Gray Fossil Site

The **Gray Fossil Site** is an Early Pliocene collection of fossils between 4.5 and 4.9 million years old. It is near the town of Gray in Washington County, Tennessee. 

The site was discovered during road construction in May 2000. Local officials decided to preserve the site for research and education. The site is part of East Tennessee State University, and the Gray Fossil Site & Museum opened on the site in 2007.

Once, the land around the Gray Fossil Site was a pond inside a sinkhole surrounded by a warm, wet forest. The fossils found in the area show what lived and died in and around the sinkhole pond.

As the first site of its age known from the Appalachian region, the Gray Fossil Site is a unique window into the past. Research at the site has brought many surprising discoveries. These included new species of red panda, rhinoceros, pond turtle, hickory tree, and more. The site also hosts the biggest known collection of fossil tapirs.

## History
In late May of 2000, this fossil-rich area was discovered during a Tennessee Department of Transportation road construction project on the outside of Gray, TN. As it became clear that the fossils were not usual for this part of the country, members of the local community began an effort to preserve the site.

Many of the fossil fauna and flora of the Gray Fossil Site are closely related to modern-day species in Europe and Asia, including red pandas, European badgers, Chinese moonseed, and *Corylopsis*. This shows that during the Early Pliocene, North America had a biogeographic link with Eurasia, probably at the easternmost part of Asia.

## Fossils
The Gray Fossil Site preserves a collection of preserved fossils. It is the only fossil site in the Appalachian region dating near the boundary between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. This offers a unique window into this region at this time.

### Amphibians
* Salamanders. Several taxa have been identified, including *Ambystoma, Desmognathus, Notophthalmus,* and *Plethodon.* These are the oldest known members of their families in the Appalachian mountains, a region well-known for its modern salamander diversity.
*Frogs. Numerous taxa, including *Rana.*
* Lizards. Identified lizards include skinks, anguids, and helodermatids.
*Snakes. The most common snakes are colubrids, of which multiple species have been identified. This includes the endemic fossil species *Zilantophis schuberti.* Viperids were also found. and the slider turtle *Trachemys haugrudi.* 

### Birds 
A preliminary study in 2011 identified several families of birds at the Gray Fossil Site, the most common of which were ducks.

### Mammals 
Perissodactyls (odd-toed hoofed mammals)

**Tapirus polkensis* (dwarf tapir). The Gray Fossil Site has the largest tapir population of any known fossil site, including fossil tapirs of all ages, from very young juveniles to old adults.
**Teleoceras aepysoma* (rhinoceros). Several specimens are known, including two nearly complete skeletons. In 2019, the Gray Fossil Site rhinos were identified as a new species, named the "high-bodied" *Teleoceras* for their longer front legs compared to other species.
**Cormohipparion emslei* (three-toed horse)

Artiodactyls (even-toed hoofed mammals)

* Peccaries. Two species have been identified: *Mylohyus elmorei* and *Prosthennops serus.*
* *Pediomeryx*.
* Camel, possibly *Megatylopus*
* *Arctomeles dimolodontus* (Eurasian badger). This species was named alongside the Gray Fossil Site panda in 2004.
* *Gulo sudorus* (wolverine). The oldest known fossil wolverine. Named the "sweaty wolverine" since the ancient climate of Gray was much warmer than modern wolverine habitats.

Rodents

* Several species, including beavers, packrats, and mice.

Eulipotyphla
* Several species of shrews and moles. Insects are also known from fossilized exoskeletal remains and trace fossils, including at least four different families of beetles.

### Plants 
Plant fossils at the Gray Fossil Site include pollen, leaves, wood, fruits, seeds, and other structures which represent a diverse flora of angiosperms, conifers, ferns, lycophytes, and bryophytes. The forest flora was dominated by a variety of trees and shrubs, of which the most common were hickory, oak, and pine.

Several previously unknown extinct plant species have been identified at the Gray Fossil Site:

## References