open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Crawford County, Kansas

**Crawford County** (county code **CR**) is a county in Southeast Kansas. In 2020 census, 38,972 people lived there. Its county seat is Girard. Its biggest city is Pittsburg. The county was named after Samuel J. Crawford, Governor of Kansas.

It is in the Osage Cuestas and Cherokee Lowlands. It is halfway between Kansas City, Missouri and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pittsburg State University is located in Crawford County.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.9%) is water.

## People
]]

The Pittsburg Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Crawford County.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Communities
 Map of Crawford County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Arma
* Arcadia
* Cherokee
* Frontenac
* Girard
* Hepler
* McCune
* Mulberry
* Pittsburg
* Walnut

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Plat Book of Crawford County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 54 pages; 1906.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Crawford County - Directory of Public Officials
* Crawford County - Convention and Visitors Bureau
;Historical
* Crawford Co. Kansas History and Heritage - Genealogy       
;Maps
* Crawford County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Neomercantilism

**Neomercantilism** is a government policy that supports more exports, less imports, and more control over investment (capital movement). Also, the government has the power to make decisions involving money (currency). The goal is to increase foreign reserves, which gives the government more power over money.

## Origin 
The idea comes from Keynesian economics. According to UNESCO, mercantilism is the belief that the state's wealth must be protected by the government. This makes the state's money a nationalistic concern.

## References
Middle income trap

In economics the **middle income trap** happens when a country's GDP is stuck at some level and cannot increase.

The World Bank says that South Africa and Brazil have fell into the trap.

Economists think this happens because as a country sells more and gets richer, it pays higher wages. This increases the cost of selling stuff. So the countries lose their competitive advantage and get stuck, unable to sell more and get richer.

The World Bank says a country is in the 'middle-income range' if its gross national product per person stays between $1,000 to $12,000 (in 2011 prices).

## References
Jackson County, Kansas

**Jackson County** (county code **JA**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 13,232 people lived there. Its county seat is Holton. Holton is also the biggest city in Jackson County. The county was first named Calhoun County. This was named after pro-slavery South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun. The county was renamed in 1859 for President Andrew Jackson.  The Prairie Band Potawatomi Indian Reservation is in the county, and it makes up about 18.5% of the county's area.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.3%) is water.

## People
]]

Jackson County is included in the Topeka, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Jackson County has supported the Republican Party candidate in every presidential election from 1936 onward. Democratic Party candidates for president have only won the county twice since 1888, in 1912 & 1932.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Jackson Heights USD 335
* Holton USD 336
* Royal Valley USD 337

## Communities
 Map of Jackson County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Circleville
* Delia
* Denison
* Holton
* Hoyt
* Mayetta
* Netawaka
* Soldier
* Whiting

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Jackson County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 66 pages; 1921.
* *Plat Book of Jackson County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 39 pages; 1903.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Jackson County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Jackson County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Wichita metropolitan area, Kansas

The **Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area** is an area that has five counties in south central Kansas. Its main place is the city of Wichita. In 2024, the area had 661,217 people living there. It is the biggest metropolitan area that is  in the state of Kansas.

## Counties
*Butler
*Harvey
*Sedgwick
*Sumner

## Communities
Populations are from the 2020 census.

### Places with more than 300,000 people
*Wichita (Principal city) Pop: 397,532

### Places with 10,000 to 25,000 people
*Derby Pop: 25,625
*Newton Pop: 18,602
*Andover Pop: 14,892
*El Dorado Pop: 12,870
*Arkansas City Pop: 11,974
*Winfield Pop: 11,777
*Haysville Pop: 11,262

### Places with 5,000 to 10,000 people
*Augusta Pop: 9,256
*Park City Pop: 8,333
*Bel Aire Pop: 8,262
*Wellington Pop: 7,715
*Valley Center Pop: 7,340
*Mulvane Pop: 6,286
*Maize Pop: 5,735
*Goddard Pop: 5,084

### Places with 1,000 to 5,000 people
*Rose Hill Pop: 4,185
*Hesston Pop: 3,505
*Oaklawn-Sunview (census-designated place) Pop: 2,880
*Clearwater Pop: 2,653
*Kechi Pop: 2,217
*Cheney Pop: 2,181
*Halstead Pop: 2,179
*North Newton Pop: 1,814
*McConnell Air Force Base (census-designated place) Pop: 1,636
*Sedgwick Pop: 1,603
*Douglass Pop: 1,555
*Belle Plaine Pop: 1,467
*Colwich Pop: 1,455
*Towanda Pop: 1,447
*Conway Springs Pop: 1,086
*Oxford Pop: 1,048
*Caldwell Pop: 1,025

### Places with fewer than 1,000 people
*Garden Plain Pop: 948
*Benton Pop: 943
*Andale Pop: 941
*Burrton Pop: 861
*Mount Hope Pop: 806
*Eastborough Pop: 756
*Leon Pop: 669
*Whitewater Pop: 661
*Bentley Pop: 560
*Argonia Pop: 456
*Potwin Pop: 421
*South Haven Pop: 324
*Elbing Pop: 226
*Walton Pop: 219
*Geuda Springs (partial) Pop: 158
*Viola Pop: 115
*Cassoday Pop: 113
*Latham Pop: 96
*Mayfield Pop: 75
*Milan Pop: 56
*Hunnewell Pop: 44

## References
Levite

A **Levite** or **Levi** (Hebrew language: לֵוִי) is a Jewish male descended from the Tribe of Levi on the father's side. 

The Levites of the Book of Leviticus were priests. In that book and the Book of Numbers they help Moses make prayers to God in the tabernacle (a holy tent).

## References
Promised Land

().]]
The **Promised Land** (, translit.: ''ha'aretz hamuvtakhat*; , translit.: *ard al-mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey"'') is very important in the Hebrew Bible. It is the land that God promised to Abraham and his descendants. Nowadays, it refers to the restored homeland for the Jewish people, a path to salvation and liberation, or both.

## Related pages 
* Book of Genesis
* Canaan
* Conquest of Canaan
* Land of Israel
* Who is a Jew?
Greater Israel

's Kingdom at the time of his death is probably close to a halachaic Greater Israel]]
**Greater Israel** (; *Eretz Yisrael Hashlema*) refers to the historic or desired borders of Israel. It is a form of irredentism.
It usually refers to the State of Israel together with the Palestinian territories. It is used in the Bible, sometimes called the Land of Israel. See , , ,  or .
Cowley County, Kansas

**Cowley County** (county code **CL**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas.  In 2020, 34,549 people lived there. Its county seat is Winfield. Its biggest city is Arkansas City.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

## People
]]

Cowley County comprises the Arkansas City-Winfield, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Wichita-Arkansas City-Winfield, KS Combined Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 462, Central
* USD 463, Udall
* USD 465, Winfield
* USD 470, Arkansas city
* USD 471, Dexter

### Colleges
* Cowley College
* Southwestern College
* St. John's College *closed in 1986*

## Communities
 Map of Cowley County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Winfield
* Arkansas City
* Udall
* Burden
* Parkerfield
* Dexter
* Atlanta
* Geuda Springs (partly in Sumner County)
* Cambridge

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *History of Cowley County Kansas*; D.A. Millington / E.P. Greer; Winfield Courier; 162 pages; 1901. (Download 16MB PDF eBook)
* *Standard Atlas of Cowley County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 54 pages; 1905.
* ''Edwards' Historical Atlas of Cowley County, Kansas''; John P. Edwards; 52 pages; 1882.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Cowley County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* Cowley County - GenWeb
;Maps
* Cowley County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Fiery flying serpent

chapter 21). A print from the Phillip Medhurst Collection of Bible illustrations]]
The **fiery flying serpent** is a snake creature mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Isaiah, the Book of Numbers, etc.). In biology it is the *Echis coloratus* (saw-scale viper).

## Name 
"Fiery flying serpent" is an English translation of the Hebrew words , *shārāp* (a "fiery serpent") *me‘ōpêp* ("flying").

## References
Nehushtan

called the snake 'Nehushtan'.]]
The **Nehushtan** (Hebrew:  *Nəḥuštān* [nə.ħuʃ.taːn]) is the bronze serpent on a pole first described in the Book of Numbers. God told Moses to make it. This was to cure the Israelites. Those who saw the nehushtan would be cured from the deathly bites of the "fiery serpents". God initially sent the fiery serpents to punish them for speaking against Him and Moses (). 

In the biblical Books of Kings (; written c. 550 BCE), King Hezekiah leads an iconoclastic reform. This requires the destruction of "the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan". The term means "a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass".

## Footnotes
Wendelin Werner

**Wendelin Werner** (born 23 September 1968) is a German-born French mathematician. He works on random processes such as self-avoiding random walks, Brownian motion, Schramm–Loewner evolution, and probability theory and mathematical physics. In 2006, he won the Fields Medal "for his contributions to the development of stochastic Loewner evolution, the geometry of two-dimensional Brownian motion, and conformal field theory".  He is professor at ETH Zürich.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2008.

## References
Finney County, Kansas

**Finney County** (county code **FI**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 38,470 people lived there. Its county seat is Garden City. Its biggest city is also Garden City.

## History
Finney County was created around 1880. It was called Buffalo County and Sequoyah County. They were named after Sequoyah, the Cherokee Indian responsible for the creation of the Cherokee alphabet. The two counties were renamed Finney County. It was named after Lieutenant Governor David Wesley Finney.

Charles "Buffalo" Jones was the first member of the Kansas House of Representatives from Finney County. He tried to stop the buffalo from extinction.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.05%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Kansas by area.

## Demographics
]]
Finney County is included in the Garden City, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area.

### 2020 Census
The 2020 census says that there were 38,470 people living in Finney County. They made up 13,064 households. Of the people in the county, 51.7% were Hispanic or Latino, 37.7% were non-Hispanic White, 3.9% were non-Hispanic Asian, 3.5% were non-Hispanic Black, and 3.1% were other races or ethnicities.

## Government
### Presidential election results
Finney County has often supported Republican presidential candidates. The last time it supported a Democrat was in 1976. This was when Jimmy Carter won the county by only 102 votes.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Holcomb USD 363
* Garden City USD 457

## Communities
 Map of Finney County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Garden City
* Holcomb

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Plat Book of Finney County, Kansas*; Western Publishing Company; 50 pages; 1910.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Finney County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Finney County Public Library 
;Maps
* Finney County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Slack (software)

**Slack** is an online messaging app with fancier features. Stewart Butterfield helped create it. It was originally for a video game. But then they just made it a simple messaging app and dropped the video game idea. "Slack" stands for "Searchable Log of All Conversation and Knowledge."

Slack has a workspace - it's a shared place where a team uses Slack. People can join a workspace if they get an invitation or a special link. Slack uses channels, which are like chat rooms. A channel can be public (anyone in the group can join) or private (only invited people can join). People can also send direct messages to one person or to a small group. A group chat can later become a private channel.

Slack can connect to many other apps, like Google Drive, Trello, Dropbox, and GitHub. It can also connect to calendars and other services.

Slack provides mobile apps for iOS and Android in addition to their web browser client and desktop clients for MacOS, Windows, and Linux (beta). 

Slack is a freemium product. This means people can use it for free, but some extra features cost money.  

Slack uses channels, which are like chat rooms. A channel can be public (anyone in the group can join) or private (only invited people can join). People can also send direct messages to one person or to a small group. A group chat can later become a private channel. 

All content, including files, conversations, and people, is searchable within Slack. Users can express their reactions in the form of emojis to any message.

Slack can connect to many other apps, like Google Drive, Trello, Dropbox, and GitHub. It can also connect to calendars and other services. Slack provides mobile apps for iOS and Android in addition to their web browser client and desktop clients for  Windows, macOS, and Linux (beta). 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Ebook "How to Use Slack"
Harvey County, Kansas

**Harvey County** (county code **HV**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 34,024 people lived there. Its county seat is Newton. Newton is also the biggest city in Harvey County.

## History
### 19th century
In 1871, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Emporia to Newton.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.2%) is water. The Little Arkansas River goes through the county.

## People
]]

Harvey County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 369, Burrton
** Burrton, Rural Areas
* USD 373, Newton
** Newton, Walton, Rural Areas
* USD 439, Sedgwick
** Sedgwick, Rural Areas
* USD 440, Halstead
** Halstead, Rural Areas
* USD 460, Hesston
** Hesston, Rural Areas
;District Office In Neighboring County
* USD 206, Remington-Whitewater
** Rural Areas
* USD 398, Peabody-Burns
** Rural Areas
* USD 411, Goessel
** Rural Areas
* USD 423, Moundridge
** Rural Areas

## Communities
 Map of Harvey County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Burrton
* Halstead
* Hesston
* Newton
* North Newton
* Sedgwick
* Walton

## References
;Notes

## More reading
;County
* *Standard Atlas of Harvey County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 70 pages; 1918.
* *Plat Book of Harvey County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 34 pages; 1902.
* *Historical Atlas of Harvey County, Kansas*; 33 pages; John P. Edwards; 1882.

;Newton
* *Bernhard Warkentin and the Kansas Mennonite Pioneers*; David A. Haury; Mennonite Life; December 1974.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Harvey County - Directory of Public Officials
* Harvey County - Economic Development Council
;Historical
* Harvey County Historical Society
* Harvey County Genealogical Society 
* Kansas State Historical Society
;Maps
* Harvey County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Greeley County, Kansas

**Greeley County** (county code **GL**) is a county in western Kansas. It is in the Central United States. In 2020, 1,284 people lived there. It is the county with the fewest number of people living in it in Kansas. Its county seat is Tribune. Tribune is also the biggest city in the county. The county is named after Horace Greeley of Chappaqua, New York, editor of the *New York Tribune*. Greeley helped western settlement with the motto  "Go West, young man".

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . All of it is land.

## People
]]

## Government
### County
Since January 1, 2009, Greeley County and Tribune have been a unified government.

### Presidential elections
This county is often chooses Republican candidates. The last time a Democratic candidate won the county was in 1976. A Democratic candidate has only won the county three times in its history: 1932 (Franklin D. Roosevelt), 1964 (Lyndon B. Johnson), and most recently in 1976 by Jimmy Carter.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Greeley County Schools, USD 200 

## Communities
 Map of Greeley County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Horace
* Tribune

## References
;Notes

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Greeley County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Greeley County Library
;Maps
* Greeley County Maps: Current, Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Barton County, Kansas

**Barton County** (standard abbreviation: **BT**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 25,493 people lived there. Its county seat is Great Bend. Great Bend is also the biggest city in Barton County. The county is named after Clara Barton. She was responsible for creating the American Red Cross.

## History
In 1867, **Barton County** was created. It was named after Clara Barton. It is the only Kansas county named after a woman.

## Geography
Barton County was drawn in the shape of a  square. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water. The geographic center of Kansas is in Barton County.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 56
* U.S. Route 281
* Kansas Highway 4
* Kansas Highway 96
* Kansas Highway 156

## People
]]
The Great Bend Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Barton County.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Prior to 1940, Barton County was a Democratic-leaning swing county in presidential elections, being a national bellwether from 1912 to 1936. From 1940 on, it has become a Republican Party stronghold, with the solitary Democratic Party presidential candidate to carry it since then being Lyndon B. Johnson in his national landslide of 1964.

## Education
### Unified school districts
The five school districts are part of the special education area of Barton County called Barton County Special Services.
* Central Plains USD 112
* Ellinwood USD 355
* Great Bend USD 428
* Hoisington USD 431
* Otis-Bison USD 403 (Rush County)

### Community colleges
* Barton Community College

## Communities
 Map of Barton County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Albert
*Claflin
*Ellinwood
*Galatia
*Great Bend
*Hoisington
*Olmitz
*Pawnee Rock
*Susank

## References
## More reading
;County
* *Atlas and Plat Book of Barton County, Kansas*; Kenyon Co; 55 pages; 1916.
* *Plat Book of Barton County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 47 pages; 1902.

;Trails
* *The Story of the Marking of the Santa Fe Trail by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Kansas and the State of Kansas*; Almira Cordry; Crane Co; 164 pages; 1915.
* *The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC)*; Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Barton County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Barton County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Chief Ahan

**Chief Ahan** was a First Nations leader who was executed  in 1865. He was exonerated by Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, in 2018.

## References
Józefa Joteyko

**Józefa Franciszka Joteyko** (29 January 1866 – 24 April 1928) was a Polish medical doctor, physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist, and co-organizer of special education in Warsaw. She was born on January, 29, 1866, in Poczujki and died on April, 24, 1928, in Warsaw.

## References
Industrial society

In an **industrial society,** people use technology to produce a lot of things (mass production). This leads to a large population with an organized division of labour. This happened to the Western world during the Industrial Revolution. This replaced farming or agrarian societies of the pre-modern age.

The US and many European nations are examples of industrial societies. China and India are also somewhat industrial but large parts of their populations still farm.

## References
CBRE

**CBRE** can refer to:

* Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive Defence Group, a counter-terrorism unit in Singapore.
* CBRE Group, a multinational real estate corporation.
* Certified Broadcast Radio Engineer, a professional title regulated by The Society of Broadcast Engineers.
Allen County, Kansas

**Allen County** (county code **AL**) is a county located in southeast portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 12,526 people lived there. Its county seat is Iola. Iola is also the biggest city in Allen County.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water. Allen County is located in the southeastern part of Kansas.

## People
]]

The 2020 United States Census says that there were 12,526 people living in Allen County.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Marmaton Valley USD 256
* Iola USD 257
* Humboldt USD 258

### Colleges and universities
* Allen County Community College

## Communities
 Map of Allen County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Bassett
* Elsmore
* Gas
* Humboldt
* Iola
* La Harpe
* Mildred
* Moran
* Savonburg

## References
## More reading
* *Atlas and plat book of Allen County, Kansas*; Kenyon Company; 90 pages; 1921.
* *Plat book of Allen County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 33 pages; 1906.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Allen County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* Allen County - History, Kansas State Historical Society
;Maps
* Allen County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Dickinson County, Kansas

**Dickinson County** (county code **DK**) is a county in Central Kansas. In 2020, 18,402 people lived there. Its county seat is Abilene. Abilene is also the biggest city in Dickinson County. The county was named after Daniel S. Dickinson.

## History
### 19th century
In 1857, **Dickinson County** was created.

The first railroad in Dickinson County was built through it in 1866.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Topeka to Herington. This main line connected Topeka, Valencia, Willard, Maple Hill, Vera, Paxico, McFarland, Alma, Volland, Alta Vista, Dwight, White City, Latimer, Herington.

### 21st century
In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built through Dickinson County. There was a lot of controversy about tax exemption and environmental concerns.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 393, Solomon
** Solomon, Rural Areas
* USD 435, Abilene
** Abilene, Rural Areas
* USD 473, Chapman
** Chapman, Carlton, Manchester, Enterprise, Rural Areas
* USD 487, Herington
** Herington, Rural Areas
;District Office In Neighboring County
* USD 481, Rural Vista (headquarters in White City)
** Hope, Woodbine, Rural Areas

## Communities
 Map of Dickinson County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Abilene
* Carlton
* Chapman
* Enterprise
* Herington
* Hope
* Manchester
* Solomon (partly in Saline County)
* Woodbine

## Famous people
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He moved to Abilene when he was 2 years old. Prior to that he was a five-star general in the United States Army. He was Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe World War II. He planned the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942&ndash;43 and the invasion of France and Germany in 1944&ndash;45. The Eisenhower Library is in Abilene.

Joe Engle is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel and a former NASA astronaut.

## References
;Notes

## More reading
;County
* *The Scully Land System in Marion County, Kansas*; Homer Socolofsky; Kansas State University; 110 pages; 1944/1947. (includes Dickinson County)
* *Standard Atlas of Dickinson County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 82 pages; 1921.
* *Plat Book and Complete Survey of Dickinson County, Kansas*; Kenyon Company ; 54 pages; 1909.
* *Standard Atlas of Dickinson County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 63 pages; 1901.
* *Portrait and Biographical Record of Dickinson, Saline, McPherson, and Marion Counties, Kansas*; Chapman Bros; 614 pages; 1893.

;Trails
* *The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC)*; Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916. (Download 6.8MB PDF eBook)

## Other websites
;County
* 
* 
;Historical
* Dickinson County Kansas History and Heritage Project
;Maps
* Dickinson County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Ashurst

**Ashurst** may refer to:

## Places
### United Kingdom
*Ashurst, Hampshire
**Served by Ashurst New Forest railway station
*Ashurst, Kent
**Served by Ashurst (Kent) railway station
*Ashurst, Lancashire
*Ashurst, West Sussex
*Ashurst Wood, West Sussex

### Other places
*Ashurst, Arizona, United States
*Ashhurst, a town in New Zealand

## People
*Henry F. Ashurst (1874–1962), U.S. Senator from Arizona (1912–1941)
*Len Ashurst (born 1939), English footballer and manager
*Mark Ashurst-McGee (born 1969), Mormon historian
*William Ashurst (footballer) (1894–1947), English footballer
*William Ashurst (Lord Mayor of London) (1647–1720), English banker, Sheriff of London, Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament
*Bill Ashurst (born 1948), English rugby league footballer
*William Henry Ashurst (judge) (1725–1807), English judge
*William Henry Ashurst (solicitor) (1792–1855), English solicitor
*William Ashhurst (1647–1720), English politician and banker

## Other uses
*Ashurst baronets, an English baronetcy
*Ashurst LLP, an international law firm headquartered in London
McPherson County, Kansas

**McPherson County** (standard abbreviation: **MP**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 30,223 people lived there. The biggest city is McPherson. It is also the county seat. The county is named after Civil War General James B. McPherson.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that  is land and  (0.3%) is water.

### Major highways
*  Interstate 135
*  U.S. Route 56
*  U.S. Route 81
*  K-4
*  K-61
*  K-153

## People
The McPherson Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of McPherson County.

## Government
### Presidential elections
McPherson county is often carried by Republican Candidates. The last time a democratic candidate has carried this county was in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 400, Smoky Valley
** Lindsborg, Marquette, Rural Areas
* USD 418, McPherson
** McPherson, Rural Areas
* USD 419, Canton-Galva
** Canton, Galva, Rural Areas
* USD 423, Moundridge
** Moundridge, Rural Areas
* USD 448, Inman
** Inman, Rural Areas
;District Office In Neighboring County
* USD 411, Goessel
** Rural Areas
* USD 444, Little River-Windom
** Windom, Rural Areas

## Communities
 Map of McPherson County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Canton
* Galva
* Inman
* Lindsborg
* Marquette
* McPherson
* Moundridge
* Windom

## References
;Notes

## More reading
;County
* *Through the Years: A Pictorial History of McPherson County*; McPherson Sentinel' Heritage House Publishing Co; 1992.
* *McPherson County First Courthouse Built About 1869 or 1870*; Lindsborg News-Record; March 30, 1959.
* *Pioneer Life and Lore of McPherson County, Kansas*; Edna Nyquist; Democratic-Opinion Press; 1932.
* *A History of the Church of the Brethren in Kansas* (includes McPherson College history); Elmer LeRoy Craik; McPherson Daily; Republican Press; 397 pages; 1922.
* *Portrait and Biographical Record of Dickinson, Saline, McPherson, and Marion Counties, Kansas*; Chapman Bros; 614 pages; 1893.
* *Standard Atlas of McPherson County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 82 pages; 1921.
* *Plat Book of McPherson County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 50 pages; 1903.
* ''Edwards' Atlas of McPherson County, Kansas*; John P. Edwards; 51 pages; 1884.

;Trails
* 
* *The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC)*; Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916. (Download 6.8MB PDF eBook)

;Mennonite Settlements
* *Impact of Mennonite settlement on the cultural landscape of Kansas*; Brenda Martin; Kansas State University; 1985/1988.
* *Mennonite settlement : the relationship between the physical and cultural environment*; Susan Movle; University of Utah; 1975/1886.
* *Status of Mennonite women in Kansas in their church and home relationships''; Eva Harshbarger; Bluffton College; 1925/1945.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* 
;Maps
* McPherson County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Round-bottom flask

set-up using a Liebig condenser, without a fractionating column. Both distilling (left) and receiving (right) flasks are round-bottom flasks.]]

**Round-bottom flasks** (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware.

They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the *neck* with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes.

## References
Roelof Nelissen

**Roelof Johannes Nelissen** (4 April 1931 – 18 July 2019) was a Dutch politician and businessman. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) (now the Christian Democratic Appeal). He was born in Hoofdplaat, Netherlands. Nelissen was the Deputy Prime Minister from 1971 to 1973 and Minister of Finance at the same time during the Barend Biesheuvel ministry. He was the CEO of the AMRO Bank from 1983 to 1991.

Nelissen died on 18 July 2019 in Hilversum, Netherlands at the age of 88.

## References
Chinese economic reform

The **Chinese economic reform** () refers to the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China between the 1970s and 1990s. They were led by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping and started in December 1978. They were also called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics".

## Why reform? 
Before the eighteenth century, China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies. Adam Smith agreed. However, Chinese economy began to slow down and even got worse by the 20th century. This was due to things like the First Sino-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War.

Other than that, in 1978 the Chinese economy was on the brink of disaster as a consequence of the decisions of Mao Zedong.

## How did they reform? 
The Communist Party began to fix the economy. It introduced market principles in 1978.

Part 1: In the 70s and 80s, they stopped requiring everybody to farm and stopped sending young people to the countryside. They also opened China to foreign investment, allowing people to start businesses. However, most businesses remained owned by the government.

Part 2: In the 80s and 90s, the PRC allowed much more private control of business (less government control, privatization). They removed price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. Still state monopolies in banking and petroleum remained.

## What happened next? 
The private sector grew remarkably, becoming 70% of China's gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth happened, with the economy increasing by 9.5% each year.

After 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao controlled the economy more heavily, reversing some reforms. Xi Jinping undid some more reforms by allowing the government greater control in some areas of the economy.

Chinese society changed a lot because of these reforms. They greatly reduced poverty and increased average income. They have also led to China's rise as a world power.

## References
Franklin County, Kansas

**Franklin County** (county code **FR**) is a county in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 25,996 people lived there. Its county seat is Ottawa. Ottawa is also the biggest city in Franklin County. The county is mostly rural. It was part of the Kansas City metropolitan area, but it no longer is since 2013.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.9%) is water.

### Major highways
* Interstate 35
* U.S. Route 50
* U.S. Route 59
* K-33
* K-68

## People
]]
Franklin County is in the Ottawa, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It was included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Franklin County is often carried by Republican Candidates. The last time a democratic candidate has carried Franklin County was in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* West Franklin USD 287 (Web site)
* Central Heights USD 288 (Web site)
* Wellsville USD 289 (Web site)
* Ottawa USD 290 (Web site)

### Colleges and universities
* Ottawa University, Ottawa
* Neosho County Community College (branch campus), Ottawa

## Communities
 Map of Franklin County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Lane
* Ottawa
* Pomona
* Princeton
* Rantoul
* Richmond
* Wellsville
* Williamsburg

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Franklin County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1920.
* *Plat Book of Franklin County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 36 pages; 1903.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Franklin County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* Franklin County Genealogical Society 
;Maps
* Franklin County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Ágnes Heller

**Ágnes Heller** (12 May 1929 – 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and educator. She was a member of the Budapest School philosophical forum in the 1960s. She later taught political theory for 25 years at the New School for Social Research in New York City. She was born in Budapest.

Heller drowned while swimming at Lake Balaton in Balatonalmádi, Hungary on 19 July 2019, aged 90.

## References
Sheila Dikshit

**Sheila Dikshit** (née **Kapoor**; (31 March 1938 &ndash; 20 July 2019) was an Indian politician. She was born in Kapurthala, Punjab. Dikshit was a member of the Indian National Congress. She was a member of Lok Sabha (1984–1989), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998–2013) and Governor of Kerala (2014).

Dikshit died at a hospital in New Delhi on 20 July 2019 of cardiac arrest, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Official profile, Government of Delhi website
R. L. Bhatia

**Raghunandan Lal Bhatia** (3 July 1921 &ndash; 14 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Kerala from 23 June 2004 to 10 July 2008 and was the Governor of Bihar from 10 July 2008 to 28 June 2009. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab. Bhatia was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1972. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Bhatia retired in 2009.

Bhatia died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Amritsar on 14 May 2021, less than two months before he turned 100.

## References
Rama Jois

Justice **Mandagadde Rama Jois** (27 July 1931 &ndash; 16 February 2021) was an Indian politician, activist and writer. He was a member of Rajya Sabha for the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the governor of the Jharkhand and Bihar states. He was Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1992. He was born in Araga, Shivamogga District.

Jois died of cardiac arrest on 16 February 2021 in Bangalore, India at the age of 89.

## References
S. C. Jamir

**Senayangba Chubatoshi Jamir** (born 17 October 1931) is an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Odisha from 2013 to 2018. He was the Chief Minister of Nagaland, Governor of Maharashtra, Governor of Gujarat, Governor of Goa and Governor of Odisha. Jamir is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Ungma, Nagaland.

## References
S. M. Krishna

**Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna** (1 May 1932 &ndash; 10 December 2024) was an Indian politician. He was Minister of External Affairs of India from 2009 to October 2012. He was a member of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. Krishna was the 16th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004 and the 19th  Governor of Maharashtra from 2004 to 2008.

Krishna died from a long illness at his home in Bengaluru, India on 10 December 2024, at the age of 92.

## Early Life and Education
Krishna was born in Somanahalli village in the Mandya district of Karnataka, India. He studied at Mysore University and later went to the United States to study law at George Washington University. His education helped him gain knowledge about law, government and international affairs.

## Political Career in Karnataka
Krishna started his political journey with the Indian National Congress party. He served as an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) in Karnataka several times.

He became the 16th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004. During his time as CM, he worked to make Bengaluru a global IT hub. He focused on urban development, infrastructure and attracting foreign investment. His leadership was known for being modern and technology-friendly.

## Governor of Maharashtra
After serving in Karnataka, Krishna was appointed the 19th Governor of Maharashtra. He held this position from 2004 to 2008. As Governor, he stayed neutral in state politics and performed duties as a representative of the President of India.
## Minister of External Affairs
In 2009, he became the Minister of External Affairs of India, a top position in the national government. He served until October 2012. During this time, he represented India in many international meetings and built strong ties with countries around the world.

## References
K. Sankaranarayanan

**Kateekal Sankaranarayanan** (15 October 1932 &ndash; 24 April 2022) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Maharashtra from 2010 to 2014. He also was the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Palakkad, India.

Sankaranarayanan died on 24 April 2022 at his home in Palakkad from problems caused by a stroke, aged 89.

## References
R. D. Pradhan

**Ram D. Pradhan** (27 June 1928 &ndash; 31 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the Rajiv Gandhi government. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years.

Pradhan died on 31 July 2020, aged 92.

## References
Jagannath Pahadia

**Jagannath Pahadia**  (15 January 1932 &ndash; 19 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was known for being the former leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Governor of Haryana from 2009 to 2014, Governor of Bihar from 1989 to 1990 and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 1980 to 1981. He was born in Rajasthan.

Pahadia died of COVID-19 at a hospital in New Delhi, India on 19 May 2021 at the age of 89.

## References
Franklin County, Mississippi

**Franklin County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 7,675 people lived there. Its county seat is Meadville. The county was founded on December 21, 1809 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.

## References
Jefferson County, Mississippi

**Jefferson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River. As of the 2020 census, 7,260 people lived there. Its county seat is Fayette. The county was founded in 1799. It is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.

## References
Bolivar County, Mississippi

**Bolivar County** is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 30,985 people lived there. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county was founded in 1836. It is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of many South American colonies from Spain.

## References
Pontotoc County

**Pontotoc County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Pontotoc County, Mississippi
* Pontotoc County, Oklahoma
Smiths Ferry, Idaho

**Smiths Ferry** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valley County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2020 census, there were 63 people living there.

## References
Garfield, Washington

**Garfield** is a city in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 562 at the 2020 census, down from 597 in 2010.

## References
Masha Gessen

**Masha Gessen** (born **Maria Alexandrovna Gessen** () 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the Russian President Vladimir Putin and American President Donald Trump. She was born in Moscow.

Gessen is openly a lesbian. She lives in New York City.

Gessen has written columns for *The New York Times*, *The New York Review of Books*, *The Washington Post*, the *Los Angeles Times*, *The New Republic*, *New Statesman*, *Granta*, *Slate*, *Vanity Fair*, ''Harper's Magazine*, *The New Yorker*, and *U.S. News & World Report*.  Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for *The New Yorker''.

## References
Japonic languages

The **Japonic languages** are a language family made up of languages native to the Japanese islands. Known members of the language family are Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages (Okinawan, Kunigami, Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni).

All Japonic languages are agglutinative languages with a simple syllable structure and SOV word order. They have many similar features, but they are not mutually intelligible, which means native speakers of one language will not understand the other language without already knowing it.

While Japanese is the ninth most spoken language in the world, the Ryukyuan languages are critically endangered, which means there are very few speakers left. This was largely because of the Japanese government's assimilation of Ryukyu into the mainland Japanese culture. During the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Ryukyuan languages “dialects of Japanese”. This was used to forbid Ryukyuans from speaking the Ryukyuan languages and to force them to speak Japanese. In fact, Okinawan soldiers and civilians were put to death for speaking Okinawan during World War II. The Japanese military would accuse them of being spies so they could have an excuse to put them to death.

All of the languages write using a combination of Chinese characters, called kanji in Japanese, and kana, a Japanese-made syllabic writing system made for writing phonetically. This was true even before the Japanese takeover of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

## References
Hakuna matata

**Hakuna matata** means "no worries" in Swahili – a language of East Africa. In 2018, some people accused the Disney or "colonialism" and "robbery" for stealing the phrase from East Africa. The phrase is popular in Kenya, one of the countries where it came from. However, due to the said trademark, Kenyans are not allowed to sell stuff to the US that use that phrase.

## References
Baltimore oriole

The **Baltimore oriole** (*Icterus galbula*) is a small icterid blackbird. It is common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird.

The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland. It is also the inspiration for the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.

## References
Attala County, Mississippi

**Attala County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 17,889 people lived there. Its county seat is Kosciusko.

## References
Cosmogony

**Cosmogony** is any theory of the origin of the universe.

## Examples 
### Physics 
 theory states that the universe originally expanded from a point.]]
In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of things like the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system.

It is generally accepted that the universe began as a singularity, and when the singularity of the universe started to expand, the Big Bang occurred, which began the universe.

People disagree on the origins of the singularity.

It may be like a black hole, which is a singularity sincegravity in a black hole becomes boundless.

Others like Stephen Hawking say "time" did not exist and was only born with the universe. Hence the universe does not have an origin story. Time did not exist before the creation of the universe.

There is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck time). This is because we lack a testable theory of quantum gravity. Still, some researchers in string theory, M theory, and loop quantum cosmology have some ideas.

### Mythology 
There are certain myths that also propose how the universe was created: for example creation myths in the Bible, the Dào Dé Jīng, and other genesis stories. These usually involve

* a supreme being or god
* birth via sex between male and female gods
* or birth via the cosmic egg

The Eridu Genesis, written on Sumerian tablets, is one of the oldest creation myths. The universe was created from a sea (Abzu). In Greek mythology, Zeus created the universe from chaos. Aztec creation has four versions of earth being created and destroyed, before settling the fifth and current earth. In Bushongo creation, the great god Bumba vomited up the sun, then the earth and everything else.

## It is not the same as cosmology 
Cosmology studies the universe in general. You can still study the universe without thinking about its origin, which is what cosmonogy studies specifically.

## References
Glauber dynamics

In statistical physics, **Glauber dynamics** is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer. It is a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm.

## The algorithm 
In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1). Say the particles are on a 2D grid. We label each with an x and y coordinate. Glauber's algorithm becomes:

# Choose a particle \sigma_{x,y} at random.
# Sum its four neighboring spins. S = \sigma_{x+1,y} + \sigma_{x-1,y} + \sigma_{x,y+1} + \sigma_{x,y-1}.
# Compute the change in energy if the spin x, y were to flip. This is \Delta E = 2\sigma_{x, y} S (see the Hamiltonian for the Ising model).
# If \Delta E  flip the spin. That is if flipping reduces the energy, then do it.
# Else flip the spin with probability e^{-\Delta E/T} where T is the temperature.
# Display the new grid. Repeat the above N times.

This tries to approximate how the spins change over time. The fancy term is that it is part of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which roughly studies the time-dependent behavior of statistical mechanics.

## History 
The algorithm is named after Roy J. Glauber, Nobel Prize winner and a Harvard physicist who worked at Los Alamos.

## Related pages 
* Metropolis algorithm
* Ising model
* Monte Carlo algorithm
* Simulated annealing

## References