open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tabassum Adnan

**Tabassum Adnan** (Urdu: تبسم عدنان) (born 1977) is a women's rights activist from Pakistan. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award because of her work for justice for Pakistani women.

## Life 
Tabassum Adnan was born in 1977.  She grew up in the Swat Valley of Pakistan.

Tabassum was married when she was 13 years old.  She had four children.  She was a victim of domestic violence.  After she was married for 20 years, she divorced her husband. 

## The jirga for women 
Tabassum did not have a home or money, so she went to a local group for women. The group gave her the idea to work for more participation for women. First, she went to the Swat Qaumi Aman Jirga, a group with only men, but they refused her. It is not a formal court, but many times the formal courts will listen to their decisions. 

In Pakistan, women are used as chattel, or property, to settle disagreements between men.  They are traded in marriage to pay debts and claims of honor, and to pay for crimes. Because women have little power, Adnan knew that her group needed to get the police and the courts to act. Her jirga has 25 women. It works to pressure the police and the traditional court system, and it gives legal help to the victims. The *Khwendo Jirga*, or Sister’s Council also works for free education for girls, good health for women and girls, training in both home skills and work skills, loans for small business, and voting.  The jirga also works for laws to stop violence against women, especially honor killings, dowry harassments, acid attacks, and torture.

At first, the men's jirgas did not like the *Khwendo Jirga*. Women's rights activists did not like it either. Then, in 2014, that changed. A child was raped, and the authorities did nothing. *Khwendo Jirga* had a protest walk, to attract the attention of the public. The police made arrests. Then, for the first time in Pashtun history, a woman, Adnan, was asked to sit on the men's jirga and help decide the case. After the first protest, the women had more success. In July, 2014, Adnan and Khwendo Jirga worked to pass a law against child marriage. Although some religious groups were not happy, the Sindh Assembly passed a law against marriages for anyone under the age of eighteen. In December, 2014 the Punjab Assembly voted to change the present law.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Robin

**Robin** may mean

*A small bird with a red chest
**European robin
**American robin
**Australian robin
*Robin (comics), a character in the *Batman* comic series and movies
***Batman & Robin*, a movie featuring the character
Earthrise

"**Earthrise**" is a photo of the Earth from the Moon taken on the Apollo 8 mission. It was taken by astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968. It was a very important picture, because it helped people realize how fragile the Earth looks. It started making a large amount of people want to pass laws and create government programs that help the environment. It also became the symbol for Earth Day because of how powerful it was, and it started the environmental movement of the 1970's. Earthrise's most notable use is as the symbol of Earth Day.

## Related pages
* Earth phase
* Extraterrestrial sky
* *Pale Orange Dot* (Early Earth)
* Spaceship Earth
* *The Blue Marble*

## References
## Other websites
* Earthrise image
John Mahaffy

**John Mahaffy** (July 18, 1918 &ndash; May 2, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 37 games in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens.

Mahaffy was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was married to Angie Péloquin. He died on May 2, 2015, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ahmad Alasgarov

**Ahmad Latifovich Alasgarov** (, ; born 5 October 1935 &ndash; 19 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani footballer and manager. He played as a defender from 1955 until 1965. He managed nine teams between 1966 and 2006, including the Azerbaijan national football team. He was born in Baku.

Alasgarov died after a long illness on 19 May 2015 in Odesa, Ukraine, aged 79.

## References
John Templeton Jr.

**John Marks** "**Jack**" **Templeton Jr.** (February 19, 1940 &ndash; May 16, 2015) was an American medical doctor. He served as the Chairman and President of the John Templeton Foundation until his death, and also worked as a pediatric surgeon. He was a Republican.

Templeton was born in New York City. He was the elder son of Judith (Folk) and the American-born British stock investor, businessman and philanthropist John Templeton. He studied at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut and at Harvard Medical School. He was married to Josephine and had three daughters.

Templeton was an Evangelical. He gave large sums of money to conservative organizations, like those opposing same-sex marriage.

Templeton died from brain cancer on May 16, 2015 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. He was 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
A. J. Allmendinger

**Anthony James "A. J." Allmendinger** (born December 16, 1981) is an American open-wheel and stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series driving the No. 16 car for Kaulig Racing.

Allmendinger earned five wins and a third championship place in the 2006 Champ Car season. Afterwards, he began competing in NASCAR. He has competed in the 24 Hours of Daytona, finishing first in 2012, second in 2006 and third in 2013.

## References
Daewoo Motors

**Daewoo Motor** was a South Korean automotive company owned by General Motors. The company started in 1937 as National motors in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, South Korea. In 1965 it became Shinjin Motor after becoming d with Toyota. It was renamed GM Daewoo, and began to produce GM vehicles again. This included the Chevrolet Aveo which is based on Daewoo's Kalos model. In 2011 GM Daewoo was renamed GM Korea. 1967-2016

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
Socks (cat)

**Socks Clinton** (1989 – February 20, 2009) was the pet cat of U.S. President Bill Clinton and his family while he was in the White House.

Socks was an adopted stray cat and the only pet of the Clintons during the first years of Clinton's presidency.  A picture of Socks was always on the children's White House website.  After Clinton left office, Socks went to live with  Clinton's secretary, Betty Currie and her husband. This was because Socks fought a lot with the Clinton family dog Buddy. Socks never got along with the dog.
## Biography 
Socks became the pet cat of the Clintons in 1991 after he jumped into Chelsea Clinton's arms at her piano teacher's home in Little Rock, Arkansas. Socks was playing with his sibling, Midnight, who was later adopted by another family.

When Bill Clinton became President, Socks moved with the family from the governor's mansion in Arkansas to the White House.  Even though he was the official 'first pet', he shared his food and water with a stray tabby cat, named Slippers. Socks was often taken to schools and hospitals to visit. Children visiting the White House website would be shown around by a cartoon version of Socks. When the Clintons left the White House in 2001, they took Buddy to their new home, but left Socks with Betty Currie. Buddy died within a year, being hit by a car in 2002.

## Later life and death 
In June 2008, Socks was still living with Currie and her husband in Hollywood, Maryland, about  from Washington.  But Socks was losing weight and losing his fur. In December 2008, Socks was again reported to be in failing health from cancer. Socks was euthanized on February 20, 2009, in Hollywood, Maryland. He had cancer in his jaw.

## Letters written to Socks
First Lady Hillary Clinton wrote a children's book called ''Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets'' in 1998. It included more than 50 letters written to the First Pets by children. It had more than 80 photos of Socks and Buddy.

A Republican Representative in the United States Congress, Dan Burton once argued against the use of White House employees, postage, and stationery being used to answer mail that was written to the cat.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Pic - with photographers
*Purr 'n' Fur Famous Felines: Socks Clinton, and other Presidential Felines
*A web-based version of the children's book, ''Socks Goes to the White House - A Cats-eye view of the President's house''
Regan Smith

**Regan Smith** (born September 23, 1983) is an American stock car racing driver. 

He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. He drives the No. 7 Chevrolet SS for Tommy Baldwin Racing. He also races part-time in the Xfinity Series. There he drives the No. 88 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports, and the No. 2 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing.

## References
## Other websites
*Official page
Academy of Urbanism

The **Academy of Urbanism** is a non-profit academic research organization dedicated to urban planning and urban development. The institute is located in London. It has es in Europe and other places in the world. The Academy employs 500 professionals engaged in various subjects related to the field of urban planning and the chief of the Mossad motto is: "to recognize, encourage, and celebrate great places".

National workshops, lectures, an internet site and spend magazine. In addition, the Academy maintains Festival prizes and conducting congresses in the UK each year and operates a voluntary activity.

## Other websites 
* The Academy of Urbanism
Robert S. Wistrich

**Robert Solomon Wistrich** (April 7, 1945 &ndash; May 19, 2015) was a British-Israeli academic and author. He was a leading scholar of antisemitism in Europe. He was also the Neuburger Professor of European and Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He wrote and edited at least 30 books.

Wistrich was born in Lenger, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan). His parents were leftist Polish Jews who moved to escape antisemitism. He later moved to France with his family, and grew up in England.

Wistrich died from a heart attack on May 19, 2015 in Rome, Italy. He was 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
World Community Grid

**World Community Grid** (**WCG**) is a large public computing grid to work on scientific research projects that help people. People  time on their personal computers to the project. The software can be set up to run only when the computer is not being used for other work.

WCG began operation on November 16, 2004. It is  by IBM to use their Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software. Software for the grid of personal computers is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS&nbsp;X, and Android operating systems.

World Community Grid's research projects have performed analysis of  of the human genome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, cancer, influenza, rice crop yields and renewable energy. 

Open projects running as of May 2015 are looking for drug treatments for the Ebola virus and HIV, seeking new materials for the next generation of solar cells, comparing genomes of many organisms, and investigating cancer genes. As of May 2015, the organization has partnered with 467 other companies and organizations to help its work, and has over 65,000 active registered users.

## References
## Other websites
*World Community Grid website 
*The New York Times > Technology > Unused PC Power to Run Grid for Unraveling Disease
*Computerworld announcement article (2004)
Donald Caspar

**Donald L. D. Caspar** (born January 8, 1927 – November 27, 2021) was an American structural biologist. He is known for his works on the structures of biological molecules such as tobacco mosaic virus. He was an emeritus professor of biological science at the Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, and an emeritus professor of biology at the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University.

## References
Roscoe Bartlett

**Roscoe Gardner Bartlett, Jr.** (born June 3, 1926) is an American politician and physiologist. He is a former U.S. Representative for , serving from 1993 to 2013.

He is a member of the Republican Party and was a member of the Tea Party Caucus. At the end of his tenure in Congress, Bartlett was the second-oldest serving member of the House of Representatives, behind only fellow Republican Ralph Hall of Texas.

## References
### Further reading
* 

## Other websites
* Representative Roscoe Bartlett  official U.S. House site
* 
* 
* Profile  at SourceWatch
* An interview with Rep. Bartlett regarding peak oil  April 18, 2005
* Transcript of Bartlett speech in Congress on Peak Oil  May 2005
* Video of Rep. Bartlett in Congress on Peak Oil February 2005
* Bill Text 109th Congress (2005–2006) H.RES.507.IH, *THOMAS*
Trajan's Column

'''Trajan's Column''' is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy. It was built to remember Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate. It is in Trajan's Forum, near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum. It was completed in AD 113. It has a spiral bas relief, which shows the wars between the Romans and Dacians (101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous victory columns, both ancient and modern.

The column is about 30 metres (98&nbsp;ft) in height, 35 metres (125&nbsp;ft) including its large pedestal. It is made from a series of 20 hollow Carrara marble pieces. Each one weighs about 32 tons, with a diameter of 3.7 metres (11&nbsp;ft). The 190-metre (625&nbsp;ft) frieze winds around the column 23 times. Inside the column, a spiral staircase of 185 steps gives access to a viewing platform at the top. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of c. 34&nbsp;m.

Ancient coins show plans to put a statue of an eagle on top of the column. However it was built with a statue of Trajan. This statue disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned by Pope Sixtus V with a bronze figure of St. Peter. When it was built the column was next to two libraries, which perhaps held the soldier-emperor's account of the Roman-Dacian Wars.

## References
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

.]]
**Insurance Institute for Highway Safety** (IIHS) is a non-profit organization ed by at least 75 insurance companies. IIHS was started in 1959 with their headquarters in Arlington, Virginia. Their goal is to reduce deaths, injuries and property loss from automobile crashes on US highways. It researches and rates popular passenger vehicles. IIHS also rates consumer products such as child safety seat. They also research road design and traffic s. 

It carries out research and produces ratings for popular passenger vehicles as well as for certain consumer products such as child safety seats. It also conducts research on road design and traffic regulations, and has been involved in promoting policy decisions. According to their own s IIHS does not  the United States Congress and other lawmaking bodies to change laws. They educate lawmakers and by .

## History 
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety was ed by insurance companies in 1959 to  other organizations about highway safety. In 1968 when Richard Nixon became president, William Haddon, Jr., was replaced as head of the agency. Both test new cars and issue ratings, but the tests are different. They also use different rating systems. Vehicles that have good results all five tests and have Collision avoidance systems win the top award. Convertibles and other limited production cars are often not tested. In 2007 the IIHS did test 10 models. Test results often appear months after a car goes on sale. Both agencies buy their vehicles from car dealerships. The IIHS has only begun to mention upcoming (to be tested) models while the NHTSA has noted this for some time.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Report lists cars with highest and lowest rates of deaths
Arch bridge

An **arch bridge** is a bridge with abutments at each end d as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by  the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust held by the abutments at either side. A viaduct (long bridge) may be made from a long arcade of arches. However other less expensive structures are typically used today.

## History 
The oldest existing arch bridge may be the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece. It was built in about 1300 BC. The stone corbel arch bridge is still used. The well-preserved Hellenistic Eleutherna Bridge has a triangular corbel arch. The 4th century BC Rhodes Footbridge rests on an early voussoir arch.

Both the Etruscans and ancient Greeks knew about arches. But the Romans were the first to use arches for bridge construction. 
  
Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular.  A number were also segmental arch bridges (such as Alconétar Bridge), meaning it has a curved arch that is less than a semicircle.  Such a segmental arch bridge allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it. This would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods. this Italian culvert is an arch bridge
File:Garabit.jpg|The Garabit Viaduct is a wrought iron truss arch bridge.

## References
Striped hyaena

The **striped hyaena** (*Hyaena hyaena*) is a widespread small carnivore. It is native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is listed by the IUCN as near threatened, and the global population may be under 10,000 mature individuals. It is persecuted, and its prey base is declining. For example, it has a smaller and less specialised skull.

It is mainly a scavenger, but large individuals may kill their own prey. Attacks on humans are rare, but do happen.

The striped hyaena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as *tzebua* or *zevoa*, though the species is absent in some English translations.

## References
Raymond Gosling

**Raymond Gosling** (15 July 1926 – 18 May 2015) was a British biophysicist. He was known for doing X-ray diffraction studies on DNA. These studies were the first step in understanding the 3-D structure of DNA. He did these studies as a doctoral student in the research group headed by Maurice Wilkins at Kings College London.

Gosling's first supervisor was A.R. Stokes of the Physics Department. By 1950, Gosling's diffraction photographs were described by Wilkins at the time as "much better than Astbury's, and almost like single crystals".

Gosling was re-assigned to Rosalind Franklin when she joined Wilkins' group in 1951. For the next two years, they worked closely together to improve the X-ray diffraction photography of DNA and get a sharper image. Gosling made the X-ray diffraction image of DNA known as "Photo 51". This work led directly to the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine being awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins. Gosling was the co-author with Franklin of one of the three DNA double helix papers published in *Nature* in April 1953.

Gosling died in London at 88 on 18 May 2015.

## References
## Other websites
* Detailed interview 2013 in *Genome Biology* 
* Raymond Gosling in The King's story 
* Doppler-shifted ultrasound units (1974-1981) jointly developed by Dr.B.A.Coghlan and Prof.R.G.Gosling's Blood Flow Group at the Physics Dept., Guy's Hospital Medical School, London. These early devices were used for haemodynamic assessment of normal volunteers and assessment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. The work reflects a close and extensive collaboration with Dr.M.G.Taylor.
Pack hunter

s are pack hunters]]
A **pack hunter** or **social predator** is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom, which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species.  Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related. Except where only males normally hunt (humans and chimpanzees), all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting. The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf. The wolf is the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog. Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters. Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins, lions and spotted hyenas. A number of avian social predators exist. These include the Harris's hawk, butcherbirds, three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes. There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters. Forexample, simple arthropods such as army ants. Another example is the yellow saddle goatfish Occasionally crocodiles are pack hunters. Hunting in packs allows smaller predators to hunt larger prey. 

## References
Fossa

The **fossa** (*Cryptoprocta ferox*) is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).

Its classification has been controversial because it looks like a cat. However, other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids (most civets and their relatives). Its classification influenced thought about how many times mammalian carnivores had colonized Madagascar. Genetic studies now show that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are closely related to each other: they are a clade, the family Eupleridae. 
Carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once about 18 to 20 million years ago.

The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. Adults have a head-body length of  and weigh between . The males larger than the females. It has semiretractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and they can jump from tree to tree.

The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found only in forested habitat, and hunts by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates of the island. Tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born blind and toothless (altricial). Infants wean after 4.5&nbsp;months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20&nbsp;years. The fossa is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their taboo. The greatest threat to the species is habitat destruction.

## References
Dole, Jura

**Dole** is a commune in the Jura department. It was the capital of the Free County until Louis XIV conquered the region, which from then on became Besançon.
Péronne, Somme

**Péronne** is a commune in the Hauts-de-France region in the Somme department in the north of France.

It is close to where the Battles of the Somme took place during World War I.

The Museum of the Great War (known in French as the *Historial de la Grande Guerre*) is located in the château.

In September 2025, the municipality will launch an ambitious renovation project for 88 social housing units in the Chapelette district.

## References
Cuba men's national volleyball team

**Cuba national volleyball team** is the national volleyball team of Cuba.

## Honors 
* **Olympics**: Bronze medal (1976)
* **World Championship**: Silver Medal (1990, 2010)
* **NORCECA Championship**: Gold medal (969, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2009, 2011) - Silver medal (1973, 1985, 1999, 2005)
* **World League**: Gold medal (1998) - Silver medal (1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999)

## References 
* www.cubanav.org - Cuba Volleyball Federation
Crépy-en-Valois

**Crépy-en-Valois** is a commune in the Hauts-de-France region in the Oise department in the north of France. The two listed historical monuments are the Saint-Thomas-de-Canterbury collegiate church and the Porte de Paris. The first one goes back to its oldest elements in the 12th century, when the city prospered under the guidance of the Dukes of Valois. The second one dates from 1788-1792 and is located rue Charles de Gaulle.

## History 
The origins of the city of Crépy-en-Valois remain uncertain. During 10th century, the first lords of Crépy fortified the area, this rocky promontory overlooking the streams of Taillandiers and Sainte- Agathe.

The castrum didn't stop developing since then: firstly under the impetus of the Counts of Amiens Valois, who founded the Abbey Saint Arnoul in 1008, then with the Counts of Vermandois, particularly Philip d'Alsace and his wife Elizabeth who founded in 1182 in the suburbs a collegiate dedicated to Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was assassinated in his cathedral.

Civil and religious protection drew a more and more numerous population. Prosperity settled thanks to the pilgrimages and grew even after 1213, the date of the reattachment of Valois to the French crown.

In 1790, the revolutionary district was created. Thereafter, it became an administrative center of the canton, arrondissement of Senlis, department of Oise.

The 19th century announced winds of change. The city expanded to the East with new neighborhoods. The arrival of the railroad facilitated the establishment of prosperous industries and therefore the installation of a workforce.

The wars of 1914 and 1939 wounded city by multiple bombings; but the successive mayors knew how to look after and maintain the city's dignity and dynamism.

## References
Ottoman architecture

**Ottoman architecture** is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. It d in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture. It was d by the Byzantine, Iranian and Seljuk architecture.  It was also influenced by Islamic Mamluk traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques.

The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands. They ed the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes. Their work achieved  between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious building, which until then was simple but with extensive decoration, was transformed by the Ottomans. They used vaults, domes, semi-domes and columns. The mosque was changed from being a cramped and dark  with arabesque-covered walls into a beautiful sanctuary.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Architecture. The Ottomans
Bulgaria men's national volleyball team

**Bulgaria national volleyball team** is the national volleyball team of Bulgaria. They have participated in the FIVB world  ever since 1994. Bulgaria played at the first world championship in 1949.

## Honors 
* **Olympics**: Silver medal (1980)
* **World Championship**: Silver Medal (1970) - Bronze medal (1949, 1952, 1986, 2000)
* **World Cup**: Bronze medal (2007)
* **European Championship**: Silver medal (1951)

## References 
## Other websites 
* BG Vollyball
Sudha Shivpuri

**Sudha Shivpuri** (14 July 1937 – 20 May 2015) was an Indian stage, movie and television actress. She was known for her role as "Baa" in the Hindi TV serial *Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi* (2000–2008).

## References
## Other websites
*
Seljuk architecture

**Seljuk architecture** is the name given to architecture built during the time when the Seljuks ruled most of the Middle East and Anatolia. This was between the 11th and 13th centuries. After the 11th century the Seljuks of Rum emerged from the Great Seljuk Empire developing their own architecture. Their capital was Konya. They were d and d by the Armenians, Byzantines and Persians.

## Great Seljuq Empire architecture
The architecture can be found in a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia. Also from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. The homeland of Seljuk architecture was Turkmenistan and Iran. This is where the first permanent Seljuk buildings were built. Unfortunately the Mongol invasions destroyed most of these buildings. Another mosque-type introduced at this time was the kiosk mosque, consisting of a domed space with three open sides and wall containing a mihrab on the qibla side. The architecture of this period was also characterized by memorial tombs. These were usually octagonal structures with domed roofs, called Kümbet or Türbe. An impressive example of tomb architecture is the mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar at Merv. It is a massive building measuring  square with a huge double dome resting on squinches and muqarnas pendentives.

## Gallery 

File:Shah mosque.JPG|Shah mosque at night
File:Sultanhani - Gebetshaus 1.jpg|Small Kiosk mosque
File:Cenacle mihrab.jpg|mihra close-up
File:Zubaida tomb.JPG|Tomb of Zubaidah bint Ja`far in Baghdad
File:Antiquities of Samarkand. Shir Dar Madrasah. Plan, Elevation, and Sections WDL3933.png|four-iwan plan, section, and elevation
File:Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar.jpg|Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar

## Related pages 
* Seljuq dynasty
* Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar
* Kharraqan towers

## References
Serbia men's national volleyball team

**Serbia national volleyball team** is the name of Serbia's national volleyball team. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball considers Serbia the inheritor of the records of SFR Yugoslavia (1948–1991), FR Yugoslavia (1992–2002) and Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006). Nikola Grbic, a former player and team captain, is the head coach.

## Honors 
* **Olympics**: Gold medal (2000) - Bronze medal (1996)
* **World Championship**: Silver Medal (1998) - Bronze medal (2010)
* **World Cup**: Bronze medal (2013)
* **European Championship**: Gold medal (2001, 2011) - Silver medal (1997) - Bronze medal (1975, 1979, 1995, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2013)
* **World League**: Silver medal (2003, 2005, 2008, 2009) -  Bronze medal (2002, 2004, 2010)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2011 European Men's Volleyball Championship (Final) - Italy vs Serbia (1-3)
Beaune

**Beaune** is a commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Côte-d'Or department. It is the region's wine capital.

## Twin towns 
* Nantucket, United States
* Malmedy, Belgium
* Krems an der Donau, Austria
* Bensheim, Germany
* Kōshū, Japan
Australia men's national volleyball team

'''Australia Men's national volleyball team''' also known as Volleyball Team Australia Men (VTAM) is the national volleyball team of Australia.

## References
Ennio Porrino

**Ennio Porrino** (born Cagliari, 20 January 1910 – died Rome, 25 September 1959) was an Italian composer and teacher. 

Amongst his compositions were orchestral works, an oratorio and several operas and ballets. His best known work is the symphonic poem "Sardegna," a tribute to his native Sardinia, which premiered in Florence in 1933. In the course of his career, Porrino taught at the conservatories of Rome, Venice, and Naples, and in 1956 became the director of the Cagliari Conservatory. 

That same year he married Malgari Onnis (born 1935), a painter and theatrical designer. She designed the production of Porrino's last work, the opera I Shardana, which premiered on 21 March 1959, six months before his death. The couple had one daughter, Stefania (born 1957), who became a playwright and stage director.

## References
Metal Slug (series)

is a series of video games created by SNK then SNK Playmore. It is a series of 2D shoot 'em ups released on the Neo Geo platform. The series is known for its detailed 2D pixel-art and high difficulty. 

The games are about the Peregrine Falcon Squad, a small group of soldiers who fight against a rebel army, aliens, zombies, mummies and various other forces intent on world domination.

## References
Genet

**Genets** are Old World mammals. They are viverrids, in the same family as civet cats. They are feliform carnivores of the family Viverridae. 

The closest relatives of genets are the civets, linsangs, fossa, and mongooses. Almost all species are in the genus ***Genetta***. The common genet, *Genetta genetta*, is the only viverrid living in Europe. Other species live in Africa. Fossils of the genus have been found from the Pliocene.
 at night]]

Genets have long tails, about one to one and a half times the length of their bodies.  They are not strictly terrestrial, and spend much of their time in trees.

Genets are highly agile creatures, with quick reflexes and exceptional climbing skills, and are the only viverrids that are able to stand bipedally. They are able to walk, trot, run, climb up and down trees, and jump. Small rodents are captured by the back and killed with a bite at the head, then eaten starting with the head. They also eat birds, bird eggs, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, and various fruits, including figs and olives.

## Species
* Angolan genet

## References
Drosnay

**Drosnay** is a commune in the Marne department in the Grand Est region. In 2012, 189 people lived there.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Marne department
Boom Clap

**"Boom Clap"** is an electropop song by Charli XCX. This song was released as the first single from *The Fault in Our Stars* soundtrack. It was also on XCX's studio album *Sucker*.

The single was released on June 15, 2014. It peaked at #6 on the UK Singles chart. It was also #8 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It got positive reviews by music critics.

## References
African linsang

The **African linsang** or **oyan** are two species in the genus ***Poiana***. They are viverrids in the mammalian subfamily Viverrinae.

DNA analysis showed that these African linsangs (*Poiana*) are true viverrids closely related to the genets.

## References
Winnowing

winnowing in India.]]

**Winnowing** is a farming method developed by ancient people for separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain. Threshing, which is the loosening of grain or seeds from the s and straw, comes before winnowing. In place of a winnowing basket a colandar can be used.

In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff. The heavier grains fall back down for recovery. This method is called "wind-grading". Other methods include using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff). Yet another is using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain.

Winnowing can also describe the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. This is similar to separating wheat from chaff.

## References
Pour Some Sugar on Me

**"Pour Some Sugar on Me"** is a 1987 heavy metal single by Def Leppard. The song has sexual themes in it. It reached #2 on *Billboard* Hot 100 in July of 1988.

The song was from Def Leppard's studio album *Hysteria*. 

There are several versions of the song. The extended version is five minutes and 35 seconds long.

## References
Linsang

The **linsangs** are four feliform species, two in Asia and two in Africa. The whole group was put in the Viverridae in a subfamily. The two pairs are:

The species of African linsangs are:
**Poiana leightoni* – Leighton's linsang
**Poiana richardsonii* – African linsang

The species of Asiatic linsangs are:
**Prionodon linsang* – Banded linsang
**Prionodon pardicolor* – Spotted linsang

DNA analysis shows:
# the African linsangs (*Poiana*) are true viverrids closely related to the genet.
# the Asiatic linsangs (*Prionodon*) are not, and may be the closest living relatives of the Felidae family. Discovering this, the Asiatic linsangs are now put into a family of their own. They are not viverrids.

Therefore, the similarities between the two genera of linsangs must be convergent. All of them are cat-like in appearance. They are nocturnal, generally solitary tree dwellers. They are carnivorous, eating squirrels and other rodents, small birds, lizards and insects. Typical size is a little over 30 cm (1 foot), with a tail that more than doubles that length. Bodies are long, with short legs, giving a low appearance. All species have yellowish bodies with black markings (stripes, blotches and spots), though the distribution and nature of the markings varies between species. 

## References
Winter's Tale

'''''Winter's Tale''''' is a 2014 supernatural fantasy, mystery and romantic drama movie. It was based on a 1983 novel with the same name. Jennifer Connelly plays Virginia. Eva Marie Saint plays Willa Penn. Russell Crowe plays Pearly.

## Cast
* Colin Farrell as Peter Lake
* Jessica Brown Findlay as Beverly Penn
* Jennifer Connelly as Virginia Gamely
* Russell Crowe as Pearly Soames
* William Hurt as Isaac Penn
* Mckayla Twiggs as Young Willa Penn
* Eva Marie Saint as Adult Willa Penn
* Will Smith as Judge / Lucifer
* Ripley Sobo as Abby
* Matt Bomer as Peter's father
* Lucy Griffiths as Peter's mother
* Finn Wittrock as Gabriel
* Listo as The Horse
* Kevin Corrigan as Romeo Tan
* Kevin Durand as Cesar Tan
* Graham Greene as Humpstone John

## Production
### Development
Initially Warner Bros. attempted to sign Martin Scorsese in 2002. He turned down the chance to direct the movie, calling it "unfilmable". Later on, the movie became a "passion project" for director Akiva Goldsman. He was given the go-ahead by Warner Bros. in February 2011 with a budget of $75 million. The budget was later dropped to $60 million in February of 2012. Will Smith and Russell Crowe were linked to the project in supporting roles.

### Filming
Principal photography began in October 2012, though was delayed due to Hurricane Sandy. Shooting took place at locations across New York City, including Grand Central Terminal, Red Hook, Brooklyn, East Village, Manhattan and Central Park.

## Release
The movie was released on 14 February 2014 in the United States. 

### Reception
It got negative reviews from movie critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie has a rating of 13%. 

### Box office
The movie performed poor in the box office. Its intake was only $12.6 million in the United States. It took in $30 million worldwide.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
I Shardana

***I Shardana*** is an Italian opera in three acts, with music and libretto by Ennio Porrino. It was first performed in Naples, on March 8, 1959. It is by far Porrino's most successful work. It has recently been rediscovered.

## Principal characters
* Gonnario - bass
* Nibatta - mezzo-soprano
* Torbeno - tenor
* Bèrbera Jonia - soprano
* Norace - baritone
* Perdu - tenor
* Orzocco - baritone

## Discography
* 1960: Ferruccio Mazzoli (Gonnario), Oralia Dominguez (Nibatta), Gastone Limarilli (Torbeno), Marta Pender (Bèrbera Jonia), Piero Guelfi (Norace), Antonio Galiè (Perdu), Vinicio Cocchieri (Orzocco); Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro di Roma della RAI, Armando La Rosa Parodi - (Decca)
* 2013: Manrico Signorini (Gonnario), Alessandra Palomba (Nibatta), Angelo Villari (Torbeno), Paoletta Marrocu (Bèrbera Jonia), Domenico Balzani (Norace), Gabriele Mangione (Perdu), Gianpiero Ruggeri (Orzocco); Orchestra e Coro del Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Anthony Bramall - (Dynamic)

## References
Louis Johnson

**Louis Johnson**  (April 13, 1955 &ndash; May 21, 2015) was an American bass guitarist.

Johnson was best known for his group The Brothers Johnson and his session playing on several hit albums of the 1970s and 1980s including the "best selling album of all time" *Thriller*.

Johnson died on May 21, 2015 at the age of 60.

## References
Corbel

In architecture a **corbel** or **console** is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal sticking out from a wall to carry a  weight. It is a type of . The technique of corbelling, where rows of corbels support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic,  or New Stone Age, times. 

The word "corbel" comes from Old French and derives from the Latin *corbellus*, a diminutive of *corvus* (a raven) which refers to the beak-like appearance. Similarly, the French refer to a bracket-corbel, usually a load-bearing internal feature, as a *corbeau* (a crow).

## References
Edmond J. Gong

**Edmond Joseph (Eddie) Gong** (October 6, 1930 &ndash; May 19, 2015) was an American attorney and former politician in the state of Florida. He was the first Asian-American elected to the Florida House. He served as a Florida state senator from 1967 through 1971. He was also a member of Florida's House of Representatives from 1963 through 1966.

Gong died at the age of 84 in Miami, Florida.

## References
Abutment

In engineering, **abutment** refers to the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam. This is where the structure's superstructure rests or contacts. Dam abutments are generally the natural valley walls. They may also be artificial in order to support arch dams such as Kurobe Dam in Japan.

The term may also refer to the structure supporting one side of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault. The word derives from the verb "abut", meaning to "touch by means of a mutual border".

## References
Terry Sue-Patt

**Terence Anthony** "**Terry**" **Sue-Patt** (29 September 1964 &ndash; April/May 2015) was a British actor. He was best known for the role of Benny Green in the BBC television series *Grange Hill* (1978&ndash;1982). He also appeared in *Jackanory*. He was born in Islington, London to British Jamaican parents.

Sue-Patt was found dead on 22 May 2015 in Walthamstow, London. He was 50 and is believed to have been dead for about a month.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joaquim Durão

**Joaquim Manuel Durão** (25 October 1930 &ndash; 21 May 2015) was a Portuguese chess player. He was an International Master from 1975 until his death. He was 13 times Portuguese champion, and represented his country in ten Chess Olympiads. He was also president of the Portuguese Chess Federation.

Durão was born in Lisbon. He died on 21 May 2015, aged 84.

## References
Asiatic linsang

The **Asiatic linsang** (*Prionodon*) is a genus with two species, the banded linsang (*Prionodon linsang*) and the spotted linsang (*Prionodon pardicolor*). They are native to southeast Asia:

DNA analysis on 29 species showed that *Prionodon* was the sister-group of the family Felidae. So the Asiatic linsangs are put in a family of their own, the Prionodontidae. *Prionodon* is not closely related to the African linsangs, although they look similar, and live a similar life. They are small cat-like carnivores adapted to catching small prey among the trees of a tropical forest. The similarities between the two groups came about by convergent evolution.

*Prionodon* is basal to the Feliformia and a sister taxon of the Felidae.

## References
Karnak king list

The **Karnak king list**, is a list of early Egyptian kings written in stone. It was in the southwest corner of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III. This hall was part of the Karnak Temple Complex, now Luxor, Egypt. It was written during the rule of Thutmose III. It has the names of 61 kings beginning with Sneferu from Egypt's Old Kingdom. Only the names of 39 kings can still be read. One name is not written in a cartouche (a border used around the name of a king). 

It is not a complete list of the Egyptian Pharaohs. This list has the names of kings of the First and Second Intermediate periods, which are left out in most other king lists.

It was first described by James Burton in 1825. In 1843, a German group directed by egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius was traveling up the River Nile to Karnak. A French adventurer, Émile Prisse d'Avennes, got there first. he pulled down the wall at night and took away the blocks with the lists. He had these blocks sent to France. Severely damaged, it is now on show at the Louvre in Paris.

## Drawing of the list
## The list
This list has the name of the Pharaoh followed by the actual one written on the stone. The list is in three sections and is divided at the center. The numbering is from the sides, toward the center.

## Gallery 
## Related pages
* List of pharaohs
* Abydos King List
* Palermo Stone
* Turin King List

## Notes
## Other websites
* Lepsius drawing from APAW 1852  from Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Karnak king list  with complete hieroglyphics, sources and pictures
Donald Wrye

**Donald Wrye** (September 24, 1934 &ndash; May 15, 2015) was an American movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was best known for directing the movie *Ice Castles* (1978). His career began in 1966.

Wrye was born in Riverside, California. He was married to Kathryn Dowling Wrye.

Wrye died in his sleep on May 15, 2015 at his home in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jackie Basehart

**John Anthony Carmine Michael "Jackie" Basehart**  (11 October 1951 – 16 May 2015) was an American-born Italian actor. He was born in Santa Monica, California. Basehart was known for his role as Beri in the 1978 movie *The Inglorious Bastards*.

Basehart died at his home in Milan, Italy after suffering from a rare disease, aged 63.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jackie Brookner

**Jackie Brookner** (1945 – May 15, 2015) was an American ecological artist, writer, and educator. She worked with ecologists, design professionals, engineers, communities, and policy-makers on water remediation/public art projects for parks, wetlands, rivers, and urban stormwater runoff. 

Brookner died of cancer in her New York City home, aged 69.

## References
King of New York

***King of New York*** is a 1990 crime-thriller movie. The movie is about drug trafficking in New York City. Laurence Fishburne plays Jimmy Jump. Wesley Snipes plays Thomas Flanigan. David Caruso plays Dennis Gilley. The movie was directed by Abel Ferrara. The movie was released in September 1990.

## Cast 
*Christopher Walken - Frank White
*Larry Fishburne - Jimmy Jump
*David Caruso - Dennis Gilley
*Victor Argo - Roy Bishop
*Janet Julian - Jennifer
*Wesley Snipes - Thomas Flanigan
*Steve Buscemi - Test Tube
*Paul Calderón - Joey Dalesio
*Giancarlo Esposito - Lance
*John Turturro - Eddie
*Theresa Randle - Raye
*Frank Adonis - Paul Calgari
*Harold Perrineau - Subway Mugger

## Reception 
The movie premiered at the New York Film Festival. Many members of the audience, including Abel Ferrara's wife, walked from the movie theater. At a second showing of the movie the following day, Larry Fishburne and Nicholas St. John were booed from the stage.

Mark Caro, writing for the *Chicago Tribune* gave the movie only 1/2 star. He said  "``King of New York,`` [is] a film more interested in leaving impressions than spinning a smooth narrative". He also said that both the star, Christopher Walken, and the movie "remains just out of grasp". 

Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie a rating of 71%. Roger Ebert gave the movie two stars. Janet Maslin from *New York Times* said the movie was "a chillingly ambiguous portrait of its title character."

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Bob Belden

**James Robert "Bob" Belden** (October 31, 1956 – May 20, 2015) was an American saxophonist, arranger, composer, bandleader and producer. He may be best known for his Grammy Award winning jazz orchestral recording, "The Black Dahlia". Belden was born in Evanston, Illinois.

Belden died of a heart attack on May 20, 2015, at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, aged 58.

## References
Class action

A **class action**, **class suit**, or **representative action** is a type of lawsuit. One of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by one member of that group.  

The class action originated in the United States. It is still mainly a U.S. phenomenon. However, several European countries with civil law have made changes to allow consumer organizations to bring claims on behalf of consumers. 

In 1991 China passed the "Civil Procedure Law" that allows class actions. In Brazil class action suits have been brought against industries, banks. and other organizations. They have been used against environmental damage,  s and false advertising to name a few. They were used in England from the 13th century. It involved groups of people suing or being sued in a court. Group cases were easier to handle than numbers of individual cases, because of the slow and difficult travelling at that time. Judges travelled round a circuit, and might visit a town only once or twice a year. By the 18th century individual lawsuits became the .

## References