open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause

***The Santa Claus 3: The Escape Clause*** is the third movie in *The Santa Clause* series of movies.

It is a 2006 American Christmas comedy adventure movie directed by Michael Lembeck.

## Cast
;Main characters
* Tim Allen as Santa Claus / Scott Calvin
* Martin Short as Jack Frost
* Elizabeth Mitchell as Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman-Calvin
* Judge Reinhold as Neil Miller
* Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
* Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
* Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
* Alan Arkin as Mr. Bud Newman
* Ann-Margret as Mrs. Sylvia Newman
;Supporting characters
* Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
* Peter Boyle as Father Time
* Michael Dorn as Sandman
* Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
* Kevin Pollack as Cupid
* Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
;Small roles
* Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
* Charlie Stewart as Dr. Hismus
* Abigail Breslin as Trish
Nucleosome

**Nucleosomes** are the building blocks which make up chromosomes. They consist of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.

First, DNA and a protein make up chromatin. Then the chromatin is packed up into nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are then packaged up to make a chromosome. The packages do three things: the chromosomes function in cell division; the very long DNA is wrapped up in a shorter package; and the proteins regulate the gene action in cells.

## Details 
Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled.

In mammalian cells about two metres of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10&nbsp;µm diameter. Nucleosomes are folded, in a series of higher order structures, to form a chromosome. This folding compacts the DNA and adds a layer of regulatory control. The control ensures correct gene expression. 

Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information, as modifications of their core histones. This information can be passed on to daughter cells, but it usually wiped out by meiosis in germ cells.

The nucleosome hypothesis proposed by Don and Ada Olins and Roger Kornberg 
in 1974, was a big step for understanding eukaryotic gene expression. Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  (2006) for this and other discoveries.

## Nucleosome dynamics 
Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static. It undergoes some structural re-arrangements, such as nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription. 

Since they were discovered in the mid 1960’s, histone changes were thought to affect transcription.

Some modifications have been shown to be correlated with gene silencing, others seem to be correlated with gene activation. The information stored in this way is considered epigenetic: it is not coded in the DNA but is nevertheless inherited by daughter cells. The maintenance of a particular state of a gene is often necessary for cellular differentiation.

## References
Uvula

The **uvula** is the punchbag-shaped object on the back of a throat, in the middle of the soft palate. Massaging the uvula causes the gag reflex which makes someone vomit.

## Use
The uvula functions with the back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number variety of different sounds.  Consonants involving sound from the uvula are not found in most dialects of English, though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian, and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of Western Europe such as German, French and a few Celtic languages, where it is used to make a sound called the uvular trill.
Arturo Rodas

**Arturo Rodas** (born 1954) is a leading Ecuadorian composer. He has lived in London since 1989.

## Biography 
Rodas has composed *24.5 Preludes* for piano; *Climax* for orchestra, *Atonal fugue I* for oboe ''d'amore* & piano and electronic music works.

"Since emigrating to England in 1990, he has composed works such as *The Book of the Orchestra*,(2002-2003)  which is intended to be performed in a house with many rooms so as to allow an “audience” to hear different instrumental groups as they wander from room to room".

## References 
* Béhague, Gerard. 2001. "Ecuador. Art Music". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
* *Enciclopedia de la música ecuatoriana*. *Corporación Musicológica Ecuatoriana* (CONMUSICA). Edited by Pablo Guerrero Gutierrez. Quito, 2003. 
* Walker, John L. 2001. "The Younger Generation of Ecuadorian Composers". *Latin American Music Review* 22, no. 2 (Fall/Winter): 199–213.

## Compositions 
* *Arcaica* for full orchestra
* *24.5 Preludes* for piano
* *Life Class 2005* for piano, electroacoustics & film 
* *El árbol de los pájaros* ''(the birds' tree)* an opera for the voice ... of the instruments.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
*Audio: *Tutti frutti'' for piano & tape (fragment)
* Recordings of Rodas' works Reverbnation
* *El Árbol de los Pájaros*

### Scores 
* Periferia  publisher, Barcelona.
* Virtualscore internet publishers, Paris
Seal of Alabama

The **Great Seal of the State of Alabama** is the state seal of the U.S. state of Alabama. It was designed in 1817 by William Wyatt Bibb, the governor of the "Alabama Territory" and the  first governor of the state. When Alabama became a state in 1819, the state  got the design as the  state seal. The seal  has a map showing one of the state's most  —its major rivers. Bibb's design served as the official seal until 1868, when it was replaced by a  design having on it an eagle holding in its beak a banner that read "Here We Rest." The legislature and Governor Frank M. Dixon restored Bibb's original design in 1939, and it has remained unchanged since.
Modular origami

**Modular origami** (also called **unit origami**) is a type of paperfolding that uses many sheets of paper. Modular origami is used to make large structures that cannot be made with one sheet of paper. Many sheets of paper are folded in identical shapes, and they are then put together by inserting flaps into pockets. 

## History 
The first modular origami model comes from a 1734 Japanese book by Hayato Ohoka called *Ranma Zushiki*. The book has pictures of many traditional origami models, and one is a modular cube called *tamatebako*. *Tamatebako* is a Japanese word meaning "magic treasure box", and it is called this because the box can be opened on any side. Another traditional model, kusudamas, are balls of folded paper flowers. They are often hung as decorations using string or thread.

## Module 
The various number of modules is combined from two to tens of thousands modules.  When modules are put together, most are supported only by the friction of paper, also they are glued together or sewn by threads.
### Module of Sonobe method 
Mitsunobu Sonobe designed in 1970s. It is so simple that most people can make kusudamas. Module of Sonobe method is one of the most famous modules. We can make a polyhedron like a cube or a trisoctahedron(a dodecahedron?) by putting together many modules.
### Modular Rate 
Modular Rate is the facility of putting together. This rate is how many people can put together without joining materials like glues. This rate applies the model that was designed so that it was put together without using joining materials from the beginning.

## References
Homer Alone

"**Homer Alone**" is the 14th episode of *The Simpsons* ' third season and the 50th episode of the series. The title is based on the movie *Home Alone*. The episode is written by David M. Stern, the brother of actor Daniel Stern, who co-starred in *Home Alone* and its first sequel. Marge suffers a nervous breakdown from running family errands and spends time at a local health spa to recover while the rest of the family struggle without her and Homer loses Maggie but is soon found. 

## Other websites 
*
*
*
Peter Schwartz

**Peter Schwartz** (born 1946) is a futurist and an author. He and his friends Stewart Brand and Jay Ogilvy made Global Business Network. Global Business Network is a company in San Francisco, California.

## Personal history 
Peter was born in 1946. His parents are named Klara and Benjamin. He went to college at RPI. His wife is named Cathleen. His son is named Benjamin. Benjamin was born in 1990.

## Writings 
Peter Schwartz wrote a lot of books, mostly about the future. He wrote about China's economy.
Peter Schwartz also helped work on movies.

## Global Business Network 
Global Business Network is Peter Schwartz's company. He started it in the 1980s with his friends Stewart Brand and Jay Ogilvy.

## References
Saltasaurus

***Saltasaurus*** was a large plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and bony armored plates on its body. It was a titanosaurid sauropod which lived during the late Cretaceous period, about 83 to 79 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Argentina.

It was the first genus of sauropod known to have armour of bony plates embedded in its skin. The small bony plates (called osteoderms, a feature of modern crocodiles) have since been found on other titanosaurs. 

## Description 
*Saltasaurus* was named by paleontologists José Bonaparte and Jamie Powell in 1980. Salta is the name of the Northwestern Argentinian Province where fossils were found. They include: a few oval and circular armored plates, hundreds of bumps which covered its back (roughly 1/4 inch = 6-7 mm in diameter), and several incomplete skeletons, including some vertebrae, limb bones, and jaws.
Fiddler crab

A **fiddler crab**, also called a **calling crab**, is a land crab that lives in mud or sand flats near the beach. The reason this crab is called a fiddler crab is because it holds its large cheliped in front of its body and moves it back and forth as if it is playing a fiddle.

## Description
The male fiddler crab has one huge cheliped and another smaller cheliped. Sometimes it's the right cheliped that's the big one and sometimes it's the left. If a male loses its large cheliped, the smaller one will grow large to replace it. This huge cheliped is so large that it is sometimes bigger than the whole crab. It is this cheliped they wave back and forth.

## Fiddler crab's diet
The fiddler crab eats by first opening its mouth, then using its maxillipeds (a part of its mouth), it scoops in a small amount of mud or sand, depending on where it lives. Then, it uses its other mouthparts to scrape any food matter (algae, decaying animals or plants)it can from the dirt it has just put into its mouth. After this, it forms the mud or sand into a little pellet, which is called a *feeding pellet*. It then drops the feeding pellet and starts all over again.

## Mating 
The reason the male fiddler crab has such a big claw is to attract females. Every two weeks during the summer, male fiddler crabs build little round burrows, which are deeper and better than the ones they usually build. The crabs guard these burrows . Where there are lots of fiddler crabs, there are usually hundreds of these little burrows all lined up only a few inches apart. Each male fiddler crab stands out in front of his burrow waiting for the females to return from eating. The females then walk around looking at the different burrows. As they walk past, the males wave their big chelipeds back and forth. If a female likes a male or burrow, she will stop and stare. Then the male begins waving his cheliped wildly. Sometimes the female will run away. However, if she stays, the male will run between her and the burrow, back and forth, again and again. If she has still not run away, she will come closer to the burrow. Then the male will enter the burrow a little and start drumming against the side of the tunnel with his cheliped. If the female likes what she hears, she will go down into the burrow, and they will mate.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.fiddlercrab.info/uca_video.html  - Videos of Fiddler Crabs
*Info on systematics, phylogeny and morphology of fiddlers - Fiddlercrab.info
*The colorful fiddler crabs in the mangrove forest of Borneo - mysabah.com
University of Missouri

The **University of Missouri** (often shortened to **MU**, and also nicknamed **Mizzou**) is a public university in Columbia, Missouri, in the United States that was started in 1839.  It has about 31,000 students.

## Sports
Missouri's athletics teams are called the Tigers. Missouri has 18 varsity teams that now compete in the Southeastern Conference. The school's mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after President Harry Truman, who was from Missouri.

## Academics
There are more than 280 degree programs at the University of Missouri. 

### Missouri School of Journalism 
The university's well known school of journalism is the oldest university journalism program in the United States. The school has awarded its Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism. The medal has been awarded yearly since 1930.

## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites
*The University of Missouri
*Missouri Tigers
Back at the Barnyard

***Back at the Barnyard*** is an American children's computer-animated television series. It was made by Nickelodeon Animation Studio. The series was broadcast on NickToons and Nickelodeon. The series is a spin-off of the *Barnyard* (2006) movie. It aired from September 29, 2007 to November 12, 2011.

The announcer of the show is Chris Hardwick.

## Plot
Following the events of the film, the series' plot generally revolves around Otis and his friends continue going on various misadventures and trying to keep their anthropomorphism a secret from humans.

## Characters 
*Otis and his friends:
**Otis the cow
**Abby the cow.
**Pig the himself.
**Freddy the ferret.
**Peck the rooster.
**Pips the mouse.
**Duke the dog.
**Bessy the cow.
**other Barnyard animals.

## Episodes
## References
Night

, São Paulo, Brazil]]

**Night** or **nighttime** is the time when the Sun is not in the sky. The opposite of night is daytime. The start and end times of night are different in different geographic locations. It  on season, latitude, and longitude.

Because of time zones, night happens at different times around the world. This is because the Sun shines on different parts of the Earth at different times. During a solar eclipse it is also partially night because the Sun is blocked out by the Moon.

Night is period between dusk until dawn.

## Related pages
* Light pollution
* Polar night

## References
Flag of the State of Washington

.]]
The **Flag of Washington** has the state seal (which has an image of George Washington) on a field of dark green with gold fringe being . It is the only U.S. state flag with a field of green as well as the only state flag with the image of an American president.
Robert J. Lang

:*This article is about the American paperfolder. For the Czech hockey player, see Robert Lang.*

**Robert J. Lang** (born May 4, 1961) is an American physicist known for his contributions to the art of origami.

Lang started his career in origami forty years ago, and many think he is now one of the world's best paperfolders. He travels often, giving lectures about how origami is related to other topics, like science, mathematics, and technology. Lang is also the author of nine books, and has written articles in several origami magazines. He has found many uses of origami in real life situations, like airbag design and an expandable space telescope.

Before being a professional origamist, Lang had many different jobs. He was a physicist, engineer, and research and development manager in chemistry. Lang has helped to write 80 publications, and has over 50 patents. He was first introduced to origami when he was six years old. Lang was very good at math and math class bored him, so his teacher gave him an origami book to keep him entertained. He quickly folded the models in the book, and then folded models in many other books. In his early teens, Lang began folding his own models, and he drew diagrams on how to make them.

Lang went to college at Caltech, The California Institute of Technology, where he learned electrical engineering. He found college very hard, and often folded origami as a distraction from college life. Lang was afraid to tell people about his hobby, and he was even "a little embarrassed about it."

In 2011, Lang discussed his work in an interview with Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota.

In 2018, Lang and Pei Haozheng attended the Chinese version of *Super Brain*, a competitive reality show on Jiangsu Satellite TV.

## Books 
Lang has written nine books about origami:

## Notes 
## References 
*
*
Donna Karan

**Donna Karan** (born October 2, 1951) is an American fashion designer and the creator of the *Donna Karan New York* and *DKNY* clothing labels.

## Early life
She was born in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City. She is Jewish.
Lent

, Germany).]]

**Lent**, in the Christian tradition, is a period of about six weeks before Easter. It is a time in which Christians are supposed to be quiet and thoughtful, preparing themselves for Easter.  They should pray a lot, give money to charities and give up some of the things they might otherwise do for pleasure. The period of Lent leads to Easter, which is a time of great celebration as the Christians think of how Jesus had died on the cross but then rose again from the dead.

Lent is traditionally supposed to be forty days long. That is because the Bible says that Jesus spent forty days in the wilderness, preparing for his death and resurrection.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. In the Catholic Church, it ends at the Ninth Hour of Maundy Thursday (44 days). In The Anglican Catholic Church, it ends on Holy Saturday (46 days). During Lent, some churches do not count Sundays as a part of Lent because every Sunday is a "mini-Easter".

Churches in the Byzantine tradition (for example, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic) count the days of Lent differently. There are also different local traditions in the Oriental Orthodox church.

Lent is traditionally a time for fasting (not eating much).  This tradition was useful because it was a time when food which had been kept for the winter had to be eaten up before it went bad. Many Roman Catholics do not eat meat other than fish on Fridays during Lent.

The word "lent" came from the Old English *lencten* meaning "spring" (the season).

## Related pages 
* Ash Wednesday
* Carnival
* Easter
* Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting
* Good Friday
* Maundy Thursday
* People's Sunday
* Quinquagesima
* Shrove Tuesday

## Other websites
*American Catholic
Moment magnitude scale

The **moment magnitude scale** is a way to measure the power of earthquakes. It is the energy of the earthquake at the moment it happens. Like the similar and older Richter scale, it is logarithmic, with a base of ten. This means that an earthquake with a magnitude of 2 is ten times stronger than an earthquake with a magnitude of 1.

## Related pages
*Mercalli intensity scale
*Richter scale

## Other websites 
*What is Richter Magnitude?
Oskar Schindler

**Oskar Schindler** (April 28, 1908 – October 9, 1974) was a Sudeten German industrialist. He was born in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary and was a Roman Catholic.

Schindler was a member of the Nazi Party from 1939-1945. He saved almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by letting them work in his enamelware and ammunitions factories. These were in what is known today as Poland and the Czech Republic. 

He is the subject of the novel ''Schindler's Ark*, and the movie based on it, *Schindler's List''. 

He died of liver failure in Hildesheim, West Germany. He is buried in the Catholic Cemetery on Mount Zion, Jerusalem.

## References
Basic English

**Basic English** (**B**ritish **A**cademic **S**cientific **I**nternational **C**ommercial) is a controlled language used to  explain complex thoughts. It has 850 words chosen by Charles Kay Ogden. Some articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use only Basic English. 

In 1937, Ogden hired Otto Neurath and Marie Neurath to make *International Picture Language* as one of eight books in Basic English.

Over 200,000,000 people speak Basic English.

## Rules
The grammar of Basic English is simpler and more regular than that of standard English. In standard English, words often have a number of different meanings. To make Basic English easier, not all the meanings of a word are used. Basic English uses Ogden's rules of grammar. Ogden's rules of grammar allow people to use the 850 words to talk about things and events simply.
# *-s / -es / -ies* change singular nouns into plural nouns.
# *-ing / -ed* change verbs into adjectives.
# *-ing / -er* change verbs into nouns.
# *-ly* changes adjectives into adverbs.
# *-er / -est* or *more / most* describe amounts.
# *un-* changes adjectives into their opposites.
# The opposite word order with *do* makes questions. 
# 'Operators' (verbs) and pronouns change as in normal English.
# Make combined words (compounds) from two nouns ("football") or a noun and a direction ("sundown").
# Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in English forms. Example for Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00
# Use the words of an industry or science. For example, in this grammar, some special words are for teaching languages, and not part of Basic English: plural, conjugation, noun, adjective, adverb, qualifier, operator, pronoun, and directive.

## Related pages 
* Simplified English
* Français fondamental
* Plain English Campaign
* Basic English ordered wordlist
* International auxiliary language
** Basic English picture wordlist 
* Basic English combined wordlist
* Basic English compound wordlist
* Basic English alphabetical wordlist
** List of simple verbs
** List of simple adjectives
* Basic English international wordlist

## References 
* Ogden C.K. 1940. *General BASIC English dictionary*. London: Evans Brothers. 
* 

## Other websites 
* Ogden's BASIC English 
* BASIC English Utility
* Automatic online simplifying and summarizing tool.  - Detect language and convert to BASIC English or summarize many documents into standard or BASIC English, reading material and BASIC English course included.
Fork-tailed woodnymph

The **fork-tailed woodnymph** (*Thalurania furcata*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and degraded former forests.
The Pirate Bay

**The Pirate Bay** (shortname: **TPB**) is a Swedish website that indexes Bit Torrent files. It was created by Gottfrid Svartholm, Fredrik Neij and Peter Sunde. The Pirate Bay is ranked as the 85th most popular website by Alexa. The Pirate Bay had to face many lawsuits and a raid in relation to copyright violations. It was shut down on December 9, 2014 by Swedish police, and came back online on January 31, 2015.
Also, it may put a virus on your PC.

## Other websites 
* 
* Tamilyogi  (Alternative)
Rödermark

**Rödermark** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

## Geography 
Rödermark is in the *Rhine Main area*  southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is  large and it is  above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 20 to 35 million years ago in the age of tertiary, the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The town consists out of the 2 former independent villages *Ober-Roden* and *Urberach*. On 1 January 1977 they were united and became the *municipality of Rödermark*. On 23 August 1980 the town privileges were given to the municipality.

The city has 5 urban districts. These are *Ober-Roden*, *Urberach*, *Waldacker*, *Messenhausen* and *Buhlau*.

The ending *-roden* is a hint to the former landscape. The German verb *roden* means *cutting down trees to cultivate land*.

The neighbours of Rödermark are: 
* Dietzenbach (North)
* Rodgau (East)
* Eppertshausen and Messel (South)
* Dreieich (West)

Rödermark has 27,858 inhabitants (2008). 10.7% of the people living here are from foreign countries.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: *Hessisch*). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every village had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and mostly it is no longer the dialect they speak but a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

## History 
The first settlements were build in the 8th century. At that time their names were written down in documents.

Formerly the people in the Rödermark area were farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

## Twinned cities 
*  Tramin, Italy
*  Saalfelden, Austria
*  Bodajk, Hungary

## References
Catherine of Alexandria

**Saint Catherine of Alexandria**, also known as **Saint Catherine of the Wheel** and **The Great Martyr Saint Catherine** (Greek '''') is a Christian saint and martyr. She is believed to have been a well-known scholar in the 4th century. In the 15th century it was claimed she had spoken to Joan of Arc. The Orthodox Church venerates her as a "great martyr", and in the Catholic Church she is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.

Catherine was the daughter of Costus, a pagan governor of Alexandria. She announced to her parents that she would only marry someone who was more beautiful, intelligent and rich than herself. In addition, that person needed to have a better social status than she had. Eventually, she discovered Christ. "His beauty was more radiant than the shining of the sun, His wisdom governed all creation, His riches were spread throughout all the world."

She was a martyr, because she died for her beliefs in God. According to legend, she was supposed to die on a breaking wheel, but the wheel broke as soon as she touched it, so her head was cut off instead. Because of this, her main symbol is the spiked wheel, which is known as a Catherine wheel. The Catholic Church of St. Catherine, one of the first Catholic churches built in Russia, was named after her.

## Other websites 
* Pagbilao Church  - Saint Catherine of Alexandria Church
* Iconographical Themes in Art - Saint Catherine of Alexandria

## References
Octet rule

The **octet rule** is a general rule of thumb that applies to most atoms. It states that every atom might want to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell. 

## Background
According to the Bohr model, an atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons orbited by a number of electrons. In an ordinary atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. If it has more or fewer electrons, it is an ion. In addition, the electrons orbit in electron shells. Each shell can only contain a certain number of electrons before new electrons must migrate to the next shell or "energy level." Starting with the third energy level, however, electrons sometimes move up a level even before the current one is full.

## The rule
Every atom tries to have 8 electrons in its outermost (or valence) shell. This may require them to give up, share, or take electrons. As stated above, the number of electrons normally equals the number of protons. This means that some atoms are "happier" than others. For example, neon, as with other noble gases, naturally has 8 valence electrons. (10 total - 2 in the 1st energy level = 8 in the 2nd) Not surprisingly, neon hardly ever reacts with anything. (Neon lights require high voltages to work.) By contrast, the atoms in the Alkaline metals column, such as sodium, have only one valence electron, with a layer containing 8 electrons in the shell below. This means that sodium only has to give up one valence electron in order to complete the octet rule, and will do so if given the chance, hence why sodium is so chemically reactive.
Seed plants

**Seed plants** are a group of plants. Gymnosperms and angiosperms form the group. 

Their seeds have three parts: (1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, and (3) a seed coat. They are also called **spermatophytes** or **phanerogams**. The seed plants dominate almost all the environments on land.

The living spermatophytes are in five groups: 

*Cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk
**Ginkgo*, a single living species of tree
*Conifers, cone-bearing trees and shrubs
*Gnetophyta, woody plants in the genera *Gnetum*, *Welwitschia*, and *Ephedra* 
*Angiosperms, the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats

The fossil seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants. Forests dominated by seed ferns were common in the Permian. *Glossopteris* was a widespread tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana in the Permian period. By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined, and modern gymnosperm groups were abundant. Gymnosperms were dominant to the Upper Cretaceous, when the angiosperms radiated. Angiosperms are the most common plants today, though there are still large pine forests in the northern hemisphere.

## Related pages 
*Seed
Andros

**Andros** is an island of Greece. It is the second biggest island of the Cyclades group. It is in the northwest of Cyclades group near Euboea island. Its total area is . 10,009 people lived there according to the 2001 Greek census. The biggest town of Andros is Andros city.

Andros is mountainous island with gorges and cliffs which end up at the sea. The plants include many flowers, bushes and a few trees mainly in the center of island. The island has many beautiful beaches and beautiful landscape and thanks to these the island is popular for tourists.

## Other websites 
* Andros island, Cyclades Greece
Taqwa

**Taqwa** (Arabic: تقوى taqwā / taqwá ") is an Islamic word which means to become more aware of Allah.
## Hadith
## References
Audi A3

The **Audi A3** is a car produced by Audi since 1996. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf's platform, and it is currently in its fourth generation. The first generation was produced between 1996 and 2003 with a 5-door added in 1999 and a facelift in late 2000. The second generation was produced from 2003 to 2012, and was facelifted in 2005 and again in 2008 with a convertible version added. 

## Third generation
The third generation was launched in 2012 with a saloon version added a year later. It was facelifted in 2016, commemorating the A3's 20th anniversary. In 2020, the fourth generation model launched, sold only with 5-door hatchback and saloon versions. 

## Gallery 

File:Audi A3 front 20080326.jpg|First Generation
File:Audi A3 Sportback front 20090714.jpg|Second Generation
File:Audi - A3 - Mondial de l'Automobile de Paris 2012 - 202.jpg|Third Generation
Audi A3 8Y Sedan IMG 5936.jpg|Fourth Generation
Queen of Sheba

The **Queen of Sheba** (orig. **Nigista Saba**) ruled over the ancient kingdom of Sheba in modern Yemen and part of Ethiopia. She is mentioned in the Bible.

## In the Bible 
In the Bible, the Queen of Sheba appears to King Solomon because he was famous for being rich and wise. The Bible says:[W]ith a very great caravan - with camels carrying spices, large quantities of gold, and precious stones - she came to Solomon and talked with him about all that she had on her mind (1 Kings 10:2).According to the Bible, Solomon answered all the questions she asked; returned her quizzes and riddles with wit and correct wisdom; and was kind to her. Awed and astonished by all these things, she rewarded his achievements with:120 talents of gold, large quantities of spices, and precious stones. Never again were so many spices brought in as those the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon (1 Kings 10:10). In the Bible, Solomon returned Sheba's gifts by giving her "all she desired and asked for, besides what he had given her out of his royal bounty" (1 Kings 10:13).

## Related pages 
* Solomon
* Bible
* Qur'an

## Other websites 
* 
* BBC history of Queen Sheba
* More information on Queen Sheba
Turks in Germany

The **Turks in Germany** are Germany's largest ethnic minority. Immigrants came from different parts of Turkey but especially from Anatolia, when Germany invited them to work as guest workers from 1961 to 73 because of labour shortages. Some of them have a Romanlar background. Most Turks in Germany are religious, and they cotinue old Turkish traditions such as the Sünnet (cirumcision) ceremony in great respect.

Turks in Europe, especially in Germany, suffer from strong anti-Turkish sentiment. One of the worst anti-Turkish crimes in Germany was the murder of a Turkish family in Solingen in 1993. Attacks on Turkish institutions, mosques, markets and people are increasing, and some have been fatal.

## Related pages
* Migrant worker
* Turkish people
* Romanlar

## References
Kobe Bryant

**Kobe Bean Bryant** ( ; August 23, 1978 – January 26, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He is considered one of the greatest basketball players of all time.

Bryant is the youngest child of three children of his family. His father was also a basketball player and coach.

Bryant played a career total of 20 years in the National Basketball Association. He played his entire career with the Los Angeles Lakers as a shooting guard. 

During the 2005–2006 season, he scored 81 points in a game against the Toronto Raptors. 

Bryant retired on April 13, 2016 after scoring 60 points in a Lakers win against the Utah Jazz. 

He won an Oscar and Emmy for his movie *Dear Basketball*..

## Championships and awards
Kobe Bryant won five championship rings from 2000 to 2002, and again in 2009–2010. He was awarded the Most Valuable Player in the 2007-08 NBA season after the Los Angeles Lakers went to the 2008 NBA Playoffs as the first seed in the Western Conference was the winner of 18 times NBA all-star, 15-time member of the All-NBA team, 12-time member of the all-defensive team and 1-time slam dunk champion.

In 2008, Bryant won a gold medal with the United States national team at the Olympics in Beijing.

Bryant earned 14 selections for All-NBA teams and 12 for All-Defensive teams. He led the league in scoring twice. He received 4 all-star game MVPs in 14 appearances. He also won 2 finals MVP awards.

He was also the youngest player to reach 30,000 points, passing Shaquille O Neal and Michael Jordan and becoming third on the all-time scoring list. Bryant is widely considered to be one of the greatest basketball players in NBA history.

## Sexual assault investigation
In the summer of 2003, the sheriff's office of Eagle, Colorado, arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19-year-old hotel employee. In September 2004, the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify at the trial. 

## Helicopter crash
On January 26, 2020, Bryant was killed in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California that was intended to go to the Camarillo Airport, at the age of 41. His 13-year-old daughter, Gianna Bryant, and seven others also died in the crash.

### Tributes
On February 24, a public funeral service was held at the Staple Center with Bryant's widow Vanessa and basketball legends such as Michael Jordan making speeches.

In games after the crash, some teams took intention 24-second shot clock or 8-second backcourt violations to honor Bryant since both 24 and 8 were his jersey numbers.

During the 2020 WNBA draft, Bryant's daughter Gianna, along with Alyssa Altobelli and Payton Chester were all made honorary draft picks.

On February 8, 2024, a 19-foot bronze statue of Bryant was unveiled in the Star Plaza outside of Crypto.com Arena.

On May 15, 2021, Bryant was posthumously inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame by his widow Vanessa. 

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Alamosaurus

***Alamosaurus*** was a titanosaur, a gigantic plant-eating dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period, about 73 million to 65 million years ago. 

*Alamosaurus* was a long-necked, whip-tailed dinosaur. It was about 69 feet (21 m) long and weighed perhaps 33 tons (30000&nbsp;kg). Fossils have been found in New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Fossils include fragmentary skeletons (and no skulls).

Skeletal elements of *Alamosaurus* are among the most common Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils found in the United States Southwest and are now used to define the fauna of that time and place. There was a climate change in this area, it became drier, and this caused changes in the fauna. Thomas M. Lehman describes it as "the abrupt reemergence of a fauna with a superficially 'Jurassic' aspect". These faunas are dominated by *Alamosaurus* and feature abundant *Quetzalcoatlus* in Texas. The *Alamosaurus*  *Quetzalcoatlus* association probably represent semi-arid inland plains.p201

## References
Computer Space

***Computer Space*** is a video arcade game released in November 1971 by Nutting Associates. It was created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, who later started the company Atari.

*Computer Space* is a derivative of the 1962 computer game *Spacewar**!*  Eventually, Nolan Bushnell, a big fan of this game, decided to transform Spacewar into a marketable game, which led to the game's adaptation into the first ever coin operated arcade game.
*Computer Space* was popular enough for a 2-player version with a green case and fiberglass cabinet to be released in July 1973.
Prime Minister's Questions

'''Prime Minister's Questions** (**PMQs**, officially known as **Questions to the Prime Minister''') is a weekly event in the British Parliament. It is a chance for the Leader of the Opposition and other Members of Parliament to ask the Prime Minister questions. Until 1997 there were two short PMQs each week. Now there is one longer event, which is on a Wednesday. It can often be a loud and rowdy event with lots of MPs shouting. Once Michael Heseltine grabbed the mace and waved it around his head.
Cynodont

The **Cynodonts** are a sub-order of the Therapsida. Cynodonts, one of the most diverse groups of therapsids, are named after their dog-like teeth.

The taxon is a clade which includes modern mammals and their extinct close relatives, the Mammaliaformes. 

The cynodonts lived in all continents, and their fossil record begins in the Upper Permian 256 million years ago.

The extinct members of the group were victims of the End-Triassic extinction event, but the line that led to the mammals survived.

## References
Angara (rocket family)

**Angara** is a family of rockets which are being developed in Russia. The family contains many different rockets. For example, there is a rocket for lifting small payloads and a rocket for lifting heavy payloads. The rockets are designed by a company called Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The first rocket is expected to be ready in 2012.

## Purpose
Angara is being developed using money given by the Russian government. The government decided to finance Angara because they wanted to make sure that Russia has independent access to space. Many of Russia's current rockets can only be launched from Baikonour Cosmodrome in Kazakshtan. Many of them also use foreign technology. However, Angara is better since it does not use any foreign technology (it is 100% Russian) and can be launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, located in Russian territory. Another reason why it was decided to build Angara is because Russia needed a rocket which does not use toxic fuels, like some current rockets do.

## Description
The first part of all Angara rockets consists of an engine called Universal Rocket Module (in short: URM). The small version, Angara 1.1 has only one URM, while the heavier Angara 5 has 5 URMs. For this reason, Angara 5 can lift heavier payloads. The second part (called the second stage) of Angara 1.1 is called Briz-KM and the second stage of Angara 5 is called Block I.

## References
Samsara

showing The wheel of life and realms of samsara.]]
**Samsara** is a Buddhist term, meaning the conditioned state of mind.  It is the cycle of ignorance, leading to disturbing emotions and clumsy actions.  They in turn are cause for suffering and new disturbing feelings and so on. According to Buddha’s teachings there are three main disturbing feelings: ignorance, anger and desire. They are called three poisons of mind and are told to have 84 000 combinations. The only way to completely get rid of suffering is to reach Nirvana or the perfect state of Buddha. All the teachings Buddha gives lead to this goal. 

## The Six Realms
There are six realms of samsara, connected to six specific emotions:
*Hell or paranoia realm is connected with anger.
*Preta or hungry ghost realm is connected with greed.
*Animal realm is connected with ignorance.
*Human realm is connected with desire and attachment.
*Asura or Semigod realm is connected with jealousy and envy.
*Realm of Gods is connected with pride.
Leader of the Opposition

The **Leader of  the Opposition** is the name given to the leader of the largest party not in government in a Westminster System of  parliamentary government. The Leader of the Opposition is often seen as the alternative Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Minister. They lead an alternative government known as the Shadow Cabinet  or Opposition Front Bench.

In  many Commonwealth realms the full title is ''Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition''. This is not used in Australia. It is the duty of the Opposition party to ask questions to the Prime Minister or other ministers during Question Time.

The following is a list of Leaders of the Opposition:
* Leader of the Opposition (Australia)
** Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory)
** Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)
** Leader of the Opposition (Northern Territory)
** Leader of the Opposition (Queensland)
** Leader of the Opposition (South Australia)
** Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania)
** Leader of the Opposition (Victoria)
** Leader of the Opposition (Western Australia)
* Leader of the Opposition (Canada)
** Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)
* Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)
* Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)
* Leader of the Opposition (Germany)
* Leader of the Opposition (India)
* Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)
* Leader of the Opposition (Israel)
* Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)
* Leader of the Opposition (Malta)
* Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)
* Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)
* Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)
* Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)
* Leader of the Opposition (Spain)
* Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)
* Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
** Leader of the Opposition (Scotland)
Geff Harrison

**Geff Harrison** (also known as **Richie West**, August 24, 1947, Manchester, United Kingdom), is an English singer-songwriter, mostly known for his bands King Ping Meh and Twenty Sixty Six And Then. Harrison filled a lawsuit against Dieter Bohlen claiming that he wrote English lyrics for Modern Talking and C.C.Catch, but the lawsuit was settled out of court. According to the ruling of the court, Bohlen and Harrison created the group Modern Talking together.

## References
James McAuley

**James Phillip McAuley** (12 October 1917 – 15 October 1976) was an Australian poet who also composed hymns. He was a Catholic whose hymns were used in Catholic liturgy and now by other denominations. McAuley was born in Lakemba, Sydney. His first book of verse, *Under Aldebaran*, was published in 1946. He died of liver cancer in Hobart.

## Related pages
*List of poets from Oceania
## References
Freedom of information

**Freedom of information** is the right to freedom of expression on the Internet and other information technology. Freedom of information is the ability to access the Web without censorship or restrictions. 

Freedom of information is a human right recognised in international law. Freedom of speech includes not only the text and pictures but also the means of expression. Freedom of information may also refer to the right to privacy in the context of the Internet and information technology. The *right to privacy* is a human right and freedom of information is an extension of this right.

## Related pages
*Digital rights
*Free content
*Freenet

## References
Reflex

A **reflex** (/ˈriːfleks/) or **reflex action** is an  and fast movement in response to a stimulus.  

A true reflex is a behaviour done by the **reflex arc**. This is the path the signal of a reflex takes. That path is from the outside stimulus to the central nervous system (CNS), then the path from the CNS to the appropriate muscle. 

The nerve cells responsible for reflexes are not always in the brain, but often in the spinal cord. This way, reflexes are processed faster. Nerve cells in the brain still get feedback that the reflex action occurred. And, of course, reflex actions involving sight and sound are done by the brain. With invertebrate animals, the brain is not so dominant, and more is done by local reflex arcs in the segments.

Reflexes may take place even after death. The bite of a poisonous snake can be triggered up to several hours after it has died.

If the behaviour is complex, the stimulus is called a releaser, and the behaviour which follows may involve the whole animal for a long time in what is called a fixed action pattern. However, this is not the usual use of the term "reflex". It is studied in ethology because it usually involves two animals of the same species.

*The word 'reflex' can also be used as a metaphor for something done quickly, without much thinking.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Classical conditioning
Nowy Dwór Królewski

**Nowy Dwór Królewski**  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Papowo Biskupie, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## References