open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Genocidal massacre

The term **genocidal massacre** was created by South African sociologist Leo Kuper (1908–1994) to describe an event where mass murder targeting an ethnic or a religious group happens, but with fewer deaths than a genocide typically causes. Some historians say the 1994 Rwandan genocide was a genocidal massacre, while others call it a genocide.
## Definitions
This is a list of academic definitions of **genocidal massacre**.

## Views
### Ben Kiernan
In his book *Blood and Soil*, Australian historian Ben Kiernan stated that imperial powers have often committed genocidal massacres to tame difficult minorities within their empires. For instance, he described the actions of two Roman legions sent to Egypt in 68 AD to stop rioting Jews in Alexandria. The Roman governor Tiberius Julius Alexander ordered the legions to massacre everyone who lived in the Jewish part of the city. 50,000 had been killed when Alexander, listening to the pleas of some yet to be killed, felt pity for them and ordered an end to the killings.

Kiernan pointed out that governments are not the only ones to commit genocidal massacres (or genocides). For example, in 1577, members of the Clan MacLeod from the Isle of Skye formed a raiding party and attacked the Isle of Eigg. In the Cave of Frances, they killed everyone who lived on the island. Members of the Clan MacDonald retaliated in 1578 by burning a congregation full of MacLeods to death in Trumpan Church. Both were examples of genocidal massacres, according to Kiernan. Almost immediately afterward, the Battle of the Spoiling Dyke followed.

Kiernan also gave a more recent example. On February 27, 2002, there was an argument between a group of Hindu pilgrims on a train and Muslim vendors at the platform where it had stopped. This was followed by a suspected arson that killed 59 people. Over the next three days, riots in Gujarat killed 254 Hindus and 790 Muslims.

### William Schabas
Canadian human rights expert William Schabas made the point that genocidal massacres are criminal offences under international law as a crime against humanity, and in an armed conflict under the laws of war.

However, he pointed out that international prosecutions for individual acts were not covered by the *Rome Statute,* which had created the International Court of Justice (ICC), because crimes against humanity must be "widespread or systematic" and war crimes usually have to have a threshold above the individual crime "in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes".

### Irving Louis Horowitz
American sociologist Irving Louis Horowitz was critical of Kuper's approach. He cited Kuper's use of the term *genocidal massacre* to describe the inter-communal violence during the partition of India and during The Troubles in Northern Ireland. Hirsh stated, "to speak of [these] as genocidal in a context of religious competition and conflict risks diluting the notion of genocide and equating it with any conflict between national, religious, or racial groups."

## Related pages
* Katyn massacre
* Volhynia massacre
* 7 October 2023 attack on Israel

## References
Nicktoons: Freeze Frame Frenzy

***Nicktoons: Freeze Frame Frenzy*** (also known as ***SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends in Freeze Frame Frenzy*** in PAL regions) is a photography video game for the Game Boy Advance. The game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2004. The is similar to another game called *Gekibo: Gekisha Boy*, a game about a photographer with cartoony graphics. A version of the cancelled PlayStation 2 port entitled "*Nicktoons: Snap Shot"* was discovered in 2021, over a decade later. Also to this, an OpenBor version with many more playable characters was planned along with a 2021 port-release, but the former and latter ports were cancelled. Unlike other versions, the OpenBor port has fighting moves in which the characters can use for their combat tests in the game.

## Story 
Characters from the Nickelodeon TV shows have been misplaced into each other's worlds. Jimmy Neutron's job is to fix the problem. He sends out Danny Phantom, Arnold Shortman, SpongeBob SquarePants, Tommy Pickles, Otto Rocket, and Timmy Turner to take photos of the misplaced characters with his new invention, the "Neutrino-Cam 4000", a camera that also works like a teleporter which will send them back to their own worlds.

Once the  game is complete, it is revealed that Zim is the culprit behind this whole mess. Jimmy flies off in his rocket to Zim's ship and stops the Irken's scheme. After taking a group photo, Zim works on his new plan to take over the world. (He eventually redeems himself in other games.)

## Gameplay 
The player gets points for taking pictures of people and things from other Nickelodeon Universes - not the universe that the current level takes place in. The camera is capable of breaking and the player loses leves when they don't reach the required amount of points.

At the end of each world, the player will face an evil robot boss resembling another Nickelodeon character. In order to defeat the boss, the player will need to take photos of it multiple times. During the boss battles, the bosses will throw metal bolts. Before each boss battle, the player's character will have a conversation that is different based on which character the player is using. The conversation gets longer if the player is controlling a character from the same show as the character that the robot is based on.

## Reception
The game has received mixed to average reviews.

## References
Hashem Safieddine

**Hashem Safieddine** (born **Hashim Safi Aldiyn**; 1964 &ndash; 3 October 2024) was a Lebanese Shia cleric who was the head of Hezbollah's Executive Council from 2001 until his assassination in 2024. He is a cousin of Hassan Nasrallah. He was seen as the "number two" in Hezbollah before Nasrallah's assassination on 27 September 2024. 

On 3 October 2024, Safieddine was targeted by an Israeli airstrike in Beirut. On 5 October, it was reported that Hezbollah had lost contact with Safieddine since the airstrike. On 8 October, the Israeli government said that Safieddine was likely "eliminated". 

On 22 October 2024, the IDF confirmed his death, stating that his body had been found.

## References
Fernando Valenzuela

**Fernando Valenzuela Anguamea** (November 1, 1960 – October 22, 2024) was a Mexican-American professional baseball pitcher. Valenzuela played 17 Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons, from 1980 to 1991 and 1993 to 1997. In 1981, Valenzuela became extremely popular and his popularity became known as "Fernandomania".

Valenzuela was born in Etchohuaquila, Sonora, Mexico. He became an United States citizen in 2015. In 1981, he married Linda Burgos. They had four children.

On October 1, 2024, it was reported that Valenzuela had been hospitalized for liver cancer-related treatment in Los Angeles, California. He died three weeks later while hospitalized on October 22 at the age of 63.

## References
## Other websites
*Fernando Valenzuela at Baseball Almanac
*Fernando Valenzuela at Baseballbiography.com
Gerasim Khugayev

**Gerasim "Rezo" Georgievich Khugayev** (, *Xwêgatê Géorgiyê fêrt Gérasim (Rézo)*; , *Gerasime Khugaevi*; ; 15 November 1946 &ndash; 22 October 2024) was an Ossetian politician. He was the 2nd and 8th Prime Minister of South Ossetia. He was the only South Ossetian Prime Minister to serve more than one time.

Khugayev died on 22 October 2024 at the age of 78.

## References
Jack Alabaster

**John Chaloner Alabaster** (11 July 1930 – 9 April 2024) was a New Zealand cricketer who was born in Invercargill. He was a right arm leg break and googly bowler who batted right-handed. Alabaster played in first-class cricket for Otago from 1956/57 until 1971/72. In international cricket, he played for New Zealand in 21 Test matches from 1955 to 1972.

Alabaster's final Test in March 1972 was against the West Indies at the Queen's Park Oval in Port of Spain. The match ended in a draw. Alabaster bowled in both of the West Indies innings. In the first, his figures were 0/49. In the second innings, he took 1/5 from only four overs, and the last wicket he took in Test cricket was that of Gary Sobers, bowled for 9. 

Jack Alabaster died in Cromwell, Otago, aged 93. 

## References
Aleksandar Dragović

**Aleksandar Dragović** (born March 6, 1991 in Vienna) is an Austrian football player. He plays as central defender  for the Austrian Football Bundesliga club FK Austria Wien.

## Career 
Dragović began his career in the youth department of FK Austria Wien. 2008 and he moved to Austria Wien II. Later the same year he came into the first team. He also won the Austrian Cup in 2009.

In February 2011, Dragović moved to FC Basel.At the end of the 2012/13 season, Dragović became Swiss champions for the third time with FC Basel. Basel reached the cup final. In the 2012/13 UEFA Europa League, Dragović reached the semi-finals with FC Basel.

2013  Dragović signed a five-year contract with Dynamo Kyiv. In his first season he won the 2013/14 Ukrainian Cup with Dynamo Kyiv. The following season he played with the club in the group stage of the Champions League, became Ukrainian champions and cup winners. In the 2015/16 season he reached the round of 16 of the Champions League and repeated the championship win. In July 2016, he won the 2016 Ukrainian Supercup against Shakhtar Donetsk.

2016  he moved to the German Bundesliga club Bayer 04 Leverkusen. For the 2017/18 season, Dragović was loaned to the English first division club Leicester City.

After a total of 71 Bundesliga appearances for Leverkusen he moved to Serbia to FK Red Star Belgrade for the 2021/22 season. He left Belgrade after the 2023/24 season. Dragović then returned to Austria Wien.
## International 
Dragović played in the Austrian U-16 , U-17  and U-19 team. In his first season as a regular player for Austria Vienna, he was called up to the senior national team squad for the 2010 World Cup qualifying match against Romania. He was nominated again for the qualifying game against Serbia on June 6, 2009 under Dietmar Constantini. He made his team debut in this game. He scored his first goal for the national team from a penalty on November 18, 2014 in the 1-2 home defeat against Brazil.

He was included in Austria's squad for the 2016 European Championships in France. In the first game against Hungary (0-2) he was in the starting line-up . He was sent off with a yellow-red card in the 66th minute after repeated foul play. After a one-game suspension, he was brought back into the starting line-up in the third game. Austria lost this and was eliminated from the tournament. In May 2021, he was named to Austria's provisional squad for the 2021 European Championship and made it into the final squad.He made it to the round of 16. During the tournament he was used in all four of Austria's games.
 
On March 29, 2022, Dragovic played his 100th international match for the Austrian national team against Scotland.

## References
Tūheitia

**Tūheitia Pōtatau Te Wherowhero VII** GCCT KStJ KCLJ (born **Tūheitia Paki**; 21 April 1955 – 30 August 2024), crowned as **Kīngi Tūheitia**, reigned as the Māori King from 2006 until his death in 2024. He was the oldest son of the last Māori monarch, Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu. He was announced as her successor and crowned on 21 August 2006, the final day of her tangi.

On 30 August 2024, Tūheitia died while recovering from heart surgery in hospital in Hamilton, New Zealand at the age of 69. 

His daughter Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō, was elected by leaders of tribes as his successor.

## References
Te Atairangikaahu

**Dame Te Atairangikaahu**  (born **Pikimene Korokī Mahuta**, 23 July 1931 &ndash; 15 August 2006) reigned as Māori Queen from 1966 until her death in 2006. Her reign was the longest of any Māori monarch.

Although the office of the Māori monarch holds no constitutional duties, it is the head of the Waikato federation of tribes with its parliament. Te Atairangikaahu was also a strong supporter of Māori cultural and sporting events.

In December 2005, Te Atairangikaahu started dialysis treatment when her kidneys began to fail. In July 2006, she suffered a suspected heart attack, and was hospitalized in Hamilton, New Zealand. She was discharged from hospital later in the month.

Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu died on 15 August 2006 at her official residence, Tūrangawaewae marae in Ngāruawāhia from problems caused by kidney failure at the age of 75.

## References
Vimba elongata

***Vimba elongata***, the **Bavarian vimba**, is a kind of vimba in the family Cyprinidae. It lives in the Danube and is also found in Austria, Bavaria, and Germany.

## References 
# "*Vimba elongata*". *FishBase*.
Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō

**Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō** (born 13 January 1997) has been the Māori Queen since 2024. She was raised to the throne on 5 September 2024 after being elected to replace her father Kīngi Tūheitia. 

Her full name and title is **Te Arikinui Kuīni Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō**. Her titles *Te Arikinui* (meaning Paramount Chief) and *Kuīni* (meaning Queen).

## Reign
Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō acceded to the throne at the age of 27, the second-youngest to do so.

The announcement of her selection as Queen and her taking the throne took place during the funeral of her father. She is a direct descendant of the first Māori King, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero. She is the eighth monarch of the Kīngitanga, and the second woman to hold the position.

When Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō was nine years old, her father became the Māori king. 

## References
## Other websites
Māori King movement

The **Māori King movement**, called the '''''' in Māori, is a Māori movement that came from some of the Māori tribes of New Zealand in the 1850s. They wanted to create a role that was similar to that of the monarch of the British colonists. 

The first Māori king, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, was crowned in 1858. The monarchy is non-hereditary as every monarch has to be elected by a forum of tribal leaders. 

The eighth monarch is Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō, was elected and crowned in September 2024.

## List of Māori monarchs
## Notes
## References
Paskalis Bruno Syukur

**Paskalis Bruno Syukur** OFM (born 17 May 1962 in Ranggu) is an Indonesian Catholic bishop. He was the Bishop of Bogor from 2014 to 2016.

## Early life and religious career 
Paskalis Bruno Syukur was born on 17 May 1962 in Ranggu, Indonesia. He joined the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) and made his religious vows on 22 January 1989. He was ordained a priest on 2 February 1991.

## Bishop of Bogor 
On 21 November 2013, Pope Francis appointed him as the Bishop of Bogor. He received his episcopal consecration on 22 February 2014 from Bishop Cosmas Michael Angkur. The co-consecrators were Bishops Hubertus Leteng and Ignatius Hardjoatmodjo. However, on 22 October 2024, Syukur resigned from accepting the cardinalate, and Pope Francis accepted his resignation. 

On 19 January 2026, Pope Leo XIV accepted his resignation.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Catholic-Hierarchy: Bishop Paskalis Bruno Syukur
Place de la Concorde

**Place de la Concorde** () is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring 7.6 hectares (19 acres) in area, it is the largest square in Paris. It is located in the 8th arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs-Élysées.

## History 
The square was designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1755 as a moat-skirted octagon between the Champs-Élysées and the Tuileries Gardens. Initially named *Place Louis XV* to honor Louis XV of France, it featured an equestrian statue of the king in its center.

During the French Revolution, the statue of Louis XV was torn down, and the square was renamed *Place de la Révolution*. It became the site of many public executions, including that of Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and Maximilien Robespierre. The guillotine was erected in the square, and over 1,200 people were executed there during the Reign of Terror.

In 1795, after the revolution, the square was given its current name, *Place de la Concorde*, symbolizing national reconciliation.

## Monuments 
At the center of the square stands the Luxor Obelisk, a gift from Egypt to France in 1833. The obelisk, originally from the Luxor Temple in Egypt, is over 3,000 years old and was erected in the square in 1836. The obelisk is flanked by two magnificent fountains designed by Jacques Ignace Hittorff: the *Fontaine des Mers* and the *Fontaine des Fleuves*.

Surrounding the square are several important buildings, including the Hôtel de Crillon, one of the oldest luxury hotels in the world, and the Hôtel de la Marine, a historic building that now houses a museum.

## Location 
Place de la Concorde is located at the eastern end of the Champs-Élysées, making it an important part of the historic axis of Paris, which stretches from the Arc de Triomphe to the Louvre Museum. The square is bordered by the Tuileries Garden to the east and the Seine River to the south, with views of the Eiffel Tower and the Madeleine Church.

## Notable events 
The square has been the site of numerous important historical events, from royal celebrations to revolutionary executions. In modern times, it is often used for national parades, including the annual Bastille Day military parade.

## Access 
The square is easily accessible via the Paris Métro, with the nearest stations being *Concorde* on lines 1, 8, and 12.

## Related pages 
* Champs-Élysées
* Luxor Obelisk
* French Revolution
* Bastille Day
* Arc de Triomphe

## References 
* 
*
Lunchly

**Lunchly** are snack kits created and sold by **Lunchly LLC**. The brand is promoted and founded by YouTubers Olajide "KSI" Olatunji, Logan Paul, and Jimmy "MrBeast" Donaldson. It is marketed as a healthier alternative to Kraft Heinz's Lunchables, and is positioned as a more expensive competitor. The product line was announced on September 16, 2024.

Each box includes Prime and Feastables, preexisting popular products offered by the creators, along with three versions including turkey with cheese and crackers, nachos with salsa and cheese, or pizza.

## Health concern 
YouTuber Rosanna Pansino reviewed Lunchly in October 2024, she found mold growing on the cheese in a packet of "The Pizza" style. After this, social media users claimed they found mold in their Lunchly packages. The Food and Drug Administration had got over ten complaints about Lunchly, one consumer reported they had an illness linked to the product.
## References
Gustavo Gutiérrez

**Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino**  (8 June 192822 October 2024) was a Peruvian philosopher, Catholic theologian, and Dominican priest. He was thought to be one of the founders of Latin American liberation theology. He was a professor at the University of Notre Dame. He was known for his writings discussing the question: "How do we [show] the poor that God loves them?". Gutiérrez was born in Lima, Peru.

In 2002, Gutiérrez was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 2003, he received the Príncipe de Asturias award.

Gutiérrez died on 22 October 2024 in Lima from pneumonia at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Gustavo Gutiérrez on the University of Notre Dame website 
* Audio downloads of Gutiérrez's 1995 Drummond Lectures in Scotland
* Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith-August 6, 1984. Instruction on certain aspect of  "Liberation Theology"
* Liberation Theology in the World History Encyclopedia
Odessa massacre (1941)

The **Odessa massacre** (Romanian: *Masacrul de la Odesa*; Ukrainian: *Голокост в Одесі*) was a massacre of Jews in Odessa, Ukraine between October 22 and 24, 1941. Estimates say that between 30,000 and 100,000 Jews were killed within two weeks by the Romanian occupation forces of Romania. The massacre was part of the Holocaust.

 in Romania and Ukraine during WWII, Odessa inclusive.]]

## Background
During WWII, after occupying much of Western Europe and the Balkans, Nazi Germany and some of her Axis allies  Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941. Its goal was to invade and occupy the Soviet Union as part of Hitler's plan to colonize Eastern Europe. They made initial success by  most of Ukraine and Belarus; within four months, they had reached Moscow. The massacre was  by  violence towards Jews by the antisemitic Romanian troops. by the end of January 1942, when the Soviets pushed the Axis invaders away from Moscow. Meanwhile, Romanian forces burned the Jewish corpses to destroy evidence of the genocidal massacre. 

By autumn 1942, over 90% of pre-war Odessa's Jews had already perished.]]

### Survivors
Around 1,000 Karaite Jews survived the war because Hitler classified them as "Turks" and spared them from death. A handful of other Jews, who were either forced laborers or hiding under false identities, also survived. Vera Bakhmutskaia, an Odessan Jew who survived the war by hiding in the house of a gentile friend, said:

The Soviets retook Odessa on 10 April 1944 and conducted a census within two months, finding that Jews in Odessa had fallen from the pre-war level of 200,000 to 2,640, a 98.7% drop.

 Memorial in Odessa.]]

### Trial
Together with Ion Antonescu, other participants including Gheorghe Alexianu were sentenced to death in 1946.

### Gentiles who saved Jews
Dozens of gentiles in Odessa who saved Jews have been recognized by the Yad Vashem as the *Righteous Among the Nations*.

## Related pages
* Babi Yar
* Iași pogrom
* Kristallnacht
* Jedwabne pogrom
* Rhineland massacres

## References
Islamic State – Sinai Province

The **Wilayah Sinai** or **IS-SP** () was a branch of ISIS that was active in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt.

## Related pages 
* ISIS
* Hamas–ISIS conflict
* 2017 Rafah crossing bombing
* ISIS Hunters

## References
Joseph Odermatt

**Pope Peter III** (born **Markus Josef Odermatt** on 13 March 1966 in Stans, Nidwalden, Switzerland), is the 4th Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church. He succeeded Gregory XVIII on 22 April 2016.

## Early life 
Markus Josef Odermatt was born in Stans, Switzerland in 1966. He joined the Palmarian Catholic Church in 1985 and served as a missionary in South America. In 2011, he was appointed Secretary of State for the church.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Palmarian Catholic Church
Arianna Schivo

**Arianna Schivo** (born 16 September 1986) is an Italian Olympic equestrian. She was at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She was thirty-fourth place.

Schivo also was at the 2015 European Eventing Championships. She was twenty-eighth place.

Her father Gian Marco Schivo was in the high jump competition at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Confusing poison frog

The **confusing poison frog** (*Epipedobates maculatus*) is a frog.  It lives in Panama.

Twenty-first-century scientists are not sure where other scientists first found this frog. They think it was in a forest. They think the tadpoles swim in water.

Scientists do not know if this frog is alive or dead now. They think, if it is alive, people cutting down too many trees near its home may put it in danger.

## References
Margo Smith

**Betty Lou Miller** (later stage named as **Margo Smith**; April 9, 1939 -- January 23, 2024) was an American Christian and country music singer and songwriter. Her Christian and country music success involved the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.

By the name Margo Smith, she had a career that went across multiple decades and years. Her first album was ''I'm a Lady'' from 1971. From the Seventies to the Nineties, Smith's songs included "My Guy" (her version of the Mary Wells hit song), "Little Things Mean a Lot" and "There I Said It".

Smith was born in 1939 although some sources mention her being born between 1941 and 1943. She died half a week after a stroke at age eighty-four in Franklin, Tennessee.

## References
Sebastian Prödl

**Sebastian Prödl** (born June 21, 1987 in Graz) is a former Austrian football player.
## Career 
Prödl started playing for SV Kirchberg and SV Feldbach. In 2002 he moved to SK Sturm Graz. He made his debut for Sturm in the Austrian Bundesliga on December 9, 2006 in the 0-1 away defeat against SV Mattersburg. Five months later he scored his first Bundesliga goal for Sturm Graz.  Prödl became an integral part of Sturm Graz's central defense in the 2007/08 season .

For the 2008/09 season he moved to Germany to Werder Bremen. On August 16th he made his Bundesliga debut in the away game in Bielefeld. In the last game of the first half of the season in 2008 against VfL Wolfsburg, the Austrian injured his ankle. On March 18, 2009, he scored his first competitive goal for Werder in the round of 16 of the UEFA Cup.  In the Bundesliga he made 22 appearances by the end of the season. He won the 2008/09 DFB Cup with Werder Bremen, playing the full-time in the final against Bayer 04 Leverkusen. 

After his contract ednde, Prödl moved to FC Watford in the Premier League for the 2015/16 season. He made his debut on August 8, 2015 (1st matchday) in the 2-2 draw in the away game against Everton FC. In January 2020 he moved to Italy to Udinese Calcio in February 2020. However, he never played in Udine, partly due to injuries. After almost a season without a club, Prödl announced the end of his career in June 2022 at the age of 34. 
## International 
Prödl made his first appearance for the senior national team on May 30, 2007 in a friendly against Scotland. Between June and July 2007 he took part in the 2007 Junior World Championships in Canada as captain of the Austrian U-20 national team. 

Prödl took part in the 2008 European Championships in Austria and Switzerland. He also was included in Austria's squad at the 2016 European Football Championship in France.
## International statistics 
:''Scores and results list Austrias's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Prödl goal.''

## References
Coat of arms of Querétaro

The **coat of arms of Jalisco** (*Escudo de Querétaro*, lit. "state shield of Querétaro") is a symbol of the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro.

## References
## Other websites
Antipope John XXIII

**John XXIII** (c. 1365 – 22 December 1419), born **Baldassare Cossa**, was an antipope during the Western Schism. He served as antipope from 1410 to 1415. 

## Early life 
Baldassare Cossa was born in Naples, Italy, around 1365. He came from a noble family and pursued a career in the church. He studied law at the University of Bologna and later became a cardinal under Pope Boniface IX.

## Western Schism 
The Western Schism (1378–1417) was a period when the Catholic Church was divided, with multiple popes claiming authority. In 1410, after the death of Antipope Alexander V, Baldassare Cossa was elected as pope by a group of cardinals who supported the Pisan line during the schism. He took the name John XXIII.

## Council of Constance 
The schism was causing great division in the church, so in 1414 the Council of Constance was called to end it. John XXIII attended the council but was pressured to resign in 1415 to help reunify the church. After resigning, he was imprisoned for a time by the council.

## Later life and death 
After his resignation, John XXIII was eventually released and spent his remaining years in Florence. He died on 22 December 1419.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Catholic Hierarchy: Baldassare Cardinal Cossa
Viva Querétaro

The **hymn of Querétaro** (*Viva Querétaro*, lit. "Long live Querétaro") is a anthem of the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro.

## Lyrics
### In Spanish
## References
## Other websites
1921 France–Great Britain women's athletics match

The '''1921 France–Great Britain women's athletics match''' was an international women's athletics competition where a national team of female French athletes competed against a national team of France. It took place at Stade Pershing in Paris, France on 30 October 1921.

In 1921 the irst international women's athletics competitions were held. It was the second match of France, after the 1921 Belgium–France women's athletics match on 28 August.

The match was won by Great Britain with 48 points versus France with 38 points.

Names and events in *italics* or striked are differenced between the entry and athletes competing in the events.

## Competition
### 100 yards
### Javelin throw
The score was made by a trow by each arm.

### High jump
### 300 metres
### 100 yards hurdles
### Half mile relay
### 1000 metres
### Long jump
## Overall classification
## References
## Other websites
*images of the event
Antipope Alexander V

**Alexander V** (born **Pietro Philarges di Candia**, c. 1339 – 3 May 1410) was an antipope from 1409 until his death in 1410. He was chosen by a group of cardinals during the Western Schism.

## Early life 
Pietro was born in Heraklion on the island of Crete, which was part of the Republic of Venice. He joined the Franciscan Order as a young man and studied theology in Padua, Norwich, and Oxford. Later, he taught at the universities in Paris and Padua. In 1402, he was made Archbishop of Milan.

## Antipope 
During the Western Schism, the Council of Pisa in 1409 declared both Pope Gregory XII and Antipope Benedict XIII as illegitimate. The cardinals elected Pietro as the new pope, and he took the name Alexander V. However, his election did not end the schism and instead added a third rival pope.

## Death 
Alexander V died suddenly on 3 May 1410 in Bologna. His death was followed by the election of Antipope John XXIII.

## Legacy 
Alexander V's brief reign is remembered as a part of the failed attempt to end the Western Schism. He is considered an antipope because his election did not follow the usual process, and he was one of several rival popes at the time.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Catholic Hierarchy: Pietro Cardinal Filargis, O.F.M.
Sabbaruddin Chik

Tan Sri **Sabbaruddin bin Chik** (13 December 1941 – 4 December 2021) was a Malaysian politician who served as the Minister of Culture, Arts, and Tourism from 1987 to 1996.

Chik started his political career by winning the Temerloh parliamentary seat, which he held from 1982 to 1999. From 1982 to 1987, he served as Deputy Finance Minister in Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad’s cabinet. He was then appointed as Minister of Culture, Arts, and Tourism from 1987 to 1996.

Chik was the chairman of several companies, including Amanah Raya Berhad, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Berhad, and Eden Inc. Berhad.

Chik passed away from COVID-19 at University Malaya Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur on 4 December 2021, at the age of 79, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.

## See also
*List of deaths due to COVID-19

## References
The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

**The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian** is a novel by Sherman Alexie, told from the perspective of Arnold Spirit Jr., or "Junior," a 14-year-old Native American aspiring cartoonist. The story follows Junior's life on the Spokane Indian Reservation and his decision to attend an all-white public high school away from the reservation. The novel, which includes a mix of text and comic illustrations, provides a unique insight into his experiences.

The book deals with themes such as poverty, identity, and racism, while also addressing more difficult topics like alcoholism, bullying, and grief. Although critically acclaimed, *The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian* has been the subject of controversy, frequently appearing on lists of banned or challenged books due to its portrayal of sensitive issues.

As Junior adjusts to life at his new school, he struggles with balancing his cultural identity and fitting in with his mostly white classmates. Throughout the story, he deals with personal tragedies, including the loss of close family members, but ultimately learns to reconcile his life on the reservation with his experiences in the wider world. The novel emphasizes themes of resilience, self-discovery, and the importance of family and friendship.

Much of the novel is semi-autobiographical, based on Alexie's own experiences growing up on the Spokane Reservation and attending a predominantly white school. The novel has been praised for its humor, emotional depth, and insight into Native American life.

## References
Annelie Ehrhardt

**Annelie Ehrhardt** (née **Jahns**; 18 June 1950 – 22 October 2024) was a German hurdler and Olympic gold medalist. Ehrhardt was born in Ohrsleben, Saxony-Anhalt, East Germany. 

Ehrhardt won the gold medal in the inaugural 100&nbsp;metre hurdles event at the 1972 Summer Olympics, setting a new world record, and becoming the first East German Olympic Champion in this event. She also won a silver medal at the 1971 European Championships and a gold medal at the 1974 European Championships in a new championship record of 12.66&nbsp;seconds. 

Ehrhardt died on 22 October 2024 at the age of 74.

## References
Antipope Felix V

**Felix V** (born **Amadeus VIII of Savoy**, 4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451) was an antipope from 1439 to 1449, chosen by the Council of Basel during the Western Schism. He is remembered as the last antipope in church history. 

## Early life 
Amadeus was born in Chambéry to the ruling family of the County of Savoy. He became the Count of Savoy in 1391 and later, in 1406, was elevated to the rank of Duke of Savoy.

## Antipope 
During the Western Schism, the Council of Basel opposed the authority of Pope Eugene IV and declared Amadeus as the new pope in 1439. After a long period of hesitation, Amadeus accepted the election and took the name Felix V. However, like other antipopes before him, Felix V did not gain widespread recognition.

## References
List of Paramount Pictures films (1912–89)

The following is a list of films originally produced and/or distributed theatrically by Paramount Pictures and released between 1912 and 1989.

## 1986
Langkawi Legend Park

The **Langkawi Legend Park** is a park in Kuah, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia.

It was built for MYR37 million and officially opened on 27 April 1996. The park was created by reclaiming part of the waterfront in Kuah after two years of construction, based on an idea from Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

## References
2024 Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters attack

On 23 October 2024, five people were killed and 22 injured in a terrorist attack on the headquarters of Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) in Kahramankazan, Ankara. The two suspects were later killed.

## Background 
TAI is a Turkish company that works on defense and aviation. One of its main projects is the TAI TF Kaan, Turkey's first home-built combat airplane. The attack happened one day after Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of a far-right party and an ally of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, suggested that Abdullah Öcalan, the jailed leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), could get parole if he agreed to stop violence and disband his group.

## Attack 
The attack happened at around 16:00 TRT on the headquarters of Turkish Aerospace Industries in Kahramankazan,  from Ankara. The attackers came in a taxi, set off a bomb, fired guns, and entered the building. A large fire started later. Security footage showed one attacker with a backpack and a rifle, and one was a woman.

## Perpetrators 
The Turkish government said the perpetrators of the attack were members of the PKK. One of them was a man named Ali Orek, who had the codename "Rojger" and was born in 1992 in Beytüşşebap, Şırnak Province. They used AKS-74U weapons, which are used by the PKK.

## Aftermath 
Ebubekir Şahin, Chairman of the Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK), announced that a broadcast ban was put on the attack, and social media platforms like X, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube were slowed down and restricted.

The Turkish military also launched strikes on 47 Kurdish rebel positions—29 in northern Iraq and 18 in northern Syria. The next day, the Syrian Democratic Forces said Turkey's attacks killed 12 civilians, injured 25 others, and hit two train stations. and said, "Sadly, we have martyrs and injured people". Ankara metropolitan mayor Mansur Yavaş said he was "deeply saddened" by the news. Justice Minister Yılmaz Tunç announced an investigation into the attack. 

Transport minister Abdulkadir Uraloğlu and opposition leader Özgür Özel also condemned the attack. TUSAŞ general manager Mehmet Demiroglu left a defense fair to return to the headquarters.

Mark Rutte, Secretary General of NATO, showed support for Turkey after the attack.

## References
Rosli Dhobi

**Rosli Dhobi** (18 March 1932 – 2 March 1950), also known as Rosli Dhoby, was a nationalist from Sibu, Sarawak, of mixed Malay-Melanau descent during the time Sarawak was a British colony.

He was a leader of Rukun 13, a secret group that opposed British rule in Sarawak. The group, with members like Morshidi Sidek and Awang Rambli Bin Deli, targeted British officers. Rosli is best known for killing Duncan George Stewart, the second colonial governor, in 1949.

In 1975, Mahathir Mohamad, then the Minister of Education, renamed SMK Bandar Sibu to SMK Rosli Dhoby in his honor.

## References
Jon Sobrino

**Jon Sobrino**  (born 27 December 1938) is a Spanish Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian. He is known for his works relating to Latin American liberation theology.

## References
Abdullah Ahmad

Tan Sri **Abdullah bin Ahmad** (4 July 1933 – 12 June 2016) was a Malaysian journalist and politician under the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). He attended Sultan Ismail College in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and served as the editor-in-chief of the New Straits Times. Abdullah Ahmad held notable influence during the administrations of Abdul Razak Hussein and Mahathir Mohamad.

Ahmad died on 12 June 2016, after fighting cancer. He was 82 years old. His body was taken back to his hometown in Kok Lanas, Kelantan.

## Election results
## Honours
*  :
**  Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – **Tan Sri** (1999)
*  :
**  Companion of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (JMK)
**  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (SJMK) – **Dato**'
**  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (DPMK) – **Dato**'
*  :
**  Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (DSAP) – **Dato**' (2000)
**  Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – '''Dato' Sri** (2002)
*  :
**  Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DGPN) – **Dato' Seri** (2002)
*  :
**  Member of the Order of Kinabalu (ADK)
*  :
**  Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak (PNBS) – formerly **Dato'**, now **Dato Sri'''

## References
Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation

***Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation*** (CS(OS) 524/2024) is an ongoing civil defamation case in India.

ANI Media Private Limited, the parent company of news agency Asian News International (ANI), filed a ₹2 crore (approximately US$240,000) defamation suit against the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) over the description of ANI in the English Wikipedia article about the news agency.

The judge in the case, Justice Navin Chawla, warned that the court could order the government of India to shut down Wikipedia in the country. Critics have characterized the judge's order that the WMF to release the identities of the editors who made the edits as censorship and a threat to the flow of information.

WMF took down the article describing the defamation case.

## References
Philip Hanson

**Philip Beauchamp Hanson**  (born 5 July 1999) is a British racing driver currently competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship and the European Le Mans Series for United Autosports.

In his early years as a racing driver, he competed in kart races in the United Kingdom. Unlike many other young drivers, he devoted himself to sports cars and GT racing, without having previously competed in open-wheel car racing.

## Victories 
Hanson, along with teammate Filipe Albuquerque, were the 2020 European Le Mans Series champions, winning three rounds of the championship.

## References
Pallium

The **pallium** is a special vestment in the Catholic Church. It is made of white wool and is worn over the shoulders by metropolitan archbishops and the pope. The pallium has small black or red crosses sewn on it and symbolizes the authority of the wearer, as well as their connection to the Pope.

The pallium is typically given to new archbishops by the pope during a special ceremony. It is worn during liturgical events and is a sign of the archbishop's jurisdiction over his archdiocese.
 wearing the papal pallium]]
The tradition of the pallium dates back to the early centuries of the church. It was introduced by Pope Benedict XIV in the 18th century as a formal symbol of the archbishop's role, but its use can be traced back much earlier, to the 4th century.

## Related pages 
* Archbishop
* Cassock

## References
Kalbe Jawad

Kalbe Jawad is a Shia Muslim cleric from Lucknow, India.
## Positions and activities
He has held following positions:
* Senior member of All India Muslim Personal Law Board. & chairman of the committee of "Shia Orphanage" *Gulistan-e-Abutalib a.s.*, Lucknow.
* Member of the "Joint Ulema Council", founded after 19 February 2006.

In June 2000 he founded an organization named *Tanzeem-e-Pasdaran-e-Husain (a.s.)*.,and traces his lineage from Dildar Ali Naseerabadi (also known as Ghufran Ma'ab), their ancestors came to Jais from Sabzevar. He is son of Kalbe Abid; Kalbe Hussain was his grandfather and Kalbe Sadiq was his uncle.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Pasdarane Husain - Website of an organisation run by Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawwad
* An article entitled "Who is Kalbe Jawwad"
Anthony's poison arrow frog

'''Anthony's poison arrow frog'* (*Epipedobates anthonyi'') is a frog.  It lives in Ecuador and Peru.

## Body
The adult male frog is 19-24.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 17.0–21.0 mm long. When tadpoles first become frogs, they are 11 mm long from nose to rear end. The frog has short, strong back legs. The skin of the frog's back is red in color with yellow or white stripes.

Frogs that live with humans can live to be four years old.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives in forests near streams. People have also seen it in cacao farms and banana farms and near roads.  Scientists saw the frog between 150 and 1770 meters above sea level.

Two of the places this frog lives are protected parks: Reserva Biológica Buenaventura and Bosque Petrificado de Puyango.

## Food
The frog eats ants, beetles, spiders, and other animals with bones on the outside.

## Young
The male frogs choose good places for eggs. The female frog lays eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. She lays 15 to 40 at a time.  The male frog watches the eggs until they hatch. He stops them from drying out. The male frog fights other frogs that come near the eggs.  After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to streams where they swim and grow. People have seen male frogs carrying fourteen tadpoles at the same time.

Frogs that live with humans become adults eleven months after they stop being tadpoles.

## Chemicals
This frog has chemicals in its skin that are poison. It has less poison than frogs in *Phyllobates* or *Dendrobates*. *E. anthonyi*'s poison can stop pain. Scientists think the frog gets the poison from something it eats. They think this because frogs that live with humans do not have poison.

## Danger
Scientists from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature say this frog is in some danger of dying out: near threatened. The government of Peru also says this frog is near threatened in Peru. The government of Ecuador says it is not in danger of dying out in Ecuador.

People cut down many trees to make farms, to make farms against the law, to get wood to build with, and to make towns.  Bad chemicals that people use to make crops grow and kill insects that eat crops can also kill this frog. People also catch this frog to sell as a pet, but scientists do not know if this is a danger to the frog or not.

In the 1970s and 1980s people would catch this frog to use in laboratories. Scientists studied the chemicals in the frog's skin. People passed laws to make this harder to do.

## References
Henryk Blaszka

**Henryk Józef Blaszka** (25 February 1958 – 21 August 2024) was a Polish sailor. He competed in the Finn event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born in Poznań.

Blaszka died on 21 August 2024 at the age of 66.

## References
My Guy

***My Guy*** is a 1964 rhythm and blues song performed by the American singer Mary Wells under the Motown label. The song was written and produced by Smokey Robinson from The Miracles. 

“My Guy” is about a woman who goes against sexual advances by everybody else and wants to stay with her boyfriend. This woman is happy with him, though he has an ordinary physique and looks.

The song was released on March 13, 1964. “My Guy” reached the top of the American Billboard Hot 100. This was the biggest hit song ever for Wells.

The song was also performed by Claudine Longet, Margo Smith and Dara Sedaka (the daughter of singer and musician Neil Sedaka).
Tavazzano con Villavesco

**Tavazzano con Villavesco** () is a *comune* in the Province of Lodi in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## References
Sturno

**Sturno** is a *comune* in the province of Avellino, in the Campania region in southern Italy.

## References
Villamaina

**Villamaina** is a *comune* in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Chasuble

The **chasuble** is the outermost liturgical vestment worn by priests and bishops during the celebration of the Mass in the Catholic Church and some other Christian denominations. The chasuble is typically long and sleeveless, covering the body of the priest. It comes in various liturgical colors depending on the season or specific feast day.
 Stanisław Dziwisz in chasuble with mitre and pallium]]

## History 
 and fanon)]]
The chasuble originates from a common Roman garment called the *paenula*, a cloak worn by both laity and clergy in ancient times. Over time, the *paenula* was adapted for liturgical use, and by the early Middle Ages, it had become a standard vestment for priests celebrating the Eucharist. During the Baroque period, the chasuble was modified further to allow for easier movement, and many chasubles became more fitted and less circular in shape, leading to what is known as the "fiddleback" style.

The chasuble is worn over other vestments, such as the alb and stole.

## Related pages 
* Cassock
* Biretta
* Pallium
* Fanon

## References
Time Management

**Time management** is the process of planning and controlling how much time is spent on specific activities. The goal is to improve efficiency, productivity, and focus.

It is an overall activity that aims to get the most benefit from a set of other tasks within a limited time.

Time management uses skills, tools, and techniques to manage time when completing tasks, projects, and goals within deadlines. At first, time management was only for business or work activities. However, it now also includes personal activities. A time management system is a combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods. This type of management is important in any project because it sets the time and scope for completing the project.

## Importance of Time Management 
Time management helps create a culture of continuous improvement. With production techniques and scrum, teams can find tasks that add real value to a service or product. Tasks that do not add value can be improved or removed.

Learning from experience is important for teams to maintain quality and increase productivity through effective time management. Project managers now use management tools that help estimate the time needed for each task. Leaders need to make well-informed guesses about schedules and resources.

The main topics in time management literature include the following:

* Creating environments that encourage efficiency.
* Setting priorities.
* Carrying out tasks in accordance with these priorities.
* Reduction of time spent on non-priority activities.

Time management is seen as part of different concepts, such as:

* Project Management: Time management is part of project management, referred to as project planning and scheduling in this context.
* Attention management
* Personal knowledge management

## Related pages 
* Eisenhower matrix

## References