open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bill Keating

**William Richard Keating** (born September 6, 1952) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 9th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he first entered Congress in 2011, representing Massachusetts's 10th congressional district until redistricting. Keating's district includes Cape Cod and most of the South Coast. He raised his profile advocating for criminal justice issues in both houses of the Massachusetts General Court from 1977 to 1999 before becoming district attorney of Norfolk County, where he served three terms before being elected to Congress. He is a member of the House Armed Services Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee.

## References
Gare d'Austerlitz

'''Gare d'Austerlitz''' is one of the 6 main train stations of Paris. It has 25 tracks. It was opened on 20th September 1840. It has a metro station, in which M5 and M10 stop there. RATP buses and the Noctilien also connect to the station.
Kumaragupta I

**Kumaragupta I** was Gupta emperor from 415 until his death in 455. A son of the Gupta king Chandragupta II and Queen Dhruvadevi, he seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east.

Kumaragupta, a ruler of the Gupta Empire, is known to have performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice, a ritual used by kings to show their power and control. However, there is little clear information about his military successes. Based on inscriptions and coins, some historians believe that he may have defeated the Aulikaras in central India and the Traikutakas in western India. It is also thought that the famous Nalanda Mahavihara (a large Buddhist monastery) was built during his reign.

The Bhitari pillar inscription says that Kumaragupta's son, Skandagupta, worked to restore the Gupta Empire's fortunes. This has led some to suggest that Kumaragupta faced problems towards the end of his reign, possibly due to attacks from the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. However, this is uncertain, and the events mentioned in the inscription may have happened after Kumaragupta's death.
## References
Jānis Timma

**Jānis Timma** (2 July 1992 – 17 December 2024) was a Latvian professional basketball player. He was born in Krāslava, Latvia. His career lasted from 2008 until his death. He played for the Latvia men's national basketball team. He won a bronze medal at the 2010 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship.

Timma married Russian-Ukrainian pop singer Anna Sedokova in 2020. In late 2024, Sedokova filed for a divorce.

Timma died on 17 December 2024 after jumping off a building in Moscow, Russia at the age of 32.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nicholas Chia

**Nicholas Gerald Chia Yeck Joo** (8 April 1938 – 17 December 2024) was a Singaporean Roman Catholic prelate. He was the third Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore and the first Singapore-born clergyman to hold the office. He was archbishop from 2001 until 2013. He officially retired as Archbishop of Singapore on 18 May 2013. Chia was born in Singapore.

Chia died on 17 December 2024 at a hospital in Singapore, aged 86.

## References
Beatriz Sarlo

**Beatriz Sarlo** (29 March 1942 – 17 December 2024) was an Argentine literary and cultural critic. She was the founding editor of the cultural journal *Punto de Vista*. She was honored with the Order of Cultural Merit in 2009. Sarlo was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Sarlo died on 17 December 2024 from problems caused by a stroke in Buenos Aires, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
Karl Ernst Jarcke

**Karl Ernst Jarcke** was a German publisher and professor of criminal law. 
## Biography
Jarcke was to born in Danzig, Prussia Protestant merchant family, on November 10, 1801. He died on December 27, 1852, in Vienna, Austria.
Diane Delano

**Diane Delano** (January 29, 1957 – December 13, 2024) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in movies and television. She played Sergeant Barbara Semanski on the CBS television series *Northern Exposure* and Roberta "Bobbi" Glass on The WB television series *Popular*. She played Sister Beech in the 2006 movie *The Wicker Man*. Delano was born in Los Angeles, California.

Delano died on December 13, 2024 from cancer in Los Angeles, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
Igor Kirillov (general)

**Igor Anatolyevich Kirillov** (13 July 1970 – 17 December 2024) was a Russian lieutenant general. He was the Head of the NBC Protection Troops of the Russian Armed Forces until his assassination in 2024.

In September 2014, Kirillov was appointed head of the Timoshenko NBC Protection Military Academy.

On 16 December 2024, Ukraine charged Kirillov in absentia for using banned chemical weapons during the Russo-Ukrainian war.

Kirillov was killed in an explosion in Moscow, Russia on 17 December 2024. A bomb was hidden in an E-scooter that was nearby Kirillov. The Security Service of Ukraine claimed responsibility for the killing and called Kirillov a war criminal.

## References
Anna Sedokova

**Anna Volodymyrivna Sedokova** (born 16 December 1982) is a Ukrainian singer, actress, and television presenter. She is known for being a member of the girl pop group Nu Virgos. She played Diana in the 2011 Russian comedy movie *The Pregnant*.

## Personal life
Sedokova was born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Kyiv, Ukraine) in 1982. She studied at Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. She continued her studies while also hosting television shows.

Sedokova married Belarusian footballer Valyantsin Byalkevich in 2004. The couple divorced in 2006. They had one daughter. 

Sedokova was married to businessman Maxim Chernyavsky from February 2011 to February 2013. They had one daughter. In May 2017, Sedokova was engaged to businessman Artyom Komarov. They had a son. In August 2017, Sedokova announced that she had ended her relationship with Komarov. 

In September 2020, she married Latvian professional basketball player Jānis Timma. In late 2024, Sedokova filed for a divorce from Timma. On 16 December, Timma committed suicide on Sedokova's 42nd birthday.

In December 2010, Sedokova came out as bisexual.

## Singles
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Flag of Tbilisi

The **flag of Tbilisi**, capital of Georgia, is a rectangular white banner with a blue Nordic-type cross outlined in amber that extends to edges of the flag. The point of crossing is crowned by the central detail from the seal of Tbilisi surrounded by seven-point gold stars lined up in a crescent manner.

## Design and symbolism
The meaning of the colors of the flag are as follows:

## References
J-Bus

**J-Bus** is a Japanese bus manufacturer, formed as a joint venture between Isuzu and Hino in 2002. The company focuses on producing various types of buses and coaches, including both traditional and hybrid models.

## History
In January 2002, Isuzu and Hino agreed to merge their bus and coach development and manufacturing operations. This led to the creation of J-Bus in October 2002. The company officially began its operations in 2004, following the integration of Isuzu's and Hino's bus and coach subsidiaries. Over the years, J-Bus has expanded its product lineup and introduced many buses such as the first articulated bus developed in Japan in 2017. In addition, J-Bus has been involved in assembling fuel cell buses, such as the Toyota Sora, and has plans to begin assembling large electric buses by 2024.
## Models
### Komatsu Plant
Hino Selega / Isuzu Gala
(High deck coaches available in short and long versions).

Hino Melpha / Isuzu Gala Mio
(Short-range coaches).

Hino Poncho
(Small bus for local routes).

Toyota Sora
(A fuel cell-powered transit bus).

### Utsunomiya Plant
Isuzu Erga / Hino Blue Ribbon 
(Large transit buses, available with internal combustion engines or hybrid systems).

Isuzu Erga Duo / Hino Blue Ribbon
(Hybrid articulated buses).

Isuzu Erga Mio / Hino Rainbow
(Medium-sized transit buses).
## References
Marathon Motors Engineering

**Marathon Motors Engineering, Plc**. is a prominent joint venture between the South Korean automotive giant Hyundai Motor Company and Ethiopian long-distance runner Haile Gebrselassie. Located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the company serves as the official general importer of Hyundai vehicles in Ethiopia. It is also involved in local vehicle assembly

## History
Founded in 2009, Marathon Motors Engineering was established as a result of a partnership between Hyundai Motor Company and Haile Gebrselassie, a former Ethiopian long-distance runner. The company made its debut at a press conference during the presentation of the Haile Resort in Awasa. Marathon Motors started assembling vehicles locally in Ethiopia, with a plant located in Nifas Silk-Lafto, Addis Ababa. This assembly plant, inaugurated in February 2019, in July 2020, the company began assembling electric vehicles, including the Hyundai Ioniq.
## Models
Marathon Motors mainly produces locally Hyundai cars like the
Hyundai Ioniq Other cars include:
Hyundai Accent
Hyundai Grand Creta
Hyundai Kona EV
Hyundai Ioniq 6
And the Hyundai Santa Fe

## References
Hyundai Ioniq 9

The **Hyundai Ioniq 9** is a battery-electric, full-size crossover SUV with three-row seating. It is part of the Ioniq sub-brand, which focuses on electric vehicles. The Ioniq 9 is the largest electric passenger car produced by Hyundai as of 2025.

## History
The Ioniq 9 was first unveiled in November 2024 in Los Angeles, California. It was initially previewed by the Hyundai Seven Concept in 2021 and was originally named the Ioniq 7. After further development, the vehicle was renamed to Ioniq 9 in 2024.

## Markets
Sales of the Ioniq 9 are expected to begin in South Korea and the United States in the first half of 2025. It will later be available in Europe and other markets around the world.
## References
Hyundai Bayon

The **Hyundai Bayon** is a five-door subcompact Crossover SUV produced by the South Korean carmaker Hyundai. It is designed primarily for the European market and is based on the third-generation Hyundai i20. The Bayon offers a front-wheel-drive layout, and it does not offer an all-wheel-drive option.

## History 
The Hyundai Bayon was introduced in March 2021 as the smallest SUV in Hyundai's European lineup, positioned below the Hyundai Kona. The Bayon’s name comes from the French city of Bayonne. The Bayon is produced at Hyundai’s İzmit plant in Turkey. A facelifted version of the Bayon was revealed in January 2024.
## Markets 
Initially designed for Europe, the Bayon is also offered in select markets in Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. It is not available in all regions outside of Europe and Turkey.
## Powertrain 
The Hyundai Bayon offers a range of petrol engine options, including a 1.0L Smartstream G1.0 T-GDi I3 mild hybrid engine, a 1.2L Smartstream G1.2 MPi I4 engine, and a 1.4L Kappa II MPi I4 engine. It is available with different transmission options, including manual, automatic, and dual-clutch transmissions. The Bayon also features a mild-hybrid system.
## References
R. D. Burman

**R.D. Burman** (Rahul Dev Burman) was a famous Indian music composer. He was born on June 27, 1939, in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India. He is often called "Pancham Da" by his fans. He is known for his work in Bollywood music. He is one of the most celebrated composers in Indian cinema.

Burman was the son of the well-known composer Sachin Dev Burman. He started his career as an assistant to his father. Later he became a music director on his own. He worked on many popular songs and movies. He created music that was new and fresh for its time.

Some of his famous movies include *Sholay*,  *Yaadon ki baarat*, *Hum Kisise Kum Nahin,* *Pyar Ka Mausam*, and *Hare Rama Hare Krishna*. His songs became very popular for their catchy tunes and modern sound, blending traditional Indian music with Western styles.

Burman worked with many famous singers like Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, and Asha Bhosle, and created many hit songs. Some of his popular songs include *"Dum Maro Dum,"* *"Yeh Shaam Mastani,"* *"Gulaabi Aankhein Jo Teri Dekhi"* and *"Aap Ki Aankhon Mein."*

Burman died on January 4, 1994 due to a heart attack.
Allobates femoralis

The **brilliant-thighed rocket frog** or **brilliant-thighed poison arrow frog** (*Allobates femoralis*) is a frog.  It lives in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

## Body
The adult male frog can be 28-33  mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog can be 33-35 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is black or dark brown in color. There is a light brown line from the nose to the back legs. There is a white line from the nose to the back legs. There is an orange mark near where the back legs make the body. The belly is white with black marks. The throat is black.

This frog eats ants and other animals with no bones.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the ground in tropical forests. People have seen it in forests that have never been cut down and forests that were destroyed and are growing back. People see them near the ends of forests. Scientists saw the frog between 0 and 1000 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in many protected parks.

## Young
The female frog lays her eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. She lays 8-17 eggs at a time. After the eggs hatch, the male and female frogs carry the tadpoles to water, where the tadpoles swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Humans do change the places where the frog lives to make farms, make places for animals to eat grass, and get wood to build with. The fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* can get into this frog, but scientists do not think the frogs die from it.

Humans do sell this frog on the international pet trade, but scientists do not know if the frogs were caught in the forests or not.

## References
List of rulers of Madagascar

This is a list of rulers and office-holders of Madagascar.

## Kingdom of Imerina 
Below is a list of the line of Merina monarchs that ruled in the Central Highlands of Madagascar and from whom were issued the first true.

* Andrianerinerina* (Son of God incarnate. According to popular belief, descended from the skies and established his kingdom at Anerinerina)
* Andriananjavonana*
* Andrianamponga I*
* Andrianamboniravina*
* Andriandranolava (Andranolava)*
* Andrianampandrandrandava (Rafandrandrava)*
* Andriamasindohafandrana (Ramasindohafandrana)*
* Rafandrampohy*
* Andriampandramanenitra (Rafandramanenitra)*
* Queen Rangita (Rangitamanjakatrimovavy) (1520–1530)
* Queen Rafohy (1530–1540)
* King Andriamanelo (1540–1575)
* King Ralambo (1575–1612)
* King Andrianjaka (1612–1630)
* King Andriantsitakatrandriana (1630–1650)
* King Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe (1650–1670)
* King Andrianjaka Razakatsitakatrandriana (1670–1675)
* King Andriamasinavalona (Andrianjakanavalondambo) (1675–1710)
* King Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana Andriandrazaka (Andriantsimitoviaminandriandrazaka) (1710–1730)
* King Andriambelomasina (1730–1770)
* King Andrianjafynandriamanitra (Andrianjafinjanahary or Andrianjafy) (1770–1787)
* King Andrianampoinimerina (1787–1810)

## Monarchs of the Kingdom of Madagascar (1810–1897) 
## After the fall 
After the fall of the Royal House, and the death of the last ruling Sovereign, Queen Ranavalona III's heir apparent, Princess Marie-Louise of Madagascar, remained. She died childless in 1948

## List of rulers of French Madagascar 
### Malagasy Protectorate (1882–1897) 
### Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (1897–1958) 
## List of officeholders
(Dates in italics indicate *de facto* continuation of office)

## First ladies of Madagascar
## vice president
The **vice president of Madagascar** was a political position in Madagascar during the era of Malagasy Republic.

## List 
## Colonial Governors 
## Related pages 
* Prime Minister of Madagascar

## Notes 
## References
Den Harrow

**Den Harrow** was an Italo disco project from the mid 1980s, with **Stefano Zandri** (born 4 June 1962) as the face of the artist (lip syncing) , and Tom Hooker doing most of the vocals. It was revealed many years later that Zandri did not sing on any of their hits and that most of the songs were performed and co-written by Hooker. Den Harrow was conceived by producers Roberto Turatti and Miki Chieregato, who based it on the Italian word denaro (money).

## History
Den Harrow was formed in 1983 by Italian producers Roberto Turatti and Miki Chieregato with Stefano Zandri as the face of the project and Tom Hooker doing most of the vocals, as well as songwriting on many of their tracks.

### Compilation albums
X (American band)

**X** is an American punk rock band formed in Los Angeles. The original members are vocalist Exene Cervenka, vocalist-bassist John Doe, guitarist Billy Zoom and drummer D. J. Bonebrake. The band released seven studio albums from 1980 to 1993. After a period of inactivity during the mid-to-late 1990s, X reunited in the early 2000s and continued to tour.In June 2024, X announced a final album and farewell tour.

, John Doe, 1979]]
Mim Grey

**Miriam "Mim" Grey** is an English singer-songwriter. Grey has worked with London-based DJs and producers such as Lee Cabrera (2005 single/EP, "I Watch You") and Kurtis Mantronik (2003 single/EP, "How Did You Know"). Tom Jones described Grey as his "favourite singer.

In May 2010, Grey released her first solo album, Grey Matters. She has since performed with Paul McCartney and Tom Jones.

## References
Chandragupta I Conquest of Vaishali

Numismatist John Allan suggested that Chandragupta defeated a Lichchhavi kingdom based in Vaishali and married Kumaradevi, a Lichchhavi princess, as part of a peace treaty. 

He believed the Guptas valued this marriage because of the Lichchhavis' ancient lineage. However, the Manusamhita, an ancient text, describes the Lichchhavis as "unorthodox and impure," making it unlikely that the Guptas mentioned Samudragupta's Lichchhavi ancestry to enhance their social status. It is also unlikely that they would feature the Lichchhavis' name on their coins if they had defeated them.

Instead, the marriage likely helped Chandragupta expand his political power and adopt the title Maharajadhiraja (Great King of Kings). The Lichchhavi name on Gupta coins may symbolize their role in strengthening Gupta rule. After the marriage, Chandragupta probably took control of Lichchhavi territories. Alternatively, the Gupta and Lichchhavi states may have formed a union, with Chandragupta and Kumaradevi ruling their respective regions until their son Samudragupta united the kingdoms under his sole rule.

## References
Jan Zoet

**Jan Zoet** (1958 – 14 December 2024) was a Dutch theater director of Rotterdamse Schouwburg (1998-2013), Academy of Theatre and Dance (2012-2020) and   /  (2020-2023).

## Biography
Born in 1958, Zoet studied Dutch language and literature and Theatre Studies at Leiden University. He started working as a theater critic and was during the 1980s and 1990s also a playwright and producer. As an artistic leader he worked for among others  and  in Amsterdam.

From 2012 he became director of Academy of Theatre and Dance in Amsterdam that he would be until 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands where the cultural sector came to a standstill. As an advocate for the cultural sector, he took the lead in a joint lobby. Together with Jeroen Bartelse, he managed to save many institutions from bankruptcy.

From 2020 he was director of the 

He retired in 2023 due to an illness. He died from a brain tumor on 14 December 2024, at the age of 66 years old.

## References
Rwandan franc

The **Rwandan franc** is the currency of Rwanda. There are coins of 1,5,10,20,50 and 100 francs, and notes of 100,500,1000,2000 and 5000 francs.There are 100 centimes to a franc, but the smallest coin is 1 franc. The ISO currency code used is *RWF*. FRw and RF are also used. The Rwandan Franc became the currency of Rwanda, when the territory changed from being a German colony to being a Begian one. The Rwandan Franc was first used in 1964, two years after Rwada had become independent.
GIGN

The **GIGN** ( ; ) is the police  unit of the French National Gendarmerie. They deal with counterterrorism, hostage rescue, and surveillance of national threats, protecting government officials, protecting important sites, and targeting organized crime.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* GIGN page on the Gendarmerie Nationale's Official webpage 
* ''GIGN, 40 ans d'assauts'' (French documentary)
Observational astronomy

**Observational astronomy** is a type of astronomy. One has to record, analyse, and study data taken from giant telescopes located in observatories in isolated places. People will use giant telescopes to take a look on an object in the night sky and then study that object. Many times, one will have to study a photo of an object they themselves did not take.

## Other websites 
https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/
Zentveld & Oomen

**Zentveld & Oomen** is a Dutch DJ duo consisting of Hugo Zentveld (a.k.a. DJ Renegade) and Aldwin Oomen, who are behind a number of dance production projects, including **Angel City**, **Boombastic** and **Nightbreed**.

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References
Hyundai Green City

The **Hyundai Green City** is a type of bus made by Hyundai. It is used for city transport and tourism. The bus is mainly a CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) bus but also comes in diesel versions. The Green City is built on the same platform as the Hyundai Aero City.

## First Generation - Global 900 (2002-2004) 
The first version of the Green City was called the Hyundai Global 900. It was introduced in 2002. The Global 900 was available with two engine types: a diesel engine from Mercedes Benz and a CNG engine made by Hyundai.

### New Global 900 (2004-2008)
In 2004, the Global 900 got an update. It had a new diesel engine, called the Hyundai DB9A, which made 260 horsepower. The CNG version kept the same engine. In 2005, the bus also came in a version for tourists. A driver protection feature was added in 2006.

### New Global 900 Facelift (2008-2010)
In 2008, the bus got a new look. It replaced the power antenna with a loop antenna. The diesel version now had stronger engines: the D6GA (250-255 hp) and the D6GB (260 hp). The CNG version still used the same engine.
## Green City (2010-2024) 
In 2010, the bus was renamed the Green City. It had some changes, including a new CNG engine that met Euro 4 standards. The bus also got new flooring. In 2011, the Green City added CD audio and MP3 players. By 2012, a new G260 Euro 5 engine was added. In 2015, a stronger G280 Euro 6 engine with 280 hp was available.

In 2017, the Green City added ultrasonic sensors, call buzzers, and USB ports for the audio system.
## Markets 
The Hyundai Green City was mainly sold in South Korea. It was also available in other countries, including China and some Southeast Asian nations. The bus was used in both city transportation and tourism services.

## Discontinuation 
In 2023, it was announced that the Green City would be discontinued in 2024. This was because all new buses in South Korea must have a low-floor design. The Green City was a high-floor bus, so it will no longer be made.
## References
Hyundai Stellar

The **Hyundai Stellar** is a large family car made by the Hyundai Motor Company. It was produced from July 1983 to 1992. The Stellar was made to replace the Ford Cortina, which Hyundai had built under license. The car was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro. It used a rear-wheel drive chassis from the Ford Cortina Mark V and had an engine and transmission licensed from Mitsubishi Motors.

## History and Features 
The Hyundai Stellar was introduced in 1983 and was made until 1992. It came with different engine options, such as 1.4 L, 1.6 L, and 2.0 L engines. The car was available with both manual and automatic transmissions.

In 1987, the Stellar was updated and became the Stellar II. This new version had a better 2.0 L engine, new headlights, and suspension. It also received larger brakes and a two-piece driveshaft.

## Markets 
The Hyundai Stellar was sold in many countries, including Europe, Canada, and South Korea. It was sold in the UK from 1984 until 1991. In Canada, it was sold until 1992. The Stellar was Hyundai’s second model to be sold in Europe, after the Hyundai Pony.

In the United States, the Stellar was not sold because it did not meet the country's strict emission standards. However, it was still available in other countries like Canada and some European markets.

## Discontinuation 
The Hyundai Stellar was replaced by the Hyundai Sonata in 1992 in many markets, including Canada and Europe. In South Korea, the lower models of the Stellar were also replaced by the Sonata.

The Stellar was the last rear-wheel drive car made by Hyundai in North America. After the Hyundai Genesis in 2009, Hyundai stopped making rear-wheel drive cars for the North American market.

## References
Pushyamitras Invasion

Kumaragupta I had attacked Vakataka Dynasty in his Deccan Campaign in alliance with the Nala Dynasty.  Narendrasena soon recaptured his capital and causes disturbance in the Gupta territory capturing Malwa Kosala, Mekala from Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta I.

This Vakataka–Kadamba alliance is mentioned as "Pushyamitras" or "Yudhyamitras" by SkandaguptaThey were defeated by Skandagupta with great difficulties their Invasion caused great trouble for the Guptas.

## Background
After the death of Pravarasena II, there may have been a struggle over who would take the throne. Narendrasena eventually became the ruler, but Vakataka records suggest that he had to "restore the fortunes of his family" after a difficult time. Historians believe this could mean he dealt with problems caused by the succession conflict. However, historian A.S. Altekar has a different idea. He thinks the records describe an invasion by Bhavadattavarman, a king of the Nala dynasty from Bastar, and Kumaragupta of the Gupta Empire. These rulers likely attacked Vidarbha and took Nandivardhana, the old Vakataka capital. Altekar believes Narendrasena managed to defeat both the Nalas and the Guptas and reclaim his kingdom.

* The Bhitari inscription states that Skandagupta defeated his enemies and re-established the "ruined fortunes" of his family when his father died, and then visited his mother whose "eyes were full of tears of joy".

Skandagupta, the son of Kumaragupta, faced a long and tough battle against the Pushyamitras, who had grown strong and wealthy with significant military resources. According to inscriptions, the situation became so critical that Skandagupta once had to spend an entire night sleeping on the ground during the campaign. Despite the difficulties, he managed to overcome the crisis and achieve victory.

This victory likely occurred towards the end of Kumaragupta's reign, when Kumaragupta was too old to lead the army. As a result, Skandagupta was chosen to handle the threat. His victory was so important that, as mentioned in the Bhitari inscription, songs praising his bravery and achievements were sung across the empire. Historian Goyal believes that the Pushyamitra rebellion was led by the Panduvamshi king Bharatabala.
## References
Allobates trilineatus

The **three-striped rocket frog** (*Allobates trilineatus*) is a frog.  It lives in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

## Body
The adult male frog can be 15.0-17-7 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog can be 15.2-19.3 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is dark brown in color. The male frog has a gray throat with spots. There are two stripes down each side of the body (four stripes). The sides of the body are dark brown in color.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the dead leaves on the ground in tropical forests. People have seen it in places where people cut down some trees but not all of them. Scientists saw the frog between 100 and 250 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in many protected parks, for example Parque Nacional Manu, Bahuaja-Sonene National Park, Tambopata Reserve, and Pacaya Samiria Reserve. Scientists think it could also live in Yasuni National Park, Área de Proteção Ambiental Igarapé São Francisco, Estação Ecológica Rio Acre, Reserva Biológica Limoncocha, Floresta Nacional do Macaua, Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Parque Nacional Mapinguari, and Reserva Extrativista Arapixi.

## Young
The female frog lays her eggs on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to water, where the tadpoles swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Humans do change the places where the frog lives to make farms and places for animals to eat grass.

## References
Regional Bell Operating Company

The **Regional Bell Operating Company** (**RBOC** for short) was a corporate business. They were created from the antitrust lawsuit from the United States Department of Justice against the American Telephone and Telegraph group (or AT&T) in 1974. This lawsuit was settled under the Modification of Final Judgment on January 8, 1982.

The AT&T Corporation agreed getting rid of their local exchange service networks. That became effective January 1, 1984. Those local operating service companies were broken into seven independent Regional Bell Operating Companies, also known as the **Baby Bells**.

The RBOCs were known as also the **Regional Holding Companies** (RHCs in shorthand). Three companies (as of December 2024) have RBOCs for their earlier companies. They include AT&T (formerly Southwestern Bell and the BellSouth), Verizon (previously Bell Atlantic and GTE), and Lumen Technologies (formerly the CenturyTel and CenturyLink).

## The Baby Bells
When the Bell System was phased out, the following geographic area RBOCs/Baby Bell networks were named as follows. They were:
* Ameritech
* Bell Atlantic
* BellSouth
* NYNEX
* The Pacific Telesis
* Southwestern Bell Corporation (or SBC Communications)
* US West

## The mergers
Southwestern Bell Corporation (or SBC) and AT&T (along with BellSouth) were combined to become "new" AT&T in 2005 or 2006. Likewise, US West on June 30, 2000 was merged to Qwest (which later merged into CenturyLink eleven years later and Lumen Technologies in 2020).

### The other related networks
Other related communications to the former RBOCs include Consolidated Communications (also called FairPoint) and Frontier Communications.

## References
Lin Yu-ting

**Lin Yu-ting** (; born 13 December 1995) is a Taiwanese boxer. She won a gold medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics. She is the first winner of an Olympic gold medal in boxing for Chinese Taipei.

Lin started boxing at 13; she started to protect her mother from domestic violence.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Chevrolet Orlando

The **Chevrolet Orlando** is a three-row compact MPV (Multi-Purpose Vehicle) made by General Motors under the Chevrolet brand. It was made from 2010 to 2023. The first version of the Orlando was mainly produced in South Korea, but it was also made in other countries.

## First Generation (2010-2018)
The first generation of the Chevrolet Orlando was unveiled in 2008 as a concept at the Paris Motor Show and the North American International Auto Show. The production model was first shown at the 2010 Busan International Motor Show.

Production started in South Korea in October 2010 at the Gunsan assembly plant. The Orlando was designed using the platform from the Chevrolet Cruze sedan, and it had a rugged look, similar to a crossover. It was marketed as an "Active Life Vehicle" and was sold in South Korea starting in February 2011. The Orlando came with several engine options, including petrol, diesel, and LPG engines, with both manual and automatic transmissions.

## Second Generation (2018–2023)
The second generation of the Chevrolet Orlando was launched in 2018. Unlike the first version, this model was made and sold only in China by the SAIC-GM joint venture. It was available in 5-seater and 7-seater versions. The second-generation Orlando was powered by a 1.35 L turbocharged three-cylinder engine producing 156 horsepower. It also had an optional Redline Package, which increased the engine output to 161 horsepower.

## Markets
The Chevrolet Orlando was sold in many markets around the world, but it was not sold in the United States. It was available in South Korea, Europe, Canada, Latin America, and other Asian countries.

In Canada, the Orlando was sold starting in mid-2011 and was available until 2015.

In Europe, it was sold from 2011 until 2014. After 2014, most of Chevrolet's vehicles were no longer sold in Europe, except for sports cars like the Chevrolet Camaro.

In Russia, the Orlando was available until 2015, before being discontinued.
## Discontinuation
The production of the first-generation Chevrolet Orlando ended in 2018. This was when production moved to China for the second generation, which continued until 2023.

The first-generation Orlando was discontinued in South Korea after the closure of the Gunsan plant. The second-generation model, made only in China, was not sold in other countries after 2023, marking the end of the Orlando’s production.
## References
Pacific Telesis

The **Pacific Telesis Group** (or **PacTel**) were one of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies. These RBOCs were created in 1983 or 1984. The Pacific Telesis were made of the Pacific Bell, Nevada Bell and Pacific Telesis International. They were headquartered in San Francisco, California though incorporated in Nevada.

The Pacific Telesis vanished rather fast when they were acquired by SBC Commumications (formerly the original Southwestern Bell) in April 1997. In turn, SBC would later become the new AT&T Incorporated.

## The nickname
The Pacific Telesis were more commonly called "PacBell". Before the 1984 Bell System breakup, the actual corporate name for the principal subsidiary Pacific Bell was the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph (also known as the "PacTel").

The networks became AT&T West beginning in 2005 or 2006 after SBC Communications, AT&T and BellSouth combined to become the "new" AT&T.

## References
Knowing Bros (TV series)

***Knowing Bros*** (), also known as ***Men on a Mission*** or ***Ask Us Anything***, is a South Korean TV show where male comedians play high school students, welcoming star `transfer students' every week and engaging in battles of witty humour and slapstick.

## References
2007-08 Austrian football championship

The **2007-08 Austrian football championship** was the 97th season of the top league in Austria. SK Rapid Wien won the 32nd title. The telecommunications company T-Mobile was the main sponsor of the league.
## Mode 
The Bundesliga was contested by 10 teams. They met four times throughout the entire season. In addition to newly promoted team LASK Linz, SK Austria Kärnten is playing in Austria's top division for the first time. The Carinthians are the successor club to FC Pasching, from which the southern Austrians bought the license. Champions became SK Rapid Wien in the 35th round. FC Wacker Innsbruck was relegated.

## Final table
## Matches 
## References
National Women’s Political Caucus

The '''National Women's Political Caucus** is a progressive, pro-choice, multi-partisan, grassroots membership organization dedicated to identifying, recruiting, training, and supporting women candidates for elected and appointed office.

## History 
The **National Woman's Political Caucus (NWPC)''' is an organization founded in 1971 by leaders of the women's liberation movement to promote women's participation in government. The group describes itself as a multi-partisan grassroots organization in the United States dedicated to recruiting, training, and supporting women who seek elected and appointed offices at all levels of government. The NWPC endorses female candidates at the state and national level who adhere to the organization's core set of values.

An Organizing Convention for the NWPC was hosted in Washington, D.C. from July 10 to 11, 1971. Approximately 324 women were in attendance, representing 27 states and the District of Columbia; attendees included Bella Abzug, Shirley Chisholm, Betty Friedan, Fannie Lou Hamer, LaDonna Harris, Mildred Jeffrey, Florynce Kennedy, Jill Ruckelshaus, and Gloria Steinem. At the founding meeting, Steinem delivered an *Address to the Women of America*, in which she characterized feminism as a "revolution" that meant striving for a society free of racism and sexism; the speech, delivered at the height of the women's movement, became a milestone in U.S. female oratory.

## Other websites 
*https://nwpc.org/
*https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Womens-Political-Caucus
*https://cawp.rutgers.edu/node/2251
*https://law.utexas.edu/farenthold/national/national-womens-political-caucus/
Guido Henderickx

**Guido Herman Celina Henderickx** (29 August 1942 – 17 December 2024) was a Belgian film director of movies, documentaries and television programs.

## Biography
Hendrickx was born on 29 August 1942 in Antwerp. He studied at the  in Brussels where he graduated in 1966.

After his studies at the Antwerp drama school, Hendrickx started working with the film group “Fugitive Cinema”. Together with Robbe De Hert and Patrick Le Bon, he made the short films *S.O.S. Fonske* in 1968 and *De dood van een sandwichman* in 1971. The first movie he directed was '** in 1975. His second movie was **' in 1979. Together with among others Arno Hintjens, Hilde Van Mieghem and Josse De Pauw he directed his third film ‘Skin’ in 1988. With this movie Hebdrickx was nominated for a International Fantasy Film Award.

Hendrickx became most known for the 1993 mini series ''* at VTM after the book with the same title by Lode Zielens. The same year the series was awarded the HA! by *Humo*. In 2006 it is followed by * at VTM of which also a cinema version was made.

Between the two series he directed his fourth film  including themes of as child abuse, prostitution, self-mutilation and horny priests.

Hendrickx was also a teacher in film directing at LUCA School of Arts in Brussels.

Henderickx died on 17 December 2024, at the age of 82 years old. Several people from the Flemish film industry publicly responded to his death, including film director  and actors Koen De Bouw, Kevin Janssens and .

## References
Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border

***The Republic of Ireland – United Kingdom border*** is the border that separates the constituent British nation of Northern Ireland from the rest of Ireland. It is also known as the Irish Border or simply as the border. It was drawn on December 6, 1922 by the Anglo-Irish Treaty, by which 26 of the 32 Irish counties seceded from the United Kingdom and formed the Irish Free State. However, the United Kingdom retained sovereignty over the remaining 6 counties, which are now an integral part of the United Kingdom.

## References
Chiafalo v. Washington

***Chiafalo v. Washington***, 591 U.S. 578 (2020), is a case whose outcome was chosen by the United States Supreme Court. In *Chiafalo v. Washington*, the United States Supreme Court said 1 of the most powerful things anybody has ever said about faithless elector laws. Faithless elector laws make it against the law for 2 kinds of electors to vote differently than they said they would. Those 2 kinds of electors are: electors for President of the United States of America; and electors for Vice President of the United States of America.

In *Chiafalo v. Washington* the United States Supreme Court said that faithless elector laws are lawful.

***Colorado Department of State v. Baca***, 591 U.S. ___ (2020) is so much like *Chiafalo v. Washington* that the United States Supreme Court made its choice in *Colorado Department of State v. Baca* based on its choice in *Chiafalo v. Washington*.
Värttinä

**Värttinä** (meaning "spindle") is a Finnish folk music band that started as a project by Sari and Mari Kaasinen in 1983 in the village of Rääkkylä, in Karelia, the southeastern region of Finland. Many changes have taken place in the band since then. Värttinä became famous after the release of their 1991 album Oi Dai. As of 2009, the band is made up of three lead female vocalists supported by three acoustic musicians. The vocalists sing in the Karelian dialect of the Finnish language.

In August 2005, Värttinä recorded their tenth studio album called Miero at Finnvox Studios, Helsinki. It was released on 25 January 2006 in Finland, and 30 January 2006 worldwide. In 2006, Värttinä also released the Värttinä Archive Live DVD, which included material from their 20th anniversary concert and other new and archive material. Värttinä worked with A. R. Rahman, a notable Indian composer, in composing the music for the stage musical version of *The Lord of the Rings*, which played in Toronto in 2006 and in London in 2007.

Värttinä has been featured in two episodes of popular animated children's show *Arthur* singing their hit song "Matalii ja Mustii" from the album Seleniko. The song was also featured on the show's first soundtrack, Arthur and Friends: The First Almost Real Not Live CD (Or Tape).
Episodic memory

Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events. It is part of long-term memory.  Memory includes things such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places; for example, the party on one's 7th birthday. Along with semantic memory, it comprises the category of explicit memory, one of the two major divisions of long-term memory (the other is implicit memory).

## Nine properties 
There are essentially nine properties of episodic memory that collectively distinguish it from other types of memory. Other types of memory may have a few of these properties, but only episodic memory has all nine:

# Contain summary records of sensory-perceptual-conceptual-affective processing.
# Retain patterns of activation/inhibition over long periods.
# Often represented in the form of (visual) images.
# They always have a perspective (field or observer).
# Represent short time slices of experience.
# They are represented on a temporal dimension roughly in order of occurrence.
# They are subject to rapid forgetting.
# They make autobiographical remembering specific.
# They are recollectively experienced when accessed.

## References
Kristal Marshall

**Kristal Melisa Marshall** (born November 11, 1983) is an American model, beauty queen and former professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on their SmackDown brand, and in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). She was part of the 2005 WWE Diva Search.

## Personal life
Marshall dated Bobby Lashley from 2007 until 2010, and they have two children. In April 2010, Marshall confirmed on Twitter that she and Lashley had split. She is of Barbadian descent.

## Championships and accomplishments
***Fitness Universe**
**Ms. Bikini America (Medium Class; 2008)
***NPC Arnold Amateur Championships**
**2nd Place (Short Class; 2009)
***NPC USA Bodybuilding & Figure Championships**
**1st Place (Class C & Overall; 2009)

## References
Klaus Wolfermann

**Klaus Wolfermann** (31 March 1946 – 18 December 2024) was a  German javelin thrower. He represented West Germany at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich where he won a gold medal. 

Wolfermann died on 18 December 2024 at the age of 78.

## References
Hyundai Pony

The **Hyundai Pony** was a small automobile produced by Hyundai Motor Company in South Korea from 1975 to 1990. It was the first mass-produced and exported car from South Korea, with a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. The Pony was available in several body styles, including two-door coupé utility, three-door liftback, four-door saloon, and five-door estate.

## First Generation (1975–1982) 
The first-generation Hyundai Pony was introduced in 1975 and continued production until 1982. It was available with a range of engine options, including 1.2L, 1.4L, and 1.6L Mitsubishi inline-four engines. Transmission choices included a four-speed manual or a three-speed automatic. The car was offered in various body styles, such as a four-door saloon, two-door coupé utility, estate, and liftback versions.

Hyundai also started Exporting the Pony outside South Korea in 1976.

## Second Generation (1982–1990) 
The second-generation Hyundai Pony was launched in 1982 with a major redesign. While mechanically similar to the first generation, the exterior and interior were significantly restyled. The new generation continued to feature the 1.2L, 1.4L, and 1.6L engines, with options for both manual and automatic transmissions.

The second-generation Pony was primarily available in two body styles which are a five-door liftback and a two-door pickup.

## Markets 
The Hyundai Pony Initially was sold only in South Korea but it started being sold in various markets around the world. It was first exported to Latin America, including countries like Chile, Argentina, and Colombia, beginning in 1976. In 1979, the Pony was introduced to European markets such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Greece. The car was also sold in Egypt and other parts of Asia during its production run.

In 1982, the second-generation Pony was exported to the UK, where it became the first South Korean car to be sold in that market. The Pony was also sold in Canada, Exports continued until the 1980s, with some markets receiving the model until the early 1990s.

## Discontinuation 
The Hyundai Pony was discontinued in 1990, after a production run spanning 15 years it was replaced by the Hyundai Excel and the Hyundai Elantra.

## References
John Marsden

**John Marsden** (27 September 1950 – 18 December 2024) was an Australian writer and educator. He wrote more than 40 books in his career. He was known for his young adult novel, *Tomorrow, When the War Began*. He began writing for children while working as a teacher. His first book, *So Much to Tell You*, was published in 1987.

Marsden died at his home in Romsey, Australia on 18 December 2024, at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
Cosmas Michael Angkur

**Cosmas Michael Angkur** (4 January 1937 – 18 December 2024) was an Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1967. Angkur was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bogor, Indonesia in 1994. He retired in November 2013. Angkur was born in Lewur, then-Dutch East Indies.

Angkur died on 18 December 2024 at a hospital in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
William Labov

**William Labov** ( ; (December 4, 1927 – December 17, 2024) was an American linguist. He was seen as the founder of sociolinguistics. He was called "one of the most influential linguists of the 20th and 21st centuries".

Labov was a professor in the linguistics department of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. He retired in 2015.

Labov died on December 17, 2024 at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from problems caused by Parkinson's disease at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
* William Labov's home page
* *Journal of English Linguistics* interview 
* NPR story "American Accent Undergoing Great Vowel Shift"
* Sociolinguistics: an interview with William Labov  ReVEL, vol. 5, n. 9, 2007.
Michel del Castillo

**Michel Janicot del Castillo** (2 August 1933 – 17 December 2024) was a Spanish-born French writer. He was born in Madrid, Spain. His books won many literary prizes, such as Prix Chateaubriand for *Le Silence des Pierres* (1975); Renaudot for *La nuit du Décret* (1981); Prix Maurice Genevoix for *Rue des Archives* (1994); Prix de l’Écrit Intime for *Mon frère l’Idiot* (1995); and Prix Femina essai for *Colette, une Certaine France* (1999).

Castillo was kept in a concentration camp, Rieucros, in Mende, Lozère with his mother during the Second World War. In 1997, he became a member of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique.

Castillo died on 17 December 2024, at the age of 91.

## References
Kyle Evans Gay

**Kyle Evans Gay** (born June 14, 1986) is an American Democratic politician who has been the 27th and current Lieutenant Governor of Delaware since 2025. She is a member of the Delaware Senate representing the 5th district since 2021.

## References
## Other websites
*Campaign website