open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ted Key

**Ted Key** (born **Theodore Keyser**, August 25, 1912 – May 3, 2008) was an American cartoonist and writer. He is best known for the single-panel comic strip *Hazel*. This comic strip was about a bossy live-in maid. It ran in *The Saturday Evening Post* from 1943 until 1969 when the *Post* went out of business. It was then picked up by other publications. Key adapted the strip to the sitcom television series *Hazel*. Shirley Booth starred as Hazel. Key also drew *Diz and Liz*, a two-page feature that ran in the *Jack and Jill* children's magazine from 1961 to 1972. He also created "Peabody's Improbable History" for the animated television series *The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show*. In 1977, Key received the National Cartoonists Society Newspaper Panel Award for his work on *Hazel*.
Arranged marriage

. It shows an "arranged marriage" where a young girl is forced to marry someone she doesn't want to.]]
An **arranged marriage** is when a couple are decided to wed by people other than themselves. In most cases, this is decided by their parents or other elders in their families, but can also be decided by religious figures, teachers, close friends of the family or others. It is mostly practised in Southern Asian, African, East, and Middle Eastern cultures today, and in East and Southeast Asian cultures to some extent. Arranged marriages are not just an alliance between two individuals, it is an alliance between families. Unlike  marriages, partners are usually only suggested to the single person in question. They can accept or refuse.

Many people in Western cultures disagree with arranged marriages. It is the social norm in the west to form a deep, emotional bond with someone before marriage is even considered. However, recent studies have shown that although arranged marriages start with a low level of love (using the American Rubin Love Scale), they usually have twice the amount of love as non-arranged marriages within 10 years. Whereas in non-arranged marriages the level of love seems to become less as time goes on.

## References
Matrilineality

**Matrilineality** is a way of identifying kinship ancestry through the mother or female line. A matriline is essentially a mother's line, which traces the descent from a female ancestor to an individual.  Patrilineality is a way of identifying ancestry through the father or male line.  A patriline is essentially a father's line, which traces the descent from a male ancestor to an individual. 

The use of these systems often involves inheritance of names and of possessions and a way of identifying kin. The system of patrilineal descent is usually more common than matrilineal descent.
Roddy Doyle

**Roddy Doyle** (born 8 May 1958) is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter. He was born in Dalkey and grew up in Killbarack. He writes about working class Dublin. Some of his books have been made into movies, the best-known of which is *The Commitments*, which is the first of The Barrytown Trilogy. He, Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais adapted the book into a movie, *The Commitments*; the three men won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.  

Doyle is an atheist.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
List of Leeds United A.F.C. players

The **List of Leeds United A.F.C. players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

**Leeds United A.F.C.** is an English football club in Leeds, West Yorkshire.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

### 2011 team
There were 30+ men on the 2010-2011 team, including
*Adam Clayton
* Kasper Schmeichel

### 2012 team
There were 30+ men on the 2011-2012 team.  Only some of the names were the same as the 2011 season.

†

†

†

†

†

*(Note)* † Symbol - Indicates the player is currently 'Transfer Listed' by the club.

## Related pages 
* Football League Championship

## References 
## Other websites
* Leeds United website
Neurosis

**Neurosis** is a term used in Freudian psychology. According to the American Heritage Medical Dictionary of 2007, the term is "no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis".

The disorders once classified as neuroses are now considered anxiety disorders. However, these changes are still controversial.

Neurosis may involve:
:"...anxiety, sadness or depression, anger, irritability, mental confusion, low sense of self-worth, etc., behavioral symptoms such as phobic avoidance, vigilance, impulsive and compulsive acts, lethargy, etc., cognitive problems such as unpleasant or disturbing thoughts, repetition of thoughts and obsession, habitual fantasizing, negativity and cynicism, etc. Interpersonally, neurosis involves dependency, aggressiveness, perfectionism, schizoid isolation, socio-culturally inappropriate behaviors, etc".

Neurosis has also been defined simply as a "poor ability to adapt to one's environment, an inability to change one's life patterns, and the inability to develop a richer, more complex, more satisfying personality."

## References
Evergreen clematis

***Clematis armandii*** (also called **Armand Clematis** or **Evergreen Clematis**) is a flowering vine of the genus *Clematis*. 

*C. armandii* has good smelling 2.5-inch white flowers in spring. Its dark green leaves droop and it serves well as a screen. 

## References
Podarcis muralis

.]]

***Podarcis muralis***  (also known as the **common wall lizard**, the **European wall lizard**, and the **wall lizard**) is a fairly common species of lizard, living in Europe, on rocks or wall cracks.

Its small scales have very differenct colours and patterns. Its coloration is generally brownish or greyish.  Sometimes it has a little bit of green.  The tail is brown, grey or rust in colour. The belly has 6 rows of larger rectangular scales that are generally reddish, pink, or orangish. Common wall lizards may also have dark markings on the throat.
Adam Clayton (footballer)

**Adam Stephen Clayton** (born 14 January 1989)  is an English professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football player.  He played for the English National Team.

## Career statistics
## Honours
**Carlisle United**
*Football League Trophy runner-up: 2009–10

**Middlesbrough**
*Football League Championship runner-up: 2015–16

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 2015–16 Championship
*Huddersfield Town Player of the Year: 2013–14
*Middlesbrough Supporters' Player of the Year: 2015–16

## References
## Other websites
* Adam Clayton at Soccerbase
Distress (medicine)

In medicine, **distress** is a situation when a person is unable to completely adapt to stress. As a result, the person shows a set of behaviours which are not adapted to the situation. Very often, the person is aware of the situation, and feels bad about not being able to fully adapt. 

People often find ways of dealing with distress, in both negative and positive ways. Examples of positive ways are listening to music, calming exercises, sports and similar healthy distractions. Negative ways can include but are not limited to use of drugs including alcohol, and expression of anger, which are likely to lead to complicated social interactions, thus causing increased distress.
Ethnocentrism

**Ethnocentrism** is when a person tries to judge the culture of other people from the point of view of their own culture.  Ethnocentrism can look at things like language, custom, religion and behavior.

An ethnocentric person will use their own culture as the basis for judging other cultures. They see their own culture as the best and believe other cultures should change to be more like theirs.

The term was first used by sociologist William G Sumner. He defined it as “the technical name for the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it”. (PS this is more exclusive word for "racist")

## Ethnocentrism and anthropology 
All people tend to use the values of the culture we were born in. One of the main goals of anthropology is to not use ethnocentric ideas. Anthropologists try to see other cultures from the point of view of a person from that culture . This is also known as *cultural relativism*. It is the idea that goes against the idea that some things are always the same in every human culture (human universals). Cultural relativism says that all human action is relative to the culture where the action happens. Anthropologists know that they have to not use the standards of their own culture if they want to understand another society correctly.

## References 
Sumner, W.G. Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages,manners, customs, mores, and morals (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1906)
Rupert Murdoch

**Rupert Keith Murdoch** (born March 11, 1931) is an Australian-American media tycoon. He became managing director for Australia-based network News Limited after his father Keith died. He is founder, Chairman and chief executive officer of global media network News Corporation (the world's second largest media group). His mother Elisabeth Murdoch died on December 5, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
Participant observation

**Participant observation** is a way of getting information about a group of people. A person doing participant observation will live with a group of people in their normal environment. They do this so they can learn about that groups way of life. One of the uses of participant observation is to understand the world from the point of view of a person from that group. This is done by watching the things they do every day. The product of participant observation is normally a piece of writing about what the researcher has seen. It is called ethnography.  Participant observers can live with the group for months or many years. The longer the researcher is with the group, the better the information they learn will be.

In the first half of the 20th century, anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski, Margaret Mead and Edward Evans-Prichard started using participant observation. It is now the main way research is  done by cultural anthropologists.

## Covert participation observation 
In Covert participation observation, the researcher lives with a group but does not tell the group that they are studying them. The research is done in secret. This method is good because the people will not act differently than they normally do if they do not known they are being studied. One problem with covert participation observation is that it can be unethical. The subject cannot give the researcher their consent because they do not know they are being studied. 

## Overt participation observation 
In overt participation observation, the researcher tells the group of people that they are being studied. A problem with this method is that people may change the way they act if they know they are being studied.  Overt Participation Observation does not have the ethical problems of covert observation and lets the researcher watch the people lying about what they are doing.

## Related pages 
* Educational psychology

## References 
*Evans-Pritchard, Edward (1940) The Nuer: a Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic people.
*Malinowski, Bronisław (1929) The Sexual life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia: an ethnographic account of Courtship, Marriage and Family life among the natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea.
*Mead, Margaret (1928) Coming of age in Samoa: a Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation.
*http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_plummer_sociology_3/40/10342/2647687.cw/content/index.html
Beautiful Joe

***Beautiful Joe*** is a story about a mongrel dog named Joe. It was written by Margaret Marshall Saunders under the name Marshall Saunders, and published in 1893. It won a Humane Society competition. The book was a bestseller and directed public interest to animal cruelty. Joe was a real dog, brutally abused by his owner. He was rescued and his story told as an autobiography. Saunders wrote a sequel called ''Beautiful Joe's Paradise''.

In 1934, Saunders was given Canada's highest civilian award at the time, Commander of the British Empire or C.B.E. In 1963, the official Beautiful Joe Park was named in Meaford, Ontario, next to the house where Beautiful Joe was rehabilitated. A Beautiful Joe Heritage Society was formed in 1994 to preserve Joe's legacy and establish a museum.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Beautiful Joe Heritage Society
*Beautiful Joe Park, Meaford 
*Ontario historical plaque - Beautiful Joe 
**Beautiful Joe: An Autobiography* Philadelphia: The Griffith and Rowland Press, 1893, at A Celebration of Women Writers
*
**Beautiful Joe* (1893), with an introduction by Hezekiah Butterworth. Illustrated. From Internet Archive, a scanned book.
*
The Call of the Wild

***The Call of the Wild*** is a story about a dog. The book was written by Jack London. It was first published in 1903 as a serial in *The Saturday Evening Post*. It was published in book form by Macmillan the same year. The story is London's most popular work and is ed one of his greatest works. 

The story is about a pet dog named Buck. The dog is stolen from his California home. He is sold as a sled dog during the Klondike Gold Rush. Men, other animals, and nature itself treats Buck with cruelty. He survives by adapting to the ways of his wolf ancestors. At the end of the book, he breaks from all human contact and returns to the wild. 

Today, the book is often viewed as a children's story because it is about a dog. However, the book's themes of survival of the fittest, fate  free will, and civilization versus nature have interest for all ages.  The story has been made into movies and television shows. Most have failed to focus on Buck's story. , the focus is on the human characters. 

## Notes 
## References 
* 
*
Lassie Come-Home

***Lassie Come-Home*** is a story about a dog and a boy. It was written by Eric Knight. It was first published as a short story in *The Saturday Evening Post* on December 17, 1938. The story was well liked. It was made into a book. The book was published by The John C. Winston Company in 1940. The story is about a collie named Lassie who travels hundreds of miles to get to the boy she loves. 

In 1943, MGM made the story into a movie called *Lassie Come Home*. It starred Roddy McDowall and the dog actor Pal. The Lassie character became very famous. She was the main character in other movies during the 1940s. In the middle 1950s, she became the main character in the television series *Lassie*.
Hiro Arikawa

is a Japanese writer. She is from Kōchi Prefecture. She is known for . Library War won the Seiun Award in 2008. She is good at writing science fiction and love stories.

## Selected works
### The Self-Defense Forces trilogy series
*(2004)
*(2004)
*(2005)

### The Library War series
*(2006)
*(2006)
*(2007)
*(2007)
*(2008) A screen version was made in 2011.
*(2010)
*(2009)

## Other websites
*Hiro's fan site
Exile (disambiguation)

**Exile** is to be away from one's home and not allowed to return.

**Exile**, **exiled**, or **exiles** may also refer to:

## Film   
* *Exiled*, a 2006 Hong Kong film

## Literature 
* *Exiles* (play), a play by James Joyce
* *The Exiles* (1950), a science fiction short story by author Ray Bradbury

## Music 
* Exile (American band), an American musical group with a string of #1 country hits
* Exile (Japanese band), a 14-member Japanese pop music band
* Exile on Main St., an album by The Rolling Stones

## Places
;United States
* Exile, Wisconsin

## Other 
* The Exiles, nickname of Newport County A.F.C., a Welsh football club
Lassie (TV series)

***Lassie*** is a dramatic children's television series. It was televised on CBS from September 12, 1954 to March 24, 1973. The series is about the adventures of a collie and her human and animal friends.

The show was the brainchild of television producer Robert Maxwell and animal trainer Rudd Weatherwax. They created a story about a struggling midwestern farm family and its dog. Weatherwax's dog actor Pal was chosen to play the title character. Pal had played Lassie in the seven MGM movies about the dog character. Pal made the two pilots for the television series, and then retired. The television Lassies that followed were all descendants of Pal, all were male, and all were trained by Weatherwax.

In 1957, oil millionaire Jack Wrather took over the show as producer. He guided it through its greatest years with his wife Bonita Granville Wrather. The first ten years of the series are set on a farm in the American midwest. These years focus on the relationship between Lassie and a young farm boy. The next seven years are about the dog and her Forest Ranger friends. In the last two years, Lassie lives at a home for troubled children. The show was famous for its "Whistle Theme" by Muzzy Marcellino. The Campbell's Soup Company sponsored the show's entire 19-year run. Spin-off merchandise was produced for children such as comic books, play sets, and clothing. The show won two Emmy Awards in its early years.

The show had a large cast over the years. Tommy Rettig played the farm boy for the first three years. Jon Provost became the farm boy in 1957 when Rettig left the show.  Jan Clayton played Rettig's mother and June Lockhart played Provost's. Hugh Reilly played Provost's father. Both actresses were nominated for Emmys. The show had its best ratings during the Provost years of the early 1960s. Some episodes from these years were put together to make a color adventure movie for theatres.

Provost left the show in 1964. A new story was developed that took Lassie off the farm. She became the friend of three Forest Rangers. They all had adventures in America's most beautiful natural areas such as Monument Valley and Alaska. In the early 1970s, new rulings about prime time were handed down by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These rulings meant that *Lassie* would be moved to the 8 pm time slot. *Lassie* had been shown for nineteen years in the 7 pm time slot. Producers felt that this move would not work for the show's child audience. The show was cancelled. Since the cancellation, *Lassie* has played in reruns and has never been off the air.

## Websites 
*Lassie website
Uncle Tupelo

**Uncle Tupelo** was an alternative country music group from Belleville, Illinois. The group was active between 1987 and 1994. Jay Farrar, Jeff Tweedy, and Mike Heidorn formed the band. Uncle Tupelo split on May 1, 1994. Farrar then formed Son Volt with Heidorn.  The remaining members became Wilco.

## Albums
* *No Depression* (June 21, 1990)
* *Still Feel Gone* (September 17, 1991)
* *March 16–20, 1992* (August 3, 1992)
* *Anodyne* (October 5, 1993)
Connie Chung

**Constance Yu-Hwa "Connie" Chung** (born August 20, 1946) is an American journalist.  She was an anchor and reporter for American television networks NBC, MSNBC, CBS and CNN. Chung is married to talk show host Maury Povich. They have an adopted son.

## Career timeline
*1983–1986: "NBC News at Sunrise" anchor
*1989–1990: "Saturday Night with Connie Chung" anchor
*1993–1995: "Eye to Eye with Connie Chung" anchor
*1998–2002: "20/20" anchor
*1999–2000: "ABC 2000 Today" correspondent
*2002–2003: "Connie Chung Tonight" anchor
*2006: "Weekends with Maury and Connie" anchor

## References
## Other websites
Mina Salman

**Mina Salman** is a seaport in Manama, Bahrain. Mina Salman was a natural harbour before the establishment in 1962.  It covers 80&nbsp;hectares. It is the primary cargo port and customs point of Bahrain. The port has 15 container berths.  This lets it handle 2.5 million tonnes a year.

The port is named after Salman ibn Isa al-Khalifa, the grandfather of the current King.

## References
Ann Curry

**Ann Curry** (born November 19, 1956) is an American television journalist and personality. She co-hosted the *Today Show* on NBC from 1997 until 2012. She also anchored *Dateline NBC* from 2005 to 2011. 

Curry was born on the island of Guam.  Her father is American and her mother is Japanese. They met while her father was serving in the United States Navy during the US occupation of Japan after World War II.

## References
## Other websites
Meredith Vieira

**Meredith Louise Vieira** (born December 30, 1953 in East Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America) is an American journalist, television personality and a game show host. She was the host of the syndicated version of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*. She was a co-host on the ABC talk show *The View*.

## References
## Other websites
Macbeth (1971 movie)

***Macbeth*** was a movie directed in 1971 by Polish-French movie maker Roman Polanski. Jon Finch and Francesca Annis played the main characters. Hugh Hefner and Playboy Productions funded the movie.  It was screened in New York and opened in Playboy Theater. Hefner was also executive producer of the movie and it was listed as a Playboy production.
 
## References
The Saturday Evening Post

***The Saturday Evening Post*** is an American magazine. It started publication in 1897. Its origins are traced to Benjamin Franklin's colonial newspaper *The Pennsylvania Gazette*. The *Post* was famous for its covers by Norman Rockwell and the single-panel comic strip *Hazel* by Ted Key. Contents included short fiction, poetry, and humor. Jack London's novel *The Call of the Wild* was first published in the *Post* in 1903.

## Other websites
Pacific League

The  or  is one of the two professional baseball leagues (that make up, or) constitute Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) in Japan.  There are six teams in the league.

## History
In 1949, The league was  as the *Taiheiyo* Baseball Union.  There were seven teams.

In 1980, the name was changed to Pacific League.

After the 2004 season, the Orix BlueWave and the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes merged to form the Orix Buffaloes.  At the same time, the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles were added to the league.

## Current teams 
## Championships
### League champion
The team which wins the most games in each year is the league champion or "pennant winner".

Since 2004, there has been a three-team playoff system called the "climax series". The teams with the 2nd- and 3rd-best records play in the 3-game first stage.  The winner plays in a 5-game final series against the top-ranked team.

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan

## References
## Other websites 
*  Pacific League website
Tom Hiddleston

**Thomas William "Tom" Hiddleston** (born 9 February 1981) is an English actor. His most famous roles include 'Thor: Ragnarok' (2017), Jonathan Pine in 'The Night Manager' (2016), Loki in 'Thor' (2011),  Scott Fitzgerald, Midnight in Paris (2011), 'The Avengers (2012), and 'Thor: The Dark World' (2013). He also stars in 'Kong: Skull Island' (2017) as Captain James Conrad. 

## Early life 
Thomas William Hiddleston was born in Westminster, London, to English-born Diana Patricia and Scottish-born James Norman Hiddleston. His mother is a former stage manager, and his father, a scientist, was the managing director of a pharmaceutical company. He started off at the preparatory school, The Dragon School in Oxford, and by the time he was 13, he boarded at Eton College, at the same time that his parents were going through a divorce. He continued on to the University of Cambridge, where he earned a double first in Classics. He continued to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, from which he graduated in 2005.

## Career 
Whilst at University of Cambridge, he was seen by the agency 'Hamilton Hodell' in the play "A Streetcar Named Desire" and was signed. Following this, he was cast in his first television role in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (2001). Tom Hiddleston won his first film role as Oakley in Joanna Hogg's award-winning first feature, Unrelated (2007). His breakthrough role came when he portrayed the nemesis Loki in the Marvel Cinematic Universe feature film Thor (2011). He reprised the character in The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018).

He has also appeared in Steven Spielberg's War Horse (2011), The Deep Blue Sea (2011), Woody Allen's romantic comedy Midnight in Paris (2011), and the romantic vampire film Only Lovers Left Alive (2013). On television, he appeared on the BBC series The Hollow Crown (2012), in the adaptations of Shakespeare's "Henry IV" and "Henry V". In theatre, he has been in the productions of "Cymbeline" (2007) and "Ivanov" (2008). In December 2013, he starred as the title character in the Donmar Warehouse production of "Coriolanus" which played until February 2014. He won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play for his role in "Cymbeline" while also being nominated for the same award the same year for his role as Cassio in "Othello". 

On 8 November 2018, it was announced that Tom Hiddleston would be reprising his role as Loki in a new Marvel limited series centered on the character which will air on Disney's streaming service, Disney+. *Loki* is Hiddleston's seventh time taking on the role, following three Avengers movies and all three Thor films.

## Awards and nominations
## References 
## Other websites
*
Querétaro dusky rattlesnake

The **Querètaro Dusky Rattlesnake** (*Crotalus Aquilus*) also known as the "Vibora de cascabel", is a species of venomous Pit viper found usually on highlands of central Mexico. The scientific name "*Aquilus*" is a Latin word meaning "eagle", referring to the highlands on which it lives on. They are not a very well known species of rattlesnake, but the people in Mexico know much about them.

## Description
Adult Querètaro Dusky Rattlesnakes are around 50 centimeters (20&nbsp;in) in length, but some can be as long as 67.8 centimeters (26.7&nbsp;in). They are usually green, yellow, dark gray, or dark brown in color, with dark brown or black blotches on them.

## Where they live
They live mainly on highlands of central Mexico, but they also live in pine-oak forests, grasslands and grassy hills and mountains. The states of Mexico of which they live in are Querétaro,Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán and San Luis Potosí.

## Feeding
The Querètaro Dusky Rattlesnake eats mainly lizards, but they also eat frogs and many different types of rodents. Young ones also eat insects.

## Venom
This rattlesnake is a type of venomous Pit viper, and one bite of it can harm a human. The poison of the Querètaro Dusky Rattlesnake is hemotoxic, meaning the poison affects the blood of a humans body. However the Querètaro Dusky Rattlesnake does not bite many people because it likes to be left alone; it will only bite a person if the person attacks it or annoys it.

## References
Mohammed VI International Academy of Civil Aviation

The '''Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile** (**AIMAC**, in English **International Academy Mohammed VI of Civil Aviation'*) is a public aviation university created in 2000 by the King Mohammed VI of Morocco for aerospace education in this country, like Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel training.

## International partners 
The French Civil Aviation University (ENAC) of Toulouse is close to the university by a partnership agreement, in particularly for air navigation courses. In December 2011, the academy has launched with this *grande école* and the *École des Ponts ParisTech'' an aviation MBA at Casablanca. The Federal Aviation Administration is also a partner of AIMAC, in particular for the launch of common e-learning courses.

## References
## Further reading 
* Official website
Host (biology)

(*rattus rattus*) is a host of bubonic plague.]]
A **host** is an organism which provides shelter for parasites. Parasites will live on the animal and may lay their eggs on them.
Sadaharu Oh

, also known as **Wang Chenchih** (), is a Japanese-Chinese professional athlete. He is best known as a baseball player and manager.

## Early life
Oh was born in Tokyo. In 1977, he set the world record for home runs.

Oh retired from playing in 1980.

From 1984 to 1988, he was the Giants' manager.

He managed the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks from 1995 to 2008.

In 2006, he was the manager of the Japanese national team in the World Baseball Classic.

## References
George Shaw

**George Shaw** (10 December 1751 – 22 July 1813) was an English botanist and zoologist. Shaw published one of the first English descriptions of several common Australian animals. His book was called *Zoology of New Holland* which was released in 1794. He was the first scientist to examine a platypus. He released a description about the animal on his book ''The Naturalist's Miscellany* in 1799. He became the first to do so. In herpetology he described a lot of new species of reptiles and amphibians.

## References
## Books 
*Mullens and Swann - *A Bibliography of British Ornithology* (1917)
*William T. Stearn - *The Natural History Museum at South Kensington''
Common name

A **common name** of a taxon or organism is a name that is generally given by people. A common name is not the organism's scientific name. Common names are used by people to describe something. Some common names are not always used by some people. A common name are also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, trivial name, trivial epithet, country name, popular name, or farmer's name.

Sometimes common names are created by authorities. They do this so the general public would not have to remember or  the Latin name of an animal. 

## In chemistry 
Chemical compounds can also have common names. The systematic name of a chemical is usually defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, but these names are often long and complicated. Some chemicals have names known and used outside of chemistry, and some names are older than the concept of systematic names. These names are called traditional or common names.

IUPAC assigns chemicals "preferred IUPAC names", which may be systematic or common names: IUPAC gives acetic acid, benzene, and pyridine as examples of "retained" traditional names.

## References 
## Books
*Stearn, William T. 1959. "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology". *Systematic Zoology* **8**: 4–22.

## Other websites
*Plant names 
*Multilingual, Multiscript Plant Name Database
*The use of common names 
*Chemical Names of Common Substances 
* Plantas medicinales / Medicinal plants (database)
Webbed feet

showing webbed toes.]]
**Webbed toes** is the common name for syndactyly. Webbed feet happens when two or more toes grow together instead of separately. This is common in many birds such as ducks. It is also common in amphibians such as frogs and mammals such as kangaroos. In humans, it is not normal. It only happens to 3-10 in 10,000 live births.

## Famous people with webbed feet 
*Dan Aykroyd – Canada, actor
*Jacqui Hurley - Ireland, sports broadcaster
*Ashton Kutcher - United States, actor
*Joseph Ivory – Soviet Union, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Delvin
*Niklas Borglin, Big banker and global player

## References 
## Books 
*
Benedict Cumberbatch

**Benedict Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch** CBE (born 19 July 1976) is an English actor. His most famous roles include Sherlock Holmes in *Sherlock* (2010–2017), Peter Guillam in the spy thriller *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* (2011), Stephen Hawking in *Hawking* (2004), William Pitt in *Amazing Grace* (2006), and his Academy Award-nominated role as Alan Turing in *The Imitation Game*. He was nominated for another Academy Award for his role as Phil Burbank in *The Power of the Dog* in 2022.

He also played Stephen Ezard in *The Last Enemy* (2008), Paul Marshall in *Atonement* (2007), Bernard in *Small Island* (2009), as Khan in *Star Trek Into Darkness*, 

He voiced the character Smaug, and the Necromancer in *The Hobbit* (2012). Cumberbatch played Julian Assange in the 2013 movie *The Fifth Estate,* however his most known role is for his role as Doctor Strange, one of the Avengers from the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He ranked #1 in Empire Magazine's "100 Sexiest Movie Stars" in 2013. He was named one of the most influential people in the world by TIME magazine in 2014.

## Career
In 2000 Cumberbatch acted on TV for the first time in an episode of *Heartbeat*, and was on the show again in 2004. He began acting in theatre in 2001. He played Ford in *12 Years a Slave*. In 2013 Cumberbatch was nominated for Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television at the Golden Globes. He is currently a Top Cannidate for the role of Aslan for Netflix's New adaptation of Narnia. 

## Personal life
Benedict Cumberbatch was born to a family that was already wealthy. His parents were both actors, and his ancestor Abraham Cumberbatch started a sugar plantation in the British colony of Barbados which was worked by slaves. As an adult, he dated actress Olivia Poulet. On 5 November 2014, Cumberbatch announced his engagement to Sophie Hunter. On 14 February 2015, Cumberbatch married Hunter. They have three sons, Christopher Carlton (born 1 June 2015), Hal Auden (born 3 March 2017) and Finn (born 11 January 2019).

## References
Outbreak

An **outbreak** is an event that sometimes cannot be  for several months, years, or longer. The word "outbreak" is a term used in epidemiology. It describes what happens when a disease becomes widespread that first thought. An outbreak can affect a small group or affect thousands of people across the world. An outbreak can be epidemic.

## Types 
*Common source - all victims got the disease from the same source (such as water pollution)
**Continuous source - when the disease continues to spread for a longer time.
**Point source - when the disease continues to spread for a short time.
*Zoonotic - disease is spread from animal to animal.
;Patterns of an outbreak
*Endemic - a common disease such as influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, colds and smallpox. This is characterized by a place, group or activity. 
*Epidemic - when the disease affect a large group of people.
*Pandemic - when the disease affects people worldwide.

## References
Water beetle

**Water beetles** are beetles who live in water. Water beetles are black, brown, or greenish. They are 0.08 to 1.57&nbsp;inches long. There are 2,000 species of water beetles. These include whirligig beetles (*Gyrinidae*), Haliplidae, Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Dytiscidae, and Hydroscaphidae.

## References
*Epler, J. H. 1996. Identification manual for the water beetles of Florida (Coleoptera: Dryopidae, Dytiscidae, Elmidae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, Hydraenidae, Hydrophilidae, Noteridae, Psephenidae, Ptilodactylidae, Scirtidae). (PDF, 9.0 MB)
Stanley Williams

**Stanley Tookie Williams III** (December 29, 1953 – December 13, 2005) was an American murderer and co-founder of a street gang, the Crips who are rivals of the  Bloods. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1959, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where in 1970 he stole a car, for which he was convicted and sent to juvenile hall. He and Raymond Washington (1953–1979) founded street gang the Crips in 1971 in Los Angeles. Williams shot four people dead in Los Angeles in 1979 during robberies he committed. The events were caught on film by surveillance cameras. Later that year he was convicted of four counts of first degree murder and two counts of robbery. He was sentenced to death and was executed by lethal injection at San Quentin State Prison, California. He was a Christian at the time of his death. He was called by his middle name Tookie.

## References
Cope's gray treefrog

'''Cope's gray treefrog**, **Cope's chameleon tree frog**, the **western common tree frog**, **southern gray tree frog**, or **central Texas tree frog'* (*Dryophytes chrysoselis'') is a species of tree frogs. They live in the United States. Scientists think Cope's grey tree frog evolved after the last major ice age. Cope's grey tree frog can live in temperatures as low as -8&nbsp;°C. Females can lay up to 10–40 eggs. The eggs hatch in four days. When the eggs hatch, they are called tadpoles. Tadpoles become small frogs in 45–65 days. The species name *chrysoscelis* is from the Greek word *chrysos*, which means "gold." The Greek word *scelis* means "leg."

This frog is gray or green in color with bright orange spots on its legs.  This frog stays in the trees.  Its color helps it blend in with the gray or brown tree bark.  Human beings only see this frog on the ground when it is time for the frogs to mate and lay eggs.

This frog lives in Ontario, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Maryland south to Florida.

## References 
## Books 
*  
*Bernard S. Martof et al. (1980). *Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia*. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. .
*Sargent (1969). A suggestion regarding hindwing diversity among moths of the genus Catocala OF (Noctuidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23: 261-264. (Available [here](http://research.yale.edu/peabody/jls/htms/1960s/1969-23(4)261-Sargent.htm) .)
*Thomas F. Tyning (1990). *A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles.* Boston: Little, Brown and Company. .

## Other websites 
*Amphibiaweb&nbsp;—&nbsp;accessed 1 June 2006
*Animal Diversity Web: *Hyla versicolor* & *Hyla chrysoscelis*
*Atlanta's Backyard Herps&nbsp;—&nbsp;accessed 8 May 2006
*Univ. Maine Wetland Connections &nbsp;—&nbsp;accessed 11 May 2006
*Frogs and Toads of Ohio &nbsp;—&nbsp;accessed 11 May 2006
*Exploratorium: Amazing Adaptable Frog &nbsp;—&nbsp;accessed 11 May 2006
*IUCN &nbsp;—&nbsp;Global Amphibian Assessment, accessed 1 June 2006
*NatureServe &nbsp;—&nbsp;conservation status, accessed 1 June 2006
Santa Cruz, California

**Santa Cruz, California** is a city north of Monterey Bay. Santa Cruz is about 60&nbsp;miles (100&nbsp;km) south of San Francisco. Santa Cruz was first settled by Ohlone Indians, Native American hunter-gatherers. Santa Cruz was colonized in the mid-1700s by the Spanish. They created a mission, (Mission Santa Cruz). The Spanish forced the Ohlones in the mission. Their populations began to decline because of diseases and overworking.

Americans first arrived in Santa Cruz in the 19th century. They were immigrants from Italy, China and Portugal. Around the same time, forestry and commercial fishing were the first industries. There were also dairy farming and leather production. Santa Cruz is most famous for their university. The University of California, Santa Cruz was built in the 1960s. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake had a major effect in Santa Cruz. It killed five people.

The industries that are present in Santa Cruz are agriculture, tourism, education and high technology. The climate in Santa Cruz is Mediterranean. This means that they have mild summers because of fog. Winters are usually rainy; however, the city has dealt with many droughts.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Santa Cruz City official site
* 
* Via Riva Trigoso Sister City street
* Pogonip Open Space Preserve
* Santa Cruz Chamber of Commerce
*
California red-legged frog

The **California red-legged frog** (*Rana draytonii*) is a -aquatic frog. It is part of the Ranidae frogs or "true frogs". The California red-legged frog are endemic to California and Baja California, Mexico. The frog is a near threatened species. It is protected by law.

## References
## Books
*  (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (*Rana*). *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* **34**(2): 299–314.  PMID 15619443 PDF fulltext .
* 
*  (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* **42**: 331–338.

## Other websites 
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,  http://www.fws.gov/endangered/features/rl_frog/rlfrog.html 
* "Calif. Frog at Center of Protection Debate" *Washington Post*
Mark Catesby

**Mark Catesby** (24 March 1682/83 - 23 December 1749) was an English naturalist. Between 1729 and 1747 Catesby published his book *Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands*. The book was the first publication to describe flora and fauna of North America. The book described 220 birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants.

Catesby studied natural history in London. Catesby collected seeds in Virginia from 1714 to 1719.

## Gallery of Catesby's images

File:Schweinsfisch.jpg|*Lachnolaimus maximus*, 1725
File:Anguinis viridis Catesby 1743.jpg|*Anguinis viridis*, 1743
File:Catesby HoodedMerganser.jpg|*Lophodytes cucullatus*, 1748
File:Catesby PicvsVentreRubro.jpg|*Ventro Rubro*, *Melanerpes carolinus*, 1749
File:Turdus minimus Catesby.jpg|*Turdus minimus* (now *Catharus minimus*) and dahoon holly (Ilex cassine), 1754
File:Rana Aquatica The Water Frog Mark Catesby 1754.jpeg|*Rana Aquatica, The Water-Frog*, 1754
File:Cancer Chelis Rubris Mark Catesby.jpeg|*Cance Chelis Rubis, The red-claw Crab; Titanokeratophyton &c.* , 1754
File:Melanerpes erythrocephalus Catesby.jpg|*Melanerpes erythrocephalus*, 1754
File:Coccothraustes rubra Catesby.jpg|Coccothraustes rubra (probably Cardinalis cardinalis) and Nux Juglans alba Virginiensis, 1754
File:Catesby HeronSalamander.jpg|*Ardea herodias*, 1771

## Books
*Jackson, Christine E., (1985) *Bird Etchings: the illustrators and their books, 1655-1855*. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 
*Walters, Michael (2003) *A Concise History of Ornithology.* London: Christopher Helm 
*Wiatt, Alex L. (1992) *The Descendants of Stephen Field of King and Queen County, Virginia, 1721,* Fredericksburg VA: BookCrafters
Myers, Amy R. W. & Pritchard, M. B. (1998) "Empire's nature. Mark Catesby's New World vision," Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press 

## Other websites
*Catesby Commemoration Trust 
### Works
*Mark Catesby (1731). *The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and (v1)*. Online scanned edition  from Rare Book Room.
*Mark Catesby (1743). *The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and (v2)*. Online scanned edition  from Rare Book Room.
*Mark Catesby, *The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahamas* Electronic edition: high quality images and user-friendly text  from the American Studies Programs at the University of Virginia
* View works by Mark Catesby online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Fiordland penguin

The **Fiordland penguin** (*Eudyptes pachyrhynchus*) is a crested penguin. They have white stripes on their belly and cheeks, and they have a black back. They have bright yellow eyebrows and when they get older they turn darker. They also have an orange beak; big feet and they have small black tails. They are  tall and weigh on average , with a weight range of  

They eat fish, squid and krill (small shrimps) The Fiordland penguin’s main predator is seals.
 
Most Fiordland penguins live in the south-western coast of New Zealand's South Island and on Stewart Island/Rakiura and nearby islands. They live up to 15 to 20 years in the wild. 

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.mrsbauer.com/fiordland.htm
* http://tellurian.net/teach/penguins/facts.html                                                              
* http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/poi/penguins/fiord.html
* http://www.theanimalfiles.com/birds/penguins/fiordland_penguin.html
* http://www.penguinworld.com/types/fiordland.htm
Nazi songs

**Nazi songs** were songs used by the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany.

Not all of these songs were created for the Nazis. Some were very old. For example, *Die Wacht am Rhein* (written in 1840) and the *Deutschlandlied* (1841) were Nazi songs.

## Horst-Wessel-Lied 
The *Horst-Wessel-Lied*, also known as *Die Fahne Hoch* ("the flag on high"), was the Nazi Party's anthem. It was written by Horst Wessel, a leader in the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Party's paramilitary wing. Wessel was later killed by a member of the Communist Party of Germany. 

Today this song, like many other Nazi songs, is banned in Germany.

## Es zittern die morschen Knochen 
*Es zittern die morschen Knochen* was a very popular Nazi song written by Hans Baumann. It was the official song of the Hitler Youth. (For this reason, the song criticizes "elders".) 

Many Germans know some of the song, but not all of it. The full song is below:

## Related pages 
*Nazism

## References
Ballet flat

**Ballet flats** are derived from soft ballet slippers, having very thin heels or the appearances of no heel at all. The style often features a ribbon-style binding around these flats' low top areas. Some ballet flats are open toed. The essence of the ballet flat has been on since at least the 15th or 16th century. They're worn primarily by women, although men may wear them too. They went out of fashion during the 18th and 19th century, but took off again after Audrey Hepburn wore the shoes in 1957's *Funny Face*.
Magellanic penguin

The **magellanic penguin** (*Spheniscus magellanicus*) is the most numerous of the Spheniscus family. There are about 3,600,000 magellanic penguins in the world. They breed once a year and lay two eggs of a similar size.  They are 70 centimetres tall and weigh 9 pounds or 4 kilograms. 

They are found in the Falkland Islands, South America, Chile and Argentina and migrate Brazil. They are warm weathered penguins and during the warm weather they lose feathers around their eyes. When it gets colder they grow these feathers back around their eyes. They were first seen in 1519 on a voyage (trip) to South America. They hunt for food on their own when they are 60-70 days old. 

## Other websites
* http://www.adelie.pwp.blueyounder.co.uk/species_notes/magell.htm 
* http://www.siec.k12.in.us/~west/proj/penguins/magell.html
Yellow-eyed penguin

The **yellow-eyed penguin** (*Megadyptes antipodes*), also known as the **hoiho** or **tarakara**, is an endangered species of penguin, and the third largest penguin in the world. The penguin gets its name from the yellow stripes on its head. They live and breed on the sea shore of New Zealand and some also in the Antarctic islands in the south. They have a high pitched call which can be heard very clearly.

Yellow-eyed penguins eat small to medium sized fish, red cod and squid. 

They make their nests out of twigs, grass and leaves, carefully formed into a bowl shape. The chicks take 39 to 51 days to hatch and both parents share keeping the eggs warm.

## Other websites
* http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/proj/penguins/yellow.html  
* http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/sea-and-shore-birds/penguins/yellow-eyed-penguin-hoiho/facts/
Humboldt penguin

The **Humboldt penguin** (*Spheniscus humboldti*) has a plain white belly. It can have a few pure black spots on its belly and have orange with an hint of green. There are less than 10,000 Humboldt penguins in the wild. They are found in Chile and Peru. 

They drink sea water and their favourite food is small fish. A female Humboldt penguin can weigh up to 4.5kg and the male can weigh up to 6kg. Their bodies are adapted to life in water and most Humboldt penguins can live up to 20 years. They get their name from a famous Prussian explorer, Alexander von Humboldt.

They have well dug burrows underground. In the past 100 years their droppings have been used as garden fertiliser. This dung is called “guano”.

## References
## Other websites
* Penguin World. http://www.penguinworld.com/types/humboldt.html