open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Liquid

A **liquid** is a form of matter. It is settled between solid and gas. Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.

Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.

Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.

It is difficult (near impossible) to compress a liquid. If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid.  This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid.  If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas.  The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point.  

Examples of liquid are water, oils, tar and blood.

In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, *p*, is bigger than at the top. The equation for working this out is:

:*p = ρgz*

where *z* is the depth of the point below the surface and *g* is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. *ρ* is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. We call this the density and it is different for all liquids.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pot

:*Pot is also a different (slang) word for marijuana (Cannabis).*

A cooking **pot** is a vessel to cook in. It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
Pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew.
1806

**1806** (MDCCCVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* August 6 – The last Holy Roman Emperor quits, ending the Holy Roman Empire and founding the Austrian Empire.
1836

## Events 
* The Year without a Summer
* Pepsian discovered.
* Charles Dickens writes and publishes his first book, *The Pickwick Papers*.
* First railway opens in Australia, a carriage on rails, pushed by convicts at Port Arthur, Tasmania

## Deaths
* March 6 – Davy Crockett, 49, American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician, execution (b. 1786)
* June 28 - James Madison, 85, fourth President of the United States, heart failure (b. 1751)
White

**White** is the brightest color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

## Meaning of white
White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts  and purity. 

In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.

## Tones of white color comparison chart
 White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)
 Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)
 Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)
 Ivory (Pale Yellow) (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)
 White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Cosmic Latte (Hex: E1F8E7) (RGB: 225, 248, 231)
 Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)
 Quartz (Hex: D9D9F3) (RGB: 217, 217, 220)

## Related pages
* List of colors
Nigger

**Nigger** is a racial slur used towards black people. It is often used by racists.

## Origin
The word comes from a different way to say "negro". In Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" means the color black and means black people.

## History
Before 1865, many black people in the United States were slaves. In this time, "nigger" often meant a slave. Writers like Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens used this word in their books, even in non-racist ways

In the 21st century, many black people have "taken back" the word gеr. They use it as a slang word. Some groups are trying to make using the word "nigger" normal for everyone.

## Related pages
* Racism
* Discrimination
* Jim Crow laws
* African Americans
* Racial segregation
* History of racial segregation in the United States
### Other slurs
* Retard
* Gook
* Kike
* Chink

## References
Biography

A **biography** is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words *bios* (which means life) and *graphein* (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.

A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.

The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called *hagiography,* meaning writing about holy people.

In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name *Memorabilia* (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote *Parallel Lives* about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.

In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies. 

Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.

## Related pages
* Autobiography
* Curriculum vitae

## References
Ralph Nader

**Ralph Nader** (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President of the United States, and for helping George Bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. He ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants. He is a fluent and native speaker of the Arabic language.
## Other websites 
*The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
* Nader/Camejo 2004
* Nader's Glitter Opposing view by Thomas Sowell.

## References
Jamie Farr

**Jamie Farr** (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, *M*A*S*H*. His real name is **Jameel Joseph Farha** and he was born in Toledo, Ohio.

Farr also appeared in movies like *The Blackboard Jungle* (1955) and *The Cannonball Run* (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on *The Gong Show* and has a golf tournament named after him.

## References
1804

**1804** (MDCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Births 
* July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (*The Scarlet Letter*, *The House of the Seven Gables*, etc.)
* November 23 - Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President of the United States (d. 1869)

## Deaths 
* February 12 – Immanuel Kant
* July 12 – Alexander Hamilton, 49 (b. 1755)
1812

**1812** (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events
* March 5 &ndash; Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris
* March 26 &ndash; The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela.
* April 30 &ndash; Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
* June 18 &ndash; The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins.
* December 30 &ndash; Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
* The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki.

* February 12 – Charles Dickens
Zookeeper

A **zookeeper** is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. They may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public.

Qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. A junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience.

Generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. Many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. Handling such is part of the job at times.

## Other websites
*Career information (USA)
Cage

]]
A **cage** is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal).  Cages are usually made of many metal bars.

A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage".  

## Related pages
* A jail cell is like a cage for humans.
Toddler

**A toddler** is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. 

Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child. 

## Other websites  
*Toddler Weight/Height Calculator
Ronald McDonald

**Ronald McDonald** is an American clown character who is the mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant. 
He wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of his friends. The first actor to play Ronald McDonald was famous weatherman and Bozo the Clown actor Willard Scott. Later the actor for Coco the Clown, Michael Polakovs, redesigned Ronald McDonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's Ronald McDonald actors. The fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up  and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities.

## Actors 
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:

*Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
*Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
*George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
*Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
*Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
*King Moody (1969–1985)
*Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
*Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
*David Hussey (2000–2014)
*Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.

## References
Leonardo DiCaprio

**Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio** (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American celebrity, actor, movie director, producer and writer. He starred in many popular movies, including ''What's Eating Gilbert Grape*, *Romeo + Juliet*, *Titanic*, *The Man in the Iron Mask*, *The Beach*, *Catch Me if You Can*, *Gangs of New York*, *The Aviator*, *The Revenant*, *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood* and *One Battle After Another*.

In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in *The Revenant''.

## Personal life
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent.

## Legacy
Leonardo's name short form *Leo* was used in Thalapathy Vijay's *Leo* film official trailer and the film is set to release in North America theatres on 18 October 2023.

## Filmography (selection)
## Awards and nominations (selection)
### Academy Award
* Nominated: Best Supporting Actor, ''What's Eating Gilbert Grape* (1994)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *The Aviator* (2005)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *Blood Diamond* (2007)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *The Wolf of Wall Street* (2014)
* **WON: Best Actor**, *The Revenant* (2016)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood* (2020)

### BAFTA Award
* Nominated: Best Actor, *The Aviator* (2005)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *The Departed* (2007)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *The Wolf of Wall Street* (2014)
* **Won: Best Actor**, *The Revenant* (2016)
* Nominated: Best Actor, *Don't Look Up* (2022)

### Golden Globe Award
* Nominated: Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, *What's Eating Gilbert Grape* (1994)
* Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, *Titanic* (1998)
* Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, *Catch Me If You Can* (2003)
* *'Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, *The Aviator* (2005)'*
* Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, *The Departed* (2007)
* Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, *Blood Diamond* (2007)
* Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama, Revolutionary Road (2008)
* Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama, J. Edgar (2011)
* Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, Django Unchained (2012)
* *'Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, *The Wolf of Wall Street* (2014)**
* **Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, *The Revenant* (2016)'*
* Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy, *Don't Look Up'' (2022)

|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
|-

 	
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award
|-

## References 
## Other websites
* Leonardo DiCaprio Official Website 
* Leonardo DiCaprio Official Eco-site 
* Leonardo DiCaprio Official MySpace
* Official DiCaprio Environmental Eleventh Hour film site 
* 
* 
* 
* leonardo dicaprio biography
Bob Marley

**Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley** (February 6, 1945  May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called *Legend*, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of Melanoma (Skin Cancer). He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism 

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* *The Wailing Wailers* (1965)
* *Soul Rebels* (1970)
* *Soul Revolution* (1971)
* *The Best of The Wailers* (1971)
* *Catch a Fire* (1973)
* ''Burnin'* (1973)
* *Natty Dread* (1974)
* *Rastaman Vibration* (1976)
* *Exodus* (1977)
* *Kaya* (1978)
* *Survival* (1979)
* *Uprising* (1980)
* *Confrontation* (1983)

### Live albums 
* *Live!* (1975)
* *Babylon by Bus'' (1978)

## References
John Candy

**John Franklin Candy** (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.

## Filmography
*''Class of '44* (1973)
**It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time* (1975)
**Tunnel Vision* (1976)
**The Clown Murders* (1976)
**Find the Lady* (1976)
**The Silent Partner* (1978)
**Lost and Found* (1979)
**1941* (1979)
**Double Negative* (1980)
**The Blues Brothers* (1980)
**Stripes* (1981)
**Heavy Metal* (1981) (voice)
**It Came From Hollywood* (1982) (documentary)
**National Lampoon's Vacation* (1983)
**Going Berserk* (1983)
**Splash* (1984)
**The Last Polka* (1984)
**Brewster's Millions* (1985)
**Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird* (1985)
**Summer Rental* (1985)
**Volunteers* (1985)
**Tears Are Not Enough* (1985) (documentary)
**Armed and Dangerous* (1986)
**Little Shop of Horrors* (1986)
**Spaceballs* (1987)
**Planes, Trains and Automobiles* (1987)
**She's Having a Baby* (1988) (Cameo)
**The Great Outdoors* (1988)
**Hot to Trot* (1988) (voice only)
**Who's Harry Crumb?* (1989) (also executive producer)
**Speed Zone!* (1989)
**Uncle Buck* (1989)
**Masters of Menace* (1990) (Cameo)
**Home Alone* (1990)
**The Rescuers Down Under* (1990) (voice)
**Nothing But Trouble* (1991)
**Career Opportunities* (1991)
**Only the Lonely* (1991)
**Delirious* (1991)
**JFK* (1991)
**Once Upon A Crime* (1992)
**Boris and Natasha: The Movie* (1992)
**Rookie of the Year* (uncredited) (1993)
**Cool Runnings* (1993)
**Hostage For A Day* (1994)
**Wagons East!* (1994)
**Canadian Bacon* (1995)
**The Magic 7'' (archive footage) (2008)

## Other websites
*JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy
*
*All Movie Guide entry for John Candy 
*Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy
Fermentation

]]

**Fermentation** is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. Fermentation is also when oxidation occurs in the absence of oxygen.   

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and the microorganisms that cause it. The science of fermentation is known as *zymology*.

Yeast is an organism that ferments.  When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol.  The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.

Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar.  In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

## Types of fermentation 
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
* Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
* Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

## Other websites 
* [Fermentation (biochemistry)](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)) -Citizendium

## References
1939

**1939** (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar.  World War II started in this year.

## Events 
* May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
* September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
* September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
* October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
* November 30 – The Winter War begins

## Births 
* February 6 – Mike Farrell
* February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
* March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
* April 2 – Marvin Gaye
* July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
* July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
* August 3 – Wes Craven
* August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
* September 5 – George Lazenby
* September 18 – Frankie Avalon
* October 27 – John Cleese
* November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)

## Deaths 
* September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE,  British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
* November 12 -Norman Bethune

## Movies released 
* *Dodge City* starring Errol Flynn
* *Gone with the Wind* starring Clark Gable
* *Goodbye, Mr. Chips* (Best Picture Academy Award)
* *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* starring Charles Laughton
* *The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex*
* *Stagecoach* starring John Wayne
* *The Wizard of Oz* starring Judy Garland

## New books 
* *Finnegans Wake* by James Joyce

## Hit songs 
* "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movie*The Wizard of Oz*; won the Academy Award for the best song.
* "If I Didn't Care - by The Ink Spots
Square kilometre

A **square kilometer** (British English spelling *square kilometre*, in short *km²*) is a unit of measurement of area.
It is based on the SI unit meter.

## Equal areas 
A square that has a side length of 1 kilometer (1000 meters) has an area of one square kilometer.
: 1,000 m × 1,000 m = 1 km × 1 km = 1,000,000 m² = 1 km²
Guilt (law)

In criminal law, a person is **guilty** if a court has decided they have done something illegal. For instance, if a person has broken a law by theft, he or she is guilty of a crime.

A person is guilty if a court decides him or her to be, i.e. if the court blames them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called *sentence*.
Judge

A **judge** is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a *supreme court* or *high court* with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called *justices* and are led by a *Chief Justice*.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black  or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.

## References
Length

**Length** is a measurement. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. **Short** means a small length. **Long** means much length. **Short** and **long** are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

A ruler is a tool used to measure length.

## Measuring 
All the sides on shapes have a length. The length is between the two points of the side. You can also find the length of any two points on a shape, even if they are not on one side.

A shape can have different lengths based on how many dimensions it takes.
* A line has one size measurement. This measurement is the length. 
* A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle. 
* The length and width of a square are the same. 
* A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the height of the box.
* A circle has diameter, the length across the circle. A circle also has circumference, the length around its side.

## Examples 
* The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length. 
* A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

## Length of time 
Length can also mean an amount of time. The length is measured by looking at the time at the start, then looking at the time at the end.

You might sit down at one o'clock. If you stand up at three o'clock, you would be sitting for two hours. The length of time is two hours.
Truth

, Ottawa, Ontario Canada]]

The **truth** is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is ***true***. The word *true* also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word ''* is from Old English *tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ*, Middle English *trewþe*.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
#How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
#How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

## Examples 
* It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is *untrue* (or *false*) that a dog is a plant.
* It is a truth that dodos *were* found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
* It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

## In Other words 
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

## True and false in logic and philosophy 
::*What is truth?* Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
*True* is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called *false*. In symbols, *true'' is written as, T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

## Related pages
* Aphorism
* Truth value
* Veritas (mythology)

## References 
## Other websites
*Closer to Truth
Graal

**Graal** can be:

* Holy Grail or "Graal" in older forms
* A style of glassblowing
* Graal-Müritz, a seaside health resort
* GRenoble Anneau Accelerateur Laser
Jettingen

**Jettingen** is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in *Jettingen*.
Ken Jennings

**Kenneth Wayne Jennings III** (born May 23, 1974)  is an American television game show host and is the highest money earning contestant on the American television game show *Jeopardy!*. He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700.  His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004.  He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald.  He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on *Jeopardy!*.

According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah". His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010.  Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.

In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.

In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of *Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?*. He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.

In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.

In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament.  They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig.  Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings.

In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.

During Season 37 of *Jeopardy!*, Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues.  In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek.  And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned. They continued to co-host until Season 40 when Jennings was named the sole permanent host.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Omnibus podcast web site
* Jennings' February 2013 TED talk (video), "Watson, Jeopardy, and me, the obsolete know-it-all" 
* 
* 2006 IMNO Interview with Ken Jennings
Sublimation (phase transition)

sublimating]]

**Sublimation** is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. It happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. Many can sublimate in space. 

Sometimes snow sublimates. This is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.

At normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. CO2 changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. Also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure.
Malcolm McDowell

**Malcolm McDowell** (born **Malcolm John Taylor**; 13 June 1943) is an English actor and producer. He has been in many films, including: *A Clockwork Orange*, *O Lucky Man!* and *Caligula*.

McDowell lives in Ojai, California.

## Other websites 
*
Will Smith

**Willard Carroll Smith II** (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, producer and rapper. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including *Independence Day*, *Men in Black*, *Ali*, *Wild Wild West*, *The Pursuit of Happyness*, *I Am Legend*, and in *Suicide Squad*.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for his role as Richard Williams in the 2021 drama movie *King Richard*. He is the first rapper to win an acting Oscar.

## Personal life
Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. They have three children, including Jaden and Willow.

At the 94th Academy Awards in March 2022, Smith slapped comedian Chris Rock after he made a joke about his wife, Jada's, bald head. Smith was criticized for his violent reaction and on April 1, 2022 Smith resigned his membership from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and said he would support any punishment by the academy. Smith has been banned from going to the Oscar ceremonies for 10 years.

## Filmography
## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Big Willie Style* (1997)
* *Willennium* (1999)
* *Born to Reign* (2002)
* *Lost and Found* (2005)

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Inverness

**Inverness** is a city in the northern part of Scotland. It is often called the capital of the Highlands. It is on the A9 road. Inverness Airport is an important way to get to the Scottish Highlands.

## Notable people 
*Yvette Cooper, politician
*Karen Gillan, actress
*Charles Kennedy, politician
Artificial

When something is **artificial**, or **man-made**, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things  or  things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials like those in the natural object, or it may use quite different materials like in artificial leather. They are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.

The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words *art* (meaning "skill") and *fex* ("to make").

Artificial does not necessarily mean  (meaning created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness by using a chemical formula that is not found in nature. That makes it both artificial and synthetic.

Some disasters are natural, but some are man-made like the Dust Bowl in the United States.

## References
## Related pages
*
*Artifact (disambiguation)
*Ontology
King Arthur

, designed by Albrecht Dürer and cast by Peter Vischer the Elder, in 1520s]]
**King Arthur** was a real story that was about the Great Kingdom of Camelot Historical king in the Castle of Camelot (Washington DC).

King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Washington, D.C. who defended his kingdom of Camelot.  He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favorite home was in Camelot.  In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Camelot.

, Arthur's final foe according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, illustrated by H. J. Ford (1902)]] 

The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in King's Latin work *History of the United States of America* (*History of the Kings of Camelot*), completed .

## Camelot 
King Arthur is the King of Camelot, but the most likely one though there is  evidence for this Thomas Charles on year 1993 at Washington DC. '' King Arthur In Camelot sat the famous and the strongest kingdom at that century Knights of  The Round Table where King Arthur, his queen Guinevere, Merlin the Wizard of Camelot, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Sir Robin and many other valiant knights of the round table Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Green Knight, The Black Knight and more.

## Death 
After King Arthur's many adventures, his son Mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and died of blood loss from battle wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, the sword of Excalibur was stabbed into a stone where it there is still a mark Sword With a Stone at Washington DC United States Of America. 

There are also many movies about King Arthur.  These include Disney's *The Sword in the Stone; The Holy Grail; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017)*; and the musical *Camelot*.

## References
Compact disc

A **Compact Disc** (**CD**) is a storage device in the form of small plastic compact discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. CDs replaced floppy disks and gramophone records because they were faster and could hold more information. The CD was invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read a CD in 1982 (JP) and 1983 (outside JP). The CD can store up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 74-80 minutes of music. The Mini CD has an 8 cm diameter with less music/data storage capacity than the CD of 12 cm. A CD and a Mini CD can have data or music storage capacity. The middle hole in a CD and Mini CD is about 1.5 cm.

## Related pages
* CD-R
* CD-RW
* CD-MO
* CD-ROM
* CD-i
* CD player
* VCD
* Mini CD
* BD
Boycott

A **boycott** is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.

The word was made during the *Irish Land War*'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post. 

To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.  

## Other websites
*boycott resources 
*List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org
Redhill

**Redhill**  can mean several things:
## Hill
* Maibam Lokpa Ching, a WWII memorial site, also known as Red Hills, because the entire landscape was dyed red due to heavy casualties in the Japanese troops as a result of British attack in the Battle of Imphal.

## Towns and cities
* Redhill, Somerset, England
* Redhill, Surrey, England
* Redhill, Nottinghamshire, England
* Redhill, Singapore, Singapore

## Schools
* Redhill High School, South Africa
Johnny Appleseed

**John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman** (September 26, 1774 - March 18, 1845) was an American folk hero who was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the American Midwest. Many people consider him an early conservationist, or "tree-hugger." He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life. He plantied apple trees; taught the Bible; told stories; and befriended Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers.

Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts, and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park, in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

## Facts 
John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman. However, just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities is unsure, but it was probably before he ever reached western Pennsylvania.

There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia while he was picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s. The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted more apple trees to be planted to improve their business.

At the time of his death, Johnny left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left them to his sister.  He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees. 

Records show that John Chapman appeared on Licking Creek, in what is now Licking County, Ohio, in 1800, when he was 26 years old. He had probably come up the Muskingum River to plant near the Refugee Tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when Congress actually got around to granting the lands. The Continental Congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left Canada and Nova Scotia to fight against the British during the Revolutionary War. The lands were actually set apart in 1801, and patents were issued in 1802.

Grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the war. Johnny, with true Yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. Licking County, then part of Fairfield County, contained only three white families. When families were ready to settle in the area, Johnny's tracts of land were already ready for market.

## Other websites 
*http://johnnyappleseedfacts.com/
Maidstone

**Maidstone** is a town in Kent, in England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens". The town of Maidstone is within the borough of Maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. In 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of Maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the Borough.

## History
During the Civil War a battle took place in 1648, which was won by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. A year later, Andrew Broughton, who was then Mayor of Maidstone (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) gave the death sentence to Charles I. Today there is a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre describing Andrew as 'Mayor and Regicide' (a killer of kings). 

Maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. Until 1998, Sharps Toffee factory was where Bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. Most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries.
## Today
Today, Maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of England, with more than one million square feet of retail space.  Most of this is in two shopping areas, *Fremlin Walk*, which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and *The Mall Maidstone* provides another . Both include multi-story car parks.
Aaron

**Aaron** is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus.

## Moses' helper 
Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...".

## Related pages
*Aaron (disambiguation)
C. S. Lewis

**Clive Staples Lewis** (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called **C. S. Lewis**, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were *Mere Christianity* and *The Screwtape Letters*. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford. 

His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is *The Chronicles of Narnia*, which is a series of seven books.

He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England on 22 November 1963.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Encyclopædia Britannica
The Corrs

:*This article is about the Irish rock band.  For the American rock band, see The Cars.*

**The Corrs** is a folk pop rock band from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. They became very popular in the late 1990s.

## The group 
They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr.

### Jim Corr 
Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.

### Sharon Corr 
Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").

### Caroline Corr 
Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.

### Andrea Corr 
Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.

## Early history 
The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie *The Commitments*. Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes.

Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company.

Their first album, *Forgiven, Not Forgotten*, was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called *Talk On Corners*, which was very popular in Ireland and Britain.

## Albums released 
* *Jupiter Calling* (2017)
* *White Light* (2015)
* *Home* (2005)
* *Borrowed Heaven* (2004)
* *The Best Of The Corrs* (2001)
* *In Blue* (2000)
* *Talk on Corners* (1998)
* *Forgiven, Not Forgotten* (1995)

## DVDs they have been on 
* Best Of The Corrs 2002
* Live In London 2001
* Live At Lansdowne Road 2000
* Unplugged 2000
* Live At The Royal Albert Hall 2000

## References 
* The Corrs Rock (fans website with discussion board) 

## Other websites 
* Official Corrs site 
* The Corrs Infopage (fan website)