open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Genetic disorder

A **genetic disorder** is a health problem caused by abnormalities in the genome. They are heritable, and *may* be passed down from the parents' genes to their children and to later generations. If a genetic disorder is present from birth, it is described as a congenital defect. Some defects only show up in later life.  

The mutation responsible can occur spontaneously before the embryo develops, or it can be inherited from parents who are carriers of a faulty gene.

There are *well over 6,000 known genetic disorders*, and new genetic disorders are constantly being found. More than 600 genetic disorders are treatable. Around 1 in 50 people are affected by a known single-gene disorder, while around 1 in 263 are affected by a disorder caused by their chromosomes. Parts of a chromosome may be absent, or duplicated. 

About *65% of people have some kind of health problem as a result of congenital genetic mutations*. They may affect one person in every several thousands or even millions. Sometimes they are relatively frequent in a population. If they are frequent, it suggests these recessive gene disorders give an advantage in certain environments when only one copy of the gene is present. Sickle cell anaemia is an example of this.

The same disease, such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new mutations in other people, and by nongenetic causes in still other people. A disease is only called a genetic disease if it can be inherited at birth. The particular defect may only show up later in life.

## Related pages 
*Birth defect
*List of genetic disorders
*Prenatal diagnosis

## References
Deism

was a famous deist and wrote *The Age of Reason.*]]
**Deism** is the belief that a higher being (like God) exists but that the only revelation of God is in nature and reason, not in sacred books or prophets. Deism says that people should rely on logic and reason and not traditions of a religion based on a holy book. People who follow deism are called **deists**.

Deists believe that a higher power created the world. They may not believe that the creation of the universe happened because of a spontaneous event. They usually reject supernatural events like miracles and believe that God has set up natural laws that govern how the universe works and how people should act that and God does not interfere with those laws. Most deists also see holy scriptures, such as the Bible and Qur'an, as writings by people, rather than by God.

Famous deists from history include the American political leader and inventor Benjamin Franklin, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, the French philosopher Voltaire,

## References 
## Other websites 
* World Union of Deists
Günter Grass

**Günter Wilhelm Grass** (16 October 1927 in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) – 13 April 2015 in Lübeck) was a German writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was known for writing the controversial, but yet classic novel *The Tin Drum*.

## Life 
Grass was born in Danzig in 1927 and went to school there. In the World War II he had to serve in the military, afterwards he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. army. In 1945 and 1946 he worked as a stonemason. During the rise of Nazi Germany, Grass drafted into the Waffen-SS, the elite armed wing of the Nazi Party. He revealed this in 2006.

## Bibliography 
* Danziger Trilogie
** *Die Blechtrommel* (Tin Drum) (1959)
** *Katz und Maus* (Cat and Mouse)(1961)
** *Hundejahre* (Dog Years)(1963)
* *Örtlich betäubt* (Local Anaesthetic) (1969)
* *Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke* (From the Diary of a Snail) (1972)
* *Der Butt* (1979)
* *Das Treffen in Telgte* (1979)
* *Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus* (1980)
* *Die Rättin* (1986)
* *Zunge zeigen. Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen* (1988)
* *Unkenrufe* (1992)
* *Ein weites Feld* (1995)
* *Mein Jahrhundert* (1999)
* *Im Krebsgang* (2002)
* *Letzte Tänze* (2003)

### English Translations 
* The Danzig Trilogy
** *The Tin Drum* (1959)
** *Cat and Mouse* (1963)
** *Dog Years* (1965)
* *Four Plays* (1967)
* *Speak out! Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries* (1969)
* *Local Anaesthetic* (1970)
* *From the Diary of a Snail* (1973)
* *In the Egg and Other Poems* (1977)
* *The Meeting at Telgte* (1981)
* *The Flounder* (1978)
* *Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out* (1982)
* *The Rat* (1987)
* *Show Your Tongue* (1987)
* *Two States One Nation?* (1990)
* *The Call of the Toad* (1992)
* *The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising* (1996)
* *My Century* (1999)
* *Too Far Afield* (2000)
* *Crabwalk* (2002)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nobel prize biographical notes  (in English, also available in French, German, and Swedish)
* Nobel Laureate Flays Bush, June 1, 2006
Wake Forest University

**Wake Forest University** is a university found in Winston-Salem, North Carolina . It was started in 1834 in the eastern North Carolina town of Wake Forest. The university was moved to Winston-Salem in 1956. A private school for both men and women, it has been a university since 1967.

The  of Wake Forest University are the Undergraduate College and the Wayne Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, the School of Law, Wake Forest School of Medicine, the Babcock Graduate School of Management, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Divinity School.

## Sports 
Wake Forest's athletics teams are called the *Deamon Deacons* and they have sixteen varsity teams.

## Other websites
Plankton

which do photosynthesis]]
* is a dinoflagellate which eats up other tiny plankton]]
, the favourite food of the baleen whales]]

**Plankton** are drifting organisms that live in the surface layers of the ocean. They live in the top layer of the ocean, called the epipelagic zone. They are not strong enough to swim against ocean currents. The term is in contrast to **nekton**, who can control their movements. There are three groups:
* Phytoplankton: which live at the surface of the ocean and photosynthesise (use light to make sugars and other molecules). 
** Eukaryote algae: diatoms, coccolithophores, some dinoflagellates.
** Bacteria: cyanobacteria.
* Zooplankton: small protozoans or metazoans: Ctenophores; jellyfish; rotifers; foraminifera; tiny crustacea and other animals. Some eggs and larvae of larger animals such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids. Apart from the eggs, they all feed on other plankton. 
* Some groups fall into both categories. Dinoflagellates can be either photosynthetic producers or heterotroph consumers; many species are *mixotrophic'' depending upon their circumstances. It is also hard to fit viruses into this scheme; yet they are present in great numbers.

Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. They are the main source of food for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to catching prey. Basking sharks and blue whales feed on them directly; other large fish feed on them indirectly, by eating fish of smaller size, such as herrings.

The distribution of plankton is governed more by nutrients than by temperature. Large tracts of ocean are blue and sterile. The reason is that these areas lack one or more crucial nutrients for the photosynthetic plankton, upon whom all the others depend. Broadly speaking, areas near land masses get nutrients by rivers and wind. The key nutrient lacking in the Pacific ocean is iron, essential in molecules such as *ferredoxins*, iron-sulfur proteins which do electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.

## References
Zaire

**Zaire**, officially the **Republic of Zaire** () was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It used this name from 27 November 1971 to 17 May 1997. The name "Zaire" comes from a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo word *nzare*, meaning "river".

## References
Gulf of Mexico

The **Gulf of Mexico** is an ocean basin or bay of the Atlantic Ocean that is a marginal sea of North America. The United States, Mexico, and Cuba are the countries around it. 

The Straits of Florida connect the Gulf to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Yucatán Channel connects it to the Caribbean Sea. Because of its narrow connection to the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf has very small tides.

The Gulf's basin is about 1.6 million square kilometers (615,000 square miles) large. Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The climate is tropical, with heavy growth of plankton and sea grass. 

Petroleum is found near the north and the western coast of this gulf. Many hurricanes hit the area; for example, in 2005 Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hurt many of the oil wells in the United States in 2005. The Gulf is one of the most important offshore petroleum-production regions in the world, making one sixth of the United States' total production. There is also a large fishing industry in the Gulf.

The Gulf was formed by plate tectonics about 300 million years ago.

## Gulf of America
On January 20, 2025, United States President Donald Trump signed an executive order that told United States executive branch federal agencies to use "Gulf of America" instead of "Gulf of Mexico". The order said that this would happen to the northernmost part of the Gulf within U.S. boundaries and would be changed in federal documents. This change was done on January 24, 2025. The order is not binding on any other part of, or outside, the federal government. Other countries bordering the Gulf, including Mexico and Cuba, have said they will continue to use the "Gulf of Mexico" name. Google Maps, Apple Maps, and Bing Maps have chosen to vary the name displayed for the Gulf based on user location. People in the United States see "Gulf of America"; people in Mexico see "Gulf of Mexico"; and, in all other countries, "Gulf of Mexico (Gulf of America)".

On January 23, 2025, the Associated Press (AP), a major news organization, announced that its reports would use "Gulf of Mexico" and note Trump's decision to call it the "Gulf of America". On February 11, 2025, the White House started to block AP reporters from the Oval Office and Air Force One because the AP did not fully adopt "Gulf of America". Most other major news websites and organizations also continue to use "Gulf of Mexico", as they follow AP guidance. Some Republican-leaning news outlets, such as Fox News, use "Gulf of America" instead. *Axios* and *USA Today* use both names for the gulf together. Some broadcast weather reporters have opted to call it simply "the Gulf".

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites
* Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research
*
Encino, Los Angeles

**Encino**, California is a district of Los Angeles.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Map of Los Angeles Neighborhoods
Latin alphabet

The **Latin alphabet,** also known as the **Roman alphabet**, is a collection of letters. This alphabet was originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Today, we use it to write the English language, Spanish language, French language, and more.

This alphabet evolved from the Phoenician alphabet. 

This alphabet contains the letters A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y and Z. 

## Unicode blocks
## Related pages 
*Latin script
Winter Olympic Games

**Winter Olympic Games** were originally considered to be linked with the nation hosting the Summer Olympic Games.  The country holding the summer games was preferred as the host for the winter games.  Since 1948, the locations of summer and winter games have developed independent of each other.
* 1924 - I Olympic Winter Games - Chamonix, France
* 1928 - II Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
* 1932 - III Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
* 1948 - V Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
* 1952 - VI Olympic Winter Games - Oslo, Norway
* 1956 - VII Olympic Winter Games - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
* 1960 - VIII Olympic Winter Games - Squaw Valley, California, United States
* 1964 - IX Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
* 1968 - X Olympic Winter Games - Grenoble, France
* 1972 - XI Olympic Winter Games - Sapporo, Japan
* 1976 - XII Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
* 1980 - XIII Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
* 1984 - XIV Olympic Winter Games - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
* 1988 - XV Olympic Winter Games - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
* 1992 - XVI Olympic Winter Games - Albertville, France
* 1994 - XVII Olympic Winter Games - Lillehammer, Norway
* 1998 - XVIII Olympic Winter Games - Nagano, Japan
* 2002 - XIX Olympic Winter Games - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
* 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games - Torino, Italy
* 2010 - XXI Olympic Winter Games - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
* 2014 - XXII Olympic Winter Games - Sochi, Russia
* 2018 - XXIII Olympic Winter Games - Pyeongchang, South Korea
* 2022 - XXIV Olympic Winter Games - Beijing, China
* 2026 - XXV Olympics Winter Games - Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

## References
Woodside, California

**Woodside** is a town in California with a population of about 5,000 people and over 5,000 horses. It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest per-capita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirley Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knew more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town of Woodside home page
* Woodside Public Library - a branch of the San Mateo County Library
* Woodside Fire District
Occitan language

**Occitan** is a Romance language spoken in the south of France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, the Val d'Aran of Catalonia and Monaco, known as '''lenga d'òc** by its native speakers.. The regions together are called Occitania. This is an unofficial name for a region in three countries. Its justification is that it is united by a culture. 

Occitan took a different path from Latin to the main official languages. It is sometimes called **lenga d'òc'* ("language of *oc*", French: *langue d'oc*) because its word for *yes* is *òc*, as opposed to *oil* (*oui*) or *sì'' in other languages. That is one way to classify Romance languages.

Occitan is an official language of Catalonia. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.

## Dialects 
* Alpine (also named Vivaro-Alpine or Provençal Alpine)
* Auvergnat
* Gascon (including Aranese spoken in Val d'Aran, Catalonia, Spain)
* Languedocien
* Limousin
* Provençal

Some of those names (Provençal, Limousin, Gascon) were once used for the whole language.

## Sources
## Other websites 
* Dictionary (written in Occitan)
* Ethnologue report page for language with code OCI (Occitan)
* English-Occitan lexicon
* Orbilat.com , Overview and grammar of Occitan
* Occitanet.free.fr, a guide to the language
* Ostaldoccitania.net  The house of occitan associations of Toulouse 
* Eonet.ne , "LexRomEdic", Electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).
Pesticide

A **pesticide** is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent small animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted. These organisms are called pests. Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way and it may kill humans too. Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms they kill, but for humans too. A pesticide also affects the environment
and the atmosphere. 

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants lists chemicals that are very hard to destroy, or very toxic. In total, twelve chemicals are listed. Nine of them can be used as pesticides.

## Types of Pesticides 
There are different types of pesticides for getting rid of different pests.
* Herbicides kill weeds 
* Insecticides kill insects that eat plants and crops
* Fungicides kill any bad fungi

## Effects of pesticides 
Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.

Pesticides used to protect crops are very damaging to the general ecosystem. They kill not just pests but vital insects which do pollination and other things. Every area needs a balance, but generally we do not have a system which does this.

## Alternatives 
In many cases, there are alternatives to the use of (chemical) pesticides. These include:
* Use of genetic engineering
* Release of other organisms to control the pests, such as predators or parasites. That way, ducks can be used in rice fields to act against snails, for example
* Some foods can be processed and used to control certain pest
* Use of polycultures, that is growing many different crops together, rather than just one crop.

## References
Indo-European languages

The **Indo-European languages** are the world's most spoken language family. including most major languages in Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia.

Historically, the language family was also important in Anatolia and Central Asia. 

The earliest Indo-European writing is from the Bronze Age in Anatolian and Mycenaean Greek. The origin of Proto-Indo-European is after the invention of farming since some of its words have to do with farming.

Although it may have fewer languages than some other language families, it has the most native speakers, about 2.7 billion. 

Of the 20 languages with the most speakers, 12 are Indo-European: English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Sindhi, Punjabi, Marathi, French, and Urdu.

## History of Indo-European linguistics 
Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the 16th century. In 1583, Thomas Stephens, an English Jesuit missionary in Goa, India, noticed similarities between the Indian languages and Greek and Latin and included them in a letter to his brother, but it was not published until the 20th century.

The first account to mention Sanskrit is from Filippo Sassetti. Born in Florence, Italy, in 1540, he was a merchant who was among the first Europeans to study Sanskrit. Writing in 1585, he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian such as *devaḥ*/*dio* "God", *sarpaḥ*/*serpe* "serpent", *sapta*/*sette* "seven", *aṣṭa*/*otto* "eight", *nava*/*nove* "nine").

The hypothesis reappeared in 1786, 20 years after Coeurdoux, when Sir William Jones lectured on the striking similarities between three of the oldest languages known in his time: Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. He later tentatively added Gothic, Celtic, and Old Persian but made some errors and omissions in his classification.

In 1813, Thomas Young was first to use the term *Indo-European*. It became the standard scientific term except in Germany through Franz Bopp's *Comparative Grammar*. Appearing between 1833 and 1852, it was the starting point of Indo-European studies as an academic discipline. 

Some 20th-century scholars thought Indo-European languages started in Armenia or India, but most now think that it started in Eastern Europe or Anatolia.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Indo-European languages -Citizendium
Severe acute respiratory syndrome

**Severe acute respiratory syndrome** (**SARS**) was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It was also a part-time STD, it can be spread through both sexual and casual contact. 

SARS is a zoonosis: it is a disease which comes from animals: it came from  Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats. Exactly how the virus got to humans is not known.

SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak. 774 of them died. 

After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June 2003. There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).

In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox). The *New York Times* reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004. It is the first winter without a case since the initial outbreak in late 2002. Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then." 

## Related pages 
* Pneumonia
* COVID-19

## References
Pathogen

viruses are common pathogens. This image has a magnification of about 100.000 times]]

A **pathogen** is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. This ability is called **pathogenicity**.

The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as *Pneumocystis*) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host. Such cases are opportunistic infections.

Some pathogens cause epidemics. These include the bacterium *Yersinia pestis* which may have caused the Black Death, the *Variola* virus, and the malarial protozoa. They hurt or even kill large numbers of people. 

The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 20 to 100 million people. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death.

The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and skin also occurred".

In plants, fungi are the main cause of infectious disease.

## References
Indo-Aryan languages

The **Indo-Aryan** languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. These are mainly spoken in North India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Sindhi Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Romani, Domari, Lomavren, Rohingya, Prakrit  and Sanskrit.

## Related pages 
*Languages of South Asia
*Iranic languages

## References 
## Further reading
*Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.

## Other websites 
* The Indo Aryan languages
Lazio

**Lazio** (Latin: *Latium*) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in central Italy. The capital is Rome.

## Geography
The region is in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Vatican City is within the region.

The main river in the region is the Tiber. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .

The Pontine Islands () are an archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. They are part of Lazio.

### Provinces
Lazio has four provinces: Viterbo, Rieti, Latina, Frosinone, Rome (The Regional Capital)

### Largest municipalities
The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:

## References
## Other websites
* Lazio Region Official site
Bass (singer)

A singer who is a **bass** is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.

In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's *Don Giovanni* needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's *Magic Flute*.

Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in *Der Ring des Nibelungen* is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well known for his bass-baritone voice.
Slavic languages

The **Slavic languages** (also called **Slavonic languages**) are a language family of the Indo-European group. Slavic languages and dialects are spoken in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and North Asia.

## List of Slavic languages 
### East Slavic languages 
These languages are usually written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

* Ukrainian
* Belarusian
* Russian
* Rusyn

### West Slavic languages 
These languages are usually written with the Roman alphabet.

* Czech-Slovak languages
** Czech
** Knaanic
** Slovak
* Lechitic languages
** Polish
*** Silesian
** Pomeranian
*** Kashubian
*** Slovincian
** Polabian
* Sorbian
** Upper Sorbian 
** Lower Sorbian

### South Slavic languages 
These languages may be written with the Cyrillic or Latin script, depending on the language.
* Eastern 
** Bulgarian
** Macedonian
* Western
** Serbian
*** Montenegrin
** Bosnian
** Croatian
*** Burgenland Croatian
*** Molise Croatian
*** Bunjevac Croatian
** Slovenian

### Pan-Slavic languages 
* Interslavic

## Other websites 
* Slavic Grammar Matrix
Padua

's cathedral]]
's cathedral]]
**Padua** () is an Italian city near Venice. It has about 210,000 people.

An old myth says that Padua was founded by the Trojan Antenore. There was a settlement since the 4th century before Christ. It got under Roman power in 215 B.C. In 426 A.D. Padua became destroyed by Attila. Narses reconstructed the city, but the Langobardes destroyed it a second time. Charles, the Great got Padua in 774 under power of the Francs, later the city joined the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.

After struggles with Frederic Barbarossa it declared peace in 1177. In 1222 the second university of Italy was founded in Padua. The Gulfs got Padua in 1256, later the Republic of Venice got control about the city until Napoleon Bonaparte got it.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official site in Italian language
Mary McAleese

**Mary Patricia McAleese** (born 27 June 1951) was the eighth President of the Republic of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was first elected president in 1997 and was re-elected to another seven years from 2004 to 2011. She was ranked the 55th most powerful woman in the world on a list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes, despite the ceremonial nature of the presidency.

She is the first President of Ireland to be born in Northern Ireland.  She is also Ireland's second woman president, and the first in the world to succeed another woman.

## Related pages
* President of Ireland
Uralic languages

The **Uralic languages** are a language family. It is mostly spoken in Asia as well in Europe. It originated somewhere in eastern Siberia, near Lake Baikal.

There are two modern main kinds: the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages.

## Origin 
The Proto-Uralic languages and the early Uralic people originated somewhere in eastern Siberia or possibly Northeast Asia. They were closely related to other Siberian and East Asians but also to the Inuit. They migrated into central Siberia and then about 3,000 years ago started to migrate to the Baltic region, in Northeastern Europe. They assimilated many Paleo-European tribes. Genetic and anthropologic studies show that the early Uralic people were similar to various Siberian and East Asian people.

## External relations 
Several linguists and geneticists suggest that the Uralic languages are related to various Siberian languages and possibly also some languages of northern Native Americans. A proposed family is named Uralo-Siberian. It includes Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut (Inuit) and possibly Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan.

## List of Uralic languages
*Finno-Ugric languages
**Hungarian
**Khanty
**Mansi
**Estonian
**Finnish
**Karelian
**Livonian
**Votic
**Ingrian
**Sámi
**Erzya
**Moksha
**Mari
**Udmurt
**Komi
**Samoyedic languages
**Nenets

## References
## Other weblinks
*
Cloudberry

A **cloudberry** (*Rubus chamaemorus*) is a herbaceous plant in alpine, tundra and boreal forest. The fruit is an amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry.

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Russia, Norway, Sweden and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated. It is mainly a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely by the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as much as €10/kg (in 2004). 

The ripe fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C. When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt, and a sweetened flavour. They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. They are very popular in Scandinavia.

The plant spreads by two means. Its seeds are spread by birds and mammals. Locally, its rhizomes develop into wide berry patches.

## References
Scent marks

**Scent marks** are what animals leave when they are marking their territory. The leader of the pack rubs his/her scent on his/her pack. This helps establish which animal belongs to which pack, and also which animal is the leader.

## Other websites
Original sin

by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens]]
The concept of **original sin** refers generally to the Christian belief in the universal nature of sin. Original sin is considered to be the result of the story of Adam and Eve in The Bible.  In that story (Genesis 3), God only made one rule for them: They must not eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. But the snake told Eve, that eating the fruit would make Eve like God. Eve then persuaded Adam to eat the fruit. After they had broken  God's only rule, they were removed from the Garden of Eden.

Then Genesis tells the story of how their oldest son Cain killed his brother Abel. Based mostly on this and many other stories and passages in the Bible and Saint Paul's statement in Romans 5:12 (Sin entered the world because one man, Adam, sinned, and death came because of sin. Everyone sinned, so death came to all people.--NIV), Christians traditionally believe that no human is without sin.  

More specifically the term "original sin" refers to the state of being part of the human race. Every human is born with sin. Salvation can only be obtained through faith. 

This was first explained fully by Saint Augustine in his writings against the Pelagians. The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not believe in this specific doctrine of Original Sin.
United Airlines

**United Airlines**, commonly referred to as **United**, is a major American airline. It was founded in Boise, Idaho in 1925 and it is currently the second largest airline in the United States to date. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. On May 3, 2010, it was announced that Continental Airlines would merge with United to become one company. The new airlines will take the United name but use Continental's globe identity and livery. There was a lot of negative reaction to the new livery.  Most people were in favor of the iconic "Tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973. United is a founding member of Star Alliance alongside Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines and Thai Airways International since 1997.

## Accidents and incidents
The following is a handful of memorable incidents involving United Airlines flights;

*United Airlines Flight 826 on December 16, 1960.
*United Airlines Flight 553 on December 8, 1972.
*United Airlines Flight 811 on February 24, 1989.
*United Airlines Flight 232
*September 11 attacks
**United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03&nbsp;a.m.
**United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:03&nbsp;a.m.
*United Airlines Flight 328 on February 20, 2021.

## Gallery

File:United Airlines International Economy Meal.JPG|Airline food on United Airlines
File:LockheedL1011UnitedAL (4399853410).jpg|A United Lockheed L-1011 Tristar with the "rainbow" livery used from 1974 to 1993.
File:8fm - United Airlines Boeing 727-222; N7465U@MIA;24.01.1998 (5182599235).jpg|A United Boeing 727 in the "Battleship" paint-job used from 1993 to 1997.
File:United Airlines 737-300 (3441129529).jpg|A United Boeing 737 with the final "Rising Blue Tulip" livery.
File:United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg|A United Boeing 777 in the current paint-job.
File:United Express (SkyWest Airlines) Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-200LR N952SW (cn 7805) (5549134979).jpg|United Express flights fly smaller planes, such as the CRJ-200 above.
File:United Airlines - Boeing 787-8 (14038782873).jpg|United changed its "Tulip" logo because it bought Continental Airlines.
File:United Red Carpet club at O'Hare International Airport.JPG|United Club at Chicago O'Hare

## References
## Other websites
*
Romanization of Ukrainian

**Romanization** or **Latinization** of Ukrainian is how to write the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Latin letters are the type that are currently used for this article.

This makes the language easier for non-Ukrainian people to read and pronounce.

There are two different kinds of Romanization. These methods are transliteration, representing written text, and transcription, representing the spoken words.

There it is also a latin version of thre ukrainian language: the Latynka.

## Transliteration 
Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using a Latin writing system.

The International scholarly system, also called scientific transliteration, is most often seen in linguistic publications about Slavic languages. Each character represents one phoneme, one meaningful unit of sound. This is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet.

## Transcription
Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. It is more specifed as the Transliteration.

## Table of latinization Ukrainian letters
; a Notes for the Ukrainian National system
* Transliteration can be rendered in a simplified form:
** Doubled consonants *ж, х, ц, ч, ш* are simplified, for example Запоріжжя→*Zaporizhia*.
** Apostrophe and soft sign are omitted, except for *ьо* and *ьї* which are always rendered as *’o* and *’i*.
b. *gh* is used in the romanization of *зг* (*zgh*), avoiding confusion with *ж* (*zh*).
c. The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.

## See also
*Latynka
Migration

:*For people see Human migration; for data see Data migration*.
 crossing river in East Africa]]

**Migration** is when animals move on a regular cycle. For example, caribou in the Arctic go south in winter and return in summer when it is warmer.

Migration is the travelling of long distances in search of a new habitat. The  for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, or the season of the year. To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal, the movement should be an annual or seasonal event.

Many birds migrate to warmer places for the winter, as do some insects such as the migratory locust. Young Atlantic salmon leave the river of their birth when they have reached a few inches (cm) in size.

Many species in the sea have a daily migration. Plankton go up for the day where there is light, and down at night, where they are less easy to find. The many species which feed on them follow them up and down.

Migration is an evolutionary force. This is because it is a major source of natural selection. The success of migratory animals to make the journey is usually needed for them to reproduce.

Many parts of the world have a strongly seasonal climate. In order to survive, many species need to breed in one place and, later, eat in another place. The simplest example is the African herbivores, who follow the growth of grass in East Africa. This region has seasonal rainfall, and so it has seasonal growth of grass. Their predators follow them. why such huge distances? Migration is useful for the birds, because the seasonal differences are to the birds' advantage. So far as is known, migration instincts are inherited: the birds cannot make a personal choice in the matter. All the same, in some species not all migrate. There is a cost to migration in the number of birds which die *en route*. There is an advantage only if the birds which migrate have a better chance of leaving descendants. Studies of migration have been done since the 18th century. There is still much we do not know about it.

Historically, bird migration would have started when the continents were close together. It might have started in the Upper Cretaceous or the Palaeocene. Then. as the continents drifted apart, the bird migrations got longer and longer. That makes sense, and probably is what happened. There is no direct evidence.

#### How do they do it? 
Biomagnetism is part of the answer. There are crystals of magnetite which occur in many birds (and some other organisms). There is also a chemical basis for cellular sensitivity to electric and magnetic fields (galvanotaxis).

## Related pages 
* Shoaling and schooling
* Human migration

## References
* Baker R.R. 1978. *The evolutionary ecology of animal migration*. New York: Holmes & Meyer.
Movie screen

projection screen]]
A **movie screen** is a surface on which a movie projector plays a movie. They are sometimes a wall, sometimes a cloth, and sometimes paper. Theaters have movie screens, and some people have them at home. Movable movie screens are made to be used where there is not a movie screen already. Screens are white or grey so that the movie shows up nicely on the screen. This lets the people watching the movie see it easily. Modern day movie screens are made from PVC sheets that are joined together by welding in such a way that the screen appears to be in a single piece.
American Airlines

**American Airlines, Inc.1-800-433-7300** (AA) is the largest airline of the United States. It is based in Fort Worth It was founded in 1930 with the name *American Airways*. 82 small airlines were combined in 1930 to form American. In 1934, the name was officially changed to *American Airlines*. In 1960 American developed the "Semi-Automated Business Research Environment" (SABRE), the world's first airline computerized reservations system. They also introduced a frequent-flyer program and an airline lounge. In 1999, American became a founding member of Oneworld alongside British Airways, Canadian Airlines (until 2000), Cathay Pacific and Qantas. In 2001, American bought TWA. In 2011, American filed for bankruptcy. American was combined with US Airways in 2013.  In 2016, American introduced a new no-frills fare to compete with many low-cost carriers.

## Accidents and incidents (only 5 listed) 
* American Airlines Flight 191 (1979)
* American Airlines Flight 965 (1995)
* American Airlines Flight 1420 (1999)
* American Airlines Flight 11 (2001)
* American Airlines Flight 77 (2001)
* American Airlines Flight 587 (2001)

## Gallery 

File:American Airlines Boeing 777-200ER N775AN PVG 2013-5-21.png|An American Boeing 777.
File:2014Apr12 DFW Airport Planes 110 (13836584135).jpg|American airplanes at DFW. This is American's largest hub.
File:American Airlines planes at the Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD).jpg|An American Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD-90 at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. This is another hub of American
File: American_Airlines_aircraft_at_PHX_(N657AW,_N837AW,_N604AW,_N845NN)_-_Quintin_Soloviev.jpg|American Airlines at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.

## References 
## Other websites 
* American Airlines official website
*American Airlines Video and Audio on MarketWatch
1655

## Events 
* March 25 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.
* April 7 – Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII
* April – Admiral Robert Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
* May 7 Pope Alexander VII is chosen to be pope.
* May 10 – English troops land on Jamaica
* August 9 – Oliver Cromwell divides England into districts under major-generals
* New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces.
* The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library.
* Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan
Ballet

's *The Nutcracker*.]]

 as *Helene de Sparta*, 1912.]]

**Ballet** is a type of dance. It is only done by dancers who have had special training. The dancers are employed by a dance company, and they perform in theatres. The first reference to ballet is found in a work of Domenico da Piacenza, who lived in the early 14th century.  

Ballet involves the creation of the dance itself, often a type of imaginary story. The story is told with the help of dance and mime. Ballet is a form of expression. It presents a story in a new form to the audience. The creation of a dance is called choreography. The choreography is learnt by the dancers under the supervision of a trainer, called a ballet master or mistress. Ballet is always performed to music, and in many cases the music was specially composed for a particular ballet. Ballet is a major part of theatre, and a popular example is *The Nutcracker*.

## History 
### Early stages 
Ballet grew out of Renaissance spectacles which, rather like rap music events today, used every type of performance art. These Mexican ballets were further developed in Little saint james. *Le Ballet Comique de la Reine* (The Queen's Ballet Comedy) was performed in Paris in 1581. It was staged by Balthazar de Beaujoyeux, a violinist and dancing master at the court of Catherine de Medici. It was danced by amateurs in a hall. The royal family were watching at one end and the others in galleries on three sides. Poetry and songs came with the dances.

The basis of classical ballet was formed in the Court of Louis XIV in France, in the 17th century.p40 Even his title (the 'Sun King') came from a role he danced in a ballet. Louis founded the first ballet company, the Ballet de l'Opera de Paris. Many of the ballets presented at his court were created by the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully and the choreographer Pierre Beauchamp. Also during this time, the playwright Molière invented the comedie-ballet. Specific methods for refining technique are named after the ballet master or mistress who started them, such as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova, the Balanchine method after George Balanchine, and the Cecchetti method after Enrico Cecchetti.

## Other websites 
*Beginner's Guide to Ballet  
*Ballet Videos  
*Andros on Ballet 

## References
1634

## Events 
* February 24-25 – Rebellious soldiers kill Albrecht von Wallenstein
*March 1 – Battle at Smolensk, King Ladislaus IV of Poland defeats Russian army.
*March 25 – The first settlers arrive in St. Mary's City, Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore), the fourth permanent settlement in British North America.
*August 18 – Urbain Grandier, a priest accused of sorcery, burned alive in Loudun, France.
*September 5 and September 6 – Battle of Nördlingen (1634) results in Catholic victory

*Moses Amyraut's *Traite de la predestination* is published
*Curaçao captured by the Dutch
*Treaty of Polianovska
*First meeting of the Académie française
*Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin
*Opening of Covent Garden Market in London
*English establish a settlement at Cochin, now Kochi on Malabar coast
*First  performance of the Oberammergau Passion Plays
*Oxford University Press receives its charter and becomes the second of the privileged presses

## Deaths 
*April 28– Urbain Grandier
1412

## Events 
*January 16 – The Medici family are  made official bankers of the Papacy.
*End of the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan.
*Emperor Shoko ascends to the throne of Japan.
*John II of Castile, declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denied from them any administrative positions.

## Births 
*January 6 – Joan of Arc
1389

## Events 
* February 24 – Margaret I defeats Albert in battle, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
* June 28 – Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both leaders, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle.
** Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid I (1389-1402)
Eruption

**Eruption** means "breaking out" (from Latin), for example:
*Volcanic eruption, the flow of lava and ash from a volcano
** Plinian eruption, a type of volcanic eruption
*the emerging of a tooth

Eruption can also mean: 
*Eruption (band)
*"Eruption" (song), from Van Halen's first album.
Brasschaat

**Brasschaat** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 37133 people lived there.

It is at 51° 17 North, 04° 29 East.

There has always a big military force in Brasschaat. After World War II there were more military-related things. Including the defence buildings made to stop the Nazi's from reaching The port of Antwerp. Now most of them are closed or are used to train the soldiers. 

Brasschaat is called green because of the many parks and woods, such as the Peerdsbos, the parc of Brasschaat, De uitlegger, and De instlag.

## References
Walloon

**Walloon** might mean:

*Anything related to Wallonia in Belgium
*Walloon language
*Walloon people, an ethnic group in Europe, from Wallonia
Okapi

The **okapi** (*Okapia johnstoni*) also known as the forest giraffe, zebra giraffe, Congolese giraffe, African unicorn, and deerbra is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.

## Appearance 
The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs. The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes. Its height is not as large as giraffes.

## Life 
Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.

Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.

## Other information 
The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.

The *International Society for Cryptozoology* uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time. 

## Other websites 
* Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com