open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chess boxing

**Chess boxing** is a mixed sport which puts together the sport of boxing with games of chess in every other round. Chess boxing fights have been done since early 2003. The sport was started when Dutch artist Iepe Rubingh, given the idea by a similar sport in the writing of Enki Bilal, started actual matches. The sport has become more well known since then. To do well at chess boxing, players must be both good chess players and good boxers.

## Structure and rules
A match between two players is made up of up to 11 rounds of boxing and chess sessions, starting with a four-minute chess round followed by two minutes of boxing and so on.

## History
The idea was started in 1992 by cartoonist Enki Bilal, and a match of chess boxing was a big story part of his graphic novel *Froid Équateur*.

The World Chess Boxing Organisation (WCBO), keeps control of the sport. The first world championship was in Amsterdam in 2003 and was won by Iepe Rubingh, the starter of the sport. The First European Chess Boxing Championship took place in Berlin on October 1, 2005 when Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria beat Andreas D'Schneider of Germany after D'Schneider gave up in the seventh round.

In April 2008, the World Chess Federation, FIDE, posted a video on its website in which its president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov played a friendly chess boxing match in Elista. Also in April 2008 the UK's first Chess Boxing club was started in London by Great Britain Chess Boxing Organisation founder Tim Woolgar. In July 2008 in Berlin, a 19-year old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the title of "World Champion" in chess boxing by beating Frank Stoldt. Stoldt resigned in the 5th round after losing his queen.

## Notes
Hurricane Dog (1950)

**Hurricane Dog** was the strongest hurricane in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the fourth named storm of the season. Dog began on August 30 to the east of Antigua. After passing through the northern Lesser Antilles, the storm turned to the north and became a Category 5 hurricane. Dog reached its highest strength of 185&nbsp;mph (295&nbsp;km/h) winds over the ocean. The hurricane weakened and passed within 200&nbsp;miles (320&nbsp;km) of Cape Cod before becoming extratropical on September 12.

Hurricane Dog caused high damage to the Leeward Islands, and was said to be the strongest hurricane on record in Antigua. Many buildings were destroyed or damaged on the island. In the United States, the hurricane caused damage along the coast. It damaged several boats and caused 11 people to drown. Strong winds caused large power outages across southeastern New England. Damage along Hurricane Dog's track totaled to about $3&nbsp;million (1950&nbsp;USD, $25.7&nbsp;million 2007&nbsp;USD).

## Other websites
* 1950 Monthly Weather Review
Kingdom of Württemberg

**Württemberg** [], formerly known as **Wirtemberg**, is an area and a former state in southwestern Germany, including parts of the regions Swabia and Franconia. It was originally a Duchy but was raised to a Kingdom in 1806. 

King William abdicated on 30 November 1918, following Germany's defeat in the First World War, ending a dynasty that had lasted 837 years. The kingdom was replaced with the Free People's State of Württemberg. After World War II, Württemberg was divided between the American and French occupation zones and became part of two new states: Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. These two states merged with South Baden in 1952 to become the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg within the Federal Republic of Germany.

## Geography
The borders of the Kingdom of Württemberg, as defined in 1813, lay between 47°34' and 49°35' north and 8°15' and 10°30' east. The greatest distance north to south was  and the greatest east to west was . The border had a total length of  and the total area of the state was .

The kingdom had borders with Bavaria on the east and south, with Baden in the north, west, and south. The southern part surrounded the Prussian province of Hohenzollern on most of its sides and touched on Lake Constance.

## References
Beth Groundwater

**Beth Groundwater** is an American author who has written two novels in the Claire Hanover gift basket designer mystery series, *A Real Basket Case* and *To Hell in a Handbasket*. The first, published in March, 2007, was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.  The sequel, *To Hell in a Handbasket* was published in May, 2009.  She writes in the Mystery genre, and has also written several short stories.

## Writing career
Groundwater first began writing fiction in the fifth grade, and in high school took an outside study in English.  She went to the College of William and Mary and got a degree in Psychology and Computer Science in 1978. and was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.  "Flamingo Fatality" won the Great Manhattan Mysteries Conclave Short Story Anthology Contest in 2005, and her 2005 short story "Lucky Bear" was first in the Storyteller Magazine Flash Fiction Contest.

## Notes
A Real Basket Case

***A Real Basket Case*** is a fictional mystery novel that was written by Beth Groundwater. It was published by Five Star Publishing on March 21, 2007. It was later re-published in large print in January 2008. The novel follows the story of Claire Hanover who sets out to find out who murdered her husband.

It was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, *To Hell in a Handbasket* is scheduled to be published in 2009.

## Awards 
Even though Beth Groundwater won the Princess of Rejection prize from the Sisters in Crime Guppies Chapter for having the second most rejections for her writings in the winter of 2005, *A Real Basket Case* was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. Kirkus Reviews called *A Real Basket Case* "A tense, exciting debut."

## References
Karditsa

**Karditsa** is a city in the center of Greece, in the Thessaly district. It is built on Thessaly Plain, the second largest plain in Greece. Because of this, Karditsa is an agricultural city. It is near the city of Trikala.   

Western Karditsa is in the Agrafa mountain range (which is a part of the larger Pindus Mountains).  

There were 35,971 people living in Karditsa during the 2001 census.
Gooloogong

**Gooloogong** is a small town in New South Wales. It is built on the banks of the Lachlan River. It is 57km south east of Forbes, 34&nbsp;km north west of Cowra and 358&nbsp;km west of the state capital, Sydney. There are about 250 people living in Gooloogong.

The town was established in the 1860s on what was the Pastoral Lease 'Goolagong'of Edward Sheahan from around 1840.

The town was originally built much closer to the Lachlan River, but was moved to higher ground because of floods.

John O'Meally is buried in an unmarked grave in the Anglican cemetery at Gooloogong. He was a member of Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead when the gang tried to rob the Campbell's farm, Goimbla Station, on November 19, 1863.

## Facilities
Gooloogong has a hotel, shops and a park.

## References
Boorowa

**Boorowa** is a small town in New South Wales. It is  from Yass. The town is built on the banks of the Boorowa River, which flows into the Lachlan River. The town was first called *Burrowa*. Boorowa and Burrowa are Aboriginal words in the Wiradjuri language meaning "birds". In 2008, there were 1350 living in Boorowa.

The first people to live in the area were the Wiraduri people. This was one of the largest tribes in New South Wales. They had several regular camping sites along the Lachlan and Boorowa Rivers. It is estimated that there were several thousand Wiradjuri people at the time of European settlement. A survey in 1851 showed that there were only 300 people left. Local Wiradjuri people were forced onto government reserves at Rye Park and Edgerton. The oldest building still standing in Boorowa is Shamrock Cottage, built in 1850, once the home of the owner of the Queens Arms Hotel.

## Old buildings
There are many old buildings still standing in Boorowa. Webb and Crego's store, built in 1862, was robbed by bushranger Ben Hall in 1863. The Royal Hotel, built in 1860, is still a hotel although it is now called the Ram and Stallion Hotel. The Court House, built in 1884, is now an information centre for tourists.

## References
Guity Novin

**Guity Novin** (born **Guity Navran** on April 21, 1944) is a Persian-Canadian painter and sculptor. She has started a movement in painting that she has named Transpressionism. She was born in Kermanshah, Iran in 1944. She now lives and works in Vancouver and Toronto. Guity Novin was graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Tehran in 1970. After leaving Iran, she moved to The Hague, Netherlands in 1975 and then to Manchester, UK where she completed her studies.

She moved to Canada in 1980 and lived and exhibited in Kingston (Ontario), Montreal, and Ottawa and finally settled in Vancouver, British Columbia.

She has introduced the Transpressionism style in 1994. By using this style, she tries to convey her passionate philosophical ideas.

She has served on a UNESCO national committee of artists.

## References
Murringo

**Murringo** is a small town in New South Wales. It is 25kms east of Young and 406&nbsp;km west of the state capital, Sydney. The town was in the area often robbed by the bushranger, Ben Hall.

## Early settlement
Europen settlers moved into the area in 1827. In 1864, Ben Hall robbed John Scarr and his brother as they rode along the road to Burrowa.

The original plans included a market place, a big cemetery and large parks. When gold was found nearby at Lambing Flat in 1860, most of the people moved to the goldfields. Although there were only about 120 people living in the town, the people saved money and built the Christ Church Anglican Church in 1866. The foundation stone for the Sacred Heart Catholic Church was laid in 1871. A post office opened in 1857.

## Other websites
* Murringo Primary School http://www.murringo-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/
* Murringo.com, Virtual Village http://murringo.googlepages.com/ 

## References
Funchal

**Funchal** is the capital city of Madeira, part of Portugal.  It is also the largest city of Madeira with 111,892 people.

Funchal is in a valley.  It has even temperatures all year round.  There is a rainier and slightly cooler season from October through March.  A drier and warmer season lasts from April through September.

## Transportation
The harbor of Funchal used to be the only major port in Madeira. In 2007 cargo trade was moved to the port of Caniçal, 19 kilometers to the east. Funchal still serves cruise ships, ferries, and other tourist-related boats and yachts. 

A highway to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava is to the west. Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal can be reached to the east.

Madeira Airport is east of the city, in the municipality of Santa Cruz.
White Christmas

]]
A **white Christmas** means that at least an inch of snow has fallen on Christmas Morning. This is more common in some countries than in others.  

For example, in  the United Kingdom, there are not a lot of White Christmases; but in Canada, there is almost always a White Christmas. Ireland's last "official" White Christmas was in 2004.

## White Christmases in Canada
## White Christmases in the United States
Since the 1950's, there are less White Christmases in the USA.

## White Christmases in the United Kingdom
## Related pages
*Irving Berlin
*Bing Crosby

## References
## Other websites 
*Are you dreaming of a white Christmas? 
*White Christmas Sweet from Australia
Binalong

**Binalong** is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It is 37 km north-west of Yass. 
## History
The Aboriginal people who lived in the area were part of the Ngunnawal people.  The first Europen to visit the area was Hamilton Hume in 1821. The name of the town is believed to come from either an Aboriginal word meaning 'towards a high place' or from 'Bennelong', the name of a famous Aborigine.

Binalong was outside the legal limits of European settlement in New South Wales. However farmers settled in the area before the law changed to allow settlement in 1839.  From 1847 there was a police camp at Binalong and a court. The old Cobb and Co inn was built at that time as a staging post for Cobb and Co coaches.

The town was officially listed in 1850. It was an important stop on the way for people going to look for gold at Lambing Flat. The school was started in 1861.  Gold also meant that there were bushrangers in the area.  The grave of John Gilbert is near the town in the field where the police kept their horses.  He was a member of Frank Gardiner's gang  and later Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead by police in 1865.  

## Railway
The first railway station opened in 1875. The railway arrived in 1876.  The current building was put up when the railway line was moved in 1916. The station and the signal box are now closed.

## Banjo Paterson
The family of the poet Banjo Paterson moved to the Binalong area in 1869 when he was five years old.  He went to the primary school in Binalong but later went to boarding school in Sydney. He only came home in the holidays.  Binalong features in a number of his poems, for example, *Pardon, the son of Reprieve* .  Paterson's father is buried in the local cemetery.

## References
## Other websites 
*Banjo Paterson's story of the place where he spent his childhood 
*Binalong Public School
*History of Binalong
Don't Call This Love

"'''Don't Call This Love'*" is a song by Scottish singer Leon Jackson. The song was written by Bryn Christopher, Chris Braide and Carl Falk. It was released on 12 October 2008 as the second single from his debut studio album *Right Now* (2008). He performed the song live during  of *The X Factor'' the day prior to the official release of the song. The song peaked at number 1 on the Scottish Singles Chart and number 3 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing
## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## References
Astro

**Astro** can refer to:

* Astronomy
* The Houston Astros, a Major League Baseball team that plays in Houston, Texas
* Astrodome, a sports stadium in Houston, Texas
* Chevrolet Astro, a mid-sized van made by Chevrolet
* Adobe Flash Player version 10, codenamed *Astro*
* Astro (satellite TV)
* "Astro", a fictional dog in the TV series *The Jetsons*
Moulton, Alabama

**Moulton** is a city in Lawrence County, Alabama. It is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area, as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 3,398. The city is the county seat of Lawrence County.

## References
Montevallo, Alabama

**Montevallo** is a city in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. A college town, it is the home of the University of Montevallo, a public liberal arts university with around 3000 students. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city of Montevallo was 7,229.

## References
Monroeville, Alabama

**Monroeville** is a city in Monroe County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,951. The city is the county seat of Monroe County.

## Literary fame 
Author Harper Lee was born and raised in Monroeville. In her book *To Kill a Mockingbird*, the fictional town of Maycomb is modeled on her hometown. The book received the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

## References
Millbrook, Alabama

**Millbrook** is a city in Autauga and Elmore counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The population was 16,564 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography 
Millbrook has a total area of 14.51 square miles.

## References
Leon Jackson

**Leon Jackson** (born 30 December 1988) is a Scottish singer. He won the 2007 UK series of the television show *The X Factor*. His debut single "When You Believe" peaked at number one in Scotland, Ireland and the United Kingdom, where it became the Christmas number one of 2007. His debut studio album, *Right Now*, peaked at number two in Scotland and number four on the UK Albums Chart. The album includes the singles "When You Believe", "Don't Call This Love", "Creative" and "Stargazing".

## Early life
Leon Jackson was born in Whitburn, West Lothian, Scotland on 30 December 1998. He previously worked as retail sales assistant with Gap. He supports Rangers FC. At the age of 10 he got his black belt. Before *X Factor*, he was planning to attend Edinburgh Napier University to study architectural technology.

## Career
### 2007: The X Factor
In 2007, Leon Jackson auditioned for the fourth series of *The X Factor* in Glasgow, he went on to win the competition, after winning Jackson got a £1 million contract with Simon Cowell's company Syco. His winners single "When You Believe", a cover of a song sung by Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey, reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. 

### 2008–2009: *Right Now*
He released his second single "Don't Call This Love" in October 2008 and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. His debut album *Right Now* was released on 20 October 2008 and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart. His third single "Creative" peaked at number 94 and his fourth single "Stargazing" failed to chart, in March 2009 he was dropped by his record label after his album sold 130,000 copies.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## References
Marion, Alabama

**Marion** is the county seat of Perry County, Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 3,176. The city was first called *Muckle Ridge*. It was renamed after a hero of the American Revolution, Francis Marion.

## References
Midfield, Alabama

**Midfield** is a town in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,211.

## References
Fairhope, Alabama

**Fairhope** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama. It is on a sloping plateau, along the cliffs and shoreline of Mobile Bay. As of the 2020 census, 22,477 people lived there.

## Notable residents 
*Upton Sinclair (winter visitor), author (*The Jungle*)
*Winston Groom, author (*Forrest Gump*)
*Fannie Flagg, author of *Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe*, actress in the movie *Grease* and *The New Dick Van Dyke Show*
*Dean Mosher, well known historical painter

## References
Yanina Batyrchina

**Yana (Yanina) Batyrshina** (Russian:Яна (Янина) Фархадовна Батыршина, born October 07, 1979 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union)  is a former Individual Rhythmic Gymnast. She competed for Russia. She was born to Tatar father and Jewish mother.
Muscle Shoals, Alabama

**Muscle Shoals** is a city in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. As of 2020, the population of the city was 16,275.

## References
Fort Payne, Alabama

**Fort Payne** is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 14,877. The city is the county seat of DeKalb County.  The city calls itself the "Official Sock Capital of the World."

A magnitude 4.9 earthquake occurred here in 2003.

## Local Attractions
Fort Payne has the headquarters for the nearby Little River Canyon National Preserve, a 14000 acre National Park Service facility.  The canyon itself is at Lookout Mountain outside the city limits.  Another attraction is DeSoto State Park, a smaller facility with a lodge, restaurant, cabins, and river access areas.

## Education
Fort Payne is served by the Fort Payne City Schools system which includes:
*Wills Valley Elementary (K-2)
*Williams Avenue Elementary (3-4)
*Fort Payne Middle School (5-8)
*Fort Payne High School (9-12)

Fort Payne is also served by the Northeast Alabama Community College which is in Rainsville.

## Health care
*DeKalb Regional Medical Center- 134 bed facility

## Media
*Radio stations
**WFPA-AM 1400 (News/Talk)
**WZOB-AM 1250 (Country)
*Newspapers
***The Times-Journal*
***The DeKalb Advertiser*

## Transportation
*  Interstate 59
* U.S. Highway 11
*  Alabama State Route 35
*Norfolk Southern Railway
* Isbell Field (municipal airport)

## Notable natives and residents
*Miles C. Allgood (1878–1977), United States Congressman
*Jeff Cook,  Teddy Gentry, and Randy Owen, founders of the Country music band Alabama
*Lt. Gen. Duward Crow (1919–1997), Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, USAF and Associate Deputy Administrator, NASA
*Howard Finster (1916–2001), religious folk artist and Baptist minister
*Flock Family (NASCAR drivers)
**Bob Flock (1918–1964)
**Fonty Flock (1921–1972)
**Tim Flock (1924–1998)
**Ethel Mobley (1920–1984)
*Milford W. Howard, United States Congressman and writer
*Lt. Gen. Forrest S. McCartney(ret.), USAF and director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center
*Larry Nelson, professional golfer
*Philip Ober (1902–1982), actor
*Lilius Bratton Rainey (1876–1959), United States Congressman
*Ron Sparks, Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries, 2010 Democratic gubernatorial nominee
*Katherine Stinson, pioneer female pilot, fourth woman in the U.S. to become a licensed pilot

## References
Foley, Alabama

**Foley** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. The 2020 census lists the population of the city as 20,335.

## References
Fort Mitchell, Alabama

**Fort Mitchell** is a community of 1,400 people in Russell County, Alabama, USA. It is south of Phenix City. The area was first a garrisoned fort. It was meant to help defend the area during the Creek War.

## Landmarks 
*Fort Mitchell National Cemetery
*Fort Mitchell Park
Fairfield, Alabama

**Fairfield** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a suburb of Birmingham.  The population was 10,000 at the 2020 census. Fairfield was founded in 1910.

## References
Fayette, Alabama

**Fayette** is a city in Fayette County, Alabama, United States. The 2020 census lists the population as 4,285. The city is the county seat of Fayette County.

## References
Russellville, Alabama

**Russellville** is a city in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 10,855. The city is the county seat of Franklin County.

## References
Roanoke, Alabama

**Roanoke** is a city in Randolph County, Alabama,  United States.

Roanoke is served by a weekly newspaper, *The Randolph Leader*. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 5,311.

## References
Right Now (Leon Jackson album)

***Right Now*** is the debut studio album by Scottish singer Leon Jackson. The album was released on 17 October 2008 in Ireland and on 20 October 2008 in the United Kingdom. The album peaked at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart and number 7 on the Irish Albums Chart.

## Singles
"When You Believe" was released as the lead single from the album on 19 December 2007. The song peaked at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart. "Don't Call This Love" was released as the second single from the album on 11 October 2008. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and number 8 on the Irish Singles Chart. "Creative" was released in November 2008 as the third single from the album, peaking at number 94 on the UK Singles Chart. "Stargazing" was released as the fourth and final single from the album on 19 January 2009.

## Track listing
## Charts
## Certifications
## Release history
## References
Rainbow City, Alabama

**Rainbow City** is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Fultondale, Alabama

**Fultondale** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a northern suburb of Birmingham. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 9,876.

## References
Robert II of Scotland

**Robert II** (2 March 1316 - 19 April 1390) was King of Scotland from 1371 through 1390. He was the first king of the House of Stewart. He is known as Robert the Steward and succeeded the popular David II to the throne. He was crowned in 1371 and had 1 child, Robert III or "Robert the Lame" with Elizabeth Mure, he was mentally unstable and was born as John Stewart, he changed his name to Robert as he would be crowned John II recognizing John Balliol's claim as legitimate which would spark war.

## Birth 
He was born on 2 March 1316 in Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire. He was the son of Walter Stewart and Marjorie Bruce. His mother died in childbith on 2 March and his father died 1326 and was buried in Paisley Abbey, where Robert II was born.

## Reign 
His reign began on 22 February 1371 upon his uncle's death (David II), he descended through Robert the Bruce and was crowned on March 26th of 1371. He wasn't a very popular king and died on 19 April 1390, he was succeeded by his son Robert III.

## Marriage 
He had 2 wives during his lifetime, his first wife Elizabeth Mure and his second wife Euphemia de Ross.King Robert II had more children than any other King of Scotland, in all 15 by his two marriages. 

By Elizabeth he had:

(1) John, Earl of Carrick (later ROBERT III) c.1337-1406

(2) Walter Stewart c. 1338-1362

(3) Robert, Earl of Albany c. 1340-1420

(4) Margaret Stewart m. John Macdonald, Lord of the Isles

(5) Alexander, Earl of Buchan 'The Wolf of Badenoch' c.1343-1405

(6) Marjorie Stewart m. (i) John Dunbar, Earl of Moray (ii) Alexander Keith

(7) Jean Stewart m. (i) Sir John Keith (ii) Sir John Lyon (iii) Sir James Sandilands

(8) Isabel Stewart m. (i) James Douglas, Earl of Douglas (ii) David Edmondstone

(9) Katherine Stewart

(10) Elizabeth Stewart m. sir Thomas Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland

By Ephemia he had:

(11) David, Earl of Caithness d. before 1389

(12) Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl d. 1437

(13) Margaret Stewart

(14) Elizabeth Stewart m. David Lindsay, Earl of Crawford

(15) Egidia Stewart m. Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale

Robert II also had 8 illegitimate children by various mothers

## Depictions/Paintings 

File:Robert II of Scotland (James Roberts).jpg|Robert Stuart II by James Roberts. c. 1600 (print).
File:Robert II, King of Scotland seal.png|Seal of Robert II.
File:Robert II, King of Scotland.png|Depiction of Robert II (crooked eyes).
File:Robert II of Scotland groat 1371 612678.jpg|Groat of Robert II.
File:Robert II, King of Scotland from 1371 Wellcome L0010446.jpg|Seal of Robert II (depiction of the seal).
File:Robert II Stewart.jpg|Print of Robert II with Euphemia de Ross.

## References
Robert III of Scotland

**Robert III** (1337 - 4 April 1406) was the eldest son of King Robert II and Elizabeth Mure and was legitimized by papal dispensation in 1349, ruling from 1390 following the death of his father Robert II of Scotland untill his own death in 1406. 

]]
Florence, Alabama

**Florence** is a city in and the county seat of Lauderdale County, Alabama, United States. It is in the northwestern corner of the state.

## References
James II of Scotland

**James II** (16 October 1430 - 3 August 1460) was King of Scotland from 1437 to 1460. He was born in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. He inherited the Scottish throne after the of his father James I on 21 February 1437, aged only 6 and was crowned king of Scotland on 25 March 1437 at Holyrood Palace where he was born.
George Butterworth

**George Butterworth** (born London, 12 July 1885; died Pozières, France,  5 August 1916) was an English composer. He was killed while fighting in World War I.  He is best known for a group of songs which are settings of poems by  A. E. Housman.

## Early years 
Butterworth was born in London.  His father was a solicitor who later became the general manager of the North Eastern Railway.  The family moved to Yorkshire soon after George’s birth. He had his first music lessons from his mother, who was a singer, He soon started to compose music. His father wanted him to be a solicitor and so he sent his son to Eton College.  From there he went to Trinity College, Oxford. At Oxford he became more and more involved with music, especially after he met the folk song collector Cecil Sharp and composer and folk song enthusiast Ralph Vaughan Williams. Butterworth and Vaughan Williams made several trips into the English countryside to collect folk songs.  Both of them were influenced by English folk songs when they were composing.   Butterworth was also a very good folk dancer.  He was particularly fond of Morris dancing.

Vaughan Williams and Butterworth became close friends. It was Butterworth who said to Vaughan Williams that it would be a good idea to turn the symphonic poem he was working on into his *London Symphony*. When the manuscript for that piece was lost in the post Butterworth and two other musicians helped Vaughan Williams to write it out again.   Vaughan Williams dedicated the piece to Butterworth's memory after his death.  When he left Oxford, Butterworth became a music critic for *The Times* as well as composing  and teaching at Radley College, Oxfordshire. He also studied at the Royal College of Music for a short time, working with people such as Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford.

## First World War 
Although Butterworth had lots of work he often felt that his life had no purpose.  When  World War I broke out, Butterworth felt that he could be useful so he joined the British Army.  He was killed by a sniper in 1916 at Pozières leading a raid during the Battle of the Somme. His body was not found, and his name appears on the Thiepval memorial, near the site of the Somme.  He was awarded the Military Cross, and a trench was named after him.

## A Shropshire Lad 
Butterworth did not write a great deal of music, and during the war he destroyed many of his compositions that he thought were not good enough.  Of those that survive, his works based on A. E. Housman's collection of poems *A Shropshire Lad* are the best known. Many English composers of Butterworth's time set Housman's poetry, including Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Butterworth wrote two song cycles on Housman's poems.  They include some of the best-loved English songs of the 20th century, especially *Is My Team Ploughing?* and  *Loveliest of Trees*.  He used this last song as the basis for his 1912 orchestral rhapsody, also called *A Shropshire Lad*.  It is full of soft, tender music as well as passion.

## References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980, .

## Other websites
*An essay on Butterworth's life and music
James V of Scotland

**James V of Scotland** (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) became king when he was just a baby, following the death of his father, James IV of Scotland, in 1513. He was crowned at only 17 months old. Since he was so young, Scotland was ruled by regents, starting with his mother, Margaret Tudor, and later by his cousin, John Stewart, Duke of Albany.

James took control of his kingdom in 1528, after escaping from his stepfather, Archibald Douglas. He then exiled Douglas and took away the lands of the powerful Douglas family. James worked to strengthen the kingdom by tightening control over royal estates, customs, and the justice system. He founded the College of Justice in 1532 and acted to bring more order to troubled areas like the Scottish Borders and the Hebrides.

He married twice, both times to French noblewomen—Madeleine of Valois and later Mary of Guise—strengthening ties with France. Though Protestantism began to spread in Scotland during his reign, James stayed Catholic. He used his loyalty to the Catholic Church to increase his power and was even granted the title "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope.

James was known for being suspicious of his nobility and took harsh measures against them, but he was also seen as a "poor man's king" for helping the common people. He spent money on the arts and built many royal buildings in a grand style.

James died after a Scottish defeat by the English at the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542. His only surviving child,Mary, Queen of Scots, was just six days old when she became queen.

## Other websites
Thaksin Shinawatra

**Thaksin Shinawatra** (born July 26, 1949) is a former Prime Minister of Thailand and founder of the Thai Rak Thai Party. He was exiled after a 2006 coup. He returned to Thailand in 2023. He was put in jail, but got parole in February 2024. However, he is in prison again (as of the second week of September 2025); He can get moved into house arrest [at any time]. He will maybe be set free, after less than six month in prison; Or he might serve six months; Or he might serve 12 months.

## Heritage and early life 
Thaksin's great-grandfather, Seng Saekhu (Khu Chun Seng 丘春盛), was an ethnic Chinese Hakka immigrant from Fengshun, Guangdong, China. He arrived in Siam in the 1860s and settled in Chiang Mai in 1908. His oldest son, Chiang Saekhu, was born in Chanthaburi in 1890. He married a local named Saeng Samana. Chiang's oldest son, Sak, took the Thai last name *Shinawatra* in 1938. He did this because of the country's pro-Central Thai movement. The rest of the family also got it.

Seng Saekhu made his fortune by tax farming. Chiang Saekhu/Shinawatra later founded Shinawatra Silks. Then, he moved into finance and construction. Thaksin's father, Loet, was born in Chiang Mai in 1919. He married Yindi Ramingwong. Yindi's father, Charoen Ramingwong (born: Wang Chuan Cheng), was a Chinese Hakka immigrant. He married Princess Chanthip na Chiangmai, a less important member of the Lanna (Chiang Mai) royalty.

In 1968, Loet Shinawatra entered politics and became an MP for Chiang Mai. Loet Shinawatra stopped politics in 1976. He opened a coffee shop and grew oranges and flowers in Chiang Mai's San Kamphaeng District. He also opened two cinemas, a gas station, and a car and motorcycle dealership. The Shinawatra family was one of the richest and most influential families in Chiang Mai when Thaksin was born.

In January 2024, the authorities told Thaksin that there was a warrant for him. It was for a crime (of Lese Majeste) that happened in May 2015. Thaksin Shinawatra was charged with royal defamation on June 14.

In July 2024, he asked for permission to leave the country; The authorities said "No".

## Education 
* High School- Montfort college, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
* University- Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School
* Master's Degree - Eastern Kentucky University, USA
* Doctor's Degree - Sam Houston State University, USA

## Family
Shinawatra's sister, former prime minister Yingluck, went into hiding in 2017. People think she left the country to get away from the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions' ruling in her rice-pledging trial.

His daughter is the 31st and current Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra.

## References
Chatuchak Weekend Market

**Chatuchak Weekend Market** (also spelled **Jatujak**) is a market in Bangkok. In the past, it was in Sanamluang. In Buddhist Era 2521, the government wanted this place to be the park for relaxing and exercising. Thailand’s government authorities train gave Pahonyothin area connected to southern of Chatuchak Weekend Market to make a new market so the Sanamluang market had moved there and changed the named after the area named “Pahonyothin area market”. In Buddhist Era 2530, it had been changed the named to “Chatuchak Weekend Market” until now. 

Nowadays Chatuchak Weekend Market has been made buying and selling  and be famous around the world as the center of selling products. It has more than 112,000 square meters. Foreign tourists know Jatujak market as JJ market or Chatuchak Weekend Market.

## References
* Chatuchak Market
James IV of Scotland

**James IV** (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 1488 through 1513. He was an effective ruler and popular king unlike his unpopular father James III of Scotland.

## Death 
He was killed in battle at the Battle of Flodden on 9th September 1513 and was replaced by his 17 month old son James V of Scotland.

## Family
Some of James' relatives were:
*James III of Scotland, his father
*Margaret Tudor, his wife
*James V of Scotland, his son
*Mary, Queen of Scots, his granddaughter

## Ancestery 
## References
Nitrous oxide

**Nitrous oxide** is a gas with the chemical formula **N2O**. It is found naturally in the air. It is also made artificially, because it has many uses. It is the third most important greenhouse gas. Because it is a greenhouse gas, people are trying to use it less. 

## Uses 
Nitrous oxide is used by doctors and dentists to reduce pain. In the body, it makes people feel happy. For this reason it is also called "**laughing gas**". It is sometimes used *only* to feel happy, like an illegal drug.

Nitrous oxide is used in high performance cars to increase the power of their engines. When it is used this way, it is usually called "nitrous" or "NOS". 

Nitrous oxide can also be used in aerosol spray cans, especially for foods like whipped cream. This is because it has a sweet taste and is not toxic, and also makes the whipped cream more fluffy.

## References
Phitsanulok province

**Phitsanulok** is an important province in history north of Thailand.

## History of Phitsanulok
In the Sukhothai Period, Somdej Phra Maha Dhammaraja Lithai was   order to called Song Khwai. He order his son, Phra Sai Lue Thai to govern this city. 
In the Ayuahya Period, Song Khwai renamed to Muang Phitsanulok. And in Somdej Phra Borom Trai Lokkanat period, Muang Phitsanulok became the capital city for 25 years. Muang Phitsanulok became more importance. 
In the early Rattankosin Period, Phitsanulok still importance city of Thailand.

## The brand of provincial
Phra Buddha Chinnaraj is the one of most beautiful Buddha image in Thailand. Phra Buddha Chinnaraj was build in 1900 B.E. Now Phra Buddha Chinnaraj is housed in 
Wat Phra Sri Maha That Woramahavihar.

## Province slogan
พระพุทธชินราชงามเลิศ
ถิ่นกำเนิดพระนเรศวร
สองฝั่งน่านล้วนเรือนแพ
หวานฉ่ำแท้กล้วยตาก
ถ้ำและน้ำตกหลากตระการตา

## References
Stanford

**Stanford** might mean: 

## Institutions 
* Stanford University, in Palo Alto, California, United States

## People 
*Leland Stanford, American industrialist
*Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer
*Stanford R. Ovshinsky, American inventor

## Places 
;South Africa
* Stanford, Western Cape

;United Kingdom
* Stanford, Bedfordshire
* Stanford-le-Hope, Essex
* Stanford, Kent
* Stanford, Norfolk
* Stanford, Northamptonshire
** Stanford-on-Avon nearby
* Stanford in the Vale, Oxfordsridge, Worcestershire
* Stanford-on-Teme, Worcestershire
* Stanford Rivers

;United States
* Stanford, California
* Stanford, Indiana
* Stanford, Kentucky
* Stanford, Montana
* Stanford, New York, town in Dutchess County

## Other disambiguation pages 
* Stamford (disambiguation)
George Benjamin

**George Benjamin** (born 31 January 1960, London, England) is a British composer.

Benjamin started playing piano when he was seven years old and soon started writing his first pieces of music.  In 1976, he went to study at the Paris Conservatoire where Olivier Messiaen taught him musical composition and Yvonne Loriod taught him the piano.  He then studied composition with Alexander Goehr at King’s College, Cambridge.

He was still only 20 when one of his compositions was played at the BBC Proms. Since then, his works have been played by many famous orchestras.  He has worked regularly at the Tanglewood Festival. He has conducted famous orchestras like the London Sinfonietta, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

George Benjamin lives in London where he is Professor of Composition at King’s College, London.  He has been given many honors including the Chevalier dans l’ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1996.

## Other websites
*George Benjamin official website
Charles Villiers Stanford

]]

**Sir Charles Villiers Stanford** (born Dublin, 30 September 1852; died London,  29 March 1924) was an Irish composer who lived in England for most of his life.

## Life 
Stanford was born in Dublin.  His father was a very successful lawyer who was also interested in music.  He played the cello and sang.  Stanford’s mother played the piano.  The young boy heard a lot of music at his home as there were often visitors who came to make music.  Charles studied the piano,  organ and composition and was composing and performing at concerts when he was still very young.

His parents had wanted their son to be a lawyer, but it was obvious that music was to be his profession.  He won a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1870 where he was a choral scholar.  He learned very quickly and in 1873, while he was still a student, he was made organist of Trinity College and conductor of two choirs.  While he had these jobs he was given time to make visits to Germany where he studied with Carl Reinecke and Friedrich Kiel.  He met several famous composers including Brahms and Offenbach.  He went to the opening of the  Bayreuth Festival Theatre where the music of Richard Wagner was performed.

Stanford took his BA degree in 1874 and MA in 1878, and was given the honorary degree of D.Mus. at Oxford in 1883 and at Cambridge in 1888.  He had a lot of energy and was known for working very hard.  When the Royal College of Music opened in London in 1883 Stanford was made professor there.  He became conductor of the Bach Choir and then he was made professor of music at Cambridge.  He was still only 35 years old.  He kept these two professorships until his death.  Although he gave up his job as organist at Trinity he became conductor of the Leeds Triennial Festival and appeared with nearly every important British music festival.  In 1902 he was knighted.

Stanford married in 1878 and the couple had two children.

Stanford died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

## Music 
Stanford is best known today for the choral music he wrote for the Anglican church.  These includes some very fine anthems and motets as well as service settings.   His music was much better than most of the church music that had been composed during the 19th century, so he helped to make British music better.  He composed many pieces for music festivals: these include oratorios and cantatas as well as partsongs and solo songs.  He also wrote a lot of orchestral and instrumental works.  These often show the influence of Brahms and Schumann.

As a teacher of composition Stanford had a great deal of influence on many British composers.  He sometimes had a bad temper, but he was also very good at showing students how they could improve their music.  Composers such as Charles Wood, Constant Lambert,  Vaughan Williams, Holst, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Rutland Boughton, John Ireland, Frank Bridge, George Butterworth, Arthur Bliss, Herbert Howells, Arthur Benjamin and Ernest J. Moeran all learned a great deal from him, and continued to admire him.

## References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980.
Magic Tour

The **Magic Tour** was the biggest and last tour by the English rock band Queen with their lead singer Freddie Mercury. The tour started in Sweden on 7 June 1986. It ended in England on 9 August 1986. The next band's tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour began about 19 years later, after the death of Freddie Mercury and the retirement of John Deacon. The tour included performances on 26 dates at Europe's stadiums. It was in support of their album *A Kind of Magic*.

In 1987, Mercury was diagnosed with HIV. The band made the decision together to stop touring. This made the concert at Knebworth on 9 August the last time the four members of Queen would perform onstage together.

## Tour dates
Gordon Gray (politician)

**Gordon Gray** (May 30, 1909 – November 26, 1982) was a government official of the United States during the administrations of Harry Truman (1945-53) and Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61).

## Other websites
*Papers of Gordon Gray, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 
*Records of the White House Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 
*Undersecretary of the Army biography 
*Secretary of the Army biography
William Eustis

**William Eustis** (June 21, 1753 – February 6, 1825) was an American soldier and diplomat. He sweved in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He served as United States Secretary of War from March 7, 1809 to January 13, 1813. He was appointed Ambassador to the Netherlands by President James Madison and served from 1814 to 1818.
Rheda-Wiedenbrück

**Rheda-Wiedenbrück** is a town in the district of Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 50,000 people live there. The town is famous for a lot of old and fine houses, which were built hundreds of years ago. It is made up of two towns : Rheda and Wiedenbruck separated by authoban 2.

## References
Debrecen

**Debrecen** is a city in Hajdú-Bihar, Northern Great Plain, Hungary. It is Hungary's second largest city by population, after the capital, Budapest.

## Twin Towns 
*  Cattolica, Emilia-Romagna
*  Jyvaskyla, Western Finland
*  Klaipeda, Klaipeda County
*  Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship
*  New Brunswick, New Jersey
*  Oradea, Bihor County
*  Paderborn, North-Rhine-Westphalia
*  Rishon LeZion, Center District
*  Setubal, Lisboa region
*  Saint Petersburg, Northwestern Federal District
*  Shumen, Shumen Province
*  Syktyvkar, Komi Republic
*  Taitung City, Taitung County
Oryx

The **Oryx** (also called the **sabre antelope**) is a fast-running hoofed mammal that lives in dry regions of Africa and Asia (including the Arabian peninsula). They live in steppes (sparse grasslands), semi-deserts, and deserts.

## Description 
These antelopes congregate in herds of 8 to 60 oryx. Newborn calves can run with the herd within minutes of their birth. Oryxes have a life span of about 20 years.
Some people think that the unicorn of legend was based upon the oryx.
Many types of oryxes (including the Arabian oryx and the scimitar-horned oryx) are endangered species, mostly because of overhunting and disease. 

## Diet and Water 
The Oryx is an herbivore (a plant-eater). It eats grasses, shrubs and roots, spending most of its time grazing. Oryx are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. After a while, they regurgitate a partly-digested "cud" which they chew and then swallow for the last time.
This desert animal can go for weeks without water; it gets much of its water from the plants it eats.