open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flying Spaghetti Monster

The **Flying Spaghetti Monster** is the god of **Pastafarianism**. It is often seen as a parody religion and thus has become popular with people opposed to the idea that God or gods created the world. Followers of the Flying Spaghetti Monster are sometimes called *Pastafarians*. The multiverse theory has suggested that what began as a spoof has become potentially real in the infinite universes and their countless creatures with at least some matching the general description of the FSM. Bobby Henderson first described the Flying Spaghetti Monster in 2005 in a letter to the Kansas State Board of Education. Henderson wrote the letter to protest rules about teaching intelligent design in public schools. The Board of Education required teachers to teach intelligent design.

The Church's website (spaghettimonster.org) contains several sighting of 'His Noodlieness', multiple propaganda resources and an ordination package available for $59. This package contains a paper certificate of ordination, a black/silverresin wallet card and two vinyl car decals. The package also comes with free shipping. As the church states, 'Great. Consider yourself a member.  You’ll notice there’s no hoops to jump through. You don’t need to pay anything.'

## Photos 

FSM Logo.svg|Logo
Cuddly Flying Spaghetti Monster.jpg|The Flying Spaghetti Monster as a cuddly toy
Kevgir.JPG|The colander is a holy object in Pastafarianism
Touched by His Noodly Appendage HD.jpg|Creation of man according to the religion of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

## Related pages
* Evolution
* Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

Official church of the flying spaghetti monster
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

**Campeonato Brasileiro Série A** is a football league in Brazil.

## Clubs 2021
* América Mineiro
* Atlético Mineiro
* Atlético Paranaense
* Bahia
* Chapecoense
* Corinthians
* Cuiabá
* Juventude
* Red Bull Bragantino
* Flamengo
* Fluminense
* Grêmio
* Internacional
* Palmeiras
* Fortaleza
* Ceará
* Santos
* São Paulo
* Sport
* Atlético Goianiense

### Champions
## Titles by Clubs
## Related pages
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série C
Endocrinology

**Endocrinology** studies the working of the endocrine system and hormones.

It is the science of the endocrine system and hormones in a wide range of animals. Endocrinology is also a medical specialty. This means that when a doctor finishes studying medicine in general, they can choose endocrinology as the part of medicine they work in.

The endocrine system consists of several glands in different parts of the body. They secrete hormones directly into the blood. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action.

Hormones are active in metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and perception. Another field is behavioral endocrinology.

## Medical aspects 
Medical understanding of hormones began in the 19th century with Graves' disease, caused by a swelling of the thyroid gland. Since the mid-19th century many medical conditions have been found caused by hormone imbalance, that is, too much or too little of a hormone.

An endocrinologist can help people who have diseases related to their endocrine system. Diseases that an endocrinologist would treat include:
* diabetes mellitus
* hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
* Cushing's syndrome
These are just examples; there are many other endocrine diseases.

An endocrinologist can find out if a person has one of these diseases by doing tests. They can test a person's blood to find out if they have too much or too little of a hormone. An example of this is Type 1 diabetes. People who have Type 1 diabetes do not have enough of a hormone called insulin. Endocrinologists usually do not treat patients directly, but give advice to physicians about what how patients might be helped.

Endocrine disorders fall into three groups: 
# too little hormone: hormone deficiency
# too much of a hormone: hormone excess
# tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Most medical applications concern the lack of balance between hormones, and sometimes the complete lack of a necessary hormone. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.

### Helping transgender people 
Endocrinologists can advise on hormone treatment for transgender persons. A transgender person might want their body to look different so that they look more like their chosen gender. For example, a transgender woman might want less facial hair so that she looks less like a man to other people.

## Related pages 
The main pages which explain endocrinology are:

*Endocrine system
*Hormone

## References
Sand plantain

**Sand plantain** (*Plantago afra*), It is generally described as an annual forb. It has two seeds, reddish-brown, narrow-elliptic, shining, 2–3&nbsp;mm long.It is native to Malta and Mediterranean regions, Afghanistan to Pakistan.
.

## References
## Other websites 
*Vervolg ob de Avbeeldingen der artseny-gewassen met derzelver Nederduitsche en Latynsche beschryvingen 
*Sarihan E. et al. 2005. Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 7,879–881
Playoffs

The **playoffs**, **postseason**, or **finals** are a series of games played after the regular season of a particular sports league. They are played by the most successful teams of the season. It is used to determine the season's champion. The teams that play in the playoffs are the ones with the most wins or points during the regular season. 

Playoffs are usually, but not always, done with a single-elimination system.
Janesville, Wisconsin

**Janesville** is a city in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. It is the county seat of Rock County.  65,615 people were living in Janesville as of the 2020 census.  Janesville has an area of 34.8 square miles.

The first settlers arrived in Janesville in 1835. It incorporated as a city in 1835.
## References
## Other websites
*City of Janesville
Malcolm Gladwell

**Malcolm Gladwell** (born September 3, 1963) is a British-Canadian journalist, author, and pop sociologist, living in New York City. He has written for *The New Yorker* since 1996. He is well known as the author of the books, *The Tipping Point* (2000), *Blink* (2005), and *Outliers* (2008).

Gladwell was born in Fareham, Hampshire to a Jamaican mother and English father. He moved to Elmira, Ontario at age six. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Personal website
* TED Talks: Malcolm Gladwell on spaghetti sauce at TED in 2004
* Malcolm Gladwell's *New Yorker* bio
Rosoideae

**Rosoideae** is a subfamily of plants in the rose family Rosaceae. These plants may be small trees, shrubs, or plants without wood. Many useful plants are in Rosoideae. Strawberries and Raspberries are two common fruits from Rosoideae. Roses are common flowers in Rosoideae.

## Other websites
*Botany at Hawaii U
First Leicester

**First Leicester** is the trading name of **Leicester Citybus Ltd.**, a bus company owned by the First Group. It runs buses in the city of Leicester England. 

## Depot
In 2007,a new depot opened on Abbey Lane replacing the former premises on Abbey Park Road which go back to the company's municipal heritage. This site is now derelict pending redevelopment as apartments.

## Other websites
* First Leicester website
* First Leicester network map
* Star Trak  - Real-Time bus information
* The Leicester Transport Heritage Trust
Messianic Judaism

**Messianic Judaism** is a movement of Jews who believe that Jesus (called by them with his Hebrew name *Yeshua*) is the Jewish Messiah, and who perform this belief in a Jewish way (observing the regulations of the Torah etc.). They are called *Messianic Jews*. The main branches of Judaism do not consider Messianic Judaism to be Judaism, but rather a form of Christianity, because Judaism rejects Jesus/Yeshua as the Jewish Messiah. 

## References
Arriva Fox County

**Arriva Fox County** is a bus company which provides bus services in Leicester and Leicestershire. It is part of Arriva Midlands, and a subsidiary of Arriva.

## History
Arriva Fox County was formed in 1981, as **Midland Red East** the old Midland Red bus company broke up, and it changed its name to **Midland Fox** in 1984. 

In late 2006, a new "Leicester Linx" brand was introduced for services in Leicester.

## References
## Other websites
* Arriva UK bus official site
* Leicester Linx website
Sede do BankBoston

**Sede do BankBoston** is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 145 meters (476 feet) tall and has 35 floors. It was built in 2002, and is a modern skyscraper of Brazil and Latin America.

## Photo gallery 

Image:Brooklin ¹².jpg

## Other websites 
*Emporis
*SkyscraperPage
Vasily Chuikov

commemorative postage of Marshal Chuikov]]
]]

**Vasily Chuykov** (February 12, 1900 – March 18, 1982) was a Russian general.

During World War II he was commanding the 62nd army, with which he was especially outstanding himself in the Battle of Stalingrad. 

He was twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).

He was made Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955.
Lars

**Lars** is a male name. The pronunciation of the name is [lahrz; *Swedish*, *Norwegian* lahrs]. It is derived from the Old Norse name *Laurentius*, which means "crowned with laurel."

It is generally used in Scandinavian countries and Germany. In the United States, Lars is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the country in 2021).

## People 
* Lars Løkke Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark
* Lars Ulrich, Danish musician

* Lars Onsager, American physical chemist and theoretical physicist (1903-1976)
* Lars Vilks, Swedish artist
* Lars Ahlfors, Finnish mathematician (1907-1996)
* Lars Ulrich, Danish drummer

## References
Pioneer plaque

The **Pioneer plaques** were a pair of plaques that were launched into deep space on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, and information about our place in the galaxy are drawn in case any aliens find it. The same image is on both plaques. The image is made up of many parts. 

There is a drawing of a nude human female and a nude human male. Behind them is the Pioneer spacecraft to compare their sizes. 

There is a diagram of the change in spin of the electron of a hydrogen particle. This diagram is meant to set up a universal unit of length and a universal unit of time for the rest of the image. 

There is a map of our solar system showing a spacecraft leaving the third planet, Earth. There have been negative reactions about the arrow showing the trajectory of the spacecraft. Alien species may not understand the human concept of a line and arrow. 

There is pattern of lines that looks like a star burst design. This is a map. There are 15 lines. 14 of the lines have a long binary number engraved along it. The binary numbers are distances. The distances are not in meters or kilometers, but in the universal unit of distance given by the hydrogen particle diagram. The 14 lines give the distance from the sun to 14 pulsars. The 15th line gives the distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy.
Centrebus

**Centrebus** operate a network of routes in Leicestershire, England. Many Centrebus managers came from Arriva's UK and European bus operations. In September 2008, Centrebus purchased Woods Coaches' and there vehicles

## References
## Other websites
*Centrebus website
Sport Club Internacional

**S.C. Internacional** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title 
* Série A : 3
** 1975, 1976, 1979
Guarani FC

**Guarani F.C.** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title
*Série A : 1
**1978

## References
Boyce and Hart

**Boyce and Hart** were a musical and songwriting duo, who worked together in the 1960s and 1970s. **Sidney Thomas "Tommy" Boyce** (September 29, 1939 – November 23, 1994) and **Bobby Hart** (born **Robert Luke Harshman**; February 18, 1939 – September 10, 2025) wrote and produced hit records for The Monkees ("Last Train to Clarksville", "Valleri"), Jay and the Americans ("Come a Little Bit Closer"), Chubby Checker ("Lazy Elsie Molly"), and for themselves, with "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight" and other songs.

Their biggest success was with the Monkees, as writers, producers and performers. Many of the early Monkees recordings featured Boyce and Hart's band, the Candy Store Prophets, before the Monkees were even selected from auditions. When the Monkees themselves took charge of their recordings, they still recorded Boyce and Hart's songs, and praised the duo to the public.

Ten years after the Monkees's heyday, two former members, Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, teamed up with Boyce and Hart, touring and performing the band's hits. They also issued a new album on Capitol Records.

On November 23, 1994, Boyce died by suicide by gunshot. He was 55 years old. 

Hart died on September 10, 2025, at age 86.

## References
CR Flamengo

**Clube de Regatas do Flamengo** (; English: *Flamengo Rowing Club*), commonly referred to as **Flamengo**, is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighbourhood of Gávea, best known for their professional football team. Flamengo is the only team in the World to have 40 million fans within its country, therefore, it is the most popular club in the Americas.

## Football honours
 Undefeated champion

## References
Clube Atlético Mineiro

**Clube Atlético Mineiro** is a Brazilian football club. Atletico Mineiro was founded in 1908 in the city of Belo Horizonte, where the team plays. The team has *Galo* (rooster) as its mascot, for this reason the club is also known simply as Galo. 

Atletico Mineiro is one of the most traditional football clubs in Brazil, being the first champion of the modern version of the Brazilian Football Championhsip. The most important achievement of the club was the Copa Libertadores de America in 2013, which is regarded as the most important tournament in South America. 

In the last five years, Atletico Mineiro is probably passing through the most victorious period in its history, since in the last five years the team has played five out of the nine Copa Libertadores editions the team has ever disputed.

## League title 
***Copa Libertadores 1**
:(2013)

***CONMEBOL Cup 2**
:(1992, 1997)

*  **Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1**
:(1971)

*  **Campeonato Mineiro 43** 
:(1915, 1926, 1927, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1970, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015)

## References
* A rooster with plenty to crow about
Sport Club do Recife

**Sport Recife** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League titles 
* Série A : 1
** 1987

* Copa do Brasil : 1
** 2008
Club Athletico Paranaense

**Club Athlético Paranaense** is a football club which plays in Curitiba, Brazil.

## League title 
* Série A: 1
** 2001

## References
Joseph Karl Stieler

of Ludwig van Beethoven.]]

**Joseph Karl Stieler** (1 November 1781 — 9 April 1858) was a German painter. He was born in Mainz. His family were engravers and die-cutters. He received some artistic training from his father, August Friedrich Stieler (1736-1789). He began his career as a painter of miniatures.

In 1810, Stieler traveled through Italy and 
painted a portrait of Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon I. 

In 1816, he traveled to Vienna and painted portrait of Emperor Francis I of Austria.

Between February and April 1820, he worked on his portrait of Beethoven, which is probably the most well-known representation of the composer today.
Guido Westerwelle

**Guido Westerwelle** (27 December 1961 &ndash; 18 March 2016) was a German politician.  He was Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor of Germany.

Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

He was an attorney before he became a politician. From 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the German liberal party, the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In 2001 he became the leader of the party.

Westerwelle was also the leader of the FDP parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the German Bundestag.

In June 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. He died of the disease on 18 March 2016 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 54.

He was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager Michael Mronz.

## References
New Mills

**New Mills** is a town in Derbyshire, England. It is eight miles from Stockport. It is by the rivers Goyt and Sett. It is very near the county of Cheshire.  It has a population of 10,000.

## History
New Mills  most known employer is Swizzels Matlow, who make children's sweets. The company transferred to New Mills from London during the Blitz. Famous brands include *Parma Violets*, *Refresher* chews, *Drumstick* lollies and - perhaps most famously - *Love Hearts*

## References
Top Gear

***Top Gear*** is a television show on the BBC. The show is all about cars and other vehicles. They test new cars to see how fast they go. They also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. They usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. The show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. It uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million.

## Segments 
### Races 
The show often has long distance races. They usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. They are called 'epic' races.
They also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other.

### Challenge 
The challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. One time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses).
Recently, the show has started using the phrase "How hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. They put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience.

### Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car 
Once during every  episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. They show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. They put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course.

### Power laps 
Power laps are one lap around the Top Gear Test Track. They will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. The vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.

## Other websites 
*
Backpacking (wilderness)

of Grand Teton National Park.]]

**Backpacking** is hiking in the outdoors with a backpack full of all your food, clothing, water, and shelter. Usually, backpackers hike in groups to stay safer, in case of illness, injury, extreme weather and dangerous animals. They must think to bring first aid supplies, sleeping bags, tents, rain gear, stoves, food and other camping supplies.

Backpacking may be done on short or long trips. Sometimes, backpacking groups begin at a trail head with a parking lot and hike over a weekend until they work their way back to the vehicle. On longer trips, groups may settle in at a base camp and hike for weeks or even months if they are more experienced and prepared.

When following certain rules, backpackers have the chance to leave the outdoors better than they found them. There are certain practices such as "Leave No Trace" that teach backpackers and hikers to pack out all waste and help conserve nature in every way possible such as not building fires in dry areas, saving water, and protecting the environment. When backpackers use these skills, they help preserve nature while getting to explore themselves while outside the influence of the rest of the world.
Nicolas Appert

**Nicolas Appert** (Châlons-en-Champagne 1749 - Massy 1841) was a French inventor. He was the inventor of airtight food preservation.

## Other websites 
* Appert-Aina
Santos FC

Santos Futebol Clube commonly referred to as Santos or Peixe (Fish) is a renowned Brazilian sports club. It is headquartered in Santos of the state of Sao Paulo. The club is best renowned by its professional football team.

## History 
Santos was founded on April 14, 1912. This was several hours before the renowned ship Titanic sunk. 

In 1960s, the club emerged to be one of the most successful worldwide. This era was referred to as the Golden Era. In these years, Santos had won numerous trophies in Brazil and in South America. In 1962 they became the first club in the world to win a treble (three major trophies in a single year). 

In 2023, Santos made the first drop in its history into the second division (Série B). Nevertheless, they won the title of the Série B in 2024 and got back into the leader league (Série A).

## Famous Players 
Santos has had many of the greatest football players in history: 

* Pelé: He is termed as the greatest of all time. He served Santos close to 20 years scoring more than 1,000 goals in the club. 
* Neymar Jr: His first job was at Santos and he assisted the team to win the Copa Libertadores in 2011. In 2025, Neymar would play again in Santos. 
* Pepe: A legendary winger, who had spent the whole career at Santos and scored 405 goals. 
* Robinho: An excellent dribbler who made Santos become Brazilian champions two times in the beginning of the 2000s.

## Stadium and Colors 
* Stadium: The team has its stadium, known as Vila Belmiro, in Estadio Urbano Caldeira. 
* Colors: They predominantly use white and black colors. Home games normally see them dressed in all white uniform. 
* Nickname: The club is called Peixe (Fish) due to the fact that the city of Santos is a great sea port.

## Main Trophies 
Santos has won many important competitions:

## Current Status (2026) 
Santos is currently playing in the Série A (the best league in Brazil) as of March 2026. Recently, the club employed Cuca as the new head coach to assist in enhancing performances of the club. The team has remained well known due to its youth academy, the so called Meninos da Vila that continuously generate an amount of fresh talented players annually.

## Other websites 
* Santos FC official website
Egyptian vulture

The **Egyptian vulture** (*Neophron percnopterus*) is a small Old World vulture. It is found from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to southern Asia. It is the only living member of the genus *Neophron*, and there are three subspecies. In Southern Asia this species is called the **scavenger vulture**.

When they feed on the eggs of other birds, they break larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them. The use of tools is rare in birds, but Egyptian vultures also use twigs to roll up wool for use in their nest.

## References
Pulp Fiction

]]
***Pulp Fiction*** is a 1994 American crime drama movie set in Los Angeles. It was directed by Quentin Tarantino. The movie stars John Travolta, Bruce Willis, Uma Thurman and Samuel L. Jackson. It is a very popular movie. *Pulp Fiction* is rated *R* for strong graphic violence and drug use, profanity and some sexuality.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Soju

**Soju** is an alcoholic drink from Korea. In the Korean language, *soju* literally means "burned liquor". Soju is clear and colorless, and is traditionally made from rice, but later from other grains, and has a flavor similar to vodka. This kind of distilled beverage was first found in Persia, where the distillation methods of producing alcoholic beverages originated. But through contact between the Mongols and Islamic culture, these kinds of alcoholic beverages and distillation techniques came to the East. As distillation became widespread throughout the Yuan Dynasty of China, it eventually reached the kingdom of Goryeo (Korea), where it became so popular that many kinds of soju were created. Because the soju created at that time was made from pure grains, it was very tasty and clean. It was also not so strong. However, it was very expensive simply because it was distilled.

Nowadays, soju is very popular in South Korea. Koreans enjoy drinking soju as a means of promoting friendship and getting closer to each other. Usually, people drink it with "anju", a side dish, so as to moderate its bitterness.

## See also 
* Andong, city in South Korea famous for producing soju
* Dongdongju
* Makgeolli
* Rice wine

Similar drinks in other cultures:

* Awamori, of Okinawa

* Sake, of Japan
* Shōchū, of Japan

## References
Schulze method

The **Schulze method** is a way of voting that is used to fill a single vacant position in an election. It was developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze. It is also known as Schwartz Sequential Dropping (SSD), Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping (CSSD), Beatpath Method, Beatpath Winner, Path Voting, and Path Winner. It is used by several organizations including Debian, Gentoo, BerryTube, and the KDE team. Wikimedia used to use it before switching to the simpler score voting.

## How it works 
 elections]]
Voters rank the s in the order from the one that they most want to win to the one they least want to win. The same  (how much the voters want the candidate to win or lose) can be given to more than one candidate, and candidates can be given no number (they are interpreted as the worst).

Next, for every pair of two candidates, the two are : ignoring all other candidates, which of the two in the pair is preferred by most voters? How many voters agree with the majority decision is noted.

More calculations take place. Given two candidates A and K, A is said to beat K with strength *t* if *t* voters prefer A to B, *t* voters prefer B to C, and so on, and *t* voters prefer J to K. The winner W is the candidate which beats any other candidate X with strength *t*, but X does not beat W with strength *t*.

## References 
Markus Schulze, A new monotonic, clone-independent, reversal symmetric, and condorcet-consistent single-winner election method , Social Choice and Welfare, volume 36, number 2, page 267–303, 2011. Preliminary version in *Voting Matters*, 17:9-19, 2003.

### General 
* Proposed Statutory Rules for the Schulze Single-Winner Election Method by Markus Schulze
* A New Monotonic, Clone-Independent, Reversal Symmetric, and Condorcet-Consistent Single-Winner Election Method by Markus Schulze

### Books 
* Christoph Börgers (2009), *Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division*, SIAM, 
* Saul Stahl and Paul E. Johnson (2006), *Understanding Modern Mathematics*, Sudbury:  Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 
* Nicolaus Tideman (2006), *Collective Decisions and Voting: The Potential for Public Choice*, Burlington: Ashgate, 

### Research papers 
* A Continuous Rating Method for Preferential Voting by Rosa Camps, Xavier Mora, and Laia Saumell
* Voting Systems  by Paul E. Johnson
* Test Run: Group Determination in Software Testing by James D. McCaffrey
* Distance from Consensus: a Theme and Variations  by Tommi Meskanen and Hannu Nurmi
* Descriptions of voting systems by Warren D. Smith
* Election Systems by Peter A. Taylor
* Personalisierung der Verhältniswahl durch Varianten der Single Transferable Vote  by Martin Wilke
* Objective Measures of Preferential Ballot Voting Systems  by Barry Wright
* Approaches to Constructing a Stratified Merged Knowledge Base  by Anbu Yue, Weiru Liu, and Anthony Hunter

## Other websites 
* Schulze-Methode  A tutorial by the University of Stuttgart
Wilhelm Pieck

, USSR ambassador Vladimir Semyonov, and Wilhelm Pieck]]

**Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck** (3 January 1876 in eastern Guben (today Poland) - 7 September 1960 in Berlin) was an (East) German communist politician. He was a member of the Spartacus League. He was joint founder, and from 1946 to 1950 co-chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED, together with Otto Grotewohl), and from 1949 to his death in 1960 the first and only president of the GDR.

During the Weimar Republic he was a member of the Landtag of Prussia from 1921 to 1928, and afterwards a member of the Reichstag from 1928 to 1933, both on behalf of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
Beth Elamen Cemetery

**Beth Elamen** is the only Jewish cemetery in Beirut, capital of Lebanon. Its spelling in Hebrew is "", meaning: "House of Cemetery". 

The cemetery is very close to Sodeco Square. It can also be reached using the Damascus Expressway.

## Related pages
* Maghen Abraham Synagogue

## Notes
Broxbourne railway station

**Broxbourne railway station**, opened in 1840, serves Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, England. It is on the West Anglia Main Line, and train services are provided by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also manage the station.

## Gallery

Image:Broxbourne railway station 1.jpg
Image:Broxbourne railway station Platforms.jpg
Image:Broxbourne railway station staircase from ticket office.jpg

## References
## Other websites
Daemon (computer software)

In Unix, and in  other computer multitasking operating systems, a **daemon** ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background task. Many daemons have names that end with the letter "d": for example, syslogd, the daemon that handles the system log, httpd, a daemon that handles web requests, or sshd, which takes care of incoming SSH connections.

## Related pages
* Server (computing)

## References
## Other websites
* start-stop-daemon man page  (Debian package)
* Tutorial: Unix Daemons in Perl 
* How to daemonize in Linux 
* Unix Daemon Server Programming 
* http daemon in Bash
Overcharge

**Overcharge** is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller *actually* paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller *would have* paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.

The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.
Rye House railway station

**Rye House railway station** is in Hoddesdon in the east of  Hertfordshire, England.

It is on the Hertford East branch of the West Anglia Main Line, and train services are provided by Abellio Greater Anglia. On Sundays, the services to and from Bishops Stortford do not run.

## Services
The typical off-peak service is two trains per hour to London Liverpool Street via Tottenham Hale, and two trains per hour to Hertford East.

## Other websites
Power Purchasing Agreement

A **Power Purchasing Agreement** (PPA) is a legal contract between a electricity provider and a land owner. The contract allows the electricity provider to produce power on the land owner's land or roof and the land owner buys the electricity primarily from the electricity provider. This deal is often done using solar technology, where the electricity provider will install, operate, and maintain solar panels on the land owner's roof. Then the land owner will buy the electricity from the solar panels on the roof. Part of the PPA is to set a price for the electrcity (often lower than the previous price the land owner was paying for power line electrcity). If the solar panels do not provide enough electricity for the land owner, then he will buy the rest of his electrcity from the power lines. If the electricity provider creates more electricity than the land owner needs, then he will sell the excess to the power lines.

Schools and government buildings often like to do power purchasing agreements because they do not have the money to install solar panals on their roof. Large department stores also like to do power purchasing agreements because they have large roofs and do not want to deal with the costs of installing and maintaining panels.

Power Purchasing agreements tend to last 5 – 20 years. At the end of the PPA, either the contract is extended, the solar panels are removed from the property, or the land owner buys the solar panels from the electricity provider.

Power Purchasing agreements have been very important to the expansion of solar electricity use in the United States. Investment tax credits from the federal and state governments have helped make the price of solar panels affordable for the providing companies. The tax credit can help pay for significant percentage of the project cost in some cases. 

----

Some of the electricity providers who offer PPAs are:
*SunEdison
*Tioga Energy
*Recurrent Energy
*SunRun Inc
*SunPower Corporation

## References
Goguryeo

**Goguryeo** is a dynasty of ancient Korea which was begun by Jumong () in 37 BC. It was started in the area near the Dongga River, a branch of the Abrok River. Jolbon was the capital city founded by Jumong.

The legend of the nation's birth is that Jumong was born out of an egg and brought up by King Geumwa () of East Buyeo. The name, Jumong, means a person who is good at archery. Because of his archery skills, Prince Daeso () envied him. So, Jumong felt death threats and decided to escape from East Buyeo with three friends. He went to Jolbon Buyeo and married Sosuno () who was the princess of the nation. Jumong succeeded the king and changed the nation's name to Goguryeo after his surname.

Since the first king, King Dongmyeong (), Goguryeo had been invaded by several enemies such as the Chinese Han Dynasty, and Xianbei. But, by 11th king's reign, Goguryeo had succeeded in taking control over Liadong. Until the 24th king's period, it had had its golden age, expanding the range of the nation and driving away all the attacks from outside. The most famous king was King Gwanggaeto the Great ().

However, when it was under the control of 27th king, Youngryou (), Goguryeo was becoming a Tributary state of the Tang Dynasty. Because of this, the king was killed by Yoen Gaesomoon () and a new king, Bojang () succeeded. After Yoen Gaesomoon died, the people did not cooperate with the nation well and while its control got weak, it was destroyed by the allied forces of Tang and Silla.

The Goguryeoan slave girl Yusu tried to poisoned Guo Zhengyi, a Tang dynasty official, after she was taken as a slave by him during the Tangn dynasty conquest, but she was caught along with another Goguryeoan and executed.

## References
Henan

**Henan** is a province of the People's Republic of China. It is in the central eastern part of China. The name Henan means "south of the Yellow River." The capital of Henan is Zhengzhou.

Its major cities are Anyang, Hebi, Jiaozuo, Kaifeng, Luohe, Luoyang, Nanyang, Pingdingshan, Puyang, Sanmenxia, Shangqiu, Xinxiang, Xinyang, Xuchang, Zhengzhou, Zhoukou and Zhumadian.
Henan is now the province of China with the most people. 

The abbreviation of Henan is Yu (豫) to remember a kingdom from history that was in the area, and also because another province also has "He" (河) in its name, Hebei (河北).

## Related page
*Chinese famine of 1942–1943

## References
The Man from Earth

***The Man from Earth*** is a 2007 movie written by Jerome Bixby.

The movie tells the story of John Oldman. All of the movie takes place in a small house and its porch, where Oldman tells his friends that he is a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman.

## Plot 
The movie begins with the protagonist John Oldman packing up his belongings onto his truck. John Oldman is getting ready to move to a different place to live. This is when his friends come over to give him a farewell party. From their conversations we learn that John Oldman and his friends are all professors in a university. After a bit of conversation, the group of friends moves into John Oldman’s house. John’s friends keep asking why he decided to “run off” so quickly. John Oldman does not answer clearly at first, but gradually becomes drawn to telling his friends what is really on his mind. He begins to tell his friends about who he really is, a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman who has survived until the present. His friends aren’t convinced, but rather constantly question John Oldman in order to prove him wrong. The talk goes on as John Oldman’s friends try to prove him wrong, in biological, historical, and religious terms.

The conversations are driven by John Oldman’s claims of his past. His claims include the following:
* That he moves on every ten years or so, when people start to notice that he doesn’t age. This, he says, is the reason why he decided to leave his friends so suddenly.
* That he had a chance to sail with Christopher Columbus, but did not, because he then still believed that the world was flat, and was afraid of falling off the edge of the world.
* That he was a friend of Vincent van Gogh and even received a picture from him as a present.
* That he studied with the Buddha in India.
* That he came back to Europe and attempted to teach what he learned from the Buddha. Such attempt became the roots of Christianity, and John Oldman is the Jesus of the Christian Bible. Afterwards Christianity became distorted and was manipulated by churches. Ultimately, today, Christianity has become something that he has never intended it to become.
* That he has ten doctorates, including that of everyone in the conversation except for Dr. Will Gruber, the psychologist.

## Cast 
* David Lee Smith as John Oldman
* Tony Todd as Dan
* John Billingsley as Harry
* Ellen Crawford as Edith
* Annika Peterson as Sandy
* William Katt as Art Jenkins
* Alexis Thorpe as Linda Murphy
* Richard Riehle as Dr. Will Gruber
* Robbie Bryan as Police Officer

## Reception 
Liberal online magazine Fadewblogs included the film in their list of must-watch films for atheists. IGN gave it an 8 out of 10 score.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Film Trailer 
* 
* The Man from Earth on Myspace
Binary form

**Binary form** (also know as **AB Form** or movement of continuity) is a type of form of music pieces. The word **Binary** means "in two parts." The word **Form** is a kind of guideline for composers when they write a piece of music. So, binary form means "An outline in two parts." A musical piece in binary form is a musical piece with two sections.
Binary form was popular in the Baroque times and was often used for movements in sonatas for keyboard instruments. Each part of a binary form piece of music are usually repeated.

## Minuets 
Binary form was most commonly used in the Baroque era for short dances called minuets. The minuet's two parts are usually labeled as "A" and "B." In the A section of a minuet, the exposition is stated. This section almost always is repeated a couple times. The beginning part of the B section develops a slightly new musical idea, usually going to the dominant key, to add variation. Then it returns to the "A" key at the end. Some famous composers of minuets include Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel.

## Related pages 
* Ternary form

## References
Cyon

**Cyon** is mobile phone brand of Korean LG Electronics. The brand was launched in 1997. Cyon represents the cutting-edge technology in cellphone market world-wide. Cyon adopts "Smart technology", development philosophy that reflects users' emotions, in manufacturing products. Cyon prioritizes customers' opinions and desires in new designs. 

Cyon's headquarters are in Seoul, Korea. However, Cyon branched out to Europe, North America, South America and Asia with strategic marketing, gaining success. 

## Products
Cyon's first generation cell-phones were bar-types. Upon entering year 2000, second generation came to be folder style. In 2002, the third generation of slide-phones were introduced. In 2007, Cyon presented touch phones with the latest technology. Cyon cellphones have functions such as cameras, wireless internet, DMB TV, Blue-tooth and USB memory chip.
Bubble tea

**Bubble tea**, also called **pearl tea** or **boba**, is a drink which comes from Taichung, Taiwan. It is made by mixing black tea with non-dairy creamer or milk and adding round "pearl" tapioca. There are many flavors other than the original one. Green tea can be used instead of black tea. Extra items such as honey, coffee or cocoa can be added. Pudding or coconut cubes can be used instead of pearl tapioca.

When it was first invented, not many people were interested in it. But after a bubble tea maker was interviewed on a Japanese TV program, it became popular among people of all ages. .

On January 29, 2023, Google celebrated the drink as a doodle.
## Things that are in bubble tea
Most bubble tea recipes contain a tea base mixed with fruit or milk, to which chewy tapioca balls or fruit jellies are added. Ice-mixed versions are usually mixed with fruit or syrup, resulting in a slushy softness. There are many varieties of the drink with a huge range of ingredients like coconut or mango. The two most popular types are bubble milk tea with tapioca and bubble milk green tea with tapioca.

## The reason for choosing tapioca
At first, people made bubble tea without tapioca pearls. But Taiwanese people started to find substances to make the sweetened flavor. Tapioca came from the cassava plant, which is a root of the trees from South America. This plant is now farmed and enjoyed around the world.

## Effects on the body from bubble tea
Four positive nutrients that tapioca provide are carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and organic compounds. These include a very low level of fat, cholesterol, and sodium. It is also known as the source of fibre, “good” cholesterol, and protein. But bubble tea has cyanogen that are transformed in humans and animals after the plant tissue has been weakened. The blood remains oxygenated after it passes through your body and back to the lungs.

## Process to make bubble tea
Bubble tea is found in Taiwanese restaurants and commonly prepared by shaking ice, milk, tea, and sugar in a cocktail shaker which resulted in a lot of tapioca bubbles. People use the same preparation to make bubble tea, just now with the added Pearls.

## Additional Resources
*Martin, Laura, C, *Tea: The drink that changed the world.* Rutland: Tuttle Publishing. p.&nbsp;219. .
*Tarantino, Olivia. "Bubble Tea: 25 Things You Didn't Know | Eat This Not That." Eat This Not That. 05 Oct. 2016. Web. 23 May 2016. 
*Jeger, Fargette D., M. *Analysis of Temporal Disease Progress of African Cassava Mosaic Virus*. Phytopathology. 54; 1 91–

## References
An Jung-sik

**An Jung-sik** (1861–1919) was an artist who lived in the late Joseon dynasty. In 1918 he organized the association of paintings and writings artists (Seohwa-hyeopae; 서화협회;書畵協會)'. And he founded *Gyeongmokdang* () in which artists and supporters gathered and communicated with each other. As the leader of the association he made an effort to educate younger artist generation. He was excellent at landscape, portrait, flowers and birds. 

His main works are:
* Cheonboguyeodo (천보구여도;天保九如圖)
* Nakjirondo (낙지론도;樂知論圖)
* Sansudo (산수도;山水圖)
* Gunjakdo (군작도;群雀圖).

In his period, the western modern art was introduced to Korea, and the Korean traditional art was declining. He not only tried to succeed the traditional art but also adapt the western art, a realistic trend.

## References 
*고려대학교박물관 (2009), *근대서화의 요람, 경묵당*, 서울, 고려대학교박물관
*Biography at Naver.com
Korean International School of Hong Kong

The **Korean International School of Hong Kong** (KIS) was founded on March 1988. It is in Lei King Wan, Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong, near Tai Koo Shing. Tai Koo Shing has many Koreans.

## Structure
The school has an English section and a Korean section. The Korean Section uses Korean textbooks. The students there prepare to take the KSAT (Suneung) so they can go to Korean universities. The English section uses English textbooks and follows the Cambridge International Primary Programme.

KIS has many facilities, like a tennis court, swimming pool, soft-surface playing fields, and a gymnasium. Students use the facilities for physical education classes and activities outside of classes. Higher grade students take a school trip to England.

There are many special parties during the year. Usually there is one party per month. Some of these parties are Play Day in April, Sports Day in May, Spring Concert in June, Halloween in October, and Fun Tie and Hat Day.

The students are in four "house teams"- Cougars, Eagles, Lions and Pandas. Each house has their own chant and their own colour.

## Investigation
In the past the school has had problems with bribery. A person in the cleaning company paid a bribe to a school officer. So the Independent Commission Against Corruption investigated the school and arrested one person. Koreans in Hong Kong were disappointed. They said they lost confidence in the school's management.

## References
Ratatat

**Ratatat** is a Electronic Rock/Electronica duo with guitarist Mike Stroud and synthesizer driver and producer Evan Mast. The two met as college students in Skidmore, started working together in 2001 under the name *Cherry*. In 2004 they published their debut album ***Ratatat*** which includes songs such as *Seventeen Years*, *Germany to Germany*, and *Desert Eagle*. Following, in 2006, ***Classics***, then ***LP3***, in 2008 was released.

Other works done by Ratatat are single albums and remixes of other musicians. Single albums include *Seventeen Years*, *Germany to Germany*, *Wildcat*, *Lex*, *Loud Pipes*, *Shiller*, *Mirando*, and *Shempi*. Their most recent remix album *Ratatat Remixes No. 2* featured 14 remixes featuring: Young Buck, T.I, Ludacris, The Notorious B.I.G, Jay Z, Z-Ro, Devin the Dude, Juvenile, Beanie Sigel, Despot, Memphis Bleek, Slim Thug, Bun B, Young Jeezy, Kanye West, Beans, Saigon, and U.G.K.

The band is known for their unique use of eletronica style music that emphasizes guitar towards the front while keeping the beat flow in the background.

Their songs were featured in various media. Some examples would be :
*Seventeen Years* was featured in the 2008 movie *Cloverfield*.
*Loud Pipes* was featured in the PlayStation game *MLB 07: The Show*.
*Dura* was used in CSI Season 9, Episode 7 "Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda".
*Montanita* was used in Season 2 - Episode 2 of the NBC show Chuck.
HY

**HY** is a Japanese rock music band formed in year 2000 by five high school friends in Okinawa. Their name comes from the initials of their hometown, Higashi Yakena. The band became popular by performing music in the streets. Their first album *Departure* (Okinawa-only) sold out immediately. In 2002, the band did a live performance with American group, Linkin Park.

## Members 
* Hideyuki Sinzato born December 4, 1983 - guitar, vocals, rap
* Syun Naka born October 5, 1983 - drums, rap
* Sinsuke Kyoda born July 17, 1983 - bass
* Izumi Nakasone born January 11, 1983 - keyboard, vocals
* Yuuhei Miyazato born February 1, 1984 - guitar
Mount Kisco

**Mount Kisco** is a village and a town in Westchester County, in the state of New York. One story says it was named after an Algonquian  Native American chief who once lived in the area. There is another story which says that the name came from the Algonquian word meaning the "edge of creekland", or "a muddy place". It is a suburban town about 40 minutes from New York City by car. There is also a train to New York. The village has more than 10,000 people,

The first policeman, John Daniels, started work in Mount Kisco on May 7, 1877. He was paid 100 dollars a year.  The first female policeman was Donna Fotovich who started work in 1985.

## Other websites
* The Mount Kisco Library 
* Bedford School District

## References
Takahiro Matsumoto

**Takahiro "Tak" Matsumoto** (born March 27, 1961 in Toyonaka, Osaka) is a Japanese guitarist. He is the lead arranger of rock band B'z.

## Other websites
*