open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Brewster Kahle

**Brewster Kahle** (born October 21, 1960) is an American digital librarian and computer engineer. He is known for creating the Internet Archive and co-founding Alexa Internet.

## Early Life 
Brewster Kahle was born in New York City. He went to Scarsdale High School. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and graduated in 1982 with a degree in computer science and engineering.

## Career 
After college, Kahle worked at Thinking Machines, where he helped create the Connection Machine. In 1992, he co-founded WAIS, Inc., which was later sold to AOL. In 1996, he co-founded Alexa Internet, which was sold to Amazon in 1999.

## Internet Archive 
In 1996, Kahle started the Internet Archive. This is a non-profit organization that saves web pages and other digital content. The Internet Archive has a tool called the Wayback Machine, which lets people see old versions of web pages.

## Personal Life 
Brewster Kahle is married to Mary Austin, and they have two children.

## References
Raajhorshee De

**Raajhorshee De** is an Indian movie director and screenwriter known for his work in Bengali cinema.

## Career 
While working as a Programming Head at 92.7 BIG FM, De was actively involved in Kolkata's Bengali professional theatre circuit. He performed in various productions, including *Rudhha Sangeet* and was a founding member and Secretary of Kalindi Bratyajon.

In 2010, De joined Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited as part of the creative team for Zee Bangla. He launched Zee Bangla Cinema, the first 24x7 Bengali cinema channel. Additionally, he led the launch of *Zee Bangla Cinema Originals*, overseeing the production of 22 original Bengali films.

In 2016, he joined Viacom 18, where he produced *Big Boss Bangla* season 2 with Jeet as the host. De subsequently shifted focus to his filmmaking career and went on to direct multiple films.

## Filmography
### As a writer 
### As a director 
### As an actor 
## References
## Other websites
Wedge-tailed eagle

The **wedge-tailed eagle** is Australia’s largest raptorial bird. With a wingspan of over  and a height of , the wedge-tailed eagle gives an aggressive appearance.

## References
The Younger Lady

**The Younger Lady** is the informal name for an ancient Egyptian mummy. The mummy was found in tomb KV35 in the Valley of the Kings by archaeologist Victor Loret in 1898. The mummy is called KV35YL (with "YL" meaning "Younger Lady") and 61072. It is now kept in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Recent DNA tests have shown that this mummy is the mother of Pharaoh Tutankhamun and the daughter of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his Great Royal Wife Tiye. At first, some people believed that this mummy might be Nefertiti, but that idea was proven incorrect. Nefertiti was never given the title of "King's daughter."

## Discovery 
The mummy was found next to two other mummies in KV35. One was a young boy who died around the age of ten. People think he might be Webensenu. The other was an older woman. Recent DNA tests say she is Tiye, who might be related to Tutankhamun. The three mummies were discovered together in a small room inside the tomb of Amenhotep II. They were lying next to each other naked. No one knew who they were. All three mummies had been badly damaged by ancient thieves who had broken into the tomb.

## References
La Creuse

**La Creuse** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France.

## References
Duma Boko

**Duma Gideon Boko** (born 31 December 1969) is a Botswana politician and lawyer. He has been the 6th and current President of Botswana since 2024. He has been the leader of the Umbrella for Democratic Change since 2012. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly from 2014 to 2019.

Boko ran as the alliance's president in Botswana's general elections in 2014 and 2019.

## References
Laura Méndez

**Laura María Luisa Elena Méndez Lefort** or **Laura Méndez de Cuenca** (18 August 1853, Ayapango - 1 November 1928, Mexico City), better known as **Laura Méndez**, was a writer from Ayapango.

## Works 
*El espejo de Amarilis. México: Linotipia de El Mundo (México) y de El Imparcial, 1902. 2 vols. 164 y 178 pp.
*El Hogar Mexicano: nociones de economía doméstica. México: Herrero Hermanos, 1910. 2 vols.
*Simplezas. París: Sociedad de Ediciones Literarias y Artísticas, 1910. 270 pp.
*"Lic. Justo Sierra". En Diez civiles notables en la Historia Patria. México: Secretaría de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes, 1914. 184 pp.
Álvaro Obregón. S. p. i. 122 pp. Ilus.

## References
Tau Lewis

**Tau Lewis** (born 1993 in Toronto, Canada) is a Jamaican-Canadian artist who makes hand-sewn pieces among other things.

## Artistic practice 
Lewis works with materials found in nature, on the ground. Much of her work focuses on the troubles of the African community. She recycles because it has roots in her ancestry. Her earlier work used materials that were found from junkyards, now she uses fabric. 

## References
Colostethus latinasus

The **Truando rocket frog** (*Colostethus latinasus*) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia and Panama.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on mountains in forests that have never been cut down. Scientists saw the frog between 1200 and 1475 meters above sea level.

One of the places this frog lives is a protected park: Parque Nacional Darién.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the adult frog carries the tadpoles to streams where they swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in big danger of dying out. They say it is not good at living in places that human beings have changed. However, people do not cut down its forest because it is high in the mountains and hard for human beings to go to and because the government of Panama made the forest a park. But people start fires on lower hills, which spread into the mountains. Climate change could hurt this frog because it lives in the mountains. Animals that live in mountains cannot move to colder places because they would have to climb down into warmer places first.

Scientists believe the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* killed most of these frogs. *B. dendrobatidis* causes the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.

## References
Pom-pom

, Japan]]The term **pom-pom** refers to a decorative ball of fibrous material. Cheerleaders use these to cheer on sports teams. They are also used during holiday celebrations, particularly the New Year parties.
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

The **David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA** (DGSOM) is the medical school of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). It is in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1951. It has grown to become one of the leading medical schools in the United States, recognized for its research, medical education, and healthcare services.

## History 
The school was established in 1951 as part of the University of California system. In 2002, entertainment executive and philanthropist David Geffen donated $200 million to the school, which was subsequently renamed the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Geffen's donation marked one of the largest gifts to a medical school in the United States at the time.

## Academics 
DGSOM offers a wide range of academic programs, including the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree, the MD/PhD program, and various dual-degree programs such as the MD/Master of Public Health (MPH) and MD/Master of Business Administration (MBA). The school is affiliated with UCLA Health and various hospitals throughout Los Angeles, providing students with extensive clinical training opportunities.

### Research 
DGSOM is known for its research programs in areas like neuroscience, oncology, cardiology, and genomics. The school receives significant funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and conducts groundbreaking research that contributes to advancements in medical science and patient care.

## Campus 
The main campus is located within the UCLA campus in Westwood, Los Angeles. DGSOM includes multiple research centers and is affiliated with the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, one of the top hospitals in the United States. Facilities on campus include state-of-the-art labs, teaching hospitals, and the Geffen Hall, which houses medical education and administrative offices.

## Admissions 
Admissions to DGSOM are highly competitive. The school seeks candidates with strong academic backgrounds, a commitment to medicine, and leadership qualities. It also emphasizes diversity and inclusion, aiming to train physicians who can serve a wide array of communities.

## Related pages 
* University of California, Los Angeles
* Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center

## References 
* David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Official Website
* "Geffen's $200 Million Gift to UCLA Med School", Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2002.
* UCLA Newsroom – About David Geffen School of Medicine

## Other websites 
* Official website
* UCLA Health
David Geffen

**David Lawrence Geffen** (born February 21, 1943) is an American business magnate, record executive, film producer, and philanthropist. Known for his influence in the entertainment industry, Geffen is the founder of several major entertainment companies, including Asylum Records, Geffen Records, DGC Records, and DreamWorks SKG. He has also made substantial philanthropic contributions, particularly in the fields of health, education, and the arts.

## Early Life and education 
Geffen was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish immigrant parents. He attended Brooklyn College, University of Texas at Austin, and Santa Monica College, though he did not complete a degree. Geffen worked in the mailroom at the William Morris Agency, where he eventually became an agent, launching his career in the entertainment industry.

## Career 
Geffen’s career began in the music industry, where he established himself as a talent manager and record executive. He co-founded Asylum Records in 1970, where he signed artists such as The Eagles, Joni Mitchell, and Jackson Browne. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records, signing successful artists like Aerosmith, Elton John, and Nirvana under its subsidiary label, DGC Records.

In 1994, Geffen co-founded DreamWorks SKG with Steven Spielberg and Jeffrey Katzenberg, which became a major force in film, television, and animation. The studio produced films such as *Saving Private Ryan*, *Gladiator*, and the *Shrek* series.

### Philanthropy 
Geffen has donated to numerous causes in education, health, and the arts. In 2002, he gave $200 million to the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, one of the largest gifts ever made to a medical school. He has also contributed to UCLA, the University of Southern California, and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. His philanthropy supports scholarships, research, and medical programs.

## Awards and recognition 
* Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (2010)
* Recipient of the Honorary Academy Award for contributions to the film industry
* Grammy Trustees Award
* Recognized by Forbes as one of the wealthiest individuals in entertainment

## Personal life 
Geffen is known for his private lifestyle and high-profile real estate investments. He is one of the most prominent openly gay business figures in the United States, coming out publicly in 1992. Geffen currently resides between homes in California, New York, and other locations.

## Legacy 
David Geffen’s impact on the entertainment industry and philanthropy is significant, with major contributions to music, film, and the arts. His business ventures have shaped modern entertainment, while his philanthropic support has extended to important initiatives in medicine and education.

## Related pages 
* Geffen Records
* DreamWorks SKG
* David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

## References 
## Other websites 
* David Geffen Profile on Forbes
* Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - David Geffen
* David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Official Website
Merchiston Castle School

**Merchiston Castle School** is a private boarding and day school for boys in the village of Colinton, Edinburgh. It is home to around 400 pupils.

## References
California Community Colleges

**California Community Colleges** (**CCC**) is the largest system of higher education in the United States, consisting of 116 colleges across California. Serving over 1.8 million students annually, CCC offers associate degrees, vocational programs, and transfer pathways to the state's public four-year universities, including the University of California (UC) and California State University (CSU) systems.

## History 
The California Community Colleges were formally established in 1967 following the passage of the Donahoe Higher Education Act, which organized California’s higher education system into three segments: UC, CSU, and CCC. The system has since expanded and evolved to meet the needs of California's diverse population, adapting programs to include online education and career pathways aligned with workforce demands.

## Governance 
The California Community Colleges system is governed by the Board of Governors, which sets policy and provides direction under the leadership of the Chancellor. Local districts manage each individual college, enabling responsiveness to the specific needs of their communities while adhering to statewide standards.

## Related pages 
* California State University
* University of California

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of the California Community Colleges
* Associate Degree for Transfer Information
Santa Barbara High School

**Santa Barbara High School** (**SBHS**) is a public high school in Santa Barbara, California, and one of the oldest high schools in the state, established in 1875. Known for its rich history, academic programs, and artistic achievements, SBHS serves students in grades 9 through 12 and is part of the Santa Barbara Unified School District.

## History 
Santa Barbara High School was established in 1875 and is among the oldest secondary schools in California. Initially serving as a small community school, SBHS expanded over the decades to accommodate a growing student population and now features a large campus that includes historic architecture and a performing arts theater.

## Campus 
The SBHS campus is noted for its historic buildings and lush landscapes. In addition to classrooms, it features athletic fields, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, and the Marjorie Luke Theatre. The school's Spanish Colonial Revival architecture reflects Santa Barbara’s local heritage and adds to the aesthetic appeal of the campus.

## Santa Barbara High School Foundation 
The Santa Barbara High School Foundation supports school initiatives by raising funds for academic, athletic, and artistic programs. The foundation is dedicated to enhancing the educational experience for all SBHS students and bridging funding gaps.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Santa Barbara High School website
* Visual Arts and Design Academy
Web archiving

**Web archiving** is the process of saving web pages and other online content. This is done to make sure the information is not lost and can be used in the future.

## Why it is important 
Web pages can change or be deleted. Web archiving helps to keep a copy of these pages so people can see them later. This is important for history and research. Web archiving is important to keep online information safe for the future. By using web crawlers and safe storage, we can make sure that web pages are not lost.

## How it is done 
# **Web Crawlers**: Special programs called web crawlers visit web pages and save copies of them.
# **Storage**: The saved web pages are stored in a safe place, like a big computer or cloud storage.
# **Access**: People can look at the saved web pages using special websites like the Wayback Machine.

## Challenges 
* **Technology Changes**: New technology can make old web pages hard to read.
* **Size**: The internet is very big, so it is hard to save everything.
* **Cost**: It can be expensive to save and store all the web pages.

## Web archiving services 
There are several important services that help save web pages:

* **Internet Archive**: The Internet Archive is a non-profit organization that saves web pages. It has a tool called the Wayback Machine that lets people see old versions of web pages.
* **Arquivo.pt**: Arquivo.pt is a web archive service from Portugal. It saves web pages from the Portuguese web and makes them available to the public.

These services help keep web pages safe and available for future use.

## See also
* Digital preservation

## References
Wind (spacecraft)

The Global Geospace Science (GGS) ***Wind*** satellite is a NASA science spacecraft. It studies radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetosphere. It is still in service (as of 2025).

It was launched on 1 November 1994, at 09:31:00 UTC, from launch pad LC-17B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Merritt Island, Florida, aboard a McDonnell Douglas Delta II 7925-10 rocket. *Wind* was designed and manufactured by Martin Marietta Astro Space Division in East Windsor Township, New Jersey. The satellite is a spin-stabilized cylindrical satellite with a diameter of 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) and a height of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in).

The spacecraft's original mission was to orbit the Sun at the L1 Lagrangian point, but this was delayed to study the magnetosphere and near lunar environment when the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft were sent to the same location. *Wind* has been at L1 continuously since May 2004, and is still operating as of 2024. As of 2024, *Wind* currently has enough fuel to last over 50 more years at L1, until at least 2070. *Wind* continues to collect data, and by the end of 2023 had contributed data to over 7,290 scientific publications.

Mission operations are conducted from the Multi-Mission Operations Center (MMOC) in Building 14 at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. *Wind* data can be accessed using the SPEDAS software. *Wind* is the sister ship to GGS *Polar*.
Encyclopedia of Malaysia

***The Encyclopedia of Malaysia*** is a multi-volume reference work about Malaysia. Each volume covers a specific topic and has two-page spreads. More than 400 authors, mostly from Malaysia, have contributed to it. Mahathir Mohamad is the patron of the encyclopedia.

## Published 
# The Environment  (Volume editor: Prof. Dato' Dr Sham Sani)
# Plants  (Volume editor: Dr E. Soepadmo)
# Animals  (Volume editor: Prof. Dr Yong Hoi Sen)
# Early History  (Volume editor: Prof. Dato' Dr Nik Hassan Shuhaimi)
# Architecture  (Volume editor: Chen Voon Fee)
# The Seas  (Volume editors: Prof. Dr Ong Jin Eong and Prof. Dr Gong Wooi Khoon)
# Early Modern History  (Volume editor: Prof. Dr Cheah Boon Kheng)
# Performing Arts  (Volume editor: Prof. Dr Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof)
# Languages and Literature  (Volume editor: Prof. Dato' Dr Asmah Haji Omar)
# Religions and Beliefs  (Volume editors: Prof. Dr M. Kamal Hassan and Dr Ghazali bin Basri)
# Government and Politics  (Volume editor: Prof. Dato' Dr Zakaria Haji Ahmad)
# Peoples and Traditions  (Volume editor: Prof. Dato' Dr Hood Salleh)
# The Economy  (Volume editor: Prof. Dr H. Osman Rani)
# Crafts and the Visual Arts  (Volume editor: Datuk Syed Ahmad Jamal)
# Sports and Recreation  (Volume editor: Tan Sri Dato' Seri (Dr) Ahmad Sarji bin Abdul Hamid)
# The Rulers of Malaysia  (Volume editors: Datuk Prof. Emeritus Dr Mohd Taib Osman and Prof. Emeritus Dato' Dr Khoo Kay Kim)
British Columbia Highway 95

**British Columbia Highway 95** is a highway in British Columbia that travels north-south in the Rocky Mountains area. It is connected from the U.S. Route 95. The south end is the Canada–United States border and the north end is at with a junction with Highway 1. It is also concurrent with Highway 3 between near Creston to the beginning of the Highway 93 concurrency near Cranbrook and concurrent with Highway 93 between near Cranbrook to Radium Hot Springs.

## Related pages
*Golden, British Columbia
*British Columbia Highway 93
United States Space Command

The **United States Space Command** (**USSPACECOM** or **SPACECOM**) is a part of the United States Department of Defense. It oversees all military activities in outer space. The starting boundary of this area is set at 100 kilometers or 62 miles above sea level. Space Command was first established in 1985 to oversee all military forces in space and to operate in cooperation with other military commands. It was shut down in 2002, and its duties were moved to another group, the United States Strategic Command. It was restarted on August 29, 2019. The U.S. Space Force is the main group that supplies most of the people and equipment for U.S. Space Command. Other military branches also provide some help.

## References
Chet Holmgren

**Chet Thomas Holmgren** (born May 1, 2002) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Oklahoma City Thunder in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is 7 feet and 1 inch tall, making him the tallest player on the Thunder. He plays center and power forward positions.

## References
Crude humour

**Crude humour** is humour that is an attempt to describe something as being funny, but in a way that is sexual or vulgar. It references sexual or vulgar topics in an attempt to be 'humourous'.

## Veg and non-veg jokes 
In some parts of the world, sexual humor in particular is known as "non-veg" humor, contrasted with the "veg" jokes that are more acceptable in polite company. The use of the term "non-veg" is probably a reference to the carnal nature of sexual humor, and can be viewed in the context of the prevalence of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary preferences.

## References
San Miguel Petapa

**San Miguel Petapa**, also known as **Petapa**, is a city in Guatemala. It is in the Guatemala Department of Guatemala. In 2018, 129,124 people lived there.

## References
Louis Partridge

**Louis Patrick James Partridge** (born 3 June 2003) is an English actor. He began his career as a child actor. His first movie role was in *Pan* (2015). He had a small role in *Paddington 2* (2017).

He is known for his role as Viscount Tewkesbury in the Netflix mystery movie *Enola Holmes* (2020) and its 2022 sequel. 

Partridge was in a relationship with American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo from 2023 until 2025.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hawk tuah

in November 2024]]

**Hawk tuah** is a viral internet meme started by Hailey Welch. In a street interview with Vox Pop in 2024, she said "You gotta give em that Hawk Tuah spit on that thang." After it was posted on YouTube the clip went viral on social media websites.

"You gotta give 'em that 'hawk tuah' and spit on that ," means spitting on a man's penis during oral sex.

From her fame Hailey Welch has created a Podcast called “Talk Tuah” where she and her group of friends talk about current events with special guests. 
## References
Santa Monica College

**Santa Monica College** (**SMC**) is a public community college located in Santa Monica, California. Founded in 1929, the college serves as an accessible, affordable gateway to higher education, offering associate degrees, career training, and extensive transfer programs. 

## History 
Santa Monica College was established in 1929, starting as a small junior college. Over the decades, it has expanded its offerings and facilities to accommodate a growing student population. Today, SMC is one of the largest community colleges in California and is noted for its commitment to academic excellence and accessibility.

## Academics 
Santa Monica College offers over 90 areas of study across various disciplines, including arts, humanities, science, technology, and business. It is particularly renowned for its transfer programs, consistently ranking among the top community colleges for students transferring to the University of California (UC) and California State University (CSU) systems.

## Notable alumni 
Santa Monica College has produced many notable alumni, including:

* Arnold Schwarzenegger – Actor, former Governor of California
* James Dean – Actor
* Sean Penn – Actor, filmmaker
* Dustin Hoffman – Actor
* David Geffen – Business magnate, philanthropist
* Randall Park – Actor, comedian

## Related pages 
* California Community Colleges

## References 
## Other websites 
* Santa Monica College Official Website
* SMC Athletics
* Student Life at SMC
Échavanne

**Échavanne** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France.

## References
Tavey

**Tavey** is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Héricourt.

## References
Meythet

**Meythet** is a former commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Haute-Savoie department in southeast France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Annecy.

## References
Christopher Reed

**Christopher Reed** (born February 25, 1947) is a New Zealand-educated American inorganic chemist known for his contributions to synthetic and structural chemistry across the periodic table, particularly for his discovery of the strongest known acid.

## Early life and education 
Reed was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to English parents Mick and Sylvia Reed and educated at Dilworth School. His master's thesis was *Nitrosyl Complexes of Iridium*, done under the mentorship of Warren R. Roper.

In 1971, Reed completed his Ph.D. at The University of Auckland with a thesis on *Oxidative Addition Reactions of Low-Valent Complexes of Iridium*, again under the guidance of Roper.

Reed held several visiting professorships at institutions worldwide, including the Centre d'Études Nucleaires de Grenoble, The University of Auckland, Monash University, Université de Rennes, Domaine Universitaire de Grenoble, University of Sydney, Oxford University (St. John's College), and Freie Universität Berlin. He also developed new principles guiding spin-spin coupling mechanisms in copper dimers and metalloporphyrin radical cations. One of Reed's most notable achievements was the synthesis of the strongest known acids, H(CHB11F11) and H(CHB11Cl11), which surpassed typical superacids based on SbF5. Despite their extreme acidity, these carborane acids are paradoxically the gentlest known acids due to their inert counterions.

## Memberships and awards 
Reed is a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. and the F. Albert Cotton ACS Award in Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry.

## Selected publications 
# “Myths about the Proton: The Nature of H+ in Condensed Media” (2013)
# “The Strongest Acid” (2011)
# “The Unique Nature of H+ in Water” (2011)
# “Taming Superacids: Stabilization of the Fullerene Cations HC60+ and C60+” (2000)
# “Crystallographic Evidence for a Free Silylium Ion” (2002)
# “Triethylsilyl perfluoro-tetraphenylborate: A Widely Used Non-Existent Compound” (2011)
# “Discrete Fulleride Anions and Fullerenium Cations” (2000)
# “Fullerene-Porphyrin Constructs” (2005)
# “Designing Ionic Liquids: Imidazolium Melts with Inert Carborane Anions” (2000)
# “Spin State/Stereochemical Relationships in Iron Porphyrins: Implications for Hemoproteins” (1981)

## References
Vincenzo Aloi

**Vincenzo Aloi** (born September 22, 1933) is an American mobster involved in stock fraud who briefly served as the acting boss of the Colombo crime family.
Ray Norton

**Otis Ray Norton** (September 22, 1937) was an American sprinter who competed in the 1960 Olympics in Rome.
José Carlos da Silva José

**José Carlos da Silva José** (22 September 1941 &ndash; 26 April 2025), known as **José Carlos**, was a Portuguese footballer and manager. He mainly played as central defender for Sporting CP, who he joined in 1962. He would make a total of 348 appearances for them, winning three Primeira Divisão titles, four Taça de Portugals, and the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Shortly after the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Sporting rejected a transfer offer from La Liga club FC Barcelona to sign him.

He was capped 36 times for Portugal, and played for them at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He made his Portugal debut on 19 March 1961, during a 6–0 win against Luxembourg in 1962 FIFA World Cup qualifying. His last appearance would be nearly ten years later, in a 5–0 win against Denmark in the UEFA Euro 1972 UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying.

José Carlos died on 26 April 2025 at the age of 83 .

## Honours
;Sporting CP
*Primeira Divisão: 1965–66, 1969–70, 1973–74
*Taça de Portugal: 1962–63, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1973–74
*UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1963–64

;Portugal
*FIFA World Cup third place: 1966

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Larry Jones

**Larry Jones** (September 22, 1942 &ndash; August 16, 2025) was an American professional basketball player. He played six seasons in the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the Denver Rockets, The Floridians, Utah Stars, and Dallas Chaparrals. He also played two seasons with the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

On January 15, 1970, Jones became the first player in ABA history to record 5,000 points.

Jones died on August 16, 2025 at the age of 82.

## References
José Pereira

**José Costa Pereira** MPIH (15 September 1933) was a Portuguese footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was nicknamed *Pássaro Azul* (Blue Bird).
Martí Filosia

**Narcís Martí Filosia** (15 September 1945) is a Spanish footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
Bob Gassoff

**Robert Allen Gassoff** (April 17, 1953 – May 29, 1977) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played parts of four seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all for the St. Louis Blues.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Gassoff played parts of two seasons with the Medicine Hat Tigers in the Western Hockey League (WHL).

Gassoff was drafted 48th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1973 NHL Entry Draft. He would also be drafted by the 33rd overall by the Minnesota Fighting Saints in the 1973 WHA amateur draft.

On January 23, 1974, Gassoff made his NHL debut in a 4–1 defeat against the Pittsburgh Penguins. His first point would be an assist on a Pierre Plante goal in a 7–1 victory against the Atlanta Flames on February 19. Gassoff scored his first NHL goal in a 5–1 victory against the California Golden Seals on December 3, 1974.

## Personal life 
Gassoff's brother Brad also played in the National Hockey League (NHL). His son would also play hockey before retiring and becoming a Navy SEAL.

On May 29, 1977, Gassoff's career and life were cut short after he was killed in motorcycle accident. He was riding downhill without a helmet and crashed head-on with a car near the property of Blues teammate Garry Unger. Unger had questioned Gassoff if it was a good idea to drive since he had been drinking earlier in the day.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Canadian Elite Basketball League

The **Canadian Elite Basketball League** (**CEBL**) is a Canadian basketball league that started in 2017. As of the current  season, 10 teams play in the league. The commissioner of the league (the person in charge) is Mike Morreale.

## History 
The CEBL was formed on October 25, 2017 by Richard Petko and Mike Morreale.

The first five teams were announced later. They were the Edmonton Stingers in Edmonton, Alberta, the Guelph Nighthawks in Guelph, Ontario, the Hamilton Honey Badgers in Hamilton, Ontario, the Saskatchewan Rattlers in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and the Fraser Valley Bandits in Abbotsford, British Columbia.

The league plays under FIBA rules and adopted these after signing an agreement to become the first division professional league for Canada Basketball.

The CEBL regular season starts in May and ends in August, with each team playing 20 games. The playoffs are in a final four and are made up of the top six teams in the regular season. Beginning in 2022, the CEBL adopted Elam Ending rules which means that a team has to score a certain set score to win.

## Teams 
### Current 
; Notes

# *A star (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.*

### Former teams
## CEBL Champions 
## References 
## Other websites
*
Michael Ruse

**Michael Escott Ruse**  (21 June 1940 &ndash; 1 November 2024) was a British-born Canadian philosopher of science. His works focused in the philosophy of biology. He worked on the relationship between science and religion, the creation–evolution controversy, and the demarcation problem in science. 

Ruse was born in Birmingham, England. He studied at University of Bristol and at McMaster University. Ruse taught at the University of Guelph and at Florida State University.

Ruse died on 1 November 2024 at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*Can a Christian be a Darwinian? Lecture given in 2007 at The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion
*Speech by Michael Ruse 1993 to American Association for the Advancement of Science
*Biography and summary of Gifford Lectures  (2001, University of Glasgow), by Dr Brannon Hancock
*An autobiographical interview with Michael Ruse at What Is It Like to Be a Philosopher?
Constitution of San Marino

The **Constitution of San Marino** consists of a series of legal documents and statutes developed over centuries. It forms the legal and political foundation of the Republic of San Marino. It is regarded as one of the world’s oldest constitutions still in effect. The foundational document, known as the "Statutes of 1600," codifies various laws and principles that are essential to the governance of the republic, some of which date back to as early as the 13th century.

## Historical background 
The development of San Marino’s constitution began in the 13th century when the republic started formalizing its governance through a series of statutes and laws. The primary legal document, known as the "Statutes of 1600," was ratified as a comprehensive framework to govern the republic. These statutes outlined San Marino’s commitment to independence, justice, and democratic values, principles that continue to guide the country’s governance today.

San Marino’s constitution has evolved through amendments and additional laws, but its core principles remain rooted in historical statutes. This legal continuity is seen as one of the reasons behind the country’s political stability and independence.

## Related pages 
* Grand and General Council
* Captains Regent
* Politics of San Marino
Grand and General Council

The **Grand and General Council** () is the unicameral legislative body of the Republic of San Marino. It is one of the oldest parliamentary bodies in the world, dating back to its establishment in 1243. The Council consists of 60 members who are elected by the citizens of San Marino every five years through proportional representation.

## Composition and structure 
The Grand and General Council is made up of 60 members elected through proportional representation. Members are elected for a five-year term, with the aim of representing the interests of the citizens in the governance of the republic. The council is responsible for enacting laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the administration of the government.

The Council operates under a multi-party system, with members from various political factions representing the diverse interests of San Marino’s population.

## Leadership 
The Grand and General Council is presided over by two **Captains Regent** (*Capitani Reggenti*), who are appointed as the heads of state and serve a six-month term. The Captains Regent are responsible for ensuring that the council functions smoothly and that the legislative process is upheld in accordance with San Marino’s constitutional principles.

The current Captains Regent are Filippo Tamagnini and Gaetano Troina, who assumed office on April 1, 2023.

## Responsibilities and functions 
* Enacting laws and legislative measures.
* Approving the national budget and overseeing financial expenditures.
* Establishing and supervising governmental agencies.
* Representing San Marino in international and regional affairs.
* Ensuring that the rights and liberties of San Marino’s citizens are upheld.

## Election system 
Members of the Grand and General Council are elected through a system of proportional representation, which ensures fair representation for multiple political parties. Elections are held every five years, with citizens voting for representatives who align with their political preferences. This proportional representation system allows for a multi-party system within the Council, fostering a diversity of perspectives in the legislative process.

## Historical background 
The origins of the Grand and General Council date back to the early 13th century, with its establishment traditionally traced to 1243. As one of the oldest legislative bodies in the world, the Council has played a central role in preserving San Marino’s independence and democratic values. Over the centuries, the council has evolved to adapt to the changing political landscape while maintaining its commitment to democratic governance and the sovereignty of San Marino.

## Location 
The Grand and General Council meets at the **Palazzo Pubblico**, the historic town hall located in the City of San Marino. The Palazzo Pubblico is a symbol of the republic’s independence and houses various government offices, including the meeting chambers of the council.

## Related pages 
* Politics of San Marino
* Captains Regent

## References
Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules

The '''Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules'* (Italian: *Collegio Garante della Costituzionalità delle Norme'') is the constitutional court of the Republic of San Marino. Established in 2002, this judicial body is tasked with overseeing the constitutionality of laws and regulations to ensure they align with the constitutional principles of San Marino.

## History 
The Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules was established in 2002, following constitutional reforms aimed at enhancing the judicial oversight within San Marino. Prior to this, there was no dedicated court to review the constitutionality of the legislation in San Marino.

## Structure and function 
The Guarantors' Panel is composed of judges appointed by the Grand and General Council of San Marino. The panel serves as the guardian of constitutional legality, with the authority to review laws, decrees, and regulations to ensure compliance with the Constitution of San Marino. Its rulings are binding and cannot be appealed, making it the final arbiter on matters of constitutional law in San Marino.

## Notable cases 
The Guarantors' Panel has ruled on several landmark cases, setting important precedents in constitutional law. These decisions have reinforced the rights of individuals and clarified the boundaries of government powers under the Constitution.

## Related pages 
* Constitution of San Marino
* Politics of San Marino

## References
Melissa Lantsman

**Melissa Lantsman**  (born April 8, 1984) is a Canadian politician and public relations executive. She has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Thornhill since 2021. A member of the Conservative Party, she is co-deputy leader of the party and the Official Opposition, alongside Tim Uppal. Lantsman is the first openly gay and first Jewish woman elected as a Conservative MP. When Pierre Poilievre became Conservative leader, he appointed Lantsman as one of two deputy leaders.

Lantsman worked as a communications advisor to several cabinet members in Prime Minister Stephen Harper's government. She was also a senior advisor to the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario and served as its chief spokesperson during the 2018 Ontario provincial election. Before becoming an MP, she was the national vice president of Public Affairs at Enterprise Canada, a strategic communications firm.

In 2020, when Peter Kent retired from Parliament, Lantsman announced she would run for the federal Conservative nomination in Thornhill. She won the nomination on March 17, 2021, defeating Gila Martow, the sitting Progressive Conservative MPP for the area. Lantsman was elected to Parliament on September 20, 2021, and officially took office on October 28. In November, she was named the Opposition critic for transport in Erin O'Toole's Shadow Cabinet. She was also elected vice-chair of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport and Infrastructure and currently serves on the Special Committee on Canada–China Relations.

## Career 
As a teenager, Lantsman volunteered for Conservative candidates in local elections. During the 2008 federal election, she became a senior communications advisor when the Conservative Party won a minority government. She was then appointed as director of communications for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, working under Ministers Lawrence Cannon and John Baird from 2008 to 2011. From 2011 to 2012, Lantsman was communications director for the Office of the Prime Minister, joining Stephen Harper on domestic and international trips.

She briefly worked as a senior public affairs advisor at Coca-Cola before returning to government in 2014 as director of communications for Finance Minister Joe Oliver. After the Conservatives lost the 2015 election, Lantsman joined the private sector as a senior director at CIBC Capital Markets. 

## References
Numitor Silvius

**Numitor Silvius** was a legendary king of Alba Longa, an ancient city in central Italy and an ancestor of the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. He was known for his just rule and is celebrated in Roman mythology as the grandfather of the legendary twins who went on to establish Rome. Numitor was the eldest son of Procas, who reigned before him as king of Alba Longa.

## Life and reign 
Numitor inherited the throne of Alba Longa from his father, Procas. His reign, however, was disrupted by his younger brother, Amulius, who seized the throne in a violent coup. Amulius sought to ensure his power by forcing Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, into becoming a Vestal Virgin, which would prevent her from bearing any children who might challenge his rule. Despite this, Rhea Silvia gave birth to the twins Romulus and Remus, fathered by the god Mars, according to legend.

## Deposition by Amulius 
After taking control, Amulius feared that any descendants of Numitor might reclaim the throne. To eliminate any potential threat, he ordered that Romulus and Remus be abandoned in the Tiber River. The twins, however, were miraculously saved and raised by a she-wolf (*lupa*) and later by a shepherd named Faustulus. When they grew older and learned of their royal heritage, Romulus and Remus gathered support, overthrew Amulius, and restored Numitor to the throne.

## Restoration and legacy 
Numitor’s reign was restored following the defeat of Amulius by Romulus and Remus. Numitor’s support and blessings were instrumental in the establishment of Rome. Romulus, with Numitor's approval, went on to found the city of Rome, marking the beginning of Roman civilization. Numitor’s legacy continued through the founding of Rome, with his descendants considered among the city's first royal lineage.

## Mythological significance 
Numitor's story represents themes of loyalty, justice, and divine destiny, as he is seen as a rightful king restored to power through his grandsons. His lineage ties the origins of Rome to the ancient kings of Alba Longa, giving the Romans a noble heritage connected to both divine and royal ancestry. This myth served to reinforce Roman ideals of family honor and the importance of loyalty to one’s lineage.

## Related pages 
* Romulus and Remus
* Rhea Silvia
* Amulius
* Alba Longa
* Roman Kingdom

## References 
* Livy, *Ab Urbe Condita* (The History of Rome)
* Virgil, *Aeneid*
* Plutarch, *Parallel Lives* - "The Life of Romulus"
Flying inflatable boat

A **flying inflatable boat** is a light craft consisting of an inflatable boat  with a self-propelled delta wing. These boats, also called zodiacs,  use inflatable rubber tubes for buoyancy and are very popular for their ease of transport and storage, as well as their versatility in different bodies of water.

## Characteristics 
### Inflatable boat 
* Construction Materials: Inflatable boats are made of durable materials such as PVC or Hypalon, which provide durability and resistance to marine conditions.
* Portability: They can be deflated and stored in compact bags, making them easy to transport and store.
* Common Uses: They are used in a variety of applications, from emergency rescues to recreational activities such as fishing and diving.

### Motorized Hang Glider 
The most recent innovation in inflatable boat design is the incorporation of a delta wing, allowing the boat to fly. This flying craft is capable of combining aquatic navigation with flight, significantly expanding its capabilities and applications.

## Structure and Functioning 
# Delta Wing: A delta-shaped wing is attached to the craft, providing aerodynamic lift. The wing is light yet strong, designed to withstand the stresses of flight.
# Propulsion: Equipped with a propeller motor that not only propels the boat through the water, but also provides the power needed for takeoff and flight.
# Control System: The pilot controls the direction and altitude through a system of cables and pulleys connected to the delta wing and the propeller engine.

## Applications 
* Rescue and Emergency: Perfect for search and rescue missions in areas inaccessible by land.
* Exploration and Science: Ideal for scientific explorations in remote and unexplored regions.
* Sports and Recreation: Offers an exciting experience for water and air sports enthusiasts.

## Safety and Regulations 
Like any air or water vehicle, these vessels require proper training for safe operation. In addition, they must comply with national and international regulations for navigation and aviation. 

## Detected cases in the Canary Islands 
Recently, the Civil Guard in the Canary Islands has detected several cases of inflatable boats with flight capacity that are not approved in Spain. These vessels, although innovative, present significant risks if not used correctly and do not comply with established safety regulations. 

## References 
## Literature 
* 
* *Manual Internacional de los Servicios Marítimos de Búsqueda y Salvamiento* (en castellà). vol. 2: Coordinación de las Misiones. Londres, 2010. .
Makoto Nagao

**Makoto Nagao** (October 4, 1936 – May 23, 2021) was a Japanese computer scientist. He worked in machine translation, natural language processing (NLP), and digital libraries.

## Early life and education 
Nagao was born in Mie Prefecture, Japan. He studied at Kyoto University.

## Career 
Nagao worked on machine translation, which helps computers change text from one language to another. He also worked on NLP, which helps computers understand human language. He made tools like KNP and Juman for the Japanese language. Nagao also worked on image processing and pattern recognition.

Nagao was the 23rd president of Kyoto University from 1997 to 2003. He was the director of the National Diet Library from 2007 to 2012.

## Awards 
Nagao received many awards, including:
* IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
* ACL Lifetime Achievement Award
* Japan Prize

## Legacy 
Nagao's work in computer science, especially in machine translation and NLP, has had a lasting impact. He mentored many students who became notable in the field.

## References 
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