open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sandy Lam

**Sandy Lam**, (), is a Hong Kong singer, actress and record producer. She sings in Cantonese, Mandarin, English, and Japanese.

## Discography
### LP
* *Lam Yik Lin* (林憶蓮) - (1985)
* *Let Alone* (放縱) - (1986)
* *Yik Lin* (憶蓮) - (1987)
* *Grey* (灰色) - (1987)
* *Ready* - (1988)
* *City Rhythm* (都市觸覺 Part I City Rhythm) - (1988)
* *Fuir La Cite* (都市觸覺 Part II 逃離鋼筋森林) - (1989)
* *Faces And Places* (都市觸覺 Part III Faces And Places) - (1990)
* *Home Again Without You* (愛上一個不回家的人) - (1990)
* *Drifting* (夢了、瘋了、倦了) - (1991)
* *City Heart* (都市心) - (1991)
* *Wildflower* (野花) - (1991)
* *Come Back To Love* (回來愛的身邊) - (1992)
* *Begin Again* (不如重新開始) - (1993)
* ''It Doesn't Matter Who I Am* (不必在乎我是誰) - (1993)
* *Simple* - (1994)
* *Sandy '94* - (1994)
* *Love, Sandy* - (1995)
**Open Up* - (1995)
* *Feeling Perfect* (感覺完美) - (1996)
* *I Swear* (愛是唯一) - (1996)
* *Night Too Dark* (夜太黑) - (1996)
* *Wonderful World* (美妙世界) - (1997)
* *Clang Rose* (鏗鏘玫瑰) - (1999)
* *Sandy's'' (林憶蓮's) - (2000)
* *2001 Sandy* (2001蓮) - (2000)
* *Truly* (原來…林憶蓮) - (2001)
* *S/L* - (2005)
* *Breathe Me* (呼吸) - (2006)
* *Gaia* (蓋亞) - (2012)

### EP
* *City Rhythm Take Two* (都市觸覺 City Rhythm Take Two) - (1989)
* *Dynamic Reaction* (都市觸覺之推搪) - (1990)
* *Dance Mega Mix* (傾斜都市燒燒燒) - (1990)
* *Love Returns* - (1996)
* *Encore* - (2002)

## *Singer 2017* 
Sandy joined Hunan Television's show *Singer 2017* in January 2017 and she won 1st place in the final (episode 13).

## Other websites
* Sandy Lam on YouTube
* 
* 
*Sandy And Me
*Filmography
*

 
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Top Chinese Music Chart Awards
|-
All the President's Men (movie)

'''''All the President's Men''''' is an Academy Award-winning political thriller movie directed by Alan J. Pakula. It was screen-written by William Goldman released on April 9, 1976. It was based on the 1974 non-fiction book of the same name by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the two journalists investigating the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.

It stars Robert Redford, Dustin Hoffman, Jason Robards, Martin Balsam, Jack Warden, Ned Beatty, F. Murray Abraham, and Hal Holbrook as "Deep Throat". It won four Academy Awards and was nominated for Best Picture. It is part of the United States National Film Registry.

## Other websites 
*
Bárbara Rebolledo

**Bárbara Rebolledo Aguirre** (born 22 January 1973 in Talca) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter. 

## Carrer 
She started working on the TV show *Nuestra Hora* on Canal 13. She also appeared in other shows on the same channel. Later, she worked for Mega and then joined TVN. At TVN, she was part of the morning show *Buenos días a todos* for four years.

She replaced Eli from *Buenas tardes Eli* because Eli was sick. Aguirre also hosted the shows *Día a día a día* and *La Ruta de Beringia* with Ricardo Astorga. In 2004, she started a new show called *Pasiones*. At first, she hosted it with Felipe Camiroaga, then with Martín Cárcamo. Later, she hosted it alone. She also hosted the first and second seasons of *Pelotón* with Camiroaga. After that, she hosted a show called *Abre los ojos*, where she talked to people who left the reality show. After five years, *Pasiones* ended in 2008. Then, she decided to leave television.

In 2013, she came back to TV with a program called *En la vereda* on TV Senado. In 2015, she hosted *Cultura en la ciudad* on Canal 13C. In 2019, she worked on a cable channel show called *Cariño malo* with Daniel Valenzuela.

## Television 
### Programs 
### Series 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Carl Bernstein

**Carl Bernstein** (born February 14, 1944 in Washington, D.C.) is an American investigative journalist and author. While working with Bob Woodward at The Washington Post, the two did the majority of the most important news reporting on the Watergate scandal. He was married to filmmaker Nora Ephron from 1976 until they divorced in 1980.

## Other websites
* Carl Bernstein *official site*
* 
* Profile at Random House
* Proffile at Simon and Schuster
* Profile at *The Washington Post*
* Watergate Papers Web Exhibition  at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, with inventory
Anne Veski

**Anne Veski** (born **Anne Vaarmann**; 27 February 1956) is an Estonian pop singer. She has sung in Estonian, Russian, and Polish.

## Family 
Veski is married to her second husband, Benno Beltšikov, who also is her manager. Veski was previously married to Jaak Veski (1956–1994) from 1977 tae 1981. She has a daughter, Kerli. Kerli is a diplomat an has worked at the Estonian Consulate in Moscow. Veski also has two grandchildren via Kerli.

## Discography 
* "Ingleid ei..." (2009)
* "АННЕ ВЕСКИ. Я НЕ ТАКАЯ" (2007)
* "АННЕ ВЕСКИ. РАДОВАТЬСЯ ЖИЗНИ" "ИМЕНА НА ВСЕ ВРЕМЕНА" (2007)
* DVD "ANNE VESKI. ROOSIAIA KUNINGANNA" (2006)
* DVD "АННЕ ВЕСКИ. НИ О ЧЕМ НЕ ЖАЛЕЙТЕ" (2006)
* "ANNE VESKI. 60 parimat laulu - EESTI KULLAFOND" (3 platinum CD; 2006)
* "Ни о чем не жалейте" (2004)
* Анне Вески, Имена на все времена (2003)
* "Lootus" (2003)  
* Не грусти, человек (2002)
* Анне Вески, Звезды советской эстрады (2001)  
* Grand Collection (2001)
* Armukarneval (2000)  
* Star Collection (2000)  
* "Туннель под Ла-Маншем" (1996)
* Калейдоскоп (1994)
* "Поет Анне Вески" (1985)  
* "Анне Вески" (1994)   
* "Анне Вески и Мюзик-Сейф" 
* "Я вас благодарю", "Анне Вески и ансамбль Немо" (1988)
* "Поет Анне Вески" (1986) 
* "Я обещаю вам сады" (1985) 
* "Я обещаю вам сады"
* "Позади крутой поворот" (1984) 
* "Поет Анне Вески" (1984) 
* "Поет Анне Вески"
* "Anne Veski" (1983)

## Other websites 
*
*
*
*Anne Veski's Official Myspace
*Official site (in Estonian)
*Official site (in Russian)
*Visiting the star Anne Veski: "I live like a queen!" (in Russian)
*https://news.err.ee/1608583693/music-manager-benno-beltsikov-dies
Luciana Echeverría

**Luciana Andrea Echeverría Christie** (born 12 July 1991 in Cauquenes) is a Chilean actress, singer and television presenter.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
#### Shows 
* *Cubox* (Canal 13, 2010) - Herself/Presenter

## Other websites 
*
Martin Balsam

**Martin Henry Balsam** (November 4, 1919 &ndash; February 13, 1996) was an American actor. He is known for his Oscar-winning role as Arnold Burns in *A Thousand Clowns* and his role as Detective Milton Arbogast in *Psycho*. He also starred in ''All the President's Men''.

Balsam was born on November 4, 1919 in The Bronx, New York City to Jewish parents. He studied at DeWitt Clinton High School and at The New School. 

Balsam was married to Pearl Somner from 1952 until they divorced in 1954. Then he was married to Joyce Van Patten from 1957 until they divorced in 1962. Then he was married to Irene Miller from 1963 until they divorced in 1987. His elder daughter Talia Balsam, is by Van Patten. His son and younger daughter are by Miller. 

Balsam died on February 13, 1996 from a heart attack in Rome, Italy, aged 73. He was later buried at Cedar Park Cemetery in Emerson, New Jersey.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Millard Mitchell

**Millard Mitchell** (August 14, 1903 &ndash; October 13, 1953) was an American actor. He is known for his roles in *My Six Convicts* and in *A Foreign Affair*. He won a Golden Globe Award in 1952.

Mitchell was born on August 14, 1903 in Havana, Cuba to American parents. He was married to Peggy Gould until his death in 1953. Mitchell died on October 13, 1953 in Santa Monica, California from lung cancer, aged 50. 

## Other websites
*
*
Francisco José Urrutia Holguín

**Francisco José Urrutia Holguín** (28 May 1910 &ndash; 19 October 1981) was a Colombian-Ecuadorian lawyer and diplomat. He served as 7th Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations, 11th Colombia Ambassador to United States, as well as Ambassador to Venezuela and Argentina.

Holguín was born on 28 May 1910 in Quito, Ecuador. He studied at National University of Columbia. Holguín was married Genoveva Montoya Williamson on 18 July 1934 in Bogotá. Together had five children: Francisco, María Lourdes, Jorge, Miguel, and Jaime. Holguín died on 19 October 1981 in Bogotá, Colombia, aged 71.

## References
Howell Heflin

**Howell Thomas Heflin** (June 19, 1921 &ndash; March 29, 2005) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States Senate from Tuscumbia, Alabama.

Heflin was born on June 19, 1921 in Poulan, Georgia. He was raised in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Heflin studied at Birmingham-Southern College and at University of Alabama School of Law.

Heflin was married to Elizabeth Ann Heflin until his death in 2005. They had one son. Heflin died on March 29, 2005 in Sheffield, Alabama from a heart attack, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*Oral History Interview with Howell Heflin from Oral Histories of the American South
Adolfo Ibáñez Boggiano

**Adolfo Ibáñez Boggiano** (born 1980 - died 1949) was a Chilean businessman. He was the founder of the companies *Compañía Comercial e Industrial Tres Montes S.A.* (now Tresmontes Lucchetti) and *Sociedad Comercial de Almacenes Ltda.* (now Walmart Chile).
Ronald Colman

**Ronald Charles Colman** (9 February 1891 &ndash; 19 May 1958) was an English actor. He won an Academy Award for his role in *A Double Life*.

## Biography 
Colman was born on 9 February 1891 in Richmond, Surrey, England. He studied at Cambridge University. 

Colman was married to Thelma Raye from 1920 until they divorced in 1934. Then he was married to Benita Hume from 1938 until his death in 1958. They had one daughter. Colman died on 19 May 1958 in Santa Barbara, California from emphysema, aged 67.

## Other websites
*
*
*
*Ronald Colman at Virtual History
*Official website
British North America

(red) and the island colonies of the British West Indies of the Caribbean Sea (pink), after the French and Indian War (1754–1763) and before the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)]]

 are shown in red]]

**British North America** was the British part of the continent of North America that is now part of the United States and Canada. The term was used mostly before the American Revolution.  

In 1759, after winning the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the British took control of the colony of New France from the French. 

The term "British North America" was used after the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War and made the British recognize the Thirteen Colonies as independent states. The colonies had formed the United States in 1776.

The terms "British America" and "British North America" continued to be used for Britain's remaining territories in North America. The term "British North America" came to be used more consistently for the provinces that would eventually form the Dominion of Canada.

After the American Revolution, some people still used the term to refer to what is now in Canada. In fact, the Canadian Constitution was at first called the "British North America Act."

Also, not all of what is in the United States were always in the country. For example, areas near the Mississippi River were not part of the original United States. They kept their old allegiances to Britain or France. Also, what is now the Western United States was largely Spanish-speaking before the United States took the region during the Mexican-American War since the region was part of Mexico and earlier Spain.

## Sources 
*Cooke, Jacob E. 1993. *Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies*. (3 vols)
*Foster, Stephen, ed. 2014.* British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries* (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion).
*Garner, John. 1969. *The franchise and politics in British North America, 1755–1867* (U of Toronto Press)
*Gipson, Lawrence Henry. 1936–70. *The British Empire before the American Revolution* (15 vols)
*Morton W.L. 1969. *The Kingdom of Canada: a general history from earliest times*.
Education in Cuba

**Education in Cuba** has been a high priority for the government for many years. The University of Havana was founded in 1727.  There are also some well-established colleges and universities. For the 1959 revolution, the Castro government nationalized all educational institutions. They created a system operated completely by the government. Their strong ideological content is present. Also the constitution states that educational and cultural policy is based on Marxist ideology.

According to UNESCO, Cuba spends about 10 percent of its budget on education. This is compared with 4 percent in the United Kingdom and 2 percent in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
*Cuban Education in Figures, 1958-2000 
*Information on education in Cuba  from Cuba-Junky.com
*Cuban ministry for Education website
*Photos of Cuban education
United Empire Loyalists

**United Empire Loyalists** were people living in the 13 colonies in what was British North America in the 1770s who did not agree with the American Revolution.

Many residents of the colonies (possibly a majority) either were not in complete agreement with the Revolution and its leaders, or were against it. Some of them actively worked against it, supporting King George III and the British Government. These people became known as "Tories". In many of the colonies, those who openly expressed being against the Revolution and those who joined militias loyal to King George were declared to be outlaws, and their properties taken away by the people favouring the Revolution. 

Some of these people wanted to remain in a place that was still part of the British Empire, so they moved to what is now Canada. In many places there they received a warm welcome and became a valued part of their new home area. Many of them have maintained social groups which are limited to people whose ancestors were some of these people, and they are still called "United Empire Loyalists"
Tripoli (disambiguation)

**Tripoli** is a city in Libya.

**Tripoli** might also mean:
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia prefecture in Greece
*Tripoli, Lebanon, the second-largest city in Lebanon
Jean Arthur

**Jean Arthur** (October 17, 1900 &ndash; June 19, 1991) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in *Mr. Deeds Goes to Town* (1936), ''You Can't Take It With You* (1938), and *Mr. Smith Goes to Washington* (1939). She was nominated for an Academy Award in 1944 for her role in *The More the Merrier''.

Arthur was born on October 17, 1900 in Plattsburgh, New York. She is of Norwegian-English descent. Arthur was raised in Westbrook, Maine. 

She was married to Julian Anker from 1928 until they annulled their marriage in 1928. Then she was married to Frank Ross, Jr. from 1932 until they divorced in 1949. Arthur died on June 19, 1991 in Carmel, California from heart failure, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
* Literature on Jean Arthur
* Turner Classic Movies "Star of the Month" Profile
* Soares, Andre: Jean Arthur on TCM, Alternative Film Guide
* Gouveia, Michele: The Girl with the Croak: Jean Arthur
* Atkinson, Michael: Jean Therapy
Morganatic marriage

A **morganatic marriage** is a marriage between a royal person and a person of lower rank. The royal person's title titles and privileges do not go to the spouse or to any children, who do not become heirs. However, the marriage is considered legitimate, and the children are not bastards.

A morganatic marriages is now rare  and is sometimes called a **left-handed marriage** because in the wedding ceremony, the groom usually held his bride's right hand with his left hand.

Most famously, Archduke Franz Ferdinand had to get a morganatic marriage so that he could marry Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, because she was a noble of a lower rank.

## References
Cheranmadevi

** Cheranmahadevi** is a panchayat town in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is in the Tirunelveli district, on the banks of the river Thamirabarani. The town has many temples. In the 2001 census of India, Cheranmadevi had a population of 16,320. About 49% of the population were men, and 51% were women. Cheranmahadevi has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. About 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Cheranmahadevi is part of the Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency.

## References
K. Kamaraj

**Kumarasami Kamaraj ** (), better known as **K. Kamaraj** (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), was an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He was an important figure in Indian politics during the 1960s. He was the chief minister of Tamil Nadu.

## References
Nanguneri

**Nanguneri** is a panchayat town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Nanguneri is in Tirunelveli district, about  from the headquarters of the district. The place became important for its famous Vaishnavite temple, which is commonly known as Totadri Mutt.

Nanguneri has an average elevation of 141&nbsp;metres (462&nbsp;feet). As of the census of India, Nanguneri had a population of 6,764. About 49% of the population were men, and 51% were women. Nanguneri has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. About 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Tirunelveli district

Tirunelveli district is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The city of Tirunelveli is the district headquarters. Tirunelveli District was formed on 1 September 1790 by the East India Company (on behalf of the British government), and comprised the present Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi and thenkasi districts and parts of Virudhunagar district and Ramanathapuram districts.  It is the second-largest district (as of October 2008), after Villupuram district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,077,233.
## Reference
List of classical music composers by period

This is a **list of classical music composers by era**.   

## Medieval era 
## Renaissance era 
## Baroque era 
## Classical era 
## Romantic era 
## 20th century
Zither

A **zither** is a stringed musical instrument. The word '**Zithers**' is a German rendering of the Greek word *cithara*, from which the modern word "guitar" also derives. Historically, it has been applied to any instrument of the cittern family, or an instrument consisting of many strings stretched across a thin, flat body – similar to a psaltery. This article describes the second variety.

Zithers are played by strumming or plucking the strings, either with the fingers (sometimes using an accessory called a plectrum or *pick*), sounding the strings with a bow, or, with varieties of the instrument like the santur or cimbalom, by beating the strings with specially shaped hammers. Like a guitaror lute, a zither's body serves as a resonating chamber (sound box), but, unlike guitars and lutes, a zither lacks a distinctly separate neck assembly. The number of strings varies, from one to more than fifty.

In modern common usage the term "zither" refers to three specific instruments: the **concert zither** (German: *Konzertzither*), its variant the **Alpine zither** (both using a fretted fingerboard), and the **chord zither** (more recently described as a fretless zither or "guitar zither"). Concert and Alpine zithers are traditionally found in Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, France, north-western Croatia, the southern regions of Germany, Ancient America and alpine Europe. Emigration from these areas during the 19th century introduced the concert and Alpine zither to North and South America. Chord zithers similar to the instrument in the photograph also became popular in North America during the late 19th and early 20th century. These variants all use metal strings, similar to the **cittern**.
Boulogne

**Boulogne** might mean any of these different places in France;

*Boulogne, Vendée, a commune in the Vendée department
*Boulogne-Billancourt, a town in the Hauts-de-Seine department
*Boulogne-sur-Helpe, a commune in the Nord department
*Boulogne-sur-Mer, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department
Composite Compound 4

** Composite Compound 4** (often abbreviated to *C4*) is a kind of plastic explosive, which is often used in military operations. C4 is malleable: It can be given almost any form. It can also be handled safely, as neither fire, electricity nor shock will cause an explosion. C4 will explode if force and heat are combined. Because C4 can be given almost any form, additives are used, so that it can be detected more easily. Some of these additives have a distinctive odor, which can be detected by specially trained dogs. Another additive that is used often is metallic powder: This powder can be detected by metal detectors.

File:C4-Sprengstoff 2.jpg|A soldier prepares a load of C4, to destroy ammunition found at a site.
File:Eod2.jpg|Inserting blasting caps into blocks of C4 explosive
File:M112 Demolition Charge.jpg|Unexploded ordnance prepared for destruction by M112 demolition charges (the black bricks). The M112 charges contain C4 explosive.
Translocation (botany)

**Translocation** in vascular plants means the movement of organic molecules and some mineral ions.  Movement of water from the soil to the leaves occurs in xylem vessels as the result of Transpiration. Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, causes a pull on the water column due to the forces of cohesion between water molecules formed due to hydrogen bonds which causes the water to move upwards. Organic materials,  mainly produced in the leaves, are moved around the plant in the living cells of the phloem by a process called translocation.

Unlike xylem (which is composed of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport .  Sap is a water-based solution, rich in sugars made by the photosynthesis. These sugars are transported to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant, such as the roots, or into storage structures, such as tubers or bulbs.

The 'pressure flow' hypothesis was proposed by Ernst Münch in 1930 to explain the mechanism of phloem translocation. Leaves photosynthesize, making sugars. Water moves into the sugar-laden sieve-tube cells with sugar by osmosis. This creating pressure that pushes the sap down the sieve tube. When the sugar reaches cells that need it, the cells actively transport sugars out of the sieve-tube elements.

During the plant's growth period, usually during the spring, storage organs such as the roots are sugar sources, and the plant's many growing areas are sugar sinks. The movement in phloem is multi-directional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is one-directional (upwards). Other molecules like amino acids, hormones, and even messenger RNAs are also transported in the phloem through sieve tube elements.

## References
Panchayat town

A **Panchayat Town** or **Town Panchayat** is a type of town in India. It refers to any small town which is formed under the Panchayati raj administrative system. It will have under 25,000 people living there. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "Town Panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and Urban Local Bodies (ULB).

## Management
Each state of India has an organisation that manages panchayat towns.
* Karnataka: Directorate of Municipal Administration
* Tamil Nadu: Directorate of Town Panchayats

## Notes
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (movie)

***The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas*** is a 2008 British-American historical drama movie. It is based on the book of the same name by John Boyne. The movie is directed by Mark Herman and produced by David Heyman. It stars Asa Butterfield, Jack Scanlon, David Thewlis, Vera Farmiga, Amber Beattie, Richard Johnson and Rupert Friend.

The movie is about a boy whose father is a soldier during the World War II. They decided to move to a new house so that the father can work near the extermination camps. The son likes to explore and he comes to meet a Jewish boy who lives in the extermination camp. One day, he decides to go into the camp and accidentally enters a gas chamber and dies along with all prisoners.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Iverna Codina

**Iverna Codina** (born June 15, 1912 in Quillota – died August 14, 2010 in Buenos Aires) was a Chilean-born Argentine writer.

## Literary works 
* 1946 - *Canciones de lluvia y cielo*
* 1950 - *Mas allá de las horas* 
* 1952 - *Después del llanto* 
* 1956 - *La Luna ha muerto* 
* 1960 - *Detrás del grito* 
* 1964 - *América en la novela*
* 1966 - *La enlutada*
* 1968 - *Los guerrilleros* 
* 1975 - Cuento *La cruz negra*
* *Un barco en la bahía* 
* *Diez años de exilio*

## Sources 
* Cunietti, Emma Magdalena "Habitantes de frontera en la literatura mendocina" Revista Universum nro 14, 1999, Universidad de Talca.
* Azurduy, Victoria. "Iverna Codina, una exploradora de la realidad". La revista del CCC [en línea]. Mayo / Diciembre 2010, n° 9/10. Actualizado: 2010-10-20 [citado 2011-02-01]. ISSN 1851-3263.
Para-alpine skiing classification

**Para-alpine skiing classification** is the order system for para-Alpine skiing designed to give equal competition between alpine skiers with different types of limited physical powers. The system of ordering are grouped into three general condition of being unable sorts: stand, unable to see and being seated. Group selection is done by International Paralympic Committee AlpineSkiing. Prior to that, several groups dealt with this including the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF), International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) and Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA). Some order systems are persons given government by bodies other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine skiing, such as the Special Olympics. The sport is open to all competitors with a no seeing or physical condition of being unable stand. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities.

File:B1 class.png| B1 skier who cannot see well
File:B2 class.png| B2 skier who cannot see well
File:B3 class.png| B3 skier who cannot see well
File:Wheelchair_rugby_profile_classification_C5.svg| Able to move area of a CP5 classified skier
File:Wheelchair_rugby_profile_classification_C5-6.svg|Able to move area of a CP5/CP6 classified skier
File:Wheelchair_rugby_profile_classification_C6-7.svg|Able to move area of a CP6/CP7 classified skier
File:Wheelchair_rugby_profile_classification_C7-8.svg|Able to move area of a CP7/CP8 classified skier

 
The first order systems for para-Alpine sking were made in Scandinavia in the 1960s, with early systems designed for skiers with no legs or arms. At the time, necessary things had yet to be done to let skiers with spinal cord wounds ski. The purpose of the early order systems was to be made around use of arms and legs but ended up being a medical order system. At the first Winter Paralympics in 1976, there were two groups in the system of ordering for the sport. By the 1980s, groups had existence for skiers with cerebral palsy. At that time, with inspiration from wheelchair basketball classification, efforts were made to make order more of an able to use better system.

Competition rules for groups use rules made by or are an adjustment from rules by the International Ski Federation. For skiers with seeing problems, guides are used to help the skier down the mountain.

## References
John S. McCain Jr.

**John Sidney "Jack" McCain Jr.** (January 17, 1911 &ndash; March 22, 1981) was a United States Navy admiral. He served in conflicts from the 1940s through the 1970s, including as the Commander, United States Pacific Command. He is the father of John McCain.

McCain, Jr. was born on January 17, 1911 in Council Bluffs, Iowa. His father was John S. McCain, Sr.. He was raised in Washington, D.C.. McCain studied at Central High School. McCain was married to Roberta McCain from 1933 until his death in 1981. They had three children. McCain died on March 22, 1981 while on a plane in the middle of the North Atlantic after having a heart attack, aged 70.

## References
Roberta McCain

**Roberta Wright McCain** (February 7, 1912 &ndash; October 12, 2020) was the widow of Admiral John S. McCain, Jr. and mother of the late Republican Arizona Senator and two-time Presidential candidate John S. McCain III.

McCain was born on February 7, 1912 in Muskogee, Oklahoma. She had a twin sister. McCain was married to John S. McCain, Jr. from 1933 until his death in 1981. They had three children. On October 22, 2009, she was hospitalized in Portugal after she fell and injured her head.

McCain died on October 12, 2020 in Washington, D.C., at the age of 108.

## References
## Other websites
*McCain's Mother, CNN, February 28, 2000.
*Shaping Character and Destinies: John McCain, National Public Radio, by Terry Gross, December 6, 2005.
*McCain highlights mother's age on Mother's Day May 14, 2007.
*Play of the Day: McCain's Mom on Mormons, November 9, 2007
*Ancestry of Sen. John McCain
*"The Firecracker", Style.com (condensed version of article for Vogue).  August 2008.
Sterilization (microbiology)

in sterile packaging.]]

**Sterilization** is the removal of all microbes, commonly practiced in medicine. For example, dipping an object in boiling water, heating using a flame, or pasteurizing something are forms of heat sterilization. Pure alcohol at colder temperatures or even steam can be used instead of hot water. Chemicals can be used, and this is called chemical sterilization. 
If something is sterile it means it is without germs or foreign life.

Medical instruments (tools) that have undergone sterilization can be maintained in sterile condition by keeping them in sealed packaging until use.
Teresita Reyes

**Teresita Reyes** (February 4, 1950 &ndash; May 24, 2025) was a Chilean actress.

## Death
Reyes died on May 24, 2025 at a hospital in Providencia, Chile from stomach and jaw cancer at the age of 75.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
* *Sussi* (1987)
* *Te amo (Made in Chile)* (2001)
* *Promedio rojo* (2004)
* *Normal con Alas* (2007)

### Television 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Zuffa

**Zuffa, LLC** () is an American sports promotion company of mixed martial arts. It was founded in January 2001 in Las Vegas, Nevada by Station Casinos executives Frank Fertitta III and Lorenzo Fertitta to be the parent entity of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) after they purchased it from the Semaphore Entertainment Group. Lorenzo Fertitta is the company's CEO and Chairman while Dana White runs the day-to-day operations.

The word "" is an Italian word, meaning "scuffle"

## References
Jeremy Shada

**Jeremy Shada** (born January 21, 1997, in Boise, Idaho, US) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his work as Finn the Human from the American animated television series *Adventure Time*.

## Biography
Jeremy Shada began acting at the age of seven soon after moving to Los Angeles with his family. He was inspired to act by his older brother Zack Shada, who had begun acting himself. Shada initially appeared in commercials. Later on, he began auditioning for voice acting and theatrical performances, taking the advice from a voice over agent. His first live action theatrical role was as Young Kurt Diamond in No Rules.   He has since appeared in additional live action and voice acting roles, such as playing Charlie Pace in childhood flashbacks on *Lost*. 

In 2009, Jeremy Shada's agent approached him with the idea of auditioning for the role of Finn. Both recognized that Zack Shada had been the original voice of Finn in the pilot episode of Adventure Time three years before. After viewing the pilot on YouTube, Shada matched his voice with the voice of Zack Shada in auditions with Adventure Time's creator Pendleton Ward and the show's producers, earning him the Finn role.  In 2012, Shada joined the cast of Nick Cannon's comedy sketch *Incredible Crew*. In June 2012, to promote *Incredible Crew*'s 2013 premiere, Cartoon Network released a music rap video titled "Running Errands with My Mom" which features Shada performing and rapping the lyric. The video has since generated over one million views. 

Because of his acting schedule, Shada was homeschooled. Answering fan questions on his Facebook page, Shada indicated that he graduated from high school early in May 2013.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Margot Kahl

**Margot Inge Kahl Pingel** (born January 9, 1961 in Puerto Varas) is a Chilean engineer and television presenter.

## TV programs 
## Other websites 
*
Chapman Pincher

**Harry Chapman Pincher** (29 March 1914 &ndash; 5 August 2014) was an Indian-born British journalist, historian, and novelist.

## Early life 
Pincher was born on 29 March 1914 in Ambala, Punjab. His father was from Britain and his mother was American. Pincher studied at Darlington Grammar School and King's College London.

## His work 
Pincher wrote a series of books on supposed KGB spies in the West, mostly members of the British ruling class whom he believed were traitors in the service of the KGB. Among these were Roger Hollis, former head of MI5, and Harold Wilson, twice Prime Minister in the 1960s and 70s.

Many of these ideas had come from James Jesus Angleton, former CIA counterespionage chief. Angleton's career ended when his many allegations were not supported with appropriate evidence. Among his more outrageous claims was that Canadian Prime Ministers Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau were agents of the Soviet Union.

Another source was Peter Wright, a former assistant director of MI5. The British Government tried to prevent the publication of Wright's own *Spycatcher* (1987), which covered much the same ground as Pincher's *Their trade is treachery*. Wright had published in Australia, and the Australian court case ran on for years with no success. In the event, nothing was proved against Hollis, who was the main target of *Their trade is treachery*. Later British Prime Ministers stated that Hollis was a loyal servant of the Crown, and that a great injustice had been done to him by the Pincher and Wright books.

## Death 
Pincher died on 5 August 2014 at the age of 100.

## References
John S. McCain Sr.

**John Sidney "Slew" McCain Sr.** (August 9, 1884 &ndash; September 6, 1945) was a United States Navy admiral. He held several command assignments during the Pacific campaign of World War II. His son was John S. McCain, Jr. and his grandson is John McCain.

McCain, Sr. was born on August 9, 1884 in Carroll County, Mississippi. He studied at the University of Mississippi and at the United States Military Academy at West Point. McCain, Sr. was married to Catherine Davey Vaulx from 1909 until his death in 1945. They had one child. McCain died on September 6, 1945 in Coronado, California from a heart attack, aged 61.

## Other websites
* John Sidney McCain at arlingtoncemetery.net site
Nicolas Berejny

**Nicolas Berejny** (born 27 June 1968)  is a skier from France.  He has a disability.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the first skier to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. He was the third skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race.  Because he cannot see, Gregory Nouhaud was his guide and told him where to go when going down the mountain.

## References
Naples (disambiguation)

**Naples** is a city in Campania, Italy.

**Naples** might also mean:
*Province of Naples, a province in the Campania region of Italy. The city of Naples is in this province.
*Naples, Florida, a city in Collier County, Florida
*Naples, Maine, a town in Cumberland County, Maine
Ignacio Gutiérrez

**Ignacio Gutiérrez** (born 1976 in Constitución) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter.

## Television 
## Other websites 
*
Vincent Gauthier-Manuel

**Vincent Gauthier-Manuel** (born 6 April 1986) is a skier from France.  He has a disability.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the second skier to finish in the standing men's downhill race. He was the second skier to finish in the men's standing Super-G race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's standing Super Combined race and the slalom race.

## References
Thomas Pfyl

**Thomas Pfyl** (born January 1, 1987) is a skier from Switzerland.  He has a disability.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the third skier to finish in the standing men's downhill race,  Super-G race, and the Super Combined race.

## References
Our Lady of La Vang

**Our Lady of La Vang** was a reported Marian apparition (a supernatural appearance of the Virgin Mary) in Vietnam. The appearance was reported at a time when Catholics were being persecuted and killed in Vietnam. In Vietnamese she is called '** or **'. 

## Name
Modern scholars believe the name came from a plant in the area (*La* means "leaf" and *Vang* means "herbal seeds"). Others believe the name came from a Vietnamese word that meant "crying out" as if the Vietnamese Catholics at that time were "crying out" to God for help. Some believe the name came from the rainforest's name La Vang.

## History
Fearing the spread of Catholicism, Emperor Canh Thinh banned the practice of Catholicism. Soon thereafter the emperor made an anti-Catholic edict which made the practice of Catholicism punishable by death. Many Catholics sought refuge in the rainforest  of La Vang in Quang Tri Province. While hiding in the rainforest, the small community would gather every night at the foot of a tree and pray. One night, an apparition surprised them. In the branches of the tree, a lady dressed in the traditional Vietnamese dress (ao dai), holding an infant in her arms with two angels beside her, appeared. The people who witnessed this apparition said that the lady and the infant was the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus. They said that the lady comforted them and told them to boil the leaves from the tree for medicine to cure the illness.

In 1802, many of the Catholics went back to their villages, spreading the story of the apparition. Soon, many people came back to the site to offer incense and to pray. In 1820, a chapel was built. From 1830- 1885 another wave of persecutions decimated the Catholic population. The chapel of Our Lady of La Vang was destroyed and in 1886 a new chapel was built.

## Vatican recognition
There is no official recognition from the Vatican for this as a "Marian apparition". Although there is no official recognition, Pope John Paul II publicly recognized the importance of Our Lady of La Vang and expressed a desire to rebuild the La Vang Basilica to honor the 200th anniversary of the first apparition.
Akira Kano

**Akira Kano**  (狩野 亮 Kanō Akira?) (born March 14, 1986) is a skier from Japan.  He has a disability and uses a wheelchair.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the first skier to finish in the sitting men's downhill race.

## References
Miguel Galindo Garcés

**Miguel Galindo Garces** (born 1981) is a skier from Spain.  He helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go on a mountain.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships with Jon Santacana Maiztegui. They were the second skiers to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. They were the first skiers to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race, the Giant Slalom race and the Super Combined race. They were the second skiers to finish in the slalom race.

## References
Our Lady of Good Health

**Our Lady of Good Health** is the name given to an  of the Virgin Mary believed to have appeared in the town of Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu, India. She is also known as **Our Lady of Vailankanni** and **Holy Mother of Good Health**. Her name in the Tamil language is  (Arokia Matha).

The Feast day of Our Lady of Good Health is on the same day as the birthday of the Virgin Mary (September 8).

## The three miraculous events 
Although there is no written record of these three events, the oral tradition is that there were three apparitions. Two were during the 16th century and one in the 17th century.

### First appearance 
The first apparition was in the town of Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu. It is said that a Hindu boy was resting under a banyan tree near a pond. While he was resting, a woman with an infant on her hand came to him and asked him for milk. The boy agreed and ran off to get the milk. When he came back, he apologized for his lateness and the reduced amount of milk due to an accident when he was coming back with the milk. However, on inspection the boy found the pot of milk to be full and was convinced a miracle happened. Together a man, also a Hindu, and the boy went back to the pond where the apparition had occurred. Again, the Lady appeared with her child. On learning that it was the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus who appeared to the boy, the residents of the local Roman Catholic community became ecstatic and renamed the pond '''' (Our Lady's Pond).

### Second appearance 
Later towards the end of the 16th century, it is believed the Virgin Mary appeared to a crippled boy (and also a son of a widow) in a place called Thittu, once again in the same town of Vailankanni. The boy is said to have offered buttermilk to the Virgin Mary and then he was cured of his illness. The boy was then commanded by Mary to tell a Catholic gentleman in the nearby town of Nagapattinam. The first shrine was built by this Catholic gentleman.

### Third appearance 
The third appearance of the Virgin Mary was in the 17th century. A Portuguese merchant vessel was sailing from Macau in China to Colombo in Sri Lanka. When the vessel was sailing, it was caught in a storm in the Bay of Bengal. The sailors vowed to build a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary if they could reach land safely. The legend claimed that the sea became quiet and they reached safety on the shore of Vailankanni on the Virgin Mary's birthday, September 8. Because of their vow to the Virgin Mary, the Portuguese sailors put up a chapel at Vailankanni by transforming the last small shrine built by the last Catholic gentleman.
Yohann Taberlet

**Yohann Taberlet**  (born March 29, 1981) is a skier from France.  He has a disability and uses a wheelchair.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships. He was the second skier to finish in the men's sitting slalom race and was the third skier to finish in the sitting men's Super Combined race.

## References
Quarantine

**Quarantine** is where animals, people or an area of land are  to prevent the spread of disease or pests. Countries often stop animals and plants from being brought in from elsewhere, unless they are known not to carry a disease.

## Background
The word "quarantine" comes from *quarantena*, the Venetian language meaning "forty days". This is because of the 40-day isolation of ships and people practiced as a measure of disease prevention related to the plague.

It is different from medical isolation, which is for people who have been infected with the disease.

The quarantining of people often raises questions of civil rights.  Quarantine can have bad psychological effects on the quarantined.  These include post-traumatic stress disorder, confusion and anger.

## COVID-19 
**Self quarantine** (or **self-isolation**) is a term that became popular during the COVID-19 pandemic, which spread to most countries in 2020.  Citizens were either encouraged or forced by law to stay home to lower the spread of the disease.  Some countries went into lockdowns as a form of quarantine.

On 1 April 2020, more than 280&nbsp;million people, or about 86% of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States, 59&nbsp;million people were in lockdown in South Africa, and 1.3&nbsp;billion people were in lockdown in India.

## Related pages
* medical isolation
* Stay-at-home order

## References
## Other websites
*  – Hardback ; paperback 
* Emerging Infectious Diseases – Contents, Volume 11, Number 2 , February 2005
* Quarantine for SARS, Taiwan , February 2005, *wwwnc.cdc.gov*
* History of quarantine (from PBS NOVA)
*
Cyclone Viyaru

**Cyclonic Storm Viyaru**, formerly known as **Cyclonic Storm Mahasen,** was an active tropical cyclone. It passed over the Bay of Bengal. It threatened Myanmar and Bangladesh. Its origin was a low pressure area in the Bay of Bengal. The low pressure area was created in the first week of May. Viyaru slowly developed. It became a depression on May&nbsp;10 by almost remaining still. Gradually it gained speed on May&nbsp;11 and became a cyclonic storm. It was the first storm of the season. At first the system's ultimate direction was not clear, but moved closer to eastern India. On May&nbsp;14, the circulation of Viyaru turned northeastward.

Myanmar recommended a large evacuation in order to be prepared for the storm; however, for this reason people wanted to escape by boat. As a result, they made boats overcrowded, and one or more boats capsized. This killed at least eight people. The storm had extensive cloud mass, which brought unsettled weather to Sri Lanka, Thailand, and southeastern India. Severe storms in India and Sri Lanka killed 15&nbsp;people and caused major damage. One person was killed in Thailand. 

The name *Mahasen* caused some argument from nationalists and officials in Sri Lanka. They claimed that the name Mahasen comes from a Sinhala king. He brought prosperity to the island. So naming a destructive force of nature after him would be improper. Sri Lankan authorities instead have not given the storm a name.

Cyclone Viyaru struck Southern Bangladesh on 16 May 2013. The speed of the wind was about 100&nbsp;km/h.

## Weather history
An area of convection first appeared on May&nbsp;4. It slowly moved eastwards and organized into a low pressure area on May&nbsp;8. A pulse in the Madden–Julian oscillation, together with a convective Kelvin wave allowed the system to develop. These oscillations also caused Tropical Storm Jamala to form. The JTWC later issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on May&nbsp;10, after the system became more organized. The IMD upgraded it to a well-marked low pressure area. Later the same day, JTWC issued the first warning for the storm. JTWC designed it 01B, followed by the IMD upgrading the storm into a depression, and later into a deep depression.

### Recent storm information
As of 0830 IST (0300 UTC), 16 May 2013, Cyclonic Storm Mahasen was located near latitude 21°N and longitude 90°E, about  south-southeast of Kolkata and  southwest of Chittagong. The storm is forecast to maintain power. It is moving northeastwards. It is expected to cross the Bangladesh coast close to Chittagong by evening of 16 May. Sustained maximum surface wind speed is estimated at , gusting to . Estimated minimum central pressure is at 988 mbar. Dvorak intensity of the storm is at T2.5.

## Reference
## Other websites
* India Meteorological Department 
* Joint Typhoon Warning Center 
* Corporate Disaster Resource Network, India 

;For the latest information:
* The IMD's Cyclone warning for Indian coast.
* The IMD's Tropical Cyclone Advisory and forecast track .
* The JTWC's Tropical Cyclone warning and forecast track.
Henrieta Farkašová

**Henrieta Farkašová** (born May 23, 1986)   is a skier from Slovakia. She has a disability: she cannot see everything.  She skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships.  She was the first skier to finish the women's visually impaired downhill race, slalom race, giant slalom race and super combined race. Because she cannot see, Natália Šubrtová was her guide and told her where to go when going down the mountain.

## References
Natália Šubrtová

**Natália Šubrtová** (born 1 May 1989 in Kežmarok) is a skier from Slovakia. She helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go on a mountain.  She skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships with Henrieta Farkašová. They were the first skiers to finish the women's visually impaired downhill race, slalom race, giant slalom race and super combined race.

## References
Andrew Bor

**Andrew Bor** (born 14 April 1963) is a skier and ski coach from Australia. He helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go on a mountain.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships with Melissa Perrine. They were the second skiers to finish the women's visually impaired downhill race, and the third skiers to finish in the Super-G race and the Super Combined race.

## References