open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Antonietta Dell'Era

'''Antonietta Dell'Era'* (16 February 1861 Milan  22 June 1945 Berlin) was an Italian *prima ballerina* in Berlin, best remembered for creating the Sugar Plum Fairy in *The Nutcracker'' (1892). Her first performance was sold out, and she received good reviews. Modest Tchaikovsky described her as "pudgy and unattractive".
Suisei

is the name of a Japanese  spacecraft.  This was Japan's first interplanetary mission.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The unmanned space probe was sent into space on August 18, 1985.  It was designed to study Halley's Comet when it passed through the inner solar system in 1986.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Suisei (Planet-A) mission profile 
* NASA, Suisei mission
Cookie Monster

**Cookie Monster** is a Muppet that appears in Sesame Street. He is a blue alien that is known for eating lots of food, especially cookies. He is also known for some of his famous eating phrases. His favorite food is cookies, as his name implies. He especially enjoys chocolate chip cookies. Throughout the years of his presence, he has gained increasing awareness of children's food habits. 

In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food." His speech is often grammatically incorrect; he always uses "Me" to refer to himself in place of "I","My", and "Mine". 

Cookie Monster was mentioned by Siri, while saying "And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends." 

When the Apple personal assistant Siri is asked the question, "what is zero divided by zero", Siri responds with the answer: "Imagine that you have zero cookies and you split them evenly among zero friends. How many cookies does each person get? See? It doesn’t make sense. And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends."

## References
Ginga (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 5, 1987.   

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ginga (Astro-C) mission profile
Temuco Catholic University

The **Temuco Catholic University** () is a Chilean university in Temuco. This university is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.

## Other websites 
* Official website of the University
Kapisa Province

**Kapisa** (Pashto/Persian: کاپيسا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north-east of the country. The capital is Mahmud-i-Raqi. There are about 364,900 people living in the province.

Kapisa province is 80&nbsp;km north east of Kabul.

## Districts
## References
Mahmud-i-Raqi

**Mahmud Raqi** (also: Mahmud-i-Raqi, Mahmood-e Raqi) is a city in Afghanistan. It is the capital of Kapisa Province.  It is the center of Mahmud Raqi District in Afghanistan.
Khost Province

**Khost** () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Khost province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past. Its capital is Khost.

The current Governor of the Province is Abdul Jabbar Naeemi.

There are 638,849 living in the Province.  They are mostly Pashtun. 

## Districts
## References
Khost

**Khost** () is a city in eastern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Khost Province. There are about 160,000 people in the city.  Khost is located about 150 kilometers south of Kabul.

## References
Kunar Province

**Kunar** () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital is Asadabad.  About 413,008 people live in the province.  Most of them are Pashtuns.

## Districts
The districts in Kunar Province as of March 2004 are:

## References
Asadabad, Afghanistan

**Asadabad** or **Asad Abad** ( - Asadābād) is the capital city of Kunar Province in Afghanistan. It is in the eastern part of the country next to Pakistan. There are a lot of mountains around Asadabad.

## References
Kunduz

**Kunduz** (; ) also known as **Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Kondûz, Kondoz,** or **Qhunduz** is a city in northern Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Kunduz Province. It is linked by highways with Mazari Sharif to the west, Kabul to the south and Tajikistan's border to the north. There are about 250,000 living in the city.

## References
Kabul Province

**Kābul** (, ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in eastern Afghanistan, The capital of the province is Kabul City, which is also the country's capital. There are about 3.5 million people living in the province as of 2009. 

## Districts 
## Sports 
Kabul is the center of annual buzkashi and football tournaments.

## Related pages 
* Kabul

## References
Laghman Province

**Laghman** (Persian/) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the eastern part of Afghanistan.  The capital is Mehtar Lam.

## Districts
## References
Mihtarlam

**Mihtarlam** (), also spelled **Mehtar Lam**, is a town in Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Laghman Province.  It is the only large urban settlement in the province.  The town is in the valley formed by the Alishing and Alingar rivers.  It is 47&nbsp;km northwest of the city of Jalalabad.
Nangarhar Province

**Nangarhar** ( '''') is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the east of the country. Jalalabad is the capital.  There are 10,500,000 people in the province.

## Districts
)]]

Nangarhar province is divided into 22 districts, these are:

## References
Nimruz Province

**Nimruz** (Balochi/Pashto: ** نیمروز ** ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the southwest of the country on the borders of Iran and Pakistan. There are about 170,00 people in the Province. A lot of the Provice is covered by the desert area of Dashti Margo.

## Districts 
## References
Zaranj

**Zaranj** or **Zarang** (, ) is the capital of Nimruz Province in south-western Afghanistan.  There are about 49,851 people in the city. It is next to Milak, Iran. It is linked by highways with Lashkar Gah to the east, Farah to the north and Zabol in Iran to the west.
Nuristan Province

**Nuristān** (), also spelled **Nurestān** or **Nooristan**, is a region in Afghanistan.  It is in the south of the Hindu Kush valleys. The capital is Parun. The ethnic composition is 96% Nuristanis, 2% Pashtuns and 2% Gujars.

## Districts
## References
Urozgan Province

**Urōzgān** (), also spelled **Uruzgan**, **Oruzgan**, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Its capital is Tarinkot. Most of the province is mountains.

## Districts 
## References
Tarinkot

**Tarinkot** or **Tarin Kowt** () is the capital of Orūzgān Province in southern Afghanistan.  It is a town of about 10,000 people. Its population is mostly of Pashtun ethnic origin, including a sizable number of Tarins, whose ancestors were the original founders and settlers here some 500 years ago. 

## References
Yohkoh

, is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on August 30, 1991.  Its mission was to study the sun.

On September 12, 2005 the spacecraft burned up during reentry.

## References
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Yohkoh (Solar-A) mission profile
Kandahar Province

**Kandahar** or **Qandahar** () () is one of the largest of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in southern Afghanistan, between Helmand, Oruzgan and Zabul provinces. Its capital is the city of Kandahar. There are about 913,000 people who live in the province.

## Districts
The following is a list of the districts of Kandahar Province:

## References
Kunduz Province

**Kunduz** or **Qunduz** (, ) is one of the provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in northern Afghanistan. There are about 820,000 people who live in the Province.

The Kunduz River valley is the main feature of the Kunduz Province.

## Districts 
## Related pages 
* Kunduz

## References
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance

**Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance** is a diagnostic method in epidemiology. It was used in the Soviet Japanese campaign in WWII immediately behind the first tanks and mechanized vehicles of advancing Soviet army in case they encounter any  contagious disease. The withdrawing enemy forces had poisoned many wells and water sources.   The Polish contingents serving under the UN  focused their tasks among others on … sanitary-epidemiological reconnaissance …  Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a collection and transfer of all data available on sanitary and epidemiological situation of the area of possible action of armed forces. The aim is to clear up the specific disease origin- sources of the infection in extreme situations, including local wars and armed conflicts, the ways of the infection transfer. It should reveal the people suspected to the disease, and lead to their isolation and hospitalization. A group includes: epidemiologist, specialist in infections, bacteriologist- lab assistant), and medical orderly. The group may need a zoologist or parasitologist. After the armed forces have stopped moving the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance turns into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of the activity of the armed forces.

In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons  and Their Destruction in Geneva  the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as means for monitoring of infections and parasitic agents and for practical implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases and  the threat of use of biological weapons. The  reconnaissance will be important in assessing the  situation, organizing and conducting preventive activities, indicating and identifying pathogenic biological agents, suppressing  infectious diseases, and providing advisory and practical assistance to local health authorities.

Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance  should be performed immediately after the receiving of  information about a bio-terrorism attack.

## References
Fortune-telling

**Fortune-telling** is the practice of predicting information about a person's life. It is in principle identical with the practice of divination. The difference is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a religious ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune-telling implies a less serious or informal setting.

## Other websites
神戸の占い師・占い館 - https://denwauranai-kyokasyo.com/
Dan Rather

**Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr.** (born October 31, 1931 in Wharton, Texas) is an American journalist and reporter. He worked with the CBS network until 2006. Controversy over documents Rather reported on that he claimed indicated President George W. Bush avoided military service during Vietnam caused him to leave *CBS Evening News* in 2005, his last broadcast on that program was March 9, 2005 and the whole network altogether two years later. He is now reporting for HDNet.

## Awards
He has received many Emmy Awards, several Peabody Awards, and various honorary degrees from universities.

## References
Annette Funicello

**Annette Joanne Funicello** (October 22, 1942 &ndash; April 8, 2013) was an American singer, movie and television series actress. Funicello was one of the most popular "Mouseketeers" on the *Mickey Mouse Club* in the 1950s.  

She was born in Utica, New York to Italian American parents and moved to Southern California when she was four. She went public with her multiple sclerosis in 1992. She died from the disease on April 8, 2013.

## References
Gardēz

**Gardēz** (, Persian: **گردیز**) is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan. There are about 70,000 people who live in the Province. Most of the people are Pashtun.

## References
Bias (textile)

The **bias** of a piece of  fabric is at 45 degrees to its warp and weft threads.  Every piece of woven fabric has two biases, at right angles to each other. Fabrics which are not woven, such as felt, do not have a bias.

When cut on the bias, woven fabric is more elastic as well as more fluid in movement, compared to the on-grain direction. This helps many types of garment, such as skirts, dresses and neckties.

The "bias-cut" is a technique used by tailors and dress-makers for cutting cloth. The greater stretch in the bias (diagonal) direction of the fabric, helps it accentuate body lines and curves and drape softly. For example, a full-skirted dress cut on the bias will hang more gracefully or a narrow dress will cling to the figure. 

Bias-cut garments were prominent in haute couture clothes designed by Madeleine Vionnet in the 1920s. It is still used often in both haute couture and high street clothing. In the Middle Ages, before the development of knitting, hose leggings were cut on the bias in order to make them fit better.

## References
Shōtai

was a  after *Kanpyō* and before *Engi.*  This period started in April 898 and ended in July 901.  During this time, the reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Shōtai* era
* **7 December, 899** (*Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month*): At winter solstice, all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in the Imperial court.
* **6 February 900** (*Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month*):  The emperor went to visit his father in the place former-Emperor Uda had chosen to live after abdication.
* **900** (*Shōtai 3, 10th month*): The former-Emperor Uda traveled to   in what is now Wakayama Prefecture.  He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Seve Ballesteros

**Severiano Ballesteros Sota** (9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011) was a Spanish golfer.

Ballesteros won The Open Championship in 1979, 1984 and 1988. He won the Masters Tournament in 1980 and 1983. He was ranked number one golfer in the world for parts of the 1980s.  

He was born in Pedrena, Cantabria and died there, of brain cancer.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Katsuō-ji

at Katsuō-ji]]

, also known as *Katsuo-dera*, is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Minō, which is in the mountains of northern Osaka Prefecture.

Katsuō-ji is one in a  of Buddhist temples which are pilgrimage sites in the Kansai region.

## History
The temple site was first named Miroku-ji in 765.

The name "Katsuō-ji" was given by the Emperor Seiwa.

In 1184, the temple was destroyed by fire, but it was re-built.

## Daruma
Daruma dolls are often returned to the temple and left somewhere on the grounds.

## References
## Other websites
*Katsuō-ji website
Sharana

**Sharana** (), or **Sharan** (), is the capital of Paktika Province, Afghanistan. There are about 2,200 people who live in the town.

## References
Alexander Glazunov

, 1887]]

**Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov** (10 August 186521 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor. He was the director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928. He left the Soviet Union in 1928 and did not return. Glazunov successfully reconciled nationalism and cosmopolitanism in Russian music.
Lycée Edgar-Poe

The **Lycée Edgar-Poe**  is a private secondary school in Paris in the 10th arrondissement. It is named after the American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849).

Its motto is '''' ('"The interest for the student develops the student's interest"). Its director is Mrs Evelyne Clinet.

It was created in 1965 under the name *Cours Edgar-Poe* and has been recognized by the French State the 26th of February 1980.

## Famous alumni
* Olivier Caudron (born in 1955), singer.
* François Ravard (born in 1957), French record and movie producer.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jason Dolley

**Jason Scott Dolley** (born July 5, 1991) is an American actor who was in *Hatching Pete* and *Good Luck Charlie*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Paul Oswald Ahnert

**Paul Oswald Ahnert** (November 22, 1897 - February 27, 1989) was a German astronomer. He worked at the Sonneberg Observatory. He made an annual astronomical calendar called the "Kalender für Sternfreunde", which translates as the calendar for star friends. He included items in space which could easily be seen by amateur astronomers using small telescopes, or even just by eyesight. The calendar was first published in 1948 and was one of the few books from the German Democratic Republic which was highly regarded by people in other countries. After Ahnert's death the calendar continued to be published by astrophysicist Rainer Luthardt. An asteroid, 3181 Ahnert, was named after him.

## References
Bazarak

**Bazarak** () is a town in the Panjshir Valley, in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Panjshir Province. It has six villages: Khanez, Jangalak, Malaspa, Parandeh, Rahmankhil. The tomb of Ahmad Shah Massoud, known as the "Lion of Panjshir", is in Bazarak.

## References
Paktika Province

**Paktika** () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the south-east of the country. Most of the people are Pashtun. Its capital is Sharana.

## Districts
## References
Charikar

**Charikar** () is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Parwan Province. The city is on the road 69&nbsp;km from Kabul.  Charikar is known for its pottery and high-quality grapes.

## References
Parwan Province

**Parwān** (Dari/Pashto: پروان), also spelled **Parvān**, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. There are about 560,000 people. The capital is Charikar. The most populous ethnic group in the province are Tajiks followed by Pashtuns and Hazaras.

In 329 BC, Alexander the Great formed the settlement of Parwan. It was conquered by the Arabs in 792.

## Districts 
## References
Panjshir Province

**Panjsher** (, meaning "Five Lions", also spelled as **Panjsher**) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is known for not being taken by the Soviets during their occupation in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the Taliban also was unable to conquer the area. the Americans left Afghanistan on August 31 2021, allowing the Taliban to take over 2/3 of the Panjshir Valley on September 7th.

## References
Treaty of Rawalpindi

The **Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919**, also known as the **Treaty of Rawalpindi**, was a treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India as per Article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919.

## Related pages
*Durand Line

## References
Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus

"**Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus**" is an editorial published on September 21, 1897 by *New York Sun* editor Francis Pharcellus Church. His editorial was a response to eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon (1889–1971), who wrote the newspaper asking "Is There a Santa Claus?" 

Virginia had first asked the question of her father, Dr. Philip O'Hanlon, who suggested she write *The Sun*. He assured her that "If you see it in *The Sun*, it's so." 

The editorial is one of the most reprinted editorials in the world.

## Notes
Samangan

**Samangan** (previous: **Eukratidia**; then **Aybak** or **Aibak**) is the capital of Samangan Province in the northern part of Afghanistan. It was a major Buddhist centre during the 4th and 5th centuries.

The town is on the banks of the Khulm River valley below the Hindu Kush Mountains.

Many Uzbek people live in the town.

## References
Sar-e Pol Province

**Sar-e Pol**, also spelled **Sari Pul** (), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country.  The capital is the city of Sar-e Pol. Dari (Persian) is the main language. About 442,261 people live in the Province. There are many mountains, especially in the south part.

## Districts
The province is divided into 7 Districts.

## References
Samangan Province

**Samangan** () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. About 313,211 people live in the Province, as of 2006. The capital is Samangan.

## Districts
## References
Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan

**Sar-e Pol** or **Sari Pul** () is the capital city of the province of Sar-e Pol in northern Afghanistan.  It is in Sari Pul District. About 115,463 people live in the city.

## References
Demography of Afghanistan

Afghanistan has around 29.8 million people as of the year 2011.  About 2.7 million Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan and Iran.

The country is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual.  Most of Afghanistan's people are of the Iranic peoples. The Pashtun is the largest group followed by Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch and others.

Dari (Persian) and Pashto are both the official languages of the country.

Islam is the religion of more than 99% of Afghanistan.

## Related pages 
* Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

## References
To each according to his contribution

According to the principle of 'To each according to his contribution', during the transition of a society from capitalism to socialism and then to communism, individuals should be rewarded for the amount they contribute to society. Economists such as David Ricardo (1772-1823) had this idea. Ricardo founded a movement that is known as Ricardian socialism today. Many people in the labour movement had this idea too. Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) and Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) expressed such ideas towards Leon Trotsky. Despite this, Vladimir Lenin was the first person to say that this element is fundamental to Marxist theory.

According to Libertarian socialist thinkers, such as American anarchist Benjamin Tucker, socialism is a system in which the laborer receives the full product of his labor. This eliminates exploitation and unearned income accrued to the capitalist.

The term *To each according to his contribution* simply means that each worker in a socialist society receives "wages" and benefits according to the quantity and value of the labor that he or she contributed. That way, highly productive workers will receive more wages and benefits than workers of average productivity, and substantially more than workers of low productivity. What is more, the more difficult the job is, the more one is rewarded for the labor contributed. Difficulty can result from factors such as greater training requirement, job intensity or safety hazards. According to Trotsky, the idea is to promote productivity. This is done by creating incentives to work harder, longer, and more productively. In the end, the principle comes from capitalism, but will vanish, according to Marx, as work becomes more automated and enjoyable, and as goods become available in greater quantities.

In capitalism, the means of production are owned by a few people; these people are also known as the bourgeoisie. These people do not produce, but they live off the work others do for them. Socialism can fix this issue, because with socialism, the means of production are owned by all people, they are a common good.

## Related pages
*From each according to his ability, to each according to his need
*He who does not work, neither shall he eat

## References
Takhar Province

**Takhār** () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital is Taloqan. Its salt mines are one of Afghanistan's major mineral resources.  

## Districts
## References
Taloqan

**Tāloqān** (, also **Tāleqān** or **Tāluqān**) is the capital of Takhar Province, in northern Afghanistan. It is in the Taluqan District. About 196,400 people live in the city.

## References
Zabul Province

**Zabul** () is a historic province in southern Afghanistan. Qalat is the capital. About 275,100 people live in the province. The major ethnic group is Pashtun. 

## Districts 
Zabul is surrounded by Paktika and Ghzani provinces in the east, Urozgan province in the north, Kandahar province in west and southwest, and Balochistan state of Pakistan in south. 

Around 800,000 people live in Zabul. Most of them live in Shahjoi, Arghandab and Kalat city.

Almond, grapes, apricots, wheat, and vegetables are the main agricultural products of Zabul. About 80% of the people are farmers.

The current governor of Zabul province is Bissmillah Afghanmal, son of Haji Mauladad Momand, born in Kandahar in 1976.

## Transportation 
In 2006, the province's first airstrip was opened near Qalat.  It was for the Afghan National Army.  The airstrip is not paved. 

## References
Afghan afghani

The **afghani** is the type of money used in Afghanistan.  100 pul make 1 afghani.  Pul coins are not used any longer.  In 2005, coins with a value of 1, 2 and 5 Afghani were made.

## References
Qalati Ghilji

**Qalat** () is a town in southern Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Zabul Province. It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the west and Ghazni to the east. In 2006, Zabul's first airstrip was built near Qalat. 

## References
Maidan Shar

**Maidan Shar** ( - Maidān Šhār; ; also *Maydan*, *Meydan*, *Maidan*) is the capital of Wardak Province, Afghanistan. About 35,008 people live in the town as of 2003.

On 21 January 2019, over 100 people were killed in a terrorist attack.

## Economy
Most of the people in Maidan Shar do agriculture, livestock, gardening and trade. Many of the people are poor.

## Education
By the end of 2008, there were a total of 14 schools with about 9268 students. There were about 275 teachers teaching in these schools.

## People 
* Zarifa Ghafari, former mayor of Maidan Shar, was one of the first female Mayors in Afghanistan 

## References
Pamir languages

The **Pamir languages** or **Pamiri languages** are a group of the Eastern Iranian languages. Many people in the Pamir Mountains, mostly along the Panj River speak the language. This includes the Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province of eastern Tajikistan. Smaller communities can be found in areas of Pakistan. The only other living member of the Southeastern Iranian languages is Pashto.
Maidan Wardak Province

**Wardak Province** (also spelled  **Wardag**, or  **Vardak**,  , ) is one of thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the central east part of Afghanistan. About 540,100 people live in the province. The capital is Maidan Shar.

## Districts
## References
Durrës

**Durrës** is the second largest city of Albania.  It is on the central Albanian coast, about  west of the capital Tirana. It is one of the most ancient and economically important cities of Albania. Durrës is at one of the narrower points of the Adriatic Sea.  It is opposite the Italian ports of Bari ( away) and Brindisi ( away). Durrës is home to Albania's main port, the Port of Durrës.  The Aleksandër Moisiu University is here. The town has about 115,550 people.

## Climate
Durrës has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool winters. The average of water temperature in Durrës is from  in February to  in August. The summer in Durrës starts from May to middle of October .

## History 
Durrës was founded as a Greek colony, in 627 BC. It was called *Epidamnos by the Greeks, and Epidamnus* by the Romans. Around 436 BC there was a civil war, which caused the Peloponnesian War. Around 200 BC,  Plautus wrote a comeny, Menaechmi, which takes plce in Epidamos. After the Illyro-Roman Wars Epidamnos became a Roman protectorate. It changed its name to *Dyrrhachium (Dyrrháchion Δυρράχιον in Greek).*  They also built the Via Egnatia, which linked Dyrrachium to Byzantium. It was the contiuation of the Via Appia, which ended in Brindisi, 150km away across the Adriatic Sea. 

## References
Elbasan

]]

**Elbasan** is a city in central Albania. It is on the Shkumbin River in the District of Elbasan and the County of Elbasan.  It is one of the largest cities in Albania.  There are about 79,810 people.

## References
Vlorë

**Vlorë** is a city in Albania. It is the second largest port city of Albania. There are 79,948 people who live here. It is on the Adriatic Sea, almost surrounded by mountains.

Vlorë is where the Albanian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on November 28, 1912. The city was for a short time the capital of Albania.

Vlora is one of the oldest cities of Albania. It was formed by Ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC.

The University of Vlora is the second largest in Albania.

## References
Bamir Topi

**Bamir Myrteza Topi** (born 24 April 1957 in Tirana) is an Albanian diplomat and politician. He served as President of Albania from 2007 to 2012.

## References
Sali Berisha

**Sali Berisha** (born 15 October 1944) is an Albanian politician.  He was the Prime Minister from 2005 to 2013. He was the President of Albania from 1992 to 1997.

## References
Settlements in Albania

This is a list of municipalities () of Albania.  They are sorted by county and by district. 

## List of municipalities
The Godfather Part III

***The Godfather Part III*** is a 1990 American crime drama movie directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola, that stars Al Pacino and Diane Keaton. The movie is set in 1989 and 1990. It is the sequel to *The Godfather* and *The Godfather Part II*. It received mixed to positive reviews and did well at the box office. This movie was released December 25, 1990 in the United States.

## Media interest
The final scenes of the movie were filmed at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, where the uncle of Francis Ford Coppola, the composer and conductor Anton Coppola, is shown conducting the opera, *Cavalleria rusticana*.

## Other websites 
*
Berat County

The **County of Berat** is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts Berat, Kuçovë, and Skrapar. Its capital is Berat. It is 123&nbsp;km south of Tirana, the capital of Albania.

## References
List of heads of government of Andorra

The **Head of Government** is the main person in charge of the government of the Principality of Andorra.

The current *Cap de Govern* is Xavier Espot Zamora.

## Heads of Government of Andorra (1982–present)
## Related pages
*Co-Princes of Andorra
Coat of arms of Albania

The **coat of arms of Albania** is similar to the flag of Albania.  It is based on the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg.  The picture above the head of the two-headed eagle is the helmet of Skanderbeg.  The helmet also has billy goats' horns.
Co-Princes of Andorra

The **Co-Princes of Andorra** are the two rulers of the Principality of Andorra. Andorra is a tiny landlocked nation in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain. Currently, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France are Andorra's co-princes, making the former also one of the two Roman Catholic figures to both head the church and government, the other being the Pope of Vatican City under governance of the Holy See. Coincidentially, the Pope has the power to appoint the Bishop of Urgell, a fellow head of state or sovereign as Co-Prince of Andorra politically.

## History 
In 988, Count Borrell II of Urgell gave the land of Andorra to the Bishop of Urgell. In 1095, the Bishop of Urgell feared that the Count wanted to take over Andorra again. He asked for help from the Lord of Caboet. The two became co-rulers of Andorra.

Eventually, the Lord's title passed on to the Count of Foix. In 1278, it was officially agreed that Andorra's sovereignty would be shared between the Bishop and the Count. The co principality of andora is one of the remaining monarchy is in Europe

Through inheritance, the Foix title passed on to the King of France, whose position would be replaced by the President of France when it became a republic.
Juan Luis Vives

**Juan Luis Vives** (), also **Joan Lluís Vives i March** () (6 March 1493 &ndash; 6 May 1540), was a Valencian Spanish scholar and humanist. He lived during the reign of Charles I of Spain (technically under Philip II of Spain, as Charles was more preoccupied with the Holy Roman Empire). He caused great upset during this period of time, as the Church wanted religious unity and his beliefs caused more religious contradications to what the Inquisition and Philip wanted.

He descended from *conversos* (converts)- his parents had practiced the Jewish faith. He was offered a position at Alcala University but after the burning of his father, he could not take up this post. Vives had to leave Spain.
Alexey Arhipovsky

**Alexey Arhipovsky** (; May 15, 1967) – is a Russian balalaika virtuoso player.
He was born in the town of Tuapse, Krasnodar Territory, Russia on May 15, 1967. His father played the garmon and accordion. At the age of 9, Arhipovsky started at musical school to study the balalaika. Later he entered Gnessin State Musical College, the department of folk instruments, class – balalaika. Upon graduation, he entered the Smolensk folk orchestra as a soloist-balalaika.

In 1985 he became a laureate of the Contest of Folk Instrument Performers in Russia. Since 1998 he toured around Russia and abroad with the State Academic Folk Ensemble "Rossiya" Russia directed by Lyudmila Zykina.

Since 2002 he cooperated with Stas Namin, the musician, composer, and record producer. Arhipovsky took part in festivals of Russian culture in the United States, China, South Korea, Germany, France, Spain and Bulgaria. He participated in jazz festivals in Russia and abroad, in radio and TV programmes.

During his tours, fans compared his performance with Paganini and Jimi Hendrix.

 Critics have dubbed him the “Paganini of the Russian balalaika”.

He recorded a DVD album *Alexey Arhipovsky* in 2009.

In 2009, he was invited to participate in the opening ceremony of the second semi-final of the Eurovision song contest in Moscow.

## References
Kate

The name **Kate** [ keyt ] is a girl's name. It's a variant of the name Katherine. The name Kate comes from the Greek name Katherine, which means "pure" or "clear." A woman named Saint Catherine of Alexandria, who lived during the fourth century and was known for her intelligence and beauty, helped to popularize the name among Christians. During medieval times, Catherine was a favorite name among royals and nobles in Europe. Many well-known women throughout history have also gone by this name. This name was ranked #413 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Kate Winslet, English actress
* Kate Beckinsale, British actress
* Kate Hudson, American actress

## References
Gjirokastër County

**Gjirokastër County** is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It has the districts Gjirokastër, Përmet, and Tepelenë.  The capital is Gjirokastër. There are some Greek people who live here.  To the southeast, Gjirokastër shares a border with Greece. 

## References
Presidential system

A **presidential system**, or **single executive system**, is a form of government in which a head of government, with the title of president, is in charge of an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state. 

The first true presidential system was created during the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787.

## References
Lezhë County

**Lezhë County** is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It has the districts Kurbin, Lezhë and Mirditë.  The capital is Lezhë. The majority of its population is Catholic.

Lezhë has a small western shoreline on the Adriatic Sea.

## Demographics 
According to the last national census from 2011 this county has 134,027 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the county include:
*Albanians = 116,469 (86.90%)
*Greeks = 41 (0.03%)
*Macedonians = 9 (0.01%)
*Montenegrins = 8 (0.01%)
*Aromanians = 15 (0.01%)
*Romani = 187 (0.14%)
*Egyptians = 240 (0.18%)
*others = 18 (0.01%)
*no answer = 17,040 (12.71%)
Tirana County

**Tirana County** (), formally the **County of Tirana** (), the county is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts Kavajë and Tirana.  The capital is Tirana. There are 800,347 people.  It has the most people of the Counties of Albania.

Ishëm River and the Tiranë River both flow through the city.

Dajti National Park is 26&nbsp;km east of the capital of Tirana.

## References
Diarchy

of San Marino]]
**Diarchy** (or **dyarchy**) is a form of government where two people are usually the heads of state. The word comes from the Greek *δι-* "two elements" and *ἀρχή*, "rule" (from ἄρχω; -αρχία is a derived suffix). The term **duumvirate** is a hyponym (from Latin duumvirātus, "male diarchy") but some people use it erroneously for women. 

Historical examples Diarchies are Sparta, The Roman Republic and at one point India

## Modern diarchies 
Diarchies are very uncommon in the modern day. However, there are a few that remain.

*  The **Principality of Andorra** is a small country in Western Europe. The two heads of state are the Co-Princes of Andorra. As per a historic treaty, the Co-Princes are the Bishop of Urgell and the Ruler of France. The current Co-Princes are Emmanuel Macron and Joan Enric Vives Sicília.
*  The **Kingdom of Eswatini** is a country in Africa. The King and his mother are the joint heads of state.
*  The **Republic of San Marino** is a small country in Southern Europe. It is the oldest republic in the world. The two heads, the Captains Regent, are elected by the legislature every six months.
Peshkopi

**Peshkopi** is a city in Dibër District, Dibër County, northeastern Albania.  It is the capital of both.

It is  away from Tirana, the capital of Albania, and  from North Macedonia. About 14,100 people live here.

Peshkopi is east of the Black Drin river.

There is a branch of Aleksandër Moisiu University.
Districts of Albania

**Albania** is divided into 36 **districts**. Districts are grouped into counties or prefectures, of which there are 12. The districts are:

:1. Berat
:2. Bulqizë
:3. Delvinë
:4. Devoll
:5. Dibër
:6. Durrës
:7. Elbasan
:8. Fier
:9. Gjirokastër
:10. Gramsh
:11. Has
:12. Kavajë
:13. Kolonjë
:14. Korçë
:15. Krujë
:16. Kuçovë
:17. Kukës
:18. Kurbin

:19. Lezhë
:20. Librazhd
:21. Lushnjë
:22. Malësi e Madhe
:23. Mallakastër
:24. Mat
:25. Mirditë
:26. Peqin
:27. Përmet
:28. Pogradec
:29. Pukë
:30. Sarandë
:31. Shkodër
:32. Skrapar
:33. Tepelenë
:34. Tirana
:35. Tropojë
:36. Vlorë
Berat

**Berat** is a town in south-central Albania.  It is the capital of both the District of Berat and the larger County of Berat. About 71,000 people live here. Berat is on the right bank of the river Osum.

## References
List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

The **List of World Heritage Sites in Japan** is a  of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

## History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Japan agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on 30 June 1992.

## List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has  over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2012, there are 16 WHS places in Japan.
* Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki
* Fujisan
* Hikone-Jo (castle)
* Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions
* Main Building of the National Museum of Western Art
* Modern Industrial Heritage Sites in Kyûshû and Yamaguchi
* Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun, Ancient Tumulus Clusters
* Okinoshima Island and Related Sites in Munakata Region
* Sado complex of heritage mines, primarily gold mines
* Temples, Shrines and other structures of Ancient Kamakura
* Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage

In January 2012 the Japanese government requested the inscription of the tentative sites of Kamakura and Mount Fuji in 2013, with plans to request the inscription in 2014 of The Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage. The Amami and Ryūkyū Islands (Yanbaru) have been selected for nomination as a joint fifth Natural Site and a study panel is to be formed to consider a sixth candidate site.

## Related pages
* UNESCO World Heritage Site

## References 
## Other websites
* UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
* GoJapan, World Heritage Sites  
* Agency for Cultural Affairs, http://www.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index.asp ; http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/sekaibunkaisan/08/pdf/sankou_1_4.pdf 
* List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Korçë

**Korçë** is a city in southeastern Albania.  It is the capital of the Korçë District.  About 105,000 people live here. It is the sixth largest city in Albania.

The city has Fan Noli University.

## References
Fier

**Fieri** is a city in southwest Albania.  It is the capital of the district and county of the same name. About 82,297 people live in Fier. Fier is  from the ruins of the ancient Greek city of Apollonia.

## References
Kukës

**Kukës** is a city in Albania.  It the capital of Kukës District and Kukës County. About 16,000 people live here. The city is in the mountains of northern Albania. It is famous because during the Kosovo conflict they took 450,000 refugees from Kosovo (Serbia).  It was the first time a city was nominated for the prize.

## Background
The Kukës city was formed in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Arrën, Bicaj, Bushtricë, Grykë-Çajë, Kalis, Kolsh, Kukës, Malzi, Shishtavec, Shtiqën, Surroj, Tërthore, Topojan, Ujmisht and Zapod, that became municipal units. 

The city  and had a total population of 47,985 people as of 2011.

Kukës County is Albania's poorest region both historically and presently.

In 2017, the city applied for the 2018 European Green Capital Award to become Europe's Green Capital.

## Sister cities
*  **Shëngjin**, Albania
*   **Prizren**, Kosovo
*  **Lyndhurst**, United States

## References
Lezhë

**Lezhë** is a city in northwest Albania. It is the capital of Lezhë District and Lezhë County. About 27,500 people live here. The majority of the population is Catholic.

The city was formed around 385 BC as a Greek colony by the name of **Lissos**.

## References
385 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **385 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Cornelius, Capitolinus, Papirius, Capitolinus and Fidenas**

## Events 

### By place 
#### Greece 
* Jason of Pherae becomes tyrant of Thessaly.
* Dionysius I of Syracuse attempts to restore Alcetas I of Epirus to the throne.
* Bardyllis becomes king of Illyria and the Dardani and forms the Bardyllian Dynasty.

### By topic 
#### Education 
* Plato forms his Academy, teaching mathematics, astronomy and other sciences as well as philosophy. It is dedicated to the Attic hero Academus. Philanthropists pay all costs; students pay no fees.

#### Astronomy 
* Democritus announces that the Milky Way is composed of many stars.

## References
Tap dance

**Tap dancing**  is a type of dance. Its main feature is the sound made by tap shoes hitting the floor. Tap dancers wear special shoes with metal pieces on the toes and heels. 

There are two main types of tap dance: rhythm (Jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap is more about the dance. It is often done in musical theater. Rhythm tap is more about the sound of the tapping.

In tap dancing dancers use their shoes to tap the floor like drummers.  The sound you get from the tap shoe depends on how hard you hit the floor, and what part of your foot you use.

## Other websites
Mishima, Shizuoka

is a Japanese city in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History
 woodblock print by Hiroshige, circa 1830s]]

In the Edo period, *Mishima-juku* was the 11th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (*shuku-eki*) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

## Related pages
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/foreign/e/index.html# [http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/ ]
Shkodër

**Shkodër** is a city in northwestern Albania.  It is the capital of Shkodër District. It is one of the oldest towns in Albania. There are about 74,876 people in the city.  It is near the Lake of Shkodër. 

Luigj Gurakuqi University of Shkodër is in the city.  It is an important school in Albania. Shkodër is also the home of Loro-Boriçi Stadium, the second biggest stadium in Albania. The majority of the population is Catholic.

## References
Berat District

The **District of Berat** is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Berat County. About 117,066 people live in the district. The capital is Berat. Other cities in this district are Polican and Ura Vajgurore. 

## References
Bulqizë District

The **District of Bulqizë** is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Dibër County. About 28,374, people live in the district.The capital is Bulqizë.

## References
Gjirokastër

**Gjirokastër** is a city in southern Albania.  There are about 43,000 people who live here. It is the capital of both the Gjirokastër District and the larger Gjirokastër County. Gjirokastër is between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino River. The Eqerem Çabej University is in the city.

## References
Devoll District

The **District of Devoll** is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Korçë County.  The name is from the Devoll River flowing through the valley. About 33,785 people live in the district. The capital is Bilisht. 

## References
Dibër District

The **District of Dibër** is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Dibër County. About 62,825, people live her. The capital is Peshkopi.

## References
Raveena Tandon

**Raveena Tandon** (born 26 October 1972) is an Indian Bollywood actress, and producer. She used to be a model. Her first acting role was in the movie *Patthar Ke Phool* in 1991. Since then has starred in many movies.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Delvinë District

The **District of Delvinë** or **District of Delvina** is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Vlorë County. About 11,985 people live in the district.  Many of them are Greek. The capital is Delvinë. 

## References
Scientific revolution

, *Theoricae novae planetarium*, 1474.]]

The **scientific revolution** was a time (15501700) after the Middle Ages and the Renaissance when many discoveries were made. During this time, new ideas and discoveries fundamentally changed the way people thought. They started what is called science today. Better printing presses after Gutenberg's time caused a great rise in publishing. This period roughly lasted from the 16th to the 18th century. 

Galileo Galilei invented kinematics and disproved Aristotle's old theory of gravity. One of his students said he dropped two balls of iron (one weighing one pound, the other a hundred) off the leaning tower of Pisa. The objects fell at the same speed which brought about new methods of thinking. In 1542, Nicolaus Copernicus published his work *On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres*, in which he said that not the Earth, but the Sun was at the center of the universe. This theory is known as Heliocentrism today. In the same year, Andreas Vesalius published his work  *On the Structure of the Human Body*. This book is about the anatomy of the human body. 

The philosopher Alexandre Koyré (18921964) first used the term 'scientific revolution'  for this time period.

## Related page 
*Industrial Revolution
*Paradigm shift
Carolyn Hennesy

**Carolyn Hennesy** (born June 10, 1962) is an American actress. She was the voice of Bambi's mother in the movie *Bambi II*.

## Other websites
*
*Carolyn Hennesy Official site
Papillon

**Papillon** might mean:
**Papillon* (book), a memoir by Henri Charriere
**Papillon* (movie), a 1973 movie starring Steve McQueen, based on the book
*Papillon (dog), a breed of fluffy dog
Durrës District

The **District of Durrës** is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Durrës County. There are 242,801 people who live here. The capital is Durrës. 

## References