open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ballycastle

**Ballycastle** can refer to:

*Ballycastle, County Antrim, a small town in Northern Ireland
*Ballycastle, County Mayo, a village in the Republic of Ireland
Kate Maberly

**Kate Elizabeth Cameron Maberly** (born March 14, 1982) is a theatre, movie and television actress who first became famous via the 1993 drama movie *The Secret Garden*. She has acted mostly in TV roles, however. Maberly was born and raised in England.
Richie Dunn

**Richie Dunn** (May 12, 1957 – September 20, 2016) was hockey player. For most of his career he played for the Buffalo Sabres. He died on September 20, 2016 at the age of 59.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Django Unchained

***Django Unchained*** is a 2012 American western movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It is set in 1858. It stars Jamie Foxx as Django, Christoph Waltz as Dr. King Schultz, and Leonardo DiCaprio as Calvin Candie. This comedy-drama is about the Antebellum South. There has been controversy related to its subject matter. *Django Unchained* was released on Christmas 2012 in the United States.

## Other websites 
*
Gabriel Abraham

**Gabriel Abraham**, born on March 22th 1991 in Galaţi, Romania, was a prominent football player, the FC Oţelul Galaţi goalkeeper.

On 2008 he made his debut in FC Oţelul Galaţi. He has been international for Romanian team seven times in inferior categories.

At the end of 2011, Abraham was transferred to Romanian club Prahova Tomşani.

On summer 2012 he went back to Fotbal Club Oțelul Galați.

## Career statistics
* 2010-11 Romanian Football League 
* 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup 

## References
## Other websites 
* Profile at romaniansoccer.ro 
* Gabriel Abraham profile at Transfermarkt.co.uk
Ali MacGraw

**Elizabeth Alice "Ali" MacGraw** (born April 1, 1939) is a television and movie actress. She started in movies, but changed to stage and TV acting. She received Golden Globes for *Goodbye Columbus* and *Love Story* (the earlier was in 1969, and the latter was released in 1970). Some birthdate sources say that she was born in 1938; others say 1939 or 1940.

MacGraw was born in New York State.

## References
Spider crab

The name **spider crab** is used to refer to a species of crab in the superfamily Majoidea. See crab spider for spiders of the Thomisidae family.

*The Japanese spider crab (*Macrocheira kaempferi*), is the largest living species of crab, and is found on the bottom on the Pacific ocean.
*The Portly spider crab (*Libinia emarginata*), is a species of crab found in the estuarine areas on the east coast of North America.
**Hyas* is a genus of spider crabs, and contains the Great spider crab (*Hyas araneus*) which is found in the Atlantic Ocean, and the North Sea.
John Shortland

marking Shortland's landing at Newcastle]]
Lieutenant **John Shortland** (1769-1810) was an English naval officer who explored and named the Hunter River in Australia.

Shortland joined the Royal Navy in 1781 as a midshipman. After served in Quebec and the West Indies. His father, Captain John Shortland (1739-1803), was the person in the Navy who organized many of the details for the First Fleet which took the first convicts to Australia in 1788. He arranged for two of his sons, John and Thomas George Shortland (1771 – 1827), to sail with him on the First Fleet. Shortland was the master's mate on *HMS Sirius* with Captain John Hunter. He was honoured with a postage stamp for the 150th anniversary but the artist made a mistake and it was Shortland's father's image on the stamp.

## References
Japanese spider crab

]]

The **Japanese spider crab** (*Macrocheira kaempferi*) is a species of marine crab, and is the only member in the genus ***Macrocheira***. It is found only in the waters around Japan. The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.8&nbsp;meters (12&nbsp;ft) long, and weighing up to 41&nbsp;pounds (19&nbsp;kg).

## Description
The Japanese spider crab is red or orange, with white spots on its legs. has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.7&nbsp;meters (12&nbsp;ft) long, and weighing up to 19&nbsp;kg (41&nbsp;pounds). The actual body of the Japanese spider crab is only 38&nbsp;cm (15&nbsp;inches) long.

The Japanese spider crab has 8 legs and 2 arms used for feeding. Each feeding arm is 1.5&nbsp;meters (5&nbsp;ft) long. The Japanese spider crab is different from other crab species because the first pleopods (legs which help them swim, catch food, hold their eggs, and sometimes has gills on it) of the males are twisted. Its larvae are not very complicated organisms, unlike the larvae of other crab species. Although the Japanese spider crab has some wild appearances, it is known to be gentle towards others.

## Habitat and distribution
The Japanese spider crab is found in the Pacific side of the Japanese islands, Honshu and Kyushu, usually at a latitude between 30 and 40 degrees North. They are found usually in the Sagami, Suruga, and Tosa bays, as well as off the coast of the Kii Peninsula.

A Japanese spider crab was once found as far south as Su-ao, in eastern Taiwan. This is most likely a one-time event; it is possible a fishing trawler or extreme weather may have carried this individual much further south than its home range. The Japanese spider crab is found up to the depths of 2,500&nbsp;feet (750&nbsp;meters). It is one of the longest living creatures in the world, living up to 100 years.

## References
Cockfight

A **cockfight** is a blood sport between two or more roosters that is held inside a cockpit. The combatants, called gamecocks, are specially bred birds. Cockfights are called blood sports by animal welfare and animal rights groups due to trauma inflicted between the roosters. It is illegal in the United States (and a felony in thirty States).

## References
Karla Bonoff

**Karla Bonoff** (December 27, 1951 in Los Angeles) is an American singer-songwriter. Her songs have been performed by others, including Bonnie Raitt, Linda Ronstadt and Wynonna Judd. Her self-titled debut album was released in 1977. Her cover of "Personally" was in 1982.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Karla Bonoff* (1977) (US #52)
* *Restless Nights* (1979)(US #31), (AUS #66)
* *Wild Heart of the Young* (1982) (US #49)
* *New World* (1988)
* *Carry Me Home* (2019)
* *Silent Night* (2020)

**with Bryndle**
* *Bryndle* (1995)
* *House of Silence* (2002)

### Live albums
* *Live* (2007)

### Compilations
* *Premium Best* (1988) [Japan Only]
* *The Best of Karla Bonoff* (1992) [Mail Order; Japan Only]
* *All My Life: The Best of Karla Bonoff* (1999)

### Singles
## References
## Other websites 
*
Robinson College, Cambridge

**Robinson College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1977 so it is the newest college in Cambridge. It allowed both men and women from the start. Today, it has about 550 students. The college was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. Because it is new, it does not have many of the traditions of the older colleges. For example, students can walk on the grass in the college gardens. 

It takes the name from David Robinson who gave £18 million to build the college. He also gave £3 million to build a new part of the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. The buildings are made of red brick and are found in Grange Road, a few minutes away from the city centre of Cambridge. 

Some important people have studied here, like Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Oleta Adams

**Oleta Adams** (May 4, 1953 – March 10, 2026) was an American singer and pianist. Adams began her career in the early 1980s. She gained fame  her singing on Tears for Fears's  album *The Seeds of Love* (1989). Her albums *Circle of One* (1991) and *Evolution* (1993) were top 10 hits in the United Kingdom. She was nominated for a Grammy for her cover of Brenda Russell's "Get Here". It was  a top 5 hit in both the UK and the US. Adams has been nominated for four total Grammy Awards and two Soul Train Music Awards.

She died from complications of a fall while intoxicated at her apartment in Hayward, California, on March 10, 2026, at age 72.

## References
Vaginal flatulence

**Vaginal flatulence** is the noisy emission of air from the vagina. It can happen during sexual intercourse, stretching or through no particular activity. An informal term for this is *queef*.

## Related pages
* Flatulence

## References
The Vanishing (1993 movie)

***The Vanishing*** is a 1993 drama thriller movie. It stars Sandra Bullock, Nancy Travis, Jeff Bridges and Kiefer Sutherland. It is about the abduction and murder of a girl named Diane (played by Bullock). This was directed by George Sluizer, who also directed a 1988 version of *The Vanishing*. The one released in 1993 got substandard reviews while in theaters.
Peterhouse, Cambridge

**Peterhouse** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1284 and is the oldest college. It is also one of the smallest ones, with less than 400 total students.

In 1280, Hugo de Balsham, the person who created the college, was first allowed to keep some students following the same rules of Merton College, Oxford. At first, they stayed where St John's College is now. Four years later, they bought some land near the Church of St Peter in Trumpington Street, where Peterhouse is still found now. Over the years, Peterhouse has been centre of many important events. It was here that many discussions about religion and the Protestant Reformation took place. Peterhouse was also the second building in England to get electricity, after the Palace of Westminster.

Some very important people have studied here. Five of them have won Nobel Prizes:
*Max Perutz and John Kendrew - Chemistry (1962) for finding out the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography.
*Sir Aaron Klug - Chemistry (1982) for developing crystallographic electron microscopy.
*Archer Martin - Chemistry (1952) for inventing partition chromatography.
*Michael Levitt

Others include:
*Henry Cavendish, a scientist who discovered hydrogen
*James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist
*Eudora Welty, an author and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
*Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who was a Prime Minister of Great Britain

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Anonymous

**Anonymous** or **Anonymus** may also refer to:
* Anonymity, when a personal identity is not known to the public
* Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author
* Anonymous (group), the collective name of loosely-affiliated individuals that participate in hacktivism
* "Anonymous" (song) a 2007 sing by Bobby Valentino
* Anonymus Valesianus, two writers of Byzantine chronicles, of the 6th century

## Related pages
*
Barry Tuckwell

**Barry Emmanuel Tuckwell**  (5 March 1931 – 16 January 2020) was an Australian horn player. He spent most of his professional life in the United Kingdom and the United States.

## Early life and education 
Barry Tuckwell was born on 5 March 1931 in Melbourne.  His younger sister Patricia is a violinist and fashion model widely known as Bambi.  She married a photographer and later George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.

Tuckwell became a chorister at St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, where he studied the piano, organ, and violin.  Then, at the age of 13, he started to learn the French horn.  After six months, he was playing it professionally. He studied at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music under Alan Mann, one of Australia's best-known brass players.

## Performing career 
### Orchestral
At 15, he was given the job of third horn with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. A year later, he joined the Sydney Symphony Orchestra which was conducted by  Eugene Goossens, where he remained for three and a half years before leaving for England.  His first appointment in 1951 was with the Hallé Orchestra, conducted by Sir John Barbirolli.  After two years, he went to the Scottish National Orchestra conducted by Karl Rankl and a year later to the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra conducted by Charles Groves. In 1955, he was appointed first horn with the London Symphony Orchestra.

## Writings 
Barry Tuckwell has written three important books on the horn and horn playing. For the *Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides*, he wrote the book on the horn. He wrote an excellent book on *Playing the Horn* as well as *Fifty First Exercises*.

## Teaching
Tuckwell is famous for his teaching.  He has been Artist-in-Residence at Dartmouth College and Pomona College in the USA, and he was Professor of Horn at the Royal Academy of Music in London from 1963 until 1974.

## Awards and honours
Barry Tuckwell has received many honours, including the Order of the British Empire in 1965 and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1992.

## References
;Bibliography

*

## Other websites
* http://www.barrytuckwellinstitute.com/
Eva LaRue

**Eva LaRue** (December 27, 1966), sometimes called **Eva LaRue Callahan**, is an American actress. She played as Maria Santos in *All My Children*. She played Natalia in *CSI: Miami*. She has performed in other television shows and done some movies.
Chronicle

A **chronicle** (, from Greek , from , *chronos*, "time") is an account of historical events, arranged in order from earliest to latest. A chronicle is different from a narrative or history, as events which are not believed to be important may be excluded from the latter; a chronicler is more concerned with documenting events in sequential order.

The Nuremberg Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, *Ecclesiastical History of the English People,* are the most famous chronicles in English-speaking countries.
Melly Oitzl

**Melly S. Oitzl** (in full: Maria-Silvana Oitzl, born 1955 in Lind/Arnoldstein) is an Austrian neuroscientist studying behavior. She is associate professor of medical pharmacology at the University of Leiden and adjunct professor of cognitive neurobiology (the neurobiology of thinking) at the University of Amsterdam. Oitzl works on the relationships between stress, cognition, and emotion. She got her Ph.D. in 1989 from the Heinrich-Heine-University in Düsseldorf. Oitzl is a member of the board of the  Earth and Life Sciences division of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. This organization had already given her an "Aspasia" grant in 2008. She has been a member of the executive committee and treasurer of the European Brain and Behaviour Society. The Web of Science lists more than 130 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals written by Oitzl. These have been cited over 5000 times and she has an h-index of 33.

## References
Kathleen Quinlan

**Kathleen Quinlan** (born November 19, 1954 in Pasadena, California) is an American movie and television performer. She began her acting career with *American Graffiti*. She also did many television movies in the 1990s and 2000s.

## References
## Other websites
*
Imelda Staunton

**Dame Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton**,  (born 9 January 1956) is an English Actress. She is mainly famous for portraying Dolores Umbridge in the *Harry Potter* movie series and Queen Elizabeth II in the final two seasons of *The Crown*.

She is also known for her roles in: *Much Ado about Nothing*, *Maleficent* and ''Peter's Friends''.

## Personal life 
Staunton was born in Archway, London. She studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She has been married to Jim Carter since 1983. The couple have a daughter.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Elle Fanning

]]
**Mary Elle Fanning** (born April 9, 1998) is an American actress. She is the younger sister of actress Dakota Fanning. Fanning is known for her role in *Maleficent* and several other movies including *Phoebe in Wonderland*, *Somewhere*, *We Bought a Zoo* and *A Complete Unknown*.

In 2011, Fanning starred as Alice Dainard in J. J. Abrams' sci-fi-drama blockbuster, *Super 8*. Her acting was very well liked by the critics in this movie. She received  for a Saturn Award, a Young Artist Award, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, a Teen Choice Award, a Scream Award, an MTV Movie Award, and more.

From 2020 to 2023, Fanning played Catherine the Great in the Hulu series *The Great*. The role earned her nominations for a BAFTA Award and Emmy Award.

In 2026, Fanning was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Rachel Kemp in *Sentimental Value*.

## Personal life
Fanning was born on April 9, 1998 in Conyers, Georgia. She is the daughter of Heather Joy (née Arrington), and Steven J. Fanning. Her mother played tennis professionally and her father played minor league baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals. He is now an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Fanning is the younger sister of Dakota Fanning, who is also an actress. Fanning has Irish, German, English, and French ancestry. Fanning and her family are members of the Southern Baptist Convention.  Fanning  attended Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, Los Angeles.

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
George Sakato

**George Taro Sakato** (February 19, 1921 &ndash; December 2, 2015) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Sakato was born in Colton, California.  His parents were immigrants from Japan. He was a *Nisei*, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.
He graduated from Redlands High School in Redlands, California.

The Sakato family moved to Arizona during World War II to avoid internment.

He volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Sakato was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Sakato's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Sakato's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in northern France in 1944.

The words of Sakato's citation explain:
Private George T. Sakato distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 October 1944, on hill 617 in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France. After his platoon had virtually destroyed two enemy defense lines, during which he personally killed five enemy soldiers and captured four, his unit was pinned down by heavy enemy fire. Disregarding the enemy fire, Private Sakato made a one-man rush that encouraged his platoon to charge and destroy the enemy strongpoint. While his platoon was reorganizing, he proved to be the inspiration of his squad in halting a counter-attack on the left flank during which his squad leader was killed. Taking charge of the squad, he continued his relentless tactics, using an enemy rifle and P-38 pistol to stop an organized enemy attack. During this entire action, he killed 12 and wounded two, personally captured four and assisted his platoon in taking 34 prisoners. By continuously ignoring enemy fire, and by his gallant courage and fighting spirit, he turned impending defeat into victory and helped his platoon complete its mission. Private Sakato's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Death
Sakato died in Denver, Colorado on December 2, 2015 at the age of 94.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* List of living Medal of Honor recipients

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
Dabney Coleman

**Dabney Wharton Coleman** (January 3, 1932 &ndash; May 16, 2024) was an American actor. He has appeared in over 50 movies including *Tootsie* (1982) and ''You've Got Mail* (1998). He was born in Austin, Texas. He was also known for being the voice of Principal Peter Prickly in *Recess* (1997–2001) and appearing as Louis "The Commodore" Kaestner in *Boardwalk Empire'' (2010–2011). His career began in 1961. 

Coleman was nominated for six Emmy Awards, winning one in 1987. He was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, winning one in 1987 as well.

Coleman was married to Ann Courtney Harrell between 1957 until they divorced in 1959. He was later married to Jean Hale from 1961 until they divorced in 1984. He has four children. In 2012, Coleman revealed that he was diagnosed with throat cancer.

Coleman died on May 16, 2024 at his home in Santa Monica, California at the age of 89. The cause of death was cardiac arrest caused by heart failure.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Division of Shortland

The **Division of Shortland** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. The Division closely follows the Pacific coast. It is a long and narrow shape not more than 10 kms wide. The western boundary is formed by Lake Macquarie. The Division stretches from Charlestown in the north to Norah Head in the south. It includes the towns of Toukley, Doyalson, Swansea, Belmont and Gateshead.

The Division was named after Lieutenant John Shortland. He was an early explorer of the Hunter Valley region. The Division was set up on 11 May 1949, and the first election was the 1949 Federal election. The seat is currently a safe Labor seat.

## Members
Peter Morris' brother, Alan Morris was the member for the Division of Newcastle. His son Matthew Morris was a member of the New South Wales Parliament.

## Election results
## References
*Division of Shortland – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Jill Hall's website
Anonymus Valesianus

**Anonym[o]us Valesianus** is the name of a text, published by Henri Valois (1603-1676) in 1636. The text was published together with Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus. The name is misleading: There are two texts, which have nothing in common, except the subject of history. They are labeled Anonymus Valesianus I and II. 

Anonymus Valesianus I, also called **Origo Constantini** talks about the life of Constantine the Great, roughly the time of 301 to 337 AD. The author is unknown, and was probably pagan. Most likely the text was written shortly after the death of the emperor. The author gives a good review of the life, and offers details which can be found in no other text. The text was written around 390, and is regarded as a reliable source

The second text gives a historic overview beginning with  the reign of Julius Nepos. It ends with the death of Theodoric the Great, roughly 474-526. The author of the second text was probably Roman Catholic, and the text was written in Ravenna, which was very important at the time.The text was written after 526, probably between 550 and 560. It bears the heading *item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera*. The text mostly deals with the reign of the Gothic king in Italy, Theodoric the Great."(Even though it is) poorly written (the text) is based on a no longer (existing) chronicle by the bishop of Ravenna, Maximianus, a highly (learned) and knowledgable scholar".
## References
## Other websites
*Latin text with English translation, at the Unversty of Chicago
Larry Holden

**Laurence Holden** (May 15, 1961 &ndash; February 13, 2011) was a movie, stage, and television actor who is known for his roles as Finch in *Batman Begins*, as Jimmy in *Memento*, and as Farrell in *Insomnia*. He also appeared in *The Arc*, *Cracker*, and in *Charmed*.

Holden was born on May 15, 1961. He was married to Hanne Kristiansen until his death in 2011. They had no children. Holden died on February 13, 2011 from cancer in Orange, Vermont, aged 49.

## References
## Other websites
*2006 Larry Holden interview with Jon Niccum
*
Shimonoseki

, also known as **Amagaseki** and **Bakan**, is a Japanese city in Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  The city is in the Chūgoku region.

It has been  as a core city since 2005.

## History
Shimonoseki was the ancient capital city of the Nagato Province.  Emperor Antoku was drowned in the battle.

* **5-6 September 1864** (*Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month*): Bombardment of Shimonoseki.

## Geography
Shimonoseki is a port on the Kamnon Strait (Shimonoseki Strait) at the Western end of Honshu.  The city is near to Kitakyūshū on the island of Kyushu.

## Related pages
* Treaty of Shimonoseki

## References
## Other websites
* Yamaguchi City website
Fontella Bass

**Fontella Bass** (July 3, 1940 – December 26, 2012) was an American singer. She was born in St. Louis. Her song "Rescue Me" hit #1 in the US R&B Singles Chart in 1965. She also had many other successful songs. She died due to complications from a heart attack.

Bass was the daughter of gospel singer Martha Bass.

## References
## Other websites
*
* [ Fontella Bass biography at Allmusic]
* Fontella Bass: Coming Full Circle
* Fontella Bass page
ValuJet Airlines Flight 592

**ValuJet Airlines Flight 592** was a passenger flight which left Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, scheduled to land in Atlanta, Georgia. The flight crashed in the Florida Everglades with 110 people on board. There were no survivors. The aircraft was a DC-9 previously owned by Delta Air Lines.

A few minutes after departure, N904VJ experienced a significant amount of electrical failures following the sound of a dull boom. The sound was caused by one of the spare nose tires stored in the cargo hold exploding because of the activation of a heated oxygen canister listed as company owned material(COMAT), stored on the plane by SabreTech. The canisters were not checked to see if they were empty or not and were sealed off using tape before being stored in boxes, which were loaded onto the aircraft. The canisters activated on the ground, and gradually became hotter and hotter until the canister housing the flammable air burst into flames.

Now in the air, the pilots continued outbound for several minutes before contacting air traffic control, notifying them of the emergency and their intentions to return to Miami. ATC then radioed the plane about the nature of the problem to which First Officer Hazen replied, "with fire and smoke in the cabin". The north departure controller then notified Miami Center that Flight 592 had an emergency and was returning to Miami.

With the cabin completely in flames, Hazen radioed ATC saying that the airplane needed the closest available airport. The controller tells him that the aircraft is cleared to land on Runway 12 at Miami. The first officer acknowledging this was the last radio contact received by ValuJet Flight 592.

Multiple witnesses testified that they saw the DC-9 in a dive moments before impacting the Everglades. At 14:13:32, ValuJet Flight 592 crashes into the Florida Everglades at high speed in an extreme nose down attitude. The aircraft is completely destroyed and all 110 passengers and crew on board are killed.
Cliff Osmond

**Cliff Osmond** (**Clifford Osman Ebrahim**, February 26, 1937 &ndash; December 22, 2012) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, writer, and producer who is known for his roles in *Irma la Douce*, *The Fortune Cookie*, and in *Kiss Me Stupid*.

## Early and personal life
Osmond was born on February 26, 1937 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised in Union City, New Jersey. Osmond studied at Dartmouth College and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Gretchen Ebrahim from the 1950s until his death in 2012. They had two children, Margaret and Eric Ebrahim.

## Career
Osmond's career would begin in 1961 in the television show *The Riffleman*. Then he would appear in other movies such as *Wild and Wonderful*, *Three Guns for Texas*, *Invation of the Bee Girls*, *The Front Page*, *The Great Brain*, *The North Avenue Irregulars*, and in his last well-known role in *For Which He Stands* in 1996. After he stopped acting and later he began to direct and produce shows or television movies. He directed his last movie before his death *Bxx: Haunted* in 2012.

## Death
Osmond died on December 22, 2012 in his home in Pacific Palisades, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

## Some movies
**Irma La Douce* (1963)
**Wild and Wonderful* (1964)
**Kiss Me, Stupid* (1964)
**The Fortune Cookie* (1966)
**Three Guns for Texas* (1968)
**Invasion of the Bee Girls* (1973)
**The Front Page* (1974)
*''Sharks' Treasure* (1975)
**The Great Brain* (1978)
**The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again* (1979)
**The North Avenue Irregulars* (1979)
**For Which He Stands'' (1996)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Harry Carey Jr.

**Harry G. Carey, Jr.** (May 16, 1921 &ndash; December 27, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his Western movies directed by John Ford. He also appeared on *Gremlins*, *Back to the Future Part III*, *Tombstone*, and in *The Searchers*. His father, Harry Carey, was an actor.

Carey, Jr. was born on May 16, 1921 in Santa Clarita, California. He was married to Marilyn Fix from 1944 until his death in 2012. Carey, Jr. died on December 27, 2012 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Harry Carey, Jr. official site
*Comanche Stallion
*
Patti LuPone

**Patti Ann LuPone** (born in Northport, New York, April 21, 1949) is an American performer. She has several Tony Awards. She won her first playing Eva Perón in the 1979 musical *Evita*. She also acted in many television programs and movies. These include *The 24 Hour Woman* and *Witness*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Gameshow Marathon

***Gameshow Marathon*** is an American television program which aired on CBS from May 31 to June 29, 2006. Six celebrity contestants competed in a tournament with classic game shows. The game shows that were played included *The Price is Right*, *Match Game*, and *Family Feud*. Ricki Lake was the host of the show. Contestants in the show included Kathy Najimy and Leslie Nielsen.
Majoidea

**Majoidea** is a superfamily of crabs, infraorder **Brachyura**. Majoidea contains five or six families:
*Epialtidae
*Hymenosomatidae – but it may not belong in this group 
*Inachidae
*Inachoididae
*Majidae
*Oregoniidae

## References
Batman Forever

***Batman Forever*** is a 1995 American superhero movie directed by Joel Schumacher and based on the DC Comics character Batman. It stars Val Kilmer as Batman. Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey and Nicole Kidman also act. This was released June 16, 1995 across the United States. The movie is 121 minutes long. It is rated PG-13. It has a $100 million, and grossed over $336.6 million at the box office.  It got mixed reviews from the critics. Originally intended as a sequel to Batman Returns with Michael Keaton and Michelle Pfeiffer reprising their roles and Tim Burton supposed to come back to direct, the movie was instead turned into a reboot and is the first installment of Joel Schumacher's Batman duology. Despite this Michael Gougg and Chris played Alfred and Commisary Gordon again.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
2013 Formula One World Championship

, the defending World Drivers' Champion.]]
The **2013 Formula One season** was the 64th season of the Formula One World Championship. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers competed in nineteen Grands Prix. The season started in Australia on 17 March and ended in Brazil on 24 November.

The 2013 season was the final year for the 2.4 litre V8 engine setup.

Sebastian Vettel was the defending World Drivers' Champion. He was Champion again in 2013.

## Signed teams and drivers
At the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix, Bernie Ecclestone said that the "majority" of teams in the 2012 season agreed to compete in 2013.

On 30 November 2012, the FIA published a provisional entry list for the 2013 season.
—seen here at the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix—left McLaren to join the Mercedes works team in 2013.]]

### Team changes
In November 2012, the owners of HRT F1 placed the team for sale. The team needed to find a buyer by 30 November to remain in the sport. HRT failed to find a buyer and the team was not included in the 2013 entry list.

### Driver changes
In September 2012, seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher said that he was retiring from the sport for a second time.  World Champion Lewis Hamilton agreed to take Schumacher's place. The move ended his fourteen-year career with McLaren.

Driver Sergio Pérez left Sauber to join McLaren. Nico Hülkenberg filled the vacant seat at Sauber. Hülkenberg was joined by Esteban Gutiérrez, who was Sauber's testing and reserve driver in  and .

Charles Pic moved from Marussia to Caterham. Max Chilton took his place at Marussia.

## Calendar
The following nineteen races appeared on the 2013 race schedule. The number of races on the Formula One calendar is dictated by the Concorde Agreement.

The calendar was originally meant to host twenty races.  This would add the new Grand Prix of Jersey. The race in New Jersey was delayed to 2014.

### Calendar changes
* The European Grand Prix was discontinued starting in 2013.
* Nürburgring hosted the German Grand Prix in 2013.

## Results and standings
### Grands Prix
### Drivers' standings
Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers using the following structure:

| valign="top" |

**Bold**&nbsp;- Pole position
*Italics*&nbsp;- Fastest lap

|}

**Notes:**
*†&nbsp;— Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

### Constructors' standings
| valign="top" |

**Bold**&nbsp;- Pole position
*Italics*&nbsp;- Fastest lap

|}
**Notes:**
*†&nbsp;— Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

## References
Verdun

**Verdun** is a commune in Lorraine. About 18,000 people live there. It is the sub-prefecture of the Meuse department and lies on the river of the same name. It has a long history. The city is known for its Dragées, a confectionery which contain either almonds or anise seeds. The London Quai (Quai de Londres) is named in honor of the British capital that financed the city's reconstruction after Word War I.

## Related pages
* Treaty of Verdun
* Battle of Verdun
Henri Valois

:*Henri Valois was also the name of Henry III of France*
**Henri Valois**, sometimes called **Henricus Valesianus**, was a medieval scholar. He was born in 1606 and died in 1676. His family belonged to nobility, and was established in Bayeux and Lisieux. He studied with the Jesuits in Verdun, and later in Paris. He also studied law in Bourges. To make his father happy, he lived as a lawyer in Paris for 7 years, even though he preferred to study. Today, he is known for the church history of Eusebius which he translated in 1660, and other translations of classical texts and fragments. Among these are the works of Constantine VII, which he identified and translated, Ammianus Marcellinus, and a history of Pope Constantine. He translated and published histories of Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Athanasius of Alexandria, as well texts of the First Council of Nicaea,Theodoret, Evagrius Scholasticus, Philostorgius, Theodorus Lector. He also published two texts from anonymous authors, known as Anonymus Valesianus today.

His translations were later used for translations of these texts into French.
Paula Patton

**Paula Maxine Patton** (born December 5, 1975, Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress and model. She acted in movies like *Idlewild*, *Precious* and *Swing Vote*. She also did a few television shows.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michael Learned

and Richard Thomas in 1973]]
**Michael Learned** (/my-kel Lern-ed/ born on April 9, 1939, Washington, D.C.) is an American actress. She became well known for playing Olivia Walton for the television series *The Waltons* in the 1970s. She also starred in other television series and in movies. She was married to actor Peter Donat from 1956 until 1972.

## References
Carl Stumpf

**Carl Stumpf** (21 April 1848 &ndash; 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century. 

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology. 

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.

## Phenomenology
Stumpf began his *Tonpsychologie* (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as *phenomenology*. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle  given unconsciously by its owner.

## Major works 
*1885. *Tonpsychologie*
*1911. *Die Anfänge der Musik*
*1928. *Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung*
*1939-1940. *Erkenntnislehre*. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
*1997. *Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.

## Other sources 
*1911. Pfungst O. *Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology*. New York: Henry Holt.
*1982. Spiegelberg H. *The phenomenological movement*. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
*1995. Ash M.G. 1995, *Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967*. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
*2006. *Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie*. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
*2009. Carl Stumpf. *Gestalt Theory''. vol. **30**, #2.

## References
J. R. Martinez

**Jose Rene "J. R." Martinez** (born June 14, 1983) is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. He participated in Dancing with the Stars and won in Fall 2011. He was the grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 2012. In 2008, he played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime soap opera *All My Children*.

In 2003, Martinez sustained severe burns over 34 percent of his body while serving as an Army infantryman in Iraq.

## Early life
He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana to Maria Zavala. Martinez has never met his father. When he was young he moved to Hope, Arkansas with his mother. At 17, Martinez and his mother moved to Dalton, Georgia, before his senior year of high school.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Hastings-on-Hudson, New York

**Hastings-on-Hudson** is a village in Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City.

## References
Great Dividing Range

The **Great Dividing Range**, or the **Eastern Highlands**, is Australia's largest mountain range. It is the fifth longest land-based range in the world. The range is  in length and runs along the whole east coast of Australia. In that north it starts from Dauan Island off the northeastern tip of Queensland. In Victoria the range turns west and ends at the Grampians in western Victoria. The width of the range varies from about  to over .

The difference in height between the narrow coastal area and the eastern mountains has affected Australia's climate. This caused by the mountains causing lots of rain as clouds move over them. There are many gorges where the rise is tall.

## Description
 between Braidwood and Bungendore, New South Wales]]
The Great Dividing Range is not a single mountain range. There is a complex of mountain ranges, plateaus, upland areas and escarpments. In some places the land is nearly flat, with only very low hills.

The crest of the range is the boundary between the drainage basins of rivers; those which drain east into the Pacific Ocean, or southward into Bass Strait; and those rivers which drain west and south into the Murray-Darling rivers. In the north, the rivers on the west side of the range drain towards the Gulf of Carpentaria.

The higher and more rugged parts of the "range" are not always part of the crest of the range. The term "Great Dividing Range" is used for both the watershed crest, and all of the hills and mountains between the east coast of Australia and the central plains and lowlands. At some places the Great Dividing Range can be up to  wide.

*Alpine National Park – VIC
*Bald Rock National Park – NSW
*Barrington Tops National Park – NSW
*Baw Baw National Park – VIC
*Blue Mountains National Park – NSW
*Border Ranges National Park – NSW
*Brindabella National Park – NSW
*Brisbane Ranges National Park – VIC
*Budawang National Park – NSW
*Bunya Mountains National Park – QLD
*Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park – VIC
*Cathedral Rock National Park – NSW
*Conondale National Park – QLD
*Cunnawarra National Park – NSW
*Dandenong Ranges National Park – VIC
*Deua National Park – NSW

*Dharug National Park – NSW
*Gibraltar Range National Park – NSW
*Girraween National Park – QLD/NSW
*Grampians National Park – VIC
*Guy Fawkes River National Park – NSW
*Heathcote-Graytown National Park
*Kanangra-Boyd National Park – NSW
*Kosciuszko National Park – NSW
*Lake Eildon National Park – VIC
*Lamington National Park – QLD
*Morton National Park – NSW
*Mount Buffalo National Park – VIC
*Mummel Gulf National Park – NSW
*Namadgi National Park – ACT
*Nattai National Park – NSW
*New England National Park – NSW

*Nowendoc National Park – NSW
*Oxley Wild Rivers National Park – NSW
*Snowy River National Park – VIC
*South East Forest National Park – NSW
*Springbrook National Park- QLD
*Sundown National Park – QLD
*Toonumbar National Park – NSW
*Wadbilliga National Park – NSW
*Washpool National Park – NSW
*Werrikimbe National Park – NSW
*Wollemi National Park – NSW
*Yarra Ranges National Park – VIC
*Yengo National Park – NSW

, Victoria]]

## References
James Okubo

**James K. Okubo** (May 30, 1920 &ndash; January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier. He was a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington. His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a *Nisei*, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

The Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they were moved to the camp at Hart Mountain in Wyoming.

Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Okubo was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star. In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II. Okubo's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Okubo's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944.

The words of Okubo's citation explain:
Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Foret Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine, eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who otherwise would have died. Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Namesake
Okubo is the  of the Okubo Family Health Clinic at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington.

The Okubo Barracks at the Fort Sam Houston in Texas are named after the *Nisei* soldier.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* World War II
* Combat medic

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
*
Animal Rights (song)

"**Animal Rights**" is a collaboration song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American house music producer, Wolfgang Gartner. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album *4×4=12.* 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 28 August 2010. Animal Rights was added to the BBC Radio 1's playlist on 1 December 2010.

The song reached #72 on the UK Singles Chart and reached #15 on the UK Dance Chart.

## References
Some Chords

"**Some Chords**" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album *4×4=12.* 

The song is the first single from 4×4=12. It was featured on a CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode titled "Pool Shark" where deadmau5 played himself in the episode. The song also appears on the soundtrack to the 2010 video game, The Sims 3.

The music video for the song was selected as the winner of a competition deadmau5 sent out using Wooshii. The music video is about a man named Tom who has a snare drum for a head.

## References
Strobe (song)

"**Strobe**" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's fourth studio album *For Lack of a Better Name.* 

The song is the second single from the album and was released on 23 February 2010. The song was originally came from the 2006 song, "Then We Stood Still". A live version of the song was released only through the iTunes version of his sixth studio album > album title goes here < in 2012. The song is a progressive house song that is influenced from the ambient music genre. There are also several remixes for the song including a Michael Woods remix, a Plump DJs remix and a DJ Marky & S.P.Y. remix.

It reached #128 on the UK Singles Chart and also reached #13 on the UK Dance Chart in the United Kingdom.

## References
Sofi Needs a Ladder

"**Sofi Needs a Ladder**" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Sofia Toufa (SOFI). The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album *4×4=12.* 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 22 October 2010.

It was originally an instrumental song and was called "You Need a Ladder" but the song was changed to "Sofi Needs a Ladder" when Sofia Toufa performed the vocals for it.

Deadmau5 create a contest for the best remix of "Sofi Needs A Ladder". The winner's name is MosDam, that had remixed a lot of Deadmau5 tracks.

The song is featured during a house party in a season 8 episode of Entourage, The finals of The X Factor where the first verse was mashed with "What a Feeling" and was performed by Cher Lloyd, the club scene during The Hangover Part II and on the soundtrack of Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit.

Sofi Needs a Ladder won a Juno Award for "Best Dance Recording" in 2011.

## References