open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ian McDiarmid

**Ian McDiarmid** (; born 11 August 1944) is a Scottish actor and director. He has also made some appearances on movie and television.

Worldwide, he is most famous for his role as Darth Sidious in the Star Wars live action movie series. He was in both the original and prequel trilogies. McDiarmid has been in 47 movies since 1976.

McDiarmid was born in Carnoustie in Tayside. McDiarmid went to the University of St Andrews, to study psychology. Soon after, he decided he wanted a career in the theatre instead, and took acting training courses at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. In 1968, McDiarmid got a gold medal for his acting work.

McDiarmid was cast by George Lucas in *Return of the Jedi* as Darth Sidious, the main villain. Sixteen years later, he came back to the role as a younger Senator and Chancellor in the *Star Wars* prequel movies. He said that it helped to be much younger than his character the first time he played the part. The prequels had him play two faces to his character: He created an pleasant and likeable character in Darth Sidious' public face as Palpatine.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Ian McDiarmid at Broadway.com
* Star Wars Actors Database at Nerf-Herders-Anonymous.net
* Bio from the official Star Wars site
* Bio from Hollywood.com
* B.Charles in Our Hidden Lives film-page
Richard Briers

**Richard David Briers**, CBE (14 January 1934 - 17 February 2013) was an English actor whose career has contained theatre, television, film and radio. Briers was born in Raynes Park, Surrey, England.

In 1961, Briers got the lead male role in *Marriage Lines* in the 1960s. It was in the next decade when he played Tom Good in the BBC sitcom *The Good Life* that he made a household name. In the 1980s he starred in *Ever Decreasing Circles*. He from 2000 to 2002 came back to the spotlight with a leading role in *Monarch of the Glen*. Briers was the first narrator and voice actor for the show Enid Blyton's *Noddy*.

Richard Briers was made OBE in 1989, and CBE in 2003.

Briers was a heavy smoker until he quit in 2003. He was diagnosed with emphysema in 2008.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Richard Briers  at the BBC Comedy Guide
*Richard Briers at BFI ScreenOnline
Simon Callow

**Simon Phillip Hugh Callow** CBE (born 15 June 1949) is an English actor and author.

Callow was born in Streatham, London, to Yvonne Mary Guise and Neil Francis Callow. 
He attended the London Oratory School.

Callow is one of the most prominent gay actors in Britain. 
For a while Callow lived with director Daniel Kramer.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Simon Callow's - *MusicalTalk* discussing his role as Captain Hook in Peter Pan at the Richmond Theatre, Christmas 2008.
*Simon Callow  - *Downstage Center* interview at American Theatre Wing.org, September 2006
*Simon Callow on BBC1's *This Week*
*theartsdesk Q&A: Simon Callow (2 October 2010)
Elgin, Moray

**Elgin** (; ) is a old cathedral city and Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland.
The town was first to the south of the River Lossie on the higher ground above the flood plain.
Elgin is first documented in the Cartulary of Moray in 1190.

In August 1040, Macbeth's army beat Duncan I at Bothganowan (Pitgaveny), near Elgin.
David I made Elgin a royal burgh around 1130, after his defeat of Óengus of Moray.
During David's reign, the castle was built at the top of what is now Lady Hill.
Edward I of England travelled twice to Elgin. During his first visit in 1296 he was impressed by what he saw. 
In the 19th century the old medieval town of Elgin was swept away, and many new buildings were added to the town centre.

## Notes
## Other websites
* Census data 
* Elgin Museum - Four Star Local Museum
* Elgin City FC - Official website of Elgin City FC
* Council - Moray Council
* Leisure Centre - Moray Leisure Centre
* http://www.elginyouthcafe.org/ - Official website for the Elgin Youth Cafe
Markus Schopp

**Markus Schopp** (born 22 February 1974 in Graz, Austria) is a retired Austrian football midfielder. Now he is assistance coach of the Austrian U21 team and analyst for the pay TV group SKY.
## Career
He started his career in the youth teams of ESK  and SK Sturm Graz. His professional career started with SK Sturm Graz. He played till 1996 for this team and won the Austrian Cup in 1996. He went on to Hamburger SV in the German Bundesliga where he played till 1998. In his second season for HSV he played not regularly so he went back to Sturm Graz. There he reached the Austrian championship two times and played three seasons in the UEFA Champions League.

After the international games he went to Brescia Calcio in Italys Seria A. After the relegation of Brescia to Seria B he came back to Austria. There he played for Red Bull Salzburg. The last years he was on loan to Red Bull New York. He retired from football in December 2007 due to chronic back problems. 
## International career
He made his first match for Austria in an August 1995 European Championship qualifying match against Latvia. He was also in the team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France  He played 56 matches and shot 6 goals. His last match  was an October 2005 World Cup qualifying match against Northern Ireland.
## Club statistics
***1991–1996** 	SK Sturm Graz 	102 matches	(10 goals)
***1996–1998** 	Hamburger SV 	40matches	 	(3 goals)
***1998–2001** 	SK Sturm Graz 	101 matches		(20 goals)
***2001–2005** 	Brescia Calcio 	80 matches		(3 goals)
***2005–2006** 	Red Bull Salzburg matches		31 	(6 goals)
***2006–2008** 	 Red Bull New York (loan) 	10 matches		(0 goals)
***Total 	364 matches  	(42 goals)**
## National team statistics
|-
|1995||4||1
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||4||1
|-
|2003||7||1
|-
|2004||7||3
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||56||6
|}
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each   Schopp goal.''
Paoli/Thorndale Line

The **Paoli/Thorndale Line** is SEPTA Regional Rail line that runs from Philadelphia to Thorndale in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
Trois-Rivières

**Trois-Rivières** () is a city in Quebec, Canada.
It is where the Saint-Maurice and Saint Lawrence Rivers meet. 
It was first created on July 4, 1634.
It was the second permanent settlement in New France, after Quebec City in 1608.

The city's name is French for *three rivers*.
It is called because the Saint-Maurice River, which is divided by two small islands at the river 's opening, has three mouths at the Saint Lawrence River.

## Sister city
Trois-Rivières is twinned with:
* Tours, France

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site of Trois-Rivières
* Tourisme Mauricie Regional tourist office
* Troisrivieresplus.net 
* Répertoire des clubs de golf de Trois-Rivières 
* Le Nouvelliste 
* Grand-Prix de Trois-Rivières
* Pictures of Trois-Rivières  (2001 to date)
Devin Setoguchi

**Devin Setoguchi** (born January 1, 1987) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He last played for the Minnesota Wild. Setoguchi also played 4 seasons in the WHL; 3 for the Saskatoon Blades and 1 for the Prince George Cougars. Setoguchi is of Canadian-Japanese origins. He was drafted by the San Jose Sharks with the 8th overall pick in the 2005 NHL entry draft. Setoguchi went on to play 4 seasons with the Sharks before being traded along with Charlie Coyle and a first round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft to the Minnesota Wild for Brent Burns and second round pick in the 2012 NHL entry draft.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
### International
## References
## Other websites 
*
Cape Helles

**Cape Helles** is a rocky area at the south-westernmost end of the Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey. It was the scene of fighting between Turkish and British troops during the Gallipoli Campaign, 1915. It is now the site a memorial for this campaign.

## References
Jackie Cooper

**Jackie Cooper** (September 15, 1922 – May 3, 2011) was an American actor, television director and producer. He started working as a child actor. He died in a Beverly Hills Hospital after a sudden illness.

He was born in Los Angeles in 1922 as **John Cooper, Jr.** As a child, he appeared in the *Our Gang* television series as "Skippy". In 1931, at the age of nine, he was  for a "Best Actor" Academy Award. He became the youngest actor ever nominated for Best Actor. He was best known later in life as the Daily Planet editor Perry White in the Superman movies of the 1970s and 80s.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Parabola

A **parabola** is a type of curve. Menaechmus (380–320 BC) discovered the parabola, and Apollonius of Perga (262 BC–c190 BC) first named it.

A parabola is a conic section. If a cone is cut by a plane which is parallel to one of the surfaces of the cone, the result is a parabola.

The point where the parabola reaches its maximum or minimum is called the "vertex." At this point the curvature of the parabola is greatest. This means the curve of the parabola is the tightest. The vertical line which passes through a parabola's vertex is called the "axis of symmetry". This is because the parabola looks the same on either side of that line.

Each parabola has a focal point. Any ray that enters the parabola and is parallel to the axis of symmetry will pass through this point after being reflected by the curve. Because of this fact, parabolas are important in devices such as satellite dishes, or magnifying mirrors. Parabolas are often used to approximate curves that are more difficult to model by themselves.

Every parabola uses the equation y = ax^2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, and a is not equal to 0.  

File:Bouncing ball strobe edit.jpg|The bouncing of a ball will be parabolic, if the force of friction is ignored
File:ParabolicWaterTrajectory.jpg|The course of the water in a fountain is parabolic
File:St Louis Gateway Arch.jpg|The Gateway Arch in St. Louis looks like it is shaped like a parabola, but it is actually an inverted weighted catenary
File:Offset Schotelantenne.jpg|A satellite receiver is shaped like a parabola

s.]]
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

The **Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation** ( to **GHMC**) is an urban planning  that oversees Hyderabad, India. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is also the local government for the City of Hyderabad.
Nickelodeon on CBS

***Nick on CBS*** was a Saturday morning children's programming block for CBS that began on September 16, 2000, replacing CBS Kidshow. This Saturday morning block presented programming from Nick Jr., which at a time shared common ownership with CBS under Viacom. When the block first properly aired, it was hosted by **Face from Nick Jr.**
On September 14, 2002, *Nick Jr. on CBS* was re-branded as ***Nick on CBS***, and airing both Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. shows. The Nickelodeon shows were removed in 2005 in favor for a return to an exclusively-Nick Jr. block. The block's continuity was provided by segments featuring Piper O'Possum.

At the beginning of New Year's Eve 2005, Viacom split into two different companies, with CBS Corporation becoming its own standalone company and Nickelodeon going to new Viacom. *Nick Jr. on CBS* ended on September 9, 2006 and was replaced by *KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS* on September 16, 2006, as part of a multi-year partnership between CBS and Cookie Jar Entertainment.

All programming during the block, as is standard for Saturday morning network programming, was labelled as meeting E/I requirements, as tennous as some of the claims of educational content may have been. This is part of the reason why some of Nickelodeon's most popular programs (most notably *SpongeBob SquarePants* and *The Fairly OddParents*) any did not putting offer with *Nick on CBS* era.

## Programming
### Former programming
#### Programming from Nickelodeon
##### Animated ("Nicktoons")
##### Live-action
##### Preschool
#### Acquired programming from Nickelodeon
##### Animated
##### Preschool
## Block slogans
*Nick Jr. is Just for Me! (2000-2002)
*Nick on CBS, Cool! (2002-2004)
*Solo! (2004-2005)
*Nick Jr. Play to Learn (2005-2006)
*Nick Jr, Playtime (2009)

## References
Christian Schwegler

**Christian Schwegler** (born 6 June 1984 in Ettiswil) is a Swiss footballer. He plays for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as defender.

He started with FC Luzern in the Swiss Challenge League (2nd division) and went on to Arminia Bielefeld in Germany but after one half of the season he went back to Switzerland. There he played for BSC Young Boys Bern. In 2009 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg where he played regularly as right defender. He is known for his long throw-ins (up to 35 meters).During the match versus SV Mattersburg on 27th March 2010 he shot his first goal for Salzburg. In the first half of the 2010/11 season he was injured and could not play the rest of the year.

For the 2017/18 season, Schwegler returned to FC Luzern. Schwegler resigned after the 2020/21 season.

Christian Schwegler has a younger brother who is also a professional footballer playing for Eintracht Frankfurt in the German Bundesliga.
## Honours
***Austrian Champion**
**6x with FC Red Bull Salzburg ː  2010, 2012, 2014 2015, 2016, 2017
***Austrian Cup**
**5x with FC Red Bull Salzburg ː 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
***Swiss Cup**
**1x with FC Lucerneː 2021

## Other websites
*Red Bull Salzburg profile 
*football.ch profile
*Guardian Football Stats
Katerina Kazelis

**Katerina Kazelis** (4 March 1977 in Malmö, Sweden) is a Swedish singer and Big Brother 2011 housemate of Serbian and Greek origin. Before entering the Big Brother house on February 20, 2011 she was a school teacher. Kazelis has been nominated each week except for two when she won immunity after winning a Big Brother task, however, she also survived each elimination round since week one in the house. On May 8, Kazelis was evicted from the Big Brother house.

Kazelis has become the most talked about housemate of the 2011 season of the show after several outburst and also her outspoken ways about her fellow housemates.

On June 6, Kazelis released her first music single called "Make You One of Mine", during Nyhetsmorgon on TV4 the same day Kazelis revealed that a music video had been made and that she will release her debut music album later in 2011.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Chien-Ming Wang

.]]
**Chien-Ming Wang** (born March 31, 1980) is a Taiwanese Major League Baseball player. He played for the Cincinnati Reds, Washington Nationals, and New York Yankees as a pitcher.  Before he played for the Nationals, Wang played for the Yankees. He got 19 wins in the year of 2006 and 2007 and became the first Asian to be the win champion.

However, after his injury in 2008, he started to pitch horribly as he attained an era of 9.64 along with 1 win and 6 losses in the 2009 season. He then got injured again and the New York Yankees did not renew his contract after. He became a free agent.

In 2010, the Washington Nationals signed Wang and helped him recover from his injuries. He did not attend any games in this season.

Wang pitched his first game on July 29, 2011 and ended the season with 11 starts, recorded 4–3 with a 4.04 ERA.

On March 15, 2012, Wang was once again injured. When he recovered, his starting position has been replaced by Ross Detwiler and he pitched as a relief pitcher and sometimes a starter pitcher. But he still did not do well this season.
Fiat Seicento

The **Fiat Seicento** is a car produced by Fiat. It replaced the Fiat Cinquecento in 1998 and like its predecessor is produced in Poland. Sales of it in the UK ran until early 2004 when it was replaced with the second-generation Panda. It was replaced by the new Fiat 500 in 2007, but production of the Seicento continues until 2010.

## Models and engines 
### 899 cc petrol engine, 29 kW (40 hp) 
* S
* SX
* Young
* Citymatic

### 1108 cc petrol engine, 40 kW (54 hp) 
* Sole
* Sound
* Suite
* Hobby
* Brush
* Sporting

### Electrical engine, 30 kW (41 hp) 
* Elettra
List of bus routes in London

, with some routes spilling into the Home Counties.]]
This page is a **list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted London Bus routes in London**, as well as private services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches).

## Kinds of route numbers
### The different kind of routes today
**Except 603 and 607, which are normal day time routes*

### Historic numbering
Historically, bus routes run by London Transport were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act imposed a numbering scheme known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Chief Constable A.E. Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who made it. Changing and short lines used letter suffixes. The numbers were grouped also by the company that operated the route.

The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed:

## List of routes
All routes operate in both directions unless detailed.

### 1–99
### 100–199
### 200–299
### 300–399
### 400–499
### 500–599
### 600–699
Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time.

### 900–999
Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes.

### Letter prefixes
### East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)
### Superloop routes (SL- prefixed)
### Night only routes (N-prefixed)
Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.

However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes.

## Former routes
**Superloop route**

## Temporary routes
All routes operate in both directions unless stated.

## Related pages
* :Category:London bus operators

## References
## Bibliography
* Atkin, Michael. "THIS SCEPTRED ISLE", *The Guardian* 
* Carr, Ken, *The London Bus Guide*. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8.

## Other websites
* London Buses
Validity

**Validity** is an idea that is used in everyday language and in logic. In ordinary language it means correct or in the right form.

An argument is valid if it seems appropriate, well-grounded and can be defended. A contract is valid if it is enforceable in law. In other words, it applies legally to a particular situation. A bank-note is valid if it can be exchanged and used for purchase, and a passport is valid if it lets the holder come in and go out of a country. A will is valid if correctly made, and certified by an appropriate court. In all these cases, valid refers to the soundness in some situation. Logical uses of this idea are similar, but phrased much more exactly.

## In logic 
It is nothing to do with ordinary ideas of truth. Truth points outwards to the world. Validity, on the other hand, points inwards to the syllogism.

The conclusion of a valid argument is a logical consequence of its premises. An example of a valid argument is given by the following well-known syllogism:

:All men are mortal.
:Socrates is a man.
:Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

*However, this is also a valid syllogism:

:All cups are green.
:Socrates is a cup.
:Therefore, Socrates is green.

And it is not true that Socrates was green.

*The following is valid but not sound:

: All animals live on Mars.
: All humans are animals.
: Therefore, all humans live on Mars.

The problem with the argument is that it is not *sound*.  In order for a deductive argument to be sound, the deduction must be valid and **all** the premises true. 

## References
Business alliance

A **business alliance** is an agreement between businesses, most of the time to help lower cost and improve service for the customer. Alliances are often connected by an agreement with shared risk and opportunity for all business involved. They are usually managed by a project team. An example of this is *code sharing* in airline alliances.

There are five basic types of alliances:

* Sales alliance
* Solution-specific alliance
* Geographic-specific alliance
* Investment alliance
* Joint venture alliance

## References
*

## Related pages
* Business group
* Strategic alliance
* Competition regulator
Honeydew (melon)

**Honeydew**, also known as **honey melon** or **green melon**, is a type of melon in the cultivar group muskmelon. *Cucumis melo* Inodorus group, which includes **crenshaw**, **casaba**, **Persian**, **winter**, and other mixed melons.
Angkor Wat

**Angkor Wat** () is a temple in Siem Reap, Cambodia. It was built in the early 12th century by the Hindu king Suryavarman II as his state temple and capital city, built for the god Vishnu. Later, it became a Buddhist site. It is the largest religious building in the world. Angkor started to break down in the 14th century.

## References
## Other websites
* Angkor Wat - APSARA Authority Official Description 
*
Paranthropus robustus

***Paranthropus robustus*** (abbreviated ***P. robustus***) is an extinct species of early hominin. It is one of the robust australopithecines. 

*P. robustus* lived from about 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago. It co-existed with early species of *Homo.*

## Fossils 
All of the known fossils of *P. robustus* have come from the Cradle of Humankind in South Africa. The first were discovered in 1938. After this discovery, anthropologist Robert Broom created the genus *Paranthropus* and placed this species into it.

## Description 
### Size 
*P. robustus* walked on two feet. This difference in sizes between males and females is called sexual dimorphism.

The species' average brain size was 530 cc.

## Evolution 
*P. robustus* may have evolved from *Australopithecus africanus*. 

*P. robustus* is an "evolutionary dead end": it went extinct without ever evolving into a different species.

## Related pages 
* Human evolution
* Australopithecines
* Paleoanthropology

## References
Australopithecus garhi

***Australopithecus garhi*** is an extinct gracile australopithecine species discovered in Ethiopia. It is believed to be a human ancestor species, and perhaps the ancestor of the human genus *Homo*. 

The fossils were found in 1996 in the Bouri Formation. This is in the Middle Awash of Ethiopia's Afar Depression.

## Earliest stone tools 
Some primitively shaped stone tool artifacts were discovered with the *A. garhi* fossils, dating back roughly 2.5 and 2.6 million years old. These stone tools closely resembled the Olduwan technology used by early humans. The tools are thought to be older than those found with *Homo habilis*, which may be a direct ancestor of more modern hominins. 

For a long time anthropologists assumed that only members of early genus *Homo* had the ability to produce sophisticated tools. At another site in Bouri, Ethiopia, roughly 3,000 stone artifacts had been found to be about 2.5 million years old in age. *Australopithecus garhi* may have been the species responsible for making and using these earliest stone tools. 

## References
Peace Sells

"**Peace Sells**" is a song by the American thrash metal band Megadeth. It is from the 1986 album ''Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?''. It was written by Dave Mustaine. Along with "Wake Up Dead" from the same album, it has been a staple at Megadeth concerts. Lyrically, it deals with negative stereotypes about "metalheads", all of which Mustaine claims are untrue. VH1 has ranked "Peace Sells" at #11 on their list of the 40 greatest metal songs of all time.

## Music video
A music video was produced for the song, which features a teenage boy, wearing a Slayer t-shirt, watching a montage of a live Megadeth performance and war footage on his living room television set. The boy's father, states "What is this garbage you're watching? I want to watch the news!," and changes the television channel to a news station using the remote control. His son, replying with "This *is* the news!," changes it back to the Megadeth performance using the TV set's channel knob. This part of the video was parodied by comedian Brian Posehn in his *Metal by Numbers* video. The beginning of the video also showed the explosion of the original low-cost skull used on the previous album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!

## Appearances and covers
*Opening bassline was used as the theme for MTV News. Mustaine claims he never received any royalties for MTV's usage of the song.
*It is featured in 2002 video game *Grand Theft Auto: Vice City*.
*It is featured in video game *True Crime: Streets of LA*.
*It is featured in video game *NHL 10*.
*It is playable track in 2008 music video game *Rock Band 2*.
*It is downloadable content for 2009 music video game *Guitar Hero 5*.
*Tigertailz covered the song and it can be found on their 1991 B-sides compilation album *Banzai!*.

## References
A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery

***A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery*** is an 18th-century oil painting by Joseph Wright of Derby. Its full title is ***A Philosopher giving that Lecture on the Orrery in which a lamp is put in place of the Sun***. The painting shows a teacher talking about the sun and planets to his class. Wright later created his similar *An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump* (National Gallery, London) in 1768.

Wright's *The Orrery*, caused a great debate, because in the past, only religious events were used to express . Wright used science to do so. In an age of much new technology, he treated religious events and scientific miracles.  In the orrery demonstration, the shadows created by the lamp mimic the sun, and it is a part of the display of heliocentrism. He used a single candle to make his painting . In two later paintings, the lighting is normal.

One person called Wright "a very great and uncommon genius in a  way". *The Orrery* was painted without payment. Wright expected that Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, an  astronomer, will buy the painting, because Shirley had his own orrery, and Wright's friend Peter Perez Burdett was staying with him. Figures are considered to be portraits of Burdett and Ferrers. In the picture, Burdett is taking notes and Ferrers is seated with his son next to the orrery. Ferrers purchased the painting for £210, but the 6th Earl sold it at an auction. It is now held by Derby Museum and Art Gallery as its permanent display.

Some people say that John Whitehurst was the model for the teacher. However, other people say the figure is similar to "a painting of Isaac Newton by Godfrey Kneller".

## Related pages
*Joseph Wright of Derby
*Derby Museum and Art Gallery

## Notes
## References
*
*
*
*Egerton, Judy (1998), National Gallery Catalogues (new series): *The British School*. catalogue entry pp.&nbsp;332–343, 
*
*Guilding, Ruth, and others, *William Weddell and the transformation of Newby Hall*, Jeremy Mills Publishing for Leeds Museums and Galleries, 2004, , 9780901981691, Google books
*
*
*
*
*Waterhouse, Ellis, (4th Edn, 1978) *Painting in Britain, 1530–1790*. Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art series),
Frankfurt Parliament

]]

The **Frankfurt Parliament** (, literally *Frankfurt National Assembly*) was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Session was held from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche, Frankfurt|Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. It was elected during the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederation.

The assembly produced the so-called Paulskirche Constitution () which proclaimed a German Empire based on the principles of parliamentary democracy. This constitution fulfilled the main demands of the liberal and nationalist movements of the Vormärz and provided a foundation of human rights. The parliament also proposed a constitutional monarchy headed by a hereditary emperor (*Kaiser*). The Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV did not accept the office of emperor when it was offered to him. He argued such an offer was an offence against the rights of the princes of the individual German states. In the 20th century, however, major elements of the Frankfurt constitution became models for the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949.

## References
*William Carr: *A History of Germany, 1815-1945*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.
*Frank Eyck: *Frankfurt Parliament*, 1969 
*Rosemary O’Kane: *Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism*. New York: Routeledge. 2004. pgs 96-98.
* Brian E. Vick: *Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National Identity* (Harvard University Press, 2002).  – 

## Other websites
*Text of the Paulskirche Constitution on Documentarchiv.de
Alexander Sulzer

**Alexander Sulzer** (born May 30, 1984) is a German professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Düsseldorfer EG of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Sulzer has also played in the NHL for the Nashville Predators, Florida Panthers, Vancouver Canucks, Buffalo Sabres and the DEL for the Hamburg Freezers and DEG Metro Stars. He was traded to the Florida Panthers on February 25, 2011 for a conditional draft pick in the 2011 NHL Draft.

## Other websites 
*
World Nuclear Industry Status Report

***The World Nuclear Industry Status Report*** is a yearly report about the global challenges facing the nuclear power industry. The reports show that the share of nuclear-generated electricity in the overall global energy production has decreased in the 2000s. Nuclear power now accounts for about 13 percent of the world’s electricity generation and 5.5 percent of primary energy.

## 2010-11 report
The *World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010-2011* is authored by Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt, and Steve Thomas and published by the Washington-based Worldwatch Institute. The foreword is written by Amory Lovins.

The report says that the  Fukushima I nuclear accidents have made things more difficult for nuclear energy. There is "no obvious sign that the international nuclear industry could eventually turn empirically evident downward trend into a promising future", and the Fukushima nuclear disaster is likely to accelerate the decline. With long lead times of 10 years and more, it will be difficult to maintain, let alone increase, the number of operating nuclear power plants over the next 20 years. Moreover, says the report, it is clear that nuclear power development cannot keep up with the pace of renewable energy commercialization.

## References
## Other websites
*The End of Nuclear , Worldwatch Institute, 2011.
Homo cepranensis

***Homo cepranensis*** is a proposed name for a human species, known from only one skull cap discovered in 1994. The fossil was discovered by archeologist Italo Biddittu and was nicknamed "Ceprano Man" after a nearby town in the province of Frosinone, 89 kilometers southeast of Rome, Italy.

## Age 
The fossil is estimated to be between 350,000 to 500,000 years old. An adjacent site, Fontana Ranuccio, was dated to 487,000 +/- 6000 years. Muttoni *et al*. suggest that Ceprano is most likely 450,000 years old. 

## Features 
The cranial features on the bone seem to be intermediate between those found on *Homo erectus* and those of later species such as *Homo heidelbergensis* which dominated Europe long before *Homo neanderthalensis*. There is yet not enough material to make a complete analysis of the individual.
Caesars Palace

**Caesars Palace** is a luxury hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. Caesars Palace is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corp. Caesars is on the west side of the Strip, between the Bellagio and the Mirage.

Caesars Palace has 3,960 rooms. There are six towers in the hotel: Augustus, Centurion, Roman, Palace, Octavius and Forum. The Forum tower features guest suites with  of space. It is the only venue in Las Vegas to host a World Series of Poker Circuit Event.

## Entertainment and attractions
*.]]
Caesars offers additional attractions including:

*Fall of Atlantis—free show
*Festival Fountain—free show
*Pure Nightclub a nightclub
*A number of world-famous restaurants and celebrity chefs

## In popular culture
### Film
**Hells Angels on Wheels* 1967
**Hell's Angels '69* 1969
**Where It's At* 1969
**The Electric Horseman* 1979
**Pleasure Palace*
**History of the World, Part I* 1981
**Rocky III* 1982
**Oh, God! You Devil* 1984
**You Ruined My Life* 1987
**Rain Man* 1988; setting of the famous card counting scene.
**Hearts Are Wild* 1992
**Showgirls* 1995
**Fools Rush In* 1997
**The Strip* 1999
**Rush Hour 2* 2001
**Ocean's Eleven* 2001
**Intolerable Cruelty* 2003
**Dreamgirls* 2006
*10.5: Apocalypse
**Category 6: Day of Destruction*
**Iron Man* 2008
**The Hangover* 2009; the main characters stayed in the hotel.
*In the video game *Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas'', it is called "Caligula's Palace"
**2012* 2009
**The Guilt Trip (film)* 2012

## References
Dorothy Wise

**Dorothy Wise** (1914–1995) is an American professional pool player. She was born in Spokane, Washington. When she first started playing pool professionally, there were very few national tournaments for women. She won many local and state tournaments, so she called herself the world champion. The first national tournament for women happened in 1967. She won and kept winning for the next five years. She lost the title in 1972. She played in the final against 13-year-old Jean Balukas.

She became a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame in 1981.

## References
Mycle Schneider

**Mycle Schneider** (born 1959 in Cologne) and lead author of *The World Nuclear Industry Status Reports*. In 1997 he received the Right Livelihood Award.

## Life and work
Mycle Schneider is a nuclear energy expert based in Paris who has been adviser to members of the European Parliament on energy issues for more than 20 years.

Schneider is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, and the nuclear non-proliferation group Independent Group of Scientific Experts (IGSE), which is based at Hamburg University.  Since 2004 he has overseen the Environment and Energy Strategies lecture series for the Environmental and Energy Engineering Program at the French École des Mines in Nantes.

## Award
In 1997, along with Jinzaburo Takagi, Schneider received the Right Livelihood Award “... for serving to alert the world to the unparalleled dangers of plutonium to human life.”

## Publications
Schneider writes many publications on the safety and economic trends of the nuclear industry. His World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 was published by the German government. Also in 2010, Schneider wrote a chapter in the book *Nuclear Power’s Global Expansion: Weighing Its Costs and Risks*. He has commented extensively on the implications of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster.

## Related pages
*Amory Lovins
*Christopher Flavin
*Energy conservation
*Renewable energy commercialization
*Joseph Romm
*Benjamin K. Sovacool

## References
Right Livelihood Award

in 2009]]
 by Jakob von Uexkull (right) and European Commissioner Margot Wallström (left)]]

The **Right Livelihood Award**, widely known as the **Alternative Nobel Prize**, is a major An international jury, invited by the five regular Right Livelihood Award board members, decides the awards in such fields as environmental protection, human rights, sustainable development, health, education, and peace. The prize money is shared among the winners, usually numbering four, and is EUR 200,000.

The prize has been awarded to a diverse group of people and organisations, including Mycle Schneider, Amory Lovins, Astrid Lindgren, Bianca Jagger, Memorial, Mordechai Vanunu, and Petra Kelly.

## References
Rudolph Wanderone

**Rudolf Walter Wanderone** (né **Wanderon Jr.**; January 19, 1913&nbsp;– January 15, 1996), popularly known as **Minnesota Fats** or **New York Fats**,  was an American professional pool player. He never won a world championship. 

His first nickname was "Brooklyn Fats" and then "New York Fats." Wanderone named himself "Minnesota Fats" after the character in the movie *The Hustler*. Wanderone was the host of a national television show, "Celebrity Billiards," during the 1960s. He is a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame.
## References
Steve Mizerak

**Steve Mizerak** (October 12, 1944, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, USA – May 29, 2006) was an American professional pool player. He was a world champion during the 1970s and early 1980s. He won the U.S. Open four times: each year from 1970 to 1973. He also won the PPPA World Open title in 1982 and 1983. In 1986, he was in the movie *The Color of Money*. He is a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame.

## References
Gelug

, near Xining, Qinghai (Amdo), China. Photo by writer Mario Biondi, July 7, 2006'']]

The **Gelug** or **Gelug-pa**, is a school of Tibetan Buddhism founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), a philosopher and Tibetan religious leader. The first monastery he established was at Ganden, and to this day the Ganden Tripa is the head of the school renowned as Ganden Throne Holder, though its most famous person is the Dalai Lama. There are others Gelug Masters, like Trijang Rinpoche and Ling Rinpoche.

Tsongkhapa was a big promoter of the Kadampa (Bka'-gdams-pa) teachings and the mahāyāna principle of universal compassion as the fundamental spiritual orientation. He combined this with a strong emphasis on the cultivation of in-depth insight into the doctrine of emptiness as taught by the Indian masters Nāgārjuna (2nd century) and Candrakīrti (7th century). Tsongkhapa said that these two aspects of the spiritual path, compassion and insight into wisdom, must be rooted in a big wish for liberation driven by a genuine sense of renunciation. He called these the "Three Principal Aspects of the Path", and said that it is on the basis of these three that one must embark on the profound path of vajrayāna Buddhism.

The central teachings of the Gelug School are the Stages of the Path (*lamrim*), based on the teachings of the Indian master Atiśa (c. 11th century) and the systematic cultivation of the view of emptiness. This is combined with the yogas of highest yoga tantra deities such as Guhyasamāja, Cakrasaṃvara, Yamāntaka and Kālacakra, where the key focus is the direct experience of the union of bliss and emptiness.
Belper

**Belper** is a town on the A6 road, in Derbyshire, England. In 2001 there were 20,548 people living in Belper.

## References
Joe Balsis

**Joe Balsis** was an American professional pool player. He was born in Minnersville, Pennsylvania. He was Armed Services Champion in 1944. Between 1965 and 1975 Balsis was in the finals of the U.S. Open five times. He won in 1968 and 1974. He won the Billiard Room Proprietor's Association tournament in 1965 and the World All-Around championship in Johnston City, Illinois in 1966. He is a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame.

## References
Audie Murphy

**Audie Leon Murphy** (June 20, 1925 in Kingston, Hunt County, Texas – May 28, 1971 in Brush Mountain near Roanoke, Virginia), was an American actor and soldier who fought during World War II. He was given the Medal of Honor.

## Biography 
Murphy was of Irish descent. His was the son of Berry Emmett Murphy and Josie Bell Killian. He grew up on farms near Farmersville and Greenville, Texas. When his father left the family, Audie stopped his studies at primary school in fifth grade to help support his family. 

Murphy joined the Army in 1942. His first assignment was being sent to Morocco as a replacement in the 3rd Platoon in 1943. Audie Murphy was very good in several battles. In Italy, his abilities as a combat infantryman earned him promotions and decorations for his heroism. After being wounded in combat, Murphy was removed from the battlefield and promoted to Lieutenant. The Lieutenant General Alexander Patch, commander of the Army, gave him the Medal of Honour. Audie Murphy also received 33 U.S. medals for his courage and heroism in battle.

## Career 
Audie Murphy began his acting career in 1948, in the comedy movie *Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven*. It was directed by William Castle. Murphy has been one of the best known Hollywood actors in westerns movies. He played the role the legendary "Billy the Kid" in *The Kid from Texas* (1950) directed by Kurt Neumann, and then playing another legend Jesse James in *Kansas Raiders* (1950), by Ray Enright. His greatest successes were Westerns was *The Duel at Silver Creek* (1952), by Don Siegel, *Gunsmoke* (1953) and *Drums Across the River* (1954) directed by Nathan Juran, *Destry* (1954) and *The Guns of Fort Petticoat* (1957) directed by George Marshall, *Night Passage* (1957) with James Stewart, *The Unforgiven* (1960) with Burt Lancaster, *Gunfight at Comanche Creek* (1963) one of his best movies. Murphy also had a television series *Whispering Smith* (1961). In it he played the role of Tom 'Whispering' Smith, for 26 episodes of the TV Western. 

Another of his great works for the movies were war movies, such as *To Hell and Back* (1955) by Jesse Hibbs. It was a biography of his story during World War II.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

## References 
*Audie Murphy: War Hero and Movie Star by Judy Alter
*Daily Reading Activities: Winter, by Remedia Publications

## Other websites 
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Coalville

**Coalville** is a town in the district of North West Leicestershire, in the East Midlands of England. In  the 2011 census, 34,575 people lived there. The town is on the A511 between Leicester and Burton upon Trent. It is close to junction 22 of the M1 motorway where the A511 meets the A50 between Ashby-de-la-Zouch and Leicester. The town borders Charnwood Forest.

Coalville is a Sister City with Romans-sur-Isère in southeastern France.

## References
Swaffham

**Swaffham** is a town on the A1065 road in Breckland District, Norfolk, England. In 2001 there were 6,935 people living in Swaffham.

## References
Homo antecessor

***Homo antecessor*** (Latin for "pioneer man") is an extinct human species that lived from around 1.2 million to 770,000 years ago. It is the first type of early human to reach Western Europe. Its scientific name is abbreviated as ***H. antecessor**.*

## Fossils 
The best-preserved *H. antecessor* fossil is a maxilla (an upper jaw bone). It belonged to a 10-year-old individual found in Atapuerca, Spain. Eighty fossils from six individuals were found at the same site. 

### Possible cannibalism 
The bones from Spain had cuts on the bones created by flesh being cut from them. Many other *H. antecessor* specimens were also cannibalised like this, perhaps for food or as a cultural practice. 

## Description 
''H. antecessor's* brain was larger than that of *Homo erectus*, which came earlier in human evolution. Based on the anatomy of fossil skulls, scientists think *H. antecessor* could hear the same range of sounds as modern humans and may have been right-handed.  

*H. antecessor* individuals were around 5.5 feet to 6 feet tall (1.6m - 1.8m). Males weighed around 200 pounds (90 kg). 

*H. antecessor* may have been broad-chested and rather heavy, much like Neanderthals. Its limbs were proportionally long, which is a trait more frequent in tropical populations. 

The kneecaps are thin and have poorly developed tendon attachments. The feet indicate *H. antecessor* walked differently from modern humans.

## Behavior 
*H. antecessor'' made Oldowan style stone tools. These were simple pebble and flakes made out of quartz, chert, or other materials. Their tool-making industry was similar, but less complex than the Acheulean tool culture. Acheulean tool artifacts have been found in African and later European sites. 

Groups may have sent hunting parties to kill deer in their savannah and mixed woodland environment. There is no evidence they were using fire, and they only lived in Iberia during warm periods, presumably retreating to the southern coast otherwise.

There is evidence that this species used basic language.

 in 2012|686x686px]]

## References 
## Related pages 
* Human timeline
Bridlington

**Bridlington** is a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. In 2001 there were 33,837 people living in Bridlington.

## References
Concertina

A **concertina** is a musical instrument that makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using a bellows. The fingers push buttons at both ends of the instrument.

The **Anglo concertina** has the bass notes at the left side and makes other tones pushing than pulling a button.

The **English concertina** makes the same tone pushing and pulling a button.

The **duet concertinas** have the bass notes at the left side and make the same tone pushing and pulling a button.
The **Hayden duet concertina** has the same fingering for all scales. It has a shifted 6-plus-6 keyboard layout.

## Related pages
* Bandoneon

## Other websites
Rugeley

**Rugeley** (pronounced *Rooj-lee*) is a market town in Staffordshire, England. It is 7.9 miles (12.7 km) north of the cathedral city of Lichfield and 9.8 miles (15.8 km) southeast of Stafford, the county town. The 2011 census revealed that just over 24,000 people live in Rugeley.

It is on the north-eastern edge of Cannock Chase and is next to the River Trent.

The Trent & Mersey Canal flows through the town.

Although the town is in Staffordshire, it is in the Walsall postcode area, a town in the West Midlands, and the WS15 postcode district.

The town has two railway stations, Rugeley Town and Rugeley Trent Valley. Rugeley Trent Valley is on the West Coast Main Line and provides long-distance trains to London, Birmingham and Crewe. Rugeley Town is on the Chase Line and provides direct local trains to Walsall and Birmingham.

Rugeley used to have its own newspaper, the *Rugeley Times*. It was published from Bow Street in the town. However, the paper was sold to the Staffordshire Newsletter.

## Twinning
Rugeley is twinned with:
* Western Springs, Illinois, U.S.

## Gallery

File:Rugeley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_276821.jpg|Upper Brook Street
File:03.04.19_Rugeley_Trent_Valley_170513_(33685549628).jpg|Rugeley Trent Valley station
File:Autumn colours on the canal. Rugeley, Staffordshire - geograph.org.uk - 1556797.jpg|The Trent and Mersey Canal through Rugeley
File:Elmore_Park_-_Rugeley_(34571298575).jpg|Elmore Park
Skullcandy

**Skullcandy** is an American company. It makes headphones and earphones. Skullcandy is a privately held company. It is based in Park City, Utah. It was founded in 2003 by Rick Alden.

Skullcandy sponsors professional athletes in snowboarding, skiing, skateboarding, wakeboarding, motocross, and biking. They are partners with the X Games, Zumiez Couch Tour, South by Southwest, and the Vans Warped Tour.

## References
Milden

**Milden** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 106 people living in Milden. It has a church called St Peter.

## References
Army of the Pharaohs

**Army of the Pharaohs** is a hip-hop supergroup from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The supergroup was formed in 1998 by Jedi Mind Tricks' Vinnie Paz. Currently the group has 15 members.

## Members 
;Current
* Apathy
* Block McCloud
* Celph Titled
* Crypt the Warchild 
* Demoz
* Des Devious
* Doap Nixon
* Esoteric
* King Magnetic
* Jus Allah
* Journalist
* King Syze
* Planetary
* Reef the Lost Cauze
* Vinnie Paz

;Former
* 7L
* Virtuoso
* Bahamadia
* Chief Kamachi
* Faez One
* Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *The Torture Papers* (2006)
* *Ritual of Battle* (2007)
* *The Unholy Terror* (2010)

### EP's
* *The Five Perfect Exertions EP* (1998)

### Mixtapes/Compilations
* *Rare Shit, Collabos and Freestyles* (Compilation) (2003)
* *The Bonus Papers* (Mixtape) (2006)
* ''After Torture There's Pain'' (Mixtape) (2007)

## Other websites 
* Army of the Pharaohs Official website
Long Melford

**Long Melford** is a village and civil parish north of Sudbury in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 3,433 people living in Long Melford.

## References