open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cycle of abuse

**Cycle of abuse** is the name of a theory that was developed to explain certain patterns in an abusive relationship, and in domestic violence. Lenore Walker developed the theory in the 1970s, after she had observed that there is a pattern that repeats in such relationships:
#Tension building phase - This occurs before an aggression
#Acting-out phase - There are violent incidents, some of the incidents may also be abusive
#Reconciliation/Honeymoon phase - The parties either get together again and there is an apology, or the incidents are simply ignored.
#Calm phase - During this phase, the relationship looks normal; there will be some difficulties. These difficulties lead to another tension-building phase.
Walker's cycle of abuse theory was regarded as a revolutionary and important concept in the study of abuse and interpersonal violence. However, researchers have occasionally criticised Walker's methodology, preconceptions or findings. 
## References
Kamoya Kimeu

**Kamoya Kimeu** (born c. 1940), a Kamba tribesman, is one of the world's most successful fossil collectors. With paleontologists Meave Leakey and Richard Leakey, he found some of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries. Kimeu found a *Homo habilis* skull known as KNM ER 1813, and an almost complete *Homo erectus* skeleton  known as Turkana Boy or Nariokotome boy. He has two fossil primates named after him: *Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni* and *Cercopithecoides kimeui*.

Kimeu began to work in paleoanthropology as a labourer for Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey in the 1950s. He was recruited for Mary Leakey's team when she took over as head of excavations at Olduvai. She preferred to hire Kamba men rather than Kikuyu, whom Louis preferred. In 1963 he joined with Richard Leakey's expeditions, accompanying him to the Omo River and Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in 1967. 

He quickly became Richard  Leakey's right-hand man, controlling field operations in Leakey's absence. In 1977 he became the National Museums of Kenya's curator for all prehistoric sites in Kenya. Kimeu was awarded the National Geographic Society's LaGorce Medal by the US President Ronald Reagan in a ceremony at the White House.

## Related pages
*List of Kenyan scientists

## References 
## Other websites 
*A list of fossils found at Lake Turkana 
*Footsteps through time - San Diego Museum of Man
Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)

***Light Years*** is the seventh studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was released on 25 September 2000 by Parlophone Records. The album contains five singles, "Spinning Around", "On a Night Like This",  the duet "Kids" with Robbie Williams, "Please Stay" and "Your Disco Needs You". The album reached number one on the Australian charts.

## Track listing 
## Other websites 
**Light Years* on Kylie Minogue's official website
Smoki Whitfield

**Robert "Smoki" Whitfield** (August 3, 1918 - November 11, 1967) was an African American television and movie actor. He played porters, servants, and African chieftains and witch doctors. He appeared in the 12 Bomba, the Jungle Boy movies  Johnny Sheffield from 1949 to 1955 as Eli, a friendly native guide. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and died in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park, Hollywood, California.
Abdullah Gül

**Abdullah Gül** (born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician. He was the President of Turkey, He served from 2007 to 2014. He was Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.

Gül was born on 29 October 1950 in Kayseri, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul University and at the University of Exeter. Gül has been married to Hayrünnisa Gül since 1980. They had three children.

## Other websites
*Presidency of the Republic of Turkey 
*
Turgut Özal

**Turgut Özal** (October 13, 1927 &ndash; April 17, 1993) was Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989) and President of Turkey (1989–1993). As Prime Minister, he transformed the economy of Turkey by paving the way for the privatization of many state enterprises.

Özal was born on October 13, 1927 in Malatya, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Özal was married to Ayhan İnal from 1952 until they divorced a few months later in 1952. Then he was married to Semra Özal from 1954 until his death in 1993. He had three children.

Özal died on April 17, 1993 in Ankara, Turkey from a suspected heart attack. He was 65 years old. Many people thought that his death was an assassination. Then in 2012, experts later performed an autopsy and was confirmed that poison was found in his body. The current cause of his death is a heart attack.

A trial charging retired general Levent Ersöz with his murder began in September 2013.

## References
Süleyman Demirel

**Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel**, better known as  **Süleyman Demirel** (1 November  1924 &ndash; 17 June 2015), was a Turkish politician. He was Prime Minister of Turkey seven times. He was the ninth President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000.

Demirel was born on 1 November 1924 in İslamköy, Atabey, Isparta. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Demirel was married to Nazmiye Demirel from 1948 until her death in 2013. He died after suffering from a lung infection in Ankara, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website of the Presidents of the Republic of Turkey
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos

**Rodrigo Borja Cevallos** (19 June 1935 &ndash; 18 December 2025) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992.

He focused on Ecuador's economic problems during his presidency, and he increased collaboration with other countries in the Americas.

Cevallos was born on 19 June 1935 in Quito, Ecuador. He was a direct descendant of Pope Alexander VI.

Cevallos died in Quito on 18 December 2025, at the age of 90.

## References
Cockburn Town

**Cockburn Town** is the capital city of the Turks and Caicos Islands.

## Geography
Cockburn Town is in the Grand Turk Island, the largest island in the Turks Islands archipelago. Historic 18th and 19th century Bermudian architecture can be seen on Duke and Front Streets in the town. The town is known for its long, narrow streets and old street lamps.

The closest area where ships can come near the city is Hawk's Nest Anchorage, which, though protected from the wind, should only be entered in good light because of reefs near the entrance.

## History
The seat of government ever since 1766, Cockburn Town was the first permanent settlement on any of the islands, founded in 1681 by salt collectors who arrived in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The city supposedly lies on the place where Juan Ponce de León first landed on the island.

## Main sights
### National Museum
Cockburn Town is home to the Turks & Caicos National Museum, which is housed in the colonial-era Guinep House, on Front Street.  The house is believed to be over 180 years old and is named after the large and old Guinep tree that is in front of the building.  The site was donated to the Museum in 1990.

Some of the exhibits detail the history of the Lucayans (the original people of the islands), the Space Race, Turks and Caicos postage stamps, slavery and the history of the slave trade, the sisal and salt industries, royal events, as well as a general history of the islands. The museum also maintains a garden, which is adjacent to the Guinep House.

Also of interest are the museum's research projects, including its "Message in a Bottle" Project, recording nearly 40 years' worth of messages found in bottles on the beaches of Grand Turk.

## Climate 
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Island 
* Cockburn Town (Grand Turk) 
* Cockburn Town in Wikimapia
Rosalía Arteaga

**Lupe Rosalía Arteaga Serrano de Fernández de Córdova** (born December 5, 1956) is an Ecuadorian politician. She was the country's first female president for only two days in 1997. Arteaga became president when Abdalá Bucaram left office.

Arteaga was born in Cuenca, Ecuador.

## Other websites
*Encyclopædia Britannica - About the Editorial Board 
*Short Biography
Abdalá Bucaram

**Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz** (born February 20, 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996 to 6 February 1997.

As President, Abdalá Bucaram was nicknamed **"El Loco"** ("the crazy one"). During his presidency, Bucaram didn't fix anything in Ecuador. This led to many people saying that he was not a good leader.

## Early life
Bucaram was born on February 20, 1952 into a tough neighborhood in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The two later became godparents to each other's children.

The constitutional court said the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court decision and continued to confirm Fabian Alarcon as acting president.

## Personal life
He was exiled from Ecuador as a punishment for his crimes in Ecuador.

## References
## Other websites
*Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation 
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
*Dalo y Gaby Asambleistas,PRE la nueva Era
Jamil Mahuad

**Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt** (born July 29, 1949) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician and the 51st President of Ecuador from August 10, 1998 to January 21, 2000.

Mahuad was born on July 29, 1949 in Loja, Ecuador. He studied at Harvard University.

## Other websites
*Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation 
*Text of the Rio Protocol 
*Mahuad and Fujimori
*James Carville's relationship with Mahaud and the effect and consequences of the conversion to the dollar from the sucre
Alfredo Palacio

**Luis Alfredo Palacio González** (22 January 1939 &ndash; 22 May 2025) served as President of Ecuador from April 2005 to January 2007. From 15 January 2003 to 20 April 2005, he served as vice president, after which he was appointed to the presidency when the Ecuadorian Congress removed President Lucio Gutiérrez from power following a week of growing unrest with his government.

Palacio was born on 22 January 1939 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at Case Western Reserve University. Palacio was married to María Beatriz Paret.

Palacio died on 22 May 2025 in Guayaquil at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Presidencia de la República&nbsp;– Presidente  Biography as president
*BBC Mundo | América Latina | ¿Quién es Alfredo Palacio? (BBC News)
*Ecuador's Balancing Act: Palacio, the People and the IMF  The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
*http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/dahik-posesiona-a-palacio-26852.html
Lucio Gutiérrez

**Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa** (born March 23, 1957) served as President of Ecuador from January 15, 2003 to April 20, 2005. He unsuccessfully ran for president again in the 2021 election.

Gutiérrez was born on March 23, 1957 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to Ximena Bohórquez.

## Other websites
* Biography by CIDOB Foundation  
* Presidencia de la República 
* Seeking asylum in Colombia
* Arrest
Eloy Alfaro

**José Eloy Alfaro Delgado** (June 25, 1842 – January 28, 1912) served as President of Ecuador from 1895 to 1901 and from 1906 to 1911. He became one the strongest opponents of pro-Catholic conservative President Gabriel García Moreno. For his central role in the Liberal Revolution of 1895 and for having fought conservatism for almost 30 years, he is known as the *Viejo Luchador*.

Alfaro was born on June 25, 1842 in Montecristi, Ecuador. He was married to Ana Paredes y Arosemena until his death in 1912. On January 28, 1912, a mob broke out and busted into the prison cell where Alfaro was held at. They dragged him along the streets of Quito, Ecuador. Alfaro was killed during the attack, aged 69.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
* Enciclopedia del Ecuador
María Ángeles Calderón González

**Maria Angeles Calderon Gonzalez** (born October 27, 1974 in Madrid) is a goalball player from Spain.  She is blind and is a type B2 goalball player. She works for ONCE selling coupons. She played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  Her team was second. 

## References
Juan José Flores

**Juan José Flores y Aramburu** (July 19, 1800 – October 1, 1864) was a Venezuelan military general who became Supreme Chief, and later the first President of the new Republic of Ecuador. He later served two more terms from 1839 to 1843 and from 1843 to 1845, and is often referred to as "The Founder of the Republic". His son Antonio Flores Jijón would soon become President of Ecuador.

Flores was born on July 19, 1800 in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. He was married to Mercedes Jijón de Vivanco y Chiriboga. Flores died on October 1, 1864 in Puná Island, Ecuador from uremia caused by kidney failure, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/temasOpt.php?Ind=879&Let=Ar 
*Presidential biography  (Spanish language).  Accessed May 16, 2005.
*Presidential terms and events (Spanish language).  Accessed May 16, 2005.
Roy Rockwood

**Roy Rockwood** is the pseudonym created by the Stratemeyer Syndicate for the team of ghostwriters who wrote the syndicate's boys' adventure books. The name is best remembered for the Bomba the Jungle Boy and the Great Marvel series.

## Series 
*Deep Sea (1905&ndash;1908)--Later reused as part of *Dave Fearless* series
*Great Marvel (1906&ndash;1935)--Volumes 1-5 and 8 ghostwritten by Howard R. Garis
*Speedwell Boys (1913&ndash;1915)
*Dave Dashaway (1913&ndash;1915)
*Dave Fearless (1926&ndash;1927)
*Bomba, the Jungle Boy (1926&ndash;1937), many ghostwritten by John William Duffield

In addition to Garis and Duffield, some of these books were also written by Leslie McFarlane and W. Bert Foster. Edward Stratemeyer had earlier used the pseudonym "Roy Rockwood"  for the book *The Wizard of the Sea; or a Trip Under the Ocean*, published by the Mershon Company in 1900.

## Other websites
*
León Febres Cordero

**León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra** (9 March 1931 – 15 December 2008) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as President of Ecuador from 1984 to 1988.

## Early life
Cordero was born **León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra ** on 9 March 1931 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey. Cordero married María Eugenia Cordovez in 1958. Their marriage would last until his death in 2008.

## Presidency
 at a meeting, 1985]]
He was known in the Ecuadorian media as **LFC** or by his surname (Febres-Cordero). He was President of Ecuador of Ecuador for a four-year term. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1984. He succeeded Osvaldo Hurtado. During his Presidency he sought to introduce market-oriented reforms, and also led a security crackdown on a guerilla group, ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!. He was known for being a close ally to President of the United States Ronald Reagan.

In 1987 Febres Cordero was kidnapped for 11 hours by members of the air force demanding the freedom of General Frank Vargas Pazzos, who had been imprisoned after leading two uprisings in March 1986, aimed at toppling the Minister of Defense.

Congress approved a resolution granting Vargas amnesty, but Febres Cordero refused to publish the resolution, thus denying it the force of law. It was only after his January 1987 kidnapping that he signed the amnesty and released Vargas.

Cordero's presidency ended in 10 August 1988. He was succeeded by Rodrigo Borja Cevallos.

## Mayor of Guayaquil
Shortly after his presidency, Cordero became Mayor of Guayaquil. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1992. Cordero succeeded Harry Soria Lamán. His term would last until his retirement in 10 August 2000. He was succeeded by Jaime Nebot.

## Personal life
Cordero lived in Guayaquil. He had four children with his wife of fifty years. Cordero was a smoker. He made many visits to the United States and Columbia. He once met with Ronald Reagan to discus foreign relations.

## Death
Cordero died on 15 December 2008 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from lung cancer and emphysema, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* Conmemorial video 
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
* Edufuturo
* Amnesty International
Josefa Benítez Guzman

**Josefa Benitez Guzman** (born August 30, 1969 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  She has a physical disability.  She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the road race. 

## References
Transformers: Age of Extinction

***Transformers: Age of Extinction*** is a 2014 American science fiction action movie. It is based on the *Transformers* toy line. The movie was released on June 27, 2014. It was released in both IMAX and 3D. McCormick Place in Chicago, was used for a city in China. The movie was the first movie to be shot using smaller digital IMAX 3D cameras.  The cast and crew went to the main land for another week of filming Additional filming in Detroit began in early 2014.

### Music
Ehren Kruger wrote the script and Steve Jablonsky wrote the music the movie.

## References
Galo Plaza

**Galo Plaza Lasso** (February 17, 1906 – January 28, 1987) was an Ecuadorian politician and statesman. He was President of Ecuador from 1948 to 1952 and Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1968 to 1975. He is the son of former Ecuadorian President Leonidas Plaza.

Plaza was born on February 17, 1906 in New York City, New York. He studied at University of Maryland, at the University of California, Berkeley, and at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Plaza was married to Rosario Pallares. They had six children. Plaza died on January 28, 1987 from a heart attack in Quito, Ecuador, aged 80.

## Other websites
*Galo Plaza's biography at the Ecuadorian government's website  
*Plaza's obituary in the NY Times
Joseph Campbell

**Joseph Campbell** (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was a writer known for his work on myth and religion.

## Quotes
"I think the person who takes a job in order to live- that is to say, for the money- has turned himself into a slave."

## Other websites
*Folkstory biography
Carl Bloch

**Carl Heinrich Bloch** (23 May 1834 – 22 February 1890) was a Danish painter. Bloch studied painting at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Today he is mostly known for the Genre and History painting he did. 

File:Mantzius Kristian.jpg|Kristian Mantzius
File:The-Last-Supper-large.jpg|The Last Supper
File:Carl Heinrich Bloch - Woman at the Well.jpg|Woman at the Well
File:Samson and the Philistines by Carl Bloch - Statens Museum for Kunst - DSC08220.JPG|Samson and the Philistines
File:Carl Bloch - In a Roman Osteria - Google Art Project.jpg|In a Roman Osteria

## Related pages
*List of Danish painters
Quail

**Quail** [pronounced Kwāl] is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds in the order Galliformes. The birds in this group are often referred to as "fowl".
 
Old World quail are in the family Phasianidae, and New World quail are found in the family Odontophoridae. Many of the common larger species are farm-raised for table food or egg consumption, and are hunted on game farms or in the wild, where they may be released to supplement the wild population, or extend into areas outside their natural range. Quail are also raised as pets.

The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey or bevy.

## References 
## Other websites
*Quail forever
*Recipes
Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon

The **Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon** is a transport and ASW helicopter designed and built in France. The design was first built by Sud Aviation, and later by Aérospatiale. It's built under chineses licence like **Avicopter AC313**.

Some were used by Israel and South Africa.

## References
Alfre Woodard

**Alfre Woodard** (; born November 8, 1952) is an American actress who stars in both movies and television. She played Carolyn in the 1994 movie *Crooklyn*. Alfre was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Woodard is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Theatre 
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
John Henry Newman

**John Henry Newman**,  (21 February 1801&nbsp;– 11 August 1890) was an important person in Victorian Christianity in England. He was part of the Oxford Movement in Anglicanism which pushed for a more Catholic faith. He finally converted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1845. He was made a cardinal. He was beatified in 2010. He wrote many books, including an autobiography, and *The Dream of Gerontius*.

## Early life and education
Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in the City of London,

### Evangelical
At the age of 15, during his last year at school, Newman was converted, an incident of which he wrote in his *Apologia* that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet".

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Newman reader

### Writings
* 
* 
*
Michelle Alonso Morales

**Michelle Alonso Morales** (born 15 September 1994) is a para swimmer from Spain. She has an intellectual disability and is an S14 type swimmer.  As of 2012, she lived in Tenerife. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, England. She finished first in the 100 meter breaststroke. She has been dubbed by the media as *"The Little Mermaid of the Canary Islands"*. She is also considered one of the most important personalities of Spanish sport.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Saturnalia tupiniquim

***Saturnalia*** is an extinct genus of basal prosauropod  dinosaur from the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. has made it difficult to classify. It is one of the oldest true dinosaurs yet found.

The first (1999) description of the genus assigned it to the Sauropodomorpha. However, in a 2003 paper, Langer noted that features of its skull and hand were more similar to the sister group of sauropodomorphs, the theropods. Also that *Saturnalia* could be a member of the sauropodomorph "stem-lineage", rather than a true member of that group. 

José Bonaparte and colleagues, in a 2007 study, found *Saturnalia* to be very similar to the primitive saurischian *Guaibasaurus*. Bonaparte placed the two in the same family, Guaibasauridae. Like Langer, Bonaparte found that these forms may have been primitive sauropodomorphs, or an assemblage of forms close to the common ancestor of the sauropodomorphs and theropods. Overall, Bonaparte found that both *Saturnalia* and *Guaibasaurus* were more theropod-like than prosauropod-like. 

However, all more recent cladistic analyses found it to be a very basal sauropodomorph,

## References
José María Velasco Ibarra

**José María Velasco Ibarra** (March 19, 1893 &ndash; March 30, 1979) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was seen by many to be a dictator,  He was elected five times to the post of president of Ecuador: 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968–1972.  But only once (1952–1956) did he complete the constitutional mandate.

## Early life
Ibarra was born on March 19, 1893 in Quito, Ecuador. He studied at Central University of Ecuador. Ibarra was married to Corina Parral de Velasco Ibarra until his death in 1979.

## Presidency
In 1933, he stood in the Ecuadorian presidential election and received 80% of the votes cast, the highest in Ecuadorian history. Velasco Ibarra traveled through several Latin American countries, including Peru, and restored Ecuador's global image. His first presidency began on September 1, 1934, but he was ousted in August 1935 by the military.

In May 1944, because of the May 28 "Glorious Revolution", he was named Supreme Chief of the Republic and was later named Constitutional President by the Constituent Assembly. In August 1947, he was again deposed by the military. Three defense ministers perpetuated the coup against Velasco Ibarra; among them was minister Mancheno, who later was his successor.

In 1952, he again won the presidential election, and began his third term as president on September 1, 1952. This time, he served his entire term, which ended on August 31, 1956. His third term was a time of progress for Ecuador: 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 1359&nbsp;km of roads were constructed, and 1057&nbsp;km more were improved.

In 1960, he was elected president for the fourth time and was removed on November 7, 1961. In 1960, he nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru, including Paquisha in 1981 and the War of El Cenepa in 1995.

Finally, in 1968 Velasco Ibarra won the presidency for a fifth time. This government ended abruptly on February 15, 1972, when once more he was deposed in a bloodless coup, which brought General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara to power. In total, Velasco Ibarra governed nearly 13 years, making him the longest-serving president in Ecuadorian history.

## Death
Ibarra fell of a bus in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He returned to Quito where he died from complications of his injuries on March 30, 1979, aged 86.

## References
Misery (movie)

***Misery*** is a 1990 American psychological horror thriller movie set in Colorado. It is based on Stephen King's 1987 novel of the same name. The movie stars James Caan, Kathy Bates, Lauren Bacall, Frances Sternhagen, and Richard Farnsworth. It was directed by Rob Reiner.

Bates plays an abusive woman psychopath who imprisons and tortures a novelist (Caan) in her rural home. She does this after he accidentally crashes his car and she pretends that she is going to look after him until he recovers from his injuries.

Bates won the Academy Award for Best Actress. The movie was well received by critics and audiences. King has stated that *Misery* is one of his top ten favorite movie adaptations.

## References
Edward "Tug" Wilson

**Edward "Tug" Wilson** (1921 – 2009) was a British colonel. He started the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was also really good friends with Sheikh Zayed. 

## Early life
He was born on January 18, 1921 in West Hartlepool, Yorkshire in England. His birth name was Edward Bearby Wilson. Tug was a nickname. He attended Constantine College. In 1945 he was a wireless operator at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He liked to play rugby and cricket. 

## Military work
He started working in the Worcestershire Regiment. He then worked for the 1st Battalion of the British Army of the Rhine. Then he worked for the 2nd Division Signal Regiment. He was a part of the Berlin airlift and the Malayan Emergency. He went to Korea and in 1952 moved to Hara Mura, Japan to teach British soldiers at the Battle School. A grenade blew up while he was teaching soldiers and he hurt his shoulder. 

He became a Major. In 1961 he started looking over a squadron of the Trucial Oman Scouts. He was working at the Buraimi Oasis, Al Ain. He became good friends with Sheikh Zayed

## Retirement and death
He left Abu Dhabi in 1969. He started teaching at the Old Royal Naval College. Then he taught at the Staff College, Camberley. He retired from the Army in 1971. He started a trout fish farm. Wilson then moved back to Abu Dhabi, at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed, to run the royal stables. He ran the stables until the Sheikh died. He participated in the London To Peking Motor Challenge in 1990. He was awarded the Abu Dhabi Award. He died on January 2, 2009. 

## References
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi

**Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi** (; about 1437 – 1513) was a Moroccan mathematician from the Maghreb. He wrote poems about the work of other mathematicians, including Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi. He used lattice multiplication in his math writing.

## Related pages
* List of scientists

## References
Albrecht Altdorfer

**Albrecht Altodorfer** was a German painter, engraver and builder of the Renaissance. He was probably born around the year 1480, in Altdorf, Lower Bavaria, or Regensburg. He died on 12 February 1538 in Regensburg. Together with Wolf Huber, he is seen as one of the main people in the Danube school. The danube school was an art movement that spread along the Danube, in Germany and Austria. With Albrecht Dürer he founded the Little Masters (original: *Kleinmeister*) of Nuremberg. 

## Related pages
*German art
Massasoit

**Massasoit ** (c. 15811661),
was the Native American leader of the Wampanoag and "Massasoit" tribes.  His name means *Great Leader*.

## Early years
Massasoit was born in a Pokanoket village at the site of today's Rhode Island.  He was liked by seven leaders.  In March 1621, a Native American named Samoset entered Plymouth Colony and said to the Pilgrims in English, "Welcome Englishmen".  He had learned some words from the English fishermen and traders that had visited his tribe. He said he was sent by Massasoit, “the greatest leader of the country.” After a few days, Massasoit came in person and was received with great friendship.

## Children
During this time, Massasoit had five children.  His oldest son, "Moanam" or Wamsutta, died within a year after his father, and his brother Metacom (Philip) became chief in 1662. Massasoit was ill and Winslow took care of him.  After he got better, Massasoit said the English are my friends and love me. He also said that while he lives he would never forget the kindness they have showed me."

The Wampanoag and the English maintained a friendship until Massasoit's death. During this time, Massasoit sold lands to the English that they needed. When Roger Williams, was sent away from the Massachusetts colony, he spent many weeks with Massasoit. Massasoit was friendly and honest and always kept his word. He warned the pilgrims of any Native Americans who were not their friends.

## References
*"Native People" (page), "Massasoit (Ousamequin) Sachem" (section), *MayflowerFamilies.com*, webpage: MFcom-Native .
*
*
*Nathaniel Philbrick, *Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War,* New York 2006.

## In fiction
Massasoit was a character in "The Mayflower Voyagers", a 1988 episode of the Peanuts television series, *This is America, Charlie Brown*. 

At the beginning of the 1995 movie adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne's *The Scarlet Letter*, Massasoit dies and his tribe cremates him.

## Notes
Ben Bailey

**Benjamin Ray "Ben" Bailey** (born October 30, 1970) is an American comedian, taxicab driver, and game show host. He is best known as the host of the Discovery Channel game show *Cash Cab*. He was born in Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States.

Bailey was the host of *Cash Cab*, a television game show played in a taxi that Bailey drives around New York City, from 2005 until the show's end in 2012. He was nominated for an "Outstanding Game Show Host" award at the Daytime Emmy Awards in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. He won in 2010 and 2011. He was also the host of the 2011 NBC game show ''Who's Still Standing?''.

## References
## Other websites
* Ben Bailey's official website
*
Hang 'Em High

'''''Hang 'Em High''''' is a 1968 American Western movie directed by Ted Post and produced and co-written by Leonard Freeman. It stars Clint Eastwood as Jed Cooper, an innocent man who survives being hanged, Inger Stevens as a widow who helps him, Ed Begley as the leader of the gang that tried to hang him, and Pat Hingle as the judge who hires Jed as a US Marshal.
Elmer Gantry

***Elmer Gantry*** is a 1960 drama movie about a con man and a female evangelist selling religion to small town America. Directed by Richard Brooks, the movie is based on the 1927 novel of the same name by Sinclair Lewis and stars Burt Lancaster and Jean Simmons.

Actor Pat Hingle was originally cast as Elmer Gantry. After he was injured from a  fall down an elevator shaft, the part was given to Lancaster. Lancaster won an Academy Award for his role.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
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Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)

***Body Language*** is the ninth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was recorded during the summer of 2003 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain, and released on 20 November 2003 by Parlophone. The album contains three official singles, "Slow", "Red Blooded Woman" and "Chocolate".

## Track listing 
## Other websites 
**Body Language* on Kylie Minogue's official website
Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka

**Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka** is a Buddhist canon from the Jin Dynasty. It is written in the Chinese language.

It was first called the Jin Triptaka. It was written at the Tianning Temple around the year 1149. A woman named Cui Fazhen and some of her friends gave the money to make the book. Kublai Khan brought it to the Guangsheng Temple. It was found there in 1933. The canon was renamed Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka because the Guangsheng Temple is located in Zhaocheng. It has some canons and sections that are not found in later copies of the book.  

## References
360

is proclaimed Emperor in Paris at the Thermes de Cluny.]]
__NOTOC__

 At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus** (or, less often, '*year 1113 *Ab urbe condita''''').

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* February &ndash; Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris) at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against king Shapur II of Persia and revolted.
* The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine and into the Black Forest by Julian.
* King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses. His armies capture Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis.
* Emperor Constantius II and Julian send several letters to each other. They are both hoping to avoid a civil war.

#### Europe 
* Thousands of Huns invade Europe. They spread terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

#### Asia 
* Japan begins a 30-year period of great influence in Korea.

### By topic 
#### Agriculture 
* Roman authorities in Britannia export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine. They have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.

#### Religion 
* First Council of Constantinople: Emperor Constantius II requested a church council, at Constantinople, and both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Wulfila also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council, several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.

## Births 
* John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date)
* Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date)
* Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)
* Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
* Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)

## Deaths 
* Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date)
* Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)
Fabián Alarcón

**Fabián Ernesto Alarcón Rivera** (born April 14, 1947) was President of Ecuador from 6 February 1997 to 9 February 1997 and from February 11, 1997 to August 10, 1998.

Alarcón was born in Quito. He was head of the Congress from 1991 to 1992 and then again from August 1995 to February 1997, when he was made acting president due to the impeachment of President Abdalá Bucaram.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
James Whale

**James Whale** (22 July 1889 – 29 May 1957) was an English movie director, theatre director, and actor. He is best remembered for his horror movies. These include *Frankenstein* (1931), *The Old Dark House* (1932), *The Invisible Man* (1933) and *Bride of Frankenstein* (1935). He also directed the movie musical *Show Boat* (1936). 

Whale was born into a large family.  Early on, he discovered his artistic talent and studied art. With the outbreak of World War I, Whale joined the British Army. He became an officer. He was captured by the Germans. During his time as a prisoner of war, he became interested in theatre. After the war, he became an actor, set designer, and director. He moved to the United States to direct a Broadway play, and then moved to Hollywood to direct movies. 

Whale lived in Hollywood for the rest of his life with his longtime companion, producer David Lewis. Whale directed a dozen movies for Universal Studios between 1930 and 1936, developing a style influenced by German Expressionism.

After string of movies failures, Whale's directing career was over by 1941. He continued to direct for the stage, painted, and travelled. His retirement years were comfortable until strokes in 1956 left him in pain. Whale committed suicide on 29 May 1957 by drowning himself in his backyard swimming pool.

## Other websites 
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Antje Traue

**Antje Traue** (born January 18, 1981) is a German actress. She is known for her roles in *Pandorum*, *Kleinruppin Forever*, *5 Days of War*, and in *Man of Steel*.

Traue was born on January 18, 1981, in Mittweida, Saxony, Germany.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gustavo Noboa

**Gustavo José Joaquín Noboa Bejarano** (21 August 1937 – 16 February 2021) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was the 42nd President of Ecuador from 22 January 2000 to 15 January 2003. Before, he was the Vice President during Jamil Mahuad's government from 1998 to 2000.

Noboa was born on 21 August 1937 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to María Isabel Baquerizo. In March 2006, Noboa was put under house arrest for mishandling Ecuador's foreign debt.

Noboa died at a hospital in Miami, Florida from a heart attack while having brain cancer surgery on 16 February 2021, aged 83.

## References
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

**Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu** (22 January 1971 &ndash; 25 July 2017, often known simply as **Gurrumul**), was an indigenous Australian musician. He was best known as a singer and musician. Most of his songs are sung in Galpu, Gumatj or Djambarrpuyngu,

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Gurrumul* (2008)
* *Rrakala* (2011)

## References
## Other websites
*Record company bio
*Video of Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu performing at YouTube
*National Indigenous Times – Issue 151 Yunupingu's voice creates waves throughout the world
*Gurrumul obituary
Black hair

with dark hair]]

The term **Black hair** refers to the darkest of all human hair colors. It is a dominant and genetic trait, and found in people of all ethnic groups. Caucasian people with black hair are usually referred to as brunettes. Black hair carries extreme amounts of eumelanin and is less dense than the other hair colors.
Ayelet Zurer

**Ayelet Zurer** (born 28 June 1969) is an Israeli actress. She is known for her roles in *Angels & Demons*, *Fugitive Pieces*, and in *Man of Steel*. She was born in Tel Aviv.

Zurer was born to a Jewish family. She has been married to Gilad Londovski since 2003. They had one child.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*Ayelet Zurer at Theiapolis.com 
* Ayelet Zurer at E-Online
Managed motorway

**Managed motorways** in the United Kingdom are motorways which use **active traffic management**. Their aim is to increase traffic capacity at times of peak traffic flow. They use variable speed limits and hard shoulder running at busy times. A "hard shoulder" is an inner lane which in normal times is only used for emergencies.

Active traffic management was first used in 2005. The system is now in operation on sections of the M1, M4, M6, and M42, and there are proposals for its use on sections of the M5, M25, M60 and M62. 

Benefits include smoother traffic flows, more reliable journey times, fewer road traffic collisions, and reduced noise and harmful vehicle emissions. Where only variable speed limits are used, it is called a **controlled motorway**.

## References
Mooreana trichoneura

***Mooreana trichoneura*** is commonly known as the 'yellow flat'. It is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It has a wingspan of 32-36mm. Butterflies like this are called 'flats' because they fly quickly and usually rest on the underside of a leaf with their wings open flat. The yellow flat is usually found in lowland forests up to 833m (2500ft).

The yellow flat has a wide distribution. It ranges from India to Thailand to Malaysia and can even be found in the Philippines. In the 4th quarter of 2012, it was discovered in Singapore.

## References
Looptroop Rockers

at Sommarkrysset 2008]]

**Looptroop Rockers** is a reggae, hiphop and electro band from Västerås, Sweden, they sing in both English and Swedish but mostly English. The band's former name was just **Looptroop**.

The band has 9 albums and some EPs. The members of the group are Promoe, Supreme. Embee and CosM.I.C, the producers is DvsG (David vs. Goliath) and Burning Heart Records. The band were created in 1991 by Promoe and Embee, the band was complete in 1996. Now it’s the biggest Swedish export in Hiphop.

The name Looptroop comes from loops (the beat is repeating over and over till the end of the song) and ‘troop’ stands for Freedom Writers because they sing about the government.

## Albums
* 2000 – *Modern Day City Symphony* (2LP/CD)
* 2000 – *Modern Day City Symphony Instrumentals* (LP)
* 2002 – *The Struggle Continues* (2LP/CD)
* 2002 – *The Struggle Continues Instrumentals* (LP)
* 2005 – *Fort Europa* (2LP/CD)
* 2005 – *Fort Europa Instrumentals* (LP)
* 2008 – *Good Things* (2LP/CD)
* 2011 – *Professional Dreamers* (2LP/CD)
* 2013 – *Mitt Hjärta Är En Bomb* (2LP/CD)

## Singles
* Don't Hate the Player (2002)
* Fly Away (2002)
* Looptroopland (2002)
* Long Arm of the Law (2000)
* Ambush in the Night (1999)
* Schlook from Birth (1998)
* Heads or Tails (1998)
* From Beyond K-Line (1998)
* The Way Beyond (1998, mixtape)
* From the Waxcabinet (1996)
* Unsigned Hype (1997)
* Punx Not Dead (1999, MC)
* From the Waxcabinet (1996, MC)
* Threesicksteez (1995, MC)
* Superstars (1993, MC)
Eyespot

* cell with red eyespot]]
* cell with chloroplast eyespot]]

An **eyespot** is a simple organ in biology used to detect light. It may be called an **ocellus**, or **pigment pit**. They are quite common in small, simple invertebrates, such as *Planaria*. They do not have lenses or any means of focussing. Therefore, they can sense light from dark, but do not give the animal a visual scene as our eyes do.

In many simple animals the eyespot senses light with a pigment molecule called an opsin. Then a nerve fibre goes from the eyespot to the simple nervous system. This allows the animal to move in response to (for example) a shadow passing over it.

Eyespots also occur in single-celled protists like *Euglena* and *Chlamydomonas*, where it is connected to the flagellum. This allows the information from the light patch to influence the cells's movement.

The first fossils of eyes that have been found to date are from the early Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago). This period saw a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the "Cambrian explosion". One idea is that the evolution of eyes started an arms race which led to a rapid spate of evolution. Much earlier than this organisms would have used light spots for light sensitivity, but did not have a visual scene for rapid navigation.

## References
Mekelle

**Mekelle** (, ) or **Mekele** a city in Ethiopia. It is the capital city of the Tigray Region. It is in the north of the region. It had 219,818 people as of 2012. 

The city was founded in the 13th century according to historians. It was one of the major cities of Enderta province. It was chosen as the capital of Yohannes IV's realm. There was a riot that broke out between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist worshipers on 29 December 2002. The riot resulted in five deaths and three others were seriously injured. The city is one of the country's principal economic and educational centers.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Night of the Ghouls

***Night of the Ghouls*** is a 1959 horror movie written, directed, and produced by Ed Wood. It is a sequel of sorts to Wood's 1955 horror movie, *Bride of the Monster*.

The story is about a crook, Dr. Acula, who pretends to be able to contact the dead. He charges people large amounts of money to speak to their dead relatives. He summons a group of real ghosts who bury him alive.

The movie stars Kenne Duncan as Dr. Karl Acula, Duke Moore as Lt. Dan Bradford, Tor Johnson as Lobo, Valda Hansen as Sheila, Paul Marco as Patrolman Kelton, and Criswell as himself.
Koenigsegg

**Koenigsegg Automotive AB** () is a Swedish company that makes cars. They make "super cars", a mixture of sports cars and a fast cars. The main office is in Ängelholm, Sweden. 1994

## History
The creator and manager of Koenigsegg is Christian E. H. von Koenigsegg. In 1994 he created Koenigsegg as a small company, after years of planning. The designer David Crafoord designed the concept car for Koenigsegg's original drawings. Then, they built a prototype that could be driven. They tested the car for several years and developed it further. In 2002, the company started the series production of the model CC 8S. Koenigsegg CC 8S was named by the Guinness Book of Records for the world's most powerful car with its 1,050 horsepower.

## Cars
Koenigsegg's fastest car is Koenigsegg 2021 Jesko Absolut, It can go up to a top speed of 563 km/h (350 mph). It does 0-400-0 km/h (0-249-0 mph) in 27.83 seconds.

## References
## Other websites
*
Predator (movie)

***Predator*** is a 1987 American science fiction horror/action movie. It was directed by John McTiernan. The movie stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Carl Weathers, Jesse Ventura, and Kevin Peter Hall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The story follows a special forces team, led by 'Dutch' (Arnold Schwarzenegger).

They are on a mission to rescue hostages in Central America. The group does not know that they are being hunted by a technologically advanced alien, the Predator. *Predator* was written by Jim and John Thomas in 1985. Filming began in April 1986.

## Production 
The movie cost about $15 million to make. It was released in the United States on June 12, 1987. *Predator* made $98,267,558 at the box office. At first, the reviews to *Predator* were negative. Much of this was because of a weak plot.  Two sequels, *Predator 2* (1990) and *Predators* (2010) were made. There have also been two movies with the *Alien* franchise. These are *Alien vs. Predator* (2004) and *Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem* (2007).

## Cast
* Arnold Schwarzenegger as Major Alan "Dutch" Schaefer.
* Carl Weathers as George Dillon, a former teammate of Dutch and a CIA agent.
* Elpidia Carrillo as Anna, a guerrilla, captured by Dutch's troops.
* Richard Chaves as Jorge "Poncho" Ramirez.
* Jesse Ventura as Blain Cooper, who fought with Mac in the Vietnam War.
* Bill Duke as Mac Eliot, a close friend of Blain's.
* Sonny Landham as Billy Sole, a Native American tracker.
* Shane Black as Rick Hawkins, the team's radio operator.
* R. G. Armstrong as Major General Homer Phillips, the coordinator of the mission.
* Kevin Peter Hall as The Predator. Hall also plays the end scene helicopter pilot. Peter Cullen did the voice of the Predator.

## Box office 
*Predator* was #1 at the US box office in its opening weekend with a gross of $12 million. Only *Beverly Hills Cop II* made more money in 1987. The movie earned a total of $98,267,558. Of this, $59,735,548 was from the US & Canadian box office. $38,532,010 was made overseas.

## References
## Other websites 
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*
Tor Johnson

**Tor Johnson** (born **Tor Johansson**, 19 October 1903 – 12 May 1971) was a Swedish professional wrestler and movie and television actor. During his wrestling career, he was billed as the Super-Swedish Angel.

Johnson was born in Sweden, the son of Karl J. Johansson and Lovisa Petersson. He began appearing in movies in 1934, usually as boxers or wrestlers. In the 1940s, he played lumbering thugs and scowling plug-uglies. He appeared with Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in *Road to Rio* (1947), in *Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion* (1950), and with Shirley Jones in the movie version of *Carousel* (1956).

He is best known though for his appearances in the low budget movies directed by Ed Wood. He played Lobo in *Bride of the Monster* and *Night of the Ghouls*, and the zombified Inspector Clay in *Plan 9 from Outer Space*.

In the early 1960s, he had guest appearances as wrestlers, thugs, and circus strongmen in various television series including *Peter Gunn*, *Bonanza*, and *The Shirley Temple Show*. Johnson died in San Fernando, California, from heart failure in 1971. He was buried at the Eternal Valley Memorial Park in Newhall, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*[Tor Johnson bio](http://www.searchmytrash.com/articles/torjohnson(9-10).shtml) on (re)Search my Trash