open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Richard III, Duke of Normandy

**Richard III** (997/1001 – 6 August 1027) was the Duke of Normandy. His short reign of one year opened with a rebellion by his younger brother Robert I and ended with his death.

## Early career 
Richard III was the oldest son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his wife Judith of Brittany. He was born . It was a distance of about 250&nbsp;miles (400&nbsp;kilometers) from Normandy. Richard III's capture of the castle of Minamde was enough to convince Bishop Hugh to surrender and release Reginald. By all accounts Richard III was accepted by the barons of Normandy and had no problems accepting his new role as duke. But once Richard III became duke, his younger brother Robert was not satisfied. He raided the diocese of his uncle Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen. Finally Richard III laid siege to Falaise and brought the walls down. Robert surrendered and promised to be faithful. a younger daughter of Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. After Richard's death Adela secondly married Baldwin V, Count of Flanders.

## Issue
By his wife Adela he had no children.

By an unknown concubine he had at least two children:
* Alice/Alix of Normandy who married Ranulph, Viscount of Bayeux.
* Nicolas, Monk at Fécamp, Abbot of Saint-Ouen, Rouen (died 26 Feb 1092)

## References
ParaNorman

***ParaNorman*** is a 2012 American animated comedy horror movie by Laika set in Massachusetts. It stars Kodi Smit-McPhee, Jodelle Ferland, Tucker Albrizzi, Anna Kendrick, Casey Affleck, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Leslie Mann, Jeff Garlin, Bernard Hill, Elaine Stritch, Tempestt Bledsoe, John Goodman, and Alex Borstein. It was released on August 17, 2012. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Film.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *ParaNorman* DVD & Blu-ray  at Universal Studios Home Entertainment
* Official novel website
Leksand Municipality

**Leksand Municipality** () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Leksand.

## References 
## Other websites
* Leksand Municipality
William Scranton

**William Warren Scranton** (July 19, 1917 &ndash; July 28, 2013) was an American Republican Party politician. 

Scranton served as the 38th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967. From 1976 to 1977, he served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.

Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 in Madison, Connecticut. He studied at Yale University. Scranton was married to Mary Lowe Chamberlain. They had four children. Scranton died on July 28, 2013 in Santa Barbara, California from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Biography
Norsjö Municipality

**Norsjö Municipality** () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Norsjö.

## References 
## Other websites
* Norsjö Municipality
Non-conformism

**Non-conformism** is a movement within English Protestantism which originated with the Puritans, later called Dissenters. These Christians refused to conform or submit to the rules of the Anglican church for doctrinal reasons, and so formed their own denominations, some Baptist, some Presbyterian.

## Other websites
*Theopedia
Tabernacle

The **Tabernacle** was a tent used in the Book of Exodus as a temple or dwelling place of God. The word is still used in Catholicism for the box in which the Host or Eucharistic bread is kept, and for Non-conformist and Mormon churches.

## Related pages
*Leviticus
*Metropolitan Tabernacle
*Salt Lake Tabernacle

## Other websites
*Tabernacle model
Åmål Municipality

**Åmål Municipality** () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åmål.

## References 
## Other websites
*
* Åmål Municipality
Mora Church

**Mora Church** () is a church building in Mora in Sweden. It belongs to Mora Parish of the Church of Sweden.   The church has become famous for being near the Vasaloppet finish line.

## References 
## Other websites
English Electric Canberra

The **English Electric Canberra** is a famous twin-turbojet British-Australian military aircraft. Originally designed and built as a bomber, it was later modified for reconnaissance and electronic warfare. It was used in the United Kingdom by the Royal Air Force, Fleet Air Arm, and the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Other operators are Argentina, Australia, Chile, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, India, New Zealand, Peru, Rhodesia, South Africa, Sweden, Venezuela, West Germany, and Zimbabwe.

USA bought two aircrafts for aerial tests. **English Electric Canberra** was the basis of the Martin B-57 light bomber.
BAC TSR-2

The **British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2** is a British military aircraft. It was a bomber project for the Royal Air Force. It was designed and built to carry a nuclear bomb. It was powered by the same kind of turbojets as the Concorde. Only one prototype was flown.
Strängnäs Municipality

**Strängnäs Municipality** () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Strängnäs.

## References 
## Other websites
* Strängnäs Municipality
Fieseler Fi 156 Storch

The **Fieseler Fi 156 Storch** is a light single-engine twin-seat aircraft. It was built in Nazi Germany for Luftwaffe. It was used as light liaisons and communication duties in World War II. Some were used for reconnaissance. After the war it was built under licence in France as **Morane Saulnier MS-500 Criquet**.

## Bibliography 
*
Dewoitine D.520

.]]
The **Dewoitine D.520** is a French fighter aircraft. Its first flight was in 1938. It was, with the Morane Saulnier MS.406, the main fighter aircraft used by the French Air Force at the beginning of World War II. It was used in the Battle of France against Nazi Germany Luftwaffe fighters like Messerschmitt Bf 109. After the 1940s French defeat, some of there were delivered to Bulgaria and Luftwaffe.
Karkkila

**Karkkila** is a city in Finland. About 9,111 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Lohja, Loppi, Tammela and Vihti.

## Some villages
Ahmoo, Alimmainen, Haavisto (Karkkila), Järvenpää (Karkkila), Karkkila, Nyhkälälä, Siikala, Tuorila, Vaskijärvi (village), Vattola and Vuotinainen.

## Population growth
## Other websites
* Community website

## References
I'm So Excited!

'''''I'm So Excited''''' is a Spanish comedy movie of 2013. The movie is about two bisexual pilots, Benito and Alex, and several homosexual stewards. During an airplane ride which could determine the remainder of their lives, an unchecked portion of the plane leaves them without part of the landing gear. This movie was released in summer 2013 in the United States.

The director of this movie is Pedro Almodóvar. This movie received mixed to positive review by critics. Its title comes from a Pointer Sisters hit song.
Rave

in 2005.]]
A **rave** is a large party or festival with disc jockeys playing electronic music. Music played at raves include house, trance, techno, drum and bass, dubstep and other forms of electronic dance music (EDM). There is a lot of dancing. Raves also have laser light shows, projected images and other visual effects used to create a fantasy-like scene. Raves mostly developed from acid house music parties in the mid-to-late 1980s in England and Ibiza. From there, it quickly spread to mainland Europe and the United States.

Raves are usually organised and promoted by event companies. Some of the early companies promoting raves in England during the 1990s were Fantazia and Helter Skelter. Another was ESP Promotions, which held a series of raves named *Dreamscape*. In London, there were a few large clubs that held raves on a regular basis.

## Related pages
* Disco
* Electronic body music
* Love Parade

## References
## Other websites
* Rave Timeline 1987-1993 
* Zines, flyers and mixtapes from 1990 to 1999
* Rave Footage from 1988 to 1994
*
Sälen

**Sälen** [sæːlen] is a ski resort in Sweden. It is in Malung-Sälen Municipality in Dalarna County. It had 652 people living there in 2010.

The starting line for Vasaloppet is held in Sälen.

## References
## Other websites
Boxholm Municipality

**Boxholm Municipality** () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Boxholm.

## Localities
*Boxholm (seat)
*Strålsnäs

## References 
## Other websites
* Boxholm Municipality
The Other Woman (2014 movie)

***The Other Woman*** is a 2014 American comedy movie. Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton star in the movie. It is the first film Nicki Minaj has acted in. It was released in North America on April 25, 2014 by 20th Century Fox. It is about a woman (played by Diaz) who finds out that her boyfriend is married to another woman (played by Mann). Both women later find out that he is also having an affair with a younger woman (played by Upton).

## Other websites 
*
Edge of Tomorrow

***Edge of Tomorrow*** is an action and science fiction movie. The subject is humanity at war. Tom Cruise and Bill Paxton star in the movie. *Edge of Tomorrow* is distributed by Warner Brothers. The movie was released on June 6, 2014 in Canada and the United States.
Gurdas Maan

**Gurdas Maan** () is a Punjabi singer-songwriter and actor. His song "dil da maamla hai" was a national success in 1980. He acted in many movies like *Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh*.
Nacka Municipality

**Nacka Municipality** () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nacka.

## References 
## Other websites
* Nacka Municipality
Nokia, Finland

*For the company, see Nokia.*

**Nokia** is a town in Pirkanmaa, Finland. About 32,700 people lived there as of January 2014. Nearby municipalities include Hämeenkyrö, Pirkkala, Sastamala, Tampere, Vesilahti and Ylöjärvi.

Nokia is an industrial city and where products of many Finnish brands are made. The most notable is Nokia, which makes information technology products. In 2013, Nokia reported that it would sell its mobile phone division to Microsoft.

## Other websites
* Community website
Sekai no Owari

is a Japanese rock band. It was formed in Tokyo in 2007. The band has four members: Satoshi Fukase, Saori Fujisaki, Shinichi "Nakajin" Nakajima, and DJ Love. They signed with the record label Toy's Factory in 2011. Their first single with this label was "Inori". This was released in August 2011.

## Members
## The Origin Of The Name
The origin of this band's name is that when Fukase broke down and felt like end of the world, he realized he only had music and friends.  So, he thought he would start from end and named his band "SEKAI NO OWARI"

## History
They are friends from preschool to high school,but Saori is a year younger. The current DJ LOVE is the second. The first DJ LOVE left the band because he wanted to play different music. They started the band in 2006 in the "club EARTH" which they made themselves. In 2010,"The life of illusion"is first hit. Nowadays, they play the music all over the world.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official Twitter
* Fukase's Twitter
* Saori's Twitter
* Nakajin's Twitter
* DJ LOVE's Twitter
* Fukase's Instagram
Tjörn

**Tjörn** is an island on the west coast of Sweden. Tjörn is part of Tjörn Municipality. The island is the 6th largest in Sweden.

## References 
## Other website
Värmdö

**Värmdö** is an island close to Stockholm, on the east coast of Sweden. Most of Värmdö is part of Värmdö Municipality, while the western parts are in Nacka Municipality.

## References 
## Other website
Valdemarsvik Municipality

**Valdemarsvik Municipality** () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Valdemarsvik.

## References 
## Other websites
* Valdemarsvik Municipality
Celestial coordinate system

A **celestial coordinate system** is a coordinate system that helps astronomers specify the location of objects in the sky. These objects may be stars, planets or even satellites. There are several such coordinate systems listed below. All of them are spherical.

The fundamental plane divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres and defines the baseline for the latitudinal coordinates, similar to the equator in the geographic coordinate system. The poles are located at ±90° from the fundamental plane. The primary direction is the starting point of the longitudinal coordinates.

## Coordinate systems 
These are common coordinate systems used by the astronomical community:

### Horizontal system 
The horizontal system is based on the position of the observer on Earth. It is a useful coordinate system for finding and tracking objects for observers on Earth. It is based on the position of stars relative to an observer's true or ideal horizon.

### Equatorial system 
The equatorial coordinates are based on the position of stars relative to the Earth's equator. Imagine the Earth's equator extended out to an infinite distance. The equatorial describes the sky as seen from the solar system. *Modern star maps almost exclusively use equatorial coordinates*.

### Eclyptic system 
The fundamental plane is the plane of the Earth's orbit, also called the ecliptic plane. There are two versions: the geocentric ecliptic coordinates centred on the Earth, and heliocentric ecliptic coordinates centred on the centre of mass of the solar system.

The geocentric ecliptic system was the principal coordinate system for ancient astronomy and is still useful for computing the apparent motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets.

The heliocentric ecliptic system describes the planets' orbital movement around the Sun, and centres on the barycenter of the solar system. This is very close to the centre of the Sun). The system is mainly used for computing the positions of planets and other solar system bodies, and their orbits.

### Galactic system 
The galactic coordinate system uses the approximate plane of our galaxy as its fundamental plane. The solar system is still the centre of the coordinate system, and the zero point is defined as the direction towards the galactic centre. 'Galactic latitude' means, roughly, the elevation above the galactic plane. 'Galactic longitude' is the direction relative to the centre of the galaxy.

### Supergalactic system  
The supergalactic coordinate system is a fundamental plane with a higher than average number of local galaxies in the sky as seen from Earth.

## Software 
There is standard software which does the calculations:
*NOVAS: Naval Observatory Vector Astronomy Software. https://aa.usno.navy.mil/software/novas/novas_info.php 
*IAU Standards of Fundamental Astronomy. http://www.iausofa.org/ 

## References
Alvesta Municipality

**Alvesta Municipality** () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden and the seat is in Alvesta.

## References 
## Other websites
*
* Alvesta Municipality
Pays de Bray

]]
The **Pays de Bray** is a small natural region of France. It is northeast of Rouen and is in the French départements of the Seine-Maritime and Oise. It was in the historic  provinces of Normandy and Picardy since 911. The landscape is mainly bocage, a land use which has to do with its clay soil. This makes it suitable for pasture for the raising of dairy cattle. It produces famous butters and cheeses such as Neuchâtel.

## Notes 
## References
International Academy of Architecture

The **International Academy of Architecture** is a non-profit organization. It has special status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The Academy is located in Sofia, Bulgaria.

## Other websites 
* Official website of the *International Academy of Architecture*
Bocage

**Bocage** [boh-kahzh] is a Norman word which has found its way into both the French and English languages. It may refer to a small forest or a decoration that includes leaves. But most often it refers to pastures bordered by thick forest or hedges. The trees and hedges around the pastures or fields are planted in earth mounds. Between the planted mounds are sunken lanes. It was ideal for German troops to hide in and not be seen until it was too late.

## Bocage landscape 

File:Bocage country at Cotentin Peninsula.jpg|Bocage of the Cotentin Peninsula.
File:Footpath junction near Parsonage Farm - geograph.org.uk - 1388117.jpg|Path through bocage.
File:Campagne-parc St-Maurice.JPG|Rural landscape of semi-bocage.
File:BocageCommana 2012 1.JPG|Cut down bocage showing mounds.

## References
World Architecture Festival

The **World Architecture Festival** is an international festival dedicated to architecture. The festival started in 2008 in Barcelona. It has since then has been held in Singapore. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website - World Architecture Festival
* Official website - World Buildings Directory
World Urbanism Day

The **World Urbanism Day** is an international event for urbanism and urban planning held every year on 8 November in 30 countries. The event was established in 1949 by the University of Buenos Aires.

## Other websites 
* American Planning Association: World Town Planning Day
* World Urbanism Day from WN Network
Kittur Chennamma

**Kitturu Rani Chennamma** (; born 14 November  Kittur, Karnataka – died 21 February 1829) was the Queen of the princely state of Kittur, in what is now India. She was best known for leading an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824. This was 33 years before the 1857 war of independence. The British were going to take control of Kittur under the doctrine of lapse, because there was no male heir. Yaseen the resistance ended with her martyrdom and she is remembered today as one of the earliest Indian rulers to have fought for independence. Along with Abbakka Rani, Keladi Chennamma and Onake Obavva she is much venerated in Karnataka as an icon of bravery and women’s pride.

## References
Surface-mount technology

head]]

**Surface-mount technology** (**SMT**) uses electronic devices that are made to be placed directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs).

Examples of surface-mount devices are resistors, capacitors, LEDs and integrated circuits. Surface mounted devices are generally smaller than those used in the older through-hole technology, which need longer leads and holes in the circuit board.

## Other websites 
*
Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center

**Reichman University** is a private university in Herzliya, Israel. 

Until the year 2020, it was known as "**Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center**". 

## Other websites 
*Interdisciplinary Center 
*IDC Student Union 
*IDC International Radio
University of Buenos Aires

**University of Buenos Aires** (, **UBA**) is an Argentine public national university based in the city of Buenos Aires. 

It was founded on August 12, 1821 by the governor of the province of Buenos Aires, Martín Rodríguez, and his government minister, Bernardino Rivadavia. The UBA is the largest university in Argentina and is considered to be one of the most prestigious study centers in America and the world. According to the bases of its university statute, "it is a public law entity whose aims are: the promotion, dissemination and preservation of culture [...] being in direct and permanent contact with universal thought and paying particular attention to the Argentine problems"

## Gallery

File:Buenos Aires - Recoleta - Facultad de Derecho.jpg
File:Fachada Facultad de Ciencias Económicas UBA (2).jpg
File:Palace Hotel (Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, desde Alem).jpg
File:Ffyb - uba.jpg
File:Plaza Houssay Av Córdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg
File:Facultad de Ingenieria (UBA).jpg

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Argentine government website for international students
Through-hole technology

s]]
s]]

**Through-hole technology** is a way to mount electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCB).

It involves the use of leads on the components that are inserted into holes drilled in the PCBs and soldered to pads on the opposite side either by manual assembly (handiwork) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines.

Many parts made for through hole mounting are larger than those for surface-mount technology.

## References
Israel National Trail

**Israel National Trail** (, ''Shvil Yisra'el'') is a hiking trail for hikers and backpackers that crosses the whole of Israel, from Kibbutz Dan in the far north of Israel to Eilat at the southernmost tip of Israel on the Red Sea, with a total length of . The trail was opened in 1995.
.]]
The trail is marked with three stripes (white, blue, and orange), and takes an average of 45–60 days to complete.

The best hiking seasons are either from mid-February to mid-May or from September to December. The summer months (mid-May to the end of August) are considered too hot. Winter is less popular due to rain, low temperatures and, in the southern sections of the trail, potential flash floods.

## References
## Other websites 
*Hiking the Israel National Trail - English language resources
*The trail in Google maps
*Shvil Israel at SPNI Israel National Trail at the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel website (Hebrew)
*Israel National Trail  - Maps, Guids & Stories.
Haninge Municipality

**Haninge Municipality** () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Handen.

## References 
## Other websites
* Haninge Municipality
Örkelljunga Municipality

**Örkelljunga Municipality** () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Örkelljunga.

## References 
## Other websites
* Örkelljunga Municipality
Pays de Caux

The **Pays de Caux** () is an area in Normandy, France. It makes up the greater part of the French *département* of Seine Maritime in Normandy. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extends to the cliffs on the English Channel coast. Its coastline is called the Côte d'Albâtre. In the east, it borders on the Pays de Bray where the layers of soil below the chalk show through.

The area depends on manufacturing more than as agriculture. Even so, the soil quality of the Pays de Caux is the finest in France. It is also known for its fine fabrics.

Cauchois is a dialect of the Norman language. The Pays de Caux is one of the last places outside the Cotentin Peninsula where the Norman language is spoken. Its main cities are Le Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, Yvetot and Étretat.

In the Norman language *caux* means lime, calcium carbonate.

## Artistic connections
The rugged scenery of the Pays de Caux is only a short distance from Paris. Artists including Claude Monet and Gustave Courbet came there to paint.

Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 081.jpg|Renoir
Image:Monet w822.jpg|Monet
Image:Claude Monet 020.jpg|Monet
Image:Gustave Courbet 015.jpg|Courbet

## References
Highway 1 (Israel–Palestine)

going up to Jerusalem]]
**Highway 1** (, *Kvish Ahat*) is a road from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. It passes through Israel and the West Bank. It ends at the border with Jordan.
Highway 2 (Israel)

**Highway 2** (, *Kvish 2*) also called the **Coast Road**, is a highway in Israel along the north coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It connects Tel Aviv and Haifa.
Filter (electronics)

**Electronic filters** are electrical circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be:

*passive or active
*analog or digital
*high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject (band reject; notch), or all-pass.
*discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time
*linear or non-linear
*infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)

The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. Digital filters use a Fourier transform.
Highway 50 (Israel–Palestine)

**Begin Road** (, Begin Boulevard, Sderot Begin), also called **Menachem Begin Expressway** or **Begin Highway**, is an urban highway crossing western Jerusalem from north to south. It is named after Israel's sixth Prime Minister, Menachem Begin. The road starts at Atarot Junction and ends in HaMinharot Interchange. It connects to Road 60.

## Other websites
International Union of Architects

**International Union of Architects** (, or **UIA**) is an international organization of architects. The organization is based in Paris, France.

## Other websites 
* UIA website  Official website
* About the UIA  American Institute of Architects website
Tage Erlander

**Tage Erlander** (born 13 June 1901 in Ransäter, died 21 June 1985 in Huddinge) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. He was the Prime Minister of Sweden from October 1946 to October 1969.

## References 
## Other websites
Per Albin Hansson

**Per Albin Hansson** (born 28 October 1885 in Kulladal, died 6 October 1946 in Stockholm) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and promoted policy of welfare state. He was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 24 September 1932 to 6 October 1946, except for a short period in mid-1936.

## References 
## Other websites
Rona Anderson

**Rona Anderson** (3 August 1926 &ndash; 23 July 2013) was a Scottish actress. She was known for her roles in *Whose Life Is It Anyway?*, *Sleeping Car to Trieste*, *The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie*, and *Floodtide*.

Anderson was born on 3 August 1926 in Edinburgh, Scotland. She was raised in Ottawa, Canada. Anderson was married to Gordon Jackson from 1951 until his death in 1990. They had two sons, Roddy and Graham. Anderson died on 23 July 2013 in Edinburgh, Scotland from natural causes, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Henryk Baranowski

**Henryk Baranowski** (9 February 1943 &ndash; 27 July 2013) was a Polish theatre director and actor. He starred in two episodes of *The Decalogue* series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski.

Baranowski was born on 9 February 1943 in Tarnopol, Poland (now Ternopil, Ukraine). He studied at the University of Warsaw. His career began in 1969. He retired in 2006. Baranowski died on 27 July 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from an illness, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vickers Viscount

The **Vickers Viscount** is a British airliner. It is a four-turboprop civilian aircraft. It can carry between 65 and 75 passengers. The Vanguard is an enlarged cargo aircraft variant. It was used by Air France, BOAC, United Airlines and many other airlines in the world.
Bell P-59 Airacomet

The **Bell P-59 Airacomet** is an American military aircraft. It was the first fighter jet designed and built in the United States. It was far below the United States spectations at the time. It was cancelled in favor of the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. The last one was retired in 1949.
Sjöbo Municipality

**Sjöbo Municipality** () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Sjöbo. In 1988, there was a controversial referendum in the municipality, where the majority said no to admitting foreign refugees.

## References 
## Other websites
* Sjöbo Municipality
High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh

The **Dhaka High Court** is a court in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was created in 1947 under Pakistan (Provisional Constitutional) Order 1947.

## References
Highway 20 (Israel)

**Ayalon Highway** (, pronounced: *"Netivei Ayalon"*, lit. "Ayalon Routes") is a highway system in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. The main road goes through Tel Aviv and is called **Highway 20**. The road starts in HaMa'apilim Interchange near the cities Kfar Shmaryahu, Herzliya, Ramat HaSharon. It ends at Holot Interchange in Gan Sorek. It goes through the cities of Bat Yam, Holon and Rishon LeZion. It meets Highway 4. A railway line runs along the road with a major train station inside the gates road. In central Tel Aviv, the road passes a canal of the Ayalon River.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Ayalon Highways Ltd.  Includes up to the minute traffic reports and live traffic camera views.
*Transport Today and Tomorrow
Training aircraft

is the main jet **training aircraft** of the Royal Air Force.]]
A **training aircraft**, sometimes called a **trainer**, is an aircraft used to train future pilots and crews of aircraft.
Caroline Aigle

drawtober]]
**Caroline Aigle** (12 September 1974 – 21 August 2007) was a French fighter jet pilot. She was born in Montauban. She was the first in France trained to fly a Mirage 2000. She died of a withering melanoma. She was mother of two boys. President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy awarded her the Medal of Aeronautics by posthumous recognition. 

A few weeks before her death, she was selected by the European Space Agency for training to be an astronaut.

Caroline Aigle graduates *École Polytechnique* and ''École de l'Air''.
Huun-Huur-Tu

**Huun-Huur-Tu** (Tuvan: *Хүн Хүртү*, *Khün Khürtü*) is a music group from Tuva, a Russian Federation republic on the Mongolian border.  

Huun Huur Tu performs throat singing, in which the singers sing more than one note at a time. One of the notes sometimes sounds like a flute, whistle or bird, but is actually a person's voice.  

The group mostly uses native Tuvan instruments such as the *igil*, *khomus* (Tuvan jaw harp), *doshpuluur*, and *dünggür* (shaman drum).  However, in recent years, the group has started using western instruments, such as the guitar.  Huun Huur Tu's music is mostly Tuvan folk music, but they also experiment with Western instruments and electronic music.
Guillermo Álvarez Guedes

**Guillermo Álvarez Guedes** (1928 &ndash; July 30, 2013) was a Cuban businessman, writer and comedian. 

Guedes was born in Unión de Reyes, Matanzas, Cuba in 1928. He was exiled to Miami, Florida. 

Guedes wrote over 20 books. He also had albums, television programs and stand-up comedy appearances. This made him one of the most well-liked entertainers, among both the Hispanic public and fellow entertainers.

On July 30, 2013, Guedes died at his home in the Kendall neighborhood of Miami from a stomach illness.

## References
## Other websites
*
Central bank

A **central bank** (or **reserve bank**) manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.  It may have custody of the country's sovereign wealth fund.

Central banks usually oversee the commercial banks of their country. It issues the national currency, the nation's money. It controls the overall supply of money and monetary policy. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank can increase or decrease the amount of money in the nation.

The oldest central bank is the Bank of England. The largest banks are now the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve of the United States.

Central banks usually also have supervisory powers. These powers are meant to prevent bank runs, and to stop commercial banks and other financial institutions doing reckless or fraudulent things. The relation between central banks and governments varies from country to country.

The chief executive of a central bank is normally known as the Governor, President or Chairman.

## References
Spherical coordinate system

A **spherical coordinate system** uses three numbers to identify a point in space.: Usually, two angles, and a distance from the origin of the coordinate system. If the point lies on the sphere, only the two angles are needed, because the distance from the origin is known.

The two angular numbers are related to lines of longitude and latitude on Earth.  Earth's longitude is the same as the variable phi, which can be written as either \phi or \varphi\!.  The latitude resembles the variable \theta\,\! (theta), except that some authors define \theta=0 to be at the north pole instead of at the equator.
Lateral line

]]

The **lateral line** is a system of sense organs found in fish, and not in land vertebrates. It detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water. Modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells, respond to changes around the fish. These  turn the changes into electrical impulses which go to their central nervous system. 

Lateral lines are used in schooling, predation, and orientation. For example, fish use their lateral line system to follow the vortices produced by fleeing prey. They are faint lines running lengthwise down each side, from the gill covers to the base of the tail. 

In some species, the receptive organs of the lateral line have been modified to function as electroreceptors, which are organs used to detect electrical impulses. Most amphibian larvae and some fully aquatic adult amphibians have systems which work a bit like the lateral line.

## References
National anthem of South Africa

**National anthem of South Africa** is the official national anthem of South Africa. The lyrics include five out of 11 official languages of South Africa - Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans and English.

## Lyrics
## References
## Other websites
*The National Anthem 
*National Anthem of South Africa - Streaming audio, lyrics and information 
*Audio recording of the National Anthem  (instrumental only, MP3 file)
*Brief history of the anthem 
*Brief introduction to the anthem and notation
*The South African national anthem in Midi format
Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star

The **Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star** was the first fighter jet of the United States Army Air Force. It made a few flyovers of Germany in the last weeks of World War II. From 1948 its designation was changed to **F-80 Shooting Star**. Early in the Korean War the MiG-15 was shown to be much better and the F-86 replaced it. The United States Air Force was the main operator, but Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay also used it.

This aircraft was the basis of the famous training aircraft T-33 T-Bird and the F-94 Starfire fighter jet.
Rainer Maria Rilke

**Rainer Maria Rilke** (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), was an Austrian poet and writer. His best-known works include the collection of poetry *Duino Elegies*, *Sonnets to Orpheus*, and the novel *The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge*.

Rilke was born in Prague, Austro-Hungarian Empire. Rilke studied literature, art history, and philosophy in Munich and Prague. He travelled widely throughout Europe and North Africa. He died of leukemia in Montreux, Switzerland.

## Other websites 
* 
* Works by or about Rainer Maria Rilke 
* Rainer Maria Rilke, Profile
Natsume Sōseki

, born ''''*, was a Japanese novelist. He is well known around the world for some of the novels he wrote, like *Kokoro*, *Botchan* and *I Am a Cat''. He was born in Tokyo, Japan. Natsume Soseki graduated from the University of Tokyo, and he was to become a school teacher. Also he was a master of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa.

In Japan, many people think he was the greatest writer in recent Japanese history.

## References
## See also
*Yasunari Kawabata (Nobel for literature)
 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Works by Natsume Sōseki – Project Gutenberg
Kim Novak

**Kim Novak** (born February 13, 1933) is an American actress. She was known for her roles in *Vertigo* (1958), *Middle of the Night* (1959), *The Notorious Landlady* (1962), *Of Human Bondage* (1964), and in *Liebestraum* (1991). After retiring from acting, she concentrated on painting.https://www.kimnovakartist.com/about-kim-novak/ https://www.kimnovakartist.com/kim-novaks-paintings/

Novak was born on February 13, 1933 in Chicago, Illinois to parents of Czech descent. She studied at David Glasgow Farragut High School and at School of the Art Institute of Chicago. 

Novak was married to Richard Johnson from 1965 until they divorced in 1966. Then she was married to Robert Malloy since 1976. They now live in Eagle Point, Oregon. Novak was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2010. She had treatment and has recovered.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Photographs and literature
Asa Butterfield

**Asa Bopp Farr Butterfield** (born 1 April 1997) is an English actor. He starred in the movie *The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas*. He played young Mordred in the BBC TV series *Merlin*. He played Norman in the 2010 movie *Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang*. He played the title role in Martin Scorsese's 2011 movie *Hugo*. He played Ender Wiggin in the movie ''Ender's Game'' based on the science fiction novel of the same title by Orson Scott Card.

## References
Highway 4 (Israel)

**Highway 4** (, *Kvish 2*), also called **Geha Road**, is a highway in Israel. It runs along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea from the northern border with Lebanon to the southern border with the Gaza Strip.

## Other websites
Highway 5 (Israel–Palestine)

**Highway 5** (, *Kvish 5*, or **Trans-Samaria Highway** , *Kvish Hotze Shomron*) is a highway between Israel and the West Bank. It runs east to west. The road starts in Glilot Ma'arav Interchange in Tel Aviv and ends in Ariel Junction near the settlement of Ariel.

## Other websites
Highway 6 (Israel)

**Trans-Israel Highway** (also called **Road 6**/**The Israel Turnpike**, , *Kvish Shesh* (, ''Kvish Chotzeh Yisra'el'') is a main highway crossing Israel from north to south. A control center and the headquarters of the road authority is located at Kessem Interchange near Rosh HaAyin.

## Other websites 
*Official website of "Derech Eretz Highways Management Corporation Ltd" (road operator)  
*Official website of "Trans-Israel Highway Corporation Ltd" (planning and construction)  
*Driving on Highway 6 - Video journey on YouTube
Robert I, Duke of Normandy

**Robert the Magnificent** () (22 June 1000 - 1/3 July 1035), was the sixth Duke of Normandy from 1027 until he died returning from a pilgrimage. Robert's reign was a turbulent period in the history of Normandy. He was the father of William the Conqueror, who in 1066 became King of England.

## Career 
Robert was the second son of Richard II of Normandy and Judith. He was probably born between 1005 and 1010.
Their father had decided that the older son, Richard III, would succeed him as duke.  Robert would became Count of Hiémois. He also captured his brother's fortress city of Falaise. Finally Richard III laid siege to Falaise and brought the walls down. Robert surrendered and promised his fealty. Robert was accepted, however, as the sixth duke following his brother. But the civil war Robert I had started against his brother Richard III didn't stop when the two made peace. Only a brief truce allowed his uncle to leave Normandy in exile. The Archbishop then placed an edict of excommunication on Robert and all of Normandy. Robert also seized a number of church properties belonging to the abbey of Fécamp.

### Outside of Normandy
In spite of all his troubles in Normandy Robert decided to get involved in the civil war in Flanders. This feud was between Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV who the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders. For his help Henry I gave Robert the French Vexin. After raiding Dol and stopping Alan's attempts to raid Avranches, Robert mounted a major campaign against his cousin Alan III. At some point Robert attempted an invasion of England on their behalf but was stopped by unfavorable winds. After postponing the invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem.  To make up for what he had done to the Church earlier he restored all the property that he or his vassals had taken. He also decided to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to make up for his sins. After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he set out on his pilgrimage. He travelled by way of Constantinople and reached Jerusalem. He fell seriously ill and died on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035.

According to the historian William of Malmesbury, decades later, Robert's son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea to return his father's body to Normandy for burial. Permission was granted, but, having travelled as far as Apulia (Italy) on the return journey, the envoys learned that William himself had died.
* Adelaide of Normandy, who married firstly, Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu.  She married secondly, Lambert II, Count of Lens, and thirdly, Odo II of Champagne.

## Notes
## References
Skurup Municipality

**Skurup Municipality** () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Skurup.

## References 
## Other websites
* Skurup Municipality
Impedance matching

In electronics, **impedance matching** is about connecting two electrical systems of which the impedances differ. Some audio devices use transformers for impedance matching. This is mainly used for tech systems in IT Departments

The concept of impedance matching is also used in optics, and roads.
Avro Shackleton

's **Avro Shackleton**.]]
The **Avro Shackleton** is a four-engine British military aircraft. Its first flight was in March 1949. The Royal Air Force started using it in 1951. It was out of service from 1991. It was also used by the South African Air Force. It was originally designed and built as an ocean and sea reconnaissance aircraft. It was also used as an electronic warfare plane. There were 185 of these built.
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters

***Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters*** is a 2013 fantasy adventure movie directed by Thor Freudenthal from a screenplay Marc Guggenheim, based on the 2006 novel *The Sea of Monsters* by Rick Riordan. The sequel to *Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief* (2010), it is the second and final installment in the *Percy Jackson* film series. 

## Plot
After Thaila's pine tree is poisoned, Percy Jackson along with Annabeth Chase, Grover Underwood and his Cyclops half-brother Tyson go off to find the golden fleece to heal it. But Luke Castellan also wants the fleece to resurrect Kronos.

## Cast
### Demigods
* Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, son of Poseidon.
* Leven Rambin as Clarisse La Rue, daughter of Ares.
* Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, a satyr and Percy's best friend and protector.
** Katelyn Mager portrays a younger Thalia.
* Grey Damon as Chris Rodriguez, a rogue demigod of unknown parentage who joins Luke on his quest to resurrect Kronos.

### Gods
* Stanley Tucci as Mr. D / Dionysus, the god of wine, celebrations, ecstasy, and theatre and director of Camp Half-Blood. He was previously played by Dylan Neal in the first film.
** Octavia Spencer and Craig Robinson as the voices of Martha and George respectively, the snakes in Hermes' caduceus.
* Robert Knepper as the voice of Kronos, the King of the Titans, father of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, Hera and Chiron, and Luke's master.

### Other characters
* Anthony Head as Chiron, the activities director at Camp Half-Blood. Chiron is a centaur and the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hestia and Hera. Chiron was previously played by Pierce Brosnan in *The Lightning Thief*.
* Robert Maillet as Polyphemus
** Ron Perlman as the voice of Polyphemus
* Hunter Platin as Guard, the Cyclops that guards the Golden Fleece. as the Graeae
* Jordan Weller as Ichneutae, the acolyte of Clarisse.
* Derek Mears and Aleks Paunovic as Cyclopes.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
List of French departments by population

by department (people by km²]]

This table lists the 101 departments of France in descending order of population, area and population density.

## Evolution
Between 1999 and 2006 all French departments have grown in population with the exception of the following seven departments: Allier and Cantal in Auvergne, Creuse in Limousin, Ardennes and Haute-Marne in Champagne-Ardenne, Nièvre in Burgundy, and Vosges in Lorraine.

In contrast the seven departments that have gained the most population in absolute value are Haute-Garonne, Gironde, Bouches-du-Rhône, Seine-Saint-Denis, Loire-Atlantique, Hauts-de Seine, and Hérault.

Guadeloupe has seemingly lost population between 1999 and 2008. However, this diminution of the legal population is due to the creation of the overseas communities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin.

## List of departments by population
## References
Dan Schneider

**Daniel James Schneider** (born January 14, 1966 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American screenwriter, movie producer and actor. On the Internet, he is best known under the name of *DanWarp*, because it is easier to remember.

## Life and career
Schneider was born in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. on January 14, 1965. Born to Carol Aisenberg Schneider and Harry Schneider. He is the youngest of four brothers and sisters. He went to Harvard University after his high school education and then he took acting courses in the *Memphis State University*.

After his first movie role in 1983, he moved to Los Angeles. Since the '90s, he has been producer and author of successful comedy series like *iCarly*, *Victorious* and *Sam & Cat*. In 2003 he founded his manufacturing company called ''Schneider's Bakery''. The New York Times said that Scheidner is "the master of a television genre" in 2007.

## Personal life
Schneider lives in Hollywood and since 2002, he has been married with Lisa Lillien, who had a cameo role on the Nickeloden Television series Zoey 101 in 2005.

## References
Ponthieu

**Ponthieu** is a former province in northern France. Its chief town is Abbeville. It lies centered on the mouth of the Somme River. It includes the townships of Crecy-en-Ponthieu, Nouvion-en-Ponthieu and Ailly-le-Haut-Bell.

## History 
### Norman conquest of England 
Ponthieu played a small role in the events that led up to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Harold Godwinson of England was blown ashore at Ponthieu in 1064. He was taken captive by the men of Guy I and held for ransom at the castle of Beaurain. Thinking Harold might be useful to him William II, Duke of Normandy, secured his release. But a year after Harold's return to England when king Edward the Confessor died, Harold quickly forgot his oaths and took the crown for himself.

In 1067 the chaplain of Matilda of Flanders, Guy, Bishop of Amiens, composed Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, a Latin poem on the battle of Hastings.

In 1150 the Count of Ponthieu built a fortress for himself at Crotoy, a strategic point on the mouth of the river Somme.

### The Hundred Years' War 
During the Hundred Years' War, Ponthieu changed hands a number of times.  The English claimed control of it from 1279–1369 and again until 1435. During English control of Ponthieu, Abbeville was used as the capital.

In late August 1346 Edward III of England reached the region of Ponthieu.  While he was there rebuilt the fortress at Crotoy.  He forced a passage of the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque.  The army led by Philip VI of France caught up with him at nearby Crécy-en-Ponthieu, leading to the famous Battle of Crécy.

In 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny between King John II of France and Edward III of England gave control of Ponthieu (along with Gascony and Calais) over to the English, in exchange for Edward relinquishing his claim to the French throne.  Edward took the land but still refused to surrender his claim.

In April, 1369 Charles V of France conquered Ponthieu. A month later he declared war on England.  As a result, Edward publicly reassumed the title 'King of France' in June.

In 1372 an English army under the leadership of Robert Knolles invaded Ponthieu. They burned the city of Le Crotoy before crossing the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque.

In the Treaty of Arras (1435), Charles VII of France convinced Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to break his alliance with the English. In exchange he gave him Ponthieu. This marked a turning point that led to the end of England's part in the conflict 40 years later.

In 1477 Ponthieu was reconquered by King Louis XI of France.

In World War I between 1 July and 18 November 1916 the Battle of the Somme was fought in Ponthieu. It was one of the most costly battles ever fought with over 1,000,000 men killed or wounded.

## Notes
## References