open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cubic metre

(representing the world annual production per inhabitant)]]
The **cubic metre** (symbol **m³**) is the SI unit of volume. It is a cube with a length, height, and width of one metre, with 1,000 litres of space.

In the many places it is spelled "**cubic meter**". Other names are **stère** and **kilolitre** or **kiloliter**.

## Conversions 
1 cubic metre equals:
* 1,000 litres
* Approximately 35.3 cubic feet
* Approximately 1.31 cubic yards
* Approximately 6.29 oil barrels

A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0&nbsp;°C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg.

It is sometimes abbreviated '***, ****, ****, ****, ****, when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).

Abbreviated **CBM** in the freight business and **MTQ*' (or numeric code 49) in international trade.

## Multiples and submultiples 
### Multiples 
;Cubic decametre
:the volume of a cube of side length one decametre (10&nbsp;m)
:equal to a megalitre
:1&nbsp;dam3 = 1,000&nbsp;m3 = 1&nbsp;ML

;Cubic hectometre
:the volume of a cube of side length one hectometre (100 m)
:equal to a gigalitre
:1&nbsp;hm3 = 1,000,000&nbsp;m3 = 1&nbsp;GL
 
;Cubic kilometre
:the volume of a cube of side length one kilometre (1,000&nbsp;m)
:equal to a teralitre
:1&nbsp;km3 = 1,000,000,000&nbsp;m3 = 1&nbsp;TL

### Submultiples 
;Cubic decimetre
:the volume of a cube of side length one decimetre (0.1&nbsp;m)
:equal to a litre
:1&nbsp;dm3 = 0.001&nbsp;m3 = 1&nbsp;L

;Cubic centimetre
:the volume of a cube of side length one centimetre (0.01&nbsp;m)
:equal to a millilitre
:1&nbsp;cm3 = 0.000001&nbsp;m3 = 10-6&nbsp;m3 = 1&nbsp;mL

;Cubic millimetre
:the volume of a cube of side length one millimetre (0.001&nbsp;m)
:equal to a microlitre
:1&nbsp;mm3 = 0.000000001&nbsp;m3 = 10-9&nbsp;m3 = 1&nbsp;µL
Food and Agriculture Organization

The **Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations** (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to stop hunger established on 16 October 1945.

It serves both developed and developing countries and acts as a neutral form where all nations meet as equals. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.

## FAO offices 
### Regional offices 
* Regional Office for Africa in Accra, Ghana
* Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean  in Santiago, Chile
* Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific  in Bangkok, Thailand
* Regional Office for the Near East in Cairo, Egypt
* Regional Office for Europe at FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy

### Subregional offices 
* Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa  in Harare, Zimbabwe
* Subregional Office for the Pacific Islands  in Apia, Samoa
* Subregional Office for Central and Eastern Europe in Budapest, Hungary
* Subregional Office for the Caribbean  in Bridgetown, Barbados
* Subregional Office For North Africa  in Tunis, Tunisia

### Liaison offices 
* Liaison Office with the United Nations in Geneva 
* Liaison Office for North America in Washington D.C.
* Liaison Office with the United Nations in New York
* Liaison Office with Japan in Yokohama 
* Liaison Office with the European Union and Belgium in Brussels 

## Related pages 
*World Food Programme

## Other websites 
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
** Fact sheets / features / press releases
** FAO Statistics Division 
** FAOSTAT website
** TeleFood 
** World Food Day
** Avian Flu
Colorimeter

A **colorimeter** is a device used for measuring colours, or colorimetry. It measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It can be used to measure the concentration of a known solute.

Different chemical substances absorb different wavelengths of light. When the concentration of the solute is higher, it absorbs more light in a specific wavelength. This is known as the Beer-Lambert law.

## Different parts 
The most important parts of a colorimeter are:
* a light source, which is usually an ordinary filament lamp
* an aperture, which can be adjusted
* a set of filters in different colors
* a detector that measures the light which has passed through the solution

### Filters 
Different filters are used to select the wavelength of light which the solution absorbs the most. This makes the colorimeter more accurate. Solutions are usually placed in glass or plastic cuvettes. The usual wavelengths used are between 400 and 700 nanometers. If it is necessary to use ultraviolet light (below 400 nanometers) then the lamp and filters must be changed.

## Output 
The output of the colorimeter may be shown in graphs or tables, by an analogue or digital meter. The data may be printed on paper, or stored in a computer. The output may be shown as transmittance (a linear scale from 0-100%) or as absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The useful range of the absorbance scale is from 0-2 but it is desirable to keep within the range 0-1 because, above 1, the results become unreliable due to scattering of light. A Transmittance-Absorbance conversion table may be seen here.http://www.finarchemicals.com/pdf/transmittance-absorbance-conversion.pdf
Valletta

**Valletta** is the capital city of Malta. It was founded by Jean Parisot de la Valette, the Grandmaster of the Order of Saint John on March 28, 1566. The city's population is 6,315 (in 2005) and it is currently decreasing as people move to the UK, Italy, or the newer areas of Malta.

## Other websites
Volta (album)

***Volta*** is a 2007 album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She has claimed the album is about "returning to her roots". The style of the album is electronic pop. Five singles were released from it. The first single "Earth Intruders" was released April 2007. It was produced by Timbaland.

## Songs 
* "Earth Intruders"
* "Wanderlust"
* "The Dull Flame of Desire"
* "Innocence"
* "I See Who You Are"
* "Vertabrae by Vertabrae "
* "Pneumonia"
* "Hope"
* "Declare Independence"
* "My Juvenile"
Butterfield, Missouri

**Butterfield, Missouri** is a village in Missouri, United States.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), all land.

## Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 378 people living in the city, organized into 135 households.  This is a population loss of 92 persons, or 19.6%, when compared to the 2010 census.  The median age is 34.5 years for all persons (34.7 for females, 34.2 for males).

Of the total population, 11.1% are at least 65 years old, 25.9% are under the age of 18, with the remaining 63.0% of the population being from 18 to 64.  Males comprise 48.9% and females make up 51.1% of the total population.  Whites (non-Latino) make up 63.5% of the total population, Hispanics or Latinos make up 28.8%, Asians make up 2.1%, and Native Americans represent 1.1% of the population.  4.5% of the population identifies itself as *Two or more races*, non-Latino.

Of the total 135 households, 92 are considered *Family households*, and 53 have children under 18.  The average household size is 2.80 persons. There are 152 total housing units, of which the 135 are households, for an occupancy rate of 88.8%.  Of these households, 72.6% are owner-occupied, while 27.4% are renters.

As of 2022, the median (middle) income for a household in the city was about $52,375, and the median income for a family was $57,500. The per capita income for the city was $18,774.  15.3% of families and 13.5% of the population are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.6% of those under the age of 18 and 16.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

## References
Andorra la Vella

**Andorra la Vella** is the capital city of the principality of Andorra and is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the southwestern part of the country.

## Geography
The Andorra la Vella parish is in the southwestern part of the country at the confluence of two mountain streams, the *Valira del Nord* (Northern Valira) and the ''Valira de l'Orient* (Eastern Valira), which join to form the Gran Valira that flows through the capital city.

The parish borders with the La Massana parish to the north, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the east, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the south and with Spain to the west.

The highest mountain in the parish is *Pic d'Os'' () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish and Spain.

At 1023 m (3,356 ft) above sea level, it is the highest capital in Europe.

## Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 22,886 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

**Evolution of the population in Andorra la Vella**

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## Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

## Economy
Andorra la Vella is the country's commercial centre. The city is also the centre for many banks and businesses. The state is not a member of the European Union, but has a customs arrangement with the EU, and uses the euro.

## References
Woodland

**Woodland** is a low-density forest with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. It forms an open habitat. 

Woodlands have an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodlands grade into shrubland in drier conditions or in early stages of plant succession. Higher densities and areas of trees, with largely closed , and nearly continuous shade and are often called forests. 

*Woodland* in British forestry means any smaller area covered in trees, however dense. Forest in the British Isles means extensive wooded areas, regardless of density. Royal forests may not be wooded at all. The term ancient woodland is used in British conservation to mean any wooded land that has existed for a very long time (equivalent to the American term old growth forest).

Conservationist work hard to preserve woodlands. The woodlands in Northwest Indiana have been preserved as part of the Indiana Dunes.
 
## References 
## Other websites 
*The Woodland Trust
Limburg (Netherlands)

:Other meanings are at Limburg
**Limburg** is the southernmost province of the Netherlands. Its capital is Maastricht. About 1,128,000 people are living in Limburg (2023).

It is the only province in the Netherlands which has hills. It is a very old province; the capital city, Maastricht, is over 2000 years old. The Limburgish people do speak Dutch, but they also speak their own dialects called Limburgish. These dialects - especially the ones in the South of Limburg, the normal Dutch people find difficult to understand. These dialects have many influences from German and French. The Limburgish are renowned for their famous vlaai. 

Limburg got its status as a Dutch Province in 1867 

Limburger cheese comes from this region.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Mount Cayley

**Mount Cayley** is an eroded stratovolcano. It is 11&nbsp;km southeast of Callaghan Lake and 24 west of Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.

A scenario of an eruption of Mount Cayley shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is based on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involves both effusive and explosive eruptions. The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.

In 2003, Catherine Hickson, a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada, was one of the three scientists to report on the hypothetical eruption at Mount Cayley. The first signs of activity at the volcano would probably be enlarged seismic activity in and close to the mountain. Flooding would turn out to be a huge issue for the community of Squamish and could eventually overrun parts of Highway 99.

The Mount Cayley volcanic field is named after Mount Cayley.

## References
Limburg

**Limburg** might mean:

## Duchies, and former countries
*the Duchy of Limburg (which was later split into the provinces below)

## Provinces
*Limburg (Netherlands), a province of the Netherlands
*Limburg (Belgium), a province of Belgium

## Cities
*The city of Limbourg in Belgium (also known as *Limburg an der Weser*)
*The city of Limburg an der Lahn in Germany

## People
*the Limbourg brothers, famous Renaissance painters

## Other use
*Limburger cheese is made in both Dutch Limburg and Belgian Limburg
Limburg (Belgium)

**Limburg**  (, , , ) is the easternmost of the five provinces of modern Flanders, which is one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium. Its capital is Hasselt.

## Geography
Limburg is located west of the Meuse (Dutch *Maas*) river, upon which it borders the similarly named province Limburg of the Netherlands. It also borders on the Walloon province of Liège to the south, with which it also has historical ties. To the north and west are the old territories of the Duchy of Brabant, the Flemish provinces of Flemish Brabant and Antwerp to the west, and the Dutch province of North Brabant to the north.

 paved road between Tongeren and Tienen.]]
The province of Limburg has an area of  with a population of about 886,000 in 2022.

The province is divided into three arrondissements (*arrondissementen* in Dutch) with 42 municipalities. Among these municipalities are the current capital Hasselt, the early medieval capital Borgloon, Genk, Diepenbeek (home to Hasselt University), and Tongeren, the only Roman city in the province and regarded as the oldest city of Belgium.

The municipality of Voeren is geographically detached  (an exclave) from Limburg and the rest of Flanders, with the Netherlands to the north and the Walloon province of Liège to the south. This municipality was established by the municipal reform of 1977.

The highest point of the province, , is in the town of Remersdaal, Voeren municipality.

The centre of Belgian Limburg is crossed east to west by the Demer river and the Albert Canal, which run similar paths. The Demer river's drainage basin covers most of the central and southern part of the province, except for the southeastern corner, where the Jeker (in French: *(le) Geer*) runs past Tongeren and into the Maas river (in French: *(la) Meuse*) at Maastricht.

The eastern border of the province corresponds to the western side of the Maas, which originates in France. It's drainage basin includes not only the Jeker but most of the northern part of Belgian Limburg.

## Administrative divisions
The province of Limburg is divided into 3 *arrondissements* (Hasselt, Maaseik and Tongeren) and a total of 42 municipalities since 2019.

## Population by arrondissement
Population x 1,000 (on 1 January since 1980).

## Related pages
* Limburg (Netherlands), a province in southeastern Netherlands.

## References
## Other websites
*  
* Toerisme Limburg
Basketball Bundesliga

The **Basketball Bundesliga** (**BBL**) is the highest level of basketball competition in Germany. The BBL determines the national champion.

## Teams
## Champions since 1939 
*2008: Alba Berlin
*2007: Brose Baskets Bamberg 
*2006: RheinEnergie Cologne 
*2005: GHP Bamberg 
*2004: OPEL Skyliners Frankfurt am Main 
*2003: Alba Berlin 
*2002: Alba Berlin 
*2001: Alba Berlin 
*2000: Alba Berlin 
*1999: Alba Berlin 
*1998: Alba Berlin 
*1997: Alba Berlin 
*1996: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1995: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1994: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1993: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1992: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1991: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1990: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1989: BG Steiner Bayreuth
*1988: BSC Saturn Köln 
*1987: BSC Saturn Köln 
*1986: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1985: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
*1984: ASC Göttingen
*1983: ASC Göttingen 
*1982: BSC Saturn Köln 
*1981: BSC Saturn Köln 
*1980: SSC Göttingen 
*1979: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
*1978: MTV 1846 Gießen 
*1977: USC Heidelberg

*1976: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
*1975: MTV 1846 Gießen 
*1974: SSV Hagen 
*1973: USC Heidelberg 
*1972: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
*1971: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
*1970: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
*1969: VfL Osnabrück 
*1968: MTV 1846 Gießen 
*1967: MTV 1846 Gießen 
*1966: USC Heidelberg 
*1965: MTV 1846 Gießen 
*1964: Alemannia Aachen
*1963: Alemannia Aachen 
*1962: USC Heidelberg 
*1961: USC Heidelberg 
*1960: USC Heidelberg 
*1959: USC Heidelberg 
*1958: USC Heidelberg 
*1957: USC Heidelberg 
*1956: ATV Düsseldorf
*1955: FC Bayern München 
*1954: FC Bayern München 
*1953: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
*1952: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
*1951: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
*1950: BC Stuttgart-Degerloch 
*1949: MTSV Schwabing 
*1948: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
*1947: MTSV Schwabing
*1939: LSV Spandau

## Other websites
*Basketball Bundesliga
Limbourg

:*Other meanings are at Limburg*

**Limbourg** or **Limburg** is a medieval city in the Belgian province of Liège. It was founded in the 11th century.

In 2007 its population was 5644.

It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 56 East.

## References
Limburg an der Lahn

**Limburg an der Lahn** (Limburg on the Lahn river) is a German town and the capital of the *Kreis* Limburg-Weilburg in the west of Hesse.

## References
## Other websites
Antarctic krill

**Antarctic krill** (*Euphausia superba*) is a species of krill that lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. They are shrimp-like and belong to the invertebrates. 

They live in large groups, called swarms. Sometimes these swarms have a density of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter. 

They feed directly on very small phytoplankton, so they can use the energy that the phytoplankton originally got from the sun in order to sustain their life in the open ocean. They grow to a length of 6&nbsp;cm, weigh up to 2&nbsp;g, and can live for up to six years. They are a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and are, in terms of biomass, probably the most successful animal species on the planet (approximately 500 million tonnes).

In aquaria, krill have been observed to eat each other. 

## References 

## Further reading

* Hempel, G.: *The krill-dominated pelagic system of the Southern Ocean*. Envir. Inter. 13, pp. 33&nbsp;– 36; 1987.
* Hempel, G.: *Life in the Antarctic sea ice zone*. Polar Record **27**(162); pp. 249&nbsp;– 253; 1991
* Hempel, G.; Sherman, K.: *Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection, and research*. Elsevier, Amsterdam: Large marine ecosystems 12, 423 pp; 2003
*Nicol, S. & de la Mare, W. K. Ecosystem management and the Antarctic krill. American Scientist 81 (No. 1), pp. 36–47. Biol 9:129–135; 1993.
* Nicol, S.; Foster, J.: *Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill *, Aquat. Living Resour. **16**, pp. 42&nbsp;– 45; 2003.
* Sahrhage, D.: *Antarctic Krill Fisheries: Potential Resources and Ecological Concerns.* In Caddy, J. F. (ed.): *Marine Invertebrate Fisheries; their assessment and management*; pp. 13&nbsp;– 33. Wiley, 1989.
*Ikeda, T. (1984) The influence of feeding on the metabolic activity of Antarctic krill (*Euphausia superba* Dana). Polar Biology 3(1)
*Clarke, A. (1983) Towards an energy budget for krill: The physiology and biochemistry of *Euphausia superba* Dana. Polar Biology 2(2)

## Other websites 
* *Euphausia superba*  from *MarineBio*.
* "Virtual microscope"  of Antarctic krill for an interactive tour of their morphology and behavior, along with other peer-reviewed information.
* "Krill fights for survival as sea ice melts" from the NASA's "Earth Observatory".
* "Antarctic Wildlife at Risk From Overfishing, Experts Say", from *National Geographic* News, August 5 2003.
* Diary  of the *RRS* *James Clark Ross*, giving a popular introduction to the Antarctic krill.
*"Less krill for predators in the Southern Ocean"  from the *British Antarctic Survey*. See also "Climate row touches blue whales", from the BBC, July 19 2001.
* A time to krill 
* Extensive bibliography.
* Krill Count Project 
* WIKIversity Lecture "Biology of Antarctica"
Stinky

**Stinky** could mean:

## Television and movies
*Stinky, a character on the American animated television show ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends* 
*"Stinky Britches", a fictional song by Alanis Morissette on the *South Park* episode "Chef Aid"
*Stinky Pete, a fictional seal from the television series *Sealab 2021* 
*Stinky Pete the Prospector, a character from the film *Toy Story 2*
*Stinky Peterson, the name of characters on the television shows *Hey Arnold!*, *The Red Green Show*, and *Recess*
*Stinky Toe / House Broken, an episode of *The Angry Beavers''

## Music
*The Stinkypuffs, an early 90's rock band
***A Little Tiny Smelly Bit of...the Stinky Puffs*, an album by The Stinkypuffs
**Stinky Fingers*, a 1995 EP by Turbonegro and Flying Crap
*Stinky Toys, a Parisian punk band in the '70s

## Other
*Mr. Stinky, a nickname of Raymond Edmunds, a convicted rapist and murderer
**The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales*, a children's book by Jon Scieszka
*Stinky tofu, a type of tofu with a strong odor
Charcoal

*]]
*]]

**Charcoal** is a carbon-containing substance made from wood, naturally black and powdery. Charcoal is made from wood by heating it in an "airless" (minimal oxygen) space at a high temperature. The wood will not burn, but instead turn into charcoal. The by-product of making charcoal is tar and turpentine.

People use it for different things such as cooking on a barbecue grill, and in painting.
Illusion

seems to hang in the air. In reality, there is a tube in the middle of the water, which supports it.]]
An **illusion** is a change of perception. The brain arranges, sorts, and organises data from the senses. Normally the system works well. Sometimes it does not, and we see illusions. In general, they are shared by most people in the same situation.

Illusions can happen with all five senses (taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing), and some involve the way information from two senses is put together. Some illusions happen because of disorders, but generally, all normal people can sense the same illusion. 

An illusion is different from a hallucination. A hallucination is sensing something that is not real, but an illusion is interpreting what we sense wrongly.

## Types of illusions 
### Optical illusions 
Optical illusions are the best known and understood. Because they are illusions common to most people, it follows that they are a product of the visual system. The visual system, from the retina to the visual cortex, is what is common to most humans.

### Auditory illusions 
These are illusions which are heard. The person listening hears sounds that aren’t really there, or sounds that can’t really happen. A Shepard tone is an auditory illusion.

### Touch illusions 
They are when a person feels something that is not there, or something that should not be there but feels like it is. This happens sometimes when a person loses their arm.  The person still feels like the arm is there.  They might want to scratch the arm, or the arm might hurt them.  This can happen with any limb of the body, and it is called the phantom limb.
Christapor Mikaelian

**Christapor Mikaelian** (Armenian: ) also known by his *noms de guerre* **Hellen** (), **Topal** (), and **Edward** (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement.

## Early life 
Rosdom was born in the village of Agulis in Goghtn, now part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. He graduated from the Professorial academy of Tiflis and also attended the University of Moscow, where he met Simon Vratsian, another co-founder of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. 

## References 
* Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, C. hador [Armenian History, volume III], Athens, Greece, 1996, pg. 34.
Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The **Armenian Revolutionary Federation** (**ARF** or **ՀՅԴ**) (Armenian:  – **Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun**, **Dashnaktsutiun**,  – **Dashnak** or **Tashnag**) is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi in modern-day Georgia) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Shaumian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. The party works in Armenia and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is active, notably in Lebanon.

## Museum
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum was created during an official ceremony Friday 2007 at Yerevan's Kristapor Mikaelian Center, with the party's leaders and supporters on hand to mark this momentous occasion.

Opened in 1946, the ARF History Museum was in Paris and during the years has collected more than 3,000 artifacts describing the party's history. After the ARF's return to Armenia, the museum and the ARF archives have been sent to Armenia.

Giro Manoyan is one of the leaders of ARF.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official web site - Armenian Revolutionary Federation
*Armenian Revolutionary Federation Shant Student Association 
*History of the Armenian Socialist Party
Varazdat

**Varasdates** or **Varazdat** (, Varazdat) was an Armenian prince who succeeded his uncle King Papes as King of Armenia in 374.

Following the murder of King Papes, Valens sent Varazdat, a nephew of Pap, a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts, to hold the Armenian throne.  Shapur II, having failed on the battlefield, now proposed to Valens in 375 that Armenia be divided between the two powers. The Emperor rejected the proposal, but sent Victor Magistrianus to the Persian King to discuss the question. This emissary was cozened into exceeding the bounds of his authority and agreeing to the Persian proposal. In the meantime, the internal condition of Armenia was imperiled through friction between King Varazdat and the nakharars, culminating in the assassination of Musel Mamikonian, the leader of the latters' party. Manuel, the son of Musel, took up arms against the King and compelled him to flee from Armenia in 378, after four years of reign.  Varazdat's life was saved, but the country was thrown into confusion. The Persians took advantage of the turmoil and invaded Armenia; but their occupation was a short-lived one. Shapur II died in 379, and the Persians evacuated in haste. Manuel, the dynamic Mamikonian, had rallied a formidable national force for action. 

## Related pages
* List of Armenian Kings
Adana massacre

The **Adana massacre** happened in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909. A religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana amidst governmental upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district. Reports estimated that the massacres in Adana Province resulted in 20,000 to 30,000 deaths.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Red Rugs Of Tarsus - A Woman’s Record of the Armenian Massacre of 1909
* Adana Massacre
Parsley massacre

In October 1937, Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina ordered the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands with Haiti. The violence resulted in the killing of 17,000 to 35,000 Haitian civilians over a span of approximately five days. This would later become known as the **Parsley Massacre**.

## Events
Trujillo had made his actions for the Haitian community clear in a short speech given at a dance held in his honor on October 2, 1937 in Dajabón, stating:

## Endnotes
Adana

**Adana** (Greek Άδανα) (the ancient *Antioch in Cilicia* or *Antioch on the Sarus*) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. According to the 2000 census, with 1,130,710 inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous city of Turkey (after İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Bursa). The 2006 estimate of Adana's population is 1,271,894. 

For most Turkish people, the word 'Adana' associates with Kebab, şalgam, cotton, oranges and very hot weather, in the awareness that Adana also embodies more than just these. 

Adana is also named among the 25 *European Regions of the Future* for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the most points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life. 

Adana has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Related pages
*Adana massacre

## References 
## Other websites 
* Governorship of Adana
* Municipality of Adana
Branch (disambiguation)

A **branch** is a part of a tree.

**Branch** or **branching** could also mean:

## Computing
* Branch (computer science), a point in a computer program where program-flow may change depending on a condition.
**Branch predictor, the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not.
**Branch table, a term used to describe an efficient method of transferring program control (branching) to another part of a program using a table of branch instructions.
** Indirect branch, a type of program control instruction.
* Branching (software), a way of duplicating an object under revision control.

## Geography
* Branch, Arkansas, United States
* Branch, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

## Mathematics
* Branch (graph theory), a concept in mathematical logic
* Branch point, a point at which a multiple-valued function changes values
* Principal branch, a function which selects one branch of a multi-valued function

## Religion
* Branch (Christ), the Branch Davidian new name of Christ
* Branch (Latter Day Saints), the Latter Day Saints equivalent of a congregation

## Other
* Arthur Branch, a fictional character on the TV crime drama *Law & Order*
* Branch (academia), an academic sub-discipline
* Branch (banking), a retail location.
* Branch (business), a franchise location.
* Branch (bridle), a crooked piece of iron in a bit shank
* Branch line, a relatively minor railway line
* Branching (chemistry), a concept in polymer chemistry
* Branching (linguistics), the general tendency towards a given order of words within sentences and smaller grammatical units within sentences
* Cadet branch, a family line of nobility not descending from the first born son
* Earthly Branches, one Chinese system for reckoning time
* Executive branch, the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state
* Olive branch, a gesture of peace
* Post office branch, a type of postal facility that is not a main post office

## People named Branch
* Branch, Christopher (circa 1600-1682), early American colonist
* Branch, Cliff (1948–2019), retired American football player
* Branch, David (born 1948), Commissioner of the Ontario Hockey League
* Branch, Emmett Forrest (1874-1932), governor of the U.S. state of Indiana
* Branch, Frank (born 1944), Canadian politician 
* Branch, John, Jr. (1782–1863), U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, governor of North Carolina, and  territorial governor of Florida
* Branch, Lawrence O'Bryan (1820-1862), Confederate General and Representative from North Carolina
* Branch, Michael (born 1978), English professional footballer
* Branch, Michelle (born 1983), American singer, songwriter and guitarist
* Branch, Vanessa (born 1973), British actress and model
* McCracken, Branch (1908–1970), college men's basketball coach

## Related pages
* Branch County
* Branch Township
* East Branch
* Fort Branch
* Long Branch
* North Branch
* South Branch
* West Branch
* USS *Branch*
Monophyly

**Monophyly** means common descent from a single ancestor.
Biologists have introduced  a kind of taxonomy called cladistics. The aim of this is to make biological classification fit what we know about the way organisms evolved.

If there is a group made of a common ancestor, and all its descendants, that group is **monophyletic**.  (Greek: "of one race").

A group which contains organisms, without their common ancestor, is called **polyphyletic**. Convergent evolution is a usual cause of such groups. If a group contains the common ancestor, but leaves out some of its descendants, it is called **paraphyletic**. All living things on this planet are thought, on the basis of DNA analysis, to be monophyletic, that is, to have one origin, not many.

Example: all species in the genus *Homo* have come from the same ancestral form in the family Hominidae, and no other descendants are known. Thus the genus *Homo* is monophyletic.

If, on the other hand, it were discovered that *Homo habilis* had developed from a different ancestor from *Homo sapiens*, and this ancestor were not included in the genus, then the genus would be polyphyletic. Since biologists by and large tend to prefer monophyletic groups, in this case, they would likely either split the genus or broaden it to include the additional forms.

Example of polyphyletic group: Sea slugs.

## Polyploidy 
Sometimes taxonomists are frustrated fitting plant species into a monophyletic group because of polyploidy. There is clear evidence that some polyploid plant species are of multiple origins (the species has arisen more than once). For example, *Salsify*, the hybrid goat's-beard, (*Tragopogon miscellus*) has formed as many as 20 times in eastern Washington.

Also, it can happen that hybrids between two close plant species undergo polyploidy, and the polyploids continue as a new and distinct species. Situations like this are outside the normal rules of descent, and are dealt with by special decisions, guided by the International Commission of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).

## References
Lepidoptera

The order **Lepidoptera** is the second biggest order of  insects. It includes the moths and butterflies including the  skippers. There is no common word for the group: ordinary people talk of "butterflies and moths". 

The order has more than 180,000 species in 128 families and 47 superfamilies. They are 10% of all the described species of living organisms. The Coleoptera (the beetles) is the only order that has more species.

The name, Lepidoptera, comes from the Ancient Greek words *λεπίδος* (scale) and *πτερόν* (wing).

The earliest discovered fossils date to 200 mya or earlier. This early origin was long before flowering plants evolved. Earlier butterflies must have been adapted to a habitat of cycads and conifers, something which had not previously been suspected.

### Adult 
Adults have two pairs of wings. They are covered by small scales. In some species, the adults have very small wings or no wings at all. This is more common in females. Adults have antennae. Some moths have antennae that look like feathers. These feather-like antennae are larger in males than females. Adults have a mouthpart called a proboscis. It   nectar from flowers. Some adults do not have mouths and cannot feed. Others have different mouths that are made to pierce and suck blood or fruit .

## Images 

Image:Anosia genutia.jpg|A butterfly
Image:Moth.jpg|A moth
Image:Thymelicus.sylvestris.2714.jpg|A skipper (the small skipper)

## Related pages
* Differences between butterflies and moths
* Lepidopteran diversity

## References 
## Other websites 
* Forum Lepidoptera
* Lepidopterology.com 
* Lepidoptera  in online insect museum 
* Historic Moth illustrations
*
Diurnal

**Diurnality** is a form of plant and animal behavior characterized by activity during daytime. Animals that are active during the day are called **diurnal**. They hunt or feed during the day and sleep during the . Nocturnal animals do it the other way round.

Scientists sometimes use the word *crepuscular* to describe nocturnal  animals that are not active when it is very dark at night; they are mostly active near dawn, dusk, and sometimes when the moon makes a lot of light.
Skipper (butterfly)

The **skippers** are a family of butterflies, the **Hesperiidae**. They are named after their quick, darting flight. 

Skippers used to be classified in their own superfamily, **Hesperioidea**, because they have their antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet while the other butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies than regular butterflies, with stronger wing muscles. 

## Subfamilies 
There are about 3500 species of skippers.  They are usually classified in the following subfamilies:
* Coeliadinae: awls, awlets and policeman (butterfly) (about 75 species)
* Hesperiinae: grass skippers (over 2000 species)
* Heteropterinae: skipperlings (about 150 species)
* Megathyminae: giant skippers (about 100 species)
* Pyrginae: spread-winged skippers (about 1000 species)
* Pyrrhopyginae: firetips (about 150 species)
* Trapezitinae: Australian skippers (about 60 species)

Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera *Erynnis*, *Hesperia*, and *Amblyscirtes* cannot currently be distinguished in the field even by experts. The only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia.

## Examples
Examples include:
*Aaron's skipper - *Poanes aaroni*
*Chequered skipper - *Carterocephalus palaemon*
*Small skipper - *Thymelicus sylvestris*
*Essex skipper - *Thymelicus lineola*
*Lulworth skipper - *Thymelicus acteon*
*Silver-spotted skipper - *Hesperia comma*
*Large skipper - *Ochlodes venata*
*Dingy skipper - *Erynnis tages*
*Grizzled skipper - *Pyrgus malvae*
*Dakota skipper - *Hesperia dacotae*

## References
## Other websites
*Skippers of North America: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
* Tree of Life Hesperiidae
Quakenbrück

**Quakenbrück** is a small town in Lower Saxony. It has about 13,000 inhabitants.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dew point

The **dew point** is the temperature where water vapor condenses into liquid water.

All air holds different amounts of water vapor. The dew point shows the amount of moisture in the air. The higher the dew point is, the higher the level of moisture in the air at a given temperature. The dew point of humid air will be higher than the dew point of dry air.

Condensation of water vapor starts when the temperature of air is lowered to its dew point and beyond. The dew point, like other measures of humidity, can be found from measurement taken by a hygrometer.

## Related pages
* Relative humidity

## Other websites 
* What is the dew point? 
* NOAA Dew point
* dew point formula 
* Windows program for Heat Index, Dew Point, etc 
* Dew point evaporates on KPRC newscast ("The dew point is absolutely worthless information")
* Often Needed Answers about Temp, Humidity & Dew Point from the sci.geo.meteorology Usenet newsgroup
Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur

The **Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur** is an independent part of Nicaragua. It is often simply known as **RAAS**. Its capital is Bluefields. It was made when new regions were formed in Nicaragua in 1989. The old region was turned into Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte. The capital of Atlántico Norte is Puerto Cabezas. There is also a popular tourist place called Corn Island, which is about 45&nbsp;km from the capital Bluefields
Compressor

**Compressor** could mean:
*Gas compressor, a mechanical device that compresses a gas e.g. air
*Compressor (software), a video and audio compression and encoding application made for use with Final Cut
*A device used to apply audio level compression to an audio signal
*KOMPRESSOR, an electronic musician

## Related pages
*Compression
*Compaction
*Decompression
*Expansion
Gribble

A **gribble** is any species of marine isopod from the family **Limnoriidae**. They are mostly pale white and small (1-4 &nbsp;mm long) crustaceans. 

The term gribble was originally used for the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Rathke in 1799, *Limnoria lignorum*. The Limnoriidae have species which bore into seaweed and sea grass, as well as wood borers. 

There are three genera, *Paralimnoria*, *Limnoria* and *Lynseia*. *Limnoria* has species in most seas. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species. 

Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for food. The cellulose of wood is digested. The most destructive species are *Limnoria lignorum*, *L. tripunctata* and *L. quadripunctata*. According to an expert, they are the only animals able to make a cellulase to dissolve plant cell walls.

## Related pages 
*Gut flora

## References
Heating

**Heating** is making something warm. It could mean:
*HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning.
HVACR "R" stand for Refrigeration

**Heating devices**, or systems:
*Block heater, or headbolt heater, an electric heater that heats the engine of a car to ease starting in cold weather
*Boiler
*Cathode heater, a coil or filament used to heat the cathode in a vacuum tube or cathode ray tube
*Central heating, method of providing warmth from one point to multiple rooms or apartments of a building
*Convector heater, a heater which operates by air convection currents circulating through the body of the appliance
*Dielectric heating, the phenomenon in which radiowave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material
*District heating, a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements
*Fan heater, a heater that works by using a fan to pass air over a heating element
*Feedwater heater, a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to the boiler
*Fireplace, an architectural element consisting of a space designed to contain a fire for heating or cooking
*Gas heater, a heater that burns natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas
*Geothermal heat pump, a heat pump that uses the thermal mass of the Earth to regulate indoor temperatures
*Geothermal heating a method of heating using geothermal heat
*Heating pad, a pad used for warming of parts of the body
*Hydronics, the use of water as the heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems
*Induction heating, the process of heating a metal object by electromagnetic induction
*Radiant heating, a heating system which heats a building through radiant heat rather than convection or forced-air heating
*Radiator, a heat exchanger designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating
*Radioisotope heater unit, small heaters that provide heat through radioactive decay
*Salamander heater, a portable forced-air or convection heater, often kerosene-fueled, used in ventilated areas for worksite comfort
*Solar furnace a structure used to harness the sun's rays to produce very high temperatures
*Solar heating, the usage of solar energy to provide process, space or water heating
*Storage heater, an electrical appliance which stores heat at a time when base load electricity is available at a low price
*Water heating, the heating of water for residential, commercial or industrial use
Christoph Metzelder

**Christoph Metzelder** (born 5 November 1980 in Haltern, Germany) is a German football player. He plays for Real Madrid. He played 47 matches for the Germany national team and scored no goals.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Borussia Dortmund**
*Bundesliga: 2001–02
*DFB-Ligapokal runner-up: 2003
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 2001–02

**Real Madrid**
*La Liga: 2007–08
*Supercopa de España: 2008

**Schalke 04**
*DFB-Pokal: 2010–11
*DFL-Supercup: 2011; runner-up: 2010

**Germany**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; third place: 2006
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008

**Individual**
*Bravo Award: 2002

## Other websites 
*Official Website  
*FootballDatabase provides Christoph Metzelder's profile and stats

## References
Thermodynamic system

In thermodynamics, a **thermodynamic system**, originally called a *working substance*, is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration. 

## Theory
A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe, which is referred to as the environment or surroundings – sometimes called a reservoir. A useful classification of thermodynamic systems is based on the nature of the boundary and the quantities flowing through it, such as matter, energy, work, heat and entropy. A system can be anything. For instance, a cylinder, a solution in a test tube, a living organism or a planet etc.
Treat

**Treat** could mean:
* Treat (band), a Swedish band
* Treats, a 1975 play by Christopher Hampton
* Tahitian Treat
* Special Treat
* Taco Treat
* Chicken Treat
* Trick-or-treating
* Round of drinks, treating others to a drink.

## People
* Roger Treat
* Robert Treat
* Lawrence Treat
* Treat Williams
* Spencer Treat Clark
* Treat Baldwin Johnson
Thermodynamic cycle

A **thermodynamic cycle** is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state. Properties depend only on the thermodynamic state and thus do not change over a cycle. Variables such as heat and work are not zero over a cycle, but rather depend on the process. The first law of thermodynamics dictates that the net heat input is equal to the net work output over any cycle. The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics. 

If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then it represents a heat engine, and W will be positive.  If it moves counterclockwise then it represents a heat pump, and W will be negative.

## Classes
Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are **power cycles** and **heat pump cycles**. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures using mechanical work input. 

### Thermodynamic power cycles
Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which supply most of the world's electric power and run almost all motor vehicles. Power cycles can be divided according to the type of heat engine they seek to model. The most common cycles that model internal combustion engines are the Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines and the Diesel cycle, which models diesel engines. Cycles that model external combustion engines include the Brayton cycle, which models gas turbines, and the Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines.

## Related pages
* Entropy
* Heat engine

## References
* Halliday, Resnick & Walker. *Fundamentals of Physics*, 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 1997.  Chapter 21, *Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics*.

## Other websites
Educational software links:
*Thermodynamic Cycle Simulation Software