Nuremberg

**Nuremberg** (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ *NEWR-əm-burg*;  [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]; East Franconian: *Närmberch* [ˈnɛrmbɛrç]) is a city in the German *state* of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia. It is on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city. It is about  north of Munich. As of June 2017, 530,771 people lived there.

## History 
### Middle Ages 
From 1050 to 1571, the city became very important because it was on key trade routes. Many of the parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire (called the *Reichstage*) met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219, Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II. This meant it was ruled by the Emperor, not one of the local lords or princes. It also meant that Nuremberg had a seat in the Imperial Parliament.

In 1298 there was a big ''''. Nearly 700 Jews were killed. The Jews lived near the river, and by getting rid of the Jews the northern and southern parts of the city could be linked together. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall).

### Early modern age 
In 1532, the Peace of Nuremberg, gave Lutherans important concessions. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein besieged King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Siege of Nuremberg. The city became less important after this war, and only recovered in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial centre.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and Nuremberg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Bavaria took over the city's debts. The first German railway, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835.

### Nazi period 
Nuremberg was very important during the Nazi Germany period. The Nazi Party held huge Nazi Party conventions – the Nuremberg rallies in the city.

The rallies were held every year from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state propaganda events, and a centre of anti-Semitism and other Nazi ideas. At one rally, Hitler passed the anti-Semitic (anti Jewish) Nuremberg Laws which took German citizenship away from all Jews. A number of buildings were built for the rallies, some of which were not finished.

Today many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of *Der Stürmer*.

During World War II, Nuremberg was the headquarters of *Wehrkreis* (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including airplanes, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was here. A lot of the factories used slave labour.

The city was badly damaged in bombing World War II, especially between 1943 and 1945. On January 2, 1945, the medieval city centre was bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Air Force and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 left homeless. In February 1945, more attacks followed. In total, about 6000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.

Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in the Holocaust and other war crimes were taken in front of the International Military Tribunal in the Nuremberg Trials. The Soviet Union had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:
* It was in the American occupation zone
* The Nuremberg Palace of Justice was big and only damaged a little by the Allied bombing of Germany. A large prison was also part of the complex.
* The city had been the location of the Nazi party's Nuremberg rallies, so there was symbolic value in having the trials to prosecute Nazism there.
* As a compromise, Berlin was the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Because of the Cold War, there were no subsequent trials.

The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, organised by the United States as occupying power in the area.

## Economy 
Nuremberg city has 501,000 people. As of 2005, the urban area had 763,000 people (about 822,000 people as of 2008). Nuremberg metropolitan area has 1,205,000 people. Nuremberg is still associated with gingerbread (*Lebkuchen*) products, sausages, and handmade toys. The first pocket watches, called *Nuremberg eggs*, were made there in the sixteenth century. In the nineteenth century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN.

Things made in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, and printed materials.

Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a third of German market research agencies is also in the city.

The Nuremberg International Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world. The city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year, attracting experts from every corner of the glob

## Culture 
Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention.

The city contributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543.

Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the *Nuremberg Chronicles*, also known as the *World Chronicles* (*Schedelsche Weltchronik*), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe.

Sculptors such as Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg.

Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his opera *Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg*. Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist of Saint Sebald church.

Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over a million shoppers each year.

## Main sights 
The southern part of the old town, known as Lorenzer Seite, is separated from the north by the river Pegnitz and surrounded by the city walls on the south.
* Nuremberg Castle: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to the west.
* *Heilig-Geist-Spital*. The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in the centre of the city was founded in 1332. It was one of the largest hospitals of the Middle Ages. Now it houses an old-folks' home and restaurant.
* *Hauptmarkt*, which provides a picturesque setting and famous market for gingerbread. Nuremberg's star attraction is the Gothic *Schöner Brunnen* (Beautiful Fountain) which was built around 1385. Now it is a copy, the original fountain is kept in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, the German National Museum.
* The *Johannisfriedhof* is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Dürer, Willibald Pirckheimer, and others). The *Rochusfriedhof* or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.
* There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods.
* The German National Railways Museum  is also in Nuremberg.
* The Nuremberg Ring (now welded within an iron fence) is said to bring good luck to those that touch it.

## Transportation 
### Railways 
Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have a railway, and today Nuremberg Central Station is a stop for IC and ICE trains on the German long-distance railway network. Trains on the Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich High-Speed line travel at up to 300-km/h. The line opened on May 28, 2006. It meant travel times to Munich were reduced to as little as one hour.

### Public Transportation 
In Nuremberg there are subways, suburban trains, trams and buses.

## Sports clubs 
* 1. F.C. Nuremberg
* SpVgg Greuther Fürth (not really a club from Nuremberg as Fürth is a rural town of its own)
* Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers - Local professional hockey club.

## Sister cities 
Worldwide, Nuremberg is twinned with the following cities:
*  Nice, since 1954
*  Kraków, since 1979
*  Skopje, since 1982
*  Glasgow, since 1985
*  San Carlos, since 1985
*  Gera, since 1988, renewed 1997
*  Prague, since 1990
*  Kharkiv, since 1990
*  Hadera, since 1995
*  Shenzhen, since 1997 (This is why Shenzhen set up its European Contact Agency in Nuremberg)
*  Antalya,  since 1997
*  Kavala, since 1998
*  Atlanta, since 1998
*  Venice, since 1999
*  Rotterdam

## Famous citizens 
* Alexander Schreiner organist, Mormon Tabernacle.
* Chaya Arbel (Israeli composer)
* Kaspar Hauser
* Hans Behaim the Elder
* Peter Bucher
* Albrecht Dürer
* Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach
* Hermann Kesten (writer)
* Adam Kraft (sculptor and architect)
* Anton Koberger
* Max Morlock
* Conrad Paumann
* Hans Sachs
* Hartmann Schedel
* Veít Stoß
* Peter Vischer the Elder
* Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer
* Johann Pachelbel
* Kunz Lochner

## Related pages 
* Nuremberg Trials
* Nuremberg Rally
* Nürnberger Bratwürste
* Lebkuchen (gingerbread, specialty of Nuremberg)
* Leni Riefenstahl
* List of mayors of Nuremberg
* Nuremberg Underground

## References 
## Other websites 
* English website of the city 
* Nuremberg City Panoramas - Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
* Carnival's Schembart run turns Nuremberg into a medieval city again 
* *Nuremberg* by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
* more Nuremberg Panoramas
* Architecture of Nuremberg 
* Nuremberg
* Tramway in Nuremberg
* Article at jewishencyclopedia.com
* [49 digitized objects on Nuremberg](http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0000&q=("nuremberg")) in The European Library