open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa

**Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa**, GCB, GCMG (; 3 June 1933 &ndash; 6 March 1999) was the 1st emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death. Born in Jasra, he became emir upon the death of his father, Salman ibn Hamad.

The emir died of a heart attack. He was succeeded by his son, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.
Cheng Siwei

**Cheng Siwei** (June 1935 &ndash; 12 July 2015) was a Chinese politician and economist. He was the Chairman of China Soft Science Research Association; President of the Chinese Society for Management Modernization; Director of the Research Center on Fictitious Economy and Data Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dean of the School of Management of the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;

## References
Red kite

The **red kite** (*Milvus milvus*) is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. This family also has other raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers.

The species is found all over Europe and northwest Africa.

Red kites eat small mammals and carrion. They were wiped out in most of Britain, except for a few in south Wales. Farmers killed them, and so did the DDT picked up from their prey. They have made a big come-back in England and Scotland after they were recently re-introduced.

A sighting of the first red kite in London for 150 years was reported in *The Independent* newspaper in January 2006. In June 2006, the UK-based Northern Kites Project reported that kites had bred in the Derwent Valley, Tyne and Wear for the first time since the re-introduction.

## References
Ken Stabler

**Kenneth Michael "Ken" Stabler** (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed "The Snake," was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama.

After his death, an autopsy revealed that Stabler had been suffering from Stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

## References
## Other websites
* Ken Stabler Facebook
* KenStabler.com 
* XOXO Stabler Foundation
Vanda

***Vanda*** is a genus in the orchid family (*Orchidaceae*).

It is one of the most important orchids, with about fifty species. The genus is very  highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.

Vanda is widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific. The genus is sometimes abbreviated as **V.** in the flower trade.
It belongs to angiosperm.
## References 
* Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
* Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. 

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Breeding in Vanda  Breeding in Vanda
Aglaophyton

***Aglaophyton*** is a genus of early Devonian fossil land plants. Its fossils have been found in the Rhynie chert. Only the sporophyte generation have been found as fossils. Only one species has been found, *Aglaophyton major*.

## Relationship to other plants
*Aglaophyton* was at first thought to be a species of the vascular plant genus *Rhynia* which lived at the same time. Later it was discovered that it is not really a vascular plant. It had vascular tissue, but the cells had thin walls. It might therefore be a missing link between the Bryophytes and *Horneophyton* and the vascular plants like *Rhynia*.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram which has *Aglaophyton* as the sister group of the vascular plants.

## References
## Other websites
* Cladogram  from
Gamil Ratib

**Gamil Ratib** (جميل راتب, November 28, 1926 &ndash; September 19, 2018) was an Egyptian actor. He was known for his roles in *Lawrence of Arabia*, *Poussière de diamant*, and in *The Aquarium*. 

Ratib was born in Cairo, Egypt. He died in Cairo on September 19, 2018 at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Peterson

**Peterson** is a common English language surname. It means "Son of Peter". There are over 700 different spellings of the name. The form *Peterson* may have also come from the Danish form *Petersen*.

## People 
*Cassandra Peterson (1951 - ) is an American actress.
*Oscar Peterson (1925 - 2007) was a Canadian jazz pianist.
Scott Walker 2016 presidential campaign

The **2016 presidential campaign of Scott Walker**, the 45th Governor of Wisconsin, was announced at an event in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13, 2015. The scheduling of an announcement event was made public on July 2, two weeks after the formation of a "testing the waters" fundraising committee.

## Background
Two weeks before his announcement, he formed a "testing the waters" fundraising committee to see if running for President is a good idea.

## Announcement
On July 2nd, Walker started a countdown by posting a slice of his presidential campaign logo on Instagram, with eight more pieces to come in the days ahead.

## Suspension
On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign after low polling numbers.

## References
CNN Chile

**CNN Chile** is the Chilean version of CNN international. 

## Overview
The CNN Chile is the local version of popular TV news channel CNN, which had previously shown interest in the Chilean market when it covered the 2005 presidential elections through CNN en Español.

## History
The CNN Chile was founded on December 4, 2008. It broadcasts 24 hours a day nationwide in Chile. It was originally a joint venture between VTR Chile and WarnerMedia. The channel is based in Santiago, Chile.

## Coverage
* News
* Sports
* Television programs

## Related pages
* BBC
* France 24
* Deutsche Welle
* CNN en Español
* Baltic News Network
* Public Broadcasting of Latvia

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Great Stink

The **Great Stink** was in central London in July and August 1858. During hot weather the smell of untreated faeces was overpowering.

It was caused by untreated human waste in the River Thames, and on its banks. An ageing and inadequate sewer system emptied directly into the Thames.

The bad air was thought to transmit contagious diseases. There were three outbreaks of cholera before the Great Stink was blamed on the problems with the river. A proposal from  the civil engineer Joseph Bazalgette for sewage treatment was finally accepted.

## References
Cracked Rear View

***Cracked Rear View*** is the major-label debut album by Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released on July 5, 1994 by Atlantic Records.

## Reception
*Cracked Rear View* is Hootie & the Blowfish's most successful album. It was the highest-selling album of 1995, with 10.5 million shipments that year alone. It eventually shipped 16 million copies by March 31, 1999. *Cracked Rear View* reached number one on the *Billboard* 200 five times during 1995. The album also reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Three&nbsp;million copies were sold through the Columbia House mail-order system.

Critical reviews of *Cracked Rear View* were mostly positive. The Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it four and a half stars out of five. He wrote that it was "the success story of 1994/1995." He also said, "Although Hootie & the Blowfish aren't innovative, they deliver the goods. They turned out an album of solid, rootsy folk-rock songs that have simple, powerful hooks."

## References
Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis

**Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Lous** (also known as **Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis**) is a church located in the 4th arrondissement in Paris. It was constructed from 1627 to 1641, by Jesuit architects Étienne Martellange and François Derand. It is also called **Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites**. Louis XIII commissioned it to be built.
Tenzin Delek Rinpoche

Lithang Tulku **Tenzin Delek Rinpoche** or **Tenzing Deleg** (1950 – 12 July 2015) was a Tibetan Buddhist leader from Garze, Sichuan. He was born in Lithang, Tibet. He was arrested on April 7, 2002 during a raid on Jamyang Choekhorling in Garze, Sichuan, China. He was accused of being involved in a bomb attack on April 3, 2002 on the central square of Sichuan's provincial capital, Chengdu. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in prison in Chengdu. 

## References
Philipp Mißfelder

**Philipp Mißfelder** (August 25, 1979 – July 13, 2015) was a German politician and a member of the Bundestag.  From January through March 2014 he served in the German government as the Coordinator for Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Intersocietal Relations, Cultural and Information Policy.

## References
Rhopalostylis sapida

'* *Rhopalostylis sapida***, the **nikau*' () is a palm tree endemic to New Zealand. It is the only palm tree to grow there. It also does not grow naturally anywhere else in the world.

*Nīkau* is a Māori word. In the languages of the Pacific tropics, it means the leaves of a coconut palm. 

The Maori had many uses for the nīkau palm. The bases of the inner leaves and the young flowers were eaten raw or cooked. Food was wrapped in the leaves for cooking.  The old tough leaves were used to make baskets, floor rugs and waterproof  roofs for buildings.

## Description 
The nīkau grows tall with a wide, green trunk which has grey-green leaf scars. The trunk is topped by a smooth, bulging crown of fronds (leaves). The flowers are coloured lilac to pink. The fruit is circular or oblong and is red when ripe. The nīkau has flowers between November and April (summer). The fruit ripens from February to November and is a favourite food for the native wood pigeon.

## Caring for the palm 
The nīkau makes an excellent potted plant, and is quite healthy. It is slow-growing. It grows easily from a seed if the fruit is soaked in water for a few days and then gently scrubbed to remove the skin. The seed will then germinate in sealed plastic bags in part shade. Later, they can be planted in deep pots. 

The nīkau lives well in cool temperatures. In New Zealand, it does not get exposed to freezing weather. It can survive a few degrees of frost. It is hurt most by a sudden large drop in temperature even above freezing. It does well in areas with a mild Mediterranean climate.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*New Zealand native plant website: *Rhopalostylis sapida*
2015 Pan American Games

The **17th Pan American Games** were held from July 10 to July 26, 2015 in Toronto, Canada.

Over 6,000 athletes from 41 countries. They competed in 36 sports.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Looking for Lucky

***Looking for Lucky*** is the fourth and final studio album by Hootie & the Blowfish. The album was released on August 9, 2005.

## References
1951 Pan American Games

The **1st version of the Pan American Games** was held in 1951 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Over 2,500 athletes from 21 countries competed in 20 sports.

## References
Paddington (disambiguation)

**Paddington** is an area in the London borough of City of Westminster. It may also mean:

* Paddington station- the train station
* *Paddington* (movie)- the movie
* Paddington Bear, a character in children's fiction books
* Paddington (TV series), a 1970s television children's shows
Carter

**Carter** is a family name. It originally meant to haul goods in a cart. The name comes from the Gaelic and Celtic word *cairt* (cart). It originated in Ireland and Scotland. It later migrated to England, where it was changed to its English form.

People who have the name Carter include Lynda Carter, June Carter Cash, actress Dixie Carter and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
Wheelspin

**Wheelspin** is the practice of making wheels lose traction on a road surface. This can occur in manual transmission cars when the clutch is released too quickly while accelerating. This can happen when pulling away from stop. 

How to do a Wheelspin in a manual car
*Press the clutch full down
*Select 1st gear
*Push down the gas pedal
*Release the clutch pedal as fast as possible

This should result in a wheelspin
Amy Yang

**Amy Yang** (born July 28, 1989) also known as Yang Hee-Young is a Korean professional golfer. She plays on the United States-based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour and on the Ladies European Tour (LET). Since turning professional at age 17, she has six professional wins. She moved to Australia with her family at age 15 to play golf. In 2005 she won the "Queensland Amateur Championship", the youngest winner ever of that championship. In 2006, while still an amateur she won the ANZ Ladies Masters on the Ladies European Tour. Yang was also the youngest winner ever on the LET at age 16 years, 6 months and 18 days. She was given an  to join the LET at age 17. Yang qualified for the LGPA on her first attempt. 

## References
Peace be upon him (Islam)

***Alayhi as-salām*** (AAS) is a phrase Muslims say whenever they refer to the name of any prophet, messenger, and chosen figure of Allah. "Peace be upon him" is the English translation of *alayhi as-salām*. The phrase is used in Islamic practice to show respect. Muslims say or write the phrase to get Allah's blessings for the prophet/messenger, and in turn, get blessings for themselves. The abbreviations PBUH and AAS are used in writing in the Muslim world in private and sometimes government documents. The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, says this respect must be given.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The article Peace Be Upon Him & Christian Polemics explains the usage of the honorific from a linguistic perspective.
* عليه السلام – Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Paddington

**Paddington** is a location in the London borough of City of Westminster, in central London. It has a train station called Paddington station.

## People from Paddington
## Related pages 
* Paddington Bridge
* Paddington Green TV series
* Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green

## References
## Other websites 
*
Joan Sebastian

**José Manuel Figueroa Sr.** (April 8, 1951 – July 13, 2015), better known as **Joan Sebastian** (), was a Mexican singer-songwriter. He has written over a thousand songs including compositions for Vicente Fernández, Lucero, Pepe Aguilar, and Rocío Dúrcal. His music is a mixture of Latin pop, ranchera and grupera music.

On July 13, 2015, Sebastian died at his ranch in Cruz de la Sierra, Teacalco, Guerrero, Mexico, from bone cancer, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Biography at Musicamania 
* Starpulse.com  – Discography
* Biography at Chalino.com
Tukey's Bridge

'''Tukey's Bridge''' is a bridge in Portland, Maine. The bridge was built in 1960. It was named after Lemuel Tukey, who collected taxes and owned taverns.
The Shadow

***The Shadow*** is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in 1930s pulp novels, and then in a wide variety of media.  Details of the title character have varied across various media. But The Shadow is generally a crime-fighter who works alone instead of with the police. He usually has  powers. He poses as a "wealthy, young man about town".

The Shadow first appeared on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program *Detective Story Hour*. After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of *The Shadow Magazine* on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by Gibson.

On September 26, 1937, *The Shadow* radio drama began with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue," in which The Shadow was characterized as having "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." As in the magazine stories, The Shadow was not given the literal ability to become invisible.

The introduction from *The Shadow* radio program "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" was spoken by actor Frank Readick Jr.. American English speakers often have heard of this phrase, even if they have never listened to the radio show. These words were accompanied by an  laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' ''Le Rouet d'Omphale'' ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode The Shadow reminded s that, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay... The Shadow knows!"

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Shadow radio recordings by Orson Wells
Geoid

The **geoid** is a shape like the surface of the Earth. It is a 3-D geometrical shape like an orange. Shapes of this kind are called oblate spheroids, which is a kind of ellipsoid. 

The geoid, however, is a very special kind of oblate spheroid. It is defined as follows:

:The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

It was defined by Gauss, in 1828. It is often described as the true physical shape of the Earth. The study of Earth's measurements and shapes is called geodesy.

For many practical purposes, a simpler shape is used because that makes calculations easier. That shape is called a reference ellipsoid. In basic education, the shape of the Earth is described as being like an orange, a sphere but wider round the equator. This shape is produced by all celestial spinning spheres, such as stars and planets. The details differ somewhat in each individual case.

## References
Phil Gramm

**Phil Gramm** (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician. He is a former United States Senator from Texas. He was a member of both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate. He unsuccessfully ran for President in 1996.

Gramm was born on July 8, 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia. He graduated from the University of Georgia. He is married to Wendy Lee Gramm. They have two children.

## References
## Other websites
Anderson (name)

**Anderson** [an-der-suhn] is both a first name and a family name. In Scotland, the name first appeared in records of the 14th century as "Fitz Andreu" (it means "son of Andrew"). Anderson is one of the most common family names(Ranked 328th in the nation for newborns in 2021). It is especially common in Scotland, United States, Canada and England. This name was ranked #328 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

People with Anderson as a family name include Rona Anderson, Pamela Anderson, Loni Anderson, Laurie Anderson and Lynn Anderson.

People with Anderson as a first name include Anderson Cooper, who is the son of Gloria Vanderbilt.

## People with Anderson as a first name
* Anderson Dawson (1863-1910), Australian politician
* Anderson Hernández (born 1982), Dominican former Major League Baseball player, currently playing in the Mexican League
* Anderson Ribeiro (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
* Anderson Varejão (born 1982), Brazilian National Basketball Association player
* Anderson .Paak (born 1986),American singer, songwriter, rapper, musician
* Anderson Batatais, Brazilian association football player

## People with Anderson as a last name
* Alf Anderson (1914-1985), American baseball player
* Ben Anderson (born 1975), British journalist
* Bibi Andersson (born 1935), Swedish actress
* Bud Anderson (born 1922), American aviator and flying ace
* Charles D. Anderson (1827–1901), Confederate general
* Daphne Anderson (1922–2013), British actress
* Martina Anderson (born 1962), Northern Irish politician
* Anthony Anderson(born 1970),American actor

## References
Gus Grissom

**Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom** (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959.

On July 21, 1961, Grissom flew into space in the *Liberty Bell 7* spacecraft. This was powered by a Redstone rocket. Grissom was the second American in space, following Alan Shepard.

He made another space flight as command pilot (pilot in charge) of Gemini 3. This was the first trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. The trip took place on March 23, 1965.

Grissom died along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida. He was the first of the Mercury Seven to die.

## References
## Further reading
*
*

## Other websites
*NASA Biography
*Spacefacts biography of Gus Grissom
*NYTimes article
India (cat)

**India "Willie" Bush** (July 13, 1990 &ndash; January 4, 2009)  was the pet cat of U.S. President George W. Bush and his family while he was in the White House.  She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.
__NOTOC__
## Biography 
The Bushes got India, an all black, female American Shorthair, as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992. Their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old. It is not known if the cat had registered to vote.  India stayed with George and Laura Bush after Jenna and Barbara left for college.

## Controversy 
There was controversy reported in the news in  India. Some people were upset with the cat's name. In July 2004, demonstrations were held in the southern Keralian city of Thiruvananthapuram.  The cat's name was criticised as an insult to the nation of India. An effigy of President Bush was burned in protest. 

The Bushes did not change the cat's name because of the demonstrations. The name had been given to the family cat by Barbara, one of the Bush's daughters. In a statement to the press about India's death, Sally McDonough, speaking for First Lady Laura Bush, said that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death. Part of the statement said, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."
 Barneycam video, 2007.]]
## References
## Other websites
* Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov
* India at the Presidential Pet Museum
Lisa Murkowski

**Lisa Murkowski** (born May 22, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. On December 20, 2002, she became a United States Senator from Alaska. In 2009, she became the senior senator from Alaska. She was in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002.

Murkowski was born on May 22, 1957 in Ketchikan, Alaska. She studied at Georgetown University and at Willamette University. She is married to Verne Martell. They have two children.

On February 13, 2021 Murkowski voted that former Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. She and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

## References
## Other websites
Mike DeWine

**Richard Michael DeWine** (born January 5, 1947) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician. DeWine is the 70th Governor of Ohio since 2019. He is a former United States Senator from Ohio.

DeWine was born on January 5, 1947 in Springfield, Ohio. He studied at Miami University and at Ohio Northern University. He is married to Frances Struewing. A political veteran with a long career in Ohio politics, DeWine's first big office was a state senate seat, which he entered in 1981. After terms in the United States House of Representatives and a term as the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, he won a United States Senate seat, replacing Howard Metzenbaum. However, in 2006, DeWine lost the seat in a landslide to Sherrod Brown.

DeWine made a political comeback in 2010, when he won an election to be the Attorney General of Ohio. On May 26, 2016, DeWine announced his candidacy for Governor of Ohio in the 2018 election. He defeated Richard Cordray in November 2018.

## References
## Other websites
James U. Cross

**James Underwood Cross** (April 25, 1925 – July 11, 2015) was a United States Air Force brigadier general and author of *Around the World with LBJ: My Wild Ride As Air Force One Pilot, White House Aide, and Personal Confidant*,  with Denise Gamino and Gary Rice. He was a military aide and chief Air Force One pilot under United States president Lyndon B. Johnson.

## References
]
Arturo Paoli

**Arturo Paoli** (30 November 1912 &ndash; 13 July 2015) was an Italian priest and a missionary. He was a member of the congregation of the Little Brothers of the Gospel. Paoli helped saved Jewish Italians during World War II. He was born in Lucca, Italy.

Paoli died of natural causes in Lucca, Italy, aged 102.

## Other websites
*Il Fondo Documentazione Arturo Paoli aperto presso la sede della Fondazione Banca Del Monte di Lucca 
*Piccoli Fratelli del Vangelo - Fraternità di Spello 
* Servizio su Rai 3
Jenison, Michigan

**Jenison** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ottawa County, Michigan, United States. It is governed by Georgetown Township, Michigan. Jenison's zip code is 49428. There were 16,640 people living in Jenison in 2020.

## References
Andrea Chénier

***Andrea Chénier*** is an Italian opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. *Andrea Chénier* was a great success.

## Principal roles
*Andrea Chénier - tenor
*Maddalena de Coigny - soprano
*Carlo Gérard - baritone

## Discography
* 1920: Luigi Lupato (Andrea Chénier), Valentina Bartolomasi (Maddalena de Coigny), Adolfo Pacini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (La Voce del Padrone)
* 1929: Luigi Marini (Andrea Chénier), Lina Bruna Rasa (Maddalena de Coigny), Carlo Galeffi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorenzo Molajoli - (Arkadia)
* 1941: Beniamino Gigli (Andrea Chénier), Maria Caniglia (Maddalena de Coigny), Gino Bechi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Oliviero de Fabritiis - (EMI Classics)
* 1955: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Maria Callas (Maddalena de Coigny), Aldo Protti (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
* 1957: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Renata Tebaldi (Maddalena de Coigny), Ettore Bastianini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
* 1965: Franco Corelli (Andrea Chénier), Antonietta Stella (Maddalena de Coigny), Mario Sereni (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Reale dell'Opera di Roma, Gabriele Santini - (EMI Classics)
* 1976: Plácido Domingo (Andrea Chénier), Renata Scotto (Maddalena de Coigny), Sherrill Milnes (Carlo Gérard); John Alldis Choir, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
* 1984: Luciano Pavarotti (Andrea Chénier), Montserrat Caballé (Maddalena de Coigny), Leo Nucci (Carlo Gérard); Welsh National Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly - (Decca)

## Reference
**The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
La Wally

***La Wally*** is an Italian opera in four acts by Alfredo Catalani. It was first performed in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. *La Wally* was a great success.

## Principal roles
* Wally - soprano
* Giuseppe Hagenbach - tenor
* Vincenzo Gellner - baritone
* Stromminger - bass

## Reference
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Climate of New York (state)

The **climate of New York State** is mostly humid continental (*Dfa/Dfb* in the Köppen climate classification) with cold winters and warm to hot and humid summers. 

Average annual temperatures ranges from 40°F (4.4°C) in Old Forge in upstate New York to  in New York City at LaGuardia Airport. 

New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5-15&nbsp;degrees Fahrenheit (3-8.4&nbsp;degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas.  In an effort to fight this warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo. NYC has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Köppen climate classification). 

Precipitation vary from around  in Plattsburgh to  in the higher elevation of central New York. In the winter, New York has nor'easters which can bring blizzard conditions. Snowfall can range from  around New York City to over    in Watertown and Syracuse.

## Temperature ranges 
The hottest temperature ever in New York state was 108 °F (42 °C) in Troy which is in eastern New York on July 22, 1926. 

The coldest temperature was -52 °F (-46.6 °C) in Old Forge. Average low temperature in January can be under 10 °F (-12.2 °C) in the high elevations to around 
 in New York City. In July the average high temperatures ranges from  in upstate New York to  in the southern portion of the state.

### Average temperatures in selected cities 
## References 
**Notes**
Lê Đức Thọ

**Lê Đức Thọ** (; 14 October 1911 – 13 October 1990), born **Phan Đình Khải** in Hà Nam Province, was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973. Tho died on October 13, 1990 in Hanoi, Vietnam 1990.

## References
Wan Li

**Wan Li** (1 December 1916 – 15 July 2015) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician. During a long administrative career in the People's Republic of China, he served successively as Vice Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and a member of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Secretariat and its Politburo. He was born in Shandong.

## References
Javier Krahe

**Javier Krahe de Salas** (March 30 1944 – July 12, 2015) was a Spanish singer-songwriter. 

He met Joaquín Sabina and Alberto Pérez after his services in the military. As a trio, they recorded *La mandrágora*. He also worked at TVE on the television show *Si yo fuera presidente* ("If I Were President").

Krahe died of a heart attack on July 12, 2015 in Zahara de los Atunes, Cádiz.

## References
Mike Johanns

**Mike Johanns** (born June 18, 1950) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nebraska. Johanns is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

He studied at St. Mary's University, Minnesota and at Creighton University. He is married to Stephanie Johanns. They have two children.

## References
## Other websites
Locus (mathematics)

s and hyperbolas]]

In geometry, a **locus** (plural: *loci*) is one of a set of points which satisfies one or more s. The usual results are a curve or a surface. For example, all points in a plane an equal distance from a center point result in a circle.

## References
University of St Andrews

The **University of St Andrews** (**St Andrews University** or **St Andrews**) is a public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.  

It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world (after Oxford and Cambridge).  St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.

St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges (United College, St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College) and 18 academic Schools organized into four Faculties. 

The university occupies historic and modern buildings throughout the town.  The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas.  In term time, over one-third of the town's population is either a staff member or student of the university. 

The student body is diverse: over 45% of its intake come from over 100 countries outside of the UK, with about one-eighth of the students from the rest of the EU and the remaining third from overseas  15% from North America alone. The university's sport teams compete in BUCS competitions, and the student body is keeps ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.

National league tables currently rank St Andrews as the third best university in the United Kingdom, behind Oxbridge. *The Guardian* ranks the Schools of Physics and Astronomy, International Relations, Computer Science, Geography and Mathematics as first in the United Kingdom. The Complete University Guide ranks Divinity and Middle Eastern and African Studies first. *The Times* Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the world’s Top 20 Arts and Humanities universities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction (joint first) amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom.

St Andrews has many notable former students and staff. Recent alumni include the former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond; Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon; HM British Ambassador to China Barbara Woodward; United States Ambassador to Hungary Colleen Bell; Olympic gold medalist Chris Hoy; and royals Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.  Six Nobel Laureates are amongst St Andrews' alumni and former staff: two in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine, and one each in Peace and Literature.

## References
Hawker, South Australia

**Hawker** is a town in the Flinders Ranges area of South Australia. It is  north of Adelaide. In 2006, there were 229 people living in the town.

The town is named after an early English settler, George Collins Hawker. He had come to South Australia in 1840, to start mining copper George Collins Hawker. He later became a member of the South Australian Parliament. 

## History
Hawker was a thriving railway town from the 1880s until 1956, as it was on the famous Ghan railway line. The line was upgraded and moved further west.

## Economy
The main economic activities in the area are tourism and farming sheep and cattle. It is in a very dry environment, so farmers can only have about one sheep for three to four hectares of land. 
## Tourism
Hawker is  south of Wilpena Pound. This is a unique natural dish-shaped range of hills popular with tourists. It is also close to the spectacular scenery of the Southern Flinders Ranges. The Hawker Racing Club an annual horse race meeting which includes the Hawker Cup in late May which attracts many people from around the area. 
## Climate
Hawker has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is very sparse throughout the year, but more reliable in the winter months.

## References
*Climate Statistics for Hawker, Bureau of Meteorology, Accessed 23/04/2007

## Other websites 
* Official Hawker website 
* Flinders Ranges website - Hawker
Roger B. Chaffee

**Roger Bruce Chaffee** (February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He worked with the space program on the ground, helping astronauts who were flying in space. He talked to Gemini 4 during its mission, and NASA trusted him to fly special research jets to learn about how rockets worked.

Chaffee died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Ed White during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

## References
## Other websites
*NASA Biography
*Spacefacts biography of Roger Chaffee
*NYTimes article
James Lankford

**James Lankford** (born March 4, 1968) is a United States Senator from Oklahoma. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in the Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. He used to run a youth camp in Oklahoma.

The first bill in Congress sponsored by James that became law in the United States was Public Law No: 117-211 (10/17/2022), the End Human Trafficking in Government Contracts Act of 2022.

James has said that Vladimir Putin and January 6 rioters are thugs.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* James Lankford, U.S. Senator for Oklahoma, Home Page
Steve Daines

**Steve Daines** (born August 20, 1962) is the senior United States Senator from Montana. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He became a senator on January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

In March 2026, Daines announced that he would not run for re-election in that year’s election.

Daines was born on August 20, 1962 in Van Nuys, California. He graduated from the Montana State University, Bozeman. He is married to Cindy Daines. They have four children.

## References
## Other websites
* Steve Daines, U.S. Senator for Montana, Home Page
Edward Higgins White

**Edward Higgins "Ed" White II** (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was the first American to take a "spacewalk," leaving the safety of his spaceship while in space and moving around outside in a spacesuit.

On June 3, 1965, White flew into space as pilot of Gemini 4. This was the second trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. White was able to get out of his spaceship in outer space, an activity called a spacewalk, then get back in and come home. (The Soviet Union had already done that earlier in the same year.) The trip lasted until June 7, 1965.

White died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

## References
## Other websites
*NASA Biography
*Spacefacts biography of Ed White
*NYTimes article
Catadioptric sensor

A **catadioptric sensor**  is a visual sensor that contains mirrors and lenses. Video cameras are limited as to how much they can see in one view. They can lose sight of what they are recording if something causes them to move suddenly. Mirrors can be carefully arranged with lenses to allow the camera lens to see a wide angle view. They are often used in robotics and in astronomical telescopes. One example is a catadioptric sensor used to inspect the inside of a cylindrical .

## References
Wayne Allard

**Wayne Allard** (born December 2, 1943) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Colorado. He served in the United States Senate from 1997 to 2009. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 1997.

Allard was born on December 2, 1943 in Fort Collins, Colorado. He graduated from the Colorado State University. He is married to Joan Malcolm. They have two children.

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Pete Domenici

**Pete Domenici** (May 7, 1932 &ndash; September 13, 2017) was a Republican U.S. Senator from New Mexico. He served in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009. He was Mayor of Albuquerque from 1967 to 1970.

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Mike Enzi

**Michael Bradley "Mike" Enzi** (February 1, 1944 &ndash; July 26, 2021) was a United States Senator from Wyoming from 1997 to 2021. He was a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

## Personal life 
He was married to Diana Buckley. They had three children.

Enzi was a super-conservative, the term used for an extremely conservative person.

Six months after retiring from the Senate, Enzi was in a bicycle accident on July 23, 2021 in which he broke his neck and several ribs. He died three days later at a hospital in Loveland, Colorado, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* Mike Enzi, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page
Mike Crapo

**Mike Crapo** (born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1999. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1999.

Crapo was born on May 20, 1951 in Idaho Falls, Idaho. He studied at Brigham Young University and at Harvard Law School. He is married to Susan Hasleton. They have five children.

## References
## Other websites
* Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page
Jim Risch

**James Elroy Risch** (born May 3, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2009.

Risch was born on May 3, 1943 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Vicki Risch. They have three children.

## References
## Other websites
* Jim Risch, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page
Dirk Kempthorne

**Dirk Kempthorne** (born October 29, 1951) was the United States Secretary of the Interior. Kempthorne was the 30th Governor of Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Kempthorne was born in San Diego, California.

Kempthorne graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Patricia Kempthorne. They have two children.

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Thom Tillis

**Thom Tillis** (born August 30, 1960) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2007 to 2015.

Tillis was born on August 30, 1960 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from the University of Maryland University College. He is married to Susan Tillis. They have two children.

Tillis tested positive for coronavirus on October 2, 2020, after an event with Donald Trump at the White House.

In June 2025, Tillis announced that he would not run for re-election to a third term in 2026.

## References
## Other websites
* Thom Tillis, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page
John Barrasso

**John Barrasso** (born July 21, 1952) is the senior United States Senator from Wyoming. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since June 25, 2007. He was in the Wyoming Senate from 2003 to 2007.

## Education 
Barrasso was born on July 21, 1952 in Reading, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Georgetown University.

## Personal life 
He was married to Linda Nix until they divorced. He was then married to Bobbi Brown from 2008 until her death in 2024. Barrasso has three children.

## References
## Other websites
* John Barrasso, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page
Dean Heller

**Dean Heller** (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nevada. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and was in the Senate from May 9, 2011 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011.

Heller lost re-election in 2018 to Democratic challenger Jacky Rosen by nearly 5%.

In September 2021, Heller announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Governor of Nevada in the 2022 election.

Heller was born on May 10, 1960 in Castro Valley, California. He graduated from the University of Southern California. He is married to Lynne Heller. They have four children.

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Don Nickles

**Don Nickles** (born December 6, 1948) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He served in the United States Senate from 1981 to 2005. He was in the Oklahoma Senate from 1979 to 1981.

Nickles was born on December 6, 1948 in Ponca City, Oklahoma. He graduated from the Oklahoma State University. He is married to Linda Lou Morrison Nickles. They have four children.

## References
Bill Frist

**Bill Frist** (born February 22, 1952) is a former Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee. He served in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2007.

Frist was born on February 22, 1952 in Nashville, Tennessee. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard Medical School. He is married to Tracy Roberts Frist.

## References
Jim DeMint

**Jim DeMint** (born September 2, 1951) an American politician. He was the United States Senator from South Carolina. He served as senator from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

DeMint was born on September 2, 1951 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at University of Tennessee, Knoxville and at Clemson University. He is married to Debbie Henderson. They have four children.

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Tom Cotton

**Tom Cotton** (born May 13, 1977) is the junior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Cotton has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

## Send in the troops 
In 2020, Cotton published an essay called "Send In the Troops" in the New York Times. According to Cotton, rioting continued after the George Floyd protests. In the essay, Cotton said that the military should be deployed to help stop the protests. He invoked the desegregation of Little Rock High School and the Los Angeles riots as events which the troops were called. The essay was widely circulated in social media. 

The essay was also criticized. Peter Bergen, writing in CNN said the publishing of the article "is just wrong". The News Guild of New York said that the piece "pours gasoline on the fire". *The New York Times* says that it did not follow editorial standards.

## References
## Other websites
* Tom Cotton, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page
David Perdue

**David Perdue** (born December 10, 1949) is an American politician and businessman who has been the United States Ambassador to China since 2025. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from January 3, 2015 until January 3, 2021. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Before becoming Senator, he was the CEO of Dollar General.

## Early life
Perdue was born on December 10, 1949 in Macon, Georgia. The Perdue family had been wealthy in Georgia for some time, owning land and slaves during the 19th century. Perdue graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

## U.S. Senate
Perdue first ran for the U.S. Senate in 2014, defeating Democratic nominee Michelle Nunn, daughter of former U.S. senator Sam Nunn.

During his time in the senate, Perdue was connected to the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal for allegations of STOCK Act violations. He was said to have sold some stocks before the 2020 stock market crash by using knowledge from a closed Senate meeting. The U.S. Department of Justice closed its inquiry in mid-2020 without bringing charges.

He ran for re-election in 2020 against Democratic candidate Jon Ossoff. As neither candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the November 3 election, they face each other on the January 5, 2021 runoff election where Perdue lost to Ossoff. He later supported a lawsuit by Trump allies trying to overturn the election results, and falsely claimed during his 2022 gubernatorial election campaign that his 2020 Senate election was "stolen."

## Post-Senate career
In February 2021 a month after losing to Warnock, Perdue filled to run against him in the 2022 election. However, a week later he announced that he would not run for the senate. 

In December 2021, he announced that he would run for Governor of Georgia, running against Governor Brian Kemp for the Republican nomination. He lost the Republican nomination to Kemp in May 2022.

## U.S. Ambassador to China
In December 2024, Trump named Perdue as his nominee for United States Ambassador to China for his second administration. His hearing was held at the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on April 3, 2025. During the hearing, Purdue stated the "two countries will naturally have areas of disagreement" and "we should seek areas where our interests align to develop a better and safer working relationship." On April 29, 2025, the United States Senate confirmed him with a vote of 67 to 29.

## Personal life
Perdue married Bonnie Dunn in 1972. They have two children. His cousin Sonny Perdue was the United States Secretary of Agriculture.

## References
## Other websites
* David Perdue, U.S. Senator for Georgia, Home Page
John Boozman

**John Boozman** (born December 10, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2011. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011.

Boozman was born on December 10, 1950 in Shreveport, Louisiana. He studied at studied at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville and at Southern College of Optometry. He is married to Cathy Boozman. They have three children.

## References
## Other websites
* John Boozman, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page