open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stress (biology)

**Stress** is a word used in psychology and medicine to describe a condition which may be seen in organisms.

## Overview
Stress describes an organism's response to a threat or some adverse changes in its or his/her environment. In psychology, **stress** is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be beneficial, but more stress can increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, and mental illnesses, such as depression in humans.

## Types
There are different types of stress. Each type has different characteristics and symptoms.

* **Acute:** stress causes immediate harm in a short time span. An example of this type of stress is having to finish an assignment quickly or avoiding a car crash
* **Chronic:** stress causes continued harm and frustration. An example of this type of stress is continued unhappiness with school. This type of stress wears organisms down
* **Traumatic:** stress after a scary and dangerous event. This stress causes fear. An example of this is experiencing a war or hurricane. This can lead to  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  (PTSD)

## Stress response
Organisms respond to stress differently.

* **Physical:** changes happening in the body. An example is a fast heartbeat after giving a speech
* **Emotional:** changes happening to an organism's emotions. An example is feeling worried or upset about an upcoming exam
* **Mental:** changes happening in the mind. An example is feeling unfocused due to difficulties at work

Stress may also lead to adaptations, which allow certain organisms to better deal with the stressors. Stress happens every day, and is part of every living thing's life. Too much stress is bad and can cause health problems. Stress plays a part in some physical problems, like heart disease. Stress also plays a part in many mental illnesses, like anxiety, Acute Stress Disorder, and PTSD.

Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD are mental illnesses that can happen when a person experiences something that is very terrifying, like a major accident or a war. Another type of stress disorder is  a "psychosomatic illness" where a person has physical symptoms that are caused by an emotional stress, not by physical harm.

## Stress management
There are different ways to deal with stress. One tip is to remove yourself from the stressor. For example if a school assignment is causing stress, taking a break from the assignment can be good. This break can include sleeping or engaging in hobbies. Physical activity and exercise reduce stress. 

Social support from friends and family can be helpful. Health care professionals can help when stress is bad and affects physical or mental health. Relaxing with meditation and deep breathing can also manage stress.

## References
Neonatal diabetes mellitus

**Neonatal diabetes mellitus** (NDM) is a type of diabetes. It happens during the first 6 months of human life. Infants with this condition do not produce enough insulin. This causes an increase of blood sugar. NDM is often mistaken for the much more common Type 1 diabetes, although type 1 often happens after the first 6 months of life. In almost 60% of those with NDM, this condition lasts their whole life.

Symptoms of NDM include thirst, frequent urination and dehydration. Most fetuses with NDM do not grow properly in the uterus. Newborns are much smaller than most other newborns. After birth, many babies do not gain enough weight or grow as rapidly as other babies.

## References
Rancho Mirage, California

**Rancho Mirage** is a resort city in Riverside County, California, United States. The population was 16,999 at the 2020 census. The seasonal (part-time) population can surpass 20,000. Many famous people lived here including Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, Queen Elizabeth II, and Tom Bosley.

## References
Ur (supercontinent)

**UR** was a supercontinent, on the Earth, that formed 3.1 billion years ago in the early Archaean eon (during the Mesoarchaean era). It might have been the oldest continent on Earth, half a billion years older than Arctica. However, one other supercontinent, Vaalbara, may have come before Ur.  Vaalbara might have formed about 3.6 billion years ago. 

Ur joined with the continents Nena and Atlantica about 1 billion years ago to form the supercontinent Rodinia. Ur had survived as a single unit, until it was separated when the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart into Laurasia and Gondwana.

## Lifetime
Rocks that made up Ur are now parts of Africa, Australia, and India.

In the early period of Ur's existence, it was probably the only continent on Earth. Therefore, scientists call Ur a supercontinent, even though it was probably smaller than Australia is now. Today's New Zealand is similar to Ur, but rotated 90 degrees out of phase, and about  too far south. 

When Ur was the only continent on Earth, all other land was in the form of small granite islands and small land-masses like Vaalbara, which were not large enough to be continents.

## Timeline
* About 3.1 billion years ago, Ur formed as the only continent on Earth.
* ~2.8 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Kenorland.
* ~2 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Columbia.
* ~1 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Rodinia.
* ~550 million years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Pannotia.
* ~300 million years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Pangaea.
* ~208 million years ago, Ur was separated into parts of Laurasia and Gondwana.
* ~65 million years ago, the African part of Ur was separated as part of India.
* Today, Ur is part of Australia and Madagascar.

## Related pages 
* Supercontinent

## Notes
## References
* 
* 

## Other websites
*
Blue Slide Park

***Blue Slide Park*** is the first studio album by American rapper Mac Miller. It was released on November 8, 2011, by Rostrum Records. In July 2011, the title was announced. The album was named after a section of Frick Park (which is known as *Blue Slide Park*) in Pittsburgh. The park section is at the corner of Beechwood Blvd and Nicholson Street. That is just two blocks from Taylor Allderdice High School where Miller attended. The album cover was designed by his older brother Miller McCormick and Redtape Design.

## Track listing
**Notes**
* On some physical copies of the album a 17th song, "Donald Trump", is incorrectly listed as a bonus track on the reverse cover track listing. Miller confirmed via his official Twitter page that this was due to a factory error and that the album would contain 16 new songs.

## References
Jim Gaffigan

**James Christopher "Jim" Gaffigan** (born July 7, 1966) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for his roles in *Beyond the Pale*, ''That '70s Show*, *My Boys* and in *Chappaquiddick''.

Gaffigan was born on July 7, 1966 in Elgin, Illinois. He was raised in Chesterton, Indiana. He studied at La Lumiere School, at Purdue University, and at Georgetown University. Gaffigan has been married to Jeannie Noth since 2003. They have five children. 

## Other websites
* 
*
Pierre Mauroy

**Pierre Mauroy** (5 July 1928 &ndash; 7 June 2013) was a French Socialist Party politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand. Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001. At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille.

Mauroy was born on 5 July 1928 in Cartignies, Nord, France. He studied at École Normale Nationale d'Apprentissage and at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. Mauroy was married to Gilberte Deboudt from 1951 until his death in 2013. They had one son. Mauroy died on 7 June 2013 in Paris, France from lung cancer, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate
Willi Sitte

**Willi Sitte** (28 February 1921 – 8 June 2013) was a German painter. For a long time, he was the president of the East German association of visual artists.

Sitte was born on 28 February 1921 in Kratzau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia to German parents. He was never married and had no children. Sitte died on 8 June 2013 in Halle, Germany from natural causes, aged 92.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Entry for Willi Sitte on the Union List of Artist Names
* European Academy of Humanities 
* Willi Sitte , official site
Myles Standish Burial Ground

The **Myles Standish Burial Ground** (also known as **Old Burying Ground** or **Standish Cemetery**) is a cemetery in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Myles Standish and other Pilgrims are buried here.

The Myles Standish Burial Ground is the Oldest Cemetery in the United States.

## References
Dani Harmer

**Dani Harmer** (born 8 February 1989) is an English actress, best known for her portrayal as Tracy Beaker in *The Story of Tracy Beaker* and *Tracy Beaker Returns*. She was an extra in ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*. She is also a singer-songwriter. She released a single called "Free". 

Harmer also appeared on appeared on *Strictly Come Dancing'' in 2012.
Guillain–Barré syndrome

**Guillain–Barré syndrome** (GBS), sometimes '''Landry's paralysis** or **Guillain–Barré–Strohl''' syndrome is a syndrome that causes weakness of the feet and hands. Guillain–Barré syndrome is rare, at 1–2 cases per 100,000 people annually, but is the most common cause of acute non-trauma-related paralysis. The syndrome is named after the French physicians Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barré, who described it in 1916.
Substitutionary atonement

**Substitutionary atonement** is an important part of Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus was crucified in the place of sinners- he was a substitute, meaning that he took the place of the sinners.

## Other websites
*Carm page on Substitutionary Atonement
Henry Samson

**Henry Samson** (c. 1603 – 1685) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620. Samson was baptized in Henlow, Bedfordshire, England on 15 January 1603/04. His parents were James Samson and Martha (Cooper) Samson. 

When he was sixteen, Henry Samson sailed on the Mayflower with his aunt and uncle Ann (Cooper) Tilley and Edward Tilley and a cousin, Humility Cooper. The Tilleys died in the winter of 1620-21. Samson and Cooper were cared for by other families, but which ones are not known.

Samson was active in Plymouth Colony. He received land grants and volunteered for the Pequot War of 1637. He also did jury duty. He married Anne Plummer on 6 February 1635/6 in Plymouth. They had nine children between about 1638 and about 1654. He died on 3 January 1685. His wife died before him. Both were buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth.

## References
Paul Cellucci

**Argeo Paul Cellucci** (April 24, 1948 &ndash; June 8, 2013) was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 69th Governor of Massachusetts and United States Ambassador to Canada.

## Early life
Cellucci was born on April 24, 1948 in Hudson, Massachusetts. He studied at Boston College Law School and the private Hudson Catholic High School. Cellucci was married to Jan Cellucci until his death in 2013. They had two children.

## Career
On November 3, 1998, Paul Cellucci was elected as Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, narrowly defeating Democratic attorney general Scott Harshbarger. He had successfully fought off a challenge from State Treasurer Joe Malone in the September primary. He was sworn in as the 69th Governor of Massachusetts on January 7, 1999.

On April 10, 2001, Cellucci resigned to become U.S. Ambassador to Canada, being appointed by President George W. Bush. This made him the second consecutive Massachusetts governor to resign in order to assume an ambassadorship: his predecessor William Weld resigned after being nominated to be Ambassador to Mexico by President Bill Clinton. (Weld was never confirmed by the United States Senate, however, and hence never was Ambassador.)

In 2008, Cellucci has said that after thirty-five years in public service he had no intention of seeking further office, and that while he had no interest in serving as Vice President, he did not exclusively rule it out. He supported John McCain's candidacy for president in 2008.

## Death
On January 6, 2011, Cellucci announced his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diagnosis, and that it was progressing relatively slowly. Cellucci died on June 8, 2013 in Hudson, Massachusetts from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aged 65.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography
* Cato Institute, Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors: 2000, Cato Institute, Policy Analysis no. 391, February 12, 2001
* CBC news story of Cellucci's appointment as Ambassador, *CBC*, February 13, 2001
* CBC news story about Cellucci's planned departure from Canada, *CBC*, January 4, 2005
* Former U.S. ambassador Paul Cellucci joins Magna Entertainment, *CBC*, March 18, 2005
Iphigenia

**Iphigenia** is the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra in Greek myth. She is a heroine in plays by Euripides and Jean Racine.

## Other websites
*Stanford page 
*Euripides at Tufts
*Racine text
Sacrifice

**Sacrifice** is the giving something up for the deities.  Many religions have had sacrifices and rules about them.  Many pagan peoples made animal sacrifices to their deities and sometimes human sacrifices.  The Greek play *Iphigenia* by Euripides contains an example of this as Iphigenia's human sacrifice is substituted by the animal sacrifice of a stag to Artemis. In the Old Testament, Jewish peoples used the laws about animal sacrifices in the Book of Leviticus and sacrificed animals to Yahweh. Cattle and pigeons were butchered and eaten to make successful atonement with Yahweh for instance. In the New Testament, Yahweh's mortal human incarnation as Jesus's death on the cross is the substitutionary atonement for the sins of all the people in the world.

## Related pages
*Epistle to the Hebrews
*Self-denial

## References 
## Other websites
*Sacrifice at Catholic encyclopaedia
Ground blizzard

, Canada.]]
A **ground blizzard** is where snow or ice on the ground is lifted and blown around by strong winds. Unlike a regular blizzard, there is no snow or ice falling at the time. Instead, the snow or ice is already on the ground, being lifted by strong winds. Like a regular blizzard, a ground blizzard can lower visibility and make driving hard to do.

## Other websites
*A ground blizzard as seen from space
John Wooden

**John Robert Wooden** (October 14, 1910 &ndash; June 4, 2010) was an American basketball player and coach. Nicknamed the "Wizard of Westwood", he won ten NCAA national championships in a 12-year period—seven in a row. Wooden was named a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player (inducted in 1961) and as a coach (in 1973), the first person ever to be in both categories. He was a Democrat.

Wooden was born on October 14, 1910 in Hall, Indiana. He studied at Purdue University. Wooden was married to Nellie Riley from 1932 until her death in 1985. They had two children. Wooden died on June 4, 2010 in Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 99 .

## References
## Other websites
*Pyramid of Success (Printable PDF) 
*The Coach Wooden Cup 
*The Wooden Course – Designed to teach Wooden's life philosophy
*Bill Walton's tribute to Wooden 
*N.Y. Times Obituary for John Wooden
*
*John Wooden's Best Players  - slideshow by *Life magazine*
*Video: Coach John Wooden speaks about basketball, life and death 
*Video: Vin Scully talks about how he met Coach John Wooden 
*John Wooden on the difference between winning and success 
*John Wooden's business partner and co-author, Steve Jamison speaks about the legendary UCLA coach on Hard Court Lessons Radio
Burial Hill

**Burial Hill** is a cemetery in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It dates to the 1620s. *Mayflower* passengers are buried here including William Bradford and William Brewster.

## References
Philippe Coutinho

**Philippe Coutinho Correia** (born 12 June 1992) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Qatar Stars League club Al-Duhail, on loan from Premier League club Aston Villa, and the Brazil national team.

## Career 
### Club 
Coutinho started his career at Vasco da Gama in Brazil. He joined Italian side Internazionale of Serie A in 2008. From there, he was loaned to Vasco da Gama and Espanyol in La Liga. In January 2013, he signed for Premier League club Liverpool for £8.5m. In 2018, he signed for FC Barcelona for £142m.

### International 
Coutinho has played for the Brazil national team since 2010. He played for them during the 2015 Copa América, the Copa América Centenario, and during the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers (CONMEBOL).

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Coutinho goal''

### Inter Milan
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2010

### Liverpool
*Football League Cup runner-up: 2015–16
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2015–16

### Barcelona
*La Liga: 2017–18, 2018–19
*Copa del Rey: 2017–18; runner-up: 2018–19
*Supercopa de España: 2018

### Bayern Munich
*Bundesliga: 2019–20
*DFB-Pokal: 2019–20
*UEFA Champions League: 2019–20

### Brazil U17
*South American U-17 Championship: 2009

### Brazil U20
*FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2011

### Brazil
*Copa América: 2019

### Individual
*PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 Premier League
*UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015–16
*Liverpool Fans' Player of the Season Award: 2014–15, 2015–16
*Liverpool Players' Player of the Season Award: 2014–15, 2015–16
*Samba Gold Award (Samba d'Or): 2016
*Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year: 2016
*FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2018
*FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018
*Bundesliga Goal of the Month: December 2019

## References
## Other websites
*Philippe Coutinho profile at the Liverpool F.C. website
*Philippe Coutinho career stats at Soccerbase
Richard Ramirez

**Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramirez**, known as **Richard Ramirez** or **The Night Stalker** (February 29, 1960 &ndash; June 7, 2013) was an American serial killer and burglar who died while awaiting execution on California's death row. Ramirez was of Native-Mexican American descent. He killed 13 people, tried to kill 5 people, and burglarized 14 buildings. It is thought that there are most likely more kills undiscovered. He was captured on August 31, 1985, after a photo of him was released to the press. He was standing by a corner store when he was spotted by multiple locals, chased and beat until police arrived at the scene.

## Early life
Ramirez was born on February 29, 1960 in El Paso, Texas. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. He had a harsh upbringing, experiencing multiple tragedies, among other things. 

## Personal life
In 1996, Ramirez married Doreen Lioy when he was in prison.
## Death
Ramirez died of lymphoma at Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae, California on the morning of June 7, 2013. 
He was 53 years old. At the time of his death, Ramirez had been on death row for more than 23 years, awaiting execution by the state of California.

## References
## Other websites
* Crime Library: The Night Stalker
* History Channel: Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker 
* Richard Ramirez' Pen Pal Ad on LostVault 
* , a 1989 TV movie
* About.com Entry on Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker 
* TruTv entry on Ramirez
Érik Bédard

**Érik Joseph Bédard** (born March 6, 1979 in Navan, Ontario) is a Canadian baseball player. As of 2013, he is a pitcher for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball.

## Career
He made his MLB debut for the Baltimore Orioles on April 17, 2002. He played for the Orioles in 2002 but suffered an elbow ligament injury that forced him to have operations on it and set his development back 18 months. After he spent most of the 2003 season in rehab, he returned to baseball. On July 7, he struck out 15 Texas Rangers, which matched the Orioles franchise record that was set by Mike Mussina. His 15 strikeouts also set the record for the most in a game by a Canadian player. He earned the American League Pitcher of the month award in that month.

On February 8, 2008, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners in a 5-for-1 deal which sent outfielder Adam Jones and pitchers George Sherrill, Tony Butler, Chris Tillman and Kam Mickolio. He played for the Mariners from 2008 to 2009 and again in 2011.

On July 31, 2011, he was traded along with minor league pitcher Josh Fields to the Boston Red Sox for minor league outfielders Trayvon Robinson and Chih-Hsien Chiang as part of a three team deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers and Seattle Mariners.

He played for the Red Sox in 2011. He was then signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates to a one-year, $4.5 million contract on December 7, 2011. He was released by the Pirates in August after he had 7 wins, 14 losses and an ERA of 5.02 in 24 starts.

On January 21, 2013, the Houston Astros signed him to a minor-league deal.

## References
## Other websites
*Érik Bédard's MLB player profile
Hurricane Edouard (1996)

**Hurricane Edouard** was the strongest hurricane in 1996. Its winds reached 145 miles an hour. Edouard was at major hurricane status for around eight days. The storm was originally forecast to slam the Northeastern United States. It was much less severe there. 

Edouard generated strong waves that killed two people on the coastal shore of New Jersey. The southeast coast of Massachusetts received minor hurricane force winds that caused minimal damage on Nantucket Island. 

The name Edouard was not retired due to lack of serious damage. The name was used again in the 2002, 2008 and 2014 Atlantic hurricane seasons, and will be again during 2020.
Alfonso Cabello

**Alfonso Cabello Llamas** (born September 19, 1993 in Córdoba) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is a C5 type athlete.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the first person to finish in the C 4-5 1 kilometer race.

## References
Maurice Far Eckhard Tió

**Maurice Far Eckhard Tio** (born July 26, 1983 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a C2 type athlete. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the third person to finish in the C2 road trial race. 

## References
Johnson County, Iowa

**Johnson County** is in the US state of Iowa. Its county seat and main city is Iowa City, where the University of Iowa is. As of 2020, 152,854 people live in this county.

## References
María Ángeles Fernández Lebrato

**María Angeles Fernandez Lebrato** (born September 12, 1970 in Valladolid) is a cyclist and swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: She is blind and is an B2/S12 type athlete. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in swimming. She was the second swimmer to finish in the 200 meter one person medley and the 100 meter freestyle. She was the third swimmer to finish in the 50 meter freestyle race, 400 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 100 medley Relay 49 Points race. She competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in cycling.

## References
Hook echo

tornado in Moore, Oklahoma.]]
A **hook echo** is a hook shape seen on a weather radar of some supercell thunderstorms. It is produced by rain, hail, or even debris wrapping around the thunderstorm. A hook echo is a sign that a tornado has formed or is forming. If a hook echo is seen on radar, the National Weather Service may issue a tornado warning.

## References
32 fouettés en tournant

**32 fouettés en tournant** is a movement in classical ballet. It is 32 *fouettés en tournant* performed without stopping.

## Movement
One *fouetté rond de jambe en tournant* is an action where the dancer stands for a moment on flat foot with the supporting knee bent as the other "working" leg is whipped around to the side, creating the impetus to spin one turn. The working leg is then pulled in to touch the supporting knee as the dancer rises up *en pointe* on the supporting foot. 

## History
32 fouettés were first performed by Pierina Legnani in Marius Petipa's *Cinderella* in 1893.

Konstantin Skalkovsky, the dance critic for the *St. Petersburg Gazette*, went to the first performance of *Cinderella*. He reported that "...in the last act Legnani positively outdid herself. When Emma Bessone danced the lead in *The Haarlem Tulip* she did 14 fouettés. In her variation Legnani performed 32 of them without stopping, and without travelling one inch! The public delightedly applauded the Ballerina and compelled her to repeat this variation as well. On the repetition she nevertheless did 28 fouettés. To count them became the favourite occupation of the public."

Legnani repeated this feat again in many other ballets during her career. She performed them as Odile in the "Black Swan Pas de Deux" from *Swan Lake* (1895).

## References
Miguel Ángel Clemente Solano

**Miguel Angel Clemente Solano** (born December 19, 1969 in Murcia) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is blind.  He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the third person to finish in the men's visually impaired team pursuit race. 

## References
César Neira Pérez

**Cesar Neira Perez** (born December 15, 1979 in Cadalso de Los Vidrios, Madrid) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a C4 type athlete.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the number one cyclists to finish in the Road Trial race. He was the number three cyclists to finish in the 	Individual Pursuit track race.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  

## References
Juan José Méndez

**Juan José Méndez Fernandez** (born March 27, 1964 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is a C1 type athlete.  He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the number three cyclists to finish in the Road Trial LC4 race.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the number two cyclists to finish in the Road Trial LC4 race.  He was the number three cyclists to finish in the Individual Pursuit track LC4 race. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  

## References 
## Other websites 
* Juan Jose Mendez Fernandez's webpage
Iulia Motoc

**Iulia Motoc** (born 20 April 1967 in Timişoara) is a Romanian international law professor. From 2010 to 2014, she was a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. She was also a member of the Human Rights Committee for many years. She graduated from the School of Law at the University of Bucharest. In October 2013, she was made a judge at the European Court of Human Rights. In January she started her mandate as Judge at the European Court of Human Rights

## Personal life
She is married to Mihnea Motoc (Permanent representative for Romanian to the EU). They have one child.

## References
Mihnea Motoc

**Mihnea Motoc** (born 11 November 1966, in Bucharest) is the Deputy Head, European political Strategy Centre, European Commission. He was the Ministry of National Defense of Romania from 2015-2017.

## Career
Motoc has been a Romanian diplomat since 1990. Since then most of the time he spent in post around the world. In 2003, he joined the United Nations as a permanent representative of Romania. In 2008 he went to Brussels to be a permanent representative of Romania to the European Union. 

In 2013 he has been awarded the "Nicolae Titulescu" prize at "Gala Premiilor Marii Loji Naţionale din Romania" for his diplomatic activity.

## Personal life
He is married to Constitutional Court of Romania judge Iulia Motoc and they have one child.

## References
## Sources
*Romanian representation to the EU site

## Other websites
* Romanian representation to the EU site
*
Andy Kaufman

**Andrew Geoffrey "Andy" Kaufman** (January 17, 1949 &ndash; May 16, 1984) was an American entertainer, comedian, actor, and singer. Kaufman was known for his role as Latka Gravas in the comedy television series *Taxi* and for creating Tony Clifton, a fictional character.

Kaufman was born in New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Kaufman studied at Grahm Junior College. He was never married and had no children.

Kaufman died on May 16, 1984, in West Hollywood, California from a rare case of lung cancer, aged 35. He was buried at Beth David Cemetery, Elmont, New York.

Kaufman allegedly told many people—including Bob Zmuda—that he wished to fake his own death. This had caused some fans to believe Kaufman was still alive when he died. Kaufman himself said that if he were to fake his death, he would return 20 years later, which would have been in 2004. Many of Kaufman's fans saw a picture that looks similar to that of Andy.

There is a website related to this theory, and, recently, "a grainy video has surfaced that purports to show Kaufman living under an assumed name in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

On March 31, 2023, Kaufman was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by both Jerry "The King" Lawler and Jimmy Hart.

## References
## Other websites
*
*The Tony Clifton Story the "lost" Kaufman screenplay
*
Tudorel Toader

**Tudorel Toader** (born 25 March 1960, in Vulturu, Vrancea County) is a Romanian lawyer. Since 2006, he has been a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. He was nominated to be a judge by the Chamber of Deputies. Between 1982 and 1986, he studied at The Law University at "Al.I. Cuza" Iași.

## Education and formation
* Faculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, between 1982 and 1986;
* The National Defence College within the National Defence University "Carol I", in 2004;
* Unirea High school of Focşani, Vrancea County

## Qualification awarded
* Bachelor degree in Law
* PhD degree in Law, Criminal Procedure Law

## Academic
* university professor, since 2003;
* university reader, 1998 - 2002;
* university lecturer, 1993 - 1998;
* university assistant, 1990 - 1993;

## Judicial practice
*judge of the Constitutional Court of Romania, since 2006;
*lawyer in the Iaşi Bar Association, from 1991 until September 2006;
*public prosecutor within the Panciu Prosecutor’s Office; Vrancea County, between 1986 and 1990;

## Tenured professor teaching the following courses
*Criminology, from 1993 to 1996
*Criminal Law. Special Part, since 1994;
*Offences regulated by special laws, since 1999;
*European Criminal Law, since 2000.
Donna Williams

**Donna Leanne Williams** (born **Donna Keene**; 12 October 1963 – 22 April 2017) was an Australian singer-songwriter, author and artist. In 1991, she was officially diagnosed as autistic. She wrote four autobiography books: *Nobody Nowhere*, *Somebody Somewhere*, *Like Colour to the Blind* and *Everyday Heaven*. She also wrote several books on autistic spectrum conditions.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Autism rights movement

; a yellow infinity in the centre with a background of three diagonal stripes of dark green, dark red, and dark purple.]] ribbon for autism acceptance.]]The **autism rights movement** is a movement demanding better legal protections for autistic people and their caregivers.
## Overview
The autism rights movement wants the autism spectrum to be accepted by society as a difference in ability to function in daily life. It does not believe autism to be a mental disorder needing treatment.

The autism rights movement is controversial to some members of the public due to deep-rooted ableism in society. There have been voices arguing against the common perception that most autistic people are intellectually troubled. 

There is fear that professionals, such as social workers, may try preventing autistic people from getting married or having children. Members of the movement also believe that autistic people should not be treated differently from others.

## Goals
The movement has a variety of goals:
* Opposition to cures for autism
* Higher acceptance of autistic behavior
* Recognition of autistic people as a minority group
* Creation of more social networks and events for autistic people to attend as they are able

## Rationales
Autism rights activists are sometimes called neurodiversity activists. 
### Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity is a word for how everyone's brains are different. Autistic people have different brains to people who do not have autism. People who do not have autism are called neurotypical people. The word *neurodiversity* is preferred to autism as it is not saying that autism is a medical condition. *Neurotypical* is used rather than "normal" as people tend to equate "normal" with "better".

theme : generation gap in Africa in socities

## References
Julius Caesar (movie)

***Julius Caesar*** is a 1953 movie based on the play by Shakespeare. It stars John Gielgud as Cassius, James Mason as Brutus, and Marlon Brando as Antony. Gielgud and Brando both won BAFTA awards for Best Actor (British actor, Foreign actor). Greer Garson played Calpurnia, and Deborah Kerr played Portia. The movie was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. The movie received very good reviews. It won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. It also won two BAFTA awards for Best British Actor (John Gielgud) and Best Foreign Actor (Marlon Brando).

## References
Water scarcity

, in Kazakhstan. Irrigation projects have caused it to shrink to 10% of its original size.]]
's estimate for 2025 in Africa: 25 countries are expected to suffer from water shortage or water stress.]]

**Water scarcity** is a lack of fresh water. For us, and most land animals, fresh water is drinkable, and sea water is not. This is because sea water has a high salt content, which we and most land animals cannot deal with. 

The need is not just for fresh water, but for *clean water*. That usually means water which is free of harmful bacteria and parasites and general dust and dirt. 

In the 1860s the English engineer Joseph Bazalgette organized the London sewers to keep water free of cholera.  This was followed by British engineers designing similar waterworks in many countries round the world.  Later population growth has increased the demand for fresh water beyond the scope of these original water systems.  

There are arid and desert areas, and places where the water is too polluted to drink.  The situation has been made worse by population growth and industrial uses of water.  Global warming tends to increase the need for fresh water for all land animals, including humans.

Therefore, water scarcity may be the result of both human and natural causes. Changes in climate and weather patterns can cause the availability of water to drop. Common human causes include over-consumption, bad governance, pollution, and increases in the demand for water.

## Types 
Different terms are used to describe different types of water scarcity:
*A *water shortage* is when there is not enough water to meet demands. Changes in the weather, such as drought can cause water shortage.
**Water stress* is the difficulty of finding sources of fresh water for use.
*A *water crisis* is a situation where the available supply of potable, clean water within an area is less than the demand for it.

## Estimates 
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will be living in countries or regions with total water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. The World Bank has said that climate change could heavily change the future of water availability and use, and therefore increase water stress on a global scale.

## Negative effects 
Fresh water scarcity has negative effects on ecology, biodiversity, agriculture and human health.  It has also led to armed conflicts in several cases. Some countries upriver have built dams to satisfy their needs for drinking water, irrigation and electric power. These needs have grown as populations has grown, and as climate changes has reduced rain in some places. Down river from the dam, supply is usually reduced. This creates tension between countries. The River Jordan in the Middle East, and the Nile are two good examples of where this is happening. 

## Related pages 
* Drought
* Desertification
* Desalination
* Irrigation
* Overpopulation
* Water footprint

## References
## Further reading
*
George Soule

**George Soule** (ca. 1602 - 1679) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620. He was a servant of Edward Winslow. In Plymouth, he married Mary (Buckett?).  They had 9 children. Soule moved to Duxbury and acquired much property. He served in the Pequot War. He served as a deputy for Duxbury, and was a member of several town committees. He died in 1679. He was buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground, Duxbury, Massachusetts.

## References
Iain Banks

**Iain Menzies Banks** (16 February 1954 &ndash; 9 June 2013) was a Scottish writer. He wrote fiction under the name **Iain Banks**. When he wrote science fiction books he wrote his name as **Iain M. Banks**. He was known for his book *The Wasp Factory*.

Banks was born on 16 February 1954 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. He studied at University of Stirling. Banks was married to Annie Banks from 1992 until they separated in 2007. Then he was married to Adele Hartley from March 2013 until his death. He had no children. Politically he supported the Scottish Socialist Party. Banks died on 9 June 2013 from gallbladder cancer after being diagnosed in early April. He was 59 years old.  

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
*
The Little Colonel

***The Little Colonel*** is a 1935 movie. It was directed by David Butler. The screenplay by William M. Conselman was adapted from a book of the same name by Annie Fellows Johnston. The movie features the famous staircase dance by Temple and Robinson.

## Main cast
* Shirley Temple as Lloyd Sherman
* Lionel Barrymore as Colonel Lloyd, father to Elizabeth and grandfather to Lloyd Sherman
* John Lodge as Jack Sherman, Elizabeth’s husband and little Lloyd’s father
* Ellen Venable as Elizabeth Lloyd Sherman, Lloyd Sherman's mother and Colonel Lloyd's daughter
* Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson as Walker, Colonel Lloyd’s butler
* Hattie McDaniel as Mom Beck, Elizabeth's housekeeper

## Response
Andre Sennwald in his *New York Times* review of March 22, 1935 wrote, "[a]ll adrip with magnolia whimsy and vast, unashamed portions of synthetic Dixie atmosphere". He further wrote that the movie was "so ruthless in its exploitation of Miss Temple's great talent for infant charm that it seldom succeeds in being properly lively and gay".  He finished his review noting the audience applauded for a full eleven seconds after the final fade-out, and that the movie "ought to bring out the best in every one who sees it."

## References
## Other websites
* Annie Fellows Johnston and the Little Colonel 
* Kate Matthews Collection  (includes illustrations for The Little Colonel books by Johnston's friend and neighbor, photographer Kate Matthews)
* 
*
John Turner

**John Napier Wyndham Turner**  (June 7, 1929 &ndash; September 19, 2020) was a Canadian politician. He was the twenty-second Prime Minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984. He was the leader of the Liberal Party. He was born in Surrey, England. He and his mother moved to British Columbia in 1932 when his father died.

Turner was elected as a member of Parliament in 1962. He held several positions in Cabinet, including minister of justice and minister of finance under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from 1968 to 1975. He resigned his ministry in 1975, and took a break from politics until 1984. During this time, he worked as a lawyer in Toronto. In 1984, Turner returned and successfully ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Turner held the office of Prime Minister for just 79 days. Immediately after being sworn in as Prime Minister, he  Parliament and called for new elections. He lost that election by a wide margin. Turner remained as leader of the Liberal Party, and was the Leader of the Opposition for the next six years. His party slightly recovered in the 1988 election. Turner resigned as Opposition leader in 1990, and retired from politics in 1993. He worked as a lawyer he stopped being a politician.

Turner died on September 19, 2020 in Toronto from congestive heart failure at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
*University of British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame 
*CBC Digital Archives - The Long Run: The Political Rise of John Turner
Gouache

, India: gouache on paper. Two women worship Shiva in a lotus-filled lake.Mughal style, around AD 1610. British Museum]]

**Gouache**, also spelled guache, is a type of paint. It is also commonly called **poster paint**. It comprises pigment, a binding agent (usually gum arabic), and some additives to make it opaque. An inert white pigment such as chalk is usually added. Gouache covers up whatever is underneath. Water colours, in contrast, are somewhat transparent.

After gouache has dried, any form of paint can be used on the surface, also pastels and crayons. Watercolours on top of a gouache surface are not so runny (fluid) as they are on plain paper. 

The fast-drying quality of gouache makes it a favourite for *en plein air* (outdoor) paintings. It was also a favourite of J. M. W. Turner. 

Gouache also refers to paintings that use this type of paint.
Acrylic paint

**Acrylic paint** is a fast-drying paint containing pigment in an acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but are water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique appearance.

Acrylic paint can give a much brighter, more vivid colour than oil paints. It has been much used in modern art, and is cheaper than oil paint, which is rather an expensive material. When dry, acrylic paint usually cannot be removed from a solid surface.  

The Drying time of Acrylic Paints. Galeria Acrylic: Thin color films dry in 10 to 20 minutes, whereas more significant films might take an hour or more to dry. Professional Acrylic: Thin coats dry in 20 to 30 minutes, but more significant layers might take an hour or two. 

## History 
In 1934, a German chemical company created acrylic resin. It was first used in the 1940s. Acrylics were commercially available as paint for artists in the 1950s. Later, many advances were made to acrylic paint as more and more people began using it.

## References
Kids Incorporated

***Kids Incorporated***, also called *Kids Inc.*, was an American children's television program sitcom. The show had children with musical talent in every episode. The show was about singers/dancers and adolescents who had their own dance, rap and dance-rock pop band and group who cover songs, Kids Incorporated. They dealt with subjects like peer pressure and child abuse.

The pilot was recorded in August 31, 1983. It was released on VHS in 1985. The show began in September 1, 1984. The cast members were between eight and seventeen years old. Season 1 was aired on ABC, NBC, Nickelodeon, TBS Superstation, and CBS in 1984-1985. Season 2 was aired on CBN Cable Network and Nickelodeon in 1985-1986. Seasons 3-9 were aired on The Disney Channel in 1986-1994.

In 1984-1987, in seasons 1-3, Andrea Paige Wilson appeared as the 11-14 year old dancer and with Wendy Brainard as a 13-15 year old dancer.

In 1985-1989, in seasons 2-5, Gina Marie Vinaccia appeared as a 10-14 year old dancer.

In 1988-1989, in seasons 5-6, Kimberly Duncan appeared as a maybe 10-12 year old dancer.

In 1991, Fergie had a cameo appearance in the season 7 episode "A New Twist".

In 2016, season 10 will be aired on Disney Channel, Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, and TeenNick. Seasons 1-10 will be re-aired or rerun on Disney Channel, Disney XD, TeenNick, Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network.

## Spin-offs 
* Hannah Montana (2006-2011)
* A.N.T. Farm (2011-2014)

## Other websites 
* Kids Incorporated unofficial website
Christian Venge Balboa

**Christian Venge Balboa** (born December 1, 1972 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind.  He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the third cyclist to finish in the blind men's Tandem Individual Pursuit track race. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the second cyclist to finish in the men's blind Combined Road race. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the first cyclist to finish in the Tandem Time Trial Road race. He was the second cyclists to finish in the Tandem Individual Pursuit track race.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the first cyclist to finish in the Road Trial race. 

## References
Javier Otxoa

**Javier Otxoa Palacios** (born August 30, 1974 in Vizcaya &ndash; August 24, 2018, Alhaurín de la Torre) was a cyclist from Spain. He was a race car driver before being run over by a car.  After being run over by a car, he decided to be a cyclist all the time. He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a C3 type cyclist. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the number 1 racer to finish in the Combined Road race. He was the number 2 cyclist in the Individual Pursuit track race. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling.   He was the number 1 racer to finish in the Road Trial race. He was the number 2 cyclist in the road race.

Otxoa won two gold medals and two silver medals at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics.

Otxoa died on 24 August 2018 in Alhaurín de la Torre, Spain from sepsis at the age of 43.

## References
Sour cream

dish topped with sour cream, chives, and chili sauce.]]

**Sour cream** or **soured cream** is a food made from cream that has been fermented. It is thicker than cream, and has a sour taste from lactic acid. Sometimes when bought from a store it has gelatin, rennet, or other things added to make it thicker. Like many other dairy products, it must be kept refrigerated. 

Sour cream is used in many European and American foods. It is used as a sauce for baked potatoes, and as a dressing for salads. Sometimes it is in baked goods like cheesecake and doughnuts. It can be mixed with sugar to make an icing for cakes.
Manuel Buendia Navarrete

**Manuel Buendia Navarrete** (born March 28, 1957 in Girona) is a skier from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a type B2 skier.  He raced at the 1992 Winter Paralympics in para-alpine skiing.  He was the number 2 skier in the Super Giant.   He raced at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in para-alpine skiing. He was the number 2 skier in the Super Giant, Giant Slalom and Slalom.   He raced at the 1998 Winter Paralympics in para-alpine skiing.  

## References
Raquel García

**Raquel Garcia Borreguero** (born August 13, 1986 in Toledo, Spain) is a skier from Spain. She helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go on a mountain.  Skiing with Anna Cohí Fornell, she has race in the European Cup, 2010 Winter Paralympics, and IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup. Garcia and Cohí skied with the Spanish national team at a training camp.

## References
Vicente García Salmeron

**Vicente Garcia Salmeron** (born January 9, 1970 in Granada) is a skier from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a type B1 skier. He raced at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in para-alpine skiing. He was the second skier to finish in the super giant race. 

## References