open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Apollonius of Rhodes

**Apollonius of Rhodes** was a Greek poet. He wrote *Argonautica*. This is an epic poem. It is about Jason, the Argonauts, and the Golden Fleece. His other poems survive only in small pieces. These poems are about the beginnings of cities. Apollonius was a librarian at the Library of Alexandria. He lived and died in the first half of third century BC.

## Other websites 
*
**A Hellenistic Bibliography*, with exhaustive bibliographies on Apollonius: 1496–2005 , 1496–2005 excluding reviews , 2001–2005 , editions etc. 
*Life of Apollonius, from the scholia at attalus.org
*P.Oxy. 1241 at attalus.org
Lousado

**Lousado** is a freguesia in Portugal in the Vila Nova de Famalicão concelho. It covers 5.61 km² (2.17 sq. mi.). It has a 3,725 people (2001). Its population density is 664.0 people per km² (1,720 per sq. mi.).

## Other websites 
*Lousado on freguesiasdeportugal.com  
*Civil government and administrative information
Rubber Duck (sculpture)

***Rubber Duck*** is a floating sculpture designed by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman. It is the largest rubber duck in the world.

## Other websites
Osorno, Chile

**Osorno** is a city and commune in southern Chile. It is the capital of Osorno Province in the Los Lagos Region. It had a population of 145,475 as of the 2002 census. It is  south of the national capital of Santiago,  north of the regional capital of Puerto Montt and  west of the Argentine city of San Carlos de Bariloche, connected via International Route 215 through the Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass.

Osorio is at the confluence of Rahue and Damas River. It is the main service centre of agriculture and cattle farming in the northern Los Lagos Region. The city's cultural heritage has Spanish, Huilliche and German influences.

## Other websites 
*  Municipality of Osorno
* OsornoChile.Net  - Information and Pictures of Osorno
*Osorno on Google Maps
Key (disambiguation)

A **key** is an object used to open a lock.

**Key** might also mean:
*Key, to be a very important part
*Key (music), a combination of notes used to write a piece of music
*Key, the switches on a computer keyboard that are pressed to enter data into a computer
*Key, the levers or buttons on a musical instrument that are pressed to make a sound or note
*Key (company), a Japanese visual novel company
*Key (cryptography), a piece of information that allows encryption or decryption
*Key-value pair (computing), two related data elements
*Cay, a type of island, such as the Florida Keys
TV+

**TV+** (known until 2018 as **UCV Televisión**, whose letters stand for **Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Televisión**) is a Chilean television network.

## Programs 
### Previous programs 
## Other websites
*Official site
Savka Pollak

**Savka Nevenka Pollak Tomasevic** (born 31 August 1973 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter of German, Polish and Croatian origin.

## Television 
## Other websites 
*
Humility Cooper

**Humility Cooper** (c. 1619   before 1651) was a passenger on the ship *Mayflower* in 1620. She was born in Holland to Robert and Joan (Gresham) Cooper of Henlow, Bedfordshire, England about 1619.  

Cooper sailed to the New World with her uncle and aunt, Edward and Ann (Cooper) Tilley.  The Tilleys died during their first winter in the New World.

Humility, and her aunt and uncle left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620.  On 19 November 1620, the *Mayflower* reached land at Cape Cod. They landed on November 21. The group wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. John Tilley was a signer. The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod, at a place now called Provincetown Harbor.

## In Plymouth Colony and back in England 
Cooper received one acre of land when land was divided among the Pilgrims in 1623. She was included in the Edward Winslow family. She was also included in the Brewster family when the livestock were divided in 1627 so she lived with them for a time. 
In 1651 William Bradford wrote about her saying she "was sent for into England and there died". She was baptized in London on 17 March 1638  when she was aged 19. It is unknown whether she married or had children. Cooper died before 1651.

## References
America's Next Top Model (season 14)

'''''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 14'''* is the fourteenth season of *America's Next Top Model*. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 24-year-old Krista White from Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

## Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
* Brenda Arens
* Alasia Ballard
* Raina Hein
* Tatianna Kern
* Gabrielle Kniery
* Simone Lewis
* Anslee Payne-Franklin
* Angelea Preston
* Naduah Rugely
* Jessica Serfaty
* Alexandra Underwood
* Ren Vokes
* Krista White

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode''

2.
*Best: Jessica Serfaty
*Worst: Alasia Ballard & Gabrielle Kniery
*Eliminated: Gabrielle Kniery

3.
*Best: Raina Hein
*Worst: Naduah Rugely & Ren Vokes
*Eliminated: Naduah Rugely

4.
*Best: Alasia Ballard
*Worst: Brenda Arens & Ren Vokes
*Eliminated: Ren Vokes

5.
*Best: Alasia Ballard
*Worst: Anslee Payne-Franklin & Simone Lewis
*Eliminated: Simone Lewis

6.
*Best: Jessica Serfaty
*Worst: Tatianna Kern & Alexandra Underwood
*Eliminated: Tatianna Kern

7.
*Best: Angelea Preston
*Worst: Alasia Ballard & Brenda Arens
*Eliminated: Brenda Arens

8.
*Best: Krista White
*Worst: Alexandra Underwood & Anslee Payne-Franklin
*Eliminated: Anslee Payne-Franklin

9.
*Best: Krista White
*Worst: Alasia Ballard & Jessica Serfaty
*Eliminated: Alasia Ballard

10.
*Best: Krista White
*Worst: Jessica Serfaty & Raina Hein
*Eliminated: Jessica Serfaty

11.
*Best: Krista White
*Worst: Alexandra Underwood, Raina Hein & Angelea Preston
*Eliminated: Alexandra Underwood & Angelea Preston

*Final Two: Raina Hein & Krista White
*Winner: Krista White

## Notes
Giulio Andreotti

**Giulio Andreotti** (January 14, 1919 &ndash; May 6, 2013) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democracy party. He was the 41st Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He was also Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Defense Minister (1959–1966 and 1974) and Foreign Minister (1983–1989). He was a Senator for life from 1991 until his death in 2013. He was also a journalist and author.

Andreotti was born on January 14, 1919 in Rome, Italy. He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza. Andreotti was married to Livia Danese from 1945 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Andreotti died on May 6, 2013 in Rome from respiratory complications, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
**"Les procès Andreotti en Italie"*  ("The Andreotti trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, ''Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate'' (Study group on contemporary history) 
*Il Divo  a Paolo Sorrentino Film
List of governors of Idaho

The **Governor of Idaho** is the head of the executive branch of Idaho's government. He is also the commander-in-chief of the state's militia.  The job of the governor is to see that the state laws are obeyed. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Idaho Legislature.

Because of the long distance between Washington, D.C. and Boise, there was often a long time between a governor being chosen and his arrival in the territory.

### Governors of the State of Idaho
Idaho became a state on July 3, 1890. Since then, the state has had 31 governors. Two of these served non-consecutive terms. The terms for governor and lieutenant governor are four years. It starts on the first Monday in the January after the election. Before 1946, the offices were elected to terms of two years. If there is no governor or the governor is out of state or cannot do his duties, the lieutenant governor acts as governor.  If neither the governor and lieutenant governor can do their duties, the President *pro tempore* of the Idaho Senate is next in line. After that person, the Speaker of the Idaho House of Representatives would act as governor. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve.

## Other high offices held
Sixteen of Idaho's governors have served higher federal offices or as governors of other states. Nine have served in the U.S. Senate, and three have served in the U.S. House. Two governors have been U.S. Secretaries of the Interior. One served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Six governors (marked with *) resigned to take a new office.

Also, two people who were appointed governor of Idaho Territory but never took office held other high offices. Gilman Marston was a representative and senator from New Hampshire. John Philo Hoyt was Governor of Arizona Territory.

All representatives and senators listed represented Idaho except where noted.

## Living former governors
As of March 2026, there are three living former Governors of Delaware, the oldest being Jim Risch, who served as the 71st Governor of Idaho from 2006-2007 and then has served as a U.S. Senator for the state since 2009, at 82. The most recent death of a former governor was that of Phil Batt, who served as the 29th Governor of Idaho (served 1995-1999) on March 4, 2023.

## Notes
## References
;General

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

;Constitution

* 

;Specific

## Other websites
* Office of the Governor of Idaho
Same-sex marriage in the United States

**Same-sex marriage** is recognized in all of the United States. As of May 2014, same-sex marriage was legal in 19 states: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington. It was also legal in Washington, D.C.. On June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage is legal in all states, because of the 14th Amendment.

The movement to give marriage rights and benefits to homosexual couples in the United States began in the 1970s. It grew in United States politics around 1993 when the Supreme Court of Hawaii declared the prohibition in that state to be unconstitutional. It was not until around the 21st century that public support for same-sex marriage began growing. On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama was the first President to declare public support for the legalization of same-sex marriage. On June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional (see United States v. Windsor). That section prevented the federal government from recognizing marriages other than marriages between one man and one woman.

On December 13, 2022, the Respect for Marriage Act became law. It was passed by Congress and signed by President Joe Biden. This act says that same-sex marriage must be legal everywhere in the United States. Even if the Supreme Court were to reverse its decision, same-sex marriage would still be protected.

## References
Saab JAS 39 Gripen

The **Saab JAS 39 Gripen** is a fourth-generation fighter aircraft.

## History 
It was created by Saab, a Swedish aerospace company, for use in the Swedish Air Force. The decision for a new aircraft system was made by the Minister of Defence, Torsten Gustafsson. It was approved by Parliament in 1982.

## Usage 
The Gripen is one of the first multi-role combat aircraft that can be used for fighter, attack and reconnaissance missions as well as switching between them during flight, hence the name of the JAS 39.  ‘J’ stands for the initial of the Swedish language word for "Hunting", meaning attack against air targets, "attack" to attack ground and sea targets, and ‘S’ stands for the Swedish word for "reconnaissance", to take photos and films.  The name *Gripen* is the result of a contest held in the early 1980s, and means ‘griffin’.

The Gripen aircraft fighter system has for years been the backbone in the Swedish air force. Recently the Swedish government decided to acquire the latest version of the system, Gripen E, and Saab signed an agreement with the Swedish Defence Material Administration about development and modification of Gripen E.
Thames Ditton

**Thames Ditton** is a village in Elmbridge, Surrey.

## Transport 
### Rail 
Thames Ditton has a train station.

## References
Ray Harryhausen

**Raymond "Ray" Harryhausen** (June 29, 1920 &ndash; May 7, 2013) was an American visual effects creator, writer, and producer. He lived in London, England, from 1960 until his death in 2013. He won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for the 1949 movie *Mighty Joe Young*. His final work featured in the movie Clash of the Titans.

Harryhausen was born on June 29, 1920 in Los Angeles, California to a German family. He was married to Diana Livingstone Bruce from 1963 until his death in 2013. Harryhausen died on May 7, 2013 in his home in London, England from natural causes, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*Mother Goose Stories – complete animation film from 1946 on Archive.org
*A 2003 interview at Netribution
*Ray Harryhausen: An Animation Legend (2004 interview)  at Tail Slate
Martín Cárcamo

**Martín Andrés Cárcamo Papic** (born April 21, 1975 in Viña del Mar) is a Chilean television presenter and actor of Basque and Croat origin.

He debuted in television on the Chilean TV channel Rock & Pop where he was the host of *Media Naranja* and *Noches de Verano*. Later in 2004 he joined TVN, being the host of *Pasiones*, replacing Felipe Camiroaga. In 2008 he replaced Rafael Araneda in *Rojo, Fama Contrafama*. In 2009 was a judge of the Festival de Viña del Mar, and until recently he hosted *Calle 7*.

In October 2010, it was announced that he left TVN to join rival channel "Canal 13", where he will start working in January 2011, at the end of his current contract.

As a theatre actor, Cárcamo was part of *Ellas Quieren y Él No Puede*.

## TV shows
### Canal 2 Rock & Pop 
*Media Naranja
*Noches de Verano

### Chilevisión 
*Extra Jóvenes
*Ya Siento que Vienen por mí
*Amor a Ciegas
*El Último Apaga la Luz
*Panoramix
*Primer Plano

### Televisión Nacional de Chile 
*Pasiones
*Corre Video
*Cada Loco con su Tema
*El Último Pasajero
*Rojo, el valor del talento
*Calle 7

### Canal 13 (Chile) 
* Bienvenidos
* Quiero Mi Fiesta
* El Último Pasajero
* Vértigo

## References
## Other websites 
*
Francisca Imboden

**Francisca María Imboden Fernández**, (born July 31, 1972 in Viña del Mar) is a Chilean actress (movies, theater and television).

Francisca is the daughter of Juan Carlos Imboden and María Isabel Fernández. She and her sisters, Catalina and Ignacia, studied at College Français of Viña del Mar, an institution now known as Alliançe Française Jean D'Alambert. Today she is married to Chilean filmmaker Patricio Riesco. She has two daughters and a son.

## Filmography 
## Other websites
*
Avast Antivirus

**Avast Antivirus** is a brand of antivirus software. It is a free downloadable software that is compatible with Windows XP through Windows 10. It has many features, Avast! Cloud services and upgrades can be bought from inside the program. There are no PC maintenance features. The Avast Antivirus software program is widely available in 45 languages.In May 2013, it was the top download of free antivirus of Softonic.

## Functions 
The Avast Antivirus performs many functions, which are given below:

# Provide computer security 
# Go against spam mails
# Protect computer from Computer viruses by detecting and removing it, etc.

## References
Raúl Ruiz (director)

**Raúl Ernesto Ruiz Pino** (25 July 1941 – 19 August 2011) was an experimental Chilean movie maker, writer and teacher. His work is best known in France. He directed over 100 films.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*Time magazine obituary (2011) by Richard Corliss
Abu Dhabi (emirate)

**Abu Dhabi** (, *ʼAbū Ẓaby*) is one of the emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. It is the largest of the seven. The capital city of UAE, Abu Dhabi, is in this emirate. Al Ain is Abu Dhabi's second largest urban area with a population of 766,936 (as of the 2017 estimate).
LEED

**Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design** (**LEED**) is a certification program for the design,  construction and operation of high performance green buildings since 2002. This mark of excellence is known across the world and there are four levels of excellence. There are 100 possible base points distributed across five major credit categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, plus an additional six points for Innovation in Design and an additional four points for Regional Priority. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification.

LEED is not a standard but an evaluation grid.  LEED is a way to think up and realise art projects in a durable way. LEED only applies to buildings and not to products.

## Benefits and disadvantages
There are several benefits but there are also disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is the amount of money it takes to start a project. At first, it may seem expensive. If you look at it as a long term investment, though, a LEED project can save a good amount of money.

A 2008 white paper by the Leonardo Academy compared LEED-EB buildings to data from BOMA's Experience Exchange Report in 2007. This showed that LEED-EB certified buildings had better operating cost savings, in 63% of the buildings surveyed. It ranged from $4.94 to $15.59 per square foot of floor space, with an average valuation of $6.68 and a median valuation of $6.07. 

## References
Boardwalk Empire

***Boardwalk Empire*** is an American television show. It was created by Terrence Winter, who also created *The Sopranos*. This television show is based on the novel *Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times and the Corruption in Atlantic City* from Nelson Johnson. The show started on HBO on September 19, 2010. It has been running for three seasons, with a total of 36 episodes. A fourth season will start showing in the second half of 2013.  On September 26, 2013, HBO announced that they were renewing the show for a fifth and final season starting in 2014. The producer is Mark Walhberg, who also produced the show *Entourage*. The show is about one of the first boardwalks in Atlantic City and the rise to power of legendary notorious gangsters like Al Capone, Lucky Luciano and Nucky Johnson (called Nucky Thompson here).

The first episode was produced for US$18 million. *Boardwalk Empire* has been nominated for 30 Emmy Awards and has won 12 of them. It has also won the Golden Globe Award for best drama TV series. The series was in the top 30 to have ever played on national television. Some of the events of this show have a historical meaning like the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. Most of the characters are based on real persons.

## Story
The story takes place in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition Era in the 1920s. It is about the life of main character Nucky Thompson. Thompson was a political figure and controlled a big part of Atlantic City during the 1920s and 1930s. Nucky has one younger brother named Eli who is also the sheriff of the place. During the first episode, alcohol is declared illegal so Nucky goes to bootlegging. He sees profit and a big opportunity there. He deals with corrupt politicians and mobsters from Chicago like Johnny Torrio (Al Capone mentor) and Arnold Rothstein most known for being a big gambler and New York kingpin. He also took an apprentice, Jimmy Darmody a young hero of the First World War, because he sees the potential in him. Nucky will have to deal with Nelson Kasper Van Alden a prohibition agent who watches his every move.

## References
## Sources
* Profile  on HBO
* Official website
* Historia TV
Jeanne Cooper

**Wilma Jeanne Cooper** (or just **Jeanne Cooper**; October 25, 1928 - May 8, 2013) was an American actress. She was best known for her Emmy Award-winning role as Katherine Chancellor on CBS' soap opera *The Young and the Restless*. She was a long serving television actress. 

Cooper was born in Taft, California on October 25, 1928. She was raised in Bakersfield, California. Cooper was married to Harry Bernsen, Jr. from 1954 until they divorced in 1977. They had three children, including actor Corbin Bernsen. Cooper died on May 8, 2013 from complications from COPD in Los Angeles, California, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Jeanne Cooper bio  on *The Young and the Restless* CBS website
* Jeanne Cooper Obituary
AMX-10RC

The **AMX-10RC** is a modern reconnaissance battle tank. It was built for use in the French army, and has been exported to three countries.

## Related pages
*Russian invasion of Ukraine
Sylvia Browne

**Sylvia Celeste Shoemaker** (known as **Sylvia Browne**; October 19, 1936 &ndash; November 20, 2013) was an American writer and a self-acclaimed psychic. Her predictions began around 1974. She appears on talk shows. She has had her own hour-long radio talk show. In March 2011, Sylvia had a heart attack while in the Hawaiian Islands. 

Browne has been the subject of frequent criticism for making psychic predictions that were later proven false. These have included several predictions related to missing persons, most notably Shawn Hornbeck and Amanda Berry.

She was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Browne was Jewish. Browne made many wrong predictions. She predicted that President Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President of the United States. (In September, she made a different prediction that Obama would be re-elected.) Obama won the presidential election in November with 51.06% of the national popular vote and 62% of the electoral college. 

In May 2003, she told Larry King in an interview that she would die at the age of 88. Browne died on November 20, 2013 in San Jose, California from heart failure with her husband and children by her side, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* The Society of Novus Spiritus — Browne's church
* Sylvia Brown's Online Talk Show  at HayHouseradio.com
Creatine

**Creatine** is a naturally occuring compound, which is used by our body for fast generation of energy. Part of it is provided by our diet, mainly from meat, and the rest is synthesized in the liver and the kidney from three amino-acids: arginine, glycine and methionine. Creatine is stored in the muscles and in the brain, where it is converted to phosphocreatine. Phosphocreatine can be used to quickly produce adenosine triphosphate,  ATP, the main energy sources in the human body and in all other living systems. ATP is made, normally, in our cells by oxidation of food. It can be made faster, but less efficiently, by non-oxidative degradation of sugars. But the fastest way to generate ATP is by using phosphocreatine. In this way our body can generate a lot of energy for a short period of time, in cases when explosive strength is needed, such as weight lifting, or short distance sprinting.  

## Effects on the human body 
Consumed, or synthesized creatine is stored mainly in the muscles. This leads to increase the size of the muscles. The increase comes from water retention of cells that store creatine. Increased amount of creatine in the muscles improves our performance, especially in maximum strength, short duration exercises. There are indications that creatine can help with the recovery of muscles after intensive exercises.  Creatine is, aslo, taken up by the brain, where it can improve brain cognitive function.

Most of the creatine production will be stored in the skeletal muscle because these muscles need a lot of energy and sometime they need it quickly. Daily about 5% to 10% of the creatine in our body is degraded, therefore, the body constantly produces it - about two grams of creatine per day. This amount can increase after periods of intensive exercises or if not enough creative is present in the food.

Creatine in considered to be safe as a dietary supplement to be taken by adults, children of elderly for up to 5 years.

## References
Richard Wilson

**Richard Wilson**, OBE (born **Iain Carmichael Wilson**; 9 July 1936) is an Scottish actor, theatre director and broadcaster. He is best known for playing Victor Meldrew in the popular BBC sitcom *One Foot in the Grave* from 1990 until 2000. He also appeared in the BBC drama *Merlin* as Gaius, the court physician of Camelot.

Wilson was born on 9 July 1936 in Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In March 2013, Wilson came out as gay.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Official Richard Wilson Archive 
* Exclusive Interview with Richard Wilson
Dallas Willard

**Dallas Albert Willard** (September 4, 1935 &ndash; May 8, 2013) was an American philosopher also known for his writings on Christian spiritual formation. His work in philosophy has been primarily in phenomenology, particularly the work of Edmund Husserl. He was Professor of Philosophy at The University of Southern California.

Willard was born on September 4, 1935 in Buffalo, Missouri. He studied at the William Jewell College, at the Tennessee Temple College, at Baylor University, and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Willard died on May 8, 2013, after a short battle with cancer in Pasadena, California, aged 77. His last words were "Thank you." 

## References
## Other websites
*Dallas Willard's website (including many articles online)
Cyclic compound

In chemistry, a **cyclic compound** is a molecule where some atoms are linked together forming a loop or ring. Most of the time, these molecules are organic. There are also many examples of inorganic molecule forming rings.

Cyclic compounds can be aromatic - in this case they are flat. Benzene is a simple aromatic cyclic compound. When they are not aromatic, rings tend not to be flat to avoid steric effects.

Image:Benzol.svg|Benzene, an aromatic cyclic compound.
Image:Cyclohexane-chair-2D-stereo-skeletal.png|Cyclohexane, a non-aromatic cyclic compound drawn in the chair conformation.
Image:Cyclooctane crown conformation.svg|Cyclooctane, a non-aromatic cyclic compound drawn in the crown conformation.

Cyclic compounds are very important. Many drugs are based on them, like aspirin. There are many reactions that can make or break cyclic compounds. One important class of these is pericyclic reactions.
Resolved White

**Resolved White** (16151687) was a passenger on the *Mayflower*.  Resolved was the oldest child and given his name as the family *resolved* or "determined" to make a new life for themselves.  They were Separatists and did not believe in the teachings of the Church of England.

## Voyage 
Resolved left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the *Mayflower* spotted land.  The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

## Life in Plymouth Colony 
William White, died in 1621. Resolved's mother married Edward Winslow, another *Mayflower* passenger.  The family grew and he had five step-brothers and sisters.  One of his step-brothers became Plymouth Colony Governor Josiah Winslow.

When Resolved became a young man he was given 100 acres of land and later he was granted more land. In 1658 he was made a Freeman of Plymouth Colony.  This gave him many rights such as the right to vote.

White married Judith Vassall in 1640.

White died in 1687 at Winslow Cemetery and was bured by his first wife Judith. The burial place of his second wife Abigail is unknown. There is also a monument in the Winslow Cemetery to "The Settlers of Green Harbor Marshfield" with Resolved White, his wife Judith, and his brother Peregrine White are mentioned.

## References
At the Movies (U.S. TV series)

***At the Movies*** (originally ***Siskel & Ebert & the Movies***, and later ***At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper***) was a movie review television program. It was produced by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. In the program, two movie critics shared their opinions of newly released movies.

Its original hosts were Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* and Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune*. Richard Roeper of the *Sun-Times* became Ebert's regular partner in 2000 after Siskel died in 1999. The series ran for 24 seasons in first run syndication from September 13, 1986 through August 14, 2010.
Saul Bass

**Saul Bass** (May 8, 1920 &ndash; April 25, 1996) was an American graphic designer and Academy Award-winning filmmaker, best known for his design of motion picture title sequences, movie posters, and corporate logos. Bass designed some of the most iconic corporate logos in North America, including the AT&T "bell" logo in 1969, as well as AT&T's "globe" logo in 1983.

Bass was born on May 8, 1920 in New York City, New York. He studied at James Monroe High School and at Brooklyn College. Bass was married to Elaine Makatura from 1961 until his death in 1996. They had two children. Bass died on April 25, 1996 in his home in Los Angeles, California from an illness, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Titles Designed by Saul Bass (still sequences & commentary)
*Saul Bass Title Sequences on Art of the Title
*Title Sequences from Saul Bass (videos & commentary)
Dominoes

.]]
**Dominoes** is a game played with small tiles called dominoes. A domino is a rectangular tile with a line in the middle that separates it into two sides. Each side has a number of black spots. The number of spots is different on each domino. Some dominoes have a  side that is blank. The games possible with these objects resemble card games.

## Other websites
*Games
Bryan Forbes

**Bryan Forbes** (**John Theobold Clarke**; 22 July 1926 &ndash; 8 May 2013) was a British actor, screenwriter, movie director and producer, and writer. He was known for directing the 1975 horror movie *The Stepford Wives*. He was nominated for an Academy Award.

Forbes was born on 22 July 1926 in Stratford, West Ham, Essex. He was raised in Forest Gate, West Ham. Forbes studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. 

He was married to Constance Smith from 1951 until they divorced in 1954. He was married to Nanette Newman from 1955 until his death 2013. They had two daughters.

Forbes was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1975. In 2012, Forbes said that he was misdiagnosed. Forbes died on 8 May 2013 in Virginia Water, Surrey, England from a long illness, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* BFI Screenonline article
* Britmovie article 
* Bryan Forbes at hollywood.com
* Bibliography of Forbes' fiction and non-fiction
Phill Lewis

**Phill Lewis** (born September 4, 1968) is an American actor, television director and comedian, often seen in comedic roles. He is best known for his role as Mr. Moseby on Disney Channel's *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody* and its spin-off, *The Suite Life on Deck*.

Lewis was born in Uganda to an African-American family. His father Delano Lewis, was an U.S. Ambassador to South Africa. In 1993, Lewis was driving under the influence when he struck another car and killed one victim. He was convicted of manslaughter and driving under the influence. He was sentenced to five years in prison. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Johnson Space Center

The **Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center** is in Houston Texas. Part of NASA, it employs over 3000 people. It trains astronauts.

## Related pages 
* NASA

## Other websites
*NASA Johnson Center site
Buford, Georgia

**Buford** is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia.  Most of the city is in Gwinnett County. A small part of it is in Hall County. In the 2020 census, the city had a population of 17,144.

## History
After the American Civil War a railroad was built that travelled from Atlanta, Georgia to Richmond, Virginia.  While the railroad was being built two railroad stockholders bought land around the railroad, and began building a town.  The town was named after the railroad company's president, Algernon Sidney Buford.  The railroad was completed in 1871, and Buford officially became a town on August 24, 1872.  The Town of Buford was renamed the City of Buford in 1896.  Many famous actors during that time period used saddles made by the Bona Allen Company in Buford, including Gene Autry, the case of the television show Bonanza, and Roy Rogers' horse Trigger.

After the Great Depression ended the horses were not used for farming as much and tractors were used instead, which meant that there was less need for leather products, and the companies that made leather in Buford closed.

## Geography
Buford is in north Georgia. It is in the northern part of Gwinnett County and in the southern part of Hall County. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area.

## References
Jason Statham

**Jason Statham** (born 26 July 1967) is an English actor, martial artist and movie producer.

Statham is known for his roles in *Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels* (1998), *Snatch* (2000), *The One* (2001), *The Transporter* trilogy (2002–2008), *The Italian Job*, (2003),  *Death Race*, *Crank* (2006), *War* (2007), *The Bank Job* (2008), *The Expendables* (2010), *The Expendables 2* (2012), *The Expendables 3* (2014) and *Expend4bles* (2023). Many of these roles are as antihero in action movies. He does most of his own stunts.

Statham was born on 26 July 1967 in Shirebrook, Derbyshire, England. He was raised in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Statham has been partners with Kelly Brook from 1997 until they separated in 2004. He began dating model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley in April 2010 and they got engaged in 2016. He and Rosie welcomed a son named Jack in June 2017.

## Personal life 
Statham has been in a relationship with model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley since 2010. The couple announced their engagement in January 2016. Their son was born in June 2017. Their daughter was born on 2 February 2022. They reside in Beverly Hills, California.

## Movie list
### Movies
### Video games
### Music videos
## Awards and nominations
## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
The Red Badge of Courage

***The Red Badge of Courage*** is a novel by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1895 by D. Appleton & Co. It tells of a young man's combat experiences during the American Civil War. It received mostly good reviews. It was made into a movie in 1951 starring WWII hero, Audie Murphy.
Separation of church and state

[[File:Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg|thumb|Motto of the French state, on a church door.

"[The] French Republic"

"Freedom, Equality, Friendship"]]
**Separation of church and state** is a phrase coined by Thomas Jefferson that refers to keeping government affairs separate from religious affairs. Most states in the world today are secular states have this separation, but some states (those that are theocracies or that have state religions) do not.

## By country 
### United States 
The phrase "separation of church and state" was coined by Thomas Jefferson, a Founding Father served as President of the United States from 1801–1809. While the phrase itself is not used, a clause preventing state religion exists in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

## Other page 
*Secular state
*Secularism
*Freedom of religion
*Religious rejection of politics
Underground hip hop

**Underground hip hop** is a form of hip hop music that is performed by independent musicians who are signed to an independent record label or no label at all. The genre is known as being positive, socially conscious, or anti-commercial.

## References
Rap rock

**Rap rock** (also called **rock rap** or **rock hip hop**) is a genre of music that combines the vocals and compositions of hip hop with many forms of rock. 

Rap rock has become popular with its sub-genres rap metal and rapcore. Some of the most famous rap rock musicians include Linkin Park, Ice-T, Hollywood Undead, P.O.D., Vanilla Ice, Kid Rock, Eminem, Deuce, Bizzy Bone and Roscoe Dash. The genre began during the 1980s and it is still popular today. 

## References
Aimee Teegarden

**Aimee Richelle Teegarden** (born October 10, 1989) is an American actress. She played Jenny Randall in the 2011 movie *Scream 4*. She was born in Downey, California. She modeled for campaigns including Old Navy, Tommy Hilfiger and Hollister.
Edward Mooney House

The **Edward Mooney House** is at 18 Bowery at the corner of Pell Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is in an area which is today known as Chinatown. The house was built between 1785 and 1789 by rich butcher Edward Mooney on land that was originally part of the Doyer bouwerie (farm) and afterwards belonged to the British Loyalist James Delancey. The land was confiscated by the new American Government after the American Revolution and sold at auction. Mooney would live in the house untul his death in 1800.

The house was built of brick in the Early Federal style. It has three stories plus an attic and full basement. The home was built close to the slaughterhouses, holding pens and tanneries just east of the freshwater Collect Pond.

In 1807, the size of the house was doubled by an addition to the rear. The house would be used as a private residence until the 1820s. Later, it has been a hotel, brothel and Barney Flynn's saloon.

The house was designated a New York City landmark in 1966 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The Edward Mooney House was sold in January 2013 for $5.4 million dollars.

## References
Hardcore hip hop

**Hardcore hip hop** (or **Hardcore rap**) is a form of hip hop that originated in the East Coast hip hop scene. It is known for being aggressive with noisy instruments. The most common things that hardcore artists talk about include sex, nudity, partying, drugs, profanity, police brutality, racism, personal conflicts, consciousness, social issues and the harsh surroundings of the rapper's environment. Types of music inspired by hardcore hip hop include gangsta rap (a type of rap about urban crime and the violent lifestyles of young people in cities), horrorcore (hip hop with horror-themed lyrics and images) and most recently trap (a form of southern hip hop).

## Notable artists
* 2pac
* The Notorious B.I.G.
* DMX
* Kendrick Lamar
* Common
* Big L
* KRS-One
* Ice Cube
* Earl Sweatshirt
* Waka Flocka Flame
* Young Buck
* Young Jeezy
* Fat Joe
* Hopsin
* Eazy-E
* N.W.A.
* 50 Cent
* Jay-Z
* Nas
* T.I.
* Jadakiss
* Lil Wayne
* Mobb Deep
* Three 6 Mafia
* Eminem
* Insane Clown Posse
* The LOX
* Scarface
* SPM
* Dr. Dre
* Master P
* Wu-Tang Clan
* Tech N9ne
* Ludacris
* Gucci Mane
* 2 Chainz
* Snoop Dogg
ESTCube-1

**ESTCube-1** was the first satellite from Estonia. It was made as part of the Estonian Student Satellite Program, and was launched on 7 May 2013 on a Vega rocket. The satellite is a project in which university and high-school students took part. The CubeSat standard for nanosatellites was followed while it was built, resulting in a 10x10x11.35&nbsp;cm cube, with a volume of 1 liter and a mass of 1.048&nbsp;kg.

ESTCube-1 was put into orbit by Arianespace, using a Vega rocket which took off from ELA-1 at Kourou at 02:06:31 UTC on 7 May 2013 at a height of 670 kilometres.

## References
Sociolect

**Sociolect** is a form of language spoken by a particular social class, ethnic group, or age group in society.

## Other websites
*Social dialect  at grammar.about.com
Joe Astroth

**Joseph Henry Astroth** (September 1, 1922 &ndash; May 3, 2013) was an American professional baseball player. He was a catcher for the Philadelphia/Kansas City Athletics (1945–46 and 1949–56).

Astroth was born on September 1, 1922 in East Alton, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Astroth was married to Marjorie Astroth from 1947 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Astroth died on May 3, 2013 in Boca Raton, Florida at the age of 90 from natural causes.

## References
WINS (AM)

**WINS** is a radio station in New York City, New York. It first started in 1924. It is an all-news station, using that format since 1965. It is the oldest all-news station in the United States. It is known on-air as **Ten-Ten Wins**. It is owned by Audacy.

When the station first started, it played rock and roll music. It switched to the all-news format on April 19, 1965, going with that format around the clock. Since then, the format has not seen a lot of changes, and it has been a very successful format.

WINS is known for its teletype sound effect that plays in the background and its slogans "All News, All the Time," "The Newswatch Never Stops," "Listen 2, 3, 4 times a day," and "You give us 22 minutes, we'll give you the world." The latter slogan refers to how a segment plays every 20 minutes. While other stations have stopped using the teletype sound effect, WINS has kept it.

## References
## Other websites
*WINS website
*WINS - Historical profile
Mario Machado

**Mario Machado**  (**Mario Jose de Souza Machado**; April 22, 1935 &ndash; May 4, 2013) was an eight-time Emmy Award-winning television and radio broadcaster. He made television history when, in 1970, he became the first Chinese-American on-air television news reporter and anchor in Los Angeles and perhaps in the nation.

He was also an actor starring in many movies such as ''Brian's Song* (1971), *Oh, God!* (1977), *The Concorde ... Airport '79* (1979), *Rocky III* (1982), *Scarface* (1983), and *St. Elmo's Fire'' (1985).

Machado was born on April 22, 1935 in Shanghai. He was married to Marie Christine D’Almada Remedios until his death in 2013. Machado died on May 4, 2013 from complication of pneumonia in his home in West Hills, California, aged 78.

## References
Bruce P. Crandall

**Bruce Perry Crandall** (born February 17, 1933) is a retired U.S. Army officer who was born in Crandall in Olympia, Washington. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Ia Drang. 

During the battle he flew 22 missions in an unarmed helicopter into enemy fire to bring ammunition and supplies and evacuate the wounded. By the end of the Vietnam War, he had flown over 900 combat missions.

He studied at the University of Washington. After retiring from the Army he worked several jobs in different states before settling down with his wife in his home state of Washington. Crandall was married to Arlene Louise from 1956 until her death in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
* Bruce Crandall Personal Site (December 31, 2022)     https://brucecrandall.com 
*

*

*

*
*Medal of Honor Recipients on Film
Mark Rothko

]]

**Mark Rothko** (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was a Latvian-American modern artist. He was born in a part of the Russian Empire that is now in Latvia, but lived in America for most of his life. He was Jewish. He committed suicide in New York City, at the age of 66, by taking an overdose of anti-depressants and slashing his arms with a razor.

His most famous work is known as abstract expressionism or color field painting. In 2012, one of his works sold for $86.9 million.

## Rothko's work 
Rothko's work matured into rectangular fields of color and light. However, between the  early period, and the later fields of color, was a long period of transition, marked by two important events in Rothko's life: the onset of World War II and his reading of Friedrich Nietzsche. 

From October 1948, after the death of his mother, Rothko started using symmetrical rectangular blocks of two to three opposing or contrasting, yet complementary, colors. Also, for the next seven years, Rothko painted in oil only on large canvases with vertical formats. Very large-scale designs were used to overwhelm the viewer, or to make the viewer feel "enveloped within" the painting. For some critics, the large size was an attempt to make up for a lack of substance. In retaliation, Rothko stated:

:"I realize that historically the function of painting large pictures is painting something very grandiose and pompous. The reason I paint them, however . . . is precisely because I want to be very intimate and human. To paint a small picture is to place yourself outside your experience, to look upon an experience as a stereopticon view or with a reducing glass. However you paint the larger picture, you are in it. It isn’t something you command".

He even suggested that viewers position themselves as little as eighteen inches away from the canvas so that they might experience a sense of intimacy, as well as awe, a transcendence of the individual, and a sense of the unknown.

## References 
## Other websites 
*National Gallery of Art
Southern Poverty Law Center

The **Southern Poverty Law Center** (**SPLC**) is a United States nonprofit civil rights organization. It has had legal victories against white supremacist groups. It fights civil rights violations and lawsuits about the separation of church and state.

The SPLC keeps a list of hate groups in the United States.  Hate groups persecute or attack entire groups of people because of those people's race, ethnicity, skin color, religion, or home country. 

The SPLC was established around 1971 in Montgomery, Alabama by Morris Dees, Joseph J. Levin Jr. and Julian Bond.
Lawrenceville, Georgia

**Lawrenceville** is a city in Gwinnett County, Georgia, in the United States.  It is the county seat of Gwinnett County and is the second oldest city in the Atlanta metropolitan area.  According to the 2020 census, 30,629 people lived there.

## References
Color depth

In Computer graphics, the term **color depth** is used to specify the *amount* of color used. Usually it is measured in bits per pixel. One bit can represent two different values. It is known as monochrome or black and white. 16 bit color depth is known as "high color", 24
bits per pixel are known as truecolor. There are also systems with color depths of 30, 36, or 48 bits per pixel. The RGB color model uses 8 bits per pixel, for a total of 24 bits. There may be an extra Alpha channel, with another 8 bits (so a total of 32 bits). Phase Alternating Line, a standard for televisions uses 32 bits per pixel, with a YUV color space. 

## Gallery

File:1 bit.png|1 bit (2 colors)
File:2 bit.PNG|2 bits (4 colors)
File:4 bit.png|4 bits (16 colors)
File:8 bit.png|8 bits (256 colors)
File:32 bit.png|24 bits (16,777,216 colors, "truecolor")
J. R. Ewing

**John Ross "J.R." Ewing, Jr.** is a fictional character in the hit U.S. television series *Dallas* (1978–1991) and its spin-offs, including the revived *Dallas* series (2012–2013). The character was portrayed by actor Larry Hagman from the series premiere in 1978 until his death in late 2012.

One of the show's most iconic figures, J.R. has been central to many of the series' biggest storylines. He is shown as a villainous selfish oil baron with psychopathic tendencies, who is constantly plotting subterfuges to plunder his foes and their wealth. Hagman was the only actor to appear in all 357 episodes of the series.

Hagman died on November 23, 2012, and *Dallas* producers subsequently announced that J.R. would be killed off in the second season. The episode "The Furious And Fast" dealt with J.R's death. Ewing was on the phone with his son saying he had one last plan to get back at another richman. Ewing's son heard gunshots which would eventually kill J.R.

Ewing is considered one of television's most popular characters, with *TV Guide* naming him #1 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.

## References
Train ferry

A **train ferry** is a ferry which was designed to carry railway vehicles. Train ferries are used where it is not possible or practical to build a bridge. Some train ferries were built to also carry cars or passengers, in addition to trains. 
## Gallery

File:101031 Italie sud 128.jpg|Car and train ferry across the Strait of Messina
File:Qiongzhou Strait Train Ferry.jpg|Train ferry across the Qiongzhou Strait
File:Bohai Train Ferry - Lushun West Station B.jpg|Train ferry with waggons in China
File:Trainferry Korsør Nyborg.jpg|Train on a ferry, in Denmark