open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flare star

A **flare star** is a variable star that becomes very much brighter unpredictably for a few minutes at a time.

Flares happen on flare stars in a similar way to solar flares. They are magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere of stars. The brightness increases across the spectrum, from X rays to radio waves. 

The first known flare stars were discovered in 1924, they were V1396 Cygni and AT Microscopii. Still the best-known flare star is UV Ceti, that star was discovered in 1948. Today similar flare stars are classified as UV Ceti type variable stars in variable star catalogs. Flares can happen once every few days or, as in the case of Barnard's Star, much less frequently. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Solar System, is also a flare star.

Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although less massive (lighter) brown dwarfs might also be able to flare. The more massive (heavier) RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but scientists understand that a companion star in a binary system causes these flares. This companion star disturbs the magnetic field.  Nine stars similar to the Sun have also been seen to flare. There is a suggestion that this happens for similar reasons to the flares of the RS CVn variables.  A companion causes the flares, this companion is a massive planet like the planet Jupiter that orbits the flaring star closely.

## Nearby flare stars
Flare stars are give off relatively little light, but have been found as far away as 1,000 light years from Earth.

### Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is closer to the sun than any other star and is a flare star. Proxima Centauri increases its brightness randomly and magnetic force causes this. Convection creates a magnetic field throughout the matter in Proxima Centauri, and this leads to flaring with a total X-ray output similar to that of the Sun though the sun is much more massive (heavier) than Proxima Centauri.

### Wolf 359
The flare star Wolf 359 is another star relatively near the Solar System in the constellation of Leo and has other names (designations) as well.  It is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 and emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and flares relatively often.

The mean (average) magnetic field varies significantly during periods of time as short as six hours. By comparison, the magnetic field of the Sun averages  (), although it can rise as high as  () in active sunspot regions.

### Barnard's Star
Barnard's Star is the second nearest star system to our sun and scientists suspect it is a flare star.

### TVLM513-46546 
TVLM513-46546 is the name scientists give to a flare star with very low mass. This small star is only just heavy enough to count as a red dwarf.

## References
Sardar

**Sardar** or **Sirdar** or **Serdar**, is a title of nobility in India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. 

The word is from the old Sanskrit and Avesta languages. It means a prince, nobleman, tribal chief or leader or other aristocrat. In some tribes and ethnic groups in India and Pakistan, especially among the Baloch people and Punjabis, it is quite commonly used to denote even certain families of noble origins.
Four Freedoms Award

, painted by Frank O. Salisbury, 1947]]
The **Four Freedoms Award** is an annual award. It is presented to people and organisations who have "demonstrated" the principles of the *Four Freedoms* of US-president Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

President Roosevelt described his *Four Freedoms* during the State of the Union speech of 6 January 1941. In his speech he said that if democracy is to survive and flourish, people everywhere in the world are entitled to four human rights: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear.

The awards have been given since 1982, alternately in the United States and the Netherlands. In odd years the awards are given to Americans by the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute in Hyde Park, New York. In some years special awards have been given.

In even years the award ceremony is held in Middelburg and honours non-Americans. The choice for Middelburg was motivated by the suspected descendance of the family Roosevelt from the village of Oud-Vossemeer in the province of Zeeland.

## Four Freedoms Speech 
The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
#The first is freedom of speech and expression — everywhere in the world.
#The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way — everywhere in the world.
#The third is freedom from want —which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants— everywhere in the world.
#The fourth is freedom from fear —which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor— anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.—Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941

## Laureates
### Freedom Medal
### Freedom of Speech
, a painting of Norman Rockwell of 1943]]

### Freedom of Worship
*, a painting of Norman Rockwell of 1943]]

### Freedom from Want
* of painter Norman Rockwell of 1943]]

### Freedom from Fear
* of Norman Rockwell of 1943]]

### Special presentations
## References 
*Roosevelt Institute, List of laureates 
* . NOS (2008)
*Oosthoek, A.L. (2010) *Roosevelt in Middelburg: the four freedoms awards 1982-2008'', 
*American Rethoric, Four Freedoms Speech of Roosevelt

## Other websites
* Roosevelt Institute, Hyde Park, New York
* Roosevelt Stichting, Middelburg, Netherlands
Shizuya Hayashi

**Shizuya Hayashi** (November 28, 1917-March 12, 2008) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.
 
## Early life
Hayashi was born in Waiakea, Hawaii.  He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He was a *Nisei*, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier
Nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hayashi joined the US Army in March 1941. He was given the nickname "Cesar" because his sergeant could not pronounce his name.

Hayashi volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion.   This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hayashi was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hayashi's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Hayashi's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.

The words of Hayashi's citation explain:
Private Shizuya Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. During a flank assault on high ground held by the enemy, Private Hayashi rose alone in the face of grenade, rifle, and machine gun fire. Firing his automatic rifle from the hip, he charged and overtook an enemy machine gun position, killing seven men in the nest and two more as they fled. After his platoon advanced 200 yards from this point, an enemy antiaircraft gun opened fire on the men. Private Hayashi returned fire at the hostile position, killing nine of the enemy, taking four prisoners, and forcing the remainder of the force to withdraw from the hill. Private Hayashi’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
*
Rebecca

**Rebecca** ([ ri-**bek**-*uh* ]) is a female name. It is the name of Isaac's wife in the Book of Genesis (Chapter 24).

The name Rebecca has been very popular for centuries. It has an interesting backstory and significance. Its Hebrew roots give it the meaning of "to tie, to bind, to snare," from the term "Ribqah," which means "to bind firmly." Additionally, the name is linked to the biblical figure of Rebecca, who was Isaac's spouse and the mother of Jacob and Esau. Rebecca is a popular name for girls in English-speaking countries. Nicknames include Becky, Becca, Beck, And Bex/Becks.

The name Rebecca is the English translation of the name  (Rivka). This name was ranked #304 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People
*Rebecca Black, American singer
*Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
*Rebecca Hall, British actress
*Rebecca Quin, real name of American professional wrestler Becky Lynch
*Rebecca Romijn, American actress
*Rebecca Sealfon, American writer
*Rebecca St. James, Australian singer
*Rebecca, a film directed by Alfred Hitchcock
*Rebecca Ferguson, Swedish actress
*Rebecca Shelley, American pacifist

## References
Harold Washington

**Harold Lee Washington** (April 15, 1922 &ndash; November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician. He became the first African-American Mayor of Chicago, serving from 1983 until his death in 1987. Before, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Illinois's 1st congressional district. He was also a member of the Illinois State Senate and Illinois House of Representatives.

Washington was born on April 15, 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Roosevelt College and at Northwestern University School of Law. 

He was married to Nancy Dorothy Finch from 1942 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was engaged to Mary Ella Smith until his death in 1987. 

During his first term as mayor, Washington led the city through the "council wars" which were intense political disagreements between city hall and the city council. Despite this, Washington enjoyed positive approval among the city's residents.

Washington died suddenly on November 25, 1987 in Chicago City Hall from a heart attack, aged 65.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Washington as the nineteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993. The Harold Washington Library and Harold Washington College are named after him.

## References
## Other websites
*"The Legacy of Chicago's Harold Washington", Cheryl Corley, *All Things Considered*, November 23, 2007. Accessed November 23, 2007.
*Harold Washington on the Legacy of Richard J. Daley
*A Latino Resource 
*
Jane Byrne

**Jane Margaret Byrne** (May 24, 1933 &ndash; November 14, 2014) was the first female mayor of Chicago. She served from April 16, 1979 to April 29, 1983. She lost her re-election in 1983 to Harold Washington.

Byrne was born on May 24, 1933 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at DePaul University. She was married to William Byrne from 1956 until his death in 1959. Then she was married to Jay McMullen from 1978 until his death in 1992. She had a daughter, Kathy by William Byrne. William Bryne died in an airplane accident.

Byrne died in Chicago, Illinois from complications of a stroke, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*Former City Hall Reporter Ray Hanania's online look at the City Hall Press Room and the Byrne Administration, published in the Chicago Reader and later online
Carter Harrison IV

**Carter Henry Harrison IV** (April 23, 1860 &ndash; December 25, 1953) served as Mayor of Chicago (1897–1905 and 1911–1915). As the City's 30th mayor, he was the first mayor actually born in Chicago. His father was Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, Sr..

Carter was born on April 23, 1860 in Chicago, Illinois. His father, Carter Harrison, Sr. was already the mayor but was assassinated while in office. He was married to Edith Ogden. He had two children. Harrison died on December 25, 1953 in Chicago, Illinois from natural causes, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Mayor Carter Henry Harrison Papers  at the Newberry Library
Richard J. Daley

**Richard Joseph Daley** (May 15, 1902 &ndash; December 20, 1976) was an American politician who served for 21 years as the mayor of Chicago, Illinnois. He was one of the biggest bosses of the Democratic Party in the country. As mayor, he was one of the most well-known Irish-Americans. His son Richard M. Daley was also the mayor of Chicago for 22 years. Another son was William M. Daley.

Daley was born in Bridgeport, Chicao and studied at DePaul University. He was married to Eleanor "Sis" Daley from 1936 until his death in 1976. They had seven children.

Daley died on December 20, 1976 in Chicago from a heart attack at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*Mayor Richard J. Daley 
*Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago
*Richard Daley's Gravesite
Carter Harrison III

**Carter Harrison III** (February 15, 1825 &ndash; October 28, 1893) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago from 1879 until 1887; he was elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term.

He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives. Harrison was the first cousin twice removed of President William Henry Harrison. He is also related to President Benjamin Harrison. His son, Carter Harrison, Jr. would later become Mayor of Chicago.

Harrison was born on February 15, 1825 in Fayette County, Kentucky. He studied at Yale University. He was married two times and secretly engaged to another before his death. Harrison died on October 28, 1893 after being shot and killed in his home in Chicago, Illinois, aged 68.

## References
City Hall-County Building

**City Hall-County Building** is the official city hall of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Next to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R. Thompson Center, the building that includes Chicago City Hall has the offices of the mayor. The building's east side (called the County Building) is for offices of Cook County. It is on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets. The 11-story building was designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche in the classical revival style. The building was officially dedicated on February 27, 1911.

When this hall was being built, the city of Chicago was undergoing a massive transformation. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the city rebuild itself as an epicenter of commerce, culture, and industry. The City Hall was a direct reflection of this new, ambitious and modern Chicago.

The City Hall is a transitional structure incorporating a mix of classical styles, 20th century materials and exquisite craftsmanship. The building's repeated use of large windows emphasizes its strong horizontal lines, and the beaux-arts style seems like an influence from the French Renaissance. The carved figures of eagles, lions and other symbolic elements evoke the imagery of power and protection. The central dome is symbolic of civic leadership owing to the fact that the building is the tallest structure for several blocks around.

Chicago City Hall has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places as it a historical monument that signifies timeless elegance. Apart from its remarkable architectural and engineering feats, Chicago City Hall has also witnessed numerous significant political events, protests, and gatherings.

The "fifth floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for the office and power of the mayor, whose office is located on the fifth floor of the building.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Chicago 
* Cook County
* Chicago Landmarks: City Hall-County Building
William B. Ogden

**William Butler Ogden** (June 15, 1805 &ndash; August 3, 1877) was the first Mayor of Chicago.

Ogden was born on June 15, 1805 in Walton, New York. He was married to Mariana Arnot from 1875 until his death in 1877. They had no children. Butler lost almost everything he had in the Great Chicago Fire. Butler died on August 3, 1877 in Fordham Heights, New York, aged 72.

## References
Anmanari Brown

**Anmanari Brown** is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. Since then, her paintings have gained much success. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, the Queensland Art Gallery, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Brown was born roughly some time during the 1930s. She was born at Purpurna, a waterhole that is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. In the 1950s, her family was moved out of the bush to live at Warburton, with many other Aboriginal families. Warburton was a Christian mission at the time, and Brown was taught at school here by missionaries. When she was older, Brown moved to Irrunytju and married Nyakul Dawson.

Brown began work as an artist in 2000. The women of Irrunytju had opened an art centre as an community-owned economic program. Anmanari and other senior women in the community began painting for Irrunytju Arts on linen canvases. Their first exhibition was held in 2001, in Perth. The art mixed modern painting techniques with ancient designs and cultural law.

From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Tjayanka Woods. When Brown's husband died in 2007, she and Woods left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne.

Brown mostly paints the  (Seven Sisters Dreaming). Her connection to this Dreaming comes from her mother, whose homeland is Kuru Ala, a sacred place for women. The paintings in her solo show depicted stories from this Dreaming. 

Brown's paintings are not figurative. She does not explicitly depict figures or features of the landscape, but she does use iconographic symbols to represent them. She uses patterned lines to represent tracks in a journey, or seven small shapes or lines to represent the sisters. She also sometimes uses colour symbolically. While Brown mainly paints directly on canvas, several of her works are made from screen-printing methods.

## References
## Other websites
*Resources at the National Library of Australia
Joseph Medill

**Joseph Medill** (April 6, 1823 &ndash; March 16, 1899) was a Canadian-American newspaper editor and politician who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1871 through 1873. He left as mayor of Chicago because he was going on a tour to Europe. He left Lester L. Bond as the mayor for 3½ months.

Medill was born on April 6, 1823 in Saint John, New Brunswick. He was never married. He had 2 children. Medill died on March 16, 1899 in San Antonia, Texas, aged 75.

## References
Alson Sherman

**Alson Sherman** (April 21, 1811 &ndash; September 27, 1903) was an American politician from Chicago who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1844 through 1845.

Sherman was married to April 21, 1811 in Barre, Vermont. He was married to Aurora Abbott from 1833 until her death in 1883. They had 14 children. Sherman died on September 27, 1903 in Waukegan, Illinois, aged 92.

## References
Emil Hamilton

Professor **Emil Hamilton** or **Ruina** is a fictional Superman character from the DC Comics universe. He is mostly a mad scientist who is a threat to the world. He is smart and has a suit that learned all of Superman's weaknesses and abilities so that he could copy them. 

## In other media 
He is played by actor Richard Schiff in the 2013 movie *Man of Steel*. He was voiced by Victor Brandt in *Superman: The Animated Series*.
Mian Family of Baghbanpura

The **Mian Arain family of Baghbanpura** is an old family of Lahore, now in Pakistan. They used to live in the Baghbanpura neighborhood of Lahore. They were the official caretakers of the Shalimar Gardens Lahore during the time of the Mughal Empire and were later made into court nobles by the Mughals. 

The family has produced many famous people who played an important role in the social, cultural and political life of  Lahore city.
Arain

The **Arain** are a Punjabi agricultural tribe in India and Pakistan. Originally, they had agricultural roots but in later times some of them shifted to towns and cities and became famous in many areas. A famous Arain family in the Indian subcontinent is the Mian Family of Baghbanpura , in Lahore.

## References
Anton Cermak

**Antonín Josef Čermák** (May 9, 1873 &ndash; March 6, 1933) was an American politician of Czech origin. He was best known as the mayor of Chicago. He was mayor from 1931 until his death in 1933.

## Biography
Antonín Josef Čermák was born on May 9, 1873 in Kladno, Austria-Hungary. He was married to Mary Horejas until his death in 1933. They have one daughter, Helena.

Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931. In 1928 he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote.

His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

## Death
Cermak was mortally shot while being at a Democratic Party convention for Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 15, 1933 that was supposed attempt to assassinate Roosevelt. He died 19 days later from injury he sustained. He was 59 years old. 4 other people were also shot but received their minor injuries. Later doctors said Cermak would have lived if he had never had colitis.

## Aftermath
One of his three daughters, Helena, is married to Governor of Illinois Otto Kerner, Jr..

## References
## Other websites
*Cermak's tomb at Bohemian National Cemetery
*
Eugene Sawyer

**Eugene Sawyer** (September 3, 1934 &ndash; January 19, 2008) was an American businessman and politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago from 1987 to 1989. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second African American to be mayor of Chicago.

Sawyer was born on September 3, 1934 in Greensboro, Alabama. He studied at Alabama State University. Sawyer died on January 19, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois from a stroke, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
* ''New York Times article
Basilar-type migraine

**Basilar-type migraine** is a type of migraine with aura that causes a headache which usually starts in the *occipital region* which is in the lower back part of the brain. The symptoms that are believed to start in the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and the pain may affect both sides of the brain at the same time.

Most people who have basilar-type migraine also have migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms. This type of migraine is usually more common in young people between about 10–19 years of age.

The word *Basilar* comes from the Middle French word *basilaire*: of or related to the base. In medicine it usually refers to the base or bottom of a body part, especially the skull.   
 
This is called 'basilar-type' because it was first described in the areas of the brain which receive blood from the basilar artery, which includes most parts of the brain in the *posterior fossa* and also the brainstem, which are in the lower, back part of the brain (occipital region). But it was later seen that it may also affect areas of the brain outside of the areas which receive blood from the basilar artery. There is no proof that problems in the basilar artery are the cause.

## References
Roswell B. Mason

**Roswell B. Mason** (September 19, 1805 &ndash; January 1, 1892) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1869–1871) for the Citizens Party.

Roswell was born on September 19, 1805 in Hartford, New York. He was never married and had no children. 

Roswell held a high position with the Illinois Central Railroad until he decided to run to be Mayor of Chicago on a reform ticket. During Mason's administration, the Great Chicago Fire occurred. Mason responded by directing General Philip Sheridan to place the city under martial law.

Mason died on January 1, 1892 from natural causes in Chicago, Illinois, aged 86.

## Related pages
* Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago

## References
James Curtiss

**James Curtiss** (April 7, 1803 &ndash; November 2, 1859) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago two times. He ran for the Democrat.

Curtiss was born on April 7, 1803 in Wethersfield, Connecticut. He was raised in both Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Chicago, Illinois. Curtiss died on November 2, 1859 in Joliet, Illinois from an illness, aged 53.

## References
## Other websites
* First Inaugural Address
* Second Inaugural Address
John Barrymore

**John Barrymore** (**John Sidney Blyth**, February 15, 1882 &ndash; May 29, 1942) was an American movie, television, stage, and radio actor. He was known for his roles in *Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde* (1920), *Grand Hotel* (1932), *Dinner at Eight* (1933), *Twentieth Century* (1934), and *Don Juan* (1926). His brother is Academy Award-winning actor Lionel Barrymore. His granddaughter is actress Drew Barrymore.

Barrymore was born on February 15, 1882 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was married to Katherine Corri Harris from 1910 until they divorced in 1917. Then he was married to Blanche Oelrichs from 1920 until they divorced in 1925. Then he was married to Dolores Costello from 1928 until they divorced in 1934. Then he was last married to Elaine Barrie from 1936 until they divorced in 1940. Barrymore had three children. Barrymore died on May 29, 1942 in Los Angeles, California from cirrhosis, aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Lionel Barrymore

**Lionel Barrymore** (**Lionel Herbert Blythe**, April 28, 1878 &ndash; November 15, 1954) was an American movie, television, stage, and radio actor who won an Academy Award in 1931. He is known for his roles in *A Free Soul*, *The Little Colonel*, ''It's a Wonderful Life*, *Young Dr. Kildare*, and in *David Copperfield''. His brother was actor John Barrymore and his grandniece is actress Drew Barrymore.

Barrymore was born on April 28, 1878 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Episcopal Academy. Barrymore was married to Doris Rankin from 1904 until they divorced in 1923. Then he was married to Irene Fenwick from 1923 until they divorced in 1936. He had two daughters with Rankin, both died early. He had a fatherly love with Jean Harlow and treated her as if she was his own daughter. Barrymore died on November 15, 1954 in Van Nuys, California from a heart attack, aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Photographs of Lionel Barrymore
*Lionel Barrymore at Internet Broadway Database
Yeiki Kobashigawa

**Yeiki Kobashigawa** (September 28, 1917-March 31, 2005)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life
Kobashigawa was born at Hilo, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier
One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobashigawa joined the US Army in November 1941.

Kobashigawa volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in June 1944, Kobashigawa was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Kobashigawa's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Kobashigawa's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944.

The words of Kobashigawa's citation explain:
Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio, Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance to his first position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged, capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them. Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
*
Levi Boone

**Levi Day Boone** (December 6, 1808 &ndash; January 24, 1882) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1855–1856) for the American Party (Know-Nothings).

Boone was born near Lexington, Kentucky. He studied at Transylvania University.  He became a doctor.  Boone was married to Louise M. Smith. They had 11 children. In 1862, Boone was arrested and briefly held in Camp Douglas on suspicion that he had helped a Confederate prisoner to escape. 

Boone first ran for mayor of Chicago in 1855.  He campaigned on a platform attacking Catholics and immigrants. After he was elected, he ordered the enforcement of a law against selling alcohol on Sundays -- but only in immigrant neighborhoods. On April 21, 1854, protesters, who did not like the bars being closed on Sudnays, fought with police, who supported Boone.  "One protester was killed and dozens wounded in the brief clash, but the resulting backlash destroyed Boone's political career."   Boone did not run for re-election in the mayoral election of 1856. Boone died on January 24, 1882 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
*Inaugural Address
*Boone Biography at Chicago Public Library
Archaeozoology

**Archaeozoology** is the study of animals in archaeological contexts. These include all the organic remains left in the soil after the death and decay of animals but also the representation of animals in rock art and on portable materials. Zooarchaeology is a comparable term but differs in that the primary reason for study of the animals is archaeological rather than zoological. These are mostly bones and teeth. Sometimes hair, skin or other body parts are found and can be studied. Archeaozoology also studies the animals' effect on the environment and their relationships with humans. The people who study archaeozoology are called archaeozoologists. Their training can be as biologists or archaeologists.

## Related pages
*Zoology
*Archaeology

## References
Two-Face

**Two-Face** is a fictional Batman supervillain who appears in comic books by DC Comics. The character was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and first appeared in *Detective Comics* #66 (August 1942).  

## Fictional character biography 
In his comic book appearances, Two-Face is the alter-ego of **Harvey Dent** who was the district attorney of Gotham City before being burned in an explosion or being burned by acid. After his accident, he became a villain because of his anger against Batman and Gotham City. He always flips a coin when he is about to a commit a crime or take action. Half of his coin is burned. He had a girlfriend, but she either died or left him after his accident. 

## Powers and abilities 
Two-Face has no superpowers, instead relying on his proficiency in marksmanship and martial arts, which was further improved after being trained by Deathstroke and Batman. As a former lawyer, the character uses his expertise in criminal law, criminology, and police procedures to devise his crimes.

## In other media 
The character has been adapted to different forms of media, including toys, movies television series, and video games. He was played by Billy Dee Williams in *Batman*, by Tommy Lee Jones in *Batman Forever*, and by Aaron Eckhart in *The Dark Knight*, and Nicholas D'Agosto in the television series *Gotham.* He was voiced by Richard Moll in *Batman: The Animated Series*. 

## Other websites
*Two-Face at the DC Database Project
Walter S. Gurnee

**Walter S. Gurnee** (March 9, 1813 – April 18, 1903) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago from 1851 through 1853. The town Gurnee, Illinois is named after him. He was a Democrat.

Gurnee was born on March 9, 1813 in Haverstraw, New York. He was raised in Michigan and in Chicago. He was never married and had no children. Gurnee died on April 18, 1903 in New York City, New York from natural causes, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*Village of Gurnee, IL history page
*1st Inaugural speech at Chicago Public Library
*2nd Inaugural speech at Chicago Public Library
Electrocardiogram

An **electrocardiogram** (**ECG** or **EKG**) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. The instrument that makes the record is the ECG machine or Electrocardiograph.  Willem Einthoven invented it in 1902. An ECG uses electrodes attached on your chest and limbs on the surface of the skin. It tracks and documents the heart’s electrical activity. 

An electrocardiogram monitors the heart. Your own internal pacemaker, your sinoatrial node, starts your heartbeat with an electrical signal. An EKG reads that signal and tracks its impact on your heart as it contracts and relaxes with each heartbeat. Doctors can use an electrocardiogram to look for patterns among these heartbeats and rhythms to diagnose and interpret various heart conditions.

ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as an artificial pacemaker.

An electrocardiogram is a non invasive painless procedure. The results of your electrocardiogram will likely be reported immediately after it is done.

## References
Gordy

***Gordy*** is an American family comedy-drama movie from 1995. The movie is about a piglet named Gordy who searches for his missing family (who are taken away to a slaughterhouse in Omaha, Nebraska). Gordy experiences the lives of other people who are part of the movie's side stories, including traveling country music singers Luke McAllister and his daughter Jinnie Sue; and lonely boy Hanky Royce whose mother is engaged to a sinister businessman, Gilbert Sipes. Gordy changes lives for the people he encounters due to their ability to understand him. The movie was released to theaters on May 12, 1995. It was distributed by Miramax Family Films.

The movie has the song "Pig Power" by Tag Team. A music video was produced for the song, featuring clips from the movie.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Mount of Olives

The **Mount of Olives** (or **Mount Olivet**, , *Har HaZeitim*; , *Jebel az-Zeitun*) is a mountain in East Jerusalem. It is located to next to the Old City, and is part of the West Bank. It is named for the olive groves that once grew on its slopes. The mountain is important to Jews, Muslims and Christians. There are many churches, and the largest Jewish cemetery in the world is located there. The mountain is  above sea level.

## Gallery 

File:Yad Avshalom.JPG|Yad Avshalom
File:Jerusalem - Pyramide de Zacharie.jpg|Tomb of Zechariah
File:Hezir tomb.JPG|Tomb of Benei Hezir
File:Jerusalem Church of all nations BW 7.jpg|Church of All Nations
File:Church of Mary Magdalene1.jpg|Church of Mary Magdalene
File:Siur wikipedia in Jerusalem 080608 57.JPG|Augusta Victoria Hospital
File:Kidron jerusalem (10).JPG|Brigham Young University

## Related pages 
* Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery

## Other websites 
*the Mount of Olive  in the "CITY of DAVID" Website
* Interactive Panoramas of the Mount of Olives – jerusalem360.com, GoJerusalem.com
*Jerusalem Photo Portal – Mount of Olives
Dare County, North Carolina

**Dare County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, there were 36,915 people living there.  Its county seat is Manteo, North Carolina.  It is named after Virginia Dare. Virginia Dare was the first English child born in the Americas. She was born in the Roanoke Colony, in what is now Dare County. Buffalo City, in Dare County, was once the biggest community in the country. (Today, Buffalo City is abandoned.) Dare County is the largest county in North Carolina.

## Sources
Scarecrow (DC Comics)

The **Scarecrow** (**Dr. Jonathan Crane**) is a fictional Batman supervillain who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. He uses fear gas to scare his victims and even Batman. He wears a scarecrow mask and a scarecrow costume. 

He first appeared in ''World's Finest Comics* #3 (September, 1941). 

## Story
Jonathan Crane was bullied at school. He was called mean names like "Ichabod Crane", because he looked like the character Ichabod Crane from the book Sleepy Hollow. Because of this, he became obsessed with fear. He became a psychologist and learnt about fear. He lost his job for using his patients as tests for his fear gases and drugs. He then became a criminal.

## In other media
He appeared in television series, movies, action figures, and video games. He was played by Cillian Murphy in *Batman Begins*, *The Dark Knight*, and in *The Dark Knight Rises''.

## References
Barbary lion

The **Barbary lion** (*Panthera leo leo*) was a local group of lions which are now extinct in the wild {IUCN}. The Barbary lion was also called the **Atlas lion** and the Nubian **lion**. It was a local group, or perhaps subspecies, of the lion. It used to live in North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt including countries like Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.

## Looks and behavior 
The Barbary lion was large and heavy. Males weighed about , and females weighed about  though not fully proven they were confirmed to weigh in the same range as a Siberian Tiger. Male lions were said to be about  long and females were about  long. Some scientists think that these sizes and weights are too large and put estimates between 227 to 272 kilograms (500-600 lbs) There are also scientists who think that the Barbary lion is probably the size of the lions found in East Africa.Whereas, others thought it was around the size of an Asiatic lion which are 175 kilograms (385 lbs) 

The places where the Barbary lion lived did not have a lot of prey. These lions did not live in *prides* because of this. The main animals they hunted in the Atlas Mountains were the Barbary stag, buffalo and gazelle forcing some lions to move more south where more food was available. The lions also ate cows and sheep raised by people.

## Sources
Abel Pêra

**Abel Pêra** (November 16, 1891 - September 27, 1975) was a Brazilian actor, brother of Manuel Pêra, and uncle of Marília Pêra, a very famous Brazilian actress.

Abel Pêra discovered the art of performing in the end of his adolescence. Among his works are *A Pensão da Dona Estela* and *Feitiço*, this last one produced by Oduvaldo Vianna.

Before becoming an actor, he was a carpenter. Even after becoming an actor, he continued producing wooden pieces. His friend Chico Anysio, a very popular Brazilian comedian, won a golf stick made by him.

In 1974, he participated in a soap opera called *Fogo Sobre Terra*. His last work was the movie *O Casamento*, made in 1976.

## Filmography
**O Casamento* (1976)
**Com as Calças na Mão* (1975)
**Toda Nudez Será Castigada* (1973)
**O Descarte* (1973)
**A Filha De Madame Bettina* (1973)
**Eu Transo, Ela Transa (1972)
**Revólveres Não Cospem Flores* (1972)
**As Quatro Chaves Mágicas* (1971)
**O Enterro da Cafetina* (1970)
**Vida e Glória de um Canalha* (1970)
**A Penúltima Donzela* (1969)
**O Bravo Guerreiro* (1969)
**As Duas Faces da Moeda* (1969)
**Enfim Sós...Com o Outro* (1968)
**O Homem que Comprou o Mundo* (1968
**Pintando o Sete* (1960)
**O Homem do Sputnik* (1959)
**De Vento em Popa* (1957)
**Maior Que o Ódio* (1951)
**O Falso Detetive* (1951)
**O Cortiço* (1945)
**Romance de um Mordedor* (1944)
**Samba em Berlim* (1943)
**A Sedução do Garimpo* (1941)
**Entra na Farra* (1941)
**Cisne Branco* (1940)
**E o Circo Chegou* (1940)
**Onde Estás Felicidade?* (1939)
**Está Tudo Aí* (1939)
**Maridinho de Luxo* (1938)
**João Ninguém* (1936)
**O Crime dos Banhados'' (1914).
Mastic

**Mastic** ( *Mastika*) is a resin that comes from the mastic tree, *Pistacia lentiscus*.  The tree grows in the Mediterranean region. In pharmacies and nature shops, it is called "Arabic gum" (not to be confused with gum arabic).

The resin is harvested in various places, especially the Greek island of Chios.  
It is a liquid when the tree first produces it. Then it dries in the sun into drops of hard  resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a white, opaque gum. The flavour is bitter at first. After some chewing, it has a refreshing, slightly pine or cedar-like flavour.

Mastic is used in food, medicine, and industry.

## References
## Other websites 
* Mastic on chios.gr 
* Mastic article from masticulture.com
Maccabean Revolt

The **Maccabean Revolt** was an insurrection by Jewish patriots (the **Maccabees**) against the Seleucid Empire and parties who wished to adopt Greek culture. The Seleucid Empire, which controlled present-day Syria and Israel, sought to make the Jewish people more Greek-like. The Seleucid Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes installed a Greek idol Zeus in Jerusalem's Temple and forbade Jewish practices. Jewish individuals who wished to keep their identity and traditions did not like what Seleucids were doing and decided to fight against them. Judah Maccabee and his brothers led the rebellion, liberated Jerusalem, and restored the Temple. The Maccabees won the war and reestablished the kingdom of Judah.

## Related pages
*2 Maccabees
Dondurma

**Dondurma** or **Turkish mastic ice cream** (, the ice cream of Maraş city). It is much more difficult and heavy than the Arabic mastic ice cream. It has more fatty because it has more sweet cream or heavy cream with a high fat percentage. In the past, people who lived in the mountains made it with snow, goat milk, mastic, and "dried orchidaceae powder" (type of "tubers"). In southeast Turkey, the ice cream was more solid and sticky because of the powder of the orchid flowers that grow there. This ice cream is so solid that a knife and fork is used to eat it.

## In Turkish Culture 
Dondurma is commonly sold from both street vendors' carts and store fronts, where the mixture is churned regularly with long-handled paddles to keep it workable. Vendors often tease the customer by serving the ice cream cone on a stick, and then taking away the dondurma with the stick by rotating it around, before finally giving it to the customer. This sometimes results in misunderstandings among customers unfamiliar with the practice. Vendors often wear traditional clothing of the Ottoman period. In some places in Turkey it is customary to treat the ice cream as a Shawarma and cut it with a butcher knife.

## Mastic ice cream 
Mastic ice cream is common in Turkey, and Syria. It is named after the Mastic (plant resin) spice being traditionally produced on Greek island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, in its natural form it is "tears" or drops. Because the real mastic is expensive and difficult to find, ice cream sellers of the other countries prefer to replace the mastic spice with glucose.

A few years after the end of the 19th century the Persian ice cream which is called: "Bastani Sonnati" was first made for the Persian king and based on the Mastic ice creams with Eggs and Spicees and for seasoning Persian desserts.

In the Middle East only the Arabic version of the ice cream is known, compared to the Far East which sells only the Turkish version of the ice cream. in Greece the Mastic ice creams is known only in areas close to Turkey and there it is called: "Kaimaki" by the locals.

## Related pages 
* Booza

## Other websites 
* The Tears of Chios – Mastic ice cream adventures
* Greek Mastic Ice Cream
* Ice Cream of Kahramanmaraş 
* [SBS food - Dondurma (Turkish Ice-cream)](http://www.sbs.com.au/food/foodart/152/Dondurma_(Turkish_Ice-cream))
Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne

**Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne** (October 12, 1853 &ndash; May 24, 1937) was an American politician. He was Mayor of Chicago from April 5, 1905 to 1907. He was also the 24th Governor of Illinois from 1913 to 1917. His time as governor was notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms.

Dunne was born on October 12, 1853 in Watertown, Connecticut. He was raised in Peoria, Illinois and in Chicago, Illinois. Dunne was married to Elizabeth J. Kelly until her death in 1928. Dunne died on May 24, 1937 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Public Transportation and the Failure of Municipal Socialism in Chicago, 1905-1907: http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/iht910228.html 
* *Chicago and Municipal Ownership*, by Edward F. Dunne, **National Magazine**, June 1905
*
Epidendroideae

**Epidendroideae** is a subfamily of the orchid family. Epidendroideae is larger than all the other orchid subfamilies together, comprising more than 15,000 species in 576 genera. Most Epidendroid orchids are tropical epiphytes, typically with pseudobulbs. There are, however a some terrestrials such as *Epipactis* and even a few myco-heterotrophs, which are parasitic upon mycorrhizal fungi.
William Emmett Dever

**William Emmett Dever** (March 13, 1862 &ndash; September 3, 1929) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1923 through 1928. During his term he helped clean and fix the entire city of Chicago.

## Early life
Dever was born on March 13, 1862 in Wobrun, Massachusetts. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts and in Chicago, Illinois.

## Career
Dever's term in office saw many improvements to the city, including the completion of Wacker Drive, the extension of Ogden Avenue, the straightening of the Chicago River and the building of the city's first airport, Municipal Airport. He also fought against the corrupting influence of bootlegging and gangsters. Despite considering himself a "wet", he enforced prohibition since it was the law of the land. The media labeled his war on bootleggers as the "Great Beer War" and it resulted in a decline of crime.

## Death
Dever died on September 3, 1929 in Chicago, Illinois from cancer, aged 67.

## References