open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Klavdia

**Klavdia Papadopoulou** (born 18 August 2002), known as **Klavdia**, is a Greek singer. She represented Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where she finished in 6th place with 231 points.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
## References
Government of Vatican City

The **Government of Vatican City State** is the sovereign national administration of the Holy See. The Holy See is a non-democratic state, governed by an absolutist and elective monarchy, headed by the Pope, based in Vatican City.

The Holy Father, as sovereign of the State, ex officio accumulates legislative, executive, and judicial powers; during the period of the sede vacante, these powers are exercised by the College of Cardinals.

## Election 
The pope is elected in the papal conclave, composed of all the cardinal electors which are bishops and archbishops appointed by the pope, now limited to all the cardinals below the age of 80, after the death or resignation of the previous Pope.
## Administration of Vatican City
| Sovereign || Leo XIV || || 8 May 2025
|-
| President of the Governorate || Raffaella Petrini || || 1 March 2025
|}
As with almost all monarchies, the executive, legislative and judicial power of government reside in the crown, in this case in the office of the Bishop of Rome (the pope). As with many monarchies, the pope exercises this power through other organs which act on his behalf and in his name.

## References
Eupsophus contulmoensis

The **Contulmo ground frog**  (*Eupsophus contulmoensis*) is a frog.  It lives in Chile.

## Home
People find this frog under logs and rocks in forests with Nothofagus plants. Scientists saw this frog between 50 and 740 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog in one protected place: Contulmo National Monument.

## Young
The adult female frog lays eggs in holes.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to make tree farms for pine and eucalyptus trees. Fires and too many visitors to the frog's home can also cause problems.

## References
List of Khuman queens

of "Khuman"]]

The list of Khuman queens includes the names and identities of the royal consorts associated with the Khuman dynasty, a historical lineage in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). These figures are noted in royal chronicles and literary traditions, providing insights into dynastic alliances, succession, and the sociopolitical structure of the period. The documentation of these queens contributes to the broader understanding of the Khuman clan's role within the historical context of early Manipur.

## List 
## Related pages 
* Meitei princess
* Meitei queens of Tripura

## References
Mississippi River Delta

image of the larger Mississippi River Delta]]
The **Mississippi River Delta** is the confluence of the Mississippi River with the Gulf of Mexico in Louisiana, southeastern United States. The river delta is a  area of land that stretches from Vermilion Bay on the west, to the Chandeleur Islands in the east, on Louisiana's southeastern coast. It is part of the Gulf of Mexico and the Louisiana coastal plain, one of the largest areas of coastal wetlands in the United States. The Mississippi River Delta is the seventh-largest river delta on Earth.

## References
Muhammad Riazullah

**Muhammad Riazullah** (Urdu: عبید شاہ, Pashto: عبید شاه; born February 5, 2006) is a Pakistani cricketer who plays as a right-handed batter for the Karachi Kings and the Pakistan under-19 cricket team.

## Career 
### Domestic 
Riazullah made his Twenty20 debut on December 20, 2024, playing for the Dolphins in the 2024 Champions T20 Cup. He was later included in the Karachi Kings squad for the 2025 Pakistan Super League.

### Under-19 
Riazullah made his debut for the Pakistan U19 at the 2024 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup against United Arab Emirates.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Muskogean languages

**Muskogean** (also **Muskhogean**) is a language family spoken in the Southeastern United States. Members of the family are Indigenous Languages of the Americas. 

One documented language, Apalachee, is no longer spoken, and the remaining languages are critically endangered.

## References
## Other websites
*Muskogean Language Family page at native-languages.org
*Chickasaw Language Information & Videos  - Chickasaw.TV
Ziferblat

**Ziferblat** are an Ukrainian alternative rock band. The group consists of vocalist Daniil Leshchynskyi, guitarist Valentyn Leshchynskyi, and drummer Fedir Khodakov. The group represented Ukraine at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where they finished 9th in the final with 218 points.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
## Notes
## References
Your Man

"**Your Man**" is a song by American singer Josh Turner.

## Music video
It premiered on CMT on January 5, 2006.

The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's *Top 20 Countdown* for the week of February 2, 2006.
Bart's Birthday

"'''Bart's Birthday'*" is the season premiere episode of the thirty-sixth season of *The Simpsons''. It first aired on September 29, 2024.

## Other websites
*
Homer's Crossing

"'''Homer's Crossing**" is the first episode of the thirty-fifth season of ***The Simpsons*'''. It first aired on October 1, 2023.
## Other websites
*
Jan Żaryn

**Jan Krzysztof Żaryn** (born March 13, 1958) is a Polish nationalist historian between 2015 and 2019.

## Early life
Żaryn was born in Warsaw, Poland into an intellectual family. He studied history at University of Warsaw between 1979 and 1984. 

### Institute of National Remembrance
Żaryn joined the Bureau of Public Education of Poland's Institute of National Remembrance, which he directed from January 2006 until April 2009. 

### Boards of historical societies
Żaryn also sat on the boards of historical societies, including the , Committee for Commemoration of Poles Rescuing Jews, Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, Museum of the Cursed Soldiers and Political Prisoners of People's Republic of Poland, and among others. He starting heading the Roman Dmowski and Ignacy Jan Paderewski Institute for the Legacy of Polish National Thought in 2020.

Żaryn also denied that the Polish state was responsible for the 1968 antisemitic campaign in Poland where the communist regime forced out as many as 25,000 Polish Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors. He also called for the prosecution of Polish-American historian Jan Tomasz Gross over Gross' books that revealed the scale of WWII Polish collaboration with Nazi occupiers.

## Related pages
* David Irving
* Louis Farrakhan
* Racism in Poland
* Historical revisionism
* Antisemitism in Europe

## Footnotes
## References
Shkodra Elektronike

**Shkodra Elektronike** is an Albanian-Italian folktronica duo and consists of members **Kolë Laca** and **Beatriçe Gjergji**. The duo both hold Albanian and Italian citizenships. They represented Albania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", they finished 9th in the final with 218 points.

## Discography
### Extended plays
### Singles
## References
Bornite

**Bornite** is an ore of copper. It is made of copper and iron sulfides. It has the chemical formula . It contains more copper and less iron than chalcopyrite.

It looks like chalcopyrite. The two are both sometimes called "peacock color" or "peacock ore" because of their colourful tarnish.

## Reources
Rud

**Rud** or **RUD** can be

__NOTOC__

*Rud (musical instrument) is a Persian musical instrument that has strings.
* RUD regarding rockets by SpaceX, a Rapid Unscheduled Disassembly (RUD) is a phrase used by SpaceX about at least two spacecraft where parts came off in flight so that controlled flight ended

## Geography 
* Khvaf, also called Rūd, a city in Iran
* Rud, Nishapur, a village in Iran

## People 
* Anne Rud (d. 1533), Danish noble and landholder
* Jon Raahauge Rud (born 1986), Danish swimmer
* Ove Rud (d. 2007), Danish actor
* Otte Rud (d. 1565), Danish admiral  
* Rutherford "Rud" Rennie (d. 1956), American newspaperman and sportswriter
* Rued Langgaard (d.1952), Danish composer, born Rud Immanuel Langgaard.

## Religion 
* Ram and Rud, progenitors of the second generation of humans in Mandaeism

## Transportation 
* IATA code for Shahroud Airport
* Rutland station, Vermont, Amtrak rail code

* , a common element in Iranian place names
Post-truth

**Post-truth** is a term used to describe situations where people's opinions are more influenced by emotions and personal beliefs than by objective facts. In such scenarios, facts become less important in shaping public opinion compared to emotional appeals.

## Meaning 
The term "post-truth" refers to circumstances where objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief. This means that people may accept information that aligns with their feelings or beliefs, even if it's not factually accurate.

## Popularity 
The term gained prominence in 2016 during significant political events like the U.S. presidential election and the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom. During these events, emotional appeals and personal beliefs often overshadowed factual information, leading to widespread discussions about the influence of emotions over facts in politics. 

## Social media and Internet contributions 
Social media platforms allow rapid sharing of information, including false or misleading content. Algorithms often show users content that aligns with their existing beliefs, creating "echo chambers" where opposing viewpoints are less visible. This environment can make it easier for misinformation to spread and harder for people to encounter diverse perspectives.

## Effects 
In a post-truth environment, distinguishing between true and false information becomes challenging. This can lead to confusion, mistrust in institutions, and difficulty in making informed decisions. When emotions and personal beliefs dominate, it undermines rational debate and consensus-building in society.

## Ways to address it
There are several ways to address post-truth:

* Critical thinking: Encouraging individuals to question information sources and seek evidence-based conclusions
* Fact-checking: Supporting organizations and tools that verify information accuracy
* Media literacy: Teaching people how to identify credible news sources and recognize misinformation
* Open dialogue: Promoting discussions that consider multiple viewpoints and emphasize understanding over persuasion.

## References
Gadolinite

**Gadolinite** is a mineral that contains rare earth elements. Originally called **ytterbite**, it was later named after Johan Gadolin, who discovered the chemical element yttrium in this mineral. It does not contain much of the element gadolinium, which was separately named after Gadolin. The mineral is divided into **gadolinite-(Y)** and **gadolinite-(Ce)** based on whether it has more yttrium or cerium.

Besides yttrium, the elements erbium and terbium were also first discovered through analysis of gadolinite.

## Sources
Malachite

**Malachite** is a mineral known for its green colour. It is the mineral form of basic copper carbonate, with the chemical formula . Malachite has been used as a pigment, for construction and decoration, and as an ore of copper.

It is related to azurite, another colourful copper carbonate ore. It also looks very similar to annabergite, which is a nickel ore. Miners confusing malachite and annabergite is what led to the discovery and name of nickel.

## Reources
Benitoite

**Benitoite** is a mineral containing barium and titanium. It has a similar appearance to sapphire but is much softer.

Benitoite is named for the San Benito River. It is the official state gem of California.

Benitoite was the first discovered example of the ditrigonal dipyramidal crystal class.

## Sources
IRA-Nazi collaboration

In the early 20th century, the **Irish Republican Army** (**IRA**) was an Irish militant group that fought for Ireland's independence. After Ireland became independent in 1922, the IRA kept fighting what they alleged to be the British occupation of Northern Ireland, where pro-British Protestants made up the majority. The IRA had widespread support among Irish Catholics, who were mostly nationalists believing that Northern Ireland belonged to the Catholic south. when the United Kingdom was fighting Nazi Germany in World War II. hoping that the Germans would help them "reunify" Ireland within their perceived historical boundaries.

After Adolf Hitler's death on April 30, 1945, Éamon de Valera, the Prime Minister of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler with backing from the Irish parliament.

## Nuremberg Trials
Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the Nuremberg Trials:

 

Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:

## Related pages
* The Troubles
* The Holocaust
* History of Ireland
* Antisemitism in Europe

## Footnotes
## References
The Yellow Lotus

"**The Yellow Lotus**" is the second episode of the thirty-sixth season of ***The Simpsons***. It first aired on October 6, 2024.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
João Marinho Neto

**João Marinho Neto** (born 5 October 1912) is a Brazilian supercentenarian who is the world's oldest verified living man following the death of 112-year-old John Tinniswood from the United Kingdom on 25 November 2024.

## References
List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine

This is a **list of killings and massacres committed in Mandatory Palestine**. It is limited to incidents in which at least three people were intentionally killed. This list does not include illegal deaths due to criminal activity. It includes all deaths that resulted from the initial attack on civilians or non-combat military personnel.

Individual massacres during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine are listed here.

## List of killings and massacres committed in Mandate Palestine 
## Related pages 
* Palestinian political violence
* List of Palestinian suicide attacks

## References 
## Sources 
* 
*
Scandal Vol. 1

***Scandal, Vol. 1*** is the fourth studio album by Norwegian singer-songwriter Marion Raven, following the international release of her album *Songs from a Blackbird* released earlier this year in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Scandal Vol. 1 will be released in Norway on September 22, 2014 on iTunes and CD, and "Scandal Vol. 2" with eight more songs is expected to be released in January 2015.
Parg

**Pargev Vardanian** (; born 7 June 1996), He finished in 20th place in the final with 72 points.

## Discography
### Extended plays
### Singles
## References
Brown booby

The **brown booby** is a large and common booby in the family Sulidae. The brown booby eats fish and nests only on the ground.  

## Appearance 
Brown boobys live in most oceans and have yellow or green legs. The brown booby has wings that can grow to about 4 feet. They are normally  and are 2.5 feet tall. They have a giant white stomach and a swan shaped head.
Katarsis

**Katarsis** is an Lithuanian alternative rock band from Vilnius. The current band members are Lukas Radzevičius (vocals, guitar), Alanas Brasas (lead guitar), Emilija Kandratavičiūtė (bass), and Jokūbas Andriulis (drums). They represented Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "". They finished in 16th place in the final with 96 points.

## Discography
### Extended plays
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
## References
Chapel of Saint Mary, Queen of Peace

The **chapel of Saint Mary Queen of Peace** is a Catholic church located in Villa Las Estrellas, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, in the Chilean commune of Antartica, within the Magallanes Region and Chilean Antarctica, approximately 1580 km from Punta Arenas. The temple is basically a large metal container, modified to resemble a temple, with electricity and a suitable heating system inside. Religious ceremonies are performed by a deacon, who lives permanently in the village. 

The chapel is fairly new. It was built near the end of the 20th century. Today it is the southernest Catholic church in Chile and one of the most southern in the world. It is also one of only seven Christian churches in Antarctica, which are the continent’s only places for religious worship.

## References
Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

The **official flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands** is a dark blue cloth with the French flag, the "Tricolor", in its canton. 

Near the bottom corner next to the flagpole, the flag shows the white letters “TAAF.” These letters are short for the French name “Terres australes et antarctiques françaises” (French Southern and Antarctic Lands). The letters sit on three white five-pointed stars. 

This flag design became official in 2007.
Staats Island

**Staats** **Island** is one of the Falkland Islands*.* It is located between San Rafael Island and San José Island, parallel to Tea Island and has an area of 5 square kilometers.   It is known for its Patagonian foxes and guanacos, both introduced species.

People brought guanacos to the island. These animals eat too much tussac grass, which stops the plants from growing back. Foxes were also brought in, and they hunt the local birds. There is no plan yet to remove the foxes from this island or the other islands in the San Rafael group. The empty island is also home to Magellanic penguins and many other seabirds.

## References
Satish Raj Goravigere

**Satish Raj Goravigere** is an Indian journalist and media founder from Bengaluru, Karnataka.   who received the Media Contribution Award in 2024  and the Rajyotsava Honor in 2023.  He started the digital media platform Kannada News Today in March 2019,  which received the **Regional Award**   from a cultural organization. In 2025, he also launched an English-language platform called Timesnib.  He has worked in journalism since 2012.

## Awards and recognition 
* **Rajyotsava Journalism Honor** (2023) – Given by Janapada Sahitya Mattu Patrika Vedike, a cultural organization.    
* **Outstanding Media Contributor of the Year** (2024) – Given by the Karnataka Media and Communications Forum.     
* Recognized for introducing AI news anchors in Karnataka journalism.   
* **Regional News Source Award** – Given by a cultural organization.  
* Honored by schools and colleges for work against fake news.  
* Started the **Sadhana Hyperlocal Award** to support local journalists.  

## References
John Kelley

**John**, **Jack**, or **Johnny Kelley** can be

*John Kelley (U.S. civil servant), *acting US alternate representative to the UN* (as of 2025)
*John Kelley (criminal), an American criminal
*John C. Kelley, American television writer and producer
*John Edward Kelley (d. 1941), politician that was a U.S. Representative from South Dakota
*John F. Kelly, retired general of the USMC and a former chief of staff at the White House
*John L. Kelley (d. 1999), American mathematician
*John William Kelley (born 1963), American serial killer
*Jack Kelley (journalist), journalist at *USA Today*
*John Kelley (Medal of Honor), got the Medal of Honor

## Sports
*Jack Kelley (ice hockey) (d. 2020), American ice hockey coach
*John Kelley (ice hockey) (d. 1986), American ice hockey player
*John J. Kelley (d. 2011), American runner, winner of the 1957 Boston Marathon; "Kelley the Younger"
*Johnny Kelley (d. 2004), American runner, winner of the 1935 and 1945 Boston Marathons; "Kelley the Elder"
Maung Maung Lwin

**Maung Maung Lwin** (; born 18 June 1995) is a Burmese footballer who plays as a winger for Lamphun Warriors in Thailand and is the captain of the Myanmar national team.

## Football career 
Maung Maung Lwin started his career with Hantharwady United in 2014. In 2017, he moved to Yangon United. He helped the team win the Myanmar National League and the MFF Charity Cup in 2018.

Maung also played in the AFC Cup. In 2019, he scored a winning goal against Hà Nội. In the 2020 AFC Cup qualifiers, he scored one goal and gave three assists against Indera.

In 2021, Maung joined Lamphun Warriors in Thailand. In his first season, he helped the team win the Thai League 2. Maung became the first Burmese footballer to win a trophy in Thailand.

## International matches 
Maung Maung Lwin made his debut for Myanmar in 2015 against Lebanon. His first goal was against Hong Kong in 2016.

In 2019, he scored a goal and gave an assist in a win against Tajikistan during the World Cup qualifiers.

Maung scored two goals against Singapore in the 2022 AFF Championship. He also scored a free kick goal against Philippines in 2024.

In 2025, Maung scored the only goal for ASEAN All-Stars in a 1–0 win against Manchester United in the Maybank Challenge Cup.

## Player statistics 
### Club 
### International
### International goals 
:''Scores and results list Myanmar's goal tally first.''

## Achievements 
### Club 
**Yangon United**
*Myanmar National League: 2018
*MFF Charity Cup: 2018

**Lamphun Warrior**
* Thai League 2: 2021–22

### International 
**ASEAN All-Stars**
*Maybank Challenge Cup: 2025
**Myanmar**
*Tri-Nation Series (India) runner-up: 2023

### Individual 
* Best Player of the Year Awards: 2018
* ASEAN All-Stars: 2025

## References
Karl Humenberger

**Karl Humenberger** (* 25 October 1906 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary - 28 December 1989 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian football player and football coach. He also played one match for the Austrian national football team.
## Career 
Karl Humenberger began his football career at Floridsdorfer AC. He made his first team debut there in the fall of 1926. He followed Leopold Drucker as center half. This  position he played throughout his career. In the following years, the team regularly maintained a comfortable mid-table finish and reached the semifinals of the ÖFB Cup in 1928.

Then he moved to SK Admira Vienna during the 1930/31 season. At the end of 1931 he left Austria and  moved to FC Zurich in Switzerland. After just one season,  he returned to Admira. Two league titles and a cup victory were won in the following years. In 1936 he accepted an offer from Racing Strasbourg, where the Austrian Josef Blum was the coach. In the following two years, the club finished in the top third of Division 1. 1937Straßbourgeven reached the French Cup final. In 1938, Humenberger moved to newly promoted AS Saint-Étienne The team reached an excellent fourth-place finish in his final season in France.
## International 
He played one match for the Austrian national football team. It was a 0-1 loss versus Czechoslovakia on 1 April 1928.
## International statistics
## Manager 
After the 2nd World war Humenberger worked as a coach in Austria(SV Rapid Lienz , SV Hitiag Neuda, Polizei SV Innsbruck  and Newag Eisenstadt, SC Ortmann). Till 1954 he coached Royal Olympic Club Charleroi in Belgium. He accepted an offer from the Dutch club Ajax Amsterdam in 1954 and coached the team for the next five years. Greatest success was  winning the Dutch championship in 1957.

Humenberger then returned to Austria. There  he coached SV Austria Salzburg for one season. The team won the Tauernliga Nord with the team before returning abroad again. He coached FC Dordrecht in the 1960/61 season and Royal Antwerp from 1961 to 1964. After returning to Vienna, he took over as coach of Wiener AC in 1965.
## Honours 
;as player
* 1× Mitropacup-final: 1934
* 2× Austrian champion: 1934, 1936
* 1× ÖFB-Cup: 1934
* 1× French Cup runner-up: 1937

* 1 match for the Austrian national football team: 1928
;as coach
* 1× champion Netherlands: 1957  
* 1× belgian runner-up: 1963 

## References
Top Naija Music Awards

**Top Naija Music Awards** (abbreviated **TNMA Awards**) is an annual event composed of 26 categories for emerging recording singers, songwriters, and producers in Nigeria.

## References
Clearmont, Missouri

**Clearmont** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States. The population was 147 in February 2026.

## References
Koshkonong, Missouri

**Koshkonong** is a city in Oregon County, Missouri, United States. 196 people lived here at the 2020 census.

## References
Aritenyesbokhe

**Aritenyesebokhe** was a Nubian king who probably ruled in the second century CE. He is so far only known from his Pyramid Beg N30 in Meroe. Two blocks bearing his name were found in the rubble next to this pyramid. The attribution of the pyramid to this ruler is therefore not entirely certain. His name is also attested on the fragment of an offering tablet, which was also found in the necropolis of Meroe. Aritenyesebokhe bore a throne name based on an Egyptian model and written in Egyptian hieroglyphs: Kheperkare.

## Related pages 
* List of monarchs of Nubia

## Literature 
* Inge Hofmann, "Contributions to Meroitic Chronology" (Studia Instituti Anthropos; Vol. 31). Anthropos Institute, St. Augustin near Bonn 1978, ISBN 3-921389-80-1, pp. 152–153. 
* László Török in: Eide Tormod (ed.): "Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. 3: From the first to the sixth century AD." IKFRR, Bergen 1998, ISBN 82-91626-07-3, pp. 938–939.
Scepter Studios Sessions

***Scepter Studios Sessions*** is the sixth and final studio album by The Velvet Underground. The album was released on November 23, 2012.

## Track listing
Fibertel

**Fibertel** was an Argentine internet service provider and fixed-line telephone company. 

It was organized as a company within Cablevisión until 2003, when it was merged into the parent company, although continuing its operations as a brand. In 2006, Cablevisión was acquired by Grupo Clarín and since 2018 it was operated by Telecom Argentina S.A.

## History
Fibertel began operations in 1997, becoming the first company in the country to offer cable modem technology on a mass scale. On April 1, 2003, the company merged with its parent company, Cablevisión y Multicanal. 

In 2006, Grupo Clarín acquired 100% of the company. On October 4, 2021, Telecom consolidated its brands, rebranding **Cablevisión Fibertel** as Personal Flow.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website (archived)
Limnomedusa macroglossa

The **rapids frog**  (*Limnomedusa macroglossa*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. It is the only species of frog in its group.

## Body
The adult frog is 37.6 - 55.0 mm long from nose to rear end.  The female frog is bigger than the male frog. The skin of the frog's back is gray in color with dark brown spots. There are stripes on the nose. There are spots near the mouth and another spot between the eyes. There is a shape like the letter V between the shoulders. There are bar stripes on the legs.

## Home
People find this frog in forests and in open places near rivers. Scientists saw this frog between 0 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog in protected places: Iguazu National Park, El Palmar National Park, Yaboti Biosphere Reserve, Monumento científico Moisés Bertoni, APA do Ibirapuita, FLONA de Chapeco, PARES Fritz Plaumann, PARES Rio Guarani, PARES Turvo, PARNA do Iguacu, and REBIO do Ibicui Mirim.

## Young
The eggs are round with a black dot on one side and a light brown dot on the other. The tadpoles swim in ponds near rivers. The ponds dry up for part of the year.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out, the government of Uruguay says this frog is not in danger of dying out, and the government of Paraguay says it is in very big danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to make tree farms, other farms, and dams for electricity.

## First paper
*

## References
Salomon Morel

**Salomon Morel** (November 15, 1919 – February 14, 2007) was a Holocaust survivor who managed former Nazi concentration camps after World War II. He also served the Ministry of Public Security in the Communist Poland. In Nazi-occupied Poland, Morel and his Jewish family hid with the help of a Polish farmer,

### Zgoda labor camp
The Zgoda labor camp at which Morel worked had three categories of prisoners:

* Those declared traitors by the Polish National Liberation Committee on November 4, 1944
* Those declared "Fascist-Nazi criminals and traitors" by the same committee on August 31, 1944

## Controversies
### War crimes allegations
In the 1990s, Poland's official Institute of National Remembrance accused him of war crimes over alleged revenge murders of over 1,500 prisoners, most of whom were reportedly either Silesian German or Polish political prisoners. Fearing unfair trial, Morel immigrated to Israel, which rejected Poland's extradition requests twice in 1998 and 2004. The Polish government gave up on seeking his extradition in July 2005. Dozens of anti-Jewish incidents happened in the Polish-Ukrainian borderlands to the extent that Holocaust survivors were advised not to speak Yiddish in public.

By August 1, 1945, the Zgoda labor camp had processed 5,048 prisoners. Documents showed that many prisoners were convicted of Nazi-associated crimes, some of whom were voluntary *Ortsgruppenleiter* ("Local Group Leader") in Nazi-occupied areas. The other book that accused Morel was even pulled from circulation in Germany in 1995 after a journalist called it an "antisemitic fodder".

## Reactions
### Elan Steinberg
Elan Steinberg, executive emeritus and former president of the World Jewish Congress (WJC), said: antisemite Candace Owens brought up those allegations in one of her podcast shows to draw a false equivalence between Jews and the Axis.

## Related pages
* Racism in Poland
* Historical revisionism
* Antisemitism in Europe

## Footnotes
## References
The Gazette (Montreal)

***The Gazette***, also called the ***Montreal Gazette***, is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper. The newspaper is owned by Postmedia Network. It is published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

It is the only daily newspaper in Montreal that is in English. There were 3 other daily English-language newspapers in Montreal in the 20th century. The newspaper is 1 of 2 English-Language daily newspapers in Quebec. The other is the *Sherbrooke Record*. This newspaper is in English because it is written for the English-speaking communities in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships.

The Gazette was founded in 1778 by Fleury Mesplet. *The Gazette* is Quebec's oldest daily newspaper.  The oldest newspaper in Canada is the *Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph*. This newspaper was established in 1764. It publishes a new article every week.

## Editors-in-chief
* Mark Harrison (1977–1989)
* Norman Webster (1989–1993)
* Joan Fraser (1993–1996)
* Alan Allnutt (1996–2000)
* Peter Stockland (2000–2004)
* Andrew Phillips (2004–2009)
* Raymond Brassard (2010–2013)
* Lucinda Chodan (2013–2022)
* Marilena Lucci (2023–Present)

## References
## Other websites
*
*Official mobile website. .
*Digital microfilm archive 1878–1986 from Google news archive
*Bicentennial issue
Thortveitite

**Thortveitite** is a mineral that contains scandium and yttrium. It is very rare, but still the most common scandium mineral.

Thortveitite was the main source of scandium in the United States in the mid-20th century, but production ended in 1969. As of 2025, scandium is mostly produced from tailings from other minerals, not from its ores.

## Sources
Law of the Instrument

The **Law of the Instrument** is a cognitive bias. It is also called '''Maslow's Hammer'''. It is attributed to Abraham Maslow and Abraham Kaplan. Maslow wrote in 1966, "it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail."

Examples of this can be seen in many domains. One of them is medicine: In the 1960s, in the United States there were basically two drugs to treat psychosis. Psychoses often occur together with Schizophrenia. These drugs were also often used in cases where it was not clear that trhe patient suffered from Schizophrenia. The movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest also shows this. During the Middle Ages, it was common practice to use drugs containing mercury in bloodlettings. Mercury is very poisonous, so many people died. 

## References
The Jewish Quarterly

*** The Jewish Quarterly*** is an international Jewish publication founded by Jacob Sonntag in 1953. It was based in the United Kingdom (UK) until 2021, when its ownership is transferred to Australian publisher Morry Schwartz, who was born to Holocaust survivors. With four issues released a year, *The Jewish Quarterly* focuses on issues of Jewish concern, but also has interests in wider culture and politics.

## Profile
The current editor is Jonathan Pearlman, who also edits *Australian Foreign Affairs* for Schwartz Media. Previous editors include Matthew Reisz, Elena Lappin and Rachel Shabi.

## Reception
In 1974, Sonntag described *The Jewish Quarterly*:

## Footnotes
## References
Madison Marsh

**Madison Isabella Marsh** (born August 2, 2001) is an American Air Force second lieutenant, activist and beauty pageant contestant. Marsh is known for winning Miss America in 2024. She won Miss Colorado in 2023. Marsh is the fourth woman representing Colorado, the first member of the United States Armed Forces and the first active duty member to win the title of Miss America. Before winning Miss America, Marsh became an officer in the United States Air Force. Her father is a physician and her mother was a Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA).

Marsh graduated from Southside High School in Fort Smith, Arkansas in 2019. While growing up, she would go to space camps and flying lessons, where she received her pilot's license at age 17. 

After graduating high school, she went to the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. She also interned with Harvard's medical department. This was her third try at competing for the Miss Colorado title. In the pageant, Marsh beat Ellie Breaux of Texas to win the contest on January 14, 2024. Marsh became the fourth woman representing Colorado to win the pageant, and the first member of the United States Armed Forces to be crowned the winner. As part of her reward, Marsh was given a $50,000 scholarship to finish her education. Marsh was given over $70,000 total in scholarships from competing within the Miss America organization.

Marsh was the honorary race car driver at the 2024 Daytona 500 NASCAR race. In February 2024, Marsh received the 'Spirit of the Springs' Award from the city of Colorado Springs. Marsh also visited Fort Knox, and an air force base in Fort Smith. She placed a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery on March 3, 2024. In April 2025, she gave a speech at Harvard Kennedy School's Institute of Politics.

## Personal life
Marsh practices in taekwondo. In January 2024, Marsh announced her engagement to Walker Morris while she was competing in Miss America.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wreath

wreath on a house door in England.]]
A **wreath** () is an collection and placement of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or other materials that is made to form a ring shape. They can be used as holiday decertations or to be placed in cemeteries.

The word *wreath* comes from Middle English *wrethe* and from Old English *writha* 'band'.

## References
Miss Illinois

The **Miss Illinois** is a pageant program with Miss America, which is competition for women models representing the state of Illinois in the Miss America contest.

The first "Miss Illinois" sent to the national pageant was Lois Delander who later won the Miss America title in 1927. Including Delander, five Miss Illinois representatives have won the Miss America title. The other Miss Illinois-turned Miss America winners include Judith Ford in 1968, Marjorie Vincent in 1990, Katherine Shindle in 1997, and Erika Harold in 2002.

## References
Abbie Stockard

**Abbie Stockard** (born July 26, 2002) is an American beauty pageant contest who won Miss America in 2025. Stockard won Miss Alabama 2024, making her the fourth woman from Alabama to win Miss America.

Stockard is in a relationship with basketball player Walker Kessler. 

## References
Grace Stanke

**Grace Marie Stanke** (born April 30, 2002) is an American pro-nuclear energy activist and beauty pageant contestant. She won Miss America in 2023. She was born in Wausau, Wisconsin. She is the third Miss Wisconsin to win the national title.

After winning Miss America, Stanke earned a bachelor's degree in Nuclear Engineering in 2023 from the University of Wisconsin - Madison and began working at Constellation Energy, where she is an advocate for using nuclear energy.

## References
Oberwart

**Oberwart** (; ) is a town in the Austrian state of Burgenland. It is the capital of the district of the same name.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
1941 Szczuczyn pogrom

The **Szczuczyn pogrom** was the massacre of hundreds of Jews by ethnic Poles in Szczuczyn, Poland. This happened during World War II, when the European Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union. Those who survived the pogrom were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. 

The pogrom is considered part of the Holocaust in mainstream historiography.

## Background
About 56% of Szczuczyn's 4,502 pre-war residents were Jewish. By June 1941, about 2,000 Jews lived in the town as many Jewish families had been deported by the Soviet occupiers to Siberia. The women finally asked a passing German unit for help, who stopped the mass murder.

## Legacy
 commemorating the Jews killed in the Szczuczyn pogrom]]

Despite abundant evidence, many in Polish society refuse to acknowledge the pogrom. Some scholars say this denial was going mainstream amid the rise of nationalism across Europe.

## Related pages
* Iași pogrom
* Kristallnacht
* Lviv pogroms  
* Jedwabne pogrom

## Footnotes
## References
Bernard Kerik

**Bernard Bailey Kerik** (September 4, 1955 – May 29, 2025) was an American politician, consultant and police officer. He was the 40th Commissioner of the New York Police Department from 2000 to 2001, during which he oversaw the police response to the September 11 attacks.

Kerik was known for having two extramarital affairs while as commissioner, using a Battery Park City apartment that had been set aside for first responders at Ground Zero.

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, President George W. Bush picked Kerik as the interior minister of the Iraqi Coalition Provisional Authority. In 2004, Bush nominated Kerik to be the U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security. However, Kerik soon withdrew his candidacy, because he hired an undocumented immigrant as a nanny.

In 2009, Kerik pleaded guilty to eight federal felony charges for tax fraud and making false statements. In February 2010, he was sentenced to four years in federal prison, of which he served three years.

In 2020, Kerik received a presidential pardon from President Donald Trump for his federal convictions for tax fraud, ethics violations, and criminal false statements. After the 2020 presidential election, Kerik supported President Trump's false claims of voter fraud and tried to help overturn the election results.

Kerik died on May 29, 2025 at a hospital in New York City at the age of 69. He was being treated for heart disease and skin cancer at the time of his death.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alfonso Lista

**Alfonso Lista** is a municipality in the province of Ifugao, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, 34,061 people lived there.

## References
Miss America 2024

**Miss America 2024** was the 96th Miss America pageant. It was held at the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts in Orlando, Florida. It happened at the same time as the Miss America's Teen 2024 competition on January 14, 2024.

The 2024 competition was the first Miss America competition since 2018 where contestants competed in a fitness category.

Madison Marsh of Colorado won the competition.

## Final results
## References
Melody (Spanish singer)

**Melodía Ruiz Gutiérrez** (born 12 October 1990), best known by her stage name **Melody**, is a Spanish singer, songwriter and dancer. She became famous at the age of 10 with her song "", one of the biggest hits of 2001 in Spain. She represented Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where she finished in 24th place with 37 Points.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## References
Miss Colorado

The **Miss Colorado** competition is the pageant that picks the representative for the state of Colorado in the Miss America pageant. The Colorado representative has won the Miss America crown on four times: Sharon Ritchie (1955), Marilyn Van Derbur (1957), Rebecca Ann King (1973) and Madison Marsh (2023).

## References
Pentlandite

**Pentlandite** is a mineral containing nickel and iron. It is one of the main ores of nickel. It has the chemical formula . Most samples have slightly more nickel than iron.

## Refining 
Pentlandite can be smelted using oxygen. This releases sulfur dioxide gas and leaves behind iron(III) oxide and nickel(II) oxide. The iron is then removed as slag.

## Sources
Jaime Balmes

**Jaime Balmes** (1810–1848) was a Spanish Catholic priest, philosopher, and political writer known for his clear and accessible works on philosophy, religion, and society.

## Early life and education 
Born in Vic, Catalonia, Spain, on August 28, 1810, Balmes began his studies at the local seminary in 1817, focusing on Latin grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. In 1825, he received the tonsure and continued his theological studies at the University of Cervera. After the university's closure in 1830, he pursued private studies in Vic and earned his degree in theology in 1833. He was ordained a priest in 1834 and later obtained a Doctorate in Theology and a Bachelor's in Canon Law.

## Career and writings 
Balmes initially attempted to teach at the University of Barcelona but was unsuccessful. In 1837, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Vic, a position he held for four years. His writing career flourished after moving to Barcelona in 1841, where he contributed to various newspapers and magazines, gaining widespread attention.

In 1844, he published "The True Idea of Value," addressing the paradox of value and introducing the concept of marginal utility. His most renowned work, "Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe," argues that Catholicism promotes order and unity, while Protestantism leads to individualism and societal fragmentation.

## Philosophical contributions 
Balmes is often associated with "philosophy of common sense," but his ideas are more nuanced. He identified three types of truth:
* Subjective truths: Personal experiences, like feeling cold.
* Rational truths: Logical and mathematical truths.
* Objective truths: Observable facts, like the color of the sky.

He emphasized that metaphysics should be built upon all three, rather than relying solely on rationalism. Balmes also highlighted the importance of consciousness and common sense in understanding truth.

## Notable works 
* *El Criterio* (1845): A guide to sound reasoning and judgment.
* *Filosofía Fundamental* (1846): A comprehensive work on philosophy.
* *Curso de Filosofía Elemental* (1847): An introductory philosophy course.
* *Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe* (1844): A comparative analysis of religious influences on European civilization.

## Death and legacy 
Balmes died of tuberculosis on July 9, 1848, in his hometown of Vic. He is remembered for his efforts to reconcile faith and reason, and his works continue to influence Catholic thought and philosophy.
Microsoft Gaming

**Microsoft Gaming** is an American video game company. It is the games Division of Microsoft, Phil Spencer founded the company in 2022.
Glorb

**Glorb** (also known as **GlorbWorldwide**) is a pseudonymous YouTuber and TikToker who specializes in rap music using AI-generated voices of characters from the animated series *SpongeBob SquarePants*.

## References
Away from Home Tour

The **Away from Home Tour** was Canadian rapper Drake's first concert tour as a headlining act. It was for his 2010 debut studio album *Thank Me Later* and his EP *So Far Gone*. The tour began on April 5, 2010 in Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania. It ended on November 6, 2010 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Background 
Drake announced the Away From Home Tour, his first solo headlining tour since his tour alongside his fellow Young Money Entertainment artists on the America's Most Wanted Tour. Drake teamed with Reverb during the tour and it was described as a “Campus Consciousness Tour”, focusing on cutting down usage of non-biodegradable and recyclable products, as well as, using biodiesel fuel during travel between cities.

The tour was very successful. It was one of the highest-grossing hip-hop tours of 2010, earning around $8 million.

There were plans for Drake to perform in Europe during the tour but they were later cancelled because he wanted to focus on more North American shows.

## Set list 
These are the songs that Drake performed during the tour. He did not always perform the same songs at every show and also played some songs where he was a featured artist.

# "Forever"
# "Unstoppable"
# "Uptown"
# "Lust for Life"
# "Houstatlantavegas"
# "November 18th"
# "Fireworks"
# "Killers"
# "Money to Blow" / "Big Tymers" / "I'm Still Fly"
# "I'm Goin' In"
# "Every Girl / "Bedrock" / "Throw It In the Bag"
# "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)"
# "A Night Off"
# "Successful"
# "Fear"
# "Say Something"
# "I Invented Sex"
# "Best I Ever Had"
# "Over"

## Shows 
## References
Planetary degassing

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**Planetary degassing** is the process by which gases trapped inside a planet are released to the surface and atmosphere. This usually happens through volcanic eruptions or other natural events that let gases escape from deep underground. When a planet first forms, some gases get stuck inside it. Over time, heat and pressure inside the planet push these gases out, especially through volcanoes. The gases that come out can include water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, and nitrogen. This process is very important because it helps form the planet’s atmosphere, especially in the early part of its history.

Planetary degassing happens in several ways. One of the main ways is through volcanic eruptions, which bring hot, melted rock (called magma) and gas from deep underground up to the surface. Tectonic activity, which means the movement of large pieces of a planet’s outer layer, can also let gases escape. As a planet cools down over time, its inside separates into different layers. This change can push gases upward toward the surface. Even if there are no big eruptions, gases can slowly leak out through cracks in the ground or from the bottom of the ocean. Sometimes, asteroids or comets hit a planet and cause quick bursts of degassing. The force of the impact can heat up the surface, release gases trapped in rocks, or even melt parts of the crust.

Degassing has played an important role in shaping the atmospheres of planets. On early Earth, it was one of the main ways that gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor got into the air. These gases helped create clouds, rain, and even oceans. Similar things may have happened on other planets, like Venus and Mars, but with different results. Venus ended up with a thick, super-hot atmosphere, while Mars lost most of its atmosphere and became cold and dry. Degassing still happens on some moons today. For example, Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, has active volcanoes that release gas into space all the time. This shows that degassing is an important part of how planets and moons change over time.

This process is closely connected to whether a planet can support life. The gases released during degassing can change the planet’s climate. For example, carbon dioxide can trap heat, and water vapor can help form oceans. These gases, called volatiles because they easily turn into gas, are very important for life. Without degassing, a planet might stay dry, have no air, and not be able to support life. By studying how degassing works, scientists can learn more about how life may have started on Earth and where life might be possible on other planets.

## References