open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chess rating system

A **chess rating system** is a system used in chess to estimate the strength of a player, based on his performance against other players. They are used by all national chess organisations, and by FIDE, the International Chess Federation. In these systems a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, a player's rating goes up if he performs better than expected and down if he performs worse than expected. The Elo rating system is used by FIDE and by many countries.

The first modern rating system was used by the Correspondence Chess League of America in 1939. Soviet player Andrey Khachatoruv proposed a similar system in 1946. The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF (United States Chess Federation) adopted the Harkness system in 1950. Shortly after, the British Chess Federation started using a system devised by Sir Richard Clarke, a statistician and senior civil servant. The USCF switched to the Elo rating system in 1960, which was adopted by FIDE in 1970.

## The underlying principle 
The principle which lies behind a rating is this. The rating is a prediction of how well a player will perform against other players of different ratings. If the player does better than predicted, their rating goes up; if they do worse, their rating goes down. An arithmetic calculation shows by how much the player's rating changes. Today, all results are fed into a computer database, and computer software does all the calculations. Then the list is published as a 'rating list'.

## History
*1933 – The Correspondence Chess League of America (now ICCF U.S.A.) is the first national organization to use a numerical rating system. 
*1942 – *Chess Review* uses the Harkness system, an improvement of the ICCF system.
*1946 – The USSR Chess Federation uses a non-numerical system to classify players. This is a national system of master titles.
*1948 – The Ingo system is published and used by the West German Chess Federation.
*1950 – The USCF starts using the Harkness system and publishes its first rating list in the November issue of *Chess Life*.  Reuben Fine is first with a rating of 2817 and Sammy Reshevsky is second with 2770.
*1959 – The USCF names Arpad Elo the head of a committee to examine all rating systems and make recommendations.
*1961 – Elo develops his system and it is used by the USCF. It is published in the June 1961 issue of *Chess Life* 
*1970 – FIDE starts using the Elo system. Bobby Fischer is at the top of the list.
*2005 – Chessmetrics is published by Jeff Sonas.

## References
Lipase

A **lipase** is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage (hydrolysis) of fats (lipids).

Lipases are essential for the digestion, transport and processing of lipids in the diet. Fats, oils and triglycerides are present in most (perhaps all) living organisms. Genes coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.

## References
Gordie Howe

**Gordie Howe**, OC (March 31, 1928 &ndash; June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League, and the Houston Aeros and the New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association. Howe was often known as **Mr. Hockey**, and was considered to be one of the best hockey players ever. He was born in Floral, Saskatchewan.

On October 26, 2014, Howe suffered a serious stroke. On December 2, 2014, Howe had another stroke and was taken to a hospital and was placed in ICU. He died on June 10, 2016 at his son's home in Sylvania, Ohio from complications of the stroke he suffered a year ago, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Soviet Championship League

The **Soviet Championship League** was the top level ice hockey league in the Soviet Union from 1946-1992.
## Champions
* 1992 - Dynamo Moscow
* 1991 - Dynamo Moscow
* 1990 - Dynamo Moscow
* 1989 - CSKA Moscow
* 1988 - CSKA Moscow
* 1987 - CSKA Moscow
* 1986 - CSKA Moscow
* 1985 - CSKA Moscow
* 1984 - CSKA Moscow
* 1983 - CSKA Moscow
* 1982 - CSKA Moscow
* 1981 - CSKA Moscow
* 1980 - CSKA Moscow
* 1979 - CSKA Moscow
* 1978 - CSKA Moscow
* 1977 - CSKA Moscow
* 1976 - HC Spartak Moscow
* 1975 - CSKA Moscow
* 1974 - Krylia Sovetov Moscow
* 1973 - CSKA Moscow
* 1972 - CSKA Moscow
* 1971 - CSKA Moscow
* 1970 - CSKA Moscow
* 1969 - HC Spartak Moscow
* 1968 - CSKA Moscow
* 1967 - HC Spartak Moscow
* 1966 - CSKA Moscow
* 1965 - CSKA Moscow
* 1964 - CSKA Moscow
* 1963 - CSKA Moscow
* 1962 - HC Spartak Moscow
* 1961 - CSKA Moscow
* 1960 - CSKA Moscow
* 1959 - CSKA Moscow
* 1958 - CSKA Moscow
* 1957 - Krylya Sovetov Moscow
* 1956 - CSKA Moscow
* 1955 - CSKA Moscow
* 1954 - Dynamo Moscow
* 1953 - VVS Moscow
* 1952 - VVS Moscow
* 1951 - VVS Moscow
* 1950 - CSKA Moscow
* 1949 - CSKA Moscow
* 1948 - CSKA Moscow
* 1947 - Dynamo Moscow

## Related pages
Mario Lemieux

**Mario Lemieux**, OC, (born October 5, 1965 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is considered to be one of the best players of all time. He played 17 seasons as a forward with the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League from 1984-2006. He currently co-owns both the Pittsburgh Penguins and their farm team, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1997. He was also inducted into the Canada's Walk of Fame in 2004.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Russian Superleague

The **Russian Superleague** was the top level ice hockey league in Russia from 1992 to 2008. It was known as the **International Hockey League** from 1992 to 1996.
## Champions
### Russian Super League champions
* 2008—Salavat Yulaev Ufa
* 2007—Metallurg Magnitogorsk
* 2006—Ak Bars Kazan
* 2005—Dynamo Moscow
* 2004—Avangard Omsk
* 2003—Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
* 2002—Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
* 2001—Metallurg Magnitogorsk
* 2000—Dynamo Moscow
* 1999—Metallurg Magnitogorsk
* 1998—Ak Bars Kazan (Cup of Russia—Metallurg Magnitogorsk)
* 1997—Torpedo Yaroslavl

### International Hockey League champions
* 1996—Lada Togliatti
* 1995—Dynamo Moscow
* 1994—Lada Togliatti
* 1993—Dynamo Moscow

## Related pages
Great white pelican

The **great white pelican** (*Pelecanus onocrotalus*) is also known as the Eastern white pelican, white pelican, or old world white pelican.  They are the second largest birds in the pelican family, with only the Dalmatian pelican larger than them.
]]
The pelican breeds in southeastern Europe, south Asia, and Africa.  They are most common in Africa, as 80% of the 90,000 breeding pairs mate there.

## References
Nikolai Volkoff

**Josip Nikolai Peruzović** (also called  **Nikolai Volkoff**, born 14 October 1947 &ndash; 29 July 2018) better known by his ring name Nikolai Volkoff. He was a Yugoslavian professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. Although the character he played was portrayed as Russian, he actually came from Croatia and has a mixed background that was not entirely Russian. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005 by Jim Ross.

Volkoff died on July 29, 2018 at the age of 70 just days after being released from a hospital in Glen Arm, Maryland where he had been treated for dehydration.
 
## Championships
Volkoff held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

***Championship Wrestling from Florida**
**NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Ivan Koloff
***Georgia Championship Wrestling**
**NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling**
**NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Chris Markoff
***Mid-South Wrestling**
**Mid-South North American Championship (one time)
***Northeast Championship Wrestling (Tom Janette)**
**NCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***NWA Detroit**
**NWA World Tag Team Championship *(Detroit version)* (one time) - with Boris Volkoff
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked as #**136** of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
**He was ranked as #**96** of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with the Iron Sheik in 2003.
***Universal Wrestling Association**
**UWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***World Wide Wrestling Alliance**
**WWWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

***World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment**
**WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Iron Sheik
**WWWF International Tag Team Championship (three times) - with Geto Mongol (two) and Johnny De Fazio (one)
**Slammy Award for Most Ignominious (1986)
**Slammy Award for Best Personal Hygiene (1987) (with Boris Zhukov and Slick)
**WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
***World Wrestling Association**
**WWA World Tag Team Championship (two times) - with Angelo Poffo (one) and Boris Volkoff (one)
***World Wrestling Association (Larry Sharpe)**
**WWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

## References
## Other websites
*Nikolai Volkoff's WWE Hall of Fame profile
Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League

The **Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League** was the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia from 1930 until the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993. It was replaced by the Slovak Extraliga in Slovakia, and the Czech Extraliga in the Czech Republic.

## Champions

*1993 - HC Sparta Prague
*1992 - Dukla Trenčín
*1991 - HC Dukla Jihlava
*1990 - HC Sparta Prague
*1989 - Tesla Pardubice
*1988 - TJ VSŽ Košice
*1987 - Tesla Pardubice
*1986 - TJ VSŽ Košice
*1985 - Dukla Jihlava
*1984 - Dukla Jihlava
*1983 - Dukla Jihlava
*1982 - Dukla Jihlava
*1981 - TJ Vítkovice
*1980 - Poldi SONP Kladno
*1979 - Slovan Bratislava
*1978 - Poldi SONP Kladno
*1977 - Poldi SONP Kladno
*1976 - Sokol Kladno
*1975 - Sokol Kladno
*1974 - Dukla Jihlava
*1973 - Tesla Pardubice
*1972 - Dukla Jihlava
*1971 - Dukla Jihlava
*1970 - Dukla Jihlava
*1969 - Dukla Jihlava
*1968 - Dukla Jihlava
*1967 - Dukla Jihlava
*1966 - ZKL Brno
*1965 - ZKL Brno
*1964 - ZKL Brno
*1963 - ZKL Brno

*1962 - ZKL Brno
*1961 - Rudá hvězda Brno
*1960 - Rudá hvězda Brno
*1959 - Sokol Kladno
*1958 - Rudá hvězda Brno
*1957 - Rudá hvězda Brno
*1956 - Rudá hvězda Brno
*1955 - Rudá hvězda Brno
*1954 - Spartak Sokolovo Prague
*1953 - Spartak Sokolovo Prague
*1952 - Baník Vítkovice
*1951 - Budějovice
*1950 - ATK Prague
*1949 - LTC Prague
*1948 - LTC Prague
*1947 - LTC Prague
*1946 - LTC Prague
*1943 - LTC Prague
*1942 - LTC Prague
*1941 - I. ČLTK Prague
*1940 - LTC Prague
*1939 - LTC Prague
*1938 - LTC Prague
*1937 - LTC Prague
*1936 - LTC Prague
*1935 - LTC Prague
*1934 - LTC Prague
*1933 - LTC Prague
*1932 - LTC Prague
*1931 - LTC Prague

## Other websites 
*History of Czechoslovak Hockey
Pederpes

***QPederpes*** is an extinct genus of early Carboniferous tetrapod, dating from the lower Mississippian, 348-347.6 million years ago (mya). *Pederpes* contains one species, *P. finneyae*, 1 m long. A single fossil was found in East Kirton quarry, West Lothian, Scotland, in early Carboniferous rocks. It is the first (and only) known near-complete skeleton of a tetrapod from the earliest Carboniferous. It lacks only the tail and some digits.

*Pederpes* is of uncertain relationship to other tetrapod families. While undoubtedly amphibian in life mode, *Pederpes* is not considered an amphibian in the meaning of modern amphibians. It is a very basal (primitive) tetrapod.

*Pederpes* is an important fossil because it comes from the period of time known as Romer's gap, a 20 million year gap in the sequence of tetrapod fossils. It is therefore a transitional fossil, and gives biologists rare information about the development of tetrapods in a time when terrestrial life was scarce.

## Anatomy and lifestyle 
*Pederpes* was 1 metre long, estimating the tail as one-third of the body length. This is average-sized for an early tetrapod.

The shape of the skull and the fact that the feet face forward rather than outward. This shows that *Pederpes* was well adapted to life on land. It is the earliest known fully terrestrial animal, although the structure of the ear shows that its hearing was still much more functional underwater than on land. It may have spent much of its time in the water and could have hunted there.

The narrow skull suggests that *Pederpes* breathed by inhaling with a muscular action like most modern tetrapods, rather than by pumping air into the lungs with a throat pouch the way modern amphibians usually do.

## References
Candlelight vigil

, Finland one day after a shooting incident.]]
A ***candlelight vigil*** is where a group of people mourn the loss of someone who was close to them. These events are usually held at sunset. Many vigils can be for someone who recently died and are remembered with silence and a candle burning.

## References 
* American Medical Students Association, *Planning Candle Light Vigils* 
* "Example Candle Light Vigil for the Little Ambassador"
Lake Jackson, Texas

**Lake Jackson** is a city in Brazoria County, Texas.  As of the 2020 census the city population was 28,177.

Lake Jackson is named after an oxbow lake of the same name. The city is the birthplace of famous Tejano superstar, Selena, rock musician Casey McPherson, and hometown of country music singers Cole Deggs and Shade Deggs of the group Cole Deggs & The Lonesome. The city has also long been the hometown of Ron Paul, the Congressman who represents Texas' 14th Congressional District.

## Other websites
* Lake Jackson's Official Web Site 
* Brazosport College's Official Web Site
* Brazosport Center for the Arts & Sciences Web Site
* Rep. Ron Paul, House of Representatives Web Site
Yolanda Saldívar

, where she is held]]
**Yolanda Saldívar** (born September 19, 1960) is an American murderer. She was convicted of Selena's murder in March 1995. Saldívar is currently serving a life sentence in a Texas jail. She will be eligible for  in 2025.

Saldívar was a registered nurse who  met with Selena after a concert in 1991. They became friends quickly and Selena offered her a job as her fan club's president and another job, at her boutique (Selena Etc.)

On March 31, 1995, Saldívar and Selena met at a hotel room in Corpus Christi, Texas. Selena was there to get some missing documents that Saldívar stole from her. Saldívar claimed she was raped and needed Selena's help. Selena drove Saldívar to the hospital where doctors told Selena that Saldívar was *not* raped. They drove back to the hotel. Selena asked for the documents one last time. When Selena went to close the door, Saldivar took a gun from her purse and held Selena at gunpoint. In order to stop her from closing the door, she pulled the trigger and shot Selena in the back. Selena ran to the hotel lobby where she fell. Staff called 9-1-1. Selena was taken to a local hospital, but was declared dead. Saldivar went to her pickup truck and threatened suicide, but gave herself up after nine hours.

Saldívar's trial for the murder of Selena was followed by the Hispanic community in the United States. She was convicted and sentenced to life in prison soon after. It is believed that Saldívar will never leave prison in her lifetime because of the impact of her crime and the many death threats she has received if she were to ever make parole in 2025 

## In popular culture
Saldívar was portrayed by Lupe Ontiveros in the movie *Selena*, and by Natasha Perez in the Netflix original series ''Selena: The Series.

## References
Palate

The **palate** is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity (mouth) from the nasal cavity.

The hard palate is formed before birth.  If the fusion is not complete, it is called a cleft palate. This is a birth or congenital defect.
  
As the roof of the mouth was once considered the seat of the sense of taste, *palate* can also refer to this sense itself, as in the phrase "a discriminating palate". By further extension, the flavour of a food (particularly beer or wine) may be called its palate.

## References
Quinceañera

]]

The **Quinceañera** is a young Latina woman's celebration of her fifteenth birthday, which is celebrated in a specific and different way from her other birthdays. Having a Quinceañera is a tradition that shows that a girl is becoming a young woman. It is the same as the English version of a Sweet Sixteen.

## Mass 
The celebration begins with a mass, the point in having a religious ceremony is to thank God for the gift of life. In which the quinceañera arrives in formal dress, accompanied by her parents, godparents, seven  and seven . After the Mass, the younger sisters, female cousins and friends of the quinceañera pass out party favors, and the quinceañera leaves her  in an altar to the Virgin Mary. 

## Party 
The Mass is followed by a party at either the quinceañera's home or in a banquet hall  for the occasion. In the selected place for the party there are various dances that take place. One of them being the father-daughter dance which symbolizes the father being the first to celebrate the new milestone of becoming a young woman by dancing with her. The quinceañera and her court which includes her maids of honor and her chamberlains, do a waltz dance together to introduce themselves to everyone at the party. The waltz is an organized dance that has been practiced prior to the day of the event and this dance is usually performed either at the beginning or middle of the reception. The quinceañera and her court may also perform a surprise dance that is also choreographed prior to the day of the event. This surprise dance contain trendy dances or songs at the time of the event some of which may include bachata, salsa, reggaeton, hip-hop and more.

It is also practiced particularly in Mexico.

## References
The American School of Correspondence

The **American School of Correspondence** is an American distance education high school in Lansing, Illinois. It was founded in 1897, and is accredited. The school has about 50,000 students.  The American School offers its own high school diploma.

The school was in the Hyde Park, Chicago, neighborhood from 1912 to 1996. Then it moved to south suburban Lansing.

## Program
The American School is a non-public secondary school and offers its own diploma. It is not a GED program. High school students can complete four years' worth of credits at their own pace, often taking less time than in a traditional high school. All exams in the more than 70 courses offered are hand graded by a qualified staff of full-time and part-time instructors. Additionally, the school works with thousands of public, private, and parochial schools throughout the United States to offer distance learning courses to students who have fallen behind in credits, or are working at a faster rate. The credits for these correspondence courses are then transferred to the student's high school.

## Notable alumni
*Selena
*Jessica Alba
*Tiffany Evans
*The Everly Brothers
*Marie Osmond
*Donny Osmond
*Christopher Paolini
*Andre Agassi
*Bob Feller
*Anna Kournikova
*Travis Pastrana
*Mary Pierce
*Deanna Stellato
*Shulamit Ran
*Jamie Wyeth
*Sho Yano
*Ellen Muth

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
SBK Records

**SBK Records** is a record label started in the late 1980s. It was a sub-division of EMI Records.

Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier and Charles Koppelman formed the production company for a reported $295 million. The label had several hits with Vanilla Ice, Jon Secada, Wilson Phillips, Technotronic and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. 

SBK Records shut down in 1995 after the murder of Selena. SBK Records signed her for a crossover deal.

## Related pages
*List of record labels
Spokesperson

answering questions at the Washington Foreign Press Center.]]
A **spokesman** (**spokesperson** or **spokeswoman**), or **spokesmodel** is a person who speaks on behalf of others, but is understood not to be necessarily part of the others (e.g. hired to represent the others). 

A spokesperson's job is to faithfully (with good intentions) represent and promote for how the organization will run, even if he/she does not agree with the organization's opinions. Because of this, spokespeople are normally people who are highly experienced employees, or people who have been supporting the organization's goals for a long time.

## References
Elopement (marriage)

An **elopement** is a marriage done in secret or private. Elopement may be an alternative to a large expensive wedding. It may also be illegal or against religious customs. In some parts of the world, Bali for example, elopement is the preferred form of marriage. Celebrities often elope to escape the .

In America, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, elopements reached epidemic proportions as young couples rebelled against Victorian norms. This trend reflected a desire for personal freedom and safety in numbers. 

## References
Myxozoa

The **Myxozoa**  are a group of parasitic animals of aquatic environments. Some of them, such as *Myxobolus cerebralis*, are important parasites of fishes that people eat.

Over 1300 species have been described and many have a two-host life cycle, involving a fish and an annelid worm or bryozoan.

They were once considered as parasitic protozoa, but are now known to be members of the phylum Cnidaria. Analysis of 50 coding genes from *Buddenbrockia* showed the Myxozoa were severely modified members of the Cnidaria.

Similarities between myxozoan 'polar capsules' and cnidarian nematocysts (stinging cells) had been known for a long time, but previously were thought to be the result of convergent evolution.

## References
Music venue

is an example of a classical music venue.]]
A **music venue** is any location of a music performance. In the music industry, it is common to refer to concert sites as venues, especially among touring acts.
Duet

A **duet** is a musical composition for two performers, most often used for a vocal or piano duet. For other instruments, the word duo is often used. 

The word *duet* is used in any of the following ways:
*a pair of musicians playing the same musical instrument,
*a pair of musicians playing different instruments,
*the performance of a song by two people,
*a piece of music that can be performed by two people,
*as a general term for any activity done by two people.

## References
*
Rick Trevi

**Rick Trevino** (born on May 16, 1971 in Houston, Texas) is a Mexican-American country music singer.  His first country music hit was in 1993 with "Just Enough Rope" from his self-titled second album. This was followed with "Honky Tonk Crowd," "She Can't Say I Didn't Cry," "Doctor Time," and "Bobbie Ann Mason." He has also charted with "Learning as You Go," "Runnin' Out of Reasons to Run," and "I Only Get This Way With You."

Rick has played with Tejano greats such as Freddie Fender and Flaco Jiminez, and was a member of the band, Los Super 7. His upcoming album includes the track "Better in Texas".

## References 
## Other websites
*Rick Trevino Official Website
Hot Latin Tracks

**Hot Latin Tracks** is a record chart published by *Billboard* magazine. The chart is based on Spanish-language songs airplay in the United States. English-language songs are allowed to peak within the chart, if a  singer had recorded it.

## Other websites 
* Official Billboard site
Álvaro Torres

**Álvaro Germán Ibarra Torres** (born April 9, 1954) is a Salvadoran singer-songwriter. He is known for singing a duet with American singer Selena for the song "Buenos Amigos" in 1991. The song peaked at number-one on the *Billboard* Hot Latin Tracks chart.
## Discography
* Algo Especial (1976)
* Acarícame (1977)
* Qué Lástima (1978)
* De Qué Me Sirve Quererte (1979)
* Ángel de Ternura (1981)
* Cómo Cualquier Poeta (1983)
* Sin Cádenas (1984)
* Tres (1985)
* Más Romántico Que Nadie (1987)
* 15 Romantiquísismas (1988)
* Si Estuvieras Conmigo (1989)
* Yo... Romántico (1991)
* Nada Se Compara Contigo (1991)
* Homenaje a México (1992)
* 20 Éxitos Románticos (1993)
* Amor del Alma (1993)
* Los Grandes Éxitos de Álvaro Torres y José Luis Perales (1993)
* Reencuentro (1995)
* En Busca Del Amor (1996)
* Éxitos y Recuerdos (1996)
* Mis Mejores Canciones 12 Súper Éxitos (1996)
* Ángel de Ternura (1997)
* El Último Romántico (1998)
* 30 Éxitos Insuperables (1999)
* Solo Para Enamorados (2000)
* Amante de la Vida (2000)
* Solo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos 1 (2001)
* Latín Classics (2002)
* Mal Acostumbrado (2002)
* Solo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos (2002)
* Para Coleccionistas Edición Límitada (2003)
* 3 Momentos de Colección (2004)
* 15 Canciones de Colección (2004)
* Románticos por Siempre. Álvaro Torres y José Feliciano (2004)
* Colección Inmortal (2005)
* Álvaro Torres intepreta a Juan Gabriel en Bolero (2005)
* 30 del Recuerdo (2006)
* Lo Esencial de Álvaro Torres (2006)
* Colección Suprema (2007)
* Lo Nuevo y Lo Mejor (2007)
* Sería Verte (2007)
* Éxitos (2008)
* Éxitos Inolvidables (2008)
* Muy Personal (2009)
* Noche de Romance (2009)
* 10 Grandes Éxitos (2012)
* Canciones en Color Sepia (2012)
* Romances (2013)
* Sería Perfecto (Single) (2013)
* Cuando Te Hago Mía (Single) (2014)
* Otra Vida (2014)

## References
## Other websites
* Sitio Oficial - Alvaro Torres
High school diploma

A **high school diploma** is awarded for anyone who completed their high school credits. In the United States, it is considered the minimum education required for government jobs and higher education.

Additionally, a high school diploma also serves as an important step in  personal and professional development. Beyond formal qualifications, it represents a fundamental level of knowledge and skills that can significantly helps to find employment prospects and overall life chances.

It opens the door to a variety of career paths and provides individuals with the tools they need to become more active in their communities and make informed decisions about their future plans. 

## Related pages
*General Educational Development

## References
Broadcast Music, Inc.

**Broadcast Music Incorporated** or **BMI** is an organization to protect music rights in the communications business.  It was founded by ASCAP, who were boycotting radio at the time (1944). Both BMI and ASCAP, as well as other organizations like SESAC monitor performances of the music to which they control the rights. BMI has historically been more open to composers of rock and roll,  jazz, folk music, blues, and country music who sing and play their own music.

In 2013, BMI made $944 million and gave $814 million to its songwriters.

## Further reading 
* Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", *Music Business Journal*, Berklee College of Music, May 2011

## References
## Other websites
*Searchable repertoire of BMI licensed material 
*BMI article @ answers.com, better history
Barrio Boyzz

The **Barrio Boyzz** were a Puerto Rican boy band. The group was founded in New York City by Joe Jacket (of New Kids on The Block). They were signed to SBK Records in 1991. They also starred in the 1994 movie *I Like It Like That*. Their duet with American singer Selena called "Donde Quiera Que Estés" peaked at number-one on the *Billboard* Hot Latin Tracks in 1994. The band disbanded in 2001.

## Albums 
* Crazy Coolin' (1992)
* Donde Quiera Que Estes (1993)
* Una Vez Más (1995)
* How We Roll (1995)
* Navidad, Tu y Yo (1995)
* Ven a Mi (1997)
* Destiny (2000)
* Destino (2001)

## References
Dos Mujeres, Un Camino

***Dos Mujeres, un Camino*** is a 1993 telenovela that was produced in Mexico by Televisa. It was one of that network's most seen soap operas ever. The story centers a Mexican truck driver working for his family. He falls in love with a woman on the road. His complicated life and consequence for his new love is also in the story.

The show had the highest ratings when it had aired. 

## Cast
*Claudio Baez- *Enrique
*Itati Cantoral- *Graciela*
*Juan Carlos Casasola- *Leobardo*
*Erik Estada- *Johnny*
*Biby Gaytan- *Tanya*
*Isadora Gonzalez
*Lorena Herrera- *Lorena*
*Luz Maria Jerez- *Alejandra*
*Laura Le&oacute;n- *Ana Maria''
*Members of Grupo Bronco- themselves
*Carlos Miguel
*Roberto Palazuelos, who was substituted later by Sergio Sendei- 'Reymundo*
*Gabriela Platas- *Paola*
*Selena Quintanilla- herself
*Enrique Rocha-
*Jorge Salinas- *Angel*
*Rodrigo Vidal- *Ricardo''
Don Juan DeMarco

***Don Juan DeMarco*** is a 1995 movie starring Johnny Depp. It was released to theaters by Warner Bros.

## Plot 
John Arnold DeMarco (Johnny Depp) believes himself to be Don Juan, the greatest lover in the world. Clad in a cape and eye-mask, he undergoes  treatment with Marlon Brando's character to cure him of his apparent  with his identity. But the psychiatric sessions have an unexpected effect on his psychiatrist, whose relationship with his wife, played by Faye Dunaway, is also affected.

## Music 
Selena made a brief cameo appearance as a Mariachi singer. A hit single for Bryan Adams, "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?", is the cornerstone of the soundtrack.

## Cast
* Johnny Depp as John Arnold DeMarco/Don Juan
* Marlon Brando as Dr. Jack Mickler
* Faye Dunaway as Marilyn Mickler
* Géraldine Pailhas as Doña Ana
* Franc Luz as Don Antonio
* Bob Dishy as Dr. Paul Showalter
* Rachel Ticotin as Doña Inez
* Talisa Soto as Doña Julia
* 'Tiny' Lister, Jr. as Rocco Compton
* Richard C. Sarafin as Detective Sy Tobias
* Tresa Hughes as Grandma DeMarco
* Stephen Singer as Dr. Bill Dunmore
* Selena as Mariachi singer

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Movie stills
* Roger Ebert Review
Josh Duhamel

**Joshua David "Josh" Duhamel** (born November 14, 1972) is an American actor and former fashion model. He is well known for his role in the movie *Transformers*.  From 2009 to 2017, he was married to singer Fergie.

## Early life
Duhamel was born in Minot, North Dakota. His mother, Bonnie L. Kemper, is a massage therapist, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertising salesman. Duhamel was raised Catholic.

## Personal life 
Duhamel married singer Fergie on January 10, 2009.  Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013.  In September 2017, the pair announced their divorce.

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 10 North Main, Duhamel's restaurant
La Carcacha

"**La Carcacha**" () is a song by American singer Selena. The music video became Selena's first music video, which was released in 1992. The song also helped Selena to tour in Mexico and reached within the top ten of *Billboard*s Hot Latin Tracks chart.
Univision

**Univision** is one of the largest Hispanic television channels in the United States.

It was founded by the largest media company in Mexico (now known as Grupo Televisa) as a means to spread Spanish programming in the United States. Univision has grown to be the largest Spanish-language media outlet in the U.S.  Its daily news program *Noticiero Univisión*, co-anchored by Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas, has in several occasions outdone (in number of ratings) major English-language network evening news programming such as CBS, NBC, and ABC's World News Tonight.

Univisión and Telemundo USA have been competing for the top spot among Hispanic viewers for many years, often imitating each other's programming.

Univisión headquarters are based in Los Angeles, although much of its programming is filmed in Miami. Among its shows are *El Show De Cristina* (talkshow hosted by Cristina Saralegui), Don Francisco's *Sábado Gigante*, *Despierta América* (morning show), *Primer Impacto* (newsmagazine), *Aquí y Ahora* (premier investigative nightly newsmagazine),  and *Noticiero Univisión* (news program conducted by Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas).

In 2013, Univision and ABC News announced that they were to become partners and will form a new channel called Fusion. Fusion will show English news for Hispanic audiences. The channel began broadcasting on October 28, 2013.

## Other websites and sources
*Official viewer website, in Spanish
*Official corporate website , in English
*Univision , from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website
*Univision Blows Competition Away with Explosive February Sweep Results , a March 2005 press release
Tetrapodomorph

**Tetrapodomorpha** is a clade of vertebrates. It is a subclass of the Sarcopterygii which includes tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their more fish like relatives. 

Advanced transitional fossils between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, like *Tiktaalik*, are  called 'fishapods' by their discoverers. They are half-fish half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. 

Tetrapodomorpha contains 
# the stem group tetrapoda, extinct fossil relatives of the crown group. This is a paraphyletic unit covering the fish to tetrapod transition. Tetrapodomorpha contains several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms. 
# the crown group tetrapods, the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants.   

Among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint).

Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early Devonian onwards, and include *Eusthenopteron*, *Osteolepis*, *Panderichthys*, *Tiktaalik*, *Ventastega* and *Kenichthys*.

The fossils of the early Mississippian, *Pederpes* and *Whatcheeria* are regarded as early tetrapods whose relationships are not yet clear.

## Related pages 
*Tetrapod
Shoulder

The human **shoulder** is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as muscles, ligaments and tendons.  

The articulations (surfaces) between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint is the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The **shoulder** as a whole is the complete group of structures in the region of the joint.

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. 

The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling.  The compromise between  and  results in many shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.

## References
Mariner 4

**Mariner 4** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the fourth spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was sent on a Mars flyby mission. It was the first successful mission to Mars. The spacecraft was launched on November 28, 1964 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 4 reached Mars after an eight-month journey. The spacecraft became the first spacecraft to take close-up photographs of another planet. The spacecraft also had other instruments to study the atmosphere of Mars.

The total cost of the Mariner 4 mission is estimated at $83.2 million. Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Mariner series of spacecraft (Mariners 1 through 10) was approximately $554 million.

## Other websites 
*Photographs that Mariner 4 took
Joggins

**Joggins**, Nova Scotia, Canada, is famous for its fossils dating to the Pennsylvanian 'Coal Age' of Earth history. On July 7, 2008 a 15&nbsp;km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.

The dating of this site has been debated, with dates from 320 million years ago (mya) to 305 mya being suggested.p39 It is now settled as 314.5–313.4 mya +/- 1.1 million years. A little later, the first student party studied Joggins in 1835

However, the true fame of Joggins dates from the visits in 1842 and 1852 by Charles Lyell, the founder of modern geology and author of *Principles of Geology*. In his *Elements of Geology* (1871), Lyell called the Joggins exposure of Coal Age rocks and fossils "the finest example in the world". The fossil record at Joggins figures in Charles Darwin's *On the Origin of Species*, and played a role in the 1860 Oxford evolution debate between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce.
:"Mssrs. Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia, with ancient root-bearing strata, one above the other, at no less than 68 different levels..." Charles Darwin 1859. *On the Origin of Species*, p296.

Much of the early work to document the fossil record at Joggins was by Nova Scotian geologist William Dawson (1820–1899), who had a close personal and working relationship with his friend and  Charles Lyell. Much of Dawson's collection is in the Redpath Museum of McGill University.

In 1852 Lyell and Dawson made a celebrated discovery of tetrapod fossils entombed within an upright tree at Coal Mine Point. Subsequent investigations by Dawson led to the discovery of one of the most important fossils in the history of science, *Hylonomus lyelli*, which remains the earliest known reptile in the history of life, but not the earliest known amniote. In 2002, *Hylonomus lyelli* was named the provincial fossil of Nova Scotia.

Trackways are preserved at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs. The tree-like lycopod *Sigillaria* is preserved *in situ*.

## Recent work 
There has been a surge in interest in Joggins over the past 20 years. A thesis by Mike Rygel significantly advanced understanding of the site's history, stratigraphy, sedimentology and biota after the century of neglect which followed Dawson's death in 1899.

### Important fossil 
A vital early tetrapod fossil has been found here, the earliest synapsid, *Protoclepsydrops*, which is actually earlier than *Hylonomus*.

## World Heritage Site
In 2007, a 15&nbsp;km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was nominated by Canada to UNESCO as a natural World Heritage Site. It was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List in on July 7, 2008.

## References
Volkswagen Scirocco

The **Volkswagen Scirocco** is a car produced by Volkswagen from 1974 to 1992 and again from 2008 to 2017. The Scirocco is a sports coupé with 3 doors and a 4-cylinder petrol or diesel engine.

File:VW Scirocco 1973.jpg|First generation (1974−1981)
File:VW Scirocco front 20080703.jpg|Second generation (1981−1992)
File:Blue VW Scirocco III R fr IAA 2009.JPG|Third generation (2008−2017)
Premio Lo Nuestro

**Lo Nuestro** is an awards show for Latin music. It is produced by television network Univision. The awards began in 1989. Artists with awards are Celia Cruz, Gloria Estefan, Juan Gabriel, Juanes, Luis Miguel, Maná,  RBD, Selena, Shakira and Thalía. 

The artist with the most Premios Lo Nuestro awards is Puerto Rican singer Olga Tañón.

## Premio Lo Nuestro host cities
## Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia
In addition to categories for different genres of music, the honors include "Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia", (literally, The "Ours" award for Excellence), a career or **lifetime achievement** award. The following list are past years recipients.

*1990: Celia Cruz
*1991: Juan Gabriel and Plácido Domingo
*1992: Gloria Estefan
*1993: Armando Manzanero
*1994: Emilio Estefan
*1995: Julio Iglesias
*1996: Marco Antonio Solís
*1997: Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
*1998: Los Panchos
*1999: Los Tigres del Norte
*2000: Antonio Aguilar
*2001: Joan Sebastian

*2002: José José
*2003: Luis Miguel
*2004: Ricky Martin
*2005: Los Temerarios
*2006: Ana Gabriel
*2007: Juan Luis Guerra
*2008: Vicente Fernández
*2009: Emmanuel
*2010: Chayanne
*2011: Maná
*2012: Pepe Aguilar

## Other websites
*Official website
1942–43 NHL season

The **1942–43 NHL season** was the 26th season of the National Hockey League NHL). Six teams played 50 games each. This is the first season of the "Original Six" era of the NHL. The league's long-time president Frank Calder died due to heart disease. The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup.

## Final standings
## Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Leading goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts*

## Playoffs
: *see 1943 Stanley Cup Finals*

### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
* 
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
World Cup of Hockey

The **World Cup of Hockey** is an international ice hockey tournament, and is the successor to the Canada Cup, which was held from 1976 to 1991. The World Cup of Hockey has been held twice, in 1996 and 2004.
## Results
## References
* Müller, Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904-2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt, 2005
Canada Cup

The **Canada Cup** was an international ice hockey tournament that was held five times from 1976 to 1991. Canada won the Cup four out of five times, and the Soviet Union won it once.

## Competitions
## References
* Müller, Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904-2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt, 2005
Wilfred Owen

**Wilfred Edward Salty Owen** MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War.

Owen was born in Shropshire, and had three siblings; two brothers and a sister.  When he was very small, the family moved to Birkenhead, where he went to school.  Later, he attended Shrewsbury Technical School.  Although he passed the exams necessary to go to university, he was unable to go because his parents could not afford the fees.  Before the war, he worked as an assistant to a vicar, and then went to France to teach English to the children of a French family.  About a year after war broke out, he joined the army as a junior officer, and was eventually sent back to France with the Manchester Regiment in 1916.

Conditions for troops on the Western Front were very harsh, and Owen suffered several bad experiences that led to him being considered unfit to continue fighting.  He was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh for treatment by a psychiatrist.  While there, he wrote poetry, and became editor of the hospital magazine, which was called *The Hydra*.  Soon afterwards, a better-known poet called Siegfried Sassoon arrived at the hospital as a patient, and the two became great friends.  Sassoon helped Owen to improve his writing, and introduced him to other writers and publishers.  Although Sassoon had made a public protest against the war, he quickly grew tired of life at the hospital, and went back to France to continue fighting.  In the meantime, Owen was given a job in the Northern Command Depot at Ripon, where he did not have to do any fighting.

When Owen was considered to be well enough to return to fighting, his friends were very worried about him.  He spent an afternoon with Siegfried Sassoon, who had been sent home after being seriously wounded; Sassoon tried to persuade Owen not to go back, but Owen had little choice.  He returned to France in July 1918.

Perhaps because he had previously been accused of being a coward, Owen was determined to show what a good soldier he could be.  On 1 October 1918 he led his men in an attack near the village of Joncourt, and his bravery was recognised by his being awarded the Military Cross.  However, shortly afterwards, while trying to cross the Sambre canal with his men, he was killed.  He died at the age of 25, only a week before the end of the war.

Owen never married, and is thought to have been homosexual, although there is no surviving evidence to prove this.

## Poems
Two of his most famous poems are *Anthem for Doomed Youth* and *Dulce et decorum est*, which borrows a phrase from Horace.

## References
Pop icon

**Pop icon** is a celebrity whose popularity stays the same or even increases as time goes by.

Most pop icons achieve their status through death, typically at a young age. The worship of pop icons is due only in part to their actual accomplishments. Some of the most notable pop icons are Whitney Houston, James Dean, Việt Hùng, Michael Jackson, John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, and Elvis Presley.

Death nearly always increases the fame of a pop icon. Many people respect the dead. Others feel a close personal connection with the dead icon and want to remember the celebrity. Death also increases any value of all items that belonged to the pop icon.

## Pop icons 
* ABBA
* Aerosmith
* Christina Aguilera
* Muhammad Ali
* David Beckham
* Charlie Chaplin
* Eminem
* Judy Garland
* Jimi Hendrix
* Michael Jackson

* Elton John
* Led Zeppelin
* Bob Marley
* George Michael
* Việt Hùng
* Madonna
* Nelson Mandela
* Kylie Minogue
* Marilyn Monroe
* Elvis Presley
* Prince
* The Rolling Stones
* Frank Sinatra
* Britney Spears
* Selena
* Spice Girls
* Bruce Springsteen
* Usher
* Oprah Winfrey

## Related pages
*Cultural icon

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
*Cullen, Jim, ed (2001). *Popular Culture in American History*. UK: Blackwell Publishing. .
Drug Abuse Resistance Education

**Drug Abuse Resistance Education**, better known as **DARE** or **D.A.R.E.**, is an educational program for elementary  students. Students who enter the program sign a pledge to never use illegal drugs and attend a series of speeches for seventeen weeks provided by local law enforcement warning of the dangers of drug abuse.

## Reference 
## Other websites 
*Drug Abuse Resistance Education home page 
*DARE World 
*How to Start a DARE Program in your Community 
*International Association of Chiefs of Police, IACP 
*2003 U.S. Government Accountability Office letter to Senator Richard J. Durbin
*A Different Look at D.A.R.E. 
*UK website
*D.A.R.E. Brazil (PROERD)
1941–42 NHL season

The **1941–42 NHL season** was the 25th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams played 48 games each. The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series, a feat only repeated twice in NHL history as of the 2010 season.

## Regular season
### Final standings
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

### Leading goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts*

## Playoffs
*Note: all dates in 1942*

### Playoff bracket
### Quarter-finals
**Boston Bruins** vs. **Chicago Black Hawks**

*Boston wins best-of-three series 2–1*

**Detroit Red Wings** vs. **Montreal Canadiens**

*Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–1*

### Semi-finals
**New York Rangers** vs. **Toronto Maple Leafs**

*Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–2*

**Boston Bruins** vs. **Detroit Red Wings**

*Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–0*

### Final
**Toronto Maple Leafs** vs. **Detroit Red Wings**

*Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–3*

## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References 
* Hockey Database
* NHL.com
Fundraising

**Fundraising** is the process of raising money for charities. Charities may use these to continue providing free after school activities for children, raise money for a cure and help elders and other patients with low income.

This may be achieved in many ways.

Some ways include:

* Donations
* Sales of merchandise
* Forms of gambling such as raffles or lotteries