open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rahonavis

***Rahonavis*** is a genus of bird-like feathered dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, 70–65 million years ago (mya) of what is now northwestern Madagascar.

It is known from a partial skeleton found in a quarry. *Rahonavis* was a small predator, at about  long, with the typical *Velociraptor*-like raised sickle claw on the second toe.

## Classification
*Rahonavis* has quill knobs on its ulna (forearm bone), which led at first to its inclusion among the birds. However, the rest of the skeleton is rather typically dromaeosaurid.

Makovicky and colleagues consider *Rahonavis* to be closely related to the South American dromaeosaurids *Unenlagia* and *Buitreraptor*, and thus a member of the subfamily Unenlagiinae. Norell and colleagues (2006) also found *Rahonavis* to lie within the Unenlagiinae, as the sister taxon to *Unenlagia* itself. A 2007 study by Turner and colleagues again found it to be closely related to *Unenlagia*.  However, studies published since 2009 that have found many traditional "dromaeosaurids", including the unenlagiines, closer to Avialae than to dromaeosaurines. A cladistic analysis recovered *Rahonavis* as a probable relative of *Jeholornis* and *Jixiangornis*.
## Paleobiology
*Rahonavis* was one-fifth larger than the closely related *Archaeopteryx*, about the size of a modern raven.

The nearby discovery of the primitive bird *Vorona berivotrensis* shows that the possibility of a mix-up cannot be entirely excluded. However, many other scientists, including the original describers of *Rahonavis*, think its remains belong to a single animal. The wing bones are close to the rest of the skeleton. All the bones attributed to *Rahonavis* were buried in an area "smaller than a letter-sized page", according to co-describer Luis M. Chiappe in his 2007 book *Glorified Dinosaurs*. Chiappe maintained that *Rahonavis* could probably fly, noting that its ulna was large and robust compared to *Archaeopteryx*, and that this fact, coupled with the prominent quill knobs, suggest that *Rahonavis* had larger and more powerful wings than that earlier bird. In addition, *Rahonavis* shoulder bones show evidence of ligament attachments allowing the independent mobility needed for flapping flight. Chiappe concluded that *Rahonavis* was capable of flight, though it would have been more "clumsy in the air than modern birds".

## References
## Further reading
*
*
Synagogue of Besançon

The **synagogue of Besançon** () is a synagogue in the French city of Besançon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It was built in the center of the city between 1869 and 1871 by Pierre Manotte, and has a Moroccan style. 

This Jewish shrine replaced an old flad that held everyone in Besançon, about 600 persons in the 1860s. The new building just can hold about 200 persons. All rites are Sephardi.
 
## Related pages
* Besançon
* Jewish cemetery of Besançon
UEFA Women's Championship

The '''UEFA Women's Championship''' is the women's version of the UEFA European Football Championship. Germany has had the most titles so far (eight titles). The first champion of the tournament was Sweden
The tournament was founded in 1984. The current champions are Germany. Three of the tournaments have been part of the '''European Competition for Representative Women's Teams'* and all the rest have been *UEFA Women's Championship''.

## Results
## References
Buddhism in Bangladesh

**Buddhism** is the third largest religion in **Bangladesh** with about 0.7% of population adhering to Theravada Buddhism. Most of the practitioners are from the south-eastern district of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts.

## References
Helle Thorning-Schmidt

**Helle Thorning-Schmidt**  (born 14 December 1966) is a Danish politician. She is the leader of the Danish Social Democrats and is the first female Prime Minister of Denmark. She left the government in 2015.

## Early life and education
Helle Thorning-Schmidt was born in Rødovre to Holger Thorning-Schmidt and his wife Grete. Thorning-Schmidt's father was a lecturer in mathematics and national economics at the University of Copenhagen. Her parents were both politically conservative and she grew up in the Copenhagen suburb of Ishøj.

## As Prime Minister
She was elected to Prime Minister of Denmark on September 15, 2011, and her government took over at October 3, 2011, from the liberal Lars Løkke Rasmussen.

She formed the government with the Social Liberal Party (Det Radikale Venstre) and the Socialist People's Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti). Together they had 77 seats, and with the support of their parliamentary basis, Unity (Enhedslisten), obtain the 89 seats. Furthermore, she has the support of the North Atlantic - two seats from Greenland and one from the Faroe Islands.

## Personal life
She is married to Stephen Kinnock, only son of British politician Neil Kinnock.

## References
## Other websites
Childhood obesity

, but the point is clear: English-speaking countries are where obesity is worst.]]

**Childhood obesity** consists of excess body fat that adversely affects children's health and well being. Obesity for children is *especially* dangerous because many overweight children will become overweight adults. Health problems related to overweight kids include but are not limited to Type 2 diabetes in adolescence and young adulthood, heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure, diseases which until recently were not common in children and teenagers.
Pallas

**Pallas** () was a Titan from Greek mythology. He was associated with war, killed by Athena in the contest to fight for Zeus. Most sources say he was the son of Crius and Eurybia, the brother of Astraeus and Perses, and the husband of Styx. He was the father of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia. In addition, he has been named as the father of Scylla, Fontes, and Lacus. Some say he was the son of Megamedes and father of Selene, and is also recorded as the father of Eos.

The city Pellene, in Achaea, was named after Pallas, as was the asteroid 2 Pallas.

## Related pages
*Athena, sometimes called "Pallas Athena"
Samantha Stosur

at Australian Open]]
**Samantha Jane "Sam" Stosur**  (born 30 March 1984) is an Australian professional tennis player.  She won the 2011 US Open singles title and was a finalist at the 2010 French Open.  Stosur is ranked World No. 5 and her career high in singles is World No. 4, achieved on 21 February 2011. She is a former world No. 1 on the WTA Tour in doubles with Lisa Raymond from the United States.She is currently Australian Number  1.
Eurovision Song Contest 2012

The **Eurovision Song Contest 2012** was the 57th Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in the Baku Crystal Hall in Azerbaijan in May of 2012. 42 countries took part, with Sweden winning with the song "Euphoria" by Loreen.

It was held in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan after they won in 2011 with their song *"*Running Scared*"* in Düsseldorf, Germany. The show was hosted by Leyla Aliyeva, Nargiz Birk-Petersen and Eldar Gasimov, who won the competition in 2011 alongside Nikki Jamal.

## Overview 
The Grand Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 consisted of 26 countries. These included the previous winning country (Azerbaijan), the Big Five countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) and ten countries from each of the two semi-finals.

### First semi-final 
The first semi-final took place on the 22nd of May 2012. Eighteen countries took part. Those eighteen countries plus Azerbaijan, Italy and Spain voted in this semi-final. The ten qualifiers were decided by the combined results of groups of professional jurors and the public televotes from each country.

### Second semi-final 
The second semi-final took place on the 24th of May 2012. Eighteen countries took part. Those countries plus France, Germany and the United Kingdom voted. Armenia was supposed to compete in this semi-final but quit the competition because of security concerns relating to their conflict with Azerbaijan. The ten qualifiers were decided by the combined results of groups of professional jurors and the public televotes from each country.

### Grand Final 
The Grand Final took place on the 26th of May 2012. Twenty-six countries took part in the final. These were the host country (Azerbaijan), the Big Five countries and the twenty countries which passed the semi-finals.

Each country used a combination of groups of music professionals called a 'jury' and public televoting to rank the songs. Each country then awarded 12 points to their favourite song, 10 points to their second-favourite and 8 to 1 points to their third to tenth favourite songs.

The winner of the competition was Loreen, who represented Sweden with the song "Euphoria". The runners-up were the Buranovskiye Babushki from Russia with their song "Party for Everybody". This was Sweden's 5th win in the contest. Both Loreen and Moldovan contestant Pasha Parfeni returned to Eurovision 2023, which Loreen also won, making her the second person and first woman to win Eurovision twice.

## References
Fricative consonant

A **fricative consonant** is a consonant that is made when you squeeze air through a small hole or gap in your mouth. For example, the gaps between your teeth can make fricative consonants; when these gaps are used, the fricatives are called sibilants. Some examples of sibilants in English are , , , and . 

English has a fairly large number of fricatives, and it has both voiced and voiceless fricatives. Its voiceless fricatives are [s], , [f], and [θ], and its voiced fricatives are [z], [ʒ], [v], and [ð] 

## Sibilant fricatives
This is a list of sibilant fricatives. 

*  voiceless coronal sibilant, as in English *sip*
*  voiced coronal sibilant, as in English *zip*
*  voiceless palat-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as in English *ship*
*  voiced palat-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as the *s* in English *vision*
*  voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
*  voiced alveo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
*  voiceless retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)
*  voiced retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)

## Non-sibilant fricatives
*  voiceless bilabial fricative
*  voiced bilabial fricative
*  voiceless labiodental fricative, as in English *fine*
*  voiced labiodental fricative, as in English *vine*
*  voiceless dental fricative, as in English *thing*
*  voiced dental fricative, as in English *that*
*  voiced alveolar fricative trill
*  voiceless palatal fricative
*  voiced palatal fricative
*  voiceless velar fricative
*  voiced velar fricative
*  voiceless palatal-velar fricative
*  voiceless uvular fricative
*  voiced uvular fricative
*  voiceless pharyngeal fricative
*  voiced pharyngeal fricative
*  voiceless epiglottal fricative
*  voiced epiglottal fricative

## Lateral fricatives
*  voiceless coronal lateral fricative
*  voiced coronal lateral fricative

## Pseudo-fricatives
*  voiceless glottal transition, as in English *hat*
*  breathy-voiced glottal transition

In many languages, such as English, the glottal "fricatives," like the  in English "hat", are not really fricatives because throughout the length of time it takes to produce this speech sound, the state of the gaps or holes in your mouth remains unchanged, without being joined by any manner, fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constriction in a number of languages, such as Finnish.

## Sources
* 

## References
## Other websites 
* Fricatives in English
Central limit theorem

In probability theory and statistics, the **central limit theorems**, abbreviated as **CLT**, are theorems about the limiting behaviors of aggregated probability distributions. They say that given a large number of independent random variables, their sum will follow a stable distribution. If the variance of the random variables is finite, then a Gaussian distribution will result. This is one of the reasons why this distribution is also known as *normal* distribution. 

The best known and most important of these is known as *the central limit theorem*. It is about large numbers of random variables with the same distribution, each with an identical finite variance and expected value.  

More specifically, if X_1, \ldots, X_n are *n* identical and independently distributed random variables with mean \mu and standard deviation \sigma, then the distribution of their sample mean, (X_1 + \cdots + X_n)/n, as *n* gets large, is approximately normal with mean \mu and standard deviation \tfrac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}. Furthermore, the distribution of their sum, X_1 + \cdots + X_n, as *n* gets large, is also approximately normal, with mean n\mu and standard deviation \sqrt{n}\sigma.

## Related pages 
* Standard error

## References
Chocolate gravy

**Chocolate gravy** is a type of gravy made with fat, flour, cocoa powder and sometimes sugar. In the United States, there is a dish called biscuits and gravy, for which chocolate gravy is often used.

## References
Waziristan

**Waziristan** (Pashto and ), "land of the Wazir" is a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering about . It was part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which was not part of any of the country's four provinces. It is now part of the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

## Legal status
Though declared by the rebels as a "state" or "emirate", there are questions whether the region should have that name. Those who support that the region is a state point to the facts that the federal government has little to no power in the region and that the area is ruled mostly by tribal elders. The Taliban are reported to control most of the region with its own style of Sharia rule, which the Pakistan government has been unable to stop. Such bold show of autonomy has led one writer in the *Wall Street Journal* to remark that Waziristan was a "state within a state."

## References
Chemical biology

**Chemical biology** is a science that combines the fields of chemistry and biology. It involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and  of biological systems.

It is different from biochemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of biological molecules. For example, a biochemist studies the three-dimensional structure of a protein and how that structure relates to the chemistry of the protein. Also, biochemistry studies the way enzymes work. Chemical biologists use chemical principles to modulate systems. They do this to either  biology relationships or create new functions. In this way, the research done by chemical biologists is often closer to that of cell biology than biochemistry. Biochemists work in the chemistry of biology, but chemical biologists work in chemistry applied to biology.

## Other websites
* Chemical Biology - BioChemWeb.org 
* Chemical Biology Doctoral Training Centre, Imperial College London
Abdominal obesity

young man with abdominal obesity.]]
**Abdominal obesity**, also called **central body obesity**, is a condition involving excess fat surrounding the abdomen and an increase in waist size in humans. Obesity in this area is linked to Type 2 Diabetes, insulin resistance and heart disease in humans of both genders.

## References
Alveolar consonant

An **alveolar consonant** is a consonant with the tongue close to the alveolar ridge, which is the part just behind our teeth. Alveolar consonants that are pronounced with the tip of the tongue, like in English, are called apical consonants while those pronounced using the blade of the tongue which is the flat part of the tongue behind the tip, are called laminal consonants. Alveolar consonants in English are , , , , and . The alveolar consonants , the alveolar nasal, and , the voiceless alveolar plosive, are the most common sounds in human languages. 

## Alveolar consonants in IPA 
The alveolar/coronal consonants identified by the IPA are:
John George Kemeny

**John George Kemeny** (31 May 1926 - 26 December 1992) developed BASIC with Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College, in 1964.
List of programming languages

This is a **list of programming languages**.

## A 
* ActionScript
* Ada
* AppleScript

## B 
* B
* BASIC
* Batch

## C 
* C
* C++
* C#
* Clojure
* COBOL
* CSS

## D 
* D
* Data Base
*DarkBASIC
*DJ TILLU

## F 
* F#
* Forth
* Fortran
*Flutter

## G 
* GNU Octave
* Go

## H 
* Haskell
* Hope
* HTML

## J 
* Java
* JavaScript
* Julia

## K 
* Karel
* Kotlin

## L 
* LaTeX
* LISP
* Logo
* Lua

## M 
* MATLAB
* Mercury
* Miranda
*MoonScript

## N 
* Nim
* Node.js

## O 
* Objective-C
* OCaml

## P 
* Pascal
* Perl
* PHP
*Pony
* Prolog
* Processing
* Python
*Pega
*Ponga

## Q 
* QBasic

## R 
* Ruby
* Rust
* R

## S 
* SATySFi
* Scala
* Scheme
* Scilab
* SNOBOL
* SQL
* Standard ML
* Symsyn
* Swift

## T 
* Tcl

## V 
* V (Vlang)
* Visual Basic
* Visual Basic .NET

## Y 
* Yabasic

## Z 
* Zig
Deal or No Deal (UK game show)

***Deal or No Deal*** is the British version of the game show franchise of the same name. It is presented by Noel Edmonds, and produced by Endemol. It began showing in 2005. Players can win £250,000 (US$388,800). The odds of winning it is only 4 in 1715 (1 in 429, or 2 in 858). This is because a player might take a offer from the banker.

The show is on Channel 4 at 4p.m. on weekdays. It runs for 60 minutes, including adverts.

## Gameplay
Before the game starts, different amounts of money are packed randomly into 22 suitcases. A player is selected, and the case that they have is randomly selected.

In front of the player is a game board with all the possible amounts that could be in his/her box. The player then opens 5 boxes. Five possible amounts that could be in the player's box are gone. Based on the amounts left (that could be in the players box), the "banker" may make an offer to buy the box from the player. The offer depends on the possible amounts that could be in the player's box according to what is left on the board. So if there are high amounts that are on the board (that could be in the person's box), the banker will pay more to buy the box. He might offer £10,000 instead of £3,500 or £1500. The player may take the offer by saying "deal" of refuse it by saying "no deal".

The player then opens 3 more boxes, and the banker will make another offer. If after 6 offers, the player says "no deal", they win whatever is in their box. If they says "deal" at an offer, the player takes home the offer. The game ends, but they play on to see what would have happened otherwise.
## Cancellation
Channel 4 axed the series in 2016. It ended with a special *Deal or No Deal on Tour* series from 12 to 23 December 2016.
Luton

**Luton** is a large town in Bedfordshire, England. It is about  north of London. It is on the M1 motorway and has mainline trains from King's Cross and St Pancras stations. It is an industrial town which has diversified from its original base as a manufacturer of hats and cars. It is also famous for its airport which serves flights across Europe. Its fine communications means it has many people who commute to work in London.  It has a population of 213,052 (mid-2019 estimate).

## History
Luton was started in about the 6th century by the Saxons, based by the River Lea. It has a history of industry: making hats and Vauxhall cars for example.

## Politics
Luton is a unitary authority, which means it is governed locally by its own council, Luton Borough Council. It is represented by two members of parliament.

## Sport
Its football club is in the English football league and play at Kenilworth Road. Their nickname is 'The Hatters'. They are called this because of Luton's history of making straw hats.

## People
Luton town has a large immigrant population, which consists mainly of people of Pakistani and Bengali origin.

## References
## Related pages
* Luton Airport
* Luton Town F.C.
* Vauxhall Motors
Superbase

In chemistry, a **superbase** is an extremely strong base. It is a compound that has a high affinity for protons.

Hydroxide ion is the strongest base possible in water (aqueous) solutions, but superbases are much stronger than aqueous bases.  Such bases are useful in organic synthesis and are  to physical organic chemistry.

The strongest known superbase is the *ortho*-diethenylbenzene dianion.

Superbases have been described and used since the 1850s.  Reactions involving superbases often require special techniques since they are destroyed by water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the air. Inert atmosphere techniques and low temperatures minimize these side reactions.

## Definitions
IUPAC defines superbases simply as a "compound having a very high basicity, such as lithium diisopropylamide". 

## Related pages
* Superacid

## References
Argyria

**Argyria** or **argyrosis** is a disease caused by being exposed to too much silver. People with this condition may have a change in skin color to blue or "greyish". A study has said that having argyria makes it harder to see without light.

## References
Windows Task Manager

**Windows Task Manager** is a task manager application. It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems. Windows Task Manager gives detailed information about computer performance and applications that are currently running. It also gives information about processes and CPU usage, commit charge and memory information, network activity and statistics, logged-in users, and system services. The application can be used to set process priorities, processor affinity, forcibly terminating (ending) processes. In Windows XP only, the application can be used to shut down, restart, hibernate or log off from Windows.

## Other websites 
*Task Manager information at Computer Hope
Task manager

A **task manager** is a computer program that is used to show information about the processes and programs running on a computer. Task managers also show the general  of the computer. They can be used to  (end) processes and programs, as well as change the processes . An example of a task manager is Windows Task Manager.
Lo Barnechea

**Lo Barnechea** is a commune and city of Santiago Province. According to the Chilean census in 2002, Lo Barnechea has an area of  and 74,749 people live there..

## References 
## Other websites 
*Municipality of Lo Barnechea
Incubus (1966 movie)

***Incubus*** is an American horror movie. It is black and white. It was released in 1966 and a restored copy of the movie was released in 2001. Leslie Stevens directed the movie and William Shatner starred in it. The actors in the movie did not speak in English. They spoke in Esperanto. The movie was called *Inkubo* in Esperanto. *Incubus* was lost for many years, but an old copy was found in France. The movie was filmed in 18 days in California during 1965. *Incubus* did not become popular and was only distributed in France. Some people believe the movie is cursed because of all of the bad things that happened to the actors and crew. Several of them died by murder or suicide, or had other bad things happen to them, after making the movie.

## Actors 
* William Shatner as Marc
* Allyson Ames as Kia
* Eloise Hardt as Amael
* Robert Fortier as Olin
* Ann Atmar as Arndis
* Milos Milos as Incubus
* Jay Ashworth as Monk†
* Forrest T. Butler as Monk†
* Paolo Cossa as Narrator (voice)†
* Ted Mossman as Monk†
† Uncredited

## References
## Further reading
* Tom Weaver, *Video Watchdog* #53 (1999) "Raising the Incubus"

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Incubus*  at Rotten Tomatoes
* "Curse of the 'Incubus'", By Cara Jepsen 
* Review at *The Daily Show* website
Chemical species

A **chemical species** is one of a group of atoms, molecules, molecular s, ions, etc., made to go through to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities that can  the same set of molecular energy levels on a defined time scale. Chemists also use chemical species to mean a set of chemically identical atomic or molecular structural units in a solid array.

For example, when molecules of NaCl dissolve in water we don't really have any NaCl as such in the solution. We have Na+ and Cl- ions because NaCl dissociates. We say the species present in solution are Na+(aq) and Cl-(aq). In this case, the species present in solution are the ions. In other cases, where the molecules don't dissolve in water, we would have molecular species in solution rather than ionic species.

In supramolecular chemistry, chemical species are those supramolecular structures whose interactions and associations are brought about by forming or breaking intermolecular bonds. Studying these actions is the main topic of supramolecular chemistry. 

## References
Moves Like Jagger

"**Moves Like Jagger**" is a dance pop single released by American pop rock band Maroon 5 on June 22, 2011 internationally and digitally. The single features pop singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera and was produced by Shellback, Benny Blanco, and Ari Levine. The song was later put on the Maroon 5 album *Hands All Over* in July 2011 for the re-release. The song peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles' chart for four weeks and number-one on the Billboard Digital Songs chart for three weeks. The song did not feature on the fourth studio album *Overexposed.*

The song's lyrics refer to a male protagonist's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, which he compares to those of The Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger. The song received a positive critical appreciation, many of them complimented the vocal chemistry between Levine and Aguilera and labeled it "an irresistible summer hit".

## Music video
The music video for "Moves Like Jagger" was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and filmed in Los Angeles, California on July 8, 2011. On July 9, Aguilera posted an image of herself from the video shoot via Twitter, saying, "Always great to see Jonas Akerlund. He created the perfect feel for the song. Expect a fun video." The image showed Aguilera performing with a band in front of a background of the American flag. Four shirtless images of Levine from the shoot were also released online the same day. More images from the video shoot were released online on July 11, showing Levine and Aguilera performing in front of an American and British-themed backdrop with confetti falling from the ceiling. Another image showed Aguilera performing in front of a black backdrop with her name "Christina" shown in pink. Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger made an appearance in the video "via archive footage." The music video premiered on August 8 on E!

## Track list
*; Digital download
# "Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21

*; CD single
# "Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21
# "Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) (Soul Seekerz Radio Edit) – 3:25
Odontochelys

.]]

***Odontochelys*** is the oldest known turtle to have been discovered. It was first described from three 220 million year-old specimens excavated in Upper Triassic rocks in Guizhou, China.

As a primitive turtle, *Odontochelys* differed from modern turtles in several ways. Modern turtles possess a horny beak without any teeth in their mouth. In contrast, *Odontochelys* fossils had teeth in their upper and lower jaws. 

One of the most striking features of turtles, both modern and prehistoric alike, are their dorsal shells, forming an armored carapace over the body of the animal. *Odontochelys* only had the bottom portion of a turtle's armor, the plastron. It did not yet have a solid carapace as most other turtles do. Instead of a solid carapace, *Odontochelys* had broadened ribs like those of modern turtle embryos that still have not started developing the ossified plates of a carapace. Reisz and Head suggest that *Odontochelys* does not represent a turtle with a partly evolved shell, but that it is a descendant of an older, land–living turtle, and that the shell became reversed. Such shells can be seen on modern turtles, like the leatherback turtles (the genus *Dermochelys*).

It is likely that *Odontochelys* was aquatic, as the fossil specimens were found in marine deposits full of  conodonts and ammonites. The primitive turtle swam in shallow marine waters close to shore.

The species' name, *Odontochelys semitestacea* literally means "toothed turtle with a half-shell" - an apt description of its most striking physical characteristics.

## References
Supramolecular chemistry

.]]
[[Image:Cucurbituril gyroscope AngewChemIntEd 2002 v41 p275 hires.png|thumbnail|200px|Supramolecular complex of a chloride ion, [[cucurbituril|cucurbit[5]uril]], and [[cucurbituril|cucurbit[10]uril]].]]
 in this case a rotaxane.]]
.]]
 with a p-xylylenediammonium bound within a cucurbituril.]]
 of a foldamer.]]

**Supramolecular chemistry** is area of chemistry that studies the relationship and linking molecules into bigger systems. It focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of  molecular subunits or . The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes from cell structure to vision that rely on these forces for structure and function. Biological systems are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.

## Related pages
*Organic chemistry
*Nanotechnology

## References
## Other websites
*2D and 3D Models of Dodecahedrane and Cuneane Assemlies http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/2D_and_3D_Models_of_Dodecahedrane_and_Cuneane_Assemblies 
* Supramolecular Chemistry - Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
Blind spot (vision)

and **2** is the nerve fibers, including the optic nerve (**3**), whereas in the octopus eye (*right*) **1** and **2** represent the nerve fibers and retina respectively.]]

A **blind spot** is a part of the visual field our brains get no information from. It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina. Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived. The brain fills in with surrounding detail  with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.

Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.

The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.

## Blind spot test 
## Not seeing the blind spot 
As to why the blind spot is normally not seen, there are two theories. One, less favoured, is that it is simply ignored by the brain. The other is that they are 'filled in' by the brain with information from surrounding areas.

## Vertebrate eye and cephalopod eye 
These natural blind spots are present only in the eyes of vertebrates. Cephalopods have their optic nerves attached to the back of the retina, so they are not a problem. The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.

This comes about because vertebrate eyes are outgrowths from the brain; they grow outward from the embryological tissue which forms the brain.

## References
List of bus models

The following is a **list of buses**. It is not complete. The different types of bus, used in this chart, are:
* Single-decker
* Double-decker
* Coach
* School bus
* Minibus
There are over 300 buses in this list.
The year that is displayed refers to the first year of the model.

**Year** refers to the first year introduced. A range of years is the period the bus was manufactured.

## #
## A 
## B 
## C 
## D 
## E 
## F 
## G 
## H 
## I 
## J 
## K 
## L 
## M 
## N 
## O 
## P 
## Q 
## R 
## S 
## T 
## U 
## V 
## W 
## X 
## Y 
## Z 
## Š 
## Related pages
* Bus spotting
* Coach (used for long distance travel)
* Dollar van
* Trackless train
* Tram

## References
Red Bull X2010

**Red Bull X2010** is a fictional car in the PlayStation 3 video game *Gran Turismo 5* that can go over 400 km/h, and over 6G. It laps the Nürburgring in less than 4 minutes. Adrian Newey designed it.

## References
Ireland (disambiguation)

**Ireland** may refer to:

*Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom
*Republic of Ireland, the country to the south of Northern Ireland
*Ireland, the island that contains both of the above
Velar consonant

A **velar consonant** is a consonant that is pronounced with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, also known as the velum, which is the back part of the roof of the mouth. Velar consonants in English are ,  and .

These are the velar consonants in the IPA.

## References
Walter Gilbert

**Walter Gilbert** (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate. He helped develop DNA sequence analysis.

## Biography
Gilbert was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 21, 1932. Gilbert attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate studies, earning a first degree in chemistry and physics in 1953 and a master's degree in physics in 1954. With George Church he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984.

Gilbert first proposed the existence of introns and exons and explained the evolution of introns in a seminal 1978 "News and Views" paper published in *Nature*. In 1986, Gilbert used the phrase RNA world hypothesis for the origin of life. 'RNA World' was a concept first proposed by Carl Woese in 1967.

## Awards
Gilbert was given the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg. Gilbert and Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid.

Among many other awards, Gilbert was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1987.

## References
## Other websites 
* Nobel Prize autobiography 
* The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
Heavy Petting Zoo

***Heavy Petting Zoo*** is the sixth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *Heavy Petting Zoo* was released on January 31, 1996. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and NOFX. The title of the album is a combination of the words *heavy petting* and *petting zoo*.

## Songs
So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes

***So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes*** is the seventh studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes* was released on November 11, 1997. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The title of the album comes from the title of the fourth book of Douglas Adams's ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* series, *So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish'' and the common practice of punk rock fans when they throw shoes lost by crowd surfers on stage.

## Songs
Optic chiasma

The **optic chiasma**, or 'optic chiasm', is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus.

## Pathways
The images on the nasal (inner) sides of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm. The temporal (outer) images, on the other hand, stay on the same side. This allows the images from either side of the visual field to go to the appropriate side of the brain, combining the sides together.

Beyond the optic chiasm, with crossed and uncrossed fibers, optic nerves become optic tracts.

The crossing over of optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasma allows the visual cortex to receive the same hemispheric visual field from both eyes.

The optic chiasma is found in all vertebrates.

## References
Pump Up the Valuum

***Pump Up the Valuum*** is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *Pump Up the Valuum* was released on June 13, 2000. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The title of the album is purposely spelled wrong to avoid a lawsuit with Valium and is a play on words.

## Songs
Revolutions per minute

**Revolutions per minute**, sometimes called **RPM**, is a measure of angular frequency. It means the number of times something  in one minute.

For example, if a wheel spins one time in one second, it is doing 60 RPM, because there is 60 seconds in one minute.
Youth

**Youth** is the opposite of elderly. When something is new, it can be called young. "Young" is usually only used for living things, and things that are not alive are "new". The word youth is often used to describe young people from the beginning of the teen years to the beginning of adulthood.
Old can refer to someone or something's age.
Young can mean that something is current to date or well before its "best by" date.

Different things lose their youth or grow old at different rates.  For example, some machines are only be considered young for roughly one year.  There are laws about the age of majority when young teenagers are legally treated as adults.  Even after that age, these youth may still be seen as immature.  This is because complete mental and emotional development is not done until around age 21-25, and because many young people have not yet had adult life experiences.

The ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Pythagoras calculated human life as a year divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. According to this, the source of life is Su. Up to 40 years of age – including infancy, childhood and adolescence.

For some people, youth is an . They want to look young.  Because of this, they use various products like face cream and plastic surgery, to stop or slow their looking older.  The *"Fountain of Youth"* was a popular myth, and people thought that if you took water from the fountain, you would never be old.  Now however, we know that it *was* a myth, and it was not magical at all.

## Related pages 
* Adolescence

## References
Chimaera (fish)

**Chimaeras** are cartilaginous fish in the order **Chimaeriformes**. They are sometimes known informally as 'ghost sharks'.

They may be the "oldest and most  groups of fishes alive today". Their closest living relatives are sharks, though in evolutionary terms they branched off from sharks nearly 400 million years ago and have remained isolated ever since.

At one time they were a diverse and abundant group, as shown by the fossil record. They are now found mainly to deep water. There are fifty living species in six genera and three families.

The order appeared about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The three living families seem to have diverged during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (170–120 million years ago.

## Features 
They do not have shark-like skin or teeth. They have smooth scales on their bodies, and three pairs of grinding tooth plates. They have a poisonous spine on their backs between the head and the dorsal fin.

Otherwise, they are rather like other Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons are made of cartilage. They use claspers for internal fertilization of females. They lay eggs with leathery cases.  They use electroreception to find their prey, which is also common in rays.

## References
The War on Errorism

***The War on Errorism*** is the ninth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *The War on Errorism* was released on May 6, 2003. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The album pokes fun at former U.S. president George W. Bush and criticizes him and his policies.

## Songs
George Church

**George Church** (born August 28, 1954) is an American molecular geneticist. He was one of the people who set out to analyse the human genetic code, the sequence of genes in human DNA.

Church is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard and MIT, and a core faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.

With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984, and helped start the Human Genome Project while he was a research scientist at newly formed Biogen Inc.

He invented ways of analysing huge amounts of chemical data, homologous recombination methods, and DNA array synthesizers. Automated sequencing & software in Genome Therapeutics Corp. gave the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, *Helicobacter pylori*) in 1994.

Church started the Personal Genome Project (PGP) in 2005, and in 2007 he founded the U.S. personal genomics company Knome (with Jorge Conde and Sundar Subramaniam).

Church does research on synthetic (artificial) biology and is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard & MIT, and Director of the National Institutes of Health Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard.

He has been advisor to 22 companies. He co-founded Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology. It produces DNA sequences to order. He co-founded LS9, which is focused on biofuels or renewable petroleum technologies.

In 2009 he founded Pathogenica, with Yemi Adesokan, in order to pioneer commercial applications for pathogen sequencing technology.

In September 2010, Dr. Church was honored for his work in genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award. He is a senior editor for *Molecular Systems Biology*.

According to Forbes, Church suffers from narcolepsy.

## References
## Other websites
* New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods
* Biosketch on Edge.org 
* Knome homepage
* LS9 Inc. homepage
* How the Personal Genome Project could unlock the mysteries of life
Coaster (album)

***Coaster*** is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *Coaster* was released on April 28, 2009. The producer of the album was Bill Stevenson. The album was released as *Frisbee* on vinyl.

## Songs
## References
2Pacalypse Now

***2Pacalypse Now*** is the first studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. *2Pacalypse Now* was released on November 12, 1991. Many other rap artist have seen the album as a source of inspiration. The song "I Don't Give a Fuck" was featured in the 2004 video game, *Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas*.

## Songs
## References
Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.

***Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.*** is the second studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. *Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.* was released on February 16, 1993. The album is 2Pac's tenth biggest selling album with 1,366,000 units moved to date.

## Songs
## References
Insulin resistance

**Insulin resistance** is a serious condition in which insulin becomes less able to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.  Usually, insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into the body's cells.  In the cells, the body can use sugar to make energy.  If this does not happen correctly, too much sugar stays in the blood.  This is called hyperglycemia.  If the blood glucose level is above normal for a long time, this can lead to major health problems. 

Insulin resistance often causes certain types of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. A condition called 'metabolic syndrome' is strongly tied to insulin resistance.

## Signs and symptoms 
# High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
# Fatigue, and sleepiness, especially after meals.
# Brain fogginess and inability to focus (can't think clearly).
# Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight.
# High blood pressure (hypertension)
# Increased thirst (called polydipsia) and hunger (called polyphagia)

## Treatment 
### Self-care
# Eat less carbohydrates, and very much less direct sugar.
# Take more exercise, long walks, activity.

## Standard medical test 
#Blood sugar level test after 12 hours starvation.
Sy Oliver

**Melvin James** "**Sy**" **Oliver** (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.

He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet". In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band. His joining was instrumental in Buddy Rich's decision to join Dorsey. His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."

After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album *I Remember Tommy*, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.

## References
Aristolochiaceae

The **Aristolochiaceae**, or **Birthwort family**, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is *Aristolochia* L.

## Description 
They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, woody vines or even lianas.

The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. There are no stipules.

The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

## Classification 
The Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots.

Some newer classification schemes place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales.

## Phytochemistry 
Many members of *Aristolochia* and some of *Asarum* contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores. It is known to be carcinogenic in rats. *Aristolochia* itself is carcinogenic to humans.

### Ecology 
Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine (*Aristolochia* species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.

## References
Whistler

**Whistler** may mean:

* Someone who whistles
* Whistler, British Columbia, known for skiing
* James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who painted ''Whistler's Mother''
Not Myself Tonight

**"Not Myself Tonight"** is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album *Bionic*. It came out on April 6, 2010, as the first single from the album.

The song was created by music producer Polow da Don and songwriters Greg Curtis, Ester Dean, and Jason Perry. It has a fast, electronic beat and is about Christina taking on different personalities while dancing.

The song got mixed reviews—some people liked the music, while others didn’t like the lyrics. It became very popular in some countries, reaching the Top 5 in Hungary and Japan, and the Top 15 in Canada, Scotland, Italy, and the UK. In total, it was in the Top 40 in 21 countries, including the U.S., where it reached number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also became a number-one dance song in the U.S. and was certified gold in Australia for selling over 35,000 copies.

The music video, directed by Hype Williams, was released on April 28, 2010. It was inspired by Madonna’s “Express Yourself” video and had a sexy S&M theme. Christina performed the song live at events like the 2010 MTV Movie Awards, VH1 Storytellers, and The Oprah Winfrey Show to promote it.