open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Intermediate host

## Intermediate Host  
When looking at the relationships amongst different biological members of our biosphere, we can notice a myriad of connections, dependences, interlinks, and alliances. Some are *mutual* while others are *parasitic*. Additionally, we can also notice some other relationships like commensalism, amensalism, and competition. The common subject among many of these is a “*host*”, for which the medical definition is:*“a harbouring organism that provides all the hospitality services to a guest organism”*To be specific, we can witness the presence of hosts in three relationships, namely mutualistic, commensalistic, and parasitic. The host plays a vital role in these relationships as it provides the 3Ns:- *nutrition* (food plus minerals), *niche* (shelter plus habitat), and *nest egg* (fund reserve for future)- for the optimal functioning of guest organism/s.

Now, if we try to categorize hosts into five broad groups, the concept clarity would greatly improve. So, before we define intermediate hosts, let’s look at the illustration below to understand how hosts are categorized.

So, in order to understand that among all these categories, what is an intermediate host, we should know what’s the basic difference between a definitive (primary) and intermediate (secondary) host. We should lay emphasis on the fact that these two hosts’ terminologies hold the most relevance when we are talking primarily about *“parasite-host relationships”*!!

There are selective pressures on both hosts and parasites that are *“reciprocal”* in nature. In order to escape the parasitism and resources’ extraction plus exhaustion by parasites, the host develops some adaptations. Simultaneously, the parasite in order to keep its nourishment and shelter needs secure, also develops certain adaptations. These adaptations are *“reciprocal/antagonistic”* ones and this sort of never-ending evolution is called *coevolution*. None of the species gives up, rather they keep adapting, evolving, and proliferating simultaneously down the evolutionary timelines.

## Intermediate Host Examples 
Some examples of intermediate hosts are shown in Table 2.
Evelyn Matthei

**Evelyn Rose Matthei Fornet** (born 11 November 1953) is a Chilean politician. She was the mayor of Providencia from 2016 until 2024. She was a Deputy in the Chilean Congress from 1990 to 1998. She also was a Senator from 1998 to 2011. 

In January 2011, she left her Senate seat to become Minister of Labor and Social Security under Chilean President Sebastián Piñera until July 2013. 

In the 2013 general election, she ran for President of Chile, however, she lost in a runoff to former President Michelle Bachelet. She ran again for president in the 2021 general election, however failed to make it to the runoff. 

Matthei was a candidate for president in the 2025 general election.

## References
Dolores Hart

**Dolores Hart**, O.S.B. (born **Dolores Hicks**; October 20, 1938) is an American Roman Catholic Benedictine nun and former actress. Her first movie role was alongside Elvis Presley in *Loving You* (1957). She made 10 movies in five years. She was in *Wild Is the Wind* (1957), *King Creole* (1958), and *Where the Boys Are* (1960). 

While Hart was making *Francis of Assisi* in Rome, she met Pope John XXIII, who was an important figure in her vocation.

When she was at the top of her career, Hart left acting to enter the Abbey of Regina Laudis monastery in Connecticut.

A documentary movie about Hart's life, *God Is the Bigger Elvis*, was a nominee for the 2012 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). 

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Abbey of Regina Laudis Web site
* "How a Movie Actress Left Hollywood for a Contract with God" , *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*
* ''The Ear of the Heart: An Actress' Journey from Hollywood to Holy Vows* (Ignatius Press: )
* "A Cloistered Life" by Simon Sebag Montefiore in *Psychology Today''
* TVNow.com Dolores Hart"
Hyloxalus bocagei

'''Bocage's rocket frog'* (*Hyloxalus bocagei'') is a frog.  It lives in  Ecuador and Colombia.

## Body
The adult male frog is 20.0-25.0 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 23.6-29.5 long.  The skin of the frog's back has brown and gray marks on it and one lighter stripe on each side of the body. The male and female frogs have different colors on their bellies.

## Home
People see this frog near streams in forests on mountains. Sometimes people see them next to roads or in water pipes under roads. People have seen this frog between 980 and 1950 meters above sea level.

Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks: Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca, and Reserva Natural Comunitaria El Manantial Florencia.

## Young
The male frogs sit on or under small rocks and call to the female frogs. The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves on the ground. The male frog watches them until they hatch. Then he carries the tadpoles to streams. Scientists saw one male frog with ten tadpoles on his back.

The tadpoles are all dark brown in color with a darker brown stripe on the back.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out because people change the places where it lives. People build things that stop streams to make electricity, cut down trees to get wood to build with, and make bad chemicals from pipes that carry oil. Scientists think the fungal disease chytridiomycosis can also kill this frog.

## References
Rossana Briceño

**Rossana Maria Briceño** ( born July 26th, 1968) is the First Lady of Belize, Spouse of the Prime Minister of Belize Hon. John Briceño. She is the Special Envoy of Belize for the Development of Families and Children.

## References
Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park

**Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park** () is a place in Ecuador.  It is a protected park. It is a place for animals to live.

## Place
This park is in Napo Province and Orellana Province. The top of the Sumaco volcano is 3,732 m above sea level. This is the highest place in the park. The lowest place in the park is 600 m above sea level.

## Animals
Scientists know that about 280 birds live in the park, but they think many more live there too. Some of these birds are *Dysithamnus occidentalis*, *Touit stictoptera*, *Ara militaris*, and *Galbula pastazae*. There were also big mammals: *Panthera onca*, *Tremarctos ornatus*, *Myrmecophaga tridactyla*, *Tapirus pinchaque*, and *Puma concolor*. Scientists have only seen *Pristimantis ernesti* on the top of Sumaco.

## References
Stuart Little 2

***Stuart Little 2*** is a 2002 American live-action/animated comedy movie directed by Rob Minkoff and starring Geena Davis, Hugh Laurie, and Jonathan Lipnicki, and the voices of Michael J. Fox as Stuart Little and Nathan Lane as Snowbell the Cat. Although a sequel to the 1999 movie *Stuart Little*, the plot bears more resemblance to the original novel by E.B. White, in which Stuart and Snowbell meet a canary named Margalo (voiced by Melanie Griffith).

*Stuart Little 2* premiered in Westwood on July 14, 2002, and was released in theaters for the rest of North America and United Kingdom on July 19 by Columbia Pictures, and grossed $170 million against a $120 million budget, with it also receiving positive critical reviews. It was followed by a third film, a direct-to-video sequel titled *Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild* in 2005.

## Cast 
### Live action 
* Geena Davis as Mrs. Eleanor Little
* Hugh Laurie as Mr. Frederick Little
* Jonathan Lipnicki as George Little
* Anna and Ashley Hoelck as Martha Little
* Marc John Jefferies as Will Powell
* Jim Doughan as Stuart and George's soccer coach.
* Brad Garrett as Rob
* Ronobir Lahiri as the unnamed Indian-American taxi driver
* Maria Bamford as Stuart and George's teacher
* Angelo Massagli as Wallace
* Keir Gowan as Irwin
### Voices 
* Michael J. Fox as Stuart Little
* Melanie Griffith as Margalo
* Nathan Lane as Snowbell
* James Woods as Falcon
* Steve Zahn as Monty

## Other websites 
*
Glen Powell

**Glen Thomas Powell Jr.** (born October 21, 1988) is an American actor, producer and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in *Top Gun: Maverick* (2022), *Anyone but You* (2023), *Hit Man* (2023) and *Twisters* (2024).

## Career
His first roles were in *Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over* (2003) and *Fast Food Nation* (2006). 

Powell had roles in the comedy-horror series *Scream Queens* (2015–2016), the teen comedy *Everybody Wants Some!!* (2016), and the romantic comedy *Set It Up* (2018). 

He also played astronaut John Glenn in *Hidden Figures* (2016) and aviator Tom Hudner in *Devotion* (2022).

Powell became popular for his role in the action movie *Top Gun: Maverick* (2022) and the romantic comedy *Anyone but You* (2023).  He later appeared in the dark comedy *Hit Man* (2023) and in the disaster movie *Twisters* (2024).

## Personal life
Powell was born and raised in Austin, Texas. He went to Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin but left before finishing his degree.

## References
## Other websites
*
Thermal insulation

**Insulation** is the process of preventing the transfer of heat, sound, or electricity from one area to another. It is commonly used in various applications, including building construction, electrical engineering, and industrial processes, to enhance energy efficiency, safety, and comfort.

## Types of insulation 
### Thermal insulation 
Thermal insulation reduces heat transfer between objects in thermal contact or within the range of radiative influence. It is essential in building construction to maintain desired temperatures and improve energy efficiency. Common materials used for thermal insulation include fiberglass, foam, and cellulose.

#### Applications 
*Buildings: Walls, roofs, floors
*Pipes and Ducts**: Hot water pipes, HVAC ducts
*Appliances**: Refrigerators, ovens

### Acoustic insulation 
Acoustic insulation minimizes the transmission of sound between different spaces. It is used in buildings, vehicles, and industrial settings to reduce noise pollution and improve sound quality.

#### Applications 
*Buildings: Walls, ceilings, floors
*Automobiles: Engine compartments, cabins
*Industrial Equipment: Machinery enclosures

### Electrical insulation 
Electrical insulation prevents the unwanted flow of current between conductors and protects against electric shocks. Materials with high resistivity, such as rubber, glass, and certain plastics, are commonly used for electrical insulation.

#### Applications 
*Cables and Wires Insulating layers around conductors
*Electrical Devices: Insulation in motors, transformers
*Safety Equipment: Insulating gloves, mats

## Insulation materials 
### Fiberglass 
Fiberglass is made from fine strands of glass and is widely used for thermal and acoustic insulation. It is lightweight, non-combustible, and has good thermal performance.

### Foam 
Foam insulation, such as polystyrene and polyurethane, offers excellent thermal resistance and is used in a variety of applications, including building insulation and packaging.

### Cellulose 
Cellulose insulation is made from recycled paper products and treated with fire-retardant chemicals. It is an eco-friendly option for thermal and acoustic insulation in buildings.

### Mineral wool 
Mineral wool, including rock wool and slag wool, is produced from molten rock or industrial waste. It is known for its fire resistance and sound absorption properties.

## Benefits 
*Energy Efficiency: Reduces energy consumption by maintaining desired temperatures.
*Comfort: Enhances indoor comfort by regulating temperature and reducing noise.
*Safety: Provides fire resistance and protects against electric shocks.
*Environmental impact: Decreases carbon footprint by lowering energy use.

Insulation is a crucial component in various fields, offering numerous benefits such as energy efficiency, comfort, and safety. By selecting appropriate insulation materials and methods, significant improvements in thermal, acoustic, and electrical performance can be achieved.
Princess Iman bint Hussein bin Abdullah

**Princess Iman of Jordan** (born August 3, 2024) is the first daughter of Crown Prince Hussein and Princess Rajwa. She is the first granddaughter of Queen Rania and King Abdullah II of Jordan. As the daughter of the heir to the throne, Iman is part of the Hashemite royal family, the dynasty that rules the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The name "Iman" is of Arabic origin and means "faith". This name is common in Arabic and Islamic culture, reflecting spiritual and religious values.

Iman's birth was announced by the Royal Hashemite Court, which expressed the parents' immense happiness and gratitude, asking well-wishers to consider making donations to the Al-Aman Fund for the Future of Orphans in lieu of sending gifts or flowers.

## References
61 Cygni

**61 Cygni** is a binary star system in the constellation Cygnus. The system consists of a pair of K-type dwarf stars that orbit each other in a period of about 659 years. The stars have an apparent magnitude of 5.20 and 6.05, respectively. This way, the stars can be seen by using binoculars in city skies or with the naked eye in rural areas.
. Sun is the star on the left and the **61 Cygni** system are the stars on the right.|300x300px]]
Hyloxalus lehmanni

'''Lehmann's rocket frog'* (*Hyloxalus lehmanni'') is a frog.  It lives in  Ecuador and Colombia.

## Body
The adult male frog is 15.4–20.0 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 17.0–22.8 long.  There is a line down each side of the body, over the eye. The male and female frogs have different colors on their bellies: Male frogs have black bellies and female frogs have gray or white bellies.

## Name
Scientists named this frog for F. Carlos Lehmann V.

## Home
This frog lives on the ground in forests on mountains with water in the air. People also see them in fields and in places that have been changed. But they only see it near streams. People have seen this frog between 1460 to 2120 meters above sea level.

Many of the places this frog lives are protected parks, for example Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas, Bosque Piemontano Occidental, and Bosque Montano Occidental.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves on the ground. The male frog carries the tadpoles to streams where the water moves slowly.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out because people cut down forests to make farms, to make farms that are against the law, to cut down trees to get wood to build with, and build places for people to live. Fires also burn forest.  People who grow plants against the law put chemicals meant to kill pests and make plants grow on them. This makes pollution that can kill this frog.  Fish that people brought to the area also hurt this frog. Scientists think the fungal disease chytridiomycosis killed many of these frogs.

## References
Can opener

A **can opener** or **tin opener** is a tool used to open tin cans. 

## History
### 18th century
Food preserved in tin cans was in use by the Dutch Navy from at least 1772. Before 1800, there was already a small industry of canned salmon in the Netherlands. Freshly caught salmon were cleaned, boiled in brine, smoked and placed in tin-plated iron boxes. This canned salmon was known outside the Netherlands, and in 1797 a British company supplied one of their clients with thirteen cans. 

### 19th century
Preservation of food in tin cans was patented by Peter Durand in 1810. The patent was acquired in 1812 by Bryan Donkin, who soon set up the world's first canning factory in London in 1813.

The can opener consisting of the now familiar sharp rotating cutting wheel that runs round the can's rim to cut open the lid was invented in 1870, but was considered very difficult to operate for the ordinary consumer. 

### 20th century
A more successful design came out in 1925 when a second, serrated wheel was added to hold the cutting wheel on the rim of the can. This easy-to-use design has become one of the most popular can opener models.

#### World War II
Around the time of World War II (WWII), several can openers were developed for military use, such as the American P-38 and P-51. These featured a robust and compact design with a pull cutting blade hinged to a corrugated handle with a pivot. 

#### Cold War
Electric can openers were introduced in the late 1950s and met with success. The development of new can opener types continues with a recent redesign of a side-cutting model.

.]]

## Twist key can-opener
Also called tin can key can-opener. During the 1800s, the canning process was mechanised and refined, with can walls becoming thinner. The twist-key can-opener was patented by J. Osterhoudt in 1866. 

There still was no general-purpose can-opener, thus each can came with a spot-welded or soldered-on twist-key can-opener which snapped off after fatiguing the metal by bending at a thin region. Each food-type had its own can-type, and came with its own can-opener-type. 

Tinned fish and meat were sold in rectangular cans. These cans were fitted with a twist-key that would roll around the top of the can, peeling back a pre-scored strip.

Coffee, beans, and most other types of meat were packaged in cylinders with metal strips that could be peeled back with their own kinds of built-in keys that would roll around the top of the can. Cans of milk used puncture devices.

## References
Swiss Army knife

The **Swiss Army knife** (shortened to *SAK*) is a pocketknife with many tools on it. They are made by the company Victorinox. There are many kinds of SAK, but most of them have a small blade and big blade, can opener, bottle opener, scissors or pliers, keyring, corkscrew, tweezers, and screwdriver, but this is not the list for *all* Swiss Army knives.

## Reference
Superboy (Kon-El)

**Superboy** (also known as **Kon-El** or **Conner Kent**) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Karl Kesel and Tom Grummett, first appearing in *Adventures of Superman* #500 (1993). He is a modern version of the original **Superboy**. Developed by Project Cadmus as a clone, he has the DNA of the world's greatest hero Superman and his nemesis Lex Luthor. Originally he appeared during the *Reign of the Supermen!* storyline alongside three other "fake" Supermen, including Cyborg Superman, the Eradicator and Steel. He is a founding member of Young Justice and has also been a long-time member of the Teen Titans. His longest romantic relationship is with his love interest Wonder Girl, and Miss Martian after the *Young Justice* series.

## In other media 
Conner made his live adaptation debut in the final season of *Smallville*, played by Lucas Grabeel, and appeared as a regular starting in the second season in the DC Universe and HBO Max series *Titans*, played by Joshua Orpin.

## References 
*Kon-El (disambiguation)
*[Superboy (Kon-El)](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy_(Kon-El)?searchToken=e31lvl8qfd6abla9yykppwuxe)
The Holocaust in Finland

During World War II and the Holocaust, Finland was an ally of Nazi Germany against the USSR. Finland handed over eight Jewish refugees and a few dozen Jewish prisoners of war to the Germans in 1942. In addition, members of Finnish State Police participated in the screening of Jews and communists in Lapland, aware that the Germans would kill the separated Jews.

Heinrich Himmler visited Finland in the summer of 1942 with the sole purpose of demanding that Finland hand over Jews to Germany. When Himmler asked Prime Minister Johan Rangell about Finland's "Jewish question", Rangell described the Finnish Jews as decent and respectable and denied that there was any Jewish question in Finland. The Germans did not want to jeopardize military cooperation between the countries and for the time being dropped their demands for the extradition of Finnish Jews. None of the Finnish Jews were deported in the Holocaust in Finland.

## References
Dailekh District

**Dailekh District** is a district in the Karnali Province of Nepal. The headquarters of this district is Dailekh Bazar of Narayan Municipality.

## References
Wolf 489

**Wolf 489** (also known as **Gliese 518**) is a nearby white dwarf star. It has a spectral type of DZ10.0 and is located in the constellation of Virgo about 27 light years away from the Sun.

## References
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final

The '''2011 FIFA Women's World Cup final''' was a football match held on 17 July 2011, at Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt, Germany, to decide the winner of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Japan played against the United States and won 3-1 in a penalty shoot-out after a 2-2 draw in extra time. This made Japan the first team from Asia and outside Europe and South America to win a senior World Cup, either men's or women's. Japan's win was surprising and significant, as the country was recovering from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that killed over 15,000 people. This final was also the last major sports event broadcast in Japan before the country switched to digital TV on 24 July 2011.

## Match 

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|}

### Statistics 
## References
Longlegs

***Longlegs*** is a 2024 American horror thriller movie written and directed by Osgood Perkins. It stars Maika Monroe and Nicolas Cage.

The movie is about an FBI agent who works to find an occultist serial killer responsible for murdering multiple families in Oregon, without having been physically present in the crimes.

*Longlegs* was released in the United States by Neon on July 12, 2024. It received positive reviews from critics.

## References
Certified Lover Boy

***Certified Lover Boy*** is the sixth studio album by Canadian rapper Drake. *Certified Lover Boy* was released on September 3, 2021.

In April 2019, Drake announced that he was working on a new album. On a December 10 DaBaby concert in Toronto, Drake showed up as a guest. He announced to the crowd that he was putting the finishing touches on the album.

Before the release of *Dark Lane Demo Tapes*, he would announced the new album and set a release date for late in 2020. However, Drake would pushback the release of the album twice after he injured his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The official release date of September 3 would be revealed during an episode of *SportsCenter*. Drake would dedicate the album to the memories of his friends Nadia Ntuli and Miss Mercedes Morr.

The album's cover art was made by artist Damien Hirst and features twelve pregnant emojis which would garner some controversy. 

The album debuted at #1 on the *Billboard* 200, selling 613,000 album-equivalent units. It was the largest debut-week units for the year. With the release, Drake gained a total of ten number-one albums, becoming the eighth artist in *Billboard 200* history to do so. The album would break the biggest opening-day streams record for both Apple Music and Spotify.

*Certified Lover Boy* would be certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album would be nominated for Best Rap Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards but Drake would withdraw from contention. It would win Top Rap Album at the 2022 *Billboard* Music Awards.

The album features the singles "Way 2 Sexy" which was released on September 3, 2021, "Girls Want Girls" on September 28, 2021, and "Knife Talk" on November 16, 2021.

## Songs
## References
The Marine 2

***The Marine 2*** is a 2009 American action movie directed by Roel Reiné, written by Christopher Borrelli and John Chapin Morgan, and produced by Michael Lake. The movie stars are Ted DiBiase Jr., Temuera Morrison, Lara Cox, Robert Coleby and Michael Rooker. It is the stand-alone sequel to *The Marine*, starring John Cena, and it is the second in the movie series. This was Ted DiBiase's film debut. The movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 29, 2009.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
NewsRadio

**NewsRadio** is an American television sitcom created by Paul Simms. It originally aired from March 21, 1995 to May 4, 1999 on NBC.

## Other websites
*
Sirang Lupa

**Sirang Lupa**, also known as **Kabiserang Lupa**, is a barangay in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines. It is situated adjacent to Canlubang. As of the 2015 census, Sirang Lupa had a population of 8,807.

## Etymology 
The barangay of Sirang Lupa is bordered by the three barangays, Canlubang, Mayapa and Majada Out. Sirang Lupa is divided into two compounds, **Kanluran** (***Dulo/Kanto***) and the Silangan (***Crossing Sirang Lupa***). Sirang Lupa has four sitios: Sitio Major Homes, Sitio Pamintahan, Sitio Piano's and Sitio Tibagan.

* **Majada Hills** – also known as *Burol* is a biking hub and hiking spot situated to the west along *Sitio Major Homes Subd.*

## Factories 
## Compounds
* Kanluran- (*Mailom*)
* Silangan- (*Crossing-Sirang Lupa*)

## Sitios 
* Major Homes
* Pamintahan
* Piano's
* Tibagan

## Resorts
* Sailaya Resort
* TORE Events and Resorts
* Villa San Jose

## Population
## References
## Other websites
*Official Website of the Provincial Government of Laguna
Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey

**Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey** (born 26 May 1986) is a Spanish-French actress and model. She is best known for playing Suzanne in *The Sea Wall*, the mermaid Syrena in *Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides* and Sofi in *I Origins*. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Bodo Ramelow

**Bodo Ramelow** (; born 16 February 1956) is a German politician. He is the Minister-President of Thuringia since 4 March 2020. He was the President of the German Bundesrat from  1 November 2021 until 31 October 2022. He is a member of The Left party.

## Early life 
Ramelow was born in West Germany. His father died when he was eight years old due to jaundice. He trained as a salesman at Karstadt from 1971 to 1974.

## Political career 
He joined the Party of Democratic Socialism in 1999. He was elected to the Thuringian State Parliament in 1999. In 2001, he was elected as the chairman of the state parliamentary group.

In 2014, he was elected as the Minister President of Thuringia. He was elected again as Minister President in 2020.

## References
Michèle George

**Michèle George** (born 2 January 1974) is a Belgian para-equestrian. She won seven gold medals and one silver medal at the Paralympic Games.

She was named "" twice: in 2014 and in 2022.

## Early life 
Michèle George was born on 2 January 1974 in Ostend, West Flanders, Belgium. She started to ride horses in 1982, when she was 12 years old. At first, she tried horse racing, then show jumping, in the end she tried dressage and "fell in love with it".

## Career 
In 2008, George had a horse-riding accident. Because of that, she got  (a paralysis) in her left leg.

She went with her male horse Fbw Rainman at the 2010 , finishing second.

In 2012, George and Fbw Rainman went to the London Paralympic Games. There, they won two gold medals. George is the first winner of a gold medal in para-dressage for Belgium.

With the same horse, she went to the 2014 World Equestrian Games, finishing first two times.

In 2016, she and Fbw Rainman won a gold and a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

In 2024, she went to the Paris Paralympic Games, where she won two gold medals with the same horse.

## Personal life 
George has two children. She rides horses with one of them.

## Related pages 
* Sophie Wells – another grade V para-equestrian
* Adrienne Lyle – another dressage rider born on 2 January

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Malaysian Citizens' Declaration

The '''Citizens' Declaration''' was made by various Malaysian political leaders on 4 March 2016, to ask for Prime Minister Najib Razak to step down. It was announced at a press event led by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

The declaration came because of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal and aimed to protect people's rights.

## Signatories
* Mahathir Mohamad –  Former Prime Minister of Malaysia
* Lim Kit Siang – DAP Supremo and Gelang Patah MP 
* Azmin Ali – Selangor Chief Minister and Deputy President of PKR 
* Mukhriz Mahathir – Former Chief Minister of Kedah 
* Muhyiddin Yassin - Former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
* Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman – Malaysian Asia Award Winning Best Debater 
* Zaid Ibrahim – Former Law Minister 
* Ling Liong Sik – Former MCA President
* Mahfuz Omar – PAS Lawmaker and Pokok Sena MP
* Maria Chin Abdullah – BERSIH Chairman 
* Nurul Izzah Anwar – PKR Vice President and Lembah Pantai MP 
* Mohamad Sabu – President of Party AMANAH Negara
* Salahuddin Ayub – Parti Amanah Negara (Amanah) Deputy President
* Ambiga Sreenevasan – Former Bar Council Chairperson 
* Rafizi Ramli – PKR Vice President and Pandan MP 
* Kamaruddin Jaafar - PKR Tumpat MP
* Tian Chua - PKR Vice-president
* Muhammad Muhammad Taib - Former Selangor Menteri Besar 
* Anthony Loke - DAP Organising Secretary
* Teresa Kok - DAP lawmaker and Seputeh MP
* Hishamuddin Rais - Political Activist
* Datuk Mujahid Yusof Rawa - Party AMANAH Negara Vice-president 
* Tok Muda Dato Wan Abu Bakar Wan Mohamed - Former Deputy Defence Minister/ Former UMNO Supreme Council Member
* Datuk Hamidah Osman and Anina Saadudin - Former UMNO leader
## References
Bangsa Malaysia

**Bangsa Malaysia** () is a policy introduced by Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to create a national identity for everyone in Malaysia. It replaces the old focus on Malay identity. Mahathir said it means people should feel connected to the country, speak Malay, and accept the Constitution.

## References
Gil Gutknecht

**Gilbert William Gutknecht Jr.** (born March 20, 1951) is an American politician. Gutknecht was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 1st congressional district from 1995 until 2007. 

Gutknecht lost his 2006 re-election bid to DFL candidate Tim Walz.

## References
Gay–straight alliance

A **gay–straight alliance**, **gender–sexuality alliance** (**GSA**) or **queer–straight alliance** (**QSA**) is a student-led or community organization, found in middle schools, high schools, colleges, and universities. These are mainly in the United States and Canada. Gay–straight alliance is meant to create a safe and supportive space for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and all LGBTQ+ individuals, children, teenagers, and youth. The first GSAs were created in the 1980s. 

## References
Kristjan Bendra

**Kristjan Bendra** (born January 30, 2006) is a Slovenian footballer. He plays as defender for the Austrion 2nd league club FC Liefering.

## Career 
Bendra began his career at ATSV Vorwärts Steyr. In April 2014 he moved to SK Vorwärts Steyr. In February 2020 he moved to FC Red Bull Salzburg. He went through all age levels in the academy from the 2020/21 season on.

For the 2024/25 season Bendra moved into the squad of the farm team FC Liefering.  He made his debut in the 2nd league in August 2024 . He came on as a substitute for Leandro Morgalla at halftime on the first matchday of that 2024-25 season against First Vienna FC. 

For the 2025/26 season  SK Sturm Graz signed the defender for their second team.  In September 2025 he then made his debut for the Graz first team in the Bundesliga.

## International 
Bendra played for a Slovenian youth national team for the first time in April 2022. He took part in the European Championship in 2023 with the U-17 team. Slovenia was eliminated from the tournament in the group stage. Bendra played in all three games.

## References
2001 Mars Odyssey

***2001 Mars Odyssey*** is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. The project was developed by NASA, and contracted out to Lockheed Martin, with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297 million. Its mission is to use spectrometers and a thermal imager to detect evidence of past or present water and ice, as well as study the planet's geology and radiation environment. The data Odyssey obtains is intended to help answer the question of whether life once existed on Mars and create a risk-assessment of the radiation that future astronauts on Mars might experience. It also acts as a relay for communications between the Curiosity rover, and previously the Mars Exploration Rovers and Phoenix lander, to Earth. The mission was named as a tribute to Arthur C. Clarke, evoking the name of his and Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Army National Guard

The **Army National Guard** (**ARNG**) is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. It is divided into smaller units stationed in each state, responsible to their governors or other head-of-government.

## References
G.I. Bill

The **G.I. Bill**, formally known as the '''Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944''', was a law that gave benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans (known as G.I.s). The original G.I. Bill expired in 1956, but the term "G.I. Bill" is still used to talk about programs created to help American military veterans.

## Other websites
* 
* GI Bill Comparison Tool
Operation Enduring Freedom

**Operation Enduring Freedom** (**OEF**) was the official name used by the U.S. government for both the first part (2001–2014) of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the Global War on Terrorism.

On 7 October 2001, in response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush announced that airstrikes targeting Al-Qaeda and the Taliban had begun in Afghanistan. Operation Enduring Freedom was also a counterterrorism operation in other countries.

After 13 years, on 28 December 2014, President Barack Obama announced the end of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

## References
Enlisted rank

An **enlisted rank** (also known as an **enlisted grade** or **enlisted rate**) is any rank below that of a commissioned officer. The term can also include non-commissioned officers or warrant officers, except in United States. In most cases, enlisted service personnel perform jobs specific to their own roles.

The term "enlistment" means military commitment (whether officer or enlisted).

## References
United States House Committee on Agriculture

The **United States House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture**, or Agriculture Committee is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. The House Committee on Agriculture is in charge of federal agriculture policy and some federal agencies. It can recommend funding for many governmental agencies, programs, and activities relating to agriculture.

## Other websites
*Agriculture Committee Homepage, official website (Archive)
*Committee Rules  (PDF), Agriculture Committee, official website
*House Agriculture Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
*House Agriculture Committee Hearings and Meetings Video. Congress.gov
*Past Committee Chairs, Agriculture Committee, official website
United States House Committee on Armed Services

The **U.S. House Committee on Armed Services**, also known as the **House Armed Services Committee** or **HASC**, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is responsible for funding and oversight of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Armed Forces. Their main legislative focus is the National Defense Authorization Act, which has been passed by Congress and signed into law each year since 1962.

## References
The Malay Dilemma

***The Malay Dilemma*** () is a 1970 book by Mahathir Mohamad, a Malaysian politician who later became the country’s longest-serving Prime Minister.
2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The **2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election** took place on November 6, to elect the 41st Governor of Minnesota. Democratic (DFL) Governor Mark Dayton chose not to run for re-election for a third term. The Democratic nominee was U.S. Representative Tim Walz from Minnesota's 1st congressional district while the Republican Party nominated Hennepin County commissioner Jeff Johnson.

Walz went on to defeat Johnson by the largest margin for a DFL candidate since 1986, receiving more votes than any other gubernatorial candidate in Minnesota history.

## Results
## References
Jim Hogg

**James Stephen Hogg** (March 24, 1851March 3, 1906) was an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician who served as governor of Texas from 1891 to 1895. A progressive Democrat, Hogg was notable for presiding over a number of reforms during his time as governor.

## References
Scott Jensen

**Scott M. Jensen** (born November 19, 1954) is an American physician and politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Minnesota Senate from 2017 to 2021. He was the Republican nominee for governor of Minnesota in the 2022 election, however lost the election to Governor Tim Walz. He is running for governor again in 2026.

## References
Chadron State College

**Chadron State College** (**CSC**) is a public college in Chadron, Nebraska. It is one of three public colleges in the Nebraska State College System.

The school opened in June 1911. Five of its 25 major buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

## References
Devapala's Expedition in Northwest

'''Devapala's Expedition in Northwest''' was fought between the Pala Empire, the Hunas and the Kambojas in the Northwest region of South Asia. The expedition was led by Devapala, the ruler of the Pala Empire. 

## Background
Devapala, the ruler of the Pala Empire, was fighting the Tibetan Empire. Bhoja, the ruler of the Gurjara Dynasty, took advantage of the situation and attacked the Pala Empire. Bhoja's aggressive campaign put him in conflict with Devapala. After dealing with the Tibetan Empire, Devapala started a campaign against Bhoja. In this campaign, Devapala not only defeated Bhoja but also led campaigns against the Hunas and the Kambojas in the northwest.

The Hūnas were a nomadic tribe from Central Asia, that had a significant impact on Indian history. However, they eventually lost their power. They continued to rule over some principalities in the Indian subcontinent. The Hūnas that Devapala, ruler of the Pala empire, invaded was the Huna principality located in the Uttarapatha.
## Campaign
The Hunas that Devapala, ruler of the Pala empire, invaded was the Huna principality located in the Uttarapatha. Devapala launched a campaign against the Hunas principality in the region of Uttarapatha and emerged victorious. He then waged war against the Kambojas in the same campaign after defeating the Hunas. Both the Hunas and the Kambojas were located at the outer reaches of the Pala Empire, which may explain Devapala's hostility towards them.
## Aftermath
Devapala had appointed a Buddhist priest named Indragupta from Nagarahara or Jalalabad in Afghanistan. Uttarapatha, which included parts of Punjab and the Northwestern territories, also had portions of the Kabul valley or Eastern Afghanistan, which was the homeland of the Kambojas. The inscription of King Devapala of the Pala empire from this period serves as evidence for this. The inscription mentions a place called Nagarahara near Jalalabad, which was in Uttarapatha. This statement is in agreement with the assertion "Uttarapathe Purusapuramandale," as mentioned in a Pala period manuscript held in the Cambridge University library. Purusapura in the statement refers to Peshwar.

## References
2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The **2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election** took place on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor of Minnesota. Democratic (DFL) Governor Tim Walz was re-elected after beating the Republican nominee, former state senator Scott Jensen.

Walz won the election after having a big lead in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. He won the election by a 7.7% margin. With his win, Walz gave the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party its fourth consecutive gubernatorial victory, the most in the party's history. 

## References
Nilam

***Nilam*** (English: ***Nilam***) is a 1949 Singaporean Malay black-and-white romantic drama. Directed by B. S. Rajhans and produced by Run Run Shaw, it was written by A.R. Iyer. The film starred Siput Sarawak, S. Roomai Noor, Daeng Harris, and P. Ramlee.

## Cast
* Siput Sarawak as Princess Nilam/Dilara 
* S. Roomai Noor as Ahmad
* Daeng Harris as Jaiman/Paiman
* P. Ramlee as Rashid
* Siti Tanjung Perak as Suratna
* Neng Yatimah as Dancer
* Jaafar Wiryo as King Kaherah

## Related pages
*P. Ramlee filmography

## Sources
*

## Other websites
*
Chinta

'*** (Malay: ***Love'''*) is a 1948 Singaporean Malay black-and-white romantic drama. Directed by B. S. Rajhans and produced by Malay Film Productions, it was released on 31 October 1948.

*Chinta'' was the first Malayan film after the Malayan Emergency declaration and marked P. Ramlee's screen debut. P. Ramlee also sang five songs for lead actor S. Roomai Noor. It is the oldest surviving Malayan film.

## Cast
* Siput Sarawak as Chinta
* S. Roomai Noor as King Kanchi and Sanchi
* Ja'afar Wiryo as Camban
* Harris as Vidush
* P. Ramlee as Putar
* Suhara Effendi as Ruchi
* Norsiah
* Lelawati
## Related pages
* P. Ramlee filmography

## References
## Other websites
* 
**Chinta* / Love (1948)  at the Singapore Film Locations Archive
* *Cinta* / 1948 - Filem Malaysia
Aziz Sattar

Datuk **Abdul Aziz bin Sattar** (8 August 1925 – 6 May 2014) was a Malaysian actor, singer, comedian, and director known for his roles in 1950s and 1960s Malay black-and-white films.

In 1952, Aziz and his friends were invited to work at Malay Film Productions. He started as a crew member, then joined the supporting cast of *Putus Harapan* in 1953. He became a popular comedian, often appearing with P. Ramlee, especially in the *Bujang Lapok* series.

He died of heart disease on 6 May 2014 at about 2:00 am (MYT) in KPJ Kajang Specialist Hospital. He was 89 years old.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television series
### Television movie
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Article on Aziz Sattar's career
* Article on Aziz Sattar's wedding to Hasimah Delan
Bakti

***Bakti*** (English: Faithfullness) is a 1950 Singaporean Malay black-and-white drama movie. Directed by L. Krishnan and produced by Run Run Shaw, it was adapted from Les Misérables. P. Ramlee starred in his first leading role, with Kasma Booty, S. Roomai Noor, and Siput Sarawak. The movie launched P. Ramlee's career and made him a major figure in Malay cinema for 20 years.

## Cast 
* P. Ramlee as Nasir
* Kasma Booty as Sa'adiyah
* S. Roomai Noor as Hassan
* Siput Sarawak as Edah
* Yusof Banjar as Orang Kaya Ibrahim
* Siti Zainab

## Legacy and status
P. Ramlee named his son, Nasir P. Ramlee, after his character. With no surviving copies, *Bakti* is now considered a lost movie. 

## Related pages
* P. Ramlee filmography

## References
### Works cited 
*
Rabies endemic

According to World Health Organization (WHO), rabies was endemic in the world until Louis Pasteur, the creator of pasteurization, produced the rabies vaccine on July 6, 1885 in France.

Rabies cases are mostly in Africa and Asia, except forJapan and some mild cases in South America. There is a moderate risk for rabies in Russia, Brazil and Central America and low risk in North America, Europe and Oceania.

## Synopsis
Rabies is caused by the Lyssavirus that affects the human brain or called as rabies encephalitis from animal bites. Rabies comes from mammals such as bats, coyotes, skunks, raccoons, wolves, foxes, dogs, cats, cattle, lamb and some other farm animals and domestic pets. It is rare in rodents like squirrels, rats and beavers.

## Cases
.]]
### North America
Rabies outbreaks with high risk cases in North America usually come from bats, skunks, raccoons, foxes, and wolves, but rarely from dogs and cats. 

### Asia
The high death rates are in Asia, particularly in India, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. Since from 2010 to 2017. Infected mammals such as dogs and cats are the main carriers of the rabies virus.

### Africa
Africa has a high risk of rabies from 1950s to 2010s of endemic uncontrolled category, Rabies can come from domestic pets and stray mammals like dogs, cats, and other warm blooded mammals.

### Europe
The risk of rabies is very low in Europe, except in Ukraine and Romania, which have moderate risk.

### Oceania
In Australia, the main source of rabies is Australian bats found in the woods and residential areas.

## References
United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs

The standing '''Committee on Veterans' Affairs''' in the United States House of Representatives which looks after agencies, reviews current legislation, and recommends new bills or amendments about U.S. military veterans. 

Their main focuses are: retiring and disability pensions, life insurance, education (including the G.I. Bill), medical care, and home loan guarantees. 

## References
Minnesota's 1st congressional district

'''Minnesota's 1st congressional district''' is located in southern Minnesota from the border with South Dakota to the border with Wisconsin. It is a rural district with a history of agriculture, however it is located near the Rochester area. 

The district is also home to several of Minnesota's major mid-sized cities, including Rochester, Mankato, Winona, Austin, Owatonna, Albert Lea, Red Wing, New Ulm, Worthington, and Lake City. 

It is represented by Republican Brad Finstad.

## References
Phil Roe

**David Phillip Roe** (born July 21, 1945) is an American politician and physician. He was the U.S. representative for , serving from 2009 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. From 2017 to 2019, Roe was chairman of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs.

Roe announced in January 2020 that he would not run for re-election in 2020.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Zealandia (newspaper)

***Zealandia*** was a New Zealand tabloid newspaper. For 55 years, it was published by the Catholic Bishop of Auckland. The newspaper was first released on 10 May 1934. Its last ever newspaper was on 23 April 1989. It was founded by the seventh Catholic Bishop of Auckland, James Michael Liston. It mostly talked about Catholic events. However, some other New Zealand writers wrote in its columns. Some of its writers were people like James K. Baxter and John Reid. The magazine also had many important editors, like Cardinal McKeefry and Bishop Owen Snedden.
## Editors 
* Peter McKeefry (1934 - 1948)
* Owen Snedden (1948 - 1962)
* Earnest Simmons (1962 - 1969)
* Patrick Murray (1969)
* Denzil Meuli (1969 - 1971)
* Pat Booth (1971 - 1972)

## Closure 
*Zealandia* was last released on 23 April 1989. A free newspaper called *New Zealandia* was also a newspaper until 1996. In 1996 the Bishop of Auckland established the *New Zealand Catholic*. The Catholic Diocese of Auckland has an archive of *Zealandia* and *New Zealandia*.

## References
### Sources 
* Reid, Nicholas Evan (2000). ''The Bishop's Paper: A History of the Catholic Press of the Diocese of Auckland''. CPC.

### Citations
B. B. Comer

**B.B Comer** was an American Democratic Party politician who served as governor of Alabama from 1907 to 1911. A number of social reforms were carried out during his time in office.

## References
Palmerston, New Zealand

**Palmerston** is a town in the Waitaki District, New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1 and 85. It is 54 kilometers northwest of Dunedin and 59 kilometers south of Oamaru. It has two churches, primary school and high school situated in the town.

## References