open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

**Sheffield Wednesday F.C.** is an English football club. They are based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. They play their home matches at a stadium called Hillsborough Stadium. They originally played at a stadium called Olive Grove Stadium and were called The Wednesday.

The club currently plays in the English Football League Championship and they finished just outside of relegation after their ‘Great Escape’ led by Danny Röhl after their horrible start under Xisco Munoz following their promotion to the championship under Darren Moore after being 4-0 down in the fist leg of the play-off semi-final with their great comeback winning 5-1 in the second leg and winning on pens and then winning 1-0 at Wembley in the play-off final against their local rivals Barnsley FC with a goal in the 123rd minute in extra time, with the last touch of the game being a diving header by Josh Windass.

Fans of Sheffield Wednesday are referred to as The Owls.
## Name 
* 1867-1929 **The Wednesday C.C./F.C.**
* 1929-present **Sheffield Wednesday F.C.**

## League position 
### Former position 
## Other websites 
* Sheffield Wednesday website

## References 
League One

EFL Championship

Premier League

FA Cup
Data format

**Data format** in information technology can mean:
* Data type, constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system
* Recording format, a format for encoding data for storage on a storage medium
* File format, a format for encoding data for storage in a computer file
* Content format, a format for converting data to information
** Audio format, a format for processing audio data
** Video format, a format for processing video data
Tangent (geometry)

In geometry, a **tangent** is a straight line that touches a curve at one point. At the place where they touch, the line and the curve both have the same slope (they are both "going in the same direction"). For this reason, a tangent line is a good approximation of the curve near that point. The curve and the tangent line are almost exactly the same near the intersection point. 

A straight line which touches a circle at a single point is perpendicular to the circle's radius and is considered tangent to the circle.

## Uses 
Tangent lines are useful in calculus because they can magnify the slope of a curve at a single point. The slope of some curve at the point P is often called the instantaneous rate of change of the curve at P. The instantaneous rate of change at a specific point on the curve can be found by evaluating the derivative function for the curve at that point.

## Related pages
*Derivative (mathematics)
*Calculus
*Trigonometric function
Brentford F.C.

**Brentford F.C.** is an English football club.  They are based in Brentford in London and they play their home games at a stadium called Griffin Park. Brentford were formed in 1889 and have the nickname "The Bees".

## League position
### Former position
## Other websites
Brentford F.C. official web site

## References
Werl

**Werl** is a town in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Geography 
### Divisions of the town 
Werl is made up of the following districts:
* Blumenthal (48 inhabitants)
* Budberg (596 inhabitants)
* Büderich (3107 inhabitants) 
* Hilbeck (1339 inhabitants)
* Holtum (1049 inhabitants)
* Mawicke (521 inhabitants)
* Niederbergstraße (210 inhabitants)
* Oberbergstraße (363 inhabitants)
* Sönnern (870 inhabitants)
* Westönnen (2665 inhabitants)
* Werl (22151 inhabitants)

## People
Werl was the birthplace of Franz von Papen (1879–1969), German soldier, politician and diplomat.

## References
## Other websites
Harry Redknapp

**Harry Redknapp** (born 2 March 1947) is an English association football manager. He was born in Poplar, London. He is now retired. he used to play football, mainly for West Ham.

He managed A.F.C. Bournemouth, West Ham, Portsmouth, Southampton, Portsmouth again, Tottenham, Queen's Park Rangers and Birmingham.

Redknapp is related to two Premier League stars. He is the father of Jamie Redknapp who played under him at Bournemouth and Southampton. He is also the uncle by marriage of Frank Lampard who played under him at West Ham United.

## Career statistics
### Player
### Manager
## Honours
### Player
**England U18**
*UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1964

### Manager
**AFC Bournemouth**
*Associate Members' Cup: 1983–84

**West Ham United**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999

**Portsmouth**
*Football League First Division: 2002–03
*FA Cup: 2007–08

**Tottenham Hotspur**
*Football League Cup runner-up: 2008–09

**Queens Park Rangers**
*Football League Championship play-offs: 2014

**Individual**
*Premier League Manager of the Season: 2009–10
*Premier League Manager of the Month: November 1998, April 2004, October 2004, March 2005, April 2006, August 2009, September 2011, November 2011

## Bibliography
### Autobiography
**Harry Redknapp: My Autobiography* (CollinsWillow, 1998) 
**Always Managing: My Autobiography* (Ebury Press, 2013) 
**A Man Walks On To a Pitch: Stories from a Life in Football* (Ebury Press, 2014) 
*''It Shouldn't Happen to a Manager'' (Ebury Press, 2016) 

## References
Cough

A **cough**, also known as **tussis**, is an action the body takes to get rid of anything that irritates the lungs or throat. To do this, muscles in the thoracic cavity contract to make air leave the lungs with a lot of force. Coughs often happen quickly and more than once, and are usually accompanied by a unique sound, also called a cough.

Coughs are more likely to happen when a person is sick, because infections often irritate breathing passages. Another cause of coughs is a person breathing air that is not clean, like air with dust or smoke.

## Causes
* Lung cancer
* Influenza
* Sarcoidosis
* Pneumonia
* Tuberculosis
* Common cold
* Smoking
* Allergen

## Related pages 
* Flu

## References
Businessperson

A **businessperson** (also **businessman** or **businesswoman**) is someone who works at a job that focuses on making money. Very broadly it can mean anyone who works in industry or commerce. More narrowly, it is someone who works in the management (at high level, when the term is used even more narrowly) of a company. Sometimes the word means an entrepreneur or a merchant.

Many businessmen wear standard business clothes: a suit with collar, shirt, and necktie. However, this depends on the company, the local culture, and the country. In more  places, neckties need not be worn.

Businesswomen clothes have gone through many changes. Dresses and suits are common today.
PDF (disambiguation)

**PDF** commonly refers to the Portable Document Format in computing.

Other uses could also mean:

## In education 
* Postdoctoral fellow

## In fiction 
* Planetary Defence Force in the *Warhammer 40,000* universe

## In the military 
* Panama Defense Forces
* P.D.F. (upper case) is an abbreviation of "Permanent Defence Forces" - the standing branches of the Irish Defence Forces
* People's Defence Force - the army of Grenada before the US led invasion in 1983.

## In science 
* Atomic pair distribution function *(Physics)*
* Parkinson's Disease Foundation (http://www.pdf.org) *(Medicine)*
* Parton Distribution Functions *(Physics)*
* Planar deformation features *(Geology)*
* Polypeptide Deformylase *(Chemistry)*
* Powder Diffraction File *(Physics)*
* pdf and p.d.f. (lower case) can refer to "probability density function" *(Mathematics, statistics and probability)*
* PDF and P.D.F. (upper case) can refer to "probability distribution function" *(Mathematics, statistics and probability)*

## In software 
* Package Definition File (Microsoft Systems Management Server)
* Portable Document Format
* Printer Description File, in earlier editions of Quark Xpress page layout software.

## Additional uses 
* KPDF-CA, a television station in Phoenix, Arizona
* PDF417, a 2D barcode - PDF means Portable Data File
* PDF Solutions, a listed company headquartered in San Jose, California
* Peace Development Fund, a non-profit public foundation based in Amherst, Massachusetts
* Peak draw force in a Compound bow in Archery 
* Playa del Fuego, a Delaware art festival inspired by the annual Nevada *Burning Man* festival
* An abbreviation of *Pretty Damned Funny*
Creation

**Creation** may refer to:

In **religion** and **philosophy**:

*Creation myth, or origin belief, stories of how the world or a culture began

*Creation (theology), the belief that one or more deities brought the universe into being; also a name for everything that was created
***Creatio ex nihilo* (English: Creation from nothing), the belief that a deity created the universe from nothing at all, rather than some pre-existing matter or energy
** Creation according to Genesis, the creation account in the book of Genesis for Judaism and Christianity
**Creationism, a belief, not just in God creating the universe, but also in certain events afterward, including the creation of animals and mankind
*** Creation science

In **science**:
*Matter creation, the appearance of elementary particles, in physical processes such as pair production; the process opposite of annihilation
**Creation operator, an operator that increases the number of particles in a given state by one;  an abstract representation of matter creation
*Invention, the act of creating a new process or device

In the **arts**:

**The Creation of Adam*, a fresco from circa 1511 on the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti
**The Creation* (Haydn), a 1798 oratorio by Joseph Haydn
**Creation* (1931 movie), an unfinished movie by RKO studios that featured stop-motion animation
*The Creation (band), a British band known for their one hit "Painter Man" in 1967
**Creation* a 1981 novel by Gore Vidal
*Creation Records, a record label created in 1983 by Alan McGee, also known for their spin-off Rev-ola Records
*Creation (band), a teen musical group, first album 2005
**Creation* (album), a 2005 album from Leslie Satcher

In **media**:

**Creation magazine*, a magazine promoting creation science published by Creation Ministries International–Australia (formerly Answers in Genesis–Australia)
*Creation Books, a British publishing company
*Creation Entertainment, an American company that runs numerous science fiction and fantasy conventions
* *The Creation: An Appeal To Save Life on Earth*, a 2006 book in advocacy of conservation, by biologist Edward O. Wilson

## Related pages
* Creator
Arenal Volcano National Park

**Arenal Volcano National Park** is a national park in the northwest region of Costa Rica. It is between the mountain pass of the Tilarán Mountain Range and the Plains of San Carlos. A part of the park belongs to San Ramón.

## Attractions 
### Arenal Volcano 
The main characteristic of this national park is the Arenal Volcano. It is an almost perfect cone with a height of 1633 m. The volcano has regular eruptions which create one of the most extraordinary natural landscapes of Costa Rica.

### Wildlife 
The park many different types of plants and animals. Some of the more interesting plants are Guayabo mountain, Ceiba, Cirri, Laurel, Higuerones, Pilon, Guarumo, Balsa, different species of palms, heliconias, orchids, ferns and bromeliads including *Pitcaimia Funkiae*.

The main species of animals are sloths, birds like lapas, parrots and quetzals, snakes like lora snake, velvet snake and the boa constrictor, 35 species of fish and 135 species of reptiles including turtles. There are also tapirs, deers, jaguars, sahínos, pizotes, Congo monkeys, and cappuccino monkeys. Most of the animals that live in the park are birds. This makes the park a very good place for bird watchers.

### Scenery 
This national park has a great tourist attraction because of the beautiful scenery and  forests. It is also a very good place for extreme sports practice like canopy which hundreds of peoples both foreigners and locals like a lot. Many people like to watch the view created by the volcano when it is making small eruptions at night.
Hunter-gatherer

. The San still live as hunter-gatherers]]
 hunter in Greenland, carrying Reindeer.]]
]]
A **hunter-gatherer** society is one who lives from edible plants and animals from the wild, by foraging and hunting. 

Often, the line between hunter-gatherers and other people is not clear-cut. Nomadic people often practice a mix of hunting, gathering and herding, and others spend some of their time in farming.

## Related pages 
* Indigenous Australians 
* Pygmy
* Inuit
* Human migration
* Indigenous peoples
* Nomads
* Neolithic revolution
* Farming

## Other websites 
* African Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers.
* Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.
* A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
* How Our “Hunter Gatherer” DNA Is Making Us Fat Now
Tarantula

**Tarantulas** are a group of "hairy" and often very large spiders belonging to the family **Theraphosidae**. Approximately 900 species have been found.  Some tarantulas hunt prey in trees and some hunt on the ground. All tarantulas can make silk. They use silk to make shelters like tube tents in trees, to line burrows if they live on the ground, and they all use silk to wrap up prey before they eat it. It is easy to see a tarantula turning around and around in one spot with the prey in its mouth, but it is hard to see the silk coming out because it is small in diameter (thickness) and transparent. These spiders are found in warmer regions around the world. 
Tarantulas' predators are normally big snakes or creatures such as the Tarantula Eating Wasp. Defenses are camouflage and fangs.

## References 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
;International Societies
* American Tarantula Society Headquarters
* The British Tarantula Society
* German Arachnologic Society
* The Australian Tarantula Association 

;American Societies
* SFBATS - San Francisco Bay Area Tarantula Society  
* N-TEC · Nebraska Tarantula Enthusiasts Club 
* MTTG · Middle Tennessee Tarantula Group

;Other sites
* Tarantulas.us - Forums  - Tarantula Discussion Boards and Caresheets.
* Arachnoboards - Arachnid discussion board
* Tarantula care - Gallery of tarantulas and other arachnids.
* Tarantulas.us - Gallery  - Photo gallery of tarantula's species.
* How to Pick a tarantula and Care for a tarantula
* Birdspiders.com - Rick C. West's Site. Includes a gallery of tarantula pictures by species in alphabetical order.
* Caresheets of several tarantula species 
* Information on tarantulas, scorpions, and other invertebrates
* Stanley A. Schultz and Marguerite J. Schultz, "Common and scientific name correlations of the theraphosid tarantulas", University of Calgary 
* Tarantulas Photo Gallery  Tarantula photos (Mexican Red Knee, Green Bottle Blue, Salmon Pink etc.)
Lascaux

**Lascaux** is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings. 

There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne *département*. One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley.

Montignac is about  from Périgueux, and about  from Sarlat-la-Canéda

## Dating 
Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.

Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutréen, rather than Magdalénien.  

There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older.  The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago.  

Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons:  
* All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age  
* No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older  
* The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago  
* All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.

## Discovery and problems 
The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and  replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public. 

In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.

As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every "fortnight". Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment. 

## References
Bobby Charlton

**Sir Robert Charlton**,  (11 October 1937 – 21 October 2023) was an English footballer who played for the England national team. He played over 600 times for Manchester United. He also played for England over 100 times and scored more  than any other player. He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

His older brother was Jack Charlton.

He was the last survivor of the Munich air disaster, where his life was saved by fellow teammate Harry Gregg.

Charlton died on 21 October 2023 from problems caused by dementia, aged 86. His death leaves Geoff Hurst as the last surviving English player of the 1966 World Cup final.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Manchester United Youth**
*Football League First Division: 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67
*FA Cup: 1962–63; runner-up 1956–57, 1957–58
*FA Charity Shield: 1965, 1967
*European Cup: 1967–68

**England**
**Overall Team of the Century
*BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award: 2008
*UEFA President's Award: 2008
*Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award: 2012
*FIFA Player of the Century:
**FIFA internet vote: 16th
**IFFHS vote: 10th
*World Soccer The Greatest Players of the 20th century: 12th
*IFFHS Legends

**Orders and special awards**
*Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE): 1969
*Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE): 1974
*Knight Bachelor: 1994
*Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class: 2012

## References 
## Other websites
*International Football Hall of Fame: Bobby Charlton
*Planet World Cup: Bobby Charlton
*A fans view: Bobby Charlton – legend
*BBC radio interview with Bobby Charlton, 1999
*Sir Alex Ferguson Way - Club Legends - Sir Bobby Charlton
*
Gary Lineker

**Gary Lineker** (born 30 November 1960) is an English retired footballer. He has played for the English national team. He scored 48  for the English national team. He then went on television on the BBC on Match of the Day.  He was the highest paid presenter at the BBC.  In 2020 he was paid  £1.75 million.

In March 2023 he tweeted about the proposed  Illegal Migration Bill: "This is just an immeasurably cruel policy directed at the most vulnerable people in language that is not dissimilar to that used by Germany in the '30s, and I'm out of order?".   The BBC wanted him to apologise for making a political comment, but he wouldnt. They then took him off Match of the Day.  The other people from the show all supported him.  So did many other sport presenters.

## Club career statisics 
|-
|1978–79||rowspan="7"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1979–80||19||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|1980–81||First Division||9||2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||3
|-
|1981–82||rowspan="2"|Second Division||39||17||5||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||19
|-
|1982–83||40||26||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||26
|-
|1983–84||rowspan="2"|First Division||39||22||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||22
|-
|1984–85||41||24||4||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||48||29
|-
|1985–86||Everton||First Division||41||30||6||5||5||3||colspan="2"|-||52||38

|-
|1986–87||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||41||21||1||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||50||22
|-
|1987–88||36||16||5||2||colspan="2"|-||9||2||50||20
|-
|1988–89||26||6||4||1||colspan="2"|-||8||4||38||11

|-
|1989–90||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||24||1||0||6||2||colspan="2"|-||45||26
|-
|1990–91||32||15||6||3||5||1||colspan="2"|-||43||19
|-
|1991–92||35||28||2||0||5||5||8||2||50||35

|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1994||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
340||192||28||14||30||13||8||2||406||221
103||43||10||4||colspan="2"|-||25||6||138||53
18||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
461||238||38||18||30||13||33||8||562||277
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||9||6
|-
|1986||10||8
|-
|1987||7||9
|-
|1988||10||3
|-
|1989||9||3
|-
|1990||15||8
|-
|1991||11||10
|-
|1992||8||1
|-
!Total||80||48
|}

## References
## Other websites
* National Football Teams
* RSSSF
Parliament of Scotland

in Edinburgh, the home of the Estates of Parliament between its completion in 1639 and the Union of 1707.]]
The **Parliament of Scotland**, officially the **Estates of Parliament**, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland.

The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf. House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.

The parliament, which is also referred to as the **Estates of Scotland**, the **Three Estates**  the **Scots Parliament** or the **auld Scots Parliament** (), merged with the Parliament of England in the Acts of Union in 1707. This formed the Kingdom of Great Britain, which later became the United Kingdom.

## Related pages
*Parliament of England
*Parliament of the United Kingdom

## Notes
## Further reading
*K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, *The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235-1560* (Edinburgh, 2004)

## Other websites
*The Records of the Scottish Parliament, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council  and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707. The publication arose from the work of The Scottish Parliament Project
*The First Scottish Parliament: the Middle Ages – 1707, Scottish Parliament
*The Scottish Parliamentary Tradition, Scottish Parliament
*The Scottish Parliament Project - The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews
*Scottish Parliament records , National Archives of Scotland
*Scotland's powerful parliament , abstract of *The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates*, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press, 
*Original Scottish Parliament, *The Scotsman*
Cocos Island

**Coco Island** is a tropical island that is part of Costa Rica. The island covers . It has two bays in the north. It is  southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its animals and its beauty.

Today, the only people who live there are four national park guards who patrol the park. Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean. The island is one of the world's best diving spots. It is famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks. The island is also famous because of the legend about pirates. It is said that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures. Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t find any.

The island has waterfalls, some of them  high. There are also a few animals which were brought from other places because there are no native mammals. Also some birds were brought. The island has just one kind of butterfly and two lizard species. The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is  high.
Qom province

**Qom province** is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area of .  About 2 million people live in the Qom province. The capital of the province is Qom.

## Sights 
The following lists some of the sights of the Qom Province of Iran that are the most visited:
* Kahak Cave
* Vashnuh Cave
* Howz e Soltan Salt Lake
* Namak Great Salt Lake
* Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
* Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
* Qom Bazaar
* Feyzieh Seminary
* Jamkaran Mosque
* Qom Jame' Mosque
* Qom Atiq Mosque
* A'zam Mosque
* Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh
Alf Ramsey

**(Sir) Alf Ramsey** (22 January 1920 – 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and football manager.  He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C.  He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals. Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top flight the season after winning the second division. Ramsey then became manager of the England team.  He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium. He is the only England manager to win a World Cup.

In recognition of his achievement in leading England to victory in the World Cup Alf Ramsey was knighted in 1967.

He died of a heart attack.

In tribute to Ramsey, Ipswich Town F.C. commissioned a life-size statue of him which is positioned directly in front of Portman Road (home ground of Ipswich Town F.C.).

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1946–47||rowspan="3"|Southampton||rowspan="3"|Second Division||23||1
|-
|1947–48||42||5
|-
|1948–49||25||2
|-
|1949–50||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||Second Division||41||4
|-
|1950–51||rowspan="5"|First Division||40||4
|-
|1951–52||38||5
|-
|1952–53||37||6
|-
|1953–54||37||2
|-
|1954–55||33||3
316||32
316||32
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1948||1||0
|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||9||0
|-
|1951||7||1
|-
|1952||7||0
|-
|1953||7||2
|-
!Total||32||3
|}

## References
Markazi province

**Markazi** () is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The word *markazi* means *central* in Persian.  There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently.

Some of the biggest cities of the province are: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian, and Shazand.

## Counties
The Markazi Province is split into 10 different counties:
*Ashtian County  
*Arak County   
*Delijan County
*Khomein County   
*Komeijan County   
*Mahallat County   
*Saveh County   
*Shazand County  
*Tafresh County 
*Zarandieh County

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of Markazi Governorship
Zarandieh County

**Zarandieh County** () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mamuniyeh.
Tocharians

depicting two Tocharian ladies, found in the Silk Road oasis town of Miran.]].]] Poem B-496. Translation in Krause and Thomas 1960–64:2.72 and Pinault 2008:32 II.]] towns are given as listed in the *Book of Han* (c. 2nd century BC.) Areas of the squares are proportional to population.]]The **Tocharians** (Traditional Chinese: 吐火羅人) were an ancient people who lived in the Tarim Basin. The Tocharians spoke an Indo-European language called the **Tocharian**. The region they lived in is closer to the East Asia than any other Indo-European-speaking regions.

## Related pages
* Sogdia 
* Scythia
* Turkestan
* Macedonia
* Central Asia
* Hephthalites
* Indo-Iranian peoples
* Indo-Iranian languages

## Other websites
*Tocharian alphabet
*Modern studies are developing a Tocharian dictionary 
*Mark Dickens, 'Everything you always wanted to know about Tocharian' 
**Mysterious Mummies of China*  by Nova on Google Video
## References
File format

**File formats**  known as file types. A computer stores data in a computer file in the shape of a file format. For example: images are stored in a different shape than music files. 

Also, most types of data (for example text, image or sound) have many varieties of file formats, all with their own special strengths and weaknesses.

There are, for example, more than five ways to store text as a file. Two of the most known ways are: the plain *.txt* format and the simplest of the *HTML* formats. The difference is that a .txt file can only store a sequence of characters but an HTML file can also store links to other files and the formatting of the text, for example whether the text is bold, underlined or italic (but usually HTML should say whether the text is very important, a link, or not very important; whether important text should be bold, italic or red is then specified using a file in a special format called CSS).

There is often a choice between saving a file in a simpler versus a more complex file format. The simpler format will make a smaller file, but store less information. The more complex file format will usually be a larger file and more difficult to use, but can store more information; sometimes a faster computer might be needed in order to use a more complex file format.

File formats made for commercial proprietary software are sometimes a secret, so that people who do not work in the company which made the proprietary software cannot use their own and others' files in the format without buying their software. That action is called vendor lock-in, and can be used to make a monopoly. Because of that, it is sometimes a crime.
Geoff Hurst

**Geoff Hurst** (born 8 December 1941) is an English retired professional footballer. He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire and moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was eight. He played football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times. He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three ) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hurst goal.''

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
**West Ham**
*FA Cup: 1963–64
* FA Charity Shield: 1964 (shared)
*European Cup Winners' Cup: 1964–65
*Football League Cup runner-up: 1965–66

**England**
* FIFA World Cup: 1966
* UEFA European Championship Bronze medal: 1968

**Individual**
* West Ham United Hammer of the Year: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69
*EFL Cup top scorer: 1963–64, 1965–66, 1966–67
*Ballon d'Or Nominated: 1966, 1967, 1970
* World Soccer World XI: 1967, 1968, 1969
*UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 1968
* ''Rothman's Golden Boot Awards'': 1970
* Football League 100 Legends: 1998
* FWA Tribute Award: 1998
* English Football Hall of Fame: 2004

**Orders**
* Member of the Order of the British Empire: 1979
* Knight Bachelor: 1998

## References
Periphery

Generally, a **periphery** is a boundary or outer part of any space or body. It is derived from the Greek word , meaning a circumference or outer surface.

* In biology, the **periphery** of the body is the part that is away from the central or core regions.
** For example, the peripheral nervous system is distinct from the central nervous system.
** See also peripheral membrane protein.

* Peripheral vision is that part of visual perception that occurs in the **periphery**, i.e., near the edges, of the field of view.

* A computer peripheral is added to a host computer in order to expand its abilities.

*For peripheral submanifolds in mathematics, see boundary parallel.

* **The Periphery** includes nations that are not core countries -  capitalist or industrialized nations. See Immanuel Wallerstein, Third World.

* The 13 peripheries of Greece are subnational subdivisions of that country, equivalent to regions.

* In the fictional universe of *BattleTech*, the Periphery is the region of interstellar space.
Hattem

**Hattem** is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands.

Hattem became a city in 1299. That is one year before Amsterdam.
International Mathematical Olympiad

The **International Mathematical Olympiad** (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet gone to college and are under 20 years old. Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete.
## History
The IMO has been held every year since 1959. It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year. However, it is often seen that this competition is dominated by the US and China.

## Results
The current ten countries with the best all-time results are as follows:

## References
;Notes
Brewery

A **brewery** is a building, where beer is made or a business (**brewing company**) whose trade is the production and sale of beer.

Breweries can take up several city blocks, or be a collection of equipment in a homebrewer's kitchen. The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.

The oldest brewery in the world still in operation is believed to be the Bavarian State-owned brewery Weihenstephan, found in the German city of Freising, which can trace its history back to 1040.  Although the Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove paying beer tax in 1004.

## References 
* : *Technology Brewing and Malting*, Wolfgang Kunze, 1999, 2nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.  Available at their website 
* : *Technology Brewing and Malting*, Wolfgang Kunze, 2004, 3nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.  Available at their website 
* http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html(http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html) : Craft Brewery definitions at the bottom of the page
Alex McLeish

**Alexander McLeish**  (born 21 January 1959) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
### Managerial record
## Honours
### Player
**Aberdeen**
*Scottish Premier Division: 1979–80, 1983–84, 1984–85
*Scottish Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1989–90
*Scottish League Cup: 1985–86, 1989–90
* Drybrough Cup: 1980
*European Cup Winners' Cup: 1982–83
*European Super Cup: 1983

**Scotland**
* Rous Cup: 1985

**Individual**
*Scotland national football team roll of honour: 1987
*SFWA Footballer of the Year: 1990

### Manager
**Hibernian**
*Scottish First Division: 1998–99

**Rangers**
*Scottish Premier League: 2002–03, 2004–05
*Scottish Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03
*Scottish League Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05

**Birmingham City**
*Football League Championship runner-up (promotion): 2008–09
*Football League Cup: 2010–11

**Individual**
*Scottish Football Hall of Fame: inducted 2005
*Scottish Premier League Manager of the Month: October 2000, February 2002, September 2002, February 2003, August 2003, September 2003, November 2004, February 2005, January 2006
*Premier League Manager of the Month: December 2009

## Related pages
*List of Scotland national football team captains

## References
Liquefied petroleum gas

**Liquefied petroleum gas** (also known as **LPG**, **LP Gas** or **autogas**) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases. It is commonly used in the household, for example for cooking, or as fuel for heating. LPG is replacing chlorofluorocarbons more and more, also because it is less harmful to the ozone layer.

Very often, mixes of propane and butane are sold.

## Other websites
*Pixie Gas  LPG Supplier based in the United States
Óscar Arias

**Óscar Arias Sánchez** (born 13 September 1940 in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He was President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars in Central America. He is also a winner of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

In 2003, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Criminal Court's TrustFund for Victims. He is also a member of the *Club de Madrid*. It is a nonprofit organization. It is made up of 81 former leaders of democratic nations. They work to strengthen democracy.

Arias started his political career in the 1970s.

In January 2005 Arias was selected as the candidate for the National Liberation party. He was reelected as president of Costa Rica. There was a lot of criticism for his support towards the **Free Trade Agreement** process in Costa Rica. Because of his political background and determination, many Costa Ricans still trust and respect Arias.

## References
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

The **United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs** (UNOOSA) is a branch of the United Nations General Assembly. UNOOSA creates, maintains and carries out the General Assembly's rules about space.

The building for UNOOSA is located in the United Nations Office in Vienna in Austria.

UNOOSA operates the Programme on Space Applications and maintains a list of objects sent into space - the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. UNOOSA also helps developing nations develop space technology to help their economies.

## Other websites 
* United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
* International Space Law
* United Nations Treaties and Principles on Space Law
Max Born

**Max Born** (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British Jewish physicist and mathematician who was important in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of important physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born became a British subject in 1939. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics. Born's descendants include his grandaughter Olivia Newton-John and his great-granddaughter Chloe Rose Lattanzi.
## References
## Other websites
* American Institute of Physics History Search: Max Born 
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, Max Born - full article
* Annotated bibliography for Max Born from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
* Freeview video of Gustav Born (son of Max) with conversation and film on Gustav's memories of his father by the Vega Science Trust
* Max Born’s Life 
* Max Born information from Nobel Winners site
* Nobel Laureate biography 
* Papers of Professor Max Born (1882-1970) Held at the Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division
* [Recollections of Max Born](http://www.springerlink.com/(csrmskyqgy1ghombklkrigzj)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,25,26;journal,152,584;linkingpublicationresults,1:100241,1), by Emil Wolf, in  *Astrophysics and Space Science*, Volume 227, Numbers 1-2. (Biographical tribute)
* Kuhn, Thomas S., John L. Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen *Sources for History of Quantum Physics*  (American Philosophical Society, 1967)
Butane

**Butane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with four carbon atoms. It is used as a fuel (sometimes with propane) and in aerosol cans.

Butane is usually sold as a mixture of its two isomers, '''*n*-butane''' and isobutane. In IUPAC's official chemical nomenclature, "butane" means *n*-butane.

## Uses of Butane 
Butane is sold in canisters, for cooking and camping. It is also used as fuel in cigarette lighters, and as propellant in aerosol sprays or deodorants. Some kinds of Butane are used in refrigerators.

Mixtures with Propane are known as LPG.

## Dangers 
Butane can be hazardous. Inhalation can lead to death by asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen in the lungs. Contact with the skin can lead to frostbite. If the gas is mixed with air and ignited, it is prone to explode like many other fuels that are volatile.

## References
## Other websites 
* International Chemical Safety Card 0232
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* *n*-Butane  Molecule of the Month
* Molview from bluerhinos.co.uk  See Butane in 3D
* Computational Chemistry Wiki 
* World LP Gas Association (WLPGA)
* LP Gas Association: Propane and Butane in the UK 
* Global BioSciences  In-Situ Bioremediation utilizing Butane
* Butane Viscosity as function of   temperature and pressure
Aerosol spray

**Aerosol spray** is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.

## History 
Around 1790, it was discovered that a carbonated beverage was pushed out of a container in France.

In 1837, the syphon was invented.

In 1862, several experiments with liquid spraying using compressed gas were held.

In 1927, Norwegian engineer Eric Rotheim proposed the first usable aerosol balloon construction.

In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a *bug bomb* (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases). This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons.

In 1947, aerosolized insecticides appeared on the mass market.

In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve. In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint.

## Safety 
The instructions for most aerosols warn that it is forbidden to spray it near open flames, electric stoves, and so on.

It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters. There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity.

## In detail 
* **A** - *Donut* (indicating the color of the paint)
* **B** - Valve system
* **C** - Safety ring
* **D** - Mixture balls (characteristic for paint cans)
* **E** - The valve itself

## Related pages 
* Graffiti
* Pepper spray
Chesterfield F.C.

**Chesterfield F.C.** are an English football club. They started in 1866 and are based in Chesterfield in the county of Derbyshire. They play at a stadium called the Recreation Ground.

## League position 
### Former position
Doncaster Rovers F.C.

**Doncaster Rovers F.C.** are an English football club.  They started in 1879 and play their home games at a stadium called Keepmoat Stadium.

## League position
### Former position
Supernanny

***Supernanny*** is a British and American television program about a nanny, or babysitter, named Jo Frost who helps parents in taking care of their often disruptive or ill-behaved children. The UK version ran from 2004 to 2012. The US version ran from 2005 to 2011. 
Jo no longer does Supernanny as she has moved on to similar shows helping families.

## Season 1 Episodes (UK) (2004) 
* The Woods Family-Lucy and Steve (parents)/Billy, Caitlin and Charlie (children aged 2-12)
* The Steer Family-Sophia (single mother)/Iris, Kelly and Callum (children aged 0-4)
* The Yager Family-Jerry (single father)/Raiden and Jennifer (children aged 3-6)
* The Charles Family-Amanda and Kevin (parents)/Jacob, Maxwell and Isabelle (children aged 2-4)

## Season 2 Episodes (UK) (2012) 
* The Agate Family-Wendy (single mother)/Marie, Amie and Maryann (children aged 7-10)
* The Ball Family-Michelle (single mother)/Ryan and Kyle (children aged 1-3)
* The Gleeson Family-Mindy and Patrick (parents)/Bob and Francessco (children aged 4-6)
* The Porter Family-Hailey and Merlin (parents)/Maddison and Harry (children aged 7-9)
* The Woods Family-Lucy and Steve (parents)/Caitlin and Charlie (children aged 10-18)
* The Yager Family-Jerry (single father)/Raiden and Jennifer (children aged 11-14)
Bristol City F.C.

**Bristol City F.C.** are an English football club. They are based in the city of Bristol. They play at Ashton Gate Stadium. They were formed in 1894. People who live in southern Bristol usually Support Bristol City, While if you live in Northern Bristol you usually Support their biggest rivals Bristol Rovers F.C..

## League position 
### Former position
Keyboard

**Keyboard** may mean:

* Keyboard (computer), a device that allows a person to enter information into a computer
* Keyboard instrument, a musical instrument that uses a keyboard
Universal history

**Universal history**, **world history** or **global history** examines history from a global perspective.

It looks for common patterns that one can find across all cultures. Universal historians use a thematic approach. That means they look at history from two viewpoints: On the one hand they look at processes of world history that have drawn people of the world together, on the other hand they want to find out how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience.

The study of universal or global history is in some ways a product of the current period of accelerated globalization. This period has two tendencies: it integrates various cultures and it shows their differences when people of different cultures and civilizations have to live with each other.

To discuss "the history of the world" in a unified framework is not that new. For example, it was a genre popular in the 19th century, and with Christian historians going back to at least the 4th century.

## Related pages
*Natural history

## Notes
## Other websites
*World History Network 
*Bridging World History 
*China and Europe 
*Journal of World History
*The Changing Shape of World History, William H. McNeill, Paper originally presented at the History and Theory World History Conference, March 25-26, 1994
*World History Connected 
*World History For Us All  - World History Model Curriculum 	 
*World History Matters  	 
*WWW-VL World History Index  	 
*World History Blog  - World History blog. 	 
*World History Today  - World History blog.
*Five Epochs of Civilization Ends regional bias by focusing on communication technologies shared throughout the earth
Pachelbel's Canon

'''Pachelbel's Canon** (also known as **Canon in D major** or just **Canon in D''') is the most famous piece of music by Johann Pachelbel. It was written in or around the time period of  1680, as a piece of chamber music for three violins and basso continuo, but it has been arranged for many other instruments since then.   It is well known for its chord progression.

Pachelbel's Canon is often played at weddings.

## Listen 
This is Pachelbel's Canon played on a piano:
Damme

**Damme** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders, six kilometres northeast of Brugge (Bruges). It is made up of the city of Damme proper and the towns of Hoeke, Lapscheure, Moerkerke, Oostkerke, Sijsele, Vivenkapelle, and Sint-Rita.

In 2007, 10853 people lived there.

It is at 51° 15 North, 03° 17 East.

## References
Pauline epistles

The **Pauline epistles** are the fourteen New Testament books which most Christians think were written by the Apostle Paul. Some of them are the earliest Christian documents. They show many of the beliefs and controversies of Christianity. Many Christians think these letters are very important for theology and ethics.

The First Timothy, Second Timothy, and Titus are sometimes known as the **pastoral epistles**.

In the order they appear in the New Testament, the Pauline epistles are:
*Romans
*First Corinthians
*Epistle to the Philippians
*First Thessalonians
*Second Thessalonians
*First Timothy
*Second Timothy
*Titus
*Philemon

## Notes