open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Otto Konrad

**Otto Konrad** (born 1 November 1964) is a retired Austrian football goalkeeper. He now works as goalkeeping coach for SV Grödig in Austria's First League.

## Career
### Club
He started his professional career with his local club SK Sturm Graz. He stayed 11 years and then went to SV Austria Salzburg. With this team he reached 3 national titles and played in the  1994 UEFA Cup Final which Salzburg lost to Inter Milan. In the 1994/95 season he even scored a goal for Salzburg. This goal was voted "Goal of the year 1994". 1997 to 1998 he became goalkeeper of Real Zaragoza in Spain but returned to Austria where he played for GAK, DSV Leoben and PSV Salzburg.

### International
He played 12 matches for the Austrian national football team and was member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. His international career was not as successful as his league career because there was a lot of competition for the goalkeeping position.
## Career statistics 
### International 
## Honours
***Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):**
** 1994, 1995, 1997

## References
Arctic hare

The **Arctic hare** (*Lepus arcticus*) is a social animal that lives in the frigid tundra of North America, Newfoundland, and Greenland. These hares often congregate in groups of up to 200 individuals. They hop at great speeds on their large, powerful hind legs, in a kangaroo-like fashion. The female is called a doe, the male is called a buck, and the baby hare is called a leveret. The young are born open-eyed and furry. Most hares live for about a year in the wild. 

Their predators are arctic foxes, arctic wolves, polar bears, falcons, snowy owls, golden eagles, and stoats. They are unharmed during winter and are used to wintry weather.
Citroën Xsara Picasso

The **Citroën Xsara Picasso** is a compact MPV from Citroën introduced in 1999. Its successor, the Citroën C4 Picasso, was introduced in 2006, but the Xsara Picasso still continued to be made until 2012.

## Engines 
* *1.6 i* 65 kW (88 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
* *1.6 i 16V* 80 kW (109 hp)
* *1.8 i 16V* 85 kW (115 hp)
* *2.0 i 16V* 100 kW (136 hp)
* *1.6 HDi* 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
* *2.0 HDi* 66 kW (90 hp)

## Related pages
Crypsis

* lizard showing camouflage, background matching, reduction of shadow, and hiding. Bandipur National Park]]

**Crypsis** is a word in ecology which means "hiding". It refers to the ways animals avoid being seen, or otherwise detected. It also includes the situation when an animal *is* noticed, but is not recognised for what it is. It may be either a defence against predators, or a device for predators to get near prey.

Methods include camouflage, nocturnality (night-time activity),  lifestyle, transparency, and mimicry. The word can also be used about eggs, and about pheromone production.  Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory or auditory camouflage.

*Hiding is the simplest case of crypsis. The animal moves to a place where it cannot be seen.
*Camouflage is the case where an animal *can'' be seen by (for example) a predator, but not recognised.
*Mimicry is the case when an animal can be seen, but seems like another animal or plant. Warning colouration is an example.

## References
Cannabaceae

**Cannabaceae** the hemp family of the rose order, containing 11 genera and 270 species of aromatic herbs distributed throughout temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. 

## Description 
Older authorities included the two genera, Cannabis and Humulus, in the mulberry family. These and the former hackberry family (Celtidaceae) are now included in Cannabaceae. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp (*Cannabis*) and hop (*Humulus*) are the only economically important species.
Urticaceae

**Urticaceae** the nettle family comprising about 45 genera of herbs, shrubs, small trees, and a few vines, distributed primarily in tropical regions. The family is typical of the nettle order. 

## Description 
Many species, especially the nettles (*Urtica*) and Australian nettle trees (*Laportea*), have stinging hairs on the stems and leaves. The leaves are varied and the sap is usually watery. 
The small, greenish flowers often form clusters in the leaf axils. Both male and female flowers may be borne on the same plant. The curled stamens of the male flowers straighten quickly as the flowers open, releasing the pollen.
IMI Galil

The **Galil** is a family of Israeli small arms. They were designed by Yisrael Galil and Yaacov Lior in the late 1960s. They were made by Israel Military Industries Ltd (now Israel Weapon Industries Ltd) of Ramat HaSharon.

## History
The Galil's design is supposed to make it work well in warm weather. It was designed from the Finnish RK 62. The RK 62 itself was designed from the Soviet AK-47 assault rifle. It was chosen as the winner of a competition for the Israel Defense Forces. This competition included many other designs. Some of these were the M16A1, Stoner 63, AK-47 and HK33. The Galil was officially brought into service in 1972. It replaced the FN FAL.

## Design
### Features
n soldier on patrol in Iraq with the compact Galil SAR in 5.56x45mm.]]

The Galil is fired by a small hammer. It has a trigger mechanism which was designed from the trigger used in the American M1 Garand.

## Types of Galil
an National Police officers with the 7.62mm Galil AR.]]
ese peacekeeper with the 7.62mm Galil SAR.]]

### AR
The AR is the normal rifle version. It has a plastic handguard. The handguard can take a lot of damage before breaking.  The stock of the AR can fold (to the right side).

### SAR
The SAR carbine type of the AR has a shorter barrel (332&nbsp;mm, 13.07in). Because the barrel is shorter, the mechanisms inside the barrel are also smaller.

### ARM
The ARM version is a light machine gun. It has a handle to carry the weapon, a bipod which folds and a larger handguard. The handguard is made from wood. The wooden handguard stays cool when the weapon is being fired fully automatically. The bipod can be used as a wire cutter. The back of the handguard can be used to open bottles. This was put in to stop soldiers opening bottles with the magazines, as this damaged them.
*  Also adopted the Galil ACE rifle by the middle of 2010, produced by Indumil.
* 
* 
* : Uses 5.56mm versions of the Galil AR, SAR, ARM and the 7.62mm Galil Sniper.
* : 3,000 ACE
* 
* : Israel Defense Forces and Knesset Guard.
* 
* 
* : 5.56mm AR and ARM versions used by the Portuguese Army airborne infantry.
* 
* 
* 

## References
## More reading
* 

## Other websites
* Video of an IMI Galil being fired
* Israel Weapon Industries – manufacturer's page
* Operator's Manual
* Israeli-Weapons.com 
* Galil 5.56&nbsp;mm AR/ARM/SAR manual 
* Buddy Hinton collection
* Galil rifle information 
* Modern Firearms 
* REMTEK 
* Golani Sporter, Guns Magazine July 2007
Hwang Hui

**Hwang Hui** (1363  1452) was a politican and scholar of the Goryeo dynasty and Joseon dynasty. He was the Prime Minister of the Joseon dynasty from 1431 to 1449.

## Related pages
* Maeng Sa-seong
* Kim Jong-seo
* Choi Yun-deok

## References 
* Naver.com article (Korean)
* Nate Studies (Korean)
Petrichor

**Petrichor** () is the name of the scent of rain on dry dirt. The term was created by two Australian researchers for an article in the journal *Nature.*

## References
Harald Cerny

**Harald Cerny** (born 13 September 1973) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He played mostly for TSV 1860 München.

## Career
He started his career  with ASV Hinterbrühl and FC Admira/Wacker where he played in the different youth teams. At the age of 19 he went to Bayern München where he started his professional career. For the first two years he played for the second squad but in 1992–93 he played in the first team, making his debut against Eintracht Frankfurt. In 1993 he went back to Austria, playing with FC Admira/Wacker . After Wacker Innsbruck in the 1994–95 season he went back to Munich but played for Bayern's rival TSV 1860 München. He has played more games for TSV 180 München than anyone else - 268 in total - 238 in the Bundesliga. Due to injuries, he ended his career in 2007.

## International
Cerny made his debut for Austria in  March 1993 against Greece. He played 47 matches and scored four goals. His last international was an April 2004 against Luxembourg. He was in the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France, where he played two games - against Cameroon and Chile.

### National team statistics
|-
|1993||4||0
|-
|1994||6||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||8||3
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||47||4
|}

## References
Franz Wohlfahrt

**Franz Bernhard Wohlfahrt** (born 1 July 1964 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria) is a former Austrian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career
He started with the local club SV St. Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien. He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit. Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections. With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner. He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter. Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football. From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1). 2000 he went back to Austria Wien. 2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured.

## Honours
***Austrian League**: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
***Austrian Cup**: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94
***German Cup**: 1996–97
*'''UEFA Cup Winners' Cup**: Runner-up 1997–98
***Austrian Footballer of the Year''': 1993

## References
Bernadette

**Bernadette** [ bur-n*uh*-**det**; *French* ber-na-**det** ]is a feminine given name. It is the female version of the masculine name **Bernard**. Bernadette is a name with French roots that has its origins in the Germanic name Bernhard, which translates to "powerful, courageous bear."This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Celebrities with the name *Bernadette* include the actress Bernadette Peters.

## People named Bernadette
* St. Bernadette Soubirous (1844&ndash;1879), Marian visionary of Lourdes
* Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
* Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
* Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster and host
* Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player
* Bernadette Chirac (born 1933),French politician
* Bernadette Peters, American actress and singer
* Bernadette Mayer, American writer
* Bernadette Isaac-Sibille, French politician

### Fictional people
* Bernadette Rostenkowski, a character on the TV show *The Big Bang Theory*

## Music
* "Bernadette", a 1967 hit recording by the Four Tops
* "Bernadette", a single by IAMX from his 2011 album Volatile Times

## References
Pentene

**Pentene** is the name of alkenes with the formula C5H10. They are hydrocarbons. In total, there are five different pentenes. Pentenes occur in cracking processes and in natural gas. Pentenes are used for polymerization, and for the synthesis of isoprene, amyl alcohols and Alkylphenols. Amyl alcohols are used as stabilizers in the production of Chloroform and Dichloromethane to stop phosgene from being made.
Paul Strzelecki

**Paul Edmund de Strzelecki** (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia.

He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.
## References
Pericyclic reaction

norcaradiene rearrangement]]
In organic chemistry, a **pericyclic reaction** is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds. In the case of pericyclic reactions, the transition state of the molecule is a ring (has a cyclic geometry), and the reaction goes forward in a concerted way. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions. The most important groups of pericyclic reactions are:

* Electrocyclic reactions
* Cycloadditions
* Sigmatropic reactions
* Group transfer reactions
* Cheletropic reactions
* Dyotropic reactions

In general, pericyclic reactions are equilibrium processes. However, it is possible to push the reaction in one direction if the product is at a significantly lower energy level. This is applying Le Chatelier's principle to a reaction involving a single molecule.

Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them. Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. For example, it is not definitively known whether the [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism is concerted (or may depend on the reactive system). Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed. But these metal-catalyzed reactions are  not really pericyclic. The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates. So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized.

A large photoinduced hydrogen sigmatropic shift was utilized in a corrin synthesis performed by Albert Eschenmoser containing a 16π system.  

Due to the principle of microscopic reversibility, there is a parallel set of "retro" pericyclic reactions, which perform the reverse reaction.

## Pericyclic reactions in biochemistry 
Pericyclic reactions also happen in several biological processes:

*Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in almost all prototrophic organisms.
*[1,5]-sigmatropic shift when precorrin-8x is being changed into hydrogenobyrinic acid
*non-enzymatic, photochemical electrocyclic ring opening and a (1,7) sigmatropic hydride shift in vitamin D synthesis.
*a conversion of Isochorismate into salicylate and Pyruvate in a catalyzed, true pericyclic reaction.
:

## Related pages
*Woodward–Hoffmann rules

## References 
Organic Chemistry
2011–12 Manchester United F.C. season

The 2011–12 season is Manchester United's 20th season in the Premier League.

Manchester United signed a £40 million four-year deal with DHL.

In November, Sir Alex Ferguson celebrated 25 years in charge of the club.

## Pre-season 
Manchester United started their season with a tour in the United States. United finishing the tour with a game against Barcelona in Washington on 30 July.

### Community Shield 
## Transfers 
|

|}

|

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## Squad 
|

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## Premier League 
### Stats 
|

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## Champions League 
Manchester United will face Benfica, Basel and Otelul Galati in Group C.

## League Cup and FA Cup 
### League Cup 
Manchester United were drawn against Crystal Palace in the quarter-finals of the League Cup.

## References
Stress (mechanics)

**Stress** is the force per unit area on a body that tends to cause it to change shape.

Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a body between its particles.

### Uniaxial normal stress
**Tensile stress** (or tension) is the stress state leading to ; that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction. The volume of the material stays constant. When equal and opposite forces are applied on a body, then the stress due to this force is called tensile stress.

Therefore in a uniaxial material the length increases in the tensile stress direction and the other two directions will decrease in size. In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces. Tensile stress is the opposite of compressive stress.

Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Beams subjected to bending moments may include tensile stress as well as compressive stress and/or shear stress.

Tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the *limit state* of stress.

## Stress in one-dimensional bodies
All real objects occupy three-dimensional space. However, if two dimensions are very large or very small compared to the others, the object may be modelled as one-dimensional. This simplifies the mathematical modelling of the object. One-dimensional objects include a piece of wire loaded at the ends and viewed from the side, and a metal sheet loaded on the face and viewed up close and through the cross section.

## Related pages
* Tension
* Bending
* Stress–strain curve

## References
## Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites 
* Stress analysis, Wolfram Research 
* ESDU Stress Analysis Methods
* True stress and true strain 
* Stress-Strain Curve for Ductile Material 
* Encyclopædia Britannica article
Annoying Orange

***Annoying Orange*** is a live action/animated comedy web series created by Dane Boedigheimer. The main character is an orange who annoys other fruits. The episodes are uploaded to the YouTube channel *realannoyingorange* weekly. As of 2024 there were over 2,000 videos. The channel had over 13 million subscribers.

## Television series
In 2012, Cartoon Network made a 2012-2014 television series, *The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange*, based on the YouTube series. He also made another channel called *Annoying Orange Gaming* in 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mercedes-Benz W201

The **Mercedes-Benz W201** is a car produced by Mercedes-Benz. It was introduced in 1982 and came before the C-Class, that replaced the W201 in 1993.

## Models and engines
### Petrol
* *190* 4-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp), 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
* *190 E 1.8* 4-cylinder 80 kW (109 hp)
* *190 E 2.0* 4-cylinder 87 kW (118 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
* *190 E 2.3* 4-cylinder 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
* *190 E 2.3-16* 4-cylinder 125 kW (170 hp), 130 kW (177 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)
* *190 E 2.5-16* 4-cylinder 143 kW (194 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
* *190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II* 4 cylinder 173 kW (235 hp)
* *190 E 2.6* 6-cylinder 118 kW (160 hp) and 122 kW (166 hp)
* *190 E 3.2 AMG* 6-cylinder 172 kW (234 hp)

### Diesel
* *190 D* 4-cylinder 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
* *190 D 2.2* 4-cylinder 54 kW (73 hp)
* *190 D 2.5* 5-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
* *190 D 2.5 Turbo* 5-cylinder 90 kW (122 hp) and 93 kW (126 hp)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cadel Evans

**Cadel Evans** (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver. In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France.

## Early life
Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman. He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80&nbsp;km east of Katherine. At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma. In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales. Later they moved to the state of Victoria. Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager. His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world eater.

## References
Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)

**Grand Army Plaza** is at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York.  It is in front of the Plaza Hotel. It is opposite the southeast corner of Central Park. The sculptor Karl Bitter first had the idea for the Plaza in 1898. It is named after the Grand Army of the Potomac. The Carrère and Hastings architecture firm designed it. Construction was finished in 1916.

The Plaza is oval. 59th street divides it into northern and southern parts. The northern part has a golden statue of William Tecumseh Sherman designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The statue features Sherman on a horse with the goddess "Victory" in front of him. There are often temporary sculpture exhibits at the north side of the plaza.

The southern part is the Plaza of the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance. This fountain was designed by Bitter and paid for by Joseph Pulitzer. A bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona is at the top of the fountain. The statue of Pomona was the last one that Bitter designed.

The plaza was renovated in 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million.  The  Plaza Hotel is named for the Plaza, and is at its southwest corner.

## Related pages
* Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.

## References
Linaceae

The **Linaceae** is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes exactly 250 species. There are 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of Linaceae are always simple. Their arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in *Sclerolinon* and some *Linum*) or whorled (in some *Hesperolinon* and *Linum*).
Celastraceae

**Celastraceae** the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera *Euonymus* and *Celastrus* (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk.
Gas exchange

(part of the bloodstream) and an alveolus (an air sac in the lungs).]]

**Exchange of gases** or **gas exchange** is carried out by organisms. Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in oxygen. Plants use carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis, making oxygen. Plants only do this when there is light. Plants breathe day and night.

## Humans
In the human respiratory system, gas exchange happens in the alveolus (alveoli for plural). These are in the lungs and help with diffusion. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, from the air. Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, into the air. Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by respiration.

## Eukaryotes
In eukaryotes, respiration is carried out by the mitochondria. However, in some cells it is carried out by the cytoplasm. For more information visit cellular respiration.

## References
2011 Pan American Games

The 16th Pan American Games were held in 2011 in Guadalajara, Mexico. Over 6,000 athletes from 42 countries competed in 36 sports.

## References
Torquoselectivity

In organic chemistry, **torquoselectivity** describes electrocyclic reactions that produce one isomer more than the other. An official definition is "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." In other words, a chemical reaction is torquoselective if the groups of atoms that hang from a ring of atoms are more likely to have rotated in a particular direction during the reaction (instead of being equally likely to rotate in both possible directions.) Torquoselectivity is different from the normal diastereoselectivity of pericyclic reactions. Instead it is more selectivity beyond the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The name comes from the idea that the substituents in an electrocyclization appear to rotate during the reaction. The reaction produces a single product because only one direction of rotation was allowed (that is, the direction of rotation on the substituents was favored). The concept was originally developed by Kendall N. Houk.

When a chemical reaction closes a ring, its torquoselectivity is the same as enantioselectivity. A single enantiomer of a cyclization product is formed from the selective ring closure of the starting material. In a typical electrocyclic ring closing, selection for either conrotatory or disrotatory reactions modes still produces two enantiomers. Torquoselectivity is a discrimination *between* these possible enantiomers that requires asymmetric induction.

Torquoselectivity also happens in selective electrocyclic reactions that break open rings. The different directions of rotation produce  structural isomers. In these cases, steric strain is often the driving force for the selectivity. Studies have shown that the selectivity can also be changed by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups.

Torquoselectivity can also apply to other mechanisms, including chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction by  stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer is shown below for the torquoselective Nazarov cyclization reaction of a chiral allenyl vinyl ketone. 

 transfer in the Nazarov cyclization of allenyl vinyl ketones]]

## References
Gripper

A **gripper** is something that  things or makes it easier to grip things. It may refer to:

* Grippers, tools for exercising the muscles in a person's hand
* Robot end effector, the "hand" of a robot
* Grip (job), a job in filmmaking
* Shoes that have cleats, which make it easier to grip the ground
William Kidd

**Captain Kidd**, or, by his real name, *William Kidd*, ( 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish pirate and sailor. It is heard that he buried a treasure chest on a  island. The chest had a lot of gold and jewels in it. He was found guilty of murder and was executed by hanging at 'Execution Dock', Wapping, in London on 23 May 1701.

## References
Angelshark

An **Angelshark** is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus ***Squatina***. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known. 

The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas.  Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres.  Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks.
They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time.

## Behavior
Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail. 

 ]]

## References
Jeff Kent

**Jeffrey Franklin Kent** (born March 7, 1968) was an American baseball player. He played second base. He played for six different teams, including the New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was a five-time All-Star, and the 2000 National League MVP. In his career, he batted .290, with 2,461 hits, 377 home runs and 1,518 RBIs.  He has more home runs than any other second baseman.  He also drove in 90 or more batters in nine straight seasons.

Kent was from Bellflower, California and went to high school in Huntington Beach.

## Other websites
Let's Kill Hitler

"'''Let's Kill Hitler'*" is the eighth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series *Doctor Who''. The episode was broadcast on BBC One, Space and BBC America on 27 August 2011. It is the second episode of a two-part story. The story began with "A Good Man Goes To War" (episode seven). It is the 778th episode. 

The episode centers around River Song and the history of Amy Pond.
Romano Mattè

**Romano Mattè** (born 17 January 1939 in Trento) is an Italian former association football player, who coached the national teams of Mali and Indonesia.

## References
Blue shark

The **blue shark** (*Prionace glauca*) is a species of requiem shark. It has a slim, smooth-looking body with large eyes, and a long, cone-shaped snout. The dorsal surface is a dark blue colour, and the belly is white.

The largest blue sharks can reach lengths of up to 3.8 metres, and weigh as much as 206&nbsp;kg. The shark is found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. They range from the surface to as deep as 350 metres, and prefer water with the temperature of 7 to 16&nbsp;°C.

## Description
The blue shark has extremely long, pointed pectoral fins. The dorsal fin is moderate in size. It is closer to the pelvic fins than to the pectoral fins. The blue shark's name comes from its distinct dark blue dorsal surface, and bright blue sides. The belly is white. The colours of the blue shark help it to camouflage in the open ocean. The largest blue shark on record measured 3.8 metres (12.5 feet), but they are rumored to get as large as 6.1 metres (20 feet). Males reach maturity at the ages of 4–5 years, when they are at the lengths of between 1.8-2.8 metres (6-9.2 feet). Females mature at slightly older ages from 5–6 years, when they are at the lengths of between 2.2-3.2 metres (7.2-10.5 feet). The largest blue sharks range in weights from 204–206&nbsp;kg (450-454 pounds).

## Habitat
Blue sharks are found worldwide, in temperate and tropical waters. They are a pelagic species that rarely comes near shore. They have been known to frequently swim to inshore areas around oceanic islands, and locations where the continental shelf is narrow. In the western Atlantic they can be found from Newfoundland, Canada to Argentina. In the eastern Atlantic they range from Norway to South Africa, including the Mediterranean. In the Indian Ocean, they range from South Africa to Indonesia. In the western Pacific they are found from Japan to New Zealand. In the eastern Pacific, Blue sharks range from the Gulf of Alaska to Chile.

Being a pelagic species, the shark's habitat consists of open ocean areas, from the surface to 350 metres (1,148 feet) in depth. They prefer cooler water ranging from 7 to 16&nbsp;°C (45-61&nbsp;°F) in temperature. They are known to swim in water with the temperature of 21&nbsp;°C (70&nbsp;°F) or greater. When in the tropics, the shark usually swims to deeper water with cooler temperatures. This is common in the tropical Indian Ocean, where the majority of Blue sharks are found at depths of 80–220 metres (263–722 feet), where water temperatures range from 12-25&nbsp;°C (54-77&nbsp;°F). In the Pacific, at latitudes between 20°N and 50°N, they are known to migrate to higher latitudes during the summer and lower latitudes during the winter. Their populations remain constant throughout the year between 20°N and 20°S latitude.

## References
*  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1006091102174

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* ARKive - Images and movies of the blue shark *(Prionace glauca)* 
* Canadian Shark research laboratory 
* BBCNews - 'Jaws' comes to a US beach 3 August 2010.
* BBCNews - Footage of shark which closed New Quay (Wales) beach 8 August 2012.
Javier Hernández

**Javier Hernández Balcázar ** (born June 1, 1988 in Guadalajara, Mexico), also known as **Chicharito**, is a Mexican footballer. He plays for Liga MX club Guadalajara. He also plays Esports for Complexity Gaming's Call of Duty team.

## Biography
Hernández was born in 1988 in Guadalajara, Mexico. His father Javier Hernández Gutiérrez is a retired footballer.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Guadalajara**
*Mexican Primera División: Apertura 2006

**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 2010–11, 2012–13
*FA Community Shield: 2010
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2010–11

**Real Madrid**
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2014

**Sevilla**
*UEFA Europa League: 2019–20

**Mexico**
*CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2011
*CONCACAF Cup: 2015

**Individual**
*Mexican Primera División Forward of the Season: Bicentenario 2010
*Mexican Primera División Golden Boot (Shared): Bicentenario 2010
*Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 2010–11
*Bundesliga Idol: 2015
*Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2015–16
*MLS Player of the Month: April/May 2021
*CONCACAF Men's Player of the Year: 2015
*CONCACAF Best XI: 2015
*CONCACAF Gold Cup MVP: 2011
*IFFHS CONCACAF Men's Team of the Decade: 2011–2020

## References
Mental breakdown

**Mental breakdown** (also known as a **nervous breakdown**) is a non-medical term used to describe an acute, temporary, short phase of a disorder with features of depression or anxiety.

## Definition
The terms 'nervous breakdown' and 'mental breakdown' are not formally defined in a diagnostic system such as the DSM-IV or ICD-10. The terms are not often used in the scientific literature on mental illness.

Specific cases are sometimes described as a 'breakdown' only after a person cannot function in day-to-day life. It is a temporary condition. 

## Causes
Different things can cause a mental breakdown. A study found that problems with intimate relationships, such as divorce or , contributed to 24% of nervous breakdowns. Problems at work and school accounted for 17% of cases, and financial problems for 11%. Surveys suggest that in the United States, health problems have decreased in importance as a contributor to nervous breakdowns, as these accounted for 28% of nervous breakdowns in 1957, 12% in 1976, and only 5.6% in 1996.

## References
Arthur Rubinstein

**Arthur Rubinstein** (January 28, 1887 – December 20, 1982) was a Polish-American pianist. He received praise from around the world for his playing of the music of a selection of composers (many call him the greatest Chopin player of the century).

Rubinstein was born in Łódź, Poland to a family of Jews. He was the youngest child of the family. His father was a rich owner of a factory.

Although his given name is **Artur Rubinstein**, in English-speaking countries he wanted to be known as **Arthur Rubinstein**. However, his United States impresario Sol Hurok wanted him to still be billed as *Artur*, and his recordings were released in the West under both names.

Rubinstein learned the piano at the age of two in Warsaw, before beginning study in Berlin at the age of eight. His debut in Berlin was made in 1898 followed by a debut at Carnegie Hall in the United States in 1906.

Throughout his life, Rubinstein was famous as a solo pianist, a soloist in piano concertos, and even as a chamber musician. He retired from the stage at age eighty-nine, and died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 December 1982, at the age of ninety-five, and his body was cremated. On the first anniversary of his death, his ashes were buried in Jerusalem – as specified in his will – in a plot now nicknamed the "Rubinstein Forest" overlooking the Jerusalem Forest.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bongo (antelope)

The **bongo** (*Tragelaphus eurycerus*) is a nocturnal antelope. It has two subspecies: the western or lowland bongo, and the eastern or mountain bongo. The western bongo is near threatened and the mountain bongo is critically endangered. Bongos eat plants. They live in forests in Africa. Kenya is the only place eastern bongos live in the wild. Like the west African giraffe, the eastern or mountain bongo is one of the most threatened animals in Africa. Bongos live in both captivity and the wild.

As bongos grow their horns appear. Both male and female bongos have horns. 

## References
Diels–Alder reaction

The **Diels–Alder reaction** (DA) is a chemical reaction between organic compounds. The reaction causes the compounds to form a new six-sided compound. This is called a cyclohexene. A conjugated diene joins with an alkene to make the cyclohexene. This compound looks like a ring.

This reaction was discovered by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder in 1928. In 1950, they were given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on this reaction. The DA reaction is very useful as it means cyclohexenes can be made with very little energy. Cyclohexenes are used to make complex organic molecules. One of the first uses of the DA reaction was to make insecticides.

The DA reaction makes a new hexagonal ring-shaped compound. A compound with two double bonds which are one carbon atom apart from each other is joined to another compound with at least one double bond. A DA reaction can also happen if some of the atoms in the newly formed ring are not carbon. Some of the DA reactions are . The reaction caused during this breaking up of the cyclic system is called the **retro-Diels–Alder**. These retro-Diels–Alder compounds are often seen when they are analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Some chemists call the Diels–Alder reaction the 'Mona Lisa' of organic reactions. Like the simple smile on the painting, the reaction may be far more complex than chemists have so far discovered.

Lewis acids (AlCl3, ZnCl2, and others) act as catalysts to the reaction.

## References
## Other websites
* Asymmetric Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions
* Semi-empirical calculations of the Diels–Alder reaction.
* Endo Addition Rule
Dyotropic reaction

A **dyotropic reaction** is a type of chemical reaction. It is when an organic compound changes its structure. Two substituents jump from one place on the molecule to another. It is a pericyclic valence isomerization when two sigma bonds move at the same time to a new place on the same molecule. Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry. They can explain how certain reactions work. Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules. Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971. The name "dyotropic reaction" comes from the Greek word *dyo* meaning "two." "Rearrangement" means that the reaction changes the bonds between atoms on a single molecule.
:
In a **type I reaction**, two migrating groups trade their relative positions. A **type II reaction **  involves migration to new bonding sites without positional .

## Type I rearrangements
In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y), the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other. The reaction leaves both groups on the opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein. They saw the exchange of two bromine atoms in a certain steroid. 

In a simple example, the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1,2-dibromohexane mutarotate by heating. In the transition state both bromine atoms connect symmetrically two both carbon atoms on opposite sides and the reaction is concerted. Chemists have also  stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions. 
:

In organic synthesis, an important dyotropic reaction is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones. Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds. One example is using heat to change RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3.  (This reaction can go in both directions depending on temperature.) Another example is the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement. Dyotropic reactions can also happen with N-O bonds or N-N bonds.

## Type II rearrangements
Type II rearrangements often involve two hydrogen atoms moving along a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn-sesquinorbornene
disulfones.
:

## References
Theoretical chemistry

**Theoretical chemistry** tries to explain data from chemistry experiments. It uses mathematics and computational analysis. Theoretical chemistry predicts what happens when atoms combine to form molecules. It also predicts chemical properties (characteristics) of molecules. An important part of theoretical chemistry is quantum chemistry. 

## More reading 
* Attila Szabo and Neil S. Ostlund, *Modern Quantum Chemistry: Introduction to Advanced Electronic Structure Theory*, Dover Publications; New Ed edition (1996) , 
* Robert G. Parr and Weitao Yang, *Density-Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules*, Oxford Science Publications; first published in 1989; ,
Pebble

in Somerset, England]]
, Australia]]
A **pebble** is a piece of rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimetres. They are often made of flint.

Pebbles are larger than granules (2 to 4 millimetres diameter) and smaller than cobbles (64 to 256 millimetres diameter). A rock made predominantly of pebbles is termed a conglomerate. Pebble tools are among the earliest known man-made artifacts, dating from the Palaeolithic period of human history.

A beach composed chiefly of surface pebbles is commonly termed a shingle beach. This type of beach resists wave erosion, and has ecological niches which can provide habitat for animals and plants.
MESSENGER

**MESSENGER**, MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging, was an unmanned NASA and APL spacecraft.  Its mission lasted 10 years, 8 months and 28 days.

It was launched on August 3, 2004 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It was aboard a Boeing Delta II rocket. 100% mapping was completed in March 2013 and the probe continued its studies. On April 30, 2015, it crashed into Mercury. It crashed near the crater Janáček. 

## References
U.S. Defense Department firefighters

The United States Department of Defense employs civilian firefighters. They are stationed at military bases to work as firefighters. These workers have their own uniforms and equipment. They are not a part of any military unit. They will work alongside military units if needed. Many times, they are the only firefighters at a military facility. The civilian firefighters wear special uniforms, usually a dark blue suit with a badge and with a shoulder patch indicating their firefighting organization.

Firefighters go to special classes to learn firefighting skills. They earn certificates after taking the classes. One major class is called "DoD Fire & Emergency Services Training." 

## Related pages
* Firefighting

## References
## Other websites
* Military Firefighter Heritage Foundation  website.  
* U.S. Defense Dept. Fire & Emergency Services Certification Program  web page.
* dodfire.com , Organization website
* History web page , dodfire.com 
* Website for US Army civilian firefighter units , U.S. Army Installation Management Command 
* fedfire.org , federal firefighters group in California. 
* Fort Knox firefighters  website
* Fort Knox firefighters patch  website
* US Government document authorizing use of uniforms for civilian firefighters
Shingle beach

Western Isles. The narrow neck of pebbles is covered at spring tides and during storms.]]
, England]]
 looking towards the Southern Alps]]

A **shingle beach** (or **pebble beach**) is a beach made of pebbles, not sand. The stones may be from  diameter. These beaches strongly resist erosion by waves.

This beach landform is quite common in Western Europe, because the pebbles come from the lines of flint in the chalk. Chesil Bank is an example. When the chalk erodes, the tough flint stays as pebbles.

Other examples are found in Bahrain, North America and in a number of other places. On the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, there are mixed shingle and sand fans in the braided rivers. 

## References
Puddingstone

valley from here towards Monmouth. Some forms were 'mined' and shaped into millstones for their abrasive qualities.]]

**Puddingstone** is a kind of sedimentary rock. It is formed when pebbles, perhaps from a shingle beach, are cemented together by silica coming out of solution.

The rock which forms is extremely hard and resistant to wear. It is used for grindstones and building. The pebbles are usually made of flint, and both they and the matrix are made of silica. These types of stones are also a source of million-year-old fossils.
Compensation (psychology)

In psychology, **compensation** is a way people hide something that they cannot do well, by doing something else really well. They may not even be aware that they are doing it. Compensation can hide real or imagined problems and personal or physical inferiority. However it does not really solve the cause of the problem. Positive compensations may help a person overcome difficulties. But negative compensations do not, and can even make the problems worse.
 
There are two kinds of negative compensation:
*Overcompensation, where a person has a goal to gain superiority. This leads to wanting power, dominance, self-esteem and self-devaluation.
*Under compensation which includes a demand for help, leads to a lack of courage and a fear for life.

A well-known example of failing overcompensation, can be seen in people going through a mid life crisis. Approaching midlife many people (especially men) lack the energy to maintain their psychological defenses, including their compensatory acts.

## Origin
Alfred Adler, founder of individual psychology, used the word compensation in relation inferiority feelings. In his book *Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation* (1907) he wrote if a person feels inferior (weak) then they will (usually) try to compensate for it somewhere else.

Adler's reason to explore this was from his own experience. He was shy and yet he pushed himself to give lectures.

Adler also "transferred" this idea of compensation to psychic training.

## Cultural implications
Narcissistic people, by compensation theory, hide their feelings of low self-esteem by:
* talking "highly"
* contacting "highly admired" persons

Narcissistic children try to compensate for their jealousy and anger by fantasizing about:
* power
* beauty
* wealth

Christopher Lasch, an American historian and social critic wrote in his book *The Culture of Narcissism* (1979) that North American society in the 1970s was narcissistic. The narcissistic society:
* worships consumption
* fears dependency, aging, and death. 
Therefore, it is "fascinated" with fame.

Consumption can be an example of compensation (see study by Allison J. Pugh: *From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’*). Examples:
* use of goods to convey human relationships. 
* parents make up for "bad" conditions (poverty, abuse ...) they lived in
* parents make up for "bad" conditions (divorce, ...) they caused to children

## References
* Claude S. Fisher: Comment On “Anxiety”: Compensation In Social History 
* Christopher Lasch (1979). The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: Norton.
* Allison J. Pugh: ‘From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’: Why parents buy. 
* http://www.infinityinst.com/articles/alfred_adler.htm
* http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=535671
Eponym

hero Orion is the eponym of the constellation Orion, shown here.]]

An **eponym** is someone's name being used for naming something else. This is common in some fields of knowledge.

## References
Lorient

**Lorient** is a commune and seaport in the Morbihan department in Brittany.

## Sister cities
Lorient is twinned with:
*  Galway City, Ireland, since 1978
*  Vigo, Spain
*  Wirral, United Kingdom
*  Ventspils, Latvia
*  Ludwigshafen, Germany
*  České Budějovice, Czech Republic
*  Denizli, Turkey
Range (mathematics)

In mathematics, the range is a concept which has various meanings in different topics:

* The **range** of a function f, also written as \operatorname{ran}(f) or \operatorname{Range}(f), is the set of elements that the function outputs.
* In statistics, the range is the difference between the lowest and highest values. For example. in {4, 6, 9, 3, 7}, the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9, so the range is 9-3 = 6. 
* In some occasions, the term "range" can also refer to the mathematical concept of interval.

## Related pages 
* Surjective function

## References