open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rod Taylor

**Rodney Sturt "Rod" Taylor** (11 January 1930 &ndash; 7 January 2015) was an Australian actor of movie and television. He appeared in over 50 movies, including leading roles in *The Time Machine*, *Seven Seas to Calais*, *The Birds*, *Sunday in New York*, *Young Cassidy*, *Dark of the Sun*, *The Liquidator*, and *The Train Robbers*.

Taylor suffered a heart attack and died on 7 January 2015 in Los Angeles, California, United States, at the age of 84.

## Filmography 
**King of the Coral Sea* (1953) (film debut)
**Long John Silver* (1954)
**Top Gun* (1955)
**World Without End* (1956)
**The Catered Affair* (1956)
**Giant* (1956)
**Raintree County* (1957)
**Separate Tables* (1958)
**Ask Any Girl* (1959)
**The Time Machine* (1960)
**One Hundred and One Dalmatians* (1961) (voice-Pongo)
**The Birds* (1963)
**A Gathering of Eagles* (1963)
**The V.I.P.s* (1963)
**Sunday in New York* (1963)
**Fate Is the Hunter* (1964)
**36 Hours* (1965)
**Young Cassidy* (1965)
**The Liquidator* (1965)
**Do Not Disturb* (1965)
**The Glass Bottom Boat* (1966)
**Hotel* (1967)

**Chuka* (1967)
**Dark of the Sun* (a.k.a. *The Mercenaries*) (1968)
**The High Commissioner* (a.k.a. *Nobody Runs Forever*) (1968)
**Zabriskie Point* (1970)
**Darker Than Amber* (1970), as Travis McGee
**Powderkeg*  (1971) (TV)
**Family Flight*  (1972) (TV)
**The Train Robbers*  (1973)
**Trader Horn*  (1973)
**The Deadly Trackers*  (1973)
**A Matter of Wife... And Death* (1976)
**The Oregon Trail* (1976) (TV)
**The Picture Show Man* (1977)
**Cry of the Innocent*  (1980)
**A Time to Die*  (1982)
**Terror in the Aisles* (1984)
**Time Machine: The Journey Back*  (1993) (documentary)
**Point of Betrayal*  (1995)
**Welcome to Woop Woop*  (1998)
**The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy* (1998) (TV)
**KAW*  (2007)  (TV)
**Inglourious Basterds*  (2009)

## TV shows
Taylor has had several lead roles in television, from the early 1960s to the early 2000s.  Among his TV shows are:
**The Twilight Zone* (1959, CBS)
**Hong Kong* with co-star Lloyd Bochner (1960, ABC)
**Bearcats!* (1971, CBS)
**The Oregon Trail* as Evan Thorpe, a widower taking his three children from their Illinois farm to the Pacific Northwest by way of the Oregon Trail (1977, NBC)
**Masquerade* (1983)
**Outlaws* (1986)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Henri Becquerel

**Antoine Henri Becquerel** (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity in 1896. This happened when a piece of pitchblende ruined some photographic film and he investigated. Other scientists had seen film similarly ruined but did not discover why.

The SI unit *becquerel* named after him. One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one radioactive decay process per second. He was the third person in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

## Biography
Becquerel was a scientist born in Paris on December 15, 1852. He came from a family from well-known scientists. His father and grandfather were also scientists who studied things like light and metals. His father, Alexander Edmond Bequerel, for instance had done research on phosphorescence and solar radiation. In his education, Becquerel studied about science and engineering. In 1878, he became an assistant in the Museum of Natural History and later chair in applied physics, previously held by his father, at the *Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers*. As an engineer, Becquerel was promoted engineer-in-chief at the Department of Bridges and Highways in 1894. 

He was appointed a professor, teaching on applied physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum in 1892. He also became a professor at the polytechnic where he studied.

Becquerel did a lot of experiments with light and crystals. But his biggest discovery was in 1896 when he found out about natural radioactivity. He was curious about X-rays, which were just discovered, and wondered if they were related to a type of glow called phosphorescence. He used some special salts that glow in the dark, which he got from his father, and found out that they could make a photographic plate foggy even when covered with paper. This was because the salts had uranium in them, and uranium gives off invisible rays that can pass through paper.

Becquerel's discovery was very significant in physics and won part of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.

## References
List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom (2009–2014)

This is a list of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) for the United Kingdom in the 2009 to 2014 session.  They are listed in order by their last name.

## Full MEPs 
### Current members 
*This table can be sorted by constituency, party or party group: click the symbol at the top of the column for each.*
Trillion (disambiguation)

**Trillion** may mean:

## Numbers
Either of the following two numbers (see **Names for large numbers** for more information):
* 1,000,000,000,000 (one million million; 10^{12}; SI prefix: tera-) – for all short scale countries – now used in most English language countries.
* 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one million million million; 10^{18}; SI prefix: exa-) – for all long scale countries – not used much in English language countries but often used in many other languages.

## Related pages
*Names of large numbers
*1000000000000 (number)
Placoderm

The **placoderms** (*Placodermi*: Greek = *plated skin*) were a class of armoured prehistoric fish, which lived from the mid Silurian to the end of the Devonian period. Their head and thorax were covered by armoured plates; the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish, the Gnathostomata. A 380 million year old fossil of one species is the oldest-known example of live birth.

The placoderms were hugely successful in the Devonian period, which is sometimes called the 'Age of Fish'. In the Upper Devonian, a series of extinction events devastated the marine fauna. As the placoderms were predators, this caused a swift decline in their numbers, and the class was entirely extinct by the end of the Devonian.

The main source of placoderm fossils is the Old Red Sandstone continent. This, in the Devonian, was a united North America and western Europe and the continental shelf areas around it. Fossils from these strata in Scotland were collected since the 18th century, and Louis Agassiz wrote the first survey of fossil fish. A century later, Eric Stensiö showed that placoderms were genuine jawed fish.

Remarkable fossils have more recently been found in the Gogo formation of northern Western Australia. This is a former Upper Devonian reef system, where well-preserved fossils of 25 species have been found. The relationship between the placoderm and other jawed fish is still not clear. Most placoderms were benthic predators, near the bottom of the water column. The largest types, such as *Dunkleosteus* and *Gorgonichthys* were 6 metre-long top predators in the middle and upper pelagic zones.

## Related pages 
* *Materpiscis*

## References
King River (Victoria)

**King River** is a river in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It flows into the Ovens River and which then joins the Murray River at Echuca. The King River is used for kayaking with many level two and three rapids.  In 2008 it was the site for the Victorian and Australian Downriver Championships. The King Valley is a beautiful, cool climate wine grape growing area.  

## King Valley History
The King Valley has been described as a little part of Italy, set in the hills of north east Victoria, south of Wangaratta. This area has a history which includes bushrangers, the Chinese and Italians. The Chinese came from the gold fields in the mid 1800s and worked as farmers growing vegetables and tobacco. The were also Chinese merchants, selling their goods as they moved around the valley in horse pulled wagons. Roads in the valley today carry the names of the more important families like Mahlooks, Honey and Fosangs.

The Italians came to the area in the 1940s and 50's and like the Chinese grew tobacco. They soon saw that it was a good place to grow wine grapes. The valley has become famous for its different wines, such as sangiovese, nebbiolo and barbera. The vineyards have Italian names like Pizzini, Dal Zotto, Corsini, Sartori, Ciccone and Politini. The King Valley has some of the highest altitude vineyards in Australia. 

Whitfield and Moyhu are the major towns in the King Valley along the road from Wangaratta or Mansfield.
Gloucestershire men's cricket team

County cricket in the traditional English county of Gloucestershire is organised by the Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1871. The county team began playing first-class matches in 1870, when its captain was W. G. Grace. Gloucestershire were unofficially recognised as county champions four times (once shared) between 1873 and 1877. They have not won the official County Championship, which began in 1890, and have been runners-up six times. Their usual home venue is the County Ground in Bristol. 

Beginning with Grace, and his brothers E. M. and Fred, many great players have represented Gloucestershire. They include Walter Hammond, Tom Graveney, Mike Procter, Courtney Walsh, and Muttiah Muralitharan. The team had a second period of success from 1999 to 2006, when they won seven limited overs trophies.

## References
## Bibliography
*
Wilhelm Röntgen

**Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen** (27 March 1845  10 February 1923) was a German physicist who discovered X-rays. In 1901, he was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

## Early life
Röntgen was born at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. His father was a manufacturer and dealer of cloth. His mother was of an old Lennep family which had settled in Amsterdam. Röntgen was three when his family moved to Apeldoorn in The Netherlands.

## Education
In Apeldoorn, he attended the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a boarding school. In 1862, he attended a technical school at Utrecht, but was expelled. He then entered the University of Utrecht in 1865 to study physics.

He entered the Polytechnic at Zurich as a student of mechanical engineering. He worked in the laboratory of Kundt. In 1869 he graduated Ph.D. at the University of Zurich. He became Kundt's assistant and went with him to Würzburg. Three years later, they went to Strasbourg.

## Career
Röntgen held positions in various European universities, but his fame rests with his discovery of (what he called) x-rays. He received many honours and awards, doctorates, and honorary doctorates. He was a modest man who enjoyed the outdoors and mountain climbing.

## Personal
Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig (m. 1872, d. 1919) and had one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig. The child was adopted at age 6, in 1887. She was the daughter of Anna's brother.

Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine in Munich, Germany, aged 77.

## References
Ixia

***Ixia*** is a genus of plants in the family Iridaceae.
 of *Ixia sp.* (its diameter is 2 cm)|thumb|left]]
All of these plants are herbs with corms. The plants grows in South Africa. In total, there are 40-60 species.

Common names for this kind of flower are *Corn lily* and *African Corn-Lily* and *Wand flower*.

The leaves look like swords. The flowers look like stars.

Some species of Corn lilies are cultivated as garden plants and houseplants.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Ixia* 
* ITIS: *Ixia*
* NCBI: *Ixia*
Fresh water

**Fresh water** (also 'freshwater' or 'fresh-water') is water that does not have a lot of salt in it. It usually means water from the lakes, rivers, snow, and ice. These types of water do not have much salt in them. It also can mean water that people can drink. The oceans and seas are made up of salt water, which people cannot drink.   

People cannot drink all fresh water, because it might be contaminated. It might have harmful bacteria in it, or it might be poisonous because of chemicals it contains. Water from a tap has been tested and treated so that it is safe to drink. This applies to most countries, but in some places the water needs to be boiled first to kill the germs and drunk after it has cooled down.

Fresh water that people can drink safely is called potable water. Desalination can turn salt water into drinkable water.

What causes water scarcity is the mismatch between fresh water demand and availability. What this means is that there is fresh water available, but not always where it is most needed.

In many countries the water used by people is recycled water. People pay for water supply which is safe to drink. Water theft also happens. Thames Water thinks water loss by theft is a big problem. Waste water (sewage) is treated to purify the water. That is why people are charged for the supply of pure water.

## Related pages 
* Sewage treatment
* Water cycle
* Water scarcity
* Water supply system
* Salinity
* Snow

## References
Teleost

**Teleosts** are the dominant fish of the present day. They arose in the Mesozoic era, and include 20,000 living species. The oldest teleost fossils date back to the late Triassic. They evolved from fish like bowfins in the clade Holostei. During the Mesozoic and Cainozoic they diversified. 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts.

They are, in order of evolution, vertebrates, jawed fish (Gnathostomata), bony fish (Osteichthyes) and ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).

## Advantages 
To account for their success, teleosts must have advantages over earlier fish. In general, teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than earlier bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. Teleost bones are constructed from a scaffolding of struts, which makes them strong without adding weight.

Teleosts have a movable jaw and changes in the jaw muscles. These changes make it possible for them to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth. This adaptation improves their ability to grab fast-moving prey.

## Date of origin 
The date of origin of the teleosts is a difficult problem. Two kinds of evidence are available. There is evidence from the fossil record that the first teleost comes from the late Triassic period.

This date is somewhat later than molecular divergence time estimates (molecular clock). A recent paper finds that fossil dates and molecular clock dates are similar to each other. These researchers state:
:"Divergence times estimated from relaxed-molecular clock analyses yield a comprehensive time-scale of actinopterygian diversification that is remarkably close to ages inferred from the fossil record".

## Teleost superorders 
**Teleostei**
* Osteoglossomorpha (freshwater elephantfish, mooneyes, *Arapaima*)
* Elopomorpha (eels)
* Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
* Ostariophysi (carp, goldfish, minnows, catfish, piranha, electric eels)
* Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
* Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfish)
* Cyclosquamata (Bombay duck. lancetfish)
* Scopelomorpha (lanternfish)
*Lampridiomorpha (ribbonfish)
* Polymyxiomorpha (beardfish)
* Paracanthopterygii (cavefish, cod, anglerfish)
* Acanthopterygii (mullet, silverside, dory, flyingfish, stickleback, seahorse)
** 16 Orders, and especially the Order **Perciformes** (40% of all fish): bass, cichlid, mackerel, tuna, perch, filefish, pufferfish, flatfish, goby, blenny, whiting, wrasse)

## References
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

***Grand Theft Auto: Vice City*** is a video game made by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released in 2002, for the PlayStation 2 and for personal computers. It is part of the *Grand Theft Auto* series of video games. It takes place in the 1980's in a fictional place called Vice City. This fictional city is based on the real-life city called Miami in Florida.

## Gameplay 
*Grand Theft Auto: Vice City* is an action-adventure game played from a third-person view. The player controls criminal Tommy Vercetti and completes missions to progress through the story. Players can freely walk around the game's open world and can complete side missions too. Vice City has two main islands and some smaller islands. The islands are unlocked for the player as the story progresses.

The player can run, jump, and drive vehicles. The player uses melee attacks, firearms and explosives to fight enemies. 

During the story, Tommy meets different gangs. As the player completes missions for different gangs, some gang members will defend the player and some rival gang members will see the player and shoot them. 

As Tommy builds his criminal empire, the player can buy a number of buildings in the city, some are where weapons can be collected and vehicles can be stored. There are also businesses which can be purchased.

Each building has a number of missions, once all missions are complete, the building begins to generate an ongoing income for the player.

## Radio Stations 
* Wild Style
* Flash FM
* K-Chat
* Fever 105
* V-Rock 
* VCPR
* Espantoso
* Emotion 98.3
* The Wave 103

## Characters 
*Tommy Vercetti
*Lance Vance
*Ken Rosenberg
*Kent Paul
*Sonny Forelli
*Juan García Cortez
*Mercedes Cortez
*Ricardo Diaz
*Avery Carrington

*Umberto Robina
*Auntie Poulet
*Earnest Kelly
*Stephen Scott
*Mitch Baker
*Phil Cassidy
*Hillary King
*Cam Jones

## Home media
This film is set to rights acquired Amazon Prime from 12 July 2025 or 19 July 2025 for streaming.

## References
Enthalpy

**Enthalpy** is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (ενθαλπος), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word were invented by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.

When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work were added or removed from the substance.

Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.

Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:

:1. Increase the Internal Energy of the gas

::or

:2. Lead to some work being done to expand the system.

The work done is the product of pressure and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:

\begin{align}
Enthalpy (H) & = Internal \ Energy (E) + \left(Pressure(P) \times Volume (V)\right) \\
H & = E + (P \times V) \\
\end{align}

## Enthalpy and chemical reactions
When a chemical reaction happens, a substance can become warmer or colder. As a result, heat will flow from the substance to things around it, or from things around it to the substance, until its temperature is the same again. If the pressure stays the same, this amount of heat tells how much the enthalpy changed.

For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100 kilojoules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was ∆*H* = –100 kJ.

If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of ∆*H* is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.

If a chemical reaction absorbs heat (cooling its surroundings), then the reaction's enthalpy has increased. The value of ∆*H* is positive. This is called an endothermic reaction.

## Related pages
*Thermodynamic potential
*Entropy
*Gibbs free energy
WrestleMania XXVII

**WrestleMania XXVII** was the twenty-seventh yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on April 3, 2011, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the last WrestleMania until 2017 to feature split rosters for Raw and SmackDown, as the first brand extension ended in August. WrestleMania XXVII was also the last event before World Wrestling Entertainment started calling itself simply "WWE".

Eight matches happened on the card. In the main event, which was from the Raw brand, The Miz defeated John Cena to keep the WWE Championship, thanks to help from the show's host, The Rock. This set up a match between Rock and Cena at the main event of the following year's event. WrestleMania XXVIII. SmackDown's main match saw Edge defeat Alberto Del Rio to keep his World Heavyweight Championship in his last match until 2020. Also, The Undertaker defeated Triple H in a No Holds Barred match to extend his undefeated WrestleMania streak to 19–0. This is the only WrestleMania so far where no title changes happened.

## Production 
In September 2009, it was ed that the city of Atlanta was wanting to have WrestleMania XXVII at the Georgia Dome. A press conference was held on February 1, 2010 at the Georgia Dome to ly  the event for Atlanta; this will be the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Georgia. According to the president of the Atlanta Sports Council, Gary Stokan, *WrestleMania Axxess* is planned to be held at the Georgia World Congress Center, while the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony will take place either at the Fox Theatre or at Philips Arena. Atlanta's main rival to hosting the event was the city of Miami, Florida who wanted to host the event at Sun Life Stadium along with *WrestleMania Axxess* at the Convention Center and the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the American Airlines Arena. Miami was later given to WrestleMania XXVIII.

### Attendance record controversy 
During the pay-per-view, Justin Roberts announced a new Georgia Dome *entertainment* attendance record of 71,617. But a Billboard.com article claims a Backstreet Boys concert had 73,337 people in attendance. WWE says in their official press release that the Backstreet Boys concert only had 65,658 people in attendance. WWE's number was later confirmed by officials at the Georgia Dome.

## Matches 
## Other on-screen talent 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
MRSA

ingesting MRSA (artificial colours)]]
]]

**MRSA** is a strain of '*Methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus'''*. This is a bacterium which causes infections in different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than other strains of *Staphylococcus aureus'' – or 'staph' – because it is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. In fact, it is now resistant to all forms of penicillin and cephalosporin.

The signs and symptoms of MRSA depend on where the infection is. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, causing pimples, boils or pus. However, it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Though most MRSA infections are not serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it is hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug".

## Causes 
Garden-variety staph are common bacteria which may live on our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, 25-30% of us have staph bacteria in our noses.

But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics.MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and many other antibiotics.

While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.

## References
Scale model

A **scale model** is a copy of an object that is bigger or smaller than the real size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the real object and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are made or  for many reasons. You can also use it with math.
Give It All

"**Give It All**" is a song by the punk band Rise Against. It was released as a single from the album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture, in 2004. It is a fast  song with a slower, chant-along bridge, running at two minutes and fifty seconds. It got to number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.
Colony (biology)

is a colony of four simpler animals, called zooids]]

A **colony** in biology refers to a life-style or  where members of the same species live together. 

Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.

## Groups with colonial species 
*Bryozoa
*Choanoflagellata
*Cnidaria
**Corals
**Portuguese Man o' War
*Entoprocta
*Graptolites
*Insecta
**Isoptera
**Hymenoptera
***Ants
***Bees
***Wasps
*Phoronida
*Sponges
*Tunicates
Bavarian State Library

The **Bavarian State Library**  (*Bayrische Staatsbibliothek*, *BSB*) in Munich is the state library of Bavaria. It is an important universal library. In mid 2012, there were about 9.3 million books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.  

There are also about 90,000 manuscripts in the library. Among these are the Codex Aureus, an illustrated gospel book from the 10th century, one of the three surviving versions of the Nibelungenlied, and the Carmina Burana. It also contains about a third of the surviving early prints, known as Incunables. Among them is the Gutenberg Bible. 

A law was introduced in 1639. This law says that two copies of each book published in Bavaria must be given to the state library for free.
Nontheism

'**Nontheism**' is a term that describes anyone who is not a theist. In other words, a **nontheist** is anyone who does not have a specific belief in a god or deity. It usually refers to anyone who does not have any religious belief. This is a lot like atheism, but the two terms are often used in different ways.

## Origin of the term 
The term "*nontheism*" was first used by G. J. Holyoake in 1852. He used it because of the bad associations with the term **atheism**.
:"Mr. [Charles] Southwell has taken an objection to the term Atheism. We are glad he has. We have disused it a long time [...]. We disuse it, because Atheist is a worn-out word. Both the ancients and the moderns have understood by it *one without God, and also without morality*. Thus the term connotes more than any well-informed and earnest person accepting it ever included in it; that is, the word carries with it associations of immorality, which have been repudiated by the Atheist as seriously as by the Christian. Non-theism is a term less open to the same misunderstanding, as it implies the simple non-acceptance of the Theist's explanation of the origin and government of the world."

## Nontheism in society 
Today, about 2.3% of the world's population describes itself as atheist. About 11.9% is described as '**nontheist**'. Between 64% and 65% of Japanese describe themselves as atheists, agnostics, or non-believers, and up to 48% in Russia.

## Related pages 
* agnosticism
* atheism
* secularism
* antitheism
* theism

## References
Chris Hardwick

**Christopher Ryan Hardwick** is an actor/comedian. He is best known for performing with Mike Phirman in Hard 'n Phirm, hosting *Singled Out*, *Wired Science*, *Web Soup*, and *The Nerdist Podcast*, and the current voice of Otis in *Back at the Barnyard*. He often shows up at G4TV studio as a guest on *Attack Of The Show*. He also does the Nerdist podcast which is a podcast discussing daily life, comedy, pop culture, and includes interviews with other celebrities. In 2011 he began hosting a live half-hour talk show on the AMC network, *Talking Dead*. He is also the host of the NBC game show "The Wall".

And he sings almost also the Theme song of: Sanjay and Craig.

## Personal life
Hardwick gave up drinking alcohol in 2003. He dated singer Lisa Loeb in 2004. He was in a relationship with actress Janet Varney from 2004 until 2011. Hardwick is married to Lydia Hearst.

## References
Appeal to Reason

***Appeal to Reason*** is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against. After touring in support of their last album, The Sufferer & the Witness, Rise Against began to record Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. Recording and  were finished in June, and the album was released in North America on October 7, 2008. The album is the band's first release with current guitarist Zach Blair.

*Appeal to Reason* is Rise Against's highest-charting album, getting to number three on the *Billboard* 200 chart and selling 64,700 copies in its first week of release. It got mostly good reviews from critics. The album produced three singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".

## Track listing
Audience of One

"**Audience of One**" is a song by the American punk rock band Rise Against, written by the band's vocalist Tim McIlrath. It is the second single from their 2008 album Appeal to Reason. Getting to number four on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, "Audience of One" is Rise Against's third-highest charting single, behind the last single from Appeal to Reason, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", which got to number three and the third single "Savior".

In mid-October 2008, the L.A. radio station KROQ began playing "Audience of One." Its video was told to be shot with director Brett Simon on December 9. On January 15, the video for "Audience of One" was first seen on MySpace. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl on March 3, 2009 in the UK. The song is also used in *Guitar Hero World Tour*.

## References
Kris King

**Kris King** (born February 18, 1966 in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes and the Winnipeg Jets.

## Other websites
*
Joe Principe

**Joe Principe** (born November 14, 1974) is the bass guitarist, co-composer and co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. He is known for his complex bass patterns in their songs. He is also a strict vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with his band.

## Biography
Joe started his musical career at age 15, learning to play by ear and  during his formative years by Bad Religion, Minor Threat, Bad Brains, the Descendents and other similar bands. Starting out in Chicago punk band 88 Fingers Louie. After 6 years of touring and releasing records with the band, Joe made Rise Against with singer/guitarist Tim McIlrath, former 88 Fingers Louie guitarist Mr. Precision, and drummer Brandon Barnes. In 2002, Mr. Precison left and was replaced by Todd Mohney, who was replaced by Chris Chasse in 2004, who was later replaced by guitarist Zach Blair in 2007. Rise Against released their first two records (*The Unraveling*, and *Revolutions Per Minute*) on Fat Wreck Chords, and their next two (*Siren Song of the Counter Culture*, and *The Sufferer & the Witness*) on Geffen.

## References
Cy Thomas

**Cyril James Thomas** (August 5, 1926 – January 2, 2009) was a Welsh NHL ice hockey winger who played 2 seasons for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs. 

## Other websites
*
Denis Savard

**Denis Joseph Savard** (born February 4, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. Savard played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He was known for his trademark move, the 'Savardian Spin-o-rama', a move where Savard whirled around with the puck in a full rotation which allowed him to beat defenders and goaltenders. The term was actually coined by Danny Gallivan, referencing the move performed by Serge Savard.

On June 29, 1990, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Savard to the Montreal Canadiens for star defenceman Chris Chelios and a second-round pick (Mike Pomichter). The trade was considered to be largely in the Blackhawks' favor as Chelios would produce some of his best seasons as a Blackhawk while Savard's career was on the decline. Savard won the Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1993.

In the Summer of 1993, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Lightning, where he played 1½ seasons. On April 6, 1995, he was traded back to the Blackhawks, for a 1996 sixth-round pick (Xavier Delisle). He retired from playing professional ice hockey on June 26, 1997. His jersey number #18 was retired by the Chicago Blackhawks on March 19, 1998 and he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 13, 2000.

After he retired, he became the 36th head coach in Chicago Blackhawks history on November 27, 2006. He was fired in 2008.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sami Helenius

**Sami Helenius** (born January 22, 1974 in Helsinki, Finland) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Pelicans of the SM-liiga and has played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Dallas Stars, Calgary Flames, Tampa Bay Lightning and the Colorado Avalanche. He was the team captain of the SM-liiga team Jokerit.
5150: Home 4 tha Sick

***5150: Home 4 tha Sick*** is the first EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on December 28, 1992. The producers of the album were Naughty by Nature, Cold 187um and Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin. The EP was certified Gold on February 9, 1993 by the RIAA. The EP is now out of print and all the songs that were included the EP are on the remastered version of *Eazy-Duz-It*. The only single released on the EP was "Only If You Want It".

## Songs
## References
Latin Kings

The **Latin Kings** is an organized Hispanic street gang based in Chicago and New York City.  The gang was founded by Puerto Ricans in Chicago, Illinois in 1954.

## References
Re-Education (Through Labor)

"**Re-Education (Through Labor)**" is the first single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fifth studio album, *Appeal to Reason*. The single was released digitally to digital stores and radio stations on August 25, 2008. A music video was released on the same day.

A limited physical version of the single was released on 7" vinyl and can be gotten only by pre-ordering *Appeal to Reason*. This version also has a B-side titled "Minor Threat", which is a cover of the song with the same name by Minor Threat.

## References
Cookie cutter

A **cookie cutter** is a piece of equipment to cut dough from cookie dough to cut the dough into pieces to make cookies. 

## Shapes 
Many cookie cutters have a shape. Most of them are shaped like a square, star, or a triangle. Also, cookie cutters may come in a circle shape.

## Foods 
Cookie cutters can also be used to make foods other than cookies.They can be used to make small sandwiches, square crackers, and others.

## Sizes 
Most cookie cutters are small. There are some that may be big. On November 8, 2019, it was announced Target had started selling big cookie cutters. Cookie cutters in bigger sizes can cut more things like cookie dough. Small cookie cutters are often 2 inches long. Medium-sized cookie cutters are often 3 inches long. Big-sized cookie cutters are often 4 inches long. Walmart also sells big cookie cutters. Smaller cookie cutters cost less, while bigger cookie cutters cost more.

## References
Esa-Oke

**Esa Oke** is a town in the African country of Nigeria.

## Other websites
*http://www.oscotech.edu.ng/ 
*http://www.maplandia.com/nigeria/osun/obokun/esa-oke/
Jeff Hackett

**Jeff Hackett** (born June 1, 1968 in London, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Blackhawks, New York Islanders, San Jose Sharks, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Other websites
*
Free radical

A **free radical**, or **radical**, is an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. The radical is reactive and seeks another electron to pair.

Many *free radicals*, are (very reactive or) highly chemical reactive.

## In biology
Free radicals are involved in the causes of damage associated with disease development. Examples are hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. 

The need for antioxidants in people's daily lives is becoming more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Oxygen is highly reactive and can form free radicals; antioxidants can stabilize or deactivate oxygen free radicals before they attack cells. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness, and stress can increase our exposure to oxygen free radicals. 
## References
Colonel

A **colonel** is a rank of officer in the military. It is usually the highest or second highest rank before General and Field Marshal, but many of the countries represents this post as the highest military officer like Gambia, Libya, Niger, Suriname etc. A colonel is usually in charge of a regiment.

The word comes from the Latin word *columnella* which means column, but it was first used in Italy as the name for the officer in charge of a column. It came into English from French. It is usually said like the word *kernel*.
Poughkeepsie Bridge

The **Poughkeepsie Bridge** (sometimes known as the **Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge** or the **Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge**) is a cantilever bridge over the Hudson River. It goes from Poughkeepsie, New York on the east side to Highland, New York on the west side. It was built for trains and was completed on January 1, 1889. It closed down on May 8, 1974 after a bad fire. It became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. On October 3, 2009, the bridge was opened to the public as a pedestrian bridge and New York State Park. It is now known as the Walkway Over the Hudson. It cost $39 million to improve it.

## References
Beating heart cadaver

A **beating heart cadaver** is the body of a dead person that has been connected to a medical ventilator. This will keep the organs of the dead body, including the heart, functioning and alive for a few days. Such a body still functions physically, but the person it belonged to is dead by the law and medicine's definition because there is no longer any conscious brain function possible.

## Care
The procedure for caring for a beating heart cadaver is the same as caring for a normal patient. The body must be monitored at all times, and if necessary, "life saving" procedures must be taken. Since the brain does not work, the hormone levels and blood pressure must be controlled by doctors to keep the organs alive. Measures must be taken to prevent infection and maintain normal tissue oxygenation.

## Organ recovery
A beating heart cadaver is kept alive in order to keep its organs from decaying before they can be transplanted. Surgeons will remove the organs, one after the other, and give them to their patients. Some donated organs are taken from non-heart-beating donors. Organs from brain deaths, however, have a better success rate, and currently most organ donation is from these deaths.

## Social issues
A beating heart cadaver is often disturbing and confusing. Because the heart is beating and the body is warm, people may have difficulty believing it is dead.  Families often like to see the body once it has been removed from the machines and put to rest.

## Related pages
* Organ donation

## References
Verne Troyer

**Verne Jay Troyer** (January 1, 1969 His manner of death was ruled as suicide. His cause of death was alcohol poisoning.

## References
## Other websites
* Verne Troyer's Official website
Shehnai

A **Shehnai**  is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals. The word itself is of Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' means ,(Barber)

Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it. 

Ustaad Bismillah Khan is considered as the maestro of Shehnai.

## References
Brandon Barnes

**Brandon Barnes** (born October 10, 1972) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer and co-composer for the hardcore punk band Rise Against. He lives with his wife, son and daughter in Colorado.

## Biography
Brandon studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program. He knew then he wanted to make music his career. By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskin, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon got the  of playing he has used in many bands over the last 10 years.
Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after the breakup of "Pinhead Circus" and was on the 2001 release and tour of The Unraveling. Since then, Brandon Barnes is continuing to play in Rise Against and has made drum tracks for all six of their albums.

## Discography
### Pinhead Circus
**Everything Else Is Just a Far Gone Conclusion* (1999)

### Rise Against
**The Unraveling* (2001)
**Revolutions Per Minute* (2003)
**Siren Song of the Counter Culture* (2004)
**The Sufferer & the Witness* (2006)
**This Is Noise* (2007)
**Appeal to Reason* (2008)
**Endgame* (2011)

## References
Moscow Kremlin

The **Moscow Kremlin**, usually just called **the Kremlin**, is a fortress in the center of Moscow, where most of the Russian government works.  It is on the left bank of the Moskva River and southwest of Red Square.

It is where the President of Russia works and may live. The  "the Kremlin" is often used to mean the Russian government. 

The Kremlin and Red Square are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Other websites 
*Moscow Kremlin photo
Samson (disambiguation)

**Samson** is a person from the Bible known for his strength.

**Samson** may also refer to:

## Music
**Samson (band)**, a British rock band formed in 1977
Newgrounds

**Newgrounds** is a website hosted in Glenside, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1995 by Tom Fulp, the site hosts a variety of animations, games, art and music from users worldwide. On April 6, 2000, the site became the first automated content-upload website on the internet, innovating with a voting and review system. 

## Portal system 
On April 7, 2000, the portal system was introduced in order to let artists upload their work without requesting.

The websites portal relies on a "Blamming" system. When an animation or game is uploaded, users can vote from 0 to 5 stars, and if they'd like, add a written review. If a submissions score is too low, the submission will be Blammed. This means it will not be able to be viewed anymore, other than the name and comments in the "Obituaries" section of the portal. Newly added submissions will need to get a certain number of votes before being able to write written reviews.  

Newgrounds was one of the most popular websites in the 2000s. Many people created and viewed Flash animations and games, and due to the large amount of free entertainment, many users were drawn to it.

In 2009, the art portal was opened. Rather than a Blamming system, featured submissions are based on being scouted. Being scouted means an artist who has already been scouted thinks your art is good enough for you to be scouted. Scouted artists can be featured, and you must sort by unscouted artists to see unscouted artists.

## Notable events 
On April 20, 2021, the site experienced a major crash and outage due to the rhythm game ''Friday Night Funkin''' being updated to include a level featuring the Tankmen, notable Newgrounds mascots. 

## References
## Related pages
*Adobe Flash
Dracunculus

s of *Dracunculus canariensis*]]

***Dracunculus*** is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.

There are only three species of  *Dracunculus*. *Dracunculus vulgaris* grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. *Dracunculus canariensis* grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.

All of these plants are herbs with tubers. The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.

Common names for this plant are *Snake Lily*, *Dragon Arum*, *Black Dragon*, *Voodoo Lily*, *Ragons*, *Black Arum*, *Dragonwort* and *Stink Lily*.

*Dracunculus vulgaris* is cultivated as a garden plant.

## References 
## Other websites 
* ITIS: *Dracunculus*
* NCBI: *Dracunculus*
Pavlova (food)

**Pavlova** is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. It is  a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside. 

People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.

Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes. 

## References
Inorganic

The word **inorganic** is used to emphasise that the subject is not organic in origin.

*Inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of elements other than carbon.
*Inorganic compounds are chemical compounds other than carbon-based.
*Inorganic matter is matter which was not part of a living organism.
Faggot (slang)

**Faggot** (or **fag**) is an insulting term for a homosexual person. It is usually used to refer to gay men. Many people, especially homosexuals, see it as hate speech. Most prefer the term gay, or sometimes queer. Queer has been taken back for use by the LGBTQ+ community, even with the way the word has been used in the past.

Younger people (including LGBT people) often use terms like "gay," "fag," "faggot," and "poofter" as insults towards people that they don't like.

## References
Meringue

A **meringue** () is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar. Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract. They are light, airy and sweet.

## History 
People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini. They are more sure that the name *meringue* was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot. The word *meringue* was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book. There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.

## Type of meringue 
There are many types of meringue. The usual type is dry and crisp.

One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie. There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.

Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy. They will keep for at least a week if stored in an airtight container.

Meringue is also used as a topping on other desserts, such as angel food cake, pavlova, and baked Alaska.

## Notes
Basic Meringue Recipe (Mary Berry) Rachel's Recipe Pantry
Comune

**: - Regions (black borders)-  (grey borders)]]

The **''' (; plural:  ) is a basic administrative division in Italy. It is about the same as a township or municipality.