open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1778

## Events 
* The term thoroughbred was first used in the United States in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.
* January 18 – Third Pacific expedition of Capt. James Cook, with ships *HMS Resolution* and *HMS Discovery*, first see O'ahu then Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
* February 5 – South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
* February 6 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France beginning official recognition of the new republic.
* February 23 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the Continental Army.
* July 10 – American  Revolutionary War: Louis XVI of France declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
* July 27 –  American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
* August 26 – Triglav, at 2,864 metres above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, was ascended for the first time by four brave men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer on Sigismund Zois's initiative.
* September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.
* November 26 – In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to discover Maui.
* France introduced the first state-controlled brothel.
* The first settlement was made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky by 13 families under Col. George Rogers Clark.
* Phillips Academy, the most prestigious secondary boarding school in the United States, was founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.
37

## Events 
* March 18 – Roman Senate ends Tiberius' will. They proclaim Caligula Roman Emperor.
* Caligula tries declare himself a god.  This creates tension between himself and the Senate.
* An earthquake destroys Antioch
* Abilene is granted to Agrippa I.
* Saint Peter founds the Syrian Orthodox Church. (traditional date)
* Probable year of the conversion of the Pharisee Saul of Tarsus to Christianity.  After 39 he is recognised as Saint Paul.

## Births 
* December 15 – Nero, Roman Emperor
* Josephus, Jewish historian

## Deaths 
* March 16 – Tiberius, Roman Emperor
* May 1 – Antonia Minor, daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor
* Marbod king of the Marcomanni
1803

**1803** (MDCCCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 4 – William Symington demonstrates his *Charlotte Dundas*, the "first practical steamboat".
* January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans. They end completing the Louisiana Purchase.
* February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged, drawn and quartered for plotting to assassinate king George III and to destroy the Bank of England
* February 24 – The Supreme Court of the United States, in *Marbury v. Madison*, establishes the principle of judicial review.
* March 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953.
* April 30 – Louisiana Purchase made by the United States from France.
* March 12 – Port Gibson, MS is chartered
* May 18 – The United Kingdom redeclares war on France after France refused to withdraw from Dutch territory.
* July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
* July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
* July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins
* July 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line of the world.
* August 3 – British begin Second Anglo-Maratha War against Sindhia of Gwalior
* September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed
* September 23 – The Battle of Assaye in India – British-lead troops defeat Maratha forces
* October 20 – Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.
* November 30 – At the Cabildo building in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo, officially transfer Louisiana Territory to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat (just 20 days later, France had transferred the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase).
 
* Aargau, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino, Vaud become Swiss cantons.
* France – the Livre Tournois (Tours Pound) is replaced by the Franc.
* William Osgoode, Chief Justice of Lower Canada, rules that slavery is inconsistent with British Law.

### Ongoing events 
* Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
193

**193** was a common year.
## Events 
*January 1 – Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
* June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace.
*Pertinax is killed after 87 days as Roman emperor. Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, after eliminating Pescennius Niger and Didius Julianus. Clodius Albinus also claims the Empire.
*Last (4th) year of *Chuping* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
1243

## Events 
* Innocent IV was elected pope.
* Castile captures the city of Murcia from the Moors.
* City of Brno founded
* Battle of Köse Dag
1541

## Events 
*The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish
* February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.
* May 8 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River naming it Rio de Espiritu Santo.
* May 23 –  Jacques Cartier departs Saint-Malo France on his third voyage.
* July 9 – Estevão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlockmen and 150 slaves under his brother Christovão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi who has invaded his Empire.
* August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as tourists.
* Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
*The Parliament of Ireland declares Henry VIII of England King of Ireland replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.
* October – The unsuccessful Algerian campaign of Charles V of Spain Gabsurg
1751

## Events 
* Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow
* March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales.
* March 31 – The future King George III of the United Kingdom succeeds his father as Prince of Wales.  His mother Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.
* First publication of Encyclopédie
* The Academy and College of Philadelphia, the predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, is founded.
* Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the British colonies, is founded.

## Births 
* March 16 &ndash; James Madison, American politician, fourth President of the United States (d. 1836)

## Deaths 
* March 31 &ndash; Frederick, Prince of Wales, member of the British Royal Family (b. 1707)
1286

## Births 
* March 8 – John III, Duke of Brittany (died 1341)
* June 30 – John de Warenne, 8th Earl of Surrey, English politician (died 1347)
* James Douglas the Black, Scottish patriot (died 1330)
* Hugh the younger Despenser (died 1326)
* Frederick I of Austria (died 1330)
* William III, Count of Holland (died 1337)
1354

## Events 
* October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob
* End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor.
* The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established.
1052

## Events 
* Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile.

## Births 
* May 23 – King Philip I of France (d. 1108)
1129

## Deaths 
* March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (born 1082)
* July 24 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (born 1053)
* Prince Álmos, of Hungary
* Constantine II of Armenia
* Thoros I of Armenia
* Ranulph le Meschin, 1st Earl of Chester
* Symeon of Durham, English chronicler
* Margrave Leopold of Styria
1135

## Deaths 
* June 4 – Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
* December 1 – King Henry I of England
* Al-Mustarshid, Caliph of Baghdad
* Milarepa, Tibetan yogi and poet (born 1052)
1476

## Events 
* March 2 – Battle of Grandson. A Swiss army defeats the Burgundians under Charles the Bold
* June 2 – Battle of Morat. The Swiss again defeat Charles.
* December – Vlad III Dracula manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia for the third and last time before being assassinated by decapitation. His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.
1761

## Events 
* January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat was fought between Marathas and Afghans
* January 16 – British capture Pondicherry, India from the French.
* February 8 – Earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar
* March 8 – Second earthquake in North London, Hampstead and Highgate
* In Dutch Guayana a “state” formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor
* Opening of Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory.
* *Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star* is published, in France.
* June 6 – Transit of Venus occurred, and was observed from 120 locations around the globe.
* The vizier Muhammad Abu al Kaylak, who had led the Funj army in wars, carries out a Sennar palace coup, relegating the sultan to a figurehead role. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))
Mackinac Island

**Mackinac Island** is an island in Lake Huron.  It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.

Many people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island, except emergency vehicles.  Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle.  In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island.  There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline.  This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skaters and joggers or just people taking a long walk.  

In order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat.  The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge.  After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge.
Free

**Free** may mean:

*For things that are not alive, it means that it is being given away by someone who does not want any money in return
*For living creatures, including people, it means having freedom: being able to be what one wants to be, or to do what one wants to do, without being ordered around
* Free County (), a former region of France
* Free (band), an English rock band
* Free software, software that anyone may run, share, and change, at any time, for any reason.
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars

'''AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars''' is a list of the top actors in Hollywood history. It was announced by the American Film Institute on June 16, 1999.

The list promised one hundred people on it, but in the end there were only fifty.

As of 2023, of the fifty stars listed, only one is still alive (Sophia Loren). At the time the list was unveiled Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, Shirley Temple, Lauren Bacall, Marlon Brando, Gregory Peck, Kirk Douglas and Sidney Poitier were also still living.

## The list
Havana

**Havana** () is the capital city of Cuba. It is the largest city of Cuba and  of the Caribbean. Its population was 2.1 million in the census of 2012. It is at 23°8′N 82°23′W and is about  south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States. Cuba's main airport ia located in the city.

Havana is a very old city. It was founded in 1515 by Spanish explorers. Due to its important location it became a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Also, it became a stopping point for Spanish ships returning to Spain filled with treasure. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish–American War.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
1470s

The **1470s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1470 and ended on December 31, 1479. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***148th decade*** which began on January 1, 1471 and ended on December 31, 1480.

## Events 
* 1470 July 12 &ndash; The Ottomans capture Euboea.
* 1471 March &ndash; The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
* 1472 &ndash; Foundation of the Kingdom of Fez.
* 1474 February &ndash; The Treaty of Utrecht ends the Anglo-Hanseatic War.
*1476 – Battle of Avenches
* 1477 February 27 &ndash; Uppsala University is founded.
* 1478 November 1 &ndash; Start of the Spanish Inquisition.
* 1479 January 20 &ndash; Ferdinand II takes the throne of Aragon. He rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile.
1752

In the British Empire, the day was just 355 days long.

## Events 
* February 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, is opened.
* March 23 – The *Halifax Gazette*, the first Canadian newspaper
* June 6 – Fire destroys part of Moscow
* June 15 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity using a kite and a key.
* September 14, Gregorian Calendar – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, making it necessary to skip eleven days (September 2 being followed directly by September 14 this year)
* Adam Smith at the University of Glasgow transfers to professor of moral philosophy
* English Scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapse
660s BC

## Events
* 669 BC - Assurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria
* 668 BC - Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon
* 668 BC - Egypt revolts against Assyria
* 667 BC - Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. (traditional date)
* 664 BC - First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra
* 664 BC - Assurbanipal captures and sacks Thebes, Egypt
* 664 BC - Psammetichus I succeeds Necho I as king of Lower Egypt
* 664 BC - Taharqa appoints his nephew Tantamani as his successor of Upper Egypt
* 660 BC - Legendary Emperor Jimmu's reign starts; traditional date of 1st Japanese monarch of Yamato dynasty
* 660 BC - First known use of the demotic script
* 660 BC - Psammetichus I drives the Assyrians out of Egypt
1496

## Events 
* January 3 – Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
* March 10 – Christopher Columbus leaves Hispaniola for Spain, ending his second visit to the Western Hemisphere.
* July – Spanish forces under Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferrante II is restored to the throne of Naples.
* Jesus College (University of Cambridge) founded.

## Births 
* March 28 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (died 1533)
* May 12 – King Gustav I of Sweden (died 1560)
* October 20 – Claude, Duke of Guise, French soldier (died 1550)
* François Bonivard, Swiss historian (died 1570)
* Edward Fox, English churchman (died 1538)
* Richard Maitland, Scottish poet (died 1586)
* Clément Marot, French poet (died 1544)
* Anthony St Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (died 1559)
* Menno Simons, Dutch religious leader (died 1561)
* Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (died 1549)

## Deaths 
* March 4 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (born 1427)
* September 7 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (born 1469)
* September 25 – Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (born 1447)
* Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (born 1443)
Bismarck

**Bismarck** is a German family name.

## Otto von Bismarck
The name "Bismarck" is usually associated with Otto von Bismarck, a famous Prussian and later German statesman in the 19th century. His name is sometimes misspelled **Bismark**.

## Ships
### Battlecruiser class
* *Fürst Bismarck*, a Mackensen class battlecruiser of the German navy, still under construction at the time of the 1918 Armistice and never completed.

### Battleship
The *Bismarck* was a battleship of the German navy during WWII
* *The Bismarck Chase*
* *Sink the Bismarck!*, a 1960 movie about the sinking of the *Bismarck*
** *Sink the Bismarck*, a 1960 Johnny Horton song inspired by the movie
* *Expedition: Bismarck*, a 2002 documentary about the battleship *Bismarck*.

### Ocean liners
* The SS *Bismarck* of 1914 became the RMS *Majestic* as a part of World War I war reparations.

## Places
### Geography
* the Bismarck Sea, north of the island of New Guinea
* the Bismarck Archipelago, a part of Papua New Guinea
* Bismarck, North Dakota, the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota
* Bismarck, Arkansas
* Bismarck, Illinois
* Bismarck, Missouri
* Bismark, Ontario, a hamlet in Canada at the junction of Highway 20 and Highway 57
* Bismark, Saxony-Anhalt, the German town from which the Bismarck family originated

### Buildings and structures
* "Bismarck towers"
** *Bismarck Tower Stettin*

## Other people named Bismarck
* Herebord von Bismarck, the first verifiable holder of the name (from the 13th century)
* Ludolf August von Bismarck (1683-1750), a Russian General
* Levin Friedrich von Bismarck (1703-1774), a Prussian Attorney General
* August Wilhelm von Bismarck (1750-1783), a Prussian Finance Minister
* Friedrich Alexander Graf von Bismarck-Bohlen (1818-1894), a Prussian General
* Herbert von Bismarck (1849-1904), Secretary of State, son of Otto von Bismarck
* Gottfried von Bismarck (1881-1928)
* Bernhard von Bismarck
* Otto Fürst von Bismarck (1815-1898), a highly influential German politician of the 19th century. Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the Second German Reich.
* Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1901-1949), a Nazi parliamentary representative, grandson of Otto von Bismarck
* Count Gottfried von Bismarck (1962-2007) son of Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck, great-great-grandson of the famous Otto von Bismarck
* Philipp von Bismarck (b. 1913), a German politician of the CDU party
* Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck
* Klaus von Bismarck, 1961-1976, and administrator of a German radio station
* Gunilla von Bismarck (b. 1949), great-granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck, a German philanthropist
* Carl-Eduard von Bismarck (b. 1961), great-great-grandson of Otto von Bismarck, a German politician
* Aurel von Bismarck, a musician and composer

## Things
* Bismarck, a beer mix also known as a Black Velvet
* Bismarck herring, a variant of rollmops

## Media
* Sei Jūshi Bismarck, a Japanese anime series released by Studio Pierrot in 1984.
362

## Events 
* An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).
* An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan).

## Births 
* Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II
* Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty

## Deaths 
* Dorotheus of Tyre, bishop and martyr
* Princess Dowager Ma, concubine of Zhang Jun
1584

**1584** (MDLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
* July 5 – Maronite College established in Rome
* July 10 – William I of Orange assassinated
* Change to the new Gregorian Calendar in many countries. Dates between October 5 – 14 ignored.
* The first translation of the complete Bible into Slovenian language: *Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolmačena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina* (Wittenberg), i.e. The Bible, it is a Complete Holy Scripture of the Old and of the New Testament, Translated into Slovenian by Jurij Dalmatin.
* Archangelsk is founded in northern Russia.
* Feodor I succeeds his father Ivan IV as Tsar of Russia
* Latin Book of Concord published in Germany
* Ghent falls to the Spanish.
1071

## Events 
* April — The last Byzantine-controlled city in southern Italy, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard. 
* August 26 — Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan. Control of much of Asia Minor passes to the Turks.
* Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins.
1278

## Events 
* August 26 – Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.
* The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Count of Foix.
* The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
* An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
* The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Koan era begins.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

**People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals** (**PETA**) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.

PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food. 

PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over nine million members.

PETA has made many stunts to catch the attention of the media, but people don't like how disruptive they are and how they try to appeal to people's emotions (make them feel guilty enough to join them) and profit off of serious events. 

## References
## Other websites 
* PETA (General)
* PETA (UK)
* YouTube profile
* PETA UK on YouTube
Software licence

A **software licence** (or **software** **license** in United States English) is a kind of licence that is used to set rules about how a piece of software can or cannot be used. After getting the software by either downloading it or buying it, you need to agree with the licence in order to use it. The licence is chosen or created by the software developer/creator or software publisher. Many licences answer questions such as "can I use this software commercially/to make money?", or "can I give this software to other people?", or in general, "in what ways am I allowed/permitted to use this software?".

One kind of software licence, an end user licence agreement, or "EULA", is very specific/descriptive about the things that you can or cannot do with the software, and oftentimes establishes/defines the rights of the software developer over the user. Most EULAs are written by the specific software developer and are not shared like other software licences.

Another type of software licence is an open source distribution licence. These licences let software developers choose what people can and cannot do with the code of the software. There are many licences freely available which allow you to do this, such as the MIT Licence, which allows for the software to be used by any person for any reason/purpose. The GNU General Public Licence, often abbreviated/shortened as **GPL** is a licence which makes all copies of the software free and open source. Therefore, GPL cannot be included in any part of proprietary/closed software because it does not follow the rules of the licence. The Apache Licence is more definitive and specific, but is more common with larger companies, such as Google, but is still considered a free software licence. **Creative Commons** is a popular licence used by people who want to give something out for free without taking as much credit. Creative Commons is very open, and is even used by Wikipedia for its pages and other content.

## List 
*Affero General Public License
*Apache License
*BSD licence
*General Public License
*Lesser General Public License
*MIT License
*Mozilla Public License
*PHP License
*Zlib License
BSD licence

The **BSD licence** is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling *BSD license*.

## The licence 
The words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want. To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name. A basic BSD licence looks like this:

 * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 * All rights reserved.
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *     * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the
 *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
 *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

This means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.

## Related pages
* Software licence
1728

## Events 
* Astronomical aberration found by the astronomer James Bradley
* Swedish academy of sciences made at Uppsala
* The making of the University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana ), Cuba's most set university.

## Births 
* January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
* February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)
* April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish scientist (d. 1799)
* August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777) 
* August 28 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
* September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English metal-worker, inventor and partner of James Watt (d. 1809)
* September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American writer (d. 1814)
* October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer who signed the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784)
* October 27 – James Cook, British captain and explorer (d. 1779)
* November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774)

## Deaths
* February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1654)
* February 13 – Cotton Mather, Puritan minister (b. 1663)
* March 4 – Anna Petrovna of Russia, oldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708)
* April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662)
* August 15 – Marin Marais, French musician (b. 1656)
* September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
* November 19 – Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, German Prince (b. 1694)
* date unknown – Serfoji I, Indian Ruler (b. 1675)
1802

**1802** (MDCCCII) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
*March 16 – West Point is established.
*March 25/27 – Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
*March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas.
*May 19 – Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour).
*June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and sent to Fort de Joux for prison.
*July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
*August 2 – In a plebiscite Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as consul for life.
*September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of Napoleonic France.
*October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.
*July – Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.
*October – French army enters Switzerland.
*Marie Tussaud opens her famous wax museum in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror to make death masks of the victims.
*Treviranus uses the term biology for the first time.
*Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photograph, but has no means of fixing the image, which quickly fades.
*William Symington builds the first successful steamship, the *Charlotte Dundas*.
*Ludwig van Beethoven performs the Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
*William Wordsworth publishes the poem "Westminster Bridge."
*The estimated world population reaches 1 billion people.

### Ongoing events 
*French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
*Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
1786

## Events 
* May 21 – Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris
* August 8 – Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.
*August 29– Shays Rebellion begins
* September 2 – Hurricane in England.
* November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States was founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.
* November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.
* December 4 – The Mission Santa Barbara, was founded by Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, becoming the tenth mission in the California mission chain.

*Choctaw Treaty
*Chickasaw Treaty
*Robert Burns publishes *Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect*
* Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company. It is the first British colony in South-East Asia.
* Anglo-Spanish treaty gives Belize to Britain
* First ship of convicts leaves Britain for Botany Bay, Australia – 820 out of 1138 aboard are convicts
* The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
* The Mozart opera "The Marriage of Figaro" is premiered in Vienna
* Goethe undertakes his 'Italian Journey' throughout September-December (published in 1817)

## Births 
* January 8 – Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States (d. 1844)
* January 12 – Sir Robert Inglis, Bt, English politician (d. 1855)
* January 23 – Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (d. 1858)
* February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859)
* February 24 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869)
* February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
* March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian (d. 1861)
* June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general and Presidential candidate (d. 1866)
* August 17 – David "Davy" Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836)
* August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
* September 10 – William Mason, American politician (d. 1860)
* September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)
* September 18 – King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848)
* September 24 – Charles Bianconi, Italian-Irish entrepreneur
* December 12 – William L. Marcy, American statesman (d. 1857)

## Deaths
1012

## Events 
* Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
* Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
* Benedict VIII becomes pope. Gregory is antipope.
* Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
* King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
* Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.
1746

## Events 
* January 8 – Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling
* April 16 – Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings
* August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat executed 1747)
* October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896)
* October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru
* Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized.
* Town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.
1614

**1614** (MDCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* April 5 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
* October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".
* The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.
* John Napier publishes a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.
* The University of Groningen is established.
* Institution of the Rosicrucian Order in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.
* Toyotomi Hideyori attempts to restore Osaka Castle. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and takes the castle by storm.

## Births 
* January 1 – John Wilkins, English clergyman (d. 1672)
* January 5 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. 1662)
* July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
* December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
* Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672)

## Deaths
1734

**1734** (MDCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 8 – Premiere of George Frideric Handel's opera *Ariodante* at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
* June 17 – French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed
* June 21 – In Montreal in New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
* June 30 – Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig) which had been besieged since October 1733. Gdańsk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city
222

**222** was a common year.
## Events 
*Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
*Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
*Kingdom of Wu is established in China
*Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling

## References
1755

## Events 
* January 25 – Moscow University established.
* February 20 – General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
* April 15 – *A Dictionary of the English Language* is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
* July 9 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.
* November 1 – 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 – 90,000 people.
* November 18 – An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
* December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
* Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
* The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
* The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
* Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.
477

## Events 
* Huneric becomes king of Vandals
* Aelle, king of the South Saxons, arrives in England, with his three sons, near Cymenshore. (According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)
* Song Shun Di succeeds Song Hou Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Song Dynasty
509

## Births
* Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (d. 571, traditional date)
* Adi Sankara

## Deaths
## References
571

## Events
*The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

## Deaths
* Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (b. 509, traditional date)

## References
609

**609** was a common year.
## Events 
* The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610).
* Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.
1543

## Events 
*February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga – A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn.
*May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes *De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium*
*July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding
* August 5 – Turkish and French troops under Khair ed-Din Barbarossa occupy Nice
*September-October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Emperor Charles V, but withdraw on the approach of the French army.

*Japanese receive first firearms from shipwrecked Portuguese
*Native Americans in Spanish colonies are announced free against the wish of local settlers
*Martin Luther publishes *On the Jews and Their Lies*.
## Births 
* January 18 – (baptized) – Alfonso Ferrabosco, Italian composer
* January 31 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun
* February 15 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
* February 16 – Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter
* April 1 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France
* September 14 – Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit

## Deaths 
*January 2 – Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer
*January 3 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer
*January 9 – Guillaume du Bellay, French diplomat and general
*February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal (killed in battle)
*May 24 – Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer
*July 19 – Lady Mary Boleyn, mistress of Kings Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England
*September 20 – Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
*November 29 – Hans Holbein the Younger, German artist, active in England
Omul

The **omul** (*Coregonus migratorius*) is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).

Omul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways. Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly  salted.

The Omul normally fished using seine nets and fishing nets, yet during early spring, it can be caught using a fishing road.

## References
Wild turkey

The **wild turkey** (*Meleagris gallopavo*) is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey. This large bird is found across much of the United States and southern Canada.

Wild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards and seasonal marshes. They can adapt to any dense plant community so long as there is cover and openings to fly out. Open, mature forests with a variety of tree species seem to be best.

The *domesticated turkey* has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms.

## References
Ocellated turkey

An **ocellated turkey** (*Meleagris ocellata*) is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (*ocellated* means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America.

## References
250

**250** (**CCL**) was .

## Events 
*Diophantus writes *Arithmetica* the first systematic treatise on algebra. 
*A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date).
*Goths invade Moesia.
*The Alamanni drive the Romans from the modern area of Donau-Ries.
*Decius begins a period of persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire.
*Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Albán in Oaxaca.
*Kofun Period begins in Japan.

## Births 
* Helena of Constantinople
* Licinius
Lake Baikal

**Lake Baikal** is a huge lake in Siberia, Russia. It is the biggest fresh water reservoir in the world. The lake is near Irkutsk. 

Baikal is about  long. It is  wide. At its deepest point, it is  deep. It is the deepest lake on Earth. The lake is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It holds about 20% of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water.

The lake has unique fish. It is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals. Two-thirds of them can be found nowhere else.

## Geology 
 basin, which includes Lake Baikal]]

Lake Baikal fills an ancient rift valley, just as Lake Tanganyika does in East Africa. At the Baikal Rift Zone, the Earth's crust pulls apart.

It is the deepest lake in the world at . The bottom of the lake is  below sea level, but below this lies some  of sediment. This means the rift floor is   below the surface: it is the deepest continental rift on Earth.

The lake is completely surrounded by mountains. The Baikal Mountains on the north shore and the taiga are protected as a national park. It has 27 islands; the largest, Olkhon, is  long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers. and 1550 species and varieties of animals. Over 60% of animals are endemic; of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic.

The omul fish (*Coregonus autumnalis migratorius*) is local to Lake Baikal. It is fished, smoked, and sold on all markets around the lake. For many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway, purchasing smoked omul is one of the highlights of the long journey.

Baikal also has a species of seals, Baikal seal or *nerpa*. Bears and deer can be seen and hunted by the Baikal coast.

## Ecosystem 
In 1986 Baikalskyi and Barguzinskyi became Biosphere Reserves. The ecosystems are part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

### Ecodangers 
The Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill was constructed in 1966 on the shoreline of Lake Baikal. The plant bleached paper using chlorine and discharged waste directly into Lake Baikal. The decision to construct the plant at Lake Baikal resulted in strong protests. The objections of Soviet scientists had opposition from the industrial lobby. Only after decades of protest was the plant closed in 2008 (and only because it was unprofitable). On 4 January 2010, production was resumed. On 13 January 2010, Russian President Vladimir Putin legalised the operation of the plant. This brought a wave of protests from ecologists and local residents. In September 2013 the mill went bankrupt.

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
* Marina Rikhvanova, an ecologist who works to protect Lake Baikal

## References 
## Other websites 
* List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Drenthe

**Drenthe** (pronounce: "DREN-te") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany. About 502,000 people are living in Drenthe (2023).

## History 
Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens (*hunebedden*), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.

The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called *Pago Treanth* (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time. 

From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.

In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.

## Municipalities 
Location of the municipalities of Drenthe.

## Geography 
The most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.

## Dialects 
In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called *Drents*. These dialects are different in each town or village.

## Related pages
*Bartje
*Ot en Sien

## Other websites 
*
655

## Events 
*November 15 – Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of the Winwaed
*Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.
*Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III.
*Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia
*A Byzantine fleet is defeated by the Arabs at Finike.
Ishpeming, Michigan

**Ishpeming** is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total  of 6,140 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation. 

## Geography
The city has a total area of 24.0 km² (9.2 mi²).  22.5&nbsp;km² (8.7&nbsp;mi²) of it is land and 1.5&nbsp;km² (0.6&nbsp;mi²) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.

## History
The movie *Anatomy of a Murder* was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.
Ishpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.

Ishpeming is considered the birthplace of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame.

## Other websites 
*City of Ishpeming 
*Ishpeming Public Schools