open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jean-Pierre Coffe

**Jean-Pierre Coffe** (March 24, 1938 – March 29, 2016) was a French radio and television presenter, food critic and author. Coffe then began a career in television in the early 1980s. He joined Canal+ in 1984. In 1992 and 1993, he made his first appearances in *La Grande Famille* hosted by Jean-Luc Delarue. He then joined the French public television channels where he hosted a cooking program with children titled ''Comment c'est fait ?'' ("How is it done?") from 1992 to 1993 on France 3.

On 29 March 2016, Coffe died at his home in Lanneray, France, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site of Jean-Pierre Coffe
Béla Biszku

**Béla Biszku** (13 September 1921 – 31 March 2016) was a Hungarian communist politician. He served as Minister of the Interior from 1957 to 1961. He was charged of suspicion of committing war crimes during the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He became the first and to date only former top-official in Hungary who has been prosecuted because of political role in the communist era.

Biszku died in Budapest on 31 March 2016 at the age of 94.

## References
Antoine Demoitié

**Antoine Demoitié** (16 October 1990 – 27 March 2016) was a Belgian cyclist. He last rode for Wanty–Groupe Gobert in 2016. He joined the team in 2016 after leaving Wallonie-Bruxelles at the end of the 2015 season. He was born in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.

Demoitié died on 27 March 2016 after he crashed and went down in a pile-up of several cyclists. He was then hit by a motorcycle in the Gent–Wevelgem road race. He died that evening in hospital in Lille, Hauts-de-France, France, aged 25.

## References
Georges Cottier

**Georges Marie Martin Cottier** O.P., (25 April 1922 – 31 March 2016) was a Swiss Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop, Dominican, Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household.

## Early life
Cottier was born in Carouge, Switzerland. He joined the Dominican Order in 1945. Cottier studied theology and philosophy at the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, *Angelicum* until 1952.  While at the *Angelicum* he was ordained a priest in 1951.

## Career
He was a professor at the Universities of Geneva and Fribourg. He became secretary of the International Theological Commission in 1989. He was nominated Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household in 1990. He was appointed Titular Archbishop of Tullia in 2003 and consecrated on 20 October 2003.

He was named Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Domenico e Sisto, the University Church of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, *Angelicum* by Pope John Paul II in the Consistory of October 21, 2003. He served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon. He was promoted to cardinal-priest by Pope Francis on June 12, 2014.

## Death
Cottier died on 31 March 2016 at the age of 93.

## References
Zaha Hadid

**Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid** DBE RA ( *Zahā Ḥadīd*; 31 October 1950&nbsp;– 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi-born British architect. She was born in Baghdad.

Hadid was elected a Royal Academician in 2005. She became the first woman to receive the Pritzker Prize (2004). She received the Stirling Prize in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, she was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire and in 2015 she became the first woman to be awarded the RIBA Gold Medal.

Hadid's buildings are neo-futuristic, characterized by curving forms with "multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry to evoke the chaos of modern life".

On 31 March 2016, Hadid died of a heart attack in a Miami hospital, where she was being treated for bronchitis, aged 65.

## References
Gianmaria Testa

**Gianmaria Testa** (17 October 1958 – 30 March 2016) was an Italian singer-songwriter. In the early 1990s, Testa won two consecutive top prizes at the Recanati Festival. He was born in Cavallermaggiore, Italy. 

Testa died in Alba, Piedmont on 30 March 2016, aged 57.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Bernard Lamarre

**Bernard Lamarre** (6 August 1931 – 30 March 2016) was a Canadian engineer and businessman. He was born in Chicoutimi, Quebec in 1931.

Lamarre received a Bachelor of Appled Sciences in Civil Engineering from the École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1952. He received a Master of Science degree from Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1955. He started work as a soil mechanics engineer with the firm of Lalonde & Valois eventually becoming president and chief executive officer of the firm now called Lavalin Group. He was president of *Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec* from 1993 to 1997.

## References
## Other websites
* Bernard Lamarre  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Jim Harrison

**James "Jim" Harrison** (December 11, 1937 – March 26, 2016) was an American author. He was known for his poetry, fiction, reviews, essays about the outdoors, and writings about food.  He was best known for his 1979 novella *Legends of the Fall*.  He has been called "a force of nature", and his work has been compared to that of William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway.

Harrison died of a heart attack on March 26, 2016, aged 78.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Benedict of Nursia

**Saint Benedict of Nursia** was the founder of the Benedictine order.  He was born around 480, in Nursia (in Perugia, north of Rome), and died on the 24th of March 547, in Montecassino, about  south of Rome.  Around 521, he founded the monastery at Montecassino which became the first Benedictine abbey.  He established specific guidelines of conduct, known as the "Rule of Saint Benedict, for the monks.

He was named patron protector of Europe by Pope Paul VI in 1964. 

The Feast day, as stated in the General Roman Calendar, is celebrated on July 11.
David Baker (composer)

**David Nathaniel Baker Jr.** (December 21, 1931 – March 26, 2016) was an American symphonic jazz composer. He worked at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music in Bloomington.  

He has more than 65 recordings, 70 books, and 400 articles to his credit. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Baker was nominated for the 1973 Pulitzer Prize. He has also been nominated for a Grammy Award (1979).

## Personal life 
Baker died in Bloomington, Indiana on March 26, 2016, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*Indiana University webpage on Professor Baker 
*Trombone Page of the World webpage on Professor Baker
*NPR program about Baker's jazz compositions
*Herzig, Monika. David Baker: A Legacy in Music . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
*
Igor Pashkevich

**Igor Anatolyevich Pashkevich** (; 1 July 1971 – 26 March 2016) was a Russian figure skating coach and competitor. He was the 1990 World Junior champion for the Soviet Union and the 1996 European silver medalist for Russia. He competed at the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics for Russia and the 1998 Nagano Olympics for Azerbaijan.

Pashkevich died on 26 March 2016 in Miami, Florida at the age of 44.

## References
Executive Order 9066

**Executive Order 9066** was a presidential executive order. It was signed and issued during World War II by the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. The order cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. As a result, tens of thousands of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals were interned during the war. The same order was also applied to numbers of American residents of Italian or German descent.

## Background 
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States was very suddenly at war. Fear,  and  of the Japanese over the surprise attack was aimed at the Japanese Americans living in the U.S. It ordered the evacuation of all persons who could be considered a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland. Over 100,000 Japanese American men, women and children were moved to assembly areas. From there they were moved to camps which were d and guarded.

In part, the order read:

## References 
## Other websites 
* Executive Order 9066, Densho Encyclopedia
* Children of the Camps; Internment Timeline
Anne Aasheim

**Anne Aasheim** (22 April 1962 – 30 March 2016) was a Norwegian editor. She was born in Porsgrunn, Norway. She started her journalist career in the neighboring city's largest newspaper *Varden* in the late 1970s. She worked in *Dagen* and *Bergens Arbeiderblad* before being hired in NRK Hordaland in 1988.

Aasheim died of lung cancer in Oslo, Norway on 30 March 2016, aged 54.

## References
Bill Rosendahl

**William Joseph "Bill" Rosendahl** (May 15, 1945 – March 30, 2016) was an American politician. He served on the Los Angeles City Council. He represented Council District 11 from 2005 to 2013. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Rosendahl was openly gay. Rosendahl died at his home in Mar Vista, Los Angeles of ureteral cancer on March 30, 2016 at the age of 70.

## References
Ureteral cancer

**Ureteral cancer** is cancer of the ureters, muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.  It is also known as **ureter cancer**, **renal pelvic cancer**,

Ureteral cancer is usually transitional cell carcinoma.  Transitional cell carcinoma is "a common cause of ureter cancer and other urinary (renal pelvic) tract cancers."

## References
Artur Górski

**Artur Cezary Górski** (30 January 1970 – 1 April 2016) was a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on September 25, 2005, getting 2850 votes in 19 Warsaw district. He was a member of the Law and Justice ticket. He was re-elected in 2007 and was in office until his death. Górski was also the first chairman of the Conservative-Monarchist Club.

Górski died in Warsaw, Poland from leukemia on 1 April 2016, aged 46.

## References
## Other websites
*Artur Górski - parliamentary page  - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
*dr. Artur Górski home page - personal website, includes articles, biographies and photographs.
Denise Robertson

**Denise Robertson** MBE, DL (9 June 1932 – 31 March 2016) was a British writer and television broadcaster. She made her television debut as the presenter of the *Junior Advice Line* segment of the BBC's *Breakfast Time* programme in 1985. She was best known as the resident agony aunt on the ITV show *This Morning* from its first ever broadcast on 3 October 1988 until her death in 2016.

Robertson died from pancreatic cancer at Royal Marsden Hospital in London, England, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Denise Robertson returns to Uganda
Norm Hadley

**Norman "Norm" Hadley** (2 December 1964 – 26 March 2016) was a Canadian professional rugby union player. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

He played professionally first for London Wasps and then Bedford Blues in the 1990s. He played for James Bay and UBCOB Ravens (British Columbia Rugby Union).  He earned an M.B.A. degree from UBC in 1991. He played for Western Suburbs in Wellington, New Zealand. He played for quarter-finalist Canada in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.  In total he earned 15 caps for Canada between 1987 and 1994. 

Hadley died in Japan on 26 March 2016, aged 51.

## References
## Other websites
*Wasps Tribute to-Stormin' Norm Hadley 
*Wasps profile 
*London Wasps Squad 1995/1996
Clodomir Santos de Morais

**Clodomir Santos de Morais**, PhD (30 September 1928 – 25 March 2016), was a Brazilian sociologist. He worked with the Organization Workshop (OW) and the associated  Activity-based Large Group Capacitation Method (LGCM).

In the 1940s and 1950s de Morais worked as a trade unionist and a journalist. He became a member of the Pernambuco State Assembly and co-founder of the Ligas Camponêsas (Peasant Leagues). After the 1964 coup he was forced into exile, first in Chile, and, as ILO Regional Advisor on Agrarian Reform for Central America, he later worked as Agrarian Reform consultant in Latin America, Portugal and Africa.

After the end of military rule de Morais returned to Brazil in 1988, answering a call from the University of Brasilia to help in the 'hidden civil war' of unemployment.

## References
## Works
* 
* 
* 
* .Van Dam was translated into Dutch in 1983 re:
Adam Żurowski

**Adam Roman Żurowski** (3 March 1929 – 25 March 2016) was a Polish surveyor. He was the professor of technical sciences at the  Gdansk University of Technology. He was also Dean of the Faculty Hydrotechnics from 1990 through 1993. He was Head of the Department of Geodesy from 1985 through 1999.

## References
Vince Boryla

**Vincent Joseph Boryla** (March 11, 1927 &ndash; March 27, 2016) was an American basketball player, coach and executive. His nickname was "Moose". 

## Early life
Boryla was born in East Chicago, Indiana. He studied at East Chicago Washington High School in 1944. He played basketball at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Denver. Boryla was part of the U.S team that won the gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

## Honors
Boryla was added into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 1984 into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*Vince Boryla (as coach) Statistics  at Basketball-Reference.com
*National Polish-American Sports HOF profile
Daan Myngheer

**Daan Myngheer** (13 April 1993 – 28 March 2016) was a Belgian cyclist. In 2015, he was a member of the Verandas Willems cycling team and in 2016 he was a member of the Roubaix–Lille Métropole. He was born in Roeselare, Belgium.

Myngheer died in a hospital in Ajaccio, France after suffering a heart attack during the Criterium International, aged 22.

## References
## Other websites
Spahn Ranch

**Spahn Ranch**, also known as the **Spahn Movie Ranch**, was a large movie ranch in Los Angeles County, California. It was used for filming mostly old Western movies and television programs. With its mountains and western scenery, the ranch was ideal for cowboy and Indian type shows. Some of the well known TV shows which were made at Spahn were episodes of Bonanza, The Lone Ranger, and Zorro.

The ranch is no longer in use. The entrance was at 12000 Santa Susana Pass Road but the street number has changed. The ranch was very popular due to its being a home for Charles Manson and his followers. They lived there during 1968 and 1969. It was owned and named after a dairy farmer named George Spahn.

## Charles Manson
George Spahn, an old man who lived and owned the ranch decided to allow Charles Manson and his 'family' to move in, rent-free, in exchange for helping out on the ranch. Manson and his family did daily chores and helped run the horse rental business, which had become Spahn's main source of income. One of the Manson girls, Lynette Fromme, would take care of George Spahn, who was half blind, needed and appreciated the assistance. George Spahn was never accused of any involvement in the crimes for which members of the Family were later convicted, the most infamous being the Tate-LaBianca murders committed on August 9th and 10th, 1969. In the months after, a documentary film creator named Robert Hendrickson began filming the Manson Family at the ranch for his documentary film *Manson*.  There he filmed George Spahn, Lynette Fromme, Nancy Pittman, Catherine Share, Sandra Good, Paul Watkins  and many others. It is the place where the 'family' lived while committing the 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders in Los Angeles. A wildfire destroyed all of the Spahn Movie Ranch film set and building on September 26, 1970. The owner, George Spahn died on September 22, 1974. 

## Currently 
The Spahn Movie Ranch site is empty, abandoned and now part of California's Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park with the historic section along Old Santa Susana Stage Road, on the park's northern side. Many hiking trails give access to the natural beauty and the panoramic views of the San Fernando Valley. Today, the only physical remains of what was once the Manson residence is known as the Manson Family Cave, so called from a popular photo which has circulated over the years which still is intact and exactly how it appeared back then. 

## References
## Other websites 
* California State Parks: official Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park website
* LAMountains.com: Santa Susana Pass Park website 
* {This list is highly inaccurate: no movies were filmed at Spahn after 9-25-70.} endings=on&&locations=Spahn+Ranch,+Chatsworth,+Los+Angeles,+California,+USA IMDB: List of films shot at Spahn Movie Ranch 
* Spahn Ranch History
Khuzaima Qutbuddin

**Khuzaima Qutbuddin** (5 June 1940 &ndash; 31 March 2016) was a claimant to the title of 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohras. It is a subgroup within the Mustaali, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam. Qutbuddin was appointed "Da'i Madhun" (mazoon mola) by the Syedna Muhammad Burhanuddin in 1965.

Qutbuddin died on 31 March 2016 in Bakersfield, California from cancer, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Howard Cable

**Howard Reid Cable** (December 15, 1920March 30, 2016) was a Canadian conductor, arranger, music director, composer, and radio and television producer. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He received an Associate diploma (ATCM) from The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto in conducting and bandmastership 1939. Cable composed and arranged the original theme for the *Hockey Night in Canada* television broadcast, *The Saturday Game* which opened the broadcast from 1952 until 1968.

Cable died from complications of pneumonia at his home in Toronto, Ontario on March 30, 2016, aged 95.

## Other websites
* Cable, Howard  entry in *The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada* (part of *The Canadian Encyclopedia*)
* Howard Cable  Northdale Music Press Ltd. biography
* Howard Cable  Canadian Music Centre biography
* Howard Cable  profile for University of Lethbridge Music Department
* Howard Cable Remembers the personal blog of Howard Cable
Shozo Awazu

**Shozo Awazu** (18 April 1923 &ndash; 17 March 2016) was a Japanese master of judo. He won the rank of Kōdōkan 9th Dan. He led the development of judo in France. He was born in Kyoto, Japan. Awazu was considered to be one of the top experts in ne waza (grappling techniques), kata and tandoku-renshu.

Awazu died in Paris, France on 17 March 2016 at the age of 92.

## References
Douglas Wilmer

**Douglas Wilmer** (8 January 1920 – 31 March 2016) was an English actor. He was best known for playing Sherlock Holmes in the 1965 TV series. He also appeared in *Jason and the Argonauts*, the Pink Panther movies *A Shot in the Dark* (1964) and *Revenge of the Pink Panther* (1978),  *The Vampire Lovers* (1970), *The Golden Voyage of Sinbad* (1974), and *Octopussy* (1983).

On 31 March 2016, it was reported by Roger Moore by social media that Wilmer had died at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Grant Tinker

**Grant Almerin Tinker** (January 11, 1926 &ndash; November 28, 2016) was an American television producer and executive. 

He was the former chairman and CEO of NBC from 1981 to 1986. He is the co-founder of MTM Enterprises. Tinker was the former husband of actress Mary Tyler Moore. After leaving NBC, Tinker tried to repeat his success with MTM Enterprises by forming GTG (Grant Tinker-Gannett) Entertainment but the business venture failed and the company closed in 1990.

Tinker was born in Stamford, Connecticut. His parents were Margaret (née Hessin) and Arthur Almerin Tinker. Tinker died on November 28, 2016 of natural causes in Los Angeles, California, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chris O'Dowd

'''Christopher "Chris" O'Dowd'* (born 9 October 1979) is an Irish actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Roy Trenneman in the Channel 4 comedy *The IT Crowd''.  

O'Dowd created and starred in the Sky 1 television series *Moone Boy*, which aired between 2012 and 2015. He had a recurring role on the drama series *Girls* and starred in the television series *Family Tree*.

O'Dowd is also known for his movies, most notably *Bridesmaids* (2011), *This Is 40* (2012), *The Sapphires* (2012), *Thor: The Dark World* (2013), *Calvary* (2014) and *St. Vincent* (2014).

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
List of amendments to the United States Constitution

This page is a **list of the amendments to the United States Constitution**.  Since the Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789, twenty-seven amendments have been added to the Constitution.  This page gives just a short summary of each of these amendments.  For more information about each amendment, click on the links in the box at the right of this page.  The amendments are numbered in Roman numerals from I (One) to XXVII (Twenty-seven).

## Background
Usually, for an amendment to be approved and added to the Constitution, there are two steps: 
* Two-thirds of both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives approve the amendment.  They "propose" the amendment to the states (they send the amendment to the states to be ratified)
* The legislatures of three-fourths of the states must ratify the amendment

Once this happens, the amendment becomes part of the Constitution.   However, most of these suggested amendments "die" in the  that suggest them.  In total, in the past 227 years, Congress has sent only 33 amendments to the states for ratification  just about one out of every 500 suggested amendments.  Of these 33, the states have set 27.

## Ratified amendments
### The Bill of Rights (Amendments IX)
Congress sent twelve amendments to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789.  Ten of these were officially ratified on December 15, 1791: two years, two months, and 20 days after Congress proposed them.  Here is a summary of what those amendments say.

### Amendments 1127 (XIXXVII)
## Unratified amendments
## Notes
## References
Kirtankhola

**Kirtankhola** () is a river that  starts from Sayeshtabad in Barisal district and ends into the Gajalia near Gabkhan khal (canal). The total length of the river is about .
## References
Address bus

An **address bus** is a computer bus architecture. It carries the addresses from the CPU to memory and I/O devices, specifying which location is being accessed. The address is stored in the form of binary numbers to enable the data bus to access memory storage. 

Address buses are made up of a collection of wires connecting the CPU with main memory that is used to identify particular addresses in main memory. The width of the address bus (that is, the number of wires) determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Modern personal computers and Macintoshes have as many as 36 address lines. This theoretically allows them to access 64 gigabytes of main memory. The actual amount of memory that can be accessed is usually much less than this theoretical limit due to chipset and motherboard limitations. 

An address bus is part of the system bus architecture. Most modern computers use a variety of individual buses for specific tasks. 

An individual computer contains a system bus, which connects the major components of the computer system and has three main elements, of which the address bus is one, along with the data bus and control bus.

When you access a memory address in software, you are referring to an address within the addressable memory space defined by the address bus width. For example, in a system with a 16-bit address bus, the address range is from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF (64 KB).
Avolar

**Avolar** was a Mexican low-cost airline. Its headquarters and largest hub were in Tijuana. It started on September 7, 2005 with one Boeing 737-500 airplane. It was one of the first low-cost airlines in Mexico. By 2008, the airline had 10 Boeing 737 airplanes. It flew to 21 cities throughout Mexico. Avolar suspended flights for 3 days in August 2008 and for 1 day in October 2008. This was due to large debts. Avolar asked to fly to the United States on October 28, 2008. Avolar finally stopped flying on that same day - October 28, 2008. The airline has never flown again since then.

## Gallery

File:Boeing 737-2C3(Adv), Avolar Aerolineas JP6198733.jpg|An Avolar Boeing 737-200 at Mexico City International Airport
File:N17309 Boeing 737-3T0 (cn 23360 1147) Avolar Aerolineas. (5797020547).jpg|An Avolar airplane in Tucson, Arizona in 2007

## References
Drag king

was a drag king of the 19th and early 20th centuries.]]
**Drag kings** are female performance artists who dress in male clothes. They play male gender roles as part of an individual or group routine. Drag kings may be straight, lesbian or transgender. They often perform as macho male characters, like construction workers and rappers. 

In the late 1800s/early 1900s, several drag kings became British music hall stars. British pantomime has preserved the tradition of women in male roles. Starting in the mid 1990s, drag kings started to have the fame and attention for which drag queens are known. 

The term *drag king* was first used in print in 1972.

Drag kings are mostly a part of lesbian culture. They can be most often seen at lesbian festivals or bars. However, not all drag kings are lesbians.

## References
Pratyusha Banerjee

**Pratyusha Banerjee** (10 August 1991 – 1 April 2016) was an Indian movie and television actress. She started her career with *Balika Vadhu* as Anandi. She was also a contestant on *Bigg Boss 7*. She had signed as a host with reality-based crime saga *Savdhaan India* for the special segment on "women against crime". She had worked in *Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya* in 2014 and was last seen in *Hum Hain Na*. 

Banerjee committed suicide by hanging herself on April 1, 2016. She was declared dead at Kokilben Ambani hospital in Mumbai after doctors failed to revive her. She was aged 24.

## Death
On 1 April 2016, Banerjee was found hanging in her Mumbai apartment, and according to the postmortem report the cause of death was asphyxia.

## References
Separate but equal

**Separate but equal** was a legal doctrine that existed in the United States for 58 years. It was based on the United States Supreme Court decision *Plessy v. Ferguson*. Here the Court ruled that racial segregation was not in  of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as long as the racially separate  were equal. The Court also said segregation was not discrimination. Segregation in public s, transportation and schools was legally  by *Plessy* until it was overturned in 1954 by *Brown v. Board of Education*. The first was the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery in the United States. The economy in the south was stagnant and taxes were high. There was a good deal of corruption which was made worse by carpetbaggers from the north and southern supporters of reconstruction called scalawags. It guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in , public transportation, and to prevent being d from jury duty.  The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.  Several years later, the Supreme Court ruled in *Civil Rights Cases* (1883) that sections of the act were unconstitutional. Soon, Texas, Mississippi and other states had the same or similar laws. In 1890, when Louisiana passed a similar law, blacks began resisting. In 1892 it was agreed Homer Plessy would challenge the laws in order to form a test case. Plessy "passed" for white and while riding on an East Louisiana train in the "white section" announced he was black and refused to move to the "colored" section. Plessy was arrested and 1896 his case reached the Supreme Court. The case was *Plessy v. Ferguson*, Fergusson being the name of the Judge who first ruled against him in the New Orleans Criminal District Court. Other laws required racial segregation so blacks could not go to the same schools, restaurants or hospitals as whites. They could not use the same bathrooms or drink from the same drinking fountains. They could also not sit in front of whites on busses or trains. Many southern Christian ministers taught that whites were the chosen people and blacks were cursed by God. Lynchings were designed to instill fear in blacks and keep them in their place. Between 1882 and 1968, 3,440 black men and women were lynched. Others were burned at the stake, castrated, beaten or murdered. The Jim Crow era began to end after the Supreme Court’s  Brown v. Board of Education decision overruled Plessy.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* US race relations: Six surprising statistics
* The Court’s Decision (*Brown v. Board of Education*)
Pop Goes the Weasel

**"Pop! Goes the Weasel"** is an English nursery rhyme and singing game. 

There are many different versions of this song.

American versions include the following words:

:All around the mulberry bush
:The monkey chased the weasel
:The monkey stopped to pull up his sock
:Pop! Goes the weasel

There are many other American and English versions.

## References
Nursery rhyme

A ** nursery rhyme** is a traditional poem for young children. The term has been used since the 18th century or early 19th century. In North America, the term "Mother Goose rhymes", first used in the mid-18th century, is often used.

They are created to make young children learn how to speak in easier ways, i.e., the way of connecting a funny incident with rhyming words, which enable them to speak quicker and have an easier understanding of the English language. Nursery rhymes always use basic words that are easy to grasp and understand. Some informative Nursery Rhymes are:

* A, B, C, D.....
* 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 once I.....
* 1, 2 buckle my shoe

These specific Rhymes help children learn the alphabet and count numbers, aided by some useful words.

Examples of English nursery rhymes are "Humpty Dumpty", "Three Blind Mice", "Jack and Jill" , "Hey Diddle Diddle" and "Baa Baa Black Sheep."

Some nursery rhymes have the same tune such as "The Ants Go Marching One By One" sung to the tune of "When Johnny Comes Marching Home". Both rhymes with a similar tune can also vary in speed.
Plaque (biology)

A **plaque** in biology is a flat growth-form. The term is used for 
*bacteria growing on an agar plate
*dental plaque, a bacterial biofilm around teeth.
*senile plaques: protein deposited outside cells in the brain in Alzheimer's disease
*fatty deposits inside arteries in atherosclerosis
New York International Auto Show

The **New York International Auto Show** is an annual auto show that is held in Manhattan in late March or early April. It is held at the Jacob Javits Convention Center.  It usually opens on or just before Easter weekend and closes on the first Sunday after Easter. In 2016 the show started on March 25 and ended April 3.

The show has been held annually since 1900.
The show was held at the New York Coliseum from 1956 to 1987 when the show moved to the Javits Center.

## References
Santali language

**Santali** is the official language of the Santal community of India. Most Santal people live in Jharkhand, Odisha, or West Bengal.

## References
Chiang Mai province

**Chiang Mai**  (Thai เชียงใหม่) is the second-largest province (*changwat*) of Thailand. It is in the country's north. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lampang and Lamphun to the south, Tak to the southwest, Mae Hong Son to the west, and Shan State of Burma to the north. The capital, Chiang Mai, is 685&nbsp;km north of Bangkok.

## Geography 
Chiang Mai Province is about  from Bangkok. The highest mountain in Thailand, Doi Inthanon at , is in Chiang Mai Province.

Several other national parks are also in the province: Doi Suthep-Pui, Ob Luang, Sri Lanna, Huai Nam Dang, Mae Wang, and Pha Daeng.

## History
The city of Chiang Mai was capital of the Lanna Kingdom after its founding in 1296.

In 1599, the kingdom lost its independence and became part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1932, the province Chiang Mai moved up to the second level subdivision of Thailand when the administrative unit of *Monthon Phayap*, the remains of the Lanna Kingdom, was dissolved.

## Types of People
13.4% of the population in the province are members of hill tribes, among them the Hmong, Yao, Lahu, Lisu, Akha, and Karen.

## Climate 
Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen *Aw*), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded is 42.4&nbsp;°C in May 2005.

## Transportation
 showing Doi Suthep temple in the upper left corner]]

*Car. Chiang Mai is on Highway 11 (Super Highway Rd). 
*Train. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the northern railway route.
*Songthaew
*Samlor. Samlors (rickshaws) can be found in the urban core.
*Tuk-tuks are used for short distances.
*Buses. Chiang Mai is served by buses from Bangkok and many other cities.
*Bicycle and motorbike. Both forms of transport can be hired in Chiang Mai city.
*Air. Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) is one of the seven Thai international airports

## References
New Brunswick (disambiguation)

**New Brunswick** may refer to:

*New Brunswick, Canadian province
**New Brunswick Southwest, federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada
**New Brunswick Railway, Canadian railway and land holding company
*New Brunswick, Indiana, unincorporated town in Harrison Township, Boone County, Indiana
*New Brunswick, New Jersey, city in New Jersey, USA
**New Brunswick (NJT station), railroad station on the New Jersey Transit Northeast Corridor Line and the Amtrak Northeast Corridor
East Brunswick, New Jersey

**East Brunswick** is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The suburban community is part of the New York City metropolitan area and is located on the southern shore of the Raritan River. It is adjacent to the city of New Brunswick.

## History
The general area of central New Jersey was once occupied by the Lenape Native Americans.
Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este

**Maria Teresa Felicitas** (French: *Marie Thérèse Félicité*; 6 October 1726 – 30 April 1754) was born a Princess of Modena. By marriage, she was the Duchess of Penthièvre. Maria Teresa was the mother-in-law of Philippe Égalité and a grandmother to the future Louis Philippe I.

## Early life
Maria Teresa was born on 6 October 1726 in Modena, Italy. She was the first child of Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans and Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena. Her parents’ marriage wasn’t happy, and her mother would later move back to France.

## Marriage
In On 29 December 1744 at the Palace of Versailles, Maria Teresa married her second cousin, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre. The couple had seven children in total but only two of them survived childhood. The marriage was seen as very happy.

## Children
#Louis Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Rambouillet (2 January 1746 – 13 November 1749); died young.
#Louis Alexandre de Bourbon (6 September 1747 –6 May 1768); married Princess Marie Louise of Savoy, *Mademoiselle de Carignan* but had no children.
# Jean Marie de Bourbon (17 July 1748 – 19 May 1755); died young.
# Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp (22 June 1750 – 14 March 1752); died young.
# Marie Louise de Bourbon, *Mademoiselle de Penthièvre* (18 October 1751 – 26 September 1753); died young.
# Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle d'Ivoy* and later *Mademoiselle de Penthièvre'' (13 March 1753 – 23 June 1821); married Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and had children.
# Louis Marie Félicité de Bourbon (29 April 1754 – 30 April 1754); died young.

## Death
Marie Teresa died in childbirth in 1754 giving birth to a son who also died. Her husband refused to remarry and died in 1793. Her daughter, Marie Adélaïde, moved Marie Teresa’s body to the Royal Chapel, in Dreux. 

## Titles and styles
***6 October 1726 - 29 December 1744** *Her Most Serene Highness* Princess Maria Teresa Felicitas.
***29 December 1744 - 30 April 1754** *Her Most Serene Highness* The Duchess of Penthièvre.

## References
## Other websites
Controlled Substances Act

The **Controlled Substances Act** (**CSA**) is a United States federal law.  It controls what drugs American people and companies can have, make, import, and use.  It also controls what drugs doctors can prescribe.

"Controlled substances" include illegal drugs, chemicals that are used to make illegal drugs, and some medications.  If a government has rules or laws about a certain drug, then that drug is called a **controlled substance**.

The United States Congress passed the law as part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.  President Richard Nixon signed the bill into law on October 27, 1970.

  bags of cocaine in 1986.  The Controlled Substances Act was meant to control drug trafficking, drug dealing, and abuse of drugs like cocaine]]

## Summary
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) sets laws about:

### Schedules
The CSA divides controlled substances up into five groups, called Schedules.  Drugs are put into these categories based mostly on:
* How easily and commonly they are abused;
* Whether they have any accepted medical uses;
* International treaties
** For example, the United Nations may make a treaty to control a new drug.  If the United States agrees to that treaty, then the CSA has to be amended (changed) to add that drug to one of the Schedules

### Amendments
 in 1986 to add designer drugs like Ecstasy]]

Since the CSA was created in 1970, many new illegal drugs and medications have been developed.  Because of this, the Act has been amended many times to add on new types of drugs.

For example, since 1970, the CSA has been amended:
* In 1978, to include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, psychedelic drugs like LSD, and amphetamine-type stimulants
* In 1986, to add designer drugs like MDMA (Ecstasy)
* In 1988, to include chemicals and machines that were being used to make cocaine
* In 1990, to add anabolic steroids (man-made steroids that act like testosterone in the body)
* In 1993, to try to control methamphetamine trafficking
* In 2008, to prevent people from getting drugs from online pharmacies without having prescriptions

## The Schedules
There are five different Schedules of controlled substances, numbered IV (one through five in Roman numerals).  The CSA describes the different Schedules based on three things:

### Schedule I
The CSA says that no doctor in the United States can write a prescription for a Schedule I drug.  Some states have passed laws allowing doctors to prescribe marijuana for diseases like cancer and AIDS.  Even though those prescriptions are legal in those states, they are still illegal under the CSA.  Schedule II also includes methamphetamine, because it is sometimes used to treat Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and severe obesity.

Other drugs on Schedule II include:  For example, in 2011, the Attorney General used this law to put synthetic cannabinoids on Schedule I.

## Notes
## References
László Sárosi (footballer)

**László Sárosi** (27 February 1932 &ndash; 2 April 2016) was a Hungarian footballer and coach. He played as a defender for Vasas and Hungary between the 1940s and 1960s. He was born in Budapest.

Sárosi died on 2 April 2016 in Budapest, aged 84.

## References
Gallieno Ferri

**Gallieno Ferri** (21 March 1929 &ndash; 2 April 2016) was an Italian comic book artist and illustrator. In 1960, he met writer Sergio Bonelli. His partnership with Bonelli lead to the creation of the comic books *Zagor* and *Mister No*. He was born in Genoa.

Ferri died on 2 April 2016 in Genoa, aged 87.

## References
Colobus

***Colobus*** are a genus of monkeys native to Africa. The word "colobus" comes from Greek κολοβός which means "docked". This refers to their thumbs, which are just stumps.

Colobus are herbivorous. They eat leaves, fruit, flowers, and twigs. Their habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands. Their ruminant-like digestive systems help them occupy niches which other primates do not live in.

Colobus live in territorial groups of about nine individuals, with a single male with a number of females and their offspring. Newborn colobus are completely white. Mothering is shared: other members of the troop the biological mother care for an infant.

Colobus are eaten regularly by the common chimpanzee. Jane Goodall discovered that chimps hunt and eat smaller primates such as *Colobus* monkeys. She watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then a chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. This was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.

## References
NGC 6946

**NGC 6946**, also known as the Fireworks galaxy, Arp 29, and Caldwell 12, is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cepheus and Cygnus. It is about 22.5 million light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by William Herschel in September 9, 1798. It's highly obscured by interestellar matter, and it's very close to the galactic plane. It has a third of the Milky Way’s size.

## Supernovae in NGC 6946 
**Fireworks Galaxy** has this name because of how many supernovae happened in the galaxy. The supernovae in this galaxy occur very frequently. In the last century a total of 9 supernovae were seen from this galaxy: SN 1917a, SN 1939c, SN 1948b, SNSN 1968d, SN 1969p, SN 1980k, SN 2002hh, SN 2004et, SN2008s.

## Related pages
* Spiral galaxy
* Supernovae

## References 
## Other websites
* APOD:2005 January 25 - NGC 6946
* 
* Gemini Observatory Welcomes 2005 with Release of Galactic Fireworks Image - Gemini Observatory
NGC 7090

image]]

**NGC 7090** is a spiral galaxy in the Indus constellation. It is about 30 million light-years away from Earth.
Tadpole galaxy

image]]

The **Tadpole galaxy** is a barred spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation. It is about 420 million light-years away from Earth.

## References
NGC 6543

**NGC 6543**, also known as the '''Cat's Eye Nebula''', is a planetary nebula in the Draco constellation. It is about 3.3 thousand light-years away from Earth.

## Related pages 
* Helix Nebula
Sneaker Pimps

The **Sneaker Pimps** are a British trip hop group. They formed in Hartlepool, England in 1994. They are best known for their songs "6 Underground" and "Spin Spin Sugar".

Their song, "6 Underground", went to #7 on *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart.

The band's founding members were Liam Howe and Chris Corner. They then hired Kelli Dayton as a singer, and longtime friend Ian Pickering to write lyrics. Dayton was the original singer of the Sneaker Pimps.

After the first album, the band felt that demos for the 1999 album *Splinter* was better for the voice of Corner. Following the tour for their first album, *Becoming X*, they kicked Dayton out of the group. Dayton later had a solo career under the name "Kelli Ali".

The Sneaker Pimps broke up in 2005. They got back together in 2015.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Iran men's national volleyball team

The '''Iran men's national volleyball team''' is the national men's volleyball team of Iran. It is managed by the Islamic Republic of Iran Volleyball Federation (I.R.I.V.F.). It joins international volleyball competitions.  

They are currently the strongest team in world.  They won the 2011 and 2013 Asian Volleyball Championships. They rank 10th in the FIVB World Rankings (as of September 2014). The team's home venues are Azadi Indoor Stadium and Azadi Volleyball Hall.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*FIVB profile
NGC 1300

image]]

**NGC 1300** is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus. It is about 61 million light-years away from Earth. It has around 110,000 light-years of diameter, about the same size of the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of a galaxy cluster, the Eridanus Cluster, consisting of at least 200 galaxies.

It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835, and was included in the New General Catalogue as the 1300th member. The galaxy is well known for its long, bright, barred galactic bulge.

## Center 
The core of larger spiral arms of NGC 1300, the nucleus shows another inner grand-design spiral structure that is about 3,300 light-years long. These cases are rare, since it requires a galaxy with a large galaxy bars, to have the inner spiral. In a nutshell, the nucleus basically has another spiral arms in it, which makes it — a spiral in another spiral. Some models suggested that the arms can be pulled inwards, shaping a spiral into the nucleus, which may be pulled by the extreme gravity of a supermassive black hole at the very center of the galaxy.

NGC 1300 is not known to have an active nucleus, indicating it is not a quasar, nor accreting matter.
Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe

**Louis Alexandre de Bourbon** (Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas; 6 September 1747 &ndash; 6 May 1768) was the son and heir of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV by the king's legitimised son, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse. He was known as the *Prince of Lamballe* from birth. He died before his father, and did not have children. 

## Biography
*Louis Alexandre* was born on 6 September 1747, at the *Hôtel de Toulouse* in Paris. The ***prince de Lamballe***, as he was known all his life, was the couple's only surviving son. He was one of seven children.

### Marriage
His father chose his bride, the Italian born Princess *Maria Luisa* Teresa of Savoy *"Mademoiselle de Carignan*". The wedding celebration lasted from 17 January 1767, until 27 January with feasts in Turin and Nangis. His father arranged the marriage to try and get his son to settle down as he was a well known womaniser. However after three months Louis Alexandre soon tired of his young wife and resumed his life of *débaucherie*. He eloped with *Mademoiselle de La Chassaigne*, an opera dancer, five months into his marriage. At one point, Louis Alexandre sold his wife's diamonds to raise money to pay his debts.

## Death
After a dissipated short life, Louis Alexandre died on 6 May 1768, sixteen months after his marriage, of a venereal disease at the Château de Louveciennes in the arms of his wife. He died without any children. His wife inherited part of his  fortune. He was  buried at the Royal Chapel, Dreux, France by his younger sister Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon. 

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***6 September 1747 &ndash; 6 May 1768** *His Serene Highness* the Prince of Lamballe

## Commons
Lagoon Nebula

/Hubble image]]

The **Lagoon nebula**, also known as **Messier 8** and **NGC 6523**, is an emission nebula, H II region and interstellar cloud in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is about 4,100 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6302

image]]

**NGC 6302**, also known as the **Bug Nebula** or the **Butterfly Nebula**, is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Scorpius. It is about 3.4 thousand light-years away from Earth.

The spectrum of NGC 6302 shows that its central star is one of the hottest stars in the galaxy. Its surface temperature is over 250,000 degrees Celsius. This means the star from which it formed must have been very large.

The central star, a white dwarf, was only recently discovered by the upgraded Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. 

The star now has a mass of about 0.64 solar masses. It is surrounded by a dense disc of gas and dust. This dense disc may have caused the star's outflows to form a bipolar structure like an hour-glass. This bipolar structure shows many interesting features seen in planetary nebulae such as ionization walls, knots and sharp edges to the lobes.

## References
NGC 488

**NGC 488** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It is about 90 million light years away from Earth. Its diametre isn't more than 171000 light years. This galaxy is considered a prototype galaxy with multiple arms. It has a group, the NGC 488 Group and it's the unique galaxy of the group that it's insolated.
It was discovered by William Herschel on 13 December 1784. In NGC 488 appeared 2 supernovae.

## Related pages
* Pisces (constellation)
* New General Catalogue

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* NGC 488-Adam Block
NGC 520

image]]

**NGC 520** is a pair of colliding spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It is about 90 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 3521

image]]

**NGC 3521** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo. It is about 40 million light-years away from Earth. The galaxy was discovered by William Herschel in 1784.