open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ibn Battuta

**Ibn Battuta** (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a Moroccan explorer. He is known for the account of his journeys called the *Rihla* ("Voyage"). He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. This distance was more than Marco Polo travelled; about . Ibn Battuta was considered the greatest traveller of the medieval period.
Battuta also made  maps that were used by cartographers. He also met Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and wrote a book called "The Travels Of Ibn Battutta".
Ibn Battuta was born on February 24, 1304 in Tangier. His family consisted of judges and scholars of Islamic law. At age 21, Ibn Battuta started his long exploration when he went on the Hajj. This is a year-long pilgrimage that brings Muslims closer to God. Ibn Battuta first went across North Africa (Maghreb), to the great port Alexandria in 1326. Ibn Battuta spent 30 years visiting every Muslim country of his day. He recorded details about the social and political life he saw on his journeys. He gave information all about Muhammad Bin Tuglaq.

Ibn Battuta met a Syrian Arab Damascene girl who was a slave of a black African governor in Mali. Ibn Battuta engaged in a conversation with her in Arabic.
 The black man was a scholar of Islam and his name was Farba Sulayman. He was openly violating the rule in Islam against enslaving Arabs.

Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded. Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls. Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who took all their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.

## Notes
Oldboy

***Oldboy*** is a 2003 movie by Park chan-wook. This movie is based on the 1997 Japanese comic book. It is a mystery action movie about the contest of Oh Dae-su who was confined in private jail for 15 years (even he does not know why he was caged) and Lee woo-jin who confined Oh because of revenge. This movie deals especially and in detail with human hatred and revenge, and uses nice visual techniques to deal with sensational material.

The movie was nominated for many international movie festivals. It won 31 awards including Best Director at the Cannes Film Festival in 2004.

## References
Cheese on toast

**Cheese on toast** is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese. It is often eaten as a light snack. It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients. It is made by grilling cheese on toast but can also be made using a toaster oven.

Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese. Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.

## Ingredients 
*Bread
*Cheese
*Toast

## Related pages 
*Sandwich
*Cheese
*Butter
*Bread
*Toast

## References
Bean Pole International

**Bean Pole International** is the name of a South Korean clothes brand. It was started by Cheil-Mogic, one of the Samsung Company group, in 1989.

The brand name "Bean Pole" signifies happiness and hope, by symbolizing a man riding a bicycle in the novel *Daddy Long-Legs*. The picture of a man riding a bicycle is the logo of Bean Pole. In addition, it also signifies the tradition of the Boston Ivy League universities.

In the 21st century Bean Pole became a nationally famous brand in South Korea. It has six sub-brands including Bean Pole, Bean Pole Ladies, and Bean Pole Golf. They have become an international company selling clothes to China, the United States and Europe. They hired Gwyneth Paltrow and Daniel Henny to appear in advertising to promote the brand name.
Nakseongdae

**Nakseongdae** is a park in Gwanak, Seoul. It is the birthplace of the famous Goryeo-Era general, Gang Gam-chan (강감찬, 姜邯贊 ; 948-1031). Legend says that when Gang Gam-chan was born, a star fell from Heaven.  Because of this, his birthplace was named "Site of the Falling Star" (Nakseongdae).

The people of the Goryeo Kingdom (918-1392) built a three-story pagoda at the house of Gang Gam-chan's birth to praise him for his great deeds.  He defeated 400,000 invading Khitan soldiers. Damaged parts of this pagoda were rebuilt by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1964, and the pagoda was named Seoul Tangible Cultural Property No. 4 in 1972. Two years later, a shrine was built for Gang Gam-chan. The pagoda, which was originally at 218 Bongcheon-dong, was moved to be with the shrine.

## Related pages 
* Nakseongdae Station
* Nakseongdae Park
Infinite Challenge

***Infinite Challenge*** (; abbreviated as ) is a South Korean television entertainment program, distributed and syndicated by MBC, that ran from 2005 to 2018.

As of January 2013, it had the largest market share for its timeslot; with between 13 and 17 percent of Korean television viewers watching *Infinite Challenge* every Saturday night. making it the most-watched free-to-air television program on Saturday evenings, and the most viewed non-drama program in South Korea every week (excluding special sporting events, since November 2006, with the exception of January 2009, April and May 2010).
***Infinite Challenge*** () is a famous Korean TV show. Its Korean name is *Muhan Dojeon*. It started in 2005 as *Mu(mo)han Dojeon* and titled *Muhan Dojeon* in 2006. 

There are seven people on the show now; Yoo Jae-suk, the MC, Park Myeong-su always seated second, Jeong Jun-ha whose nickname is 'eating god' because he eats a lot and fast, Roh Hong-cheol who can speak quickly and has swindler character, Jeong Hyeong-don who is called "MiJon gae-oh" that means remarkable in everywhere, HaHa who is called "little baby", Jun Jin was a member for about 2 years and went military service. Instead of him, Gil, who is singer of South Korea's hip-hop group Leessang, appears in this show.  

This show is the first real variety show in Korea. The seven members of the team try new challenges for each episode. For example, they held an end of year concert to raise money for unfortunate neighbors, made a drama, met and played games with world-famous stars like Thierry Henry and Paris Hilton. These were all produced by Kim Tae-ho, the producer of Infinite Challenge. He wants to keep the program new and exciting so he has recently tried to add a new member of the team.

## References
Yi Sang-jae

**Yi Sang-jae** (, 26 October 1850 – 29 March 1927; also written as **Lee Sang-jae**) was a religious leader and independence fighter at the end of the Korean Empire.

He was born in Jongji-ri, Chungcheongnam-do. His courtesy name is Gye-ho. He was the president of the Independence Association and published the first Korean private newspaper, *Independence Newspaper*. When Korea was a colony of Japan, he was active in the movement to establish the Korean Private University. Also, he was the first president of Singanhoe, one of the biggest independence groups in Korea.

## References
## Other websites
*Yi Sang-jae on Open Library
*Profile on the Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture
Brown Eyed Soul (band)

**Brown Eyed Soul** is a Korean musical singing group. The 4 men in the band are Naul, Jung-Yeop, Sung-Hun, & Young-Jun. Their genre is soul pop and R&B. Brown Eyed Soul made their debut in 2003 with their 1st album *Soul Free*. Their 2nd album, *The Wind, The Sea, The Rain* was released in 2007. They took four years to release their 2nd album. Although 4 years was a long time, they still had many fans. Their 2nd album sold about 100,000 copies. It helped them win the R&B award at the 5th Korean Music awards in 2008.
 
Brown Eyed Soul have not appeared on television which is very unusual in Korea where most groups appear regularly. Brown Eyed Soul`s popularity is not their looks or their dancing, but their music.

## Albums
* *Soul Free*, 2003. 09. 17
* *The Wind, The Sea, The Rain*,  2007. 11. 02
* *Brown Eyed Soul Christmas Concert Live 2007*, 2008. 12. 04
* *BROWNEYED SOUL*, 2010. 11. 25
Hwaseong Fortress

**Hwaseong Fortress** () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.  Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea. The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.

The wall is about 6 km long and it has four gates.

Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.  He wanted to protect his father's burial place.  He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.  He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.

Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794. Construction was finished in September 1796.  Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process. Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.  Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.  The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.  It is a traditional Korean crane. They also made potter's wheels were created.  They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.

After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.  This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.  This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.

The fortress was partly damaged twice.  First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.  The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.  Today, most of its original features have been restored.  

The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.  This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.

The fortress is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
## References
Tteokguk

**Tteokguk** is a traditional food of Korea. It is eaten on January 1 to celebrate Seollal, the Korean New Year.

Tteokguk is a soup made from tteok ( a sweet Korean rice cake), sliced cooked eggs, ground meat, *mandu*, leek, and onion.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Migi's Kitchen with a recipe for tteokguk
Kacchu

**Kacchu** is a Japanese traditional armor. Japanese swords and scabbards are higher quality than swords from other countries. Therefore, Kacchu also needed to develop to protect the body from attack. *Kacchu* was also made to be worn by horses. It was made of leather, bronze and iron.

## Today 
Among the *samurai* it was used only for protection. *Kacchu* is now often used in feasts, entertainment and festivals. It has become colorful, simple and luxurious. Because Japanese people are becoming interested in the samurai, *kacchu* is becoming more popular. *Kacchu* has a high popularity among couples on the birth of the boy. In marriage, a bridegroom wears a tuxedo or *hakama* but, recently there have been more men wearing *Kacchu*. *Kanetsugu Naoe*’s (直江 兼続) *Kacchu* is especially popular. He was a strategist in the Warring State Period in Japan. He is also called the general *Kanetsugu Naoe* of Uesugi. *Kanetsugu Naoe* only loved one woman, *Osen*(お船) and did not have another wife in time of polygamy. Therefore, couples think they swear to love forever by wearing his *Kacchu*. In fact, the *Kanji* for "love"(愛)　sticks out from his helmet. This *Kanji* has four different meanings: “personal grace of love”(仁徳愛), “people of love”(民衆愛), “*Aizenmyouou*”(愛染明王), and “*Atagoshinkou*”(愛宕信仰). “*Aizenmyouou*” means the hero who realizes sexual desires and “*Atagoshinkou*” means the religion of gods from Atago temple. 

When a boy is born, *Kacchu* is decorated on “*Tango no sekku*”(端午の節句), called “Children’s day”, is the festival which celebrates boy’s growing and children’s health. As charms, *Kacchu* and *Katana*(刀) are decorated on the inside with symbols which are meant to protect a boy’s body and soul.

## References
* Naoe-kanetsugu.com(直江兼続.com).　Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 3 May 2009
* General Kanetsugu Naoe of Uesugi(上杉の智将　直江兼続). Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 1 June 2009
* Kyoto National Museum (1987).
Ko Young-min

**Ko Young-min** (born February 8, 1984 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player of the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears. He graduated from Seung-Nam High School.  His height is 182.0&nbsp;cm. and his weight is 76.0&nbsp;kg. 

His position is second baseman. He is a member of the national team. He has fast legs and a great catching ability. His nickname is Koget. He is a second fielder. *Koget* is a compound word made up of his family name and an animation gadget.  His experiences as a member of the national team are in the Beijing Olympic Games and the second WBC. He won the golden glove prize in  2007. He also won the Korea professional baseball at second baseman prize. He got the best point prize in  2007 for the Samsung PAVV professional baseball team.

## Career stats
**Bold** = led KBO

## References
Cornish people

**Cornish people** (Cornish: Kernowyon) are often regarded as a distinct national identity of the United Kingdom, originating in Cornwall. They are described as a Celtic people.

In the 19th century, many Cornish people moved abroad to find jobs in mining. Today, descendents of Cornish people can be found all over the world, including Australia, Canada, America, Mexico and South Africa.

## Other websites
* www.cornwall.gov.uk, the website of Cornwall Council
* www.cornishculture.co.uk , an online guide to Cornish Celtic culture
Mexican peso

of Mexican Peso.]] 
The **Mexican Peso** (sign: **$**; code: **MXN**) is the currency, or money, of . The symbol used for the peso is "$", which is the same as for the US dollars, which got its symbol from the Spanish-Mexican currency. It is one of the most traded currencies in the world. The current ISO 4217 code for the peso is *MXN*; before its value was changed in 1993, the code *MXP* was used. The peso is made up of 100 *centavos*, represented by "¢". The name comes from the Spanish words *pesos oro* (gold weights) or *pesos plata* (silver weights). The meaning of **peso** in English is **weight**.

## Exchange rates 
* Following the 1993 revaluation, the peso's official exchange rate was MXN$3 per US dollar.
* As a result of Mexico's currency crisis in 1994, the peso sharply depreciated from MXN$3.4 by try to MXN$7.2 in 1995.
* From 1998 to 2008, it traded within a range between MXN$8 and MXN$11 pesos per dollar. 
* In early 2009, the peso briefly depreciated to MXN$15.56 after the 2008 financial crisis.  It settled between MXN$12 and MXN$14 from then until 2014.
* In 2015, the peso depreciated from MXN$14.76 to MXN$17
* Since 2016, it has been trading between MXN$17 and MXN$21.
** In 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the peso depreciated to it's all-time low of about MXN$25.  It has appreciated more than 30 percent since.  In early 2024, the peso strengthened to MXN$16.31 per dollar.  This is largely due to near-shoring, foreign investment, remittences, and high interest rates to curb inflation.
Olive ridley sea turtle

The **olive ridley sea turtle**, (*Lepidochelys olivacea*), also called the **Pacific ridley**, is one of the smallest species of sea turtle. It is named for the olive-green color of its heart-shaped shell. It is one of seven marine turtle species living today.

## Sources
YB

**YB**, formed in 1994, is a South Korean rock band. They have made seven studio albums, three live albums, various digital single albums, and DVDs. They sold more than 2 million albums and held more than one hundred live concerts in a year.

YB also use traditional Korean musical instruments including the gayageum, a stringed instrument, and the daegeum, an instrument like the clarinet in their recordings. 

## Members
**Current members**
* Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun) – singer
* Taehee (Park Tae-hee) – bass
* Jin (Kim Jin-won) – drums
* Baby J (Heo Jun) – guitar
* Scott Hellowell – guitar

**Past members**
* Yoo Byung-yeol – guitar

## World Cup 2002
At the 2002 World Cup, YB played songs such as ‘Oh, Pil Seung Korea (Oh, Victory to Korea)’ to millions of fans. South Korea's entry into the semi finals meant that YB's music was heard all over Korea. They won the best music award from Korea’s three main broadcast stations KBS, MBC and SBS. They were given the first WPMA (World Peace Music Award) in 2003 for helping with human rights issues in Korea.

## European tour
YB went on tour in Europe in 2005, the first Korean rock music group to do so. They have released a single in the UK.

## References
The Reel Me

***The Reel Me*** is the third DVD by American singer Jennifer Lopez. It was released in November 2003.

## Track listing
### DVD 
#"If You Had My Love"
#"No Me Ames" (duet with Marc Anthony)
#"Waiting for Tonight" (Hex Hector Remix)
#"Feelin' So Good" (featuring Big Pun and Fat Joe)
#"Love Don't Cost a Thing"
#"Play"
#"I'm Real"
#"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule)
#"Ain't It Funny"
#"Alive"
#"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah)
#"I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix featuring Nas)
#"Jenny from the Block" (featuring Styles P and Jadakiss)
#"All I Have" (featuring LL Cool J)
#"I'm Glad"
#"Baby I Love U!"
#"Outro"

### Bonus CD
#"Baby I Love U!" – 4:29
#"Jenny from the Block" (Seismic Crew's Latin Disco Trip) – 6:41
#"All I Have" (Ignorants Mix featuring LL Cool J) – 4:03
#"I'm Glad" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Remix) – 5:47
#"The One" (Bastone & Burnz Club Mix) – 7:40
#"Baby I Love U!" (R. Kelly Remix) – 4:11
Itaewon

**Itaewon** is a neighborhood in Yongsan-gu, Seoul. It is an international neighborhood. Travellers and expatriate residents come here for  shopping, restaurants, and nightlife. 

About 22,000 people live there, but between 4000-5000 reportedly visit the commercial district daily. Many US military personnel from the nearby Yongsan Garrison come here. Itaewon has restaurants serving food from many parts of the world, including India, Thailand, and Mexico. Those foods are not common in Korea.

File:Street Itaewon.jpg|A street in Itaewon
File:Bogwang-ro Itaewon.jpg|Bogwang street and Hamilton Hotel in Itaewon
J. M. G. Le Clézio

**Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio** (born April 13, 1940 in Nice) is a French novelist. He won a Nobel Prize in Literature.

## References
George Clooney

**George Timothy Clooney** (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor, filmmaker and humanitarian. He is the son of Nick and  of singer Rosemary. After leaving college, He starred in the series *ER* and several other series. He later starred in movies, including ''Ocean's Eleven*, *Syriana*, *Batman & Robin*, *Good Night, and Good Luck* and *Up in the Air''. He is a political advocate for human rights issues, include Save Darfur. Many of his movies contain references to current politics.

## References
## Other websites
*
Canon EOS

The **Canon EOS** (**Electro-Optical System**) is an autofocus 35 mm film and digital SLR camera system that was introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650 and is still in production as Canon's current dSLR system.  The acronym EOS was chosen for Eos in Greek mythology, and is often pronounced as a word (i.e., *EE-oss*), although some spell out the letters, reading it as an initialism. Both pronunciations are acceptable as there is no official pronunciation.

It competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica. In most countries, EOS cameras have the largest market share of SLR cameras.

## References
Samsung

**Samsung Group** is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's 2nd largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 13th and 36th largest construction companies). Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th largest life insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldest theme park in South Korea) and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th largest advertising agency measured by 2012 revenues).

Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture and has been a major driving force behind the "Miracle on the Han River". Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports. Samsung's revenue was equal to 17% of South Korea's $1,082 billion GDP.

Samsung has many different businesses. It makes mobile phones, cameras and other electronics. 'Samsung Electronics' who sell Samsung Galaxy products. Samsung is the best known South Korean brand in the world.

Samsung also is sponsor of several sports teams, such as the Chelsea Football Club.

## Name
According to Samsung's founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word *Samsung* () is "tri-star" or "two stars". The word "two" represents something "big, numerous and powerful".

## History of logos (gallery) 

Samsung first logo.svg|First Samsung logo (1938)
Samsung (1969).svg|1969–1979
Samsung (1979).svg|1979–1993, as Samsung Electronics logo
Samsung old logo before year 2015.svg|1993–current, though still used by other Samsung companies than its electronics segment
Samsung Black icon.svg|2015–current, Samsung Electronics's wordmark and current corporate logo

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*  
*
Leipzig Gewandhaus

The **Gewandhaus** is a world famous concert hall in Leipzig, Germany. Today's building is the third hall to have this name. It is the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra.

The name "Gewandhaus" means a building where cloth is traded. Originally merchants used to sell their cloth there. 

The first Gewandhaus was built in 1781 by the architect Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe. The second opened in 1884, and was destroyed in the fire-bombings of World War II between 1943 and 1944. The third Gewandhaus, which stands now, was opened on 8 October 1981. It is known for its fine acoustics.
Rebab

The **rebab** is a musical instrument from the Middle East. It is a very old instrument, and is probably the origin of the medieval rebec. It is a string instrument and is played by bowing or plucking the strings. It has a body made out of a solid piece of wood, with straight sides and a round back. The belly of the rebab is made of skin. The pegs used to tune the strings are like those on a violin, and are pushed into holes on the side of the peg box. The peg box is made from a separate piece of wood.

## References
Sejong the Great

**Sejong** (; 15 May 1397 – 30 March 1450), personal name **Yi To** (), commonly known as **Sejong the Great** (), was the fourth monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Korean history, and is remembered as the inventor of Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language. 

He is one of only two Korean kings called "great" (the other is Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo). He picked out young scholars and tried to fix the prejudice of classes by helping intelligent but low-class prodigies. In 1442, he had Jang Yeongsil, a scientist in Joseon, invent the *Cheugugi* (). This was a kind of tool to help measure the rain and how much it fell. Also, he expanded the territory of Joseon.  

One of the best works and the biggest reason why Sejong was called great was because he created the *Hunminjeongeum* (). It is called in modern days as Hangul (). Because of the creation of the *Hunminjeongeum*, Joseon (now Korea) now got its own alphabet, and many people, most of whom have never learned how to read Hanja (Chinese characters used for Korean) could learn how to read and write much more easily than before.

## Early life 
Sejong was the third son of King Taejong. When he was twelve, he became grand prince and married Shim On of Cheongsong. When he was young, he was very good at studying. His father liked him more than his other brothers.

His older brothers, Yangnyeong and Hyoryeong, thought they were not fit to be king and that it was their duty to make Sejong the king, even though he was younger than them. So they acted rudely and badly in front of the  and were soon .

Yangnyeong became a traveler who wandered in the mountains, and Hyoryeong became a Buddhist monk. This later became a heartfelt and traditional legend in South Korea.

## Reign (1418–1450) 
In 1418, Sejong replaced his eldest brother, Yi Je, as crown prince; a few months later, Taejong voluntarily abdicated the throne in Sejong's favor. 

In the early years of Sejong's reign, King Emeritus Taejong retained vast powers, most notably military power, and continued to govern until his death in 1422.

Sejong reinforced Korean Confucian and Neo-Confucian policies, and enacted major legal amendments (). 

He personally created and promulgated the Korean alphabet, encouraged advancements in science and technology, and introduced measures to stimulate economic growth. He launched military campaigns to the north and implemented a relocation policy (), establishing settlements in the newly conquered areas. 

To the south, he ordered the Ōei invasion of Tsushima to repel and subjugate the Japanese pirates, but the campaign was unsuccessful.

From 1439, he became increasingly ill and his eldest son, Crown Prince Yi Hyang, acted as regent. Sejong died on March 1450.

## References
## Related pages 
* Hunminjeongeum
* Cheugugi
* Yeonsangun of Joseon
Sackbut

The **sackbut** is a brass musical instrument from the Renaissance. By the 1750s, it was developing into the modern trombone. It has narrower tubing, does not have a water key, a slide lock or a tuning slide that are found on trombones. It is played by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece. The length of the instrument could be changed by the use of a sliding tube which meant it could play a full chromatic range of notes. The earliest instruments come from the 1500's. The sackbut was popular because it could be played loudly or softly, and it could also be played in tune. They were made in a range of sizes, a descant (rarely used), alto, tenor and bass. They were often played to accompany a church choir.

## References
Coco Chanel

**Gabrielle Bonheur** "**Coco**" **Chanel** ( , ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman who was the founder of the Chanel, the French fashion house brand, she was well known during the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. She is the only fashion designer listed on *Time* magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Chanel extended her brand beyond couture clothing into jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature perfume, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product.

## Background 
Chanel was born in 1883 in Saumur, France. In her youth, she was a seamstress and a nightclub singer. Her stage name was Coco, so she used that name publicly.

In 1910, she opened a hat shop. In 1919, she opened a house of fashion in Paris, and introduced her perfume, Chanel No. 5, in 1921. She retired in 1939, but returned to fashion with great success in 1954.

She is famous for the little black dress, Chanel No. 5, the most famous women's perfume in the world, and the knee-long skirt and box jacket suit worn with pearl necklace.

### First shops 
 in Paris]]

In 1913, Chanel opened her first shop in Deauville, France. Society women liked her simple wardrobe. In 1915, she opened a second shop in Biarritz.

Chanel became one of the first women fashion designers to create simple and practical clothes for the sporty women of the era. She took the color black, which was not used in fashion at the time and showed "chic" it could be by wearing it. The material jersey was usually used to make men's underwear, but Chanel started to work with it to make women's fashion.http://womenshistory.about.com/od/chanelcoco/a/coco_chanel.htm  Short hair, tans, and casual styles were the new trends.

## Personal life 
Chanel was the mistress of several rich men. During her relationship with the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia in 1920, she added a Russian touch to her dresses by embroidering Russian patterns on them.

Chanel was with Hugh Grosvenor, from 1924 to 1931. During this time, she discovered the English tweed sweater, English men's suits, and English coats. She added these to her collections.

## Media 
Her life was depicted in the Broadway musical *Coco* in 1969. Movies based on her life include: *Chanel Solitaire* (1981), *Coco Chanel* (2008), *Coco Before Chanel* (2009), and *Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky* (2009). Chanel also liked drinking cocoa during interviews. She always said she felt better after a few sips.

## Today 
Chanel died in 1971. She is still influencing women’s lifestyles and clothing. The House of Chanel remains in business. It is a member of the *Chambre syndicale de la haute couture*, the top fashion clique in Paris. The House of Chanel produces modern versions of her best ideas.

## References
Insadong

**Insa-dong** (인사동, 仁寺洞) is a neighborhood (also called a dong) of Jongro District, Seoul, South Korea. The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to many alleys that lead deeper into the district. 

Insa-dong is a popular tourist spot in Seoul. It is mainly one long street, and is known for its many art galleries, restaurants, and shops that sell traditional Korean items and art. There is also plenty of street food and sometimes there are public performances of dancing or a traditional display of criminals. Winding side streets are home to a variety of traditional restaurants.
IBook

The **iBook** was a line of laptop computers sold by Apple Inc. between 1999 and 2006. Apple designed these computer for the consumer and education markets, so they had lower specifications and prices than the PowerBook, Apple's higher-end line of laptop computers. 

Apple replaced the iBook line with the MacBook in May 2006 while Apple changed to using Intel processors.
Rethymno

**Rethymno** is the third biggest city of Crete island. It is in the north of Crete between Heraclion and Chania, the other big cities of Crete. Rethymno has 54,900 people. Rethymno has a big port and a beautiful old town and Castle. Today in Rethymno there is a university for literature studies.

## References
Chios (city)

**Chios** (Greek: *Χίος*) is a Greek city and it is a capital of Chios island and Chios prefecture. It is one of the largest city from the cities of Greek islands. Its population is 32.000 residents. The town of Chios is located opposite the coasts of Turkey very close to region of ancient Erythrea. Chios connects with the port of Piraeus as well as other ports. The city is served by the Chios Island National Airport.
Daniel Harding

**Daniel Harding** (born Oxford, 31 August 1975) is a British conductor.

Harding studied trumpet at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester.  When he was 13 he became a  member of the National Youth Orchestra.  When he was 17, Harding got together a group of musicians to perform *Pierrot Lunaire* by Arnold Schoenberg.   He sent a tape of the performance to the conductor Simon Rattle in Birmingham.  Rattle was very impressed and invited Harding to be assistant conductor to him at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra for a year, from 1993-1994.   Harding then went to the University of Cambridge, but after his first year at university, he was invited by Claudio Abbado to be his assistant with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Harding has been conductor of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra (1997-2000), the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen (1999-2003) and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (since 2003).   He conducted the 2005 opening night at La Scala, Milan in *Idomeneo*, after Ricardo Muti had resigned. 

In 2004, Harding was made guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 2006.  He became the Principal Conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra as of 2007.

Harding is married and has two children. His wife plays the viola.  He is a fan of the football club Manchester United.

## Other websites
*Daniel Harding official website
Mitsuko Uchida

(born Atami, Japan,  December 20, 1948) is a Japanese pianist who lives in London.

## Life
Mitsuko Uchida was born in Atami, a seaside town near Tokyo, Japan.  When she was 12 her father became the Japanese ambassador to Austria, so the family moved to Vienna.  She studied at the Vienna Academy of Music.  Her teachers were Richard Hauser, and later Wilhelm Kempff and Stefan Askenase.  She gave her first recital when she was 14 in the Vienna Musikverein. After five years, her father went back to Japan, but she stayed in Vienna.

In 1969 she won the first prize in the Beethoven Competition in Vienna and in 1970 the second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition. Then, in 1975, she won second prize in the Leeds Piano Competition.

Her career has been very successful.  She played all the Mozart Piano Concertos with the Cleveland Orchestra.  She is well known for her playing of the works of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Debussy and Schoenberg. Her recordings include all of Mozart's piano sonatas and concertos, and won many awards for her recordings.

Uchida now lives in London.

Uchida was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

## References
## Other websites
*Mitsuko Uchida
Karl Böhm

**Karl Böhm** (born Graz, 28 August 1894; died Salzburg, 14 August 1981) was an Austrian conductor. He was one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, especially famous for his conducting of the music of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

## Life 
Böhm was born in Graz, Austria. He wanted to be a musician, but his father said that he should study law first, because musicians did not make much money, and if he was not successful as a musician he could then always have a job in law. So he studied law at the university of Graz, and got a doctorate on this subject. He also studied music privately in Graz, and then in Vienna with Eusebius Mandyczewski and Guido Adler. Although he learned to play the piano and to compose, he just wanted to be a conductor. He started his career by helping singers at the Graz Opera to learn their roles. Böhm became very interested in the operas of Wagner and Mozart and learned a lot from great conductors like Carl Muck and Bruno Walter who invited him to the Bavarian State Opera in 1921. In 1927 he became Generalmusikdirektor (music director) at Darmstadt. He often conducted modern operas, including Berg’s *Wozzeck*. In 1931 he moved to Hamburg. In 1933 he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic, both in opera and concert performances. He became conductor at the opera house in Dresden when Fritz Busch lost that job because he said he did not like the Nazis. Böhm worked there for nine years. He became a great friend of the composer Richard Strauss and conducted the first performances of two of his operas there: *Die schweigsame Frau* and *Daphne*. In 1943 got the very important job of conductor at the Vienna State Opera eventually becoming music director. He also conducted the German seasons at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires from 1950 to 1953.

In his later years Böhm spent his time as guest conductor. He was invited to conduct many of the leading world orchestras. He often performed at Salzburg, Bayreuth, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Milan, Paris and New York.
In 1957, he made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, conducting *Don Giovanni*. He was very popular there and conducted many operas, especially those by Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Late in life, he was a regular guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was given the title of LSO President for the rest of his life.

During his last years his sight was not very good. He died in Salzburg in 1981. His son was actor Karl Boehm.

## His reputation 
Böhm was praised for his clear, energetic conducting. He did not have exaggerated mannerisms but got his orchestras to play with a warm, romantic sound which was never sentimental. Besides his favourite Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss he conducted many works by Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner, Brahms and Berg.

He was given many honours, including first Austrian Generalmusikdirektor. On his 80th birthday a big party was held, at which Herbert von Karajan gave him a clock.

## Bibliography 
* New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; 

## References
PGA Tour

The **PGA Tour** is a professional golf association.  The association is in charge of the professional golf tours in the United States.  Its three tours are the PGA Tour, the Champions Tour, and the Web.com Tour.

On June 6, 2023, the PGA Tour, PGA European Tour, and Saudi-owned LIV Golf all announced they would be merging, with the Saudi Public Investment Fund becoming the "exclusive investor" and the PGA Tour would have their CEO Jay Monahan appointed along with board members.

## References
## Other websites
*
István Kertész

**István Kertész** (born Budapest, Hungary, 28 August 1929; died near Tel Aviv, Israel, 16 April 1973) was a world-famous  Hungarian Jewish conductor.

## Early life
Kertész was born in Budapest.  His family were Jewish.  His father was director at a leather factory.  When his father died of appendicitis in 1938, his mother had to go out to work to earn money.  It was not easy at the time for women in Hungary to find work, but she was successful.  István started to learn the violin when he was six, and after a few years he started learning the piano as well.

When the Nazis invaded  Hungary during World War II his family had to hide.  Most of them were found and taken to Auschwitz where they died.  In spite of the terrible situation István’s mother encouraged him to keep practising music.  After the war he graduated from school and went to the Royal Academy of Music (now the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, where he studied violin, piano, and composition.   Zoltán Kodály was one of his teachers.  He soon became interested in conducting, and learned a lot from Bruno Walter, and Otto Klemperer, then the director of the Budapest Opera.

## Career
From 1953 to 1955, István Kertész conducted at Györ, and the Budapest Opera orchestra.  After the 1956 uprising in Hungary he and his family left their country and went to Germany.  He settled there and took German nationality.

Kertész became conductor at Augsburg (1958-1963) and then at Cologne.  He first appeared in Britain in 1960 with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and then with the London Symphony Orchestra.  He first conducted in America in 1961, touring with the Hamburg RSO.  He conducted at Covent Garden in 1965, and then took over from Pierre Monteux as conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Kertész had a very large repertoire and conducted nearly all of the world’s great orchestras.   He conducted many operas, and was especially fond of the music of Bartok, Henze, Stravinsky and Britten.  He gave the first Vienna performance of Britten’s *War Requiem* and the first performance in Germany of his opera *Billy Budd*.  He made many recordings.

On 16 April 1973, while on a concert tour, István Kertész drowned while swimming off the coast of Israel near Tel Aviv.  He was survived by his wife, three children, mother and sister.

## References
*New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

## Other websites
*Istvan Kertesz Biography  at Decca Records
Neil Diamond

**Neil Leslie Diamond** (born January 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He wrote songs for Sonny and Cher, the Ronettes, Jay and the Americans and the Monkees. He began singing his own songs in 1966. From 1966 to 1968 he had written 14 hit songs and sold more than 12 million records. For a while he was the most highly paid performer in the world.

In January 2018, Diamond was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

## References
Fall of Constantinople

illustration of the 1453 Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Empire]]

The **Fall of Constantinople** occurred when the Ottoman Empire took over Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege started on 6 April 1453. After the conquest of the city, Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Today, Constantinople is known as Istanbul.

This event marks the end of the Byzantine Empire, and so it was the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years. Previous Ottoman Sultans had taken most of the Empire in previous centuries. Some places, like the Morea Despotate and Empire of Trebizond were not defeated by the Ottomans until several years later.

The fall of Constantinople had important results, because the Ottoman Empire at last had control of the Balkans. Nothing could stop them from further Muslim conquests into Europe, which went on until after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. After the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire, many refugees escaped to Western Europe and helped create humanism. In particular, the arrival in Italy of Greek scholars is said to have helped the Renaissance.

## References
Got Talent series

The ***Got Talent*** franchise is a British TV format owned by Simon Cowell's SYCO.  It has many popular shows such as ''Britain's Got Talent* and *America's Got Talent*.

## Format 
The format changes in many versions but the most common version has three rounds: auditions (or preliminaries), semi-finals and the final. Some countries do not have semi-finals while others have a round in between the auditions and semi-finals.

In some versions of the show, such as the *Champions'' version, the auditions are replaced with "preliminaries". In these rounds, the judges or audience vote to pick one (sometimes two) contestant(s) from the preliminary to go into the final. The final consists of the winners of each preliminary.
Phil Mickelson

**Phil Mickelson** (born June 16, 1970) is an American golfer. He plays on the PGA Tour. He has 39 PGA Tour wins. He has won The Masters three times. The most recent time was in 2010. Mickelson has the nickname "Lefty" because he swings with his left hand.

He won the 2021 PGA Championship, becoming the oldest winner in golf history at aged 50.

## Early life
He was born in San Diego, California. His father Phil Mickelson Sr. was an airline pilot and former naval aviator. and Mary Mickelson. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.

## References
Syco

**Syco Entertainment**, often known as simply **Syco**, was a British entertainment company.  It was started in 2002 by X Factor and Britain's Got Talent judge, Simon Cowell. It is no longer in operation.

There are offices in London and Los Angeles

## Syco TV
**Syco Television** mostly works in the UK and U.S.  As of 2011, it produces around 200 hours of primetime television for FOX, NBC, ITV1 and ITV2 networks. Its key programs are *The X Factor* and *Got Talent*.

## Syco Music 
**Syco Music** is home to a dozen artists. Syco is the only company to sign winners and finalists of *The X Factor* and *Got Talent*. Since 2004, the label has had 22 UK #1 singles.

### Current artists
* Leona Lewis (joint U.S. deal with RCA Records)
* Olly Murs (joint UK deal with Epic Records)
* Rebecca Ferguson (joint UK deal with RCA and joint U.S. deals with Epic and Columbia Records)
* One Direction (joint U.S deal with Columbia Records)
* Cher Lloyd (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
* Susan Boyle (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records)
* Jackie Evancho (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records)
* Labrinth
* Il Divo
* Andrew Johnston
* Melanie Amaro (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
* Chris Rene (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
* Jonathan and Charlotte
* Molly Rainford
* Ryan O'Shaughnessy (joint UK deal with RCA Records)
* Rachel Crow (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records in association with Nickelodeon)
* Little Mix
* Loveable Rogues

### Previous artists
* Gareth Gates (2002–2006, dropped/left to expand)
* Steve Brookstein (2004–2005, dropped)
* Bianca Ryan (2006–2008, dropped)
* Angelis (2006–2007, disbanded)
* Leon Jackson (2007–2009, dropped)
* Same Difference (2007–2009, dropped)
* Rhydian (2007–2010, left)
* Paul Potts (2007–2010, left)
* Escala (2008–2010, left to join Sony BMG)
* Shayne Ward (2005–2011, dropped)
* Joe McElderry (2009–2011, left to join Decca)
* Westlife (1998–2011, left)
* Alexandra Burke (2009–2012, left and joined RCA Records)
* Ronan Parke (2011–2012, dropped)
* Jai McDowall (2011–2012, dropped)
* Matt Cardle (2011–2012, left and joined So WHAT! Recordings)

## References
## Other websites
* Syco TV at IMDb
Council areas of Scotland

A **council area** in Scotland is an area made for local government. There is a total of 32 council areas in Scotland. They are all governed by unitary authorities called "councils". The council areas were created on 1 April 1996, under the provisions of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The Act calls them *local authority areas* but most people call them *council areas*.

The council areas have the option of being known as a '''' when choosing to go by a Gaelic name. However, only Comhairle Nan Eilean Siar (Council of the Western Isles) has chosen this option, while the Highland Council (Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd) uses both an English name and a Gaelic name.

|}

## References
Doyle Brunson

**Doyle F. Brunson** (August 10, 1933 – May 14, 2023) was an American poker player from the U.S. state of Texas. He is sometimes called by his nickname, Dolly. He was active as a child. He played basketball for a short time but while in a factory he by mistake broke his leg. Then he chose to play poker. In 1976 he won the Main Event of the World Series of Poker. His winning hand was a ten and a two. In 1977 he won the Main Event again with the same hand and in 1980 he took second place at Main Event. He had ten World Series of Poker bracelets and held one World Poker Tour title.

Brunson died in Las Vegas, Nevada on May 14, 2023, at the age of 89.

## References
Tim Pawlenty

**Tim Pawlenty** was the Governor of Minnesota. He was elected Governor in 2002 and was re-elected in 2006. He did run for another term in 2010. He is a member of the United States Republican Party. He was succeeded by Mark Dayton.

Pawlenty ran for governor again in the 2018 election, but lost the Republican nomination to county commissioner Jeff Johnson.

Pawlenty ran for president in 2012.

## Personal life 
Tim Pawlenty´s wife is Mary Pawlenty. Pawlenty has an also written a book. At right is Pawlenty´s signature. Pawlenty is a Republican.
Grand Forks, North Dakota

**Grand Forks** is a city in the U.S. state of North Dakota along the Red River of the North. It was founded by Alexander Griggs on June 15 1870. It has a population of nearly 60,000 and is now the county seat of Grand Forks County.  It is the third-largest city in the state after Fargo and Bismarck.

Across the river is East Grand Forks, Minnesota. 

## References