open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1630

## The most important events 
* February 22 – Native American Quadequine shows popcorn to English colonists.
* March 22 – Massachusetts Bay Colony makes having cards, dice and gaming tables against the law.
* June 6 – Swedish warships leave Stockholm to go to Germany.
* June 26 – July 6 – Swedish troops controlled by Gustavus Adolphus go to Pomerania, Germany to help Protestants.
* July 6 – *Success* the last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, returns safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
* September 17 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is first started.
* September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River.
* November 10-November 11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' tries to stop Richelieu but it does not work.
* Johann Heinrich Alsted's *Encyclopaedia* is published (printed as a book people can buy).
* The first story of the Childes Tomb is published.
* Many people from Great Britain go to live in Paramaribo, Suriname for the first time.
* Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament." The book was against Anglican bishops, in London. He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to being whipped in public, branding and having his ears cut off.

## Births 
* January 11 – John Rogers the American President of Harvard (died 1684)
* February 19 – Shivaji the person who started the Maratha Empire (died 1680)
* April 28 – Charles Cotton the English poet (died 1687)
* May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)
* August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh the English statesman (died 1673)
* October 14 – Sophia of Hanover the heir (next person to become queeen) of Great Britain (died 1714)
* October – John Tillotson the Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1694)
* November 24 – Etienne Baluze a French scholar (died 1718)
* November 27 – Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria the regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1665)

## Deaths 
*January 26 – Henry Briggs the English mathematician (born 1556)
*February 12 – Fynes Moryson the English traveler and writer (born 1566)
*February 26 – William Brade the English composer (born 1560)
*April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné the French poet and soldier (born 1552)
*July 16 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (born 1562)
*September 17 – Thomas Lake the English statesman (born 1567)
*September 18 – Melchior Klesl the Austrian cardinal and statesman (born 1552)
*September 20 – Claudio Saracini the Italian composer (born 1586)
*September 25 – Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases the Spanish general (born 1569)
*November 15 – Johannes Kepler the German astronomer (born 1571)
*November 19 – Johann Schein the German composer (born 1586)
Paul Biya

**Paul Biya** (born '''Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo'''; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who is the second president of Cameroon since 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.

Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways). 

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état. 

On July 13, 2025, at the age of 92, he announced his candidacy for the presidential election of October 12, 2025, seeking an 8th term. 

## References
## Other websites
* bbc. com's country profile on Cameroon ( *last updated on 9 March 2023)*
* Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election)  
* Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97
Celle

**Celle** () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser.

## Geography
 watershed, showing the location of Celle on the Aller.]]

The town of Celle is in the glacial valley of the Aller, about  northeast of Hanover,  northwest of Brunswick and  south of Hamburg. With 71,000 inhabitants it is, next to Lüneburg, the largest Lower Saxon town between Hanover and Hamburg.

### Expansion
The town covers an area of . Flowing from the northeast, the Lachte discharges into the Aller within the town's borders, as does the Fuhse flowing from the southeast. The Aller heads westwards towards Verden an der Aller where it joins the Weser.

### Subdivisions
The town of Celle has the following 17 boroughs or *Stadtteile*, some of which were previously independent villages (population as at 1 January 2005): Altencelle (4,998), Altenhagen (922), Blumlage/Altstadt (8,526), Bostel (455), Boye (832), Garßen (2,978), Groß Hehlen (2,773), Hehlentor (7,974), Hustedt (736), Klein Hehlen (5,782), Lachtehausen (639), Neuenhäusen (8,082), Neustadt/Heese (10,887), Scheuen (1,165), Vorwerk (2,842), Westercelle (7,183) and Wietzenbruch (4,805).

### Incorporation of municipalities
* 1 April 1939: Altenhäusen, Klein Hehlen, Neuenhäusen, Vorwerk und Wietzenbruch
* 1 January 1973: Altencelle, Altenhagen, Alvern, Bostel, Boye, Burg, Garßen, Groß Hehlen, Hustedt, Lachtehausen, Scheuen and Westercelle.

## Twin towns – sister cities
Celle is twinned with:

* Celle Ligure, Italy
* Hämeenlinna, Finland
* Holbæk, Denmark
* Kwidzyn, Poland
* Meudon, France
* Mazkeret Batya, Israel
* Sumy, Ukraine
* Tavistock, England, United Kingdom
* Tulsa, United States
* Tyumen, Russia

### Image gallery

File:Celle3.jpg|Houses in the *Altstadt*
File:Hoppener Haus-1.jpg|*Hoppener Haus*, the most famous and attractive timber-framed house in Celle's *Altstadt*
File:Hoppener Haus Inschrift-1.jpg|Portrait of Ernest the Confessor on the *Hoppener Haus* in Celle
File:Celle, St. Ludwigs-Kirche.jpg|St Ludwig's, the Catholic Church of Celle
File:Cellestreets.jpg|A half-timber house-lined street in Celle

## References
## Other websites
* Official municipal website 
*
Ludwigsburg Rural District

**Ludwigsburg** is a district in Baden-Württemberg. 

It is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region. Seat of the district is the former *württembergische Residenzstadt* (Royal Württemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district.

## Towns and municipalities 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Oceania Football Confederation

The **Oceania Football Confederation,** often referred to as just **OFC** , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).

New Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.

Since Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:
* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands
* Samoa
* Tahiti
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

## Related pages 
* OFC Nations Cup

## Other websites 
* Oceania Football Confederation Official Site
Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords

***Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords*** is a role-playing video game set in the *Star Wars* expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

## Description 
Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.

The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.
Weissenfels

**Weißenfels** was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about  southwest of Leipzig.

## Population 
Growth in number of people over the years:

:Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt
1 29. October
2 31. August
3 03. October

## References
## Other websites
Confederation of African Football

The **Confederation of African Football** (French: *Confédération africaine de football*) often referred to as just **CAF**, is the organization that controls African football.

## Related pages
*CAF Champions League

## Other websites 
*Confederation Of African Football official CAF site
Dessau

**Dessau** is a town and former municipality in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle, about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (*Architecture House* or *Building House* related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.

Image:Dessau-Position.png|Position of Dessau in Germany
Image:Bauhaus.JPG|main building of the Bauhaus in Dessau (2003)

## References
## Other websites
Scottish Socialist Party

The **Scottish Socialist Party** (**SSP**; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Esztergom

**Esztergom** is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.

## Geography 
Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.

## History 
The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.

## Sister cities 
*  Espoo (Finland) since 1974
*  Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
*  Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
*  Cambrai (France) since 1992
*  Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
*  Maintal (Germany) since 1993
*  Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
*  Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
*  Canterbury (England) since 2004
Edmund Barton

**Sir Edmund Barton** (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia. He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from heart failure in the Blue Mountains in 1920.

He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter. He had a big part in making Australia a nation. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.

## Political career
Barton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883. He served as the speaker until 1887. In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia. In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament. Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect. He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations). He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920. 

## References
International Olympic Committee

The **International Olympic Committee** (**IOC**; French: *Comité international olympique,* **CIO**) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.

## Presidents
* Demetrius&nbsp;Vikelas (1894–1896)
* Pierre&nbsp;de&nbsp;Coubertin (1896–1925)
* Jacques&nbsp;Rogge (2001–2013)
* Thomas&nbsp;Bach (2013-2025)
* Kirsty Coventry (2025–present)

## References
South Australia

**South Australia** is one of the six states of Australia. The capital city is Adelaide.

## Location 
South Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain. 

## Appearance 
The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.

## Emblems of South Australia 
* The floral emblem of South Australia is Sturt's Desert Pea, *Swainsona formosa*. It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
* The faunal emblem is the Hairy-Nosed or Plains Wombat (*Lasiorhinus latifrons*). It was chosen on 27 August 1970.
* The marine emblem is the Leafy Seadragon (*Phycodurus eques*). It as chosen on 8 February 2001.
* The gemstone emblem of South Australia is the opal. This was chosen on the 15 August 1985.
* The official badge of South Australia is the Piping Shrike or White Backed Magpie (*Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota*). It was chosen on 14 January 1904.

File:Sturts desert pea.jpg| Sturt's Desert Pea
File:Wombat 1.jpg| The Hairy-Nosed Wombat
File:Leafy Seadragon Phycodurus eques 2500px PLW edit.jpg |Leafy Seadragon
File:Opal 13.jpg| Opal
File:Gymnorhina tibicen -Melbourne-8 (1).jpg|White Backed Magpie

## History 
South Australia was a *freely-settled*, planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was *proclaimed* at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance. 

## Events 
The state is known for its festivals and fine wine.

## Climate
The highest temperature recorded was 50.7°C at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960.
The coldest temperature recorded was -8.2°C at Yongala on 20 July 1976.
The highest rainfall recorded was 272.6 mm at Motpena on 14 March 1989.

## References
Richard Roeper

**Richard Roeper** (born October 17, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American movie critic, television personality, journalist, and historian. He starred on the American television program "At the Movies" with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008 as Gene Siskel's successor. Roeper also writes about movies for an American newspaper, the *Chicago Sun-Times*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Biography  from TV Tome
*
Chris Watson

**John Christian Watson** (c. 9 April 1867 - 18 November 1941), known as **Chris Waston**, was the third Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Prime Minister from the Labor Party. He was Prime Minister for only four months.
Zak Starkey

**Zak Starkey** (born 13 September 1965) is a British musician. He is the son of Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. Like his father he is also a drummer and has played with bands including The Who and Oasis.

## References
Alfred Deakin

**Alfred William Deakin** (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.

He was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.

Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882. They had three children.

When he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria. He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.

## References
Archie Comics

**Archie Comics** is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.

Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.  

## Characters
### The Archie Gang: Main characters
*Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.

*Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.

*Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.

*Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend. Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.

*Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker. He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty. He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.

### Parents (of the main characters)
Of all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often.
* **Mr. Hiram Lodge**, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
* **Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews**, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
* **Mrs. Mary Andrews**, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.

### The Faculty
* **Mr. Waldo Weatherbee**, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'. He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
* **Miss Geraldine Grundy**, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher. She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry. Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher. She is old with white hair.
* **Miss Bernice Beazley**, the grouchy school cafeteria cook. No one likes her food except Jughead. She is not well liked by the students.
Kingdom of England

The **Kingdom of England** was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Before the Romans arrived, what is now England, was actually twenty two tribes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England. It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

## References
Romansh language

**Romansh** (also spelled **Rumantsch**, **Romansch** or **Romanche**) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.

## References
Kapellmeister

**Kapellmeister**, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.  The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".  In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).  "Meister" means "master".  

The French word is **maître de la chapelle**.  In Italian he is **Maestro di Capella**.  In English he might be called **Chapel Master** or, more generally, **Director of Music**.

## The Kapellmeister's job 
The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.  Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.  The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.  He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.

Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.  Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.   

A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.  Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.  Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750. 

By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.  The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.  Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.

Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.
Gentile

A **Gentile** is a person who is not Jewish. It is polite to use this word when needed to describe a person who is not Jewish, as in "my friend Robert is a Gentile." Up until about a hundred years ago, it was very hard (and unlikely) for Jews and Gentiles to be close friends. This is because they would be expected to ask each other over for dinner, but Jews follow strict laws about what they can and cannot eat. They can only eat what is kosher.

## Related pages
*Goy
*Israelite
Rabbi

, a leading Rabbinical authority of Orthodox Judaism in the second half of the twentieth century.]]
**Rabbi** (in the Hebrew classic **רִבִּי** *ribbi*; in the Hebrew modern **רַבִּי** *rabbi*) in Judaism can mean "professor, master" or literally "grand". The word "*Rabbi*" ("My Master") derives from the Hebrew root "*Rav*", that in Biblical Hebrew signifies "grand" or "respected" (in knowledge). 

In Judaism, most rabbis earn their title by studying halakha at a seminary or yeshiva. The primary role of a rabbi is to teach Torah. In addition, rabbis often act as the religious leader of a Jewish community. In contrast to many other religions, a rabbi is not required to be present at life cycle events in Judaism. Nevertheless, rabbis still normally preside over life cycle events in order to ensure that it is done according to Halakha.

"Rabbi" is sometimes used as a title of respect for members of a Jewish community. 

Historically, only men were rabbis. Since the 1970s and 1980s, most Jewish communities began to accept women as rabbis. However, most Orthodox Jewish communities do not accept this change.

Three rabbis together can form a rabbinic court, or beit din. This is done when there is a legal conflict between two Jews. They judge the conflict based on halakha. A beit din is also formed for somebody who wants to convert to Judaism.

Rabbis are also sometimes asked to supervise food preparation to make sure it is kosher. When packaged food is supervised, the packaging is often labeled with a hechsher. A hechsher is a symbol which means that the content of the package is kosher.
Five and dime

**Five and dime** (also known as **five-cent stores**, **dime stores**, and **ten-cent stores**) is a type of store that was popular in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. They sold many different items, most of which were worth five or ten cents. Many transitioned to general department store format by the mid-20th century.  Today, the format has returned to popularity as the dollar store format.

Popular five and dimes included:

* Duckwall-ALCO Retail Stores
* [Ben Franklin Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin_(company)) 
* Butler Brothers
* W.T. Grant
* Kresge's
* Kress Stores 
* McCrory Stores
** J.J. Newberry
** TG&Y
** McLellan's
** H.L. Green
** G.C. Murphy
* Neisner Brothers ("Big N" in later years)
*Woolworth's
* M.H. Fishman Stores
* Mattingly Brothers

## Related pages
*Dollar store
Super Mario Galaxy

***Super Mario Galaxy*** is a 2007 platform video game by Nintendo. It was released for Wii and is very different from older *Mario* games with new gameplay. A sequel, *Super Mario Galaxy 2*, was released in May 2010.

The game was released for the Nintendo Switch as part of *Super Mario 3D All Stars* in 2020 and as a release by itself in 2025. The game's music is on the Nintendo Music app.

## Plot
Bowser has captured Princess Peach again, this time using a surprise attack over the Mushroom Kingdom, with a battle fleet of flying boats by pulling the castle out of its foundation. Mario barely grasps onto the dug out piece of Earth, but is knocked off by one of Bowser's allies. He drifts out into intergalactic space, unconscious.

After waking up on a peculiar planet, Mario finds a playful star like creature, named a Luma and he must play hide and seek with the Luma and his friends to gain information about where he is. After successfully capturing all Lumas, the first Luma leads Mario up to a podium, where a beautiful woman in blue robes stands waiting. The woman is named Rosalina and she moves around space by using her mobile Observatory. It was her who gave the name 'Luma', after finding the first Luma, named 'Luma'. According to her story, one day she finds Luma stranded on Earth; this is the first time for her meeting Luma. She says that the observatory after Bowser stole its Grand Stars, which give the observatory its power.

Mario must follow Bowser all the way out into outer space, find power stars and Grand Stars, defeat him, and rescue Peach with help of Lumas, launch stars, natives of different kinds of galaxies, and the Toad Brigade, a group of Toads.

The game play is very similar to *Super Mario 64* with special moves done with the Wii Remote.

## Gameplay
In *Super Mario Galaxy*, Mario can do a Star Spin attack, and can jump from planet to planet. The creator of the *Mario* games, Shigeru Miyamoto, is the director of this game, and gave Mario moves he has never had before.

### Features
Like the shines of *Super Mario Sunshine* or the stars of *Super Mario 64*, *Galaxy* has things called star bits. They may be used to progress in certain parts of the game, or they can be used to stun enemies. Mario can collect star bits using the Wii Remote, simply by pointing at them. Mario can gain a life if he collects 50 of them.

The coin system has also changed. In the previous two games, every 100 coins collected earned a life, but in *Galaxy* he only needs 50. Also, Mario will not be able to collect 100 coins to get a star in a level; instead, once he defeats Bowser for the last time, the player can choose to return to a level, select the "Purple Comet" star, and can try to collect 100 purple coins (not normal coins) to earn a star.
3rd century

The **3rd century** was the century from 201 to 300.

## Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 3rd century are in *italics*.
Walmart

**Walmart** is an American chain of public discount department stores founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in Bentonville, Arkansas. In 2022, it had 10,586 stores and clubs in 18 countries, operating under 46 different names. It was the world's largest company by revenue in 2022, according to the *Fortune* Global 500 list in October 2022. It had 2.2 million employees.

It has almost 4,600 pharmacies and more than 3,000 vision centers.  In 2024, it closed its 51 health centers and its Walmart Health Virtual Care services.

## Walmart's global presence
Walmart can be found in a lot of places around the world. It is mostly found around the United States but can also be found in Canada, Mexico,  some Asian countries, some African countries and some South American countries. Walmart has not yet reached Oceania.

Asda  was part of Walmart from 1999 to 2021, when it was sold to the  Issa brothers and TDR Capital.  Walmart still has a stake in it. 

## Criticism 
Walmart is criticized for having a poor record on labor rights, especially regarding anti union activity. It has also been criticized for once promoting products *made in America*. Now it largely imports the products it sells,from developing nations. Many of these jobs replaced manufacturing jobs in the US.  Walmart retail jobs replaced many mom-and-pop stores in the US. In 2005, movie director Robert Greenwald made a documentary movie called *Walmart: The High Cost of Low Price* that criticized Walmart. After this movie was announced, director Ron Galloway made a film that ended up being released at the same time called *Why Walmart Works and Why That Drives Some People CRAZY*. This movie had a positive view of Walmart. 

## References
Pittsburgh

**Pittsburgh** is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. The city was known in the 20th century for its steel industry. However, with the collapse of United States steel industry in the 1980s, the economy of Pittsburgh is now mostly based on healthcare, education, technology, and financial services. It is also the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, who have won the Super Bowl six times, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Pittsburgh Penguins hockey team, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh is the county seat for Allegheny County. The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh and form the Ohio River.

Pittsburgh is in western Pennsylvania. It has a population of 302,971 people and a metro population of around 2,400,000 people. Pittsburgh was the most livable city in the United States in 2007. In 2014 Pittsburgh was ranked sixth in the country for polluted cities by the American Lung Association.

The French and Indian War started when George Washington went to Pittsburgh.  Later it was a center of the Whiskey Rebellion.

The city is served by the Pittsburgh International Airport.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pittsburgh -Citizendium
Bombay Stock Exchange

The **Bombay Stock Exchange** is a stock exchange in Mumbai, India.

## History
The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.

The BSE failure to modernize resulted in the creation of an electronic platform in the National Stock Exchange.

### Timeline
* **1850s**:  Trading under a banyan tree opposite Bombay's Town Hall
* **1875**: "Native Share and stockbrokers Association" was formed
* **1956**: Government of India recognizes BSE as the nation's first stock exchange
* 2014 ; trading is done from drawing room
*
## Related pages 
* National Stock Exchange of India

## References
## Other websites 
* Bombay Stock Exchange website
Euronext

**Euronext** is a stock exchange in Europe. It has buildings in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom. 

Euronext was created on September 22 2000, when the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels Stock Exchange and Paris Bourse were joined together in a merger. In recent years, Euronext has become the fifth largest stock exchange on the planet.

In April 2007, it merged with New York Stock Exchange to form NYSE Euronext ().
Hippopotamidae

**Hippopotamidae** is a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. 
There are two living species of *Hippopotamus*.

## Taxonomy
* Family Hippopotamidae
** Hippopotamus (*Hippopotamus amphibius*)
** Pygmy Hippopotamus (*Hexaprotodon liberiensis* or *Choeropsis liberiensis*)

.]]

## Other websites
Hiroshi Yamauchi

**Hiroshi Yamauchi** (, *Yamauchi Hiroshi*, November 7, 1927 – September 19, 2013) was a Japanese businessman. He was the third president of Nintendo from 1949 until he quit on May 31, 2002. He transformed Nintendo from a small card-making company to a multibillion-dollar video game company. He was known as "Mario's Farther".

He was born in Kyoto. He died in hospital on September 19, 2013 due to complications from pneumonia.

## References
Stock exchange

A **stock exchange**, **share market** or **bourse** is a place where people meet to buy and sell shares of company stock. Some stock exchanges are real places (like the New York Stock Exchange), others are virtual places (like the NASDAQ).

## International Stock Exchanges 
The most important stock exchanges in the world include:
* American Stock Exchange
* Baku Stock Exchange
* Bombay Stock Exchange
* Euronext
* Frankfurt Stock Exchange
* Helsinki Stock Exchange
* Hong Kong Stock Exchange
* Johannesburg Securities Exchange
* London Stock Exchange
* Luxembourg Stock Exchange
* Madrid Stock Exchange
* Milan Stock Exchange
* Nairobi Stock Exchange
* NASDAQ
* National Stock Exchange
* New York Stock Exchange
* National Stock Exchange of Pakistan
* São Paulo Stock Exchange
* Korea Stock Exchange
* Shanghai Stock Exchange
* Singapore Exchange
* Stockholm Stock Exchange
* Taiwan Stock Exchange
* Tokyo Stock Exchange
* Toronto Stock Exchange
* Zürich Stock Exchange

## Great depression 
On October 29, 1929, the American stock market crashed on what is known as **Black Tuesday**.  A "crash" means that the prices of stock were lowered greatly, and no one wanted to buy it. Instead, they sold the stock for cheap prices.  Also, banks were trying to buy stock with people's money (stored inside the bank), so the banks ran out of money too. Because people could not get money back from banks, only a few people could afford the cost of living. This was the start of the Great Depression.

## Other Articles 
*Stockbroker
Paul Allen

**Paul Gardner Allen** (January 21, 1953 &ndash; October 15, 2018) was an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He was the fifth richest person in the United States. He lived in Mercer Island, Washington.

Allen was also the outright owner of two sports teams, and was part-owner of a third. He fully owned the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL and the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA. He was a minority owner of Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.

Allen died from septic shock caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma on October 15, 2018 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 65.

## References
## Other websites
Sonic Rivals

***Sonic Rivals*** is a racing video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 16, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. Players can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, Metal Sonic or Silver the Hedgehog.
Hero

, who fought in the Lancastrian War, is the national heroine of France, as well as a canonized Catholic saint.]]
, a folk hero from Medieval England.]]

A **hero** is a real person or fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength, and saves lives.

In Greek mythology, a hero is a demigod, a half-god/half-human being. Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene. Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.

The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.

In the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning.  It now means someone who is courageous ("The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.").  Heroes are "heroic", they have "heroism". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters.  A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.  The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete ("football hero", "Olympic hero", etc.).

Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the story.  Some fictional characters are superheroes. 

A female hero is called a **heroine**.

The opposite of a hero is a villain. 

## References
## Related pages
*Antihero (contrary notion)
Stamford Raffles

**Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles** FRS (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826), was the founder of the city of Singapore. He is one of the most famous Britons who expanded the British Empire.

## Early years 
Raffles was born on the ship *Ann* to Captain Benjamin Raffles and Anne Raffles. Although his family was in debt, they managed to give him money for his education. When he was 14, he started working as a clerk in the British East India Company. The company sent him to Southeast Asia to look for another port as the trade between Britain and China was increasing.

He married Olivia Mariamne Fancourt. She was the widow of Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras who had died in 1800.

## Founding of Singapore 
When the British East India Company sent Raffles to Southeast Asia, the company already had two ports, Penang and Bencoolen. However, these ports were far from the main trading area, the Straits of Malacca. Dutch ports, Malacca and Java, were closer to the trading area, which made them able to control the trade. They cut off the trade between Penang and the important trading centres at the Malay Archipelago.

The British East India Company thus needed a new port south of Malacca to protect British ships, and they chose Singapore, which was then a small fishing-port. Singapore had a lot of drinking water and a good location, in the centre of the Straits of Malacca. It was in an area not controlled by the Dutch. The deal was settled by Raffles making an agreement with the traditional rulers of the area to pay them money in return for the right to build, expand and use the port. Singapore eventually grew to be the important trading city-state it is today. Raffles held the title of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1813 to 1816.

## References
Platte River

The **Platte River** (also called the **Nebraska River**) is a river in the United States that flows into the Missouri River. It is around 310 miles (or 499&nbsp;km) long.

## References
Blast off

**Blast off** may refer to:

* A **blast off** is when a rocket ship lifts off the launch pad. Another word for blast off is lift off. NASA is known for its counting down to zero before blast off.
* Blast Off, a video game.
* Blast Off!, the album by The Blue Hearts.
* Blast Off, the Transformers character.
* Blast Off at Woomera, the sci-fi novel.
* Blasting Off, the final album of Red Lorry Yellow Lorry.
Launch pad

is arriving to the launch pad]]
A **launch pad** is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they are ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch.

## References
Counting

**Counting** is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind. 

## One way to count
The person counting in English usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. If after this there is another thing, it gets the number five. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.

## Examples
* For example, to find out the number of hats in a group, a person counts the hats. The person gives a number to each hat. 

: John has a black hat, a brown hat and a blue hat. Mary asks John, "How many hats do you have?". John  gives the number 1 to the black hat. John gives the number 2 to the brown hat. John gives the number 3 to the blue hat. Now John has no more hats. The biggest number John gave was three, and each hat has a number. John tells Mary, "I have three hats". John has counted the hats.

* There are the letters A, Q, L, and S on a piece of paper. How many letters are there on the piece of paper? 

: Tom gives numbers to the letters. The letter A gets the number 1. The letter Q gets the number 2. The letter L gets the number 3. The letter S gets the number 4. There are no more letters to count. There are 4 letters on the piece of paper.

## More counting
Counting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three.  

Counting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.

## More about counting
It has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows
are birds that are good at counting.
Thor

**Thor** (Old Norse: *Þórr*) is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing, sacred groves and tress and fertility. He is the son of Ojdin and Jörð, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the Æsir. 

The champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the jǫtnar, a race of beings native to Jötunheimr. He is known in Old English as **Þunor** (*Thunor*) and in Old High German as **Donar** (runic *þonar* ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), all of which stem from the  Proto-Germanic **Þunraz,* meaning "thunder". 

The modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English *Þūnresdæg*, “Thunor’s [Thor’s] day”) bears the god's name.

## Family
Thor is the son of Odin, chief of the Æsir, and Jörð, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

He is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, Þrúðr. With his jötunn lover Járnsaxa, Thor has two sons, Móði and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.

## Possessions
According to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir. It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers Eitri and Brokkr, and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.

Other attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as Járngreipr, which he is required to wear in order to wield Mjölnir, a belt, Megingjörð, which doubles his strength when he wears it, and a staff, Gríðarvölr, which, along with Járngreipr, was given to him by the jötunn Gríðr. Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr. Thor also has red hair unlike most believe because of Marvel's Thor.
Blood cell

A **blood cell** is any cell of any type found in blood. There are three main types of blood cells in mammals:
*Red blood cell-carries oxygen
*White blood cell-kills bacteria and cleans up debris
*Platelet-helps heal wounds. Platelets are really *thrombocytes*. These are small fragments (pieces) of a cell called a **megakaryocyte**. The platelets take part in blood clots when injury occurs. 

## Discovery 
Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".
Tube

**Tube** may refer to:

**Electronics**
* vacuum tube, a component of electronics
* cathode ray tube, a common component of electronics such as televisions and other displays
* Tube, An expansion bus on the BBC Micro computer

**Food**
* Yoplait Tubes, the Canadian name for Go-Gurt portable yog(o)urt

**Geometry**
* A hollow cylinder.

**Mechanics**
* pneumatic tube, transportation using compressed air
* inner tube, a part of a tire

**Media**
* The Tube (TV series), a music related TV series by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom
* TUBE, a Japanese pop group
* Tube (game), a freeware game from Bullfrog Productions, released in 1995
* Tube (movie), a South Korean movie
* Tube & Berger, the alias of Dance/Electronica producers Arndt Rörig and Marco Vidovic from Germany
* YouTube, a website that allows users to upload, view, and share video clips
* PornoTube, a website with adult material
* Peter 'Tubes' Dale, aka *Tubes* from the Soccer AM television show
* Series of tubes, an Internet meme and analogy for the Internet used by United States Senator Ted Stevens in reference to net neutrality

**Music**
* The Tubes, a San Francisco-based New Wave band, popular in the 1970s and 1980s

**Nature**
* lava tube, found in volcanoes
* the inside of a hollow wave in surfing
* the flower tube (corolla tube)
* pollen tube

**Packaging**
* Tube (packaging), a packaging solution for pasty and viscous goods such as toothpaste

**Photography**
* extension tube, a tool for macro photography

**Plumbing**
* tubing (material), used in plumbing, irrigation, and other applications

**Software**
* Tubes (software), a software program that combines file sharing and web publishing technologies

**Structural Engineering**
* Tube (structure), a structural system involved in architectural engineering to help with building stability and wind resistance.

**Theatre**
* Blue Man Group's theatrical show, "TUBES", now called "Rewired."

**Transportation**
* The London Underground, London's subterranean train system, commonly known as the tube.
* Transbay Tube, an underwater rail tube across the San Francisco Bay

## Related pages
* test tube, a piece of laboratory equipment used in science
* Pipe
* Microtube
* Nanotube