Silicon Valley

San Jose, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Silicon Valley"]]

**Silicon Valley** is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in California in the United States. The term originally meant the innovators and manufacturers of silicon chip who worked here, but now means all the high-tech businesses in the area, and for the high-tech sector generally.

Silicon Valley includes the northern part of Santa Clara Valley and adjacent communities in the southern parts of the San Francisco Peninsula and East Bay. It reaches from Menlo Park (on the Peninsula) and the Fremont/Newark area in the East Bay down to San Jose.

Currently, many locations in Silicon Valley are full of tourists.

## Origin of the term
The term *Silicon Valley* was coined by journalist Don Hoefler in 1971. He used it as the title of a series of articles "Silicon Valley USA" in a weekly trade newspaper Electronic News which started with the January 11, 1971 issue. *Valley* refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while *Silicon* refers to the high concentration of semiconductor and computer-related industries in the area. These and similar technology firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the ''Valley of Heart's Delight''.

## History
The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of U.S. Navy work, as well as the site of the Navy's large research airfield at Moffett Field. A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy moved most of its West Coast operations to San Diego, NASA took over portions of Moffett for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms.

However, there was almost no civilian "high-tech" industry in the area. Although there were a number of excellent schools in the area, graduating students almost always moved east or south (that is, to Los Angeles County) to find work. This was particularly annoying to Frederick Terman, a professor at Stanford University. He decided that a vast area of unused Stanford land was perfect for real estate development, and set up a program to encourage students to stay in the area by enabling them to easily find venture capital. One of the major success stories of the program was that it convinced two students to stay in the area, William Hewlett and David Packard. In 1939, they founded Hewlett-Packard in Packard's garage, which would go on to be one of the first "high tech" firms in the area that was not directly related to NASA or the U.S. Navy.

Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the Internet grew and the first wave of internet startups, Amazon.com, eBay, and Craigslist began operations.

## Notable companies
Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley; among those, the following are in the Fortune 1000:

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*Adobe Systems
*Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
*Agilent Technologies
*Apple Inc.
*Applied Materials
*Cisco Systems
*eBay
*Electronic Arts
*Facebook
*Google
*Hewlett-Packard (HP)
*Intel
*Intuit
*Juniper Networks
*Maxtor
*Memorex (Brand of Imation)
*National Semiconductor
*Network Appliance
*NVIDIA Corporation
*Oracle Corporation
*Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
*Symantec
*Xilinx
*Yahoo!

Additional notable companies headquartered (or with a significant presence) in Silicon Valley include (some defunct or subsumed):

*3Com (headquartered in Marlborough, Massachusetts)
*Adaptec
*Amdahl
*Aricent
*Atari
*Atmel
*Covansys
*Cypress Semiconductor
*Foundry Networks
*Fujitsu (headquartered in Tokyo, Japan)
*Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
*Knight-Ridder (acquired by The McClatchy Company)
*LSI Logic
*McAfee
*Netscape (acquired by AOL)
*NeXT Computer, Inc. (acquired by Apple)
*Palm, Inc.
*PalmSource, Inc. (acquired by ACCESS)
*PayPal (now part of eBay)
*Rambus
*Redback Networks
*SanDisk
*SAP AG
*Silicon Graphics
*Solectron
*TiVo
*VA Software (Slashdot)
*VeriSign
*Veritas Software (acquired by Symantec)
*VMware (acquired by EMC)

Befitting its heritage, Silicon Valley is home to the high-tech superstore chain Fry's Electronics.

*For a larger list of companies, see :Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley*

## Universities
*Carnegie Mellon University (West Coast Campus)
*San José State University
*Santa Clara University
*Stanford University
*National University (San José Campus)
*DeVry University (Fremont Campus)

Technically the following universities are not located in Silicon Valley, but have been instrumental as sources of research and new graduates:
*University of California, Berkeley
*California State University, East Bay
*University of California, Davis
*University of California, Santa Cruz
*Monterey Institute of International Studies - Fisher Graduate School of International Business

## Cities
A number of cities are located in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):

*Cupertino
*East Palo Alto
*Fremont
*Gilroy
*Los Altos
*Los Altos Hills
*Los Gatos
*Menlo Park
*Morgan Hill
*Mountain View
*Milpitas
*Palo Alto
*Redwood City 
*San Jose
*Santa Clara
*Saratoga
*Sunnyvale

Cities sometimes associated with the region:
*Newark
*Pleasanton
*Livermore
*Scotts Valley
*Santa Cruz 
*Union City

## Trivia 
In the James Bond film *A View to a Kill*, villain Max Zorin plans to destroy Silicon Valley by detonating explosives between the *Hayward Fault* and *San Andreas Fault*, causing them to flood. He dubs the operation 'Main Strike' in order to gain complete control of the microchip market by selling his own and destroying the competition.

## Further reading
**Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution* by Steven Levy, Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday (1984)
**Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era*, Dennis Hayes, London: Free Association Books (1989)
*Silicon Valley, Inc.: Ruminations on the Demise of a Unique Culture , The San Jose Mercury News (1997)
**Cultures@Silicon Valley*, J. A. English-Lueck, Stanford: Stanford University Press (2002)
**The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy*, David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park, New York University Press (2003)
**What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry*, John Markoff, Viking (2005)
**The Silicon Boys: And Their Valleys Of Dreams*, David A. Kaplan, Harper Perinneal (April 2000), 
*Cities of knowledge: Cold War science and the search for the next Silicon Valley , Margaret Pugh O’Mara, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, (2005)

## References
## Other websites 
*California's Historic Silicon Valley 
*Reference about Don Hoefler
*Website focused on Silicon Valley news, backed by the *San Jose Mercury News*
**Silicon Valley 150* for beginning of 2004 as a PDF file 
*Silicon Valley Association of Startup Entrepreneurs 
*The Silicon Valley Cultures Project
*Stanford Linear Accelerator center
*Growth of a Silicon Empire  by Henry Norr published at the end of 1999 in the San Francisco Chronicle
*Douglas Engelbart
*Red tile roofs in Bangalore: Stanford's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond