open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wesley Augustus Williams

**Wesley Augustus Williams** (August 26, 1897 - July 3, 1984) was the first African-American officer in the New York City Fire Department. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1927.

## Biography
He was born on August 26, 1897 to James Henry Williams (1879-1948) and Lucy Metrash (1881-1932) in Manhattan, New York City.

He wanted to join the New York City Fire Department when he read about Samuel Jesse Battle joining the New York City police department. The first African-American to join the New York City Fire Department was William H. Nicholson, who joined in 1898. He scored perfect on his physical examination.

He died on July 3, 1984 at the Physicians Hospital in Forest Hills, New York City, he was 86 years old.

## References
## Other websites 
*Wesley Augustus Williams at Find-a-Grave
Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire

are two 2014 Role-playing video games published by The Pokémon Company and developed by Game Freak. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS. *Pokémon Omega Ruby* and *Alpha Sapphire* were released on November 21, 2014 in Japan, North America, and Australia. It was released on November 28, 2014 in Europe. The games are a remake of the 2002 Game Boy Advance games *Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire*.

A trailer for the game was shown at Nintendo's 2014 E3 video. The trailer included new gameplay footage, as well as, the new playable character designs and new Mega Evolutions for Sceptile and Swampert that were not in *X and Y* like Blaziken was.

## Reception
*Omega Ruby* and *Alpha Sapphire* were given positive review. IGN rated the game a 7.8 out of 10. Kallie Plagge of IGN sai that she liked the 3D reinvention of the Hoenn region and online functionality. She was critical of the HMs needed to play the game and the perceived imbalance that favored Water-type Pokémon (she played Alpha Sapphire). She said that "Too much water" was a negative. GameSpot rated the game 8 out of 10. Peter Brown of GameSpot said that he liked the 3D visuals and the super training mechanic but didn't think that the game did not fix general issues in the game formula.

As of June 30, 2015, *Omega Ruby* and *Alpha Sapphire* have sold 10.27 million copies worldwide.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Official website (International)
David Willcocks

**Sir David Valentine Willcocks** CBE, MC (30 December 1919 – 17 September 2015) was a British choral conductor, organist, composer and music administrator. He was born in Newquay, Cornwall. He was particularly well known for his works with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. He directed from 1957 to 1974.

## Other websites
* Interview with Sir David Willcocks by Bruce Duffie, January 22, 1989
Milo Hamilton

**Leland Milo Hamilton** (September 2, 1927&nbsp;– September 17, 2015) was an American sportscaster. He was best known for calling play-by-play for seven different Major League Baseball teams since 1953. He received the Ford Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992. He was known for his works with the Atlanta Braves, Houston Rockets, Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. He was born in Fairfield, Iowa.

Hamilton died in Houston, Texas from leukemia, aged 88.

## References
Adam Purple

**Adam Purple** (**David Lloyd Wilkie**; November 10, 1930 – September 15, 2015) was an American environmentalist. He was known for being an activist for defending gardens in New York City. He helped save a well known garden in New York's Lower East Side.

Purple died of a heart attack while riding his bike across the Williamsburg Bridge in New York City, aged 84.

## References
Harry J. Lipkin

**Harry Jeannot Lipkin** (June 16, 1921 in New York City − September 15, 2015 in Rehovot), also known as **Zvi Lipkin**, was a theoretical physicist from Israel. He was known for working in nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. He won the Wigner Medal. 

## References
Miriam Margolyes

**Miriam Margolyes**  (born 18 May 1941) is a British-Australian actress. She is best known for her role as Professor Sprout in the *Harry Potter* movie series. She also appeared appeared in the movies *The Age of Innocence* (1993), which won her a BAFTA Award, *Babe* (1995), and *Babe: Pig in the City* (1998). She has appeared in television series such as *Merlin*, *Doc Martin* and *The Sarah Jane Adventures*.

Margolyes was born in Oxford, Oxfordshire. She was the daughter of Ruth (née Walters; 1905&ndash;1974), a property investor and developer, and Joseph Margolyes (1899&ndash;1996), a Scottish physician from Glasgow. She grew up in a Jewish family and her ancestors are from Poland and Belarus. She is a lesbian and has been with her partner Heather for over fifty three years. She has also been an Australian citizen since 2013.

## Filmography
### Animated roles
* *American Dad!* - Margaret Thatcher
* *Family Guy* - Maggie Smith's Right Eye
* *The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship* - Mother, Mrs. Forester
* *Tinga Tinga Tales* - Giraffe and Squirrel

### Live action roles
* *The Water Margin* - Hu San-niang

### Film roles
* *Babe* - Fly
* *Babe: Pig in the City* - Fly
* *Balto* - Additional Voices
* *Early Man* - Queen Oofeefa
* *Electric Dreams* - Ticket Girl
* *Flushed Away* - Rita's Grandma
* *Happy Feet* - Mrs. Astrakhan
* *Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets* - Professor Pomona Sprout
* *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2* - Professor Pomona Sprout
* *Immortal Beloved* - Nanette Streicherová
* *James and the Giant Peach* - Glowworm (speaking)
* ''Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole* - Mrs. Plithiver
* *Little Shop of Horrors* - Dental Nurse
* *The Man Who Invented Christmas* - Mrs. Fisk
* *Maya the Bee Movie* - Queen
* *Mulan* - Matchmaker
* *Pacific Heights* - Realtor
* *Romeo + Juliet* - The Nurse
* *Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island* - Mrs. Krepnick
* *The Thief and the Cobbler* - Maiden from Mombasa
* *Valhalla* - Elda, Mother, Sif
* *Yentl'' - Sarah

## References
## Other websites
*
Agrahari

**Agrahari** is a surname of Indian origin mainly found in North Indian states. The Agraharis claim Maharaja Agrasen as their ancestor. They are mainly found in Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. They are believed to be of Vaishya varna, the third varna of the Hindu caste system.
 

## References
2015 Illapel earthquake

On 16 September 2015, an 8.3 Mw earthquake happened  offshore Illapel, Chile. 12 deaths and 34+ injuries were reported. The cities of Coquimbo and Concón reported flooding from a tsunami. Six aftershocks were also reported.

Tsunami warnings were given to Ecuador, Peru, New Zealand, Fiji, Japan, the Solomon Islands, French Polynesia, and the U.S. states of Hawaii and California. The earthquake was felt in Argentina and Brazil.

## References
Magda Szubanski

**Magdalene Mary** "**Magda**" **Szubanski** (born 12 April 1961) is an English-born Australian actress, comedian, television presenter, radio host, author and LGBT rights advocate. She is best known for playing Sharon Strzelecki in the television comedy show *Kath & Kim*. She also portrayed Esme Hoggett in the movie *Babe* (1995) and its sequel *Babe: Pig in the City* (1998).

Szubanski was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. She is of Polish, Irish and Scottish ancestry. She moved to Melbourne, Victoria with her family in 1965. She came out as lesbian in 2012.

In May 2025, Szubanski was diagnosed with stage-4 lymphoma.

## References
## Other websites
*
William H. Nicholson

**William H. Nicholson** (1869-1911) was the first African American fireman in the New York City Fire Department. He was assigned to Engine Company 6 and detailed to the veterinary department to feed the horses and shovel manure.

## References
Färila

**Färila** is a locality in Ljusdal Municipality in Gävleborg County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,293 people lived there. Färila is in a valley next to the river of Ljusnan.

## References
Logan City

**Logan City** is a city and local government area in south east Queensland, Australia. Logan City has 63 suburbs and 12 divisions, and, as of 2012, 293,353 live in there.

The city was named after Patrick Logan.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mario Benjamín Menéndez

**Mario Benjamín Menéndez** (3 April 1930 &ndash; 18 September 2015) was an Argentine military officer. He was a Brigadier General of the Argentine Army. After the 1982 Argentine occupati he was Governor of the Falkland Islands from 3 April until 14 June. He surrendered to British forces during the Falkland Wars.

Menéndez was born in Buenos Aires. His brother was Luciano Benjamín Menéndez (1927–2018), a general of the Dirty War.

Menéndez died on 18 September 2015 at the age of 85.

## References
Mishael Cheshin

**Mishael Cheshin** (&lrm;; February 16, 1936 – September 19, 2015) was an Israeli Justice. He served in the Supreme Court of Israel from 1992 to 2006.

Before becoming a judge he was working at the Justice Ministry.

Cheshin was born in Beirut and died at the age of 79 from cancer in Tel Aviv.

## References
Vadim Kuzmin

**Vadim Alexeevich Kuzmin** (; 16 April 1937 – 17 September 2015) was a Russian theoretical physicist, meaning he worked on using mathematical processes to develop the theories used to explain data. He was known for working in the elektroweak baryogenesis field.

## Other websites
*Homepage at the INR, Russian
*Kuzmin's 70th birthday
*Biographical entry with photograph
*2006 Pomeranchuk Prize
Anoka, Minnesota

**Anoka** ( ) is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota. The population was 17,921 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat. Anoka calls itself the "Halloween Capital of the World". This is because it hosted one of the first Halloween parades in 1920. It continues to celebrate the holiday each year with several parades. Anoka is a northern suburb of the Twin Cities.

## References
Fired Up (Alesha Dixon album)

***Fired Up*** is the debut studio album by  British recording artist Alesha Dixon. The album was recorded after Dixon's group Mis-Teeq had  up. Dixon signed a deal with Polydor Records. Her single "Lipstick" reached number 14 on the UK chart. Her next single with Polydor, "Knockdown" failed to reach the Top 40 (it reached number 45). *Fired Up* was finally released as a CD in Japan in 2008. The album was billed as just **Alesha** instead of using Dixon's full name.

## Information
For the album, Dixon worked with many known UK songwriters including Richard X and Xenomania.

## Track listing
## Charts
## Release history
## References
Mauritian Creole

**Mauritian Creole** is a French-based creole language. It is spoken in Mauritius. It is not an official language but is well known among the Mauritian people. It is mostly French with a few non-French words. Mauritian Creole is spoken in over 65% of Mauritius.

## References
I Am (Leona Lewis album)

***I Am*** is the fifth studio album by British recording artist Leona Lewis. It was released on 11 September 2015, by Island Records after Lewis left Syco Music in June 2014, she had been with that label ever since she had won *The X Factor* in 2006.

## Track listing
 denotes co-producer

## Charts
## Release history 
## References
Reverend Lovejoy

**Reverend Timothy "Tim" Lovejoy Jr.** is  a fictional character on the long running TV show *The Simpsons*. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the reverend of The First Church of Springfield.

## History 
### Name 
Reverend Lovejoy was named after Lovejoy St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of Simpsons creator Matt Groening.

## Role in *The Simpsons* 
Lovejoy is the pastor of the First Church in Springfield.

## Other websites
*
Øvre Årdal

**Øvre Årdal** is a village in Årdal municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is the largest village in Årdal.  It is sits on the northern end of the  long lake Årdalsvatnet. The village of Årdalstangen is at the southern end. The  village has a population (2013) of 3,206. This gives the village a population density of . Farnes Church is in this village.

The road *Tindevegen* goes from Øvre Årdal, through the Fardalen valley to Turtagrø in Luster municipality.  It's one of the highest elevation roads in Norway.  There is also a road which goes south past the lake Tyin to the European route E16 highway which goes through Valdres to Oslo.

Øvre Årdal is the starting point for  into the nearby Utladalen Landscape Protection Area and Jotunheimen National Park.  There are s to the Utladalen and Avdalen valleys, to the mountain Falketind and to the Vettisfossen waterfall. There are also trips to the historic farms of Vetti, Vettismorki, and Avdalen.

Norsk Hydro has an aluminium smelting plant which is a major employer in the area.

Årdal FK is an association football club. They play at Jotun stadium in Øvre Årdal.

## Related pages
*List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Årdal Sogelag 
* Porten.no 
* Tindevegen
Janet Jackson (album)

***Janet Jackson*** is the self-titled debut album by American recording artist Janet Jackson. It was released in October 1982 by A&M Records.

## Reviews
*Janet Jackson* received mixed reviews from music critics.

## Track listing
## References
Aaron B. Rollins

**Aaron B. Rollins** (1818 - December 4, 1878) was a politician connected to the Tammany Hall political machine. He served in New York's legislature in 1852. He was later elected coroner for New York City from 1867 to 1870.

## Biography
Rollins was born in 1818. He died on December 4, 1878 at the Union-Place Hotel in Manhattan.

## References
Masajuro Shiokawa

was a Japanese politician.

Shiokawa served as Parliamentary Vice Minister of International Trade and Industry from 1972 to 1973, Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1976 to 1977, Commerce and Industry Committee Chairman from 1979 to 1980, Minister of Transport from 1980 to 1981 (under Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki), Minister of Education from 1986 to 1987 (under PM Yasuhiro Nakasone), Chief Cabinet Secretary for three months in 1989 (under PM Sōsuke Uno), and Minister of Home Affairs from 1991 to 1992.

Shiokawa died of pneumonia in Osaka, Japan, aged 93.

## References
Eduardo Bonvallet

**Eduardo Guillermo Bonvallet Godoy** (January 13, 1955 – September 18, 2015), was a Chilean footballer. He played as a defensive midfielder and later developed a TV and radio sports commentator career.

Bonvallet was found dead by hanging using a belt at Nogales Hotel in the kitchen of room 213. Local news report he was suffering from depression.

## References
Medical Society of New Jersey

The **Medical Society of New Jersey** is the oldest professional society in the United States. It was founded in 1766.

## References
Chesney Hawkes

**Chesney Lee Hawkes** (born 22 September 1971) is an English singer, musician and actor. He was born in Windsor, Berkshire. He had a hit record "The One and Only". It was number 1 for five weeks in 1991. He starred in the movie Buddy's Song along with Roger Daltrey.

## References
Takeshi Onaga

was a Japanese politician. He was the Governor of Okinawa Prefecture from 10 December 2014 to his death in 2018. Before this, he served four terms as the Mayor of Naha from November 2000 until December 2014.

Onaga died on 8 August 2018 from pancreatic cancer, aged 67.

## References
Peter Varghese

**Peter Joseph Noozhumurry Varghese**  (born 1956) is an Australian diplomat and public servant. He has been the Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade since 3 December 2012.

Varghese was born in Kenya to Nasrani parents from Kerala, India. He moved to Australia as a child in 1964. He studied history and graduated from the University of Queensland. He is married and has a son.

## References
The Entertainer (Alesha Dixon album)

***The Entertainer*** is the third studio album by English recording artist Alesha Dixon. It was released on 26 November 2010 in the United Kingdom by Asylum Records. It was released by Atlantic Records in the United States. The album was originally called *Unleashed* but was renamed to *The Entertainer* instead. *The Entertainer* was the second album that Dixon used her first name instead of her full name. The first was 2006's *Fired Up*. Dixon also rapped on some of the songs. The album has an American precision pop beat feel to it. It is a club record with the same kind of songs Britney and Lady GaGa make and sing.

## Track listing
## References
Rostam Giv

**Rostam Giv** or **Arbab Rostam Giv** (  alternative spellings: **Rustam Guiv**) (1880, Yazd, Iran  - October 7 1980, Whittier, California),  was the founder of Giv charity foundation. He was the third representative of Iranian Zoroastrians in the Iranian parliament. He was also a senator of the Iranian Senate.

## Life 
Giv was born in 1888 in Yazd. His mother's name was Kharman. His father's name was Shahpour.

Giv completed his elementary education at Kay Khosravi school. He learned English language in Yazd. He was elected as the Zoroastrians' Representative in the Iranian National Assembly after Keikhosrow Shahrokh died in 1939.
He founded "Giv's Charity foundation" in 1958 for supporting needy people. He was also selected as a senator in the Iranian Senate in 1963 because of his charity works for the Iranian people.

## Rostam Bagh 
Rostam Bagh, is a big garden in Tehran Pars Street in Tehran.  Arbab Rostam was built in 1957 for Living Zoroastrian's Needy Family. This garden covers about , including residential buildings, a meeting hall, two schools, a sports ground, a library and a fire temple.

## Building water reservoir 
Making a water reservoir in Yazd, which has 4000 cubic meter capacity and provides clean and safe water for people is another one of Giv's charity works.

## Building schools 
Giv has built schools for Iranian children. He built Giv's elementary school, Ostad Khdobabakhsh elementary school and Ostad pour-Davood elementary school for boys and girls in Tehran. He donated  of land to Iran's Ministry of Education in Damavand County.

## Endowments outside Iran 
A few months before the Iranian revolution, Rostam and his wife immigrated to the United States and he founded his charity foundations. They donated 4 million dollars for building Zoroastrian charities in all of the world.

They built Charity Buildings for Zoroastrians in New York, Chicago, Toronto, Vancouver and Sydney.

## Gallery 

giv-orange.jpg| Giv's Darb-e-mehr in Orange County, California

Giv-vanc.JPG|Giv's Darbe Mehr in Vancouver
دبستان گیو.jpg|Giv's elementary School in Tehran
Giv-san Jose.jpg|Giv's Darbe Mehr  in San Jose, California

## Related pages 
* Keikhosrow Shahrokh

## References 
## Other websites 
* Darbe Mehr Zoroastrian Temple In NY
* The making of Chicago's Darbe Mehr
Keikhosrow Shahrokh

**Keikhosrow Shahrokh** (Kerman, Iran, 1864  – 1939) was the designer of the mausoleum of Persian poet Ferdowsi in the city of Tus.

As elected representative of the Zoroastrian community, he was an active member of the Iranian parliament. He is best known for his role in the 1925 transition of the official calendar from the Islamic calendar of *hejri ghamarei* to the Iranian civil calendar, known as *hejri shamsi*.

## Related pages 
* Qajar dynasty
* Iranian calendar

## References
## Other websites
* Biography
Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design

**Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design** is an international school for architecture located in Moscow, Russia. The institute works with students from all around the world to solve problems relating to urbanism and urban development. The institute is a nonprofit project by the Russian government. It began in 2009. In 2014 the institute won a prize from the Domus Magazine for the top 100 best schools of architecture of that year.

## Other websites 
* Strelka institut
United States National Arboretum

**United States National Arboretum** is the national arboretum of the United States. It is located in Washington, D.C.

## Related pages
* List of botanical gardens

## Other websites 
*United States National Arboretum 
*Friends of the National Arboretum
*Save The Azaleas
Bruce Djite

**Bruce José Djité** (born 25 March 1987) is a retired American-born Australian soccer player. He last played in Indonesia for PSM Makassar. He also played for the Australian national team as a striker.

Djite was born in Washington, D.C., United States. His father is from the Ivory Coast and his mother is from Togo. He moved to Sydney, New South Wales when he was three years old. Djite speaks French and English.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chief Wiggum

**Chief Clarence "Clancy" Wiggum** is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the police chief of Springfield.

## History 
### Name 
His surname "Wiggum" is Matt Groening's mother's maiden name.

## Role in *The Simpsons* 
Clancy Wiggum is the police chief of Springfield. He is the father of Ralph Wiggum and the husband of Sarah Wiggum. He is often shown as an incompetent and lazy policeman.

## Other websites
* Chief Wiggum at TheSimpsons.com
*
Abraham Simpson

Abraham Simpson (1898-1989) 

**Abraham Jay "Abe" Simpson II**, also known as **Grampa Simpson**, is a character in the animated television series *The Simpsons*. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He first appeared on The Tracey Ullman Show in the Simpsons short "Grandpa and the Kids".

## Role in *The Simpsons* 
### Family 
He is the father of Homer Simpson and the grandfather of Bart, Lisa and Maggie; he is the ex-husband of Mona Simpson, but later he also has been married for a short time to Amber (a woman that Homer married in Las Vegas too) and to Selma Bouvier, now he's married to Rita LaFleur. He lives in an old folk's home.

### Characteristics 
Abe Simpson is a World War II veteran and he often tells long, unlikely and rambling stories about his past. He was married to Mona Simpson for many years until she became a fugitive after she destroyed biological weapons owned by Mr. Burns.
Grampa Simpson has a poor relationship with his son Homer.

## References
## Other websites
* Grampa Simpson's profile at TheSimpsons.com
*
Biological rhythms

**Biological rhythms** are the repeating cycles of activity which occur in living organisms. The best-known example is the daily or *circadian rhythm*, which fits the cycle of day and night. 

Most forms of life have natural rhythms which fit them to natural changes in their environment. Animals are most active in part of the day, and rest or sleep at other times. They may be:
* Diurnal, which describes organisms active during daytime
* Nocturnal,  active in the night
* Crepuscular, active during the dawn and dusk hours.

Plants undergo daily cycles as well. Photosynthesis has parts which need light, called light-dependent reactions, and parts which can continue at night (light-independent reactions).

Many other important cycles are also studied, including:
* cycles longer than a day, such as the annual migration or reproduction cycles found in certain animals or the human menstrual cycle.
* cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute REM cycle, the 4-hour nasal cycle, or the 3-hour cycle of growth hormone production.
* Tidal rhythms are often seen in marine life, which follow the roughly 12.4-hour transition from high to low tide and back.
* Lunar rhythms, which follow the lunar month (29.5 days). They are relevant for marine life, as the level of the tides is affected by the lunar cycle. 
* Gene oscillations – some genes are expressed more during certain hours of the day than during other hours.

## References 
## Relaate pages 
*Homeostasis
Shadow the Hedgehog

**Shadow the Hedgehog** is a video game character of the *Sonic the Hedgehog franchise*. He is a hedgehog created by Gerald Robotnik and Black Doom as the Ultimate Life Form. He first appeared in *Sonic Adventure 2*.

## Shadow's appearances
### In games
Here is a list of some games Shadow is in:
* *Sonic Adventure 2*
* *Sonic Adventure 2 Battle*
* *Sonic Advance*
* *Sonic Heroes*
* *Shadow the Hedgehog*
* *Sonic Rivals*
* **Sonic the Hedgehog*
* *Sonic and the Secret Rings*
* *Sonic and the Black Knight*
* *Sonic Unleashed*
* *Sonic and Sega All-Stars Racing*
* *Mario & Sonic At The Winter Olympic Games*
* *Sonic Generations*
* *Mario & Sonic At The London 2012 Olympic Games*
* *Sonic Boom: Fire and Icev*
* *Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyricv*
* *Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal*
* *Sonic All-Stars Racing Transformed*
* *Sonic Lost World*
* *Sonic Mania*
* *Sonic Forces*
* Team Sonic Racing
* Sonic X Shadow Generations
* Team Sonic Racing 2
* Sonic Racing: Crossworlds

### In cartoons
Here is a list of cartoons Shadow is in:
**Sonic X*
**Sonic Boom''

## Other websites
Biblical Museum of Natural History

**Biblical Museum of Natural History** is a small museum in Beit Shemesh, Israel. It is dedicated to the natural history of the Bible. The museum was established in 2014 by Rabbi Natan Slifkin. 

## Other websites 
* Biblical Museum of Natural History
* Zoo Torah: The Biblical Museum
Hippias (tyrant)

**Hippias of Athens** () lived in Athens in the 6th century BC. He was one of the sons of Peisistratus, the ruler of Athens. Hippias succeeded Peisistratus in 527 BC. and became tyrant of Athens.

His brother Cleisthenes was murdered in 514 BC. Hippias' behavior changed. He became cruel and angry, executing people in revenge, and taking away the freedom of people. He also was afraid of threats from the aristocrats. In the end his uncle Cleisthenes decided to overthrow Hippias and gain power for himself and his family. Hippias was captured and sent into exile, away from Athens forever in 510 BC.

Hippias fled to Persia, and the Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias. The Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from Persia. Soon after, the Ionian Revolt against Persian rule began in the Greek colonies in Asia Minor. It was put down in 494 BC, but Darius I of Persia was keen to punish Athens for its role in the revolt. In 490 BC Hippias, still in the service of the Persians, led Darius to Marathon, in Greece. The Battle of Marathon  began a series of Greek victories which made Athens and its colonies successful. The next 200 years saw flowering of the classical Greek civilisation.

## References
The Monkey's Paw

'''"The Monkey's Paw"'* is a supernatural horror short story by William Wymark Jacobs. It was published in 1902, in the book *The Lady of the Barge''. It is one of the  most famous horror short stories of English literature. It is based on the idea that the holder of a talisman has three wishes. In this case, the talisman is the mummified paw of a monkey. In the story, the wishes are granted, but the results are unexpectedly negative.

The story has been the source for many movies, and a theatre play.

## Other websites 
* "The Monkey's Paw"; Full Short Story Text
* *Gaslight* edition of the story 
* Monkey's Paw Radio Play
* Podcast of "The Monkey's Paw" as read by John Lithgow
* Books That Grow leveled book
Eduardo Menichetti

**Eduardo Menichetti Pilas** (1950/51 &ndash; 8 July 2007) was a Chilean businessman from Santiago. He was best known as the president of the football club Colo-Colo from 1990 to 1995. During his five-year tenure, the club won three Campeonato Nacional titles and three international titles.

Menichetti died from colorectal cancer on 8 July 2007 at the age of 56. His two children survived him.

## References
Alberto Parodi

**Alberto Parodi** was a Chilean businessman. He was best known as the first president of the football club Colo-Colo from 1925 to 1926.

## References
Jack Larson

**Jack Edward Larson** (February 8, 1928 &ndash; September 20, 2015) was an American actor, librettist, screenwriter and producer. He is best known for his role as Jimmy Olsen in the television series *Adventures of Superman* (1952&ndash;1958). He also appeared in *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman* and *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* and the movie *Superman Returns* (2006). He retired in 2011.

Larson was born in Los Angeles, California. He grew up in Pasadena, California. He was of Swedish and Russian ancestry. He was gay and his partner of 35 years, director and screenwriter James Bridges, died in 1993.

Larson died on September 20, 2015 in Brentwood, California, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fred DeLuca

**Frederick A.** "**Fred**" **DeLuca** (October 3, 1947 &ndash; September 14, 2015) was an American billionaire businessman. He best known as the co-founder and CEO of the Subway franchise of sandwich shops.

DeLuca was born in Brooklyn, New York to Italian American parents. He was married to Elisabeth from 1965 until his death. They had a son, Jonathan.

DeLuca died from leukemia on September 14, 2015 in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. He was 67.

## References
Discipline (Janet Jackson album)

***Discipline*** is the tenth studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson. It was d by Island Records on February 26, 2008. It was her first album released on Island Records. It is also her last album as she has decided to leave Island Records and release her albums herself. Jackson was unhappy with Island's promotion of the album. Metacritic gave it a Metascore of 61.

## Track listing
(*) denotes co-producer

## Personnel
* Janet Jackson – vocals, background vocals, producer, executive producer, vocal producer
* Judi Acosta-Stewart – production coordination
* Ashaunna Ayars – marketing
* Chuando & Frey – art direction, photography, packaging
* Dave Clauss – assistant engineer
* Fran Cooper – make-up
* Carol Corless – package production
* Ian Cross – mixing assistant, vocal engineer, vocal producer
* LaShawn Daniels – vocal arrangement
* Eric Dawkins – background vocals, vocal arrangement
* Mike Donaldson – engineer, digital editing, effects
* The-Dream – producer
* Jermaine Dupri – producer, executive producer, mixing, vocal producer
* Missy Elliott – rap
* Dernst Emile – guitar, producer, vocal arrangement, instrumentation
* Paul Foley – engineer, mixing
* Brian Gardner – mastering
* Kenneth Goh – stylist
* David Gough – producer
* Kuk Harrell – engineer
* Tor Erik Hermanson – instrumentation
* John Horesco IV – guitar, engineer, vocal engineer
* Josh Houghkirk – engineer
* Kegan Houston – assistant engineer
* Ernie Isley – guitar
* Rodney Jerkins – producer, mixing, instrumentation

* Terese Joseph – A&R
* Doug Joswick – package production
* Daniel Laporte – engineer
* Jaymz Hardy Martin III – engineer
* Diane McDonald – production coordination
* Ne-Yo – co-producer
* No I.D. – producer
* Carlos Oyanedel – assistant
* Dave Pensado – mixing
* R. City – vocals
* J. Peter Robinson – art direction, packaging
* Manuel Seal, Jr. – co-producer, vocal producer
* Telisha Shaw – vocals
* Chris Soper – assistant engineer
* Eric Stamile – co-producer
* Stargate – producers
* Chris "Tricky" Stewart – producer
* Shakir Stewart – A&R
* Phil Tan – mixing, vocal mixing
* Robert Taylor "R.T." – electric guitar
* Angie Teo – assistant engineer
* Brian "B Luv" Thomas – engineer
* Delisha Thomas – vocals
* Pat Thrall – engineer
* Roberto Vazquez – engineer, mixing
* Chris Viecco – vocals
* Brian Woodring – engineer
* Andrew Wuepper – mixing assistant
* Janet Zeitoun – hair stylist

## Charts
### Weekly charts
## Certifications
### Year-end charts
## References
Minnesota Senate

The **Minnesota Senate** is the upper house of the Minnesota Legislature of the U.S. State of Minnesota. There are 67 members, each representing a senatorial district. Each senator represents about 79,163 residents.

## References
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on December 15, 1791, the **Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution** is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. This amendment establishes a number of legal rights that apply to both civil and criminal proceedings. It contains several s: It guarantees the right to a grand jury. It s double jeopardy (being tried again for the same crime after an ).). Grand juries trace their roots back to the Assize of Clarendon, an enactment by Henry II of England in 1166.  The United States is one of the few remaining countries that uses the grand jury.

### Double Jeopardy 
The Double Jeopardy clause in the Fifth Amendment forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges in the same case following a legitimate acquittal or conviction. In common law countries, a defendant may enter a peremptory plea of *autrefois acquit* or *autrefois convict* (*autrefois* means "in the past" in French). It means if the defendant has been acquitted or convicted of the same  and cannot be retried under the principle of double jeopardy. The intent of this clause is to prevent the government from making a person confess under oath. A person may not refuse to answer any  question under oath unless the answer would incriminate him. If the answer to a question on the witness stand could be used to convict that person of a crime, he can assert his Fifth Amendment rights. Since 1925, under the incorporation doctrine, most provisions of the Bill of Rights now also apply to the state and local governments. Since the landmark decision Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), when they arrest someone, police are required to include the "right to remain silent" as part of the legal Miranda warning (the wording may vary).

### Due process 
The due process clause guarantees every person a fair, just and orderly legal proceeding. The Fifth Amendment applies to the federal government. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, among other provisions, forbids states from denying anyone their life, their liberty or their property without due process of law So the Fourteenth Amendment expands the Due Process clause of the Fifth Amendment to apply to the states. Due process means the government must follow the law and not violate any parts of it. An example of violating due process is when a judge shows bias against the defendant in a trial. The Fifth Amendment restricts only the federal government. The Fourteenth Amendment extended this clause to include actions taken by State and local governments. The court upheld the city of New London, Connecticut's proposed use of the petitioner's private property qualifies as a "public use" fell within the meaning of the Takings Clause. The city felt the property was in poor condition and the new owner would improve it. This extension of the Takings Clause has been very controversal.

## Notes 
## References
Rapid eye movement sleep

In mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. This is called REM-sleep (from **rapid eye movement**). Most dreams take place in this phase. REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night. The periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. REM-sleep was first discovered in 195253. The function of REM sleep is not well understood.

Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams in 1953. REM sleep was further described by researchers including William Dement and Michel Jouvet.

The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). Usually, dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in adult humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep. Sometimes stages III and IV are combined and called stage III.

Adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be four or five of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), stage II and REM.

The fact that birds and mammals both show REM and NREM sleep suggests that the trait evolved before the two groups diverged in their evolution. That suggests that the REM/NREM feature is both early and important in the evolution of land vertebrates.

## REM and dreams 
Rapid eye movement sleep is associated with dreaming. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common way to get dream reports. 80% of typical people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer more narrative descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing. They estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.

Lucid dreams are reported far more often in REM sleep. The mental events which occur during REM usually have dream 'hallmarks' including narrative structure, convincingness (like waking life), and instinctual themes.

## References
Survey of Pakistan

**Survey of Pakistan** is the national mapping agency of Pakistan. The headquarters of the organization is located in the Survey Training Institute in Islamabad.

## Other websites 
* Survey of Pakistan
M. F. Husain

**Maqbool Fida Husain** (17 September 1915&nbsp;– 9 June 2011; ) commonly known as **MF Husain**, was a modern Indian painter. He was a founding member of The Progressive Artists Group of Bombay (PAG). He is thought to be one of the greatest painters of India. He died at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London and was buried in Brookwood Cemetery on 10 June 2011.

Despite his acclaim, Husain faced significant controversy, especially later in his life, due to his unorthodox depictions of Hindu deities, which some found offensive. This led to legal challenges and threats in India, and Husain lived in self-imposed exile for the latter part of his life, spending time in countries like Qatar and the United Kingdom.

Some of his works: "The Volodarsky Husain" (1954); The painting was sold (by a European country) in 2025; The price at auction was [$11 million or] $11.6 million. *Volodarsky* is the last name of the person who bought the painting in 1954.

## References
## Other websites
*India Modern: The Paintings of M. F. Husain. Artic.edu
Review

A **review** is an  of a publication, service, or company.  reviews are about movies, video games, musical compositions or books. Other reviews are about cars, home appliances, or computers. An event or performance like a live music concert, play, musical theater show, dance show, or art exhibition are commonly reviewed. legal case decisions by a lower court may be reviewed by a higher court. In addition to a critical evaluation, the review's author may assign the work a  to indicate its relative merit. Reviews are generally ,  or . 

## Compilation reviews 
A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review. *The New York Review of Books*, for instance, is a collection of essays on literature, culture, and current affairs. *National Review*, founded by William F. Buckley, Jr., is an influential conservative magazine. *Monthly Review* is a long-running socialist periodical. Metacritic creates an average score of published reviews called a metascore.

## User reviews 
A user review is one written by someone for a product or a service based on his or her own experience with the reviewed product. Popular sources for consumer reviews are e-commerce sites like Amazon.com or Zappos. Social media sites like TripAdvisor and Yelp contain user reviews. E-commerce sites often have consumer reviews for products and sellers separately.  Usually, consumer reviews are in the form of several lines of texts accompanied by a numerical rating. This text is meant to help shoppers make a decision about a product. A consumer review of a product usually has comments on how well the product meets a user's s. It talks about how well it does its job, how reliable it is and its quality for the price. Consumer reviews are also called word of mouth. Users also comment on how they were treated by a seller. They may comment on how  or trustworthy a seller is.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 4 Ways to Manage Online Reviews
C. K. Williams

**Charles Kenneth "C. K." Williams** (November 4, 1936 – September 20, 2015) was an American poet, critic and translator. Williams won nearly every major poetry award. *Flesh and Blood* won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1987. *Repair* (1999) won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, was a National Book Award finalist and won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. *The Singing* won the National Book Award, 2003 and in 2005 Williams received the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize.

Williams died of multiple myeloma. 

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Suicide Squad (movie)

***Suicide Squad*** is an American superhero movie based on the DC Comics team of the same name.

The movie was written and directed by David Ayer. Its cast featured Will Smith, Jared Leto, Margot Robbie, Joel Kinnaman, Jai Courtney, Cara Delevingne, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Karen Fukuhara, Jay Hernandez, Adam Beach, and Viola Davis with Ben Affleck as Batman and Ezra Miller as The Flash.

By February 2009, a *Suicide Squad* movie was being made at Warner Bros. Pictures. David Ayer signed on to write and direct in September 2014 and by October the casting process had begun. Principal photography began on April 13, 2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and in Chicago, Illinois, and ended in August that year. The film was released on August 5, 2016 in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D.

A sequel, titled *The Suicide Squad*, will be released in August 2021.

## References
Black Mass (movie)

***Black Mass*** is a 2015 American crime movie directed by Scott Cooper and written by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth. It is based on the 2001 book *Black Mass: The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob* by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill. 

The movie stars Johnny Depp, Joel Edgerton, Benedict Cumberbatch, Kevin Bacon, Jesse Plemons, Peter Sarsgaard, Rory Cochrane, Adam Scott, Dakota Johnson, and Corey Stoll.

The movie is about the criminal career of infamous Irish-American mobster Whitey Bulger (Depp). The movie was released to positive reviews on September 18, 2015.
Bill Erwin

**William Lindsey "Bill" Erwin** (December 2, 1914 – December 29, 2010) was an American movie, stage and television actor with over 250 television and movie credits. As a veteran character actor, he was widely known for his role of Sid Fields on *Seinfeld* &ndash; for which he received an Emmy nomination &ndash; as well his appearances on shows such as *I Love Lucy* and *Star Trek: The Next Generation*.

## References
Farhang Mehr

**Farhang Mehr** (11 December 1923 – 4 March 2018) was an American political scientist, academic and researcher, and former Iranian politician. He was a Zoroastrian.

Mehr was born in a Zoroastrian family in Tehran. His father, Mehraban, was from the province of Kerman, and migrated to Tehran when he was 14 years old. He went on to become Chief Accountant in the Iranian Parliament.

He joined the National Iranian Oil Company. He was the head of the Department of International Contracts and Industrial Relations.

He was then nominated by the prime minister to serve as the Minister of Finance. However, he could not become a minister under Iran’s constitutional law which preserved the ministerial posts for Muslims only.

Mehr’s last position in Iran, prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, was president of Pahlavi University in Shiraz. During his presidency, the university became internationally known for its academic excellence .

In 1981, two years after the establishment of the Revolutionary Islamic Republic of Iran, Mehr migrated to the United States. There he joined Boston University as Professor of International Relations.

Mehr died on 4 March 2018 at the age of 94.

## Notes 
## References 
* Iranian.com 2003
* Vohuman.org

## Other websites 
*VoHuman: Farhang Mehr
*Iranian.com: Farhang Mehr
Dorothea Warren O'Hara

'''Dorothea Warren O'Hara'* (August 31, 1873 - May 1972) was an American ceramic artist who won the Lifetime Membership Prize from the National Arts Club and a gold medal at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. She was president of the Keramic Society of Greater New York and president of the New York National Society of Craftsmen. In 1923 she published *The Art of Enameling on Porcelain''. She died in May 1972 in Delray Beach, Florida.

## Legacy
He works are on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Ueno Royal Museum in Tokyo.

## Books she wrote
*The Art of Enameling on Porcelain (1912)
*Dorothea Warren O'Hara Enamels, for Decorating All Kinds of China by the Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Company (1920)

## References
## Other websites
*Dorothea Warren O'Hara at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Marcin Wrona

**Marcin Wrona** (25 March 1973 &ndash; 19 September 2015) was a Polish director and screenwriter. His movies *The Christening* and *Demon* were both shown at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in 2010 and 2015, respectively.

Wrona was born in Tarnów. His wife, Olga Szymanska, served as a producer for *Demon*.

Wrona was found dead hanging on 19 September 2015 at a hotel room in Gdynia. He was 42. His death was ruled a suicide.

## References
## Other websites
*
Il racconto della nonna

***Il racconto della nonna*** (The Tale of the Grandmother) is a musical composition by Giulio Ricordi. Are the seven pieces for piano, is a look at the adult world of childhood, that a true collection of pieces for children.

## Movements 
* I: '''Preambolo: C'era una volta**
* II: **Barcarola: Il lago!**
* III: **Danza fantastica: Le ondine**
* IV: **Tragedia: Il drago**
* V: **Preghiera: O mamma cara**
* VI: **Scherzo: Le lucciolette**
* VII: **Epilogo: Buona notte, piccini!'''

## Discography 
* 1935: Vladimir Horowitz - (EMI Classics)
* 1948: Arthur Rubinstein - (RCA Victor)
* 1952: Claudio Arrau - (Decca)
* 1965: Vladimir Ashkenazy - (Decca)
* 1971: Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli - (Deutsche Grammophon)
* 1979: Maurizio Pollini - (Deutsche Grammophon)
* 1983: Daniel Barenboim - (EMI Classics)
* 2012: Roberto Piana - (Tactus)
Yoram Gross

**Yoram Jerzy Gross**  (18 October 1926 &ndash; 21 September 2015) was an Australian producer of children's and family entertainment. His company, Flying Bark Productions, is best known for producing the movies *Dot and the Kangaroo* (1977) and *Blinky Bill* (1992).

Gross was born in Kraków, Poland to Jewish parents. His brother was screenwriter, director and producer Natan Gross (1919&ndash;2005). In 1950, he moved to Israel. He later moved to Australia in 1968 with his wife and young family.

Gross died in 21 September 2015 in Sydney, New South Wales, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Cello Suites (Bach)

's manuscript]]
The ***Six suites for unaccompanied cello*** by Johann Sebastian Bach are some of the most often performed and recognizable solo compositions ever written for cello. They were most likely composed during the period 1717–1723, when Bach served as a Kapellmeister in Köthen. The title of Anna Magdalena Bach's manuscript was *Suites á Violoncello Solo senza Basso*.

The suites have been performed and recorded by many famous cellists; like Mstislav Rostropovich, Emanuel Feuermann, Pierre Fournier, Jacqueline du Pré, Paul Tortelier, André Navarra, Yo-Yo Ma, Gregor Piatigorsky, Mischa Maisky, János Starker, Anner Bijlsma or Heinrich Schiff.  Yo-Yo Ma won the 1985 Best Instrumental Soloist Grammy Award for his bestselling album *Six Unaccompanied Cello Suites*.

## Other websites
*Anna Magdalena's manuscript
*MIDI Sequences
*Transcriptions of The Suites For Trombone
*Transcription of the 4th Suite for Violoncello Piccolo at the Werner Icking Music Archive
Armen Movsisyan

**Armen Movsisyan** ; 13 January 1962 &ndash; 21 September 2015) was an Armenian politician. He was the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources from 18 April 2001 until 30 April 2014. He was born in Kapan.

Movsisyan died from cancer on 21 September 2015 in Germany, aged 53.

## References