open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thomas Robert Malthus

The Rev. **Thomas Robert Malthus** FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834), was a British writer on political economy and population. Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent, and was the first to use the phrase *struggle for existence*.

## Views on population
Malthus is famous for his theories about population: its increase or decrease in response to various factors. There were six editions of his *An Essay on the Principle of Population*, published from 1798 to 1826. He said that sooner or later population gets checked, by famine, disease, and widespread mortality.

He wrote in opposition to many who saw society as improving, and (in principle) as perfectible.viii William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract.

Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would prevent endless progress towards a utopian society: 
:"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".p13
As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour.p104–105 Believing that one could not change human nature, Malthus wrote: 
:"Must it not then be acknowledged by an attentive examiner of the histories of mankind, that in every age and in every State in which man has existed, or does now exist,
* that the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, 
* that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and, 
* that the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice".

## Influence
Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Many evolutionary biologists read him, especially Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. For both of them, Malthusianism became a stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus is still a writer of great significance and controversy.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Sodium dichromate

**Sodium dichromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Cr2O7. It consists of sodium and dichromate ions. It is an orange crystalline solid. It is an intermediate in making chromium. It is used to make leather. It is also used in making organic chemical compounds. It is a strong oxidizing agent and a toxic carcinogen.

## Related pages 
*Potassium dichromate
*Sodium chromate
*Chromate
Chrome

**Chrome** may refer to:

## Materials 
*Chromium, a chemical element
**Chrome plating, putting a surface of chromium on metal objects
*Chrome Z2450 mobile device
*
*

## Computing 
*Google Chrome, a web browser
**Google Chrome OS, the operating system of the browser
***Chromebook, the mobile that runs the operating system
Chrome plating

**Chrome plating** is the coating of a metal object with a thin layer of chromium metal, also known as chrome. It is normally plated by electrolysis. It can be used to reduce corrosion or for a decorative effect.

## Related pages
*Electrochemistry
*Decoration
Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside, Illinois)

**Mount Carmel Cemetery** is a Roman Catholic cemetery in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. The cemetery is near the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads.  It is close to three other cemeteries. They are Queen of Heaven Cemetery, Catholic Cemetery, and Oakridge Glen Oaks Cemetery.

The cemetery is  in size.  There are over 226,275 people buried at Mount Carmel.

The Bishop's Mausoleum is in Mount Carmel Cemetery. It was designed by William J. Brinkmann. It is the burial place of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago. Cardinal Joseph Bernardin was buried there after his 1996 death. Also on the cemetery grounds are the burial places of some organized crime figures. There are over 400 family mausoleums on the cemetery grounds.

## People Buried At Mt. Carmel
Below is a short list of people buried at Mt. Carmel Cemetery.
* Julia Buccola Petta - also known as "The Italian Bride"

### Religious people
* Samuel Stritch
* John Cody
* Joseph Bernardin
* James Edward Quigley
* William Quarter
* Patrick Feehan

### Criminals
* Al Capone
* Vincent Drucci
* Sam Giancana
* Joseph Giunta
* Genna Brothers - Sam, Vincenzo, Pete, "Bloody" Angelo, Antonio, and Mike "The Devil".
* Antonio Lombardo
* "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn
* Frank Nitti
* Dean O'Banion
* Frank Rio
* Roger Touhy
* Earl "Hymie" Weiss
* Phillipo Catalano

## Other websites
* Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
* Mount Carmel page on Graveyards of Chicago
Mercury(II) chloride

**Mercury(II) chloride**, also known as **mercuric chloride** and **corrosive sublimate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgCl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state. 

## Properties 
It is a white crystalline solid.  It is very toxic. It can be made by reacting chlorine with mercury. It is not ionic, like most metal-nonmetal chemical compounds are. For example, it evaporates easily when heated, while ionic compounds like sodium chloride stay solid. It dissolves in water, but much better in hot water than in cold water. It also dissolves in chloride solutions. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make mercury(II) oxide.

## Preparation 
It can be made by reacting mercury(I) chloride or mercury metal with chlorine. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with hydrochloric acid or by reacting mercury(II) sulfate with sodium chloride. 

## Uses 
It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is also used to make an amalgam with metals such as aluminum. It was used in the past to preserve various things and as a medicine. It is too toxic to be used as a medicine anymore. It was used in photography. 

## Related pages 
*Mercury(I) bromide
*Mercury(II) iodide
*Mercury(II) sulfide
Amalgam

An **amalgam** is a solution,liquid or solid, of a metal in mercury. It is a type of alloy. Many metals can dissolve in mercury. Amalgams are used in tooth fillings. Platinum and iron cannot form amalgams. Gold can dissolve in mercury, which is used to separate gold from its ore. Aluminum forms an amalgam which can react with water because the thin oxide coating on the aluminum is dissolved.

## Related pages
*Chemical compound
*Mixture
*Alloy
Mercury(I) nitrate

**Mercury(I) nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2(NO3)2. It has mercury and nitrate ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a white solid. It is a weak reducing agent in air. It oxidizes to mercury(II) oxide and mercury(II) nitrate. It reacts slowly with water when it is dissolved in water. This makes a basic mercury(I) nitrate and some nitric acid. The basic mercury(I) nitrate is yellow. Mercury(I) nitrate can kill you if you eat or inhale it.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with a dilute solution of nitric acid. A concentrated solution of nitric acid makes mercury(II) nitrate. 

## Related pages
*Mercury(II) chloride
*Mercury(I) chloride

## References
Mercury(I) chloride

**Mercury(I) chloride**, also known as **calomel** and **mercurous chloride**, is a chemical compound made of mercury and chlorine. It has the chemical formula . It has one mercurous cation  and two chloride anions.

## Properties
It is a white to pale yellow crystalline solid. It is toxic, but not as toxic as mercury(II) chloride because it does not dissolve in water. It turns back into mercury and mercury(II) chloride when reacted with ammonia or exposed to ultraviolet light. The black color that came from the reaction with ammonia gave its name "calomel" (beautiful black). It is a weak reducing agent. It is the most common mercury(I) compound.

## Occurrence
Calomel is sometimes found as a mineral, but it is quite rare.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with mercury(II) chloride. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with sources of chloride, such as sodium chloride. 

## Uses
It is used in electrochemistry as a reference electrode. Reference electrodes are used to find the electrode potentials (ability to be oxidized and reduced) of other chemical substances. Since it decomposes when light is shined on it, it is used to see how many photons are in a light beam. It was used as medicine in the past, although it was toxic.

## Related pages
*Electrolysis
*Mercury(II) oxide
*Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury chloride

**Mercury chloride** can refer to either of the following chemical compounds:

*Mercury(I) chloride, less toxic, insoluble
*Mercury(II) chloride, more toxic, soluble
Mercury(II) nitrate

**Mercury(II) nitrate**, also known as **mercuric nitrate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg(NO3)2. It contains mercury and nitrate ions. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state. 

## Properties 
Mercury(II) nitrate is a white crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. 

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting mercury with concentrated nitric acid; dilute nitric acid would make mercury(I) nitrate.

## Uses 
It was used to make felt from fur. People would get poisoned when using it to make hats, making the term "mad hatter".

## Related pages 
*Mercury(I) iodide
*Mercury(II) oxide
*Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury nitrate

**Mercury nitrate** can refer to either of the following chemical compounds:

*Mercury(I) nitrate
*Mercury(II) nitrate, "mad hatter"
Mercury iodide

**Mercury iodide** can mean either of the following chemical compounds:

*Mercury(I) iodide
*Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(II) iodide

**Mercury(II) iodide**, also known as **mercuric iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgI2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties 
It is a red crystalline compound. It turns yellow when heated and turns red again when it is cooled. It is insoluble in water. It is highly toxic like all mercury compounds.

## Preparation 
Mercury(II) iodide is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt such as mercury(II) chloride with a source of iodide ions. This makes a bright red precipitate.

## Occurrence 
It is found as the very rare mineral coccinite.

## Uses 
It was used as a medicine, but it poisoned people who took the medicine. It is also used to demonstrate how some things change color when heated and change back when cooled. It can be used to test for ammonia and as a semiconductor. 

## Related pages 
*Mercury(I) iodide
*Iodine
*Mercury(II) oxide
*Mercury(II) bromide
Angri

**Angri** is a town and *comune* in the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy. It was the hometown of Teresina Raiola, the mother of famous American gangster Al Capone, as well Frank Nitti, another famous gangster. It is also where Alfonso Maria Fusco lived and died.

## References
*2001 census data download  Istituto Nazionale di Statistica
Mercury(I) iodide

**Mercury(I) iodide**, also known as **mercurous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2I2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a yellow solid. When light is shined on it, it breaks down (by disproportionation) to mercury(II) iodide and iodine. It is toxic, as are all mercury compounds.

## Preparation and use
It is made by reacting mercury and iodine. It was once used as a medicine.

## Related pages
*Mercury(I) chloride
*Mercury(II) oxide
*Mercury(II) chloride
Stroopwafel

A **stroopwafel** () (English translation: **syrup waffle** or **treacle waffle**) is a waffle made from two thin, round layers of baked batter with a sweet caramel-like syrup filling in between. They're often eaten with coffee or tea and can be warmed up on top of a hot drink. Stroopwafels are often found freshly made and served at markets and by street vendors in the Netherlands, or packaged in supermarkets in over 70 countries across the world.  

## History 
Stroopwafels were first made in the city of Gouda  in the late 18th or early 19th century. Bakers used leftover bread and dough to make them. They sweetened these leftovers with syrup to create a tasty treat. The first known written recipe for stroopwafels dates back to 1840. However, some stories say that a baker named Gerard Kamphuisen may have created them around 1810. 

## Variations 
Stroopwafels come in different sizes, from small (5 cm) to large (25 cm). Occasionally, they have honey or chocolate inside. There are also types made for people with special diets, like a gluten-free diet or a vegan one.

In some places, like Northern France, cookies that are similar to stroopwafels can be found. Other sweets like ice cream and cakes sometimes use stroopwafel flavors too.

## Cultural Impact 
Stroopwafels are enjoyed all over the world. In many places, they are known as "coffee toppers" because people like to warm them on their hot drinks. These treats have appeared on cooking shows all over the world and are even served as snacks on some airlines. 

## References
Romy Schneider

**Romy Schneider** (September 23, 1938 - May 29, 1982) was an Austrian actress. She was from Vienna. She had German and French citizenship. She had an international career, but worked mostly in France.

## Life and career
She was born **Rosemarie Albach-Retty** in Vienna, Austria. Her parents were Wolf Albach-Retty (1906-1967) and Magda Schneider (1909-1996), both famous actors in Austria and Germany. 

After her parents divorced in 1945, she was raised by her mother. With her mother's help, and using her mother's family name, she started acting in 1953. She quickly became very popular through Ernst Marischka's trilogy called *Sissi*, about the early life of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.

In 1958, she appeared in the movie *Christine*, opposite French actor Alain Delon. They became engaged and she moved to France with him.

Schneider worked with directors such as Luchino Visconti in *Boccacio* (1961), Orson Welles in *The Trial* (1962), and Otto Preminger in *The Cardinal* (1963).

After her breakup with Delon in 1964, she went back to Germany. There she married stage director Harry Meyen. They had a son named David (1966-1981). 

She acted with Delon again in the movie *La piscine* in 1969. The rest of her career was mostly in France. Notable movies included; *Les choses de la vie* (1970), *Max et les ferrailleurs* (1971), *Le trio infernal* (1974), *Le vieux fusil* (1975), *La banquière* (1980), *La passante du Sans-Souci* (1981). 

Her later years were plagued by personal tragedies. She gave birth to a stillborn child in 1976 by her second husband Daniel Biasini. Her first husband Harry Meyen killed himself in 1979. Her son David accidentally died impaled while trying to go over a fence in 1981. That same year she had a kidney operation.  

She was found dead in her Paris apartment at the age of 43, probably from a heart attack, although no autopsy was performed. She left a daughter Sarah Biasini (born 1977, by her second husband), who is an actress.

## Reference
*
Mercury-vapor lamp

A **mercury-vapor lamp** is a kind of gas discharge lamp.  It makes light from mercury.  The mercury atoms release ultraviolet and visible light.  In some bulbs, the ultraviolet light shines on phosphors which make white light from it, although not all mercury-vapor lamps use phosphors. The EU wants to ban them because they contain large amounts of mercury and are not efficient like fluorescent bulbs although mercury lamps last much longer.

They are the bluish streetlights. Depending on the quality of the bulb, age of the bulb, phosphor used, and other chemicals added to the mercury, the color of the light can vary from blue-white to green-white, to almost pure white. A green tint usually indicates an older bulb, although it doesn't necessarily mean that the bulb is about to burn out. The metal halide lamp is an improved version of the mercury vapor lamp that contains a metal halide (usually sodium iodide) in addition to the mercury. The metal halide produces orange light, which combines with the blue-white light from the mercury to produce a very pure white light.

## Related pages
*Sodium vapor lamp
*Incandescent bulb
Streetlight

2021.]]
A **streetlight** is a light bulb on a pole used for lighting streets. Streets can be lit for safety or visibility reasons, so people can see where they are going at night.

There are five main types of streetlight:

* An LED streetlight gives a white light, and the lantern is usually short and thin because each LED is small.
* A mercury vapor streetlight gives a green-white light, and the lantern is usually short.
* A metal halide streetlight gives a white light, and the lantern is usually short.
* A low pressure sodium streetlight gives a yellow light. The lantern is usually long, because low-pressure sodium lamps are shaped like a tube.
* A high pressure sodium streetlight gives an orange-white light, and the lantern is usually short.

Many countries are replacing, mercury vapor, metal halide and sodium vapor streetlights with LED streetlights, because LED streetlights are cheaper to run. However, some models integrate the LED panel in a way that the whole lantern must be replaced, if the panel burns out or becomes faulty.

## Related pages
*Incandescent bulb, rarely used in streetlights
*Fluorescent bulb
Guildhall School of Music and Drama

**Guildhall School of Music and Drama** is a school for music and drama in London, England. It was founded in 1880. Students can study Music, Opera, Drama, Stage Management and Technical Theatre.

## History
The first Guildhall School was in an old warehouse, but it was soon too small. A new building was especially built and opened in 1886. Before 1935 it was known as the **Guildhall School of Music**. Since 1977 it has been next to the Barbican Arts Centre in the Barbican Complex.

The Guildhall School does not just teach students at the school. They also organize music examinations in the whole of Britain for anyone learning musical instruments. In 2004 these examinations joined with those of Trinity College London to form **Trinity Guildhall** Examinations. Today, Trinity Guildhall offers qualifications in performing and teaching in music, speech and drama, and dance to external students (students who are not studying at the school).

Today the school has a 308-seat drama and opera theatre, concert hall, lecture / recital hall and a small studio theatre. The students of the school regularly perform all over London. In 2008 work began on a large extension to the School. It will cost about £90 million.

Famous musicians who studied there include the trumpeter Alison Balsom, the composer Thomas Adès, the flautist Sir James Galway, the pianist Paul Lewis, the pianist Sa Chen, the violinist Tasmin Little, Sir George Martin, and the singers Kate Royal and Bryn Terfel.

## References
## Other websites
* Guildhall School of Music and Drama website
* City selects preferred Milton Court developer  (June 2006)
* Guildhall School seeks new extension  (February 2006)
* Trinity Guildhall at the Trinity College, London
Anthony Rolfe Johnson

**Anthony Rolfe Johnson,** CBE (born 5 November 1940; died 21 July 2010) was an English operatic tenor.  He was especially famous for singing the music of Monteverdi, Mozart and Benjamin Britten.  He sang many of the operatic roles which Britten had written for Peter Pears to sing.

## Life
Anthony Rolfe Johnson was born in Tackley in Oxfordshire.  When he was a child he enjoyed singing, but did not think of taking it up as a career.  He started to work in farm management.  Then, in his late twenties, he decided to study singing at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He started his singing career by singing in operas in the chorus and in small roles at the Glyndebourne Festival between 1972 and 1976. His first big operatic part was Vaudémont in Tchaikovsky’s *Iolanthe* in 1973 with the English Opera Group.  Then he sang the part of Albert Herring in Britten’s opera.

In 1978, he joined English National Opera.  He sang several roles in Mozart and Monteverdi operas, then he sang the Male Chorus (a solo part) in Britten’s *The Rape of Lucretia* and Aschenbach in *Death in Venice*.  Later he sang the title role in *Peter Grimes*.   He sang in opera houses all over the world, including including the English National Opera, Royal Opera House, La Monnaie in Brussels, La Scala, Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Vienna State Opera, and the Paris Opera.

Rolfe Johnson sang other music besides operas.  He sang in several oratorios, and he sang the role of Evangelist in J. S. Bach's *St John Passion* and *St Matthew Passion*, as well as in Britten’s *War Requiem*.  He also sang on the concert platform, and he gave recitals of Lieder.  He helped find a group called “The Songmakers’ Almanac” who sang classical songs. .

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992. 

He died of Alzheimer's disease on 21 July 2010.

## References
*”Anthony Rolfe Johnson” – obituary in The Independent, 29 July 2010 viewspaper p.&nbsp;9
Corundum

**Corundum** is a mineral. It is very hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9 (diamond is 10). It is usually clear. Its chemical formula is mostly aluminium oxide, .

Different metal atoms can replace some of the aluminium atoms in corundum. These impurities give corundum different colours. Different colours of corundum have different names as gemstones. Rubies are corundum coloured red by chromium impurities. Sapphires are coloured by iron and titanium impurities, and take on many different colours depending on the amount of each element.

## Related pages 
*Bauxite
*Aluminium
*Chromium(III) oxide

## References
Aluminium oxide

**Aluminium oxide** (also known as **aluminum oxide** in American English) is a chemical compound made from aluminium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is Al2O3. It is a normally white, powdery solid. It does not exist in a particular form. It can dissolve in acids and bases. It is used as an abrasive (sandpaper is an abrasive). It comes in bauxite and corundum. It does not melt easily. It is dissolved in a cryolite melt and electrolyzed to make aluminium.

## Natural occurrence
Corundum is the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminium oxide. Rubies and sapphires are types of corundum. The reason why they have different colors is because there are other elements in it.

## Properties
Al2O3 is an electrical insulator but it has a high thermal conductivity (). Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. Its most common occurring crystalline form, called corundum or α-aluminium oxide.

Aluminium oxide is the reason why aluminium cannot corrode. When aluminium reacts with atmospheric oxygen, a thin layer of aluminium oxide (4&nbsp;nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from more oxidation.

Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases, such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide.

## References
## Related pages
*Aluminium chloride
*Calcium oxide
*Corundum
The Salt Lake Tribune

***The Salt Lake Tribune*** is a newspaper based in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1871 and was known as *Mormon Tribune* by some former LDS Church members William Godbe, Elias L.T. Harrison and John Tullidge.
 

## Other websites
*Official website
Aluminium chloride

**Aluminium chloride** (AlCl3), is a chemical compound. It is a white or yellow crystalline solid. It melts at a low temperature. It is made by reacting aluminium oxide with hydrochloric acid. The anhydrous (without water) form may be made by reacting aluminium and chlorine. It is used in the making of chemicals. It is also used in deodorants. It can cause slight irritation.

## Related pages
*Calcium chloride
*Deodorant
*Sodium bromide

## Sources
Rashad Evans

**Rashad Anton Evans** (born September 25, 1979 in Niagara Falls, New York) is an American mixed martial artist. He currently fights for the UFC and fights out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Evans is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship and was the winner of The Ultimate Fight season 2 in the heavyweight division. Evans holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Gaidojutsu

## Other websites
*Rashad Evans' Official website
Georges St-Pierre

**Georges St-Pierre ** (born May 19, 1981 in Saint-Isidore, Quebec) (often called **GSP** for short) is a semi-retired Canadian mixed martial artist that fights for the UFC and fights out of Montreal, Quebec. St-Pierre has won the UFC Welterweight Championship 3 times. St-Pierre is a 3rd degree black belt in Kyokushin, a black belt in Gaidojutsu and a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was vacating the championship and was taking time off from MMA.

## References
## Other websites
*Georges St-Pierre's Official website 
*Georges St-Pierre at ufc.com
Joey Ramone

**Joey Ramone** (born **Jeffery Hyman**, May 19, 1951 – April 15, 2001) was an American punk musician and founder member of the Ramones, in which he was lead singer, along with Dee Dee Ramone, Tommy Ramone, and Johnny Ramone.

## Early life
Joey Ramone's mother encouraged both his and his brothers' interests in music. He was a fan of The Beatles, The Who, Iggy and The Stooges and David Bowie, among other bands. He was a fan of Phil Spector. He started playing the drums at 13 and played throughout his teen years. He idolized Pete Townshend of the Who.

## Death
Joey Ramone died at the age of 49 on April 15, 2001 of lymphoma.
Sodium vapor lamp

A **sodium vapor lamp** is a kind of gas discharge lamp. Streetlights are a major use. There are two types; the high pressure lamp and the low pressure lamp. The older low pressure one gives yellow light. It is still used where the ability to show different colors is not very important. The newer high pressure sodium vapor light emits a broader spectrum, often appearing orange but letting people see different colors. 

These lights contain sodium metal in them. They operate by a spark through a tube that contains the sodium. The sodium emits a yellow color, which produces the light. Because the lamp contains highly flammable sodium as well as toxic mercury, it should not be placed in the trash and must be disposed of properly at the end of its life.

## Related pages 
* Mercury-vapor lamp
Trish Stratus

**Patricia Anne Stratigias** (born December 18, 1975) is a Canadian professional wrestler, yoga instructor and former fitness model. She is signed to WWE, under the ring name, **Trish Stratus**. Stratus is a former one-time WWE Hardcore Champion, seven-time WWF/E Women's Champion and was named Babe of the Year from 2001 to 2004 and was also named Diva of the Decade. She returned to the WWE on February 20, 2011 after she made a surpise appearance at the 2011 Elimination Chamber pay-per-view. She also was a trainer on the 2011 revival of Tough Enough.

She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Stephanie McMahon in 2013. The next year, Stratus inducted Lita in the Hall of Fame.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **The Baltimore Sun**
** Best Female Wrestler of the Decade (2010)
* **Canadian Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2021
* **Cauliflower Alley Club**
** Iron Mike Mazurki Award (2016)
* **Fighting Spirit Magazine**
** Double X Award (2006)
** Three Degrees Award (2006)
* **George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Lou Thesz Award (2020)
* **Guinness World Records**
** World record: Most WWE Women's Championships (7 times)
* **Ontario Sports Hall of Fame**
** Sandy Hawley Community Service Award (2017)
* **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
** Woman of the Year (2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006)
** Woman of the Decade (2000–2009)
* **World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE**                                                                                                                
** WWE Hardcore Championship (1 time)
** WWF/E Women's Championship (7 times)
** WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2013)
** Babe of the Year (2001–2003)
** Diva of the Decade (2003)
** Ranked No. 1 of the top 50 Greatest WWE Female Superstars of all time (2021)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (2002) 

## References
## Other websites 
*Trish Stratus' Official website
*
Giancarlo Volpe

**Giancarlo Volpe** (born 31 July 1974 in Tacoma, Washington) is an Italian American animator and director.  He graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1997.  He started his career at Humongous Entertainment.

## Career 
### Computer games 
*"Pajama Sam"
**Putt-Putt Enters the Race*

### Animated series 
**King of the Hill*
**Avatar: The Last Airbender*
**Green Lantern: The Animated Series*

### Other TV series 
**Star Wars: The Clone Wars*

## Other websites 
* MobyGames profile
* deviantART Profile
Paramount Parks

**Paramount Parks** was an operator of theme parks and attractions. In 1994, the Paramount Parks became a part of Paramount Pictures.

## Other websites 
*Cedar Fair official website
*Gilroy Gardens (Formerly Bonfante Gardens)
*Canada's Wonderland
*Coney Island
*Carowinds
*California's Great America
*Kings Dominion
*Kings Island
*Star Trek The Experience
Mirko Filipović

**Mirko Filipović** (born 10 September 1974 in Zagreb, Croatia) is a Croatian mixed martial artist who currently fights for the UFC. He is known by his nickname **Mirko Cro Cop**, which he gained when he was in the Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit. Filipović also fought for the Pride Fighting Championships where he won a PrideFC 2006 Openweight Grand Prix Tournament. 

## Other websites
*
Alberto Del Rio

**José Alberto Rodríguez** (born May 25, 1977) is a Mexican professional wrestler, former mixed martial artist and luchador enmascarado. He has wrestled in the WWE under the ring name **Alberto Del Rio**. He has also wrestled for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Ring of Honor (ROH) and Lucha Underground (LU). He competeed in AAA under the ring name **El Patrón Alberto** ("The Boss Alberto") and in ROH and LU under the name **Alberto el Patrón**.

In 2006 Pro Wrestling Illustrated ranked Alberto Del Rio #45 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500. On January 30, 2011, Del Rio won the 2010 Royal Rumble by last eliminating Santino Marella.

On August 7, 2014, it was announced that Del Rio had been fired from the WWE after he slapped an employee who allegedly made a racist joke.

On August 17 at Triplemanía XXII, El Patrón and his father Dos Caras returned to AAA. He spoke about returning to AAA and he addressed the WWE, claiming that they were racist. They were interrupted by the Los Perros del Mal stable.

On December 11, 2014, Ring of Honor (ROH) announced that they had signed Rodríguez and that he would make his debut for them on January 3, 2015. In his debut match, he defeated Christopher Daniels.

On January 17, 2015, Lucha Underground announced that they had signed Rodríguez. He debuted for them at their television tapings in Los Angeles, California later that same day.

On October 25, 2015, Del Rio made a surprise return to the WWE at Hell in a Cell with Zeb Colter as his manager. At Hell in a Cell, Del Rio answered John Cena's United States Open Challenge. He defeated Cena to win the United States Championship.

## Championships
***Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre**
**AAA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Técnico* of the Year (2014)
***Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre**
**CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**La Copa Junior (2006)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#6** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011.
***World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE**
**World Heavyweight Championship (two times)
**WWE Championship (two times)
**WWE United States Championship (Two times)
**Money in the Bank (Raw 2011)
**Royal Rumble (2011)
**Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) (with Team SmackDown (Big Show, Rey Mysterio, Jack Swagger, Edge, Tyler Reks, and Kofi Kingston))
***World Wrestling League**
**WWL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
*'''Wrestling Observer Newsletter
**Best Gimmick (2010)

## References 
## Other websites
*
NHS Alliance

The **NHS Alliance** was a National Health Service group, which is made up of doctors, hospital managers and others working in health care in England, Scotland and Wales in the United Kingdom.  It is not a part of the government or a political party. It held an annual conference. Dr Michael Dixon was Chairman of NHS Alliance since 1998, with Michael Sobanja as its Chief Executive.

## Other websites
*NHS Alliance website

## References
Aluminium fluoride

**Aluminium fluoride**, also known as **aluminum fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlF3. It is used to process aluminium. It can be made by reacting aluminium with hydrofluoric acid. It is also made by reacting hexafluorosilicic acid with aluminium oxide.

## Related pages
*Aluminium chloride
*Sodium fluoride, the other part of cryolite
*Fluoride
DR Movie

**DR Movie** is a Korean animation studio. It was organised in Seoul in 1990. It often works with Japanese companies on anime titles. 

## Other websites
* DRMovie official site
*
Hydrofluoric acid

**Hydrofluoric acid (HF)** is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Its chemical formula is HF. It is a very dangerous acid, being very corrosive and extremely toxic. It can dissolve glass to make hexafluorosilicic acid. If it gets on the skin, it can kill you. It is made by reacting fluorite with sulfuric acid. It is used in the processing of petroleum. It is also used to make various other chemicals containing fluorine, such as teflon (the coating in a frying pan), freon (the cooling agent in an air conditioner), and fluorocarbons (used as propellants in aerosol cans). It is used to clean metals. It is very toxic because it bonds with calcium ions in the body and makes them so they cannot be used. As an acid, it can be deprotonated to produce fluorides, which are also the salts of hydrofluoric acid.

If someone gets hydrofluoric acid on them, medical attention is needed, as just small amounts are very toxic.
(Flesh eater)

## Related pages
*Hydrochloric acid
*Fluoride
*Hydrobromic acid

## References
## Other websites
* International Chemical Safety Card 0283
* National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet 
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* Hydrofluoric Acid Burn, The New England Journal of Medicine Acid burn case study
New York Comic Con

The **New York Comic Con** is a festival that takes place in New York City for fans of comics, graphic novels, anime, manga, video games, toys, movies, and television.

## Past conventions
## Gallery

Image:4.20.08DavidLloydbByLuigiNovi.JPG|*V for Vendetta* artist David Lloyd at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08DannyFingerothByLuigiNovi.JPG|Danny Fingeroth at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08DarwynCookeByLuigiNovi.JPG|*DC: The New Frontier* artist Darwyn Cooke at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08IvanReisByLuigiNovi.JPG|*Green Lantern* artist Ivan Reis at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08JerryOrdwayByLuigiNovi.JPG|Artist Jerry Ordway at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08WaltSimonsonByLuigiNovi.JPG|*Thor* writer/artist Walter Simonson at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08RagsMoralesByLuigiNovi.JPG|*Identity Crisis* artist Rags Morales at the April 2008 convention.
Image:4.20.08SimoneBianchiByLuigiNovi.JPG|Italian artist Simone Bianchi at the April 2008 convention.
Image:Comic con clay.jpg|*Watchmen* photographer Clay Enos at the February 2009 convention.
Image:Comiccon 21.jpg|Eisner Award Hall of Fame member Jim Steranko at the February 2009 convention.

## References
## Other websites
*New York Comic Con website
*NYCC YouTube page
*Videos and photos from New York Comic Con 2007 
*AMCTV.com's Sci-Fi Department's video coverage of the 2008 New York Comic Con 
*Midtown Comics, New York
Burbank, California

**Burbank** is a city in the southeastern end of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, California. Located just 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles, Burbank is well known for being home to Walt Disney Studios and Warner Bros Studios, as well as having the largest IKEA in the United States. The population at the 2020 census was 107,337.

## Notable people
]]
]]
* Sterling Beaumon (b. 1995), actor, musician
* Tyler Blackburn (b. 1986), actor, singer
* Kelly Blatz (b. 1987), actor, model
* Scott Borchetta (b. 1962), president/CEO of Big Machine Records
* Tim Burton (b. 1958), film director, producer
* Paul Cameron (b. 1932), football player
* Glenn Davis (1924–2005), football player, Heisman Trophy winner
* Debbe Dunning (b. 1966), actress
* Masiela Lusha (b. 1985), actress, writer, humanitarian
* Andrew Gold (1951–2011), singer-songwriter, born in Burbank
* Mark Harmon (b. 1951), actor
* Jason Hirsh (b. 1982), professional baseball player
* Ron Howard (b. 1954), actor, director
* Ryan Lavarnway (b. 1987), major league baseball catcher (Baltimore Orioles)
* Blake Lively (b. 1987), actress
* Chris Marquette (b. 1984), actor
* Cady McClain (b. 1969), actress
* Garry Marshall (1934–2016), director, actor
* Hayley McFarland (b. 1991), actress
* Sandy Neilson (b. 1956), Olympic swimming gold medalist
* Greg Plitt (1977–2015), fitness model, actor.
* Eve Plumb (b. 1958), actress
* Debbie Reynolds (1932–2016), actress, singer
* Randy Rhoads (1956–1982), musician, guitarist
* Jason Ritter (b. 1980), actor, raised in Burbank
* John Ritter (1948–2003), actor, TV personality, born and raised in Burbank
* Adam Schiff (b. 1960), U.S. Congressman – House of Representatives
* Kendall Schmidt (b. 1990), actor, singer, formed band Heffron Drive in Burbank with Dustin Belt – part of Big Time Rush (band).
* Ryan Shore (b. 1974), film composer
* Daniel Steres (b. 1990), professional soccer player
* Frank Sullivan (b. 1930), Major League baseball pitcher-active 1953–63
* Wil Wheaton (b. 1972), actor
* Anton Yelchin (1989–2016), actor

## References
## Books
* *Brief History of Burbank, California* (Burbank Chamber of Commerce, 1961)
* *Of Men and Stars, A History of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation* (Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1957–1958)
* *Ranchos de Los Santos, The Story of Burbank* (The Burbank Branch of the Security Trust and Savings Bank, 1927)
* *The Story of Burbank from Her Eventful Pioneer Days* (The Magnolia Park Chamber of Commerce, 1954)
* *Your Burbank Home* (Burbank Merchant's Association, 1928)

## Media
* NBC
* The CW
* Freeform
* Nickelodeon
* Disney Channel
* Cartoon Network

## Other websites
* City of Burbank - official
* Burbank Water & Power - official
* Burbank Unified School District 
* Burbank Chamber of Commerce
* Bob Hope Airport - official 
* Burbankia (Burbank history and lore)
* Burbank.com - Your online guide to Burbank, California
* Burbank Community Book, 1944
* A History of Burbank, 1968
Hexafluorosilicic acid

of hexafluorosilicic acid crystals. The central piece is the hexafluorosilicate anion, where an orange silicon atom is surrounded by green fluorine atoms. To either side are Zundel cations, a form of protonated water. Dashed lines are hydrogen bonds.]]

**Hexafluorosilicic acid** is a chemical compound that is an acid. It has the simplified chemical formula , but has a complicated chemistry that means no compound with this formula truly exists. A better formula is {{chem2|(H3O)2SiF6*(H2O)_{n}|}}, indicating a hydrated hydronium salt.

It can be reacted with bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce a fluorosilicate salt such as sodium fluorosilicate. It is used to make artificial cryolite. It releases hydrogen fluoride when it is heated, so it is toxic like hydrofluoric acid. It is used in fluoridation of water. 

## Production 
Most hexafluorosilicic acid is a byproduct from refining minerals that contain fluoride.

For example, pure fluorite has the formula , and makes hydrofluoric acid in a chemical reaction with sulfuric acid:
:
Silica, , is a common impurity in fluorite. If silica is present during the above reaction, it will react with the  product. This equation can be written as
:

## Related pages
*Silicate
*Silicon
*Fluoride

## References
Chris Masters

**Christopher Todd Mordetzky** (born January 8, 1983) is an American professional wrestler. As of 2023, he was signed to National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) under the ring name **Chris Adonis**. He is a former two-time National Champion in NWA. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), under the ring name **Chris Masters**. He is also known for his time in Impact Wrestling, under the ring name Chris Adonis. For Qatar Pro Wrestling, he is a former QPW Tag Team Champion with Carlito.

After being trained in Ultimate Pro Wrestling, Mordetzky signed with WWE. He was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling for training. In 2005, he wrestled for the first time as "The Masterpiece" Chris Masters. He was a wrestler in a great body shape. Massters used "The Masterlock" as finishing move. It was a full nelson hold. During his career in WWE, the Masterlock was a submission no one could break. The Masterlock Challenge storyline ended after Bobby Lashley broke the hold on March 20, 2007. Masters was released in 2007. He worked on the independent circuit for two years before returning to WWE in 2009. Masters was released again in 2011. Since then, he has worked on the independent circuit. He has had notable stints in Global Force Wrestling (GFW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

## References
## Other websites 
*
Hydrobromic acid

**Hydrobromic acid** is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBr.  It is a very strong acid. It is used to make bromides by reaction with metals or metal oxides. 

It can be made by reacting bromine, sulfur dioxide, and water. This reaction makes hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid. It is made by dissolving hydrogen bromide in water. It can also be made by reacting bromine with sulfur and phosphorus. It can also be made by electrolysis of a bromide solution. It can be made by reacting bromides with non-oxidizing acids, because oxidizing acids would turn the bromides into bromine.

## Related pages
*Hydrochloric acid
*Hydriodic acid
*Hydrofluoric acid
Cryolite

**Cryolite** is a rare mineral that consists of sodium fluoride and aluminium fluoride bonded. It is used in the production of aluminium. It is first melted and then aluminium oxide is dissolved in it. Then the solution is electrolyzed. If it is immersed in water, it becomes invisible although it does not dissolve. It used to be found in large quantities in Greenland, but it has been all used up. Now it is made from fluorite artificially. 

## Related pages
*Pyrolusite
*Sodium chloride
*Aluminium chloride
Hydrogen bromide

**Hydrogen bromide** is a chemical compound. It dissolves in water to produce hydrobromic acid. Its chemical formula is HBr. It is a stinky colorless gas. It is used to make other bromides. It is made by reacting hot hydrogen and bromine with a catalyst. It can be made by reacting bromides with non-oxidizing acids, such as phosphoric acid. Bromine can be reduced by phosphorous acid to make hydrogen bromide. 

## Related pages 
*Hydrogen iodide
*Hydrogen chloride
*Hydrogen fluoride
Seal script

(left) and seal script (right).]]
**Seal script** (Chinese: Simplified: 篆书 ;Traditional: 篆書; pinyin: zhuànshū) is an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy.

## Books
* Chén Zhāoróng (陳昭容) ''Research on the Qín (Ch'in) Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing* (秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察) (2003). Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology Monograph (中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊). . (in Chinese)
* Qiú Xīguī (裘錫圭) *Chinese Writing'' (2000). Translation of 文字學概要 by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of  Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. .

## Other websites
* Script translation
* Richard Sears on seal script
Clerical script

(left) and clerical script (right).]]
The **clerical script** (; pinyin: *lìshū*; Japanese: 隷書体, *Reishotai*;) is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy.

## Other websites
Guzheng

The **guzheng**, also spelled **gu zheng** or **gu-zheng** (, with *gu*  meaning "ancient"; and also called ***zheng*** ) is a Chinese plucked zither.

## Books 
* Han Mei. "Guzheng." In *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).
Hydrogen iodide

**Hydrogen iodide** () is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HI. It is a colorless odorous gas. It reacts with oxygen to make iodine and water. It can be made by reducing iodine with hydrazine. It can also be made by reacting iodides with non-oxidizing acids such as phosphoric acid. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with iodine. Very pure hydrogen iodide can be made by combining hydrogen and iodine, but this is very slow. It will break down if exposed to air. It can be used to make illegal drugs and various chemical compounds of iodine. It dissolves in water to produce hydroiodic acid. Hydroiodic acid is a strong acid that is used to make iodides.

## Related pages
*Hydrogen chloride
*Hydrogen fluoride
*Hydrogen bromide

## References
## Other websites
*International Chemical Safety Card 1326
Pipa

The ***pipa*** () is a four-stringed Chinese musical instrument, belonging to the plucked category of instruments (弹拨乐器/彈撥樂器).

## Books
**New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).

## Other websites
* "Kishibe's diffusionism theory on the Iranian Barbat and Chino-Japanese Pi' Pa'," from The Shayda Institute-Iranian Classical Music site 
* An article on the historical development of pipa
* The Pipa on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Pipa Performance by Gifted Musician in United States
Hydrogen halide

**Hydrogen halides** (or **hydrohalic acids**) are inorganic compounds that contain a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom. The halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Astatine does not make a stable hydrogen halide, so it is not included.

The hydrogen halides are diatomic molecules with no tendency to ionize in the gas phase. Chemists therefore distinguish hydrogen chloride from hydrochloric acid. The former is a gas at room temperature that reacts with water to give the acid. Once the acid has formed, the diatomic molecule can not easily be regenerated.
Royal charter

A **royal charter** is a legal document issued by the monarchy which gives certain rights to an organization.

When an organization, for example: a university, is founded there has to be an official document which lists the basic laws (the constitution) of the organization. If this document is given to the organization by the king or queen it is called a Royal charter.

In Europe Royal charters have been used to create towns ever since the Middle Ages. The date when the charter was made is thought of as the date when the town was founded (started), even if there had been people living there many years before.

Many groups such as the British East India Company were formed by Royal charter. Most British university operate under Royal Charters. This gives them the right to give degrees to the students at the end of their studies. 

The BBC operates under a Royal Charter which lasts for a limited period of ten years, after which it is renewed.

Charities may also have Royal charters. They do not need to have one, but they are likely to be more successful if they have a Royal charter.
Aluminium sulfate

**Aluminium sulfate**, sometimes spelled **aluminum** or **sulphate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2(SO4)3. It is a white crystalline solid. It can be made by dissolving aluminium oxide in sulfuric acid. It is used to remove particles from water when it is processed for drinking. It is also used in making paper. It is used in baking powder, deodorants, slug killer,  and to make garden soils more acidic.

## Related pages
*Aluminium chloride
*Sulfate
*Aluminium