open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Valley Springs, South Dakota

**Valley Springs** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County along the Minnesota state line. Valley Springs became a city in 1879, and 885 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## References
## Other websites
*City of Valley Springs website
Colony of Virginia

era]]
The **Colony of Virginia** (also known as **Virginia Colony**) was the first of thirteen colonies in North America. 

## Location 
When the Virginia Colony was first settled, it was a huge geographic area that was England's claim on all of North America. 

After the United States was formed, the new government formed all of these areas from the Colony of Virginia:

* The entire state of Illinois
* The entire state of Indiana
* The entire state of Kentucky
* The entire state of West Virginia
* Parts of Ohio
* Virginia

## Name 
The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. 

After the English Civil War in the mid-17th century, King Charles II nicknamed the Virginia Colony "The Old Dominion". This name honored the Colony's loyalty to the British Crown during the Commonwealth of England era (a period from 1649-1660 when the monarchy was ended). 

## History 
European explorers first found modern-day Virginia in the late 16th century. In 1584 England tried to establish its first colony in the New World: the Roanoke Colony. Because of the Anglo-Spanish War, nobody could return to re-supply the colony for four years. When ships finally arrived in 1590, the Roanoke colonists were mysteriously gone. 

In 1607 Virginia was settled again at Jamestown by people working for the Virginia Company of London. This time, the colony succeeded. Jamestown became the first successful English settlement in the New World. However, the Virginia Company had its charter cancelled in 1624 for not making a profit. This meant they lost the legal rights to control the Virginia Colony. 

At this point, the British Crown took over the colony. It remained an English colony until the American Revolution. Virginia was one of the first colonies to be made a state in the new United States of America. 

## Related pages 
* Thirteen Colonies
* Jamestown, Virginia
* Roanoke Colony
* States of the United States
* History of the United States

## References
John Le Mesurier

**John Le Mesurier** (born **John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley**; 5 April 1912 &ndash; 15 November 1983) was an English actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy ''Dad's Army'' (1968–77). 

Le Mesurier was born on 5 April 1912 in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. He studied at the Sherborne School. 

Le Mesurier was married to June Melville from 1940 until they divorced in 1949. Then he was married to Hattie Jacques from 1949 until they divorced in 1965. Then he was married to Joan Malin from 1966 until his death in 1983. He had two sons. 

Le Mesurier died from a stomach hemorrhage caused by cirrhosis of the liver in Ramsgate, Kent, England, aged 71. 

## Other websites
* 
*
Free Realms

***Free Realms*** was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It is set in a fantasy-themed world, named "Sacred Grove". It was made by Sony Online Entertainment for PC, Mac and PlayStation 3. The game was released on 29 April 2009. On March 31, 2014, the game was officially shut down.

## References
Cellular automaton

A **cellular automaton** is a model used in computer science and mathematics. The idea is to model a dynamic system by using a number of cells. Each cell has one of many possible states. With each "turn" or iteration the state of the current cell is determined by two things: its current state, and the states of the neighbouring cells. 

A very famous example of a cellular automaton is Conway's Game of Life. Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann first described cellular automata in the 1940s. Conway's Game of Life was first shown in the 1970s. 

## Biology
Some things in nature happen because of cellular automata.

The patterns of certain seashells are made by natural cellular automata. Examples can be seen in the genera *Conus* and *Cymbiola*. The pigment cells are in a narrow band on the shell's lip. Each cell secretes pigments based on what pigment cells around it are doing. The cell band leaves the colored pattern on the shell as it slowly grows. For example, the species *Conus textile* has a pattern that looks similar to Wolfram's rule 30 cellular automaton.

Moving wave patterns on the skin of cephalopods can be simulated with a two-state, two-dimensional cellular automaton, each state corresponding to either an expanded or retracted chromatophore.

Threshold automata have been made to act similar to neurons. These can do complex things, such as recognition and learning.

Fibroblasts are similar to cellular automata. This is because each fibroblast only interacts with others next to it.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Automaton
Andrew Greeley

**Andrew M. Greeley** (February 5, 1928 &ndash; May 29, 2013) was an American Roman Catholic priest, educator, sociologist, journalist, philanthropist, and popular author.

Greeley was born on February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois to an Irish family. He was raised a Catholic. Greeley studied at Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary and at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary. He retired in 2009 after an injury.

Greeley suffered skull fractures in a fall in 2008 when his clothing got caught on the door of a taxi as it pulled away; he was hospitalized in critical condition. He remained in poor health. Greeley died on May 29, 2013 at his Chicago home. He was 85.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Andrew M. Greeley's page at Macmillan.com
*Greeley/Bernardin/Kennedy controversy: a description of the conflict between Greeley, Joseph Bernardin and the writer Eugene Kennedy, by a Greeley partisan
Henry Morgentaler

in August 2005]]
**Heniek "Henry" Morgentaler**, CM (March 19, 1923 &ndash; May 29, 2013), was a Polish-born Canadian physician and pro-choice activist who fought many legal battles about expanding abortion rights in Canada. When he was young during World War II, Morgentaler was imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto and later at the Dachau concentration camp. He survived the Holocaust.

He was a humanist and received the Order of Canada in 2008.

Morgentaler was born on March 19, 1923 in Łódź, Poland. He was married to Chava Rosenfarb from 1945 until they divorced in 1975. Morgentaler died on May 29, 2013 in Toronto, Canada from a heart attack, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*The Morgentaler Clinic
*The Morgentaler Decision turns 20, *National Review of Medicine,* 2008-01-15 (accessed 2011-08-30)
*Abortion crusader deeply divides Canadian society (2009-01-14) *CBC*
*Abortion rights: significant moments in Canada's history (2009-05-21) *CBC*
*CBC Digital Archives – Dr. Henry Morgentaler: Fighting Canada's Abortion Laws
*Supreme Court of Canada, *R v. Morgentaler* (1988) (1 S.C.R. 30) 
*CBC: Abortion law ruled unconstitutional (January 28, 1988)
The Little Mermaid (statue)

***The Little Mermaid*** () is a statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. It sits on a rock in the harbor. It was  by a performance of a ballet based on the fairy tale *The Little Mermaid* by Hans Christian Andersen. It is  tall.  Sculptor Edvard Eriksen created the bronze statue. It was presented to the public on 23 August 1913.

The statue was the idea of Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg. He asked ballerina, Ellen Price of Copenhagen's Royal Theatre, to pose for the statue. Only the statue's head was modelled on Price. She did not agree to pose in the nude, so the sculptor's wife, Eline Eriksen, posed for the body.

The Little Mermaid has been the victim of vandalism many times since the 1960s.  Her head has been cut off, and she has had paint poured over her several times. In September 2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives. The statue has always been repaired after such acts.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Little Mermaid  360 degree QuickTime VR panorama from Copenhagen
Coriaria ruscifolia

***Coriaria ruscifolia*** are shrubs or small trees with bright red fruits like berries. The fruits and the leaves are very poisonous.

## Common names
This species has many names in Latin America. Some of them are:
* Chile: deu, dehue-lahuen, deó, hiuque, matarratones ("kill mice"), veu.
* Peru: mio-mio, saca-saca, mio venenosa, raqui-raqui
* Ecuador: piñán, shanshi, shanchi or zhanzhi, tinta.
* Colombia: reventadera; barbasco, chanchi, mortiño borrachero.
* Venezuela: tisís, helecho de playa, helecho uvite.
* Guatemala: moco tinto, moco de chompipe.
* Mexico: helecho de tierra, tlalocopetate, tlalocopatlat.

## Systematics
*Coriaria ruscifolia* was described for the first time by Linnaeus in 1753 in *Species Plantarum* (Vol. 2, page 1037), from a plant from Peru.

The species is divided in two subspecies:
##*C. microphylla* Poir. 
##*C. thymifolia* Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

## Description
Shrub up to 4 metres high. Dark green leaves on the top and pale gray on the underside. Flowers grouped in terminal inflorescences on lateral branches, sepals are green to red, small petals, yellow or red anthers. Fruits look like berries but they are small nuts (achenes). The fruits are covered by the petals.

The plants of *C. ruscifolia* subsp. *microphylla* can fix nitrogen from the air because they have bacteria in their roots.

## Where it grows
***C. ruscifolia*** grows in the Americas and some Pacific Islands:
* *C. ruscifolia* subsp. *ruscifolia*: Western slopes of Andes (and other mountain ranges) from Mexico to Peru, western Venezuela, and cool mountains of New Guinea and New Zealand and other Pacific islands.
* *C. ruscifolia* subsp. *microphylla*: Central and southern Chile, New Zealand and other Pacific islands.

## Uses
It is a very toxic plant. Fruits are hallucinogens exciting the nervous system. The leaves have tannin and serve for tanning (making leather out of skins). It is recommended as an ornamental.

In Chile, the fruits are used mixed with bread to kill mice and rats.

## References
## Other websites
* *Coriaria ruscifolia* L. in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
* *Coriaria ruscifolia* in Encyclopedia of Life - EOL
Dean Brooks

**Dean Kent Brooks** (July 22, 1916 &ndash; May 30, 2013) or **Dean R. Brooks** was an American physician and actor. 

## Early life
Brooks was born on July 22, 1916 in Everett, Washington. He studied at University of Kansas Medical School. 

## Career
He was the head of the Oregon State Hospital in 1975 when the movie ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' was filmed there, which is why he appeared in the movie. He starred as Dr. John Spivey M.D.. Brooks was the superintendent of Oregon State Hospital for 27 years from 1955 to 1982. Brooks was first licensed in Oregon to practice psychiatry in 1950. He retired from the practice of Psychiatric Medicine in 1999.

## Later life
He was married to Ulista Jean Moser until her death in 2006. They had two daughters. 

### Death
Brooks died on May 30, 2013 in Salem, Oregon from natural causes, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bulgarian Orthodox Church

]]
The **Bulgarian Orthodox Church** is a major Christian denomination in Bulgaria. It has around 8-10 million members worldwide. The head of the church is the Patriarch of All Bulgaria.
Battle of Majuba Hill

The **Battle of Majuba Hill** was the main battle of the First Boer War.  It happened near Volksrust, South Africa on 27 February 1881.

While the battle was small it was important in history. It led to the signing of a peace treaty.  The treaty was between the British and the South African Republic.  It ended the First Boer War. Also the fire and movement tactics used by the Boers were years ahead of their time.  This battle and two before it convinced the British of the Boers strength.  During the Second Anglo-Boer War "Remember Majuba" became a rallying cry.

Some important British historians say that this defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the British Empire.
Hangman

**Hangman** is a paper-and-pencil guessing game played by two or more people. One player thinks of a word, phrase, or sentence, and the other players have to try and guess it. They do so by calling letters or numbers that they think are in the word. The word is shown as a row of dashes. If a guessing player gives a letter or number that is in the word, the other player writes the letter or number in the places that they are in the word. If the letter or number is not in the word, the other player draws a part of a hanged man stick figure as a tally mark (a form of numeral used for counting). The game ends when:

*The guessing player completes the word, or correctly guesses the whole word.
*The other player completes the diagram of the hanged man.

The television game show *Wheel of Fortune* is based off of Hangman. It uses a roulette-style wheel that players spin for cash and prizes.
Thomas (name)

**Thomas** [ **tom**-*uh*s; taw-**mah** ] is a masculine given name. "Tom" or "Thom" are short versions of Thomas. "Tommy" is commonly used. The origin of the name Thomas can be traced back to the Aramaic name Ta'oma, which translates to "twin". The name gained popularity thanks to Saint Thomas, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. Saint Thomas was recognized for his tendency to question and be uncertain, but he eventually became a firm believer and shared the teachings of Christianity worldwide. This name was ranked #46 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Thomas Carey, Big boy rowing man (1943-2022)
* Thomas Edison, American inventor and businessman (1847–1931)
* Thomas Hurd, Radiographer/Astrophotographer/Cyclist (1993-present)

## References
Catalan independence movement

, the flag of Catalan independence]]
The **Catalan independence** or **separatism** is a political movement that supports the independence of Catalonia or the Catalan countries from Spain and France. The Catalan independence movement began in the 19th century. The separatists believe that Catalonia is a nation. Catalonia has its own language (Catalan language) and culture (Catalan culture).

During the Francisco Franco dictatorship, Catalans and the Catalan language were oppressed. Recently, the number of people who support Catalan independence has increased. In 2012 there was a demonstration in Barcelona with 1.500.000 people. The majority of the parliament in Catalunya wants to have a referendum on independence, and 55% identify as separatists.

The Estelada flag is the symbol of the Catalan independence movement.

## References
Sondra Locke

**Sondra Locke** (May 28, 1944 &ndash; November 3, 2018) was an American actress who was known for starring mostly in movies. She starred as Laura Lee in *The Outlaw Josey Wales* in 1976. The following year, she played Augustina Mally in *The Gauntlet* (1977). Locke was born in Shelbyville, Tennessee. 

Locke was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mick Kelly in *The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter* (1968).

Locke died in Los Angeles, California on November 3, 2018 from cardiac arrest complicated by breast and bone cancer, aged 74.

## References
Edward O. Thorp

**Edward Oakley Thorp** (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of *Beat the Dealer* (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.

Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.

Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961.  He was a professor of mathematics from 19611965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.

## Stock market
Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA.  In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.

## Books 
* 
* Edward O. Thorp 1967. *Beat the market: a scientific stock market system*, 1967,  (online version )
* 
* 

## References
Maureen Duffy

**Maureen Patricia Duffy** (born 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex, England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays.

## Early life and education 
Duffy graduated from King's College London. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a full-time poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was ''That's How It Was*. It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics.

## Works 
She has published around thirty books. Her *Collected Poems, 1949–84* appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek myth as a framework.

She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals. In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the *Gay News* newspaper for "blasphemous libel."

She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers.  At one time, she was the President of the *European Writers' Congress* (renamed European Writers Council in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985 and awarded their Benson Medal in 2004.

She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law.

## References
## Further reading
* Yorke, L. (1999). "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration". *Feminist Review''; (62) Summer 1999, pp.&nbsp;78–90.

## Other websites
* Official website
* Maureen Duffy on the GLBTQ Encyclopedia 
* A Duffy bibliography
Hydrogenosome

]]

A **hydrogenosome** is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi and a few metazoa. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the best studied) produce ATP by a complex metabolic cycle. Unlike mitochondria, this cycle does not use oxygen. It is thought that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria; their structure is rather similar.

In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. These organisms were Loricifera living in sediments under deep-water brine pools like the L'Atalante basin. These brine pools are completely without any oxygen (anoxic).

## References
Beesha Darawiish

**Beesha Darawiish** or '''Si'iid Harti**, also called **Reer Darawiish**, means the Dhulbahante tribe. The **Dhulbahante''' were called Darwiishes during the colonial era. The Darwiish was the successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. The Dhulbahante Garaadship (, ) was a kingdom from 1530 until 1895. Dhulbahante is also a Somali clan known for being the backbone of Darwiish. It is part of the larger Harti Darod clan. They live mainly in Sool, Cayn and Sanaag. Current population estimated 1.23 million.

## References
New Zealand men's cricket team

The **New Zealand** men's cricket team has been active since 1894. It is governed by New Zealand Cricket (NZC), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). New Zealand play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

## References
## Other websites
*
Karjala (disambiguation)

Karjala may refer to

*Karjala, beer
*Karjala, *Karelia*, geographical area between Finland and Russia
*Karjala, Finnish last name
*Karjala, Finnish magazine
Marylebone

**Marylebone** (, , or ) is an area of central London in the City of Westminster.

## See
*Marylebone station
*Oxford Street
*Time Out
Facta (encyclopedia)

***Facta*** is an encyclopedia in Finnish. It was published as a series of 11 volumes between 1969 and 1974. It describes subjects from a Finnish point of view.

## Other websites
*Official website
Mäntsälä

-Lahti in Mäntsälä]]

**Mäntsälä** is a municipality in Finland. About 21,000 people lived there in 2015. The municipalities next to it are Askola, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Tuusula, Kärkölä, Orimattila, Pornainen, Pukkila and Sipoo.

Mäntsälä was probably founded in 1585.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Mäntsälä pages
Jalil Zandi

**Jalil Zandi** (2 May 1951 &ndash; 1 April 2001) was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He had the most victories in the air combat in the Iran-Iraq War: 11 victories ( 8 confirmed victories and 3 probable victories). His victories include 4 MiG-23s, 2 Su-22s, 2 MiG 21s and 3 Mirage F1s). He was also the most successful F-14 pilot ever.

He had the rank of brigadier general.

He died with his wife Zahra Mohebshahedin in 2001 in a car accident near Tehran. He is buried in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in the south of Tehran.

## References
Joutsa

**Joutsa** is a municipality in Central Finland. It is part of Itä-Häme, along with Hartola, Sysmä, Pertunmaa, Heinola and Luhanka.

Almost 4,900 people lived in Joutsa as of February 2014. It covers an area of . Neighbouring municipalities are Hartola, Hirvensalmi, Jyväskylä, Kangasniemi, Luhanka, Pertunmaa and Toivakka.

The former municipality of Leivonmäki was merged with Joutsa in 2008.

## Culture
The newspaper *Joutsan Seutu* is published in Joutsa and Luhanka.

A summer festival, Joutsan Joutopäivät, is held on the second weekend of July.

Sahti culture is strong in Joutsa. "Joutsan sahti" is a locally made traditional drink.

## Villages
Angesselkä, Etu-Ikola, Hankaa, Havumäki, Joutsa, Kivisuo, Kälä, Laitjärvi, Lapinkylä, Leivonmäki, Marjotaipale, Martinkylä, Mieskonmäki, Niemistenkylä, Pajumäki, Pappinen, Pylsy, Pärnämäki, Ruokoranta, Ruorasmäki, Rutalahti, Savenaho, Selänpohja, Taka-Ikola, Tammilahti, Tolvasniemi, Uimaniemi, Vallaspelto, Vähä-Joutsa and Vehmaa.

## Population grow
## Other websites
* Joutsa official website

## References
Mäntyharju

**Mäntyharju** is a municipality in Finland. Almost 6,350 people lived there in August 2012. It covers an area of about .

Villages include Ahvenisto, Anettu, Enonlahti, Halmeniemi, Hietaniemi, Huopola, Hyyrylä, Hölttä, Jäniskylä, Karankamäki, Kinni, Kirkonkylä, Koirakivi, Korpilahti, Kousa, Kuhajärvi, Kukonkorpi, Kyttälä, Lahnaniemi, Leppäniemi, Luhtanen, Lyytikkälä, Mynttilä, Niinimäki, Nurmaa, Ollikkala, Outila, Paasola, Partsinmaa, Poitsiniemi, Pyhäkoski, Pärnämäki, Saviniemi, Särkemäki, Tiilikkala, Toivola, Valtola, Vanonen and Varpanen.

## Other websites
* Community website
Mikkeli

**Mikkeli** is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, the population was almost 54,700. In the Finnish point of view, Mikkeli is a city, not a town. Neighbouring municipalities are Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pieksämäki, Puumala and Savitaipale.

The former municipality of Haukivuori was merged with Mikkeli in 2007. The former municipalities of Ristiina and Suomenniemi was merged with Mikkeli in 2013.

Mikkeli was established in 1838.

## Distances 
*Ristiina 20&nbsp;km
*Hirvensalmi 34&nbsp;km
*Juva 44&nbsp;km
*Kangasniemi 52&nbsp;km
*Helsinki 230&nbsp;km
*Kuopio 163 km
*Lappeenranta 106&nbsp;km
*Savonlinna 104&nbsp;km

## Other websites 
* 
* The official page
Marylebone Cricket Club

**Marylebone Cricket Club** (MCC) was founded in 1787 by members of the White Conduit Club, which had relocated to Marylebone from Islington. MCC is now based at Lord's in St John's Wood. The club owns copyright of *The Laws of Cricket*.

## References
## Sources
* 

## Other websites
* MCC website
Rovaniemi

**Rovaniemi** is a town in Lapland, in northern Finland. Rovaniemi is very close to the Arctic Circle. The population was over 61,000 in January 2014. The area is huge in typical European scale. Neigbouring municipalities are Kittilä, Sodankylä, Kolari, Pello, Ylitornio, Tervola, Ranua, Posio, Kemijärvi and Pelkosenniemi.

On 1 January 2006,  (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) was merged into a single municipality.

## Other websites 
* Community website
Thomas (surname)

**Thomas** (and Tomas) is a common surname.  It is most often used by the British, French, German, Dutch, Danish, and Southern Indian Syrian Christians from Kerala (India).

Some notable people with this surname are:
*Ambroise Thomas, French opera composer
*Bert Thomas (1883–1966), British cartoonist
*Clarence Thomas, United States Supreme Court justice
*Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), Welsh poet
*Gerald Thomas, English film director
*Héctor Thomas, Venezuelan decathlete
*Kristin Scott Thomas, English actress
*Mansel Thomas Welsh composer and conductor
*Petria Thomas (born 1975), Australian swimmer
*Rufus Thomas, American R&B singer
*Shavar Thomas (born 1981), Jamaican footballer
Cytokine storm

A **cytokine storm** is an overreaction of the body's immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.

It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults. Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.

## Related pages 
*Signal (biology)

## References
Dassault Mirage F1

**Mirage F1** is a French air superiority and attack aircraft. Its first flight was on 23 December 1966, but it first entered into the French Air Force in 1973. Dassault Aviation has built this turbojet aircraft. Its current important users are France, Iran and Morocco.

## References
Black Hole of Calcutta

**Black Hole of Calcutta** was a dungeon in old Fort William, Calcutta, India. It was 18 feet (5.5 metres) long and 14 feet (4 metres) wide, and had two small windows. 

The fort was built by the British to defend their trading interests in Calcutta. During hostilities in 1756, the fort was captured by the army of the Nawab of Bengal on 20 June. However, 146 people could not have fit in a room of 24 x 18 feet. Today most concede that Holwell greatly exaggerated the number of captives.

The British captured and killed the Nawab. An obelisk was later raised in memory of those who died in the Black Hole.  Holwell's account of the incident has been challenged by modern historians and scholars.

## References
## Further reading
* Holwell, John Zephaniah. *A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen and others who were suffocated in the Black Hole*. London, 1758.
Duke Moore

**Duke Moore**, (July 15, 1913 as **James Moore** – November 16, 1976), was an American actor. He appeared only in movies made by Ed Wood. Between 1953 and 1970, Moore appeared in the following Wood movies: *Crossroads of Laredo*; *Final Curtain*; *Night of the Ghouls*; *Plan 9 from Outer Space*; *The Sinister Urge*, and *Take it Out in Trade*. Moore died in Hollywood of a heart attack.

## Other websites
*
*
Drying rack

.]]
**Drying rack** is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a **clothes horse** or a **clothes rack**. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.

An **automated drying rack** (also known variously as a automated drying rack, automatic laundry airer or automated laundry system) is a ceiling-mounted mechanism to dry clothes and is automated. In Singapore, it is often know as automated laundry rack.

## References
Savonlinna

**Savonlinna** is a town in Finland. The population was almost 36,250 in January 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kitee, Liperi, Parikkala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti, Rääkkylä, Sulkava and Varkaus. Some parts of central Savonlinna has been built over islands. Over one-third of the area is water or islands.

The former municipalities of Kerimäki and Punkaharju were merged with Savonlinna in 2013.

## Other websites 
* Community website
Wood ray

robur'', end grain, showing one large ray and several smaller rays]]

A **wood ray** occurs in wood, and consists of bodies of cells running from the inside of the tree or shrub to the outside. That is, rays run at right angles to other cells of the xylem and phloem, which mostly run vertically. Rays serve to transport and store nutrients and chemical substances.

Rays may be low, that is only very few cells high, to very high, easily visible to the naked eye. Rays may be narrow, only one cell wide, to quite wide, many cells wide. A wood well-known for its high and wide rays is oak; less noticeable is that oak also has small rays. There are other woods with two types of rays.

Wood rays are sometimes called "medullary rays" or "pith rays" but this is only accurate for some of them, only when they run from the pith to the outside of the tree or shrub. Many rays do not start in the pith, but are formed later; as the circumference of the tree or shrub grows, more rays are necessary.  

In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the rays can produce beautiful "figure", called ray flecks.

## Bark 
A ray does not stop at the edge of the wood, but continues on, into the bark. It is then called a bark ray.

## References
Paul Villard

**Paul Villard** (1860&ndash;1934) was a French scientist. He discovered gamma rays while studying radium.
Mitchell, South Dakota

**Mitchell** is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, and 15,660 people lived there at the 2020 census. It became a city in 1883.

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Mitchell website
Affliction (movie)

***Affliction*** is an American drama movie produced in 1997. It was written and directed by Paul Schrader. It is based on the novel by Russell Banks. It stars Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, James Coburn, and Willem Dafoe.

## Plot
*Affliction* tells the story of Wade Whitehouse, a small-town policeman in New Hampshire. Disconnected from the people around him, including his father and his divorced wife, he becomes obsessed with the solving of a fatal hunting accident. This leads to a series of tragic events.
Canton, South Dakota

**Canton** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Lincoln County, and 3,066 people lived there at the 2020 census. Canton became a city in 1881.

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Canton website
The Great Escape (movie)

***The Great Escape*** is a 1963 American war movie. It is about an escape by Allied prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II where the Wehrmacht’s regular Luftwaffe Air Force and the SS and Gestapo become rivals what to do with escaped prisoners of war that a allied military pilots . The movie stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, Donald Pleasence, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, and Richard Attenborough. It got positive reviews from critics.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Tartar sauce

**Tartar sauce** (**tartare** in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a mayonnaise-based sauce. It is often served as a condiment with seafood dishes. It is like mayonnaise, but with a few more ingredients such as pickles, onions, capers, lemon juice and parsley.

The word Tartar is a Turkic word. It is believed to be named after the Tatar people.

## References
Knockout

**Knockout**, also known as the **knockout game** and **knockout king**, is a violent activity played by teenagers. The object of the game is to render unconscious (knockout) an innocent pedestrian with one punch. The game can result in serious injuries or death for its victims. Players face criminal charges.

In 1992, a teen stabbed an MIT student through the heart, killing him. In another case, a St. Louis, Missouri teenager allegedly attacked a pedestrian who hit his head on the ground and died in hospital. In May 2013, a 51 year-old man died from his injuries after he was attacked in Syracuse, New York, by two teenagers.

## References
SpongeBob SquarePants season 8

The eighth season of ***SpongeBob SquarePants*** began on July 18, 2011 with the episodes "Accidents Will Happen" and "The Other Patty." It ran through October 8, 2012, ending with "Hello Bikini Bottom!"

## Episodes

## DVD release
The DVD boxset for season eight was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada on March 12, 2013, three months after the season had completed broadcast on television. The DVD release features bonus materials, including the animated short "Sandy's Vacation in Ruins."

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Season 8 at Metacritic
Nightstand

A **nightstand**, (could also be called a **night table** or **bedside table**) is a small type of table. It is usually placed next to a bed or somewhere else in a bedroom.  It is a coffee table which is used next to a person's bed at night time.

Before flushing toilets became , nightstands usually had a chamber pot in them. Nightstands which were made a long time ago sometimes had a drawer, and they usually had a small cupboard at the bottom. 

Nightstands used today usually also have a drawer. Things like lamps, alarm clocks, mobile phones, water or medication, which could be useful during the night, are often put either on top of or inside nightstands.

French, Italian and Spanish antique nightstands usually have a drawer and a small cupboard with only one door. They can also have special finishes, like bronze.

## History
It is thought that the word *nightstand* was first used in 1892. 

## Gallery 
## References
Mahinda Rajapaksa

**Mahinda Rajapaksa** (born 18 November 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from 21 November 2019 until 9 May 2022. Before, he was the disputed Prime Minister from 26 October to 15 December 2018. He was also the 6th President of Sri Lanka. He was president from 19 November 2005 to 9 January 2015.

On 3 May 2022, opposition leaders declared a motion of no confidence aimed at Rajapaksa and his cabinet. He resigned six days later on 9 May 2022 following massive protests against his government. 

## Notes
## References
Carmine Crocco

**Carmine Crocco** (5 June 1830 – 18 June 1905) was an Italian outlaw. He is also known as **Donatello** and for his brilliant battle skills was nicknamed “Napoleon of the brigands”.

Born in Rionero in Vulture, a town in the Basilicata region, He began the criminal activity after killing a comrade in a brawl during the military service and joined the Garibaldi's expedition of the thousand in 1860 hoping for a pardon. However, his offence wasn't cleared and Crocco was arrested. He escaped from prison with the help of the Fortunato, a bourgeois family linked to the Bourbon dynasty and became the leader of the peasants rebellion in Basilicata, who didn't get any benefit with the political change.

He fought in the service of king Francis II, heading an army of almost 2.000 men and conquering various centers of Basilicata and Campania. In every conquered territory he overthrew the Savoy government and appointed a representative of the Bourbon crown, ordering the badges and ornaments of the fallen king to be once again displayed. 

A skillful guerrilla man,  was able to harass the national guards and the Piedmontese soldiers for almost four years but he lose the conflict after being betrayed by his lieutenant Giuseppe Caruso, who revealed his plans and hideouts to the Italian authorities. Thus he fled to the Papal States hoping for help from Pius IX but was arrested by his soldiers. Later was handed over to the Italian government and condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 

Crocco died in prison at Portoferraio, Tuscany.

A disputable personality, he is considered by some authors a fierce thief and murderer but many people of southern Italy regard him as a folk hero who represented the suffering of the lower class before and soon after the Italian unification.

## References 
## Bibliography 
*David Hilton Wheeler, *Brigandage in south Italy, Volume 2*, S. Low, son, and Marston, 1864.
*Eric Hobsbawm, *Bandits*, Penguin, 1984
*John Ellis, *A short history of guerrilla warfare*, Allan, 1975.
*Denis Mack Smith, *Italy:a modern history*, University of Michigan Press, 1969.
Ted Manson

**Theodore "Ted" Manson** (October 23, 1926 &ndash; June 1, 2008) was an American actor. His career lasted over 30 years.

Manson was born in Columbus, Ohio on October 23, 1926. He graduated from West High School. He attended both Ohio State University and John Carroll University. In the 1950s he started acting with the Players Club and the Ohio State University Players. 

After working in real estate, he returned to acting in 1979. He appeared on the television shows *In the Heat of the Night* and *Matlock*. He appeared in Hollywood movies, including *Elizabethtown*, *Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby* and *The Curious Case of Benjamin Button*.

Manson died from complications of lung cancer on June 1, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chum Bucket

]]
The **Chum Bucket** is a fictional restaurant in the television series *SpongeBob SquarePants*. It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a plankton named Sheldon J. Plankton. It does not get a lot of customers. This is because it sells a food called chum, which cannot be eaten.

Plankton's wife, Karen, is a computer. She often appears on the wall of the back room of the Chum Bucket. The Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket's rival across the street. The Krusty Krab sells delicious food, hamburgers called Krabby Patties.
The Betrayal

***The Betrayal*** (1948) is an American race movie written, produced, and directed by Oscar Micheaux. It is based on his book *The Wind From Nowhere* (1943) and his movie *The Homesteader* (1919). The movie tells of the tangled relationships among African American farm people in South Dakota. It stars Leroy Collins in his one and only movie role. The movie was poorly received among both white and black critics. No print is known to exist. It is considered a "lost" movie. It was the first race movie to open in a white theater.

## Story
Martin Eden is a successful African American farmer in South Dakota.  He is in love with Deborah Stewart. He believes that she is white and that she is not interested in him. He is unaware that Deborah loves him.

Martin goes to Chicago to look for a wife.  He meets Linda. They fall in love and marry, and then return to Martin’s farm.  They have a baby. Their happiness ends when Linda’s jealous father tells her that Martin is homicidal.  She runs away from the farm with the baby and returns to Chicago.  Martin finds her in the city. Linda shoots him during a fight.

In South Dakota, Deborah learns she is African American.  She goes to Chicago and meets Linda. Linda agrees to divorce Martin so he can marry Deborah. Linda gives her baby to Deborah to raise.  Martin and Deborah return to South Dakota. Linda kills her father for his role in ruining her marriage.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rob Bourdon

**Robert Gregory Bourdon** (born January 20, 1979) is the drummer and youngest member of the rock band Linkin Park. Bourdon was born in Calabasas, California and now lives in Los Angeles. He grew up in the same town as the members of Incubus and Hoobastank. Bourdon started to play drums after watching an Aerosmith concert. His mother, Patty, is friends with Joey Kramer, Aerosmith's drummer. They also dated when the were much younger. This friendship meant they were able to go backstage and see the entire production. Kramer also gave Bourdon a kick pedal.

In his early teen years, Bourdon played in a few bands with his friends. It was around that time that he met his current Linkin Park bandmate, Brad Delson. They played together for about a year in a band called Relative Degree. Their goal was to play at the Roxy Theatre. After achieving their goal with a sell-out show, Relative Degree eventually broke up.

## Personal life 
Bourdon once dated actress Shiri Appleby. He dated actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, starting in 2001 but has been single since at least early 2008. His birthday was featured on an episode of iTunes' LPTV. On January 20, 2004, Linkin Park played a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the band can be seen joking around backstage and saying that it is Bourdon's twentieth. Bourdon's favorite songs to play are "In the End", "Tinfoil" and "The Little Things Give You Away". His hobbies include playing the piano (although he has never done so for a Linkin Park recording) and surfing.

Bourdon wears racing shoes to get a better feel for the drum pedals; he says it gives him better control of the pedals. He also said that the song "Easier to Run" was the most difficult to play because he had to approach the drums very differently in which he was able to record the song in a few takes.

## References
Hal Fishman

**Harold "Hal" Fishman** (August 25, 1931 &ndash; August 7, 2007) or also known as **The Flying Anchorman**; was a local news anchor in the Los Angeles area. He served on-air with Los Angeles-area television stations continuously from 1960 until his death in 2007. He also acted in movies as a news reporter such as in *Spider-Man 3*.

Fishman was born on August 25, 1931 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Fishman was married to Nolie Fishman until his death in 2007. They had one son, David. Fishman died on August 7, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from liver and colon cancer, aged 75.  

## References
## Other websites
*In Loving Memory - Hal Fishman 
* 
*Hal Fishman, Newsman / UCLA Spotlight
Jean Stapleton

**Jean Stapleton** (born **Jeanne Murray**; January 19, 1923 &ndash; May 31, 2013) was an American actress. She was known for her role as Edith Bunker in the 1970 comedy show *All in the Family*. 

## Early life
Stapleton was born on January 19, 1923 in New York City, New York. She studied at Hunter College. 

## Marriage
Stapleton was married to William H. Putch from 1956 until his death in 1983. They had two children. 

## Personal life
Stapleton's brother, Jack Stapleton, was a stage actor. Her cousin is actress Betty Jane Watson. Stapleton was active in the Christian Science church.

Jean was not, as commonly believed, related to actress Maureen Stapleton.

## Death and reaction
Stapleton died on May 31, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York of natural causes, aged 90.  She was survived by her two children, John, a TV director, and Pamela, a TV producer.

Norman Lear said, "No one gave more profound 'how to be a human being' lessons than Jean Stapleton."  Actress Roseanne Barr said that Stapleton's range was "unbelievable, deep and majestic."

Her interment was at Lincoln Cemetery in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

The marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed for one minute on June 5, 2013 at 8 p.m. EDT  to honor the memory of Stapleton.

At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Rob Reiner honored the career and life of Stapleton.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Archive of American Television Interview with Jean Stapleton (2000)
X (Kylie Minogue album)

***X*** is the tenth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It is her first album released since the compilation *Ultimate Kylie* (2004), and her first studio album since *Body Language* (2003). The album was released on 21 November 2007 by Parlophone Records.

## Track listing 
## Other websites 
**X* on Kylie Minogue's official website
Stan Freberg

**Stanley Victor "Stan" Freberg** (August 7, 1926 &ndash; April 7, 2015) was an American author, comedian, puppeteer, radio personality, voice actor and advertising creative director. His career began in 1944. He was still active in the industry in his mid-80s, nearly 70 years after he started.

Freberg was born on August 7, 1926 in Pasadena, California. He studied at Alhambra High School. Freberg was married to Donna Freberg from 1959 until her death in 2000. He had been married to Betty Hunter since 2001. He had two daughters with Donna.

In 1985, Paul McCartney said that Freberg was an influence to The Beatles’ "anarchic humor".

Freberg died on April 7, 2015, at the age of 88 at a hospital in Santa Monica, California from pneumonia.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Stan Freberg Discography 
*"Stan the Man"  in *Time* (July 29, 1957)
**Mark Thomas Presents: Stan Freberg* BBC Radio 4 (2005)
*Cosmik Debris interview 
**Oregon! Oregon!* (1959)
*
*"Little Go Beep"
Computer animation

technique in computer animation]]

**Computer animation** (or **CGI animation**) is the art of using computer graphics for animation, creating moving images in either 2D or 3D. 

## Related pages
* Computer-generated imagery

## References
Paul Marco

**Paul Marco** (June 10, 1927 &ndash; May 14, 2006) was an American actor. He often appeared in movies made by Ed Wood, including the "Kelton Trilogy": *Bride of the Monster*, *Night of the Ghouls* and *Plan 9 from Outer Space*. In this trilogy, he played a bumbling, fearful policeman named Kelton.

## Biography
Marco was born in Los Angeles. He took lessons in drama, singing, and dancing at an early age. After graduating from Hollywood High School, he served in the United States Navy during World War II.

His first known movie role was a small part in the 1944 movie *Sweet and Low-Down* with Benny Goodman. In the early 1950s, The Amazing Criswell predicted on national television that Paul Marco would go far in the movie business. Criswell introduced Marco to Ed Wood. In turn, Marco introduced Ed Wood to Bunny Breckinridge, a gay Shakespearean actor. Breckinridge lived with Marco for a time and co-starred in Wood's *Plan 9 from Outer Space*.

Marco depended on Wood for parts. He more or less retired as an actor as Ed Wood's movies shifted more and more towards pornography. In 1995, Marco recorded "Home on the Strange", in which he reprised his Kelton character for Dionysus Records. He revived Kelton once more in the 2005 science fiction satire/tribute film *The Naked Monster*. On May 14, 2006, Paul Marco died after a battle with hip problems and chronic illness. He was 78.

## Movie list
## References
*Sloan, Will. (April 2005). "Can Your Heart Stand the Shocking Facts About Kelton the Cop A/K/A Paul Marco?" Filmfax, pp.&nbsp;88–89

## Notes
## Other websites
*Paul Marco's official website 
*
*
*Keltonsdarkcorner.com
Goliath and the Barbarians

***Il terrore dei barbari*** (English: ***Goliath and the Barbarians***) is a 1959 peplum movie. It was directed by Carlo Campogalliani. The movie stars Steve Reeves as "Goliath". It is about the Barbarian invasions of Italy in AD 568. 

American International Pictures released the movie in the US with new music by Les Baxter. AIP invested $20,000 in the movie to help the producers complete it, and were rewarded when it became a big hit. The movie earned $1.6 million in North America during its initial release.

## Story
Barbarians attack and destroy an Italian village. One man, Emiliano (Reeves) survives. He swears revenge and wages a one man war against the tribes. He is helped by Landa (Chelo Alonso), the daughter of the Barbarian leader. Alboino is played by Bruce Cabot.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hercules Unchained

***Hercules Unchained*** is a 1959 peplum movie starring Steve Reeves. It is a sequel to *Hercules*, also starring Reeves.

## References