open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Klaus Wowereit

**Klaus Wowereit** (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014. He and his party won 31.4% of the votes in the 2001 state elections, and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02. He was re-elected as Governing Mayor in 2006, and has carried on the coalition.

He supports Kurt Beck as "Kanzlerkandidat", the SPDs nominee for the Chancellorship of Germany. Many people wanted Wowereit to be the candidate, not so many after he decided to stay in coalition with Die Linke after the 2006 elections.

He is openly gay.

## Background 
Klaus Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin until 1973. He went on to study law at the Free University Berlin, passing his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984.

## Political career 
After university Wowereit spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office (that is, Ministry) of the Interior. At the age of 30, he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough. After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City's Landtag or state legislature in 1995. In December 1999, he was elected chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Abgeordnetenhaus. From June 2001 to December 2014 he served as Governing Mayor, *Regierender Bürgermeister*, of Berlin.

## Sexual orientation 
Wowereit is one of the most famous German politicians who has openly declared himself homosexual. He came out at a convention of the Berlin SPD just before the 2001 mayoral elections, when he said "" ("I am gay, and it's good that way".) This is now a famous quotation in Germany. He probably came out so that the tabloid newspapers could not publish what they thought were embarrassing stories about him.

Wowereit is not the only gay mayor of a large European city. Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, is openly gay, and Ole von Beust, the former mayor of Hamburg, is also gay.

In September 2007, Wowereit published an autobiography called "*...und das ist auch gut so.*", after his famous coming out phrase.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Konsequent Berlin (Personal website for British and French readers)
* CityMayors.com profile
Conference

A **conference** is an event where  get together to discuss things.  For example, scientists usually present their findings at conferences.  Many other types of people other than scientists attend conferences also. Business people sometimes come together to talk about things. International business conferences are very common because it allows individuals to showcase their knowledge to the world. Using modern media, like the Internet, or the telephone people can talk to each other that are not in the same place. This is then called a **conference call**. Very often, digital video cameras can be used to transmit images, as well as sound.

## References
Pasture

and other animals in a pasture]]

A **pasture** is a piece of land. Usually, specific grasses and herbs are grown on it. Then livestock is put on for grazing. Rangeland is similarly used, but less controlled.
Sun Quan

**Sun Quan** (; 182-252) was an ancient Chinese warlord and founder of Eastern Wu in 222.

## As a warlord 
His brother Sun Ce conquered Southeastern China from 197 until his death in 200. Sun Quan was in charge at the age of 18. He continued to expand his empire and drew back the forces of Cao Cao in the *Battle at Red Cliffs* (along with Liu Bei). To have better opportunities against the north, he gave his Jing Province to Liu Bei so that he could create an empire on his own. Liu Bei conquered the other western territories from 211 to 214 and set his brother Guan Yu in charge of defending Jing.

Now that Liu Bei had his own empire, Sun quan demanded his western province back from him, but Liu Bei declined. In alliance with Cao Cao, Sun Quan's general Lü Meng captured Guan Yu in 219 and slayed him along with his son, Guan Ping.

After Cao Cao's son Cao Pi started the Wei Dynasty in 220, Liu Bei also wanted to be an emperor and declared himself Emperor of Shu Han in 221. He considered himself the righteous heir of the abdicated Han emperor Xian. Sun Quan declared himself *King of Wu* in 222. Liu Bei found that offensive, and launched a great attack against Sun Quan but failed—due to Lu Xun's great tactics. He died a year later.

Under the regency of the Shu prime minister Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Shu and Wu was renewed. Both empires did not have to worry about their defense in the west/east after that.

## As Emperor 
In 229, Sun Quan declared himself *Emperor of Wu*. His attacks on Wei were all in vain but he managed to develop his country very well. After his son Crown Prince Sun Deng died in 241, he made his now-oldest son Sun He Crown Prince. All along the next nine years, He would have trouble with his brother Sun Ba who wanted to be Crown Prince instead. Their fight even caused the honorable general Lu Xun to die of anger in 245.

In 250, Sun Quan was sick of his sons' struggles and deposed them both as princes. Instead he made his youngest son Sun Liang Crown Prince. Two years later, Sun Quan died at the age of 70. For his follower was too young to rule on his own, the official Zhuge Ke became regent.
Hectare

has an area of about one hectare.]]

The **hectare** (symbol: **ha**) is a unit of measurement of area. It is equal to 10,000 square metres, or a square with sides of 100 by 100 metres. 100 hectares is 1 square kilometre. Therefore, a farm with 200 hectares of fields has 2 square kilometres of fields.

The word *hectare* means 100 ares. *Hecto* is the metric prefix of 100. The *are* is a metric unit of area, equal to 100 square metres.
Zhuge Liang

**Zhuge Liang** (;181-234) was a Chinese politician and general of the ancient Shu Han Dynasty.

He helped his lord Liu Bei conquer the country *Ba Shu* from 211 to 214, along with Pang Tong. After Liu Bei's death in 223, Zhuge Liang was a regent for the new emperor Liu Shan. Zhuge Liang attempted to conquer the Southern Wei territories five times but had no success. He died in 234, and Jiang Wan succeed his power.
Francis Scott Key

**Francis Scott Key** (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and poet. He is best known for writing a poem which later became the words of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired to write it after he saw the British bombardment of Baltimore in 1814. During the war he was jailed by the British in Washington.    

His mother was Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and his father was Captain John Ross Key. He graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland in 1796.   

Key became a leader of the American Colonization Society that created Liberia and freed a few if his own slaves. In the administration of Andrew Jackson he was the United States Attorney in Washington, D.C.He resigned as District Attorney in 1840. He kept his belief in the system of African colonization (slavery) and a strongly disagreed with it being taken apart (abolition) movement until his death.

Crandall died shortly after his acquittal, at the age of 63. At the Washington jail he developed pneumonia. He died of pleurisy at his daughters home.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
*List of poets from the United States

## References
Wavelength

, wavelength is denoted λ]]
A **wavelength** is the length of the shortest repeating part of a "sine wave". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a total of sine waves, which may be identified by Fourier analysis. It is also known as the distance between a crest and another crest of a wave (highest point above equilibrium) or the distance between a trough and another trough of a wave (lowest point below the equilibrium of a wave).

## Examples of waves 
Waves are everywhere.  Examples of waves include:
* sound
* electromagnetic spectrum including
** radio wave
** light
* water waves such as ocean surface waves
* earthquake waves

## "Length" of a sine wave
The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.  As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength decreases Thus, the frequency and wavelength are in inverse proportionality.   

There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

A symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter *lambda* (λ).
Latex

Latex, also known as rubber, is a natural polymer. It is taken from the milky sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), native to the tropical forests of Central and South America.  

Today, much of the natural latex comes from Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. Polymers made from artificial latex are called "synthetic rubber."  

**Properties** 
* Elasticity
* High mechanical resistance
* Non-adherent
* Electrical insulator
* Chemical resistance
* Insoluble in organic solvents

Vulcanization makes rubber useful in many products:
* Tires
* Shoe soles
* Flexible tubes
* Gloves
* Raincoats
* Bed mattresses
Galician

**Galician** might mean:

*Something related to the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain)
*Galician language
Pashupatinath Temple

**Pashupatinath** is one of the most sacred temples of Hinduism. It is in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is the temple of the Hindu god Shiva.

Pashupatinath-Ueberblick-06-2013-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Tempel-13b-2013-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Bagmatibruecke-08-2007-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Mrigasthali-28-2013-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Mrigasthali-10-Vishvarupa-2007-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Verbrennung-02-Scheiterhaufen-2014-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Verbrennung-16-Zeremonie-2007-gje.jpg|
Pashupatinath-Surya Ghats-96-Totengedenken-2014-gje.jpg|
Invasion

**Invasion** is a word that comes from Latin. Originally, it meant that something *goes in* (as in military occupation) of a foreign territory. So far, the following uses are known:

* *Military*: Getting troops to take control of enemy territory. Often a state invades another to start a war, but invasions can happen anytime during war. An invasion differs from a raid, in which the attacker does not intend to remain.
* *Others*: Sometimes, biologists speak about an invasive species. There might be locust swarms invading, or that some algae spread far more rapidly in new territory.
Annexation

**Annexation** (Latin: *ad* "to" and *nexus* "joining") is the one-sided forceful takeover, such as military occupation, of one state's territory by another.

## Related pages
*Anschluss (World War II, Austria merged to Nazi Germany)
*Republic of Texas annexed to United States
*Colonization

## References
Manchuria

**Manchuria** (**Northeast China**) is the homeland of the Manchu people on the outer edges of East Asia. To the Chinese, the region is simply known as the Northeast (Chinese: 东北, Dōngbĕi). Manchuria is made up of China's three northeastern most provinces: Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. Parts of Manchuria were annexed by the Russian Empire in the past, and they are now ruled by Russia.

The name “Manchuria” comes from a Japanese version of the Chinese word Manzhou ().

## History 
In the early history, Manchuria was under the control of many Chinese kingdoms. Later, the Manchu people formed their own empire called Jurchen. They eventually invaded China and founded the Manchu Qing Dynasty. 

Although the Manchus, who at the time ruled China, signed a treaty with Russia, the Russians took advantage of the weak Qing government and annexed the part that touches the Pacific Ocean, where the modern Chinese city of Dalian stands today. In 1904 Japan took this land in the Russo-Japanese War. Later, Japan invaded the Chinese part of Manchuria too (see Manchukuo). This eventually led to World War II.

After the war, Manchuria was handed over to China by the Soviet Union.

## Geography 
Manchuria is in north-east China and the Russian Far East. The land has rocks, grasslands, mountains, and deserts. The weather is very extreme. It is very hot and humid in the summer, and is very cold and dry in the winter.
Senkaku Islands

.]]

**Senkaku Islands**, also called , **Diaoyu Dao Islands** (), and **Tiaoyutai Islands** (), are uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.

The group of islands, islets, and rocks is east of Mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are about 200 km from Taiwan, and about 300 km from Okinawa.

## Dispute
The United States occupied thesislands from 1945 to 1972, when they reverted to Japan. The official US position is neutral in a dispute among Japan, China and Taiwan. Control over the islands and rocks is disputed. The issues are complex. The Japanese government describes the islands as part of Japan. 

The islands are also described as part of China. There are conflicts in the positions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Noth Chinas have a shared history.  

From March 2025 onwards, China Coast Guard (中国海警) ships from China approached the islands. 

## Related pages
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Political problems of China
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan

## References 
## Other websites
* Japan, "The Basic view on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands", Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* China, "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable", ''People's Daily''
* Taiwan, "ROC (Taiwan) Government Reaffirms Sovereignty over Diaoyutai Islands", Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Sino-Japanese War

There were two wars known as the **Sino-Japanese War** (between China and Japan):

* The **First Sino-Japanese War** happened from 1894 to 1895, about control of Korea.
* The **Second Sino-Japanese War** happened from 1931 (more strongly starting in 1937) to 1945. After 1941, it was part of World War II.
World Youth Day

***World Youth Day (WYD)*** is a gathering (meeting) of young Catholic people. It was created by Pope John Paul II in 1984 "to consolidate the ordinary youth ministry by offering new encouragement for commitment, objectives which foster ever greater involvement and participation"[1]. In other words, the Pope wanted young Catholics to come together, and work together.

The day is  around the world every year, and every two or three years, a gathering is held at a different place. Thousands of people (including young people) from many countries go to this celebration. Because of World Youth Day, many young people are more likely to work together around the world.

The last World Youth Day celebration was held in 2005, in Cologne, Germany, the country in which Pope Benedict XVI was born in. About 1,200,000 attended the event. In 2008, World Youth Day was held in Sydney, Australia and in 2011 in Madrid, Spain and in 2013 in Rio, Brazil.
Carl XVI Gustaf

**Carl XVI Gustaf** (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; born 30 April 1946) is King of Sweden. He became the king when his grandfather, Gustaf VI Adolf died on 15 September 1973.

He is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His father died on 26 January 1947 in an airplane crash in Denmark. Carl Gustaf was nine months old when his father died. The death of his father, made him second in line to the throne after his grandfather. When his great-grandfather, King Gustaf V, died in 1950, his grandfather  became king and Carl Gustaf became crown prince and heir apparent to the throne at the age of four.

Shortly after Carl Gustaf became king in September 1973, the new 1974 Instrument of Government took effect. This removed all remaining executive power from Carl XVI Gustaf .After this, he no longer has many of the normal duties of a head of state. These include the appointment of the prime minister, signing legislation and being commander-in-chief of the military of the nation. The new instrument limited the king to ceremonial functions and to be regularly informed of affairs of state. As head of the House of Bernadotte, Carl Gustaf has also been able to make decisions about the titles and positions of the member of the house.

The King's heir apparent is Crown Princess Victoria. She is the oldest child of the King and his wife, Queen Silvia. Carl XVI Gustaf is the longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history. He became the longest  serving after passing King Magnus IV's reign of 44 years and 222 days on 26 April 2018.

Internationally, King Carl XVI Gustav is best known for presenting the Nobel Prizes every year.

## Family and personal life 
Carl Gustaf was born at Haga Palace  in Solna, Stockholm on 30 April 1946. His father was Prince Gustaf Adolf He is married to Silvia Sommerlath who is half German, half Brazilian. With her he has three children: Crown Princess Victoria, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.

Titles and Styles 

30 April 1946-7 June 1946 His Royal Highness Prince Carl Gustaf of Sweden  

7 June 1946-29 October 1950: His Royal Highness Prince Carl Gustaf of Sweden, The Duke of Jämtland 

29 October 1950-15 September 1973: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Sweden, The Duke of Jamtland 

15 September 1973-present His Majesty The King of Sweden   
## References
Age of Empires III

***Age of Empires III*** is a 2005 computer game made by the company Ensemble Studios. It is published by Microsoft. It is the third game of the Age of Empires games, and has better graphics than the ones before it. The plot is from 1500 to 1860. An expansion pack, *Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs*, was released for the game in 2006. The second expansion, *Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties*, was released in 2007. The *Definitive Edition* (2020) also came with new content including the Incas civilization.

The game is compatible with Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. The game is available on Steam.

## 2005 requirements
*CPU: should be above 1.4 GHz
*Memory: 256 MB RAM
*Graphics: 64 MB video card
*2 GB free space on the harddisk. The expansions require additional free space.
Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)

The **Bank of China Tower** (BOC Tower, 中銀大廈) is one of the most well-known skyscrapers in the central parts of Hong Kong. In the tower, the Bank of China has their offices.

The tower was designed by the architect I. M. Pei and is 315 meters high. At the top of the tower there are two masts that are 369 meters (1209 feet) high.

## Photo Gallery 

File:Bank of China Tower daytime.jpg
File:Bank of china night.jpg
File:Hong Kong Bank of China at night.jpg
File:Bank of China Tower angle.JPG

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites
* Emporis.com - Bank of China Tower
*SkycraperPage.com – Bank of China Tower
Pyongyang

]]**Pyongyang** (평양 직할시 in hangul, 平壤直轄市 in hanja) is the capital and biggest city in North Korea. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 kilometers (68 miles)  from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. Pyongyang is a directly administered city (직할시; 直轄市; *chikhalsi*) with a position equal to that of the North Korean provinces.

## Entry
Pyongyang is a closed city meaning that North Koreans can't just go there. They must apply for a permit or be high up in the military. It is the most advanced city in the country which allows tourists to go there. Pyongyang does not really show what North Korea is really like, because the government uses it to pretend to tourists that the country is not poor. The city is kept very clean and littering is strictly not allowed. The city is home to the DPRK's only fast food restaurant which only the most privileged North Koreans go to (a meal would be worth around a weeks wages for the average person there). Many shops there have plastic food on display in the windows to make tourists think that there is lots of food in the country when in fact, food is scarce. 

## Attractions
The city has lots of nice attractions like the statues of Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il at Mansudae hill. The Juche tower is one of the most recognisable landmarks in the country, towering over the Taedong River across from Kim Il-Sung square. It also has the world's deepest subway system, the Pyongyang Metro. Pyongyang has many large parks and wide avenues as well as the largest sports stadium in the world, the Rungrado May Day Stadium. The city is also the location of the embalmed bodies of the two leaders, Il-Sung and Jong-Il in the Kumsusan Palace of the sun.

Pyongyang is home to the 105-story hotel, Ryugyong Hotel. The construction started in 1987 and the exterior was completed twenty-four years later in 2011. It was originally intended as a propaganda device to make North Korea look wealthy when a South Korean recently built the world's then-tallest building. The hotel to this day remains empty and unopened.

The population of Pyongyang is 3,255,388.
Blue's Clues

'''''Blue's Clues''''' is an American animated television series for young children. The show was on Nick Jr. from September 8, 1996 to August 6, 2006. It's been repeated since. On the show, Blue is a dog. Her owner's Steve with a green-striped shirt, until 2002, when he's about ready for college. Now, Steve's younger brother Joe owns her.

The producers got ideas from child development and early-childhood education. Innovative animation and other techniques helped their viewers learn. The show follows a blue-spotted dog named Blue as she plays a game with the host and the viewers.

''Blue's Clues'' becomes the highest-rated show for preschoolers on commercial TV. This was critical to Nickelodeon's growth. It has been called "one of the most successful, critically acclaimed, and ground-breaking preschool television show of all time".

## History
''Blue's Clues'' was made during a difficult period for children's television. In 1990, Congress had passed the Children's Television Act. This required networks and TV stations to devote a portion of their programming to children's shows. The legislation set no guidelines or criteria for educational programs and had no provisions for enforcement. According to author Diane Tracy, "The state of children's television was pretty dismal.

Since the late 1960s, PBS was one of the few sources for children's educational television programming in the U.S.. Most other U.S. children's TV shows were violent and created for the purpose of selling toys. This revolutionized the genre by inviting their viewers' involvement. Research was part of the creative and decision-making process in the production of the show and was integrated into all aspects and stages of the creative process. ''Blue's Clues'' was the first cutout animation series for preschoolers. It looks like a storybook with primary colors and simple construction paper shapes of familiar objects with varied colors and textures.

Its home-based setting is familiar to American children, but has a look unlike other children's TV shows. A live production of ''Blue's Clues'', which used many of the production innovations developed by the show's creators, toured the U.S. starting in 1999. As of 2002, over 2 million people had attended over 1,000 performances.

Malcolm Gladwell noted that Sesame Street appealed to both children and adults, but Blue's Clues was solely aimed at preschool children. They like stories, repetition and joining in the answers. *Every* episode of Blue was tested on preschool children, and the research noted how much of the time children watched the screen. The order of clues was tested. All aspects of the program could be changed if the testing suggested it would work better some other way.

## Broadcast
*Nickelodeon, Nick Jr. Channel and Noggin (United States)
*TVO, Knowledge Kids, Télé-Québec, Citytv Saskatchewan, Access, CBC Television, and Treehouse (Canada)
*Disney Junior (United Kingdom Ireland and Isle Of Man)
*Canal+ (France)

## Reboot
In 2017, a reboot of Blue's Clues was announced. It premiered on November 11, 2019.

## References
Drum

.]] Dhol drum]]A **drum** is a musical instrument. It is played with the hands, sometimes using a drum stick (a stick for hitting a drum). A collection of drums and cymbals is called a drum kit, or drum set. 
## Overview
Drums are used to keep a steady beat in a song. They give music of many kinds a sense of feeling. For example, to make a song to be slow or fast, the drums play slower or faster. A drum is a percussion instrument, which means it makes a noise by being hit.  There are many types such as cymbals and bells; even a simple piece of wood can be used as a percussion instrument. The drum kit is a group of drums and cymbals to make beats for music. Drum kits are used in most types of popular music, including rock, jazz, country, blues, and many others.
## Acoustic Drums
Acoustic drum kit is a set of drums and cymbals designed to be played as one instrument. A standard drum kit is made from a bass drum, snare drum, set of tom toms, hi hat cymbals, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal. The sound is produced by striking the drums or cymbals with a drum stick or mallet.
## Electric Drums
An electric drum kit is essentially a collection of sample pads set up in the same way as an acoustic drum kit. The pads themselves are designed to produce little acoustic sound, other than the dead sound of the wooden drum sticks hitting rubber. The drum kit sends electrical signals to an amplifier, speaker, or pair of headphones to be heard.  This makes them ideal for practicing quietly.  Recording electronic drums is very easy.  They may be connected using a USB cable or an audio interface. 
## Related pages
* Cymbal
* Pop music
* Rock music
* Classical music
## References
IBM

**International Business Machines Corporation** (**IBM**) is a multinational technology company from the United States that makes and sells software, computer hardware, infrastructure services, artificial intelligence, and consulting services. IBM is one of the biggest Information Technology companies in the world. IBM has had the most patents of any technology company for many years, and has made many important inventions and discoveries that have improved computers.

IBM began in 1911, it was called the "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company". It was set up by a man named Charles Flint. There were no computers at that time, so IBM made other machines, such as typewriters. In 1924, the company changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM). In 1937, the company's Tabulating Machines were used by the United States government to record information about Americans, so they could make a new law called the Social Security Act.

During World War II, IBM made guns for the American army. During the 1960s and 1970s IBM dominated the mainframe computer market. IBM computers were used for American space exploration. From the 1980s starting in 1981 until 2005, IBM made personal computers. In 2005, IBM sold their personal computer manufacturing to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Today, IBM mostly makes software, and some powerful supercomputers.

## References
## Other websites
* 
** 

* 
*
Kunya

A **kunya** (Arabic:**كنية**) is a name which is honorably given to an Arab mother or father. Kunya is pronounced koon-ya. Parents are called by their kunyas, which consists of *abu* (father) or *umm* (mother) followed by the name of their first son or daughter.  Their whole name is their name plus their kunya.  For example, ''Umm Ja'far Aminah'' means "the mother of Ja'far, Aminah." The kunya precedes the personal name.
Wake

**Wake** could mean several things:

*Funeral, a gathering for a person who has died
*Wake is another name for a wave in water
*Wake can mean changing from being asleep to awake
Quake (video game)

:*Quake is also a short-form of the word earthquake.*

***Quake*** is a first-person shooter video game that was released by id Software on July 22, 1996. It is the first game in the popular *Quake* series of video games. In the game, the player must fight demons and zombies in lots of different places.

*Quake* was the first game that id Software released after they made *Doom* and *Doom 2.* It is a very similar game to *Doom*, but *Quake* is on a new game engine and has much more advanced technology. For example, *Quake* lets the player look up and down, lets the player jump, it has fully 3D graphics, and has many more options for multiplayer than *Doom* had. *Quake* is famous for its multiplayer, and it was one of the first games where lots of people played multiplayer through the internet. *Doom* also had online multiplayer through a service called DWANGO, but *Quake* made playing online more popular than ever before. Tools like QuakeWorld and QuakeSpy made it very easy for players to find other people to play against over the internet.

The game's music and sound effects were done by Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails.

## Gameplay 
In the single-player mode of *Quake,* the player has to get to the end of each level. The player will usually have to find keys or switches to open all the locked doors before they can get to the exit of a level. They will also have to fight lots of monsters that try to kill the player. There are also secret areas and secret levels that the player can find. Secret areas will usually have something that helps the player win the level, like extra health or ammo. The player always has two weapons: the axe and the shotgun. More weapons can be found in the levels, including the nailgun, super nailgun, super shotgun, grenade launcher, rocket launcher, and the thunderbolt.

The levels are grouped together into different episodes, and each episode has a different setting. Most levels look very Gothic or medieval, but others look more futuristic, like science fiction. There are 6 or 7 levels in each episode, but every episode also has one secret level. There is also one level that is not inside of an episode, which is the final boss level. There are four episodes in the game, and they can be finished in any order the player wants. The player can't get to the final boss without beating all four episodes, though.

The game has four difficulty settings: easy, medium, hard, and nightmare. Nightmare difficulty can only be found in a secret area which is on the episode selection level. This secret area can be found in the episode 4 selection room.

## *Quake* series games 
**Quake*
**Quake II*
**Quake III: Arena*
**Quake 4*
**Quake Champions*
Scots

**Scots** is a West Germanic language. It is sometimes called **Lowland Scots** or **Lallans**. It is not *Scottish English* but the two are similar. Scottish English is a dialect of English and Scots is a separate language. Ulster Scots is a form of Scots found in the north of Ireland. Scots is very different from the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.

There have been disagreements about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots. Focused broad Scots is at one end of a scale, with Scottish Standard English at the other. Scots is generally regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, and has its own distinct variants Early Scots began to diverge from Northumbrian English in the twelfth and thirteenth century. There was immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

Later influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French from the Auld Alliance and Dutch and Middle Low German influences by trade and immigration from the Low Countries. Scots also includes loanwords from contact with Gaelic.
### 13-14th century
From the 13th century, Early Scots spread further into Scotland through the burghs established by King David I. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century and the decline of French in Scotland made Scots the  dialect in most of eastern Scotland.
### 17th century
From 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster, many Scots-speaking Lowlanders, about 200,000, settled there. In the core areas of Scots settlement, there were five or six times as many Scots as English settlers. Southern Modern English was adopted as the literary language after 1700, and "Modern Scots" is sometimes used to describe the spoken language after 1700.

## Related pages 
* Scots Wikipedia

## References
Locust

*Schistocerca gregaria*]]
)'' ovipositing in sand]]
s in copulation]]

**Locust** are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Such swarms are usually made of a great number of locusts. They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.

These are species which breed rapidly under suitable conditions. The migratory locust is the best-known example. They become gregarious and migratory when their populations become dense enough. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults. Both the bands and the swarms are nomadic and rapidly strip fields and greatly damage crops. The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming practically all green material wherever the swarm settles.

The origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust—some of which grew to  in length—are unclear.

Locusts are edible insects, and are considered a delicacy in some countries. There have been references to their consumption as food throughout history.

In the Book of Joel in the Old Testament locust swarms are described as a plague.

## Related pages 
*Collective animal behavior
*Orthoptera

## References
## Other websites 
More detailed information on locusts can be found at the pages of the Australian Plague Locust Commission .
Grasshopper

**Grasshoppers** are insects with long, powerful back legs which they use for jumping. They generally live in dry habitats, such as fields, gardens and meadows, with lots of grass. They are in the suborder **Caelifera**, which includes locusts. There are 11,000 species, of which 10,000 are in the family Acrididae.

To distinguish grasshoppers from bush-crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as the *short-horned grasshopper*. Species which change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.

Grasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops, but many grasshoppers are omnivorous. Many grasshoppers eat from several host plants in one day, while others stay on one host plant. One of the 8000 species of grasshopper eats only a single species of plant.

## As food 
Grasshoppers make good food for some. As an example, in southern Mexico, *chapulines* (grasshoppers of the genus *Sphenarium*) are often eaten. They are high in protein, minerals and vitamins. 

They are usually collected at dusk, using lamps or electric lighting, in sweep nets. Sometimes they are placed in water for 24 hours, after which they can be boiled or eaten raw, sun-dried, fried, flavoured with spices, such as garlic, onions, chilli, drenched in lime, and used in soup or as a filling for various dishes. They are abundant in Central and Southern Mexican food and street markets.

## Related pages 
*Orthoptera
*Tetrigidae
*Cricket
*Katydid
*Aularches miliaris

## References 
n grasshopper]]
## Other websites
Zen

**Zen** (**禅**, **禪**, **जेन्**) is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism. Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma. It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century. From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

Zen is a Japanese word translated from the Chinese word Chán, which means "meditation".

Zen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen. The goal in Zen is to attain *satori*. This Japanese word translates as "enlightenment". The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans. Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought. The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery. 

Japanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West. Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English. In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy. From there it spread to many parts of the western world. Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China. Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.

Zen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism. The Japanese gardens found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style. They are called Zen rock gardens. They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen.

## Related pages
*Criticism of Buddhism
**Zen at War*

## References
Oil lamp

symbol]]

An **oil lamp** is a lamp used for lighting by burning oil. Usually, it produces a flame by burning olive oil, or another vegetable oil, or whale oil during the 1700s and 1800s. They burned cleaner, with less smoke, than candles and other sources of light before electricity.

The lamps were usually made of pottery or metal or glass. An old story in the 1001 Nights has Aladdin cleaning (rubbing the lamp) and making a Genie appear.

Late in the 19th century, those lamps were mostly replaced by kerosene lamps.

## Other websites 
* Ancient Lamps

## References
Conjugation

**Conjugations** are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb. Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change. Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.

Example: French verb for 'to eat'- "manger" (stem: mang)
("manger" is the infinitive of the verb. The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the "to do" something form such as *to* walk, *to* play, *to* eat. In English one does not say "I like eat" one must say "I like *to* eat". In both English and French ("J'aime *manger*") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.

The pattern here is that the "er" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating). This pattern is good for many French conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different.

## Related pages 
*Declension
## Other websites 
*conjugation.com All English verbs conjugated in any tense, any form, any voice 
*conjugator.reverso.net Verbs conjugated in any tense for any pronoun in En, Fr, Es, De, It, Pt, He, Ru, Ar and Ja 
*Conjugation of over 7,000 English verbs.
*Online Conjugator for 85 different languages
Tomáš Masaryk

**Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk** (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first President of Czechoslovakia. He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.
He was a scientist, philosopher, pedagog, politician, and journalist.
He studied in Brno, Vienna, and Leipzig, and he spoke many languages (Latin, French, Polish, German and English).
He worked as a teacher at a university in Prague and Vienna.

Some looked at him as having charisma.

Edvard Beneš was the next president after him.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe
Mathematical analysis

**Mathematical analysis** is a part of mathematics. It is often shortened to **analysis**. It looks at functions, sequences and series. These have useful properties and characteristics that can be used in engineering. Mathematical analysis provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, which studies continuous functions, differentiation and integration. 
## Overview
Mathematical analysis is a short version of its old name "infinitesimal analysis", with some of its key subfields including real analysis, complex analysis, differentiation equation and functional analysis.
## Origin
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton developed most of the basis of mathematical analysis.

## Topics
### Limits
A foundational concept in mathematical analysis is the concept of limit. Limits are used to see what happens very close to things. Limits can also be used to see what happens when things get very big. For example, \frac1n is never zero, but as n gets bigger, \frac1n gets closer and closer to zero. The limit of \frac1n as n gets bigger is *exactly* zero. This is described by "The limit of \frac1n as n goes to infinity is zero", and written as \textstyle\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac1n=0.

The counterpart would be 2\times n. When the n gets bigger, the limit goes to infinity. It is written as \lim_{n\to\infty}2\times n=\infty.

The fundamental theorem of algebra can be proven from some basic results in complex analysis. It says that every polynomial f(x) with real or complex coefficients has a complex root (where a root is a number x satisfying the equation f(x)=0, and some of these roots may be the same).
### Differentiation
The function f(x)=mx+c is a line. The m shows the slope of the function and the c shows the position of the function on the ordinate. With two points on the line, it is possible to calculate the slope m with:

m=\frac{y_1-y_0}{x_1-x_0}.

A function of the form f(x)=x^2, which is not linear, cannot be calculated like above. It is only possible to calculate the slope by using tangents and secants. The secant passes through two points and when the two points get closer, it turns into a tangent.

The new formula is m=\frac{f(x_1)-f(x_0)}{x_1-x_0}.

This is called difference quotient. The x_1 now gets closer to x_0. This can be expressed with the following formula:

f'(x)=\lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}.

The result is called derivative or slope of f at the point x.
### Integration
The integration is about the calculation of areas.

The symbol \int_a^b f(x)\mathrm{d}x

is read as "the integral of f with respect to x from a to b", and refers to the area between the x-axis, the graph of function f, and the lines x=a and x=b. The a is the point where the area should start, and the b where the area should end.

## Related pages
### Concepts
* Series
* Integral
* Algebra
* Sequence
* Derivative
### Topics
* Calculus
* Complex analysis
* Numerical analysis
* Functional analysis
* Multivariable calculus

## References
Olive oil

**Olive oil** is a vegetable oil. It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree. These are called olives. The oil is used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps. Refined olive oil uses heat and chemicals to get the fat out of the olives.

Olive oil quality is defined by some parameters that are measured by chemical analysis. One of the most important is acidity. The highest quality olive oil (Extra-Virgin) must feature an acidity lower than 0.8%.

People see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols. Olive oil is popular in Mediterranean countries. It is a big part of the Mediterranean diet as a main fat source.

## Producers 
Greece has more than a third of the world's olive trees, and is the top producer of olive oil in the world.

## References
Arachne

]]

**Arachne** is a character from Greek mythology.

She was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, in Lydia (Greece). Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth. She learned to be a weaver. A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strands. She was good at what she did, and she claimed that her skill was greater than that of Athena. Athena was the young Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things).

Athena appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods. Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill.

Athena revealed herself, and let the contest begin. Athena wove her scene where she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea. Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.

Athena saw Arachne's work was without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving. Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created. She also hit Arachne on the head. Arachne then realized what she had done. She ran away and hanged herself. Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne was dead, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider.

Ovid tells the story in *Metamorphoses*. Book 6, 5-54, 129–145. The story is typical of tragedy in Ancient Greek theatre, where pride in thinking oneself better than the gods – *ὕβρις* (hubris) – brings punishment from the gods.

The Greek word for spider is *arachne* (αραχνη), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.

## Appearances in Modern Day Entertainment 
Arachne has made appearances in recent years in books such as The Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan.

## References
## Other websites
*Arache E-Text at Project Gutenberg
Atacama Desert

The **Atacama Desert** is a desert. It is on the Tropic of Capricorn in northern Chile and is one of the driest places on earth. In some places, less than an inch (25mm) of rain falls every ten years. Only one of the rivers from the Andes mountains reaches the ocean through the desert. The rest disappears into the dry soil. 

The Atacama is a desert, because mountains to the East, and the ocean to the West, make a rain shadow, and this desert also lies underneath clear skies away from the coast more inland, most of the time as well.

## References
1080

## Events 
* William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance.
* King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes the Latin liturgy in Catholic church in place of the Mozarabic rite.
* Ísleifur Gissurarson, the first bishop in Iceland, dies while giving mass in Skálholt church.
* Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle.
## Births 
* Edith Matilda of Scotland, Queen consort of King Henry I of England (died 1118)
* Thomas of Canterbury, Anglo-Norman nobleman (died 1159)

## Deaths 
* King Harald III of Denmark (born c.1044)
* Andronikus VI, Byzantine emperor
* Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop