Egypt to King Abdulaziz when he visited Egypt. It was composed by Tarik Abdul Hakim, which was then rearranged by Serâġ Omar. Later in 1984, ‘Ebrâhim Xafâġi wrote the lyrics to the song; in the same year, the anthem was officially readopted with the lyrics.

## Lyrics
### Official Arabic lyrics since 1984
### English translation
:Hurry and Rise 
:To the highest glory 
:Glorify the Creator of the Sky 
:And raise the green flag 
:Which carry the guidance light 
:Repeat: Allahu Akbar 
:My country, 
:Live as the pride of all Muslims! 
:Long live the king
:For the flag 
:And homeland 

## References
Chuvash language

**Chuvash** (, *Čăvašla*; ) is a Turkic language. It is spoken in Chuvashia, a part of central Russia. It is the only language from the Oghur branch of the Turkic languages that is still spoken today. Though many Turkic languages can be understood by different speakers, Chuvash is quite different.

Chuvash is written using the Cyrillic script. Its alphabet has all of the letters of the Russian alphabet and adds four letters of its own: Ӑ, Ӗ, Ҫ and Ӳ.

## References
## Other websites 
* Виталий Станьял: На чувашском конь еще не валялся...
* Виталий Станьял: Решение Совета Аксакалов ЧНК
AQ

**AQ**, **Aq**, **aQ**, or **aq** may refer to:

* **AQ** is ISO 3166 code for Antarctica
* **.aq** is top-level domain for Antarctica
* **AQ** is code for Province of L'Aquila in Italy
* **AQ** is IATA code for airline company 9 Air
Tuvalu mo te Atua

"**Tuvalu mo te Atua**" (; "Tuvalu for the Almighty") is the national anthem of Tuvalu. The words and music are by Afaese Manoa.

## Lyrics
## References
Judea (Roman province)

**Judea** was a small third-class province in the Roman Empire. It occupied the same area as modern Israel and Palestine. As that empire broke down, Rome gradually took control of the eastern parts of the Mediterranean. Pompey stepped in and made Judea a client state. 

## References
Qetesh

**Qetesh** was a goddess in the ancient Egyptian religion, popular during the New Kingdom.

Qetesh was a fertility goddess of sacred ecstasy and sexual pleasure.  She was adopted from Canaan in what is now Syria. 

## References
Playback singer

A **playback singer** is a singer whose singing is pre-recorded for use in movies. Playback singers record songs for soundtracks. The actors or actresses lip-sync the songs for cameras. The actual singer does not appear on screen.

South Asian movies produced in the Indian subcontinent are particularly known for using this technique. A majority of Indian movies as well as Pakistani movies typically include six or seven songs. Popular playback singers in India enjoy the same status as popular actors. Most of the playback singers are initially trained in classical music. Mohammed Rafi and Ahmed Rushdi are regarded as two of the most influential playback singers in South Asia.

## References
Arrondissements of the Var department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Var department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Var are:

# Arrondissement of Draguignan, (subprefecture: Draguignan), with 58 communes.
# Arrondissement of Toulon, (prefecture: Toulon), with 34 communes.
# Arrondissement of Brignoles, (subprefecture: Brignoles), with 61 communes.

## History
Since its creation, the Var department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with six districts: Toulon, Grasse, Hyères, Draguignan, Brignoles, Saint-Maximin, Fréjus, Saint-Paul-lès-Vence and Barjols; the capital was Toulon but it was moved, in 1793, from Toulon to Grasse and, in 1795, from Grasse to Brignoles. In 1797, the capital was moved again, to Draguignan.
* 1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Brignoles, Draguignan, Grasse and Toulon.
* 1860 : the arrondissement of Grasse passed to the new department of Alpes-Maritimes.
* 1926 : the arrondissement of Brignoles was eliminated.
* 1974 : Brignoles was made again an arrondissement and the capital was moved from Draguignan to Toulon.

## Related pages
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Bihar train derailment

On June 6, 1981, a train crashed in Bihar, India. It was carrying more than 800 passengers, traveling between Mansi railway station and Saharsa railway station. It derailed and fell into the River Bagmati while it was crossing the bridge over the river. 

## Casualties
Five days after the accident only 200 out of 800 passengers had been recovered as dead bodies with hundreds more people missing. The missing passengers were thought to have been washed away by the River Bagmati. Total deaths were listed as 500-800. This derailment stands in 4th place in the worst railway accidents by death toll in the world.

## Reasons
Many reasons were given for this railway derailment accident. They were:
* Brake failure while trying to avoid hitting a water buffalo
* Cyclone
* Flash floods

## Reference
Snitch

**Snitch** may refer to:
* Informant

## Movies and television
* *Snitch* (1998 movie) or *Monument Ave.*, an American crime drama directed by Ted Demme
* *Snitch* (2011 movie) or *Witness Insecurity*, an American thriller starring Edward Furlong
* *Snitch* (movie), a 2013 American crime drama starring Dwayne Johnson
* "Snitch" (*Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*), a 2007 episode
* "Snitch" (*The Shield*), a 2008 episode
* "Snitch" (*Tower Prep*), a 2010 episode

## Music
* "Snitch" (song), by Obie Trice, 2006
* "Snitch", a song by Netsky with Aloe Blacc, 2019

## Other uses
* Golden Snitch or Snitch, a ball in Quidditch in the *Harry Potter* series
* *Snitch Newsweekly*, a 2000–2005 American newspaper covering crime and police news
* Steve Snitch (born 1983), English rugby league footballer
Firozabad rail disaster

The **Firozabad rail disaster** is the second most worst rail accident in India after the Bihar train derailment. It occurred on 20 August 1995 near Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

## Accident
The crash happened at 02:55 when a passenger train named Kalindi Express from Kanpur Railway station collided with Purushottam Express from Puri. At first the Kalindi Express from Kanpur Railway station struck a cow but was unable to proceed further as its brakes were damaged. Next the Purushottam Express from Puri struck the Kalindi Express behind with a speed of 70&nbsp;km/h. 

The last three carriages of the Kalindi Express and two carriages along with the engine of Purushottam Express were destroyed. About 358 passengers were killed. 

## Reference
Gordon Welchman

**William Gordon Welchman** (15 June 1906, Bristol – 8 October 1985, Newburyport, Massachusetts) was a  Second World War codebreaker at Bletchley Park. He was a British mathematician, university professor, and author.

After the war he moved to the US, and later took American citizenship.

## Bletchley Park
 at Bletchley Park in 2004]]

Welchman was one of four early recruits to Bletchley park (the others being Alan Turing, Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry). They were also the four signatories to the letter to Winston Churchill in October 1941, asking for more resources for the code-breaking work at Bletchley Park. Churchill responded with one of his 'Action This Day' written comments.

Welchman's main work at Bletchley was "traffic analysis" of encrypted German communications. This is, first, looking for an increase in signals. Major events in warfare are signalled in advance by a huge increase in messages. Second, there are standardized parts of a message, such as message origination, message destination, time/date information, and so on. These are much easier to decipher than the actual message content. Welchman developed this approach. Today we describe this as "metadata" analysis.

Welchman helped improve Alan Turing's design of the Polish electromechanical Enigma-cipher-breaking machine, the bombe. Welchman's 'diagonal board', made the device much more efficient in the attack on the ciphers of the German Enigma machine. Bombes became the main mechanical aid in breaking Enigma ciphers during the war. They speeded up the search for current wheel order settings being used with the Enigma machines. The settings were changed often, initially at least once per day.

Welchman was initially head of Hut Six, the section at Bletchley Park responsible for breaking German Army and Air Force Enigma ciphers. During his time at Bletchley, Welchman opposed engineer Tommy Flowers' efforts on the Colossus computer (the world's first programmable electronic computer) because Colossus used vacuum tubes.

In 1943, he became Assistant Director in charge of mechanisation and also had responsibility for cryptographic liaison with the US.

## Post-war
Welchman moved to the United States in 1948 where he taught the first computer course at MIT in the United States. He followed this by employment with Remington Rand and Ferranti. was published, initially by McGraw-Hill in the US and by Allen Lane in Britain. The British Secret Service objected, and so did the National Security Agency. The book was not banned but Welchman lost his security clearance (and therefore his consultancy with MITRE). He was forbidden to discuss with the media either the book or his wartime work.

Welchman died in 1985; his final conclusions and corrections to the story of wartime code breaking were published posthumously in 1986 in the paper 'From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: the birth of Ultra' in *Intelligence & National Security*, Vol 1, No l. The entire paper was included in the revised edition of *The Hut Six Story* published in 1997 by M & M Baldwin.

## References
Accession

**Accession** is the attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power, typically that of monarch or president. Eg."the queen's accession to the throne". 

**Accession day** is a celebration. It is usually the anniversary of when a monarch takes office. The earliest record of accession celebrations are from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England.

Accession is not the same as coronation or inauguration. Coronation and inauguration are both ceremonies which take place after the accession.
Church of the Company Fire

**Church of the Company Fire** is the largest fire accident ever by death toll in the world. It occurred on 1863 December 8 in Santiago, Chile. About 2000 to 3000 people are said to have been killed in the fire accident.

Church of the Company of Jesus was a Jesuit church in Santiago, Chile.The day of the fire was the celebration of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. The fire started at 7&nbsp;P.M. when an oil lamp had ignited the place and it caught fire.

The cleanup of the bodies took about ten days, and since most of the bodies were burned beyond recognition, they were placed in a mass grave at the Cementerio General de Santiago. A Santiago newspaper printed the names of over 2,000 known victims, and the same paper also printed a list of the objects saved by the priests and their value, which led to public outcry against the priests who had saved valuable objects but not people.

The tragedy, and the fact that one of the contributing factors was the lack of an organized fire-brigade, motivated José Luis Claro y Cruz to organize the first Volunteer Firemen's Corps in Santiago, on December 20 of the same year. Fire brigades in Chile, even today, are still made up only of unpaid volunteers.  New fire regulations also resulted, and the tragedy contributed to the partial secularization of Chilean government over the next two decades.

## References
1931 China floods

The **1931 China floods** or the 1931 Yellow River Floods were a series of floods that occurred in China in the year 1931. It is the most deadly natural disaster by death toll. About 1,000,000-3.7 million people were said to be dead in this series of floods.

## Cause 
In the period of 1928-30 China faced a severe drought. Due to some abnormal weather conditions heavy snowstorms and heavy rainfall occurred in parts of central China. The water levels increased in the rivers. The rain grew heavier in July and August in 1931. China faced nine cyclones in July 1931 alone.

## Death 
Chinese sources say 1,000,000 died due to the overflow of the Yangtze River. Western sources say a death toll of 3.7 million-4 million people. In July alone, four weather stations along the Yangtze River reported rain totaling over  for the month.

The Yangtze and Huai River floods soon reached Nanjing, the capital of China at the time. The city, located on an island in a massive flood zone, suffered catastrophic damage. Millions died of drowning while some died due to starvation, from waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus. The high-water mark was reached on 19 August at Hankou town in Wuhan, with the water level exceeding  above normal. On the evening of 25 August 1931, the water rushing through the Grand Canal washed away dikes near Gaoyou Lake. Some 200,000 people drowned in their sleep in the resulting deluge.

## References
Trans-Siberian Orchestra

The **Trans-Siberian Orchestra** is an American progressive rock group. They were founded around 1996. They became popular around 1999. This was when they began touring with their second studio album, *The Christmas Attic*.

Both *Billboard Magazine* and *Pollstar* ranked them as one of the top ticket-selling groups in the first decade of the new millennium.

## References
Great Chinese Famine

**The Great Chinese Famine** was a terrible famine in China from 1958 to 1961. It killed between 15 million and 55 million people. It is the deadliest famine in known history.

The famine was mostly man-made. A badly managed economy, social pressure, bad weather, and drought also played a role. 

## Causes 
 on the wall says *Eat Free, Work Hard*.]]
*Also see: The Great Leap Forward and Collectivization*

The Great Chinese Famine has been called "the worst man-made  ever."

### Mao's policies 
Mao Zedong was China's first president and the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. During the Great Leap Forward, he made many drastic changes to China's economy. Many of his policies caused or worsened the famine. 

For example, Mao collectivized farms in China. He cancelled farmers' private property rights, took over their land, and formed large government farms called people's communes. It was illegal for a person to own a farm; everybody had to work on the communes. They often had to use poor agricultural techniques, which made crop harvests smaller. Meanwhile, the Chinese government's Four Pests campaign killed so many sparrows that they disrupted the ecosystem.

### Mao's response to famine 
Food was not distributed fairly in China's new planned economy. Even during the famine, Mao insisted that China still had to export grain to other countries. He continued to send grain to other countries as Chinese people starved.*To distribute resources evenly will only ruin the Great Leap Forward. When there is not enough to eat, people starve to death. It is better to let half the people die so that others can eat their fill.*

### Official statements 
In early 1962, Chinese president Liu Shaoqi said the famine was “three parts natural disaster and seven parts man-made disaster" (三分天灾, 七分人祸). Later that year, he told Mao: “History will record the role you and I played in the starvation of so many people, and the cannibalism will also be memorialized!”

Chinese journalist Yang Jisheng concluded that China lost 76 million people in the famine: 36 million people who starved to death, and another 40 million births which were lost or postponed. 

Some provinces were affected more severely than others. In Anhui province, the famine killed almost one in every five people (18%). In Chongqing, 15% of the population starved to death. Around 13% of people in Sichuan province and 11% of those in Guizhou died during the famine.

## Related pages 
* Chinese famine of 1942–1943
* Mao Zedong
* Great Leap Forward
* Communist Party of China
* History of China
* Political problems of China

## Notes
## References
Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision

**Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision** occurred on 12 November 1996 over the village of Charkhi Dadri in Haryana, India. The collision happened between Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747-100B from Delhi to Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) and Kazakhstan Airlines Illyushin II-76 from Chimkent, Kazakhstan to Delhi. All 349 people on both airplanes died in the crash.

## Accident
SVA763 (Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763 - Boeing 747-100B) departed from Delhi International Airport to Dhahran at 18:35. KZA1907 (Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 -  Illyushin II-76) was descending to Delhi airport at the same time. Both flights were controlled by VK Dutta. KZA1907 was cleared to descend 15,000 feet altitude, whereas SVA763 was cleared to climb to 14,000feet. After 8 min, KZA1907 reported that they reached 15000 ft altitude, but they were descending to 14,500 ft at that time and were continuing the descent.
### The collision and crash
Not noticing it, soon the KZA1907's tail cut through SVA763's left wing. SVA763 lost control and hit the ground at 1135 kmph. The Boeing 747 remained structurally intact as it went in a steady but fast and uncontrolled descent until it crashed into the field and engulfed by flames, killing everyone both airplanes.
### Crash site
The collision took place about  west of Delhi. The wreckage of the Saudi aircraft crashed near Dhani village, Bhiwani District, Haryana. The wreckage of the Kazakh aircraft hit the ground near Birohar village, Rohtak District, Haryana.

## Investigation
The crash was investigated by the Lahoti Commission, headed by then-Delhi High Court judge Ramesh Chandra Lahoti. The flight data recorders were decoded by Kazakhstan Airlines and Saudi Airlines under the supervision of air crash investigators in Moscow and Farnborough, England, respectively.
The commission determined that the accident had been the fault of the Kazakh Il-76 commander, who had descended from the assigned altitude of  and subsequently  and even lower. The report says that the cause of this serious problem in operating procedure was due to the lack of English language skills on the part of the Kazakh aircraft pilots; they were dependent entirely on their radio operator for communications with the ATC.

Just a few seconds from impact, the Kazakh plane climbed slightly and the two planes collided. This was because the radio operator of Kazakhstan 1907 discovered only then that they were not at 15,000&nbsp;feet and asked the pilot to climb.The tail of the Kazakh plane clipped the left wing of the Saudi jet, severing both parts from their respective planes.

## Documentaries
The disaster was again the subject of an episode in the documentary series *Mayday (TV series)* on 2 March 2009 entitled "Sight Unseen", in a wide-screen format with sophisticated computer animations on National Geographic Channel.

## References
Joan Chen

**Joan Chen** (born April 26, 1961) is a Chinese-American actress, movie director and movie producer. She became famous for her performance in the Academy Award-winning 1987 movie *The Last Emperor*. She also had a role in the 1990-1991 television series *Twin Peaks*. Chen played Mrs. Yee in the 2007 award-winning erotic thriller *Lust, Caution*.

Chen was born in Shanghai, China.

## References
Sylvia Chang

**Sylvia Chang** (born 21 July 1953) is a Taiwanese movie director, actress, singer and producer. She began her career in the 1970s. She has acted in, directed and produced many movies.

Chang won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress. Her movies have been accepted into movie festivals.

She was born in Chiayi City, Taiwan.

## References
Azerbaijanfilm

**Azerbaijanfilm** () is an Azerbaijani state movie studio. It is located in the capital city Baku. They mainly make movies and sometimes documentaries.

## History
"Azerbaijanfilm" started in 1920 as a photo-cinema department at the Azerbaijan SSR People's Commissariat (Government Ministry).  In 1923 it was renamed to "Azerbaijani Photo-Cinema Office" (AFKI). There were several name changes, including "Azdovletkino" (1926–1930), "Azkino" (1930–1933), "Azfilm" (1933), "Azdovletkinosenaye" (1934), "Azerfilm" (1935–1940), and "Baku Cinema Studio" (1941–1959). In 1960 it became "Azerbaijanfilm" cinema studio named after Jafar Jabbarly.

Currently, "Azerbaijanfilm" is a part of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan.

## Notable movies
### Azerbaijan SSR
* 1931 *Qaz*
* 1933 *Lökbatan*
* 1945 *The Cloth Peddler*
* 1956 *O Olmasin, Bu Olsun*
* 1961 *Balıqçılar*
* 1963 *Kür*
* 1964 *İçəri Şəhər*
* 1964 *Ulduz*
* 1965 *Mingəçevir*
* 1970 *Sevil*
* 1977 *Birthday*
* 1979 *Babek*
* 1988 *The Scoundrel*
* 1989 *Anecdote*

### Azerbaijan
* 1991 *The Engagement Ring*
* 1998 *Sari Gelin*
* 2001 *Yuxu*
* 2004 *National Bomb*
* 2009 *The 40th Door*
* 2010 *The Precinct*
* 2011 *Buta*
* 2012 *Amazing Azerbaijan* (documentary)
* 2012 *Steppe Man*

## References
## Other websites
*  
* Azeri films 
* Azerbaijani film  at the Internet Movie Database
* Azerbaycan Kinosu
Cognitive impairment

**Cognitive impairment** (also called **cognitive deficit**) is a condition in which mental functioning is not good. The term "cognitive impairment" may mean problems with intelligence, like intellectual disability (also called "mental deficiency"). It may also mean specific problems, such as learning disability, slow learning or dyslexia.

Cognitive impairment may be congenital or caused by environmental problems, such as brain injuries, neurological disorders or mental illness.

## References
Borderline intelligence

**Borderline intelligence** (also called **borderline intellectual functioning** or **borderline mental disability**) is a category of intelligence in which a person has lower than normal mental ability. IQ levels are between 70 and 85. It is not as bad as intellectual disability (IQ 69 and under).

In school years, people with borderline intelligence are known as "slow learners".

## Related pages
* Resource room
* Separate classroom
* Special education

## References
2016 United States presidential election in Texas

The **2016 United States presidential election in Texas** was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.

On 1 March 2016, the state also voted for who they wanted to be the nominee of their respective parties.

## Presidential 
### Prediction 
Texas has not voted for any Democratic candidate since the 1980 election. Below is a list of predictions from credible news organizations:

# *Los Angeles Times*: Leans Trump
# CNN: Solid Trump
# ''Sabato's Crystal Ball'': Solid Trump
# NBC: Leans Trump
# Electoral-vote.com: Leans Trump
# RealClearPolitics: Leans Trump
# Fox News: Leans Trump
# ABC: Solid Trump

### Results 
#### By county 
## Caucuses 
### Democratic 
The Democratic caucus occurred on 26 March 2016.

### Republican 
The Republican caucus occurred on 1 March 2016.

## Related pages
* Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
* Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

## References 
## Other websites 
* RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process 
* Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
* 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com
* Decision Desk Headquarter Results for Texas
Profilage

**Profilage** is a French crime drama TV series. It was developed in 2009 by Fanny Robert and Sophie Lebarbier along with TF1.

## Background 
The series focuses on Chloé Saint-Laurent (*Odile Vuillemin*), a criminologist who works at police department in Paris. To solve crimes she uses her own experiences and intelligence.

## Cast 
## Other websites
* Profilage's website on TF1  
*
Salgesch

**Salgesch** () is a municipality in the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Gallery

File:Salgesch.JPG|Salgesch
File:Kirche St. Johann Baptist 20 12 2014 04.jpg|Church St. Johann Baptist

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
* Pfynwald 
*
Turtmann

**Turtmann** was a municipality of the district Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Turtmann and Unterems merged into the new municipality of Turtmann-Unterems.

## Other websites
* Official Website
Varen, Switzerland

**Varen** (Walliser German: *Faru*; ) is a municipality in Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It is known as the birthplace of skier Brigitte Albrecht-Loretan.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Bovernier

**Bovernier** is a municipality of the district Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Bovernier 
*
Septic shock

with purpura on right hand in patient with septic shock]]

**Septic shock** is a medical condition which can result from sepsis. Sepsis is a special form of infection. With septic shock, the circulation of blood changes or stops. This makes septic shock a medical emergency, which is usually treated in intensive care. Between a quarter and half the people with the condition die.

Treatment is usually done in the following steps:
# Stabilizing, restarting blood circulation, usually by giving fluids
# Treatment of the infection
# Coping with organ failures

## Other websites
Caucasian

**Caucasian** might refer to:
*Caucasian race, a name that was used in former times for people from Europe and parts of Africa and Asia
*White people
*Anything related to the Caucasus, an area in Eurasia
**Languages of the Caucasus
Bulgogi

**Bulgogi** is a Korean dish. It is usually made of grilled beef which has been soaked in sauce for a long time.

## History 
Bulgogi is believed to have come from Goguryeo, one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea. It was called "Maekjeok" at first. In the Joseon dynasty, it was called "Neobiani" which means 'thinly spread'.

## Nutrition 
There are a lot of essential nutrients in bulgogi. In bulgogi, there are lots of lysine, which is an essential amino acid. It helps children's growth and development.
They

**They** is the third person plural pronoun in English, used to describe a subject. The object form is "them". "They" can be used for both people or objects. 

'They' can also be used for the singular third person if the gender of the person is unknown, or to purposely be ambiguous, or neither male nor female. Some people choose to use 'they' as their pronouns. Singular 'they' is conjugated the same way as the plural form, similar to the matching conjugations of the plural and singular 'you' in English. Singular 'they' is never used for objects, only people.

'They' can also be used to refer to a generic group of people, such as "In Britain, they celebrate Christmas in December".
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park

on Earth]]

The **Lençóis Maranhenses National Park** (Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses) is a national park in Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. 

It is an area with low, flat, occasionally flooded land, between large sand dunes. It is about . Despite abundant rain, it has almost no vegetation. 

With large, white, sweeping dunes, Lençóis Maranhenses looks like a typical desert, but in fact it is not one. Being just outside the Amazon Basin, the region gets a regular rainy season in first half of the year. When it rains, fresh water collects in the valleys between sand dunes. The water is prevented from sinking down by a layer of rock underneath the sand. This results in blue, green and black lagoons surrounded by the desert-like sand. The lagoons are at their fullest between July and September.

When the lagoons are full, they are interconnected to rivers such as the Rio Negro. From the river, large numbers of fish arrive. One species of fish, however, is resident. The wolf fish or tiger fish (*Hoplias malabaricus*) stays dormant in the mud and moist areas after most of the water has evaporated, re-emerging during the next rainy season.

## References
Freedom of Information Act 2000

The **Freedom of Information Act 2000** was introduced by the British Government in the year 2000.

The Act creates a general right of access, on request, to information held by public authorities. That means any member of the public may demand that withheld information about them is released to them. 

About 120,000 requests are made each year. Private citizens made 60% of them, with businesses and journalists accounting for 20% and 10% respectively.

Although there are some groups which are exceptions to the Act, it covers over 19,000 authorities. 

## References