open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Solero

**Solero** is a ice-cream brand, usually fruit and/or berry flavored, sold under the Heartbrand name by Unilever.

## Other names
Solero is sold under the name Salar in Iran.

## References
Dogecoin

**Dogecoin** is a Bitcoin-based digital currency (cryptocurrency). It was created by Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer on 8 December 2013, and was inspired by the Shiba Inu featured in the "Doge" internet meme. Palmer and Markus launched the coin on Dec. 6, 2013. Two weeks later on Dec. 19, the value of Dogecoin jumped 300%, perhaps due to China forbidding its banks from investing in cryptocurrency. Doge functions based on the Scrypt technology. It has unlimited emission, and fast transaction processing speed.

Users can buy and sell Dogecoin on digital currency exchanges. They can opt to store their Dogecoin on an exchange or in a Dogecoin wallet.

Dogecoin.com promotes the currency as the "fun and friendly Internet currency", referencing its origins as a "joke."

Elon Musk frequently mentions or talks about Dogecoin on his Twitter account, boosting its popularity significantly in recent years. 

## References
Britney Jean

***Britney Jean*** is the 8th studio album release from Britney Spears. Singles released from the album include "Work Bitch" and "Perfume".

## References
Thomas Young

**Thomas Young** (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was an English polymath. Young made important scientific contributions to many fields. His most famous work is on the wave theory of light.  He also did good work to the fields of vision, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. Among others, William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein have praised Young's work.

## References
Perfume (song)

"**Perfume**" is a ballad released by Britney Spears in late 2013. It is from her 8th studio album *Britney Jean*. It is the second single from the album. It stalled in the bottom 50 of the *Billboard* Hot 100.
Outstanding Eagle Scout Award

The **NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award** (NOESA) is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). It is awarded to an Eagle Scout by the National Eagle Scout Association for distinguished service to his profession and community. He must be recommended by his local BSA council, NESA committee, Scout executive and council president.

A council may present one NOESA per year plus one award for every 100 Eagle Scout awards above of 200 awards presented to youth the previous year. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) is a similar distinguished award, but requires twenty-five years as an Eagle Scout. NOESA is not required for the DESA award, but DESA recipients may not receive the NOESA.

## Award
The award consists of a round gold pendant with the NOESA emblem in silver. It is suspended from a blue ribbon. The NOESA emblem is in the shape of the NESA logo. It is round with a descending knot, with an eagle in flight and the word NOESA. A smaller pin-on version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the Eagle Scout square knot patch on the Scout uniform. A lapel pin version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the lapel when not in uniform. The recipient is also presented with a certificate.

## History
The NOESA was introduced during BSA'a 100th Anniversary year with the first 152 awards being made in 2011 by the National Eagle Scout Association. This was on the recommendation of local council NESA Committees. In 2012, an additional 179 were awarded bringing the total to 331.  The award was created to recognize notable Eagle Scouts who had either performed their distinguished service closer to home (at the local, state, or regional level) or who were known nationally, but had not yet been an Eagle for 25-years: a requirement for the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.

## Recipients
For more details: *List of Eagle Scouts*

## References
Sacrum

In humans, the **sacrum** is a large, triangular bone. It is at the bottom of the spine and the upper and back part of the pelvis. 

It fits like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). During the first half of life these bones gradually fuse together.

The sacrum is  facing forward, and tilted forward. The sacrum connects with four bones:
* the last lumbar vertebra above
* the coccyx (tailbone) below
* the illium portion of the hip bone on either side
Physalis

The ***Physalis*** is a genus of plants that is part of the nightshade family. There are between 75 and 90 species. All except one are native to the Americas.

The plants grow small orange fruit encased in a lantern-like husk that comes from the calyx. They are similar to the tomato. Since it has a mild, refreshing acidity similar to the tomato, it can be used in many of the same ways. Many *Physalis* species are called **groundcherries**.

## References
Michael Silka

**Michael Alan Silka** (20 August 1958 in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, near Chicago – 19 May 1984 in Alaska) was an American spree killer.  It is believed that he killed nine people near a town called Manley Hot Springs in Alaska in May 1984.  Silka was killed in a shootout with police after his murders.

## Victims
*Fred Burk (also spelled Burke), 30
*Albert Hagen, Jr., 27
*Joyce Klein, about 30
*Lyman Klein, 36
*Marshall Klein, 2
*Dale Madajski, 24
*Larry Joe McVey, 38
*Roger Culp, 34
*Troy L. Duncan, 34

## References
Delaware State University

**Delaware State University** (also called **DSU**, **DESU**, or **Del State**) is a public university in Dover, Delaware. It is a historically black university. That means that it was started to teach African American students.

DSU has campuses in Wilmington, Delaware and Georgetown, Delaware.  It has six colleges. It has about 4,500 students, both undergraduate and postgraduate. DSU is the second-largest university in the state (after the University of Delaware).

## History
The school started on May 15, 1891 as the State College for Colored Students. It first gave degrees in 1898. In 1944, it received provisional accreditation. Three years later, it became Delaware State College. The school lost its accreditation in 1949, but got it back in 1957. On July 1, 1993, the school's name changed to Delaware State University.

## Campus
The main campus in Dover covers . It has thirty buildings. There are seven buildings where students live, four for women and three for men.  There are also three apartment-style buildings where upperclassmen live. There are two dining halls.

The university has several research computer laboratories. Almost every building has a computer lab. Every student has their own port for internet access, their own phone, and a campus email address. There is cable television access in all residence hall rooms. Most campus buildings also have wireless connectivity.

DSU owns two farms near Kenton and Smyrna. It has an Airway Science Program based at Delaware Air Park in Cheswold.

## References
Abdirizak Haji Hussein

**Abdirizak Haji Hussein** (; ; December 24, 1924January 31, 2014) was Prime Minister of Somalia from 14 June 1964 to 15 July 1967. From 1975 to 1980, he also served as the country's ambassador to the United Nations. He was a former member of the Somali Youth League. He played an important part in the nation's early civilian administration.

Hussein died from pneumonia on January 31, 2014 in Minneapolis, Minnesota after being hospitalized for a week.

## References
## Other websites
*"Somalia: a Country Study - Government." U.S. Library of Congress.
Miklós Jancsó

**Miklós Jancsó** (27 September 192131 January 2014) was a Hungarian movie director and screenwriter.

Jancsó became famous during the mid-1960s. His famous works were *The Round Up* (*Szegénylegények*, 1965), *The Red and the White* (*Csillagosok, katonák*, 1967) and *Red Psalm* (*Még kér a nép*, 1971).

Jancsó died on 31 January 2014, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Jancsó's biography at Hungary.hu 
*http://www.kakanien.ac.at/weblogs/kineast/1119203530 
*http://www.jancso.film.hu/index.ivy
Christopher Jones (actor)

**William Frank Jones**, better known as **Christopher Jones** (August 18, 1941 – January 31, 2014), was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles on ''Ryan's Daughter* and in *The Legend of Jesse James''. He was also known for having a love-affair with Sharon Tate shortly before her murder.

Jones was born on August 18, 1941 in Jackson, Tennessee. He was married to Susan Strasberg, Lee Strasberg's daughter. They had one child. Jones died on January 31, 2014 from gallbladder cancer, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
WWE Vengeance

**WWE Vengeance**, known as **NXT Vengeance Day** since 2021, is a series of professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming shows made by WWE.

The first Vengeance event took place in 2001, replacing Armageddon that year because of the possible insensitivity of the latter's name with respect to the September 11 attacks. In 2002, Vengeance took over Fully Loaded's July pay-per-view slot. The 2003 event was exclusive to the SmackDown! brand, while from 2004 to 2006, the events were Raw-exclusive. In 2005, Vengeance was moved again, this time changing positions with The Great American Bash. The 2007 event was named Vengeance: Night of Champions, with the Night of Champions series replacing Vengeance the following year. 

In October 2011, the Vengeance name returned for one more pay-per-view event. In February 2021, WWE made NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day for the NXT brand, renaming it NXT Vengeance Day the following year after the NXT TakeOver series ended.

## Events 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
The Mighty Hannibal

**James Timothy Shaw** (August 9, 1939 – January 30, 2014), known as **The Mighty Hannibal**, was an American R&B, soul and funk singer, songwriter and record producer.

Hannibal died on January 30, 2014, at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*Discography at Soulfulkindsmusic.net
*Discography at Koti.mbnet.fi 
*Review of *Hannibalism* from *The Tuscaloosa News* at News.google.com
Everett Dirksen

**Everett McKinley Dirksen** (January 4, 1896 &ndash; September 7, 1969) was an American politician. He represented Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives (1933–1949) and U.S. Senate (1951–1969).

As Senate Minority Leader for ten years, he was very important in the politics during the 1960s. Some things he did was to help passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Open Housing Act of 1968, both landmarks of civil rights legislation.

He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was known as "The Wizard of Ooze" for his oratorical style. Dirksen was a freemason.

Dirksen died on September 7, 1969 in Washington, D.C. from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by lung cancer-related bronchopneumonia, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites

* Stan Mendenhall, "Everett Dirksen and the 1964 Civil Rights Act." 
* Abstract of Byron C. Hulsey, *Everett Dirksen and His Presidents: how a Senate giant shaped American politics* U. Kansas, 2000. 
* The Dirksen Congressional Research Center
* IMDB profile
* 
* Dirksen Primary School, Pekin, IL 
* Dirksen Junior High School, Joliet, IL 
* Complete transcript and audio of Everett Dirksen's RNC Nomination of Barry Goldwater
* Oral History Interviews with Everett Dirksen, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Presidential library system

A **presidential library system** is a system of thirteen libraries in the United States. It is created by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). 

These are offices for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every president of the United States. The presidential library system began with Herbert Hoover's library (31st president, 1929–1933).

The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the largest of the thirteen libraries. The most recent presidential library was the George W. Bush Presidential Center which opened in Texas in 2013.

## List of presidential libraries
This is a list of the presidential libraries.   

## More readings
* *Portions of this article based on public domain text from the National Archives and Records Administration*
* 

## References
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

The **John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library and museum. It was constructed in honor and to remember the life and achievements of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. It is located in Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by the architect I. M. Pei. It was opened to the public on October 20, 1979 and was rededicated on October 23, 1993.

On April 15, 2013, a fire began in the library. At first, reports said the fire appears to have started in a mechanical room. An official communication from the library stated that the fire is being investigated. At this time, the fire appears to be unrelated to the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on the same day.

## References
## Other websites
* JFK Library and Museum
* JFK Library and Museum Online Store
Aïché Nana

**Kiash Nanah** (2 February 1936 &ndash; 29 January 2014) or **Aïché Nana** was a Lebanese-born Turkish actress, dancer and stripper. She was known for inspiring the dance of *La Dolce Vita*. She began her career when she was fourteen in 1950.

Nana died on 29 January 2014, aged 77, at the Aurelia Hospital in Rome, Italy. The cause was not published.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tomáš Fleischmann

**Tomáš Fleischmann** (born May 16, 1984, in Kopřivnice, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech NHL ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, Anaheim Ducks, Florida Panthers, Colorado Avalanche, and Washington Capitals.

## Career
Before playing the NHL, Fleischmann played 2 seasons with Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League. He was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings with the 63rd overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He never played with the Red Wings however and he along with draft picks were traded to the Washington Capitals for Robert Lang. He played 3 seasons in the AHL with their affiliate, the Hershey Bears. Fleischmann would play 6 seasons with the Capitals and was traded to the Colorado Avalanche for Scott Hannan on November 30, 2010. His season with the Avalanche was cut short when he was diagnosed with pulmonary emboli and had to miss the rest of the season.

On July 1, 2011, he signed a four-year contract worth $18 million with the Florida Panthers.

On February 28, 2015, he was traded from Florida to Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forward Dany Heatley and a draft pick in the third round of 2015 NHL draft. After the season he left the team as an unrestricted free agent. On September 13, 2015, he was invited through professional tryout to Montreal Canadiens camp  and on October, 4, 2015, he signed a one-year contract worth $750.000.

On February, 26, 2016, he was traded along with forward Dale Weise to Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for forward Phillip Danault and a draft pick in second round of 2018 NHL draft.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
František Kaberle

**František "Frank" Kaberle** (born November 8, 1973, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey defenceman. He played a combined ten seasons in the National Hockey League. His brother Tomáš currently plays for HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and formerly played in the NHL.

## Career
Before playing the NHL, Kaberle played two seasons with HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and four seasons with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 76th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Kaberle only played one season with the Kings and was traded along with Donald Audette to the Atlanta Thrashers for Kelly Buchberger and Nelson Emerson on March 13, 2000.

He played five seasons with the Thrashers and signed with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 15, 2004 after the 2004-05 NHL lockout. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*
Theoxena scissaria

***Theoxena scissaria*** is a species of moth. It is part of the Geometridae family. Guenee used the scientific name in 1868.

## References
* Theoxena scissaria in id.net
Pseudocoremia

***Pseudocoremia*** is a genus of moth. It is part of the family Geometridae. This genus is endemic to New Zealand.

## References
*Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Tatosoma

***Tatosoma*** is a genus of moths. It is part of the family Geometridae.

Some of the species in this genus are:
* *Tatosoma alta* &ndash; Philpott, 1913
* *Tatosoma agrionata* &ndash; Walker, 1862
* *Tatosoma apicipallida* &ndash; Prout, 1914
* *Tatosoma lestevata* &ndash; Philpott, 1914
* *Tatosoma monoviridisata* &ndash; Clarke, 1920
* *Tatosoma tipulata* &ndash; Walker, 1862
* *Tatosoma topia* &ndash; Philpott, 1903

## References
*Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Marple Hall School

**Marple Hall School** is a specialist language college in Marple, Greater Manchester, England. The headteacher is Mr. Joseph Barker. The school is on the outskirts of Greater Manchester, near the River Goyt. Born at Marple Hall, Bradshaw was first a clerk, then a lawyer. After the English Civil War he was the first to sign the death warrant of Charles I of England. The house was later owned by the Isherwood family. The ruins of the house are still near the grounds of the school. Two of the modern buildings are named for these two. In 1960 a grammar school was built on the grounds of the manor. In 1965 the school had separate schools for boy and girls. In 1974 it became Marple Hall County High School. This school is for both boys and girls. 

## References
Bryce Canyon National Park

**Bryce Canyon National Park** is a national park in southwestern Utah. Its major feature is Bryce Canyon.

Despite its name, this is not a canyon but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is known for its *hoodoos*. The hoodoos are badlands formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks. 

The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce is much higher than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from .

 from Sunrise Point]]

## References
Ethnic conflict

man praying during the battle of Grozny in 1995 (photograph by Mikhail Evstafiev)]]
 for displaced Tutsi in Zaire following the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.]]
An **ethnic conflict** (or **ethnic war**) is a conflict where different ethnic groups fight each other. It is different from a civil war, where a single nation or ethnic group is fighting among itself.

Examples of ethnic wars since the 1990s were typically caused by secessionist movements leading to the breakup of multi-ethnic states along ethnic lines: the Yugoslav Wars, the First Chechen War, the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Rwandan Civil War and the War in Darfur, among others

Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Intellectual debate has also focused around the issue of whether ethnic conflict has become more common since the end of the Cold War, and on finding ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.

## Related pages 
*Ethnic cleansing
International Association of Universities

The **International Association of Universities** (**IAU**) is an association of universities that belongs to UNESCO. It brings together educational institutions from some 120 countries. They work together on common concerns and projects. The organisation also works with various international and national groups active in higher education. It was established in 1950 in Paris, France.

## Other websites 
*International Association of Universities
Nuclear family

(2017).]]
A **nuclear family** is a type of family unit. It is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children. Not everyone agrees on what a nuclear family is. Some people say that a nuclear family does not include stepchildren or adopted children while some claim otherwise.  A nuclear family is a part of an extended family.

## History
The term *nuclear family* was first used in 1947. However, people have lived in nuclear families for thousands of years. In 2005, archaeologists discovered four 4,600-year-old graves in Germany. Several adults and children who were related were buried in these graves. Researchers think that this proves that people lived in nuclear families a long time ago.

During and before the medieval period in Europe, large family groups, such as clans, were most common. By the late medieval period, the nuclear family had become most common.

## References
Seymour Benzer

**Seymour Benzer** (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, biologist and geneticist. He was of Jewish descent.

His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the fields of molecular and behavioral genetics. He led a genetics research lab at Purdue University and at the California Institute of Technology.

Benzer made fundamental discoveries in two quite different fields of genetics. He got his PhD in solid-state physics, but soon switched to genetics after he read Erwin Schrödinger's book *What is Life?*

## Phage genetics 
At Purdue University, Benzer developed the "T4 rII system", a new genetic technique. This used recombination in T4 bacteriophage rII mutants to map the inside structure of genes. Benzer realized that by generating many r mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different r strains, he could make a detailed map of the gene, much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes.

Taking advantage of the enormous number of recombinants that could be analyzed in the rII mutant system, Benzer was eventually able to map over 2400 rII mutations. The data he collected provided the first evidence that the gene is not an indivisible entity, as previously believed, and that genes were linear.

## Behavioral genetics 
Benzer was one of the first scientists in the field of behavioral genetics. As the field began to emerge in the 1960s and 70s, Benzer found himself in scientific opposition to another of the field's leading researchers, Jerry Hirsch.

Hirsch thought behaviors were too complex to come from single genes, but Benzer believed single genes could control behaviors. Both researchers tried their ideas out on *Drosophila*. Hirsch artificially selected for behaviors of interest over many generations, while Benzer used methods to isolate mutants for a particular behavior. Benzer and Hirsch's competing philosophies developed behavioral genetics, and helped it become a legitimate area of study in the scientific community.
* Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1971)
* Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University (1976),
* National Medal of Science (1982)
* Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (1986)
* Wolf Prize in Medicine (1991)
* Crafoord Prize (1993)
* NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
* Gairdner Foundation International Award (2004) (second award)

He was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences.

## References
Nina Andrycz

**Nina Andrycz** (11 November 1912 &ndash; 31 January 2014) was a Polish actress. Her last movie was in the 2009 movie *Before Twilight*. Andrycz was the wife of Józef Cyrankiewicz. She earned the name "**The Great Dame of Polish Theatre**" because of her long and successful career.

Andrycz died on 31 January 2014 in Warsaw, Poland from natural causes, aged 101.

## References
## Other websites
*
Givat Ram

in the foreground and the Knesset in the upper right corner in Givat Ram]] 
**Givat Ram** () is an area in western central Jerusalem. It contains most of the Knesset, the Supreme Court of Israel, the National Library of Israel, the Israel Museum, the Bloomfield Science Museum, the Bible Lands Museum, and the International Convention Center.

The area also includes the Givat Ram Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and parks such as the Wohl Rose Park and Sacher Park.

## Other websites
Milan Hejduk

**Milan Hejduk** (born February 14, 1976, in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey right winger. He played a combined 14 seasons in the National Hockey League all with the Colorado Avalanche.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hejduk played 5 seasons with HC Pardubice of the Czech Extraliga. He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 87th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. In 2001, Hejduk won the Stanley Cup with the Avalanche when they defeated the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 3. During the 2002-03 NHL season, he was able to win the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy beating out Markus Näslund of the Vancouver Canucks. When the 2004-05 NHL lockout happened, Hejduk returned to the Czech Republic to play for his old team, HC Pardubice. He became the captain of the Avalanche on November 14, 2011. He gave up captaincy because of his role in the organization changing.

Hejduk retired from playing professional ice hockey on November 13, 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Graphania

***Graphania*** is a genus of moths. It is part of the Noctuidae family.

The genus is made up of more than 100 species. Some of them are:
* *Graphania agorastis* &ndash; Meyrick, 1887
* *Graphania averilla* &ndash; Hudson, 1921
* *Graphania beata* &ndash; Howes, 1906
* *Graphania bromias* &ndash; Meyrick, 1902
* *Graphania brunneosa* &ndash; Fox, 1970
* *Graphania chlorodonta* &ndash; Hampson, 1911
* *Graphania disjungens* &ndash; Walker, 1858
* *Graphania erebia* &ndash; Hudson, 1909
* *Graphania fenwicki* &ndash; Philpott, 1921
* *Graphania lindsayi* &ndash; Dugdale, 1988
* *Graphania sequens* &ndash; Howes, 1912

## Footnotes
## References
*Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Wohl Rose Park

**Wohl Rose Park** (, '''') is a public garden on the Presidential Hill in Givat Ram, central Jerusalem, Israel. The garden includes lawns, hills, and quarries. There is an ornamental pond with aquatic plants and fish. The garden also has a waterfall, rockeries, sculptures, and a sixth-century mosaic floor. The floor was unearthed at Kibbutz Sde Nahum. The garden was opened in 1981.

Over 400 varieties of roses are grown there. Many of them are gifts from countries around the world. The Wohl Rose Park covers . It is one of the few rose parks of its kind in the Middle East, where there is no rainfall in summer. The park's Garden of Nations is made up of sections donated by other countries. Each section has rose varieties characteristic of, or grown in, the respective country. The park also has an experimental section. This is where new varieties of roses are tested for their suitability for public and private gardens in Israel. 

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens

## References 
## Other websites 
* Wohl Rose Park in the "Jerusalem City Hall" website
Sacher Park

**Sacher Park** is the largest public park in Jerusalem. It is in the neighbourhood of Givat Ram. It includes the Jerusalem Bird Observatory and many sports facilities. In the western side of the park is a small Jewish cemetery from the 19th century.

## Other websites 
* Sacher Park  in the "Israel Traveler" website
Doorbell

A **doorbell** is a device which is typically installed to or near a door. When a visitor presses a button, the bell rings inside the building, alerting the presence of the visitor. 

In modern technology, a button is pressed completing a circuit which in response makes a sound. 

## History
Older doorbells were fully mechanical. Newer electrical doorbells were installed by wires and use a push-button to activate the sound. The latest doorbells have wireless connections although older ones may be wired.

## References
## Other websites
Knesset Menorah

The **Knesset Menorah** (, *Menorat HaKnesset*) is a monument in front of the Knesset. It was built by Benno Elkan in 1956. It was a gift from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Knesset Menorah is in the southern part of the Wohl Rose Park called the Menorah Garden. The statue was first put in the Horse Garden in central Jerusalem and moved when the new Knesset building opened in 1966.

Jerusalem-Menora-06-Ezechiel-Warschau-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-14-Johanan ben Sakkai-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-22-Hiob mit drei Freunden-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-32-Abraham-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-36-Gesetzestafeln-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-44-Neuansiedlung der Juden in Israel-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-48-Messiashoffnung-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-56-Kabbala-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-60-Jeremia beklagt die Tempelzerstoerung-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Menora-66-Nehemia baut Mauern wieder-2010-gje.jpg

## Other websites 
* The Knesset Menorah in the "Shalom Israel Tours" website
Werner Klemperer

**Werner Klemperer** (March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was a German-born American stage, movie, and television actor and musician. He won an Emmy Award in 1968 and in 1969.

Klemperer died of cancer on December 6, 2000, aged 80, at his home in Manhattan, New York City.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*Werner Klemperer  at concentric.net
*Klemperer's parents, Otto and Johanna, 1920s  portrait by Nickolas Muray
* 
* Interview with Werner Klemperer by Bruce Duffie, July, 1985
Maria Schell

**Maria Margarethe Anna Schell** (15 January 1926 – 26 April 2005) was an Austrian-Swiss actress. She won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival in 1956 for role in *Gervaise*.

## Early life 
Schell was born in Vienna, Austria. Her mother was Margarethe, an actress who ran an acting school. Her father was Hermann Ferdinand Schell, a Swiss poet, novelist and playwriter. Her parents were Roman Catholics. She was the older sister of actor Maximilian Schell.

## Later life 
Schell lived reclusively in ill health in Carinthia in the Austrian Alps until her death from pneumonia in Preitenegg, Austria on 26 April 2005, aged 79.

## Books
* 
* 1998: *„... und wenn’s a Katz is!“ Mein Weg durchs Leben.* Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach, .

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Obituary: Maria Schell (1926-2005) 
* Photographs and literature
* Maria Schell Estate  at Deutsches Filminstitut, Frankfurt am Main
From Under the Cork Tree

***From Under the Cork Tree*** is the third studio album by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released 2005. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, and Andy Hurley. The single on the album Sugar, We're Goin Down helped make them popular.

## Tracklisting 
1. "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued"

2. "Of All the Gin Joints in All the World"

3. "Dance, Dance"

4. "Sugar, We're Goin Down"

5. "Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner"

6. "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)"

7. "7 Minutes in Heaven (Atavan Halen)"

8. "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year"

9. "Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends"

10. "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me"

11. "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me""

12. "Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)"

13. "XO"
Stanley Kramer

**Stanley Earl Kramer** (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American movie director and producer. He was born in New York City. Kramer studied at New York University.

Kramer was known for his works in *High Noon* (1952, as producer), *The Caine Mutiny* (1954, as producer), *The Defiant Ones* (1958), *On the Beach* (1959), *Inherit the Wind* (1960), *Judgment at Nuremberg* (1961), ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World* (1963), *Ship of Fools*, (1965) and *Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' (1967).

In 1945, Kramer had an annulled marriage with actress Marilyn Erskine. From 1950 to 1963, he was married to Anne Pearce. In 1966, Kramer married Karen Sharpe and lasted until Kramer's death in 2001. Kramer had four children, two with Pearce and two with Sharpe.

Kramer died on February 19, 2001 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
*"Tribute to Stanley Kramer" with Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Quincy Jones, Harrison Ford and Al Gore
* "The Godfather of Independent Film", video, 3.5 min.
* 
*
Adams National Historical Park

**Adams National Historical Park**, formerly **Adams National Historic Site**, is a national landmark dedicated to Presidents of the United States John Adams and John Quincy Adams. It is in Quincy, Massachusetts. It preserves the home of the two presidents. It also honors the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, and writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams.

## Other websites
* Official NPS website: Adams National Historical Park
*"Life Portrait of John Adams", broadcast from Adams National Historical Park from C-SPAN's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*
*"Writings of Henry Adams", broadcast from Adams National Historical Park from C-SPAN's *American Writers*
William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum

The **William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States William McKinley. The library is owned and operated by the Stark County Historical Society. It is in Canton, Ohio. Canton is where McKinley built his career as lawyer, prosecuting attorney, congressman, governor and president.

## Other websites
* William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
Maximilian Schell

**Maximilian Schell** (8 December 1930 – 1 February 2014) was an Austrian-Swiss actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in *Judgment at Nuremberg* in 1961. He was also a writer, director and producer for some movies. 

He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role in *Stalin*. He also appeared in *Abraham*, *Deep Impact*, *Coast to Coast*, and in *The Brothers Bloom*. His sister was actress Maria Schell.

## Early life
Schell was born on 8 December 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. He studied at the University of Zurich. His father was Swiss. Schell began acting at the Basel Theatre.

## Career
, in 1959]]
Schell's career began in 1955. His movie was *Kinder, Mütter und ein General*. He then appeared in two other movies until he bagn his role as Hans Rolfe in *Judgment at Nuremberg* in 1961. His role as Hans brought him great fame and success. He won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. 

Schell then appeared in other big picture movies that earned him nominations for an Academy Award. He was nominated for his role as Arthur Goldman in *The Man in the Glass Booth*, for his role as Johann in *Julia*. He then won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1992 for his role as Vladimir Lenin in the movie *Stalin*.

Afterwards, Schell then directed a television movie *Candles in the Dark*. After his win in 1992, Schell then appeared in many television movies. In 1998, Schell appeared as Jason Lerner in the 1998 movie *Deep Impact*. His last role was in the 2008 comedy movie *The Brothers Bloom* as Diamond Dog.

## Personal life
Schell married Natalya Andrejchenko in 1985. They divorced in 2005. Then in 2013, Schell married Iva Mihanovic. Schell never had children. Schell suffered diabetes. 

He was good friends with Leonard Bernstein. He performed with Claudio Abbado in many performances. His sister Maria died in 2005 from pneumonia. 

### Honors
Schell was a guest professor at the University of Southern California. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago. The German television news service Tagesschau reported that he had been receiving treatment for pneumonia.  Schell was 83 years old when he died.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library

The **Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library** is a presidential library dedicated to the life and achievements of Woodrow Wilson. It contains memoirs of those who worked with him, and governmental volumes concerning about World War I. It is in Staunton, Virginia.

## Other websites
* Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
* "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson", broadcast from Woodrow Wilson Birthplace from C-SPAN's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*
*Manse, Frederick & Coalter Streets, Staunton, Staunton, VA: 3 photos, 1 color transparency, 8 measured drawings, 4 data pages, and 1 photo caption page at Historic American Buildings Survey
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum

is the home of the Coolidge collection.]]
The **Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. The library was started in 1920. It is at the Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts. This is where Coolidge practiced law and served as mayor.

## References 
## Other websites
* Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

The **Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum**, also known as the **LBJ Presidential Library**, is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson. The library was started in 1971. It is next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs in Austin, Texas.

## Other websites
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
Judgment at Nuremberg

***Judgment at Nuremberg*** is a 1961 American drama movie directed by Stanley Kramer. The movie was about crimes being wrongly committed by citizens during the Nuremberg Trials by the Nazis. The was set during World War II. It stars Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, William Shatner, and Montgomery Clift. It was released to very positive reviews on December 19, 1961.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*  
*
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

The **Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. The library was started in 1941. It is in Hyde Park, New York.

## Other websites
* Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Jimmy Carter Library and Museum

The **Jimmy Carter Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Jimmy Carter. The library was started in 1986. It is in Atlanta, Georgia. Its system is regulated by the National Archives and Records Administration. It is the location of the Carter Center. 

## Other websites
* Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum

The **Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Harry S. Truman. The library was started in 1957. It is on a hill facing U.S. Route 24 in Independence, Missouri.

## Other websites
* Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

The **Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. The library was started in 1981. It is in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

## Other websites
* Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
Sicklefin lemon shark

The **Sicklefin lemon shark** (*Negaprion acutidens*) is a species of requiem shark, in the order of Carcharhiniformes.

## References
Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

The **Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center** is a group of several buildings dedicated to President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes. It is in Fremont, Ohio. 

It was started in 1916. The **Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library** was the first presidential library and one of only three for a 19th-century president. The library holds the 12,000 volume personal library of Rutherford B. Hayes.

## References
## Other websites
* "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes", broadcast from the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center from C-SPAN's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum

The **Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum** is a presidential library created in honor of the 34th president of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is located in Abilene, Kansas. The library also contains Eisenhower's grave and boyhood home. It was dedicated in 1963.

## Other websites
*Official Eisenhower Library website
*The Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum
*Records of the General Services Administration regarding Eisenhower Presidential Center site acquisition, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 
*"Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower", broadcast from the Eisenhower Presidential Center from C-SPAN's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*
George W. Bush Presidential Center

The **George W. Bush Presidential Center** is a presidential library in honor of George W. Bush, the 43th president of the United States. It houses the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas. It was dedicated in April 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*George W. Bush Presidential Center
*George W. Bush Presidential Library of the National Archives and Records Administration.
*Southern Methodist University website for the Bush Library 
*An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman, Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush Institute.  at Free Market Mojo
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

The **Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States. The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb. It is located in Yorba Linda, California. It was dedicated on July 19, 1990, when it was called the **Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace**. It was then rededicated on July 11, 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*Richard Nixon Presidential Library
*Richard Nixon Foundation
*Video of the dedication of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, 1990
*"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon", broadcast from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum from C-SPAN's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*
Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington

The **Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington** at Mount Vernon is the presidential library of George Washington, the first president of the United States. It is located in Fairfax, Virginia. It was dedicated in September 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum

The **Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library of Herbert Hoover. Hoover was the 31st president of the United States. 

It is in West Branch, Iowa. It is next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration.

## Other websites
*The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
*"Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover", broadcast from the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library & Museum and the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site from C-SPAN's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*
*Opening and dedication of the Library, 1962 Universal International Newsreel, at 1m26s
Clinton Presidential Center

The **William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park** is a presidential library created to honor the life and achievements of President of the United States Bill Clinton. It's in Little Rock, Arkansas. It's the eleventh of the thirteen presidential libraries in the United States.

There's a part of the center where, if Clinton wants to, can serve as his final resting place.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Clinton Center website
* Official Clinton Library website
* Official Clinton Foundation website
* Official Clinton School website
Lena Smedsaas

**Lena Smedsaas** (20 March 1951 &ndash; 6 January 2014) was a Swedish journalist and writer.

Smedsaas was born in Solna Municipality. She started working in journalism in 1973. She was best known for being a political commentator, presenter and editor for *TV4Nyheterna* on TV4.

Lena Smedsaas died from cancer on 6 January 2014, aged 62, in Täby. She was survived by her husband, writer and journalist Claes-Göran Kjellander and their two children.

## References
Carmen Zapata

**Carmen Margarita Zapata** (July 15, 1927 – January 5, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in over one hundred movies and shows, including *Batman: The Animated Series*, *Married... with Children*, *Sister Act*, and she was Carmen Castillo in *Santa Barbara*.

Zapata died on January 5, 2014 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California. She was 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Manfred Bleskin

**Manfred Bleskin** (13 December 1949 – 21 January 2014) was a German journalist and television presenter.

Bleskin was born in Tribsees, East Germany. He began working after receiving a doctorate from the Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften. He spoke five languages.

Bleskin died on 21 January 2014, aged 64, in Berlin, Germany.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sissel Sellæg

**Sissel Sellæg** (10 February 1928 &ndash; 5 January 2014) was a Norwegian actress.

She was born in Notodden. She started stage acting in 1950 at the Studioteatret. She also worked at Folketeatret from 1951 to 1956, at Den Nationale Scene from 1959 to 1964, and at Oslo Nye Teater from 1967 to 1998.

Sissel Sellæg died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Oslo. She was outlived by her husband, actor Per Theodor Haugen and their son, actor Kim Haugen.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vasily Ivanovich Petrov

**Vasily Ivanovich Petrov** () (15 January 1917 – 1 February 2014) was a senior Russian military official and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Petrov was born on 15 January 1917 in Chernolesskoye, Stavropol Governorate. Petrov joined the Red Army in 1939 and completed the lieutenant's course in 1941.

In the late 1970s, Petrov served as a military advisor to the Ethiopian Army. He was assigned to assist and rebuild the force during the Ogaden War.

Petrov died on 1 February 2014 in Moscow, Russia from natural causes, aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
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Violetta Ferrari

**Violetta Ferrari** (25 April 1930 &ndash; 23 January 2014) was a Hungarian actress.

Ferrari was born in Hódmezővásárhely. She began working in 1950. She appeared mostly in stage performances. She left show business in 1983.

Ferrari died on 23 January 2014, aged 85, in Budapest.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gösta Gahm

**Gösta Fredrik Gahm** (7 July 1942 – 27 December 2020) was a Swedish astronomer.

## Early life and career 
Gahm was born in Stockholm. He was the professor emeritus of astronomy at Stockholm University. Until 2010, he was the chairman of the Swedish Astronomical Society. He was the main initiator of the popular science project Sweden Solar System.

## Legacy 
10997 Gahm, a main-belt asteroid discovered on 2 September 1978, is named in honor of Gahm.

## References
Menachem Zilberman

**Menachem Zilberman** (6 October 1946 &ndash; 13 January 2014) was an Israeli actor, comedian and songwriter.

Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). He started working in 1965. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He had lived there since 2000. He was survived by his three children.

## References
## Other websites
*