open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Verkhovna Rada

The **Verkhovna Rada** (; ) is Ukraine's parliament. The Verkhovna Rada is a unicameral parliament composed of 450 deputies, which is presided over by a chairman or a speaker. It meets in the "Verkhovna Rada building" in Ukraine's capital Kyiv.

The Verkhovna Rada was first established in 1938 as the national parliament of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Since then, 17 convocations (sessions) of the Verkhovna Rada were held. The Verkhovna Rada of the 14th convocation officially changed the numbering of sessions, proclaiming itself the Verkhovna Rada of the third convocation. The sixth convocation is the latest convocation of the parliament.

In the Verkhovna Rada elections, the seats are divided among all parties that achieved a minimum 3% nationwide vote tally, using the "Hamilton method of apportionment".

The latest elections in 2007 to the Verkhovna Rada were held on September 30, 2007. On October 8, 2008, President Viktor Yushchenko dissolved the parliament and called early elections, however these never took place.

Next election to the Verkhovna Rada will be held on October 29, 2027.

## Name
The name Rada () means "council". It originated in medieval Rus', and in the 10th century represented a boyar council. It was also used by Dnieper Cossacks in the 17th and 18th centuries for the meetings where major decisions were made and new councils were elected by popular vote.

This name was later used by the Ukrainian Revolutionary government between March 17, 1917 and April 29, 1918 (Central Rada).

*Verkhovna*, is the feminine form of the adjective  meaning *supreme*. It is derived from the Ukrainian word  meaning "top".

## References
Katarina Waters

**Katarina Leigh Waters** (born 10 November 1980) is a German-born English former professional wrestler and valet. She is best known for her time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring name **Katie Lea Burchill** (or simply **Katie Lea**), As the on-screen sister of Paul Burchill, she wrestled on the Raw and ECW brands. On 7 July 2022, Waters announced that she became an American citizen.

## In wrestling 
### Wrestling
***Finishing moves**
**Hair-pull backbreaker – WWE
***Kat Nip* (Inverted facelock neckbreaker) – independent circuit
**Side slam backbreaker
**Bow and arrow stretch

## Championships and accomplishments
]]
* **British Empire Wrestling**
** British Empire Woman's Championship (1 time)
* **British Independent Circuit**
** British Women's Championship (3 times)
* **Family Wrestling Entertainment**
** FWE Women's Championship (1 time)
* **Hoodslam**
** GLAM Championship (1 time)
** GLAM Championship Tournament (2020)
* **Maverick Pro Wrestling**
** MPW Women's Championship (2 times)
* **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
** OVW Women's Championship (2 times)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 18 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the *PWI Female 50* in 2012
* **Queens of Chaos**
** World Queens of Chaos Championship (1 time)
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** TNA Knockouts Championship (2 times)
** TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Angelina Love
** TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship Tournament (2010) – with Angelina Love
** WILD Warrior of the Year (2011)
** WILD Match of the Year (2011) vs. Terra Calaway

## References
## Other websites
*
*Katie Lea's profile on WWE.com 
*Impact Wrestling profile
Come Together

"**Come Together**" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles written mostly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon/McCartney. The song is the first song on the Beatles' 1969 album *Abbey Road*. One month later it was released as a single with "Something", their twenty-first single in the United Kingdom and twenty-sixth in the United States. The song reached the top of the charts in the US, and peaked at number four in the UK. The song was also featured in a scene in the movie A Bronx Tale starring Robert De Niro.

The song has been covered by several other artists, including Ike & Tina Turner, Arctic Monkeys, Aerosmith, Eurythmics, Joe Cocker, Michael Jackson, and Gary Clark Jr.

## References
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Oh! Darling

"**Oh! Darling**" is a song of The Beatles written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and is the fourth song on the *Abbey Road* album.

## Background
McCartney later said, "When we were recording 'Oh! Darling' I came into the studios early every day for a week to sing it by myself because at first my voice was too clear. I wanted it to sound as though I'd been performing it on stage all week."

In a 1980 interview with *Playboy* magazine, John Lennon said, "'Oh! Darling' was a great one of Paul's that he didn't sing too well. I always thought I could have done it better—it was more my style than his. He wrote it, so what the hell, he's going to sing it."

George Harrison described the song as "a typical 1950s–'60s-period song because of its chord structure."

## *Let It Be* session
After an early attempt at this song on 27 January 1969 during the *Let It Be* sessions, Lennon announced, "Just heard that Yoko's divorce has just gone through", after which he and the band burst into an improvised version of the song, singing "I'm free at last" instead of a part of the lyric.

## Covers
*Robin Gibb recorded "Oh! Darling" in 1977 for the movie ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''. Released in 1978 as a single, it reached #15 on Billboard's Hot 100 in September.
*Huey Lewis recorded a version for the 1995 Beatles tribute *Come Together: America Salutes The Beatles*.
*George Benson also recorded a version for *The Other Side of Abbey Road* EP.
*London also recorded a version for the ''Don't Cry Wolf* album.
*It also appears in the movie *Across the Universe'' sung by the characters Sadie (Dana Fuchs) and Jojo (Martin Luther McCoy).
*Etta Scollo recorded an Italian version in 1988
*Bela Fleck and the Flecktones recorded a version for Live Art, with John Cowan providing the vocals
*Sara Bareilles sang "Oh! Darling" in 2007 as the last song for her appearance on Channel 4's Live from Abbey Road. It featured only herself on lead vocals and her guitarist playing rhythm guitar.
*Florence + the Machine play a live version on the second CD of the special box set edition of *Lungs*
*Sum 41 did this song live during 2007/08.
*Katelyn Epperly sung this song live on American Idol during the Top 24.

## Personnel
*Paul McCartney – vocal, backing vocals, bass, guitar
*John Lennon – backing vocals, piano
*George Harrison – backing vocals, guitar, synthesiser
*Ringo Starr – drums
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Notes
## Other websites
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I Want You (She's So Heavy)

"'''I Want You (She's So Heavy)'*" is a song by The Beatles from their album *Abbey Road''. It was written by John Lennon, although it is credited to Lennon/McCartney.

The song is an unusual Beatles song for many reasons, its length (nearly eight minutes), small number of lyrics (only fourteen different words are sung), three-minute descent through the same repeated guitar chords, and sudden ending. It is also one of the last songs that the Beatles mixed as a group, on August 20, 1969.
Octopus's Garden

"'''Octopus's Garden'*" is a song by The Beatles written by Ringo Starr from their 1969 album *Abbey Road''.

George Harrison worked on this the song with Ringo Starr; perhaps because his own songs were not seen as good enough by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Harrison said: "'Octopus's Garden' is Ringo's song. It's only the second song Ringo has ever written, mind you, and it's lovely." He added that the song gets very deep into your mind "because it's so peaceful. I suppose Ringo is writing cosmic songs these days without even realising it."

## Background
Ringo Starr got the idea for the song when he was on a boat owned by comedian Peter Sellers in Sardinia in 1968. He ordered fish and chips for lunch, but instead of fish he got squid. It was the first time he'd eaten squid, and he said, "It was OK. A bit rubbery. Tasted like chicken." The boat's captain told Ringo how octopuses travel along the sea bed picking up stones and shiny objects to build gardens. The *Let It Be* movie had a scene where George Harrison is shown helping Ringo Starr work the song out on piano.

The song, which contains the words "Oh what joy for every girl and boy / Knowing they're happy and they're safe," is sometimes thought of as being a song for children, like "Yellow Submarine", "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" or "All Together Now". It has been performed by the Muppets several times in their shows.

## Recording
The basic instrumental track was recorded April 26, 1969, with two electric guitars (Harrison and John Lennon), bass guitar (Paul McCartney), and drums (Starr). George Martin did not produce the song, so the Beatles themselves were listed as producer, with Martin's assistant Chris Thomas present in the control room to help. Thirty-two takes were needed before the Beatles were happy with the song.

The backing vocals by McCartney and Harrison during the guitar solo were put through compressors and limiters to create a gurgling sound. Harrison added the sound of bubbles being blown into a glass of milk using a straw.

## Performers
*Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, percussion, sound effects
*George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar, synthesizer
*Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, piano
*John Lennon – guitar
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Other websites
Reggie Jackson

**Reginald Martinez "Reggie" Jackson** (born May 18, 1946) was a baseball player for the Oakland Athletics, the New York Yankees, and the California Angels. He was named Mr. October in the 1977 series. In 1973 and 77 he was named the most valuable player of the World Series. He played right fielder.

Jackson played 21 seasons and reached the post-season in 11 of them, winning six pennants and four World Series.

Jackson was also voted to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1993 on the first ballot. His number was retired by the Athletics and the Yankees.

In 2007, ESPN aired a mini-series called *The Bronx is Burning*.  It was about the 1977 Yankees. The conflicts and controversies around Jackson are a central part of the storyline. Jackson is portrayed by Daniel Sunjata.

## References
*
Spiritual Machines

***Spiritual Machines*** is the fourth studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on December 12, 2000. The producers of the album was Arnold Lanni and lead singer Raine Maida and it was the last Our Lady Peace album produced by long time producer Arnold Lanni. It is certified double platinum in Canada, peaking #5.

## Singles from *Spiritual Machines* 
*2000 - "In Repair"
*2000 - "Life"
*2001 - "Right Behind You (Mafia)"

## References
Here Comes the Sun

"**Here Comes the Sun**" is a song by George Harrison from The Beatles' 1969 album *Abbey Road*.

## Origin
Harrison stated in *The Beatles Anthology*: 

## Recording
Harrison, McCartney and Starr recorded the song in 13 takes on July 7, 1969. John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash. Towards the end of the session, Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part. Harrison capoed his guitar on the 7th fret, resulting the final key of A major. He also used the same technique on his 1965 song "If I Needed Someone," which shares a similar melodic pattern. The following day he taped his lead vocals, and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound.

A harmonium and handclaps were added on July 16. Harrison's guitar solo was overdubbed on 6 August, and the orchestral parts were added on 15 August. "Here Comes the Sun" was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison's Moog synthesizer part.

## Personnel
*George Harrison – vocal, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, Moog synthesizer, handclaps
*Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, handclaps
*Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps
*Uncredited – four violas, four cellos, double bass, two piccolos, two flutes, two alto flutes, two clarinets
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Notes
## Other websites
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Gravity (Our Lady Peace album)

***Gravity*** is the fifth studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on June 18, 2002. The producer of the album was Bob Rock. This album featured new guitarist Steve Mazur who replaced Mike Turner when he left the band in 2001.

## Singles from *Gravity* 
*2002 - "Somewhere Out There"
*2002 - "Innocent"
*2003 - "Made of Steel"
Burn Burn (album)

***Burn Burn*** is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on July 21, 2009. The producer of the album was lead singer Raine Maida. The peaked at #3 on the Canadian Albums Chart and also peaked at #41 on the U.S. *Billboard* 200.

## Singles from *Burn Burn* 
*2009 - "All You Did Was Save My Life"
*2009 - "The End is Where We Begin"
*2010 - "Dreamland"
Healthy in Paranoid Times

***Healthy in Paranoid Times*** is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on August 30, 2005. The producer of the album was Bob Rock. The album peaked at #2 on the Soundscan Canadian Albums Chart, #45 on the Billboard 200 chart and #1 on Soundscan's Alternative albums chart. The song "Where Are You", peaked at #28 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart. The album is certified Platinum for the shipment of 100,000 units.

## Singles from *Healthy in Paranoid Times* 
*2005 - "Where Are You"
*2005 - "Angels/Losing/Sleep"
*2006 - "Will the Future Blame Us"
Raine Maida

**Raine Maida** (born February 18, 1970 in Weston, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian singer/songwriter. He is the current lead singer of the Canadian alternative rock band, Our Lady Peace and was known for his unique countertenor nasal falsetto singing voice.

He began a solo career in 2006 and released a EP called *Love Hope Hero* on November 14, 2006. Maida is also a well known producer producing songs for act's like Avril Lavigne, Kelly Clarkson, David Cook and Carrie Underwood.

Maida is involved with numerous charities including War Child and was also a critic of the Iraq War as well as former U.S. president George W. Bush. He is married to Canadian singer Chantal Kreviazuk. Maida and Kreviazuk have three children together. They won the Allan Slaight Humanitarian Spirit Award in 2011 for their high ideals and humanitarian service.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Kris Versteeg

**Kristopher Royce Versteeg** (born May 13, 1986) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, Calgary Flames, Los Angeles Kings and Florida Panthers.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Versteeg played 5 seasons in the Western Hockey League (WHL). 3 seasons with the Lethbridge Hurricanes, 1 seasons with the Kamloops Blazers and 1 season with the Red Deer Rebels.

He was drafted with the 134th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, Providence Bruins and was traded along with a conditional draft pick to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brandon Bochenski.

He played 3 seasons with the Blackhawks and won the Stanley Cup with them during the 2009–10 NHL season. His name was originally misspelled "Kris Vertseeg" when it was engraved on the Stanley Cup but it was quickly corrected afterwards. Versteeg was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs along with the rights to prospect Bill Sweatt for Viktor Stalberg, Chris DiDomenico, and Philippe Paradis because of salary cap restraints.

He played 1 season with the Maple Leafs and was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for first-round and third-round draft picks. He only played 20 games for the Flyers and was again traded, this time to the Florida Panthers for a second-round and a third-round pick.

Versteeg would play 1 season and 28 games with the Panthers before being traded back to the Chicago Blackhawks on November 14, 2013 in exchange for Jimmy Hayes and Dylan Olsen. On June 15, 2015, he won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in six games.

On September 11, 2015, Versteeg was traded along with Joakim Nordström to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for a 3rd round draft pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Versteeg and Nordström were traded because the Blackhawks had to make cap space for Marcus Kruger.

## Awards 
*2x Stanley Cup champion with the Chicago Blackhawks (2010, 2015)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Order of the Arrow

The **Order of the Arrow** is an honor society in the Boy Scouts of America. It was started by E. Urner Goodman in 1915. Members of the Order of the Arrow are called Arrowmen or Brothers. The Order of the Arrow uses American Indian symbols and lore. There are some "secret" ceremonies and words.

To be chosen to join the Order, youth members need to be voted in by their Scout troop, and have to have the First Class rank or higher. Adult leaders can also be chosen.

People who are entering the Order have to go through what is called an Ordeal. They have to go through a 24 hour period where they sleep outside, do not get much food, cannot talk, and do work, such as to help the camp where the Ordeal is happening.

## Types of membership
Once someone goes through the Ordeal and becomes a member of the Order, they are called an Ordeal member. They can later become what is called a "Brotherhood member" after giving more service and going through another ceremony. Some Brotherhood members can later become "Vigil Members", but usually, no more than one out of every fifty people in a Lodge (local groups of the Order of the Arrow) can become Vigil Members.

## References
Sun King (song)

"**Sun King**" is a song written by John Lennon but credited to Lennon/McCartney. It was recorded by The Beatles for their *Abbey Road* album. 

## History
The working title was "Here Comes the Sun King". It was shortened to "Sun King" to avoid confusion with the song "Here Comes the Sun". The song is in three-part harmony, sung by Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Harrison. At the end of the song, the music stops abruptly and a Ringo Starr drum fill leads into the next track, "Mean Mr. Mustard".

The mixing of Romance languages occurs in the last three lines of the song. In 1969, Lennon was interviewed about these lyrics and said, "We just started joking, you know, singing 'cuando para mucho.' So we just made up... Paul knew a few Spanish words from school, you know. So we just strung any Spanish words that sounded vaguely like something. And of course we got 'chicka ferdy' in. That's a Liverpool expression. Just like sort of-- it doesn't mean anything to me but (childish taunting) 'na-na, na-na-na!'"

In 1976, The Bee Gees covered the song for the musical documentary *All This and World War II*.

## Notes
## Other websites
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You Never Give Me Your Money

"**You Never Give Me Your Money**" is a song by The Beatles that opens the medley on side two of the album *Abbey Road*. It was written by Paul McCartney and is credited to Lennon/McCartney.

## Recording
The Beatles recorded 26 takes of "You Never Give Me Your Money" on May 6, 1969, with McCartney on piano and vocals, Lennon and Harrison on guitar and Starr on drums. 

On July 1, McCartney overdubbed lead vocals onto take 30, and added more vocals and chimes on July 15.

"You Never Give Me Your Money" was originally to transition into "Sun King" with a long organ note. This was recorded along with more vocals on July 30. They were scrapped the following day, when McCartney completed the song by adding bass guitar and piano. The "Sun King" crossfade was completed on August 5 with a series of tape loops containing the sounds of bells, birds, bubbles and insects.

## Personnel
*Paul McCartney: lead and background vocals; piano and bass; wind chimes and tape loops.
*John Lennon: fuzzed lead guitar and background vocals.
*George Harrison: chiming lead guitar and background vocals.
*Ringo Starr: drums and tambourine.

## Other websites
Birmingham Triennial Music Festival

where the festival was held from 1837]]

The **Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival** was a festival of classical music that used to be held in Birmingham, England.  It was started in 1784 and continued until 1912.  “Triennial” means that it happened once every three years.

## History
The first music festival was held for three days in September 1768.  It helped to raise money to complete the new General Hospital on Summer Lane.  Another festival was held in 1778 to get more money. The hospital opened in September 1779.

From September 1784 the festival was held every three years.  It continued to raise money for the hospital.

The church and theatre where the festival was held became too small, so in 1834 they built Birmingham Town Hall which had much more room.

Many famous musicians performed at the festival.  In 1837 Felix Mendelssohn conducted a performance of his oratorio *St. Paul*, played the organ, and played the piano part in the first performance of his Piano  Concerto No. 2 which had been especially commissioned by the Festival.  In the next festival he played his Piano Concerto No. 1.  In 1846  (a year before he died) the festival commissioned him to write his oratorio *Elijah*.  It was a huge success.  He was paid 200 guineas.  *Elijah* was played at every festival after that.

The festival commissioned other composers to write works, these included: Arthur Sullivan, Max Bruch, Charles Gounod and Antonín Dvořák.

The great conductor Hans Richter was made principal conductor in 1885.

Edward Elgar wrote several works for the festival.  In 1900 his oratorio *The Dream of Gerontius* was given its first performance.  In 1903 he performed *The Apostles*, and 1906  *The Kingdom*. In 1912 he wrote *The Music Makers*.  The principal conductor for 1912 was Henry Wood.

The 1909 and 1912 festivals lost a lot of money and they could not give any money to the hospital.  This was soon followed by  World War I, so the festival stopped and did not continue after the war.
Whenever You Need Somebody (song)

"**Whenever You Need Somebody**" is a song originally sung by Rick Astley. The song's style is pop-dance. It was the second single released by Astley. It is the title track of Astley's first album, *Whenever You Need Somebody (album)*. It was written and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.

It was a successful hit in Europe, following the pattern of the artist's previous smash single "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was never released as a single in the United States.

## List of tracks
; 7" single
# "Whenever You Need Somebody" (3:26)
# "Just Good Friends" (3:45)

; 7" single - Picture-disc
# "Whenever You Need Somebody" (3:26)
# "Just Good Friends" (3:45)
			
; 12" maxi
# "Whenever You Need Somebody" (lonely hearts mix) (7:34)
# "Whenever You Need Somebody" (instrumental) (3:50)
# "Just Good Friends" (3:45)

## Peak position in international singles charts
## References
Nunc dimittis

, painted around 1700–1710.]]

The **Nunc dimittis** is a hymn from the Bible.  It was sung by Simeon when he saw the baby Jesus.  

The story told in the book of Luke was that Simeon, who was a Jew, had been promised by the Holy Ghost that he would not die until he had seen Jesus.  When Mary and Joseph brought the baby Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem for the ceremony of consecration of the firstborn son, Simeon was there, and he took Jesus into his arms and said the words which are now known as the Nunc dimittis.  He was saying to God that he could now die happily because he had seen the Saviour.

The words of the Nunc dimittis have been set to music by many composers.  In the Anglican Church they are traditionally sung at Evensong.

The English words as found in the *Book of Common Prayer*, 1662:

:Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace : according to thy word.
:For mine eyes have seen : thy salvation,
:Which thou hast prepared : before the face of all people;
:To be a light to lighten the Gentiles : and to be the glory of thy people Israel.

## Related pages
*Magnificat
*Service (music)
Zangalewa

"**Zangaléwa**" or "**Tsaminamina**" is a 1986 hit song, originally sung by a makossa group from Cameroon called Golden Sounds who were popular throughout Africa for their silly dances and costumes. The song was such a hit for Golden Sounds that they eventually changed their name to Zangaléwa, too. The song pays tribute to African skirmishers (a.k.a tirailleurs) during WW2. Most of the band members were in the Cameroonian Army themselves and used make up, fake belly and fake butt for comic relief.

The song is still used today almost everywhere in Africa by soldiers, policemen, boy scouts, sportsmen and their supporters, usually during training or for rallying. It is also widely used in schools throughout the continent especially in Cameroon as a marching song and the lyrics are well-known among Cameroonians. The song was also popular in Colombia where it was known as “The Military” and brought to the country by West African DJs.

The men in the group often dressed in military uniforms, wearing pith helmets and stuffing their clothes with pillows to appear like they had a swollen buttocks from riding the train and overweight stomachs from eating too much. Music historians say the song, or at least part of it, is a criticism of Black military officers who were in league with Whites to oppress their own people. The rest is Cameroonian slang and jargon from the soldiers during the war.

## Translation 
Meaning of the words in Fang language:
# "Tsaminamina" means: Come.
# "Waka waka" means: Do it – as in perform a task. Waka is pidgin language meaning walk while working.
# "Tsaminamina zangalewa" means: where do you come from?.
# "Wana" means: it is mine.
# "Zambo" means: wait.

## Other websites 
* YouTube Video from WayBack Machine 2016
* 10 minutes full ver YouTube video still avalible 7:20-end is original video from on top
* YouTube video replacement for 1st link, still avalible
Alan Gray

**Alan Gray** (born in York, 23 December 1855; died in Cambridge, 27 September 1935) was a British organist and composer.

Gray was born in York.  He went to St Peter's School in York, and Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1883 to 1893, he was Director of Music at Wellington College, Berkshire. In 1893, when Stanford left the post of organist at Trinity College, Alan went back there to become organist, and stayed there until 1930.

From 1922-1923 he was president of the Royal College of Organists.

Gray wrote several cantatas as well as chamber music and organ music, but he is mainly remembered for his church music, including an  Evening Service in F minor (Magnificat and Nunc dimittis).  He also composed several descants to various hymn tunes, several of them are still sung today.  He did a lot of work as editor of the Purcell Society.

Alan Gray was a very tall man: 2&nbsp;metres (nearly 6&nbsp;ft 7in).

## References
* The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; , vol 7
Polythene Pam

"**Polythene Pam**" is a song written by John Lennon, credited to Lennon/McCartney, and performed by The Beatles on their album *Abbey Road*.

## Background
The name 'Polythene Pam' came from the nickname of an early Beatles' fan from the Cavern Club days, named Pat Hodgett (now Dawson), who would often eat polythene. She became known as 'Polythene Pat'. She said in an interview, "I used to eat polythene all the time. I'd tie it in knots and then eat it. Sometimes I even used to burn it and then eat it when it got cold."

## Personnel
*John Lennon – vocals, 12-string acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, handclaps
*Paul McCartney – backing vocals, bass, lead guitar, piano, electric piano
*George Harrison – backing vocals, lead guitar
*Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, maracas, cowbell

## Notes
She Came in Through the Bathroom Window

"**She Came in Through the Bathroom Window**" is a song written by Paul McCartney (although credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on their album *Abbey Road* as part of the *Abbey Road* medley.

## Origin
McCartney said the song was inspired by Apple scruffs (dedicated fans who would stay outside the Abbey Road studio and the homes of the Beatles), who broke into McCartney's St John's Wood home. Diane Ashley, one of the group, says: "We were bored, he was out and so we decided to pay him a visit. We found a ladder in his garden and stuck it up at the bathroom window which he'd left slightly open. I was the one who climbed up and got in." She then opened the front door to let the others in, and they stole a number of photographs. Another Apple scruff, Margo Bird, remembers being good friends with McCartney - she would often take his dog for walks - and later got a job at Apple Corps. She says that she was asked to get back a certain photograph, which she did.

In the 2006 DVD documentary *The Classic Artists Series: The Moody Blues* (DVD UK, released October 2006), Mike Pinder, the former keyboard player of Birmingham R&B band The Moody Blues, states that the inspiration for the song actually rests with an incident that happened to them—a groupie climbing into an open bathroom window in the band's home and spending the night with band member Ray Thomas. The next day, Pinder and Thomas told the story to McCartney, who—guitar in hand—strummed and sang "She came in through the bathroom window...".

## Recording
The Beatles recorded the rhythm track for this and Polythene Pam as one piece on 25 July 1969. It took them 39 attempts, after which they added lead vocals and re-recorded the drums and bass guitar parts.

On July 28, they added more vocals, guitar, percussion and piano. The song was completed two days later with additional guitar and percussion.

This song was performed directly after "Polythene Pam", the song on the preceding track, without pause.

At the very beginning of the song, in anticipation to the change of meter, John Lennon says "we'll listen to that now... heh-heh" and then shouts "Oh, look out!" A slower, ethereal version of this song, recorded during the *Let It Be* sessions, appears on *Anthology 3*.

## Personnel
*Paul McCartney – lead and harmony vocals, lead guitar
*John Lennon – acoustic 12-string guitar, background vocals
*George Harrison – bass guitar, background vocals
*Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

## Cover versions
* Joe Cocker's cover of this song reached number 30 on the Billboard top 40 in 1970.
* Los Lonely Boys' cover of this song appears on their 2009 tribute EP entitled *1969*.

## Notes
## Other websites
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Mean Mr. Mustard

"**Mean Mr. Mustard**" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on their album, *Abbey Road*. The *Abbey Road* version was recorded with "Sun King" in one continuous piece.

## Composition
The song was written in India. Lennon said that the song was inspired by a newspaper story about a miser who hid his cash wherever he could so he can stop people from making him spend it. On reflection, he didn't think highly of the composition, describing it in *Anthology* as "a bit of crap I wrote in India."

A demo version of the song was recorded in May 1968 at Kinfauns, George Harrison's home in Esher, and appears on Anthology 3. In that version, Mustard's sister is named Shirley. Lennon changed it to Pam when he saw the ochance to ease the segue into the song "Polythene Pam", which is after "Mean Mr. Mustard" on the album. According to Lennon, "In 'Mean Mr. Mustard', I said 'his sister Pam'—originally it was 'his sister Shirley' in the lyric. I changed it to Pam to make it sound like it had something to do with it." Additionally, the original version of the song was a quieter acoustic rendition and was over 4 minutes in length.

## Other versions
The version in the ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' movie was performed by Mean Mr. Mustard (played by Frankie Howerd) and his evil robot companions named the Computerettes. As with the performance of "She's Leaving Home" also in the movie, the computerized singing of the Computerettes was performed by the Bee Gees.

## Personnel
*John Lennon – lead and harmony vocals, piano, maracas
*Paul McCartney – harmony vocals, fuzz bass
*George Harrison – lead guitar
*Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

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Her Majesty (song)

"**Her Majesty**" is a song written by Paul McCartney (although credited to Lennon/McCartney) that appears on The Beatles' album *Abbey Road*. "Her Majesty" is the final track of the album and appears fourteen seconds after the song "The End", but was not listed on the original sleeve. As such, it is considered one of the first examples of a hidden track in rock music.

## Recording
The song was recorded in three takes on July 2, 1969, before the Beatles started work on "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight". McCartney sang and played an acoustic guitar. The decision take it from the Abbey Road medley was made on July 30.

## Notes
Golden Slumbers

"**Golden Slumbers**" is a song by The Beatles, part of the climactic medley on their 1969 album *Abbey Road*. The song begins the progression that leads to the end of the album and is followed by "Carry That Weight." The two songs were recorded together as a single piece, and both were written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney).

## Recording
McCartney was the lead vocalist. He begins the song in a soft tone, with piano, bass guitar, and string section accompaniment. Starting with the line "Golden slumbers fill your eyes", the drums come in and McCartney switches to a stronger tone. McCartney said, "I remember trying to get a very strong vocal on it, because it was such a gentle theme, so I worked on the strength of the vocal on it, and ended up quite pleased with it."

The main recording session for "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight" was on July 2, 1969.
John Lennon was not present. He was injured in a motor vehicle accident in Scotland on July 1, 1969, and was hospitalized there until July 6.

Additional vocals were added in an overdub session on 30 July 1969, the same day the first trial edit of the side two medley was created. Lennon did participate in this session. On 15 August, orchestral overdubs were made to "Golden Slumbers" and five other songs on *Abbey Road*.

## Personnel
* Paul McCartney – vocal, piano
* George Harrison – bass
* Ringo Starr – drums
* George Martin – producer, arranger
* Uncredited – twelve violins, four violas, four cellos, double bass, four horns, three trumpets, trombone, bass trombone
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

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Carry That Weight

"**Carry That Weight**" is a song by The Beatles. Released on *Abbey Road* and part of the long, climactic medley that closes the album, it has vocals from all four of the Beatles (a rarity in their songs). It is after "Golden Slumbers", and transitions into "The End".

The middle bridge, featuring brass instruments, electric guitar and vocals, repeats the beginning of "You Never Give Me Your Money", but with different lyrics. The ending also repeats the arpeggiated guitar motif from the end of that song, similar to the figure featured in the George Harrison written songs "Here Comes the Sun" and "Badge" (co-written by Harrison and Eric Clapton).

## Meaning
Music critic Ian MacDonald said that the lyrics were an acknowledgment by the group that nothing they would do as solo artists would equal what they had achieved together, and they would always carry the weight of their Beatle past. McCartney said the song was about the Beatles' business difficulties and the atmosphere at Apple at the time. In the film *Imagine: John Lennon*, Lennon says that McCartney was "singing about all of us."

## Recording
The Beatles began recording "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight" as one piece on July 2, 1969. McCartney, Harrison and Starr recorded 15 takes of the two songs while Lennon was in the hospital recovering from a car accident in Scotland.

The rhythm tracks featured McCartney on piano, Harrison on bass guitar and Starr on drums. The best were takes 13 and 15, which were edited together on July 3rd. That day and the next, McCartney overdubbed his lead vocals and rhythm guitar, Harrison added lead guitar, and all three sang the chorus.

On July 30, they added more vocals, including Lennon, who had rejoined the sessions on July 9. More vocals, timpani and drums were overdubbed on 31 July. The orchestra was recorded on August 15.

## Personnel
*Paul McCartney – vocal, chorus vocal, piano, rhythm guitar
*George Harrison – chorus vocal, lead guitar, six- string bass
*Ringo Starr – chorus vocal, drums
*John Lennon – chorus vocal
*George Martin – producer, arranger
*Uncredited – twelve violins, four violas, four cellos, one double bass, four horns, three trumpets, one trombone, one bass trombone
Personnel per MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn

## Cover versions
* In 1976, The Bee Gees covered the song for the musical documentary *All This and World War II*. Two years later, they did the same for the movie version of ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band*.
* Les Fradkin has an instrumental version included in his 2005 release "While My Guitar Only Plays".
* In 2009, Cheap Trick released *Sgt. Pepper Live'', which includes the song.
* Orange Bicycle covered this song interloping it with You Never Give Me Your Money.

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Getting Better

"**Getting Better**" is a song written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, based on an original idea by McCartney. It was recorded by The Beatles for the 1967 album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.

## Lennon on the roof 
One of the recording sessions for "Getting Better" is famous for an incident involving Lennon. During the 21 March 1967 session in which producer George Martin added a piano solo, Lennon complained that he did not feel well and could not focus. He had accidentally taken LSD when he meant to take an upper. Unaware of the mistake, Martin took him up to the roof of Abbey Road Studio for some fresh air, and returned to Studio Two where McCartney and Harrison were waiting. They knew why Lennon was not well, and upon hearing where Lennon was, rushed to the roof to retrieve him and prevent a possible accident.

## Personnel
* Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, bass
* John Lennon – backing vocal, lead guitar
* George Harrison – backing vocals, lead guitar, tambura
* Ringo Starr – drums, congas
* George Martin – piano, pianette
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

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With a Little Help from My Friends

"**With a Little Help from My Friends**" (originally titled "A Little Help from My Friends") is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It was on the album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' in 1967. The song was written for and sung by Beatles drummer Ringo Starr as the character "Billy Shears"; it is ranked #304 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall, New York on 4 April 2009.

## Origins
Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967, written as Starr's song for the album. It was briefly called *Bad Finger Boogie* (later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger), because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger; but in his 1980 *Playboy* interview Lennon said: "This is Paul, with a little help from me. 'What do you see when you turn out the light/ I can't tell you, but I know it's mine...' is mine."

Lennon and McCartney wrote a tune with a limited range - except for the last note, which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve. 
Speaking in the Anthology, Starr insisted on changing the first line which originally was *"What would you do if I sang out of tune? Would you stand up and throw tomatoes at me?"* He changed the lyric so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live. (In the early days, after George Harrison made a comment that he liked jelly babies, fans would throw them at the Beatles at all of their live shows.)

The song is in the form of a conversation. The other three Beatles sing a question and Starr answers, for example: "Would you believe in a love at first sight? / Yes, I'm certain that it happens all the time."

The band started recording the song the day before they posed for the Sgt. Pepper album cover (29 March 1967), ending the session at 5:45 in the morning.

## Personnel
*Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, tambourine
*Paul McCartney – backing vocal, piano, bass
*John Lennon – backing vocal, cowbell
*George Harrison – lead guitar
*George Martin – producer, Hammond organ
*Geoff Emerick – engineer
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Cultural references
"With a Little Help from My Friends" was played as wake-up music on Space Shuttle Mission STS-61.

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Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)

"'''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'''" is a song credited to Lennon/McCartney, and released in 1967, on The Beatles' album of the same name. The song appears twice on the album: as the first song (transitioning into "With a Little Help from My Friends"), and as "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)", (which transitions into "A Day in the Life"). As the title track, the lyrics introduce the fictional band that performs in the album.

Since its original album release, the song has also been released on singles, on compilation albums, and has been performed by several other artists including Jimi Hendrix (such as at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970), U2, and a comic interpretation by Bill Cosby.

## Song structure
On the ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' album, the song opens to the sound of a loud audience, and an orchestra tuning up, which was taken from the February 10 orchestra session for "A Day in the Life". The crowd sounds edited into the song were recorded in the early '60s by Martin, during a live recording of the stage show Beyond the Fringe. When the song itself begins, the band introduces its members. The song is in G major, with a 4/4 meter. A horn quartet was used to fill out the instrumental sections.

### Reprise
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" is a repeat of the song at a faster tempo with heavier instruments. While the first track stays largely in the key of G major (except for transient modulation to F and perhaps C in the bridges), the reprise starts in F and modulates back to G. The track opens with a distorted guitar strumming a "Hendrix chord" (dominant 7th sharp 9). McCartney counts 1-2-3-4, and between 2 and 3, Lennon says "bye!".

The idea for a reprise was Aspinall's, who thought that as there was a "welcome song", there should be a "goodbye song". The song contains the same melody as the opening version, but with different lyrics. At 1:18, it is one of the Beatles' shorter songs (the shortest is "Her Majesty" at 0:23). The reprise was recorded on 1 April 1967, two months after the version that opens the album. At the end of the track, Martin's pre-recorded applause sample segues into the **real** final track of the album, "A Day in the Life".

## Personnel
*Full version:*
*Paul McCartney – vocal, bass, lead guitar
*John Lennon – harmony vocal, rhythm guitar
*George Harrison – harmony vocal, guitar
*Ringo Starr – drums
*Session musicians – French horns

*Reprise*:
*Paul McCartney – vocal, organ, bass
*John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar
*George Harrison – vocal, lead guitar
*Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, tambourine, maracas
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

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Ian MacDonald

**Ian MacCormick** (known by the pseudonym **Ian MacDonald**; 3 October 1948 – 20 August 2003) was a British music critic and author, best known for both *Revolution in the Head*, his critical history of The Beatles.
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

"**Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds**" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney  for The Beatles' 1967 album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.

Lennon's son, Julian, inspired the song with a nursery school drawing he called "Lucy — in the sky with diamonds". Shortly after the song's release, people realized that the first letter of each of the title's nouns spelled  LSD. Though Lennon denied and mocked the idea of a hidden LSD reference, the BBC banned the song. 

Later, other artists made a cover version of the song. One of them was Elton John, whose 1974 recording was at the top of the *Billboards* chart for two weeks.

## Title and lyrics 
### Julian's drawing 
According to the Beatles, Lennon's son, Julian Lennon showed his father a nursery school drawing he called Lucy - in the sky with diamonds, depicting his classmate, Lucy O'Donnell. 
Julian said, "I don't know why I called it that or why it stood out from all my other drawings, but I obviously had an affection for Lucy at that age. I used to show dad everything I'd built or painted at school, and this one sparked off the idea..."   Lucy Vodden née O'Donnell died of an immune system disease in 2009.

Lennon was surprised at the idea that the song title was a hidden reference to LSD.

## Reviews and legacy 
*Rolling Stone* magazine described the song as "Lennon's lavish daydream" and music critic Richie Unterberger said "'Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds' was one of the best songs on the Beatles' famous Sgt. Pepper album, and one of the classic songs of psychedelia as a whole. There are few other songs that so successfully evoke a dream world, in both the sonic textures and words." In a review for the BBC, Chris Jones described the song as "nursery rhyme surrealism" that contributed to Sgt. Pepper's "revolutionary ... sonic carpet that enveloped the ears and sent the listener spinning into other realms."

In later interviews, Lennon expressed disappointment with the Beatles' arrangement of the recording, complaining that inadequate time was taken to fully develop his initial idea for the song. He also said that he felt he didn't think that he sang it very well. "I was so nervous I couldn't sing," he told the journalist Ray Connolly, "but I like the lyrics."

A 3.2 million year-old, 40% complete fossil skeleton of an *Australopithecus afarensis* specimen discovered in 1974 was named "Lucy" because the Beatles song was being played loudly and repeatedly on a tape recorder in the camp.

The White dwarf star BPM 37093, which contains a core of crystallized carbon roughly 4000&nbsp;km in diameter, is informally named "Lucy" as a tribute to the Beatles song.

## Personnel 
* John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, lead guitar
* Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, Lowrey organ, bass
* George Harrison – harmony vocal, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, tambura
* Ringo Starr – drums, maracas
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

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