open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Apatite

**Apatite** is a group of phosphate minerals with high concentrations of OH−, F−, Cl−, respectively, in the crystal.

Apatite is characteristic of biological systems. It is one of a few minerals produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems. It hardness defines 5 on the Mohs scale. Hydroxyapatite is the main component of tooth enamel and bone mineral.

Much bone material is in a relatively rare form of apatite. In this form most of the OH groups are absent, and there are many carbonate and acid phosphate substitutions.

**Fluorapatite** (or fluoroapatite) is more resistant to acid attack than is hydroxyapatite. In the mid-20th century it was discovered that communities whose water supply naturally contained fluorine anions had lower rates of dental caries.  Fluoridated water allows exchange in the teeth of fluorine ions for hydroxyl groups in apatite. Similarly, toothpaste often includes a source of fluoride (e.g. sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate).

## References
Diana Serra Cary

**Diana Serra Cary** (born **Peggy-Jean Montgomery**; October 29, 1918 – February 24, 2020), known as **Baby Peggy**, was an American silent movie actress, author, and historian. Cary was one of the last surviving actors from the silent movie era. She retired in 1938. She then wrote books about her career.

Cary was born on October 26, 1918 in Merced, California. She studied at Lawlor Professional School and at Fairfax High School. She was raised in San Diego, California. 

Cary was married to Gordon Ayres from 1938 until they divorced in 1948. Then she was married to Bob Cary from 1954 until his death in 2001. She has one son, Mark Cary.  

Cary died on February 24, 2020 in Gustine, California at the age of 101. 

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*An interview with Baby Peggy
*Baby Peggy at Virtual History
The Incredible Hulk Coaster

**The Incredible Hulk** is a steel launched roller coaster. It is at Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida. It is themed and named after Hulk, a popular comic book superhero character. It has a launched tube known as the Gamma Tube that the roller coaster launches from. The ride was manfactured by Bolliger & Mabillard and has 7 inversions. It was the only Bolliger & Mabillard launched roller coaster in the world until Thunderbird opened.

## Inversions 
The Incredible Hulk has the following inversions:
#Zero G Roll
#Cobra roll
#2 Loops
#Corkscrew

## Other websites
*
Marie Osborne

**Marie Osborne Yeats** (born **Helen Alice Myres**; November 5, 1911 – November 11, 2010), was an American actress, credited as **Baby Marie** between 1914 and 1919.

Osborne was born on November 5, 1911 in Denver, Colorado. She was raised in Long Beach, California. Osborne was married to Frank J. Dempsey from 1931 until they divorced in 1936. They had one daughter, Joan. Then she was married to Murray F. Yates from 1945 until his death in 1975. Osborne died on November 11, 2010 in her home in San Clemente, California from natural causes, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*NitrateVille Obituary
*Baby Marie Osborne 1999 profile 
*Literature on Baby Marie Osborne
*2005 biography of Baby Marie Osborne
*Marie Osborne Yeats at Find A Grave
Jean Darling

**Jean Darling** (born **Dorothy Jean LeVake**; August 23, 1922 &ndash; September 4, 2015) was an American silent movie actress, singer, and writer. She was been in many movies when she was a child. She was one of the last surviving actors from the silent movie area. 

Darling was born on August 23, 1922 in Santa Monica, California. She was married to Reuben Bowen from 1954 until his death in 1980. They have a son, Roy Bowen. Darling lived in Dublin, Ireland where she writes many books about her career. She died on September 4, 2015 at her son's house in Rodgau, Germany at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*Her Website
EMedicine

**eMedicine** is an online research tool for clinical studies. It was founded in 1996 by two medical doctors, Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely. The website is searchable by keyword. It has about 6,800 articles, each of which is associated with one of 62 clinical subspecialty textbooks. Pediatrics, for example, consists of 14 subspecialty textbooks (endocrinology, genetics, cardiology, pulmonology, etc.).  For example, 750 articles are the textbook on emergency medicine.  Each article is authored by board-certified specialists in the subspecialty to which the article belongs. The article's authors are identified with their current jobs.  Each article is updated yearly and the date is published on the article.

## History
It was sold to WebMD in January 2006.

The site is free to use, requiring only registration.  More than 10,000 contributors from several countries participated in the creation of the articles. It is operated as an e-book, the articles can be downloaded into a palm top device.

It was originally conceived in 1996 as an emergency medicine textbook but its content has expanded a lot since then to include allergy and immunology, cardiology, clinical procedures, critical care, dermatology, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology. genomic medicine, hematology, infectious diseases, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics/gynecology, oncology, pathology, perioperative care, physical medicine and rehabilitation, psychiatry, pulmonology, radiology, rheumatology, and sports medicine. Surgical subspecialties include neurosurgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, (ENT) and facial plastic surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, transplantation, Trauma, urology, and vascular surgery.

## References
## Other websites
* eMedicine website
* Online Pharmacy USA
Carla Laemmle

**Rebecca Isabelle** "**Carla**" **Laemmle** (October 20, 1909 &ndash; June 12, 2014) was an American silent movie actress. She was one of the last surviving and oldest actors from the silent movie era. Her best known roles was in *Dracula* (1931). She retired in 2012 at the age of 103. She was the niece of Carl Laemmle.

Laemmle was born on October 20, 1909 in Chicago, Illinois. She was of German Jewish ancestry.

Laemmle died from natural causes on June 12, 2014 in Los Angeles, California, aged 104.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kunani

**Kunani** () is a city in Kohdasht County, Lorestan, Iran. There were 3,746 people living here in 2006.

## References
Theodore Taylor

**Theodore Taylor** (June 23, 1921 &ndash; October 26, 2006) was an American author and singer. He wrote more than 50 books, but is mostly known for his Edgar Award-winning book *The Weirdo* and *The Cay*.

Taylor was born on June 23, 1921 in Statesville, North Carolina. He was never married and had no children. Taylor died on October 26, 2006 in his home in Laguna Beach, California from a heart attack, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*Theodore Taylor's website
*Stewart, Jocelyn. (2006, October 28). "Theodore Taylor, 85; wrote 'The Cay' and other novels for the young." *The Los Angeles Times*
John Ruskin

**John Ruskin** (8 February 1819&nbsp;– 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era. He was also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He was hugely influential in the last half of the 19th century, up to the First World War. 

Ruskin wrote on a wide range of subjects. These included geology, architecture, myths, ornithology, literature, education, botany, and political economy. In all his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.

Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of *Modern Painters* (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner. He argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature". From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. 

In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, where he established the Ruskin School of Drawing. He founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that still exists.

## References
## Other websites
*Ruskin at Victorian web
Sam Champion

**Samuel James "Sam" Champion** (born August 13, 1961) is the weather anchor of ABC's *Good Morning America* and weather editor of ABC News. Champion was born in Paducah, Kentucky. He has a B.A. in broadcast journalism from Eastern Kentucky University. He worked on *Good Morning America* as a weatherman, making reportedly $1.5 million per year. On April 7, 2012, he debuted as host of *Sea Rescue*, an educational and informational television program that focuses on the rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals back into the wild.

Champion is active in many charitable organizations in the New York City area including the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, March of Dimes, and "Stopping AIDS Together". He co-hosted the New York City Project's 2002 "Courage Awards". On 20 February 2013 *The Wall Street Journal* reported that a former Mets teammate of baseball player Mike Piazza's said in 2000 that Piazza and Champion were involved in a homosexual relationship. Piazza denied this in 2002. Champion and his longtime partner Rubem Robierb were married on December 21, 2012.

Champion left *Good Morning America* in December 2013, and later moved to The Weather Channel hosting *AMHQ* from March 2014 until October 2015.

## References
Inverted roller coaster

, Quebec in 2002.]]
**Inverted Coaster** (*sometimes known as **Inverts** by Coaster enthusiasts*) is a roller coaster designed by Bolliger and Mabillard and was first conceived in 1992. Unlike the other coaster which above the track, This coaster sits you by the bottom of the track, making a flying sensation.

## Development 
The inverted coaster was coined by the Swiss roller coaster designers Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) In 1991/92. The first installation of the Inverts came at Six Flags Great America in 1992. Batman: The Ride opened to much fanfare and was "cloned" many times at other parks. The inverted coaster quickly became an favorite with custom designs installed nearly every year. The tallest and fastest inverted coaster is Wicked Twister at Cedar Point at 215 feet (66 m) tall and reaching speeds up to 72 miles per hour. Although, it was not built by B&M. The longest inverted coaster is Banshee at Kings Island which travels along 4,124 feet of track. 

Other roller coaster manufacturers followed in the footsteps of Bolliger & Mabillard and began working on their own inverted coaster designs, including Vekoma, Intamin (Which was the builders of Wicker Twister in 2002) and other smaller companies. Intamin has few designs classified as inverted coasters, although they do install inverted coaster trains on some of their launched designs. Vekoma

In recent years, Vekoma has become the first manufacturer to install a family-friendly inverted roller coaster.

The inversions usually include vertical loops, zero gravity rolls, Immelmann loops, cobra rolls, and corkscrews.

## Installations 
189 inverted roller coasters have been installed at various theme parks, some of which have been relocated. The following list is not exhaustive and only shows the most notable installations.

## Gallery 

File:Raptor (Vertical Loop).jpg|Raptor at Cedar Point in 1994
File:Nemesis (Alton Towers) 02.jpg|Nemesis At Alton Towers. Also in 1994
File:Nemesis Inferno.jpg|Nemesis Inferno at Thorpe Park in Surrey, England
File:Screaming Condor Leofoo Village Theme Park.jpg|Screaming Condor spiral drop
File:Batman The Ride (Six Flags Over Georgia) 02.jpg|Batman The Ride in 1997
File:Traumatizer.jpg|Traumatizer at **Southport Pleasureland** in Southport, Merseyside, England

## References
Salmon P. Chase

**Salmon Portland Chase** (January 13, 1808 &ndash; May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who was U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States. He was one of the most famous Republicans of his time.

Chase was born on January 13, 1808 in Cornish, New Hampshire. He was raised in Windsor, Vermont and Worthington, Ohio. He studied at Cincinnati College and in Dartmouth College. Chase was married to Katherine Garmiss from 1834 until they divorced. Then he was married to Eliza Ann Smith from 1839 until they divorced. Then he was married to Sarah Dunlop from 1846 until his death in 1873. He had six daughters. Chase died on May 7, 1873 in New York City, New York from an illness, aged 65.

## References
## Other websites
**The Life of Salmon P. Chase, Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves*.
* The Salmon P. Chase papers, including correspondence and a myriad of biographical materials spanning the years 1820-1884, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
*Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Salmon P. Chase 
*Eulogy on Chief-Justice Chase, delivered by William M. Evarts, 1874
**Booknotes* interview with John Niven on *Salmon P. Chase: A Biography*, May 28, 1995.
Rachel Portman

**Rachel Mary Berkeley Portman**, OBE (born 11 December 1960) is a English composer, best known for composing music for movies. She was the first woman to win the Academy Award for Best Original Score

## Movie Music
* *Privileged* (1982)
* *Reflections* (1984)
* *Last Day of Summer* (1984)
* *Four Days in July* (1985)
* *Sharma and Beyond* (1986)
* *Good as Gold* (1986)
* *A Little Princess* (1986)
* *1914 All Out* (1987)
* *The Short and Curlies* (1987)
* *The Falklands War: The Untold Story* (1987)
* *90 Degrees South* (1987)
* *The Storyteller* (1988) TV Series
* *Loving Hazel* (1988)
* *Sometime in August* (1988)
* *The Woman in Black* (1989)
* *Young Charlie Chaplin* (1989)
* *Monster Maker* (1989)
* *Living with Dinosaurs* (1989)
* *Precious Bane* (1989) (TV)
* *Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit* (1990)
* *Shoot to Kill* (1990)
* *Life Is Sweet* (1990)
* *The Storyteller: Greek Myths* (1990)
* *The Widowmaker* (1990)
* *Where Angels Fear to Tread* (1991)
* *Antonia and Jane* (1991)
* *Flea Bites* (1991) (TV)
* *Used People* (1992)
* ''Mr. Wakefield's Crusade* (1992) (TV)
* *Rebecca's Daughters* (1992)
* *The Cloning of Joanna May* (1992)
* *Friends* (1993)
* *The Joy Luck Club* (1993)
* *Benny & Joon* (1993)
* *Ethan Frome* (1993)
* *Great Moments in Aviation* (1993)
* *The Road to Wellville* (1994)
* *Only You* (1994)
* *Sirens* (1994)
* *War of the Buttons* (1994)
* *To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar* (1995)

* *Palookaville* (1995)
* *Smoke* (1995)
* *A Pyromaniac's Love Story* (1995)
* *Marvin's Room* (1996)
* *Emma* (1996) (Won the Academy Award for Best Musical or Comedy Score)
* *The Adventures of Pinocchio* (1996)
* *Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas* (1997)
* *Addicted to Love* (1997)
* *Beloved* (1998)
* *Home Fries* (1998)
* *The Cider House Rules* (1999)
* *Ratcatcher* (1999)
* *The Other Sister* (1999)
* *Chocolat* (2000)
* *The Legend of Bagger Vance* (2000)
* *The Closer You Get :)* (2000)
* *The Emperor's New Clothes* (2001)
* *Nicholas Nickleby* (2002)
* *The Truth About Charlie* (2002)
* *Hart's War* (2002)
* *Mona Lisa Smile* (2003)
* *The Human Stain* (2003)
* *The Manchurian Candidate* (2004)
* *Lard* (2004)
* *Oliver Twist* (2005)
* *Define Normal* (2005)
* *Because of Winn-Dixie* (2005)
* *Infamous* (2006)
* *The Lake House* (2006)
* *H2Hope: The Water Diviner's Tale (Musical, BBC Prom 57)* (2007)
* *Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2* (2008)
* *The Duchess* (2008)
* *Grey Gardens* (2009)
* *Never Let Me Go* (2010)
* *Snow Flower and the Secret Fan* (2010)
* *I Don't Know How She Does It* (2011; rejected score)
* *One Day* (2011)
* *Bel Ami* (2011; shared scoring credit with Lakshman Joseph De Saram)
* *The Vow* (2012; some of the film also scored by Michael Brook)
* *Private Peaceful* (2012)
* *Still Life* (2013)
* *Untitled Diablo Cody Project* (sometimes called *Lamb of God'') (2013)

## References
Will.i.am

**William Adams** (born March 15, 1975), known professionally as **will.i.am** (pronounced "Will-I-am"), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, entrepreneur and futurist. He is best known as a founding and lead member of the musical group Black Eyed Peas.

As a solo artist, will.i.am has released four solo albums. His first album *Lost Change*, was released in 2001 through Atlantic Records. His second album, *Must B 21*, was released on September 23, 2003. The track "Go!" was regularly used as the theme for *NBA Live 2005* and *Madden NFL 2005*. The third album, *Songs About Girls*, was released on September 25, 2007. He released his fourth studio album, *#willpower*, in 2013.

As a record producer, will.i.am has produced music with other artists. In collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas, he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998, and has sold 9.4&nbsp;million singles in the UK.

As an entrepreneur will.i.am founded FYI.Ai that has created experiences like Sound Drive that turns every driver into a remixer of music by simply driving. Mercedes Benz launched Sound Drive FYI.Ai also created FYI RAiDiO a Ai radio product that enables millions of listeners to engage and talk to the broadcast at the same time via the Ai Host/ DJ.
At CES 2025 LG announced their partnership with will.i.am and will be launch FYI RAiDiO in their XBOOM speakers by will.i.am. On March 13th 2025 Mercedes Benz will be the first to market. On March 11th 2025 at SXSW QualcommAnnounced their partnership with FYI.Ai

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Lupita Tovar

**Lupita Tovar** (July 27, 1910 &ndash; November 12, 2016) was a Mexican-American silent movie actress. She was known for her role in the 1931 Spanish version of *Dracula*. 

## Personal life
Tovar was born on July 27, 1910 in Matías Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico. She began acting and was raised in Mexico City, Mexico. Tovar was married to Paul Kohner from 1932 until his death in 1988. They had a daughter, Susan Kohner.

### Death
Tovar died on November 12, 2016 at her home in Los Angeles, California of heart disease, aged 106.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sabbath (disambiguation)

**Sabbath** is a weekly day of rest or worship in Islam, Judaism, and Christianity:
*Shabbat in Judaism
*Sabbath in Christianity
*Jumu'ah in Islam

It might also mean:
*Witches' Sabbath
*Black Sabbath, a musical group
***Black Sabbath* (album), one of their albums
**"Black Sabbath" (song), a song from the album
America's Next Top Model (season 20)

'''''America's Next Top Model*, Cycle 20** (also known as ***America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls'''*) is the twentieth season of *America's Next Top Model*. It is the fourteenth season to be shown on The CW. The season started in summer 2013. Tyra Banks, Kelly Cutrone, Bryanboy, and Rob Evans returned as judges on the show. Like in the previous cycle, the public votes on contestants.

It is the first season of *America's Next Top Model'' to include more than fourteen contestants. It is also the first to have male contestants in the competition. Male contestants has happened previously in Spain's *Supermodelo 2008* and Bosnia and Herzegovina's *OBN Star Model*.

## Prizes
The prizes for this cycle are:

* A modeling contract with NEXT Model Management
* A spread in *Nylon* magazine.
* A US$100,000 ad campaign with Guess

## Contestants
*(ages stated are at time of contest)*

## Episode Summary
### Episode 1 & 2
*casting episode*

### Episode 3
***First Call-Out:** Marvin Cortes
***Bottom Three:** Mike Scocozza, Bianca Alexa & Chris Schellenger
***Eliminated:** Bianca Alexa & Chris Schellenger

### Episode 4
***First Call-Out:** Mike Scocozza
***Bottom Two:** Don Benjamin & Chlea Ramirez
***Eliminated:** Chlea Ramirez

### Episode 5
***First Call-Out:** Jourdan Miller
***Bottom Two:** Mike Scocozza & Jeremy Rohmer
***Eliminated:** Mike Scocozza

### Episode 6
***First Call-Out:** Cory Wade Hindorff
***Bottom Two:** Jiana Davis & Alexandra Agro
***Eliminated:** Alexandra Agro

### Episode 7
***First Call-Out:** Jourdan Miller
***Bottom Three:** Kanani Andaluz, Phil Sullivan & Jeremy Rohmer
***Eliminated:** Kanani Andaluz & Jeremy Rohmer

### Episode 8
***First Call-Out:** Jourdan Miller
***Bottom Two:** Phil Sullivan & Jiana Davis
***Eliminated:** Jiana Davis

### Episode 9
***First Call-Out:** Chris Hernandez
***Bottom Two:** Marvin Cortes & Phil Sullivan
***Eliminated:** Phil Sullivan
***Returned:** Alexandra Agro

### Episode 10
*recap episode*

### Episode 11
***Returned:** Jeremy Rohmer
***First Call-Out:** Nina Burns
***Bottom Two:** Alexandra Agro & Chris Hernandez
***Eliminated:** Alexandra Agro

### Episode 12
***First Call-Out:** Nina Burns
***Bottom Two:** Don Benjamin & Marvin Cortes
***Eliminated:** Don Benjamin

### Episode 13
***First Call-Out:** Jourdan Miller
***Bottom Three:** Nina Burns, Jeremy Rohmer & Chris Hernandez
***Eliminated:** Nina Burns & Jeremy Rohmer

### Episode 14
***First Call-Out:** Jourdan Miller
***Bottom Three:** Cory Wade Hindorff, Chris Hernandez & Renee Bhagwandeen
***Eliminated:** Chris Hernandez & Renee Bhagwandeen

### Episode 16
***Eliminated Outside of Judging panel:** Cory Wade Hindorff
***Final Two:** Jourdan Miller & Marvin Cortes
*'''America's Next Top Model:''' Jourdan Miller

## References
Joey Lauren Adams

**Joey Lauren Adams** (born January 9, 1968) is an American actress. She acts mostly in movies. She has a strong raspy voice. She acted in the comedies *Chasing Amy* (1997) and *Mallrats* (1995).

Adams was born in North Little Rock, Arkansas.

## References
Substitution reaction

atom in methane is substituted by a chlorine atom]]
In chemistry, a **substitution reaction** happens when an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by a different one. Substitution reactions can be of many different types.

In organic chemistry, the main ones are nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic substitution. These take their names from electrophiles and nucleophiles. However, substitution reactions can also happen under other conditions. For example, photochemical reactions (reactions that use light instead of heat) are used to put halogens in a molecule. Another example is using free radicals. Choosing the correct solvent and temperature conditions is very important to make sure that the reaction happens. Sometimes an elimination reaction can happen instead.

The product of a substitution reaction is often called a substituted molecule. For example, phenol can be called a substituted benzene.
Daniel Geale

**Daniel Geale** (born 26 February 1981) is an Australian professional boxer. He won the Ocean Mastership and the Commonwealth Games.

He started to box as a pro in 2004. He won the International Boxing Organization title in 2007 against Gary Comer. He defended the title five times after he lost it against Anthony Mundine. After he won against the opponent middelweight champion Roman Karmazin, he fought against Sebastian Sylvester, who defended the International Boxing Federation title. Geale won the fight and combined the International Boxing Federation title and the World Boxing Association title after a fight against Felix Sturm. After that, he defended his title against Anthony Mundine, who had beaten him in 2009. He is the reigning Champion of the World Boxing Association (WBA) and the International Boxing Federation (IBF).

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Empress of Japan

**Japanese empresses** or **Empress of Japan** means a .  The term also mean the wife of the Emperor, or .

The wife of Naruhito is Empress Masako. She became the current Empress of Japan when her husband accepted his role as emperor.

## Empresses regnant 
There were eight female monarchs.  In other words, there were six female emperors including two who reigned twice. 

* Empress Jingū r. 206–269 —legendary/mythical; removed from the list of emperors in the 19th century 
* Empress Suiko (554–628), r. 593–628—first ruling empress
* Empress Kōgyoku (594–661), r. 642–645—formerly Princess Takara (Empress Consort of Jomei)
* Empress Saimei (594–661), r. 655–661 (same person as Empress Kōgyoku)
* Empress Jitō (645–702), r. 690–697
* Empress Gemmei (661–721), r. 707–715
* Empress Genshō (680–748), r. 715–724—formerly Princess Hidaka
* Empress Kōken (718–770), r. 749–758
* Empress Shōtoku (718–770), r. 764–770 (same person as Empress Kōken)
* Empress Meishō (1624–1696), r. 1629–1643
* Empress Go-Sakuramachi (1740–1813), r. 1762–1771—most recent ruling empress

## Empresses consort 
The wife of an Japanese emperor is called empress in English, but her title in Japanese is a little different.

*Kōgō* is the title of a non-reigning empress consort.  The title, still in use, is generally conferred on an emperor's wife who had given birth to the heir to the throne.  The title was first awarded posthumously in 806 to the late mother of Emperor Heizei.

*Chūgū* was a term which evolved during the Heian period; and it came to be understood as the title of the empress.  For a time, *chūgū* replaced *kōgō*; and then the titles became interchangeable.

The numbers of *kōgō* varied, but there was only one *Chūgū* at a time.

The title *kōtaigō* was given to the wife of an ex-emperor; and the title *tai-kōtaigō* came to be used by a dowager empress.

## Related pages
*Imperial House of Japan

## References
Conserved sequence

s are highlighted in green.]]

**Conserved sequences** are similar or identical sequences which occur in DNA, and cause sequences in RNA, proteins and carbohydrates.

These sequences occur across species. This shows that the sequences has been maintained in evolution despite speciation. The further back up the phylogenetic tree a particular conserved sequence occurs, the more highly conserved it is. Since sequence information is normally transmitted from parents to progeny by genes, a conserved sequence implies that there is a **conserved gene**.

Conservation of a sequence happens when mutations in a highly conserved region lead to non-viable life forms, that is, a form which is eliminated through natural selection. In other words, the product of the gene is vital to life, and its function is destroyed by almost all changes (mutations) to the sequence.

## Conserved nucleic acid sequences 
The basic theory, widely agreed, is that highly conserved DNA sequences must have functional value, though the role for many of these highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences is not known. One recent study that eliminated four highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences in mice yielded viable mice with no significant phenotypic differences; the authors described their findings as "unexpected". So there is clearly something here which is not understood.

Many regions of the DNA, including highly conserved DNA sequences, consist of repeated sequence elements. If only one of a set of a repeated sequences was removed, and the repetitions were not needed, then no difference would be seen in the mice. The paper did not report whether the eliminated sequences were repeated sequences.

## Conserved protein sequences and structures
Highly conserved proteins are often required for cells to work or divide.  Conservation of protein sequences is shown by the presence of identical amino acid residues at analogous parts of proteins.  Conservation of protein structures is indicated by the presence of functionally equivalent, though not necessarily identical, amino acid residues and structures between analogous parts of proteins.

Shown below is an amino acid sequence alignment between two human zinc finger proteins. Conserved amino acid sequences are marked by strings of **\mathrm{*}** on the third line of the sequence alignment. As can be seen from this alignment, these two proteins contain a number of conserved amino acid sequences (represented by identical letters aligned between the two sequences).

## Comparative genomics 
The research field which studies the evolution and function of multigene families is called **comparative genomics**.

## References
FAMAS

The **FAMAS** (**F**usil d'**A**ssaut de la **M**anufacture d'**A**rmes de **S**aint-Étienne, in English "Assault Rifle from the Saint-Étienne Weapon Factory") is a bullpup-styled assault rifle designed and manufactured in France. It's the main assault rifle of the French Army, French Air Force, and French Navy since 1980. It was also sold for export.

Designed in 1973 FAMAS uses a 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge. Muzzle velocity is between 925m/s and 960m/s following variants.

## Variants 
### Civil 
* **FAMAS "civil"**, built between 1982 and 1992 for security and protection companies.

### Military 
* **FAMAS F1**, built between 1979 and 1992 for French militaries.
** **FAMAS Commando**, variant of F1 specially designed for special forces, shorter than original.
** **FAMAS Export**, variant of F1 specially designed for foreign customers.
* **FAMAS G1**, alternatively transition built in 1995 to prepare for the arrival of French troops in the G2.
* **FAMAS G2**, new generation more light, and using special weapons.
** **FAMAS FELIN**, variant of G2 specially designed for urban fights and close sniping .

## Gouvernemental users 
 riflemen with **FAMAS**.]]
an soldiers with **FAMAS**.]]
Militaries and polices of that countries uses FAMAS.

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## References
Swedish House Mafia

**Swedish House Mafia** is a Swedish electronic dance music trio. It was made up of three people: Axwell, Steve Angello and Sebastian Ingrosso. They are all DJs and producers. The band was formed in 2008.

Over the years, Swedish House Mafia published two albums and six singles. All of these have been very successful worldwide. Five of their singles reached the top ten in the UK music charts. They have worked with many other artists, like Tinie Tempah.

In 2012 the band said on their website that they would split up at the end of their 2012-2013 tour. The tour, named "One Last Tour," ended at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami, Florida. Their opening and closing sets were on March 15 and March 24, 2013.

They came back together to play on Tomorrowland on July 26, 2024

## References 
## Other websites
Applebee's

'''Applebee's** is an American food company that develops, franchises and operates **Applebee's Neighborhood Bar & Grill'''. There are over two thousand restaurants all across the United States, Puerto Rico and several outside countries. The concept of this company represents casual dining. Their food includes salads, shrimp, chicken, pasta, barbecue ribs and fish. The company is centered in Kansas City, Missouri. It was put into operation on November 19, 1980.

## Sources
Saint Joseph's University

'''Saint Joseph's University''' is a Jesuit university in Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1851.

## Other websites
*SJU Website
Ignatius of Loyola

**Saint Ignatius of Loyola** (1491-1556) was a Spanish man.  He started the Jesuit order in Catholicism. He is also known for his Spiritual Exercises.

## Other websites
*Catholic encyclopaedia on Ignatius

## Related pages
*Aloysius Gonzaga
Rude Boy

"**Rude Boy**" is a hit single sung by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna. It was released in November 2009, and it was released as a single on February 9, 2010. The song is from her fourth studio album, *Rated R* (2009). It combines dancehall and reggae. The song received mixed reviews. It spent five weeks at number one on *Billboard* Hot 100 in the United States.  It also topped charts in Australia and Israel.  It reached number two in the UK and number seven on the Canadian Hot 100.  It peaked within the top ten of most international charts.  Rihanna has most recently performed the song on her Anti World Tour.

On June 30, 2015, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song quintuple-platinum for shipments and streams of over five million copies of the song across the US.

## Music video 
The music video for the song has received over 449 million views as of March 2018.

## References
Aud Tuten

**Audley Kendrick Tuten** (January 14, 1915 – May 7, 1994) was an American-born Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 39 games in the NHL for the Chicago Black Hawks.

Tuten also played with the Hershey B'ars/Bears of the EHL for 4 seasons as well as the Baltimore Orioles from the EHL for 1 season. He went on to play for both the Kansas City Greyhounds and Kansas City Americans of the AHA for 1 season each. He entered the NHL and played with the Black Hawks for 5 games before rejoining the Americans. He joined the Black Hawks again and played 34 games with them. He left the Black Hawks and went on to join the Minneapolis Millers of the USHL for 4 games, the Fort Worth Rangers of the USHL for 2 games and the Kansas City Pla-Mors of the USHL for 10 games before ending his playing career with Los Angeles-S.D. of the PCHL. He died on May 7, 1994.

## Other websites
*
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The Weeping Woman

***The Weeping Woman*** is an iconic painting. It was painted by Pablo Picasso. It is an oil painting done on canvas. Picasso painted this after his break-up with his mistress, Dora Maar. After the breakup he always said she was  there for creating the term of "Weeping Woman". Pablo Picasso used his skill for geometric shapes and design in the painting. You can see multiple dimensions in this picture. Made in 1937 it shows how old  Pablo Picasso would be now, though also how experienced he was then, being born in 1881. The level of experience it would take to be capable of such a level of geometric art work is surprisingly high considering there have been so many artists over the eras who have mastered it.
Centre Pompidou

**Centre Georges Pompidou** is an art museum in Paris. It opened in 1977, and is named after Georges Pompidou, a former President of France. It houses the largest museum for modern art in Europe.

## Other websites
*Official website
Münchausen syndrome

**Münchausen syndrome** (pronounced "MUNCH-house-in") is a mental illness in which a person repeatedly fakes being ill to get attention or sympathy from others. The illnesses being faked can be physical and/or psychological.

## Symptoms
People with Münchausen syndrome exaggerate or create symptoms of mental or physical illness. Some people with Münchausen make up detailed stories about medical problems they have had, or they may fake symptoms. However, others may harm themselves in many different ways in order to make it seem like they are sick. 

For instance, they might take laxatives to make it seem like they have diarrhea, or take blood-thinning medications to cause bleeding. They might inject themselves with bacteria so that they get an infection. They might cut or burn themselves in order to create wounds. Sometimes, after getting medical treatment, people with Münchausen also do things to slow down or prevent their recovery - for example, by ripping out stitches.

The goal of this behavior is to get treatment, attention, sympathy or comfort from medical professionals. For someone with Münchausen, being a patient feels familiar and comfortable. This meets a deep psychological need that the person has.

## Risk factors
There are several risk factors for Münchausen (things which make it more likely for a person to develop the condition). Münchausen is more common in people who:
* Münchausen by Internet, in which people fake illness in online chat rooms and support groups in order to get sympathy and attention from other Internet users

## References
Guru Dutt

**Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone** (9 July 1925 – 10 October 1964), known by many as **Guru Dutt**, was an Indian movie director, producer and actor.

## References
Charlie Brooker

**Charlton** "**Charlie**" **Brooker** (born 3 March 1971) is a British humourist, journalist, television presenter, screenwriter and producer. He is widely known for creating the Channel 4/Netflix science fiction series *Black Mirror* (2011–present). He has appeared in panel shows such as *Have I Got News For You*. He has also hosted his own programmes such as *Screenwipe* and *You Have Been Watching*. In 2017, he won two Primetime Emmy Awards for the *Black Mirror* episode "San Junipero". 

Brooker was born in Reading, Berkshire and grew up in Oxfordshire. He is married to television presenter Konnie Huq. They have two children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Symbolism

**Symbolism** is the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character. A symbol is an object, action, or idea that stands for something other than itself, often of a more abstract nature. Symbolism creates quality aspects that make literature like poetry and novels more meaningful.

## Related pages 
*Symbolism (art) deals with symbolism in visual art.
*Metaphor in language use.

## References
Larry Zeidel

**Lazarus "Larry, Rock" Zeidel** (June 1, 1928 – June 17, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 5 seasons in the NHL as well as 12 seasons in the AHL.

Zeidel started his hockey career with the Barrie Flyers of the OHA for 28 games and then moved on to play with the Quebec Aces of the QSHL for 3 seasons. After that he played with the Saskatoon Quakers of the WCSHL and then the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL for 19 games before being sent to their AHL affiliate, Indianapolis Capitals for a season. He was called up to the Red Wings and played 9 games with them before he joined the Edmonton Flyers of the WHL and played 1 season with them. He played joined the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL for 1 season and rejoined the Edmonton Flyers for 1 season. He would then play in the AHL with the Hershey Bears for 8 seasons and the Cleveland Barons for 1 season. He returned to the WHL to play with the Seattle Totems for 2 seasons and joined the Barons again for 2 seasons. He ended his playing career after playing with the Philadelphia Flyers for 2 seasons.

He won the Stanley Cup in 1952 during his time with the Detroit Red Wings.

Zeidel was Jewish and because of this antisemitic remarks were said to him during his playing career. His grandparents were killed in concentration camps by Nazis. After his death, doctors diagnosed that Zeidel had been suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

## References
## Other websites
*
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Play Dead

"**Play Dead**" is a song by Björk. It was released in 1993. The song is a single in the soundtrack of the crime drama film *The Young Americans*. The song was added as a bonus track to *Debut* when the album was released again in November 1993 four months after being first released. The single reached No.7 in the Swedish Singles Chart. Bjork wrote the song with Jah Wobble and David Arnold.
Udaijin

was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. 

## History
The position was established in the Taihō Code of 702. The official acted in the context of a Council of State (*daijō-kan*) which was made up of the three men. 
* the Chancellor or Prime Minister (*daijō-daijin*)
* the Minister of the Left (*sadaijin*) 
* the Minister of the Right.

The Taihō Code system was replaced in the Meiji period.

## Related pages
* Imperial Household Agency

## References
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers

***Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers*** is a 1995 American horror movie. This was the first movie of Paul Rudd and the last movie of Donald Pleasence The movie was dedicated in his memory. The movie was directed by Joe Chappelle and produced by Moustapha Akkad. The movie was released on September 29, 1995.

## About 
The movie is about Michael Myers trying to kill the baby of his niece, who he just killed in the beginning. Dr. Samuel Loomis comes out of retirement to save Tommy Doyle and Kara Strode. The main villain of the movie was Dr. Terence Wynn who was the leader of an evil group. At the end of the movie Michael Myers escapes when he switched clothes with Dr. Wynn. Dr. Loomis was touched by Dr. Wynn and became the new leader of the group. This ending was in the producer's cut of the movie.

## Cast 
* Donald Pleasence as Dr. Loomis
* Paul Rudd as Tommy Doyle
* Marianne Hagan as Kara Strode
* Mitchell Ryan as Dr. Terence Wynn
* J. C. Brandy as Jamie Lloyd 
* George P. Wilbur as Michael Myers

## Other websites 
*
Dariusz Michalczewski

**Dariusz Tomasz Michalczewski** (May 5, 1968) better known as **Tiger** is a Polish boxer. He was World Boxing Organization, World Boxing Association, International Boxing Federation and Lineal champion in light heavyweight for nine years. He was undefeated for twelve years.

Michalczewski started his career in 1991. He won the World Boxing Association title against Leeonzer Barber, who was undefeated for 3 years. After that he combined the World Boxing Organization title and the Lineal title. He also won the Wold Boxing Organization title against Nestor Hipolito Giovannini in Cruiserweight. In 1996 he fought against Graciano Rochigani, who was one of the best Light Heavyweight boxer at this time. Michalchewski won at round 7. He combined the World Boxing Organization, World Boxing Association, International Boxing Federation and Lineal after a win against Virgil Hill, who was one of the world's best boxers at that time. In 2000 he fought the second time against Graciano Rocchigani. He won the fight in the tenth round by knockout. After the fight against Derrick Harmon, he needed one win to stop the record of Rocky Marciano, who was undefeated for 49 fights in a row. In his fortyninth fight, he fought in the Color Line Arena, Hamburg against Julio Cesar Gonzalez. Michalchewski wasn't trained and lost by split decision. In 2005 he made a comeback against the World Boxing Association Champion Fabrice Tiozzo. He lost the fight by knockout in round five. After that, he said that he never will fight again. In his best time, he counted with Roy Jones Junior as the best light heavyweight fighter of all time.

## References
Suicidal ideation

**Suicidal ideation** is the medical terminology for thoughts of or preoccupation with killing yourself. It varies between fleeting thoughts and self-harm or making suicidal attempts. Most people who undergo suicidal ideation never really kill themselves, though some do. This condition is often triggered through being , depressed, anxiety, having panic attacks or strong . It can also happen because of being abused, as a result of certain medications, due to bullying or feeling rejected.
PlayStation Move

**PlayStation Move** is a motion-sensing game controller platform by Sony Computer Entertainment which supports the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation 4. The device uses a PlayStation Eye camera to record movements. It was released on September 15, 2010 in Europe and on September 17, 2010 in North America. Sony announced that the *PlayStation Move* had sold 15 million units.
in 2016 playstation made a return to the move with the release of the playstation vr and the move can be used to interact with the objects in the virtual world.

## References
John Hermansader

**John Hermansader** (1915–2005) was an American painter, graphic designer, and jazz fan. He is remembered for his iconic designs of Blue Note record covers.

## Early years and education
John Bancroft Hermansader was born on November 1, 1915 near Reading, Pennsylvania. In the 1930s, he studied at the Memphis Academy of Art in Tennessee and the New Bauhaus in Chicago, Illinois. In New York City he studied with Robert Motherwell at the New School of Social Research.

## Jazz, Blue Note Records, Fine Art
In 1939, he and his wife Rosemary were founders of the Hot Club of Newark, New Jersey, a significant group of jazz enthusiasts. John became the first president.

In 1951, when Blue Note Records began issuing 10 inch records, Hermansader was one of their first designers, along with Paul Bacon and Gil Melle. Looking back at this era, Michael Cuscuna of Mosaic Records said, “ What John Hermansader and Paul Bacon really did was evoke the feeling of the music. They used everything from Bauhaus designs to things that were really otherworldly.” Angelynn Grant adds, “When people think of Blue Note covers they think of Frank Wolff”s photography and Reid Miles design.  But John Hermansader laid the groundwork that got them going along that path.” Richard Cook, who wrote Blue Note Records: The Biography states, “Hermansader in particular balanced the twin issues of photography and type in a way that would mirror the concerns of the Blue Note of the years ahead.”

“John Hermansader was passionate about oil painting, “beautiful lyrical abstractions, full of color and movement.”5 He was an abstract expressionist painter who drew inspiration for his work from listening to jazz.”
His exhibitions included and the Gallery of Contemporary Art at Sunken Meadow, Long Island, 1951–58, Panoras Gallery 1956, Art USA 1958.  His work is in the collection of Wake Forest (IL) College, and the Schwenkfelder Art Museum, PA, as well as private collections.

## Notable album covers
*The Amazing Bud Powell, vol. 1 & 2: Blue Note 12” LP 
*Jazz Messengers: At the Café Bohemia, vol.1 & 2 Blue Note, 12” LP 
*Miles Davis, vol. 1 & 2: Blue Note, 12” LP
*Horace Silver Quintet: Blue Note, 10” LP
*Jay Jay Johnson, vol. 1 & 2: Blue Note, 12” LP

## References
## Other resources
*Jazz Album Covers – The Rare and the Beautiful, Manek Daver
*Jazz Graffico – Disaño y Fotografía en el Disco de Jazz 1940–1968, Ivam Centre Julio González
*http://www.birkajazz.com/archive/bluenote/10inch.htm
Skra Bełchatów

**KPS Skra Bełchatów SA ** is a volleyball club in Poland. The club started in 1930 as a football club. It began playing volleyball instead in 1957. The club plays in the Polish Volleyball League and they play in Bełchatów. Skra Bełchatów's owner is Polish company the Bełchatów Power Station. They won Polish championship in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 and Polish Cup in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016.

## References
Belling the Cat

, c. 1868]] 
***Belling the Cat***, also known as ***The Bell and the Cat*** or ***The Mice in Council*** is a story which has become a traditional part of European and Western culture.

## History
The story may have come from Aesop. The earliest recorded versions are from the Middle Ages.

## Story 
The story is about a group of mice who talk about what to do about a cat which threatens them. One wants to place a bell around the cat's neck.  All agree. Then one mouse asks who will volunteer to put the bell on the cat?  Not one stepped forward.

## References
Crab louse

The **crab louse** or **pubic louse** is an insect, which is a parasite on humans. It is found most often in pubic hair, but also lives in other areas on the body with dense hair. It can be spread from one human to another by sexual intercourse, but also through garments, towels and besheets, for example in a hotel. Crab lice are still visible with the human eye, they are about 1.5-2mm in size. 

Note that head lice and Body lice are different species.
Pauley Perrette

**Pauley Perrette** (born March 27, 1969) is an American actress and homosexual rights advocate. She acts mostly in television programs. She played Abigail Sciuto on the series *NCIS*.

Perrette was born in Louisiana. She was raised in different regions of the United States.
Giovanna Antonelli

**Giovanna Antonelli** (born March 18, 1976 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

## Personal life 
Antonelli is the daughter of Hilton Prado and Suely Antonelli. She has a brother named Leonardo Pietro Antonelli. She has a nephew named Gabriel. She married businessman Ricardo Medina on March 8, 2000. They separated in February 2002.

In late 2001, Antonelli started dating the actor Murilo Benício. He was her co-star in *O Clone*. They married in 2002. Their son Pietro was born on May 24, 2005. Antonelli and Benício separated in 2005. Earlier, in 2004, during their first separation, she dated businessman Alexandre Accioly.

In 2005, Antonelli met the American entrepreneur Robert Locascio. On May 5, 2007, they married in Italy. The marriage lasted only four months.

In 2009, Antonelli broke up with businessman Arthur Fernandes after two years.

She began dating director Leonardo Nogueira. On October 8, 2010, gave birth to the twins Antônia and Sophia. She wants to have another child before reaching the age of 40.

## References
## Other websites 
*
College of the Holy Cross

**College of the Holy Cross** is a Jesuit university in Worcester, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1843.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Official Athletics website
*Unofficial Athletics website 
*The Advocate 
*The Crusader