open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Armenian dram

The **dram** (Armenian: **Դրամ**) is the money of Armenia. It is divided into 100 **luma**. The word "dram" translates into English as "money".  It is similar to the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham. The Central Bank of Armenia is the only place that can print drams.

The first time the word dram was used for money in Armenia was from 1199 to 1375.  The current dram began to be used 22 November 1993. This was after Armenia was no longer part of the Soviet Union.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Central Bank of Armenia
* Armenian Currency Exchange 
* Central Bank of Armenia next day USD to AMD exchange rate prediction Engine
* Armemian Dram Sign History, shape, and promotion of Armenian Dram Sign
* Coin Types from Armenia Lists, pictures, and values of Armenian coin types
* The banknotes of Armenia
Reiki (era)

was a  after *Wadō* and before *Yōrō.*  This period started in September 715 and ended in November 717. The reigning empress was .

## Events of the *Reiki* era
* **715** (*Reiki 1*): In the 7th year of Gemmei's reign, the empress abdicated; and her daughter received the succession (*senso*).  Soon after, Empress Genshō's new role as empress is confirmed with ceremonies (*sokui*).

## Related pages
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
185 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **185 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 

### By place 
#### Roman Republic 
* The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder of receiving bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. 

#### Egypt 
* The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.

#### India 
* Pusyamitra Sunga kills the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata.  He forms the Sunga dynasty.

## Births 
* Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)
* Panaetius of Rhodes, Greek philosopher (d. 110 BC)

## Deaths 
* Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)
LGBT rights in Thailand

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Thailand may face legal challenges that non-LGBT residents don't have to. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Thailand. Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples cannot get the same legal protections that opposite-sex couples can. 

Thai LGBT people "still [in 2014,] face discrimination affecting their social rights and job opportunities"; they also "face difficulty gaining acceptance for non-traditional sexuality, even though the tourism authority has been promoting Thailand as a gay-friendly country".

In May 2009, the Thai Red Cross reaffirmed its ban of men who have sex with males (MSM) becoming blood donors, despite campaigns to change this policy. Gender-Reassignment Operations have been performed in Thailand since 1975, and Thailand is among the most popular destinations globally for patients seeking Gender-Reassignment Operations.

## References
Gegharkunik Province

**Gegharkunik** is a province of Armenia.  Its capital is Gavar. Gegharkunik was named after Gegham.  Gegham was a Haykazuni King and the fifth generation after Hayk.  Geghama mountains and Geghama lake, now called Lake Sevan, were named after Gegham.

Gegharkunik Province is in the east of Armenia.  It borders Azerbaijan. It is the largest province in Armenia.  Much of the land is covered by Lake Sevan. There are 5 towns and 87 rural communities.

## References
LGBT rights in Myanmar

**Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender** (LGBT) people in Myanmar face legal challenges and discrimination that non-LGBT people do not. Same-sex sexual activity is illegal within the Union of Myanmar and people found guilty may have to pay fines or go to prison for many years. The government used to be more authoritarian which made it difficult to get accurate information about the legal or social status of LGBT people in Myanmar. In recent years, better media coverage, better civil freedoms, and ongoing political reforms have allowed LGBT people to gain more recognition in the country.

Under past governments, no LGBT political or social life could exist. People in Myanmar have very conservative views about human sexuality. In Myanmar, no formal gay bars or LGBT human rights groups exist yet, but there are some nightclubs in cities that have a reputation for both heterosexual and LGBT visitors. Myanmar also celebrated its first gay pride in several cities around the country in 2012 to mark the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia. 

Aung Myo Min, the Human Rights Minister of the Myanmar government and an openly gay man, has been involved in the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF). In 2021 he talked about diversity in the new National Unity Government in Myanmar which fights homophobia. Today he is involved with Myanmar human rights organizations, including the Campaign for Lesbian Gay Rights in Burma. In 2003, Focus Asia (Star TV) aired a story about the Nat Kadaws. The "Utopia Guide to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar & Vietnam" references "Transgender shaman channelling spirits at Myanmar sacred festivals."

## References
Lori Province

**Lori**  is a  province of Armenia.  It is in the north of the country.  It borders Georgia.   The capital is Vanadzor. Stepanavan is the second largest city.  It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Haghpat and Sanahin and the well-preserved Akhtala monastery.

It was damaged by the 1988 Spitak earthquake.

Lori is the birthplace of several famous Armenians.  These include musician Sayat-Nova, poet Hovhannes Tumanyan, Soviet aircraft designer Artem Mikoyan, and Soviet statesman Anastas Mikoyan.

There are 8 urban communities and 105 rural communities.

## References
Shirak Province

**Shirak** is a province of Armenia.  It is in the north-west of the country.  It borders Turkey in the west and Georgia in the north.  The capital is Gyumri. Shirak is known as the homeland of khash. Shirak is served by Shirak International Airport near Gyumri.

There are 3 urban communities and 116 rural.

## References
Syunik Province

**Syunik** is the southernmost province of Armenia. It borders Iran to the south.  The capital is Kapan.  Other important cities and towns include Goris, Sisian, Meghri, Agarak, and Dastakert.  The National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (ARMSTAT) reported its population was 152,900 in 2010.

Historically, Syunik was one of the 15 provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia.  It was part of the Persian Empire around 369.

Syunik is home to many of Armenia's largest mining operations.  There are 7 urban communities and 102 rural communities.
New York Public Library

The **New York Public Library** (**NYPL**) is a public library system in New York City. It is the second largest public library in the United States.

The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Staten Island.  The branch libraries are open to the general public.

## History
John Astor gave $400,000 for the creation of a public library. which was built in 1854.

The size and importance of the library grew along with the city.

## References
## Other websites
* New York Public Library website
* *New York Times*, "British Architect to Redesign City Library," October 22, 2008; "Sacking a Palace of Culture,"  April 21, 2012
369

converts the Goths to Christianity]] 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Spring &ndash; Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania), and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Their king Athanaric is defeated and ‘forced to flee for his life’. He asks for peace. The treaty includes free trade and an agreement to provide troops for tribute.
* Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths. He asked Valens and the Thracian army for help. They end the civil war, and Fritigern becomes Christian.

#### Persia
* Persian King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia. 

#### Asia 
* Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei.
* Goguryeo invades Baekje.

### By topic 
#### Arts and sciences 
* Wulfila makes a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to ("Arian") Christianity.

## Births 
* Huan Xuan, warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)

## Deaths
Boogie Nights

***Boogie Nights*** is a 1997 American drama movie written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, and starring Mark Wahlberg, Julianne Moore, Burt Reynolds, Don Cheadle, John C. Reilly, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy and Heather Graham. It follows the life of a pornographic actor in San Fernando Valley. The movie is 155 minutes long. It is rated R. The movie received positive reviews from critics.

## Other websites 
*
Tavush Province

**Tavush** is a province of Armenia.  It is in the north of Armenia.  It has borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan. It is well known for its mountains. Tavush got its name from the historical area of Armenia – Tavush gavar.  Tavush gavar was a part of Great Armenia.

There are 4 urban communities and 58 rural communities.

## References
Sakurai, Nara

is a Japanese city in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History
Sakurai is home to Ōmiwa Shrine.  It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan.

According to tradition, Sakurai was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
* Hatsuse no Asakura Palace during the  of Emperor Yūryaku

Sakurai is part of Yukio Mishima's novel, *Runaway Horses*.

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Sakurai City website
Vayots Dzor Province

**Vayots Dzor** is a province of Armenia.  It is in the south-east of the country. It borders Azerbaijan in the east. There were 53,230 people in 2002. The capital is Yeghegnadzor.  The name means "Valley of Woes".  This is because there were many bad earthquakes in the area.

There are 3 urban communities and 41 rural communities.

## References
Tenri, Nara

is a Japanese city in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History
The Isonokami Shrine is in Tenri.  A town grew up around the shrine.

According to tradition, Tenri was the site of the  Hirotaka Palace (*Hirotak no miya*) when Emperor Ninken lived there.

Tenri is the center of the Tenrikyo religion.

## Gallery

File:IsonokamiGate.jpg|Gate of *Isonokami-jinjū*

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Tenri City website
UTC+04:00

**UTC+04:00** makes clocks 4 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.
 
These are the places who are on the UTC−04:00 time zone.

## As standard time (all year round)
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Georgia (Georgia moved from zone UTC+04 to UTC+03 on June 27, 2004, then back to UTC+04 on March 27, 2005)
* Mauritius (Mauritius tried DST in 2008 but decided not to continue)
* Oman
* Réunion (France)
* Russia  (Samara Time)
* Seychelles
* United Arab Emirates (including Dubai, Abu Dhabi)

## References
Postal codes in Armenia

**Postal codes in Armenia** have four digits.  Until April 1, 2006, they had six digits.  For example, the previous postal code for the Foreign Ministry was Yerevan 375010.  It is now Yerevan 0010.

## References
Kotayk Province

**Kotayk** or **Kotaik** is a province of Armenia. It is in the centre of the country. The capital is Hrazdan.  It is best known for its world-renowned beer of the same name.  Tourist towns are Garni and Geghard.  Also the popular winter sports resort Tsakhkadzor is where Soviet Armenian physiologist Leon Orbeli was born.

There are 7 towns and 60 rural communities.
Ashtarak

**Ashtarak** is an industrial city in Armenia.  It is on the left bank of Kasagh River. It is the capital of Aragatsotn Province. There are 21,600 people.

 Church, 7th century]]
Ashtarak is one of the oldest cities of Armenia. It was formed in the 9th century and reconstructed in the 17th century.

An interesting sight is an unusual bridge that crosses the Kasagh River. It was built in 1664.  It has three arches that are unequal in size.

## References
Artashat, Armenia

**Artashat** is a city in Armenia.  It is on Araks River. Artashat is the capital of Ararat Province. The name is  from Iranian languages and means the "joy of Arta". It was founded by King Artashes I in 176 B.C. Artashat was the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia from 185 BC until 120 AD.

There are 25,300 people.

## References
Armavir, Armenia

**Armavir** () is a city in western Armenia. In 2008 there were 26,387 people. It is the capital of the Armavir Province. People have lived in Armavir since the 5th-6th millennium B.C.

Armavir was an old capital of Armenia.  It is a very ancient city and is said to have been founded by King Aramais in 1980 BC. King Argishti I of Urartu built a fortress in the area.  He named it Argishtikhinili. During Antiquity, Armavir was taken by the Seleucids, Parthians, Roman Empire, Sassanids and Byzantine Empire before it was taken over by the Arabs in 645.

## References
19th century BC

The **19th century BC** was the century that lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC.

## Events
. He was a Twelfth Dynasty Pharaoh]]
* Hittite empire in Hattusa, Anatolia.
* 1900 BC: Proto-Greek invasions of Greece.
* c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace (Protopalatial) period starts in Crete.
* c. 1900 BC: Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.
* c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
* c. 1900 BC: The Mokaya along the Pacific coast of present-day Chiapas, Mexico were preparing cacao beverages.
* c. 1900 BC: Port of Lothal is abandoned.
* c. 1897 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule. He built Kahun near his pyramide tomb complex at el-Lahun.
* c. 1895–1878 BC: "Pectoral of Senwosret II", from the tomb of princess Sithathoryunet at el-Lahun was made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
* c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).
* c. 1878 BC: Senwosret III started to rule.
* 1876 BC: Israelites enter Egypt after two years of famine (according to one interpretation of internal Biblical chronology; an alternate date is 1986 BC).
* c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).
* c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC).
* c. 1860 BC: Senusret III inspects the Nubian frontier, he leads four battles against the Nubians.
* c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).
* 1836 BC-1818 BC: Head statue of Senusret III is made. It is now at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.

## Significant persons
* 1807–1797 BC—Amenemhat III of Egypt

## References
69 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **69 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Republic 
* Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.
* Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is made king of Syria.
* Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta.  They capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.
* Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.
* Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.

#### Egypt 
* Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.

#### Greece 
* Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.
* Rhodes becomes a safe place against pirates.  The Rhodians are unable to stop piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.

## Births 
* January – Princess Cleopatra of Egypt, later Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (or December, 70 BC) (d. 30 BC)
* Octavia Minor, grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC)
* Wang Zhengjun, Empress of the western Han Dynasty of China (d. 13)

## Deaths 
* Julia, wife of Gaius Marius (b. c. 130 BC)

## References
1100s BC (decade)

## Events and trends 
* 1104 BC—Foundation of Cadiz, Spain.
* 1100 BC—Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria conquers the Hittites.
* c. 1100 BC—The Dorians invade Ancient Greece.
* c. 1100 BC—Mycenaean era ends with the destruction of that civilisation.
* c. 1100 BC—Late Minoan culture ends.
* c. 1100 BC—Greek Dark Ages begin.
* c. 1100 BC—Beginning of the proto-Villanovan culture in northern Italy.
* c. 1100 BC—The New Kingdom in Egypt comes to an end.
* c. 1100 BC—Shang Dynasty ends in China.
* c. 1102 BC—Maya Calendar counts time from this point.

## Significant people 
* King David is ruler over Israel.
* c. 1100 BC—Zarathustra is born.

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions 
* Alphabet made by Phoenicians.
* MUL.APIN made by Assyrians: an ancient catalog of constellations.
1550s BC

The **1550s BC** was a decade lasting from January 1, 1559 BC to December 31, 1550 BC.

## Events and trends
*The city of Mycenae, in the northeast Peloponnesus, becomes the most powerful in Achaea.  The Mycenaean civilization is named after the town.
*1557 BC—Estimation: Memphis, capital of Lower Egypt becomes the largest city of the world.  It takes the lead from Avaris, capital of the Hyksos in Egypt.
*1556 BC—Cecrops I rebuilds Athens after the great flood of Deucalion. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life is part of Greek mythology.
*c. 1552 BC—End of Second Intermediate period in Ancient Egypt. Start of New Kingdom. 18th–20th Dynasties.
*1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt.
*1550 BC—May 14—Lunar Saros 35 begins.
*c. 1550 BC–1500 BC—Dagger blades with lion hunt, from Shaft Grave IV, Grave Circle A, at Mycenae, Greece, are made. They are now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
*c. 1550 BC Stonehenge was built.

## Significant people
*
1300s BC (decade)

## Events and trends 
* Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years. He is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother Metion. Metion took power. Pandion II went to Megara. He married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
* 1307 BC—Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria.
* 1300 BC—Pangeng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin.
* c. 1300 BC—Rise of the Urnfield culture.
* c. 1300 BC—1312 BC—the revelation of the Torah to Moses occurred.
* c. 1300 BC—Some people of "Eastern Woodlands" begin to build massive earthworks, mounds of earth and stone. Poverty Point, Louisiana is the earliest one.
* c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, is built. Excavated by Christos Stamatakis in 1878.
* c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—The palace at Pylos is built.
* c. 1300 BC–1100 BC—Warrior vase, from Mycenae, Ancient Greece, is made. It is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

## Significant people 
* Pangeng of China
Kōryō, Nara

is a Japanese town in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū. The town has a population of 33,606 people.

## History
According to tradition, Kōryō was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
* Umayasaka Palace or *Umayasaka-no-miya*, 640.
* Kudara Palace or *Kudara-no-miya*, 640–642

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Kōryō website
1249

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt. It is the first major military battle of the Seventh Crusade.

#### Asia 
* Pho Khun Si Indrathit is the first king of the Sukhothai kingdom. This is the start of the modern Thai nation.
* The Hikitsuke, a judicial organ of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan, is started.
* The Japanese Hōji era ends, and the Kenchō era begins.

#### Europe 
* February 16 &ndash; Andrew of Longjumeau is sent by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols.
* June 13 &ndash; coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
* August 15 &ndash; The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland.
* The city of Stralsund (in present-day Germany) is burned to the ground by forces from the rival city of Lübeck.
* Swedish statesman Birger Jarl takes over the province of Tavastia in Finland. This gives Sweden power in Finland.
* Alphonse of Toulouse orders Jews from Poitou, France to leave.
* The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.

##### Mediterranean 
* May 26 &ndash; The Battle of Fossalta is fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League. The Lombards capture the German commander.
* The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
* King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Moors. This ends the Portuguese Reconquista.
* The city of Mystras, Greece is strengthened and a palace is built there by William II Villehardouin.

### By topic 
#### Education 
* University College, the first College at Oxford, is founded with money gifted from the estate of William of Durham.

#### Science 
* Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work. It includes writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness. It is the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.

## Births 
* Eric V of Denmark (d. 1286)
* Robert III of Flanders
* Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1268)
* Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (d. 1297)
* Pope John XXII (d. 1334)
* Menachem Meiri, rabbi

## Deaths 
* July 6 &ndash; King Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1198)
* July 19 &ndash; Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
* September 27 &ndash; Count Raymond VII of Toulouse (b. 1197)
* As-Salih Ayyub, ruler of Egypt
* Abu Zakariya, ruler of the Maghreb (b. 1203)
* William of Sherwood, English logician (b. 1190)
* Wuzhun Shifan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1178)
* Song Ci, Chinese physician and judge (b. 1186)

## References
20th century BC

The **20th century BC** is a century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC.

## Events
. He was the founder of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt]]

* 2000 BC: Arrival of the ancestors of the Latins in Italy.
* 2000 BC: Town of Mantua was presumably founded.
* 2000 BC: Stonehenge is believed to have been completed.
* 2000 BC: Farmers and herders traveled south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya.
* 2000 BC: Horses were tamed and used for transport.
* c. 2000 BC: First of the Minoan palaces on Crete.
* c. 2000 BC: Site of palace complex Knossos started to become occupied.
* c. 2000 BC: Decline of Harappan civilization began.
* c. 2000 BC: Bronze Age began in north Ancient China.
* c. 2000 BC – Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, was made. It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
* c. 2000 BC-1900 BC – Torso of a "priest-king", from Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization, was made. It is now kept at National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.
* 2000 BC: possible date when, according to religious scriptures, Abraham founded Judaism.
* 2040 BC – 1556 BC: Xia Dynasty in China, Olmec civilization (Mesoamerica).
* 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
* c. 2000 BC: Middle Jōmon period ended in Japan.
* c. 2000 BC: Vessel, from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Collection of Tokyo University.
* c. 2000 BC: Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Tokyo National Museum.
* 1991 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty.
* c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt.
*c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made. Twelfth Dynasty.
*5c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: "Hippopotamus", from the tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
*February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of the naked-eye planets took place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees.
*c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) was buried in a large barrow within a  stone cairn inside a ring ditch.
*1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur.
*c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty.
*1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions
* 2000 BC—First written accounts of schizophrenia.
* c. 2000 BC – Glass appears.
* 1950 BC—The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit as 51.72 cm.

## In fiction
*~1600 BC: Setting for *Valley of the Kings* (Cecilia Holland)
*2000 BC: See *Stonehenge* (novel)
18th century BC

The **18th century BCE** was the century which lasted from 1800 BCE to 1701 BCE.

## Events
, one of the earliest known sets of laws]]

* **1800 BCE**: Iron Age in India
* **1800 BCE**: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
* **1800 BCE – 1300 BCE**: Troy VI flourishes.
* ** c. 1800 BCE**: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica
* ** c. 1800 BCE**: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. The capital was at Avaris.
* **c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE**: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari.
* **c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE**: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
* **1787 BCE – 1784 BCE**: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.
* **1786 BCE**: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
* **1779 BCE**: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.
* **1770 BCE**: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.
* **1766 BCE**: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty. China.
* **1764 BCE – 1750 BCE**: Wars of Hammurabi.
* **1757 BCE**: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed.
* **1757 BCE**: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.
* **1750 BCE**: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
* **1750 BCE**: A large volcano eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
* **c. 1750 BCE**: Nomadic shepherds, the Aryans, enter India from Central Asia and the Russian steppes.
* **c. 1750 BCE**: Vedic period starts in India.
* **c. 1750 BCE**: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimiri-Lim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Iraq), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
* **1749 BCE – 1712 BCE**: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
* Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe.
* Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II).
* c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
* c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture
* c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete.
* c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects that may be better than Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
* c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
* c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
* c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China.
* **1800 BCE – 1700 BCE**: Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

## Significant persons
* Hammurabi (1792 BCE–1750 BCE), ruler of the Babylonian Empire
* Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dynasty.

## Deaths
**1750 BCE**—Hammurabi (middle chronology)

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions
* **c. 1700 BCE**—date for the building of the Phaistos Disc. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture is unknown. This makes it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology.

## References
297 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **297 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Republic 
* Fabius Maximus Rullianus becomes consul for the fourth time. He defeats the Samnites in a battle near Tifernum.

#### Greece 
* After Cassander's death from illness, Philip IV, Cassander's eldest son, becomes King of Macedon.  Soon after this he suffers from a wasting disease and dies. Antipater, the next son, rules jointly with his brother Alexander V.
* Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece to become master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.
* Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus.  But he has him assassinated.

#### India 
* Chandragupta Maurya goes to Sravana Belagola near Mysore to live in the way of Jains.
* Bindusara his son goes to the Pataliputra throne.

## Deaths 
* King Cassander of Macedon (b. c. 358 BC)
21st century BC

The **21st century BC** is a century which lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC.

## Events 
* c. 2100 BC – c. 2050 BC: Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) was built.
* 2091 BC: Beginning of the Patriarchal Age was traditionally set in this year.
* 2080 BC: Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt.
* 2080 BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt ended. Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
* 2071 BC: Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths.
* 2070 BC (disputable): Yu the Great set up the Xia Dynasty.
* c. 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
* c. 2055 BC: End of First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
* c. 2055 BC: Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
* c. 2055 BC: Mentuhotep II from Thebes got Ancient Egypt together.  He began to rule (other date is 2040 BC).
* c. 2055 BC – 1985 BC: Funerary Stele of Amenemhat I was made. Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Excavated in 1915–1916. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
* c. 2049 BC: Oak trees for Seahenge felled.
* 2040 BC: Beginning of the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty and government system in China.
* 2040 BC: Pharaoh Merykare died. End of Tenth dynasty of Egypt. Pharaoh Mentuhotep II started to rule. Start of Eleventh Dynasty.
* 2034 BC – 2004 BC: Ur–Amorite wars.
* c. 2009 BC – 1997 BC: Funerary temple of Mentuhotep III was built. Eleventh Dynasty.
* 2004 BC: Elamite destruction of Ur.
* c. 2004 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.
* c. 2000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age ended.

## Significant persons 
* Ur-Nammu, 3rd dynasty of Ur
* Shulgi of Urim

## Legendary people
* According to Abrahamic religious tradition, the era of the Patriarch Abraham (however, other dates include 19th century BC, and/or 17th century through 15th century BC)
* According to Hindu tradition, lifetime of Rama, the 7th Avatar of Vishnu

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions 
*2100 BC—Earliest law code in Mesopotamia, the Code of Ur-Nammu
*2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves
358 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **358 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Persian Empire 
* Artaxerxes III succeeds Artaxerxes II as King of Persia. To secure his throne he puts to death most of his relatives. 

#### Greece 
* Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly, is murdered by his wife's brother.  This is by the wife's request.
* Cersobleptes, along with his brothers, Amadocus II and Berisades, gets the land of the Thracian king, Cotys I.

#### Macedonia 
* Philip II of Macedon invades the hill tribes of Paeonia and beats them. His rule goes inland as far as Lake Ohrid.

#### Roman Republic 
* The Romans defeat the Volsci.  They take most of their land and settle it with Roman colonists.  

## Deaths 
* Artaxerxes II, King of the Persia (b. c. 436 BC)
* Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece
* Cotys I, King of Thrace
* Bardyllis, Illyrian king (killed in battle by Phillip of Macedon)
University of Paris-Seine

**University of Paris-Seine** is a group of higher education institutes in France. It groups public universities and national research centers. These places teach nearly every field of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

## History
The *Université du grand ouest parisien* was created on 6 February 2012.
The name has changed the 1st of March 2015. It is now called « Université Paris-Seine ».

## Colleges and institutes
The member universities and institutes are :

* Cergy-Pontoise University - UCP ;
* ESSEC ;
* École internationale des sciences du traitement de l'information - EISTI ;
* ISIPCA ;
* École nationale supérieure d’architecture de Versailles - ENSA-V ;
* École nationale supérieure du paysage - ENSP-V ;
* École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy - ENSAPC ;
* École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (ENSEA) ;
* Supméca ;
* École de Biologie Industrielle - EBI ;
* École d'électricité, de production et des méthodes industrielles - ECAM-EPMI ;
* Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieur - ILEPS ;
* École supérieure d'Informatique, réseaux et systèmes d'information - ITESCIA ;
* École pratique de service social - EPSS ;
* École d'ingénieur d'agro-développement international - ISTOM.

## References
Cub

A **cub** is the young of some large predatory animals such as bears, lions, wolves, and big cats.

**Cub** may mean:

* Cub, a member of Cub Scouts
* Cub player, a member of certain sports teams, e.g. the Chicago Cubs baseball club
* A novice or learner, particularly in newspaper reporting
* Cub (band), an indie rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia, which formed in 1992 and disbanded in 1997
* Cub (Happy Tree Friends), a character in *Happy Tree Friends*
* Cub Foods, a division of the U.S. Supervalu company
* Piper Cub, a line of light aircraft built from the 1930s to the 1980s
* "Cub": NATO reporting name for the Antonov An-12 Russian Turboprop transport
* Honda Super Cub, a range of small motorcycles produced by Honda
* "Cashed Up Bogan", a slang term used in Australia and New Zealand 
* Kapcai, a class of mini motorcycles of Malaysia and Southeast Asia - Malaysian Cub Prix
* LDV Cub, a rebadged version of the Nissan Vanette van sold by LDV Limited
* Cub Records, a record label
* Farmall Cub, a model in the Farmall tractor model line
* Cub Buck (1892–1966), professional American football player
* Carlton & United Breweries, an Australian Alcohol Manufacturer
North American river otter

The **North American river otter** (*Lontra canadensis*), or the **common otter**, is an aquatic mammal native to only North America in the countries Canada, and the United States. River otters are a distant relative of the weasel family. North American river otters can reach a length of 3.9 ft and weigh 3 lbs. The river otter's life expectancy is 10 to 15 years in the wild and 25 years in captivity. The main habitat of the river otter are near freshwater rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, marshes, swamps, and coastal waters. They prefer fish, though they will eat amphibians such as frogs, turtles, and crayfish. They have also been reported to eat small mammals and birds.

About 290 North American river otters are currently in captivity.
Shiki District, Nara

is a district near Nara in Nara Prefecture, Japan.

According to tradition, the Shiki District was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
* *Shikishima no miya* during the reign of Emperor Nintoku
* Iwareikebe no Namitsuki Palace during the reign of Emperor Yomei
* Kurahashi no Shibagaki Palace or *Kurabashi no miya* during the reign of Emperor Sushun

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan

## References
UTC+05:00

**UTC+05:00** makes clocks 5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time. It is the time zone for:
* Pakistan Standard Time
* West Asia Standard Time
* Yekaterinburg Time in Russia
 
These are the places who are on the UTC+05:00 time zone.

## As standard time (all year round)
### Central Asia
* Kazakhstan
** western part - Aktobe Province, Atyrau Province, Mangystau Province, West Kazakhstan Province
* Tajikistan
* Uzbekistan
* Turkmenistan

### South Asia
* Pakistan

### Indian Ocean
* Australia - Heard and MacDonald Islands
* France - French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* Maldives
Kyōtanabe, Kyoto

is a Japanese city in Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History
According to tradition, Kyōtanabe was the site of an Imperial Palace, including the Tsutsuki Palace during the  of Emperor Keitai.

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.kyotanabe.jp/category/7-0-0-0-0.html ; http://www.kyotanabe.jp/
Common barn owl

The **common barn owl** (*Tyto alba*) is a species of owl in the genus *Tyto*. It is the most widely distributed species of owl, and one of the most widespread of all birds. The barn owl family Tytonidae is one of two main lineages of living owls, the other being the typical owls (Strigidae). It is known by many other names in different parts of the world, which is one of the problems with 'common names'. It is one of the main reasons Linnaeus invented his system of scientific naming.

This owl has long wings, a pale face, and a square-shaped tail. It lives in rural areas like farms and woodland. The barn owl has a wing span of 75–110&nbsp;cm and its body length measures up to around 25–50&nbsp;cm. It weighs between 187 and 800 grams.

Barn owls' breeding season is spring. It breeds in nests in trees. It eats small mammals, reptiles, fish, insects and smaller birds.

## Ecology
 intergrade]]

*Tyto alba* is nocturnal, as usual for owls. However, it often becomes active shortly before dusk and can sometimes be seen during the day, when it moves from a sleeping place it does not like.

This is a bird of open country such as farmland or grassland with some interspersed woodland. This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods. It has an effortless wavering flight as it moves over pastures or similar hunting grounds. Like most owls, the Barn Owl flies silently; tiny serrations on the leading edges of its flight feathers help to break up the flow of air over its wings, thereby reducing turbulence and the noise that accompanies it.

### Diet and feeding
It hunts by flying low and slowly over an area of open ground, hovering over spots that conceal potential prey. They may also use fence posts or other lookouts to ambush prey. The Barn Owl feeds primarily on small vertebrates such as rodents. The diet is supplemented with local small vertebrate and large invertebrate life.

## References 
## Other websites
Hrazdan

**Hrazdan** () is the capital of the Kotayk Province of Armenia. The name Hrazdan is from the Middle-Persian name *Frazdan* which was transliterated as *Hrazdan* in the Armenian language. *Farzdan* is connected to the Zoroastrian mythology. With 52,900 people it is the fifth-largest city in Armenia. The town was formed under Soviet rule.  During the Soviet years it was one of the highly-industrialized towns of the Armenian SSR.

The Hrazdan River is by the town.

## References
Yōrō

was a  after *Reiki* and before *Jinki.*  This period started in November 717 and ended in February 724. The reigning empress was .

## Events of the *Yōrō* era
* **717** (*Yōrō 1, 9th month*): Empress Genshō traveled through Ōmi Province where she was met by the lords of the San'indō, the San'yōdō and the Nankaidō.  Also, she traveled to Mino Province where the lords of the Tōkaidō, Tōsandō and Hokurikudō met with her.
* **718** (*Yōrō 2*): Changes in the Taihō Code are made. The  combines comments with changes and additions.
* **720** (*Yōrō 4*): *Nihon Shoki* completed.
* **721** (*Yōrō 5, 5th month*): *Nihon Shoki* in 30 volumes was given to the Empress.
* **721** (*Yōrō 5, 5th month*): Fujiwara no Fuhito died at age 62.
* **721** (*Yōrō 5, 5th month*): Former-Empress Gemmei died at age 61.

## Nara period
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kingdom of Armenia

**Kingdom of Armenia** may mean:
*Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) also known as Artaxiad or Arsacid Armenia, 190 BC to AD 387/428
*Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) also known as Bagratid Armenia, AD 885 to 1045

sometimes also called "Kingdom of Armenia" or "Armenian kingdom" are:
*Satrapy of Armenia also known as Orontid Armenia 
*the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1198 to 1375
*Kingdom of Artsakh
*Kingdom of Commagene
*Kingdom of Sophene
*Kingdom of Vaspurakan
Vanadzor

**Vanadzor** is the third-largest city in Armenia.  In 2001 there were 107,394 people.  It is the capital of the Lori Province. It was named **Kirovakan** during the Soviet era and **Karakilisa** during the Tsarist period.

Much of the city's history is unknown. The history of the area possibly dates back to the Bronze Age.  It was part of the Kingdom of Armenia.  The town had a lot of damage from the 1988 Spitak earthquake.

Most of the people belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. Vanadzor is the home of the Diocese of Gougark.

## Notable people
*Stepan Zoryan, an Armenian writer
*Suren Aghababyan, a literary critic
*Artavazd Peleshyan, a documentary film-maker
*Shavarsh Karapetyan, a Soviet Armenian finswimmer
*Vic Darchinyan, World unified boxing champion and the IBF, WBO, WBC champion
*Gor Mkhitarian, an Armenian rock-musician
*Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia

## References
Kapan

**Kapan** is a town in the south of Armenia.  It was also named **Gafan** and **Madan**.  It is the capital of the Syunik Province. In 2010 there were 45,488 people. Kapan is the city with the most peoplecity in the province and southern Armenia.

Kapan is from the Armenian word *kapel* which mean "to lock". 

## Notable landmarks
*Vahanavank monastery
*Baghaberd and Halidzor Fortresses.
*Tatev Monastery 
*Monument to David Bek.
*Kapan College of Music
*Kapan Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum
*Kapan Theatre

## Sport
*Gandzasar FC - football club
*Lernagorts Kapan FC - football club

## Notable People from Kapan
*Ogtay Asadov - Speaker of National Assembly of Azerbaijan
*Karen Sargsyan - Principal choirmaster of the Armenian Opera Theater
*Tatoul Markarian - Armenian ambassador to United States

## References
Yeghegnadzor

**Yeghegnadzor** is a town in Armenia.  It was named **Yeghegik**.  Then it named **Keshishkend** until 1935. From 1935–1957 it was named **Mikoyan**.  It is the capital of the Vayots Dzor province. The name of the city means "the valley of canes" in the Armenian language.

## References
321 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **321 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Macedonian Empire 
* Antipater makes Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor.  He sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.
* Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy. When he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Ptolemy is in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.
* The main generals of the late Alexander the Great agree to the Partition of Triparadisus. 
* Ptolemy strengthens his position by marrying Eurydice, the third daughter of Antipater.
* Antigonus and Craterus defeat Eumenes in battle.  Eumenes escapes.

#### Roman Republic 
* Successes by Rome's armies force the Samnites to ask for peace. The terms are harsh so peace does not happen.
* Two Roman consuls, Spurius Postumius Albinus and Titus Veturius Calvinus, lead a force into Samnium.  They are trapped in a mountain pass known as the Caudine Forks.  They make a five-year treaty with the Samnites.

#### India 
* Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire, makes himself king of Magadha.

## Deaths 
* Craterus, Macedonian general (b. c. 370 BC)
* Perdiccas, Macedonian general and regent after the death of Alexander the Great (b. c. 365 BC)
* Zhou Xian Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
Jinki (era)

was a  after *Yōrō* and before *Tenpyō.*  This period started in February 724 and ended in August 729.  The reigning emperor was .

The new era name meant "Sacred tortoise".

## Events of the *Jinki* era
* **727** (*Jinki 4*): The emperor sent s into the provinces to review the work of all s.
* **724** (*Jinki 5*): An ambassador from Korea was received in court.

## Related pages
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Australian Senate

The **Senate** is the upper house of the Parliament of Australia. The lower house is the House of Representatives. Senators are elected for a term that is usually six years. But some senators have three year terms. The Senate has a lot of power from the Australian Constitution.

There are currently 76 people in the Senate.

## Notes
Australian House of Representatives

The **House of Representatives** is the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The upper house is the Senate. Members of Parliament (MPs) serve for terms of about three years. There are 151 members. Each member represents one electorate. The number of electorates is figured out so that it is in proportion to the population of each state/territory. and so that each one has roughly the same population. This is determined by the AEC (Australian Electoral Commission).

## Notes
## References
UTC+06:30

**UTC+06:30** is the timezone in places below.  The time is 6.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

## As standard time (all year round)
*Australia
**Cocos Islands
*Myanmar
ISO 639-2

**ISO 639** is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. First there was ISO 639-1. To list more languages, ISO 639-2 was made. Later versions include ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-5.

Each language has a 3 letter code.  The list below shows all the codes in ISO 639-2.

## List
The following is a complete list of three-letter ISO 639-2 codes. Where two ISO 639-2 codes are given in the table, the one with the asterisk is the bibliographic code (B code) and the other is the terminological code (T code).

Entries in the *Notes* column show:
* ancient languages (extinct since ancient times);
* collections of languages;
* constructed languages;
* languages extinct in recent times;
* historical languages (distinct from their modern form);
* macrolanguages.

## References
*
Ijevan

**Ijevan** is a city in northern Armenia.  It was named **Istibulagh** and **Karavansara**.  It is the capital of Tavush region.  The city's current name, Ijevan means "inn" in Armenian. The former name Karavansara means "inn" in Persian. In 2009 there were 20,500 people.  This made it the most populated city in the province. Ijevan has had a railway station since 1870.

Tradition says that about 2000 years ago,  King Artavasdes I built a city here.

A branch of Yerevan State University is in the city.

## Notable locations
*Makaravank Monastery was built in the 10th century in Achajur village, 16 km north of Ijevan. This purple and green stone complex in the forest above the village is a very popular destination. 
*Arakelots Monastery was built in the 13th century, a few kilometers north of Ijevan near Kirants village.
*Kirants Monastery was built in the 8th century, 10 km north of Ijevan.
*The monastery of Gandzakar village was built a few kilometers south of Ijevan.
*Yenokavan Canyon, near Yenokavan village north of Ijevan is characterized with beautiful cliffs, caves, forests, rivers and cascades. "Anapat cave" has a style of pre-Christian unique carvings which resemble Mayan and Aztec works. There are small rest houses and a modern resort in Yenokavan canyon.

## References