open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Feodor Lynen

**Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen** ForMemRS (6 April 1911 – 6 August 1979) was a German biochemist. 

He is best known for his discoveries with the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". He shared the prize with Konrad Bloch.

He died in Munich, Germany on 6 August 1979 six weeks after he had an operation for an aneurysm. He was married to Eva Wieland, and they had five children.

## References
Kate O'Mara

'''Kate O'Mara'* (10 August 1939 – 30 March 2014) was an English movie, stage and television actress. She was known for her role as Caress Morell in *Dynasty*. She also had a minor role in the British television series *Doctor Who''.

O'Mara died in Sussex, England from ovarian cancer, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Nelson Frye

**Richard Nelson Frye** (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American professor. He was the Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. His professional areas of interest were Iranian philology and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE.

Frye died in Boston, Massachusetts from natural causes, aged 94.

## References
Wendy Hughes

**Wendy Hughes** (29 July 1952 – 8 March 2014) was an Australian actress. She worked mostly in television and theatre. Hughes' career began in the mid-1970s. She also appeared in movies. Some of which includes *Newsfront*, *Kostas*, *My Brilliant Career*, *Lucinda Brayford*, and *Touch and Go*.

Hughes died in Sydney from cancer, aged 61.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Artist (movie)

***The Artist*** is a 2011 French romantic comedy-drama movie. It was produced by Thomas Langmann and was directed by Michel Hazanavicius. The Artist was first shown at the Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2011 and was released on 12 October 2011 France.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and hold a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

The movie was nominated for 6 Golden Globes and won 3: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Original Score, and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Dujardin). The movie was also nominated for 10 Academy Awards and won 5: Best Picture (first French film to ever win Best Picture), Best Director for Hazanavicius, Best Actor for Dujardin (first French actor ever to win for Best Actor), Best Original Score, and Best Costume Design.

## Cast 
* Jean Dujardin as George Valentin
* Bérénice Bejo as Peppy Miller
* Uggie as Jack (the dog)
* John Goodman as Al Zimmer
* James Cromwell as Clifton
* Missi Pyle as Constance
* Penelope Ann Miller as Doris Valentin
* Malcolm McDowell as The Butler
* Bitsie Tulloch as Norma
* Beth Grant as Peppy's maid
* Ed Lauter as Peppy's first chauffeur
* Jen Lilley as Onlooker
* Nina Siemaszko as Admiring woman
* Jewel Shepard as Flapper starlet
* Basil Hoffman as Auctioneer
* Ben Kurland as Casting assistant
* Ken Davitian as Pawnbroker
* Bill Fagerbakke as Policeman
* Matt Skollar as Peppy's assistant

## References
## Other websites 
*
Paul C. Donnelly

**Paul Charles Donnelly** (March 28, 1923 - March 12, 2014) was an American guided missile pioneer and a senior NASA manager. He was the manager during the Apollo moon landing program at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Donnelly helped develop the U.S. Navy's Bat, the first "smart bomb" in the history of warfare. He was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania.

Donnelly died on March 12, 2014 in Melbourne, Florida, aged 90.

## References
My Mad Fat Diary

***My Mad Fat Diary*** is a British comedy drama television series. It started on 14 January 2013 on E4. It is based on the book *My Fat, Mad Teenage Diary* by Rae Earl. The second series started on 17 February 2014 and ended on 31 March 2014.

## Plot
The series is set in Stamford, Lincolnshire in 1996. It stars Sharon Rooney as an obese 16-year-old girl called Rae Earl. She has just left a psychiatric hospital after being there for four months.

## Cast
*Sharon Rooney as Rachel 'Rae' Earl (Bouchtat)
*Nico Mirallegro as Finn Nelson
*Claire Rushbrook as Linda Bouchtat, Rae's mum
*Ian Hart as Kester, Rae's therapist.
*Turlough Convery as Liam Owen (series 2)

## References
## Other websites 
*
André Lavagne

**André Lavagne** (12 July 1913 – 21 March 2014) was a French composer. He mostly worked on short movies, such as: ''L'amour maternel chez les animaux * (1944) and *Un amour de parapluie'' (1951). He was born in Paris.

Lavagne died from natural causes on 21 March 2014 in Paris. He was 100 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Per Lillo-Stenberg

in 1958]]

**Per Lillo-Stenberg** (21 June 1928 &ndash; 27 March 2014) was a Norwegian actor. His best known roles are in the movies *Olsenbanden gir seg aldri!* (1981) and *Olsenbandens siste stikk* (1999). He was born in Oslo. He and his wife Mette Lange-Nielsen had a son, Lars Lillo-Stenberg, a musician for deLillos.

Lillo-Stenberg died after a short illness on 27 March 2014 in Levanger. He was 85 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mark Mangino

**Mark Mangino** (born August 26, 1956) is an American football coach. In 2014, he became the offensive coordinator for the Iowa State Cyclones. Mangino is known mostly for his strict treatment of players. Mangino's most notable accomplishment is leading the Kansas Jayhawks to their best season (12-2) in school history in 2007.

## References
Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever

***Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever*** is a 2002 American action movie. It was produced by Chris Lee and Elie Samaha. The movie was directed by Wych Kaosayananda. Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever was released on September 20, 2002 in North America.

The movie gained strong negative reviews. It is considered one of the worst movies ever made and holds a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes also ranked the movie #1 among "The Worst of the Worst" movie list in March 2007. The movie was a box office bomb and only regained $19.9 million of its $70 million budget.

## Cast 
* Antonio Banderas as F.B.I. Agent Jeremiah Ecks
* Lucy Liu as Agent Sever
* Gregg Henry as DIA Director Robert Gant/Agent Clark
* Ray Park as A.J. Ross
* Talisa Soto as Rayne Gant/Vinn Ecks
* Miguel Sandoval as Julio Martin
* Terry Chen as Agent Harry Lee
* Roger R. Cross as Zane
* Sandrine Holt as Agent Bennett
* Steve Bacic as Agent Fleming
* Tony Alcantar as Edgar Moore
* David Palffy as Sleazy Man
* David Pearson as VPD Officer
* Norm Sherry as Ross Sniper
* Brian Drummond as VPD Officer
* Joel Kramer as Bus Driver
* John DeSantis as Bus Guard #2
* Charles Andre as Agent Addis
* Mike Dopud as DIA Agent
* Jonathan Kelly as the Da Feiji technology teacher
* Jet Li as Man in car (Uncredited)
* Aidan Drummond as Michael Gant
* Eric Breker as Agent Curtis
* David Parker as Dark Suit #1
* Josephine Jacob as Pretty Girl
* John McConnach as Escort Agent
* Ashley Kobayashi as Mali
* Lenora Wong as Harry's Wife
* Jim Filippone as DIA Pilot
* Justin Liu as the common Da Feiji master

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Gibbs free energy

**Gibbs free energy** is the available energy in a chemical reaction. It was calculated by Josiah Willard Gibbs.

## Purpose
Systems have a tendency to achieve as low of a free energy state as possible. The Gibbs free energy number is how far away the current system is from this state. It is analogous to a number line, with zero being the final state. Scientists use Gibbs free energy to determine the energy in a system that can be used. A negative Gibbs number indicates that you can get energy out of the reaction. It is a favorable reaction, which means that the chemical reaction "wants" to move towards its lower state. A positive Gibbs number shows that you must put energy in to get energy out.

An example can be seen in respiration. The Gibbs value of one mole of glucose is -686kcal. This means that we can get 686 kcal of energy from one mole of glucose. This means if we put in energy in respiration, we can theoretically get 686 kcal out of the mole of glucose.

## Calculation
The equation for Gibbs free energy is *G(p,T)* = *U* + *pV* − *TS.*

This is often simplified as *G(p,T)* = *H* − *TS.*

(For the second equation, *U + pV* is replaced by *H* because *H = U + pV).*

where: 
* *U* is the internal energy
* *p* is pressure
* *V* is Volume
* *T* is the temperature
* *S* is the entropy
* *H* is the enthalpy

## Notes
Nathan Phelps

**Nathan "Nate" Phelps** (born November 22, 1958) is an American-Canadian author, LGBT rights activist, and public speaker on the topics of religion and child abuse. He is the son of Westboro Baptist Church founder Fred Phelps. He left the church at 18 and permanently left in 1980. This was because of his different and mostly opposite beliefs of his father.

Phelps was born in Topeka, Kansas. He lives in Calgary, Alberta.

## References
## Other websites
Otomedius Excellent

is an Xbox 360 game. It is a sequel to the 2008 game *Otomedius G (Gorgeous!)* by Konami, a spin-off of the *Gradius* series. *Otomedius Excellent* features female characters representing different Konami franchises riding on vehicles or with flying armor. It was released in April 21, 2011 in Japan and in North America on November 8, 2011.
Molar concentration

**Molar concentration**, or **molarity**, or simply concentration, is a term in chemistry, and its physical chemistry branch. It measures the moles of solute in a given volume of a solution or mixture.

In chemistry, the **molar concentration**, c_i is defined as the amount of a constituent n_i (usually measured in moles&nbsp;– hence the name) divided by the volume of the mixture V:

:c_i = \frac {n_i}{V}

The volume V in the definition c_i = n_i/V refers to the volume of the solution, *not* the volume of the solvent. One litre of a solution usually contains either slightly more or slightly less than 1 litre of solvent because when a substance dissolves in a solvent it causes volume of liquid to increase or decrease.

The reciprocal quantity represents the dilution (volume) which can appear in Ostwald's law of dilution.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Molarity -Citizendium
John S. Wold

**John Schiller Wold** (August 31, 1916 &ndash; February 19, 2017) was an American politician. He was a Republican. He served a term in the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1969 to 1971. He was also a business person and geologist.

Wold was born in East Orange, New Jersey. He grew up in Watertown, Connecticut.  During World War II, he was a consulting physicist and gunnery officer for the U.S. Navy. He turned 100 in 2016.

## References
## Other websites
* John S. Wold at Our Campaigns
Basement (geology)

In geology, the terms **basement** and **crystalline basement** are used to define the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover. "The surface beneath which no sedimentary rock is found".

More generally, it is any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way the sediments and/or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover".

## References
Yosef Hamadani Cohen

**Yosef Hamadani Cohen** (; born 1916 &ndash; 29 March 2014) was an Iranian Jewish religious leader. He was the chief rabbi of the Jewish people in Iran from January 1994 until his death. Before this, he was the rabbi of Yusef Abad Synagogue.

Cohen died after a long illness on 29 March 2014 in Tehran over Shabbat. He was 98 years old.

## References
## Other websites
House of Lorraine

The **House of Lorraine** was a family who ruled the **Duchy of Lorraine** in modern day France. They later ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was married to a Duke of Lorraine. Thus joined the house of Lorraine with the House of Habsburg. The House of Habsburg was very powerful. 

The House of Lorraine, the main and now only remaining line known as Habsburg-Lorraine, is one of the most important and was one of the longest-reigning royal houses in the history of Europe. Currently the house is headed by Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, the titular Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Croatia, Illyria, as well as the titular King of Jerusalem.
Platypterygius

***Platypterygius*** ('flat flipper)' is an ichthyosaur of the family Ophthalmosauridae. It was the last surviving ichthyosaur.

## Discovery and species 
Fossils are known from Australia, Russia, United States of America, Colombia, Western Europe and possibly New Zealand. There are seven named species. Both adults and juveniles have been unearthed, including newborns and pregnant females. Like other ichthyosaurs, *Platypterygius* gave live birth.

## Palaeobiology 
*Platypterygius* reached a length of about 7 m (23 ft). It had a long snout and a powerful finned tail. There are more digits in the front flippers than is usual in ichthyosaurs; they are tightly bound in rows, giving a broad, flat appearance. This unusual characteristic gives the genus its name, meaning 'flat wing.' Furthermore, some of the wrist bones have disappeared entirely. CAT scans on a juvenile specimen strongly suggest that *Platypterygius* was deaf.

## Extinction 
*Platypterygius* became extinct during the Upper Cretaceous, about 30 million years before the K/T extinction event. There was an ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian stage boundary. The deeper layers of the seas became anoxic and poisoned by hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As life died off in the lower (benthos) levels of the sea, so did the predators at the top of the food chain. The last pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs became extinct.p251 

No firm reasons can be given for the decline of the ichthyosaurs. By the Cretaceous they certainly had more competitors than in the Triassic, and more  prey. The adaptive radiation of teleost fish meant their new prey were fast swimming and highly . The teleosts also included fast-swimming predatory fish, which must have been competitors. The anoxic event would have removed much of the plankton at the base of the food chain. That would certainly result in the extinction of many larger predatory forms of life.

## References 
*Long, J.A., *Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand*, UNSW Press, Australia 1998
Parazit

**Parazit** (, '''', meaning "static") was a weekly half-hour Persian language satirical television show on Voice of America's Persian service. The show is a satire about Iranian politics. Kambiz Hosseini and Saman Arbabi started the show as a 10-minute show. It was influenced by the American satirical news show *The Daily Show*. Parazit was started before the June 2009 presidential elections in Iran. It became very popular in Iran. Many people watched it via illegal satellite dishes and internet. Its name comes from the Iranian government's repeated tries to jam foreign satellite programming. Because it is shown through unofficial channels, it is impossible to say how many people have seen it. However since January 2011, the show's YouTube channel is watched 45,000 times a week and its Facebook page is visited 17 million times a month.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Facebook page
* Parazit Blog 
* Photo essay
Pitikwahanapiwiyin

**Pitikwahanapiwiyin** was a Native American leader. Born in 1842 near Battleford Saskatchewan. He was a chief of the plains Cree tribe. He was known to English speakers as Chief Poundmaker. He helped end a long war between the two nations; the Cree and the Blackfoot. To seal the peace between the two tribes he became the adopted son of the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot.

## References
Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing

The **Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing** (also known as the **Ironworkers Memorial Bridge** and **Second Narrows Bridge**) is the second bridge that crosses over the Burrard Inlet. It goes from Vancouver to north shore of Burrard Inlet (includes District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver).

It began construction in 1957. On June 17, 1958, when one of the cranes was stretching from the north side of the bridge to join the two chords of the unfinished arch, several of the spans collapsed. This caused 79 workers to fall 30 metres (100&nbsp;ft) into the water. 18 of them were killed either instantly or shortly after, possibly drowned by their heavy tool belts. When a diver went down to search for the bodies, he drowned and that brought the total of deaths for the collapse to 19. The bridge opened on August 25, 1960 and was renamed the **Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing** in 1994 to honour the workers that had died in the collapse.

## References
## Other websites
Château de Lunéville

The **Château de Lunéville** was the former royal residence of the ruling Dukes of Lorraine. It is often likened to the far grander and larger Palace of Versailles. It is no longer a royal residence and is today a museum. The restoration of the building and its decors is under way. In France it was referred to as the "Versailles of Lorraine" and is also sometimes referred to as the **Palace of Lunéville** in English.

## History
A building had been on the site since medieval times but nothing had been done to improve or update the building due to the poor finances of the Duchy of Lorraine.

Duke Leopold I of Lorraine was married to Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans herself a niece of Louis XIV of France who at the time of their marriage in 1698 was beginning to expand the Palace of Versailles. The ducal family of Lorraine had previously used the Ducal Palace of Nancy itself in the capital of the duchy. The new Duke and duchess had an ever growing family and Leopold took it upon himself to commission another palace reflecting his rank as a sovereign duke.

Following the death of Leopold of Lorraine in 1729 the duchy was inherited by his son Francis Stephen who eventually married Empress Maria Theresa and he spent most of his time in Austria with his large family.

A after war between France, Poland and Austria apeace was concluded in October 1735 and upheld in the Treaty of Vienna in November 1738. Under its terms, Stanisław Leszczyński, the father-in-law of King Louis XV and the losing claimant to the Polish throne, received Lorraine, while Francis, in compensation for his loss, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which he would inherit in 1737. While the ex king of Poland was in residence the building was known as the *Château Stanislas*. Stanisław Leszczyński actually died at the Château in 1766 as did his wife Catherine Opalińska in 1747. After the Polish royals left the Château was largely ignored until it was created a French Historic monument in 1901. It is currently being restored.

## Gallery 

Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 03.jpg
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 05.jpg
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 02.jpg
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 01.jpg
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 04.jpg

Image:Lunéville - château 20131007-07.JPG|The gardens of the Château.
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 06.jpg
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 07.jpg
Image:France Grand Est 54 Luneville 08.jpg

## Other websites
*Château de Lunéville Official site
Jürg Neuenschwander (organist)

**Jürg Neuenschwander** (14 January 1947 &ndash; 23 March 2014) was a Swiss organist and musician. He was best known for his work with Schweizer Radio DRS from 1982 to 1989. He was born in Eggiwil, canton of Bern.

Neuenschwander died from a cerebral hemorrhage on 23 March 2014 in Bern. He was 67 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lys Assia

**Lys Assia** (born **Rosa Mina Schärer**; 3 March 1924– 24 March 2018) was a Swiss singer. Assia is best known for being the first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest. She has represented Switzerland in Eurovision three times.  

## Life 
Rosa Mina Schärer was born on March 3 1924 in Rupperswil, Aargau, Switzerland.

When Assia was a young girl she was a dancer. In 1940, however, she stood in for a female singer.

Lys Assia married Johann Heinrich Kunz on 11 January 1957 in Zürich. Kunz died just nine months later due to illness. In 1963, she married Danish businessman Oscar Pedersen, who died in 1995.

Assia died on 24 March 2018 at Zurich's Zollikerberg Hospital.

## Eurovision Song Contest 
Representing Switzerland, Assia won the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956with the song "Refrain". She returned to the Contest in both 1957 and 1958, finishing 8th in 1957 and was the runner-up in 1958.

In 2005, Lys Assia took part in a celebration of Eurovision's 50-year anniversary. In 2009, she presented the trophy to that year's winner, Alexander Rybak.|left]]Assia tried to represent Switzerland at Eurovision once again in both 2012 and 2013, but was unsuccessful both times. However, she attended the 2012 Contest as a special guest.

In 2015, at age 91, Assia attended Eurovision's 60th anniversary celebration. This was her last public appearance.

## References
## Other websites
*Official homepage
Exotoxin

An **exotoxin** is a poison secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can hurt a living creature by destroying cells or changing the way that cells work. They are very strong and can cause major damage.

## References
Gerhard Bondzin

1970]]
**Gerhard Bondzin** (29 July 1930 &ndash; 20 March 2014) was a German painter and printmaker. From 1946 to 1948, he made toys and ceramics in Sonnenberg. From 1948 to 1951, he studied painting with Hans Hoffmann Lederer at the University of Architecture and Fine Arts Weimar. 

Bondzin entered the SED in 1953. He served as a member of the SED 1969 to 1984. From 1969 until the dissolution of the Academy of Arts in Berlin in 1993, he was a full member of the academy.

Bondzin died on 20 March 2014, aged 83.

## References
Hobart Alter

**Hobart "Hobie" Alter** (October 31, 1933&nbsp;– March 29, 2014) was an American inventor and businessman. He was a pioneer in the surfboard shaping industry. He was the creator of the Hobie Cat catamarans and founder of the Hobie company. He was born in Ontario, California.

Alter died on March 29, 2014 in Palm Desert, California from cancer, aged 80.

## References
Anita Pallenberg

**Anita Pallenberg** (6 April 1944 &ndash; 13 June 2017) was an Italian actress and fashion designer. She starred in the movie *Candy* in 1968.  She also played Black Queen of Sogo in *Barbarella* in that same year. Pallenberg appeared in more than a dozen movies over 40 years.

Pallenberg became widely known in popular culture as the girlfriend of Brian Jones and later Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones.  She spent a lot of time with singer Marianne Faithfull, Mick Jagger's girlfriend in the late 1960s, who remained a friend of Pallenberg's. They appeared together in 2001 in the BBC situation comedy *Absolutely Fabulous* in episode four, "Donkey", with Faithfull playing God and Pallenberg The Devil.

## Early life and death 
Pallenberg was born in Rome.  She died of complications from hepatitis C on 13 June 2017 in Chichester, West Sussex, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Saman Arbabi

**Saman Arbabi** (; born 1973) is an Iranian-American journalist, caricaturist, television host, fashion designer, and television producer. He was the creator and executive producer of the satirical television show *Parazit*. He was born in Tehran, Iran in 1973. He moved to France in 1984, and then he moved to the United States in 1986. He has a Bachelor of Science in Communications from the University of Maryland.

## Other websites
*
*Edeaa, directed by Saman Arbabi
*Demokracy, directed by Saman Arbabi
*Saman Arbabi's Reel
*Parazit's Press Reel
*Saman Arbabi's Twitter feed
*Saman Arbabi's Facebook page
*Saman Arbabi's Instagram page
Andrej Kiska

**Andrej Kiska**  (born 2 February 1963) is a Slovak philanthropist, entrepreneur and politician. He became the President of Slovakia following 2014 Slovak presidential election. He ran as independent. He was appointed to the office on 15 June, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
Irene Fernandez

**Irene Fernandez** (1 June 1946 – 31 March 2014) was a Malaysian human rights activist. She was a PKR supreme council member. She was the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organization Tenaganita. She helped the rights of migrant workers and other oppressed and poor people in Malaysia. She was arrested in 1996 and charged with 'maliciously publishing false news'.

She died on 31 March 2014 of heart failure.

## References
Sam Mele

**Sabath Anthony "Sam" Mele** (January 21, 1922 &ndash; May 1, 2017) was a former right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. As a manager, he led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965.

Mele played for the Boston Red Sox (1947-1949; 1954-1955), Washington Senators (1949-1952), Chicago White Sox (1952-1953), Baltimore Orioles (1954), Cincinnati Redlegs (1955), and for the Cleveland Indians (1956).

Mele was born on January 21, 1922 in Astoria, New York. He studied at William Cullen Bryant High School and at New York University. Mele died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts on the night of May 1, 2017 from natural causes, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Windows Server

**Windows Server** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
*Windows 3.x Server (Windows NT 3.x Server)
*Windows 4.0 Server (Windows NT 4.0 Server)
*Windows 2000 Server (codenamed "5.0 Server (NT 5.0 Server)")
*Windows Server 2003 (Windows XP Server)
*Windows Home Server 2007 (Windows Server 2007/Windows Vista Home Server)
*Windows Server 2008 (Windows Vista Server)
*Windows Server 2008 R2 (Windows 7 Server)
*Windows Home Server 2011 (Windows Server 2011/Windows 7.x Server/Windows 7.x Home Server)
*Windows Server 2012 (Windows 8.x Server/Windows Server 8.x)
*Windows Server 2012 R2 (Windows 8.1 Server/Windows Server 8.1)
*Windows Server 2016 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
*Windows Server 2019 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
* Windows Server 2022 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
* Windows Server 2025 (Windows 11 Server/Windows Server 11)
Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)

**Harold Brown** (September 19, 1927 &ndash; January 4, 2019) was an American scientist and politician. He was the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the cabinet of President Jimmy Carter. He last served in the Lyndon Johnson administration as Director of Defense Research and Engineering and Secretary of the Air Force.

Brown died of pancreatic cancer on January 4, 2019 at his home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Annotated Bibliography for Harold Brown from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Windows 9x

**Windows 9x** is a general term referring to a series (or family) of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems. These were produced from 1995 to 2000. These were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying  of MS-DOS. Both were d in following versions. This includes all versions of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME. In common usage, the term *Windows 9x* itself often includes Windows ME. However, this is not always the case and it is more often expressed as "Windows 9x/ME". Support for Windows 9x was terminated on July 11, 2006, when extended support for Windows 98 and Windows ME ended. Extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.

## Operating systems 
Windows 9x can refer to either an individual or all of the following versions of Microsoft Windows:
*Windows 95 (codenamed "Chicago")
*Windows 98 (codenamed "Memphis")
*Windows ME (codenamed "Millennium")

## References 
## Other websites 
*Microsoft Layer for Unicode English (United States) ; English (United Kingdom)
William J. Perry

**William James Perry** (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman. He was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994) and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977–1981).

## References
## Other websites
Bob Kerrey

**Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey** (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician. He served as the 35th Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He ran for President in 1992. He was also awarded the medal of honor for his courageous actions while a part of SEAL team 1 in Vietnam.

## References
## Other websites
Craig L. Thomas

**Craig Lyle Thomas**; better known as **Craig L. Thomas** (February 17, 1933 – June 4, 2007) was an American politician. He was a senior U.S. Senator from Wyoming and member of United States Republican Party. Before that he was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1989 to 1995.

Thomas died of leukemia on June 4, 2007 in Bethesda, Maryland, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
Windows 20xx

**Windows 20xx** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
*Windows 2000
*Windows 2001 (Whistler 2001, a beta version of Windows XP)
*Windows 2003
*Windows 2007
*Windows 2008
*Windows 2011
*Windows 2012
Pattullo Bridge

The **Pattullo Bridge** is the through arch bridge that crosses over the Fraser River. It goes from New Westminster to north bank of the river to the city of Surrey. 

The bridge was opened in 1937. On January 18, 2009, there was a fire that started on the south end of the bridge in the structure under the bridge deck. The 60-foot long wooden trestle on the south side of the bridge which connects the steel and concrete structure to the earthen berm was burned and needed to be entirely rebuilt. The investigators treated the fire as suspicious. The bridge was reopened on January 26.

On July 31, 2008, TransLink planned to replace the bridge rather than try to refurbish the aging structure. The replacement is expected to cost $1.3 billion with it finalized in 2018. Construction began on April 1, 2021 with an expected opening date in 2024. The opening date was later pushed back until late 2025.

## References
Enrique Plancarte Solís

**Enrique Plancarte Solís** (14 September 1970 &ndash; 31 March 2014) was a claimed Mexican drug lord and high-ranking leader of the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel based in the state of Michoacán. Before his tenure in the Knights Templar, he was a top leader of the split-off group La Familia Michoacana. He was born in Nueva Italia, Michoacán.

Plancarte Solís was killed in a gunfight with soldiers of the Mexican Navy on 31 March 2014 in Colón, Querétaro. He was 43 years old.

## References
Manuel Valls

**Manuel Carlos Valls** (, born 13 August 1962) is a Spanish-born French politician. He became the Prime Minister of France on 31 March 2014.

Valls was born in Barcelona to a Swiss mother and Spanish painter Xavier Valls.

## References
## Other websites
Host (network)

A **network host** is a computer connected to a computer network. A network host may offer information resources, services, and applications to users or other nodes on the network. Typically, the term is used when there are at least two computer systems connected together. The host computer is a computer that distributes services to other computers connected to it. Each host on a computer network must have a unique IP address.

## References
Plant breeding

**Plant breeding** is the art and science of changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics.  Plant breeding can be done by many different techniques. Plants with desirable characteristics for propagation can be selected. More complex molecular techniques are also possible (see cultigen and cultivar).

Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human civilization. It is now done worldwide by gardeners and farmers, or by professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centres.

International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for preventing famine. New varieties are developed. They are higher-yielding, resistant to pests and diseases, drought-resistant or adapted to different environments and growing conditions.

## History 
**Plant breeding** started with the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice dates back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time.

Gregor Mendel's experiments with plant hybridization led to his establishing laws of inheritance. Once this work became well known, it formed the basis of the new science of genetics, which stimulated research by many plant scientists dedicated to improving crop production through plant breeding.

Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology.

## Related pages 
*Genetically modified food
*Artificial selection

## References
A Coruña

**A Coruña** is a city on the north coast of Spain. It is a municipality of Galicia, Spain, and the second-largest city in Galicia. It is the 17th largest city in Spain.

The city is the capital of A Coruña Province, and was the political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia.

## References
## Other websites
Open University of Israel

**Open University of Israel** (, *HaUniversita HaPtukha*) is a distance-education university in Israel. The main campus is located in the city of Ra'anana. , the Open University had taught around 39,000 students. Course examinations can be held at Israeli consulates and Jewish Agency offices around the world.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Open University of Israel
Delta-v

key:*Escape Orbit (**C3**), Geosynchronous orbit (**GEO**), Geostationary transfer orbit (**GTO**), Earth–Moon L5 Lagrangian point (**L5**), Low Earth orbit (**LEO**)*
Graph showing the approximate required Delta-V for Mars, the Moon, and Earth, both ways. The red arrows show the directions in which it is possible to slow a craft down using the atmosphere of what it is going toward.
]]
**Delta-v**, meaning **delta velocity** and symbolized as '*Δ*v'''*,* ''is a measure of a spacecraft's ability to change it's trajectory (the path it will take in the future). Delta velocity in simple terms means 'the change in speed' It is measured by a unit of speed, usually meters per second (m/s).#

Factors that go into calculating delta-v are:

# The mass of the spacecraft.
# The amount of gravity in which the spacecraft currently finds itself.
# The thrust and efficienty of the engine.
# The amount of fuel the spacecraft has.

As an example of how delta-v is used, we can imagine a goal: flying a spacecraft into low Earth orbit. (In simple words, getting a rocket to spin around the Earth). We would first calculate how much delta-v will be required for that journey. Then, with the factors in the above list, we can calculate how much delta-v our spacecraft would need to go on that journey. Like if a person were to drive his car from point A to point B, he'd need to know how much fuel he needs in his car first. But in rocket science, using delta-v is much more relevant, as we have to completely design our spacecraft, including all factors mentioned above.

To reach Low Earth orbit, (LEO) our spacecraft would need roughly 10,000 m/s of delta-v.

Delta-v can be seen a budget, because if our spacecraft were to use up the 10,000 m/s of delta-v, it wouldn't be able to complete its journey to low Earth orbit.

Delta-v is calculated using this integral equation:\Delta{v} = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \frac{m(t)}\, dt

where

* T(t) is the thrust at time t.
* m(t) is the mass at time t.
Birgitta Valberg

**Birgitta Valberg Hansson** (16 December 1916 &ndash; 29 March 2014) was a Swedish actress from Stockholm. She made 137 roles during her active years at Dramatens elevskola. She started acting in 1934 and retired in 1996.

Valberg died from natural causes on 29 March 2014 in Lidingö. She was 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sonic Drive-In

**Sonic Corp.** founded as **Sonic Drive-In** and more commonly known as **Sonic**, is an American fast food restaurant founded in 1953 by Troy Smith, under the name Top Hat Drive-In. The owner changed its name to Sonic Drive-In in 1959. The company has more than 3545 locations in the United States and is currently owned by Inspire Brands, which also owns Dunkin', Arby's, and Buffalo Wild Wings. They sell hamburgers and chicken sandwiches.

The restaurant was founded by Troy Smith in 1953. The headquarters for Sonic is located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. There are 3,561 restaurants in 43 U.S. states which serve approximately 3 million customers per day as of August 31, 2011.

In 2018, the company was acquired by Inspire Brands.
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Sonic Menu 
*Sonic Happy Hour  
*Sonic Menu Prices
*Sonic Menu US
Hilbert's tenth problem

'''Hilbert's tenth problem''' is a problem in mathematics that is named after David Hilbert who included it in Hilbert's problems as a very important problem in mathematics. It is about finding an algorithm that can say whether a Diophantine equation has integer solutions. It was proved, in 1970, that such an algorithm does not exist.

## Overview
As with all problems included in Hilbert's problems, it was unresolved and considered very difficult when the famous list was published in 1900. The first significant step towards finding the solution was made in 1950 by Julia Robinson, who created a hypothesis (known as the JR hypothesis) around which all later progress was centred. The problem was finally solved with a negative answer in 1970 when Yuri Matiyasevich proved the JR hypothesis. Previous research had shown that this was enough for a negative answer to the problem. The negative answer means that we cannot make an algorithm that can say whether a Diophantine equation has integer solutions.
Arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of Pyrénées-Atlantiques are:

# Arrondissement of Bayonne, (subprefecture: Bayonne), with 123 communes.
# Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie, (subprefecture: Oloron-Sainte-Marie), with 155 communes.
# Arrondissement of Pau, (prefecture of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department: Pau), with 269 communes.

## History
Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the Basses-Pyrénées department with six districts: Pau, Oloron, Orthez, Mauléon, Saint-Palais, Ustaritz; the capital was Navarrenx
* 1790 : the capital is moved from Navarrenx to Pau
* 1795 : the capital is moved from Pau to Saint-Palais
* 1796 : the capital is moved from Saint-Palais to Pau
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Pau, Bayonne, Mauléon, Oloron, Orthez
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Mauléon and Orthez are eliminated
* 1969 : the name of the department is changed to Pyrénées-Atlantiques

## References
Windows NT x.0

**Windows NT x.00** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
*Windows NT 4.0
*Windows NT 5.0
* Windows Vista
* Windows Server 2008
Frankie Knuckles

**Francis Warren Nicholls, Jr.** (January 18, 1955 &ndash; March 31, 2014), better known by his stage name **Frankie Knuckles**, was an American DJ, record producer, and remixer. He played a major role in house music in Chicago, Illinois during the 1980s when it was made. In 2005, he was added to the Dance Music Hall of Fame for his achievements. He was born in the Bronx borough of New York City. He was gay.

Knuckles died from complications of diabetes on March 31, 2014 in Chicago. He was 51 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Mexicans

**Mexicans** are citizens of Mexico.

There is a large Mexican diaspora in the United States. More than 38.5 million Mexican Americans and Mexican-born immigrants live in the United States. There is also a significant Mexican diaspora in Canada, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, Bolivia, Argentina, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Costa Rica.

Most Mexicans are racially mestizo, a mixture of Spanish and Native American.

Mexicans of European descent, including those who immigrated during the 20th century, are concentrated in Mexico City and in the northern and western regions. Mexicans of European descent and other lighter-skinned Mexicans dominate the wealthiest echelons of Mexican society. Most white Mexicans are of Spanish ancestry.

Mexico has the largest indigenous population in Latin America.  1.38 million Mexicans are Afro-Mexicans. The majority of Afro-Mexicans live in Veracruz and the Costa Chica region. Afro-Mexicans were brought to Mexico as slaves from Africa during the Spanish colonial era.

## References
Kenny Hotz

**Kenneth Joel "Kenny" Hotz** (born May 3, 1967 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian producer, writer, director actor, and comedian.

He used to be a consultant and writer for *South Park*, the creator and star of both *Kenny vs. Spenny* and ''Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will*, and the writer of *Testees*. Hotz has won many awards including Gemini Awards and Canadian Comedy Awards. He is also a Gulf War photo-journalist and an award-winning *Vice* writer.

He owns The Hoxton and Dog & Bear restaurant and bars in Toronto, Canada. He is the Comedy Chair of the Banff World Media Festival Advisory Boards for the Banff World Media Festival and cofounded Aux Mode, an online content distribution and monetization firm in 2013. He currently hosts a weekly radio show with Sirius Radio in the U.S.

## Filmography
### Movies
**It Don't Cost Nothin' to Say Good Morning* (1994) (Short movie) (Director, DOP, Editor)
**Pitch* - Himself (1997) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
**The Papal Chase* - Himself (2004) (Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
**Zack and Miri Make a Porno* - Zack #2 (2008) (Actor)
**Degrassi Takes Manhattan* - Cameo (2010)

### Television
**Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation* (1997) (Writer)
**Kenny vs. Spenny* - Himself (2003-2010) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
**South Park* (2004–06, 2012) (Writer, Consultant)
**Elton vs. Simon* (2005) (Executive Producer)
**Odd Job Jack* - Clay Shogen (voice) (2007)
**Testees* - Larry (2008) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
**Pure Pwnage* - Cameo (2009)
**Kenny vs. Spenny Christmas Special* - Himself (2010) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
**Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will'' - Himself (2011) (Executive Producer, Creator, Writer, Director, Actor)
 
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
*
Dane Witherspoon

**Dane Witherspoon** (December 27, 1957 – March 29, 2014) was an American actor. He has appeared in such daytime TV soap operas as *Santa Barbara* as Joe Perkins in 1984 and in *Capitol* as Tyler McCandless from 1985 to 1986.

Witherspoon was born in Denton, Texas. He was raised in San Francisco, California. Witherspoon died on March 29, 2014 in Denver, Colorado, aged 56.

## References
Jacques Le Goff

**Jacques Le Goff** (1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and author. He wrote many books about the Middle Ages. Mostly during the 12th and 13th centuries. Le Goff was known for arguing that the Middle Ages created a new civilization. In 1984, he wrote *The Birth of Purgatory*.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Le Goff was born in Toulon. He died in Paris, France from natural causes, aged 90.

## References
Yngve A. A. Larsson

**Yngve Axel Andreas Larsson** (9 January 1917 &ndash; 22 March 2014) was a Swedish pediatrician, medicine professor and diabetologist. He was best known for his work at the Ethio&ndash;Swedish Pediatric Clinic (ESPC) at Haile Selassie I University in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 1965 until 1970. He was born in Stockholm.

Larsson died from natural causes on 22 March 2014 in Lidingö. He was 97 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gonzalo Anes

**Gonzalo Anes Álvarez de Castrillón** (10 December 1931 &ndash; 31 March 2014) was a Spanish economist, professor and historian. He was the Marquis of Castrillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He was also a director of the Royal Academy of History. He was born in Trelles, Coaña, Asturias.

Anes died on 31 March 2014 in Madrid. He was 82 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Gonzalo Anes  at the Royal Academy of History
Jan de Graaff

**Jan de Graaff** (21 April 1943 &ndash; 30 March 2014) was a Dutch television journalist. He started his job in 1962 for the news agency *UPI*, from 1966 he worked for VARA on radio and television, including as editor of *Behind the News*. He was born in The Hague, South Holland.

Jan de Graaff died on 30 March 2014 in Tilburg, North Brabant. He was 70 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Jan de Graaff  at ANP
Pic Palas

**Pic Palas** or **Pic de Palas** is a mountain in the Pyrenees on the Spanish–French border. It is the highest point of the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department with an altitude of .

## References
Nive

The **Nive** (, ) is a river in France. It flows through the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. The river starts in the Pyrenees. It is a left tributary of the Adour river.

## Geography
The Nive river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Cambo-les-Bains in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

### Course
The Nive proper is formed from three small rivers in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port:
* The Nive de Béhérobie (main stream)
* The Laurhibar - 
* The Nive d'Arnéguy - 

The Nive passes through the towns of Estérençuby (Nive de Béhérobie), Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Bidarray, Cambo-les-Bains, Ustaritz, Villefranque and Bayonne, where it flows into the Adour.

It joins the Adour in the city of Bayonne, on its left bank, at an altitude of  and at about  from the Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean).

## Main tributaries 
**Left tributaries**:
* Nive d'Arnéguy - 
* Bastan - 

**Right tributaries**:
* Laurhibar - 

## Gallery

File:Ixassou Nive.jpg|The Nive at Itxassou
File:Saint Jean Pied de Port Nive Béhérobie.jpg|Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (the Nive de Béhérobie)
File:Bidarray Noblia Nive.jpg|Bidarray, the bridge Noblia over the Nive
File:Ustaritz Pont Nive.jpg|Ustaritz, bridge over the Nive

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References 
## Other websites
* Tour de la Haute vallée de la Nive 
* Contrat de Rivière des Nives
Mark Kirk

**Mark Steven Kirk** (born September 15, 1959) is an American politician. He was elected to the United States Senate for Illinois in 2010, but lost re-election in 2016. Before being a senator, Kirk represented the 10th congressional district of Illinois from 2001 to 2010.

On November 8, 2016, he was defeated in his bid for re-election to his U.S. Senate seat by Democrat Tammy Duckworth.

## References
## Other websites
Palm Desert, California

**Palm Desert, California** is a city of California in the United States. It is in Coachella Valley. In 2020, 51,163 people lived in Palm Desert.

## References
Victoria Coren Mitchell

**Victoria Coren Mitchell** (born 18 August 1972) is a British journalist, television presenter and poker player.

She was born in Hammersmith, London and raised in Cricklewood, London. She gained a first-class degree in English from St John's College, Oxford. She is the daughter of Alan Coren and sister of Giles Coren. 

She presented *Balderdash and Piffle*. She presents *Only Connect*.

She married David Mitchell on 17 November 2012. The couple's daughter was born in May 2015.

## Other websites 
*PokerStars.com 
*