open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flag of Russia

The **flag of Russia** is a horizontal tricolor of three colors - white on the top, blue in the middle, and red on the bottom. These Slavic tricolors are also used in flags of other Slavic nations (e.g. Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic).

## History 
When Tsar Peter I traveled in the year 1699 to the Netherlands, in order to get more shipbuilding experience, he recognized the necessity that Russia needed its own flag for its navy.

The new Russian flag should follow the model of the flag of the Netherlands (at that time three horizontal strips orange-white-blue in addition, red-white-blue after 1630), but use colors from Russia. Peter I selected the colors from the coat of arms of the Principality of Moscow: On red background a white knight on a white horse rides, wrapped into a blue coat and blue sign carrying. Later the three colors were interpreted also than symbol for the three state-carrying ostslawischen peoples in the Russian Zarenreich: White for the “white Russians”, blue for the “small Russians” and red for the “large Russians”.

This flag was first allowed to be used on 7 May 1883. When the Bolsheviks 1917 seized power, they changed the national flag. On 22 August 1991 the white-blue-red Tricolor was determined again to the Russian national flag.

## Andreyevsky flag 
Peter I gave also another flag to the country: the so-called imperial flag of Russia. It consists of a blue St Andrews cross on a white background. This flag was used alternatively with the Trikolore. The flag is still used as the flag of the Russian navy.

On 15 April 1996 the Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed an explanation that the victory flag is equivalent to the Russian flag.

The *victory flag* is a variant of the flag, which was introduced on May 1, 1945. The difference to the flag of the Soviet Union is that the star is somewhat larger and *hammer and sickle* are not used.

## References
Nenzingen

**Nenzingen** is a city in the district Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg.

Nowerdays Nenzigen has got an population of 3.126 inhabitants (December 2005)

## History
On 21 April 839 Nenzingen was mentioned for the first time as *Nancingas* in a document of the monastery *Reichenau*. 

The place belonged to the county of *Nellenburg* and came to Austria when the last counts of Nellenburgdied in 1423.
Blade Runner

***Blade Runner*** is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dystopian science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. ''Blade Runner's* main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.

## Plot 
The movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.

## Response 
Some movie critics did not like *Blade Runner* because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. *Blade Runner* looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. *Blade Runner* is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures. *Blade Runner* made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.

## Versions 
Seven versions of *Blade Runner'' exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effects.

## Other websites 
* *BRMovie.com* — alt.fan.blade-runner website
** Special Edition News Page
** Encyclopedia Blade Runner
* BR-Insight — Thoughts of the movie

## References
Commercial

**Commercial** could mean:

* Advertising, commercial messages
** Radio commercial,  via the medium of radio
** Television advertisement, promoted via the medium of television
*  Commerce, the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both
** Trade, the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money
** Commercial aviation, transporting passengers or cargo
* Commercial broadcasting, the act of broadcasting for profit
* Commercial Drive (Vancouver), a roadway in the city of Vancouver
* Commercial Solutions, a company in Edmonton
* Commercial Township, New Jersey, in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Flag of the Soviet Union

The first official **flag of the Soviet Union** was adopted in December 1922 at the first congress of the Soviets' USSR. The red flag of the communist party was adopted as the national flag.

## History 
On 30 December 1922, the congress Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR. Article 22 of the Agreement states: 'the USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal.'.

On 6 July 1923, it was decided that the flag was to consist of a red cloth with the state coat of arms of the Soviet Union in the centre. The unusual flag format 1:4 was selected. This flag was used however never to used very much and was only used officially for four months.

The third meeting of the Exekutive committees of the Soviet Union changed the flag on 12 November 1923 into the more well-known version. The more common format 1:2 was selected. The state coat of arms was replaced by a gold sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.

Changes to the shape of the hammer and sickle and the shade of red were made in 1955.  This design stayed the national flag until the break-up of the Soviet Union on 3 December 1991.

## References
Script

**Script** could mean different types of writing that are carefully put together.

;Writing
*A writing system, such as an alphabet
*A style of handwriting or calligraphy, such as 'cursive', which means joined-up writing.

;Documents
*A written  in draft form, that might develop into a final book or performance form
*A script (performing arts): the dialog and instructions for a play, including screenplay (for film), a teleplay (for television), or a choreographic script, (for example, using Benesh Movement Notation)
*The dialogue for a comic book or comic strip

;Computers
*A scripting language: a computer programming languages initially used only for simple, repeated actions. See also Shell script, JavaScript, etc.

;Other
*A medical prescription, particularly as written on paper.
*SCRIPT (AHRC Centre): the Scottish Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technologies 

## Related pages
*Scrip: any form of money (currency) that is not normal official (legal) currency.
Live Aid

at day]]

**Live Aid** was two rock concerts in London and Philadelphia that were held on July 13, 1985. It was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise money for African citizens who were in poverty not getting enough food. Live Aid was held in two places at the same time, in Wembley Stadium in London, and in John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia. The concert raised $127 million.

On November 8, 2004, Official recordings of the Live Aid concert was sold on DVD. The money that the DVD set got was given to Africa.

## References
Giancarlo Fisichella

**Giancarlo Fisichella** (born 14 January 1973 in Rome, Italy) is a former Italian F1 driver and drove in Formula One from 1996 to 2009 with teams including Minardi, Jordan, Benetton and Sauber, as well as returning to Jordan after its name change to Force India and to Benetton under the Renault name. He is affectionately nicknamed "Fisi" by the F1 community.

## Career 
*First time Formula 1 	10. March 1996 GP of Australia
*Team 	Minardi (1996), Jordan (1997), Benetton (1998 - 2001), Jordan (2002 - 2003), Sauber (2004), Renault (2005-2007), Force India (2008-2009)
*Number of Grand Prix 	174 (since 1996)
*Start 	174
*Best WM-result 	Place 5, with 58 points (2005), at present WM-fourth with 52 points
*WM-points altogether 	226
*First points 	27. April 1997 GP of San Marino, 4. Place
*Points per start 	1,23
*Guidance rounds 	127
*Guidance kilometer 	629,414
*Victories 	3
*First victory 	6. April 2003 GP of Brazil in 109. Run
*Last victory 	19. March 2006 GP of Malaysia
*Second places 	5
*Third places 	5
*Podium places 	13
*First podium place 	15. June 1997 GP of Canada, 3. Place
*Last podium place 	19. March 2006 GP of Malaysia, 1. Place
*Poles position 	3
*First poles position 	26. July 1998 GP of Austria
*Last poles position 	18. March 2006 GP of Malaysia
*Fastest rounds 	2
*Terminated running 	99
*Terminated running in the points 	60
*Losses 	60
*Momentary WM-placement 	4.
*Conditions 	27. August 2006 GP of Turkey
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union

The **coat of arms of the Soviet Union** is the symbol of the Soviet Union. It was accepted in 1923 and was used until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

## Design 
The coat of arms has a hammer and sickle, a red star over the Earth, and two ears of wheat covered by red ribbons. Each ribbon has a different language on it, showing the motto of the Soviet Union.

## History 
On 6 July 1923, the Central Executive Committee (CIK) started a project to create the coat of arms. It was finished on 22 September 1923. The constitution of the Soviet Union confirmed the new coat of arms officially in 1924. At first it had six red ribbons on the ears of wheat. The motto "Workers of the World, Unite!" was written on each ribbon, each in a different language. The first six languages were Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, and Turko-Tatar.

Over the next several years, many more languages were added. In 1937 there were 11 languages, and in 1946, there were 16. In 1956 the Finnish text from the coat of arms was removed, and up to the end of the Soviet Union there were 15 languages on the coat of arms.
Karate

is a Japanese martial art. It was developed in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom in what is now Okinawa Prefecture. Karate was created by mixing two fighting styles. Karate has been an Olympic sport since the 2020 Summer Olympics but in 2020, the IOC decided to drop Karate for the 2024 Paris Olympics, one year later in 2021, the IOC decided to reinstate Karate for the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics. Karate was invented in the 14th century.

Karate uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee. 
Karate training has three main sections:
*  is learning the basic techniques or fundamentals;
* 　is the training of form, the specific order and way of using techniques;
*  is to learn how to fight using those techniques.

## History of Karate 
Gichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s. Traditional karate is different from boxing, wrestling and kickboxing: in karate, there is just as much importance on the strength of the mind and good manners as there is on strength of the body and self-defence to use when you're in trouble.

Karate became more known around the world because of Karate movies in the 1960s and 1970s. Now people all over the world learn Karate.

After World War II, Karate also became popular in Korea, where a local variation appeared, it is called "tangsudo".

The full name of Karate is "Karate-do" which means "the way of the empty hand" in English.

There are many schools or styles of karate, including
* Gōjū-ryū Notable Karateka include: Gichin Funakoshi, Yoshitaka Funakoshi, Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, and Fumio Demura.

## Karate Clothing 
When people practice Karate, they wear special clothes called a Gi. The Gi is made up of a white jacket and white pants. People who practice Karate also wear a colored belt, which tells other people their rank. The belt shows how long you have trained rather than how good you are. Two people wearing different colored belts can be surprisingly similar.

Different schools of Karate have different colours of belts for their ranks. You cannot know precisely how good they are without either asking them or knowing how their school arranges the belt colours in ranks. Usually the black belt is for the students who try very hard to be the best that they can be for a long time.

Some schools have several degrees of black belts. They show this by having a white stripe, called a Dan, on the one end of the belt, for the black belt degree the person has. For instance a "3 Dan black belt" would have 3 white stripes on his black belt and would be higher ranked than a "1 Dan black belt".

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan

## References
## Other websites
Kornwestheim

**Kornwestheim** is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the third largest town of the Ludwigsburg district, behind Ludwigsburg and Bietigheim Bissingen.

Since 1956, Kornwestheim has been an administrative district town in Baden-Württemberg.

## Geography
Kornwestheim lies about 10&nbsp;km in the north of Stuttgart. In the southwest *Neckarbecken* at the east edge of the *Strohgäus* within the *Langes Feld*. In the town, the Gänsbach flows east towards the Neckar.

## Neighbouring towns
The following towns and municipalities share a border with Kornwestheim (clockwise beginning in the west):
Möglingen, Ludwigsburg and Remseck at the Neckar (all district Ludwigsburg) as well as Stuttgart (urban area)

## Town layout 
The municipality of Kornwestheim consists of the town centre and Pattonville. The latter became a part of Kornwestheim only at the beginning of the 1990s, having belonged to the Gemarkung Aldingen initially. The settlement was established in 1954 by the US army. After their departure a Company bought the area from the Federal Republic of Germany and divided it between the towns of Kornwestheim and  Remseck am Neckar. Pattonville has since been converted from a military to a civilian settlement. 

### Town hall tower 
The tower of Kornwestheim's town hall was built in the year 1935 by the architect Paul Bonatz. It serves not only as town hall tower, but also as water tower with a container of 800 cubic meters volumes and as clock tower.

## Population 
|}

## References
## Other websites
Bietigheim-Bissingen

**Bietigheim-Bissingen** (German pronunciation: [ˌbiːtikʰhaim ˈbisiŋən]) is a city in the northern centre of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, about  north of Stuttgart and  south of Heilbronn. It is the second biggest city in the district of Ludwigsburg; only Ludwigsburg City is bigger.

## Twin towns 
Bietigheim-Bissingen is twinned with:
*  Kusatsu, Japan, since 1962
*  Sucy-en-Brie, France, since 1967
*  Surrey Heath, United Kingdom, since 1971
*  Szekszárd, Hungary, since 1989
*  Overland Park, USA, since 1999

## References
## Other websites
Grady Sizemore

**Grady Sizemore III** (born August 2, 1982) is a retired American baseball player. He played for four Major League Baseball teams: the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and Tampa Bay Rays. He was a center fielder.

Sizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington in 2000. A notable high school star in football, basketball, and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was the Cascade all-time leader in rushing yards with 3,081 yards and interceptions with 16.

Sizemore did not play for the college because the Expos selected Sizemore in the 3rd round of the 2000 Draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus for him not to play for the college. Sizemore signed and almost immediately began his quick climb to the big leagues. 

In 2002, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians by the Montreal Expos.

In 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder.

Sizemore currently resides in Mill Creek, Washington and Tempe, Arizona.

## Other websites 
*
Model

**Model**, **models**, or **modeling** can mean: An abstract (idea, theory, simulation) or smaller approximation of an object or system for testing. (Like a car, building or ship.)

## Ideas, concepts or software
* Business model
* Model (abstract), an abstract or conceptual object used in the creation of math to predict its behavior
** Causal model
** Mathematical model
** Scientific model
*** Model Driven Engineering, a software development technique based on abstract models
*** Metamodeling, a model of a model
*** Molecular modelling, used to mimic the behaviour of molecules
*** Geologic modelling
*** The Standard Model, the theory in particle physics which describes certain fundamental forces and particles
** Computer model, a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system, usually builds upon a mathematical model
* Model theory, study of the representation of mathematical concepts
* Mental model, a person's way of thinking of an idea or thought process
* Similitude (model), in engineering, used in the scientific testing of physical models
* Working Model, engineering software

## Physical or smaller objects
* Model (physical), a physical representation of an object
* Solid modelling, study of unambiguous representations of the solid parts of an object
* Scale model, a replica or prototype of an object
** Model building, a hobby centered around construction of material replicas
* 3D model, a 3D polygonal representation of an object, usually displayed with a computer
* Model (computer games), in 3D computer graphics, a computer generated image of a character or an object

## Persons or occupations
* Model (art), a person who poses for purposes of art, for example in art school (often known as an ''artist's model*)
* Model (person), a person whose occupation is to display products, e.g. a *fashion model''
** Supermodel, a person who attains celebrity status through fashion modeling
* Promotional model, a person who advertises a product or service
* Role model, a person who serve as a good example to others

## Other
* Walther Model, German general in World War II
* Movement for Democracy in Liberia, MoDeL
* Models (band), an alternative rock group from Australia

## Related pages
* Models of nature
* Modeling languages
* General-purpose modeling (GPM)
* Domain-specific modelling (DSM)
* Meta-modeling
Kickboxing

**Kickboxing** is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word **kickboxing** represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of *Boxe pieds-poings* which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans. There are different kinds of kick boxing, most popular form is one where kicks are allowed towards head & torso only.

In the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called "kickboxing" was born. 

Among the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny "The Jet" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds. Andrew Tate is also well known for Kickboxing in the I.S.K.A 

In 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the "K" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing. 

The more known champions are Badr Hari, Jamal Ben Saddik, Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, Marek Piotrowski, and Anissa Meksen.

## Rules 
The punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the *low kicks* (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted. 

The "amateur" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds. 

The kicks to the thigh (*low kick*) usually decide about the difference in the combats. 

## Equipment 
Pants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats). 

## Other websites 
* World association of all styles Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.S.K.O.) 
* The World Kickboxing & Karate Association (W.K.A.)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing 
* International Sports Kickboxing Association (I.S.K.A)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
* International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) - Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
* International Kickboaxing Board of Control (IKBC)
* World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N.) 
* World Kickboxing Union (W.K.U.) 
* World Kickboxing Federation (W.K.F.) 
* World Federation of Kickboxing (WFK) 
* World International kickboxing league (I.K.L.) 
* Professional Kickboxing Association (P.K.A) 
* Muay Thai Kickboxing (M.T.K) 
* Kickboxing Guide (Premier)
Everett, Washington

**Everett** is a city in the American state of Washington.  It is the county seat of Snohomish County. As of 2020, 110,629 people live in Everett.

The city is where Boeing builds many of its airplanes, like the Boeing 747 and Boeing 787. It is also where the United States Navy has a base called Naval Station Everett.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City website
Hamburger SV

The **Hamburger Sport-Verein** (short **HSV**) is German Sportsclub from Hamburg and became known particularly by its football crews. The man crew of the HSV created it thereby as an only soccer association, 43 years long continuously in the Bundesliga to play and was always first-class since the establishment union in the year 1919 as only German association. The woman football crew Hamburg sports association plays likewise in the 1. Federal league. The football team is playing their homegames in the HSH Nordbank Arena.

The first ice hockey woman crew plays in the first federal league.

The first table tennis gentleman crew plays for many years in the second federal league.

Further kinds of sport of the association are Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cricket, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Ice hockey, Roller hockey, Carats, Athletics, Rugby, swimming, tennis, Tournament dance and Volleyball.

The HSV is with 40.000 members the third biggest association of Germany.

## League position 
### Former position
Hoyerswerda

**Hoyerswerda** (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: Wórjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Upper Lusatia, lying  north east of Cottbus and  from Dresden, (Saxony). It is in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.

## History
### First mention of Hoyerswerda
The first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council . This right was given to them by *Baron von Duba*. In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.

In 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.

### The Prussian invaders
After the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda – opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called "Domowina" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.

In 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry is partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.

### After the GDR
In 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word *Ausländerfrei* (*foreigner-free*). This word was voted the *Unwort* (politically incorrect word) of 1991.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyerswerda will become part of a district (Kreis) instead of being a kreisfreie Stadt.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Palace of Soviets

The **Palace of the Soviets** (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / Дворец Советов) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933.  was started on the building in 1933, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.

 design on a postage stamp.]]

The building was designed by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow.
San Marino, California

**San Marino** is a residential town in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its population is 12,513 as per the 2020 United States Census.

## References
Ballade

:*For the ballade as a musical (instrumental) form see **ballade (musical form)**. *

A **ballade** is a medieval French verse or song which tells a story.  Like the rondeau and the virelai it was very popular in 14th and 15th century France.  All these three songs were originally dances.  Famous composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote ballades.  

Ballade verses often had three stanzas which had the same metre and rhyme scheme, and the last line was often the same.  They might end with an envoi which meant that it was addressing a king or prince.  The great English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote ballades.
Borussia Dortmund

**Borussia Dortmund** (**BVB**) is a German Sports club in Dortmund. It is most noted for its football team that plays in the Bundesliga. Dortmund is one of the most successful clubs in German football history.

Besides football, the club has handball and table tennis departments since the end of 2004, the club also has a fan section, which represents the interests of the team supporters. In the 2010/11 season the matches were visited by an average of 79.151 people. This means that 98,1 percent of the seats were sold.

The official name reads ball play association Borussia 1909 registered association Dortmund and frequently shortened with BVB or BVB 09. The club was the first German team to win an international title (1965 Cup Winners Cup against Liverpool FC) and also the first to win the newly installed UEFA Champions League (1997, final 3-1 win against Juventus).

## Football 
The football (soccer) team plays their home games in the Signal Iduna Park (formerly Westfalen Stadion) in Dortmund. Borussia Dortmund competes in the highest German league, the Bundesliga.

## League position 
### Former position 
## Players
### Current squad
### Out on loan
## Manager history since the start of the German Bundesliga
 led Borussia Dortmund to their first UEFA Champions League title in 1997]]

## Honors
### Domestic
***Bundesliga:**
:*Winners (8):* 1955–56, 1956–57, 1962–63, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11, 2011–12
:*Runners-up (4):* 1948–49, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1991–92, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2015-16, 2018-19, 2019-20

* **DFB-Pokal**
:*Winners (2):* 1964–65, 1988–89, 2011-12, 2016-17, 2020-21
:*Runners-up (2):* 1962–63, 2007–08, 2013-2014, 2014-15, 2015-16

* **DFB-Supercup/DFL-Supercup**
:*Winners (3):* 1989, 1995, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2019
:*Runners-up (1):* 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021

* **DFB-Ligapokal**
:*Runners-up (1):* 2003

### European
* **UEFA Champions League**
:*Winners (1):* 1996–97
:*Runners-Up (2):* 2012-13, 2023-24

* '''UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
:*Winners (1)*: 1965–66

* **UEFA Cup**
:*Runners-up (2)*: 1992–93, 2001–02

* **UEFA Super Cup**
:*Runners-up (1)*: 1997

### Worldwide
* **Intercontinental Cup**
:*Winners (1)*: 1997

## References
## Other websites
Ballade (classical music)

*This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century.
For the medieval French ballade see Ballade*.

A **ballade** is a piece of music, usually for piano. It has several tunes, and one can easily imagine that it is telling a story (a ballade is a medieval French song which tells a story).

The first composer who used the title “ballade” for his piano pieces was Frédéric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.

Later on other composers also wrote ballades: César Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.

Gabriel Fauré wrote a ballade for piano and orchestra. Some composers wrote ballades for orchestra, but they are really like short symphonic poems.
Robert Kubica

**Robert Józef Kubica** (born 7 December 1984 in Krakow) is a Polish racing driver

On 1 December 2005, Kubica got to test in Formula One for the Renault F1 Team. After the test, he was hired by the BMW Sauber F1 team as the test and reserve driver for the 2006 F1 season. 

Robert Kubica got the chance to race in the Hungarian Grand Prix replacing the departing Jacques Villeneuve for the remainder of the 2006 season. On 10 September 2006 he drove to an impressive third place and became the first Polish driver on the podium in Formula 1. This led to Kubica getting a full-time drive for the BMW outfit in 2007.

In 2008 Kubica has a good season. He took the first pole position for BMW Sauber. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica won after a long fight with teammate Nick Heidfeld. It was first win in the race for BMW.

After BMW announced they were leaving Formula 1 in 2009, Kubica joined the French team Renault F1.

## 2011 rallying accident 
On February 6, 2011, Kubica was in a bad crash while competing in a rally race. He was driving a Škoda Auto in the Ronde di Andora. His car ran off the road and crashed at high speed into a wall. He was removed from the car, and air-lifted to hospital by helicopter. His co-driver, Jacub Gerber, was unhurt. Gerber was able to get out of the wrecked car.

Kubica's condition was reported to be serious. Reports say that he has several fractures to his right arm, leg and hand. It was reported that his hand was crushed.

On February 6, Kubica had seven hours of surgery to repair his injures. Lotus Renault GP has reported that he is doing better and his recovery encouraging. He was able to talk to his doctors and family. Kubica "is ready to fight for his comeback." He will need several more surgeries to repair the damage. He will also need to stay in the hospital for about three weeks.

Renault announced that Nick Heidfeld will replace Kubica starting at the test in Barcelona. Eleven weeks after his accident, Kubica was released from the hospital. He plans a short rest at his home before starting the rehabilitation treatment. He is optimistic about his progress.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.
 As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

### Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

### Complete Formula Three Euroseries results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

* Season still in progress.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

## References 
## Other websites
Allianz Arena

**Allianz Arena** (; known as **Fußball Arena München** for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany. Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 München and the Germany national football team use this stadium. The stadium offers 69,901 seats.

The stadium was used for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final while the 2025 final is set to be used.

## Construction 
The stadium took about 340 million Euros to make. The stadium was made with real grass. The architect was Herzog & de Meuron and ArupSport.

## International tournament matches
### 2006 FIFA World Cup 
The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena was called *FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich* during the World Cup.

The following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 2006:

### UEFA Euro 2020 
The stadium hosted three group stage matches and one quarter-finals match at the UEFA Euro 2020.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Allianz Arena Facts and Figures Section provides details like the amount of concrete used, composition of the facade, facade lighting etc.
* 
* Seat Plan of the Allianz Arena
* Allianz Arena – video 
* Allianz Arena Guide and Images
Imtech Arena

The **Imtech Arena** is a concert and sports arena in Hamburg, Germany. It is owned and used by the Hamburger SV football team. Many Hamburg residents still refer to the arena as the Volksparkstadion (Peoples Park Stadium), though AOL bought the naming rights for 30 million marks or 15.3 million euros in 2001. From July 2007 until July 2010 the name was HSH Nordbank Arena.

## Museum 
The stadium houses a museum which presents the history of the Hamburger SV club.

The HSV museum is open daily from 10 am to 8 pm.

## Other websites
*Official site of the Imtech Arena
*Pictures of the Imtech Arena
Joachim Sauer

**Joachim Sauer** (born 19 April 1949) is a German professor of physical and theoretical chemistry. He was born in Hosena, Brandenburg. Sauer has two sons by his first wife. He married Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel on 30 December 1998.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.

## References
FC Schalke 04

The **Fußball-Club Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04**, commonly known as **FC Schalke 04**, is a successful and popular German football  club.

It plays in Gelsenkirchen. With more than 80.313 members (15. Dezember 2009) at present it is the second largest Sportsclub of Germany and has departments for football, basketball, table tennis, handball and athletics. Since August 2001 the association plays its home plays in the Veltins arena (to 30 June 2005 Veltins Arena), one of the most modern stages of the world. In the coat of arms a white G is to be recognized, which stands for Gelsenkrichen.

There exists a great rivalry between Schalke 04 and Borussia Dortmund. The reason is the honorable competition of these clubs which live in neighborhood. Since the first match in 1925 there have been 135 matches. Schalke won 55 of them, Dortmund won 45 and 35 ended in a draw. In the 2009–10 Bundesliga season Schalke won both matches.

## Football 
The football team is playing their home plays in the Veltins Arena. 61,673 people can visit the stadium for football matches in national, or 54,442 in internation competitions. During other events as for example concerts or opera plays 79,296 people can take place in the stadium. Its was also one of the 12 venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and the final of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League between FC Porto and AS Monaco has been played there.

## The players in the season 2021-22 
### Squad
## Coach 
The current coach (and Manager) of Schalke 04 is Dimitrios Grammozis.

## Success 
**International**
* UEFA-Cup-Sieger
o 1997 (1:0 und 0:1 (4:1 i.E.) gegen Inter Mailand)
* UI-Cup-Sieger 2003, 2004

**Championship**
* German champion (seven times):
o 1934 (2:1 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1935 (6:4 vs VfB Stuttgart)
o 1937 (2:0 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1939 (9:0 vs Admira Wien)
o 1940 (1:0 vs Dresdner SC)
o 1942 (2:0 vs Vienna Wien)
o 1958 (3:0 vs Hamburger SV)
o Schalke was eight times runner-up

**DFB-Cup**
* DFB-Pokalsieger:
o 1937 (2:1 vs Fortuna Düsseldorf)
o 1972 (5:0 vs 1. FC Kaiserslautern)
o 2001 (2:0 vs 1. FC Union Berlin)
o 2002 (4:2 vs Bayer 04 Leverkusen)
o 2011 (5:0 vs MSV Duisburg)
* DFL-Ligapokalsieger 2005

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site of Schalke 04
* Official site of *Schalke*'s Veltins Arena
RAF (disambiguation)

**RAF** refers to the Royal Air Force, the air force of the United Kingdom.

**RAF** or **Raf** may also refer to:

## Military and paramilitary
*Rapid Action Force, India, paramilitary police
*Royal Aircraft Factory, UK, 1912–1918
*Royal Air Force, the UK air force
*Russian Armed Forces, the Russian military
*Russian Air Force, the air force of Russia

## Organizations
*Recreational Aviation Foundation, United States
*Red Army Faction, a left-wing militant group in West Germany
*Riga Autobus Factory, a factory in Latvia
*Road Accident Fund, South Africa
*Rodez AF or le Raf, a French football club
*Russian Automobile Federation, a Russian motorist association

## People
*Raf (comics) (1928-1997), Spanish comic author
*Raf (singer) (born 1959), Italian singer
*RAF Camora (born 1984), Austrian rapper
*Raf de Gregorio (born 1977), New Zealand soccer player
*Raf Simons (born 1968), Belgian fashion designer
*Raf Vallone (1916–2002), Italian actor
**Raf.*, taxonomic author abbreviation of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783–1840), French polymath

## Other uses
*R.A.F. (film), a 1935 British documentary film
*"Raf" (song), a song by 2017 by ASAP Mob named after Belgian fashion designer
*Raf kinase
*Retired after finishing, a sailing race term
*.raf, raw image format used by Fuji

## Related pages
*
Coat of arms of Germany

The **coat of arms of Germany** (German **Wappen Deutschlands**) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however.

To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was  as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious  in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.
Weserstadion

The **Weserstadion** is a stadium in Bremen, Germany. It lies to the right side of the Weser, in the *Pauliner Marsch*, a flooding area in the quarter of Peterswerder. It is the homeground of the Werder Bremen football club.

## History 
The Weser stadium was built in 1909 by Bremen's *Allgemeiner Bremer Turn- und Sportverein* as a sports field. After its first change in the year 1926, it was given the name *ATSB Kampfbahn*. Today's name, which goes back to the direct situation at the Weser river, exists since the year 1930. Since this time there also the sports association Werder Bremen makes its plays. At the beginning of the first season of the soccer Bundesliga in the year 1963 the stadium received its first roofed grandstand. In the following decades also the other grandstands were built and modernized gradually. 1992 for the first time in a stadium a VIP Loge was inserted.
Plauen

**Plauen** is the biggest city of the Vogtlandkreis in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.

Plauen was a *Kreisfreie stadt* until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.

The nearest large cities are Zwickau, about  northeast and Gera, about  north of Plauen.

## History
Plauen was already settled in the Bronze Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1122, when the oldest church (named *Johanniskirche*) was build. About 1224 Plauen has get the Town privileges. 1632 a big part of the city was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. Since about 1830 Plauen grow because of the textile-industry. In the Second World Warabout three quarters of the city was destroyed by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force.

1989 Plauen was the first city in the German Democratic Republic were happens a big demonstration against the Government. This leads to the Wende.

## Population change
Plauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.

After the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.

According to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2009 Plauen's population was 66,412.

## References
Belt

A **belt** is a piece of clothing worn around a person's waist. They can be used to hold up trousers(pants, men) or skirts(women) or for carrying things in pockets, such as on a utility belt, which police use. Belts are commonly made using cloth or leather. They are worn by men and women, however men wear them more casually and formally. The most common colors are black and brown. Belts have buckles. Belts are thread around belt loops on trousers(usually Jeans and dress pants for men). Belts have holes into which the buckle is put, making them looser and tighter. Cowboys often wear belts and customize/pick their buckles.

## Other websites
Zugspitze

The **Zugspitze** (Bavarian: *Zugspitz*) is located in Bavaria, Germany. It is the highest mountain in Germany. It is  above sea level. It attracts thousands of visitors every year.

## Literature 
* Toni Hiebeler: *Zugspitze: Von d. Erstbesteigung bis heute* Mosaik-Verlag, 
* Heinrich Schott: *Die Zugspitze : Gipfel d. Technik, Triumphe u. Tragödien* Süddeutscher Verlag, München 1987,
Braunau am Inn

**Braunau am Inn** is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90&nbsp;km west of Linz and about 60&nbsp;km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (*Dfa* in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It was in the American Occupation Zone of Austria from 1945 to 1955 .

Braunau-02-Markt-2006-gje.jpg
Braunau-08-Rathaus-2006-gje.jpg
Braunau-10-Hitlers Geburtshaus-2006-gje.jpg|Hitler's birthplace
Braunau-14-2006-gje.jpg
Braunau-St. Stephan-06-2006-gje.jpg|St. Stephan
Braunau-St. Stephan-14-Hans Steininger-2006-gje.jpg
Braunau-St. Stephan-16-Hans Steininger-2006-gje.jpg
Braunau-St. Stephan-24-2006-gje.jpg

## References
Bundesliga (disambiguation)

**Bundesliga** is the name of the highest level of play in many different sports. *Bundesliga* literally means "Federal League", or league of the whole country. The word is used in the countries Germany and in Austria.  Soccer is the most popular sport in these countries. That is why Germany's soccer league is the best-known Bundesliga.

## Bundesligen in Germany
* Other association football leagues:
** Frauen-Bundesliga – Women's top division association football in Germany (1990–present)
** Under 19 Bundesliga – Men's under 19 football (2003–present)
** Under 17 Bundesliga – Men's under 17 football (2007–present)
* Badminton Bundesliga
* Baseball-Bundesliga (1984–present)
* Basketball Bundesliga (1966–present)
* Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (founded 1947), women's basketball
* Billard Bundesliga, carom billiards (1967–present)
* Bundesliga (artistic gymnastics)
* Bundesliga (baseball) (1984–present)
* Feldhockey Bundesliga (Men's field hockey)
* Feldhockey Bundesliga (Women's field hockey)
* Bundesliga (handball) (1965–present)
* Handball-Bundesliga (women) (founded 1975), women's handball
* Bundesliga (shooting) (1997–present)
* Bundesliga (speedway)
* Bundesliga (table tennis) (1966–present)
* Tennis Bundesliga (men) (1972–present)
* Bundesliga (volleyball)
* Bundesliga (weightlifting) (1964–present)
* Bundesliga (wrestling) (1964–present)
* Chess Bundesliga (1980–present)
* Cricket Bundesliga
* German Football League (1979–present), American football Bundesliga, renamed in 1999
* Ruder-Bundesliga (2009–present), rowing (eight)
* Roller Hockey Bundesliga (founded 1967), men's roller hockey
* Go-Bundesliga , Go
* Ice hockey
** Deutsche Eishockey Liga (1995–present)
** Ice hockey Bundesliga (1958-1994)
** German women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
* Rugby
** Rugby-Bundesliga, rugby union (1971–present)
** Women's Rugby Bundesliga (1987–present), women's rugby union
* Unihockey-Bundesliga, Floorball
* World League eSport Bundesliga (2005-2006), video games

## Bundesligen in Austria
* Austrian Football Bundesliga – men's football
* Austrian Football League – men's American style football
* Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga – men's basketball
* 1. Rugby Bundesliga - men's rugby
* Austria women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
Michael Ballack

**Michael Ballack** (born 26 September 1976 in Görlitz, Germany) was  a German football player and is the retired captain of the Germany national team. He last played for Chelsea, an English club.

Ballack started his career in a small club in Eastern Germany. He later turned to several German clubs, including Bayern Munich. In 2006–07 he arrived England to join Chelsea.

Ballack attended the World Cup twice, in 2002 and 2006, but did not win it with the Germany national football team. He is considered as one of the strongest midfield players to ever play for the German national team.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International
:''Scores and results list ' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each  goal.*

## Honours
**1. FC Kaiserslautern**
*Bundesliga: 1997–98

**Bayer Leverkusen**
*DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02

**Bayern Munich**
*FA Cup: 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10
*Football League Cup: 2006–07; runner-up: 2007–08
*FA Community Shield: 2009
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2007–08

**Germany**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; third place: 2006
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008
**kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06
*kicker Man of the Year (Mann des Jahres): 2002
*FIFA World Cup All-star team: 2002, 2006
*FIFA XI: 2002
*UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2004, 2008
*Bayer Leverkusen Squad of the Century
*FIFA 100
*FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Shoe Winner: 2005
*Goal of the Year (Germany): 2008

## References