open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2017 Westminster attack

The **2017 Westminster attack** was a terrorist attack which happened on 22 March in London, England. The attack took place on Westminster Bridge, in Parliament Square and within the grounds of the Palace of Westminster.

A Hyundai vehicle was driven into a crowd of people near the palace gates, and the attacker stabbed a police officer, who later died due to his injuries. Five people—including pedestrians on the bridge, the stabbed police officer and the attacker—were confirmed dead.

It was the first and largest major attack to occur in London since the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The motivation was suspected to be linked to Islamic terrorism.

## Attacker
The attacker was identified by the Metropolitan Police as 52-year-old Briton Khalid Masood. Born Adrian Russell Elms, possibly later changed to Adrian Russell Ajao.

Local media report that in 2009 he underwent 
conversion to Islam while in prison, after which he changed his name to Khalid Masood. Police said he also used several other aliases, including Khalid Choudry. Masood was born in Kent and detectives believe he was most recently living in the West Midlands. Masood was reported to have been an English teacher or tutor in Saudi Arabia sometime between 2005 and 2009. Then he returned to the United Kingdom and  worked as a teacher of English as a second language in Luton.

Masood had been previously investigated by MI5, but Scotland Yard said that he was not the subject of any current investigations. There was no prior intelligence about his intent to mount a terrorist attack. He had a range of previous convictions for assaults, including grievous bodily harm, possession of offensive weapons and public order offences going back to 1983. He had not been convicted of any terrorism offences. Pictures of Masood being treated by medics were shown by some news outlets.

## References
## Other websites
*Live reports at BBC News
*Live reports at ITN News
*Live reports at Sky News
*Live reports at *The Telegraph*
Sib Hashian

**John Thomas** "**Sib**" **Hashian** (August 17, 1949 &ndash; March 22, 2017) was an American musician. He was best known as a drummer for the rock band Boston. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

Hashian had a daughter, Lauren who has been in a relationship with Dwayne Johnson since 2007.

Hashian died from a possible heart attack while on a cruise ship near Nassau, Bahamas on March 22, 2017, aged 67.

## References
Tomas Milian

* trailer, 1974]]
**Tomas Milian** (born **Tomás Quintín Rodríguez**; 3 March 1933 – 22 March 2017) was a Cuban American-Italian actor and singer. He was known for his roles in *The Big Gundown* (1966), *The Ugly Ones* (1967), *Django Kill... If You Live, Shoot!* (1967), *Face to Face* (1967), *Run, Man, Run* (1968), *Death Sentence* (1968), *Tepepa* (1969), *Compañeros* (1970), *Sonny and Jed* (1972), *Life Is Tough, Eh Providence?* (1972), *Don't Torture a Duckling* (1972) and *Four of the Apocalypse'' (1975).

Milian was born in Havana, Cuba. He studied at the Actors Studio in New York City. He was a bisexual. Milian died at his home in Miami, Florida on 22 March 2017 from a stroke, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Tomás Milián official site 
* 
*Tomás Milián interview  
* Tomas Milian in The Designated Victim – TCM's Movie Morlocks
Lèze

The **Lèze** is a river in southern France, a left tributary of the Ariège river. The river flows through the French departments of Ariège and Haute-Garonne.

## Geography
The Lèze river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Labarthe-sur-Lèze in the Haute-Garonne department.

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 bar:Nov at: 1.070 fontsize:S text: 1.070 shift:(-13,5)
 bar:Dec at: 1.940 fontsize:S text: 1.940 shift:(-13,5)

**Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Labarthe-sur-Lèze**

### Course
The Lèze river starts in the Pyrenees mountain range in the southwest of the Ariège department, in the *commune* of La Bastide-de-Sérou, at an elevation of about .

It flows, in general, to the north and, after , it joins the Ariège river as a left tributary, at an elevation of about  at Clermont-le-Fort.

### Communes
The Lèze passes through 1 region (Occitanie), 2 departments and 20 *communes*; some of the *communes* are:

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References
## Other websites
* Hauteurs d'eau et vigilance sur le bassin de la Garonne
Sarah Jiménez

in 2004]]
**Sarah Jiménez Vernis** (February 3, 1927 &ndash; March 13, 2017) was a Mexican artist. She known for her political graphic work in the mid 20th century, especially with the Taller de Gráfica Popular. Her works would help her earn a membership in the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.

After her time with the Taller, her career shifted to teaching, and her work became mostly forgotten. However, there have been efforts to revive interest in it.

Jiménez was born in Piedras Negras, Coahuila in the north of Mexico. She moved to Mexico City in 1947.

In 1954, she participated in the creation of a mural at the Escuela Belisario Dominguez, with her section dealing with the dead soldier of the Mexican Revolution.

Jiménez died in Mexico City on March 13, 2017 from heart failure, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*La artista que llevó la imagen de México a Chile
Stalemate

**Stalemate** is a situation in chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move. 

When stalemate occurs, the game is a draw. Actual stalemate is rare, but the threat of stalemate has a big effect on endgame play. Many K+R+P vs K+R endings are drawn when stalemate cannot be avoided. The existence of stalemate is a main reason why draws are common in chess, but rare in the chess derivative shogi.

In the old Persian form of chess, shatranj, stalemate was a win for the side with the most pieces. The idea of stalemate as a draw in modern chess took a long time to be agreed. It was finally decided by the early 19th century British master J.H. Sarratt in the London Chess Club rules of 1807.

## Figurative uses in general 
All uses of the term "stalemate" in other contexts come from its use in chess. Stalemates in bargaining, politics and general life are examples of figurative language. The term is used as a metaphor.

## References
Kho

**Kho** may refer to:

*Kho (cooking technique), a cooking technique in Vietnamese cuisine through listed cooking recipes
*Kho (costume) (or Bakhu), a traditional outfit worn by Bhutia, ethnic Tibetans of Sikkim
*Kara Harp Okulu (KHO), a Turkish military academy
*Kho kho, an Indian and Pakistani sport played by teams
*Kho-Bwa languages, also known as Bugunish and Kamengic
*Khowar language, an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch
*Kho language, dadikai group of language.
*Kho people, a people of Pakistan and Afghanistan
*Kho Mu people, known as Khmu people, Khmu (also referred to as Khamu, Kammu or Kemu), indigenous inhabitants of Laos
*Kho, the Hokkien romanization of the Chinese surname Xǔ (許)

## Places
*Kho Wang District, a district of Yasothon Province in northeastern Thailand
*Kho Phi Phi, Phi Phi Islands
*Don Kho, Don Kho is a small island in the Mekong River
*Kho-kyin, Kho-kyin is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District

## Related pages
* Khoe (disambiguation)
Amerdingen

**Amerdingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. There is an 18th-century castle called Schloss Amerdingen. It was built by the family of the Stauffenbergs. Count Alfred Schenk von Stauffenberg (*1923) and his wife live there now. The mayor is currently Hermann Scmidt

## References
Hans Geiger

c. 1905]]
**Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger** (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was professor at the University of Erlangen.

In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. In 1907 he began work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester and in 1909, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment called the "gold foil experiment". Rutherford and Geiger created the Rutherford-Geiger tube, later to become the Geiger tube. 

In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model. In 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. Geiger also worked with James Chadwick. In 1912 he became leader of the Physical-Technical Reichsanstalt in Berlin, 1925 professor in Kiel, 1929 in Tübingen, and from 1936 in Berlin.

He was a member of the Uranium Club. Geiger never expressed himself in public about the Nazis. There are reports both about him helping, and rejecting, Jewish colleagues. Geiger died in Potsdam, Germany a few months after World War II ended in Europe. He had four siblings: three sisters and one brother that were all younger than him. His brother, Rudolf Geiger, was very interested in meteorology and climatology. 

## References
Johann Alexander Döderlein

**Johann Alexander Döderlein** (February 11, 1675 - October 23, 1745) was a German historian, philologist and numismatist.
He studied at University of Altdorf near Nuremberg. He was polymath and his field of work included archaeology, classical studies, meteorology, and regional history. Döderlein was a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was rector of the Alte Lateinschule, the former school of Weißenburg am Sand.

## Other websites
Lise Meitner

**Lise Meitner** (November 7, 1878, Vienna &ndash;  October 27, 1968, Cambridge) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist. She had a very large role in discovering nuclear fission. She received her doctorate in physics from the University of Vienna in 1906.

Starting in 1907, Meitner worked with a man named Otto Hahn. She worked with Hahn throughout her entire career. Working together, they completed a lot of work in chemistry. Hahn won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, even though his work had been with her. The reason that she did not win the prize was that she was a woman. She did attend the ceremony though.

In 1914, Meitner volunteered as an X-ray technician in the Austrian army during World War I. Meitner was also the first female professor in Germany. She became a German professor in 1917. 

Throughout the 1920s, Meitner worked mostly on radiation. She won many prizes and awards. Around 1935, Meitner and Hahn worked together to learn more about uranium. The element Meitnerium is named after her. 

Later in Meitner’s life, she had many discoveries that led to the creation of the atomic bomb. She worked to make possible the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima but she did not agree the atomic bomb.

## Experiences of sexism
An encyclopedia editor asked Meitner to write an article about radioactivity. He had read a paper she wrote about the physical aspects of radioactivity. The letter that she got was addressed to “Herr Meitner” (Mr. Meitner). She explained that she was female and the offer was taken away.  

Meitner followed gender roles later in her career. British physicist Ernest Rutherford visited Berlin Laboratory. During this visit, Meitner spent the day shopping with Rutherford's wife. Meanwhile, the men talked about work.  

Meitner also had lots of accomplishments. After working with Hahn and investigating behavior of beta rays, she received an appointment in the radioactivity apartment and invited Meitner to join him. Soon after, Max Planck asked Meitner to be an assistant professor and lecture at the institute for theoretical physics. Meitner was the first woman in Germany to be in her position. Many news reporters were drawn to her opening lecture. 

## References
## Related pages
*Meitnerium
Denis Voronenkov

**Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkov** (; 10 April 1971 – 23 March 2017) was a Russian politician. He was a member of the State Duma (2011–2016). After stepping down as a member of the parliament in 2016, Voronenkov left Russia and settled in Ukraine with his wife Maria Maksakova Jr.. After settling in Ukraine, he became a vocal critic of Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian foreign policy.

## Death 
Voronenkov was murdered in Kyiv on 23 March 2017 at age of 45.

## References
Cino Tortorella

**Felice "Cino" Tortorella** (27 June 1926 &ndash; 23 March 2017), was an Italian television presenter. He was best known for creating and conducting the Zecchino d'Oro festival of children's songs. He was the voice of Topo Gigio, he became a regular on *The Ed Sullivan Show*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hypatia

**Hypatia** (hy-PAY-shee-uh) **of Alexandria** was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. She lived around 370 - 415 CE and  was the first noted women in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. She led a philosophical movement called Neoplatonism, which was developed from the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. 

Hypatia was born in Alexandria, a city in Egypt. During Hypatia’s time, Egypt was a great place for learning. Her father was also a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher and so she had it in her bloodline. Her father was Theon. Hypatia and her father worked on commentaries of Ptolemy's work together. Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who was from Alexandria. Hypatia's name was also put on work done by other mathematicians. 

The Museum of Alexandria was a more like a university and library than a museum. It played a big role in education, and Hypatia’s life. Theon may have been the director of the museum at one point. Theon was interested in mathematics, which may have led Hypatia to pursue astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy.

Her skills were so notable that she became the leader of the Neoplatonism movement in Alexandria around 400. Her reputation led students from all around the world to come visit here. She was recognized as a better philosopher than most of the men during her time. Hypatia gave lectures at her house and in lecture halls. She lectured on astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and religious literature. She wrote a number of books about mathematics.

Synesius of Cyrene was a student of Hypatia. His letters provided some of the most important information on her life and her teachings. She taught Synesius about the building of an astrolabe.

Hypatia never married because she said she was “wedded to the truth”. She was an acquaintance of Orestes. He was the pagan governor of Alexandria. Radical monks, stirred up by the local bishop, murdered her. They possibly murdered her because the pagans seemed to have caused enmity among the mainly-Christian town even though she had Christian friends. They persecuted her and scattered her body parts around the city. She died at 45 years old, in 415 C.E.

## References
Ada Yonath

**Ada E. Yonath** (Hebrew: עדה יונת , born June 22, 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer. She received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Thomas A. Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan for studies of the structure and functions of ribosomes.

## Life
### Early life
She was born in the Geula quarter of Jerusalem. Her father was a rabbi. Yonath and her family moved to Tel Aviv after her father died.
### Education
She received her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1962. She received her master's degree in biochemistry in 1964. She got both degrees from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. She received her Ph.D. in X-Ray Crystallography at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1968. 

Yonath made the first protein crystallography lab at the Weizmann Institute. Her work showed the function of ribosomes. Yonath worked at Carnegie-Mellon University and MIT for several years. She stayed as Weizmann Institute for the rest of her career.
## Work
Ada Yonath is an Israeli chemist who made pictures of ribosomes with X-ray crystallography. Ribosomes are the part of cells in the human body that put together proteins. X-ray crystallography makes pictures of molecules by bunching them into crystals. This method is only used to make models of single atoms. 

Yonath used this methods to crystallize ribosomes despite them being made up of many atoms and proteins. This caused her work to become very difficult. She returned to the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1970. She started the first Protein Crystallography lab in Israel. She did research at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin, Germany from 1979 to 1984. She began trying to make ribosomes into crystals in 1970. [1]

## Achievements
She made the first model of a large ribosome in 1980. In 2006, she won the Wolf Prize in Chemistry. 
### Nobel Prize
She won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas Steitz. This Nobel prize was for her work in making images of ribosomes. She studied molecular genetics in Berlin, Germany, before winning the Nobel prize.

## Later life
Yonath led a research team at the Max Planck Institute in Hamburg, Germany for 18 years. She also continued research at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
## Related pages
* Max Born
* Leó Szilárd
* Hans Bethe
* Lise Meitner
* Edward Teller
* Albert Einstein
* John von Neumann
* Robert Oppenheimer
* List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry

## References
Tu Youyou

**Tu Youyou** (born 30 December 1930) is a Chinese pharmacologist. She won the Nobel Prize in 2015 for medicine. She is famous for making a medicine to treat Malaria. Malaria is a sickness or disease. It is spread by mosquitoes. It poorly affects a lot of people in the world. Many people have died from Malaria. Tu came up with a cure.

## Early Life 
Tu was born on December 30, 1930.  She was born and raised in Ningbo, Zhejiang. Zhejiang is a province of China. It is located in eastern China. In 1951, she moved to Beijing. She went to the Peking University in Beijing. At the university, she studied pharmacology. In 1955, she finished college and started working at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. It is now called the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.

## Work and Discoveries 
In 1969, China was having a cultural revolution against Western ideas. This means that many schools, colleges, and research centers were closed. Tu was assigned to a secret project (called “523 mission”) that was to find the cure for Malaria during this time. Malaria was killing American and Vietnamese soldiers in Vietnam before the treatment was found. She studied traditional Chinese medicinal ancient text. She was trying to find an herbal treatment. The text they read gave information about a medicinal plant, Qinghao. Qinghao is also known as sweet wormwood. Tu and two other scientists found a part of the plant that helped treat Malaria. This was made into a drug that stopped and treated the disease in millions of people. This drug was called artemisinin.

## References
Maryam Mirzakhani

**Maryam Mirzakhani** (May 12, 1977 – July 14, 2017) was an Iranian mathematician.

She worked at Stanford University. Her research topics include Teichmüller theory, hyperbolic geometry, ergodic theory, and symplectic geometry.

On 13 August 2014, Mirzakhani became both the first woman and the first Iranian honored with the Fields Medal, the most prestigious award in mathematics.

On 14 July 2017, Mirzakhani died of breast cancer at the age of 40.

## Background 
Mirzakhani was born in May 1977 in Tehran, Iran. She enjoyed math and puzzles in high school. She earned her bachelor's degree at the Sharif University of Technology in Tehran. Mirzakhani then went to Harvard to earn a Ph.D. in 2004.

In high school, Mirzakhani found her talents in math. She decided to reconsider her career goals. This was made possible by her principal. Her principal tried to give women the same chances as men to succeed.

Mirzakhani was also given extra math assignments, which gave her access to university laboratories. She was also allowed to study by herself in the library. This privilege was only given to a few people. She died of the cancer on July 14, 2017 in Palo Alto, California, aged 40.

## Accomplishments 
Mirzakhani won the Fields Medal award, the highest mathematical award, in 2014 for her accomplishments in math. She won this award because of her work on Riemann surfaces, a complex mathematical subject. Her work on this subject has improved the basics of both mathematics and physics.

Mirzakhani proved multiple relationships between *moduli* spaces, classes of Riemann surface structures. Her talent led her to be selected twice for the Math Olympiad Team.

Girls had never been part of the Iranian Math Olympiad team. Mirzakhani was the first woman to be on the team and was selected two times in a row. She won gold medals for her team. In 1994, she only had one point taken off and in 1995, she had a perfect score. This was a big accomplishment since she was the first Iranian to do so.

## Jobs/roles 
Mirzakhani has worked as a math teacher at Princeton University and Stanford University. At Stanford, her interests changed a little. Mirzakhani still worked on geometry and symmetry but started to focus more on theories on Teichmiller dynamics, advanced geometric strategies. Her research was deemed as mathematical research into nature's abstract concepts.

## Related pages
* List of Iranian scientists
* Sharif University of Technology

## References
Emilie du Chatelet

**Émilie du Châtelet** was a French physicist. She was born on December 17, 1706, in Paris, France. Du Châtelet was born into an aristocratic family. She received an excellent education. Du Châtelet learned science, literature, and music. She married the Marquis of Châtelet. He lived away from Paris because he had a military and political career. They had three children. Du Châtelet took private lessons in maths from Pierre-Louis Moreau.

Du Châtelet had a 15-year affair with Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire. Voltaire recognised her talents. Châtelet helped Voltaire write his book, *Elements of Newton’s Philosophy*. She had an unwanted child with Jean François de Saint-Lambert when she was 42. She translated *Principia Mathematica* by Isaac Newton into French while she was pregnant. She died from an infection six days after giving birth to her daughter. It was 1749.

Du Châtelet’s translation of *Principia Mathematica* is still used today. She knew that her work was not appreciated during her time. Years after she died, she was recognized as a role model for girls and women. Du Châtelet is still celebrated around the world for her work in Newtonian studies and mathematics.

## References
Rosalyn Yalow

**Rosalyn Yalow** (July 19, 1921  May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist.

## Early life 
Yalow was born on July 19, 1921 in the Bronx, New York City. She graduated from Hunter College in 1941. She also went to a all-female college in New York called Hunter College. Yalow was Jewish. This made it difficult to become a scientist, due to prejudice. She continued trying. Yalow got a PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

## Work 
Yalow became a consultant in nuclear physics at the Bronx Veteran’s Administration Hospital in 1947. She was assistant chief of radioisotope service in 1950. She was made a research professor at the Sinai School of Medicine in New York City in 1968. In 1973, she was made head of Solomon A. Berson Research Laboratory at the Bronx Veteran’s Administration Hospital. 

## Accomplishments 
Yalow won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977. She was the second woman to win that prize. She shared the award with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally.

Yalow was known for the creation of the radioimmunoassay (RIA). The RIA labeled things in the blood with radioactive marks. Yalow and Solomon Berson first used the RIA in 1959. It was first used to study the insulin in blood of diuabetics ( people with diabetes). This was an advancement that helped many people with diabetes. 

## References
May-Britt Moser

**May-Britt Moser** is a Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist.

## Life 
Moser was born on Jan 4, 1962 in Fosnavåg, on a coastal island north of Bergen, Norway. She married Edvard Moser as a student of the University of Oslo in 1985. They had two kids, Isabel and Ailin. The Mosers were directors and coordinators of the Kavil Institute for systems Neuroscience and the Centre for Neural Computation at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology for many years, but they divorced in 2016.

## Career 
Each earned a PhD in neurobiology in 1995. She used rats as test subjects during her research because their nervous system is very similar to humans. They discovered brain cells that allow animals to move from one place to another. These are called grid cells, and they fire when the rats pass a certain location. Over time, this helped the rats move purposely around the room and navigate their surroundings. The Mosers won a Nobel Prize, an important award. She won this award in 2014 and shared this with John O’Keefe, another neuroscientist.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2011.

## References
Mary Somerville

**Mary Somerville** was a Scottish science writer and a polymath. She was also famous for supporting more education for women and supporting more civil rights for women. 

## Early life 
Somerville was born on December 26, 1780, in Jedburgh, Scotland. She was the fifth of seven children. She was one of three who lived to be adults. Her father, William George Fairfax, was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy. He would go on long trips away. Somerville's mother did not try to educate her daughters; she thought that all girls needed to know was how to cook and clean. When Somerville wasn't doing household chores, she would often go to the seaside and the moors.

When Somerville's father came home, he discovered that his ten-year-old daughter could not read or write. He sent her to a boarding school. By her teenage years, Somerville had become interested in algebra. Her parents got angry. They told her not to study it - they worried that studying mathematical concepts would cause her physical and mental harm. "Mary Somerville." Scientists: Their Lives and Works, UXL, 2006. Student Resources in Context. Accessed 31 Mar. 2017.

## Marriage and adult life 
In 1804, when she was 24, Somerville got married to Samuel Grieg. She found that marriage gave her independence from her parents. She began studying algebra. She had two sons, but her husband died in 1807. As a widow, she found more freedom to study and learned many more mathematical concepts."Mary Somerville." Scientists: Their Lives and Works, UXL, 2006. Student Resources in Context. Accessed 31 Mar. 2017.

In 1812, she married again. Her second husband was William Somerville. They had four children together. Somerville began experiments on solar radiation with her newfound support from William.

## Work 
She studied the sun's radiation effects on Earth's substances. In 1826, she published her first paper, "On the Magnetizing Power of the More Refrangible Solar Rays." She later published two more papers and two books. She later moved to Italy and started her third book. In 1848, she had a publication called *Physical Geography.*

## Honors and awards 
Somerville wrote many books. Somerville's second book led to the discovery of Neptune. She then became the one of the first two women to be named Honorary members of the Royal Astronomical Society. Somerville had a picture hung in the Royal Society's great hall. She won the Victoria Gold Medal from the Royal Geographic Society in 1870. 

## Late life 
In 1860, her only surviving son died. Her husband died 5 years later. Somerville became sad. Her daughter told her to work on more writing projects. She did, but she was not in touch with modern science. She began to promote civil rights and higher women's education. She died at age 92 in Naples, Italy, on November 19, 1872. Oxford University named one of its colleges after her.

## References
Starboy (song)

"**Starboy**" is a song recorded by Canadian PBR&B singer-songwriter The Weeknd.  It features the French DJ duo Daft Punk.  It is taken from his fifth studio album, also called *Starboy*.  It is the first song on the album.  The song reached number one in nearly ten countries, including the US, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and New Zealand, while it reached number two in countries like Australia and the UK.  "Starboy" is The Weeknd and Daft Punk's first collaboration, before the next single, the top-ten song "I Feel It Coming".

The song was certified quadruple-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales, streams, and shipments of over four million copies there.

## References
Andrés Ocaña

**Andrés Ocaña Rabadán** (1955 – March 2, 2017) was a Spanish politician and academic. He served as the Mayor of Córdoba from 2009 to 2011. He was a member of the United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia.

Ocaña was born in the town of Aguilar de la Frontera in the Province of Córdoba. He served as a member of the Córdoba city council from 1995 until 2011. Ocaña died of a myocardial infarction on March 2, 2017 in Córdoba, Andalusia, at the age of 62.

## References
Kallar (caste)

**Kallar** is one of the three related castes of southern India which constitute the Mukkulathor confedaracy or league of caste. The Kallar, along with Maravar caste, constitute a united social caste on the basis of professions, though their locations and heritages are wholly separate from one another.The Kallars, along with the Kallar and Thevars, traditionally practised a Tamil martial art variously known as *adi murai*, *chinna adi* and *varna ati*.The Kallar were traditionally a non-vegetarian people.

## Reference
José José

**José Rómulo Sosa Ortiz** (February 17, 1948 — September 28, 2019), known by his stage name **José José**, was a Mexican singer, musician and occasional actor. His 1983 album *Secretos* has sold over 20 million units. With a large number of international hits, he received several Grammy nominations and recognition worldwide.

In March 2017, he announced that he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. On 28 September 2019, José José died of the disease at a hospital in Homestead, Florida, at the age of 71.

## References
Maravar

Maravar is a Tamil community of the state of Tamil Nadu, southern India, and are one of the three branches of the Mukkulathor confederacy or league of caste.Members of the Maravar community often use the honorific title *Thevar*.The term *Maravar* has diverse proposed etymologies; it may come simply from a Tamil word *maravar* (warrior), or a term meaning "bravery".
## Reference
Karaikudi

Karaikudi is a municipality in Sivaganga district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a part of the area commonly referred to as "Chettinadu" and has been declared a heritage town by the Government of Tamil Nadu. As of 2023, the city had a population of 303,291. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Karaikudi and the nearest airport is Madurai Airport, located  away from the city.The average literacy of the town was 81.48%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.
## Reference
Sivaganga district

Sivaganga district is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in Southern India. It is bounded by Pudukkottai district on the Northeast, Tiruchirapalli District on the North, Ramanathapuram district on South East, Virudhunagar district on South West and Madurai district on the West.The major town in the district is the City of Karaikudi. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,339,101 with a sex-ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males.
## Reference
Namakkal

Namakkal  is a town and a municipality in Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the headquarters of Namakkal district. It is the first ISO 14001-2004 certified municipality in Asia for environmental management, specifically the provision and maintenance of water supply, solid waste and sewage management, town planning, lighting and other social services.
As of 2011, the town had a population of 55,145.
## Reference
Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort

***Ucchi Pillayar Temple*** is a 7th-century Hindu temple, one dedicated to Lord Ganesh located a top of *Rockfort*, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Mythologically this rock is the place where Lord Ganesh ran from King Vibishana, after establishing the Ranganathaswamy deity in Srirangam. The Rock Fort temple stands 83m tall perched atop the rock. The smooth rock was first cut by the Pallavas but it was the Nayaks of Madurai who completed both the temples under the Vijayanagara empire. Due to its ancient and impressive architecture created by the Pallavas, the temple is maintained by the Archaeological department of India.
## Reference
Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort

**Tiruchirappalli Rockfort** is a historic fortification and temple complex built on an ancient rock. It is located in the city of Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. It is constructed on a  high rock that may date to over one billion years ago.  There are two Hindu temples inside, the Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort and the Thayumanaswami Temple, Rockfort. Other local tourist attractions include the famous Pallava-era Ganesha temple and the Madurai Nayak-era fort. The fort complex has witnessed fierce battles between the Madurai Nayakas and Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, Carnatic region and Maratha Imperial forces. The fort played an important part during the Carnatic Wars, helping lay the foundations of the British Empire in India. The Rockfort is the most prominent landmark of the city.
## Reference
Thayumanaswami Temple, Rockfort

**Thayumanaswami Temple** is a temple in the Rockfort complex in the city of Tiruchirappalli, India. The temple is close to the base of the Rockfort and was built by the Pallava king Mahendravarman I in the 6th century AD. Shiva is worshiped as Thayumanavar, and is represented by the lingam and his consort Parvati is depicted as Mattuvar Kuzhalammai. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam.The temple complex has three shrines, two of which are dedicated to Lord Ganesha, one at the foot and the Ucchi Pillayar Temple at the top, and the Thayumanaswami Temple between them.
## Reference
Thiruvarur

**Thiruvarur** is a town and municipality in Thiruvarur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Tiruvarur district and Tiruvarur taluk. The town was one of the five traditional capitals of the Chola empire, with one of the emperors of the dynasty, Kulothunga Chola I, having it as his capital. The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Marathas and the British. The town is known for the Thyagaraja temple, and the annual chariot festival held in the month of April. The temple chariot of the Thyagaraja temple, weighing  and measuring  tall is the largest temple chariot in Tamil Nadu. Thiruvarur is the birthplace of Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri, popularly known as the Trinity of Carnatic music of the 18th century CE.
According to 2011 census, Thiruvarur had a population of 58,301 with a sex-ratio of 1,053 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.

## References
Kukkarahalli lake

**Kukkarahalli lake** is located in the heart of the Mysore city. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, (1794–1868) of the Mysore Dynasty (Kingdom of Mysore) was responsible for getting the lake created, in the year 1864, to provide water for irrigation to about 4000 ha (10,000 acres) of land outside the city. The Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore but over the years, sewage and excessive land encroachments (mostly illegal) and blockage of water flow sources almost led to the eutrophication of the lake. The University of Mysore and the citizen forums of Mysore continue to make efforts to preserve the lake by implementing several remedial measures. 
 There is a 4.5&nbsp;km walkway on the periphery of the lake with shaded stone benches for visitors to sit, relax and enjoy the scenic serenity of the lake.

## References
Edward Joseph McManus

**Edward Joseph McManus** (February 9, 1920 &ndash; March 20, 2017) was an American politician and judge. He served as the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1959 through 1961 and later served as a United States federal judge for over 50 years from 1962 until his death in 2017. He was a Democrat. 

At the time of his death, McManus was the longest serving living federal judge.

McManus was born in Keokuk, Iowa. He studied at the University of Iowa. McManus died on March 20, 2017 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, aged 97.

## References
Eduard Bomhoff

**Eduard Jan Bomhoff** (born September 30, 1944 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch economist and academic, and also former politician and columnist.

Bomhoff studied at Leiden University and Erasmus University Rotterdam.

From July to October 2002, he was on behalf of the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) government minister of Health, Welfare and Sports and also deputy prime minister in the First Balkenende Cabinet.

He is a member of the Old Catholic Church.

## References 
*  Bio at Parlement.com
Anton Constandse

**Anton Levien Constandse** (September 13, 1899 in Brouwershaven - March 23, 1985 in The Hague) was a Dutch journalist, writer, political activist, anarchist and atheist.

Constandse studied Spanish at the University of Amsterdam.

Although raised a Christian, he turned atheist.

During World War II he was imprisoned in Buchenwald concentration camp, Gymnasium Beekvliet and Herzogenbusch concentration camp because of his anti-fascist and anti-nazi views.

After the war he was editor at NRC Handelsblad. He wrote for De Groene Amsterdammer, Vrij Nederland, and various humanist, atheist and literary magazines. Furthermore, he spoke on the Dutch VPRO radio and lectured at the University of Amsterdam.

Constandse was very negative about Christianity and later on also about Islam.

He wrote a lot of books and brochures about atheism and anarchism.

## References 
*  Socialhistory.org/bwsa
*  Resources.huygens.knaw.nl

## Other websites 
*  www.dbnl.org
Khadija Arib

**Khadija Arib**, Arabic:  خديجة عريب , (born October 10, 1960 in Hedami) is a Dutch politician. She is a member of the Labour Party (PvdA).

Arib was born near Casablanca in Morocco. She migrated to the Netherlands when she was 15 years of age. She studied sociology at the University of Amsterdam.

She has been a member of the Second Chamber since 1998 (with a short interruption in 2006-2007). She was Speaker of the Second Chamber from 2016 to 2021 (succeeded by Vera Bergkamp).

Khadija Arib is married with three children. She is a Muslim and of Moroccan descent.

## References 
*  Bio at Parlement.com
Etienne Vermeersch

**Etienne Vermeersch** (May 2, 1934 in Bruges &ndash; January 18, 2019 in Ghent) was a Belgian philosopher, activist and former academic.

He studied classics and philosophy at Ghent University.

Being a Jesuit, he turned atheist at the age of 25.

Vermeersch was vice rector at Ghent University, and is considered an important critic in Belgian society.

He was co-founder of the Belgian skeptical organization of SKEPP.

Vermeersch died at a hospital in Ghent, Belgium through assisted suicide on January 18, 2019 after suffering a long-illness, aged 84.

## Notes
## References 
*  www.knack.be 

## Other websites 
* Etienne Vermeersch's Website
Mace

**Mace** has three principal meanings:
*Mace (weapon), a weapon with a heavy head on a solid shaft used to bludgeon opponents
**Flail (weapon), a spiked weapon on a chain
**Ceremonial mace, an ornamented mace used in civic ceremonies
*Mace (spray), a brand of tear gas, often used by police
*Mace (spice), a spice derived from the aril of nutmeg

**Mace** may also refer to:
*Mace (construction company), an international consultancy and construction company
*Mace (store), a convenience store chain in the United Kingdom and Ireland
*Mace (unit), an English term for a traditional Chinese measurement of weight
*MGM-13 Mace, a U.S. tactical surface-to-surface missile
**Mace: The Dark Age*, a 1997 fighting game for arcades and the Nintendo 64
*Mace debating, a particular style of debating

## Personal names
*Mace (surname)
*Mace Neufeld, American film producer

### Fiction
*Mace Windu, a character in the Star Wars movies
*Mace Tyrell, a character in *A Song of Ice and Fire* books
*Mace (G.I. Joe), a character in the G.I. Joe universe
*Mace is the name of a character in the 1995 film *Strange Days*
*Mace is the name of a character in the 2007 film *Sunshine*

## Places
*Macé, a commune of Normandy, France
**Hill 262 in Normandy, physical feature known as *The Mace* during World War II
*Mace, Indiana, a small town in the United States
*Mace's Hole, the former name of Beulah, Colorado
*Mače, Croatia, a village and municipality in Croatia
*Mače, Slovenia, a village in Slovenia

## Science
*Malone antegrade continence enema, a surgical procedure used to create a continent pathway proximal to the anus
* Major adverse cardiac events, criterion for evaluating cardiac treatments such as angioplasty
*Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope, a telescope being built by ECIL to be placed at Hanle

## MACE (acronym)
*MACE (gaming convention), Mid-Atlantic Convention Expo gaming convention
*M.A.C.E. Music, American record label
*Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, an Indian engineering college
*Media Archive for Central England, a public sector regional film archive that collects, preserves and provides access to moving image material
*Member of the Australian College of Educators
*Metropolitan Architectural Consortium for Education
*Models And Counter-Examples a computer software for model generation

## Related pages
*
*
*Mase (pronounced "mace", born 1975), American rapper
*Maze (disambiguation)
Maurice Xiberras

**Maurice Xiberras** GMH (14 November 1936 &ndash; 19 March 2017) was a Gibraltarian teacher, trade unionist and politician. He was thought as being a strong defender of British sovereignty, who believed there was no future for Gibraltar without the continuing close relationship with the United Kingdom. He was born in The Rock, Gibraltar.

Xiberras died of a suspected heart attack during a trip in Surbiton, Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames on 19 March 2017, aged 80.

## References
Tony Terran

**Anthony "Tony" Terran** (May 30, 1926 – March 20, 2017) was an American trumpet player and session musician. He was part of The Wrecking Crew, which was a group of session musicians in Los Angeles, California. They earned wide acclaim in the 1960s. The Wrecking Crew was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame on November 26, 2007.

A very well known trumpeter in Los Angeles, Terran worked with The Baja Marimba Band, The Beach Boys, The Beatles, The Bee Gees, Ray Charles, Chicago, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, Bob Dylan, Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, Bob Hope, Michael Jackson, Eartha Kitt, Peggy Lee, Madonna, Dean Martin, Elvis Presley, Bonnie Raitt, Linda Ronstadt, Diana Ross, Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, The Tijuana Brass, and Tom Waits.

Terran was born in Buffalo, New York. He died in Los Angeles on March 20, 2017, aged 90.

## References
Joanne Kyger

**Joanne Kyger** (November 19, 1934 &ndash; March 22, 2017) was an American poet. Her poetry was influenced by her practice of Zen Buddhism and her ties to the poets of Black Mountain, the San Francisco Renaissance, and the Beat generation.

Kyger was born in Vallejo, California. She studied at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She moved to San Francisco in 1957.

Kyger published more than twenty books of poetry and prose, including *Going On: Selected Poems, 1958–1980, * (1983); and, *Just Space: poems, 1979-1989* (1991).

Kyger died on March 22, 2017 at her home in Bolinas, California from lung cancer, aged 82.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*"Add-Verse" a poetry-photo-video project Joanne Kyger participated in 
*Joanne Kyger Papers MSS 0730. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
*Joanne Kyger Correspondence, 1957-1975 MSS 0008. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
Ashokamitran

**Ashokamitran** (September 22, 1931 – March 23, 2017) was the pen name of **Jagadisa Thyagarajan**, an Indian writer. He was sometimes called one of the most influential figures in post-independent Tamil literature. He began his prolific literary career with the prize winning play "Anbin Parisu" and went on to author more than two hundred short stories, and a dozen novellas and novels.

Ashokamitran died on 23 March 2017 in Chennai from cardiac arrest at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
* Ashokamitran page in Tamil Friends
* Ashokamitran Special edition by Solvanam
* B. Meenakshi, Sundaram Portraying Realities of Contemporary Life
Meir Einstein

**Meir Einstein** (&lrm;; 21 October 1951 – 23 March 2017) was an Israeli sports broadcaster. He was born in Herzliya, Israel.

Einstein began his career as a news anchor at Kol Yisrael. He later began to broadcast sports events in all areas of the Sports Department of Channel 10. He was the main broadcaster on the sports channels of Charlton Ltd..

Einstein died on 23 March 2017 in Jerusalem from complications of muscular dystrophy (disease that weakens the skeletal system), aged 65.

## References