open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iron(II,III) oxide

**Iron(II,III) oxide** is one of the iron oxides, chemical compounds made of iron and oxygen. It is found in nature as the mineral **magnetite**. It can be a black powder or  black solid. Magnetite mining is one of the world's main sources of iron.

A reaction with chemicals like water or oxygen makes it change into red iron(III) oxide over time.

Magnetite is attracted to magnets, and can be made into a permanent magnet. Some magnetite is naturally magnetic, and is called **lodestone**. The first magnets found by people were made of magnetite, and magnetism is named after it. Though people made better materials like alnico to make stronger magnets, magnetite is still used in a lot of magnets and other electronics because it is cheap. The black color of old cassette tapes and floppy disks is because of a thin layer of magnetite powder on the plastic tape used to store information.

## Chemistry 
The chemical name iron(II,III) oxide refers to two different kinds of iron in the compound. Iron is a transition metal, so it has multiple different oxidation states depending on the number of missing electrons around the nucleus. Iron(II,III) oxide is a mixture of iron in its +2 (missing two electrons) and +3 (missing three electrons) states: one third of the iron is in the +2 state, and two thirds are in the +3 state.

The chemical formula is , meaning that in pure magnetite, there are three iron atoms for every four oxygen atoms. To better show the two different oxidation states of the iron, the formula is also sometimes written as  or .

## Related pages 
* Iron(II) oxide
* Iron(III) oxide, rust
* Iron oxide
* Rust
* Iron(II) hydroxide
Williams Racing Grand Prix results

The table below details the complete Grand Prix racing results for Williams Racing. The team has also competed in several non-championship Formula One races.

## Formula One World Championship results 
### Works team entries 
#### 1970s 

(key)

#### 1980s 

(key)

#### 1990s 

(key)

#### 2000s 

(key)

#### 2010s 

(key)

#### 2020s 

;Notes:
* – Season still in progress.
*† – Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed greater than 90% of the race distance.
*‡ – Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

### Results of other Williams cars 
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position; results in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

## Formula One non-championship race results 
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position; results in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

## Notes 
## References
Iron(III) chloride

**Iron(III) chloride**, also known as **ferric chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is FeCl3. It has iron and chloride ions in it. The iron is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Iron(III) chloride is a yellow solid, at 25 degrees Celsius, standard atmosphere (a pressure). It dissolves in water to make a colloid of iron(III) oxide, making the water look muddy. When it is dissolved in an acidic solution, it is bright yellow. When it is very concentrated in a solution, it is dark brown. It is corrosive to skin and metals. It s with iron to produce iron(II) chloride. It fumes hydrochloric acid in moist air. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with copper(I) chloride to make copper(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make chlorine and iron(II) chloride.

## Preparation
It can be made by mixing hydrochloric acid and iron(III) oxide. It can be made by mixing iron and chlorine. It can also be made by reacting iron(II) chloride with chlorine at a low temperature.

## Uses
It is used in sewage processing. It reacts with slightly basic water to make a "floc" that can remove things from the water. It is used to react with copper in circuit boards; iron(III) nitrate is sometimes used too. It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is used in certain tests as a reagent.

## Related pages
*Iron(III) sulfate
*Iron(II) sulfate
Iron chloride

**Iron chloride** may refer to either of these chemicals:

*Iron(III) chloride, ferric chloride, brownish yellow corrosive chemical
*Iron(II) chloride, ferrous chloride, pale green chemical, reacts with oxygen
Iron(II) chloride

**Iron(II) chloride**, also known as **ferrous chloride**, is a chemical compound. It is made of iron and chloride ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is grayish-white when anhydrous and greenish when hydrated. It is oxidized by oxygen to a mixture of iron(III) chloride and iron(III) oxide, which are brown-yellow. It dissolves in water to make a yellowish-green solution. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with bases to make greenish iron(II) hydroxide. 

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting iron with iron(III) chloride. Some other reducing agents react with iron(III) chloride to make iron(II) chloride.

## Uses
It does not have common uses. Iron(II) sulfate and iron(III) chloride are used more often. It is used in treating wastewater. It can be used as a reducing agent in organic chemistry. 

## Related pages
*Iron(II) oxide
*Iron(III) oxide
*Cobalt(II) chloride
*Copper(II) chloride
Beck, Bogert & Appice

**Beck, Bogert & Appice** was a hard rock power trio formed by Jeff Beck, Tim Bogert, and Carmine Appice. They released one studio album and one live album.
Iron(III) sulfate

**Iron(III) sulfate**, also known as **ferric sulfate**, is a chemical compound. It has iron in its +3 oxidation state and sulfate ions. 

## Properties
It is a white to yellow to pale purple crystalline solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution.

## Occurrence
It is found as a mixed iron(III) aluminium sulfate. This is the anhydrous form. Several hydrated forms are found, too. Much more iron(III) sulfate is found in Mars. One of the rovers that travel on Mars got stuck in a pit of iron(III) sulfate and could not get out.

## Preparation
It is made by mixing sulfuric acid, iron(II) sulfate, and an oxidizing agent like nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide together. It is made when iron(III) oxide reacts with sulfuric acid. It is also made when iron(II) sulfate is oxidized by exposure to oxygen.

## Uses
It is used as a mordant in dyeing. It is also used to coagulate waste to remove the toxic parts. It is also used in baths to clean metals. It can be used as a pigment. It is used as an astringent in medicine. It stops bleeding.

## Related pages
*Iron(III) chloride
*Iron(II) chloride

jnk
Chromate

**Chromate** is an ion that contains one chromium atom (in its +6 oxidation state) and four oxide atoms. Its formula is CrO4. Its overall charge is -2. **Dichromate** is similar, but it contains two chromium atoms and seven oxide atoms (therefore, Cr2O7).

Chromate and dichromate are strongly oxidizing in acidic conditions, but weakly oxidizing in basic conditions. Chromates are generally bright yellow, while dichromates are generally orange or red. They can be made by reaction of chromium(III) oxide and a metal oxide in a basic environment. They can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. The oxygen in the air boosts the chromium atom's oxidation state from +3 to +6. 

Chromates and dichromates are harmful when powdered because the dust is carcinogenic (it can cause cancer). This can be avoided by reducing chromate with something like iron(II) sulfate.

## Examples
;Chromates
*Sodium chromate
*Potassium chromate

;Dichromates
*Potassium dichromate
*Ammonium dichromate

## Related pages
*Chromium
*Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium(III) oxide

**Chromium(III) oxide** is a dark green chemical that has a formula of Cr2O3. It is composed of chromium in its +3 oxidation state and oxide ions. It can react with other metal oxides in basic conditions to make chromates. It is made from chromium ore and is part of the process for making chromium metal. It was used as a pigment. It dissolves in acid to produce chromium(III) salts, such as chromium(III) chloride. Stainless steel's corrosion resistance is based on this compound. A thin layer of this compound forms on the surface of the stainless steel. It prevents the rest of the steel from oxidizing.

## Related pages 
*Chromium
*Chromium(III) chloride
*Chromate
*Dichromate
Chromium(III) chloride

**Chromium(III) chloride** is a chemical compound composed of chromium in its +3 oxidation state and chloride ions. It is green when hydrated (attached to water molecules) and purple when anhydrous (not attached to water molecules). It can be formed by dissolving chromium in hydrochloric acid or by dissolving chromium(III) oxide in hydrochloric acid. Chromium in its +3 oxidation state is much less toxic than chromium in its +6 oxidation state, such as chromates.

## Related pages
*Chromium(III) oxide
*Chromate
*Chromium
Iron(II) sulfate

**Iron(II) sulfate**, also known as **ferrous sulfate** or **copperas**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is FeSO4. It is made of iron and sulfate ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a blue-green crystalline solid when hydrated and white when anhydrous. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with oxygen in the air to produce a brown coating of iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) oxide. This coating is very corrosive. It dissolves in water to make a blue-green solution. When it is heated strongly, it breaks down into sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and iron(III) oxide. It reacts with nitric acid to make nitric oxide. It also reacts with chlorine to make iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) chloride.

## Occurrence
Iron(II) sulfate is found as a mineral. The greenish heptahydrate is the most common. It is made when sulfide minerals like pyrite are oxidized to sulfate. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting iron with sulfuric acid. This reaction makes hydrogen gas and leaves behind iron(II) sulfate. It can also be made by oxidation of pyrite, an iron sulfide material. according to Pankaj law

## Uses
It is used to get the necessary iron in foods. It can reduce chromate in cement to harmless chromium compounds like chromium(III) oxide. It was also used to make ink. It can be used to color concrete. 

## Related pages
*Iron(II) chloride
*Cobalt(II) sulfate
*Copper(II) sulfate
Ralph Stewart

**Ralph Donald Stewart** (born December 2, 1948 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 251 games in the National Hockey League.  He played with the Vancouver Canucks and New York Islanders.

## Other websites 
*
Potassium chromate

**Potassium chromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2CrO4. It has potassium and chromate ions.

## Properties
It is a yellow crystalline solid. It is an oxidizing agent in an acidic condition. It is toxic though, because it contains chromium in its +6 oxidation state. It can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. It is very rarely found in the ground. It reacts with lead nitrate to make lead chromate, a yellow pigment. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting chromium trioxide with potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidation of potassium hydroxide and chromium(III) oxide.

## Occurrence
Potassium chromate is found very rarely as a mineral. It dissolves easily in water. It is only found in very dry places.

## Uses
It is used to test for chloride ions. It can also be used to make lead chromate for paint.

## Safety
Potassium chromate is very toxic. It is a carcinogen. It reacts with reducing agents violently when in acid. 

## Related pages
*Dichromate
*Sodium chromate
*Chromium(III) oxide
Sodium chromate

**Sodium chromate** is a chemical compound composed of sodium ions and chromate ions. It is a bright yellow crystal chemical. It is similar to potassium chromate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is toxic because it contains chromium in the +6 oxidation state. It can be destroyed by reaction with a reducing agent, converting it to harmless chromium in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Na2CrO4.

## Related pages
*Dichromate
*Chromate
*Potassium chromate
*Chromium(III) oxide
Clockwork radio

A **windup radio** is a device that uses the energy of a spring to generate electricity to power the radio. The spring receives its energy by someone winding it up from handle.

راديو يعمل على تشغيل بكهرباء متولدة من خلال إدارة زنبرك يدويا باليد 

## Related pages
*Clockwork torch
Mechanically powered torch

A **mechanically powered torch** is a torch that is powered by mechanical movement, such as winding a spring and using the stored energy to power it for a small amount of time. It has the advantage of not needing batteries to operate.

## Related pages
*Clockwork radio
Alkaline battery

An **alkaline battery** is usually a primary cell (it cannot be recharged), but some are rechargeable. It is very common. Duracell, Rayovac, and Energizer are common brands of alkaline batteries. They were introduced in the 1960s and replaced the Leclanche battery as the "everyday battery" in the 1990s. They are marketed in many forms, such as AAA, AA, C, D, 9V, and small disc cells for watches and calculators. In the battery, zinc is oxidized by manganese dioxide in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.

## Related pages
*Battery
*Table of batteries
Leclanche battery

A **Leclanche battery** or **Leclanche cell** is a primary cell (it cannot be recharged). It was invented by the French engineer George Leclanché around 1866. It used to be the "everyday battery", but it has been replaced by the alkaline battery for most applications. It has much lower power than the alkaline battery, but it is cheaper to make. It is still used for low-power applications such as clocks, low-wattage flashlights, and remote controls. It is lighter than the alkaline battery and can be easily found in general stores. It is normally marketed with the label "Extra Heavy Duty" or "Super Heavy Duty" on it, meaning that some of the electrolytes have been replaced to make it longer lasting. It works by the oxidation of zinc by manganese dioxide. It has a zinc chloride or ammonium chloride electrolyte.

## Parts
* C = Carbon rod (positive terminal)
* MnO2 = Manganese dioxide (depolarizer)
* NH4Cl = Ammonium chloride (electrolyte)
* Zn = Zinc case (negative terminal)

## Related pages
*Battery
*Table of batteries
Mike Tomlak

**Michael Richard Tomlak** (born October 17, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a former professional ice hockey centre who played four seasons for the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League.

Tomlak was drafted 208th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played 141 career NHL games, scoring 15 goals and 22 assists for 37 points.

## Other websites
*
Manganese dioxide

**Manganese dioxide**, also known as **manganese(IV) oxide**, is a chemical compound of manganese and oxygen. It contains manganese in the +4 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnO2. It is black and powdery. It is used as a depolarizer in alkaline batteries and Leclanche batteries. It is found naturally as the mineral pyrolusite.

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Permanganate
*Battery

## References
Ironic (song)

"**Ironic**" is a song written by Alanis Morissette and Glen Ballard.  It was produced by Glen Ballard for Morissette's third album, *Jagged Little Pill*.  It was released as the album's fourth single in 1996.  The song received a Grammy nomination in 1997 for Record of the Year.

## Success 
"Ironic" became Morissette's second number-one hit on the *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States.  It stayed there for three weeks.  The song became Morissette's highest-charting hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it peaked at number four.  It is one of only two songs by Morissette to crack the top-ten on that chart, the other being "You Learn", backed with a live version of "You Oughta Know", which reached number six. Both songs were from *Jagged Little Pill*.  In other countries, "Ironic" wasn't as successful.  It was still a moderate Top 20 hit in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 11.  It is considered to be one of Morissette's biggest hits.  The song also received critical praise at the time of its release.  *Ironic* is still popular today, mainly because there are still debates surrounding the lyrics of the song, and whether the examples mentioned in the song actually qualify as being ironic.

## Covers
The pop-punk band Four Year Strong covered the song in their 90's cover album "Explains It All."

## Charts
### Chart procession and succession
## References
Permanganate

**Permanganate** is an ion that contains one manganese ion in an oxidation state of +7 and 4 oxide atoms. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Permanganates are purple-black. Permanganates stain because they are easily reduced to brown-black manganese dioxide.

## Examples
*Potassium permanganate

## Related pages
*Chromate, a similar ion
*Manganese
*Manganese dioxide

## Sources
The Velvet Underground & Nico

***The Velvet Underground & Nico*** is the debut studio album by German singer Nico and American rock band The Velvet Underground. The album was released on March 12, 1967.

## Track listing
## References
Potassium chloride

**Potassium chloride** (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCl. It contains potassium and chloride ions. 

## Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is not . It is similar to sodium chloride. It reacts with silver nitrate to make silver chloride. It reacts with sodium metal when very hot to make potassium metal. The metals are a gas because it is so hot. It makes a pink color when heated in a flame. 

## Occurrence
Potassium chloride is found as a mineral. The mineral is called **sylvite**. It is also found in sylvanite, a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride.

## Preparation
It is taken from the ocean. It can also be processed from the mineral sylvite or sylvanite. It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid, making nitric acid and potassium chloride. It is made when potassium burns in chlorine.

## Uses
It is used to make potassium metal. Potassium chloride is heated very hot until it melts. Sodium metal is reacted with it. The sodium metal melts and boils to make sodium gas. The sodium gas reacts with the potassium chloride to make potassium gas and sodium chloride. It can be electrolyzed in a water solution to make potassium hydroxide. It is used in food processing. It can be used to execute people in a lethal injection. It is used instead of table salt sometimes. Normally it is half table salt and half potassium chloride. It can be used to  fires. It was used to make packs that get hot when squeezed, but better chemicals are used now. 

## Safety
Potassium chloride is toxic in very large amounts. When injected into a vein it is much more toxic.

### Use in lethal injection
In the United States, people sentenced to death by lethal injection have usually been executed using three different medications.  Potassium chloride is the third medication.  It is given after a sedative (to put the prisoner to sleep) and a medicine that paralyzes the prisoner.  Potassium chloride works by speeding up the heart until it stops.   United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer used her research to argue that lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment.

## References
Lithium-ion battery

A **lithium-ion battery** is a lightweight, high-power battery used in computers and mobile phones. Li-ion batteries are made in several shapes, although a flat rectangle is most common. They are lighter than the nickel cadmium battery and the nickel metal-hydride battery. Li-ion batteries useful for devices that should be lightweight. They work by the movement of lithium ions through a membrane (thin sheet that allows some substances to pass through). 

They are different from lithium batteries. Lithium batteries contain lithium metal and are not rechargeable (primary cells). Lithium-ion batteries do not contain lithium metal (only lithium compounds) and are rechargeable (secondary cells). They also do not last forever. Traditional lithium-ion batteries will have an average of 600 charge cycles. Some newer versions such as lithium iron phosphate and lithium titanate can last for 3000 cycles or more.

## Safety issues 
Lithium-ion batteries can be very dangerous. They can catch fire or explode if they are punctured, overcharged, or short-circuited, or if there is a manufacturing defect. In a multi-cell battery pack, the fire can spread from one cell to another, consuming the entire pack. The fire cannot be put out with a fire extinguisher or water. Flaming electrolyte can be ejected from the battery, setting fire to nearby combustible material. Many products have been recalled due to defective lithium-ion batteries. LiCo and NMC batteries are the most dangerous types. LiFePO4 and LTO batteries are less dangerous. They can still burn, but they burn more like ordinary flammable material, rather than the explosive fires seen with NMC and LiCo batteries.

## Related pages 
*Lithium battery
*Lithium
*Rechargeable battery
*Ion
*Table of batteries

## References
Lithium battery

A **lithium battery** is a long-life, lightweight, high-power battery used in watches (such as Junghans Mega), medical devices, camera flashes, electronic car keys, alarm systems, and many other devices. It is normally in the shape of a coin. As the name suggests, the battery has lithium in it. The lithium is oxidized, providing the power for the battery. 

They are not rechargeable; once they are dead they should be thrown out. A lithium battery is different from a lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable. They are used in phones, portable computers, and electric cars. 

Lithium batteries come in several sizes. The size is indicated by a code. CR1216 is a small battery, while CR2012 is medium-sized and CR2450 is large. They are normally more  than other batteries, while also being quite more rare to find.

## Related pages
*Lithium-ion battery
*Lithium
*Dry cell
*Battery
*Table of batteries
Glycerine (song)

"**Glycerine**" is the fourth single by the post-grunge band Bush.  "Glycerine" reached number one for two weeks in December of 1996.  It was Bush's biggest pop hit, peaking at number 28 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 on February 24, 1996 and the Hot 100 Airplay on January 27, 1996.  The song is notable for not featuring any drums.

## Chart procession and succession
## References
* http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1996/mtvvmas.htm
The Velvet Underground (album)

***The Velvet Underground*** is the third studio album by American rock band The Velvet Underground. The album was released on March 12, 1969.

## Songs from the album
All tracks written by Lou Reed.
;Side one
#"Candy Says"&nbsp;– 4:04
#"What Goes On"&nbsp;– 4:55
#"Some Kinda Love"&nbsp;– 4:03
#"Pale Blue Eyes"&nbsp;– 5:41
#"Jesus"&nbsp;– 3:24

;Side two
#"Beginning to See the Light"&nbsp;– 4:41
#"I'm Set Free"&nbsp;– 4:08
#"That's the Story of My Life"&nbsp;– 1:59
#"The Murder Mystery"&nbsp;– 8:55
#"After Hours"&nbsp;– 2:07

## References
Loaded (The Velvet Underground album)

***Loaded*** is the fourth studio album by The Velvet Underground. The album was released on November 15, 1970.

## Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed (except for a song on the 2-CD version, "Ride into the Sun", which was written by Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker).

;Side one
#"Who Loves the Sun"&nbsp;– 2:50
#"Sweet Jane"&nbsp;– 3:15
#"Rock & Roll"&nbsp;– 4:47
#"Cool It Down"&nbsp;– 3:05
#"New Age"&nbsp;– 4:39

;Side two
#"Head Held High"&nbsp;– 2:52
#"Lonesome Cowboy Bill"&nbsp;– 2:48
#"I Found a Reason"&nbsp;– 4:15
#"Train Round the Bend"&nbsp;– 3:20
#"Oh! Sweet Nuthin'"&nbsp;– 7:23

## References
White Light/White Heat

***White Light/White Heat*** is the second studio album by American rock band The Velvet Underground.

## Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed unless otherwise noted.
;Side one
#"White Light/White Heat"&nbsp;– 2:47
#"The Gift" (Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker)&nbsp;– 8:18
#"Lady Godiva's Operation"&nbsp;– 4:56
#"Here She Comes Now" (Reed, Morrison, Cale)&nbsp;– 2:04

;Side two
#"I Heard Her Call My Name"&nbsp;– 4:38
#"Sister Ray" (Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker)&nbsp;– 17:27

## References
V8 engine

A **V8 engine** often just called a **V8** is an internal combustion engine with 8 cylinders. The engine has four cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a right angle (90°) to each other, but some engines use a narrower angle. All eight pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, natural gas and alcohol.

## Applications
Generally, V8s are only available on more powerful cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs. The traditional 90° large V8 engine is generally too wide and too long to fit easily in vehicles with a front-wheel drive layout, so its application is mostly limited to rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. 

V8s are common in purpose-designed engines for racing cars. They are a common engine configuration in the highest levels of auto racing. The V8 engine is used in the United States where it is required in IRL and NASCAR. V8s engines are also used in Australian auto racing, most notably in the V8 Supercars. Formula One began the 2006 season using V8 engines, which replaced the V10. Formula One made this change to reduce costs and lower power. However Formula One replaced V8 with V6 Turbo in 2014

V8 engines are also used in large truck and industrial equipment. V8s were an early choice for airplane engines. Modern aircraft seldom used V8s because the heavy weight reduces performance.

## References 
## Other websites 
*V8 Engines  - The characteristics of V8 engines
V10 engine

A **V10 engine,** often just called a **V10,** is an internal combustion engine with 10 cylinders. The engine has five cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V"-shaped angle. All ten pistons turn a common crankshaft. A V10 engine can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas.

## Road cars 
Until recently, V10s had rarely been used for road cars. A V12 runs smoother and is only a little harder to build. A V8 is easier to build and costs less to run.  New technology has made the use of V10 engines more practical.

Dodge designed a V10 for use in trucks.  The engine was revised and used in the Dodge Viper. Ford developed a heavy-duty V10 engine for use in their trucks. 

European car builders later adopted the V10 configuration. High power V10 engines were put into supercars from Lamborghini and Porsche.  BMW and Audi then added V10s to their mid-range cars. Volkswagen developed a V10 turbodiesel engine.

## Racing 
The largest use of the V10 engines has been in Formula One racing. Alfa Romeo made the first modern Formula One V10 in 1986, but it was never used in a race car. Later the V10 was introduced by Honda and Renault before the  season. After turbochargers were banned, the V10 engine was often used. V10 engines were the only type used from the 1998 season. V10s were banned for the  season and Formula One teams started using V8 engines. 

There are other cars with V10 engines in auto racing. The most common is the Judd engine. 

## References
Protonation

**Protonation** is the addition of a hydrogen ion to a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When the hydrogen atom is oxidized, it loses its electron, leaving a H+. The H+ is the same as a proton. Substances are protonated when hydrogen ions are added to them. For example, when ammonia () is protonated, it forms ammonium ions, .

According to the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, a substance that can be protonated is a base. After being protonated, it becomes the base's conjugate acid.

## Related pages
*Deprotonation
*Proton
*Hydrogen
Ammonium

**Ammonium** is an ion. It is an ammonia molecule, NH3, protonated  (with a hydrogen ion added) to make NH4+. It bonds with negative ions such as chloride to make salts such as ammonium chloride. Ammonium is slightly reducing so it can react with strong oxidizing agents.

## References
## Related pages
*Ammonium chloride
*Ammonia
*Protonation
*Hydrogen
Deprotonation

**Deprotonation** is the removal of a hydrogen ion from a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When it is oxidized, it loses the electron, turning it into a hydrogen ion. A hydrogen cation is the same as a proton. Substances are deprotonated by other substances more basic than themselves. The base itself is protonated.

A substance which can be deprotonated is an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.

## Related pages
*Proton
*Hydrogen
*Protonation
Stink bomb

A **stink bomb** is a packet that, when pressed, releases bad odors. A common ingredient in stink bombs is ammonium sulfide. They are used for practical jokes on other people. Some use it to imitate farting, and some use them to embarrass other people, by placing them in the seat of their pants. When the targeted person sits, the stink bomb releases bad odors, similar to menthol. Stink bombs do expire, since the longer they are not used the less effective they are. Stink bombs do have guides. Stink bombs are also lightly regulated, since some can have toxic waste inside. it is similar to an instant cold pack.

## Related pages
*Prank
*Hydrogen sulfide
*Whoopee cushion
Zinc chloride

**Zinc chloride** is a chemical compound. It contains zinc and chloride ions. The zinc is in the +2 oxidation state, the only oxidation state zinc has. Its chemical formula is ZnCl2.

## Properties
It is a colorless crystal compound. It dissolves in water. It reacts with bases to make zinc hydroxide.

## Preparation
Zinc chloride can be made by reacting zinc with hydrochloric acid. In this reaction, hydrogen gas is also produced. It can also be made by reacting zinc with chlorine.

## Uses
It is used in the making of chemicals, textile processing, and the electrolyte of the Leclanche cell. Cells containing this chemical are marketed as "Super Heavy Duty" or "Extra Heavy Duty". 

## Safety
Zinc chloride irritates skin and the respiratory tract. 

## Related pages
*Chlorine
*Zinc
*Leclanche cell
*Chloride
Necro (rapper)

**Ron Raphael Braunstein** is an American rapper, producer, director, and Label CEO better known by his stage name, **Necro**. His stage name is derived from the Slayer song, *Necrophobic*. Necro invented the term "death rap" which he describes as ultraviolent hip hop. Necro is the younger brother of other local rapper, Ill Bill. He is a Jew of Israeli and Romanian ethnicity.

## Discography 
### Studio albums
Necro has released 9 studio albums:

## Controversy
He has also been involved in controversy which includes a riot that erupted at one of his shows when he didn't show up in Vancouver, British Columbia, Necro being fined $3000 for fracturing a man's jaw in Perth, Western Australia, being sued by Ani DiFranco after he sampled one of her songs and his music was connected to a murder in London, Ontario because the murderer was a fan of Necro and was inspired by his song "Garbage Bag".

## References 
## Other websites
* Necro's Official website 
* Necro's Myspace
Wet cell

A **wet cell** is a cell that contains a liquid electrolyte. Most batteries have a paste electrolyte. Car batteries have a liquid electrolyte. They are inconvenient because the electrolyte can be spilled. Most early batteries had liquid electrolytes. People still use wet cells where they need high power, such as in cars.

## Related pages
*Dry cell
*Secondary cell
*Primary cell
*Table of batteries
Mercury battery

A **mercury battery** is a primary cell. It has similar performance to, but is much cheaper than, silver oxide batteries. Its disadvantage is that it contains toxic mercury, which pollutes the environment. This battery uses the oxidation of zinc by mercury(II) oxide to generate electricity. It has either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Mercury batteries used to be common but have become increasingly restricted.

Some advantages of mercury batteries are their very long life and steady voltage. 

## Related pages
*Battery
*Primary cell
*Table of batteries
*Dry cell
Silver oxide battery

**Silver oxide batteries** are primary cells. They are generally found in small sizes. They are expensive because they contain silver, but do not have toxic mercury like the cheaper mercury battery. They generate electricity by oxidation of zinc with silver(I) oxide. It has a basic electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

## Chemical background 
Some chemical reactions happen during discharging:
* Reduction: \mathrm{Ag_2O + H_2O + 2e^{\operatorname{-}} \longrightarrow\, 2Ag + 2(OH)^{\operatorname{-}}}
* Oxidation: \mathrm{Zn + 2(OH)^{\operatorname{-}} \longrightarrow\, ZnO + H_2O + 2e^{\operatorname{-}}}
* Redox: \mathrm{2Ag^{\operatorname{+}} + Zn \longrightarrow\, 2Ag + Zn^{2\operatorname{+}}}
* All: \mathrm{Ag_2O + Zn \longrightarrow\, 2Ag + ZnO}

## Related pages 
*Mercury battery
*Dry cell
*Primary cell
*Table of batteries
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial (video game)

***E.T. the Extra Terrestrial*** is a 1982 adventure video game that was developed, published and distributed by Atari, Inc. It is based on the movie of the same name. The game was for the Atari 2600 and was planned for the Atari 5200 but was cancelled. *E.T.* is often considered to be one of the worst video games of all time, and was claimed to be the reason for Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. The unsold cartridges of the game were buried in a landfill in New Mexico and was cited as one of the reasons for the video game industry crash of 1983. In 2014, many of the cartridges were excavated from the landfill.

## Related pages 
*Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing, another game that has been considered the worst

## Other websites 
*E.T. the Extra Terrestrial at mobygames.com
Mercury(II) oxide

**Mercury(II) oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgO. It has mercury and oxide ions. The mercury is in the +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a red or yellow solid. It is very toxic and corrosive. It reacts violently with some reducing agents, as it is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make other mercury(II) salts like mercury(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make mercury and oxygen.

## Preparation
It can be made by heating mercury and oxygen at . It can also be made by heating mercury(II) nitrate. This makes the red form. The yellow form is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt with a strong base.

## Uses
It can be used to make other mercury(II) salts. It is used in mercury batteries. It is much cheaper than the silver(I) oxide used in silver oxide batteries.

## Related pages
*Mercury(I) chloride
*Mercury(I) nitrate
Household ammonia

**Household ammonia** is a marketed substance that consists of a dilute solution of ammonia in water. About 7% of the solution by weight is ammonia. It is used for cleaning. It can also be known as **ammonium hydroxide**, but it really exists in the form NH3 + H2O rather than NH4+ + OH-.

## Related pages
*Ammonium
*Ammonia
*Housecleaning
Electrolyte

An **electrolyte** is a chemical that conducts electrical current. It is used in batteries to make the ions flow, producing current. Electrolytes ionize when dissolved in suitable solvents such as water. Most soluble salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. 

An electrolyte used in "electrolytic cells" carries the ions between the electrodes of the cell.  Electrolytic cells may be used to extract constituent elements and compounds contained in the solution.

A correct concentration of electrolytes is important to physiology.

## Related pages
*Cathode, includes anode
*Electrolysis
Crankshaft

The **crankshaft**, sometimes casually called the *crank*, is the part of an engine which changes the up and down motion of the pistons into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft has one or more offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft by these shafts. When the piston moves up and down, it pushes the offset shaft. This in turn rotates the crankshaft.

The pistons cause a pulsing affect in the rotation. A crankshaft usually connects to a flywheel. The flywheel smooths out the rotation. Sometimes there is a torsion or vibration damper on the other end of the crankshaft. This helps reduce vibrations of the crankshaft. 

Large engines usually have several cylinders. This helps to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes. For some engines it is necessary to provide counterweights. The counterweight is used to offset the piston and improve balance. While counterweights add a lot of weight to the crankshaft, it provides a smoother running engine. This allows higher RPMs to be reached and more power produced.

## Other websites 
*The FOUR-STROKE CYCLE / OTTO CYCLE 
*Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
Motorboat

A **motorboat** or **speedboat** is a boat which is powered by an engine (also commonly called a *motor*). Some motorboats, especially those used for water skiing, may have two engines. Some motorboats are made with inboard engines built in; others attach an outboard motor containing the internal combustion engine, the gearbox and the propeller in one portable unit.

An inboard/outboard contains a hybrid of a powerplant and an outboard, where the engine is installed inside the boat, and the gearbox and propeller are outside.
Sweetness (song)

"**Sweetness**" is a 2002  song recorded by the alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World. "Sweetness" was on their 2001 album *Bleed American*. It was also featured in the ice hockey video game, *NHL 2003*.

## Charts
## Sources
## Other websites
*
Silver(I) oxide

**Silver(I) oxide** is a chemical compound with the formula Ag2O. It is a fine black or dark brown powder. It is composed of silver in the +1 oxidation state. It is used in silver oxide batteries to oxidize the zinc, providing the electrical current. It is more expensive than the mercury(II) oxide used in mercury batteries but much less toxic and less damaging to the environment. It can react violently with reducing agents. 

## Related pages
*Silver
*Oxygen
*Silver oxide battery
*Table of batteries
Rover 800 Series

The **Rover 800 Series** is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the SD1 in 1986 and launched first as a saloon with a liftback appearing in 1988. It was given a minor redesign in late 1991 with a coupe model added in early 1992, it was replaced in 1999 with the 75. The 800 Series was based on the platform of the Honda Legend.

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *820 e* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *820 i/Si* 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
* *820 ti* 132 kW (180 hp) and 147 kW (200 hp)
* *825 Si* 129 kW (175 hp)
* *827 Si/SC* 124 kW (169 hp)
* *827 Sterling/Vitesse* 130 kW (177 hp)

### Diesel 
* *825 D* 87 kW (118 hp)
Edward Bairstow

**Sir Edward Bairstow** (born Huddersfield, 22 August 1874; died York 1 May 1946) was an English composer and organist.  He was an important influence in 20th century Anglican church music.

Bairstow learned the organ at Balliol College, Oxford, and while articled under Frederick Bridge of Westminster Abbey he was taught by Walter Alcock. He studied organ and theory at the University of Durham.  His first jobs were at the parish churches of Wigan and then Leeds. In 1913 he became organist of York Minster (the cathedral in York).  He kept this job until his death.  He was knighted in 1932.

## Compositions
Most of Bairstow's compositions are for church services. He wrote 29 anthems. It includes the famous *Blessed city, heavenly Salem*  It has a very dramatic organ accompaniment.  It is about the heavenly city where the souls of people who have died will go.  Two other popular anthems  *I sat down under his shadow* and *Let all mortal flesh keep silence*, both of which are for unaccompanied choir. He also composed service settings, psalm chants, hymn tunes, and a cantata, *The Prodigal Son*, for choir and chamber orchestra.

## References
*Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Neutralization

**Neutralization** occurs when a base is reacted with an acid. The OH- ions in the base react with the H+ ions in the acid to form H2O, water. In this reaction, the base is protonated and the acid is deprotonated. To neutralise a substance (e.g alkali substance), you must put an equal amount of an acid into the alkali in order for it to become neutral (has a pH of 7). Titration uses neutralization to measure chemical concentrations.

## Related pages
*Base (chemistry)
*Acid
*Buffer solution
*Protonation
*Deprotonation
*Alkali
Chloralkali process

The **chloralkali process** is a process used to create sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen from sodium chloride and water. It is normally conducted in a  separated by a membrane, although there are other methods, such as using mercury. If potassium chloride or calcium chloride is used instead, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are produced. When the membrane is not in place, hypochlorites are formed. If it is heated, chlorates are formed. 

The process is fueled by electrolysis. It can be done in the laboratory. 

## Related pages
*Chlorine
*Sodium hydroxide
*Electrolysis
Calcium hydroxide

**Calcium hydroxide**, also known as **slaked lime**, is a chemical compound with the formula Ca(OH)2. It dissolves slightly in water. It is a base. It can be made by the chloralkali process. It can be dehydrated (remove the water) to calcium oxide by heat. It can be used to neutralize acidic soils.

## Related pages
*Calcium
*Hydroxide
*Calcium chloride
Ammonium chloride

**Ammonium chloride** is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and chloride ions. It is a colorless crystalline compound. It is used in soldering. It is also used as an electrolyte in the Leclanche cell, a type of primary cell. Ammonium chloride can be deprotonated by strong bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce ammonia gas.It is sublime compound.

## Related pages
*Ammonium sulfide
*Ammonium
*Ammonia
## References
Sealed lead acid battery

A **sealed lead acid battery** or **gel cell** is a lead acid battery that has the sulfuric acid electrolyte coagulated (thickened) so it cannot spill out. They are partially sealed, but have vents in case gases are accidentally released for example by overcharging. They can be used for smaller applications where they are turned up side down. They are more expensive than normal lead acid batteries, but they are also safer.

They use different chemicals than dry cells, so they are rechargeable.

## Related pages
*Battery
*Lead acid battery
*Table of batteries
Lead acid battery

A **lead acid battery** is a secondary cell, meaning that it is rechargeable. It is very common in cars and trucks. It contains plates of lead and lead(IV) oxide in a sulfuric acid solution. The lead(IV) oxide oxidizes the lead plate, making an electrical current. 

Lead-acid batteries are the cheapest rechargeable batteries and can produce much power. They contain toxic lead, though, and should be recycled. They are wet cells, and the dangerous acid can spill out. Sealed lead acid batteries are batteries where the sulfuric acid is in a gel which stays in, even when the battery is turned up side down.

Reactions: 

# lead(IV) oxide + sulfuric acid + extra hydrogen ions → lead(II) sulfate + water at cathode
# lead + extra sulfate ions → lead(II) sulfate at anode

These reactions are reversed when the battery is charged.

## Related pages
*Wet cell
*Table of batteries
Calcium oxide

**Calcium oxide** is a chemical compound of calcium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is **CaO**. It is known as **quicklime**. It is made in a lime kiln. It releases heat when dissolved in water and changes into calcium hydroxide. It is a white powder.

It is also a base. It reacts with acids to make calcium salts. Quicklime is an important ingredient of cement.

## Related pages
*Calcium
*Oxygen
*Calcium hydroxide

## References
Nicole Jung

**Nicole Yongju Jung** (; Korean name: **Jung Yong-Ju**, ), better known mononymously as **Nicole**, was born on October 7, 1991. She is a Korean-American singer. Born and raised in Glendale, California but moved to South Korea to pursue her dreams. Known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.

## Biography
Nicole was born on October 7, 1991, in Glendale, California. She moved to Korea with her mom. Her mother has a ramyeon restaurant called "Red Kitchen". She has played violin 4th through 8th grade. She was on a show called *"KAIST"* (portrayed a celebrity's life as a college student) which was renamed to ''"Nicole The Entertainer's Introduction to Veterinary Science"'' in Konkuk University since Nicole would not be attending KAIST. The first episode aired on November 12, 2009.
She is also very popular with a lot of fans and is a member of Korea's K-POP "KARA"

## Career
### Kara
Kara debuted on March 29th 2007 with "Break It" on M! Countdown as a 4 member. Nicole was one of the four along with Gyuri, Seungyeon, and Sunghee. Kara was often compared to Fin.K.L because of their concept and the fact that they are both from the same company (DSP Entertainment). Later on Sunghee left the group in March 2008 due to parental pressure, just when Kara intended their comeback. Sunghee failed her college exams and left the group. On July 24th of 2008, Kara came back with two new members, Goo Hara and Jiyoung. Their new concept was "cute" and "playful".

In December 4, 2008, Kara have their comeback starting on M! Countdown with "Pretty Girl".In February 2009, Kara released their second mini-album "Honey". "Honey" became the group's first #1 single when it topped the *M! Countdown* and The Music Trend.

In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named "Revolution". June 16, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009. Due to the popularity of the song, Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara currently started promotions with their third mini-album "Lupin". Lupin was a succes, it won KBS Music Bank K-Chart on March 12th, March 19th, and March 26th of 2010.

### Solo activities
Nicole joined *Star Golden Bell* on December 20, 2008, hosting a segment called "Level With Me (Season 2)" in which the guests have to guess a term or title from her clues; the challenge comes due to her comparative lack of skill and experience with the Korean language. The segment ended on October 17, 2009.

In April 2009, she sang a duet with former Noel member Kang Kyun-seong called "Happy and".

In August 2009, she and 2PM ex member Jaebeom became part of historical culture variety show Nodaji, replacing Choi Min Yong and Kim Tae Hyun. But the show was canceled due to low ratings on October 2009.

In November 2009, She joined ''Nicole The Entertainer's Introduction to Veterinary Science*.

In July 2010, she joined *Good Sunday - Yeongwunghogeol (영웅호걸)''.

## Discography 
### Kara
### Singles 
*"Kkeun" - Sunha (Rap. Nicole) (2008)
*"Happy And" - Kang Kyun-seong (Duet. Nicole) (2009) 
*"Gorae" - Park Myeong-su (Duet. Nicole) (2010)

## Filmography 
## Awards 
## References 
## Other websites
*Kara Official website