open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joey Lawrence

**Joseph "Joey" Lawrence** (born **Joseph Lawrence Mignogna Jr.**, April 20, 1976 in Philadelphia) is an American actor and R&B singer.  He is best known for his character roles in the television series *Gimme a Break*, *Blossom* and *Melissa & Joey*. Other television series include the hit show *Brotherly Love*. He has also acted in several movies.

He has two younger brothers, Matthew and Andrew, who are also actors.

He attended the University of Southern California.

Lawrence's first acting role was in a Cracker Jack commercial. At the age of five, he appeared on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson*.  He sang the song "Give My Regards to Broadway".

## Personal life 
Lawrence married Michelle Vella in 2002. The couple divorced in 2005. He met his second wife, Chandie Yawn-Nelson, while on vacation in Disney World when the two were teenagers. They married there 13 years later, in July 2005. The couple have two daughters, Charleston (born 2006) and Liberty Grace (born March 2010). In July 2020, Lawrence would file for divorce from Yawn-Nelson.

On May 1, 2022, Lawrence would marry Samantha Cope, who was his co-star on the set of a Lifetime movie. They would have a daughter Dylan Rose together. On August 13, 2024, Cope filed for divorce from Lawrence.

## Filmography 
## Studio albums
**Joey Lawrence* (1993) #74 US Album Charts
**Soulmates* (1997)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website 
* 
*
Jenna Elfman

**Jennifer Mary "Jenna" Elfman** (born September 30, 1971, Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress. She is highly known for her role as Dharma in the television sitcom *Dharma & Greg*

She began taking ballet class at the age of five and became a classically trained ballet dancer.  She attended high school at the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts (LACHSA).  She then attended college at California State University, Northridge (CSUN)

Elfman began her professional career as a dancer.  She appeared in the music video for "Halo", a song by Depeche Mode.She also danced in the video for Chris Isaak's 1995 single "Somebody's Crying".  She toured with the rock band ZZ Top on their 1994 World Tour.

She was in a number of national television commercials.  Her first television program role was on the short-lived 1996 American sitcom called *Townies*.  This role led to her part in *Dharma & Greg*.

## Personal life 
Elfman met her husband, actor Bodhi Elfman, at a Sprite commercial audition in February 1991. They married on February 18, 1995.

On July 23, 2007, Elfman's first child, a son, Story Elias, was born in Los Angeles. On September 16, 2009, Elfman said she was expecting her second child. On March 2, 2010, their son Easton Quinn Monroe was born.

## Filmography 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Jenna Elfman's official site
*
County-equivalent

A **county-equivalent** in the United States is a type of area that is not inside any county. The county-equivalents are defined by the federal government. They are used for administrative and statistical reasons.

As of 2012, there were 3,143 counties and county-equivalents in the United States and the District of Columbia.

## Types of county-equivalents
There are three types of county-equivalents.

### First type
The first type of county-equivalent is an area of a state which is similar to a county.

Examples of this type are that Louisiana has parishes instead of counties,  while Alaska  has boroughs instead of counties: the city of Anchorage is considered a borough under state law.

In Connecticut, the state and federal government use councils of governments, instead of counties, starting in 2024.

### Second type
The second type of county-equivalent is a city that is not inside any county.

Examples of this type:
* In Virginia, cities are not legally part of the counties that they are in, so they are considered county-equivalents.
* Three other cities in the United States are not legally part of any county: Baltimore, Maryland; Carson City, Nevada; and St. Louis, Missouri. These three cities are also county-equivalents.
*Washington, D.C. is a county-equivalent.
*Prior to 1997, the Census Bureau had recognized the portion of Yellowstone National Park within Montana as separate from any county, despite the fact that the State of Montana had recognized this land as being within adjacent counties since 1978. This area is no longer considered a county equivalent.

### Third type
The third type of county-equivalent is an area that doesn't have any county-level government and the United States Census Bureau decides to treat it as a county-equivalent.

Example of this type:
*Alaska has boroughs, but the boroughs do not cover the whole state. The area not covered by boroughs is called the Unorganized Borough. In 1970, the Unorganized Borough was divided into areas for statistical reasons. Each of those areas is considered a county-equivalent.

## Related pages
* Consolidated city-county

## References
## Other websites
*County or Statistically Equivalent Entity at the United States Census Bureau website
Thandie Newton

**Melanie Thandiwe Newton**  (; born 6 November 1972) is a British actress. She has performed in numerous British and American movies, including *The Pursuit of Happyness* and *Mission: Impossible II*. She was born in London to a black Zimbabwean mother and white British father. She grew up in Africa, London and Penzance.

## Personal life
Newton says that director John Duigan made her have a relationship with him. She was sixteen years old and he was 39. The relationship lasted 6 years.

She married English writer/director/producer Ol Parker in 1998. The couple have two daughters: Ripley, born in 2000, and Nico, born in 2004. Her daughters are named after the character Ellen Ripley in the *Alien* movies and the singer Nico.

Newton has suffered from bulimia.

Newton is a Buddhist.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
The Spinners

**The Spinners** is an American R&B group from Detroit, Michigan.  They have had many hit records and singles since the late 1960s. Some people in the group have died, though this group continues touring and making records.

The band is also sometimes called the **Detroit Spinners**, or **Motown Spinners**. These group names were used in the UK to avoid confusion with a British folk group also called The Spinners.

## Studio albums
## References
## Other websites
*The Spinners  official website
Kerri Strug

**Kerri Allyson Strug** (b. November 19, 1977 in Tucson, Arizona) is a retired American gymnast. She won a gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. She is remembered for performing the vault despite hurting her ankle.

## References
Kim Zmeskal

**Kim Zmeskal** (born February 6, 1976 in Houston) is a retired gymnast. She went up against Shannon Miller during the 1992 Summer Olympics but was beaten.

Zmeskal retired from gymnastics in 2000.

## References
AS

**AS** or **as** may refer to:

## Science and technology
* A. S. (car), a small French car built in the 1920s
* ActionScript, a programming language developed by Macromedia and Adobe
* Aggregate supply, the total supply of goods, in economics
* Almost surely or a.s., in probability theory, an event with probability 1
* Associate of Science, an American associate degree
* Arsenic, chemical symbol "As"
* Australian Standard, usually followed by the standard number
* Autonomous system (Internet), a collection of IP networks
* Arcsecond,  arcminute, a unit of angular measurement
* Attosecond or as, one trillionth (long scale) (10−18) or one quintillionth (short scale) (10−18) of a second, a unit of time
* Attosiemens or aS, one trillionth (long scale) (10−18) or one quintillionth (short scale) (10−18) of a siemens, a unit of electric conductance

## Medicine
*Angelman syndrome, a neuro-genetic disorder
*Ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis of the spine and joints near to the spine
*Aortic stenosis, a type of heart disease
*Asperger syndrome, an autism spectrum disorder
*Autism spectrum

## Places
*.as, the Internet country code top-level domain for American Samoa
*As, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
*Ås, a municipality in Akershus county, Norway
*Ås, Sør-Trøndelag, a village in Tydal municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway
*Ås, Swedish name for Harju quarter in Helsinki, Finland
*Aš, a town in the Czech Republic

## People
*Æsir are called "ás", "áss", or "ǫ́ss" in Norse.
*Ossetians were called As or Asi by the Georgians and Russians in the past

## Organizations
*Aksjeselskap or A/S, a type of Norwegian stock-based company
*Aktieselskab or A/S, a type of Danish stock-based company
*Aktsiaselts, a type of Estonian stock-based company
*Abilene and Southern Railway
*Akademiska Sångföreningen or *The Academic Male Voice Choir of Helsinki*, a Finnish choir
*Alaska Airlines, IATA airline designator
*A.S. Roma, Italian football club based in Rome
*Australian Standards
*Diario AS, a Spanish sports newspaper

## Other uses
*As (Roman coin), a coin and weight unit
*"As" (song), a song by Stevie Wonder
*Anglo-Saxon, ancestor of modern English language
*Anti-submarine warfare
*Assamese language, ISO 639 alpha-2 language code
*Adult Swim, an adult-oriented block of programming on Cartoon Network
*AS Level, a qualification in the United Kingdom; half an A Level
*Anabolic Steroids, AS is an abbreviation often used on online bodybuilding forums

## Related pages
*
The Pointer Sisters

**The Pointer Sisters** are an American R&B girl group. They were founded in 1969 and are based out of Oakland, California who first achieved mainstream success in the 1970s and 1980s. Their genres are bebop, disco, blues, country and rock. The group were a duo when they started, though they became trio, then a quartet in the later years. The Pointer Sisters had their greatest and highest success in the 1980s. They are best known for a song called "I'm So Excited".
Jamie Salé

**Jamie Rae Salé** (born near Edmonton, Alberta, April 21, 1977) is a Canadian pair skater.  She and David Pelletier won a gold medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics. The gold medal, however, was shared by a Russian pair skating couple after a figure skating scandal hit through the Olympics.

Salé was born in Calgary, Alberta. She competed first as a singles skater.  She and Jason Turner placed 12th at the Lillehammer Olympics.

After the 2002 win, the pair has turned professional and are now touring North America with Stars on Ice, a figure skating show.

Salé and Pelletier were engaged on Christmas Day of 2004 at their Edmonton, Alberta home. They married on December 30, 2005 at the Fairmont Banff Springs hotel in Alberta.   Their son, Jesse Joe Pelletier, was born on September 30, 2007.

Salé and Pelletier were inducted into the Skate Canada Hall of Fame in 2008. They were inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame on March 26, 2009.

On June 4, 2010, it was reported that Salé and Pelletier would divorce; however, they will remain skating partners.

On June 20, 2012 Salé married her *Battle of the Blades* partner, Craig Simpson.

## References
## Other websites
Annalena McAfee

**Annalena McAfee** (born c.1952)  is a British writer, journalist and was the editor of ''The Guardian's* literary supplement, the *Guardian Review'' until July 2006. She has written children's books. Some of them have been translated into French, German and Dutch. McAfee is also the editor of a collection of literary profiles from *The Guardian*.

She married the British novelist Ian McEwan in 1997.

## Selected works
### Mainstream fiction
* *The Spoiler* (2012)
### Youth titles
* *All the Way to the Stars*
* *Busy Baby*
* *Kirsty Knows Best*
* ''Patrick's Perfect Pet*
* *The Girl Who Got to No. 1*
* *Dreamkidz and the Ice Cream that Conquered the World *
* *Why Do Stars Come Out at Night?*
* *The Visitors Who Came to Stay''

## References
Angel on My Shoulder

**Angel on My Shoulder** may refer to:

**Angel on My Shoulder* (movie), starring Paul Muni
*"Angel on My Shoulder" (song) by Gareth Gates
*"Angel on My Shoulder" (song) by Kaskade
**Angel on My Shoulder*, autobiography of singer Natalie Cole
*Shoulder angel
Genes, Brain and Behavior

***Genes, Brain and Behavior*** (also known as *G2B*) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the fields of the genetics of behavior, the nervous system (neurogenetics), and mental illness (psychiatric genetics). It began in 2002. It is the official journal of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.

## Impact 
According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, its 2010 impact factor is 4.061. It was ranked 63rd out of 237 listed journals on Neurosciences, and 6th out of 48 listed journals in the category "Behavioral Sciences".

## Article categories 
The journal publishes these types of articles:

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Indigo Girls

The **Indigo Girls** are an American folk and rock music duo. Their names are Amy Ray and Emily Saliers. They met during elementary school. They began performing together while in high school near Atlanta, Georgia. They began performing with the name Indigo Girls close to 1986. They have had many hit songs. They got a Grammy Award in 1990.

## Solo projects
In 1990, Ray founded Daemon Records.  The company has signed Magnapop, Ellen James Society, Kristen Hall, Rose Polenzani, Girlyman, Athens Boys Choir, and James Hall among others.

Ray has put out five solo albums.  They are called *Stag*, *Prom*, *Live from Knoxville*, ''Didn't It Feel Kinder* and "Amy Ray: Live MVP". She has toured with both The Butchies and her band The Volunteers.

Saliers is also planning a solo album.  She is co-owner of Watershed Restaurant in Decatur, Georgia. Saliers was an initial investor in the Flying Biscuit Cafe in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2005, Saliers and her father, Don Saliers, a theology professor at Candler School of Theology at Emory University, released the book *A Song to Sing, a Life to Live: Reflections on Music as Spiritual Practice*. They promoted the release of the book together including several days of speaking and performing together at the Washington National Cathedral College in Washington D.C.

## Personal lives
Both Ray and Saliers have long identified themselves as lesbians. They have never been a couple. Because of their work for LGBT rights they are seen as icons of the movement.

## Studio albums
**Indigo Girls* (EP, 1987)
**Strange Fire* (1987, independent 11-song version, re-released 1989 in major-label 10-song version) US #159
**Indigo Girls* (1989) US #22
**Nomads Indians Saints* (1990) US #43
**Rites of Passage* (1992) US #21
**Swamp Ophelia* (1994) U.S #9, UK #66
**Shaming of the Sun* (1997) US #7
**Come on Now Social* (1999) US #34
**Become You* (2002) US #30
**All That We Let In* (2004) US #35
**Despite Our Differences* (2006) US #44
**Poseidon and the Bitter Bug* (2009) US #29
**Holly Happy Days* (2010)
**Beauty Queen Sister'' (2011) #35

## References
## Other websites
*Indigo Girls official site
Suzanne Vega

**Suzanne Nadine Vega** (born 1959 in Santa Monica, California) is an American singer, recording artist and songwriter. She is best known for her songs "Luka" and "Tom's Diner". 

At the age of nine she began to write poetry. She wrote her first song at age fourteen. She attended New York's High School of Performing Arts. There she studied modern dance and graduated in 1977.

## Personal life
On March 17, 1995, Vega married Mitchell Froom, a musician and a record producer. They have a daughter, Ruby Froom (born July 8, 1994). The band Soul Coughing's *Ruby Vroom* album was named after her. Recently Ruby sang with her mother.
Vega and Froom separated in 1998.

On February 11, 2006, Vega married Paul Mills, a lawyer and poet.

## Studio albums
*1 Days of Open Hand made #2 in Norway albums chart
*2 Nine Objects of Desire made #20 in Finland, #23 in Switzerland, #39 in Sweden
*3 Beauty & Crime made #9 in Estonia, #13 in Finland, #37 in Czech Republic, #49 in Poland, #74 in Italy
* *Close-Up Vol. 2, People & Places* Number 2 Top Purchased Album (Amazon.com) 11th October-13th October

## References
## Other websites
Cornus canadensis

***Cornus canadensis*** is a herbaceous member of the Cornaceae (dogwood) family. It has various common names, such as the **Bunchberry dogwood**, **Canadian Bunchberry**, **Quatre-temps**, or **Crackerberry**. It is a widespread plant of the northern hemisphere.

It grows about 20&ndash;30&nbsp;cm tall and bears tiny flowers a few millimetres across. They form an inflorescence at the center of four white, petal-like bracts 3&ndash;4&nbsp;cm diameter.

Each flower has highly elastic petals that flip backward, releasing springy filaments that are cocked underneath the petals. The filaments snap upward flinging pollen out  in less than half a millisecond. The pollen experiences a force two to three thousand times the force of gravity.  The Bunchberry has one of the fastest plant actions found so far. It needs a camera capable of shooting 10,000 frames per second to catch the action.

:"One of the fastest actions in the plant world is the explosive opening of flowers on the bunchberry dogwood, which happens in just under 0.5 milliseconds. As the flowers burst open, the petals quickly separate and flip back, exposing the stamens. During the first 0.3 milliseconds, researchers have calculated the stamens are exposed to a force 800 times greater than astronauts experience during blast-off. The mechanism, it is understood, allows pollen to be thrown upwards in order for it to be transported by the wind".

In other words, it is a mechanism for cross-pollination by air.

The fruits are edible with a mild flavour somewhat like apples.  The large seeds within are somewhat hard and crunchy. Birds are the main dispersal agents of the seeds, consuming the fruit during their fall migration. In Alaska, bunchberry is an important forage plant for mule deer, black-tailed deer and moose, which consume it throughout the growing season. 

Where bunchberry, a forest species, and *Cornus suecica,* a bog species, grow near each other in their overlapping ranges in Alaska, Labrador, and Greenland, they can Hybrid ize by cross-pollination, producing plants with intermediate characteristics.

## References
Orleans (band)

**Orleans** are an American soft rock band who were extremely popular during 1970s. Their song, *Dance with Me* was a highly popular single, though they have had other songs.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Orleans* (1973)
* *Orleans II* (1974)
* *Let There Be Music* (1975)
* *Waking and Dreaming* (1976)
* *Forever* (1979)
* *Orleans* (1980)
* *One of a Kind* (1982)
* *Grown Up Children* (1986)
* *Analog Men* (1994)
* *Ride* (1996)
* ''Dancin' in the Moonlight* (2005)
* *Obscurities* (2008)

### Live albums
* *Live* (1991)
* *Live Volume 2* (1993)
* *Still the One, Live* (2002)
* *We're Still Havin' Fun* (2007)

### Compilations
* *The ABC Collection* (1976)
* *Before the Dance* (1978)
* *Love Takes Time (1986)
* *Dance with Me – The Best of Orleans* (1997)
* *No More Than You Can Handle: A 40 Year Musical Journey* (2013)
* *Playlist: The Very Best of Orleans* (2017)
Nu Shooz

**Nu Shooz** are an R&B group based in Portland, Oregon.They formed in 1979. They released many records in the 1980s. However, they did not hit the mainstream until after their 1986 album *Poolside* was released. The song ''I Can't Wait'' was among their many hit songs. In 1988 the band broke up. In 2007 they got back together.
Emil Cioran

**Emil Mihai Cioran** (, ; 8 April 1911 – 20 June 1995) was a Romanian philosopher and essayist. He was known for his antinatalism, pessimism, skepticism, nihilism, and gnosticism. His works often depict an atmosphere of torment, a state that Cioran himself experienced, and came to be dominated by lyricism.

## Major works
### Romanian
* *Pe culmile disperării*
* *Cartea amăgirilor*
* *Schimbarea la faţă a României*
* *Lacrimi şi Sfinţi*
* *Îndreptar pătimaş*

### French
* *Mon pays/Ţara mea*
* *Précis de décomposition*
* ''Syllogismes de l'amertume*
* *La tentation d'exister*
* *Histoire et utopie*
* *La chute dans le temps*
* *Le mauvais démiurge*
* *De l'inconvénient d'être né*
* *Exercices d'admiration*
* *Cahiers*
* *Œuvres*
* *Des larmes et des saints *
* *Sur les cimes du désespoir*
* *Le crépuscule des pensées*
* *Jadis et naguère*
* *Valéry face à ses idoles*
* *De la France*
* *Transfiguration de la Roumanie*
* *Cahier Cioran''
Edwin Starr

**Edwin Starr** (January 21, 1942 – April 2, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He had many hit songs. His most notable song was *War*. The song sold over one million copies. He was very popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Starr was an African American who was born in Nashville and grew up in Cleveland.

On April 2, 2003, at the age of 61, Starr suffered a heart attack and died while taking a bath at his home in Bramcote near Nottingham.  He left a wife, Annette Mary Hatcher, a son André Hatcher, and two grandchildren Alonté Renfroe and Maryah Hatcher.

## Albums
**Soul Master* (1965)
**25 Miles* (1969) (#73 US) (#9 R&B)
**War and Peace* (1970) (#52 US)(#9 R&B)
**Involved* (1971) (# 178 US)(# 45 R&B)
**Hell Up in Harlem* (1974)
**Free to Be Myself* (1975) (#43 R&B) (#210 US)
**Clean* (1979) (#80 US) (#22 R&B)
**Happy Radio* (1979) (#115 US) (#44 R&B)
**Stronger Than You Think I Am* (1979) (#203 US)
**For Sale* (1983)

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
*
Blackstreet

**Blackstreet** is an American R&B group. It began around 1991. It was created through Teddy Riley. The group was very strong during the 1990s. Their songs included "No Diggity" and "Booty Call".

## Albums 
* Blackstreet (1994)
* Another Level (1996)
* Finally (1999)
* Level II (2003) 

## Tours 
* Blackstreet Tour (1994-1995)
* Another Level Tour (1997)
* Finally Tour (1999-2000)
* Level II Tour (2003-2004)
The Bartons Arms

**The Bartons Arms** is a pub in the Newtown neighborhood of Aston, Birmingham.  It is in the country of England.

The pub was built in 1901. It had special walls built that let middle class people drinking in the bar see the working class drinkers on the other side, but the working class drinkers could not see the middle-class people watching them. Laurel and Hardy visited the pub. There are photographs of them serving beer to bar visitors.

The Bartons Arms is in the movie ''Felicia's Journey* and a book, *The Last Viking: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Heist,'' by Ron Dawson. In 2006 the pub had a fire due to electrical problems. In the 2011 England riots the pub was attacked.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Astonbrook through Astonmanor - Photographs and plans 
*
Billy Ocean

**Billy Ocean**  (born **Leslie Sebastian Charles**; 21 January 1950) is a singer, songwriter,  record producer, recording artist and musician. He was born in Fyzabad, Trinidad to Grenadan parents. He has many hit singles. Most were put out in the 1980s.

On 20 October 2010, Ocean was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the MOBO Awards in London.

On 29 July 2011, Ocean became a Companion of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. His title was presented by Sir Paul McCartney.

In 2012, Ocean made a cameo in the British comedy film *Keith Lemon: The Film* as Lemon's father. In January 2016, Ocean appeared on *The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon* to perform some of his hits as part of a promo tour for his new album. Ocean toured the UK during March and April 2017.

Ocean recorded a new studio album in mid-2019 at Eve Studios in Stockport, working again with producer Barry Eastmond as co-writer. The album *One World* was to be released on 17 April 2020. After a delay, it was later released on 4 September 2020.

## Studio albums
## References
## Other websites
*Billy Ocean official website
Kate Jackson

**Catherine Elise "Kate" Jackson** (born October 29, 1948 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American actress. She has acted in many movies and television programs. She was in ''Charlie's Angels'' during the 1970s to early 1980s.

## References 
## Other websites
Chick-fil-A

**Chick-fil-A** is an American fast food restaurant chain. The franchise is based in Atlanta and has places in parts of the United States.

## History 
S. Truett Cathy opened a restaurant called the Dwarf Grill (now known as the Dwarf house) in Atlanta, in 1946. In 1961, he found a fryer that is quicker in frying the chicken. After the discovery, he changed the name to Chick-fil-A inc. The slogan, "''We Didn't Invent the Chicken, Just the Chicken Sandwich''" refers to their top menu item, the chicken sandwich.

The first Chick-fil-A opened in 1967, in the Greenbriar mall in Atlanta.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
The Angels

The **Angels** are an American girl group who had most of the popularity in the 1960s. Their song ''My Boyfriend's Back'' hit #1 in 1963, although the band has had many other songs.

## Members 
* Barbara Allbut Brown 
* Phyllis Allbut Sirico 
* Peggy Santiglia Ricker
* Bernadette Carroll 

## Albums 
* ...And the Angels Sing (1962)
* My Boyfriend’s Back (1963)
* A Halo to You (1964)
* Love, The Angels (2008)
R. G. Armstrong

**Robert Golden "R. G." Armstrong, Jr.** (April 7, 1917  July 27, 2012) was an American movie, stage, television actor, and playwright.

## Biography
### Early life
Armstrong was born on April 7, 1917 in Pleasant Grove, Alabama and raised in on a small farm near Birmingham, Alabama. Armstrong was educated at Howard College and went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with late actor John Forsythe and late actor and friend Andy Griffith. After graduation, he attended the Actors' Studio.

### Career
Armstrong's career began in 1959 when he starred in the movie *The Fugitive Kind* and later appeared in other movies like; *El Dorado*, *Race with the Devil*, *The Car*, *Dick Tracy*, *Predator*, and his final movie *Purgatory*.

### Personal life
Armstrong was married to Ann Neale from 1952 until they divorced in 1972, they had four children. Later he married Susan M. Guthrie from 1973 until they divorced in 1976. Lastly he married Mary Craven from 1993 until she died in 2003.

### Death
Armstrong died on July 27, 2012 in his home in Studio City, California from natural causes. He was 95. He is survived by his four children from his first marriage.

## Movies
* *The Fugitive Kind* (1959)
* *Ride the High Counrty* (1962)
* *Major Dundee* (1965)
* *El Dorado* (1966)
* *The Great White Hope* (1970)
* *The Ballard of Cable Hogue* (1970)
* *J. W. Coop* (1972)
* *The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid* (1972)
* *Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid* (1973)
* *My Name is Nobody* (1973)
* *White Lightning* (1973)
* *White Line Fever* (1975)
* *Race with the Devil* (1975)
* *Stay Hungry* (1976)
* *The Car* (1977)
* *Heavan Can Wait* (1978)
* *The Time Machine* (1978)
* *Fast Charlie...the Moonbeam Rider* (1979)
* *Reds* (1981)
* *Lone Wolf McQuade* (1983)
* *Children of the Corn* (1984)
* *The Best of Times* (1986)
* *Red Headed Stranger* (1986)
* *Predator* (1987)
* *Jocks* (1987)
* *Dick Tracy* (1990)
* *Purgatory* (1990)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Natalie Merchant

**Natalie Merchant** (born October 26, 1963 in Jamestown, New York) is an American musician, recording artist and singer-songwriter. Her hit singles include "Carnival" and "Trouble Me". She was part of 10,000 Maniacs until 1993, before she left the group for a solo career.

## Personal life
In 2003, Merchant married Daniel de la Calle. They had a daughter named Lucia. However, in an interview in 2012, she indicated that she is now divorced.  She likes gardening and painting. Some paintings can be seen at her official website. She has been a vegetarian since 1980.

## Discography
### With 10,000 Maniacs
* *Human Conflict Number Five* (EP) (1982)
* *Secrets of the I Ching* (1983)
* *The Wishing Chair* (1985)
* *In My Tribe* (1987)
* ''Blind Man's Zoo* (1989)
* *Hope Chest: The Fredonia Recordings 1982-1983* (1990)
* *Our Time in Eden* (1992)
* *MTV Unplugged* (1993)
* *Campfire Songs: The Popular, Obscure and Unknown Recordings* (2004)

### Solo
*1995: *Tigerlily*
*1998: *Ophelia*
*2001: *Motherland*
*2003: *The House Carpenter's Daughter*
*2005: Retrospective (1990 - 2005)
*2010: *Leave Your Sleep''

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
## References
## Other websites
*
Hardee's

'''Hardee's''' is an American fast food franchise. It began on September 3, 1960. It operates mainly across the Midwestern States of the United States. The restaurant sells hamburgers, chicken strips and French fries. Wilbur Hardee was the founder of Hardee's.

## References
Gaby Hoffmann

**Gabriella "Gaby" Hoffmann** (born January 8, 1982) is an American movie and television series actress who also did some commercials. She starred in the 1988 comedy *Uncle Buck* and *Field of Dreams*, a 1989 movie.

## References
Easy Rider

***Easy Rider*** is a 1969 American road comedy drama movie directed by Dennis Hopper, and written by Hopper, Peter Fonda and Terry Southern. It tells the story of two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South for freedom. The success of the movie helped spark the New Hollywood phase of movie making during the early 1970s. The movie was added to the Library of Congress National Registry in 1998.

The movie was said to be a counterculture movie. *Easy Rider* explores the societal landscape, issues, and tensions in the United States during the 1960s, such as the rise and fall of the hippie movement, drug use, and communal lifestyle.

*Easy Rider* is famous for its use of real drugs in its portrayal of marijuana and other substances.

## Awards and honors
Hopper received the First Film Award (*Prix de la première œuvre*) at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival. At the Academy Awards, Nicholson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The movie was also nominated for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced.

The movie is at number 88 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Years, 100 Movies.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Dreyfuss

**Richard Stephen Dreyfuss** (born October 29, 1947) is an American actor.

## Early life
Dreyfuss was born on October 29, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York to Norman Dreyfuss, a lawyer, and to Geraldine Dreyfuss, a peace activist. Dreyfuss was raised Bayside, Queens, New York. Dreyfuss and his family first moved to Europe, because his father disliked New York City. Later they moved to Los Angeles, California when he was just 9 years old. He was educated at Beverly Hills High School.

## Career
His career began during the late 1960s. He has appeared in movies such as *American Graffiti*, *Inserts*, *Jaws*, *Close Encounters of the Third Kind*, *The Goodbye Girl*, *Whose Life Is It Anyway?*, *Moon over Parador*, *Always*, *What About Bob?*, *Poseidon*, ''Mr. Holland's Opus*, and *James and the Giant Peach*.

### Awards
Dreyfuss won an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1977 for his role in *The Goodbye Girl* and was nominated for another Academy Award for Best Actor in 1995 for his role in *Mr. Holland's Opus''. He has won a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, and in 2002 he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award.

## Personal life
Dreyfuss was married to Jeramie Rain from 1983 until they divorced in 1995; they had three children. In 1999, he married Janelle Lacey; they divorced in 2005. He married Svetlana Erokin in 2006. They currently live in Carlsbad, California and in Encinitas, California.

### Health
Dreyfuss suffers from bipolar disorder. In 2006, he appeared in Stephen Fry's documentary *Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive*, which documented Stephen Fry's life with the disease.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
June Carter Cash

**Valerie June Carter Cash** (June 23, 1929 - May 15, 2003) was an American singer, actress, and dancer. She was the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. She and Johnny had many hit records in their careers. She died due to complications of surgery. Her widower, Johnny, died four months after her. She was the cousin of President of the United States Jimmy Carter.

## Early life
June Carter Cash was born Valerie June Carter in Maces Spring, Virginia, to Maybelle Carter and Ezra Carter.  She was born into country music and performed with the Carter Family from the age of ten, beginning in 1939. June and her sisters, with mother Maybelle and aunt Sara joining in from time to time, reclaimed the name *The Carter Family* for their act during the 1960s and 1970s.

## Personal life
Carter was married three times and had one child with each husband. All three of her children would go on to have successful careers in country music. Her last marriage was to Johnny Cash. In 1968, Cash proposed to Carter during a live performance at the London Ice House in London, Ontario, Canada.  They married on March 1 in Franklin, Kentucky,

## Related pages
*List of country musicians from Virginia

## References
## Other websites
* .
* .
* .
* 
* .
* .
Tanya Roberts

**Tanya Roberts** (born **Victoria Leigh Blum**; October 15, 1949 &ndash; January 4, 2021) was an American actress, producer, and model. She appeared in many movies and television series. Roberts was born in Bronx, New York, and has both an English and a Jewish background.

She was known for her role as Julie Rogers on the fifth and final season of ''Charlie's Angels* (1980–81) and as Midge Pinciotti on *That '70s Show* (1998–2001). She was a Bond girl in *A View to a Kill'' (1985).

On December 24, 2020, Roberts collapsed suddenly at her home in Los Angeles. She was hospitalized under critical condition at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and she developed a urinary tract infection and sepsis. Roberts died on January 4, 2021 from multiple organ failure at aged 71.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Della Reese

**Della Reese** (July 6, 1931 &ndash; November 19, 2017) was an American singer, (television) actress, and Christian minister. She started acting in the 1950s. She was best known for performing as Tess in the CBS drama *Touched by an Angel* (which began September 1994 and ended in 2003). She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Reese died of complications from diabetes on November 19, 2017 in Encino, California at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
Derek Tsang

**Derek Tsang**(曾國祥, born 8 November 1979) is an actor, director and screenwriter from Hong Kong. He is Eric Tsang's son. He appeared in *The Thieves* movie.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official blog 
*
Gabrielle Union

**Gabrielle Union** (born October 29, 1972 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American movie actress and model. She has starred in many movies including "Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls" and "Good Deeds".  She also was in the 2003 movie *Bad Boys II* with Martin Lawrence and Will Smith. She recently starred in the Netflix original *The Perfect Find* with *Keith Powers*.

Gabrielle is currently married to Dwyane Wade with a daughter, Kaavia James.

## References
## Other websites
William John Macquorn Rankine

**William John Macquorn Rankine** (born July 5, 1820 in Edinburgh – died December 24, 1872 in Glasgow) was a Scottish  physicist and engineer.  He developed the Rankine scale. He made many important contributions to the thermodynamics. His manuals of engineering science and practice were used for many decades after their publication, in the 1850s and 1860s.

## Publications 
### Books 
* *Manual of Applied Mechanics*, (1858)
* *Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers*, (1859)
* *Manual of Civil Engineering*, (1861)
* *Shipbuilding, theoretical and practical*, (1866)
* *Manual of Machinery and Millwork*, (1869)
Gabby Douglas

**Gabrielle Christina Victoria Douglas** (born December 31, 1995 in Virginia Beach, Virginia) is an American gymnast. She competed with the United States' women's gymnastics team in the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She won gold medals in both the individual all-around and team competitions. (In the "all-around" competition, gymnasts do all four gymnastics activities - balance beam, vault, uneven bars, and floor exercise.) 

Douglas is the first African-American woman in Olympic history to win first place in the individual all-around competition. She is also the first American gymnast who ever won gold medals in both the all-around and team competitions at the same Olympics.  In October 2002, Douglas began her training at Gymstrada Gymnastics in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In July 2004, she left Gymstrada and began training at Excalibur Gymnastics.

At age 16, Douglas made it to the Olympic Trials. She won first place and got a spot on the United States' 2012 women's gymnastics Olympic team.  Her teammates were Jordyn Wieber, McKayla Maroney, Kyla Ross, and Aly Raisman. They won the team all-around gold medal, and Gabby also won the individual all-around gold medal.

## References
## Other websites
* *AL HAMNIK: Olympic gymnast Gabbrielle Douglas doing it her way*. Al Hamnik, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
* *Gabby Douglas Mother Sold Her Jewelry To Help Her Daughter Win Gold Medal*. Camira Powell, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
* *Gabrielle Douglas* . Gabrielle Douglas. United States Olympic Committee, 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.
*Official website
Paradise Valley, Montana

**Paradise Valley** is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana.  It is just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County, Montana.  The Absaroka Range is on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west.

The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman, Montana by the Bozeman Pass.  The valley lies mostly along a north-south axis.  It is anchored to the north by Livingston, Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon which is about fifteen miles north of Gardiner, Montana. 

The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone National Park.  Today, the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone, Montana from the west, from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate, Montana, from the east at Cody, Wyoming, and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson, Wyoming.

The Yellowstone River flows through the valley.  It is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek. The valley has other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs, including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant, Montana, La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner, and Hunter's Hot Springs near Livingston.

Emigrant Peak is the largest peak near the valley.  It is  in elevation. It is in the southern part of the valley on the eastern side of the river.  It is in the Absaroka mountain range.

## Notable residents
*Al Agnew
*Peter Fonda, actor/director
*Margot Kidder, actress
*Church Universal and Triumphant, religious organization
*Christopher Paolini, writer
*Richard Brautigan, poet
*John Mayer, singer-songwriter
*Jeff Bridges, actor
*Patrick Markey, producer
*Casey Anderson, Grizzly Bear specialist, animal magnet
*Missi Pyle, Actress
*Al Feldstein, Mad Magazine founder
*Dennis Quaid, Actor
Gloria Gaynor

**Gloria Gaynor** (born **Gloria Fowles**, September 7, 1943 near Newark, New Jersey) is an American recording artist and musician. She performed disco in the 1970s. She is best known for her classic song "I Will Survive".

## References
## Other websites
*
Bob Newhart

**George Robert Newhart** (September 5, 1929 &ndash; July 18, 2024) was an American actor and stand up comedian. He performed on many television sitcoms. One of them was his self-titled sitcom *The Bob Newhart Show* and other one *Newhart*. He also appeared in the Christmas comedy movie *Elf*.

In 2011, Newhart made a cameo in the movie *Horrible Bosses*, and in 2013 he guest starred in an episode of *The Big Bang Theory*, for which he won his very first acting Emmy Award on September 15, 2013. 

Newhart was born in Oak Park, Illinois on September 5, 1929. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Newhart studied at Loyola University at Chicago. He served in the United States Army before his acting career began. Newhart married Virginia "Ginnie" Quinn in 1963. She died in 2023. They had four children. 

Newhart died on July 18, 2024 at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 94.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Bob Newhart profile from *American Masters*
*Archive of American Television Interview with Bob Newhart May 29, 2001 on Google Video
*Bob:The Last Interview
*Bob Newhart four-part interview with Horace J. Digby on A3Radio
Nick Nolte

**Nicholas King Nolte** (born February 8, 1941) is an American actor. He has acted in many movies, including the dramas ''I'll Do Anything* and *Blue Chips*. Nolte has won a Golden Globe Award. 

Nolte was born in Omaha, Nebraska on February 8, 1941. Nolte was educated at the University of Arizona. Nolte was married three times; first to Sheila Page from 1966 until they divorced in 1970. Second he married Sharyn Haddad from 1978 until they divorced in 1983. Lastly he married Rebecca Linger from 1984 until they divorced in 1994. 

He was partners with; Karen Louise Ecklund from 1970 until they separated in 1977. Then he was partners with Vicki Lewis from 1994 until they separated in 2003. He is currently partners with Clytie Lane since 2003. With Linger Nolte has a son Brawley Nolte, and with Lane he has a daughter Sophie Lan Nolte.  

## Filmography
### Live-Action Roles
* *The Mandalorian* - Kuiil
* *Angel Has Fallen* - Clay Banning
* *Tropic Thunder* - Four Leaf Tayback

### Film Roles
* *Bee Movie* - Vincent
* *Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore* - Butch
* *Chicago 10* - Thomas Foran
* *Over the Hedge* - Vincent
* *Woody's Roundup: The Movie* - Bank Robber
* *Zookeeper'' - Bernie the Gorilla

## Other websites
*
Spinal muscular atrophy

**Spinal muscular atrophy** (SMA) is a serious genetic disease which causes nerves and muscles to stop working. This causes the baby to lose its ability to eat, walk, and also breathe. Adults who develop the disease have Type 4 SMA, also called adult onset spinal muscular atropy. It gradually lose the ability to move their bodies. The muscle weakness is known to worsen as the patient ages.  The typical onset is for SMA is 30 years.

Spinal muscular atrophy affects 1 in 10,000 people per year. It is the most common genetic disease causing deaths of babies. One medicine helps in SMA, called Spinraza, is the only treatment. 

Spinal muscular atrophy is inherited from parents who might or might not have the disease themselves but both of whom have a recessive fault (mutation) in their genes that predisposes to the disease. Around one in 25 to one in 50 persons, depending on the country, carries a faulty gene of SMA.

## Types 
### Type 0 
It can already be observed before birth. It is the most rare and most severe form of the condition. Infants who have it  tend to move less in the womb. As a result, they are often born with joint deformities or contractures. They have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia) at birth. Their respiratory muscles are also very weak. Most of them do not survive past infancy due to respiratory failure. Some also develop congenital heart defects. 

### Type I 
Also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the most common form of all. Its severe form can be seen at birth or within the first few months. Children affected cannot control their head movements. Others may struggle sitting down without any assistance. Others may have difficulty swallowing, which often lead to difficulty feeding. Some may also develop breathing problems because of the weakness of their respiratory muscles. Due to respiratory failure, most patients who suffer from this type of condition do not survive past early childhood. 

### Type II 
It is also called Dubowitz disease. It is identified by muscle weakness that develops in children between ages 6 and 12 months. They usually cannot sit without support. Apart from difficulty sitting, they usually cannot stand nor walk without help. Other signs include involuntary trembling (tremors) in their fingers, develop scoliosis, and respiratory muscle weakness that can be life-threatening. Many individuals with this type of condition often can only live up to their twenties or thirties.

### Type III 
Another name is Kugelberg-Welander disease. It causes muscle weakness in mid-childhood. While many can stand and walk earlier on without much help, as the condition progresses over time, walking and climbing stairs tend to become increasingly difficult for them. Most individuals suffering from this condition tend to require wheelchair assistance later in their lives. Unlike other types, they usually have normal life span. 

### Type IV 
It is rare and usually manifests in early adulthood. Patients often experience mild to moderate muscle weakness, tremors, and very mild breathing problems. 

## References 
## Other websites
Beatrice Roberts

**Alice Beatrice Roberts** (March 7, 1905  July 24, 1970) was an American actress whose career lasted for 40 years. She is best known for being the wife of *Robert L. Ripley* and the mistress of *Louis B. Mayer*. 

She was born on March 7, 1905 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Roberts died on July 24, 1970 in Plymouth, Massachusetts from complications of pneumonia. She was 65. 

## Movies
* *Park Avenue Logger* (1937)
* *Tall Timber* (1937)
* *Love Takes Flight* (1937)
* *Bill Cracks Down* (1937)
* ''Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars* (1938)
* *The Devil's Party* (1938)
* *Flash Gordon: Deadly Ray from Mars* (1938)
* *Pioneers of the West* (1940)
* *It Comes Up Love* (1943)
* *Criss-Cross* (1970)
* *Family Honeymoon'' (1970) (final movie)

## Other websites
*
Barbara Eden

in the television series "I Dream of Jeannie" in 1965.]]
**Barbara Eden** (born **Barbara Jean Morehead**: August 23, 1931) is an American actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom *I Dream of Jeannie*. She has been featured in other television series. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. She was raised in San Francisco.

## Personal life
Eden has been married three times. Her first marriage was to Michael Ansara in 1958. They divorced in 1972. They had a son, Matthew Michael Ansara. On September 3, 1977, She married Charles Donald Fegert. They got divorced in 1983. She married Jon Eicholtz in January 1991. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Mike Beebe

**Mickey Dale Beebe** (better known as **Mike Beebe**; born December 28, 1946) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Arkansas from 2007 to 2015. He was elected in 2006 as governor and re-elected in 2010. He is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States.
Traditional African religions

'medicine man' in Nigeria, West Africa.]]
 from Nigeria, which was originally used by a secret society to communicate]]

**Traditional African religions** are the traditions of the religious groups in Africa. After Christianity and Islam, they are the third-biggest religious group in Africa. These religions still stick to their traditions. They are folk religions, and combine different beliefs. 

In general, people in the cities belong to either Christianity or Islam. The people outside the cities believe in the traditional religions. These religions are omnipresent in everyday life. All that happens has a supernatural cause, rooted in religion. 

People are born with a certain religion. Normally conversions from one belief system to another do not take place. There is a central belief in a *life force* which links everyday life with the metaphysical. Generally, such religions are full of life, and have a low esteem for an ascetic lifestyle. There is also the fear of spirits, the dead, and of magic, which influence everyday life.

## Practices 
A few practices of ATR (African traditional religion) in Uganda are: 

The killing of twins

The killing of albinos 

Building of shrines

The worship of ancestors, such as grandfathers.

A Ugandan legend says an entire tribe disappeared in one night
Patty Hearst

**Patricia Campbell "Patty" Hearst** (born February 20, 1954) is an American socialite and kidnapping victim. On February 4, 1974, Hearst was kidnapped from her apartment. Her experience may have been a case of Stockholm syndrome. She went on to commit robbery with the gang who kidnapped her. Natasha Richardson played Hearst in the movie *Patty Hearst*.

## References 

## Other websites