open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
London Underground 1967 Stock

The **London Underground 1967 Stock** was a deep-level tube stock that served the Victoria line from 1968 to 2011. anymore as they were replaced by the London Underground 2009 tube stock between 2010 and 2011.

The stock was originally built by Metro-Cammell. The trains have also ran on the Woodford–Hainault section of the Central Line from 1968 to 1986.

## Background 
An order to buy 30½ 8-car trains of 1967 tube stock was made in March 1964. They were built by Metro-Cammell. Each train is made up of two 4-car units that are joined. The trains cost £2.25 million to build. Today this would buy just three trains. on 27 September 1967, and the fleet was bought to run the Victoria Line. The units were then tested at the depot, before they were moved to Hainault depot and being tried out in passenger service on the Woodford-Hainault shuttle on the Central line. Once the tests were finished, the trains were moved from Hainault to Northumberland Park Depot using a battery locomotive. The trains were looked after at this depot until they were scrapped. It is the only part of the Victoria line that is not Underground, and it is unusual because, unlike the rest of the London Underground network, there is a staff rail link from Seven Sisters station.

## The Trains 
The trains had Automatic Train Operation (ATO). The train  controls when the doors open and close and also starts the train by pressing two buttons at the same time. These buttons start the  process of driving the train. The trains  were built with wrap-around windows in the driving cabs and were the first London Underground trains to have windows like this. The trains were delivered with a shiny grey coat, but this soon faded to a dull grey.

When the  Victoria line to Brixton opened in July 1971, a further 72 cars of 1967 tube stock were ordered, which made up 9 trains. This brought the total number of 1967 tube stock trains to 39½.

## Refurbishment 
In 1989, a  programme was started across the whole fleet of London Underground rolling stock, following the King's Cross fire in 1987. The Victoria line stock was chosen to be the first to be refurbished (repaired, changed and made to look newer). The refurbishment was carried out by Tickford Rail at Rosyth Dockyard. The refurbishment was due to take 5 years to complete, but the last train did not leave the works until 1997, because each train was slightly different to the next train. When the trains had completed the refurbishment the outside was painted in a white, blue and red colour scheme. The insides of the trains have fire-  and are finished in the Victoria line blue colours, though some have the Bakerloo line brown as they run on that line too.

## Replacement 
The last 1967 stock in passenger service ran on 30th June 2011. It has been replaced by 2009 stock.

## Numbers 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Tubeprune - 1967 Tube Stock
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
**
Ice skate

skates.]]

An **ice skate** is a boot with a blade in it that is used in recreation or sports to move across an ice rink.They are used for skating on ice for fun,exercise or competitive sport.The first ice skates are thought to have originated in Scandinavia  as early as 1000 Bc.
Mir-Hossein Mousavi

**Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh** (; born 29 September 1941) is an Iranian  politician, painter and architect. He belongs to the Iranian reform movement. 
He was the fifth Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. After his term, the constitution was changed, and the post of prime minister was abolished. Mousavi was the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts. He was a candidate in the 2009 presidential election. After the protests that followed the election, he was removed from his position at the Academy. 

Mousavi was Minister of Foreign Affairs for a short time before he became Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989. The office of Prime Minister was later abolished.

He was president of the Iranian Academy of Arts until 2009, when the Academy removed him following the post-election protests.

In the early years after the 1979 Revolution, Mousavi was editor-in-chief of Jomhouri-e Eslami, the newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party.

After 1989, Mousavi had been appointed to high-level councils such as the Expediency Discernment Council and the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. However, he stopped attending their meetings after many years, and he was effectively removed from active participation following the 2009 election events.

In the 2009 presidential election, Mousavi ran as a reformist candidate. He chose green as his campaign colour, which later became a symbol of the protests that followed the election.
## References
Dead Space (2008 video game)

***Dead Space*** is a third-person survival horror video game, made by Visceral Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The player plays as an engineer named Isaac Clarke. He fights against an alien infestation which turns humans into monsters called "Necromorphs" on a mining ship in space named the USG Ishimura.

## Characters
**Issac Clarke**

He is the main character. He has a job as an engineer. The Concordance Extraction Corporation sent him to the USG Ishimura to repair it. 

**Kendra Daniels**

She is an engineer, too. She is good at network technology such as hacking. Her opinion often clashes with Hammond's.

**Zach Hammond**

He is Issac and Kendra's colleague. He is a black man and a senior guard.

**Nicole Brennan**

She is Issac's former lover. She is a member of the USG Ishimura's crew. She sent the video asking for help to Issac.

## Legacy and sequels 
*Dead Space* is part of 3 games. It has 2 sequels.
Tottenham

**Tottenham** () is an urban area of North London, England in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated  north-east of Charing Cross. 

Stations are: Seven Sisters station, Tottenham Hale station, Bruce Grove station and White Hart Lane station. Despite Northumberland Park station is situated in North Tottenham, it is 300 yards north. 

## References
Barbara Castle

**Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn** PC, GCOT (6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British politician. She was born as **Barbara Anne Betts** in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. She grew up in Pontefract and Bradford, Yorkshire. 

She graduated from St Hugh's College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. She adopted her family's politics, which were left wing. Castle joined the Labour Party. She was Member for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979. She was Minister of Transport from 23 December 1965 – 6 April 1968. She died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire.

## References
Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh

**Richard William Marsh, Baron Marsh** PC (14 March 1928 &ndash; 29 July 2011) was an English politician and business executive.

## References
Boing

**Boing** is an Italian TV channel marketed at children and teenagers, produced and broadcast in Italy by Time Warner on its DVB-T frequencies.

## Cartoons/Anime 
*The Smurfs (I Puffi) (USA/Belgium)
*Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) (USA)
*Tazmania (USA)
*Ed, Edd n Eddy (Ed, Edd & Eddy) (USA)
*Justice League (USA)
*Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) (USA)
*Johnny Bravo (USA)
*Camp Lazlo (USA)
*Pokemon (USA)
*Animaniacs (USA)
*Tiny Toons (I favolosi Tiny) (USA)
Ty Cobb

**Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb** (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), also known as "**The Georgia Peach**," was a Major League Baseball player. He is known as the best player of the dead-ball era (before 1920) and as one of the best baseball players of all time.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
* Official site 
* Ty Cobb Museum
Cognition

**Cognition** is the scientific word for the mental processes including perception, memory, and thought. Cognition is the gaining of knowledge and understanding. The word comes from the Latin word *cognoscere*, which means "to know" or "to recognize".

How knowledge is gained is a major part of philosophy called epistemology.

Cognitive psychology studies mental processes to explain human behavior.

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind that combines psychology, brain sciences, and other fields of study.

Cognitive linguistics studies how language influences thought.

## Early studies 
Some of the work of Aristotle (d. 322 BC) had focus on memory, perception, and mental imagery (or imagery created by the mind). 

John Locke and Dugald Stewart tried to develop a model of the mind; In that model, ideas were acquired (or gotten), remembered and (later changed or) manipulated.

In Britain, further work was done by scholars such as James Sully, and some of that work was used by lawmakers in 1870.

Early theorists were
*Wilhelm Wundt (d. 1920), known for work about *introspection* 

*Hermann Ebbinghaus (d. 1909)

Mary Whiton Calkins (d. 1930) 

William James (d. 1910)

## Later
Ulrik Neisser did work regarding  cognitive psychology.

## Jean Piaget
Cognition learning theory is the idea of processing information and memory from your surroundings. This was founded by Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget was a psychologist who focused on child development. Human cognitive development is what he developed.

Cognition is psychology that is the process of thinking. It is the mental action of knowledge and understanding through experience, senses, and how we think. Reasoning, problem solving, and decision making is linked with cognitive. Human cognition involves outside of our control and from our own control. It is the process of knowledge and new knowledge.

## References
Medic Droid

**The Medic Droid** is an American electronic pop band. They are most notable for their fans making their own comedic music videos and posting them on YouTube as well as their song *Fer Sure*.
Chuck Yeager

**Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager** (February 13, 1923 &ndash; December 7, 2020) was a brigadier general of the United States Air Force. He was the first person to break the sound barrier. This was accomplished on 14 October 1947 in a Bell X-1 aircraft. Yeager also served in World War II.

Yeager turned 97 on February 13, 2020. He died on December 7, 2020 at a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 97.

## References
Deep-level tube lines

**Deep-level tube lines** were built by tunnelling shields and are tunnels that are deep underground that allow trains to run through them. They are commonly found on the London Underground. An example is the Victoria line. The depth creates ventilation problems. Powerful fans must push clean air very far underground. In the event of an emergency the people trapped on-board cannot get off due to the insufficient space inside the tunnel compared to the subsurface line.

## References
Uherské Hradiště

**Uherské Hradiště** is a town in the Czech Republic. About 26,280 people live there (2008). It is located in the South-East of the historical region Moravia in the Zlín region. It was founded on October 15 1257 by the Czech king Přemysl Otakar II.

## Partner towns 
*  Bridgwater, United Kingdom
*  Mayen, Germany
*  Trenčín, Slovakia

## Other websites 
*Uherské Hradiště webpage
Weak interaction

**Weak interaction**,  the **weak force** or **weak nuclear force**, is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe. 

It is carried by particles known as the W and Z bosons, which are gauge bosons. The weak force causes beta decay, a form of radioactivity. At extremely high energy levels, the force of weak interaction and electromagnetism begin to act the same, and this is called **electroweak interaction**.

## Beta decay 
Beta decay is what scientists call a neutron breaking down, in contrast with alpha decay where an atom breaks down. These types of breaking down are more commonly known as radioactive decay. In a beta decay a neutron breaks into a proton,  an electron and a neutrino. However, this is not a complete picture; there is an intermediary step. Notice that this process preserves the total charge. Conservation laws are very important when calculating the possible outcomes of these interactions.

With more detail, beta decay begins with a neutron, which is made of one up quark and two down quarks. Since up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and each down quark has a charge of -1/3 this results as giving 2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0 charge. Due to weak force, if there are too many neutrons in an atom nucleus, one of the down quarks in one of the neutrons turns into an up quark. This would change the charge of the neutron from 0 to (2/3 +2/3 -1/3) = 1. From this, the neutron is no longer a neutron, but actually a proton ( a particle with a charge of +1). 

In a strange quantum effect, this transformation releases a particle called a W boson. This is the gauge boson (force-carrying particle) of weak force. Oddly, the W boson has a mass about 80 times as much as a neutron. This sort of thing actually happens very often in quantum mechanics, but it follows the conservation of energy because it happens so quickly. After 3x10–25 seconds, the W boson breaks into an electron and an electron antineutrino. (The electron antineutrino doesn't really do much). This releases the electron and basically creates a proton from a neutron.

## Other websites 
* Weak force -Citizendium 

## References
Sympathetic nervous system

The **Sympathetic nervous system** is part of the autonomic nervous system. It becomes more active when you are stressed.  It is a part of the "fight or flight" response.  The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate; make bronchial passages wider; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; make blood vessels narrower; increase peristalsis in the esophagus; cause pupil dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure. 

## Related pages
* Parasympathetic nervous system
* Enteric nervous system
Willem Mengelberg

**Willem Mengelberg** (born Utrecht, 28 March 1871 – Zuort, Switzerland, 22 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor.  He is famous for conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam for fifty years, making them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

## Life
Willem Mengelberg studied music in Utrecht, Netherlands and at Cologne Conservatory.  He had four years of experience conducting an orchestra in Lucerne.  Then, in 1895, he was given the job which was to last him the rest of his working life: conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra.  He took over this job from Willem Kes who had started the orchestra five years earlier.  At Kes’s farewell concert on 25 October 1895, Mengelberg performed as solo pianist.

Mengelberg soon made it into a great orchestra.  He was particularly good at conducting the music of Richard Strauss and Mahler.  He took the orchestra on tours to many countries, including Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, England and Switzerland.  He celebrated his 25th year of conductor of the orchestra by performing all the orchestral works of Mahler.

He also conducted other orchestras abroad, including the Royal Philharmonic Society in London and, in the 1920s, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Mengelberg also conducted other groups in the Netherlands, including Maatschappij Caecilia and the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir.

Mengelberg worked hard to get good discipline in his orchestra.  He worked to introduce his audiences to good music and to make them listen quietly to the music.  He did a lot to help the musicians get better working conditions and he conducted a lot of music by Dutch composers, helping them to become better known.

During World War II he accepted invitations by the Nazis to conduct in Germany.  After the war people in Holland were very cross that he had done this, and he was forbidden to conduct in Holland for six years.  He said that he had only conducted in Germany for the sake of the musicians.

Mengelberg was very sad and went to live in Switzerland.  He died just before his six year ban would have come to an end.

## References
*New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 
*Encyclopedie van de Muziek; Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957
Bolsover

**Bolsover** is a town near Chesterfield in England. It is 145&nbsp;miles&nbsp;(233&nbsp;km) from London, 18&nbsp;miles&nbsp;(29&nbsp;km) from Sheffield and 54&nbsp;miles&nbsp;(87&nbsp;km) from Manchester.

Its population in 2001 was 11,291.

## History
Bolsover is mentioned in Domesday Book, where it is described as the property of William Peverel (or "Peveril"). The description refers to the villans (villains), the ploughs, 8 acres of meadow, and woodland pasture, which is given as two leagues by a league.

The present castle was erected in 1613.

The district of Bolsover is notable for four sites of historical importance: Bolsover Castle, the cave art at Creswell Crags, the houses of Creswell Model Village. The major work of the area used to be coal mining.

## References
Cathay Dragon

**Cathay Dragon**, known as **Dragonair** before, was an airline based in Hong Kong International Airport. It had a fleet of 46 airplanes, including Airbus A320s, A321s and A330s. It flew to 44 destinations in China and Asia. It was named the "World’s Best Regional Airline" by Skytrax World Airline Awards four times. On 21 October 2020, Cathay Pacific announced to stop the operation of Cathay Dragon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Gallery

|A plane with the new "Cathay Dragon" paint-job.
File:B-HWG (8172917134).jpg|A Dragonair A330 taking-off from Hong Kong.
File:Dragonair Boeing 737-200 JetPix.jpg|Dragonair used to fly Boeing 737 airplanes in the 1980s and 1990s.
File:HKG Dragonair G16 Lounge (4859159991).jpg|The airline lounge of Dragonair at Hong Kong. 

## References
Wood Street railway station

**Wood Street** is a railway station in Walthamstow. It is located a part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in north east London. It is in Travelcard Zone 4. It was opened in 1873.

In the future, the Victoria line was being planned, and will go to be the end of the line instead of Walthamstow Central station. A decision was made in 1961 which meant that this did not happen. If this station had become the end of the Victoria line the building would have been on the surface, next to the British Railways station. The future line is attended to replace the former Bowes Park to Seven Sisters, Queens Road and Leytonstone line.

## References
Willem Kes

**Willem Kes** (16 February 1856 in Dordrecht - 22 February 1934 in Munich) was a Dutch conductor. He was the first conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra (now called the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra). 

Kes learned the violin, studying with the famous Joseph Joachim in Berlin. From 1876 he started his career as a conductor. When the Concertgebouw Orchestra was started in Amsterdam in 1888 Kes was its conductor. He made it into a good orchestra. He had this job until 1895 when Willem Mengelberg took over. Kes went to Glasgow to conduct the Scottish Orchestra. In 1898, he took a conducting job in Moscow. From 1905 to 1926, Kes was director of a music conservatory (college) in Koblenz. He also worked in Dresden.

## References 
* Encyclopedie van de Muziek, pub Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957.
Heart rate

**Heart rate** (HR) is how many times a heart beats per minute (bpm). The average bpm for a man or women who does not exercise is 70 bpm. Heart rate varies between people because of fitness, age and genetics.

## References
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

**Vasoactive intestinal peptide** (**VIP**, also **polypeptide**) is a kind of hormone that has 28 amino acid residues in it and is made in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei (which is a small part of the brain's midline) of the hypothalamus in the brain. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded, or transforming information from one format into another, by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life in the blood of about two minutes.

VIP is made more than it should in a VIPoma.

## Related pages
*Peptide hormone

Increase intestinal secretion, relaxes sphincters and smooth muscles. Released from nerve cells in mucosa and smooth muscle.
Parasympathetic nervous system

The **parasympathetic nervous system** (**PNS** or **PSNS**) is part of the autonomic nervous system. It does the opposite things of the sympathetic nervous system, the other part of the autonomic nervous system. This way, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems balance each other's effects. The sympathetic nervous system helps a person "fight or flight" when they are in danger. When the danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system lets the person "rest and digest," "feed and breed."

## Effects 
The parasympathetic nervous system has many different effects. It affects every part of the body, including:
* The heart: The heart relaxes and beats slower. This makes the heart rate and blood pressure lower.
* The lungs: Breathing slows down. The bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) also get narrower.
* The eyes: The pupils get smaller.
* The digestive system: Extra blood is sent to the stomach and intestines. The stomach and intestines also work faster. This helps the person digest the food in their stomach.
* The blood vessels: The blood vessels in the parts of the body that are far away from the heart, lungs, and brain get wider. (This is called vasodilation.) This helps make the blood pressure lower. It also makes the skin warmer, and can cause a man to have an erection.

Because of these effects, the parasympathetic nervous system always has to balance with the sympathetic nervous system. For example, if only the parasympathetic nervous system was working, a person's heart rate and breathing would keep getting lower and lower. Eventually the person would stop breathing or their heart would stop beating. This is an important nerve that comes from the brain and goes all the way down to the bottom of the spinal cord. The vagus nerve sends out chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - mostly one called acetylcholine. This chemical causes changes in many different parts of the body.

## Related pages 
* Autonomic nervous system and Sympathetic nervous system
* Enteric nervous system
* Atropine

## References
Psychiatrist

A **psychiatrist** is a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry.  They treat people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.

## Education
In the United States, psychiatrists train by  going to university first, then medical school for 4 years. After medical school, they must complete a residency. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. or D.O. after their names.  Next, these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry. In other countries psychiatrists train in similar ways but may not have to go to a separate university and medical school.

## Other websites
* American Psychiatric Association
* Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
* Royal College of Psychiatrists
* Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
PEGI

**Pan European Game Information** (**PEGI**) is a European self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings to consumer video games. The PEGI system is used in more than thirty countries. PEGI has rated more than 15,000 video games from 2003 to 2010.

## Ratings 
## History 
## References
Eugen Jochum

**Eugen Jochum** (; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) is an German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany. He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight. He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach. He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities. Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper. He stayed there until 1949. He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor. 

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949. He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate. 

He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth. The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's *Tristan und Isolde.*

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies. He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff. 

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References
Hong Kong International Airport

**Hong Kong International Airport** (IATA airport code: **HKG**; ICAO airport code: **VHHH**), also known as **Chek Lap Kok Airport** is the airport of Hong Kong that was built at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island. It opened in 1998. It is one of the leading airports in the world, and has won "World Airport of the Year" from Skytrax for 7 times in 10 years. It is the hub for Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express and Air Hong Kong. It is the third busiest airport in terms of international passenger traffic in the world, and the busiest in the world in terms of cargo traffic. Until the 2020s when Hong Kong missed feeling like it was in the 18th Century.

The airport has an advanced highway and railway system linking it to the city centre of Hong Kong. The building project was one of the largest in the world, and featured in Discovery Channel's "Ten Greatest Modern Projects of the World". It was designed by the famous architect, Norman Foster. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Kai Tak Airport could not handle. It remains one of the best airport in the world, along with Singapore's Changi Airport and Seoul's Incheon International Airport.

## References
21st Century Breakdown

***21st Century Breakdown*** is the eighth studio album by the punk rock band Green Day. It is the band's second rock opera, following *American Idiot*, and its first record to be produced by Butch Vig. The band started work on the record in January 2006. 45 songs were written by vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong by October 2007, but the band members did not start studio work with the producer, Butch Vig until January 2008. The writing and recording process was three years long. The band used four recording studios and was finished in April 2009.

## Songs on the album
# "Song of the Century"
# "21st Century Breakdown"
# "Know Your Enemy"
# "Viva la Gloria!"
# "Before The Lobotomy"
# "Christian's Inferno"
# "Last Night on Earth"
# "East Jesus Nowhere"
# "Peacemaker"
# "Last of the American Girls"
# "Murder City"
# "Viva la Gloria? (Little Girl)"
# "Restless Heart Syndrome"
# "Horseshoes and Handgrenades"
# "The Static Age"
# "21 Guns"
# "American Eulogy"
# "See the Light"

Japanese Edition
#19 "Lights Out"

## References
QI

***QI*** (***Quite Interesting***) is a British comedy television quiz show. It is now hosted by Sandi Toksvig who took over from Stephen Fry. There are four contestants in each show, of whom one is always Alan Davies. The shows' series are lettered (not numbered as most television shows are), for example the first series is Series A. To begin with, *QI* was shown on BBC Two but was moved to BBC One for Series F.

## Other websites 
*
Fulham Broadway tube station

**Fulham Broadway** is a London Underground station on the Wimbledon branch of the District Line. It is famous station being nearest to Stamford Bridge stadium. The stadium is the home of Chelsea Football Club.  

The station was opened as **Walham Green** on 1 March 1880. 

## References
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

**Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## League position 
### Former position 
## Honours
### Association Football
#### Leagues
***Football League Second Division/Championship**
** Runners-up (1): 1913-14
***Football League Third Division/League One**
****Champions (1)**: 1927-28
** Runners-up (2): 1922-23, 1925–26
***Northern Premier League Premier Division**
** Playoff Winner (1): 2012
***Northern Premier League First Division**
****Champions (1)**: 2000–01
***Northern Premier League Division One North**
****Champions (1)**: 2007–08
***North West Counties League Division One**
****Champions (1)**: 1994–95
***Bradford Amateur Sunday League Division Four**
****Champions (2)**: 1974–75, 1984–85
* Football League Division One (Best)
** 9th Place 1914–15

#### Cups
***FA Cup**
**Quarterfinals (3): 1912–13, 1919–20, 1945–46

## Other websites 
*Official website
*
*Ground profile
*Early history of club 1895–99
*Bradford Park Avenue History
Pierre Monteux

**Pierre Monteux** (born Paris, 4 April 1875; – Hancock, Maine, 14 July 1964) was a French-born conductor who later became an American citizen.  He was one of the great conductors of his time.

## Life
Monteux was born in Paris and started to learn the violin when he was six.  When he was nine he learned at the Paris Conservatoire.  When he was twelve he conducted an orchestra in Paris with the pianist Alfred Cortot as soloist.  He played in orchestras, and was the principal of the viola section in the first performance of Debussy’s opera *Pelléas et Mélisande*.  He started to conduct some of the concerts in the series Concerts Colonne.

Monteux also played his viola in chamber music.  He played a string quartet by Brahms with the composer in the audience.

Monteux soon became famous as a conductor.  He conducted the orchestra for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes, conducting the first performances of Stravinskys *Petrouchka*, *Rite of Spring* as well as Ravel’s *Daphnis et Chloé* and Debussy’s *Jeux*.  These were some of the greatest ballets of the 20th century.

In 1916, Monteux went to the USA and conducted the French operas at the Metropolitan Opera.  In 1920, he moved to Boston, conducting many new works by Debussy, Chausson, Darius Milhaud and others.  In 1924, he became assistant conductor at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam.  He started the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris in 1929, and also a school for conducting, the École Monteux, in Paris. Later he continued this teaching in his American home in Maine. Neville Marriner and André Previn were two of his pupils.

In 1936, he became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.  He stayed with this orchestra until 1952.  He made this orchestra internationally famous.  In 1942, he became an American citizen.  In the 1950s, he often conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Monteux continued to conduct until shortly before his death at the age of 89.    In 1961, he was appointed chief conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for 25 years, although he did not live long enough to fulfil this.   He conducted this orchestra in 1963 in a performance of the *Rite of Spring*, fifty years after he had conducted the first performance.

## Monteux’s conducting
Monteux always prepared his work very carefully.  He was not a conductor who liked to show off.  He rehearsed his orchestras thoroughly, and conducted with small gestures.  Although he made gramophone recordings, he did not like recordings.  He preferred concerts with a live audience.  He received many honours, including the Légion d’honneur and the Knight of the Order of Oranje Nassau.

## References
*New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
René Lévesque

**René Lévesque** (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Minister of the Provincial Government of Quebec from 1960-1966. He was born in New Brunswick and raised in Quebec. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois have twice tried to get Quebec to leave Canada and become a separate country.

## Politics 
Lévesque was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1960 until 1967. He had the position of Minister of Natural Resources.

## Parti Québécois 
The goal of the Parti was to give Quebec its own Sovereignty, or to make it a separate country outside of Canada. The Parti Québécois won the 1976 Quebec provincial election. Soon after coming to power, Bill 101 was made a law. This law says that French is the only official language of Quebec. At this time, Canada had two official languages; English and French. In 1980 a vote was held. This vote was a referendum where the citizens of Quebec were asked if they wish to leave Canada and become a new country. 60% of the voters wanted to stay in Canada.

## Death 
For most of his life, René smoked cigarettes. On November 1, 1987 he started having chest pains. He died of a heart attack later that day while in hospital in Quebec.

## References
Nelson F.C.

**Nelson F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## Former position
*1921/22: Third Division - 16th / North
*1922/23: Third Division - Champions / North
*1923/24: Second Division - 21st
*1924/25: Third Division - 2nd / North
*1925/26: Third Division - 8th / North
*1926/27: Third Division - 5th / North
*1927/28: Third Division - 22nd / North
*1928/29: Third Division - 15th / North
*1929/30: Third Division - 19th / North
*1930/31: Third Division - 22nd / North
Rotherham United F.C.

**Rotherham United F.C.** is a football club which is  based in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. It was formed as a merger between Rotherham County and Rotherham Town in 1925.  It is in the EFL Championship, the second level of the English football league system.

They have played home matches at the New York Stadium since 2012, having briefly moved to the Don Valley Stadium from their original home at Millmoor in 2008.

## Name 
* 1877-1905 **Thornhill United F.C.**
* 1905-1925 **Rotherham County F.C.**
* 1925-present **Rotherham United F.C.**

## References
Mansfield Town F.C.

**Mansfield Town F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## Name
* 1897-1906 **Mansfield Wesleyans F.C.**
* 1906-1910 **Mansfield Wesley F.C.**
* 1910-present **Mansfield Town F.C.**

## League position
### Former position
Newport County A.F.C.

**Newport County A.F.C.** is a football club located in Wales that plays in the English league system.

## League position
### Former position
Bristol Rovers F.C.

**Bristol Rovers F.C.** is a football club which plays in Bristol, People who live in North Bristol traditionally support Bristol Rovers, however people you live in South Bristol support their fierce rivals Bristol City F.C. 

## Name
*1883-1884 **Black Arabs F.C.**
*1884-1897 **Eastville Rovers F.C.**
*1897-1898 **Bristol Eastville Rovers F.C.**
*1898-present Bristol Rovers

## League position

### Former position
Oxford United F.C.

**Oxford United F.C.** is a football club in England.

## Name 
*1893-1960 **Headington United F.C.**
*1960-present **Oxford United F.C.**

## League position 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position
|-
|2000/01||Second Division||24th
|-
|2001/02||Third Division||21th
|-
|2002/03||Third Division||8th
|-
|2003/04||Third Division||9th
|-
|2004/05||League Two||15th
|-
|2005/06||League Two||23rd (Relegated)
|-
|2006/07||Conference||2nd / National
|-
|2007/08||Conference||9th / National
|-
|2008/09||Conference||7th / National
|-
|2009/10||Conference||3rd / National (Promoted through Play-Offs)
|-
|2010/11||League Two||12th
|-
|2011/12||League Two||9th
|-
|2012/13||League Two||9th
|-
|2013/14||League Two||8th
|-
|2014/15||League Two||13th
|-
|2015/16||League Two||2nd (Promoted)
|-
|2016/17||League One||8th
|-
|2017/18||League One||16th
|-
|2018/19||League One||12th
|-
|2019/20||League One||4th 
|-
|2020/21||League One||6th
|-
|2021/22||League One||8th
|-
|2022/23||League One||19th
|-
|2023/24||League One||5th (Promoted through Play-Offs)
|-
|2024/25||Championship||17th
### Former position
Shrewsbury Town F.C.

**Shrewsbury Town Football Club** is a professional football club from Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire in England. They currently compete in League One, the third level of football in England. They play their home games at New Meadow. The club was founded in 1886. They are nicknamed *The Shrews*, *Salop*, *The Blues* and *Town*.

## League position
|2017/18||League One||3rd
|}

### Former position
## Current players
:*Players correct as of 17 March 2021.*
Cambridge United F.C.

**Cambridge United F.C.** is an English football club based in Cambridge that currently plays in the EFL League One, the third tier of English football.

## Name 
* 1912-1951 **Abbey United F.C.**
* 1951-present **Cambridge United F.C.**

## League position 
### Former position
Rushden & Diamonds F.C.

**Rushden & Diamonds F.C.** was a football club which played in Irthlingborough, England. The club was formed in 1992, when Rushden Town and Irthlingborough Diamonds merged. They were liquidated in 2011, and the fans decided to form a new club called AFC Rushden & Diamonds.

## League position
Frederick Hopkins

Sir **Frederick Gowland Hopkins** OM FRS (20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English chemist. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins.

## References
Windows CE

**Windows CE** (also known officially as **Windows Embedded Compact** post version 6.0, and sometimes abbreviated **WinCE**) is Microsoft's operating system for embedded devices and minimal computers. Windows CE is a different operating system and kernel. It is not a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based.

The Zune portable media player, as well as the Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 smartphone platforms are based on Windows CE.

Windows Embedded Compact 2013 (version 8) is the final version of Windows CE. It had mainstream support until October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023.

## Versions 
## References
Simon Cowell (conservationist)

**Simon Maxwell Cowell**  (19 April 1952 – 9 June 2024) was a British conservationist, television presenter, and author who hosted the Animal Planet documentary series *Wildlife SOS*. He was the co-founder of a Leatherhead, Surrey, based charity called Wildlife Aid.

In June 2005, Simon was given an MBE for his services to wildlife.

Simon lived in Leatherhead, Surrey. He received a PhD for Biological sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge.

In late June 2022, Simon Cowell was diagnosed with a bad form of terminal lung cancer during a routine doctor's appointment. His charity, Wildlife Aid, is run out of his home. He died of complications from the lung cancer on 9 June 2024, at the age of 72.

## References
Peterborough United F.C.

**Peterborough United F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## League position 
### Former position
Robinson Sucroe

***Robinson Sucroe***, is a French animated series created by Claude Robinson.

## Characters
*Robinson Sucroë
*Mercredi
*Uglyston
*Capitaine Courtecuisse
*Capitaine Brisk
*Dimanche Midi
*M. Floyd

## Épisodes
# L'Île du tourteau
# L'Île flottante
# Courtecuisse 1er
# Mission impossible
# Le Concours de sieste
# La Belle Captive
# Diva des îles
# Le Manuscrit volé
# Embrouille et ratatouille
# Coup de foudre
# Le Perroquet de Uglyston
# Bienvenue M. Floydd
# L'Épave du Toulesjours
# Robinson beach
# Adieu Robinson
# La Guerre des Robinson
# Un monstre dans l'île
# L'Île en folie
# L'Apprenti journaliste
# La Vie de pirate
# Drôles de bêtes
# L'Élixir d'amour
# Maman a raison
# Toute la vérité
# Voyage organisé
# Coup double
Christiaan Eijkman

**Christiaan Eijkman** (August 11, 1858 - November 5, 1930) was a Dutch doctor. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Sir Frederick Hopkins, for the discovery of vitamins

## References
Yasunari Kawabata

**Yasunari Kawabata** (14 June 1899–16 April 1972) was a Japanese writer.  He was the winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature.  He was the first Japanese author to receive the award.

## Related pages 
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## References
Yeovil Town F.C.

**Yeovil Town F.C.** is a football club that plays in England.

## Name
*1895-1907 **Yeovil Casuals F.C.**
*1907-1908 **Yeovil Town F.C.**
*1908-1914 **Petters United F.C.**
*1914-1946 **Yeovil & Petters United F.C.**
*1946-present **Yeovil Town F.C.**

## League position
2018

**2018** (MMXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
* January 1 &ndash; Estonia takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from the United Kingdom.
* January 20-22 &ndash; The United States government enters a shutdown due to a dispute over the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
* February did not experience a completely realized full moon this year
* February 9-25 &ndash; 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
* March 1 &ndash; President Donald Trump announced import for tariff steel 25% and 10% of Aluminum.
* March 8 – Women Democratic Front started a 'Women's Freedom March' along with other groups to protest violence against women and other issues related to women in Pakistan.
* April 23 &ndash; A white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street in Toronto.
* May 9 – Mahathir Mohamad's opposition coalition wins Malaysia's general election. Mahathir previously served as the country's prime minister from 1981 to 2003.
* June 14 - July 15 — 2018 FIFA World Cup was held in Russia.
* July 1 &ndash; Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
* July 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Estonia.
* July 27 – Mars made its closest approach to Earth since 2003. It will not be as close as the 2003 opposition.
* August 11 – The final Drum Corps International World Championship to be held in the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana, after an 11-year run.
* September 16 – Swedish general election for the Riksdag take place.
* September 28 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Sulawesi, Indonesia killing 2,256 people.
* October 23 – The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge is opened for the public to use. It is the longest bridge in the world that crosses a sea.
* November 6 – The United States mid-term elections take place.
* December 22 – A tsunami hits the Sunda Strait in Indonesia, killing more than 430 people.

### Computer and video games 
Games set in 2018:
* *Fortnite* (2018)
* *Krazy Ivan* (1996)
* *Trauma Center: Under the Knife* (2005)
* *Phoenix Wright: Trials and Tribulations* (2007)

### Movies 
* *Rollerball* (1975)
* *Terminator Salvation* (2009)
* *I Spit on Your Rave* (2010)
* *Iron Sky* (2011)

### Literature 
* *Halting State* (2007) by Charles Stross.

### Television series 
* The storyline for the sci-fi television series *seaQuest DSV* begins in 2018.
* The second season of Code Geass takes place in 2018.

### Science 
* *1,000 petaflops 100 million core computer*
* *Driverless Cars*
* *Exomars launch*

## Births
* June 22 - Kashe Quest
## Deaths
## References
Shmuel Yosef Agnon

**Shmuel Yosef Agnon** (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym **Shai Agnon.** In English, his works are published under the name **S. Y. Agnon**.

## See too 
* In the Heart of the Seas

## References 
## Other websites 
*Nobel Prize lecture
*
Acid Survivors Foundation

The **Acid Survivors Foundation** is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..

It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International. 

## Statistics
### Acid attacks from 1999 to 2005
### Comparative statistics of 2005 and 2006
* Source
** Acid Survivors FoundationStatistics of Acid Attack 1999 to 2005

## Other websites
*
Nelly Sachs

**Nelly Sachs** (; 10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. She is a Nobel Prize winner and of Jewish descent.

## Works 
* In the Dwellings of Death

## Other websites 
* Nobel Prize Lecture
1594

## Events 
* February 27 – Henry IV of France became the king of France.
* March 21 – Henry IV of France entered Paris for the first time.
Acid throwing

, in Tehran, 2018.]]
**Acid throwing** or **vitriolage** is a form of violent assault. Sometimes the crime is called **acid attack**. The attackers throw acid or other corrosive substances at their victims. Usually they throw it at the targets' faces. They want to damage skin tissue, even to expose and to dissolve the bones. The consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scars of the face and body.

In India, the number of acid attacks have been rising. There had been 68 acid attacks in Karnataka alone (of which Bengaluru is the capital) since 1999. These are only the cases that have been reported. Unlike India, Bangladesh has introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sales of acids since 2002. An important role for the introduction of that legislation had the Acid Survivors Foundation.

Acid throwing is a crime in most countries in the world.  Many Islamic countries have the concept of qisas, or retributive justice. With this, a victim can ask that the attacker be disfigured in a similar way. That way, an Iranian court ordered that the attacker of a woman who was blinded by such an attack, be blinded as well.

## Epidemiology
According to researchers and activists, countries with many occurrences of acid attacks include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:

* Afghanistan
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Cambodia
* China
** Hong Kong S.A.R.
* Colombia
* France
* Gabon
* Germany
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Jamaica
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Nigeria
* Philippines
* Pakistan
* Russia
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* South Africa
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* Thailand
* Uganda
* United States
* Vietnam

Additionally, evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America, Central and North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia.

## Related pages
* Domestic violence
* Monira Rahman

## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites 
* Bangladesh: Acid Attacks in Bangladesh: A Voice for the Victims
* Cambodia: Living in the Shadows: Acid Attacks in Cambodia Report
* China: Hospital offers surgery to victim of acid attack
* South Asia: Acid attacks on the rise in South Asia
* Pakistan: A 16 year old boy was badly injured in an acid attack after he refused a Muslim cleric's sexual advances
* Thailand: 6 teens hurt in acid attack
* Iran: Woman blinded by acid wants same fate for attacker
2008 in science

The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events 
* January 15 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its first flyby of Mercury at 200 km height.
* August 1 - Total solar eclipse that could be seen in Canada, Siberia, Mongolia and northern China.
* October 6 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes the second flyby of Mercury.

## Deaths 
* April 13 - John Archibald Wheeler, theoretical physicist
* April 16 - Edward Norton Lorenz, mathematician and meteorologist
* April 29 - Albert Hofmann, chemist
* May 15 - Willis Lamb, physicist, winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics
2007 in science

The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events 
* March 3 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and in all of Europe and Africa.
* March 19 - A partial solar eclipse happened that could be seen in Asia.
* April 25 - The planet Gliese 581 c was found.
* August 28 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and all of Australasia and the Pacific Ocean.
* September 27 - NASA's spacecraft Dawn is launched.

## Deaths 
* July 23 - Ernst Otto Fischer