open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ernst Ruska

**Ernst August Friedrich Ruska** (25 December 1906 &ndash; 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics. He helped create the design of the first electron microscope.

## References
Carlo Rubbia

**Carlo Rubbia**,  (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN. He was born in Gorizia, Italy. He also promoted nuclear power and particle accelerator by thorium.

He was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Science and the Academia Europaea in 1992.

## References
Georg Bednorz

**Johannes Georg Bednorz** (born 16 May 1950) is a German physicist. With K. Alex Müller, they discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramics, for which they shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics.

## References
Gerd Binnig

**Gerd Binnig** (born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope.

## References
Yi Yi

***Yi Yi*** () is a 2000 Taiwanese Japanese drama movie directed by Edward Yang and starring Wu Nien-jen, Elaine Jin, Kelly Lee, Jonathan Chang, Issey Ogata.

## Other websites
*
*
Frederick Reines

**Frederick Reines** ( ; March 16, 1918 – August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. He was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for his works on the neutrino with Clyde Cowan in the neutrino experiment.

## References
Clyde Cowan

**Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr** (December 6, 1919 – May 24, 1974) was an American physicist. He was the co-discoverer of the neutrino along with Frederick Reines. The discovery was made in 1956 in the neutrino experiment.
Frederick Reines received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 in both their names.

## References
Russell Alan Hulse

**Russell Alan Hulse** (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993, which he shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., for the discovery of a new type of pulsar and his studies on gravitational waves.

In 2004, Hulse joined University of Texas at Dallas and became the Founding Director of UT Dallas Science and Engineering Education Center (SEEC).

## References
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji

**Claude Cohen-Tannoudji** (born 1 April 1933) is a French physicist. He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with Steven Chu and William Daniel Phillips for research in methods of laser cooling and trapping atoms. He is still an active researcher, working at the École normale supérieure (Paris).

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.

## References
William Daniel Phillips

**William Daniel Phillips** (born November 5, 1948) is an American physicist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1997, with Steven Chu and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.

In 1996, he received the Albert A. Michelson Medal from The Franklin Institute.

Phillips is also a professor of physics, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at University of Maryland, College Park.

## References
Rancho Santa Fe, California

**Rancho Santa Fe** is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Diego County, California, United States. It is within the San Diego metropolitan area. The population was 3,156 at the 2020 census. 

## References
David Lee (physicist)

**David Morris Lee** (born January 20, 1931) is an American physicist. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert C. Richardson and Douglas Osheroff for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. Lee is professor emeritus of physics at Cornell University and distinguished professor of physics at Texas A&M University. Lee was born in Rye, New York.

## References
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.

**Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.** (born March 29, 1941) is an American astrophysicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for his discovery with Russell Alan Hulse of a "new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation".

Taylor Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Harvard University.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Douglas Osheroff

**Douglas Dean Osheroff** (born August 1, 1945) is an American physicist. He is known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics and for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics along with David Lee and Robert C. Richardson.

## References
Robert Coleman Richardson

**Robert Coleman Richardson** (June 26, 1937 &ndash; February 19, 2013) was an American experimental physicist. He was known for his works on sub-millikelvin temperature studies of helium-3. He won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics.

## References
Robert B. Laughlin

**Robert Betts Laughlin** (born November&nbsp;1, 1950) is an American physicist and Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. Along with Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui, he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect.

## References
Hijackers in the September 11 attacks

There were 19 hijackers in the September 11 attacks, part of an Islamist terrorist group called al-Qaeda. The 19 hijackers hijacked four aircraft; American Airlines Flight 11 had five hijackers and was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, United Airlines Flight 175 had five hijackers and was flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, American Airlines Flight 77 had five hijackers and was flown into The Pentagon, and United Airlines Flight 93 had four hijackers and crashed outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

## Chosen
Mohamed Atta was the leader of the hijackers, and helped carry out the attacks. (Pilot-hijackers in **bold**)

## References
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

**John Hasbrouck Van Vleck** (March 13, 1899 – October 27, 1980) was an American physicist and mathematician. He was co-awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977.

## References
Daniel C. Tsui

**Daniel Chee Tsui** (, born February 28, 1939) is a Chinese-born American physicist. He is a professor at Princeton University. Tsui shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert B. Laughlin and Horst L. Störmer for their discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect. He was born in Henan, China.

## References
Crónicas

***Crónicas*** is a 2004 Ecuadorian Mexican thriller movie directed by Sebastián Cordero and starring John Leguizamo, Damián Alcázar, José María Yazpik, Leonor Watling, Alfred Molina, Camilo Luzuriaga.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Intelligence and Security Committee

The **Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament** (**ISC**) is a group in the Parliament of the United Kingdom that is responsible for making sure that what the UK intelligence community does is allowed or okay.

The Committee was created in 1994 by the Intelligence Services Act 1994, and they were given more power by the Justice and Security Act 2013. The committee would later have what it does changed, and what it can do expanded by the Justice and Security Act 2013.

How independent it is has been, in the past, questioned by journalists and interest groups but the ISC says it is independent because it is made of MPs and peers from different parties and runs in a neutral manner. The ISC got stronger power under the Justice and Security Act 2013 which also made it so that the Prime Minister didn't decide who was in the group anymore.

## References
Nevill Francis Mott

**Sir Nevill Francis Mott**  (30 September 1905 – 8 August 1996) was a British physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 for his work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. He shared it with Philip W. Anderson and J. H. Van Vleck.

## References
Boana bandeirantes

***Boana bandeirantes*** is a frog that lives in Brazil.  Scientists have seen it higher than 400 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is  27.1–29.1 mm long from nose to rear end and one adult female frog was 31.2 mm long.  It has a little webbing on its front feet and more on its back feet.  The skin of its back has four light brown stripes with darker brown in between.  It has some white color on its face and two dark brown stripes from its nose over the eye down to where the legs meet the body.

## References
No Exit (1930 movie)

***No Exit*** is a 1930 British romantic comedy movie directed by Charles Saunders and starring John Stuart, Muriel Angelus, Janet Alexander. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

## Other websites
*
Horst Ludwig Störmer

**Horst Ludwig Störmer** (born April 6, 1949) is a German physicist. He is a emeritus professor at Columbia University.
He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Daniel Tsui and Robert B. Laughlin "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations", also known as the fractional quantum Hall effect.

## References
John E. Walker

**Sir John Ernest Walker**  (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.  Walker is Emeritus Director and Professor at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit in Cambridge, and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1998.

## References
Clifford Shull

**Clifford Glenwood Shull** (September 23, 1915 – March 31, 2001) was an American physicist. He won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with Bertram Brickhouse.

Shull's awards include the Buckley Prize, which he received from the American Physical Society in 1956, and election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1956) and to the National Academy of Sciences (1975).

## Other websites
* Full-text digital archive of Clifford G. Shull papers
Bertram Brockhouse

**Bertram Neville Brockhouse**,  (July 15, 1918 &ndash; October 13, 2003) was a Canadian physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1994, shared with Clifford Shull for the development of neutron scattering and neutron spectroscopy.

## References
Blacula

***Blacula*** is a 1972 American blaxploitation fantasy horror movie directed by William Crain and starring William Marshall, Denise Nicholas, Vonetta McGee, Gordon Pinsent, Thalmus Rasulala, Ketty Lester, The Hues Corporation. It was followed by the sequel *Scream Blacula Scream* in 1973.

## Other websites
* 
*
Pamela Adlon

**Pamela Adlon** (née **Segall**; born July 9, 1966) is an American-British actress, screenwriter, producer and director. She is best known for acting as the voice of the character Bobby Hill in the television show *King of the Hill* and Beau in the Cartoon Network series ''Dexter's Laboratory*. She won a Primetime Emmy Award. She also voiced Baloo in *Jungle Cubs* (1996-1998), Pajama Sam in the *Pajama Sam* series of video games (1996-2001), Lucky in *101 Dalmatians: The Series* (1997-1998), Ashley Spinelli in *Recess* (1997-2001) and Brigette Murphy in *Milo Murphy's Law'' (2016-2019).

Her daughters, Gideon and Odessa, are actresses.

## References
## Other websites
*
Senate of Virginia

The **Senate of Virginia** is a part of the Virginia General Assembly. The general assembly is the legislature for Virginia. The Senate of Virginia is the upper house, while the Virginia House of Delegates is the lower house. The senate has 40 members called senators. The leader of the senate is called the president and is also the lieutenant governor. The current president is Justin Fairfax. There is a second position called the Pro tempore if the president is  or .

The senate holds elections every 4 years. The last election was on November 5, 2019 and the next election is on November 7, 2023.

## Composition
### Historical composition
## Leadership
Jacobin pigeon

The **Jacobin pigeon** is a breed of fancy pigeon that originated in Asia. It is in the Asian feather and voice pigeon show group. This breed is known for its feathered hood over its head. The breed name comes from the feather arrangements on their heads (known as a muff or cowl) that look similar to the hoods that Jacobin monks wore. It is considered as the *“National Pigeon of India”*  respectively. 

## References
Virginia House of Delegates

The **Virginia House of Delegates** is a part of the Virginia General Assembly. The general assembly is the legislature for Virginia. The house is the lower house, while the Senate of Virginia is the upper house. The house has 100 members called delegates. The leader of the house is called the Speaker of the House. The Speaker is internally elected. The current Speaker is Todd Gilbert. The leader of the largest party is called the majority leader. The leader of the smallest party is called the minority leader.

The House of Delegates holds elections every 2 years. The last election was on November 2, 2021, and the next election is on November 7, 2023.

## History
The House of Burgesses was the  body for the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates in 1776.

## Composition
## Leadership 
## References
West Springfield, Virginia

**West Springfield** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 23,369 at the 2020 census.

## Location
West Springfield is located in Fairfax County at  (38.788436, &minus;77.232802). The town borders (touches) the Norfolk Southern Railway to the north, Accotink Creek to the east, Fairfax County Parkway to the south, and Pohick Creek to the west.

## Composition
At the 2010 census there were 22,460 people, 10,289 houses, and 7,840 families in the CDP. The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.31% White, 4.89% African American, 0.28% Native American, 13.91% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.55% from other races, and 3.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.33%.
* Cardinal Forest Elementary School
* Keene Mill Elementary School
* Rolling Valley Elementary School
* West Springfield Elementary School
* Irving Middle School
* West Springfield High School

## References
Henry Danton

**Henry Danton** (born **Henry David Boileau Down**; 30 March 1919 &ndash; 10 February 2022) was a British dancer and teacher of classical ballet. He was born in Bedford, England. He worked at Sadler's Wells Ballet. In the UK, Danton performed as a soloist in the International Ballet partnering Mona Inglesby in *Les Sylphides* and *Swan Lake* 1943–44.

Danton died on 10 February 2022 at the age of 102.

## References
## Other websites
*Photo gallery of Henry Danton teaching in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, aged 94.
*Link to BBC 4 documentary Ballet in the Blitz How World War Two Made British Ballet.
*OBT Principal Dancer Jon Drake discusses Henry Danton as ballet teacher and scholar.
Yuriko (dancer)

**Yuriko Kikuchi** (February 2, 1920 – March 8, 2022), known by her stage name **Yuriko**, was an American dancer and choreographer. She was best known for her work with the Martha Graham Dance Company. She was born in San Jose, California. She danced in the first production of Graham's masterpiece, *Clytemnestra*, as well as in *Appalachian Spring*, *Cave of the Heart* and *Dark Meadow*. She died on March 8, 2022 in New York City at age of 102.

## References
## Other websites
* Yuriko interview.
Herbert Köfer

**Herbert Köfer** (17 February 1921 &ndash; 24 July 2021) was a German actor and television presenter. He was born in Berlin. He starred in the 1963 movie *Naked Among Wolves* as Kluttig. He was also known for appearing in many comedy and crime movies through *Polizeiruf 110*.

Köfer turned 100 in February 2021. and died in Berlin on 24 July 2021, aged 100.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Herbert Köfer at filmportal.de
*Herbert Köfer at film-zeit.de
Goochland, Virginia

**Goochland** is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Goochland County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 899.

## References
United Airlines Flight 328

**United Airlines Flight 328** was a scheduled flight from Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado, to Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in Honolulu, Hawaii. On February 20, 2021, the Boeing 777-222 (registered N772UA) operating the route suffered an engine failure while flying over Broomfield, Colorado. The airplane then returned to Denver International Airport.

The failure to the engine caused a fire in the engine damage to the aircraft's body.

## Aircraft
The incident aircraft, N772UA, is a Boeing 777 which flies for United Airlines. It was built in November 1994 and given to United Airlines in September 1995. At first, the aircraft was a part of a test to approve its entry to fly commercially.

## Notes
## References
Avianca Flight 203

**Avianca Flight 203** was an internal flight from El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, Colombia to Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali, Colombia. On November 27, 1989, the Boeing 727-21 (registered HK-1803) was destroyed by a bomb while flying over Soacha. All 107 passengers and 3 people on the ground were killed. The bombing was ordered by the Medellín drug cartel.

## Aircraft
The aircraft was a Boeing 727-21 with registration HK-1803. It was built in 1966 and delivered to Pan Am on May 28, 1966. In 1975, the aircraft was bought from Avianca. The aircraft changed registrations when bought.

## Flight
Flight 203 took off at 7:13&nbsp;a.m. Shortly after, while at , a bomb was set off, causing fuel to explode. A second explosion made the front of the aircraft to  from the back of the aircraft. The debris was spread across the town of Soacha. The crash kills all 107 passengers and crew and 3 people on the ground by a falling debris.

## Aftermath
An  found the cause of the explosion to be plastic explosives.  Drug cartel leader, Pablo Escobar, planned the bombing. The reason was to kill Colombian presidential candidate, César Gaviria Trujillo but Gaviria did not get on the plane, and became the president of Colombia.

## In popular culture
The bombing was shown in Season 1 of the television show, Narcos.

## References
George Abbott

**George Francis Abbott** (June 25, 1887 – January 31, 1995) was an American theatre producer and director, playwright, screenwriter, and movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1913 until 1995. He won six Tony Awards, a Pulitzer Prize and Drama Desk Award. Abbott was born in Forestville, New York. He was known for directing and writing many Broadway plays.

Abbott died on January 31, 1995 in Miami Beach, Florida from a stroke at the age of 107.

## References
Orlando Drummond

**Orlando Drummond Cardoso** (October 18, 1919 – July 27, 2021) was a Brazilian actor and comedian. He was best known for his works as Seu Peru in the series *Escolinha do Professor Raimundo* and also as the voice of *Scooby-Doo*, *Alf*, and *Popeye*. He was born in Rio de Janeiro.

Drummond died on July 27, 2021 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 101.

## References
## Other websites
*
Transair Flight 810

**Transair Flight 810** was a cargo flight from Honolulu International Airport to Kahului Airport. On July 2, 2021, the Boeing 737-200 (registered N810TA) had mechanical difficulties and crashed shortly after takeoff. Both pilots survived.

## Flight
On July 2, 2021, at 1:33&nbsp;a.m. HST, the aircraft took off. At 1:42&nbsp;a.m., the pilots told air traffic control that they had "lost an engine."  At around 1:46&nbsp;a.m., the pilots reported that the second engine was , and they could not stay at higher altitude.

The plane went down on the water of Māmala Bay about  short of Kalaeloa Airport.

## References
2021 Virginia gubernatorial election

The **2021 Virginia gubernatorial election** happened on November 2, 2021, to elect the next governor of Virginia. Incumbent Governor Ralph Northam is unable to run, as the Constitution of Virginia does not allow terms to be served in a row.

The Democratic Party chose previous Governor Terry McAuliffe, and the Republican Party chose Glenn Youngkin. Teacher Princess Blanding ran under the new Liberation Party.

In the general election on November 2, Republican Glenn Youngkin won the election over Democrat and former Governor Terry McAuliffe, making him the first Republican to win a statewide election in Virginia since 2009.

## Democratic primary election
### Candidates
#### Chosen
*Terry McAuliffe, previous governor of Virginia (2014-2018).

#### Lost in primary election
*Jennifer Carroll Foy, previous state delegate for the 2nd house district (2018-2020).
*Lee J. Carter, state delegate for the 50th house district.
*Justin Fairfax, Lieutenant governor of Virginia.
*Jennifer McClellan, state senator for the 9th senate district, previous state delegate for the 71st district (2006-2017).

#### Withdrew
*Mark Herring, attorney general of Virginia and previous state senator for the 33rd district (2006-2014).

### Polling
#### Graph
### Results
## Republican convention election
A convention is a different way to choose a person for an election. This Republican convention used a method of voting called instant-runoff voting to choose a person for the general election.

The Republican Party of Virginia chose a convention on December 5, 2020 with a vote. The vote was 41 to 28. This decision started debates internally. At first, state senator Amanda Chase was going to run as an independent, but decided to run in the convention.

### Candidates
### Chosen at convention
*Glenn Youngkin, former co-CEO of The Carlyle Group.

### Lost at convention
*Amanda Chase, state senator for the 11th senate district.
*Kirk Cox, state delegate for the 66th house district, and previous Speaker of Virginia House of Delegates (2018-2020).
*Sergio de la Peña, previous U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Western Hemisphere Affairs.
*Peter Doran, previous CEO.
*Octavia Johnson, previous sheriff of Roanoke City (2006-2013).
*Pete Snyder, previous candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in 2013.

### Polling
#### Graph
;Without convention polling

#### Primary polling
#### Convention polling
### Results 
## General election
### Predictions
;Aggregate polls

### Polling
## Results
## Related pages
*2025 Virginia gubernatorial election

## Notes
## References
Villeparisis

**Villeparisis** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France. It is in the northeastern suburbs of Paris,  from the center. 26,471 people lived here in 2018.

## References
John Byner

**John Byner** (born **John Biener**; June 28, 1938) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his voice roles on the cartoon series *The Ant and the Aardvark*. He is also known for his impressions of Dean Martin and Jackie Mason.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
*
Ridgecrest, California

**Ridgecrest** is a city in Kern County, California, United States. The population was 27,959 at the 2020 census.

## References
Franconville, Val-d'Oise

**Franconville** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France. It is also in the northwestern suburbs of Paris,  from the 
center. 37,010 people lived here in 2018.

## Twin towns 
*  Viernheim, Hesse, Germany (since 1966)
*  Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom (since 1973)
Maria Full of Grace

***Maria Full of Grace*** (Spanish title: ***María, llena eres de gracia***, lit., "Maria, you are full of grace") is a 2004 Colombian Ecuadorian American drama movie directed by Joshua Marston and starring Catalina Sandino Moreno, Yenny Paola Vega, Guilied López, John Alex Toro, Patricia Rae, Virginia Ariza. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Wyoming Mail

***Wyoming Mail*** is a 1950 American western movie directed by Reginald Le Borg and starring Stephen McNally, Alexis Smith, Howard Da Silva, Ed Begley, Dan Riss, Roy Roberts, Whit Bissell, James Arness, Richard Jaeckel, Richard Egan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

## Other websites
*
Saint Piran

**Saint Piran** (c. 400's? - 480) is the patron saint of Cornwall. He was a Cornish/Celtic bishop in the 5th century.

## Related pages
*Saint Piran's Day

## References
* Catholic Online
In the Name of the Girl

***In the Name of the Girl*** () is a 2011 Ecuadorian comedy-drama movie directed by Tania Hermida and starring Eva Mayu Mecham Benavides, Markus Amaru Mecham Benavides, Javier Izquierdo, Tatiana Ugalde, Juana Estrella, Felipe Vega, Pancho Aguirre.

## Other websites 
*
Muslim saints

.]]

This is a list of patron Muslim saints of places by nation, and other regional countries, in the Islamic world.

## Traditional Non-Christian saints 
## References
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018

.]]
The **Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018** is law in Pakistan which was passed by the parliament in 2018 to legally provide equality to transgender people and to make sure they kept their rights. The law aims to legally recognise transgender people in the country. It also allows them to legally have the same rights as cisgender people. The law gives trans peoples official equality, but non substantive equality and although the law has taken a large leap towards the equality of trans peoples in Pakistan, major cultural and infrastructural changes need to occur before this is genuinely the case.

In March 2020, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) addressed the provision of Pakistan after releasing a paper at International Transgender Day of Visibility. The ICJ highlighted features of the provision. Pakistan, according to the *Aljazeera,* is the one of the first nations that legally recognised transgender people.

## References
Américo Tomás

**Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás**  (; 19 November 1894 – 18 September 1987) was a Portuguese Navy officer and politician who was the authoritarian 13th President of Portugal from 1958 to 1974.

## References
Glenn Youngkin

**Glenn Allen Youngkin** (born December 9, 1966) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 74th governor of Virginia from 2022 to 2026. He is a member of the Republican Party.

## Early life
Youngkin was born in Richmond, Virginia. When Youngkin was a teenager, the family moved from Richmond to Virginia Beach. He went to Norfolk Academy in Norfolk, Virginia. He graduated in 1985.

## 2021 gubernatorial election 
### 2021 election campaign
Youngkin  that he would try to get the Republican Party's nomination for governor of Virginia.

Youngkin won the Virginia Republican Party convention on May 10, 2021, beating six other candidates. Youngkin became the Republican nominee. He would face former Democratic Governor Terry McAuliffe in the general election.

Youngkin did not meet McAuliffe in a scheduled debate by the Virginia Bar Association (VBA) on July 12, 2021. He has agreed to three debates.

On November 2, Youngkin beat McAuliffe in the election winning 50.6% of the vote against McAuliffe's 48.6%.

## Governor of Virginia
Youngkin was sworn in as Governor of Virginia on January 15, 2022. 

After being sworn in, Youngkin signed multiple executive orders. These orders include making it not allowed to teach critical race theory in schools, and removing multiple COVID-19 regulations, such as requiring masks in public schools, and making it required for all state employees to get COVID-19 vaccines.

## Personal life
Youngkin lives in Great Falls, Virginia with his wife Suzanne and their four children. As of September 2021, he had a net worth of $440 million.

## References
Francisco Craveiro Lopes

**Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes**  (; 12 April 1894 – 2 September 1964) was a Portuguese Air officer and politician. He was the authoritarian 12th President of Portugal from 1951 to 1958.

## References
Francisco da Costa Gomes

**Francisco da Costa Gomes**, ComTE, GOA (; 30 June 1914 – 31 July 2001) was a Portuguese military officer and politician. He was the 15th President of the Portuguese Republic from 1974 until 1976.

## Sources
*
*
*
List of presidents of Portugal

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the  5 October 1910 revolution.

## List

### First Republic (1910–1926) 
### Second Republic (1926–1974) 
### Third Republic (1974–present) 
* Left office early:
:  Assassinated.
:  Died in office of natural causes.
:  Resigned.
:  Forced to resign due to a ''coup d'état''.

## References
Britannic

**Britannic** means 'of Britain' or 'British', from the Roman name for Great Britain.

**Britannic** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment 
* *Britannic* (movie), a 2000 movie based on the story of HMHS *Britannic*
* SS *Britannic*, a fictional ocean liner in the 1974 movie *Juggernaut*

## Ships 
* HMHS *Britannic* (1914), owned by the White Star Line and third sister ship of RMS *Olympic* and RMS *Titanic*, sank in 1916 after hitting a naval mine
* MV *Britannic* (1929), a motor liner owned by the White Star Line and then Cunard Line, scrapped in 1960
* SS *Britannic* (1874), holder of the Blue Riband, owned by the White Star Line

## Other uses 
* Britannic (typeface), a sans-serif typeface sold by Stephenson Blake

## Related pages 
* Britannia (disambiguation)
* Britannica (disambiguation)
* Britannicus (41–55 AD)
Gulf of Kutch

The **Gulf of Kutch** is a large bay in the Arabian Sea, on the west coast of India. It lies in the Indian state of Gujarat. The gulf is about  long, and  wide. The Gulf of Kutch is important: 41 percent of imports and exports are done through this waterway. 

The area is renowned for extreme daily tides which often cover the lower lying areas – comprising networks of creeks, wetlands and alluvial tidal flats in the interior region. The Gulf of Kutch has several ports including Okha (at the entrance of the gulf), Māndvi, Bedi, and Kandla. Kandla, visible on the northern peninsula in the left of the image, is one of the largest ports in India by volume of cargo handled. 

The gulf is rich in marine biodiversity. Part of the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch was declared Marine Sanctuary and Marine National Park  in 1980 and 1982 respectively – the first marine conservatory established in India. The park covers an area of around 270 sq km, from Okha in the south (not visible) to Jodiya. There are hundreds of species of coral in the park, as well as algae, sponges and mangroves. 

## References
Óscar Carmona

**António Óscar Fragoso Carmona**  (; 24 November 1869 – 18 April 1951) was a Portuguese Army officer and politician. He was the 96th Prime Minister of Portugal from 1926 to 1928 and 11th President of Portugal from 1926 until his death in 1951. 

He also was the Minister of War in late 1923 and in 1926, and he also was the Minister of Foreign Affairs two times in 1926.

## Honours
* Commander of the Order of Aviz, Portugal (15 February 1919)
* Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Portugal (28 February 1919)

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia

The **COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia** is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2 (). The first case in Saint Lucia was confirmed on 13 March 2020. As of 26 July 2021, there were 5,529 total confirmed cases, 93 active cases, with 88 deaths and 5,343 recoveries.

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Belize

The **COVID-19 pandemic in Belize** is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2 (). The first case in Belize was confirmed on 23 March 2020.

## Cases 
The country's first case was confirmed on 23 March, a Belizean woman who returned to San Pedro Town from Los Angeles, California. The second case was confirmed on 25 March. They had come into contact with the first case.

The third case in Belize was confirmed on 29 March from a traveler returning from New York City to Belize City.

The fifth case of coronavirus was confirmed in a Belizean student who returned from Florida. Two people died (on 4 April and 10 April).

## References
Khui Ningomba

**Khui Ningomba** () was a ruler of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). He was the successor of Emperor Taothingmang. It was during his reign that the Manipuri traders reached out on horseback to upper Burma and China. He is one of the nine kings associated with the design of a historic flag. Besides the Cheitharol Kumbaba, he is mentioned in the Ningthourol Lambuba.

## References
Augusto Santos Silva

**Augusto Ernesto dos Santos Silva** (born 20 August 1956) is a Portuguese sociologist, university professor, and politician. He has been the Minister of Foreign Affairs during the António Costa cabinet since 2015. He is a member of the Socialist Party.

Silva was also the Minister of Education from 2000 until 2001, Minister of Culture from 2001 until 2002, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs from 2005 until 2009 and Minister of National Defence from 2009 until 2011.

## References
List of prime ministers of Portugal

The prime minister of the Portuguese Republic () is the head of the country's Government.

## List

### Constitutional Monarchy – Second Liberalism (1834–1910) 
### First Republic (1910–1926) 
### Second Republic (1926–1974) 
### Third Republic (1974–) 
## Notes
: Minority government

## References
Nexus 9

The **Nexus 9** is a tablet computer produced by Google and HTC that uses Android operating system.

## References
Democratic Party of Virginia

The **Democratic Party of Virginia** is the  (associated with) of the Democratic Party. The Virginia Democrats are based in Richmond, Virginia.

As of 2022, the Democrats are the largest party in the Senate of Virginia. Federally, Virginia has voted for every Democratic presidential candidate since 2008. The Democrats also hold seven out of the 11 state's U.S. House seats and both of the state's U.S. Senate seats.

## Organization
### Local Democratic Committees
Local Democratic Committees  the Democratic Party by , though they can contain several localities.

### Central Committee
The Central Committee controls all matters of the Party. The committee can create an  budget and the method to nominate candidates for statewide offices.

## Current elected officials
### Members of Congress
#### U.S. Senate
Democrats have controlled both of Virginia's seats in the U.S. Senate since 2008:
*Class I: **Tim Kaine** (*Junior Senator*)
*Class II: **Mark Warner** (*Senior Senator*, *Vice Chair of Senate Democratic Caucus*, *Vice Chair of Senate Intelligence Committee*)

#### U.S. House of Representatives
Out of Virginia's 11 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, seven are held by Democrats:
*VA-02: **Elaine Luria**
*VA-03: **Bobby Scott**
*VA-04: **Donald McEachin**
*VA-07: **Abigail Spanberger**
*VA-08: **Don Beyer**
*VA-10: **Jennifer Wexton**
*VA-11: **Gerry Connolly**

### Statewide offices
As of 2022, Democrats control none of the three elected statewide offices.

### Legislative leadership
* President pro tempore of the Senate of Virginia: Louise Lucas
* Senate Majority Leader: Dick Saslaw
* Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates: Eileen Filler-Corn 
* House Majority Leader: Charniele Herring

## 2019 Virginia political crisis
In 2019, all three of Virginia's statewide executive office holders, all Democrats, were in various controversies. Governor Ralph Northam's medical school yearbook page had featured a person in blackface and a person in a Ku Klux Klan hood, Lieutenant Governor Justin Fairfax was accused of having sexually assaulted a professor in 2004, and Attorney General Mark Herring was revealed to have worn blackface at a college party. Parts of the Democratic Party of Virginia told Northam to resign from the governorship, but he did not. The national Democratic Party remained silent, as Northam's and Fairfax's resignation would have meant that Republican Speaker of the House Kirk Cox would have become governor. Ultimately, none of the three accused resigned.
## References
Senneville, Quebec

**Senneville** () is an rich on-island suburban village on the western tip of the Island of Montreal. It is the wealthiest town in the West Island.

## References
Nueve (Mexican TV network)

**Nueve** (stylized **Nu9ve**) is a Mexican free-to-air television network owned by Televisa. The primary station and network namesake is Channel 9 of Mexico City (also known by its call sign XEQ-TDT), though the network has nationwide coverage on Televisa stations and some affiliates. Nueve offers a range of general entertainment programs.
High School of Montreal

The **High School of Montreal** was an English-language high school founded in 1843. It was in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was less formally known as **Montreal High School** and from  1853 to 1870 was called the **High School of McGill College**, or the **High School Division**.

The school closed in June 1979, because of a decline in the English-speaking population.

## References
Elaine Taylor (actress)

**Elaine Regina Taylor Plummer** (born 17 October 1943) is a former English actress, best known as a leading lady in comedy films of the late 1960s and early 1970s. She is the widow of Canadian actor Christopher Plummer.

In 1967 Taylor was a "Bond girl" (with, among others, Jacqueline Bisset, Barbara Bouchet and Alexandra Bastedo) as Peg in *Casino Royale* and played on both stage and screen with Tommy Steele in *Half a Sixpence*.

## References
Amanda Plummer

**Amanda Michael Plummer** (born March 23, 1957) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in *Joe Versus the Volcano* (1990), *The Fisher King* (1991), *Pulp Fiction* (1994), and *The Hunger Games: Catching Fire* (2013). 

Plummer won a Tony Award in 1982 for her role in *Agnes of God*. Her parents were actors Christopher Plummer and Tammy Grimes. 

## References
Cyrano (musical)

***Cyrano*** is a musical with a book and lyrics by Anthony Burgess and music by Michael J. Lewis.

It is based on Edmond Rostand's classic 1897 play of the same name. It is about a love triangle involving the large-nosed poetic Cyrano de Bergerac, his beautiful cousin Roxana and handsome friend Christian de Neuvillette.

The cast included Christopher Plummer as Cyrano, Leigh Beery as Roxana, and Mark Lamos as Christian, with Tovah Feldshuh making her Broadway debut in two small supporting roles.

## Other websites
*Internet Broadway Database listing
**Time* magazine review
**Cyrano* at the Music Theatre International website
Iago

**Iago** () is a fictional character in Shakespeare's *Othello*. Iago is the play's main villain and Othello's standard-bearer. 

He is the husband of Emilia. Iago hates Othello and creates a plan to destroy him by making him believe that his wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio.

## References
Hamlet at Elsinore

***Hamlet at Elsinore*** is a 1964 television version of the play by William Shakespeare. It was produced by the BBC. The director was Philip Saville. It was the longest version of the play telecast in one evening up to that time, running nearly three hours. A 1947 telecast of the play had split it up into two ninety-minute halves over two weeks.

## Cast 
* Christopher Plummer as Hamlet
* Robert Shaw as Claudius, King of Denmark
* Alec Clunes as Polonius
* Michael Caine as Horatio
* June Tobin as Gertrude, Queen of Denmark
* Jo Maxwell Muller as Ophelia
* Dyson Lovell as Laertes
* Donald Sutherland as Fortinbras
* Roy Kinnear as the Gravedigger

## References
Barrymore (play)

***Barrymore*** is a two-person play by William Luce. It is about actor John Barrymore taking place a few months before his death in 1942 as he is rehearsing a revival of his 1920 Broadway success as *Richard III*.

The play was first made at the Stratford Theater in 1996. It was directed by Gene Saks and Christopher Plummer played Barrymore. He won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play. Plummer played the role again in Érik Canuel's 2011 movie version of the same name.

## References
Triple Crown of Acting

The **Triple Crown of Acting** is a term used to talk about actors who have won an Academy Award, Emmy Award, and Tony Award in the acting categories. Only 24 people have achieved the triple crown of acting (15 women, 9 men). Helen Hayes was the first person to achieve the triple crown.  Thomas Mitchell became the first man to achieve the triple crown. Hayes, Viola Davis, and Rita Moreno are the only triple crown winners in competitive acting categories who have also won a Grammy Award to complete the EGOT (Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, Tony). Dame Maggie Smith has the most triple crown wins, with 7 awards.

## Winners
## References
Stage Struck (1958 movie)

***Stage Struck*** is a 1958 American drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Henry Fonda, Susan Strasberg and Christopher Plummer in his movie debut. 

## References
Wind Across the Everglades

***Wind Across the Everglades*** is a 1958 movie directed by Nicholas Ray.

## Cast
*Burl Ives as Cottonmouth
*Christopher Plummer as Walt Murdock
*Gypsy Rose Lee as Mrs. Bradford
*George Voskovec as Aaron Nathanson
*Tony Galento as Beef
*Howard I. Smith as George Liggett
*Emmett Kelly as Bigamy Bob
*Pat Henning as Sawdust
*Chana Eden as Naomi Nathanson
*Curt Conway as Perfessor
*Peter Falk as Writer
*Fred Grossinger as Slowboy
*Sammy Renick as Loser
*Toch Brown as One-note
*Frank Rothe as Howard Ross Morgan
*MacKinlay Kantor as Judge Harris
*Cory Osceola as Billy One-Arm

## References
Georg von Trapp

**Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp** (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947) was an Austro-Hungarian naval officer. He was the father of the Trapp Family Singers, whose lives were the inspiration for the musical play and movie *The Sound of Music*. 

## References
Ornate tree frog

The **ornate tree frog** (*Boana ornatissima*) is a frog that lives in Brazil, the Guianas, and Colombia.

## References
Ningthou Kangbalon

The **Ningthou Kangbalon** () is an Ancient Meitei language historic text (PuYa), which presents a brief genealogy of the rulers of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak) in the pre Christian era. According to the manuscript, King Ningthou Kangba () had nine sons, Koikoi, Teima, Yangma, Tesrot, Urenkhuba, Urenhanba, Irem, Khabi and Langba. Teima became a Meitei. Yangma went to the West of Kangleipak (present day Manipur) and spread over to Mayang (Cachar and beyond). Tesrot went to Takhel (present day Tripura) and became Takhel (Tripuri). Urenkhuba spread over as a people of Ancient Moirang, Irem went to the North and became Pasa. Khabi/Khaba went to the east and became a part of Chinese people. Langba went to the South and spread over his descendants. The name of Manipur was **"Tilli Koktong Leikoilel"** during the period of Ningthou Kangba.

## Bibliography
* https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467302/mode/1up

## Further reading
* 

## References
Nexus 7 (2013)

**Nexus 7** (2013), is a small-mini tablet computer produced by Google and Asus. It uses the Android operating system.

## References
Nexus 6

**Nexus 6**  is a mini mobile phone produced by Google and Motorola Mobility that uses  Android operating system.

## References
No Man's Land (play)

'''''No Man's Land'''* is a play by Harold Pinter written in 1974 and first produced and published in 1975. Its original production was at the Old Vic theatre in London by the National Theatre on 23 April 1975.

## Characters
*Hirst, *a man in his sixties*
*Spooner, *a man in his sixties*
*Foster, *a man in his thirties*
*Briggs, *a man in his forties''

## Broadway
In the Broadway revival by the Roundabout Theatre Company directed by David Jones, which opened on 27 February 1994. It starred Jason Robards as Hirst, Christopher Plummer (nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play) as Spooner, Tom Wood as Foster, and John Seitz as Briggs.

## References
Inherit the Wind (play)

***Inherit the Wind***  is an American play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. It was first shown in 1955. The story is a fictional version of the 1925 Scopes "Monkey" Trial and the McCarthy trials.

## References
The Thorn Birds (miniseries)

***The Thorn Birds*** is an American television miniseries broadcast on ABC from March 27 to 30, 1983.  It starred Richard Chamberlain, Rachel Ward, Barbara Stanwyck, Christopher Plummer, Piper Laurie, Jean Simmons, Richard Kiley, Bryan Brown, Mare Winningham and Philip Anglim.

## Other websites
*Encyclopedia of Television 
*
Scott Taylor (politician)

**Scott William Taylor** (born June 27, 1979) is an American politician and former Navy SEAL. He served as the U.S. representative from Virginia's 2nd congressional district from 2017 to 2019. Taylor was also a state delegate for the 85th house district.

On November 6, 2018, Taylor was defeated for reelection by Democrat and U.S. Navy veteran Elaine Luria. In December 2019, he stated he was going to run again for his old seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. In the November general election, he was defeated by Luria a second time.

## Early life
Scott William Taylor was born in Baltimore.

After high school, he served in the United States Navy and became a Navy SEAL, first taking part in drug enforcement.

## Early career
In 2008, Taylor ran for Mayor of Virginia Beach, Virginia. He was a candidate in the 2010 primary election for Virginia's 2nd congressional district, but lost to Scott Rigell. Taylor became a state delegate for the 85th house district in November 2013.

## Elections
;2016
In 2016, after the then current representative, Scott Rigell, announced he would not seek re-election, Taylor won the Republican Party nomination for Virginia's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, defeating Randy Forbes in the primary, then defeated Democrat Shaun Brown, 61.3% to 38.5%, to win the general election on November 8, 2016. 

;2018
In January 2018, former Navy commander Elaine Luria  her plan to run for Taylor's seat. In the June 10 Democratic primary, Luria received 62% of the vote, defeating Karen Mallard, who received 38%. In the Republican primary, Taylor defeated Mary Jones, 76% to 24%.

On November 6, 2018, Taylor lost to Luria, taking 48.9 percent of the vote to Luria's 51.1 percent. Taylor decided to not run for the Senate race, instead choosing to run to take back his old House seat. On June 23, 2020, he won the Republican primary, setting up a rematch with Luria.

Luria defeated him and was re-elected with a six-point margin taking 52 percent to Taylor's 46 percent.

## References
Madeline (TV series)

***Madeline*** is a children's television series produced by France Animation, And Nelvana Limited part of the Madeline media franchise about the character Madeline Fogg. It began as a series of six television specials from 1988 to 1991, and then was continued as *Madeline* and *The New Adventures of Madeline* from 1993 to 2003.

## References
Our Fathers (movie)

***Our Fathers*** is a 2005 American made-for-television drama movie directed by Dan Curtis and starring Ted Danson, Christopher Plummer, Brian Dennehy and Ellen Burstyn. 

## References
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal

The **Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal** () was a commemorative medal created in 1977 to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of Elizabeth II's accession to the throne.

## References
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal

The **125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal** are memorial medals struck by the Royal Canadian Mint celebrating the 125th aniversary of the Confederation of Canada. The Medal honors Canadians who have made a significant contribution to their fellow people, to their community, or to Canada. 

## References
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal

The **Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal** () or the '''Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal''' was a commemorative medal created in 2002 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Elizabeth II's accession. 

## References
The Exception

***The Exception*** is a 2016 romantic war movie directed by David Leveaux and written by Simon Burke. It is based on Alan Judd's 2003 novel ''The Kaiser's Last Kiss''. The movie stars Jai Courtney, Lily James, Janet McTeer, and Christopher Plummer.

## References
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal

The **Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal** or '''The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal''' is a commemorative medal created in 2012 to mark the sixtieth anniversary of Elizabeth II's accession to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms. 

## References