open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abell 2142

**Abell 2142** is a huge, X-ray luminous galaxy cluster in the constellation Corona Borealis. It is the result of an ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters. 

The combined cluster is six million light years across, contains hundreds of galaxies and *enough gas to make a thousand more*. It is "one of the most massive objects in the universe".

## X-ray image 
The image on the right was taken in 1999 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory's 0.3-10.0 keV Advanced Imaging Spectrometer, and covers an area of 7.5 x 7.2 arc minutes. It shows a colossal cosmic "weather system" produced by the collision of two giant clusters of galaxies. For the first time, the pressure fronts in the system have been traced in detai. They show a bright, but relatively cool 50 million degree Celsius central region (white) embedded in large elongated cloud of 70 million degree Celsius gas (magenta), all of which is boiling in a faint "atmosphere" of 100 million degree Celsius gas (faint magenta and dark blue). The bright source in the upper left is an active galaxy in the cluster.

## References
Brady Ellison

**Brady Ellison** (born October 27, 1988) is an American athlete.  He is an archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games. 

## Career
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was part of the men's archery team that won a silver medal.

## Related pages
* United States at the Olympics
* Jake Kaminski
* Jacob Wukie 

## References
## Other websites
* Jacob Wukie at London2012.com
Crystal Bowersox

**Crystal Lynn Bowersox** (Born August 4, 1985, in Elliston, Ohio) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She was the  in the ninth season of *American Idol*. Her debut album was ''Farmer's Daughter'', released in 2010. She was diagnosed with diabetes when she was age 6 and has been hospitalized several times since.

## References 
## Other websites
Kyoko Yano

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yano was born in Yokohama on June 3, 1984. After graduating from Kanagawa University, she joined Urawa Reds in 2007. In 2007 season, she was selected Best Young Player awards. She retired end of 2012 season. In 6 seasons, she played 111 matches in Nadeshiko League and she was selected Best Eleven every season.

In June 2003, Yano was a Kanagawa University student, she was selected to play for the Japan national team at the 2003 AFC Championship. At this competition, on June 11, she debuted and scored a goal against Guam. She played at the World Cup 3 times (2003, 2007 and 2011) and at the Summer Olympics 3 times (2004, 2008 and 2012). Japan won the championship at the 2011 World Cup and silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She played 74 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2012.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
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David Brown

**David Brown** (July 28, 1916 &ndash; February 1, 2010) was an American movie producer. Brown and business partner Richard D. Zanuck were one of the most successful producers in Hollywood in the 1960s and in the 1970s.

Brown was born in New York City, the son of Lillian (née Baren) and Edward Fisher Brown. He was best known as the producing partner of Richard D. Zanuck. They were jointly awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1990 for their achievements in producing. Among their films were Steven Spielberg's *Jaws* (1975), and other box office hits such as *Cocoon* (1985), *Driving Miss Daisy* (1989) and *A Few Good Men* (1992).

Brown had one son (Bruce, from an earlier marriage) who died before him, and a half brother (Edward Fisher Brown Jr.).
Brown authored ''Brown's Guide to the Good Life: Tears, Fears, and Boredom*, which gives advice on life. He also wrote *Let Me Entertain You'', an anecdotal auto-biography.

Brown died at his home in Manhattan from renal failure on February 1, 2010, at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Walkie-talkie

-type)]]

, July 1944. A US soldier (foreground) uses a handie-talkie during a battle. (Photographer: Allan F. Anderson)]] 

A **walkie-talkie** is a hand held  two way radio receiver/transmitter or transceiver. It was developed in the Second World War. 

Radio engineer Alfred J. Gross worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1934 and 1941. During the war it was developed by Donald L. Hings and engineering teams at Motorola led by  Henryk Magnuski.

Typical walkie-talkies today are phone sized and have a push-to-talk button. Walkie-talkies are used for various reasons, in the military, for amateur radio, and for personal use.

## History 
The first walkie-talkie was so large it had to be carried in a backpack, and was called Motorola SCR-300. Motorola also made other Walkie-talkies during World War Two. During World War Two The first hand-held Walkie-talkies were also developed by Motorola during WWII. The British, Germans, and Americans all had their own versions. 

Motorola also produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II, and it was called the "**handie-talkie**" (HT).  The terms are often confused today, but the original walkie talkie referred to the back mounted model, while the handie-talkie was the device which could be held entirely in the hand (but had vastly reduced range).

## Uses 
Walkie-talkies are widely used in many settings, including business, police force, military, and recreation. 

## References
Helen Gurley Brown

**Helen Gurley Brown** (February 18, 1922 – August 13, 2012) was an American author, publisher, and businesswoman. She was editor-in-chief of *Cosmopolitan* magazine for 32 years.

## Early life
Brown was born in Green Forest, Arkansas on February 18, 1922, the daughter of Cleo and Ira Marvin Gurley.

## Career
After working at the William Morris Agency, Music Corporation of America, and Sam Jaffe talent agencies she went to work for Foote, Cone & Belding advertising agency as a secretary. Brown became well-known for her writing skills and moved her to the copywriting department where she advanced rapidly to become one of the nation's highest paid ad copywriters in the early 1960s.  In 1959 she married David Brown, who later became the producer of *Jaws*, *The Sting*, *Cocoon*, *Driving Miss Daisy*, and other motion pictures.

In September, 2008, she was named the 13th most powerful American over the age of 80 by *Slate* magazine.

After more than 50 years of marriage, her husband, David Brown, died at age 93 on February 1, 2010.

Together with her husband David, Helen Gurley established the David and Helen Gurley Brown Institute for Media Innovation. This institution will be housed at both the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Stanford University School of Engineering|Stanford's Engineering School. Their $30 million donation to the two schools will be used to develop journalism in the context of new technologies.  In its statement announcing the news, Hearst Publications did not disclose a cause.

## Awards
*1985 Matrix Award from New York Women in Communications
* 1998 Editor of the Year by *Advertising Age* magazine

## References
## Other websites
*Helen Gurley Brown Papers and finding aid from the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith Collection 
*(26 June 2003) "Sex and the Octogenarian"  *(Telegraph Interview)*
*Brown Institute for Media Innovation
Bill Butler (cinematographer)

**Wilmer C. “Bill” Butler**, A.S.C. (April 7, 1921 – April 5, 2023) was an American cinematographer part of the New Hollywood generation. He shot *Jaws* (1975) and the first three *Rocky* sequels. He also completed 1974's *The Conversation* as well as 1975's ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* after Haskell Wexler was fired from both productions. Butler died just two days prior to his 102nd birthday.

## Movies
* *Evil Angel* (2009)
* *Redline* (2007)
* *Joe and Max* (2002)
* *Anaconda* (1997)
* *Flipper* (1996)
* *Beethoven's 2nd* (1993)
* *Hot Shots!* (1991)
* *Child's Play* (1988)
* *Rocky IV* (1985)
* *Rocky III* (1982)
* *Stripes* (1981)
* *It's My Turn* (1980)
* *Rocky II* (1979)
* *Capricorn One* (1978)
* *Grease* (1978)
* *Damien: Omen II* (1978)
* *One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* (1975; additional photography)
* *Jaws* (1975)
* *The Conversation* (1974)
* *Drive, He Said'' (1971)

## Other websites
*
Robert Shaw (actor)

**Robert Archibald Shaw** (9 August 1927 &ndash; 28 August 1978) was an English actor, novelist, playwright and screenwriter. Shaw is remembered for his roles in *From Russia with Love* (1963), *A Man for All Seasons* (1966), *The Sting* (1973), the original *The Taking of Pelham One Two Three* (1974), *Black Sunday* (1977), *The Deep* (1977) and *Jaws* (1975), where he played the shark hunter Quint. Robert Shaw was born in Westhoughton, near Bolton, Lancashire.

## Life
Shaw was married three times and had ten children, one of whom was adopted. His first wife was Jennifer Bourke (1952-63) with he had four daughters. His second wife was the actress Mary Ure (1963-75) with he had two sons and two daughters; this marriage ended with her death from an overdose. His third and last wife was Virginia Jansen (1976-78) with he had one son and adopted Jansen's son from a previous relationship. One of Shaw's sons by Mary Ure is the actor Ian Shaw.

Shaw had 10 children all together.

Shaw died from a heart attack on August 28, 1978 while on the set of *Avalanche Express* in Tourmakeady, County Mayo, Republic of Ireland.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Robert Shaw - For All Seasons 
*
*
*
Jerry Hall

**Jerry Faye Hall** (born July 2, 1956 in Gonzales, Texas) is an American actress and model. She appeared in several movies., the most notable being *Batman* (1989). 

In November 1990, she married Mick Jagger. They had four children. The couple divorced in 1999. Hall has appeared on many magazine covers during her fashion modeling career. In 2016, she married Rupert Murdoch.

## References
## Other websites
Leonardo Cimino

**Leonardo Cimino** (November 4, 1917 – March 3, 2012) was an American movie, television and stage actor. In 1937, he appeared in the original stage production of Marc Blitzstein's *The Cradle Will Rock*. Leonardo's most well known roles are in the 1983 science fiction miniseries, *V* as Abraham Bernstein and the 1987 feature film *The Monster Squad* as the "scary German guy". Born in Manhattan, Cimino was the son of Andrea and Leonilda Cimino. Cimino was married to Sharon Powers until his death. Cimino died on March 3, 2012 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at his home in Woodstock, New York.

## Movies
**The Confession* (1964)
**Stiletto* (1969)
**Cotton Comes to Harlem* (1970)
**Come Back, Charleston Blue* (1972)
**Jeremy* (1973)
**The Man in the Glass Booth* (1975)
**Hide in Plain Sight* (1980)
**Stardust Memories* (1980)
**Monsignor* (1982)
**Amityville II: The Possession* (1982)
**Dune* (1984)
**Moonstruck* (1987)
**The Monster Squad* (1987)
**The Seventh Sign* (1988)
**Penn & Teller Get Killed* (1989)
**The Freshman* (1990)
**Q&A* (1990)
**Hudson Hawk* (1991)
**Household Saints* (1993)
**Claude* (1993)
**Waterworld* (1995)
**The Hunger* (1997)
**Cradle Will Rock* (1999)
**Made* (2001)
*''Before the Devil Knows You're Dead'' (2007)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Asuna Tanaka

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Tanaka was born in Sakai on April 23, 1988. After graduating from Tokiwagi Gakuen High School, she joined Tasaki Perule FC in 2007. However, the club was disbanded in 2008 due to financial strain. She moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa in 2009. She was selected in the *Best Eleven* in 2011 and 2012. She moved to German Bundesliga club Frankfurt in July 2013. In October 2014, she returned to INAC Kobe Leonessa. She moved to Korean WK League club Gyeongju KHNP.

In November 2008, Tanaka was selected by the Japan U-20 national team for the 2008 U-20 World Cup. In March 2011, Tanaka was selected by the Japan national team for the 2011 Algarve Cup. At this competition, on March 4, she debuted against Finland. In July, she played at the 2011 World Cup as Japan won the championship. She also played at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Cup. Japan won the 2nd place at both tournaments. She played 39 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Screen printing

**Screen printing** is a printing technique. It uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking . The attached stencil has open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials. The ink or paint can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp image onto a material. 

A fill blade or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing ink through the mesh openings.
Peter Benchley

**Peter Bradford Benchley** (May 8, 1940 – February 12, 2006) was an American author, best known for his novel *Jaws* and its  movie adaptation. The movie was written by Benchley and Carl Gottlieb and was directed by Steven Spielberg. A lot more of his books were also made into movies, including *The Deep* and *The Island*.

## Life
He was the son of Marjorie (née Bradford) and author Nathaniel Benchley and grandson of Algonquin Round Table founder Robert Benchley. His younger brother, Nat Benchley, is a writer and actor. Peter Benchley was an alumnus of Allen-Stevenson School or now known as The Allen-Stevenson School, Phillips Exeter Academy, and Harvard University.

Benchley died of pulmonary fibrosis on February 12, 2006 in Princeton, New Jersey.

## Books
* *Jaws* (1974)
* *The Deep* (1976)
* *The Island* (1979)
* *The Girl of the Sea of Cortez* (1982)
* *Q Clearance* (1986)
* *Rummies* (1989)
* *The Beast* (1991)
* *White Shark* (1994)
* *Creature* (re-publishing of *White Shark*) (1997)

## Movies
* *Jaws*, 1975 film adaptation; actor: Interviewer.
* *The Deep*, 1977 film adaptation
* *Jaws 2*, based on characters from *Jaws*
* *The Island*, 1980 film adaptation
* *Jaws 3-D* (a.k.a. *Jaws 3*), based on characters from *Jaws*
* *Jaws: The Revenge*, a fourth film based on characters from *Jaws*
* *Dolphin Cove*, 1989 TV series
* *The Beast*, 1996 TV film adaptation
* *Creature*, 1998 TV film adaptation
* *Amazon*, 1999 TV series
* *Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle*, 1994 (actor, as Frank Crowninshield)

## References
## Other websites
* Peter Benchley at the Shark Research Institute 
* The Peter Benchley Shark Conservation Awards 
* Shark Alliance 
* Official site
* 
* Peter Benchley: Rapture of The Deep 
* Peter Benchley: Shark Conservationist (*LA Times*)
Murray Hamilton

**Murray Hamilton** (March 24, 1923 – September 1, 1986) was an American stage, screen, and television actor who appeared in such memorable films as *The Hustler*, *The Graduate*, and *Jaws*.

## Early life
Born in Washington, North Carolina in Beaufort County, North Carolina in eastern North Carolina, Hamilton displayed an early interest in performing during his days at Washington High School just before the outbreak of World War II. Bad hearing kept him from enlisting, so he moved to New York City as a 19-year-old to find a career on stage.

## Career
His most famous movie roles is perhaps as the obdurate Amity Island mayor Larry Vaughn in the Steven Spielberg shark thriller *Jaws*. Hamilton also appeared in its sequel *Jaws 2* and was signed on to reprise the role of Mayor Vaughn in a cameo for *Jaws: The Revenge*, but died before filming began.

In two of his most distinctive performances, Hamilton appeared with Paul Newman in *The Hustler* (1961), playing Findley, a wealthy billiards player who gambles for high stakes, (1965-1966) *The Fugitive* and in *The Graduate* (1967) as Mr. Robinson, husband of Anne Bancroft's Mrs. Robinson.

In 1975, Hamilton starred again with Newman in *The Drowning Pool*. He also worked with Robert Redford in a pair of films, 1973's *The Way We Were* and the 1980 prison drama *Brubaker*.

For many years both before and during his movie career, Hamilton was a prominent dramatic actor, earning a Tony Award nomination for his role in the 1965 production of *Absence of a Cello*.

## Death
He died from cancer and is interred at Oakdale Cemetery in Washington, North Carolina.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Lorraine Gary

**Lorraine Gary** (born August 16, 1937) is a retired American actress, best known for her role as "Ellen Brody" in *Jaws*, *Jaws 2*, and *Jaws: The Revenge*. She also appeared in *1941* and *Car Wash*.

Gary was born as **Lorraine Gottfried** in Forest Hills, Queens, New York on August 16, 1937, to Betty and George Gottfried, an entertainment business manager.

She began her acting career in the late 1960s doing guest appearances on several popular TV shows. These include *Night Gallery*, *The Virginian Dragnet 1967*, *McCloud*, *Kojak* and *The F.B.I. (TV series)*. She began her first major acting role when she was a guest star on seven episodes of the TV series *Ironside*, among them "Tom Dayton Is Loose Among Us", in which she played the substitute librarian Miss Kirk, who pushes the unstable Tom Dayton too hard, and "In Search of an Artist", as a woman with a drinking problem who may have been involved in a murder. 

She has been married to entertainment industry executive Sid Sheinberg, with whom she had two children, since August 19, 1956. She retired for eight years after *1941* but then came out of her voluntary retirement to reprise Ellen Brody in *Jaws: The Revenge*.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
*
Warren Stevens

**Warren Albert Stevens** (November 2, 1919 &ndash; March 27, 2012) was an American stage, movie, and television actor.

## Early Life
Stevens was born on November 2, 1919 in Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania. He studied how to act at the Actor's Studio in New York City.

## Career
Stevens began his acting career after being in the U.S. Air Force as a pilot during World War II. He trained at The Actor's Studio in New York. He was noticed on Broadway in the late 1940s.  Then he was offered a Hollywood contract at 20th Century Fox. 

His first Broadway role was in *The Life of Galileo* (1947). His first movie role followed in *The Frogmen* (1951). As a young studio contract player, Stevens had little choice in the jobs he took.  He was in movies that included *Phone Call from a Stranger* (1952), *Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie* (1952), and *Gorilla at Large* (1954). His most memorable movie role was probably that of "Doc" Ostrow in the science fiction movie *Forbidden Planet* (1956). He also had a supporting role in *The Barefoot Contessa* (1954) with Humphrey Bogart.

## Personal life
Stevens was married to Susan Tucker Huntington from 1942 until they divorced. Then he was married to Barbara Finch from 1969 until they divorced. He had one child with Huntington and two with French. He lived in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California with his family.

### Death
Stevens died on March 27, 2012, in his home in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from a lung disease. He was survived by three of his children.

## Television
## References
## Other websites
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Ted Nugent

**Theodore Anthony "Ted" Nugent** (born December 13, 1948) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He moved to Palatine, Illinois during his teens. He has had many hit records as a member of different music groups. He has also had hit songs as a solo musician. 

Nugent started playing music as the guitarist for The Amboy Dukes in 1963. After the band ended, he started making music by himself. His first three albums, *Ted Nugent* (1975), *Free-for-All* (1976) and *Cat Scratch Fever* (1977), were very successful. They were certified platinum by the RIAA. His most popular songs are "Stranglehold" and "Cat Scratch Fever". In the 1980s and 1990s he was a member of Damn Yankees, a supergroup.

Nugent is also known for talking about his conservative opinions about politics. He is a supporter of gun rights, and a member of the National Rifle Association. In 2012, the Secret Service investigated Nugent because of things he said about President Barack Obama.

## References
Kim Chwa-chin

**Kim Chwa-chin**(hangul:김좌진, 金佐鎭, November 24 1889 - January 24 1930) was one of politician, reform activists and independent activists of Korea. nickname was **Baikya** (백야, 白冶) also Chinese style name was **Myungyeo** (명여, 明汝).

## References 
* http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b03g1946b
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1073114&mobile&categoryId=200001081
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=3887
Kathy Baker

**Katherine Whitton "Kathy" Baker** (born June 8, 1950) is an American movie and television actress. She acted in the movies *Edward Scissorhands*, *The Cider House Rules* and *Cold Mountain*. She also acted in the TV series *Picket Fences* and *Boston Public*. She was born in Midland, Texas.
Royce D. Applegate

**Royce D. Applegate** (December 25, 1939 – January 1, 2003) was an American actor and screenwriter. Born in Oklahoma, his most visible role was that of Chief Petty Officer Manilow Crocker on the first season of the Steven Spielberg-produced television series *seaQuest DSV*.

In 1985, Applegate played tragic family man-turned-kidnapper Donald Brown, a bereaved father who abducts the character Sam in order to replace his own dead son, on the season premiere of ''Diff'rent Strokes* last season when it moved from NBC to ABC.

Applegate portrayed Confederate General James L. Kemper in two Ronald F. Maxwell movies, *Gettysburg* (1993) and *Gods and Generals'' (2003).

On New Year's Day 2003, Applegate died in his Hollywood Hills home in a fire just one week after his 63rd birthday.

## Partial filmography
### Movies
*Intolerable Cruelty (2003) .... Mr. Gutman
*Seabiscuit (2003) .... Dutch Doogan
*Gods and Generals (2003) .... Brig. Gen. James Kemper
*The Rookie (2002) .... Henry
*Purgatory Flats (2002) .... Det. Travis McGill
*JAG (TV) (2 episodes) (1998–2001) .... Craig Allenby
*Artie (2000) .... Officer Clemmons
*CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV) (Pilot (CSI)|Pilot) (2000) .... Mr. Laferty
*Inherit the Wind (TV) (1999) .... George Sillers
*Dr. Dolittle (1998) .... Huge, sad-looking dog that says "I love you" (voice only)
*Poodle Springs (TV) (1998) .... Ivan, the Motel Manager
*Phoenix (1998) .... Dickerman
*Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995) .... Ryback's Cook
*The Dukes Of Hazzard (1985) .... Insurance Adjuster (as Royce Applegate)
*Diff'rent Strokes (1985) .... Donald Brown, an enemy who kidnaps Sam
*Splash (1984) .... Buckwalter
*The Blue and the Gray (1982) .... 1st Cell Reporter

### Writer
*Evil Town (1987)
*Loose Shoes (1980)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Royce D. Applegate on Yahoo movies
James Newton Howard

**James Newton Howard** (born June 9, 1951) is an American composer, conductor, orchestrator and music producer.  He is best known for his scores in movies. A score is the music that is heard during a movie. He has written the music for over 100 movies. He is now one of the most well-known movie composers.

He has eight Academy Award nominations.  Some of Howard's best known movie scores include *The Prince of Tides* (1991), *The Fugitive* (1993), *Dinosaur* (2000), *King Kong* (2005), *Batman Begins*, *I Am Legend* (2007) *The Dark Knight* (2008).  Recent movies include *Green Lantern* (2011), *The Hunger Games* (2012), *Snow White and the Huntsman* (2012), and *The Bourne Legacy* (2012). 

Howard is also known for working with director M. Night Shyamalan.  He has scored all of Shyamalan's movies since *The Sixth Sense* (1999).

From 1986 to 1987, Howard married actress Rosanna Arquette.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dangriga

**Dangriga**, formerly known as **Stann Creek Town**, is a town in southern Belize.  It is on the Caribbean coast at the mouth of Stann Creek. It is the capital of Belize's Stann Creek District and also the largest town in southern Belize. It is served by the Dangriga Airport.

Dangriga is a Garífuna word meaning "standing waters".

## Attractions
*Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary is to the southwest of Dangriga.
*Mayflower Archeological Reserve has three ruins, two waterfalls and a view of Hopkins village as well as of the Caribbean Sea.

## Healthcare
The city is served by Southern Regional Hospital.

## Notable residents
*Arlie Petters, mathematician and astrophysicist
*Pen Cayetano, artist and musician living in Germany. Originator of Punta Rock.

## References
Kathryn Grayson

**Kathryn Grayson** (February 9, 1922 - February 17, 2010) was an American actress and operatic soprano singer.

Grayson trained as an opera singer starting at age 12. She was under contract to MGM by the early 1940s.  Most of her work was in musicals. She was the lead in movies such as *Thousands Cheer* (1943), *Anchors Aweigh* (1945) with Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly,*Show Boat* (1951) and *Kiss Me Kate* (1953) (both with Howard Keel).

Musicals stopped being popular.  She then worked in theatre.  She was in *Camelot* (1962–1964). Later in the decade she was in several operas, including *La bohème*, *Madama Butterfly*, *Orpheus in the Underworld* and *La traviata*.

Grayson died in her sleep at her home in Los Angeles, California on February 17, 2010, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Kathryn Grayson photographs and literature
* Kathryn Grayson&nbsp;– The Daily Telegraph obituary
* Kathryn Grayson Fansite
Kurt Kasznar

**Kurt Kasznar** (born **Kurt Servischer**; August 12, 1913 &ndash; August 6, 1979) was a stage, movie and television actor.  His movies include: *Waiting for Godot*, *The Sound of Music* and *Barefoot in the Park*. 

Kasznar was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. He married American heiress Cornelia Woolley.  This was after her 1939 divorce from her second husband. She died at home unexpectedly in June 1948, at age 48. At the time, Kasznar was performing in John Houseman's Broadway production of *Joy to the World*.

Kasznar met his second wife, actress Leora Dana, when they worked together in the Broadway production of *The Happy Time* (1950). That marriage ended in divorce.

Kasznar died August 6, 1979, in Santa Monica, California.  This was 10 months after being diagnosed with cancer. He had no known survivors.

## Movies
**Talk About a Stranger* (1952)
**The Happy Time* (1952)
**Lili* (1953)
**Ride, Vaquero!* (1953)
**Kiss Me Kate* (1953)
**All the Brothers Were Valiant* (1953)
**Give a Girl a Break* (1953)
**Valley of the Kings* (1954)
**The Last Time I Saw Paris* (1954)
**My Sister Eileen* (1955)
**Anything Goes* (1956)
**A Farewell to Arms* (1957)
**Legend of the Lost* (1957)
**Arms and the Man* (1958)
**The Journey* (1959)
**For the First Time* (1959)
**55 Days at Peking* (1963)
**Casino Royale* (1967)
**The Perils of Pauline* (1967)
**The Ambushers* (1967)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Kurt Kasznar biography at the Irwin Allen News Network website
Jeff Garlin

**Jeffrey Todd Garlin** (born June 5, 1962) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, voice artist, musician, director, writer, author, and a member of the British heavy metal band Judas Priest.  He is best known for playing Murray Goldberg on the ABC sitcom *The Goldbergs* and Jeff Greene on the HBO sitcom *Curb Your Enthusiasm*. He is also a producer on the show.

Garlin was born in Chicago, Illinois.  He grew up in Morton Grove, Illinois. Garlin is Jewish.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* *New York Times Magazine* article (June 25, 2006)
Nipsey Russell

**Julius "Nipsey" Russell** (September 15, 1918 – October 2, 2005) was an American comedian and movie actor. 

He is best known for being a guest panelist on TV game shows from the 1960s through the 1990s.  The game shows, where he appeared, include: *Match Game*, *Password*, *Hollywood Squares*, *To Tell the Truth* and *Pyramid*. He would tell short, humorous poems. Because of those poems, people like *Bandstand* leader Dick Clark, host Bill Cullen, actress Betty White, and others called him "the poet laureate of television." 

He also was in the movie *The Wiz* as the Tin Man. He was a guest many times on the long-running "Dean Martin Celebrity Roast" series.

He died on October 2, 2005 in New York City, U.S. He had stomach cancer. His ashes were scattered into the Atlantic Ocean.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Richard Roundtree

**Richard Arnold Roundtree** (July 9, 1942 &ndash; October 24, 2023) was an American movie actor and fashion model. He portrayed John Shaft in the 1971 movie *Shaft* and its related sequels. He was also in many other movies.

## Early years and education
Roundtree was born on July 9, 1942, in New Rochelle, New York. His parents were John Roundtree and Kathryn Watkins. He graduated from New Rochelle High School in 1961. During high school, he was a part of the school's highly successful football team. After completing high school, Roundtree went on to attend Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois. In 1963, he decided to leave college and pursue a career in acting.

## Legacy
He has been called "the first Black action hero". Roundtree was seen to have an impact on the rise of African American leading actors in Hollywood projects, thanks to his successful roles in the blaxploitation genre. His role as Shaft was seen as a bold, confident, and charismatic person that also inspired cinematic roles of Black men and Black masculinity, whereas before Black men in movies before *Shaft* were seen as gentle and aimed to please others.

## References
Gerald McRaney

**Gerald Lee "Mac" McRaney** (born August 19, 1947) is an American television and movie actor. McRaney is best known as one of the stars of the television shows *Simon & Simon*, *Major Dad*, and *Promised Land*. He was a series regular for the first season of *Jericho*, and the final season of *Deadwood*.

## Early life
McRaney was born in Collins, Mississippi. He is of Scottish and Choctaw Indian ancestry. He went to college at the University of Mississippi. McRaney worked in the Louisiana oil fields before becoming an actor.

## Views
He is a conservative Republican. He is a member of the National Rifle Association of America.

## Personal life
McRaney was married to Beverly Root from 1967 until they divorced in 1971. They had two children. He was married to Pat Moran from 1981 to 1989. They had a child. He married Delta Burke in 1989.

## References
## Other websites
*
Roberts Blossom

**Roberts Scott Blossom** (March 25, 1924 – July 8, 2011) was an American theater, movie and television actor and poet.  He is best known for being Old Man Marley in *Home Alone* and as Ezra Cobb in the horror movie *Deranged*. He is also remembered for his supporting roles in movies such as *Close Encounters of the Third Kind* and *Escape from Alcatraz*.

Blossom died on July 8, 2011 at the age of 87 of cerebrovascular disease. He is survived by his wife Beverly Schmidt and his two children.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*Roberts Blossom  at Find A Grave
Julianne Hough

**Julianne Alexandra Hough** (born July 20 1988) is an American dancer, country music singer, songwriter and actress. She is best known for being a two-time champion on the ABC series *Dancing with the Stars*. Her first album was released May 20, 2008. She acted in the 2011 remake of the movie *Footloose*.

Hough is the second of five children. She has three sisters and a brother. All of her grandparents were professional dancers.

## References
## innocent news  websites
George Lindsey

**George Lindsey** (December 17, 1928 – May 6, 2012) was an American actor.  He is best known as "Goober Pyle" on *The Andy Griffith Show*, *Mayberry R.F.D.* He also was on *Hee-Haw*.

## Early life 
George Smith Lindsey was born in Fairfield, Alabama on December 17, 1928.

## Career 
The character he played on *The Andy Griffith Show* was the cousin of Gomer Pyle. Gomer was played by Jim Nabors. One funny thing Goober did on the show was the "Goober Dance". It was a bad Cary Grant impression.

## Death 
Lindsey died on May 6, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee after a short illness. He was 83 years old. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in his hometown of Jasper, Alabama.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*NYTimes obit.
Yukari Kinga

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kinga was born in Yokohama on May 2, 1984. After graduating from Shonan Gakuin High School, she joined Nippon TV Beleza in 2003. She was playing as attacking midfielder and right-winger. In 2003 season, she was selected Best Young Player awards. From 2007, she was converted to right-sideback. The club won Nadeshiko League championship 5 times. In 2011, she moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa with international player Homare Sawa, Shinobu Ohno and Chiaki Minamiyama for due to financial strain at the club. At INAC Kobe Leonessa, the club won Nadeshiko League championship for 3 years in a row (2011–2013). She was selected Best Eleven for 6 years in a row (2007–2012). In 2014, she moved to Arsenal. She re-signed with INAC Kobe Leonessa in early 2015. From 2016, she played for Canberra United, Melbourne City and Orca Kamogawa FC. In 2021, she signed with new club, Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina.

In August 2002, Kinga was selected by the Japan U-20 national team for the 2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship. On March 29, 2005, she debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. She was playing as attacking midfielder and right-winger. From 2007, she was converted to right-back by manager Hiroshi Ohashi and she became a regular player. Japan won the 2011 World Cup in which Kinga played in the final, came second in the 2015 World Cup and gained a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. She played 100 games and scored 5 goals for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Takeichi Nishi

was a Japanese military officer and athlete. He is best known as an  equestrian who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

Nishi  won a gold medal in show jumping at the 1932 Summer Olympics at Los Angeles. He was also on the Japanese team at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

He was a tank unit commander at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He was killed in action during the defense of the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
*
David Hasselhoff

**David Michael Hasselhoff** (born July 17, 1952), also known as "**The Hoff**", is an American actor, singer, producer, television personality, and businessman. He is best known for his lead roles in the popular 1980s show *Knight Rider* and in the 1990s series *Baywatch*. He was also in the eleventh season of *Dancing with the Stars* in September 2010.

Hasselhoff was born in Baltimore. He grew up in Jacksonville, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia. 

## References
Dennis Weaver

'''William 'Billy' Dennis Weaver'* (June 4, 1924 &ndash; February 24, 2006) was an American actor. He was best known for his work in television. His TV roles included Chester Goode on the long-running western series *Gunsmoke*, Marshal Sam McCloud on the NBC police drama *McCloud*. He was in the 1971 TV movie *Duel*. He has won an Emmy Award in 1959.

Weaver was born on June 4, 1924 in Joplin, Missouri. He studied at Joplin Junior College and at the University of Oklahoma. He was married to Gerry Stowell from 1945 until his death in 2006. They had three children. Weaver died of complications of cancer at his home in Ridgway, Colorado on February 24, 2006.

## Movies
**The Lawless Breed* (1953)
**War Arrow* (1953)
**Dangerous Mission* (1954)
**Dragnet* (1954)
**Ten Wanted Men* (1955)
**Seven Angry Men* (1955)
**Chief Crazy Horse* (1955)
**Navy Wife* (1956)
**Touch of Evil* (1958)
**The Gallant Hours* (1960)
**Duel at Diablo* (1966)
**Gentle Giant* (1967)
**Gentle Ben* (1967–1969) (TV)
**Mission Batangas* (1968)
**McCloud:Who Killed Miss U.S.A?* (1970) (TV)
**A Man Called Sledge* (1970)
**Duel* (1971)
**Terror on the Beach* (1973)
**Cry For Justice* (1977)
**Don't Go to Sleep* (1982)
**Cocaine: One Man's Seduction* (1983)
**Two Bits & Pepper* (1995)
**Escape from Wildcat Canyon* (1998)
**Submerged* (2000) with Coolio, Maxwell Caulfield, Brent Huff and Nicole Eggert
**Home on the Range* (2004)
**Wildfire''(2005)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Hyoid

The **hyoid** is a horseshoe-shaped bone in the front of the neck. between the chin and the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple). At rest, it lies at the level of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind.
Unlike other bones, the hyoid is not directly connected to other bones. It is connected only to  muscles and ligaments. The hyoid aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind.

## Fracture and applied anatomy 
Due to its position, the hyoid bone does not fracture easily. In a suspected case of murder, a fractured hyoid strongly indicates throttling or    However, this is not the case in children and adolescents, because their hyoid bone is still flexible as ossification is yet to be completed.
Quantum electrodynamics

elements. "B" is where one photon ends up, at a certain time. "D" is where one electron ends up at a certain time. "E" is the point where one electron and one photon meets; that photon gets absorbed by that electron]]
 and positron destroy each other, producing a
virtual photon which becomes a quark-antiquark pair. Then one radiates a gluon]]

**Quantum electrodynamics** (also called QED for short) is the quantum theory of electricity and magnetism. QED describes how electric and magnetic forces work on the scale of things smaller than atoms.  QED also describes how single photons of light behave.  QED is one of the most well-tested theories in physics.
Molly Ivins

**Mary Tyler "Molly" Ivins** (August 30, 1944-January 31, 2007) was an American journalist, author and political commentator. She worked for numerous newspapers, including the *Minneapolis Star Tribune*. She was the writer of many books. She died of severe breast cancer.

In 2005, Ivins received the Courage in Journalism Award.

## References
Megumi Takase

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team. His brother Akira Takase is also footballer.

## Biography
Takase was born in Kitami on November 10, 1990. After graduating from Hokkaido Bunkyo University Meisei High School, she joined INAC Kobe Leonessa in 2009. In 2009 season, she was selected Best Young Player awards. In 2012, she scored 20 goals in 18 games and became top scorer. she was also selected MVP awards.

On January 15, 2010, Takase debuted for the Japan national team against Chile. In July, she was selected to play for the Japan U-20 national team at the 2010 U-20 World Cup. She was a member of Japan's squad for the 2011 World Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics. Japan won the championship at the 2011 World Cup and won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. In Asia, she was also a squad member for the 2010 Asian Games and the 2014 Asian Cup. Japan won the championship at both tournaments. She played 61 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Kelsey Grammer

**Allen Kelsey Grammer** (born February 21, 1955) is an American television, voice, and movie actor. He is known for his role as Dr. Frasier Crane in *Cheers*, *Frasier*, and in *Wings*. He was good friends with late producer David Angell. He won five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.

## Personal life
Grammer was born on February 21, 1955 in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. He was married four times. First to Doreen Alderman from 1982 until they divorced in 1990, they had 1 child. Second to Leigh-Anne Csuhany from 1992 until they divorced a year later in 1993. Third to Camille Donatacci from 1997 until his divorced in 2011, they had 2 children. He has been married to Kayte Walsh since 2011, they have one child.

Grammer is a member of the Republican Party and has expressed an interest in someday running for United States Congress. He is also interested in running for Mayor of New York City. He is supportive of same-sex marriage and a staunch advocate of limited government. Grammar has also denied climate change, comparing it to the conspiracy theory of global cooling in his youth and criticizing climate meetings. He supports Brexit.

Grammer supports gun rights. A public profile once described him as a supportive of abortion, but he has also been described as pro-life.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Video games
### Theme park
### As executive producer
## References
## Other websites
*  
* 
*
Molly Shannon

**Molly Helen Shannon** (born September 16, 1964) is an American television actress and comedian. She is best known for being on *Saturday Night Live* (1995-2001). She appeared in many movies in leading and supporting roles. She was born near Cleveland, Ohio.
David Angell

**David Lawrence Angell** (April 10, 1946 &ndash; September 11, 2001) was an American producer for television shows. He was mostly known for his production work on *Frasier*, *Cheers*, and *Wings*. He was friends with actor Kelsey Grammer.

He was born in Barrington, Rhode Island. He was married to Lynn Edwards from 1971 until their deaths in 2001. Angell died in the North Tower on September 11, 2001 after the hjack of American Airlines Flight 11 along with his wife of thirty years, Lynn Angell. Their names are on the National 9/11 Memorial.

## References
## Other websites
*
Neomorphinae

**Neomorphinae** is a subfamily of the cuckoo family, Cuculidae. The birds in this group live in the Americas and are terrestrial, meaning they live on the ground. But the two genera, *Dromococcyx* and *Tapera*, are more arboreal, meaning they live in trees. Birds in this group are known as "*New World ground cuckoos*".

## Description
All birds in this group are long-legged and long-tailed. They come in different sizes. The species in the genus *Geococcyx* are around  long. The smallest bird in this group, the striped cuckoo, is  long.

## Feeding
New World ground cuckoos are omnivores, meaning they eat both meat and plants. They eat many types of insects like grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, snakes like rattlesnakes, lizards, other birds and bird eggs, small mammals like mice, small, young rabbits and bats. They also eat seeds and fruits.

## Habitat
New World ground cuckoos are found in forests, woodlands and deserts all over the Americas.

## Genera
Genus: *Tapera*
* Striped cuckoo, *Tapera naevia*

Genus: *Neomorphus*
* Rufous-vented ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus geoffroyi* 
* Red-billed ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus pucheranii*
* Banded ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus radiolosus*
* Rufous-winged ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus rufipennis*
* Scaled ground cuckoo, *Neomorphus squamiger*

Genus: *Morococcyx*
* Lesser ground cuckoo, *Morococcyx erythropygus*

Genus: *Geococcyx*
* Lesser roadrunner, *Geococcyx velox*
* Greater roadrunner, *Geococcyx californianus*

Genus: *Dromococcyx*
* Pavonine cuckoo, *Dromococcyx pavoninus*
* Pheasant cuckoo, *Dromococcyx phasianellus*

## References 
* Family Cuculidae-Subfamily Neomorphinae
Backpropagation

**Backpropagation** is a method of computing the gradient artificial neural networks to perform tasks more accurately. The algorithm was first used for this purpose in 1974 in papers published by Werbos, Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams. The term backpropagation is short for "backward propagation of errors".

It works especially well for feed forward neural networks (networks without any loops) and problems that require supervised learning. 

## How it works 
The idea is to test how wrong the neural network is and then correct it. This is repeated many times.

With a little more detail:

# You create a loss function (Also known as a cost function), which shows how far the answers from the neural net are from the real answers. (This is often done many times. After that you take the average)
# You calculate how to adjust the parameters (weights and biases) inside the neural net by taking the partial derivative of the loss with respect to those parameters. Specifically, the chain rule is used to find the derivative with respect to each parameter.
# You adjust the parameters. How you adjust the parameters is based on your training method, with one of the simplest, yet still commonly used ways being stochastic gradient descent .

This is repeated until the neural network is good enough at its job. This happens when the error measured by the loss function is low.

## References 
## Further Reading 
# "How the backpropagation algorithm works | Neural Networks and Deep Learning.com". 2019-12, Retrieved 2025-07-29
# "Autograd Tutorial | michaelkosmider.github" 2025-06-11, Retrieved 2025-07-28
Schottenstein campus

**The Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel** () is the new building for the Israel Antiquities Authority. It is being built between the Israel Museum and the Bible Lands Museum in Jerusalem. The architect is Moshe Safdie. The cornerstone ceremony was held on 15 October 2006 and plans to open in October 2012. The building will be the home of the World Center for the Dead Sea Scrolls, and will have all the 15,000 Dead Sea scrolls.

## References
## Other websites 
* The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in WikiMapia
* The Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel  on the Israel Antiquities Authority
* Moshe Sade project website
Kiryat HaLeom

**Kiryat HaLeom** (; *The Nation City*), also known as **Kiryat HaUma** (; ''The People's City''), is a big project in West Jerusalem that will include all of the Israeli government buildings and the national cultural institutions. The project is near Kiryat HaMemshala, the Knesset, and Wohl Rose Park, in the northern part of Givat Ram.

The project will include a national boulevard and square, and many parking spaces and pedestrian streets.

## Other websites 
* Kiryat HaLeom in WikiMapia
* Kiryat HaLeom project in Archijob website
* the National Square project  in Kolker-Epstein architects website