open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Troll

A **Troll** is a Nordic mythological creature, may be: elves, dwarves, or monsters. Is a usually a giant that lives in caverns or undergrounds. It is also a well known internet meme.

They are quite short in stature and are violent in nature as their name suggests. Their appearance is similar to that of a goblin. They tend to live in caves and under bridges. Some say they are huge others say they're dwarves. These monsters live under bridges, in burrows underground or in caves. They rarely leave their lairs during the day because sunlight turns them into stone. Water trolls are agile in water but clumsy on land. But they all have strong teeth and jaws.

## Gallery 
Gallery of trolls as imagined by various Nordic artists.

Image:Theodor Kittelsen - Sjøtrollet, 1887 (The Sea Troll).jpg|The sea troll (Theodor Kittelsen, 1887).
Image:Theodor Kittelsen - Skogtroll, 1906 (Forest Troll).jpg|Forest troll. (Theodor Kittelsen, 1906).
Image:Trollet som grunner på hvor gammelt det er.jpg|Troll pondering its age. (Theodor Kittelsen, 1911).
Image:The changeling, John Bauer, 1913.jpg|The changeling (John Bauer, 1913).
Image:God kväll, farbror! Hälsade pojken.jpg|Good evening, old man! the boy greeted (John Bauer, 1915).

Image:Troll1.JPG|Norwegian road sign - Troll Crossing
Image:Senjatrollet.jpg|Senjatrollet, the largest troll in the world.
Image:Ett gammalt bergtroll.jpg|An old mountain troll (John Bauer, 1904).

## Other websites
Dinornis

***Dinornis*** is an extinct genus of ratite birds. They are ostrich-like birds of gigantic size, known as Moa. They were unique to New Zealand. The genus has five species:

*D. novaezealandiae* North Island Giant Moa
*D. giganteus* South Island Giant Moa
*D. struthoides*
*Dinornis* new lineage A (undescribed taxon)
*Dinornis* new lineage B (undescribed taxon)

## Large birds 
*Elephant bird 
***Aepyornis* 
*Terror birds 
***Phorusrhacos*
***Brontornis*
***Dromornis*
**Gastornis* (*Diatryma*)
Troll (disambiguation)

**Troll** can mean:

*Troll, a legendary creature
**Troll*, the movie
**Troll 2*, a different movie
**Troll 3*, another horror movie
*Troll (internet), internet trolling
*Troll (gay slang)
Moscow Symphony Orchestra

The **Moscow Symphony Orchestra** is an orchestra based in Moscow, Russia.  It was started in 1989.  It was the first orchestra that was started in modern Russia with private money, not with money from the government.  The orchestra have played under famous Russian conductors and with famous soloists, including Yuri Bashmet and Vadim Repin.

The orchestra's main conductor is Vladimir Ziva, and its main guest conductor is Ignat Solzhenitsyn.  The Orchestra have given concerts in United States, Japan, South Korea and Western Europe.

## Other websites
* MSO official site
Mouthpiece

**Mouthpiece** might mean:

* Mouthpiece (brass), a mouthpiece used for brass instruments
* Mouthpiece (woodwind), a mouthpiece used for woodwind instruments
* Mouthpiece (scuba), a mouthpiece used in scuba diving equipment
Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra

The **Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra** is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia.  It is the oldest orchestra in Russia.  It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.

The orchestra started in 1882. It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir".  It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia.  

By the 1900s it had started to give public performances.  Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.

After the  Russian Revolution the country no longer had a tsar.  The town of Saint Petersburg changed its name to Petrograd, so the orchestra's name changed to "State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd".  In the 1920s the orchestra began to get money from the state.  It was an excellent orchestra and was famous abroad.   Guest conductors who conducted the orchestra included Bruno Walter, Ernest Ansermet and Hans Knappertsbusch at this time.  Around this time the orchestra changed its name to **Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra**, because the city had changed its name again, this time to "Leningrad".

Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years.  They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings.  Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.

By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.  It is an internationally well-known orchestra.  Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.

## Chief conductors
*Yuri Temirkanov (1988–)
*Evgeny Mravinsky (1938–1988)
*Fritz Stiedry (1934–1937)
*Aleksandr Gauk (1930–1934)
*Nikolai Malko (1926–1930)
*Valery Berdyaev (1924–1926)
*Emil Cooper (1920–1923)
*Alexander Khessin (1920)
*Serge Koussevitzky (1917–1920)
*Hugo Varlikh (1907–1917)
*Hermann Fliege (1882–1907)

## Other websites
*Home page of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra

The **Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv** is the most famous orchestra in Israel.  It is usually called the **Israel Philharmonic Orchestra**, or abbreviated **IPO**.  In Hebrew it is written: , pronounced: ''ha-Tizmoret ha-Filharmonit ha-Yisre'elit''. It was started in 1936 by the violinist Bronisław Huberman when it was known as the Palestine Orchestra. At this time the Nazis were in power in Germany and Jews were being persecuted.  Many European orchestras were getting rid of their Jewish musicians.  The orchestra gave their first concert in Tel Aviv on 26 December 1936, and was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.

The orchestra tours to many parts of the world.  In 1971 they visited Germany.  Some of the world's greatest conductors have conducted the orchestra.  Leonard Bernstein and Zubin Mehta in particular have had a close relationship with them.  They did not have a main conductor until 1977 when Mehta was made Music Director.  
 
The IPO have made many recordings with Mehta, and also with Bernstein.

After 1938 the orchestra have refused to play the music of Richard Wagner because he was anti-Jewish.

## Musical Advisors/Music Directors 
Until 1977 the orchestra had no Music Directors. The conductors most closely associated with the orchestra were called *musical advisors*.
* Zubin Mehta (1968–) (Musical Advisor 1968–1977; Music Director thereafter)
* Jean Martinon (1957–1959) 
* Bernardino Molinari
* Paul Paray (1949–1951) 
* Leonard Bernstein (1947–1949; Laureate Conductor 1947-1990)
* William Steinberg (1936–1938)

## Other websites 
* Israel Philharmonic Orchestra official website
NHK Symphony Orchestra

Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai
The **NHK Symphony Orchestra** is a Japanese orchestra based in Tokyo, Japan.  In Japanese it is written: NHK交響楽団, pronounced: Enueichikei Kōkyō Gakudan.  When the orchestra was started in 1926 it was called *New Symphony Orchestra*.  It was the first large professional orchestra in Japan.  Later, it changed its name to *Japan Symphony Orchestra*.  In 1951 it started to get money from the Japanese radio station NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), so it changed its name again to the name it has now. It is thought of as the best orchestra in Japan.  They have played in many parts of the world, including at the BBC Proms in London.

Vladimir Ashkenazy is the orchestra's main conductor (music director) and Charles Dutoit is music director emeritus. Wolfgang Sawallisch is honorary conductor laureate.

## Permanent Conductors, Music Directors and Principal Guest Conductors
*Josef König (April 1927–April 1929)
*Hidemaro Konoye (January 1926–February 1935)
*Nicolai Schifferblatt (July 1929–July 1936)
*Joseph Rosenstock (August 1936–September 1946 *full-time conductor*; March 1956–March 1957 *Principal Conductor*)
*Hisatada Otaka (April 1942–February 1951 *full-time conductor*)
*Kazuo Yamada (April 1942–July 1951 *full-time conductor*)
*Shin'ichi Takata (April 1944–May 1951 *full-time conductor*)
*Kurt Wöss (September 1951–August 1954 *Principal Conductor*)
*Niklaus Aeschbacher (August 1954–March 1956 *Principal Conductor*)
*Wilhelm Loibner (March 1957–February 1959 *Principal Conductor*)
*Wilhelm Schuchter (February 1959–March 1962 *Principal Conductor*)
*Alexander Rumpf (August 1964–July 1965 *Principal Conductor*)
*Hiroyuki Iwaki (February 1969–June 2006 *Permanent Conductor*)
*Yuzo Toyama (February 1979– *Permanent Conductor*)
*Tadashi Mori (February 1979–May 1987 *Permanent Conductor*)
*Hiroshi Wakasugi (April 1995–July 2009 *Permanent Conductor*)
*Charles Dutoit (September 1996–August 1998 *Principal Conductor*; September 1998–August 2003 *Music Director*)
*Vladimir Ashkenazy (September 2004–August 2007 *Music Director*)
*André Previn, KBE (September 2009– *Principal Guest Conductor*)
*Tadaaki Otaka, CBE (January 2010– *Permanent Conductor*)

## Honorary Conductors
*Vladimir Ashkenazy (September 2007– *Conductor Laureate*)
*Charles Dutoit (September 2003– *Music Director Emeritus*)
*Herbert Blomstedt (January 1986–)
*Horst Stein (March 1975–)
*Otmar Suitner (January 1973–)
*Wolfgang Sawallisch (January 1967–October 1994; November 1994– *Honorary Conductor Laureate*)
*Lovro von Matačić (January 1967–January 1985)
*Joseph Keilberth (January 1967–July 1968)
*Joseph Rosenstock (August 1951–October 1985)

## Other websites
*Official Web site
Metropolitan Opera

, seen from Lincoln Center Plaza]]

The **Metropolitan Opera Association** is a big organization in New York City which puts on performances of opera. The Metropolitan Opera House (often simply called: **The Met**) is one of the most famous opera houses in the world. It was started in 1880. Today the music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin.

## Other websites
* The Metropolitan Opera
Mouthpiece (woodwind)

The **mouthpiece** of a woodwind instrument is the part which the player blows into.

## Single-reed instruments
On single-reed instruments like a clarinet or saxophone the mouthpiece is shaped like a wedge. The reed is placed near the player's bottom lip. This area is called the *table*. When the player blows, the reed vibrates. This is then made louder by the instrument.

The shape of the inside of the mouthpiece can change the sound very much. The sound made by a mouthpiece that is large and round will be very different from the sound made by a mouthpiece that is small and square.

The space between the end of the reed and the end of the mouthpiece is called the *tip opening*.

The *facing* (or *lay*) is the part of the reed that starts to curve around the end of the mouthpiece. The length of the facing can change the response of the instrument.

The ligature is what holds the reed onto the mouthpiece. Anything that can hold the reed onto the mouthpiece can be called a ligature. Most ligatures are made from metal or plastic. Some people like to use ordinary string to hold the reed onto the mouthpiece.

## Related pages
* Mouthpiece (brass), a mouthpiece used for brass instruments.
Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar

The **Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar** (**Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra**) is a youth orchestra from Venezuela.  The musicians are nearly all in their 20s.  The orchestra was started by the economist José Antonio Abreu in 1975.  Children from poor backgrounds had been given the opportunity, by the Venezuelan government, to learn a musical instrument.  The orchestra consists of some of the best of these players.

The conductor Gustavo Dudamel has been the orchestra's artistic director since 1999.  They have made recordings of music by Beethoven as well as Latin American music.

They became internationally famous when they played at the BBC Proms in London in August 2007.

## Other websites
* *El Sistema*'s official website (FESNOJIV)
European Union Youth Orchestra

The **European Union Youth Orchestra** (**EUYO**) is an orchestra for young people from countries in the European Union. The orchestra is given money by the European Union and by a number of EU member states. It gives young players experience at working together with some of the world's best music teachers and conductors.

The orchestra was started in 1978. Some of the greatest conductors have worked with the EUYO, including Herbert von Karajan, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Claudio Abbado.

## Other websites 
* EUYO website
Gel

A **gel** is a semi-solid substance material which usually .

By weight, gels are mostly liquid. But gels also behave like solids. They have a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the crosslinks in the fluid that give a gel its structure. 

As colloids, gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid. In a gel, the solid is the  phase; the liquid is the discontinuous phase.

Examples: Jellies, agar, contact lenses, organic slime.
Wiener schnitzel

**Wiener Schnitzel** (*Viennese schnitzel* in German, where *Schnitzel* means a   without bones) is a traditional Austrian dish and is a popular part of Viennese and Austrian cuisine, consisting of a thin slice of veal coated in breadcrumbs and fried. 
In Austria the dish is traditionally served with a lemon slice, lingonberry jam and either potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.  While the traditional Wiener Schnitzel is made of veal, it is now sometimes made of pork, though in that case it is often called *Schnitzel Wiener Art* (Germany) (Viennese style schnitzel) or *Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein* (Austria) (Viennese schnitzel from the pig) to differentiate it from the original. In Austria, the term *Wiener Schnitzel* is protected by law, and any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.
The dish may have originated in Milan, northern Italy, as *cotoletta alla milanese*, and may have appeared in Vienna during the 15th or 16th century. According to another theory, it was introduced in 1857 by Field Marshal Radetzky, who spent much of his life in Milan. The term *Wiener Schnitzel* itself dates to at least 1862.

## Schnitzel Around the World 
Schnitzel is often mistaken for sausage in the modern American society. What many Americans do not realize about schnitzel is that its part of the melting pot of American cultures. For example, German immigrants to Texas in the 1800s combined schnitzel recipes to make chicken fried steak -- popular in the southwest U.S.A.. Chicken tenders are similar to Schnitzel as well.

Even Israel has its own type of schnitzel. Areas with large German populations like Argentina also carry schnitzel.

Even though schnitzel is often served as a platter, it comes in sandwiches as well. If it's a platter, it usually comes with "Spätzle" -- German egg noodles.

## References
You Nazty Spy!

***You Nazty Spy!*** is the 44th short movie by The Three Stooges.  It was the first Hollywood movie to make fun of Adolf Hitler.  In the movie, Germany is replaced by the pretend country of Moronica and the Hitler-type character is called Moe Hailstone, and is played by Stooge Moe Howard. This made Howard the first US actor to play Hitler.

It was directed by Jules White.

## Other websites 
*
Mačvanska Mitrovica

**Mačvanska Mitrovica** (Мачванска Митровица) is a town located in the Sremska Mitrovica province, in the Srem, province of Serbia. It is in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. In the town are around all population: Serbs ethnic and its population numbering 3,896 people (according to the census 2002).
Troll 2

***Troll 2*** is a 1990 horror comedy movie, directed by Claudio Fragasso, under the pseudonym Drake Floyd. During production, the movie was known as ***Goblins***, and some countries released the movie under that name. However, when it was released in the United States, the title was changed to *Troll 2* in an attempt to help connect it to an existing horror movie, *Troll*. The two movies do not have sny connection besides the title. In fact, there are not even any trolls in *Troll 2*.

This movie has a sequel, *Troll 3*.

## Plot
A family goes on vacation to the tiny town of Nilbog, where everyone is actually a goblin. The goblins are vegetarians who turn people into plants to eat them. The family’s young son is the only one who realizes the truth about Nilbog and must defeat the goblins with the help of the ghost of his grandfather.

## Reception
The film was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, only 5% of reviews were good. The site’s critical consensus is simply “oh my god”, a reference to an iconic scene in the film where a character screams that line. The film is so infamous that a documentary called *Best Worst Movie* was made about it by the original child star.

## References
Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa

**Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa** is a Spanish mission. It was founded by Father Junipero Serra in 1772. It is on the central coast of California, halfway between San Diego and Monterey. It was named after Saint Louis, the bishop of Toulouse. It was the fifth of twenty-one missions in California.  Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is noted for its beautiful architectural features, mission life, and historical events.

## Design
Mission San Luis Obispo is different from all the other' missions' because it is one of the smallest and has a unique design. The design has both belfry (a bell tower) and a vestibule, which is an entrance hall between the outer door and the interior of a building. These are not found on any of the other California missions. The main nave (the long entrance part of the church) is long and narrow. At San Luis Obispo there is a secondary nave that is the same size and at the right of the altar. This is the only "L"-shaped mission church. Windows around the courtyard have round pillars with square opening, unlike the arches of other missions.  San Luis Obispo is painted white and is surrounded by gardens, wine vineyards, and a fountain.

## Mission Life
Mission life was hard for the California Indians because they had to work hard and study Catholic Religon.

Women had to cook, sew, garden, and make candles and soap. Men had to farm and care for the animals while the older people had to fish and make arrows.  The children attended church every day to study Catholicism.  When their studies were done they would work hard helping their families.  The Spanish introduced the gun to the Chumash.  The Hupa were grateful for the Spaniard guns as they depended on them for hunting bears for food.  The Chumash helped these Spaniards build the missions and take care of it and its surrounding
Other hostile Indians attacked San Luis Obispo on three separate occasions before 1774.  During the attack, the thatched roofs of the mission buildings were set afire by blazing arrows.  In May 1807, the mission was designated as one of six in which the California priests could make their annual retreats for spiritual exercises.  Following Mexico's war against Spain in 1810, all the California missions were forced to contribute food and clothing to the army. In 1830, the bell tower was destroyed in an earthquake, but was later rebuilt with stone.

Today, the mission serves as a parish church of the diocese of Monterey.

## References
*Title: The Missions of California Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa
:Author:  Mary Null Boule
:Publisher:  Meryant Publishing Inc.
:Date:  July 1988
:Placed Published:  Vashon, Washington

*Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.missionsanluisobispo.org/)
:Retrieved:  February 15, 2009

*Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.californias-missions.org/individual/mission_slo.htm)
:Retrieved:  February 15, 2009
Boris Tadić

**Boris Tadić** (; born on January 15, 1958 63 in Sarajevo) is a former president of Serbia. He is involved in psychology and he is also the current president of the Democratic Party (Serbia). Tadić was elected for president on June 27, 2004 with a five-year term of office. On July 11, 2004 he passed the oath of president. Second five-year mandate he received by winning on the president elections on February 3, 2008. Before applying for president of Serbia, he was a Minister of Telecommunications in Yugoslav government and a minister of defense in Serbo-Montenegrin's government.
Troll (internet)

:*For the Wikipedia essay, see "What is a troll?". For other uses see Troll (disambiguation)*
 an article on Wikipedia by replacing content with an insult.|alt=]]
A **troll** is someone who tries to make people angry by saying things on the Internet. The purpose is to excite strong emotion in an online community. or to cause problems. In social networks platforms, a troll is a user who make inflammatory or inappropriate comments for the sole purpose of upsetting other users and provoking a response. If someone acts like a troll, this is called **trolling**.

Sometimes trolling can get a user banned from a website or platform as it can be disruptive. Some users do it to be humorous when they know others will be angry. The best solution is to ignore trolls and to not give them the attention they want. This has become known as "don't feed the trolls".

In October 2012, the internet news site Gawker, publicly revealed the name of an internet troll who had called himself "Violentacrez". Michael Brutcsh had collected photos of young girls from Facebook, often in bikinis or short skirts, and them posted them on the site Reddit.

There are a lot of efforts to detect and ban trolls on social network platforms such as "TrollSpot"

## What is a troll? 
The term *troll* is subjective, meaning that it depends on interpretation. Trolling usually involves joking around to mess up other people or communities. 

Sometimes, people may think a certain post is considered trolling, while others claim it is constructive, no matter how controversial this post is. Some strong acts of trolling involve harassment, 

The term *Internet troll* has also been applied to information warfare (competition for winning fame by taking advantage of the internet), hate speech, and even political activism.

## The Impact of Trolling 
According to Dr. Ashley Anderson from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Trolling, or "Uncivil commentary" has the ability to strengthen the opinions of those who either are skeptical or supportive of a topic. The research also found that supportive commentary had no effect. 

## References
Swindon Town F.C.

**Swindon Town F.C.** are an English football club.  They are based in Swindon and play in Football League One.  They play their home games at the County Ground.

## League position
### Former position
Pitchfork Media

**Pitchfork Media** is a daily music webzine.  It is based in Chicago, United States. Its focus is on independent music, especially indie rock.

Pitchfork was made in 1995. It talks about new music, but journalists there also review albums that have been released again.

Each year Pitchfork chooses an Album of the Year. Since 2003 they have chose a Track of the Year each year too.

## References
Ultratop

**Ultratop** is the name of the official Belgian record charts. Due to the two different regions (Flanders and Wallonia) there are two different record charts. In Flanders the most important charts are the *Ultratop 50 Singles* and the *Ultratop 200 Albums*. In Wallonia the most important charts are the *Ultratop 40 Singles* and the *Ultratop 200 Albums*. The rankings in these charts are based on record sales.
Paste (magazine)

***Paste*** is a monthly music and entertainment magazine.  It is published in the United States.

In 2005, *Paste* was listed at #21 on The Chicago Tribune's list of "50 Best Magazines". *Paste* appeared on that newspaper's list again in 2007. *Paste* was also named "Magazine of the Year" by the PLUG Independent Music Awards in 2006, 2007 and 2008. In 2008, *Paste* was  for a National Magazine Award in the category of General .
Tambourine

The **tambourine** is a common percussion instrument. 

The tambourine looks like a small hand-held drum. But in addition to the skin (drumhead) there are also small pairs of jingles - like tiny cymbals - in slots around the frame.  However, tambourines come in many types. Some are made without a skin, particularly for use in schools. The tambourine came to Europe through the Arabs who brought it to Italy and Spain.

## How to play a tambourine
The tambourine is usually held in the hand.  The jingles can be made to sound by hitting the frame of the instrument with the other hand, or by shaking the instrument. Often the player will hold the instrument high in the air. This not only looks good, but it can also be heard well.  The other hand can tap rhythms on the skin which makes it sound like a drum as well as making the jingles sound.  It can be hit by the knuckles, or with the finger tips, or the flat of the hand or the back of the hand.  It can also be hit against the side of the leg.  A good player with a good tambourine can sometimes create a nice effect with a "thumb roll".  This is done by making the tip of the thumb slightly wet and then moving it fast along the edge of the skin so that the thumb bounces very fast.

It is also possible to put the instrument, with the head up, on the player's lap or on a table or chair, and play with the fingers or with drumsticks.

When a tambourine is used in an orchestra it is usually just one tambourine, although Berlioz asked for two tambourines in his overture *Le carnaval romain*. It is very often used in music which sounds Italian or Spanish.  It nearly always makes music sound very lively, for example in the second movement of Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto.

## References
*The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments - Könemann, 
*Orchestration - Walter Piston (London 1965)
Tachyon

A **tachyon** is a hypothetical particle that can travel faster than the speed of light. 

Most scientists do not believe that tachyons exist. Einstein's theory of special relativity states that nothing can accelerate faster than the speed of light, while tachyons are theorized to be constantly traveling faster than the speed of light. If a tachyon did exist, it would have an imaginary number as its mass.

## History
E. C. G. Sudarshan, V.K Deshpande and Baidyanath Misra were the first to propose the existence of particles faster than light and named them "meta-particles". After that the possibility of particles moving faster than light was also proposed by Robert Ehrlich and Arnold Sommerfeld, independently of each other. Lately, Similar concept was coined with the term "tachyon" by Gerald Feinberg in  1967.

In September 2011, it was reported that a tau neutrino had traveled faster than the speed of light in a major release by CERN; however, later updates from CERN on the OPERA project indicate that the faster-than-light readings were resultant from "a faulty element of the experiment's fibre optic timing system".

## Other meaning: imaginary mass field
In modern physics the term "tachyon" often refers to imaginary mass fields rather than to faster-than-light particles. The idea of those mass fields, comes in part from Quantum field theory, and Classical field theory.

Imaginary mass fields fields have come to play an important role in modern physics.

## References
Kenny Ortega

**Kenneth John "Kenny" Ortega** (born April 18, 1950) is an American producer, director, and choreographer. He was the director of all the *High School Musical* movies.

## Filmography and concerts
## Awards
## References
Gelatin

**Gelatin** is a protein substance that comes from collagen. Collagen is a natural protein found in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals as well as fish. Gelatin has no smell, no taste, and is either colorless or light yellow. It can be found in sheets, flakes, or as a powder. It can be dissolved in water, but not in alcohol. 

It is made by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs. Once the boiling is done, the collagen will cool and make a jelly.  As a food, gelatin is used to make jellied desserts; used in the preservation of fruit and meat, and to make powdered milk.  Gelatin can also be used as glue for matches or for paper money. You can also find it used as the syrup in medicine, also known as medicine emulsions. Gelatin is also found in some makeup.

Gelatin is classed as a liquid when above room temperature but reverts to a solid if below room temperature. 

Because gelatin comes from animals, vegetarians and vegans do not eat or use products that have gelatin added. Some religious or cultural groups also do not eat gelatin because of the animals used to make it. For example, people that keep kosher or halal will not eat gelatin because it is often made from cows. Alternatives to gelatin are products like agar or carrageenan which comes from seaweed or pectin which comes from plants.  

## References
Christian naturism

**Naturist Christians** are the Christians who practice naturism or nudism, and are a part of the clothes-free movement. They believe that the human body was the greatest making of God. It is  not shameful and should not be covered. Naturist Christians can be found in almost all of the different groups of Christianity, called "denominations". They do not find any conflict with the teachings of the Bible, and living their lives and worshiping God without any clothing. However, most have various differences with New Age and man-centered philosophy (called "humanism") which is common among other naturists and wish to be separated from it. This includes not worshiping nature at all.

## Garden of Eden
 (1507).]]
In the Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were living in the Garden of Eden as 'man and wife' . They ate the fruit not allowed by God, after being talked into it by the devil in the form of a snake. Then their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked. So, they gathered fig leaves to be used as simple clothing to cover their sexual organs. These became lacking very quickly, and Adam and Eve hid themselves from God in the trees.

* God to Adam (with Eve) "Who told you that you are naked?" ()
Castanets

**Castanets** are percussion instruments which come from Spain.  They are often used in an orchestra.  Castanets are hollowed-out wooden shells.  A hardwood such as ebony or rosewood is used.

Castanets are used in pairs.  Traditionally two pairs are played together, one pair held in each hand.  There is a string which passes through small holes in the shells.  The player winds the string around the thumb and finger so that the two shells can be clicked together.  The two pairs of castanets used are slightly different sizes so that they make a slightly different pitch. The higher pair, known as *hembra* (female), is usually held in the right hand, with the larger *macho* (male) pair held in the left.

Castanets are traditionally played by singers and dancers.  Spanish folk dancers often use castanets.  They are often associated with flamenco dancing.

When they are played in an orchestra they are often attached to a stand.  The technique of playing is therefore different.  They can be tapped by the fingers and palm of the hand.  They are often used in music which is supposed to sound Spanish.  In ballet and opera they are used to accompany Spanish dances.  Carmen, the character in Bizet's opera *Carmen*, sings a song and accompanies herself on the castanets.  Usually the opera singer does not have the skill to play them, so the castanets are played by a percussion player in the orchestra while Carmen pretends to be playing them.

## References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, Könemann;
Coscoroba swan

The **coscoroba swan** (*Coscoroba coscoroba*) is a distant relative of the true swan. Many specialists merge this genus, *Coscoroba*, with ducks, like whistling ducks. The coscoroba swan is found in South America from southern Chile and central Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands.

Recent genetic studies have found a relationship between this species and Cape Barren goose (*Cereopsis novaehollandiae*). They are sister groups.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Birdlife. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=372&m=0#
Peravia Province

**Peravia** is a province in along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is Baní.

## History
The province was created in 1944 with the name of *Baní Province*, with the municipal district of Nizao, but that same year the name was changed to *José Trujillo Valdez Province* after the father of dictator Rafael Trujillo. In 1961, the name of the province was changed to the present Peravia. In 1988, Nizao became a municipality in the province.

Matanzas, Villa Fundación and Sabana Buey became municipal districts in 1991; Pizarrete en 1997; Santana and Paya in 1998; Villa Saombrero and El Carretón in 2001; Catalina in 2004; and El Limonal and Las Barías in 2006.

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 16th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 192,660 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Baní, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 72,466 inhabitants.

The most important rivers in the province are the Nizao and Ocoa rivers.

### Climate
The climate of the province is tropical dry climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains. It is very dry in the savannas and plains, with long droughts.

## Municipalities
There are two municipalities and 11 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

## Economy
The main economic activity in the province is farming, growing fruits (like mangos) and vegetables (tomatoes and onions). Fishing and salt production is also important along the Caribbean Sea and there are some factories in Baní.

## References
Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra

The **Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra** (in German: **Gewandhausorchester Leipzig** or just **Gewandhausorchester**) is a famous German orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany. It is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus (pronounce: “Ge-VANT-house”). The word “Gewandhaus” means "Textiles Hall". It is a hall that originally was used for people to buy and sell textiles.

## History of the orchestra 
The beginnings of the orchestra go back to 1743, when a society called the *Grosses Concert* began performing in private homes. In 1744 the *Grosses Concert* moved its concerts to the "Three Swans" Tavern. Their concerts continued there for 36 years. Gradually more and more people started to complain about the noise and the behaviour in the tavern, so in 1780 the mayor and city council of Leipzig offered to let the orchestra use part of the Gewandhaus, the building where the merchants were selling textiles. The orchestra gave its first concert in the Gewandhaus in 1781. It is the oldest orchestra in Germany, apart from private orchestras who belonged to rich people.

In 1835 the great composer Felix Mendelssohn became the orchestra's main conductor (music director). He was called the *Gewandhauskapellmeister*. He kept this position, apart from one year, until his death in 1847. In 1885, the orchestra moved into a new hall which was given the same name. This was destroyed by bombing in World War II in 1944. The present Gewandhaus is the third building with the name. It was opened in 1981.

The orchestra gives concerts in Leipzig and all over the world, and makes many recordings. They also play at the Thomaskirche, the church where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work, and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.

Later principal conductors included Arthur Nikisch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Bruno Walter, and Václav Neumann. From 1970 to 1996, Kurt Masur was Gewandhauskapellmeister. From 1998 to 2005 their conductor was Herbert Blomstedt. 

In 2005, Riccardo Chailly took over as both Gewandhauskapellmeister and music director of the Leipzig Opera. They have released recordings on the Decca label of Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and the Robert Schumann symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Gustav Mahler.

## Music director (Gewandhauskapellmeister) 
## Conductors laureate 
* 1996-*present* Kurt Masur
* 2005-*present* Herbert Blomstedt

## Other websites 
* Gewandhausorchester Leipzig official website
Santo Domingo Province

**Santo Domingo** is a Dominican province. It is in the southern part of the country, on the Caribbean coast. Its capital city is Santo Domingo Este.

## Name
The Santo Domingo province is named after the city of Santo Domingo, which has been always the capital city of the country.

## History
The province was created on 16 October 2001. It was part of the Distrito Nacional (*National District*) before being elevated to the category of province with most of the territory of the old Distrito Nacional.

The new province had the municipalities of Santo Domingo Este, Santo Domingo Oeste, Santo Domingo Norte and Boca Chica. San Antonio de Guerra became a municipality in 2004, and Pedro Brand and Los Alcarrizos in 2005.

The municipal districts of the province were created in:

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 1st (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 2,702,028 inhabitants.

The largest urban area of the province is Santo Domingo Este, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 851,853 inhabitants.

The Santo Domingo province is in the "Llano Costero del Caribe" ("Caribbean Coastal Plain"), a large plain in southeastern Dominican Republic. There are not mountains in the province, only some low hills.

The most important rivers are Haina, that makes the western border of the province, and the Ozama with its tributary La Isabela and that separates the province from the Distrito Nacional.

### Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.

## Municipalities
There are 7 municipalities and 8 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

## Economy
It is the province of highest economic activity in the country, with many industries and companies in its territory.

Tourism is an important activity in Boca Chica because there is a beach with white sand.

## References
Rob Tapert

**Robert Gerard Tapert** (born 14 May 1955) is an American movie producer. He produced *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys*, *Xena: Warrior Princess*, *Spartacus: Blood and Sand* and *Legend of the Seeker*, all filmed in Auckland, New Zealand.  Tapert's partner is Sam Raimi. 

Tapert married Lucy Lawless on 28 March 1998. Together they have two sons, Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002). Tapert is stepdad to Lawless' daughter from a previous marriage, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988).
Simon Doull

**Simon Blair Doull** (9 August 1897 – ) is a retired New Zealand cricketer who was born in Pukekohe. An all-rounder, he was a right arm medium pace bowler and a right-handed batter.

Doull played in a total of 99 first-class matches from 1990 to 2002, representing Northern Districts in the Plunket Shield. In international cricket, he played for New Zealand in 32 Test matches and 42 One Day Internationals from 1992 to 2000.

Doull was the *New Zealand Cricket Almanack* Player of the Year in 1997. He became a radio commentator after he finished playing.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wildenfels

**Wildenfels** is a town in the rural District Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is  southeast of Zwickau.

## References
## Other websites
Zózimo

**Zózimo** (born 19 June, 1932 - 17 July, 1977) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## International career statistics 
|-
!Total||35||1

## References
Juan Valera

**Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano** (October 18 1824 – April 18 1905), was a Spanish author, writer and political figure.

## References
Coutinho (footballer, born 1943)

**Coutinho** (11 June 1943 &ndash; 11 March 2019) was a Brazilian professional football player. He mostly played for Santos F.C. and the Brazil national team.

Coutinho died on March 11, 2019, in Santos, São Paulo from a heart attack due to diabetes and hypertension, aged 75.

## References
Puerto Plata Province

The **Puerto Plata Province** is one of the northern provinces of the Dominican Republic. The province is a popular tourist attraction since the late 1990s because there are many fine beaches.

Its capital is the city of San Felipe de Puerto Plata.

## Name
The province is named after its capital city, Puerto Plata. 
When Christopher Columbus visited the northern coast of the Hispaniola island for the first time, on 11 January 1493, he saw a mountain with clouds on its top and he gave it the name of *Monte de Plata* ("Mountain of Silver"). The town that was founded on the foot of that mountain was called *Puerto de Plata* ("Port of Silver"); the name was changed later to just *Puerto Plata*.

## History
The first European town, **La Isabela**, was founded by Columbus in January 1493 by Columbus near the city of Puerto Plata; the city of Puerto Plata was founded in 1502.

In 1605, the towns of Puerto Plata along with Monte Cristi, Bayajá and La Yaguana were destroyed by the governor, Antonio de Osorio. All the people living in those towns had to move to places closer to the capital due to the amount of illegal trade happening in these towns. These towns formed what are now Monte Plata and Bayaguana.

It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category similar to a province and that has been abandoned) in 1865. It was part of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province with the municipalities of Puerto Plata, Altamira, Blanco and Bajabonico.

In 1959, Puerto Plata was confirmed as a province with the municipalities of Puerto Plata, Altamira, Imbert and Luperón, and the municipal district of Sosúa; its capital was San Felipe de Puerto Plata.

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 6th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 329,482 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Felipe de Puerto Plata, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 118,496 inhabitants.

## Municipalities
There are nine municipalities and 12 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

## Economy
There are several important economic activities in the province, like tourism along the coast, farming and industry (like food products and rum).

## Gallery

File:Seilbahn zum Pico Isabel de Torres.jpg|Isabel de Torres mountain
File:Kitebeach at cabarete 2.JPG|Cabarete beach
File:Flickr - ronsaunders47 - DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (2).jpg|San Felipe fort
File:City of Sosua, Dominican Republic, Aerial View.jpg|Aerial view of Sosúa

## References
Jurandir (footballer, born 1940)

**Jurandir de Freitas** (12 November 1940 – 6 March 1996), nicknamed **Jurandir**, was a Brazilian footballer who played as a defender.

## Honours
### Club
**São Paulo**
*Campeonato Paulista: 1970, 1971

### International
**Brazil**
*FIFA World Cup: 1962
*South American Access Championship: 1962
Jair da Costa

**Jair da Costa** (9 July 1940 &ndash; 26 April 2025) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team.

Da Costa died on 26 April 2025 in Osasco, São Paulo at the age of 84.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1962–63||rowspan="5"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="5"|Serie A||27||10
|-
|1963–64||31||12
|-
|1964–65||19||10
|-
|1965–66||27||4
|-
|1966–67||15||3
|-
|1967–68||Roma||Serie A||23||2
|-
|1968–69||rowspan="4"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="4"|Serie A||22||3
|-
|1969–70||18||4
|-
|1970–71||23||6
|-
|1971–72||17||1

|-
|1972||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||15||3
|-
|1973||4||0
|-
|1974||0||0
222||55
19||3
241||58
|}

## References
Amarildo (footballer, born 1939)

**Amarildo Tavares da Silveira** (born 29 June 1939) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Amarildo is regarded to be one of the best strikers ever in his position.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1963-64||rowspan="4"|Milan||rowspan="4"|Serie A||31||14
|-
|1964-65||27||14
|-
|1965-66||24||2
|-
|1966-67||25||2
|-
|1967-68||rowspan="3"|Fiorentina||rowspan="3"|Serie A||17||5
|-
|1968-69||25||6
|-
|1969-70||20||5
|-
|1970-71||rowspan="3"|Roma||rowspan="3"|Serie A||20||7
|-
|1971-72||12||3
|-
|1972-73||0||0

|-
|1973||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1974||7||0
201||58
7||0
208||58
|}

## References
Carlos Castilho

**Carlos José Castilho** (27 November 1927 – 2 February 1987) was a Brazilian professional football player. He played for the Brazil national team. He made saves that seemed to be helped by luck for this reason he was nicknamed by his opponents Leiteria (Lucky man) and the Fluminense fans called him São Castilho (Saint Castilho). In 1952, he saved six penalties. Color blind, he felt he had an advantage in seeing the yellow balls red, even though he had more trouble with the white ones in the evening. Castilho is regarded as one of the greatest Brazilian goalkeepers of all time. 

## Managerial career
After his playing career he became a trainer. In 1977 he led Operário (MS), a club from a smaller league to the semi-finals for the Brazilian national title. With Santos, he won in 1984 with Campeonato Paulista.

## Death
He committed suicide on February 2, 1987.

## Honours
### Player
;Fluminense
* Campeonato Carioca: 1951, 1959, 1964
*Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 1957, 1960
*Copa Rio: 1952

;Paysandu
* Campeonato Paraense: 1965

;Brazil
* World Cup: 1958, 1962runner up: 1950
* South American Championship runner-up: 1953, 1957, 1959 (Argentina)
* Taça Oswaldo Cruz: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962
* Copa Rio Branco: 1950
* Roca Cup: 1957, 1960
* Taça O'Higgins Cup: 1955, 1959, 1961

### Coach
;Santos
*Campeonato Paulista: 1984

## References
Vibraphone

The **vibraphone** is a percussion instrument.  It looks like a xylophone but the bars are made of aluminium instead of wood.  Like the xylophone, the bars are arranged in a similar way to a piano keyboard so that tunes can be played.  An alternate form is the 6-plus-6-system, where each row has the bars in a whole-tone distance and both rows are in a half-tone distance.  The player uses mallets (beaters), either one or two in each hand.  There are tubes underneath each bar.  These are called "resonators".  They make the sound louder.  There is also an electric motor which can be switched on by a pedal.  This makes fans go round and round in the ventilators and makes a very strong, vibrating sound.  This is why the instrument has its name.  Sometimes people call a vibraphone **vibes**.

Vibraphones were first made in the United States in 1921.

The mallets are beaters with a rubber ball at the end.  Yarn or a hard cord is wound tightly round these balls.  Vibraphone mallets are usually slightly harder than the ones ones used for the marimba.  They usually consist of a rubber ball core wrapped in yarn or cord and attached to a narrow dowel, most commonly made of rattan or birch (other materials, such as nylon, are sometimes used). Mallets suitable for the vibraphone are also generally suitable for the marimba.  There are different ways of holding them.  A common way is to hold them between the thumb and index finger, using the other fingers to help control the sticks.  Playing with four mallets is harder, but allows the player to play harmony (chord with four notes).

Sometimes special techniques are used such as "pitch bending".  This is done by sliding one of the mallets along a bar in a special way.  Occasionally players are asked to use a bow such as cello or double bass bow, and bow across the edge of a bar.

The vibraphone is used in the orchestra in Alban Berg's opera *Lulu*.  It is also used in works by Olivier Messiaen, Leonard Bernstein, Benjamin Britten and Vaughan Williams (opening of Symphony no 8).  Vibraphones are commonly heard in jazz, especially in combos.

## Related pages
*Glockenspiel
*Xylophone
*Marimba
*Tubular bells

## References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, Könemann;