open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Solvation

**Solvation**, commonly called **dissolution**, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. If the molecules or ions of the solute are more strongly attracted to the molecules of the solvent than to each other, solvation can occur. 

The solvation is the action of dissolving the mix to form the solution.

## Related pages
* Solubility
* Solution

## More reading
*  (part A),  (part B),  (part C)
Pollyanna

***Pollyanna*** is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.

## Pollyanna-The game Story
A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the town is happy. An accident occurs and Pollyanna is left unable to move her legs.  She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.

## Summary of the story
Miss Polly Harrington is known around town for being a stern, hard woman who is set in her ways. So it is only a sense of duty that causes her to open her home to Pollyanna, her newly orphaned niece. But Pollyanna is a very special little girl, with a very special game that she teaches to the townspeople. Soon, everyone in town is happier, and glad that Pollyanna came into their lives - everyone, that is, but Aunt Polly. But then a terrible accident threatens to ruin Pollyanna's game forever, and everyone wonders who can teach this little girl to be happy again.

## Notes
If someone is called "Pollyanna", it means they are always happy like Pollyanna is. The "Pollyanna principle" means people say yes to positive statements (For example, instead of "What do you think of green?", you can say "Don't you agree that green is a nice colour?").

Pollyanna was an irrepressibly, cheerful child. So cheerful that her name survives in any standard American Dictionary. - 'an excessively or blindly optimistic person.'

## Other websites 
*Text of the book
771

## Events 
* Charlemagne becomes King of all the Franks after the death of his brother Carloman

## Deaths 
* 4 December: Carloman, brother of Charlemagne
Middle Chinese

**Middle Chinese** (), or *Ancient Chinese* as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren is a name given to an older version of the Chinese language.  People spoke it during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). The term "Middle Chinese", in contrast to Old Chinese and Modern Chinese, is usually used for historical Chinese phonology, which wants to reconstruct the pronunciation of Chinese used during these times.

Middle Chinese can be divided further. There was an early period and a later period. These can be told apart by the pronunciation of certain sounds that changed.
Snow Patrol

**Snow Patrol** is an alternative rock band from Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are based in Glasgow and are signed to Polydor Records. Snow Patrol was started as an indie rock band, but began to play more alternative rock and pop songs. The band has released seven albums, *Songs for Polarbears*, *Final Straw*, ''When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up*, *Eyes Open*, *A Hundred Million Suns*, *Fallen Empires* and *Wildness*. *Eyes Open'' won the award for Best Irish Album at the National Irish Music Awards.

## References
Chopstick rest

on a wooden chopstick rest]]

A  is a piece of tableware. It is used to keep chopsticks away from the table and also to prevent used chopsticks from coming in contact with or rolling off tables. Chopstick rests are made in various shapes from clay, wood, glass, or precious stone such as jade. Some people prepare them from bags of half-split disposable chopsticks in origami manner. 

In Japan, chopstick rests are usually used at formal dinners and placed on the front-left side of the dishes. The chopsticks are placed parallel to the table edge with the points toward the left.

## Related pages
*Chopsticks
*Spoon rest
*Knife rest

## References
## Other websites
*Chopstick rest Collection, A collection of hashioki
*Chopstick rest stock photos and images , Fotosearch
*Erick's Chopstick Rests (Hashi Oki) Page 
*Jen's Chopstick Rests Gallery 
*Jurek Zarzycki's Chopstick Rests collection 
*Chopstick rests , Asian Art Mall
*Chopstick Rest , Mrs. Lin's Kitchen
Uyghur people

The **Uyghurs** (wee-ger; 维吾尔人) are a Turkic people and a Central Asian ethnic group, living mainly in Xinjiang, nowadays a province located in the far northwest of China.  Over 11 million Uyghurs live there, far more than any other part of the world.  

Many Uyghurs also live in Beijing, Shanghai and Taoyuan County (Hunan, South-Central China).  There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Mongolia.  However, the vast majority of Uyghurs live in their native homeland Xinjiang.  

Uyghurs are mainly Sunni Muslim and speak Uyghur, a Turkic language. The Uyghur alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet. The vast majority of Uyghurs follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam.

Most Uyghurs were originally from the ancient Karluk tribes of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and immigrated to what is now Xinjiang during the 8th or 9th centuries AD. Modern Uyghurs identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the Manichaean Uyghur Khaganate and the Buddhist state of Qocho.

At a conference in Tashkent in 1921, representatives of the New Uyghur-speaking population of West Turkestan, whose language does not go back directly to the Old Uyghur of Mongolia, or only to a small extent, adopted the name "Uyghurs" for themselves.

Some Uyghurs seek independence from China. 

## References 
## Related pages 
*Turkic peoples
*Chinese people
*Xinjiang
*Xinjiang internment camps
Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

The **Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz** was a duchy in northern Germany,  it was about the same as the modern rural district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  The duchy also had three exclaves near the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein.

## History
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was set up in 1701. The capital was Neustrelitz. In 1808, the duchy joined the Confederation of the Rhine.  The Congress of Vienna made it a grand duchy and member of the German Confederation.  Mecklenburg-Strelitz joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871.  On January 1, 1934 it was joined with the neighbouring state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form the State of Mecklenburg (today part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).

The US county Mecklenburg (Charlotte, North Carolina) is named after Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Strelitz-born Princess Charlotte (queen consort of King George III of the United Kingdom). The flower *Strelitzia* ("Bird of Paradise") also is in honor of her home country. Queen Luise of Prussia also was a born princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

## Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1701–1815
* Adolf Friedrich II 1701–1708
* Adolf Friedrich III 1708–1752
* Adolf Friedrich IV 1752–1794
* Karl II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1794–1815

## Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1815–1918
* Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1815–1816
* Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1816–1860
* Friedrich Wilhelm 1860–1904
* Adolf Friedrich V 1904–1914
* Adolf Friedrich VI 1914–1918
* Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1918 (Regent)

## Other websites
* House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Map of Mecklenburg in 1789
Wu Cheng'en

'''Wu Cheng'en** (, ca. 1500–1582), courtesy name **Ruzhong'* (汝忠), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in *Huainan, Jiangsu*. He studied in ancient Nanjing University for more than 10 years. 

His most famous novel is *Journey to the West* in which a monk travels westwards in search of sacred buddhist scriptures.  The novel has been enjoyed by many generations of Chinese and is the most popular Chinese classic folk novel. The most famous English translation of the novel is by Arthur Waley and entitled *Monkey*.

## Related pages
*List of Chinese writers

## Footnotes 
## References 
*Zhou, Xianshen, *Encyclopedia of China'', 1st ed.
Nanjing

**Nanjing** is a large city in eastern China. It has over nine million people, which makes it the 29th largest city proper in the world,  and the 51st largest urban area in the world.
## Name
The Mandarin Chinese name of the city is '''', which means "The Southern Capital". It got this name when the Yongle Emperor of the Ming family of rulers moved most of his government to Beijing ("The Northern Capital") in the early 1400s. In Chinese, Nanjing's name is written . Today, people spell it "Nanjing" because they use the pinyin way of spelling. Pinyin tries to show how the word should sound in Mandarin. People also used to write it , using Mr.Wade and Mr.Giles's way of spelling, and "**Nanking**", using the Chinese Postal Map's way.

## History
* Nanjing Massacre

## Political divisions 
Nanjing Municipality is divided into 11 districts.
* Xuanwu District
* Qinhuai District
* Yuhuatai District
* Gulou District
* Pukou District
* Liuhe District
* Qixia District
* Jianye District
* Jiangning District
* Lishui District
* Gaochun District

## Attractions
* City Wall and the Gate of China
* Greenland Financial Center
* Jiming Temple
* Hongshan Zoo
* Nanjing Massacre Museum
* Nanjing Museum
* Presidential Palace
* Purple Mountain
* Purple Mountain Observatory
* Sun Yat-sen's Tomb
* Temple of Confucius
* Xuanwu Lake
* Yangtze River Bridge
* Yuhuatai Park

## Education 
* Nanjing University
* Nanjing Foreign Language School
* Hehai University
* Southeast University

## Travelling 
* Nanjing Bus
* Nanjing Metro
* Nanjing Tram

## Sister cities 
Nanjing currently has 18 sister cities (areas), namely: 
*  Alsace, France
*  Barranquilla, fockme
*  Bloemfontein, South Africa
*  Eindhoven, Netherlands
*  Florence, Italy
*  Hauts-de-Seine, France
*  Houston, Texas, U.S.
*  Leipzig, Germany
*   Limassol, Cyprus
*  London, Ontario, Canada
*  Malacca Town, Malaysia (2001)
*  Mexicali, Mexico
*  Nagoya, Japan
*  Perth, Australia
*  St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. (Nov 02, 1978, The 1st pair of Twin Cities between America and People's Republic of China)
*   Daejeon, South Korea
*  Birmingham, United Kingdom
*  Belo Horizonte, Brazil

## Notes 
## Sources 
### Pages
### Books
* 

## Other websites 
* 
* Nanjing Government website
* Jiangsu Network  Nanjing city guide with open directory
* Nanjing travel guide from the website Synotrip
* Nanking Illustrated is an old book from 1624

|-
Camillo Berneri

**Camillo Berneri** (also known as **Camillo da Lodi**; 1877, Lodi–May 5 1937, Barcelona) was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist.

Berneri, a World War I veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, fought always Fascists, and he started to fight fascism until 1926, when he was forced to escape from Italy and he went in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands. In all these countries, Berneri was frequently placed under arrest, and then often expelled, because he was an anarchist. When he was in these countries he wrote lot of anti-clerical and anti-fascist articles.

With Carlo Rosselli, Berneri organized the first troop (column) of Italian volunteers to fight in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco. After months he became highly critical of the involvement of Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) members in the Popular Front government, and he sent a letter to Federica Montseny (Anarchist minister for Health in the government against fascism).

During the Barcelona May Days, as troop of Communist Party of Spain members (apparently under orders from Joseph Stalin) searched  and then murdered him. His body, riddled with bullets, was found during the night, near the headquarters of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

He was married to Giovanna Berneri and was father of Marie Louise Berneri and Giliane Berneri. The children were anarchists like their father Camillo.

## Related pages
*Anarchism in Italy

## Other websites
* Camillo Berneri Page  on the Anarchist Encyclopedia site
* The Writings of Camillo Berneri
Pica (disorder)

**Pica** ( ) is an eating disorder where a person wants to eat things that are not normal to eat, for example nails, rocks or feces. A person with pica may also have a strong want to eat unusual things that are normally considered food but not in the normal way, for example, uncooked potatoes, flour or starch. It is common in small children.
Lev Chernyi

**Lev Chernyi** (18??-1921) was a Russian anarchist poet who was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities. 

## Articles 
In 1907, he published a book entitled *Associational Anarchism*, in which he speak about the "free association of independent individuals.". Chernyi was greatly influenced by individualist-anarchist Max Stirner.

On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers. He was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March, 1917. 

In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed gangs, the Black Guards, and Lev Chernyi played an active part in these. 

On the night of April 11, 1918 the Cheka, the secret police, attacked the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About forty anarchists were killed or striked and about five hundred were imprisoned. 

In 1919 Chernyi joined a group called the Underground Anarchists, who published two numbers of a broadsheet which denounced the Communist dictatorship as the biggest tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, a little group of social revolutionaries and anarchists bombed the headquarters of the "Moscow Committee" of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed and forty-five others were mutilated. 

## Death 
August, 1921, the Moscow *Izvestia* published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits" had been shot without hearing or trial. Among the dead was Lev Chernyi although Paul Avrich indicates in two of his books on the Russian anarchists that Chernyi was executed in September of that year, not August. Although he was not involved in the bombing of the Moscow Communist headquarters, he was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frame-up. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and there were persistent rumors that he had in fact died of torture.
Arthur Waley

**Arthur David Waley** (19 August 1889 – 27 June 1966) was a famous English Orientalist and Sinologist.

## Life
Waley was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent England, as **Arthur David Schloss**. He changed his surname to the maiden name of his grandmother, Waley, in 1914, because he was a Jew. He was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum in 1913. During this time he taught himself Chinese and Japanese. In 1929, he left to concentrate himself fully to his literary and cultural interests.

## Selected works
* *A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems*, 1918
* *More Translations from the Chinese* (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1919).
* *Japanese Poetry: The Uta*, 1919
* *The Nō Plays of Japan*, 1921
* *The Tale of Genji*, by Lady Murasaki, 1921-1933
* *The Temple and Other Poems*, 1923
* *Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting*, 1923
* *The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon*, 1928
* *The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought*, 1934
* *The Book of Songs* (*Shih Ching*), 1937
* *The Analects of Confucius*, 1938
* *Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China*, 1939
* *Translations from the Chinese*, a compilation, 1941
* *Monkey*, 1942
* *Chinese Poems*, 1946
* *The Life and Times of Po Chü-I*, 1949
* *The Real Tripitaka and Other Pieces*, 1952
* *The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China*, 1955
* *Yuan Mei: Eighteenth Century Chinese Poet*, 1956
* *The Opium War through Chinese Eyes*, 1958
* *The Poetry and Career of Li Po*, 1959
* *Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang*, 1960
* *The Secret History of the Mongols*, 1963

## References
* Alison Waley, **A Half of Two Lives** (London, 1982)
* Ivan I. Morris, **Madly Singing in the Mountains: An Appreciation and Anthology of Arthur Waley** (London,: Allen & Unwin, 1970).
* John Walter de Gruchy, **Orienting Arthur Waley: Japonism, Orientalism, and the Creation of Japanese Literature in English** Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003. .

## Other websites
* Warring States Project, University of Massachusetts Biography http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/waley.html 
*Waley's translation of *The Way and its Power* 
*
Luigi Fabbri

**Luigi Fabbri** (23 December 1877 – 24 June 1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, agitator and propagandist who was charged with defeatism during the World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri and Vero Fabbri

## Life and death
Born in Fabriano (Ancona), Italy in 1877, Fabbri was first sentenced for anarchist activities at the age of 16 in Ancona, and spent many years in and out of Italian prisons. Fabbri was a long time supporter of  to the anarchist press in Europe and later South America, including co-editing, with Errico Malatesta, the paper ''L'Agitazione*.  He helped edit the paper "Università popolare" in Milan.Fabbri was a delegate to the International Anarchist Congress held in Amsterdam in 1907. He died in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1935.

## Works
**Life of Malatesta *, translated by Adam Wight (originally published 1936).
**Malatesta: L'Uomo e il Pensiero*
**Bourgeoise Influences on Anarchism*
**Letters to a Woman on Anarchy*, 1905
**Workers' Organisation and Anarchy*, 1906 pamphlet
**The School and the Revolution*, 1912
**Letters to a Socialist*, 1913
**The Aware Generation*, 1913
**Dictatorship and Revolution*, 1921
**Preventive Counter-revolution*, 1922
*Editor of *L'Agitazione*
*Founded *Il Pensiero* ("The Think"), *Lotta Umana* (Uman Fight), *Studi Sociale* (Social Study)
*Contributed to *La Question Sociale* (Social Question), *Pensiero e Volonta*, *Fede Libero Accordo*, *L'Avvenire Sociale''

## Other websites
*"Libcom" page on Fabbri
Gaetano Bresci

**Gaetano Bresci** (11 November 1869 – 22 May 1901) was an Italian American anarchist who killed Italian King Umberto I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans.

## Life
Bresci was born in Tuscany, later emigrating from Italy to the United States, spending much time living in Paterson, New Jersey, where there was a large Italian-American community. He was one of the founders of *La Questione Sociale*, the Italian language anarchist paper published in Paterson. 

In 1898, high bread prices led to demonstrations over much of Italy. In Milan, an unarmed group of workers, women, and children marched together in protest, near the palace, which was surrounded by a strong military force under command of General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris. The people ignored an order to stop, so the General gave the signal to fire on them with rifles and cannons, resulting in a massacre of innocent people. Ninety people died, one of whom was Bresci's sister.

## Umberto I's killing
King Humbert later decorated Bava-Beccaris, and the king after said thanks to him,for "the defense of the royal house", the king did not do anything for the innocent people died, he decorated the murder, this is the reason that made Bresci determined to kill the king. Bresci had his loan to the paper returned (without telling his comrades why), and with the money he went to Italy. In Monza, where the king was visiting on 29 July 1900, he shot him three times.

Bresci was captured and put on trial, where he was defended by the anarchist lawyer Francesco Saverio Merlino. He was sentenced in Milan on 29 August 1900, to life imprisonment on the jail of Santo Stefano Island near Ventotene, where lot of other anarchists had also been sent over the years. Less than a year later he was found dead in prison. It is not clear whether he committed suicide, as officially announced, or whether he was murdered by his guards.

## Other websites
**Gaetano Bresci Page* in the *Anarchist Encyclopedia*
Francisco Ferrer y Guardia

**Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia** (; 14 January 1859 – 13 October 1909) commonly known as **Francisco Ferrer**, was a Spanish Catalan "free-thinker" and anarchist.

## Early life 
He was born in Alella (a small town near Barcelona). A supporter of Spanish republican leader Ruiz Zorilla, Ferrer was exiled to Paris with his wife and children in 1885. Divorcing his first wife in 1899, he remarried a rich Parisian teacher some time after.

In 1901 he returned to Spain and opened la Escuela Moderna (*The Modern School*) to teach middle-class children (then) radical social values, the school was free.  In 1906 he was arrested and accused of helping with Mateu Morral's attack on King Alphonso XIII and released a year later.  His school failed and closed while he was incarcerated.

## Works 
Early in the summer of 1908, after his release from jail, he wrote the story of the Modern School. The book was called *The Origins and Ideals of the Modern School* and was translated into English by Joseph McCabe and published by the Knickerbocker Press in 1913.

When the martial law was reused in 1909 during the Tragic Week, he was arrested, convicted without any proof and executed by firing squad at Montjuich Fortress in Barcelona on 13 October.

After his execution, numerous supporters of Ferrer's ideas in the United States formed what were called Modern Schools, or Ferrer Schools. The first and most important Modern School was formed in New York City in 1911, and then later a community was founded around a school, known as Ferrer Colony and Modern School.

## References
## Other websites
*Francisco Ferrer Collection MSS 248. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
*Francisco Ferrer Page at the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia
*Francisco Ferrer Page at the Anarchy Archives
Starfighter Pilot

***Starfighter Pilot*** was the debut, or first, EP from the alternative rock band Snow Patrol, and was finished in 1997. It was released on the Electric Honey record label.  The song "Starfighter Pilot" was also put on the band's first full-length album, *Songs for Polarbears*.

## Track listing
#"Starfighter Pilot"
#"Holy Cow"
#"Safety"
When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up

'''''When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up'''* is the second full-length album by the Alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released on March 5 2001. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn.

When the album first was released, it was not bought enough to get its name onto the top 200 albums chart. After the next album, *Final Straw*, became popular, people began buying *When It's All Over We Still Have To Clear Up'', and it went onto the chart.

## Track listing
### First release
#"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" – 2:10
#"Ask Me How I Am" – 2:34
#"Making Enemies" – 4:18
#"Black and Blue" – 3:40
#"Last Ever Lone Gunman" – 2:43
#"If I'd Found the Right Words to Say" – 4:47
#"Batten Down the Hatch" – 3:29
#"One Night Is Not Enough" – 3:23
#"Chased by... I Don't Know What" – 2:41
#"On/Off" – 2:40
#"An Olive Grove Facing the Sea" – 5:18
#"When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up" – 3:17
#"Make Love to Me Forever" – 2:55
#"Firelight" – 3:43

### 2006 re-release
#"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" – 2:10
#"Ask Me How I Am" – 2:34
#"Making Enemies" – 4:18
#"Black and Blue" – 3:40
#"Last Ever Lone Gunman" – 2:43
#"If I'd Found the Right Words to Say" – 4:47
#"Batten Down the Hatch" – 3:29
#"One Night Is Not Enough" – 3:23
#"Chased by... I Don't Know What" – 2:41
#"On/Off" – 2:40
#"An Olive Grove Facing the Sea" – 5:18
#"When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up" – 3:17
#"Make Love to Me Forever" – 2:55
#"Firelight" – 3:43
#"In Command of Cars" – 3:59
#"Talk to the Trees" – 1:57
#"Monkey Mobe" – 1:16
#"Workwear Shop" – 2:25
#"Ask Me How I Am" (Video) – 2:44
Final Straw

***Final Straw*** is the third full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in the United Kingdom in 2003 and in the United States in 2004, under Polydor Records. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Nathan Connolly, Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn. The album was the first by Snow Patrol to become popular outside Northern Ireland and Scotland. *Final Straw* was re-released in the UK in 2004 with two extra tracks, and then was able to be bought in the U.S. without the bonus tracks. 

## Album credits
*Stephen Marcussen - Mastering
*Louie Teran - Mastering
*Iain Archer - Vocals (Background)
*Bruce White - Viola
*James Banbury - Piano, String Arrangements, Cello
*Fiona McCapra - Violin
*Ben Georgiades 	- Engineer
*Snow Patrol - Main Performer
*Dan Swift - Engineer
*Garrett Lee - Producer, Mixing
*Gary Lightbody - Guitar, Glockenspiel, Vocals, Group Member, Vocals (Background), Keyboards
*Nathan Connolly - Guitar, Group Member, Vocals (Background)
*Mark McClelland - Bass, Group Member, Keyboards
*Jonny Quinn - Drums, Group Member
*Phil Tyreman - Assistant Engineer
*Ian Dowling - Assistant Engineer
*Mike Nelson - Mixing
*Jeff McLaughlin - Assistant
*Chris Lord-Alge - Mixing

## Track listing
#"How to Be Dead" – 3:22
#"Wow" – 4:02 (This song is on the PlayStation 2 game *Gran Turismo 4*)
#"Gleaming Auction" – 2:04
#"Whatever's Left" – 2:39
#"Spitting Games" – 3:46
#"Chocolate" – 3:02
#"Run" – 5:54  (This song was part of the soundtrack for the movie Chumscrubber)
#"Grazed Knees" – 2:55
#"Ways & Means" – 4:48
#"Tiny Little Fractures" – 2:27
#"Somewhere a Clock Is Ticking" – 4:32
#"Same" – 3:54
#"We Can Run Away Now They're All Dead and Gone" (UK re-release bonus track) – 3:15
#"Half the Fun" (UK re-release bonus track) – 2:54

## Chart positions
Oriental studies

, to Pope Clement V, in 1307.]]**Oriental studies** include Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples and their histories; in recent years the term Asian studies has mostly replaced the older term. European study of the region had primarily religious origins, which has remained an important motivation until recent times. 

## Related pages
*Indology
*Islamic studies
*Japan studies
*Orientalism
*Sinology
Live and Acoustic at Park Ave.

***Live and Acoustic at Park Ave.*** is the second EP by alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in 2005.  All of the songs are played live and are taken from one performance. 

## Track listing
#"Spitting Games"
#"How to Be Dead"
#"Grazed Knees"
#"Chocolate"
#"Run"
Scenario

In context with theatre and movies a **scenario** (from Italian, *that which is pinned to the *) is a description of an event or series of actions and events. In the ''Commedia dell'arte'' it was an outline of entrances, exits, and action describing the story of a play that was literally pinned to the back of the scenery. 

Surviving scenari from the Renaissance contain little other than character names, brief descriptions of action, and references to specific lazzi with no further explanation. It is believed that a scenario forms the basis of a fully improvisational performance though it is also likely that they were simple reminders of the plot for those members of the cast who were literate. 

In the creation of an opera or ballet, a scenario is often developed initially to indicate how the original source, if any, is to be adapted.  This sketch can be helpful in "pitching" the idea to a prospective producer, director, or composer.

Scenarios are also used in policy planning, and when trying out strategies against uncertain future developments. Here the key idea is for the scenario to be an overview, a summary, of a  course of action, events or situations. Scenarios are widely used by organizations of all types to understand different ways that future events might unfold.
Eyes Open

***Eyes Open*** is the fourth full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released May 1, 2006 internationally, and May 9, 2006 in the United States. The "Special Edition" of the album has a bonus DVD with music videos of "You're All I Have". *Eyes Open* was the best-selling album in the UK in 2006, and sold more than one and a half million copies.

## History
The album reached #1 in its 11th week on the New Zealand chart and reached 2x Platinum there for shipping over 30,000 units.http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp  In the UK, the album became 5x Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. It has also reached #1 in the ARIA Albums Chart, and became 3x Platinum on January 8, 2007 (210,000+ units shipped). On November 26, 2006, it became the best-selling album of the year in the UK.

## Track listing
#"You're All I Have" – 4:33
#"Hands Open" – 3:17
#"Chasing Cars" – 4:27
#"Shut Your Eyes" – 3:17
#"It's Beginning to Get to Me" – 4:35
#"You Could Be Happy" – 3:02
#"Make This Go on Forever" – 5:47
#"Set the Fire to the Third Bar" (featuring Martha Wainwright) – 3:23
#"Headlights on Dark Roads" – 3:30
#"Open Your Eyes" – 5:41
#"The Finish Line"  – 3:28

The untitled track is a recording of background noise and one of Jacknife Lee's young children talking.

*Lyrics by Gary Lightbody, music by Lightbody/Connoly/Simpson/Quinn/Wilson, published by Big Life Music Ltd.
*Produced by Jacknife Lee for Big Life Management.

## Peak positions and certifications
## Other websites
*
Songs for Polarbears

***Songs for Polarbears*** is the debut album by the alternative rock group Snow Patrol. It was released on August 31, 1998. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and helped Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn write the music. The name of the album is a reference to how Snow Patrol was once called 'Polar Bear', but changed their name.

*Songs for Polarbears* was re-released in 2006.

## Track listing 
### Original release 
# "Downhill From Here" – 3:23
# "Starfighter Pilot" – 3:19
# "The Last Shot Ringing in My Ears" – 4:26
# "Absolute Gravity" – 2:45
# "Get Balsamic Vinegar... Quick You Fool" – 3:27
# "Mahogany" – 2:46
# "NYC" – 4:27
# "Little Hide" – 2:41
# "Make Up" – 2:12
# "Velocity Girl" – 4:37
# "Days Without Paracetamol" – 3:32
# "Fifteen Minutes Old" – 3:08
# "Favourite Friend" – 2:46
# "One Hundred Things You Should Have Done in Bed" (UK release) – 6:14
# "Marketplace" (hidden track on UK version, bonus track on U.S. version)
# "I Could Stay Away Forever" (bonus track on U.S. version)
# "Sticky Teenage Twin" (bonus track on U.S. version)
# "Holy Cow" (bonus track on U.S. version)
# "When You're Right, You're Right (Darth Vader Bringing in His Washing Mix)" (bonus track on U.S. version)

### 2006 re-release 
# "Downhill From Here" – 3:23
# "Starfighter Pilot" – 3:19
# "The Last Shot Ringing In My Ears" – 4:26
# "Absolute Gravity" – 2:45
# "Get Balsamic Vinegar... Quick You Fool" – 3:27
# "Mahogany" – 2:46
# "NYC" – 4:27
# "Little Hide" – 2:41
# "Make Up" – 2:12
# "Velocity Girl" – 4:37
# "Days Without Paracetamol" – 3:32
# "Fifteen Minutes Old" – 3:08
# "Favourite Friend" – 2:46
# "One Hundred Things You Should Have Done in Bed/ Marketplace" – 6:14
# "Sticky Teenage Twin" – 2:08
# "Limited Edition" – 2:33
# "Jj" – 1:47
# "My Last Girlfriend" – 2:59
# "T.M.T." – 2:51
# "I Could Stay Away Forever" – 4:28
# "When You're Right, You're Right (Darth Vader Bringing In His Washing Mix)" – 3:31
# "Raze The City" – 4:20
# "Riot Please" – 2:52
Power trio

The **power trio** is a popular type of a rock and roll band format since the 1960s. The usual power trio has three people playing the guitar, bass, and drums. It does not include the rhythm guitar or keyboard often included in other rock music. In more recent years, the term has come to mean any type of a three-person band.

## Famous power trios 
*Beck, Bogert & Appice
*The Cream
*Nirvana
Epimetheus

**Epimetheus** is a titan in Greek mythology, and is the brother of Prometheus, a Greek titan who gave all of the creatures something to protect themselves from the elements. By the time he came to the humans, he had run out of feathers and fur to give. He went to his brother, and he gave humans fire.

Epimetheus literally means "thinks after" and Prometheus means "thinks before".

## References 
* Kerenyi, Karl, 1951. *The Gods of the Greeks*, pp 209ff.
* Graves, Robert, (1955) 1960, *The Greek Myths* 39.a-j
Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando

***Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando*** (***Ratchet & Clank 2: Locked and Loaded*** in Europe, Australia and New Zealand) is a 3D platform/shooter for the PlayStation 2. It was developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony in 2003. It is the second game in the *Ratchet & Clank* series. The words *Going Commando* are a phrase, or set of words, for wearing pants with no underwear.

Similar to *Ratchet & Clank*, *Going Commando* got high review scores, and has a 92% on Game Rankings, and a 90% from Metacritic. IGN gave the game a score of 9.4/10, and Gamestats gave it a 9.1/10. Game Informer magazine called it Game of the Month when it was released. *Going Commando* was given a 4/5 from Gamespy and a 5/5 from X-Play. 

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
* Official Insomniac Games website
Gillian Welch

**Gillian Howard Welch** (born October 2, 1967 in New York City) is an American singer-songwriter. Her musical style combines bluegrass, country, and folk into a style she calls "American Primitive".

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Concert review
Meitnerium

**Meitnerium** is a chemical element in the periodic table. Its atomic number is 109. It is not found on earth naturally. Because of this, it needs to be made in a science laboratory. Its half life, or the amount of time it takes for half of the element to go away is a little over one second. Meitnerium was first made in 1982. 

 in 1946.]]
The element is named in honor of Lise Meitner (1878-1968).

The two letter abbreviation is *Mt* and is a solid. Nobody knows for sure what meitnerium looks like, but scientists think it is a white, gray, or silver color.
## Other websites 
*WebElements.com - Meitnerium
Scenario (disambiguation)

**Scenario** may refer to:
* Scenario, a brief description of an event.
* Screenplay, in movies.
* Scenario (computing), a typical interaction between the user and the system or between two software components.
* Scenario analysis, a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes. 
* Scenario paintball, a variant of the game of paintball.
* Scenario planning, a strategic planning method that some organisations use to make flexible long-term plans.
* Scenario test, a test based on a hypothetical story used to help a person think through a complex problem or system.
* Kingmaker scenario, in a game of three or more players, is an endgame situation where a losing player, him- or herself unable to win, has the capacity to determine which player among others is the winner.
* User scenario, used to communicate an idea for a product or experience involving interactivity.
*Scenario (song), a 1992 song by hip-hop group, A Tribe Called Quest.
The Convent (Gibraltar)

**The Convent** has been the home of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728. The building is located near the southern end of Main Street. It is said to be haunted by the ghost of a nun.

## References
Wrestling

**Wrestling** is a competition in which two people try to pin the other person to the ground during matches. The people who wrestle are called wrestlers. Striking is not allowed in wrestling. Wrestlers use throws, takedowns, and trips to get their opponents down to the ground. On the ground, they use holds and pins to control their opponent on the mat and attempt to turn them on their back. Wrestling is a popular and effective base for fighters in mixed martial arts competitions.

Western styles of wrestling:
*Freestyle
*Greco-Roman (French wrestling) 
*Collegiate (folk style) (USA)

International folk wrestling styles:
*Kuresh (Armenia)
*Karakucak Guresh (Turkey)
*Sumo (Japan)
*Ssireum (Korea)
*Bekh (Mongolia)
*Chidaoba (Georgia)
*Kushti  (India)
*Oil wrestling (Turkey, and Bulgaria)

## Related pages
*Professional wrestling
*Boxing
*Judo
704 Interamnia

**704 Interamnia** is a very big asteroid. Scientists think it is 350 kilometers wide. Its mean distance from the Sun is 3.067 (AU). It was found on October 2, 1910 by Vincenzo Cerulli. It is named after the Latin name for Teramo, Italy, which is where Cerulli worked. It is the fifth heaviest asteroid after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea, and scientists think that it makes up 2.0% of the mass of the whole asteroid belt.

## Characteristics 
Although the biggest asteroid apart from the "big four", Interamnia is not studied a lot. 
It is easily the biggest of the F-type asteroids, but there are few details of what the inside is made of or shape and no lightcurve analysis has been done to find out the ecliptic coordinates of Interamnia's poles (and its axial tilt). Its apparently high bulk density (though subject to much error) suggests a very solid body entirely without internal porosity or traces of water. This also strongly suggests that Interamnia is big enough to have withstood all the collisions that have happened in the asteroid belt since the Solar System was made.

Its very dark surface and fairly far distance from the Sun means Interamnia can never be seen with 10x50 binoculars. At most oppositions its magnitude is around +11.0, which is less than the *minimum* brightness of Vesta, Ceres or Pallas. Even at a near-perihelion opposition its magnitude is only around +9.9, which is over four magnitudes lower than Vesta.

Its orbit is a more eccentric than Hygiea (15% versus 12%) but is different because Hygiea's orbit is much more inclined and takes less time to complete one orbit. Another difference is that Interamnia's perihelion is at the other side of the perihelia of the "big four", so that Interamnia at perihelion is actually closer to the Sun than Ceres and Pallas are at the same longitude. It is unlikely to collide with Pallas because their nodes are located too far apart. Although its nodes are located on the opposite side from those of Ceres, it is generally far from Ceres when both cross the same orbital plane and a collision is again unlikely.

## Other websites 
* Orbital simulation  from JPL (Java)
* G. Michalak Determination of asteroid masses Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 374, 703 (2001)
* Animation of Asteroid Interamnia  taken on April 1—2nd, 2003
* Occultation of GSC 23450183 by (704) Interamnia on 1996 December 17 (dia: 329&nbsp;km; rotation period of 8.70 +/- 0.06 hours)
* Interamnia Occultations Observed before 2003
* Occultation  of HIP36189 by (704) Interamnia on 2003 March 23 (dia: 350.4×303.7&nbsp;km) recorded by Isao Ootsuki (graze) and Hideo Takashima and Fujio Ohbain Japan, analysis by Tsutomu Hayamizu
River Ocoa

The **River Ocoa** is a river in the southern side of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. It is  long. It flows through mountains except near its end in the Caribbean Sea.

## Name
Ocoa is a Taíno word that means "a place with mountains". *Coa* meant "place" and *o* meant, in some cases, "mountain".

## Course
The source of the Ocoa is at the La Chorreosa mountain (also known as La Chorriosa), on the eastern side of Valle Nuevo (Cordillera Central). It flows through the San José de Ocoa province. After that, it forms part of the limits between the Azua and Peravia provinces.

It ends at the eastern side of Ocoa Bay, on the Caribbean Sea.

The city of San José de Ocoa is the most important city near the river. Other towns are Las Carreras, Sabana Buey and Villa Fundación, in the Peravia province, and Palmar de Ocoa in the Azua province, near its mouth. The water of the river is used for irrigation in those towns. It is not used for the houses because it has too much solid materials because mountains have very few trees.

The most important tributaries are Banilejo, Canal and Arroyo Parra, all in the higher part of the river. There is not any important tributary in the lower part.

## In history
In the 16th century, sugar cane was grown near the mouth of the river to produce sugar.

In April 1849, there was an important battle (the *Battle of Las Carreras*) here during the Dominican-Haitian War. The fight was on the western side of the river in Las Carreras, a place at about  from the mouth. The Dominican army won the battle against the Haitian army.

## References
Louise Michel (Paris Métro)

**Louise Michel** is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 3. It is located in the commune of Levallois-Perret northwest of the French capital, Paris.

## History
Before 1946, this station was named *Vallier* after a mountain (2839m)in the Pyrenees near the Val d'Aran. 

The station was renamed on May 1, 1946 to *Louise Michel*, in honour of the French anarchist and communarde.
Louise Michel Battalions

Two battalions (made up of volunteer troops) of French-speaking people in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War against fascism, were named after Louise Michel, a heroine of the 1871 Paris Commune.

* The first battalion was an existing group of volunteers (see Centuria) who had been operating in Barcelona. This joined with battalions being formed for the XI International Brigade.
* The second was a group of Albacete from French-speaking volunteers. At the end of January 1938, it was put into the Henri Vuilleman Battalion of the XIV International Brigade.

## Sources and notes
*Hugh Thomas, *The Spanish Civil War*, 4th Rev. Ed. 2001.
*Antony Beevor, *The Battle for Spain*, 2006.
* Order of Battle website 
* Associació Catalana Website
San José de Ocoa

The Dominican city of **San José de Ocoa** is the head municipality of the San José de Ocoa province, on the southern part of the country and close to the Ocoa river.

## Name
*Ocoa* is the name of the river that crosses the province; it is a Taíno word that means "a place with many mountains".

The old name of the town was *El Maniel*.

## Population
The city had, in , a total population of 25,710: 12,819 men and 12,891 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is February with .

San José de Ocoa is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of San José de Ocoa has four municipal districts:

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming; the main products are coffee, beans and potato. Other vegetable, as cabbage and carrot are also grown as well as some tropical fruits (avocado and mango).

## References
Idol

An **idol** is a religious item that represents a god. It can also mean someone who is admired by many people, like a pop idol. Idolatry refers to the worship of idols.

Christians disagree about what idolatry is. Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy see Christian art and icons as good, because they see Christ's Incarnation as having made images of God lawful.  However many Protestants regard much Catholic art as idolatry.

This is due to differences in the understanding of the Ten Commandments. "You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments." (RSV Exodus 20:3-6)

Islamic art is often based on Geometric abstraction or calligraphy to avoid idolatry, but Jewish art is somewhat broader. Hindus have murtis, a term often translated as "idols".

## References
Yahweh

province of Yehud Medinata, showing Yahweh sitting on a winged wheel.]]
**Yahweh** was the national god of ancient Israel and Judah. His worship may have started at least at the early Iron Age, and most likely to the Late Bronze Age (if not earlier.) In the oldest writings of the Bible (Torah) he has characteristics that typical weather and war gods have, like making the land bear fruit and sending his heavenly armies to go against Israel's enemies. The early people of Israel were polytheistic and worshipped not Yahweh alone but a lot of Canaanite gods and goddesses. These include El, Asherah, and Baal. In later centuries, the deities of El and Yahweh were combined, and because of this, Yahweh won the qualities of El. This made titles that were supposed to be only applied to El, like El Shaddai, be applied to Yahweh alone. Other Caananite gods and goddesses, such as Baal and Asherah, were absorbed into the Yahwism fully.

## See also 
* Jehovah
* YHWH

## References
Jehovah

6:3 (*King James Version*)]]

Jehovah is the conversion of the Hebrew  (YHWH) to Latin. YHWH is the personal name of God in the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Old Testament to Christians.

The majority of scholars agree that the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is possibly—but most likely—Yahweh. The pronunciation of this name was simply lost because in Second Temple Judaism during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, saying this name began to be discouraged because it was "too holy". So instead of saying YHWH, Jews used other ways to refer to their God, like *Adonai*.

## Related pages 
* YHWH
* Names of God in Judaism

## References
Bright Eyes

**Bright Eyes** may mean several different things:

**Bright Eyes* (movie), a 1934 movie from 20th Century Fox starring Shirley Temple
*Bright Eyes (band), an indie rock band from Omaha, Nebraska
Numismatics

**Numismatics** is the study and collecting of coins and the history behind the coins. A **Numismatist** is either a collector of coins or a scholar who studies the history of coins.

## Origin of Word
The term comes from a word meaning "of coins." The original word is French (numismatique), which itself is from a Latin origin (numismatis).

## History of Numismatics
Coin collectors may have existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus may have been an example. The first known book about coin collecting was in 1514, "De Asse et Partibus", by Guillaume Budé. However, only royalty really enjoyed coin collecting until the 19th century. That's when professional organizations started to sprout, like the American Numismatic Society in 1858.

## Modern Numismatics
**Modern numismatics** is a sub-field that focuses on when coins started being stamped by machines (around 17th century on). Because of its focus, modern numismatics is more popular with collectors than with historians. Other subfields/variants include exonumia (focus on coin-like objects), notaphily (focus on paper money instead of coins), and scripophily (focus on stocks and bonds instead of coins).

## References
House of Bourbon

The **House of Bourbon** is an important royal house of Europe.  Kings from the House of Bourbon ruled France from 1589 to 1792 and again from 1815 to 1848.  This is a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty.  Members of the House of Bourbon also ruled Naples, Sicily, and Parma in the past.  Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and King Felipe VI of Spain are both part of the House of Bourbon.

## Branches 
**All of these branches descended from three legitimate grandsons of Louis XIV**.

* Bourbons of France, such as King Louis XV.
* House of Bourbon–Anjou, Bourbons of Spain, such as the present King.
* Bourbons of Parma, Dukes of Parma
* Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, Kings of the Two Sicilies