open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont

**Victor Amadeus of Savoy** (Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe; 6 May 1699 – 22 March 1715) was the eldest son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. He was the Heir apparent of Savoy from his birth and as such was styled as the *Prince of Piedmont*. He acted as Regent of Savoy from September 1713 till September 1714 in the absences of his father. He died of smallpox at the age of 15. 

## Biography
He was the fifth child and first son of his parents and was baptised with the names Vittorio Amadeo Giovanni Filippo. The eldest son he would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. Though his parents were not close he also had a close relationship with his mother

The Prince of Piedmont was born in Turin in May 1699. He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. He was also close to his mother. From birth he was styled as the *Prince of Piedmont*. He was the brother of the Princess Maria Adelaide and Queen Maria Luisa of Spain. He acted as regent of the duchy of Savoy in 1713.  He was the heir to the Kingdom of Sardinia. There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain. Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of *Royal Highness*. 

Piedmont died in Turin on 22 March 1715 having caught smallpox. He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***6 May 1699 &ndash; 11 April 1713** *His Highness* the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
***11 April 1713 &ndash; 22 March 1715** *His Royal Highness* the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]

## References
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)

'''Louis d'Orléans'* (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orléans and a *prince du sang''. At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (*Premier Prince du Sang*). Known as *Louis le Pieux* and also as *Louis le Génovéfain*, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.

Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.

He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans. 

## Marriage
He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried. 

He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.

## Children
#Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
#Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) died young.

## Titles and styles
***4 August 1703 &ndash; 2 December 1723** *His Serene Highness* the Duke of Chartres 
***2 December 1723 &ndash; 4 February 1752** *His Serene Highness* the Duke of Orléans 
***Monsieur le Prince**
A Dangerous Path (Warriors)

***A Dangerous Path*** is the fifth book in the *Warriors* series by Erin Hunter. It focuses on a cat named Fireheart, who is a member of a group of cats called ThunderClan.

## Plot 
Fireheart to struggle to care for ThunderClan, one of the five warrior Clans in the forest. Tigerstar, leader of ShadowClan tries to destroy ThunderClan. ThunderClan's leader, Bluestar, is no help at all, because she has gone insane from Tigerstar's previous betrayal. Tigerstar plans to use a pack of dogs to kill ThunderClan. He kills rabbits in ThunderClan territory, and leaves a trail from some rocks to the ThunderClan camp, with the body of a cat named Brindleface at the end, in order to lure the dogs to kill the warriors of ThunderClan. Once Fireheart discovers this, he takes ThunderClan to hide. A line of fast warriors lead the dogs to their deaths in a gorge (a hole that goes very far down, with water at the bottom). Fireheart is the last in line, and has a good run until Tigerstar leaps out of a bush and holds Fireheart down, letting the dogs catch Fireheart. Fireheart is trapped by the lead dog, but is rescued by Bluestar. She runs into the lead dog, who releases Fireheart, and the two fall down into the gorge. Fireheart saves Bluestar from the gorge and brings her to the shore, where she dies. Fireheart is filled with sadness for his dead leader, and he is scared because he must become the new leader of ThunderClan.

## References
Nebula Award for Best Novel

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing. Each year they give the **Nebula Award for Best Novel**. In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year.

## Winners and other nominees 
1 Also a winner of the Hugo Award for Best Novel.

## Related pages
* Hugo Award for Best Novel
* List of science fiction awards

## References
## Other websites
* Nebula Awards Homepage
* List of award winners from official site 
* A list of the most honored Nebula Award nominated novels
* Another list of award winners 
* Scans of the first edition covers of Hugo- and Nebula-winning novels
Robert Del Naja

**Robert Del Naja** (pron. ; born 21 January 1966, in Bristol, England), also known as **3D**, is an English artist and musician.  Originally famous as a graffiti artist and a member of the Bristol group known as "The Wild Bunch", Del Naja went on to become a founding member of the band Massive Attack where he is active to this day. However he has also admitted that he got his own way by "being stubborn, throwing tantrums — the usual fucking childish behaviour." 

## References
Sue Gardner

, at Wikimania 2011 in Haifa]]
**Sue Gardner** (born May 11, 1967) is the former Canadian executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in San Francisco from 2007 to 2014. She was the director of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's website and online news outlets. She is currently the executive director of The Markup.

## Life and journalism career 
Gardner grew up in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. She is the daughter of an Anglican minister and school principal. Gardner earned a degree in journalism from Ryerson University.

In March 2006, she replaced Claude Galipeau as Senior Director. She was in charge of 150 people who worked on CBC.ca, the CBC website.

### Wikimedia and recent work 
In May 2007, Gardner left CBC. Soon after that, she started working with the Wikimedia Foundation. She helped as an advisor on how the foundation worked and how it was governed.

In December 2007, she was hired as the Foundation's Executive Director.  Over the next two years, the number of employees of the foundation grew. This included the addition of a fundraising team. She also guided the foundation as it moved its office from Tampa to San Francisco.

In October 2009, the *Huffington Post* said Gardner was as one of ten 'media game changers of the year'. They said this because of the effect she had on new media because of her work for Wikimedia.

## References
## Other websites 
* Sue Gardner's personal blog
* "Sue Gardner to lead Wikipedia"  Canadian Broadcasting Company
* Radio documentary by Gardner about Al Purdy, Canadian poet, for *This Morning Sunday*
* "Wikipedia struggles with funding" , United Press International
* Wikipedia's Librarian to the World *Fast Company* interview

**Interviews**
* Video interview with Gardner on CNET News 
* Audio (RAM-file) interview with Gardner  on radio station Sounds Like Canada, April 8, 2008
* Interview  with Gardner on the Wikipedia Weekly community podcast from Wikimania 2008
* Journalism is going to look different  (CanadaEast.com)
Na+/K+-ATPase

) ions and taking in K+ (potassium) ions]]

**Na+/K+-ATPase** is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane.  It is **sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase**, also known as the 'Na+/K+ pump', 'sodium-potassium pump', or simply 'sodium pump', for short. It was first discovered by Jens Christian Skou who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.

The enzyme moves Na+ (sodium) ions out of the cell and replaces them with K+ (potassium) ions. This keeps the Na+ ions outside of the cell membrane, and keeps the K+ ions on the inside of the cell membrane. The process works in the opposite direction of diffusion.

For every three sodium ions that get pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions get pumped into the cell. One phosphate group is still bound to the pump. 

## References
Nebula Award for Best Short Story

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing. Each year they give the '“Nebula Award for Best Short Story”'. In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year. The first title is the winner. Titles below the winner are other nominees (stories that were suggested as possible winners).

## Winners and nominees
## Related pages
* Hugo Award for Best Short Story

## References
## Other websites
* Nebula Awards Homepage
* List of past winners 
* http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NebulaNomList.html
Man Bites Dog

***Man Bites Dog*** is a 1992 Belgian mockumentary crime movie. It was released in 1993 in the United States. This movie is rated NC-17 due to strong graphic violence.

The story of the movie is a crew of movie makers who follow a serial killer. They record his horrific crimes for a documentary they are making. At first they are only watching. Then they find themselves caught up in the increasingly chaotic and nihilistic violence. Since its release the picture has become an international cult film.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chiba Lotte Marines

**Chiba Lotte Marines** are the baseball team in Chiba, Japan. Their stadium, QVC Marine Field, is placed in Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture.

## History
They were founded in 1950 as the "Mainichi Orions". In 1958, they changed their name to the "Daimai Orions", the "Tokyo Orions" in 1964, the "Lotte Orions" in 1969, and finally the Chiba Lotte Marines since 1992. Chiba Lotte Marines has been a Pacific league champion six times, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1974, 2005, and 2010. Then, 4 times they won Japan series, 1950, 1974, 2005, and 2010.

## Players
Tsuyoshi Nishioka entered into Chiba Lotte Marines in 2002 and played for 8 years in Japan. He was a captain of Chiba Lotte Marines in the 2010 season. He transferred to the Minnesota Twins after Chiba Lotte Marines won the Japan series in 2010. He is well known as switch hitter and recorded high averaged hitting in WBC-2006.
Hamiltonian mechanics

**Hamiltonian mechanics** is a mathematical way of understanding the way something  mechanical will behave. It was invented  in 1833 by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.

The value of the Hamiltonian is the total energy of the thing  being described. For a closed system, it is the sum of its  kinetic and potential energy. There will be  a set of differential equations known as the Hamilton equations which show how the thing changes through time. 

Hamiltonians can be used to describe such simple systems as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes between  kinetic and  potential energy and back again over time. Hamiltonians can also be used to study the orbits of planets and in the behaviour of atoms using the principles of quantum mechanics.
Lee Fogolin

**Lee Joseph Fogolin** (born February 7, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a retired defenceman who played in the National Hockey League.  He played for the Buffalo Sabres and the Edmonton Oilers, playing in 924 NHL regular season games between 1974 and 1987, winning the Stanley Cup in 1984 and 1985.

## Background and early career
Fogolin was born in Chicago while his father, Lee Fogolin Sr., was a member of the Chicago Blackhawks. His son, Michael Fogolin, played for the Prince George Cougars in the WHL and died in his sleep on May 26, 2004 of a possible heart condition.

Fogolin played from 1972–1974 with the Oshawa Generals of the OHA, scoring 52 points in 102 games with 240 PIM.  He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, of the 1974 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres.

Although Fogolin was raised in Canada, he was chosen to play for Team USA in the 1976 Canada Cup, since he was born in the U.S..  He was invited again in 1984, but this time chose not to play.

## NHL playing career
Fogolin played his first professional season (1974–75) in Buffalo, but played parts of the next season with the Sabres and the AHL Hershey Bears. He was acquired by the Edmonton Oilers for the 1979–1980 season.

Fogolin played seven full seasons with Edmonton, and was named as captain for the 1981–82 season. He would be the first of four captains to lead the Oilers to the Stanley Cup finals, in 1983, where they lost to the New York Islanders. While a solid defenceman in his own right, he was overshadowed by many of the young stars on the Oilers' roster, most notably scoring superstar Wayne Gretzky. Fogolin gave up the captaincy to Gretzky for the 1983–84 season onwards. Fogolin was a member of the Oilers' Stanley Cup wins in 1984 and 1985. Fogolin also played in the 1986 National Hockey League All-Star Game.

Fogolin was re-acquired by the Sabres near the end of the 1986–87 season, and retired after completing the season with them.

## Awards and achievements
*1983–84 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
*1984–85 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
*1985–86 - National Hockey League All-Star Game

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
*Oilers Heritage biography.
*Fogolin's profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
*
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover

***The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover*** is a 1989 British independent movie starring Richard Bohringer, Alan Howard, Michael Gambon and Helen Mirren and directed by Peter Greenaway. This movie was originally tagged by the MPAA under an X rating, due to which commercial distribution of this movie was limited. The X rating was then surrendered. This movie was released with an R rating.

## Other websites 
*
Howard Zinn

**Howard Zinn** (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010) was an American historian and professor from Brooklyn, New York. Zinn considered himself to be a radical. In 1980 he wrote ''A People's History of the United States'', which is a book that tells the history of the United States from the perspective of common people instead of people who were in power. This included people who were oppressed. As of the time of Zinn's death, the book had sold almost two million copies.

Zinn died of a heart attack while swimming on January 27, 2010 in Santa Monica, California, aged 87.

## References
Tony Hrkac

**Anthony J. "Tony" Hrkac** () (born July 7, 1966 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Houston Aeros of the AHL.

## Awards and achievements
* Hobey Baker Award (top player in NCAA): 1986–1987 season
*  Led the IHL in points scored (132) and was named league MVP as a member of the Indianapolis Ice in 1992–93.
*  Hrkac's #26 was retired by the AHL's Milwaukee Admirals on March 14, 2008.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
Rickettsia

***Rickettsia*** is a unique genus classified between a virus and a bacteria. The organism is unique in that it has a cell wall and exists only in living cells like a virus, but is susceptible to antibiotics like bacteria.

The method of growing *Rickettsia* in chicken embryos was invented by Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues at Vanderbilt University in the early 1930s.
Basin (geology)

in Death Valley, California.]]
A geological **basin** is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level.

Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

## Causes 
#One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle). Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
#Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to . Part goes up, and part goes down. The downward part becomes a *foreland basin*. Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
#Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.

### Death Valley example 
Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.p611 The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of  per year initially and then slowed to  per year in the last 5 million years. Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.

Pulling forces causes rock at depth to stretch like silly putty and rock closer to the surface to break along normal faults into downfallen basins called grabens.

## Sediment 
Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment. Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains. Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea. Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on. The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.

Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: *drainage basin*, *catchment*, *catchment area*, *catchment basin*, *drainage area*, *river basin*, *water basin*, *endorheic basin* and *watershed*.

## Drainage 
Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea. The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.

Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea. Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand. The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this. The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.

## References
Ryan Johnson

**Ryan M. Johnson** (born June 14, 1976) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently a free agent in the National Hockey League. Johnson also played for the Florida Panthers from 1996 to 2000, the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1999 to 2001, another stint with the Florida Panther from 2001 to 2003, the St. Louis Blues from 2002 to 2008, the Vancouver Canucks from 2008 to 2010 and the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Holbrooke

**Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke** (April 24, 1941 - December 13, 2010) was an American diplomat. He became well-known when he helped broker the Dayton peace agreement, together with Carl Bildt. This agreement of 1995 helped end the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

He died of a torn aorta on December 13, 2010.

## Early life
Holbrooke was born to Dan and Trudi Holbrooke on April 24, 1941 in Manhattan, New York. He had a brother, Andrew, who

He attended Scarsdale High School, before going to Brown University and the Princeton University.

## References
Maria Theresa of Spain

**Maria Theresa of Austria** (; ; 10 September 1638 &ndash; 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

She was the daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain and Elisabeth of France. She was Queen of France as wife of King Louis XIV and mother of *Le Grand Dauphin*. During her lifetime in Spain, she was painted by the renowned painter, Diego Velázquez. Married to Louis XIV in 1660 following the Franco-Spanish War she played little part in politics during her lifetime. The Bourbon Claim to the Spanish Throne which sparked of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 stems from her. She also acted as regent of France for her husband at least once during her tenure as queen consort. 

## Marriage
María Teresa married Louis XIV of France by proxy on 3 June 1660 at Fuenterrabia. Her father Philip IV and the entire Spanish court accompanied the María Teresa to the Isle of Pheasants in Bidassoa, where Louis XIV and his court met her. On 7 June 1660, she departed from her native country of Spain. On 9 June she married Louis XIV in a religious ceremony at Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the *Saint Jean Baptiste* church, which had recently been rebuilt for the occasion. She had six children with Louis XIV but he would never love her. Marie Thérèse lived a quiet life with her Spanish attendants and had to put up with her husbands various affairs, notably with Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan. She is a direct ancestor of the present Spanish King Felipe VI. 

## Death and legacy
During the last week of July 1683, Marie Thérèse fell ill.  She died a painful death on 30 July 1683 at Versailles in the arms of Madame de Maintenon. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris on 3 September 1683. Her tomb was destroyed during the French Revolution. 

## Children
#Louis of France, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) Dauphin of France married Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria and had issue. Later married Marie Émilie de Joly in secret.
#Anne Élisabeth of France (18 November 1662 – 30 December 1662) died in infancy.
#Marie Anne of France (16 November 1664 – 26 December 1664) died in infancy or the *Black Nun of Moret*
#Marie Thérèse of France (2 January 1667 – 1 March 1672) known as "Madame Royale" but died in infancy.
#Philippe Charles of France (5 August 1668 – 10 July 1671) Duke of Anjou, died in infancy.
#Louis François of France (14 June 1672 – 4 November 1672) Duke of Anjou, died in infancy.

## Namesakes
# Her third daughter was named after her.
# As well as a "Princess of the French royal blood" Marie Thérèse, Princess of Conti.

## References
## Other websites
Dauphin of France

The **Dauphin** was the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350–1791, and from 1824–1830. 

## History
Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed *le Dauphin* (French for *dolphin*). The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of *le Dauphin* and govern this territory. The Dauphin retained the title only. The estates belonged to the crown. On the death of the Dauphin, his eldest son inherits the title. If there is no son, his oldest brother succeeds him. If the king does not have a son the title does not go to anyone. It is never given to a brother of the king. The wife of the Dauphin was known as the *Dauphine*. The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title *Prince of Wales*. The Dauphin was entitled to the use of the style of Royal Highness but this was only ever used in written form.

The title of *Dauphin of Auvergne* was used by the Count of Clermont. 

## Dauphins of France, 1349–1830 
# Charles V of France 1349–1364
# Charles, eldest son and heir of Charles V; future Charles VI 1368–1380
# Charles 1389
# Charles 1392–1401
# Louis, 1401–1415
# John, 1415–1417
# Charles VII of France  1417–1422
# Louis XI of France 1423–1461
# Charles VIII of France 1470–1483
# Edward of Middleham (disputed) 1483–1484
# Charles Orland 1492–1495
# Charles 1496
# François 1497–1498
# François 1518–1536
# Henry II of France 1536–1547
# Francis II of France 1547–1559
# Louis XIII of France 1601–1610
# Louis XIV of France 1638–1643
# Louis, *Grand Dauphin* 1661–1711
# Louis, *Petit Dauphin* 1711-1712
# Louis 1712
# Louis XV of France 1712–1715
# Louis 1729–1765
# Louis XVI of France 1765–1774
# Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789
# Louis XVII of France 1789–1791 (*in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal"*)
# Louis XIX of France 1824–1830

## Related pages
*Prince of Wales
*Titles of European royal heirs

## References
Louis, Duke of Burgundy

**Louis of France** (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Dauphin of France, known as *le Grand Dauphin* and, as such, was known as *le Petit Dauphin*. He became Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711.

## Biography
**Louis de France** was born in the Palace of Versailles, the eldest son of Louis, *le Grand Dauphin*, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. At birth, he received the  title of Duke of Burgundy.

Louis grew up with his younger brothers; Philippe, Duke of Anjou and Charles, Duke of Berry. 

At the age of 15, he married his second cousin, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. This match had been decided as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflicts during the Nine Years' War. The marriage took place on 7 December 1697 at the Palace of Versailles. The two were in love with one another, a rarity at the court of Versailles.

Louis became Dauphin of France upon the death of his father in 1711. 

In February 1712, his wife contracted measles and died on the 12th of that month. 

The Duke of Burgundy, who dearly loved his wife and who had stayed by her side throughout the fatal illness, contracted the disease and died on 18 February, six days after her at the Château de Marly. Both of his sons also became infected, the eldest, Louis, Duke of Brittany, the latest in a series of Dauphins, succumbed to it on 8 March. The only one to survive was the two-year old Duke of Anjou, the future King Louis XV of France.

## Children
#**Louis of France, Duke of Brittany** (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
#**Louis of France, Duke of Brittany** (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
#**Louis XV of France** (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***16 August 1682 – 14 April 1711** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Burgundy
***14 April 1711 – 18 February 1712** *His Royal Highness* The Dauphin of France

## Other websites
Puzzle Bobble 2

***Bust-A-Move 2*** is the first sequel to *Bust-A-Move*, and is also known as ***Puzzle Bobble 2*** outside Europe and North America. Released into the arcades in 1995, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64 and PC conversions followed. The game was included in *Taito Legends 2*, but the US arcade version was included on US PS2 version instead. The game is a spin-off from *Bubble Bobble*.

The game builds on the original by adding a tournament style variation on the two player game for play against the computer and by adding a branching map to the one player game, allowing the player to periodically select one of two groups of five levels to play next, leading to different game endings. Some of the contestants in the new tournament mode are based on characters from Bubble Bobble, including variations on a *Monsta* and a *Mighta*.

Some versions of the game, including the PlayStation, feature time trial competitions in which a single player attempts to finish simple rounds quickly enough to beat previous time records or two players simultaneously attempt to beat the records and each other.

Completion of the single player game gives the player a code which can be entered to unlock 'Another World' for the single player game, which features subtle changes to the existing levels to increase their difficulty and changes to all backdrops to resemble levels from Bubble Bobble. The various enemies from Bubble Bobble also make an appearance in the background of the credits sequence.

## Bust-A-Move 2X 
Taito later repacked *Bust-A-Move 2* with an optional alternative set of levels and some new attract mode animations (including holiday-themed ones) as *Bust-A-Move 2X* (Also known as *Puzzle Bobble 2X*).

Ports of *Bust-A-Move 2* to the PC and Sega Saturn are of *Bust-A-Move 2X* and additionally include a level editor/designer. A port of 2X was made to the PlayStation but was not released until some time after a port of *Bust-A-Move 2* was released; therefore, it is not so well known.

## Cover art
This game has become notorious for one version of its cover art. The original US version of the Saturn edition featured a picture of several large balls with screaming, blue, human faces with white sticks forcing their eyes open. This cover earned it a place on Gamespy.com's Top Ten Worst Covers list. 

## References
Sally Field

**Sally Margaret Field** (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress, singer, producer, director, and screenwriter. She has been in many movies. These include *Norma Rae*, ''Murphy's Romance*, *Forrest Gump*, *Steel Magnolias*, *The Amazing Spider-Man*, and *Lincoln''. She has also acted in television programs and won many awards for her movies and acting.

## Personal life
Field married Steven Craig in 1968. The couple had two sons; Peter Craig, a novelist, and Eli Craig, an actor and director. Craig and Field divorced in 1975.

Sally Field was romantically involved with Burt Reynolds for many years.  During this time they co-starred in several movies. She married movie producer Alan Greisman in 1984. They had one son, Sam, in 1987. Field and Greisman divorced in 1993.

Field has osteoporosis.  She has become a vocal advocate for women's health issues, encouraging early diagnosis of such conditions through technology, such as bone density scans.

## Filmography
### Movie
### Television 
## References
## Other websites
*
Toxic shock syndrome

**Toxic shock syndrome** or **TSS** is a non-common, deadly infection caused by toxins from bacteria.

Toxic shock syndrome is usually caused by *Staphylococcus* bacteria, but it can also be caused by *Streptococcus* bacteria.

## Symptoms
Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can show up suddenly. The disease can be very deadly. The symptoms are different when it is caused by different bacteria. When it is caused by *Staphylococcus aureus*, the symptoms are generally high fever, low blood pressure, confusion, and malaise. If the disease is not treated, someone with toxic shock syndrome caused by *Staphylococcus aureus* can go into a coma.

When toxic shock syndrome is caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes*, it usually is a  that was already there getting worse. People with toxic shock syndrome caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes* have pain where the rash is, then the following symptoms happen very quickly:

The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include:

*A high fever that starts quickly
*Low blood pressure
*Vomiting or diarrhea
*A rash that looks like a sunburn, mostly on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
*Confusion
*Muscle pain
*Redness of the eyes, mouth, and throat
*Seizures
*Headaches

## Causes
Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by many things. The most common reasons are injuries to the skin that allow bacteria to get into the bloodstream, and tampons.

## Treatment
Many people with toxic shock syndrome have to stay in the hospital. If it is very bad, they might have to go to the intensive care unit. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is because of tampon use, doctors will make sure that they take the tampon out. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is an injury (an abscess or other infection), the injury has to be drained.

Antibiotics like cephalosporin, penicillin, and vancomycin are used to stop the bacteria from growing. Clindamycin and gentamicin stop the toxins from being produced.

## Tampons and toxic shock syndrome
In 1978, Procter and Gamble (a United States company that sells many different products) started selling tampons called Rely. Rely tampons could be left in for a whole menstrual cycle, which is from 2 to 8 days. Women who used Rely tampons sometimes got toxic shock syndrome because of this. Other tampons that are left in for a long time can also cause toxic shock syndrome.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
W and Z bosons

**W and Z bosons** are a group of elementary particles. They are bosons, meaning they have a spin of 0 or 1. Both had been found in experiments in the year 1983. Together, they are responsible for a force known as "weak force." The weak force is called weak because it is not as strong as the strong force. There are two W bosons with different charges, the normal W+, and its antiparticle, the W –. Z bosons are their own antiparticle.

## Naming
W bosons are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. The weak force is what physicists believe is responsible for the breaking down of some radioactive elements, in the form of Beta decay. In the late '70s, scientists managed to combine early versions of the weak force with electromagnetism, and called it the electroweak force.

## Creation of W and Z bosons
W and Z bosons are only known to be created under Beta decay, which is a form of radioactive decay.

### Beta Decay
Beta decay occurs when there are a lot of neutrons in an atom. The simplified diagram hints that a neutron corresponds to one proton and one electron. When there are too many neutrons in one atomic nucleus, one neutron will split and form a proton and an electron. The proton stays where it is, and the electron will be launched out of the atom. This resulting Beta radiation is also harmful to humans.

The weak force is believed to be able to change the flavor of a quark. For example, when it changes a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, the charge of the neutron becomes +1, since it would have the same arrangement of quarks as a proton. The three-quark neutron with a charge of +1 is no longer a neutron after this, as it fulfills all of the requirements to be a proton. Therefore, Beta decay will cause a neutron to become a proton (along with some other end-products).

### W boson decay
When a quark changes flavor, as it does in Beta decay, it releases a W boson. On average, W bosons only last for 3 x 10-25 seconds before themselves decaying into other particles, which is why they were not discovered them until less than half a century ago. Surprisingly, W bosons have a mass of about 80 times that of a proton. Keep in mind that the neutron that it came from has almost the same weight as the proton. In the quantum world, it is not uncommon for a more massive particle to come from a less massive particle; the extra mass comes from stored energy via Einstein's famous formula, E=mc^2. After 3 x 10-25 seconds have passed, a W boson decays into one electron and one neutrino. Since neutrinos rarely interact with matter, they can ignored from now on. The electron is propelled out of the atom at a high speed. The proton that was produced by the Beta decay stays in the atom nucleus, and raises the atomic number by one.

### Z boson decay
Z bosons are also predicted in the Standard Model of physics, which successfully predicted the existence of W bosons. Z Bosons decay into a fermion and its antiparticle, which are particles such as electrons and quarks which have spin in units of half of the reduced Planck constant.

## References
John Ford

**John Ford** (February 1, 1894 &ndash; August 31, 1973) was an American movie director. He is best known as a director of western movies. He was born in Cape Elizabeth, Maine.

## The Navy 
Ford was a soldier in World War II. He served for the United States Navy as the leader of the photography division. On D-day, Ford and his soldiers crossed the English Channel. The soldiers arrived at Omaha Beach and watched the first boats land on the shore. Ford went on to the beach and filmed the battle take place.

## Directing career 
Ford started directing movies in 1917 after he moved to California. His first movies were made during The Silent Era, an era where there was no recorded sound in any movies. In 1956, Ford finished making a popular movie called *The Searchers*. The movie starred John Wayne as the hero. *The Searchers* is widely known today for its cultural and historical significance.

## Death 
In the early 1970s, Ford broke his hip and had to be put in a wheelchair. Ford died on August 31, 1973 at his home Palm Desert, California from stomach cancer, aged 79.

## References
Puntland

**Puntland** is an Autonomous state of Somalia in the Horn of Africa. Officially it is called the Puntland State of Somalia. Its capital is Garowe. To the east of Puntland is Khatumo. To the south is Galmudug.

The economy is centered around the city of Bosaso. Livestock, fishing, and frankincense are major businesses. The province covers about a third of Somalia, and about a third of the population of Somalia live there.  Puntlanders want some degree of autonomy, but Puntlanders also want to stay within Somalia, and find a solution for the whole country. 

Although it is a federal state, Puntland politicians often call themselves a government. The people inside Puntland are called Puntites or Puntlanders. The area of Puntland is part of the areas of Waqooyi meaning north or Bari meaning east. The president is usually of the Majeerteen clan and the vice-president is usually of the reer darawiish tribe. Puntland plans to introduce regional currency in 2025.

## References
Frauzio

**Frauzio** was a comic book Brazil floor monthly, created in 2001 by Marcatti distributed by Publisher SCALE.

Was launched with a circulation of 30 thousand copies and distributed at newsstands around the Brazil, became the first magazine underground to be published in an industrial scale worldwide.

In 2003, published four editions of the magazine **Misadventures of Frauzio** by **Publisher PRO-C**. In the same year the album special edition is published by Frauzio **Opera Graphica**. The book, under the title**Question of paternity**, brings a Frauzio adventure inspired by the book Lolita of Nabokov.

## Sources 
* Site Marcatti  

## Other websites
* Mundo HQ  
* HQ maniacs  
* Universo HQ
Komodo National Park

The **Komodo National Park** is a national park in Indonesia. It is on several islands in the Lesser Sunda Islands. The park is in the area between the East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara provinces. The park includes three larger islands: Komodo, Padar and Rincah. It also includes 26 smaller ones for a total area of 1,733&nbsp;km² (603&nbsp;km² of it land). The national park was founded in 1980 to protect the Komodo dragon. This animal is the world's largest lizard. Later it began protecting other species, including some in the ocean.  In 1991 the national park was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Geography and climate
The park is spread over several islands. It includes part of western coast of Flores, the three larger islands of Komodo, Padar, Rincah, and 26 smaller islands. It also includes ocean areas such as the Sape Straights. The islands of the national park are volcanic. The land is generally rugged, with some rounded hills

## People living in the park and tourism
About 4,000 people live within the park. Scuba diving is popular because of the many different kinds of life living in the water. Ecotourism in the ocean is the main way to get money to support the park

However, several fishermen died since the 1980s. People disagree about what happened to them. Park patrol and military said they needed to protect themselves. Fishermen living in the area say the park management killed the fishermen on purpose.

## References
## Other websites
* Komodo National Park website 
* Official UNESCO website
* Komodo Island 
* New7Wonders of Nature
Hōtō

is a noodle from Yamanashi, Japan. It is made by stewing flat udon noodles and vegetables in miso soup. Though *hōtō* is a type of *udon*, locals do not consider it to be an *udon* dish because the dough is prepared like dumplings rather than noodles. 

## Hoto of other prefectures
The adjoining prefectures, Nagano, Shizuoka and Gunma have similar noodle dishes with soy sauce. They are called "Okkirikomi", "Niboutou" etc. More recently, such Hoto culture has been promoted to encourage profit from tourism.

## History
There are many different stories about the history of Hoto. In the old days, in Yamanashi, rice fields were replaced by mulberry fields, to grow silkworms. Then, cultivation of wheat become popular and dishes which use flour developed. In all of the dishes, Hoto was economical because it used many vegetables and stock. Also, its taste was good. Therefore, Hoto spread throughout Yamanashi.

## How to cook
First, knead flour with a little water in a bowl. Then spread the dough with a stick. Fold the dough and cut widely. You do not need to let it sit, or add salt. Nowadays, you can buy Hoto noodles around Yamanashi prefecture. The soup tastes like soybean paste. Adding pumpkin paste into the soup is popular. The stock is made from dried small sardines. The main ingredient is vegetables. In summer, leeks, onions, potatoes and so on are used. In winter, pumpkins, taro, carrots, napa cabbage and so on are used. Sometimes pork or chicken are used.
Daddy G

**Daddy G**, (born **Grantley Evan Marshall**, ,  Bristol, UK), is an English musician and a founding member of the band,  Massive Attack.

## Music
Marshall joined the Bristol music scene as a member of the DJ group The Wild Bunch in the 1980s, which included two other Massive Attack members, Robert Del Naja and Andrew Vowles. In 1986, The Wild Bunch dissolved. Del Naja, Vowles, and Marshall then formed the trip-hop group Massive Attack, which is considered to have pioneered the *Bristol Sound* along with Portishead and Tricky.

In addition to appearing on Massive Attack's albums, Marshall has also mixed a CD for the *DJ-Kicks* mix series.

## Notes
Thallium(I) bromide

**Thallium(I) bromide**, also known as **thallous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlBr. It has thallium and bromide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) bromide is a yellow-white solid. It is similar to silver bromide. It gets darker when light shines on it. It is very toxic, like all thallium compounds. It does not dissolve in water.

## Preparation
Thallium(I) bromide is made by reacting thallium and bromine or by reacting sodium or potassium bromide with any thallium compound.

## Uses
It is used in semiconductors and gamma ray and X-ray detectors. 

## Related pages
*Thallium(I) chloride
*Sodium bromide
*Thallium(I) oxide
Tau (particle)

**Tau (τ) leptons** (aka tauons, tau particle) are one of the very small elementary particles. This means that they are believed to be so small that they can not be divided any more. Tau leptons can be thought of as very heavy electrons, as they are both leptons. This is because they have about 3,500 times as much mass as electrons, and about 17 times as much mass as muons. Since they only live for 2.9x10–13 seconds, they do not have a significant role in the regular world. However, they are very important in the decay of subatomic matter.

Like the other two basic leptons, tauons have a neutrino named after them (the tau neutrino).

Tau have a charge of -1, and can be written as τ–. Since antimatter has the opposite of charge of regular matter, anti-tauons have a charge of +1, and can be written as τ+. Tauons themselves are unstable, and can decay. Also, τ+ and τ– can annihilate each other in a form of decay. When a single tauon decays, it is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons (things made of quarks). τ+ and τ– can be formed by an electron-positron (antielectron) pair combining. The two tauons then decay into an electron and a positron or a muon and an antimuon, and four of the various neutrinos. However, a single tauon decays differently than a tauon and an antitauon.

A τ– will quickly decay into a tau neutrino and a W boson. The W boson will exist for 3x10–25 seconds, before it decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino, a muon and a muon antineutrino, or a down quark and an up antiquark.

## References
Thallium(III) hydroxide

**Thallium(III) hydroxide**, also known as **thallic hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl(OH)3. It has thallium and hydroxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(III) hydroxide is a weak base. It is a white solid. It is highly toxic. It is also an oxidizing agent. It breaks down to thallium(III) oxide when heated. If it is heated more, it breaks down to oxygen and thallium(I) oxide.

## Related pages
*Thallium(I) bromide
*Thallium(I) sulfate
Thallium(III) oxide

**Thallium(III) oxide**, also known as **thallic oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2O3. It has thallium and oxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(III) oxide is a white powder. It is very heavy and very toxic. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make other toxic thallium compounds. It does not dissolve in water.

## Preparation
It is made by oxidation of thallium(I) oxide.

## Uses
It may be used in solar cells.

## Related pages
*Thallium(I) chloride
*Silver(I) oxide
Thallium(I) chloride

**Thallium(I) chloride**, also known as **thallous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlCl. It has thallium and chloride ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Thallium(I) chloride is a colorless odorless solid. It is very toxic. It is insoluble (does not dissolve) in cold water but dissolves a little in hot water. Otherwise, it is somewhat similar to potassium chloride in being colorless and silver chloride in being insoluble in water. 

## Preparation
Thallium(I) chloride is made by reacting any soluble chloride such as hydrochloric acid with thallium(I) sulfate. This makes a thallium(I) chloride solid. It can also be made by reacting thallium metal with hydrochloric acid.

## Uses
It is the result of a certain way to make hexafluorophosphates from chlorides.

## Related pages
*Thallium(I) bromide
*Thallium(III) oxide
*Thallium(I) carbonate
Shuzo Matsuoka

is a Japanese professional athlete and sports . He is best known as a tennis player. 

He was a tennis player on the Japanese national team at the Summer Olympic Games in 1988 at Seoul, in 1992 at Barcelona and in 1996 at Atlanta. 

## Tennis career
ATP tour, best singles rank:
*46th place

ATP tour, singles rank:
*1985. 691
*1986. 370
*1987. 260
*1988. 82
*1989. 181
*1990. 144
*1991. 67
*1992. 64
*1993. 134
*1994. 124
*1995. 57
*1996. 149

KAL Cup:
*Victory

Stella-Artois Queen's Club grass court tournament:
*Lost the final in 1992 to Wayne Ferreira

Wimbledon:
*Best 8 in 1995 (quarterfinals), lost to Pete Sampras who won the tournament

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
Bully (video game)

***Bully*** (released in the PAL region on PlayStation 2 as ***Canis Canem Edit***) was released on 17 October 2006 published by Rockstar Games and developed by Rockstar Vancouver.
Because the game became very popular, Rockstar New England developed the remake called ***Bully: Scholarship Edition***.

This version was for the Xbox 360, Wii and Microsoft Windows. There are not many differences between the classic *Bully* and the *Scholarship Edition*, however there are 4 new classes available: Biology, Music, Math and Geography. The graphics were also updated.

## Notes