open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Guided by Voices

**Guided by Voices** (often called **GBV**) is an American indie band. Guided by Voices is very famous for making many albums. They were active between 1986 and 2004. The band reunited in 2010 but broke up again in 2014. In 2016 they reunited for a second time.

The band had many members who only stayed for a while. Robert Pollard is the most important member. Before becoming a full-time musical artist, he was a teacher at an elementary school. While he was teaching, he created lots of music for the band. Robert is a solo artist today. He is a great fan of rock music. His music, and the music of Guided by Voices, is inspired by the famous British band The Beatles and different music styles like post-British Invasion garage rock, psychedelic, prog-rock, as well as punk and post-punk.

## Studio albums
* *Devil Between My Toes* (1987) 
* *album* (1987)
* *Devil Between My Toes*
* *Self-Inflicted Aerial Nostalgia* (1989)
* *Same Place The Fly Got Smashed* (1990)
* *Propeller* (1992)
* *Vampire on Titus* (1993)
* *Bee Thousand* (1994)
* *Alien Lanes* (1995)
* *Under the Bushes, Under the Stars* (1996)
* *Tonics & Twisted Chasers* (1996)
* *Mag Earwhig!* (1997)
* *Do the Collapse* (1999)
* *Isolation Drills* (2001)
* *Universal Truths and Cycles* (2002)
* *Earthquake Glue* (2003)
* *Half Smiles of the Decomposed* (2004)
* ''Let's Go Eat the Factory* (2012)
* *Class Clown Spots a UFO* (2012)
* *The Bears for Lunch* (2012)
* *English Little League* (2013)
* *Motivational Jumpsuit* (2014)
* *Cool Planet* (2014)
* *Please Be Honest* (2016)
* *August by Cake* (2017)
* *How Do You Spell Heaven* (2017)
* *Space Gun* (2018)
* *Zeppelin Over China* (2019)
* * Warp and Woof* (2019)
* *Sweating the Plague* (2019)
* *Surrender Your Poppy Field* (2020)
* *Mirrored Aztec* (2020)
* *Styles We Paid For'' (2021)

## Guided by Voices Day
In 2004, during the band's last concert tour before breaking up, many cities around the United States picked a day to be "Guided by Voices Day" in that city. Some of them are:
* Houston, Texas – October 1
* Newport, Kentucky – October 22
* Bloomington, Indiana – October 25
* Austin, Texas – November 5
* Dallas, Texas – November 6
* San Diego, California – November 11
* Los Angeles, California – November 12
* New York, New York – December 5
* Chicago, Illinois – December 30

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Robert Pollard's Official Website
* Guided by Voices Database: large lists of albums and songs
* Postal Blowfish: Guided by Voices Fan eMailing List 
* Disarm The Settlers: Guided by Voices Message Board 
* TobinSprout.net
* Doug Gillard's official website
* Guided by Robert Pollard: large fan site
* Guided by Voices story from Allmusic.com

### Listening
* Official Multimedia Page at Guided by Voices website  (MP3s and other goodies)
* Largeheartedboy.com GBV Radio 
* GbV music page  at Matador Records
* Epitonic.com: Guided by Voices
* Assorted Guided by Voices Reviews 

### Seeing
* Official Video Page at Guided by Voices website
Sterilisation

**Sterilisation** (which some people spell **sterilization**) is a  that makes animals or humans unable to reproduce. Sterilisation completely stops people from having children most of the time.

Sterilisation often is done for a way of birth control, or for people to go "childfree". But it has often been done against the will of a person. This is called "compulsory sterilisation".    

## Related pages 
* Sterilization (microbiology)
Greek underworld

]]
The **underworld** is the place in Greek mythology where people go when they die. The underworld is controlled by Hades, one of the three main gods. The underworld's gates are guarded by the three-headed dog, Cerberus.  The underworld was surrounded by five rivers. The Acheron was the river of woe, the Cocytus was the river of lamentation, the Phlegethon the river of fire, the Styx, the river of the unbreakable oath by which the gods took their vows, and the Lethe the river of forgetfulness. When entering the underworld, Charon would take those with gold coins to the underworld. Not everyone could enter, because not everyone had golden coins to pay the fare.  

Three judges, by the names of Rhadamanthus, Minos, and Aeacus, would then decide where you would go. People that lived normal lives would go to The Fields of Asphodel. People who did horrible things would go the Tartarus. Heroes would go to The Fields of Elysium. If you were put into Elysium, you could choose to be reborn or stay. If you went to Elysium three times, then you went to the Isle of the Blessed.  This was like the ultimate heaven. **Tartaros** () was another place in the underworld, where immortal enemies of the current Twelve Olympians are eternally punished, for example Kronos and the other Titans. Tartaros overlaps with the fields of punishment. In the fields of punishment, you get punished depending how bad your crime is.

## Other websites
British Raj

The **British Raj** was the colonial rule of the British Crown from 1858 to 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent. *Raj* is a word in Sanskrit that means "rule" and so "British Raj" means rule of the British Empire. The area of the colony is now in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The *British Raj* was officially called **India** or the **Indian Empire**.

The term *British Raj* is used for the direct British rule over areas that had been conquered by the British in the Subcontinent. It also included the independent princely states. These areas were governed by their own traditional rulers although they were under the overall authority of the British crown. An estimated 165 million people may have died as a result of British colonial policies from 1880 to 1920. This number is larger than the death toll from both World War I and World War II, including The Holocaust.

Myanmar or Burma became  its own British colony in 1937. The colony of Aden came under the same government from 1858 to 1937, as were British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) from 1884 to 1898 and Singapore from 1858 to 1867.

British rule ended on 15 August 1947. The borders between India and Pakistan came into effect on the 18 August. Many people died during the Partition of India.

Jammu and Kashmir, like the other princely states, had not been under direct British rule. India and Pakistan went to war over the area, which is now divided between them.

The 1861 census showed that the British population in the subcontinent was 125,945. Only 41,862 of them were civilians as compared with 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.

## References
Lever

A **lever** is a length that can hinge about one point, and that point is known as the fulcrum.  Levers have lots of uses, including for weighing things, or for making forces bigger or smaller, or making movements bigger or smaller. All levers feature a fulcrum about which the lever pivots, and depending on the distances from this pivot there will be different amounts of force and of movement. The lever is one of six simple machine. There are three types of levers: first-class, second-class and third-class.

## Early
The earliest remaining writings about levers are from the 3rd century BC. They were written by Archimedes. "*Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth.*" is a famous quote from Archimedes who stated the correct mathematical principle of levers (quoted by Pappus of Alexandria).

## Types of levers
There are three kinds of levers. The difference between them is where the fulcrum is and where the forces are acting.  If the force is nearer the fulcrum, the force will be bigger, but the movement will be less.  If the force is further away from the fulcrum, the force will be smaller, but the movement will be bigger.  Levers can therefore make make forces bigger.  Or make movements more precise.  Or just change the place where a force acts.

### First class
A first-class lever is a lever where the fulcrum is in between the effort and resistance (the load). Seesaws and crowbars are examples of first class levers.

### Second class
A second-class lever is where the resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum. Wheel barrows and wrenches are examples of second class levers.

### Third class
A third class lever is where the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum. Staplers and your forearm are examples of third class levers.

## References
Pulley

A **pulley** is a simple machine that is used to lift heavy objects. Block and tackle system is a modified form of a pulley. Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to make the amount of force needed to lift something smaller.A pulley may be simple, but this is used in complex things like elevators!

## Types of pulleys
* **Static** A *static* or *class 1* pulley has an axle that is "staticed" or is stationary, meaning that it cannot be moved.  A fixed pulley is used to redirect the force in a rope (called a belt when it goes in a full circle).  A fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1. The static pulley has a wheel and an axle.
* **Movable** A *movable* or *class 2* pulley has an axle that is "free" to move in space.  A movable pulley is used to transform forces.  A movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of 2.  That is, if one end of the rope is anchored, pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a doubled force to the objecT attached to the pulley.
* **Compound** A *compound pulley* is a combination fixed and movable pulley system.
** Block and tackle - A *block and tackle* is a compound pulley where several pulleys are mounted on each axle, further increasing the mechanical advantage.  Plutarch reported that Archimedes moved an entire warship, laden with men, using compound pulleys and his own strength.
Pulleys are useful in construction sites.
1526

## Events 
* First battle of Panipat – Babur becomes Mughal emperor of India, captures Delhi, and invades Northern India. Beginning of the Mughal Empire which would last until 1858.

## Births 
* 26 September 1511

## Deaths 
*
Isaiah Berlin

Sir **Isaiah Berlin** OM, FBA (6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a British philosopher. He was born in Riga, Latvia, which at the time was a part of the Russian Empire. He was Jewish, and was the first Jew to win the prize of a fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford University. 
## Reputation
Isaiah Berlin was an important person of the 20th century. People see him as an important thinker of Liberalist ideas. He was made a member of the Order of Merit and was a professor at the University of Oxford. He made a distinction between positive liberty and negative liberty. His most famous work is probably *Two Concepts of Liberty* (where he introduced this distinction.) He died 5 November 1997.
Guru Granth Sahib

The **Guru Granth Sahib**, also called **Adi Granth**, is the holy book of the religion Sikhism. It contains prayers, and hymns of Sikh religion. Sikhs believe the Guru Granth Sahib to be a living Guru, hence the Guru Granth Sahib has its own place also commonly known as 'Sach Khand' (the Heaven).

The name of the book is made up of three words. The first word is Guru, and a Guru in Sanskrit language means a teacher. Granth is a word of Hindi, and this means a book. The third word Sahib is a word of Urdu language and it means master. Thus, the Guru Granth Sahib means *a Master Book by the Teacher*. The Guru Granth Sahib, is a collection of hymns of the first five "Sikh Gurus", the "Ninth Guru", and various saints, or *bhagats* Sikhs and others such as Baba Farid.

The Granth teaches Sikhs how they should live, and promotes a modern ideology. This is why it makes it so important to Sikhs.

The book is usually placed in the centre of the gurdwara, high up under a roof.They treat it as a living guru, waving a chaura(fan) over it and decorate its "seat"

It is written in the script called Gurmukhi. The first composition in the Guru Granth Sahib is Mool mantar by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Zeno of Elea

**Zeno of Elea** was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy. He was born about 495 BC and died about 430 BC: the exact dates are not known meaning he was around the age of 65 years old.

Zeno a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".

Zeno also founded the Stoic School of Philosophy.

He was labeled as the "inventor of dialect" by Aristotle

## Works 
Although many ancient writers refer to the writings of Zeno, not one of his writings have survived intact.

Plato says that Zeno's writings were "brought to Athens for the first time on the occasion of" the visit of Zeno and Parmenides

According to Proclus in his ''Commentary on Plato's Parmenides'', Zeno produced "not less than forty arguments revealing contradictions", but only nine are now known.

Zeno's arguments are perhaps the first examples of a method of proof called *reductio ad absurdum*, meaning *to reduce to the absurd*. This destructive method of argument was used by him to such an extent that he became famous for it.

## Related pages 
*Zeno's paradoxes

## References
Zeno of Citium

**Zeno of Citium** (sometimes called **Zeno Apathea**) (333 BC264 BC) was a Syrian philosopher. He was the student of Carates of Thebes, who was the most famous cynic at that time. He started the Stoic school of philosophy.

## References
Cingular Wireless

**Cingular Wireless** was an American mobile telecommunications company. It was formed in 2000 as a joint venture between SBC Communications Inc. and BellSouth Corporation.

In 2006, Cingular was acquired by AT&T Inc. and later rebranded as AT&T Mobility.

## References
Zeno

**Zeno** may mean:

**People**:
*Zeno (emperor) (c.425–491), Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire 474–491
*Zeno of Citium (333–264 BC), Hellenistic philosopher of the Painted Porch, founder of Stoicism
*Zeno of Elea (c.490–c.430 BC), Hellenic Eleatic philosopher, follower of Parmenides and famous for his paradoxes
*Zeno of Sidon (first century BC), Epicurean philosopher
*Zeno of Tarsus (third century BC), Middle Stoa philosopher
*St. Zeno of Verona (c.300–c.380), Roman Catholic Saint and an early Christian Bishop or martyr
*The Zeno brothers (fourteenth century), Antonio, Carlo, and Nicolò Zeno, Venetian navigators
*Nicolò Zeno (younger), publisher of the Zeno map

**Other uses:**
*Zeno's paradoxes, paradoxes by Zeno of Elea
*Zeno (crater), a lunar impact crater
*Zeno programming language, an imperative procedural programming language designed to be easy to learn and user friendly
*Quantum Zeno effect, an effect in quantum mechanics which disallows certain conditions in the decaying of a quantum state

## Related pages
*Xeno
Diogenes

**Diogenes** (Διογένης) is a Greek name. It can refer to different people:
* Diogenes of Sinope (412-323 BC), better known as *Diogenes the Cynic* or simply *Diogenes*
* Diogenes Apolloniates (about 460 BC), philosopher
* Diogenes the Stoic (Diogenes of Seleucia on the Tigris) (c. 150 BC)
* Diogenes Laertius (between 200 and 500 AD), historian
* Diogenes of Oenoanda (2nd Century AD), Epicurean
* Diogenes of Judea (about 100-76 BC), general and advisor for Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus
* Diogenes of Babylon, Greek philosopher
* Diogenes (duke of Syrmia), duke of Syrmia (11th century)
Sumer

**Sumer** is the earliest known civilization in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. It may have been one of the first civilizations in the world, as were Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley.

Sumer started around 3500 BC. Its Sumerian grew along the Tigris and the Euphrates. The land was good for growing food. Sumerian culture is famous for its written cuneiform script. Its letters were formed by pressing a triangle shaped reed into wet-clay tiles. It is also credited with creating the wheel and with dividing a day into 24 hours and an hour into 60 minutes.

The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC. Early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.

Sumerian communities were organized into city-states, each ruled by a priest or king, until Akkad conquered them in the third millennium BC. One of the most famous Sumerian cities was Ur (not the same city as Uruk but near it).

## Relations with the Akkadians 
During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians, who spoke a language isolate, and Akkadian-speakers, which included widespread bilingualism.

The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, may have been the world's first city.

The Sumerians lost their identity with their language around 2000 BC because a large group of different people, the Amorites, moved into their region. The Sumerian language continued as a religious language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria for as long as cuneiform was used.

## Clothing
The Sumerians made their clothing by using the natural resources that were available to them. Clothing was made from wool or flax. which Sumerians could raise and harvest. How thick or how coarse the clothing was related to the season in which it was worn. Heavier clothing was worn in the winter, lighter clothing in the summer.

Men were bare-chested and wore skirt-like clothes that tied at the waist. Women usually wore dresses, which covered them from their shoulders to their ankles. The right arm and shoulder were left uncovered. Men were either clean shaven or had long hair and beards. Women wore their hair long but usually braided it and wrapped it around their heads. When entertaining guests, women placed headdresses in their hair.

Although both rich and poor Sumerians wore the same style of clothing, rich Sumerians wore clothing that was made out of expensive and luxurious materials. Rich women and princesses also wore clothing that was colorful and bright.

Both men and women wore earrings and necklaces. During celebrations, even more jewelry was worn. The wealthier Sumerians often wore beautiful gold and silver bracelets and earrings. Sumerians also wore necklaces with bright, precious stones. Some of these stones were lapis lazuli and carnelian.

## Related pages 
*Nippur
*Ur
*Uruk

## References
Iron Curtain

, although communist-run, was independent of the Eastern Bloc. Similarly, communist Albania broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, aligning itself with the People's Republic of China after the Sino-Soviet split.]]
The **Iron Curtain** is a term related to the Cold War. It means the border between the states that were members of the Warsaw Pact (in Eastern Europe), and those that were not (then called *The West*).

This border was between East Germany and West Germany, between Czechoslovakia and Austria, and between Hungary and Austria. 

At the end of World War II Austria, Germany and Berlin were divided into four zones. In 1955, a treaty was signed. The treaty said that the Allied forces must leave Austria. In return, the Austrian government promised to do certain things, like not form a territorial union with Germany and recognise certain minorities, amongst others. The whole of Europe was separated into a Soviet Union zone in the East and a neutral or US-dominated zone in the West. The splitting of Europe, Germany and especially Berlin into two political blocks was part of the Cold War between the United States of America and other western countries on one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other. The wartime Allied Forces split after their common enemy, Nazi Germany, was defeated in May 1945.

The idea of the Iron Curtain was referring to the separation of the communist Europe compared to the democratic west, it was the idea that what was happening in the *satellite states* and in Russia was secret to the rest of the world. Satellite state refers to a country being controlled by another, in this case Russia was controlling countries such as Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and others which were previously controlled by Germany in WW2.

The idea of the Iron Curtain was made public by Winston Churchill, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in 1946 when he was invited to speak at American University by Harry S. Truman (the American president at the time). Churchill's speech was seen by Nikita Khrushchev; leader of the USSR from 1958 until 1964 as a declaration of war, as Churchill urged a struggle against the Soviet Union.

File:Grenzanlagen PA.JPG|Inner German border at Point Alpha
File:Grenzzaun PA.JPG|Border fence
File:Schießbunker PA vorn.JPG|Bunker, one side
File:Schießbunker PA hinten.JPG|Bunker, other side

## References 
## Other websites
* Homepage for Susanna Lapossy's book *Life Behind the Iron Curtain* (about Iron Curtain times in Hungary)
Blaze Starr

**Blaze Starr** (born **Fannie Belle Fleming**; 10 April 1932 &ndash; 15 June 2015) was an American stripper and burlesque star. In the 1950s, she became well known in the United States. Besides her burlesque dancing, her affair with Governor Earl Long of the state of Louisiana got her more popularity.

## Early life
Starr was born in rural Wayne County, West Virginia. She lived in Washington, D.C. and in Baltimore, Maryland during her youth.

## Affair with the Governor
When Blaze Starr first met Governor Long in 1958, her first feeling was fear. She was afraid she was going to jail when the Governor of Louisiana walked in with the police during a dance. When the Governor and the police gave Blaze a standing ovation, she was dumbfounded. Blaze had never known a politician who went to a show bar for any reason other than to cause the dancers trouble. After her show, the Governor asked for her to come to his table. They became friends.

Their relationship quickly grew into a love affair. Soon coworkers, reporters, and voters all knew of the affair. Mrs. Blanche Long, the Governor's wife, told hospital people that Earl was crazy and had him put away. She thought this would make Earl end the affair with Blaze. The affair continued until the day Earl died in 1960.

Her life was exciting and full of adventures. In the 1950s, stripping was more of an art form. It was not just women taking off their clothes to get men into bed. Blaze was close to her family. Blaze met her perfect match when she met Earl. He accepted her life style and she accepted his. They fulfilled each other's needs for companionship, compassion, and love.

## Death
Starr died on June 15, 2015 at her home in Wilsondale, West Virginia.  She was 83 years old. She had been worried about the health of her dog, whom she adopted as a stray. Her sister, Cathy Fleming, believed this stress, along with a "severe heart condition", killed her. Her dog died hours later.

## References
## Other websites
*Blaze Star Gems  (official site)
*
Indus Valley civilization

, late  Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan.]]

The **Indus Valley civilization** or the **Harrapan civilization** (3300–1300 BC; mature period 2700–1700 BC), was a Bronze Age civilization that is among the four oldest civilizations in the world and also the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. Discovered by archaeologists in the 1880s, it developed along the Indus and the Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers. It is one of the world’s three earliest civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

The Indus Valley civilization covered a large area from most of modern Pakistan to small parts of western India. The first city to be discovered by excavation (digging up) was Harappa in Punjab, Pakistan, and so the civilization is also called the 'Harappan Civilization'.

The civilization started during the Bronze Age and the height of its development was between 2500 BC and 1500 BC. Including the civilizations directly before and after it, the civilization may have lasted from the 14th to the 3rd centuries BC. Its two large cities are Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, in Pakistan’s Punjab and Sindh Provinces. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. It had good builders. The ruins of the site shows skillful design. Buildings had two or sometimes more stories. Bathrooms were attached to the rooms. One of the unique features of the city was its elaborate drainage system. A brick-lined drainage channel flowed alongside every street. Removable bricks were placed at regular intervals for easy cleaning and inspection.

Harappan traders used seals on the knots of the sacks to be transported to make sure that they were not opened during the journey. Nobody knows how to read their writing system. In 1842, Charles Masson (real name: James Lewis) wrote a book that mentioned the sites of the Indus Valley civilisation. Few people paid attention. Later, in 1921 and 1922, John Marshall organised the first archaeological dig at Harappa.

## References
Clavichord

A **clavichord** is a musical instrument like a small keyboard. It was very popular for many years, especially in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

## Sound
The clavichord is a very quiet instrument. It is not suitable for playing with other instruments because it is so quiet. But it sounds very beautiful in slow, expressive music. It is used as a practice instrument by harpsichord players, or by organists who wanted to practice at home instead of in a (often very cold) church. They were so small that they could be lifted up and put on a table. They could be put one on top of another so that an organist could practise music written for a two-manual organ. Sometimes, they even had pedals for organists to practice this skill.

## Uses
Many German composers like Johann Sebastian Bach wrote music for the “Clavier”. This meant any keyboard instrument: harpsichord, clavichord or organ. The player could choose which they wanted to use.

When the piano suddenly became popular – in the 1760s and 1770s – people started to forget about harpsichords and clavichords. Today a few people make harpsichords and clavichords again so that people can play Renaissance and Baroque music - the music from when the clavichord was popular.

## Other websites
Bow (weapon)

:*This article is about the weapon. For other meanings, see **Bow (disambiguation)**.*

A **bow** is a weapon used to shoot arrows. It is used in hunting, sport, and a long time ago, war.

Using a bow is called archery. A person who uses a bow is an **archer** and a person who makes bows is a **bowyer**.

A bow is  a long curved stick and a string which is tied to both ends. Ancient bows were made of natural materials like wood or bone and sinew, but today they are often made of plastic and similar materials.

To shoot a bow, the arrow is put on the bow, with one end to the string, which is pulled back. When the string is let loose, it throws the arrow forwards.

There are many different types of bows, for example the longbow or the automatic crossbow and the compound bow.  

There are many different ways that people protect themselves from arrow attacks. The Roman Army, for instance, had the testudo formate, or tortoise formation. They first made the shields lock into a somewhat tortoise like formation, which provide a shell that was make out of shields. The arrows would eventually run out, and the Romans would charge.   

## Reading
*
Nuclear physics

**Nuclear physics** is the part of physics that studies the nucleus of the atom. Everything on the earth is made up of atoms; they are the smallest part of a chemical element that still has the properties of that specific element. When two or more atoms combine they create what we know as the molecule, which is the smallest part of a chemical compound which still has the properties of that specific compound. Understanding the structure of atoms is key in studies such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc.  

## Atoms 
### Structure 
Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. The protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. The protons and neutrons are the heaviest part of the atom and make up most of its mass. The electrons move around the nucleus very quickly, making what is called an electron cloud. The electron cloud has a very small mass, but it makes up most of the space of the atom. The electrons have a negative charge, and the protons have a positive charge. Due to the charges in the atom, that is how the atom stays together, by attraction of the electric charges present in the atom.

### Properties 
Atoms have different features that single out one atom from another, and show how each atom can change in different conditions. These properties include atomic number, mass number, atomic mass and weight, and isotopes.

### Forces acting 
In an atom there are three fundamental forces that keep atoms together. electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. The electromagnetic force keeps the electrons attached to the atom. The strong nuclear  force keeps the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. The weak nuclear force controls how the atom decays.

### Quantum 
In the early 20th century, scientists had trouble  the behavior of atoms using their current knowledge of matter. So to deal with this they made a brand new way to view matter and energy, and they called it quantum theory. Quantum theory explains how matter acts both as a particle and a wave.

### Radiation 
Atoms emit radiation when their electrons lose energy and drop down to lower orbitals. The difference in energy between the orbitals determines the wavelength of the given radiation. This radiation can be shown by visible light or shorter wavelengths.

## Related pages 
*Radiocarbon dating
*Radiology
Harmony

**Harmony** means playing several notes together to make “chords”.  The word comes from the Greek *harmonia* meaning "to join things up" .  A tune by itself can sound nice, but it can be “harmonized” by adding an accompaniment of chords.  Studying how to do this is called **harmonization**.  Music students learn which chords sound nice after one another.  These are called “chord progressions”.  Many music theorists have written books about harmony.

Music which is made of a tune with harmony underneath is called “homophonic”.  In a way it is the opposite of polyphonic which means that each part (each voice) is a tune in itself. However, even polyphony needs to make pleasant harmony. Harmony as we know it in European music had become fully developed by the Baroque period (17th century).

One can play a chord with three notes using the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the scale of whatever key the music is in.  This gives a chord which sounds like the “home chord”.  This means that at least three notes are needed for harmony.  In most homophonic music there are four: for example a choir will normally divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, or a string quartet will divide into violin 1, violin 2, viola and cello.

Harmony which uses just the notes of the key (e.g. just using white notes for C major) is called “tonal harmony”.

Harmony which adds lots of extra sharps and flats is called “chromatic harmony”.

If music is not in any key at all, like in some music by Arnold Schoenberg, it is “atonal”.  Harmony can be atonal.

## Related pages
* Harmonia
Seljuk Empire

The **Seljuk Empire** was an empire of the Seljuk Turks and a Sunni Muslim dynasty. It ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to the 14th centuries. It was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037. The Seljuk Empire stretched from Anatolia and the Levant to Afghanistan. It was replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire in 1194.

The Seljuk Empire united the eastern Islamic world, and fought against the Crusaders in the First Crusade and Second Crusade. The Seljuk Empire made several long lasting changes. These affected the region even after the empire was gone. Among them was making Farsi as the official language for history and events. They also shifted the center for the Arabic language culture from Baghdad to Cairo.    

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Turkestan

n and Chinese parties)]]
**Turkestan** (Turkish: Türkistan, Kazakh: Түркістан, Uzbek: Turkiston, Turkmen: Türküstan, , Chinese: 突厥斯坦, literally "**Land of Turks**") is a region of Central Asia around the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea. Much of it is currentlylocated in China. During the 20th century, much of it was in the Soviet Union. The main ethnic groups in the area are Turks, Chinese, Mongols and Persians.

## Related pages
* Scythia
* Kipchaks
* Sogdiana
* Tocharians
* Hephthalites
* Turkic peoples
* Turkic languages
* Indo-Iranian peoples
* Indo-Iranian languages

## Other websites 
* Welcome to Turkistan
Mystery Science Theater 3000

***Mystery Science Theater 3000*** (**MST3K**) is an American comedy television series. It was made in the U.S. state of Minnesota from 1988 to 1999. The series was at first made for a local station in Minnesota. It was later moved to Comedy Central, and then The Sci-Fi Channel. The series was about a man (originally Joel Robinson, played by Joel Hodgson, the show's creator, and later Mike Nelson, played by Michael J. Nelson, the show's head writer), who is put in a spaceship by an evil scientist. He was forced to watch some of the worst movies ever made. Joel makes some robots to keep him company. Two of the robots, named Crow T. Robot (played by Trace Beaulieu and, later Bill Corbett) and Tom Servo (played by Josh Weinstein and later Kevin Murphy), watch the movies with him. While the movie is shown, the three make jokes and comments about the movie they watch.

## Other websites 
*Satellite News - The Official *Mystery Science Theater 3000* Web Site
*Complete episodes on Google video
**MST3K* Wiki
*
Partition of India

The **Partition of British India** divided the British India into the countries of India and Pakistan (East and West Pakistan) in 1947. That was part of the end of British Raj, British rule in the Indian subcontinent. The prominent reason for partition was the two-nation theory, which was presented by Syed Ahmed Khan and stated that Muslims and Hindus were too different to be in one country. Pakistan first became became a secular Muslim-majority country and later an Islamic country. India became a majority Hindu country and later became a nominally secular country in 1974 when the word "secular" was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

Millions of people moved across the new Radcliffe Line between the two newly formed states. Once the lines had been established, about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the safety of their religious majority. The 1951 Pakistani Census showed the number of displaced there were approximately 7,226,600. They were presumably Muslims who had entered Pakistan from India. Similarly, the 1951 Indian Census showed 7,295,870 displaced people, apparently Hindus and Sikhs who had moved to India from Pakistan. Both numbers add up to 14.5 million.

The newly formed governments were unable to deal with the forced migration of such huge numbers. Massive violence occurred on both sides of the new border. Hundreds of thousands died; some estimates are in the millions.

The partition caused a lot of uncertainty in many parts of the new nations, especially in the region of Jammu and Kashmir, parts of which went to both countries, which went to war several times to try to take the whole region.

## Further reading
* 

## References
Cathode ray tube

The **cathode ray tube** or **CRT** was invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun. It was the most common type of display for many years. It was used in almost all computer monitors and televisions until LCD and plasma screens started being used.

A cathode ray tube has an electron gun. The cathode is an electrode (a metal that can send out electrons when heated). The cathode is inside a glass tube. Also inside the glass tube is an anode that attracts electrons. This is used to pull the electrons toward the front of the glass tube, so the electrons shoot out in one direction, making a cathode ray. To prevent gas discharge, which would prevent the tube from working, the air is taken out of the tube, making a vacuum.

The electrons hit the front of the tube, where a phosphor screen is.  The electrons make the phosphor light up.  The electrons can be aimed by creating a magnetic field.  By carefully controlling which bits of phosphor light up, a bright picture can be made on the front of the vacuum tube.  Changing this picture 30 times every second will make it look like the picture is moving. Because there is a vacuum inside the tube (which has to be strong enough to hold out the air), and the tube must be glass for the phosphor to be visible, the tube must be made of thick glass.  For a large television, this vacuum tube can be quite heavy.

The cathode ray tube was invented in 1897, and used as an oscilloscope (a machine to show waves).  Later, along with other inventions and improvements, it was used for the first modern electronic television by Philo T. Farnsworth in the 1920s. The CRT was the main type of television screen until the liquid crystal display became popular in the early 2000s.
 
## Related pages
* Liquid crystal display
* Vacuum tube

## References
Central Asia

**Central Asia** is a region in Asia. The countries in Cental Asia according to the United Nations  are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan.

## History 
People have lived in the region of Central Asia since prehistoric times. Most of the region was part of the Silk Road. It was a part of the Persian Empire until Alexander The Great captured it. When he died, the land was given to his general Seleucus. Seleucus slowly lost it to the Parthians.  When the Parthians (the Parthians were Persians) lost power, the Sassanids added it to their own Persian empire. However, a couple years later, during about the 600's A.D, Arab armies spreading the faith of Islam quickly captured it. A while later, an Iranian dynasty got semi- autonomy under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad. They were known as the Samanids. The Samanids controlled most of Central Asia and Northwestern Iran. They had power over this area during the 10th century. With them, Central Asian cities, such as Bukhara and Samarkand, grew in culture. 

In the early 13th century the Mongols captured it. They burned it to the ground. A while later, some rulers decided to make their own empires under that of the Mongols. These empires were known as Khanates. During the 19th century the Russian Empire conquered these lands. Many years later in 1991, all of the countries of Central Asia declared independence.

In the 14th century, Turkic armies conquered this area. They were known as the Seljuk Turks. At the same time, Timur captured it. After his death, the Timurids (the name of the people of the dynasty Timur founded) could not hold unto their empire. 

## Economy 
Uzbekistan produces lots of cotton. Kazakhstan is rich because it has sold oil, gas and metals to Europe and China. Turkmenistan has adjusted better to independence from the Soviet Union than the other Central Asian countries, but it has been run by a autocratic form of government. Other than Kazakhstan, most of Central Asia are  underdeveloped.

## Related pages
* Afghanistan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Tajikistan
* Tatarstan
* Turkmenistan 
* Uzbekistan
* East Turkestan (Technically part of China)

*General Map of Central Asia: I from 1874

## References
Ganesha

**Ganesha** or (**Ganesh**) is the elephant-headed god in Hindu Religion. He is the son of God Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

Ganesha is a very popular god in Hindu Religion, and is one of the most worshipped. Hindu tradition states that Ganesha is a god of wisdom, success and good luck. He is also the giver of different types of favors. The Hindu tradition calls Ganesha as the Vighneshvara. "Vighneshvara" in Sanskrit language means one who is the **lord of removing obstacles or difficulties**. Thus, the Hindu tradition states that by worshiping Ganesha, one can remove all obstacles and difficulties. 
## References
* Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola
* Ganpati Bappa Morya 
* Shri Ganesha Pancharatnam Lyrics
Half-life

**Half-life** can mean different things:

*Half-life (physics), a property of radioactive elements
**Half-Life* (video game), a 1998 video game made by Valve Software
*Half-Life (series), the video game series made by Valve Software
* Biological half-life, amount of time it takes for half of a drug or chemical to be used up in a living thing
Indie (music)

**Indie** is a word that is short for independent. When people talk about indie in music, they mean music that is made by people independently from major record labels (mainly rock and roll groups and artists). Indie music could also be very experimental, meaning that people try out things like new or different sounds.  The styles can range from rock music to house music to pop music.

Examples of what could be described as indie music include indie rock and indie pop.

The group of stereotypical teens who tend to listen to indie music are called indie kids.

## Independent artists
]]
*Arcade Fire
*Archers of Loaf
*Blood Red Shoes
*Death Cab for Cutie
*Franz Ferdinand
*Pavement
*The Postal Service
*The Get Up Kids
*Modest Mouse
*Sonic Youth
*DaForce Dawg
*Foals
*The Maccabees
*Chad Valley
*Raquels
*The Pierces
*Wiz Khalifa
*Cults
*Radiohead
*Frank Ocean
*Billie Eilish
*AJR

## References
Tail

A **tail** is the section at the rear end of an animal's body. Most animals have tails, like cats, dogs, whales, fish, cheetahs, and monkeys. The official name, almost never used, is "caudal appendage".

Many animals on land have a tail, even though they evolved in different lines of descent like reptiles and mammals did.

Signalling to each other is one function (see dogs for example). Balance, especially in trees, is another. Another thing to think about is the change from dinosaur tails to bird tails. Bird tails directly steer flying. They also have a signalling function. Don't forget insect tails. In flying insects they do help steering, much as bird tails do. In fish it's all about propulsion.

Humans don't have a tail. That puts us in a minority of simians which are tailless. It's not obvious why, though it perhaps has something to do with our upright stance. Unlike monkeys, apes have no tail. It's certainly seems easier to sit down with no tail, but monkeys manage with tails pretty well.

Some species of lizard can detach (drop off) their tails from their bodies. This can help them to escape predators. The predator is either distracted by the wriggling, detached tail or left with only the tail while the lizard escapes.

## References
Cycle

**Cycle** might mean:

*A unicycle
*A sequence of events that repeat over and over again, for example: the cycle of the seasons
*A group of poems or songs that belong in a group together
Salta Province

**Salta** is a province in the north of Argentina. It has a population of 1,000,000.

It is famous for its wonderful natural views and the old architecture in the provincial capital, Salta City.

File:Salta-Square2.jpg
File: Cable Car to the Cerro San Bernardo - Salta - Argentina.jpg
File: Tren a las nubes cruzando Viaducto la Polvorilla.jpg
File: Argentine vineyard and mountains..jpg
File:Tour to the Quebrada de las Conchas.jpg
File: Quebrada de las Flechas - Argentina.jpg
File:Iruya 1.jpg
File: Salinas Grandes 052.JPG
File:Cachi 01.jpg
File:Camino a Cachi.jpg

## Other websites 
*Official Page 
*Tourist Secretary 
*Salta  
*Universidad Nacional de Salta 
*Welcome Salta
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

**Abu Musab al-Zarqawi** (, ''*, *Father of Musab, from Zarqa*; ; October 30, 1966 – June 7, 2006), born **Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh** (, *''), was a Jordanian Islamist jihadist who ran a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan. He first travelled to Afghanistan in the 1980s to join the Afghan mujahideen and take part in the Soviet–Afghan War against the Soviet troops and later became known after going to Iraq following the US invasion and being responsible for a series of bombings, beheadings, and attacks during the Iraq War, reportedly "turning an insurgency against US troops" in Iraq "into a Shia–Sunni civil war". He was sometimes known by his supporters as the "Sheikh of the slaughterers".

## References
Hash function

, 0..15. John Smith and Sandra Dee get the same value, which is called hash collision. ]]
A **Hash function** is a set of things to do to make an output that is always the same length from some other input data. Hash functions can be used to tell a computer that two things are the same without sending the things twice. Hash functions use all the data they can to change the output. The input can be only a little bit different, and have a totally different output. When a hash function is made, care is taken to make sure two different inputs do not get the same hash value (this is called a *hash collision*).

A cryptographic hash function is a kind of hash function that is used in cryptography. It is made to make it hard to make two files with the same hash even if you try. It may also be called a 'message digest', 'digital fingerprint', 'digest' or 'checksum'.

## Related pages
*Hash table
Fermat's primality test

'''Fermat's primality test'* is an algorithm. It can test if a given number *p'' is probably prime. There is a flaw however: There are numbers that pass the test, and that are not prime. These numbers are called Carmichael numbers.

## Concept
Fermat's little theorem states that if *p* is prime and 1 \le a , then 

:a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}.

If we want to test if *n* is prime, then we can pick random *a*'s in the interval and see if the equation above holds.  If the equality does not hold for a value of *a*, then *n* is composite (not prime).  If the equality does hold for many values of *a*, then we can say that *n* is probably prime, or a pseudoprime.

It may be in our tests that we do not pick any value for *a* such that the equality fails.  Any *a* such that 

:a^{n-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{n}

when *n* is composite is known as a *Fermat liar*.  If we do pick an *a* such that 

:a^{n-1} \not\equiv 1 \pmod{n}

then *a* is known as a *Fermat witness* for the compositeness of *n*.

*\pmod n* is the modulo operation. Its result is what remains, if p is divided by n. As an example,

: 5 \equiv 2 \pmod 3.

## What this test is used for
The RSA algorithm for public-key encryption can be done in such a way that it uses this test. This is useful in cryptography.
Chivas USA

**Club Deportivo Chivas USA** is an American football (soccer) team that played in Major League Soccer (MLS) in Carson, California. They began play in 2005, and played at the home of the Los Angeles Galaxy.

When the team was formed, it was planned to be a "*little brother*" to the very popular Mexican team C.D. Guadalajara. "*Chivas"*, the Spanish word for "*goats*", is the nickname of C.D. Guadalajara. The team was originally owned by two Mexican businessmen, one of whom also owned C.D. Guadalajara. Due to falling attendance and ownership failures, MLS bought the team back in February 2014, with plans to sell it to new owners who would give the team a new name. In September 2014, the team was sold to a new group. As part of the sale, Chivas USA was dissolved at the end of the 2014 season. A new team, Los Angeles FC, started play in 2017 replacing the old Chivas USA. The assets of the team were purchased by Wrexham A.F.C. in 2023 as co-owner Ryan Reynolds announced plans to re-start the team as an American "feeder club" for Wrexham. Due to the relatively recent time in which this news was announced, there are not many more details known about the takeover.