open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kaon

(u) and one strange antiquark (s with a line over it)]]
**Kaons** are a specific type of meson (mesons are particles made of one quark and one antiquark). What makes kaons unique is that they are made of one up quark or down quark, and one strange quark. (One of the two quarks that make of a **kaon** must be an antiquark, and the other must be normal matter. For example, a kaon can be made of one up quark and a strange antiquark). The discovery of kaons was significant because it proved the existence of yet another flavour (type) of quark, the strange quark.

There are four types of kaons, but two of them are relatively easy to understand. There is the K+ and the K0. The + and 0 above the letter K refer to whether the charge is positive, or 0 (neutral). The K+ is made of one up quark, and one strange antiquark. Since antiparticles have the opposite charge of their counterpart (and since normal strange quarks have a charge of -1/3), 2/3 + 1/3 = a +1 charge, or simply a + charge. (Also because antiparticles have the opposite charge of their counterpart, if you change the up quark in a K+ to an up antiquark and the strange antiquark to a normal strange quark, you get the opposite charge, forming a K–). Since down quarks and strange quarks have the same charge, if either one of them is an antiparticle, the overall charge is zero. Therefore, a K0 can either be made of one down quark and  strange antiquark, or one down antiquark and one normal strange quark.
Julian Assange

**Julian Paul Assange** (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, publisher and journalist. 

In June 2024, he was released from the British justice system; He was put on an airplane. He went to the island of Saipan (in the Pacific Ocean). He stood in front of a judge in the *District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands*, and was released. He came (back) to Australia in June.

He is a spokesman and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks, which is a website that posts news leaks. He started the website in 2006. He was born in Townsville, Queensland. He also made a program called Rubberhose (file system) to hide secret information in a specific way that protects against torture.

Assange was the Readers' Choice for Time Person of the Year in 2010 after getting the most Internet votes. 

## Time in Britain (2012–2024)
In 2012, facing extradition to Sweden, he took refuge at the Embassy of Ecuador in London and was granted political asylum by Ecuador.

On 11 January 2018, it was announced that Assange had held Ecuadorian citizenship since 12 December 2017.

Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno said on 27 July 2018 that he had begun talks with British authorities to withdraw the asylum for Assange. On 11 April 2019, Ecuador withdrew Assange's asylum and he was arrested by the Metropolitan Police shortly afterwards. His lawyers said they will fight extradition to the United States.

In November 2019, it was reported that Assange is in bad health, has depression and "could die in prison" if not hospitalised.

As of 2024's second quarter, Assange's extradition case [was still] under appeal, in the British justice system. Earlier (4 February  2020), the extradition to the United States hearing (a pre-trial discussion in a court) for Assange began in London. On 26 March 2024, London’s High Court gave "the U.S. government three weeks to provide *satisfactory assurances* Assange will receive a fair trial; have his first amendment free speech rights protected; and will not face the death penalty if he is extradited from the U.K. to the United States".

In June 2024, he was released from the British justice system; He was put on an airplane that went to Saipan (in the Pacific Ocean).

## References
Y tu mamá también

***Y tu mamá también*** (Spanish for *And Your Mother Too*) is a 2001 award-winning Mexican road movie. It was directed by Alfonso Cuarón and written by him and his brother Carlos Cuarón. It has a MPAA rating of R, meaning mature.

It was released without a rating in the United States because the movie's distributors believed a market-limiting NC-17 was unavoidable. This movie was released during 2002 in the US.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Adriaan Blaauw

**Adriaan Blaauw** (April 12 1914—December 1 2010) was a Dutch astronomer. He was an expert on the development of groups of young stars and how they expand away from each other. He discovered that some massive stars, known as runaways, can be moving at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per second.

## References
Drosophila pseudoobscura

***Drosophila pseudoobscura*** is a species of fruit fly, used extensively in lab studies of the genetics of natural populations.

It was first used by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues. They collected samples from populations in western North America and Mexico, and grew them in 'population cages' in the laboratory. They were interested in natural selection, genetic drift, and other aspects of population genetics.

In 1989 Diane Dodd gave laboratory populations of *D. pseudoobscura* two different food types, starch and maltose. They rapidly evolved into two distinct groups after only eight generations with the different foods. As the two groups both showed a strong preference for mating with their own type, this was claimed as an example of speciation by reproductive isolation. Dodd's experiment has been repeated by others, and works with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.

In 2005, *D. pseudoobscura* was the second *Drosophila* species to have its genome sequenced, after *Drosophila melanogaster*.

## References
Substitute teacher

A **substitute teacher** is a person who teaches a school class when the normal teacher cannot be there. This may be if the normal teacher is sick or out of town. The term *substitute teacher* is often used in the United States, but in the United Kingdom, the term **supply teacher** is often used. In Victoria, **Casual relief teacher (CRT)** is the term used.
Dana Delany

**Dana Welles Delany** (born March 13, 1956) is an Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress. She is well known for her role as Colleen McMurphy on the ABC television show *China Beach* (1988–1991), Katherine Mayfair on *Desperate Housewives* (2007–2010) and Megan Hunt on *Body of Proof* (2011–present).
Fastball

**Fastball** is an American rock band from Austin, Texas. It started in the 1990s with the name **Magneto U.S.A.**, but later changed its name to Fastball.

## Band history
Fastball became popular around Austin, Texas. It released its first album, *Make Your Mama Proud*, in 1996. However, the band did not became famous until it released its second album, *All The Pain Money Can Buy* in 1998. The first song on this album, *The Way*, became a hit. This song was about an elderly couple who got lost while traveling to a family reunion and died. However, band member Tony Scalzo, who wrote the song, gave the story a happier ending in the lyrics. The album had another big hit, *Out Of My Head*, and the song *Fire Escape* also was played on the radio. The band's next albums, *The Harsh Light Of Day*, *Keep Your Wig On*, and *Little White Lies*, did not sell as many copies as *All The Pain Money Can Buy*.

## Members
* Tony Scalzo (vocals, bass guitar, keyboards, guitar)
* Miles Zuniga (vocals, guitar)
* Joey Shufflefield (drums)

## Albums 
* Make Your Mama Proud (1996)
* All the Pain Money Can Buy (1998)
* The Harsh Light of Day (2000)
* Keep Your Wig On (2004)
* Little White Lies (2009)
* Step into Light (2017)
* The Help Machine (2019)

## References
DJ Shadow

**Joshua Paul Davis**, (born June 29, 1972) known by his stage name **DJ Shadow**, is an American music producer, DJ and songwriter. He is an important person in the history of instrumental hip hop. He became well known after his first album *Endtroducing.....*, which was made entirely from samples. He has a collection of over 60,000 records.

## References
Thallium(I) carbonate

**Thallium(I) carbonate**, also known as **thallous carbonate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2CO3. It has thallium and carbonate ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) carbonate is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It is the only heavy metal carbonate that can dissolve in water. It is similar to potassium carbonate. It is highly toxic, though. It reacts with acids like all carbonates do to make a thallium salt and carbon dioxide.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting thallium(I) oxide with carbon dioxide.

## Uses
It is used to make fake diamonds, to test for carbon disulfide, and to kill fungi.

## Related pages
*Thallium(III) oxide
*Thallium(I) chloride
National Science Foundation

The **National Science Foundation** (**NSF**) is a United States government agency where discoveries begin and supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about US$6.87 billion (fiscal year 2010), the NSF funds approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing.

The NSF's director, deputy director, and the 24 members of the National Science Board (NSB) are appointed by the President of the United States, and confirmed by the United States Senate. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies.

## References
## Other websites 
*NASA
*NSF website
*Royal Society
Thallium(I) fluoride

**Thallium(I) fluoride**, also known as **thallous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlF. It has thallium and fluoride ions. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state. 

## Properties
Thallium(I) fluoride is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It also dissolves in ethanol. It absorbs a little water in wet air.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting thallium(I) oxide or thallium(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

## Related pages
*Thallium(III) oxide
*Thallium(I) chloride

## References
Thallium(I) hydroxide

**Thallium(I) hydroxide**, also known as **thallous hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlOH. It has thallium and hydroxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) hydroxide is a yellow solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a certain pressure).

It dissolves in water to make a yellow and very basic solution, similar to potassium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make thallium salts. It breaks down to thallium(I) oxide when heated.

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving thallium(I) oxide in water or by reacting thallium with water or moist air.

## Related pages
*Thallium(III) hydroxide
*Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) iodide

**Thallium(I) iodide**, also known as **thallous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlI. It has thallium and iodide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) iodide is a yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It turns red when heated gently. It is a reducing agent. It is very toxic like all thallium compounds.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting thallium with iodine or hydroiodic acid or by reacting any soluble thallium salt like thallium(I) sulfate with any iodide.

## Uses
Thallium(I) iodide is used in mercury-vapor lamps. It is also used in a detector of radiation.

## Related pages
*Thallium(III) oxide
*Thallium(I) bromide
*Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) oxide

**Thallium(I) oxide**, also known as **thallous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2O. It has thallium and oxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) oxide is a black solid. It reacts with water to make a yellow solution of thallium(I) hydroxide. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make thallium(I) carbonate. It is a strong base. It reacts with acids to make other thallium salts. It is very toxic.

## Preparation
It is made by heating thallium(I) hydroxide or thallium(I) carbonate in air.

## Uses
It is used in some superconductors. It is also used to make certain special types of glass.

## Related pages
*Thallium(III) oxide
*Thallium(I) chloride
*Thallium(I) sulfate
Thallium oxide

**Thallium oxide** can refer to either of these thallium oxides:

*Thallium(I) oxide, black
*Thallium(III) oxide, white
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia

**Victor Amadeus III** (Vittorio Amadeo Maria; 26 June 1726–16 October 1796) was King of Sardinia from 1773 until his death. Although he was politically conservative, he carried out numerous administrative reforms until declaring war on revolutionary France in 1792.

## Early life
Born at the Royal Palace of Turin, he was a son of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and his second wife Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg. He was styled as the *Duke of Savoy* from birth. As a young prince, he surrounded himself with intellectuals and stayed far from public life.

## Marriage
He married Maria Antonia of Spain (1729–1785), youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, on 31 May 1750 at Oulx and later had twelve children. He had a loving relationship with his wife who exerted little influence over her husband]. The marriage had been arranged by Maria Antonia's half brother, the ruling Ferdinand VI of Spain. 

## King of Sardinia
When Victor Amadeus came to the throne in 1773 he started working on bureaucratic and military aspects of the reign. He was suspicious of anything innovative.

At the outbreak of the French Revolution, Victor Amadeus III allowed his two son's in law, the Counts of Artois, Provence and the Princesses Marie Adélaïde and Victoire to stay in his kingdom under his protection.

He died at the Castle of Moncalieri having suffered an attack of apoplexy. He died leaving an economically damaged kingdom and two key provinces–Savoy and Nice–devastated having suffered at the hands of French revolutionary forces. He was buried at the Basilica of Superga in Turin.

## Issue
# Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (24 May 1751–6 October 1819) married Princess Marie Clotilde of France in 1773, no issue.
# Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy (16 July 1752–17 April 1755) died in infancy.
# Maria Giuseppina of Savoy (2 September 1753–13 November 1810) married Louis Xavier, Count of Provence in 1771, no issue.
# Amedeus Alexander of Savoy (5 October 1754–29 April 1755) died in infancy.
# Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756–2 June 1805) married Charles, Count of Artois in 1773, had issue.
# Maria Anna of Savoy (17 December 1757–11 October 1824) married Prince Benedetto of Savoy in 1775, no issue.
# Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (24 July 1759–10 January 1824) married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este in 1789, had issue.
# Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of Savoy (21 November 1760–19 May 1768) died in infancy.
# Maurizio of Savoy (13 December 1762–1 September 1799) died unmarried of malaria.
# Maria Carolina of Savoy (17 January 1764–28 December 1782) married Antony, Electoral Prince of Saxony in 1781, no issue.
# Charles Felix of Sardinia (6 April 1765–27 April 1831) married Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily in 1807, no issue.
# Giuseppe of Savoy (5 October 1766–29 October 1802) died unmarried of malaria.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***26 June 1726–20 February 1773** *His Royal Highness* the Duke of Savoy
***20 February 1773–16 October 1796** *His Majesty* the King of Sardinia

## Other websites
Thallium(I) sulfide

**Thallium(I) sulfide**, also known as **thallous sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2S. It has thallium and sulfide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) sulfide is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a thallium salt. 

## Occurrence and preparation
It is found as a mineral called carlinite, but it is rare. It is the only thallium sulfide mineral that does not have another metal in it. It is made in the laboratory by reacting thallium(I) sulfate with hydrogen sulfide or by heating thallium and sulfur together.

## Uses
It was used in some of the first infrared detectors. One of the first reliable infrared detectors used thallium sulfide and it was made in World War II. 

## Related pages
*Thallium(I) chloride
*Thallium(III) oxide
*Thallium(I) oxide
Thallium(I) sulfate

**Thallium(I) sulfate**, also known as **thallous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2SO4. It has thallium and sulfate ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) sulfate is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is very toxic, though. It dissolves easily in water and is similar to potassium sulfate. 

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving thallium ore or thallium metal in sulfuric acid.

## Uses
It was used in rat poison, but since it is so similar to other chemicals, it poisoned some people and was outlawed. It was also used for some medicines before it was found that it was too toxic. It stops plants from germinating. It is the main source of thallium in the laboratory and is used to make thallium(I) sulfide. 

## Toxicity
Thallium sulfate, like all thallium compounds, is very toxic. This is because the size of the thallium ion is very similar to the size of the potassium ion. After it goes into the cells, it cannot be used like potassium is used and so kills the cell. It also gets absorbed through the skin. Eating more than 1/2 gram can kill. It gets deposited in the kidney, liver, brain, and similar places. It has been blamed for the extinction of the Brown Fish Owl. 

## Related pages
*Thallium(I) chloride
*Thallium(III) halide
*Thallium(III) oxide
Up quark

**Up quarks** are subatomic particles that help make up many larger particles, such as protons. Up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and are the lightest of the six types of quarks. Up quarks have a spin of 1/2, which is the spin all fermions have. They are affected by all four of the fundamental forces, which are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and electromagnetism. Up quarks are elementary particles, similar to all other quarks. This means that they are so small that scientists believe that they can not be divided any more. The antiparticle of the up quark is kown as the **up antiquark** (sometimes called *antiup quark*), which differs some of its properties from each other, such as charge have equal magnitude but with opposite sign.

Protons (which have a total charge of +1) are made of two up quarks (which have a charge of +2/3) and one down quark (which has a charge of -1/3). Neutrons (which have a total charge of zero) are made of one **up quark**, and two down quarks. Up quarks can also be used to create more complex particles, such as pions.
The Rape of the Lock

for *The Rape of the Lock*]]

***The Rape of the Lock*** is a poem written by Alexander Pope, mocking heros and heroines. It was first published anonymously in ''Lintot's Miscellany'' in May 1712.

## Poem 
The poem is sarcastically laughing at the epic world of the gods. It was based on an incident that was remembered by Pope's friend, John Caryll. Arabella Fermor and Robert Petre were both from Catholic families at a time in England when Anglicanism was very important. Petre, lusting after Arabella, had cut a lock of her hair to keep without permission, which made the two families have a big argument. This was because in those days, cutting off a lock of the lover's hair was scandalous and symbolized  love. Pope, also a Catholic, wrote the poem to make the two families  and be happy again. He made the character Belinda to represent Arabella in the poem.

Pope's poem mocks all the traditions of classics. Although the poem is funny at times, Pope keeps a sense that beauty is , and that just because Belinda loses a lock of her hair she is very deeply hurt.

Three of Uranus's moons are named after characters from *The Rape of the Lock*: Belinda, Umbriel, and Ariel.

## Other websites 
*"The Rape of the Lock:" Study Guide With Complete Text and Detailed Explanatory Notes
* 

## References
Time Person of the Year

on the cover of the first *Time* Man of the Year issue.]]
**Person of the Year** is a special issue of the American magazine *Time*.  It has been published each year since 1927.  Until 1999, it was called "Man of the Year."

## Background
The "Person of the Year" is not always a person.  It can be a person, group, idea, or thing that "for better or for worse...has done the most to  the events of the year".  This means that being chosen is not an award, like being chosen as the "best person of the year."  The Person of the Year may be an enemy of the United States, like Adolf Hitler (1938) or Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942).  Every year, *Time* chooses the person who they think has had the most effect on the things that have happened in that year (whether those things were good or bad).

The first Man of the Year was aviator Charles Lindbergh, in 1927.  Since then, Persons of the Year have included groups, whole generations, important objects, and even the Earth.  Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Person of the Year at least once, except for Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Gerald Ford.  Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have been named Person of the Year three times.

The December 31, 1999 issue of *Time* named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as .

## Persons of the Year
## References
Down quark

**Down quarks** (sometimes written as a "d") are subatomic particles that help make up many larger particles, like protons and neutrons. Down quarks have a charge of -1/3. Since Down quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can exist in the same space at the same time), they have a spin of 1/2. Down quarks are the second lightest quark, the first being up quarks.

The antiparticle of a down quark is a down antiquark, or simply an antidown.

## References
Strange quark

]]**Strange quarks** are the third lightest quarks, which are subatomic particles that are so small, they are believed to be the fundamental particles, and not further divisible. Like down quarks, strange quarks have a charge of -1/3. Like all fermions (which are particles that cannot exist in the same place at the same time), strange quarks have a spin of 1/2. What makes strange quarks different from down quarks–apart from having 25 times the mass of down quarks–is that they have something that scientists call "strangeness." Strangeness is basically a resistance to decay against strong force and electromagnetism. This means that any particle that contains a strange quark cannot decay due to strong force (or electromagnetism), but instead with the much slower weak force. It was believed that this was a 'strange' method of decay, which is why the scientists gave the particles that name.

Strange quarks can be found in particles such as kaons and some hyperons. Scientists began noticing strangeness when these particles did not decay as quickly as their masses would have suggested they would have. However, it took them a long time to even guess strangeness was the answer because it took over 16 years to predict it after the discovery of kaons.
Charm quark

**Charm quarks** or **c quarks** are the third most massive of the six quarks. Like all quarks, they are thought to be so small that they can not be divided. (They are called elementary particles for this reason). Similar to up quarks, charm quarks have a charge of +2/3. Although charm quarks are not extremely common, they can be found in particles created by particle accelerators (which smash atoms together at extremely high speeds), such as J/ψ mesons, D mesons, and other charmed particles. Since they are fermions (particles that can not have more than one of that particle at the same place at the same time), charm quarks have a spin of 1/2. 

The discovery of charm quarks – and J/ψ mesons – led to a rapid series of scientific breakthroughs. These events are known as the November revolution.

## Antiparticle 
The antiparticle of the charm quark is the charm antiquark. It has a charge of -2/3.
Gorgonopsid

The **Gorgonopsids**  were Therapsids, a group of tetrapods which eventually gave rise to the cynodonts, with the cynodonts ultimately giving rise to mammals. Gorgonopsids probably had rhino like skin and still laid eggs.

Gorgonopsids were a successful group which lived during the Permian period, about 260 million years ago. They were members of the Class Synapsida and possibly related to the pelycosaurs. They became extinct in the Permian–Triassic extinction event. 

They were the major predators of their day, having large, powerful, square-shaped jaws with huge, sabre-like canines and interlaced, socket-like teeth. Many fossils have been found in South Africa.

The most famous of all, *Inostrancevia*, was the size of *Smilodon* with a 45-cm long skull, and 12-cm long sabre-like teeth. The teeth were not as long as saber toothed cats but had a more robust skull. This predator could easily take down a *Scutosaurus*, or small animals such as *Dvinosaurus*.  

The **Gorgonopsidae** are divided into three sub-families: 
*Rubidginae, which had large, broad skulls,
*Gorgonopsinae, which included most of the gorgonopsid genera.
*Inostranceviinae

## Notes
Thallium halide

The **thallium halides** come in two oxidation states: monohalides, where thallium has the oxidation state +1, and trihalides, where thallium generally has oxidation state +3.

## Monohalides 
The monohalides all contain thallium with oxidation state +1.
*Thallium(I) fluoride, a white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water, unlike the other thallium monohalides.
*Thallium(I) chloride, sensitive to light. It is a white crystalline solid.
*Thallium(I) bromide, sensitive to light. A pale yellow crystalline solid.
*Thallium(I) iodide, at room temperature it is a yellow crystalline solid. At higher temperatures the colour changes to red.

## Trihalides 
Thallium(III) halides are very rare. Some of them are unstable. The thallium(III) iodide does not form. They are quite different to aluminium, gallium and indium trihalides.

***Thallium(III) fluoride**, also known as thallic fluoride, is made of thallium in its +3 oxidation state and fluoride ions. It is made by reacting thallium(III) oxide with bromine trifluoride, fluorine, or sulfur tetrafluoride at a warm temperature.
***Thallium(III) chloride**, also known as thallic chloride, is made of thallium in its +3 oxidation state and chloride ions. It disproportionates above 40°C, making thallium(I) chloride and chlorine. It is made by reacting thallium(I) chloride with chlorine in an organic solution.
***Thallium(III) bromide**, also known as thallic bromide, is made of thallium in its +3 oxidation state and bromide ions. It disproportionates at a low temperature to thallium(I) bromide and bromine. It can be made by reacting thallium(I) bromide with bromine in water or an organic solution.
***Thallium(I) triiodide**, a black crystalline solid. It does not contain thallium(III), but has the same structure as CsI3 containing the linear I3- ion.

## References
Ōsaka Station

**Ōsaka Station** (大阪駅,おおさかえき) is a railway station of JR West in Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan. This station is also connected to Umeda Station.

## Adjacent stations 
;JR West
:Tōkaidō Line (JR Kyoto Line, JR Kobe Line)
:: Special Rapid Service, Rapid Service
::: Shin-Ōsaka - **Ōsaka** - Amagasaki
:: Local
::: Shin-Ōsaka - **Ōsaka** - Tsukamoto
: JR Takarazuka Line
:: Rapid Service, Tambaji Rapid Service, Local
::: **Ōsaka** - Amagasaki
: Osaka Loop Line
:: Yamatoji Liner
::: **Ōsaka** → Shin-Imamiya
:: Yamatoji Rapid Service, Kansai Airport Rapid Service, Kishuji Rapid Service, Rapid Service
::: Temma - **Ōsaka** - Nishikujo
:: Direct Rapid Service, Regional Rapid Service, Local
::: Temma - **Ōsaka** - Fukushima

## Related pages
* Umeda Station
Boron group

The **boron group**, also known as **Group III** and **Group 13**, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Most of its members are poor metals, except for boron. Boron is a semimetal. The rest of the elements are soft metals. 

## List
*Boron, brittle hard black semimetal (used to make soap)
*Aluminium, common soft silvery metal (used to make cans)
*Gallium, easily melted silvery metal (used to make mirrors)
*Indium, soft silvery metal (used to make solar panels) 
*Thallium, highly toxic very soft metal (used to make camera lenses)
*Nihonium, unstable manmade element (unknown)

## Gallery

File:Boron mNACTEC.jpg|Boron
File:Aluminium-4.jpg|Aluminium
File:Gallium.png|Gallium
File:Indium.jpg|Indium
File:Thallium-croprotated.jpg|Thallium
Bottom quark

**Bottom quarks** or **beauty quarks** are the second most massive of the elementary particles (particles that are so small that they can not be divided any more). All quarks are elementary particles. Bottom quarks have a charge of -1/3, similar to down quarks. Although bottom quarks are not very common, they are found in particles such as B mesons, among others. All bottom quarks will decay into charm quarks or up quarks in about 10–12, due to weak force.
Top quark

and an antiproton smashing into each other produce a top quark and a top antiquark, which then quickly decay into more things.]]**Top quarks** or **truth quarks** are the heaviest known elementary particles (particles that are so small that they can not be divided). All quarks are elementary particles, and since they are fermions (which means that no two of them can exist in the same place at the same time), they have a spin of 1/2. Top quarks interact with all four of the fundamental forces, which are gravity, electromagnetism, strong force, and weak force. Almost all of the time, top quarks will decay into a bottom quark and a W boson, although it can sometimes decay into a strange quark.

One top quark weighs about as much as one atom of tungsten. Since top quarks are so massive, scientists have been able to make predictions about the mass of the Higgs Boson, the only type of boson with an intrinsic spin of 0 (scalar boson). Unfortunately, top quarks are only believed to be able to exist for 5x10–25 seconds.

## References
*
*
*
Othniel Charles Marsh

**Othniel Charles Marsh** M.A PhD LL.D (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was one of the leading paleontologists of the 19th century. He discovered and named many fossils found in western North America.

## Early life 
Marsh was born in Lockport, New York, into a family of modest means. However, he was the nephew of the very rich banker and philanthropist, George Peabody. 

He graduated from Yale College in 1860. He later studied geology and mineralogy in New Haven, and afterwards paleontology and anatomy in Berlin, Heidelberg and Breslau. He returned to the United States in 1866 and was appointed professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale University. He persuaded his uncle George Peabody to establish the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale.

## Career 
 in New Haven, Connecticut, c. 1880]]
Marsh and his many fossil hunters were able to uncover about 500 new species of fossil animals, which were named by Marsh himself. 

In May 1871, Marsh uncovered the first pterosaur fossils found in America. He also found early horses, the Cretaceous and Jurassic dinosaurs *Apatosaurus* and *Allosaurus*, and described the toothed birds of the Cretaceous; *Ichthyornis* and *Hesperornis*. 

Marsh is also known for the so-called "Bone Wars" waged against Edward Drinker Cope. The two men were fiercely competitive, discovering and documenting more than 120 new species of dinosaur between them. Marsh eventually won the Bone Wars by finding 80 new species of dinosaur, while Cope only found 56.

## References
Gauge boson

of elementary particles Gauge bosons are in the fourth column in red]]

**Gauge bosons** are carrier particles for three of the four fundamental forces. In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are four kinds of gauge bosons. The three gauge bosons are as follows:

# W and Z bosons, which carry the weak force
# Gluons, which carry the strong force
# Photons, which carry the electromagnetic force

The only remaining fundamental force that has no known gauge boson is gravity. The theoretical gauge boson for gravity is called a graviton.

All gauge bosons are bosons, which simply means that two or more of them can exist in the same place at the same time, unlike fermions. It also means that gauge bosons have a spin of 0, 1, or 2. 

Gauge bosons are thought to interact with the Higgs field. This theoretical field is believed by many scientists to be responsible for why some gauge bosons – like W and Z bosons – have mass, while others – such as photons – do not have mass.
Henryk Sienkiewicz

**Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz** (May 5, 1846 – November 15, 1916) was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist.

## Works
* *Quo Vadis* (made into an Oscar-winning film starring Peter Ustinov)
* *In Desert and Wilderness* ()
* *The Teutonic Knights* ()
* The trilogy: *The Fire and the Sword* (), *The Deluge* () and *Colonel Wołodyjowski* ().
Labyrinthodont

**Labyrinthodont** is a term which was used for fossil amphibia. Although it is no longer a formal term in taxonomy, it is still useful as an evolutionary grade, a kind of catch-all term. *Labyrinth* mean a maze and *dont* means tooth.

Labyrinthodonts are often called Temnospondyls.
The Labyrinthodontia is not a clade, because it is not monophyletic. It has been replaced in the classification by more correct terms.

The labyrithodonts were some of the dominant animals from the Devonian to the Lower Triassic (about 390 to 210 million years ago). The group is an evolutionary grade (a polyphyletic or paraphyletic group) of species which look rather similar.

The name describes the pattern of infolding of the dentine and enamel of the teeth, which often fossilise. They are also have a heavily armoured skull roof (so they also have an even older name "Stegocephalia"), and complex vertebrae.

## Characteristics 
The labyrinthodonts flourished for more than 200 million years. Although there was much variation, these traits make their fossils distinct and easy to recognise:

* **Strongly folded tooth surface**, so that a cross section resembles a classical labyrinth (or maze).
* **Massive skull roof**, with openings only for the nostrils, eyes and a parietal 'third eye'. The skull was rather flat with thick dermal armour, accounting for the older term for the group: *Stegocephalia*.
* **Complex vertebrae** made of 4 pieces.

## What the term included 
* †**Ichthyostegalia** : term no longer used; see 'Fishapods', below.
* †**Temnospondyli** (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
* †**Lepospondyli** (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
* †**Reptiliomorpha** (ancestors of reptiles): now referred to the Amniote stem-group or the Sauropsida.

### Specifically excluded 
* Lissamphibians: modern amphibia
* Amniotes: The terrestrial cleidoic egg-laying animals, the Sauropsida and Synapsida.

## Fishapods 
 vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like *Eusthenopteron* – had a series of adaptations:
*Panderichthys*, suited to muddy shallows;
*Tiktaalik* with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as:
&nbsp;&nbsp;*Acanthostega* which had feet with eight digits,
&nbsp;&nbsp;*Ichthyostega* with limbs.
Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as coelacanth species.]]

Early tetropods are now classified as lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). This is because we now know they were aquatic when the limbs first evolved (see Tetrapod).

The informal term *fishapods* is often used for this group of Devonian animals.

A more formal term, used by Clack, is "stem-group tetrapods".

## References
Hyperon

**Hyperons** are particles that are made of quarks. What makes them different from other baryons (particles made of three quarks) is that they must have at least one strange quark, but no charm quarks or bottom quarks. Strange quarks have a property known as strangeness. Strangeness causes the strange quark–and all other particles bonded with it–to not decay by strong force, but instead due to the much slower weak force. Since all quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can be in the same point in space at the same point in time), each quark has a spin of 1/2, adding up to a total spin of 3/2 for a hyperon. This quickly decays into a 1/2 spin particle.

Hyperons themselves decay due to weak force. There are dozens of different hyperon combinations. For example, a Λ (lambda) hyperon has a charge of 0, and is often written as Λ0. When it decays, it usually creates one proton, and one antipion. Like many forms of weak force decay, there is more than one possible outcome. A Λ0 also has a significantly lower, but still possible, chance to decay into a neutron and an uncharged pion. Λ0 hyperons have an average lifespan of 2.6x10−10 seconds, which makes it one of the longest living hyperons.

Scientists still study hyperons in labs across the world, such as CERN, Fermilab, and SLAC. Hyperons provide answers questions for problems such as CP Violation, in which symmetries that were believed to be true may not be true.
Body of Evidence

***Body of Evidence*** is a 1993 American erotic thriller movie starring Madonna, Willem Dafoe, Joe Mantegna, Anne Archer and Julianne Moore. The movie was written by Brad Mirman, directed Uri Edel and produced by Dino De Laurentiis. because it showed female nudity, sex scenes, and vulgar language. The movie performed very poorly at the box office and was rejected by critics; the New York Times described it as a "sluggish courtroom melodrama." The 99 minute long movie was released by MGM.

## Plot
Rebecca Carlson (Madonna) is on trial in Oregon for murder. The district attorney Robert Garret (Joe Mantegna) is sure she used her body as a weapon, causing her victim to die from a heart attack while having sex. She will inherit eight million dollars from the victim. She hires a good lawyer, Frank Dulaney (Willem Dafoe) to defend her in court.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah

**Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah** (born 16 June 1929 in Kuwait City &ndash; 15 January 2006) was an Emir of Kuwait, also known as the Last Emir in and before the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait.

## References
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The **Iraqi invasion of Kuwait** was an Iraqi military campaign to occupy Kuwait in the Persian Gulf. Started by Saddam Hussein in 1990 who accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil through slant drilling. On 2nd August 1990, Iraq launched 88,000 troops backed up by 750 tanks into Kuwait. Two days after the invasion, Kuwait was fully occupied by Iraqi forces and surrendered. Saddam Hussein made a temporary annexation of Kuwait as the 19th province of Iraq. It was not recognized by the United Nations or other countries.

## Oil production 
After the occupation, Iraq took over many of the Kuwaiti oil fields and started taking the oil to keep for Iraq. Factories, businesses and industries were also taken over by Iraqis as well.

## Operation Desert Storm 
After seven months of occupation, the United Nations launched a US led coalition to enter Kuwait to free it from Iraq.
Pediococcus

***Pediococcus*** is a genus of gram-positive lactic acid bacteria. They usually occur in pairs or tetrads, and divide along two planes of symmetry, as do the other lactic acid cocci genera. They are purely homofermentative.

*Pediococcus* strains are found in foods, on plants, and as beer-spoilage agents. They produce inactive lactic acid and are used mainly for making fermented vegetables, mashes, beer, and wort.
Portishead (band)

**Portishead** (, with the stress on *head)* are an English musical group from Bristol. The band is named after the nearby town of the same name,  west of Bristol. Portishead is Geoff Barrow, Beth Gibbons, and Adrian Utley, while sometimes using a fourth member Dave McDonald; an engineer on *Dummy*.

## References
Donner Party

The **Donner Party** were a group of at least 87 American settlers who tried to cross the Sierra Nevada into California in the winter of 1846–47. Most historians count 87&nbsp;members of the party. Stephen McCurdy in the *Western Journal of Medicine* includes three others, making the number 90. 39 of them died from starvation, disease and the cold weather. The rest reached California the following year. They became famous in the history of the American West.

## Journey 
The party left Springfield, Illinois in April 1846. They were led by two brothers, Jacob and George Donner. The settlers followed the California Trail to Fort Bridger in Wyoming. From there, they left the trail to take a different route that was not used much. It was reportedly a shorter way to California. This route was called the Hastings' Cutoff. There was much hardship and suffering on this route. They wasted 18 very important days. Instead of being shorter, it took them much longer to get to the other side of Nevada.

On October 28, heavy snow trapped the settlers in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The group made shelters, but ran out of food to eat. Some of them resorted to cannibalism in order to not die of starvation.

On December 16, seventeen people tried to go west again. Of these, two went back to the camp. Of the fifteen that kept going, seven stayed alive and reached a settlement on the western side of the mountains after 32 days. After this, a rescue party went back, and in about two weeks made it to one of the camps set up in the mountains. After this, three more groups tried to rescue those trapped in the mountains. The last person was rescued on April 7,1847. 45 people from the original Donner Party died, and there were 36 who survived. All the alive members went to California, but they disagreed about what happened during the journey and who made it bad.

## Memorials 
Today, there are a lot memorials to the group, including a monument and the Donner Memorial State Park. A lake was also named after them.
## In popular culture 
*Puppet History* talked about the Donner Party in the episode "The Grisly Journey of the Donner Party."

The Map Men book "This way up when maps go wrong (and why it matters) tells the story of the Donner Party and Lansford W. Hastings (The supposed creator of the cuttoff).

## References
UNKLE

**UNKLE** (also written as **Unkle** and **U.N.K.L.E.**) is a British musical band founded in 1994 by school friends James Lavelle and Tim Goldsworthy. Originally in the trip-hop business, the group once included producer DJ Shadow and has used a variety of guest artists and producers.

## References
Joseph Erlanger

**Joseph Erlanger** (5 January, 1874- 5 December, 1965) was an American physiologist. He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Herbert Spencer Gasser, for discovering that different nerve fibres have different functions.

He was of Jewish descent.

## References
Herbert Gasser

**Herbert Gasser** (Herbert Spencer Gasser, July 5, 1888  May 11, 1963) was an American doctor. He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Joseph Erlanger.

Gasser discovered the different conductivity rates of different groups of nerve fibres. The work led to advances in our knowledge of the mechanism of pain and of reflex action and has inspired a large school of neurophysiologists. The Nobel Foundation described their work as "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" which probably means 'different fibres do different things'.

## References
Rhynchosaur

**Rhynchosaurs** were a group of Triassic diapsid reptiles related to the archosaurs.  They were herbivores, and at times abundant (in some fossil  accounting for 40 to 60% of specimens found), with stocky bodies and a powerful beak.

They became extinct at the End-Triassic extinction event.
Tricky

**Tricky** (born **Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws**, 27 January 1968) is an English musician and actor. As a producer and a musician, he is noted for a dark, rich and layered sound and a whispering lyrical style. Culturally, Tricky encourages a togetherness of societies, particularly in his musical ensemble of rock and hip hop, high art and pop culture. His debut album *Maxinquaye* was nominated for the Mercury Prize and voted Album of the Year by *NME* Magazine.

## Early life
Tricky was born in Knowle West, Bristol, England. His father left the family before he was born and his mother, Maxine Quaye, committed suicide when he was only four. He named his solo album after her - *Maxinquaye* - and once said that though he hardly knew her, he feels like she's speaking through him with his words.

He spent his childhood and teen years in the care of his grandmother, who often let him watch old horror movies instead of going to school. At 15 he began to write lyrics (*"I like to rock, I like to dance, I like pretty girls taking down their pants"* *MixMag* 1996) At 17, he spent some time in prison because he bought forged £50 notes from a friend, who later told the police. In an interview, Tricky said: ''"Prison was really good. I'm never going back"* (*NME* 1995).

## Albums
* *Maxinquaye* (1995) #3 UK
* *Nearly God* (1996) #10 UK
* *Pre-Millennium Tension* (1996) #30 UK, #140 US
* *Angels with Dirty Faces* (1998) #23 UK, #84 US
* *Juxtapose* (1999) (with DJ Muggs and Dame Grease) #22 UK, #182 US
* *Blowback* (2001) #34 UK, #138 US
* *Vulnerable* (2003) #88 UK
* *Knowle West Boy* (2008) #63 UK, #147 US
* *Mixed Race* (2010) #118 UK
* *False Idols'' (2013) #66 UK, #149 US

## References
The Wild Bunch (sound system)

**The Wild Bunch** were a sound system based in the St Pauls area of Bristol, England from 1983 to 1986.  The group was known for playing sets that drew large crowds on the club scene and had performed shows as far away as London. They performed in soundclashes against other Bristol sound systems. The Wild Bunch's sound used a lot of different musical styles - an unusual thing at the time. Their shows included parts of punk, R&B and reggae, with a use on slower rhythms and ambient electronic music that would become a start of the Bristol sound, more popularly known as trip-hop. They were a key member of what became the Bristol underground scene.

The Wild Bunch is perhaps best known for having been the first group of several notable British DJs and performers:
* Robert Del Naja, Grant Marshall and Andrew Vowles, went on to form Massive Attack in 1987.
* Tricky, also a part-time member of the outfit, performed with Massive Attack on their first and second full-length releases, Blue Lines and Protection respectively, before pursuing a successful solo career.
* Nellee Hooper, who moved to London after the group's dissolution and worked as a producer and remixer for a number of major artists, including Madonna, U2, No Doubt, Björk and Massive Attack themselves.  He won the 1995 BRIT Award for Best Producer.  He was also a member of Soul II Soul.

## References