open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lorenzo Music

**Lorenzo "Jerry" Music** was an American actor, voice actor, writer, producer and musician. He was born **Gerald David Music** on May 2, 1937, in Duluth, Minnesota.  He died in 2001.

Music was most famous as the voice of Carlton the Doorman in the television series *Rhoda*, and as the cartoon voice of Garfield the Cat.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
School colors

**School colors** are the colors representing the school of which one goes to.

## Color Sets
School colors are often found in pairs and rarely no more than trios, though some professional teams use up to four colors in a set.  The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known.

Common primary colors include **orange**, **purple**, **blue**, **red**, and **green**.  These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often **black**, **brown**, **gray** (or **silver**), **white**, or **gold**), or occasionally each other, such as **orange/blue**, **red/green**, or **blue/yellow**.  Pairing two metals, such as **black/white**, **silver or gold**, and especially **black/gold**, is also a common practice.   Finally, some American schools, in a display of patriotism, adopt the national colors of **red/white/blue**.

In an effort to further establish identity and promote a standard, many institutions often decree the use of specific shades of colors.  **Maroon,** generally regarded as a darker shade of red, is a common primary color.  Various shades of blue, from powder to Prussian, are also in use; a few schools have adopted two different shades of blue for their colors, with the darker shade serving as the primary.  The shade of gold can vary greatly even within an institution, from a vivid yellow to a more convincing old gold.

Black, white and gray are often used as neutral colors for sets that do not otherwise adopt them.  This practice is especially notable in basketball (where home uniforms are often white) and professional baseball (where team colors are often used as trim for white or gray uniforms).

## Uses
Most competitive teams keep two sets of uniforms, with one design emphasizing the primary color and the other emphasizing the secondary color.  In some sports, such as football, the primary color is emphasized on home uniforms, while uniforms for other sports, notably basketball, use the secondary or a neutral color at home.  This is done to avoid confusion when playing a team with similar colors.

In addition, various groups that generate support for athletic teams, including cheerleaders and marching bands, wear uniforms with the colors of their school.

At many private schools 'school colours' are awards presented for achievement in a subject or a sport - See Sporting Colours.
French people

The term **French people** (, [the *French*]) refers the citizens of France.  There are about 100 million French people in the world.

## Citizenship
The term French people is used to describe a person who is a citizen of France. This is true no matter what their ethnicity. As long as they meet the requirements of French laws to be a citizen of France, they are a French person.

## References
CSU

**CSU** may mean:

*A propeller's constant speed unit which regulates engine speed by automatically changing pitch 
Any of the following universities or university systems
*Colorado State University (US public land grant university in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States
*Cagayan State University system (Philippines) 
*California State University system (United States)
*Central South University, Hunan (China) 
*Central State University, Ohio (United States) 
*Charles Sturt University, (Australia)
*Cleveland State University, Ohio (United States)
*Columbus State University, Georgia, (United States) 
*Connecticut State University system (United States) 
*Charleston Southern University Charleston, South Carolina (United States) 
*Chicago State University Chicago, Illinois (United States) 
Or:

*Channel service unit, a WAN equivalent of a network interface card 
*Christian Social Union of Bavaria (*Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern*), a political party in Bavaria, Germany
*Crime scene unit, in some police groups this refers to crime scene investigators who respond to a crime scene 
*C Start Up, in computing, the initial start up code for compiled C (and C-based languages). See also CRT for C Run-Time. 
*ČSÚ (Český statistický úřad), Czech Statistical Officehttp://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home  
*CSU is the ICAO airline designator for Chari Aviation Services, Chad
*CSU is the IATA airport code for Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Colorado State University

**Colorado State University** is a public land grant university in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States. Colorado State University is the main university of Colorado State University System. The  enrollment is approximately 33,877 students, including resident and non-resident instruction students. The university has about 1,400 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments.

## References
Pope John I

**Pope John I** (; circa 469-18 May 526) was the leader, pope of the early Christian community. 
Pope John the first, was born in Populonia, Tuscany Italy. He was the son of emperor Constantius.http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08421a.htm
He became the pope on Mary's Day, on 13 August 523.
It's not certain if he died directly from thirst and starvation but his imprisonment and bad inhumane treatment certainly contributed to his demise. The Pope died at 11:22PM on 18 May, 526. His name means God is gracious; the gift of God. 

He ended the Acacian Schism (484–519), thus after 25 years, bringing important reunification of the Eastern and Western churches into one, by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. Pope also set the rules for the Alexandrian calendar computation of the date of Easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the West. 

Pope John the First's official day used to be on 26 May, but only for a short time, then it was moved to 27 May. His holy day was moved again at the end of the 20th century to the more appropriate day, his birthday.
His motto was: "Unity is the Key"!

## Related pages
* List of popes

## Other websites
Pope John I, the Martyr
Hokkaidō

, a gorge in the Daisetsu-zan Volcanic Area]]

, also known as **Ezo** and **Yezo**, is a volcanic island in Japan. It is the northernmost of Japan's four main islands.  

Hokkaidō Prefecture covers the entire island.

About 5,224,614 people live on the island. It is north of Honshu. Hokkaidō is the second largest Japanese island. It has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb in the Köppen climate classification) with cold snowy winters and warm to hot summers.

Agriculture is an important part of the island's economy.

## Regions
Hokkaidō region is one of Japan's traditional geographic regions.

The region covers the entire island. The island and the region have been called Hokkaidō since 1869.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Consulate

, Texas, United States]]
A **consulate** is a small diplomatic office of one country in another country. If the first country has an ambassador in the other country, the main diplomatic office, located in the capital city is called an Embassy and in this situation, any consulates would be located in other large towns and cities. However if there is no embassy, the consulate could be in the capital city. Consulates usually do not perform all of the functions of an embassy.

Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.

Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General.  These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.

People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers.  The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general.  An honorary consul does not work full-time for the government.  They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade.  An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country they work for, have another link such as parents or grandparents, or they may have married someone from there.  They usually work in an office, which is considered an honorary consulate.

Consular officers have limited diplomatic immunity.
Moldavia

**Moldavia** (,  or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic:  or ; ; ) is a historical region and old principality in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the river Dniester. It used to be an independent state. It existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia () as the beginning of modern Romania. Sometimes the regions of Bessarabia (with Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertsa were part of Moldavia. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for some time.

The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern part is in the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are in Ukraine.

## Notes
## References
* Gheorghe I. Brătianu, *Sfatul domnesc și Adunarea Stărilor în Principatele Române*, Bucharest, 1995
* Vlad Georgescu, *Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369-1878)*, Munich, 1987
* Ștefan Ștefănescu, *Istoria medie a României*, Bucharest, 1991

## Other websites
*Dimitrie Cantemir-Descrierea Moldovei
*The Princely Court in Bacău - images, layouts (at the Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website)
*Original Documents concerning both Moldavia and other Romania Principalities during the Middle Ages (at the Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website)
*Pilgrimage and Cultural Heritage Tourism in Moldavia
*Painted Churches in Bukovina
*Medieval Coins of Moldavia and Wallachia
Bad Godesberg

**Bad Godesberg** is a district of the city of Bonn in southern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. From 1949 till 1999 Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and the majority of foreign embassies to Germany were in Bad Godesberg. Some buildings are still used as embassy branch offices or consulates.

## History 
* 722 First official record of the town, which is near a mountain (Godesberg) held holy to the god Wotan by the Ubii, a Germanic tribe.
* 1210 15 October: Archbishop of Cologne Dietrich I lays foundation stone of the Godesburg.
* 1583 17 December: Godesburg destroyed after Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg-Zeil hid there following his conversion to Protestantism.
* 1792 Godesberg becomes a spa resort (*bad* in German)
* 1925 Godesberg is allowed to call itself "Bad Godesberg".
* 1935 Bad Godesberg becomes a town
* 1959 The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) decides on a new party program, the Godesberg Program
* 1969 Incorporated into the city of Bonn. Since that time, called "posh-part of Bonn".

## Twin towns
The town is twinned with
*  Saint-Cloud in France (since 1957)
*  Frascati in Italy (since 1960)
*  Windsor and Maidenhead in the United Kingdom (since 1960)
*  Kortrijk in Belgium (since 1964).

## Trivia
* John le Carré's novel *The Little Drummer Girl* begins with the bombing of the house of an Israeli diplomat in Bad Godesberg.

## Other websites 
* Official website  
* Bad Godesberg section of Bonn city website  
* Bad Godesberg webcam portal 
* Information for a popular stop/start along the KD Rhine Cruise
The Illusionist

***The Illusionist*** is an Academy Award-nominated period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and featuring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Paul Giamatti. *The Illusionist* tells about the story of Eisenheim (Norton), a magician in turn-of-the-20th-century Vienna.

## Cast 

## Other websites 
* Official site 
* Official trailer (direct link) 
* Exclusive 3 minutes Video Clip 
* Variety.com - Video clips from *The Illusionist*
* Hollywood Reporter - James Greenberg's Review of *The Illusionist* 
*Hollywood Gothique Review
* The Prague Post review by Steffen Silvis 
* *Film Threat* interview with director Neil Burger
* Twitch interview with Burger 
* Robert Houdin's Fantastic Orange Tree automaton illusion
Diplomatic immunity

**Diplomatic immunity** is a special law that covers people who work in embassies or consulates. The people are called diplomats. The **diplomatic immunity** means that although they live and work as a visitor inside a "host country", they are not ruled by the law of that country. They are only ruled by the law of their home country. 

A diplomat can work without interference from the police and government of the country where he/she works.  Diplomatic immunity means that a diplomat can keep the secrets of his own country's government, without the government of the host country being able to find out about them.

Police from the host country cannot arrest a diplomat, or search a diplomat's house or office. They cannot even give a diplomat's car a parking ticket without the permission of the diplomat's government.

Honorary consuls only work part-time as diplomats, so only have diplomatic immunity when working as diplomats.  Police may search their offices, but not the part where they keep their diplomatic work.
Baryonyx

***Baryonyx*** was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and also in northern Spain. It has been dated to the Barremian stage of the Lower Cretaceous period, between 130 to 125 million years ago.

It was first discovered in 1983 by the amateur fossil hunter William Walker. A group of scientists lead by Alan Charig and Angela Milner of the Natural History Museum of London examined the skeleton and named the animal *Baryonyx* (meaning 'heavy claw'), and the species name *walkeri* after the man who discovered it. Other good skeletons were discovered in England and in Spain, which gave scientists a good idea of what the dinosaur was like.

*Baryonyx* grew up to between  long and weighed 1.2 and 1.7 t (1.3 and 1.9 short tons), and 1.8 meters (6 feet) tall at head. It had long arms which were probably used for holding on to prey, the claw on the first finger was 31 centimeters (12&nbsp;in) long. It ate mostly fish, like a grizzly bear would; for this it had a long snout like a gharial, and straight, cone-like teeth perfect for fishing. It had a triangle-shaped crest on the top of its skull.
File:Baryonyx Andrey Atuchin.jpg|Reconstruction of *Baryonyx* with a fish in its jaws
File:Spinosauridae Size Diagram by PaleoGeek - Version 2.svg|*Baryonyx* (in yellow, second from left) compared in size to a human and other spinosaurid dinosaurs

## References
BI-LO

**BI-LO** is the name of several different supermarket chains around the world:

*BI-LO (Australia)
*BI-LO (United States)

**Bilo** is also 
*The brother of Sacha Baron Cohen's character Borat.
*The nickname of musician Pete Doherty.
*The nickname of Evgeni Nabokov
Pizza Pizza

**Pizza Pizza Limited** (**PPL**), doing business as **Pizza Pizza** (), is a franchised Canadian pizza fast food restaurant. It has locations throughout Ontario, Canada. Ingredients include pepperoni, pineapples, mushrooms, and other non-exotic produce. Pizza Pizza has served the area for over 30 years. It has over 500 locations around Ontario. It is expanding across the nation. They have recently opened shops in Montreal and British Columbia.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Dipole

**Dipole** can mean two things in physics. The first is an *electric dipole* which separates the positive charge from the negative charge. A simple example of this dipole is a pair of electric charges with the same magnitude but with the opposite type of charge (positive and negative) and are separated by a small distance from each other. The second is a *magnetic dipole*, a closed circulation of electric current. A simple example is a single loop of wire with electric current flowing through it.

An important characteristic of dipoles is their dipole moment, which is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction. An example of an electric dipole moment occurring is in a pair of electric charges with opposite signs. The dipole moment would point from the negative charge towards the positive charge. The magnitude of the moment is equal to the strength of each charge multiplied by the distance separating between the charges. An example of a magnetic dipole moment occurring is in a wire loop with flowing current. The magnetic dipole moment would point through the loop (according to the right hand rule), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop.

A bar magnet is an example of a magnetic dipole, with a magnetic dipole moment moving from its south pole to its north pole.

## Related pages
* Electric field
* Magnetic field
AFI (band)

**AFI** (short for **A Fire Inside**), is an American alternative rock band from Ukiah, California that formed in 1991.

## Members 
### Current 
* Davey Havok - vocals (1991-present)
* Jade Puget - guitar, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1998-present)
* Hunter Burgan - bass, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1997-present)
* Adam Carson - drums, backing vocals (1991-present)

### Former 
* Mark Stopholese - guitar, backing vocals (1991-1998)
* Geoff Kresge - bass, backing vocals (1992-1997)
* Vic Chalker - bass(1991-1992)

## Studio albums 
* *Answer That and Stay Fashionable* (1995) (re-released in 1997)
* *Very Proud of Ya* (1996)
* *Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes* (1997)
* *Black Sails in the Sunset* (1999)
* *The Art of Drowning* (2000)
* *Sing the Sorrow* (2003)
* *Decemberunderground* (2006)
* *Crash Love* (2009)
* *Burials* (2013)
* *AFI* (2017)
* *Bodies* (2021)

## Related pages
* Blaqk Audio

## References
## Other websites 
* AFI Series 
* AFI's official site
* AFI's official myspace
* AFI official fanclub 
* AFI Biography and Lyrics 
* Blaqk Audio official site
Scientific notation

**Scientific notation** is a way of writing numbers that is often used by scientists and mathematicians to make it easier to write large and small numbers. A number that is written in scientific notation has several properties that make it very useful to local scientists. It makes very large numbers into smaller numbers using decimals and exponents.

## Variations 
The basic idea of scientific notation is to express zeros as a power of ten. The notation for this can be written as :
a\,\times\,10^b\!
where *b* is an integer, or "whole" number, that describes the number of times 10 is multiplied by itself and the letter *a* any real number, called the significand or mantissa (*using "mantissa" may cause confusion as it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm*).

### Normalized notation 
Written in the form , exponent *b* is chosen such that the absolute value of *a* remains at least one but less than ten (1 \le \left | a \right \vert . Normal mathematics convention dictates a minus sign to precede the first of the decimal digits of *a* for a negative number; that of *b* for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1, e.g. minus one half is . There is no need to represent zero in normalized form, the digit 0 is sufficient. The normalized form allows easy comparison of two numbers of the same sign in *a*, as the exponent *b* gives the number's order of magnitude.

## Other websites 
* Scientific Notation in Everyday Life
* An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation
* Scientific Notation Calculator and Converter
Socialist Unity Party of Germany

The **Socialist Unity Party of Germany** (German: *Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands*, shortened: *SED*) was the governing party of East Germany from 1949, when East Germany was created, until the elections of 1990. It was formed in 1946 a year after World War 2 ended in 1945 and after Nazi Germany was defeated and after the Nazi Party was banned.

The SED was created in April 1946 in the Berliner Admiralspalast when the Soviet Union forced the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) members and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members who lived in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and Berlin. After 1990, the party reformed itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (later in 2005, the Left Party.PDS). It is still somewhat popular in parts of the former East German territory, frequently winning seats at state and local elections. In the September 2005, Bundestag election the PDS was in coalition with WASG (Electoral Alternative for LaLabournd Social Justice), which was formed by Oskar Lafontaine who left the SPD.  The PDS and WASG joined together in 2007.

A famous SED poster read: *To learn from Stalin means to learn how to win*. Later, the word *Stalin* was replaced with *the USSR*.  When Gorbachev was president of the USSR the famous slogan was abandoned, as the SED did not believe there was anything to learn from his ideas about perestroika.

At first the SED had a branch in West Berlin, but in 1962 the West Berlin branch was separated from the SED proper and became a "separate" party called the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin (*Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins* &ndash; SEW) but with the same ideas as the parent party.

## The final days
Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the election in March 1990, the old Social Democratic Party was re-established as a separate party, while the rest of the SED lost a lot of members and renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) at a special party meeting in December 1989. By becoming the PDS the party survived the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany, and eventually started growing again, managing to get representatives elected to the Bundestag.

On December 1, 1989 the SED was forced to give up its 40 year monopoly of power when the State Council (Volksammer) revoked the clause in the constitution of the GDR that guaranteed the SED to be the sole legal party in East Germany. Its leader and all of the politburo resigned three days later and the party was finally dissolved on December 16, 1989.

## General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED
*(known as "First Secretary" from 1953 &ndash; 1976)*
*Walter Ulbricht (July 1950 – May 3, 1971)
*Erich Honecker (May 3, 1971 – October 18, 1989)
*Egon Krenz (October 18, 1989 – December 3, 1989)

These three party leaders were also the equivalent of the Prime Minister or President in other countries; they really led the government as well as the main, legally powerful party, which was not often the case in other Communist countries.
Samaveda

The **Samaveda** is one of the four Vedas in Hinduism. It is known as the Veda of melodies and chants. “Sama” means song, and “Veda” means knowledge. It has 1,875 verses; almost 75 verses have been taken from another Veda called the Rigveda. The oldest parts are very ancient, dating back to around 1200 to 1000 BCE. It has different layers, including hymns (Samhita), explanations (Brahmana), and philosophical texts (Upanishads). It has important texts like the Chandogya Upanishad and Kena Upanishad, which influenced Hindu philosophy. It laid the foundation for Indian music.

## Dating and historical context 
Michael Witzel says we can’t know the exact dates for the Samaveda and other Vedic texts. He assumes that Samaveda was composed after Rigveda-from approximately 1200 to 1000 BCE-but at the same time as Atharvaveda and Yajurveda. There had been about twelve varieties of Samavedic chanting. Of the three versions we still have, the Jaiminiya version is the oldest.

## Contents 
The Samaveda Samhita is not to be 'read' like other texts; it is more of a musical score to be 'heard'. According to Staal, the melodies existed before the verses in ancient India. The words of the Rigveda were then fitted into these melodies.  Some early words fit well, while later words don’t fit as smoothly.  At times, the addition of meaningless sounds, much like those in a lullaby, serves to help in this respect. This shows that the Samaveda is a mix of music, sounds, meaning, and spirituality, and it wasn’t created all at once.]]

The veena (a musical instrument) is mentioned in the Samaveda. A number of songs were derived by various sages from a basic mantra known as Yonimantra. One example is Gautama’s Parka, mentioned by Dr. Damodar Satwalekar in his book on the Samaveda.

## References
Buck the World

***Buck the World*** is the second studio album by American rapper Young Buck. It was released on March 27, 2007. Its title is a play on the expression "Fuck the World".

Production included Dr. Dre, Jazze Pha, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Polow Da Don, and Lil Jon among others. Guest appearances included 50 Cent, Chester Bennington (from Linkin Park), Young Jeezy, Bun B, Trick Daddy, and Lyfe Jennings among others.

The first single was "I Know You Want Me" produced by Jazze Pha, who also made a guest appearance on the track. The second single was "Get Buck", produced by Polow Da Don. The third single, "U Ain't Goin' Nowhere", was released on May 18, 2007.

The song 'Push Em Back' was featured in the movie Drillbit Taylor during the first day of school scene.

## Track listing
* All lyrics by Young Buck, music compositions are listed below.

;Leftovers
* "Do It Myself"
* "Dead or Alive"
* "Sellin' Everything" (featuring B.G.)
* "Gone In the Morning" (featuring Trey Songz)

;Sample credits
*"Buss Yo' Head" - Contains a sample of "My Hero Is a Gun" by Michael Masser
*"4 Kings" - Contains a sample of "Havin' Thangs" by Big Mike
Menıñ Qazaqstanym

The **State Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan**, also known as "**My Kazakhstan**", is the current national anthem of Kazakhstan. The President of Kazakhstan made it the country's national anthem on 7 January 2006.

It replaced the previous anthem, which was used upon independence from the former Soviet Union.

## History
This song was originally a patriotic song written in 1956 in response to the Soviet Union's Virgin Lands campaign. The author of the song was trying to tell the Soviets to stop abusing their land and people just for the USSR's sake.

## Lyrics
### The national anthem
### The original song
## Parodies
There is a parody version of the anthem—in an entirely different tune—which comes at the end of 2005 mockumentary film *Borat*. It is titled "O Kazakhstan". The actor who played Borat Sagdiyev, Sacha Baron Cohen, has been threatened with lawsuits by the Government of Kazakhstan after the execution (release) of the film.

## Playback incidents
In March 2012, the full *Borat* soundtrack was played at the International Shooting Grand Prix in Kuwait with Gold-winner Mariya Dmitriyenko. Kazakh officials were angered by this incident and complained. A few weeks earlier, at a festival of a ski resort in Qostanaı, the first part of Ricky Martin's single "Livin' La Vida Loca" was played accidentally before it was immediately changed to "My Kazakhstan".

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
;Lyrics to the original song (1956)
* ["My Kazakhstan (1956 song)", archived Wikipedia revision, as edited by Ulysses Faye Ohkiph at 16:08, 30 October 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Kazakhstan_(1956_song)&oldid=807874574) – contains lyrics of old song
* ["Meniñ Qazaqstanım (1956) Original Kazakh National Anthem-Song" (uploaded of "Kingworld30") — Original 1956 song,

;Playback incidents
* "KAZAKHSTAN NATIONAL ANTHEM FAIL!" (uploaded by "Sergio Ledovsky") – Wrong song played briefly at the Qostanaı ski resort in early 2012.
* "Borat spoof Kazakhstan anthem by mistake in medal presentation with English subtitles words" (uploaded by "bluegumtv") – The incident that occurred in Kuwait.
Peridot

**Peridot** (pronounced "perry-dot") is the gem quality version of the mineral olivine. The name of the gemstone is believed to come from either the Arabic word *faridat* meaning "gem" or the French word *peritot* meaning "unclear." Peridot is one of the few gemstones that comes in only one color. The darkness of the green depends on how much iron there is. The color varies from yellow-green to olive to brownish green. Olivine is a very common mineral, but gem-quality peridot is rather rare. Peridot is the birthstone for the month of August.Peridot is believed to bring good health,restful sleep and peace to relations by balancing emotions and mind.
Archivist

An **archivist** is a professional who  collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value.  The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media (photographs, video or sound recordings, letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).

As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote, 
*"Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories of the past, and they help people find and understand the information they need in those records."* 

Determining what records have enduring value is not always easy.  Archivists must also select records valuable enough to justify the costs of storage and preservation, plus the labor-intensive expenses of arrangement, description,  and reference service.  The theory and scholarly work underpinning archives practices is called archival science.

## Related pages
* Archive
* Librarian
* Manuscript
* Preservation

## Footnotes
## Other websites
* Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
* Society of American Archivists
* Directory of Regional, State and Local Archival Organizations in the United States
* Association of Canadian Archivists
* Society of Archivists (UK and Ireland)
* Australian Society of Archivists
* Česká archivní společnost / Czech Archive Society (In English) 
* International Council on Archives
* The Archivist's Toolkit an online tool for archivists
Roman Herzog

**Roman Herzog** (5 April 1934 &ndash; 10 January 2017) was a German politician (CDU). He was President of Germany from 1994 to 1999.

## Early life
He studied law in Munich, Bavaria and took the first stage law exam in 1957. In 1958, he gained the title Dr.jur. (doctor of laws) and worked in the University of Munich until 1964, where he passed his second law exam. He wrote *Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht* ("Characteristics of State Organization from a Juristic and Developmental-Historical Viewpoint"), and was given the title of professor in 1964.

In Germany "professor" is a title meaning senior teacher, not a job name. Herzog taught at the University of Munich until 1966. From 1966 he taught state law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin (FUB). In 1969 he moved to the FUB in Speyer, and was the University President from 1971 to 1972.

## Political career
In 1973 he entered politics, and became a member of the Bundesrat for Rhineland-Palatinate. He was minister for culture and sports in the Baden-Württemberg Land Government from 1978. In 1980 he was elected to the State Parliament (*Landtag*), and took over the state Ministry of the Interior.

Herzog was also always active in the Protestant Church. Since 1982 he had been a member of the synod (parliament) of the Protestant Church of Germany. He had been a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany since 1972.

In 1983 he became vice president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in Karlsruhe, and president over from 1987 to 1994, when he was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (*Federal Convention*). His term ended in 1999, when he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.

## Personal life
His wife, Christiane Herzog, died on 19 June 2000. He later married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen in 2001.

Herzog died at 82 years old on 10 January 2017 in Jagsthausen, Germany.

## References
## Other websites
*
Schizanthus

**Schizanthus** (**butterfly flower**) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family *Solanaceae*. The genus is made up of twelve species: *Schizanthus alpestris*, *Schizanthus candidus*, *Schizanthus grahamii*, *Schizanthus hookerii*, *Schizanthus integrifolius*, *Schizanthus lacteus*, *Schizanthus laetus*, *Schizanthus litoralis*, *Schizanthus parvulus*, *Schizanthus pinnatus*, *Schizanthus porrigens* and *Schizanthus tricolor*.
Hadith

A **hadith** (, pronounced: "") is a saying attributed to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. In English, the word hadith is also used as the plural word for a group of these narrations, although the plural in Arabic is *a-HAA-deeth*. 

For most self-identified Muslims, hadiths are used along with the Qur'an to interpret Sharia (Islamic law). Sunnis follow the Kutub al-Sittah; Shias follow the Kutub al-Arba'a; Ibadis follow Tartib al-Musnad. Hadiths attributed to Abu Hurairah are the most common hadiths in Sunnism. Unlike the Qur'an, hadiths are not universally accepted by Muslims; some Muslims claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha)

## Meaning
The word *hadith* means something new or a piece of information. The religious meaning of  *hadith* is a statement, action or approval attributed to the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Therefore, hadith can be divided into three categories based upon their content:
#An attributed statement of the Prophet  
#An attributed action of the Prophet  
#An attribution of the Prophet’s approval of an action done by other than him

## History
After Prophet Muhammad died, Muslim scholars wrote down stories about what he had said and done. They also wrote down facts about who told each story. Some of the stories were retold many times before they were written down, and some stories did not agree in every detail resulting in the detailed study of hadith by scholars to compare between those hadith.

Muslim scholars collected all of these Hadith in books and compared them to each other. They decided which Hadith were most likely to be true records of the Sunnah, that is, the words and actions of Muhammad. Muslims see the Sunnah as an important source of guidance, along with the Qur'an. Islam is the complete religion so nothing could be changed about it. It gives a complete code of life.

Historically, not all Muslims believed in the hadiths. For example, Mu'tazilites rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and ijma. For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting the hadiths was that "since its essence is transmission by individuals, [it] cannot be a sure avenue of our  knowledge about the Prophetic teaching unlike the Qur’an about whose transmission there is a universal unanimity among Muslims". Further, those who claim to obey the Qur'an alone while rejecting external sources such as the hadiths and the previous revelations are known as "Qur'anists".

## Related pages
*Quranism
*Criticism of hadith

## References
## Further reading
*
Billy Cox

**Billy Cox** is a bassist, best known for playing with guitarist Jimi Hendrix. He was born in West Virginia.

Billy first met Hendrix in the early part of the 1960s, when they were both in the United States Army. Cox played with Hendrix in an R&B band called the King Kasuals. The two played at clubs in Nashville, Tennessee. While in England, Hendrix asked Cox to join him in a new band; Cox said no. The spot instead went to Noel Redding.

They met again in 1969, when Hendrix asked on Cox to play bass in the experimental band "Band of Gypsys".  

Billy Cox also played at Woodstock.

In 1971 Cox released his album *Nitro Function*.

## Other websites 
*Billy Cox
*Biography
Autograph

]]
An **autograph** is some writing written only in the handwriting of its author; it is *not* typing.

An autograph can also mean someones signature. This term is used for collecting autographs of celebrities. The collection of autographs is called 'philography'.

## Other websites
* Worlds Greatest Autograph
Stevie Ray Vaughan

**Stephen "Stevie" Ray Vaughan** (October 3, 1954 – August 27, 1990) was an American blues guitarist. He was born and raised in Dallas, Texas. He was one of the world's most influential electric blues guitarists of the 1980s. His most basic guitar licks were influenced by Albert King. In one on stage performance the temperamental musician stated that Stevie Ray Vaughan was of his own blood line. Early breakouts include Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble's Texas Flood album including their Hits, Texas Flood, and their upbeat version of Pride and Joy. He died in a helicopter crash in East Troy, Wisconsin. In 2003, *Rolling Stone* magazine ranked Stevie Ray Vaughan #7 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He died in August 27th 1990, from a helicopter crash. In 2015 he and his group Double Trouble were elected into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sony Music website 
*Stevie Ray Vaughan fan club
*Stevie Ray Vaughan Russian Fan Site
*1985 Stevie Ray Vaughan interview on *Modern Guitars* magazine
Didsbury

**Didsbury** is an area of Manchester 5-6 miles south of the city centre. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 14,292.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fetch Didsbury  — resources, events and articles educating people about Didsbury.
* Didsbury Life Web Site — articles of interest to those living in or visiting Didsbury.
* Official Didsbury statistics from 2001 Census
Burnage

**Burnage** is a suburb of the City of Manchester in North West England. It lies about four&nbsp;miles (6.4&nbsp;km) south of Manchester city centre. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 13,706.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2002: Burnage
* ManchesterOnline Spotlight On Burnage Site
* British History Online: Burnage
* Burnage High School
* The Barlow School 
* 2001 Census results for Burnage
Longsight

**Longsight** is an area, and a ward, in the City of Manchester, in North West England. It is around three miles south of Manchester city centre, and has a total population of 16,007 (according to the 2001 UK census).

## References
Levenshulme

**Levenshulme** is an urban area of Manchester in North West England on the borders of Longsight, Gorton, Burnage and Stockport. According to the 2001 UK census it had a population of 12,691.

## References
Clarksville

**Clarksville** is the name of several places in the United States of America:
*Clarksville, Alabama
*Clarksville, Arkansas
*Clarksville, California
*Clarksville, Delaware
*Clarksville, Florida
*Clarksville, Idaho
*Clarksville, Illinois
*Clarksville, Indiana
*Clarksville, Iowa
*Clarksville, Maryland
*Clarksville, Michigan
*Clarksville, Missouri
*Clarksville, New Hampshire
*Clarksville, New Jersey
*Clarksville, Albany County, New York
*Clarksville, Allegany County, New York
*Clarksville, Ohio
*Clarksville, Oklahoma
*Clarksville, Oregon
*Clarksville, Pennsylvania
*Clarksville, Tennessee (best-known city with this name)
*Clarksville, Texas
*Clarksville, Virginia
One of the places known as Clarksville is in New Zealand
*Clarksville, New Zealand
Withington

**Withington** is a district of the city of Manchester, in North West England. It is about four miles south of Manchester city centre, and intersected by the busy thoroughfare of Wilmslow Road. It is between Fallowfield and Didsbury, to the north and south respectively. According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,141. Together with Didsbury and Chorlton-cum-Hardy it was included in a larger city of Manchester in 1904. From 1974 it has also been part of the county of Greater Manchester.

## References
Fallowfield

**Fallowfield** is an area of the city of Manchester, England. It lies two miles south of Manchester City Centre and is bisected east/west by the Wilmslow Road and north/south by the former *Fallowfield Loop railway line*, now a cycle path. According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,132.

## References
Harrisonburg

**Harrisonburg** is the name of two communities in the United States:
*Harrisonburg, Louisiana
*Harrisonburg, Virginia
The Animals

**The Animals** were an English music group, who were most popular in the 1960s. They were known for their bluesy sound, and their heavy-voiced singer Eric Burdon.

One of their first hit songs, "The House of The Rising Sun", was an old American folk song, which they performed with a rock and roll beat. Folk musician Bob Dylan was impressed by the Animals version of the song.

Other Animals hits included "We Gotta Get Out Of This Place", "Don't Bring Me Down", "It's My Life", "See See Rider", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and "I'm Crying". The original Animals disbanded, and Burdon moved to the United States in 1967, where he formed a new version of the band. They made more records, like "San Franciscan Nights", "Sky Pilot", "When I Was Young", "Paint it Black", "River Deep Mountain High", "Gratefully Dead" and "Monterey".

The original Animals reunited in later years, to perform concerts, and Burdon performed Animals songs with other bands. Bass guitarist Chas Chandler became a music producer, with artists like Jimi Hendrix and Slade.

Keyboardist Alan Price left the band in early 1965 and went on an successful solo career in Europe. Guitar player Hilton Valentine and drummer John Steel left the music business for many years until they reunited. John Weider, guitar and violin player of the second Animals went on an solo career and was a member of the rock band Family. Guitar player of the second Animals Vic Briggs became Antion Vikram Singh and released a few solo records including Hawaiian music. Lead singer Eric Burdon went on with the funk rock band War, formed the hard rock/heavy metal group The Eric Burdon Band and went on an solo career with many ups and downs.

## Studio albums 
* The Animals (1964)
* The Animals on Tour (1965)
* Animal Tracks (1965)
* Animalisms (1966)
* Animalism (1966)
* Eric Is Here (1967)
* Winds of Change (1967)
* The Twain Shall Meet (1968)
* Every One of Us (1968)
* Love Is (1968)
* Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted (1977)
* Ark (1983)

## Other websites 
* The Animals Official Homepage 
* An Animals discography from Music City 
* The Animals at Rollingstone 
*
Clarksville, New Zealand

:*The city in the state of Tennessee is at Clarksville, Tennessee*

**Clarksville** is a small township. It is located three kilometres southwest of Milton in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand.  State Highways 1 and 8 meet in Clarksville.  The town was also once the location of a railway junction, where the Roxburgh Branch left the Main South Line.  Construction of this branch line began in the 1870s and Clarksville acted as the junction until 1907, when an extension of the branch was built alongside the Main South Line into Milton to improve operations.  This led to Milton being the junction until 1960, when the extension was removed and Clarksville regained its status as a junction until the branch was entirely closed in 1968.

## References
Acid rock

**Acid rock** is a form of rock music, focusing mainly on hallucinations and drugs.  It is related to psychedelic rock. It is mostly an off-beat style. It uses vivid imagery, and sometimes strange sound/musical effects (like backward recorded music).

## History 
"Acid rock" was popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. But it is not very popular today.

## Name
Acid Rock got its name from the mixture of music and the drug LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), which most people call "acid". "Acid rock" is usually recorded when the musician was high on LSD. Often the lyrics are about hallucinations.

## Acid rock tracks and singles 
### 1966 
*Psychotic Reaction (Count Five)
*Tomorrow Never Knows (The Beatles)
* Rain (The Beatles)

### 1967 
*White Rabbit (Jefferson Airplane)
*Spare Chaynge (Jefferson Airplane)
*Purple Haze (Jimi Hendrix)
*Third Stone From The Sun (Jimi Hendrix)
*Light My Fire (The Doors)
*Baby You're a Rich Man (The Beatles)
*Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (The Beatles)
*I Am the Walrus (The Beatles)
*Interstellar Overdrive (Pink Floyd)
*Flaming (Pink Floyd)

### 1968 
*That's It for the Other One (Grateful Dead)
*Voodoo Child (Slight Return) (Jimi Hendrix)
*In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Iron Butterfly)
*EXP (The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
*If 6 Was 9 (Jimi Hendrix)
*Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun (Pink Floyd)
*Careful With That Axe, Eugene (Pink Floyd)
*Pictures of Matchstick Men (Status Quo)

### 1969 
*Dazed and Confused (Led Zeppelin)
*Acid Queen (The Who)
*White Room (Cream)
*Hot Smoke and Sasafrass (Bubble Puppy)

### 1970 
*Mommy, What's a Funkadelic? (Funkadelic)

## Other websites
*
Hereditary monarchy

A **hereditary monarchy** is a type of government in which usually a king or a queen becomes the monarch by being related to the last monarch. That is the most common sort of monarchy and is the form used by almost all of the world's monarchies today.

## Types 
### Hereditary monarchy 
In a hereditary monarchy, the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member of the family to another. The hereditary system can be more stable and can command loyalty, but at other times, great bloodshed happened over the question of succession.

When the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or quits the throne (abdicates), the crown is generally passed to one of his or her children, often the oldest. When that child dies, the crown will be then passed to his or her child, or, if he or she has no child, to a sister, brother, niece, nephew, cousin, or some other relative. Hereditary monarchies most usually arrange the succession by a law that creates an order of succession. That way, it is known beforehand who will be the next monarch.

The order of succession in hereditary monarchies is now often based on the idea of primogeniture (oldest born), but other methods used to be much more common.

#### Succession 
In the past, there were differences in systems of succession, often depending on whether only men can succeed or whether both men and women could succeed. 

**Agnatic succession** means that women are not allowed to succeed or pass the succession from their fathers to their children. *Agnates* are relatives who have a common ancestor in an unbroken male line from father to father.

**Cognatic succession** means that both men and women can succeed. Women usually are allowed to succeed only if they have no brother alive. For example, in the United Kingdom, Princess Anne came after her younger brothers (and her nephews and nieces) in the line of succession. 

In the 1970s, Sweden changed from agnatic succession to "fully-cognatic" succession. That means the line of succession is based on age, not sex. Therefore, Princess Victoria of Sweden was born, she could never become queen, and when her younger brother was born, he became *crown prince* (heir to the throne), but the law changed, and Victoria became crown princess.

### Elective monarchy 
An **elective monarchy** can sometimes seem like a hereditary monarch. For example, only members of one family may be allowed to be elected, or before the monarch dies, the chosen heir (son, daughter, brother, sister, or other relative) might be elected.

In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, but for many hundreds of years, only the head of the Habsburg family was elected. In 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor abolished the empire and instead became the Emperor of Austria, a hereditary monarch.

The only true example of an elective monarchy today is Malaysia, where a ruling Sultan of a Malaysian state, is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a term of five years.

## References