open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jan Góra

**Jan Wojciech Góra OP** (8 February 1948 &ndash; 21 December 2015) was a Polish Dominican Roman Catholic Priest, Doctor of Theology, academic and chaplain. Since 1997, he had been the organiser of the Polish Youth Meeting Lednica 2000 at the Lednica Fields. He was the animator for the academic chaplaincy centre "Respublica Dominicana" in Jamna. He was the author of numerous books and articles. He was born in Prudnik.

Góra died at the age of 67 in Poznań, Poland from a heart attack.

## References
Tom Six

**Tom Six** (born 29 August 1973) is a Dutch filmmaker. He is best known for his body horror movies, *The Human Centipede (First Sequence)*, *The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)* and *The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Tom Six at Rotten Tomatoes
*Interview with Tom Six 
*Tom Six on Twitter
Don Howe

**Donald "Don" Howe** (12 October 1935 – 23 December 2015) was an English football player, coach, manager and pundit. He was born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton.

## Career
Howe spent most of his playing career at West Bromwich Albion.
Howe joined the West Bromwich Albion ground staff after leaving school, joining the club as a youth player in December 1950. He turned professional in November 1952, but did not make his debut until 1955, against Everton. 

A full back, he played nearly 350 games for the Baggies in twelve years, as well as becoming a regular in the England team; he played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, and won 23 caps in total.

## Honours
### Player
#### Club
**West Bromwich Albion**
*FA Cup: 1953–54
*FA Charity Shield: 1954

#### England
*British Home Championship: 1958, 1959, 1960

### Assistant Manager
**Arsenal**
*Inter Cities Fairs Cup: 1970
*First Division: 1970–71
*FA Cup: 1970–71

**Wimbledon**
*FA Cup: 1987–88

### Coach
**Arsenal**
*FA Cup: 1978–79
*FA Youth Cup: 2001

### Individual
*LMA Special Merit Award: 2004

## References
## Other websites
*Englandstats.com profile
Duolingo

**Duolingo** is a free language-learning program. Its website and mobile apps can be used on iOS, Android, Windows 8 and 10 operating systems. Duolingo allows people to learn over 106 different language courses in 43 languages.

## History
The project was started by Professor Luis von Ahn and graduate student Severin Hacker. The main development language used was Python.

## Products and services 
### Courses 
#### Language courses 
Duolingo has 185 language courses teaching 43 languages.

CEFR based language courses for learners of Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish are available for all users. Additional courses are also available for speakers of English (Arabic,  Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hawaiian, Hebrew, High Valyrian, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish, Klingon, Latin, Navajo, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh, Yiddish, Zulu), Chinese (Chinese (Cantonese)), Arabic (Swedish), and Spanish (Catalan, Guarani, Russian, Swedish).

## Offices and workforce
Duolingo is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and has offices in Seattle, New York, Detroit, Beijing, and Berlin. Duolingo employs around 830 people.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Jean-Marie Pelt

**Jean-Marie Pelt** (24 October 1933 &ndash; 23 December 2015) was a French biologist, botanist and pharmacist with degrees in both Biology and Pharmacy. He was professor at the University of Lorraine. As municipal councilor of Metz between 1971 and 1983, Jean-Marie Pelt pioneered a policy of urban ecology. Pelt was born in Moselle, France.

Pelt died in Metz, France from a heart attack, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
Lennart Johansson

**Nils Lennart Johansson** (5 November 1929 – 4 June 2019) was a Swedish sports official. He was the fifth and, to date, the longest serving president of UEFA, the Union of European Football Associations, from his election at UEFA's Malta Congress in 1990 until his retirement in 2007. He was made honorary president shortly afterwards.

He started as a leader in the sport of bandy in Sweden for his hometown team AIK. Johansson then came through the ranks in the Swedish Football Association, and served as the association's president between 1984 and 1991.

Johansson died on 4 June 2019 in Stockholm, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Lennart Johansson profile at uefa.com
Peter Lundblad

**Gustaf Peter Lundblad** (26 August 1950 – 22 December 2015) was a Swedish singer and songwriter. He was known for his 1986 song "Ta mig till havet". Lundblad started his career in the band 'The most Remarkable Nailband'.

Lundblad died of prostate cancer on 22 December 2015 in Stockholm at the age of 65.

## References
## Other websites
*Aftonbladet.se
*Official website
Ray Mathews

**Raymond Dyral Mathews** (February 26, 1929 – December 20, 2015) was an American football running back and wide receiver in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1951-59) and the Dallas Cowboys (1960). He played college football for Clemson University. He was born in Dayton, Pennsylvania.

Mathews died at his house in Marion, Pennsylvania from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Ex-Steelers Mathews keeps low profile
Jason Myers

**Jason Myers** (born May 12, 1991) is an American football placekicker for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Chula Vista, California. He played college football at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, NY. In 2014 Myers played for the Arizona Rattlers and the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League. On March 3, 2015, Myers signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. On August 31, 2015, the Jaguars announced that Myers had earned the placekicker role on the team. Veteran Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

## References
Freda Meissner-Blau

**Freda Meissner-Blau** (March 11, 1927 &ndash; December 22, 2015) was an Austrian politician and activist. She was an important figure in the Austrian environmental movement. She was a founder and the federal spokesperson of the Austrian Green Party. She was born in Dresden, Germany.

Meissner-Blau died in Vienna, Austria from complications following a stroke at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography of Meissner-Blau by Wiener Zeitung 
*2002 Interview with Meissner Blau  (2002)
*2007 Nuclear-Free Future Lifetime Achievement Award: Freda Meissner-Blau
Henri Ducard

**Henri Ducard** is a fictional DC Comics character in the Batman comic book universe. He was created by Sam Hamm. Ducard's first appearance was in *Detective Comics* #599 (April 1989), part of the "Blind Justice" story arc that Hamm, the screenwriter of the 1989 *Batman* movie, was asked to guest-write for *Detective Comics* by *Batman* editor Denny O'Neil.

## Fictional character biography 
The character is a kind of extraordinary independent detective and was one of the many mentors that Bruce Wayne had in his youth, until Bruce discovers that Ducard was actually a skilled and effective hitman.

Henri Ducard has subsequently reappeared in other comics, even being part of Tim Drake's (third Robin) training.

## In other media 
The character was the undercover name of Ra's al Ghul which appeared in the movie *Batman Begins* (2005), played by Liam Neeson.

The character appeared in the series finale of *Gotham Knights*.

## References
Trams in Malmö

The **Malmö tramway** is a former tramway network in the city Malmö of Sweden. It remains a network about 2&nbsp;km as a historic line.

## History 
The Malmö tramay existed between 1887 and 1973. It started service as a horse car. The horse cars had been replaced by electric trams since 1906. The last electric tram has been replaced by bus in 1973.

## Lines 
* line 1 (red) from 1907 till 1967
* line 2 (blue) from 1907 till 1940
* line 3 (white) from 1906 till 1964
* line 4 (yellow) from 1907 till 1973
* line 5 from 1915 till 1928
* line 6 from 1916 till 1919 and from 1924 till 1949
* line 7 from 1918 till 1949
* line 8 from 1928 till 1930

## Cars 
Originally the service had been provided by two-axle motor cars. From 1949, they had been replace by newer ones.

## Museum Line 
At a length of 2 km, there still remains a line for historical purpose, it starts at Malmöhus and ends at the museum.

## Literature 
* Andersson, Per Gunnar; Forsberg, Anders; (2006); Malmö elektriska spårväg 100 år; Stockholm: Trafiknostalgiska Förlaget

## Other websites 
* Tram Malmö
Carpetbagger

as a carpetbagger]]

**Carpetbagger** is a term from the United States political history. A carpetbagger was a northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War. This post-war era was called "Reconstruction". White southerners feared that carpetbaggers would loot and take over the defeated South. 

Sixty carpetbaggers were elected to Congress. Most Republican governors in the South during Reconstruction were northeners. One historian wrote:
Carpetbaggers generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems.

## Name 
"Carpetbagger" referred to the cheap carpet bags (a form of luggage) which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders.  It is used today for a "parachute candidate": a political candidate for public office in an area far from home.

## References
The Sims (video game series)

***The Sims*** is a series of sandbox games in which you have a life and job. The game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts. The games also have expansion packs which you can download. If you download them you get extra content.

## The Sims Games 
* *The Sims* (2000)
* *The Sims 2* (2004)
* *The Sims 3* (2009)
* *The Sims 4* (2014)
There is also a series of **SimCity** games listed here

## The SimCity Games 
* *SimCity* (1989)
* *SimCity 2000*
* *SimCity 64*
* *SimCity 3000*
* *SimCity 4*
* *SimCity DS*
* *SimCity Societies*
* *SimCity DS 2*
* *SimCity Creator*
* *SimCity Social*
* *SimCity* (2013)
Battle of Cannae

The **Battle of Cannae** ( or ) was a major battle of the Second Punic War. It took place on 2 August 216 BC in Cannae, Apulia, in southeastern Italy. The army of Carthage, under Hannibal Barca,  a larger Roman army. The Romans were led by the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. Hannibal's victory was one the greatest tactical feats in military history and also one of the worst defeats in Roman history although they were outnumbered by the Carthaginians.

After recovering from their losses at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), the Romans decided to fight Hannibal at Cannae. The Roman army had about 70,000 soldiers. The Romans massed their heavy infantry in a deeper  than as usual. Hannibal attacked by using a double-envelopment tactic. That was so successful that the Roman army was  as a fighting force by a Carthaginian army half its size.

## References
Roberto Rossellini

**Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini**, (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977), was an Italian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Rome. He was best known for his movies *Rome, Open City* (1945), *Paisà* (1946) and *Germany, Year Zero* (1948).

Rossellini died from a heart attack in Rome, Italy, aged 71.

## Other websites
*
Bronchodilator

A **bronchodilator** is a substance that dilates (opens up) the bronchi and bronchioles which increases airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be  (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications taken to treat breathing difficulties or dyspnoea. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common such conditions. They are also used to treat respritory blockages that usaully occur in the common cold. They are well prescribed by doctors and are really common in households. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis.They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.

## Types of bronchodilators 
Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting (SABA) medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction.

## Common bronchodilators 
The bronchodilators are divided in short- and long-acting groups:

### Short-acting bronchodilators 
*Salbutamol/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)
*Levosalbutamol/levalbuterol (Xopenex)
*Pirbuterol (Maxair)
*Epinephrine (Primatene Mist now withdrawn)
*Racemic Epinephrine (Asthmanefrin, Primatene Mist Replacement)
*Ephedrine (Bronkaid)
*Terbutaline

### Long-acting bronchodilators 
*Salmeterol (Serevent)
*Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
*Formoterol
*Bambuterol
*Indacaterol

## References
Ron Jacobs

**Ron Jacobs** (December 27, 1942 &ndash; December 24, 2015) was an American basketball coach. He was born in Marion, North Carolina. He coached for college basketball teams such as Loyola Marymount University and for Northern Cement. He also coached the Philippine national team.

Jacobs moved to Pasig City, Philippines during the 1980s. He suffered a major stroke in 2001 which left him in a wheelchair. Jacobs died in Makati, Philippines from complications following the stroke at the age of 72.

## References
Osmany Juantorena

**Osmany Juantorena Portuondo** (born 12 August 1985) is a Cuban volleyball player with Italian citizenship, a member of Cuba national volleyball team in 2003–2006 and current member of Italy national volleyball team and Italian club Cucine Lube, bronze medalist of the World League 2005.  He is a multiple winner of the CEV Champions League and Club World Championship with the Italian club Trentino.

## References
## Other websites
* FIVB profile
Ali Eid

, Syria, October 2008]]
**Ali Eid** (14 July 1940 &ndash; 25 December 2015) was a Lebanese politician. He was the leader of the Alawite Community. He founded the Arab Democratic Party in 1972 and until his death served as General Secretary of the Arab Democratic Party. He was born in Tripoli to an Alawite family.

On 25 December 2015, it was announced that Eid died in Damascus, Syria at the age of 75.

## References
Egyptian calendar

The ancient  **Egyptian calendar** was  a calendar used by the ancient Egyptians. At first it had a year that was 365 days long. The year was made up of 12 months each having 30 days. At some point during the First Dynasty five additional days were added (sometime around 3000 BC). Egyptian astronomers observed that the  flood of the Nile River fell very close to the first visibility of the star Sirius in the  sky just before sunrise. This calendar would drift by 1 day every four years. But this drift was not enough to cause any problems. Even if a person lived to be 60 years old the drift between solar and civil calendars would only be 15 days. But it was largely ignored. In 30 BCE the Roman Emperor Augustus reformed the Egyptian calendar by adding a leap day to every fourth year. This brought the Egyptian calendar in line with the Julian calendar used at the time in Rome.

## References
Jacques Santer

**Jacques Santer** (born 18 May 1937 in Wasserbillig) is a Luxembourgish politician.

He was finance minister of Luxembourg from 1979 until 1989. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Luxembourg serving from 1984 to 1995. He was a member of the Christian Social People's Party, which has been the leading party in the Luxembourg government since 1979. 

As Prime Minister of Luxembourg he also led the negotiations on the Single European Act, which effectively set aside the 20-year-old Luxembourg Compromise. He was the President of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999.

 (Berlaymont building)]]

## References
## Other websites
Ukrainian National Union

The **Ukrainian National Union** () is nationalist paramilitary political party in Ukraine. Started as a political organization in 2009 and became a political party in 2013.

## History
The organisation was founded in 2009 by Oleg Goltvyansky and a group of sympathisers. Since July 15, 2012 the head of organisation became Vitaly Krivosheev. In April 27, 2013, the Ukrainian National Union leaders proclaimed their intention to create a political party. Рarty is one of the organisers of the "Euromaidan". Activists of the Ukrainian National Union takes part in the war in Eastern Ukraine

## Related pages
*Nationalism
*Euromaidan

## References 
## Other websites
* Official site Ukrainian National Union
Coptic calendar

**Coptic calendar** (also known as **Alexandrian calendar**) is a calendar used by the Coptic Church in Egypt. It is based on the Egyptian calendar used by the ancient Egyptians which was first introduced in 238 BC.

## Related pages
*Egyptian calendar
*Coptic Church
Germany national volleyball team

The '''Germany men's national volleyball team''' is the national team of Germany. It is governed by the DVV (Deutscher Volleyball-Verband). It takes part in international volleyball competitions. Germany won the gold medal in World Championship 1970 under East Germany. It won the bronze medal in the 2014 World Championships.

After German reunification, West Germany (1949–1990) was renamed Germany and they absorbed East Germany (1949–1990) with the records.

## Other websites
*Official website
*FIVB profile
Italy national volleyball team

The '''Italy men's national volleyball team''' is the volleyball national team of Italy. It dominated international volleyball competitions in the 1990s and early 2000s, by winning four World Championships (1990, 1994, 1998 and 2022), seven European Championships, one World Cup (1995) and eight World League (1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2000).

## Other websites
*Official website
*FIVB profile
Brazil national volleyball team

The '''Brazil men's national volleyball team** is the national team of Brazil. It is governed by the **Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol'* *(Brazilian Volleyball Confederation)'' and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has two gold medal at the Olympic Games, won three times the World Champioship and nine times the World League. Brazil is the #1 team on the FIVB World Rankings. The team is often referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" due to its success under coach Bernardo Rezende.

## Other websites
*Official website 
*FIVB profile
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)

The **Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization** or **PATCO** was a United States trade union. It ran from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike that was broken by the Ronald Reagan Administration. The 1981 strike and defeat of PATCO was called "one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history" by labor historian Joseph A. McCartin.

## References
West Berlin discotheque bombing

On 5 April 1986 three people were killed and around 230 injured when *La Belle* discothèque was bombed in West Berlin, West Germany. The entertainment venue was commonly used by United States soldiers, and two of the dead and 79 of the injured were American servicemen.

A bomb placed under a table near the disk jockey's booth exploded at 1:45&nbsp;am CET instantly killing a Turkish woman, and a United States Army sergeant. A second US Army sergeant died from his injuries two months later. Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries.

## References
Placekicker

The **placekicker**, also called a **kicker**, is the player in American and Canadian football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points. In many cases, the placekicker also serves as the team's kickoff specialist or, more rarely, punter, as well. A kicker is often called the most valuable player on the team. This is because in many cases, he scores the most points in a game. The kicker also needs excellent concentration and coordination. A kicker is the only member of a team who can move the ball with their feet. Kickers today often use a soccer-style kick instead of a rigid, stiff, straight kick.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The 10 Best Kickers of All Time
* NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders
Volleyball at the Summer Olympics

Volleyball has been played at the Summer Olympics ever since the 1964 Summer Olympics. The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. It was only added as an Olympic sport, however, after World War II. This was when the FIVB was founded and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964. The Olympic Committee initially dropped volleyball for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.

## References
## Other websites
*FIVB
*Olympic Volleyball History
*IOC
Malta Summit

The **Malta Summit** was a meeting between U.S. President George H. W. Bush and U.S.S.R. leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 2–3, 1989, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall.  It was their second meeting following a meeting that included then President Ronald Reagan, in New York in December 1988.

During the summit, Bush and Gorbachev would declare an end to the Cold War, although whether it was truly such is a matter of debate.

## Other websites
*CNN: Cold War Interviews, Episode 24: Transcripts from Malta Summit
*David Hoffman, "Bush and Gorbachev Hail New Cooperation", *Washington Post* (December 4, 1989)
*Richard Lacayo, "Turning Visions into Reality" , in *Time* (online): December 11, 1989
*Romesh Ratnesar, "Condi Rice Can't Lose" , in *Time* (online): September 20, 1999
John Boyega

**John Adedayo B. Adegboyega** (born 17 March 1992), better known as **John Boyega**, is a British actor. He first became famous in *Attack the Block* (2011). He is probably best known for playing Finn in *Star Wars: The Force Awakens* (2015), *Star Wars: The Last Jedi* (2017) and *Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker* (2019). He also appeared in (2017)*Detroit*, (2017) and *Pacific Rim: Uprising* (2018). He won the 2016 BAFTA Rising Star Award.

Boyega was born in Peckham, London. His parents are Nigerian.

## References
## Other websites
*
Adriana Olguín

**Adriana Olguín de Baltra** (born **Luz Adriana Margarita Olguín Buche**) (18 November 1911 &ndash; 24 December 2015) was a Chilean lawyer and politician. She was born in Valparaíso, Chile. Olguín served as Chile's Minister of Justice serving from 29 July 1952 through 3 November 1952 under the Gabriel González Videla administration. She was the first woman to hold a position in any presidential cabinet in Latin American history.

## References
Daisy Ridley

**Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley** (born 10 April 1992) is a British actress. She is best known for playing Rey in *Star Wars: The Force Awakens* (2015), *Star Wars: The Last Jedi* (2017) and *Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker* (2019). She also appeared in *Casulty* and *Silent Witness*.

Ridley was born in Westminster, London. Her great-uncle was ''Dad's Army'' actor Arnold Ridley.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
## References
## Other websites
*
Daddy's Home (movie)

'''''Daddy's Home''''' is a 2015 American comedy movie directed and written by Sean Anders. It was produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay. It stars Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, Thomas Haden Church with John Cena. It was filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana,  the movie takes place in Louisiana as well. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2015. It was rated M in Australia and New Zealand for violence, sexual references and offensive language.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Run-Around

"**Run-Around**" is a song by American jam band, Blues Traveler. It was released on the 1994 album *Four*. It won the band's first  Grammy Award in 1995, for "Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group.

The song was the band's first successful single, peaking at #8 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

## References
Trumbo (movie)

***Trumbo*** is a 2015 American biographical-drama movie directed by Jay Roach. It was written by Michael London. The movie is about when screenwriter Dalton Trumbo is blacklisted as a communist for his support of the Communist Party of the USA during the 1950s. 

It stars Bryan Cranston as Trumbo with Diane Lane, Helen Mirren, Louis C.K., Elle Fanning, Michael Stuhlbarg, and John Goodman. It was released to positive reviews on November 6, 2015. 

## Other websites
* 
*
Dalton Trumbo

**James Dalton Trumbo** (December 9, 1905 &ndash; September 10, 1976) was an American screenwriter and novelist.

Trumbo was one of the Hollywood Ten, he refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947 during the committee's investigation of Communist influences in the motion picture industry. 

## Career 
Trumbo won two Academy Awards while blacklisted; one (for *Roman Holiday*) was originally given to a front writer, and one (for *The Brave One*) was awarded to "Robert Rich", Trumbo's pseudonym.

On December 19, 2011, the Writers Guild of America announced that Trumbo was being given full credit for his work on the screenplay of the 1953 romantic comedy *Roman Holiday*, almost sixty years after the fact.

Actor Bryan Cranston plays Trumbo in the 2015 biopic *Trumbo* directed by Jay Roach.

## Death 
Trumbo died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California on September 10, 1976 at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Dalton Trumbo at Library of Congress Authorities — with 20 catalog records
* Dalton Trumbo Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.
Eugenia Charles

Dame **Mary Eugenia Charles**, DBE (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. She was the Prime Minister of Dominica serving from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. She was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister, as well as the nation's longest-serving prime minister. 

Charles died in Fort-de-France, Martinique from a pulmonary embolism caused by hip surgery that she had a few days before. She was 86 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Caricom Biography
Dami Im

, 2016]]
**Dami Im** ( , , ; born October 17, 1988) is a South Korean-born Australian singer. She represented Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, coming second with "Sound of Silence". She won the fifth season of *The X Factor* in 2013. Her first album was an ARIA number one. She has three studio albums, two extended plays, nine singles, two album appearances, and four music videos.

Im was born in Incheon. Her family moved to Australia when she was 9. She grew up in Brisbane, Queensland. She is married and lives in Daisy Hill, a suburb of Logan City, Queensland. She is a Christian.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Dichen Lachman

**Dichen Lachman** (born 22 February 1982) is a Nepalese-born Australian actress and movie producer. She is best known for her roles in the television series *Neighbours*, *Dollhouse*, *NCIS: Los Angeles*, *Hawaii Five-0*, *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.* and *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*. She also plays Gemma Scout/Ms. Casey in the Apple TV+ series *Severance*.

Lachman was born in Kathmandu. Her mother is Tibetan and her father is an Australian of German ancestry. She grew up in Adelaide, South Australia. She moved to the United States in 2007 and lives in Los Angeles, California. She is married to Max Osinski and has one child.

## References
## Other websites
*
Haskell Wexler

**Haskell Wexler**, A.S.C. (February 6, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an American cinematographer, movie producer, screenwriter and director. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1966.

Wexler was known for his works ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* (finished by Bill Butler), *Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?*, *Medium Cool*, *In the Heat of the Night*, *Days of Heaven* and *Matewan''. He was said to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild.

Wexler died in his sleep at the age of 93 on December 27, 2015 at his home in Santa Monica, California.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* A documentary about Wexler's 1969 film Medium Cool 
* Haskell Wexler, ASC, Focuses on the Making of *Matewan* 
* John Patterson, "Through a lens darkly", *The Guardian*, interview, June 2, 2006
* *Underground* Album Details at Smithsonian Folkways
* Video interview  of Wexler about the film Medium Cool
Jose Offerman

**Jose Offerman** was a Major League Baseball player who played for the Boston Red Sox among other teams.

## Other websites 
*The 100 Greatest Royals of All-Time- #42 Jose Offerman
Jim Klobuchar

**James John "Jim" Klobuchar** (April 9, 1928 &ndash; May 12, 2021) was an American journalist, author, and tour guide. He wrote for the *Star Tribune* in Minneapolis for thirty years. He wrote an occasional column for the *Christian Science Monitor*. He was the father of U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar. He was born in Ely, Minnesota.

Klobuchar died in Burnsville, Minnesota on May 12, 2021 from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cranial nerve

A **cranial nerve** is any nerve which is attached directly to the brain or brainstem. This is different from spinal nerves which are attached to segments of the spinal cord. Cranial nerves relay information more directly between the brain and body (mostly parts of the head and neck).

Each cranial nerve exists as a pair and is present on both sides of the central nervous system. All cranial nerves appear above the first vertebra in the neck (cervical vertebra).

In humans there are twelve cranial nerves pairs. They are numbered using Roman numerals I–XII based on their order from the front of the brain to the back, where the brainstem is.

### Smell (I)
The olfactory nerve (CN 1) sends information about smells from the nose up to the brain. In the brain, this information is processed and becomes olfaction, or our sense of smell. The olfactory nerve is an is an afferent sensory nerve, meaning it takes in information from the outside world and sends it to the central nervous system.  

#### Structure 
The olfactory nerve is the shortest cranial nerve.  

The olfactory nerve is not just one nerve, but a group of neurons working together to perform the same task. The olfactory neurons start branched out in the nasal cavity. From here, they reach up through the roof of the nasal cavity and connect to the olfactory bulb. 

#### Path of sensation  
Smell molecules called aromatics come up the nose and into the nasal cavity. Here, they are detected by olfactory neurons. These neurons are branched out along the lining of the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons take in the signal from the smell molecules and make electric signals called action potentials.

### Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is a cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

### Tongue movement (XII)
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing.

## Routes out of the brain 
After leaving the brain, the cranial nerves travel inside the skull. Some must leave this bony compartment to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called foramina. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may have more than one cranial nerve, and may also contain blood vessels.

## Related pages 
* Neuron
* Central nervous system
* Brain stem

## References
Ellsworth Kelly

**Ellsworth Kelly** (May 31, 1923 &ndash; December 27, 2015) was an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He worked with hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and the minimalist school. His works showed unique techniques showing simplicity of form, similar to the work of John McLaughlin and Kenneth Noland. 

Kelly died in Spencertown, New York on December 27, 2015 of respiratory failure at the age of 92.

## References
The Babadook

***The Babadook*** is a 2014 Australian psychological horror drama movie, written and directed by Jennifer Kent as her directorial debut. It is about a woman and her son being tortured by an evil spirit based on a child's book. The movie stars Essie Davis and Noah Wiseman, while Daniel Henshall, Hayley McElhinney, Barbara West, and Ben Winspear appear in supporting roles.

*The Babadook* was produced by Causeway Films (Kristina Ceyton) and is based on the short movie *Monster* (2005), also written and directed by Kent. The movie was shown at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes' aggregation, it was ranked as the third most-liked movie of the year.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* 
* 
* The Babadook trailer  at Fliks.com.au
* How Jennifer Kent made The Babadook at SBS Movies
Alfredo Pacheco

**Alfredo Alberto Pacheco** (1 December 1982 &ndash; 27 December 2015) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for FAS and the New York Red Bulls. He also had the record for most appearances for his national team, playing 86 times.

Pacheco was born in Santa Ana. He was married with five children and lived in the United States.

Pacheco was shot and killed on 27 December 2015 in Santa Ana, aged 33.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dave Henderson

**David Lee Henderson** (July 21, 1958 &ndash; December 27, 2015), nicknamed ***Hendu***, was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Boston Red Sox, San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, and Kansas City Royals during his 14-year career. He was born in Merced, California.

Henderson died of a massive heart attack in Seattle, Washington, one month after receiving a kidney transplant, at the age of 57.

## References
## Other websites
*Retrosheet 
*Venezuelan Professional Baseball League 
*Page at *Baseball Library* 
*Baseball's 25 Greatest Moments: Dave Henderson's Home Run
Jim O'Toole

**James Jerome** "**Jim**" '''O'Toole''' (January 10, 1937 &ndash; December 26, 2015) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1958&ndash;1966) and Chicago White Sox (1967). He was left-handed.

O'Toole was born in Chicago, Illinois. He married Betty Wall on July 2, 1960. They had 11 children.

O'Toole died from cancer on December 26, 2015 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was 78.

## References
## Other websites
Stein Eriksen

**Stein Eriksen** (11 December 1927 &ndash; 27 December 2015) is a Norwegian-American alpine skier. He won gold and two silvers at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. He retired in 1954.

Eriksen was born in Oslo. His parents were Marius Eriksen (1886&ndash;1950) and Birgit Heien (1900&ndash;1996). He lived in the United States for six decades.

Eriksen died on 27 December 2015 in Park City, Utah. He was 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Stein Eriksen at the International Ski Federation
Meridian arc

In geodesy, a **meridian arc** is the distance between two points with the same longitude. In geometry it is an arc: a segment of a curve. The length of an imaginary rope laid over the globe would be that distance.

Two or more such measurements at different places get the shape of the  reference ellipsoid which is most like the shape of the geoid. This process is called "the determination of the figure of the Earth". The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth used a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to get the reference ellipsoids.

The Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC, first calculated a good value for circumference of the Earth. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon the sun goes through the zenith in the ancient Egyptian city of Syene (Assuan). He also knew from his own measurements that, at the same moment in his hometown of Alexandria, the zenith distance was 1/50 of a full circle (7.2°). Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene, Eratosthenes concluded that the distance between Alexandria and Syene must be 1/50 of Earth's circumference.

In 1687 Newton published in the *Principia* a proof that the Earth was an oblate spheroid of flattening equal to 1/230.

## Related pages 
* Struve Geodetic Arc

## References
Mark Warner

**Mark Robert Warner** (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from Virginia, in office since 2009. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th Governor of Virginia, holding the office from 2002 to 2006.

## References
## Other websites
* Senator Mark Warner *official U.S. Senate site*
* Forward Together PAC 
*
* C-SPAN *Q&A* interview with Warner, November 6, 2005
*
Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt

**Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt** (July 20, 1671 in Darmstadt &ndash; August 11, 1736 in Vienna) was a Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, Imperial Field Marshal and Governor of Mantua.

## Life 
Philip was a younger son of Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678) and his second wife Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg (1640–1709), daughter of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.

Philip fought for the Habsburgs in the Spanish War of Succession. In 1708 he became Field Marshal and Supreme Commander of the Imperial troops in newly conquered Naples. After the war in 1714, under influence of Prince Eugene of Savoy, he became governor of the former Duchy of Mantua until his death.

Philip was a great lover of music. When he was with his soldiers in Naples, he was patron of Nicola Porpora. When he was governor of Mantua, he made Antonio Vivaldi *Maestro di Cappella* of his court. Vivaldi wrote the opera Tito Manlio to celebrate Philip's wedding to Princess Eleanora of Guastalla, however the wedding never took place.

## Marriage and children 
On March 24, 1693, Philip married Marie Therese of Croÿ (1673–1714), daughter of Ferdinand François Joseph, Duke of Croy-Havré. He had to beome a Catholic for the wedding, which made his mother very upset.

Philip and Marie had five children : 
*Joseph (1699−1768), Bishop of Augsburg
*Wilhelm Ludwig (1704, died young)
*Theodora (February 6, 1706 – January 23, 1784), married in 1727 Duke Antonio Ferrante Gonzaga (1687–1729), no children.
*Leopold (1708–1764), Imperial Field marshal, married in 1740 Enrichetta d'Este from Modena (1702–1777)
*Charles (1710-1710)

## Literature 
* Andreas Räss: *Die Convertiten seit der Reformation* S. 467 ff.
* Alfred Arneth: *Prinz Eugen von Savoyen*, Wien, 1864

## References
## Other websites 
* www.geneall.net
Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist)

**Robert Leopold Spitzer** (May 22, 1932 – December 25, 2015) was an American psychiatrist. He was a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major figure in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). He helped remove homosexuality as a mental disorder.

Spitzer was born in White Plains, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at New York University School of Medicine. He worked at Columbia University until his retirement in 2010. Spitzer died of heart disease at his home in Seattle, Washington at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Psychiatrist Robert Spitzer, Hero and Villain to Gay Rights Movement, Dies at 83
Eleanor Coen

**Eleanor Coen** (October 21, 1916 &ndash; July 9, 2010) was an American painter. She was born in Normal, Illinois. Coen worked at the Art Institute of Chicago. Coen's work is displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Art Institute of Chicago.

Coen died of heart failure at the age of 93 in Evanston, Illinois. 

## References
Martin Bell (director)

at the 2011 Look 3 photography conference]]
**Martin Bell** (born January 16, 1943) is an American movie director. He was best known for his movies such as *Streetwise* and *American Heart*. His career began in 1971 wile making short movies. He was married to Mary Ellen Mark until her death in 2015.

## References
## Other websites
*
Aaron T. Beck

**Aaron Temkin Beck** (July 18, 1921 &ndash; November 1, 2021) was an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania.  He was thought to be as the father of cognitive therapy, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories. Beck is known for his research in psychotherapy, psychopathology, suicide, and psychometrics, which led to his creation of cognitive therapy and the BDI, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring depression severity.

Beck worked with psychologist Maria Kovacs in the creation of the Children's Depression Inventory, which used the BDI as a model.  Beck's work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to create his own cognitive techniques and exercises, and later work on learned helplessness.

Beck is the President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and the Honorary President of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, which certifies qualified cognitive therapists.

## Personal life
Beck married judge Phyllis W. Beck in 1950. Together, they had four children. He lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Beck turned 100 on July 18, 2021 and died later in the year on November 1 at his home in Philadelphia.

## More reading
*Beck, A.T., & Haigh, E. A.-P. (2014).  *Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model*. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
*Beck, A.T. (1967).  *The diagnosis and management of depression*. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 
*Beck, A.T. (1972).  *Depression: Causes and treatment*. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 
*Beck, A.T. (1975).  *Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders*. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc. 
*Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979).  *Cognitive therapy of depression*. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 

## References
## Other websites
*Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research 
*Cognitive Therapy Today (Beck Institute's Blog)
*Academy of Cognitive Therapy 
*Centro de Psicología Aaron Beck España
* The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
* Charlie Rose interview of Aaron T. Beck and others (video) 
* Aaron T. Beck interviewed by daughter Judith Beck (video)
Ralph Torres

**Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres** (born August 6, 1979) is an American Republican politician from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He was the 9th Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands from the death of governor Eloy Inos on December 28, 2015 until January 9, 2023. He previously served as the 10th Lieutenant Governor. He was elected to this position in the 2014 election. He lost re-election in 2022 to Arnold Palacios.

## References
William Waad

Sir **William Waad** (also **Wade** or **Wadd**) (1546 – 1623) was an English diplomat and administrator. He served as a special diplomatic agent for Elizabeth I of England. She sent him to France to collect papers which were used to convict her sister, Queen Mary. Waad also carried out the questioning and interrogations of political prisoners, often using torture to get the answers. He was involved in questioning Sir Walter Raleigh, members of the Gunpowder Plot, and the Essex rebellion among others.

## References
Carlos Romero Barceló

**Carlos Antonio Romero Barceló** (September 4, 1932 &ndash; May 2, 2021) was a Puerto Rican politician. He served as the fifth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was the second governor to be elected from the New Progressive Party (PNP) and also Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001.

On July 3, 2017, he was appointed by Governor Ricky Rosselló as Puerto Rico's first United States Shadow Senator to the U.S. Senate.

Romero Barceló was hospitalized in San Juan, Puerto Rico in March 2021 for sepsis and a urinary tract infection. He died a month later on May 2, 2021 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*Hispanic Americans in Congress: Carlos Romero-Barceló
*The National League of Cities

Movie: "Bajo otra Bandera" made 1997.
Coronagraph

A **coronagraph** is a telescope to see things around the Sun. The telescope uses a disk to block the bright surface of the sun, exposing bright objects around the sun to be visible to human eyes.

## References
George Clayton Johnson

**George Clayton Johnson** (July 10, 1929 – December 25, 2015) was an American science fiction writer. He was most famous for co-writing the novel ''Logan's Run* with William F. Nolan, the basis for the 1976 movie. 

He was also known for his television screenplays for *The Twilight Zone* (such as "Nothing in the Dark", "Kick the Can", "A Game of Pool", and "A Penny for Your Thoughts"), and the first episode of *Star Trek*, "The Man Trap". He also wrote the story on which the 1960 and 2001 movie *Ocean's Eleven'' were based.

Johnson died of bladder and prostate cancer on December 25, 2015 at a hospital in North Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. His death was falsely reported on December 22.

## References
## Other websites
*
*All of us are dying, but writer George Clayton Johnson is still living it up  (scifi.com)
James Braid

**James Braid** (1795 - 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist.

He was born in Portmoak, Scotland. He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

## Research on hypnotism
Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself. He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind. He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism". He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object. When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake. He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses. He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.

His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists". Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.

## Books and articles
Braid wrote a book and several articles about his research and his ideas:
* *Neurypnology, or, The Rationale of Nervous Sleep* (1843).
* *The Power of the Mind over the Body* (1846).
* *Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology* (1852).
* *Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases* (1853).

## References
Colin Dexter

**Norman Colin Dexter**, OBE, (29 September 1930 &ndash; 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer. He was known for his Inspector Morse novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.

In 2000 Dexter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature. In 2001 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

Dexter died in his sleep at his home in Oxford on 21 March 2017, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sheila Mercier

**Sheila Mercier** (1 January 1919 – 4 December 2019) was an English actress. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. She played Annie Sugden in *Emmerdale* for over 20 years between 1972 and 1994, she made 3 further appearances in 1995, 1996 and 2009.

## References
## Other websites
*
Buick Rendezvous

The **Buick Rendezvous** was a midsize crossover SUV. It was built by General Motors from 2002 to 2007. The Rendezvous was built on a short wheelbase of the GM U platform similar to the Pontiac Aztek. It slotted between the Rainier and the Terraza. From 2002 to 2006, it offered the option of front-wheel-drive or all-wheel drive. This was dropped for the final model year. The Rendezvous was later discontinued due to a drop in sales and replaced by the slightly larger Buick Enclave CUV which also replaced the Rainier and Terraza.

## Other websites