open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Monocentridae

**Pinecone fishes** are small and unusual fish of the family **Monocentridae**. The family contains just four species.  They live in tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific. Pinecone fishes are popular in aquariums, but are expensive and a challenge for the hobbyist.

The pineapplefish, *Cleidopus gloriamaris*, is the largest species, reaching up to  in length. 

## Life history 
Pinecone fishes live in ledges and caves, rocky and coral reefs over a hard bottom. Pinecone fishes are nocturnal.

## Species 
* Genus *Cleidopus*
** Pineapplefish, *Cleidopus gloriamaris* De Vis, 1882.
* Genus *Monocentris*
** *Monocentris japonica* (Houttuyn, 1782).
** *Monocentris neozelanicus* (Powell, 1938).
** *Monocentris reedi* Schultz, 1956.

## References
Toninho (footballer, born 1977)

**Antonio Bezerra Brandão**, or simply **Toninho** (born December 21, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2001||rowspan="6"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||39||1||1||0||2||0||42||1
|-
|2002||43||5||3||1||colspan="2"|-||46||6
|-
|2003||38||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2004||40||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||4
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||31||5||2||1||6||0||39||6
|-
|2006||31||3||1||0||4||1||36||4
222||19||11||2||12||1||245||22
222||19||11||2||12||1||245||22
|}
Yosuke Kataoka

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football or soccer player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|Kokushikan University||rowspan="4"|Football League||12||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2002||6||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2003||10||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|-
|2004||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||8||0||3||1||4||1||15||2
|-
|2006||28||2||2||0||4||0||34||2
|-
|2007||32||0||1||0||6||0||39||0
|-
|2008||28||1||2||0||4||0||34||1
|-
|2009||26||0||1||0||4||0||31||0
|-
|2010||Kyoto Sanga||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2012||||||||||||||||||||
156||4||9||1||22||1||187||6
156||4||9||1||22||1||187||6
|}

## References
Thalassomedon

***Thalassomedon*** |*the-lass-a-med-in*| (meaning "lord of the seas") was a plesiosaur (not a dinosaur, but an extinct marine reptile from the Mesozoic Era that lived in the open oceans and breathed air). Fossils have been found in the USA. The type species, *Thalassomedon haningtoni* (named by Welles in 1943).

## Description 
It had a long neck (with 63 vertebrae), a long snout, long, sharp teeth (up to 5 cm long), a short, pointed tail and four flippers, each about 1.5–2 meters (4.9–6.6 ft) long. This reptile was about 40 feet (12 m) long; its skull was about 18.7 inches (47 cm) long.

Stones have been found in the fossil's stomach area, leading some to believe they helped with eating.
Fernando Rech

**Fernando Rech** (born 13 March 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Juventude||rowspan="2"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1996||19||7
|-
|1997||Palmeiras||Série A||1||0

|-
|1997||Yokohama Flügels||J. League 1||14||5

|-
|1998||Internacional||Série A||0||0
|-
|1999||Juventude||Série A||8||0
|-
|2000||Etti Jundiai||Série A||0||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Brisbane Strikers||rowspan="3"|National Soccer League||22||9
|-
|2001/02||26||10
|-
|2002/03||20||9
|-
|2003/04||Parramatta Power||National Soccer League||21||9

|-
|2005||Esportivo Bento Gonçalves||||0||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Adelaide United||rowspan="2"|A-League||18||7
|-
|2006/07||17||6
30||12
14||5
124||50
168||67
|}

## References
Survivor: The Amazon

***Survivor: The Amazon*** was the sixth season of the American reality show *Survivor*. It was filmed in 2002. There were thirteen episodes, one was shown each week on CBS from February 13 - May 11, 2003.

Sixteen players were sent to the Amazon to compete to win one million dollars. For the first time ever, the starting tribes were divided by gender. The two starting tribes were the all-female Jaburu (named after a native stork) and the all-male Tambaqui (a native fish). They later merged (combined into one tribe), which the players named "Jacaré" (Portuguese for "alligator"). It started and ended as a battle of the genders. The winner of Survivor: The Amazon was Jenna Morasca, a 21-year-old swimsuit model from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who won against Matthew Von Ertfelda by a vote of 6-1. The season finale (last episode) included the announcement of the winner and a live reunion of all the season's players at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City, on David Letterman's Late Show stage which was decorated to look like the set in the Amazon.

The season is well known for having the first reality show player with a disability, the hearing impaired Christy Smith.

Another well-known moment in this season was an immunity challenge where the players would have to stand on a pole longer than everyone else. While all the players were standing on a pole, the players were told that they'd be given a bunch of different rewards for hopping off on purpose. Right away, Jenna Morasca and Heidi Strobel said that they would take off all of their clothes if they were given chocolate and peanut butter. Probst said yes, and a very naked Jenna and Heidi left the challenge and ate a plate of Oreo cookies and peanut butter. This got them a cover shot and a nude picture in a *Playboy* spread.

Jenna Morasca and Rob Cesternino returned in Survivor: All-Stars, where they placed 16th and 15th.

## Players
:*The **Total Votes** is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.*

## The game
:*If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork, or where one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.*

 There was no Reward Challenge.

 There was no Reward Challenge due to tribal switch.

 There was no Reward Challenge due to tribal merge.

 Jenna won immunity but gave it to Heidi during tribal council.

## Voting history
## References
## Other websites
* Official CBS Survivor The Amazon Website
Scoutcraft

**Scoutcraft** is a form of woodcraft skills used in the woods and the "backcountry."  Though it has been practiced for hundreds of years, it was first called "scoutcraft" by Robert Baden-Powell and Ernest Thompson Seton, who wrote books about it about a hundred years ago.   What scoutcraft is has varied throughout the years and from country to country.  For example, in England, scoutcraft once included citizenship, while in America, it once included indian lore and signaling.  At present, scoutcraft includes camping, hiking (walking through the woods or backcountry), backpacking (a combination of camping and hiking), orienteering (use of a map and compass to find ones way through the backcountry), pioneering (building structures out of logs using knots), first aid, and wilderness survival.

## References
Mirante do Vale

**Mirante do Vale**  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 170&nbsp;meters (558&nbsp;feet) tall and has 51 floors. It was built in 1960.

## Related pages
* Downtown São Paulo
* Paulista Avenue

## Other websites 
* Mirante do Vale Official Page
Patrick Lalime

**Patrick Lalime** (born July 7, 1974) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender and current analyst on Ottawa Senators television broadcasts. Lalime played a career total of 12 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted 156th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He retired from playing ice hockey on July 20, 2011 so he could become an analyst on Ottawa Senators television broadcasts on RDS.

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Playoffs
## Other websites
*The Patrick Lalime Official Site
Giannitsa

**Giannitsa**, former **Genitsa**, is a Greek town in the southeastern part of Pella Prefecture in the region of Macedonia. It has a total population of 26,296 inhabitants according to the 2001 census. It is located between Mount Paiko and the plain of Giannitsa, north of the area of the drain lake of Giannitsa at a high of 40 meters. It is also the most important and developed town in Pella and one the most important towns in Macedonia.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Herrerasaurus

*]]

***Herrerasaurus*** was one of the earliest dinosaurs. All known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in Upper Triassic strata dated to 231.4&nbsp;million years ago (mya) in northwestern Argentina.

It is a member of the **Herrerasauridae**, a family of similar genera that were among the earliest dinosaurs.

## Description 
*Herrerasaurus'' was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head. Its length is estimated at 3 to 6&nbsp;meters (10 to 20&nbsp;ft), and its hip height at more than 1.1&nbsp;meters (3.3&nbsp;ft). It may have weighed around 210–350&nbsp;kilograms (463–772&nbsp;lb).

The tail, partially stiffened by overlapping vertebral projections (spines), balanced the body and was also an adaptation for speed. with seasonal variations. The vegetation was ferns, horsetails, and giant conifers. These plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers. a huge quadrupedal Archosaur was the biggest land predator at the time. There were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores. The dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later.

## References
Jason Earles

**Jason Earles** (born April 26, 1977), is an American actor who is best known for playing the role of Jackson Stewart in Hannah Montana.

## Personal life
Jason Earles was born in San Diego, California. After his family had lived in both Ohio and Washington, they moved to Oregon. He has given several pieces of Hannah Montana cast memorabilia (items people collect to remember something) to the college's fund raisers.

## References
Hayato Hashimoto

**Hayato Hashimoto** (born 15 September 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||1||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006||15||2||2||1||2||0||19||3
|-
|2007||22||0||0||0||4||0||26||0
|-
|2008||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2009||33||2||2||0||4||0||39||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
77||4||5||2||11||0||93||6
77||4||5||2||11||0||93||6
|}
Mikio Manaka

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1992||rowspan="5"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||6||0||1||0||1||0||8||0
|-
|1994||27||0||2||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|1995||48||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||49||0
|-
|1996||20||0||1||0||14||0||35||0
|-
|1997||Brummell Sendai||Football League||4||0||2||0||3||0||9||0
|-
|1998||Omiya Ardija||Football League||22||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="6"|Yokohama||rowspan="2"|Football League||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2000||19||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||17||1||0||0||3||0||20||1
|-
|2002||19||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2003||28||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|-
|2004||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
230||4||12||0||21||0||263||4
230||4||12||0||21||0||263||4
|}

## References
Yasuo Manaka

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Sumitomo Metal||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||9||2||||||1||0||10||2
|-
|1990/91||8||1||||||1||0||9||1
|-
|1991/92||21||9||||||2||2||23||11
|-
|1992||rowspan="7"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1993||12||3||1||0||2||1||15||4
|-
|1994||8||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|1995||23||3||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||3
|-
|1996||21||5||3||0||4||0||28||5
|-
|1997||12||4||0||0||4||0||16||4
|-
|1998||21||6||2||0||5||1||28||7
|-
|1999||rowspan="5"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||27||5||2||0||4||0||33||5
|-
|2000||17||2||3||0||4||0||24||2
|-
|2001||24||5||3||0||2||2||29||7
|-
|2002||J. League 2||28||13||3||0||colspan="2"|-||31||13
|-
|2003||J. League 1||10||1||0||0||2||0||12||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 2||14||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|2004||J. League 1||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2004||Yokohama||J. League 2||13||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
274||62||26||1||32||6||332||69
274||62||26||1||32||6||332||69
|}

## References
Jean-Alain Boumsong

**Jean-Alain Boumsong Somkong** (born 14 December 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. He began his career with French club Le Havre in 1997 before joining AJ Auxerre in 2000. His performances at Auxerre earned him a move to Rangers in 2004. He moved to Newcastle United in 2005. where he spent two seasons. In 2006, he joined Juventus. He returned to France with Lyon in 2008. His last club was Greek Super League side Panathinaikos. Between 2003 and 2009, he made 27 appearances scoring 1 goal for the France national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International goals
:''Score and result list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Boumsong goal''.

## Honours
**Auxerre**
*Coupe de France: 2002–03

**Rangers**
*Scottish Premier League: 2004–05

**Juventus**
*Serie B: 2006–07

**Lyon**
*Ligue 1: 2007–08
*Coupe de France: 2007–08

**France**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006

## References
Kazuhisa Iijima

**Kazuhisa Iijima** (born 6 January 1970) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
## Other websites
*
Pascal Chimbonda

**Pascal Chimbonda** (born 21 February 1979) is a French football coach and former professional player who most recently was the player-manager of English non-league club Skelmersdale United.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
## Honours
**Wigan Athletic**
*Football League Cup runner-up: 2005–06

**Tottenham Hotspur**
*Football League Cup: 2007–08

**France**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 2005–06 Premier League

## References
Nicky Hofs

**Nicky Hofs** (born 17 May 1983) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Vitesse.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Vitesse||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||13||2
|-
|2002/03||13||2
|-
|2003/04||27||5
|-
|2004/05||16||6
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||12||5
|-
|2005/06||14||3
|-
|2006/07||19||7
|-
|2007/08||23||6
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Vitesse||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||30||7
|-
|2009/10||||
167||43
167||43
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara

**Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara** (Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška) is a Croatian song promoting the Ustaše. The lyrics celebrate the World War II crimes against the Serbs. The lyrics include words in the typical dialect of Herzegovina, where some of the worst atrocities against Serbs during WWII happened.http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak.aspx?id=178032

In 2007, Efraim Zuroff reported in the *Jerusalem Post* that during a performance by Marko Perković of the Croatian band Thompson at Maksimir Stadium, there were a large number of Ustaše symbols and fascist salutes among the crowd (which included politicians, government officials and celebrities), helping to create an air of discomfort among Croatia's minorities in the region at the time.  Zuroff claimed that Perković gained notoriety two years earlier for having performed a modified version of the song, which "expressed nostalgia for those two infamous Croatian concentration camps in which at least 300,000 innocent Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians were murdered by the Ustashe with nary a Nazi in sight." An organizer for a Thompson tour of New York City also defended Perkovic, saying he did not write the song nor is a copy available on any of his albums.

## Related pages
*Independent State of Croatia
*Thompson (band)
*Ustaše

## References
## Other websites
* Audio recording of the song performed by Marko Perković Thompson in Osijek in 2002
Motoo Kimura

**Motoo Kimura** (13 November 1924 – 13 November 1994) was a Japanese mathematician and biologist. He was known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968. "Calculating the rate of evolution in terms of nucleotide substitutions seems to give a value so high that many of the mutations involved must be neutral ones".

He became one of the most influential theoretical population geneticists:
 Motoo Kimura's research contributions can be divided into two parts. The first is a series of papers on theoretical population genetics, the quality and quantity of which place him as the successor to the great trinity, R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright. The second is his neutral theory, the idea that the bulk of molecular evolutionary changes are driven by mutation and random chance, rather than by natural selection.

Kimura was heavily influenced by Sewall Wright; the main distinction being that Wright was mainly interested in populations, whereas the core of Motoo's work was in changes at the molecular level. Modified versions of Kimura's ideas are still in use today.

In 1992, Kimura received the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society, and the following year he was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

## Honours
* Weldon Memorial Prize (UK), 1965.
* Japan Academy Prize, 1968.
* Order of Culture (Japan), 1976.
* Royal Society (UK), Darwin Medal in 1992; Foreign member, 1993.

## References
List of Chicago Blackhawks players

was the captain of the Blackhawks from 2008 until 2023.]]

The Chicago Blackhawks are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The club was founded in 1926 as one of the league's first American franchises, joining in the same year as the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings (then known as the Detroit Cougars). Owing to the Blackhawks' long history, they are considered one of the NHL's "Original Six" teams—a term reserved for the six teams that comprised the NHL from the 1942–43 season until the league expanded in 1967. As of June 13, 2011, 831 players have played at least one game for the franchise, either in the NHL regular season or in the playoffs.

The Blackhawks, known as the Black Hawks from their inception until 1986, have won the Stanley Cup six times in their 83-year history. Charlie Gardiner, the team's goaltender for its first Stanley Cup win in 1934, became the first European-born captain—and still the only goaltender captain—to win the Stanley Cup. Johnny Gottselig became the second European-born captain to do so when the team won its second championship in 1938. Stan Mikita is the franchise leader in assists (926) and points (1467), and Bobby Hull is the leader in goals (604). Chris Chelios is the franchise leader in penalty minutes (1495). Goaltender Tony Esposito is the club's all-time leader in wins (873) and shutouts (74).

The franchise has had 34&nbsp;players selected as captains. Each NHL team may select a captain, who has the "sole privilege of discussing with the referee any questions relating to interpretation of rules which may arise during the progress of a game". Captains are required to wear the letter "C" on their uniform for identification, which is  in height.

## Key
 Won Stanley Cup while with the Blackhawks.
 Appeared in a Blackhawks game during the 2018–19 season.

|width=20|
|valign=top|

|width=20|
|valign=top|

|width=20|
|valign=top|

|}
|}

## Goaltenders
## Skaters
## Notes
* Save percentage did not become an official NHL statistic until the 1982–83 season.  Therefore, goaltenders who played before 1982 do not have official save percentages.
* The seasons column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 NHL season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000 to 2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.
* Moe Roberts, an assistant trainer for the team at the time, played twenty minutes after a knee injury forced Harry Lumley out of a game.

## References
;General
*
*
*
*
*
*

;Specific
Yuji Ito

**Yuji Ito** (born 20 May 1965) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
## External links
*
Hogan Ephraim

**Hogan Phillip Ephraim** (born 31 March 1988) is an English former footballer.

## Career statistics
## Honours
**QPR**
*Football League Championship Winners: Promotion to the Premier League: 2010–2011

## References
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

**Mahmoud Ahmadinejad**, also written **Ahmadinezhad** (; born October 28, 1956) is an Iranian politician who was the sixth President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He was president from August 3, 2005 to August 3, 2013.

Ahmadinejad became the mayor of Tehran, the capital of Iran, on May 3, 2003. He was chosen to be the president in elections on June 24, 2005. Many people think he is very religious. Because of that, the religious leadership in Iran supported him in many ways when he was elected.

Ahmadinajad's political power comes from the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, also known as "Abadgaran". This is an alliance between Islamic parties and organizations.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has a Master of Science in Civil engineering from the Iran University of Science and Techology. He also has a PhD in  transportation engineering from the same university. Hassan Rouhani was elected on June 15, 2013 as Ahmadinejad's successor and took office on August 3, 2013. Ahmadinejad registered for office again on June 2, 2024. He however was denied from re-election by the council.

His brother was failed presidential candidate and staff member Davoud Ahmadinejad (1950&ndash;2017).

## References
## Notes
Sello mall shooting

**Espoo shopping mall shooting** was a mass shooting in the Sello shopping mall, in Espoo, near Helsinki, Finland on 31 December 2009. 

The shooter killed five people, including his ex-wife, and then killed himself. 

## Events 
It is believed one of the main motives or reasons behind the shooting was the affair Shkupoll's ex-wife was having with another man who worked in the mall. The shooter killed his girlfriend in their apartment, and police were already looking for him when he began shooting in the mall. Police say he used an illegally purchaed 9mm handgun to commit the murders.

## References
Aquatic

**Aquatic** is a term often used in biology and ecology. Literally, it means *watery*, and refers to both fresh and salt-water. So aquatic plants or animals are those that live in water: ponds, rivers, oceans. Aquatic mammals include whales, dolphins, seals, walrus, and also otters, beavers, and other river forms. Aquatic birds are even more numerous: ducks, herons, waders, kingfishers, penguins. 

## Related pages 
*Aquatic locomotion
*Aquatic plant
*Aquatic habitat
Lagoon

A **lagoon** is a body of salt water partly separated from the sea. There is usually some sort of barrier which separates and protects the lagoon. This may be a pebble or shingle beach, sand bank, or perhaps a coral reef surrounding an atoll. An atoll is an oceanic island formed by a volcano. 

*Lagoon* refers both to coastal lagoons, and the lagoons in atolls, formed by the growth of coral reefs on slowly eroding central islands.

File:ChesilBeachPanorama.jpg|Chesil Beach, the Fleet and the Isle of Portland, from the north-west over Abbotsbury
File:Blaketown.jpg|Blaketown Lagoon, New Zealand: it is connected to the sea.
File:Fangataufa.JPG|Fangataufa is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Its lagoon is about 5km by 8 km. The whole atoll is about 9.5 km by 9.5km, with a landmass of about 5 km2
File:Kara-Bogaz Gol from space, September 1995.jpg|Kara-Bogas-Gol in Turkmenistan
Humphrey Appleby

**Sir Humphrey Appleby**, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon), is a character in the British television series *Yes, Minister* and *Yes, Prime Minister*.  He was played by Sir Nigel Hawthorne. In *Yes Minister*, he is the Permanent Secretary for the Department of Administrative Affairs (a fictional department of the British government). In the last episode of Yes, Minister, "Party Games", he becomes Cabinet Secretary, the position he retains during *Yes, Prime Minister*. Nigel Hawthorne that portrays this character won the BAFTA Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance four times: 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987.

## Other websites 
* Telegraph – Sir Humphrey Appleby and the tale of the prescription charge 
* Times Online – Yes Minister goes Dutch and Sir Humphrey Appleby becomes a dame
Alan Ball

**Alan Ball** may refer to:

*Alan Ball, Sr. (1924-1982), English footballer turned manager
*Alan Ball, Jr. (1945-2007), English footballer turned manager, son of the above
*Alan Ball (screenwriter) (born 1957), American writer, director, producer
Cryogenian

The **Cryogenian** is a geological period, from ~720 million years ago (mya) to 635 mya. It lies in the middle Proterozoic eon before the Ediacaran period.

The period is important to both Earth science and biology because it contains the two longest and most severe ice ages of all time: 
* The Sturtian ice age 717 mya to 660 mya
* The Marinoan ice age 650 mya to 635 mya

These two snowball earth events were previously put together as the *Varangian* glaciation. They covered much, possibly all, the Earth with ice. The root cause of the temperature drop may have been the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesising bacteria and eukaryotes in the previous Great Oxygenation Event. Much else happened: the supercontinent Rodinia broke up and another, Pannotia, began to form. Fossil steroids suggest the presence of early sponges, and amoeboid cells with tests (coverings) appear in the fossil record.
Ongar railway station

**Ongar railway station** is a former London Underground station in the town of Chipping Ongar, Essex. Until its closure in 1994, it was the easternmost point of the Central line, and from 1961 until its closure in 1994 it held the distinction of being the London Underground station farthest from Central London.

## References
## Other websites
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
**
**
*Epping Ongar Railway's official website
*London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Ongar station
*London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Epping to Ongar branch
North Weald railway station

**North Weald railway station** is a former London Underground station in Essex, England. It is between Epping and Blake Hall on the Central Line, and serving North Weald.

## Other websites
*Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
*London's Abandoned Tube Stations - North Weald
Chipping Ongar

**Chipping Ongar** is a small market town in the civil parish of Ongar, in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6,069 people living in Ongar civil parish. There are 3 Primary Schools; High Ongar, Shelley and Chipping Ongar Primary School.There are lots of local shops there like sainsbrys.

http://www.chippingongar.essex.sch.uk/

Ongar is also famous for the Epping Ongar Railway which celebrated its 150th anniversary this year.

## References
## Other websites
Eastern Counties Railway

The **Eastern Counties Railway** (ECR) was an English railway company which began operating on 20 June 1839. It ran a train service from a temporary terminus at Mile End to Romford. This is now part of the Great Eastern Main Line. The line was extended the following year to a new London terminus at Shoreditch (later renamed Bishopsgate) and the line was subsequently extended to cover the 51 miles between London and Colchester.
Epping, Essex

**Epping** is a small market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England.

## References
Loughton

**Loughton** () is a town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex. Loughton Brooke Runs through Lougton and Epping Forest (near Loughton) is what is known as a SSSI (a Site of Specific Scientific Interest). 

## References
Pascal Zuberbühler

**Pascal Zuberbühler** (born 8 January 1971) is a Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
|-
|1991–92||rowspan="8"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="8"|Nationalliga A||9||0
|-
|1992–93||21||0
|-
|1993–94||0||0
|-
|1994–95||33||0
|-
|1995–96||24||0
|-
|1996–97||36||0
|-
|1997–98||28||0
|-
|1998–99||36||0
|-
|1999–2000||Basel||Nationalliga A||36||0

|-
|2000–01||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||13||0

|-
|2000–01||Aarau||Nationalliga A||2||0
|-
|2000–01||rowspan="6"|Basel||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||3||0
|-
|2001–02||36||0
|-
|2002–03||35||0
|-
|2003–04||rowspan="3"|Super League||35||0
|-
|2004–05||33||0
|-
|2005–06||36||0

|-
|2006–07||West Bromwich Albion||League Championship||15||0

|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Neuchâtel Xamax||Challenge League||17||0
|-
|2007–08||Super League||34||0

|-
|2008–09||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||0||0
|-
|2009–10||||
454||0
13||0
15||0
482||0
|}

### International 
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||11||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||51||0
|}

## References
Shin Asahina

**Shin Asahina** (born 20 August 1976) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
|-
|2000||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2001||6||0||2||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|2002||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||26||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|2004||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Rosso Kumamoto||Regional Leagues||15||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2006||Football League||31||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||8
|-
|2007||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||11||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||12||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|TDK||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2009||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
178||15||8||1||2||0||188||16
178||15||8||1||2||0||188||16
|}

## References
Manabu Ikeda

**Manabu Ikeda** (born 3 July 1983) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||17||2||2||1||3||0||22||3
|-
|2000||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||3||0||4||0||20||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||13||0||||||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2004||1||0||||||colspan="2"|-||1||0
44||2||5||1||7||0||56||3
44||2||5||1||7||0||56||3
|}

## References
Tim Cahill

**Timothy Filiga Cahill**  (; born 6 December 1979) is a former Australian soccer player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
|alt=|304x304px]]

## References
Andrea Orlandi

**Andrea Orlandi** (born 3 August 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Swansea City.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006/07||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Swansea City||rowspan="2"|League One||8||0||4||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008/09||11||1||2||0||2||0||15||1
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
19||1||6||0||2||0||26||1
20||1||6||0||2||0||27||1
|}

## References
John van Loen

**John van Loen** (born 4 February 1965) is a Dutch former professional football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Utrecht**
*KNVB Cup: 1984–85

**Anderlecht**
*Belgian First Division: 1990–91

**Ajax**
*UEFA Cup: 1991-92
*Johan Cruyff Shield: 1993

**Feyenoord**
*Eredivisie: 1992-93
*KNVB Cup: 1993–94, 1994–95

## References
Ludovic Sylvestre

**Ludovic Sylvestre** (born 5 February 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Mladá Boleslav.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2005/06||Barcelona||La Liga||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||19||0
|-
|2007/08||6||0
|-
|2007/08||Viktoria Plzeň||Gambrinus liga||14||3
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Mladá Boleslav||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||29||3
|-
|2009/10||||
2||0
68||7
70||7
|}

## References
Railway electrification system

s under the overhead lines in Sweden]]

A **railway electrification system** supplies electrical energy to railway locomotives and multiple units so that they can operate without having an on-board prime mover. Their main advantages are high energy efficiency and low operating cost. Building their wires and other infrastructure is expensive, however. 

## Power supply
Electricity may be sent to the train in different ways. Different countries use different systems. The most widely used systems are:
* Alternating current from overhead lines at 15,000 volts, 16.7 Hz
* Alternating current from overhead lines at 25,000 volts, 50 Hz
* Direct current from overhead lines at 1,500 or 3,000 volts
* Direct current from a third rail at 600 or 750 volts

## Related pages
* Electric locomotive
English National Opera

**English National Opera** (ENO) is an opera company based in London, England.  The opera house where it performs is called the London Coliseum.  It is in St. Martin's Lane, very near Trafalgar Square.  It is one of the two big opera companies in London.  The other big one is the Royal Opera (ROH), Covent Garden.  The English National Opera is different because the operas there are always sung in English.  The ticket prices are not quite as high as at the ROH.

## History 
The beginnings of the ENO go back to 1898 when Lilian Baylis gave a series of opera concerts at the Old Vic theatre.  About ten years later she started a theatre company there. She put on Shakespeare's plays in a shortened form.  She added a small group of dancers to the company. The Sadler's Wells Theatre opened, and the company were called the Vic-Wells Opera Company.  The dancers later separated from Vic-Wells and became the Royal Ballet.

The company toured while the theatre was closed during the Second World War.  At the end of the war it came back and was called Sadler's Wells Opera Company, and the theatre opened again with a performance of Benjamin Britten's *Peter Grimes*.  It was the first English opera since the time of Purcell to become internationally famous. 
In 1968 Sadler's Wells Opera moved from Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum.  Six years later the company was renamed *English National Opera*.

Since then the ENO has put on many great opera productions.  For many years the general director was Peter Jonas, the artistic director was David Poutney and the conductor (musical director) was Mark Elder.

In 2004 many improvements were made to the building.  While the building was going on the ENO performed in the Barbican Centre.

Although ENO performs all operas in English, in 2005 it introduced surtitles at the Coliseum.  This makes it easier for the audience to understand the words being sung.

In 2007 the conductor Edward Gardner became music director of ENO.

## Music directors
*Lawrance Collingwood (Chief Conductor, 1931-1941, Music Director 1941-1946) 
*James Robertson (1946-1954) 
*Alexander Gibson (1957-1959) 
*Colin Davis (1961-1965) 
*Mario Bernardi (1966-1968) and Bryan Balkwill (1966-1969), co-Music Directors 
*Sir Charles Mackerras (1970-1977)
*Sir Charles Groves (1978-1979)
*Mark Elder (1979-1993)
*Sian Edwards (1993-1997)
*Paul Daniel (1997-2005)
*Edward Gardner (2007-present)

## Other websites
* ENO website
* ENO history
Great Eastern Railway

The **Great Eastern Railway** (GER) was a pre-grouping British railway company. The company's main line linked London Liverpool Street to Norwich and had other lines through East Anglia.  The company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923.

## Other websites 
* Great Eastern Railway Society
* Archived copy of a page containing comprehensive details of those railways
* Shipping interests of the company
* Manningtree Rail Users Association
Green belt

, located in the middle of the map, is surrounded by the Ottawa Greenbelt]]
A **green belt** or **greenbelt** is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are **greenways** or **green wedges** which have a linear character and may run through an urban area instead of around it.  A green belt is basically an invisible line that goes around a certain area, stopping people from building there so that some of the wild and agricultural land can be saved.
Blake Hall tube station

**Blake Hall** station is a disused station in Essex, formerly on the Central Line of the London Underground  between North Weald and Ongar.

## Notes
London Underground 1960 Stock

The London Underground **1960 Stock** was a small, prototype class of electric multiple unit designed for the London Underground Central Line.
Martin Bell

**Martin Bell**, OBE (born 31 August 1938) is a British UNICEF (UNICEF UK) Ambassador, a former broadcast war reporter and former independent politician. He was an Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton from 1997 to 2001. Sometimes, he is called "the man in the white suit".

## References
Urban75

**Urban75** (also sometimes referred to as **u75** or **urban**) is a website and messageboard based in Brixton, England. It was founded in 1995 and includes various content e-zine content, as well as bulletin boards. The site was founded and is currently run by Mike Slocombe.

## References
M11 motorway

The **M11** is a motorway in South East England. It goes from London to Cambridge. It is  long. It opened between 1975 and 1980.

## Junctions
Santana do Paraíso

**Santana do Paraíso** is a Brazilian city in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area, state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2009 was 24.695 inhabitants. Its area is 275,529 km². The city was founded in April 28, 1992.

It is limited with the municipal districts of Belo Oriente, Mesquita, Ipatinga, Caratinga e Ipaba

## Other websites 
* Official site of Santana do Paraíso
Coopersale Halt railway station

**Coopersale Halt** is the current terminus of the Epping Ongar Railway in the hamlet of Coopersale in Epping, Essex, England. It is located between Epping and North Weald.

## Related pages
*Central Line
*Epping Ongar Railway
*Ongar tube station
*Blake Hall tube station
*North Weald tube station
*Epping tube station
*Closed London Underground stations

## Other websites
*Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
*Epping–Ongar Line (part 1)
*Epping–Ongar Line (part 2)
Harsco

**Harsco Corporation** () is a diversified, worldwide industrial company based in the United States.  Harsco operates in 45 countries and employs approximately 21,000 people worldwide. The company provides industrial services and engineered products that serve some of the world’s largest and most essential industries, including steel, construction, railways, and energy.  The 2005 revenues totaled $2.8 billion, nearly 60% of which were generated internationally.
Ruston (engine builder)

**Ruston** was an industrial equipment manufacturer in Lincoln, England, the company's history going back to 1840. The company is best known as a manufacturer of narrow and standard gauge diesel locomotives and also of steam shovels.
Brake van

**Brake van** and '''guard's van''' are terms used mainly in the UK and Australia for a railway vehicle that has a hand brake which can be applied by the guard.  The equivalent North American term is caboose but a British brake van and a caboose are very different in appearance because the former usually has only four wheels while the latter usually has bogies.
Track ballast

. The sharp edges help the particles interlock with each other.]]
**Track ballast** forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers (UK) or railroad ties (US) are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties. This also serves to hold the track in place as the trains roll by. It is typically made of crushed stone, although ballast has sometimes consisted of other, less suitable materials.

## References
Francesco Cavalli

**Francesco Cavalli** (born Crema, Lombardy, 14 February 1602; died 14 January 1676) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the early part of the Baroque music period. His real name was **Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni**, but he is better known as Cavalli, which was the name of his patron, a Venetian nobleman.  He is remembered for his operas.

## Life
Cavalli was born at Crema, Lombardy. He became a singer at St Mark's in Venice in 1616, then he was organist there, and in 1668 he became *maestro di cappella*.

He began to write for the theatre in 1639. Soon after that the first public opera house opened in Venice. Cavalli became so famous that he was invited to Paris in 1660 where he performed his opera *Xerxes*. He visited Paris again in 1662. He died in Venice at the age of 73.

## Music and influence
Cavalli lived at the time that opera had just been invented by Jacopo Peri.  Claudio Monteverdi composed the first really good operas.  Cavalli became the most important Italian writer of operas in the middle of the 17th century.  His operas use small orchestras, unlike those of Monteverdi, who was writing for the court in Mantua where there was lots of money for big orchestras.  Cavalli had a good sense of drama and he wrote lovely melodies.

He wrote 57 operas, of which 27 survived.  He also wrote some church music and some instrumental music.
Jacopo Peri

**Jacopo Peri** (born Rome, 20 August 1561; died Florence, 12 August 1633) was an Italian composer and singer. He composed the first opera ever written.

## Life
Peri was born in Rome, but studied in Florence. He had several church jobs, playing the organ and singing.He also worked at the court of the Medici family, playing instruments and composing incidental music for plays and madrigals.

In the 1590s, Peri worked for Jacopo Corsi, the most important patron of music in Florence. They felt that art at that time (music, drama, painting etc.) was not as good as the classical art that had been produced 2000 years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. They wanted to write drama like the old Greek tragedies. In music they started to write "monody", which meant a solo song with a continuo bass accompaniment. They soon started to realize that just monody on its own could become boring, so they developed it into recitative (where the story could be told) and aria (where the singers could express their feelings in song). Peri and Corsi asked the poet Ottavio Rinuccini to write some words for them and together they produced the opera *Dafne*. It was probably nothing like what the Ancient Greeks would have done, but it was the first opera in modern times.

In 1600, Rinuccini and Peri wrote another opera together: *Euridice*.  We still have the music *Euridice*, although unfortunately the music to *Dafne* has been lost. https://www.nndb.com/people/694/000097403/

Peri wrote several other operas, although they are not great works. However, a very great composer was around at the time. His name was Claudio Monteverdi. In 1607, he started writing operas and his operas are often performed today.

1600 is the date usually thought of as the beginning of the Baroque music period. It is a convenient date because it is when opera started.https://www.operanorth.co.uk/explore-opera/a-brief-history-of-opera/#:~:text=and%20instrumental%20music.-,The%20first%20opera,the%20Duke%20of%20Mantua's%20court.

## References 
*"Jacopo Peri", in *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Karmapa

- 1981)]]

**Karmapa** is Tibetan buddhist teacher or lama. He is the first one from Tibetan lamas, who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist masters. Karmapa is the head of Karma Kagyu- the biggest subschool or lineage of Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The first Karmapa Dusum Khyenpa (1204—1283) is student of Gampopa(1079-1153) .
Permanent way

The **permanent way** is the elements of railway lines: generally the pairs of rails typically laid on ties ("sleepers" in British parlance) embedded in ballast, intended to carry the ordinary trains of a railway. It is described as permanent way because in the earlier days of railway construction, contractors often laid a temporary track to transport spoil and materials about the site; when this work was substantially completed, the temporary track was taken up and the permanent way installed.

## References
London Underground 1962 Stock

The **1962 Tube Stock** was a type of London Underground tube train built for use on the Central line. They were used on the Central line between 1962 and 1995. After that, the London Underground 1995 stock replaced them on the central line. These tube trains were very similar to the London Underground 1959 Stock used on Piccadilly line. They were later used on the Northern line until 1999. After that, they were retired. Most were scrapped but some were kept for other uses. Some, such as the one pictured, are kept for departmental use.
Scrap

**Scrap** is a term used to describe recyclable materials left over from manufacturing and product consumption. It includes parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Often confused with waste, scrap in fact has significant monetary value.  

Overall, the scrap industry processes more than  of recyclable material each year into raw material feedstock for industrial manufacturing around the world. One example is scrap steel. Scrap is mainly reused to make other items. Plastic, for example, is melted down into new shapes. A water bottle may have been part of a computer once.

Scrap is very valuable. Some scrap is stolen for its worth, like copper wires and pans. This is a crime in some countries, and many investigations are focused on issues with legitimate metal trading. Totaled cars are often also sold for the metal inside. They are crushed, melted into smaller ingots and cylinders, then shipped to a manufacturer of metal goods that paid for that scrap metal. For developed metals to become scrap metal, it needs to be unused and useless in the form it's in. Only then do people shred and melt metal to be used for other things.
Eats, Shoots & Leaves

***Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation*** is a non-fiction book by . It was first published in 2003. The book talks about how punctuation is used incorrectly in modern English and why it is important to use it correctly. Truss writes with humour while teaching punctuation rules.  

## About the book 
The book has chapters on different punctuation marks, including:  
* Apostrophes  
* Commas  
* Semicolons and colons  
* Exclamation marks, question marks, and quotation marks  
* Italics, dashes, brackets, ellipses, and Emoticons  
* Hyphens  

Truss also shares stories and history about punctuation.  

## Title meaning 
The title comes from a joke about bad punctuation:  

The **comma** in the wrong place changes the meaning of the sentence. Without it, the sentence means a panda eats plant **shoots** and **leaves**. With the comma, it sounds like the panda eats, **then shoots a gun, and leaves the café**. This joke shows why punctuation is important.  

## Success and criticism 
The book became very popular, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom. It was on *The New York Times* bestseller list in 2004. However, some people criticized the book.  

* , a writer for *The New Yorker*, found punctuation mistakes in the book. He said it was **strange** for a British person to **teach Americans about punctuation**.

* , a linguist, wrote a book called *The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot and Left* in 2006. He said Truss and other grammar writers **try to stop the English language from changing**.  
* Some people felt the book made people **too strict** about punctuation. In 2007, comedian  said it made people into **"grammar bullies"**.  

## Children's version 
In 2006, a children's version of the book was published. It was called *Eats, Shoots & Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make a Difference!*. This version used cartoons to show how commas change meanings.

## Related pages 
* *Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod*  a similar book in German
* Standard English

## Notes 
## References 
* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

## Other websites 
*