open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Code

A **code** is a way of changing information into something else.  Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography. 
One source gives this explanation: a code is "a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed).

Sometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message.  For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code.  Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this:

  SOS:   **···−−−···**

Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII.

Some people write codes as a kind of game.  They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them.  Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries.

The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm.  To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Character encoding
Goaltender

:*For the similar jobs in other sports, see Goalkeeper.*
 playing goaltender for the Colorado Avalanche]]
The **goaltender** (also known colloquially as **goalie**, **tendy**, or **netminder**) in ice hockey is the player who defends his team's goal net by stopping shots of the puck from entering his team's net, thus stopping the other team from scoring. They usually stay close to the net.

At the very end of a game, if a team is losing by one goal, teams may take their goaltender out of the game and replace him with another player (not a goaltender). This makes it more likely that they will score a goal, however, it is also much easier for the other team to score without anybody defending the goal.https://media.nhl.com/site/asset/public/ext/2024-25/2024-25Rules.pdf
Wikispecies

**Wikispecies** is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalog of all living things. It tells of how *species* are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the "directory of life". 

It is designed to be written and used by scientists. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show their education but need to show their general understanding of the area. 

It was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages. 

The articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English. 

The taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.

As of July 1, 2014, Wikispecies has over 400,000 articles.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Site
*Simple English version
*WikiSpecies Community Portal
Alton, Illinois

**Alton** is a city in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States.  About 26,000 people lived in Alton as of the year 2020.

People from the city: Miles Davis (d. 1991), jazz musician, trumpet player

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website for the City of Alton
Armenian

**Armenian** may mean:

* Armenia, a country in South Caucasus (Transcaucasus)
* Armenians, the Armenian people
* Armenian language
* Armenian alphabet
* historical **Armenian Kingdom**:
** Orontid Dynasty, 6th Century BC to 200 BC
**Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) also known as Artaxiad or Arsacid Armenia, 190 BC to AD 387/428.
**Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) also known as Bagratid Armenia, AD 885 to 1045.
** Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1078 to 1375
* Armenian Apostolic Church
* Armenian Catholic Church
* Armenian Evangelical Church
* Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem
* Armenian Genocide
* Armenian Highland

## Related pages
* Kingdom of Armenia
* Arminianism
Audiolingual method

The **Audiolingual Method** is a method for teaching  languages.  Linguists at the University of Michigan invented this  in the late 1950s. In the Audiolingual method, students first hear a language. Later, they speak the language, and after that, they read and write in it.  This way of language teaching is similar to the Direct Method.  Like the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not use the students’ native language. For example, if you are in an English class in Turkey, the teacher only speaks English, and no Turkish.  However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not teach vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills grammar.  In the Audiolingual method, grammar is most important for the student.  In other words, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher. The students do not learn lots of vocabulary. This method also uses psychology.  The students get a reward for speaking correctly. They get punishment if they speak incorrectly; because it is based on habit formation, which is establishesd by stimulus, response and reinforcement. It gives priority to speaking the target language, and using the native language is not allowed.
Montenegro

**Montenegro **(meaning** Black Mountain**) is a small country in Southeastern Europe. It is on the Adriatic Sea, between Albania (to the South) and Croatia to the North. Inland (to the East and South-East) it also has a common border with Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. For most of the 20th century it was part of Yugoslavia. It had also been independent before World War I and existed as a kingdom. Its leader is Jakov Milatović.

## History 
Montenegro was an independent country during the 20th century, but after WW1 was united to the newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1918 until 1941 when Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy invaded it in 1941.  

In 1945 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes became SFR Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the time Montenegro became the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, a federated state in Yugoslavia along with Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Macedonia.  

In 1948, Josip Broz Tito ended his friendship with Stalin. Yugoslavia became neutral and founded the Non-Aligned Movement.  

In 1991, Yugoslavia started to breakup. A country named Serbia and Montenegro was formed in 1992. Montenegro came to exist when its people decided to split from the country Serbia and Montenegro on May 21, 2006.  

Montenegro became a independent country after the Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s. 

The national song is called "*Oj, svijetla majska zoro."*Montenegrin Cyrillic: "Ој, свијетла мајска зоро."*English: "Oh, Bright Dawn of May."*

## Notes
 The traditional old capital of Montenegro is *Cetinje*, but Podgorica is the new capital. The country adopted the Euro unilaterally as Montenegro does not have its own currency, but the adoption has raised the national debt to 57 percent of GDP in 2011. The most professed religion is Eastern Orthodoxy at 72.1% and the second most is Islam at 19.2%.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Montenegro
* Montenegro at the Olympics
* Montenegro national football team

## References
William H. Tunner

Lt. General **William H. Tunner** (July 14, 1906 - April 6, 1983) was an American general.

After the Burma Road was cut by the advancing Japanese in early 1942, he organized the Allied logisitical airlift from India in to China over the Hump which was to support Chiang Kai-Shek's Chinese forces and the Flying Tigers until the opening of the Ledo Road. He was the organizer of the Berlin Airlift (1948-49). He was played by Heino Ferch in the film "*Nur der Himmel war frei*" (2005)

## Related pages
* General Albert Coady Wedemeyer
Sarasota, Florida

**Sarasota** is a city on the West coast of Florida, in the United States. It is the place where the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus has its home. In 2020, 54,842 people lived there (US. Census 2020).  Many famous people have lived in the city, such as: Tom Cruise (actor), Brian Johnson (band singer), and Paul Reubens (the actor, "Pee-wee Herman").

## Twin towns 
*  Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

## References
Lopp Lagoon

**Lopp Lagoon** is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales (the westernmost tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.

It was named in 1900 for William Thomas "W.T." Lopp, the  leader of the 1897–8 Overland Expedition.

Historically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area.

## References
* USGS (no permanent link available)
* Smith, Kathleen Lopp, Ed. *Ice Window: Letters from a Bering Strait Village, 1892-1902*. Juneau, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2002. 
* [Northwest Arctic Subarea Contingency Plan from the Alaska Regional Response Team](http://www.akrrt.org/NAplan/D-SensAreas(NWA-Jun01).pdf)  (PDF file)
St. Louis

**St. Louis** is a large and major city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is by the Mississippi River. It was founded by the French. It was named after King Louis IX of France, who is also a Saint. It is often called the "Gateway City" because it was important to settlers traveling out west. Its most famous landmark is the Gateway Arch, which is conveniently located next the Busch Stadium ballpark. 

## Climate
St. Louis has a hot-summer continental climate (*Dfa* in the Köppen climate classification) and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are often hot and humid with temperatures in July between 70 and 90 degrees. The city is known to have quite variable weather, with temperatures in May ranging from 50 to 90 within a week. 

## Cuisine
St. Louis is famous for a number of dishes made local such as toasted ravioli and pork steaks. Additionally, gooey butter cake is a dessert which is highly appreciated. 

## Sports
St. Louis has three major sports teams, all of which play in the downtown area: The St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, and the St. Louis City Soccer Club of the Major Soccer League. St. Louis had a National Football League team from 1995 to 2015, named the St. Louis Rams, which moved back to Los Angeles, California after that season. 

## Education
There are many colleges and universities in and around St. Louis. Some of these are Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, Fontbonne University, and Lindenwood University.

## References
http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Missouri/St.%20Louis/  

## Other websites
* 
* Built St. Louis
* St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau
* St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association 
* City-data.com – St. Louis
* Washington University - About St. Louis 
* The City of St. Louis, Missouri
* Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection  at the University of Missouri
Małkinia Górna

**Małkinia Górna** is a village in Małkinia Dolna Community, Ostrowian County (head town of the county: Ostrów Mazowiecka), Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. There is probably the greatest village in Europe (by population) and one of the greatest places without town status.

* Area: 6,97 km²
* Population (as of 2006): 6000
* Stanisław Tym (a famous Polish actor) birthplace
* Rail tracks Siedlce-Ostrołęka

## Related pages
* Ostrów Mazowiecka
* Brok
Paul Reubens

**Paul Reubens** (born **Paul Rubenfeld**; August 27, 1952 – July 30, 2023) was a Jewish American actor, writer, movie producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for portraying Pee-wee Herman. He was of Jewish descent. He appeared in many movies and television series in the late 1970s and early 1980s and worked with a group called "The Groundlings". Around this time, Reubens created Pee-Wee for a stage show, which was a parody of old kids programs. In 1985, he starred in a movie called ''Pee-wee's Big Adventure*, which was very successful. The next year, he got his own television program, *Pee-wee's Playhouse*. It was very popular.

## Early life
He was born in Peekskill, New York and grew up in Sarasota, Florida.

## Personal life
In 1991, Reubens was arrested for masturbating in an adult movie theatre. This ended the Pee-Wee craze. 

In 2010, he had the main role in a play on Broadway, in *The Pee-wee Herman Show*. In 2016, Reubens co-wrote and had the main role in the Netflix original film *Pee-wee's Big Holiday'', in the role as Pee-wee Herman.
### Death
Reubens died from cancer at age 70 on July 30, 2023 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. The cause of death was respiratory failure caused by acute myeloid leukemia and lung cancer. His remains were cremated and are buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
### Video games
## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
*
John C. Calhoun

**John Caldwell Calhoun** (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was an American politician who was the vice president of the United States for John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Calhoun was the vice president under two different presidents; the only other to do so was George Clinton. Calhoun's father was an Irish immigrant.

Calhoun was member of the House of Representatives and later the Senate from South Carolina.  Calhoun, a slaveowner, strongly supported slavery and called it "a positive good" in a Senate speech in 1837.

Calhoun is probably best remembered for his strong support for slavery and nullification, which says any state has the right to reject a federal law if it is unconstitutional.  President Jackson opposed nullification, and the disagreement started a feud between them.  Calhoun was the first vice president in American history to resign from office, on December 28, 1832.

From 1844 to 1845, he became Secretary of State. He then returned to the Senate and represented his state until he died.

## References
## Other websites 
* John C. Calhoun -Citizendium
Cyprus Mail

The ***Cyprus Mail*** is a newspaper written in English based in Cyprus. It is made every day, except Monday. Some of its news can be found on its website.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Collision

A **collision** occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision.  of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions. 

## Elastic Collisions 
In the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.

## Inelastic Collisions 
In the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.

## Two Dimensional Collisions 
In the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.

## Sources 
Duncan, Tom. *Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity*. John Murray Ltd, 1995.
Wai, Loo Kwok. *Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1*. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace

***Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace*** is an American science fiction movie released in 1999. This movie is the fourth movie that director George Lucas made in the *Star Wars* series but is the first movie chronologically.

## Story 
A peaceful planet named Naboo has been blockaded by a fleet of spaceships belonging to a corrupt corporation called the Trade Federation. Two Jedi Knights, Master Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi, learn that the Federation is planning to invade Naboo with their army of droids (robots). They travel to Naboo.   

They reach the swamps of Naboo, separately. Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan meet a native gungan named Jar Jar Binks. They find the Queen, Padmé Amidala, who escapes with them in a spaceship, but in the blockade, their ship's engine is damaged.  

They barely had enough power to reach a desert planet named Tatooine, and still need new parts for the ship so as not to be stuck on the planet forever. Luckily, they meet Anakin Skywalker, a young slave boy, who helps them gain the money by participating in a very dangerous podracing event. 

Qui-Gon suspects that Anakin is strong with the Force, meaning that he has potential to become a Jedi. Qui-Gon manages to win Anakin's freedom and they take him with them, but his mother must stay behind.

Qui-Gon, Obi-Wan, Anakin, Padmé and her personnel make it to Coruscant, capital of the Galactic Republic. However, Padmé soon finds out that the Republic Senate is corrupt and she calls for a vote to elect a new Chancellor. A senator named Palpatine is elected, but nobody knows that he is secretly a Sith (evil Jedi) and he is the person who is controlling the Trade Federation.

The group returns to Naboo because the Republic is unwilling to help. Padmé and her guards manage to capture Nute Gunray, the head of the Trade Federation and they force him to surrender. Meanwhile, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan fight Darth Maul, a Sith knight sent by Palpatine to kill the Jedi. Maul kills Qui-Gon. Obi-Wan manages to defeat Maul. Yoda and the other Jedi agree that Obi-Wan should be allowed to train Anakin in the ways of the Jedi.

## Cast 
*Liam Neeson as Qui-Gon Jinn
*Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala
*Jake Lloyd as Anakin Skywalker
*Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi
*Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine
*Pernilla August as Shmi Skywalker
*Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks
*Kenny Baker as R2-D2
*Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
*Silas Carson as Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi
*Frank Oz as Yoda
*Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu
*Ray Park as Darth Maul
*Terence Stamp as Chancellor Valorum
*Oliver Ford Davies as Sio Bibble
*Hugh Quarshie as Captain Panaka
*Andy Secombe as Watto
*Brian Blessed as Boss Nass
*Lewis MacLeod as Sebulba

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace The Movie Database
Hydrogen economy

A **hydrogen economy** is a hypothetical future economy in which the primary energy used for automobiles and other vehicles as well as creating electricity comes from hydrogen and renewable energy sources, like windmills and solar panel. 

## Purpose 
The reason to use this is to replace the use of petroleum. It would also stop the use of fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide along with many other greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide and methane, to be created. These float up into the atmosphere, damaging it. This is bad for the ecology.
Belgrade

**Belgrade** is the capital city of the country of Serbia. Before the wars of the 1990s, it was the capital of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1992 after the Kingdom of Serbia collapsed in 1918 along with Austria-Hungary after World War 1.

Belgrade is also one of the most popular travel destinations in Southeastern Europe. It is famous for a very busy nightlife and a lot of entertainment activities.

The main tourist attractions in Belgrade are:
* Kalemegdan Fortress
* Knez Mihailova Street
* Belgrade Zoo
* Memorial Complex "Josip Broz Tito"

## History 
The first settlements on the city's territory date back to Vinča cutlure. The city itself (under the name Singidunum) was founded by the Celtic Scordis tribe in the 3rd century BC. Then it was owned by the Romans, Byzantines, Avars, Slavs, etc. In 878 it was first mentioned as Belgrade. In 1403 it became the Serbian capital. In 1521, the city was conquered by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. In 1815 it again became the capital of Serbia. From 1918 to 2003 it was the capital of Yugoslavia. In 2003-2006, Belgrade was the unofficial capital of the confederal union of the two states of Serbia and Montenegro.

## Related pages 
* Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra

## Other websites 
* WorldFlicks in Belgrade: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
Barnacle

]]

A **barnacle** is a **cirripede**, a kind of crustacean. It is covered with hard plates of calcium carbonate, and lives stuck to hard surfaces.

It does not look like a crustacean, and for many centuries it was thought to be a mollusc. In the 1830s, J.V. Thompson found their larvae, and followed their development through to their adult form. They have a nauplius larva, typical of crustaeans. Later Charles Darwin, who spent eight years working on barnacles, found that Thompson had been right.

Barnacles grow on hard surfaces like piers, boats, rocks, and on other animals such as turtles and whales. Barnacles are a different group from crabs and shrimps. They are considered a nuisance to the shipping industry and private boat owners.

## Life-style 
Barnacles are suspension feeders, sweeping small food into their mouth with their curved 'feet'. They are cemented to rock (usually), and covered with hard calcareous plates, which they shut firmly when the tide goes out. The barnacles reproduce sexually, and produce little nauplius larvae which disperse in the plankton. Eventually, the larvae change into cypris form, and attach on other hard surfaces to form new barnacles. Their comparative anatomy was worked out in detail by Charles Darwin.

## Reproduction 
Barnacles have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom. A few forms have become fully parasitic on larger crustacea.

Barnacles are by far the commonest animals on rocky sea shores. Their numbers on a shore in the Isle of Man have been estimated as a thousand million (109), and they produce body material of 12 hundrededweight (~600&nbsp;kg) of tissue, weighed after drying. Each year they let go a huge number of larvae, estimated as a million million (1012).p110

## Darwin's work 
Darwin set his work out in four parts: There were the barnacles on stalks (pedunculated), and those that sat on hard substrate (the sessile barnacles). Each of these was divided into living and fossil barnacles.
*1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. Living barnacles. 
*1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain. Fossil barnacles. 
*1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. 
*1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain 

## Gallery 

File:Barnacle cluster.jpg|Barnacles on the seashore
File:Seepocke fg1.jpg|Closeup of a barnacle
File:Chthamalus stellatus.jpg|A *Chthamalus stellatus* barnacle colony
File:Havstulpan.jpg|Barnacle on a boat propeller.

## References
International organization

An **international organization** is an organization, active in more than one country. These organizations can not command countries and citizens in a way a government can. Many are intergovernmental organizations meaning that rather than having people as members, they have individual countries as members. They make rules that the different governments follow. The United Nations is such an organization. 

Some International organizations operate in many countries but do not have governments as members. The Red Cross is that kind of organization. 

## Other page 
*Cosmopolitan
*International law
*International relations
*Non-governmental organization
Weapon of mass destruction

**Weapons of mass destruction** are weapons that can cause a lot of damage to many people. In general, people see the following as weapons of mass destruction:
*Chemical weapons, like poisonous gases and substances (e.g. nerve agents)
*Biological weapons. Those are usually germs, or other small living things that may cause a disease. Examples are smallpox or anthrax.
*Nuclear weapons

## Related pages 
* CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons
Albert Coady Wedemeyer

General **Albert Coady Wedemeyer**  (1897&ndash;1989) was an American army officer during World War II.

Wedemeyer was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 9, 1897. He studied at the United States Military Academy in West Point and graduated in 1919. After the start of World War II, he was made a temporary Lieutenant Colonel in 1941. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as a staff officer in the war-plans division of the U.S. War Department. He was the chief author of the 1941 Victory Program which advocated the defeat of the German armies in Europe. When the U.S. entered the war this plan was adopted and expanded. He helped plan the invasion of Normandy.

In 1943, Wedemeyer was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in the Southeast Asian Theatre.

Between 1944 and 1946, he was Chief of staff to General Chiang Kai-shek and commander of U.S. forces in China under the command SEAC. The China Burma India Theatre assigned to Joseph Stilwell was split in two with command of the Burma&ndash;India theatre going to General Daniel Sultan. Wedemeyer had been commander of the U.S. China Theatre (USFCT) in 1944&ndash;1945. He had an intimate knowledge of the Allied airlift from India over the Himalayas into China. This airlift was both to supply the Nationalist Chinese Army and the U.S. Twentieth Air Force engaged on Operation Matterhorn.

In 1948, as the Army Chief of Plans and Operations, Wedemeyer supported Lucius D. Clay's intention to create an airbridge during the Berlin Crisis. His expertise in this area was considerable as he had been U.S. Army theater commander in China during World War II and had been supplied by air over the mountains from India by army transport planes. This earlier operation had been commanded by Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who was later named to head the Berlin Airlift operation.

Wedemeyer retired in 1951. He was promoted to general in 1954.  He died December 17, 1989 in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer was a captain in the U.S. army and a Central Intelligence Agency operative.

## Other websites 
* Arlington Cemetery biography 
* Photo 
* Berlin Airlift 
* Britannica biography 
* Fact Finding Mission to China: Report by Wedemeyer  (September 19, 1947)
Odysseus

In Greek mythology, **Odysseus** was the great-grandson of the Greek god Hermes. He was the king of the island Ithaca. He was married to Penelope. Odysseus and Penelope had a son called Telemachos. Odysseus is a major character in Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*.

Odysseus fought in the Trojan War. He invented the Trojan Horse, which helped the Greeks win the war. After the war, his adventurous journey home took 10 years. The story of that journey is told in the *Odyssey*. Odysseus angered Poseidon, the god of seas, when he half blinded his cyclops son Polyphemos. In anger, Poseidon stopped him from leaving the island. The Latin name for Odysseus is "Ulysses".

There have been many movies about Odysseus, because of his heroic and intelligent battle strategies.

## Other websites
Cast iron

]]
**Cast iron** is an alloy of iron. The term is usually used for **grey cast iron**. There are two main types of cast iron: *grey cast iron* and *white cast iron*. The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 3% silicon and 2% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon.

The silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or *iron carbide* (Fe3C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name.

Grey cast iron is very good at conducting heat. Because of this, it is often used to make cookware.
Pelvis

The **pelvis** (plural: *pelves*) is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. This article is only about the human pelvis.

Pelvis can mean the lower part of the trunk of the human body, between the abdomen and the thighs. Or it can mean just the bones in that region.

The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. The pelvic skeleton is, at the back, the sacrum and the coccyx. At the front and to the left and right sides, there is a pair of hip bones. The legs are attached at the pelvis.

The pelvis protects the organs used for digesting and for reproduction. It has many muscles attached. The muscles are mostly to do with keeping the body upright and with walking and running. Muscles attach to the bones with  tendons. The bones of the pelvis are attached to each other by and to the sacrum by ligaments.

The pelvis bones are symmetrical, the same on both sides.

1. The hip bone made of: 
* The top part is the ilium
* The middle part is called the **pubis**
* The lower part is called the ischium
2. The sacrum

3. The coccyx
 
## Differences between the two sexes 
Male and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. There is not much difference in young children before puberty. After puberty, the female pelvis is significantly larger than in males. 

The function of this change is to make the female pelvis able to function in childbirth, when the foetus is born through the pelvis. The space is called the 'birth canal'. There are many variations between one female and another in the structure of the pelvis. These differences have been studied in detail. These days by using ultrasound, the pelvis of pregnant women can be assessed to see if natural birth is likely to go ahead with no problems. The study is part of the medical speciality known as obstetrics.

## References
Brachiosaurus

***Brachiosaurus*** (meaning "*Arm lizard*") was a herbivorous dinosaur genus that lived in the Upper Jurassic period. The name comes from the fact that the Brachiosaur's front legs were longer than its back legs. Most other dinosaurs had back legs that were longer than their front legs or arms. *Brachiosaurus* was about 25 m (82 feet) long and 13-18 meters (42-60 feet) tall. It was one of the biggest dinosaurs.

Brachiosaurus was a sauropod. Its fossils were found in North America and Asia. At full stretch, Brachiosaurus could reach heights of up to 16 meters (52 feet). The *Brachiosaurus* skeleton in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany is both the tallest and largest complete sauropod skeleton. This means that it is also the tallest and largest complete dinosaur skeleton.

## Diet 
*Brachiosaurus* was a strictly herbivorous dinosaur. Its long neck enabled it to browse foliage at heights that were inaccessible to most other herbivorous dinosaurs. Fossil evidence suggests that it fed primarily on conifers, cycads, and other tall plants. Its peg-like teeth were adapted for stripping leaves rather than chewing, indicating a feeding strategy focused on high-browsing.

## Behavior 
*Brachiosaurus* likely exhibited social behavior, potentially moving in loose herds for protection. Its massive size and slow locomotion suggest it relied on height and bulk as defense mechanisms against predators. The structure of its neck and limbs indicates that it could feed efficiently over a wide vertical range without needing to move extensively, reducing energy expenditure while foraging.

## References
Ozámiz

**Ozámiz** is a city in the Philippines, in the province of Misamis Occidental. There were 141,828  people living there according to the 2015 census.

Ozámiz is named after Senator José F. Ozámiz, a hero of the Philippine resistance against the Japanese during World War 2.

## Other websites 
* Official website of the city
Tillage

-pulled plough.]]

**Tillage** is the process in which soil is loosened and softened by tillers or harrows pulled by a tractor or by a plough pulled by an animal or human. The plough breaks the upper crust of the soil so that air and sunlight enter into the soil. This makes the soil more fertile but too much or frequent tillage may make it less fertile.
Yarmouth

**Yarmouth** could mean one of the following places.

In Canada:
*Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
*Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia

In England:
*Great Yarmouth, a town in Norfolk in the borough of Great Yarmouth.
*Yarmouth, Isle of Wight
*Yarmouth Castle on the Isle of Wight.

In the United States:
*Yarmouth, Iowa
*Yarmouth, Maine
**North Yarmouth, Maine
**Yarmouth (CDP), Maine
*Yarmouth, Massachusetts
**South Yarmouth, Massachusetts
**West Yarmouth, Massachusetts
**Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts

## Steamships
*SS *Yarmouth*
*SS *Yarmouth Castle*
Adult Swim

**Adult Swim** (stylized as **[adult swim]** since 2003 and is also shortened to **[as]**) is an American adult-oriented nighttime programming block on the basic cable network Cartoon Network that is programmed by its in-house production studio, Williams Street. Marketed as a separate network for ratings purposes, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7&nbsp;p.m. to 6&nbsp;a.m. (Mondays-Saturdays) and from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Sundays) ET/PT.

Debuting on March 2, 2001, Adult Swim serves as the nighttime identity of Cartoon Network, and it was established as alternative programming during late night hours when Cartoon Network's primary target audience would normally be sleeping. By 2005, Adult Swim would be granted its own separate Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to it targeting a different audience. The block features stylistically varied animated and live-action shows, including original programming, syndicated series, anime, original video animations, and short films with generally minimal or no editing for content.

Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, and pilots. The block's shows are known for their sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. Many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, and surrealist in nature. Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy.

## References
Spleen

The **spleen** is an organ in vertebrates. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. In people, it is on the left side of the body, under the heart. The spleen helps fight infections and keeps the blood cells healthy.

## Tasks 
The spleen cleans out old blood cells from the blood and recycles them. It helps save the iron and the amino acids from the old blood cells. The spleen also holds a supply of extra blood, in case the body needs some quickly. The spleen works together with the circulatory system (the system which brings blood to the body).

A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen is a reservoir which holds over half the body's monocytes. These monocytes move to injured tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages, and promote tissue healing. The spleen is rather like a large lymph node. Its absence makes certain infections more likely.

## Shape 
The spleen is shaped like a loose fist. It is tucked under the left side of the diaphragm, close by the heart.The average adult spleen weighs 0.44 lbs.

## Disease 
The spleen can get bigger when a person is digesting food or is sick. If a person's spleen gets big enough, it can break open. If this happens, the person needs medical care right away. Emergency surgery might be needed to control the bleeding.

Some of the diseases that cause the spleen to get bigger are:  
* malaria, 
* rheumatoid arthritis, 
* systemic lupus, 
* sickle cell anemia, 
* leukemia, 
* lymphoma, and 
* mononucleosis ("mono").

## Culture 
In the past, many people believed the spleen helped control emotions. For example, if a person was upset or angry, people would think it was because of a spleen problem.

## References
Kate Fischer

**Kate Fischer** (born November 30, 1973) is an Australian model and actress.  She was a very famous model for a long time.  She had a job working on television on a cartoon program with a puppet called "Agro".  She was in a movie called *Sirens* with Elle Macpherson and Sam Neill.

## Other websites 
*Official website
*Rotten Tomatoes - Kate Fischer 
*
* It Takes Two official website
Acton, Massachusetts

**Acton** is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is 21 miles away from Boston.

## Other websites
*Official Town Website
*Acton Public Schools and Acton-Boxborough Regional School District 
*Community Profile
*Acton Water District Website 
*Acton Memorial Library
*The Discovery Museums
*Theatre III
*Open Door Theater
*Early Acton History
Urbana, Illinois

**Urbana** is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the twin city of Champaign, Illinois and is separated by a single street.  The main campus of the University of Illinois is in Urbana and Champaign. As of 2020, it has population of 38,336.

## Population 
Population (2020) • City 38,336
*Density 3,240.6/sq mi (1,251.2/km2) 
*Metropolitan area 236,072

## References
Bill Oddie

**William Edgar (Bill) Oddie** OBE (born 7 July 1941) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television personality. 

Oddie was born in Rochdale, Lancashire and grew up in Birmingham. He read English Literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge where he gained an MA. He is most famous for his birdwatching and conservation work. In the 1970s, he was a member of the BBC One television comedy series, The Goodies. Doctors found that his mother, Lilian, had schizophrenia. Oddie says that he does not remember her living at home because she spent a lot of her life in mental hospitals.

Oddie has bipolar disorder.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Toe

. The innermost toe (leftmost in image) is called the *big toe*.]]
**Toes** are the *digits* of the foot of an animal. Many animal species walk on their toes, and are called *digitigrade*. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are *plantigrade*; hoofed animals are *unguligrade*.

In humans, the bones of each toe continue all the way to the heel, although in from the base of the toes they come together in the body of the foot. The inside toe is by far the thickest, and is called the *big toe*, *great toe*, or *hallux*.

The one on the other end is short and thin. The toes, especially the big toe, play an essential role in walking, although a loss of the smallest toe will not affect the way people move.

## Related pages
* Phalanges
* Bones of the foot
* Foot
Montgomery Ward

**Montgomery Ward** was an American department store chain. It currently exists only as an online retail website since 2004. It only delivers in the United States. 

It started as a mail-order catalog (called a "Wish Book") and department store in 1872. It owned Jefferson Ward discount stores. Jefferson Ward stores in the northern US were sold to Bradlees in 1985. The rest closed in 1988. All its stores closed in 2000. In 2004, it reopened as an online store.

Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward, a Chicago entrepreneur. 

## References
Raptor

**Raptor** can mean:
* Birds of prey, the group of birds which includes eagles, hawks, and falcons.
* Feathered dinosaurs of the Dromaeosaur family, including *Velociraptor* and *Deinonychus*
* F-22 Raptor fighter jet
* The Toronto Raptors, a National Basketball Association team that plays in Toronto, Ontario
Fencing

**Fencing** is a sport for two people with different kinds of swords. The aim is to score hits on your opponent. There is also a referee. 

## Weapons 
### Foil 
The foil is a light and easy to bend weapon, first made in mid 17th century as a weapon for practice. 'Hits' can only be scored by hitting the target area with the point of the sword. The target area is the torso.

### Épée 
The épée is the heaviest of the three weapons. To score a hit, the push-button on the end of the weapon must remain fully down for 2-10 milliseconds, and must arrive (hit) with a force of at least 7.35 newtons. The target area for Épée is the entire body. This includes the feet and the head.

### Sabre 
The sabre is the "cutting" weapon, with a curved guard (to protect the hand) and a triangular blade. However, in  electric scoring, a touch with any part of the sabre, (point, flat or edge, as long as it is on target) will count as a hit. The target area in sabre is everything from the waist up, except for the hands.

## Uniform 
Fencers wear a uniform to avoid injury. They wear a mask of black mesh with a bib. Also, a jacket, short pants and a sort of half-a-shirt (called an underarm protector or plastron), all of white fabric. They must also wear socks that cover their legs. Women must wear a chest protector. These are collectively called "whites."

## Related pages 
**Kendo*
*Swordsmanship

## Other websites 
* Fédération Internationale d'Escrime The organisation responsible for all international fencing
Administrator

**Administrators** or **admins** are people who organize things like businesses. All businesses have administrators. They make decisions, organize the people who work there and make sure that things are working alright and there are no problems. Their work is called "administration". The administrators are part of the "management".

An administrator is also the person in charge of some of the small territories of the United Kingdom, for example Ascension Island and the British Antarctic Territory which are too small to run their own government.

## Administrators in life 
In real life, administrators manage and control business to make sure it runs correctly. In business, Administrators are usually in-charge of handling disputes, work related issues, and keeping the office or place in working order. The admin usually supervise around the office of businesses and make sure that all tasks or requests are filled.

## Administrators on the internet 
Administrators on the internet usually manage and control a website. On websites that need it such as forums, they have moderation tools that ban them, warn them, etc. from the website to prevent bad and inappropriate content. Most websites usually treat moderation positions as a real job.

## References
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

**Yarmouth** is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada. In 2021, the population of Yarmouth was 6,829.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Yarmouth official town government Website
International law

**International law**, also called **public international law**, is a set of laws used when there is a conflict between countries. These help set standards for human rights and global relations. Since there is no completely agreed authority to enforce it, the rules are suggestions for nations to follow.

Private International Law is when there is a conflict between two or more countries that broke a certain law based on the countries' law. It is composed of a set of treaties.

In recent years, people have also seen international organizations like the United Nations use international law.

## Related pages 
* European Union law
* International human rights law
* Geneva Conventions
* Laws of war
* Roerich Pact
S.A.S.

The **S.A.S**. or **Special Air Service**, is a Special Operations Organisation of the British Army. It was founded in 1941 to attack behind the German line of defence in North Africa, in World War II. They are one of the best schooled units in the world, that makes them very valuable. There are about 500 active SAS soldiers.

The SAS is a secret organisation. Its members often do not tell anyone except close family that they are in it. The British Ministry of Defence (MOD) rarely speaks of the SAS and mission details are never released until much later.

The badge of the organisation was originally designed as a flaming sword of Damocles but ended up as a winged dagger. It shows the motto: *Who Dares Wins*.

Current SAS roles include:

* Gathering intelligence behind enemy lines.
* Destroying targets far behind enemy lines.
* Protecting The Royal Family, and important government members.
* Training special forces of other nations.
* Performing counter-terrorism operations.

The SAS is thought of all over the world as one of the best, if not the best Special Operations organisations.
This is mainly because of the intense training they are put through. The hardest part of this is intense interrogation (questioning while under torture) which the trainees must go through.

The SAS is respected worldwide and used to train many other Special Forces Units. Several special operations units are modeled after the SAS. For example, the U.S. Army's Delta Force was founded due in large part to Charles Beckwith, a U.S. Army special operations officer, serving as an exchange officer with the SAS. He felt  the U.S. Army was vulnerable in not having a unit comparable to the SAS. 

One fact is that the SAS are not often talked about, therefore the other countries tend to mention that they are never really talked about. At the same time they get announced as one of the best because they are so secret that the last mission heard about was performed in Iraq, which states how secretive they are.

## Related pages
* CIA
* Secret Intelligence Service
* Special forces

## Sources 
2.  The founder of the S.A.S was founded in 1941 by Colonel David Sterling in Egypt, during WWII.

Col. Sterling needed a unit for small raids, reconnaissance and jobs more suited to a smaller team. 

The unit initially comprised of just 67 officers “borrowed” from the **Commandos** **Regiment**. Those who Colonel Sterling thought, “possessed the correct attributes for such a job…. “