open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sean Stone

**Sean Ali Stone** (born 1984) is an American movie director, producer, cinematographer, screenwriter and actor. He is the elder son of Oliver Stone. 

## Filmography
; As actor
**Salvador* (1986) as Boyle's Baby
**Wall Street* (1987) as Rudy Gekko
**Born on the Fourth of July* (1989) as Young Jimmy Kovic
**JFK* (1991) as Jasper Garrison
**The Doors* (1991) as Young Jim Morrison
**Heaven & Earth (1993)
**Natural Born Killers* (1994) as Kevin
**Nixon* (1995)* (1997) as Donald Nixon
**U Turn* (1997)
**Any Given Sunday* (1999)
*''Fighting Against Time: Oliver Stone's Alexander* (2005) himself as narrator
**Resurrecting Alexander* (2005) himself as narrator
**Perfect Is the Enemy of Good* (2005) himself as narrator
**W.* (2008)
**Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps* (2010)
**Nevo* (2011) as Stephan
**Graystone* (2011) as Sean
**American Road* (2011) as Jack Kerouac
**Don't Pass Me By* (2012) as Josh Malek

;As director, producer, cinematographer, screenwriter
**Fighting Against Time: Oliver Stone's Alexander* (2005) (as qriter, producer, director, cinematographer)
**The Death of Alexander* (2005) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
**Resurrecting Alexander* (2005) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
**Perfect Is the Enemy of Good* (2005) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
**Nuremberg: A Vision Restored* (2007) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
**Singularity* (2008) (as writer, producer, director)
**Graystone'' (2011) (as writer, director)

## References
## Other websites
*
Muscular Christianity

for the novel *Hepsey Burke*, by F. N. Westcott, 1915. The Episcopal rector Donald Maxwell (left) gets little pay because of interference from Sylvester Bascom (right), so Maxwell shovels stone to support himself and his wife. Here he confronts Bascom, who accuses him of having no pride.]]

**Muscular Christianity** is a movement which started during the Victorian era. It stressed the need for active Christian activism and belief of vigorous masculinity. It is most associated with the English writers Charles Kingsley and Thomas Hughes, and in Canada with Ralph Connor. Kingsley and Hughes promoted physical strength and health (at least for men) as well as an active pursuit of Christian ideals in personal life and politics.

Muscular Christianity has continued itself through organisations that combine physical and Christian spiritual development. It is influential within both Catholicism and Protestantism.

## References 
## Other websites 
**The Manly Christ: a New View*. Robert Warren Conant. 1904.
**The Masculine Power of Christ; or, Christ Measured as a Man*. Jason Noble Pierce. 1912.
Oswald (TV series)

***Oswald*** is a children's television series produced by Decode Entertainment and HIT Entertainment. The show aired on Noggin in the United States on August 20, 2001. In the United Kingdom, the series escort a British dub using an American voice actors by Skylark Sound Studios using a British with a British accents by The Sound Company Ltd. on Channel 5 and Milkshake! in 2003. Only the episodes were dubbed.

The show was added to Paramount+ (at the time CBS All Access) in January 2021.

## Plot 
The show is set in Big City, a colorful world populated by anthropomorphic animals, mythological creatures and humanoid beings. Each episode follows the daily experiences of an anthropomorphic blue octopus named Oswald, accompanied by his pet hot dog Weenie, and their life in the cheerful and whimsically-designed community of Big City. The show concentrates on Oswald's friends - Henry, a penguin, and Daisy, a flower, among others – and his patient methods of coping with or tolerating different situations and dilemmas, along with his thoroughly optimistic outlook on life.

## Broadcast
* The American show originally aired on Nick Jr. and Noggin in the United States in 2001.

## Partial U.K. English redub
* There is a U.K. English style redub which used in the U.S. English voice cast by Skylark Sound Studios using in the U.K. English with the U.K. English accents by The Sound Company Ltd. when voicing the characters.

## Reception
The series received four out of five stars on Common Sense Media.

## References
West Hollywood, California

**West Hollywood** (nickname: WeHo) is a city of Los Angeles County, California. It was made a city on November 29, 1984. The population was 35,757 at the 2020 census. West Hollywood and the neighboring city of Beverly Hills are surrounded by the city of Los Angeles.

## References
## Other websites
* West Hollywood Official Website 
* West Hollywood General Plan Update (PDF)
* West Hollywood Marketing & Visitors Bureau
* Official site for gay travel in West Hollywood 
* LA County Disaster Communications Service (DCS) West Hollywood Station 
* The Avenues Official Website
* The Sunset Strip Official Website
* West Hollywood Daily News Website 
* West Hollywood News Website 
* The Sunset Strip Music Festival
* LA Pride
* West Hollywood Halloween Costume Carnaval
* Official West Hollywood Filming Site 
* West Hollywood Employers' Corporate Equality Index
* Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept. – West Hollywood Station 
* La Cienega Design Quarter
Engen

**Engen** (延元) was a  of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Kemmu* and before *Kōkoku*.  This period started in February 1336 and ended in April 1340.  The monarchs during this time were  and .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .  

## Events of the *Engen* era
* **17 May 1336** (*Engen 1, 6th day of the 4th month*): Former-Emperor Go-Fushimi died.
* **19 September 1339** (*Engen 4, 16th day of the 8th month*): Emperor Go-Daigo died. 
* **1340** (*Engen 5*): s of a "broom star" (comet) are recorded.

## Northern Court *nengō*
*Kemmu, 1329-1338
*Ryakuō, 1338-1342

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kōkoku

**Kōkoku** (興国) was a  of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Engen* and before *Shōhei*.  This period started in April 1340 and ended in December 1346.  The monarch during this time were was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .  

## Events of the *Kōkoku* era
* **1342** (*Kōkoku 3*):  was removed from his position as *daijō daijin.*
* **1344** (*Kōkoku 5*): Shogun Ashikaga Takauji offered prayers at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.

## Northern Court *nengō*
* Ryakuō, 1338-1342
* Kōei, 1342–1345
* Jōwa, 1345–1350

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Anglo-Saxon runes

The **Anglo-Saxon runes** are runes. They were used from the 5th to the 8th century. They extend Elder Futhark from 24 to between 26 and 33 characters. Like the Elder Futhark, it is named after the first few letters in the series: These transliterate to **Futhorc** in modern English. The script was used to record Old English and Old Frisian. Inscriptions using Futhorc are rare after the 9th century. They completely disappear after the Norman conquest  (1066).
Ulysses (1954 movie)

***Ulysses*** is a 1954 3-D Italian adventure movie. It is based on Homer's poem *The Odyssey*, and tells of Odysseus's attempts to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. Silvana Mangano plays two roles, as Penelope, the faithful wife of Ulysses and the sorceress, Circe. Kirk Douglas stars the Greek hero, Ulysses. Anthony Quinn plays Antinous.

## Other websites 
*
Hercules vs. the Moon Men

***Hercules Against the Moon Men*** is a 1964 Italian/French movie. It was directed by Giacomo Gentilomo. It stars Alan Steel (real name Sergio Ciani). The movie blends (mixes) elements from Roman, Greek, Cretan and Egyptian mythologies. In the original Italian language version, the hero was not Hercules. The hero was Maciste. Maciste was a hero in Italian silent movies. Its original Italian title was *Maciste e la regina di Samar* (*Maciste and the Queen of Samar*). Its French title was *Maciste contre les hommes de pierre* (*Maciste Against the Men of Stone*). The English distributors dubbed the hero Hercules, because Maciste was not well known to American audiences.

## Story 
A race of evil moon men land on Earth. For years, they have terrorized the city of Samar. They have made the people of Samar give them children to be . Now, the queen of Samar has made an pact with the moon men to take control of the world. She wants to become the most powerful woman alive. The people of Samar do not like all the chaos. They  when the mighty Hercules shows up to end it all.
Kentoku

**Kentoku** (建徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Shōhei* and before *Bunchū*.  The period started in July 1370 and ended in April 1372. The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

## Events of the *Kentoku* era 
* **1370** (*Kentoku 1*): Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyūshū.

## Northern Court *nengō*
* Ōan, 1368–1375

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Oswald

**Oswald** may refer to:

**Oswald* (TV series), a television series from Nick Jr., or the title character of the show
*Oswald (given name), a  given name
*Oswald von Wolkenstein
*Lee Harvey Oswald
*Pelswick Oswald the Third
*Oswald of Northumbria
*Clara Oswald, a character from the British series *Doctor Who*
Kōwa (Muromachi period)

**Kōwa** (弘和) was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Tenju and before Genchū.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in April 1384.  The Southern Court monarchs in Yoshino during this time-frame were  and .  The Northern Court monarchs in Kyoto were  and  

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kōei (era)

:*This article is about the Japanese era name.  For the software company, see Koei.*

 was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ryakuō and before Jōwa. This period started in April 1342 and ended in October 1345.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was .

## Events of the *Kōei* era
* **1342** (*Kōei 1, 2nd month*):  was removed from his position as Prime Minister (*daijō daijin*).
* **1342** (*Kōei 1, 12th month*): The mother of Ashikaga Takauji died.
* **1343** (*Kōei 2, 4th month*): Nijō Yoshimoto, the author of *Masukagami*, was made Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).
* **1344** (*Kōei 3, 1st month*): Shogun Takauji offered prayers at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.

## Southern Court *nengō* 
* Kakitsu, 1441–1444
* Bun'an, 1444–1449

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Jason and the Argonauts (1963 movie)

***Jason and the Argonauts*** is a 1963 movie. It stars Todd Armstrong as Jason. The movie is about the quest for the Golden Fleece. It was directed by Don Chaffey. The special effects were the creation of stop-motion animation expert Ray Harryhausen. The movie is famous for its monsters and the battle with the skeletons.  *Hercules* is another movie on the Golden Fleece theme that was made about the same time. It stars legendary bodybuilder Steve Reeves.
Handshakes and Middle Fingers

***Handshakes and Middle Fingers*** is the second major release studio album by Canadian rapper, Classified. *Handshakes and Middle Fingers* was released on March 22, 2011. The album spawned three singles "That Ain't Classy", "The Day Doesn't Die" and "Maybe It's Just Me". "That Ain't Classy" peaked at #45 on the Canadian Hot 100 while "The Day Doesn't Die" peaked at #83 on the Canadian Hot 100. The album peaked at #7 on the Canadian Albums Chart and also hit #2 on the iTunes top seller list.

## Songs
## References
The Wedding Singer

***The Wedding Singer*** is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore. It follows a wedding singer falling in love with a waitress in 1984.

## References
*
Rafael Landry Tanubrata

**Rafael Landry Tanubrata** (born in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, November 16, 1986)  is an Indonesian pop, businessperson and R&B singer-songwriter, hip hop dancer and actor. He is a member of the boy band SM*SH.

## Biography 
Rafael Landry Tanubrata born in November 16, 1986 star sign in Scorpio. favorite song Daniel Bedingfield "If You're Not the One" (2002) and Mario "Let Me Love You" (2004).

## TV series 
* Cinta Cenat Cenut (2011) as Rafael
* Cinta Cenat Cenut 2 (2011) as Rafael
* Cinta Cenat Cenut 3 (2012) as Rafael

## Discography 
* Vokalis band (2003) (before joining SM*SH)
* SM*SH (2010) as a member SM*SH
* Step Forward (2012) as a member SM*SH

### Solo singles 
* "*Tiada Kata Berpisah (There is no word Split)*" (2015)

## Other websites 
* Sm*sh: Boyband Asli Indonesia 
* Official SM*SH Website
In Search of the Castaways

***In Search of the Castaways*** is a 1962 Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars Hayley Mills, George Sanders, and Maurice Chevalier. The movie was directed by Robert Stevenson.  It was based on Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel ''Captain Grant's Children''. The movie was Mills's third of six movies for the Disney Studios. The movie was a box office hit.

The Sherman brothers (Robert B. and Richard M. Sherman) wrote the songs "Castaway", "Merci Beaucoup", "Let's Climb", and "Enjoy It". Movie critic Hal Erickson wrote, "[The movie] is a roller-coaster of a Disney film, making up in excitement what it lacks in credibility or coherence...the film was ideal Saturday-matinee fodder for the kiddie trade in 1963."

## Cast 
* Hayley Mills as Mary Grant, Captain Grant's daughter
* Keith Hamshere as Robert Grant, Captain Grant's son 
* Jack Gwillim as Captain Grant, a castaway
* Maurice Chevalier as Jacques Paganel, friend to Mary and Robert
* Wilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Glenarvan
* Michael Anderson, Jr. as John Glenarvan, his son
* George Sanders as Thomas Ayerton
* Wilfrid Brambell as Bill Gaye, a castaway
* Antonio Cifariello as Thalcave, Indian Chief
* Inia Te Wiata as Maori Chief

## Story 
Teenager Mary Grant, her brother Robert, and their friend Professor Paganel, persuade Lord Glenarvan to rescue shipwrecked Captain Grant. They sail halfway around the world on Lord Glenarvan's yacht. The friends survive an earthquake, a flood, a fire, an attack by a giant condor, and a volcanic eruption before rescuing Captain Grant from fierce Maoris.

A subplot involves a criminal named Thomas Ayerton, a former crew-member of Captain Grant's ship. He was responsible for Captain Grant's disappearance. Another subplot involves a romance between Mary and Lord Glenarvan's son John.

## References
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 movie)

***Around the World in 80 Days*** (sometimes written as *Around the World in Eighty Days*) is a 1956 adventure movie. It stars David Niven, Cantinflas, and Shirley MacLaine. It was produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The movie was directed by Michael Anderson.  The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman. It was based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young. The cinematography was by Lionel Lindon. The movie won many Academy Awards, including "Best Picture". Many well known actors made small appearances in the movie. These stars include Charles Boyer, Marlene Dietrich, and Frank Sinatra.
Mysterious Island (1961 movie)

***Mysterious Island*** is a 1961 movie. It was released by Morningside Productions through Columbia Pictures. The movie was based on the book *The Mysterious Island* by Jules Verne. The movie was produced by Charles H. Schneer and Ray Harryhausen. It was directed by Cy Endfield. The movie was filmed at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England as a showcase for Harryhausen's stop-motion animation effects. The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann. The movie stars Michael Craig as Captain Harding; Joan Greenwood as Lady Mary Fairchild; and Herbert Lom as Captain Nemo.

## Story 
Union soldiers escape in a hot air balloon from a Confederate prison camp during the American Civil War. They crash-land in the ocean. They are washed ashore on an unknown island where gigantic animals live. The animals are the result of experiments by Captain Nemo. He is an unknown benefactor to the castaways as they struggle to survive on the island. A volcano threatens to erupt. The stranded group escapes from the island on a pirate ship. The volcano destroys the island.  The animated "monsters" that the castaways encounter are a giant crab, a giant flightless bird, giant bees, and a giant cephalopod.
Discharge (hydrology)

In hydrology, **discharge** is the outflow of water from a river or lake or other body of water. The discharge describes how much water flows through, in a certain amount of time. The amount is usually expressed in \frac{m^3}{s} (cubic metres per second).

The discharge is the opposite of the inflow.
Bagnolet

**Bagnolet** is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France. It is 5.2&nbsp;km (3.2&nbsp;mi) from the center of Paris and is in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. About 34,595 people lived there in 2006. 

## Education 
From 1989 to 1999, the aviation engineering school Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées was in the town.

## Other websites
*Official website (in French)
Orly

**Orly** is a town near Paris, France. It is in the Val-de-Marne département and the Île-de-France region. There are about 21,372 people in the town (as of 2007).

## Education 
The École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) was built at Orly in 1949. It was there from 1949 to 1969. The buildings are still visible from the road going to the airport of Paris Orly.
## Public Hausing 
Orly experienced significant growth in the late 1950s. There was an urgent need to house poor families living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. Orly responded to Abbé Pierre's call in 1954. It was also intended to house the immigrant workers arriving en masse in the Paris region.
The Haunted Castle

***The Haunted Castle***  is an 1896 three-minute-long French movie written, directed, and produced by Georges Méliès. *The Haunted Castle* is now in the public domain. In English, this movie has been known as *The Haunted Castle*, ''The Devil's Castle*, *The Devil's Manor*, *The Manor of the Devil*, and *The House of the Devil''. It was released on Christmas Eve, 1896, at the Theatre Robert Houdin, 8 boulevard des Italiens, Paris.

## Story 
A large bat flies into a castle. The bat circles slowly while flapping its monstrous wings. Suddenly, it changes into Mephistopheles (Georges Méliès). After preparing a cauldron, the demon produces skeletons, ghosts, and witches from the bubbling contents of a cauldron.  One of those summoned from the underworld holds up a crucifix. Satan vanishes in a blast of smoke.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Free download at https://archive.org/details/LeManoirDuDiable-GeorgesMelies1986
Women's movies

'''Women's movies''' is a movie genre.  These movies are ones that moviemakers expect women to like. They are about women. They have themes that moviemakers think would interest women such as home, family life, being a mother, making sacrifices, and romance.  Women's movies are movies that were made *for* women by predominantly male screenwriters and directors whereas "women's cinema" is movies that have been made *by* women. Women's movies have been made for years and years, ever since the silent movie days. It took a while for the term "woman's movie" to be used though. These movies were called "melodramas" at first. They were very popular during World War II. Their production fell off in the 1960s. The term "woman's movie" went south in the 1960s even though such movies were still being made. George Cukor, Douglas Sirk, Max Ophüls, and Josef von Sternberg directed woman's movies.  Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Barbara Stanwyck made many woman's movies.  *Mildred Pierce*, *Jezebel* and *Stella Dallas* are examples of woman's movies.

## References 
*
*
*
Koei

, also known as , is a Japanese video game publisher, developer, and distributor.

## History
In 2009, Koei merged with a competitor, Tecmo.

The new company was named Tecmo Koei.

## References
Man and the Biosphere Programme

The **Man and the Biosphere Programme** (MAB) is a division of UNESCO that tries to improve and encourage conservation and sustainability around the world. It was created in 1970. Its main focus is a network of biosphere reserves. The programme acts as a kind of forum for exchanging ideas and experiences on sustainable development and management of these reserves. Biosphere reserves are areas that are supposed to develop creative ideas, test them and share the results. To date, there are 621 biosphere reserves in 117 countries.

*1* *Includes the **Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean**, shared between Morocco and Spain***Table not up to date*

## References
## Other websites
* Searchable list of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves
* Frequently Asked Questions on Biosphere Reserve
* A-Z of Areas of Biodiverity Importance: Biosphere Reserves (MAB)
Ryakuō

was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kemmu and before Kōei. The period started in August 1338 and ended in April 1342.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the *Ryakuō* era
* **28 August 1338** (*Ryakuō 1, 13th day of the 7th month*): Ashikaga forces burned Daikaku-ji.
* **19 September 1339** (*Ryakuō 3, 16th day of the 8th month*): Emperor Go-Daigo died.
* **1340** (*Ryakuō 3*): s of a "broom star" (comet) are recorded.

## Southern Court *nengō*
* Engen, 1336–1340
* Kōkoku, 1340–1346

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Triodia

***Triodia*** is a large genus of grass endemic to Australia. They are often called **spinifex**, but they are not a part of the genus *Spinifex*, which is only found near the coast. There are 64 known species. Triodia is a perennial grass that grows in dry areas. They have spikey, pointed leaves, about 30-40 centimetres long.

The leaf tips can break off in people's skin, causing infections. Spinifex has been used by Australian Aborigines in many things. The seeds are collected for food. Spinifex resin is used as a glue in spear-making. The grasses were also burned to make smoke signals, to communicate with groups a long way away. Some species are used for building shelters. Others are used to make traps for catching fish.

## Notes
## References
*Lazarides, M. (1997). "A revision of Triodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae, Eragrostideae, Triodiinae)." Australian Systematic Botany 10: 381-489.
*Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28 November 2005

## Other websites
*
*Macquarie University's "Hummock Grasslands in Australia"
Alpine marmot

The **Alpine marmot** is a species of marmot. It can be found in mountain regions of central and southern Europe. It is the third-largest rodent on the European continent. The Eurasian beaver and the Crested porcupine are both larger than it.  Alpine marmots mature in their third year. For this reason, marmots live in family groups of up to twenty animals. Alpine marmots have been around since the ice age. Today, their range is limited to the higher mountain regions.

## References
Western Christianity

**Western Christianity** is a part of the Christian religion. Western Christianity talks about the religious traditions of Christians whose ancestors were from Western Europe.

Western Christianity includes people who are members of the Catholic Church, as well as people who are members of Protestant churches.  The Protestant churches were formed by people who were former members of the Catholic Church.  Many Protestant churches started during the Protestant Reformation in about 1600.  

As the Protestant leaders were former members of the Catholic Church, Protestants share many, but not all, religious beliefs and religious traditions with Catholics.  However, Western Christianity is different from Eastern Christianity, which has a different set of religious traditions, but many of the same religious beliefs.

## Western denominations 
Western Christianity makes up about 90% of Christians worldwide. The Roman Catholic Church has over half of all Christians. The many Protestant and related denominations make up another 40%. Baptists, Lutherans, and Anglicans are some of the larger and older Western denominations which are not the Roman Catholic Church.

## Related pages 
* Holy Roman Empire
* Lutheranism
* Protestant Reformation
* Western churches

## Other websites
Georges Méliès

**Georges Méliès** (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French moviemaker. He led the way in the use of special effects, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted colour in his work. His movies include *Conquest of the Pole*, *A Trip to the Moon*, and *The Impossible Voyage*. These movies involve strange, surreal voyages, like those in Jules Verne's books. These movies are among the most important early science fiction movies. Méliès's *The Haunted Castle* is an early horror movie.

## Life and work 
Méliès was born in Paris, France in 1861. He liked drawing and playing with a puppet theater as a child. He went to the theater often as a young man. About 1888, Méliès bought the Théatre Robert-Houdin and worked there as a magician.  He became obsessed with moviemaking after seeing a movie by Antoine Lumière in 1895. In May 1896, he acquired his own movie camera and set up a movie studio. At the end of 1896, he formed a new company, Star Film.

Méliès began making movies that were three to nine minute long. He wrote, designed, filmed, and acted in nearly all of his movies. He liked putting magic tricks into his movies. While filming a street scene one day, the camera stopped briefly. When Méliès looked at the movie later, he noticed that at the moment of the break, the bus he had been filming suddenly disappeared and new vehicles replaced it. Making items appear and disappear by stopping and starting the camera would become one of his most commonly used movie tricks. 

In 1902, Méliès produced his first masterpiece, *A Trip to the Moon*.  It was inspired by several works of the time that speculated about life on the moon. H.G. Wells and Jules Verne wrote about space travel, for instance, and Offenbach composed an opera about a trip to the moon. *Trip* was a huge success in France. Méliès hoped to make a fortune showing it in the United States. Thomas Edison and other moviemakers made copies of *Trip* however, and made money on Méliès's work. 

## Gallery 

File:Méliès, Le voyage a travers l'impossible1904 colorizée 20.jpg|The Sun swallows the spaceship in "The Impossible Voyage"
File:Méliès, L'homme-orchestre (Star Film 262-263, 1900) 02.jpg|Scene from "The One-Man Band"
File:Melies's Montreuil studio.jpg|Montreuil studio
File:Méliès, Cinderella (Star Film 219-224, 1899).jpg|Scene from *Cinderella*
|Clip from the hand-colored version of "A Trip to the Moon"
|Clip from the hand-colored version of "A Trip to the Moon"

## References 
* Musser, Charles. *History of the American Cinema: Volume 1, The Emergence of Cinema*. Charles Scribner's Sons, Inc. 1990. 

## Other websites 
* Georges Méliès: A Brief Biography 
* Encyclopedia of World Biography: Georges Méliès
FIFA (video game series)

***FIFA***, also known as ***FIFA Football***, ***FIFA Soccer*** or as of late ***FC***, is a series of association football video games, released yearly by Electronic Arts. The most recent FIFA game released was *FC25* released September 27, 2024.

The *FIFA* video games franchise has versions in 10+ languages.  It is available in 50+ countries. The series has sold more than 100 million copies.

## List
* *FIFA International Soccer*
* *FIFA Soccer 95*
* *FIFA Soccer 96*
* *FIFA 97*
* *FIFA: Road to World Cup 98*
* *FIFA 99*
* *FIFA 2000* (PS2)
* *FIFA 2001* PS2
* *FIFA Football 2002* (PS2)
* *FIFA Football 2003* (PS2)
* *FIFA Football 2004* (PS2)
* *FIFA Football 2005* (PS2)
* *FIFA 06* (PS2)
* *FIFA 07* (PS3)
* *FIFA 08* (PS3)
* *FIFA 09* (PS3)
* *FIFA 10* (PS3)
* *FIFA 11* (PS3)
* *FIFA 12* (PS3)
* *FIFA 13* (PS3)
* *FIFA 14* (PS4) 
* *FIFA 15* (Xbox One) (Feel the Game)
* *FIFA 16* (Xbox One) (PS4)
* *FIFA 17* (Xbox One) (PS4)
** *FIFA Mobile 17* (Android) (iOS)
* *FIFA 18* (Xbox One) (PS4) (Nintendo Switch)
** *FIFA Mobile 18* (Android) (iOS)
* *FIFA 19*
* *FIFA 20*
* *FIFA 21*
* *FIFA 22*
* *FIFA 23*

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*EA Sports Football
ABC Kids

**ABC Kids** may refer to:
* ABC Kids (Australia), a part-time digital TV channel for preschoolers from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
* ABC Kids (TV programming block), a defunct youth's programming block on American Broadcasting Company in the United States, 1997 to 2011

## Related pages
* ABC
Shōhei

:*For the Japanese era from 931 through 938, see Jōhei.*

 was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōkoku and before Kentoku.  This period started in December 1346 and ended in July 1370.

The monarchs during this time were  and .  The Northern Court pretenders in Kyoto were ,  and .

## Events of the *Shōhei* era 
* **2 December 1348** (*Shōhei 3, 11th day of the 11th month*): Former-Emperor Hanazono died.
* **1349** (*Shōhei 4*): Go-Murakami fled to A'no.
* **1350** (*Kannō 5*): Yoshinori guarded Kyoto.
* **1350**&ndash;**1352** (*Shōhei 5&ndash;7*): Armed conflict, variously known as the  or *Kannō no Juran*.
* **1352** (*Shōhei 7*): Emperor Go-Murakami captured former-emperors Kōgon, Kōmyō and Sukō; and they were permitted to return to Kyoto in 1357 (*Shōhei 12*).
* **1354** (*Shōhei 9*): Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. Ashikaga Yoshiakira was appointed as the new shogun.
* **1368** (*Shōhei 23*): Ashikaga Yoshimitsu became the third shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.
* **29 March 1368** (*Shōhei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month*): Go-Murakami died; and his oldest son received the succession.

## Northern Court *nengō*
* Jōwa, 1345–1350
* Kannō, 1350–1352
* Bunna, 1352–1356
* Enbun, 1356–1361
* Kōan, 1361–1362
* Jōji, 1362–1368
* Ōan, 1368–1375

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Biosphere reserve

A **biosphere reserve** is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a label given by the UNESCO to help protect the sites. The biosphere is very important to humans.

## References
Lake Amadeus

**Lake Amadeus** () is a huge salt lake in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, in Australia. It is about  north of Uluṟu. The lake is 180&nbsp;km long and 10&nbsp;km wide. It is the largest salt lake in the Northern Territory. Because of the dryness of the area, the lake is usually a dry salt crust. When it rains enough, water flows through it towards the east. It eventually connects to the Finke River. Lake Amadeus holds up to 600&nbsp;million tonnes of salt. The groundwater soaks into the ground, and the lake supports several reliable springs.

The first European to find the lake was the explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. He had seen Kata Tjuta from far away and was making his way there. The lake blocked his path. He could not go over it because the dry lake bed was not able to hold the weight of his horses. He described the lake as "an infernal lake of mud and brine". Giles was going to name it "Lake Ferdinand" after Baron Ferdinand von Mueller. But Mueller asked Giles to instead name it after King Amadeus I of Spain. Amadeus had honoured Mueller a few years before.

Lake Amadeus is on Aboriginal land, and is covered by the Katiti and Petermann Aboriginal Land Trusts.

## References
Elder Futhark

, in Sweden]]

**Elder Futhark** is the oldest known runic script. It was used by Germanic tribes during the 2nd to 8th century. It consists of 24 different characters that are used like an alphabet; each character represents a sound or syllable. All Germamic tribes used the same form and same language. Its use lasted to the mid 8th century. Scholars are still discussing when it was first used: The oldest known use which is not disputed is a comb on the Vimose inscriptions from Denmark. It dates around the year 160. There are also runes on the Meldorf fibula, which date from the year 50. The inscription on the fibular is made of characters that are probably runes. The problem is that these characters can also represent symbols in the Latin alphabet.

Many of the characters from Elder Futhark resemble Latin or etruscan ones. For this reason, Elder Futhark had probably modelled form Southern Europe. The ordering of the Futhark letters is completely different from other known alphabets. In contrast, the ordering of the Latin alphabet is the same as the Greek one, which preceded it.
Adam Faith

**Adam Faith** (real name Terence Nelhams-Wright, 23 June 1940 – 8 March 2003) was a British singer, actor and journalist.

Faith was born in Acton, London. He died of a heart attack in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

## Other websites 
*
* This is It! The Adam Faith website
A Trip to the Moon

***A Trip to the Moon*** is a 1902 French silent movie. It is based loosely on Jules Verne's *From the Earth to the Moon* and H. G. Wells' *The First Men in the Moon*. In French, the title of the movie is *Le Voyage dans la lune*. The movie was written and directed by Georges Méliès. He had some help from his brother Gaston. The movie runs about 14 minutes. It was very popular when it was shown for the first time. It is the best-known of the many movies made by Méliès. *A Trip to the Moon* is the first science fiction movie. The movie has many new twists on animation and special effects. One of the most well known images is the one showing a spaceship landing in the Moon's eye.

## Story 
Six astronomers agree to take a trip to the moon. They build a space capsule in the shape of a bullet. A huge cannon shoots it into space with the help of "marines". These marine are mostly pretty girls in sailor outfits. Some of the marines are men though. The Man in the Moon watches the capsule as it moves toward the moon. He gets hit in the eye. 

The astronomers get out of the capsule. They are tired. They unroll their blankets and sleep. A comet passes. The Big Dipper appears with human faces looking out of each star. Snowfall wakes the astronomers. They go into a cavern and find giant mushrooms. One astronomer opens his umbrella. It turns into a giant mushroom.

Selenites appear. They are insectoids that live on the moon. The astronomers fight them. They are captured. They are taken to the Selenite Palace. One astronomer destroys the Chief Selenite. The astronomers run to their space capsule.  They take off. They land in an ocean on Earth. A ship rescues them. A  is held in honor of the brave men.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Le Voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon)* on YouTube (hand-colored with narrated stills of missing final scene)
* *Filmsquish * — Blog-A-Thon of critics celebrating the film
* *Was the Nasa splash down inspired by Georges Méliès? * — A letter to NASA
* A 192 page book about the film and its color version  by the Technicolor Foundation

## References
FIFA 14

***FIFA 14*** is a 2013 association football simulation video game created by EA Canada and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Microsoft Windows. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on the consoles' respective launch dates. It is the only game to be released on three different PlayStation consoles (PS2, PS3, and PS4). Lionel Messi is the cover athlete of the game. Since it was released on September 23, 2013, it has gotten good reviews.

## Teams 
Leagues/International teams in **bold** are licensed. 

### Leagues 
### International 
## References
Hard Candy (Madonna album)

***Hard Candy*** is the 11th studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on April 19, 2008 by Warner Bros. The first single from the album, "4 Minutes" has Justin Timberlake and Timbaland singing in it.  It went on to top charts around the world and reached number three on the US *Billboard* Hot 100.  The second single, "Give It 2 Me", has vocals from Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes.  It reached the top ten in Canada and the UK.

*Hard Candy* was number one in several countries. Madonna did The Sticky and Sweet Tour to promote the album. *Hard Candy* has sold over four million copies around the world.
It was certified Gold in the United States for shipments of over 500,000 copies.
## Track listing
## References
Dord

**Dord** is a ghost word, a word that was never used, but accidentally added to a dictionary. In 1934, the New International Merriam-Webster Dictionary printed the word, *dord*, defining it as 'density'. Philip Babcock Gove was an editor at Merriam-Webster and became editor-in-chief of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Gove wrote a letter to the journal American Speech fifteen years after the error was caught. He explained why "Dord" was printed in the second edition of the New International Dictionary. It got through when a slip was sent saying *D or d*. Because the letters were typed with spaces between, it looked like it said "Dord".

In 1939, five years after the dictionary was published, an editor found out that *dord* was not a word, but the word was not fully removed from the dictionary until 1947. Dord is the only known ghost word in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary's history.
Edwin S. Porter

**Edwin Stanton Porter** (April 21, 1870 – April 30, 1941) was an early movie pioneer and director. His most important movies are *Life of an American Fireman* (1903) and *The Great Train Robbery* (1903).

## References
ETalk

***etalk*** (formerly known as ***eTalk Daily***) is a Canadian entertainment news television show. It also serves as the entertainment program for CTV, anchored by Tyrone Edwards. The weekday program airs on CTV at 7:00 p.m. ET/PT and CTV 2 at 7:30&nbsp;p.m. ET/PT, and also back-to-back on other Bell Media television stations.

## On-air staff
### Current
* Tyrone Edwards – Anchor
* Traci Melchor – Senior Correspondent
* Elaine "Lainey" Lui – Senior Correspondent
* Sonia Mangat - correspondent
* Priyanka - correspondent
* Liz Trinnear - correspondent
* Chloe Wilde - correspondent
* Michaella Montana - correspondent

### Former
* Thea Andrews – Co-host
* David Giammarco – Senior Entertainment Reporter
* Anna Cyzon – Reporter
* Jesse Palmer – Reporter
* Jully Black – Celebrity Reporter
* Sophie Grégoire – Quebec Correspondent
* Leah Miller – Correspondent
* Susie Wall – Reporter
* Tanya Kim – Co-Host
* Jessi Cruickshank – Reporter
* Devon Soltendieck - Senior Reporter
* Ben Mulroney – Co-host
* Danielle Graham – Co-host

## References
## Other websites
* website
* 
* https://www.bellmedia.ca/the-lede/tv/ctv/etalk/ The Lede
* https://www.theloop.ca/about-etalk/ The Loop
Life of an American Fireman

***Life of an American Fireman*** is a silent movie. It was made by Edwin S. Porter. It was shot late in 1902. It was distributed early in 1903. It is one of the earliest American storytelling movies. It is about the rescue of a woman and child from a burning building. It has seven scenes and nine shots. Movie expert Charles Musser points out that this movie shows that  the social role of firefighters was changing at the time it was made.

## References
Pentane

**Pentane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula of . It is an alkane with five carbon atoms. Usually, "pentane" represents all three isomers (*n*-pentane, isopentane and neopentane). But in the IUPAC, **pentane** only represents *n*-pentane. In the IUPAC, the other two isomers is 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane. Cyclopentane's chemical formula is , so it is **not** an isomer of pentane.

## Isomers
## Reaction
All isomers of pentane burn with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water:
:+8->5+6.
## References
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

The **Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem** is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone of the Earth. It is partly in Yellowstone National Park. 
 at Madison in Yellowstone National Park]]

The Greater Yellow Ecosystem (GYE) is a kind of natural laboratory in landscape ecology and geology. It is a world-renowned recreational site, and home to the animals of Yellowstone.

## History
The Yellowstone National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 to include all the geothermal basins in the area. By the 1970s, the grizzly bear's (*Ursus arctos*) range in and near the park became the unofficial minimum boundary of a Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. This had at least . Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as , while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to .

In 1985 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittees on Public Lands and National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone. The result was a 1986 report by the Congressional Research Service which said that different agencies were not working well together, and the area's essential values were at risk.

There are other areas within the Greater Yellowstone area which are managed by federal authorities. They include the Gallatin, Custer, Caribou-Targhee, Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests, the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park. The GYE also includes some private lands around those managed by the U.S. Government. 

Outside of Yellowstone National Park, ten wilderness areas have been established in the National Forests since 1966 to get more habitat protection than usual.

## References
Max Schreck

**Friedrich Gustav Max Schreck** (6 September 1879 – 20 February 1936) was a German actor. He is remembered for his role as Count Orlok in the horror movie *Nosferatu* (1922).

## Early life 
Schreck was born in Berlin-Friedenau, on 6 September 1879. He received his training at the '''' (the State Theatre of Berlin). He completed his studies in 1902. Many of Reinhardt's troupe made a significant contribution to movies. During this time he also worked on his first movie *Der Richter von Zalamea*. Schreck appeared as a blind man in the film ''* (*The Street'') the same year. His obituary praised his role as The Miser in Molière's comedy play.

## Cultural references
The person and performance of Max Schreck in *Nosferatu* has been fictionalized by actor Willem Dafoe in E. Elias Merhige's *Shadow of the Vampire*.

Scriptwriter Daniel Waters created the character Max Shreck for the film *Batman Returns* and compared him to the character Max Schreck played in *Nosferatu*. *Variety* claimed the name was an in-joke. Shreck was a character created exclusively for the movie, absent from the comics, and serves as one of the main antagonists.

## Notes 
## References 
* Brill, Olaf. 2004. filmhistoriker.de. Retrieved 26 December 2008
* Graham, Dave. Book lifts lid on star of eerie first Dracula film. 9 May 2008. Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2008
* Walk, Ines. film-zeit.de . February 2006. (German) Retrieved 14 July 2008
* 
* 

## Further reading 
* 
*  (summary of Eickhoff's biography/tribute of Schreck)

## Other websites 
* 
* Official Max Schreck Page
Old Frisian

**Old Frisian**  was a language spoken between the 13th and 16th centuries, in the area between the Weser and the Zuiderzee. It is the common ancestor of most of the Frisian languages. Today, laws and deeds written in Old Frisian remain.

## References
38th G8 summit

The **38th G8 summit** was held at Camp David, Maryland in the United States on May 18-19, 2012.  The summit venue was moved from Chicago to rural Maryland in March 2012.

## History
The Camp David summit of the Group of Eight (G8) was the 38th meeting in a series which began in 1976. 

 G8 summits have been hosted by the United States at San Juan, Puerto Rico (1976); Williamsburg, Virginia (1983); Houston, Texas, Denver, Colorado (1997) and Sea Island, Georgia.

The G8 and the summit are part of a  process.  The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

## Participants
The s were the " members" of the group:

### Invited leaders
A number of national leaders are traditionally invited to attend the summit.  They are asked to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities. The leaders of four African nations were invited by the US president:

*  Yayi Boni, President 

*  Meles Zenawi Prime Minister 

Others were invited, including:

* African Development Bank, Donald Kaberuka, President

## Schedule and Agenda
The summit is intended as a venue for resolving differences among the G8 members.

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda.

Discussions at the 38th G8 summit included some issues from previous summits.

The G8 discussions included a range of topics, including 
* Energy
* Afghanistan 
* Iran’s nuclear energy plans  

When the venue for the summit was changed from Chicago, a White House spokesman said security and the possibility of protests were not factors in the decision.  Some protest groups took credit for the change of venue.

## Business opportunity
For some, the G8 summit was a profit-generating event; as for example, the *G8 Summit* magazines which have been published since 1998.  

Local businesses near Camp David are expecting more people in the area and profits because of the summit.

## Related pages
* List of G8 summits

## References 
## Other websites
* University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre 
* US Dept. of State, G8 Summit 2012; Media Resources
* Tourism Council of Frederick County Maryland, Camp David summit 
* Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context
Anthony Perkins

**Anthony Perkins** (April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles in *Psycho* and its sequels, where he played Norman Bates, a serial killer who suffered from dissociative identity disorder.

Perkins was born in New York City and was the son of actor Osgood Perkins (1892-1937). He moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1942.

## Personal
He was married to photographer Berry Berenson (1948-2001) from 1973 until his death from AIDS in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California in 1992. The couple had two sons, actor Oz (born 1974) and musician Elvis (born 1976). Berenson was killed in the September 11 terrorist attacks. She was aboard American Airlines Flight 11 when it was hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center.

## References 
## Other websites 
*