open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Furcula

The **furcula** ("little fork" in Latin) is commonly called the **wishbone**. It is a forked bone in birds and
some extinct dinosaurs.

It is a strut between a bird's shoulders, and connects to each of the bird's scapulae (shoulder blades). A strut is a structure which resists compression (pushing together) along its length.

It is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles (collarbones). In birds, its main function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton to withstand the forces of flight.

X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that the furcula expands when the wings are pulled downward, and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula stores some of the energy generated by contraction of the breast muscles. Then it releases the energy during the upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.

Surprisingly, the furcula is not essential for flying, and there are a number of birds which can fly well, but have a reduced furcula, or none at all.

Several groups of theropod dinosaurs had furculae.

## References
Bartosz Kurek

**Bartosz Kamil Kurek** (born 29 August 1988) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland men's national volleyball team and Japanese club JT Thunders Hiroshima, a participant of the 2012 Summer Olympics, 2009 European Champion, a gold medalist of the 2012 World League, a silver medalist of the 2011 World Cup, a bronze medalist of the 2011 World League, 2011 European Championship and 2015 World Cup, three-time Polish Champion (2009, 2010, 2011) and Italian Champion (2014).  He also won the 2018 World Champion title as well as the 2009 and the 2023 European Championship titles.

## Other websites
* Highlights  (movie)
* FIVB Profile
* PlusLiga player profile
Frans Jeppsson Wall

**Frans Jeppsson Wall** (born 19 December 1998), more commonly known as **Frans**, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. He won Melodifestivalen 2016 and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden with the song "If I Were Sorry". He is of both English and Nigerian descent.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
## Notes
## References
Eurovision Song Contest 2016

The **Eurovision Song Contest 2016** was the 61st edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Stockholm, Sweden in May 2016. Forty two countries participated, and Australia participated for the second time. The winner was Jamala with the song 1944 representing Ukraine.

People around the world watched the contest on television, and people in the participating countries could vote on their telephones for their favourite song. Each country added up their votes, and gave 1-8, 10 and 12 points to their favourite countries.

## Results
### Semi-final 1 
### Semi-final 2 
### Final 
## References
Arrondissements of the Ain department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Ain department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 4 arrondissements of Ain are:

## History
Since its creation, the Ain department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the Ain department with nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes.
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux.
* 1815 : creation of the arrondissement Gex.
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated.
* 1965 : Gex is again an arrondissement of the department.

## References
Mustafa Badreddine

**Mustafa Badreddine**, (&lrm;; 6 April 1961 – c. 12 May 2016), also known as Mustafa Badr Al Din, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mustafa Youssef Badreddine, Sami Issa and Elias Fouad Saab, was a Lebanese military leader. He was a member of Hezbollah. He was both the cousin and brother-in-law of late Imad Mugniyah. He was nicknamed Dhu al-Fiqar after the sword of Ali.

Badreddine escaped from the prison in 1990 during the invasion of Kuwait or the Iraqis released the imprisoned Badreddine and the others. Badreddine was wanted as a terrorist for his alleged role in the planning of the deadly AMIA bombing which occurred on 18 July 1994 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

On 12 May 2016, it was said that Badreddine had been killed by an explosion caused by an Israeli airstrike near the Damascus International Airport. The cause and timing of which is unclear.

## References
Wilfredo León

**Wilfredo León Venero**  (born 31 July 1993) is a Cuban volleyball player with Polish citizenship (since July 14, 2015), a member of Cuba men's national volleyball team in 2007–2012 and Russian club Zenit Kazan, silver medalist of the World Championship 2010, NORCECA Champion (2009, 2011), Cuban Champion (2009, 2010, 2011), Russian Champion (2015, 2016).

## Other websites
* Highlights  (movie)
* FIVB profile
Jean François de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles

**Jean François de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles** 28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692) was a French nobleman and was known by his title of "Marquis of Noailles" (*marquis de Noailles*)  He was a member of the influential House of Noailles. He was also a "*Maréchal de camp*" 

## Children
Noailles married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had two daughters. 

#Louise Antoinette de Noailles (25 February 1688 - 21 August 1690) died in infancy.  
#Anne Catherine de Noailles (28 September 1694 - 7 November 1716) married Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu but had no children.
Rodrigo Espíndola

**Rodrigo Federico Espíndola** (29 July 1989 &ndash; 13 May 2016) was an Argentine professional footballer. He played for Chacarita Juniors, Racing Club and most notably Nueva Chicago. He played as a defender. He was born in Monte Grande, Argentina. He began his career in 2009.

Espíndola died on 13 May 2016 after being shot during a robbery in Monte Grande, Argentina, aged 26.

## References
École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne

**École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne** is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* *Ingénieur ENSTA Bretagne* (ENSTA Bretagne Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science & PhD
* *Mastères Spécialisés* (MS)
* Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA Bretagne. It is in Brest.

Most of the 900 graduate engineer students at ENSTA Bretagne live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA Bretagne relate to the following topics:
* Boat Design
* Vehicles Design
* Mechanical Design
* Renewable energy
* Hydrography ; oceanography
* Pyrotechnics ; propulsion
* Embedded systems
* Engineering and organizational management

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Madeleine Carroll

**Edith Madeleine Carroll** (26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987) was an English and American actress. At the peak of her success, she (at that time) was the highest paid actress in the world. She earned just over $250,000 in 1938. She acted in movies and radio. She starred in several Alfred Hitchcock thrillers including *The 39 Steps* (1935) and *Secret Agent*. She also played Gail in *Honeymoon in Bali* (1939).

Carroll was born in West Bromwich, England. She died from pancreatic cancer at age 81 in Marbella, Spain.

## References
Gertrude Lawrence

**Gertrude Lawrence** (4 July 1898 – 6 September 1952) was an English actress, singer, dancer and musical theater performer. She appeared on stage in Broadway, New York City and West End, London.

Lawrence was in the children's play *Where the Rainbow Ends*. She also acted in *The King and I*. She won a Tony Award for that performance. In 1928–29 she starred in the stage play *Treasure Girl*.

Her best-known American movie role was in *The Glass Menagerie*. She played Amanda Wingfield, who had a southern American accent.

On 16 August 1952, Lawrence fainted backstage. The doctors said she was suffering from hepatitis.

Lawrence was born in London, England. She died from abdominal and liver cancer in New York City at age 54.

## References
Roll cage

A **roll cage** is a specially designed ive  built in (or sometimes around) the passenger compartment of a vehicle. Generally made of welded steel tubing, a roll cage is a safety feature in the event of a rollover or crash. When the cage is constructed on the outside of a vehicle it is usually called an "exo-cage".

## Designs 
There are many different roll cage designs depending on the application. Different racing organizations have differing s and s for roll cages. A **roll bar** is a single bar behind the driver that provides some protection.  Due to the lack of a protective top, some modern convertibles use a strong windshield frame which acts as a roll bar. Also, a roll hoop may be placed behind both front headrests.

A newer form of rollover protection, pioneered on the Mercedes-Benz R129 in 1989, are hidden roll hoops.  When sensors detect the vehicle is about to roll over, the roll hoops quickly  and lock in place.  Cars that have this kind of "deployable rollover protection" system include the Peugeot 307 CC, Volvo C70, Mercedes-Benz SL 500, and Jaguar XK.

Roll bars are also used historically on row crop tractors, and roll cages are common as part of the cab on modern tractors.

## Construction 
A roll cage is not just steel tubing welded together. It must be designed to hold the weight of the vehicle should it roll over or land upside down. A basic roll bar usually has 4 points of contact with the vehicle chassis. A typical roll cage may be an 8-point or more design. In many cases a roll cage designed for a particular car or truck may be purchased from a professional roll cage manufacturer. Kits are available which are easier to transport and must be welded together inside the vehicle. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Roll Cage Installation, YouTube
* Designing a Roll Cage, YouTube
Grand County, Utah

**Grand County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,669. Its county seat and largest city is Moab. The county was named for the Colorado River, which at the time of statehood was known as the **Grand River.** It is west from the Colorado state line.

## Geography
]]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water. The Green River forms the western boundary and Colorado lies on the eastern boundary.  The Colorado River flows through the southeast corner.  Deserts, cliffs and plateaus make up the scenery, with few settlements apart from the city of Moab, a Colorado River oasis. Arches National Park lies in the southern part of the county, just north of Moab. Also, the northernmost extension of Canyonlands National Park lies in the southwest corner of the county.

### Adjacent counties
* Uintah County (north)
* Garfield County, Colorado (northeast)
* Mesa County, Colorado (east)
* San Juan County (south)
* Emery County (west)
* Carbon County (northwest)

### National protected areas
* Arches National Park
* Canyonlands National Park (part)
* Manti-La Sal National Forest (part)
* McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area (part)

## Demographics
In the 2020 census, there were 9,669 people, 4,006 households, and 2,416 families living in Grand County. The population density was 2.6 people per square mile (1.0/km²). There were 5,192 housing units. The breakdown by race was 80.8% White, 3.9% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.8% Black, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.9% from one other race, and 8.7% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 12.7% of the people.

The median (middle) age was 40.5 years. The age breakdown was 21.2% under age 18, 18.6% from 18 to 65, and 60.2% over 65. The gender breakdown was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

Of the households, 28.2% had children under age 18, 41.8% had a married couple, 9.1% had an unmarried couple, 27.2% had a woman with no partner, 21.8% had a man with no partner, and 30.1% had one person living alone. The average household size was 2.37 people.

As of 2022, the median (middle) yearly income for a household was about $59,171, and the median income for a family was about $75,333. The per capita income was about $37,510. About 9.2% of families and 15.7% of all people lived below the poverty line. This includes 18.2% of children under 18 years old and 16.8% of people over 65 years old.

## References
Fab Morvan

**Fabrice "Fab" Morvan** (born 14 May 1966) is a French singer-songwriter, dancer and model. He was half of pop duo Milli Vanilli, with Rob Pilatus. The duo sold multi-platinum albums around the world. But in the early 1990s, he and Pilatus were involved in one of the largest scandals in the history of pop music. It was revealed that neither he nor Pilatus really sang on any of Milli Vanilli's music whatsoever, but were lip synching.

After the scandal, the duo got themselves back together as Rob & Fab, though with limited success. Pilatus died of an overdose in 1998. Morvan had a solo comeback in the 2000s, with his album *Love Revolution*.

Morvan was born in Paris, France.

## References
Easter Jeep Safari

The **Easter Jeep Safari** is an annual event hosted by the Red Rock 4-Wheelers off-road club. Four-wheelers come from all parts of the United States and other countries to challenge the rough terrain of the backcountry in the Moab, Utah area. While the title does say it is a festival of Jeeps, there are no restrictions on vehicle make or models used. However, all vehicles are expected to have high ground clearance Four-wheel drive vehicles with two-speed transfer cases.

Many groups do radio introductions, over the CB radio, where a person (often the driver) will introduce his/her self and any passengers in the car. They may also tell if they have driven the trail before, or if it's their first time. When a group approaches a really difficult obstacle, a few will get out and act as a spotter to ensure everyone makes it up or down safely.

Groups will usually stop around noon or 1:00 P.M. for a lunch break. Drivers and passengers usually chat, take pictures, or do some work on their Jeep/4X4 vehicle. Once lunch is completed they will take off again.

## Trails
Trails rank from easy to difficult (1 through 5). The classification system is the same used in skiing: Circle is Easy, Square is Moderate, and Diamond is Hard.  Many trails have several obstacles to get through.  Some of the most famous are ''Kenny's Climb*, and *White Knuckle Hill''. Many involve rockcrawling.

## Usage 
The Event is often attended by media representatives who cover outdoor and recreation events including representatives from Jeep. The Moab variant of the Jeep Wrangler
is named after Moab, UT.

## Danger
Some trails, specifically the higher difficulty ones can be dangerous for inexperienced drivers, especially if they try to go alone. A basic rule for driving off-road is to never travel alone. Traveling in groups of two or more vehicles makes it more certain at least one vehicle can get back for help. Those who do venture out into the backcountry alone should have good communications (two-way radio, mobile phone or satellite device). Inexperienced groups are advised to bring a spotter along on the more difficult trails to avoid injuries and rollovers.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Red Rock 4-Wheelers
Christy O'Connor Snr

'''Christy O'Connor''' (21 December 1924 &ndash; 14 May 2016) was an Irish professional golfer. He was one of the leading golfers on the British and Irish circuit from the mid-1950s. He was born in Galway, Ireland. O'Connor won over 20 important British and Irish tournaments and finished in the top 10 in the Open Championship 10 times. 

In team events he played in 10 successive Ryder Cup matches and played in 15 Canada Cup/World Cup matches for Ireland, winning the Canada Cup in 1958 in partnership with Harry Bradshaw. His nephew was golfer Christy O'Connor Jnr who died in January 2016.

O'Connor Snr died at the age of 91 in a hospital in Dublin, on 14 May 2016.

## References
Darwyn Cooke

]]
**Darwyn Cooke** (November 16, 1962 &ndash; May 14, 2016) was a Canadian comic book writer, artist, cartoonist and animator. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He was known for his work on the comic books *Catwoman*, *DC: The New Frontier*, *The Spirit* and ''Richard Stark's Parker: The Hunter''. 

Cooke died at his home in Florida after suffering from lung cancer on May 14, 2016, aged 53.

## References
Unknown Worlds Entertainment

**Unknown Worlds Entertainment** is an independent game development company. It is based in San Francisco, California. The company wants to "unite the world through play". They are best known for *Natural Selection*.

## History 
Unknown Worlds was created in 2001. They started development of a free mod Natural Selection.

They decided to create the second game *Natural Selection 2*. They soon after officially created Unknown Worlds Entertainment. To help raise money for *Natural Selection 2*, they created *Zen of Sudoku* in November 2006. Soon after, a small group of investors backed the project after a meeting at GDC in San Francisco.

In October 2006, Max McGuire became the first employee. He became the Technical Director. A year later, they released *Decoda*, a commercial debugger. The studio later switched from the Source Engine to their own engine, which was named "Evolution". It was later changed to "Spark" because "Evolution" was already being used.

In June 2008, Cory Strader was hired as an art director. In May 2009, Unknown Worlds started to accept pre-orders for the game. *Natural Selection 2* was released on October 31, 2012.

On December 17, 2013, they announced *Subnautica*. Charlie Cleveland was the game director and lead gameplay. Hugh Jeremy was the producer. They decided to switch to the Unity game engine. It was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014. It is planned for Xbox One. It was released in August 2016.

In October 2021, South Korean video game developer Krafton announced that it would acquire Unknown Worlds and continue to operate as an independent game studio.  

## Games 
* Natural Selection (2002)
* Zen of Sudoku (2006)
* Natural Selection 2 (2012)
* Subnautica (2018)
* Subnautica Below Zero (2021)
* Subnautica 2 (2025)
* Future Perfect (TBA)

## Awards 
*Natural Selection*
* 2002 : *Best Newcomer* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2002 : *Mod of the Year* - 'Game of the Year' Awards, Gamespy
* 2003 : *Most Improved Mods* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2003 : *Mods You Should Never Leave Home Without* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2003 : *Best Overall Mods* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2004 : *Best Level Design* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2005 : ''Players' Choice #10'' - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
* 2006 : *Honourable Mention* - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
*Natural Selection 2*
* 2012 : *Best Indie Game* - PC Gamer’s Best of E3 Awards
* 2012 : *Best Indie Game* - Gamespy's Best of E3 Awards
* 2012 : ''Best PC Multiplayer Game (People's Choice)'' - IGN Best of 2012 Awards

## References
Lasse Mårtenson

**Lars Anders Fredrik "Lasse" Mårtenson** (24 September 1934 &ndash; 14 May 2016) was a Finnish singer, composer, actor and theater conductor. He was born in Helsinki. He performed at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1964 with the song "Laiskotellen" ("Idling").

Mårtenson died of a cerebral haemorrhage, aged 81.

## References
Spotting (off-road)

In Off-roading a **Spotter** is the second set of eyes to help a driver navigate difficult obstacles. Spotters are usually in front of the vehicle and use  s along with hand s to indicate which way to turn the wheels and whether to go forward or backward. When the driver cannot see what is directly in front of his or her wheels, it can make the difference between getting through or damaging the vehicle. Others may watch, but should not interfere.
# An exception is that in difficult situations a second spotter may stand at the rear of the vehicle. His or her input is limited to "stop", "wait" or "hope".

## Basic commands/signals 
* **Come forward!** In a clear voice the spotter tells the driver to move the vehicle forward leaving the wheels pointed where they are.
***Turn driver!** The spotter tells the driver to turn towards the driver's side (which is left in the US and many other countries). Here the spotter is acting as a 'Rock surfer'. A much safer method is to use s or ropes to bring the wheel or wheels down to earth again.

The spotter may be the agreed-on person to handle the winch line. Here again, clear signals between the spotter and driver need to be maintained in order to keep everyone safe. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 5 Jeep Spotting Principles, YouTube
* A Sampling of Uses for Winches and Spotter Lines for Off-Road Recovery, YouTube
Yusuf al-Qaradawi

in February 2006]]
**Yusuf al-Qaradawi** (; 9 September 1926 – 26 September 2022) was an Egyptian-born Qatari Islamic scholar. He spent most of his life in Doha, Qatar. He is the chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

He is best known for his programme, *al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh* ("Sharia and Life"), broadcast on Al Jazeera, which has an audience of 60 million worldwide. He is also well known for IslamOnline, a popular website he helped found in 1997 and for which he now serves as chief religious scholar.

## Views 
He views music as permissible, and listens to it himself, he permits acting on movie sets and condemns those who withdraw from acting, believes mortgages are permissible, and shaving the beard to be makruh.

### Criticism 
Shaykh al-Albani: He was criticised for having a very dangerous philosophy and passing verdicts that contradict the sharia, such as how he permitted music by Shaykh al-Albani.

Shaykh Fawzan: He released a book called refuting Qaradawi's book "Al-Halal wal-Haram" where he is very lax.

## References
## Other websites
*  
* onislam.net
* 
* Al-Qaradawi's books translated into English and French 
* Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: *Global Mufti al-Qaradawi*, Webversion 12-2010
* "Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of a leading Islamist cleric" , Ana Belén Soage, *Middle East Review of International Affairs*, 12/1 (March 2008), pp.&nbsp;51–65.
* "Sheikh Yūsuf al-Qaradawi: A Moderate Voice from the Muslim World?", Ana Belén Soage, '[Religion Compass'', 4 (September 2010), pp.&nbsp;563–575.
* Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Minorities: Learned Intolerance, Qantara.de
* [Daily Assembly 14 September 2005](http://www.london.gov.uk/moderngov/Data/London%20Assembly%20(Mayor's%20Question%20Time)/20050914/Minutes/Transcript%20PDF.pdf), Mayor of London about Qardawi and Pope John XXIII, pp.&nbsp;12–13, Greater London Authority
Cho Bong-am

**Cho Bong-am** (, 25 September 1898 – 31 July 1959) was a South Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first Agriculture Minister of South Korea, 1948 - 1949.

## Other websites 
* KBS 인물현대사 제32회 '진보,사형당하다-조봉암' 
* KBS 역사스페셜 -반세기만의 무죄판결 - 조봉암 죽음의 진실!-
* 경작자에 땅 돌려준 사회구조 변혁 - 위클리 경향 824호
Yukio Ninagawa

was a Japanese theatre director. He was known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. He has directed *Hamlet* differently eight times. He also directed *Titus Andronicus*, *Coriolanus* and *Macbeth*. He was also a movie director. He directed the 2003 movie *Ao no Honō*.

Ninagawa died of pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo on May 12, 2016, aged 80.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Ninagawa Studio website
* Yukio Ninagawa official website
Nouvelle-Aquitaine

**Nouvelle-Aquitaine** () is one of the administrative regions of France. Its capital is Bordeaux. By land area, it is the largest region of France.

It is in the southwest of France formed in 2014 by three old regions: Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. *Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes* was the temporary name for the region.

## Geography
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is the largest region of France with an area of . It is in southwestern France and borders to the northwest with the Pays de la Loire region, to the north with the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the east with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, to the southwest with the Occitanie region and to the south with Spain.

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine has about  of coast along the Atlantic Ocean.

The distances from Bordeaux, the capital of the region, to other cities are:

* Paris, the national capital, 
* Toulouse, 
* Marseille, 
* Lyon, 
* Montpellier, 
* Nice, 

### Rivers
The only main drainage basin in the region is the Atlantic basin; some of the rivers in region, from south to north, are:
* Adour - 
* Garonne - 
* Dordogne - ; it joins the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary
* Charente - 
* Sèvre Niortaise - 

### Mountains
The territory of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed mostly by large plains and low plateaus ( high). In the northern part of the region, the highest point is Mont Bessou with an elevation of , in the Massif Central. In the southern part of the region, there are higher mountains in the Pyrenees.

The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest mountain of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is in the Pyrenees mountain range of southern Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

The highest point of the different departments in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region are:

## Departments
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed by 12 departments:

*Arr.* = Arrondissements&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*Cant.* = Cantons&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*Comm.* = Communes

## Demographics
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region had, in 2014, a population of 5,879,144, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
]]

The main cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

## Gallery

|*Gare des Bénédictins*, Limoges.
File:Place du Maréchal Leclerc.jpg|*Place du Maréchal Leclerc*, Poitiers.
File:Boulevard des Pyrénées Pau 1.JPG|*Boulevard des Pyrénées*, Pau.
File:La rochelle, Le vieux port.JPG|Old harbour, La Rochelle.

## Related pages
* Aquitaine
* Limousin
* Poitou-Charentes
* Regions of France

## References
## Other websites
* Regional Council website  
* Prefecture of the region
Grand Est

**Grand Est** (; Alsatian: *Grossa Oschta*; Moselle Franconian/; Rhine Franconian: *Groß Oschte*;  ; ) is an administrative region in northeastern France. It was made from  three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, on 1 January 2016 under the short-lived name of **Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine** (**ACAL** or **ALCA**) because of territorial reform which had been passed by the French law in 2014. The region sits along three water basins (Seine, Meuse and Rhine), spanning an area of , the 5th largest in France, and includes two mountain ranges (Vosges and Ardennes). It shares borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland, and stands partly within the European Megalopolis.  The administrative capital and largest city, by far, is Strasbourg. The East of France has a interesting culture. It is between the Latin and Germanic areas, so many different languages spoken there (Alsatian, Champenois, Lorraine Franconian etc.). Most of today's Grand Est region was thought to be "Eastern" as early as the 8th century, when it owned the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia. The city of Reims , would later play a ceremonial role in French history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played an important part in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine did well in the influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The region is home to traditions (the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day, Christmas markets, or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine). Alsace-Moselle has to follow local law for historical reasons. With a long industrial history as well and its agriculture and tourism (arts, cuisine, sightseeing etc.), the East of France has one of the largest economic production levels in the country.

*Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine* was the old name for the region.

## References
Hauts-de-France

**Hauts-de-France** is an administrative region of France. It was created in 2016. It was created by combining the former regions of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy. The capital of the région is Lille.

*Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardy* was the temporary name for the region.
Madeleine LeBeau

**Marie Madeleine Berthe LeBeau** (10 June 1923 &ndash; 1 May 2016) was a French movie actress. She was known for her roles in *Hold Back the Dawn*, *Gentleman Jim*, *Casablanca*, *Paris After Dark*, and *8½*.

LeBeau died on 1 May 2016 in Estepona, Spain, after breaking her femur in a fall, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jamala

**Susana Dzhamaladinova** (born 27 August 1983), better known by her stage name **Jamala**, is a Ukrainian singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "1944". She was awarded "People's Artist of Ukraine" by President Petro Poroshenko.

## Career 
In 2010, she released her first single "You Are Made of Love". In 2016, Jamala's song "1944" won the Ukrainian song selection for Eurovision. She went on to win Eurovision 2016 with "1944". The song is about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars, including her family, in 1944. Since 2017, Jamala has been one of the jurors on *Vidbir* and has made several television appearances. 

## Personal life 
Susana Dzhamaladinova was born on August 27, 1983 in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (now Kyrgyzstan) Her father was a Muslim Crimean Tatar and her mother was Armenian. 

Her Crimean Tatar ancestors were deported from Crimea to Central Asia under Joseph Stalin's government during World War II. In 1989 her family returned to Crimea.

In 2017, Jamala married Bekir Suleimanov. They have two children together. In February 2022, Jamala and her children left Ukraine due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## References
World War I Memorial Cemetery (Russia)

The **Memorial Park Complex of the Heroes of the First World War** is a cemetery in Moscow, Russia. The cemetery opened in 1915 but was demolished during the Soviet period in 1932. In 2004 the new memorial park was built on the land of the former cemetery.

## Gallery 

file:Main alley of the Memorial park (Moscow).JPG|The main path in the memorial park
file:Aviators graves.jpg|The Russian Air Force section
file:Leningrad Cinema (Moscow).JPG|The "Leningrad Cinema" that was built on the cemetery area in the soviet period

## Panorama view 
## Other websites
Julius La Rosa

**Julius La Rosa** (January 2, 1930 &ndash; May 12, 2016) was an American traditional pop music singer. La Rosa was born in Brooklyn, New York. He worked in both radio and television beginning in the 1950s. He was known for his songs "Anywhere I Wander", "Manhattan", and "Eh, Cumpari". 

LaRosa died of natural causes on May 12, 2016 at his home in Crivitz, Wisconsin, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Occitanie

**Occitanie** (, ) is an administrative region of France. It was created on 1 January 2016 from the former French regions Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. 

The name in French, Occitanie, was approved as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016.

The new Occitanie Region is the main part of a wider cultural entity known as **Occitania**. This wider region once included part of Spain (Aran Valley), and Monaco, and parts of Italy (the Occitan Valleys and Guardia Piemontese). This wider area used to speak Occitan as their first language.

## Geography
The Occitanie region is the third largest region of France, after Nouvelle-Aquitaine and French Guiana, and the second of Metropolitan France with an area of . It is in southern France (the *Midi*) and borders to the south with Spain and Andorra; it also borders three French regions: Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the east. The Mediterranean Sea is to the southeast.

Its capital, Toulouse, is at  to the southwest of  Paris, the national capital, at  to the west of Marseille, at  to the southeast of Bordeaux and at  to the north of Barcelona (Spain).

### Rivers
There are two main drainage basin in the region; some rivers in those basins are:
* Atlantic basin
* Garonne river is  long but, in the region it is  long, more than half its total length.
*** Tarn 
**** Aveyron 
**** Agout 
*** Lot 
*** Ariège 
*** Gers 

* Mediterranean basin
** Tech 
** Têt 
** Agly 
** Aude 
** Rhône 

### Mountains
The Pic Vignemale (), at , is the highest mountain of the Occitanie region; it is on the border with Spain. It is in the Pyrénées National Park.

The highest point of the different departments of the Occitanie region are:

## Departments
The Occitanie region is formed by 13 departments:

*Arr.* = Arrondissements&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*Cant.* = Cantons&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*Comm.* = Communes

## Demographics
The Occitanie region had a population, in 2014, of 5,730,753, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
]]

The important cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

## Gallery

File:Massif de Tabe 280.jpg|Massif of Tabe, Ariège
File:20022010 - 63.jpg|The Garonne river in Toulouse
File:01 Gorges du Tarn Roc des Hourtous.jpg|The canyon of the Tarn
File:Lac du Milieu de Bastan Hautes Pyrénées 02 BLS.JPG|Middle Lake of Bastan, Hautes-Pyrénées
File:Le Lot Cahors 2.jpg|Lot river in Lot
File:Barrou Neighbourhood, Étang de Thau, Sète 01.jpg|The Thau lagoon seen from Sète
(Albi) Cité épiscopale d'Albi - Le palais de la Berbie et la cathédrale Ste Cécile.jpg|Albi, Tarn
File:Montauban - le Pont Vieux.jpg|Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne
File:Le Canigou et les pêchers en fleurs.jpg|The Canigou mountain and peaches with flowers.

## Related pages
* Languedoc-Roussillon
* Midi-Pyrénées
* Regions of France

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the region 
* Prefecture of the region
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

**Bourgogne-Franche-Comté** (meaning *Burgundy–Free County*) is one of the administrative regions of France. It is in eastern France and was formed in 2016 from two old regions: Bourgogne and Franche-Comté.

Its capital is Besançon.

## Geography
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is the sixth largest region of France with an area of . It is in northeastern France and borders to the north with the Grand Est region, to the west with Île-de-France and Centre-Val de Loire regions, to the south with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and to the east with Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura).

The distances from Besançon, the capital of the region, to other cities are:
* Paris, the national capital, ;
* Bordeaux, ;
* Toulouse, ;
* Marseille, ;
* Lyon, ;
* Montpellier, ;
* Nice, .

### Rivers
The main rivers in the region are the Saône and its tributary the Doubs. The Loire river flows through the southwest of the region, at Nevers. The Seine river starts in the Côte-d'Or department.

### Mountains
There are three main mountain ranges in the region:
# The **Vosges Mountains** are in the northeast of the region and its highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté is Ballon de Servance,  high.
# The **Jura Mountains** are along the eastern limits; here is Crêt Pela, the highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté with .
# The **Morvan** mountains are in the centre of the western part; it highest point is Haut-Folin,  high.

The Crêt Pela (), at , is the highest mountain of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is in the Jura mountain range.

The highest point of the different departments in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region are:

## Departments
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is formed by 8 departments:

*Arr.* = Arrondissements&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*Cant.* = Cantons&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*Comm.* = Communes

## Demographics
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region had, in 2014, a population of 2,820,623, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Saône-et-Loire with 555,788 inhabitants.

After the Territoire de Belfort, the smallest department in the region, Doubs is the department with highest population density (102 inhabitants/km2). The density in the other departments is lower.

## Gallery

File:Besancon boucle Doubs.jpg|The old city of Besançon in the oxbow of the Doubs river.
File:Rue Verrerie 005.jpg|Verrerie Street, Dijon.
File:Port fluvial d'Auxerre en 2006.jpg|The Yonne river at Auxerre.
File:Nevers-Palais ducal.JPG|The *Palais ducal*, Nevers.
File:Hôtel du département 1.JPG|Departmental Council building, Belfort.

## Related pages
* Burgundy
* Franche-Comté
* Regions of France

## References
## Other websites
* Regional Council website 
* Prefecture of the region
Balázs Birtalan

**Balázs Birtalan** (October 12, 1969. &ndash; May 14, 2016) was a Hungarian author, poet, publicist, psychotherapist and activist. He was mostly known for his activism in the gay Christian movement in Hungary. He was the son of the poet Ferenc Birtalan. He was born in Budapest. He was gay.

Birtalan died on May 14, 2016, aged 46.

## References
Baba Hardev Singh

**Baba Hardev Singh** (also known as **Nirankari Baba**; 23 February 1954 &ndash; 13 May 2016) was an Indian spiritual guru. He was the chief leader of the Sant Nirankari Mission from 1980 until his death in 2016. He was born in Delhi. 

Singh died on 13 May 2016 in a car accident near Montreal, Canada, aged 62.

## References
Tony Barrow

**Anthony F. J. "Tony" Barrow** (11 May 1936 &ndash; 14 May 2016) was an English press officer. He worked with the Beatles between 1962 and 1968. He created the phrase "the Fab Four", first using it in an early press release. He was born in Crosby, Lancashire.

Barrow died on 14 May 2016 at his home in Morecambe, Lancashire, aged 80.

## References
Monteagle Stearns

**Monteagle "Monty" Stearns** (December 5, 1924 &ndash; May 14, 2016) was an American diplomat. He was the former Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (1976–79) and Greece (1981–85). He worked for Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Stearns was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a member of  the American Academy of Diplomacy and Council on Foreign Relations.

Stearns died on May 14, 2016 in Belmont, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

## References
Thank You (Meghan Trainor album)

***Thank You*** is the second major-label studio album by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor. The album was released exclusively on Apple Music on May 6, 2016, and was fully released on May 13, 2016, through Epic Records.

## Track listing
;Notes
* "Woman Up" is a cover of the song of the same name by Ashley Roberts, with different lyrics.

## Release history
## References
North Louisiana

**North Louisiana**, also known locally as '''Sportsman's Paradise''', (a name sometimes attributed to the state as a whole) is a region in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The region has two metropolitan areas: Shreveport-Bossier City and Monroe-West Monroe; the Shreveport area is the largest metropolitan area by population in North Louisiana.
Francesco Filippini

**Francesco Filippini** (18 September 1853 – 6 March 1895) was an Italian painter from Lombardy. Filippini is considered one of the most important landscape painters of the 1900s.

## Life 
Filippini was born in Brescia, in Lombardy in northern Italy, on 18 September 1853, into a poor family. His father Lorenzo was a carpenter, his mother Silvia Signoria a seamstress. He was soon sent to work, first as a waiter in a pastry shop, later as a clerk to a notary.

Filippini attended the school of drawing at the Pinacoteca Tosio in Brescia, In 1872 he received a grant from the city council to continue his studies there. In 1875 he received an allowance to study under Giuseppe Bertini in Milan. In 1879 another grant allowed him to travel to Paris to visit the Salon, the official art exhibition of the French Fine Arts Academy.

Filippini exhibited at the annual shows of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan from 1879, and from 1880 lived in that city. He made his living by teaching, both in schools and privately. He was made an honorary member of the Accademia di Brera in 1878.

Filippini died in Milan on 6 March 1895, at the age of just forty-two, from a severe form of pneumonia caused by his practice of *en plein air* painting, which he pursued tirelessly even in winter, to the point of exhaustion and exposure to the cold.

## Works 
When he was young, Filipinni painted mostly religious or historical subjects, as well as some portraits. In later life he painted mostly landscapes – of the Apennines, the Lombardy countryside and the Alps. He also made paintings of the sea near  Genova, Naples and Venice. His work shows the influence of the Scapigliatura.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## References
## Further reading 
*Editorial staff (4 November 2015). "Francesco Filippini, il dossier. Uno splendido pittore morto a 42 anni di tisi". *StileArte* 
* Vasco Frati (1999). *Francesco Filippini: 1853-1895: un protagonista del naturalismo lombardo* (exhibition catalogue, in Italian). Milan:Skira. .
Acadiana

**Acadiana** (French and Louisiana French: ''L'Acadiane'') is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that has historically contained much of the state's Francophone population. Many are of Acadian descent and now identify as Cajuns or Louisiana Creoles. Of the 64 parishes that make up the U.S. state of Louisiana, 22 named parishes and other parishes of similar cultural environment make up this intrastate region.
Charles Wheeler (politician)

**Charles Bertan Wheeler, Jr.** (born August 10, 1926) was an American politician. He was a Missouri state senator and a mayor of Kansas City, Missouri from 1971 to 1979, in addition to having held other elected offices.

On March 28, 2016, Wheeler filed to for Governor.  He placed third in the primary with 7.9 percent in an election won by Chris Koster who had 78.08 percent of the vote.

He died on October 26, 2022 in Overland Park, Kansas at the age of 96.

## References
McNeese State University

**McNeese State University** is a university in Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States. 
## History
It was established by the Louisiana Legislature in 1938 and opened its doors for its first fall session on September 11, 1939, with 140 students and just three buildings. The institution was first named the Lake Charles Junior College and was part of Louisiana State University. The following fall, the school changed its name to John McNeese Junior College to honor John McNeese, a renowned Southwest Louisiana educator and the first superintendent of schools in Imperial Calcasieu Parish. In 1950, McNeese became a four-year college in its own right and came under the authority of the Louisiana Board of Education and would receive accreditation in 1954 by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. Finally, in 1970, McNeese State University became the official name of the institution.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Gilberto Gil

**Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira** (born 26 June 1942), better known as **Gilberto Gil** (), is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He is known for both his musical innovation and political commitment. 

From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazil's Minister of Culture.

## Other websites
* Official site
* Transcript of a Gil speech
* Essay written by Gil (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5)
* Music Is Pleasure: An Interview with Gilberto Gil 
* Wide-ranging one-hour interview with Amy Goodman on *Democracy Now!,* June 25, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
* Gilberto Gil discography on Slipcue.com
Juliette Gréco

**Juliette Gréco** (; 7 February 1927 &ndash; 23 September 2020) was a French actress and popular chanson singer. 

In 1949, she began working with composer Miles Davis. That same year, she began a new singing career with a number of well-known French writers writing lyrics; Raymond Queneau's "Si tu t’imagines" was one of her earliest songs to become popular.

In the late 1960s she featured in the TV serial *Belphegor, Phantom of the Louvre*.

Gréco died on 23 September 2020 in Ramatuelle, France at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Juliette Gréco on Europopmusic.eu  (English)
*Biography of Juliette Gréco 
* Singing the Praises of Juliette Greco (TCM Movie Morlocks)
Earth-like planet

**Earth-like planet** is used as a synonym for one 0r more of the following:

* Earth analog: another world that is very similar to Earth in size, make up, and distance from its star.
* Earth-size planet: meaning, it is not a gas giant.
* Terrestrial planet: a planet made of the same materials as Earth, i.e., primarily of silicate rocks and an iron core. Terrestrial planets are often contrasted with gas giants.
Sea Islands

The **Sea Islands** are a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States. 

There are over a hundred of them. They are between the mouths of the Santee and St. Johns Rivers along the coast of the US states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

Barrier islands like these may change during storms. They absorb energy and protect the coastlines. Indirectly, they may help to create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish.

The Sea Islands are the home of the Gullah people.
List of works by Giambattista Pittoni

The following is a list of paintings by Italian Rococo painter Giambattista Pittoni, one of the most important artist of the eighteenth century in Europe.
Giambattista Pittoni lists 247 extant and 117 lost, missing or destroyed works. Some of his works are listed below.
The artist's works have never signed and dated.

## Sources
* Official sites of the museums.
* Franca Zava Boccazzi (1979). Pittoni: L'opera completa (in Italian). Venezia: Alfieri.