open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Federalist Papers

The **Federalist Papers** were a series of essays about the United States Constitution. In total, there were 85 articles, 77 of them appeared in newspapers between October 1787 and August 1788. Many talked about how the Constitution would solve America's political problems.  Most of them were published in newspapers in New York and Virginia, states where it was not clear whether or not the Constitution would pass (it did).  Most were written by Alexander Hamilton or James Madison, though a few were written by John Jay.

One of the most famous of the Papers is Federalist No. 10.  It was written by Madison and says that the Constitution would keep the United States from being run by small groups called "factions". The collection of all papers was also published as a book.

The papers were published using a false name, *Publius*. This name was used in reference to Publius Valerius Publicola, a Roman Consul and one of the aristocrats who overthrew the Roman Kingdom in the 5th century BC.

The papers are often thought of as one of the most important works of American political thought.  Sometimes they are used by Supreme Court justices to try to say what the founders were thinking.

## Other websites 
* *The Federalist Papers*, original 1788 printing 
*
* National Archives on *The Federalist*
* *The Federalist Papers* on the Bill of Rights
* Teaching *The Federalist Papers* 
* *Booknotes* interview with Robert Scigliano on Scigliano's Modern Library edition of *The Federalist Papers*, January 21, 2001.
* Collection of *The Federalist Papers*
* EDSITEment on *The Federalist* and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic 
* 
*
Commander

Commander is a naval rank. It may also be used as a general term for a leader.  Numerous law enforcement agencies in the United States have personnel who are in charge of running their entire operations.  Commander is a rank used in many navies and some air forces. It is rarely used as a rank in armies, except in special forces for a team leader. 

## Naval rank 
The title (originally "Master and Commander") originated in the 18th century Royal Navy for naval officers who commanded ships of war too large to be commanded by a Lieutenant but too small to warrant the assignment of a Post-captain. 

In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns. The Royal Navy shortened "Master and Commander" to "Commander" in 1794; however, the term "Master and Commander" remained in common use for many years. A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4.

A Commander in the Royal Navy is above the rank of Lieutenant-Commander, below the rank of Captain. It is equivalent in rank to a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army and Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force. A Commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff.

## Related pages 
*Commander-in-Chief
*Captain
*Lieutenant

## References
Akita Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Akita. Akita prefecture is famous for rice and sake.

## History 
The area of Akita was created from Dewa Province and Mutsu Province. including
* Towada-Hachimantai National Park

### Hot Springs
* Nyuto Hot Spring Village (There are seven hotels.)
** Tsurunoyu
** Taenoyu
** Kuroyu
** Ganiba
** Magoroku
** Oogama
** National Park Resort Village Nyuto Hot Spring

## Shrines and Temples
*Ōmonoimi jinja* and *Tsutsukowake jinja* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.pref.akita.jp/e/
Standard state

The **standard state** is a common way for measuring properties of chemicals. Standard state normally is room temperature (25°C) and normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi). Normally when no temperature or pressure is given, standard state is . If an article says "bromine is a liquid" it means bromine is a liquid in the standard state.
Tellurium trioxide

**Tellurium trioxide**, also known as **tellurium(VI) oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO3. It contains tellurium and oxide ions. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tellurium trioxide can come in two forms. There is a yellow-red form and a gray form. The yellow red form is more reactive. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It releases oxygen to turn into tellurium dioxide when heated.

## Preparation
It is made by taking the water from telluric acid. The gray form can be made from this by reacting the yellow-red form with sulfuric acid and air.

## Related pages
*Tellurous acid
Robert Falcon Scott

, identifying the polar marches of Scott and Amundsen. The track of Scott's journey shows the approximate locations of the deaths of the members of his polar party.|The routes to the South Pole taken by Scott (green) and Amundsen (red), 1911–1912.]]

Captain **Robert Falcon Scott** CVO, RN (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer who died on an expedition to the South Pole. He is widely known as *Scott of the Antarctic*, the title of a 1948 movie.

Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13.
Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition, Scott had followed the conventional career of a naval officer in peacetime Victorian Britain, where opportunities for career advancement were keenly sought after by ambitious officers.

It was the chance for personal distinction that led Scott to apply for command of the *Discovery*. His name became associated with the Antarctic, his field of work for the final twelve years of his life.

## Terra Nova Expedition 1910–1913
During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition had got there first. On the return journey, Scott and his four comrades died from exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold. The tragic fate of his expedition is still remembered throughout the world.

## Scott's leadership 
After his death, Scott became a British hero. His reputation suffered from several books written later in the 20th century. Still later, Scott's record was reviewed more favourably. The main cause of the failure  of the expedition is now said to be the exceptionally adverse weather at the end of the return from the pole.

Scott took ponies, motorised sleds and ordinary sleds, which he and his men pulled.  He thought that the number of animals overworked and killed should be held as low as possible and considered his rival Roald Amundsen's approach as cruel.  Amundsen, on the other hand, killed dog after dog to feed himself, the men and the rest of the dogs.  He did not feel bad about it. The ponies helped travelling part of the way to the pole, but some of them were so stubborn that the expedition members, especially Lawrence Oates, lost much energy that was needed to get back from the pole. The motorised sleds (which worked well at the start) eventually froze up. The dogs, of which there 36, were left behind on the final attempt on the Pole.

One factor which has been re-discovered is that Scott gave the dog driver Meares  written orders before leaving for the final attempt on the pole. The order was for dogs to be brought up towards the returning party. This order was supplemented by Scott asking Atkinson to make a similar attempt (Atkinson was one of those not chosen for the final attempt group). In the event, neither of these actions took place.

## References
2010 ATP World Tour

The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour is the number one tier tennis tour for men's tennis competition. The 2010 ATP World Tour calendar cosists of Grand Slam tournaments (organised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the ATP World Team Championship, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2010 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which does not distribute ranking points, and is organised by the ITF.
## Schedule
### Key
### January
### February
### March
### April
### May
### June
### July
### August
### September
### October
### November
## Other websites
*Official website of the Association of Tennis Professionals
Tellurite

**Tellurite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO32-. They are some of the more stable tellurium compounds. They are weak oxidizing agents. In slightly acidic conditions, it makes **hydrogen tellurite**, HTeO3-. When it is very acidic, it makes tellurous acid. They are normally made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide. 

**Tellurite** is also a rare mineral. This mineral consists of tellurium dioxide. It is a yellow to white mineral. It is in areas that tend to oxidize minerals (oxidation zone). Otherwise telluride or native tellurium would be there. 

## Related pages
*Sodium tellurite
*Tellurate
Chiba (city)

is a Japanese city in Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu.   It is the capital city of the prefecture. It is about  southeast of the center of Tokyo near the Tokyo Bay.

It has been  as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.

## Weather
Chiba has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification *Cfa*). It is  very hot i summer, and cool until mild winter. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year, but there is less precipitation in winter.

## People
As of February 2016, Chiba had an estimated 972,861 people living there. It had a population density of 3,580 persons per km². The total area of Chiba is . There were 19,135 registered foreign residents in Chiba as of March 31, 2007. Foreigners are about 2% of the total number of people. It has the 14th most amount of people in Japan.

## Transportation
### Airports
There is no commercial airport in Chiba. Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) are the closest major airports.
### Highways
* Higashi-Kantō Expressway to Tokyo, Narita and Kashima
* Tateyama Expressway to Kisarazu
* Keiyō Road
* Chiba-Tōgane Road (Japan National Route 126
* Japan National Route 14
* Japan National Route 16
* Japan National Route 51
* Japan National Route 128
* Japan National Route 357

## Education
### Colleges and universities
* Chiba University
* Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences
* Kanda University of International Studies
* Tokyo Dental College
* Shukutoku University
* Keiai University
* Chiba Keizai University
* Tokyo University of Information Sciences
* The Open University of Japan
* Uekusa University
* Teikyo Heisei University (Chiba campus)
* Chiba Meitoku College
* Japan Christian Junior College

### High schools
Chiba has 20 public high schools. They are controlled by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. Two public high schools are controlled by the Chiba City Board of Education. This includes Inage Senior High School. There are also nine private high schools. They include the Makuhari Junior and Senior High School.

### Elementary and middle schools
Chiba has 114 public elementary schools. It also has one private elementary school. There are 59 public middle schools. It also has one private middle school.

### International schools
*Chiba Korean Primary and Junior High School

## Hospitals and clinics
* Chiba Kaihin Hospital (Mihama-ku)
* Chiba University Hospital (Chuo-ku)
* Kashiwado Hospital (Chuo-ku)
* Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital (Mihama-ku)
* Koizumi Clinic (Hanamigawa-ku)
* Mizuno Clinic (Hanamigawa-ku)
* Hirayama Hospital (Hanamigawa-ku)

## Sister cities
Chiba is twinned with:
* North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, since January 1, 1970
* Asunción, Paraguay,
* Quezon City, Philippines,
* Tianjin, China,  since May 7, 1986
* Montreux, Switzerland,  since May 28, 1996
* Wujiang, China,  since October 10, 1996

## References
Chiba

**Chiba** means more than one thing.

*Chiba Prefecture is part of the Kanto area of Japan next to Tokyo.
*Chiba, Chiba the capital city of Chiba Prefecture

Chiba is also a common family name in Japan.
Narita, Chiba

.]]

**Narita** (成田市; -shi) is a city in Japan. It is the site of Narita International Airport.

*Naritasan-Shinshoji temple - Shingonshu's buddhist temple
Alex Riley

**Alex Riley** (born 29 March 1968 in Sheffield, Yorkshire) is an English DJ, television personality and comedian. His DJ career began when he became a DJ on BBC Radio 7. Some of the shows he hosted are *The Comedy Club*, *Sony Gold Award* and *Station Sound*.  He began his TV career performing with the city's Crucible Youth Theatre during which time he originated, and appeared in, dozens of sketches and devised pieces, as well as appearing in a number of plays and farces at the Library Theatre.

Riley then had a succession of jobs including managing an alternative shopping centre, selling aerial photographs and answering an on-air appeal for researchers on BBC TV's Top Gear programme. He is best known for ''Britain's Really Disgusting Food*  first aired in 2008, with a second series in 2009 and an alternative but same universe series *Britain's Really Disgusting Drink*. He also acted in *Chelsea Flower Show*, *Britain in Bloom*, *Bigamy*, *Short Circuits*, *Discovery Home and Leisure*, *Boys Toys*, the Caravan Show, *You Know You Want To* and *Classic Car Club'' among other TV shows. He also has a career as a stand-up comedian.

## References
Tama-Plaza Station

**Tama-Plaza Station** (たまプラーザ駅,たまぷらーざえき) is a railway station of Tokyu Corporation in Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

## Gallery

File:Tama-Plaza Station 01.jpg|Concourse
File:中央改札.JPG|Fare control
File:Tama-Plaza Station5.JPG|Station Platform

## Adjacent stations
;Tokyu Corporation
: Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line
::Express, Semi-Express, Local
:::Saginuma - **Tama-Plaza** - Azamino

## Other websites
*Tokyu Corp station information
Sons of Liberty

The **Sons of Liberty** was a secretive organization in Boston before and during the American Revolution. At that time, Great Britain controlled large parts of North America, including the thirteen original American colonies. The Sons of Liberty opposed British rule and led resistance efforts against them. 

Its leaders included Samuel Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere.  Other well-known members included Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry. The group helped to organize the Boston Tea Party, and were involved in the Boston Massacre.

The organization disbanded at the end of the American Revolution.

## Beginnings 
The Sons of Liberty formed in the summer of 1765 to fight the Stamp Act, They argued that this was "taxation without representation" because the British had imposed the tax without talking to any of the colonial legislatures.

## Importance 
The Sons of Liberty played a key role in preventing the Stamp Act from being enforced. They were a major force of pre-Revolution resistance against the British King and the colonial government. Often, their resistance focused on unfair taxation and financial limitations which the British government had imposed.

They used petitions, demonstrations, boycotts, propaganda, and sometimes violence against British officials. Additionally, according to the official Boston Tea Party museum:[They used] mob rule, tactics of fear, force, intimidation, violence such as tarring and feathering, and the [collection] of arms, shot, and gun powder [to] effectively [weaken] British rule, paving the way to America’s independence. 

The [most important] act and lasting legacy of the Sons of Liberty to the history of the American Revolution was the December 16, 1773 [organization] of the Boston Tea Party which ultimately led to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War... [It] was a catalyst for the start of war and a principal reason why the Revolutionary War began in Massachusetts.

## References
Lorrie Morgan

**Loretta Lynn "Lorrie" Morgan** (born June 27, 1959) is an American singer. Her first single was put out in 1978. But it was not until 1989 that she began going up in the United States country charts. Morgan was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Her albums include *Something in Red* and *Watch Me*.

Morgan has made over forty chart entries on the United States *Billboard* Hot Country Songs charts. Those include three #1 singles: "What Part of No", "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" and "Five Minutes." She has eleven other top ten hits.

At age 13, Morgan made her first performance on the Grand Ole Opry. In that performance, she sang the song "Paper Roses."

## References
Lee Ann Womack

**Lee Ann Womack** (born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Womack has won a number of music awards for her music and singing.

Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit. It reached #1 on the Billboard Country Chart. It made the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* 1997: *Lee Ann Womack*
* 1998; *Some Things I Know*
* 2000: *I Hope You Dance*
* 2002: *Something Worth Leaving Behind*
* 2005: ''There's More Where That Came From*
* 2008: *Call Me Crazy*
* 2014: *The Way I'm Livin'*
* 2017: *The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone*

;Compilation albums
* 2004: *Greatest Hits*
* 2011: *Icon*

;Holiday albums
* 2002: *The Season for Romance''

## Awards
## References
Sheena Easton

**Sheena Easton**  (born **Sheena Shirley Orr**; 27 April 1959), is a Scottish singer. She was very popular during the 1980s and the 1990s. She has won several Grammy Awards. She had many charting singles and albums including "Morning Train," "For Your Eyes Only" and "Sugar Walls."  Easton was born in Bellshill, Scotland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Nathanael Greene

**Nathanael Greene** (August 7, 1742 - June 19, 1786) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.  He was from Rhode Island and was a Quaker. 

Before the war, he was a blacksmith and a delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly. 

During the war, he commanded a fort in Boston and a part of Washington's army during the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia campaigns.  

Late in the war, Greene commanded an army in the South. After the war, he moved to Georgia, where he died of sunstroke.
Mark Rutte

**Mark Rutte** (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has been the 14th Secretary General of NATO since 2024. He was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 2010 to 2024. He was leader of the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 2006 to 2023. In July 2023, Rutte and his government announced their resignations.

## Political career
In 2010, Rutte won the elections with his party. He did not gain a majority in parliament, he won 31 out of 150 seats. Before he could form his government, there were four weeks of negotiations with the Christian-democratic CDA and the right-wing PVV of Geert Wilders. Wilders was not in the government, but he was supporting the government on several issues. These issues were discussed in those four weeks. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands since 1918. 

The First Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA, and PVV, lasted from 2010 to 2012. The Second Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD and PvdA, lasted from 2012 to 2017. The Third Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, lasted from 2017 to 2022.

On 15 January 2021, Rutte announced his resignation and that of his government because of a child welfare scandal.

Rutte has been leading the Fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, since 10 January 2022.

On 7 July 2023, Rutte announced his government's resignation after his coalition failed to agree on how to handle increasing migration. His government will take on a caretaker role until the next general election. Rutte said that he will be leaving domestic politics all together.

Rutte announced his candidacy to replace Jens Stoltenberg as Secretary General of NATO in October 2023, and his bid received public support from the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France in February 2024. With his only opponent, Romanian President Klaus Iohannis, dropping out in June 2024 Rutte secured the position of Secretary General. He was sworn-in on 1 October 2024.

## Personal life
Rutte is single and lives in The Hague. He frequently uses his bike for government duties at the Binnenhof and the Catshuis. He is also a part-time teacher at a high school in The Hague.

## References
## Other websites 
* Bio at Parlement.com
* Bio at Government.nl
Belgian United Nations Command

**Belgian United Nations Contingent** (BUNC) was the name for the Belgian and Luxembourger soldiers who volunteered to fight in the Korean War (1950–1953).

## References
Polychlorinated biphenyl

from a 1960s washing machine]]

**Polychlorinated biphenyls** (often shortened to **PCBs**) are organic chemical compounds that contain chlorine atoms. They were used in industrial chemistry, and to make certain transformers, capacitors, and cooling fluids. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants declared them to be among the worst chemical pollutants. Their use has been banned worldwide, since 2001. The mode of action of these substances is similar to that of dioxin. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls were widely used, and they can be found in the atmosphere, the soil, and the bodies of water anywhere on the earth. In the short term, these substances are not very toxic, but they accumulate in the body. They are teratogens, and may cause cancer.
Albrecht Böttcher

**Albrecht Böttcher** (born 29 December 1954 in Oberwiesenthal, Saxony, Germany) is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis.

Between 1971 and 1973, Böttcher was in an elite class for mathematics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. In 1973, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Moscow. He studied mathematics from 1975 to 1979 in Chemnitz. In 1980, he went to Rostov on Don to study and earned a PhD there in 1984. The topic of his dissertation was *The finite section method for the Wiener-Hopf integral operator*. After this he worked as scientist assistance at the university of Chemnitz. Since 1992, he is professor for *harmonic analysis and Operator theory* at the Chemnitz University of Technology.

As of 2012, he is the author of nine books and about 180 papers.

## References
## Other websites
* Böttcher's Homepage
ATI Technologies

**ATI Technologies Inc.** was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD.

## Other websites
* ATI official site

## Notes
Mountain pass

In a group of hills or mountains, a **pass** is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration.

A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers.

Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster.

The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor.

Some of the best known passes are Great St Bernard Pass at  in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at  between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at  in Jammu and Kashmir, India. 

## Related pages
* Ranges, Peaks and passes of the Alps

## Other websites
## References
Sodium tellurite

**Sodium tellurite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2TeO3. It contains sodium and tellurite ions.

## Properties 
Sodium tellurite is a colorless solid. The tellurite ion can react with water to make sodium hydrogen tellurite, NaHTeO3. It dissolves in water easily. It is a weak oxidizing agent (can be reduced to tellurium) and a weak reducing agent (can be oxidized to tellurates). It is part of the process in making tellurium. 

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sodium hydroxide, or by heating a telluride in air with sodium carbonate. 

## Uses 
Sodium tellurite is used in making tellurium. It is also used to make electroplated nickel corrosion-resistant. It can also be used to add a bluish coating to steel. It can be used to  certain types of bacteria that it is not toxic to.

## Related pages 
*Sodium selenite
*Sodium tellurate
Telluride

**Telluride** is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called **tellurides**. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.

## Related pages
*Tellurite
*Tellurate
Aromatherapy

**Aromatherapy** is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically.

Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor.

## Ways of using aromatherapy
The ways of using aromatherapy oils include:

* *Putting on the skin*
**In the bath*
**In a diffuser*  

## References
## Further reading
* Burke, L., & Chambers, P. (1995). *The very essence: A guide to aromatherapy*. Silver Link.  
* Lis-Balchin, Maria (2006). *Aromatherapy science: A guide for healthcare professionals*. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 
* Schnaubelt, Kurt (1998). *Advanced aromatherapy: The science of essential oil therapy*. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
* Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999). *Medical aromatherapy: Healing with essential oils*. Berkeley, CA: Frog. 
* Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1990). *The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties*. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
* 
* Wanjek, Christopher (2003). *Bad medicine: Misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O*. New York: J. Wiley. 
* Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1982). *The practice of aromatherapy*. Saffron Walden: Daniel. 

## Other websites 
* The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy
* International Federation of Aromatherapy
* What Does the Research Say About Essential Oils? 
* Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils
* The Aromatherapy Global Online Research Archives

;Journals
* Top Dermatologist in the United States 
* International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy 
;Criticism
* Aromatherapy - does it work? Smell Research by Tim Jacob
* Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents
Tellurate

**Tellurate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO42- or TeO66-. Chemical compounds having the tellurate ion in them are called **tellurates**. Tellurates are strong oxidizing agents. They are similar to selenates. Tellurates react with acids to make telluric acid. 

An example is sodium tellurate (Na2TeO4). It is made by reacting telluric acid with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidizing sodium tellurite. It is similar to sodium selenate.

## Related pages
*Tellurite
*Telluride
*Tellurium
Hydrogen telluride

**Hydrogen telluride**, also known as **hydrotelluric acid**, **tellane**, or **tellurium hydride**, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2Te. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions.

## Properties
Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides.

## Preparation
It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride.

## Uses
Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable.

## Related pages
*Aluminium telluride
*Sodium tellurite

## Sources
Teratogen

A **teratogen** is a material that can cause birth defects.  Teratogens include some chemicals, medications, and infectious diseases. The name goes back to Ancient Greek "theras", which can be translated as "monster".

About 75% of all birth defects are caused by teratogens.p.&nbsp;23-3

## Types of teratogens 
### Alcohol and illegal drugs 
Alcohol is the most common cause of congenital disorders that can be prevented.  Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause brain damage.  Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause the fetus to get fetal alcohol syndrome.

### Medications
 while pregnant]]
Some medications can also hurt the fetus if its mother takes them while she is pregnant.  For example:  This changed partly because of thalidomide.  This medication was given to pregnant women for nausea in the 1950s and 1960s.  Between 1956 and 1962, more than 10,000 children in 46 different countries were born with birth defects, like arms and legs that had not grown.  Thalidomide had not been tested well enough before it started being prescribed.
* Toxoplasmosis
* Chickenpox
* Rubella (German measles)

### Chemicals
Some chemicals can cause birth defects, if a pregnant woman is exposed to enough of them.  For example:
* Lead: If a woman ever had lead poisoning, she can pass lead on to her fetus, even if she is not exposed to lead while she is pregnant.  This happens because most lead is stored in a person's bones and can come out into the bloodstream many years later.  Lead can cause miscarriage and stillbirth as well as birth defects.
* Mercury: High levels of mercury can cause brain damage in fetuses.

### Other things
High levels of ionizing radiation can cause birth defects.p.&nbsp;23-8

## Things that are not teratogens
Examples of things that do not cause birth defects include:
* Spermicides (these were suspected of causing birth defects in the 1970s and 1980s, but they have been proven to be safe)
* Acetaminophen (paracetamol)
* Prenatal vitamins
* Non-ionizing radiation.  This is the type of radiation that comes from sunlight and microwave ovens.  It does not cause birth defects.

## References
Tellurium(II) bromide

**Tellurium(II) bromide**, also known as **tellurium dibromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr2. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state.

## Properties 
Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air. 

## Preparation 
It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide.

## Related pages 
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
*Tellurium(II) chloride
*Tellurium(IV) oxide
Tellurium(IV) bromide

**Tellurium(IV) bromide**, also known as **tellurium tetrabromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr4. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when . It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine.

## Uses
Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make  with organic molecules.

## Related pages
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
*Tellurium(IV) fluoride
*Tellurium(IV) oxide
Tellurium bromide

**Tellurium bromide** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Tellurium(II) bromide, TeBr2
*Tellurium(IV) bromide, TeBr4
Cadmium telluride

**Cadmium telluride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions.

## Properties
Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water.

## Uses
Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.

## Related pages
*Sodium telluride
*Sodium tellurite
Lead telluride

**Lead telluride**, also known as **lead(II) telluride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbTe. It contains lead and telluride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Lead telluride is a gray crystalline solid. It reacts with strong acids to make toxic hydrogen telluride and toxic lead salts. 

## Preparation
It may be made by melting lead and tellurium together.

## Uses
It is used as a semiconductor and an infrared detector.

## Related pages
*Sodium telluride

## References
Włocławek

**Włocławek** is a town in northern Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship with a population of 117,785 (June 2009).  It has a large Jewish community.  In 1939, when the Nazis invaded, the Jewish people of this town were the first to have to wear yellow Stars of David.

## Twin Areas
This town is twinned with the following places:
: Bamberg, Germany;
: Bedford, United Kingdom
Model rocket

A **model rocket** is a miniature rocket. They are not launched by the government or a space program. They are used by people interested in rockets. They are normally made of light (not heavy) materials. Even though it seems dangerous, it is quite safe and is a way many people start getting interested in rockets and space exploration. Rocket motors come in many different sizes, and they are shown below.

File:Model rocket flight.gif|Model rocket flight
File:Model rocket parts.gif|Parts of a model rocket

## Other websites
* FAA launch regulations for the United States
Cerebral palsy

**Cerebral palsy (CP)** is the name given to a number of motor problems (trouble moving the body).  CP is usually caused by damage done to the brain during early childhood. It is called "cerebral palsy" because the part of the brain that is damaged is the cerebrum. CP cannot be cured. It is treated with therapies. 

CP was first identified by an English surgeon called William Little in 1860.

There are several types of cerebral palsy. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy. 

Today, 1 in every 400 children in the UK has cerebral palsy. 

## Symptoms 
People with CP often have trouble standing or walking.  They may also be partly paralysed. 

While the main problem of cerebral palsy is problems with moving, difficulties with having thoughts, learning, feeling, talking and behaviour often come with cerebral palsy.

Of children with cerebral palsy, 3 out of 4 children have pain, 1 out of 2 have intellectual disability, 1 out of 3 children cannot walk, 1 in 3 have a hip displacement, 1 in 4 cannot talk, 1 out of 4 children have epilepsy, 1 in 4 have behaviour disorders, 1 out of 4 children have trouble controlling their bladder, 1 in 5 have trouble with sleep (sleeping too much or not enough), 1 out of 5 children , 1 out of 10 are blind, 1 out of 15 need to be fed through a tube, and 1 in 25 are deaf.

Most people with cerebral palsy live for as long as people without CP.  5-10% of children with CP die before growing up.

## Treatment 
Over time, the way to take care of cerebral palsy has changed from fixing a person's physical problems such as spasticity in one leg or arm.  Now, the way to take care of cerebral palsy is about making therapies for the body part of a larger purpose of making the person's quality of life better, helping them have choice and make their own decisions about looking after themselves, and helping them be part of society. Much of children's therapy is about helping them walk better. Roughly 60% of people with CP are able to walk by themselves or with mobility aids when they become grown up.

Mobility aids may help people with CP move around more easily.

## References
Sodium telluride

**Sodium telluride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Te. It contains sodium and telluride ions. 

## Properties 
It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe.

## Preparation 
Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia. 

## Uses 
Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent. 

## Related pages 
*Sodium tellurite
*Tellurous acid

## References
Pete Carroll

**Peter Clay Carroll** (born September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California) is the head coach of the Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team. He used to coach for the New York Jets, New England Patriots and the University of Southern California football team.

In his time at USC, the Trojans went to two BCS Bowl games, winning the National Championship in 2004 and winning the Pacific-10 Conference football title seven  years in a row from 2002 to 2008. The 2004 BCS title was taken away from the team in 2010, but USC kept its 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships.

## Early life
Carroll went to Redwood High School in  Larkspur, California. Carroll played in three sports: football (playing quarterback, wide receiver and defensive back), basketball and baseball. Carroll won the school's Athlete of the Year award in 1969.

## College
After high school, Carroll went to junior college (a two-year college) at College of Marin, where he played football for two years before changing schools to the University of the Pacific. At Pacific, Carroll played the free safety position for two years. To make money, he found a job selling roofing materials in the Bay Area, but he found he was not good at it and soon moved on; it would be his only non-football-related job.

## Head coaching record
### National Football League
## References
## Other websites
* 
* USC profile
Matsue

**Matsue** (松江) is a city in Japan on the Japan Sea coast. It is the capital of Shimane Prefecture. It is known for its historic castle and as the home of Lafcadio Hearn.
Ōnin War

The '''''' was a civil war in Japan. It lasted 10 years, starting in 1467 and ending in 1477.

Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen had a conflict that grew into a war throughout the country. The Ashikaga shogunate and some daimyo in many regions of Japan fought in this war. 

The conflict was the beginning of a very long struggle to dominate all of Japan. 

## Related pages
* Muromachi period
* Ashigaru

## References
## Other websites
Jonny Wilkinson

**Jonathan Peter Wilkinson** OBE (born 25 May 1979) is an English rugby union player who now plays in France for Toulon. 

He was born at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey, He was grew up in Farnham 

He played for England when the team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He was awarded the MBE in 2003 and then the OBE in 2004.

## References
Poul Anderson

**Poul William Anderson** (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author. He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also wrote books of fantasy, historical novels, and a very large number of short stories. He received many awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards.

## Early life and career 
Anderson received a degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1948. He married Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter, Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, starting in 1972. 

He was a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism. Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel *The Cat Who Walks Through Walls* to Anderson and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy.

Poul Anderson died of cancer on July 31, 2001, after a month in the hospital. Several of his novels were published after his death.

## References
Shimane Prefecture

is a Japanese prefecture in the Chūgoku region of the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Matsue. It has the second smallest population of any prefecture in Japan.

Shimane Prefecture is part of the '''San'in area'''. San'in means "the shady side of the mountains". There is a mountain range separating Shimane and neighboring Tottori from Hiroshima and Okayama. That means that the weather here is much wetter than further to the south.

## History 
The area of Shimane Prefecture includes the old provinces of Iwami Province, Izumo Province, and Oki Province. 

### Early history 
The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. In these myths, the Shinto god Ōkuninushi lived in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine honors this god. 

Later on in the Kamakura period, the Kamakura Shogunate forced Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Godaigo into exile on Oki Island. Emperor Godaigo got away from Oki and successfully fought back against the shogunate.

### Middle Ages 
During the Muromachi period, many clans fought over this area because there was a lot of silver. The Kyogoku clan controlled Izumo and Oki. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan in Gassan-Toda castle increased in power, and the Masuda clan controlled Iwami. Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was in between Amago clan territory and Masuda clan territory, so there were many battles between these lords for the large amount of silver. However, in 1566 Mouri Motonari (毛利元就) conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki.

### Historic sites
* Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine (石見銀山) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
* Yunotsu - An old *onsen* town with architecture preserved from the 1920s

## Geography
Shimane faces the Sea of Japan on its north.  Its southeastern border meets Tottori Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture and Yamaguchi Prefecture.

### Cities
* Matsue (松江) - The prefectural capital city, Matsue has an original castle. Most castles in Japan have been rebuilt in modern times. Lafcadio Hearn lived and wrote here.
* Izumo (出雲) - Site of Izumo Taisha, one of Japan's most famous shrines.
* Hamada (浜田) - Fishing port and recreation area.
* Tsuwano (津和野) - This is also called "Little Kyoto". Mori Ogai was born here.
* Masuda (益田) - The westernmost city in Shimane and long-time home of Sesshu, an important artist in Japanese history.
* Gotsu (江津) - A small industrial city between Hamada and Oda.
* Ōda (大田) - Close to Iwami Ginzan and Mt. Sanbe.
* Yasugi - Site of the Adachi Art Museum.

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Izumo taisha*, *Mononobe jinja*, *Mizuwakasu jinja* and *Yurahime jinja* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* :Category:People from Shimane Prefecture
## References
## Other websites 
* Shimane Prefecture website
Echolocation

**Echolocation** is a way that some animals use to determine the location of things. They emit sound waves and listen for the echo. They use the delay to determine the distance. It is a kind of biological sonar. 

Microbats find their insect prey in the dark this way.  Whales and dolphins are two other kinds of mammals that use echolocation. Their sound waves go through the water, while the bats' sound waves go through the air.

Radar is man-made echolocation using radio waves.

## References
Blimp

A **blimp** is a kind of airship. Some airships have a structure in them. They have no structure in them. They were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. They are now used mostly for advertising.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Coco (2017 movie)

***Coco*** is a 2017 Mexican-American computer-animated musical fantasy movie.

## Production
It was made by Pixar and The Jim Henson Company. The director Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina. The movie stars the voices of Anthony Gonzalez and Benjamin Bratt.

## Main character
The movie centers on a boy named Miguel who dreams of being a musician and is later taken to the afterlife on Día de los Muertos.
## Sequel
Coco 2 is Released in 2029

## Release
*Coco* was released on November 22, 2017. It was released with ''Olaf's Frozen Adventure*, a short movie that runs for about 14 minutes in theaters before *Coco'' is shown.

## References
Keigo Higashi

is a Japanese football player.

## Biography
Higashi was born in Kitakyushu on July 20, 1990. He joined J1 League club Oita Trinita from their youth team in 2009. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from first season. However Oita was relegated to J2 League end of the 2009 season. In 2011, he moved to Omiya Ardija and played in 2 seasons. In 2013, he moved to FC Tokyo.

In July 2012, Higashi was selected to the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played all 6 matches. The team finished 4th place.

## Club statistics
*Updated to 5 November 2022*.

1Includes Emperor's Cup.
2Includes J. League Cup.
3Includes AFC Champions League.
3Includes Suruga Bank Championship.

## National team statistics
## Honours
### Japan
*Asian Games : 2010

### Club
**FC Tokyo**
*J.League Cup : 2020

## References
## Other websites
*
Serval

The **serval** (*Leptailurus serval*) is a medium-sized wild cat which lives in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only species in its genus.

## Description 
The serval has the longest legs of all cats, relative to its size. Not only can it run fast, but it is an amazing jumper: two to three metres from a standing start.

Its length as an adult is about 32 inches (body) and 16 inches (tail). It weighs about forty pounds. There are a number of subspecies, and its geographical range is from the Cape of South Africa to Algeria, wherever the circumstances are right for it.

It is lightly built, with very large ears and long legs. The back of the ears is black with a big white spot, and the tip of the tail is black. These signs serve as signals to other servals, including kittens.

As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the serval's long legs help it achieve a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50&nbsp;mph), and has large ears with acute hearing. Its long legs and neck allow the serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. Servals have been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey, and to leap 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10&nbsp;ft) into the air to grab birds in flight. Using its spectacular jumping ability, the serval leaps into the air and bats the bird with its front paws. When the bird is on the ground, it bites its neck, killing it.

Like most cats, the serval is a solitary animal. It travels as much as  each night in search of food. The female defends home ranges of , depending on local prey availability. The male defends larger territories of , and marks its territory by spraying urine onto bushes.

## References