open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wolf 359

**Wolf 359** is a red dwarf in the constellation Leo first measured in 1919 by Max Wolf. About 7.8 light years from the Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with a large telescope. 

Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. Only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, and WISE 1049-5319 are closer. It is mentioned in several works of fiction.

Wolf 359 is one of the faintest and lowest-mass stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of about 2,800&nbsp;K, which is low enough for chemical compounds to form and survive. The absorption lines of compounds such as water and titanium(II) oxide are in the spectrum. 

The surface has a magnetic field which is stronger than the average magnetic field on the Sun. As a result of magnetic activity caused by convection, Wolf 359 is a flare star that has sudden increases in luminosity for several minutes. These flares give off strong bursts of X-ray and gamma ray radiation. Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years. No companions or disks of debris have been detected in orbit around it.

## References
Pedro Almodóvar

**Pedro Almodóvar Caballero** (born 25 September 1949) is a Spanish movie director, producer and screenwriter. His best-known movies include: *All About My Mother,* *Talk to Her,* and *Volver*.

Almodóvar is openly gay.

Pedro Almodóvar is known for bold colors, complex characters, taboo themes, and nonlinear narratives.

## Related pages
*List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Annihilator

**Annihilator** are a Canadian thrash metal band from Ottawa, Ontario.

Annihilator was formed in 1984 by guitarist and bandleader Jeff Waters. He met John Bates and they recorded the song *Annihilator* together. Waters and Bates recruited drummer Paul Malek and bassist Dave Scott into the band but Bates and Scott left a year later.

The band released their first studio album *Alice in Hell* on April 17, 1989. They released their second studio album *Never, Neverland* on September 12, 1990. Both *Alice in Hell* and *Never, Neverland* are considered masterpieces of Canadian heavy metal.

Annihilator is the highest selling heavy metal artist in Canadian history, even though most of the sales have not been in the band's home country.

## Band members 
;Current
*Jeff Waters - lead vocals, guitar, bass guitar (1984–*present*)
*Dave Padden - vocals, guitar (2003–*present*)

;Live
*Alberto "Al" Campuzano – bass (2010–Present)
*Mike Harshaw – drums (2012–Present)

;Former
*John Bates – Lead vocals (1984–1985)
*Dave Scott – Bass guitar (1984–1985)
*Paul Malek – Drums (1984–1985, 1986)
*Richard Death – Drums (1985)
*Dennis Dubeau – Lead vocals (1987–1989)
*Ray Hartmann – Drums (1987–1992, 1999–2001)
*Randy Rampage – Lead vocals (1989, 1998–2000)
*Dave Davis – Guitar (1989–1991, 1993–2001)
*Wayne Darley – Bass guitar(1989–1993)
*Coburn Pharr – Lead vocals (1990–1992)
*Neil Goldberg – Guitar (1992–1993)
*Aaron Randall – Lead vocals (1992–1994)
*Mike Mangini – Drums (1993, 2004–2005, 2007)
*Randy Black – Drums (1993–1996, 2002–2003)
*Cam Dixon – Bass guitar (1994–1995)
*Lou Bujdoso – Bass guitar (1995–1996)
*Dave Machander – Drums (1996)
*Russell Bergquist – Bass guitar (1999–2003, 2005–2007)
*Joe Comeau – Lead vocals (2000–2003)
*Curran Murphy – Guitar (2002–2005)
*Sandor de Bretan – Bass guitar (2004)
*Rob Falzano – Drums (2004)
*Tony Chappelle – Drusm (2005)
*Alex Landenburg – Drums (2007)
*Brian Daemon – Bass guitar (2007)
*Carlos Cantatore - Drums (2010)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Alice in Hell* (1989)
**Never, Neverland* (1990)
**Set the World on Fire* (1993)
**King of the Kill* (1994)
**Refresh the Demon* (1996)
**Remains* (1997)
**Criteria for a Black Widow* (1999)
**Carnival Diablos* (2001)
**Waking the Fury* (2002)
**All for You* (2004)
**Schizo Deluxe* (2005)
**Metal* (2007)
**Annihilator* (2010)
* *Feast* (2013)
* *Suicide Society* (2015)
* *For the Demented* (2017)
* *Ballistic, Sadistic* (2020)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Panama Canal Zone

The **Panama Canal Zone** () is a  former International concession of United States . It is now the country of Panama.

In 1903, the territory was controlled by the United States. As a part of the United States, the zone had several towns and military bases. 

The Zone was disestablished in October 1, 1979 as part of a treaty signed in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos, the unofficial leader of Panama.

The Panama Canal was operated by the United States until December 31, 1999, when it returned to Panama.

## History 
The treaty was approved by the provisional Panamanian government on December 2, 1903, and by the US Senate on February 23, 1903. While the treaty was approved, the Panamanians received US$10 million, much of which the United States required to be invested in that country. The Canal Zone was formally turned over by Panama on May 4, 1904, when American officials reopened the Panama City offices of the canal company and raised the American flag.

## Notable people
* John McCain – U.S. Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for President for the 2008 US presidential election

## References
Old Town, Oslo

. Akershus fortress is across the first bay. The fortress is not in Old Town. This picture is from the 19th century, and painted by John William Edy.]]

**Old Town** (*Gamlebyen*, in Norwegian) is a part of the city of Oslo, Norway. It is the original town settlement of Oslo.

The bishop's estate or *Oslo bispegård* was a building as far back as 1197. Its cellar still remains. 

There was a great fire in the town in 1624. After the fire, a new city was started on the other side of Bjørvika. After those things happened, Old Town lost its city privileges. After that, Old Town remained a suburb of the city, Christiania.

In 1725, Oslo Ladegård was built on top of the cellar of ''Bishop's estate''. Oslo did not become the largest city in Norway, until the 19th century.

The Norwegian Royal Family previously lived here. There were also several churches and the home for the Bishop of Oslo here. Today, there are still ruins left of the old town, protected in parks.
Wii Zapper

The **Wii Zapper** is a light gun add-on for the Wii Remote made for the Wii game console. It was first released in Japan on October 25, 2007 with *Ghost Squad*. It was later released in a package with ''Link's Crossbow Training*, a shooter video game based on *The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess''. It was released in North America on November 19, 2007, in Europe on December 7, 2007, and in Australia on December 13, 2007. It allows players to aim at the screen and hit targets. To hit targets, players have to point the device at the television and pull the trigger. It is mainly used for shooter games, including first-person shooters and third-person shooters. The name is a reference to the NES Zapper, a light gun accessory released for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Barbara Ann Scott

at the 1948 Winter Olympics]]
**Barbara Ann Scott** (May 9, 1928 &ndash; September 30, 2012) was a Canadian figure skater. Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a champion in the 1948 Winter Olympics, a two-time World Champion and a four time Canadian national champion. She was known as "Canada's Sweetheart" when she returned. Admirers greeted her as she returned from the 1948 Olympic games, and March 9th was then declared Barbara Ann Scott Day. In that very same skating season, she dominated North American, European, and World championships, and did this all at a young age.

She was the only Canadian to win the Olympic ladies' singles gold medal, the first North American to win three major titles in one year and the only Canadian to win a European Championship. Long after her victory, sixty-one years later, Scott carried the Olympic torch into the chamber before the 2010 Vancouver Olympic games. Two months later, she carried the Olympic flag along with seven other Canadians into the Opening Ceremonies.

Barbara was a great figure skater. It is an honor to be able to carry both the Olympic torch and the Olympic flag. She was known well by all of the people in Ottawa, Ontario, where she was born. Barbara was truly a wonderful figure skater for Canada in ladies’ singles (skating by themselves).

Scott died on September 30, 2012 at her home in Fernandina Beach, Amelia Island, Florida at age 84. A local arena was named after her in Nepean, Ontario, as part of the Pinecrest Recreation Centre.

## Notes
## References 
* "Barbara Ann Scott." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
* "A shared history." Maclean's. 10 Mar. 2014: n/a. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.*
Sonic the Hedgehog CD

***Sonic the Hedgehog CD*** (***Sonic CD*** for short) is a platform video game created by Sega. It is part of the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series. It was released for the Sega CD game console in 1993. In chronological order it is after the first game and "before the sequel."  The game involves the use of a time travel system that allows Sonic to travel to both the past and the future in a level. Each zone has four variants: the "past," the "present," the "good future," and the "bad future." Each has different graphics, music, enemies, and obstacles. The game introduces two characters to the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series: Amy Rose, a pink female hedgehog who is in love with Sonic, and Metal Sonic, an evil robotic version of Sonic.

## Gameplay
*Sonic CD* is similar to the original game; the player goes through lots of levels called "zones" to battle Dr. Robotnik every 3 acts. This game adds time travel; Sonic can hit a time post and keep running fast to go to the past or future. To make a good future, the player must explore each zone's past version to find a generator and destroy it.

## Development
### Release and translation
*Sonic CD* was released in Japan on September 23, 1993. It was released in Europe in October 1993. The game was released in North America in November 1993.
### Remake
In 2011, for the 20th anniversary of *Sonic the Hedgehog*, indie game developer Christian Whitehead made a new version of the game for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Windows, iOS and Android. The port was a success, and Whitehead was later asked by Sega to remake *Sonic 1* and *Sonic 2* for mobile devices. Whitehead would go on to help make *Sonic Mania*. Those ports of *1*, *2* and *CD* would be used in *Sonic Origins*.

## Reception
*Sonic CD* received a lot of praise.

The graphics and sound were praised. *Electronic Games* said that the game looked similar to older games. They said it did not use the Sega CD's special features very much. However, they said that this did not make the game worse. They said the music was what made *Sonic CD* "stand above the crowd". The reviewers of *Electronic Gaming Monthly* (*EGM*) said the game's animated cinematics and sound were good. however, they said that the frame rate decreases during special stages.

The gameplay was liked. *Sega Pro* said the bigger environments and the time travel added to the replay value. They said that "the more you play *Sonic CD* the better it gets". However, they said they felt the game was too easy. In its debut issue, *Sega Magazine* said *Sonic CD* could be "a classic". They said the originality in the special stages and time travel was great.

## Notes
## References
Fork bomb

A **fork bomb** is a way of stopping a computer from running by making many copies of a program. A fork bomb copies itself into more than two copies, which then copy themselves into four copies. Then both the original and the copy will keep making copies until the computer can no longer handle it and crash.

For example, a simple fork bomb using the bash shell script is :

```bash
:(){ :|:& };:
```

Here, a function is defined by the name " : ". Inside the curly braces, this function is called and its output is given again to the same function. The " & " is used to run the process in background. The semicolon (" ; ") marks end of the function. The last colon (" : ") calls the function for first time. After that the function keeps on calling itself until computer runs out of memory.
Pope Gregory IX

**Gregory IX** (; c. 1145 – 22 August 1241), born **Ugolino dei Conti di Segni**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 178th Pope from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241.

## Early life
The Count of Segni lived in Anagni when his son Ugolino was born. The exact date of this birth is not known, but it was around 1145.  Ugolino was a nephew of Pope Innocent III.

## Cardinal
He was created Cardinal in 1198.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
 of Gregory IX ]]

## Other websites
* 
*  ["Gregory IX"](http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_(Popes)/Gregory_IX), *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory IX
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Segni
Melanie Amaro

**Melanie Ann Amaro** (born June 26, 1992) is an American singer. She won the first season of *The X Factor USA* in 2011. For winning, she got a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and Epic Records. Amaro was also the youngest contestant to win the competition.
Tutu (plant)

**Tutu** is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus *Coriaria* (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
**Coriaria angustissima*
**Coriaria arborea*
**Coriaria lurida*
**Coriaria plumosa*
**Coriaria pteridoides*
**Coriaria sarmentosa*

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (**rimu**). The resulting jelly (**rehia**) was then fermented.

Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (*Scolypopa australis*) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.

## References
Pest control

applies pesticide Western corn rootworm]]
**Pest control** is group of methods to control some species of animals and plants that humans think are harmful to their health, economy or ecology.

Pest control is as old as agriculture, because there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to get best results from food production there was always need to protect crops from competing plants trying to kill a crop to grow in its place.

Managing or controlling pests can be done several ways. Killing them is common (using the services of an exterminator or doing it yourself). But, there are humane methods of pest control too. These include using sound to deter or repel pests and making changes around the property to prevent pests from entering. 

Insects and wildlife enter buildings mainly for food, shelter, and warmth. The areas typically affected are the attic, the basement, and the roof. Homeowners can do some things to make sure they do not make an environment that's attractive to pests.

## References
https://termitehub.com/pest_control_and_termite_inspection_companies.html
Gulf of Aqaba

The **Gulf of Aqaba** (, transliterated: '''') is a large gulf which is east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula. The gulf is an extension of the Red Sea. It is  long and  at its widest point. Its coastline is divided among four countries: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Palestine.

## Cities 
At the northern end of the gulf are three important cities: Aqaba in Jordan, Umm Al Rashrash in Palestine, and Taba in Egypt. They are strategically important commercial ports and popular resorts for tourists seeking to enjoy the warm climate.

The largest population center is Aqaba, with a population of over 95,000 (2021).

## Other websites 
*Arab Sovereignty over the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran page on the Institute for Palestine Studies - a source of information for the history of Palestine
Happy Wheels

***Happy Wheels*** is a browser game created by Jim Bonacci in 2010.  The game features several playable characters who use different, sometimes unique vehicles to travel the game levels. The game is best known for its violence and the amount of user-generated content its players create.

## Controls 
* Up - Push arms above the head and straighten legs.
* Down - Curl into ball.
* Left - Push all joints backwards excluding head.
* Right - Straighten legs and press arms forward.
* Space - Grab.

## References
Pam Grier

**Pamela Suzette Grier** (born May 26, 1949) is an American actress. Her movies include *Jackie Brown*. She was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 

## References
Richard Brooker

**Richard J. Brooker** (1954 &ndash; 8 April 2013) was an English stuntman and actor. He is best known for his role in *Friday the 13th Part III* as Jason Voorhees.

Brooker was born in 1954 in London, England. Brooker died on April 8, 2013 in the United Kingdom from unknown causes, aged 59.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Equivocation

In logic, **equivocation** is an informal fallacy involving using a certain word in multiple contexts within an argument. It is a type of ambiguity coming from a phrase with two or more meanings ‒ rather than the grammar of the sentence.

## Fallacy of four terms
Equivocation in a syllogism produces a *fallacy of four terms*. Below is an example:

: Since only man [human] is rational.
: And no woman is a man [male].
: Therefore, no woman is rational.

The first instance of *man* implies the entire human species, while the second implies only those who are male.

## Motte-and-bailey fallacy
 courtyard) defenses at Launceston Castle]]

Equivocation can involve equating two similar positions, one modest and easy to defend, and the other more controversial. The arguer then promotes the controversial one, while insisting that they are advancing the more modest one when being criticized.

## Footnotes
## References
Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust

The **Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust** is a land trust for a large block of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was made smaller again in 1958, when the government excised the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa to create the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park.

## References
Aboriginal Land Trust

In Australia, an **Aboriginal Land Trust** (**ALT**) is a type of non-profit organisation that holds the freehold title to an area of land on behalf of a community of Aboriginal Australians. The land is granted to a community by the government under a perpetual lease, usually after the community makes a legal claim of traditional ownership. Land granted under Aboriginal title is , meaning it can not be bought, sold, traded or given away. The Land Trust is the organisation appointed by the community to legally hold the title deeds.

Several states and territories have enacted laws to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts, but not all. In South Australia, there is a single Aboriginal Lands Trust. It was created under the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act, 1966. It holds title to Aboriginal land in South Australia and organises the management and control of those lands. The Aboriginal Lands Trust in Western Australia was created by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972. It acquires and holds land and manages it for the benefit of Aboriginal communities. It holds about 27 million hectares (11%) of the state's land, most of which was previously held by the state government. In Queensland, there are multiple Land Trusts. They were created under the state's Aboriginal Land Act, 1991. In the Northern Territory, Land Trusts are governed under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1976, which also governs the way in which groups can make claims to land. The ALTs hold the title to land handed back to the traditional Aboriginal owners through the Land Rights Act.

## References
## Other websites
*Legal documents by state, from the *Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project*:
**Aboriginal Lands Trust, Western Australia 
**Aboriginal Lands Trust, South Australia 
**Aboriginal Land Trusts in Queensland 
**Aboriginal Land Trusts in the Northern Territory
Epictetus

. It says "*I was Epictetus the slave, and not sound in all my limbs, and poor as Irus, and beloved by the gods."* (Irus was a beggar in the Odyssey.)]]
**Epictetus** was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Hierapolis, Phrygia around 55 AD. The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word *epíktetos* (επίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a rich freedman and secretary to Nero. The city was near the modern-day town of Pamukkale in Turkey. He died around 135 AD in Nikopolis in Epirus, in Greece. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the late Stoa. Epictetus founded a school of philosophy, where he also taught. None of his writings survive, but one of his pupils, Arrian, wrote what Epictetus taught.

Philosophy, Epictetus taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and so are beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.

Suffering occurs from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, it is our duty to care for all our fellow men. Those who follow these precepts will achieve happiness and peace of mind.

## References
Data type

In computer science, a **data type** is the combination of a value range
* integers
* Boolean values
* characters (individual letters) and strings
* a subset of real numbers

Usually, these and other basic data types can be combined to *custom* data types using structure concepts like:
* arrays
* sets
* records

### Low-level 
The notion of data types as presented above is unknown in assembly language, a *low-level* programming language.
All computers know integer number values.
Modern computers also know real numbers in binary.
But there is no rigid enforcement of proper “data type” use.
Assembly language does not prevent using an integer as if it were a real number.
This is intentional, because assembly language is the basis of all (high-level) programming languages.

Yet, the processor’s machine code sets the limits.
Usually, the only “data types” are:
* register names
* memory addresses
* immediate values
All of which may be further differentiated by their size, how many Bytes each of those occupies, or—in the case of memory address—how many Bytes the referenced object occupies.

## Related pages 
* File format: describes how to read or write a computer file (legal operations) and what this file may contain (permissible value range)
* variable: variables in computer programming frequently require a data type

## Sources
Les Blank

**Les Blank** (November 27, 1935 &ndash; April 7, 2013) was an American documentary filmmaker who is best known for his portraits of American traditional musicians.

Blank was born on November 27, 1935 in Tampa, Florida. He was raised in Tampa, Florida and in Berkeley, California. Blank studied at Tulane University and at the University of Southern California. He had two children. Blank died on April 7, 2013 from bladder cancer in his Berkeley Hills, California home, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
*Flower Films/Les Blank official site 
*Les Blank at IMDB
*"Food Filmmaker Les Blank Puts The Scent In Cinema" by Ann Hornaday, *Washington Post*, 9 March 2005
*http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080507/SC2470202/80507009/-1/SC247  Courtney Fathom Sell interviews Les Blank
Jean-Léon Gérôme

**Jean-Léon Gérôme** (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor. Today he is mostly known for painting people in historical settings.

File:Jean-Léon Gérôme, Phryne revealed before the Areopagus (1861) - 01.jpg|*Phryne before the Areopagus*, 1861
File:Gérôme - Summer Afternoon on a Lake.jpg|*Summer Afternoon on a Lake*, ca. 1895
File:Gerome - Diogenes.jpg|*Diogenes* (1860), Walters Art Museum
File:Réception du Grand Condé à Versailles (Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1878).png|*Reception of Le Grand Condé at Versailles* (1878)
File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - On the Desert - Walters 3734.jpg|*On the Desert*.  The Walters Art Museum
File:Jean-Léon Gérôme 007.jpg|Harem baths
Jerusalem Botanical Gardens

**Jerusalem Botanical Gardens** (JBG) are the national botanical gardens of Israel. The gardens are on the Hebrew University of Jerusalem campuses of Mount Scopus and Givat Ram. The first garden was established in 1926 at Mount Scopus. After 1948, when the university in Mount Scopus was occupied by Jordan, it was opened in a new site, in 1954, on the new campus university, in Givat Ram. After the 1967 war, when Mount Scopus was reoccupied by Israel, the garden in Mount Scopus was opened again. The visitor center is in Givat Ram, next to Nayot neighborhood.

## Related pages 
* Tomb of Nicanor
* List of botanical gardens

## Other websites 
* Official website of the botanical garden in Givat Ram
* Official website of the botanical garden in Mount Scopus
* Jerusalem Botanical Garden blossoms with flora
* JBG Pictures
Bloods Range

**Bloods Range** (or '''Blood's Range''') is a mountain range in central Australia. It stretches roughly east to west across the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It consists of several sets of hills, separated by valleys; the two main valleys are formed by the Hull and Docker Rivers. There are numerous ravines and gorges all throughout the hills. Bloods Range connects with the Petermann Ranges at its western end. In the centre are Mounts Harris (840&nbsp;m) and Carruthers (1000&nbsp;m), which are the highest peaks. Further east, the range splits into several branches, including the Rowley Range, McNichol's Range and the Pinyinna Range.

Bloods Range was given its name on 14 March 1874 by the explorer Ernest Giles, when he saw it from the top of Mount Curdie. He named it after the owner of an early pastoral station in South Australia, whose surname was "Blood". On 12 June 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, returned on his own expedition and surveyed the range. He named the two highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he wrote that he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges.

## References
## Other websites
*Bloods Range Formation at Geoscience Australia
Azerbaijan (newspaper)

The ***Azerbaijan*** () is a state-owned newspaper and public journal published by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

## References
## Other websites
* *Azərbaycan* official web site
Birja

***Birja*** is a popular  Azerbaijani weekly -of-charge announcements and advertising newspaper published by the Birja VDV. It was founded by Rafiq Abasov. The newspaper has one of the widest  in Azerbaijan (averaging over 10,000 copies every week).

*Birja* was founded in 1992 with the goal of providing an advertising newspaper in the Azerbaijani market, where generally only a single local advertising newspaper was available.

*Birja* supports a nationwide project of Khinalug village.

## Other websites
* *Birja* website
SoulDecision

**soulDecision** was a Canadian pop band from Vancouver, British Columbia. 

soulDecision was formed in 1993 under the original name, **Indecision**. They changed their name to **soulDecision** because of naming conflicts. Even though the band started during the boy band era, they were not a boy band, as they played their own instruments and  wrote their own music. The band released their debut full-length album *No One Does It Better* on August 22, 2000 in Canada. The album featured their hit single "Faded" which reached #1 on Canada's singles chart as well as #22 in the United States. The album also featured the single "Ooh It's Kinda Crazy" which reached #1 in Canada and was the number one request on MTV's Total Request Live at the time. The band toured with Destiny's Child, Christina Aguilera and 'N Sync.

Lead singer Trevor Guthrie left the band in 2005 to write and record his first solo record. The group split up after.

## Discography 
### Albums
**No One Does It Better* (2000)
**Shady Satin Drug* (2004)

## References
Moscow Urban Forum

**Moscow International Urban Forum** is an international event that is held in Moscow, Russia every year. It has been held since 2011. It talks about globalization.

## Other websites 
* Moscow Urban Forum - official website 
* Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow City Hall site
* Moscow Urban Forum  in Urban Land Institute site
* Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow International Financial Centre
Centipede (song)

**"Centipede"** is the first single by Rebbie Jackson. It is from her first record, *Centipede*. It was her highest charting single to date. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard R&B charts. The song was released in 1984. It is available in three different mixes, one of them extended.
Corn Belt

The **Corn Belt** is the part of the Midwestern United States. It is where corn has been predominant crop, since the 1850s. Corn replaced native tall grasses there. The area includes southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and part of Missouri and Kentucky. The whole of Iowa, Indiana and Illinois are also included. This region consists of relatively level land and deep fertile soils.
Asiana Airlines

**Asiana Airlines** is a major South Korean airline. It is based at Incheon International Airport near Seoul.

## Gallery

File:HL7515 - Asiana Airlines - Boeing 767-38E - ICN (18041968505).jpg|An Asiana Boeing 767 at Incheon Airport
File:HL7235 B737-4Q8 Asiana KIX 12JUL01 (6912266102).jpg|An Asiana Boeing 737-400. This airplane has the old paint-job.

## Other websites
*Official website
Celestial equator

. The image shows the relations between Earth's axial tilt (or *obliquity*), rotation axis and plane of orbit.]]

The **celestial equator** is a term in observational astronomy. It is a great circle on the imaginary celestial sphere, in the same plane as the Earth's equator. In other words, it is a projection of the terrestrial equator out into space.  As a result of the Earth's axial tilt, the celestial equator is inclined by 23.4° with respect to the ecliptic plane.

An observer standing on the Earth's equator visualizes the celestial equator as a semicircle passing directly overhead through the zenith. As the observer moves north (or south), the celestial equator tilts towards the southern (or northern) horizon. At the poles, the celestial equator is parallel to the horizon.

The observer always sees the ends of the semicircle disappear over the horizon exactly due east and due west, regardless of the observer's position on Earth.   

## References
Cannabis drug testing

**Cannabis drug testing** describes many drug testing methods for the use of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law.
Cannabis use is easy to detect using urine testing, hair analysis and breath. There are some ways to cheat such a test using synthetic urine or human hair - making blood testing the most effective.

Unlike alcohol, Cannabis testing is time consuming, expensive and cannot give accurate time of consuming and level of intoxication.
The lack of good testing methods and universal intoxication level scale is an issue in the legality of cannabis debate, especially regarding intoxicated driving.

## References
Premium economy

]]
**Premium economy** is a travel class offered on some airlines to give better experience than economy class but for much less money than business class. In 1991, EVA Air became the first airline company to offer such a service.

The Premium economy class is not regulated among airlines, and can be much different between airlines and routes. Premium economy is often limited to just small extras like more leg room, free meal and drinks.
]]

## References
Composite decking

**Composite decking** (also called wood-plastic) is an alternative to timber. It is made with recycled plastic and wood. This type of decking is becoming more and more popular as it is eco-friendly in nature and helps to save forests as it can be used as an alternative to wood. It is being used in many environments projects including outdoor dining, leisure areas, balconies and caravan decks, in addition to many decks of all shapes and sizes.

## References
International Urban Design Conference

The **International Urban Design Conference** is a international event that held in Melbourne, Australia in every year from 2007 dedicated to urban design. it is the first conference in the world about this subject. 

## Other websites 
* 5th International Urban Design Conference 
* 4th International Urban Design Conference 
* 2th International Urban Design Conference
Saul (disambiguation)

Saul can refer to:

*Saul, King of Israel
*Saul of Tarsus, or Saint Paul
*Saul Bellow
*Saul Kripke, philosopher
*Saul Martinez, footballer
Macklemore

**Benjamin Hammond "Ben" Haggerty** (born June 19, 1983), better known by his stage name **Macklemore**, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and activist. 

The music video for his song "Thrift Shop" has been viewed more than 1 billion times on YouTube. It also reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. He said he was influenced by Freestyle Fellowship, Aceyalone, Living Legends, Wu-Tang Clan, Nas, and Talib Kweli during his earlier years.

Macklemore is in support of gay rights, including same-sex marriage, and sang about it in the song "Same Love" which he also sings against homophobia in mass media, hip hop, and society.

Macklemore was nominated for seven Grammy Awards at the 2014 Grammys. Macklemore and Lewis won Best New Artist, Best Rap Album (*The Heist*), Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance ("Thrift Shop").

## Early life 
He was taught at Garfield High School and then Nathen Hale High School. His parents are named Bill Haggerty and Julie Haggerty. He has one brother named Tim Haggerty. Tim Haggerty sings on few of Macklemore's songs like: "And We Danced" and "American".

## Career
In 2005 Macklemore released his first album, *The Language of My World*. In 2006 he met Ryan Lewis. They released an album together, *The Heist*. On January 26, 2014, Macklemore performed "Same Love" at the Grammy Awards.

## Personal life
Macklemore became engaged to Tricia Davis on January 21, 2013.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *The Language of My World* (2005)
* *The Heist* (2012) (with Ryan Lewis)
* *Gemini* (2017)
* *Ben* (2023)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Official Facebook page
*
Public journal

**Public journal** (**official gazette**, **official journal**, or **official diary**) is the daily record of the work of an official  organization, especially of legislatures of countries and/or its administrative divisions.

Journals of this sort are also often called gazettes (state or government newspapers).

In some countries, the publication in the official journal is a  for a law to "come into effect" or "come into force" (in which the law becomes a reality), so that people know the law (or treaty) exists, which generally releases it into the public domain. But sometimes a public journal is not always released into the public domain.

## Public journal by country 
*Albania: Fletorja Zyrtare
*Azerbaijan: Azərbaycan
*Belgium: Belgian Official Journal
*Canada: Canada Gazette
*Egypt: Al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya
*Estonia: Riigi Teataja
*European Union: Official Journal of the European Union
*European Union: Official Journal of the European Patent Office
*Finland: Virallinen lehti
*France: Journal Officiel de la République Française
*Greece: Journal of Government
*India: The Gazette of India
*Iraq: Official Gazette of Iraq
*Ireland: Iris Oifigiúil
*Israel: Reshumot
*Italy: Gazzetta Ufficiale
*Mexico: Diario Oficial de la Federación
*Portugal: Diário da República
*Romania: Monitorul Oficial
*South Africa: Government Gazette of South Africa
*Spain: Boletín Oficial del Estado
*Sweden: Post- och Inrikes Tidningar
*Thailand: Royal Thai Government Gazette
*The Czech Republic: Sbírka zákonů
*Turkey: TC Resmi Gazete
*United Kingdom: London Gazette, Edinburgh Gazette and Belfast Gazette
*United States: Federal Register
Willie O'Ree

'''Willie Eldon O'Ree''', OC (born October 15, 1935 in Fredericton, New Brunswick) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that played 45 games in National Hockey League. 

He is known for breaking the black color barrier in ice hockey and is referred to by the media as the "Jackie Robinson of ice hockey". He received the Order of Canada on April 7, 2010 and was also honored with the Hockey Legacy Award by the Boston Sports Museum on June 28, 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Madder Lake (band)

**Madder Lake** is an Australian rock band. They started out in Melbourne in 1971. They released two studio albums - Stillpoint, and Butterfly Farm. And one compilation album (an album with songs from their other records) - The Best of Madder Lake. Their best known song is "12lb Toothbrush".

## Personnel
*Mick Fettes &mdash; vocals
*Jack Kreemers &mdash; drums
*Brenden Mason &mdash; guitar
*Kerry McKenna &mdash; bass guitar, guitar
*John McKinnon &mdash; keyboards, vocals
*Andy Cowan &mdash; keyboards, vocals
*Ian Holding &mdash; bass guitar
*Tony Lake &mdash; vocals
*Colin Setches &mdash; vocals
*Luke McKinnon &mdash; drums
*Andy Burns &mdash; keyboards

## Discography
### Singles
*"Goodbye Lollipop" &mdash; February 1973 (Mushroom Records, K 4986) No.&nbsp;31 AUS
*"12 LB Toothbrush" &mdash; August 1973 (Mushroom, K 5230) No.&nbsp;35 AUS
*"Butterfly Farm" &mdash; April 1974 (Mushroom K 5453)
*"Booze Blues" &mdash; June 1974 (Mushroom K 5516) No.&nbsp;85 AUS
*"It's All In Your Head" &mdash; November 1974 (Mushroom K 5732)
*"I Get High" &mdash; July 1976 (Mushroom K 6425)

### Albums
**Stillpoint* &mdash; April 1973 (Mushroom Records, LP MRL 34915) No.&nbsp;13 AUS
**Butterfly Farm* &mdash; April 1974 (Mushroom L35090) No.&nbsp;22 AUS
**The Best of Madder Lake* &mdash; May 1978 (Mushroom L36585)

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website 
*Myspace Page
Hamilton (name)

The name **Hamilton** is of English origin and is derived from the Old English words "hamel" and "dun," which mean "crooked hill" or "lonely hill."The pronunciation of the name is [ **ham**-*uh*l-t*uh*n ].

## Given name
*Hamilton Harty, Irish composer
*Hamilton Hume, Australian explorer
*Hamilton Smith, American microbiologist

*Hamilton Hill (comics), fictional *Batman* character

### Surname
*Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secretary of the Treasury
*George Hamilton (actor), American actor
*Ian Hamilton, former English footballer
*Josh Hamilton, American baseball player
*Lee Hamilton, sportscaster
*Lewis Hamilton, British racecar driver
*Linda Hamilton, American actress
*Margaret Hamilton, American actress
*Richard Hamilton (artist), British artist
*Richard Hamilton (basketball), American basketball player
*W.D. Hamilton, British evolutionary biologist

*Emil Hamilton, fictional *Superman* character

## References
Fu Jen Catholic University

**Fu Jen Catholic University** (**FJU**; ) is a well known university in Taiwan. The main campus is in New Taipei City. It was first started in 1925.  Its first name was Catholic University of Peking (currently Beijing Normal University).  It was started again in 1961.

Fu Jen is the Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese characters 輔仁 (Furen in pinyin), literally meaning "assistance" and "benevolence".

## Related pages
*Roman Curia
*Society of Jesus
*Benedictine

## References
## Other websites
*Fu Jen
Hobart (disambiguation)

**Hobart** is a city in Tasmania, Australia.

**Hobart** might also mean:
*Hobart, Indiana, a city in the U.S. state of Indiana
*Hobart, Oklahoma, a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma
Visual novel

A **visual novel** is a type of video game. They use mostly static (non-moving) graphics, and usually have anime/manga-styled art. Sometimes they contain video footage. Almost all visual novels are produced in Japan, very few of these are ever sold in the Western market. Examples of popular visual novels are *Kanon*, *Clannad*, and *Air*.

## Gameplay
Visual novels are different from other types of video games in that there is not much gameplay, most of the time the player clicks the screen to move through the game, and occasionally choices will come up for the player to make, which will determine what happens in the game. Most visual novels have more than one storyline and ending, the gameplay has been compared to *Choose Your Own Adventure* books.

## Content and genre
Many visual novels are centered around drama, particularly themes involving romance or family, but visual novels centered around science fiction, fantasy fiction, and horror fiction are not uncommon.

### Adult content
Many visual novels have sexual or pornographic scenes in the game, even if they are not the whole purpose of the story.

## References
Key (company)

**Key** is a Japanese company that makes visual novels. They were formed on July 21, 1998 in Kita, Osaka, Japan. In 1999 they released their first visual novel, *Kanon*. They have created many popular visual novels, many of which have been turned into anime series.

## Games
They have created the following games:

*Kanon
*Air
*Clannad
*Planetarian: Chiisana Hoshi no Yume
*Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life
*Little Busters!
*Little Busters! Ecstasy 
*Kud Wafter
*Rewrite
*Rewrite Harvest festa!
Appalachian English

**Appalachian English** is a dialect of English that is spoken in the Appalachian Mountains region. Research suggests it is one of the most different dialects in the United States from the others. 

Since the 1930s, much research has been done to figure out where the dialect came from. One theory is that the dialect is a remnant of Elizabethan (or Shakespearean) English that has been preserved by the region's isolation. Another theory suggests that the dialect developed out of the Scots-Irish and Anglo-Scottish border dialects that were brought to the region by some of its earliest  settlers, who were from the border of Scotland and England, in the British Isles.  

Recent research suggests that Appalachian English developed as a uniquely-American dialect, as early settlers adapted English to their unfamiliar frontier environment. That is supported by the many similarities between it and Colonial American English.

## References
The Cartful

'*The Cartful *車仔檔* *', also known as portable stall and mobile stall, is a style of hawker stall originated from the street vendors selling inexpensive street food, like eggette, Tang Cong Bing 糖葱餅, and cart noodle, in the 1950s.This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s way of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the cartful faces challenges due to the government policies and modernization.
## History 
Hong Kong has been experiencing economic downturn in the 1950s, meanwhile, refugees from the Mainland fled to Hong Kong constantly after the establishment of The People's Republic of China, leading to an increase in population. People struggled to make a living, they started to operate mobile stall using wooden carts with a low production cost. With the portable carts, street vendors could get away in time from being arrested by the police. In the 1970s and 1980s, a wide variety of products are sold then. Besides food and snacks, household goods, clothing and kitchenware could be found in the carful in place like Sham Shui Po.

## Features 
The cartful sells mainly two kinds of products, street food and clothes. Some traditional street food such as eggette, curry fish balls and fried chestnuts are favored by teenagers. These $10-odd snacks are cheap but delicious. They smell very nice so that they drive people queuing for them. The cartful owners make the snacks once they are ordered so as to keep them hot and fresh. Apart from the street snacks, the carful also sells clothes, sometimes handbags. Women love buying free-sized legging and socks. Though customers cannot try fitting the products, they are willing to buy them.

## Owners and locations 
There are mainly two types of owners which are the unemployed middle-aged and the unlicensed hawkers. Both of them are the main support of their family while they cannot find a suitable job. As a result, they choose to run the carful because it can help them make a decent living and avoid the high rent. The carful of these kinds are operated by family units.
Most of the cartful can be found near the public housings, schools and MTR stations, because a steady stream of people from these places can help increase their business turnover.

## Relationship with Hong Kong 
The cartful fully reveals Hong Kong spirits: diligence and fast paced lifestyle. With a small amount of capital and time, owners can earn huge profit from the whole day sales by moving their cart around without paying high rent.
This traditional hawking style is threatened because of the government policy and modernization. As the law  prohibits unlicensed hawking, many mobile stalls have been demolished. Yet, the government sets up markets in different districts like Tin Sau Hui  and Wan Chai Tai Yuen Street  in order to gather the mobile stalls. 
Some of the citizens support the government plan since they think it is hygienic and peaceful without the mobile stalls on street, while others object to the cruel government policy due to the reminiscence of the cartful.

## References
Carnaval

***Carnaval***, Op. 9, is a work for piano solo by Robert Schumann. It was written in 1834-1835. Subtitled *Scènes mignonnes sur quatre notes* (Little Scenes on Four Notes). the work is a collection of short pieces representing masked revelers at a festival. Schumann, his friends and colleagues, and characters from improvised Italian comedy (*commedia dell’arte*) are all depicted musically in the work. *Carnaval* is centered on four notes which had special meaning for Schumann: A, E-flat, C, B - signified in German as A-S-C-H. Each piece has a title, and the work as a whole is a musical representation of an elaborate masked ball during carnival season. Both Schumann and his wife, Clara, thought his solo piano works too difficult for the general public. They were rarely performed in Schumann's lifetime. Franz Liszt however performed selections from *Carnaval* in Leipzig in 1840.  Today, the work is one of Schumann's most often performed works. The work was orchestrated in the early 20th century for a ballet produced for the Ballets Russes which starred Nijinsky.   

## References