open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Heartbreakers

**The Heartbreakers** (sometimes referred to as '''Johnny Thunders' Heartbreakers**), were an American rock band. They formed in New York in May 1975. They were one of the first punk rock bands. One of their most popular songs was called **Chinese Rocks'*. Dee Dee Ramone and Richard Hell wrote this song about heroin in 1976.

## Early History and the UK
Johnny Thunders (vocals/guitar) and Jerry Nolan (drums) had quit the New York Dolls. That same week Richard Hell (vocals/bass) was kicked out of Television. The three musicians joined to make the new band. After a few shows, Walter Lure (vocals/guitar) from a group called The Demons joined the band also. In 1976, Hell left group. He was replaced by Billy Rath. Hell went on to form his own band, The Voidoids.

The Heartbreakers came to Europe to tour just as the UK punk scene was growing. The Heartbreakers got many fans by playing in and around London. The Sex Pistols invited them to play first on the Anarchy Tour. Many things went wrong on this tour.

## Recording
They soon signed a contract with Track Records. Their debut—and only—studio album, * L.A.M.F.'', had all the Heartbreakers' popular live songs. Making and selling this album caused problems for the band. Some band members were angry about the poor quality of the sound. Several members of the band left at this point. The Heartbreakers reformed in 1979 for a few goodbye shows at Max's Kansas City with drummer Ty Stix replacing Nolan. These shows were recorded and became the album ''Live at Max's Kansas City '79''. The Heartbreakers' song, "London Boys", insulted the Sex Pistols. This was to answer the Sex Pistols' song "New York", that insulted the New York Dolls.

## After breaking up and reunions
The band got back together sometimes to play at New York clubs until Johnny Thunders died in 1991. Jerry Nolan died in 1992. These live shows often had songs from the New York Dolls or from Thunders' solo career. Hell rarely plays music live, concentrating instead on writing and spoken-word performances. Lure became a stockbroker on Wall St. but still performed once in a while when not working at his regular job. Lure died August 21, 2020..

## Discography
* *L.A.M.F.* (1977, Track)
** *L.A.M.F. Revisited* (1984, Jungle)
** ''L.A.M.F. The Lost '77 Mixes* (1994, Jungle)
* *Live at Max's Kansas City'' (1979, Max's Kansas City Records)
* *D.T.K. Live At The Speakeasy* (1982, Jungle)
* *Live At The Lyceum Ballroom 1984* (1985, Jungle)
* *Live At Mothers* (1991, Fanclub)
* *What Goes Around* (1991, Bomp!)
* *Vive La Révolution (Live In Paris - Le Bataclan - December 8, 1977)* (1992, Skydog)
* *Thunderstorm In Detroit (Live At The Silverbird 21/12/80)* (2002, Captain Trip Records)
* *Down To Kill* (2005, Jungle)

## References
## Other websites
*Chinese Rocks: YouTube Video
Aluminium selenide

**Aluminium selenide**, also known as **aluminum selenide** or **aluminium(III) selenide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2Se3. It contains aluminium in its +3 oxidation state. It contains aluminium and selenide ions.

## Properties
It reacts with water to make hydrogen selenide. It is a reducing agent and can burn to make aluminium oxide and selenium dioxide.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with aluminium powder at a high temperature.

## Uses
It is used to make hydrogen selenide. 

## Related pages
*Sodium selenide

## References
Hydrogen selenide

**Hydrogen selenide**, also known as **hydroselenic acid**, **selenium hydride**, or **selane**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2Se. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenide ions.

## Properties
Hydrogen selenide is a colorless gas that dissolves in water to make an acidic solution. It smells like rotten horseradish. It is very toxic. It burns easily, making selenium dioxide. It is similar to hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs. It is a strong reducing agent.

## Preparation
Hydrogen selenide can be made by hydrolysis of aluminium selenide. This reaction also makes aluminium hydroxide. It can be made by reacting hydrogen with powdered selenium at a high temperature. 

## Uses
It can be used to add selenide ion to organic compounds. It can also be used to make selenium by reacting it with sulfur dioxide. This makes selenium, sulfur, and water.

## References
## Related pages
*Selenous acid
*Selenic acid
Selenium monochloride

**Selenium monochloride**, also known as **selenium(I) chloride** or **diselenium dichloride**, is a chemical compound made of selenium and chlorine. Its chemical formula is .

## Properties
It is a reddish brown oily liquid.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting selenium, selenium dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. It can be made though by just reacting chlorine with selenium. Another way to make it is reacting oleum and hydrochloric acid with selenium.

## Uses
It can be used to add selenium to other chemical compounds.

## Related pages
*Selenium(IV) chloride
Sodium selenide

**Sodium selenide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Se. It contains sodium and selenide ions.

## Properties
Sodium selenide is a solid. It reacts with water to make a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroselenide. It is a reducing agent. It is oxidized to a mixture of selenide and selenium, making an  color. It is eventually oxidized to selenium dioxide. it reacts with acids to make hydrogen selenide gas. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with a solution of sodium in liquid ammonia. 

## Uses
Sodium selenide is used to react with some organic compounds. 

## Related pages
*Sodium selenate
*Sodium selenite
Selenite (ion)

**Selenite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO32-. It makes the hydrogen selenite ion, HSeO3- in neutral conditions. When in acidic conditions it makes selenous acid. They are normally made by heating metal oxides with selenium dioxide. An example would be sodium selenite. Selenites are weak at oxidizing.

## Related pages
*Selenate
*Selenide
Selenate

**Selenate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO42-. They dissolve easily in water. They are strong oxidizing agents. In very acidic conditions, it makes selenic acid. Sodium selenate is an example.

## Related pages
*Selenite
*Selenide
Selenic acid

**Selenic acid** is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is H2SeO4. 

## Properties
It is normally a colorless solution in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can turn into selenium trioxide when dehydrated carefully. It is a very strong acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and selenous acid. It can dissolve gold to make gold selenate. When heated above 200°C, it releases oxygen and turns into selenous acid. It reacts with bases to make selenates.

## Preparation
Selenic acid is made by oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. It is hard to evaporate it, but when it is evaporated, it makes colorless crystals. It can be made by oxidation of selenous acid with a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, chlorine, or bromine. The HCl and HBr made as a  can reduce the selenic acic to selenous acid again, though, so it has to be taken out. 

It can also be made by reacting selenium with chlorine in water.

## Related pages
*Hydrogen selenide
Sodium selenate

**Sodium selenate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2SeO4. It contains sodium and selenate ions.

## Properties
Sodium selenate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water easily.

## Preparation
Sodium selenate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with selenic acid.

## Uses
Sodium selenate is used as a mineral supplement.

## Safety
Sodium selenate is very toxic in amounts any more than a very tiny amount.

## Related pages
*Sodium selenite
Selenium acid

**Selenium acid** can refer to three selenium acids:

*Hydroselenic acid, H2Se
*Selenous acid, H2SeO3
*Selenic acid, H2SeO4
Selenium chloride

**Selenium chloride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Selenium monochloride
*Selenium tetrachloride
Sodium selenite

**Sodium selenite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2SeO3. It contains sodium and selenite ions.

## Properties
Sodium selenite is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make selenous acid. It can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents to make sodium selenate. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with selenium dioxide

:2 NaOH + SeO2 → Na2SeO3 + H2O

## Uses
Sodium selenite is used to add a pink color to glass. It is also used in some vitamin supplements. 

## Safety
Eating of any more than a very tiny amount would give selenium poisoning. 

## Related pages
*Sodium selenide
Selenide

**Selenide** is an ion. Its chemical formula is Se2–. Selenides are similar to sulfides. Selenides are reducing agents when pure. They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides. Selenide ores are the source of selenium. Selenides are normally mixed with sulfides. The selenide ion is unstable except in very basic conditions. Normally hydroselenide is made, which is HSe-. In acidic conditions, hydrogen selenide gas is made.

## Related pages
*Selenite
*Selenate
Eydie Gormé

**Eydie Gormé** (born **Edith Gormezano**; August 16, 1928 – August 10, 2013) was an American singer. Her husband, Steve Lawrence, sang with her. They were known as the duo "Steve and Eydie". Gormé herself has had some hit songs. One was "Blame it on the Bossa Nova".

Gormé was born on August 16, 1928 in The Bronx, New York City to Sephardi Jewish parents. Her father was from Sicily; her mother was from Turkey. She studied at William Howard Taft High School in New York. Gormé was married to Steve Lawrence from 1957 until her death in 2013. They had two sons. 

Gormé died on August 10, 2013, six days before her 85th birthday, following a brief illness, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## References
Selenium hexafluoride

**Selenium hexafluoride**, also known as **selenium(VI) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF6. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

## Properties
Selenium hexafluoride is a colorless gas. It is much more reactive and toxic than sulfur hexafluoride. It has a bad odor.

## Preparation
Selenium hexafluoride is made by heating selenium and fluorine together.

## Uses
This chemical compound has no uses. 

## Related pages
*Selenium tetrafluoride
*Selenium tetrachloride
Selenium tetrafluoride

**Selenium tetrafluoride**, also known as **selenous fluoride** and **selenium(IV) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF4. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

## Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It hydrolyses in water giving hydrofluoric acid and selenous acid. It is used to add fluoride to other chemical compounds. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with a little fluorine. A lot of fluorine makes selenium hexafluoride. It can also be made by reacting sulfur tetrafluoride with selenium dioxide.

## Uses
It is used to make  and fluorinating organic compounds.

## Related pages
*Selenium tetrachloride
Art Deco

is an Art Deco building]]

**Art Deco** is a style of decorative art, design and architecture of the 1920s and 1930s in Europe, the United States and other countries. It was named after an international exhibition held in Paris in 1925, Art Deco followed another design style, Art Nouveau, which was influenced by organic plant-like forms.

Art Deco was one of the first styles of modern architecture. It was influenced by different styles and movements of the early 20th century, Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, and Futurism. Later Art Deco of the mid to late 1930s is also sometimes called **Streamline Moderne**.

One idea behind art deco architecture was to apparently streamline buildings the same way you would streamline a car for aerodynamics. The style was much more common in commercial buildings than in houses; many banks, schools, and libraries were built in this style.  Most of the public buildings built by the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression are in the Art Deco style.

## Examples 
Famous Art Deco buildings include the Chrysler Building in New York City and the Chicago Board of Trade Building in Chicago.  Another is Bullock's Wilshire in Los Angeles. Many art deco buildings have elaborate terra cotta or murals inside them. The towers of the Golden Gate Bridge have an art deco design.

## Gallery 

File:1941_Packard_180_Formal_Sedan.jpg|Packard sedan, 1941
File:PRR S1.jpg|Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive
File:Municipal Auditorium art deco chandelier.jpg|Municipal Auditorium (Kansas City)
File:Cord 812 1937.jpg|1937 Cord automobile model 812, 1935
File:US 853.jpg|U.S. postage stamp commemorating the 1939 New York World's Fair
File:Rytm2.jpg| Henryk Kuna, "Rytm" (Rhythm), Warsaw, Poland, 1925
File:Snowdon Theatre (Montreal).jpg|Disused Snowdon Theatre, Montreal
File:Cincimuseum.jpg|Union Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1933
File:Niagara Mohawk Bldg (Syracuse, NY).jpg|Niagara Mohawk Building, Syracuse, New York
File:Victoire 2 by Rene Lalique Toyota Automobile Museum.jpg| "Victoire" by René Lalique, 1928
File:NewIndiaAssuranceBdg.jpg|New India Assurance Building, 1936, Mumbai, India.
File:Sault Memorial Gardens 1.jpg|Sault Memorial Gardens, 1946/9

## References
Selenous acid

**Selenous acid**, also known as **selenious acid**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2SeO3. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenite ions.

## Properties
Selenous acid is a weak acid. It can be heated to make selenium dioxide. It is more stable than sulfurous acid. It can be crystallized as a white solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make selenites.

## Preparation 
It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water.

## Uses
It is used to dye steel a blue-grey color. It is used in the making of organic compounds.

## Safety
Selenous acid is very toxic. Just ingesting a small amount can kill a person.

## Related pages
*Selenic acid
*Hydroselenic acid

## Sources
Selenium disulfide

**Selenium disulfide**, also known as **selenious disulfide**, **selenous disulfide**, or **selenium(IV) disulfide** is a chemical compound. Its formula should be SeS2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions. 

## Properties
Selenium disulfide is an orange solid.

## Preparation
Selenium sulfide can be made by heating selenium and sulfur. 

## Uses
It is used to kill fungi that make  in hair. It can also be used to treat fungal (from fungi) skin infections.

## Related pages
*Selenium tetrachloride
*Selenium monochloride
Selenium tetrachloride

**Selenium tetrachloride**, also **selenious chloride**, **selenous chloride**, or **selenium(IV) chloride**, is a chemical compound made of selenium and chlorine. Its chemical formula is . It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. 

## Properties
Selenium tetrachloride is a yellow or white solid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and selenous acid. It reacts with selenium dioxide to make selenium oxychloride, a mixture of selenium dioxide and selenium tetrachloride bonded together.

## Preparation
It is made by heating a mixture of selenium and chlorine. The selenium tetrachloride escapes as a gas. This can be used to purify selenium. Impure selenium can be placed in the flask, reacted with chlorine. Only selenium tetrachloride escapes. This is reduced to selenium again, making pure selenium. 

## Uses
It is used to purify selenium. It is used to make other selenium compounds.

## Related pages
*Selenium monochloride
*Selenium tetrafluoride
## References
The Andrews Sisters

**The Andrews Sisters** were an American singing group in the 1930s, the 1940s and the 1950s. They were from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Their names were **LaVerne** (July 6, 1911 &ndash; May 8, 1967), **Maxene** (January 3, 1916 – October 21, 1995) and **Patty Andrews** (February 16, 1918 &ndash; January 30, 2013). They broke up in 1967 after the death of LaVerne, but their music is still played over certain radio stations in the United States. The Andrews Sisters published many popular songs in many styles, of which "The Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was most famous. That song was covered and recorded by multiple singers over the years.

## Personal lives 
The Andrews sisters were born in Minnesota, to a Greek father and Norwegian mother. They grew up in Minneapolis.

### Maxene 
Maxene was married to the Andrews Sisters' manger Louis Abraham "Lou" Levy 1941 until they divorced in 1951. They had two adopted children, a son and a daughter. Andrews died on October 21, 1995 in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, from a heart attack, aged 79.

### LaVerne 
LaVerne was married to Louis A. Roger from 1948 until her death in 1967. Andrews died on May 8, 1967 in Brentwood, California from cancer, aged 56.

### Patty 
Patty was married to Martin "Marty" Melcher from 1947 until they divorced in 1950. Then she was married to pianist Melvin Walter "Wally" Weschler from 1951 until his death in 2010. Patty was the last survivor of the group. She died on January 30, 2013 in her home in Northridge, California from natural causes, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Andrews Sisters official website
* Andrews Sisters on BigBands.net 
* Vocal Group Hall of Fame page on the Andrews Sisters 
*
*
*
Braided river

in the South Island of New Zealand is a braided river]]
: 
The Narew at Strękowa Góra]]
 in Washington State ]]

A **braided river** is a network of small channels separated by islands that are often not fixed. In other words, the river channels wander across a flat area.

Braided rivers are found in places where the river carries a lot of sediment, and when it slows down and spreads out. The river delta of the Amazon River is a good example on a huge scale, and the Waimakariri River is a good example on a smaller scale.

## Large systems 
Large braided river systems are found around the world:
* Alaska
* Canada
* New Zealand's South Island
* the Himalayas

All these regions contain young mountains that erode quickly.

Europe has three notably braided rivers:  the Narew, in Poland and Belarus, the  Tagliamento in northeastern Italy and the Vjosa River in Albania and Greece.

## Related pages 
*Meander

## Other websites
*
Khaled Hosseini

**Khaled Hosseini** is a writer who was born in Afghanistan but came to the United States when he was fifteen years old. He is best known for his first novel, *The Kite Runner*, which was first published in 2003. His second novel was published in 2007. In 2013 *And the Mountains Echoed* was published.

## Other websites
Mohsin Hamid

**Mohsin Hamid** is a writer from Pakistan. He wrote some famous novels like *The Reluctant Fundamentalist* and *Moth Smoke*. 

## References
## Other websites
Calcium nitride

**Calcium nitride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca3N2. It contains calcium and nitride ions.

## Properties
It is a red-brown solid. It reacts with water to make calcium hydroxide and ammonia. It reacts with hydrogen to make calcium hydride and calcium amide. 

## Preparation
It is made by burning calcium in nitrogen. It is also made when calcium burns in air.

## Uses
It can be used as a source of the reactive nitride ion.

## Related pages
*Calcium nitrate
Calcium permanganate

**Calcium permanganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(MnO4)2. It contains calcium and permanganate ions.

## Properties
Calcium permanganate is a dark purple solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium permanganate. It can catch some organic chemicals like alcohol on fire. It can cause an explosion when mixed with sulfuric acid. This is because manganese(VII) oxide. 

## Preparation
It can be made by calcium oxide with manganese(IV) oxide and calcium nitrate. 

## Uses
It might whiten teeth. It can be used as an oxidizing agent, although potassium permanganate is more common.

## Related pages
*Sodium permanganate
Uthman ibn Affan

**Uthman ibn Affan** () was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and third caliph in the succession of early leaders, who reigned from 644 to 656. Uthman belonged to a noble family of the Umayyads, branch of the Quraish in Makkah.  Uthman was one of the very few who was literate. When he became older, he started a business in cloth, which made him very rich.

## Biography
He was born in about the year 576 and was ruler for 12 years. During his time as ruler he conquered Khurasan and the regions of the west of the Arabian Peninsula. He also united the Muslims on one uniform version of the Quran. He was well known for marrying two of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum, both at different times. For this, he became known as *Dhu al-Nurayn*, the "Possessor of Two Lights". He participated in both immigrations, first to Ethiopia and then to Medina.

## Death
He was attacked while in his house, although he did not defend himself out of fear of further trouble. He was killed while reading the Qur'an by Sudaan ibn Hamran on Friday, June 17, 656. He died aged 79-80 years. 

Originating in the aftermath of Uthman's assassination in 656, the political Uthmaniyya (Arabic: عُثْمَانيَّة), or  (party of Uthman) as they were called, asserted that Uthman's successor Ali () was an illegitimate caliph, as he was involved in the murder of Uthman and had not been elected by a  (consultation), hence a new caliph had to be elected.

## References
Calcium nitrate

**Calcium nitrate**, also known as **Norwegian saltpeter**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(NO3)2. It contains calcium and nitrate ions.

## Properties
Calcium nitrate is a colorless solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It absorbs water from the air. It decomposes to make nitrogen dioxide and calcium oxide when heated. 

## Preparation
Calcium nitrate is made by reacting calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate with nitric acid. It is made when nitric acid reacts with calcium phosphate. It can be made by reacting ammonium nitrate and calcium hydroxide.

## Uses
Calcium nitrate is used in fertilizers to add nitrogen to the soil. It can be complexed with urea to make a different nitrogen fertilizer.

## References
## Related pages
*Calcium nitride
Bray Wyatt

**Windham Lawrence Rotunda** (May 23, 1987 – August 24, 2023), better known by his ring name **Bray Wyatt** was an American professional wrestler. He was known as the leader of a stable with Luke Harper and Erick Rowan called The Wyatt Family. Wyatt was a three-time world champion.

He first wrestled in WWE from 2009 to 2011 where he competed under the name **Husky Harris** and was a part of the stable, The Nexus. He competed on the 2nd season of WWE NXT but was eliminated 5th. Rotunda stayed in WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and made his debut as Bray Wyatt in FCW in April 2012. He stayed in FCW through its name change to NXT Wrestling (now WWE NXT), and returned to the main WWE roster in July 2013. The Wyatt Family quickly became some of the company's biggest heels ("bad guys"). In 2019, Wyatt started wresting as **The Fiend**.

On August 24, 2023, Rotunda died from a heart attack. He had been out with a private illness since February which was later said to be COVID-19.

## Championships
* **WWE** 
**WWE Championship (1 time)
** WWE Universal Championship (2 times)
** WWE Raw Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Matt Hardy)
** WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Randy Orton and Luke Harper) (Titles were defended under the Freebird Rule)
**Tag Team Eliminator (2018) (with Matt Hardy)
**WWE Year-End Award for Male Wrestler of the Year (2019)

***Florida Championship Wrestling**
**FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Bo Rotunda)

***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**Feud of the Year (2010) – The Nexus vs. WWE
**Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2010) – as part of The Nexus
**He was ranked #129 of the top 500 singles wrestlers by PWI in the PWI 500 in 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Strong acid

In chemistry, a **strong acid** is an acid which ionizes (splits) completely in a solution of water. It always loses a proton (A H+) when put in water. A weak acid does not always lose a proton, though; It can lose its proton, but not all the time. They also have a very low pH, usually between 1 and 3. Many strong acids have a negative pKa value, which means they are very strong.

The six common strong acids are: (Acronym:CBSPIN)
# Hydro**C**hloric acid H**C**l
# Hydro**B**romic acid H**B**r
# **S**ulfuric acid H₂**S**O₄
# **P**erchloric acid HClO4
# Hydro**I**odic acid H**I**
# **N**itric acid HNO3

Almost strong acids include:
# Chloric acid HClO3
Beijing Normal University

**Beijing Normal University** is a public university in Beijing, China It is one of the most highly ranked universities in China, and focuses on teaching humanities and sciences. It was first opened in 1902, which makes it one of the oldest universities in China. Its nickname is **Beishida.**

Originally, it was called a "normal school" because it was only a school for teachers, and all teacher schools were named the same way. It was attached to the Imperial University of Peking. Later, it became a university on its own, teaching subjects other than education, but kept its name the same.

## Rankings 
* QS World University Ranking: 292nd, 7th in China 
* Academic Ranking of World Universities: 201-300th, 7th-12th in China

## Nobel laureates
*Liu Xiaobo (Peace)
*Mo Yan (Literature)

## References
## Other websites
*University website
University of Oslo

The **University of Oslo** (, ) is the oldest and largest university in Norway. It is in the Norwegian capital, Oslo.

The university began in 1811 as **The Royal Frederick University** (in Norwegian *Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet* and in Latin *Universitas Regia Fredericiana*). The university was modelled after the recently established University of Berlin, and originally named after King Frederick of Denmark and Norway. In 1939 it changed to the name it has now.

The university has faculties of (Lutheran) Theology, Law, Medicine, Humanities, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Dentistry, Social Sciences, and Education. The Faculty of Law is still located at the old campus on Karl Johans gate, near the National Theatre, the Royal Palace, and the Parliament. Most of the other faculties are at a modern campus area called Blindern. The Faculty of Medicine is split between several university hospitals in the Oslo area.

In 2019, the university had 30,505 students and employed 6,595 people.

## References
Hamilton, New Zealand

**Hamilton** is New Zealand's fourth largest city. In 2018, 160,911 people lived in the city. It is the largest inland city in New Zealand. It has an area of . The current mayor is Paula Southgate. She was elected as mayor of Hamilton in 2019.
## References
Elland Road

**Elland Road** is a football stadium in Leeds, Beeston, West Yorkshire, England. It has been home to Premier League club Leeds United since the club's inception in 1919. The stadium is the 14th largest football stadium in England.

## Sports history
The venue has served as a neutral venue for the FA Cup semi-finals and England international fixtures. It has been selected as one of eight venues for the UEFA Euro 96 European Cups. It was used by Rugby Union club Hunslet in the mid-1980s. It hosted two matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

## Capacity
It has four stands - Don Revie (North), Jack Charlton (East), Norman Hunter (South) and John Charles (West) - with a capacity of 37,792. 

The FA Cup fifth-round replay against Sunderland on 15 March 1967 set a record attendance of 57,892. This was before the stadium became an all-seater venue under the Taylor Report. This is the modern record for a Premier League game against Newcastle United on 22 December 2001 was 40,287. 

There are plans to increase its capacity to 50,000 by demolishing the West Stand and rebuilding the area. 

## Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by Queen, U2, Happy Mondays and the Kaiser Chiefs.
Terrestrial locomotion

galloping: an animation by photos of Eadweard Muybridge]]
 snake in Death Valley, California]]

**Terrestrial locomotion** has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial places. Movement on land makes different problems than that on water, with less friction instead being the effects of gravity.

There are three basic forms of movement found among land animals:
*Legged - Moving by using legs
*Limbless locomotion - moving without legs, mostly using the body
*Rolling -  the body

## Legged locomotion
Movement on legs is the most common form of land movement. It is the simple form of movement of two big groups with many members, the vertebrates and the arthropods.

## Limbless locomotion
 moves by slithering.]]
There are a number of land and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals, due to lack of legs, use their bodies to move.  These movements are sometimes called to as "slithering" or "crawling".

## Rolling
'' in defensive position.]]
Although animals have never have wheels for locomotion, some animals can move by **rolling** their whole body.

## Limits and extremes
The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can get speeds of about 104&nbsp;km/h (64&nbsp;mph).

## Related pages
*Walking fish

## References
* Charig, A.J. (1972) The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: an explanation in functional terms. In Studies in Vertebrate Evolution (eds K.A.Joysey and T.S.Kemp). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp.&nbsp;121–55. 
* Reilly, Stephen M. and Elias, Jason A. 1998, Locomotion in alligator mississippiensis: kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm , J. exp. Biol 201,2559-2574.
* García-París, M. & Deban, S. M. 1995. A novel antipredator mechanism in salamanders: rolling escape in Hydromantes platycephalus. Journal of Herpetology 29, 149-151.
* Tenaza, R. R. 1975. Pangolins rolling away from predation risks. Journal of Mammalogy 56, 257.
NewsBank

**NewsBank, Inc.** is a worldwide information provider worldwide. It is a database of published documents. These documents include such items as newspapers, magazines, business journals, obituaries, and government documents. The documents are available online by the Internet. The service is available through many public libraries, colleges and universities, and government and military libraries.

NewsBank has content from more than 2,000 newspaper titles. NewsBank's Readex division offers digital editions of American historical collections to colleges and universities. Collections of historical and modern documents, publications and records to are available to Genealogists to research family histories.

## References
Central Region, Singapore

and 11 other planning areas as part of it.]]

The **Central Region of Singapore** is also known as the south of Singapore. It is a place where most commercial buildings are in.  The Istana is also found in this area.

## History 
When Sir Stamford Raffles first arrived in Singapore in 1819, he signed a treaty with Tengku Abdul Rahman (the local Sultan) and Tengku Hussein (the Temmengong which became Sultan since he was the elder brother). The Sultan and Temmengong were paid money for allowing the British to set up a port in Singapore.

The British were given the southern part of Singapore to develop. Therefore, it was also recognised as the Central Region of Singapore, or also called Central Business District.

## Size 
The Central Region of Singapore starts from the harbour all the way to Bishan as the north, Queenstown as the west and Marine Parade as the east. In total, it takes up 13,150 hectares of land area.

The Southern Islands are also part of the Central Region of Singapore.

## 11 planning areas 
*Bishan
*Bukit Merah
*Bukit Timah
*Geylang
*Kallang
*Marine Parade
*Novena
*Queenstown
*Southern Islands
*Tanglin
*Toa Payoh

## References 
## Other websites 
* Central Region, Singapore
Incubator (disambiguation)

**Incubator** may refer to:
*Incubator, a machine that hatches eggs for 
*, a website by the Wikimedia Foundation to host test wikis for new languages
Weak acid

A **weak acid** is an acid chemical which does not dissociate (split into ions) completely in water solution. This means it does not give all its hydrogen ions into the water. Weak acids typically have a pH between 3 and 6. 

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4) are examples of weak acids. If an acid is represented by HA, then there is a balance between molecules which are split (ionised), and molecules which are not:
:\mathrm{ HA_{(aq)} \, \leftrightarrow \, H^+\,_{(aq)} +\, A^-\,_{(aq)} }

The relative strength of an acid can be expressed using Ka, the acid ionization constant. In general, the larger a Ka, the stronger the acid, while a smaller Ka indicates a relatively weaker acid. Weak acids will have a Ka value of less than 1, while strong acids will have a Ka value greater than 1.
Bonnie Wright

**Bonnie Francesca Wright** (born 17 February 1991) is an English actress. She is most known for playing *Ginny Weasley* in Harry Potter movies.

In 2012, Wright will start shooting her first leading role.  It is a British nineteenth century period movie *In Want of a Wife*.  She will star opposite Emily Watson.

Wright graduated from London's University of the Arts: London College of Communication. She is the owner of her own production company called Bon Bon Lumiere.

## Filmography
## Awards and nominations
## Related pages
*List of Harry Potter films cast members

## References
Qualitative analysis

**Qualitative analysis** is a field of analytical chemistry.  It uses chemical reactions to find out what an unknown chemical substance is.  Qualitative chemistry is used in many jobs.  It is very useful for testing for drugs and poisons.

Many reactions are used in qualitative chemistry.  For example, fire can be used to learn what metals are in the compound.  The scientist would know what metal was in an unknown compound by the color of the flame. 

Qualitative chemistry is in contrast with Quantitative chemistry.  "Qualitative" refers to what is present, while "quantitative" refers to how much is present.
Cuscus

:*The North African food is at couscous*
A **Cuscus** is a marsupial from Papua New Guinea. It has a  on its front where its baby begins to grow and develop in. The cuscus has thick white fur and a long tail, with a slightly pink tip. It uses its tail to help it climb through the trees.

## References
Fracture

**Fracture** might mean:
* Material fracture, when a material breaks
* Fracture (geology), when the Earth's mantle has faults
* Fracture (mineralogy), when minerals break
* Bone fracture, when a bone breaks
Dnieper

{{BS-map
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|title-color=DarkSlateBlue
|title-bg=FFFFF0
|navbar=Dnieperside settlements
|collapse=yes
|map=

 
|}
}}
The **Dnipro River** is one of the major rivers in Europe. It flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea. It is fourth largest by length in Europe.  Its total length is .  is in Russia,  is in Belarus, and  is in Ukraine. Its basin covers .  is in Ukraine. In antiquity, it was known to the Greeks as the Borysthenes.

The river is part of the Quagga mussel's native range.

## Related pages
*Warfare in southern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War
## References
Synod of Hippo

The **Synod of Hippo** was the synod of 393 that was held in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church. Other synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426.

Some were attended by St. Augustine. The synod of 393 is best known for two things. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and agreed a canon of Sacred Scripture that is the same as the modern Orthodox and Roman Catholic canon. The canon was later agreed at the Council of Carthage. 

## References
* New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia - African Synods
* Schaff - The Code of Canons of the African Church A.D. 419
State Electoral District

**State Electoral District** means an electorate in the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories. Most state electoral districts (except Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting. The size of a state electoral district depends on the Electoral Acts in the state and vary in size between them. At present, there are 407 state electoral districts in Australia.

State electoral districts do not apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in the states which have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together.

## By State/Territory 
### Australian Capital Territory 
There are three electorates for the Legislative Assembly, two with five members each, and one with seven members, making up seventeen members in total.

### New South Wales 
There are currently 93 electoral districts in New South Wales.
### Northern Territory 
There are 25 single-member electoral divisions in the Northern Territory, and 13 former divisions.

### Queensland 
There are 89 electoral districts in Queensland, for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland.

### South Australia 
There are 47 single-member electoral districts in South Australia, for the South Australian House of Assembly.

### Tasmania 
There are 5 electoral divisions in Tasmania. 

### Victoria 
There are 88 electoral districts in Victoria, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly.

### Western Australia 
There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. 42 are in the Perth metropolitan area and 17 are in the rest of the state.
First Amendment (disambiguation)

The **First Amendment** may mean any of the following:

*First Amendment to the United States Constitution
*Constitution Alteration (Senate Elections) Act, 1906, 
*First Amendment of the Constitution of India
*First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
*First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
*First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
Charter 08

**Charter 08** is a manifesto (a public declaration of your beliefs) initially signed by over 350 Chinese intellectuals and human rights activists to promote political reform and democratization in the People's Republic of China. It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, using a similar name and style from the anti-Soviet Charter 77 issued by dissidents in Czechoslovakia. Since its release, more than 8,100 people inside and outside of China have signed the charter.

One of the authors of Charter '08, Liu Xiaobo, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010. He died of liver cancer in July 2017 while under medical leave during his prison sentence.

## References
William Calley

**William Laws Calley Jr.** His father was a United States Navy veteran of World War II. Calley graduated from Miami Edison High School in Miami and then went to Palm Beach Junior College in 1963. He dropped out in 1964, after having failed (most or) a majority of his classes.

Calley then had (some jobs or) a variety of jobs before enlistment in 1966; He worked as a bellhop, dishwasher, salesman, insurance appraiser, and train conductor.
## Education in the military 
Calley had eight weeks of basic combat training at Fort Bliss, Texas, followed by eight weeks of advanced individual training as a company clerk at Fort Lewis, Washington. He scored high enough on (some test,) his Armed Forces Qualification tests; He applied for and got into Officer Candidate School (OCS). of some of the killings of the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War. Of the 26 officers and soldiers that were charged for their part in the My Lai Massacre or the  cover-up, only Calley was convicted. He was sentenced to a life in prison, but that was changed to 20 years in prison, and later to 10 years in prison. He was put on house arrest instead. Calley only spent three years on house arrest, and was then released.

## After punishment
In 2009, Lieutenant Calley was speaking (at a Kiwanis Club in Georgia, USA) and said that (he feels remorse, and that) "There is not a day that goes by that I do not feel remorse for what happened that day in Mỹ Lai. I feel remorse for the Vietnamese who were killed, for their families, for the American soldiers involved and their families. I am very sorry."

## Later life and death
In 1976 he got married in a church in the United States.

Calley died on April 28, 2024 under hospice care in Gainesville, Florida at the age of 80. His death was not reported until three months after his death on July 29, when public records of him revealed his death.

## References
Sedan, Ardennes

**Sedan** () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. It is also the chief-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name.

## Geography
The old centre is on land within a curve of the Meuse River. It is about 10&nbsp;km (6 miles) from Belgium, and about 200&nbsp;km (120 miles) from Paris.

## History
Sedan was built in 1424.  In the sixteenth century Sedan was a safe place for Protestants escaping from the Wars of Religion.

Until 1651, the Principality of Sedan belonged to the La Tour d'Auvergne family.  It was independent.  The most famous member of the family, Marshal Turenne, was born at Sedan on 11 September 1611.  With help from the Holy Roman Empire, Sedan defeated France at the Battle of La Marfée. ly after that it was surrounded, and its prince, Frederic, surrendered to France.  Only a year after that, it became part of France in return for sparing Frederic's life after he was in a plot against France.

During the Franco-Prussian War, on 2 September 1870 the French emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 100,000 of his soldiers at the Battle of Sedan.

Because of this major victory, which also made the "Second Reich" of Germany possible, 2 September was declared "Sedan Day" (*Sedantag*) and a national German holiday in 1871. It remained a holiday until 1919.

In World War II the German army invaded neutral Belgium and crossed the Meuse River in Sedan.  This allowed them to get past the French fortification system, called the Maginot Line.

## Sedan Castle
Sedan Castle may be the biggest of its kind in Europe with a total area of 30,000 square metres on seven levels. Building started in 1424 and the castle's defences were improved over the years. It is the only part left of the huge fortifications that there were in Sedan and around Sedan.

## Economy
Sedan was a centre of cloth production, which was started under Cardinal Mazarin. It supported the town until the late nineteenth century.

### Born here
These people were born in Sedan:
* Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France
* Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1765–1840), Marshal of France
* Charles Baudin (1792-1854), admiral
* René Guyon (1876-1963), jurist
* Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar (1904-1995) was a French Dominican priest and theologian
* Pierre Cartier (born 1932), mathematician
* Yannick Noah (born 1960), was a professional tennis player
* Benjamin Lemaire (born 1985), actor and film director
* Anais Dechamps (born 1988), distance runner

### Twin town
* Sedan is twinned with Eisenach, Germany since 1991

## Related pages
* CS Sedan Ardennes, football club based in Sedan
* Stade Louis Dugauguez , a multi-use stadium in Sedan

## Other websites
* Sedan city council website  (in French)
* The German breakthrough in 1940 
* Webpage about the fortifications of Sedan 
* Article on the Battle of Sedan at 'Battlefields Europe'
Cherkasy

**Cherkasy** (, transliterated: *Čerkasy*) is a city in central Ukraine. It is the capital of the Cherkasy Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast.

The city is cultural, educational and industrial center of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine. Cherkasy is famous since 13th century and played a great role in history of Ukraine. Cherkasy was the center of Cossacks, citizens took part in Khmelnychchyna and Koliyivschyna (cossacks and peasants rebellions).

The city is on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about  south of the nation's capital, Kyiv. The city is divided into 2 parts (raions) - Sosnivskiy (with Orshanets village) and Pridniprovskiy. The current population of Cherkasy is 264,000.
Tadeus Reichstein

**Tadeusz Reichstein** (20 July 1897  1 August 1996) was a Polish-born Swiss  chemist, botanist and Nobel laureate. 

Reichstein was born into a Jewish family at Włocławek, Congress Poland, and spent his early childhood at Kyiv, where his father was an engineer. He began his education at boarding-school in Jena, Germany.

In 1933, working in Zürich, Switzerland, Reichstein made vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in what is now called the Reichstein process. 

Reichstein, E.C. Kendall and P.S. Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for their discovery of cortisone.

He died in Basel, Switzerland. The main industrial process for the artificial creation of Vitamin C still bears his name. Reichstein was the longest-lived Nobel laureate at the time of his death, but was beaten in 2008 by Rita Levi-Montalcini.

## References
*
*
*

## Other websites
*Brief bio on the Nobel Website
Plane Stupid

**Plane Stupid** is a non-violent environmentalist group in the United Kingdom. It is against making airports bigger.

Plane Stupid was started in 2005 by Joss Garman, Richard George and Graham Thompson.

## References
Manú National Park

**Manú National Park** is a biosphere reserve in Peru.

Before becoming an area protected by the Peruvian government, the Manú National Park was conserved because it was inaccessible; that is, people could not get to it. The park is fairly  by road to this day. In 1977, UNESCO recognised it as a Biosphere Reserve and in 1987, it was named a World Heritage Site.

It is the largest National Park in Peru, covering an area of 15,328&nbsp;km². The Biosphere Reserve includes an additional 2,570&nbsp;km², and a further 914&nbsp;km² are included in a "Cultural Zone" (which also given protection), bringing the total area up to 18,811&nbsp;km².

The park protects several ecological zones ranging from as low as 150 metres above sea level in parts of the Amazon Basin, to Puna grassland at altitudes of 4200 metres. Because of this topographical range, it has one of highest levels of biodiversity of any park in the world.

Overall, more than 15,000 species of plants are found in Manú, and up to 250 varieties of trees have been found in a single hectare.

The reserve is visited by birdwatchers from all over the world, as it is home to over 1000 species of birds. This is over 10% of all living bird species, and more than the number of bird species found in the entirety of North America.

The Park has one of the most varied collections of land vertebrates ever found in Latin American tropical forests.

## References