open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Meghan Trainor

**Meghan Elizabeth Trainor** (born December 22, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Nantucket, Massachusetts. The president of Epic Records, L.A. Reid, discovered Trainor and signed her to a record contract.  She became famous through her song "All About That Bass", which reached number one in several countries around the world, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. Trainor's debut major label album, *Title*, spawned three other successful singles: "Lips Are Movin'", "Dear Future Husband", and "Like I'm Gonna Lose You" which features R&B singer John Legend. Trainor also recorded, co-wrote, and co-produced the song "Better When I'm Dancin'", which is featured during the closing credits of *The Peanuts Movie*. She was featured on singer-songwriter Charlie Puth's single "Marvin Gaye".

At the 2016 Grammy Awards, Trainor won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, *Thank You*, titled "No". *Thank You* was released on May 13, 2016. "Me Too" was released on May 5, 2016, as the second single from the album.

In 2017, she became engaged to actor Daryl Sabara, who is known for his role in the movie *Spy Kids*, after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "No Excuses" and announced that she was working on a new album. That year, she and Sabara were married and they have a son, Riley born in 2020.

## Discography
;Studio albums
**Title* (2015)
**Thank You* (2016)
* *Treat Myself* (2020)
* *A Very Trainor Christmas* (2020)
* ''Takin' It Back'' (2022)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
Adam Berti

**Adam Berti** (born July 1, 1986) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. Berti played 2 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Chicago Blackhawks. He also played for the Pensacola Ice Pilots, Fresno Falcons, and Gwinnett Gladiators of the ECHL.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Berti played 4 seasons with the Oshawa Generals and 1 season with the Erie Otters of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 68th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. On May 26, 2006, the Blackhawks signed Berti to a three-year contract.

He was assigned to the Blackhawks' AHL-affiliate, Norfolk Admirals. He played 1 season with them. When the Blackhawks switched their affiliate to the Rockford IceHogs, he was assigned to them. On April 4, 2008, the Blackhawks recalled Berti from the IceHogs.  He played 2 games with them and was assigned back to the IceHogs on April 8, 2008.

He played 1 season with the Fresno Falcons and 2 seasons with the Gwinnett Gladiators of the ECHL. He retired afterwards.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Yoshiko Ōtaka

(12 February 1920 – 7 September 2014), widely known by her Chinese name **Li Xianglan** (**Li Hsiang-lan**) and English stage name **Shirley Yamaguchi**, was a Chinese-born Japanese actress and singer. She was elected as a member of the Japanese Diet in the 1970s and served for 18 years. Ōtaka was known for her role in *Eternity*. She was born in Fushun, Manchuria.

Ōtaka died at the age of 94 in Tokyo, Japan from heart failure.

## References
## Other websites
*
Marvin Cheung

**Marvin Cheung Kin-tung**, GBS (2000), OBE (1994), JP (20 November 1947 – 13 September 2014) was a Hong Kong businessman and civil servant. He was a Non-official Member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong. He was the Chairman of the Airport Authority Hong Kong and a Council Member of the Open University of Hong Kong.

Cheung died in Hong Kong at the age of 67 from leukemia.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~apcgc/marvin.php  Asia-Pacific Corporate Governance Conference
*http://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco/eng/marvin_cheung_kin-tung.html  Hong Kong Executive/Marvin Cheung biodata
*http://www.bpf.org.hk/articles/?_do=view&article_id=300&catalog_id=58 Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong
*http://www.ouhk.edu.hk/WCM/?FUELAP_TEMPLATENAME=tcSingPage&ITEMID=CCPAUCONTENT_47986156 Tribute to Cheung from the Open University
Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

The **State Anthem of the Azerbaijan SSR** () was the national anthem of Azerbaijan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union. It was then known as the Azerbaijan SSR.

## Background
The anthem was used from 1944 to 1992.  It was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who also composed the March of Azerbaijan, the current national anthem of Azerbaijan.  Suleyman Rustam, Samad Vurgun and Huseyn Arif wrote the lyrics which were changed in 1978 to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. Like many national anthems of the republics of the Soviet Union, this song praised Vladimir Lenin (and formerly Joseph Stalin as well), the October Revolution and Communism. It also praised the friendship of the republics of the Soviet Union.  It was the anthem of Azerbaijan when it gained independence until 1992 when the March of Azerbaijan was restored.

## Lyrics
### Post-Stalinist version (1978–92)
#### Azerbaijani lyrics
#### Translations
### Original version (1944–78)
### Azerbaijani lyrics
#### Translations
## Related pages
* National anthem of Azerbaijan

## References
## Other websites
* MIDI file 
* Vocal recording in MP3 format
* Lyrics - nationalanthems.info
Milan Galić

**Milan Galić** (; 8 March 1938 – 13 September 2014) was a Serbian footballer. He scored 37 international goals in 51 matches for the Yugoslavia national football team. He participated in the 1960 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal, the 1960 UEFA European Football Championship, where Yugoslavia finished second (despite his goal in the final), and the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Yugoslavia finished fourth. 

Galić died in Belgrade, Serbia, aged 76.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
### Club
**Partizan**
* Yugoslav First League: 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1964–65
* Yugoslav Cup runner-up: 1959–60
* European Cup runner-up: 1965–66

**Standard Liège**
* Belgian First Division: 1968–69, 1969–70
* Belgian Cup: 1966–67

### International
**Yugoslavia**
* Olympic Games: 1960
* European Nations' Cup runner-up: 1960

### Individual
* Olympic Games Top Scorer: 1960
* European Nations' Cup Top Scorer: 1960
* European Nations' Cup Team of the Tournament: 1960
* Golden Badge: 1962
* Ballon d'Or (8th place): 1962

## References
100,000-year problem

The amount of incoming solar radiation, also called insolation determines the temperature on Earth. This temperature rises and falls according to the strength of radiation given off by the sun, the distance from the earth to the sun, and the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. However, the recent change between glacial and inter-glacial states that occurs on a circa 100,000 year (**100 ka**) timescale, does not correlate well with these factors. This is known as the **100,000 year problem**.

Due to variations in the Earth's orbit, the amount of insolation varies; there are periods of around 21,000, 40,000, 100,000, and 400,000 years. Variations in the amount of solar energy drive changes in the climate of the Earth, and are recognised as a key factor in the timing of start and termination of glaciations. Looking at strata, isotope analysis can be performed. One of the most precise methods consist in using Oxygen-18. The amount of oxygen 18 mainly depends on the amount of ice that can be found and on the temperature of the planet. 

There are different hypotheses to explain the phenomenon:
* There may be an internal frequency to the climatic system found on earth. This resonance may be 100,000 years.
* The Orbital inclination has a frequency of 100,000 years.
* The planets rotate around the sun in an elliptical orbit. These orbits change over time. For the earth, this change has a frequency of 21,636 years. In an ice age, the buildup of ice is slow, but the melting of the ice is fast.
* The luminosity of the sun may change over time. This would influence the phenomenon
* The amount of photosynthesis on water-dwelling organisms as opposed to that of land-dwelling organisms may influence the amount of Oxygen 18. This is known as the Dole effect
Azerbaijani Chess Championship

The **Azerbaijani Chess Championship** is usually held in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is organised by the Azerbaijan Chess Federation (ACF). The first championship was played in 1934, when Azerbaijan was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Championships were not held every year in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic until 1945. Since then they were held every year, which has continued today in independent Azerbaijan.

## Winners
| valign="top" |

|}

## Related pages
* Chess in Azerbaijan
* Azerbaijan Chess Federation
* List of Azerbaijani chess players

## References
## Other websites 
* Official web site of Azerbaijan Chess Federation (ACF)  
* Azerbaijan Chess Federation
Azerbaijan Chess Federation

The **Azerbaijan Chess Federation** (, *AŞF*) is the national chess organization in Azerbaijan. It is a member of the World Chess Federation (FIDE). The Azerbaijan Chess Federation was founded in 1920, when Azerbaijan became a member of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. It was reorganized in 1992, after Azerbaijan gained its independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It became a member of FIDE the same year. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation is in Baku. This is the capital city of Azerbaijan.

As of 2023, the President of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation is Mahir Mammedov.

, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.]]

## Executive Committee
The executive committee includes:
*President –  Mahir Mammedov
*First Vice-president – Faiq Hasanov
*Vice-president – Seymur Talibov
*General Secretary – Ilaha Gadimova

## Competitions
The federation organizes the following chess competitions:
*Azerbaijani Chess Championship
*Azerbaijan Women's Chess Championship 
*Azerbaijan Children's Chess Championship

## Related pages
* Chess in Azerbaijan
* List of Azerbaijani chess players
* Azerbaijani Chess Championship

## References
## Other websites
* Official Azerbaijan Chess Federation Website
Jaimie Alexander

**Jaimie Alexander** (born March 12, 1984) is an American actress. She played Tammy in ''It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia*. She also played Jenna York in *CSI: Miami''.

The actress was born in Greenville, South Carolina.

## References
Benjamin Adekunle

**Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle** (26 June 1936 – 13 September 2014) was a Nigerian Army leader. He served as general during many important Nigerian battles. Some of which, he is known for fighting at the Congo Crisis battles and fought during the Nigerian Civil War. He began his service years in 1958. He retired in 1974.

Adekunle died in Lagos, Nigeria, aged 78.

## References
* 

## Other websites
*
The Endless River

***The Endless River*** is the fifteenth and final studio album by Pink Floyd. The album was released in November 10, 2014.

## References
Scottish independence referendum

, and then Deputy First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, led the independence campaign]]

The **Scottish independence referendum, 2014** is a referendum which decided whether Scotland would be an independent country or would stay a member of the United Kingdom. The voting took place on 18 September 2014.

The result was that Scotland should stay as part of the United Kingdom.

## Who could vote
Over 4 million people in Scotland could vote in the referendum. In order to vote on the day of the referendum a person much have been:

* Aged 16-years-old or over (i.e. born on or before 18 September 1998) This was the largest number of people Scotland has ever known to register to vote in any election or referendum. Almost 85% of those registered voted in the referendum.

## The YES campaign
The YES campaign was led by the Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond. He resigned after the vote. Supporters of the YES campaign wanted Scotland to be an independent country.

## The NO campaign
Supporters of the NO campaign wanted Scotland to stay a part of the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron, deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband all wanted Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also been campaigning for Scotland to remain part of the UK.

## Result 
*Should Scotland be an independent country?*
***No** = 55.3% (2,001,926 votes)
***Yes** = 44.7% (1,617,989 votes)
*total votes = 3,623,344
*electorate = 4,283,392

Result: Scotland remains part of the United Kingdom.

## Related pages
* Scottish independence

## References
Post Bahadur Bogati

**Post Bahadur Bogati** (18 July 1953 &ndash; 15 September 2014) was a Nepalese politician. He was a member of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). He was also the vice chairman of the political party. He was the Minister for Information and Communications as well as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.

Bogati was born in the Nuwakot District. He was married and had three children: two daughters and a son.

Bogati died from a brain haemorrhage caused by a cardiac arrest on 15 September 2014 in Kathmandu. He was 61.

## References
## Other websites
* Post Bahadur Bogati  at Ujyaalo Online
Tony Auth

**William Anthony Auth Jr.** (May 7, 1942 – September 14, 2014), better known as **Tony Auth**, was an American cartoonist. He was best known for serving as an editorial cartoonist for *The Philadelphia Inquirer* from 1971 to 2012. His other work includes the comic strip *Full Disclosure*, which he worked on in 1982 and 1983, and *Norb*, which he worked on in 1989.  He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1976 and the Herblock Prize in 2005. Auth was born in Akron, Ohio.

Auth died of brain cancer on September 14, 2014 at the age of 72 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## References
Berks County, Pennsylvania

**Berks County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 428,849. The county seat is Reading.

## History 
It was named after the English county of Berkshire where William Penn's family had large estates. Berkshire is often abbreviated as Berks. Reading developed during the 1740s. At that time the people living in northern Lancaster County sent several petitions requesting that a separate county be made. With the help of German immigrant Conrad Weiser, the county was formed on March 11, 1752. It was made from parts of Chester County, Lancaster County, and Philadelphia County.

## References
Frank Torre

**Frank Joseph Torre** (December 30, 1931 – September 13, 2014) was an American baseball player. He was first baseman in Major League Baseball. Torre who batted and threw left-handed. He played for the Milwaukee Braves (1956–60) and Philadelphia Phillies (1962–63). He was the older brother of Hall of Famer Joe Torre.

Torre died in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida from cardiac arrest, aged 82.

## References
Bell Biv DeVoe

**Bell Biv DeVoe** is an American R&B, hip hop and new jack swing musical group. It was formed by Ricky Bell, Michael "Mike" Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe of the group New Edition. The group was established in 1989. The group's most successful songs was "Poison"  and "Do Me" in 1990. 

Their first album *Poison* was released in 1990. It sold over 3 million copies. Other hit singles from the album include B.B.D.(I Thought It Was Me), When Will I See You Smile Again, and She's Dope!. 

The group released their second album *Hootie Mack* in 1993. It was less successful than the first. 

All three members reunited with New Edition to record and release another album in 8 years, *Home Again* (1996). Bell Biv DeVoe released their third album *B.B.D.* in 2001. It had no commercial success, probably because it had a harder rap sound.
Cruis'n USA

'''''Cruis'n USA'''* is an arcade racing video game. It was released and shared by Nintendo, and created by Midway Games. It is the first game in the *Cruis'n* series. The arcade game was released in North America on November 1994.

## Reviews
IGN rated the game a **4 out of 10** with the words: *"Ignoring the dated gameplay and less than impressive physics and handling, at least graphical problems like pop-up and low frame-rates should have been fixed."*

GameSpot gave the game a **6.1 out of 10**, with the words: *"Ultimately, Cruis'n USA is a dead conversion of a dead arcade game."''

## References
## Other websites
*
Nickelodeon Arabia

**Nickelodeon Arabia** is a satellite, free-to-air channel for Arab children, teens and adults. It was the official Arab arm of Nickelodeon. Viacom started broadcasting Nickelodeon Arabia in 2007.

## Shows (as new network)
* *Catch Match*
* *Shoof Kids*
* *SpongeBob SquarePants*
* *Detective Conan*
* *Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir*
* *Totally Spies!*
* *Henry Danger*
* *The Thundermans*
* *The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius*
* *Sam & Cat*
* *Love Divina*
* *The Loud House*
* *Drake & Josh*
* *Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn*
* *Dawn of the Croods*
* *Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh*
* *Zak Storm*
* *Turbo FAST*
* *SciGirls*
* *Dream High*
* *Fanboy & Chum Chum*
* ''Kally's Mashup*

## Shows (as original network)
* *Aaahh!!! Real Monsters*
* *The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius*
* *All Grown Up!*
* *The Angry Beavers*
* *As Told By Ginger*
* *Monster Buster Club*
* *Avatar: The Last Airbender*
* *Back at the Barnyard*
* *CatDog*
* *Danny Phantom*
* *The Lab Scientists*
* *Hey Arnold!*
* *The Gnoufs*
* *The Penguins of Madagascar*
* *The Ren & Stimpy Show*
* *Rocket Power*
* *Rugrats*
* *Tak And The Power Of Juju
* *Totally Spies*
* *The Wild Thornberrys*
* ''Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom*
* *Dora the Explorer*
* *Go Diego Go*
* *Max & Ruby *
* *Ni Hao, Kai-lan*
* *Wonder Pets!*
* *SpongeBob SquarePants*
* *The Word for World Is Forest*
* *Big Time Rush*
* *iCarly*
* *El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera*
* *My Life As A Teenage Robot*
* *Tiny Toon Adventures*
* *Regular Show*
* *The Fairy OddParents*
* *The Garfield Show*
* *Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!*
* *Danger Mouse''

## Notes 
## References
Pointer (computer programming)

In computer science, a **pointer** is a variable whose value is a location in the computer's memory. If Rick stands in a room and points to his friend Sally, then Rick is a pointer whose value is Sally's location.  A programmer must *dereference* the pointer to retrieve the object it points to.  Pointers do not take up much memory (RAM).  Copying a pointer to a large object is faster than copying the large object itself because only the location needs to be copied, instead of the whole object.

## Uses of Pointers 
Pointers are used in linked lists.  Each record of a linked list has a pointer to the next record.  These pointers  the records together.  This means that the records in a linked list can be sorted and arranged by changing their pointers.

## References
Marthasville, Missouri

**Marthasville** is a city in Warren County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,245 at the 2020 census. The Katy Trail, a 240-mile long bike path, passes through Marthasville. Because of the many wineries from here east to Defiance, Marthasville is considered to mark one end of the "Missouri Rhineland".

## History
Daniel Boone and his family came to the area later known as Marthasville in 1799. At the time there was only a French trading post there called LaCharette. Flanders Callaway and his wife Jemima Boone (Daniel and Rebecca's daughter), built a house just outside the present city limits. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition camped here near LaCharette. On their return 20 September 1806 they were greeted by the area residents, the first civilization they had seen since leaving. In 1845, Boone's remains and those of his wife Rebecca were dug up and taken to Kentucky for reburial. Resentment in Missouri about the removal of the bodies grew over the years. A legend was that Boone's remains never left Missouri. A modern forensic anthropologist believes the body removed from Missouri was probably a black slave and not Daniel Boone.

In 1850, during the California Gold Rush, a number of people left Marthasville to find gold. The group was led by one of Daniel Boone's grandsons, M. Jackson Lamme.

## Winemaking 
During the 1800s the area was settled by winemakers and workers from Germany. This part of the Missouri River Valley has become known as the Missouri Rhineland. The wines from this part of Missouri soon gained a worldwide reputation. At the 1851 Vienna World Exposition, Missouri wines took 8 of the 12 gold medals. French winemakers took notice and started importing the Norton/Cynthiana vines into France. But they were infected with a louse called Phylloxera. The louse had no effect on the Missouri rootstock, but in France it destroyed almost all of France's grapes. Two Missourians found a cure for the blight and the French vines were saved.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Daniel Boone monument at Marthasville, Missouri
* City of Marthasville, Missouri 
* Lost Creek Vineyard, Marthasville, Missouri
* The Missuri Rhineland – Part 1
Angus Lennie

**Angus Lennie** (18 April 1930 – 14 September 2014) was a Scottish actor. He was best known for his movie appearance as Steve McQueen's friend Archibald Ives in the 1963 movie *The Great Escape*. He was also known for being in the television soap opera *Crossroads*.

Lennie died in London, England, aged 84

## References
## Other websites
*
Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia

**Nicholas Romanovich Romanov, Prince of Russia** ( 26 September 1922 – 15 September 2014) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and President of the Romanov Family Association. 

Although he is related to the Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, his claimed titles and official membership in the former Imperial House are disputed by those who maintain that his parents' marriage violated the laws of Imperial Russia.

## Ancestry
## References
## Other websites
*Romanov Family Association
*Lunch with the FT: Nicholas Romanov 
*
Moira Kelly

**Moira Kelly** (born March 6, 1968) is an American actress. She was born in Queens, New York. She is best known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 movie *The Cutting Edge*. She was also the single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama *One Tree Hill*. She played the role of Donna Hayward in *Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me*. She  replaced Lara Flynn Boyle from the 1990 television series *Twin Peaks*. Other roles include Dorothy Day in *Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story*, White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of *The West Wing* and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in *The Lion King* and ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride''. She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in *Chaplin*.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
*
Vladimír Sobotka

**Vladimír Sobotka** (born July 1, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played for HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga, as well as the Boston Bruins and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Career
Sobotka started his ice hockey career with HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He played 96 games throughout 4 seasons with them, scoring 10 goals and recording 19 assists. He was drafted with the 106th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On November 24, 2007, Sobotka played in his first NHL game in a 2-1 loss to the New York Islanders. On February 13, 2008, Sobotka was able to score his first NHL goal and the game-winning goal against Ty Conklin of the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 2-1 win. On June 26, 2010, Sobotka was traded to the St. Louis Blues for the rights to Boston University defenseman David Warsofsky.

Sobotka's first goal as a member of the Blues came on November 6, 2010 against his former team, the Boston Bruins, beating Tuukka Rask after the puck was turned over in the Bruins' zone. On June 15, 2011, he re-signed to a three-year contract with the Blues. On March 9, 2013, he scored his first NHL hat trick against the San Jose Sharks in a 4-3 overtime win.

On January 6, 2014, he was named to the Czech Republic's men's Olympic team roster, but he suffered a leg injury on January 31 which prevented him from being able to take part in the Olympics. The Blues placed Sobotka on the injured reserve list and he missed the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

After the 2013-2014 season ended, he became a restricted free agent. Sobotka decided not to resign with the Blues and instead he was signed to a three-year contract by Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). When the possibility of Sobotka playing in the KHL became clear, the Blues filed for salary arbitration in the NHL. On July 21, 2014, Sobotka received a one-year, $2.725 million award from an arbitrator. The result of the arbitration award is if Sobotka decides to return to the NHL at a later date, the Blues will retain his rights for a year at the amount that was awarded by the arbitrator. At the end of that year, Sobotka will become an unrestricted free agent in the NHL.

## References
## Other websites
*
Edward Hargraves

**Edward Hargraves** (October 7, 1816 &ndash; October 29, 1891) was an Australian shopkeeper, sailor and adventurer. He is famous for starting the Australian gold rush. He found gold in Sydney in 1851. He first started looking for gold in California but was not successful. 

When he arrived in Sydney, he did not even visit his family. He went straight to the Blue Mountains to look for gold. After his first discovery, Australia became more popular due to the goldfield. Although Hargraves was very famous and rich, he lived so lavishly that he became broke by 1862.

## Early life
Hargraves' mother (Elizabeth Nee Whitcombe) and father (John Edward Hargraves) sent Hargraves to Brighton Grammar School in England. When he was 14, he travelled over water to Sydney, Australia. He arrived in Sydney in 1832. He worked on a property at Bathurst, collecting tortoise shells. Before Hargraves became famous, he left his wife (Elizabeth Hargraves) and bought his own piece of land on Manning River. He took over a shop near his property. 

## Achievements
Hargraves' main achievement was discovering a large amount of gold, starting the gold rush of Australia. He believed that the geography of Bathurst was the same as California, so he began his search for gold there. John Lister, who had already found gold in California, helped Hargraves to find gold in Australia. 

The two of them travelled to Summerhill Creek, where Hargraves first discovered gold. After the government found out about Hargraves’ discovery, they appointed him ‘Commissioner of Land’. They rewarded him with 10,000 pounds and a life pension, in exchange for the gold he discovered. The government of New South Wales made the announcement that gold was discovered on May 22, 1851.  Hargraves was also responsible for conducting the gold mining in Ballarat, when the gold rush became more popular.

Between the years of 1853-1854, Hargraves travelled back to England, rich from his findings. When he was in England, he met Queen Victoria and wrote a book (published in 1855) called *Australia and its Gold Fields*. Hargraves lived such a luxurious life that he was soon very poor. Hargraves travelled back to Australia, seeking the help of the government to help with his financial situation, but no one he asked would give him money. 

Hargraves had two sons and three daughters. He died in Sydney in 1891.

## Bibliography
*
*

## References
Marcus Oliphant

**Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin** "**Mark**" **Oliphant**,  (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000), commonly known as **Marcus Oliphant**, was an Australian physicist and humanitarian. He helped to develop nuclear weapons. He was involved with the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion.

## Biography 
Oliphant was born on 8 October 1901 in Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia. His father, Harold George “Baron” Oliphant, was a civil servant. His mother, Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, was an artist. 

After graduating from Adelaide High School in 1918, he was unable to get money to pay for university. He got a job cleaning floors at a jewelry store. He was soon able to study at the University of Adelaide. He was interested in medicine, but Kerr Grant, the physics professor, offered him a place in the Physics Department. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1921.
Oliphant attempted to build a  cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The completion of it was postponed by the World War II in Europe in 1939.

He was involved with the development of radar with John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a completely new design, the cavity magnetron, which made microwave radar possible.

His most important achievement was being involved with the development of the atomic bomb. He reported that it was possible, and achievable as early as 1943. He spread his research in the United States, which led to the development of the Manhattan Project, led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Oliphant died on 14 July 2000 in Canberra, Australia.

## Achievements 
Many places and things are named after Oliphant. There is the Oliphant building at the Australian National University, the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park, a South Australian high schools science competition, the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide, and a high school in Munno Para West, South Australia.

He is known for the co-discovery of deuterium, tritium, helium-3 and nuclear fusion and for the development of microwave radar.

## Awards
He achieved many awards over the course of his life. 
*1937 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
*1943 Awarded Hughes Medal by the Royal Society
*1946 Awarded Silvanus Thomson Medal, Institute of Radiology
*1948 Awarded Faraday Medal by the Institution of Engineers
*1954 Elected (Foundation) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
*1954 Elected (Foundation) President of the Australian Academy of Science 
*1955 Invited to deliver the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society
*1955 Invited to deliver the Rutherford Memorial Lecture by the Royal Society
*1956 Received Galathea Medal from King Frederick IX of Denmark
*1959 Created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
*1977 Appointed Companion of the Order of Australia
David Fleay

**David Howells Fleay** (January 6, 1907 – August 7, 1993) was an Australian naturalist (someone who studies nature). He was one of the first people to come up with the idea of breeding endangered species in captivity, so they would not go extinct (die out) in the wild.  He was also the first person to succeed in breeding platypuses in captivity.

Fleay now has a wildlife park named after him in Queensland.

He died on 7 August 1993 aged 85.

## Early life
Fleay was born in Ballarat, Victoria, in Australia. His parents were William and Maude Fleay.

As a young child, David became interested in the Australian bush and its wildlife at an early age. His mother was also interested in these things, but his father did not want David to spend his time thinking about Australian wildlife.

Fleay was educated at Pleasant Street State School and Balart Grammar School. His first job was at his father’s pharmacy.

Fleay then taught at Balart Church of England Grammar School until 1927, when he moved to Melbourne. There, he taught while studying for a Bachelor of Science degree and a Diploma of Education at Melbourne University.

While at Melbourne University, Fleay met a science student named Mary Sigrid Collie. They got married in 1931.

## Career
In the early 1930s, Fleay went to Tasmania to try to capture Thylacines (also called Tasmanian tigers). He was not able to find any Thylacines in the wild. So he decided to run a breeding program with Thylacines in zoos. He wanted to breed more Thylacines to save them from becoming extinct. But the Tasmanian government did not allow Fleay to run this program. We now know that the last definite sight of a Thylacine in the wild was in 1930. By 1936, the last Thylacine living in a zoo died, and this species was extinct.

Fleay wrote a book called *Living with Animals*, which was published in 1964.

## Awards 
Fleay was given many awards for his work and research.

In 1960, he was named a member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE), an award given by the British King or Queen to reward work in the arts and sciences.

Fleay was chosen to be an Associate of the Queensland Museum in 1978.

In 1980, he was named a member of the Order of Australia (AM), an award given by the Monarch of Australia for doing important work in Australia.

## Later life & death 
Fleay's wife, Mary, died in 1987. Later, Fleay got married again. He had a daughter and two sons.

Fleay died in Brisbane, Australia, at the age of 85. In an obituary, the New York Times wrote: "As a conservationist, [Fleay] was outspoken and, as *The Daily Telegraph* put it, he 'strove to preserve native Australian fauna in the days when even koala bears were slaughtered in vast numbers for their fur.'"

## References
John H. Sununu

**John Henry Sununu** (born July 2, 1939) served as the 75th Governor of New Hampshire (1983–89) and later White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush.

He is the father of John E. Sununu, a former senator from New Hampshire and Chris Sununu, the Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was the chairman of the New Hampshire Republican Party from 2009 to 2011.

## References
Sidney Myer

**Sidney Myer** created Myer’s, one of the biggest department stores in Australia. He emigrated from Russia at the age of 20 and started off as a small merchant and went on to be the owner of a large chain store.

## Early life
Simcha (Sidney) Myer Baevski was born on the February 8, 1878, in the Jewish section of Kritchev, Russia.  He was the youngest of eleven children.  He attended a primary school for Jewish children.  While at school, he managed his mother’s shop and helped the shop be very successful. 

When Myer was 20, he and his older brother, Elcon, moved to Australia.  Myer arrived in Melbourne, Australia, as a Jewish refugee in August of 1899.  He did not know English, and had almost no money and no visa.  Soon after arriving, he changed his name to Sydney Myer in order to be more Australian. 

## Achievements
The Myer brothers moved to Bendigo, a city in Victoria, Australia.  There they started a small drapery business, where they sold fabrics of all different styles, colors, and sizes.  Because they disagreed about whether their store should be open on Sundays, the brothers decided to stop working together.  Sidney bought his brother's share of the business, and Elcon moved on to Melbourne.  

As Myer's business became more successful, he opened a larger store in Bendigo, and new stores in Melbourne and Adelaide.  Today, Myer's is one of Australia’s biggest department stores.  Myer's is known for having fashionable clothing made by many different designers.   

After he went to a performance at the Hollywood Bowl, a famous outdoor theater in California, Myer created the Sidney Myer Music Bowl.  In 1929, Myer began to arrange free outdoor concerts by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, held at the Music Bowl.  These free concerts are still held today, and are very popular.
  
Myer died on September 5, 1934.  After his death, Myer's family set up the Myer Foundation, which receives millions of dollars every year from the Myer family.  The Foundation supports programs that benefit Australia and help Australians in need.

## Other websites
* http://www.racismnoway.com.au/teaching-resources/factsheets/38.html  
* http://www.myerfoundation.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=31  
*http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/myer-simcha-sidney-7721
Archie Roach

**Archibald William Roach**  (8 January 1956 – 30 July 2022) was an aboriginal-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist. Roach was born in Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia. His songs are popular in the Australian Aboriginal community.

## Early Life 
At the age of three or four, Roach was taken from his family by the Australian government. His two sisters were also taken away. After spending time in an orphanage, he was raised in Melbourne, Australia, by a white family, who had moved to Melbourne from Scotland.  

As a teenager, Roach ran away from home to look for his biological parents.

Roach died on July 30, 2022 in Warrnambool, Victoria from a long-illness, aged 66.

## Awards and achievements
His album *Charcoal Lane* won an ARIA Award as the Best Indigenous Album of the Year.

## Discography
* *Koorie* (with Ruby Hunter) (1989)
* *Charcoal Lane* (1990) 

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.murundakdocumentary.com/artists/archie-roach/ 
* http://www.archieroach.com.au/#!/page_More
* http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/594496
* http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/stolen-lost-and-found/446/
Roy Romer

**Roy R. Romer** (born October 31, 1928) is an American politician. He was the 39th Governor of Colorado. He also served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006. His son is Nobel Prize winner Paul Romer. He was born in Garden City, Kansas.

## References
Richard Lamm

**Richard Douglas "Dick" Lamm** (August 3, 1935 &ndash; July 29, 2021) was an American politician, writer, Certified Public Accountant, college professor, and lawyer. He served three terms as 38th Governor of Colorado as a Democrat (1975&ndash;1987) and ran for the Reform Party's nomination for President of the United States in 1996.

He was the Co-Director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver.

Lamm died on July 29, 2021 in Denver, Colorado from problems caused by a pulmonary embolism, one week before his 86th birthday.

## References
Walter Dale Miller

**Walter Dale "Walt" Miller** (October 5, 1925 &ndash; September 28, 2015) was an American politician with the Republican Party. He served as 29th Governor of South Dakota from 1993 to 1995. He assumed the duties of the governorship upon the death of George S. Mickelson.

## References
Frank Farrar

**Frank Leroy Farrar** (April 2, 1929 &ndash; October 31, 2021) was an American politician. He was the 24th Governor of South Dakota. A Republican. He served as the state's attorney general from 1963 to 1969, and as governor from 1969 to 1971.

Farrar died on October 31, 2021 in Pierre, South Dakota at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
* National Governors Association: Frank Farrar 
* KDLT News: "Frank Farrar: A Man Made of Iron" 
* Ironman: "Meet Frank Farrar, Kona's Last Official Finisher in 2002"
*
F. Ray Keyser Jr.

**Frank Ray Keyser** (August 17, 1927 &ndash; March 7, 2015) was an American lawyer and politician from Vermont.  He served as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1959 to 1961, and 72nd Governor of Vermont from 1961 to 1963.

## References
Emerson, Lake and Powell (album)

***Emerson, Lake and Powell*** is the debut and only studio album by Emerson, Lake and Powell. The album was released in 1986.

## References
2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted

"**2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted**" (sometimes called "**Gangsta Party**") is the second single from American rapper 2Pac's fifth studio album *All Eyez on Me*. The song was a duet sung by 2Pac and Snoop Dogg. It was released as a promotional single and was written by 2Pac, Snoop Dogg and Daz Dillinger.  

It is sometimes referred to as "Gangsta Party" because of the line ''ain't nuthin but a gangsta party'' in the chorus. The song was also featured on 2Pac's *Greatest Hits* in 1998 and a remix of the song was featured on the album *Nu-Mixx Klazzics* in 2003. 

On April 15, 2012, the song was played at the Coachella Festival with Snoop Dogg performing a duet with a holographic version of 2Pac.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kristin Cavallari

**Kristin Cavallari** (born January 5, 1987) is an American television and movie actress. She was in the television series *Laguna Beach*. She was also in the series *The Hills*.

Cavallari was born in Denver, Colorado. She was raised in Barrington, Illinois.

## References
Lyndsy Fonseca

**Lyndsy Fonseca** (born January 7, 1987) is an American actress. She acts in both movies and television. She played Colleen Carlton in *The Young and the Restless*. She also played Alexandra in *Nikita*.

Fonseca was born in Oakland, California.

## References
Philip H. Hoff

**Philip Henderson Hoff** (June 29, 1924 &ndash; April 26, 2018) was an American politician. He is from the U.S. state of Vermont. He served as the 73rd Governor of Vermont from 1963 to 1969. At the time of his election, he was the first Democrat elected Governor of Vermont in 108&nbsp;years.

Hoff was born in Turners Falls, Massachusetts. His father worked in the insurance industry and at the Massachusetts General Court. Philip was a star high school football player at Turners Falls High School. 

Hoff went to Williams College and  Connecticut College and graduated cum laude in 1948.  Hoff married Joan Brower in 1948.  He later attended Cornell Law School, graduating in 1951. The Hoffs moved to Burlington, Vermont in 1951.

Hoff died at a retirement center in Shelburne, Vermont on April 26, 2018 at the age of 93.

## References
Valenzuela

**Valenzuela** may refer to:

## Places
*Valenzuela, Paraguay
*Valenzuela, Philippines
*Valenzuela, Spain

## Other
* Ricardo Valenzuela - birth name of the Mexican-American musician Ritchie Valens
Mandaluyong

**Mandaluyong**, officially the **City of Mandaluyong** (), is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines.

## Early history 
Located directly east of Manila, Mandaluyong was originally a barrio of Santa Ana de Sapa (now a district of Manila) called **San Felipe Neri**. It separated and became its own town in 1841, and later acquired the name Mandaluyong in 1931 during the American occupation of the Philippines. In 1994, it became the first municipality of Metro Manila to become a city since the metropolis' establishment in 1975.

Natives of Mandaluyong trace their roots to Emperor Soledan (also known as "Anka Widyaya" of the Great Majapahit Empire) and Empress Sasaban of *the kingdom of Sapa*, whose son Prince Balagtas ruled as sovereign of the kingdom in about the year 1300.

In about the year 1470, the kingdom of Sapa expanded and became the "**Kingdom of Namayan**" with "Lakan Takhan" as sovereign. The vast kingdom comprised what are now Quiapo, San Miguel, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan, Malate and Santa Ana in Manila, and Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig and Parañaque. Mandaluyong's present-day district of *Namayan* along the banks of Pasig River exists as a remnant of its noble past.

## Barangays
Mandaluyong is politically subdivided into 27 barangays.

 

 

## References
John Flynn

**Johnny Flynn** OBE (25 November 1880 – 5 May 1951) was an Australian Presbyterian minister.  He started the Presbyterian Church of Australia.  He also started the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, which brings medical care to people who live far away from doctors or hospitals.  Flynn's portrait is on one side of the Australian 20 dollar note.

## Early life 
John Flynn was born in Moliagul in   His parents were Thomas Eugene Flynn and Rosetta Forsyth.  Because his mother died while giving birth to him, John was raised by his mother’s sister in Sydney, Australia.   

When he was 16, Flynn decided that he wanted to become a Presbyterian minister and study theology (religion) at the University of Melbourne.  In 1911, he finished his training for the Presbyterian ministry and was officially ordained into the Presbyterian Church.  He went to live and work in the Australian Outback, where many people had little access to medical care because they lived so far from large cities, doctors, and hospitals.  In 1912, he created the Australian Inland Mission, which gave medical, spiritual, and other care to people in the Outback. 

## Career 
For many years, Flynn worked to get the support and money he needed to start an organization that would bring doctors and medical care by plane to people living in the Outback.  With the help of Alf Traeger, Flynn was able to create the Aerial Medical Service in 1928.  (Its name was later changed to the Flying Doctor Service, and then changed again to the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia he worked as a teacher but was bullied by the staff and the studentssupport the Aerial Medical Service needed to provide "flying doctors" to every part of Australia.  By 1939, every state in Australia had an Aerial Medical Service.  Now called the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the organization still exists today and has 21 bases throughout every part of the country.  It provides medical care to 290,000 people every year.

## Awards 
Flynn became an officer of the Order of the British Empire on June 3, 1933.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://www.wilmap.com.au/people/flynn.html 
*http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs159.aspx 
*http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/ 
*http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/The-John-Flynn-Story/
Metro Manila

**Metropolitan Manila** (), commonly known as **Metro Manila**, is the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines. The seat of government is Manila. It has more people than most regions and metropolitan areas of the country.

## Cities of Metro Manila
There are 16 cities in Metro Manila. They include Manila, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, as well as the municipality of Pateros.

## Related articles
* List of roads in Metro Manila
* Metro Cebu
* Metro Davao

## References
Petrus Plancius

**Petrus Plancius** (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Flemish astronomer,  cartographer  and clergyman. He was born as **Pieter Platevoet** in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. 

## Cartography
In 1592 he published his best known world map named "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He wrote journals and shipping maps. He made a new way for finding longitude. He was the first to use the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

He was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company. He drew over 100 maps. 

Plancius knew Henry Hudson. Hudson was an explorer of the New World.

Plancius made the map, *Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu,* that was in Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s popular book, *Itinerario* (1596).

### Maps

Image:1590 Orbis Terrarum Plancius.jpg|Orbis Terrarum 1590
Image:1594 Orbis Plancius 2,12 MB.jpg|Orbis Terrarum 1594
Image:1592 4 Nova Doetecum mr.jpg|Nova Francia .. Terra Nova 1592
Image:1592 Insullae Moluc. Plancius.jpg|Insulae Moluccae 1592

## References
## Other websites
* Star Tales – the constellations of Petrus Plancius
* Minor planet 10648 Plancius
Edward R. Hauser

**Edward R. Hauser** (August 29, 1916 &ndash; September 8, 2014) was an American animal scientist. He was professor and chairman of the Department of Meat and Animal Science at University of Wisconsin&ndash;Madison. Hauser was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin. 

Hauser died from natural causes in Fitchburg, Wisconsin, aged 98.

## References
Yitzhak Hofi

**Yitzhak Hofi** (&lrm;; 25 January 1927 – 15 September 2014) was an Israeli spy and general. He was a member of the Palmach. He was also the head of the  Israeli Northern Command and the director of Mossad. 

Hofi died on 15 September 2014, aged 87.

## References