open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Provinces of Costa Rica

The **provinces** () are administrative parts of Costa Rica as in other countries.

The Constitution of Costa Rica says, in its Article 168, *"For Public Administration purposes, the national territory is divided into provinces, these into cantons and cantons into districts."*

, there are 7 provinces (*provincias*), 81 cantons (*cantones*), and 473 districts (*districtos*).

## History
The Law No. 36 of 7 December 1848 divided the country, for the first time, in provinces, cantons and districts, and created 6 provinces:
# San José
# Alajuela
# Cartago
# Heredia
# Guanacaste

The law made Puntarenas as *comarca*, an old category that does not exist any more. Puntarenas was made a province in 1858. In 1870, Limón was made a *comarca* with the eastern part of the Cartago province; in 1902, Limón was made a province.

## List of provinces
]]

## Related pages
* Cantons of Costa Rica

## References
Émile Allegret

**Émile Allegret** (24 April 1907, Dijon &ndash; 22 November 1990, Vaux-sur-Mer) was a French soldier and member of the French Resistance during World War II. He graduated from the ''École nationale de l'aviation civile'' (French civil aviation university). After the war, he worked as an air navigation engineer.

Émile Allegret was a Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, *Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique*, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, , p.&nbsp;29, *ALLÉGRET, Émile*
*  Biography on the *Ordre de la Libération* website
Provinces of Bolivia

A province is the second largest administrative division in Bolivia, after a department. Each department is divided into provinces. There are 112 provinces in total.

The country's provinces are divided into 337 municipalities.

## List of provinces 
### Beni Department 
### Chuquisaca Department 
### Cochabamba Department 
### La Paz Department 
### Oruro Department 
### Pando Department 
### Potosí Department 
### Santa Cruz Department 
### Tarija Department 
## Sources 
* Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Bolivia  (Spanish)
Naoki Yamada

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yamada was born in Saitama on July 4, 1990. He joined J1 League club Urawa Reds from their youth team in 2008. Although he played many matches until 2011, he could hardly play in the match from 2012. In 2015, he moved to Shonan Bellmare on loan. He played many matches for Shonan. However Shonan was relegated to J2 League end of the 2016 season. In 2017, Shonan won the champions and was returned to J1 from 2018 in a year. In 2018, he returned to Urawa Reds. However there were few opportunities to play and he moved to Shonan Bellmare again in July 2019.

In August 2007, Yamada was selected Japan U-17 national team for 2007 U-17 World Cup. He wore the "number 10" shirt for Japan and played full-time in all 3 matches. On May 27, 2009, he debuted for the Japan national team against Chile. He played 2 games for Japan until 2010.

## Statistics
|-
|2008||rowspan="7"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="7"|J1 League||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2009||20||1||1||0||5||2||26||3
|-
|2010||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2011||18||1||4||0||6||0||28||1
|-
|2012||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|-
|2013||4||0||1||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2014||2||0||1||0||2||0||5||0
|-
|2015||rowspan="3"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J1 League||17||1||2||1||4||1||23||3
|-
|2016||11||2||3||2||2||0||16||4
|-
|2017||J2 League||39||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||5
|-
|2018||rowspan="2"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="2"|J1 League||3||0||1||1||4||0||8||1
|-
|2019||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2019||rowspan="3"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="3"|J1 League||9||1||0||0||0||0||9||1
|-
|2020||16||1||colspan="2"|-||2||1||18||2
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||
146||12||15||4||28||4||189||20
146||12||15||4||28||4||189||20
|}

|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Hostel: Part II

***Hostel: Part II*** is an American horror drama of 2007. It is the sequel to the original *Hostel* and set in Slovakia like its predecessor. It was restricted to adults in certain countries: in particular, New Zealand banned *Hostel: Part II* after its distributor would not remove the scene in which Lorna is in torture, though an edited version was released onto DVD in 2008.

Box office earnings were three times more than the movie's budget (or cost of making the movie).

This horror drama performed slightly poor.

## Other websites
*  (US)
*  (International)
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Saw (movie)

***Saw*** is a 2004 independent American psychological horror-thriller movie. It stars Leigh Whannell, Cary Elwes, Danny Glover and Monica Potter. It is the first movie of the *Saw* franchise. It was released on October 1, 2004 in the United Kingdom and on October 29, 2004 in the United States. *Saw* took in almost $100 million earnings worldwide and received high marks (holding a 7.6/10 on IMDb), though also some mixed to negative reviews from critics (50% critic score on Rotten Tomatoes). It was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA as a result of strong graphic violence, although it was edited downwards and released with an R rating. The theme of *Saw* centers on the desire to stay alive, appreciation for life, kidnapping, imprisonment and torture. It was followed by eight sequels and a spin-off titled ***Spiral***.

It follows the story of Adam (Whannell) and Dr. Gordon (Elwes) as the subjects of a serial killer's latest game, taking place in a dirty bathroom.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Takuji Yonemoto

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yonemoto was born in Itami on December 3, 1990. After graduating from Itami High School, he joined J1 League club FC Tokyo in 2009. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. Tokyo won the champions in the 2009 J.League Cup. However he could not play many matches for injury in 2010 and 2011 season. Tokyo was relegated to J2 League end of the 2010 season. In 2011, Tokyo won the champions and returned to J1 in a year. He played many matches again from the 2012 season. He played 215 matches for the club in 10 seasons. In 2019, he moved to Nagoya Grampus.

In 2007, Yonemoto was selected the Japan U-17 national team for 2007 U-17 World Cup. At this tournament, he played 2 matches. In January 2010, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6.

## Career statistics
### Club
.

### National team statistics
## Reserves performance
Last Updated: 21 February 2019

## References
## Other websites
*
Kazuya Yamamura

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yamamura was born in Nagasaki on December 2, 1989. After graduating from Ryutsu Keizai University, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 2012. He played many matches as defensive midfielder and center back. Kashima won the champions in the 2012 and 2015 J.League Cup. In 2016, he moved to J2 League club Cerezo Osaka. He played as defensive midfielder and Cerezo was promoted to J1 end of the 2016 season. In 2017, he mainly played as offensive midfielder. Cerezo also won the J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup. In 2019, he moved to Kawasaki Frontale.

In January 2010, when Yamamura was a Ryutsu Keizai University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. In 2012, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. He played 3 matches and Japan won the 4th place.

## Career statistics
### Club 
*Updated to 5 November 2022*.

*1 - Includes Emperor's Cup.
*2 - Includes J. League Cup.
*3 - Includes Suruga Bank Championship.

### International 
## Honours
### Club
;Kashima Antlers
* J.League Cup: 2012, 2013, 2015
* Suruga Bank Championship: 2013
;Cerezo Osaka
*J.League Cup: 2017
*Emperor's Cup: 2017
;Kawasaki Frontale
*J1 League: 2020, 2021
*Emperor's Cup: 2020, 2023
*J.League Cup: 2019

### Japan
;Japan U-23
*Asian Games : 2010

## References
## Other websites
*
Kensuke Nagai

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Nagai was born in Fukuyama on March 5, 1989. When he played for Fukuoka University, he also played for Avispa Fukuoka (2009) and Vissel Kobe (2010). After graduating from the university, he joined J1 League club Nagoya Grampus in 2011. He played many matches from first season and Nagoya won the 2nd place in the 2011 J1 League. In January 2013, he moved to Belgian Pro League club Standard Liège. However there were few opportunities to play. In August 2013, he returned to Nagoya. Nagoya was relegated to J2 League end of the 2016 season. In 2017, he moved to FC Tokyo.

In January 2010, Nagai was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. In 2012, he was also selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. He played all 6 matches and scored 2 goals, and Japan won the 4th place. He played 12 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 2019.

## Statistics
|-
|2009||Avispa Fukuoka||J2 League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2010||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus||rowspan="2"|J1 League||27||3||4||2||2||2||7||2||40||9
|-
|2012||30||10||3||2||0||0||7||1||40||13

|-
|2012/13||Standard Liège||Pro League||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0

|-
|2013||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus||rowspan="4"|J1 League||14||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2014||28||12||4||6||6||1||colspan="2"|-||38||19
|-
|2015||31||10||0||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||35||11
|-
|2016||31||7||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||34||7
|-
|2017||rowspan="5"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="5"|J1 League||30||1||1||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|-
|2018||32||5||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||35||5
|-
|2019||33||9||2||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||39||10
|-
|2020||26||4||colspan="2"|-||3||0||4||1||33||5
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
290||61||16||10||32||6||18||4||356||81
3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0
293||61||16||10||32||6||18||4||359||81
|}

|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||0||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||0||0
|-
|2015||5||0
|-
|2016||0||0
|-
|2017||0||0
|-
|2018||0||0
|-
|2019||6||3
|-
!Total||12||3
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Junya Tanaka

**Junya Tanaka** can mean:
*Junya Tanaka (footballer, born 1983) (田中 淳也) - Japanese footballer
*Junya Tanaka (footballer, born 1987) (田中 順也) - Japanese footballer
Junya Tanaka (footballer, born 1987)

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Tanaka was born in Itabashi, Tokyo on July 15, 1987. When he played for Juntendo University, he joined J1 League club Kashiwa Reysol in 2009. However the club was relegated to J2 League at the end of the 2009 season. Kashiwa won the champions in 2010 and was returned to J1 in a year. In 2011, Kashiwa won the J1 League champions. Kashiwa also won the champions in the 2012 Emperor's Cup and 2013 J.League Cup. In June 2014, he moved to Portuguese Primeira Liga club Sporting. In February 2016, he returned to Kashiwa. In 2017, he moved to Vissel Kobe. In 2019, Kobe won the champions in the Emperor's Cup which is first major title in the club history.

On February 24, 2012, Tanaka debuted for the Japan national team against Iceland. He played 4 games for Japan until 2014.

## Statistics
|-
|2009||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J1 League||9||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2010||J2 League||24||6||3||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||7
|-
|2011||rowspan="4"|J1 League||30||13||3||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||35||15
|-
|2012||31||5||6||2||3||0||6||4||46||11
|-
|2013||32||11||2||0||4||3||9||2||47||16
|-
|2014||12||5||0||0||6||3||colspan="2"|-||18||8

|-
|2014/15||rowspan="2"|Sporting||rowspan="2"|Primeira Liga||17||5||5||1||4||1||2||0||28||7
|-
|2015/16||3||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||6||0

|-
|2016||Kashiwa Reysol||J1 League||21||4||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||26||5
|-
|2017||rowspan="5"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="5"|J1 League||24||1||1||0||7||4||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2018||20||2||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|-
|2019||23||6||6||4||6||1||colspan="2"|-||35||11
|-
|2020||19||2||colspan="2"|-||0||0||3||0||19||2
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
245||55||24||9||34||12||18||6||321||82
20||5||5||1||6||1||3||0||34||7
265||60||29||10||40||13||21||6||355||89
|}

|-
|2012||1||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Hiroshi Kiyotake

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Koki Kiyotake in also a footballer.

## Biography
Kiyotake was born in Oita on November 12, 1989. He joined J1 League club Oita Trinita from their youth team in 2008. Trinita won the champions in the 2008 J.League Cup with young players, Shusaku Nishikawa, Masato Morishige and Mu Kanazaki. However Trinita was relegated to J2 League end of 2009 season and Trinita released their main players including Kiyotake due to their financial problems. In 2010, he moved to Cerezo Osaka. He played as regular player in 3 seasons. In July 2012, he moved to German Bundesliga club Nürnberg. Although he played as regular player in 2 seasons, Nurnberg was relegated to 2. Bundesliga end of the 2013/14 season. In summer 2014, he moved to Hannover. Although he played many matches in 2 seasons, Hannover was relegated to 2. Bundesliga end of the 2015/16 season. In summer 2016, he moved to Spanish La Liga club Sevilla. However there were few opportunities to play. In February 2017, he returned to Japan and joined Cerezo Osaka. In 2017, Cerezo won the champions in the J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup.

On August 10, 2011, Kiyotake debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. In July 2012, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. He played all 6 matches and Japan won the 4th place. He also played for the Japan at 2013 Confederations Cup, 2014 World Cup and 2015 Asian Cup. He played 43 games and scored 5 goals for Japan until 2017.

## Statistics
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="2"|J1 League||8||1||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1
|-
|2009||23||3||2||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||31||4
|-
|2010||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J1 League||25||4||3||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2011||25||7||3||1||0||0||9||4||37||12
|-
|2012||16||2||3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||3

|-
|2012/13||rowspan="2"|Nürnberg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||4
|-
|2013/14||33||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||3
|-
|2014/15||rowspan="2"|Hannover||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2015/16||21||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||22||5

|-
|2016/17||Sevilla||La Liga||4||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||9||1

|-
|2017||rowspan="5"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||18||6||4||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||26||6
|-
|2018||20||4||1||1||2||0||1||0||24||5
|-
|2019||27||1||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|2020||33||8||colspan="2"|-||4||1||colspan="2"|-||37||9
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
195||36||14||2||24||3||10||4||243||45
117||17||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||121||17
4||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||9||1
316||54||21||2||24||3||12||4||373||63
|}

|-
|2011||5||0
|-
|2012||7||1
|-
|2013||11||0
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
|2015||7||0
|-
|2016||9||4
|-
|2017||1||0
|-
!Total||43||5
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Kosuke Ota

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Ota was born in Machida on July 23, 1987. After graduating from Azabu University Fuchinobe High School, he joined J2 League club Yokohama FC in 2006. The club won the champions in 2006 and was promoted to J1 League. Although he played many matches from 2007, the club was relegated to J2 in a year. In 2009, he moved to J1 club Shimizu S-Pulse. The club won the 2nd place in the 2010 Emperor's Cup. In 2012, he moved to FC Tokyo. He was selected Best Elven in the 2014 and 2015 season. In January 2016, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse. In January 2017, he returned to FC Tokyo. In 2019, his opportunity to play decreased and moved to Nagoya Grampus in July. In 2021, he moved to Australian A-League club Perth Glory.

In July 2007, Ota was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played 1 match as left side back against Nigeria. In January 2010, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. He played 7 games for Japan until 2015.

## Statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Yokohama FC||J2 League||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2007||J1 League||17||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2008||J2 League||31||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J1 League||23||0||5||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|2010||28||1||5||0||9||0||colspan="2"|-||42||1
|-
|2011||34||1||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||40||1
|-
|2012||rowspan="4"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="4"|J1 League||14||0||0||0||0||0||4||0||18||0
|-
|2013||34||3||5||2||5||0||colspan="2"|-||44||5
|-
|2014||34||1||2||1||5||1||colspan="2"|-||41||3
|-
|2015||30||3||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||38||3

|-
|2015/16||rowspan="2"|Vitesse||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2016/17||10||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||0

|-
|2017||rowspan="3"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J1 League||32||1||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2018||25||1||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|2019||4||0||0||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||12||1
|-
|2019||FC Tokyo U-23||J3 League||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2019||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus||rowspan="2"|J1 League||12||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2020||9||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0

|-
|2020/21||Perth Glory||A-League||||||||||||||||||||
330||11||26||4||51||2||4||0||411||17
26||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||28||0
||||||||||||||||||
356||11||28||4||51||2||4||0||439||17
|}

|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||0||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
|2015||3||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Yuto Nagatomo

is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Nagatomo was born in Saijo on September 12, 1986. When he played for Meiji University, he also played for FC Tokyo in 2007. After graduating from the university, he joined FC Tokyo in 2008. He became a regular left side back from first season. The club won the champions in the 2009 J.League Cup. In summer 2010, he moved to Italian Serie A club Cesena. In January 2011, he moved to Internazionale Milano. He played 170 matches for the club in 7 seasons. In February 2018, he moved to Turkish Süper Lig club Galatasaray. The club won the champions in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 season. In summer 2020, he moved to French Ligue 1 club Olympique Marseille.

On May 24, 2008, Nagatomo debuted for the Japan national team against Ivory Coast. He became a regular player as left side back soon. In August 2008, he also played for Japan U-23 national team at 2008 Summer Olympics. In 2010, he was selected the Japan for 2010 World Cup. He played full-time in all 4 matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. In 2011, he participated 2011 Asian Cup. He played full-time in all 6 matches and Japan won the champions. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup, 2014 World Cup and 2015 Asian Cup. In 2018, he was selected the Japan for 2018 World Cup. He played full-time in all 4 matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. In 2019, he played at 2019 Asian Cup and Japan won the 2nd place.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nagatomo goal.''

## Honours
**FC Tokyo**
*AFC Opta All-time XI at the FIFA World Cup: 2020
*AFC Fans' All-time XI at the FIFA World Cup: 2020

## References
## Other websites
*
Gutterballs

***Gutterballs*** is a Canadian horror-comedy of 2008 (though released in 2009). It was submitted to MPAA but then released unrated when its director was told that almost 20 minutes would have to be shaved to avoid an NC-17 rating. *Gutterballs* received mixed to negative reviews by critics, though it also received warm greetings by the horror community. The "F-word" is mentioned over six hundred times in *Gutterballs*.

## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Maggie Q

**Margaret Denise Quigley** (born May 22, 1979), better known as  **Maggie Q**, is an American actress and former fashion model. She is known for many movie roles. They include the character Mai Linh in *Live Free or Die Hard* and her role with Tom Cruise in *Mission: Impossible III*. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

## References
Franche-Comté

**Franche-Comté** (meaning "Free County") is a former administrative region of France. It is now part of the administrative region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is in the east of the country, bordering Switzerland. Its capital was Besançon. In 2009, about 1.1 million people lived in the region.

In the local dialect, Frainc-Comtou, the name is *Fraintche-Comtè*. In Arpitan it is *Franche-Comtât*.

The departments in the region were:
*Doubs
*Jura
*Haute-Saône
*Territoire de Belfort

## References
## Other websites
S Club 8

**S Club 8** were a British pop group. They formed in 2001 in London as *S Club Juniors*. They released their first single and album in 2002. They were renamed in 2003 and split in 2005. 

Its members were: Jay Asforis (born 1989), Daisy Evans (born 1989), Calvin Goldspink (born 1989), Stacey McClean (born 1989), Aaron Renfree (born 1987), Hannah Richings (born 1990), Frankie Sandford (born 1989) and Rochelle Wiseman (born 1989).

## Other websites 
*S Club 8 World
Ian Brennan

**Ian Brennan** is a television writer, actor, and producer. Brennan is known mostly for creating the FOX television series, *Glee*. He has written "all of the episodes" along with two other colleagues. Brennan's first written television series was *Growing* in 2006. He has also been in several theater performances since 1999.

He was nominated for two 2010 Writers Guild of America Awards for *Glee*.

## References
Sisyphus

, 1792.]]

**Sisyphus** (, *Sísyphos*) was a legendary figure in Greek mythology. 

In Greek mythology, Sisyphus was the founder and king of *Ephyra* (now known as Corinth), one of the most important cities in Ancient Greece. It is said that Sisyphus witnessed *Zeus* abduct *Aegina*, daughter of the river God *Asopus*, who he then told. This greatly angered Zeus, who then sent Thanatos, the god of Death, after Sisyphus. Through a series of incredible feats of wit and cunning, Sisyphus was able to trick multiple of the many Greek gods into delaying his inevitable damnation. When Sisyphus was finally no longer able to delay his punishment, it was decided that he would be forced to roll a massive boulder up a hill for eternity, as punishment for his crimes against the Gods. The word "Sisyphean", which relates to a task which is undertaken with great effort but is ultimately pointless, is derived from the myth.

## References
## Other websites
* "Sisyphus," *Encyclopædia Britannica,* 11th ed. (1911)
David Fincher

**David Andrew Leo Fincher** (born August 28, 1962) is an American movie director. 

Fincher was born in Denver, Colorado. When he was two, he moved to San Anselmo, California. When he was in his teens, he moved to Ashland, Oregon.

He directed *Alien 3*, *Seven*, *The Game*, *Fight Club*, *Panic Room*, *Zodiac*, *The Curious Case of Benjamin Button*, *The Social Network* , *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Gone Girl*. He won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for directing The Social Network.  He also directed the first 2 episodes for the TV show "house of cards"

He has also directed music videos, including Love Is Strong by The Rolling Stones, which won a Grammy Award. 

David Fincher is known for his unique style, marked by long takes, precise editing, and color use. He explores psychology, employs non-linear storytelling, and uses voiceovers. His films often focus on paranoia, conspiracy, and the human psyche, presenting a distinctive visual style.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Takashi Inui

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Inui was born in Omihachiman on June 2, 1988. After graduating from Yasu High School, he joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos in 2007. However he could not play many matches and he moved to J2 League club Cerezo Osaka in June 2008. Cerezo was promoted to J1 end of the 2009 season. He played 114 matches and scored 35 goals for the club. In summer 2011, he moved to German 2. Bundesliga club Bochum and played in 1 season. In 2012, he moved to Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt. He played 75 matches and score 7 goals. In summer 2015, he moved to Spanish La Liga club Eibar. He played 89 matches and scored 11 goals in 3 seasons. In the 2018/19 season, he played for Real Betis and Deportivo Alavés. He returned to Eibar in 2019.

In January 2009, Inui was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 20. He also participated 2013 Confederations Cup and 2015 Asian Cup. In 2018, he was selected the Japan for 2018 World Cup. He played as left midfielder in all 4 matches and scored 2 goals. In 2019, he also played at 2019 Asian Cup and Japan won the 2nd place. He played 36 games and scored 6 goals for Japan until 2019.

## Statistics
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="2"|J1 League||7||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="4"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J2 League||20||6||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||22||6
|-
|2009||47||20||1||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||48||21
|-
|2010||rowspan="2"|J1 League||33||4||2||1||6||0||colspan="2"|-||41||5|
|-
|2011||14||5||0||0||0||0||7||4||21||9

|-
|2011/12||Bochum||2. Bundesliga||30||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||7
|-
|2012/13||rowspan="4"|Eintracht Frankfurt||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||6
|-
|2013/14||14||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1||22||2
|-
|2014/15||27||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||29||1
|-
|2015/16||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||2||0

|-
|2015/16||rowspan="3"|Eibar||rowspan="3"|La Liga||27||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|-
|2016/17||28||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||30||3
|-
|2017/18||34||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||5
|-
|2018/19||Real Betis||La Liga||8||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||14||0
|-
|2018/19||Deportivo Alavés||La Liga||12||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2019/20||rowspan="2"|Eibar||rowspan="2"|La Liga||29||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||2
|-
|2020/21||||||||||||||||||||
121||35||5||2||12||0||7||4||145||41
105||14||8||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1||119||16
138||15||7||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||149||15
364||64||20||3||12||0||17||5||413||72
|}

|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||2||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||3||0
|-
|2013||6||0
|-
|2014||2||2
|-
|2015||5||0
|-
|2016||0||0
|-
|2017||6||0
|-
|2018||6||4
|-
|2019||5||0
|-
!Total||36||6
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Dangerous Minds

***Dangerous Minds*** is a 1995 American drama movie starring Michelle Pfeiffer. It is set in a problematic California high school. Its subjects include gangs, teenage pregnancy, poetry and school problems.

Pfeiffer portrays LouAnne Johnson, a former U.S. Marine on whose novel this drama is based. Most of the students in this urban melodrama are African American and Hispanic adolescents.

*Dangerous Minds* was released August 11, 1995.  It had mixed critical reception though was a strong box office hit. In 1996 a television series of the same name premiered, though it was short lived.

The soundtrack and its lead single 'Gangsta's Paradise' by Coolio, enjoyed major success.  It received nominations for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Soundtrack Album. Coolio won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his vocals.

## References
## Other websites 
*
John Mills

**Sir John Mills**  (born **Lewis Ernest Watts Mills**; 22 February 190823 April 2005) was a British actor.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ganbaru

, also romanized as **gambaru**,  is a widely-used Japanese cultural concept.  It roughly means to slog on or stick to it through tough times. *Ganbaru* implies a kind of hard work which is defined by Japanese culture.

The word *Ganbaru* is often translated to mean "doing one’s best".  In practice, it means doing more than one's best.  The word emphasizes working with continued effort despite difficulties, failure, or distraction.  The term means "toughing it out".

*Ganbaru* means to commit fully to a task and to bring that task to an end.  

*Ganbaru* means an active process of doing something. It contrasts with a passive process. 

## History
The term *ganbaru* developed from the related concept of *gaman*.  

After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the slogan "*Gambaro Kobe*" was used to encourage the people of the Kobe region.  

After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, *ganbaru* was one of the most commonly heard expressions. 

## Related pages
* Gaman (term) 
* Shikata ga nai

## References
Cherokee County, Alabama

**Cherokee County, Alabama** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named for the Cherokee tribe.  As of 2020 the population was 24,971.  Its county seat is Centre. It is a prohibition or dry county which means alcoholic drinks cannot be sold, except in the cities of Cedar Bluff, Centre, Leesburg, and Cherokee Ridge.

## History 
Cherokee County was formed by European Americans on January 9, 1836. The county was created on territory of the Cherokee Nation.
The Cherokee were forcibly removed by the US government in what was known as the Trail of Tears in 1838. Cherokee County was created by the Alabama legislature on 1836 January 9 after the Treaty of New Echota, 1835 December 29. The Cherokee people did not accept the Treaty because the people who signed were not authorized.

An F4 tornado struck here on Palm Sunday March 27, 1994. It destroyed Goshen United Methodist Church twelve minutes after the National Weather Service of Birmingham issued a tornado warning for northern Calhoun, southeastern Etowah, and southern Cherokee counties. 22 people were killed, including the groom's 4-year-old daughter.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  (or 92.19%) is land and  (7.7%) is water.

### Major highways
* U.S. Highway 278
* U.S. Highway 411
* State Route 9
* State Route 35
* State Route 68

### Border counties
*DeKalb County, Alabama - north
*Chattooga County, Georgia - northeast
*Floyd County, Georgia - east
*Polk County, Georgia - southeast
*Cleburne County, Alabama - south
*Calhoun County, Alabama - south
*Etowah County, Alabama - west

### National protected areas
* Little River Canyon National Preserve (part)
* Talladega National Forest (part)

## Cities and towns 
*Cedar Bluff
*Centre (County seat)
*Collinsville (part - part of Collinsville is in DeKalb County)
*Gaylesville
*Leesburg
*Piedmont (part - part of Piedmont is in Calhoun County)
*Sand Rock (part - part of Sand Rock is in DeKalb County)

## References
Ryan Murphy

**Ryan Murphy** (born November 9, 1965) is an American screenwriter, director and producer. He is the creator of the television series *Nip/Tuck* and *Glee*. Murphy also made the WB network series *Popular*, which aired from 1999 to 2001. As of 2011, some movies he will direct are underworks.

Murphy is a  of Warren Central High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. He also went to Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.

## Personal life
Murphy is openly gay. Murphy says he sometimes goes to church in Los Angeles.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Adhesion

drops adhering to a spider web]]
**Adhesion** is the process in which dissimilar particles stick together. In the case of similar particles, this effect is called cohesion. Adhesion results from the physical properties of the interface between two phases. The forces that result in adhesion are not fully known, there are different explanations. Five different types of adhesion have been proposed:
*Mechanical adhesion: Adhesive materials fill the voids or pores, and interlock
*Chemical adhesion: Where they join, two materials form a Chemical compound.
*Dispersive adhesion: Two materials are held together by Van der Waals forces
*Electrostatic adhesion: Two materials are held together by electrostatic charge
*Diffusive adhesion: Two materials are held together with Atomic diffusion, it is derived from a sanskrit word adhere meaning to hold on
Amber Riley

**Amber Patrice Riley** (born February 15, 1986) is an American actress, singer-songwriter, and philanthropist, known for her role on the series *Glee* as Mercedes Jones. She has also appeared as the daughter of "Dirk Black" in the American Black comedy *All of Us*. At the age of seventeen, Riley auditioned for *American Idol* but was turned down by the producers. Most of her cover versions have appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. 

## Personal life
Riley is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention. In the convention, Riley sang the national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner".

## Discography
### Glee Cast discography
**Glee: The Music, Volume 1* (2009)
**Glee: The Music, Volume 2* (2009)
**Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna* (2010)
**Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers* (2010)
**Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals* (2010)
**Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show* (2010)
**Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album* (2010)
**Glee: The Music, Volume 4* (2010)
**Glee: The Music, Volume 5* (2011)
**Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers* (2011)
**Glee: The Music, Volume 6* (2011)
**Glee: The 3D Concert Movie (Motion Picture Soundtrack)* (2011)
**Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 2* (2011)
**Glee: The Music, Volume 7* (2011)
**Glee: The Music, The Graduation Album* (2012)
**Glee: The Music Presents Glease* (2012)
**Glee: The Music, Season 4, Volume 1* (2012)
**The Quarterback (Music From the TV Series)* (2013)

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Matthew Morrison

**Matthew James Morrison** (born: October 30, 1978 in California) is an American actor, dancer, and singer. He is best known for his role in the television series *Glee* in which he played the teacher Mr William “Will” Schuester. After attending theater camp during his childhood, he decided that he wanted to become an actor. He was educated at New York University (NYU) Tisch School of the Arts. Being a member of boy bands like LMNT and Fresh Step, he made his musical theater transition into similarly styled shows.

He had minor roles in *Footloose* as well as the revival of the Rocky Horror Show. His big break came when he landed the role of Link Larkin in the Broadway production of John Waters' Hairspray. Morrison was nominated for a Tony award for his role in *The Light in the Piazza*. He also won the award for Ice Skater of the year.

Morrison's debut album *Matthew Morrison* peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200. It also peaked at number 61 on the Australian Albums Chart, and number 63 on the UK Albums Chart.

## Awards and nominations
* Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominated - 2010 Best Performance by an Ensemble in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical (*Glee*)
* Primetime Emmy Awards Nomination - 2010 Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (*Glee*)
* Golden Globe Awards Nomination - 2010  Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical (*Glee*)
* Satellite Awards Nomination - 2010 Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical (*Glee*)
* Teen Choice Awards Nomination - 2010 Choice Male Scene Stealer
* Golden Globe Awards Nomination - 2009  Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical (*Glee*)
* Satellite Awards Winner - 2009 Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical (*Glee*)
* Screen Actors Guild Awards Winner - 2009 Best Performance by an Ensemble in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical (*Glee*)
* Drama Desk Awards Nomination - 2008 Outstanding Actor in a Musical (*10 Million Miles*)
* Tony Awards Nomination - 2005 Best Featured Actor in a Musical (*The Light in the Piazza*)
* Outer Critics Circle Awards Nomination - 2005 Best Featured Actor in a Musical (*The Light in the Piazza*)
* Drama Desk Awards Nomination - 2005 Outstanding Actor in a Musical (*The Light in the Piazza*)
* Outer Critics Circle Awards Nomination - 2003 Best Featured Actor in a Musical (*Hairspray*)
* Ice Skater of the Year Winner - 2014 Best Professional Ice Skating by an Ice Skater in an Ice Rink (*Dancing on Ice*)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Matthew Morrison at Emmys.com
Time Inc.

**Time Inc.** was a subsidiary media company. It published several of the most read magazines in the United States such as *People*, *Time*, *Sports Illustrated*, *Fortune*, *InStyle*, *Life*, *GOLF Magazine*, *Southern Living*, *Essence*, *This Old House*, *All You* and *Entertainment Weekly*. It published 130 magazines and was founded on November 28, 1922 in New York City. In 1990, Time Inc. merged with Warner Communications to form Time Warner. In 2014, the company was revived. In 2018, the company dissolved again after the acquisition by Meredith Corporation. It was owned by The Walt Disney Company

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Time Inc. profile from Time Warner 
* Pathfinder (Time Inc. content portal)
Provinces of Ethiopia

Until 1995 Ethiopia was divided into provinces.  The provinces were divided into *awrajja*s or districts. In 1995 they were replaced by regions and two chartered cities. Eritrea was also an Ethiopian province from 1961 until 1993.

From 1942 until 1995 the provinces of Ethiopia were:

*Arsi
*Bale
*Gondar
*Gamu-Gofa
*Gojjam

*Hararghe
*Illubabor
*Kaffa
*Shoa

*Sidamo
*Tigray
*Welega
*Wollo

Older provinces, which are frequently used to indicate location within Ethiopia, include:

*Agame
*Agawmeder
*Amhara
*Dawaro
*Dembiya
*Enderta
*Fätägar

*Hadiya
*Ifat
*Lasta
*Menz
*Qwara
*Semien

*Tembien
*Tselemt
*Tsegede
*Wag
*Wegera
List of awards and nominations received by Up

|- style="background:#ccf;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;**Total number of wins and nominations**
|-
|
|
|
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | Footnotes
|}

*Up* is a movie produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie premiered on May 29, 2009 in North America. It became the first animated 3D film to open the Cannes Film Festival. The movie received many awards and nominations. Most of them were for the "Best Animated Picture" category and for the soundtrack of the movie. *Up* was nominated for five Academy Awards at the 2010 Ceremony. It won two of these awards for Best Animated Feature and for Best Original Score. It was the second fully animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture after the 1991 movie *Beauty and the Beast*. *Up* became the third consecutive Pixar film to win the Academy Award for Animated Feature, after *Ratatouille* (2007) and *WALL-E (2008)*. The film also won the Golden Globe for Best Original Score and the Best Animated Feature Film at the 67th Golden Globe Awards. It received the Golden Tomato, from the website Rotten Tomatoes, for highest rating feature in 2009, 

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
*Awards for *Up* at the Internet Movie Database
Provinces of Italy

Italy is divided into 20 Regions (Regioni in Italian) and every Region is divided into Provinces.  There are 110 provinces in Italy.  Each province is headed by a President assisted by a representative body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body, the Provincial Executive.

The three main jobs of a province are:
* Local planning and zoning
* Provision of local police and fire services.
* Transportation regulation (car registration, maintenance of local roads, etc.)

## List of Italian Provinces
## References
June 2011 Christchurch earthquake

The **June 2011 Christchurch earthquake** was responsible for causing additional damage to an already earthquake-devastated region. The earthquake took place around 1420 New Zealand Standard Time and was centered next to 3.8 miles deep, six miles from Christchurch. It had been preceded by another 5.9 tremor that struck at a slightly deeper 5.5 miles. The earthquake of June 2011 cut down telephone lines and caused numerous outages which left next to 54,000 houses without power. The tremor triggered the death of an elderly man and several injuries.

## References
## Related pages
* 2011 Christchurch earthquake (February)
Centre, Alabama

**Centre** is a city in Cherokee County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,587. The city is the county seat of Cherokee County.  It is part of the 'Gadsden, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area'.

## Geography
Centre is located at 34°9'33.052" North, 85°40'29.071" West (34.159181, -85.674742).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .   is land and  is water.

## Education
The Cherokee County Board of Education provides public education for Centre. Schools in Centre include Cherokee County High School, Cherokee County Career and Technology Center, Centre Middle School, and Centre Elementary School.

## Media
### Radio Stations
*WEIS 990 AM (Country)
*WFXO 105.9 FM (Rock
*WZTQ 1560 AM (Southern Gospel)

### Newspaper
**Cherokee County Herald* (weekly)
**The Post* (weekly)

## Recreation
Centre is located near Weiss Lake, a man-made reservoir and self-proclaimed "Crappie Capital of the World".

### Notable residents
* John Ross, Cherokee leader
* John J. Pratt, inventor of the pterotype (1865), an early form of typewriter.

## References
Pacheco, California

**Pacheco** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Contra Costa County, California, United States. At the 2020 census, 4,183 people lived there.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Pacheco has a total area of .

## Annexation 
In January 2011, the Martinez City Council voted to take over the parts of Pacheco that are north of California State Route 4.  The government was expected to approve the takeover in the fall of 2011. In March 2012, enough people objected that an election would have to be held about the issue.

## References
Gérard Feldzer

**Gérard Paul Alain Feldzer**, (born 10 February 1944) is a consultant and aeronautical popularizer for media, journalist at *France Info* since 2009. Former French airline pilot, he was President of the *Aéro-Club de France* between 1995 and 2005, and head of the ''Musée de l'Air'' (French Air and Space Museum) between 2005 and August 2010.

The 1st of January 2012, he becomes Officiers of the Légion d'honneur.

## References 
## Further reading 
* *Demain je serai pilote*, Gallimard, 1999 ()
* Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, *Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique*, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p.&nbsp;212, *FELDZER, Gérard*
Bombyliidae

The **Bombyliidae** are a family of flies. Their common name is **bee flies**.

The Bombyliidae are a large family of flies. It has hundreds of genera, but the life cycles of most species are known poorly, or not at all. Some are very small (2&nbsp;mm in length), but some can be very large for flies (wingspan of some 40&nbsp;mm).

Adults normally feed on nectar and pollen. Those with a spectacularly long proboscis are adapted to plants (such as *Lapeirousia*) which have long, narrow floral tubes.

The Bombyliidae include a large number of species, but for its size this is one of the least understood families of insects. There at least 4,500 described species, and certainly thousands still to be described. The adult flies usually feed on nectar and pollen, and some are important pollinators.

## Bee mimics 
Many Bombyliidae look like bees and so a common name for the family is the **bee flies**. The reason is probably aposematic: the adults are safer from predators because they share the warning colours of bees. The adult females usually lay eggs near the nests of possible hosts, often in the burrows of solitary bees, wasps or beetles.

## Larvae 
The larval stages are predators or parasitoids of the eggs and larvae of other insects. The eggs hatch into larvae which eat the eggs and larvae of the 'host' insect. Although most bee-flies usually are fairly or highly host-specific, some species do attack a number of hosts.

## References
Phototropism

*) is regulated by blue to UV light (plantphys.net )]]
s]]

**Phototropism** is growth in the direction of light. Phototropism is common in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a plant growth hormone called auxin, which causes phototropism to occur. It causes the plant to have **elongated cells** on the farthest side from the light.

Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli.  Growth towards a light source is a *positive phototropism*, while growth away from light is called *negative phototropism*. Most plant shoots have positive phototropism. Roots usually have negative phototropism, though gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them.

Auxin collects mainly on the darker side of the stem and stimulates cell elongation. Thus, the cells on the side not directly exposed to light will grow faster than the opposing side, and the stem will curve towards the light source.

Phototropism in plants such as *Arabidopsis thaliana'' is directed by blue light receptors called phototropins. Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light, and cryptochromes that sense blue light.

## References
Eggshell

An **eggshell** is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats. It is a main character of the cleidoic egg, which allows amniotes to breed on land.

## Worm 
Worms eggs present a three layered structure with an External Vitellin Layer, a Chitin Layer that confers mechanical resistance and an internal Lipid-rich layer that makes the egg chamber impermeable.

## Amniotes 
Amniotes developed the cleidoic egg early in the Carboniferous period, and this meant they could live and reproduce on dry land. These early land animals evolved into the reptiles, birds and mammals of today. In contrast, the amphibia are land animals who must lay their eggs in water, because the eggs are not protected by a shell. 

The structure and composition of the eggshell protects the egg against damage, microbial contamination, and desiccation (drying out). Small molecules can pass through it, so the shell allows gas exchange for the growing embryo. It also provides calcium for the embryo's skeleton.  

### Reptile eggs 
While many reptiles lay eggs with flexible, calcified, eggshells, there are some that lay hard eggs. Eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another. Depending on the species, turtles and tortoises lay hard or soft eggs. Several species lay eggs which are nearly the same as bird eggs.

### Bird eggs 
The normal bird egg is a fertilized egg sitting on the yolk surface and surrounded by albumen, or egg white. The albumen in turn is surrounded by two shell membranes (inner and outer membranes) and then the eggshell. The chicken eggshell is 95-97% calcium carbonate crystals, which are held together by a protein matrix. 

While the bulk of eggshell is made of calcium carbonate, it is now thought that the protein matrix has an important role to play in eggshell strength. These proteins affect crystallization, which in turn affects the eggshell structure. 

The average laying hen, takes about 20 hours to make the shell. Pigmentation is added to the shell by  lining the oviduct, coloring it any of a variety of colors and patterns depending on the species.

## Related pages 
*Cleidoic egg
*Amniote
*Egg (biology)
*Ovum

## References