open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Slang

**Slang** are words that are  .  Usually each generation or social group has its own slang - for example, older people can have trouble understanding the slang of younger people.  On the other hand, younger people often understand, but find silly or old-fashioned, the slang of older people.

Over time, language tends to get more complex, since new words enter much faster than old words leave.  Over time, slang almost always becomes part of the language, and approved for use by all.

It has also happened that some words used in Anglo-Saxon for bodily functions became thought of as profanity or rude after they were replaced by Latinate words like "urinate", "defecate" and "copulate" - which polite people were supposed to use after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.  This was in part a way of making poor people (who spoke Anglo-Saxon) all appear to be rude, while more powerful people (who spoke Norman) appeared to be polite - one way that etiquette can develop, and reinforce power structure.  This is only one example from history of how racism can be a reason for defining one group's language as 'slang' and another as 'correct'.

Wanting to have rules of grammar that do not change and the same vocabulary used by everyone for better communication is another reason that is often given for defining one group's language as correct.

An "idiom" can be slang, but it can also be a metaphor that becomes part of the culture.

Two examples of slang are 'wassup' and 'dunno'. 'Wassup' usually means 'What is up?' (as in, 'How are you?'), and 'dunno' usually means 'I don't know'.

## Related pages 
*Jargon
*Political correctness
Subtraction

**Subtraction** is the arithmetic operation for finding the difference between two numbers, though it can also be generalized to other mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices. The names of the numbers in a subtraction expression are: \textrm{minuend}-\textrm{subtrahend}=\textrm{difference}. For example, the expression 7-4=3 can be read as "seven minus four equals three", "seven take away four leaves three", or "four from seven leaves three".

If the minuend is less than the subtrahend, the difference will be a negative number. For example, 17-25=-8. This can be read as "seventeen minus twenty-five equals negative eight".

Subtraction is how cash registers determine the change a buyer receives, when the buyer pays with more money than the purchase cost. 

## Properties
### Anti-commutativity
Subtraction is anti-commutative, meaning that swapping the numbers around the minus sign will give a number with the same magnitude, but the opposite sign (opposite number):
:a-b=-(b-a)

### Non-associativity
Subtraction is 'not' associative, which comes up when one tries to define repeated subtraction. In general, the expression
:a-b-c
means (a-b)-c or a-(b-c), but these two possibilities lead to different answers. To resolve this issue, one must establish an order of operations, with different orders yielding different results.

### Predecessor
In the context of integers, subtraction of one also plays a special role: for any integer a, the integer a-1 is the largest integer that is smaller than a, also known as the predecessor of a.

## Related pages
* Addition
* Division
* Negative number
* Order of operations

## References
Scientist

A **scientist** is a person who studies or has mastered the field in science. A scientist tries to understand how our world, or other things, work. Scientists make observations, ask questions and do extensive research work in finding the answers to many questions.

Scientists may work in laboratories for governments, companies, schools and research institutions. Some scientists teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists. Scientists often do experiments to find out more about reality, and sometimes may repeat experiments or use control groups. Scientists who are doing applied science try to use scientific knowledge to improve the world.

Scientists use the Scientific method to test theories and hypotheses. 

## Types of scientists 
Scientists can work in different areas of science. 
Here are some examples: 
* Scientists that study physics are physicists. 
* Scientists that study chemistry are chemists. 
* Scientists that study biology are biologists.
* Scientists that study rocks are geologists.
* Scientists that study plants are botanists.
* Scientists that study minds are psychologists.
* Scientists that study farming are agricultural scientists.

## Related pages
*History of science
*List of scientists from Africa
*List of scientists from Asia
*List of scientists from Europe
*List of scientists from North America
*List of scientists from Oceania
*List of scientists from South America
Soapbox

A **soapbox** is a temporary platform used to give a speech. During the 19th century, soap was transported in wooden boxes. When a person had new or unusual ideas, and wanted to talk to a crowd about them, sometimes he or she would stand on an empty soapbox so that everyone could see and hear the talk well. 

People sometimes use the word "soapbox" to mean a place to say new or unusual things.

## References
Social capital

**Social capital** is made when people spend time with others and build good relationships. It is the help and worth that a person can get from their ties with other people. Social capital is like real capital. When a person or a group has more capital, it is easier to do things, and life is better. When there is less capital, life becomes harder, and the results are not good for people.

The name social capital was first used by Pierre Bourdieu in 1977. He said it means all the real or possible help a person can get by being part of a group where people know each other and trust each other. These people often follow the same rules and may know each other through their jobs.

Later, in 2001, Nan Lin said that social capital comes from two things: what someone has, and who they know. Help comes from the people we know and speak with. People get help when they talk with others and work with others in their group or with people who have many friends and support from others.

Most ways to measure social capital are about trust. People who trust that help will come when they need it are more likely to help others too. But if someone only takes help and gives nothing back, they will not get much help in the future. A person who tries to move up in society by becoming friends with others who have social capital but does not give help is called a social climber. Some call this person a social parasite. It is hard to see right away this kind of person, like someone who cheats and commits fraud. When there are too many people like this, especially at work or in politics, people stop trusting others. For example, when politicians win by gaining people’s trust but use their power to hurt others or to help only their friends, people stop trusting the government.

People who do not have real money often cannot get help from others. They may have to do things they do not want to do or force others to live in shameful lives. This is how organized crime grow, and how forced labor and slavery start. Society works best when people openly give and receive trust and care. This builds help and support that can improve quality of life. When social capital in total is low, social problems become worse. If there is no social capital at all, it can lead to strikes, people fighting the government, or even conflicts between countries.

## References
## Related pages
*Human capital
*Social status

## Other websites
The Social Capital Foundation
Spirit

A **spirit**, otherwise referred to as a **phantom**, is considered to be the part of a being that is not the body. Other words with the same meanings are soul and ghost. When a body is alive, it has a spirit in it. Death is when the spirit separates from the body. 

Christians believe that spirits exist in Heaven or Hell. (See 1 Timothy 3:16, 4:1) 

Spiritualists believe that spirits can talk with people, or change things in the world. Many religions forbid communicating with such spirits in any way, (see Leviticus 19:31) but a few include this as part of their practice.

Another use of *spirit* means the main purpose or meaning of a sentence or . For example, the "spirit of a law" is the true meaning of the law which the creator wanted. This phrase is often used when the words and sentences of a law could mean more than one thing, but a judge must decide what meaning is correct.
Supernatural

The word **supernatural** (from ) is used for things that some people believe are real, but that are not part of nature or can’t be explained by the scientific laws of nature. Because we cannot  whether these things are real, people often disagree about these things.

Some say that we should talk about things without talking about the supernatural, because we cannot prove that supernatural things are real. Other people say that although we cannot prove supernatural things in a scientific way, they are real. Some examples of supernatural things or examples are:

* Sorcery
* miracles
* precognition
* demonic possession 
* souls, spirits, ghosts, religion visions, wraiths, shades, poltergeists, ectoplasms, invisible people or apparitional experiences
* monsters
* yōkai, yūrei or obake
* angels or saints
* demons, dybbuks or asuras
* mōryō
* extraterrestrial creatures
* legendary creatures
* God, gods or kami
* Satan, devils or fiends
* parapsychology

## Related pages
*Religion
*Belief
*Mysticism
*Spirituality
*Superstition
*Ritual
*Near death experience
*Naturalism (philosophy) - the idea that the supernatural does not exist
Spanish

The word **Spanish** means: 

* from or about the country of Spain, such as a person from Spain or food from Spain
*Spanish people
* the Spanish language
*Spanish Empire
## Other use
*Hispanic
Sail

A **sail** is a large piece of cloth on the top of some boats. The wind goes around the sail and makes the boat move through the water. The piece that the sail is attached to is called a mast. Some boats have many sails, and some have only one. Usually, small boats have only one sail, and bigger boats have more. Boats with sails are called *sailing boats*. There are many different names for different kinds of sailing boats with different kinds of sails. 

Before people made boats with engines that used coal or oil, sailing boats were an important way to travel across oceans. Now they are not so important for transport, but they are still used for recreation and competition.

## Sail types
Modern sails can be classified into three main categories: 
* A **mainsail** is a sail located behind the main mast of a sailing vessel.
* A **headsail** also known as the jib sail, is any sail set forward of the main mast.
* A **spinnaker** or downwind sail (also termed Kite). Special-purpose sails are often a variation of the three main categories.
* A **staysail** is a fore-and-aft rigged sail whose luff can be attached to a forestay running from a mast to the  bowsprit.

High-performance yachts, in particular some catamarans such as the International C-Class Catamaran, have used or use rigid wing sails, which are said to perform better than traditional soft sails.  In particular, a rigid wing sail was used by Stars and Stripes, the defender which won the 1988 America's Cup, and by USA-17, the challenger which won the 2010 America's Cup.

Most modern yachts, including bermuda rig, ketch and yawl boats, have a sail "inventory" which usually includes more than one of these types of sails. Although the mainsail is “permanently” hoisted while sailing, headsails and spinnakers can be changed depending on the particular weather conditions to allow better handling and speed.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The quest for the perfect sailshape 
* The Headsail: YouTube
* The Mainsail; YouTube
Skin

The **skin** is the outer covering of mammals and some other animals. It has many purposes. First of all, it is a defense against the entry of pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. Second, it regulates (keeps in control) the body's temperature. It allows evaporation from its surface, and adjusts it. It is a physical defense, very strong in some animals, but rather weak in humans. The skin and hair on mammals has several purposes. In addition to temperature regulation and defense, some hair is used for signaling. 

Most animals add other defenses to their skin. Mammals have hair or fur on their skin. Birds have feathers on their skin. Most fish, and reptiles, like snakes and lizards, have scales on their skin. 

Humans can have different skin colours like black people and white people depending on their race and has to do with genetics.

The skin is actually the largest organ of the human body. Without skin, humans would easily get infected with diseases. As part of the immune system, skin can help warn people to certain diseases. The skin also helps protect the body by blocking harmful bacteria and viruses. Skin limits the potentially harmful effects of UV rays. Skin helps regulate body temperature. 

Clean skin is important to health, and all mammals groom their hair and skin. Skin care is much work.

Skins can be made into leather. Leather is used to make many things including shoes, bags, and balls.

## Related pages 
* Human skin colour

## References
Simile

A **simile** is a figure of speech that compares two different things, usually by using the words 'like' or 'as'. It is used to make a *direct and clear  between two things .Similes* may be confused with metaphors, which do the same kind of thing. Similes use comparisons, with the words 'like' or 'as'. Metaphors use indirect comparisons, without the words 'like' or 'as'.

*Similes:
****Like** a hungry wolf, he ate the food.
**A dragonfly is **like** a plane: they both fly and cannot close their wings.
** He fought **like** a lion.
** The color yellow is **like** walking into a surprise birthday party. 

*The other team's quarterback is **as** big **as** a redwood tree
*Kingda Ka is **as** green **as** a pine tree
**

## Other websites
*"On substantiation through transitive relations" is an old manuscript written by the Arabic scholar Sayf al-Din al-Amidi. He talks about similes.
Soap

**Soap** is a chemical compound resulting from the reaction of an alkali (commonly sodium or potassium hydroxide) with a fatty acid. Soaps are the metallic salts of long chain fatty acids. When mixed with water during bathing, cleansing, or washing, they help people and clothes get clean by lowering the chance of dirt and oil to get to the skin or fabric. Soaps are made from animal fats or vegetable oils. There are two basic steps in making soap. They are called Saponification and Salting-out of soap. Some people like to make their own soap.

Soap cleans very well in soft water. It is not toxic to water life. It can be broken down by bacteria. However, it is slightly soluble in water, so it is not often used in washing machines. It does not work well in hard water. It cannot be used in strongly acidic solutions. Mild hand soaps are only basic enough to remove unwanted skin oils. For other forms of oil, dishwashing soap is strong enough to remove almost all forms of oil without damaging petroleum products such as plastics. It does not damage skin either. Soap suds physically capture and lift germs (a virus, bacteria etc.) off of the surface of the skin and then water rinses them into the sink. 

Soap has been made in many ways. Humanity has used soap-like things for thousands of years. The earliest recorded evidence of the making of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon and Sumeria. They were soap solutions, or soapy water.  People made them by mixing ashes with water and fat and boiling them.

Ancient Gauls added salt to the soap solution to make the solid soap fall out.

## Related pages
*Detergent
*Soap made from human corpses

## References
Summary

A **summary** is a condensed explanation of an event, story, document, etc.. i.e. "summing up the facts." They are not constrained to any medium or topics. Not to be confused with abstract, which is a summary of a document. There are many different levels of summarization that can be done. The summarizer may choose any length, but the sumarees may not appreciate anything more than absolutely necessary to get the required facts.

Summaries help to spread information fast. They also help people make decisions on if it is something worth looking further into.

EXAMPLES

A quick "good/bad" can suffice in some situations. In other situations, the summary may rival the length of the original.

"This book was really cool. This guy drives a pickup to work everyday, and has a dangerous job."

Many scientific journals publish a summary for every large article so people who do not have much time can read the main information quickly without spending too much time reading the article.

## References
Service economy

A **service** is a job or work done for someone else. All the service trades form a **service economy**. 

Good examples are:
*Government is perhaps the largest example. 
*Hospitals and the health services generally.
*Banks and financial services.
*Motor trade services. All services except actual products such as parts and petrol (which are obviously goods or products).
*Painting a house as opposed to building it.

The old split between product and service is now often a service–product continuum. Many products are being transformed into services.
An example is IBM, which made computers, now is mainly a consultancy for businesses which use computers. That has been so at least for the past 40 years.

The person or company which gives the service will get something in return for the service, obviously. Who gives the service usually gets money in return. Who gives the service may get goods in return. Who gives the service can get another service in return. This is a type of trade.

## References
Sense

There are several meanings of the word **sense**.  This page is for  - there are more detailed articles on each meaning:

When a word has several meanings, one can refer to it as being used "in the sense of..." some context or other.  In Simple English for instance we avoid using words in unusual senses.

## The sensory system of animals 
The human sensory system is usually said to have six senses:
*Hearing is the sense of sound that comes into our ears. 
*Sight is the sense of seeing things with our eyes.  
*Touch is the sense of feeling things with our skin.  
*Taste is the sense of the flavor of things with our tongues
*Smell is the sense of smelling things with our noses.  
*Kinesthetic sense is knowing where your whole body is and where it is not.
Other animals may have other senses. Fish have lateral lines which detect changes in the water pressure around them, and some can detect changes in electric fields around them.

## Sense in language 
Sense in this context is the  conveyed by language. 

Another use is to flag whether an argument or statement is correct and understood.  "That makes **no sense**" or "That is **nonsense**" are examples from everyday speech.  

A variation of this is to say that something does not make "economic sense".  Usually these words signal a political dispute or some failure to define terms correctly.

The term "common sense" is thinking based on a wide experience of life. It used to mean practical . It has a long history of being used in politics, often to mean that some idea will be accepted or rejected because of human nature (what people are like).
Synagogue

A **synagogue** is a place where Jews meet to worship and pray to God.

In Hebrew, a synagogue is called *beit knesset*, which means, a "house of gathering". The word "synagogue" comes from *sunagoge*, which is a Greek word. In a synagogue, Jews carry out the Jewish services, which consist of prayers, sometimes with special actions.

A synagogue will usually have a large room for prayers. There might be some smaller rooms for studying. There will be some offices. There will also usually be a big room for special events. 

The front of a synagogue faces towards Jerusalem in Israel.  In the front is the holiest part of the synagogue, the Ark. This is a closet which has the Torah scrolls inside.  The Torah scrolls have the holy writings of Judaism on them.  The Ark usually has a curtain in front of it.

On top of the Ark is light which is always lit, called the “Eternal Lamp”. It is a symbol which means that God is always there.
Every synagogue has a raised platform called the “Bimah”. The person who reads the Torah scroll stands there when he reads. The Bimah is either in the middle of the hall, or in front of the Ark.

In some synagogues men and women sit in different places. Some synagogues even have a short wall so that they can not see each other. This is so that the people will think about the prayers better.

Jews may call synagogues by different names. Many Orthodox and Conservative Jews living in English-speaking countries use the name "synagogue" or the word "shul", which is Yiddish. Jews who speak Spanish or Portuguese call synagogues *esnoga*. Some Jews call the synagogue a temple. 

Jewish worship does not have to be carried out in a synagogue.  It can be wherever a minyan of ten Jews are. It could be in someone's home or anywhere such as a cruise liner or an airplane. Some synagogues have a separate room or torah study, this is called the "beth midrash" meaning house of study. Some kinds of Jewish worship can be done alone or with fewer than ten people.
Synagogues are places were Jews can worship.
Scarcity

**Scarcity** in economics is the lack of various forms of capital. Scarcity can be used to describe an economic  in economics, or it can be used to describe more general situations.

In economics, scarcity is the result of  having "Unlimited Wants and Needs," or always wanting something new, and having "Limited Resources." Limited Resources means that there are never enough resources, or materials, to satisfy, or fulfill, the wants and needs that every person have. Scarcity is called the "basic economic problem," meaning that it always exists.

Scarcity exists due to the effects of nature such as drought, floods, storms, pest infestation, fire and other things.  Real scarcity can also exist by over use of non-renewable resources.  Goods (things) and services are also scarce because there are only a limited number of things in the world and due to the limits of technology and our own priorities.

More scarce goods and services have higher prices, because of supply and demand. Gold is used less than iron, but the price of gold is much higher, because gold is more scarce. Lawyers are paid more than janitors, because there is scarcity of qualified lawyers.

Scarcity of capital is the main constraint in economic development of developing countries. Economic growth is an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services. It entails increasing population or per capita consumption. It is represented by increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Scarcity refers to limited resources. These resources are the inputs of production i.e., land, labor and capital.

## Artificial scarcity 
 are an example of artificial scarcity.]]
Artificial scarcity is when somebody limits the amount of goods or services that are available, although it would be simple to make more. Artificial scarcity can increase profits for a business. Some people will pay more for something that is scarce, because it shows that they are rich (a status symbol). Copyrights, patents, monopolies, cartels, planned obsolesence can make artificial scarcity.

## References
Soul

Many philosophies and religions say that a **soul** is a supernatural essence of a living human being that lives after death. It is usually said to be immortal. It cannot be discovered by science, because it cannot be tested in any controlled way. Many different opinions exist as to what happens to personal experience after death. 

Reincarnation is a belief that after the body dies, the soul will be born again in another body. It is important to Hinduism. Buddhists understand the idea of an eternal soul, and the idea of simple annihilation as delusion; they say that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena.  Buddhists believe in transmigration, or rebirth in samsara or other planes of existence, based on how they understand kamma (Pāli; karma in Sanskrit), and nibbana (nirvana in Sanskrit) for Enlightened ones. In Jainism the soul is sometimes called jiva.

Resurrection is the Christian belief that a soul returns in the same body. In most Christian denomination this was realized in Jesus Christ but is also the promise for all souls; see heaven, hell, and Final Judgement.

Most atheists say that there is no such thing as a soul, and that the body is the only part of a person.

## Popular culture 
In popular culture, soul usually means deep feeling and commitment. It is in this sense that the word appears in the term soul music. However that music was also influenced by gospel music which was religious.

One popular idea about souls that is easy to express, is that a person *is* a soul, and *has* a body. The soul is the "I" in "I exist" that feels and lives life. What people call the mind could be *part* of the soul: one soul started this article, other souls have edited it, and another soul is reading it. This view, however, implies that the human body is a possession, and seems to devalue bodies that do not have souls as defined or understood by the speaker (some people say that animals, heretics, and people of another religion do not have souls). Like most uses of the verb to be, there is an ideology in these simple words.

Christianity teaches that all humans have an immortal soul. This means that it is a part of them which does not die when their physical body dies, but lives on with them to heaven or to hell. Christians believe that the soul is the 'breath of life' which God gave to Adam.

In Japan the soul is believed to weigh 21 grams. This belief may have been influenced by the observations of Dr. McDougall in the early 1900s. 

### Characteristics 
One distinction often made is between soul, which is distinct from other souls, and spirit, which may be combined with that of other beings. The idea of the Holy Spirit in Christianity, for example, is a universal and shared spirit many souls are part of, and which is expressed on Earth in that faith by "the Church" meaning "the body of Christ" meaning "all bodies that follow Jesus." This could be more inclusive than the is/has view of souls and bodies.

## Related pages 
* Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul

## References
Test

A test is a structured procedure designed to evaluate whether a subject, claim, or system meets specified criteria. The *Concise Oxford English Dictionary* defines a test as: "a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something".

Tests can serve multiple purposes. For example, tests can be used to determine what someone knows, or can do, for example through multiple choice questions in an exam, or written assignments. Medical tests assess whether or how parts of the body are functioning via medical procedures, such as blood tests that determine the presence or absence of substances. In product testing, tests are used to establish whether products function as intended. 

## Types of tests 
In science, researchers perform tests to identify, quantify, or characterize substances. They also perform statistical hypothesis tests to examine of predictions are corroborated or falsified. In product testing a product’s performance, safety, quality, and compliance is examined to help ensure that what consumers buy is reliable, and safe. Assessment testing refers to the systematic gathering of information—through standardized tests, measurements, and evaluation procedures—to understand individual differences in abilities, traits, behaviors, or psychological characteristics. In psychological and educational contexts, assessments are designed to be standardized, reliable, and valid, ensuring that results provide meaningful information for decision‑making. These tests may measure cognitive skills, social traits, motives, adjustment, or other aspects of human functioning. Personality tests, a specialized subset of psychological assessments, measure personal characteristics known as traits, which are thought to explain variability in behavior and experience. Personality assessment seeks to define and quantify traits in an objective way so they can be compared across individuals or groups.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Tests and Experiments: Similarities and Differences
Time horizon

A **time horizon** is a future point in time when something must be "done" (a "deadline") or will be "over" (a "time limit").  Either way, the matter will be closed when the time horizon is reached.

Common time horizons people use are:
**end of day*, usually meaning the working day;
**the weekend*;
**end of month*;
**fiscal quarter*;
**end of school term*;
**end of calendar year* 
*and *end of fiscal year*.

It is very important to know at what time horizon something you are doing will be scored, evaluated, marked or paid for.

Sports, for example football (soccer) and basketball, often have time limits. Baseball and others do not, which sometimes causes problems.
Time limit

A **time limit** is a time horizon that is imposed on everyone at once. 

It may be used to try to achieve fairness in some system of ethics.  For instance, if poor people and rich people are debating something, a time limit may be imposed so that the rich people cannot keep debating until the poor people have to go to work, and lose.

Time limits are very important in accounting so that everyone can report their results (for tax and investment ) at the same time.  This in turn creates deadlines for the accountant and those reporting.

However, the deadline is imposed by an authority, whereas the time limit is imposed by a system.  So there can be slack in a deadline, so that results do not have to be reported always very fast.

For example, in the United States of America, the end of the calendar year on December 31 is the time limit for taxes, but the deadline for reporting is April 15.  Sometimes the government allows more time, as it did for the families of those who were killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

## Related pages 
* Time horizon
* Deadline
Server log

A **server log** records what is happening on a server at any time.  For example, an HTTP server runs a web site.
Table

**Table** may mean one of these:

*Table (furniture)
*Table (information)
**Periodic table
**Lookup table
Tragedy (Greek theatre)

In theatre, a **tragedy** as defined by Aristotle is a play that ends badly for the hero or heroine or others. A tragedy is usually about a person who has many good qualities, but also has one poor quality (called a "tragic flaw") that causes trouble for him, and maybe his family or friends.

Often in a tragedy, there is one possible event that the hero fears and tries to prevent, but no matter what he does, it makes this thing more and more sure to happen.  Tragedies originated in Ancient Greek theatre, where they were performed at religious festivals. The three most famous Greek tragedy writers were Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Later famous writers include Shakespeare and Jean Racine.

Sometimes the word **tragedy** is also used to mean something with a bad outcome in real life e.g. crime or death. It makes people cry when there’s sad scenes in movies .

## Related pages
*Catharsis
*English Renaissance drama
*Henrik Ibsen
*Arthur Miller
The Sun

The **Sun** is the star at the center of the Solar System.

**The Sun** may also mean:

## Publications 
### United Kingdom 
* *The Sun* (United Kingdom), a current daily national tabloid
* *The Sun* (1792–1806), a defunct British newspaper 
* *The Sun* (1893–1906), a defunct British newspaper

### United States 
* *The Sun* (magazine), a monthly literary and photography magazine
* *The Sun* (Lowell), a daily newspaper in Massachusetts
* *The Sun* (New York City), a defunct daily newspaper in New York (1833–1950)
* *The New York Sun*, 2002–2008
* *The Sun* (Sheridan), a defunct weekly newspaper in Oregon (1890–2014)
* *Sun*, later the *Ann Arbor Sun*, a defunct underground newspaper in Michigan
* *The Sun*, later called ''Peck's Sun*, a Wisconsin newspaper founded by George Wilbur Peck
* *The U.S. Sun*, the U.S. online edition of *The Sun (United Kingdom)*

### Elsewhere 
*Sun Newspapers (Northern Territory), community newspapers in Darwin, Australia
**The Sun* (Hong Kong), a defunct Chinese-language newspaper (1999–2016)
* *The SUN* (Hong Kong), an English-language newspaper for Filipinos
* *The Sun* (Malaysia), a daily Malaysian tabloid
* *The Sun* (New Zealand), a defunct New Zealand newspaper
* *The Sun* (Nigeria), a daily Nigerian newspaper
* *The Sun* (Rangoon), a defunct Burmese newspaper (1911–1954)
* *The Sun* (Sydney), a defunct Australian tabloid (1910–1988)

## Arts and entertainment 
### Movies 
* *The Sun* (movie), a 2005 Russian biographical movie

### Music 
#### Artists 
* The Sun (American band)
* The Sun (Estonian band)
* The Sun (Italian band), previously under the name Sun Eats Hours

#### Albums 
* *The Sun* (Cat Empire album)
* *The Sun* (Fridge album)
* *The Sun*, an album by FanFan

#### Songs 
* "The Sun", by Maroon 5 from the 2002 album *Songs About Jane*
* "The Sun", a 2014 single by Parov Stelar
* "The Sun", an original Barney song from *Barney in Outer Space*

### Fictional and literary uses 
* The Sun (Tarot card), a trump card in the tarot deck
* *The Sun* (wordless novel), a 1919 book of woodcut prints by Frans Masereel
* *Ash-Shams* ("The Sun"), the ninety-first *sura'' of the Qur'an
* The Sun, a *The House of the Dead III* character

## Other 
* The Sun (St. Paul's Churchyard), a historical bookseller in London

## Related pages 
* Sun (disambiguation)
* Sun (newspaper)
* *The Sunday Sun* (disambiguation), name of various newspapers
* *Le Soleil* (French for "The Sun"), name of various newspapers
* *Die Son* (Afrikaans for "The Sun"), a daily South African tabloid
Temple

, Italy.]]

A **temple** is a building where people go to practice their religion. In a temple people may perform religious rituals, ceremonies, and pray. Thus, a temple is a general term for a house of worship. Christians usually call their religious buildings churches.

Some examples of temples from different religions:
*Hinduism (Mandir)
*Buddhism (Shaolin)
*Temples at Uppsala
*Greek temple
*Temple in Jerusalem
*Mormon temple
*Roman temple
*Reform Judaism's synagogues.
*Baha'i (Mashriqu'l-Adhkar)
*Temples in Bangkok

## Other websites
Theft

is left]]

**Theft** is when one person or group takes from another person, business, or state any , money, or information without permission and does not intend to return it. A person who has been convicted of theft may be called a **thief**. However, the practice of engaging in theft is also called **stealing**. There are many different types of theft, such as pickpocketing and shoplifting. Burglary and robbery are separate crimes which involve theft.

Stealing is basic and is illegal almost everywhere.  Thieves steal things sometimes because they want to have something for themselves, or because they want to sell something for money.  Sometimes thieves will make plans to rob a store, bank, house, or person, and sometimes they will just see a chance to steal something and take it.  Some thieves have kleptomania. 

When thieves steal things for money, they usually pick cars, electronics, laptops, or other things they can sell easily. Sometimes thieves use pawn shops to sell things easily to someone who will not ask questions.
United States customary units

**U.S. customary units** are the main defacto official system of units of measurement used to measure things in the United States and U.S. territories (except in Puerto Rico and Guam, where the metric system is also officially used and is dominant).  The system of Imperial units, on which the U.S. customary units are based, is very similar but there are some differences.

Length or distance units include the inch, foot, yard and mile.

Land units include **square miles** (2589998.47032 square meter) and **acres** (4046.8726 square meter).

Common volume units are the **teaspoon**, **tablespoon** (3 teaspoons), **fluid ounce** (two tablespoons), **cup** (8 ounces), **pint** (2 cups, or 16 fluid ounces), **quart** (2 pints, or 32 fluid ounces), US gallon (16 cups, 128 fluid ounces, or 3.8 liters).

A barrel is the unit to measure oil.

Temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Here is a formula to convert from °C to °F: \frac{9}{5}C+32

Units of weight and mass include the **pound** (453.6 grams), which contains 16 ounces. This should not be confused with the British pound which is a type of money. The different uses of the word *pound* can cause confusion. Different sizes of ounce are also in use.

Some people have been trying to replace these units with the metric system since the 1820s. Much infrastructure in the United States and British Empire was built in past centuries using the old measures. During the 20th century some sectors such as science, medicine and the military of the United States converted to metric but the majority Americans still primarily use the old units for daily purposes and most government documents list measurements in the US customary system only. On the other hand, world trade is conducted using the metric system and except for the US and Liberia, the world uses the metric system for almost all purposes.

## Length 
## Area 
## Volume 
## Mass and weight 
## Related pages
*Units of measurement

## Notes 
## References
Value

**Value** is how much something is . Often the best way to find the value of something is to use the price that it can be  for. However Oscar Wilde wrote that 'people know the price of everything but the value of nothing'- in other words true value does not depend on money alone.

In math, a value is a number which is concrete, something everyone can agree upon.  However people may disagree on the value of water, depending if you live in a desert or next to a river. Disagreements on the value of things can create fights between nations, political parties, religions, etc.
Volapük

**Volapük** (pronounced  in English,  in Volapük) is a constructed language created in 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer. Schleyer was a Catholic priest from Germany. He felt that God had told him in a dream to make an international language. The name "Volapük" comes from the words "vol" (world) and "pük" (language). Volapük conventions took place in 1884, 1887, and 1889. The aim was to help people from different cultures speak to each other.

Volapük became less popular after 1887 when Esperanto was published. Part of the reason for this was that Esperanto is easier to learn with a simpler grammar. There are believed to only be 20-30 Volapük speakers in the world today.

The vocabulary of Volapük is mostly English, with some words from German and French. The grammar is based on Indo-European languages.

## History 
Volapük was created by Johann Martin Schleyer. He first wrote about his idea in 1887. He published a book about Volapük in 1880. The book was translated into ten languages. Soon, people started creating Volapük clubs in Europe.

The language started to become popular. People published books and journals in Volapük. However, not everybody liked the language. The American Philosophical Society thought that Volapük was too complex.

## Example text 
Below is the Lord's Prayer written in Volapük.

    

## References
## Other websites 
* Basic course in Volapük, in English 
* Basic grammar of Volapük, in Esperanto 
* Volapop: A site about popular culture written in Volapük  
* Discussion group on the vocabulary and grammar of Volapük
* A complete Italian grammar of Volapük (1888) by V. Amoretti 
* Una grammatica completa di Volapük in lingua italiana (1888) a cura di V. Amoretti 
* General Volapük discussion group
* Flenef bevünetik Volapüka / International Friendship of The World Language
Vocabulary

''. Today, the online and CD versions are more used.]]

The **vocabulary** a person uses is all the words that person knows and uses. In general, a person who is five years old knows about 4,000 to 5,000 words. Adults who have gone to college may know 20,000 words.

## Overview
The number of words in a language is more than the words listed in one dictionary. One dictionary may have a list of 500,000 words. Another dictionary may have some other words that the other dictionary does not have. Adding up all the words in those dictionaries, there are about 750,000 words in English. There may be more words than that. Wiktionary has almost a million English words.

Some other languages have more or less words, but vocabulary of a language is a different thing that all words in a dictionary, so it's not really possible to count how many words a language has. There was a myth that Arabic has 12 million words, but it was false. Tamil is the language thought to have most words. Its dictionary has about 1,5 million words. Korean dictionary has over 1,1 million words, Portuguese dictionary has 818,000 words, Swedish dictionary has 600,000 words and Finnish dictionary has 800,000 words.

## Usage
Words being used the most are short words. That is true in all languages. The 50 most common words in English have fewer than seven letters. Half of these words have fewer than four letters. The vocabulary of a language is always changing.  New words are made or words change their meaning. Words about computers, like "download" are new to English. The new word "bling" came from hip hop. Words like *cool* have developed new meanings.

Your growth is limited not by your intelligence, but by your language.

**Your thoughts are limited to the amount of vocabulary you know.**

When you don’t have the words to name an idea, a feeling, or a problem, you also lack the power to think about it clearly, question it deeply, or express it precisely.

Expanding your vocabulary doesn’t just improve how you speak—it expands how you think, how you understand the world, and how effectively you shape your reality.

## Related pages
* Grammar
* Linguistics

## References
Vegetable oil

is a common vegetable oil, used for Mediterranean cuisine.]]
**Vegetable oils** are triglyceride oils made from plants. They are used in food and for cooking. In past centuries they were much used as fuel in oil lamps. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize, olive, peanut, rapeseed, soy, and sunflower.

Margarine is an  butter made from vegetable oil.

## Related pages
*Cooking oil

## References
Virtual community

A **virtual community** is a group of people who share an interest, hobby or set of views.
The people in it may come from many different places. 
They talk with each other using technology, such as the Internet, telephone calls, texting, video calls and email.

## How virtual communities communicate
Virtual communities may use any of the following to communicate:

**Internet**
* Chat rooms
* Email
* Instant messengers
* Internet Forums (*message boards*)
* Websites like social network services
* Wiki

**Telephone**
* Conference calls (where more than 2 people can talk at one time)

**Mail**
* A newsletter
* A magazine

## References
This section needs to be expanded.
Word

**A word** is something spoken by the mouth that is meaningful. It is usually part of a sentence which makes the meaning clear.

Words are also used in writing, which is a relatively modern invention. In alphabetic writing, a word is a collection of letters. The word then communicates a meaning that can also usually be pronounced. A logogram is also a word.

Some words have more than one meaning; for example, 'spring' can refer to the season, the device, or a conjugation of the verb. They are homonyms. Some words have different pronunciation; for example, 'wind' (the noun) and 'wind' (the verb) are pronounced differently. 

Some words have different spelling; for example, 'color' and 'colour' are both correct. ‘Color' is used in American English, and ‘colour' is used in British English. Some words can be only one letter such as "a" and "I" in English. Besides English, all other languages have their own words. When written with an alphabet, words are usually separated by a space. When written with ideograms, each word is usually a separate symbol.

Words can be invented, which are then called neologisms. For example, radar was originally an acronym but became an actual word. Two words may be joined to make a compound word.

## Fuller definition 
A word is the smallest thing that can be said *with meaning*. For example, *hello* is a word.

That contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but may not stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (such as *oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect*), or several (*rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected*), and a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just given, they are *-s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed*).

The meaning of words can be found in a dictionary.

## Related pages 
* Lexeme
* Parts of speech
* Heteronym — when two different words have the same spelling

## More reading
*
Web

**Web** can mean several things
* Spider webs are woven traps usually used by spiders to catch insects
* Web is a common short name for the World Wide Web
* Web is a word for the tissue (biological) between fingers and toes, such as the webbed feet of ducks and other waterfowl, or material with a similar purpose, such as between the thumb and finger of a baseball glove
Wiktionary

**Wiktionary** is a wiki-based project to develop a multilingual online dictionary, or a group of meanings for words, in the form of a wiki. There are many languages of Wiktionary. Wiktionary is also a thesaurus. Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, which also runs Wikipedia. The English Wiktionary currently has over 7.3 million pages  and 4.0 million users. Much like Wikipedia, the Wiktionary is run in several different languages that can be selected from its . These include the Simple English Wiktionary.

## Logo
In 2006, there was a vote for the change of the logo of Wiktionary. The original logo of only words was replaced. However, there were very few people who voted in this contest. Therefore, smaller wikis used the newer logo but the English Wiktionary stayed with the same logo.

In 2009, there was a second contest for a newer logo *(pictured)*. This was a step to make all the Wiktionaries to have the same logo on all projects. However, the English Wiktionary still did not use the new logo. The Simple English Wiktionary voted on the new logo on November 30, 2010 and the community decided the new logo to use it as their logo. However, no changes were made to the logo and the discussion was thus forgotten.

## References
## Other websites
* Simple English Wiktionary main page
* English Wiktionary main page
* List of Wiktionaries by language family