open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John J. B. Wilson

**John J. B. Wilson** (born May 24, 1954) is an American copywriter and publicist. He is the founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards. He written many books about how he founded the "Razzie Awards".

Wilson was born on May 24, 1954 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Santa Monica, California and in Los Angeles, California. Wilson studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is married to Barbara Wilson. They have a son. He now lives in Cerritos, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Shamrock

.]]

**Shamrocks** are the young  of clover or trefoil. The shamrock is a symbol of Ireland. According to a legend, Saint Patrick used it to illustrate the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The name *shamrock* is  derived from Irish '**. This is the diminutive version of the Irish word for clover (**') meaning simply *"little clover"* or *"young clover"*. Sometimes other three-leafed plants are called shamrocks. The shamrock can be used for its medicinal properties. It was used as a motif in Victorian days. Around March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) small pots of shamrocks are sold. Some people wear sprigs of shamrock in a buttonhole on the holiday.

## References
Barney Frank

**Barnett "Barney" Frank** (born March 31, 1940) is an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as chairman of the House Financial Services Committee (2007–2011). He was a leading co-sponsor of the 2010 Dodd–Frank Act, a sweeping reform of the U.S. financial industry. Frank, a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, is considered the most prominent openly gay politician in the United States. 

Frank was born on March 31, 1940 in Bayonne, New Jersey. He studied at Harvard University. He has been married to Jim Ready since 2012.

Barney's latest book is "Frank Barney Frank," a review of his personal and political career and a strong argument for empowering government to help people.   

## References
## Other websites
* 

* Congressman Frank defends trans-exclusive Employment Non-Discrimination Act , *The Bilerico Project*, September 28, 2007.
* The Republicans' Democracy Disorder , *In These Times*, 2006-02-04
* Congressman Barney Frank: A Buzzflash Interview , *Buzzflash*, July 22, 2003
* Monumentally Frank: Interview with Massachusetts Congressman Barney Frank *Metro Weekly*, March 20, 2003.
* Frank Discusses U.S. Policy, Attitude Regarding Gay Rights, *The Hoya*, October 19, 2001.
Miranda Hart

**Miranda Katharine Hart-Dyke** (born 14 December 1972) is a British actress, writer and comedienne. She writes, produces and stars in the television sitcom *Miranda*. Her other acting roles include: *Hyperdrive*, *Not Going Out* and *Call the Midwife*. She also appeared in *Spy* (2015) and played Miss Bates in the 2020 movie *Emma*.

Hart has written five books: *Is It Just Me?* (2012), a semi-autobiographical book; *The Best of Miranda* (2014), a compilation of scripts from the TV series; *Peggy and Me* (2016), a description of her life since owning her titular dog; ''Miranda Hart's Daily Dose of Such Fun!* (2017), in partnership with Comic Relief; and *I Haven’t Been Entirely Honest with You* (2024).

It was announced in February 2017 that Hart would star as "Miss Hannigan" in the West End production of *Annie*.

In 2017, Hart presented the Royal Variety Performance while the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were in attendance.

## Personal life
She was born in Torquay, Devon. Her parents are Diana Margaret Luce and David Hart Dyke. Miranda grew up in Petersfield, Hampshire. 

In October 2024, during an appearance on *The One Show* to promote her book *I Haven't Been Entirely Honest With You'', Hart revealed she had got married.

In October 2024, Hart revealed that she had Lyme disease.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Olly Murs

**Olly Murs** (born 14 May 1984) is an English singer. He comes from Witham, Essex. He became famous after he finished second in The X Factor in 2009.

In August 2010, his first single "Please Don't Let Me Go" came top of the record charts in the UK. After that, he had another three songs that went to number one: "Heart Skips a Beat", "Dance With Me Tonight" and "Troublemaker" (with Flo Rida). He has also made three albums, which all did well in the UK charts. His label is Epic Records.

He is co-host of the X Factor along with Caroline Flack. They took over from Dermot o'Leary from 2015.

## Note 
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Daniel Burnham

**Daniel Hudson Burnham**  (September 4, 1846 &ndash; June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. Burnham helped create buildings or streets in Washington, D.C., in New York City, and in his hometown of Chicago. He helped create Navy Pier.

Burnham was born on September 4, 1846 in Henderson, New York. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was rejected from Yale University and at Harvard University. Burnham was married to Margaret Sherman from 1876 until his death in 1912. They had two children. Burnham died on June 1, 1912 in Heidelberg, Germany from diabetes, aged 65. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

## References
## Other websites
*Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago 
*Burnham, Beaux-Arts, Plan of Chicago, & Fairs 
* *Booknotes* interview with Erik Larson on *The Devil in the White City*, September 14, 2003.
Neil Abercrombie

**Neil Abercrombie** (born June 26, 1938) is an American politician. He  was the 7th Governor of Hawaii from December 2010 to December 2014. Previously he was the Democratic U.S. Representative of the First Congressional District of Hawaii, which comprises urban Honolulu.

He served in Congress from 1986 to 1987 and from 1991 to 2010, when he resigned to successfully run for governor. He has also served as a state legislator and member of the Honolulu City Council.

In August 2014, he was defeated in the Hawaii Democratic primary by state senator David Ige.

Abercrombie was born on June 26, 1938 in Buffalo, New York. He has Irish, English, and German ancestry. He studied at Union College and at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. He went to schools in Hawaii with the parents of Barack Obama. Abercrombie has been married to Nancie Caraway since 1981.

## References
## Other websites
* State of Hawaii Office of the Governor *official state website*
* Neil Abercrombie For Governor  *official campaign site*
* Neil Abercrombie Campaign Material  by ArchivoElectoral.org
Mario Party 9

***Mario Party 9*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It is the 12th game in the *Mario Party* series. It was developed by Nd Cube and published by Nintendo. It is the second and last game for the Wii (the first being *Mario Party 8*). It was released on March 2, 2012 in Europe, on March 8, 2012 in Australia, on March 12, 2012 in North America, on April 26, 2012 in Japan, on June 29, 2012 in Hong Kong, and on April 11 2013 in South Korea.

## Gameplay
In *Mario Party 9*, players now move together on boards in a vehicle. The vehicle is themed around the board. Players no longer collect coins and stars. Instead, they collect Mini Stars. Mini Stars are collected by passing by a space with them. There are also spaces with Mini Ztars, which deduct a player's Mini Star amount. Mini-games are no longer played after the end of each turn. Instead, mini-games are played by landing on a mini-game space. At the end of a mini-game, players are ranked from first to last place. Players who earn high positions earn more Mini Stars.

Seven boards are available. One of the boards must be unlocked. Boards now take a straight path. A game ends when the players go around the board once. After a game ends, the players face off against a boss. Each board has a different boss.

Twelve characters are available to play as. Two of the characters must be unlocked in Solo Mode.

## References
## Other websites
**Mario Party 9* North American official website
Phil Bruns

**Phillip Bruns** (May 2, 1931 &ndash; February 8, 2012) was an American actor and writer who was known for his role as George Shumway in *Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman*.

Bruns was born on May 2, 1931 in Pipestone, Minnesota. He was married to Laurie Franks from until his death in 2012. Bruns died on February 8, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Phil Bruns; findagrave.com
Will Keith Kellogg

**Will Keith "W.K." Kellogg** (April 7, 1860 &ndash; October 6, 1951) was an American industrialist in food manufacturing, best known as the founder of the Kellogg Company. His brother was John Harvey Kellogg.

Kellogg was born on April 7, 1860 in Battle Creek, Michigan. He was married to Ella Osborn Davis from 1880 until her death in 1912. They had five children. Then he was married to Carrie Staines from 1918 until her death in 1948. Kellogg died on October 6, 1951 in Battle Creek, Michigan from heart failure, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Genealogy wiki 
*
History of mathematics

The **history of mathematics** is how mathematics has developed over time.
## Early history
Early mathematics developed independently in several ancient civilizations. The **Babylonians** and **Egyptians** laid the foundations of arithmetic, geometry, and measurement, which were later expanded by **Greek mathematicians** such as **Euclid**, **Archimedes**, **Pythagoras**, and **Eratosthenes**, who formalized mathematics through logical proofs and axiomatic systems.

At the same time, **Indian mathematicians** made profound and original contributions. **Aryabhata** introduced advanced trigonometry and accurate astronomical calculations; **Brahmagupta** formalized rules for zero and negative numbers; and **Bhaskara II** developed early ideas related to calculus and algebra. India also gave the world the **decimal place-value system** and the concept of **zero**, which later spread to the Islamic world and Europe.

Medieval and early modern mathematics was further advanced by figures such as **Fibonacci**, who introduced Hindu–Arabic numerals to Europe, **René Descartes**, who founded coordinate geometry, **Leonhard Euler**, **Blaise Pascal**, and **Carl Friedrich Gauss**, whose work shaped modern mathematics.

## 20th century
### Women in mathematics
### Problems
Many mathematical problems have been proposed and solved. Andrew Wiles became famous by proving the Fermat's Last Theorem.

### World War II
Some mathematical works had relation with the war. British mathematician Alan Turing created the Enigma machine to uncode Nazi codes. On the other hand, several mathematicians like John von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project.

## Related pages 
**Principia Mathematica*
John Harvey Kellogg

**John Harvey Kellogg** (February 26, 1852 &ndash; December 14, 1943) was an American medical doctor. He and his brother, Will Keith Kellogg, invented corn flakes.

Kellogg was born on February 26, 1852 in Battle Creek, Michigan. He studied at New York University. Kellogg was married to Ella Ervilla Eaton from 1879 until her death in 1920. They adopted seven children. Kellogg died on December 14, 1943 in Battle Creek, Michigan from an illness, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Photo Gallery (1000+ images) related to Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Battle Creek Sanitarium 
*
*Etext of *Plain Facts For Old And Young* 
*
*Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods: Work with Soy  from the Soy foods Center
*Dr. John Harvey Kellogg from the Battle Creek Historical Society
Gene Barry

**Gene Barry** (**Eugene Klass**; June 14, 1919 &ndash; December 9, 2009) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in *The Atomic City* (1952), *The War of The Worlds* (1953), and *Bat Masterson* (1958-1961).

Barry was born on June 14, 1919 in New York City, New York to a Jewish-Russian family. He studied at Chatham Square School of Music. Barry was married to Betty Claire Kalb from 1944 until her death in 2003. They had three children, one adopted. 

Barry died on the morning of December 9, 2009 from heart failure in his home in Woodland Hills, California, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Review of The War Of The Worlds 
* Comprehensive Gene Barry Fan Page
* Gene Barry - Daily Telegraph obituary
Studebaker

The **Studebaker Corporation** was an American company in South Bend, Indiana that built automobiles.  It started in 1852 making wagons, at that time it was named Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company.  Later they started making cars and then pickups.  In 1966 they went out of business.
## References
## History 
At first, Studebaker built horse wagons used by farmers, miners and the military.  In 1902 they started making electric vehicles and in 1904 they started making gasoline vehicles.  At first they worked with other companies to make the vehicles, but starting in 1912 they made the whole car by themselves.  For fifty years they made many cars that worked well and had interesting shapes.  But the cars cost a lot of money and after some years of troubles, the company shut down in 1966.

## Models 
Cars
* Hawk
* Lark
* Avanti
* many others

Trucks
* Transtar
* Champ
* others
Mamie Van Doren

**Mamie Van Doren** (born **Joan Lucille Olander**; February 6, 1931) is an American actress and model. She acts primarily in movies. She is also a singer. Her many movies include *Untamed Youth* (1977). Many times, she would play a bad girl within her movies. Van Doren has been oftentimes compared against other blonde actresses, in particular, Marilyn Monroe. Mamie was born in Rowena, South Dakota.

## Background 
In 1946, Doren began working at the Pantages Theatre as an usher in Hollywood. Where in the following year, she had a part on an early television series. She sang with Ted Fio Rito's band and entered several beauty contests. 

Doren was 17 years old when she got married to Jack Newman in Santa Barbara, California, but because of his abusive nature the marriage didn't last long. Doren won the titles Miss Eight Ball and Miss Palm Springs at the age of 18 years. 

## References 
### Biography 
* 
*
Black Star of Queensland

The **Black Star of Queensland** is a large gem sapphire. It is the world's largest star sapphire. It is . It was discovered in Queensland in the 1930s. During the 1960s, the Black Star of Queensland was on display at the Smithsonian as part of an exhibition with the Hope Diamond. It was also on display at the Royal Ontario Museum from 2 June to 2 December 2007.

## References
Cheddar

**Cheddar** most often refers to one of these:
*Cheddar cheese, named after the village below
*Cheddar, Somerset

**Cheddar** may also refer to:

## Places
* Cheddar, Ontario, Canada
* Cheddar Complex, a biological site of special scientific interest
* Cheddar Gorge, the largest gorge in the UK
* Cheddar Man, the 7150-year-old remains of a human male found in Cheddar Gorge
* Cheddar Reservoir, an artificial water reservoir
* Cheddar Wood, a site of special scientific interest
* Cheddar Yeo, a river which flows through Cheddar Gorge and the village of Cheddar

## Food and service
* Cheddar's Casual Cafe, a Texas-based chain of dining restaurants
* Cheddaring, a process in the manufacturing of cheddar cheese
* Cheddars, a brand of biscuit

## Other uses
*Cheddar (TV channel), a live and on demand financial news network
*"Cheddar" (*Brooklyn Nine-Nine*), a television episode
*Cheddar Valley line, an old railway line in Somerset, England
Nearest neighbour algorithm

**Nearest neighbour algorithms** is the name given to a number of greedy algorithms to solve the problems related to graph theory. This algorithm was made to find a solution to the travelling salesman problem. In general, these algorithms try to find a Hamlitonian cycle as follows:
#Start at some vertex, and mark it as current.
#From the current vertex, take the shortest edge that connects it to an unvisited vertex V.
#Set the current vertex to V.
#If there no unvisited vertices left, you are done.
#Else, go to step 2.
Such algorithms are easy to implement, but they do  not always find the best solution. What is worse, the algorithm may not find a tour even if one exists.
Jimmie Åkesson

**Per Jimmie Åkesson** (born May 17, 1979) is a Swedish politician and blogger.He has been the leader of the Sweden Democrats since 2005. In 2010 the Sweden Democrats made it into the Riksdag after the general elections.

After the election in 2022 SD had 20% of the votes and is Swedens second biggest party (2024).

## References
February 2013 nor'easter

The '''February 2013 nor'easter** (called by The Weather Channel as **Winter Storm Nemo''') was a large winter storm that formed from two low pressure areas and affected the northeastern United States and eastern Canada from February 7–10, 2013. The areas affect by the storm were between Virginia and Maine. The storm had hurricane strength winds, lightning, thunder, heavy snows and blizzard conditions. Boston received almost  of snow due to this storm. New York City received almost one foot of new snow. It was Connecticut, however, that got the most. Hamden, Connecticut received almost , while nearby cities got at least . About 700,000 customers lost power.

## Related pages 
* North American blizzard of 2003
* December 2009 North American blizzard
* December 2010 North American blizzard
* January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm

## References
Ron Leibman

**Ron Leibman** (October 11, 1937 &ndash; December 6, 2019) was an American actor and educator. He was known for his role as Dr. Leonard Green in the famous comedy sitcom *Friends*. He won a Drama Desk Award in 1993, an Emmy Award in 1979, and an Tony Award in 1993 for his role as Roy Cohn in *Angels in America*.

Leibman was born on October 11, 1937 in New York City, New York. He studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. Leibman was married to Linda Lavin from 1969 until they divorced in 1981. He was married to Jessica Walter from 1983 until 2019.

Leibman died from pneumonia-related problems in New York City on December 6, 2019, at age 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Ron Leibman at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
*The New School for Drama
Nubra

**Nubra** may refer to:

* Nubra Valley, in the Ladakh region India.
* Nubra River, in the Ladakh region India. 
* Nubra Pika (*Ochotona nubrica*), a mammal
Alexandrite

**Alexandrite** is a gemstone. It is a type of chrysoberyl. Different kinds of light make the colors change. This is called the "alexandrite effect."

Lab-grown alexandrite is made in a laboratory with the same chemical makeup, crystal structure, and appearance as natural alexandrite. It costs much less than natural alexandrite.

Some gemstones sold as alexandrite are not real alexandrite. These are called simulated alexandrite and are often made from color-change sapphire or glass. They look like alexandrite but are made of a different material.

One story says that alexandrite was named in honor of Alexander II of Russia. Alexander was not yet Tsar at the time.

Alexandrite has been found in Russia, Brazil, India, Madagascar and Sri Lanka.

Alexandrite is one of the birthstones for June.

## References
Golden pheasant

The **golden pheasant** (also known as the **Chinese pheasant** or **rainbow pheasant**) (*Chrysolophus pictus*) is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae. It is native to forests in mountainous areas of western China, but feral populations have been established in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

## Sources
Grey peacock-pheasant

The **grey peacock-pheasant** (*Polyplectron bicalcaratum*), also known as the Burmese peacock-pheasant, is a large southeast Asian member of the order Galliformes. It is the national bird of Myanmar.

## References
List of national fruits

This is a **list of national fruits** arranged alphabetically by country. Some national fruits are officially designated, some are unofficial.

## National fruits
## References
Hamiltonian path

]]
 is the smallest possible polyhedral graph that does not have a Hamiltonian cycle.]]
A **Hamiltonian path** is a path in a graph which contains each vertex of the graph exactly once. A **Hamiltonian cycle** is a Hamiltonian path, which is also a cycle. Knowing whether such a path exists in a graph, as well as finding it is a fundamental problem of graph theory. It is much more difficult than finding an Eulerian path, which contains each edge exactly once. The problem of finding a Hamiltonian path is NP-complete. There are two classes of graphs: directed and undirected graphs. In directed graphs, an edge can only be travelled in one direction, in undirected graphs it can be travelled in both directions. The Travelling Salesman Problem is an instance of this problem. Its task is to find the shortest Hamiltonian cycle, usually in a directed graph, with weight (or distances) attached to the edges. 

Hamiltonian paths  and cycles and cycle paths are named after William Rowan Hamilton who invented the Icosian game. This game is also known as ''Hamilton's puzzle''. It involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron.  Hamilton solved this problem using the Icosian Calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions (also invented by Hamilton).  This solution does not generalize to arbitrary graphs. However, despite being named after Hamilton, Hamiltonian cycles in polyhedra had also been studied a year earlier by Thomas Kirkman. 

## References
Farthing (English coin)

]]

The **farthing** was a coin of the Kingdom of England. It was worth one quarter of a penny, or  of a pound sterling. The word 'farthing' is derived from the Anglo-Saxon *feorthing*. It means a *fourthling* or *fourth part*. The Anglo-Saxon word was probably derived from the Old Norse, *fjorthungr* meaning a "quarter". 

Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century. They were used until 1707, when the Kingdom of England was taken over by Scottish King, King James that united The British mainland United Kingdom of Great Britain. Early farthings were silver. The farthing was small (only 10 millimeters in diameter) and very light (slightly more than 0.4 gram). Surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I.  In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin. 

In 1953, the British farthing's low value forced its last minting. A Londoner complained of abusive vendors when he tried to offer the coin for purchases. The coin ceased to be legal tender on 1 January 1961.

## References
Emeli Sandé

**Adele Emeli Sandé** MBE best known as **Emeli Sandé** (born 10 March 1987) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear to an English mother and Zambian father. She was raised in Alford, Aberdeenshire. She became famous after writing many songs for artists like Rihanna, Leona Lewis and Susan Boyle. 

In 2010 she singed a contract with EMI. She then released two singles, "Read All About It" and "Beneath Your Beautiful", which went on top of the British charts. In 2012 she won the Brits Critics Choice award. Her first album, *Our Version of Events*, was very successful, selling more than 100,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2012. She performed at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics.

In 2013 she won two BRIT Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Album.

On 24 February 2014, she released her second EP, *Who Needs The World? EP*.
Her next album will be released in summer 2014.

## Personal life 
Sandé married Adam Gouraguine in Montenegro in 2012. They later divorced in 2014.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Stock-Keeping Unit

**SKU** (often pronounced "skew") is an acronym for **Stock-Keeping Unit**.  This is the barcode found on things sold in stores. It is made in a way that laser scanners in the check-out lane can read the code.  The code is then used to find the price.

## Design 
The bar code is made of vertical bars, some are thick, some are thin.  The scanner can see these bars and the pattern of the bars tells them what the numbers are.  The patterns are made in a way that the scanner can read it forwards or backwards, so it doesn't matter how the product is held, it can still read the number. The numbers are often also written underneath the bars, so that people can read the SKU.  There are two parts to the number.  The first part is who made the product, the second part is what the actual product is.
Jimmy Perry

**James "Jimmy" Perry** OBE (9 September 1923 &ndash; 23 October 2016) was an English writer, scriptwriter, producer, author and actor who is known for creating the BBC sitcom ''Dad's Army''.

Perry was born on September 9, 1923 in Barnes, Surrey, England. He studied at Colet Court and at St Paul's School. Perry lived in Algarve, Portugal. 

Perry died in London on 23 October 2016 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Philips

**Philips** is a Dutch electronics company. It was founded by Gerard and Frederik Philips in 1891. It employs about 120,000 people in 60 countries.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
David Croft

**David John Croft**,  (born **David John Andrew Sharland**; 7 September 1922&nbsp;– 27 September 2011) was an English writer, producer, and director. He created the BBC television sitcom ''Dad's Army''.

Croft was born on 7 September 1922 in Sandbanks, Poole, Dorset, England. He studied at the Rugby School and at Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Croft was married to Ann Callender from 1952 until his death in 2011. They had seven children. Croft died on 27 September 2011 in his home in Tavira, Algarve, Portugal from natural causes, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Official homepage
*
*List of works at the BBC Guide to Comedy 
*David Croft's appearance on This Is Your Life
*Biography at UKTV
*Obituary of David Croft, The Daily Telegraph, 27 September 2011
*Obituary of David Croft, The Guardian, 27 September 2011
Tertullian

**Tertullian** (160-225) was an early Christian writer from Carthage.
Though conservative in his worldview, Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas). According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Tertullian's trinity [is] not a triune God, but rather a triad or group of three, with God as the founding member".[13] A similar word had been used earlier in Greek,[a] though Tertullian gives the oldest extant use of the terminology as later incorporated into the Nicene Creed at the Second Ecumenical Council, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, or as the Athanasian Creed, or both.[14] Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "One God, three persons, one substance" as the Latin "tres personae, una substantia", ('consubstantial', in English), itself from the Koine Greek "treis hypostases, homoousioi").[12] Influenced by Stoic philosophy, the "substance" of Tertullian, however, was a material substance that did not refer to a single God, but to the sharing of the divine substance of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[13] He wrote his understanding of the three members of the trinity after becoming a Montanist.[12]
## Other websites
*Tertullian Project
Beautiful Creatures (2013 movie)

***Beautiful Creatures*** is a 2013 American romantic-fantasy drama. It is set in South Carolina. The movie stars Emmy Rossum, Viola Davis and Emma Thompson. Thompson plays Mrs. Lincoln and Sarafine. *Beautiful Creatures* was released on February 14, 2013 for the United States. Jeremy Irons also stars. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl.
Necrotising arachnidism

**Necrotising arachnidism** is a medical condition caused by a spider bite. The skin can blister, form ulcers, and in some cases be destroyed (called necrosis). It is very painful and could need skin grafts. Doctors are still unclear about the treatment of the condition. The only spider identified as being a causative agent for necrotising arachnidism is the Recluse spider (specifically, the Brown Recluse spider).  Whilst it is portrayed by the media to be caused by the bite of the white-tailed spider and the black house spider, There is no specific treatment for the condition.

## References
Deborah Cox

**Deborah Cox** (July 13, 1974, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actress and model who has had eleven charting #1 singles. She has had some hit movies, such as *Love Come Down*. She began her music career around the mid 1990s. Her song "Nobody's Supposed to be Here" is her signature song.
Roman dodecahedron

**Roman dodecahedron** is the name for dodecahedra which were found in Europe. In total, over hundred such objects were found in all European parts of the Roman Empire. They date from the second or third century CE, and were made of bronze or stone. They are hollow, and each of the twelve pentangular faces has a hole in it. Most of these were found on the territories of modern-day France and Germany, but some were also found in Hungary and Great Britain. They are between  and  in size.

The exact function or use of the dodecahedra remains a mystery; no mention of them has been found in texts or pictures of the time. Speculated uses include candlestick holders (wax was found inside one example); dice; survey instruments; devices for determining the optimal sowing date for winter grain; that they were used to calibrate water pipes; and army standard bases. It has also been suggested that they may have been religious artifacts of some kind. This speculation is based on the fact that most of the examples have been found in Gallo-Roman sites.

## Notes
## References
*

## Other websites
*
* Roman Dodecahedra (also includes one Roman icosahedron)
* "History Mystery: Ancient Dodecahedron's Purpose Remains Secret" by Alexandria Hein, Fox News, June 10, 2011
National Governors Association

answers questions from the National Governors Association in the State Dining Room of the White House, Feb. 22, 2010.]]
The **National Governors Association** (**NGA**) provides both state and national views regarding issues with usage of natural resources and management in the Progressive Era. It was founded in 1908 as the '''National Governors' Conference''', at the Conference of Governors.  The NGA represents the governors of the fifty U.S. states and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

The NGA serves as an important public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Lingula

***Lingula*** is a genus of brachiopods in the class Lingulata. *Lingula* is known to have existed since the early Ordovician period. *Lingula* is a good example of a living fossil. Like all brachiopods, it is a filter feeder.

Brachiopods are superficially similar to bivalves, both having two shells. Brachiopods are easily distinguished from molluscs because they have (different) dorsal and ventral shells. Bivalves have mirrored right and left shells. *Lingula* and most brachiopods also have a stalk (or peduncle) that extends through a hole near the tip of one of its shells. Bivalves may be attached to a substrate with byssus filaments, that extend from between the shells.

The Lingulata brachiopods have existed from the Cambrian period to the present, a time span of over 500 million years! Modern species of *Lingula* are very similar from their fossil ancestors.

## References
Round city of Baghdad

the **Round city of Baghdad (Al-Mansur city)** (also called: **the city of peace**) was an ancient city in Baghdad, Iraq that was built in 762–767 CE. Today there are only a few remains of the ancient city of Al Mansur.

## Other websites 
* Al-Mansur's Round City of Baghdad  in "archnet" website
* Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam)  in "islamic art" website
Nathaniel Wallich

**Nathaniel Wallich** FRS (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a medical doctor and botanist from Denmark. He worked in India; firstly in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the East India Company. He was involved in the early development of the Calcutta Botanical Garden, describing many new plant species and developing a large collection with copies that he gave to collections in Europe. Several of the plants that he collected were named after him.

## Biography 
### Early life and education
Nathaniel Wallich was born in a Jewish family in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1786 as Nathan ben Wulff. His father Wulff ben Wallich (or Wolff Wallich) was a rich merchant from Altona, a town near Hamburg, Germany, and then moved to Copenhagen late in the 18th century. Nathaniel changed his name to Nathan Wallich, later Nathaniel, as an adult.

Wallich got the diploma of the Royal Academy of Surgeons at Copenhagen in 1806. At the end of the year he was appointed as doctor in the Danish colony of Serampore, then known as *Frederiksnagore* in Bengal (now in West Bengal). He sailed for India in April 1807 and arrived at Serampore the following November. During 1837 and 1838, Nathaniel Wallich served as Professor of Botany in Calcutta Medical College.

He also published two important books, *Tentamen Floræ Nepalensis Illustratæ* (vols I-II, 1824–26) and *Plantæ Asiaticæ Rariores* (vols I-III, 1830–32).

Dr. Nathaniel Wallich took charge of the Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society on 1 June 1814. Wallich joined the East India Company's Botanical Garden in 1817 and served there until 1846 when he retired from the service.

### Death
Wallich retired to London in 1847, and stayed there until his death seven years later. He had a son, George Charles Wallich, and a daughter, Hannah Sarah. Part of his collections are held at Kew Gardens, and known as the 'Wallich Herbarium'.

## Species named for Nathaniel Wallich
* *Catreus wallichii* (Cheer Pheasant or Wallich's Pheasant)
* *Clerodendrum wallichii*
* *Convolvulus wallichianus*
* *Debregeasia wallichiana*
* *Diospyros wallichii*
* *Dombeya wallichii*
* *Dryopteris wallichiana*
* *Geranium wallichianum*
* *Hoya wallichii*
* *Ligusticum wallichii* (Szechuan lovage)
* *Meconopsis wallichii*
* *Memecylon wallichii*
* *Nageia wallichiana*
* *Pinus wallichiana* (Blue Pine or Bhutan Pine)
* *Pteris wallichiana*
* *Rotala wallichii*
* *Rubus wallichii*
* *Schima wallichii*
* *Schefflera wallichiana*
* *Taxus wallichiana* (Himalayan Yew)
* *Ulmus wallichiana* (Himalayan Elm or Kashmir Elm)
* *Valeriana wallichii*

## References
## Other websites
* Nathaniel Wallich and Indian Natural History  (digital archive project by Kew Gardens, Natural History Museum, British Library, Indian Botanic Gardens and National Archives of India)
* Indian Museum
* Wallich Catalog
* *Plantae Asiaticae rariores* scan on Biodiversity Heritage Library
Antarctic Peninsula

The **Antarctic Peninsula** is the largest peninsula in Antarctica. The peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica. It is 1300 km long and reaches from Cape Adams (Weddell Sea) and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands. The northern tip is about 1000 km (600 miles) from Tierra del Fuego. There are many research stations as well as multiple claims of sovereignty on the Antarctic Peninsula.

Average temperatures on the peninsula have risen by nearly 2°C in the past 50 years. This makes the Antarctic Peninsula one of the fastest warming places on Earth.

## References
Manfred Porsch

**Manfred Maria Porsch** (born 14 April 1950 in Vienna) is an Austrian composer and teacher. He composes Austrian contemporary worship music.

Manfred Porsch comes from the Focolare Movement. In 1971 and 1972, he toured with Gen Rosso. In 1983, he won first prize at the "Worldfestival of religious Song", the "Rassegna Mondiale della Canzone Religiosa Populare" in Rome. In 1987, Porsch founded "Musica e Vita Österreich" and started the festival series "Fest der Lieder". He has published about 200 songs.

In 2012, after a long break from writing music, Porsch published new songs with the producer Thomas Raber.

## Songs 
* Melchior
* Wer schweigt, stimmt zu
* Messe (Ein Fest der Freude)
* Der Geist des Herrn ruht auf mir
* Du bist das Licht auf dem Weg
* Singen wir des Lied vom Frieden (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)
* Eine Schule für coole (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)

## References
## Other websites 
* www.manfredporsch.com
*wordcat identities
Faxing Berlin

"**Faxing Berlin**" is a progressive house song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's third studio album *Random Album Title*. 

The song received some controversy in 2008 by an artist named DirtyCircuit. DirtyCircuit said that he was threatened with legal action after he used a sample called "LP_Faxing Berlin C_128bpm" that came bundled with the digital audio workstation FL Studio which deadmau5 claimed copyright. The sample was a direct clip of a full bar from the song. A "Demo Track" was provided by deadmau5 which came bundled with FL Studio, along with many loop samples. FL Studio users became were in discomfort because of the case and some of the users had pointed out possible inconsistencies in the EULA of the software.

The song reached #6 on the *Billboard* US Hot Dance Club Songs.

## References
Gamma function

In mathematics, the **gamma function** (Γ(*z*)) is a key topic in the field of special functions. Γ(*z*) is an  of the factorial function to all complex numbers except negative integers. For positive integers, it is defined as \Gamma(n) = (n-1)!

The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers, but it is not defined for the non-positive integers. For a complex number whose real part is a positive integer, the function is defined by:
: \Gamma(z) = \int_0^\infty  t^{z-1} e^{-t}\,{\rm d}t.

## Properties 
### Particular values 
Some particular values of the gamma function are:
:
\begin{array}{lll}
\Gamma(-3/2) &= \tfrac{4}{3} \sqrt{\pi} &\approx 2.363271801207 \\
\Gamma(-1/2) &= -2\sqrt{\pi} &\approx -3.544907701811 \\
\Gamma(1/2) &= \sqrt{\pi} &\approx 1.772453850905 \\
\Gamma(1) &= 0! &= 1 \\
\Gamma(3/2) &= \tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\pi} &\approx 0.88622692545 \\
\Gamma(2) &= 1! &= 1 \\
\Gamma(5/2) &= \tfrac{3}{4}\sqrt{\pi} &\approx 1.32934038818 \\
\Gamma(3) &= 2! &= 2 \\
\Gamma(7/2) &= \tfrac{15}{8}\sqrt{\pi} &\approx  3.32335097045\\
\Gamma(4) &= 3! &= 6 \\
\end{array}

### Pi function
Gauss introduced the **Pi function**. This is another way of denoting the gamma function. In terms of the gamma function, the Pi function is

:\Pi(z) = \Gamma(z+1) = z \; \Gamma(z)  = \int_0^\infty  e^{-t} t^{z+1}\,\frac{{\rm d}t}{t},

so that

:\Pi(n) = n!

for every non-negative integer *n*.

## Applications
### Analytic number theory
The gamma function is used to study the Riemann zeta function. A property of the Riemann zeta function is its functional equation:

:\Gamma\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)\zeta(s)\pi^{-s/2} = \Gamma\left(\frac{1-s}{2}\right)\zeta(1-s)\pi^{-(1-s)/2}.

Bernhard Riemann found a relation between these two functions. This was published in his 1859 paper "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" ("On the Number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity")

:\zeta(z) \; \Gamma(z) = \int_0^\infty \frac{t^{z}}{e^t-1} \; \frac{dt}{t}.

## Related pages 
* Gamma distribution

## References 
## Further reading 
* Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds. *Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables.* New York: Dover, 1972. *(See Chapter 6)*
* 
* Emil Artin, "The Gamma Function", in Rosen, Michael (ed.) *Exposition by Emil Artin: a selection*; History of Mathematics 30. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (2006).
* 
* P. E. Böhmer, ´´Differenzengleichungen und bestimmte Integrale´´, Köhler Verlag, Leipzig, 1939.
* 
* Philip J. Davis, "Leonhard Euler's Integral: A Historical Profile of the Gamma Function," *American Mathematical Monthly* **66**, 849-869 (1959)
* 
* O. R. Rocktaeschel, ´´Methoden zur Berechnung der Gammafunktion für komplexes Argument``, University of Dresden, Dresden, 1922.
* 
*
Déborah François

**Déborah François** (born 24 May 1987) is an actress from Belgium. She lives in Paris, France.
She is best known for her role as in Belgian film *L’Enfant* (*The Child*), French film *La Tourneuse de pages*  (*The Page Turner*), and she won a César Award for her role in a 2008 French film *Le premier jour du reste de ta vie* (*The First Day of the Rest of Your Life*).

She was born in Liège, Belgium which is in the French-speaking area. She is the daughter of a policeman and a social worker. She was awarded the Romy-Schneider Prize and Prix Suzanne Bianchetti.

## Filmography
*2005 : ''L'Enfant* 
*2006 : *La Tourneuse de pages* 
*2007 : *Les Fourmis rouges*  
*2007 : *L'Été indien* 
*2008 : *Les Femmes de l'ombre*  
*2008 : *Le Premier Jour du reste de ta vie* 
*2009 : *Unmade Beds* 
*2009 : *Fais-moi plaisir* 
*2009 : *My Queen Karo* 
*2010 : *Memories Corner*
*2010 : *Mes chères études*
*2011 : *Le Moine - The Monk*
*2011 : *Les Tribulations d'une caissière*
*2012 : *Populaire''

## References
## Other websites
*
Elizabeth Vargas

**Elizabeth Vargas** (born September 6, 1962 near Paterson, New Jersey) is an American journalist. She first worked at the NBC network. She has worked on ABC programs, including *20/20*. Before that, she was an anchor for *Dateline NBC* and *The Today Show*.
Cocker Spaniel

**Cocker Spaniel** is the name for two dog breeds of the Spaniel type: The English Cocker Spaniel and the American Cocker Spaniel. Originally, these dogs were bred in England for hunting Eurasian Woodcock. Cocker spaniels are popular family pets. The English version is usually brown and ginger in color. Their fur is very soft and their noses are big. They have very big floppy ears. There are two version of cocker spaniels, show dogs and hunters. They are the smallest of the sporting dogs. They are bred from an earlier 19th century dog called field spaniels. The smallest dogs in litters were called "cockers".

## References
Fertilisation of Orchids

whose existence Darwin predicted.]]

***Fertilisation of Orchids*** is a book by Charles Darwin.

The book was published on 15 May 1862 under the full title *On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing*.

Darwin's previous book, *On the Origin of Species*, had briefly mentioned evolutionary interactions between insects and the plants they fertilised. This new idea was explored in detail for orchids. The field studies and practical scientific investigations were initially a recreation for Darwin, a relief from the drudgery of writing. The work developed into enjoyable and challenging experiments, and he was helped by his family, friends, and a wide circle of correspondents.

The book was his first detailed demonstration of natural selection. It explained how complex ecological relationships resulted in the co-evolution of orchids and insects. The view has been expressed that the book led directly or indirectly to all modern work on coevolution and the evolution of extreme specialisation. It influenced botanists, and revived interest in the long neglected idea that insects played a part in pollinating flowers. It supported his view that natural selection led to a  variety of forms through the important benefits achieved by cross-fertilisation. Although the general public showed less interest and sales of the book were low, it established Darwin as a leading botanist. *Orchids* was the first in a series of books on his investigations into plants.

The book describes how the relationship between insects and plants resulted in the beautiful and complex forms which had fascinated many naturalists. By showing how adaptations develop step by step, Darwin countered the view that beautiful organisms were the handiwork of a Creator. Darwin's painstaking observations, experiments, and detailed dissection of the flowers explained previously unknown features. such as the puzzle of *Catasetum*, three completely different kinds of flowers. Darwin discusses how the Sack-Shaped Catasetum (*Catasetum saccatum*), a tropical South American species, launches its sticky pollen sacs with explosive force when an insect touches a hair (seta). His friend Thomas Huxley said "Do you really think I can believe all that?"

In the book Darwin made some famous predictions, including his proposal that the long nectary of *Angraecum sesquipedale* meant there must be a moth with an equally long proboscis. This was confirmed in 1903 when *Xanthopan morgani praedicta* was found in Madagascar.

## References
Super Game Boy

The **Super Game Boy** is a special video game cartridge released for the Super NES in 1994. It allows players to play Game Boy and some Game Boy Color games on a television screen. When played on the Super Game Boy, games are colored. There are 32 colors available. Players can switch colors with the L and R buttons. Some games, such as *Donkey Kong*, have features exclusive to the Super Game Boy. New features include better sound effects and multi-player. Some games also have a custom border when played on the Super Game Boy. In 1998, a new model, the **Super Game Boy 2**, was released in Japan. It has more borders and link cable support.
St. Ouen F.C.

**St. Ouen Football Club**  is a association football club in Saint Ouen, Jersey, Channel Islands. The club was founded in 1919. In 1972, they played a game against Scottish Old Firm team, Celtic.

## Sources
Brachiopod classification

The **classification of brachiopods** is being discussed at present. The following is an overview of the different schemes which are proposed.

The "traditional" classification was defined in 1869. Two further approaches were established in the 1990s:
*In the "traditional" classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves, while the hinges of the Inarticulata are held together only by muscles.
*A classification devised in the 1990s, based on the materials of which the shells are based, united the Craniida and the "articulate" brachiopods in the Calciata, which have calcite shells. The Lingulida and Discinida, combined in the Lingulata, have shells made of chitin and calcium phosphate.

## Principles 
Underlying the discussion are some basic principles:
#Traditional phylogeny (and hence taxonomy) was based on:
##overall body architecture, the idea of a body 'plan'.
##the idea that evolution went from simple to complex.
##certain basal features of embryology.
#Phyla (et cetera) are man-made concepts which are meant to mirror our understanding of the reality we see. However, we now know that morphological characters (traits) are more changeable than was previously thought.
#Molecular data are more objective, and can be decided with more  than data on morphology. Much more is now known about molecular sequences than is known about the evolution of morphology. Thus, evidence from molecular sequencing is used to develop classifications which better reflect evolution.

About 330&nbsp;living species are recognized,

## References
John B. Anderson

**John Bayard Anderson** (February 15, 1922 &ndash; December 3, 2017) was an American-Republican politician from Illinois.  He was a politician from the 1960s until the later 2000s.  He ran for president in 1980, but lost to Ronald Reagan as the main Republican candidate.  He then ran as an independent candidate, and lost again to Reagan in November, 1980. He studied at the University of Illinois, at the University of Illinois College of Law, and at the Harvard Law School. Anderson was married to Keke Machakos from 1953 until his death 2017.

Anderson died on December 3, 2017, in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

## References