open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Writer

A **writer** can mean anyone who makes a written work or who writes, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms. 

## Overview
A "person who writes books or articles to be published"; That is one of the ways that media explains what a writer does. l Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.

## Types
* Myth
* Plays
* Lyrics
* Prose
* Novel
* Music
* Poetry
* Legend
* Magazine
* Monologue
* Screenplay
* Non-fiction
* Newspaper

This list consists of merely a few examples of the many types of writing.

## Types of writers
Writers often specialize in one of the following categories:

* Poet
* Novelist
* Columnist
* Blog writer
* Head writer
* Ghostwriter
* Business writing
* Newspaper reporter

## Related pages
* Author
* Scholar
* Journalist
* English literature

## References
Gibraltar

**Gibraltar** is a British Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. This means it shares the British King and has the protection of the British Armed Forces. It is in southwest Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. About 32,000 people live there. They are called Gibraltarians.

Gibraltar has always been important as a military base because this is where the Mediterranean Sea narrows to only 14&nbsp;kilometres (9&nbsp;miles) at the Strait of Gibraltar. This meant that whichever country controlled Gibraltar could see all ships that came into the Mediterranean Sea.

Gibraltar is most famous for *The Rock of Gibraltar*, a 426&nbsp;meter high limestone rock rising out of the sea. The rock can be seen for many miles. It is home to the *Barbary Apes*, a type of tail-less macaque which are the only wild monkeys in Europe.

## History 
Gibraltar was named for a general who led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. It belonged to Spain between the years 1501 and 1704, and it was captured by a group of Dutch and British marines during the War of the Spanish Succession (1704). In 1713, Spain signed the *Treaty of Utrecht*. This treaty ended the war and said Gibraltar would be British permanently. However, according to this treaty, if the Crown of Great Britain ever wants to leave the territory, the Crown of Spain will have a prior position in order to claim the sovereignty.

Ever since then, Spain has tried to get Gibraltar back. They attacked the Rock several times in the 18th century.
However, since the 1950s, Spain has tried get Gibraltar by diplomacy (international relations) by putting different kinds of pressure and restrictions on the people of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar was very important in World War II. Since it was in such a good position, it was the perfect place for the British army and navy to have its base. In World War II the people living in Gibraltar were taken to different parts of the world like Jamaica so they could be protected from the war and also leave the Rock for the soldiers. The Rock of Gibraltar was used by these soldiers, and long tunnels were made inside it. These tunnels even had a hospital and living areas for the soldiers.

In 1969 Britain gave Gibraltar a new constitution. This meant that it gave the people of Gibraltar a large amount of self-government.

In 2002 the people of Gibraltar were asked to vote whether they wanted Spain to share Gibraltar with the United Kingdom; almost everyone voted and 98.97% said they did not.

In 2006 Gibraltar voted to approve a new constitution which gave full self-government to the people meaning they can independently create their own laws.

In 2006, Spain signed a deal to stop interfering with Gibraltar telephone lines, and daily flights to Madrid started. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Government of Gibraltar
* The Unofficial Homepage
* Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (with radio streaming)
* Satellite view of Gibraltar
* Virtual Tour of Gibraltar
Bear

**Bears** (singular: bear) are a group of large mammals found all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family **Ursidae**, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.

* Family **Ursidae**: Bears
** Giant panda, *Ailuropoda melanoleuca*
** Spectacled bear, *Tremarctos ornatus*
** Brown bear, *Ursus arctos*
** Polar bear, *Ursus maritimus*
** American black bear, *Ursus americanus*
** Moon bear, *Ursus thibetanus* or *Selenarctos thibetanus*
** Sloth bear, *Melursus ursinus*
** Sun bear, *Ursus malayanus*

## Appearance 
Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.

Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs. Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.

## Life 
They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, meaning they sleep during the winter to save energy.

Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.

Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.

## Distribution 
Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.

## In popular culture 
Some fictional bears in popular culture include Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.

Teddy bears toy that look like a bear also made, named after Theodore Roosevelt.

## References
Meteorology

**Meteorology** is the science that focuses on the Earth's atmosphere. People who study meteorology are called meteorologists. Meteorologists record air pressure, wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, weather patterns, and other information. Meteorologists use this data to understand weather and to predict it. Meteorology is a major branch of earth science. Meteorologists study the causes of particular weather conditions using information obtained from the land, sea and upper atmosphere.

They use computerized and mathematical models to make short and long-range forecasts concerning weather and climate patterns. A variety of organizations use meteorological forecasts including:
*transport services, particularly air and sea travel
*shipping and sea fishing industries and sailing organisations
*government services, e.g. firefighters or for advice on climate change policy
*armed forces
*farmers;
*public services
*mass media
*industry and retail businesses
*insurance companies
*health services

In addition to forecasting, meteorologists study the impact of weather on the environment and conduct research into weather patterns, climate change and models of weather prediction.

## Related pages
*World Meteorological Organization

## References
Technology

]]
**Technology** is the skills, methods, and processes used to achieve goals. The word has been in use since the 17th century. 

People can use technology to:

* Produce goods or provide customer services
* Carry out goals, such as scientific investigation or sending a spaceship to the moon
* Solve problems, such as disease or famine
* Do things we already do, but more easily.

Technology can be knowledge of how to do things.  Some machiness have automatic controls.  This lets others use the machines without knowing how they work.  **Technological systems** use technology by taking something, changing it, then producing a result. They are also known as **technology systems**.

The most simple form of technology is the  and use of basic tools. The discovery of fire and the Neolithic Revolution made food easier to get. Other inventions, such as the wheel and the ship, helped people to transport goods and themselves. This, along with information technology such as the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, has led to globalization. 

People have used technology for millions of years.  Without food technology, most people would die.

## Etymology
The word "technology" comes from two Greek words:

* , *techne*, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand"
* , *-logia,* a suffix meaning "the study of"

## Related pages
* Engineering
* Inventor

## References
Daughter

and his wife Laura Bush with their daughters]]
A **daughter** is a female child. A daughter is a sister, if she has siblings.

## Related pages
*Family
*Son
Son

A **son** is a male child of a mother and father. A female child is a daughter.

## Related pages 
* Family
* Daughter
1516

## Events
* The Royal Mail is established

## Births 
* January 16 – King Bayinnong, king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma
* February 18 – Mary I of England

## Deaths 
* January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon
* August 9 – Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter
* November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Italian Renaissance painter
Oliver Stone

**William Oliver Stone** (born September 15, 1946) is an American movie director, producer, writer and actor. He was born in New York City and raised in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut. Stone became well known in the late 1980s and early 1990s, for directing a series of movies about the Vietnam War. He was in the war as an infantry soldier. Stone's movies are often about political and cultural issues.

## Filmography
### As director
### As actor
*''Battle of Love's Return* (1971)
**Platoon* (1986) (cameo)
**Wall Street* (cameo) (1987)
**The Doors* (1991) (cameo)
**Dave* (cameo) (1993)
**Any Given Sunday* (1999)
**Torrente 3: El Protector* (cameo) (2005)
**Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps* (cameo) (2010)
***Graystone* (film)* (actor) (2011)

### Screenwriter only
**Midnight Express* (1978)
**Conan the Barbarian* (with John Milius) (1982)
**Scarface* (1983)
**Year of the Dragon* (with Michael Cimino) (1985)
**8&nbsp;Million Ways to Die* (with David Lee Henry) (1985)
**Evita* (with Alan Parker) (1996)

### Producer/executive producer only
**Sugar Cookies* (1973)
**Blue Steel* (1989)
**Reversal of Fortune* (1990)
***From Hollywood to Hanoi** (1992)
**Zebrahead* (1992)
**South Central* (1992)
**Wild Palms* (1993) (TV)
**The Joy Luck Club* (1993)
**The New Age* (1994)
**Indictment: The McMartin Trial* (1995) (TV)
**Freeway* (1996)
**The People vs. Larry Flynt* (1996)
**Cold Around the Heart* (1996)
**Killer: A Journal of Murder* (1996)
**Gravesend* (1997)
**The Last Days of Kennedy and King* (1998)
**Savior* (1998)
**The Corruptor* (1999)
**The Day Reagan Was Shot* (2001) (TV)
**Comandante* (2003)
**Persona Non Grata'' (2003)

## Other websites 
*
Democrat

**Democrat** may refer to: 
*A person who supports democracy
*A member of a Democratic Party, such as:
**Democratic Party of Japan
**Democratic Party (Serbia)
**Democratic Party (United States)

## Related pages
* Republican
Salt water

**Salt water** (or **saline water**) is water with a large amount of salt in it. It usually means the water from the seas and oceans (**sea water**). Almost all the water on Earth is saline. River water, however, is usually not saline.

Salt water used for making or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called **brine**. Drinking sea water alone is dangerous. A summary of 163 life raft voyages showed the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. Experiments on rats showed the danger.

When scientists measure salt in water, they are testing the **salinity** of the water. Salinity is measured in *parts per thousand* or *ppt*. Most sea water is about 35 ppt salt. Salt lakes can be up to ten times as salty. Above that level precipitation creates a salt plain.

Brackish water, in contrast, is less salty than seawater.

Salt water is more dense than fresh water. Fresh water has a density of 1 g/ml, while salty seawater has an average density of about 1.025 g/ml.

## Related pages 
* Desalination
* Fresh water
* Water cycle

## References
Oceanography

**Oceanography** (also called **oceanology** or **marine science**) is the study of the ocean, its properties and its characteristics. This can include, and is not limited to, studying the marine life, the geography of the ocean floor, and the water itself. Many sciences are useful in oceanography, so it is a multidisciplinary field. Oceanographers spend much time on boats. 
## Sub-Categories 
The study of oceanography may be divide branches:
* **Marine biology** or **biological oceanography**
* **Chemical oceanography** or **marine chemistry**
* **Marine geology** or **geological oceanography**
* **Physical oceanography**
* **Marine engineering**
Diamanto Manolakou

**Diamanto Manolakou** (born 1 March 1959,) is a Greek politician and member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Greece; part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.

## References
Arthur C. Clarke

Sir **Arthur Charles Clarke** (Minehead, Somerset, 6 December 1917 – Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19 March 2008) was a British writer and inventor. He was most famous for his science fiction novel *2001: A Space Odyssey*, and for working with director Stanley Kubrick on the movie of the same name. Clarke and Isaac Asimov were probably the two best-known science fiction writers of their day.

Some of Clarke's novels include ''Childhood's End*, *A Fall of Moondust*, *The Songs of Distant Earth*, *The Sands of Mars*, and *Meeting with Medusa''. He also wrote many short stories, and several serious works on science.

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941 to 1946. He proposed a satellite communication system in 1945 which won him the Franklin Institute Gold Medal in 1963.

He was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947 to 1950 and again from 1951 to 1953.

Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving; That year, he discovered the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, and was awarded Sri Lanka's highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.

Clarke died from heart and respiratory failure at the age of 90.

## Related pages
* Arthur C. Clarke Award

## References 
## Other websites 
* Arthur C. Clarke Awards Official site 
* Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive
Anthony Burgess

**Anthony Burgess** (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) was an English author.

One of these was named *A Clockwork Orange*. It was about evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men raped and beat his wife for no reason.

Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.

Burgess was born in Harpurhey, Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.

He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.

Burgess died of lung cancer aged 76, in St John's Wood, London.

The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called *Earthly Powers*, about the Pope; *Enderby*, about a poet; and *Nothing Like the Sun*, about William Shakespeare.

## Other websites 
*
Emmet D. Boyle

**Emmet Derby Boyle** (July 26, 1879 - January 3, 1926) was a Governor of Nevada. He was a Democrat. Boyle was born in Virginia City, Nevada in 1879. He was a mining engineer, and was the Governor between 1915 and 1923. While serving as governor, numerous reforms were carried out such as increases in workmen's compensation, as well as increases in retirement benefits for the states's schoolteachers. A number of other labor laws were also introduced.

He died in 1926 at the age of 46.

## References
Carp

A **carp** (plural: carp or carps) is a fish that lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. In Europe and Asia carp are loved as a fishing and eating fish. However, carp are a really big problem in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. They make the water dirty by causing the mud at the bottom to move and in these countries people hate them.

Some popular ornamental fishes like the koi and goldfish are also carp.

## Types of carp 
, Turkey.]]
* Genus *Abramis*
** Carp bream (*Abramis brama*)
* Genus *Barbodes*:
** Carnatic carp (*Barbodes carnaticus*)
* Genus *Carassius*:
** Crucian carp (*Carassius carassius *)
** Prussian carp (*Carassius gibelio*)
** Goldfish (*Carassius auratus*)
* Genus *Cirrhinus*:
** Chinese mud carp (*Cirrhinus chinensis*)
** Deccan white carp (*Cirrhinus fulungee*)
** Hora white carp (*Cirrhinus macrops*)
** Small scale mud carp (*Cirrhinus microlepis*)
** Mud carp (*Cirrhinus molitorella*)
** Man carp (*Cirrhinus saprian*)
* Genus *Ctenopharyngodon*:
** Grass carp (*Ctenopharyngodon idellus*)
* Genus *Culter*:
** Predatory carp (*Culter erythropterus*)
* Genus *Cyprinus*:
** Common carp, Koi (*Cyprinus carpio*)
* Genus *Epalzeorhynchos*:
** Red-tailed black shark (*Epalzeorhynchos bicolor*)
** Red-finned black shark or Rainbow shark (*Epalzeorhynchos frenatus*)
* Genus *Henicorhynchus*:
** Siamese mud carp (*Henicorhynchus siamensis*)
* Genus *Hypophthalmichthys*:
** Bighead carp (*Hypophthalmichthys nobilis*)
** Silver carp (*Hypophthalmichthys molitrix*)
* Genus *Labeo*:
** African carp (*Labeo coubie*)
** Fringed-lipped peninsula carp (*Labeo fimbriatus*)
** Bigmouth carp (*Labeo kontius*)
* Genus *Mylopharyngodon*:
** Black carp (*Mylopharyngodon piceus*)
* Genus *Tinca*:
** Tench (*Tinca tinca*)

## Other websites 
* Fishing Website on Carp
* Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission
Christopher Walken

**Ronald Walken** (born March 31, 1943), simply known as **Christopher Walken**, is an American movie, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for playing evil or mentally damaged characters. He has sometimes used that image for comedic effect.  

He was born in Queens, New York to a German father and Scottish-born mother. Walken has been married to casting director Georgianne Walken since 1969. He is openly bisexual.

Walken is a skilled dancer who in many of his movies dances, because he requests it. He has been in nearly one hundred movies and television shows since 1953, including *The Dead Zone* (1983), *Brainstorm* (1983), *A View to a Kill* (1985), *Batman Returns* (1992) *True Romance* (1993), *Pulp Fiction* (1994), *Nick of Time* (1995), *Mousehunt*, (1997), Catch Me If You Can* (2002), *Around the Bend* (2004) and *The Jungle Book'' (2016). He was George Lucas' second choice for Han Solo after Harrison Ford.

He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in *The Deer Hunter* (1978) where he played a disturbed Vietnam veteran with Robert De Niro. He was nominated again in 2002 for *Catch Me if You Can*. 

Walken has been guest host on Saturday Night Live many times. He has played many well known characters on that show.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Christopher Walken biography 	
*The online Christopher Walken fan club 	
**Walken Works* &ndash; A Christopher Walken film review site	
*Christopher Walken Fan Forum Includes news updates on Walken's activities
*Hoax "Walken 2008" presidential campaign website
Herring

A **herring** is a small teleost fish of the genus *Clupea*. Best-known of this family is probably the Atlantic herring. There are 15 different species of herring. When herrings migrate in the water they usually do this in large numbers; this is then called a *school* of herring. Like other fish, they do this for protection: see shoaling and schooling. 

Herrings can be eaten.  They are often smoked or pickled. 

A **red herring** is used to describe a plot device in mystery fiction that leads the reader to a wrong solution.
Ray

The **rays**, or **batoids**, are a group of cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. They include four orders.

Rays are mostly flattened in shape, and usually demersal, living and eating at the bottom of the sea. The group first appears in the Triassic period, after 95% of marine species had been wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event.

## Taxonomy 
* **Batoidea**
** Rajiformes
*** Rajidae: the skates, 200 species
*** Rhinidae: the bowmouth guitarfish
*** Rhinobatidae: the guitarfish
*** Rhynchobatidae: the wedgefish
** Pristiformes: the sawfish
** Myelobatiformes: the stingrays
** Torpediniformes: the electric rays

## Description 
### Appearance 
Rays look like bats in the water, and this is probably why they are called batoids. They have pectoral fins that are attached to their bodies from back to front, similar to the way a bat's wings attach from its shoulder to its feet.

The fins of the ray create a disk shape that can be round, triangular, or diamond-shaped. Rays use their pectoral fins to 'fly' through the water. Though a bony fish takes in water with its mouth, rays do not because they live at the bottom of the ocean. If they took in water through their mouths, they would probably just get a mouthful of sand. Because of this, they have breathing holes on top of their bodies called *spiracles*. Rays use spiracles to take in water that is then sent over the gills.

Also, because they do not have a swim bladder, rays sink when they are not actively swimming.

### Social Animals 
Interestingly, rays are usually curious and social animals. Though they often live , they like swimming together in groups with other rays.  the fact that they are able to swim, most rays live at the bottom of the sea, eating benthic animals. In fact, they often flick sand on their backs to camouflage (disguise, or hide) themselves as they lie in the sand at the bottom of the ocean.

## References
Fishing rod

rod]]

A **fishing rod** is a tool used for catching fish. The rod is often used to cast a fishing hook to where the fish are. The hook has bait on it, sometimes an artificial bait. There is usually some way to make the line longer or shorter, and the pole it is can bend a little.

This is called angling and it is how people catch fish for fun or sport. Commercial fishing is usually done using fishing nets.
## Modern
Modern fishing rods are designed to be lightweight, durable, and flexible. They are made of materials like graphite, fiberglass, and bamboo. Graphite rods are light and great for long and accurate casts. Fiberglass rods are heavier but more affordable and durable, making them suitable for rugged conditions. Bamboo rods have a unique feel but are heavier. The handles are usually cork, and the guides can be made of steel or titanium. Some rods have back- or butt-rests for better control when fighting large fish. Overall, modern fishing rods prioritize lightness, durability, and performance.
## References
Mammalia (taxonomy)

ia (blue), Chiroptera (red) and Soricomorpha (yellow).

]]

**Mammalia** is a class of animal in the phylum Chordata. What it means to be a mammal has changed many times since Carl Linnaeus first defined the class. No system is accepted by everyone. McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) give useful recent compendiums. Many earlier ideas from Linnaeus and others are no longer used by modern taxonomists. Among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans are a group outside of other living things. The field has had a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics.

*Class:* **Mammalia**: 
**Subclass:* Prototheria (Monotremes or egg laying mammals)
***Clade*: Australosphenida
****Order:* Platypoda platypuses
****Order:* Tachyglossa echidnas
*Subclass: Theriiformes
***Infraclass*: †Allotheria (extinct)
****Order:* †Multituberculata (extinct)
*****Suborder*: †Gondwanatheria (extinct)
**Infraclass: Holotheria
**Supercohort:* Theria (placentals or live bearing mammals)
***Cohort:* Marsupialia
****Superorder:* Ameridelphia
*****Order:* Didelphimorphia
*****Order:* Paucituberculata
****Superorder:* Australodelphia
*****Order:* Microbiotheria
*****Order:* Dasyuromorphia
*****Order:* Peramelemorphia
*****Order:* Notoryctemorphia
*****Order:* Diprotodontia
***Cohort:* Eutheria
****Superorder:* Xenarthra
*****Order:* Pilosa
*****Order:* Cingulata
****Superorder:* Leptictida (extinct)
****Superorder:* Anagalida
*****Mirordo:* Macroscelidea
*****Order:* Rodentia
*****Order:* Lagomorpha
****Superorder:* Archonta
*****Suborder:* Dermoptera
*****Order:* Primates
*****Order:* Scandentia
*****Order:* Chiroptera
****Superorder:* Lipotyphla
*****Order:* Chrysochloridea
*****Order:* Erinaceomorpha
*****Order:* Soricomorpha
****Superorder:* Ferae
*****Order:* Carnivora
*****Order:* Cimolesta
****Superorder:* Ungulata
*****Order:* Tubulidentata
*****Order:* Uranotheria
******Suborder:* Hyracoidea
******suborder:* Proboscidea
******Suborder:* †Desmostylia (extinct)
******Infraordo:* Sirenia
*****Suborder:* †Embrythopoda (extinct)
*****Order:* Artiodactyla
******Suborder:* Cetacea
*****Order:* Perissodactyla
****Superorder* †Meridiungulata
*****Order:* †Notoungulata (extinct)
*****Order:* †Astrapotheria (extinct)
*****Order:* †Xenungulata (extinct)
*****Order:* †Litopterna (extinct)
*****Order:* †Condylarthra (extinct)

## References
Nottuln

**Nottuln** is a town in Coesfeld county, 20 km west of Münster, Germany.

It consists of
* Nottuln
* Appelhülsen
* Schapdetten
* Darup

## History
A church was founded in 860 by Ludger Liudger, as well as the first monastery in Westphalia.
After a big fire 1748 it was built up by Johann Conrad Schlaun.
The county of Nottuln is at the A43 and a railway.

## References
## Other websites
Coesfeld

**Coesfeld** is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and the capital of Coesfeld county.

Nepomucenum and St.-Pius-Gymnasium are highschools in Coesfeld.

## History 
Coesfeld was founded by the holy Ludgerus. Coesfeld has been a town since 1197.

Big villages in county Coesfeld:
* Nottuln
* Senden
* Dülmen
* Havixbeck
* Billerbeck

## References
## Other websites
St.-Pius-Gymnasium

**St.-Pius-Gymnasium** is a catholic private highschool in Coesfeld near Münster in Germany. It is held by the diocese of Münster and named after Pope Pius X. . Until 1976 the school was a boarding school only for boys. Since then it has been a *Gymnasium*. Today, there are 791 pupils.

There is a statue of Pius X on the school ground to express solidarity with the patron. The school has a chapel and a pastor. There is a modern, well-equipped assembly hall, too.

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is associated with the Lyceé Notre-Dame in Guingamp (France), offers trips to Poole (England) and tries to establish a partnership with a school in Orlando (Florida, USA). 

In Advent, the school publishes a yearbook named "Piusbrief". Its pupil magazine "Fünf vor Acht" got multiple honours. 

The whole school is a non-smoking area.
Cell membrane

cell membrane]]

The **cell membrane** is a thin flexible layer around the cells of all living things. It is sometimes called the **plasma membrane** or cytoplasmic membrane.

Its basic job is to separate the inside of cells from the outside.
In all cells, the cell membrane separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from its surroundings. Animal cells are contained in just a membrane. Bacteria, fungi and plants have strong cell walls as well, which support the cell and block the passage of large molecules.

## Structure 
The membrane is made up of a thin layer called the 'phospholipid bilayer'. This has two layers of phospholipid molecules with phosphate heads on the surfaces and lipid (oil) tails on the inside. The outside heads mix with water, but the tails reject water.

Other proteins and lipids can be added to the cell membrane. By these changes, the cell can adjust what it brings in or puts out. Some proteins are always stuck into it, these are called *integral* membrane proteins. It also has some which are only sometimes stuck onto it. These are called peripheral membrane proteins. The outer layer protecting the inner cell.

## Function 
 (TEM) image of a lipid vesicle. The two dark bands around the edge are the two leaflets of the bilayer. Historically, similar images confirmed that the cell membrane is a bilayer]]

The membrane is selectively permeable.  It is active and regulates (adjusts) what comes in and what goes out of the cell.  The movement of substances across the membrane can be either *passive*, occurring without the input of cellular energy, or *active*, requiring energy.

### Proteins in the membrane 
Proteins within the membrane are key to its working. These proteins mainly transport chemicals and information across the membrane.

The membrane contains many proteins. The surface proteins can act as gates. They let some chemicals into the cell and let other chemicals leave the cell. It is estimated that up to a third of the human proteome may be membrane proteins. Some of these proteins are linked to the exterior of the cell membrane. An example of this is the CD59 protein, which identifies cells as “self” and thus inhibits their destruction by the immune system.

## References
Cod

**Cod** is a teleost fish that lives in the ocean. It is a large predator. There are about 12 different genera in its family, **Gadidae**.

Cod is an important type of fish for professional fishing. It is also popular to eat, because it is mild in taste. The livers of cods are processed to get cod liver oil. Cod is the fish of preference to use for fish and chips. Other fish, such as haddock and plaice, are also regularly eaten. The most commonly eaten cod is Atlantic cod, *Gadus morhua*.

Cod has been caught and traded since the age of the Vikings. Cod in the wild is a large fish. It grows to about five feet long. The biggest one ever caught weighed about 104 pounds. Nowadays they are caught when they are much younger.

## References
U.S. 1st Infantry Division

The **1st Infantry Division** of the United States Army—nicknamed the *Big Red One* after its shoulder patch—is the oldest division. Since the Division was made, it has served in almost all wars the American Army has been in.  The division's official motto is "Duty First". Their unofficial motto is "No Mission Too Difficult, No Sacrifice Too Great".

## Wars/Fighting this division has served in 
* World War I
* World War II
* Korean War
* Vietnam War
* First Gulf War
* Bosnia/Kosovo
* 2003 Invasion of Iraq
Inventor

An **inventor** is a person who makes new inventions, devices that perform some kind of function. The devices are mostly electrical or mechanical. Someone that invents new ideas or s on how to do things may also be called an inventor. Inventors can receive a patent.

Many inventors make small changes to old inventions. For example, people have invented new ways to make clocks over history.  Early clocks were sundials, later clocks used water, and pendulums.  Modern clocks are often electronic.  Other machines such as vehicles are made of many inventions.

## Famous inventors 
* Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current motor, Tesla coil and many other things.
* Michael Faraday, scientist, discoverer of electromagnetic induction, inventor of the electric motor, founder of  electromagnetism.
* Thomas Edison, inventor of the phonograph and many other things.
* John Kemp Starley, many improvements to bicycles.
* Karl Drais, inventor of the Laufmaschine ("running machine") the first bicycle.
* Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937) pioneer of radio communication.
*Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery.
* Gottlieb Daimler, inventor of the first four-wheel successful car.
* Karl Benz, inventor of the first successful car.
* George Stephenson (1803 – 1859) inventor of the improved locomotive.
* James Watt, inventor of the improved steam engine.

* Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, inventor of the first car (propelled with steam engine).
* Nikolaus August Otto, inventor of the first internal-combustion engine.

* Richard Trevithick, inventor of the locomotive.
* Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.
1582

**1582** (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

This year, the Gregorian calendar was introduced by Papal bull.  The new calendar was adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start.  In those countries, the year continued as normal until Thursday, October 4.  The next day became Friday, October 15.  France followed two months later.  Sunday, December 9 was followed by Monday, December 20.  Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years.  The conversion to the Gregorian calendar was completed in 1923.

## Events 
*February 24 – The Gregorian calendar is made official.
Sardine

**Sardine** is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish. Another name for these fish is **Pilchard**. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring. The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named *pilchard*. There are over a dozen with the name of *sardine*.  Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.

The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.

Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) *sardines*. The can is filled in liquids like water or oil. Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.

## Gallery 

File:2006 sardines can.jpg|A closed can (tin) of sardines
File:2006 sardines can open.jpg|After opening, the tin looks like this.
File:2006 sardines plate.jpg|Sardines on a plate
File:2006 sardines plate ruler.jpg|Sardines next to a ruler, showing their size

## References
Anteater

An **anteater** is a mammal of the family ***Myrmecophagidae*** and the suborder ***Vermilingua***. Anteaters live in South America and Central America.

Anteaters eat ants and termites. They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.

Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do.  Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.

## Gallery 

File:Myresluger2.jpg|A Giant Anteater.
File:Coptotermes formosanus shiraki USGov k8204-7.jpg|Termites 
File:Termite mound belair national park.jpg|Termite mound
File:Anteater (PSF) 2.png|Tree Anteater 
File:Giant Anteater Santa Barbara Zoo 2.jpg|Giant Anteater

## References
Sorghum

***Sorghum*** is a genus in the grass family *Poaceae*. The plants are grown in warmer climates. Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia. Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa. 

## References
Tilapia

.]]
**Tilapia** are fish that are often farmed for food, or kept as pets in aquariums. They live in warm, fresh water, but some species live in brackish water. The fish are found in Africa, North and South America, India, and Sri Lanka. They can quickly take over from native fish in rivers. This has happened in places like in the Endeavour River, in   Queensland, Australia. These fish are thought to have been released into the river from an aquarium.

## References
Drummer

drummer Joey Jordison]]
A **drummer** is a person who plays the drums as a job or as a hobby. This can be someone who plays drums in the military, in a band or as a session musician. A session musician is someone who plays an instrument in a band when no one else is available. A drummer keeps the beat so their role is a hard and important job. Without a drummer, the band would find it hard to keep in time.
The Blues Image

**The Blues Image** was a late 1960s rock band formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966, and their only hit was the song "Ride, Captain, Ride". Members are singer and guitarist Michael Pinera, drummer Manuel Bertematti, and drummer Joe Lala. They were later joined by bassist Malcolm Jones and keyboardist Frank "Skip" Konte.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* Blues Image (1969)
* Open (1970)
* Red White & Blues Image (1970)

### Compilations 
* Rhino Hi-Five : Blues Image (2005)

### Singles 
* "Lay Your Sweet Love on Me" (1969
* "Ride Captain Ride" (1970)
* "Gas Lamps and Clay" (1970)
* "Rise Up" (1971)
Singer

A **Singer** is a person who sings; anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer). Singers may sing anything: songs, opera, etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra. Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.

The **lead vocalist** (or **lead singer**) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song. The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public. The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the **frontman**. For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.

## Qualities
A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Some attributes of singing skill are good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as *feeling the song* through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them." A lead singer has to be a strong singer since background vocalists sing accompaniment.

Mongolian throat singing has become popular because due to its geographic location and culture. The open landscape of Tuva allows for the sounds to carry a great distance.

Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two male groups of singers (bass and tenor) and two female groups of singers (soprano and alto). Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.

People may feel like singing for various reasons. They may want to share their feelings with other people. They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry. Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

## Notable singers
* Taylor Swift
* Katy Perry
* Meghan Trainor
* Adele
* Beyoncé
* Rihanna
* Billie Eilish
* Justin Bieber
* Freddie Mercury
* Michael Jackson
* Kanye West
* Ariana Grande

## Related pages
* Singing

## References
## Other websites
* What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer
Bone

**Bones** are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.

The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs and skin on the ground and would not be able to move.

Bones also protect us. The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and skull support the facial muscles, which help us eat and move our mouth.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.  

Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.

## Structure 
### Bone marrow 
Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system. 

### Osteons 
Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians. Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.

Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.

The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.

## References
1808

## Events
* March 13 &ndash; Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day, Denmark declares war on Sweden.
* March 19 &ndash; Charles IV of Spain leaves the throne for his son, Ferdinand VII.
* November 15 &ndash; Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808) as  sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
* Goethe's *Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy* is published.
* Barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium are isolated by Humphry Davy in England.

* December 29 – Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President of the United States (d. 1875)
Paul Karrer

**Paul Karrer** (21 April 1889  18 June 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins.  He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937.
Smush Parker

**William "Smush" Parker** (born 1 June 1981 in New York, New York) is a professional player in the American National Basketball Association.

Parker was not selected in the NBA player draft after a college career at Fordham University, and has played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons and Phoenix Suns, signing a contract with the Los Angeles Lakers during the 2005 offseason.

He last played in the NBA for the Los Angeles Clippers in 2010.

## References
*ESPN bio
1462

## Events
* March 27 &ndash; Vasili II of Russia dies. He is succeeded by his son Ivan III of Russia.
* July 1 &ndash; Battle of Seckenheim

* June 27 – Louis XII of France
Superhero

2]] 
A **superhero** is a fictional character who protects innocent people and fights for good.

Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.

DC Comics and Marvel Comics greatest famous superheroes characters including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, The Flash, Captain Marvel, Supergirl, Batgirl, Batwoman, Green Arrow, Teen Titans, Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, The X-Men, Iron Man, Captain America, The Mighty Thor, The Fantastic Four, Spider-Girl, She-Hulk, Silver Surfer and Daredevil.

Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world. For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies.  

Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets. This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains. Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officers do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.

Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place. Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people. Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle. After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.

## References
1681

## Events 
* March 14 – Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.
* October 28 –  A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of "involving herself in politics."
* August 31 – Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in the Whitehall – his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition.
* August 12 – The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who took the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne.
* December – Wu Shifan, the grandson of the Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide in Yunnan province, ending the eight year conflict of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against Qing Dynasty authority in China, then led by the Kangxi Emperor.

### Undated 
* France annexes the city of Strasbourg.
* The last dodo bird is killed.
* Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.

## Births 
* March 14 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (died 1767)
* June 26 – Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (died 1708)
* September 11 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (died 1741)
* September 28 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (died 1764)
* November 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (died 1776)
* November 28 – Jean Cavalier, French Protestant rebel leader (died 1740)

## Deaths 
* January 28 – Richard Allestree, English royalist churchman (born 1619)
* March 12 – Frans van Mieris, Sr., Dutch painter (born 1635)
* May 25 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1600)
* July 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (born 1629)
* July 25 – Urian Oakes, English-born President of Harvard University (born 1631)
* August 22 – Philippe Delano, Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (born 1602)
* December 22 – Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (born 1611)
* *date unknown* – Gerard ter Borch, Dutch painter (born 1617)
Anonymity

emblem ]]
**Anonymity** means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name". It is when a person's identity or name is unknown. If a person is called **anonymous**, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out. 
 calling itself 'Anonymous' against the practices and tax status of the  Church of Scientology.]]
The concept of anonymity has some important uses. It is vital for a democracy that votes cast in an election are anonymous. In that way, no-one can find out how a person voted in an election.