open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Riviera, Ticino

**Riviera** is a new municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official website
Miège

**Miège** was a municipality in Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Miège, Venthône and Veyras merged to form the new municipality of Noble-Contrée.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Frisco, Texas

**Frisco** is a city in the Collin and Denton counties in Texas. It is in the area of Dallas-Fort Worth. The city is 25 miles north of Dallas Love Field and Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.

## History 
Frisco was created in 1904.

## Geography 
Frisco has a total area of 69.19 square miles.

## People 
Frisco has 207,748 people living there.

## References 
## Other websites
Heterosexism

**Heterosexism** is the belief that only men and women should have sex, or that only men and women should love each other as more than a friend or family member. It is also the belief that sex and love between men and women is better than other types of sex and love. Heterosexism is not just something a single person can believe but is taught by society and culture. Heterosexist beliefs can cause people to act unfairly towards people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or asexual.

Heterosexism is related to homophobia and biphobia in the same way that sexism is related to misandry, misogyny and transphobia.

## Related pages
* Adam and Steve (anti-gay slogan)
* Heteronormativity
*Cissexism
*Monosexism
Mollens, Valais

**Mollens** was a municipality of the district Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Mollens, Chermignon, Montana and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## References
1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes

On 13 April 1978, a violent incident happened between the Sant Nirankari Mission and traditional Sikhs. This was at Amritsar, Punjab, India. Sixteen people were killed.

This incident eventually led to Operation Blue Star and the Punjab insurgency in the 1980s. Clashes occurred when Akhand Kirtani Jatha and Damdami Taksal members led by Fauja Singh protested against and tried to stop a convention of Sant Nirankari Mission followers. This incident is considered to be a starting point in the events leading to Operation Blue Star and the 1980s insurgency in Punjab. 

The turning point in the Sikh-Nirankari relationship is believed to have come after Avtar Singh took over as the sect chief in 1943. He not only proclaimed himself “Satguru” but also introduced a book “Avtar Bani” and allegedly tried to copy Sikh symbols like starting the system of Sat Piare etc. He was successful in organising Nirankaris into a powerful sect. However, in his book “A History of The Sikhs”, Khushwant Singh noted that the fundamental difference between both was that the Nirankaris were worshiping gurus other than the 10 recognised by the Sikhs.

However, the conflict reached its peak on April 13, 1978. Activists of the Akhand Kirtni Jatha and Damdai Taksal marched towards the venue of a Nirankari convention in Amritsar. It led to a clash that left at least 17 dead and a majority of them were Sikhs.

Following the deadly clash in 1978, Akal Takht issued a hukamnama asking Sikhs to sever ties with Nirankari Sikhs. Later in 1980 in Delhi, Akhand Kirtani Jatha’s Ranjit Singh killed Nirankari chief Gurbachan Singh. Ranjit Singh was later nominated as Akal Takht Jathedar.

## References
Isaac Herzog

**Isaac Herzog**, Hebrew: יצחק הרצוג , sometimes known as **Yitzhak Herzog**, (born 22 September 1960) is an Israeli politician who is the 11th president of Israel since 2021. He is the first president to have been born in Israel after its Declaration of Independence.

## Knesset member
Herzog was a Member of Knesset from 2003 until June 2018. From 2013 till July 2017 he was leader of HaAvoda. From 2015 till July 2017 he was also leader of HaMahaneh HaTziyoni ("The Zionist Union"), together with Tzipi Livni of HaTnu'a (still leading). Because the new HaAvoda leader Avi Gabbay is not a Knesset member, Herzog continued leading the Knesset as Leader of the Opposition.

He has held several government positions: 
* Minister of Housing and Construction in 2005
* Minister of Tourism in 2006-2007
* Minister of Diaspora, Society and the Fight against Antisemitism in 2007-2009
* Minister of Welfare and Social Services in 2007-2011

In June 2018, Herzog was unanimously elected chairman of the Jewish Agency for Israel, for which he left the Knesset and Israeli politics 

## Presidency
In May 2021, Herzog announced his candidacy for President of Israel for the 2021 election. He was elected president on 2 June 2021, defeating educator Miriam Peretz. He took office on 7 July 2021.

## Personal life
Herzog is the son of former president of Israel Chaim Herzog and social activist Aura Ambache.

He studied law at Tel Aviv University and worked as a lawyer at Herzog, Fox & Ne'eman, where his father was one of the founders.

## References 
## Other websites
* Yitzhak Herzog, biography at the Knesset website
Theodicy

**Theodicy** is a branch of theology that seeks to explain why a God that is seen as all-loving, all-seeing, and all-powerful allows evil to exist. The word comes from the Greek words for God and Judgment and so means the judgment of God. It was first made up  by the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in 1710 in his work *Théodicée*. The subject has been the focus of argument and thought for hundreds of years before that and since.

Theodicy tries to explain why God, who has complete free will, has the power to change anything he wants to, can see all the evil in the world and is all-loving and compassionate, yet does nothing to alleviate the suffering in the world, especially the suffering of innocents.

The weakness of the arguments for Theodicy are  often used by atheists to emphasise the problems that go with the belief in God.

## Some arguments
There are many arguments to try and explain evil; here is an incomplete list:

* The argument of the “Greater Good”. God has a plan for the world which is unfolding as it should; this involves some suffering at the hands of evil for the arrival at a destination for the greater good of all. This is also called the Ultimate Harmony Theodicy .
* The Augustinian defence, originating from Saint Augustine of Hippo. God created the world as pure and good but it was spoiled by man through his sins and disobedience of God. This is also known as the Original Sin Theodicy, which says that evil came into the world because of humanity's original sin and so is the creation of humanity, not God.
* The  Irenaean  theodicy which was made by Irenaeus, a bishop who died in AD 202. This argues that God gave man free will, in other words the freedom to choose to do good or evil; this allows for the moral development of man.
* The Finite God Theodicy says that God is all-good but not all-powerful and so cannot prevent evil.
* "The best of all possible worlds" theodicy, which was thought up by Leibniz in 1710, says that God, because he is an infinitely perfect being, created a world that has the greatest possible balance of good and evil.
* Some forms of reincarnation believe that people suffer evil as a punishment for their wrong-doing in a previous life.
* Contrast Theodicy holds that evil is needed to enable people to appreciate or understand good.
* Warning Theodicy rationalizes evil as God’s warning to people to mend their ways.
## Related pages 
*Cosmological argument
*Theism
*Theodicy of disprivilege
Capstan (nautical)

A **capstan** is a machine that is used on sailing ships to pull ropes and cables (also called hawsers). It has a vertical axle, and is very much like the windlass, which has a horizontal axle.

Grip on power pull capstan and it's opposite brakeforce on bollard posts; both work thru Capstan Equation

Man powered capstan is a 2nd Class Lever concentrating man force inwards to smaller radius for more power from levers.

Motor powered capstan spins motor shaft from inside post/not outside levers so is a 3rd Class Lever delivering force wider radius than motor shaft force input.
File:Capstan-nautical.jpg|Ship side old school man powered capstan power pull (missing levers).  Bollard posts for brakeforce hold.
File:Whitby - West Pier Capstan - geograph.org.uk - 679513.jpg|Harbor side man powered capstan with levers removed.  Given plenty of turning room to crank levers.  Also space in wall to serve pulling rope out to ship drawing towards pier.
File:US Navy 051102-N-2984R-007 Sailors assigned to Deck Department pull a mooring line while the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) gets underway from Naval Station Norfolk.jpg|Navy sailors tailing motor driven capstan still used on US Nimitz 2005.  Once again capstan for power pull, and contrasting bollard post for anti-pull of brakeforce.
Mark Rydell

**Mark Rydell** (born **Mortimer Horace Rydell**; March 23, 1929) is an American actor, movie director and producer.

Rydell has directed many Academy Award-nominated movies including *The Fox* (1967), *The Reivers* (1969), *Cinderella Liberty* (1973), *The Rose* (1979), *The River* (1984) and *For the Boys* (1991).  

Rydell was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for *On Golden Pond* (1981).

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*The Total Picture Seminar  – A Seminar with Martin Landau, Mark Rydell, and Lyle Kessler covering filmmaking.
Ferenc Doór

**Ferenc Doór** (14 June 1918 – 10 July 2015) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist, "The lover of the Danube and Szentendre".

## Life 
He was born in Petrilla, Transylvania on 14 June 1918. Between 1938–1941 he studied on the Hungarian University of Fine Arts in Budapest under the István Szőnyi's hands. After the World War II he suffered a captivity of war in Siberia for three years. After his release terminated his study in 1949, as instructor (assistant professor) of Szőnyi involved in the circulation of Hungarian artistic life. In 1957 he became a member of the Art Fund of Fine Arts Association.

By the Nagybánya's painting lessons continued painting with natural themes and human figures appear rich color scheme, has joined forces shaping a balanced composition. Oil paintings and water-like substance, were the main elements his expression of color and light.

As from his works himself wrote: "I tried my work faithfully follow art my ideas - to capture the potential of everyday life images of beauty - small joys and sorrows, our time and the change of a landscape typical timeless atmosphere of human destinies".

He was died in his Szentendre's home at age of 97 years in 10 July 2015.

## Exhibitions 
He had numerous exhibitions in Hungary and abroad, worked for decades in Szentendre and the creative community of artists houses in Szigliget, Kecskemét, Hódmezővásárhely and Mártély.
In the 1950s onward featured in the Hall of Art, Budapest a common ones and in other exhibition spaces in the country.

### Individual 
* 1959 • Fényes Adolf Terem, Budapest
* 1965, 1971, 1983 • Derkovits Terem, Budapest
* 1974 • Zalaegerszeg
* 1979 • Nyíregyháza
* 1975, 1976 • Galleria Antelami, Bologna
* 1972 • Galerie Glaub, Cologne
* 1975, 1978 • Parma
* 1990 • Csók Gallery, Budapest
* 1993 • Művelődési Ház, Dunaföldvár

### In group 
* Műcsarnok országos tárlatai
* Hall of Art, Budapest
* Vásárhelyi Őszi Tárlatok, Hódmezővásárhely
* Szegedi Nyári Tárlatok
* Hatvani Biennálék
* Humor and Cartoon, Gabrovo

## Works in galleries 
* Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest
* Déri Museum, Debrecen
* Sárospataki Múzeum, Sárospatak
* Gabrovo
* Plovdiv
* Sozopol

## Prizes 
In 2011, he became the *Hungarian Gold Cross of Merit* honors.

## Literature 
* Doór, Ferenc: Autobiography, 1998
* Artportal.hu 

## Notes
Tribes of Israel

The **Israelites** were divided into twelve **tribes**, according to the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch, Jacob:

# Asher
# Benjamin
# Dan
# Gad
# Issachar
# Joseph
# Judah
# Levi
# Naphtali
# Reuben
# Simeon
# Zebulun

The Land of Israel was divided among those tribes, but there were a few exceptions:
* The tribe of Levi got no land but had to do temple duties.
* The tribe of Joseph was divided into two sub tribes:
** Ephraim
** Manasseh
Kim Young-ae

**Kim Young-ae** (; 21 April 1951 – 9 April 2017) was a South Korean actress. She appeared in over sixty movies and 100 television shows. She was best known for her leading role in *The Attorney* (2013). She was born in Yeongdo District of Busan.

Kim died from pancreatic cancer on 9 April 2017 in Seoul. She was 65.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Palm Sunday church bombings

On Palm Sunday, 9 April 2017, twin suicide bombings at St. George's Church in the northern Egyptian city of Tanta on the Nile delta, and Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, the principal church in Alexandria, seat of the Coptic papacy.

In the aftermath of the attacks, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi gathered the country's security council. At least 43 people were killed and more than 136 injured. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province (also called ISIS or ISIL) group claimed responsibility for the attacks in an online statement.

## References
Atanase Sciotnic

**Atanase Sciotnic** (1 March 1942 &ndash; 5 April 2017) was a Romanian sprint canoeist. He was a member of Dinamo Bucharest. He was born in Tulcea County, Romania.

Sciotnic took part in the two-man and four man events at most major competitions between 1963 and 1974 and won two Olympic and nine world championships medals, including four gold medals.

## References
## Other websites
*ICF medalists for Olympic and World Championships – Part 1: flatwater (now sprint): 1936–2007.
*ICF medalists for Olympic and World Championships – Part 2: rest of flatwater (now sprint) and remaining canoeing disciplines: 1936–2007.
Relja Bašić

**Relja Bašić** (14 February 1930 – 7 April 2017) was a Croatian actor and politician. He was one of the most well known Croatian actors with a career which lasted for more than half a century. He was best remembered role is Mr. Fulir in 1970 cult musical comedy *Tko pjeva zlo ne misli*.

Bašić was born on 14 February 1930 in Zagreb, at the time of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was born to a Jewish mother Elly (née Lerch) Bašić.

During 1992 parliamentary elections he appeared as that party's candidate in one of Zagreb constituencies.

In 1995, President Tuđman awarded him with the Order of Danica Hrvatska. Bašić also acted as a UNESCO Artist for Peace.

Bašić suffered from a femur fracture years before his death. Bašić died on 7 April 2017 in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Bašić's best remembered role is Mr. Fulir in 1970 cult musical comedy *Tko pjeva zlo ne misli* *(One Song a Day Takes Mischief Away)*
Peter Isaacson

**Peter Stuart Isaacson**, AM, DFC, AFC, DFM (31 July 1920&nbsp;– 7 April 2017) was an Australian publisher and decorated military pilot. 

Isaacson was owner of Peter Isaacson Publications, the publisher of various trade publications and suburban newspapers including the *Southern Cross* and the *Sunday Observer* in Melbourne. 

During World War&nbsp;II, he served in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as a pilot with RAF Bomber Command and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Force Cross and the Distinguished Flying Medal.

Issaacson died on 7 April 2017 at the age of 96, following a short illness in Melbourne, Australia. He was survived by his sons; Anne had died the year before.

## References
Christopher Morahan

**Christopher Thomas Morahan** CBE (9 July 1929 – 7 April 2017) was an English stage and television director and production executive.

From 1972 to 1976, he was the Head of Plays for BBC Television, a department responsible for such series as *Play for Today*. Morahan joined the National Theatre in 1977 as Deputy Director and was appointed Co-Director of the Olivier Theatre.

He was involved in creating the 14-part television drama *The Jewel in the Crown* (1984), of which he was co-director and producer. The series won a Primetime Emmy Award and a BAFTA TV Award in 1985.

Morahan was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

Morahan died on 7 April 2017 in London at the age of 87. He died on the same day as Tim Pigott-Smith, one of the leads in *The Jewel in the Crown*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Christopher Morahan (Aveleyman)
Fishman (wrestler)

**José Ángel Nájera Sánchez** (January 6, 1951 – April 8, 2017) was a Mexican *luchador* or professional wrestler best known under the ring name *Fishman*. 

Fishman was one of the top wrestlers in the mid-1970s and 1980s and has worked for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre, the Universal Wrestling Association, the World Wrestling Association and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in Mexico as well as frequent trips to Japan and the United States. 

Nájera was unmasked after losing a match in 2000 and retired shortly afterwards. Three of his sons are all *luchadors enmascarados* (masked wrestlers) known by their ring names Black Fish, El Hijo del Fishman and El Único de Ciudad Juárez.

Nájera died on April 8, 2017 of a heart attack.

## References
Georgy Grechko

**Georgy Mikhaylovich Grechko** (; 25 May 1931 – 8 April 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on several space flights including Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26, and Soyuz T-14.

He was twice awarded the medal of Hero of the Soviet Union.

He resigned from the space programme in 1992 to lecture on atmospheric physics at the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Grechko has written his memoirs as "Космонавт No. 34: От лучины до пришельцев," (Cosmonaut No. 34 From Splinter to Aliens) Olma Media Grupp, Moscow, 2013.

Grechko died aged 85 from heart failure. He was survived by wife Lyudmila and daughter Olga.

## References
## Other websites
* "Cosmonaut No. 34. From a sliver to aliens" (G. M. Grechko, 2013, OLMA Media Group)
* S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" – edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 
* The official website of the city administration Baikonur – Honorary citizens of Baikonur
Knut Borge

**Knut Conrad Borge** (2 September 1949 – 9 April 2017) was a Norwegian journalist and television presenter. Borge was born in Bærum. 

Borge became a freelancer for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in 1973. Among his shows were *Borgulfsen* from 1984 to 1997, and *Swing&Sweet* from 1986 to 1999. 

Borge has hosted the *Spellemannprisen* show several times.

## References
Mark Goldring

**Mark Ian Goldring** CBE (born 8 March 1957) is chief executive of Oxfam, the leading development charity. He started in May 2013.

Goldring has a bachelor's degree in law from Keble College, Oxford, and a master's degree in Social Policy in Developing Countries from the London School of Economics.

Before joining Oxfam, Goldring was chief executive of Mencap for five years.

## References
Barbara Helsingius

**Barbara Christina Elisabeth Helsingius-Koski** (née **Helsingius**; 27 September 1937 – 9 March 2017) was a Finnish singer, poet, and Olympic fencer. She participated at the 1960 Summer Olympics. She was born in Helsinki.

Helsingius became well-known internationally, and was a member of Visens venner in Norway. She was a member of the joint Nordic cultural organisation NordVisa.

Helsingius died from a long illness on 9 March 2017 in Espoo, Finland. She was 79 years old.

## References
Carme Chacón

**Carme María Chacón Piqueras** (; 13 March 1971 &ndash; 9 April 2017) was a Spanish Socialist politician. 

Chacón was Minister of Defense from 2008 to 2011 in the cabinet led by Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. She also served as Minister of Housing from 2007 through 2008.

With the landslide defeat of Zapatero in the November 2011 selections, Chacón resigned the Defense Minister's post to Pedro Morenés in December 2011.

She filed to be Spanish Socialist Workers' Party General Secretary. On 4 February 2012 she lost to Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba 487 to 465 votes  in the 38th congress of the party.

Chacón died on April 9, 2017 in Madrid from a rare form of heart disease, aged 46.

## References
## Other websites
Shecky Greene

**Shecky Greene** (born **Fred Sheldon Greenfield**; April 8, 1926 &ndash; December 31, 2023) was an American comedian. He was known for his nightclub performances in Las Vegas, where he became a headliner in the 1950s. 

Greene appeared in several movies, including *Tony Rome*, *History of the World, Part I* and *Splash*, and has guest starred on such television shows as *Mad About You*, *Laverne & Shirley*, *Love, American Style*, and *Combat!*.

Greene died at his home in Las Vegas on New Year's Eve 2023, at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Outrageous and Courageous: The Myth and Legend of Shecky Greene by Kliph Nesteroff - WFMU
*An interview with Shecky Greene, June 2011, Part One
*An interview with Shecky Greene, June 2011, Part Two
Bill Page

**Bill Page** (September 11, 1925 &ndash; April 26, 2017) was an American reed player, band leader, and entrepreneur. He was best known for his work in the Lawrence Welk Band.

Page was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Wilbur Wright College.

Page left the Lawrence Welk Show in 1965 and went on to perform with Barry Manilow, Ted Mack, Frank Gorshin, Judy Garland, and on *The Tonight Show* starring Johnny Carson.

Page died on April 26, 2017 in Studio City, Los Angeles at the age of 91.

## References
Chuck Nergard

**Charles Lester (Chuck) Nergard** (February 6, 1929 &ndash; November 9, 2017) was an American politician in the state of Florida.

## Early life
Nergard was born in Chicago in 1929 and moved to Florida in 1956. He studied at Schurz Junior College, Wright Junior College, and George Williams College.

## Political career
As a Republican, he represented the 76th District which is in St. Lucie County, Florida. He served from 1967 to 1976 and from 1978 to 1990.

## Personal life
He was married to Catherine Misheck. They had two children.

## References
K. T. McFarland

**Kathleen Troia** "**K.T.**" **McFarland** (born July 22, 1951) was the Deputy National Security Advisor to President Donald Trump from  January 20, 2017 to May 19, 2017. 

On April 9, 2017, it was reported that she would soon be leaving this post and be nominated to be the next United States Ambassador to Singapore. 

McFarland served previously as a staff member on the U.S. National Security Council in the 1970s and a staff member at the Defense Department in the 1980s. McFarland ran unsuccessfully for the Republican Party nomination in the United States Senate election in New York, 2006, then was a Fox News national security analyst and a contributor to its website opinion page in the 2010s.

## References
## Other websites
* NSC page 
* 
* Kathleen Troia “KT” McFarland -Jamestown Foundation
*IMDB entry
*Website - archived as of October 2016
*On National Security and Islamic Terrorism  - with Gen. Jerry Boykin
David M. Friedman

**David Melech Friedman** (born August 8, 1958) is an American bankruptcy lawyer. He was the United States Ambassador to Israel from 2017 until 2021.

Friedman joined the law firm Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman (then known as Kasowitz, Hoff, Benson & Torres) in 1994, where he met and represented Donald Trump, then chairman and president of The Trump Organization. He served as an advisor to Trump during his successful presidential campaign.

In December 2016, President-elect Trump announced that he was nominee for ambassador to Israel. His nomination was met with support from conservative Israeli and Jewish American activist groups, and opposition from liberal advocacy organizations, particularly J Street.

Friedman was confirmed by the full Senate on March 23 with a 52–46 vote and officially sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on March 29.

In 1984, Friedman met President Ronald Reagan when Reagan visited Temple Hillel and became the first sitting president since George Washington to visit a synagogue. 

## References
Shape of You

"**Shape of You**" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran.  It is the first single from his third studio album, *÷* ("divide").  It was released on January 6, 2017.  "Shape of You" has reached number one on the charts of several countries, including entering at the top of the charts in the UK, US, Canada, and Australia.  It became Sheeran's first number-one song in the US.  Before, he reached number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in 2015 with the single "Thinking Out Loud".

On Broadcast Music Inc. (BMI), a website that shows the royalties and songwriters/publishers of songs, Sheeran added the songwriters of TLC's "No Scrubs" (1999).  This is because lines from both songs have a similar rhythm.

The song finished as the number-one song of 2017 in the US.

## Composition
The song is in C# minor with a moderate tempo, and a chord progression following C#m-F#m-A-B with a tresillo rhythm.

## Music video
The music video for "Shape of You", directed by Jason Koenig, was released on 30 January 2017 and features American actress Jennie Pegouski and retired sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ryūta.

## Chart performance
"Shape of You" has reached the number one position in 38 countries. It is one of the most successful songs in world history, having charted at the number one position for 10 weeks or more on the national singles charts in 16 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA. The song has charted for 15 weeks on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart, becoming the longest-running number one single on a national singles chart in Australian history - a record that it held until November 2019. In Canada, the song charted at number one for 16 weeks, becoming one of the two longest-running number one singles in Canadian history, with the other being the Black Eyed Peas' 2009 single "I Gotta Feeling" - a record that both songs were later equalled with by Luis Fonsi's "Despacito" in 2017 and surpassed by Lil Nas X's "Old Town Road" in 2019.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## References
Mike Quigley

**Michael Bruce** "**Mike**" **Quigley** (born October 17, 1958) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for , serving since April 7, 2009.

The district includes most of Chicago's North Side, as well as several of the city's western suburbs. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Quigley is a former member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, where he represented Chicago's northside neighborhoods of Lakeview, Uptown and Rogers Park. He also teaches environmental policy and Chicago politics at Loyola University Chicago.

In January 2026, Quigley announced that he was running for mayor of Chicago in the 2027 election.

## References
## Other websites
*U.S. Congressman Mike Quigley official U.S. House site
*Mike Quigley for Congress 
*
Dieter Kottysch

**Dieter Kottysch** (30 June 1943 &ndash; 9 April 2017) was a German amateur middleweight boxer. He was born in Gliwice, Poland. He competed in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and won a gold medal in 1972.
 fight in 1964]]

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Amo Houghton

**Amory "Amo" Houghton, Jr.** (August 7, 1926 &ndash; March 4, 2020) was an American politician and businessman from the U.S. state of New York. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives serving from 1987 through 2005. He was a member of one of upstate New York's most well known families in business, the Houghton family. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Houghton was born in Corning, New York. He studied at Harvard University. He was married to Priscilla Dewey until her death in 2012. Houghton died on March 4, 2020 in Corning at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 

* Joyce K. Mcintyre, Harvard Crimson, New York State of Mind: After Running Family Business, Amory Houghton Serves as Renegade U.S. Representative, June 5, 2000
* Jeffrey Smith, The Evening Tribune (Hornell, N.Y.), Wife of Former Congressman Amo Houghton Dies , July 10, 2012
Georges Prêtre

**Georges Prêtre** (; 14 August 1924 – 4 January 2017) was a French orchestral and opera conductor.

His Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, debut came in 1965, with first appearances at the Metropolitan Opera, New York City, and La Scala, Milan, also coming in the same decade. He worked with Maria Callas on a number of occasions, and made recordings of *Carmen* and *Tosca* with her.

Prêtre conducted the Vienna New Year's Concert twice, in 2008 and in 2010, the only French conductor to have been appointed for this role.

Prêtre died in his home in Navès (Tarn), near Castres on 4 January 2017, aged 92.

## References
Leo C. Zeferetti

**Leo C. Zeferetti** (July 15, 1927 &ndash; March 21, 2018) was an American politician. He served as a member of the Democratic Party.

Zeferetti served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from January 3, 1975 through January 3, 1983. 

Zeferetti was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at New York University in 1963, and Baruch College from 1964 until 1966. 

Zeferetti was a  member of the New York State Crime Control Planning Board from 1972 until 1974 and a representative to President’s Conference on Correction, 1971. 

In 1980, he was nearly defeated for reelection. In 1982, his district was eliminated in redistricting, and the bulk of its territory was merged with the Staten Island-based district of freshman Republican Guy Molinari, who defeated him in the general election that year.

Zeferetti died on March 21, 2018 in Davie, Florida at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fred Richmond

**Frederick William "Fred" Richmond** (November 15, 1923 &ndash; December 28, 2019) was an American politician and convicted criminal of Jewish descent. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from January 3, 1975 through January 3, 1982.

In April 1978, Richmond was arrested in Washington for soliciting sex from a 16-year-old boy. In 1982 Richmond was convicted on federal corruption charges, which included possession of marijuana and payment of an illegal gratuity to a Brooklyn Navy Yard employee. As part of a plea bargain he was forced to resign from office.

Richmond was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He studied at Boston University. 

With a personal fortune estimated at $32 million, Richmond was one of the wealthiest members of Congress.

Richmond died on December 28, 2019 at a nursing home in Manhattan from pneumonia, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Retrieved on 2009-05-19.
*"What's Really Wrong with Fred Richmond?", Jim Sleeper, *Village Voice, March 30, 1982.
*"The Rise and Fall of Fred Richmond", Pete Hamill and Denis Hamill, *New York Magazine'', November 22, 1982.
Richard Ottinger

**Richard Lawrence Ottinger** (January 27, 1929 &ndash; February 16, 2026) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 1965 through January 3, 1971. After leaving office, he served as a legal educator.

After retiring from Congress, Ottinger became a professor at the Elisabeth Haub School of Law, founding an environmental law program there, and served as the law school dean from 1994 to 1999. He was Dean Emeritus.

Ottinger was born in New York City. He studied at Harvard University, at Cornell University and at Georgetown University. He was married to June Ottinger. They had four children.

Ottinger was hospitalized on January 30, 2026 for a cerebral hemorrhage. He spent his final days in palliative care at his home in Mamaroneck, New York, until his death on February 16, 2026 at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
* OTTINGER profile in the *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*
Harris W. Fawell

**Harris William Fawell** (March 25, 1929 &ndash; November 11, 2021) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the Illinois Senate from 1963 to 1977, and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1968 and 1988. 

In 1976 Fawell ran unsuccessfully for the Illinois Supreme Court. In 1984, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Illinois' 13th district where he served until his retirement in 1999.

In 2008, Fawell endorsed his home state's junior United States Senator Barack Obama for President of the United States, against his party's nominee, Arizona senator John McCain.

Fawell died on November 11, 2021 in Naperville, Illinois from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Samuel L. Kountz

**Doctor Samuel Lee Kountz, Jr.** (October 30, 1930-December 23, 1981) was an American kidney transplant surgeon from Lexa, Arkansas. He was known for his work in the field of kidney transplants, and in research, discoveries, and inventions in Renal Science. In 1961, He performed the first successful Kidney transplant between humans who were not identical twins. He was also a member of a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, who developed  a device that can preserve kidneys for up to 50 hours from the time they are taken from a person's body. It is now used in hospitals and research labs around the world.

## Early life and career
Samuel Lee Kountz first became interested in medicine at the age of eight, when he went with an injured friend to a local hospital for emergency treatment. He says he was so moved by the way the doctors' helped his friend, that he decided from that moment to become a doctor. During his senior year of high school, Kountz had met Senator J. William Fulbright, who had once been president of the University of Arkansas. The senator was so impressed by Kountz's energy and enthusiasm, that he urged him to consider the medical school at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock. Kountz applied but was turned down. He spent the next two years finishing up his graduate work in chemistry at the university's Fayetteville campus. He did so well that he was awarded a full medical scholarship, and in 1954 became the first black student to be admitted to the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.Kountz completed a master's degree in chemistry in 1956; two years later he received his M.D. He spent the next year as an intern with the Stanford Service of San Francisco General Hospital. In 1959, he began his surgical training at the Stanford University School of Medicine. It was at Stanford that he studied in organ transplants, and decided to make transplant surgery his life's work. In 1976 Kountz  performed a kidney transplant on live television, The Today Show and inspired some 20,000 viewers to offer their kidneys to patients who needed them. In 1972 Kountz had been appointed Professor of Surgery and Chairman of the Department at the State University of New York's Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York. He also served as Surgeon-in-Chief of Kings County Hospital. The University of Arkansas awarded him the honorary Juris Doctor in 1973. Doctor Kountz also developed the largest kidney transplant research and training program in the country at the University of California, San Francisco.

## Illness and death
Doctor Kountz contracted a brain disease while on a speaking tour in South Africa that left him bedridden and unable to talk or care for himself. His illness was never diagnosed, and he died on December 23, 1981, at the age of 51. At the time of his death, he had personally performed some 500 kidney transplants, the most performed by any physician in the world at that time.

## References
Ogden R. Reid

**Ogden Rogers Reid** (June 24, 1925 &ndash; March 2, 2019) was an American politician. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from January 3, 1963 through January 3, 1975. Before, he served as the United States Ambassador to Israel from July 2, 1959 through January 19, 1961 during the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency.

Reid was born in New York City, New York. He graduated from Deerfield Academy and Yale University.

Reid was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1962. Reid was on the liberal fringe of the GOP and faced repeated challenges in primaries. On March 22, 1972, he switched parties and joined the Democratic Party. Reid said that he could not support Richard Nixon for re-election and the Republican Party had "moved to the right" and was "not showing the compassion and sensitivity to meet the problems of the average American." He turned back a Republican challenge later on in 1972.

Reid declined to seek re-election in 1974 and he ran for Governor of New York briefly, dropping out of the race before the election.

Reid died on March 2, 2019, at his home in Waccabuc, New York, at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
*U.S. State Department Archives (People)
Crisfield, Maryland

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**Crisfield** is a town in Somerset County, Maryland. It is on the Tangier Sound, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. According to the 2020 US census, 2,475 people lived there. Crisfield is the southernmost incorporated city in Maryland. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Arnold Clark

**Sir John Arnold Clark** (27 November 1927 – 10 April 2017) was a Scottish billionaire businessman. He was the chairman and chief executive of Arnold Clark Group. In April 2015, the company celebrated its 60th year in business. He was born in Glasgow. His estimated fortune in 2016 was £1.025 billion.

In the 2004 New Year Honours, Clark was knighted, for services to the motor industry, and for his community work in Scotland.

Clark died on 10 April 2017 from natural causes in his home in Glasgow at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*ArnoldClark.com
*Harry Fairbairn
*Racing yacht Drum
McKinney, Texas

**McKinney** is a city in Collin County, Texas. It is the county seat of Collin County. It is 37&nbsp;mi north of Dallas.

## Geography 
McKinney has a total area of 67.7 square miles.

## References
Kay Ivey

**Kay Ellen Ivey** (born October 15, 1944) is an American politician. She is the 54th and current  Governor of Alabama. She is a member of the Republican Party. 

Ivey served as the 38th Alabama State Treasurer from 2003 to 2011. She then became the 30th Lieutenant Governor of Alabama, serving from January 2011 until Robert J. Bentley's resignation on April 10, 2017 in the aftermath of a sex scandal. She beat Walter Maddox in the 2018 Alabama gubernatorial election to complete her full term. Ivey is the first woman to be Alabama's governor since Lurleen Wallace, who succeeded her husband George Wallace in 1967. 

Ivey was born an only child to Boadman Nettles Ivey and Barbara Ivey. The family had been in Alabama for many generations, as her ancestor Ann Johnson Nettles Riley was one of several slave owning Nettles in the state. 

In September 2019, Ivey was diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer. She was cancer-free in January 2020.

## References
## Other websites
*Alabama Lt.Gov.  *official government site*
*Alabama State Treasury *official government site*
*Kay Ivey for Lt. Governor  *official campaign site*
*Draft Kay Ivey for Alabama Governor 
*Biography  at the Alabama Department of Archives and History
Pat Saiki

**Patricia Fukuda "Pat" Saiki** (born May 28, 1930) is an American politician and former school teacher. She is from Hilo in the State of Hawai'i. 

Saiki served as a Republican in United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1991 and then as Administrator of the Small Business Administration under President of the United States George H. W. Bush.

In 1990, she ran and lost the Hawaii United States Senate race to Daniel Akaka. In 2008, she chaired the 2008 presidential campaign of Rudy Giuliani. 

Saiki was born in Hilo, Hawaii to Japanese parents. She studied at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. She married Stanley Mitsuo Saiki. They had five children. 

## Other websites
* *Honolulu Star-Bulletin*, November 10, 2002 interview. 
* Rise of the Wahine Documentary Film , directed by Dean Kaneshiro.
*
Larry Sharpe (wrestler)

**Larry Weil** (June 26, 1951 &ndash; April 10, 2017) was an American retired professional wrestler, manager and trainer. He was better known under his ring name, "Pretty Boy" **Larry Sharpe**. Sharpe was perhaps most well known for creating the Monster Factory professional wrestling school.  

Sharpe was born and grew up in Paulsboro, New Jersey. He was the original trainer of Kevin Von Erich, and many other well-known wrestlers. He himself was trained by Mr.Fuji, Gorilla Monsoon and by Nikolai Volkoff.

Sharpe died of liver disease on April 10, 2017 in Woodbury, New Jersey at the age of 65.

## References
## Other websites
*Larry Sharpe at Online World of Wrestling 
*Now It Can Be Told: Those Pro Wrestlers Are Just Having Fun by Peter Kerr
James Paul Johnson

**James Paul "Jim" Johnson** (June 2, 1930 – November 16, 2023) was an American politician and lawyer. He served as a Republican in the  United States House of Representatives representing Colorado's 4th congressional district from January 3, 1971 through January 3, 1981.

Johnson was born in Yankton, South Dakota. He earned his B.A. from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois in 1952 and later earned an LL.B. from the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado in 1959. 

Johnson served in the United States Marine Corps as a jet pilot in Korea from 1952 to 1956. He was named deputy district attorney for the Eighth Judicial District of Colorado from 1959 to 1966. He was the Municipal Judge for Ault, Colorado from 1962 to 1965, and assistant district attorney from 1964 to 1966. 

Johnson died in Ft. Collins on November 16, 2023 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
James H. Weaver

**James Howard "Jim" Weaver** (August 8, 1927 &ndash; October 6, 2020) was an American politician and environmentalist. He served as the Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon serving from January 3, 1975 through January 3, 1987.

Weaver was born in Brookings, South Dakota. He enlisted in the United States Navy at the age of seventeen and served in World War II on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific. Weaver moved to Oregon from Iowa, in 1947 to attend the University of Oregon.

Weaver died on October 6, 2020 in Eugene, Oregon at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mike McCormack

**Claude George Michael "Mike" McCormack** (December 14, 1921 &ndash; November 7, 2020) was an American politician. He served as U.S. Representative from the State of Washington's Fourth Congressional District from 1971 to 1981. He was a Democrat.

McCormack was born in Baltimore, Ohio. He studied at the University of Toledo and at Washington State University. 

In 1980, at age 59, in the midst of the "Reagan landslide", McCormack unsuccessfully sought a sixth term against Sid Morrison.

McCormack died in Medford, Oregon on November 7, 2020 at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Doris Johnson

**Doris J. Johnson** (born June 23, 1923) is an American former politician. She was born in the state of Washington.

Johnson served in the Washington House of Representatives as a Democrat from the 16th District, as well as the 8th District.

A school counselor, Johnson studied at Western Washington State College and earned a master's degree in education. She was raised in Bellingham, Washington. She married Harold Johnson and had a daughter. She lives in Kennewick, Washington.

## References
Dan Gurney

**Daniel Sexton Gurney** (April 13, 1931 &ndash; January 14, 2018) was an American racing driver, race car constructor, and team owner who reached racing's highest levels starting in 1958. 

## Early life
Gurney was born in Port Jefferson, New York, but moved to California as a teenager.

## Racing career
Gurney won races in the Formula One, Indy Car, NASCAR, Can-Am, and Trans-Am Series. Gurney is the first of three drivers to have won races in Sports Cars (1958), Formula One (1962), NASCAR (1963), and Indy Car (1967) (the other two being Mario Andretti and Juan Pablo Montoya).  

In 1967, after winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans together with A.J. Foyt, he spontaneously sprayed champagne while celebrating on the podium. Apart from starting this tradition, he also was the first to put a simple right-angle extension on the upper trailing edge of the rear wing. This device, called a Gurney flap, increases downforce and, if well designed, imposes only a relatively small increase in aerodynamic drag. 

At the 1968 German Grand Prix he became the first driver ever to use a full face helmet in Grand Prix racing.

## Death
Gurney died from complications of pneumonia in Newport Beach, California on January 14, 2018, at the age of 86. He was survived by his wife Evi and their four sons, Justin, Alex, Dan Jr. and Jimmy.

## References
## Other websites
* Dan Gurney's All-American Racers 
* Official Gurney-Weslake home page
* Dan Gurney at Le Mans
List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns

Martin Gardner wrote 288 consecutive "Mathematical Games" columns for the magazine *Scientific American*.  The first one was in January 1957. The last one was in December 1980.  After 1980 other people wrote some of the columns.  Gardner created 9 more columns during that time.  The last *Mathematical Games* column appeared in June 1986.  The list below shows all the 297 columns that Gardner wrote.

Sometimes *Scientific American* put pictures about the columns on the front cover of the magazine. There were twelve such covers. The list shows the word [cover] when there is a such a picture.  Click on the word [cover] to see the picture.

Gardner wrote 5 other articles for *Scientific American*. He wrote an article about flexagons in December 1956.  It was really the first article about mathematical games; but it was not called that. The series of *Mathematical Games* columns began the following month. These five articles are listed below.

## References
## Other websites
* *A Quarter Century of Recreational Mathematics*, by Martin Gardner preserved at the Internet Archive
* A subject index for the fifteen books of Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games columns
* The Top 10 Martin Gardner Scientific American Articles