open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of British Rail departmental multiple unit classes

The 900 series classes were reserved for multiple units in departmental stock, most of which were converted from old passenger units. In broad terms, classes 930-935 were allocated to Southern Region multiple units (ex-200 and 400 series), 936 & 937 to other EMUs (ex-300 and 500 series) and 960 to other DMUs (ex-100 series). In recent years, this has been less rigidly adhered to.

## Diesel multiple units
*Class 901 (Test units, ex-Class 101)
*Class 930 (Departmental SR DEMUs)
*Class 950 (Purpose-built test unit, similar to Class 150)
*Class 951 (Sandite/De-icer units, ex-Classes 201, 203, 205, and 207)
*Class 960 (Departmental DMUs)

*Multi-Purpose Vehicle (Purpose-built departmental vehicles)

## Gas turbine multiple unit
* APT-E (Experimental Advanced Passenger Train unit)

## Electric multiple units
The original use for the Southern Region (SR) classes are included in brackets; these designations have been less rigidly applied in recent years.
*Class 910 (Test units, ex-Class 488)
*Class 920 (3-Pep prototype unit)
*Class 930 (SR Sandite and de-icing units)
*Class 931 (SR route learning and stores units)
*Class 932 (SR research and tractor units)
*Class 933 (SR mobile instruction units)
*Class 935 (4Pep Research units)
*Class 936 (Sandite units, ex-classes 311 and 501)
*Class 937 (Sandite units, ex-classes 302 and 308)
*Class 960 (Test units, ex-classes 309 and 310)

## Related pages
* British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
* SR multiple unit numbering and classification

## References
## Other websites
* The Railway Centre 
* departmentals.com
List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes

This is a **list of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes**.

## Pre-nationalisation designs
* GWR railcars
* LMS railcars

## Early BR DMUs (79xxx series)
## First generation "Heritage" DMUs
**TOPS classes**

## Second generation DMUs
### Lightweight Railcars
### Pacers
### Sprinters
### Turbos
#### Networker
#### Turbostar
### Coradias
### Desiro
## Diesel-electric multiple units (DEMUs)
### Southern Region DEMUs
### Voyager-style express DEMUs
### High Speed Trains
## Related pages
* British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
* British Rail coach designations

## References
## Other websites
* The Railway Centre 
* departmentals.com
British Rail Railbuses

British Rail produced a variety of **Railbuses** as a means both of building new rolling stock cheaply, and to provide services on lightly-used lines economically.
LMS railcars

The  **London Midland and Scottish Railway** (LMS) introduced a number of **railcars** to service between 1933 and 1939.  They were mainly single units but one was a three-car articulated set.
British Rail Derby Lightweight

on the Severn Valley Railway on 15th October 2004, as part of the *Railcar 50* event. This vehicle has yet to be restored to original condition, and is preserved at the Midland Railway Centre.]]

The British Rail **Derby Lightweight** diesel multiple units, were the first such trains to be built en-masse for British Railways. The units were built at BR's Derby Works from 1954 to 1955. The units were built in various formations, including two single car units, 12 power-twin 2-car units, 84 power-trailer 2-car units, and four 4-car units. Contemporaneous with these units was the unique Battery Electric Multiple Unit.
British Rail Metro-Cammell

In 1955, Metropolitan Cammell produced its first lightweight Diesel multiple units, the prototypes of what were to become British Rail's most successful and longest-lived *First Generation* Dmu the Class 101.
List of British Rail modern traction locomotive classes

This page lists every locomotive allocated a TOPS classification and all modern traction (e.g. diesel, electric, gas turbine, petrol) stock used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation).

## Diesel locomotives 
The 1955 diesel locomotive classes are given in brackets where applicable.

A large number of different shunter types were purchased by British Rail and its predecessors, many of which were withdrawn prior to the introduction of TOPS. The tables below attempt to list the different types and the different classifications used to describe them as clearly as possible:

### Small shunters: under 300&nbsp;hp 
Shunter classes are listed by 1955 class, which puts TOPS classes in ascending order, and generally puts 1948 and 1962 classes in ascending order. Unclassed shunters are placed at the start of the table; TOPS class 07 has been placed so its 1962 class is in the logical place.

* Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:

### Large shunters: 300 - 799hp
* Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:

### Type 1 locomotives: 800 - 1000hp
* Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers (unless otherwsie given):

### Type 2 locomotives: 1001 - 1499hp
Locomotive class are listed by TOPS class. Locomotives for TOPS classes 24 and 26 have their original sub-classes shown, as each wholly comprised locomotives from a distinct 1962 class.

* Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers (unless otherwise given):

### Type 3 locomotives: 1500 – 1999hp
* Relation between TOPS, 1955 and 1962 classes, and pre-TOPS and TOPS numbers (unless otherwise given):

### Type 4 locomotives: 2000 – 2999hp
### Type 5 locomotives: over 3000hp
## Electric locomotives
 Class 73 no. 73201 at Clapham Junction.]]
 Class 86 nos. 86613 and 86610 at Ipswich.]]
### DC electric locomotives
### AC electric locomotives
## Miscellaneous locomotives
### Class 99
When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, part of their shipping fleet was incorporated into the system as Class 99, in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software.

### Builders' demonstrators
These were locomotives built and owned by private firms, but used by British Rail to test them.

### Unbuilt locomotives 
A number of TOPS class numbers were allocated to proposed locomotives, both diesel and electric, which for many reasons were not proceeded with.

## Related pages
* British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
* Steam locomotives of British Railways
* British Rail coach designations

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Railway Centre 
* departmentals.com
Diesel multiple unit

in Poznań, Poland]]
 DEMU capable of up to 200 km/h provides a passenger service between Perth, Western Australia and the mining town of Kalgoorlie]]

A **diesel multiple unit** or **DMU** is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country.

## Transmission
The diesel engine drives the train through a transmission system. The transmission system may be:
* Mechanical, using a gearbox (diesel-mechanical)
* Hydraulic, using a torque converter (diesel-hydraulic)
* Electric, using a generator to power traction motors (diesel-electric)

## Related pages
* Electric multiple unit
* Diesel locomotive
* Multiple unit
* Railways
* Multiple units of Ireland
British Rail Janus

**Janus** and **Taurus** were two shunting locomotives by the Yorkshire Engine Company and loaned to British Railways for demonstrations. However, BR did not buy any production versions after testing. At least one other Yorkshire Engine Company locomotive was loaned to British Railways in the 1960s.
British Rail HS4000

**HS4000**, named *Kestrel*, was a prototype high-powered mainline diesel locomotive built in 1968 by Brush Traction to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. The name came from Hawker Siddeley (the owner of Brush) **4000** hp (the power rating of its Sulzer engine).
British Rail GT3

**GT3** was a prototype mainline gas turbine locomotive. It was built in 1961 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. It was designed by Vulcan engineer J. O. P. Hughes and the project was started in the early 1950s.  Externally, it resembled a steam tender locomotive. In the case of GT3, the tender carried diesel fuel.

## Related pages
* British Rail 18000 (GT1)
* British Rail 18100 (GT2)
British Rail DP2

**DP2**, meaning **D**iesel **P**rototype number **2**, was a prototype **Type 4** mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. As the Deltics were then in production, it was decided to produce the locomotive on the same production line; the bodyshell used for DP2 reputedly being the eighteenth made. While DP2 looked like a Class 55 locomotive in outline, there were many detail differences; particularly the large bodyside radiator vents at one end, and the single roof fan as opposed to the four symmetrically placed fans on the Deltics. These differences were the external effect of DP2 being totally different from the twin-engined Deltics internally, being the forerunner of the Class 50.
British Rail DP1

**DP1**, or **Prototype Deltic** is a demonstrator locomotive built by English Electric in 1955. This locomotive resulted in 22 similar locomotives being ordered by British Rail, which became their Class 55.
British Rail D0260

**D0260**, named *Lion*, was a prototype **Type 4** mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, in association with Sulzer and Associated Electrical Industries, at their Smethwick works in Birmingham to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. The locomotive’s number was derived from its works number, DEL260.
British Railways D0226

**D0226** and **D0227** were two prototype diesel shunting locomotives built in 1956 by English Electric at its Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. They originally carried numbers D226 and D227, their Vulcan Foundry works numbers, but these were later amended to avoid clashing with the numbers of new Class 40 locomotives.
British Rail 18100

**British Rail 18100** was a prototype main line gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1951. It was built by Metropolitan Vickers, Manchester. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in the 1940s, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.

## Rebuilding
It was rebuilt as an electric locomotive in 1958 and became British Rail Class 80. It was scrapped in 1973.
LNER Class Y11

**LNER Class Y11** was a class of petrol powered 0-4-0 locomotives built by Motor Rail & Tram Car Company Limited under their *Simplex* brand and introduced in the years 1919–1925 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).  Their British Railways numbers were **15097–15099**.
British Rail Class 97/6

The British Rail **Class 97/6** 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston & Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654).  There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.
British Rail departmental locomotives

Before the introduction of the Total Operations Processing System, Class 97 was issued to self-propelled locomotives in departmental (non-revenue earning) use, British Rail had such locomotives numbered in a variety of series, together with locomotives that were no longer self-propelled. See Also:
* Southern Region 'DS'-prefix series
* Eastern Region 1-100 series
Turbostar

**Turbostar** is the name given to a series of diesel multiple units (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The Turbostar was the first new train type to be introduced after the privatisation of British Rail, and is the most common type of diesel multiple unit (its electrical variant, the Electrostar, is the most common electric multiple unit). The first units were ordered by Chiltern Railways in 1996 and were designated Class 168 (also known as *Clubman*). Since then the family has grown with the addition of the Class 170, Class 171, and (in development) the Class 172.

## References
British Rail Class ES1

The **British Rail Class ES1** was a class of two electric locomotives commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1902. They were of steeplecab design.

## History 
In 1870, a  was opened from Trafalgar Yard in  to the . Shaped like a horseshoe, it had tight corners, small tunnels and steep slopes. As steam locomotives and their crews found it hard, the NER wanted this railway electrified. The railway wanted the new locomotives be able to haul  trains. The entire journey on the branch line was to be completed in 4.5 minutes.

On 5 June 1905, electric operations started. For this purpose, two electric locomotives were built by . The locomotives were built to be able to work on both overhead wires and third rail. This was because third rail is dangerous for workers in yards to walk over, and the tunnels were too low for the overhead wires.

]]

Train crews found the  too cold during early work shifts. The crews had used to the heat from steam locomotives. To fix this problem, heaters were added to the cab in 1906. The nose-fitted bow collector was changed to a roof-mounted pantograph sometime after the First World War.

In 1945, both engines were properly known as class ES1. They were simply known as numbers 1 and 2 until then. The London and North Eastern Railway changed numbers for both locomotives to 6480 and 6481 in 1946. This was changed again by British Railways in 1948, this time to 26500 and 26501.

In June 1961, number 26500 was repainted from black to bright green. 26501 also received this same colour in March 1962. Both locomotives had this colour when built in 1904. On 29 February 1964, British Railways stopped using electric operations on the Quayside Branch. Class 03 diesels were used instead, until the line was closed on 16 June 1969.

The two ES1 locomotives were then put aside at Hellifield sheds in January 1965. Number 26501 was scrapped in April 1966. 26500 ended up at the Leicester museum, which was closed in 1975. It was then moved to the National Railway Museum in York. It is on display at the  in Shildon since October 2004 when the venue opened.

## Related pages 
* British Rail Class EE1
* British Rail Class EF1
* British Rail Class EB1
* 

## Sources 
### Books 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* The NER Electric Bo-Bo Class ES1 Locomotives - LNER Encyclopedia
British Rail Class EF1

The **Class EF1** (*Electric Freight 1*) was a class of electric locomotives used by the North Eastern Railway. They were also classified as **EB1** for a short period, although only a single locomotive was modified to *EB1* condition.

## History 
In 1913, the NER decided to electrify the line from Shildon to Newport near Middlesbrough. That railway was used to transport coal from the mines near Shildon to the port of Newport. Wires were brought up in stages in 1915 and 1916.

As part of the plan, ten locomotives were built at Darlington Works. Siemens provided the electrical equipment. The first of these engines were delivered in 1914. They were numbered 3 to 12, following the two ES1 locomotives.

At their best, the electrics were only a slight improvement over steam locomotives. On empty trains, they could haul 800 tons, 100 more than the steam engines.

The need to renew the electrical infrastructure and declining coal traffic were becoming a problem. These were the reasons the London and North Eastern Railway decided to pull down the wires in 1935.

The electric engines, now useless but still had potential, were put into store at Darlington. In 1945, all ten engines were classified as EB1. Only one, number 11, was actually modified for banking duties. The other nine were reclassified as EF1 in 1949.

The EF1s were all discarded in 1950. Meanwhile, the sole EB1 was used as a shunter at Ilford depot in 1949. By then it was renumbered 26510. It was then transferred to departmental stock (as No. 100) in 1959. It was eventually 
thrown away in 1964.

## Related pages 
* British Rail Class ES1
* British Rail Class EE1
* British Rail Class 76
* British Rail Class 77

## Notes 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* The NER Electric Bo-Bo Class EF1 & EB1 Locomotives - LNER Encyclopedia
British Rail DHP1

**DHP1** was a prototype diesel locomotive. Its name means **D**iesel **H**ydraulic **P**rototype number **1**. Clayton built the locomotive in 1965 to show to British Railways. DHP1 was designed for mixed traffic work. It had a steam boiler to give heating to passenger carriages. The body was painted red, with the top half of the cab painted cream.

The locomotive looks similar to the Class 17, also built by Clayton. DHP1 saw little use. It was tested locally in Derbyshire. The locomotive ended up achieving only  in service. British Railways passed over diesel-hydraulic technology in favour of diesel-electric transmission. Because of this, Clayton did not recieve orders for its model. DHP1 was eventually scrapped in April 1967.

## References 
## Sources 
* 

## Other websites 
* Photo in International Combustion works in 1964
List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes

This page lists every electric-powered multiple unit allocated a TOPS classification or used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation). British Rail operated a wide variety of **electric multiple units** for use on electrified lines.
* **AC units** operate off 25 kV alternating current (AC) from overhead wires. Where clearances for the overhead wires on the **Great Eastern Main Line** and **London, Tilbury and Southend railway** routes were below standard, a reduced voltage of 6.25 kV AC was used. The Midland Railway units used 6.6 kV AC. Under the computer numbering, AC units (including mixed-voltage units that can also work off a DC supply) were given a class in the range 300-399.
* **DC units** operate off 650-850 V direct current (DC) from a third rail on the **Southern Region** and North London, Merseyside and Tyneside networks. The **Manchester-Bury Railway** line used 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The **Manchester South Junction & Altrincham** and **"Woodhead"** and initially the **Great Eastern Railway** routes used 1,500 V DC from overhead wires. Under the computer numbering, DC units were given a class in the range 400-599.

## AC EMUs and dual-voltage EMUs
### First generation 
### Second generation
 Class 312 units nos. 312718 and 312721 at Kirby Cross railway station.]]
 Class 313no. 313060 at Kings Cross railway station.]]

### Modern Generation
These use electrical switching devices (thyristors and transistors) and have electronic power control.

### High Speed Trains
 Class 390 no. 390029 at Birmingham New Street]]

## DC EMUs
### Southern Region units
The Southern Railway and its successor, the Southern Region of British Rail, used three letter codes to classify their DC EMU fleets, as shown after the TOPS class numbers.
#### Pre-Nationalisation
]]

#### Mark 1 and 2 Bodyshell
 Class 489 unit no. 489110 at London Victoria.]]
 Class 411 unit no. 1586 at London Victoria.]]

#### Tube stock
 branded Class 483 unit no.483001]]

#### Modern EMUs
 Class 455 unit no. 455713 at Wimbledon railway station.]]
 Class 466 unit no. 466018 at Bromley North railway station.]]

### Other DC units
The 500 series classes were reserved for DC (third/fourth rail) EMUs not from the Southern Region. This included the DC (third/fourth rail) lines in North London, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The DC electric network around Tyneside had been de-electrified by the time TOPS was introduced, and the stock withdrawn or transferred to the Southern Region.

 Class 507 unit no. 507009 at Liverpool Central railway station.]]

**TOPS classes**

**Pre-TOPS classes**
* Ex-LNER Units (Tyneside stock)
* Ex-LNWR Units (North London stock)
* Ex-LYR Units (Manchester-Bury stock)

## Battery electric multiple unit (BEMU)
This was a one-off unit, withdrawn before the introduction of TOPS.
* 79998/79999

## Related pages
* British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
* SR multiple unit numbering and classification
* British Rail coach designations

## References
## Other websites
* The Railway Centre 
* departmentals.com
British Rail Class EE1

The **British Rail Class EE1** was an electric locomotive commissioned by the North Eastern Railway  in 1922.  Ownership passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and to British Railways in 1948.

## History 
### Background 
The main line between York and Newcastle upon Tyne was the North Eastern Railway's primary route. It was so busy that upgrades to the line were necessary. Doubling it would meet some challenges, so electrification was the solution.

Electric traction presented a 26% cost decrease compared to steam locomotives. Additionally, the NER stated that five electric engines can do the work of 13 steam engines.

### Construction and career 
The design for a 1,800 hp locomotive was made in 1920. A year later, construction was ordered. In May 1922, locomotive No.13 emerged from Darlington Works. Metropolitan Vickers provided the electrical parts. The locomotive's body shape was similar to that of the EF1s working on the Shildon coal railway.

Plans for the electrification of the York-Newcastle line was shelved in 1923. This was due to economic problems, and Nigel Gresley's little enthusiasm in carrying on the project.

With no use found for number 13, it was put into storage at Darlington Works. It was recoloured green for the centenary of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1925. The locomotive was sometimes brought out for a select few railway events as an exhibit. Eventually, the engine ended up at South Gosforth car sheds in 1947.

Number 13 was not identified as class EE1 until 4 October 1945. In May 1946, the engine's number was changed to 6999. British Railways changed the number again to 26600 in 1948.

On 21 August 1950, British Railways made its decision to throw away the sole EE1. The locomotive was towed by a  steam locomotive to Rotherdam on 15 December. It was where the electric engine was scrapped.

## Related pages 
* British Rail Class ES1
* British Rail Class EF1
* British Rail Class EB1
* British Rail Class 76
* British Rail Class 77
## Notes 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* 
## Other websites 
* The NER Electric 2-Co-2 Class EE1 Locomotive No. 13 - LNER Encyclopedia
British Rail Class 43 (HST)

The British Rail **Class 43** is the classification used for the InterCity 125 High Speed Train power cars, built by BREL from 1976 to 1982.
## References
Vossloh G1206

The **Vossloh G1206** is a B'B' diesel hydraulic freight locomotive built by Vossloh and used by several mainland European railway operators.  The design was created in the mid-1990s by Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK) for German coal supplier RAG Aktiengesellschaft (RAG AG) and is a follow-on to the *G1205* locomotive class built as SNCB Class 77.  A cab is provided above one of the bogies, with walkways on both sides along the rest of the locomotive.  Rated power is  from either a MTU or Caterpillar engines, giving a top speed of .

## References
SNCF Class BB 22200

The **BB 22200** is a class of electric locomotives in service with the French railways SNCF, built by Alstom between 1976-1986. They are a polycurrent version (1500 CV direct current and 25 kV 50&nbsp;Hz AC) of the BB 7200 and BB 15000 classes, with which it shares the exterior appearance. Thanks to this characteristic they can run in all French electrified lines.

## References
British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)

The British Rail **Class 43** diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) from 1960 to 1962.

## References
Ze (Cyrillic)

**Ze** (**З**, **з**) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a *3* and can be mixed up with Э.

It came from the Greek letter zeta and corresponds to the Roman letter Z.

## Related pages
*Zeta (letter)
*Z
Southampton Corporation Tramways 45

**Southampton Corporation Tramways No. 45**, or **Southampton 45**, is an open-top tramcar. It was built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson. At first it had a three window saloon, before being rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with a four window one.

## References
Acanthocephala

The **Acanthocephala** (Greek *akanthos*, thorn + *kephale*, head) are a group of parasitic worms. They are modified rotifers. armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the gut wall of the host. Acanthocephalans have no gut and absorb nutrients directly from the host’s gut.  

Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, with various hosts, including invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The juveniles are parasitic in crustaceans and insects. Adults live in the digestive tract of vertebrates, especially fish. About 1150 species have been described.

The Acanthocephala were thought to be a separate phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are closely related to rotifers. Since all parasites are derived from free-living forms, the Acanthocephalans are modified rotifers. This is an example of molecular phylogenetics. In due course, spiny-headed worms will probably be placed in a taxonomic rank below phylum, such as sub-phylum or class.

## References
Kirkby Lonsdale

**Kirkby Lonsdale** is a town and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1771 people living in Kirkby Lonsdale. including Harry lloid Huddleston

## References
British Rail Class 41 (HST)

The **British Rail Class 41** was the original classification for the power cars of the prototype High Speed Train. However, the train was later re-classified as a diesel-electric multiple unit, and the whole set became Class 252. They were of Bo-Bo wheel arrangement.
Jet stream

**Jet streams** are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found a little below the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with height). This is about  above the surface of the Earth.

## References
Hiroki Ito (footballer, born 1978)

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Kawasaki Frontale
Noritada Saneyoshi

**Noritada Saneyoshi** (born 19 October 1972) is a former Japanese football player and football manager. He has played for Gamba Osaka.

## Club statistics
## Managerial statistics
 Manager statistics 

## References
Second Polish Republic

**Second Polish Republic** was name of Polish state from 1918 (end of WWI) through 1939 (start of WWII). When its borders were fixed in 1922 after several wars, it had borders with Czechoslovakia, Weimar Republic (Germany), Free City of Danzig, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Soviet Union. Józef Piłsudski was the leader during most of the state's existence.

 of ethnic groups and languages in the Second Polish Republic]]

## Establishment 
By the end of World War One there were certain polish centers of power, the most prominent was Regency Council, established by the act of Act of 5 November, which used to be temporary head of state during the interregnum in Kingdom of Poland. On the emigration, in France there was Polish National Comitee, led by Roman Dmowski. On the former Austro-Hungarian part (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and Cieszyn Silesia) there was Polish Liquidation Committee, led by Wincenty Witos. A provinsional goverment called Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland, was formed in Lublin uder the Ignacy Daszyński.

On the 10 November 1918 Józef Piłsudski was released from the prison in Magdeburg in Germany, returned to Poland and day later (11.11) achieved a military power from the regency Council. On 14 November 1918 he achieved a full rule. Piłsudski issued a decree of basic functioning of Polish Republic on 22 November 1918 which declared that Poland is not monarchy anymore.

## Predecessors
*  Austria-Hungary
* 
*  Kingdom of Poland
*  West Ukrainian National Republic
*  Lemko-Rusyn Republic
*  Komancza Republic
*  Ukrainian People's Republi
*  Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
*  Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
*  Republic of Central Lithuania

## Successors
* 
* 
* 

## World War II
The Second Polish Republic, in 1939, refused to make territorial changes towards Germany. The Invasion of Poland (1939) brought the occupation of Poland by the German Reich and the Soviet Union 39 days later. 

### In exile
The government fled to the United Kingdom (UK) and became the Polish government-in-exile, while based in London. It continued its existence in Poland as the Polish Underground State until 1945 when Poland was released but made a Communist satellite state of the Soviet Union. The pre-war government remained in exile until the collapse of Communism in 1990. Afterwards, it dissolved and handed its roles over to the current Polish State.

## References
Justice Christopher

**Justice Longs Christopher** (24 December 1981 &ndash; 9 March 2022) was a Nigerian football player. He played for Nigeria national team.

Christopher died on 9 March 2022 in Jos, Nigeria at the age of 40.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References
Haruna Babangida

**Haruna Babangida** (born 1 October 1982) is a Nigerian former football player.

## Club statistics
:Source:

## Honours
**Olympiacos**
*Greek Championship: 2005–2006, 2006–2007

## References
Yukihiko Sato

**Yukihiko Sato** (born 11 May 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki. In 2009, there was a story in the newspapers saying that Australia's Newcastle United Jets were interested in getting the midfielder to play for them.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1996||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1997||0||0||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1998||Montedio Yamagata||Football League||29||14||4||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||17
|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Tokyo||J. League 2||35||6||4||2||7||2||colspan="2"|-||46||10
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||5||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||5
|-
|2001||28||3||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||3
|-
|2002||13||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||27||1||3||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||37||2
|-
|2004||16||2||1||0||7||1||4||0||28||3
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||12||1||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||19||2||2||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||3
|-
|2007||J. League 1||22||2||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|2008||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||27||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||2
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|V-Varen Nagasaki||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
281||41||20||6||34||4||4||0||339||51
281||41||20||6||34||4||4||0||339||51
|}

## References
Eisuke Nakanishi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Nakanishi was born in Suzuka on June 23, 1973. After graduating from Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School, he joined J1 League club JEF United Ichihara in 1992. Although he mainly played as defender, he played many position including midfielder and forward in mid 1990s. The club won the 2nd place at 1998 J.League Cup and 3rd place at 2001 and 2003 J1 League. He moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 2004. The club won the champions at 2004 J1 League. He retired end of 2006 season.

In September 1997, Nakanishi was selected the Japan national team for 1998 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on September 7, he debuted against Uzbekistan. At 1998 World Cup, he played in the first two games as left back of three defense with Masami Ihara and Yutaka Akita. However he received a yellow card in both games, he was suspended in the third game. He played 14 games for Japan until 2002.

## Statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="12"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="12"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||3||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|1993||32||2||1||0||6||3||colspan="2"|-||39||5
|-
|1994||22||1||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||25||1
|-
|1995||31||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|1996||20||5||0||0||10||1||colspan="2"|-||30||6
|-
|1997||18||4||1||1||6||1||colspan="2"|-||25||6
|-
|1998||22||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||25||2
|-
|1999||26||9||1||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||10
|-
|2000||27||3||3||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||3
|-
|2001||29||3||3||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||36||5
|-
|2002||24||0||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2003||22||0||0||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J1 League||20||0||0||0||6||0||3||0||29||0
|-
|2005||13||0||2||0||1||0||3||0||19||0
|-
|2006||3||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
309||34||19||4||55||6||6||0||389||44
309||34||19||4||55||6||6||0||389||44
|}

|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||6||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||14||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Tatsuya Enomoto

**Tatsuya Enomoto** (born 16 March 1979) is a Japanese former football player.

## Club statistics
## Honors and awards
* World Youth Championship runner-up: 1999

## References
H.N.K. Hajduk Split

**H.N.K. Hajduk Split** is a football club which plays in Croatia.

## League title
*Yugoslav First League : 9
**1927, 1929, 1950, 1952, 1954/55, 1970/71, 1973/74, 1974/75, 1978/79
*Prva HNL : 6
**1992, 1993/94, 1994/95, 2000/01, 2003/04, 2004/05

## League position
NK Zagreb

**N.K. Zagreb** is a football club which plays in Croatia.

## League title
*Prva HNL : 1
**2001/02

## League position
Michael I of Romania

**King Michael I of Romania** (25 October 1921 – 5 December 2017), reigned as King of Romania for two periods. He was king from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940, until forced to abdicate by the Communist Party of Romania. The communists were backed up by orders of Stalin to the Soviet armies of occupation on 30 December 1947. 

He was one of the last surviving heads of state from World War II, the other one is Simeon II of Bulgaria.

He died 5 December 2017 of complications from leukemia in Aubonne, Switzerland at 96 years old.

## Memorial concert 
On 8 December 2017, German conductor Matthias Manasi conducted a worldwide broadcast memorial concert to honor King Michael I of Romania with the National Radio Orchestra of Romania and the Academic Radio Choir at Sala Radio at the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company in Bucharest. Matthias Manasi conducted the *Requiem* by Gabriel Fauré with the soloists Veronica Anușca and Ștefan Ignat and pieces by Beethoven, Chausson and Massenet with the Romanian violinist Alexandru Tomescu as the soloist.

## Titles, styles and honours
### Titles and styles 
* **25 October 1921 – 28 December 1925**: *His Royal Highness* Prince Michael of Romania, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
* **28 December 1925 – 20 July 1927**: *His Royal Highness* Crown Prince Michael of Romania, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
* **20 July 1927 – 8 June 1930**: *His Majesty* King Michael I of Romania, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
* **8 June 1930 – 6 September 1940**: *His Majesty* King Michael I, The Grand Prince of Alba Iulia, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
* **6 September 1940 - 10 May 2011**: *His Majesty* King Michael I of Romania, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
* **10 May 2011 - 5 December 2017**: *His Majesty* King Michael I of Romania

### Honours
#### National
*  House of Romania: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Carol I

#### Foreign
* : Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour
* Russia
** : Member of the Order of Victory
* : Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Merit

## Ancestry
He was a paternal first cousin of King Peter II of Yugoslavia and maternal first cousin of Queen Alexandra, Queen Consort of Yugoslavia, King Constantine II of Greece and his elder sister Queen Sofía, Queen Consort of Spain.

He was great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria I of the United Kingdom through both of his parents and was therefore a third cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, King Harald V of Norway, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Queen Elizabeth II.

## Referencecs
I (Cyrillic)

**I** (**И**, **и**) is the ninth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [i] or [ee].
It looks like a backwards N. The  и's  looks like a *и*. Its old name was *izhe*.

It came from the Greek eta and stands for the Roman I.

There is another letter, the decimal I (*І*, *і*), that sounds the same as И. Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only И; and Church Slavonic and Ukrainian uses both И and і. To tell the letters apart, И is sometimes called *octal I* because was eighth in the Cyrillic numeral system.

## Related pages
* Eta (letter)
* I
* Decimal I
Hiromi Hara

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Hara was born in Nasushiobara on October 19, 1958. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors (later *Urawa Reds*) in 1981. The club won 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He played as a regular player from first season and played in all matches in the league until 1987/88 season. After that, club performance was not good and also played in Division 2. He retired in 1992. He played 192 games and scored 65 goals in the league.

On November 19, 1978, when Hara was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Soviet Union. He also played at 1978 Asian Games and 1982 World Cup qualification in 1980. From 1983, he played in Japan's all matches until 1987. He played 75 games and scored 37 goals for Japan until 1987.

After the retirement, Hara started coaching career at Urawa Reds in 1992. He served as an assistant coach until 1997. In 1998, he was promoted to a manager. However he was sacked for poor performance in summer 1999. In 2002, he signed with FC Tokyo. He led the club to win the 2004 J.League Cup which was first major title in the club history. He resigned end of 2005 season. In 2007, he managed FC Tokyo in one season again. In February 2009, He was appointed by Japan Football Association as its new technical director. After 2010 World Cup, he managed Japan national team as caretaker in 2 matches until Alberto Zaccheroni became a new manager.

## Statistics
|-
|1981||rowspan="11"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||18||4
|-
|1982||18||7
|-
|1983||18||3
|-
|1984||18||8
|-
|1985/86||22||10
|-
|1986/87||22||8
|-
|1987/88||22||10
|-
|1988/89||18||3
|-
|1989/90||JSL Division 2||16||9
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||18||3
|-
|1991/92||2||0
192||65
192||65
|}

|-
|1978||6||1
|-
|1979||2||0
|-
|1980||5||2
|-
|1981||10||1
|-
|1982||6||3
|-
|1983||10||6
|-
|1984||7||5
|-
|1985||10||5
|-
|1986||6||7
|-
|1987||11||7
|-
|1988||2||0
|-
!Total||75||37
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Joe Hart

**Charles Joseph "Joe" Hart** (born 19 April 1987) is a former English footballer. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Manchester City**
*Premier League: 2011–12, 2013–14
*FA Cup: 2010–11; runner-up: 2012–13
*Football League Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16

**Tottenham Hotspur**
*EFL Cup runner-up: 2020–21

**Celtic**
*Scottish Premiership: 2021–22, 2022–23
*Scottish Cup: 2022–23
*Scottish League Cup: 2021–22, 2022–23

**England U21**
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2009

**Individual**
*Premier League Golden Glove: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15 2009–10 Premier League, 2011–12 Premier League
*Birmingham City Player of the Year: 2009–10
*Manchester City Performance of the Season: 2010–11
*Manchester City Player of the Month: August 2010, March 2015
*PFA Scotland Team of the Year: 2022–23 Premiership

## References
Daisuke Nasu

is a former Japanese football player.

## Biography
Nasu was born in Minamisatsuma on October 10, 1981. When he was a Komazawa University student, he joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos in 2002. Although he is originally a center back, he became a regular player as defensive midfielder under new manager Takeshi Okada from 2003. He was also selected "Rookie of the Year award" in 2003. Marinos won the champions for 2 years in a row (2003-2004). However his opportunity to play decreased from 2006. In 2008, he moved to Tokyo Verdy. He played as regular player as his originally position, center back. However Verdy finished at the 17th place and was relegated to J2 League. In 2009, he moved to Júbilo Iwata. He played as regular player as center back in 2009 and as defensive midfielder in 2010. Júbilo also won the champions in 2010 J.League Cup. He also played as left side back from summer 2011. In 2012, he moved to Kashiwa Reysol. Although his opportunity to play decreased, he played many matches side back and center back. Reysol also won the champions in the 2012 Emperor's Cup. In 2013, he moved to Urawa Reds. He became a regular center back and scored 9 goals in 2013 season. He was also selected Best Eleven award in 2013. From 2016, his opportunity to play decreased behind new player Wataru Endo. In 2018, he moved to Vissel Kobe. Nasu retired at the end of the 2019 season.

In June 2001, Nasu was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. But he did not play in the match. In August 2004, he was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics and he named a captain. He played 2 matches.

## Statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="6"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="6"|J1 League||3||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2003||29||2||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|-
|2004||24||1||1||0||3||0||3||0||31||1
|-
|2005||29||2||2||0||3||1||5||1||39||4
|-
|2006||16||1||3||0||9||1||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|-
|2007||18||0||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2008||Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||32||1||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2009||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="3"|J1 League||34||1||3||1||6||0||colspan="2"|-||43||2
|-
|2010||33||3||2||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||46||3
|-
|2011||33||3||1||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||39||4
|-
|2012||Kashiwa Reysol||J1 League||23||0||5||0||3||0||3||1||34||1
|-
|2013||rowspan="5"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="5"|J1 League||32||9||0||0||5||0||5||2||42||11
|-
|2014||32||3||2||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||38||4
|-
|2015||30||2||4||0||1||0||3||0||38||2
|-
|2016||14||1||0||0||3||0||3||0||20||1
|-
|2017||9||0||1||0||0||0||5||0||15||0
|-
|2018||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J1 League||9||0||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2019||0||0||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
400||29||31||1||82||4||27||4||540||38
400||29||31||1||82||4||27||4||540||38
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Naohiro Ishikawa

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Ishikawa was born in Yokosuka on May 12, 1981. He joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos from youth team in 2000. However he could not play many matches in the club. He moved to FC Tokyo in April 2002. He got many opportunities to play soon. In 2000s, the club won the champions 2004 and 2009 J.League Cup. In 2009, he also scored 15 goals and was selected Best Eleven. In 2010s, the club was relegated to J2 League end of the 2010 season. In 2011, the club won the champions J2 League and Emperor's Cup. From 2012, the club played in J1 League. However he could not played many matches for injury from 2014. He retired end of 2017 season.

In June 2001, Ishikawa was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. He wore the number 10 shirt and played full-time in all 3 matches. In December 2003, he was selected the Japan national team for 2003 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, on December 7, he debuted against Hong Kong. He also played Japan for in 2004. In August, he was also selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. In August 2009, he was selected Japan for the first time in 5 years. He played 6 games for Japan until 2012.

## Statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J1 League||2||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2001||13||1||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="16"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="9"|J1 League||19||4||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||23||4
|-
|2003||29||5||1||0||7||3||colspan="2"|-||37||8
|-
|2004||17||0||3||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|-
|2005||23||3||0||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2006||20||5||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|-
|2007||27||4||3||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||37||5
|-
|2008||21||2||3||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||30||3
|-
|2009||24||15||0||0||8||3||colspan="2"|-||32||18
|-
|2010||31||2||3||3||5||0||colspan="2"|-||39||5
|-
|2011||J2 League||23||3||6||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2012||rowspan="6"|J1 League||28||5||1||0||4||2||6||0||39||7
|-
|2013||22||2||4||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|-
|2014||3||0||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2015||10||1||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||13||2
|-
|2016||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2017||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2016||rowspan="2"|FC Tokyo U-23||rowspan="2"|J3 League||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2017||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
316||52||29||6||61||13||6||0||412||71
316||52||29||6||61||13||6||0||412||71
|}

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Jonathan Woodgate

**Jonathan Woodgate** (born 22 January 1980) is a former English football player.

## Career statistics
### As a player
#### Club
#### International
Source:

### As a manager
## Honours
**Tottenham Hotspur**
*Football League Cup: 2007–08

**Individual**
*Middlesbrough Player of the Year: 2006–07
*Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2008
*Football League Championship Manager of the Month: December 2019, April 2021

## References
Tom Huddlestone

**Thomas Andrew Huddlestone** (born 28 December 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Manchester United.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Tottenham Hotspur**
*Football League Cup: 2007–08; runner-up: 2008–09

**Hull City**
*Football League Championship play-offs: 2016
*FA Cup runner-up: 2013–14

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 2004–05 Championship

## References
Ion Iliescu

**Ion Iliescu** (3 March 1930 – 5 August 2025) was a Romanian politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1953, and became a member of the Central Committee in 1965, serving in various positions until Nicolae Ceauşescu was overthrown and executed in 1989. Iliescu was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms), from 1990 to 1992, 1992 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004.

On 11 June 2025, Iliescu was hospitalized in Bucharest, Romania for breathing problems. He was diagnosed with lung cancer the next day. Iliescu died on 5 August 2025, after almost 2 months hospitalisation in Bucharest, aged 95.

## References
Eastern Romance languages

The **Eastern Romance** languages are a branch of Romance languages. They come Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin. The main language in the branch is Romanian.
Traian Băsescu

**Traian Băsescu** (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer. He was the President of Romania from 20 December 2004 until 21 December 2014. He won the office in the 2004 presidential election. Prior to becoming president, he was the Mayor of Bucharest from June 2000 until December 2004.

Traian Băsescu met with Ion Iliescu and Loran Bini at the Romanian parliament.