open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hamitic

**Hamitic** is an outdated theory that claims that the so-called Hamitic race is superior to the negroid races of African. John Hanning Speke started the theory. Karl Richard Lepsius and Carl Meinhof extended the theory by using languages to divide people into Hamitic or non-Hamitic. That categorization is no longer in use.

## Alternative theories
Another way to classify people into Hamitic or non-Hamitic is by ethnic roots. Negroid people were perceived as Shemetic, as opposed to the Hamitic Ethiopian, Sudanese, and some other West African ethnic groups as attested by the genealogy of ancient ethnic lineages. For instance, a person who has ancestry from Rome would be considered closer to a Hamite than a person whose ancestry is in Africa.

Ironically, the Hamites include some of the darkest Sub-Saharan African groups like the Nilotes, who were considered closest to Europeans, as opposed to the Chadic Sub-Saharan Africans, who share a common RB1 lineage. 

The Hamitic theory also was one factor in classifying the negroid races of Africa upon colonization. That was one factor leading to the Rwandan genocide, which pitted the Tutsis against the Hutus despite their strong similarities and long co-existence.

## Related pages
* Semites
* Scientific racism
* Rwandan genocide denial
Biscarosse

**Biscarosse** is a commune of 12,487 people (2007). It is in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Landes department in the southwest of France.

## Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located at Biscarosse.
Lumsden, Saskatchewan

**Lumsden** is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The population of Lumsden was 1,800 in 2021. The mayor of Lumsden is Verne Barber. The town was originally known as *Happy Hollow* in 1881 and was changed to *Lumsden* in 1889 after Hugh Lumsden, a senior engineer with the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Saint-Yan

**Saint-Yan** is a commune in eastern France. It lies in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Today, about 1.141 people live in the city.

## Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located at Saint-Yan.

## Transports 
* Saint-Yan Airport
Vices & Virtues

***Vices & Virtues*** is the third full-length studio album from Panic! at the Disco. It was released on March 18, 2011 under Fueled By Ramen and Decaydance Records. The album was produced and mixed by music engineers Butch Walker and John Feldmann. The album peaked at number seven on the *Billboard* 200 albums chart and number five on the Billboard Digital Albums chart. The lead single off the album, "The Ballad of Mona Lisa", was released on February 1, 2011. The single peaked at number 84 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. The second single off the album, titled "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)", was released on June 6, 2011. It peaked at number 14 on the *Billboard* Alternative Songs chart.

The album has a different sound than their previous two studio album releases ''A Fever You Can't Sweat Out* (2005) and *Pretty. Odd.* (2008). That is because two group members had left, and because of the amount of time between the releases of *Vices* and *Pretty. Odd.'' The album has elements from the band's debut album. It has heavy use of synthesizers and guitars. The track "Mona Lisa" returns to the idea of the band's first single "I Write Sins, Not Tragedies", which had heavier guitar and rock influences.

The song "Let's Kill Tonight" was released in the United Kingdom for the band's 2012 *Spring Vices & Virtues Tour*. A music video was uploaded on February 10, 2012 on the Fueled By Ramen official YouTube channel with a minute and ten seconds of the band performing the song live in London.

## Release
*Vices & Virtues* was released March 22, 2011 in the United States, Brazil, and Canada. It was released on other dates in other countries. The record debuted at number seven on the US *Billboard* 200 albums chart, with first-week sales of 56,000 copies in the United States. This is very different from the group's previous effort, *Pretty. Odd.*, which debuted without much commercial attention in 2008, with first-week sales of 139,000. The album also came in at #2 on Neilson SoundScan Alternative Albums chart and #5 on the Digital Albums ranking.

## Track listing
# "The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
# "Let's Kill Tonight"
# "Hurricane"
# "Memories"
# "Trade Mistakes"
# "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)"
# "Always"
# "The Calendar"
# "Sarah Smiles"
# "Nearly Witches (Ever Since We Met...)"
# "New Perspective" (bonus track from the soundtrack of the 2009 horror film ''Jennifer's Body'')

### Bonus tracks
# "Oh Glory" (demo version)
# "Stall Me"
# "I Wanna Be Free"
# "Bittersweet"
# "Turn Off The Lights"
# "Kaleidoscope Eyes"
# "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" (radio edit)

## References
Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)

"**Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)**" (also known as "**Ready to Go**") the second single off the album *Vices & Virtues* by American pop rock band Panic! at the Disco. The single is the follow up to the band's previously released single "The Ballad of Mona Lisa". The single was produced by Butch Walker, who produced the majority of the band's *Vices & Virtues* album, and written by frontman Brendon Urie and percussionist Spencer Smith along with co-producer John Feldmann. The single is a branch out statement relative to the group's other well-known songs as this song contains less rock elements and is lacking the group's sound from their previous two albums ''A Fever You Can't Sweat Out* and *Pretty. Odd.'' The single peaked at number fourteen on the U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs chart in July of 2011. 

The song was chosen as the opening act for the band's headlining Vices & Virtues U.S. Tour in 2011 duo to its rev-up sound and pop elements. 

## Music video
The single's music video premiered on YouTube and VEVO on May 2, 2011 on the official Fueled By Ramen YouTube channel. As of February 1, 2012 the video itself, on YouTube, has a round-up tally of 6,000,000 views. 

## Track list
# "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)" - 3:37 (Album version)
# "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)" - 3:20 (live tour performance)
The Producers (1967 movie)

***The Producers*** is a 1967 American satirical dark comedy cult classic movie written and directed by Mel Brooks. The movie tells the story of a theatrical producer and an accountant who want to produce a Broadway musical, but they want it to fail. They take more money from investors than they need and plan to run away to Brazil as soon as the play closes, only to see the show turn out to be a hit.

*The Producers* was the first movie directed by Mel Brooks. He won an Academy Award for his screenplay. Decades later, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry and placed 11th on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list. The movie was later remade by Brooks as a successful Broadway stage musical. The musical itself was adapted as a movie in 2005.

## Cast
*Zero Mostel as Max Bialystock, the producer and the deuteragonist
*Gene Wilder as Leo Bloom, the accountant and the main protagonist
*Dick Shawn as L.S.D.
*Kenneth Mars as former Nazi soldier and playwright, Franz Liebkind

## Other websites 
*
MyNetworkTV

**MyNetworkTV** is an broadcast syndication channel in the United States. It is owned by The Walt Disney Company, Fox Corporation and Fox Television Stations. It is a major network. Their sisters channels are Fox and ABC.

## Programs
List of programs broadcast by MyNetworkTV

## References
*"Fall Premieres - TV Grid", *Orange County Register*, September 14, 2007
*
*MyNetworkTV series and specials from *The Futon Critic* Showatch
*MyNetworkTV schedule  at MyNetworkTV.com
Meu Bem Querer

***Meu Bem Querer*** (*My Wishing Well*) is a Brazilian historical telenovela. It was first shown in 1998. The series starred Murilo Benício, Alessandra Negrini, Leonardo Brício and Flávia Alessandra.

## Cast
## References 
## Other websites
*
Mons Meg

**Mons Meg** is a mediaeval bombard made in 1449. It is now at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. In contrast to modern shells, which are explosive, these older cannons fired solid balls. Mons Meg fired balls of iron.

It seems, from the accounts of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, that it was made to his order around 1449 and sent as a gift eight years later to King James II of Scotland, with other artillery supplies. Mons Meg weighs , is  in length, and has a calibre of . The final cost of the gun was £1,536. 2s.

## History 
### Manufacture 
The bombard was made from long bars of iron, hooped with rings and fused into one mass. The Duke's artillery maker constructed it, and it was tested at Mons, Wallonia, in June 1449. The Duke did not take delivery until 1453. The Duke decided to help the Scots against the English, and sent it to James II. James imported a lot of artillery from continental Europe during his reign. He used it against his enemies in Scotland, such as the Earl of Douglas. James died as a result of an exploding cannon used in the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

Another story suggests Mons Meg was made in order to help James II in the 1452 siege of Threave Castle in Kirkcudbright, when the Clan MacLellan used it to batter the castle. This version has little support.

### In action 
The  calibre cannon accepted balls that weighed about . It could only be fired 8-10 times a day due to the tremendous heat generated by the huge powder charge. In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red-lead to keep it from rusting. This cost 30 shillings in June 1539. 

From the 1540s Meg was retired from active service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle, from where shot could be found up to two miles away. When Mons was fired on 3 July 1558, workmen were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Mure, near the River Forth. The salute marked the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the French Dauphin.

The gun was fired in 1680 to celebrate the arrival of James, Duke of Albany and York, later King James II of England and VII of Scotland. The barrel burst. An English cannoneer had loaded the charge and many Scots believed that the damage was done on purpose, since the English had no cannon as big as this. The incident was also seen as a bad omen for the future King.

The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, but was returned to the Castle in 1829, after a campaign by the author Sir Walter Scott. It was restored, and now sits outside St. Margaret's Chapel.

## References
Infantry gun

**Infantry guns** are artillery weapons for the use of infantry units. The designs usually have short barrels which fire a low speed shell. They are lightly built so they are easy to moved around on the battlefield. Very few infantry guns are still used by infantry units. They have been replaced by grenade launchers, light anti-tank weapons and heavier wire-guided missiles. Pack guns are similar to an infantry gun, but mean those guns that are meant to be taken apart for movement. Mountain guns are infantry guns designed for use during mountain combat. Airborne guns are those designed for use by paratroopers. They are easy to move and lighter weight when compared to field guns.

## History
Infantry guns were the first type of artillery used by armed forces, first in China, and later brought to Europe by the Mongol invasion. At first they were simple cast barrels called *pots de fer* in French, or *vasi* in Italian. These weapons were small, immobile, and fired large bolts or quarrels. As the barrels became longer, a way had to be found to move the guns. This led to two different solutions. One was the very light hand-gun, which became the arquebus. The other was to place the gun on wheeled carriages, such as the 2-pounder Culvern moyane, the 1-pounder Falcon, and the 3/4-pounder Falconet. Each had its own name, some of which were:
:5 pound, 3½ inch saker, weighing 1 ton
:4 pound, 3 inch minion, weighing 3/4 ton
:2 pound, 2¾ inch falcon, weighing 1/4 ton
:1 pound, 2 inch falconet, weighing 200lbs
:¾ pound, ¼ inch robinet, weighing 100lbs

The saker and falcon had ranges of 360 and 320 yards if fired straight at the target, and 2,170 and 1,920 yards if fired in an upward arc.

Although oxen were used to pull the heavier field and siege guns, some on wagons rather than limbers, they were too slow to keep up with the infantr. Horses were used to pull the lighter pieces, leading to the development of the artillery carriage and horse team that survived until the late 19th century.

## Related pages
* List of infantry guns

## References
Giacomo Leopardi

**Giacomo Leopardi** (Recanati June 29, 1798 – Naples June 14, 1837) was an Italian poet, essayist, philosopher, and philologist. He is considered one of the greatest poets of the 19th century. 
Even if he lived in a secluded town in the ultra-conservative Papal States, he came in touch with the main thoughts of the Enlightenment, and, by his own literary evolution, created a remarkable, renowned and pessimist poetic work,the Infinite
List of programs broadcast by MyNetworkTV

## Currently Airing Off-Network Repeats
*Mondays:
***Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* (2011–18; 2019–present)

*Tuesdays:
***Cold Case* (2011–12)

*Wednesdays:
***Burn Notice* (2010–12)

*Thursdays:
***Without a Trace* (2009–12)

*Fridays:
***Monk* (2010–14)

## Formerly broadcast
### Telenovelas
**American Heiress* (2007)
**Desire* (2006)
**Fashion House* (2006)
**Saints & Sinners* (2007)
**Watch Over Me* (2006–2007)
**Wicked Wicked Games* (2006–2007)

### Music
**Control Room Presents* (2007–2008)

### Reality
**The Academy* (2007)
*''Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed* (2007–2009)
**Celebrity Exposé* (2007–2009)
**Decision House* (2007–2008)
**Jail* (2007–2009)
**Masters of Illusion* (2009)
**Meet My Folks* (2007–2008)
**Paradise Hotel 2* (2008)
**Street Patrol* (2008–2009)
**The Tony Rock Project* (2008–2009)
**Under One Roof* (2008–2009)
**Vice Squad* (2009)
**Whacked Out Videos* (2008–2009)
**World's Funniest Moments* (2008–2009)
**Comics Unleashed* (2008–2009)
**The Best of In Living Color* (2007–2008)

### Comedy
**The Bernie Mac Show* (2009–2010)
**Scrubs* (2009–2011)
**The New Adventures of Old Christine* (2010–2011)

### Drama
**The Twilight Zone* (2008–2009)
**The Unit* (2009–2010)
**Law & Order: Criminal Intent* (2010–2011)

### Game Shows
**Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?* (2009–2011)
**Deal or No Deal* (2009–2010)
**Don't Forget the Lyrics!* (2010–2011)

### Sports
**IFL Battleground* (2007–2008)
**WWE SmackDown*    (2008–2010)

### Movies
**My Thursday Night Movie* (2009–2010)
**My Friday Night Movie* (2007–2008)
**My Saturday Night Movie* (2008–2009)

### Specials
**World Music Awards* (2007)
**Happy Birthday, Elton* (2007)
**Hawaiian Tropic International Beauty Pageant* (2007)
**Ujena Bikini Jam* (2007)
**Hooters Dream Girl Challenge*
**Night of a Million Laughs: Comics Unleashed* (2007)
**Eddie Murphy: 25th Anniversary of 'Delirious'* (2007)
**Taurus World Stunt Awards* (2007)
**Celebrity Daredevils* (2007)
*AVP Volleyball specials (2007–2008)
**Santa's Funniest Moments* (2007)
**Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen* (2007)
**Christmas Glory: In the Key of Love* (2007)
**Christmas at the Cathedral* (2007)
**World Magic Awards* (2007)
**Masters of Illusion: Impossible Magic* (2008)
**Secrets of Psychics Revealed* (2008)
**The Harlem Globetrotters 80th Anniversary Special* (2008)
**Impossible Escapes* (2008)
**Heroes Among Us: The 2008 Hero Awards* (2008)
**The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars* (2008)
**WrestleMania XXIV* (2008)

## References
*"Fall Premieres - TV Grid" skup mieszkań, *Orange County Register*, September 14, 2007
*
*MyNetworkTV series and specials from *The Futon Critic'' Showatch
*MyNetworkTV schedule  at MyNetworkTV.com
Brookesia micra

**Brookesia micra** is, , the smallest known species of chameleon in the world. It is small enough to stand on the head of a match. It can grow up to  in length.

## References
Airdrie, Alberta

**Airdrie** is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. The population of Airdrie was 85,805 in 2024. The city was first established as a railway village in 1889 during the construction of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway and is named after Airdrie, Scotland.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Good Night

"**Good Night**" is the first episode of Season 1 of The Simpsons shorts. It was first shown on television on April 19, 1987.

## Simple storyline 
Homer and Marge Simpson say good night to their children, Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson, but actually scare them with sayings they have not heard of.

## Longer storyline 
Homer says good night to his son Bart, but then he asks questions about the mind. Homer tells Bart to , and makes a joke about mind and . Bart is still scared when the lights are turned off.

In Lisa's bedroom, Marge is good night to her daughter Lisa. After a few sentences, she uses the saying "don't let the bed bugs bite". This scares Lisa as well.

In Maggie's bedroom, Marge sings the lullaby *Rock-a-bye Baby*, but in Maggie's thoughts she sees herself falling from a tree. Maggie becomes scared from this thought like Bart and Lisa.

In Marge and Homer's bedroom, they say good night to each other thinking they must be the best parents ever. Then Bart, Lisa and Maggie come in the room quickly, and start shouting and complaining. Marge tells them to come into bed with them to make them feel safer, and they go to sleep. Maggie is last, saying "Good night".

## Notes 
This is one of Maggie's small amount of words she has said in The Simpsons.

## References
United States men's national ice hockey team

The '''United States men's national ice hockey team''' is the national ice hockey team of the United States, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado and Ann Arbor, Michigan. The team is controlled by USA Hockey.
Yamato, Kanagawa

**Yamato** () is a city in central Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

It has been  as a special city since 2000.

## Geography
Yamato is in the plains of north-central Kanagawa Prefecture. 

### Nearby cities
*Zama
*Fujisawa
*Ebina
*Sagamihara
*Ayase
*Yokohama
*Machida, Tokyo  

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website in Japanese, English and Spanish
Type 92 105 mm cannon

, also known as a "10-cm" gun, was a cannon of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It was used during World War II.  

This artillery piece was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

It was intended to supersede the Type 14 105 mm cannon in front line combat service.

## History
A Type 92 prototype was completed in 1932.  Less than 200 Type92s were made.

## Combat record
The cannon was first used in combat at the Battle of Nomonhan.

In 1942, it was used during the Bataan and Corregidor Island.

On Guadalcanal, the US Marines called these guns "Pistol Petes".

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns

## References
## Other websites
* Type 92 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* US Technical Manual E 30-480
List of infantry guns

**Infantry guns** are designed to give direct support for infantry forces.  They fire a range of shells, usually directly at their target.  Most are lightweight and can be manhandled for limited mobility to accompany infantry.

## Towed infantry guns 
## Self-propelled infantry guns 
**Self-propelled infantry guns** named Assault guns are guns mounted in armored vehicles designed to provide direct fire support for infantry and armored forces.  Typically, the gun is mounted in the hull and the front of the vehicle most heavily armored.

## References
Yamaguchi Prefecture

is a Japanese prefecture  at the western end of the Chūgoku region on the island of Honshū. The capital is the city of Yamaguchi. 

## History 
The area of Yamaguchi Prefecture includes the old provinces of Suō and Nagato.

## Geography 
Yamaguchi is at the southern end of Honshū.  The Sea of Japan forms its northern coastline; and the Seto Inland Sea is on its southern coast. Its northeastern border meets Shimane Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture.

### Cities
There are 13 cities in Yamaguchi, including

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 7% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Tamanoya jinja* and *Sumiyoshi jinja* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.  

## Notable people from Yamaguchi 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Shinzo Abe 
* Naoto Kan 

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Yamaguchi Prefecture website
Calgary Hitmen

The **Calgary Hitmen** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1995. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Calgary, Alberta at the Scotiabank Saddledome. The teams name pays homage to the nickname of retired professional wrestler Bret Hart. Hart was also a founding member of the Hitmen along with NHL players Theoren Fleury and Joe Sakic. The team has won 2 Ed Chynoweth Cups.

## References
## Other websites
*
Orion nebula

The **Orion Nebula**, or **Messier 42**, M42, or **NGC 1976**, is a diffuse nebula. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. It is exceptionally bright because it has O-type stars at its core. They are the hottest and brightest stars. The nebula is south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.

M42 is 1,344 ± 20 light years away from us. It is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. Big as it is, the Orion Nebula is just part of an even larger star-forming area known as the Orion complex.

## Stellar nursery 
]]

The nebula is a huge stellar nursery. 700 stars are in the process of forming there. At its heart is a very young open cluster, known as the Trapezium because of the pattern formed by its main stars. 

1993 observations with the Hubble Space Telescope showed protoplanetary disks inside the Orion Nebula. This is a major discovery. They are called *proplyds* for short. There are more than 150 of these in the nebula. They are thought to be systems in the earliest stages of planetary system formation. The sheer numbers have been used as evidence that the formation of star systems is fairly common in the universe.

Stars form when clumps of hydrogen and other gases in an H II region contract under their own gravity. As the gas collapses, the central clump grows stronger and the gas heats to extreme temperatures by converting gravitational potential energy to thermal energy. If the temperature gets high enough, nuclear fusion will start, and form a protostar. The protostar is 'born' when it begins to emit enough energy to balance out its gravity and halt gravitational collapse.

## References
Everett Silvertips

The **Everett Silvertips** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2003. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Everett, Washington at the Comcast Arena at Everett. The team is named after the Silvertip bear. The team has won division titles in the 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–2007 seasons, a conference title in the 2003-04 season and a regular season title in the 2006–0

## Other websites
*Official website
Chocolate Rain

"**Chocolate Rain**" is a song and music video by Tay Zonday. After being posted on YouTube on April 22, 2007, the song quickly became popular.

## References
## Other websites
* Tay Zonday's Personal Website
CTV Television Network

**CTV Television Network** (commonly referred to as **CTV**) is a Canadian English-language television network.

## CTV stations
CTV has many TV stations around Canada. Some of them include:
* CFCN Calgary, Alberta
* CKCK Regina, Saskatchewan
* CKCW Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
* CJCH Halifax, Nova Scotia

## Slogans 
* 1961-1966 This is CTV
* 1966-1967 The Colour Network
* 1967-1974 It's Happening on CTV
* 1968-1969 Pleasure Isle (TV promos only)
* 1974-1985 For Those Who Want It All
* 1985-1987 CTV Entertains You
* 1987-1988 You'll See it All on CTV
* 1988-1989 The Choice of Canadians
* 1989-1990 Watch Yourself on CTV
* 1990-1994 Tuned In To You
* 1994-1997 This Is CTV
* 1997-2005 Canadian Television
* 2003-2005 Canada's Watching (alternate slogan)
* 2005-2009 Canada's #1 Network

## CTV Two 
Since the 2007 acquisition of A Channel by CTVglobemedia as part of the takeover of CHUM Limited, media analysts had speculated that CTV may potentially extend its market-leading CTV brand to that network. It was first rebranded as A in 2008, then as CTV Two on August 29, 2011.
Bulacan

**Bulacan** is a province in the Philippines. Its capital is Malolos City. It is in the northern island of Luzon. It is surrounded by the province of Pampanga in the west; Nueva Ecija in the north; Aurora and Quezon in the east; and Metro Manila in the south. 

It is an historic place in the Philippines. Many Filipino heroes and political persons come from Bulacan. It was also the former seat of the national government.

## Geography
Bulacan is divided into 4 cities and 20 municipalities (towns) as of December 17, 2022:

### Major Highways
* North Luzon Expressway

### Adjacent provinces
* Nueva Ecija (north)
* Pampanga (west)
* Rizal (south)
* Metro Manila (southwest)
* Quezon (east)

### Cities
* Baliuag
* Malolos (capital city)
* Meycauayan
* San Jose del Monte

### Municipalities
* Angat
* Balagtas (1596-1966: Bigaa)
* Bocaue
* Bulakan
* Bustos
* Calumpit
* Dona Remedios Trinidad
* Guiguinto
* Hagonoy
* Marilao
* Norzagaray
* Obando
* Pandi
* Paombong
* Plaridel (1602-1938: Quingua)
* Pulilan
* San Ildefonso
* San Miguel
* San Rafael
* Santa Maria

## References
Kootenay Ice

The **Kootenay Ice** were a Canadian professional ice hockey team that played from 1998 until 2019. They played in the Western Hockey League (WHL). They played their home games in Cranbrook, British Columbia at the Western Financial Place. The team was originally known as the *Edmonton Ice* from 1996 to 1998 before it moved to Cranbrook in 1998. The team won 1 Memorial Cup in 2002 and 3 Ed Chynoweth Cups in the 1999-00, 2001-02 and 2010-11 seasons.

On January 29, 2019, the Ice said they would be moving to Winnipeg. They moved at the end of the 2018-19 season.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Medicine Hat Tigers

The **Medicine Hat Tigers** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1970. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Medicine Hat, Alberta at the Medicine Hat Arena. The Tigers have won two national Memorial Cups, five WHL League Championships and seven Division Titles.

## Other websites
*Official website
Viral video

**Viral video** is a video that is shared by Internet users by voluntarily posting it on their pages, resources, or using the "share with a friend" function. This is usually done through websites, social media, and e-mail.

## Overview
Viral videos are often funny and follow a script similar to TV comedies, although they may simply contain a well-captured moment or a ridiculous situation. The spread of camera phones has made it possible for anyone to make a lot of videos. The availability of low-cost or free video editors, as well as publishing platforms, makes it possible to make a video shot on a mobile phone go viral and share it via email or websites, as well as between phones via Bluetooth or MMS.

## History
The ideas and human behavior that make a video go viral have been known to mankind since prehistoric times, and their sociological aspects are studied in the context of mimicry and semiotics. Viral video spreads with the so-called word-of-mouth effect, which is actively used by marketing companies.

YouTube, Funny or Die, and others were the first channels for distributing this type of video, and now almost any video hosting service contains a collection of viral videos, while before that such videos were sent by e-mail. One of the very first viral videos, The Spirit of Christmas, was made in 1995. In 1996, the video “Dancing baby” was released as an example of 3D character visualization.

A viral video usually contains some kind of clue, a point that attracts the attention of viewers. Such clues can then continue to spread on the Internet even beyond the video itself, turning into a meme. Recently, due to the fact that digital technology has become accessible to everyone, there has been a big increase in viral videos, mainly on platforms such as Youtube.

## Manifestations
### Internet celebrities
Websites such as YouTube often create internet celebrities, people who have become popular because of videos they make in their homes and beyond. Sometimes the spread of such videos has unexpected consequences: thanks to videos from various sources that have gone viral, many online celebrities have become popular offline.

### Music promotion
Youtube has played a big role in the careers of many musicians. Many independent musicians as well as large companies use video hosting to promote their videos. The Free Hugs Campaign, which used the music of the Sick Puppies, brought popularity to both the company and the band, and started similar campaigns around the world.

## Education
Viral videos are often used for educational purposes. In March 2007, schoolteacher Jason Smith created TeacherTube, a site that now has more than 54,000 educational videos available.

## Related pages
* Internet meme
* The Streisand effect

## References
* CMU Viral Videos [] Public data for the study of viral video.
* Viral Video Chart [] Guardian News, UK.
* Photos Gone Viral!  [] — slideshow by *Life magazine*
* YouTube 'Rewind' [] - YouTube page covering their most popular videos by year and a brief overview of their distribution.
* The Worlds of Viral Video  [] Documentary produced by Off Book (web series)
Red Deer Rebels

The **Red Deer Rebels** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1992. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Red Deer, Alberta at the ENMAX Centrium. The Tigers have won one Memorial Cup, one WHL League Championships, three Division Titles and two regular season titles.

## Other websites
*Official website
Red Deer, Alberta

**Red Deer** is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. The population of Red Deer was 100,844 in 2021. The mayor of Red Deer is Ken Johnston.

## Map 
## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Dungeon

## Dungeon 
, Ireland.]]
A **dungeon** is a room or cell in a castle to keep prisoners. Most dungeons are underground, others are high up in towers.

An **oubliette** is a type of dungeon that can be entered by using a trapdoor in the ceiling. People were thrown into an oubliette from the ceiling and left there to starve or dehydrate to death, making it akin to immurement.

A dungeon is known to be a place to keep prisoners, but can also be used as a place to store wine or other things that can be cooled.

In medieval times, dungeons were used to keep prisoners to torture and try to get information, or just to punish them for doing or saying something that typically went against societies beliefs or practices. 

## Types of Dungeons 
The normal dungeon is the one that is usually kept underground. It is a series of rooms with big metal gates with at least 3-5 people to guard the prisoners from escaping. It can be found under palaces of kings, or other castle owners.

An oubliette is a type of dungeon that can be entered using a trapdoor in the ceiling. People were thrown into an oubliette from the ceiling and left there to starve or dehydrate to death, making it akin to immurement.

## Other Links 
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › DungeonDungeon - Wikipedia

dictionary.cambridge.org › dictionary › englishDUNGEON | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

www.dictionary.com › browse › dungeonDUNGEON Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Lethbridge Hurricanes

The **Lethbridge Hurricanes** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1987. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Lethbridge, Alberta at the ENMAX Centre. The team was known as the *Winnipeg Jets* from 1967–73, the *Winnipeg Clubs* from 1973–76, the *Winnipeg Monarchs* from 1976–77 and the *Calgary Wranglers* from 1977–87. They have won 1 Ed Chynoweth Cup in the 1996-97 season.

## Other websites
*Official website
Salvatore Cammarano

**Salvatore Cammarano** (also Salvadore) (19 March 1801 – 17 July 1852) was an Italian librettist and playwright. He is probably best known for writing the text of *Lucia di Lammermoor* (1835) for Gaetano Donizetti. He was born and died in Naples.

For Donizetti he also wrote ''L'assedio di Calais* (1836), *Belisario* (1836), *Pia de' Tolomei* (1837), *Roberto Devereux* (1837), *Maria de Rudenz* (1838), *Poliuto* (1838), and *Maria di Rohan* (1843). For Giuseppe Persiani he wrote *Ines de Castro*.

For Verdi he wrote *Alzira* (1845), *La battaglia di Legnano* (1849) and *Luisa Miller* (1849). He had almost finished his libretto for *Il trovatore'' (1853) when he died in July 1852. It was completed by Leone Emanuele Bardare.  Cammarano started a libretto for William Shakespeare's *King Lear*, named *Re Lear*. He died before completing it. A scenario survives.

## References 
* Black, John, *The Italian Romantic Libretto: A Study of Salvadore Cammarano*, Edinburgh University Press, 1984  
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Opera at Stanford University
Tuenti

**Tuenti** is a mobile operator brand owned by the Spanish company **Tuenti Technologies, S.L.U.** Telefónica bought 100% of the company back in 2011.

Before, Tuenti was also the most popular social network in Spain between 2009 and 2012 with up 15 million registered users.

Tuenti works in Spain as a full virtual mobile operator (MVNO) using Telefónica's mobile network. Tuenti was launched by Telefónica in Latin-America in 2014 as a whole new brand.

## References
Pruchnik

**Pruchnik** is a town in the east of Poland. It is in Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship about 17 kilometres from the town of Jarosław.
Muret

**Muret** (Occitan gascon: *Murèth*) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.

## Geography
Muret is at about  to the south of Toulouse and has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The *communes* that are around Muret are Seysses, Roques, Saubens, Villate, Eaunes, Le Fauga, Beaumont-sur-Lèze, Saint-Hilaire, Lherm, Lamasquère, Saint-Clar-de-Rivière and Labastidette.

Muret is on the Garonne river at its confluence with the Louge, which flows northeast through the commune. The Garonne flows north through the commune and forms part of its northern border.

Muret has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, **Cfb** in the Köppen climate classification.

## Population
The inhabitants of Muret are known, in French, as *Murétains* (women: *Murétaines*).

The *commune* of Muret has a population, in 2014, of 24,975; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

**Evolution of the population in Muret**

Colors=
  id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
  id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.7)
  id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
  id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

ImageSize = width:500 height:373
PlotArea = left:50 bottom:30 top:30 right:30
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:30000
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:5000 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:2500 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData=
 bar:1968 text:1968
 bar:1975 text:1975
 bar:1982 text:1982
 bar:1990 text:1990
 bar:1999 text:1999
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2014 text:2014

PlotData=
 color:barra width:30 align:left

 bar:1968 from:0 till: 13039
 bar:1975 from:0 till: 14778
 bar:1982 from:0 till: 15844
 bar:1990 from:0 till: 18134
 bar:1999 from:0 till: 20735
 bar:2008 from:0 till: 23297
 bar:2014 from:0 till: 24975

PlotData=
 bar:1968 at: 13039 fontsize:S text: 13,039 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1975 at: 14778 fontsize:S text: 14,778 shift:(-15,5)
 bar:1982 at: 15844 fontsize:S text: 15,844 shift:(-15,5)
 bar:1990 at: 18134 fontsize:S text: 18,134 shift:(-15,5)
 bar:1999 at: 20735 fontsize:S text: 20,735 shift:(-15,5)
 bar:2008 at: 23622 fontsize:S text: 23,297 shift:(-15,5)
 bar:2014 at: 24975 fontsize:S text: 24,975 shift:(-15,5)

## Administration 
Muret is a subprefecture of the Haute-Garonne department, the capital of the *arrondissement* of Muret and the administrative centre () of the canton of Muret.

It is part of the intercommunality *Le Muretain* ().

### Sister city 
Muret is twinned with:
*  Monzón, Spain

## Education
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is in Muret.

## Gallery

File:Parc Clement Ader 31600.jpg|Clement Ader square, Muret
File:Eglise Saint-Jacques de Muret.jpg|Saint Jacques church
File:Muret - chapelle Saint-Amans - façade Sud 01.jpg|Saint-Amans d'Estantens chapel
File:Gare de Muret 1.JPG|Muret railway station

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Muret
* Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

## References
## Other websites
* City Council website
Sofía Vergara

**Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara** (born July 10, 1972) is a Colombian-born American actress, comedian, television host and model.  

She is best known for her role on the ABC comedy series *Modern Family* as "Gloria Delgado", for which she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Comedy Actress.  Her first big English role was 2002 film *Big Trouble*. 

As of 2020, Vergara has been one of the celebrity judges on the talent show ''America's Got Talent''.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Vladivostok

**Vladivostok** () is a city on the Pacific Ocean shore of the Russian Far East. Vladivostok was founded on 2 July 1860. The east end of the Trans-Siberian railway is there. The city is the home of the Russian Pacific Fleet. The population of the city at the census of 2019 was 605,049.  The highest point of historical part of Vladivostok is Eagle's Nest Hill (199 m), but the highest point of Vladivostok City District is unnamed mountain named by citizens as Blue Hill (474 m). 

Vladivostok was controlled by the Russian Empire from 1860-1917, ruled by Tsar Alexander II,Tsar Alexander III of Russia and Tsar Nicholas II.  British, Japanese, and other foreign intervention forces controlled the city during the Russian Civil War.  Bolshevik Red Army forces of the Soviet Union took control in 1922 and the Russian Federation has ruled it since 1991. It is the main economic and cultural center of the Russian Far East and an important tourism destination. 

## See also 
* 
* 

## References
LGBT rights in the State of Palestine

In Gaza, same-sex sexual activity is criminalized and carries a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment. In addition, in the Palestinian territories there are no laws that specifically protect LGBT people from discrimination (not being treated equally because they are LGBT) or harassment. However, the Basic Law of the Palestinian Constitution claims to give all Palestinians certain freedoms. It covers freedom of belief, freedom of expression, and freedom of bodily integrity. It also gives Palestinians freedom from discrimination "because of race, sex, color, religion, political views, or disability". The Basic Law also protects people's human rights. In other countries, people have used these types of laws and freedoms to argue that LGBT rights should exist.

In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian Authority has not made laws either for or against homosexuality. Instead, the President of the Palestinian Authority decided to keep the laws that were already in place in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. On May 20, 1994, he ruled that laws that took effect before June 5, 1967 in these areas would not be changed. The laws are also more complicated because the Palestinian territories have been ruled by many different foreign powers, like the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, Jordan, and Egypt. Each of these foreign powers, along with Israel, created their own laws for the Palestinian-occupied Israeli territories. Because of the many different laws that have been in place there, the legal situation in the territories is confusing. Sometimes, the criminal law about homosexuality is  used in the territories. At other times it is not. It can be different in the different territories.

## Related pages
*LGBT rights in Israel

## References
Cathy Cassidy

**Cathy Cassidy** (born 13 June 1962) is an English author of teenage books mainly based on domestic fiction. At the age of eight she wrote her first picture book for her brother, Jake. During her childhood, Cathy loved to create comics. She would often rent out comics to her friends for 5 pence, claim them back and then rent them out again to someone else.

## School life and early career
Cathy attended an art college in Liverpool as a young adult. After passing her degree, Cathy worked for the *Jackie* Magazine, as a fiction editor. Cathy has taught as an art teacher in a number of schools - 7 primary and some secondary. She illustrates many of her books and has done so for all her books in a series of Daisy Star.

## Personal life
Cassidy lives in Galloway, Scotland, with her husband Liam and her two children, Caitlin (aged 17) and Calum (aged 19). Cathy has been a veggie for 35 years and a vegan for eight of them. She has a lurcher, named Kelpie, who inspired the dog Legg-It in *Dizzy*, her first book.

## Writing career
Cathy Cassidy has currently written fourteen books.  Her first book was Dizzy published in 2004, followed on by Indigo Blue, published in 2005. At the age of 50, Cathy Cassidy's last books were Marshmallow Skye and The Chocolate Box Girls.

## Works
**Dizzy* (2004),
**Indigo Blue* (2005),
**Driftwood* (2005),
**Scarlett* (2006),
**Sundae Girl* (2007),
**Lucky Star* (2007),
**Gingersnaps* (2008),
**The Cathy Cassidy Dreams and Doodles Daybook* (2008),
**Shine on, Daizy Star* (2009),
**Angel Cake* (2009),
**Letters to Cathy* (2009),
**Daizy Star and the Pink Guitar* (2010),
**Cherry Crush - the Chocolate Box Girls* (2010),
**Strike a Pose, Daizy Star* (2011) and
**Marshmallow Skye, The Chocolate Box Girls* (2011).

She has also written three mini-books:
**Love Peace and Chocolate* (2007),
**Ice-cream and Dreams* (2008) and
**Cupcakes and Kisses* (2009).

Cathy is also currently writing three new additions to the *Chocolate Box Girls* series, named:
'Summer's Dream', 'Coco Caramel' and 'Sweet Honey', based on the other Tanberry sisters. The plots for 'Coco Caramel' and 'Sweet Honey' have not been confirmed yet, however, 'Summer's Dream' plot has been confirmed.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Type 98 320 mm mortar

, also known as a "32-cm" gun, was a mortar of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It is an example of a type of artillery called "spigot mortars".

## History
This artillery piece was used by the Japanese military during World War II.

## Combat record
During World War II, the IJA had 12 Type 98s at the Battle of Iwo Jima.

The Type 98 mortars were also used on Okinawa.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns
* List of heavy mortars
* List of howitzers

## References
## Other websites
* Type 98 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
The Ballad of Mona Lisa

***The Ballad of Mona Lisa*** (shortened as **Mona Lisa**) is the lead single off the Panic! at the Disco album *Vices & Virtues* released on February 1, 2011 under Fueled By Ramen. The single was produced by Butch Walker and John Feldmann and written by band members frontman Brendon Urie and drummer Spencer Smith. The song peaked at number 84 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 single's chart. The song has received positive critical reviews upon its release.

## Track listing
## Charts
## References
Livius Andronicus

**Livius Andronicus** (died between 207 and 200 BC) was a Greek author who is seen as the first Ancient Roman poet. He was probably an actor, and grew up in the Greek city Tarentum.  Scholars think he was captured as a prisoner of war and taken to Rome as a slave.  He was later freed, so they called him a freedman. His first language was Greek and scholars think he learned Latin after coming to Rome. His most famous work is the Odusia, a translation of the Odyssey into Latin.

## References
Type 91 105 mm howitzer

The , also known as a "10-cm" gun, was a howitzer used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). 

## History and development
Type 91s began to be made in 1931. 

## Combat record
Type 91 howitzers were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns
* List of heavy mortars
* List of howitzers

## References
## Other websites
* Type 91 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* US Technical Manual E 30-480
Regina Pats

The **Regina Pats** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1917. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Regina, Saskatchewan at the Brandt Centre. They are the oldest major junior hockey franchise in the world that has continuously operated from their original location and still uses the same name. Baseball player Nyjer Morgan played 7 games with the Pats in the 1999-2000 season and registered 2 goals and 20 penalty minutes.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Saskatoon Blades

The **Saskatoon Blades** are a Canadian professional junior ice hockey team that began playing in 1964. They play in the Western Hockey League. The Blades are the longest team to stay in the WHL in the 48-year history of the League.

They play their home games in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan at the 15,195 seat SaskTel Centre. They were originally founded in 1964 to be a part of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League but transferred leagues when the Western Hockey League was founded in 1966. They have never won the Ed Chynoweth Cup.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Type 4 150 mm howitzer

The , also known as a "15-cm" gun, was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). It

## History
Type 4 was available to IJA forces after 1915.

## Combat record
This artillery piece was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

## Related pages
* Artillery of Japan
* List of howitzers

## References
## Other websites
* Type 4 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* US Technical Manual E 30-480
Swift Current Broncos

The **Swift Current Broncos** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1964. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Swift Current, Saskatchewan at the Credit Union iPlex. The team moved to Lethbridge in 1974 and became the Lethbridge Broncos. The played 12 seasons in Lethbridge before moving back to Swift Current in 1986. On December 30, 1986, the team's bus crashed on the way to Regina and four players died. The four players had their jerseys retired and had a trophy named after them which is awarded to the league's Player of the Year. The team still wears a commemorative patch to remember them.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Bass (vocal range)

A **bass** is a type of male singing voice and possesses the lowest vocal range of all voice types. According to *The New Grove Dictionary of Opera*, a bass is typically classified as having a range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i.e., E2–E4). Its tessitura, or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the bass clef.

## References
Type 92 battalion gun

The  was a howitzer of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).

Each infantry battalion was issued Type 92s.  For this reason, Type 92s were called .

## History and development
The Type 92 was available to front line divisions by 1932.

## Combat record
This artillery piece was used by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns
* List of heavy mortars
* List of howitzers

## References
## Other websites
* Type 92 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* Dishmodels.ru, Type 92, walk-around 360° images