open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Theatre (warfare)

In warfare, a **theatre** or **theater** is an area where there are many battles. Theatres are bordered by peaceful areas.

Some wars, such as the Franco-Prussian War, are fought in one theatre. Many wars, for example the Seven Years' War have been fought in many different theatres. There were many theatres in World War I and World War II. The Napoleonic wars were the first multi-theatre war in modern times. The use of the word "theatre" for war was first seen in the book "On War" by Carl von Clausewitz.

## Theatre of operations 
A *Theatre of operations* (TO) is a sub-area within a theatre of war. The boundary of a TO is defined by the commander who is orchestrating or providing support for specific combat operations within the TO. It means the territory, including adjoining sea areas and air space, in which a war was conducted.

## References
Attock District

**Attock District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. 

## Administration 
The district of Attock is administratively subdivided into six tehsils, each with an elected Nazim:

* Attock Tehsil
* Fateh Jang Tehsil
* Hasan Abdal Tehsil
* Jand Tehsil
* Pindi Gheb Tehsil
* Hazro Tehsil
Kohistan District, Pakistan

{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Kohistan
| official_name          = Kohistan District
| native_name            = 
| native_name_lang       =
| settlement_type        = District
| image_skyline          =File:Dassu, Kohistan.jpg
| image_alt              =
| image_caption          =Kohistan is noted for its dramatic mountain scenery 
| image_map              = 
| mapsize                = 300px
| map_alt                =
| map_caption            = Location of Kohistan District (highlighted in red) within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan
| coordinates            = 
| subdivision_type       = Country
| subdivision_name       = Pakistan
| subdivision_type1      = Province
| subdivision_name1      = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| established_title      = Established
| established_date       = 1 October 1976-2014
| founder                =
| seat_type              = Headquarters
| seat                   = Dasu
| government_footnotes   =
| leader_party           =
| leader_title           = Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name            = Mushtaq Ahmad
| leader_title1          = Zila Naib Nazim
| leader_name1           = Local election is awaited
| unit_pref              = Metric
| area_footnotes         =
| area_total_km2         = 7492
| population_total       = 784,711
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_as_of       = 2017
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1              = PST
| utc_offset1            = +5
| blank_name_sec1        = Languages
| blank_info_sec1        = Kohistani, Shina, Urdu, Pashto
| blank_name_sec2        = Ethnicity
| blank_info_sec2        = Dardic Kohistanis, Pashtuns
| website                =
}}
**Kohistan District** is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The town of *Dassu* is the district headquarters. The area is also called **Abasin Kohistan** or **Indus Kohistan**, after the Indus River that runs through the middle of the district.

Kohistan District is divided into  4 Tehsils (subdivisions):

* Palas Tehsil
* Pattan Tehsil
* Dassu Tehsil
* Kandia Tehsil

Farming and growing livestock are the main focus of the economy there. Growing timber has also become more important in recent years.  The district has one of the lowest literacy rates in Pakistan, about 10% of the people can read and write. Education is spreading though.

## References
Bahawalpur District

**Bahawalpur District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Bahawalpur is the capital. The Riasti dialect of the Saraiki language is spoken here, and the neighboring areas in the Bahawalpur area of Cholistan.

## Administration
The district is administratively divided into five tehsils and 107 Union Councils:

* Ahmedpur Sharqia Tehsil
* Bahawalpur Tehsil  City
* Hasilpur Tehsil
* Khairpur Tamewali Tehsil
* Yazman Mandi Tehsil
* Bahawalpur Tehsil Sadar
Bahawalnagar District

**Bahawalnagar District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Bahawalnagar is the capital.It is 192 miles south of Lahore and about 120 miles east of Bahwalpur. River Satluj passes on the northern side at a distance of about 6 miles.

## History 
Bahawalnagar originally known as Rojhanwali was a small settlement consisting of few huts and shacks. This village Rojhanwali is still in existence at a distance of about 1.5 miles north of the Railway Station. In the year 1895, railway station was established and was named as Rojhanwali Railway Station. It was a Junction between Bahawalnagar and Bhatinda at distance of 113 miles, now linking branch lines Amrooka and Fortabbas. Before partition it was very busy junction. Trains used to run from Karachi to Delhi and vice versa via Bahawalnagar. Passenger trains also used to run from Bahawalnagar to Fazilka, Ferozpur. There was a locoshed and two institutes meant for recreation.

## Administration
The District of Bahawalnagar is spread over an area of 8,878 square kilometres comprising five tehsils and 118 Union Councils of Pakistan.

* Bahawalnagar Tehsil
* Chishtian Tehsil
* Fort Abbas Tehsil
* Haroonabad Tehsil
* Minchinabad Tehsil
## References
Bhakkar District

**Bhakkar District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Bhakkar is the capital.

## Administration
The district is administratively divided into four tehsils and 42 Union Councils of Pakistan

* Bhakkar Tehsil
* Darya Khan Tehsil
* Kaloorkot Tehsil
* Mankera Tehsil
Dera Ghazi Khan District

**Dera Ghazi Khan District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Dera Ghazi Khan is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil
* Taunsa Sharif Tehsil
* Tribal Area Tehsil
*  Kot chutta

## Related pages
*Dera Ismail Khan District
Chakwal District

**Chakwal District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Chakwal is the capital.

## Administration
The district is administratively subdivided into five tehsils and 68 Union Councils

* Chakwal Tehsil
* Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil
* Talagang Tehsil
* Kallar Kahar Tehsil
* Lawa
Gujrat District

**Gujrat District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Gujrat is the capital.

Gujrat District, had many Sikh Sardars, ruling villages, Islam was a majority, With 10% Sikhs and Hindus together in the District. Islam had a good influence over the Jatts of Gujrat District, 98% of Jatts them followed Islam, The People of this region are mainly Jatts, Rajputs, Gakhars, Balochi, Pathans, etc. 

## Related pages
The district is composed of 3 tehsils: 

* Gujrat Tehsil
* Kharian Tehsil
* Sarai Alamgir Tehsil
Jhang District

**Jhang District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Jhang is the capital.

## Administration
The district of Jhang is administratively subdivided into 3 tehsils, these are:

* Chiniot District (2009)
* Jhang Tehsil
* Shorkot Tehsil
* Ahmad Pur Sial Tehsil
* Athara Hazari Tehsil
Charlotte Perrelli

(Belgrade, Serbia).]]
**Charlotte Perrelli** (born **Anna Jenny Charlotte Nilsson** on October 7, 1974 in Hovmantorp, Kronobergs län) is a Swedish singer, television host and actress most famous for winning Melodifestivalen 1999 and subsequently the Eurovision Song Contest 1999 with her song "Take Me To Your Heaven". 

Since then she has released six singles and four albums. In 2008, Perrelli won Melodifestivalen 2008, and then represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. Her song, "Hero", placed 18th out of 25 finalists.

## Discography 
### Albums
All regularly released albums and their chart positions in the Sweden Top 60 (SWE).

### Singles
### Soundtracks
Soundtracks containing Charlotte Perrelli songs.
* 2000: "Livet är en schlager" Soundtrack - "Jag vill bara älskas av dig"

### Compilations
Compilations containing Charlotte Perrelli songs.
* 1999: "Absolute '99: The Best of 1999" - "Take Me To Your Heaven"
* 1999: "Mr Music Hits - Vol 7, 1999" - "Take Me To Your Heaven"
* 1999: "Maximum Dance - Vol 7, 1999" - "Take Me To Your Heaven"
* 1999: "Absolute Music 30" - "Take Me To Your Heaven"
* 1999: "100% Semester - Vol 4" - "Take Me To Your Heaven"
* 2000: "Eurovision Song Gontest 1956-1999" - "Take Me To Your Heaven"
* 2000: "Barn 2000" - "Behöver Dig Nu"
* 2000: "Schooldays" - "Tusen och en Natt"
* 2001: "Melodifestivalen 2001" - "Tusen och en Natt"

## Other websites
*Official website
*Official Myspace
*Official YouTube Profile
Kasur District

**Kasur District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Kasur is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Chunian Tehsil
* Kasur Tehsil
* Pattoki Tehsil
* Kot Radha Kishen Tehsil
Jhelum District

**Jhelum District** () is in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According the 1998 census, the district had 936,957 people, of which 31.48% were urban. Jhelum is known for providing many soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as **city of soldiers** or **land of martyrs and warriors**. The district of Jhelum stretches from the Jhelum River almost to the Indus. Salt is quarried at the Mayo mine in the Salt Range. There are two coal-mines, the only ones worked in the province, from which the North-Western railway gets some of coal. The chief centre of the salt trade is Pind Dadan Khan. The district is crossed by the main line of the North-Western railway, and also traversed along the south by a branch line. It is in the north of the Punjab province, Jhelum district is bordered by Sargodha to its south, Gujrat and the Jhelum River to its south and east, Chakwal to its west, Mirpur to its east, and Rawalpindi to its north.

## Administration
The district of Jhelum, which covers an area of 3,587&nbsp;km2, is administratively divided into four tehsils: Jhelum, Sohawa, Pind Dadan Khan and Dina, - which are divided into 53 Union Councils. It also contains the city of Jhelum.

## Demographics
According to census 2017 total population of District Jhelum is 1222650 . In Total population males are 601964 , female are 620636 and Transgender are 50 . Average annual growth rate is 1.41 from 1998 to 2017.

According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, 936,957 people lived in Jhelum District. There were 261 people per square kilometre. According the Punjab Education Department's annual literacy statistics for 2006, Jhelum had a literacy rate of 79% which is among the highest in Pakistan. Human Development Index of Jhelum is 0.770, which highest in Pakistan after Karachi.

## Language
People of Jhelum District speak Punjabi. The written language is Urdu. Many also speak Pothwari.

## Climate
The climate of the tract is extreme. In winter it is very cold and summer is very hot. The average rainfall varies from 48 to 69&nbsp;mm each year.

## Colleges and schools
* Army Public School and College
* FG Intermediat College
* Fauji Foundation Model School & College
* Govt. Degree College
* Govt. College. G.T. Road
* Govt. College for Women
* Govt. College of Commerce
* Research Girls College Kala Gujran
* Jinnah Law College
* M.A. Jinnah College of Commerce & Computer Science
* PICS
* Presentation Convent School
* Jhelum Homeopathic Medical College
* SLS College

## Landmarks
* Lehri Nature Park

## Notable people
* Muhammad Akram, Nishan-e-Haider, of Nakka Kalan, Tehsil & District Jhelum.
* Asif Nawaz (Late), (former Chief of Army Staff, Pakistan.
* Ghazanfar Ali Khan, (Leader In Pakistan Movement)
* Ch. Altaf Hussain (Late), former Governor of Punjab, Pakistan, Ex-MNA and President Lahore High Court Bar Association

## References
## Other websites
* Jhelum District 
* Jhelum Post
Khushab District

**Khushab District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Khushab is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Khushab Tehsil
* Noorpur Thal Tehsil
* Quaidabad Tehsil
Khanewal District

**Khanewal District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Khanewal is the capital.

## District Government 
The District is headed by a powering authority named as District Coordination Officer.Dco handles all developments and problem issues in whole District.EDO's work under DCO to cooperate in operations which are going on in District.

## Tehsils of Khanewal
* Kabirwala Tehsil
* Khanewal Tehsil
* Jahanian Tehsil
* Mian Channu Tehsil
Lodhran District

**Lodhran District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Lodhran is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Dunya Pur Tehsil
* Kahror Pacca Tehsil
* Lodhran Tehsil
Mandi Bahauddin District

**Mandi Bahauddin District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Mandi Bahauddin is the capital.

The district has three tehsils, these are:

* Malakwal Tehsil
* Mandi Bahauddin Tehsil
* Phalia Tehsil

## References
Multan District

**Multan District**  () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 3.117 million (1.315 million or 42.2% in urban areas). Its capital is the city of Multan.

## Tehsils of Multan 
* Mumtazabad Tehsil
* Sher Shah Tehsil
* Sujaabad Tehsil
* Jalapur Pirwala Tehsil
* Bosan Tehsil
* Shah Rukn-e-alam Tehsil

## References
Muzaffargarh District

**Muzaffargarh District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Muzaffargarh is the capital.

## Tehsils
The district Muzaffargarh is divided in to five administrative tehsils.
* Alipur Tehsil
* Jatoi Tehsil
* Kot Addu Tehsil
* Muzaffargarh
* Chowk Sarwar Shaheed Tehsil
Layyah District

**Layyah District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Layyah is the capital. 

Layyah District shares borders with the districts of Bhakkar (north), Muzaffargarh (south), Jhang (east) and D.G. Khan (west).  The District is of semi rectangular shape and has sandy land. The total area of the district is 6291 km2.  It is 88 km from east to west & 75&nbsp;km from north to south. It is made up of the three tehsils of:

#Layyah Tehsil
#Chaubara Tehsil
#Karor Lal Esan Tehsil

Layyah District has an extremely hot climate. The temperature in winter is low because it is near the Koh-Suleman mountains. The tehsil Chaubara is almost barren and is made up of forest and sand dunes. The tehsil of Layyah and Karor Lal Esan are better developed agriculturally but they have also large areas of sand dunes and uncultivated land. The river Indus passes from north to south on western side of the district and touches D.G. Khan.

## Other websites 
*Map of Layyah
Nankana Sahib District

**Nankana Sahib District** or **Khairpur Bhattian** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Nankana Sahib is the capital.

## Administration
Nankana Sahib District is administratively subdivided into four tehsils:

* Nankana Sahib Tehsil
* Safdarabad Tehsil
* Sangla Hill Tehsil
* Shahkot Tehsil
Okara District

**Okara District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Okara is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Depalpur Tehsil
* Renala Khurd Tehsil
* Okara Tehsil town
Pakpattan District

**Pakpattan District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Pakpattan is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Arifwala Tehsil
* Pakpattan Tehsil
* Malka Hans Tehsil
Narowal District

**Narowal District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Narowal is the capital. The Darhab dialect of the Punjabi language is spoken in this very district and the surrounding areas.

## Administration
* Narowal Tehsil
* Shakargarh Tehsil
* Zafarwal Tehsil

## Boundaries
The district is bounded on the northwest by Sialkot District, on the north by Indian Kashmir, on the east by Gurdaspur District (Republic of India) which contains the Pathankot Tehsil contiguous to Pakistan; and internationalised on the south by Amritsar District (Republic of India) and Sheikhupura District to the south-west.
Space Invaders

***Space Invaders*** is a video game made by the Taito Corporation. *Space Invaders* is one of the most famous early video games. The game is about defending the Earth from Space Invaders (aliens) by shooting them down before they can land. There have been seven versions of *Space Invaders* made by the Taito Corporation. *Space Invaders* was designed by the Taito Corporations man in charge of the game making department, Toshihiro Nishikado. Nishikado was inspired to make the game after watching *Star Wars* and *War of the Worlds*. At first *Space Invaders* was a coin-operated machine but has been made available for almost every games console and home computer. Before making *Space Invaders*, Nishikado worked on games called *Soccer* and *Interceptor*. He says the hardest part of making a video game is designing the computer inside it. Taito describes *Space Invaders* as "an international phenomenon".

## *Space Invaders* versions
**Space Invaders*, 1978
**Space Invaders Part 2*, 1979
**The Return of the Space Invaders*, 1985
*''Space Invaders '91*, 1991
**Space Invaders DX*, 1995
**Space Invaders '95*, 1995
**Space Invaders 3D''

## References
*Taito Legends, 2005
*Taito Legends 2, 2006
Taito

The **Taito Corporation** is an  of coin operated video games. Taito was founded in 1953 to import peanuts and vodka to Japan. They also made vending machines for the vodka and peanuts. The next year (1954), Taito began making jukeboxes and other  machines. These machines were designed by other companies but in 1956 Taito designed and produced Japans first jukebox. Taito started to buy, sell, and  pinball machines in 1956. Taito became the manufacturer of Seeburg corporation (USA) jukeboxes in 1962. Taito produced Japans first -type coin operated machine in 1965. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry gave Taito a  prize for  in 1970. In 1973 Taito made Pro Hockey and Soccer video games as well as Elepong. Elepong was the first Japanese designed coin operated game. Taito are most famous for making Space Invaders in 1978. Taito says "Space Invaders was a worldwide phenomenon".  Taito has been one of the leading makers of coin operated video games in the world for more than thirty years.

## Famous video games created by the Taito Corporation
*Elepong 1973
*Davis Cup 1973
*Pro Hockey 1973
*Soccer 1973
*Speed Race 1974
*Gun Fight 1975
*Space Invaders 1978
*Space Invaders part 2 1979
*Asteroids 1980
*Missile Command 1980
*Arkanoid 1986
*Bubble Bobble 1986
*Rainbow Islands 1987
*Operation Wolf 1987
*Chase HQ 1988
*The New Zealand Story 1988
*Puzzle Bobble 1995

## Other websites 
*The Taito Corporation website

## References
*Taito Legends, 2005
*Taito Legends 2, 2006
Sahiwal District

**Sahiwal District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sahiwal is the capital.

Sahiwal is on GT Road. It is 167 km from Lahore.

## Tehsils
* Sahiwal Tehsil
* Chichawatni Tehsil
Sargodha District

**Sargodha District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sargodha is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Bhalwal Tehsil
* Sahiwal Tehsil
* Sargodha Tehsil
* Shahpur Tehsil
* Sillanwali Tehsil
* Kot Momin Tehsil
Sialkot District

**Sialkot District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sialkot is the 

It is recorded that Masses of Jatts of Sialkot district, converted to Islam, under Daud Bandagi Kirmani (1513-1575), of Shergarh during the reign of Emperor Akbar between, 1556-1605. The Clans that converted included Sandhu, Ghumman, Bajwa, Virk, Maan, Cheema, Basra, Kahlon, Goraya, Sahi, Hanjra, Dehothar.

## Tehsils
* Daska Tehsil
* Pasrur Tehsil
* Sambrial Tehsil
* Sialkot Tehsil
Toba Tek Singh District

**Toba Tek Singh District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Toba Tek Singh is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Gojra Tehsil
* Kamalia Tehsil
* Toba Tek Singh Tehsil
Attock

**Attock** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Attock District. The city was founded during the British period and it was originally named Campbellpur after its British governor Sir Colin Campbell however the name was changed to Attock after the independence of Pakistan from British rule in 1947.
Rahim Yar Khan District

**Rahimyar Khan District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rahimyar Khan is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Khanpur Tehsil
* Liaquatpur Tehsil
* Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil
* Sadiqabad Tehsil
Faisalabad

**Faisalabad**, formerly known as **Lyallpur**, is the third largest metropolis in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Faisalabad District. The city is an important centre of trade and industry.

## References 
## Other websites
* Airport website
Seer Gharbi

**Seer Gharbi** is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of the country of Pakistan. It is in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.

## Meaning
Seer Gharbi means *Western Seer*. This is because there are two towns called *Seer* and are very near to each other. The other Seer is known as *Seer Sharqi*, which means *Eastern Seer*.

## 2005 earthquake
On October 8, 2005, Seer Gharbi, like much of Abbottabad District, was affected by an earthquake. However the number of people killed or injured was low, the damage was largely to buildings and damage to water supplies.

## Subdivisions
The Union Council of Seer Gharbi is subdivided into three areas: Basbher, Malmola and Seer Gharbi.

## References
Union councils of Pakistan

A **Union Council** or Village Council in Pakistan is an elected local government body that has 21 councillors. They are elected by the people. Each Union Council is headed by a Nazim, which is similar to a mayor, and a Naib Nazim (similar to a deputy mayor).

## Administration 
Union Councils are the fifth level (the lowest level) of government in Pakistan. Union Councils are often known as **Village Councils** in rural areas, esp. in KP during the PTI Government provincial reforms.
The area represented by a Village Council usually comprises a large village and surrounding areas, often including nearby smaller villages. The term "Union Council" may be used for areas that are part of cities.

Each Union Council is governed by a Union Nazim (similar to a mayor), each union council has 13 elected members known as councillors. As well as four male and two female members elected directly, there are two male and two female representatives of the labour, a minority member, a Nazim and his deputy known as Naib Nazim.

Also as well as the elected members, there are several government employees and functionaries in every union council, who report to the Secretary of the Union Council. The last one is a civil servant appointed by the state.

The territory of a Union Council or Village Council is usually part of a tehsil, (a tehsil is a district subdivision). Less commonly, a Union Council may be part of a City District.

## Structure of local Government  
Shown below is a simplified structure of the political hierarchy.
# the federal government governs the provinces (allocation of resources and policy decisions. 
# the provinces govern the districts etc. 
# the union councils are involved directly in local government administration.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Tranmere Rovers F.C.

**Tranmere Rovers Football Club** is an English football club. They were a member of The Football League until 2015, when they were relegated to the Football Conference. They returned to the football league in 2018. Their main rivals are Chester, Wrexham, and Bolton Wanderers.

## Name 
* 1884–1885 **Belmont F.C.**
* 1885–present **Tranmere Rovers F.C.**

## League position 
### Former position
Rawalpindi District

**Rawalpindi District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rawalpindi is the capital. The district is divided into seven tehsils, these are:
* Gujar Khan Tehsil
* Kahuta Tehsil
* Kallar Syedan Tehsil
* Kotli Sattian Tehsil
* Murree Tehsil
* Rawalpindi Tehsil
* Taxila Tehsil

In 1901 Punjab Census, the Sikhs numbered 26,363, Hindus 57,325, and the Muslims being 466,918 83%. But between 1901 and 1931, there was a large number of Hindus converting to Sikhism. By 1947, there would have been more than 100,000 Sikhs In this district, and also the population growing.
Nanny (disambiguation)

*Nanny - a person that is hired to take care of children.
*The Nanny - a 1993 television comedy.
*A grandmother (see grandmother, grandparent)
*A female goat

**The Nanny** may mean:
**The Nanny*, a 1993–99 American television program starring Fran Drescher
**The Nanny*, a 1964 novel by Merriam Modell
**The Nanny*, a 1965 British movie starring Bette Davis
**The Nanny*, a 1999 Italian movie
*Nanny (comics), a Marvel Comics super villain
AdventureQuest

***AdventureQuest*** is an RPG (role-playing game) made by Artix Entertainment.

## Related pages
* DragonFable
* MechQuest
* AdventureQuest Worlds
* ArchKnight
* ZardWars

## Other websites
* *AdventureQuest*
Conflict

A **conflict** is a struggle between people which may be physical, or between very different ideas. The word comes from the Latin verb , which means *to come together for a battle*. Conflicts can either be within one person, or they can involve several people or groups. Conflicts arise because there are needs, values or ideas that are seen to be different, and there is no means to reconcile the dispute. 

Very often, conflicts lead to fights or even wars (in the case where conflicts are solved with weapons). Conflict between ideas is usually fought with propaganda.

## Related pages
*Conflict resolution
*Dispute

## References
Liv Tyler

**Liv Rundgren Tyler** (born July 1, 1977) is an American actress and former model. She is best known for her roles of Grace Stamper in *Armageddon* and Arwen in *The Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy. She is the daughter of Aerosmith's singer, Steven Tyler.

Tyler was born **Liv Rundgren** at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, New York. She is the first born daughter of Bebe Buell, a model, singer, and was the Playboy Playmate of the month Miss November 1974, and Steven Tyler, the lead singer of Aerosmith. Her maternal grandmother, Dorothea Johnson, founded the Protocol School of Washington. Her mother named her after Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann. At birth, Bebe Buell claimed that rock star Todd Rundgren was Tyler's biological father. Tyler spent most of her childhood living with that understanding, only finding her true parentage at age nine, after meeting Steven Tyler at a Rundgren concert in Boston. Also, when Tyler was growing up, Steven Tyler started coming to visit. Then at another meeting in 1988, seeing that Steven Tyler's other daughter, Mia, looked very similar to herself, she asked her mother. The truth about Tyler's paternity did not become public until 1991, when she changed her name from Rundgren to Tyler, but kept the old one as a middle name. Buell's reason for the decision was that Steven Tyler was too heavily addicted to drugs at that time. Since knowing the truth about her paternity, Liv and Steven Tyler have had a close relationship. They have even made their careers intertwine when Liv performed in Aerosmith's video "Crazy" and when Aerosmith wrote and performed many of the songs in Liv's movie *Armageddon*.

Tyler went to the Congressional School of Virginia, Breakwater Elementary and Wayneflete schools (in Portland, Maine) before returning to New York City with her mother at the age of twelve. She went to York Prep in NYC for Junior High and High School, graduating in 1995. One month later Tyler set off for Italy, to star in *Stealing Beauty*.

## Filmography 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Lovely Liv Tyler , a website endorsed by Liv Tyler
An Inspector Calls

***An Inspector Calls*** is a play written in 1945 by the British playwright J. B. Priestley, but set in 1912. Its socialist views ran against the capitalist views of many theatres visitors. It was first performed in 1945 in two Moscow theatres.  It was then first produced in London at the New Theatre on 1 October 1946. 

The play shows the way in which people are all connected, and reflects Priestley's socialist views while outlining the problems he saw with capitalism. The main themes in the play are an equitable (fair) society,  and love.

## Dramatic presentation 
* The play is set in the town of Brumley. It is about a police inspector, Inspector Goole, who questions a family about the suicide of a young woman whom the family knew. Many events which happen after the play are contradicted by Arthur Birling, such as the Titanic being unsinkable and that war with Germany would never happen. These are examples of dramatic irony.
* The play takes place in one set (the dining room of the Birlings' house), in real time. This is a dramatic device which keeps the audience's attention on the dialogue as well as the timing of the entrances and exits. Foreshadowing is used throughout the play. 
* Another dramatic technique or device used is how Priestley ends his acts. Each time, near the end of the act, the inspector drops a bombshell of information that we are  to think about. He makes us ponder over all that happened in that act.

## Dramatic devices
J. B. Priestley uses dramatic devices and dramatic irony to signal characters and introduce the inspector. For example, the house is pink and intimate while they are celebrating the engagement, but when the sharp ring of a door bell is heard, the lighting changes to a brighter and harder colour. Some believe that it represents an interrogation room due to the bright lights that are shining on the Birlings as the inspector comes in and picks the story out of them bit by bit. Dramatic irony is used throughout the play to create prejudice between Mr. Birling and the audience. 

## Awards 
*Olivier Award PlayRevival 1991–2000
*Tony Award PlayRevival 1994–2000
Justice and Equality Movement

The **Justice and Equality Movement** (JEM) is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan.  It is led by Khalil Ibrahim.  Together with other rebel groups such as the Sudan Liberation Army, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia.  The JEM is also a member of the Eastern Front, a rebel coalition.  After the Eastern Front signed a peace deal with the central government, the JEM lost access to its funding from Eritrea.

The JEM traces its foundation to the writers of the *Black Book*, a manuscript published in 2000 that shows some problems.  JEM has an Islamist ideology, and the government links the group to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group and Turabi himself deny the claim. However, al-Turabi blames the government for making the situation worse". 

On January 20, 2006, the group merged with the Sudan Liberation Movement, along with other rebel groups, to form the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan.  However, the JEM and SLM negotiated as separate groups with peace talks with the government in May 2006.

In October of 2007, the JEM attacked an oilfield in the Kordofan region of Sudan. This olified is controlled by a Chinese consortium.  The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on this field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. It is just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militia.

On the morning of December 11th, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding a Chinese-run oilfield in the Kordofan region.  Khartoum officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack.  Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there."

## Notes and references 
## Other websites 
*Justice and Equality Movement
* Upcoming Peace Talks Will Not Solve the Complex Darfur Problem , The Power and Interest News Report
* Darfur conflict
* BBC background on the SLA and JEM: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3702242.stm
* BBC Darfur on the brink of new conflict as the SLA now joins the government fighting against rebel groups including the JEM: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5311998.stm
* Justice and Equality Movement The JEM's homepage
* Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company's website
Lope de Vega

**Lope de Vega** (also **Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio** or **Lope Félix de Vega Carpio**) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish Baroque playwright and poet. His reputation in the world of Spanish letters is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled: 
he is estimated to have written between 1,500 and 2,500 fully-fledged plays – of which some 425 have survived until the modern day – together with a plethora of shorter dramatic and poetic works.

He was *"The Phoenix of Wits"* and *"Monster of Nature"* by Miguel de Cervantes because he did so much work. Lope de Vega renewed the Spanish theatre when people were becoming interested in it. Along with Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, he improved Spanish theater. He is considered a great dramatist and his plays are often performed. He is also one of the famous Spanish poets and authors.

## Life
Lope de Vega was born in Madrid to a non-notable family, who came to the capital from Valle de Carriedo in Cantabria recently. Félix de Vega, the bread winner of the family, was an embroiderer.
Holden (disambiguation)

**Holden** is the name of an Australian brand of automobile. **Holden** can also mean:

## Places 
### In Canada 
* Holden, Alberta

### In Norway 
* Holden, Lierne, a lake in Nord-Trøndelag
* Holden, Verran, a lake in Nord-Trøndelag

### In the United States 
* Holden, Louisiana
* Holden, Maine
* Holden, Massachusetts
* Holden, Missouri
* Holden, Utah
* Holden, West Virginia
* Holden Township, Minnesota
* Holden, Vermont

There are also:
* Holden Beach, North Carolina
* Holden Heights, Florida
* Holden Village, Washington

## People and fictional characters
* Holden (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters
* Holden (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
* Holden Scott, a pen name of American author Ben Mezrich (born 1969)

## Other 
* Holden (lunar crater), a lunar crater attached to the much larger Vendelinus crater
* Holden (Martian crater), a wide crater on Mars.
* Holden (band), a French pop-rock band

## Related pages
* Holder
* Holding
Pedro Calderòn de la Barca

**Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Henao** (17 January 1600 – 25 May 1681), was a dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age.

Calderón was born in Madrid. His mother, who was of Flemish descent, died in 1610; his father, who was secretary to the treasury, died in 1615. Calderón was educated at the Jesuit College in Madrid, the Colegio Imperial, with a view to taking orders; but instead, he studied law at Salamanca.

## Selected Works 
* El médico de su honra (The Surgeon of his Honour)
* La vida es sueño (Life is a Dream)
* El Alcalde de Zalamea (The Mayor of Zalamea)
* La Dama duende (The Phantom Lady)
* Casa con dos puertas (The House with Two Doors)
* El Mágico prodigioso (The Mighty Magician)
* La Devoción de la Cruz (Devotion to the Cross)
* El Gran Teatro del mundo (The Great Theatre of the World)
* El Gran Mercado del mundo (The World is a Fair)
* El Pintor de su deshonra (The Painter of His Dishonour)
* El Prodigio de Alemania (The Prodigy of Germany) (in collaboration with Antonio Coello)
Chemical vapor deposition

**Chemical vapor deposition** is a method of putting a thin layer of materials on to a surface using very low heat. It is specially useful for coating thin glass with metal without damaging the glass, using such a thin layer of metal that the glass can be seen through. This technology was invented by the Head of the Chemistry Department of Harvard University, Professor Roy Gordon, in the 1970s and perfected by his team during the 1980s. Chemical vapor deposition has a vast range of uses. Hip replacement joints are coated using chemical vapor deposition to make them lighter, stronger, and longer lasting. TFT displays (flat screen televisions and computer monitors) are made using chemical vapor deposition. This technology is also used to prevent double glazing windows and supermarket freezers from steaming up. Chemical vapor deposition can be used to create synthetic diamonds.

## Types of CVD 
CVD techniques vary by chemical reaction mechanisms and process conditions.

**Classification by Pressure:**

* Atmospheric Pressure CVD (APCVD): Performed at atmospheric pressure.
* Low-Pressure CVD (LPCVD): Operates under reduced pressure to improve film uniformity and reduce unwanted reactions. Common in current processes.
* Ultrahigh Vacuum CVD (UHVCVD): Conducted at extremely low pressures (~10⁻⁶ Pa or lower).

**Classification by Vapor Characteristics:**

* Aerosol Assisted CVD (AACVD): Uses aerosolized liquid or gas precursors for fast growth, suitable for low-volatility precursors.
* Direct Liquid Injection CVD (DLICVD): Injects liquid precursors which vaporize and deposit onto substrates. Applicable to both liquid and dissolved solid precursors.

**Plasma-Enhanced Techniques:**

* Microwave Plasma-Assisted CVD (MPCVD)
* Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD): Increases reaction rates using plasma, enabling low-temperature deposition widely used in semiconductor manufacturing.
* Remote PECVD (RPECVD): Similar to PECVD but wafer is outside plasma region, allowing room temperature processing.

**Others:**

* Atomic Layer CVD (ALCVD): Sequential atomic-scale deposition for precise thin films.
* Hot Wire CVD (HWCVD): Uses heated filaments to decompose source gases catalytically.
* Metalorganic CVD (MOCVD): Uses metalorganic precursors.
* Hybrid Physical-Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPCVD): Combines chemical decomposition and evaporation from solid sources.
* Rapid Thermal CVD (RTCVD): Quickly heats wafer without heating gases or chamber, reducing unwanted reactions.
* Vapor Phase Epitaxy (VPE)

## Other websites 
* Roy Gordons Glass  in the Harvard Gazette
Ipswich

**Ipswich** is a large town in the East Anglian county of Suffolk England. It is the county town of Suffolk. It is near the estuary of the River Orwell. 117,069 people live there. In the Tudor period Ipswich was famous for the Wool Trade and there are still a lot of Tudor buildings which survive to this day. Thomas Wolsey, who was a famous adviser to Henry VIII was born in Ipswich. In modern times Ipswich became infamous as in 2006 a serial killer murdered five sex workers over a short space of time.

The town is home to Ipswich Town F.C., an association football team.  They play in the town at a stadium called Portman Road.

Ipswich is one of the oldest towns in England.

## References
Self-esteem

**Self-esteem** is the way people think about themselves and how worthwhile they feel. Psychologists use the word self-esteem to describe whether someone likes themselves or not. Someone with high self-esteem might think that they are good at things, worthwhile, and may be confident in the things that they do. Someone with low self-esteem might think that they are bad at things and/or worthless. Different psychologists have different ways of measuring self-esteem, and many people do not agree on what it means. Some people may think that self-esteem is linked to anxiety, depression, eating disorders and bullying. Some people may also injure themselves if they suffer from a low self-esteem.

Self-esteem also considered by the international law on human rights, such as Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Yogyakarta Principles, affirm that each person's self-esteem must be protected against any kind of abuse or violence out of social prejudices and discriminations.

The World Health Organization also thinks building strong self-esteem is important to prevent the suicide of students as well as prevent bullying by tolerance.

## Notes
Lanthanide

A **lanthanide** is one of a group of 15 elements that have atomic numbers 57 to 71. This is also known as the **lanthanide series** or **lanthanoid series**. This group starts at lanthanum and it ends at lutetium.

All lanthanoids are f-block elements, meaning that electrons fill the 4f electron shell, except for lutetium which is a d-block lanthanoid. The lanthanoid series (**Ln**) is named after lanthanum.

Lanthanides are metals that are related to each other in how they behave. Most of them slowly turn into their hydroxides when they are placed into water, like the alkali metals. They usually form a coating of oxide when placed in the air, like most metals. Lanthanides, with Scandium and Yttrium, are called rare earth elements.
All the lanthanoids are silvery white soft metals and tarnish rapidly in air. The hardness increases with increasing atomic number.

Lanthanides are not abundant, and only small amounts are mined. Some have various uses in magnets, superconductors, chemical catalysts, and optical equipment such as lasers.

## References
Naib

The word *naib* (نائب) is an Arabic word meaning someone who is second in command.

It may also mean:

## In history
***Naib**, the name given to the rulers of Massawa, Africa who served the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century.
***Naib**, a local leader in Dagestan.

## Fiction
***Naib**, the title given to the leader of Fremen (freemen)  on the planet Arrakis in the science fiction Dune universe written by Frank Herbert. In the story the word "Naib" means servant.
Bagh Union Council

**Bagh** is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has two high schools GHS Bagh and GHS Kehal.

## Location 
It is in the centre of the district, in the southern part of Abbottabad Tehsil, it is surrounded by the following Union Councils, to the north and east by Dhamtour, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east by Bagnotar, Namli Maira and Nagri Bala - and to the south by Dewal Manal.

## Subdivisions 
The Union Council is divided into three areas:
Bagh, Kehial and Jaggian Kohalian.

## References
I'm Not There

'''''I'm Not There'''* is a Golden Globe Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated 2007 American biographical drama movie that is inspired by the life of musician Bob Dylan. Dylan is played by seven different actors in the movie: Marcus Carl Franklin, Ben Whishaw, Heath Ledger, Christian Bale, Richard Gere, and Cate Blanchett, who play people like Dylan but with different names.

The movie won and was nominated for several awards, including eight wins in "Best Supporting Actress" categories for Cate Blanchett, and Independent Spirit Award nomination for "Best Film".

## Cast
* Christian Bale as Jack Rollins/Pastor John
* Cate Blanchett as Jude Quinn
* Marcus Carl Franklin as "Woody Guthrie"
* Richard Gere as Billy the Kid
* Heath Ledger as Robbie Clark
* Ben Whishaw as "Arthur Rimbaud"
* Charlotte Gainsbourg as Claire (= Sara Dylan) and/or Suze Rotolo
* David Cross as Allen Ginsberg
* Bruce Greenwood as Keenan Jones/Pat Garrett
* Julianne Moore as Alice Fabian (= Joan Baez)
* Michelle Williams as Coco Rivington (=Edie Sedgwick)
* Kim Gordon as Carla Hendricks
* Alison Folland as Grace
* Mark Camacho as Norman
* Benz Antoine as Bobby Seale/Rabbit Brown
* Craig Thomas as Huey Newton
* Eugene Brotto as Peter Orlovsky
* Richie Havens as Old Man Arvin
* Kim Roberts as Mrs. Arvin
* Tyrone Bensin as Mr. Arvin
* Yolonda Ross as Angela
* Peter Friedman as Barker/Morris Bernstein
* Joe Cobden as Sonny
* Kristen Hager as Mona
* Fanny La Croix as Actress playing Alice Fabian
* Dennis St John as Captain Henry/The Admiral
* Kris Kristofferson as The Narrator

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* HD Trailer
* Trailer on YouTube
* 
* 
* *I'm Not There* Trailer  on IGN
* *I'm Not There* on Yahoo! Movies
*  Photo of Cate Blanchett in costume and article 
* toddhaynes.net  - *I'm Not There* information and 
* DVD Talk talks about Cate Blanchett in *I'm Not There.*
* Director Todd Haynes talks about *I'm Not There* at the 2007 New York Film Festival 
* Essay on *I'm Not There''
Paektu Mountain

**Paektu Mountain** (also called **Baekdu Mountain**) or **Changbai Mountain** is a volcano on the border between North Korea and China. This mountain is 54.5% in North Korean territory, 45.5% in China. The Korean name is Paektu-san or Baekdu-san, which means "white head mountain". The Chinese name is Changbai-shan, which means "snow that piles up on the large mountain". 

Paektu has a large caldera (crater lake). It is called **Heaven Lake**. Koreans call it "Cheon-ji" lake, Chinese call it "Tiandi" lake. It is 2,744 metres above sea level and is the highest mountain of all Korea. The Beijing Olympic torch was lit on Paektu/Changbai Mountain. Heaven Lake is a caldera made by a gigantic volcanic eruption in 969 AD (± 20 years) which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. The 969 eruption, which is called the "Millennium" or "Tianchi" eruption, was one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the 180 AD "Hatepe eruption" of Lake Taupo and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.

## References
Pakistan Standard Time

PKT is the time zone used in Pakistan. It is 5 hours ahead of GMT/UTC.

## Daylight Saving Time 
In 2002, the government of Pakistan decided to use the Daylight Saving Time system. This meant that every year, clocks would be put forward by one hour on the night between the first Saturday and Sunday of April until 15 October when the clocks were put back. The experiment was not repeated again under the Musharraf Regime.

This was reused in 2008 by Raja Parvez Ashraf from 1 June 2008 to 31 October 2008 and again in 2009 from 15 April 2009 to 31 October 2009. The system has not been used since.

## References 
* Pakistan Standard Time 

## Other websites 
* Find cities currently in UTC+5
Dhamtour

**Dhamtour** or **Dhamtor**(, )  is a small rural suburb of Abbottabad Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is about 6 kilometers from Abbottabad city. It is known as the largest village of Abbottabad area. It is also a Union Council in Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The local language is Hindko, which is the main language of Hazara division. The area are has some rich cultural traditions. Dhamtour village is the gate way to many natural beauty places like Murree, Nathia Gali, Dungagali and Harnoi.

## Location 
Dhamtour is at 34°7'60N 73°16'0E at a height of 1110 metres (3645&nbsp;feet). It is to the west of Abbottabad city, and borders Sheikh-ul-Bandi to the north and Nagri Bala to the south.

## History
Dhamtour is an old settlement and there used to be regular cattle and vegetable markets here before British rule.

## Tribes 
Most of the people in this area are from the Jadoon tribe. Other tribes include Mughals, Gujjars ,Kashmiri, Syeds, and Awans.

## Subdivisions
The Union Council of Dhamtour is divided into the following areas: Banda Bazdar, Bandi Shoalian, Dhamtour, Guldhok, Jaswal, Nagaki, and Ukhreela.

## References
Tehsil

A **tehsil** (also known as a **mandal**, **taluka**, **taluk**) is a unit of government in Pakistan and in the Republic of India - it is similar to a county. It usually consists of a town (possibly more towns) and the villages around the towns. 

In Pakistan, Tehsils are the second administrative division. They are further subdivided into Union Councils. Many Tehsils are grouped together into a *district* (Zillah). In Sindh the name *taluka* is generally used instead of tehsil.

In India, some states use *taluk* or *taluka*, others use *tehsil*. The *TK* often found in Indian addresses stands for Taluk.
Balochistan

**Baluchistan** () may refer to:

*Baluchistan region), a region of Iran
*Balochistan (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan since 1970
** Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province), a former province of British India
*Balochistan (Afghanistan), a part of Afghanistan
*Baluchestan Province, a province of Iran