open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alfred de Grazia

**Alfred de Grazia**  (December 29, 1919 - July 12, 2014) was an American political scientist and author. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He developed techniques of computer-based social network analysis in the 1950s, developed new ideas about personal digital archives in the 1970s, and defended the catastrophism thesis of Immanuel Velikovsky.

On December 31, 2013, Alfred was awarded the highest French distinction, being made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by decree of President François Hollande. 

## References
## Further reading
**Quantavolution - Challenges to Conventional Science,* Festschrift in honor of Alfred de Grazia's 90th birthday, compiled and edited by Ian Tresman, Knowledge Computing, UK (2010)

## Other websites
*The Grazian Archive: archived works of Alfred de Grazia
*The American State of Canaan
Alberto Cassano

**Alberto Cassano** (23 January 1935 &ndash; 12 July 2014) was an Argentine engineer and academic. He was a professor at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral during most of his career. He founded the program CONICET. He founded INTEC and CERIDE.

Cassano died in Santa Fe Province from a long illness, aged 79.

## References
Vange Leonel

**Maria Evangelina** "**Vange**" **Leonel Gandolfo** (May 4, 1963 – July 14, 2014) was a Brazilian singer-songwriter, journalist, novelist, playwright, feminist and LGBT activist. She was famous for her work with the now-defunct post-punk band Nau.

On July 14, 2014, Vange died after a long struggle with ovarian cancer. Her body was cremated one day later.

## References
## Other websites
* Official blog (inactive since 2011)
*
Robert A. Roe

**Robert A. "Bob" Roe** (February 28, 1924 – July 15, 2014) was an American Democratic Party politician. He represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives for over twenty-three years. He served from November 4, 1969 to January 3, 1993. He was also Mayor of Wayne, New Jersey.

Roe died at the age of 90 on July 15, 2014.

## References
Nancy Astor

**Nancy Astor**, Vicountess Astor CH (Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, 19 May 1879  2 May 1964) was an American-born English politician and socialite.

She was the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons. Her second husband was Waldorf Astor.

## England 
'', Nancy Astor's country house that served as a hospital in the World Wars]]

She was once asked by an English woman, "Have you come to get our husbands?"  Her reply, "If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine....." charmed her listeners and displayed the wit which later became famous.

Her second husband, Waldorf Astor, was born in the United States but the family to England when Waldorf was twelve. The couple were well matched from the start. Not only were they both American expatriates with similar temperaments, but they were of the same age, being born on the same day, 19 May 1879.

After marrying Waldorf, Nancy moved into Cliveden, a lavish estate in Buckinghamshire on the River Thames. It was a wedding gift from Astor's father, She became a prominent hostess for the social elite. The Astors also owned a grand London house, No. 4 St. James's Square, which is now the premises of the Naval & Military Club.

A blue plaque unveiled in 1987 commemorates Astor at St. James's Square. Through her many social connections, Lady Astor became involved in a political circle which advocated unity and equality among English-speaking people and support for British imperialism.

## References
Temptation of Wife (2012 TV series)

***Temptation of Wife*** is a Philippine television drama series. It is broadcast by GMA Network.

## Synopsis
Angeline and Heidi share a deep bond of friendship ever since Heidi was orphaned and was taken under the custody of Angeline's parents, Abner and Minda. Angeline grows up responsible and compassionate while Heidi, fueled by ambition and envy, secretly detests Angeline and always feels inferior next to her.
 
Many boys are attracted to Angeline but she falls in love with Marcel. It doesn't take long before Angeline becomes pregnant and gives up on her dreams of becoming a nurse in order to marry Marcel.
 
Although their marriage is void of happiness, Angeline tries to be an excellent wife to her husband, and takes good care of her in-laws, Romeo and Stella. However, she soon learns that the life she chose is full of lies and betrayals. Adding to her woes is her unexpected miscarriage. She soon discovers that Marcel is cheating on her and shocked to learn of Heidi’s treachery. Angeline is devastated by the thought of being betrayed by the two people closest to her heart.
 
Marcel decides to end his affair with Heidi but Heidi is already pregnant with his child. He chooses to live with her as Angeline is forced to go back and stay with her parents. But Angeline finds out that she, too, is pregnant with Marcel's child.
 
Heidi then tries to get rid of that child but ends up drowning Angeline herself by accident. But by a twist of fate, Angeline survives and is back for revenge. She assumes the identity of another woman and seeks out vengeance against Marcel and Heidi. Now, it's time for pay back and Angeline will do everything to taste the bittersweet part of her revenge.

## References
Jean Dausset

**Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset** (October 19, 1916 – June 6, 2009) was a French immunologist.

Dausset won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1978. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 for his "discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". He shared the prize with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell. Dausset was sent off to Northern Italy for a year after he was enlisted in the French Army. After he spent a year there, he returned to Paris, studied and passed his medical internship exam. Soon after passing his exams, Dausset joined the Free French Forces in North Africa as an ambulance worker. He was first stationed in Morocco but was then moved to be stationed in the more active Tunisia. He got his first taste of hematology when he had to perform multiple blood transfusions on the wounded soldiers. When the war was winding down in 1944, Dausset decided to return to Paris and work in the Regional Blood Transfusion Center at the Saint-Antoine Hospital.

## References
Assassination of Theo van Gogh

Dutch filmmaker **Theo van Gogh** was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in Amsterdam East, Netherlands in broad daylight. The director's last words, according to eyewitnesses, were "Mercy mercy! We can talk about this!"

## Attack and death
The murderer Mohammed Bouyeri an Islamic extremist killed van Gogh.  The reason for murdering Gogh was to oppose the controversial film which criticised Islam Submission. Bouyeri shot van Gogh multiple times. He attached a 5 page letter to van Gogh's chest with a knife. Bouyeri finally then slitting van Gogh's throat and nearly beheading van Gogh, killing him instantly from a massive loss of blood. He termed the assassination as Jihad.

## Memorial (The Scream)
On 18 March 2007, a sculpture honoring van Gogh, entitled *De Schreeuw* ("The Scream"), was unveiled in Amsterdam. It is located in the Oosterpark, a short distance from where van Gogh was murdered.

## References
## Other websites 
* Theo van Gogh memorial defaced with black marker 
* Full text of speech by Hans Teeuwen
Carl Neumann Degler

**Carl Neumann Degler** (February 6, 1921 in Newark, New Jersey – December 27, 2014 in Palo Alto, California) is an American historian. Degler served as president of the Organization of American Historians, president of the American Historical Association and president of the Southern Historical Association. He is the Margaret Byrne Professor of American History Emeritus at Stanford University.

Degler was born in Orange, New Jersey.

## References
## Other websites
*"In Pursuit of an American History"  1986 AHA Presidential Address
*The Pulitzer Prizes
Bernard Bailyn

**Bernard Bailyn** (9 September 1922 &ndash; 7 August 2020) was an American historian, author, and professor specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He was a professor at Harvard University from 1953 until his death. Bailyn won the Pulitzer Prize for History twice (in 1968 and 1987). 

In 1994 he was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea. In 1998 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture. He was a recipient of the 2010 National Humanities Medal.

Bailyn died of heart failure at his home in Belmont, Massachusetts on August 7, 2020 at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*"To Begin the World Anew"-Politics and the Creative Imagination  Jefferson Lecture for the National Endowment for the Humanities
*Bernard Bailyn: An Appreciation 
*Considering the Slave Trade: History and Memory
*History News Network 
**Booknotes* interview with Bailyn on *To Begin the World Anew*, March 23, 2003. 
*"Into the Wilderness: ‘The Barbarous Years,’ by Bernard Bailyn", Charles C. Mann, *The New York Times*, 4 January 2013
Orange, New Jersey

The **City of Orange** is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 34,447.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Orange Township website 
* Orange Board of Education
* Data for the Orange Board of Education, National Center for Education Statistics
* Citizens for Responsible Government website
La Junta, Colorado

The **City of La Junta** is a city that is the county seat and the most populous city of Otero County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 7,322 at the 2020 U.S. Census.

## References
Oral rehydration therapy

**Oral rehydration therapy** is a treatment for dehydration: the sick person drinks water mixed with sugar and salt. They don't stop eating food. There is a mixture that is used for severe dehydration: This mixture also includes zinc. Those who take care of the sick person are taught how they can see it if the dehydration gets worse. The World Health Organization and UNICEF specify indications, preparations and procedures for ORT.

The therapy was developed in the second half of the 20th century. It has helped lower the number of human deaths from dehydration in vomiting and diarrheal illnesses, especially in cholera epidemics occurring in children. It is sign for public health getting better all over the world. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.

Before ORT was used often, most of the children who died in developing nations, died from diarrhea. Between 1980 and 2006, the introduction of ORT is thought to have lowered the number of young children who died anywhere in the world from 5 to 3 million every year. However, in 2008, diarrhea is still the second most common cause of death in children under five years (17 percent), (after pneumonia (19 percent)). Moreover, by the same year, the use of ORT in children under five had declined.

## Preparation 
WHO and UNICEF developed official guidelines for how to make ORS. Depending on what materials are available, they propose different alternative preparations. Commercial preparations are available as either pre-prepared fluids or packets of oral rehydration salts (ORS) ready for mixing with the fluid.

WHO/UNICEF's formula is  salt (NaCal),  trisodium citrate dihydrate ,  KCl,  anhydrous glucose (C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}) per litre of fluid. 

A basic oral rehydration therapy solution is composed of salt, sugar, and water in solution, made using a standard ratio and is appropriate for use in situations when ORS must be prepared without the standard ingredients. 

* 30 ml sugar : 2.5 ml salt : 1 liter fluid
* 6 teaspoons (tsp). sugar : 0.5 tsp. salt : 1 quart fluid

The Rehydration Project says that making it a bit too thin (using more than 1 liter of fluid) is not bad for the sick person.   

The best fluid is plain, clean water. However, fluids such as rice water, coconut water, vegetable broth, yogurt, weak unsweetened tea, unsweetened fresh fruit juice or even non-drinking water are recommended when plain, clean water is unavailable. Water can be made safe with chlorine, or by boiling it. However, ORS should still be given even if the water is maybe unsafe. Rehydration is more important.  The Mayo clinic suggests half a teaspoon of salt, six level teaspoons of sugar and  water. The British Columbia health service suggests 1 part fruit juice without sugar, mixed with 4 parts water.

## References
Lammtarra

**Lammtarra** (February 2, 1992 &ndash; July 6, 2014) was an unbeaten Thoroughbred racehorse. He won three Group One races in 1995. He was voted the Cartier Three-year-old European Champion Colt. He won the Epsom Derby in record time, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. The only other horse to win these races was Mill Reef.

Lammtarra was bred in Kentucky, United States. He was trained in both the U.S. and the United Kingdom. 

Lammtarra was first retired to Japan's Arrow Stud. He was later moved to England's Dalham Hall Stud in Newmarket, Suffolk. He died on July 6, 2014, at age 22.

## References
## Other websites
* Lammtarra  at Godolphin
Vintage Crop

**Vintage Crop** (1 March 1987 &ndash; 14 July 2014) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. In 1993, he won the Melbourne Cup, becoming the first non-Australian bred/trained horse to do so.

Vintage Crop was bred in the United Kingdom but was trained in Ireland.

Vintage Crop was retired to the Irish National Stud in Kildare, County Kildare. He died on 14 July 2014, aged 27.

## References
## Other websites
*
Shatsky Rise

The **Shatsky Rise** is an oceanic plateau southeast of Japan. It lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. The Rise and its volcanics may have formed during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous epochs. It is at the  junction of three tectonic plates. These are the Pacific, the Farallon, and the Izanagi.

It was named after Nikolay Shatsky (1895-1960), a Soviet geologist. He was an expert in tectonics of ancient platforms.

## References
Paul is dead

"**Paul is dead**" is an urban legend and conspiracy theory suggesting that Paul McCartney of the English rock band the Beatles died in 1966 and was secretly replaced by a look-alike.

In September 1969, American college students published articles claiming that clues to McCartney's supposed death could be found among the lyrics and artwork of the Beatles' recordings. Rumours declined after a contemporary interview with McCartney was published in *Life* magazine in November 1969.

Popular culture continues to make occasional reference to the legend, and McCartney poked fun at it with a 1993 live album titled *Paul Is Live*, whose cover parodied "clues" allegedly on the cover of the Beatles' *Abbey Road* album.

## The evidence
The legend is based on a range of ideas. One theory says that facial recognition proves that a different person "became" Paul after 1966. The *Abbey Road* cover clues include:
* The Beatles walking across the road look like a funeral procession
** John Lennon dressed in white is the preacher
** Ringo Starr dressed in black is the undertaker
** George Harrison is dressed in work clothes is a grave digger.
* Paul is out of step with the others
* Paul is barefoot
* Paul is smoking a cigarette, sometimes called a "coffin nail"
* Paul is holding the cigarette in his right hand, even though he preferred his left hand
* A car number plate "LMW 28IF" means that he would be 28 had he lived
* The LMW means Lady McCartney Weeps (not Linda McCartney Weeps, because if Paul died in 1966, the real Paul would have never met Linda)

Additionally, when the song "I'm So Tired" is played backwards, John Lennon can be heard saying "Paul is a dead man. Miss him, miss him, miss him." This was likely inserted into the song to poke fun at believers of the conspiracy theory.

## References
James MacGregor Burns

**James MacGregor Burns** (August 3, 1918 – July 15, 2014) was an American historian and political scientist, presidential biographer, and authority on leadership studies. He was the Woodrow Wilson Professor of Government Emeritus at Williams College and Distinguished Leadership Scholar at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership of the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park. He was notable for writing books about Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Burns was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Burlington, Massachusetts. Burns studied at Lexington High School in Lexington, Massachusetts and at Williams College.

In 1971, Burns received the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award in History and Biography for his work on America's 32nd president, *Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom*.

Burns died in Williamstown, Massachusetts on July 15, 2014, aged 95.

## Books
**Government by the People* (textbook, 21 editions) (Prentice-Hall, 1952–present). 
**Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox* (Harcourt, Brace, 1956).
**John Kennedy: A Political Profile* (Harcourt, Brace, 1960).
**The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America* (Prentice Hall, 1963).
**Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom* (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970) ().
**The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America,* with Susan Dunn (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001) ().
**Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court* (Penguin Press, 2009) ().
**Fire and Light: How the Enlightenment Transformed Our World* (St. Martin's Press, 2013) ().

## References
## Other websites
*Academy of Leadership 
*University of Maryland's James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership
Victoria Peak

**Victoria Peak** (, or previously Chinese: ) is a mountain in the western part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is also called Mount Austin and The Peak. Its altitude is . It is the highest mountain on the Hong Kong Island. 
In a broad sense Victoria Peak included **Mount Austin**, Victoria Gap, Mount Kellett and Mount Gough, Which are also apart of **Peak District/The Peak**.

(Tai Mo Shan is the highest mountain in Hong Kong).

## Related pages 
* Hong Kong Island

## References
Geoffroy's cat

'''Geoffroy's cat'* (*Leopardus geoffroyi'') is a species of wild cat native to southern and central South America. It is about the size of a domestic cat. The species is relatively common in many areas, but is considered to be "near threatened" by IUCN.

The cat was examined and described by the early 19th-century French anatomist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. He collected it on an expedition to South America.

## Ecology and distribution 
Geoffroy's cats live in the Andes, Pampas (scrubby forest parts), and Gran Chaco landscapes. They are found from southern Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan, at heights from sea level to . They prefer open woodland or scrubland habitats with plenty of cover, but are also found in grasslands and marshy areas. Although they are able to climb trees, they rarely do so, except to leave faeces to scent mark their territory.

Geoffroy's cat is nocturnal. It eats rodents, hares, small lizards, insects, and occasionally frogs and fish. Like other small cats, it is a solitary hunter, and only comes together during the mating season. Females have territories ranging from , while males have larger ranges, reaching up to .

## References
Alexandrine parakeet

The **Alexandrine parakeet** (binomial name ***Psittacula eupatria***) is a parakeet, that lives in Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. There are small colonies in some parts of Europe: Wiesbaden, Mainz and Cologne.

## References
IOS 4

**iOS 4** is the fourth version of the mobile software iOS, made by Apple Inc.. It was released on June 21, 2010. It was the first big change that was only called iOS, instead of iPhone OS. Some devices could not use iOS 4. This was also the first change that iPod Touch owners could have for free.

The iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2 cannot use many apps at the same time. They also cannot set a home screen wallpaper. The iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3 & 4 have them. The first iPhone and the first iPod Touch cannot run iOS 4 or newer.

iOS 4.2.1 was released on November 22, 2010. It added iPad support. It was the last to allow iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2nd generation usage.

iOS 4.0 only supported the iPhone and iPod Touch. iOS 4.0 was said to have more than 1500 new APIs for app creators. It also supported the multitasking feature for the first time. The final iOS version for the 2nd generation iPod Touch, and iPhone 3G is iOS 4.2.1. iOS 4.2.1 was the first version to make iPhones and iPads use the same operating system.

## Version history: Apple TV (2nd generation) onwards 
iOS 4.1 was the first version of iOS for the Apple TV 2. It also had Apple TV Software 4.0.

## References
Virginia Halas McCaskey

**Virginia Halas McCaskey** (January 5, 1923 &ndash; February 6, 2025) was the principal owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. She was the eldest child of legendary Bears coach and owner George Halas, who left the team to his daughter upon his death in 1983.

Along with her children and grandchildren, she controls 80% of the team. After the death of Ralph Wilson in March of 2014, she became the oldest owner in the NFL.

McCaskey turned 100 on January 5, 2023. She died on February 6, 2025 in Des Plaines, Illinois, at the age of 102.

## References
Nicky Morgan

**Nicola Ann Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Cotes**, PC (born 1 October 1972) is a British politician. She was the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport from 2019 to 2020.

Morgan was born in Kingston upon Thames and grew up in Surbiton. She studied law at St Hugh's College, Oxford. She became a solicitor in 1996. from 2014-2016. She was removed from her job by the new Prime Minister Theresa May. She was removed from these positions on 14 July 2016.

## References
Mrs. Parkington

***Mrs. Parkington*** is a 1944 American drama movie. It stars Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. It is about a woman's life, from being a hotel maid to being a society matron. The story is told in flashbacks.

This movie was released in the United States on October 12, 1944.

## Other websites 
*
Cruz Azul

**Club de Futbol Cruz Azul S.A. de C.V.**, known simply as **Cruz Azul** (, "Blue Cross"), is an association football club based in Mexico City, Mexico. It was originally from Jasso, Hidalgo. The team plays in Liga MX, the top tier of Mexican football. They have won nine League Championship titles (fourth-highest total, after América, Guadalajara and Toluca), seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles (a shared record with América), and four Copa México/Copa MX titles. They have also won three Campeón de Campeones trophies, a Supercopa MX, and a Supercopa de la Liga MX. They are also the third most popular team in Mexico (after América and Guadalajara).

## History 
Cruz Azul was founded on 22 May 1927 by workers of the Cooperativa La Cruz Azul factory in Jasso, Hidalgo. The club first played in the amateur leagues before joining the professional second division. They won their first promotion to the top flight in 1964. The team's first major success came in 1969 when they won their first Primera División title. This victory marked the beginning of their "Golden Era" in the 1970s. During this decade, they won six more league championships, including a historic three-in-a-row from 1971 to 1974. With a total of nine championships, Cruz Azul is tied for fourth on the all-time list of most successful teams in the professional era. Their most recent league title was in the Guardianes 2021 tournament, ending a 23-year drought. In other competitions, Cruz Azul has also won four Copa México/Copa MX titles, three Campeón de Campeones, one Supercopa MX and a Supercopa de la Liga MX.

In international competitions, Cruz Azul is one of the most successful Mexican clubs. They have won the CONCACAF Champions Cup seven times, a record they share with América, the most recent success being in 2025 when they beat Major League Soccer club Vancouver Whitecaps FC 5–0 in Mexico City. They also participated in the Copa Interamericana, playing the 1971 edition, losing 2–3 to Nacional on aggregate, and also reached the final of the Copa Libertadores in 2001, where they lost to Boca Juniors in a penalty shootout.

## Honours 
### Friendly
* Torneo Almería:
** Winners (1): 1979
* Torneo Burgos:
** Winners (1): 1980
* Cuadrangular Azteca
** Winners (1): 1981
* Triangular Los Ángeles
** Winners (1): 1991
* Cuadrangular Querétaro
** Winners (1): 1992
* Torneo Monterrey 400
** Winners (1): 1996
* Copa Pachuca
** Winners (5): 1997, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007
* Copa 5 de Mayo
** Winners (1): 2004
* Copa Panamericana DirecTV
** Winners (1): 2007
* Copa Amistad
** Winners (1): 2007
* Copa Aztex
** Winners (1): 2009
* Copa Socio MX
** Winners (1): 2015
* Supercopa Tecate
** Winners (1): 2017
* Dynamo Charities Cup
** Winners (1): 2017
* Copa GNP por México
** Winners (1): 2020
* Copa Sky
** Winners (1): 2022
* Copa Fundadores
** Winners (1): 2024

## Players 
### First-team squad 
### Out on loan 
## Notes 
## References
Mike Sandlock

**Michael Joseph Sandlock** (October 17, 1915 &ndash; April 4, 2016) was a former utility player in Major League Baseball who played for three different teams from 1942 to 1953. Listed at , 180&nbsp;lb., he was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. 

He was born in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. With the death of Connie Marrero on April 23, 2014, Sandlock was the oldest living former major league player until his death in 2016. Sandlock died at his home on April 4, 2016 in Cos Cob, Connecticut. He was 100 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*BR Bullpen
*Retrosheet
C.F. Balaguer

**Club de Futbol Balaguer** is a Spanish football team from Balaguer, Catalonia. It currently plays in Tercera División – Group 5. Their stadium is *Municipal de Balaguer*, with a capacity of 2,000 seats.

## Season to season
|valign="top" width=0%|

|}
----
***30** seasons in Tercera División

## Notable players
* Roberto Martínez
Lennie Merullo

**Leonard Richard Merullo** (May 5, 1917 &ndash; May 30, 2015) was an American professional baseball player. He played shortstop in the Major Leagues from 1941 to 1947. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

## References
Johnny Pesky

**John Michael "Johnny" Pesky** (born **John Michael Paveskovich**; February 27, 1919 – August 13, 2012), nicknamed **"The Needle"** and **"Mr. Red Sox"**, was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He was a shortstop and third baseman during a ten-year major league playing career, appearing in 1,270 games played in 1942 and from 1946 to 1954 for three different teams.

## References
Bobby Doerr

**Robert Pershing "Bobby" Doerr** (April 7, 1918 &ndash; November 13, 2017) was a former Major League Baseball second baseman and coach. He played his entire 14-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox (1937–1951). 

Doerr achieved a batting average over .300 in several seasons. He set Red Sox team records in several statistical categories. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1986.

Doerr died at his home in Junction City, Oregon on November 13, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 99, five months short of his 100th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
Club América

**Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V.**, commonly known as **Club América** or **América**, is a Mexican professional football club from Mexico City. It competes in the Liga MX. The team's nickname is *Las Águilas* (The Eagles).

América is the most successful club in Mexico. They won a record twelve national titles. América also have eight FIFA recognized international club trophies. They have won five CONCACAF Champions' Cups, two Copa Interamericana cups, and one CONCACAF Giants Cup.

## Honours
### Domestic competitions
;Amateur era
***Primera División**
:**Winners (4):** 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1927–28
***Copa México**
:**Winners (1):** 1937–38
***Copa Challenger**
:**Winners (1):** 1927

;Professional era
***Primera División** 
:**Winners (11):** 1965–66, 1970–71, 1975–76, 1983–84, 1984–85, Prode-1985, 1987–88, 1988–89, Verano 2002, Clausura 2005, Clausura 2013, Apertura 2014
***Copa México**
:**Winners (5):** 1953–54, 1954–55, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1973–74
***Campeón de Campeones**
:**Winners (5):** 1955, 1976, 1988, 1989, 2005
***InterLiga**
:**Winners (1):** 2008

### International
*'''CONCACAF Champions' Cup / Champions League** 
:**Winners (5):** 1977, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2006
***Copa Interamericana** 
:**Winners (2):** 1978, 1990
***CONCACAF Giants Cup**
:**Winners (1):** 2001

### Friendly
***Liga Excélsior (1)**: 1920
***Copa Vizcaya (1)**: 1920
***Copa Baltamar (1)**: 1922
***Junta Española Covadonga (1)**: 1927
***Copa Presidente Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1)**: 1964–65
***Copa Independencia (2)**: 1966–67, 1974–75
***Copa Revolución Mexicana (1)**: 1980–81
***Cuadrangular Ciudad de México (1)**: 1981
***Trofeo Águila Azteca (1)**: 1982
***Los Angeles Nations Cup (1)**: 1983
***Trofeo de la Vendimia (1)**: 1983–84
***Triangular Ciudad de México (1)**: 1987
***Copa Cofraternidad (1)**: 1988
***Copa Pachuca (1)**: 1997
***Cuadrangular Los Angeles (1)**: 1999
***Copa de Tejas (1)**: 2004
***Copa San José (1)**: 2006
***Copa "El Mexicano" (1)**: 2008
***Copa Insurgentes (1)**: 2010
***Copa Reto Águila (1)**: 2010
***Copa Centenario del C.D. Olimpia (1)''': 2012

## References
David Halberstam

**David Halberstam** (April 10, 1934 – April 23, 2007) was an American journalist and historian of Jewish descent. He was known for his early work on the Vietnam War, his work on politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and his later sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1964.

## References
## Other websites
* "The History Boys", *Vanity Fair*, August 2007 — Halberstam's final essay, "debunks the Bush administration's wild distortion of history"
* "Turning Journalism Into History" Audio and transcript of Halberstam's last public event 
* "Letter to My Daughter" by David Halberstam 
* The Economist: Obituary
* Blast Magazine: Obituary
* Writing on Air  Salon.com interview
* David Halberstam's Hit Streak Continues  Powells.com interview
*
Elżbieta Czyżewska

**Elżbieta Justyna Czyżewska** (May 14, 1938 &ndash; June 17, 2010) was a Polish actress. She was active in both Poland and the United States. She was known for her role in *The Saragossa Manuscript* (1964).

She died on June 17, 2010 in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 72 from esophageal cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official website 
* Polish film database
* Elżbieta Czyżewska biodata 
* Elżbieta Czyżewska  at Culture.pl
Jerzy Skolimowski

**Jerzy Skolimowski** (, born 5 May 1938) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Skolimowski has directed more than twenty movies since 1960. His first movie was *Oko wykol* (*The Menacing Eye*). 

Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland. He was the son of Maria (née Postnikoff) and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect.

## References
## Other websites
*Jerzy Skolimowski  at culture.pl  
*Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database 
* 
* 'Two Paths, Little Glory For This Polish Director', Anthony Paletta, *The Wall Street Journal*, 14 June 2011
* External Wandering, Michael Atkinson, movingimagesource.us
* Finding Zen in Poland: An Interview with Jerzy Skolimowski, Ben Sachs and Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, MUBI
* Photographs and literature on Jerzy Skolimowski
Roberto Martínez

**Roberto Martínez Montoliú** also known as Roberto Di Matteo (born 13 July 1973) is a Spanish football manager and former footballer. He is currently the manager of the Portugal national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
;Real Zaragoza
*Copa del Rey (1): 1993–94

;Wigan Athletic
*Football League Third Division (1): 1996–97
*Football League Trophy (1): 1998–99

;Swansea City
*Football League Trophy (1): 2005–06

### Manager
;Swansea City
*Football League One (1): 2007–08

;Wigan Athletic
*FA Cup (1): 2012–13

### Individual
*League One Manager of the Year (1): 2007–08
*Wigan Athletic Player of the Year (1): 1995–96
*PFA Third Division Team of the Year (2): 1995–96, 1996–97
*Premier League Manager of the Month Award (1): April 2012
*Football League One Manager of the Month Award (3): October 2007, December 2007, January 2008

## References
Oribe Peralta

**Oribe Peralta Morones** (born 12 January 1984) is a Mexican footballer. He currently plays as a striker for América of the Liga MX and the Mexico national team. 

## Career 
Peralta started his career with Monarcas Morelia in 2003. He then made moves to León and Monterrey in 2004 and 2006. Peralta was then sold to Santos Laguna, then loaned out to Chiapas in 2008. After his return from loan, Peralta was a mainstay with Santos Laguna for the next five years. There, he played in over 200 matches and scored over 70 goals. In May 2014 Peralta made a high-profile move to Club América.

Peralta has also been a Mexico international. He scored two goals in the gold medal match at the 2012 Olympic football tournament against Brazil. It was the first Olympic gold medal for Mexico in football.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*Scores and results list Mexico Olympic team goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Peralta goal.*

:''Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Peralta goal. Includes one unofficial goal.''

## Honours
### Club
;León
* Primera División A (1): Clausura 2004
;Santos Laguna
* Primera División (2): Clausura 2008, Clausura 2012

### International
;Mexico U23
*Pan American Games (1): 2011
*Summer Olympics (1): 2012

### Individual
*Top Scorer at the 2011 Pan American Games
*Best Striker of the Tournament (2): Apertura 2011, Clausura 2012
*Player of the Tournament (1): Clausura 2012
*CONCACAF Champions League Player of the Tournament (1): 2012
*CONCACAF Champions League Top Scorer (1): 2012
*CONCACAF Best Player (1): 2013

## References
## Other websites
*Transfermarkt profile
*
*2014 FIFA World Cup Profile
Balaguer

**Balaguer** (, ) is the capital of the Noguera comarca. It is located in the Province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
Louis Malle

**Louis Malle** (30 October 1932 &ndash; 23 November 1995) was a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer. His movie, *Le Monde du silence*, won the Palme d'Or and Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1956. He was also nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career.

His most famous movies are ''Ascenseur pour l'échafaud* (1958), *Lacombe Lucien* (1974), *Atlantic City* (1980), *My Dinner with Andre* (1981), and *Au revoir, les enfants'' (1987).

Malle died from lymphoma at their home in Beverly Hills, California on 23 November 1995.

## Other websites
*
*Biography on newwavefilm.com
*They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?
*Rialto Pictures Website - entry for *Elevator to the Gallows*.
Randall Stout

**Randall Stout** (May 6, 1958 &ndash; July 11, 2014) was an American architect.

Stout was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.

His best known works were the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, the Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, and the Abroms-Engel Institute for the Visual Arts in Birmingham, Alabama.

Stout died from renal cell carcinoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 56.

## References
John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge

The **John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge** (previously called the **Shelby Street Bridge** or **Shelby Avenue Bridge**) is a truss bridge that spans the Cumberland River in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It was originally opened on July 5, 1909. It was reopened as a pedestrian bridge on August 3, 2003. The bridge is  long.

## References
## Other websites
*John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge
Shelbyville, Tennessee

**Shelbyville** is a city in Bedford County, Tennessee, United States. It had a population of 23,557 residents at the 2020 census.

## References
Conure

(*Pyrrhura molinae*)]]
A **conure** is a term in aviculture referring to 2 genuses of parrot, *Pyrrhura* and *Aratinga*. In science, they are known as parakeets, because 'conure' is not a scientific name.

 (*Aratinga solstitialis)*]]
Conures are in the Psittacidae family (neotropical parrots). Their range goes from upper Brazil to southern Argentina. Conures are often kept as pets, and can be very friendly with people.

Conures are small birds. Many can grow up to 10 inches long, but some species can grow up to 20 inches long. Different types of conures have different colours, but the most common colour is green. Conures can eat many foods, including nuts, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Conures kept as pets must never be fed chocolate, avocado, salty foods, or caffeine.
Georg von Hertling

**Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling** (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was German Bavarian politician. He served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918 under Kaiser Wilhelm II during World War 1 until in 1918 when became the Weimar Republic .
Alan Bennett

**Alan Bennett** (born 9 May 1934) is an English playwright, screenwriter, actor and author. His work includes *The Madness of George III* and its movie adaptation, the series of monologues *Talking Heads*, the play and the movie *The History Boys*, and popular audio books, including his readings of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland* and *Winnie-the-Pooh''.

Bennett was born in Armley in Leeds. He has a degree in history from Exeter College, Oxford. He is openly gay.

## References
## Other websites
*
Helix (gastropod)

***Helix*** is a genus of large air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.  

The genus *Helix* is known from the Oligocene onwards.
This genus is native to Europe and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea. 

The best-known species include *Helix aspersa*, the common, or brown garden snail, and *Helix pomatia*, the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail.  *H.&nbsp;pomatia* and some other species are eaten as escargots.

*Helix* snails have been introduced throughout the world, where some, especially *H. aspersa*, have become garden pests.

Snails in this genus create and use love darts during mating.

*Helix* snails prefer cool, damp environments, as they easily get dry. Snails are most active at night and after rainfall. During unfavourable conditions, a snail will remain inside its shell, usually under rocks or other hiding places, to avoid being discovered by predators. In dry climates snails will naturally congregate near water sources, including artificial sources such as waste-water outlets of air conditioners.

The common garden snail (*Helix aspersa*) is herbivorous. These snails are able to digest most vegetation including carrots and lettuce. They also have a specialized crop of symbiotic bacteria that help their digestion, especially by breaking down the polysaccharide cellulose into simple sugars.

## References
John Ilhan

**John Ilhan** (born **Mustafa İlhan**; 23 January 1965 &ndash; 23 October 2007) was an Australian businessman and philanthropist. He was best known as the founder and owner of Crazy John's, a mobile phone retail chain. He founded the company in 1991. In 2003, he was the richest Australian under the age of 40. After his sudden death, his wife sold the company to Vodafone.

Ilhan was born in Yozgat, Turkey to a Muslim family. His family moved to the Australian state of Victoria when he was five. He was married to Patricia and had four children.

Ilhan died from a heart attack on 23 October 2007, aged 42. He had been jogging in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton when he collapsed.

## References
## Other websites
* John Ilhan at Woopidoo
David Mamet

**David Alan Mamet** (; born November 30, 1947) is an American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and movie director. Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for *Glengarry Glen Ross* (1984) and  *Speed-the-Plow* (1988).

## References
Rice Park, Saint Paul, Minnesota

**Rice Park** is a public park located in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

## History
Before it became a park, Rice Park was used as an open space to dry  and graze . The land was eventually made into a "public square" in 1849 by John R. Irvine, a territorial  and Henry M. Rice, territorial  and United States Senator. The park was named after early Minnesota Senator Henry M. Rice. Rice park sits atop a small hill where glacial melt failed to erode completely. The park was mostly ignored until 1860 when Mayor John S. Prince had shade trees planted. In the 1870s the park got a fountain and a bandstand. A pair of squirrels were given to the park by the chief of police in Memphis, Tennessee as an act of goodwill. The Women’s Institute of Saint Paul donated a new fountain to the park on June 14, 1965. Rice Park has been honored as a Great Place in America by the American Planning Association in 2011.

## Location and Features
Rice Park is about 2 acres in size. It is located at 4th Street and Washington Street in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Rice Park sits above the Mississippi River’s highest flood level, so its surroundings are important buildings like the Federal Customs House (now Landmark Center), Central Public Library, and the grand St. Paul Hotel. The park has an annual Winter Carnival, one of the oldest and largest winter festivals in the country. These activities include a tree lighting ceremony, ice skating, watching fireworks, listening to holiday music and family-friendly activities. Rice Park is also available for private parties and gatherings. It can accommodate a wedding party of up to 200 people.

## References
## Other websites 
* Peanuts Statues, Rice Park
* Rice Park – Winter Carnival’s Center Stage
* Rice Park Powered by Xcel Energy
Battleground (2014)

**Battleground (2014)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming show made by WWE. It took place on July 20, 2014 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa, Florida. It was the second Battleground event held by WWE and the first to stream also live on the WWE Network.

## Background
Battleground featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that played out on WWE's television programs, *Raw* and *SmackDown*. The wrestlers portrayed good guys, bad guys or tweeners (morally-ambiguous characters) as they followed a series of events, which leads to a wrestling match or a series of wrestling matches.

## Results
## References
## Other websites
*Battleground Website
Szymon Szurmiej

**Szymon Symcha Szurmiej** (18 June 1923 &ndash; 16 July 2014) was a Jewish-Polish actor, director, singer, activist and theatre manager. He was the general manager of the Ester Rachel Kamińska and Ida Kamińska State Jewish Theater in Warsaw. He was also the director of the Yiddish Theater of Warsaw. He was later an activist for Jewish causes.

Szurmiej was born in Lutsk, Volhynian Voivodeship (now Ukraine). He was a member of the World Jewish Congress. He was married to actress Gołda Tencer and had four children.

Szurmiej died from natural causes on 16 July 2014 in Warsaw, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lorraine Toussaint

**Lorraine Toussaint** (born April 4, 1960) is a Trinidadian-American movie and television actress, and producer. She is known for her role as Rene Jackson in the television drama *Any Day Now* (1998-2002). She was also in the movies *Breaking In* (1989), *Hudson Hawk* (1991), and *Dangerous Minds* (1995). For *Middle of Nowhere* (2012) she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. Toussaint was also in the television series *Crossing Jordan* (2002-2003), *Saving Grace* (2007-2010) and *Orange Is the New Black* (2012).

## References
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

**Malaysia Airlines Flight 17** (**MH17**/**MAS17**) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Schiphol airport, Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014 the Boeing 777-200ER lost radar contact. The plane was shot down and crashed near the village of Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. All 298 people (283 passengers and 15 crew members) aboard were killed.

It was suspected by Ukraine that the aircraft was shot down by a ground-to-air missile, fired by Pro-Russian separatists during war in Donbas. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called it an "act of terrorism." The investigation was carried out by the Dutch Safety Board. Fighting delayed investigation, but in October 2018 Dutch investigators said the plane was destroyed as a result of the explosion of a Russian BUK surface-to-air missile.

## Gallery

Buk-m2 ky.jpg|A Buk-m2
MH17_map-en.svg|The flight path of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER PER Koch-2.jpg|The airplane involved in Perth, Australia in 2010
MH17 Missile Impact.webm|Video by the Dutch Safety Board showing the remodel of MH17

## Notes
## References
Birmingham, Michigan

**Birmingham** is a city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,813.

## References
John Guare

**John Guare**  (rhymes with "air"; born February 5, 1938) is an American playwright.  He is best known as the author of *The House of Blue Leaves*, *Six Degrees of Separation*, and *Landscape of the Body*.

Guare was born in New York City and raised in Jackson Heights, Queens. He was raised a Roman Catholic.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Biography at theatredatabase.com
* John Guare with poster for his Caffe Cino production
* John Guare Papers at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
John Walton (actor)

**John Walton** (1953 – 17 July 2014) was an Australian actor. He mostly appeared in miniseries and in soap operas.

Walton was born in Sydney, New South Wales.

He was best known for his role as Doctor Craig Rothwell in the television soap opera *The Young Doctors* during 1976 and 1977.
He also appeared in the miniseries *Bodyline*. Walton took the part of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith in the Australian mini-series *A Thousand Skies*.

Walton died after a long illness in Sydney, aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ignacy Jan Paderewski

**Ignacy Jan Paderewski**, GBE (; 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist and composer, politician, and spokesman for Polish independence. He was the prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919. He represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

## References
Santos Laguna

**Club Santos Laguna S.A. de C.V.** () commonly known as **Santos Laguna** or **Santos**, is a Mexican professional football club. They represent Comarca Lagunera, which includes Torreón, Gómez Palacio, and Lerdo. Santos Laguna currently plays in the Liga MX. The club started in 1982. They reached Mexico's top division in 1988 after buying the franchise belonging to the Ángeles de Puebla. They have won five league championship titles and the Apertura 2014 Copa MX.

## Honours 
### Domestic 
***Mexican Primera División/Liga MX: (6)**
::Invierno 1996, Verano 2001, Clausura 2008, Clausura 2012, Clausura 2015 Clausura 2018
::Runner-up (5): 1993–94, Verano 2000, Bicentenario 2010, Apertura 2010, Apertura 2011

***Copa MX: (1)**
::Apertura 2014

***InterLiga: (1)**
::2004

### International 
***CONCACAF Champions League:
::Runner-up (2): 2011–12, 2012–13

### Friendly 
* **Copa Torreón:** 1985.

* **Torneo Fútbol Tres:** 1994.

* **Copa Corona:** 2000.

* **Copa Gobernador Cero Marginación (2):** 2006, 2008.

* **Trofeo Centenario de Torreón:** 2007.

* **Copa Independencia:** 2007.

* **Copa Xango:** 2008.

* **Trofeo IPN 75 Aniversario:** 2011.

* **Copa Centenario Real Club España:** 2012.

* **Trofeo Bandera Nacional:** 2013.

* **Trofeo IMSS 70 aniversario: **2013.

* **Trofeo UANL 80 aniversario: **2013.

### Distintions and awards 
* **FMF Golden Soccerball for Champion Team (2)**: Clausura 2008,Clausura 2012

* **FMF Golden Soccerball for First place Team (2)**: Apertura 2007, Clausura 2012

* **Fair Play FMF Golden Soccerball (1)**: Clausura 2005,

* **Brand of the Year''' 2012

## References