open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sound change

A **sound change** in a language is when the sounds of the language become different over time in historical linguistics. Since people of different languages or dialects often talk to each other, the way people talk becomes more like the way the others talk. Because of this, it is natural for languages to sound differently overtime. Sometimes it happens slowly, while in other times it happens quickly.

An example of a sound change in English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all of the long vowel sounds in Middle English changed into what they are today. This is why the way English is spelled is so differently from how it is spoken. 

Spelling systems that do not change with the sound changes of a language are often more difficult for a learner to learn how to read in that language. These kinds of spellings are called fossilized spellings. These include spelling systems like English, French, Mongolian script, and Thai. All of these spelling systems have changed little for the past few hundred years, even though their spoken languages sound very different from how they used to sound. Spelling systems that change with the sound changes are often easier for a  learner to learn how to read. These languages include Japanese, Turkish, and German.

Another much smaller sound shift in many dialects of English is the cot-caught merger, where words with lower back vowels like in *cot* and *caught* sound exactly the same to native speakers of certain English dialects and are spoken without any difference between the two sounds.
Warren Plunkett

**Warren Francisco Plunkett** (August 4, 1920 – December 30, 2018) was a former American football player and judge. He played as a blocking back on one season with the Cleveland Rams of the National Football League in 1942. He played college football at the University of Minnesota. He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Plunkett died of complications from pneumonia in Austin, Minnesota on December 30, 2018 at the age of 98.

## References
Carlos Sánchez (actor)

as portrayed by Carlos Sánchez]]

**Carlos Sánchez** (1935 &ndash; 29 December 2018) was a Colombian actor. He was known for playing  Juan Valdez for over thirty years, from 1969 to 2006.   He was originally a coffee farmer from Antioquia, Colombia. 

Sánchez died in Medellín on 29 December 2018 from a respiratory tract infection, aged 83.

## References
Mãe Stella de Oxóssi

**Mãe Stella de Oxóssi** (born **Maria Stella de Azevedo Santos**, also known as *Odé Kayodê*, 2 May 1925 – 27 December 2018) was a Brazilian priest and writer. She was the fifth *iyalorixá* (chief priestess) of Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá, a Candomblé *terreiro* in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (where she was born).

Stella was trained as a public health nurse. She became the iyalorixá of Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá in 1976.She was known for writing on the beliefs and practices of Candomblé for the general public, rather than practitioners. 

Stella died of a stroke on 27 December 2018 in Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil, aged 93.

## References
Dick Van Orden

**Merton Dick Van Orden** (February 24, 1921 – December 9, 2018)  was an American rear admiral in the United States Navy. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy.

## References
Urbie Green

**Urban Clifford "Urbie" Green** (August 8, 1926December 31, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist. He toured with Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, Jan Savitt, and Frankie Carle. The 1980s and beyond saw a slowing down of Urbie Green's recording career. Both albums recorded by him during this period are live, straight jazz works; *Just Friends*, and *Sea Jam Blues*. In 1995 he was elected into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

Green died in Hellertown, Pennsylvania from congestive heart failure on December 31, 2018, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*– Official Web Site
*Urbie Green at the Trombone Page of the World
*A Tribute to Urbie Green 
*Biography at Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
*Biography at WindSong Press
*Profile at Verve Music
*Official website of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
*https://www.poconorecord.com/obituaries/20190105/urban-clifford-urbie-green
*
Leo J. Dulacki

**Leo John Dulacki** (December 29, 1918 – January 4, 2019) was an American lieutenant general in the Marine Corps. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He served in the Corps during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

During his 32 years of active service Dulacki held several important intelligence assignments in Moscow and Helsinki. He finished his career as Director of Personnel/Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower at Headquarters Marine Corps. 

Dulacki died on January 4, 2019, at his retirement home in Sun City West, Arizona, at the age of 100, 6 days after his birthday.

## References
Sun City West, Arizona

**Sun City West** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 25,806 at the 2020 census.

## References
Georgy Beriev

**Georgy Mikhailovich Beriev** (Beriashvili) ( *Georgij Michajlovič Beriev*;  *Giorgi Mikheilis Dze Beriashvili*; 13 February 1903 – 12 July 1979), was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Beriev.

## Other websites 
* GlobalSecurity.org
Manchu language

The **Manchu language** (Manchu: , manju gisun) is a Tungusic language and it was the native language of the Manchu people before and during the Qing dynasty. The Manchus are the ethnic minority in China that overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and took over the country. When they ruled, they formed the Qing dynasty. Manchu uses a version of the Mongolian script that was changed to better suit the language. For the first 200 years, it was the official language in the courts, although commoners still spoke Chinese. However, during the mid-1800s, it became more common for the Manchu nobles to speak Chinese as their first language. As a matter of fact, China's last emperor, Aisin Gioro Puyi, knew very little Manchu and spoke Chinese as his first language. Nonetheless, Manchu was still written alongside Chinese in official documents until the end of Imperial China. Even though China today has 10 million Manchus, only 20 people speak Manchu today. This makes Manchu a critically endangered language. Almost all Manchus today speak Mandarin Chinese as their first language.

## References
Bernice Sandler

**Bernice Resnick Sandler** (March 3, 1928 – January 5, 2019) was an American women's rights activist. Sandler was best known for being the cause of the creation of Title IX, a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972. 

She has been called "the Godmother of Title IX" by The New York Times.

Sandler died on January 5, 2019 Washington, D.C. at the age of 90.

## References
Óscar González-Quevedo

Father **Óscar González-Quevedo Bruzón** (December 15, 1930 – January 9, 2019) was a Spanish-born Brazilian Jesuit priest. He was an investigator in the field of parapsychology. He was born in Madrid.

González-Quevedo died on January 9, 2019 from heart disease in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, aged 88.

## Books
**O que é parapsicologia*;
**A face Oculta da Mente*;
**As Forças Físicas da Mente*;
**O Poder da mente na cura e na doença*;
**Antes que os demônios voltem*, Loyola;
**Os Espíritos e os Fenômenos Parafísicos*;
**Há provas de que os mortos agem?*;
**Identificação dos mortos?*;
**As provas da ciência*;
**Palavra de Iahweh*;
**Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe*;
**Milagres - A Ciência Confirma a Fé*;
**Os Milagres e a Ciência*;
**Milagres na história da Igreja*;

## References
Anatoly Lukyanov

**Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov** () (7 May 1930 – 9 January 2019) was a Russian Communist politician. He was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR between 15 March 1990 and 22 August 1991.

Lukyanov died in Moscow on 9 January 2019, at the age of 88, after suffering from a serious illness.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography 
* Biography 
* Examples of his poetry
Airbus CC-150 Polaris

**Airbus CC-150 Polaris** is a Strategic transport, VIP transport, tanker developed from Airbus A310 MRTT.

## Other websites
*Airbus A330 Variant Set To Become Next Canadian Government Jet by Chris Loh, Simple Flying.
Mikhail Gurevich

**Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich** () ( – 12 November 1976) was a Soviet aircraft designer. He was in a partnership with Artem Mikoyan and co-founded the famous MiG military aviation bureau.

## Other websites
* Aviaru.rf
Artem Mikoyan

**Artem (Artyom) Ivanovich Mikoyan** (; ;  – 9 December 1970) was a Soviet aircraft designer. In partnership with Mikhail Gurevich he designed many of the famous Mikoyan-Gurevich military aircraft.

## Other websites
* GlobalSecurity.org
Han Zheng

**Han Zheng** (Chinese: 韩正; born 22 April 1954) is a Chinese politician serving as the current Vice President of the People's Republic of China since 2023. He previously served as Senior Vice Premier of the State Council from 2018 to 2023. He has also been Leader of the Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs since April 2018. From 2017 to 2022, he served as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Han served as Deputy Party Secretary and Mayor of Shanghai between 2003 and 2012. In November 2012, he was promoted to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai, the top political post in the city, and also gained a seat on the CCP Politburo. On March 10 2023, Han Zheng who left the politburo standing committee in 2022, became the vice president of China.

## Other websites
* Vitae
Wang Yi

**Wang Yi** (Chinese: 王毅; 8 October 1953) is a Chinese politician. In 2023 he became the Director of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission Office of the Chinese Communist Party, the top diplomat in China.

He served as a State Councilor of People's Republic of China from 2018 to 2023.

## Other websites
* Vitae
Bruno Tshibala

**Bruno Tshibala Nzenze** (born 20 February 1956) is a Congolese politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 2017 to April 2019.

## References
Vital Kamerhe

**Vital Kamerhe** (born 4 March 1959) is a Congolese politician. He is the leader of the Union for the Congolese Nation (*Union pour la Nation Congolaise*, UNC), an opposition political party. He was President of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2006 to 2009. 

After resigning as President of the National Assembly, he went into opposition and founded the UNC. He was a candidate in the 2011 presidential election.

On April 8, 2020, Vital Kamerhe, chief of staff and main political ally of the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Félix Tshisekedi, was placed in pre-trial detention in the Kinshasa central prison. He was heard during the investigation into the 100-day work.

On June 20, 2020, Vital Kamerhe, was sentenced to "20 years of forced labor" and 10 years of ineligibility and inability to access public office for embezzlement, aggravated corruption and money laundering, the court announced. of high instance of Kinshasa-Gombe. His co-defendant, businessman Samih Jammal, faces the same penalties and an expulsion order after their executions. The court also orders the confiscation of the accounts and properties of family members of Vital Kamerhe.

On July 24, 2020, the appeal trial of Vital Kamerhe, the chief of staff of Félix Tshisekedi, sentenced to 20 years in prison in June 2020, for embezzlement begins. But just opened, the appeal trial was postponed to August 7, 2020 for procedural reasons.

On April 23, 2024, Vital Kamerhe was chosen as the “Sacred Union” candidate for president of the Assembly. On May 22, Vital Kamerhe was elected president of the National Assembly.

## References
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The **prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo** (, , ), is Congo's head of government. The current prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is Judith Suminwa Tuluka since 12 June 2024.

The position of prime minister was already present in the first government after independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the first prime minister Patrice Emery Lumumba. 

The position was restored in 1977, as the title of "First State Commissioner" which, in reality, was weak in comparison to the pre-war office of Prime Minister. The office became vacant in 1997.

## Heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960–present)
(Dates in italics indicate *de facto* continuation of office)

## Notes
## Other websites
*World Statesmen – Congo (Kinshasa)
Vice (2018 movie)

***Vice*** is a 2018 American biographical comedy-drama movie written and directed by Adam McKay. The movie stars Christian Bale as Dick Cheney, with Amy Adams, Steve Carell, Sam Rockwell, Tyler Perry, Alison Pill, and Jesse Plemons in supporting roles. 

The movie is about Cheney in his desire to become the most powerful Vice President in America's history. *Vice* was released in the United States on December 25, 2018, by Annapurna Pictures.

## Cast 
* Christian Bale as Dick Cheney
** Alex MacNicoll and Aidan Gail as young Dick Cheney
* Amy Adams as Lynne Cheney
** Cailee Spaeny as young Lynne Cheney
* Steve Carell as Donald Rumsfeld
* Sam Rockwell as George W. Bush
* Tyler Perry as Colin Powell
* Alison Pill as Mary Cheney
** Colyse Harger as young Mary Cheney
* Lily Rabe as Liz Cheney
** Violet Hicks as young Liz Cheney
* Jesse Plemons as Kurt, the narrator 
* Justin Kirk as Scooter Libby
* Don McManus as David Addington
* LisaGay Hamilton as Condoleezza Rice
* Stephen Adly Guirgis as George Tenet
* Matthew Jacobs as Antonin Scalia
* Shea Whigham as Wayne Vincent
* Eddie Marsan as Paul Wolfowitz
* Stefania LaVie Owen as Joan
* Adam Bartley as Frank Luntz
* Kirk Bovill as Henry Kissinger
* Jillian Armenante as Karen Hughes
* Bill Camp as Gerald Ford
* Fay Masterson as Edna Vincent
* Alfred Molina as Waiter
* Naomi Watts as News Anchor
* Joseph Beck as Karl Rove
* Paul Perri as Trent Lott

## References
Laurent-Désiré Kabila

**Laurent-Désiré Kabila** (November 27, 1939 – January 16, 2001), or simply **Laurent Kabila** (US: ), was a Congolese revolutionary and politician. He was the third President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 17, 1997 until his assassination on January 16, 2001, when he overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko.

## Death 
On January 16, 2001, Kabila was shot dead by one of his bodyguards. He was 61 years old. He was replaced as president eight days later by his son Joseph.

## References
Pascal Lissouba

**Pascal Lissouba** (November 15, 1931 &ndash; August 24, 2020) was a Congolese politician. He was the first democratically elected President of the Republic of the Congo from August 31, 1992 to October 15, 1997. He was overthrown by the current President Denis Sassou Nguesso in the 1997 civil war.

Lissouba died on August 24, 2020 in Perpignan, France from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease at the age of 88.

## References
Félix Tshisekedi

**Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo** (born 13 June 1963) is a Congolese politician. He is the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress, the oldest and largest opposition party of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

On December 30, 2018 he was elected the President of the DRC. From 2021 to 2022, he was the 19th Chairperson of the African Union.

## References
Clément Mouamba

**Clément Mouamba** (13 November 1943 – 29 October 2021)

Mouamba died on 29 October 2021 in Paris, France from COVID-19 at the age of 77.

## References
Fulbert Youlou

**Abbé** **Fulbert Youlou** (29 June, 17 June or 19 July 1917 – 6 May 1972) was a laicized Brazzaville-Congolese Roman Catholic priest, nationalist leader and politician. Became the first President of Congo-Brazzaville on its independence.

## References
Arch Rivals

***Arch Rivals*** is an American basketball arcade game from Midway Games. The game was released by Midway in 1989. It was billed by Midway as "A Basket Brawl". It has two-on-two full court basketball games in which players are allowed to punch other players and steal the ball from them.

*Arch Rivals* allows players to select from a variety of fictional teams. But arcade operators can change the team names to reflect real ones. Home versions of the game were put out for the Sega Genesis, Sega Game Gear and Nintendo Entertainment System.

The game was considered a precursor to the popular arcade basketball game *NBA Jam*.

Basketball games generally follow standard rules: a full basketball game has four quarters with four minutes each. Both teams have two players each. A player can call for his teammate to pass him the ball or shoot it.

The difference between *Arch Rivals* and other basketball game titles is the ability to punch an opponent without any penalty and steal the ball away. The referee will only call shot clock violations.

Also in *Arch Rivals* are hazards, such as candy wrappers and soda cans thrown onto the floor. If a ball handler steps on these, he falls on the floor. He then allows his opponent to steal the ball from him.

## Players 
There are eight players, each with a unique talent.  They are:

***Blade:** A crowd pleaser
***Hammer:** Rebound king
***Lewis:** Top shooter
***Mohawk:** Tough & mean
***Moose:** A real champ
***Reggie:** All-American
***Tyrone:** Defensive giant
***Vinnie:** A great player

## Presentation
If a basket is scored (for two or three points), several random scenes may be played. One is the coach yelling at his own players. Another has players from the other team being disgusted. Two scenes have cheerleaders saying: "Yay team!" or "Go team go!"

## References
Sergey Ivanov

**Sergei Borisovich Ivanov** (; born 31 January 1953) is a Russian politician who is Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation on the Issues of Environmental Activities, Environment and Transport since 12 August 2016. He served as a Minister of Defense of Russia from 28 March 2001 to 15 February 2007.

## Other websites 
* UznayVse
President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The **President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo** (, , ), is the head of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

The constitutional mandate of the current president, Joseph Kabila, was due to expire on 20 December 2016 but was extended by him until the end of 2017. He was replaced by Félix Tshisekedi in 2019.

**Article 72** of the Congolese constitution states that the President must be a natural-born citizen – or more accurately:  – of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and at least 30 years of age. Additionally, the President must be free of any legal constraints on their civil and political rights.
## Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960–present)
(Dates in italics indicate *de facto* continuation of office)

### Timeline 

ImageSize = width:700 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea  = top:3 bottom:120 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period     = from:1960 till:25/01/2019
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1960
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1960

Colors     =
  id:abako  value:rgb(0.98,0.91,0.61)   legend:ABAKO
  id:psa  value:rgb(1,0,0)   legend:Parti_Solidaire_Africain
  id:mpr  value:rgb(0,0.67,0)   legend:Popular_Movement_of_the_Revolution
  id:none  value:rgb(0.87,0.87,0.87)   legend:None_(independent)
  id:pprd  value:rgb(1,0.84,0)   legend:People's_Party_for_Reconstruction_and_Democracy
  id:udps  value:rgb(0.812,0.063,0.125)   legend:Union_for_Democracy_and_Social_Progress
  
Legend     = columns:2 left:200 top:80 columnwidth:230
 
TextData =
  pos:(20,100) textcolor:black fontsize:M
  text:"Political parties:"

BarData =
  bar:JosephKasa-Vubu
  bar:AntoineGizenga
  bar:MobutuSeseSeko
  bar:Laurent-DésiréKabila
  bar:JosephKabila
  bar:FélixTshisekedi

PlotData=
  width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

  bar:JosephKasa-Vubu
   from: 01/07/1960 till: 01/08/1964 color:abako
   from: 01/08/1964 till: 24/11/1965 color:abako text:"Joseph Kasa-Vubu"
  bar:AntoineGizenga
   from: 31/03/1961 till: 05/08/1961 color:psa text:"Antoine Gizenga"
  bar:MobutuSeseSeko
   from: 24/11/1965 till: 27/10/1971 color:mpr
   from: 27/10/1971 till: 16/05/1997 color:mpr text:"Mobutu Sese Seko"
  bar:Laurent-DésiréKabila
   from: 17/05/1997 till: 16/01/2001 color:none text:"Laurent-Désiré Kabila"
  bar:JosephKabila
   from: 26/01/2001 till: 24/01/2019 color:pprd text:"Joseph Kabila"
  bar:FélixTshisekedi
   from: 24/01/2019 till: end color:udps text:"Félix Tshisekedi"

## Notes
## References
Ai Yori Aoshi

is a Japanese *seinen* manga created by Kou Fumizuki. It was published from 1998 to 2005 in Hakusensha's *Young Animal*. It is a love story between two childhood friends who have not seen each other in years.

*Ai Yori Aoshi* anime was directed by Masami Shimoda. It was written by Kenichi Kanemaki and animated by J.C.Staff. The series was made into an anime in 2002. A sequel, , set two years later started running in 2003. The anime was released in North America by Geneon. The manga was released in English by Tokyopop. Four visual novels were also released for the PlayStation 2, and for Windows 98.

Ai Yori Aoshi did well with its English manga release. Book one ranked number 45 on the top 50 Manga's sold of that month. With around 3,329 books sold, the series was at number 18 of 100 with Volume 6. It then soon fell out of the top 100 list for the other releases. The last volume ended at number 66 out of 100 on the sales list.

## References
OpenVPN

**OpenVPN** is a Virtual private network protocol that is open-source. This means the source code is openly available for anyone to access and develop.  It creates secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities.

An active community has formed around the OpenVPN project, which has kept it up-to-date and provided regular security audits to ensure it’s viability.

It is particularly known for its security and privacy as well as its adjustability.

OpenVPN typically works on any port and has five encryption algorithms to such as SSL, IPSec or SSH. AES 256-bit encryption is  the best security and privacy as it is essentially unbreakable. A TCP 443 port  will make a connection similar to an https connection. It is essentially a secure connection which can help prevent website blocking and bypass censorship.

For greater speed, it is recommended to use UDP ports, using the default, Blowfish-128 cipher.  This isn’t the absolute highest level of security, but for most people, it will suffice and will operate significantly faster than AES 256 on TCP.

## References
Camas County, Idaho

**Camas County** is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, 1,077 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Fairfield.

## Communities 
### City 
* Fairfield

### Unincorporated communities 
* Corral
* Hill City
* Soldier

## References
Tupolev TB-1

The **Tupolev TB-1**  (development name **ANT-4**) was a Soviet bomber aircraft produced by Tupolev.

## References
Sergei Shoigu

**Sergey Kuzhugetovich Shoigu** (Russian: Сергей Кужугетович Шойгу, Tuvan: Сергей Күжүгет оглу Шойгу; born 21 May 1955) is a Russian politician who has served as a Minister of Defense of Russia from 6 November 2012.

## Other websites 
* UznayVse
Virginia McLaurin

**Virginia McLaurin** (March 12, 1909 – November 14, 2022) is an American supercentenarian and community volunteer Born in South Carolina, she lived in Washington, D.C., before passing away in Olney, Maryland. 

Her husband died in 1939 after a bar fight. She volunteers forty hours a week as a Senior Corps volunteer with the United Planning Organization's Foster Grandparents Program at the Roots Public Charter School. In 2013, McLaurin received a volunteer community service award from Mayor Vincent C. Gray in recognition of her voluntary work.

She gained national attention after a visit to the White House on February 18, 2016 to celebrate Black History Month, after which a video of her dancing with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama went viral on social media. 

She celebrated her 108th birthday with the Harlem Globetrotters.

In March 2016, McLaurin received the President's Volunteer Service Award for her work of daily service to schoolchildren in the nation's capital.
McLaurin died at her home in Olney, Maryland, on November 14, 2022, at the claimed age of 113 years, 247 days.
## References
Cassia County, Idaho

**Cassia County** is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, 24,655, people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Burley.

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Albion
* Burley
* Declo
* Malta
* Oakley

### Unincorporated communities 
* Almo
* Basin
* Connor
* Elba
* Idahome
* Jackson
* Marion
* Pella
* Raft River
* Springdale
* Sublett
* View

## References 
## Other websites 
* County website
* County Parcel Map
Clinton, Maryland

**Clinton** is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population of Clinton was 38,760 at the 2020 census. Clinton is historically known for its role in the American Civil War for the Abraham Lincoln assassination.

## References
Caribou County, Idaho

**Caribou County** is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, 7,027 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Soda Springs.

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Bancroft
* Grace
* Soda Springs

### Unincorporated communities 
* Conda
* Freedom
* Henry
* Wayan

## References
Early Modern English

**Early Modern English** (**EModE** or **EMnE**) or **Early New English** (**ENE**) is the stage of the English language in the 16th and the 17th centuries, from the Tudor period to the Restoration when written and spoken English begins to be familiar to English-speakers today, who use Modern English.

The King James Bible was translated to and William Shakespeare wrote his plays in Early Modern English. What sets Early Modern English apart from Middle English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all long vowel sounds changed to their current sounds.

Before and after the accession of James I to the English throne in 1603, the English standard began to influence the spoken and written Middle Scots of Scotland.

## References
Thomas V. Miller Jr.

**Thomas V. "Mike" Miller Jr.** (December 3, 1942 &ndash; January 15, 2021) was an American politician. He was born in Clinton, Maryland. 

Miller Jr. was the president of the Maryland Senate from 1987 until 2020. He was a state senator representing the 27th District, first elected in 1975. He is a Democrat. From 1971 to 1975, he was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates.

In July 2018, Miller was diagnosed with prostate cancer and the disease advanced in December 2018. He died from the disease on January 15, 2021 at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
*Senator Mike Miller  **official website**
*Maryland Senate - Senate President  **official government website**
Hyde County

**Hyde County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Hyde County, North Carolina
* Hyde County, South Dakota
Adams County, North Dakota

**Adams County** is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 2,200 people lived there. The county seat is Hettinger.

## References
Charlie Munger

**Charles Thomas Munger** (January 1, 1924 &ndash; November 28, 2023) was an American investor, businessman and philanthropist. He was vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway alongside Warren Buffett. He was chairman of Wesco Financial Corporation from 1984 through 2011. He was also chairman of the Daily Journal Corporation and a director of Costco Wholesale Corporation.

Munger was born in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1924. As a teenager he worked at Buffett & Son, a grocery store owned by Warren Buffett's grandfather.

Munger enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he studied mathematics but dropped out a few days after his 19th birthday in 1943 to serve in the U.S. Army Air Corps as a meteorologist, promoting to second lieutenant. He later studied meteorology at the California Institute of Technology but did not graduate. Through the G.I. Bill Munger entered Harvard Law School, graduating *magna cum laude* with a J.D. in 1948. 

After moving to California, he worked at a law firm before setting up his own firm. He later quit law and began to develop real estate. He got his start as an investor in the early 1960s and is mostly known for his association with Buffett. 

In his 50s, after a failed eye cataract surgery that made his left eye blind, Munger had his left eye removed because of severe pain.

In September 2023, Munger had an estimated net worth of $2.7 billion according to *Forbes*.

Munger died at a hospital in Santa Barbara, California on November 28, 2023, at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
* Charlie Munger – Treasure Trove 
* Charlie Munger – A Compilation  
* Charlie Munger – USC Law School Commencement Speech – May 13, 2007 
* Audio: Standard Causes of Human Misjudgment 
* Charlie Munger Link Collection
Clute, Texas

**Clute** is a city in, Brazoria County, Texas. As of the 2020 United States Census, 10,604 people lived in the city.

## Geography 
Clute has a total area of 5.69 square miles.
Abakan

**Abakan** (; Khakas:  or ) is the capital city of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia. As of the 2021 census, 189,963 people lived there.

Wallpaper meria.jpg|Abakan City Administration building
Flag of Abakan (Khakassia).png|Flag
Coat of Arms of Abakan (Khakassia).png|Coat of arms

## Related pages 
*List of cities and towns in Russia

## Other websites
Abernathy, Texas

**Abernathy** is a city in Hale County, Texas. At the 2020 census, 2,865 people lived there.

## References
Liu He

**Liu He** (; born 25 January 1952) is a Chinese economist and politician. He is a current member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, and a Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China. 

## Career 
Liu is the Vice Chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the deputy party group secretary of the NDRC, and the director of the General Office serving the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission of the Communist Party of China, headed by Party General Secretary Xi Jinping. He was named vice-premier on 19 March 2018 and will be heading the Financial Stability and Development Commission.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Vitae
Igor Sergeyev

**Igor Dmitriyevich Sergeyev** (Russian: Игорь Дмитриевич Сергеев; 20 April 1938 — 10 November 2006) was a Russian politician. He served as a Minister of Defence of Russia from 22 May 1997 to 28 March 2001.

## Other websites 
* Structure Mil.ru
Mongolian script

**Mongolian script** was the first writing system to be used to write the Mongolian language. It is similar to the Arabic alphabet in that it is a cursive writing system, or a writing system where all the letters in a word always touch each other and change depending on if the letter is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. It is a vertically written system, meaning that it is written top-to-bottom, and it is the only vertical writing system to be read left-to-right (all other vertical systems, like Chinese and Korean, are right-to-left). It is one of the two writing systems used to write the Mongolian language, alongside Cyrillic, in the independent country of Mongolia (which is sometimes called Outer Mongolia to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia) and the only writing system used to write the language in the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Unlike Arabic, and Old Uyghur, the Traditional Mongolian script and its variants are an abugida and brahmic script. It is also used to write several other Mongolic and Tungustic languages such as Buryat, Kalmyk, Oirat, Manchu, and Xibe.

It is believed that the reason why Mongolian script is vertical is so that it could easily be written on the neck of a horse, which horses were a very important part of Mongolian culture. In the year 1208, Genghis Khan captured a Uighur scribe named Tatar-Tonga and forced him to make the alphabet of his native language, the Old Uyghr alphabet, be used to write the Mongolian language. It did not fit the Mongolian language well, and it was difficult to learn even for native Mongolian speakers.

In 1941, a few decades after Mongolia became a communist state, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced Mongolian script likely due to influence from their communist ally, the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism,  Mongolia made Mongolian script official alongside Cyrillic to revive Mongolian culture. However, Cyrillic is still more common due to the lack of education in Mongolian writing, the lack of money to support it, and the difficulty of typing Mongolian on a computer. Also, more Mongolians can read Cyrillic than Mongolian script.  In Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, most ethnic Mongols do not know Cyrillic and can only read Mongolian in the Mongolian script.

## References
Khosro Harandi

**Khosro (Hosrov) Sheikh Harandi** (11 September 1950 – 8 January 2019) was an Iranian chess International Master. He was a repeated Champion of Iran, he was a member of the national team in five Chess Olympiads. He also represented Iran at first board in 19th World Student Team Chess Championship at Graz 1972 (+6 –3 =3). 

Harandi died on 8 January 2019 in Tehran at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
*Khosro Harandi  at Chessgames.com
Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta

The **Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta** was a right-wing political party in Alberta, Canada. The party was created in 1999 as the **Alberta First Party**. In 2004, the party changed their name to the **Separation Party of Alberta**. In 2018, the party was renamed the Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta.

In the 2019 general election, the Freedom Conservative Party received 0.5% of the popular vote.

Derek Fildebrandt resigned as leader of the Freedom Conservative Party on April 30, 2019.

In April 2020, the party agreed to merge with the Wexit Alberta to create the Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta. It became official in July 2020.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Wildrose Party

The **Wildrose Party** was a conservative political party in Alberta, Canada.

The party was the official opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta after the 2012 and 2015 elections.

The party merged into the newly-created United Conservative Party in 2017.

## References
Zenzizenzizenzic

**Zenzizenzizenzic** is the eighth power of a number. Robert Recorde in *The Whetstone of Witte*, published in 1557. Although his spelling had the last letter of the word as k.

This word is not used any more in math except as a curiosity. The Oxford English Dictionary has only one citation for it. It survives because it is unusual.

The root word, is the Italian *censo*, meaning squared.

Zenzizenzizenzic is from a time when there was no easy way of writing the powers of numbers except as squares and cubes. The fourth power was represented by the square of a square. **Zenzizenzic** is a condensed form of the Italian censo di censo, used by Leonardo of Pisa in his famous book *Liber Abaci* of 1202.

The eighth power is by extension zenzizenzizenzic. Similarly the sixth power would be **zenzicube**, the square of a cube.

Zenzizenzizenzic has more Z's than any other word in English.

## References
*.
*.
*.
*.
*.

## Other websites
*Entry at Weird Words
Anthracycline

**Anthracyclines** are a class of antibiotic drugs. They are obtained from Streptomyces bacteria. They are used as a form of chemotherapy, to treat a number of cancers, including blood cancer. 

The most important drugs used clinically are doxorubicin and daunorubicin. They act to inhibit cellular processes around DNA metabolism which causes the death of rapidly dividing cells. Most anthracyclines are given (administered) directly into the blood, Intravenously. 

Common side effects include decreased (lower) immune cell production, nausea, vomiting and hair loss. The greatest potential side effect is dose related damage to heart tissue. Modern treatment regimens are designed to minimise this risk. Research continues around new anthracycline variants and formulation with several clinical trials currently underway around the world.
Almyra, Arkansas

**Almyra** is a town in the US state of Arkansas. In 2020 it had a population of 256 people.

## References
Igor Ivanov

**Igor Sergeyevich Ivanov** (Russian: Игорь Сергеевич Иванов; born 23 September 1945) is a Russian politician. He was a Foreign Minister of Russia from 30 September 1998 to 24 February 2004.

## Other websites 
* RussianCouncil.ru
Islam in Europe

Islam is the second-largest and fastest-growing religion in Europe. Most Muslim communities in Europe formed recently, but certain areas on the Balkans have a long Muslim history.

Islam entered southern Europe through the invading "Moors" of North Africa in the 8th–10th centuries. Many kingdoms and duchies in Spain, Portugal, Southern Italy and Malta have existed for centuries. After a series of conflicts and wars known as the Reconquista, these areas became Christian.   Islam expanded into the Caucasus through the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century. The Ottoman Empire expanded into southeastern Europe; it conquered large parts of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. Later, the power of the Ottoman empire faded, and it lost most of its territories in Europe. It collapsed in 1922.   The countries of the Balkans still have large populations of native Muslims. Many of these Muslims have become secular.

The term "Muslim Europe" is used for the Muslim-majority countries of Albania, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Transcontinental countries, such as Turkey, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan have large Muslim populations, as does Russia in the North Caucasus.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, large numbers of Muslims immigrated to Western Europe. By 2010, an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in Europe (6%), including an estimated 19 million in the EU (3.8%). They are projected to be 8% by 2030. They are often the subject of intense discussion and political controversy created by events such as terrorist attacks, the cartoons affair in Denmark, debates over Islamic dress, and ongoing support for populist right-wing parties that view Muslims as a threat to European culture. Such events have also fueled growing debate regarding the topic of Islamophobia, attitudes toward Muslims and the populist right.

The country where most Muslims live in western Europe today is France, where they account for 12.5% of the population. In the European Union, Bulgaria probably has the largest Muslim population, about 15 % of Bulgarians said they were Muslims.

## References
## Bibliography
* 
*
Garfield, Arkansas

**Garfield** is a town in Benton County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 593 at the 2020 census.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town of Garfield official website
McDonnell Douglas MD-90

The **McDonnell Douglas MD-90** is a twin-engine, short/medium-range commercial jet airliner seating 172 passengers.

## Specifications
## References
McDonnell Douglas DC-9

McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]
The **McDonnell Douglas DC-9** is a twin-engine, short-range jet airliner seating 110 passengers.
## Specifications
## References
Marmaduke, Arkansas

**Marmaduke** is a city in Greene County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 1,212 in 2020.

## References
Edith Humphrey

**Edith Ellen Humphrey** (11 September 1875 – 25 February 1978) was an inorganic chemist. She was probably the first woman from Britain to get a doctorate in chemistry.

## Life story 
### Early life 
Edith Humphrey's father, John, was a clerk (secretary). Her mother, Louisa, was a teacher. John Humprey was poor when he was a child and wanted all his sons and daughters to get an education. Edith's two older sisters were teachers. One of her brothers was an inventor.

Humphrey went to North London Collegiate School, one of the first girls' schools in the UK to teach science. From 1893 to 1897 Humphrey studied chemistry and physics at Bedford College, London. When she finished her degree she went to do a PhD (doctorate) at the University of Zurich.

### Postgraduate study 
On 17 October 1898, Humphrey entered the University of Zurich. Her supervisor, Alfred Werner, found that Humphrey was talented, and made her his assistant. Humphrey worked hard, and was disappointed by the social life.

Humphrey was Werner's first student to successfully prepare a type of compound that were very important in his development and proof of his coordination theory. One of these compounds, the cis-bis(ethylenediamine)dinitrocobalt(III) bromide, was the first creation of a chiral octahedral cobalt complex.

## References
Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign

The **2020 presidential campaign of Tulsi Gabbard,** the U.S. Representative for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district began on January 11, 2019.

On October 19, 2018, *Politico* said that Gabbard was "weighing a 2020 presidential bid" but would not make an announcement until after the 2018 midterm elections. On December 12, 2018, on MSNBC's *Hardball with Chris Matthews*, Gabbard said she was "seriously considering" running for president in 2020.

In a January 11, 2019 interview with CNN's Van Jones, Gabbard announced her plans to run for the Democratic presidential nomination and said she would officially announce "within the next week."

After failing to qualify in recent debates or winning any primary contests, Gabbard left the race on March 19, 2020, and supported Joe Biden.

## References
Pacers–Pistons brawl

The **Pacers–Pistons brawl** was a violent fight. It took place at a National Basketball Association (NBA) game between the Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons on November 19, 2004. It happened at the Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The Associated Press called it "the most infamous brawl in NBA history." The media called it "the worst night in NBA history."

With 45.9 seconds left in the game, Pistons center Ben Wallace went up for a layup. He was fouled by Pacers small forward Ron Artest. Wallace was mad for being fouled when the game had been already decided. He pushed Artest. A fight took place on the court between several players. When the fight was broken up, a fan threw a drink at Artest while he was lying on the scorer's table. Artest then went after the fan. That caused a massive fight between players and spectators. The fight went from the seats to the court. It lasted several minutes.

After the game, the NBA didn't allow nine NBA players a total of 146 games. That led to $11 million in salaries being lost by the players.

Ron Artest, Jermaine O'Neal, Ben Wallace and Stephen Jackson were taken from NBA basketball playing for a time on November 20, 2004.

Artest was taken from NBA basketball playing for the rest of the 2004–05 season. He lost almost $5 million in salary. Jermaine O'Neal also lost more than $4 million for his part in the fights. The players who were removed lost a total of $11 million in salary.

## References
Venezuelan presidential crisis

Between 2019 and 2023 Venezuela experienced a Presidential crisis, with unclear leadership and terms of Presidency.

Despite encouragement to resign as president when his first term expired on 10 January 2019, Nicolás Maduro inaugurated himself. This resulted in widespread condemnation. The National Assembly invoked a State of emergency. Nations removed their embassies from Venezuela. With their belief that his election was illegitimate, they claimed that by retaking power, Maduro was converting Venezuela into an illegal *de facto* dictatorship.

Juan Guaidó, the newly appointed President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, began motions to form a transitional government as soon as he took the National Assembly role on 5 January 2019. Whether Maduro took office on the 10th or not, the country would not have a legitimately elected president. On behalf of the National Assembly, he became one of the first to denounce Maduro taking office, saying that the country had fallen into a *de facto* dictatorship and had no leader, and that they were in a state of emergency.

Maduro's government said that the crisis was a "''coup d'état'' led by the United States to remove him from power and control the country's oil reserves."

## References
Lincoln County, Idaho

**Lincoln County** is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, 5,127 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Shoshone. The county is named after President Abraham Lincoln. It was founded on March 18, 1895.

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Dietrich
* Richfield
* Shoshone

### Unincorporated community 
* Hidden Valley

## References
Dimitris Sioufas

]]
**Dimitris Sioufas** (; 15 August 1944 – 11 January 2019) was a Greek lawyer and New Democracy politician. He was born in Ellinopyrgos, Karditsa, Greece.

He was first elected to the Greek Parliament for the Karditsa constituency in the 1981 general election, and has been reelected at every election since. He was Deputy Minister of Social Security from August 1991 to December 1992 and Minister of Health, Welfare and Social Services from December 1992 to October 1993.

From 2007 to 2009, he was Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.

## References
## Other websites
*Personal Webpage
*Biography on Greek Parliament website
Clearwater County, Idaho

**Clearwater County** is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, 8,734 people lived there. The county seat is Orofino. Founded in 1911, the county was named after the Clearwater River.

The county is home to North Fork of the Clearwater River, and a small part of the South Fork and the main Clearwater. It is in the county are the Dworshak Reservoir, Dworshak State Park, Dworshak National Fish Hatchery, and the Dworshak Dam, third highest in the U.S. The modest Bald Mountain ski area is between Orofino and Pierce.

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Elk River
* Orofino
* Pierce
* Weippe

### Unincorporated communities 
* Ahsahka
* Cardiff
* Cavendish
* Dent
* Grangemont
* Greer
* Headquarters
* Hollywood
* Judge Town
* Konkolville
* Moose City
* Teakean

### Ghost town 
* Fraser

## References
2019 Gabonese coup d'état attempt

On 7 January 2019, the Armed Forces of Gabon announced a coup d'état in Gabon. Military officers claimed that they had removed President Ali Bongo. Bongo became president in 2016 after a disputed election and protests.

Ali Bongo was receiving medical treatment in Morocco. While he was there, armed rebels in the capital city Libreville acted. They took hostages. They said that they had created a "National Restoration Council" to "restore democracy in Gabon." 

During this time, the Internet was sometimes not available. It is unknown if the Internet was shut down by the rebels themselves or by civilians. Gabon's government later said that it had gotten control again.

## References
Dianne Oxberry

**Diane Clare Oxberry** (13 August 1967 &ndash; 10 January 2019) was an English broadcaster and weather presenter for the BBC regional news programme *North West Tonight*. She also the regional current affairs programme *Inside Out North West*. 

Oxberry was born in Sunderland, County Durham, England. Oxberry was last on-air on *North West Tonight* in mid-December 2018.

Oxberry died at a hospital in Manchester on 10 January 2019 from pancreatic cancer, aged 51.

## References
Shay Mitchell

**Shay Mitchell** (born **Shannon Ashley Garcia Mitchell**; 10 April 1987) is a Canadian-Filipino actress, model, entrepreneur and author. She became known for her role as Emily Fields in the Freeform series *Pretty Little Liars* (2010–2017). In 2018, Mitchell starred in the psychological thriller series *You* and the horror movie *The Possession of Hannah Grace*.

## References
## Other websites
*