open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Brassica rapa

***Brassica rapa*** L. (syn. ***Brassica campestris*** L.), commonly known as **turnip**, **turnip rape**, **fast plants**, **field mustard**, or **turnip mustard**, is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable (see mizuna and napa cabbage), a root vegetable (see turnip), and an oilseed (but not normally rapeseed oil, from a different *Brassica* species).

The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of *Brassica rapa* (termed Polish Canola) but mostly the related species *Brassica napus* and *Brassica juncea*.
Energy transition

**Energy transition** () is the transition of Germany and several other countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. The final goal is the abolishment of nuclear, coal, and other non-renewable energy sources.

## Germany 
The key policy document outlining the *Energiewende* was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the Fukushima nuclear accident.  Legislative support was passed in 2011.  Important aspects include:

* greenhouse gas reductions : 80–95% reduction by 2050
* renewable energy targets : 60% share by 2050
* energy efficiency : electricity efficiency up by 50% by 2050
* an associated research and development drive

## References
Sensō Sōshitsu

, also known as , is the 4th in a series of Japanese tea masters of the Urasenke family.

## Lineage
Senso Sōshitsu was first person in the Sen family to use the name "Sōshitsu". He was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan; and he was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.

Today, Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (*iemoto*) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.

## References
## Other websites
*Urasenke official home page
Kashgar

**Kashgar** or **Kashi** is an oasis county-level city with about 350,000 residents in the province of Xinjiang in the far west of China, near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has a population of approximately 4 million. The city's urban area covers , though its administrative area extends for .

Kashgar was the meeting point for the southern and northern ancient Silk Routes for 2000 years because of its situation. The Taklamakan Desert is to the east of the city while westwards are the high mountains of Pamir so camels must be exchanged for yaks (or vice versa). Kashgar remains very much a predominantly Uighur city; its market called Sunday Bazaar http://www.thesilkroadchina.com/photo-v152-sunday-bazaar.html is resorted to by merchants from nearby countries such as Kazakhstan, Tadjikistan, and Kirghizistan and is reputed the largest in Central Asia.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Kashgar Photos
Metabolic rate

**Metabolic rate** is the rate of metabolism, the amount of energy used by an animal per unit of time. **Basal metabolic rate** (BMR) is the amount of energy used daily by animals at rest.

About 70% of a human's total energy use is due to the basal life processes within the organs of the body (see table). About 20% of one's energy use comes from physical activity and another 10% from the digestion of food after eating.

All of these processes require an intake of oxygen to provide energy for survival, usually from macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle produces energy-rich ATP molecules, and gives off carbon dioxide.

## Basal metabolism 
Basal metabolism is usually by far the largest component of total energy used.  The release, and using, of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, the heart, lungs, nervous system, kidneys, liver, intestine, sex organs, muscles, and skin.

### Biochemistry 
For the BMR, most of the energy is taken in keeping fluid levels up in tissues by osmosis, and only about one-tenth is used for mechanical work, such as digestion, heartbeat, and breathing.

What enables the Krebs cycle to perform metabolic changes to fats, carbohydrates, and proteins is energy, which can be defined as the ability or capacity to do work.

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules – with release of energy – is catabolism. The breakdown of proteins into amino acids is an example of catabolism. Body heat in warm-blooded animals is produced by chemical reactions of the catabolic type.

The building up process is termed anabolism. The formation of proteins from amino acids is an anabolic process.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the intermediate molecule that drives the transfer of energy used in muscle contraction. ATP is a high energy molecule because it stores large amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of the two terminal phosphate groups. The breaking of these chemical bonds in the Krebs cycle provides the energy needed for muscular contraction.

## Individual differences 
The metabolic rate varies between individuals. One study of 150 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as 1027 kcal per day (4301 kJ) to as high as 2499 kcal (10455 kJ). The average was 1500 kcal (6279 kJ) per day.

s.

## References
Conrad Vernon

**Conrad Vernon** (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in DreamWorks and Blue Sky Animation animated movies. These include *Shrek 2*, *Monsters vs. Aliens* and especially ''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted''.

## Life and career
Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at CalArts. Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's  *Cool World*, *2 Stupid Dogs*, ''Rocko's Modern Life*, *Nightmare Ted* and *Morto the Magician*. Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in *Antz*. After the success of *Antz*, he became one of the writers for *Shrek*, where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man. He also appeared in *Shrek 4-D* and *Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas*. Conrad also worked in *Shrek 2*, which was his first work as a director. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award. Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies *Madagascar*, *Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa*, *Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted* and The Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Movie. He also co-directed the third *Madagascar* movie. Vernon also wrote the original story and directed *Monsters vs. Aliens*, where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus. He also produced *The Annoying Orange and Gumball'' TV series.

## Other websites
*
Dervish

painting, c. 1650]]

**Dervish**, **Darvesh**, or **Darwīsh** (from , *Darvīsh*) in Islam is a type of Sufi. 

It is someone living a Sufi Muslim ascetic way or "Tariqah". They are poor, and live simply. In this respect, dervishes are most similar to mendicant friars in Christianity, or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.

## Whirling dervishes 
The whirling dance that is associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the performances of the Mevlevi order in Turkey. It is part of a ceremony known as the Sema. It is also done by other orders. The Sema is only one of many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reach religious ecstasy (*majdhb*, *fana*). 

The name *Mevlevi* comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey.

## References
Suhrawardi

The **Suhrawardi** or **Suhrawardiyya** *tarika* (Way/Path) is one of the main Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by the Sufi sage Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi.
Qadiri

The **Qadiri**  or **Qadiriyya**  *tarika* or *tariqah* (Arabic: قَادْرِي) (Way/Path) is one of the major Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Gillani a Sufi sage and holy man in Baghdad.
Naqshbandi

The **Naqshbandi** or **Naqshbandiyya**  *tarika* (Arabic: نَقْشَبَنْدِيٌّ) (Way/Path/School) of Sufism is a Sufi mystic order of Sunni Islam founded by the Sufi sage, Baha-ud-din Naqshband.
(prayer house) of Naqshbandi in Saqqez's bazaar- Iran]]
Mevlevi

The **Mevlevi** or **Mevleviyya** order (Arabic: المَولْوَي) (**whirling dervishes**) is a  school (*tarika*) of Sufism was founded by Hazrat Sheikh *Mevlana* Jalal-ud-din Rumi. He was also sometimes known as Jalal-ud-din Balkhi as he came from Balkh, Afghanistan, and settled in Konya, (modern Turkey). This order is also called the 'Order of the Whirling Dervishes' because of the famous *sema* whirling/dancing ritual that they practice.
1880 United States Census

The **United States Census of 1880** was the tenth United States Census.  It was done by the Census Bureau during June 1880. It was the first time that women were allowed to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker.

The 1880 census found the population of the United States to be 50,189,209. This was an increase of 30.2 percent from the 1870 Census.

## References
1790 United States census

The **United States Census of 1790** was the first United States Census.  It recorded the population of the United States as of August 2, 1790. In the First Census, the population of the United States was 3,929,214.

Data was collected from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and districts and territories that would become Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Maine.

## Reaction
Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington didn't fully believe in the results. They believed that there were more people in the United States than what the census said. A reason why there may be more people would be because of the people living farther apart, bad roads that would go to where people may live, limited technology, and people simply not giving any information.

## Loss of information
The records for many states were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830. Almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since the original census.  These include some 1790 data from: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont. The data can still be proven in many secondary sources about the first census.

## Data
Census data included the name of the head of the family. They put people into these categories: free white males at least 16 years old (to figure out the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years old, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves. The Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told marshals to get data from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from the Southwest Territory.

17.8% of the people were slaves. This is the highest percentage of slaves in any American census.

## City rankings
## References
Platonic

**Platonic** may refer to:
*Anything related to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (if capitalized **Platonic**)
*Platonic love, love that is not romantic
*Platonic solid, a three dimensional shape
*Platonic crystal, a periodic structure designed to guide wave energy through thin plates
1900 United States Census

The **Twelfth United States Census** was done by the Census Office on  June 1, 1900. It found the population of the United States to be 76,212,168. This was an increase of 21.0 percent from the 1890 Census.

## References
## Other websites 
* Historic US Census data
1890 United States Census

The **Eleventh United States Census** was taken June 2, 1890. The total population was found to be 62,947,714. Most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in a 1921 fire.

The data was tabulated by punched card machines for the first time. Herman Hollerith invented this way of tabulating data. This technology made the time to tabulate the census change from eight years for the 1880 census to one year for the 1890 census.

It showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans in the 1850 census.

The 1890 census said that the frontier part of the United States no longer existed,

## References
Frank Yamma

**Frank Yamma** (born 1960s) is an indigenous Australian musician. He writes and sings songs in both English and Pitjantjatjara, In the 2000 Summer Olympics, Yamma performed songs from the album as part of the torch events at Uluṟu. The song "Everybody's Talking" was included on the Games' official soundtrack.

## Discography 
;Frank Yamma & Piranpa
**Playing with Fire* (1999) - CAAMA Music
**Keep Up the Pace* (2006) - CAAMA Music

;Solo albums
**Solid Eagle* (1997) - CAAMA Music
*Countryman* (2010) - Wantok Music

;Collaboration albums
**Inma Wiru* (1999) - Digital Dreaming - Iguana Records
**Terrasphere* (1997) - Terrasphere - CAAMA Music
**Ulpinyali Band* (1989) - Ulpinyali Band - CAAMA Music

;Compilation albums
**Corroboration* (2001) - Festival Mushroom
**Olympic Record* (2000) - Warner Music Group
**Songlines - Acoustic Sounds* (1997) - EMI & ABC Music
**Port Fairy Festival* (1986) - Independent
**Wantok Volume 1* (2011) - Wantok Musik/Planet

## References 
## Other websites 
* Frank Yamma  at Wantok Music
* Frank Yamma at Skinnyfish Music
* Digital Dreaming
1910 United States Census

The **Thirteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau on April 15, 1910.  It found the population of the United States to be 92,228,496.  This was an increase of 21.0 percent from the 1900 Census.

## Other websites
*Historic US Census data
1920 United States Census

The **Fourteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau in January 1920.  It found the population of the United States to be 106,021,537.  This was an increase of 15.0 percent from the 1910 Census.

## Other websites
1940 United States Census

The **Sixteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau.  It found the  population of the United States to be 132,164,569.  This was an increase of 7.3 percent from the 1930 population.  The census date of record was April 1, 1940.

A number of new questions were asked.  These included where people were 5 years before, highest level of education, and information about wages.
David Lean

**Sir David Lean** (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was a British movie director. He was born in Croydon, Surrey. He directed *Dr Zhivago*, *Lawrence of Arabia* and *The Bridge on the River Kwai*. He died in Limehouse, east London.

## Other websites 
*
Chishti

The **Chishtī Order**  or **Chishtiyya** 'is a Sufi order or school within the mystic tradition of Islam. It began in Chisht, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan in  about 930 AD. The Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness.

The order was founded by Abu Ishaq Shami ("the Syrian") who taught Sufism in the town of Chisht, some 95 miles east of Herat in present-day western Afghanistan.

The Chishti Order is mostly followed in Afghanistan and South Asia. It was the first of the four main Sufi orders (Chishti, Qadiriyya, Suhrawardiyya and Naqshbandi) to be established in this region. Moin-ud-din Chishti was a medieval saint who first introduced the Chishti Order in Lahore (Punjab) and Ajmer (Rajasthan),  in the early or middle of the 12th century AD. From these places it spread out throughout medieval India. There are now several branches of the order, which has been the most prominent South Asian Sufi brotherhood since that time. Chapters and branches are also found as far as Europe, North America and Australia, introduced there by immigrants from present India and Pakistan.

## References
Isaac Yamma

**Isaac Yamma** (1940 – January 1990) was a country singer from central Australia. He was one of the earliest musicians in Australia to become well known singing Western-style songs in an indigenous language. Isaac was a Pitjantjatjara man who was born by a waterhole near Docker River. He started his musical career as a member of a band called Areyonga Desert Tigers. He later formed his own band, the Pitjantjatjara Country Band. It was made up of his sons Hector, Frank, Peter and Paul and his cousin Russell Yamma. His song were mostly sung in Pitjantjatjara.

## Discography
;Albums
**Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band* (1987) - CAAMA
**Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band No.2* (1987) - CAAMA
;Compilations
**Papal Concert, Alice Springs* (1982) - CAAMA
**Desert Songs 1* (1982) - CAAMA
**Desert Songs 2* (1983) - CAAMA
**From the Bush* (1990) - CAAMA
**AIDS: How Could I Know* (1989) - CAAMA
**25th Anniversary Compilation 2* (2006) - CAAMA

## References
*
*
*
Elasticity of substitution

**Elasticity of substitution** is a measure of how easily something is able to be  with something else. It is often used in marketing and economics. A product has a low elasticity if it is unable to raise its price because similar products (substitutes) are available. A product that is unique is able to charge higher prices because there are not as many choices. For example, in a fish market, there are many fishermen selling many fish. The price is not elastic because there is competition between many suppliers of fish.
1930 United States Census

The **Fifteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau in April 1930. It found the population of the United States to be 122,775,046.  It was an increase of 13.7 from the 1920 Census.

## Other websites
Helen Hardacre

**Helen Hardacre** (born May 20, 1949) is an American academic and Japanologist.  At Harvard University, she is the Reischauer Professor of Japanese Religions and Society.

## Early life
Hardacre is the daughter of British historian Paul H. Hardacre.

Her research was supported by a Gugghenheim fellowship.

## Career
Hardacre was Director of the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies from 1995 through 1998.

Her research interests focused on religion in Japan and the history of Japan.

## Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Helen Hardacre, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 80+ publications in 3 languages and 5,000+ library holdings

* *Lay Buddhism in Contemporary Japan : Reiyūkai Kyōdan,* 1983
* ''The Religion of Japan's Korean Minority : the Preservation of Ethnic Identity,* 1984
* *Kurozumikyō and the New Religions of Japan,* 1985
* *Maitreya, the Future Buddha,* 1988
* *Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan,* 1988
* *Shintō and the State, 1868-1988,* 1989
* *Asian Visions of Authority Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia,* 1994
* *New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan,* 1997
* *The Postwar Development of Japanese Studies in the United States,* 1998
* *Religion and Society in Nineteenth-Century Japan: a Study of the Southern Kantō Region, using late Edo and early Meiji Gazetteers,'' 2002

## Notes
## Other websites
* Hardacre, Helen, 1949-  at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Suicide Silence

**Suicide Silence** is an American deathcore band from Riverside, California. Suicide Silence has four members in the band; the current band members are Chris Garza, Mark Heylmun, Alex Lopez and Dan Kenny. 

The band was formed in 2002. They released a self-titled EP on September 30, 2005 and released their debut album "*The Cleansing*" on September 18, 2007. The band won the Revolver Golden God award for "Best New Talent" in 2009.

On November 1, 2012, the Orange County Coroners Office said that lead singer Mitch Lucker had died from injuries that were caused by a motorcycle accident. In 2013, the band said that Hernan "Eddie" Hermida would become the lead singer for the band. Hermida was the vocalist for All Shall Perish before he joined Suicide Silence.

## Band members 
;Current
*Chris Garza – rhythm guitar (2002–present)
*Mark Heylmun – lead guitar (2006–present)
*Alex Lopez – drums (2006–present)
*Dan Kenny – bass guitar (2008–present)
*Hernan "Eddie" Hermida – lead vocals (2013–present)

;Former
*Tanner Womack – co-lead vocals (2002)
*Rick Ash – lead guitar (2002–2006)
*Josh Goddard – drums (2002–2006)
*Mike Bodkins – bass guitar, backing vocals (2002–2008)
*Mitch Lucker – lead vocals (2002–2012; deceased)

## Discography 
So far, Suicide Silence have released 5 albums:

### Albums
**The Cleansing* (2007)
**No Time to Bleed* (2009)
**The Black Crown* (2011)
*''You Can't Stop Me* (2014)
**Suicide Silence'' (2017)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Tjunkaya Tapaya

**Tjunkaya Tapaya** (born 1947) is an Aboriginal artist from Australia. She is most recognised for her batik work, and is one of the most well-known batik artists in Australia. This is the basis of the classic Ernabella "walka".

Ernabella women began to be taught batik making in 1971. In 1974, Ernabella Arts sent Tjunkaya to Yogyakarta with several other Pitjantjatjara women to learn more about making batik from Indonesian artists.

Tjunkaya's work has been shown in several exhibitions in Australia, Europe, North America and Southeast Asia. Tapaya has work in the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and the British Museum.

## References
The Gherkin

**30 St Mary Axe** is a skyscraper in London's financial district, the City of London. It was formerly named the **Swiss Re Building**, after Swiss Reinsurance Company. The tower is also known as **"The Gherkin"**. The building was finished in December 2003. It was opened at the end of May 2004.

## References
Basil Hall Chamberlain

**Basil Hall Chamberlain** (18 October 1850 – 15 February 1935) was a British academic, editor, translator, and Japanologist.   

Chamberlain is best known as the author of *Things Japanese*, which was first published in 1890.

## Career
Along with Ernest Mason Satow and William George Aston, Chamberlain was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

Chamberlain taught at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in Tokyo from 1874 to 1882. 

He was a professor of Japanese language at Tokyo Imperial University from 1886 to 1911.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Chamberlain, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 320+ works in 860+ publications in 6 languages and 6,100+ library holdings . 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
**The Classical Poetry of the Japanese,* 1880 
*''A Translation of the 'Ko-Ji-Ki',* 1883 
**The Language, Mythology, and Geographical Nomenclature of Japan Viewed in the Light of Aino Studies,* 1887 
**Aino Folk-Tales,* 1888 
**A Handbook of Colloquial Japanese,* 1887 
**Things Japanese,*1890
**A Handbook for Travellers in Japan,* 1891 
**Essay in aid of a grammar and dictionary of the Luchuan language,'' 1895 

## Related pages
* Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Chamberlain, Basil Hall, 1850-1935 at Visual International Authority File (VIAF)

* 
* Chamberlain's translation of the Kojiki
* Chamberlain's collection of Ainu folk tales
Bicentenaria

***Bicentenaria*** is a genus of carnivorous coelurosaurian theropods which lived during the early Upper Cretaceous (about 90 million years ago) in what is now Argentina. It contains only the type species, *Bicentenaria argentina*. Estimates suggest that it was  in length. This name was first reported in June 2012.

The small carnivore is an early relative of the much later giant *Tyrannosaurus*.

## References
Pancho Villa

**José Doroteo Arango Arámbula** (5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923), better known by his nickname **Pancho Villa**, was a Mexican revolutionary leader who advocated for the poor and wanted agrarian reform. Though he was a killer, a bandit, and a revolutionary leader, many remember him as a folk hero. Pancho Villa was also responsible for a raid on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, which was the first attack on U.S. soil since 1812. "Pancho" was a revolutionary advocate for the less fortunate.

Villa was assassinated on July 20, 1923. He had retired from his role as a revolutionary general and was living a quieter life on his ranch in Parral, Mexico. On that day, while driving his car with some companions, Villa was ambushed by a group of gunmen, who fired over 40 shots at his vehicle. Villa and several of his men were killed in the attack.

The exact reasons behind his murder are still debated, but many believe political motives were involved. Villa had many enemies, including former revolutionaries and government officials, who may have seen him as a threat even after his retirement. Some theories suggest that high-ranking politicians were behind the assassination to prevent Villa from regaining power.

## References
Marina City

The **Marina City** was designed in 1959 by architect Bertrand Goldberg and was finished in 1964 at a cost of $36 million to a large extent by the union of building janitors and elevator operators, who wanted to reverse the pattern of white flight from the city's downtown area.

When it was finished, the two towers were both the tallest residential buildings and the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world. The complex was built as a city within a city, featuring numerous on-site facilities including a theatre, gym, swimming pool, ice rink, bowling alley, several stores, restaurants, and a marina.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*A compendium for the most photographed building in Chicago, Marina City - Photos, Floorplans, History, etc.
*Great Buildings - Marina City
Raul Julia

**Raúl Rafael Juliá y Arcelay** (March 9, 1940 &ndash; October 24, 1994) was a Puerto Rican movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his role as Gomez Addams in *The Addams Family* and in *Addams Family Values*. He won an Golden Globe Award and an Screen Actors Guild Award in 1994 and an Emmy Award in 1995.

Juliá was born on March 9, 1940 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He was raised in New York City, New York. He studied at Fordham University and at Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola. 

Juliá was married to Magda Vasallo from 1965 until they divorced in 1969. Then he was married to Merel Poloway from 1976 until his death in 1994. Juliá died on October 24, 1994 from stomach cancer and from a stroke in Manhasset, New York, aged 54.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Shelley Berman

**Sheldon Leonard "Shelley" Berman** (February 3, 1925 &ndash; September 1, 2017) was an American comedian, movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, writer, teacher, screenwriter, educator, and poet who is known for his roles in *The Steve Allen Show* and in *Divorce American Style*. He won a Grammy Award.

Berman was of Jewish descent. He was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois on February 3, 1925. He studied at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. He was married to Sarah Herman since 1947. They had two adopted children, one who died from a brain tumor. 

Berman won the first Grammy Award for a spoken comedy recording. The first standup comedian to perform at Carnegie Hall, Berman appeared on numerous television specials and all of the major variety shows of the day.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* 
*
Ole Kirk Christiansen

**Ole Kirk Christiansen** (7 April 1891 – 11 March 1958) was the founder of Lego in 1949.

Christiansen was born on 7 April 1891 in Filskov, Denmark. He first worked as a carpenter and later started creating unsuccessful toys for kids in Denmark after his wife's death and had to raise four of his children on his own. He was working as a carpenter until creating Lego in 1949. Christiansen died on 11 March 1958 from a heart attack, aged 66.

## References
## Other websites
* The official Lego website
Fred Haise

**Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.** (born November 14, 1933) is an American engineer and former NASA astronaut. He is one of only 24 humans to have flown to the Moon. Having flown on Apollo 13, Haise was to be the sixth human to walk on the Moon, but the mission did not land due to a failure aboard the spacecraft. He was born on November 14, 1933 in Biloxi, Mississippi.

## References
## Other websites
*Spacefacts biography of Fred Haise
*Short audio interview on Astrotalkuk.org during his visit to UK in 2009
Beau Bridges

**Lloyd Vernet "Beau" Bridges III** (born December 9, 1941) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor and movie director who is known for his role as Frank Baker in *The Fabulous Baker Boys*. He has won two Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards.

Bridges was born on December 9, 1941 in Los Angeles, California to Lloyd Bridges and to Dorothy Simpson. He studied at the University of Hawaii and the University of California, Los Angeles. Bridges was married to Julie Landfield from 1964 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Wendy Treece since 1984. He has 2 children with Landfield and 3 with Treece. His brother is actor Jeff Bridges.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
*
*
1968 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1968 Atlantic hurricane season**  began on June 1, 1968, and lasted until November 30, 1968. These dates are conventionally the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.

Three storms formed in June, making it one of the most active Junes on record. The early part of the season had the most activity, and the season ended quietly compared to the beginning. There were eight named storms, and no major hurricanes. This shows that early season activity has no indication on the entire season. Hurricane Gladys was the costliest storm of the season, causing more than $6&nbsp;million (1968&nbsp;USD) in damage as it moved northward through Florida, Cuba, and North Carolina.

## Storm names
The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1968.

The list is mostly the same as the 1964 season, save for Candy, Dolly, Edna, Frances, Hannah, and Ingrid, which replaced Cleo, Dora, Ethel, Florence, Hilda, and Isbell (although Ethel, Florence, and Isbell were not retired). A storm was named Candy for the first time in 1968. Names that were not assigned are marked in .

### Retirement
No names were retired this season.  However, the name Edna was later retroactively retired because of the Hurricane Edna of the 1954 season, and has not been used since.

## Related pages
* List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
* 1968 Pacific hurricane season

## Other websites
* Monthly Weather Review
1950 United States Census

The **Seventeenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau.  It found the population of the United States to be 150,697,361. This was an increase of 14.5 percent from the 1940 Census.

## References
1970 United States Census

The **Nineteenth United States Census** done by the Census Bureau.  The population of the United States was 203,392,031.  This was an increase of 13.4 percent from the 1960 Census.
Order of the Rising Sun

The  is a Japanese government honor established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji. The Order was the first national decoration awarded by the Japanese Government, It was created on April 10, 1875 by decree of the Council of State.

The modern version of this honor has been given to non-Japanese recipients beginning in 1981.

The awarding of the Order is administered by the Decoration Bureau of Office of the Prime Minister. It is awarded in the name of the Emperor.

## Classes 
The Order was awarded in nine classes until 2003. Since then, it has been awarded in seven classes.

## Selected recipients
:*These lists are not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to them.*

### 1st Class, Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon
* Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)
* Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964)

### 1st Class, Grand Cordon 
* Edmund Barton, 1905
* Sepp Blatter, 2009
* Malcolm Fraser, 2006
* Daniel Inouye (1924-2012)
* Wangari Maathai, 2009
* John McEwen 1973
* Robert Menzies (1894–1978)
* Goh Chok Tong, 2011
* Gough Whitlam, 2006

### 2nd Class, Gold and Silver Star 
* Momofuku Ando (1910–2007), 2002
* Nabil Elaraby; (2011-2016) 
* Donald Keene, 1993

### 3rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon 
*Clint Eastwood, 2009
* Ian Nish, 1991
*Raaj Sah, 2017

### 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette 
* Martha Argerich, 2005
* George Takei, 2004
* H. Paul Varley, 1966

### 5th Class, Gold and Silver Rays 
* Yoshizawa, Akira (1911–2005)
* Hiroshi Arisumi, 2010 (1920-2019)https://442sd.org/learn/soldier/hiroshi-arisumi/

### 6th Class, Silver Rays 
* Henry Hajimu Fujii (1886–1976)
* Tsuyako Coveney (2017) 

### 7th Class, Green Paulownia Leaves Medal 
In 2003, this grade of the Order was abolished.

### 8th Class, White Paulownia Leaves Medal 
In 2003, this grade of the Order was abolished.

### Class unknown 
* Aung San (1915–1947)

## References 
## Further reading
* Peterson, James W., Barry C. Weaver and Michael A. Quigley. (2001). *Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States.* San Ramon, California: Orders and Medals Society of America. 

## Other websites
* Japan, Cabinet Office: Decorations and Medals 
** Decoration Bureau: Order of the Paulownia Flowers 
** Decoration Bureau: Order of the Rising Sun 
* Japan Mint: Production Process
1990 United States Census

The **Twenty-first United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau.  The population of the United Stateswas 248,709,873.  This was an increase of 9.8 percent from the 1980 Census.

About 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 1990 census.  It had over 100 questions. It was the first census to have "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" as a racial group separate from Asians.

## References
Ann B. Davis

**Ann Bradford Davis** (May 3, 1926 &ndash; June 1, 2014) was an American movie, stage, voice, and television actress. She was known for her role as Alice Nelson, the housekeeper in *The Brady Bunch*. Her career began in 1953. She retired in 1997. She won two Emmy Awards in 1957 and in 1959. 

Davis was born on May 3, 1926 in Schenectady, New York. She moved to Erie, Pennsylvania when she was three. She studied at Strong Vincent High School and at the University of Michigan. Davis died on June 1, 2014 in San Antonio, Texas from complications from a fall, aged 88.   

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Leonard Maltin

**Leonard Maltin** (born December 18, 1950) is an American movie critic and historian. He wrote several books on cinema and celebrity biographies. He is known for creating the Walt Disney Treasures collections which is made up of classic Disney cartoons. 

He was raised in Teaneck, New Jersey. He studied at Teaneck High School and at New York University. He was married to Alice Tlusty since 1975. They have one daughter.

In July 2018, Maltin announced that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in early 2015.

## References
## Other websites
*Leonard Maltin's official site
*
United States census

The **United States Census** is a census done in the United States every ten years.  It is required by the United States Constitution which calls for a  census done in years ending in "0" since 1790. It is actually two census counts taken ly (at the same time). The first is the census of the population, taken from 1790 to the present. The second is the census of housing, which counts the number of residential housing units, and was taken from 1940 to the present. Among other uses, the count is used to determine how many places in the House of Representatives each state has.  It also determines how much government money is spent in different locations. 

The United States Census Bureau is responsible for the United States Census.  The first census after the American Revolution was in 1790.  Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson was responsible for this first census.

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. Census Bureau official website
Jimmy Smits

**Jimmy Smits** (born July 9, 1955) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Victor Sifuentes in *L.A. Law*. He won an Golden Globe Award, an Emmy Award, an Saturn Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award.

Smits was born on July 9, 1955 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. He studied at Brooklyn College and at Cornell University. Smits was married to Barbara Smits from 1981 until they divorced in 1987. He was partners with Wanda De Jesus since 1986. With Barbara, he has two children.  

Smits has appeared in *NYPD Blue, The West Wing*, and the Star Wars franchise, among many other appearances in film and television.  

## References
## Other websites
*
2020 United States Census

The **2020 United States Census**, known as **Census 2020**, was the twenty-fourth United States Census. National Census Day was on April 1, 2020.

In 2020, the United States population was 331,449,281, a 7.71% increase from the 2010 Census.

The Department of Commerce announced in March 2018 that the 2020 Census will ask if individuals are United States citizens according to a request from the Trump administration. 11 states (Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, California) have said they would sue to block the Trump administration's request.

## References
## Other websites
* 2020 Census from the United States Census Bureau
James Brady

**James Scott "Jim" Brady** (August 29, 1940 &ndash; August 4, 2014) was an American journalist, politician, and activist. He was an assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary under U.S. President Ronald Reagan. 

## Early life
Brady was born in Centralia, Illinois on August 29, 1940 to Harold J. Brady and to Dorothy (née Davidson). He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

## Career
Brady became Ronald Reagan's White House Press Secretary in 1981.

### Near death
Brady was nearly killed a few weeks after becoming Press Secretary. On March 30, 1981 John Hinckley tried to assassinate President Reagan with a gun. Brady was shot in the head and became disabled. 

### Gun control
After Brady's near death, he and his wife, Sarah, became a supporter of gun control. He was also an activist for gun control.

Together with his wife, Sarah, who was Chair of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence (formerly known as Handgun Control, Inc.), co-founded by N.T. Pete Shields, Brady quickly fought for handgun control and assault weapon restrictions. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, also known simply as "the Brady Bill", was named in his honor.

### James S. Brady Press Briefing Room
In 2000, the Press Briefing Room at the White House was renamed after Brady as the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

## Personal life
Brady married Sue Beh in 1961. That marriage ended in divorce in 1968. Brady married Sarah, in 1973; the couple had two children, Scott and Melissa.

### Death
Brady died on August 4, 2014 in Alexandria, Virginia, aged 73. His death has been said to be a homicide caused by the gunshot wound he received in 1981, about 33 years before.

## References
## Other websites
*
Steve Tom

**Steve Tom** (born September 20, 1953) is an American movie, and television actor. He has guest-starred in a number of television shows including *Major Crimes*, *Modern Family*, *How I Met Your Mother*, *Drake & Josh*, *ER*, *NYPD Blue*, *Sleeper Cell*, *Two and a Half Men*, *Prison Break*, *The West Wing* and other television series. For two seasons, he was in *Funny or Die Presents*. 

He also appeared in some movies *The Campaign*, *The Guilt Trip*, *Seven Pounds*, *First Daughter*, ''Disney's The Kid*, *Pulse*, *Rendition* and *Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen''.

Tom was born on September 20, 1953 in Houston, Texas.

## Other websites
*
67th Punjabis

The **67th Punjabis** were an infantry regiment of the old British Indian Army.

After World War I the Indian government reformed the army in 1922. The 67th Punjabis became the 1st and 10th (Training) Battalions, of the 2nd Punjab Regiment. After independence in 1947 they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.

## References
Johnny Hardwick

**Jonathon David Hardwick Jr.** (September 21, 1963 &ndash; , 2023) was an American voice actor, comedian, writer and producer, who was known for the voice of Dale Gribble in *King of the Hill*.

Hardwick was born on September 21, 1963 in Austin, Texas. He studied at Texas Tech University. 

Hardwick was found dead at his home in Austin on August 8, 2023 at the age of 64. Three months later, it was reported that his body was found badly decomposed and a cause of death could not be found.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Short film featuring Johnny Hardwick
List of U.S. states by GDP

This is a **list of U.S. states sorted by their gross state product (GSP)**. GSP is similar to a country's gross domestic product (GDP).  This is an overall measure of the states economy. The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis is responsible for finding this number each year.

## List 
Map of U.S.states by nominal GDP in billions USD:

## References
Darien, Connecticut

**Darien** is a rich town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is a small community on Connecticut's "Gold Coast".  There were 21,499 people at the 2020 census. Darien was #9 on CNN Money's list of "top-earning towns" in the United States as of 2011.

## References
Interair South Africa

**Interair South Africa** is an airline based in Johannesburg, South Africa. It operates scheduled passenger services from Johannesburg to regional destinations in Africa. Its main base is OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg.

## Destinations 
Interair South Africa operates services to the following international scheduled destinations at January 2011:

* Cotonou

* Ougadougou

* N'djamena

* Réunion Island
** St Denis

* Libreville

* Antananarivo

* Bamako

* Brazzaville

* Ndola

## Fleet
The Interair South Africa fleet includes the following aircraft as of 1 January 2011:

## References 
## Other websites 
* Interair South Africa
Weston, Connecticut

**Weston** is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut. The population was 10,354 at the 2020 census. As of 2008, about 19% of the town's workforce travels to New York City for work.

Like many towns in southwestern Connecticut, Weston is one of the richest communities in the United States. In 2022 the median household income was US$220,754.

Most of Devil's Den Preserve is in the town.  It is a  nature reserve which gets 40,000 visits a year.

## References
PTV

**PTV** may refer to:

* Pakistan Television Corporation, a state-run broadcaster of Pakistan
* People's Television Network, a government-owned broadcaster in the Philippines
* Paramount Television, a defunct American television production/distribution company (now CBS Television Studios)
*Pierce the Veil, an American post-hardcore/experimental rock band
Wawiriya Burton

**Wawiriya Burton** is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She is known for her acrylic paintings. Her paintings are representations of sacred stories from the Dreamtime. Like other Aboriginal artists, the representations are blurred (or encrypted) for cultural reasons. The full meaning of her artworks can only be understood or deciphered by people who have been initiated. Burton is a *ngangkaṟi* (traditional healer), so she has more knowledge about sacred traditions than most in her community.

Wawiriya belongs to the Pitjantjatjara. She was born in outback central Australia some time during the 1920s.. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life. Her family lived in her father's homeland, around what is now Pipalyatjara.

Wawiriya lives in Amaṯa, where she began working at the Tjala Arts centre in 2008. Tjala (originally Minymaku Arts) had been set up by the women of the community in 1999. She made wood carvings and baskets from spinifex originally, but later learned to paint from the other women.

Wawiriya's artworks have been displayed in exhibitions in Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Alice Springs. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and the Art Gallery of South Australia.

## References
2nd Punjab Regiment

The **2nd Punjab Regiment** was a British Indian Army regiment from 1922 to the partition of India in 1947.

The regiment was formed by the amalgamation of the following regiments:

*1st Battalion, from the 67th Punjabis, formerly the 7th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry
*2nd Battalion, from the 69th Punjabis
*3rd Battalion, from the 72nd Punjabis
*4th Battalion, from the 74th Punjabis
*5th Battalion, from the 87th Punjabis
*10th (Training) Battalion, formed by redesignation of 2nd Bn, 67th Punjabis

After the independence and partition of India in August 1947,  this regiment became the Punjab Regiment (India).
Gene therapy

vector. A new gene is put into a virus, which is then put into a human. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make working enzyme, which will treat the disease.]]

**Gene therapy** means putting in a working gene to a person who has a damaged gene. The European Commission has approved this method for one particular treatment. The treatment by the product *Glybera* uses a virus to infect muscle cells with a working copy of the gene. The European Commission has given *Glybera* marketing authorisation, which means it can be sold throughout the EU.

One in a million people have damaged copies of the lipase gene needed to break down fats. Fat builds up in their blood; this leads to pain and  inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). It is life-threatening. Up to now, the only way to manage the condition is to have a very low-fat diet.

When used in this way, a virus is a vector. That means it is a carrier; the gene has been inserted into the viral genome, and the virus sticks it into the human cells. The technique is called transfection. This technique is different from the gene knockout technique, which does not use a viral vector.

## China 
China was the first country to approve the commercial production of a gene therapy, in 2003. That gene therapy is for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)—a cancer that occurs in 10% of new cancers in China. There are  2.5 million new cancer patients every year in China.

Sold under the brand name *Gendicine*, the world's first commercial gene therapy also uses a virus to insert the gene into the human genome.

## Past 
The possibility of gene therapy was talked about as soon as the roles of DNA and RNA were known about. The first specific publication was in 1972. 

## Future 
Many more types of gene therapy are in the trial stage. It is clear that a cycle of events will be part of future clinical medicine: DNA sequence analysis > identify defective genes > fix genes with gene therapy or gene knockout. There are sometimes problems of side-effects; these may be discovered at the trial stage. There is now a database which lists all known clinical trials.

## References
Brian Pimental

**Brian Pimental** (born in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American veteran animator, storyboard artist, movie director and screenwriter. He's best known for directing the 2006 classic *Bambi II*.

Brian started his career at Walt Disney Animation Studios as a trainee in *Oliver & Company*.  He became a story artist in *Beauty and the Beast* and *Aladdin*. Then, he became one of the screenwriters for *A Goofy Movie*.  He got his first ASIFA award nomination. His second nomination was for *Tarzan*.

Pimental first time directing was on *Bambi II*.  He won the ASIFA award for best non-theatrical movie. In the movie, he also made the voices for the Groundhog and Porcupine. *Bambi II* received mixed to positive reviews.  It has a rating of 60% in Rotten Tomatoes and an overall rating of 6.5 out of 10 in IMDb.

Brian was born in Massachusetts.  He earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree at the California Institute of the Arts.

## References
## Other websites
*