open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eucalyptus regnans

***Eucalyptus regnans***, also called **Mountain Ash**, **Victorian Ash**, **Swamp Gum**, **Tasmanian Oak** or **Stringy Gum**, is a species of *Eucalyptus* from Victoria and Tasmania. It can grow to more than  and is the tallest flowering plant in the world.

## Description 
It is an evergreen tree, the tallest eucalyptus tree, growing 70–120&nbsp;m (230–400 feet) tall. It has a straight, grey trunk with smooth bark. The leaves are narrow, curved, and end in a point, like a sickle. They grow up to  long and  wide. They are green to grey-green with a red stalk. The flowers are in groups of 9-15 together, each flower about 1 cm (0.5&nbsp;in) diameter with a ring of many white stamens. The fruit is a hard nut, up to 9&nbsp;mm (0.5&nbsp;in) long and 7&nbsp;mm (0.4&nbsp;in) wide.

## Habitat 
Mountain Ash are found in cool, deep soiled, mountain areas to  above sea level, with high rainfall of over  each year. They grow very quickly, at more than a metre (3 feet) a year, and can reach  in 50 years. They live for an average life-span of 400 years. The fallen logs continue supporting a rich  of life for centuries more on the forest floor.

Unusually for a eucalypt, Mountain Ash does not regrow after fire. They grow only from seed which are released from their woody gumnuts by heat. The seedlings need a lot of light, much more than reaches the forest floor normally when there are mature trees blocking the sun. Severe fires can kill all the trees in a forest, which causes a massive release of seed to take advantage of the nutrients in the ash bed. Up to 2.5 million seedlings per  have been recorded after a major fire. Competition and natural thinning slowly reduces the number of mature trees to about 30 to 40 per hectare. Because it takes roughly 20 years for seedlings to reach become old enough to make seeds, repeated fires in the same area can cause local extinctions. If, however, there are no fires to release seeds, the trees die off after about 400 years and are replaced by other species.

## Tall trees 
*Eucalyptus regnans* is the tallest of all flowering plants, and possibly the tallest of all plants, although no living trees can make that claim. The tallest tree, named "Centurion", stands 99.6 metres tall in Tasmania. There are 16 living trees in Tasmania that have been measured taller than 90 metres.

## Uses 
*Eucalyptus regnans* is valued for its timber, and large areas of trees have been cut down. The main uses are building timber and woodchipping. It also used for newsprint in the 20th century. Most of the woodchips are sent to Japan. While the area of natural stands with large old trees is rapidly decreasing, large areas of new trees exist. It is increasingly grown in plantations where the long, straight, fast growing trunks are more valuable than the old growth timber.

The timber is rather rough (stringy) in texture. It is easy to work and the grain is straight with long, clear sections without knots. The wood works reasonably well for steam-bending. It is used for furniture, flooring, woodpanelling, veneer, plywood, window frames and general building.

## References
Bahía Lomas

, Tierra del Fuego.]]
**Bahía Lomas** is a protected wetland area in Chile. It was declared as a legal measure of protecting the site, which is expected to be nominated as a Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve under the RAMSAR Convention.

## References 
## Other websites
*Complete List Ramsar Wetlands
*Gallery 
*RAMSAR Chile
Internet Engineering Task Force

The **Internet Engineering Task Force**, or **IETF**, is the main organization that researches and promotes new Internet standards. It is an open volunteer organization.

A **Request for Comments**, or **RFC**, is a document from the IETF. These are divided into several categories: Informational, Historical, and Standard-track. Only Standard-track are Internet Standards.

## References
Iranian Arabs

The **Iranian Arabs** ( ;  ) are the citizens of Iran who are ethnically Arab and who speak Arabic as their native mother tongue. In 2008, their population stood at about 1.6 million people. They are primarily concentrated in the Khuzestan province.

## References
The Simpsons: Hit & Run

***The Simpsons: Hit & Run*** is an action-adventure video game based on the animated sitcom (comedy TV show) *The Simpsons*. It was  for the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Windows in the United States on September 16, 2003 and in Europe on October 31, 2003. The game was  or made by Radical Entertainment and  or was put out to be sold by Vivendi Universal. To make the game harder and more fun, the story and  were written by the writers of the TV show. The voices were  by the cast of *The Simpsons*.

The game follows the Simpson family and the people who live in Springfield, who see many strange things that happen in their town. When the Simpsons themselves decide to find out what is going on, they find out that aliens Kang and Kodos are filming a reality television series about the city. To make the show more interesting, the aliens  Buzz Cola, a soda that makes people go crazy, into Springfield's water supply. With help from Professor Frink, Homer is able to  destroy the aliens' spaceship, and Springfield and its people are returned to normal.

The game received mostly , or good reviews from video game critics. Praise was given mostly on how much the game is was like the show and its funny take on the *Grand Theft Auto III* video game. The game received the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards. More than three million copies of the game were sold as of June 2007.

## Gameplay
*Hit & Run* has seven levels, each with missions and a  plot. or use a phone booth to choose a car. The game's driving missions are also similar to those of *Grand Theft Auto 3*. In both games, the player races against other characters, gets items before a timer runs out, and wrecks other cars.

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
* 
*
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon

***Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon*** is the 4th Destroy All Humans! in the series first released December 1, 2008 in North America for the Xbox 360. The game is made by THQ's Sandblast Games studio for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

## Gameplay 
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon has around 30 story missions, 20 side quests, and multiplayer modes. As with previous games in the series, most story missions can be played in any order. Creative director Jon Knoles said that the side quests would have something to do with the story.

The player plays as Crypto, an alien. He can shoot humans, use the jet pack, and use Psychokinesis at the same time. There are now flying enemies, like helicopters and Nexo UFO's that can attack Crypto while he is in his UFO. Buildings can be destroyed and scarred in different ways when attacked with different weapons. The game has a new alert scheme with police, SWAT, military awareness, and Nexo alert. Electricity goes through power lines when damage is caused to them. The player can exit and enter some buildings during some missions.

## Reception 
The game was given 34/100 by the site Metacritic. 

## Sources
Burnout Paradise

***Burnout Paradise*** is the seventh video game of the Burnout series made by Criterion Games. It was released in January 2008 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on February 5, 2009 on Microsoft Windows. It was also released on the PlayStation Store in September 2008. It has an open world set in the fictional Paradise City.
The Wave 96.4 FM

**The Wave** is a British local radio station in South Wales. It is available on 96.4 FM, digital radio and on the Internet, in Swansea, Neath, Port Talbot and South Carmarthenshire. It plays a mix of popular music and news.
NASDAQ

**NASDAQ** is a stock exchange in New York City. It stands for **National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations**. About 3,800 companies trade on it. It is owned by a company called Nasdaq, Inc.

NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD).

In 2023 it bought the financial software company Adenza, for $10.5 billion.

NASDAQ is a financial services corporation.

## References
Hurricane Boris (1996)

**Hurricane Boris** was a deadly storm. It was the fourth cyclone of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It formed on June 27. During the night the depression became Tropical Storm Boris. Shortly after this, Boris rapidly became stronger. It became a hurricane. Just as an eye started to form, Boris made landfall in Mexico. It had the strongest winds of 85&nbsp;mph (140 kn/h). It quickly became weaker. It ended on July 1. Boris caused heavy flooding in southern Mexico. Ten deaths were reported. At that time, there were tropical storm warnings for Mexico. Nearby, three other people drowned and five fishermen went missing. Rain was heavy throughout the impacted region. The highest totals were in Guerrero. A total of 12.16&nbsp;inches was recorded in Coyuca de Benítez.  Those rains caused a flood of the San Jeronimo River, which left at least 5,000 people without a home. Tecpan was badly hit by the storm. It reported heavy damage.  This included many homes destroyed, at least one person was killed and the storm also flooded lobbies of hotels along the coast. In Acapulco a child was killed when a roof . A total of about 10,000 people were left homeless. At least 70 people were injured. Approximately 12 boats  offshore.
## Related pages
*1996 Pacific hurricane season

## References
Henryk Szeryng

**Henryk Bolesław Szeryng** (pronounce: SHERR-ing), (born Żelazowa Wola, Poland, 22 September 1918 – Kassel, 8 March 1988) was a Polish-born violinist who later became Mexican. He is thought to be one of the greatest violinists of his time.

## Early Years 
Szeryng was born in a very small village called Żelazowa Wola in Poland. The famous composer Chopin had also been born in this village. Henryk started to learn the piano from his mother when he was five. When he was seven he changed to the violin. His violin teacher was Maurice Frenkel who had been an assistant to the famous violin teacher Leopold Auer. Four years later he went to Berlin to study with Carl Flesch who was a wonderful teacher for him. Szerynk later said: “Everything I know about the violin I learned from him. After three years he went to Paris to have lessons with Jacques Thibaud at the Paris Conservatory. He got the first prize in 1937. He also studied composition in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, and continued studying with her until 1939.

## Career 
He gave his first solo performance on 6 January 1933 playing the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Szeryng spoke seven languages fluently, so when World War II broke out he became an official interpreter for the Polish government which was based in exile in London. He went with the prime minister to Mexico to find a home for refugees. During the war he gave more than 300 concerts for Allied troops all over the world. During one of these concerts in Mexico City he was given the job of being head of the string department of the university there.

In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of Mexico.

Szeryng spent several years teaching the violin. Then the pianist Artur Rubinstein told him he ought to perform again, so in 1954 he started to give concerts once more. He spent the rest of his life touring all over the world playing the violin. He made many recordings, and also played many works by Mexican composers, helping them to make their music better known. He became Mexico’s special advisor at UNESCO in Paris. He continued to spend some time teaching, especially in Mexico. He owned several wonderful violins, some of which he gave away.

He died in Kassel. 

## His playing 
Szeryng is remembered for the beautiful tone that he made. He had an amazing technique. He always played very precisely in tune, even “bending” notes slightly to make his intonation very expressive. He could get different qualities of sound by turning the bow slightly or by changing the speed of his vibrato. He was able to play with great emotion in a very individual way. 

## References 
*Legendary Violinists
Elasmotherium

***Elasmotherium*** is an extinct giant rhinoceros.

It lived from 2.6 million years ago (mya) to about 50,000 years ago. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. This giant lived and grazed on the Eurasian steppes (grasslands).

## Description 
*Elasmotherium* was a heavily-built quadruped that walked on four hoofed legs.  Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse-like gait.

It probably had a large horn on its forehead, but fossils of the horn have not been found. The teeth were tall-crowned and were covered with cement and wrinkled enamel. Its mouth at the front was a beak; there are no teeth in front of the molars.

### Morphology
The specimens of *E. sibiricum* are up to  in body length with shoulder heights over . *E. caucasicum* was at least  in body length with an estimated mass of . This is based on isolated molars which are larger than those of the Siberian species. 

Both species were among the largest in the family Rhinocerotidae, comparable in size to the woolly mammoth and larger than the woolly rhinoceros. The feet were unguligrade, the front larger than the rear, with 4 digits at the front and 3 at the rear.

## References
Elin Nordegren

**Elin Maria Pernilla Nordegren Woods** (born January 1, 1980) was a Swedish model and former wife of Tiger Woods. Nordegren and Woods divorced in 2010.

## References
Brandy

**Brandy** is a type of alcoholic beverage. It has about 36%-60% alcohol (60-120 proof). It is from a distillation of fermented fruit juices or fruit mash. The color is amber/brown. It has a sweet flavor. It is normally an after dinner drink.

## Labelling of grades 
Brandy has a traditional age grading system, although its use is unregulated outside of Cognac and Armagnac. These indicators can usually be found on the label near the brand name:

* **V.S.** ("very special") or ✯✯✯ (three stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been stored for at least two years in a cask.
* **V.S.O.P.** ("very superior old pale"), **Reserve** or ✯✯✯✯✯ (five stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least four years in a cask.
* **XO** ("extra old") or **Napoléon** designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least six years.
* '''Hors d'âge''' ("beyond age") is a designation which is formally equal to XO for Cognac, but for Armagnac designates brandy that is at least ten years old. In practice the term is used by producers to market a high-quality product beyond the official age scale.

## References 
## Related pages
*Regency (brandy)
Concentric zone model

The **Concentric zone model**, or **Burgess model** is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929. Burgess looked at the growth of Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people moved to Chicago at that time. 

The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess saw different zones, starting at the center:
#The *Central Business District* - the center of the city
#A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
#Low-class residential homes; these were later called *inner suburbs* - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
#Higher-class residential zone; later called *outer suburbs*. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
#Commuter zone

Burgess saw that richer people tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew, the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.

The model also has some problems, for example:
*It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.
*Commuter villages cannot be explained with the model; they are far from the city, but often have cheap housing.

## Related pages 
* Grid plan
* Sector model
* Multiple nuclei model
* Linear city model
Packet (computing)

In Information technology, a packet is a collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with each other, usually as part of a network. Some computers and networks do not use packets to communicate. But most currently do, including nearly all computers on the Internet. Packets allow many computers on a network to communicate more quickly and easily.

## Structure 
A packet consists of two kinds of data: packet information and packet *data* (or *payload*). If you think of a packet like a letter in the mail, the *control information* is like the outside of the envelope. There's an address that says where to send the letter, and a stamp that says how to send it (fast or slow). Similarly, the computer uses the *control information* in the packet to decide where, and how, to send the data. People aren't usually interested in the control information.

The *user data* is like the inside of the envelope. It is the actual information the computer is trying to send. This might be any kind of digital data, such as words, pictures, music, or computer programs. It's generally for people or computers to use, but not for the packet system to use. 

Different communication protocols put the control information and user information in different places, or make it look different. But they still do the same thing.

## Problems 
Sometimes the computers make mistakes while transmitting data, or have trouble "hearing" each other. So many packets use a checksum or cyclic redundancy check to make sure they have the right information. This is usually one component of the control information. This helps to make sure the packets themselves have the right information. But then computers also need to get the right packets.

Designing computer networks can be difficult. Even though today's computers are very advanced, sometimes information doesn't arrive where it's supposed to. Sometimes computers try to fix this and end up sending it twice. And sometimes the information doesn't arrive in the right order. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, was invented to fix these problems. But since it is complex, some computers use the User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, instead.
Quartet

Generally speaking, a quartet is a group of four. In music, a **quartet** is a group of four people playing or singing four different parts to make a piece of music, such as a string quartet or a barbershop quartet.

## References
Barbican tube station

**Barbican** is a London Underground station serving the Barbican Centre in the City of London, England.  It is on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. It is between Farringdon and Moorgate.  

It is in Travelcard Zone 1. First Capital Connect trains used to stop at this station on their way to Moorgate station, but this stopped in March 2009. The outbound service towards Kings Cross calling here was abandoned many years before. Trains run between Baker Street tube station and Liverpool Street station. 

## Service patterns
## Gallery 

File:barbican.tube.onthecircle.london.arp.jpg|Barbican station, with a Circle Line train
File:Barbican-tube-from-road-bri.jpg|Barbican station from the west. Inset: former roof support

## References 
## Other websites 
* Babican tube station on "All in London"
* Map of the Tube
Packet

**Packet** may refer to:
* Packet (information technology), a formatted block of data carried by a packet mode computer network
* Packet radio, a form of amateur radio data communications using the AX25 protocol
* Packet (sea transport), a packet service is a regular scheduled service, carrying valuable freight and first class passengers
* C-82 Packet, a U.S. military transport aircraft
*Packet Newspapers - newspapers with the title including the word "Packet", after a place-name.
* A small parcel e.g. Cigarette packet, Sugar packet

## Related pages
* Package
Barkingside tube station

**Barkingside tube station** is a London Underground station on the Central Line. It has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007. It is on the eastern edge of Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge, at the end of a cul-de-sac called Station Road. The station is above ground and has two platforms - northbound and southbound.  The station is located at .

## Gallery

File:Barkingside_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_87642.jpg|Looking south from Station Road
File:Barkingside_stn_north.JPG|Looking north ('eastbound')
File:Barkingside_stn_south.JPG|Looking south ('westbound')
File:Barkingside_roundel.JPG|Roundel on 'eastbound' platform

## References
## Other websites
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
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Bank and Monument stations

**Bank** and **Monument** are interlinked stations, officially a station known operationally as the Bank-Monument complex. However, the separate names are used on station entrances, all platforms and the tube map. The station spans the length of King William Street in the City of London, turns along the loop of Mansion House and Cannon Street stations. Together, they form the eighth busiest station on the London Underground network, being served by five London Underground lines and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). 

## Sources 
The two stations of the combined station take their names from nearby Bank of England on the fringe of Monument tube station and the Monument to the Great Fire of London close to the Thames bridge, London Bridge. The two stations are is in Travelcard Zone 1.

## Bus connections 
London Buses routes  8, 11, 21, 23, 25, 26, 40, 43, 76, 133, 141, 242 and 388 and night bus routes N8, N11, N21, N26, N76, N133, N550 and N551 serve the station.

## Gallery 

Image:Monument station look clockwise.JPG|Circle & District Line platforms at Monument looking west
Image:Bank station Northern northbound look south.jpg|Northbound Northern Line platform at Bank 
Image:bank.tube.station.arp.750pix.jpg|Docklands Light Railway platform at Bank 
Image:Bank station Central roundel.JPG|Roundel on Bank Central line eastbound platform

## Related pages 
* List of London Underground stations

## References 
## Other websites 
* A diagram of the Bank/Monument station complex 
* Another diagram (in colour) 
* Bank Station  from the Open Guide to London
* History of Bank station, including a picture just after the 1941 bomb 
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
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* More photographs of Bank station
Bayswater tube station

**Bayswater** is a London Underground station. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. It is on the Circle and District lines.  It is between Notting Hill Gate and Paddington.

## Gallery 

Image:Bayswater_Interior1.jpg|Bayswater Interior 
Image:Bayswater_Interior2.jpg|Bayswater Interior 2
Image:Bayswater_Interior3.jpg|Bayswater Interior 3
Image:Bayswater_Interior4.jpg|Bayswater Interior 4
Image:Bayswater_Interior5.jpg|Bayswater Interior 5

## References
Ivana Trump

**Ivana Trump ** (born **Ivana Marie Zelníčková**; (); February 20, 1949 &ndash; July 14, 2022) was a Czech-American businesswoman  and model. She was best known for her marriage to Donald Trump, which ended in divorce. They had three children together, Donald Trump Jr, Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump.

In 2010, she was a contestant in the British version of *Celebrity Big Brother*.

## Death 
Trump died on July 14, 2022 in her Manhattan, New York City home at the age of 73. The next day, it was revealed that Trump died of "blunt impact injuries to the torso" after falling on her staircase.

She was buried at the Trump National Golf Club Bedminster in Bedminster, New Jersey.

## References
Tibetan Muslims

The **Tibetan Muslims**, also known as the **Kachee** (**Kache**) in Tibet, are Tibetans who follow the religion of Islam. They are a minority in Tibet. The Tibetan word **Kachee** literally means **Kashmir** and Kashmir was known as **Kachee Yul** (Yul = Country) to the Tibetans. Islam in Tibet came through Kashmir.

Despite being in small number, Tibetan Muslims live throughout Tibet. Many of them can be found in Lhasa and Shigatse. Some also live outside the Tibet Autonomous Region. Ethnic groups such as the Baltipa and Purigpa are Tibetans too, and are known as Tibetan Muslims as well. These other groups, however, are mainly found in the Baltiyul, and Ladakh areas of Pakistan/India.

Extensive trade with Kashmir, Ladakh, and Baltistan also brought Muslims to Tibet especially after the adoption or growing presence of Islam in these regions starting from the fourteenth century. The ongoing growth of Muslims continued as an effect of the Tibetan-Ladakhi treaty of 1684 in which the Tibetan government allowed trade missions from Ladakh to enter Lhasa every three years. Many Kashmiri and Ladakhi Muslims joined these missions with some settling in Tibet.

During the reign of the Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682), a permanent Muslim community settled down in Tibet. They were permitted to elect their own council of representatives, settle their group's legal disputes with Islamic law, and some land was donated to them for the construction of a mosque close to Lhasa. The community soon adopted aspects of Tibetan culture like dress, diet, and the Tibetan language.

## Gallery 

File:Diva of Hope - Nasr Rahman.jpg|link=|An old Balti Tibetan woman praying in a mosque in Khaplu, Pakistan
File:Dalai Lama with Tibetan Muslims.jpg|link=|Dalai Lama with Tibetan Muslims.
File:A new Muslim Mosque in Lhasa.jpg|link=|A Tibetan mosque in Lhasa.
File:Muslim family of Amdo with Tibetan-style hats.jpg|link=|Amdo Tibetan Muslims photographed in Tibet, China
File:Songpan.mosquee.jpg|link=|Songpan Mosque in Tibet, China.
File:Large balcony Chaqchan Mosque, Khaplu.jpg|link=|Balcony of the 700 years old Chaqchan Gonma (Mosque) in Khaplu, Baltistan.
File:The wooden basket making in North Pakistan Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan.jpg|link=|An old Balti Tibetan man in Khaplu making traditional wooden basket.
File:Lhasa mosque2.jpg|link=|One of the biggest mosques in Tibet, the Lhasa Mosque.

## Related pages 
* Islam in China
* Balti people, Muslims of Tibetan ancestry that live in Baltistan, Pakistan
* Purigpa, Muslims of Tibetan ancestry that live in Ladakh, Upper Indus Valley

## References
Beckton DLR station

**Beckton DLR station** is the eastern terminus of the Beckton branch of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in east London. The DLR branch from Poplar was opened on 28 March 1994.

## Gallery

Image:Beckton stn London bound.JPG|Looking east (actually towards London, due to loop)
Image:Beckton stn buffers.JPG|Looking west towards buffers
Image:Beckton stn signage.JPG|Signage on platform
Image:Beckton._-_geograph.org.uk_-_105123.jpg|Train calling at platform 1, not normally used off-peak (date: Nov. 2006 - note older all-white signage)

## Other websites
*Docklands Light Railway website - Beckton station page
Becontree tube station

**Becontree Station** is a London Underground station on the District Line, in Becontree. The station is in Zone 5.

## References
Balham station

**Balham station** is the name given to the London Underground and the National Rail stations in the Balham area of south London, England.  The station is on the A24 Balham High Road in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## References 
## Other websites 
* London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
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## Gallery 

Image:Balham station entrance north side.JPG|Tube station entrance, west side
image:Balham station Northern line roundel.JPG|Roundel on northbound Northern line platform
image:Balham station Northern line northbound look north.JPG|Northbound Northern line platform looking north
Barking station

**Barking station** is an interchange station served by National Rail, London Underground and London Overground services. It is in Barking in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in East London. The station is in Zone 4 and is managed by c2c.

## Gallery 

Image:Barking station 1.jpg|Station Building
Image:Barking station 2.jpg|Eastbound District line platforms 1a (right) and 2 (left) looking west
Image:Barking station 3.jpg|Main line platforms 4 and 5 looking east
Image:Barking station 4.jpg|Station signage

## References 
## Other websites 
* Station information from Transport for London
* Station information from National Rail
* Station information from c2c (broken link)
Soapy Smith

**Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith II** (November 2, 1860 - July 8, 1898) was an American confidence trickster and gangster. He was a major figure in organized crime in Colorado and Skagway, Alaska.

He was born in Coweta County, Georgia. He was killed in a shootout in Skagway when he was 37.

## References
Errors and residuals in statistics

**Statistical errors** and **residuals** occur because measurement is never exact.

It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown. 

If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.

Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75&nbsp;m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80&nbsp;m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05&nbsp;m (5&nbsp;cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5&nbsp;cm.

A **residual** (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable *estimate* of the unobservable statistical error.  The simplest case involves a random sample of *n* men whose heights are measured.  The *sample* mean is used as an estimate of the *population* mean.  Then we have:

*The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable *population* mean is a *statistical error*, and
*The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable *sample* mean is a *residual*.

The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore *not independent*. The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.

In sum:
*Residuals are observable; statistical errors are not.
*Statistical errors are often independent of each other; residuals are not (at least in the simple situation described above, and in most others).

## Related pages
* Standard error
Injection

An **injection**, also known as a shot, is putting liquid into the body, usually with a needle and a syringe. There are many different kinds of injections, such as:
* Intradermal (just under the top layer of the skin)
* Subcutaneous (into the fat layer under the skin)
* Intramuscular (into a muscle)
* Intravenous (into a vein) 
* Intraosseous (into a bone)
* Intraperitoneal (into the abdominal cavity)

Injections can be used to prevent illness or to give medicine. When in an emergency an intravenous injection can not be done, it can be put into a bone. This is done after drilling into the bone and it is very painful.

## Vaccines  
Injections that prevent illness put a dead or weakened version of the virus they want to prevent into the body. The body then 'remembers' the virus to make future encounters of the virus easier to manage.
Western Desert cultural bloc

The **Western Desert cultural bloc** or just **Western Desert** is a cultural region in Australia covering about 600,000 square kilometres, including the Gibson Desert, the Great Victoria Desert, the Great Sandy Desert and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. The Western Desert can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the north, and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory.

This term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Indigenous Australian groups that live there, who speak dialects of one language, often called the Western Desert language.
Barons Court tube station

**Barons Court** is a London Underground station on the District and Piccadilly lines. It is in West Kensington, Greater London. The station is located on Gliddon Road, a short distance from Talgarth Road (A4) in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. Barons Court station is between West Kensington and Hammersmith on the District Line, and between Earl's Court and Hammersmith on the Piccadilly Line. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

## Related pages
*List of London Underground stations

## References 
## Other websites
* London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
**  In the distance can be seen the Great Ferris wheel at Earl's Court exhibition ground.
** 
** 
**
The Lonely Island

**The Lonely Island** is an American comedy trio including Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, and Akiva Schaffer. They are from Berkeley, California, but are now based in New York City. They work for *Saturday Night Live*. They are known for songs such as "I'm On A Boat", "Like a Boss", "Jizz in My Pants", "Dick in a Box", and "Lazy Sunday". They have three albums called *Incredibad*, *Turtleneck and Chain and The Wack Album.*

## Background 
The three members of the Lonely Island (Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, and Jorma Taccone) all grew up in Berkeley, California, and met in junior high school. The three friends moved to Los Angeles and rented an apartment, which they called the Lonely Island.

## *Saturday Night Live* 
With increasing recognition, the trio was invited to write parts of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards, which Jimmy Fallon was hosting. Impressed with their material, he brought them to the attention of Lorne Michaels, the producer of *Saturday Night Live*, who agreed to see them.  

Samberg auditioned for the show. He was the only member of TLI who had also been doing stand-up comedy in his free time He was called back for a second audition a few weeks later and was invited to be a cast member; Schaffer and Taccone were invited to join the writing staff based on their work in the trio. Since their arrival on *SNL*, the group has written some of the most popular bits in recent *SNL* history, most notably, the *SNL* Digital Shorts. 
   
### MacGruber 
The group also made the skit "MacGruber", in which Will Forte plays a MacGyver parody as the main character. In every episode, MacGruber is trapped with his helpers, played by Kristen Wiig (originally Maya Rudolph) and a third person, usually the episode's host and occasionally Richard Dean Anderson as MacGyver, in a room with a bomb that is about to explode.  

MacGruber starts asking for simple objects to make something to stop the bomb, but he is later distracted by something (usually involving his personal life) that makes him run out of time. Every skit ends with the bomb and place where they are in exploding. All of the skits are directed by Taccone (except for 2 episodes which were directed by writer John Solomon). 

## *Incredibad* 
The Lonely Island released their first album, *Incredibad*, on February 10, 2009, on Universal Republic Records. Many of the songs on the album debuted on *Saturday Night Live* as SNL Digital Shorts. The album also includes a DVD featuring some of the digital shorts. 

Collaborators on the album include T-Pain, Norah Jones, Jack Black, E-40, Julian Casablancas of The Strokes, Sly & Robbie, DJ Nu-Mark, J-Zone, Natalie Portman, Chris Parnell, and Justin Timberlake. 

## Other websites 
*Official Website
Sistan and Baluchestan province

**Sistān o Balūchestān**  is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country. It has borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan. Its capital is Zahedan. 

The province is the largest in Iran, with an area of 181,785 km² and a population of 2.4 million. The counties of the province are Iran Shahr, Chabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan, Saravan, and Nik Shahr.

The region is also home to Iran's Baloch Sunni minority.

## References
## Other websites
Valve Corporation

**Valve Corporation** is an American video game developer and digital distributor company in Bellevue, Washington. It was started in 1996 by Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington, two Microsoft employees in the past. The company is widely known for Steam and the *Half-Life series.* Also, the company develops the SteamOS, which their all-in-one handheld hardware, called Steam Deck, uses.

## Games developed 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Valve Software - Official Website
* Steam - Official Website
Methadone

**Methadone** is a synthetic opioid. It is used as an analgesic and in opioid withdrawal therapy. It has the benefit over other drugs that can help with coming off of opioids in that the user can go straight to methadone at a low dose and have it raised to a level where it works for them. 

Besides relieving pain, it is also used to treat addiction to opioid narcotics, and some illegal drugs like heroin or codeine mostly. Methadone can lead to adverse effects like memory loss, shortness of breath, throat pains, stomach aches, and anxiety attacks. The benefit of using methadone for pain however is how well most people tolerate it and its low potential for abuse or addiction over other opioids.

The main drawbacks of using methadone are the social stigma attached, the location of methadone clinics and the opportunities to sell the methadone to other addicts in order to pay for the drug they are addicted to. However, unlike for example with subutex, the person taking methadone does not have to stop taking opioids for a few days before they are able to get treatment, though with those drugs they may still have to come clean off methadone (which may be a lot easier for them). 

In using methadone to come off of opioids, the dose starts low and is titrated up to a dose that works over the course of some weeks to a month (sometimes up to 3 months). From there, the user might stay on methadone for 5 to 10 years until they finally start to lower the dose and stop taking opioids altogether, though some people stay on it for life.  

## References
Paul Williams (songwriter)

**Paul Hamilton Williams** (born September 19, 1940 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American musician, songwriter and actor.

As a boy, Williams auditioned for a role in a television series, *Circus Boy*, which went to another boy, young Micky Dolenz. Ten years later, Williams auditioned for *The Monkees*, and was again beaten out for a role by Dolenz. There were no hard feelings between the two, and the Monkees later recorded "Someday Man", which Williams cowrote with Roger Nichols.

Williams's songs include hits for Three Dog Night ("An Old Fashioned Love Song", "Family of Man", "Out in the Country"), Helen Reddy ("You and Me Against the World"), and the Carpenters ("Rainy Days and Mondays," "I Won't Last a Day Without You," and "We've Only Just Begun"). He wrote many songs with Kenneth Ascher, including "The Rainbow Connection", featured in *The Muppet Movie*.

His acting credits include roles in *Battle for the Planet of the Apes*, *Phantom of the Paradise* (a retelling of *Phantom of the Opera*; Williams also wrote the music), Little Enos Burdette in *Smokey and the Bandit*, and Miguelito Loveless Jr. in *The Wild Wild West Revisited*.

He is also known for voicing The Penguin in *Batman: The Animated Series*.

In 2013, Paul Williams was revealed to be working with French electronic duo Daft Punk on their album *Random Access Memories* singing the song "Touch" and co-wrote "Beyond".  

## Other websites
*
Capsaicin

of capsaicin]]
) where it is found]]

**Capsaicin** is a chemical substance. It is responsible for the sense of *spiciness* or *hotness* found in chili peppers. In mammals, it causes a sensation of *burning* of the tissues it comes in contact with. Capsaicin, and other similar substances called **capsaicinoids** are produced by chili peppers and other plants, probably as a protection against being eaten. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.

Capsaicinoids are added to food to make it have a *hot* taste, but it can also be used as an analgesic, a painkiller. Such painkillers are often directly used on the skin. The *burning* of the capsaicin will mask the real pain. Capsaicin is also the main agent in pepper spray. 

Capsaicin is not soluble in water; it binds to oil and fat. Soap can be used to wash it off. If something too hot has been eaten, milk or yoghurt can be used.

## References
West Ham station

**West Ham station** is a London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and  National Rail station. It is both on the District Line, Hammersmith & City Line, Jubilee Line and is served by c2c train services. Until 9 December 2006, it is also served by Silverlink services (now the London Overground) and is in Travelcard Zone 3, and is managed by London Underground. All open platforms have step-free access to the street towards both lifts on both lines and each other.

## References
## Other websites
Beckton Park DLR station

**Beckton Park DLR station** is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The station is located by the north quay (wharf) near Royal Albert Dock (though no foot access is possible). The station is opposite Beckton District South Park, which is open space leading to housing in South Beckton.

## Gallery

Image:Beckton Park stn eastbound.JPG|Looking east towards Beckton.
Image:Beckton Park stn westbound.JPG|Looking west towards London.
Image:Beckton Park stn signage.JPG|The Signage on westbound platform

## References
## Other websites 
* Docklands Light Railway website – Beckton Park station page
Balochistan (region)

is shown in pink and is known as Balochistan]]
**Balochistan** or **Baluchistan** is an arid region on the Iranian plateau. The plateau is in Southwest Asia and South-central Asia, between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. The area is named after the Baloch people who inhabit the region. The native languages are Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, Sindhi, Hazaragi and Persian are spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran.

## Topography 
Baluchistan's landscape is made of barren, rugged mountains and fertile land. During the summer, some regions of Baluchistan are the hottest. Most of the land is barren, particularly the Iranian and Afghan side of the region. Relatively few people live there. In the south (Makran) is the desert through which Alexander the Great passed with great difficulty.

## Other websites
*Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan  is an old map, written in English, from 1897 of Baluchistan and two other areas.
*Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc.  is another old map, published by the Methodist church, in 1893
Wimbledon station

**Wimbledon station** is a National Rail, London Underground, and Tramlink station in Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton. It is the only London station that provides an interchange between rail, Underground, and Tramlink services. The station serves as a junction for services from the London Underground's District line and National Rail operators (South West Trains and First Capital Connect), as well as Tramlink route 3, and some early morning services on the First Capital Connect route are provided by Southern. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Services 
The typical off-peak service frequency is:
*South West Trains
** 16tph (trains per hour) to Waterloo
** 4tph to Guildford, of which
*** 2tph via Cobham
*** 2tph via Epsom
** 2tph to Chessington South
** 2tph to Dorking
** 2tph to Hampton Court
** 2tph to Shepperton
** 2tph to Woking
** 2tph to Waterloo via Kingston & Richmond
*First Capital Connect
** 2tph to Luton
** 2tph to Sutton
*London Underground
** 6tph to Upminster via Tower Hill
** 6tph to Edgware Road via High Street Kensington
*Tramlink
** 8tph to New Addington

## Gallery 

Image:Wimbledon_station_03.jpg|A South West Trains service leaving from platform 6.
Image:Wimbledon_station_02.jpg|London Underground District Line trains in platforms 2, 3 and 4, the southern terminus
Image:Wimbledon_station_01.jpg|London Underground District Line train in platform 4, the southern terminus

## Related pages 
* Wimbledon Traincare depot – a little to the north of the station, on the west side of the main line tracks.

## References 
## Bibliography 
*
*

## Other websites 
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** . This entrance has been rebuilt as part of the Centre Court shopping centre development.
* Pictures of both entrances to station
Waterloo & City line

The **Waterloo & City line**, also nicknamed **The Drain**, is a short underground railway line in London. It was opened on 11 July 1898. It has two stations, Waterloo and Bank.

## References
Traffic congestion

**Traffic congestion** is when vehicles travel slower because there is too much traffic on roads. This makes trip times longer, and increases queueing. This is also known as a **traffic jam**.  Congestion may result from a decrease in capacity, for example accidents on the road or roads being closed.  Bad road layouts can also restrict capacity.  Increased traffic, for example by many cars leaving a sports stadium at the same time, can also cause congestion. 

Where congestion is common, for example because of commuting in big cities, several methods are used to relieve it. Cars may be banned in certain districts or certain times, or made to carry passengers or pay a fee, or people may use public transport, such as rapid transit, which travel independently of car traffic and are not affected by traffic jams.
British Transport Commission

The **British Transport Commission** (BTC) was created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. It was a part of its nationalisation programme. Its objective was to provide *an efficient, adequate, economical and properly integrated system of public inland transport and port facilities within Great Britain for passengers and goods*, excluding transport by air. The BTC came into operation on 1 January 1948. Its first chairman was Lord Hurcomb. Miles Beevor was the Chief Secretary.
Victoria line (disambiguation)

**Victoria Line** is the name of many things. They are often associated with Queen Victoria:

## Military 
* The Victoria Lines are a series of defensive towers and walls in Malta.

## Transport 
### Bus 
* Victoria Line, the name previously given to two bus routes passing Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

### Rail 
#### Metro
* Victoria Line, one of several Underground lines in London (United Kingdom)
Victoria, London

in the Victoria area]]
**Victoria** is an informal area of inner city London. It is in the City of Westminster. It is named after Queen Victoria.
Walthamstow

**Walthamstow** is an area in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, North East London, England. It is  northeast of Charing Cross.
Congestion

**Congestion** may refer to:

* Network congestion, an occurrence in data networking
* Traffic congestion, an occurrence on roadways
* Nasal congestion, the blockage of nasal passages due to swollen membranes