open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of World Heritage Sites in Chile

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage. Below is the list of sites in Chile.

## History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Chile agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1980.

## List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has  over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2014, there are 17 places in Chile which are on the World Heritage List. 
* 15 cultural sites  
* 2 natural sites

There are 17 sites which are on a tentative list.

### Table
### Tentative List
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The  process is not yet completed. *Here* is the list.

## Related pages
* World Heritage Committee
* UNESCO World Heritage Site
* Table of World Heritage Sites by country
* List of World Heritage Sites in South America

## References
## Other websites
* UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
Jämtkraft Arena

**Jämtkraft Arena** is an association football stadium in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was opened on 13 July 2007. Among the home teams are Östersunds FK and Östersunds DFF.

## References
## Other websites
Nya Parken

**Nya parken** is a sports ground in the town of Norrköping int Sweden. It was opened in 1903 as **Norrköpings idrottspark**. IFK Norrköping, IK Sleipner and IF Sylvia play their soccer home games there. Games were also played there during the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 UEFA European Championship

## References
## Other websites
*
Norrporten Arena

**Norrporten Arena**  is a sports ground in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. It was opened as **Sundsvalls idrottspark** on 6 August 1903 as. It is currently used mostly for association football games. It is the home ground for GIF Sundsvall.

## References
## Other websites
* Norrporten Arena at gifsundsvall.se
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

**The Mighty Mighty Bosstones** (informally known as **The Bosstones**) are an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts which formed in 1983. The Bosstones are widely credited as one of the originators of the genre of ska punk, a style which mixes the rhythms of ska music with the fast tempo and distortion of punk rock and hardcore punk.
 Their music is recognized for its prominent use of brass instruments as well as the deep, raspy voice of their lead singer Dicky Barrett. Their concerts are also notable for the presence of Ben Carr, a non-musician member of the Bosstones who dances onstage during the band's performances.

First becoming notable in the underground music scene, the Bosstones steadily grew in popularity throughout the mid-1990s. Their fourth album, 1994's *Question the Answers*, sold over 500,000 copies and became a gold record. In 1995, they appeared in the hit movie *Clueless* and in 1997, the band released their most successful album, ''Let's Face It'', which sold over one million copies and spawned the hit single "The Impression That I Get", which charted at #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Songs and entered the top 20 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Although none of the Bosstones' future albums or singles were able to meet with the same kind of success, the band has kept a loyal following and continue to tour and record.

The Bosstones briefly disbanded in 2003, though reunited in 2007 to continue touring and recording. The band has released nine studio albums, three EPs and a live album.

## Band members
;Current members
*Dicky Barrett - vocals (1983-present)
*Joe Gittleman - bass guitar (1983-present)
*Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton - tenor saxophone (1983-present)
*Ben Carr - dancer (1983-present)
*Joe Sirois - drums (1991-present)
*Kevin Lenear - alto and baritone saxophones (1991-1998, 2008-present)
*Lawrence Katz - guitar (2000-present)
*Chris Rhodes - trombone (2000-present)
*John Goetchius - keyboards (2008-present)

;Former members
*Nate Albert - guitar (1983-2000)
*Tim Bridewell - trombone (1983-1991)
*Josh Dalsimer - drums (1983-1991)
*Roman Fleysher - saxophone (1998-2008)
*Dennis Brockenborough - trombone (1991-2000)

## Discography
*''Devil's Night Out* (1989)
**More Noise and Other Disturbances* (1992)
**Don't Know How to Party* (1993)
**Question the Answers* (1994)
**Let's Face It* (1997)
**Pay Attention* (2000)
**A Jackknife to a Swan* (2002)
**Pin Points and Gin Joints* (2009)
**The Magic of Youth'' (2011)

## References
Jesus piece (jewelry)

A **Jesus piece** is a spiritual or religious piece of jewelry which shows the face of Jesus.  

Jesus pieces are popular in the Hip-Hop community. Many Hip-Hop artists and celebrities like The Notorious B.I.G. usually wear Jesus pieces, and will have them decorated with rare or expensive gems (jewels). 

Less expensive Jesus diamond pieces are also sold. They are made of things like wood or inexpensive metals.

## History
### The Notorious B.I.G.
The first Jesus piece was worn by Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.).  It was made by Tito Caicedo, Wallace's jeweler (jewelry-maker).  Wallace had Caicedo make many more Jesus pieces, paying him about $10,000 for each. Wallace had worn some of these Jesus pieces himself, and gave others pieces to his peers. The Jesus pieces were decorated with expensive gems, especially on Jesus's hair.

## References
Old English poetry

]]

The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation. Bede says this was by Cædmon (flourished 658&ndash;680). He was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is probably the earliest written Anglo-Saxon poetry we have.

Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically. Estimates for the date of the great epic *Beowulf* range from AD 608 through to AD 1000, and there has never been agreement.  

It is possible to identify some key moments. *The Dream of the Rood* was written before about AD 700, when parts were carved in runes on the Ruthwell Cross.  Some poems on historical events, such as *The Battle of Brunanburh* (937) and *The Battle of Maldon* (991), seem to have been written shortly after the events, so they can be dated reasonably precisely.

Anglo-Saxon poetry is known by the manuscripts in which it survives.  The most important manuscripts are from the late 10th and early 11th centuries. They are known as the Cædmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the  Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript.

*Beowulf* is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others show that it was not unique in its time.  Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase. 

With one notable exception (the so-called *Rhyming Poem*), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliteration for its structure. Any rhyme included is just ornamental.

## References
Jimmy Roberts

**James Wilfred "Jimmy" Roberts** (April 9, 1940 – October 23, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and forward. He went by both the nicknames of Jimmy and Jim. Roberts played for the Montreal Canadiens and for the St. Louis Blues. He won two Stanley Cups during his career. He retired in 1978 after a twenty year career.

Roberts died on October 23, 2015 of cancer in St. Louis, Missouri at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nicolás Fuentes

**Nicolás Fuentes Fuentes** (20 February 1941 – 28 October 2015) was a Peruvian football player. Fuentes made 17 appearances for the Peru national football team from 1965 to 1971, including playing at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Fuentes died from respiratory failure caused by diabetes in Lima, Peru, aged 74.

## References
Ernesto Boy Herrera

**Ernesto Boy Herrera** (September 11, 1942 &ndash; October 29, 2015) was a Filipino politician. Herrera was born in Samboan, Cebu, on September 11, 1942.

He served as Senator of the Philippines. He has been a trade union leader, an advocate of law and order, and a legislator in the 8th, 9th and 10th Congresses. He served as the General Secretary of the Trade Union of Congress of the Philippines from 1983 until his death in 2015.

Herrera died from cardiac arrest in Makati, Philippines, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
* Ernesto Herrera's website
Superstition (song)

**"Superstition"** is a funk and R&B ballad from Stevie Wonder. The song hit #1 on *Billboard* Hot 100 in January 1973. It also hit #1 on the U.S. soul singles chart.

The song advises not to believe in theories such as  superstitions and the song references how adults blame children for the bad luck they have faced - thirteen month old baby broke the looking glass. The song became Stevie

The song has been covered by The Jackson 5, Jeff Beck, Stevie Ray Vaughan and JoJo, among others.

## References
Willis Carto

**Willis Allison Carto** (July 17, 1926 – October 26, 2015) was a known American figure on the American far right.  He called himself aJeffersonian and populist, but was known for his promotion of conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.

## Early life
Carto was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

## Career
Carto was thought to be one of America's most influential political racial theorists through the Liberty Lobby and successor organizations which he helped create. Carto ran a group supporting segregationist George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign which formed the basis for the National Youth Alliance which promoted Francis Parker Yockey's political philosophy.

## Death
Carto died from cardiac arrest in Virginia at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Willis Carto Interviewed on RBN Radio, April 12th, 2007 -  MP3
* FAQ: Willis Carto & The Institute for Historical Review 
* Ron Paul Friends and Supporters
* ADL: Willis A. Carto: Fabricating History
* Barnes Review
* History Commons 
* Willis Carto Timeline
Due process

**Due process** is the legal  that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this is a due process , which s the rule of law.

## A judiciary process 
Due process has also been frequently ed as limiting laws and legal proceedings. This means that judges—instead of legislators—may define and  basic ness, justice, and liberty. This interpretation has proven controversial, and is seen as being closer to the concepts of natural justice, and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions. This interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a  that the government must not be  to the people or abuse them physically.

## History 
Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Magna Carta called it "the law of the land" which became the more modern term due process. When English and American law gradually went in different directions, due process was not upheld in England, but did become part of the Constitution of the United States. It is found in the Fifth Amendment which says "No person shall…be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,". 

Islamic law provides for due process. It includes the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent and a fair and public trial before a judge. They were noted for their criminal justice system including their observance of due process. As of the 2013 *Rule of Law Index*, the Scandinavian countries were rated higher than the US for due process. The three lowest rated countries in the index were Afghanistan, Zimbabwe and Venezuela.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Right to a fair trial

## Other websites 
* WHAT IS DUE PROCESS? Icelantic Human Rights Centre 
* Due Process Rights before EU Agencies
* Due Process in Islamic Criminal Law 
* Political Judging: When Due Process Goes International
Vertical-lift bridge

A **vertical-lift bridge** or **lift bridge** is a type of movable bridge in which a span rises vertically while remaining  with the road surface.

The vertical lift offers several benefits over other movable bridges such as the bascule and swing-span bridge. They are generally easier to design and easier to build. They usually cost less to build for longer moveable spans. The counterweights in a vertical lift bridges are only required to be equal to the weight of the deck. Another design used  beams to lift the  with pivoting bascules located on the top of the lift towers. An example of this kind is the La Salle Street Bridge in Chicago, Illinois, USA.

The biggest disadvantage to the vertical-lift bridge is the height  for ships passing under it. This is a result of the deck remaining suspended above the water.

## References
Västanfors IF

**Västanfors IF** is a sports club in the town of Fagersta in Sweden. The club is nicknamed *Västanfläkt* ("Western Wind").

The club mainly runs bandy, and soccer. It earlier also ran floorball. The team colours are red and white. The club was founded in 1916.

The club has played 32 seasons in the Swedish top division. It won the Swedish national championship in 1954. The club played in the Swedish bandy top division since 2007. In 2012 the club was relegated to Division 1 in 2012.

The club also ran floorball acticity during the 1980s. The women's floorball team won the Swedish national championship in 1983 and 1985 and also won a silver medal in 1984.

## References 
## Other websites
*Västanfors IF BK  
*Västanfors IF FK
Rachel Platten

**Rachel Ashley Platten** (born May 20, 1981) is an American singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her 2015 single "Fight Song". The song was successful worldwide, including in the USA, Australia and Canada.

Rachel Platten was born in New York. She grew up in Newton, Massachusetts.

## References
Mel Daniels

**Melvin Joe Daniels** (July 20, 1944 – October 30, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the Minnesota Muskies, Indiana Pacers, and Memphis Sounds, and in the National Basketball Association for the New York Nets. Daniels was a two-time ABA Most Valuable Player and a seven-time ABA All-Star. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012.

Daniels died on October 30, 2015, at the age of 71. He had recently undergone heart surgery.

## References
## Other websites
* ABA Records
IFK Luleå

**IFK Luleå** is an sports club in the town of Luleå in Sweden. It was founded on 20 September 1900. The club played in the Swedish men's top association football top division in 1971.

## References 
## Other websites 
* IFK Luleå - official website
IFK Holmsund

**IFK Holmsund** is a sports club Holmsund in Sweden. It was founded on 8 June in 1923 The men's soccer team plays its home games at Kamratvallen. The club participated in the Swedish men's soccer top division in 1967.

## Notable players
*Vinnie Jones (1986)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Lien

A **lien** ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The creditor or person holding the lien is called the *lienor* or *lien holder*.

In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of legal interests. It includes other forms of mortgage or charge.  In the USA, a lien is a *non-possessory* security interests meaning the lien holder does not usually possess the property.

In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged.  In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely *possessory* form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released.  

## References
No Gravity (Shontelle album)

***No Gravity*** is the second studio album by Barbadian recording artist Shontelle, released on September 21, 2010 by SRC Records.

## Review
*No Gravity* received mixed reviews.

## Track listing
## Release history
## Charts
## References
Växjö Lakers HC

The **Växjö Lakers HC** is an ice hockey club in the town of Växjö in Sweden. It was established in 1997. The club won the Swedish national championship in 2015, 2018 and 2021.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Philip French

**Philip Neville French** OBE (28 August 1933 – 27 October 2015) was a British movie critic and former radio producer. French began his career in journalism in the late 1950s, before becoming a BBC Radio producer, and later a movie critic.

He began writing for *The Observer* in 1963, and continued to write criticism regularly there until his retirement in 2013.

French was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in December 2012. He died of a heart attack at the age of 82.

## References
Law of the land

The phrase **law of the land** (Latin **lex terrae**) is a legal term. It means all of the laws in force within a country or region. The term was first used in Magna Carta. It was used to mean the laws of the kingdom. This was distinct from Roman law or civil law. It is the same as due process of law as  by the Constitution.

## History 
While Magna Carta first used the term, it did not actually become the law of the land until the  of Edward I of England. It became closely associated with another phrase that helped define the law of the land' due process. During the reign of Edward II the Liberty of Subjects Act of 1354 stated:
 The law of the land and the Liberty of Subjects act remained in use in England. Both were used in colonial charters and common law. They became part of US laws after the American colonies declared their independence from England in 1776.

## References
1980 New Orleans Saints season

The **1980 New Orleans Saints** season was the team's 14th season in the National Football League. 

## History 
They were the first NFL team to finish a season with 1 win and 15 losses. 

Their only win was against the New York Jets in week 15. They had trailed 7-13, but Archie Manning threw a touchdown to Tony Galbreath to lead 14-13 and would throw another one to win 21-20. Fans called their team the "Ain'ts" because of how they began with no wins and 12 losses by losing to the Rams 7-27.

One of the Saints' notable losses was in week 14 in San Francisco, California. The Saints were actually leading 35-7. However, the San Francisco 49ers ended up beating them in overtime, 38-35 on a game-winning field goal. The comeback is one of the best comebacks in NFL history. 

8 other teams have finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses after the 1980 Saints. These teams include the 1989 Cowboys, the 1990 Patriots, the 1991 Colts, the 1996 Jets, the  2000 Chargers, the 2001 Panthers, the 2007 Dolphins, the 2009 Rams, the 2016 Browns, and the 2020 Jaguars. The Detroit Lions in 2008 and the Cleveland Browns in 2017 would exceed it by losing all 16 games.

## Schedule 
## References
Ants Antson

**Ants Antson** (11 November 1938 &ndash; 31 October 2015) was an Estonian speed skater. He competed for the Soviet Union. 

Antson had his best year in 1964, when he became European Allround Champion on the 1500&nbsp;m at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, and set a new world record on the 3000&nbsp;m. For his achievements that year, he received the Oscar Mathisen Award. He retired after the 1968 Winter Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
* Ants Antson at SpeedSkatingStats.com
* Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database
* Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages 
* Results of Soviet Championships at SpeedSkating.ru 
* Legends of Soviet Sport (in Russian)
Legal process

**Legal process** (or sometimes "**process**"), are the proceedings in any civil lawsuit or criminal prosecution. It also describes the formal notice or writ used by a court to exercise jurisdiction over a person or property. This process is usually "served" upon a party, to require that party to come to court. It may take the form of a summons, mandate, subpoena, warrant, or other written order issued by a court.

## Related pages 
*Civil procedure
*Due process
*Legal proceeding
*Procedural law
*Trial

## References
Accounting software

**Accounting software** is a program that can run on a computer to track the total value of a company. Accounting software can be downloaded to a computer or can be used through a browser window by logging into a website.

Before computers all accounting information was stored in books called "ledgers". A general ledger was the book where the accountant wrote down all payments that came into a company and all payments that were made. A common term for keeping track of this information is called "keeping the books". A bookkeeper is another term for an accountant, but can sometimes means a person who does accounting but maybe doesn't have as much formal education as an accountant.

Accounting software can automate many of the more menial tasks of accounting. For example, many accounting software companies automatically pull in bank information. Instead of having to put in the payments made and cashed received, the program does it for you.

## What accounting software does 
* Manage purchases and sales
*Manage Inventory
*Keeps track of customers
* Keeps track of payments and income
* Records all financial transactions
* Can help you put all your expenses and income into the right category
* Invoice creation

## Popular examples
* Quickbooks
* SAGE
* PeachTree
Ölmbrotorp

**Ölmbrotorp** is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 548 people lived there.

## References
Maine Mendoza

**Nicomaine Dei Capili Mendoza Atayde **, popularly known as **Maine Mendoza** or **Yaya Dub**, is a Filipina actress, comedienne, internet celebrity, host, and model.

Mendoza was discovered because of her viral Dubsmash Videos in the internet. In the noontime show Eat Bulaga's *Kalyeserye*, she was cast as *Yaya Dub*, the maid of Grandma Nidora (portrayed by actor Wally Bayola). Her accidental pairing to actor Alden Richards led to the formation of the love team *AlDub*.

## Biography
Maine Mendoza was born in the province of Bulacan on March 3, 1995. Her parents were Mary Ann and Teddy Mendoza. She has two brothers and two sisters and all of their names start with *Nico.* She finished her elementary education at St. Paul School of Sta. Maria Bulacan and high school at St. Paul College of Bocaue. She completed a bachelor's degree in Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management major in Culinary Arts at De La Salle-College of St. Benilde.

Mendoza rose to popularity because of her viral Dubsmash Videos of celebrities like Kris Aquino. Her famous character *Yaya Dub* first appeared on July 5, 2015. Her character was accidentally paired to the actor Alden Richards which led to the formation of the love team *AlDub*. In *Kalyeserye*, the two communicated each other through the use of audio samples and handwritten messages shown on the split screen. Mendoza and Richards will have their first film together, *My Bebe Love*, at the end of year 2015. This movie will be Mendoza's first film debut.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tower house

, 14th century]]

]]
A **tower house** is a tower that has been built for two purposes: First, it has been built so that it is easy to defend, and secondly, it serves as living quarters. Tower houses first appeared in the Middle Ages, in mountainous or limited access areas. They were built there to both command and defend strategic points with a small force. At the same time, they were also used as an aristocrat's residence. Very often, a castle town was constructed around these houses.
Fishers, Indiana

**Fishers** is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98,977.

## References
Täby Church

**Täby Church** () is a medieval church in Täby Municipality in Sweden. It was belongs to the Church of Sweden and was built during the 13th century. On its walls and ceilings are paintings by Albertus Pictor.

## References
## Other websites
Metrojet Flight 9268

**Metrojet Flight 9268** (**KGL 9268**/**7K9268**) was an international chartered passenger flight. On 31 October 2015, it left Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt flying to Saint Petersburg, Russia. The plane exploded mid-flight due to a bomb and crashed in the Sinai desert 23 minutes after taking-off, killing all 217 passengers and 7 crew members aboard. 

It reached an altitude of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) when it disappeared from radar.

## Passengers and crew
Flight 9268 was carrying 217 passengers, of which 25 were children, plus seven crew members. The captain of the flight was 47-year-old Valery Yurievich Nemov and the first officer was Sergei Stanislavovich Trukhachev. According to the airline, captain Nemov had amassed more than 12,000 hours of flight time, including 3,800 hours on this aircraft type. First officer Trukhachev had 5,641 hours of flight time, including more than 1,300 hours on the aircraft type.

## References
Judge Rinder

***Judge Rinder*** is a British reality television show. It has aired daily on ITV from 11 August 2014. Robert Rinder is the judge of the show. He judges cases about arguments that are usually about money, but it can be different. The program takes place in a small-claims courtroom. The show has the same format as American court shows like Judge Judy and Judge Mathis. A case takes an hour to film. It is edited down to fit a number of cases into the given time slot.
Qubo

**Qubo** (stylized in all lowercase) was an American children's entertainment brand owned by Ion Media. It included a 24-hour television channel available with an antenna, a video on demand service, and a weekly programming block on Ion Television under the name "Qubo Kids Corner", which was its sister network, along with the same block on another sister channel, Ion Plus. Qubo closed after Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company.

Qubo began in September 2006. It was developed by several companies together, including Ion Media Networks, Corus Entertainment, Scholastic Corporation, Classic Media, and NBC. It was to be a "building block for kids" (as stated by president Rick Rodriquez). Like Ion, Qubo would air blocks on NBC and in Spanish on Telemundo. This happened until 2020, when NBC was bought by the cable company Comcast and that company took off Qubo programming for a new block from Sprout, which Comcast already owned. Spanish audio was also available through a second audio program on the Qubo channel itself. It also had its shows on a website accessible on-demand.

Following Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company, it ceased operations on February 28, 2021.

## Programming
## References
Hans Modrow

**Hans Modrow** (; 27 January 1928 – 10 February 2023) was a German politician. He was best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. He was the honorary Chairman of the Left Party. After the German reunification, Modrow served as a member of the European Parliament (1999–2004) and of the Bundestag.

## References
Tabitha St. Germain

**Tabitha St. Germain**, formerly known as **Paulina Gillis Germain**, **Tabitha, or Kitanou St. Germain**, is a Canadian actress, singer, voice actress, and comedienne. She is known for her voice roles in many TV shows, but most of all is *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic* for Rarity, Princess Luna, Granny Smith, and Derpy Hooves. She voices Wysteria and Minty from *My Little Pony*.

## References
Gus Savage

**Augustus Alexander "Gus" Savage** (October 30, 1925 – October 31, 2015) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. He served as a representative from 1981 through 1993. Savage was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Savage died in Olympia Fields, Illinois at the age of 90.

## References
Frederick Muhlenberg

**Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg** (; January 1, 1750 – June 4, 1801) was an American minister and politician.

He was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives serving from 1793 through 1795. He was a delegate to the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and a Lutheran pastor by profession. Muhlenberg was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania.

The claim that Muhlenberg, as House Speaker, prevented German from becoming an official language of the United States is false.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Günter Schabowski

**Günter Schabowski** (4 January 1929 – 1 November 2015) was an East German journalist and politician. He was an official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the ruling party during most of the existence of the German Democratic Republic.

Schabowski gained worldwide fame in November 1989 when he improvised a slightly mistaken answer to a press conference question, raising popular expectations so rapidly that massive crowds gathered the same night at the Berlin Wall, forcing its opening after 28 years.

Schabowski died from complications of a stroke in Berlin, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
My Name is Earl

***My Name Is Earl*** is an American sitcom. It was broadcast from September 20, 2005, to May 14, 2009 and was created by Greg Garcia. The series was produced by 20th Century Fox Television. In the United States, it is broadcast on the NBC television network. The series ended on May 14, 2009 after running for four seasons. Season four had ended with the caption 'To Be Continued'. The series' producer, 20th Century Fox Television, approached the Fox networks to continue the series.

## Synopsis 
The show centers on Earl Hickey, a not-so-smart petty crook. He lives in fictional Camden county. Unexpectedly he wins the lottery. He is dancing in the street with joy over winning $100,000 when he is hit by a car. He decides this is karma paying him back for all the bad things he has done. Making a list of everyone he has wronged, he starts by righting the first wrong on his list. Suddenly the lottery ticket comes back into his possession again. This makes him think he was right about karma. He believes if he does good things to other people, good things will come to him. He uses his winnings to right his former wrongs, one at a time.

## Cast 
* Jason Lee as Earl Hickey
* Ethan Suplee as Randy Hickey
* Jaime Pressly as Joy Turner
* Eddie Steeples as Darnell Turner (Crabman)
* Nadine Velazquez as Catalina Aruca

## Awards and accolades 
Jason Lee was selected for the title role. He had co-starred in several Kevin Smith films. He also starred in *The Incredibles*. The program quickly became one of NBC's highest rated new programs. In 2006, the pilot won Emmy Awards for Greg Garcia and Marc Buckland. In 2007, Jaime Pressly won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series received nominations for a Golden Globe Award (2006), British Academy Film Awards (2007 and 2008), and a People's Choice Award (2008).

## References
Abner J. Mikva

**Abner Joseph Mikva** (January 21, 1926 &ndash; July 4, 2016) was an American judge, lawyer, academic and politician. He was a Democrat and of Jewish descent. He was known by many as an important liberal figure in Chicago and American politics. In later years, he was known for being a mentor to Barack Obama.

Mikva served as a U.S. Representative representing Illinois from 1969 through 1979. He was also a federal judge appointed by Jimmy Carter. He served as judge from 1979 through 1994. He later served as the White House Counsel for Bill Clinton serving from 1994 through 1995. He has also served as a law professor at Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois.

Mikva was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Mikva studied at the University of Chicago. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama on November 24, 2014. Mikva was married to Zorita Wise from 1948 until his death in 2016. They had three daughters.

Mikva died under hospice care in Chicago, Illinois from complications of bladder cancer on July 4, 2016, aged 90. He was also suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the time of his death.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Chicago Sun-Times*: "Ukraine election shenanigans an eye-opener for Mikva" 
* Mikva Challenge
* NYTimes 2010 feature article
Nonsan

**Nonsan** is a city in Chungnam-do (South Chungcheong Province), South Korea. It is located at 36°12′N 127°5′E.

The population of Nonsan is 128,077.  There are 55,451 households in the city.

Nonsan has a train station.  Local, national, and express (KTX) trains stop there.  The trains connect Nonsan to all big cities in the country. There are also bus stations in Nonsan.  Some busses are for local service; others are for regional and for national service. An expressway connects the city to Daejeon and other cities.

The economy of Nonsan includes farming, fishing, Konyang University, an army training center, and food processing companies.   Farming is the most important of these.

Rice is the most important crop. Other important crops include strawberries, ginseng, napa cabbage, watermelons, and Korean pears. Nonsan is known as the "strawberry capital of Korea," and holds a strawberry festival each year. 

Attractions in greater Nonsan include Gwanchoksa (a Buddhist temple with a large statue of a standing Buddha), Baekje Military Museum, Tapjeong Reservoir, the ruins of Noseong Sanseong (Fortress), and Donam Academy, one of the nine neo-Confucian *seowons* from the Joseon Dynasty.   There is also Nonsan Sunshine Land, south of the city proper.  This is where the television series *Mr. Sunshine was filmed.  It is now a re-created 1900s urban setting that tourists can visit*

## References
Västerstrands AIK

**Västerstrands AIK** is a sports club in Karlstad, Sweden. The club was founded on 11 October 1940. It only runs a women's bandy team.

The women's bandy team has won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, and 2002. It has also been runner-up several times. The team colours are black and yellow.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Västerstrands AIK
Jaws (novel)

***Jaws*** is a 1974 American novel by Peter Benchley. It is about a great white shark that eats several people in the ocean near a small town in Long Island, New York. Three men set out on a boat to hunt and kill the shark. Benchley was partly inspired by the adventures of a shark fisherman named Frank Mundus.

Millions of copies of the novel were sold. In 1975, a movie based on the book, also called *Jaws*, was released. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg.
Fisherman

A **fisherman** or **fisher** is a person who catches fish, and sometimes other animals that live in water. Catching fish is known as fishing. There are about 38 million fishermen. Fishermen usually catch fish so that they can sell the fish to make money, or so that they can eat the fish. Some fishermen do not fish for money or food, and instead fish as a hobby.

## Related pages
*Fishing
Nadine Velazquez

**Nadine Velazquez** (born November 20, 1978) is an American actress and model. She was born in Chicago. She is best known for her role as Catalina Aruca in the NBC television series *My Name Is Earl*. She also starred in *The League* and *Major Crimes*.
She also appeared in the movie *Flight* (2012) with Denzel Washington, where she played a flight attendant. This role brought her more attention in Hollywood.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
The Taste

***The Taste*** was an American cooking reality television series on ABC. It aired from January 22, 2013, through January 22, 2015. It starred Anthony Bourdain, Ludo Lefebvre, Marcus Samuelsson, and Nigella Lawson. On May 7, 2015, ABC cancelled *The Taste* after three seasons.

## References
Sceptrum Brandenburgicum

**Sceptrum Brandenburgicum** (or *Sceptrum Brandenburgium* &ndash; Latin for *scepter of Brandenburg*) was a constellation. It was created in 1688 by Gottfried Kirch, astronomer of the Prussian Royal Society of Sciences. It represented the scepter (a symbol of royalty or power) used by the royal family of the Brandenburgs. It was located west of the constellation of Lepus. The constellation was quickly forgotten and is not official any more. It led to a star later being called *Sceptrum*. That star is now called 53 Eridani.

## Other websites
* Sceptrum Brandenburgium
*Startales
Greg Garcia

**Gregory Thomas Garcia** (born April 4, 1970) is an American television producer and screenwriter. He was born in Arlington County, Virginia. He was the creator and producer of the comedy series, *Yes, Dear*. He was the creator and executive producer of *My Name Is Earl*. He also worked for the series *Family Matters*. He was the consultant in *Family Guy*. He produced the Fox series *Raising Hope*. He left that series in 2013.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
List of exoplanets

This is a list of exoplanets.

]]
]]
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 may be like.]]
]]
*51 Pegasi b, a gas giant 51 light years away in the constellation Pegasus.
*47 Ursae Majoris b, a gas giant 46 light years away in the constellation Ursa Major.
*55 Cancri e, a rocky planet 41 light years away in the constellation Cancer. 
*70 Virginis b, a rocky planet 60 light years away in the constellation Virgo. 
*COROT-7b, a rocky planet 490 light years away in the constellation Monoceros. 
*Gliese 581 c, a rocky planet 20 light years away in the constellation Libra (was once believed to be habitable). 
*Gliese 667 Cc, a rocky planet 23.6 light years away in the constellation Scorpius (may be habitable). 
*GQ Lupi b, a gas giant located 502 light yeaes away in the constellation Lupus
*HD 85512b, a rocky planet 36 light years away in the constellation Vela
*HD 100546b(en), a gas giant 316 light years away in the constellation Musca
*HD 189733b, a hot Jupiter gas giant located 63 light years away in the constellation Vulpeca. 
*Kepler-22b, a super-earth 640 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. (may be habitable)
*Kepler-62d, a rocky planet 1,200 light years away in the constellation Lyra.
*Kepler-62e, a rocky planet 1,200 light years away in the constellation Lyra (may be habitable). 
*Kepler-62f, a rocky planet 1,200 light years away in the constellation Lyra (may be habitable). 
*Kepler-186f, a rocky planet 580+ light years away in the constellation Cygnus (may be habitable). 
*Kepler-441b, an ice planet over 1,200 light planet away.
*Kepler-442b, a rocky planet over 1,000 light years away in the constellation Lyra (may be habitable).
*Kepler-452b, a rocky planet over 1,400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus (may be habitable). 
*PSR B1257+12 B, a rocky planet going around a pulsar 980 light years away in the constellation Virgo. 
*Qatar-5b
*TrES-2b, a gas giant 704 light years away in the constellation Draco (Darkest planet we know).
*Proximal Centauri B - The first exoplanet found in the Proxima Centauri system. Could be habitable.
*Proxima Centauri C
*Proxima Centauri D
*HAT P-7b.
*Trappist 1 planets.
*XO-3b
*J1407b, an exoplanet with a ring system 200 times bigger than Saturn's
*PSR B1620-26 b, a gas giant 12,400 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius
Aske (EP)

***Aske*** (Norwegian: ashes) is an extended play by the Norwegian black metal solo project Burzum. The EP was recorded in August of 1992 in Grieg Hall, Bergen, Norway. It was d in March of 1993 through Deathlike Silence Productions.

## Background 
The cover of the EP is a photograph of the Fantoft Stave Church after it was burned down on 6 June 1992. It is believed that Varg Vikernes took the photo himself. In 1994 he was convicted of burning down the Fantoft Stave Church along with other historic churches.

The bass guitar on the EP was played by Samoth from the Norwegian band Emperor.

## Tracks 
## People 
*Count Grishnackh – vocals, guitar, drums, bass (except tracks 1, 3), production
*Samoth – bass (tracks 1, 3)
*Pytten – production

## Other websites 
*Burzum "Aske" (mini-LP) 1993 at burzum.org

## References
Lopez Tonight

**Lopez Tonight** was an American late night talk show that premiered on November 9, 2009. It was hosted by George Lopez for four days this week until its cancellation on August 12, 2011.

## Other websites 
*
Millionaires' Mile

The '''Millionaires' Mile**,  **Millionaire's Mile**, **Millionaires' Row**, **Millionaire's Row** or **Alpha Street''' is a term referring to exclusive residential neighborhoods of various towns. They are often located alone on a strip such as a riverside or a hilltop drive. They can also be located at a wide town boulevard.

## Examples
### USA
* Newport, Rhode Island: Bellevue Avenue

## References
Kepler's laws

three laws with two planetary orbits. (1) The orbits are ellipses, with focal points *&fnof;*1 and *&fnof;*2 for the first planet and *&fnof;*1 and *&fnof;*3 for the second planet. The Sun is placed in focal point *&fnof;*1.  (2) The two shaded sectors *A*1 and *A*2 have the same surface area and the time for planet 1 to cover segment *A*1 is equal to the time to cover segment *A*2.  (3) The total orbit times for planet 1 and planet 2 have a ratio *a*13/2&nbsp;:&nbsp;*a*23/2.]]
'''Kepler's laws of planetary motion''' are three laws that describe the motion  of planets around the sun:
#Planets move around the sun in elliptic orbits. The sun is in one of the two foci of the orbit.
#A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
#The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Johannes Kepler found these laws, between 1609 and 1619. 

## Comparison to Copernicus 
Kepler's laws improve the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus:
#The planetary orbit is a circle
#The Sun at the center of the orbit
#The speed of the planet in the orbit is constant

The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the rules above give good approximations of planetary motion; but Kepler's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus's.

Kepler's corrections are not at all obvious:
#The planetary orbit is *not* a circle, but an *ellipse*.
#The Sun is *not* at the center but at a *focal point* of the elliptical orbit.
#Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant, but the *area speed* is constant.

The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox, around 186 days, unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox, around 179 days.  A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the sun parallel to the equator of the earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio, so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately
:\varepsilon\approx\frac \pi 4 \frac {186-179}{186+179}\approx 0.015,
which is close to the correct value (0.016710219) (see Earth's orbit).
The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 4, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21
Shannon Woodward

**Shannon Marie Woodward** (born December 17, 1984) is an American actress known for her roles as Sabrina in Raising Hope and Di Di Malloy in The Riches. She was born in Phoenix, Arizona.

## Other websites 
*
Black Mark Productions

**Black Mark Productions** (founded in 1991) is an independent record label company from Sweden. It has offices in Berlin, Toronto, Stockholm, and New York. The label is known for working with extreme metal bands, including Bathory and Edge of Sanity. The name of the label came from Bathory's album, *Under the Sign of the Black Mark*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
* Official Bathory Website: The History Archive - Recording the Debut Album - By Quorthon 
* Tartarean Desire: Quorthon R.I.P. - By Fjordi
Gregg Palmer

**Gregg Palmer** (born **Palmer Edvind Lee**; January 25, 1927 &ndash; October 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He was known for his roles in *Gunsmoke*, *Death Valley Days*, and *The Virginian*. He guest starred five times on *Bonanza*, NBC's longest-running western. He was born in San Francisco, California.

Palmer died at the age of 88 in Encino, California from unknown causes.

## References
## Other websites
Thomas Blatt

**Thomas "Toivi" Blatt** (born **Tomasz Blatt**; April 15, 1927 – October 31, 2015) was a Polish-American writer and speaker. At the age of 16, Blatt was one of the few Jewish people to survive an uprising and escape from the Sobibor extermination camp in October 1943. 

Following the World War II he settled in the United States. Blatt later wrote two books about Sobibor. His memoir, *From The Ashes of Sobibor* (1997), is about his experience in the camp. He also wrote *Sobibor, the Forgotten Revolt* (1997), a history based on his years of research.

Blatt died at his home in Santa Barbara, California on October 31, 2015 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Interview of Thomas Blatt, WMRA
* 
* Thomas Blatt at the memorial site of Sobibor, October 2010
Linköpings FC

**Linköpings FC** is an association football club in the town of Linköping in Sweden. it was established in 2003 when the Kenty DFF women's association football club decided to merge with the ice hockey club Linköpings HC under the new name Linköpings FC. The club won the Swedish women's association football national championship of 2009.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Fellow traveller

**Fellow travellers** were supporters of the Soviet Union who were not members of the Communist Party. 

They were a varied group of western intellectuals, writers and bohemians who declared their sympathies for the Soviet Union at the height of Stalinism and into the 1970s of the 20th century.
The Sands of Mars

***The Sands of Mars*** is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1951 and has been reprinted many times.

## Plot 
Martin Gibson is a famous science fiction author. He has written stories about the planet Mars, but has not actually been there. He travels with the crew of a spaceship to visit Mars.

On Mars, Gibson meets the people who manage the human settlement on Mars. They are working hard to make the colony as self-sufficient as possible (so that they don't have to import supplies from Earth)

Gibson joins a party of men exploring the surface of Mars. They discover a small group of kangaroo-like creatures, which had not been seen before. They are vegetarians, living on native plants.

Researchers try to cultivate these plants to increase the oxygen content of the Martian atmosphere, so that in a few hundred years, people can live without spacesuits.

Gibson discovers that Jimmy Spencer, one of the crew of the spaceship, is his son. Spencer has fallen in love with Irene Hadfield, who lives on Mars. 

Gibson decides to stay on Mars, fascinated with the importance of the planet as a self-sufficient world.
Lake Chad

**Lake Chad** is a large, shallow, endorheic lake in the African Sahel. It has varied in size over the centuries. 

Lake Chad shrank as much as 95% from about 1963 to 1998, but "the 2007 (satellite) image shows significant improvement over previous years". Lake Chad is economically important. It provides water to over 68 million people in the four countries surrounding it: Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria. It is on the edge of the Sahara Desert. It is the largest lake in the Chad Basin, the largest drainage basin in Africa.

Fossils of an important extinct hominid were found in the dried lakebed of Lake Chad. This was *Sahelanthropus tchadensis*. From evidence at the fossil site in Chad, it is thought to have lived about seven million years ago.

## References