open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ayumi Kaihori

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kaihori was born in Nagaokakyo on September 4, 1986. In 2004, she was a high school student, she joined Speranza FC Takatsuki from the youth team. She moved to INAC Leonessa (later *INAC Kobe Leonessa*) in 2008. The club won Nadeshiko League championship for 3 years in a row (2011-2013). She was also selected Best Eleven 2 times in 2011 and 2013. She retired end of 2015 season.

In May 2008, Kaihori was selected the Japan national team for 2008 Asian Cup. At this competition, on May 31, she debuted against Chinese Taipei. She was Japan's goalkeeper in the 2011 World Cup final, where she saved two penalties from Shannon Boxx and Tobin Heath in the shoot-out which saw Japan defeat the United States by winning 3–1. She was part of the Japanese team that won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, playing in one game, vs South Africa, which saw Kaihori keep a clean sheet. She also played 5 matches at 2015 World Cup and Japan won 2nd position. She played 53 games for Japan until 2015.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
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*Japan Football Association
Bert Sugar

**Bert Randolph Sugar** (June 7, 1937&nbsp;– March 25, 2012) was a boxing writer and sports historian.

## Biography
### Career
Sugar also appeared in several movies playing himself, including *Night and the City*, *The Great White Hype* and *Rocky Balboa*. Interviews with Sugar feature in *Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson*. Sugar had been referred to as "Runyonesque" (in reference to Damon Runyon) by Bob Costas, and "one of the foremost historians alive," by the *Boston Globe*. Along with Lou Albano, he helped write ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pro Wrestling.* He wrote a regular sports column for *Smoke Magazine''.

### Death
A cigar-smoker most of his life, Sugar died from cardiac arrest on March 25, 2012. His family was at his bedside in Northern Westchester Medical Center in Mount Kisco, New York. He had spent his remaining years battling lung cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*Talkin' Boxing with Bert Sugar - Boxing Insider - August 12, 2011
Ken Mattingly

**Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II** (March 17, 1936 &ndash; October 31, 2023) was a NASA astronaut and a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. He was one of the Apollo program astronauts, acting as support crew for Apollo 8 and Apollo 11. He also was the astronaut who helped with the development of the Apollo spacesuit and backpack. Mattingly should have been on Apollo 13, but he was removed from the crew a few days before the launch because he had been in contact with German measles. On the return from the Moon, Mattingly completed a 1 hour, 13 minute, spacewalk.

## References
Janine Turner

**Janine Turner** (born **Janine Loraine Gauntt**; December 6, 1962) is an American movie and television actress. She starred in the television drama *Northern Exposure* (which started in 1990 and ended in 1995) and in the movies *Steel Magnolias* and *Cliffhanger*. She was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.

## Filmography
### Films
### Television
## Awards and nominations
**Emmy Award**
* 1993: Nominated, "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series" – *Northern Exposure*

**Golden Globe Award**
* 1992: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – *Northern Exposure*
* 1993: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – *Northern Exposure*
* 1994: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – *Northern Exposure*
* 1995: Turner Hosted 52nd Annual Golden Globe Awards

**Screen Actors Guild Awards**
* 1995: Nominated, "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" – *Northern Exposure*

**Young Artist Award**
* 1983: **Won**, "Best Young Actress in the Daytime Series" – *General Hospital*

## References
## Other websites
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Zack Snyder

**Zachary Edward "Zack" Snyder** (born March&nbsp;1, 1966) is an American director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for action/science fiction movies.

## Career
After making his career debut with the 2004 remake *Dawn of the Dead*, he gained wide recognition with the 2007 box office hit *300*, adapted from writer-artist Frank Miller's Dark Horse Comics miniseries of 300, and later went on to direct the 2009 superhero film *Watchmen*, an adaptation of the Watchmen a comic book of the same name. He is the co-founder of Cruel and Unusual Films, a production company he established in 2004, alongside his wife Deborah Snyder and producing partner Wesley Coller.

His first family film was the 2010 animated family adventure film ''Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole*, based on the first three books of the series by Kathryn Lasky. He directed *Sucker Punch*.

In recent years, he directed *Man of Steel*, *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* and *Justice League*. After Joss Whedon replaced him in *Justice League'', fans petitioned Warner Bros. to release Snyder's version of the movie. In May 2020, his version, titled ''Zack Snyder's Justice League'', will be released in 2021.

## Personal life
Snyder was born on March 1, 1966 in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He has been married to Deborah Snyder since 2004.

In March 2017, Snyder's daughter committed suicide, forcing Snyder to drop out from the *Justice League* production.

## Movies
### Music videos
* "Tomorrow" performed by Morrissey (1992)
* "World Class Fad" performed by Paul Westerberg (1993)
* "I Know" performed by Dionne Farris (1994)
* "Walk This World" performed by Heather Nova (1995)
* "Desolation Row" performed by My Chemical Romance (2009)

## References
## Other websites
*
Deborah Snyder

**Deborah Snyder** (née **Johnson**) is an American producer of movies and television commercials. She is married to moviemaker Zack Snyder. She has often worked with him on movies such as *Watchmen* and *300*.  She is the co-founder of the production company Cruel and Unusual Films.

## Personal life
Snyder is currently married to moviemaker Zack Snyder.  They met in 1996. They married on September&nbsp;25, 2004. The wedding was at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in Manhattan, New York.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
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* Cruel and Unusual Films official website
Tony Martin

**Tony Martin** (born **Alvin Morris**, December 25, 1913&nbsp;– July 27, 2012) was an American actor and singer who was married to performer Cyd Charisse for 60 years.

## Biography
### Early life
Martin was born as **Alvin Morris** in San Francisco, California, the son of Hattie (née Smith) and Edward Clarence Morris.

### Career
In movies, he was first cast in a number of bit parts, including a role as a sailor in the movie *Follow the Fleet* (1936), starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. He eventually signed with 20th Century-Fox and then Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in which he starred in a number of musicals. Between 1938 and 1942, he made a number of hit records for Decca Records. Martin was featured in the 1941 Marx Brothers film  *The Big Store*, in which he played a singer and performed the now infamous (at least with Marx Brothers fans) *Tenement Symphony*, which was written by Hal Borne, who became his long-time musical director.

### Personal life
In 1937 he married Alice Faye, with whom he had starred in several films. They divorced in 1941. Martin remarried, to actress and dancer Cyd Charisse in 1948. They remained married until her death in 2008. They had one son together, Tony Martin, Jr. (August 28, 1950&nbsp;– April 10, 2011), who predeceased his father. Martin adopted Charisse's son, Nicky, from her first marriage

### Death
Martin died on the evening of July 27, 2012, of natural causes. He was 98.

## Movies
* *Foolish Hearts* (1936)
* *Follow the Fleet* (1936)
* *The Farmer in the Dell* (1936)
* *Murder on a Bridle Path* (1936)
* *The Witness Chair* (1936) (scenes deleted)
* *Poor Little Rich Girl* (1936)
* *Back to Nature* (1936)
* *Sing, Baby, Sing* (1936)
* *Pigskin Parade* (1936)
* *Banjo on My Knee* (1936)
* *The Holy Terror* (1937)
* *Sing and Be Happy* (1937)
* ''You Can't Have Everything* (1937)
* *Life Begins in College* (1937)
* *Ali Baba Goes to Town* (1937)
* *Sally, Irene and Mary* (1938)
* *Kentucky Moonshine* (1938)
* *Up the River* (1938)
* *Thanks for Everything* (1938)
* *Winner Take All* (1939)
* *Music in My Heart* (1940)
* *Ziegfeld Girl* (1941)
* *The Big Store* (1941)
* *Till the Clouds Roll By* (1946)
* *Casbah* (1948)
* *Hollywood Goes to Bat* (1950) (short subject)
* *Two Tickets to Broadway* (1951)
* *Clash by Night* (1952) (Cameo)
* *Here Come the Girls* (1953)
* *Easy to Love* (1953)
* *Deep in My Heart* (1954)
* *Hit the Deck* (1955)
* *Meet Me in Las Vegas* (1956) (Cameo)
* *Quincannon&nbsp;– Frontier Scout* (1956)
* *Let's Be Happy* (1957)
* *Dear Mr. Wonderful'' (1982)

## References
## Other websites
* Tony Martin bio on The Interlude Era  site
* Tony Martin bio on the Oldies.com site
* Tony Martin bio on the Feinstein's  site
* 
* Photographs and literature
* 1954 episode of his television series at the Internet Archive
Eric Braeden

**Eric Braeden** (born **Hans-Jörg Gudegast**; April 3, 1941) is a German-American movie and television actor, best known for his role as Victor Newman on the soap opera *The Young and the Restless*, as Hans Dietrich in the 1960s TV series *The Rat Patrol*, and as John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 film *Titanic*. Braeden won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Victor Newman.

## Personal life 
Braeden was born in Bredenbek, Germany to German parents. Braeden was educated at the University of Montana. Braeden is married to Dale Russell Gudegast since 1966 and have two children together. Braeden currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

In April 2023, Braeden announced he was diagnosed with "high-grade" bladder cancer.

## References
## Other websites
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* 
* Eric Braeden's Official Website 
*Interview at Talk Humor
Katarina Witt

**Katarina Witt** (born 3 December 1965) is a retired German figure skater. She won gold medals at the 1984 and 1988 Winter Olympics and competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics. She also won four World Championships and six European Championships. In 1995, Witt became a member of the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Witt was born in East Germany and began skating at the age of five. She went to a special school for athletic children, where she met her coach, Jutta Muller. Witt competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics and finished seventh. Afterwards, she retired from competition.

## References 
## Other websites
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Jerry Stiller

**Gerald Isaac** "**Jerry**" **Stiller** (June 8, 1927 – May 11, 2020) was an American comedian and actor. He spent many years in the comedy team Stiller and Meara with his wife Anne Meara. Stiller and Meara are the parents of Ben Stiller (with whom he co-starred in the movies *Zoolander*, *Heavyweights*, *Hot Pursuit*, and *The Heartbreak Kid*) and Amy Stiller. He is best known for his recurring role as Frank Costanza in *Seinfeld* and his supporting role as Arthur Spooner in *The King of Queens*.

## Early life
Stiller was the oldest of four children, Stiller was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Jewish parents, Bella (nee Citrin) and William Stiller, a bus driver. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Galicia, and his mother was born in Poland.

## Marriage and family
Stiller married Anne Meara in 1954 and had two children together, Ben Stiller and Amy Stiller. 

## Personal life
Stiller lived in New York City, New York.

## Death
On May 11, 2020, Stiller died at his home in New York City, New York of natural causes at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
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Richard Lynch

**Richard Hugh Lynch** (February 12, 1940 &ndash; June 19, 2012) was an Irish-American actor best known for playing villains in movies and television. He often appeared in science fiction productions, including *Battlestar Galactica* (as Wolfe) and its sequel series *Galactica 1980* (as Commander Xaviar). He also appeared in such shows as *Starsky and Hutch*, *T. J. Hooker*, *The A-Team*, *Charmed* and *Star Trek: The Next Generation*.

## Early life
Richard Lynch was born on February 12, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York City to Irish Catholic parents. His younger brother is actor Barry Lynch. Lynch served in the United States Marine Corps. He was survived by his brother Barry and sisters Carole Taylor and Cathy Jones. News reports following his death incorrectly identified his birth year as 1936, but the LA Times obituary published by his family correctly listed the year as 1940.

## References
## Other websites
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Lee Wallace

**Lee Wallace** (born **Leo Melis**, July 15, 1930 &ndash; December 20, 2020) was an American movie, stage, radio and television actor. Wallace only had movie roles in; *Used People* (1992), *Batman* (1989) as Gotham City's mayor William Borg, *Private Benjamin* (1980) as Mr. Waxman, and as the Mayor of New York City in *The Taking of Pelham One Two Three* (1974), *The Muppets Take Manhattan* as the Mayor of New York City. On Broadway, he appeared in *A Teaspoon Every Four Hours*, *Unlikely Heroes*, *The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild*, *Molly*, *Zalmen or The Madness of God*, *Some of My Best Friends*, *Grind* and *The Cemetery Club*. 

Wallace was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 15, 1930 to Celia (née Gross) and Eddie Melis. Wallace died on December 20, 2020 at his New York City home after a long-illness, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
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Robert Culp

**Robert Martin Culp** (August 16, 1930 &ndash; March 24, 2010) was an American actor, scriptwriter, voice actor and director.

## Early life
Culp was born in Oakland, California, and graduated from Berkeley High School, where he was a pole vaulter, taking second place at the 1947 CIF California State Meet.  He attended the University of the Pacific, Washington University in St. Louis, San Francisco State University, and the University of Washington School of Drama, but never completed an academic degree. 

## Career
Culp is widely known for his work in television. Culp first earned an international reputation for his role as Kelly Robinson on *I Spy* (1965–1968), the espionage series in which he and co-star Bill Cosby played a pair of secret agents. The 1980's brought him back to TV again, starring as FBI Agent Bill Maxwell on *The Greatest American Hero*.   He also had a recurring role as Warren Whelan on *Everybody Loves Raymond*. In all, Culp gave hundreds of performances in a career spanning more than 50 years.

## Personal life
Culp married five times and was the father of three sons, Joshua (1958), Jason (1961) and Joseph (1963), and two daughters, Rachel (1964) and Samantha (1982). From 1967 to 1970, he was married to Eurasian actress France Nuyen, whom he had met when she guest-starred on *I Spy*. She appeared in four episodes, two of them written by Culp himself.

Culp wrote scripts for a total of seven episodes, one of which he also directed. He also wrote scripts for other television series, including *Trackdown*, *The Rifleman* and *The Greatest American Hero*.

### Death
Culp died on March 24, 2010, suffering a heart attack while taking a walk in Los Angeles, California. Culp's remains were buried in the Sunset View Cemetery in El Cerrito, California, located not far from his hometown of Oakland.

## References
## Other websites
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Diane Lane

**Diane Lane** (born January 22, 1965) is an American movie actress.

Born and raised in New York City, New York. Lane made her career debut at the age of 13 in George Roy Hill's 1979 movie *A Little Romance*, starring opposite Sir Laurence Olivier. Soon after, she was featured on the cover of *Time* magazine. She has since appeared in several notable movie, including the 2002 movie *Unfaithful*, which earned her Academy Award, Golden Globes and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. She appeared in Zack Snyder's movie *Man of Steel*.

She played Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2013 NBC four-hour miniseries *Hillary*.

Lane has been married to actor Josh Brolin since 2004. She filed for divorce in February 2013. She was previously married to actor Christopher Lambert from 1988 to 1994.

## References
## Other websites
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Thérèse of Lisieux

**Saint Thérèse of Lisieux** (1873 - 1897) (aka. St Therese of the Child Jesus/ Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux) is  Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics. She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus. She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis. Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.

## References
Vostok 2

**Vostok 2** (, *Orient 2* or *East 2*) was a Soviet space mission. It carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day to study the effects of a long period of weightlessness on the human body. a period of space sickness, and problems on re-entry when the reentry module failed to separate cleanly from its service module.

Titov took manual control of the spacecraft for a short while. The Soviets admitted that Titov did not land with his spacecraft. Titov said he ejected from his capsule to test another landing system. It is now known that all Vostok program landings were done this way.

The re-entry capsule was destroyed during development of the Voskhod spacecraft.

## References
Barry Lynch

**Barry J. Lynch** (born Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. His older brother, Richard Lynch, was also an actor who appeared in *Star Trek: The Next Generation*.

## Selected filmography
* *Star Trek: Klingon Academy* (2000) (video game) (voice) ... as Academy Helmsman, Ra'wl'a Captain, Freighter Captain 1, Tlhoy Captain
* *Star Trek: Borg* (1996) (video game) ... as Nikolai Andropov
* *Star Trek: Klingon* (1996) (video game) (voice)
* *Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode Face of the Enemy ... as Ensign Stefan DeSeve

## Other websites
*
Messier 49

**Messier 49** (also known as *NGC 4472*) is an elliptical galaxy about  away in the constellation of Virgo. This galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771. Messier 49 is 4.1° west-southwest of the star Epsilon Virginis.

Messier 49 was the first member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies to be discovered. Messier 49 is gravitationally interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636. However, the core of the galaxy is emitting X-rays, which suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole of , or 565 million times the mass of the Sun. To the southwest of the core, the luminous outline of the galaxy can be traced out to a distance of 260 thousand parsecs. The only supernova event observed within this galaxy is SN 1969Q, discovered in June 1969.

This galaxy has a large collection of globular clusters, estimated at about 5,900. However, this count is far exceeded by the 13,450 globular clusters orbiting the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87. On average, the globular clusters of M 49 are about 10 billion years old. A second candidate was announced in 2011.

## References
Cartwheel galaxy

Hubble Space Telescope true-color image of the Cartwheel Galaxy.]]
 (X-ray, ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared). The image combines data from four different space-based observatories: the Chandra X-ray Observatory (purple), the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (ultraviolet/blue), the Hubble Space Telescope (visible/green), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (infrared/red).]]

The **Cartwheel galaxy** (also known as *ESO 350-40*) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor.

It is about 150,000 light years across, slightly larger than the Milky Way. It has a mass of about  solar masses, and rotates at .

It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky said his discovery was "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics".

The Cartwheel galaxy shows radio and optical spokes, but they are not the same spokes.

## Evolution 
The galaxy was a normal spiral galaxy before it had a collision with a smaller galaxy about 200 million years ago. When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the power of the collision sent a strong shock wave through the galaxy. Moving at high speed, the shock wave moved gas and dust. This made a starburst around the galaxy's center. This explains the blue colored ring around the center, bright section. It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to take the shape of a normal spiral galaxy again, as spiral arms (The spokes) are spreading out from a central core.

There are other possible explanations of the ring-like appearance.

## References
## Other websites
*Galaxy evolution simulation: the Cartwheel Galaxy
IC 1101

, a galaxy cluster approximately 1 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo.]]
**IC 1101** is a supergiant lenticular galaxy  at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo. IC 1101 is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029 . IC 1101 is more than seven times the size of the Milky Way. If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way and some neighboring satellite galaxies, including the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 light-years, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 light-years, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.02277.pdf.

## Related pages
*List of galaxies
*Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
*Virgo (constellation)

## References
## Other websites
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*
*The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)
Short-beaked common dolphin

The **short-beaked common dolphin** (*Delphinus delphis*) is one of the two species of the genus, Delphinus. It is found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description
The short-beaked common dolphin is a medium-sized dolphin, but is smaller than the other species of the genus Delphinus, the long-beaked common dolphin. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.6 to 2 meters (5.2 to 6.6&nbsp;ft), and weigh between 70 and 235&nbsp;kg (150 to 520 Ib). Short-beaked common dolphins are said to be heavier than the Long-beaked common dolphin. The back of the short-beaked common dolphin is dark grey, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold or yellow.

## Feeding
Short-beaked common dolphins eat fish like cod, herrings, sardines, and flying fish. They also eat octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and crustaceans.

## Reproduction
Female short-beaked common dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100&nbsp;cm (2.3 to 3.3&nbsp;ft) long, and weigh about 10&nbsp;kg (22 Ib). Males mature at the age of between 3 and 12 years old, and females mature at the age of between 2 and 7 years old.  They live for around 35 years, but some live for only 22 years.

## Species
The short-beaked common dolphin was first thought to be the only species of the genus, Delphinus. But soon, studies show that there is another species, the long-beaked common dolphin (*Delphinus capensis*). The difference between the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin is that the short-beaked common dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the long-beaked common dolphin.

## Sources
Patrika Darbo

**Patrika Darbo** (born April 6, 1948 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American movie and television actress. She played Nancy Wesley in the television soap opera *Days of Our Lives*. She also acted in independent movies.

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
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Allison Janney

**Allison Brooks Janney** (born November 19, 1959) is an Emmy Award American movie, television and voice actress.  She is best known for her roles in the television drama *The West Wing* for which she received several Emmy Awards. She starred in the 1999 Oscar winning movies *American Beauty* and *Juno* as well as many other movies.

In 2017, Janney starred as LaVona Fay Golden in the black comedy *I, Tonya*. She won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Satellite Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role as Golden in 2018.

## References
Jenna von Oy

**Jenna von Oÿ** (born May 2, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter and actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom *Blossom*. She has acted in other television series as well as in movies. Von Oÿ  was born in Danbury, Connecticut.

## References
Messier 84

]]

**Messier 84** (also known as *NGC 4374*) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo.  M84 is in the heavily populated inner core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.

Radio observations and Hubble Space Telescope images of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's centre, as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars. This suggests there is  a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. Its mass is  1.5  M☉, that is gravitation amounting to 15 billion solar masses.

## History
Charles Messier discovered Messier 84 in 1781 when he searched for "nebulous objects" in the night sky. The object is the 84th in the Messier Catalogue.

## Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in M84: SN 1957
and SN 1991bg.
Possibly, a third, SN 1980I is part of M84 or, alternatively, one of its neighboring galaxies, NGC 4387 and M86.

## References
Ricardo Montalbán

**Ricardo Montalbán** (Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, KSG November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009) was a Mexican radio, television, theatre and movie actor. He had a career seven decades long (motion pictures from 1943 to 2006) and many notable roles.

During the mid-1970s, Montalbán was the spokesman in TV automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba, in which he praised the "soft Corinthian leather" used for its interior. He also advertised the Chrysler New Yorker.

From 1977 to 1984, he was famous as Mr. Roarke the main star in the television series *Fantasy Island*. He played Khan Noonien Singh in the 1967 episode "Space Seed" of the first season of the original *Star Trek* series, and the 1982 film *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan*.

He won an Emmy Award in 1978 for his role in the miniseries *How the West Was Won* and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1993. Into his 80s, he continued to perform, often providing voices for animated films and commercials, and appearing in several *Spy Kids* films as "Grandfather Valentin".

Montalbán was born in Mexico City, Mexico on November 25, 1920. He grew up in the city of Torreón, the son of Spanish immigrants Ricarda Merino and Jenaro Montalbán, a store manager. He was married to Georgiana Belzer from 1944 until her death in 2007. They had four children.

Montalbán died from heart failure in his Los Angeles, California home on January 14, 2009, aged 88.

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## Other websites
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Western scrub jay

A **Western scrub jay** (*Aphelocoma californica*) is a type of jay bird in Western North America. They live in forests and look for food on the ground. They eat acorns, hairy caterpillars, beetles, wasps, corn, nuts, fruit, lizards, and other things.

## References
Cynthia Nixon

**Cynthia Ellen Nixon** (born April 9, 1966) is an American actress, activist and politician. She is most well known role comes from playing Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series *Sex and the City* (1998-2004). She has had other movie and TV starring acts as well. In 2016, she played Nancy Reagan in the television movie *Killing Reagan*. 

On March 19, 2018, she announced via Twitter that she was running for Governor of New York.

## References
Delphinus

**Delphinus** is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "**Common Dolphin**". There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus delphis*), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus capensis*). But some studies say that there is a third species, the "**Arabian Common Dolphin**" (*Delphinus tropicalis*), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

## Description
Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb). Males are longer and heavier than females. They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color. 

## Behavior
Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids. They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour. They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep. 

## Reproduction
Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib). They give birth to 1 young at a time. Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old. They live for around 35-40 years.

## Species
At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus Delphis*). But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (*Delphinus Capensis*). The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Now scientist say there is a third species, the **Arabian Common Dolphin** (*Delphinus Tropicalis*) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed.
Subaru Telescope

is the large telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan at the Mauna Kea Observatory on the island of Hawaii. From 1999 to 2005, its main mirror was the largest in the world.

The telescope is named after the Pleiades star cluster. 

## History
In September 1999, former-Princess Sayako of Japan dedicated the telescope.  For the dedication, an eyepiece was constructed so that Princess Sayako could look through it directly.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Subaru Telescope website
* Corning Museum of Glass, Telescopes and Mirrors
Cheryl Tiegs

**Cheryl Rae Tiegs** (born September 25 1947 in Breckenridge, Minnesota) is an American fashion model and actress. She is best known for her modeling for the *Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue*. Tiegs has been on the cover of the *SI* Swimsuit Issue three times. She has also been on the covers of many other magazines. These include *Vogue*, *Glamour*, ''Harper's* and *Time*. Tiegs performed as herself in the sitcom *Just Shoot Me''.

From 1970 to 1979, she was married to movie director Stan Dragoti.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vostok (rocket family)

The **Vostok** rocket was developed by the Soviet Union to as their main launch vehicle for space flights. It was based on the R-7, an ICBM designed by Sergei Korolev and first launched in 1957. An R-7 rocket was used to carry Sputnik 1 into space on October 4, 1957. It was a single rocket with 4 booster engines attached to the sides, which acted like a multi stage rocket. The Vostok was an R-7 with an extra upper stage rocket, called Blok-E. This upper stage would fire as the lower stages ran out of fuel (a mix of kerosene and liquid oxygen. 

The Vostok was the first rocket with enough power to reach a solar orbit, with Lunar 1, launched on January 2, 1959. Luna 2 was the first rocket to reach the Moon, launched September 14, 1959. Luna 3, launched October 4, 1959, was able to take photographs of the far side of the Moon.

A Vostok rocket carried the Vostok 1 spacecraft, carrying Yuri Gagarin, the first person to go into space on April 12, 1961. Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space on June 16, 1963.

## References
Land of the Free

**Land of the Free** is the national anthem of Belize. Samuel Alfred Haynes wrote the words.  Selwyn Walford Young wrote the music. They did this in 1963. It became official in 1981.

## Lyrics
## References
Coat of arms of Belize

**The Coat of Arms of Belize** began to be used when Belize became independent.  The current coat of arms is only slightly different from that used when Belize was a British colony.

The border is a circle of twenty-five leaves. Inside the circle is a mahogany tree. There are the tools of a woodcutter and a ship.  These show the importance of mahogany in the 18th and 19th century Belizean economy.  

The shield is supported by two wood-cutters of different races.  The one on the left is holding an axe. The one on the right is holding an oar.  Again this shows the importance of the mahogany and its importance to boat building.  

At the bottom is the national motto: *SUB UMBRA FLOREO*.  This means "Under the Shade I Flourish".

The Flag of Belize has the coat of arms in its centre.

## References
Elizabeth McGovern

**Elizabeth McGovern** (born July 18, 1961) is an American movie, television and stage actress. Her movies include *Johnny Handsome* (1989) and *Once Upon a Time in America* (1984). Most of her acting has been on stage or in television.

Ms. McGovern was also a member of the "Brat Pack", and unofficial group of young Hollywood actors who gained fame mainly in the 1980s.
Mopan people

**Mopan** are one of the Maya peoples in Belize and Guatemala. Their language is also called Mopan.  It is one of the Yucatec Maya languages. 

The British forced the Mopan out of British Honduras and into Guatemala. The Mopan in Guatemala were made into slaves. In the 19th century, many Guatemalan Mopan came back into British Honduras.

In the 2000 Census, 6,093 Belizeans said Mopan was their first language.  This was 3% the population.

## References
Qʼeqchiʼ

'''Q'eqchi''' (K'ekchi, or simply Kekchi) are one of the Maya peoples in Guatemala and Belize.  Their language is also called Q'eqchi'.

Before the Spanish came in the 1520s, Q'eqchi' were mostly in what are now the departments of Alta Verapaz and Baja Verapaz in Guatemala. With the activity the Q'eqchi' moved into other regions of Guatemala, southern Belize, and smaller numbers in El Salvador, Honduras and southern Mexico.

## References
Robin Wright

**Robin Gayle Wright** (born April 8, 1966 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress. Her roles include starring as Jenny in the Academy Award winning movie *Forrest Gump*. She played in many other movies and television series. Wright was  for a Daytime Emmy Award for her acting in the soap opera *Santa Barbara*.

Wright was married to actor Sean Penn from 1998 until 2010. They have 2 children.
Ambergris Caye

**Ambergris Caye** is the largest island of Belize.  It is in the northeast of the country in the Caribbean Sea.  It is administered as part of the Belize District. The closest point on the mainland is part of the Corozal District. Caye is pronounced as "key". It means an island.  

The Caye is about  long from north to south, and about  wide. It was named after large lumps of ambergris which washed ashore here.

The Belizean island is mostly a ring of white sand beach around mangrove swamp in the centre.

A Maya community lived on the island in Pre-Columbian times.  They made polished red ceramics. 

San Pedro Town is the largest settlement and only town on Ambergris. There are a number of small villages and resorts. 

The main attractions are the Belize Barrier Reef and its beaches. The barrier reef is the second-largest in the world. Only the Great Barrier Reef of Australia is bigger. 

## References
List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes

***SpongeBob SquarePants*** is an animated children's television series broadcast on the cable network Nickelodeon. The show has started showing on May 1, 1999.

## Series overview

## Episodes
### Season 1: 1999–2000
### Season 2: 2000–2002
### Season 3: 2001–2004
### Season 4: 2005–2007
### Season 5: 2007–2009
### Season 6: 2008–2010
### Season 7: 2009–2011
### Season 8: 2011–2012
### Season 9: 2012–2017
### Season 10: 2016-2017
### Season 11: 2017-2018
### Season 12: 2018-2022
### Season 13: 2020-2023
### Season 14: 2023-2024
### Season 15: 2024-2025
### Season 16: 2025-present
## Notes
### DVD notes
## References 
## Other websites
Izabal Department

**Izabal** is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its coastal areas are part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.
## Geography
Izabal is bordered to the north by  Belize, to the north east by the Gulf of Honduras, and to the east by  Honduras.  It is bordered by the Guatemalan departments of Petén to the north west, Alta Verapaz to the west, and Zacapa to the south.

The department of Izabal surrounds Lago Izabal.  It is Guatemala's largest lake at about 48&nbsp;km long and 24&nbsp;km wide, with an area of about 590&nbsp;km². The Spanish Colonial fort of San Felipe overlooks the point where the lake flows into the Río Dulce.

The small town of Izabal is on the south shore of the lake. Before the ports of Livingston and Puerto Barrios were built in the 19th century this was Guatemala's main Caribbean Sea port.  It was the original seat of Izabal department. Now Izabal town is a remote village that gets little traffic.

From the area around Lake Izabal, the Department of Izabal stretches along the Río Dulce to the coast of the Caribbean Sea.

The department of Izabal includes the ports of Puerto Barrios (the departmental seat), Santo Tomás de Castilla, Livingston and Guatemala's free trade zone Zolic. Izabal also includes the Pre-Columbian Maya ruins of Quirigua.

## Municipalities 
* El Estor
* Livingston
* Los Amates
* Morales
* Puerto Barrios

## References
Flag of Belize

The **flag of Belize** comes from the earlier flag of British Honduras.  British Honduras is the name of Belize during the time the British ruled. 

The flag is royal blue. It has a white disc at the centre with the national coat of arms held by a white and a black man. They are surrounded by fifty mahogany leaves. The flag is bordered at top and bottom by two red stripes.

The colours on the flag are for the country's national parties. The People's United Party (PUP) uses the color blue.  The United Democratic Party (Belize) (UDP) uses red.
Rio Hondo

**Río Hondo** (Spanish for "deep river") or **Hondo River** may be:

*Río Hondo, Zacapa, a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Zacapa
*Rio Hondo (Belize), a river that is much of the border between Belize and Mexico
*Rio Hondo (California), a tributary of the Los Angeles River in the U.S. state of California
**Rio Hondo College, a college named after the California river
*Rio Hondo, a barrio in Consolación del Sur, Cuba
*Rio Hondo (crater), a named impact crater on the asteroid 951 Gaspra
*Rio Hondo (Northern New Mexico), a river in the northern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico
*Rio Hondo (Southern New Mexico), a river in the southern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico
*Rio Hondo, a barrio in Zamboanga City, Philippines
*Rio Hondo (Puerto Rico), a river in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico
*Rio Hondo, Texas, a township in the U.S. state of Texas
*Termas de Río Hondo, a city in the province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Channing Tatum

**Channing Matthew Tatum** (born on April 26, 1980 in Cullman, Alabama) is an American movie producer and actor. He is a main actor in the movies *Coach Carter*, *Dear John*, Easy A, *21 Jump Street*, its sequel *22 Jump Street*, *White House Down*, *The Lego Movie*, *Foxcatcher*, *The Hateful Eight*, and in *Hail, Caesar!*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michael Hutchence

**Michael Kelland John Hutchence** (22 January 1960 – 22 November 1997) was an Australian recording artist and actor. He was best known as being one of the founding members and lead singer of the rock band INXS. 

Hutchence was also the lead singer for the band Max Q and acted in the movies *Frankenstein Unbound* and *Dogs in Space*. 

In 1992, Hutchence was punched by a taxi driver in Copenhagen, knocking him to the ground. This caused Hutchence brain damage and depression. 

In July 1996, Paula Yates gave birth to their daughter.

Hutchence was found dead by a hotel maid in his hotel room at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney on 22 November 1997. He committed suicide by hanging himself with his snake skin belt. Hutchence had been a drug user and was using drugs just before his death.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Michael Bolton

**Robert James Reid** (born February 26, 1953), is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. He has eight Top 10 records and received Grammy Awards as well as the American Music Awards. He began singing in hard rock, though he later went to the soft rock styles starting in the late 1980s and has stayed there since. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut with family from Ukraine.

In January 2024, Reid announced he had emergency surgery for a brain tumour before December 2023. In April 2025, Bolton revealed that he had glioblastoma. 

## References
Hondo River (Belize)

:*This article is about the river in Belize and Mexico; for other uses, see Rio Hondo*

The **Rio Hondo** is a river of Central America.  It is about 150&nbsp;km (93.2&nbsp;mi) in length.  It flows in a northeasterly direction and ends in the Chetumal Bay on the Caribbean Sea. Most of border of Mexico and Belize runs along its length.

Many archaeological sites of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization are near the river's course.

The river is mentioned in a stanza of Belize's national anthem, *Land of the Free*:

## References 
## Other websites 
* Map showing location
John Playfair

**John Playfair** FRSE, FRS (10 March 1748 &ndash; 20 July 1819) was a Scottish scientist and mathematician, and a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. 

He is perhaps best known for his book *Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth* (1802), which summarised the work of James Hutton. It was through this book that Hutton's principle of uniformitarianism first reached a wide audience. The idea was later taken up by Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin. Playfair is also remembered for his proposal of an alternative to Euclid's parallel postulate.

## Works 
*1802: *Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the Earth*.  
**Dissertation on the progress of Mathematical and Physical Science since the revival of learning in Europe* in the Encyclopædia Britannica (Supplement to fourth, fifth and sixth editions).
The Waltons

***The Waltons*** (September 14, 1972-June 4, 1981) was an American television series. It was about a family in rural Virginia between 1933 and 1946, during the Great Depression and the Second World War. The series was distributed by Lorimar and syndicated via Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution. Six television movies followed this: three in 1982, and another three in the 1990s. The series lasted almost nine years. 

Although the story takes place in Virginia, the entire series was filmed in Los Angeles in the Warner Bros. Studios. The house (outside and inside) was build in the studio, just for the series. 
The mountain in the background (which has the Hollywood Sign that was hidden, and which was shown as heavily forested and green with special effects) stood in for the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia.

## Other websites 
*
Sarstoon River

**Sarstoon River** is a river in the Toledo District of Belize. It makes the country's southern border with Guatemala.

The river's sources are in Guatemala. There it is called by its Spanish name, Río Sarstún. It flows through the Guatemalan departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal.  Then it goes into Belize and through Toledo to the Caribbean Sea.
Orivesi

**Orivesi** is a town and municipality in Finland. It is in Pirkanmaa. The municipality was founded in 1865. It has been classed as a town since 1986.

Nearby municipalities include Juupajoki, Jämsä, Kangasala, Kuhmoinen, Ruovesi and Tampere.

There were more than 9,600 people in Orivesi (as of January, 2014). The name *Orivesi* means "stallion water".

## Other websites 
*Town of Orivesi  – Official website
Akari (satellite)

is a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit in 2006.  

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

The satellite was launched on February 22, 2006.   

The primary mission of *Akari* was as a space observatory to survey the entire sky in near-, mid- and far-infrared  with its infrared telescope.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Akari (ASTRO-F) mission profile
Ryan Tannehill

**Ryan Timothy Tannehill** is an American quarterback who plays for the National Football League (NFL)'s Tennessee Titans. Tannehill used to play for the Miami Dolphins from 2012 to 2018.

## College
Tannehill played for Texas A&M during his college career, after graduating from Texas' Big Spring High School.

## NFL
### 2012
During the 2012 NFL Draft, Tannehill was picked 8th by the Miami Dolphins. He was the first quarterback picked by the Dolphins in the first round of any NFL Draft since Dan Marino. On July 28, 2012, Tannehill signed his rookie contract, a 4-year deal worth $12.688 million. Tannehill started his first pro career game. He played poorly, throwing 0 touchdowns and 3 interceptions against the Houston Texans. Even though he had a poor first game, Tannehill showed signs of growth throughout his rookie season. Despite playing better as the season progressed, his play was still thought to be overall mediocre, as it was overshadowed by the play of other rookie quarterbacks, such as Andrew Luck, Robert Griffin III, and Russell Wilson.

## References
## Other websites 
*Texas A&M bio 
*ESPN player profile and stats
Messier 100

]]
.]]

**Messier 100** (also known as **NGC 4321**) is an example of a so-called 'grand design' spiral galaxy. It is visible in the southern part of constellation Coma Berenices. Messier 100 is one of the brightest and largest galaxies in the Virgo cluster, about 55 million light-years away, with a diameter of 160,000 light years. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in  1781. Later it was entered in Messier’s catalogue of nebulae and star clusters after Charles Messier made observations of his own a month later. The galaxy was one of the first spirals discovered,

## Star formation
Messier 100 is considered a starburst galaxy with a radius of 1 kilo-parsec, where star formation has been taking place for least 500 million years in separate bursts. Star formation is concentrated in a ring  actually two tightly wound spiral arms attached to a small nuclear bar.

As usual on spiral galaxies of the Virgo Cluster, in the rest of the disk both star formation and neutral hydrogen are reduced in the galaxy's disk, something caused by interactions in the Virgo cluster.

## Related pages
**Other Grand design spiral galaxies**
*Whirlpool galaxy-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
*Pinwheel galaxy-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
*Messier 74-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
*Messier 81-Another Grand design spiral galaxy

## References
Audrina Patridge

**Audrina Patridge** (born 9 May 1985) is an American television personality and actress. She acted in several motion pictures. She is especially notable for being among the four original members of the MTV reality show *The Hills*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*