open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ladislav Šmíd

**Ladislav Šmíd** (born February 1, 1986) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Edmonton Oilers and Calgary Flames. He also played for Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

## Career
Before playing the NHL, Šmíd played 3 seasons with HC Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga. He was drafted by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim with the 9th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He spent 1 season with the Mighty Ducks AHL affiliate team, the Portland Pirates and was traded along with Joffrey Lupul and draft picks to the Edmonton Oilers for Chris Pronger on July 3, 2006. He played 8 seasons with the Oilers and was known as a shutdown defencemen when he was paired with Jeff Petry.

On November 8, 2013, the Oilers traded Šmíd along with Olivier Roy to the Calgary Flames for Roman Horák and Laurent Brossoit. On September 23, 2016, it was announced that Šmíd would miss the entire 2016-17 season because of a neck injury that he had been suffering for years from.

On May 23, 2017, he would sign a two-year contract to return to Bílí Tygři Liberec in the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He would play five seasons with the team. He would retire from playing professional ice hockey after the team was eliminated in the 2022 playoffs.

After retiring, Šmíd would return to Edmonton and he would accept a job to become a development coach for the Edmonton Oil Kings.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Dane DeHaan

**Dane William DeHaan** (born February 6, 1986) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Jesse on the HBO cable television program *In Treatment* and as Andrew Detmer in the 2012 movie *Chronicle*.

DeHaan was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He began a career in acting after graduating from the University of North Carolina in 2008. DeHaan married actress Anna Wood on June 30, 2012. They live together in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sune Bergström

**Karl Sune Detlof Bergström** (10 January 1916 &ndash; 15 August 2004) was a Swedish biochemist. He was Dean of the Karolinska Institute Medical Department in Stockholm. In 1969 he became the Rector.

## References
## Other websites
* Sune Bergstrom, Biochemist and Nobel Winner, Dies at 88, NY Times Obituary
Linear mapping

In mathematics (particularly in linear algebra), a **linear mapping** (or linear transformation) is a mapping *f* between vector spaces that preserves addition and scalar multiplication.

## Definition 
Let *V* and *W* be vector spaces over the same field *K*. A function *f*: *V* → *W* is said to be a *linear mapping* if for any two vectors **x** and **y** in *V* and any scalar (number) α in *K*, the following two conditions are satisfied:

Sometimes, a linear mapping is called a linear function. However, in basic mathematics, a linear function means a function whose graph is a line. The set of all linear mappings from the vector space *V* to vector space *W* can be written as L(V, W).

## Related pages
* Homomorphism
* Transformation

## References
No Holds Barred (1989 movie)

***No Holds Barred*** is a 1989 American professional wrestling movie.

It was produced by Michael Rachmil (with Vince McMahon and Hulk Hogan being credited as executive producers). It was written by Dennis Hackin and directed by Thomas J. Wright. No Holds Barred was released on June 2, 1989 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## Cast 
* Hulk Hogan as Rip
* Joan Severance as Samantha Moore
* Kurt Fuller as Brell
* Tom "Tiny" Lister, Jr. as Zeus
* Mark Pellegrino as Randy
* Bill Henderson as Charlie
* Charles Levin as Ordway
* David Paymer as Unger
* Patrick O'Bryan as Craig
* Jeep Swenson as Lugwrench Perkins
* Bill Eadie as Jake Bullet
* Stan Hansen as Neanderthal
* Rebecca Wackler as Ms. Tidings
* Bruce Taylor as Mr. Johnson
* "Mean" Gene Okerlund as Himself
* Jesse "The Body" Ventura as Himself
* Howard Finkel as Himself

## Pay-per-view 
There was a pay-per-view called **No Holds Barred: The Match/The Movie** which took place on December 12, 1989 and aired on December 27, 1989. The pay-per-view's card were the matches that were featured in the movie.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Royal Bhutan Army

The **Royal Bhutan Army** () is the army of Bhutan. Its job is to protect the territory of Bhutan and maintain stability inside the country.

## References
Päijät-Häme

**Päijänne Tavastia** is a region in Southern Finland. As of November 30, 2013, 202,525 people lived there. Neighbourin regions are Uusimaa, Kanta-Häme, Pirkanmaa, Central Finland, Southern Savonia and Kymenlaakso

## Related pages
* Päijät-Hämeen liitto
Rajendran Mani

**Rajendran Mani** is a bodybuilder from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Mani was in the Indian Air Force for 15 years. After he retired, he began weightlifting. He has won both the Mr. India and Champion of Champion titles in India 14 times. He won the Mr. World  title at the fifth World Bodybuilding and Physique Sports Championships. The event was held in Budaors, Hungary on November 13-17, 2013.

Rajendran Mani is a very popular bodybuilder in south India. He ranks no. 4 in the top 10 Indian bodybuilder list.

## Early life
Rajendran Mani was born in 1974 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. His father was a boxer which encouraged him to exercise his body. He has a son who may also be a bodybuilding champion. He started his practice when he was 10 years earlier by turning into a member of in a well being club as a cleaner. He has a terrific passion for well being and he realized one of the best ways to do gymnastics at his teenage. Rajendran Mani has four brothers and a sister. He likes to spend his leisure time along with his pigeon. Throughout his teenage, he never went outing along with his associates. Each time he got time, he used to spend on the well being membership. His arduous work made him win further titles and now he is considered the one in all the "great bodybuilders of India".

## Bodybuilding Career 
Rajendran Mani served for Indian Air Force for virtually 15 years. He won the first championship within the 12 months in 2002. He won his first nationwide championship in 2009, where he was awarded as Mr. Asia 2009. In 12 months of 2013, he won the title of World Bodybuilding and Physique Sports Championship, held at Hungary on the male 90-kg class. In 2016, he won the Mr. World and Mr. Asia championships, and soon in the following 12 months, he further won the title, Mr. India. Rajendran Mani was titled Mr. INDIA Champions 13 times, Mr. Asia 3 times, Mr. World 2 times, and Mr. Indian Suppliers Champion 12 times. Moreover, he has earned the nickname “**The Indian Hulk**”. Rajendran Mani has moreover gained 4 complete titles in 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2016. Before the age of 52 years, he is the one who has won the Championship title on the heavy class of 100 kg from Tamil Nadu.

## References
John Clare

**John Clare** (13 July 1793 – 20 May 1864) was an English poet. He was the son of a farm labourer. He was known for his poems about the English countryside.

His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was "the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced. No one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self."

## Notes
Martha Layne Collins

**Martha Layne Collins** (née **Hall**; December 7, 1936 &ndash; November 1, 2025) was an American businesswoman and politician from Kentucky. She was the first female Governor of Kentucky. She was the fifty-sixth Governor (1983-87) after replacing John Y. Brown Jr..

Collins was considered as a running mate for Democratic Presidential nominee Walter Mondale. Mondale, however, chose Geraldine Ferraro for his mate.

Collins was born in Bagdad, Kentucky.

Collins died on November 1, 2025 at a retirement home in Lexington, Kentucky at the age of 88.

## References
Miriam A. Ferguson

**Miriam A. Ferguson** (born **Miriam Amanda Wallace**; June 13 1875 — June 25, 1961) was a politician in Texas. She was nicknamed **"Ma"** Ferguson. She became the Governor of Texas on two different occasions. She was the second woman governor that served the United States.

Ferguson was born in Bell County, Texas. She died of heart failure, age eighty six.

## References
Christine Todd Whitman

**Christine Todd Whitman** (sometimes called **Christie**; born September 26, 1946) is a former American Republican Governor. She served New Jersey (January 1994 to January 2001). She was also the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2001-03). She is so far the only female governor from New Jersey.

Todd Whitman was born in New York City.

## References
Rocket Power

***Rocket Power***, otherwise referred to as ***RP*** for short, is an American animated television series that was created by Arlene Klasky and Gabor Csupo. The series started on August 7, 1999 and ended on July 30, 2004. The show returned to "The '90s Are All That" programming block from December 23, 2013 until January 12, 2014.

## Overview
The series is about the agents of Team Rocket Power of Gnarlyforce 5 (GF-5) - Agent Number 10: Pvt. Capt. S. Oswald "Otto" Rocket, Agent Number 6: Regina "Reggie" Rocket (Otto's sister), Agent Number 2: T. Maurice "Twister" Rodriguez (Otto's first-best friend) and Agent Number 1: Dr. N. Sam "Super Squid" Dullard (Otto's second-best friend) - who play extreme sports and live in the fictional town of Ocean Shores of Southern California.

## References
## Other websites
*Rocket Power  on NickToons.com
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

The **Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives** (**BATFE** or **ATF**) is a federal law enforcement group. The ATF became its own organization on January 17, 2003, after it was proposed in the Homeland Security Act of 2002. They are a branch of the United States Department of Justice. The ATF actively prevents dangerous criminals and criminal organizations from illegally trafficking firearms and explosives, illegal storage of explosives, arson, bombings, and acts of arson, as well as stopping the illegal sale of alcohol and tobacco. 

## Waco Siege (1993) 
In 1993, the ATF executed an operation in Waco, Texas, known as the Waco Siege, along with the FBI, the Texas Rangers, the Texas Military Forces, and the Alabama National Guard. Their goal was to serve a search warrant issued by the ATF on a religious cult known as the "Branch Davidians." The location of the siege was a building complex known as Mount Carmel Center ranch, in McLennan County, Texas, slightly north of Waco. The reason for the warrant was because of suspected weapons violations. The aftermath of the Waco Siege and the force used during it by federal agents is still disputed to this day.

## References
Istanbul Beykent University

**Beykent University** ()  is a university in Istanbul, Turkey.

## References
## Other websites
* Beykent University Website
George C. Williams

**George Christopher Williams** (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur. The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.

In 1999 Williams shared the Crafoord Prize, with Maynard Smith and Ernst Mayr, for developing the concept of evolutionary biology.

## Academic work
Williams' 1957 paper *Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence* was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology. It contains three important ideas. In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be  generally synchronized by natural selection.

"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system." 

This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting. By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.p100

In his first book, *Adaptation and Natural Selection*, Williams advocated a "ground rule  or perhaps *doctrine* would be a better term  ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book *The Selfish Gene*.

Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine.

## Books 
* Williams G.C. 1966. *Adaptation and natural selection*. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
* Williams G.C., ed. 1971. *Group selection*. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
* Williams G.C. 1975. *Sex and evolution*. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
* Williams G.C. 1992. *Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges*. Oxford University Press, New York.
* Nesse R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. *Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine*. Times Books, New York.
* Williams G.C. 1996. *Plan and purpose in nature.* Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as *The Pony Fish’s glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature*. Basic Books, New York).

## References
Carlos Borges

**Carlos Ariel Borges** (14 January 1932 – 5 February 2014) was an Uruguayan footballer. Borges is best known for scoring the first goal ever in a Copa Libertadores.

He earned 35 caps and scored 10 goals for the Uruguay national football team from 1954 to 1959. He played in the 1954 FIFA World Cup when Uruguay finished fourth, as he scored four goals including a hat-trick against Scotland. During his club career he played for C.A. Peñarol.

He died on February 5, 2014, aged 82.

## References
Louan Gideon

**Louan Gideon** (November 12, 1955 - February 3, 2014) was an American actress. She is best known for her role as Danielle Atron in *The Secret World of Alex Mack*. She was also in *Search for Tomorrow*.

Gideon died on February 3, 2014 in Asheville, North Carolina from cancer, aged 58.

## References
## Other websites
*
Louise Brough

**Althea Louise Brough Clapp** (March 11, 1923 – February 3, 2014) was an American tennis player, once ranked world no. 1.

She was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma but moved to Beverly Hills, California when she was four years old.

Brough Clapp appeared in six singles finals at the U.S. Championships, but won only in 1947. She had a match point at 6–5 in the third set of the 1948 final against duPont. She also had three match points in the 1954 final against Hart, the first at 5–4 in the third set and two more at 6–5 in that set.

She was inducted in the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1967.

Brough died at her home in Vista, California, on February 3, 2014, at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*International Tennis Hall of Fame
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

The **Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act** (**RICO**) is an American federal law. This law allows extended criminal penalties and civil actions for criminal networks. RICO means that the leaders of any group can be tried for crimes if they forced others to do the crimes or help with the crimes.

The RICO act covers these crimes:

*Embezzlement
*Bankruptcy fraud or other fraud
*Obstruction of justice
*Copyright infringing
*Bribery

RICO started in 1970. Many different groups have been threatened with lawsuits or sued under this law.
Examples include: 
* Hell's Angels Motorcycle Club
* Los Angeles Police Department
* Michael Milken
* Some Catholic dioceses

## References
Benny the Bull

**Lenny the cow**, commonly known as Lenny, is the mascot of the Chicago Cows of the National Basketball Association. He has been the official mascot since 1969. Lenny is one of the longest-tenured mascots in the NBA and in all of professional sports.

For more than 40 years, Lenny the Cow has been entertaining Chicago Cows fans, first at Chicago Stadium (1969&ndash;1994), and then at the United Center (1994&ndash;present). In 2013, Lenny was named the most popular mascot in sports by Forbes.

He wears a jersey with the name "Lenny" with the number "1" above on his back. Lenny sports several different costumes based on the theme of the game as well as his overall "mood". Lenny the Cow can also do many different kinds of dances.

## References
Chicago Stadium

The **Chicago Stadium** (nicknamed the '**Madhouse on Madison**') was an indoor sports arena and theater in Chicago, Illinois. It opened in 1929, and closed in 1994. It was demolished in 1995 because the Chicago Blackhawks and Chicago Bulls moved to the United Center.

Michael Jordan played his prime years and the Bulls won their first three championships while using Chicago Stadium.

The Stadium hosted the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL from 1929&ndash;1994 and the Chicago Bulls of the NBA from 1967–1994.

The arena was the site of the first NFL playoff game in 1932; the 1932, 1940, and 1944 Democratic National Conventions; and the 1932 and 1944 Republican National Conventions.

The Chicago Blackhawks, also previously known as the Chicago Stadium Corporation, and not the Bulls, are the actual owners of both Chicago Stadium and the United Center.

## References
## Other websites
*Chicago Stadium's Basketball History
*Chicago Stadium's Ice Hockey History
*A web page devoted to the fabled Chicago Stadium Barton organ
*Remembering The Big Barn on W. Madison and its Big Barton Pipe Organ
Wesley Willis

**Wesley Willis** (May 31, 1963&nbsp;–&nbsp;August 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and visual artist from Chicago.

Willis began a career as an underground singer-songwriter in the outsider music tradition, with songs featuring his bizarre, humorous and often obscene lyrics sung over the auto accompaniment feature on his Technics KN electronic keyboard.

On August 21, 2003, Willis died due to complications from chronic myelogenous leukemia in Skokie, Illinois. He was 40 years old. 

## References
## Other websites
* Wesley Willis Biography and MP3s at Alternative Tentacles 
* monzy.org Wesley Willis Biography including Wesley Willis Song Generator 
* Press release  from Willis's good friend Jello Biafra in memory of Willis
* Art of Wesley Willis , drawings by Willis of scenes in Chicago, as well as a sampling of his music.
* Wesley Willis Art , drawings by Willis of scenes in Chicago
* Loved Like a Milkshake A Wesley Willis tribute album by a variety of artists
Kate Pierson

**Catherine Elizabeth "Kate" Pierson** (born April 27, 1948) is an American musician and singer. She was one of the members of The B-52s. She does rock and new wave music. She also sang with other bands.

Pierson was born in Weehawken, New Jersey.

## References
Madalyn Murray O'Hair

'''Madalyn Murray O'Hair'* (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist. She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of *American Atheist Magazine''. Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".   

In 1995 she was kidnapped, murdered and dismembered along with her son Jon Murray and granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair, by the former American Atheist office manager David Roland Waters.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography of O'Hair  at About.com
* Biography of O'Hair  at Rotten.com
* 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair  – MP3 file
* 
* Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB
* Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com 
* Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977
* The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine
Vasiľ Biľak

**Vasiľ Biľak** (11 August 1917 &ndash; 6 February 2014) was a Slovak communist leader.

He was born in Krajná Bystrá, Austria-Hungary. His family were Rusyns. He first worked as a tailor and then became a politician. First, from 1955 until 1971, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia (ÚV KSS). Biľak was, from November 1968 until December 1988, a secretary of ÚV KSČ with important impact on the foreign policy of the party. From 1960 until 1989, he was a part of the National Assembly, later the Federal Assembly.

Vasiľ Biľak died on 6 February 2014 in Bratislava, Slovakia. He was aged 96.

## References
Maggie Hassan

**Margaret "Maggie" Hassan** (before that: **Margaret Wood**; born February 27, 1958) is an American politician from New Hampshire. She is the U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. She previously operated as the 81st governor of New Hampshire from 2013 to 2017. She was elected governor in November 2012 and reelected in November 2014.

In 2016, she ran for the U.S. Senate and unseated Kelly Ayotte, the Republican incumbent in New Hampshire. She narrowly won the election by less than 720 votes.

Hassan was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

## References
John Ostrom

**John Harold Ostrom** (February 18, 1928 – July 16, 2005) was an American paleontologist.

In the 1960s, he showed that dinosaurs are more like big non-flying birds than they are like lizards (or "saurians"). Thomas Henry Huxley in the 1860s had thought birds evolved from dinosaurs, based on a comparison of *Archaeopteryx* with *Compsognathus*. Huxley's idea was later discarded, mainly because Heilmann, in 1926, had different views.

The first of Ostrom's reviews of the osteology and phylogeny of the primitive bird *Archaeopteryx* appeared in 1976. After the modern discoveries of fossil dinobirds in China, the HuxleyOstrom theory was accepted by almost all palaeontologists.

Ostrom was a professor at Yale University. He was the Curator Emeritus of vertebrate paleontology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, which has an impressive fossil collection started by Othniel Charles Marsh. He died from complications of Alzheimer's disease.

## Discoveries 
His 1964 discovery of *Deinonychus* was one of the most important fossil finds in history. *Deinonychus* was an active predator that clearly killed its prey by leaping and slashing or stabbing with its "terrible claw". Evidence of a truly active lifestyle included long strings of tendons running along the tail, making it a stiff counterbalance for jumping and running. The conclusion that at least some dinosaurs had a high metabolism, and were therefore warm-blooded, was popularized by his student Robert Bakker. This helped to change the impression of dinosaurs as the sluggish, slow, cold-blooded lizards which had prevailed since the turn of the century.

This changed how dinosaurs are seen by both professional dinosaur illustrators, and by the public. The find is also credited with triggering the "dinosaur renaissance", a term coined in a 1975 issue of *Scientific American* by Bakker. It describes the renewed  interest in paleontology, which has lasted from the 1970s to the present.

Ostrom's interest in the dinosaur-bird connection started with his study of what is now known as the Haarlem *Archaeopteryx*. Discovered in 1855, it was actually the first specimen recovered but, incorrectly labeled as *Pterodactylus crassipes*, it languished in the Teyler's Museum in the Netherlands until Ostrom's 1970 paper (and 1972 description) correctly identified it as one of only eight "first birds" (counting the solitary feather).

Ostrom also studied fossilized trackways of the duckbilled dinosaur *Hadrosaurus*. He decided they traveled in herds. To this extent they were social animals like many birds and mammals, but unlike lizards.

## References 
* Obituary Los Angeles Times July 21, 2005

## Other websites 
*Dinosaurs in your garden
Brent Hayden

**Brent Matthew Hayden** (born October 21, 1983 in Mission, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired swimmer.

During the 100-metre freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London he won the bronze medal for Canada. He became the first Canadian in 21 years to win a gold medal at the World Aquatics Championships. He was also the first Canadian to appear in the 100-metre final at the Olympics since Dick Pound appeared at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was also the first Canadian to win an Olympic medal in the 100&nbsp;m event.

After the men's 4 × 100-metre medley relay at the Olympics, Hayden announced that he was retiring. He said he believed in the Canadian swim team to thrive in the future, saying that "I think in the grand scheme of things, with the people we have, we’ve done an amazing job … As long as we keep that momentum building, I think we’re going to see more success come from more diverse events."

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Tamina Snuka

**Sarona Moana Marie Reiher Snuka-Polamalu** (born January 10, 1978), better known by her ring name **Tamina Snuka** (or simply **Tamina**), is an American professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE, where she is a nine-time 24/7 Champion and a one-time Women's Tag Team Champion. She is the daughter of WWE Hall of Famer Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka.

## Career
On the May 24, 2010 episode of *Raw*, she debuted along with The Usos (Jimmy and Jey Uso). On the September 28, 2013 episode of *SmackDown*, she began accompanying WWE Divas champion AJ Lee to the ring. She teamed with her and acted as her bodyguard.

Tamina was removed from WWE's active roster in July 2024, therefore ending her fourteen-year career with the company. 

## Films and television 
## Championships and accomplishments 
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 19 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the *PWI Female 50* in 2012
** Ranked No. 28 of the top 50 Tag Teams in the *PWI Tag Team 50* in 2021 with Natalya
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Worst Feud of the Year (2015) Team PCB vs. Team B.A.D. vs. Team Bella
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (2013) with AJ Lee, Aksana, Alicia Fox, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, and Summer Rae vs. Brie Bella, Cameron, Eva Marie, JoJo, Naomi, Natalya, and Nikki Bella on November 24
* **WWE**
** WWE 24/7 Championship (9 times)                                      
** WWE Women's Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Natalya

## References
## Other websites
*WWE profile
*
Royal Highness

**Royal Highness** is a style of address traditionally used to address or refer to members of the royal families. This address is usually for princes, other than monarchs, and their female consorts. This style ranks below that of Imperial Highness. Historically the term was first used by Gaston, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Henry IV of France. He encountered this style in Brussels and used it himself. His children later used the style, considering it their right as grandchildren of France. In contradiction to other European kingdoms, the kingdom of Denmark reserves the superior style of Royal Highness only to the children of the monarch and the children of the crown prince; other grandchildren of a Danish monarch enjoy the style of Highness, e.g. Princess Elisabeth of Denmark.
## Examples of modern usage
**His Royal Highness* The Prince of Wales. Present day heir to the British throne. 
**Her Royal Highness* Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, Duchess of Brabant First in line to the present day Belgian throne. 
**Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Asturias. The first in line to the modern day Spanish throne. 
**His Royal Highness* The Crown Prince of Greece, Prince of Denmark, Duke of Sparta. The eldest son and heir of the pretender to the modern day Greek throne. Due to Greece being a Republic the title of HRH is not officially recognised but is used out of courtesy.

## Related pages
*Royal family
*Titles of European royal heirs
*Prince

## References
HI

**HI** or **Hi** can mean several things:

* Hello, an informal greeting in the English language
* Hi, a short version of Hello.
* Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language 
* Hydrogen iodide, in chemistry
* Hainan, a province of China
* Hawaii, a state of the United States
* Holiday Inn, a brand of hotels
Maya Plisetskaya

**Maya Mikhaylovna Plisetskaya** (; 20 November 1925 &ndash; 2 May 2015) was a Russian ballerina, choreographer, director and actress. She was born in Moscow, Soviet Union.

Plisetskaya gained an interest in ballet at a young age and was active during the Soviet period. She has been called by some, such as Nikita Khrushchev, one of the best ballerinas of all time. She was married to composer and pianist Rodion Shchedrin from 1958 until her death.

## Early life
Plisetskaya was born in Moscow, Russia to Lithuanian Jewish parents. Her mother, Rachel Messerer, was a silent movie actress and her father, Mikhail Plisetski, was a diplomat. She studied at the Bolshoi Theater.

## Family 
In 1938, her father was arrested and later executed during the Stalinist purges. Her mother was arrested soon after and, with Maya's seven-month-old baby brother, sent to a gulag in Kazakhstan for the next three years. Plisetskaya was taken in by her maternal aunt (a ballerina) until her mother was released in 1941.

During the years without her parents, and barely a teenager, Plisetskaya "faced terror, war, and dislocation". As a result, "Maya took refuge in ballet and the Bolshoi Theatre".

## Dancing 
For many years she was not allowed to tour outside the Soviet Union. This ban was lifted in 1959 by Nikita Khrushchev.

Able to travel the world as a member of the Bolshoi, her skill as a dancer was widely recognised. It set a high standard for ballerinas in technique and dramatic presence. Khrushchev allowed her to go on the Bolshoi tour in New York and he was immensely satisfied upon reading the reviews of her performances. He embraced her on her return. and Spain.

## Death
Plisetskaya died in Munich, Germany on 2 May 2015 from a heart attack, aged 89.

## Awards 
Plisetskaya was given many awards by the Soviet Union, and by Russia. Of special note were:

### Soviet Union 
* Hero of Socialist Labour (1985)
* Three Orders of Lenin (1967, 1976, 1985)
* Lenin Prize (1964)
* People's Artist of USSR (1959)

### Russia 
* Order of Merit for the Fatherland

## References
## Other websites
*
Western horse

The **Western horse** (or ***Equus occidentalis***) was a species of horse that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene. It is now extinct.

It was a stoutly built animal. It resembled the extinct quagga or the modern zebra, although it was not a close relative of either or these species.

## References
Richard Appel

**Richard James** "**Rich**" **Appel** (born May 21, 1963) is an American writer, producer and former lawyer. He is best known for writing and producing Fox animated sitcoms such as *Family Guy*, *American Dad!*, and *The Simpsons*. He also co-created *The Cleveland Show* with Seth MacFarlane and Mike Henry.
## Background
Appel was born in New York City, New York and grew up in Wilmette, Illinois. He graduated from Harvard University. While at Harvard, he wrote for *The Harvard Lampoon* with Conan O'Brien and Greg Daniels. He originally worked as a lawyer. He began a  in television writing in 1994. Appel married author Mona Simpson in 1993. They had two children together before divorcing.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Fault in Our Stars

***The Fault in Our Stars*** is a 2012 novel by young adult author John Green. 

The book follows the story of sixteen year old Hazel Grace Lancaster, who has cancer. Her parents make her go to a support group, where she meets a boy named Augustus Waters, who she falls in love with. 

It has been made into a movie of the same name, which was released on June 6, 2014.

## References
Koke

**Koke** (born **Jorge Resurección Meredio** in Madrid on 8 January 1992) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Atlético Madrid. He played for the Spain national football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## International career statistics 
|-
|2013||7||0
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

## References
22 Jump Street

***22 Jump Street*** is a 2014 criminal comedy movie. The movie is about two police officers who go undercover at a fraternity. Their friendship is pushed to the limit. Channing Tatum plays Jenko. Jonah Hill plays Morton.

The movie picks up from where the first movie left off. It was released on June 13, 2014.

## Other websites 
*
Brie Larson

**Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers**, known professionally as **Brie Larson,** (born in Sacramento, California, October 1, 1989) is an American actress.

She played Molly in the 2012 movie version of *21 Jump Street*. She also played Envy in *Scott Pilgrim vs. the World*. Larson won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Ma in the 2015 movie *Room*. Brie Larson is Captain Marvel.

## Awards and nominations
Brie Larson has received many awards and nominations. She began acting at age eight, and followed it with minor supporting roles in various movies. Her breakthrough came with her leading performance in the 2013 coming-of-age drama film *Short Term 12*, for which she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award and a Critics' Choice Award.

She garnered widespread acclaim for her performance as Joy "Ma" Newsome in the 2015 drama *Room*, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
## References
Serene Highness

**Serene Highness** is a style of address used by several princely and noble families throughout present-day Europe. It has also been used historically. It ranks below Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.

is the title reserved for the princes of the sovereign princely families, currently unique the ruling families of Monaco and Liechtenstein. Some heraldists believe it is also due to the descendants of the sovereign Principality of Sperlinga, who sold the Castle but kept the title, and it is from all its members.

## Examples of usage
* Princes of the Blood at the French royal court of Versailles (such as *His Serene Highness* The Duke of Penthièvre)
* The present Prince of Monaco and all his descendants in line father and mother. 
* Giovanni I, Prince of Sperlinga.
* Various German princely states prior to the country being unified in 1871.
* Various Russian princely families
* *Her Serene Highness* Princess Romanova-Krasinskaya
* Princes of Carignan
Spoof

**Spoof**, can mean several things:

* Forgery of goods or documents
* Parody by imitation
* Satire, a literary technique of writing or art which mainly makes fun of its subject
* Semen, in British slang
Carat

**Carat** usually means either:

* Carat (mass), a unit of mass for gemstones, equal to 0.2&nbsp;gram 
* Carat (purity) or karat, a unit of purity for gold

## Related pages 
*Carrot
Revolver

A **revolver** is a type of gun. Revolvers are repeating firearms with a cylinder that spins. Revolvers have several chambers each holding one cartridge. Most are handguns, but other types of weapons also use revolving cylinders. They are also called **revolving guns**, though *revolver* is used far more often. The first revolvers date back to late 1500s in Europe. It was not until the 1700s or 1800s, however, they became affordable. Revolvers are sometimes used by law enforcement agencies. On some occasions, these guns can be reset by one hand, then loaded with the other.

## Action 
### Single-action 
In a single-action revolver, the hammer is manually ed. This is usually done with the thumb. This action turns the cylinder to the next cartridge. It also locks the cylinder in place with the chamber aligned with the barrel. The trigger, when pulled, releases the hammer, which fires the round in the chamber. To fire again, the hammer must be manually cocked again. This is called "single-action" because the trigger only performs a single action—that of releasing the hammer. Because only a single action is performed and trigger pull is very light, firing a revolver in this way allows most shooters to achieve greater accuracy. Additionally, the need to cock the hammer manually acts as a safety. The gun will not fire unless the hammer is cocked back. The Colt Paterson Revolver, the Walker Colt, the Colt's Dragoon and the Colt Single Action Army pistol of the American Frontier era are all good examples of this system.

### Double-action 
In double-action, the stroke of the trigger pull generates three actions: 
#The hammer is pulled back to the cocked position.
#At the same time, the cylinder turns to the next round.
#The hammer is released to strike the firing pin. 
Double-action means that a cocking action separate from the trigger pull is not needed. Every trigger pull causes a complete cycle and a bullet is fired. This allows the gun to be carried uncocked. It also allows the gun to be drawn from the holster and fired using only the trigger. However, a double-action revolver has a longer and harder trigger pull. However, this drawback can also be viewed as a safety feature, as the gun is safer against accidental discharges from being dropped.

Most double-action revolvers may be fired in two ways.
# The first way is single-action. It can be used the same a single-action revolver. The hammer is cocked with the thumb, which indexes the cylinder and when the trigger is pulled the hammer fires the round. In this mode the trigger pull is lighter.
# The second way is double-action, or from a hammer-down position. In this case, the trigger first cocks the hammer and revolves the cylinder. It then trips the hammer at the rear of the trigger stroke, firing the round in the chamber. In this mode the trigger pull is much heavier.

## References
Gomphothere

]]

The **Gomphotheres** were a varied family of extinct elephant-like animals (proboscidea).  The early species had four tusks, and scratches on the teeth suggest they ate rough vegetable matter.

They had a wide distribution. They were common in North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, 121.6 million years ago. Some lived in parts of Eurasia, Beringia and, after the Great American Interchange, South America.

Beginning about five million years ago, they were gradually replaced by modern elephants. The last two South American species, in the genus *Cuvieronius*, did not become extinct until about 9000 years ago. *Stegomastodon* remains have been dated as recently as 6,000 years ago in the Valle del Magdalena, Colombia.  

Gomphotheres survived in Mexico and Central America until the end of the Pleistocene. 

The arrival of mankind in the Americas about 13,000 years ago is generally credited for the loss of large species of all kinds of animals. The details of this are unknown. 
'' skeleton in a Hubei, China, museum]]

The relationship between the Gomphotheres and modern elephants is also unknown. The similarities might be due to descent, or might be due to parallel evolution, that is, to similar lifestyles.

## References
Simon Baker

**Simon Baker** (born 30 July 1969) is an Australian actor and director. He is best known for his roles as Nicholas Fallin on *The Guardian* and Patrick Jane on *The Mentalist*. Baker was born in Launceston, Tasmania. He was first raised in New Guinea and then Ballina, New South Wales. He began a career in acting in 1988.

Baker married actress Rebecca Rigg in 1998. They live together in Los Angeles, California and have three children. 

Baker was nominated for an Emmy Award for *The Mentalist* in 2009.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kim Il-sung Square

**Kim Il-sung Square** is the national square of North Korea. It is in the capital Pyongyang next to the Taedong River. The square is used for military parades and performances for national holidays. Around the square are national institutions that include stairs with chairs overlooking the square.

## Other websites 
*Asian Historical Architecture: Kim Il-sung Square images
*Traveller's blog with pictures from North Korea ; Several photos of Kim Il Sung Square. 
*Kim Il-sung Square, Pyongyang, North Korea (video) — practising for the Mass games
Nursultan Nazarbayev

**Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev** (; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019. Some opposition groups call him an "unofficial leader" and "dictator".

Nazarbayev has been the president since December 1991, when Kazakhstan became independent of the Soviet Union. He has been the country's leader since 1989. This is when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR. In April 2011, Nazarbayev was re-elected to another five-year term. 

In February 2014, he proposed renaming Kazakhstan to "Kazakh Eli". In 2006 he rewrote the words to "My Kazakhstan" which was then accepted as the country's national anthem. Shortly after his resignation as president the capital city was named after him in his honour.

## Notes
## References
Loudness war

The **loudness war** is a negative term that describes the apparent competition to release albums that are increasingly loud. Albums that are "victims of the loudness war" have worse sound quality because the dynamic range has been compressed to make the music louder. Examples of albums that are victims of the loudness war include *Death Magnetic* by Metallica. Record producer Charles Dye started an organization called Turn Me Up! that campaigns to give musicians the choice to make albums with bigger dynamic ranges. In March 2010, mastering engineer Ian Shepherd organised the first Dynamic Range Day.

## References
George Houvardas

**George Houvardas** (born  1982) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his role as Nick "Carbo" Karandonis on the Seven Network television program *Packed to the Rafters*.

Houvardas was born in Sydney, New South Wales and is of Greek origin. He began a career in television acting in 2008. He lives in Sydney.

## References
## Other websites
*
SummerSlam (2012)

**SummerSlam (2012)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 19, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-fifth yearly SummerSlam event that was held by the WWE.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2012 website
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

The **Voluntary Human Extinction Movement** (VHEMT) is an environmental movement. It was started in 1991 by the American activist Les U. Knight. Knight says that the human population is too big for the Earth, so humans should choose to stop reproducing.

## Other websites
*Official website
Cylinder (firearms)

A **cylinder**, in firearms terminology, is the cylindrical, rotating part of a revolver. The cylinder has multiple cartridges chambers. The cylinder revolves around a central shaft in the revolver. This is to bring each individual chamber into alignment with the barrel for firing. Each time the gun is cocked (made ready to fire), the cylinder rotates by one chamber making the pistol ready to fire again.

Cylinders typically hold six cartridges—which is why revolvers are sometimes called "six shooters". But some small frame revolvers only hold five cartridges, due to the smaller overall size of the gun. Several models of .22 rimfire caliber revolvers have cylinders holding nine or ten rounds. As a general rule, cylinders are not designed to be removed from the firearm except for cleaning. A speedloader or moon clip can be used with some revolvers for rapid reloading.

## References
Highways in Puerto Rico

between Juana Diaz and Santa Isabel.]]

The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about  of roads. It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.

The roads in Puerto Rico are divided into four types:

## Interstates
There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico. Together, they total . As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System. However, they still get money from the U.S. government.

These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. There are no signs for these Interstate Highways. They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.

Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3. These are other major highways in Puerto Rico. 

The three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico are:

* **Interstate PRI-1** goes from San Juan southwest to Ponce on the shortest route. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 52 and Puerto Rico Highway 18. It is  long.
* **Interstate PRI-2** goes from San Juan to Ponce along the coast of western Puerto Rico. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 22 and Puerto Rico Highway 2. It is  long.
* **Interstate PRI-3** goes from San Juan southeast to Ceiba. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 53. It is  long.

## References
Apomixis

*; bulbils form instead of flowers]]

**Apomixis** is reproduction where only one parent passes genes to the offspring. Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones).

The method is most seen in plants, especially flowering plants. Brambles (blackberry) are apomictic. Some authorities give "reproduction by special tissues without fertilisation", or "asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development".

Apomixis includes some methods which are more common in animals, such as parthenogenesis.

In botany, apomixis was defined by Hans Winkler as the replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization.

Horticulture methods, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, is not apomixis. *Natural replacement of the seed by an asexual method'' is apomixis.

## References
Eritherium

***Eritherium*** is an extinct genus of early Proboscidean. It was discovered in Morocco. It was first named by Emmanuel Gheerbrant in 2009 and the type species is *Eritherium azzouzorum*. Eritherium is the oldest, smallest and most primitive known elephant relative.

The phosphate bed where the remains were found places the animal's age as 61.1 to 57.8 million years ago.

*Eritherium* is the oldest known representative of the Proboscideans. It has not been assigned to any family in the order. *Eritherium* is the sister clade to *Phosphatherium*, *Numidotherium* and *Moeritherium*. This is one of the most complete evolutionary sequences of early mammalian radiations after the K/T extinction event. Thus, the elephants are one of the oldest "modern" mammal orders to have survived.

## References
Orizaba

**Orizaba** is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is 20&nbsp;km west of its twin city Córdoba. It sits at the base of Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico. It is also a volcano with a perfectly shaped snow-covered cone. The city had a 2005 census population of 117,273 and occupies almost the same area as its small municipality. The municipality includes a few small areas outside the city.  It has an area of 27.97&nbsp;km² (10.799 sq mi).

It was an important town during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. On January 27, 1774, the Spanish king Carlos III gave town status to Orizaba, and on November 29, 1830 Orizaba was declared a city. 

## References