open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Paul Pelosi

**Paul Francis Pelosi Sr. ** (born April 15, 1940) is an American businessman. He owns Financial Leasing Services, Inc., a San Francisco-based real estate and investment company. He also owned the Sacramento Mountain Lions, a team in the United Football League (which does not exist any more).

He is the husband of the U.S. House speaker, Nancy Pelosi and has had five children with her.

In the early hours of October 28, 2022, a man broke into Pelosi's San Francisco home screaming "Where's Nancy?" multiple times and attacked Pelosi with a hammer. The suspect was taken into police custody, while Pelosi was hospitalized with blunt force injuries and had surgery on his skull.

42 year old, David DePape was the assailant.

## References
Murad Wilfried Hofmann

**Murad Wilfried Hofmann** (6 July 1931 &ndash; 13 January 2020) was a German politician and author. He wrote many books on Islam, including *Journey to Makkah* () and *Islam: The Alternative* (). He was one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You. He was born in Aschaffenburg, Germany. Hofmann was a German ambassador to Algeria (1987–1990) and Morocco (1990–1994).

Hofmann died on 13 January 2020 in Bonn, Germany at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* islamicity.com – Los Angeles Times: U.S. Freedoms Give American Muslims Influence Beyond Their Numbers quotes Hofmann.
Martin West (actor)

**Martin Weixelbaum** (August 28, 1937 – December 31, 2019), known professionally as **Martin West**, was an American actor. He was born in Westhampton, New York.

West was known for his roles as Lawson in John Carpenter's *Assault on Precinct 13* as well as the lead role in *Freckles*. He was also known for playing roles in the soap operas *General Hospital* as Dr Phil Brewer and *As the World Turns* as Donald "Don" Hughes.

West died on December 31, 2019 in Norwalk, Connecticut at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*Martin West at Aveleyman
Bong Joon-ho

**Bong Joon-ho** (, ; born September 14, 1969) is a South Korean movie director and screenwriter. He became internationally known for his second feature movie *Memories of Murder* (2003), *The Host* (2006) and *Snowpiercer* (2013). His 2019 movie, *Parasite*, earned him an Academy Award for Best Director in 2020. He was born in Daegu, South Korea.

## References
## Other websites
*
Westhampton, New York

**Westhampton** is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 3,621 at the 2020 census.

Westhampton is in the Town of Southampton.

## References
Parasite (2019 movie)

***Parasite*** () is a 2019 South Korean black comedy thriller movie directed by Bong Joon-ho, who also wrote the movie's story. The movie stars Song Kang-ho, Lee Sun-kyun, Cho Yeo-jeong, Choi Woo-shik, and Park So-dam. 

The movie is about a poor family who takes over the life of a wealthy family. The script is based on a play Bong wrote in 2013. He later made it into a 15-page movie draft. Bong said he was inspired by the 1960 Korean movie *The Housemaid*.

*Parasite* had its world premiere at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2019, where it became the first Korean movie to win the Palme d'Or. It received positive reviews from critics. It also made $131 million worldwide, becoming the third highest-grossing movie in South Korea.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, *Parasite* has an approval rating of 99%.

At the 92nd Academy Awards, the movie earned six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best International Feature Film, winning all three categories. At the 77th Golden Globe Awards, the movie won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.

*Parasite* is the first non-English movie to win an Academy Award for Best Picture.

A six-hour HBO limited series based on the movie, with Bong and Adam McKay as executive producers, was announced to be in early development in January 2020. 

## References
Aladdin (2019 movie)

***Aladdin*** is a 2019 American musical fantasy movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Guy Ritchie. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated movie of the same name.

*Aladdin* was theatrically released in the United States on May 24, 2019. It made $1 billion worldwide, becoming the eighth-highest-making movie of 2019. The movie had mixed reviews from critics.

## Top Billed Cast
* Mena Massoud. Aladdin.
* Will Smith. Genie / Mariner.
* Naomi Scott. Jasmine.
* Marwan Kenzari. Jafar.
* Navid Negahban. Sultan.
* Nasim Pedrad. Dalia.
* Billy Magnussen. Prince Anders.
* Numan Acar. Hakim.
* Jordan A. Nash. Omar.
* Taliyah Blair. Lian.

## References
Totò

**Antonio Griffo Focas Flavio Angelo Ducas Comneno Porfirogenito Gagliardi De Curtis di Bisanzio** (15 February 1898 – 15 April 1967), best known by his stage name **Totò**, () or simply as **Antonio De Curtis**, and nicknamed *il Principe della risata* ("the Prince of laughter"), was an Italian actor, comedian, writer, poet, singer and lyricist. 

Some of his best-known movies are *Fifa e Arena*, ''Totò al Giro d'Italia*, *Totò Sceicco*, *Guardie e ladri*, *Totò e le donne*, *Totò Tarzan*, *Totò terzo uomo*, *Totò a colori* (the first Italian color movie, 1952, in Ferraniacolor), *I soliti ignoti*, *Totò, Peppino e la malafemmina*, and *La legge è legge''.

## Other websites
*Site of Totò, Antonio De Curtis
*Omaggio a Antonio De Curtis in arte Totò
*Antonio De Curtis e Totò, vita e opere
*Tribute to Totò (in Italian)
*
*Tribute to Totò in "La Patria Grande de Caracas" (in Spanish and Italian)
Jean Seberg

**Jean Dorothy Seberg** (; ; November 13, 1938August 30, 1979) was an American actress. Her performance in Jean-Luc Godard's 1960 movie *Breathless* made her an icon of French New Wave cinema.

She appeared in 34 movies in Hollywood, including *Saint Joan*, *Bonjour Tristesse*, *Lilith*, *The Mouse That Roared*, *Moment to Moment*, *A Fine Madness*, *Paint Your Wagon*, *Airport*, *Macho Callahan*, and *Gang War in Naples*.

## References
Toto

**Toto** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
### Fictional characters
#### Pets
* Toto (*Oz*), Dorothy (Gale)'s dog in novel and movie *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz*
* Toto, in Japanese *The Cat Returns*
#### Characters of agency
* a character in *Le château à Toto* (Toto’s castle), 1868 opéra bouffe
* the title character of *Princess Toto*, 1876 comic opera by W. S. Gilbert and Frederic Clay
* the title character of *Toto of Arabia*, 1965 Italian-Spanish adventure-comedy movie
* Toto, the main character of *Toto Forever*, 2010 short movie
* Toto, a Gamera character from *Gamera the Brave*
* Toto, the main character in *Stories Toto Told Me* and *In His Own Image* by Frederick Rolfe

### Other uses in arts and entertainment 
* Toto (band)
** *Toto* (album), their debut album
* *Toto!: The Wonderful Adventure*, Japanese manga series

## Gaming and gambling
* Football pools, called "toto" in several languages
* Toto (lottery), a lottery in Singapore
* TotoGaming, an Armenian gaming operator
* Sports Toto, a Malaysian gambling company

## People 
* Toto people, ethnonym for isolated tribal group from Totopara, Alipurduar district, West Bengal, India
* Toto language, spoken by the Toto people
### Performing names
* Totò, stage name of Antonio De Curtis (1898–1967), Italian comedian, actor, writer, and songwriter
* Totó la Momposina, Colombian singer Sonia Bazanta Vides (born 1948)
### Other personal names
* Toto (surname)
* Toto (given name)
* Toto (nickname)

## Places 
* Toto, Nigeria, Local Government Area of Nasarawa State
* Toto, Indiana, U.S., an unincorporated community
* To-To, California, U.S., former Native American settlement at (and nickname for) Totoma, California

## Sports 
* Toto African, a football club in Mwanza, Tanzania
* Toto Cup, an association football tournament in Israel
* Toto Japan Classic, an annual women's professional golf tournament

## Other uses 
* Toto (gorilla) (1931–1968), a female adopted by A. Maria Hoyt
* Toto, a cheetah cub seen in the BBC series *Big Cat Diary*
* Toto (dessert), a small coconut cake in Jamaican cuisine
* Toto Ltd., a Japanese toilet manufacturer 
* Toto (mythology), a chief in Māori mythology

## Related pages
* 
* 
* TOTO (disambiguation)
* *In toto*
* *Toto and Cleopatra*, a 1963 Italian adventure-comedy movie
Qi Baishi

**Qi Baishi** (1 January 1864 &ndash; 16 September 1957) was a Chinese painter. He was known for his watercolor works. In 1953, he was elected president of the China Artists Association (中國美術家協會). He died in Beijing in 1957.

## Other websites
*Qi Baishi's paintings at China Online Museum
*Qi Baishi's artwork and bibliography
*About.com page on Qi Baishi 
**Straddling East and West: Lin Yutang, a modern literatus: the Lin Yutang family collection of Chinese painting and calligraphy*, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Qi Baishi (see table of contents)
Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer

**Cynthia Ellinor Beatrix Spencer, Countess Spencer**  (*née* **Hamilton**; 16 August 1897 – 4 December 1972) was a British peeress and the paternal grandmother of Diana, Princess of Wales.
Sanamahism

**Sanamahism** is the traditional religion of the Meitei people in Manipur, India. It is also called **Meiteism** or **Lainingthouism**. Sanamahism is a polytheistic religion, meaning it has many gods. The religion is named after the god Lainingthou Sanamahi, who is one of the most important gods in Meitei beliefs.

## History 
Sanamahism is believed to be about 3800 years old. The earliest records are found in the *Cheitharol Kumbaba*, the royal chronicle of Manipur, starting from King Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who ruled from 33 to 154 CE.

## Beliefs and Practices 
Sanamahism teaches that the universe was created by the god **Kuru**. Other main gods include:

* **Lainingthou Sanamahi**, protector of humans.
* **Sidaba Mapu**, creator of the universe.
* **Pakhangba**, ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.
* **Leimarel Sidabi**, goddess of the earth.
* **Imoinu Ahongbi**, goddess of wealth and prosperity.

People worship these gods in their homes and in sacred groves called Umang Lai. Festivals like Lai Haraoba celebrate the gods with dances and rituals.

## Revival Movement 
In 1930, Naoriya Phulo started the **Apokpa Marup** to revive Sanamahism. The movement grew, and in 1945, the **Meitei Marup** was formed to promote the religion and the Meitei script. In 1992, the King of Manipur declared Sanamahism as the state religion again.

## Official Recognition 
On 5 August 2022, the Manipur Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to recognize Sanamahism as a minority religion in India and to give it a separate code in the census.

## Number of Followers 
According to the 2011 Census of India, 222,422 people follow Sanamahism, mostly in Manipur.

## References 
*
Joan Benson

**Joan Benson** (October 9, 1925 – January 1, 2020) was an American keyboard player. Her works focused on the clavichord and fortepiano. She was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. 

From 1968 through 1976, she taught at Stanford University until joining the faculty at the University of Oregon in Eugene, where she taught through 1987.

Benson died on January 1, 2020 in Eugene, Oregon at the age of 94.

## Works
* *Joan Benson, Clavichord* (Repertoire Records, LP, 1962), reissued by Bridge Records, 1972.
* *Music of C. P. E. Bach* (Orion Master Recordings, Giveon Cornfield, LP, 1976); clavichord and 1795 Broadwood pianoforte
* *Works of Haydn and Pasquini* (Titanic Records, Ralph Dobmeyer, LP, 1982); original Tosi and Schiedmayer clavichords from Boston Museum of Fine Arts
* *Clavichord Music of Johann Kuhnau and C. P. E. Bach* (Focus Recordings, Peter Nothnagel, Early Music Institute, Indiana University School of Music, cassette, 1987 and CD, 1996)
* *Artistry of Joan Benson*, Early Music Institute, Barry Phillips; issued with *Clavichord for Beginners*, Indiana University Press, CD (2014)
* *The Clavichord, Vision and Voice of Joan Benson*, Early Music Institute; issued with *Clavichord for Beginners*, Indiana University Press, DVD (2014)

## References
Skunk Works

]]

**Skunk Works** is an official pseudonym for Lockheed Martin's **Advanced Development Programs** (**ADP**). The program was formerly called **Lockheed Advanced Development Projects.** It is in charge of a few aircraft type designs. These includes the U-2, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, and the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. These aircrafts are used in several countries' air forces.

## Aircraft produced
 on top of the SR-71 Blackbird.]]

* Lockheed P-38 Lightning (unofficial)
* Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
* Lockheed XF-90
* Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
* Lockheed U-2
* Lockheed X-26 Frigate
* Lockheed YO-3
* Lockheed A-12
* Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
* Lockheed D-21
* Lockheed XST (Have Blue)
* Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk
* Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
* Lockheed Martin X-35 and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
* Lockheed X-27
* Lockheed Martin Polecat
* Quiet Supersonic Transport
* Lockheed Martin Cormorant
* Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk
* Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel
* Lockheed Martin X-55
* Lockheed Martin SR-72
* Lockheed Martin ES-3A

Other projects are as follows
* High beta fusion reactor
* Sea Shadow

## References
* 

## Related pages
* Area 51
* Boeing Phantom Works
* Swamp Works
* Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory

## Other websites
*
Elizabethan era

The **Elizabethan era** was a time in the history of England. Generally, the Elizabethan era refers to the years 1558 - 1603, when Elizabeth I was the Queen of England.

It is often called "The Golden Age," or even the "English Renaissance," because it was a time of great achievements in the arts, science, and culture.  The English economy prospered, and exploration changed the way Europeans viewed the world.  

## Elizabethan era features 
### A golden age of culture 
During the Elizabethan era, the arts flourished.

Artists made advances in painting (especially portraiture).

### Exploration and colonization 
There was a surge in exploration by ship.  Many colonies were established during the Elizabethan era, most notably in North America.

Famous Elizabethan explorers included:

* Sir Francis Drake, who fought the Spanish Armada and was the first to sail all the way around the world
* Sir Walter Raleigh, who led voyages to the New World and established the Virginia colony of Roanoke Island
* Henry Hudson, who found the Hudson River
* Thomas Cavendish, who sailed around the world after Drake did

Some of these explorers also worked as privateers and/or pirates. The patterns, melodies, and blank verses he used in his poetry have become standard.

 

## References 
## Related pages 
*Tudor period
Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel

**Charles Cuthbert Powell Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel**,  (9 February 1933 – 30 December 2019) was a British businessman, cricketer and Labour life peer. He was a member of the House of Lords from 1985 until his death.

## Cricket and writing
Williams played first-class cricket for Oxford University from 1952 to 1955, and for Essex from 1954 to 1959. He appeared in 87 matches as a top-order right-handed batter, scoring 4,090 runs with a highest score of 139 not out. He completed six first-class centuries. In later years, he became a writer. His works included biographies of Don Bradman, Charles de Gaulle, Konrad Adenauer, Philippe Pétain, and Harold Macmillan. In 2012, he wrote the partly autobiographical *Gentlemen & Players: The Death of Amateurism in Cricket*, which was published on 4 April 2013.

## Family
He was the stepfather of Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury.

## References
U&Eden

**U&Eden** is a British free-to-air channel by broadcasted the United Kingdom and Ireland as part of the UKTV channels. The channel was originally launched on 8 March 2004 and relaunched in its current format on 27 January 2009. Eden became free on 7 October 2024 and rebranded to U&Eden on 16 October 2024.

## Related pages 
* UKTV

## Other websites 
*
Ratko Janev

**Ratko Janev** () (March 30, 1939 – December 31, 2019) was a Macedonian atomic physicist. He was a member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

## Life
Janev was born in Sveti Vrač, Bulgaria. From 1986, he was in charge of the Atomic and Molecular Unit of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. In 1972, Janev became Adjunct professor of nuclear physics at the University of Skopje and Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Belgrade. 

Janev died on December 31, 2019 in Belgrade at the age of 80.

## Books
*
*
*
*

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Europe

## References
John R. Cunningham

**John Robert "Jack" Cunningham**, O.C., (January 5, 1927 – January 4, 2020) was a Canadian medical physicist. He was known for his works in the development of radiation treatment planning dose calculations in radiation therapy. In 1988 he was awarded the highest award given by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. He taught at the University of Alberta in Edmonton.

Cunningham died on January 4, 2020 at the age of 92.

## References
ByteDance

**ByteDance Ltd.** () is a Chinese Internet technology company headquartered in Beijing which owns Toutiao and TikTok. It was founded by Zhang Yiming in 2012 and the shared ownership given to its employees.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Taal Volcano

The **Taal Volcano** is a complex volcano on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is a large caldera filled by Taal Lake in the province of Batangas about  south of Manila, the volcano is the second most active volcano in the country with 38 recorded historical eruptions, all of which were concentrated on Volcano Island, near the middle of Taal Lake. The caldera was formed by prehistoric eruptions between 140,000 and 5,380 BP.

## Gallery

Image:Taal_Volcano_from_Agoncillo,_Batangas.jpg|Taal Volcano from Agoncillo, Batangas
Image:Volcanic Cone in Taal Lake in the Philippines - 2010-05-15.jpg|Volcanic Cone in Taal Lake

Image:At the Lakeshore going to Taal Volcano.jpg|Taal Volcano
Image:"The Natural Wonder of the South- Taal Volcano".jpg|Taal Volcano

## References
Ohio State Buckeyes men's volleyball

The '''Ohio State Buckeyes men's volleyball''' is one of the 18 men's varsity teams at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. The team is coached by Pete Hanson, who is in his 36th season as head coach. The Buckeyes are a charter member of the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA), which they have been competing in since their founding in 1968. The team has won 27 regular season MIVA titles, 17 tournament titles and three NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament titles. They currently host their home matches at the Covelli Center on campus.
János Aczél (mathematician)

**János Dezső Aczél**  (; 26 December 1924 – 1 January 2020) was a Hungarian-Canadian mathematician. He worked in functional equations and information theory. He was born in Budapest. He was the founder of the journal *Aequationes Mathematicae*, first published in 1968, and remained its honorary editor-in-chief.

In 1971, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1990 he became an external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

## References
Robert Sheldon, Baron Sheldon

**Robert Edward Sheldon, Baron Sheldon** PC (born **Isaac Ezra Shamash**; 13 September 1923 &ndash; 2 February 2020) was a British Labour politician. He was a member of the British Parliament for Ashton-under-Lyne from 1964 through 2001. Under the Primership of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, he was the Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1975 through 1979.

He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977. He was created a life peer as **Baron Sheldon**, of Ashton-under-Lyne in the County of Greater Manchester on 22 June 2001. He retired from the House of Lords on 18 May 2015.

Sheldon died of a heart attack on 2 February 2020, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Catalogue of the Sheldon papers held at LSE Archives
Maine Coon

The **Maine Coon** is the biggest cat breed used as a pet. It has a unique look and good hunting skills. It is one of the oldest natural breeds in North America. It is native to the state of Maine, United States, where it is the official state cat.

Nobody knows for sure how the Maine Coon got to the United States, so there are many different ideas. The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century. It almost became  in the early 20th century because of long-haired breeds being more popular. The Maine Coon became more popular in the 1970s. It is now one of the most popular cat breeds in the USA.

The Maine Coon is a large and friendly cat. This is how it got its nickname, "the gentle giant". Because the cat is so big, professionals have seen certain health problems that Maine Coons get. Some of these are feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hip dysplasia. Many breeders do things to make these problems happen less.

## References
Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno

**John Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno** (born 23 October 1935), is a Welsh Liberal Democrat politician, Methodist minister, and life peer. He was for many years President of the Welsh Liberals, and later, the Welsh Liberal Democrats. In 2004, he became a member of the House of Lords.

## References
Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank

**William Thomas Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank**, PC (born 28 October 1928), usually known as **William Rodgers**, but also often known as **Bill Rodgers**, is a British politician. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire.

He was one of the 'Gang of Four' of senior British Labour Party politicians left the party to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He helped to lead the SDP into the merger that formed the Liberal Democrats. He was that party's leader in the House of Lords from 1997 through 2001.

## References
## Other websites
*Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
*Recent Speeches in the Lords
Dick Taverne

**Dick Taverne, Baron Taverne**, QC (18 October 1928 &ndash; 25 October 2025) was an English Liberal Democrat politician and life peer in the House of Lords.

Taverne died at his home in London, England on 25 October 2025, at the age of 97.

## References
Orly Levy-Abekasis

**Orly Levy-Abekasis** (, born 11 November 1973) is an Israeli politician. She is a member of the Knesset for Gesher. 

In 2019, she formed her own party, Gesher, while running in the April 2019 elections. Although the party failed to win a seat, she returned to the Knesset following the September 2019 elections, in which Gesher ran together with the Labor Party.

## References
Gesher (2019 political party)

**Gesher** (, lit. *Bridge*) is a liberal and centrist political party in Israel. It was created in December 2018 by former Yisrael Beitenu MK Orly Levy. 

The party focuses on economic and cost-of-living issues, aiming to reduce inequality. The name of the party is a reference to the party founded by Orly's father, David Levy.

Participating in the Netanyahu-Gantz Government.

## References
Stav Shaffir

**Stav Shaffir** (; born 17 May 1985) is an Israeli politician. She is the leader of the Green Party, she was a member of the Knesset for the Democratic Union alliance. 

In December 2019, Shaffir announced that she would be renaming the Green Movement the Green Party, and would run independently in the 2020 elections.

## References
Croatian checkerboard

]]
The **Croatian checkerboard** or **chequy** (Croatian: *šahovnica* ) is the national symbol of Croatia. It is the main shield of the Croatian coat of arms. On top of the main shield is the crown with five smaller shields, each representing a region of Croatia. The squares in the *šahovnica* are always arranged the right way, colored red and white. Historically, the order varied.

## Origin
 of Silesian regions.]]
There is a legend, probably from the 19th century, which talks about how the Croatian king Držislav, captured by the Venetians, played a chess match. His opponent was Doge Pietro II Orseolo. He won and became free, and in some versions of the story he also got power over the Dalmatian cities. Then he put the chessboard in his coat of arms.

It first came into use in Croatian coat of arms around year 1495, as depicted on a temple hall located in Innsbruck, Austria. There is likelyhood that it has been borrowed by the House of Habsburg (who ruled the Hungarian-Croatian throne at the time) from other West Slavic coats of arms, as the silver-red colored pattern was popular among the 12–14th century Polish and Czech noble families. The cheque pattern in European heraldry was likely inspired by the board game of chess.

It is considered as the national symbol of Croatia, and is prominently displayed at sporting events. As such, the pattern in these colors remains associated mostly with the nation of Croatia.

## Gallery

Croatian chequey.jpg|The Croatian chequy on a church in Baška
Croatian_Coat_of_Arms_1495.JPG|The first known Croatian chequy as shown in Innsbruck, Austria (1495).
Croatian coa 1527.png|The coat of arms of Croatia, used in 1527 as part of a seal on the Cetingrad Charter.
Wappen_K%C3%B6nigreich_Croatien_%26_Slavonien.png|Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia (1525-1868).
Wappen_K%C3%B6nigreich_Croatien.jpg|Coat of arms of the Croatian Crown land (until 1868)
Coa Croatia Country History (with crown) (1868-1918).svg|Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918).
Coa Hungary Country History Mid (1867).svg|Coat of arms of Transleithania (1868-1915).
Domoljubna značka 1914.jpg|Patriotic badge from 1914
Coat of Arms of the Banate of Croatia.svg|Banovina of Croatia (1939–1943).
Greater coat of arms of the Banate of Croatia.svg|Banovina of Croatia greater version (1939–1943).
Coat of arms of Croatia (1941–1945).svg|Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945).
Coat of Arms of Socialist Republic of Croatia.svg|Socialist Republic of Croatia (1947–1990).
Coat of arms of Croatia (white chequy).svg|Early coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia (1990).
Croatia COA heater.svg|Coat of arms of Croatia proper

## References
Bay of Kotor

The **Bay of Kotor** (Serbian and Montenegrin: Бока Которска / *Boka Kotorska*), also known as the **Boka**, is the bay of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Montenegro and the region of Montenegro around the bay.

Its well-preserved medieval towns of Kotor, Risan, Tivat, Perast, Prčanj and Herceg Novi, along with their natural surroundings, are major tourist attractions. The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Its numerous Orthodox and Catholic churches and monasteries attract numerous religious and cultural pilgrims.

## References
Bacterial vaginosis

**Bacterial vaginosis** (**BV**) is a disease of the vagina caused by a large growth of bacteria. 

Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur

It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.

## Diagnosis 
 to detect vaginal alkalinization (here showing approximately pH 8), and a microscope slide to microscopically detect clue cells]]
To make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, a swab from inside the vagina is taken. These swabs can be tested for:
* Gram stain which shows the depletion of lactobacilli and overgrowth of *Gardnerella vaginalis*  bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is usually confirmed by  a Gram stain of vaginal secretions.
* A characteristic "fishy" odor on wet mount. This test, called the *whiff test*, is performed by adding a small amount of potassium hydroxide to a microscope slide containing the vaginal discharge. A characteristic fishy odor is considered a positive whiff test and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis.
* Loss of acidity. To control bacterial growth, the vagina is normally slightly acidic with a pH of 3.8–4.2. A swab of the discharge is put onto litmus paper to check its acidity. A pH greater than 4.5 is considered alkaline and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis.
* The presence of *clue cells* on wet mount. Similar to the whiff test, the test for clue cells is performed by placing a drop of sodium chloride solution on a slide containing vaginal discharge. If present, clue cells can be visualized under a microscope. They are so-named because they give a clue to the reason behind the discharge. These are epithelial cells that are coated with bacteria.

**Differential diagnosis** for bacterial vaginosis includes the following:
* Normal vaginal discharge.
* Candidiasis (thrush, or a yeast infection).
* Trichomoniasis, an infection caused by *Trichomonas vaginalis*.
* Aerobic vaginitis

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines STIs as "a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity." But the CDC does not specifically identify BV as sexually transmitted infection.

## References
TikTok

**TikTok** is an online video sharing social networking service. It lets people create short videos that can range from 3 seconds to 10 minutes. TikTok videos can be about any topic. TikTok is popular all around the world. It was first released under the name of Douyin in China. It was released internationally in 2017. In 2018 Musical.ly was bought out by TikTok.

According to TikTok users must be at least 13 years old to have an account. If TikTok deems that an account is under 13, TikTok will ban the account. Any users on TikTok can also report accounts that they believe are under the age requirement. 

## Features 
For videos recorded that users don't want posted on the platform yet, those videos can stay in the drafts. These drafts stay in the app until it is deleted by the user or also when the app is uninstalled from the mobile device, all the drafts will get deleted. Leaving the video in the drafts gives you the ability to edit it later. Some edits that can be made are editing privacy details, thumbnails, and captions. 

On TikTok users can also go LIVE which allows users to create content and interact with followers. Only those who are 18 and older can go LIVE on TikTok.

## History
TikTok was created by ByteDance. It was released in September 2016 and was the most downloaded app in the United States in October 2018. As of 2022, TikTok has over 3 billion downloads, and over 1 billion active users each month.

## Bans
On 29 June 2020, India decided to ban 59 apps including TikTok. A month later on 31 July 2020, US President Donald Trump announced a possible ban of the app. Then, on 18 September 2020, the Trump administration announced that the app would be removed from U.S. app stores on 12 November 2020, unless ByteDance can assure the Trump administration that the app does not pose a threat to U.S. security.

In April 2024, President Biden signed a law that could result in the banning of TikTok in the United States unless its Chinese parent company, ByteDance, sells the app to a non-Chinese entity by January 2025. On the night of 18 January 2025, TikTok was banned temporarily in the United States before being restored in the morning. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Africa (Toto song)

"**Africa**" is a song recorded by the American rock band Toto in 1981. The song was for their fourth studio album *Toto IV,* and released as the album's third single on September 30, 1982, through Columbia Records.

## Background
The song was written by band members David Paich and Jeff Porcaro. The soft rock song lyrically talks about the themes of love and location. The initial idea and lyrics for the song came from David Paich. Paich was playing around with a new keyboard, and accidentally created brassy sound that became the opening riff. Paich fixed the lyrics for six months before showing the song to the rest of the band. He based the lyrics on a late night documentary that showed people in Africa suffering. Jeff Porcaro elaborates further, explaining: "A white boy is trying to write a song on Africa, but since he's never been there, he can only tell what he's seen on TV or remembers in the past."

## Reviews and impact
Critics gave the song good reviews for its composition and gentle production. The song continues to receive critical acclaim, and was listed at 492 on ''Rolling Stone's* 500 greatest songs of all time.

The song became an Internet meme in the mid-2010s.  A fan-requested cover of the song by American rock band Weezer peaked at number 51 on the *Billboard'' Hot 100. It has since been certified eight times platinum and is one of the Best Selling Songs of all time.

## References
Outagamie County, Wisconsin

**Outagamie**  is a county in the northeast region of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 190,705. Its county seat is Appleton.

## References
Hattians

**Hattians** were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti.

## History 
"Land of the *Hatti*" is the oldest known name for central Anatolia, albeit as an exonym in extraneous sources, such as the Assyrian *hatti matu*, found on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of Sargon the Great of Akkad c. 2350–2150&nbsp;BC; on those tablets Assyrian-Akkadian traders implored King Sargon for help.
Hans van den Broek

**Henri "Hans" van den Broek** (; 11 December 1936 – 22 February 2025) was a Dutch politician. From 1982 through 1993 as Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Ruud Lubbers cabinet.

From 1970 till 1974 he was a member of the municipal council of Rheden.

Van den Broek died on 22 February 2025 from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*  Mr. H. (Hans) van den Broek, Parlement.com
Ben Bot

**Bernard Rudolf "Ben" Bot** (; born 21 November 1937) is a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 3 December 2003 until 22 February 2007, replacing Jaap de Hoop Scheffer who resigned to become Secretary General of NATO in 2003.

## References
Grand Chute, Wisconsin

**Grand Chute** (French: *great fall* or "large rapids") is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The unincorporated community of Apple Creek in partly in Grand Chute. With a population of 23,831, Grand Chute was the largest town by population in the state of Wisconsin as of the 2020 census. 

It was the birthplace of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.

## References
Forsyth County, North Carolina

**Forsyth County** is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 382,590. It is the fourth-most populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Winston-Salem.

## History 
The county was made in 1849 from Stokes County.  It was named after Colonel Benjamin Forsyth, who was killed in the War of 1812.

## Bordering counties 
These counties are bordered to Forsyth County:
* Stokes County - north
* Rockingham County - northeast
* Guilford County - east
* Davidson County - south
* Davie County - southwest
* Yadkin County - west
* Surry County - northwest

## Communities 
These communities are in Forsyth County:

### Cities 
* Winston-Salem (county seat)
* High Point (mostly in Guilford County, also in Randolph County, Davidson County)
* King (mostly in Stokes County)

### Towns 
* Bethania
* Kernersville (partially in Guilford County)
* Lewisville
* Rural Hall
* Walkertown

### Villages 
* Clemmons
* Tobaccoville (also in Stokes County)

### Census-designated place 
* Germanton

### Unincorporated communities 
* Belews Creek
* Donnaha
* Dozier
* Pfafftown
* Seward
* Stanleyville
* Union Cross
* Vienna

## References 
## Other websites 
* Forsyth County government official website
Chamín Correa

**Benjamín** "**Chamín**" **Correa** (4 December 1929 &ndash; 14 January 2020) was a Mexican guitarist and record producer. He was born in Mexico City. He was known for recording romantic music. He was a member of the Los Tres Caballeros alongside Roberto Cantoral and Leonel Gálvez, beginning in 1954. In 1957, they earned four golden discs.

He also recorded with many famous artists, including Dave Brubeck, Joan Baez, Gloria Estefan, José José, Enrique Guzmán, Luis Miguel, Victor Yturbe El Piruli, and Marco Antonio Muñiz.

His most popular songs include 'El reloj', 'La barca', 'Donde estás', 'Poquita Fe', 'Regalame esta noche', 'Alma de Cristal' and 'Noche no te vayas'.

Correa died of a heart attack in Cuernavaca, Morelos on 14 January 2020, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Romaproducciones 
* Chamin Correa Timeline
Rose McIver

in 2015]]
**Frances Rose McIver** (born 10 October 1988) is a New Zealand actress. She is best known for starring as Olivia "Liv" Moore in The CW television series *iZombie* (2015–2019). She has also starred in movies such as *The Piano* (1993), *The Lovely Bones* (2009), *A Christmas Prince* (2017), *A Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding* (2018), *A Christmas Prince: The Royal Baby* (2019) and *Daffodils* (2019). McIver's television appearances include *Xena: Warrior Princess*, *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys*, *Power Rangers RPM*, *Masters of Sex* and *Once Upon a Time*.

McIver was born in Auckland. She grew up in Titirangi. Her older brother is actor and musician Paul McIver.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fever Crumb

***Fever Crumb*** is a novel written by Philip Reeve in 2009. It is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel, aimed to young adults.

## Awards and recognition
*2010 Shortlist for the Carnegie Medal
*2011 American Library Association Notable Children's Book for Older Readers

## References
## Other websites
*Philip Reeve, Scholastic Ltd.
*Book review, The Independent
*Book Review, Fantastic Fiction
*Fever Crumb Site
Hakeem Jeffries

**Hakeem Sekou Jeffries** (; born August 4, 1970) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for New York's 8th congressional district since 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. In 2023, he became the House Minority Leader, the first African-American to hold this position or to be a congressional party leader.

## Personal life
Jeffries was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Binghamton University, Georgetown University and New York University. In 1997, he married Kennisandra Arciniegas. They have two children.

## Political career
Jeffries was elected and reelected, serving in the New York State Assembly for a Brooklyn district from 2007 to 2012. During this time, he introduced over 70 bills.

On November 28, 2018, Jeffries defeated California Congresswoman Barbara Lee to become chair of the House Democratic Caucus. His term began when the new Congress was sworn in on January 3, 2019.

On November 30, 2022, Jeffries was elected to lead the Democratic Party caucus in the House of Representatives in 2023, replacing Nancy Pelosi. 

When Kevin McCarthy was elected Speaker, Jeffries handed him the gavel after a 15-minute speech. The speech was called the "ABCs of Democracy". The video of Jeffries's alphabet speech has been viewed over 2.4 million times on social media alone.

## References
## Other websites
*Congressman Hakeem Jeffries official U.S. House website
*Hakeem Jeffries for Congress official campaign website
*Hakeem Jeffries wiki quotes 
*
*
Sylvia Garcia

**Sylvia Rodriguez Garcia** (born September 6, 1950) is an American politician. She has been the U.S. Representative for Texas's 29th congressional district since 2019. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

## References
Zoe Lofgren

**Susan Ellen "Zoe" Lofgren** (; born December 21, 1947) is an American politician. She has served as a U.S. Representative from California since 1995. She is a  member of the Democratic Party.

## References
Jason Crow

**Jason A. Crow** (born March 15, 1979) is an American lawyer, veteran, and politician. He is a member of the United States House of Representatives for  since 2019. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

## References
Mikhail Mishustin

**Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin** (; born 3 March 1966) is a Russian economist politician. Mishustin has been the Prime Minister of Russia since 2020. He was the Head of the Federal Tax Service from 2010 to 2020.

On 15 January 2020, he was nominated for Prime Minister of Russia by President Vladimir Putin.

On 30 April 2020, Mishustin announced that he tested positive for COVID-19.

## References
Peter MacKay

**Peter Gordon MacKay**  (born September 27, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015. He was Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007) in the Cabinet of Canada under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.  MacKay was the last leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. He was the one that made the choice to combine the party with Harper's Canadian Alliance party in 2003 to create the Conservative Party of Canada.

Before becoming a politician, MacKay was a lawyer in Nova Scotia. He was one of the Crown Attorneys in the province. MacKay was the Member of Parliament for the electoral area of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough from 1997 to 2004 and Central Nova from 2004 to 2015. For the 2015 election, he said that he would not try to be elected again.

In January 2020, MacKay announced his candidacy for Conservative Party leader in the 2020 leadership election. He lost the election to Erin O'Toole.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Sergey Kiriyenko

**Sergei Vladilenovich Kiriyenko** (; born 26 July 1962) is a Russian politician. He has been the First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Administration of Russia since 5 October 2016. He was the 30th Prime Minister of Russia from 23 March to 23 August 1998 under President Boris Yeltsin. 

## References
Sergei Stepashin

**Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin** (; born 2 March 1952) is a Russian politician. He was Prime Minister of Russia in 1999. He was Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of Russia from 2000 until 2013.

## References
Alice Sebold

**Alice Sebold** (born September 6, 1963) is an American writer. Her three published books are *Lucky* (1999), *The Lovely Bones* (2002) and *The Almost Moon* (2007). *Lucky* is a memoir and describes an experience of rape. The bestselling *The Lovely Bones* was made into a 2009 movie. The movie was directed by Peter Jackson.

Sebold was born in Madison, Wisconsin. She married writer Glen David Gold in 2001. The couple have since divorced. She lives in San Francisco, California.

Sebold says that she was raped when she was 18 during her college years, and it was believed without question until 2021, when Timothy Mucciante, the executive producer of the film adaptation of *Lucky,* felt that her story did not make sense and hired private investigators to look into it.

Anthony Broadwater, the man she accused of raping her, was cleared of the crime when the Supreme Court said the evidence against him made no sense and that he was innocent and wrongfully jailed. Broadwater is African-American, and controversy followed as people believed Sebold had lied on purpose to punish a black person for a crime they did not commit racist reasons. This has happened many times before to other black men falsely accused of raping white women and punished, and people saw this incident as another example of it. Whether or not she was actually raped has been called into question as a result.

## References
## Other websites
*
Temptation of Wife

**Temptation of Wife** may refer to:

* *Temptation of Wife* (2008 TV series), Korean television series
* *Temptation of Wife* (2012 TV series), Philippine television series
Rocinha

**Rocinha** is the biggest and most populous favela in Brazil. It is in Rio de Janeiro on a 'doggy-style' hill. Its population is about 69,000 people.

## References
About a Girl

**About a Girl** may refer to:

*"About a Girl" (Nirvana song)
*"About a Girl" (Sugababes song)
*"About a Girl" (The Academy Is song)
**About a Girl* (album), album by Winter Gloves
**About a Girl* (TV series), Canadian television series
**About a Girl* (2001 film), short film
**About a Girl* (2014 film), German film
Vita Kin

**Vita Kin** (; 25 November 1969) is a Ukrainian fashion designer and photographer. Author of embroidered dresses, founder of the *Vita Kin* brand.

## Biography 
Vita Kin was born in Kyiv, Ukraine.

She has been engaged in advertising and fashion photography since 2010. Her work has often been seen in  fashion magazines in Ukraine.

In 2008, Kin launched her own clothing brand *Vita Kin for Kindom*, which specialized in dresses for the 70s. This brand worked until 2013.
 
In 2013, the designer created the *Vyshyvanka by Vita Kin* brand, which is based on outfits inspired by the Ukrainian national costume, Vyshyvanka. The first collections were released under the motto "Chic Nationale".

During Paris Fashion Week 2015, Ukrainian fashion designer Vita Kin was featured in *Vogue* magazine and in ''Harper's Bazaar* for introducing vyshyvankas as modern Bohemian style designs

In April 2015, a Vita Kin collection of embroidered dresses was noted by The Guardian, which quotes the designer as saying that "she can’t stand politics, and she doesn’t want her clothing in any way associated with it".

Also in 2015, *The Wall Street Journal* named embroidered shirts from Vita kin the most popular summer dresses of 2015. In September, Vita became "The Best Newscomer of 2015" of the *Best Fashion Awards*. In November 2015, Kin became “The Best Womenswear Designer in Ukraine” of the *Elle Style Awards*.

In February 2018, Vita Kin was included in the Top 20 Ukrainian innovators according to *Focus magazine*.

In the spring of 2018, Vita Kin presented a joint collection with the *Eres* brand. In 2019, Vita presented a new collection of dresses.

In December 2019, Vita Kin collaborated with Amanda Brooks to create a collection of table linens.

### Recognition 
* 2015 — *Best Fashion Awards* — The Best Newscomer
* 2015 — *Elle Style Awards* — The Best Womenswear Designer in Ukraine
* 2018 — *Focus magazine* — The Top 20 Ukrainian Innovators

### Personal life 
Since 1999, Vita Kin is married to Roman Kindrachuk, co-owner of *Radioaktive Film'' production.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Mikhail Fradkov

**Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov** (; born 1 September 1950) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007. Fradkov was the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service from 6 October 2007 to 5 October 2016. 

Since January 2017, Fradkov is the director of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.

## References
The Lovely Bones (movie)

***The Lovely Bones*** is a 2009 supernatural thriller drama movie. It is directed by Peter Jackson. The movie stars Saoirse Ronan, Mark Wahlberg, Stanley Tucci, Rachel Weisz, Susan Sarandon, Rose McIver and Michael Imperioli. The screenplay of the movie was written by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens and Jackson. *The Lovely Bones* is based on Alice Sebold's award-winning and bestselling 2002 book of the same name.

The movie follows a girl who is murdered and watches over her family from "the in-between." She is torn between getting revenge on her killer and allowing her family to heal.

*The Lovely Bones* was first released in November 2009, and internationally in January 2010. Tucci was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the movie.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mikhail Kasyanov

**Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov** ( – , born 8 December 1957) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from May 2000 to February 2004.

## References
Prime Minister of North Macedonia

The **Prime Minister of North Macedonia**, officially the **President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia** (; ), is the head of government of North Macedonia. The first Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) was Nikola Kljusev from 27 January 1991 to 17 August 1992.

The current Prime Minister of North Macedonia is Hristijan Mickoski.

## List of prime ministers of Macedonia 
### Socialist Republic of Macedonia 
; Party

### Republic of Macedonia / North Macedonia 
; Parties

; Status

## References