open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
D

**D** is the fourth (number 4) letter in the alphabet. It comes from the Greek Delta and the Phoenician Dalet.

## Meanings for D 
* In education, D is one letter above a failing grade.
* In electronics, D is a standard size dry cell battery.
* In music, D is a note sometimes called “Re”.
* In Roman numerals, D also means the number 500.
* In computer programming, D is a programming language.

## Other websites
E

**E** is the fifth (number 5) letter in the English alphabet. 

In English, E has two main sounds when it is spoken as a vowel. Usually it is a short E (**ĕ**), but sometimes it is a long E (**ē**). E is also a silent E (**e̸**) when it is used as a consonant (silent letter). 

Also, it is the most commonly used letter in the English dictionary. 

One more thing in English is the so-called **magic E**, also known as the **bossy E**. That is when E almost makes a vowel long or C, G or Q(u) soft in any part of a word. Two examples are **name**, which is pronounced as n**ā**m, and **gem**, which is pronounced **j**em.

## Typographic types of E 
The types of E include (but may not be limited to)
capital **E**
lower-case **e**
**é** **È** **è** **Ê** **ê** **Ë**
**É** **ë** **Ě** **ě** **Ē** **ē**
**Ĕ** **ĕ** **Ė** **ė** **Ę** **ę**

*None* of these different types are used in English, except occasionally **É**/**é**  for some French words such fiancé, café, and crème brûlée.

## Meanings for E 
These meanings are for E/e as a separate letter.
* In computers, the letter E is often used to start other words to mean "electronic", like in e-mail or e-commerce.
* In money, E is commonly used as a symbol for the euro when the symbol € is not available.
* In music, E is a note, sometimes referred to as “Mi”.
* In mathematics, E in its lowercase form (e) is a constant about 2.718; see e (mathematical constant)
* In *Wheel of Fortune*, E is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
* E! is an American television network

## Other websites
F

**F** is the sixth letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for F 
* In calendars, F is often an abbreviation for Friday, or for the month February.
* In chemistry, F is the symbol for fluorine.
* In education, F is a failing grade
* In music, F is a note, sometimes referred to as “Fa”.
* In temperature, °F is degrees Fahrenheit.
* In logic, F stands for False, as opposed to T for True
* In slang, F stands for the curse word, but could also stand for respect of the person.

## Other websites
C

:*If you typed **C#** and arrived at this page, then see C-sharp.*

**C** is the third (3rd) letter in the English alphabet and ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Meanings for C 
* In temperature, *°C* means "degrees Celsius".
* In music, *C* is a note sometimes referred to as “Do”.
* In chemistry, *C* is the atom of carbon, as in **C**40H56.
* In physics, *c* is the speed of light, as in E=mc².
* In Roman numerals, *C* means "one hundred" (100).
* There is a programming language called *C*, see C programming language.
* In electronics, C is a type of battery.
*C can also mean the copyright symbol

## Pronunciation 
*The letter "C" is pronounced as /k/, which is similar to K or Q(u). It is sometimes said as /s/.
*The letter "C"'s name in English is "cee" (said as /ˈsiː/).
*Occasionally, the letter may sound like the letter "S".

## Other websites
*
*
H

**H** (or **h**) is the eighth (number 8) letter in the English alphabet. The uppercase letter for H  name is "aitch" pronounced /eɪtʃ/ **H**

## Meanings for H 
* In chemistry, H is the symbol for hydrogen.
* In music, H is a note in the German system, meaning "B natural".
* In particle physics, H is the symbol for the Higgs boson.

## Other websites
G

**G** is the 7th letter in the English alphabet (or Latin alphabet).

## History 
The letter G was created in the third century BC by Spurius Carvilius Ruga. At the time, the letter C sounded like the "c" in "cat" and the "g" in "girl". To make the difference more clear, Ruga created the letter G. 

## Meanings for G 
* In movies, G is a rating given by the Motion Picture Association of America, meaning the movie is good to be viewed by all people ("general" audiences).
* In music, G is a note, sometimes referred to as “Sol” or “So” it 
* In common speech, G is a slang word for 'gangsta' or 'gangster'.
* In the SI, g is the symbol for the gram.
* G is a unit of gravitational acceleration.
* Alternative case form of G grand: means thousand.
* Letter G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). It indicates the slowest speed of Internet data transfer in your mobile phone. When you see G near your signal strength indicator, it is certain that your net connection is working at the slowest speed. 2G, 3G and 4G indicates different speed of internet.
* In particle physics, lowercase G stands for the gluon. 
* In particle physics, the uppercase G stands for the not yet discovered Graviton. There are two sounds of the letter G, hard and soft. If you have an L after it, you have glad. You have grandmother if R is after it, too. Some words start with a silent G before N, such as gnat and gnome. The silent G coming before N can also come at the end of other words, such as in the word sign. 

## Other websites
I

**I** is the ninth (number 9) letter in the English alphabet.

In English, I is a pronoun which means "me".
*"***I*** like you."
*"You and ***I*** shall walk to the store."
*"You and ***I*** are friends."

In Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Turkish, the letter I has two kinds, one with a tittle (İ, i) and one without one (I, ı).

## Accented forms
In Spanish, Í is used for a stressed I.

## Meanings for I 
*In chemistry, I is the symbol for iodine.
*In Roman numerals, I means the number one (1).
* is the mathematical symbol for the square root of negative one, also called the imaginary unit.
*In physics, I refers to the moment of inertia.

## Other websites
Audrey Hepburn

**Audrey Kathleen Hepburn** (née **Ruston**; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress admired for her charm and elegance.

## Early life
She was born in Brussels, Belgium on May 4, 1929. Her name at birth was Edda van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston. Her father, Joseph Ruston, was an English banker, and  her mother Ella van Heemstra was a Dutch baroness. Her parents divorced in 1935 due to her father leaving them.

During World War II, she lived in Arnhem, The Netherlands with her mother. Life was very hard for her—one of her two maternal half-brothers was captured by the Nazis, and the other spent the war in hiding. To help the war effort, she staged secret ballet shows—she had taken up the sport before the war began—and transmitted secret messages from Allied troops at risk of her own life.

## Career
Hepburn played her first major role in 1951, when she was chosen by French writer Colette to play the lead role in the English version of her play *Gigi* on Broadway.
 (1961), one of her most famous roles]]
This led to her being cast in the lead female part in the movie *Roman Holiday* (1953), opposite Gregory Peck. The movie  made her an instant international star. Her performance won her the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the BAFTA for best actress, becoming the first actress to win all three for the same role.

After not having taken an acting role in eight years to take care of her family, she returned with *Robin and Marian* (1976) with Sean Connery. She also appeared in *Bloodline* (1979) and *They All Laughed* (1981) but retired for good shortly after.

In later life, she worked as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF and hosted a television series *The Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn*.

## Personal life
She was married twice; first in 1954 to actor and director Mel Ferrer with whom she had a son Sean (b. 1960), and second to Italian psychiatrist Doctor Andrea Dotti in 1969, with whom she had a second son Luca (b. 1970). Both marriages ended in divorce. In 1980, she began dating Dutch actor Robert Wolders. They stayed together until Hepburn died in 1993, and she has referred to him as the love of her life.

Hepburn became an EGOT winner in 1994, becoming the first person to do so posthumously.

## Death and legacy 
Hepburn died of appendix cancer on 20 January 1993. Her elder son, Sean Ferrer, later wrote a book about his mother, called *Audrey Hepburn: an elegant spirit*.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Official web site by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund 
* Audrey Hepburn's Gravesite
*
K

**K** is the eleventh (number 11) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for K 
* In the International System of Units (SI), the SI prefix for one thousand is **kilo-**, which is abbreviated as **k**. (For example, writing 30k instead of 30,000).
* Degrees Kelvin. The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. 
* In chemistry, K is the symbol for potassium (from its German name *kalium*).
* In chess, K is a notation symbol for the king piece
* In a deck of playing cards, the letter K is used to mark each of the kings. 
* Some words in the dictionary are those that only sound as if they should happen to start with an N, but they start with a silent K that comes before it. Kneel means to go down on your knees, and in that case it is one word that starts with the silent K. Knife, which starts with the silent K, is a tool for cutting. Knight also starts with that silent K, and you can also find knickers whenever you get that very amazing word. Of course, this is actually true for everyone! Knit is another word that starts the same. Knickers also starts with the silent K, too. Knot and know also start like it. The letter N always comes after the K when the K is silent.

## Other websites
J

**J** is the tenth (number 10) letter in the English alphabet. It comes before the letter K and after the letter I. The letter was not used in the Roman civilization until the 16th Century. **J** is pronounced "jey" or "dʒeɪ"

## Meanings for J 
* In calendars, J can sometimes mean these months: January, June, or July.
* In a deck of playing cards, J is used to mark each of the jacks.
* Notation of cult figure John Income
* It can also be used as a initial for people with first or middle names such as Jack, James, John, Jesus, or Jason.

## Other websites
M

**M** is the 13th letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for M 
* In calendars, M sometimes means Monday or means one of the months "March" or "May".
* In money, M means million, such as $25M (twenty-five million dollars).
* In the SI, m is the symbol for the metre.
* In Roman numerals, M means one thousand.
* ***M*** is also the name of a 1930 German movie made by Fritz Lang and its 1951 remake.

## Other websites
N

**N** is the 14th (number 14) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for N 
* On calendars, N sometimes means the month November
* In chemistry, N is the symbol for nitrogen
* In chess, N is a symbol for the knight piece.
* A character from the game and anime Pokémon.
* In physics, n is the symbol for a neutron
* In Wheel of Fortune, N is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
* A character from the web series Murder Drones.

## Other websites
P

*For technical reasons, :P redirects here. For the emoticon, see emoticons.*

**P** is the sixteenth (number 16) letter in the English alphabet.

## History
## Meanings for P 
* In chemistry, P is the symbol for the element phosphorus, or sometimes for phosphate.
* In chess, P is sometimes used as a symbol for the pawn piece.
* In American football, P is used as a symbol for the punter.
*

## Related pages
* Pi (mathematical constant)

## Other websites
Q

**Q** is the seventeenth (number 17) letter in the English alphabet. It is nearly always followed by a silent letter U. Q makes a *kw* sound as in quick or a *k* sound as in unique.

Below are some ancient ways of writing Q.

## Meanings for Q 
* In chess, Q is used to mean the queen piece.
* In English, Q can be a short letter for 'question'.
* In a deck of playing cards, Q is used to mark each of the queens.
* In science fiction, Q is a character in several *Star Trek* television shows.
* Q is also the name of a character in the James Bond film series, who was played by Desmond Llewelyn (and John Cleese after Desmond Llewelyn died).
* In Internet slang, "q" is used for the Spanish word "que", which means "that", "which", or "what".
* In physics, q is used to mean charge

## References
R

, in *De divina proportione* (1509)]]

**R** is the eighteenth (number 18) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for R 
* On calendars, R is sometimes used as an short letter for Thursday instead of T, to avoid mistakes with Tuesday.
* In chess, R is a notation symbol for the rook piece.
* In geometry, R is most times a variable for the radius of a circle.
* In navigation, R means the direction "right."
* In movies, R means "restricted."
* In Wheel of Fortune, R is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."

## Related pages
* R (programming language)

## Other websites
S

**S** is the nineteenth (number 19) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for S 
* On calendars, S is most times the short letter for Saturday or Sunday, or the month September.
* In chemistry, S is the symbol for sulphur.
* In Wheel of Fortune, S is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
* S is the letter onomotopeically used to characterize the hissing noise known to be made by snakes, e.g. "sssssss..."
* Hebrew people also consider “S” to be sacred because it is the initial of Sameh, God.
* S (programming language) is used for statistics.

## Other websites
L

**L** is the twelfth (number 12) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for L 
* For clothing, L sometimes means "large size".
* In Roman numerals, L means the number fifty.
* The city of Chicago, Illinois has an elevated train called the "Chicago 'L'".
* A character from the manga and anime Death Note.
* In Wheel of Fortune, L is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
* L is the symbol for litre, a unit of volume.
* L can sometimes mean ‘lose’ as in “He took a big L."

## Other websites
O

**O** is the fifteenth (number 15) letter in the English alphabet and it has a shape of a circle.

It appears after “N” and before “P”.

## Meanings for Letter O 
* On calendars, O sometimes means the month October.
* In chemistry, O represents the symbol "oxygen".
* In medicine, O is one of the human blood types.
* Sometimes when saying decimals, O is another word for 0.

## Other websites
U

**U** (**u**) is the twenty-first (number 21) letter in the English alphabet. It is pronounced "yoo".

## Meanings for U 
* On calendars, U is most times a short letter for Sunday, for use when S is being used for Saturday.
* In chemistry, U is the symbol for uranium.
* Sometimes used as a short form of "you".
* It is the seventh letter on the QWERTY keyboard.

## Other websites
V

, a font in writing]]
**V** is the twenty-second (number 22) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for V 
* In electronics and electricity, V is the symbol for volts, the unit of voltage.
* In chemistry, V is the symbol for vanadium.
* In communication, V is the name of a hand gesture. Most of the time, it means "victory".
* In Roman numerals, V means the number five.
* V is a science fiction television show.
**V* is Maroon 5's fifth studio album, released in 2014.
* V (singer) is a Korean singer and member of BTS.
* V is also a symbol in violin meaning “Up Bow”.
* In computer programming, V is a programming language.

## Other websites
X

**X** is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet. It makes the *kss* sound (for example: *xylophone*, *exit*, *next*, *fox*) or, sometimes, the *gzz* sound or sometimes, if it is at the beginning of a word, the *zzz* sound. The language of origin is from the Greek and Latin language.

## Meanings for X
*In a general sense, X means something is unknown or secret, as in *project X*.
*X is also used often to show kisses, usually at the end of a letter or text message.
*In clothing, X is used as a short letter for *e**x**tra*, such as XXL for *e**x**tra-e**x**tra-large*.
*In Roman numerals, X means ten.
*In internet terms, XXX indicates adult material, as in an XXX site.
*In *x-ray*, X stands for its name, which is "**ex**", even though X is at the end of it.
*X is a common variable used in algebra.
*X, formerly Twitter

## Other websites
Jennifer Love Hewitt

**Jennifer Love Hewitt** (born February 21, 1979) is an American actress and singer. She is most known for playing "Sarah Reeves" in the Fox television series *Party of Five* from (1995-1999),  and as "Julie James" in the *I Know What You Did Last Summer* movies. She also played "Melinda Gordon" on the CBS television series *Ghost Whisperer*.

## Biography
### Early life and career
Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas. Her father is Herbert Daniel Hewitt. Her mother was Patricia Mae (née Shipp, died 2012). She moved to Garland, Texas in 1987. Hewitt grew up in Killeen, Texas.  After the divorce of her parents, Hewitt and her only sibling, Todd Hewitt, grew up with her mother.

As a young girl, Hewitt liked music. At the age of three, she sang *The Greatest Love of All* at a livestock show.  By the time she was five, Hewitt did tap dancing and ballet. At the age of ten she moved to Los Angeles, California, with her mother for a career in both acting and singing.

After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt was in more than twenty television commercials. She was a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show *Kids Incorporated* (1989–1991). Hewitt became a young star after getting the role of 'Sarah Reeves' on the Fox Television show *Party of Five* (1995–1999). She joined the cast during its second season.

### Movie and music career
Hewitt's first movie role was in the independent movie *Munchie* (1992). Hewitt became very well known after a lead role in the horror movie *I Know What You Did Last Summer* (1997).  She also played in the  *I Still Know What You Did Last Summer* (1998). Other  movie roles included the high school comedy ''Can't Hardly Wait* (1998) and the romantic comedy *Heartbreakers* (2001). In 2002, she worked with Jackie Chan in the action comedy *The Tuxedo''.

She has released four albums with some success, mostly in Europe and Japan. Her first album was released in Japan, where she is widely known.

## Personal life
Hewitt married actor Brian Hallisay in 2013. The couple's daughter named Autumn James Hallisay, born on November 26, 2013. Their son named Atticus James Hallisay, born on June 24, 2015, Their second son named Aidan James Hallisay, born on September 2021.

## Hewitt's movies
## References
## Other websites 
*Jennifer Love Hewitt Bio at CBS - Ghost Whisperer
*
Y

**Y** or **y** is the twenty-fifth (number 25) letter in the English alphabet. Its name in English is "**wye**" (pronounced ).

In words like *year*, *yell*, and *yes*, the Y is a consonant (semivowel). In words like *cry*, *fly*, and *sky*, the Y is considered a vowel.

## Where it came from 
### Semitic, Phoenician, Greek and Latin

Proto-semiticW-01.png|An early Semitic version of the letter waw
Phoenician waw.svg|The later Phoenician version of waw

"Y" has appeared as the Semitic letter "waw". This was the first time it appeared in an alphabet. F, U, V, and W also come from the Semitic alphabet. The Greek and Latin alphabets used the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. There are similarities to the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ). The table shows where the letter "y" came from.

## Meanings for Y 
* In chemistry, Y is the symbol for yttrium.
* In mathematics, y is another unknown variable, used as a second unknown variable ("x" is used as the first unknown variable)

## References
Z

**Z** is the twenty-sixth (number 26) and last letter in the English alphabet. The small letter, **z** or **ᴣ**, is used as a lowercase consonant. Z is not used much. It is the most rarely used letter in the English language. The same letter of the Greek alphabet is named zeta.

## Pronunciation 
In British English, the letter is said like **zed** . This comes from the Greek *zeta*.

In American English, Z is pronounced "**zee**" , because it comes from a late 17th century English speech.

## Where it came from 
### Semitic
The name of the Semitic symbol was *zayin* and was the seventh letter. It might have meant "weapon". It could have helped form English and French's *z*.

### Greek
The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol I. It stayed like this for a long time. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made from the Greek letters *eta* (η) and *theta* (θ).

### Etruscan
In Etruscan, *Z* may have been .

### Latin
In Old Latin,  (written *s*) became  and the symbol for  became useless. It was taken away from the alphabet by Appius Claudius Caecus, and a new letter, *G*, was put in.

In the 1st century BC, *Z* was put in the alphabet again at the end of the Latin alphabet. This was done to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter *Z* appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides *Y* that the Romans took from Greek.

## Meanings for Z 
* In cartoons, Z means the sound of sleeping or snoring, like in "ZZZzzzz...".
* In particle physics, Z stands for the ١ ٠٩ ٤٠.
* In chemistry, Z stands for the atomic number.
* In politics, Z has been used by the Russian Armed Forces as an identifying symbol on its military vehicles, during Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## References
Sigourney Weaver

**Sigourney Weaver** (born as *Susan Alexandra Weaver* on October 8, 1949, in New York) is an American actress.

Sigourney Weaver played the role of Lieutenant Ellen Ripley in the movie series *Alien*, in the four movies *Alien*, *Aliens*, *Alien³*, and *Alien: Resurrection*. She is also well known for playing Dana Barrett in the movies *Ghostbusters* and *Ghostbusters II* or for the role Dian Fossey in the movie *Gorillas in the Mist*.

She was the first person to win two Golden Globe acting awards in the same year.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
*
Fuck

**Fuck** is a common English language swear word. It can be used either as an expression or to mean the act of sex. However, the word *fucking* is used as an intensifier before a word (e.g. "I *fucking* hate this game").

It is commonly used to express anger and frustration (e.g. when something is not going in favor of someone). However, the word is offensive to most people.

## Related pages
*Bitch
*Bullshit
*Cunt
*Shit
Heat

of sun
 ]]
**Heat**, or **thermal energy**, is the sum of the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. In thermodynamics, heat means energy which is moved between two things when one of them has a higher temperature than the other.

Adding heat to something increases its temperature. Heat is not the same as temperature. The temperature of an object is the measure of the average speed of the moving particles in it.  The energy of the particles is called the internal energy.  When an object is heated, its internal energy can increase to make the object hotter.  The first law of thermodynamics says that the increase in internal energy is equal to the heat added minus the work done on the surroundings.

**Heat** can also be defined as **the amount of thermal energy** in a system. Thermal energy is the type of energy that a thing has because of its temperature. In thermodynamics, thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium because of its temperature.  H**eat** is defined as a spontaneous *flow of energy* (energy in transit) from one object to another, caused by a difference in temperature between two objects. Objects do not possess heat.

## Properties of Heat 
Heat is a form of energy and not a physical substance.  Heat has no mass.

Heat can move from one place to another in different ways:
*Conduction
*Convection
*Radiation

The measure of how much heat is needed to cause a change in temperature for a material is the specific heat capacity of the material. If the particles in the material are hard to move, then more energy is needed to make them move quickly, so a lot of heat will cause a small change in temperature. A  particle that is easier to move will need less heat for the same change in temperature.

Unless some work is done, heat moves only from hot things to cold things.

## Measuring heat 
Heat can be measured. That is, the amount of heat given out or taken in can be given a value. The calorie is one of the units of measurement for heat but the joule is also used for all kinds of energy including heat.

Heat is usually measured with a calorimeter. The energy in a material is allowed to flow into nearby water, which has a known specific heat capacity.  The temperature of the water is then measured before and after, and heat can be found using a formula.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Entropy
* Heat engine
* Heat transfer
* Radiation
* Internal energy
* Temperature
* Power
* Heat capacity
* Waste heat

## Other websites 
*Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins - Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
*Heat and Thermodynamics - Georgia State University
*Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer  - ChE Online Resources
*An Introduction to the Quantitative Definition and Analysis of Heat written for High School Students
Microprocessor

from the 1990s]]

A **microprocessor** is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. 

Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems.  The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances.  Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when opened.  A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.

TSMC, Intel, Qualcomm, and Samsung are considered the biggest chipmakers.

## Microprocessor operation 
Like other central processing units, microprocessors use three steps commonly called Fetch, Decode, and Execute. In the Fetch step, an instruction is copied from the computer memory into the microprocessor. In the Decode step, the microprocessor figures out what operation the instruction is meant to do. In the Execute step, this operation is performed.  Different computers can have different instruction sets.

## Facts and figures 
* Transistors in a microprocessor can be less than one micrometer wide—one millionth of a meter. By comparison, a single hair can be over 100 micrometers wide.
* The transistors are mostly MOSFETs
* Modern microprocessors run billions of instructions every second.
* Microprocessors are made from silicon, quartz, metals, and other chemicals. 
* From start to finish, it takes about 2 months to make a microprocessor.
* Microprocessors are classified by the size of their data bus or address bus. They are also grouped into CISC and RISC types.

## World's First Microprocessor 
“The F-14 “Tomcat” First Microprocessor” - The World's First Microprocessor was designed and developed from 1968-1970.

## Brief history 
* 1823	Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of electronics.
* 1903	Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
* 1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
* 1956	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
* 1958	The first integrated circuits are developed by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby. 
* 1960	IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York.
* 1971  Intel 4004, first commercially available microprocessor .

## References 
## Other page 
*Moore's law
Shōgun

, the first shogun (1192–1199) of the Kamakura shogunate]]
]]

 is a military title in pre-Meiji period Japan. Shogun means *general* in the Japanese language. The full name was *Seii Taishogun* (Translation: Great General who fights against the Eastern savages and will win).

In the earlier times, Shogun were simply generals for emperors. The emperor had power over the shogun, choosing each shogun. Later however, the Shogun held much of the actual power. In 1192 a samurai, military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo got the title of Shogun from the last Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Excluding the later middle of the 16th century, Shogun was the real ruler of Japan.

The office of the Shogun is called the shogunate (*bakufu*, meaning *office in a tent*).-  This is because Shogun had originally been military leaders and he had his office in a tent on a battle field.

There were three shogunates in Japan.
* Kamakura shogunate, 1192&ndash;1333, founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo
* Muromachi shogunate (also known as the Ashikaga shogunate), 1338&ndash;1573, founded by Ashikaga Takauji
* Edo shogunate (also known as the Tokugawa shogunate), 1602&ndash;1868, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu

In 1868 the 15th Shogun of Tokugawa Shogunate, Tokugawa Yosinobu gave up his office. Then the time of Shogun rule ended. It was the end of the feudal time of Japan.

## References
## Other websites
*How to (say, in Japanese, or) pronounce. Japanese English 101, on Youtube.com
Wellington

**Wellington** is the capital of New Zealand. It has been the capital since 1865. Before then Auckland was the capital. Wellington is the second largest city in New Zealand. In 2018, 202,737 people lived in the city and about twice that in its metropolitan area.

Wellington is in the middle of New Zealand, at the south end of the North Island. South of Wellington is Cook Strait, the sea between the North Island and the South Island. The city has a lot of hills and a deep harbour. The middle of the city is busier than most small cities and is easy for people to walk around. 

It was named for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Wellington became famous when *The Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy was made there. In Māori, the indigenous language, its name is *Te Whanganui-a-Tara.*

## Climate
The city averages 2,068 hours of sunshine per year. The climate is a temperate marine one, (Köppen: *Cfb *) is generally moderate all year round, and rarely sees temperatures above  or below . The hottest recorded temperature is , while  is the coldest. The city is notorious for its southerly blasts in winter, which may make the temperature feel much colder. Having an average windspeed of 29 km/h (18.1 mph), Wellington is generally windy all year round with high rainfall; average annual rainfall is , June and July being the wettest months. 

Frosts are quite common in the hill suburbs and the Hutt Valley between May and September. Snow is very rare at low altitudes, although snow fell on the city and many other parts of the Wellington region during separate events in July and August 2011.

## References
Sadness

**Sadness** is an emotion. It is the opposite of happiness. People feel sad when something bad has happened, for example, if their mother or father has died. 

In capital letters, **SAD**, or **S.A.D.** is short for "Seasonal affective disorder". SAD is a sickness that some people have in the winter. They feel depressed as the nights become longer and there is less daylight.

When people are very sad, and for a long time, the person could have a serious mental illness called depression or Bipolar disorder.

## Notes 
It is normally thought of as the opposite of happiness, but you can feel both happy and sad at the same time.

## Related pages
* Happiness
* Depression (mental illness)
Microeconomics

**Microeconomics** is the science of how people make decisions at the small scale. It is different from macroeconomics which looks at how the economy works as a whole ("on aggregate"). In microeconomics, we might look at how a person chooses what to buy at the store, or how many things a company will make. Some parts of microeconomics include *Consumer Theory* and *Theory of the Firm*, which study how people and businesses make decisions. Game theory looks at how people make decisions when the outcome (how something ends) depends on what decision another person makes; when agents are said to act "strategically".

## References
## Related pages
* Macroeconomics

__NOEDITSECTION__
Port (disambiguation)

A port is a place at the edge of an ocean, river, or lake for ships to load and unload their cargo.

It can also refer to:
*Port wine, a special kind of wine made in Oporto in Portugal
*A part of a piece of electronic equipment where other things can be connected to it. For example, a USB port
Tuesday

god Týr]]
**Tuesday** is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. In some countries, for example the United States of America, Tuesday is the third day of the week. In other parts of the world, Tuesday is the second day of the week.

## History of the name 
The name *Tuesday* comes from a Middle English word, *Tiwesday*. This word came from the Old English word *Tiwes dæg*. This was named after the Nordic god Tyr. Tyr was the God of War, like the Roman war god Mars, and Greek god Ares.

In Latin, *Tuesday* is called *Martis dies* which means "Mars's Day". In French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian, the (Romance languages), the word for "Tuesday" is nearly the same as the Latin name. Tuesday is *mardi* in French, *martes* in Spanish, *martedì* in Italian, *dimarts* in Catalan, and *marţi* in Romanian. 

The Celtic languages still spoken use the Latin names, even though none of these languages came from Latin. Tuesday is *dé máirt* in Irish, *Meurzh* in Breton, *dydd Mawrth* in Welsh and *Dimàirt* in Scottish Gaelic. 

The English and Scandinavian names for *Tuesday* come from the Nordic god Tyr (Old English *Tiw*):

* Old Frisian: *tîesdei*
** Modern West Frisian: *tiisdei*
* Old English: *tíwesdæg*
** Anglo-Norman:
** Middle English: *tíesdæi, tywesdai, twysday*
** Early Modern English: *towesday, Twesdaie, Tyisday, Tiseday,*
** Modern English: *Tuesday*
* Old High German: *zîestag*
** Middle High German: *zîstag*
** Alemannic German: *ziischtig*
* Old Norse: *týrsdagr*
** Swedish: *Tisdag*
** Danish: *Tirsdag*
** Norwegian: *Tirsdag* or *Tysdag*
** Icelandic: *Týsdagur*

## References
Wednesday

In some countries, like the United States of America, **Wednesday** is the third day of the week. In other parts of the world Wednesday is said to be the fourth day of the week.

Wednesday is named after the Norse god Woden.

## References
Friday

**Friday** is a day of the week. In some countries, for example the United States, it is the sixth day of the week. In other parts of the world, for example the United Kingdom, it is said to be the fifth day of the week.

In Christianity, Good Friday is the Friday before Easter. It commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus. Special prayer services and ceremonies are held worldwide on this day with readings from the Gospel.

Friday is the Sabbath for Muslims.

There is a superstition that a Friday on the 13th day of a month is unlucky. If the first day of a month is a Sunday, the month will have a Friday the 13th. 

Some people consider Friday to be the last day of the week before the weekend. Others see Friday night as part of the weekend, since work or school is over for the week. In some places, the weekend is Friday and Saturday. Because many people are happy to not have to go to work during the weekend, there are sayings like "Thank God it's Friday!".

Friday is named after Norse Goddess Frigg.

## References
Laos

**Laos**, officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic** (**LPDR'''), is a country in Southeast Asia. 

Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and by China to the northwest, by Vietnam to the east, by Cambodia to the south and by Thailand to the west. The Mekong river forms a part of the western boundary with Thailand. Boats from Laos cannot get to the ocean using the Mekong because of rapids and waterfalls in the south of the country. Laos is the least densely populated country in Southeast Asia, with 32 people per square kilometer. Trains to and from Thailand will start in July 2024; that line has an endpoint in Vientiane prefecture's Khamsavath railway station. 

## History
Laos became a French colony in 1893 and became part of French Indochina. In 1949 it became independent from France, as the Kingdom of Laos. The Laotian Civil War started in May 1959. In 1975 Laos became a one-party state under the leadership of the communist party.

On 20 July 1954 an agreement was signed - *Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Laos*. That agreement ended France's rule of Laos. 2 months later, the authorities of North Vietnam, established a support group for Pathet Lao, in Ban Nameo. 

From the middle of the 1960s, Laos was used by North Vietnam as a route to attack South Vietnam. U.S. forces dropped bombs on Laos, to try to stop the supplies carried along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. 

South Vietnam was taken (or fell) in April 1975. On 14 May 1975 Vang Pao escaped from Laos, thru the military base at Long Tieng.

## References
T

**T** is the twentieth (number 20) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for T 
* T- is used as a prefix for an object that is shaped like the capital letter T, such as:
** T-shirt
** T-bone
** T-joint
** T-intersection
** T-square
* On calendars, T is most times a short letter for Tuesday or Thursday.
* In science
**t is most times used as a variable for time.
**T is most times used as a variable for temperature.
* In logic
** T is for True, whereas F is for False.
* Mr. T is an American actor.

## Other websites
Amaterasu Ōmikami

**Amaterasu** (), also called **Amaterasu-ōmikami** ( or ) or **Ōhirume-no-muchi-no-kami** (), is the sun goddess in Japanese mythology. She is the most sacred of all Shinto deities. Her name means "which illuminates Heaven." Her shrine is at Ise.

## Tradition
Amaterasu is the sister of Susanoo, the god of the sea and storms, and of Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon. All three were created from Izanagi, when he washed his face to clean the dirtiness of Yomi, the underworld. Amaterasu was born when Izanagi washed out his left eye, Tsukuyomi was born from the washing of the right eye, and Susanoo from the washing of the nose.

## Story 
The tales tell of great  between Amaterasu and Susanoo. When he was to leave Heaven forever because Izanagi ordered him to, he went to say goodbye to his sister. Amaterasu was suspicious, and so proposed him a : each of them was to turn an object of the other into people. Amaterasu created three women from Susanoo's sword while he created five men from her necklace. Amaterasu said that the men were hers because they were born of her necklace.

Susanoo destroyed her rice fields, threw a dead pony into her loom, and killed one of her assistants in anger. Amaterasu became sad, angry, and scared and went to hide inside Ama-no-Iwato, the "heavenly rock cave" and so the Sun was hidden and the world became dark for a long time. The oni (devils of Japanese mythology) came out to the dark world, and the gods could not make Amaterasu come out of the cave.

The intelligent goddess of happiness, Ama-no-Uzume (天宇受売命), took a big bucket, turned it upside down near the cave entrance, began a dance on it, and tore off her clothing in front of the other Kami. They thought that was so funny that they laughed happily.

Amaterasu heard them and looked out to see why the gods were laughing. When she opened the cave, she saw her wonderful reflection in a mirror that Uzume had put on a tree, and she slowly came out of the cave.

At that moment, the god Ameno-Tajikarao (天手力男命) closed the cave behind her so that she could not go back in. Another god tied a magic rope across the entrance. The sun goddess was then asked by the Kami Ame-no-Koyane (天児屋根命) to go back with the gods. She agreed, and light came back to the earth, but Susanoo was punished by being banished from Heaven.

## References
## Other websites 
* Shinbutsudo: A Web Page for the Study of Japanese Religions
Boat

on the Mississippi River.|250x250px]]

A **boat** is a vehicle used to travel on water. It is smaller than a ship and can be lifted out of the water and carried on a ship. Some boats have sails, some are powered by rowing with oars, and some use motors. Those that use steam engines are steamboats. There are some boats that can go underwater. They are called submarines. A narrowboat is a boat designed to be used on narrow canals. It is sometimes called a barge.

Historically, most boats have been constructed from wood. However, more recently built boats are often made of metals like steel and aluminium. Expensive boats may have parts made from fiberglass or composite materials and some even have helicopter pads. 

During the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, all are in the same boat, just trying to stay afloat. 

## History 
The Pesse Canoe is likely the oldest boat recovered to date as it was built sometime around 8,000 BCE

## Photos
## References
Kinetic energy

**Kinetic energy** is the energy that an object has because of its motion. This energy can be converted into other kinds, such as gravitational or electric potential energy. which is the energy that an object has because of its position in a gravitational or electric field.

The SI unit of energy is the joule, while the English unit of energy is the foot-pound.

## Kinetic & Potential Energy 
Kinetic Energy is the maximum amount of work a moving body can do due to its motion, whereas Potential energy is the maximum amount of work a body can do due to its configuration or position in a field force.  Kinetic Energy is valid for all sorts of forces as seen from this derivation.
: \mathbf{F} \cdot d \mathbf{x} = \frac{d \mathbf{p}}{dt} \cdot d \mathbf{x} = \frac{d \mathbf{p}}{dt} \cdot \mathbf{v}dt = \mathbf{v} \cdot \frac{d \mathbf{p}}{dt} dt = \mathbf{v} \cdot d \mathbf{p} 

but Potential Energy is not as can be seen here

 \mathbf{F} \cdot d \mathbf{x} = - \nabla V \cdot d \mathbf{x} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial x_i} \cdot dx_i = - dV 

which clearly suggests that only conservative forces can have potential energy associated with them; see conservation of energy.

## Translational kinetic energy
The **translational kinetic energy** of an object is:

:E_\text{translational} = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 
where
:  m  is the mass (resistance to linear acceleration or deceleration);
:  v  is the linear velocity.

## Rotational kinetic energy
The **rotational kinetic energy** of an object is:

:E_\text{rotational} = \frac{1}{2} I \omega^2 
where
:  I  is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation);
:  \omega \  is the angular velocity.
Air force

An **air force** is the branch of a country's military which fights in the air. The air force is made up of aircraft such as fighters, bombers, helicopters, and transport aircraft. When a navy has its own air force, it is called Naval Aviation. 

Air forces began in the early 20th century, usually as part of a country's army. Most countries separated their air forces in the 1930s and 1940s. 

Aircraft in an air force sometimes fly in a  in which the aircraft fly in a pattern.

The biggest air force in the world is the United States Air Force (USAF), followed by the United States Navy and the Russian Air Force.

## References
Navy

Navy]]

The **navy** is the part of a country's military that fights on water using boats. People in the navy are called sailors. The navy is mostly made up of warships. It may also have its own air force and soldiers. It may have special boats that can go underwater, called submarines, or another kind of special boat that is meant to carry airplanes, called aircraft carriers. 

## History 
Originally, naval war was fought by ramming other ships and then jumping onto them to fight the crew. In Ancient Greece and Rome, the ships were usually powered by oars. During the Middle Ages, the cannon was invented. It could be shot at other ships from a great distance. Warships around this time also began to use sails instead of oars for power.

In the mid-19th century, ships began to be plated in armor for protection. Steam engines allowed them to move while they carried the armor, and better ones soon made them much faster. Those early warships, called ironclads, are thought to have begun the type of naval warfare used today. Ships and guns soon became much larger than before.

## Related pages 
* Royal Navy
* United States Navy
* Royal Australian Navy
* Royal New Zealand Navy

## Other websites 
* Navy -Citizendium
Adware

**Adware** is an advertising computer program that can be put there by other people on someone's computer, sometimes without their permission. It is  because sometimes businesses put the program there so they can see what people are doing or what web pages they are browsing. They then put an advertisement that is of the same  as the web-page the person is looking at. This can be good if the person is trying to buy something, but many people do not want advertisements. Many people also do not want other people to find out what they are doing or what web pages they are looking at. An example is in the popular peer-to-peer file sharing program, Kazaa. When someone downloads it, it installs adware on their computer that then sends advertisements to the computer. Some people do not like this so they use an illegally changed version of this program called Kazaa Lite.

## Removal tools 
Removal tools have been developed to assist users in clearing out these unwanted programs.
Like many programs that people use for , the program must be changed often. Updating allows the removal tool to recognize new types of adware. This can be done by downloading files over the internet using the 'update' option in the program.
Yes

**Yes** is an English word that shows acceptance or agreement, or making a positive response or exclamation. It also has a  meaning. It is the opposite of no.

**Yes** may also mean:

In **music**:
* Yes (band), a progressive rock band from the United Kingdom
** *Yes* (album), their debut album
** *The Yes Album*, their third album
* *Yes* (Mika Nakashima album)
* *Yes* (Morphine album)
* *Yes!* (Chad Brock album)
** "Yes!" (song), a song from this album
* "Yes" (McAlmont and Butler song)

In **other uses**:
* *Yes* (movie), a movie by Sally Potter
* yes (Unix), a Unix shell command to print a string repetitively
* yes (Israel), an Israeli satellite television provider
* YES (Your Extraordinary Saturday), a children's program
* YES Network, the television home of the New York Yankees and New Jersey Nets
* *YES! Magazine*, an American magazine
* Yes! Roadster, a German sports car
* YES Prep Public Schools, a network of charter schools in Houston, Texas, United States
* Yale Entrepreneurial Society, an American non-profit organization
* Youth Empowerment Scheme, a children's charity in Belfast, Northern Ireland
* Young Epidemiology Scholars, a college scholarship program
* Yasuj Airport's IATA code