open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia

**Anne of Bohemia and Austria** (12 April 1432 – 13 November 1462) was a Duchess of Luxembourg in her own right and, as a consort, Landgravine of Thuringia and of Saxony.

She was the eldest daughter of Albert of Austria.

On 2 June 1446 the young Anne was married to William "the Brave" of Saxony (1425–82), Landgrave of Thuringia, a younger son of Frederick I "the Warlike" of Saxony.
William III, Landgrave of Thuringia

**William III** (30 April 1425 – 17 September 1482), called **the Brave** (in German *Wilhelm der Tapfere*), was landgrave of Thuringia (from 1445) and claimant duke of Luxemburg (from 1457).  He is actually the second William to rule Thuringia, and in Luxembourg; he was the third Margrave of Meissen named William.
Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal

**Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal** (; 13 July 1861 – 31 July 1942) was Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Guillaume IV.

She was the country's regent in the name of their daughter, Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde. She was a member of the House of Braganza.

## References
Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg

**Notre-Dame Cathedral** (, , ) is the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. 

It was originally a Jesuit church, and its cornerstone was laid in 1613. It is the only cathedral in Luxembourg.

Many Grand Dukes are buried here.

## Burials
* Marie-Adélaïde I, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1894–1924)
* Marie Anne, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, born Infanta of Portugal (1861–1942) – Consort of William IV
* Felix, Prince Consort of Luxembourg, born Prince of Bourbon-Parma (1893–1970) – Consort of Charlotte I
* Prince Charles (1927–1977)
* Charlotte I, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1896–1985)
* Joséphine Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, born Princess of Belgium (1927–2005) – Consort of Jean I
* Jean I, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921-2019)
J. Russell Capps

**James Russell Capps** (February 26, 1931 &ndash; October 6, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly from 1994 to 2006. He was born in Raleigh, North Carolina. He lost his re-election campaign in 2006. He unsuccessfully ran again in 2012.

Capps died on October 6, 2020 in Raleigh at the age of 89.

## References
Pierre Kezdy

**Pierre Kezdy** (January 4, 1962 &ndash; October 9, 2020) was an American bass player. He was born in Chicago. Kezdy was known for playing with many  Chicago punk bands, including Naked Raygun, Pegboy, Strike Under, Arsenal, and Trial By Fire.

Kezdy died of cancer on October 9, 2020 while under hospice care in Glenview, Illinois at the age of 58.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alas (geography)

**Alas** is a landform that is a little bit lower than the surface around it. It mainly occurs in Yakutia. An alas first develops as a shallow lake. The lake eventually dries out and is replaced by grass and other plants.

Alases are often used as a pasture for horses. They are common in the Central Yakutian Lowland. The largest alas in the world is Myuryu, found in Ust-Aldan District.

## References
Loppersum

**Loppersum** is a village and former municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. In 2019, 9,614 people lived there. Since 2021, it has been part of the new municipality of Eemsdelta.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Kostas Tsimikas

**Konstantinos "Kostas" Tsimikas** (, born 12 May 1996) is a Greek football player. He plays as a left-back for Premier League club Liverpool and the Greece national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
;Olympiacos
*Super League Greece: 2015–16, 2019–20

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

**Marie-Adélaïde** (Marie Adelheid Thérèse Hilda Wilhelmine; 14 June 1894 – 24 January 1924), reigned as Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1912 until she left the throne in 1919. 

She was the first Grand Duchess regnant of Luxembourg (after five grand dukes), its first female monarch since Duchess Maria Theresa (1740–1780, who was also Austrian Archduchess and Holy Roman Empress) and the first Luxembourgish monarch to be born within the territory since Count John the Blind (1296–1346).

## More readings
* O'Shaughnessy, Edith. *Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, Duchess of Nassau*. New York: Jonathan Cape and Robert Ballou, 1932.
* Schous, Marie. *Marie Adelheid van Nassau, Groothertogin van Luxemburg*. 's Hertogenbosch: G. Mosmans, 1931.
* Zenner, Theodor. *Marie Adelheid: Lebensbild der verstorbenen Grossherzogin von Luxemburg*. 1925
* Marburg, Theodor. *The Story of a Soul*. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1938.
* Leighton, Isabel, and Bertram Bloch. *Marie-Adelaide: A Play*. New York: Rialto Service Bureau.

## Other websites
* Marie-Adélaïde (in French) at the official website of the Luxembourg royal family
Rudolph B. Davila

**Rudolph B. Davila** (April 27, 1916 – January 26, 2002) was an Asian American who recevied the Medal of Honor during World War II.  He was the only person of Filipino ancestry to receive the medal.

## References
Native Hawaiians

'''*Native* *Hawaiians*''' are the native people of Hawaii. They are a Polynesian group whose ancestors came from what is now French Polynesia. Hawaiians make up 21% of Hawaii’s total population, though most are mixed. Their original language is the Hawaiian language, but Hawaiian Pidgin or English is more common.

## References
Glen

, North Ayrshire, Scotland]]
A **glen** is a valley, that has slopes that are not steep. It is usually long. It is found in the Northern Hemisphere.

## References
Thiago Alcântara

**Thiago Alcântara do Nascimento** (born 11 April 1991), commonly known as **Thiago Alcântara**, or simply **Thiago** is a Spanish assistant manager and former footballer. He is currently an assistant manager at Barcelona. As a player, he played as a central midfielder for Barcelona, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, and the Spain national team. 

He is the son of former Brazilian player Mazinho.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
### International goals
:''Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first.*

## Honours
]]

**Barcelona**
*La Liga: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13
*Copa del Rey: 2011–12
*Supercopa de España: 2010, 2011
*UEFA Champions League: 2010–11
*UEFA Super Cup: 2011
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2011

**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
* DFB-Pokal: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19, 2019–20
* DFL-Supercup: 2016, 2018
* UEFA Champions League: 2019–20
* FIFA Club World Cup: 2013

**Liverpool**
*FA Cup: 2021–22
*FA Community Shield: 2022
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2021–22

**Spain U17**
*UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2008

**Spain U21**
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2011, 2013

**Individual**
* UEFA Team of the Year: 2020
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Player: 2013
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship Silver Boot: 2013
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2013
* Goal of the Month in Germany: January 2014
* FIFA FIFPro World11: 2020
* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2016–17
* *kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2018–19
* ESM Team of the Season: 2016–17
* UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2019–20
* IFFHS Men's World Team: 2020
*PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2021–22

## References
## Other websites
* 
* FC Barcelona profile
* Profile at the Liverpool F.C. website
* 
* National team data at BDFutbol
* 
* 
* Profile at the Royal Spanish Football Federation website 
*
Lake Success, New York

**Lake Success** is a village and a capital of the Great Neck School District in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 2,828 at the 2020 census.

## References
Joseph Pérez

**Joseph Pérez** (14 January 1931 &ndash; 8 October 2020) was a French historian. His works focused in Spanish history.

Pérez's worked in the births of the modern Spanish state and the Latin American nations.

Among his books, he examined the independence movements of Latin America; Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Monarchs; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Philip II of Spain.

## References
Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma

**Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma** (*Félix Marie Vincent*; 28 September 1893 &ndash; 8 April 1970), later **Prince Félix of Luxembourg**, was the husband of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and the father of her six children, including her successor: Grand Duke Jean. He was the longest serving consort of Luxembourg.

## References
Ronnie Whelan

**Ronald Andrew Whelan** (born 25 September 1961) is a former Irish football player. During his playing career, he played as a midfielder and sometimes as a defender. He was a part of a dominant Liverpool side that won a many titles in the 1980s.

## Career statistics
### Club
''* Other – Charity Shield, UEFA Super Cup, Intercontinental Cup, Super Cup ScreenSport & Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy

### International
## Honours
**Liverpool**
*Football League First Division (6): 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90
*FA Cup (2): 1985–86, 1988–89
*League Cup (3): 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
*Super Cup (1): 1986–87
*FA Charity Shield (5): 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990
*European Cup (1): 1983–84

## References
## Other websites
* LFCHistory.net profile
* Thisisanfield.com Exclusive interview
* Liverpool seasonal record (Part 1) 1979/80-1983/84 at Sporting-heroes.net
* Liverpool seasonal record (Part 2) 1984/85-1988/89 at Sporting-heroes.net
* Liverpool seasonal record (Part 3) 1989/90-1994/95 at Sporting-heroes.net
* Ireland international record 1981–95 at Sporting-heroes.net
* Irish football greats at Fai.ie
* Myasthenia Gravis Association – Ireland
Frido Croes

**Francisco Walfrido "Frido" Croes** (3 December 1957 – 9 October 2020) was an Aruban politician and schoolteacher. He held the office of Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba from 2005 to 2009. Prior to that, he was a member of parliament from 1989 to 1994, and as its chairman from 2001 to 2004. He also served as minister of education from 2004 to 2005.

Croes died on 9 October 2020 at the age of 62.

## References
Estates of Aruba

The **Estates of Aruba** () are the unicameral legislature or parliament of Aruba. The Estates have 21 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation. 

Each member holds their seats until Parliament is dissolved which is every four years by a general election. The leader of the party who gains majority usually becomes the Prime Minister.

## References
Ekow Hayford

**Ekow Hayford** (24 December 1970 – 9 October 2020) was a Ghanaian politician. He was a member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Mfantseman Constituency in the Central Region. He was a member of the New Patriotic Party. Hayford was born in Mankessim, Ghana.

On 9 October 2020, while returning from a campaign tour, he was shot dead by unknown persons at the age of 49.

## References
Converse (logic)

In mathematics and logic, a **converse** is a variant of an implication. More specifically, given an implication of the form P \to Q, the converse is the statement Q \to P. 

While a converse is similar to its originating implication, they are not logically equivalent. This means that the truth of an implication does not guarantee the truth of its converse (and vice versa).

## Related pages 
* Contrapositive

## References
Logical equivalence

In logic and mathematics, two statements are **logically equivalent** if they can prove each other (under a set of axioms), or have the same truth value under all circumstances. In propositional logic, two statements are logically equivalent precisely when their truth tables are identical. To express logical equivalence between two statements, the symbols \equiv, \Leftrightarrow and \iffare often used.

For example, the statements "*A* and *B*" and "*B* and *A*" are logically equivalent. If *P* and Q are logically equivalent, then the statement "*P* if and only if *Q*" is a tautology.

## Related pages 
* Implication (logic)

## References
Scappoose, Oregon

**Scappoose**  is a city in Columbia County, Oregon,  United States. It was named for a nearby stream, which drains the southern part of the county.  The population was 8,010 at the 2020 census.

## References
Carter Catlett Williams

**Carter Catlett Williams** was a social worker. She worked to change nursing homes so that older people living in them had more freedom. She started the Pioneer Network. It is a not-for-profit organization that works to make nursing homes better. She was a leader in creating the Nursing Home Reform Act in 1987. The University of Rochester Medical Center keeps her papers.

Williams was born on September 2, 1923 in Texas and died on September 8, 2020 in Gloucester, Virginia. She was 97 years old.

## References
Jimmie Lee Solomon

**Jimmie Lee Solomon** (March 11, 1956October 9, 2020) was an American lawyer and Major League Baseball executive. He was born in Trinity County, Texas. He was the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations from 2005 to 2010. He later was the Executive Vice President for Baseball Development from 2010 to 2012.

Solomon was found dead on October 9, 2020 at his home in Houston, aged 64. The cause of death is unknown.

## References
Cat Bordhi

**Cat Bordhi** (1951 &ndash; 2020) was a teacher, author, and knitting expert. She changed how people knit socks and scarves. She was very influential in the knitting community. She self-published books that opened up a very closed and tightly controlled knitting publishing industry.

She also wrote a novel called *Treasure Forest*. It was a Nautilus Book Award winner in 2004.

She was born 2 March 1951 in San Francisco, California. She died 19 September 2020 at home in Friday Harbor, Washington. She was 69 years old.

## References
Nautilus Book Awards

**Nautilus Book Awards** is a prize for books about social and environmental justice. It started in the United States in 1998. The award is to recognize books that "make a difference and inspire." The award is named for the nautilus shell, as a symbol of wisdom and growth.

## Selection
There is usually one gold award and one or more silver awards each year. The prizes span 24 adult categories and 4 children’s/young adult categories. Prize money is also awarded.  

There are three steps involved in selecting Nautilus Book Award winners. Editors, professors, writers, librarians, publishers, schoolteachers, and bookstore owners all participate in the judging process. Awards require agreement across all three levels, and in some years no award may be given if the judges cannot reach consensus. A book may also receive more than one award. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Antarctic plate

The **Antarctic plate** is tectonic region that is located in Antarctica, south pole. The Antarctic plate surrounded spreading centers at the oceanic edges of large neighboring plates. These include the Pacific, Nazca, South American, African, and Australian plates. The smaller scotia, South Sandwich, and Shetland Plates are considered to be part of Antarctic region and one of the Earth's seven major tectonics plate. It is moving at speeds varying from 4 to 20 mm/year. The Antarctic plate includes continental crust making up Antarctica and its continental shelf, along with oceanic crust beneath the seas surrounding of Antarctica.

## Related pages 
* Gondwana, an ancient supercontinent that form Pangea.
* Geological history of Earth

## References
The Grass Harp (movie)

***The Grass Harp*** is a 1995 American comedy-drama movie directed by Charles Matthau and was based on the 1951 novel of the same name by Truman Capote. It stars Piper Laurie, Sissy Spacek, Walter Matthau, Jack Lemmon, Edward Furlong, Nell Carter, Roddy McDowall, Mary Steenburgen, Charles Durning, Doris Roberts, Scott Wilson and was distributed by Fine Line Pictures.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Touch-Tone Terrorists

The **Touch-Tone Terrorists** is a series of prank phone calls comedy CDs. The Touch-Tone Terrorists are actually one man named **Pete Dzoghi** who also goes by the name of "**RePete**". He purchased a series of 1-800 numbers, including ones that were one digit different than actual customer service numbers for companies such as (apparently) UPS, an oil change business, an auto insurance "claims support line", a psychic hotline, a pen manufacturer, a bank, department store, phone company, and others. Using a Gentner SPH-3A telephone hybrid and a Yamaha SPX-90 electronic pitch transposer to alter his voice over the phone, he would take incoming calls from people who had misdialed the number and were under the assumption that they had dialed the right number.  He created a series of ridiculous exaggerated characters, all of which were voiced by him.

## References
## Other websites
* Homepage of the lost in transit movie
Rock shelter

]]
A **rock shelter** is a shallow cave-like opening at the bottom of a cliff. Rock shelters form because a rock stratum that does not erode has formed a cliff. But a weaker stratum, that erodes a lot is under the resistant stratum. As it erodes it creates an opening at the bottom of the cliff.
Laporte, Pennsylvania

**Laporte** is a borough in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 314 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Sullivan County.

## References
Charles Moore (athlete)

**Charles Hewes Moore Jr.** (August 12, 1929 &ndash; October 8, 2020) was an American track and field athlete. Moore won a gold medal and a silver medalist in the 400 metre hurdles in the 1952 Summer Olympics with a time of 50.8 seconds. In 1999, he was added into the United States National Track and Field Hall of Fame. Moore was born in Coatesville, Pennsylvania.

Moore died on October 8, 2020 in Laporte, Pennsylvania at the age of 91.

## References
Two Gentlemen Sharing

***Two Gentlemen Sharing*** is a 1969 British drama movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and was based on the novel of the same name by David Stuart Leslie. It stars Rob Phillips, Judy Geeson, Norman Rossington, Rachel Kempson, Hilary Dwyer, Ram John Holder, Philip Stone, David Markham.

## Other websites
*
Coatesville, Pennsylvania

**Coatesville** is a city in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 13,350 at the 2020 census. Coatesville is about 39 miles west of Philadelphia.

## References
George Rhoden

**George Vincent Rhoden** (13 December 1926 &ndash; 24 August 2024) was a Jamaican athlete. He was the winner of two Olympic gold medals in 1952. He was born in Kingston.

Rhoden died on 24 August 2024 in Kingston at the age of 97.

## References
Leslie Laing

**Leslie Alphonso "Les" Laing** (19 February 1925 &ndash; 7 February 2021) was a Jamaican athlete. He was a winner of gold medal in 4 × 400 m relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was born in Linstead, Jamaica. At the Helsinki Olympics, Laing was fifth in the 200 m. He ran the second leg in the Jamaican 4 × 400 m relay team, which won the gold medal with a new world record of 3:03.9.

Laing died on 7 February 2021 at the age of 95.

## References
John Webster (Royal Navy officer)

Vice Admiral **Sir John Morrison Webster** KCB (3 November 1932 &ndash; 5 October 2020) was a Royal Navy officer. He became the Flag Officer Plymouth and Port Admiral, Devonport in 1987. He left the position in 1990.

He was appointed Director of Naval Warfare at the Ministry of Defence in 1980, Flag Officer Sea Training in 1982 and Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief Fleet in 1984.

He died on 5 October 2020 at the age of 87.

## References
2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election

**Parliamentary elections** were held in Kyrgyzstan on 4 October 2020. 

The results showed that pro-government parties had won a supermajority of seats. The election was annulled by the Central Election Commission during the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests.

## References
Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)

The **Supreme Council** (, *Joğorku Keñeş*, جوعورقۇ كەڭەش; , *Verkhovnyy Sovet*) is the unicameral Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic. It  was known as the Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic until 1991.

The parliament has 120 seats with members elected for a five-year term by party-list proportional voting.

## Other websites
*Parliament website 
*Kyrgyzstan information page on the website of Asian Medical Institute Kyrgyzstan
Vasili Kulkov

**Vassily Sergeyevich Kulkov** (; 11 June 1966 &ndash; 10 October 2020) was a Russian footballer, and manager. He was born in Moscow.

He was a central defender and defensive midfielder. He was best known for his spells at Spartak Moscow and Benfica. He also played for the Russian national team from 1992 to 1995.

Kulkov died of brain cancer on 10 October 2020 in Moscow, aged 54.

## References
Megalopyge opercularis

The ***Megalopyge opercularis*** is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It has a lot of common names, like **asp caterpillar**, **puss caterpillar**, **woolly slug** and **puss moth**. 

This caterpillar is very dangerous because of its venomous spines. Touching its fur-like spines makes an immediate skin irritation. The pain is like bee, wasp or hornet stings. A lot of the reactions stay in the area that touched the caterpillar. However, the reactions are usually severe. The reaction causes burning, nausea, headache, , vomiting and blisters.

These caterpillars are seen from southeast Virginia to Florida and as far west as Missouri and Texas. They are also in Mexico and Central America.

People that are stung by a puss moth, asp caterpillar or puss caterpillar, should get first aid right away. The spines need to be removed using cellophane tape. Baking soda, ice packs or calamine lotion can be used on the sting.

## References
Mary Berry

**Dame Mary Rosa Alleyne Hunnings**  (; born 24 March 1935), known professionally as **Mary Berry**, is a British food writer, chef and television presenter. She was born in Bath, Somerset.

She has published more than 75 cookery books, including her best-selling *Baking Bible* in 2009. Her first book was *The Hamlyn All Colour Cookbook* in 1970. 

She hosted several television series for the BBC and Thames Television. Berry has appeared on ''Woman's Hour* and *Saturday Kitchen*. She was a judge on the BBC One (originally BBC Two) television programme *The Great British Bake Off'' from 2010 until 2016.

In 2020, Berry was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

## References
Paul Smith (fashion designer)

**Sir Paul Smith**  (born 5 July 1946) is a British fashion designer. He is known for his designs for men's clothing.

Smith was made a Royal Designer for Industry in 1991 and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2000 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

## References
Tommy Steele

**Sir Thomas Hicks**,  (born 17 December 1936), known professionally as **Tommy Steele**, is an English rock singer, guitarist and actor. He was born in London. He reached number one with "Singing the Blues" in 1957.

## References
Brendan Foster

**Sir Brendan Foster**  (born 12 January 1948) is a British former long-distance runner, athletics commentator and road race organiser.

He founded the Great North Run, one of the sport's most high profile half-marathon races. Foster was born in Hebburn, South Tyneside.

As an athlete, he won the bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics, and the gold medal in the 5,000 metres at the 1974 European Championships and the 10,000 metres at the 1978 Commonwealth Games. 

## References
Louie Gohmert

**Louis Buller Gohmert Jr.** (; born August 18, 1953) is an American attorney and former judge. He was a member of the U.S. Representative from Texas's 1st congressional district from 2005 to 2023. Gohmert is a member of the Republican Party and was part of the Tea Party movement.

In January 2015, he unsuccessfully ran against John Boehner for the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, he became known for his criticism of wearing surgical masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In July 2020, Gohmert tested positive for the disease.

In July 2020, Gohmert proposed to ban the Democratic Party over their past support for slavery during the Civil War era.

In November 2021, Gohmert announced his plans to run for Texas Attorney General in the 2022 election. He lost the Republican nomination in the first round of voting.

## References
Pete Aguilar

**Peter Rey Aguilar**  (born June 19, 1979) is a Mexican-American politician. He is the U.S. Representative from California's 31st congressional district. He is a member of the Democrat. He was Mayor of Redlands, California from 2010 to 2014.

Aguilar is a Chief Deputy Whip in the House Democratic Caucus and Whip of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. Aguilar was vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus. In 2022, he was elected Chair of the House Democratic Caucus, making him the highest-ranking Latino in Congress.

## References
Kadeeded

**Kadeeded** () is a comedy variety show that first aired on Saturday September 9, 2000 on Channel 7 HD by Kantana Group Public Company Limited incollaboration with Imagination Rim Company Limited. Produced this show Broadcast every Saturday from 1:15 PM. - 2:30 PM. The host is Phisit Kiratikarnkun (Whong)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Facebook site of Kadeeded
Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

**Charlotte** (Charlotte Adelgonde Élise/Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) was the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1919 until her abdication in 1964.

She became grand duchess on 14 January 1919 following the abdication of her sister, Marie-Adélaïde, due to political pressure.

She married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma on 6 November 1919. They had six children. Following the 1940 German invasion of Luxembourg during World War II, Charlotte went into exile: first in France, then Portugal, Great Britain, and North America. While in Britain, she made broadcasts to the people of Luxembourg. She returned to Luxembourg in April 1945.

She abdicated in 1964, and was replaced by her son Jean. 

## Other websites
* Charlotte's page on the official website of the Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg
Pekela

**Pekela** is a municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. In 2019, 12,214 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Christopher Poole

**Christopher Poole** (born ), known online as **moot**,  is an American Internet entrepreneur. Best known for creating the English-language imageboard 4chan in October 2003. He served as the site's head administrator for more than 11 years before stepping down in January 2015. In 2016, he began working for Google. As of 2018, he works in the company's Google Maps division, based in Tokyo. In 2021, he left Google.

## Career 
### 4chan 
In April 2009, Poole was voted the world's most influential person of 2008 by an open Internet poll conducted by *Time*.

On September 12, 2009, Poole gave a talk on why 4chan has a reputation as a "Meme Factory" at the *Paraflows Symposium* in Vienna, Austria, which was part of the Paraflows 09 festival, themed Urban Hacking. In this talk, Poole mainly attributed this to the anonymous system, and to the lack of data retention on the site ("The site has no memory"). His talk was published in the academic reader *Mind and Matter: Comparative Approaches towards Complexity* (edited by Günther Friesinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Thomas Ballhausen).

On February 10, 2010, Poole spoke at the TED2010 conference in Long Beach, California. He spoke about the increasing prevalence of persistent user identities and the sharing of personal information on sites such as Facebook and Twitter, and he also spoke about the value of anonymous posting on sites such as 4chan. Fred Leal of the Brazilian newspaper *O Estado de S. Paulo* said his inclusion in the conference "indicates that something extraordinary is happening... [4chan] challenges every Internet convention: it is, alone, the antithesis of Google, social networking sites, and blogs."

### Canvas 
In 2010, Poole was reported to have raised $625,000 to create a new online enterprise, Canvas. The website opened on January 31, 2011, and featured digitally modified images uploaded by users who are required to self-identify using Facebook Connect. The enterprise ran until January 2014 when Poole announced that Canvas, and its DrawQuest feature, would be going out of business.

### Post-4chan 
In January 2015, Poole announced that he would be stepping down as the 4chan administrator. On January 23, he hosted a final Q&A with site users using the /qa/ board and YouTube to livestream. This marked the beginning of his "retirement" from being an administrator and owner of the website after eleven and a half years. He began a process of turning control of the site over to three anonymous 4chan moderators while searching for a buyer for the website. On September 21, 2015, it was announced that Hiroyuki Nishimura, founder of the Japanese BBS 2channel, would take over as the site's owner.

## References
## Other websites
*
Leek, Netherlands

**Leek** is a former municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Westerkwartier.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Russell's teapot

'''Russell's teapot'* is an analogy by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) to show that the philosophic burden of proof belongs to a person making a claim that cannot be proven false, instead of other people *disproving'' these claims.  

Russell used his analogy for religion. He wrote that if he were to say without proof, that a teapot, too small to be seen by telescopes, orbits the Sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars, he could not expect anyone to believe him because his claim could not be proven wrong.

Russell's teapot is still used to talk about the existence of God.

## Notes
Lexicology

**Lexicology** is the science of words and their meanings.

The word "lexicology" is a combination of Greek λεξικόν *lexicon*, which means "of" or "for words", and Greek -λογία *-logia*, "the study of".
Franeker

**Franeker** () is a city in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It is the capital of the municipality of Waadhoeke. As of 1 January 2014, 12,781 people lived there.

## Other websites 
*
Burden of proof (philosophy)

The **burden of proof** (Latin: ***onus probandi***) is the job of a person who is involved in a debate to show proof for their claim. 

When people are in a discussion and one makes a claim that the other one does not agree with, the one who makes the claim has the burden *of proof*. It means he must show proof of that claim, especially when it is controversial. 

Carl Sagan said that: "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" – which is known as the Sagan standard.

Often these philosophical debates moved from what the claim was to debating who has the "burden of proof" or the best proof for their claim.

The burden of proof also exclaims when the accuser makes an accusation, they have the burden of proof to prove that what they said is true with evidence.

## Related pages 
* Russell's teapot

## References
2020 Kyrgyz protests

The **2020 Kyrgyzstan protests** began on 5 October 2020 in response to the 2020 parliamentary election that were perceived by protestors as unfair. The results of the election were annulled on 6 October 2020.

## Early protests
The protests began on Monday, 5 October 2020, with a crowd of 1,000 people,  that grew to at least 5,000 people by evening in Bishkek. After nightfall, following a police operation to clear the Ala-Too Square of protestors with tear gas and water cannons, protestors allegedly attacked police officers with rocks and injured two of them. 

## Political impacts
Former President Almazbek Atambayev was freed from prison.

On 6 October, following the protests, the electoral authorities in the country annulled the results of the parliamentary elections. Central Election Commission member Gulnara Jurabaeva also revealed the commission was considering self-dissolution.

Prime Minister Kubatbek Boronov resigned, citing parliamentary deputy Myktybek Abdyldayev as the new speaker, on 6 October.

On 15 October, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned.

## References
Boxtel

**Boxtel** is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2021, about 33,000 people live there.
Boekel

**Boekel** is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 10,588 people lived there.

## References
Abyssal fan

**Abyssal fans** are underwater geological formations formed by turbidity currents. It is also called **deep-sea fans**, **underwater deltas**, and **submarine fans**. They can be several kilometres long to several thousands of kilometres long. The largest abyssal fan is the Bengal Fan. The largest abyssal fan is the Bengal Fan, stretching about 3,000 km long and over 1,000 km wide, formed mainly by sediments from the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.

## References
Jay Kim

**Jay Chang Joon Kim** (; born March 27, 1939) is a Korean-American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California between 1993 to 1999. He was the first Korean American to be elected to the United States Congress. Kim was born in present-day Seoul.

## References
Revolver (disambiguation)

A **revolver** is a type of firearm.

**Revolver** may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Comics
* *Revolver* (comics), a 1990s British comic
* *Revolver* (DC Comics), a 2010 graphic novel published by DC Vertigo
* ''Robin Snyder's Revolver*, a 1980s Renegade Press comics anthology series by Robin Snyder, editor and long time Steve Ditko collaborator
* *Salgood Sam's RevolveЯ Quarterly*, a comic and website by Salgood Sam

### Movies
* *Revolver* (1973 movie), directed by Sergio Sollima
* *Revolver* (1992 movie), directed by Gary Nelson, starring Robert Urich
* *Revolver* (2005 movie), directed by Guy Ritchie

### Books
* *Revolver* (2010), a  psychological thriller novel by Marcus Sedgwick

### Music
#### Groups and labels
* Revolver (French band), a pop rock band from Paris
* Revolver (UK band), a London-based guitar group
* Revolver Music, record label

#### Albums
* *Revolver* (Beatles album), a 1966 album by the Beatles
* *Revolver* (Lewis Black album), a 2002 comedy album
* *Revolver* (T-Pain album), a 2011 album by T-Pain
* *Revolver* (The Haunted album), a 2004 album by the Haunted

#### Songs
* "Revolver" (song), a 2009 song by Madonna featuring Lil Wayne
* "Revolver", a song by Rage Against the Machine from *Evil Empire*
* "Revolver", a song by The Donnas from *Gold Medal*
* "Revolver", a song by The Kursaal Flyers
* "Revolver", a song by Warehouse Republic with a video starring Rachel Hurd-Wood

### Periodicals
* *Revolver* (magazine), a rock music publication

### Television
* *Revolver* (TV series), a 1978 UK music series presented by Peter Cook
* *Revolver'', a 2004 UK comedy sketch show featuring John Inman

## Other uses
* Revolver (Ferris wheel)
* Revolver,  the nickname of the Nord 2.231 to 2.305 series of suburban tank locomotives (later SNCF 2-222.TA class)
* Revolver Entertainment, a UK film distributor

## Related pages
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Revolve (disambiguation)
* Revolution (disambiguation)
* Velvet Revolver, a former hard rock band
Boxmeer

**Boxmeer** is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2021, about 29,600 people lived there. 

Boxmeer has been a part of Land van Cuijk since 2022.
X-Men: Apocalypse

***X-Men: Apocalypse*** is a 2016 superhero action thriller epic fantasy movie. It is based on the fictional Marvel Comics group named X-Men.

The movie is the ninth installment of the X-Men Cinematic Universe, is the sequel of *X-Men: Days of Future Past* and is the third movie of the X-Men prequel quadrilogy.

## Cast
*James McAvoy as Charles Xavier / Professor X
*Michael Fassbender as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto
*Jennifer Lawrence as Raven Darkholme / Mystique 
*Oscar Isaac as En Sabah Nur / Apocalypse
*Nicholas Hoult as Hank McCoy / Beast
*Rose Byrne as Moira MacTaggert
*Evan Peters as Peter Maximoff / Quicksilver
*Tye Sheridan as Scott Summers / Cyclops
*Sophie Turner as Jean Grey
*Olivia Munn as Psylocke
*Kodi-Smitt McPhee as Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler
*Lucas Till as Alex Summers / Havok
*Lana Candor as Jubilee
*Hugh Jackman as Logan Howlett / Wolverine (cameo)
Natural arch

in Arches National Park, Utah, United States]]
A **natural arch** is a natural rock formation where an arch has formed with an opening under the arch. It is also called a **natural bridge**, or (less commonly) **rock arch**. Natural arches commonly form where inland cliffs, coastal cliffs, fins or stacks are eroded by the sea, rivers or weathering.

Most natural arches are formed from narrow fins and sea stacks that is made up of sandstone or limestone.
Mortal Kombat 11

***Mortal Kombat 11*** is a fighting video game. It was developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the eleventh main game in the *Mortal Kombat* series.

## Characters 
### Default characters 
* Baraka
* Cassie Cage
* Cetrion
* D'Vorah
* Jacqui Briggs
* Jax
* Johnny Cage
* Geras
* Kano
* Kollector
* Kotal Kahn
* Liu Kang
* Noob Saibot
* Raiden
* Scorpion
* Sonya Blade
* Sub-Zero

### Downloadable characters 
* Fujin
* John Rambo
* Mileena
* Nightwolf
* Rain
* RoboCop
* Shang Tsung
* Shao Kahn
* Sheeva
* Sindel
* Spawn
* The Joker
* The Terminator

## Other websites
*Official website
Daredevil (movie)

***Daredevil*** is a 2003 American superhero movie directed and written by Mark Steven Johnson. It was based on the Marvel character Daredevil by Stan Lee. ''Daredevil's'' main actors are Ben Affleck, Jennifer Garner, Michael Clarke Duncan, and Collin Farrell.

A Game Boy Advance video game based on the movie was released in 2003.

## Cast 
*Ben Affleck as Matt Murdock / Daredevil
*Jennifer Garner as Elektra Natchios
*Michael Clarke Duncan as Wilson Fisk / Kingpin
*Collin Farrell as Bullseye
*Joe Pantoliano as Ben Ulrich
*Jon Favreau as Franklin "Foggy" Nelson
*David Keith as Jack "The Devil" Murdock

## Director's Cut 
In November 2004, Johnson released a director's cut which restored 30 minutes of footage including a subplot with Coolio as Dante Jackson.

## References
Richard Epcar

**Richard Michael Epcar** (born April 29, 1955) is an American voice actor. He is the voice of Raiden in *Mortal Kombat*, of The Joker in *Injustice* and of Ansem in *Kingdom Hearts*. He was also the voice of Brick Bully in Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers.

## Other websites
*
Injustice: Gods Among Us

***Injustice: Gods Among Us*** is a fighting video game. It was developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the first main game in the *Injustice* series based on characters from DC Comics.

## Characters 
### Default characters 
* Ares
* Aquaman
* Batman
* Black Adam
* Catwoman
* Cyborg
* Deathstroke
* Doomsday
* The Flash
* Green Arrow
* Green Lantern
* Harley Quinn
* Hawkgirl
* The Joker
* Killer Frost
* Lex Luthor
* Nightwing
* Raven
* Shazam
* Sinestro
* Solomon Grundy
* Superman
* Wonder Woman

### Downloadable characters 
* Batgirl
* General Zod
* Lobo
* Martian Manhunter
* Scorpion
* Zatanna

## Other websites
*Official website
Injustice 2

***Injustice 2*** is a fighting video game for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the second main game in the *Injustice* series based on characters from DC Comics.

## Characters 
### Default characters 
* Aquaman
* Atrocitus
* Bane
* Batman
* Black Adam
* Black Canary
* Brainiac
* Catwoman
* Cheetah
* Cyborg
* The Flash
* Gorilla Grodd
* Green Arrow
* Green Lantern
* Harley Quinn
* The Joker
* Poison Ivy
* Supergirl
* Superman
* Wonder Woman

### Downloadable characters 
* Black Manta
* Enchantress
* Darkseid
* Donatello
* Hellboy
* Leonardo
* Michelangelo
* Raphael
* Red Hood
* Starfire
* Sub-Zero

## Other websites
*Official website
Linked list

In computer science, a **linked list** is a data structure that is a linear collection of items whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each item links to the next item. The last item links to a terminator used to mark the end of the list.

## Types of linked lists
### Singly linked list
*A singly linked list whose items have two fields: a value and a link to the next item*

A singly linked list is a linked list that's used to store items in order. Each item is usually called a node. A node has two parts: the data it holds and a link to the next node. The first node is called the head. The last node points to nothing, indicating the end of the list. One can move through the list one step at a time, following the links from one node to the next.

### Doubly linked list
*A doubly linked list whose items have three fields: a value, the link forward to the next item, and the link backward to the previous item*

A doubly linked list  is a type of linked list. Each node in the list holds three things: a piece of data, a pointer to the next node, and a pointer to the previous node. The first node, called the head, has a previous pointer that is null. The last node, called the tail, has a next pointer that is null. This allows the list to be traversed in either direction.

### Circular linked list
*A circular linked list*

A circular linked list is a variation of a linked list where the last node's pointer does not point to a null value. Instead, it points back to the first node, called the head, forming a continuous loop. This structure has no natural beginning or end, allowing traversal to start from any node and continue through the entire list.

## Linked list algorithms
### Creating a singly linked list
```java
class Node {
    int data;
    Node next;
    
    Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.next = null;
    }
}

public class LinkedList {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create three nodes
        Node first = new Node(10);
        Node second = new Node(20);
        Node third = new Node(30);
        
        // Link the nodes together
        first.next = second;
        second.next = third;
        // The third node's next remains null, indicating the list end
    }
}
```

### Reversing a singly linked list
```java
Item reverseList(Item head) {
    Item prev = null;
    Item curr = head;
    while (curr != null) {
        Item following = curr.next;
        curr.next = prev;
        prev = curr;
        curr = following;
    }
    return prev;
}
```
Blade: Trinity

***Blade: Trinity*** is a 2004 American vampire superhero horror movie starring Wesley Snipes.

## Other websites 
*
Spawn (character)

**Spawn** is a fictional character, a comic book superhero/antihero published by Image Comics. He was created by Todd McFarlane. He appears as a playable guest character in both Soulcalibur II and Mortal Kombat 11.

## Portrayals
Spawn has appeared in movies, TV series and video games; he was played by Michael Jai White in a 1997 movie. On animated shows/movies/games he is portrayed by Keith David and Kevin Michael Richardson.
Scorpion (Mortal Kombat)

**Scorpion** is a fictional character in the *Mortal Kombat* games for video game consoles.

## Portrayals
He was portrayed in games by Ed Boon and Patrick Seitz.
Saint-Léger-sous-Brienne

**Saint-Léger-sous-Brienne** is a commune of the Aube *département* in the north-central part of France.
Windward slope

The **windward slope** is the side of a mountain, island or other land which the wind hits. The windward direction is the direction upwind from the point of reference.  That means windward is the direction from which the wind is coming.  If the wind is moving from north to south, then the windward slope is the north side of the hill or mountain.  

Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference.  The leeward side of a mountain is usually drier than the windward side.

## References
Bergen op Zoom

**Bergen op Zoom** is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 66,811 people lived there.
Eersel

**Eersel** is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. As of 2021, about 19,500 people are living there.

## References
Abyssal plain

An **abyssal plain** is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor. It is usually found 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) below the surface of the water. Abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. They are among the flattest and smoothest places on Earth.

Abyssal plains are believed to have lots of biodiversity. They are also play an important role in ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over hundreds or thousand years. Abyssal plains also have hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.

## References
Tree (data structure)

In computer science, a **tree** is a graph data structure composed of items called nodes. These nodes can point to other nodes, known as child nodes, or children. Usually, a tree is read from top to bottom. 

Every tree has a node known as a root node. The root node does not have a node that points to it, but it can point to other nodes. In other words, no node has the root as a child. 

The thing that makes trees different from a normal graph data structure is that trees may not have cycles. This means that between any two nodes, there can only exist one path between the nodes. If there was more than one path, the structure would just be a graph data structure.

A node is known as a leaf if it has no children. The bottom of a tree structure will usually be the place with the most leaves. The height of a node is the length of the longest path from a specific node to a leaf below that node. The height of the root is also known as the height of a tree. The height of the root would be determined by the length of the **longest** path from the root of a tree to a leaf of that tree.  The depth of a node is the length of the path from the tree's root to that node.

## Example
* The item labeled 2 in green text is the root.
* The item labeled 4 is a leaf and its depth is 3.
* The height of the tree is 3.

## List of tree data structures
* Binary tree
* Heap (data structure)
* Trie

## References
Fantastic Four (2015 movie)

***Fantastic Four*** is a 2015 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics comic *Fantastic Four*.  The movie was released in the United States on August 7, 2015.

It was very poorly received by both audiences and critics.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
New Democracy (Greece)

**New Democracy** (**ND**; , *Nea Dimokratia*) is a liberal-conservative political party in Greece. Konstantinos Karamanlis founded the party in 1974. It is a center-right party, with many liberal ideas. Its main rival is the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, commonly known as PASOK.