open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom

The **2009 European Parliament Election** was held in all 27 countries that are part of the European Union on 4 June 2009. In the United Kingdom, 72 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected using proportional representation.

Notable results include the UK Independence Party coming second in a national election for the first time in its history and the far-right British National Party gained its first ever representation in an elected parliament.

Final results across England, Scotland and Wales are shown below:

* Conservative Party (25 MEPs, 27.7% of vote)
* UK Independence Party (13 MEPs, 16.5% of vote)
* Labour Party (13 MEPs, 15.7% of vote)
* Liberal Democrats (11 MEPs, 13.7% of vote)
* Green Party of England and Wales (2 MEPs, 8.6% of vote)
* British National Party (2 MEPs, 6.2% of vote)
* Scottish National Party (2 MEPs, 29.1% of vote in Scotland)
* Plaid Cymru (1 MEP, 18.5% of vote in Wales)

In Northern Ireland, 3 MEPs were elected from Sinn Fein, the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist Party.

The next European Parliament Election will be held in 2014.
Iván Castro

Captain **Iván Castro** (born 1967) is a U.S. Army officer who did not leave the Special Forces after becoming blind. He is one of three blind officers who currently serve in the U.S. Army and the only blind officer in the United States Army Special Forces. Castro believes in helping wounded fighters return to a normal life, and has talked to Congress about this. He takes part in marathons and other races.

## Early years
Castro was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were from Puerto Rico. After finishing military training, Castro went to university in Puerto Rico. While he was a student he went to many sports running competitions. After four years of university, Castro joined the US Army. He later trained to become an officer. He was blinded during combat in Iraq; while serving in 2006.

## Marathons 
Castro is still active as a sportsman even after recovering from debilitating injuries during his army service. He previously trained with Major Phil Young, who was his leader in the United States Army Special Forces. The audiences often  Castro for his . He now trains with Lieutenant Colonel Fred Dummar, who is his Battalion Commander. Together Castro and Dummar have completed several marathons.

## Awards 
Castro has earned many awards. Some of them are as follows:
;Medals and Awards:
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Purple Heart
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Meritorious Service Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Joint Services Commendation Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Army Commendation Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Army Achievement Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Army Good Conduct Ribbon
* &nbsp;&nbsp;National Defense Service Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Southwest Asia Service Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Kosovo Campaign Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Afghanistan Campaign Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Army Overseas Service Ribbon
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Army Service Ribbon
* &nbsp;&nbsp;NATO Medal
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabian)
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

* &nbsp;&nbsp;Presidential Unit Citation
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Joint Meritorious Unit Award
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Meritorious Unit Citation
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Valorous Unit Citation

;Badges:
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Combat Infantryman Badge with Star
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Expert Infantryman Badge
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Master parachutist badge
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Pathfinder Badge
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Air Assault Badge
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Military Freefall Parachutist Badge
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Drill Sergeant Identification Badge
;Foreign badges:
* &nbsp;&nbsp;German Parachutist Badge
* Dutch Parachutist Badge
* Columbian Jumpmaster Badge
;Tabs:
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Special Forces Tab
* &nbsp;&nbsp;Ranger tab
*  Army Special Forces

## References
Year of the Five Emperors

The **Year of the Five Emperors** refers to the year 193 AD, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor. The five were **Pertinax**, **Didius Julianus**, **Pescennius Niger**, **Clodius Albinus** and **Severus**.

## Pertinax 
The year 193 opened with the murder of Commodus on New Year's Eve, 31 December 192. The City Prefect Pertinax was proclaimed Emperor on New Year's Day, 1 January 193. 

Pertinax tried to restore discipline in the Praetorian Guard, and did not pay them what they had expected. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard on 28 March 193. They then auctioned off the post of Emperor.

## Didius 
Later that same day, Didius Julianus outmaneuvered Titus Flavius Sulpicianus (Pertinax's father-in-law and also the new City Prefect) for the title of Emperor. Flavius Sulpicianus offered to pay each soldier 20,000 sestertii to buy their loyalty (eight times their annual salary; also the same amount offered by Marcus Aurelius to secure their favours in 161). Didius Julianus however offered 25,000 to each soldier to win the auction and was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate on 28 March.

## Severus 
(). However, three other prominent Romans challenged for the throne: Pescennius Niger in Syria, Clodius Albinus in Britain, and Severus in Pannonia. 

Severus marched on Rome to oust Didius Julianus and had him decapitated on 1 June 193, then dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax. 

Consolidating his power, Severus battled Pescennius Niger at Cyzicus and Nicea in 193 and then defeated him at Issus in 194. 

Clodius Albinus initially supported Septimius Severus believing that he would succeed him. When he realised that Severus had other intentions, Albinus had himself declared Emperor in 195 but was defeated by Severus at the Battle of Lugdunum on 19 February 197.

## References
## Notes
A Journey

was the book's author.]]

***A Journey*** is a book written by former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. It is about Tony Blair's time as leader of the Labour Party (1994-2007) and Prime Minister (1997-2007).

The book was published on September 1, 2010. All money made by the book was donated to the Royal British Legion, which is a charity that financially and socially helps people who have served or are serving in the British Armed Forces. The book is 624 pages long and has received mixed reviews from critics.
Danny Alexander

'''Sir Daniel Grian 'Danny' Alexander''' (born 15 May 1972) is a British politician who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government from 2010 - 2015. He was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey but lost his seat in the 2015 general election.

Danny Alexander was born in Edinburgh and first became an MP at the 2005 general election. Between 2005 and 2010, Danny Alexander was the Liberal Democrats Shadow Secretary for Work and Pensions. When the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010, Alexander was appointed as the Secretary of State for Scotland. He was made the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 29 May 2010, due to the resignation of David Laws. He was knighted in the 2015 Dissolution Honours.

## References
## Other websites
*Danny Alexander's official website
Mercedes-Benz E-Class

The **Mercedes-Benz E-Class** is a series of mid-size luxury cars manufactured by the German car maker Mercedes-Benz. The E-Class has been in production since 1953 and is one of the most important models in the Mercedes-Benz lineup.

## Versions
* W124 (1993)
* W210 (1995)
* W211 (2002)
* W212/C207 (2009)
* W213/C238 (2016)
* W214/C236 (2023)

## Other websites
*
Feira de Santana

**Feira de Santana** is a city in the state of Bahia, northeastern of Brazil. Between the Jacuípe and Pojuca Rivers, the city is a distribution center connecting the state capital, Salvador, with other cities and is a passage for the highway.

## References
## Other websites
*Government site
Septimius Severus

**Septimius Severus** (Lucius Septimius Severus, 11 April 145 AD – 4 February 211) was Roman Emperor from 193 AD to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa. Severus was born an African, and some portraits show him as such. In 187 he married Julia Domna, from Syria.

As a young man, Severus advanced under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus seized power after the death of Emperor Pertinax in 193 during the so-called Year of the Five Emperors. After deposing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus in a bloodless coup, Severus fought his rival claimants, the generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus, and Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum.

After solidifying his rule, Severus waged a brief war against the Parthian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 197. In 202 he campaigned  in Africa against the Garamantes, briefly taking their capital Garama and expanding the southern frontier of the empire radically.

Late in his reign he fought the Picts in Caledonia and strengthened Hadrian's Wall in Britain. Severus died in 211 at Eboracum, succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta. With the succession of his sons, Severus founded the Severan dynasty, the last dynasty of the empire before the Crisis of the Third Century.

## Assessment 
By the close of his reign the Roman Empire reached an extent  of over  million square kilometres, which some scholars state expanded the empire to its greatest physical extent.

According to Gibbon, "his daring ambition was never diverted from its steady course by the allurements of pleasure, the apprehension of danger, or the feelings of humanity".

He secured Africa, the agricultural base of the Empire where he was born. His victory over the Parthian Empire was for a time decisive. His policy of an expanded and better-rewarded army was criticised by his contemporaries Cassius Dio and Herodianus. The large increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors.

## References 
)]]
Vitória da Conquista

**Vitória da Conquista** is a city at the south-central of Bahia, state of Brazil northeast. The city is at 3.040 feet above sea level and is in the semi-arid region, with low rainfall and periodic droughts.

## References
Pagani

**Pagani Automobili S.p.A.** is an Italian car manufacturer. It was founded in 1992 by Horacio Pagani.

## History 
Horacio Pagani used to work with Lamborghini on cars like the Lamborghini Diablo. In the late 1980s, he started to design his own cars. In 1992, he started to work on a concept-car for his very own car.

In 1994, he made a deal with Mercedes-Benz. That gave him a V12 engine for his car. In 1999, he showed his first production car, the Zonda, at the Geneva Motor Show.

## Products 
### Pagani Zonda 
The Zonda was the first production car made by Pagani. It has a V12 engine by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz produced in the very first version, called the Zonda C12, 290 kW.

After several new versions, the very last Zonda, the Zonda Revolución, was released in 2013. It is a very light version with a 597&nbsp;kW V12 engine.

### Pagani Huayra 
The Huayra is the second production model by Pagani. It also has a V12 engine by Mercedes-Benz. It also has a Turbocharger. The engine makes 539&nbsp;kW. Its top speed is about 372&nbsp;km/h (231&nbsp;mph). The official debut of the Huayra was at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. 
## Other websites 
*
Baía de Todos os Santos

**Baía de Todos os Santos** (''All Saints's Bay'') is a bay in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It is the biggest bay of Brazil. It is  long and  wide. The bay was first seen on November 1, 1501, by the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci. It received its name because November 1 is All Saints' Day. The bay is visited by tourists from all over the world.

## References
Iain Gray

**Iain Gray** (born 7 June 1957) is a Scottish politician and leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 13 September 2008 to 17 December 2011. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament for East Lothian from 2007 to 2021. Before going into politics he had been a maths and physics teacher in Edinburgh and Mozambique. He was first elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, but he lost to David McLetchie in 2003. He went back to Holyrood in 2007 as a member of the Scottish Parliament again.  When Wendy Alexander quit her job as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2008, Gray stood at the next leadership election and was elected with a 57.8% total vote.

At first, Gray had some good electoral victories for Scottish Labour, including declining the Scottish National Party trials at the Glenrothes in 2008, and also seeing the Scottish Labour keep their 41 seats in the House of Commons in the 2010 general election.

## References
8 track tape

The **8-track** is a music format which first appeared in the 1960s. It is a tape format which was created so people could play music in their cars. Unlike cassettes, 8 tracks are a continuous loop of tape. They did not need to be turned over to keep playing. There were four programs of music on each tape with two tracks on each program to create stereo sound. When the track was over, a very thin piece of metal in the tape would be sensed. This would cause the part of the player that read the tape (the *head*) to start reading the next track. 8 tracks became very popular in the early 1970s. They were used both in the home and car.

In the 1970s, the cassette tape was improved. It eventually had better quality than 8-tracks. By the late 1970s, cassettes became more popular than 8-tracks. In 1980, 8-tracks were rarely being made. They could still be bought through mail order record clubs until 1987. Today there are still a small number of people who collect 8 tracks. The last 8-tracks from a major label were released in 1988. Some unauthorized (bootleg) releases were made as late as 1995. Some independent labels still occasionally release 8-tracks as a novelty or collectible.

## Problems
The 8-track had many problems. Unlike cassettes, the rubber roller was in the cartridge. It would often wear out, or chemically break down. This could cause a gooey substance in the tapes. This happened faster if the cartridge was left in a hot car. This also caused the tapes to wear out quickly. The spacing between the tracks were very narrow. Music from tracks other than the one being played could often be heard. The sensing foil in the tape would sometimes break off. This would stop the tape from changing tracks.
Computer freezing

Many modern computers have operating systems that permit several applications or programs to run at the same time. Each running program uses one or more so-called *processes*, that's why this situation is generally known as multiprocessing. At times it can happen, that a process stops responding to user input; the user sees when the computer stops responding to inputs, or it becomes very slow. Different causes can cause this scenario: The  most frequent are deadlock, race conditions or the system simply having too much to do. In many cases, the only solution is to terminate the processes, which cause so much load. Many GUI-based operating systems have programs that allow the user to tell the operating system to terminate a process. There may also be command-line programs that do this. When the operating system terminates a process, all unsaved data of the process will be lost.

In the case where the operating system detects such a situation, it may show a BSoD.
James and Oliver Phelps

**James Andrew Eric "Jaime" Phelps** and **Oliver Martyn John Phelps** (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin English actors, best known for playing Fred and George Weasley in the *Harry Potter* film series, which are based on the books.

James and Oliver have been a bit split up since Harry Potter ended, James working in a few more projects than Oliver, but both of them still working. James worked in “Ward 3,” “Danny and the Human Zoo,” “Patchwork,” and a TV series, “Silent Witness.” Oliver worked in “Ears,” and “Danny and the Human Zoo” along with James.

Both twins run a podcast and still talk about Harry Potter alongside some other topics.
Amphetamine

**Amphetamine** is a  drug. It is a stimulant type of drug, which means it can help people keep focused and stay awake. Chemically, it is similar to methamphetamine. These drugs increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can create euphoria. 

The name *amphetamine* is derived from its chemical name: **a**lpha-**m**ethyl**ph**en**et**hyl**amine**

It is a prescription drug commonly made to treat ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children. It is used to treat symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), daytime drowsiness, symptoms of narcolepsy, and has other uses too.

It was made for women to reduce appetite they felt and control their weight easily, before it became more tested. Now, amphetamine is not usually made for weight disorders because it is more addictive than other drugs. 

## Recreational Use
Sometimes, the drug is used for fun at parties, raves, or to boost performance. They can also enhance cognitive tasks.

Many different street names are used for amphetamines in many different countries. Names include: Billy, Quod est quod, Based, Paste, Jeez, Whizz, Willy (UK) and ChinaWhite crystals. In the US, amphetamine can be called Bennies, Black Beauties, Crank, Ice, Speed, and Uppers if who has them calls them that. 

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports the regular retail price of amphetamine in Europe varied between €3 and €15 Euros ($4 to $21.55 USD) per gram. This was from half the reporting countries.

## Other websites 
* Amphetamine -Citizendium

## References
Head Rush (TV show)

***Head Rush*** is a science show that shows many facts about science.

## Cast
* Kari Bryon, the director
* Dr. Michio Kaku, the narrator/director of Sci Fi Science
* Adam Savage, a narrator of MythBusters
* Jamie Hyneman, the other narrator of MythBusters
* Buster, a crash test dummy of MythBusters who does not speak

## Other websites
* Head Rush : Science Channel
* Mythbusters: Official Site
* Dr. Michio Kaku
Sinosauropteryx

***Sinosauropteryx***
is a genus of non-avialan dinosaur (*not* a bird).

It is the first one found with the fossilized impressions of furry down or filamentous feathers. Overall, the filaments resemble the down-like feathers of some modern flightless birds.

*Sinosauropteryx* lived in China during the early Cretaceous period and was a close relative of *Compsognathus*. It has been dated to 124.6–122 million years ago.

The fossils were from the famous Jehol biota of Sihetun, Liaoning Province, China, and represent an ancient lake bed.

Most paleontologists do not consider *Sinosauropteryx* to be a bird, because phylogenetically, it lies far from the *clade* Aves, usually defined as *Archaeopteryx* plus modern birds.

*Sinosauropteryx prima* is among the smallest known non-avian theropods, with the type specimen (a nearly mature individual) measuring only  in length, including a very long tail.

## Colour 
Paleontologist Nick Longrich suggested that these specimens preserve remnants of the original colour pattern the animal would have had in life. He argued that the dark, banded stains on the tail were too evenly spaced to have been caused by random separation of the fossil slabs, and that they represent fossilized pigments present in the feathers.

The presence of dark feathers along only the top of the body may also reflect the colour pattern in life, indicating that *Sinosauropteryx prima* was countershaded with dark colour on its back and lighter colour on its underside, with bands or stripes on the tail for camouflage. The main colour turned out later to be ginger.

## References
Unenlagia

***Unenlagia*** was a theropod from the mid-Cretaceous, living about 90 million years ago. The first birds appeared 150 million years ago, evolving from dinosaurs long before *Unenlagia* lived. Therefore, it is not an ancestor of modern-day birds, but was an evolutionary dead-end. The most bird-like dinosaur ever discovered is the 90-million-year-old *Unenlagia comahuensis*, a flightless, 4-foot tall, 7.5-foot-long carnivore.
Brad Keselowski

**Bradley Aaron "Brad" Keselowski** (born February 12, 1984) is an American racecar driver. He drives the No. 2 Ford Mustang for Team Penske in the NASCAR Cup Series, and drives the No. 22 Mustang for Team Penske in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. He used to be a driver for JR Motorsports, a team owned by Dale Earnhardt, Jr. from 2007 to 2009 in the Nationwide series. He also used to drive for Phoenix Racing and Hendrick Motorsports in the Sprint Cup Series. Keselowski is the 2010 NASCAR Nationwide series champion, and the 2012 Sprint Cup series champion.

## NASCAR career 
Keselowski started racing in NASCAR in 2004 in the Craftsman Truck Series. He drove a few races the #29 for K Automotive Racing team. His first race was at Martinsville Speedway. He started 26th and finished the race in 33rd. His best finish of his first year was at the Mansfield Motorsports Speedway where he finished 16th.

In 2005, Keselowski raced the full season in the Craftsman Truck Series. He finished the season 21st in points. Keselowski raced the first two races of the 2006 season, but his race team could not afford to keep racing.

In 2007, Keselowski started racing in the Busch series. After driving for a few teams, Dale Earnhardt, Jr. called Keselowski asking him to drive his #88 United States Navy Chevrolet for JR Motorsports for the rest of the year.

Keselowski raced with JR Motorsports in 2008, and got his first win came June 7, 2008 at Nashville Superspeedway. He finished the season third in the points. Keselowski made his first start in the Sprint Cup Series.He finished the race in the 19th position. He also raced the final race of the season at Homestead Miami Speedway, finishing 23rd.

Keselowski drove the #88 for JR Motorsports again in 2009. He also raced a few races in the Sprint Cup Series. Keselowki got his first Sprint Cup Series win driving the #09 for Phoenix Racing at Talledega Superspeedway.

Keselowski left JR Motorsports and Phoenix Racing after the 2009 season to drive the full season for the #12 Dodge in the Sprint Cup Series and the #29 Dodge in the Nationwide series for Penske Racing in 2010.

In 2011, Brad drove the #2 Miller Lite Dodge after teammate Kurt Busch and team owner Roger Penske agreed to move Busch to the number #22 car. Keselowski won three races in 2011, and finished the season 5th in points.

In 2012 Keselowski drove his Miller Lite Dodge to 5 wins, as well as racing in a short schedule in the Nationwide series. At the end of the year, Brad was able to beat Jimmie Johnson and Clint Bowyer to win his first Sprint Cup Championship. This championship was also the first Sprint Cup championship for the owner of Keselowski's car, Roger Penske.

## References
Subversion

**Subversion** is a systematic attempt to overthrow or undermine a government or political system by people working from within. Subversion generally works against structures of power, authority, exploitation, servitude, and hierarchy. A **subversive** is something or someone that works against an organization or system.

Subversive activity is the lending of aid, comfort, and support to individuals, groups, or organizations that work for the *overthrow of a system*. Actions against the best interests of the government, and which are not treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage may be put in the category of subversive activity. 

There is no agreed definition of subversion. Charles Townshend described subversion as a term "so elastic as to be virtually devoid of meaning, and its use does little more than convey the enlarged sense of the vulnerability of modern systems to all kinds of covert assaults." 

## Laws
### China
Subversion is a crime in China. The government of the People's Republic of China prosecutes subversives under Articles 102 through 112 of the state criminal law. These laws describe behavior that can be a threat to national security. China has prosecuted many dissidents using these laws. Articles 105 and 111 are used the most often to silence political dissent. Article 111 prohibits stealing, secretly collecting, purchasing, or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization, institution, or personnel outside the country.

### United Kingdom
There is no crime defined as "subversion" in British Constitutional law. There is a crime of treason. Legal experts have tried define subversion, but political and legal thinkers could not reach a general agreement.

## References
## Other websites
*"Address before the National Association of Manufacturers" on the Soviet military and political threat  by Allen Welsh Dulles (1959) - *lower-middle portion of web page*
Severan dynasty

|The *Severan Tondo*, showing Septimius Severus and his sons

The **Severan dynasty** was a Berbers imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the Roman general Septimius Severus, who rose to power during the civil war of 193, known as the Year of the Five Emperors.

Although Septimius Severus successfully restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by unstable family relationships, and constant political turmoil. It foreshadowed the coming Crisis of the Third Century. It was the last lineage of the Principate founded by Augustus.

## Sequence 
Dates represent status of *Augustus*.
***Septimius Severus** (193–211)
***Caracalla** (198–217): eldest son. Cruel and treacherous; murdered his brother. It is said that 20,000 people were killed or proscribed (declared 'enemies of the state') by him.
***Geta** (209–211) younger son; junior co-emperor on his father's death. He was murdered by Caracalla.
***Macrinus** (217–218): Not a relative; he was the Praetorian Prefect who assassinated Caracalla.
***Elagabalus** (Varius Avitus Bassianus, 218–222): a relative, and a teenager (b. ~203/205), rumoured to be transgender and bisexual. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard.
***Alexander Severus** (222–235): cousin of Elagabalus; also a teenager. The best of the later Severids, ruled well with the help of his able mother. Mismanaged a war against Germans invading Gaul, and was overthrown by the soldiers.

The end of the Severids marked the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.

## References
John Elliot (railway manager)

**Sir John Elliot** (6 May 1898 – 18 September 1988) was a British transport and railway manager. Born **John Elliot Blumenfeld**, he was the son of the  *Daily Mail* news editor R. D. Blumenfeld (who later became managing editor of the *Daily Express*.) He changed his name to **John Elliot** in March 1923.

## References
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi

**Sayeeda Hussain Warsi, Baroness Warsi** (surname pronounced *VAR-SEY*; born 28 March 1971 in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, England) is a British politician and lawyer. She was born to Pakistani immigrants and is a member of the House of Lords. She has been the Chairman of the Conservative Party and Minister Without Portfolio in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. She was the first Muslim woman to be a member of the British cabinet. She lives in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.

## Personal life
In 1990 Warsi married her cousin Naeem in an arranged marriage. She and her first husband divorced in December 2007. On 20 August 2009, she married Iftikhar Azam.

## References
Ulster Unionist Party

The **Ulster Unionist Party** or **UUP** for short is a centre-right political party in Northern Ireland. It wants Northern Ireland to stay in the United Kingdom and is also moderately against the European Union. It has 10 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 of 3 Northern Ireland seats in the European Parliament but has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Robin Swann.

During the 2010 general election and the 2009 European Parliament Election, the party allied itself to the UK Conservative Party and called itself *Ulster Conservatives and Unionists - New Force*.
Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible

***Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible*** is a science show hosted by Michio Kaku. As Kaku explains the principles of science, he suggests methods and shows various diagrams of the concept.

He starts by explaining a science topic, and shows diagrams to demonstrate the principles. He also interviews scientists who are studying that topic.

## Sci-fi
The Sci-Fi in the show are such things as alien invasion and another Earth.

## References
Michio Kaku

Dr. **Michio Kaku** (Japanese: ミチオ カク, 加来 道雄) (born 24 January 1947) is a Japanese-American futurist, theoretical physicist and a performer on the Science Channel, particularly for Sci-Fi Science.  He is known as a "sci-fi fan" on the SC.

## Early life and Education
Kaku was born on January 24, 1947 in San Jose, California to Japanese parents. As a child, he took judo lessons. When he grew older, he graduated from college with a summa cum laude degree.

## Works
Kaku is famous for his major field, theoretical physics. Sci-fi is another field Michio studied. Some episodes of Sci-Fi Science, for instance, ponder alien invasion of the planet, or a new solar system. The string theory is another topic that Kaku studied.  

He has also studied the future. Futurists like Kaku often use PPPW to evaluate the future.  The "three Ps and one W" represent, to futurists, "plausible", "possible", and "preferable".  The "W" stands for "wildcard"(random) events. 

A science populariser, or a populariser of science, is one who captures the scientific method and accuracy to preserve the language in the name of science.  Michio Kaku wrote several books including Physics of the Impossible and Hyperspace, Beyond Einstein, and Parallel Worlds.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Site.
* Kaku on Discovery.
London Underground 1972 Stock

The London Underground **1972 stock** is a fleet of trains used on the London Underground. The 1972 Stock was ordered to make up the shortfall in trains on the Northern line's 1959 Tube Stock fleet. It is, however, currently used on the Bakerloo line.

## Gallery

File:Oxford Circus Bakerloo Line northbound.jpg|1972 stock at Oxford Circus
File:1972mk1.jpg|inside an original 1972 mk 1 stock
File:LU1972ts-interior.jpg|inside a refurbished 1972 mk 2 stock
File:1972 Stock at Kilburn High Road 5.jpg|1972 Stock at Kilburn High Road

## Other websites
* Transport for London - Rolling Stock - 1972 
* Tubeprune - 1972 Tube Stock
Escalator

station, Denmark, 2007.|thumb|280px]]

An **escalator** is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Martin McGuinness

**James Martin Pacelli McGuinness** (23 May 1950 &ndash; 21 March 2017)  was a Northern Irish politician who was the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland until his resignation on 9 January 2017. He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland. He was a member of Sinn Fein, which is a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join with the Republic of Ireland and leave the United Kingdom. He was the Member of Parliament and Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the constituency of Mid Ulster.

Martin McGuiness joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1970 and was put in prison for six months in 1973. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Mid-Ulster at the 1997 General Election but never took his seat in the House of Commons. This is because Sinn Fein members do not want to swear any oath to the Queen. 

McGuiness was one of Sinn Fein's top debaters at the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and was elected as a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 for the constituency of Mid Ulster. He was the Minister of Education in the Northern Ireland executive from 1999 to 2002. On 8 May 2007, following the St. Andrew's Agreement Martin McGuiness was made the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party was the First Minister until June 5, 2008 when he was replaced by Peter Robinson.

In January 2017, it was revealed that McGuinness was suffering from amyloidosis, a rare genetic disease that affects the vital organs. He died in a hospital in Londonderry  on 21 March 2017 from the disease, aged 66.

## References
Ecumenism

, Germany. It shows Christianity as a boat at sea with the cross serving as the mast.]]
**Ecumenism** (or **Oecumenism**) is the idea that the different Christian denominations should work together more than they currently do and, if disagreements can be fully resolved, unify. This idea is different from religious toleration and interfaith dialogue, which refers to Christianity's relations with other religions. Over the years, Christianity has been split into many different movements. These separations are based on doctrine, on history, and what people do in everyday life. 

The term **ecumenical** comes from the Latin *oecumenicus*, a phrase referring to "the whole world", meaning literally "inhabited" (lived in). In Christianity, the qualification ecumenical is originally (and still) used in terms such as Ecumenical council and Ecumenical Patriarch. The meaning pertains to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Eastern Orthodox Church). It is not restricted to one of its local churches or dioceses.

The ecumenical symbol is a boat on water with a Christian cross as the mast; this is based on the gospel story of Jesus calming the storm on the Sea of Galilee. It has become the official logo of the World Council of Churches and many other ecumenical organizations.

## History 
## Ecumenism Organisations 
## Related pages 
* Gamaliel's principle
* Inclusivism
* Invisible church
* Irenicism
* One true church
* One true faith
* Postdenominationalism
* Religious pluralism
* Rimé movement
* Sectarianism

## References
2010 California Proposition 19

California's **Proposition 19**, (often shortened to *Prop 19*), also known as the *Regulate, Control & Tax Cannabis Act*, was a ballot initiative on the November 2, 2010 California statewide ballot. The proposition would have decriminalized/legalized various marijuana-related activities, allow local governments to regulate these activities, collect marijuana-related fees and taxes, and authorized various criminal and civil penalties. It did not pass with 54% of California voters voting 'No', and 46% voting 'Yes'. 

## Results 
## Related pages
* Adult Use of Marijuana Act (2016)

## Other websites 
* The Full Text of the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act of 2010
* State of California Legislative Analysts Analysis of the Initiative
* Ballotpedia page on California Proposition 19
* YES on Proposition 19 - the sponsors of the proposal
* Marijuana Policy Project, California branch  - a lobbying group in support
* Public Safety First  - a lobbying group in opposition
Bugzilla

**Bugzilla** is an internet software for recording bug reports. It is coded in CGI and is used by many programmers. It is free for everyone to use without having to pay any money.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Bugzilla on Wikimedia
Latin honours

**Latin honours** are Latin phrases that are used to show how advanced the level at which someone earned an academic degree. The common ranks are:  (meaning "with honor"),  ("with great honor"), or  ("with highest honor"). This system is mostly used in Canada, the United States, and in many European countries. Some universities in other countries also use the English translation of these phrases rather than the Latin ones.

Another example is , which means "with outstanding honor" in English. The  rank was created to recognize students who earned the same grade point average as the  honor, but who did so while in a more rigorous honors curriculum (used by the College of St. Benedict and St. John's University).

## Other websites
**Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, concerning Latin honors §15, in German*
Crisis of the Third Century

The **Crisis of the Third Century** (235–284 AD) was a period in which the Roman Empire almost ended because of invasions, civil war, plague, and economic collapse. The crisis is sometimes called the "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis". 

The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops in 235 AD. That started a 50-year period in which 20 to 25 rivals struggled for the throne. Most were important generals of the Roman army who took control over all or part of the empire. 

By 258–260, the empire had split into three competing states. The Gallic Empire included the western Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and Hispania. The Palmyrene Empire had the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus. Both became independent of the Roman Empire proper, which stood between them in Italy. The crisis ended with the ascension of Diocletian in 284.

The crisis resulted in many changes to the empire's institutions, society, economy, and eventually religion. It was a  period between classical antiquity and late antiquity.

## References
How It's Made

'''''How It's Made''''' () is a half-hour documentary-style science show. It shows 3-4 everyday items being made. It is shown on the Discovery Channel.

## Other websites 
*Official site
Central London

with Alexander ALX400 bus crossing the Thames bridge, Westminster Bridge, with the Palace of Westminster in the background. Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock near the north end of the palace.]]
 of Central London.]]

**Central London** is the innermost part of London, England.

The Inner London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963, and the definition is used for purposes such as the local government finance system. They correspond to the former area of the County of London. These Inner London boroughs are:
* Camden
* Greenwich
* Hackney
* Hammersmith and Fulham
* Islington
* Kensington and Chelsea
* Lambeth
* Lewisham
* Southwark
* Tower Hamlets
* Wandsworth
* Westminster

The City of London was not part of the County of London and is not a London Borough but can be included. North Woolwich is an anomaly as it was part of the County of London but was transferred to Newham, an Outer London borough, in 1965.

## References
FreeRice

***FreeRice*** is a non-profit organization that donates rice to the hungry people around the world. Players choose an answer from a multiple-choice question. As the player gets more right answers, they advance in level. The highest level depends on the subject.

## Donation
In 2008, FreeRice became economically sufficient to donate 20 grains of rice per answer instead of 10. Unfortunately, the economic landslide of 2009 reduced the grains per answer back down to 10.

## Other websites
*Official Site
Haptic technology

**Haptic technology** or **haptics** is a  feedback technology. It makes vibrations and movements which can make people think that there is a real object when there is not. They are used to look into the sense of touch. Some video games use this to make it seem more real.

## Origin of haptic 
The word Haptic comes from the Greek Haphe, meaning "pertaining to the sense of touch", and comes from the Greek word haptesthai meaning "to contact” or “to touch”.

## Definition of haptic 
Existing computer technology to the human and computer information exchange has been used mainly audio-visual information. However, the user through the virtual reality want to be more specific and realistic information, and is designed to feel the passing touch and force haptic technology.

## Field of haptic 
Haptis are divided into the 'force feedback' and 'tactile feedback'

## Force feedback 
'Force feedback' is the technology that user to feel the power and movements.
For example, the park that are dynamic in the movie in the film as a moving screen, move the chair forward speed and sense of the conflict that their audience will feel like scenes. This is an example haeptikseuui using force feedback.

## Tactile feedback 
'Tactile feedback' place in the field of medicine that is used a lot. On a computer screen and watch the virtual 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the patient directly to the affected part of the 3-D video in real-time sisulhal a notice on your computer screen. And the compressed air and electrical machinery, such as moving suyonggi using a small pin and, in fact, feels like touching the skin and is passed to implement the reality of the situation is almost similar to the environment.

## Future of haptic 
In the future, the output of the computer device used to monitor, speakers, as well as standard haptic devices is expected to go. In addition, the leisure industry, with the 21st century haptic technology has many economical potential, haptic technology for the study will be very active.
Peter Robinson

**Peter David Robinson** (born 29 December, 1948 in Belfast) is a politician of Northern Ireland, who was the First Minister of Northern Ireland and leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).  

## Career 
He was elected the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Belfast East during the 1979 General Election and was elected to the Northern Ireland assembly in 1998. He was the Minister for Regional Development from November 1999 to July 2000 and again from October 2001 to October 2002. Robinson was Minister of Finance and Personnel from May 2007 to June 2008. 

On 31 May 2008 the leader of the DUP Ian Paisley resigned and Peter Robinson was chose to replace him as First Minister and DUP leader. In January 2010, it was revealed that Peter Robinson's wife Iris Robinson, who was also an MP, had had an affair and attempted suicide in 2008 whilst she was a member of the British and Northern Irish parliaments. This scandal may have caused Peter Robinson to lose his Belfast East parliamentary seat at the 2010 General Election.

## References
Roman Senate

attacks Catiline, from a 19th-century fresco in Palazzo Madama, Rome, house of the Italian Senate. This is a view that is probably wrong. The existing Curia Julia building, which dates from the Emperor Diocletian, shows that the senators sat in straight and parallel lines on either side, inside of the building]]
'' on the Forum housed the senate]]
The **Roman Senate** was the longest-lasting institution in Ancient Rome. It began in the first years of the city, which was supposedly founded in 753 BC. It survived the Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC), the Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD) and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD).

The Senate started as an advisory council of elders. The word "senate" came from 'senex' meaning "old man". The Senate reached its peak in the middle Republic, when it was the most powerful body in Rome. The Senate lost much of its power in the first period of the Empire, known as the *Principate*.

After Diocletian, when the centre of government was moved out of Rome, the Senate became just a municipal body. The influence of the old idea lived on, and Constantine II set up a Senate in Constantinople.

## Functions 
The Senate passed decrees called *senatus consultum*, which were advice from the Senate to a magistrate (senior official). They usually were obeyed in practice.

Through such advice, the Senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief magistrates) in their handling of military conflicts.

The Senate also had power over the civil government in Rome. Only the Senate could authorize paying out public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Empire grew, the Senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors. It decided which magistrate should govern which province.

The senators were patricians, and so members by birth, or men of lesser birth who had notable achievements. Under the early kings, the Senate numbered 100, but grew to 900, then Augustus reduced it to 600. Even so, only about 100 to 200 members were active at any given time. From time to time there were other sources of power in Rome, such as assemblies, magistrates, dictators and emperors, but the Senate always played a part.

## Other websites 
* Roman Senate Citizendium

## Other reading 
* Lintott, Andrew 1999. *The Constitution of the Roman Republic*. Oxford University Press. .
Cabinet of the United Kingdom

In the government of the United Kingdom, the **Cabinet** is a group of Ministers led and chosen by the Prime Minister. 

They are the main decision-makers in the British government. People in the cabinet have to be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. There are currently 22 Cabinet positions in the government of the United Kingdom. 

All of the current Cabinet members are also members of the governing Labour Party.

## Cabinet Ministers
As of 5 July 2024:

## Notes
## References
John Bercow

**John Simon Bercow** (surname pronounce *BER-COE*; born 19 January 1963) is a former British politician who was the 157th Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 2009 until 2019. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Buckingham from 1997 to 2019.

## Biography
John Bercow was active in the Conservative Party from a young age and was a Conservative councillor, for Lambeth, from 1986 to 1990. He stood as a candidate to become an MP at the 1987 and 1992 General Elections but was not successful. At the 1997 General Election, Bercow was elected the Conservative MP for Buckingham. He served in the shadow cabinets of Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. After the Speaker Michael Martin resigned on 22 June 2009, Bercow was elected as the Speaker.

Bercow is the first Jewish Speaker. He is the first Speaker not to wear traditional court robes while presiding over the House of Commons.
But, along with tradition, Bercow does now display his coat of arms at Speaker's House.

On 9 September 2019, Bercow told the House of Commons that he would stand down on 31 October, or at the next general election, whichever occurs first. He officially left the office on 4 November 2019.

In 2021, Bercow became a member of the Labour Party, saying that Boris Johnson's leadership was making his old party "reactionary, populist, nationalistic and sometimes even xenophobic".

## References
Zipper

*This article is about the fastening device called the* zip.  *For information on the acronym ZIP, please see that article.*
----
.]]
A **zipper** (**zip fastener** or **zip** in British English) is a device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric together.  It is widely used in clothing and other textiles.  

## Description
The bulk of a zip consists of two strips of fabric tape, one permanently fixed to each of the two flaps to be joined, and each carrying tens or hundreds of specially shaped metal or plastic teeth.  Another part, the slider, which is operated by hand, rides up and down the two sets of teeth.  Inside the slider is a Y-shaped channel that pushes the opposing sets of teeth together or apart, depending on the slider's direction of travel.  The zip is usually fitted vertically in clothing so that pushing the slider from top to bottom opens it, and pushing it from bottom to top closes it. If the slider got lose then the zipper becomes non-functinal  and needs to fix it .The friction of the slider against the teeth causes a characteristic buzzing noise which is probably the origin of the name *zip*.

## History
An early device similar to the zip, 'an Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure', was patented in the USA by Elias Howe in 1851, but did not reach the market.  Whitcomb Judson patented a similar 'Clasp Locker', for fastening shoes, in 1891 or 1893, and marketed the invention through his 'Universal Fastener' company.  These two designs used hooks and eyes.  The design used today, based on interlocking teeth, was invented by an employee of Judson's, Swedish scientist Gideon Sundback, in 1913 as the 'Hookless Fastener' and patented in 1917 as the 'Separable Fastener'.  The B. F. Goodrich Company coined the name 'Zipper' in 1923, and used the device on tobacco pouches and boots.  The zip became popular for children's clothing and men's trousers in the 1920s and 1930s.  At this stage, the zip was permanently joined at one end, so could not be used to fasten jackets.