open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars

'''''Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars''''' is a 1938 15-chapter science fiction Flash Gordon movie serial. It is based on a comic strip  by Alex Raymond. It is the second of the three Flash Gordon movie serials made between 1936 and 1940. It is the second of the three Flash Gordon serials from Universal Pictures.

Buster Crabbe stars as Flash Gordon with Jean Rogers as Dale Arden, Frank Shannon as Dr. Zarkov, Charles B. Middleton as Ming the Merciless, and Beatrice Roberts as Queen Azura.

## Story
Flash, Dale, and Zarkov discover that Ming the Merciless and Azura, Queen of Mars, have joined forces to conquer Earth with a dangerous raybeam. Martians that oppose the two evil ones are turned into clay humanoids. The heroes join the humanoids to defeat the evil Ming and Azura.

## Related pages 
*Flash Gordon (movie serial)
*Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe
King of the Congo

***King of the Congo*** is a movie serial. It is the 48th movie serial released by Columbia Pictures. It was based on the comic book character "Thun'da", created by Frank Frazetta. Buster Crabbe stars as Thunda and his alter ego Capt. Roger Drum. *King of the Congo* was both the last Tarzan-style serial and the last serial to star Buster Crabbe.  Crabbe starred in nine serials between 1933 and 1952.

## References
## Other websites
*Buster Crabbe filmography
*BFI - Film & TV database 
*
*
The African Queen

***The African Queen*** is a 1952 Anglo-American jungle adventure romance movie. It is based on the 1935 story *The African Queen* by C. S. Forester. The movie was directed by John Huston. The movie stars Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. It is set in Africa in 1914.

Bogart won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. The movie has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, with the Library of Congress deeming it "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".

## References
## Other websites 
*
Eternity

According to the minimum total potential energy principle, **eternity** is the gradient of total potential energy, down which matter flows like a river. This flow of matter from the past (higher total potential energy) to the future (lower total potential energy) is known as time.

## Philosophy
Eternity is not endless time (*i.e.*, endless movement, endless succession):

For Plato, eternity and sempiternity are incompatible because eternity excludes succession, before and after, while these are plainly entailed by sempiternity.

In Aristotle's metaphysics, eternity is the unmoved mover (God), understood as the gradient of total synergy ("produces motion by being loved"). There are various kinds of  (love), the basic of which is the gravitational synergy. The teleological nature of the unmoved mover implies that it attracts matter towards the futuremost state of maximal total synergy—the eschaton. The gravitational centre of the universe is the planet Earth.

Boethius and Aquinas used Aristotle's "center-circle" analogy to illustrate God's eternity and its relation to time:

In this vision, all the events—past, present, and future—in a continuous temporal series (i.e., the circumference of the circle) are present to God in eternity (i.e., the center of the circle). Elsewhere, Aquinas says that, "God ... is wholly outside the order of time, stationed as it were at the summit of eternity, which is wholly simultaneous, and to Him the whole course of time is subjected in one simple intuition." Therefore, we can conclude that Thomas Aquinas's concept of God's eternity is an absolute timeless eternity. In timeless (i.e., "wholly outside the order of time") eternity, God knows all temporal events—past, present, and future—at once.

Aquinas accepted Boethius's definition of eternity: "eternity is the instantaneously whole and perfect possession of unending life (*aeternitas est interminablis vitae tota simul et perfecta possessio*)."

## See also 
* Aeon
* Eternalism (philosophy of time)
* Presentism (philosophy)
* Eternal return
* Perennial philosophy
* Temporal finitism
* Sense of time

## References
## External links
* Eternity in Christian Thought Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
McLean, Virginia

**McLean, Virginia**, is a rich town in northern Virginia. It is part of the Washington, DC commuter area. Dick Cheney and Robert Kennedy lived in the town.

## References
Division (military)

A **division** in an army is a group of usually about 10,000 – 20,000 soldiers, though some divisions are larger or smaller.  It is usually commanded by a Major General or equivalent officer. 

A division usually has a headquarters and at least two Brigades.  There are infantry divisions, airborne divisions, armor divisions and other kinds.

In the Navy a division may be sub-unit of several ships within a squadron or flotilla, or a functional department within a warship, such as the fire control division.
Discipline

**Discipline** is an important idea in organizing human action, including in the family and in work. It is related to the word disciple. To discipline a child is to punish the child for bad behavior. Spanking is or was considered a method of child discipline. Self-discipline is controlling your own actions. 

Military discipline is training people to obey rules and keep order. A disciplined soldier is one who can act even while afraid for his life.

## Related pages 
* Discipline (study)
* Disciple

## References 
* Solving discipline problems - Wolfgang and Glickman  published by Allyn and Bacon 1986
Chinese Rail DF4D

The **DF4D** (4D) is a kind of diesel locomotive used in China. It was built by Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works. It has been in production since 1996 and is still produced as of 2012. It is the common locomotive in China and is used for both passenger and freight services.

## Models 
### 0000 Series (Speed passenger type) 
The first DF4D was built in 1996 in Dalian. The 0000 Series locomotives used the 16V240ZJD engine. It took several years to build all 580 locomotives of this type.It is called "**Tiger**" by Chinese raliway fans.

### 3000 Series (Quasi-high-speed passenger type) 
The first 3000 Series was built in 1999 in Dalian. It had full suspension bogies, electro-pneumatic braking system and fully enclosed electrical cabinets, ZD106 traction motor, and change the gear ratio. It is called "Flower Tiger" by Chinese raliway fans.

### 4000 Series (General freight type) 
The first two 4000 Series locomotives were built in 1999 in Dalian,but using the number 0241 and 0242.

The 4000 Series' maximum operating speed is adjusted to 100 km / h, locomotive the starting tractive significantly increased to 480 kN, continuous tractive effort increased dramatically to 341 kN.

A 4000 Series Locomotive which numbered 1893 is 4th generation of Mao Zedong Locomotive. It has delisted.

4000 Series Locomotive is called "Ukraine" by Chinese raliway fans,because the coating color of the car looks like the Ukrainian flag upside down.

### 7000 Series (Radial bogie freight type) 
In order to adjust the mountain railways in southwest China, the first 7000 Series locomotive was built in 2000 in Dalian.The 7000 Series Locomotive using two three-axis self-steering radial bogies,but these 21 locomotives were replaced the ordinary bogies in 2007.

7000 Series Locomotive is called "Liuzhou Tiger" by Chinese raliway fans,because it spent it's working life on Liuzhou Locomotive Depot of Nanning Railway Bureau.
## Gallery 

File:DF4D 1893@NXH (20151224095339).jpg|DF4D-1893
File:China Railways DF4D 3174 & China Railways DF4D 3265 20150725.jpg|DF4D-3174 & DF4D-3265
File:China Railways DF4D 4019 20150725.jpg|DF4D-4001
File:China Railways DF4D 7002 20160109.jpg|DF4D-7002

## Related pages 
*Chinese Rail DF4C
*Chinese Rail DF4DD
*Chinese Rail DF4DF
*Chinese Rail DF4DJ
*Chinese Rail DF6
*Chinese Rail DF11

## References
Division of Capricornia

The **Division of Capricornia** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. The division was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the Tropic of Capricorn, which runs through the Division. It covers the area around Rockhampton on the central Queensland coast. It includes the towns of Mount Morgan and Yeppoon, and Great Keppel Island.

## Members
The most famous member was Frank Forde, who was the Prime Minister of Australia for eight days in 1945.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Capricornia (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
* Kirsten Livermore's website
Division of Macquarie

The **Division of Macquarie** is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for Lachlan Macquarie, who was Governor of New South Wales between 1810 and 1821. Its best known member is Ben Chifley (ALP), who was Prime Minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949. 

It covers a large area west of Sydney, including the Blue Mountains, and the Hawkesbury region on Sydney's western edge. At different times it has included the city of Bathurst.

## Members
## Election results
## References
## Other websites
*Division of Macquarie – Australian Electoral Commission
*Louise Markus's website
Iván Sánchez

**Iván Sánchez** (born Madrid, Spain, November 19, 1974) is a Spanish actor and model.

## Biography
Sánchez was born on November 19, 1974 in Madrid. When he finished school he realized that his dream was to see the world. He worked as a model in different places in the world.

## Career
After his time as a model, Sánchez started acting. His first starring role was in 2005, in *El auténtico Rodrigo Leal*. That series ridiculed the *Big Brother* type reality shows. His big break came a year later when he was offered the role of Doctor Raul Lara in the series *Hospital Central*. Sánchez also acted in movies including *Besos de gato* (2003).

He starred in the series* El auténtico Rodrigo Leal* (2005). Since 2006, he has played physician Raul Lara del SAMUR in* Hospital Central*. He also acted in *El pantano* (2003), *Javier ya no vive solo* (2003), *El comisario* (2003), *La sopa boba* (2004) and *Con dos tacones* (2006) and others.

In the theater, Sánchez acted in *Fool for Love*.

In March 2011, Sánchez left *Hospital Central* to join the Spanish-American telenovela *La Reina del Sur* and later for the second season of *Hispania, la leyenda*.

In 2013, Sánchez will start playing antagonist Hernán Saldaña  in *La tempestad*.

## Personal life
Sánchez partner is the actress Elia Galera, who also worked on *Hospital Central*. In 2006, their daughter Jimena was born. In 2010, their daughter Olivia was born. In 2011 they terminated their relationship, after six years of dating.

## Filmography
### Movies
*Cíclope (2010)
*Paco (2009)
*Enloquecidas (2008).... David
*El efecto Rubik (2006)
*Besos de gato (2003)

### Soap operas
* La tempestad .... Hernán Saldaña (2013)
* Imperium (2012)
* Hispania, la leyenda .... Fabio (2011)
* La Reina del Sur (telenovela) .... Santiago (2011)
* Hospital Central .... Dr. Raul Lara (2006-2011)
* Con dos tacones .... Eduardo (2006)
* El auténtico Rodrigo Leal .... Rodrigo (2005)
* De moda (2004)
* La sopa boba .... Javier (2004)
* Un Paso Adelante (TV series) (2003)
* Aquí no hay quien viva .... Fran (2003)
* El comisario .... Dani (2003)
* 7 vidas ..... Raul (2003)
* Javier ya no vive solo (2002-2003)
* London Street (2003)
* El pantano (2003)
* Periodistas (2002)

### Television Appearances
* Pasapalabra (6 episodes, 2007-2008)
*Caiga quien caiga (1 episode, 2008)
*Channel nº 4 (1 episode, 2006).
*Dímelo al oído (2006)
*Corazón de ... (4 episodes, 2005-2006)

## Related pages
*La tempestad

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.ivansanchez.es
*
*
FaceTime

**FaceTime** is video conferencing software created by Apple Inc. for use on the iPhone, iPad and computers running Mac OS X. To call people, the user types in their email address or phone number. FaceTime supports high definition video.

FaceTime was first announced by Steve Jobs on 7 June 2010 at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference. Video is sent using H.264 and audio is compressed with AAC. With Facetime, people can talk to people that are far away face to face.

## FaceTime Audio 
An audio-version of FaceTime was announced during Apple's annual keynote speech on June 10, 2013, and later released on September 18, 2013. The service provides high-quality audio. Initially, FaceTime audio was only usable on a Wi-Fi network, but since has been updated to work over 3G and LTE data connections. Currently, FaceTime audio is only available between Apple devices.

## Other websites 
* Apple FaceTime site
Tarzan the Ape Man

***Tarzan the Ape Man*** is a 1932 jungle adventure Tarzan movie. It is based on Edgar Rice Burroughs' book *Tarzan of the Apes*. It is the first of the six MGM Tarzan movies starring Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan.  Tarzan's yell was first heard in this movie. The animal character of Cheeta was created for this movie.

## Story
An African expedition led by James Parker is searching for the elephant burial grounds. Parker's daughter Jane is captured by Tarzan. At first, Jane is terrified. As time passes, she accepts him. She wants him to come to London with her, but Tarzan returns to the jungle. The expedition is captured by pygmies. Jane sends Tarzan's ape friend Cheeta for help. Tarzan comes to the rescue. Jane's father dies. Jane stays in the jungle with Tarzan.

## MGM Tarzan movies
* Played by Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan
** *Tarzan the Ape Man* (1932)
** *Tarzan and His Mate* (1934)
** *Tarzan Escapes* (1936)
** *Tarzan Finds a Son!* (1939)
** ''Tarzan's Secret Treasure* (1941) 
** *Tarzan's New York Adventure* (1942)

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* *Tarzan the Ape Man* at filmsite.org
* *Tarzan the Ape Man'' history at ERBzine website
Barbarastollen underground archive

The **Barbarastollen underground archive** is an underground archive for preserve Germany’s cultural heritage. The Barbarastollen is in a mine near Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It holds microfilms with about 900 million images from German archives and museums. 

Among the documents stored here are:
* treaty text of the Peace of Westphalia
* Bull by Pope Leo X threatening Martin Luther with excommunication
* coronation document of Otto I
* documents of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
* original building plans for the Cologne Cathedral. 

The Barbarastollen tunnel is the only cultural property in Germany under the protection of the Hague Convention of UNESCO. It is named after Saint Barbara. The entire complex is buried under 400 meters of rock. It is intended to survive a nuclear war. It is estimated that its contents should survive for at least 500 years without any serious damage.
Tarzan of the Apes (1918 movie)

***Tarzan of the Apes*** is a 1918 silent movie. It was directed by Scott Sidney. It stars Elmo Lincoln and Enid Markey.  The movie was the first Tarzan movie ever made. It is based on Edgar Rice Burroughs's book *Tarzan of the Apes*.  The movie adapts only the first part of the book. The rest of the book became the sequel, *The Romance of Tarzan*. The movie is considered the most faithful to the book of all the movie adaptations. 

## Story
Lord and Lady Greystoke are passengers on a ship bound for Africa. When the ship is taken over by mutineers, the two are left on a tropical coast. They die. Their infant son is adopted by Kala, an ape. She raises him as her own. 

The young Tarzan (Gordon Griffith) grows up among the apes. He becomes their king. A sailor discovers Tarzan. He reports to Tarzan's relatives in England. An expedition led by Professor Porter sets off to find Tarzan. 

The now-adult Tarzan (Elmo Lincoln) rescues Porter's daughter Jane (Enid Markey) when native villagers kidnap her. Tarzan romances her, and she comes to accept his love.

## Other websites
* 
* ERBzine.com Silver Screen: *Tarzan of the Apes*
Elmo Lincoln

**Elmo Lincoln** (Otto Elmo Linkenhelt, February 6, 1889June 27, 1952) was an American movie actor. He played the first movie Tarzan in *Tarzan of the Apes* (1918). He played Tarzan in two other movies, *The Romance of Tarzan* (1918) and the movie serial *The Adventures of Tarzan* (1921). He appeared, uncredited, in two Tarzan movies in the 1940s. He was a circus roustabout in ''Tarzan's New York Adventure* (1942), and a fisherman repairing his net in *Tarzan's Magic Fountain* (1949). His last movie was *Carrie'' in 1952. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7042 Hollywood Boulevard.
Ron Ely

**Ronald Pierce "Ron" Ely** (June 21, 1938 &ndash; September 29, 2024) was an American actor and writer. He was born in Hereford, Texas. Ely played Tarzan in the 1966 NBC television series *Tarzan*. He played the title role in the 1975 movie *Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze*. He writes mystery books.

Ely died at the home of one of his daughters in Los Alamos, California, on September 29, 2024, at the age of 86. His death was announced a month later.

## References
Tarzan and His Mate

***Tarzan and His Mate*** is a 1934 romantic jungle adventure Tarzan movie. It is based on the fictional characters and concepts created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. It is the second of the six MGM *Tarzan* movies starring Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan. In 2003, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". It was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

## Story
Tarzan and Jane are living in the jungle.  Harry Holt and his business partner Martin Arlington want to steal the ivory from an elephant graveyard.  Martin shoots an elephant. Jane keeps Tarzan from killing Martin.  Martin tries to kill Tarzan.  Jane thinks Tarzan is dead. She decides to leave the jungle. Cheeta and his ape friends nurse Tarzan back to health. Martin and Holt are killed by lions. Tarzan and his army of apes and elephants save Jane from the lions.

## Related pages
*Tarzan the Ape Man, prequel to this movie
*Tarzan Escapes, sequel to this movie

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Self-cannibalism

is a symbol that shows a serpent biting its own tail.]]
**Self-cannibalism** is the act of eating oneself. It is also called **autosarcophagy** or **autocannibalism**.

## References
NPY Women's Council

The '''Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Women's Council** (**NPY Women's Council**, or **NPYWC''') is a community-based organisation that serves women of the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara communities in remote central Australia. It was formed in 1980, with its headquarters in Alice Springs. It provides a range of community, family, research and advocacy services, and represents the interests of women and their communities.

## History
The idea for a women's organisation came during the late 1970s, when the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara communities of northwestern South Australia were struggling for the rights to their land. During meetings about land rights, the women felt that their needs were not being met, so they decided to establish their own organisation. A women's meeting was held at Amaṯa in 1980. It was chaired by Pitjantjatjara  Nganyinytja, who had been a leader among women throughout the land-rights struggle. The formation of the NPY Women's Council is said to have been partly inspired by a speech Nganyinytja made at demonstration in Adelaide later in the year.

The first meeting of the Women's Council was held in December 1980, in Kaṉpi. It was organised by Mantatjara Wilson and Diana James, and attended by about 40 women. Tjunmutja Myra Watson was chosen to be the organisation's first chairperson, and Diana James was chosen as the secretary.

## Region
The NPY Women Council's covers about 350,000&nbsp;square&nbsp;kilometres of the remote area where the borders of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory meet. The region has a total population of about 6000. The council serves women belonging to the three indigenous groups in this region: the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, who are closely related to one another. The area covered includes:
*Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia
*Ngaanyatjarra Lands (including the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku and Kiwirrkura) in Western Australia
*Imaṉpa, Muṯitjulu, Kaḻṯukatjara, Aputula and most of the Petermann Lands in the Northern Territory.

## Recognition
The NPY Women's Council has achieved recognition for its work. Awards include:
*Indigenous Governance Award (2012);
*Deadly Awards were awarded to the Tjanpi Desert Weavers in 2012, and to the NPYWC Child Nutrition Program in 2011;
*International Sigmund Freud Prize (2011), awarded to the '''' (traditional healer) program;
*National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award (2005), awarded to the Tjanpi Desert Weavers.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Flash Gordon (1996 TV series)

***Flash Gordon*** is a 1996 animated science fiction television series. It is based on the Flash Gordon comic strip created by Alex Raymond in 1934. Flash has appeared in several movie serials, a 1980 Flash Gordon movie, two live action television series, and two earlier cartoon series, *The New Adventures of Flash Gordon* and *Defenders of the Earth*.
Milliarium

A **Milliarium** (plural milliaria) was a stone that was placed alongside Roman roads. Such stones were used from about the 3rd century BC. They marked the distance between two towns, and were placed at intervals of one Roman mile. This was about 1000 milia passum, or . In the celtic provinces, leagues are often used, these are 1500 milia passum, or about .

Very often the stones condain the following information:
*The name of the person or emperor who built or repaired the road, usually with all titles. 
*The distance between the starting point, and the point where the millarium was placed. Some milliaria liste the distance to a larger settlement instead.
Even if they look like modern road signs showing the distance to given places, this was probably not the first function of these stone pillars. What seems more likely is that they were used to show the power of the person who erected them; some were probably used for propaganda. Very often, the inscription of the emperor was in Latin, but the inscription of the distance was in Greek. The ordinary population could probably read the second part, but not the first. Today between 7.000 and 8.000 such stones are known.
Flash Gordon (1954 TV series)

***Flash Gordon*** is a science fiction television series. It aired from October 15, 1954 to July 15, 1955. It is based on the characters in the Flash Gordon comic strip created by Alex Raymond. The series set is set in 3203.  Flash (Steve Holland), Dale Arden (Irene Champlin) and Dr. Zarkov (Joseph Nash) are agents of the Galactic Bureau of Investigation. They travel the galaxy in their ship the *Sky Flash* to battle cosmic villains under the order of Commander Paul Richards (Henry Beckman).

The series was filmed in West Berlin and Marseille The series aired in syndication throughout most of the U.S. It aired on the east coast on the DuMont Television Network.

The series was popular with American audiences. Critical response was positive. Modern critics brush the series off. Some critics respond positively to the series's presentation of Cold War and capitalist .

## Production
Universal Studios had held the production rights to *Flash Gordon* but allowed them to lapse. Former Universal executives Edward Gruskin and Matty Fox struck a deal with Flash Gordon owners King Features Syndicate to produce the first 26 episodes of the series. The series was produced by Gruskin and Wenzel Lüdecke. Writers for *Flash Gordon* included Gruskin, Bruce Geller and Earl Markham. Episodes were directed by Wallace Worsley, Jr. and Gunther von Fritsch. Only the lead actors and director Worsley spoke English. Worsley said: "No matter what galaxy we explored, everyone spoke with a German accent. The use of German actors who could not speak English required us to use a lot of close-ups. I would stand behind the camera, correctly positioned for the actor's look, and read his or her line; the actor would then repeat the line, mimicking my pronunciation and emphasis."

The series was budgeted at USD$15,000 per episode on a three-day-per-episode shooting schedule. Worsley withdrew from the project after completing the first 26 episodes. Production was moved to Marseille under the direction of Gunther von Fritsch for the 13 final episodes.

## Episodes
## Notes
## References
## Bibliography
* Bassoir, Jean-Noel (2004). *Space Patrol: Missions of Daring in the Name of Early Television*. McFarland & Company. .
* Cook, John R. and Peter Wright (2006). ''British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker's Guide*. I. B. Taurus. .
* Harmon, Jim and Donald Frank Glut (1973). *The Great Movie Serials: Their Sound and Fury*. Routledge. .
* Dixon, Wheeler Winston. "Tomorrowland TV: The Space Opera and Early Science Fiction Television". collected in Telotte, J.P. (ed.) (2008). *The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader*, pp.&nbsp;96–110. University Press of Kentucky. , .
* Terrace, Vincent (2002). *Crime Fighting Heroes of Television: Over 10,000 Facts from 151 Shows, 1949-2001*. McFarland & Company. .
* Worsley, Jr., Wallace and Sue Dwiggens Worsley (1997). *From Oz to E.T.: Wally Worsley's Half Century in Hollywood''. Lanham, MD, Scarecrow.

## Other websites
*
*DuMont historical website
The Two Gentlemen of Verona

***The Two Gentlemen of Verona*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. It is one of the first plays he wrote. According to *The Guardian*, "it is far from being his most polished work".

## References
## Other websites
* *The Two Gentlemen of Verona* at Project Gutenberg.
* *The Two Gentlemen of Verona* Home Page  at *Internet Shakespeare Editions*.
* Text of the play 
* *The Two Gentlemen of Verona*  at *Shakespeare Illustrated* 
*  (*BBC Television Shakespeare* Version).
Mario Party DS

***Mario Party DS*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo DS. It is part of the *Mario Party* series of video games. It was released in Japan on November 9, 2006, in North America on November 19, 2006, and in Europe on November 23, 2007.

## Gameplay
*Mario Party DS* features the same gameplay seen in previous *Mario Party* games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. While most mini-games use the buttons and control pad, others use the console's stylus and microphone.

Five boards are in the game. Each board is themed around a character in the game. Eight characters are available for players to play as.

## Minigames 
There are more than 70 minigames in *Mario Party DS*. This paragraph will name them all:
***4-Player Mini-Games:** Goomba Wrangler, Rail Riders, Dress for Success, Camera Shy, Hedge Honcho, Study Fall, Domino Effect, Cherry-Go-Round, Trace Cadets, Soccer Survival, Hot Shots, Call of the Goomba, Pedal Pushers, Roller Coasters Get the Lead Out, Shortcut Circuit Big Blowout, Trash Landing, Cheep Cheep Chance, Whomp-a-thon, Twist and Route, Crater Crawl, Boogie Beam, Parachutin' Gallery, Boo Tag, Dust Buddies, Cyber Scamper, Soap Surfers, Sweet Sleuth, Tidal Fools, Raft Riot, All Geared Up
***1v3 Mini-Games:** Power Washer, Peek-a-Boo, Fast Food Frenzy Track Star, Shuffleboard Showdown, Flash and Dash, Rubber Ducky Rodeo, Plush Crush, Rotisserie Rampage, Nothing to Luge, Penny Pinchers, Gusty Blizzard
***2v2 Mini-Games:** Soil Toil, Double Vision, Memory Mash, Cube Crushers, Mole Thrill Sprinkler Scalers, Cucumber Jacks, Hanger Management, Book It!, Airbrushers, Toppling Terror, Crazy Crosshairs, Shorty Scorers
***Battle Mini-Games:** Cheep Chump, Star Catchers, Short Fuse, Globe Gunners, Chips and Dips
***Boss Mini-Games:** Feed and Seed, Hammer Chime, Hexoskeleton, Book Bash, Bowser's Block Party

## References
Jack Kirby

**Jack Kirby** (born **Jacob Kurtzberg**; August 28, 1917 – February 6, 1994) was a famous comic book artist. Kirby worked with Joe Simon to create Captain America. In the 1960s he worked at Marvel Comics with Stan Lee. Kirby and Lee created the superhero characters The Fantastic Four, X-Men, and The Hulk. In 1970 Jack Kirby left Marvel for DC Comics. At DC he wrote and drew a large story he called the Fourth World.

## References
Alpha and Omega

**Alpha** (**Α** or **α**) and **Omega** (**Ω** or **ω**) are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. These two letters together form a  that represents one of the many names of Jesus Christ, even with the Greek letter Mu (Μ or μ).

The name is found in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament of the Bible, which was written in ancient Greek.

## Further reading 
* 
* "Alpha and Omega (in Scripture)" in the *Catholic Encyclopedia* at newadvent.org
* "Alpha and Omega" at the *Jewish Encyclopedia*
Bakdash

**Bakdash** (Arabic: بَكْدَاش) is an ice cream parlor in Damascus, Syria. It is famous in the Arab world for Booza, a Syrian ice cream. It was founded in 1895 and a second location was opened in Jordan in 2013.  

## References
## Other websites 
* United in the Joy of Ice Cream  in "backpackfoodie" site
Mount Pico

**Mount Pico** () is a composite volcano (or stratovolcano); it is the highest point of the Portuguese island of Pico in the Azores. With an altitude of  above sea level, it is more than twice the elevation of any other peak in the Azores, and the tallest mountain in Portugal.

## Description
Mount Pico is at the eastern end of Pico Island. On the top of the mountain, there is round crater about  in diameter and  deep. Inside this crater () there is a small elevation produced by a recent, in geological terms, eruption that is known with the name of **Pico Pequeno** or **Piquinho**, which is about  high. From the base of Pico Pequeno, volcanic smoke gets out with a strong odor of sulfur.

In winter, the top of the mountain is covered with snow. Rains are frequent the whole year.

## Reserve and hiking
Mount Pico was made a *Natural Reserve* in 1982 to protect the mountain. The reserve () has an area of about 1,500 hectares (15 km2) and is from about  high to the top of the mountain.

There are trails for hiking and it is possible, for persons in good conditions and depending on weather, to get to the top of the mountain in around two to four hours from the beginning of the trail.

In the lower part of its slopes is the *Paisagem da Cultura da Vinha da Ilha do Pico* (*Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture*), classified by  UNESCO as a World Heritage.

## References
## Other websites
* Active Tectonics and First Paleoseismological Results in Faial, Pico and S. Jorge Islands (Azores, Portugal)
* Pico - A Ilha Montanha Atlantica - Flickr Group
* Photo Gallery
Mario Party 8

***Mario Party 8*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube and Nintendo Wii. It is the eighth game in the *Mario Party* series of video games. It is the fifth *Mario Party* game for the GameCube, also is first title released for the Wii. The GameCube version was released in North America on May 29, 2006, in Japan on June 15, 2006, in Europe on June 22, 2006 and in Australia in July 11, 2006. The Wii version was released in North America on May 28, 2007, in Europe on June 21, 2007, and in Japan on July 26, 2007. The game was delayed in the United Kingdom after a slur was found in the game.

## Gameplay
*Mario Party 8* plays the same as previous games in the *Mario Party* series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. Gameplay is done with the Wii Remote.

Six boards are in the game. While some boards have players get stars the same way as in previous *Mario Party* games, others have different ways. For example, in "Koopa's Tycoon Town," players get stars by putting coins into hotels (like *Monopoly*). The hotels give stars to the player with the most coins in them. Fourteen characters are available for players to play as. Two characters, Blooper and Hammer Bro, make their first playable appearances in this game.

## Development
*Mario Party 8* was developed by Hudson Soft, like all of the other *Mario Party* games. It was announced in September 2006 as one of several games that Nintendo was going to release for the upcoming Nintendo Wii. The game was later shown off as a demo at E3 2006. The demo only included six minigames.

## Recall and delayed release
The game's launch in the United Kingdom had a lot of problems. The game was scheduled to release on June 22, 2007, but Nintendo delayed the British version to July 13, 2007 because of a "production issue". When the game released on July 13, it was then immediately recalled, which means it was removed from stores. In a press release, Nintendo said that the game was recalled because of an assembly error, but some retailers said that it was supposedly recalled because some copies had the word "spastic" in them. The word "spastic" is considered a very offensive slur against disabled people in British English. Ubisoft had recalled the PSP game *Mind Quiz* one month earlier because of the same word. The game was eventually re-released in the United Kingdom on August 3, 2007, with a different word used instead. Nintendo said that the price of the game would be the same and the number of copies available would not be affected.

## References
Mario Party 7

***Mario Party 7*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It is the seventh game in the *Mario Party* series. It is the last *Mario Party* game for the Nintendo GameCube. It was released in North America on November 7, 2005, in Japan on November 10, 2005, and in Europe on February 10, 2006.

## Gameplay
*Mario Party 7* plays the same as previous games in the *Mario Party* series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. A new feature in this game is "Bowser Time". Every turn, a meter shaped like Bowser's face fills up a little bit. After every fifth turn, the meter fills up completely, and Bowser will appear to do something bad. What he does depends on the board.

Six boards are in the game. The last one has to be unlocked through Solo Made. Twelve characters are available for players to play as. Two of them, Birdo and Dry Bones, make their first playable appearances in this game.
Heinrich Rohrer

**Heinrich Rohrer** (6 June 1933 &ndash; 16 May 2013) was a Swiss physicist. He shared half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gerd Binnig for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). (The other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska.) 

Rohrer was born on 6 June 1933 in Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland. He was raised in Zürich, Switzerland. Rohrer studied at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. 

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

He was never married. Rohrer died on 16 May 2013 in Wollerau, Switzerland after battling a disease, aged 79.

## References
Flash Gordon (2007 TV series)

***Flash Gordon*** is an American science fiction television series. It aired on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States from August 10, 2007 to February 8, 2008. It has also appeared on the United Kingdom Sci Fi Channel and SPACE in Canada. The series was developed by Peter Hume. It was not well received.

The series stars Eric Johnson as Steven "Flash" Gordon, Gina Holden as Dale Arden, Jody Racicot as Dr. Zarkov, John Ralston as Ming, and Anna van Hooft as Princess Aura.

## Episode list 
## Other websites 
* SCI FI Digital Press Day, Cast Video 
* Transcription of The Great Sorrow speech 
* Jonathon Lloyd Walker (Rankol) Interview at www.sci-fi-online.com
* 
* 
* 
*
List of United States senators from Illinois

**Illinois** was admitted to the Union on December 3, 1818, and has been represented in the United States Senate by 48 senators in history.

## Class 2
## Class 3
## Living former Illinois senators
, six former senators are alive:

## Notes
Sixto Durán Ballén

**Sixto Alfonso Durán-Ballén Cordovez** (July 14, 1921 &ndash; November 15, 2016) was an American-born Ecuadorian political figure and architect. He served as Mayor of Quito between 1970 and 1978, and as President of Ecuador between 1992 and 1996. He served as congressman in 1984 and again in 1998.

## Early life
Ballén was born **Sixto Alfonso Durán-Ballén Cordovez** on July 14, 1921 in Boston, Massachusetts. He married Josefina Villalobos in 1948.

## Career
He was elected mayor of Quito in 1970 and re-elected in 1974. In 1979 he ran as the PSC's presidential candidate, but was defeated by the populist Jaime Roldós Aguilera. In 1988 he ran again, but was eliminated in the first round.

After León Febres Cordero's faction inside the PSC succeeded in appointing Jaime Nebot as the party's presidential candidate in 1992, Durán Ballén and his supporters left the party to form the more right-wing Republican Union Party. Eventually, Durán defeated Nebot in the second round of the presidential election.

## Personal life
Ballén has two children. He was married to Josefina Villalobos. He lived in Quito. He was the oldest living former Ecuadorian president.

Ballén died on the night of November 15, 2016 at his home in Quito, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Hut

**Hut** may refer to:

*Hut (dwelling), a small and basic shelter
*Hans Hut (1490–1527), Anabaptist leader
*Hut Records, an English record label
*Pizza Hut, a fast-food chain
*Quonset hut, used in World War II
*Nissen hut, used in World War I and World War II
*Mountain hut, a building used as temporary shelter in mountain areas
Johnny Sheffield

**Johnny Sheffield** (April 11, 1931October 15, 2010) was an American child actor. He won the part of Boy in the 1939 movie *Tarzan Finds a Son!* after beating out more than 300 other children.  He co-starred with Johnny Weissmuller in seven more Tarzan movies. He also played Bomba, the Jungle Boy in 12 movies between 1949 and 1955. He retired from acting after the twelfth and last Bomba movie. He went on to get a business degree at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He worked in contracting and real estate. He died of a heart attack after falling off a ladder while pruning a palm tree. He was married and had two sons and a daughter.

## List of movies
## References
## Other websites
* *The Guardian*:Johnny Sheffield obituary  
*
* "Matt's Bomba the Jungle Boy Movie Guide"
*Johnny Sheffield; findagrave.com
* Bomba Speaks
The Hangover Part III

***The Hangover Part III*** is a 2013 American comedy movie directed by Todd Phillips. It marked the third and final installment of the trilogy.

## Cast 
* Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner
* Bradley Cooper as Phil Wenneck
* Ed Helms as Dr. Stu Price
* Ken Jeong as Mr. Leslie Chow
* Jeffrey Tambor as Syd Garner
* Heather Graham as Jade
* Mike Epps as Black Doug
* Justin Bartha as Doug Billings
* John Goodman as Marshall
Quicksand (movie)

***Quicksand*** is a 1950 United Artists film noir (crime movie) starring Mickey Rooney. It tells of a garage mechanic's descent into crime after unwisely taking $20 from the garage's cash register to pay for a date.

## Other websites
*
2013 Moore tornado

The **2013 Moore tornado** was a very violent EF5 tornado that went through Moore, Oklahoma on the afternoon of May 20, 2013. 24 people were killed and 212 others were hurt, and the tornado caused very heavy damage. It had winds of up to 210 miles per hour (340 km/h). This tornado reminded people of the similar tornado that struck Moore fourteen years before, in 1999.

The tornado started northwest of Newcastle, Oklahoma, at 2:56 PM local time (Central Daylight Time). The tornado lasted for 37 minutes, and it traveled more than 17 miles. It was also 1.3 miles in diameter at its worst. The tornado passed through the area of Moore with the highest amount of people. The tornado was similar in size, severity, and followed a similar path with a tornado that also struck the town in 1999.

## References
## Other websites
*Moore, Oklahoma Tornadoes (1890-Present) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Tarzan's New York Adventure

'''''Tarzan's New York Adventure''''' is a 1942 jungle adventure Tarzan movie. It is based on the fictional characters and concepts created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. It is the sixth and last of the MGM Tarzan movies starring Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan. Johnny Sheffield plays Boy. The first movie Tarzan, Elmo Lincoln, plays a circus worker.

## Story
Circus workers looking for lions in the jungle kidnap Boy. They take him back to the United States for their show.  Tarzan, Jane, and Cheeta go to New York City in search of Boy. Tarzan finds the circus where Boy is being held captive. The circus elephants break free. They destroy the circus. Tarzan rescues Boy in the confusion. A judge grants Tarzan and Jane full custody of Boy.

## Cast
* Johnny Weissmuller as Tarzan
* Maureen O'Sullivan as Jane
* Johnny Sheffield as Boy
* Virginia Grey as Connie Beach
* Charles Bickford as Buck Rand, Circus owner
* Paul Kelly as Jimmie Shields, Pilot
* Elmo Lincoln as Circus Roustabout
* Chill Wills as Manchester Montford 
* Cy Kendall as Colonel Ralph Sergeant 
* Russell Hicks as Judge Abbotson 
* Jackie the Lion
* Howard C. Hickman as Blake Norton, Tarzan's Lawyer (credited as Howard Hickman) 
* Charles Lane as Gould Beaton, Sargent's Lawyer 
* Miles Mander as Portmaster 
* Anne Jeffreys as Young woman 
* William Forrest as Inspector at airport
* Willie Fung as Sun Lee, the Chinese tailor  
* Marjorie Deanne as Cigarette girl 
* Eddie Kane as Eddie, the Headwaiter 
* Mantan Moreland as Sam, the Nightclub janitor  
* Dorothy Morris as Hat check girl

## Related pages
*Tarzan's Secret Treasure, prequel to this movie

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
*  
*
Tarzan Finds a Son!

***Tarzan Finds a Son!*** is a 1939 jungle adventure Tarzan movie. It is based on the fictional characters and concepts created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. It is the fourth of the six MGM Tarzan movies starring Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan. Johnny Sheffield makes his debut as Boy in this movie.

## Story
An airplane flying to Cape Town crashes in the jungle. Everyone is killed, except a baby. Cheeta rescues the baby. Tarzan and Jane adopt him. They name him "Boy". Five years later, a search party comes to the jungle looking for Boy. He is the heir to a fortune worth millions. Jane wants Boy to go back to civilization. In the end though, Boy stays with Tarzan and Jane in the jungle.

## Related pages
*Tarzan Escapes, prequel to this movie
*Tarzan's Secret Treasure, sequel to this movie
Nuss Procedure

The **Nuss Procedure** is a surgical procedure to correct Pectus excavatum, as a birth defect also known as sunken chest syndrome. The procedure inserts a metal bar into the chest.

## Alternative noninvasive treatment
The vacuum bell has been improved as a nonsurgical method to finally treat pectus excavatum.

## References
Xbox One

The **Xbox One** is the third video game console made by Microsoft, succeeding the Xbox 360. It was announced on May 21, 2013. It was first released on November 22, 2013, ahead of Sony's PlayStation 4. Microsoft marketed the Xbox One as an "all-in-one entertainment system", which is where its name comes from. 

The Xbox One S was released in 2016 as a successor to the original Xbox One model, around the same time that the Xbox 360 was discontinued. The Xbox One S has a smaller form factor and supports both HDR and 4K video. The Xbox One S was praised for its smaller size, visual upgrades, and lack of an external power supply. The Xbox One received another upgrade in 2017: the Xbox One X. The Xbox One X featured upgraded hardware and support for natively rendering video at 4K. The system was succeeded by the Xbox Series X and Series S consoles, which launched on November 10, 2020.

At launch the Xbox One was not backwards compatible. However, at E3 2015, Xbox 360 games were announced to be added and in E3 2017, Microsoft announced that they will also add original Xbox games.

On August 29, 2017, Microsoft discontinued the original Xbox One in favor of the Xbox One S and X. The Xbox One X and Xbox One S All-Digital Edition were discontinued on July 16, 2020, about the same time when the Xbox Series X series was released, leaving the standard Xbox One S as the only Xbox One model to still be in production.

Just like the Xbox One's predecessor, it had its own Kinect. It was announced during the E3 2010 press conference, and was released on November 4, 2010. However in 2017, Microsoft decided to discontinue it and stopped developing on it.

## Model
### Xbox One S 
The **Xbox One S** is a newer model of the original Xbox One, announced at E3 2016 and released on August 2, 2016.

### Xbox One X 
The **Xbox One X** is the latest model of the original Xbox One. It was announced at E3 2017 and was later released on November 7, 2017.

## History
Microsoft designed the console to originally being Xbox 720 in 2010. However, they decided to change it into Xbox One in 2012. It was released on November 22, 2013, a year after the Wii U and one week after the PlayStation 4.

## Related pages
*Wii U
*PlayStation 4
*Nintendo Switch
*Xbox
*Xbox 360
*Xbox One X
*Xbox Series X/S

## References
Rapeseed

**Rapeseed** (*Brassica napus*) is a type of plant that produces bright yellow flowers. It is a member of the family Brassicaceae. Some of its uses are to get vegetable oil.
Reconstructionist Judaism

**Reconstructionist Judaism** is a movement within Judaism that started in the 1920s. People like Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983) believed that Judaism is like a civilization that constantly develops. The Jewish society therefore develops much like any other society. As a result, the Jewish religion needs to adapt to these changes. There are about 13 million Jews in the world, about half of them live in the United States. Of these, about three percent, or 180,000 people, see themselves as Reconstructionist.

## Other websites 
*Archived site of the former Jewish Reconstructionist Federation JRF
*New site of the Jewish Reconstructionist Movement  JRM
*Reconstructionist Rabbinical College  RRC
*Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association   RRA
*University Synagogue Orange County  US
Lafayette, Louisiana

**Lafayette** is the most populous city in the Acadiana region, it is the fourth most populous city in the state of Louisiana (after New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Shreveport). The original name was **Vermilionville**, as which it was founded around 1821. The name *Lafayette* comes from the name of a French military hero who fought with and helped  the American Army during the American Revolutionary War. In 2020 the population was over one hundred and twenty thousand. The city lies in Lafayette Parish.

## History 
## Geography 
## Transportation 
### Interstates 
## References
## Other websites
Stratemeyer Syndicate

The **Stratemeyer Syndicate** produced many book series for children. These series included the *Nancy Drew* books, *The Hardy Boys*, the various *Tom Swift* series, the *Bobbsey Twins*, the *Rover Boys*, *Bomba the Jungle Boy*, and others.
Ford Beebe

**Ford Ingalsbe Beebe** (November 26, 1888 – November 26, 1978) was a screenwriter and movie director. He was the son of Oscar and Mary Ingalsbe Beebe. He began writing for the movies about 1916. Over the next 60 years, he wrote and/or directed almost 200 movies. He made B-movies (mostly Westerns) and movie serials. He worked on the Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon serials starring Buster Crabbe, and on the 12 Bomba movies starring Johnny Sheffield.