open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Speedometer

A **speedometer** is a type of gauge that shows the speed a vehicle is moving. It usually shows the speed in miles per hour (mph) for countries that use the statute mile for distances or kilometres per hour (km/h) for countries that use the metric system. Originally, a speedometer was an  that car owners could buy to put on their car. Beginning about 1910 it was built into all cars.

## History 
The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888, and was originally called a velocimeter. Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer. These were usually fitted to locomotives.

A speedometer was patented by a German, Otto Schulze on October 7, 1902, it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the output of the vehicle's transmission. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel.

## Speedometer accuracy 
Most speedometers have tolerances of some ±10%, mainly due to s in tire diameter. Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to show the vehicle is going faster. This causes it to rotate faster than the speedometer shows it is. Tires underinflated by only 10 psi can mean a car or truck reading 70&nbsp;mph on the speedometer is actually traveling at 72&nbsp;mph.

## References
Slot machine

]]

A **slot machine** (American English), called also **fruit machine** (British English), **the slots** (Canadian English), **poker machine** or **"pokies" (slang)** (Australian English and New Zealand English) or simply **slot** (American English), is a casino gambling machine with set of numbers or pictures that after putting money in it and pressing button will randomly spin. The game is popular in casinos as it is easy and hassle free way to gamble money. The display of a slot machine have reels, which have symbols; a built-in number generator determines the different symbols. If same numbers or pictures line up the player will win their bet or multiplier of it.

Slot machines include a currency detector that detects if coins and notes are real ones and what values they have. The machine pays the winning or issue a coupon that will entitle to collecting reward in cash or prizes.
In some countries where money gambling in casinos is illegal the slot machines can issue free prizes, coupons or vouchers. Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and make up about 70 percent of the US casino's income.

## History 
The first modern slot machine was invented by Charles Fey of San Francisco, California, in 1894. The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement. It became very successful at a local saloon, so he soon quit his job, and opened a factory to make more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and playing card suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied by Fey’s competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago.

## Variants 
# Progressive Jackpot Slots 
# Multiple Pay-Line
# Multiplier Slots
# Bonus Multiplier Slots
# Megaways Slots
# Classic Slots
# 3D Slots
# Video Slots

## References
All Through the Night

"**All Through the Night**" is a song by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is off her first album, ''She's So Unusual*.  It is a synthpop song written by Jules Shear and produced by Rick Chertoff. This was the only single by Lauper released worldwide which did not have a music video. It peaked at #5 on the *Billboard'' Hot 100. It became her fourth top-five song in the United States.

The song received mostly positive reviews from critics. It was released in September 1984 in the United States.

## References
AFL–NFL merger

The **AFL–NFL merger** of 1970 was the merger of the two major professional American football leagues in the United States at the time: the *National Football League* (NFL) and the *American Football League* (AFL). The merger combined the two leagues and retained the "National Football League" name and logo, to become one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States.
Diving bell

A **diving bell** was an early system for underwater diving.  The basic idea of a bell is that a hollow object, even with an open bottom, will hold air when put under water (this can be seen with a glass in a sink).  If the bell is heavy enough it will sink below the water. A swimmer can be inside the bell and breathe, or hold his breath and swim outside the bell for a short time, and come back to the bell to breath again.  The idea had been around for a long time, but became useful in the 1600s. Scuba diving has mostly replaced diving bells although they are still used sometimes.

## References
Jon Santacana Maiztegui

**Jon Santacana Maiztegui** (born 1 November 1980) is a Spanish skier who has problems seeing. He skis with help from Miguel Galindo Garces who helps him with directions. Santacana has played in the IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, in the European Cup and the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, and Spanish national competitions. He represented Spain at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, 2006 Winter Paralympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics, making, getting a gold and a two silvers at the 2010 Paralympics.

He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the second skier to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super Combined race and in the Giant Slalom race. He was the second skier to finish in the slalom race. Because he cannot see, Miguel Galindo Garces was his guide and told him where to when going down the mountain.

## References
Anne T. Hill

**Anne T. Hill** (November 24, 1916 &ndash; March 8, 1999) was an American fashion designer and yoga teacher.

Hill was born on November 24, 1916 in Atlanta, Georgia. She studied at Commercial High School and at the University of Georgia. Hill was married to Harry Leher. Then she was married to Roy W. Hill from 1971 until his death in 1986. Then she was married to Edgar L. McCoubrey from 1990 until her death in 1999. Hill died on March 8, 1999 in her home in Rancho Mirage, California from heart failure, aged 82.

## Other websites
*
Spanish Paralympic Committee

**Spanish Paralympic Committee** (, CPE) is a Spanish non-profit sport organisation started in 1995. It oversees disability sport organisations in Spain. The organisation has a Secretary General and a President. Since 2005, they have been supported by Plan ADO. In 2000, the CPE had a scandal.

## References
Parks Australia

**Parks Australia** is an agency that manages national parks and conservation areas in Australia. The parks are governed by the Director of National Parks, which is a division of the federal government's Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities. Parks Australia looks after parks in the federal territories; those in the six states are managed by their own state-government agencies. Parks Australia provides some support to each state in managing their parklands. It also supports indigenous landholders to establish Indigenous Protected Areas.

Parks Australia manages six national parks and two botanical gardens:
* Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens, Jervis Bay Territory
* Christmas Island National Park, Christmas Island
* Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory
* Norfolk Island National Park, Norfolk Island
* Pulu Keeling National Park, Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Northern Territory
Booderee, Kakadu and Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa are managed jointly with their traditional owners.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Official blog 
*
*
*National Parks Australia Council
José Abal

**José Manuel Abal Lores** (born 15 July 1961) is a disability sport athlete from Spain. He is a T53/F53 type track and field athlete.  He ran in the pentathlon events and he ran the marathon.  He was at the 1992 Summer Paralympics and 1996 Summer Paralympics. He won a silver medal in 1992 in the pentathlon. He lost to Vojtech Vasicek from Czechoslovakia. He did not win any other medals in 1992 or 1996.

## References
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust

**Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust** is the land trust that holds the freehold title to the land of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park (referred to as **Northern Territory Portion 1728**). The trust is the legal landowner and holds the title on behalf of the people who are recognised as the land's traditional owners. It was created on 26 October 1985.

The land was originally claimed as part of the Katiti Land Claim in 1979. It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Muṯitjulu. The claim was judged in 1980, and Commissioner Justice John Toohey formally recognised 104 traditional owners for Uluṟu and 57 for Kata Tjuṯa.

There was then a long legal case over the freehold title (actual ownership) of the park lands. The case continued until November 1983, when Prime Minister Bob Hawke acknowledged that the traditional owners had the rights to Uluṟu. In 1985, the Territory passed two amendments: one for the Aboriginal Land Rights Act and one for the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. The freehold title to the land in the park was passed to the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust on 26 October 1985. As part of the agreement, the land was immediately  back to the Director of National Parks for a period of 99 years. The title is , which means that it can not be sold, traded or given away; it is inherited continuously by the community's descendants.

## References
## Other websites
*Uluru - Kata Tjuta Aboriginal Land Trust  at the *Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project*, University of Melbourne
Palisades Sill

is the background]]

The **Palisades Sill** is a Triassic intrusion, formed 200 million years ago. It runs through parts of New York and New Jersey. It is noteworthy for **The Palisades**, cliffs which rise steeply above the western bank of the Hudson River. The visibility of the sill,and its unique features, have got much attention from nature enthusiasts, rock climbers, and geologists.

## Location
 (yellow)]] 

The outcrop of the Palisades Sill is quite recognizable for its prominent cliffs above the Hudson River; it is easily seen from the western portions of Manhattan. The exposure is approximately  long, most of it following the Hudson River. It first emerges in Staten Island in New York City. The sill then crosses the state line into New Jersey, where Hoboken, Jersey City, Union City, Fort Lee, and Englewood Cliffs all lie on it.

## Geology
 in the Palisades Sill]]

The end of the Triassic saw large-scale rifting during the break-up of Pangaea. What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa, creating the young Atlantic Ocean. Magma came from decompression melting, and some was pushed into the pre-existing sandstones and arkoses. The magma solidified and, after millions of years, the overlying rocks got uplifted and eroded, exposing the Palisades Sill as we see it.

There is an average stratigraphic thickness of 300 meters (~1000 feet), with the famous cliffs rising 100 meters (300 ft) on average above sea level. The intrusion dips between 10 and 15 degrees westward for most of its length. The sill was intruded at a depth of about 3-5 kilometers. These studies also concluded that the sill was in a position nearly identical to its current one (10-to-15-degree dip); this is further confirmed by the still-vertical orientation of the columnar jointing.

The Watchung basalt flows of the Watchung Mountains are eruptions onto the surface of the same magma that created the Palisades Sill.

## References
Mannanana Range

The **Mannanana Range** () is a mountain range in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is a section of the Petermann Ranges. It roughly consists of a single ridge about  long. It extends northwest towards Kaltukatjara from Tjunti, where it is split from the Curdie Range by the Hull River. The Hull winds around the range from the south and then runs along its northeastern side.

The name "Mannanana" was first recorded on maps by Herbert Basedow. It comes from '''', which is actually the Pitjantjatjara name for the range immediately to the west. This western range takes its name from  (meaning "woman's buttocks"), which is a formation overlooking Kaltukatjara and the Docker River on the range's western end. The name for the Mannanana Range in Pitjantjatjara is , after the Tjunti soakage at its eastern end.

## References
## Other websites
*Mannanana Range  at Geoscience Australia
Otfried Preußler

**Otfried Preußler** or **Otfried Preussler** (October 20, 1923 &ndash; February 18, 2013) was  a German children's book author. He wrote over 100 books. Some of them are *The Robber Hotzenplotz* and *The Satanic Mill* (Krabat). His books sold 50 million copies. They have been translated into over 55 languages.

Preußler was born on October 20, 1923 in Liberec, Czechoslovakia to German parents. He was married to Annelies Kind from 1949 until his death in 2013. He won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1972 for Krabat. Preußler died on February 18, 2013 in Bavaria, Germany from natural causes, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Preußler's Official Website 
* www.worldcat.org: List of Preußler's books that have been translated into English
Students for a Free Tibet

]]
**Students For a Free Tibet** (SFT) is an American non-profit international group of students and activists working with the Tibetan people for human rights and freedom. It was started in 1994. The group educates people and uses non-violent methods of action for making Tibet independent. SFT tries to influence public policy decisions within government institutions. It recommends self-determination for Tibet because of Tibet's historical status. It opposes the Chinese government's violation of the Tibetan people's human rights, cultural heritage, environment, language and religion.

## References 
## Other websites
*Students for a Free Tibet homepage
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12

'''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12''' is the twelfth cycle of America's Next Top Model. 13 girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Teyona Anderson.

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Elite Model Management
* A spread in *Seventeen* Magazine
* A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

## Contestants
* Celia Ammerman (4th)
* Teyona Anderson (**Winner**)
* Aminat Ayinde (3rd)
* Tahlia Brookins (8th)
* Kortnie Coles (10th)
* Kelly Marie "Isabella" Falk (13th)
* Nijah Harris (11th)
* Allison Harvard (Runner-up)
* Lauren "London" Levi-Nance (7th)
* Sandra Nyanchoka (9th)
* Natalie Pack (6th)
* Felicia "Fo" Porter (5th)
* Jessica Santiago (12th)

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode*

2.
*Best: Allison Harvard
*Worst: Isabella Falk & Sandra Nyanchoka
*Eliminated: Isabella Falk

3.
*Best: Teyona Anderson
*Worst: Fo Porter & Jessica Santiago
*Eliminated: Jessica Santiago

4.
*Best: Sandra Nyanchoka
*Worst: Allison Harvard & Nijah Harris
*Eliminated: Nijah Harris

5.
*Best: Tahlia Brookins
*Worst: Kortnie Coles & Sandra Nyanchoka
*Eliminated: Kortnie Coles

6.
*Best: Fo Porter
*Worst: Celia Ammerman & Sandra Nyanchoka
*Eliminated: Sandra Nyanchoka

7.
*Best: Celia Ammerman
*Worst: Tahlia Brookins & Allison Harvard
*Eliminated: Tahlia Brookins

8.
*recap episode*

9.
*Best: Teyona Anderson
*Worst: Aminat Ayinde & London Levi-Nance
*Eliminated: London Levi-Nance

10.
*Best: Allison Harvard
*Worst: Aminat Ayinde & Natalie Pack
*Eliminated: Natalie Pack

11.
*Best: Teyona Anderson
*Worst: Celia Ammerman & Fo Porter
*Eliminated: Fo Porter

12.
*Best: Allison Harvard
*Worst: Celia Ammerman & Aminat Ayinde
*Eliminated: Celia Ammerman

13.
*Best: Allison Harvard
*Worst: Teyona Anderson & Aminat Ayinde
*Eliminated: Aminat Ayinde
*Final Two: Allison Harvard & Teyona Anderson
*Winner: Teyona Anderson
Sansha

**Sansha** (三沙) is a city of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Hainan Province.  The city government's main building was built on Woody Island in the South China Sea.

## History
In 2012, the city was established to administer several uninhabited island groups and undersea atolls in the South China Sea, including the Spratly and Paracel Islands as well as the Macclesfield Bank. 

The area of city includes disputed territory not controlled by China. 

The city plans to develop virtual economic activity. In early 2013, there were 11 companies that have registered in Sansha.  They are paying tax in Sansha.

### Timeline
* **1911**: Guangdong Provincial Government of PRC claims the Xisha Islands as part Hainan's Yaxian County 

* **1946&ndash;1948**: the Republic of China (ROC) took over Xisha Islands

* **1959**: PRC sets up the Guangdong Province administrative office for Xisha, Nansha and Zhongsha islands

* **1984**: Hainan Administrative Region was set up

* **1988**: Hainan Province was set up to take over the administrative office

* **2012**: Sansha City established

## Government
The first mayor of the city was elected by a People’s Congress with 45 delegates.  

The city has a court of justice and a clinic. A kindergarten and a school are being planned.

## Related  pages
* Kalayaan, Palawan

## References
## Other websites
* Administrative divisions of Hainan Province 
* "Paracel Islands Cruise? China Invites Tourists To Disputed South China Sea"
Quantum teleportation

**Quantum teleportation** is a way of transferring the quantum state of one quantum system to another using the quantum entanglement between two other systems.

For example, let's assume Alice and Bob share an entangled pair of particles A and B, and Alice wants to teleport the information of another "message" particle M to Bob. 

What Alice does is interact her half of the entangled pair, A, she shares with Bob, so that now the message particle M is entangled with Alice's other particle A.

Next Alice measures both of her particles A and M and tells what the outcomes of these measurements are to Bob. Because the message particle M was entangled with Alice's other particle A, and Bob has the information of Alice's measurements, he can use this information to recreate the original message particle M out of the one he has B. 

What makes quantum teleportation special is that we didn't need to physically move the message particle M from Alice to Bob.
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 13

'''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 13'* is the thirteenth cycle of ANTM. The season included originally 15 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Nicole Fox.

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models
* A spread in *Seventeen* Magazines
* A $100,000 contract with *CoverGirl*

## Contestants
* Jennifer An (3rd/4th)
* Lulu Braithwaite (11th)
* Courtney Davies (12th)
* Amber DePace (15th) (Disqualified)
* Rachel Echelberger (13th)
* Nicole Fox (**Winner**)
* Ashley Howard (9th)
* Laura Kirkpatrick (Runner-up)
* Sundai Love (5th)
* Brittany Markert (6th)
* Lisa Ramos (14th)
* Bianca Richardson (10th)
* Kara Vincent (8th)
* Erin Wagner (3rd/4th)
* Ashley "Rae" Weisz (7th)

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode''

2.
*Disqualified: Amber DePace
*Added: Lisa Ramos
*Best: Rae Weisz
*Worst: Bianca Richardson & Lisa Ramos
*Eliminated: Lisa Ramos
3.
*Eliminated Outside Of Judging Panel: Rachel Echelberger
*Best: Erin Wagner
*Worst: Bianca Richardson & Courtney Davies
*Eliminated: Courtney Davies
4.
*Best: Kara Vincent
*Worst: Lulu Braithwaite & Brittany Markert
*Eliminated: Lulu Braithwaite
5.
*Best/Immune: Brittany Markert
*Worst: Ashley Howard & Bianca Richardson
*Eliminated: Bianca Richardson
6.
*Best: Brittany Markert, Jennifer An & Rae Weisz
*Worst: Ashley Howard & Kara Vincent
*Eliminated: Ashley Howard
7.
*Best: Nicole Fox
*Worst: Sundai Love & Kara Vincent
*Eliminated: Kara Vincent
8.
*Best: Jennifer An
*Worst: Erin Wagner & Rae Weisz
*Eliminated: Rae Weisz
9.
*Best: Nicole Fox
*Worst: Erin Wagner & Brittany Markert
*Eliminated: Brittany Markert
10.
*Best: Jennifer An
*Worst: Erin Wagner & Sundai Love
*Eliminated: Sundai Love
11.
*Best: Nicole Fox
*Worst: Erin Wagner, Jennifer An & Laura Kirkpatrick
*Eliminated: Erin Wagner & Jennifer An
12.
*Final Two: Nicole Fox & Laura Kirkpatrick
*America's Next Top Model: Nicole Fox
Beach Erosion Board

The **Beach Erosion Board** (BEB) was a federal board organized under the US Government's War Department (later, the Department of Defense), U.S. Army, and was a part of the civil works program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.  The Board had seven members and a staff.  The life of the BEB spanned a period of 33 years, beginning with its establishment in July 1930. The BEB was abolished in November of 1963.

The job of the BEB was to review reports of investigations made concerning erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters, and the protection of those shores.  Under Section 2 of Public Law 520, 7lst Congress, approved on July 3, 1930, the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, was given authority to make, in cooperation with the appropriate agencies of the various coastal States, investigations and studies aimed at devising effective means of presenting erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters by waves and currents.   The funding provision for these investigations and studies was that no money should be expended under authority of the Act in any State which did not provide for cooperation with the agencies of the United States and contribute to the project such funds and/or services as the Secretary of War deemed appropriate and required.

In 1963, certain of the BEB’s functions were transferred to the newly created Coastal Engineering Research Center, while others were transferred to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors.  

## Sources
*"The History of the Beach Erosion Board,U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, 1930-63," by Mary-Louise Quinn, MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 77-9, AUGUST 1977
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 18

'''''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 18 "British Invasion"'''* is the eighteenth cycle of ANTM. This cycle includes British models from *Britain's Next Top Model'' (BNTM) who didn't win. The winner was 22-year old Sophie Sumner from Oxford, England. The cycle had a total of 14 contestants, 7 seven American and 7 British.

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with LA Models & NY Model Management
* A spread in *Vogue Italia*
* A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl
* A correspondent for *Extra*
* A chance to be the face of the *America’s Next Top Model* perfume product "Dream Come True"
* A production of a music title

## Contestants
British        Original Rank ANTM Rank
* Ashley Brown 4th           10th
* Annaliese Dayes 7th        3rd
* Jasmia Robinson 3rd        14th
* Sophie Sumner  Runner-up  Winner
* Catherine Thomas Runner-up 6th
* Louise Watts Runner-up 12th (quit)
* Alisha White Runner-up 4th (quit)

American
* Seymone Cohen-Fobish 7th
* Eboni Davis 5th
* Ashley "Kyle" Gober 8th
* Laura LaFrate Runner-up
* Ashley "AzMarie" Livingston 9th
* Candace Smith 11th 
* Mariah Watchman 13th

## Episodes
1.
*Best: Seymone Cohen-Fobish
*Worst: Ashley Brown & Jasmia Robinson 
*Eliminated: Jasmia Robinson
2.
*Best: Laura LaFrate
*Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Mariah Watchman
*Eliminated: Mariah Watchman
3.
*Quit: Louise Watts
*Best: AzMarie Livingston
*Worst: Alisha White, Ashley Brown, Candace Smith, & Eboni Davis
*Eliminated: None
4.
*Best: AzMarie Livingston
*Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Candace Smith
*Eliminated: Candace Smith
5.
*Best: Eboni Davis
*Worst: Ashley Brown & Catherine Thomas 
*Eliminated: Ashley Brown
6.
*Best: Alisha White
*Worst: AzMarie Livingston & Kyle Gober
*Eliminated: AzMarie Livingston 
7.
*Best: Sophie Sumner
*Worst: Alisha White & Kyle Gober
*Eliminated: Kyle Gober
8.
*Best: Alisha White 
*Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Eboni Davis
*Eliminated: Seymone Cohen-Fobish
9.
*Best: Laura LaFrate
*Worst: Alisha White & Catherine Thomas 
*Eliminated: Catherine Thomas 
10.
*Best: Laura LaFrate
*Worst: Eboni Davis & Alisha White
*Eliminated: Eboni Davis
*Quit: Alisha White
11.
*Best: Sophie Sumner
*Worst: Laura LaFrate & Annaliese Dayes
*Eliminated: Annaliese Dayes
12.
*Final Two: Sophie Sumner & Laura LaFrate
*Winner: Sophie Sumner
Mario & Luigi: Dream Team

***Mario & Luigi: Dream Team*** (also known as ***Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros.*** in Europe and as ***Mario & Luigi RPG 4: Dream Adventure*** in Japan) is a roleplaying video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It was revealed during the Nintendo Direct presentation by Nintendo on February 14, 2013. It is the fourth game in the *Mario & Luigi* series of games. It was released in Europe on July 12, 2013, in Japan on July 18, 2013, and in North America on August 11, 2013.

The game features similar gameplay to past *Mario & Luigi* games. Mario and Luigi explore the game's world and fight in turn-based battles. The game will involve a setting of Luigi's dreams, where Luigi falls asleep at certain points in the story and opens a portal leading to his dreams. Mario will be able to go through the portal to explore Luigi's dreams. In the dream world, the player will be able to use the console's touch screen to cause events to happen.

## References
Substantia nigra

The **substantia nigra** is a part of the brain. This is the part of the midbrain that produces dopamine involved in movement. It is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.

 structures. + and – signs at the point of the arrows indicate respectively whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect.  refer to excitatory glutamatergic pathways,  refer to inhibitory GABAergic pathways and  refer to dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.]]
Dissection (band)

**Dissection** was a Swedish black and death metal band from Strömstad, Sweden. 

Dissection was formed in autumn 1989 by lead singer Jon Nödtveidt and bassist Peter Palmdahl. The band recorded and released a demo tape titled *The Grief Prophecy* in December 1990. The band released their debut album *The Somberlain* in 1993. Their second studio album ''Storm of the Light's Bane* was released on November 17, 1995. 

Their final studio album *Reinkaos* was released on April 30, 2006 in Europe and on May 16, 2006 in North America. The band a final European concert and broke up on 24 June 2006.  On 13 August 2006, lead singer Jon Nödtveidt committed suicide by an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound inside a circle of lit candles. 

## Band members 
;Final line-up
*Jon Nödtveidt – vocals, guitars (1989–1997, 2004-2006) (†)
*Set Teitan – guitars (2004–2006)
*Tomas Asklund – drums (2004–2006)

;Former
*Peter Palmdahl - Bass (1989–1997)
*Mattias "Mäbe" Johansson - Guitar (1990) (live session)
*Ole Öhman - Drums (1990–1995)
*John Zwetsloot - Guitar (1991–1994)
*Johan Norman - Guitar (1994–1997)
*Tobias Kjellgren - Drums (1995–1997)
*Emil Nödtveidt  - Bass (1997) (session live)
*Brice LeClercq - Bass (2004–2005)
*Hakon Forwald - Bass (2005)
*Erik Danielsson - Bass (2005–2006) (live session)

## Discography 
### Albums
**The Somberlain* (1993)
**Storm of the Light's Bane* (1995)
**Reinkaos'' (2006)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Mike Eastwood

**Michael Barry Eastwood** (born July 1, 1967 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 13 seasons in National Hockey League (NHL).

He played college hockey at Western Michigan University. Eastwood was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 91st overall pick in the 1987 NHL Draft.

Eastwood played in the NHL for seven teams, Toronto Maple Leafs from 1991 to 1995, Winnipeg Jets from 1994 to 1996, Phoenix Coyotes during the 1996–97 NHL season, New York Rangers from 1996 to 1998, St. Louis Blues from 1997 to 2003, Chicago Blackhawks during the 2002–03 NHL season and the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2003-04 NHL season. He retired in 2004 and currently co-hosts the Ottawa Senators post-game show with Scott MacArthur.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michael D. Higgins

**Michael Daniel Higgins** (born 18 April 1941) is an Irish politician who was the 9th President of Ireland. He took office on 11 November 2011. Higgins is an Irish politician, poet, sociologist, author and broadcaster. 

Higgins was a Teachta Dála (TD) and represented the Galway West constituency. He also was the Minister for Arts, Culture and Gaeltacht from 1993 to 1997. Higgins was the President of the Labour Party from 2003 until his election to the presidency in 2011.

Higgins is known because he was the first president to make a state visit to the United Kingdom.

## Early life 
Higgins was born on the 18 April 1941. His father's name was John and he was from Ballycar, County Clare. His father was a member of the militant group, the Irish Republican Army. His fathers rank was a 2nd Lieutenant. He served alongside his brother Peter and Michael.

In the 1970s and some of the 1980s, Michael was involved in university and college positions, but later moved to politics in 1987.

On 11 November 2011, Michael D. Higgins became the 9th President of Ireland, after Mary McAleese. It was the first time the President of Ireland has been a male since Patrick Hillery left in 1990.

## Personal life 
Higgins studied at University College, Galway, at Indiana University, Bloomington, and at the University of Manchester. Higgins has been married to Sabina Coyne since 1974. They have four children.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References
## Other websites
*Biography at Áras an Uachtaráin website
*Documentary about Michael D. Higgins (family, career, and presidential campaign)  on YouTube, TG4,  2011.
*Presidential election acceptance speech (RTÉ video in Irish and English)  
*Presidential inauguration speech (Text)
*Audio recording of speech opening the *G. B. Shaw: Back in Town* conference, Dublin 2012
*Henry, William (2002). *Role of Honour: The Mayors of Galway City 1485–2001*. Galway: Galway City Council.
West Fertilizer Plant explosion

The **West Fertilizer Plant explosion** was an explosion in West, Texas, near Waco, United States. It happened just before 7:50 pm CDT. There was a lot of damage to buildings, including houses. Fourteen people were killed and over 160 injured. The cause of this blast was ammonium nitrate. However, the cause of the fire that took place before the explosion is currently unknown.

## References
Mädchen Amick

**Mädchen Amick** (born December 12, 1970) is an American actress. She began acting in television programs. She starred as Shelly Johnson on the television series *Twin Peaks* and its 1992 prequel movie *Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me*. She was born east of Reno, Nevada and raised in Sparks, Nevada. Amick's parents are German.

## Other websites 
*
Dreaming

**Dreaming**, '''Dreamin' ''' or similar may refer to:

* Dream, the experience of envisioned images, sounds, or other sensations during sleep
* Dreaming (spirituality), a term used in indigenous Australian cosmology and spirituality
* "The Dream", or "Hakeem the Dream", nickname of basketball player Hakeem Olajuwon
Rufous hare-wallaby

The **rufous hare-wallaby** (*Lagorchestes hirsutus*) is a small wallaby found in Australia. It is also known by its Western Desert name **mala**. It used to be found widely across the western half of Australia, but is now only found in Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay. It is currently classified as a vulnerable species.

## References
## Other websites
*Animal Info – Rufous Hare Wallaby
ITT Inc.

**ITT Corporation** is a global manufacturing company in the United States, in aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. They are in global markets including water and fluids management. ITT originally stood for **International Telephone and Telegraph**; it was founded in 1920. It was originally combined from other telephone companies. Today's ITT Corporation was founded in 2006.
They work in three areas:
* Fluid Technology
* Defense Electronics & Services
* Motion & Flow Control
George Gamow

**George Gamow** (August 19, 1968), born **Georgiy Antonovich Gamov** (), was a theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay through quantum tunneling. Gamow was born in Odessa in the Russian Empire. He studied atomic physics and a few other kinds of physics. He ran away from the Soviet Union in 1933. He went to the United States and taught at the University of Washington. He wrote books in German, French and Russian, and later in English. Some of his books were for fellow scientists and some explained science to laymen. His most famous book was *One Two Three... Infinity.*

## Related pages
*Ukrainian Americans
Izu Islands

The **Izu islands** are a group of small Japanese islands south of Tokyo. Nine of them have people living there. The largest is Oshima.

## Other websites
*Map and travel info
Geoffrey

**Geoffrey** [ **jef**-ree ] is an English male given name. It is often spelled Jeffrey and abbreviated as "**Geoff**", "**Jeff**" or "**Geof**". Geoffrey is a moniker that boasts a lengthy existence spanning centuries and a fascinating past. Its etymology can be traced back to the Germanic name Godfrey. During the Norman era, the name gained significant popularity and was subsequently introduced to England following the Norman Conquest of 1066. It was very prominent in the early 1990s in England and America.

## People 
* Geoffrey Chaucer, 14th century English poet and author
* Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian singer
* Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor (born 1951)
* Geoffrey Chew, American theoretical physicist
* Geoffrey Oryema, Internationally renowned Ugandan musician and singer. (16 April 1953 – 22 June 2018)

## References
Paracel Islands

**Paracel Islands** is the name for a number of uninhabited atolls and reefs in the South China Sea. They are about  from Hainan and about  from Vietnam. Currently, many countries claim these territories as their own, and most of the land remains uninhabited. However, a small number of people can be found living there, mostly marines from Vietnam and other nations. 

The islands are located in the South China Sea consisting of over 30 islets, sandbanks and reefs with about  of the ocean surface. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China,  southeast of Hainan Island, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except military personnel and fishermen.  

The islands are divided into two main groups. The Amphitrite group is in the northeast and the Crescent group is in the southwest, and they are located about  from one another. Subject to hot and humid climate, with abundant rainfall and frequent typhoons, the archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and potential oil and gas reserves.

## Related pages
* Sansha

## References
Tivoli Gardens

**Tivoli Gardens** (or **Tivoli**) is an amusement park in Copenhagen, Denmark. It opened on 15 August 1843 and it was founded by Georg Carstensen. It is the second oldest amusement park in the world. The oldest is Dyrehavsbakken in Klampenborg, Denmark. Tivoli's original Chinese decorations inspired Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale".

## References
Jack Dyte

**John Leonard Douglas Haig Dyte** (October 13, 1918 - April 9, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 27 games in National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks.

He played with the Baltimore Orioles of the Eastern Hockey League for 2 seasons as well as the Jonestown Bluebirds for 1 season. He played for the Montreal Royals of the Quebec Senior Hockey League for 1 season. He played in the AHL with Providence-Buffalo for 1 season, the Buffalo Bisons for 2 seasons and the St. Louis Flyers for 1 season. He played in the CBSHL with the Northside Victorias for 1 season and then retired from playing professional hockey. He died on April 9, 1974.

## Other websites
*
Hasty generalization

**Hasty generalization** is an informal fallacy of  by making decisions based on too little evidence or without  all of the variables. In statistics, it may mean basing broad conclusions of a survey from a small sample group.

A hasty generalization made from a single example is sometimes called the "fallacy of the lonely fact" or the "proof by example fallacy".

When evidence is intentionally excluded to bias the result, it is sometimes termed the "fallacy of exclusion".

## Example
Hasty generalization may follow this pattern

:X is true for A.
 
:X is true for B.

:X is true for C.

:X is true for D.

:Therefore, X is true for E, F, G, etc.

## Related pages
* Blind men and an elephant
* Syllogism
* Conflation

## References
## Other websites 
* "List of Common Logical Fallacies in Propaganda and Debate" at Gatecreepers.com 
* "Hasty Generalization" at FallacyFiles.org
Kelly Hills

The **Kelly Hills** () are a mountain range at the southern end of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located directly north of the Musgrave Ranges, and about  northeast of Amaṯa. Its highest point is about  above sea level. Mount Robert, at the eastern end of the range, is about 796&nbsp;metres above sea level. The area is known as **Aputjilpinya** in the native Yankunytjatjara language. It forms part of an important Mala Dreaming track that runs between Uluṟu and Ulkiya.

There are a few soakages located within the hills. One of them, Puntitjara, was recorded by several early White explorers travelling through the Kelly Hills. The South Australian government's North-West Prospecting Expedition, led by Lawrence Wells, was brought there by an Aboriginal guide in 1903. One of the expedition's prospectors, Herbert Basedow, recorded the name as "Punndijarrinna" and reported that it was a good source of water. Basedow returned to Puntitjara in June 1926 on another expedition, this one led by Donald Mackay. According to Mackay, they found it dry and covered with a layer of sand. The anthropologist Ted Strehlow visited Puntitjara in August 1936, but founded it covered by mud.

## References
Jenny Lind

**Jenny Lind** (**Johanna Maria Lind**, Stockholm, 6 October 1820&nbsp;&ndash;&#32; Wynd's Point, Herefordshire, 2 November 1887) was a Swedish opera singer. She was nicknamed the **"Swedish Nightingale"**. She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and became the protégée of Felix Mendelssohn. After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29.

In 1850, Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P. T. Barnum. She gave 93 concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She donated her proceeds to charities, mainly the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, she returned to Europe in 1852. They had three children. She gave occasional concerts over the next two decades, settling in England in 1855.  From 1882, for some years, she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London. She was the inspiration for Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale". Lind died on 2 November 1887 in Herefordshire, England, of cancer. She is buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery.
 of Lind taken in New York in 1850]]

## Other websites
* Profile about Jenny Lind
* The jennylind.org website
Pikmin 3

***Pikmin 3*** is a real-time strategy video game that was released by Nintendo for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to *Pikmin 2*,  a prequel to *Pikmin 4*, and the third game in the *Pikmin* series. It was released in Japan on July 13, 2013, in Europe on July 26, 2013, and in North America on August 4, 2013.

*Pikmin 3* has the same gameplay as the last 2 *Pikmin* games. Players control 100 plant-like creatures called Pikmin. The player uses them to pick up objects, reach areas, and fight enemies. There are three characters that players can play as. In addition to the five types of Pikmin from *Pikmin 2* (Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, Blue Pikmin, Purple Pikmin, and White Pikmin), there are two new types of Pikmin. The Rock Pikmin can destroy tough barriers, while the Winged Pikmin can attack flying enemies and carry items in the air.

The player is able to control the game with the Wii U GamePad or the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination. The Wii U GamePad gives the player a map of the game environment, which is visible on its touch screen.

***Pikmin 3 Deluxe*** is a remaster of the game for the Nintendo Switch. It released on October 30, 2020.

## Notes
## References
Raymond Briggs

**Raymond Redvers Briggs** CBE (18 January 1934 &ndash; 9 August 2022) was a British writer and artist. He is known for his books for children. His books include *The Snowman*, *Fungus the Bogeyman*, *When the Wind Blows* and *Father Christmas*. 

## Life and death
Briggs was born on 18 January 1934 in Wimbledon, Surrey. He died on 9 August 2022 at a hospital in Brighton, East Sussex from pneumonia at the age of 88.

## References
Compound (linguistics)

**Compound words** are words that add together to make a new word, like the word *side* and *walk*, to make *sidewalk*. These words often develop over time. They can start as two words joined with a hyphen, and then become a compound word. There are three types of compound words; closed, hyphenated and open. A closed compound word is joined into one word like *keyboard* or *makeup*. A hyphenated word is two words joined with a hyphen like *mother-in-law*. Open compound words are words which are used together like *police station*, or *fire engine*.

## Common compound words
This is a list with some common compound words.
# airplane
# armchair
# backpack
# baseball
# basketball
# bedroom
# birdhouse
# bookshelf
# butterfly
# candy cane
# cardboard
# chopstick
# cowboy
# cupboard
# cupcake
# doghouse
# doorbell
# dragonfly
# drumstick
# firefighter
# firefly
# fireplace
# fireworks
# fishbowl
# football
# footprint
# greenhouse
# hairbrush
# hairpin
# handbag
# headaches
# headphones
# hotdog
# ice cream
# jellyfish
# jump rope
# jumpsuit
# keyboard
# keyhole
# ladybug
# lighthouse
# lipstick
# mailbox
# meatball
# milkshake
# moonshine
# necklace
# newspaper
# nightmare
# notebook
# pancake
# peanut
# peanut butter
# peppermint
# pineapple
# pine cone
# playground
# popcorn
# rainbow
# raincoat
# sandbox
# scarecrow
# screwdriver
# seahorse
# shoebox
# shoehorn
# snowball
# snowman
# spaceship
# starfish
# strawberry
# sunflower
# sunglasses
# sunscreen
# tablecloth
# teapot
# toothache
# toothbrush
# toothpaste
# toothpick
# turtleneck
# waterfall
# watermelon
# wheelchair

## References
Nintendo Land

***Nintendo Land*** is a 2012 party video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U video game console. It was announced during E3 2012.

The game has twelve mini-games that are playable in it, based off of famous Nintendo franchises like *The Legend of Zelda*, *Mario* and *Metroid*. Each minigames are styled like theme park attractions. They are supposed to show off how the Wii U GamePad works, and they all use some of its abilities, such as motion controls and the touch screen. The game supports the Wii Remote controller. The game had 'asymmetric gameplay', which means to have a different experience depending on what controller you use.

The game was mostly liked by reviewers and sold five million copies.

## Gameplay 
*Nintendo Land* takes place in a theme park, which also serves as the game's hub for its twelve minigames. A robot named Monita acts as a guide throughout the game, and teaches the player the basics of the game. Finishing minigames will earn the player coins, which can be used to play a pachinko game. If the player wins the pachinko game, they get a prize of a building from one of the minigames that they can decorate the theme park with.

### Team attractions 
Number of players: 1–5
; *The Legend of Zelda: Battle Quest*

This minigame is based on *The Legend of Zelda* series. Players using the Wii Remote wield a sword to fight enemies with. The player using the Wii U GamePad has a bow, and they must shoot the bow at enemies. The GamePad player can also spy on enemies by lifting the GamePad, or reload their arrows by facing the GamePad down.

***Metroid Blast***

This minigame is based on the *Metroid* series. Players using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk battle on the ground and players using the Wii U GamePad battle in Samus Aran's gunship. There are three game modes in this minigame. There is "Assault Mission", where the player must pass each level, "Surface-Air Combat", where those on foot must kill the player in the air and "Ground Battle", where all players are on foot and have to collect tokens. *Metroid Blast* is based off of a Nintendo tech demo from E3 2011.

## References
Attila (disambiguation)

**Attila** most often refers to Attila the Hun, a leader of the Huns in the 5th century.

**Attila** or **Atila** may also refer to:

## Music
*Atila (band), a Spanish rock band of the 1970s
*Attila (partycore band), an American deathcore band
*Attila (rock band), an American rock duo

## Other meanings
*Attila (automobile), a brand of cars
*Mount Conner, a mountain in central Australia

## Related pages
*All pages beginning with "Attila"
*All pages beginning with "Atila"
Control unit

The **control unit** is a part of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).  It controls the activity of all other units in the computer system, giving them directions.  Its main job is to get the code from the program, decode it and operate the arithmetic logic unit and other units to run the code.  The control unit manages all the computer resources. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.

## Electronic control unit 
A term for any embedded system that controls one or more electrical systems or subsystems in a vehicle.

## References
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8

'''''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8'''* is the eighth cycle of *America's Next Top Model*. Thirteen girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Jaslene Gonzalez (who did not make the cut last cycle).

## Contestants
* Renee Alway 3rd
* Whitney Cunningham 7th
* Kathleen DuJour 13th
* Samantha Francis 12th
* Natasha Galkina Runner-up
* Jaslene Gonzalez **Winner**
* Brittany Hatch 5th
* Felicia Provost 10th
* Jael Strauss 6th
* Sarah VonderHaar 8th
* Dionne Walters 4th
* Cassandra Watson 11th
* Diana Zalewski 9th

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Elite Model Managment
* A spread in Seventeen Magazines
* A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode''

2.
*Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
*Worst: Kathleen DuJour & Jael Strauss
*Eliminated: Kathleen DuJour
3.
*Best: Jaslene Gonzalez 
*Worst: Samantha Francis & Natasha Galkina
*Eliminated: Samantha Francis
4.
*Best: Brittany Hatch
*Worst: Diana Zalewski & Cassandra Watson
*Eliminated: Cassandra Watson
5.
*Best: Renee Alway
*Worst: Dionne Walters & Felicia Provost
*Eliminated: Felicia Provost
6.
*Best: Natasha Galkina
*Worst: Whitney Cunningham & Diana Zalewski
*Eliminated: Diana Zalewski
7.
*Best: Jael Strauss
*Worst: Whitelle Cunningham & Moe VonderHaar
*Eliminated: Moe VonderHaar
8.
*Best: Dionne Walters
*Worst: Jael Strauss & Whitney Cunningham
*Eliminated: Whitney Cunningham
9.
*Best: Natasha Galkina
*Worst: Brittany Hatch & Jael Strauss
*Eliminated: Jael Strauss
10.
*Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
*Worst: Dionne Walters & Brittany Hatch
*Eliminated: Brittany Hatch
11.
*Best: Renee Alway
*Worst: Natasha Galkina & Dionne Walters
*Eliminated: Dionne Walters
12.
*Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
*Worst: Natasha Galkina & Renee Alway
*Eliminated: Renee Alway

*Final Two: Natasha Galkina & Jaslene Gonzalez
*America's Next Top Model: Jaslene Gonzalez