open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Improper rotation

An **improper rotation** can be understood as an inversion followed by a proper rotation. 

Equivalently it is the combination of a rotation and an inversion in a point on the axis. Therefore it is also called a **rotoinversion** or **rotary inversion**.

A simple example of an improper rotation in 3D (but not in 2D) is a coordinate inversion: x goes to −x, y to −y and z to −z. Under this transformation, a and b go to −a and −b (by the definition of a vector), but p clearly does not change. (It follows that any improper rotation multiplies p by −1 compared to the rotation's effect on a true vector.)
Blowup

***Blowup*** is a 1966 British drama movie set in London. It was  for two Academy Award and won a Grand Prix award. It is directed by Italian movie director Michelangelo Antonioni and written by Antonioni, Toni Guerra and Edward Bond. It starred David Hemmings and Vanessa Redgrave. Carlo Ponti produced the movie. This was Antonioni's first English language movie.

## Other websites 
*
Big Black

**Big Black** was an American punk rock band. The band formed in 1981 with Steve Albini playing all of the instruments and a drum machine for percussion.

Big Black's music was very loud and distorted. Many Big Black songs are about violence.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* Atomizer (1986)
* Songs About Fucking (1987)

### Live albums 
* Sound of Impact (live, 1987)
* Pigpile (live, 1992)

### Compilations 
* The Hammer Party (1986)
* The Rich Man's Eight Track Tape (1987)

### EPs 
* Lungs (1983)
* Bulldozer (1984)
* Racer-X (1984)
* Headache (1987)

### Singles 
* "Rema-Rema" (1985)
* "Il Duce" (1985)
* "Heartbeat" (1987)
* "He's a Whore" / "The Model" (1987)
* "In My House" (1992)
Fecundity

**Fecundity**, coming from the word *fecund*, generally means the ability to reproduce.  

In biology and demography, fecundity is the ability to reproduce of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set or asexual propagules.  Fecundity is under both genetic and environmental control, and is the major measure of biological fitness. *Fecundation* is another term for fertilisation. 

Fecundity can increase or decrease in a population according to current conditions and certain regulating factors. For instance, in times of hardship for a population such as a lack of food, juvenile and eventually adult fecundity may decrease. 

In the philosophy of science, 'fecundity' refers to the ability of a scientific theory to open new lines of theoretical inquiry. Here, the original meaning is extended by analogy.

## Related pages
* Fertility
Company of Heroes

***Company of Heroes*** is a 2006 real-time strategy video game made by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ.
Teachta Dála

A **Teachta Dála**, is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament.  Usually only the initials **TD** are used, after the person's name.

The letters are used in the same way that MP is used to show that someone is a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

## Related pages
*Member of Parliament
Léo Delibes

**Léo Delibes** (born St. Germain-du-Val, France, 21 February 1836; died St. Germain-du-Val 16 January 1891) was a French composer of Romantic music. He is particularly famous for his ballets, especially *Coppélia*, and operettas and operas, of which *Lakmé* is the most famous.

## Biography 
Delibes’s father worked for the post office. His mother was musical and played the piano. Her father, the composer’s grandfather, had been a baritone in the Opéra-Comique and she had a brother who was an organist and professor at the Paris Conservatoire.

When Delibes’s father died in 1847 his family moved to Paris so that the young Léo, who was 11, could continue having a good musical education. At first he found it difficult living in a large city as he was used to the countryside. He was a student of the well-known composer and teacher Adolphe Adam. At first he did well in his music lessons and won prizes, but after a few years he no longer won any prizes. He never tried to win the Prix de Rome which is what all French students of composition normally want to do. As a young boy he sang in choirs. Later he became a church organist and an accompanist at the Théâtre-Lyrique.

Soon Delibes started to composer operettas. He wrote 14 operettas in 14 years. He was commissioned to write some music to celebrate the emperor’s return from Algiers. The piece he wrote was called *Alger*. It was a huge success. The emperor gave him a gold medal, personally fastening a pin with diamonds to his lapel. In 1864 he became chorus master at the Opéra where he coached the chorus to sing many famous operas. Two years later he started to write ballets. These became very successful and three years later he stopped writing operettas.

In 1870 his ballet *Coppélia* was produced. By 1884 it had been performed 100 times. Together with *La Sylphide* and *Giselle* it was one of the most popular of all ballets. The story is about a man who makes a mechanical doll. Another popular ballet he wrote was *Sylvia*. His most successful opera was *Lakmé* which was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in 1883. It gives great opportunity for the main soprano, especially in the song called the *Bell Song*. Musicians usually think *Lakmé* is his greatest work.

Delibes died in 1891, and was buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris.

## Reputation  
Delibes started to compose at a time when ballet had become less popular in France than it had been earlier. Around the time of the Revolution there had been lots of performances of ballet, but during the 19th century there was less interest with the exception of *La Sylphide* and *Giselle*. Delibes was to change that. He had a great gift for writing easy melodies. At one time he thought he ought to compose like Wagner, using richer harmonies and leitmotifs, but fortunately he chose not to, following instead the style to which he was so well suited. *Coppélia* is in the repertoire of all major ballet companies, and several of its tunes are familiar to people even if they do not know where they come from. 

The Flower duet from *Lakmé* became particularly well known in recent years through an advert for British Airways.
Inverse

**Inverse** or **Inversion** could mean:

* Inverse (program), a program for solving Inverse and Optimization problems
* Inversion (music)
* Inversion (prosody), the reversal of the order of a foot's elements

* Inversion in postcolonial theory, a discursive strategy/gesture in cultural and subaltern studies
* *Invert*, a bmx trick
* Inverted pyramid, a way to arrange information in a news story
* Inverted sugar syrup

* Anastrophe, a literary device
* Mirror image
* Roller coaster inversions, which turn riders upside-down

## Science 
* Inverse (mathematics)
* Inversion (geometry), a particular type of conformal mapping
* Inverse problem, in science and mathematics, fitting a model to known data
* Inversion (geology), the relative uplift of a previously basinal area resulting from local shortening, in structural geology
* Inversion (meteorology), air temperature increasing with height
* Inversion (nuclear), The "island of inversion", a group of elements with abnormal nuclear shell structure
* Chromosomal inversion, where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end
* Nitrogen inversion, a chemical process in which a trigonal nitrogen-containing structure turns inside-out
* Population inversion, in statistical mechanics, when a system exists in state with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states
* Sexual inversion, in biology, the switching from one sex to the opposite among some animal species.
* Sexual inversion (sexology), a term for reversal of gender roles, usually implying homosexuality, found primarily in older scientific literature
* Inversion (linguistics), a term referring to a number of different distinct grammatical constructions found in the languages of the world.

## Technology 
* Inverse multiplexer (or 'demultiplexer'), which breaks a single data stream into several streams with lower data rates
* Inverter (electrical), which converts direct current to alternating current
* Inverter (logic gate) (or 'NOT gate')
* Priority inversion, in which a low-priority task holds a shared resource that a high-priority task needs

## Related pages 
* Antonym, word pairs that are opposite in meaning
* Introversion and extroversion
* Inverse-square law, something is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
* Inverted river delta, the narrow end on the seafront, the wide end located farther inland
* Obverse and reverse, in coins
* Opposite
* Reverse
* Reverse perspective, in art, the farther the object, the larger it is drawn
* Voice inversion, a method of scrambling communications
Displacement vector

A **displacement vector** is a concept from mathematics. It is a vector. It shows the direction and distance traveled with a straight line. It is often used in physics to display the speed, acceleration and distance of an object traveled (relative to a reference point or an object's starting position).

## Example 
* Tom walks 6 kilometres north from his home.  His displacement from home is 6 km north. Next, Tom walks 10 km south. Now he has walked a distance of 16 km, but his displacement from home is 4 km south.
Game & Watch

The ***Game & Watch*** is a series of small, hand-held video games made by Gunpei Yokoi of Nintendo from 1980 to 1991.  The games were usually simplistic (For example, "Chef" required keeping food in the air). The ***Game & Watch*** was invented before the ***Game Boy***. Until 1985 with the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Game & Watch was Nintendo's only foothold in the North American video game market.

## Mr. Game & Watch 
 is the main character in Game & Watch that also appeared in *Super Smash Bros. Melee* and *Super Smash Bros. Brawl.*
Pan-Germanism

**Pan-German Movement** (from , all, and *Germania*) is a nationalist ideological and political movement promoting the unification of all German-speaking peoples of Europe.

## Related pages 
*Pan-Slavism
IMVU

**IMVU** is an instant messaging client that uses three dimensional avatars to represent people. It was made in 2004 and has over 20 million users. Users can change how their avatar looks by buying things with "IMVU credits" earned in the game. It is free to join, but some features cost money. Most features can be bought with the game currency ("IMVU credits").

## Related pages
*Active Worlds
*Second Life

## Other websites 
* IMVU homepage
Guyver

The word **Guyver** is a word made by manga artist Yoshiki Takaya. It can refer to:
* Bio Booster Armor Guyver - Manga series by Yoshiki Takaya
* Guyver: Out of Control - A film based on the manga.
Xerox

**Xerox** is an American company that makes and sells photocopiers and paper. It was the first brand of modern photocopiers. The term xerox has become a generic trademark. This means people often use 'xerox' to mean any copy machine, and "xeroxing" to mean photocopying.  The company was founder in 1906. Its  headquarters is in Norwalk, Connecticut. Ursula Burns became the CEO and Chairwoman in 2009.

## Sources
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The **United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland** was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927. The United Kingdom was formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland) and the Kingdom of Ireland. Its name was changed in 1927 after the majority of Ireland left the UK in 1922 and became the sovereign Irish Free State, thus leaving only six counties in the north within the UK.

## List of monarchs 
The monarch continued to use the title of *King* or *Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland* until 1927. 

**House of Hanover**  

* George III (1801–1820) (monarch from 1760)
* George IV (1820–1830)
* William IV (1830–1837)
* Victoria (1837–1901)
* **House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha**
*
*
*
*
*
*
* Edward VII (1901–1910) 
* **House of Windsor (as of 1914)** 
* George V (1910–1922) (title used until 1927)

## Related pages
* History of the United Kingdom

## Other websites 
* British History Online
* Act of Union 1800
Agneta Sjödin

**Agneta Sjödin** (born 20 July 1967 in Norrbo, Hälsingland) is a Swedish television presenter.

## Hostings
*Tur i kärlek
*Fångarna på fortet
*Småstjärnorna
*Sikta mot stjärnorna
*Jakten på den röda rubinen
*Saknad
*Let's Dance
*Gladiatorerna
*Miss Sweden
Baroque

The **Baroque** (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s 

There are regional differences in Baroque style, the biggest of these is that the "northern style" is different from the "southern style".  

Baroque followed Renaissance art and Mannerism. It came before the Rococo (in the past often referred to as "late Baroque") and Neoclassical styles. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art, and music, though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well.

## What it looks like 
The Baroque style used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep color, grandeur, and surprise to achieve a sense of awe. The style began at the start of the 17th century in Rome, then spread rapidly to the rest of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, then to Austria, southern Germany, and Poland. By the 1730s, it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style, called *rocaille* or *Rococo*, which appeared in France and Central Europe until the mid to late 18th century. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires including the Iberian Peninsula it continued, together with new styles, until the first decade of the 19th century.

In the decorative arts, the style employs plentiful and intricate ornamentation. The departure from Renaissance classicism has its own ways in each country. But a general feature is that everywhere the starting point is the ornamental elements introduced by the Renaissance. The classical repertoire is crowded, dense, overlapping, loaded, in order to provoke shock effects. New motifs introduced by Baroque are: the cartouche, trophies and weapons, baskets of fruit or flowers, and others, made in marquetry, stucco, or carved.

## Gallery 

File:Bregenz 10.JPG|The chapel of Saint Johannes von Nepomuk, in the city of Bregenz in Austria
File:Kathedrale Fulda-6385.jpg|The Cathedral of Fulda, in Germany
File:Belvedere Vienna June 2006 005.jpg|The gate of Belvedere palace in Vienna
File:Belvedere Wien5.jpg|What lies beyond the gate, Belvedere Palace, panoramic view
File:Stift melk 001 2004.jpg|Melk Abbey / Stift Melk is one of the best-known monasteries in Austria
File:Stift Melk 009.jpg|Part of the image on the ceiling in the library of Stift Melk
File:WinterPalace.jpg|The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
File:Внутренний двор Зимнего дворца.jpg|Winter Palace, again, different view
File:061117 karlskirche quer.jpg|The Karlskirche (St. Charles' Church) in Vienna among the most important Baroque churches north of the Alps
File:Wien - Karlskirche, Chorraum und Oratorium.JPG|The altar and oratory insde the Karlskirche
File:Intercession of Charles Borromeo supported by the Virgin Mary - Detail Rottmayr Fresco - Karlskirche - Vienna.JPG|Detail of a fresco inside the Karlskirche
File:Baroque ceiling frescoes (Ljubljana Cathedral).jpg
File:Saint Peters Basilica Interior21.jpg

## References
## Related pages
*Baroque music
*Rococo

## Other websites 
*The difference between Classicism and baroque in video.
Investiture

**Investiture** means the formal installation of somebody (heir, elect of nominee) in public office by formally giving him the "insignia".  The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church.

In the Middle Ages investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal.  The lord *invested* the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a symbol of the land or office.  From feudal times up to the present, the term has been used in canon law to refer to a cleric receiving the symbols of spiritual office, such as the pastoral ring, mitre and staff, signifying transfer of the office.

## United Kingdom 
In the United Kingdom, around 2,600 people are invested personally by The Queen or a member of the Royal Family. A list of those to be honoured is published twice a year, in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List.
Approximately 22 Investitures are held annually in Buckingham Palace, one or two at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh and one in Cardiff.

## Investiture Controversy 
The question who should invest (appoint) whom was the subject of a conflict between the Catholic church (mainly the papacy) and state (mainly the Holy Roman Empire) in the Middle Ages during the so-called lay investiture controversy.

## Footnotes
Insignia

:*For the electronics brand-name of the same name, see *Best Buy*

**Insignia** (the plural of Latin *insigne'': emblem, symbol) is a symbol or token of personal power, status or office, or of an official body of government or jurisdiction. Insignia are especially used as an emblem of a specific or general authority.

Typical examples of insignia are:

* Crowns
* Flags of a country or state
* Coats of arms and Heraldry
* Seals
* Ensigns
* Roundels
* Badges
* Cockades

* Other National Emblems
* Shoulder patch, or shoulder sleeve insignia (SSI)
* Military rank and unit markings
Official insignia are often protected by law as to allow their use only by people holding a specific office or staff members action on behalf of such a person. Misuse, defacement and destruction of such symbols is considered an offense in many countries.
Operetta

**Operetta** is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun.  It is often described as “light opera” (“light” meaning “not serious“).  In an opera everything is usually sung.  In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this.  Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart’s *The Magic Flute)*.

The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries.  It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.

The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition. It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious.  There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments.  Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris.   In England such works were often called “comic operas” or “opera comedies”.   Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna.  He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna.  Strauss’s operetta *Die Fledermaus* (“The Bat”) has been performed more than any other operetta.  In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.

Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas.  The performers often had to both sing and act very well.  Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music.  In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.

One of the most popular of all operettas was *Die Lustige Witwe* (*The Merry Widow*) by Franz Léhar.  It was produced in 1905 in Vienna.  Léhar wrote many other operettas as well.  Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition. The most known Romanian operetta is *Crai nou* (*New moon*) by Ciprian Porumbescu. 

In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta.  After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta.  By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music.  These were no longer called “operettas”.  The word “operetta” continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.
Irish War of Independence

The **Irish War of Independence** was fought by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) against the British soldiers (known as the Black and Tans because of the colour of their uniform) who were trying to keep Ireland under British control.

The war was fought between 1919 and June 1921. The fighting stopped while a peace treaty was worked out. 

## Events 
The Irish War of Independence began because of the 1916 Easter Rising. During this rebellion, The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) fought British soldiers in Dublin. The IRB wanted Ireland to be its own country and wanted Britain to move its army out of Ireland. IRB members were killed during the rebellion, including 3 who were executed. These executions angered the Irish people, leading many of them to become *Republicans*. Republicans lived mostly in the south of Ireland. Meanwhile, because of the Ulster Plantations, Ulster was the most unionist part of Ireland. The Unionists wanted to stay under control of the British Government.

In 1917 the IRB was renamed the IRA. The fighting started two years later. By the end of 1919, the IRA had defeated the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the armed police of the United Kingdom in Ireland, and Ireland had no police forces. In London, the British government began to debate who should rule Ireland. 

## Peace treaty 
The war waged on until 1921, when Irish Sinn Féin leaders and British Members of Parliament made a peace treaty (called the Anglo-Irish Treaty). This treaty created the Irish Free State, which meant that Ireland was given Dominion Status. The treaty gave all the same rights to the Irish government as the Canadian and Australian governments had.

The treaty also gave the Irish Government power of 26 of the 32 counties in the country. The British Government kept the other 6 counties, which were all in Ulster, and formed Northern Ireland.

## Related pages
* History of Ireland
*Irish Republican Army
Bishop (chess)

A **bishop** () is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player starts the game with two bishops. At the start of a game, one bishop is placed in between the knight and the queen. This piece is the ''queen's bishop*. The other bishop is placed between the knight and the king. This piece is the *king's bishop''. The bishops are also referred to as the light-square bishop and dark-square bishop, depending on the square color it starts on. In chess notation, the starting squares are c1 and f1 for White's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black's bishops.

## History 
The bishop first appeared in medieval European chess. In Chaturanga, the bishop was represented as an armed attendant who sat on the back of an elephant. The Arabs called this figure "al-fil", which means "elephant". However, elephants were not known in Central Europe, so they could not recognize the figure. The bishops were interpreted differently by the different nations. That is why the bishop is a "Läufer" (runner) in Germany, a "fou" (fool) in France and a "alfiere" (standard-bearer) in Italy.

## How the bishop moves 
The bishop moves diagonally. It can move as far as a player wants it to, unless another piece blocks its path. A bishop can never leave the color of square that it starts on.

In the centre of an empty board, a bishop can move to 13 squares.
Bathurst 1000

The **Bathurst 1000** is a car race held at Mount Panorama, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. It is held every year.

## List of winners
Opera buffa

**Opera buffa** is an Italian term meaning “comic opera”.  It is mainly used for 18th century Italian comic operas.  Opera buffa contrasts with opera seria (“serious opera”) in which the story was a tragedy.  Opera seria was supposed to be “serious”, while opera buffa was an entertaining musical comedy.  Like the opera seria, everything was sung, there was no spoken dialogue.  This was different from comic opera in other countries.  The story in opera buffa is told in recitative and then there were arias for the characters to show their feelings and show off their voices.  

Although we use the term “opera buffa” today, in the 18th century they called such operas by other names, e.g. “commedia in musica”, “dramma giocosa”, “operetta”, “burlesca” etc.  An opera buffa was usually a full length work: one which would fill a whole evening’s entertainment.  It was different from an “intermezzo” or “farsa” which was a short musical comedy that was performed during the intervals of a musical tragedy, although the difference between the two is not always obvious.  The intermezzo became longer and longer during the 18th century and gradually developed into opera buffa.  Pergolesi’s *La Serva Padrone* was an intermezzo which became very famous after Pergolesi’s death.  It influenced opera buffa.  

Opera buffa always included a lot of caricature.  The characters showed human weaknesses such as , ,  and  (people who were pretending to be wise and important).  They often poked fun at the ruling classes.

In opera buffa the acting was always very important.  It was a very lively show, with a lot happening very quickly.  At the end of each act all the main characters sang together: this is called an “ensemble” (the French word for “together”).

Opera buffa started in Naples and gradually spread to other parts of Italy.  It was particularly popular at carnival time.  Important composers of opera buffa include Carlo Goldoni and Baldassare Galuppi.

By the end of the 18th century it was not always possible to tell the difference between an opera buffa and an opera seria.  Mozart’s opera *Don Giovanni*, for example, has a lot of comedy, but there is also a serious side.
Mosbach

**Mosbach** (South Franconian: *Mossbach*) is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 25,000 people live there. It is between Heidelberg and Heilbronn. There are other big towns nearby: Sinsheim, Eberbach and Osterburken.

In Neckarelz, a suburb of Mosbach, is the most important train station. There are trains running from Mannheim - Heidelberg - Heilbronn, Stuttgart - Heilbronn - Neckarelz and Kaiserslautern - Mannheim - Heidelberg - Mosbach - Osterburken. There are also 2 other stations: Mosbach and Mosbach West. There are only trains from Kaiserslautern to Osterburken.

Mosbach has an area of . The postal codes are from *74801* to *74821*, the old one was *6950*. The telephone numbers start with *+49 6261*, The cars have number plates with the letters *MOS*.

## References
## Other websites
* Mosbach.de
Counties of Ireland

There are 32 historic counties on the island of Ireland. 26 are in the Republic of Ireland and 6 are in Northern Ireland.

The counties *in italics* do not have a county council, instead they are have two or more smaller administrative county councils (called districts, in Northern Ireland)

Several large towns are county boroughs.  These councils have the same powers and duties of a county council.

 of the countries and traditional provinces on the island of Ireland]]
Melk Abbey

**Melk Abbey** or **Stift Melk** is a Benedictine abbey. It lies on the Danube, near the city of Melk. It is in Lower Austria. It is one of the distinguishing features of a region known as Wachau. It is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The abbey was almost totally destroyed in a fire, on 14 August 1297. It was rebuilt in Baroque style at the beginning of the 18th century.
## Images 

Image:Stift Melk church dsc01494.jpg|Church of the Abbey
Image:StiftMelkDeckenfresken.jpg|Ceiling of the church, with frescos
Image:StiftMelkKuppel.jpg|Cupola of the church
Image:The Triumph of the Monk by Johann Michael Rottmayr - Melk Abbey Austria.jpg|The Triumph of the Monk, by Johann Michael Rottmayr
Image:St. Benedict's triumphal ascent to heaven by Johann Michael Rottmayr - Melk Abbey Austria.jpg|St. Benedicts triumphal ascent to Heaven, also by Rottmayr
Image:Ceiling_painting_of_the_Marble_Hall_-_Melk_Abbey_-_Austria.jpg|Painting on the ceiling of the marble hall
Walenstadt

**Walenstadt** is a small city in east Switzerland. It is near Lake Walen and is divided in four part cities: Tscherlach, Berschis, Walenstadt and Walenstadtberg.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Norman Rockwell

**Norman Percevel Rockwell** (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an American painter. He was born in New York City. During 40 years Rockwell drew the cover pages of *The Saturday Evening Post*. He died of emphysema in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge owns much of his work.

He is well known for the set of paintings called the *Four Freedoms* - four pictures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, called: *Freedom of Speech*, *Freedom of Worship*, *Freedom from Want* and *Freedom from Fear*.

Other famous paintings are
*The Problem We All Live With (1964) - the painting shows Ruby Bridges.

## Related pages 
*List of American painters

## References
Exhibitionism

exhibitionist woman on a Budapest street in 2007.]]Sometimes, people show themselves uncovered, or naked to other people they don't know. They usually do this to get attention. The person who does this is called an **exhibitionist**. The behavior is called **exhibitionism**. 

Exhibitionism occurs because of different things: Usually, exhibitionists are extroverts. Exhibitionists often get a good feeling when they show their breasts, genitals or buttocks to strangers to shock or frighten them.

Less severe forms,are mooning,  streaking and flashing. 

Also note that to get attention, people must do this at a place we others do not expect it. Undressing before visiting a sauna, le taking off or changing clothes at a beach are perfectly normal. 

So there are different settings:

* There are certain medical conditions that make a person exhibitionist. An example of this  is  histrionic personality disorder. Exhibitionism is one of the symptoms of the condition. People may get good feelings from showing their naked breasts, genitals or buttocks. 
* Sometimes people have developed exhibitionist behaviors to compensate for things that they cannot get.
* More and more, people  take pictures or videos of themselves naked, or getting naked. They then upload this material on the internet. Sometimes they also get pleasure from such actions. 
* In some cases, people are not really exhibitionist, but they use nudity as a form of protest, or as a form of emphasis, to get their message across more easily.
* As outlined,  mooning, streaking and flashing are behaviors that some no longer consider exhibitionist.  

Many countries have laws against exhibitionism.

## Common use of the term 
All of the following are usually considered exhibitionist

### Nude in public 
There is a movement called "Nude in public", wehere people get nude. They then get pleasure from other people looking at them when they are nude, or when they get nude. This behavior is clearly exhibitionist

### Flashing and mooning 
 at Stanford University in 1995, intended as an unspecified protest and a world record attempt]]When people expose their genitals or breasts for a short time, this is called flashing. If they show their buttocks, it is usually called mooning.

### Streaking 
When people perform things in the nude, at a public event, this is usually called straking.  People enganging in this show up naked, at public events. 

## Related pages
* Voyeurism

## References
Zuiderzee Works

separates the IJsselmeer from the North Sea, protecting thousands of km² of land. In this image, the North sea is the body of water on the left hand side]]

The **Zuiderzeewerken** (*Zuiderzee Works*) are a system of dams, land reclamation and water drainage works in the Netherlands during the twentieth century. Plans for the works date back to the 1600s, but it was not until a very bad flood in 1916, that the Dutch parliament finally agreed to pay for the works. Now it is one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

First some dams or dykes were built to separate the South Sea () from the North Sea. The biggest was the *Afsluitdijk* ('closure dyke'). It is  long. When it was finished in 1932, the South Sea was completely cut off and from then on would become a lake called the *IJsselmeer*.

Land reclamation meant building more dams and pumping out the water inside. The new land is called a polder. Polders make new land for agriculture and make flood protection better, because the lake is smaller.

There are gates and sluices at the ends of the Afsluitdijk. The gates, called locks, can be opened to let ships through. The sluices let water out of the IJsselmeer. If there were no sluices the lake would fill up and flood the countryside. This is because it is always being filled with water from rivers and the polders which are still being drained.

## Related pages
* Flood

## References 
* Nieuw Land Poldermuseum –A Flevoland museum on the Zuiderzee Works and Dutch water management in general.
* The Zuiderzee Museum–Dedicated to the history and culture of the former Zuiderzee.
* Directorate IJsselmeer Region –The administration responsible for maintaining most of the Zuiderzee Works.

## Other websites
Receptor (cell biology)

= inside the cell]]

In cell biology, a **receptor** is a special structure that can be found in cell membranes. These are made of protein molecules such as glycoproteins. Receptors bind (attach) to specialised molecules. If the receptor has this molecule, it is activated, but if it does not it is deactivated. Depending on its state, a change inside the cell happens. 

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) take part in communication between the cell and the outside world. Extracellular signalling molecules (usually hormones, neurotransmitters, agonist, cytokines, growth factors or cell recognition molecules) attach to the receptor. This triggers changes in the function of the cell. The process is called signal transduction: The binding starts a chemical change on the inside of the membrane.

Receptors work like locks and keys. With the key, the lock can be locked or unlocked. If it is unlocked, the door belonging to it can be opened.

## Structure 
Part of the receptor sticks out of the cell membrane. The same applies to the membranes of cell organelles. A receptor's main function is to recognize and respond to a specific ligand, for example, a neurotransmitter or hormone. Some receptors respond to changes in 'transmembrane potential' (the difference in electric potential between the inside and the outside of a cell).

The middle part, inside the membrane itself, is a protein-lined pore through the membrane, or 'ion channel'. When the ligand binds to the surface, the pore becomes accessible to ions, which then pass through. In other cases, where differences in electric potential occur, the receptor changes in shape, which causes change inside the cell.

The inside (or cytoplasmic) part of the receptor interacts with the inside of the cell or organelle. There are several different kinds of receptor, each of which acts in a different way.

## Related pages 
*Signal transduction
Opéra-comique

**Opéra comique** is a French opera tradition.  Many French operas from the early 18th century to the early 20th century are opéras comiques.  In this French tradition there is spoken dialogue as well as songs and dances. It developed from the popular vaudevilles.  

In Paris there is a theatre called the Opéra-Comique where these operas were performed.  Although “opéra comique” means “comic opera” it is not necessarily comedy.  Bizet’s opera *Carmen* is probably the most famous opéra comique, and it is a tragedy. By the late 19th century the opéra-comique usually had no spoken dialogue.  There was music all the way through (as there is in *Carmen*).
Crook of Devon

**The Crook of Devon** is a Perthshire village about 6 miles south west of Kinross on the A977. It was famous in the 17th century for its witch burnings. Down the road at the side of the Institute (Village Hall) on the right hand side is a field called Lamblaires and in the north west corner is the place where the witches were  strangled and then burned at the stake.

## References
## Other websites 
* Overview of Crook of Devon
Capelle aan den IJssel

**Capelle aan den IJssel** is a municipality at the east side of Rotterdam. It is on the river IJssel and it has around 65,000 inhabitants. The place is well-known because the Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende lives there.
Vaudeville

A **Vaudeville** was a French satirical poem or song in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was used a lot in French theatre where entertainments using such songs were called "comédie en vaudeville". Late in the 19th century, a type of variety show done in American theaters came to be called "vaudeville" which was popular from the early 1880s to the early 1930s. The typical American vaudeville performance was made up of a several different, unrelated performances which were grouped together into a single show. Entertainers typically traveled from town to town as arranged by a "vaudeville circuit". It became less popular after the rise of movies, cinema, and radio, which eventually took over as the main forms of public entertainment.

## History 
The earliest vaudeville was the *vau de vire*, a Norman song of the 15th century, named after the valley of Vire. During the 16th century a style grew in the towns in France called the *voix de ville* ( *city voices*), whose name may have been a pun on *vau de vire*. These were also satirical. The two styles came together and in the 17th and 18th century. The term 'vaudeville' came to be used for songs satirizing political and court events. 

## Growth 
The comédie en vaudeville grew from the tradition of these simple songs. The Paris audiences in the late 17th and early 18th century enjoyed hearing the familiar vaudeville tunes to new words. These comedies then grew into opéra-comique.

## References 
*Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, *Vaudeville*.
Porter

**Porter** can mean:

* The family name Porter.
* The given name Porter.
* Many places are named for people named Porter
* A porter, person who carries objects
* A person who works on a railroad and helps passengers
* A kind of beer
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto

**Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto** (3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect who made many important contributions to architecture. Sometimes he is called the "Father of Modernism".

## Life 
Alvar Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. He studied architecture at the Technical University of Helsinki from 1916 to 1921. He returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office in 1923. Alvar Aalto died in May 11, 1976, in Helsinki.

## Other websites 
* Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
* Aalto bibliography  - From the official site
* Alvar Aalto - Design Dictionary  Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
* Alvar Aalto's Savoy Vase (1936)

## References
Time signature

A **time signature** is a set of two numbers, one on top of the other one, written right after the key signature in a piece of music. The two numbers in a time signature tell you how many of one kind of note there are in each measure in the song. For example, \frac 4 4 means that there are four beats in each measure and the quarter note gets one beat.

## Finding out what certain time signatures mean 
The number in the top of the time signature tells a player how many of a certain kind of note there are in each measure. The number in the bottom of the time signature tells what kind of note is used a certain number of times in each measure. The number on the bottom of the time signature can be any power of 2 that is greater than or equal to 2. So, 64 could be a number that is put in the bottom of the time signature, but 65 could not be one.

This table shows different numbers that could be the bottom of a time signature, and what they mean. Note that each note down lasts for one-half of the amount the note above it lasted. For example, one quarter note lasts one beat, and one-half note lasts one half of a beat, because one divided by two is one-half.

## Time signatures that are used very often 
## Symbols that are used instead of time signatures 
*The letter **C** has been used instead of using \frac 4 4 time.
*The symbol "" is called "cut time" (*alla breve*) and has been used instead of using \frac 2 2 time, where every note is cut in half. So, in "cut time", a quarter note, which usually gets one beat, gets one-half of a beat.

## Related pages
*Key signature
*Note (music)
*Bar (music)

## References
Poppy

A **poppy** is a flowering plant in the subfamily Paperveroideae.

The name is used especially for the bright red flowers which are common in this group. They are symbolic, and used to remember the Armistice Day of World War I, now known as Remembrance Day. Now it is celebrated in the Commonwealth for those who died in all wars.

Some types can be grown and used to make the drug opium. Ancient Egyptian doctors had their patients eat seeds from a poppy to relieve pain. Poppy seeds contain small quantities of both morphine and codeine. These are pain-relieving drugs that are still used today. The morphine practically disappears from the seeds twenty days after the flower has opened, so from then on poppy seeds and their oils are not narcotic.
There are a number of showy flowers, typically one per stem, in to the poppy family. They include a number of attractive wildflower species with showy flowers growing singularly or in large groups. Many species are grown in gardens. These include large plants used in a mixed herbaceous border and small plants that are grown in rock or alpine gardens.

The flower color of poppy species include: white, pink, yellow, orange, red and blue. Some have dark center markings. The cultivated species include many other colors ranging from dark solid colors to soft pastel shades.  Before blooming, the petals are crumpled in bud, and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away.

The pollen of the oriental poppy, *Papaver orientale*, is dark blue. The pollen of the field poppy or corn poppy (*Papaver rhoeas*) is dark blue to grey. Bees use poppies for their pollen.

The opium poppy, *Papaver somniferum*, is grown for opium, opiates or seeds to be used in cooking and baking.

## Gallery 

Image:Blue Poppy Meconopsis sp Pair 1000px.jpg|Bhutan's national flower
Image:Poppy - Ontario Canada - Relic38.JPG|Close-up of an Oriental poppy (Papaver orientale).
Image:Crowning_P_Somniferum_topview.jpg|Immature crowning Opium Poppy, top view.
Image:Poppy bud opening.jpg|A poppy bud opening.
Image:Poppy_seeds.jpg|*Papaver somniferum* seeds.
Image:Oldpoppies.jpg|Field of poppies.

## Related pages 
*Morphine
*Heroin
*Frowning Critters Kill the Smiling Critters

## References
Member state of the European Union

are those highlighted in light orange, candidate states highlighted in green]]

A **European Union member state** is any one of the twenty-seven countries that have joined the European Union (EU) since it was found in 1958 as the European Economic Community (EEC). From an original membership of six states, there have been five successive enlargements. The largest happened on 1 May 2004, when ten member states joined.
 
Following the addition of Croatia in 2013, the EU's membership now stands at twenty-eight. Negotiations are also under way with other states. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. However, this term is also used to refer to the intensification of cooperation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual centralising of power within European institutions. Before being allowed to join the European Union, a state must fulfill the economic and political conditions generally known as the Copenhagen criteria: these basically require that a candidate member state must enjoy a secular, democratic system of government, together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect the rule of law. Under the terms of the Treaty on European Union, enlargement of the Union is conditional upon the agreement of each existing member state as well as approval by the European Parliament.

Bulgaria and Romania make up the second part of the EU's fifth enlargement, and joined the EU on 1 January 2007. This date was agreed upon at the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003, confirmed at Brussels on 18 June 2004, and affirmed by the country reports of October 2004 and the final report delivered on 26 September 2006. Bulgaria and Romania signed their Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005 at a ceremony held at Neumünster Abbey in Luxembourg.

The United Kingdom was a former EU member state.  It joined the European Economic Community on 1 January 1973.  On 23 June 2016, 51.9% of voters chose to leave the EU.  The country formally withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020.  This means that there is 27 members of the European Union.  

## List of members 
 in Leeds, England.]]

### Current members 
### Former members 
## References
Quetzal

A **quetzal** is a brightly colored bird in the trogon family. They are found in forests and woodlands, especially in humid highlands.

These birds live in the Americas. The word "quetzal" was first used for the resplendent quetzal, a famous long-tailed quetzal that lives in Central America. The resplendent quetzal is the national symbol of Guatemala.

They are strongly sexually dimorphic, as usual with the males being brighter. Parts of the female plumageis brown or grey. These largely solitary birds feed on fruits, berries, insects and small vertebrates (such as frogs). Even with their famous bright plumage, they can be hard to see in their natural wooded habitats.

In Aztec times, the quetzal was worshiped as the god of the air. Its long tail feathers, which can grow up to 2&nbsp;ft (60&nbsp;cm) long, were highly prized for making into costume and head-dresses.

## Species 
Resplendent Quetzal

Pavonine Quetzal

Crested Quetzal

Eared Quetzal

White-Tipped Quetzal

Golden Headed Quetzal

## References
Teutonic Knights

The **Teutonic Knights** are a Roman Catholic military order. It was formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre, Palestine, during the Crusades. The Teutonic Knights are now a clerical order based in Vienna, Austria.

In 1226 Konrad of Masovia brought the Teutonic Knights to fight against Baltic pagan Prussian tribes. They won quickly and, their new country being Prussia, were called Prussians. The knights started to be a danger for the then weak Poland. Finally, the power of the Teutonic Order was crushed in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

## References
Renju

**Renju** (Japanese and ) is a version of the board game Gomoku. The game comes from Japan. It is played in many other countries including China, Korea, Russia, Estonia and Sweden. It is played with black and white stones on a Go board.

## Other websites 
* Renju International Federation has complete rules and history of the game
* Nihon Renju Sha Japanese Renju Federation 
* Korean Omok Association (***omok*** is the Korean name of the game)
* China Renju federation (RIF China)
Nainital

**Nainital** is a town in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and headquarters of Nainital district in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas.

*Naini Lake* has too low a level of oxygen in the bottom layer to sustain fish. This is mostly due to pollution, which includes illegal dumping of garbage.

## Other websites 
* Trade Guide for Nainital District
Queen Anne's Revenge

'''''Queen Anne's Revenge''''' was the name of Blackbeard's famous pirate ship. Built in 1710 as the *Concord*, it was captured by the French in 1711 and by pirates in 1717, before being run aground on an island near North Carolina