open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Found Heaven On Tour

**Found Heaven On Tour** was the fifth concert tour by Conan Gray. It was for his album *Found Heaven*. It started on July 11, 2024, and ended on November 10, 2024.

## Tour dates 
## Notes 
## References
Rail transport in Sweden

**Rail transport in Sweden** is a network of 10,912 kilometres (6,780 mi). The first railway line in Sweden was built in 1855. The major operator of passenger trains was the state-owned SJ. Today around 70% of all rail traffic is subsidised local and regional trains. They are run by the regional public transport authorities. Passenger traffic has increased significantly since 2000. In 2019 Sweden was number five in the world measured in passenger kilometres per person and number three in the European union.

In 2019, the Swedish railways were called 'the most deregulated railways in the world'.

Sweden is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Sweden is 74.

## References
Rail transport in Denmark

The **rail transport system in Denmark** has 2,633&nbsp;km of railway lines. The Copenhagen S-train network, the main line Helsingør-Copenhagen-Padborg (at the German border), and the Lunderskov-Esbjerg line are electrified. Most traffic is on passenger trains. There is also a lot of cargo that goes between Sweden and Germany.

Maintenance work on most Danish railway lines is done by Banedanmark, a state-owned company that also allocates tracks for train operators.  Most passenger trains are operated by DSB, with Arriva and Nordjyske Jernbaner operating on some lines in Jutland. Freight transport is mainly done by DB Schenker Rail, although other operators take care of a significant portion of the local traffic.

Denmark is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Denmark is 86.

## References
Rail transport in Russia

**Rail transport in Russia** is one of the biggest railway networks in the world. Russian railways are the third longest by length and third by volume of freight hauled, after the railways of the United States and China. In overall density of operations (freight ton-kilometers + passenger-kilometers)/length of track, Russia is second only to China. Rail transport in Russia has been described as one of the economic wonders of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.

JSC Russian Railways has a near-monopoly on long-distance train travel in Russia, with a 98.6% market share in 2017. Independent long-distance carriers include Grand Service Express TC, Tverskoy Express, TransClassService, Sakhalin Passenger Company, Kuzbass Suburb, and Yakutian Railway.

## Characteristics
Russia is larger than both the United States and China in terms of total land area. Its rail density (rail tracking/country area) is lower than those two countries. Russia's population density is also much lower so the Russian railways carry freight and passengers over very long distances, often through vast, nearly empty spaces.  Coal and coke make up almost one-third of the freight traffic and have average hauls of around 1,500 kilometers. Ferrous metals make up another 10% of freight traffic and travel an average of over 1,900 kilometers. Railroads are often key to getting supplies to remote parts of the country.

Like most railways, rail transport in Russia carries both freight and passengers. It is one of the most freight-dominant railways in the world, behind only Canada, the United States, and Estonia in the ratio of freight ton-kilometers to passenger-kilometers. Per head of population intercity passenger travel is far greater than the United States (which has the lowest long-distance passenger train usages in the developed world).

There are seventeen regional railways. Most rail of the network uses the 1,520 mm Russian gauge.  The Poland–Russia border line to Kaliningrad uses the 1,435 mm Standard gauge.

## Narrow-gauge railways
In 1981, there were 33,400 kilometers of narrow gauge.
* Sakhalin Railway – located on Sakhalin, gauge of 
* Apsheronsk narrow-gauge railway – located in the Krasnodar Krai, gauge of 
* Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway – located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Severodvinsk, gauge of 
* Alapayevsk narrow-gauge railway – located in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, Alapayevsk, gauge of 
* Altsevo peat railway – located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, gauge of 
* Kerzhenets peat railway – located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, gauge of 
* Pishchalskoye peat railway – located in Kirov Oblast, gauge of 
* Gorokhovskoye peat railway – located in Kirov Oblast, gauge of 
* Narrow-gauge railway of Decor-1 factory – located in the Arzamassky District, gauge of 
* Narrow-gauge railway of KSM-2 factory –  located in the Tver, gauge of 

## References
Narvik Station

**Narvik** is a railway station in Narvik Municipality in Nordland, Norway on the Ofoten Line. The station is in the town of Narvik, about  from the end of the line at the Port of Narvik.  There are three daily passenger trains from Kiruna, Luleå and Stockholm in Sweden. Vy Tåg runs the passenger trains. The station is  above sea level and is  from Stockholm. It was opened in 1902 along with Ofotbanen and the Iron Ore Line.

Narvik is the farthest north station in the Schengen Area. It is the farthest north standard-gauge railway station in the world. It is also the northern end of one of Europe's most celebrated night trains. The  leaves Stockholm around six every afternoon and reaches Lappmarken early the following morning. Then it goes over the mountains which are the modern frontier between Sweden and Norway to reach the Ofotfjord. On the south shore of the fjord is the port of Narvik, where it arrives early afternoon. It is a journey which has been praised as "surely one of the most engaging adventures by train in all Europe".

Onward journey is by bus only. The Narvik bus station is about  further south (). Northbound buses stop also at the E6 highway () a few hundred metres from the railway station, but not at the railway station. Southbound buses go from the bus station.

## References
SJ AB

**SJ** (formally *SJ AB*) is a government-owned passenger train operator in Sweden. It was created in 2001, out of the public transport division of *Statens Järnvägar.* That was a government agency. It was divided into six separate government-owned limited companies. In 2018, SJ carried 31.8 million passengers.

## Overview
SJ's runs both subsidised and unsubsidised services. . The subsidised trains are awarded through competitive bids. However, some trains fall in between these categories, since public transit agencies can pay SJ to allow transit pass holders to use SJ's trains.

SJ received a government bailout a few years after its creation, but has since had profit margins of up to 10 %. All train operators in Sweden pay low track access charges to the track authority, Trafikverket.

## References
Rail transport in Latvia

ER2Т-7116 of Pasažieru vilciens en route between Šķirotava (Riga) and Salaspils, 2016]]
**Rail transport in Latvia** is done on  Russian gauge. The main railway company is the state-owned Latvian Railways  (LDz), with its subsidiary Pasažieru vilciens running passenger services.

Latvia had lot of different rail gauges, both  standard gauge and  narrow gauge. These were gradually replaced by the Russian gauge after the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states.

The Rail Baltica project aims to connect Latvia and the other Baltic states to the European standard gauge by approximately 2030. Ten regional stations are planned in the section from Bauska to Salacgrīva.

Although PV has been a monopoly in passenger trains, in February 2022 the Road Transport Administration of the Ministry of Transport of Latvia announced the first market survey on potential private rail passenger service providers.

## References
Riga Central Station

**Riga Central Station** ( is the main railway station in Riga, Latvia. It is known as the main point of Riga due to its central location, and most forms of public transport stop in this area. Part of the building is a shopping centre.

Three rail mainlines connect the station to the east:
*Riga–Skulte
*Riga–Lugaži, through to the Estonian border crossing at Valka
*Riga-Krustpils, which then splits into lines to Daugavpils and Zilupe.
Two rail mainlines connect the station to the west:
*Riga–Jelgava, including lines through to Liepāja.
*Riga–Tukums.
The Rail Baltica line is planned to go through the station. In February 2024, the first Rooftop Ceremony for the line was performed there. Riga Central Railway Hub will become the largest passenger terminal in the Baltics. 

## References
List of captains regent of San Marino 1500-1900

This is a list of captains regent of San Marino from 1500 to 1900. They are elected every six months

## Captain Regent
(information is very incomplete).

Andrea Sabbatini April 1527

Federico Gozi  October 1629- October 1640

Giulio Alberoni  end Oct 1739

Antonio Onofri October 1791- April 1821

Lodovico Belluzzi  April 1821-April 1834

Domenico Maria Belzoppi April 1834- April 1853

Innocenzo Bonelli April 1853-April 1878

Camillo Bonelli October 1878

Domenico Fattori October 1878-April 1900

* List of Captains Regent of San Marino, 1900–present
Rail transport in Austria

on the Trisanna Bridge, Wiesberg]]

'' funicular near Ellmau]]
**Rail transport in Austria** is mainly owned by the national rail company ÖBB. The railway network consists of 6,123&nbsp;km, its gauge is  and 3,523&nbsp;km are electrified. 

There are some funiculars, rack railways and a lot of heritage railways mainly  on disused lines. Some secondary lines are set up in narrow gauge.

Austria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Austria is 81.

## References
Lithuanian Railways

in Vilnius]]

**Lithuanian Railways**, abbreviated **LTG**, is the national state-owned railway company of Lithuania. It runs most of the railway network in the country. It has several subsidiary companies. The main ones are: **LTG Link** which provides passenger services, **LTG Cargo** which provides freight service, and **LTG Infra** which is responsible for the maintenance and development of the infrastructure. 

During 2022, Lithuanian Railways transported 4.69&nbsp;million passengers and 31.0&nbsp;million tonnes of freight; the majority of freight was oil products and fertilizers.

## References
Austrian Federal Railways

(RJ), the high-speed-train of ÖBB]]
 (ICE)]]

 (IC) on the Semmering railway]]

 (EC) train in Bolzano, South Tyrol]]
]]
]]
 is a suburban metro railway network in the Metropolitan area of Vienna]]
]]
 in Upper Austria]]
 in Austria]]
, a junction between local and long-distance transport routes]]
]]
 station in Krems, Lower Austria]]
 station south of Vienna]]

The **Austrian Federal Railways** and formerly the  or ***BBÖ***), now commonly known as **ÖBB**, is the national railway company of Austria. It also runs Liechtenstein's railway. The ÖBB group is owned entirely by the Republic of Austria. It is divided into several separate businesses that manage the infrastructure and operate passenger and cargo services.

The Austrian Federal Railways was first formed in 1923, using the *Bundesbahn Österreich* name, as a successor to the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways.  It was incorporated into the *Deutsche Reichsbahn* during the 1938–1945 Anschluss. It was reformed in 1947, under the slightly different name *Österreichische Bundesbahnen*, and still uses this name.

The Austrian rail system is mostly electrified. Electrification began in 1912 but did not reach an advanced state until the 1950s. The last steam locomotive in regular service on the standard gauge network was retired in 1978.

Major changes currently being made to the Austrian railway network are the construction of the Koralm Railway, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Brenner Base Tunnel connection with Italy.  

Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2018 showed that satisfaction levels of Austrian rail passengers are among the highest in the European Union when it comes to punctuality, reliability and frequency of trains. Furthermore, with their *Nightjet* brand, ÖBB operates Europe's largest night train fleet.

Unlike other major railway companies in Europe that offer more flexible cancellation policies, ÖBB only offers two types of tickets: full-price tickets, and cheaper but non-exchangeable and non-refundable tickets.

## References
Vilnius railway station

**Vilnius Central Railway Station** is an LTG Link train station in Vilnius, Lithuania. The railway station is between two neighbourhoods of Vilnius — Naujininkai and Naujamiestis — and on the edge of the Old Town.

## History
The station was opened in 1869 while building the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway. It was destroyed in 1945 during the World War II and in 1950 it was rebuilt in socialist realism style. The station was renovated in 1998 and then again in 2023.

## References
Precociality and altriciality

In the study of biology of birds and mammals, some babies are born needing a lot of care because they can't move much. These babies are called **altricial**. Others are ready to move and do things on their own soon after they are born. These babies are called **precocial**. Precocial babies are often ready to leave their home (like a nest) very soon after they are born or hatched. 

In fish, the difference is about if a baby fish is born with a stomach ready to digest food. Precocial fish babies have a stomach from the start, but altricial fish babies do not.

 chick, ready to move soon after hatching]]

## Altricial 
Altricial babies are not ready to do much when they are born. They need their parents to feed them and keep them safe for a while.

### Where the word comes from 
The word "altricial" comes from a Latin word that means "to feed". This is because these babies need to be fed by their parents.

## Precocial 
Precocial babies are more ready to take care of themselves soon after they are born or hatched.

### Where the word comes from 
"Precocial" comes from a word that means "early ripening" in Latin.

## Why it matters 
The difference between altricial and precocial babies matters because it affects how the animals live, how they are cared for by their parents, and how they survive in the wild.

## Examples 
* Altricial: human babies, kittens, and puppies.
* Precocial: ducklings, chicks of many ground-nesting birds, and many mammals like deer.

There are many kinds of animals between these two types.

## References
Rail transport in Lithuania

**Rail transport in Lithuania** has freight shipments and passenger services. The first railway line in Lithuania began in 1859. , the total length of railways in Lithuania was . Lietuvos Geležinkeliai, the national state-owned railway company, runs most of the passenger and freight services.

The country has a mixed gauge network: Most of it is broad gauge Russian standard. The new lines use the standard gauge or dual gauge track.  In 2020, Lithuania together with the other Baltic states began construction of the Rail Baltica high-speed rail which will have an operating speed of 249 km/h for the passenger trains. The project marks a new era for  Lithuanian railways and is expected to be completed by 2030.

Lithuania is a member of the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) and International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Lithuania is 24.  As an EU member, the country is in the European Union Agency for Railways. It is also a member of Interrail and Eurail. Lithuania was ranked 16th among national European rail systems in the European Railway Performance Index 2017 assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.

## References
Tallinn Baltic Station

**Baltic Station** () is the main railway station in Tallinn, Estonia, and the largest railway station in Estonia. All local commuter, long-distance and international trains depart from the station.  The planned Rail Baltica line will not go here, but to Ülemiste railway station.

Balti jaam is in central Tallinn immediately northwest of the city's Old town. It stands close to a large market called the Baltic Station Market.

The first station opened in 1870 when a railway line connecting Saint Petersburg with Paldiski via Tallinn was opened. The station was completely reconstructed between 1960–1966, and in 2005, the station building was completely renewed.

## References
Comboios de Portugal

**Comboios de Portugal,** (***CP***; English: ***Trains of Portugal***) is a state-owned company which operates passenger trains in Portugal.

It started in October 1856 with the opening of the first railway line in Portugal. Most of the network is Iberian gauge lines, as in Spain. During the 1950s, the Portuguese railway network was about , its greatest extent. In 1975, the Portuguese Railway Company was nationalised When  passenger numbers decreased, various lines were shut down, with almost a quarter of the rail network being closed by the twenty-first century.

During 1999, it introduced a new service, the Alfa Pendular, which operates between Braga - Porto - Lisbon - Faro using tilting trains. Since 2005 the company runs only passenger train services. Management of the railway infrastructure is done by Infraestruturas de Portugal . Cargo activities were transferred to private company MSC who operate them under the *Medway* label. In 2015, a new long-term strategy for Portugal's railway network was started. The full electrification of the network, the provision of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), and the general modernisation and improvement of trunk routes and international services is being conducted. 

## Network 
* Broad gauge (1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in)): 2,603 km (1,617 mi), 1,351 km (839 mi) electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC and 25 km (16 mi) at 1.5 kV DC.
* Narrow gauge (metre gauge) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in): 188 km (117 mi) not electrified.
* The maximum extent of 3,592 km (2,232 mi) was reached in 1949, but in the late 1980s and early 1990s some lines were shortened and some totally closed.

## References
Elron (rail transit)

**AS Eesti Liinirongid**, operating as **Elron**, is a government-owned passenger train operator in Estonia.

Before  2014, the company ran the electrified commuter rail system in Harjumaa. It was known until October 2013 as *Elektriraudtee*, i.e. "the Electrical Railway". On 1 January 2014, Elron took over all domestic passenger train services in Estonia from Edelaraudtee.

## History
The company was founded as *Elektriraudtee* in 1998. It started as a subsidiary of Eesti Raudtee. It was separated entirely within two years. 

In May 2013, the Estonian government declared that Elron would be the sole domestic passenger operator in Estonia. The Estonian operator Edelaraudtee was taken away from the passenger sector. There was a legal dispute between Edelaraudtee and the Estonian government over compensation for lost revenue from the operator's forced withdrawal from passenger services.

## References
Faggots (novel)

**Faggots** is a 1978 book by Larry Kramer. It is a parody of New York's gay community before AIDS existed. The book showing gay sex and usage of drugs caused many to dislike and was condemned by the gay community.

## References
Who You'd Be Today

"'''Who You'd Be Today'''" is a song written by Aimee Mayo and Bill Luther and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released in September 2005 as the first single from Chesney's 2005 album *The Road and the Radio*.

## Music video
The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on CMT on September 29, 2005.

The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's *Top 20 Countdown* for the week of October 20, 2005.

The music video reached number 1 on CMT's *Top Twenty Countdown* for the week of December 15, 2005.

## References
Amurru (god)

**Amurru**, also known under the Sumerian name **Martu** (in Sumerian and Sumerograms: 𒀭𒈥𒌅), was a Mesopotamian god. 

He was associated with steppes and pastoralism. He developed other functions, becoming known as a god of the mountains, a warlike weather deity and a divine exorcist.
Yedlinite

**Yedlinite** is a purple mineral that can be found at Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine, Arizona, United States. It has a formula of Pb₆Cr(Cl,OH)₆(O,OH)₈. It was discovered in 1974 and named after Leo Neal Yedlin.

## References
Ülemiste railway station

**Ülemiste railway station** () is a railway station in the Ülemiste sub-district of Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. It is about 500 metres from Tallinn Airport, to which it has been connected by a tramline since 2017.

The station is served by the trains of the Estonian government-owned passenger train operator, Elron. An international competition was held to find a design for the new terminal with "Light Stream" by Zaha Hadid Architects being declared as the winner. The new station will be directly linked to Tallinn Airport by a pedestrian bridge.

## Related pages
* Rail transport in Estonia

## References
Afghan refugees

in 1979]]
 in 2021]]
**Afghan refugees** are people from Afghanistan who had flee their country as a result of war or persecution. In 1978, the Saur Revolution occurred followed by the 1979 Soviet invasion which made a wave of refugee migration to neighboring Iran and Pakistan, as well as internationally from there. Due to decades of continuous civil war, over 6 million Afghan refugees were living in Iran and Pakistan by 2000. Most refugees returned to Afghanistan following the 2001 United States invasion and the end of the Taliban regime. However after 2021 when the Taliban came back to power, a number started to leave the country while others returned to Afghanistan. 

## References
Abdul Salam Hanafi

** Abdul Salam Hanafi** Uzbek/) is an Afghan Uzbek political and Deobandi-Islamic religious leader. He is a senior leader of the Taliban, an acting second deputy prime minister, alongside Abdul Ghani Baradar and Abdul Kabir, of Afghanistan since 2021.

Abdul Salam Hanafi is from Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan. He has studied at various religious seminaries in Karachi, Pakistan.

## Early life and education
An ethnic Uzbek, Hanafi was born in 1969 in Jowzjan Province.

He later moved to Pakistan for further religious studies. He studied the traditional Islamic sciences, mathematics, logic and other subjects at a university called Jamia Darul Uloom in Karachi. 

Outside religion he also studied computer science, accounting and languages, mastering, outside his native Uzbek, Pashto, Persian, English, Arabic, Urdu, Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Turkish.

## References
Karl Putzendopler

**Karl Putzendopler** (24 April 1898 – 11 January 1983) was an Austrian football player. He played for  Rapid Wien and FC Basel. 1928-29 he was player coach of FC Black Stars Basel and reached promotion to the   Swiss Serie A. 
## Honours 
* Austrian football championː 1920
Dawa'a al-Jihad

'''Dawa'a al-Jihad''' (Arabic: "Call to Struggle") was a militant university established at an Afghan refugee camp near Peshawar, Pakistan, by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf in the 1980s.

## References
Usman (name)

**Usman** is the Turkish, Persian, and Urdu translation of the Arabic name Uthman. The first usage of the name in the English speaking world was William Osmere during the rule of King Henry III in the year 1230 as Osman.

## References
Rail transport in Estonia

* (literally *the Baltic Station'') is the main passenger railway station of Estonia's capital Tallinn.]]
.]]
The **rail transport system in Estonia** has about  of railway lines, of which  are currently in public use. The infrastructure of the railway network is mostly owned by the state and is regulated and surveyed by the Estonian Technical Surveillance Authority.

All public railways in Estonia are  (Russian gauge). The  gauge used in Estonia is also compatible with Finland's  gauge. Sometimes it is defined to be  when buying track maintenance or vehicles from Finland.

Railways in Estonia today are used mostly for freight transport, but also for passenger traffic.   8.3 million passengers were reported in 2019. Passenger transport is most frequent near Tallinn, centred on the main Tallinn Baltic Station.

The Tallinn to Tartu railway is due to be electrified by 2024, with electrification of the remaining network expected to be completed by 2028. 16 new electric trains manufactured by Škoda Transportation are due to come into service starting 2024.

## References
Netrawati river

Netrawati River is located in the Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of Nepal. Netrawati River is also known as the **Ankhu Khola River**. The river flows more than 200km far away from East to West. It's  width is 6m and the bottom is 35m wider. Netrawati merges with the Budhi Gandaki River of Nepal. 

The main source for the Ankhu Khola Hydropower is Netrawati River.

## References
Leptomantis pseudacutirostris

The **Sumatran sharp-nose tree frog** (*Leptomantis pseudacutirostris*) is a frog.  It lives in Indonesia in Kerinci Seblat National Park. People have seen it 1000 meters above sea level.

Scientists do not know much information about this frog. They think it lives in forests on hills and mountains. They think it lays eggs in clear, rocky streams.

In 2017, scientists looked at this frog's DNA. They think it could be the same frog as *Rhacophorus modestus*. 

## First paper
*

## References
Government of Russia

The **government of Russia** is the executive body of state power of the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. The legal basis is the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". The Apparatus of the Government of Russia is a governmental body which administers the activities of the government.

According to the current 1993 constitution, the president is not a part of the government of Russia, which exercises executive power. However, the president appoints the prime minister.

According to the constitution, the government of the Russian Federation must:
#Draft and submit the federal budget to the State Duma; ensure the implementation of the budget and report on its implementation to the State Duma;
#Ensure the implementation of a uniform financial, credit and monetary policy in the Russian Federation;
#Ensure the implementation of a uniform state policy in the areas of culture, science, education, health protection, social security and ecology;
#Manage federal property;
#Adopt measures to ensure the country's defense, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
#Implement measures to ensure the rule of law, human rights and freedoms, the protection of property and public order, and crime control;
#Exercise any other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and presidential decrees.

## References
Rail Baltica

**Rail Baltica** is a rail infrastructure project that is intended to link the Baltic states to the European rail network. The plan is to improve rail connections between Central and Northern Europe southeast of the Baltic Sea. The plan is for a continuous rail link from Tallinn (Estonia) to Warsaw (Poland), going through Riga (Latvia), Kaunas, and Vilnius (Lithuania). Its total length in the Baltic States is , with  in Estonia,  in Latvia, and  in Lithuania. Rail Baltica is one of the priority projects of the European Union. 

Rail Baltica will be the first large-scale mainline standard gauge railway in the area. The rail networks in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are mainly in Russian gauge (1,520&nbsp;mm). These countries' first railways were built in the second half of the 19th century while they were part of the Russian Empire. 

The benefits to Baltic society and business may be €16.2 billion, according to a study produced by Ernst & Young.  At the end of April 2021, governments of Estonia and Finland promised to cooperate in the area of transport. 

## Overview 
### Proposed environmental impact 
Rail Baltica will be an electric railway, which will reduce carbon emissions. The railway has been planned to avoid Natura 2000 protected areas, and minimising impacts on other environmentally sensitive protected areas. Noise protection barriers will be installed. Special animal passages will be built through the embankment.

### Stations 
The railway project will enable transportation of freight through two or more methods of transportation. Rail Baltica includes plans for three multimodal freight terminals in Muuga Harbour (Estonia), Salaspils (Latvia), and Kaunas (Lithuania). There will be seven international passenger stations—in Tallinn, Pärnu, Riga, Riga Airport, Panevežys, Kaunas, and Vilnius. There could be regional stations and connections to airports and seaports.

The section from Helsinki to Tallinn will be operated by existing commercial ferries. In the future, a proposed Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel could provide a rail link between the two cities.

## References
Socialist Alliance (Australia)

**Socialist Alliance** is a federally registered political party in Australia. Formed in 2001, it operates under a unique 'Constitution', which aligns with doctrines of radical Socialism and Communist-like social, political and economic models.

## References
Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Interior (Urdu: وزارتِ داخلہ, abbreviated as MoI) is a Cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Pakistan, tasked and primarily responsible for implementing the internal policies, state security, administration of internal affairs involving the state and assisting the government on territorial affairs of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata), and insular areas of Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA). 

Rehan Shahid, is current Interior Minister of Pakistan.

## References
Rail transport in Finland

The Finnish railway network has a total track length of . The railways are built with a broad 1524 mm track gauge.   is electrified. 

Passenger trains are run by the state-owned enterprise VR.  These services cover all major cities and many rural areas. The coverage is less than the coverage provided by the bus services. Most passenger train services originate or terminate at Helsinki Central railway station. VR also operates freight services. Maintenance and construction of the railway network itself is the responsibility of the Finnish Rail Administration, which is a part of the Finnish Transport Agency.  Cargo yards and large stations may have their own signalling systems.

Finnish trains have a reputation for being spacious, comfortable and clean.  The scenery round the railway lines is beautiful, especially in Eastern Finland with its many lakes. Commuter services are  rare outside the Helsinki area, but there are express train connections between most of the cities.  Night trains only run on the lines between Helsinki or Turku via Oulu to Lapland (minimum distance of .  Most tracks are free for nightly freight traffic (about 40 million tonnes per year).  

## References
Leptomantis bimaculatus

The **Mindanao flying frog**, **blue-legged tree frog**, **banded pigmy tree frog**, **Asiatic tree frog**, or **blue-spotted tree frog** (*Leptomantis bimaculatus*) is a frog.  It lives in the Philippines, in Luzon, Bohol, and Mindanao.  People have seen it between 500 and 600 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in trees near water. It lives in forests that human beings have not changed. This frog lays eggs in foam nests on plants over water.

Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place.

## References
Processing

**Processing** is graphics library and IDE made for teaching non programmers programming in a visual way.  It uses the Java language with simplification and more classes. It uses a GUI for making it easier to make and run a program. It has been used in projects such as Arduino and Wiring. It was created by former MIT workers Casey Reas and Ben Fry in the year 2001.

## References
Helsinki Central railway station

**Helsinki Central Station** is the main station for commuter rail and long-distance trains in Helsinki, Finland. The station is used by about 200,000 people per day It is the terminus for all trains in the Helsinki commuter rail network, as well as for all Helsinki-bound long-distance trains in Finland. The Rautatientori (Central Railway Station) metro station is in the same building.

The railway tracks in Helsinki were built in the 1860s. The station building, clad in granite, was designed by Eliel Saarinen and opened in 1919. The building is known for its clock tower and the *Lyhdynkantajat* ("The Lantern Bearers") statues by Emil Wikström. Helsinki Central was chosen as one of the world's most beautiful railway stations by BBC in 2013. The Helsinki Central Station has become the symbol of the entire railway network in Finland. The VR Group uses the image of the station and the statues next to its main entrance in its advertising.

## References
Kurixalus

***Kurixalus*** is a group of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. Scientists have studied exactly how these frogs are related to other frogs, and they have changed their minds many times about what to call these frogs. The scientists decided to make *Kurixalus* a group after looking at the frogs' DNA. These frogs live in the Himalayan mountains in eastern India southward and eastward into Cambodia, Vietnam, southern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands.

## Species
, scientists say there are 19 species in *Kurixalus*:

* *Kurixalus absconditus* Mediyansyah, Hamidy, Munir, and Matsui, 2019 – Piasak-frilled swamp treefrog
* *Kurixalus appendiculatus* (Günther, 1858) – frilled tree frog, rough-armed tree frog, or Southeast Asian tree frog
* *Kurixalus baliogaster* (Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999) – belly-spotted frog
* *Kurixalus banaensis* (Bourret, 1939) – Bana bubble-nest frog
* *Kurixalus berylliniris* Wu, Huang, Tsai, Li, Jhang, and Wu, 2016 
* *Kurixalus bisacculus* (Taylor, 1962) − Taylor's treefrog
* *Kurixalus chaseni* (Smith, 1924) 
* *Kurixalus eiffingeri* (Boettger, 1895) 
* *Kurixalus gracilloides* Nguyen, Duong, Luu, and Poyarkov, 2020 
* *Kurixalus hainanus* (Zhao, Wang, and Shi, 2005) 
* *Kurixalus idiootocus* (Kuramoto and Wang, 1987) – temple tree frog
* *Kurixalus lenquanensis* Yu, Wang, Hou, Rao, and Yang, 2017 
* *Kurixalus motokawai* Nguyen, Matsui, and Eto, 2014 
* *Kurixalus naso* (Annandale, 1912) – uphill tree frog, long-snouted treefrog, Annandale's high altitude frog
* *Kurixalus odontotarsus* (Ye and Fei, 1993) – serrate-legged small treefrog
* *Kurixalus verrucosus* (Boulenger, 1893) – small rough-armed tree frog
* *Kurixalus viridescens* Nguyen, Matsui, and Duc, 2014 
* *Kurixalus wangi* Wu, Huang, Tsai, Li, Jhang, and Wu, 2016 
* *Kurixalus yangi* Yu, Hui, Rao, and Yang, 2018

## References
Health technology

**Health technology** is defined by the World Health Organization as the "application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives". This includes pharmaceuticals, devices, procedures, and organizational systems used in the healthcare industry, as well as computer-supported information systems.

Greater investment in health technologies has reduced the number of medical errors happened. Paper records were replaced in many healthcare organizations by electronic health records. This has brought many changes to healthcare.

## References
Frotteurism

**Frotteurism** (or **frotteuristic disorder**), is the interest in touching or groping other people's bodies without their consent. This is done for sexual pleasure. It usually involves rubbing the genital area against a stranger.

A person who does this kind of act is called a *frotteur*. Frotteurs often commit their acts in public places, especially ones where the victim cannot easily react or leave (like on a crowded train or in a crowd at a concert).

Frotteurism is a kind of paraphilia. A paraphilia is when someone gets very sexually aroused by something considered unusual. Paraphilias often involve things or people who do not consent to being involved. This can be sexual assault, which is a crime in most countries.

## Origin 
The exact cause of frotteuristic disorder is not known. However, many theories exist.  

Psychoanalysts propose that people with the disorder may have unmet needs to cuddle, like a baby does with their mother. They might imagine that they have a close relationship with their non-consenting victims during the act. 

Kurt Freund suggests that people with the disorder have problems with the tactile interactions they might experience during normal human erotic or sexual interactions. 

Some research has suggested that there could be a biological cause of abnormal sexual behaviors such as frotteurism.

## Prevalence 
The prevalence of frotteuristic disorder (how common it is) is not known because it's hard for scientists to research. People with the disorder rarely seek treatment for themselves because of shame or guilt.

Most victims are women. In a study of young female passengers on public trains in Tokyo, more than 66% reported that they had been subject to acts of frotteurism.

## Treatment 
The recommended treatment for frotteurism involves multiple elements. It combines therapy, support, and potentially medication. The kinds of therapy which have shown success include psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoanalysis. Medication which reduces or suppresses sex drive may be used in severe cases.

## References
VR Group

**VR-Group Plc**, commonly known as **VR**, is a government-owned railway company in Finland. It runs Finland's passenger rail services with 250 long-distance and 800 commuter rail services every day. It has 7,500 employees and net sales of €1,251 million in 2017.

VR was created in 1995 after being known as , Finnish: Suomen Valtion Rautatiet (Finnish State Railways) from 1862 to 1922, and *Valtionrautatiet* ('State Railways', ) from 1922 to 1995.

Avecra is a subsidiary for onboard catering service, Pohjolan Liikenne for bus traffic, VR Track for developing and maintaining of infrastructure and VR Transpoint for freight. Since 2017, its headquarters is in northern-central Helsinki.

## History
Rail transport started in Finland in 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna. Many main lines and smaller private railways were built later. VR mainly operated on the high-demand main lines. During the twentieth century, most private railway companies were shut down and VR had a monopoly in rail transport.

Since 2010, the maintenance and the construction of the railway network have been the responsibility of the Finnish Transport Agency. The operation and network were originally carried out by the parent company *Valtionrautatiet* until 1995, when it was split into VR and the rail administration entity Ratahallintokeskus.

## Organization
Companies in the group provide road freight and bus services, catering and real estate management. They provide data, technological, and telecommunications services for the transport and logistics sectors. The group owns a bus company, Pohjolan Liikenne, and a road freight haulage company VR Transpoint.

Altogether the group includes 21 companies employing a total of about 14,400 people.

## References
Metropolitan University, Sylhet

**Metropolitan University** is a private university located in Bateshwar, Sylhet. Established by ***Taufiq Rahman Chowdhury*** on 3 May 2003 with the approval of the Ministry of Education and under the "Private University Act 1992". Teaching is done in semester system, there are three semesters or terms in each year, the three terms are spring, summer, autumn semester. The undergraduate courses are of 4 years duration, and the postgraduate courses are of 1 year duration.

## Notable students
* Jaker Ali- Bangladeshi international cricketer.
* Al Hasan Milad - Bangladeshi entrepreneur and author 

## References
Al-Qaeda in Iraq

**al-Qaeda in Iraq** or **Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn** () was a Salafi jihadist militant group affiliated with al-Qaeda. It was created on the 17 October 2004 and was led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri until  it became the Islamic State of Iraq on the 15 October 2006.

## References
Japan Railways Group

The **Japan Railways Group**, more commonly known as the JR Group. Except JRF, all JR companies give customers passenger trains. JRF operates only freight service. JR groups is largest railway company in Japan and is still spreading all over Japan.

## Companies 
The six passenger railways of the JR groups are separated by region. Each of them provide services in their business area. However, some trains operates through more 2 companies.

## Stations 
There are many JR stations in all over Japan. Every day about over 21,000,000 people use JR train. Most of stations are usually open from 4 or 5 a.m. until 1 a.m. the next day. Some stations are open later or close earlier.

Urban stations have convenience store. They sell many things, including newspaper, drinks, foods and so on. There are also many shops inside the ticket gates, which are called "駅ナカ"(ekitana) in Japanese.

Each of stations are given original numbering. For example, Tokyo station is given JT-01, JK-26, JY-01, JC-01, JO-19 and JE-01. The numbering is made for passengers' convenience.

## Networks 
JR networks are composed of Shinkansen lines and conventional lines. Shinkansen trains run over **320km/h**(about 200 mph). On conventional lines not only local train, but also Limited express train. Limited express trains are faster than local train; Usually, Limited express trains run 100-130km/h(about 60-80mph).

### Shinkansen Lines 
There are 7 line service. Some shinkansens are connected. For example, Tokaido Shinkansen is connected to Sanyo Shinkansen at Shin-Osaka station. 

Shinkansen is famous for the safe and non-delay service. Shinkansen is major transportation in Japan.

Typical Shinkansen is **NOZOMI**. You take NOZOMI train, it requires only about 140 minutes to travel to Osaka from Tokyo. NOZOMI is operated every 4 minutes.

### Conbentional lines 
There are many line service and the network is complex. JR companies are try to be simple.

Typical Conbentional line is Yamanote Line. Yamanote line is connecting most of major station in Tokyo. It is loop service and only local trains are running. Further example is JR-Kyoto Line. On JR-Kyoto Line, not only local train, but also **Rapid, Special Rapid, Limited Express"Thunder bird", "Haruka", "Super Hakuto"** so on.

## Fares and tickets 
To take JR trains, you should pay fare. As you travel far and far, fare is more expensiver. Tickets for a short distance is sold at automatic vending machine. If you want to ticket which are not selling on vending machine, go to Ticket Office. 

To take Limited Express train, you should pay additional charge, which are called "**特急料金**" in Japan. So you should buy a normal ticket(called "乗車券") and a Limited Express ticket(called "**特急券**").

**JAPAN RAIL PASS** is a ticket offered jointly by the six JR Group companies, and it is convenient and reasonably priced for traveling throughout Japan by train. JAPAN RAIL PASS is vailed for the person who are foreign tourist. Except **NOZOMI** and **MIZUHO**, you can take any JR trains.

## References
Rail transport in Switzerland

With  network length, Switzerland has a dense railway network. It is the clear European leader in kilometers traveled: 2,505 km per inhabitant per year in 2019. Worldwide, only the Japanese travel more by train.

100% of its network is electrified, except for the few tracks on which steam locomotives operate for tourism. There are 74 railway companies in Switzerland. The share of commuters who travel to work using public transport (as the main mode of transport) is 30%. The share of rail in goods transport performance by road and rail is 39%.

Switzerland was ranked first in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for its intensity of use, quality of service and strong safety rating. Switzerland had excellent intensity of use, notably driven by passenger traffic, a good rating for quality of service, and a very good rating for safety. Switzerland captured high value in return for public investment with cost to performance ratios that outperform the average ratio for all European countries.

Swiss Federal Railways is the largest railway company in Switzerland and handles most of the national and international traffic. 

Switzerland is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Switzerland is 85.

## References
High-speed rail in Italy

**High-speed rail in Italy** connects most of the country's major cities.  It is  1,467 km in 2024 but is being extended. The first line connects Turin to Salerno via Milan, Bologna, Florence, Rome and Naples, the second runs from Turin to Venice via Milan and Verona, and is under construction in parts. Trains are operated with a top speed of .

Passenger service is provided by Trenitalia and Italo,  25 million passengers travelled on the network in 2011. In 2015, ridership increased to 55 million for Trenitalia and 9.1 million for NTV, for a combined 64 million passengers.

## References
Malachy McCourt

**Malachy Gerard McCourt Jr.** (September 20, 1931 – March 11, 2024) was an American actor, politician and writer. He was born in New York City. McCourt was raised in Limerick, Ireland. He was known for his annual Christmas-time appearances on *All My Children* as Father Clarence and for playing Francis Preston Blair in *Gods and Generals* (2003).

McCourt was the 2006 Green Party candidate for governor of New York. He lost to the Democratic candidate Eliot Spitzer. He was the younger brother of author Frank McCourt.

His movie roles include *The Molly Maguires* (1970), ''The Brink's Job* (1978), *Q* (1982), *Brewster's Millions* (1985), *The January Man* (1989), *Beyond the Pale* (2000), and *Ash Wednesday* (2002).

In 1998, McCourt authored *A Monk Swimming'', a memoir of his life in Limerick, Ireland. This memoir picks up roughly where Frank McCourt, the author's older brother, left off at the end of his Pulitzer Prize–winning ''Angela's Ashes''.  

McCourt married Linda Wachsman, and had two children with her. He had two more children by his second wife, Diana Galin.

In March 2023, McCourt left hospice care while being treated for prostate and skin cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* personal website
* 
*
Roma Termini railway station

on the right, a memorial to Italian casualties in battle of Dogali, is now in a nearby street, via delle Terme di Diocleziano.]]

**Roma Termini**   is the main railway station of Rome, Italy. It is named after the district of the same name, which took its name from ancient Baths of Diocletian (in Latin, *thermae*), which is across the street from the main entrance. It is Italy's busiest railway station and the fifth-busiest in Europe, with about 150 million passengers per year, and with 850 trains in transit per day.

## Overview
The station has regular train services to all major Italian cities, as well as daily international services to Munich, Geneva, and Vienna. With 32 platforms, Roma Termini is the joint largest railway station in Europe, tied with Paris' Gare du Nord and Munich's München Hbf.

Termini is also the main hub for public transport in Rome. Two Rome Metro lines (A and B) meet at Termini metro station, and a major bus station is located at Piazza dei Cinquecento, the square in front of the station. The main tram lines of the city cross at Porta Maggiore, some  east of the station.

On 23 December 2006, the station was dedicated to Pope John Paul II.

## References