open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pathological (mathematics)

is a pathological object in topology. It is a counterexample to the Jorden-Schoenflies theorem for three-dimensional objects.]]

In mathematics, a mathematical object is called **pathological** if it breaks a rule that seems to be intuitively true, but is actually false. Normally, the term is used for objects specifically made to do this by mathematicians, and not simply any counterexample to an assumption.

The existence of a pathological object is a form of constructive proof by contradiction that shows a proposed rule does not apply to every case. The rules that are broken by pathological examples are usually called **naive**. Examples that obey naive rules are called **well-behaved**.

The term "pathological" is not formally defined, because it depends on the specific naive assumptions. Objects are only pathological in the context of a particular theory, and many pathological objects lead to the development of theories where they are well-behaved. Often, the "pathological" case is a generic property of the larger class of objects, with well-behaved objects being scarce: in this sense, being well-behaved is itself pathological.

## Examples 
* Many paradoxes of naive set theory involve constructing pathological sets, as in Russell's paradox and Cantor's paradox.
* The Weierstrass function is everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable.
* The Cantor function is uniformly continuous but not absolutely continuous.
* Gabriel's horn is a solid with finite volume but infinite surface area.

## Sources
The Queen Is Dead

***The Queen Is Dead*** is the third album by the English rock band the Smiths, released on 16 June 1986 by Rough Trade Records. It came after their successful second album, *Meat Is Murder*, and reached number two on the UK Albums Chart. It also reached number 70 on the Billboard 200 in the United States.

## References
Elmshorn

**Elmshorn** is a town in Pinneberg in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. It is 30&nbsp;km north of Hamburg on the small river Krückau, a tributary of the Elbe. About 50,000 people live there, which makes it the sixth-largest town in Schleswig-Holstein by population. Mathematician Hermann Weyl was born here.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Krückau

The **Krückau** is a river in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany. It flows into the river Elbe near Seestermühe. It is about 40&nbsp;km long.
Pinneberg

**Pinneberg** is a town in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany. It is the capital of Pinneberg, a district (*Kreis*) in Schleswig-Holstein. About 44,000 people live there.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
PC Gamer

***PC Gamer*** is a British-American video game magazine and website founded in the United Kingdom in 1993. PC Gamer talks about Computer Games and published monthly by Future plc. The magazine has multiple editions, with the UK and US editions being the best selling Computer Games magazines in their countries. The magazine features news and developments in the video game industry, previews of new games, and reviews of the newer and popular PC games, along with other features relating to hardware for PC's, mods, and "classic" games and multiple other topics. *PC Gamer* and parent Future began digital *PC Gaming Show* at E3 2015.

## References 

## Other websites 
* Official website
*  on the Internet Archive
* Archived *PC Gamer* US issues at Video Game History Foundation
Self-insertion

's painting of the *Adoration of the Magi* has an inserted self-portrait to the far right: the position in the corner and looking out at the viewer are very classical of such self-portraits.]]
**Self-insertion** is a literary phenomenon in which a fictional character, that represents the true author of a work of fiction, appears as a version of themselves as a character within that fiction, openly or hiddenly. 

In art, it's similar to a self-portrait, where the artist includes himself in a painting of a narrative subject. This has been a common artifice since at least the Renaissance.

## References
Somuncurá Provincial Reserve

**Somuncurá Provincial Reserve** or **Meseta de Somuncura Provicial Natural Protected Area** (*Area Natural Protegida Provincial Meseta de Somuncurá*) is a protected place in Argentina. Plants and animals live there. People are not allowed to do whatever they want here, for example build a city. However, some people still raise animals and look for oil.

## Ground
This park is on a high place shaped like a table in Río Negro Province and Chubut.  It has volcanoes, a flat volcano plain, and giant steps made out of natural basalt rock.  There are many lagoon lakes with underwater plants in them.  Three streams go through the park: La Ventana, Los Berros, and El Verde. The Velcheta stream flows into the bigger Rio Negro.

## Importance
This place is important because all of the *Pleurodema somuncurense* amphibians and most of the *Atelognathus reverberii* frogs that are still alive live here and because it has many places where scientists can find old things from Argentina's indigenous people.

## Animals
This place has endangered frogs in it. The flamingo *Phoenicopterus chilensis* also lives here. Scientists think other birds, for example the Patagonian tinamou *Tinamotis ingoufi* might live here too.

## References
Nora Ariffin

**Nora Ariffin** or **Nora J**, real name Wan Norafizah Ariffin  (born 26 July 1973  in Kota Bharu ) is a Malaysian singer.

In 1991 she won the Bintang HMI competition.   She made her debut in 1994 with an album titled *Sandiwara.*   Her song "Di Persimpangan Dilema" (composed by Adnan Abu Hassan) became a local hit, and has been recorded and popularized by various artists over the years. The song also gained popularity in neighboring Indonesia, where it was covered by singers Krisdayanti and Terry Shahab. 

In 2001, she received an AIM (Anugerah Industri Muzik) award for the album *Kirana* (in the category of best pop album).  

Her husband was the composer Johan Nawawi (d. 2017).  

## References
Enūma Eliš

Enūma Eliš (also spelled "Enuma Elish") is a Babylonian creation myth from the late 2nd millennium BCE and the only complete account of ancient near eastern cosmology that remains. The name refers to the incipit "When on High". A lacunose version was first recovered by English archaeologist Austen Henry Layard in 1849 in the ruined Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (near present day Mosul, Iraq). The story is recorded in Akkadian on seven clay tablets, in Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform script. It tells the creation of the world, a battle between gods focused on the offering to Marduk (replaced by Ashur in late Assyrian versions), anthropogeny, and it ends with a long passage praising Marduk.

## References
Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

**Li Fan** (李藩) (754 – November 20, 811*Old Book of Tang*, (vol. 14.), courtesy name **Shuhan** (叔翰), was an official (a government worker). of the Chinese dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.

## References 
* *Old Book of Tang*, vol. 148.
* *New Book of Tang*, vol. 169.
* *Zizhi Tongjian*, vols. 235, 237, 238.
Incipit

An incipit (/ˈɪnsɪpɪt/ IN-sip-it) (Latin for "it begins") is the first few words of a piece of text, employed as an identifying label in lieu of a title. Examples of this are the Akkadian *Enūma Eliš* (meaning "When on High") or the Latin *Agnus Dei* (meaning "Lamb of God"). The practice of referring to texts by their initial words can be found in various parts of the world and remains commonplace today. In a musical composition, an incipit is an initial sequence of notes, having the same purpose. Its counterpart taken from the ending of the text or musical composition is the explicit.

## References
Shining Time Station

***Shining Time Station*** is a live action children's television series was sequenced based on a true stories of British television series *Thomas & Friends*, told by Ringo Starr and George Carlin. The series ran from January 29, 1989 to November 11, 1996 on PBS for four seasons and 76 episodes. It also aired on Fox Family and Nick Jr. through 1998 to 2000, to promote the theatrical release of *Thomas and the Magic Railroad* on July 26, 2000. It was produced by Quality Family Entertainment in the United States and Catalyst Entertainment (seasons 2-3) in Canada.

## Episodes
### Season 1 (1989–90)
### Season 2 (1991)
### Season 3 (1993)
### Season 4a: Family specials (1995)
### Season 4b: Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (1996)
Genpei War

The **Genpei War** was a civil war between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late Heian period of Japan. Its other name is the Gempei War.

## References
Mr. Osomatsu

**Mr. Osomatsu** (おそ松さん, *Osomatsu-san*) is a slice-of-life comedy anime series created by Studio Pierrot in 2015. It was made to celebrate Fujio Akatsuka's 80th birthday and it is more adult-oriented than the original *Osomatsu-Kun* series.

Its manga adaptation is in the Josei category, and the show currently has 4 seasons.

The first episode of this series, "Osomatsu-Kun returns!" (復活！おそ松くん), caused controversy because it featured too many parodies to different anime; in Japan, fair use laws do not exist. This episode in specific has been replaced in official releases of the series, and the first episode in most official releases is "Let's Get a Job/The Melancholy of Osomatsu-kun." In the original broadcast, it was the second episode of the series. Another episode caused controversy because it featured a "risqué" parody of Anpanman.

The anime was licensed by Viz Media in 2017.
## References
List of Dacia automobiles

This is a list of automobiles made by the Romanian automobile manufacturer Dacia from 1966 to the present day.

## Current production vehicles 
## Former production vehicles 
]]
* 1968-72 1100
* 1969-79 1300
* 1970-74 1301
* 1974-76 D6
* 1975-82 1302
* 1979-2004 1310
* 1979-2006 1304
* 1980-82 2000
* 1983-95 Duster
* 1985-89 1320
* 1985-2006 1305(Drop Side)
* 1988-91 500(Lăstun)
* 1990-96 1325(Liberta)
* 1992-2006 1307(Double Cab)
* 1992-97 1309
* 1995-2000 Nova
* 2000-03 SupeRNova
* 2003-05 Solenza
* 2007-12 Logan Van
* 2008-12 Logan Pick-up
* 2006-21 Logan MCV
* 2012-21 Dokker
* 2012-22 Lodgy

## Concept vehicles 
* 1980 Braşovia
* 2006 Logan Steppe
* 2007 Logan S2000
* 2009 Duster
* 2020 Dacia Spring
* 2021 Dacia Bigster
* 2022 Dacia Manifesto

## Related pages 
* Automobile Dacia
* Renault
* Automotive industry in Romania

## References
Soni Razdan

**Soni Mahesh Bhatt** (born 25 October 1956), is a British actress and film director who works in Indian Hindi-language films. She is the recipient of several accolades, including one ITA Award, in addition to a Filmfare Award nomination. Part of the Bhatt family of indian cinema, she is married to film director Mahesh Bhatt and is the mother of actress Alia Bhatt.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Atelognathus reverberii

The **Laguna Raimunda frog**  (*Atelognathus reverberii*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home
This frog lives in grassy places and tablelands that have lakes in them. People see them under rocks and in the water. This frog spends a lot of time on land. Scientists saw this frog between  920 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside a protected park, Somuncurá Provincial Reserve.

## Young
The tadpoles swim in lakes that do not dry up.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in a little danger of dying out. Human beings dig pits near the lakes to get water. The frogs go into the pits and die there. Human beings also let animals drink from the lakes and eat water plants, which hurts the frog. Climate change could hurt this frog by dring up the water.

Scientists found the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on the frog, so they think the disease chytridiomycosis might kill this frog.

## References
Wunmi Mosaku

**Oluwunmi Mosaku** (; born July 31, 1986) is a Nigerian-British actress. She is known for her television roles as Joy in the BBC Two miniseries *Moses Jones* (2009) and Holly Lawson in the ITV series *Vera* (2011–2012). She starred as Hunter B-15 in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series *Loki* (2021) and *Deadpool & Wolverine* (2024). In 2025, she portrayed Annie in the horror movie *Sinners*. For this role, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2026.

## Early life 
Mosaku was born in Zaria, Nigeria, to Yoruba parents. At the age of one, she and her family moved to Manchester, England. She went to the two schools, Trinity Church of England High School and Xaverian Sixth Form College. She later studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), where she graduated in 2007 with a BA Honours in Acting.

## Personal life 
Mosaku works with ActionAid, an organization that helps fight against poverty, gender inequality, and injustice.

## Filmography 
### Movie 
### Television 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Singularity studies

**Singularity studies** is an academic field where study and research are conducted into the technological singularity, which might be attained by artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and other technologies and sciences, and it can also involve studying the social implications of such a singularity.

In this academic field, study and research are conducted across a broad array of terrains such as information science, robotics, social informatics, economics, philosophy, and ethics. The primary aim of the singularity studies is to gain an integrative understanding of the transformation of social systems occurring in tandem with the explosive evolution of AI and also the changes to be effected by such transformation in the view of humans, ethics, and legal systems.

## Characteristics of research 
Singularity studies extends beyond mere future predictions and offer an intellectual foundation for proactively designing and creating a desirable future. Principal research themes in this realm include:
* Ethics of AI;
* Social implications of technologies;
* Possibility of harmonious coexistence of humans and AI;
* Communication with AI; and
* Redesign of social systems.
* Ray Kurzweil: Predicted the advent around 2045 of the technological singularity in his 2005 book The Singularity Is Near. 
* Nick Bostrom: Offered philosophical reflections on superintelligence and the risks posed by AI. He is the founding director of the now-dissolved Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford.

### Japan 
* Kento Sasano: A social informatician, AI educator, and inventor. He is the president of the Japan Society of Singularity Studies.

## Challenges and outlook 
Singularity studies is still evolving as an academic field, and quite a few challenges remain unresolved in regard to the systematization of their theories, research methods, and educational curricula. That said, in this day and age of accelerating technological and societal shifts, interdisciplinary approaches have gained in importance and are drawing much attention in the arenas of scholarly research, intercorporate collaboration, and policy planning.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Intelligence Explosion FAQ by the Machine Intelligence Research Institute
* The Coming Technological Singularity:How to Survive in the Post-Human Era (on Vernor Vinge's web site, retrieved Jul 2019)
June 2025 Los Angeles protests

Starting on June 6, 2025, people began protesting immigration raids in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Protests began in Los Angeles on June 6, when Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) came many city locations to arrest illegal immigrants.

On June 6, protests against the raids turned into riots when people fought with the Los Angeles Police Department and ICE. On June 7, more clashes happened with federal forces in Paramount and Compton during more raids. President Donald Trump then sent 300 National Guard soldiers to the city using Title 10. The Defense Secretary, Pete Hegseth, said the Marine Corps is ready to help if things get worse. 

At least 56 were arrested. Some police and protestors were hurt.

In regard to the U.S. president putting in place, (groups or) units from the National Guard, against the wish of the governor of a U.S state: Such happeneded previously, as late as a presidency in 1965, according to media.

700 marines are being mobilized (as of June 9), in the U.S. president's "use of the military as a show of force against protesters", according to media; Furthermore, the 700 marines and "the National Guard troops ... are prohibited from [doing] law enforcement activity such as making arrests unless Trump invokes the Insurrection Act". These marines will have a mission; [That will include] protecting federal agents and federal buildings.

## References
Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan

**Bludgeoning Angel** **Dokuro-chan** (撲殺天使ドクロちゃん, *Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan*) is a light novel series created by Masaki Okayu in 2003, first it received a manga adaptation, then it got a visual novel adaptation, finally that it received a anime adaptation that ran from 2005 until 2007 with 2 seasons.

The series was illustrated by the now-deceased artist, Torishimo.

## Plot 
It is about Sakura Kusakabe (草壁 桜), a 14-year-old middle school student who in the future will discover Immortality but by discovering it, he makes a device that stops all women from aging after they turn 12-years-old because he wants to build a "Lolicon's world", God is not happy with this so he sents Dokuro Mitsukai, a 12-year-old Angel assassin from the future to kill Sakura.

However, instead of killing Sakura as she was tasked to do, Dokuro falls in love with him, she often kills and revives Sakura with a club called the "Excalibolg", which has a resemblance to a baseball bat but with spikes in it.

## References
Galapagos X

***Galapagos X*** is a Canadian animated educational science children's television series since November 25, 2023 on Knowledge Kids and TVOKids for Big Bad Boo Studios, the series' creators of *Odd Squad* and *Wild Kratts*.
You Carry Me (movie)

***You Carry Me*** () is a 2015 Croatian Slovenian Serbian Montenegrin drama movie directed by Ivona Juka and starring Lana Barić, Vojislav Brajović, Nataša Janjić, Goran Hajduković, Helena Beljan.

## Other websites 
*
Atelognathus solitarius

The **Las Bayas frog**  (*Atelognathus solitarius*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home
This frog lives in rocky places near creeks in the land around volcanoes. Scientists saw this frog 900 meters above sea level in Las Bayas Creek, which is in Rio Negro Province.

## Young
Scientists do not know where this frog lays eggs or has tadpoles.

## Danger
Scientists do not know whehter this frog is in danger of dying out. Sheep eat grass near where the frog lives, but scientists don't know if this hurts the frog.

## References
The Kids from the Marx and Engels Street

***The Kids from the Marx and Engels Street*** () is a 2014 Montenegrin Slovenian crime drama movie directed by Nikola Vukčević and starring Momčilo Otašević, Goran Bogdan, Ana Sofrenović, Emir Hadžihafizbegović, Branka Stanić, Filip Đuretić.

## Other websites 
*
Prior Lake, Minnesota

**Prior Lake** is a city in Scott County, Minnesota. The population of Prior Lake was 27,617 at the 2020 census.

## References
Mison

**Mison** is a commune of 1,115 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## References
Boycotts of Israel in sports

A number of countries have refused to recognize Israel and have boycotted its athletes in sports. This has led to Israeli athletes being disqualified or denied entry to some competitions. Even in events like the Olympics, some Arab and Muslim athletes avoid competing against Israelis. In countries like Iran, athletes are required by their governments not to compete against Israelis or in Israel.

From 1954 to 1974, Israel was part of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). Due to the Arab League's boycott, many Arab and Muslim nations refused to play against Israel. In 1958, Israel advanced in the World Cup qualifiers without playing a game, which led Fifa to require a playoff match with Wales (Israel lost). In 1974, Israel was removed from the AFC, mainly due to pressure from Kuwait.

To continue competing, Israel joined UEFA (Europe’s football group) as an associate member in 1992 and became a full member in 1994. The BDS movement has pushed for Israel to be banned from Fifa, but these efforts have failed. The 1976 Chess Olympiad was held in Haifa, Israel, causing controversy because countries like the Soviet Union and many Arab nations did not recognize Israel. When FIDE (the world chess federation) refused to move the event, the Soviet Union, its allies, and Arab nations boycotted it and held a separate Olympiad in Tripoli, Libya. In 2017, Israeli judoka Tal Flicker won gold at a tournament in the UAE, but officials there refused to display the Israeli flag or play the national anthem. Instead, they used the International Judo Federation's (IJF) symbols and anthem. Israeli athletes were also banned from wearing national symbols. That year, Saudi Arabia denied visas to seven Israeli chess players.

However, in 2018, the UAE allowed the Israeli flag and anthem after another Israeli judoka, Sagi Muki, won gold. Later that year, a group of international lawyers, including Alan Dershowitz, planned to challenge the banning of Israeli symbols at sports events. The IJF cancelled tournaments in Tunisia and Abu Dhabi over these restrictions. The World Chess Federation also threatened to ban Tunisia from hosting if Israeli players weren’t granted visas. In 2019, Israel’s national anthem was played in Qatar when Israeli gymnast Alexander Shatilov won gold, and it had also been played in Abu Dhabi in 2018 after another Israeli win.

On New Year’s Eve 2024, Jordan’s Football Association called for strong international action to stop Israeli sports participation, demanding strict sanctions in response to Israel's actions in Gaza and the occupied territories.

## References
1st People's Choice Awards

The '''1st People's Choice Awards** was in 1975. It was broadcast on CBS. The awards were given to the best in popular culture for 1974.

## Presenters
*Richard Crenna
*Army Archerd
*Bob Hope
*Lynn Anderson
*Jimmy Cohn
*Jacqueline Bisset
*Brenda Vaccaro
*Sammy Davis Jr.
*Raquel Welch
*Faye Dunaway
*Alan Alda
*Barbra Streisand
*Carol Burnett
*Michael Landon
*Wayne Rogers
*Ted Knight
*Shirley Jones
*Ann-Margret
*Natalie Wood
*Robert Wagner
*Dyan Cannon
*Danny Thomas
*Valerie Braun
*George Segal
*Cher

## Awards
The winners are listed first. The winners are in **bold'''. The Gallop Poll caused some of the votes to be tied.

### Movies
### Television
### Music
### Others
## References
The Carter Effect

***The Carter Effect*** is a Canadian sports documentary movie. It was first shown at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2017 and then released on May 1, 2018 in the United States on Netflix. It was directed by Sean Menard and produced by LeBron James, Maverick Carter, Drake, and Adel Future Nur.

The documentary follows the career of NBA player Vince Carter. It mainly focuses on his time with the Toronto Raptors, where he was a star player and the impact that he had on both the city of Toronto and the game of basketball in Canada.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Episcopal polity

**Episcopal polity** is a way of organizing Christian churches where bishops are the main leaders. These bishops are part of a church hierarchy.

## Organization 
Many Christian churches use episcopal polity. These include:
* The Catholic Church
* The Eastern Orthodox Church
* The Oriental Orthodox Churches
* The Anglican Communion
* The Assyrian Church of the East
* Some Lutheran churches
* Some Methodist churches
* Some Old Catholic and independent catholic churches

In churches with episcopal polity, bishops have special authority. They often lead a diocese and are part of an unbroken line of church leaders called apostolic succession.

Other types of church government include:
* Presbyterian polity – churches are led by groups of elders.
* Congregational polity – each church governs itself without bishops or elders.

## Episcopal churches today 
Some churches, like the Church of Sweden, use episcopal polity and say their bishops are part of the historic episcopate.

Some Lutheran churches (like the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church or Lutheran Church-International) also use this system. Others may use presbyterian or congregational systems.

Many Methodist churches use a version of episcopal polity called **connexionalism**. Their bishops do not always claim apostolic succession, but they keep similar roles.

## Related pages 
* Archbishop
* Metropolitan bishop
* Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
* Ecclesiastical province

## References
8th People's Choice Awards

The '''8th People's Choice Awards'* was in 1982. It was broadcast on CBS. It awarded the best American popular culture for 1981.

## Winners
Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer:
Barbara Mandrell

Favorite Country/Western Musical Performer:
Kenny Rogers

Favorite Female Musical Performer:
Barbara Mandrell

Favorite New Song:
"Endless Love"

Favorite TV Dramatic Program:
*Dallas*

Favorite Female TV Performer:
Barbara Mandrell

Favorite Young TV Performer:
Gary Coleman

Favorite Male Musical Performer:
Kenny Rogers

Favorite Overall New TV Program:
*Hill Street Blues*

Favorite TV Comedy Program:
*M*A*S*H*

Favorite Male TV Performer:
Alan Alda

Favorite New TV Dramatic Program:
*Hill Street Blues*

Favorite TV Special:
Bob Hope

Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Program:
James Garner

Favorite Motion Picture:
*Raiders of the Lost Ark*

Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program:
Linda Evans

Favorite Motion Picture Actor:
Burt Reynolds

Favorite Motion Picture Actress:
Sally Field,
Jane Fonda

Favorite New TV Comedy Program:
*Private Benjamin''

Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer:
Burt Reynolds

## References
Black Ice (2022 movie)

***Black Ice*** is a Canadian sports documentary movie. It was first shown at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022. It was directed by Hubert Davis and produced by Vinay Virmani, Drake, LeBron James, and Maverick Carter. It is somewhat based on the 2004 novel *Black Ice: The Lost History of the Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes, 1895-1925* by Darril Fosty and George Fosty.

The documentary focuses on the life and careers of black players in ice hockey. It shows the racism that players of black endure while playing and highlights the contributions that they have brought to the sport of ice hockey. The documentary also highlights the all-black Coloured Hockey League of the Maritimes (CHL) which predates the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Reception
The movie received positive reviews from critics. It holds a 96% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## References
## Other websites
*
Metropolitan bishop

A **metropolitan bishop** (or **metropolitan**) is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations with an episcopal polity (a church ruled by bishops).

In the early Christian Church, a metropolitan was the bishop of the main city in a Roman province. The First Council of Nicaea (in AD 325) gave him special authority over other bishops in that area. These other bishops were later called suffragan bishops.

In modern times, a metropolitan bishop is the head bishop of a metropolitan see (the main diocese of a church province). He often has the title of archbishop, so is called a **metropolitan archbishop**. In some churches, like the Church of Greece, all dioceses are called **metropolises**, and all their bishops are called **metropolitans**. Only the main leader of the church is called an archbishop.

## Related pages 
* Archbishop
* Suffragan bishop
* Diocese
* Ecclesiastical province
* Canon law

## References
All-American Girls (song)

"**All-American Girls**" is a 1981 song by Sister Sledge and is the title track to their fifth studio album *All American Girls*. It went to number 6 in Belgium, number 8 in the Netherlands, number 41 in the United Kingdom and number 79 in the United States.

## Track listings 
**7" single "All American Girls"** 
: A. "All American Girls"
:: (Allee Willis, Joni Sledge, Lisa Walden) 
: B. "Happy Feeling"
:: (Kathy Sledge)
: Cotillion Records 46007
Clifford's Puppy Days

'''''Clifford's Puppy Days''''' is an American animated children's television series ran from September 1, 2003 to February 19, 2006 on PBS Kids in the United States and CBeebies in the United Kingdom, but it is the spin-off early events of *Clifford the Big Red Dog*.
Armpit fetishism

**Armpit fetishism** (also known as **maschalagnia** or **axillism** (also spelled **axilism**)) means the sexual attraction to armpits. This may lead to armpit intercourse (sexual activity with one or both armpits).

## Smell 
The body's natural smell is a powerful force in sexual attraction, and some people enjoy by the strong smell of the armpits. Alex Comfort said women who shaved their armpits were commiting “simply ignorant vandalism”, and he praised the French, who he thought used less deodorant!

A woman's armpits and armpit hair can represent her femininity in society. This can be seen as a good thing, by people who like women's arpmit hair  or a bad thing by people who don't. 

Havelock Ellis found evidence that smelling your own armpit could give you more energy, but not only in a sexual context.

Another study in 2013 said that chemicals named *pheremones* in armpit sweat can improve your mood when they are licked. This could be why some people are sexually attracted to armpits. 

## Fetish 
People who have an armpit fetish, or *armpit fetishists* often enjoy licking, kissing, tasting, tickling and smelling their partner's armpits during sex. Some armpit fetishists ask their partner to not wash their armpits or wear deodorant for a period of hours or even days to make them smell stronger. 

### Bagpiping 
**Bagpiping** is when someone puts their penis in someone else's armpit. It is called bagpiping because the sex act looks like someone playing bagpipes .

## Armpit fetishism in books 
* The French writer Huysmans wrote an essay called 'Le Gousset' on the various smells of women's armpits. He called these different smells "spice boxes".
* Havelock Ellis quotes a Chinese poet writing to his lover of "your odorous armpit ... that embalsamed nest".
* In some cultures myths feature figures with vaginas and vulvas in their armpits.

## In popular culture 
* The character Reimu Hakurei, from the Touhou Project, a series of video games, dresses with her armpits exposed. Due to this, her armpits are sometimes a target for (often sexually oriented) jokes and memes. She is commonly called "waki miko" (腋巫女, lit. "armpit miko") in the Japanese fanbase.
It's a Big Big World

'''''It's a Big Big World''''' is an American live action puppet children's television series that aired on PBS Kids from January 2, 2006 to January 8, 2010.
Shimon Redlich

**Shimon Redlich** (born 1935) is an Israeli historian who survived the Holocaust. Redlich is a professor emeritus at Ben Gurion University. He is an expert in the modern history of Jews in Eastern Europe.

## Life
Shimon Redlich was born in Lviv in 1935. He and his family moved to Brzezany, located in what is now Ukraine, the same year. In 1943, his father was killed during a round-up, and the family went into hiding with the help of a Polish and a Ukrainian families. Redlich is one of the child survivors starring in the 1948 film *Unzere kinder*.
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## Related pages
* Shira Klein
* Havi Dreifuss
* Saul Friedländer
* Renée Poznanski
* Izabella Tabarovsky

## Footnotes
## References
IBAC

**IBAC** can be
* Ibac, a comics character.
*IBAC (cycling team), team of professional bicyclists
*in-band adjacent-channel
*Identity-based access control
*Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (Victoria)
*International Bioacoustics Council

*LBAC, Lattice-based access control, part of Digital television technology
*RBAC, Role-based access control
Claudio Adragna

**Claudio Adragna** is an Italian electronics engineer, manager, and inventor. He is known for his work in power conversion, especially in designing switch-mode power supplies and control chips. He has worked in important roles at STMicroelectronics.

## Early life and education 
Adragna was born in Trapani, Italy. He studied electronics engineering at the University of Palermo, where he finished with high marks. His final project was about using sliding-mode controllers to run AC brushless motors. After finishing university, he became a licensed professional engineer in Italy.

## Career 
At the start of his career, Adragna worked as a software developer. He also taught electronics at a high school in Trapani. In 1992, he joined a research group called Co.Ri.M.Me., which was a partnership between SGS-Thomson (now STMicroelectronics) and the University of Catania. The group worked on microelectronics research.

In 1994, Adragna started working at SGS-Thomson (now STMicroelectronics) as an applications engineer in the industrial division in Agrate Brianza, Italy. From 2005 to 2020, he led the Power Conversion Applications Laboratory. In 2021, he became Senior Director of Power Conversion Innovation and a technical advisor in the Application Specific Product Division.

## Honors 
Adragna became a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015. In 2024, he was made an IEEE Fellow.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Patents by Inventor Claudio Adragna
VTR (Chile)

**VTR** (an acronym for Vía Trans Radio Chilena, formerly known as VTR Banda Ancha and VTR Cablexpress/Hipercable) is a Chilean telecommunications company that provides cable television, IPTV, landline telephony, fiber optics, Internet access, and mobile telephony services nationwide.

In addition to its core activities, it operates the long-distance carrier 111, offers an on-demand content service (VTR+, formerly VTR On Demand), and an over-the-top platform that allows streaming access to the channels available on its service, VTR Play.

Throughout its nearly 100-year history, the company has faced numerous processes of business strategy changes, ownership, and mergers and acquisitions: under the control of the Luksic Group between 1980 and 2000, VTR focused on long-distance services and the nascent mobile telephony business, a business it would sell to its partner CTC in the late 1990s. Following the massification of cable television in Chile in the early 2000s, the company merged with multiple operators, including Metrópolis Intercom—owned by Grupo Claro, CTC, and El Mercurio—and a group of regional cable operators owned by its later controlling shareholder, Liberty Global, which acquired in 2014 the 20% stake that Álvaro Saieh held in the company through VivoCorp.

During the 2000s, VTR again transformed its model to offer broadband Internet access services to its subscribers through a hybrid fiber optic and coaxial cable network, becoming the first Chilean telecommunications operator to offer this product to consumers. Later, the company added landline telephone and IP television services over the same network, consolidating its market dominance under the "Triple Pack" model. VTR Móvil, a failed foray into 4G mobile telephony, joined the offering in 2013 after winning spectrum alongside WOM in the AWS band tender held by SUBTEL.

Following a massive customer flight following the pandemic, VTR announced the establishment of a joint venture with Claro Chile in late September 2021 in a joint statement by Liberty Latin America and América Móvil, the parent companies of both companies. The new joint venture was named ClaroVTR. In October 2022, the National Economic Prosecutor's Office authorized the merger, but required the sale of Claro's satellite television business, given the FNE's long-standing ban on VTR offering such services since 2004.

In early 2023, VTR moved its corporate campus to Claro Chile's offices in Ciudad Empresarial, Huechuraba, leaving behind its historic location on Avenida Apoquindo in Las Condes.

Since 2024, VTR has been 91% owned by the multinational América Móvil and 9% by Liberty Media.

## See also 
Claro

Claro Chile

## References
Lacuna (manuscripts)

A **lacuna** (pl. lacunae) is a gap in a piece of writing or other form of art. A text suffering from gaps is said to be "lacunose". Weathering or decay are often responsible for lacunae; causing words, sentences, or whole passages to be missing or unreadable. To reconstructor remake the original text, the context must be considered. In the studying of ancient writings and the study of the copying of ancient books, this may lead to competing reconstructions and interpretations. Published texts that contain lacunae often mark the section where text is missing with a bracketed ellipsis, written as [...].

## Example 
In the British Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley's translation of the Akkadian epic Atraḫasīs, the following passage on the mytheme of the flood can be found, showing both interpretations and more complicated lacunae intentionally left blank:“The Flood roared like a bull. Like a wild ass screaming, the winds [howled]. The darkness was total, there was no sun. […] like white sheep. […] of the Flood. […] the noise of the Flood. [Anu] went berserk.”

## References
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

The **Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology** (MeitY) is a part of the Government of India that looks after matters related to information technology and electronics. It became a separate ministry on 19 July 2016 after being split from the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. MeitY is responsible for creating and managing policies related to digital services, IT development, and electronic systems. One of its supported initiatives is the "Northeast Heritage" website, which shares information about the northeastern region of India. This platform is available in multiple languages, including Assamese, Meitei (Manipuri), Bodo, Khasi, Mizo, Hindi, and English.

## References
FFF

**FFF** can be

## Arts and entertainment
### Music
* "FFF", a song from the album *Cryptic Writings* by American thrash metal band Megadeth
* "FFF", a song from the album *Album* by Public Image Ltd
* "FFF", a song from the album *Född förlorare* by Swedish black metal group Shining
*"FFF", a song from the album *Poster Girl* by Swedish singer Zara Larsson
* "F.F.F.", a song from the EP *All Your Fault: Pt. 1* by American singer Bebe Rexha
* *fff*, in music dynamics, *forte fortissimo* or *fortississimo*—as loud as can be played

## Organisations
* Fridays For Future, a youth-led climate justice movement
* Federation of Free Farmers, an agricultural organization in the Philippines
* FFF, ICAO code for Freedom Air Services a defunct Nigerian airline

* *Fédération Française de Football* (French Football Federation), the governing body of football in France

### Breweries
* Triple fff Brewery, a brewery in Alton, Hampshire, England
* Three Floyds Brewing, a microbrewery in Munster, Indiana, U.S.

## Science and technology
* Fused filament fabrication, a 3D printing process that uses thermoplastic material

* Field flow fractionation, a fluid separation technique
* Feed-forward filter, the forward part of decision feedback equalizer
* Parafluorofuranylfentanyl, an opioid designer drug

## Sport
* Falkenbergs FF, a Swedish football team
* Farm Fresh Foxies, a Philippine volleyball team
* French Football Federation (French: '''')
* Full Force Fighting, an American mixed martial arts promotion
* FFF Racing Team, a Chinese auto racing team

* Five finger fillet, a game played with a knife
* Three Fs, a series of demands first issued by the Tenant Right League in Ireland
* 3F (disambiguation)
Warsaw Uprising (disambiguation)

**Warsaw Uprising** may refer to:

* Warsaw Uprising (1794)
* The opening stage of the November Uprising (1830)
* Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
* Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943)
* Warsaw Uprising (1944)
Fibe

**Fibe**, earlier known as EarlySalary, is a financial technology company based in India. It was started in 2015 by Akshay Mehrotra and Ashish Goyal and is located in Pune, Maharashtra. The company provides short term loans and other credit services to individuals. The name was changed to Fibe in 2022.
## History
The company began operations in 2015 under the name EarlySalary. In May 2018, it acquired a consumer lending platform called CashCare.

After the acquisition, it introduced a service known as Checkout Finance, which allowed users to make purchases and pay later. In 2022, the company changed its name to Fibe.

That same year, media report estimated the company’s value at around $350 million after completing a Series D funding round led by Norwest Venture Partners and The Rise Fund, managed by TPG. In September 2022, the company increased its operations from 18 cities to 150.

In January 2023, Fibe and Narayana Health launched the CareNow PayLater program to provide medical loans for planned and emergency treatments.

In August 2023, Fibe entered into a partnership with UdChalo to provide personal loan designed for Indian Defence Personnel. Through this collaboration, members of the armed forces could access personal loans, with specific interest rate offers and no charges for early repayment.

In October 2023, Fibe, in collaboration with Axis Bank, introduced a numberless credit card in India. The physical card does not include visible details such as the card number, CVV, or expiry date.

In June 2024, Fibe raised $90 million in a Series E funding round with new and existing investors. According to The Hindu, the company had given loans through over six million accounts and served 25 million users. It was operating in 350 cities.

## Recognition
In 2023, Fibe was named the winner in the fintech startup category at the G20-DIA Global Startup Pitching event, organized by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.

Fibe received the IAMAI Digital Responsibility Award for improving access to healthtech services.

## References
Atelognathus nitoi

The **Portezuelo frog** or **Rio Negro frog**  (*Atelognathus nitoi*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina and Chile.

## Home
This frog lives in forests with Nothofagus plants, by small ponds and other places with water in the air. Scientists saw this frog between 1300 and 1550 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog in Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi and in Laguna Verde National Park.

## Young
The female frog lays 50 to 300 eggs at a time.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Fires and too many visitors can harm this frog's home. Horses and cows eating plants near ponds might also be a problem.

## References
DZHB-TV

**DZHB-TV** (channel 6), is a commercial television station owned by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. The station's studios are located at Session Road, Baguio City, and the transmitter is located at Mt. Sto. Tomas, Tuba, Benguet Province.

The station has an audio simulcast, which can be heard on the frequency of 87.7&nbsp;MHz on the FM band.

The TV station in Baguio is headed by the station manager Rex Bate (2011-present).

## History 
***1980** - IBC Baguio, the first television station of the network in Northern Luzon, was launched. It was initially aired on TV-6 with a transmitting power of 5 kilowatts. IBC TV-6 Baguio was permanently off the air since 2011 as a relay television station.
***October 1, 2012** - the network resumed broadcasting with a local operations and upgraded to the originating station with the launch of the regional newscast entitled *Express Balita North Luzon*.
***January 6, 2014** - IBC Baguio started in ISDB-T broadcast through digital terrestrial television (DTT) on UHF Channel 17.
## Programming
;**Current**
* *Express Balita North Luzon*
* *Panagbenga Festival* (Yearly)
;**Former**
* *Game Na Game Kapinoy!* (2013-2017)
* *IBC Newsbreak Baguio*
* *Tulong Kapinoy* (2013-2017)
## Personalities
* Butch Mendizabal (Anchored) (*Express Balita Cordillera*) (2012-present)
* Ada Sibayan (Anchored) (*Tulong Kapinoy*)
* Mara Floresca (Reporter) (2011-present)
* Joel Rigonan (Reporter) (2011-present)
* Diane Rivera (Reporter) (2011-present)
* Franz Soliman (Reporter) (2011-present)
* Venus Tanada (Reporter) (2011-present)
## Areas of Coverage
### Primary areas
* Baguio
*Benguet
*La Union
*Pangasinan
#### Secondary areas
*Portion of Ilocos Sur
* Portion of Nueva Ecija
* Portion of Tarlac
## Digital television
### Digital channels
DZHB-TV's digital signal operates on UHF channel 17 (491.143&nbsp;MHz) and broadcasts on the following subchannels:

NTC released implementing rules and regulations on the re-allocation of the UHF Channels 14-20 (470–512 Megahertz (MHz) band) for digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) service. All operating and duly authorized Mega Manila VHF (very high frequency) television networks are entitled to a channel assignment from Channels 14 to 20.

## Related pages 
*List of Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation channels and stations

## References
## Other websites
*Kat Sinsuat De Castro on Instagram: ““Ma’am, kayo po ang kauna-unahang Presidente ng IBC 13 na alam kong umakyat dito....” That’s what the IBC Benguet Staff told me when they…”
*Kat Sinsuat De Castro on Instagram: “The IBC 13 Tower in Benguet is near La Presa... where they shot Forevermore. ❤️”
*Kat Sinsuat De Castro on Instagram: “IBC 13 was launched during the Golden Age of Television. Many of us grew up watching its hit shows like the PBA Games (Jaworski!!!), Tito…”
*Facebook
*Facebook
*NASA LANGIT NA BA AKO?HEHEHE.... - Rodolfo Añonuevo Sumalinog | Facebook
*Facebook
*Digital Free TV (ISDB-T) Philippines | IBC 13 Baguio Digital TV is now on air | Facebook
Type 26 frigate

The **Type 26 frigate**, also known as City-class frigate, is a class of frigates and destroyers being built (as of 2025) for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy; Australia and Canada have (permission or) license to build their own version of the British frigates.

In 2025, Norway decided to buy this (kind or) model of frigate.

## Notes
## Sources
Antisemitic violence in Bielsk County, Poland (1941)

When the Nazi German-led invasion of the Soviet Union happened in summer 1941, anti-Jewish pogroms happened in the Bielsk County of Poland, causing huge Jewish casualties.

## Background
 of ethnic groups and languages in the Second Polish Republic]] 

In September 1939, Nazi Germany briefly occupied the Bielsk County before handing it over to the Soviets. Polish-Jewish relations reportedly worsened over a small number of Jews welcoming the Red Army.

### *Żydokomuna*
 National Radical Camp over Warsaw University's entrance, 1936. The lower reads "*Śmierć żydo-komunie*" ("Death to Judeo-Communism").]]

Such isolated incidents were exaggerated by Catholic Poles to paint Jews as communists, namely *Żydokomuna*, though Polish Jews constituted about 30% of the Poles deported to the Soviet interior. The *Żydokomuna* trope paved the way for Polish-led anti-Jewish pogroms, and Szczuczyn pogrom.

## Causes
For the causes of the pogroms, mainstream historians pointed to Catholic antisemitism, the *Żydokomuna* trope – made worse by grievances towards the Soviet occupation – and the sense of immunity from a messy change of power to the Germans who were happy to see Poles killing Jews. Many Poles took the chance to kill Jews they mistook for having caused Polish suffering. Polish local police, known as the Blue Police, were recruited from ethnic Poles of all faiths, the majority Catholic. though recent research has shown otherwise. 

Moreover, 39.6% of Bielsk Podlaski County's Jews died of betrayal by neighbors, who helped German troops and Polish policemen hunt Jews down, while 0.8% were killed by the Polish underground. Polish peasants who hid Jews sometimes stole their belongings before handing them over. Some scholars said that such denial was going mainstream amid the rise of nationalism across Europe, where Jews were sometimes equated with the disliked Soviet communists against whom the Holocaust was considered "a reaction".

## Related pages
* Kraków pogrom
* Jedwabne pogrom
* Szczuczyn pogrom
* Polish Memory Law

## Footnotes
## References