open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Austria at the Olympics

**Austria** has been at most of the **Olympic Games**.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Austria is AUT.

## History
The Austrian team missed the 1920 Summer Olympics due to its role in World War I.  The nation has twice hosted the Games in Innsbruck for the 1964 Winter Olympics and again for the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Austrian athletes have won a total of 86 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  They have 185 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Austria has won more medals in alpine skiing than any other nation.

The National Olympic Committee for Austria is the Österreichisches Olympisches Comité.  It was formed in 1908 and  in 1912.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by summer sport
### Medals by winter sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Austria profile at London2012.com
Virginia Cooperative Extension

**Virginia Cooperative Extension** provides resources and educational outreach to more than seven million Virginia residents in the areas of agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, community viability, and 4-H youth development. The federal government started cooperative extension programs in each state with the Smith-Lever Act of 1914. Virginia’s two land-grant universities: Virginia Tech and Virginia State University run the program.  The program has faculty and staff at the two universities, 107 county and city offices, 11 agricultural research and Extension centers, and six 4-H educational centers.

## Related pages
* Cooperative Extension Service
* Virginia Tech
* Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
* Virginia State University

## References
## Other websites
* Virginia Cooperative Extension
* Shaping Extension's Future
Belarus at the Olympics

**Belarus** was first in the **Olympic** at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland as part of the Soviet Union.  After the Soviet Union disbanded in 1991, Belarus, along with four of the other fourteen former Soviet republics, were in the 1992 Winter Olympics (held in Albertville, France) as the Unified Team. Later in 1992, eleven republics joined Belarus to compete as the Unified Team at the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Two years later, Belarus competed for the first time as an independent nation in the 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway. From 1952 until the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, 168 Belarusian athletes won 200 medals either as part of the Soviet Union or as independent Belarus.

## Medal tables 
### Medals by Games 
### Medals by sport 
## Flag bearers 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Belarus profile at London2012.com 
* Official Website of the NOCRB  
* Olympic page 
* Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States Olympic movement in Belarus
Bearing (navigation)

s, such as this one in Bremerhaven can be used for reference.]]
]]
In navigation, the word **bearing** is used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction. There are different systems of reference that can be used for this. A system of reference that is commonly used is that of Cardinal directions, as they can be found with a compass. The direction a ship is pointed can also be the reference.

Points that can easily be determined, and that move very little, can be taken as reference. Such points include stars, mountains, the sun, and beacons. Beacons come in the form of lighthouses on the coast, but also as electric beacons or other sea marks on the open sea. 

Bearings can be measured different ways. Optical bearings rely on visual information, other systems rely on radar for tools.
Kanbun (era)

, also romanized as **Kambun,** was a  after *Manji* and before *Enpō.*  This period started in April 1661 and ended in September 1673. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Kanbun* era
 to change his name to Sumiyoshi Jokei.  The seal of the artist is shown here.]]
* **20 March 1662** (*Kanbun 2, 1st day of the 2nd month*): Earthquake in Heian-kyō (Kyoto)  the tomb of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

* **1620** (*Kanbun 2*): Tosa Hiromichi 土佐広通 (1561–1633) was ordered by the emperor to change his name to .

* **5 March 1663** (*Kanbun 3, 26th day of the 1st month*):  Emperor Go-sai abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (*senso*). Soon after, Emperor Reigen 's role as monarch was  by ceremonies (*sokui*).

* **6 June 1663** (*Kanbun 3, 1st day of the 5th month*): An earthquake struck in Ōmi Province.

* **1670** (*Kanbun 10*): The Bonin Islands were discovered by the Ogasawara clan.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics

**Bosnia and Herzegovina** were first at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Independence from Yugoslavia was in 1991. No athletes have won a medal.

The Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and  in 1993.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bosnia and Herzegovina profile at London2012.com
Belgium at the Olympics

**Belgium** has been in most **Olympic Games**.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Belgium is BEL.

## History
Athletes from Belgium competed for the first time was at the 1900 Games.  The nation was host to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.  Belgian athletes have won 142 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another five at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Belgium was formed and recognized in 1906.

## List of medalists
### Summer Olympics
### Winter Olympics
## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Belgium profile at London2012.com 
* Belgium at Olympic.org
New Zealand at the Olympics

**New Zealand at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1908.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for New Zealand is NZL.

## History
A team from New Zealand was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  For their first two Games in 1908 and 1912, New Zealand was with Australia in a combined *Australasia* team.  New Zealand first sent an independent team in 1920.

New Zealand has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1952, missing only the 1956 and 1964 Games.

New Zealand athletes have won a total of 103 medals at the Summer Games. The most successful sport is athletics.  New Zealand has only won a single medal at the Winter Games.  The silver medal won by Annelise Coberger in alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics was the first medal won at the Winter Games by a Southern Hemisphere nation.

## National Olympic Committee 
The New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) is the National Olympic Committee for New Zealand. The NZOC was formed in 1911, and  by the IOC in 1919.

## Participation 
Being in the remote South Pacific, New Zealanders had to take long sea voyages to attend the early Olympics. It wasn’t until 1920 that New Zealand sent its first team. Before that three New Zealanders won medals for Australasian teams in 1908 and 1912.

As of  1111 athletes have represented New Zealand at the Olympic Games.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
The total (NZ) does not include the medals won by New Zealanders as part of the combined Australasia team (ANZ) at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics:
* bronze medal won by Harry Kerr in Men's 3500 metre walk in Athletics
* gold medal won by Malcolm Champion as a member of the Men's 4x200 metre freestyle relay in Swimming 
* bronze medal won by Tony Wilding in Indoor men's singles in Tennis

### Medals by Winter Games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
*New Zealand at Olympic.org
**Athletics* in the 1966 *Encyclopaedia of New Zealand* has a paragraph on each Olympiad and Empire Games to 1964   
*The Olympics (NZHistory.net.nz) 
*The Joseph Romanos list of our best Olympians 
*Medal Count for NZ at DatabaseOlympics.com (total of 78 not complete)
Monsanto process

The **Monsanto process** is a way of making acetic acid. It uses a catalyst to add a carbonyl group to methanol. This process operates at a pressure of 30&ndash;60 atm and a temperature of 150&ndash;200 °C. It gives a selectivity greater than 99%. It was developed 1960 by German chemists working at BASF. Chemists at Monsanto introduced a new catalyst system in 1966. Today, chemists make acetic acid by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd which is more economical and environmentally friendly. So, the Monsanto process is not used very much in industry.

## Catalytic cycle
The process has several steps, which repeat to remake the catalyst:

The catalytically active species is the anion cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− **(1)**. The catalytic cycle has been shown to involve six steps, two of which do not involve rhodium: conversion of methanol to methyl iodide and the hydrolysis of the acetyl iodide to acetic acid. (These steps are in the middle of the above diagram.) The first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to *cis*-[Rh(CO)2I2]− to form the hexacoordinate species [(CH3)Rh(CO)2I3]− **(2)**. This anion rapidly transforms, by the migration of a methyl group to the carbonyl ligand, affording the pentacoordinate acetyl complex [(CH3CO)Rh(CO)I3]− **(3)**. This five-coordinate complex then reacts with carbon monoxide to form the six coordinate dicarbonyl complex. **(4)** This decomposes by reductive elimination to form acetyl iodide (CH3COI) and regenerate the active form of the catalyst. Acetyl iodide is then hydrolyzed to acetic acid.

The reaction mechanism is first-order with respect to methyl iodide and the catalyst **(1)**. Hence the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle has been proposed to be the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to the catalyst **(1)**. Chemist think that this  with the rhodium center making a nucleophilic attack on the carbon of methyl iodide.

## Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process
The Monsanto process for making acetic acid inspired chemists to invent a way to make Acetic anhydride. It is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate.

: CH3CO2CH3  + CO  →   (CH3CO)2O

In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide, which in turn affords through carbonylation acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product. Rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under water-free (anhydrous) conditions in contrast to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.uyseg.org/catalysis/ethacid/ethacid2.htm 
* http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ethanoicAcid/6ethanoicAcidPM2.htm
Minoru Miki

**Minoru Miki** (; 16 March 1930 – 8 December 2011 in Tokushima) was a Japanese composer. He wrote opera and modern Japanese music. He was one of the first members of the group *Pro Musica Nipponia*. He died early in the morning on 8 December 2011. Miki was 81 years old.

## References
National Art Center, Tokyo

or **NACT** is a museum in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

NACT is a  art museum. It does not have a permanent .  Instead, it is a large venue for changing art exhibitions.  NACT has 14,000 square meters of exhibition space and an Art Library.  It also has educational programs. 

## History
The National Art Center building was completed in May 2006. Kisho Kurokawa was the architect.

The museum opened in 2007.

## Related pages
* Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
* Kyushu National Museum
* Nara National Museum (NNM)
* National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
* National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
* National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
* National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
* Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of national museums

## References
## Other websites
*The National Art Center, Tokyo website in English
High arch

of a person with high arch]]
**High arch** is a human foot type, where the foot arch is higher than normal. People with high arches often feel foot pain, and have to wear special shoes.
Gamophobia

**Gamophobia** (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their  would change to hate.

Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to  be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.

## References
Cluny Abbey

**Cluny Abbey** is a Benedictine abbey in Cluny. It was built in Romanesque style and its three churches date rom the 10th to the 12th century. It was founded by William I of Aquitaine in the year 910. Soon the place was noted because it followed the Rule of St. Benedict more strictly than the place where the rule was developed, that is Subiaco in Italy. Cluny became the leader of a movement called monasticism. The abbey also started the Cluniac Reforms, and was subject only to the pope, Sergius III at the time. The Benedictine order was very important for the stability of European society at the time. In 1790, during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked, and mostly destroyed. Today, only very little of the original remains. 

Dating around 1334, the abbots of Cluny had a townhouse in Paris known as the Hôtel de Cluny, what is now a public museum since 1833. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.
Irish rebellion of 1798

During the **Irish rebellion of 1798** (or **United Irishmen Rebellion**), Irish people rebelled against the rule of the Kingdom of Ireland. The rebellion lasted four months, from 24 May to 24 September 1798, but was eventually defeated.

The Irish suffered much greater losses than the British. On the Irish side, between 10,000 - 50,000 Irish people died. On the English side, between 500 and 2,000 did.

## Participants 
### The United Irishmen 
A secret society called the United Irishmen (led by Wolfe Tone) were the main driving force in the rebellion. They were influenced by revolutions taking place in America and France around the time.

### Republican France 
The rebellion was aided by Republican France, which was anti-Catholic at the time. However, most Irish people were Catholics. Even though the British government was also anti-Catholic, most Irish Catholics thought the Crown was the lesser of two evils. For these reasons, the rebellion never gained much traction.

## References
Darrell K. Sweet

**Darrell K. Sweet** (August 15, 1934 – December 5, 2011) was an American artist. He mostly painted landscapes and pictures for stories. He was well known for painting the cover art for science fiction and fantasy novels. Sweet was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1983.

Sweet was born in Highland Park, New Jersey. He studied fine arts at Syracuse University and graduated in 1956. Sweet was famous for making the covers of the fantasy books in the Robert Jordan series *The Wheel of Time*. He also illustrated covers for the popular *Xanth* series by Piers Anthony, the *Saga of Recluce* by L. E. Modesitt, Jr. and the *Runelords* series by David Farland. Sweet painted the original cover art for Stephen R. Donaldson's series *The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever*.

Sweet produced over 3,000 images between 1975 and 2005. He died in 2011. He was 77 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Darrel K. Sweet Online Portfolio
Treyarch

**Treyarch** is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company.

As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, *Quantum of Solace*. The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the *Call of Duty* series. They have made *Call of Duty 2: Big Red One*, *Call of Duty 3*, *Call of Duty: World at War*, and *Call of Duty: Black Ops*.

*Call of Duty: Black Ops* had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650&nbsp;million within five days after its release.*Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3* later broke the record again.

## Developed
## References
Enpō

, also **Empo**, was a  after *Kanbun* and before *Tenna.*  This period started in September 1673 and ended in September 1681.  During this time, the reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Enpō* era 
* **1673** (*Enpō 1*): A great fire  much of Heian-kyō.

* **1673** (*Enpō 1*): Mitsui opened a dry goods store in Edo.

* **10 May 1674** (*Enpō 2, 5th day of the 4th month*): Ingen died at Mampuku-ji near Heian-kyō.

* **7 April 1680** (*Enpō 8, 8th day of the 3rd month*) : Tokugawa Ietsuna died.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Luis Raymond Villafuerte

**Luis Raymond Villafuerte** is a politician from the Philippines. He is the son of former governor Luis Villafuerte Sr.
Roderick MacKinnon

**Roderick MacKinnon** (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.

## Biography
### Early life and education
MacKinnon was born in Burlington, Massachusetts and initially attended the University of Massachusetts Boston. MacKinnon then transferred to Brandeis University after one year, and there he received a bachelor's degree in biochemistry in 1978, studying calcium transport through the cell membrane for his honors thesis in Christopher Miller's laboratory. It was also at Brandeis where MacKinnon met his future wife and working-colleague Alice Lee.

After receiving his degree from Brandeis, MacKinnon entered medical school at Tufts University.

His prize-winning research was conducted primarily at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source of Cornell University, and at the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

## Awards and distinctions
*1997 - Newcomb Cleveland Prize
*1998 - W. Alden Spencer Award
*1999 - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
*2000 - Elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
*2000 - Rosenstiel Award
*2003 - Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University
*2003 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry

## References 
## Other websites
*Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
* Interview with Roderick MacKinnon by Harry Kroto Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
* Website of his lab at the Rockefeller University
* Ion Channel Chemistry: The Electrical System of Life  Transcribed video of a May 2008 talk by MacKinnon, sponsored by the Oregon State University Libraries.
* Nobel Lecture by Roderick MacKinnon, 2003
4Minute

**4Minute** () was a five-member South Korean K-pop girl group. Its members are Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Kim Hyun-ah and Kwon So-hyun. They belonged to Cube Entertainment. Far Eastern Tribe Records in Universal Music Japan is responsible for 4minute's labels in Japan. Their official fan club name is 4Nia. This is a combination of *4Minute* and *mania*.

They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown on June 18, 2009, with their song "Hot Issue". The name *4minute* has two meanings. One means that each of its member will attract audiences in 4 minutes and this is why all of their songs are shorter than 4 minutes. The other meaning is that they will do their best for a minute (for every moment).

Kim Hyun-ah already released two singles. She used to be a member of Wonder Girls and Kwon So-hyun was a member of girl group *Orange*.  Nam Ji-hyun is best in dance, Heo Ga-yoon in drama, Jeon Ji-yoon in music and Kim Hyun-ah is best in the Department of Theater and Film. 
 
In December 2010, it released its first Japanese album, Diamond. In 2011, the group released its first Korean full-length album, 4Minutes Left with the title track "Mirror Mirror" and the following years they have promoted 2 more mini albums and 2 chart topping hits "Volume Up" and "What's Your Name"
The group received the Bonsang Award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards, and the Kpop New Artist Award at the 2010 Billboard Japan Music Awards.

The Group disbanded in 2016 after 4 of the 5 members left Cube Entertainment.

## Members 
## Music 
* *Hot Issue* (2009)
* *For Muzik* (2009)
* *Jingle Jingle (Hangul:징글 징글)* (2009)
* *개인의 취향 OST Part.3* (2010)
* *Hit Your Heart* (2010)
* '*Muzik (Single)* (2010)
* *Superstar* (2010)
* *I My Me Mine (Single)* (2010)
* *지구대표 롤링스타즈 OST* (2010)
* *First . Dreams Come True (Standard Ver.)* (2010)
* *Diamond* (2011)
* *Heart To Heart* (2011)
* *4Minutes Left* (2011)
* *FreeStyle* (2011)
* *Volume Up* (2012)
* *Love Tension (Japanese Single)* (2012)
**Name is 4Minute* (2013)
**4Minute World* (2014)
**Crazy* (2015)
**No. 7* (2016)

## Related pages 
* I-dle – another girl group formed under Cube after them

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Ken Park

***Ken Park*** is a 2002 American movie. It is a co-direction by Larry Clark and Edward Lachman. It was written by Harmony Korine, based off Clark's journals. The movie was highly controversial because of its subject matter. The movie was not rated by the MPAA but is similar to an NC-17 due to foul language and strong sexual material involving minors. In Australia, *Ken Park* was rated Refused Classification due to content.
V-1 flying bomb

The **V-1 flying bomb** (also called the **Buzz Bomb** or **Doodlebug**) was a World War II weapon. 

It was a flying bomb, an early cruise missile. Its jet engine made it travel at 350&nbsp;mph (600 kmph).  The Luftwaffe aimed it at London, and also Antwerp in Belgium. V-1s destroyed nearly as many houses as the Blitz did but killed fewer: 22,892 people were killed by the weapon. 

The Allies tried to stop these attacks by bombing their launching places, by shooting at them in the air, and by flying fast planes close to them and nudging them off course using their wings.

They had a fairly crude guidance system. Overall, only about 25 per cent of V-1s hit their targets. Most were lost lost by defensive measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors.

## Related pages
* V-2 rocket

## References
Young Dracula

***Young Dracula*** is a British children's fantasy television series. It is shown on CBBC. The series is based on *Young Dracula AND Young Monsters*, a children's book by Michael Lawrence. The series is directed by Joss Agnew. It was first broadcast in 2006.

*Young Dracula* was nominated for Best Children's Drama in the 2008 BAFTA Awards. A fourth series is now being filmed.

## References
Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search

The **Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search**, or **SWEEPS**, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets.

## Area looked at
The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth.

## Planets discovered
Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars.

SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.

## Related pages
* Hubble Space Telescope

## References
## Other websites
* News Release Number: STScI-2006-34 Hubble Finds Extrasolar Planets Far Across Galaxy
The Brady Bunch

***The Brady Bunch*** is an American situation comedy created by Sherwood Schwartz. It stars Robert Reed, Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis. It is about a large blended family who live in a suburban setting. It ran ABC from 1969 to 1974.

## Cast
* Robert Reed as Mike Brady
* Florence Henderson as Carol Brady
* Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson
* Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady
* Eve Plumb as Jan Brady
* Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady
* Barry Williams as Greg Brady
* Christopher Knight as Peter Brady
* Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady
* Allan Melvin as Sam Franklin
* Jack Collins as Mr. Phillips 
* Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver

## Guest Stars
* Herbert Anderson
* Melissa Sue Anderson
* Desi Arnaz Jr.
* Jim Backus
* Ken Berry
* Imogene Coca
* Don Drysdale
* Don Ho
* Davy Jones
* Deacon Jones
* Bartell LaRue
* E. G. Marshall
* James McDivitt
* Joe Namath
* Denise Nickerson
* Wes Parker
* Vincent Price
* Marion Ross
* Natalie Schafer
* Marcia Wallace
* Rita Wilson
* Paul Winchell

## Other websites
*
Brown asbestos

**Brown asbestos**, also called **grunerite** or **amosite**, is one of the six types of asbestos. It has the chemical formula Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. It is less common than white asbestos but can be found in some construction materials. Like other types of asbestos, being exposed to it can cause mesothelioma and asbestosis.
Double acute accent

The **double acute accent** ( ˝ ) is a special mark called a diacritic. It is usually used to make a vowel sound longer. It is only used in the Latin alphabet. The double acute accent is mainly used in Hungarian. Because of this, it is sometimes called the **hungarumlaut**. This is a way of writing *Hungarian umlaut*.

## Related pages 
* Acute accent
Tristania

**Tristania** is a gothic metal band from Norway. The band was created by Morten Veland. 

## Style
The album ''Widow's Weeds* (1998) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album *Beyond the Veil* (1999) is a mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album *World of Glass'' (2001) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal.
Data Encryption Standard

The **Data Encryption Standard** is a 56-bit cipher that was once recommended by the U.S. Government. In 1998, it was defeated by a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. It has been replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard in most uses.

## 3DES 
After DES was cracked, the NIST, the US institution for technology and also cryptography, developed *3DES*. It has 3 times more bits, but is otherwise the same as DES.

Theoretically, 3DES should provide 168 bits of security. But because of the design, the NIST later said it only provides 80 bits of security. That can be broken by a modern computer and thus the cipher should be considered broken.
Jōkyō

was a  after *Tenna* and before *Genroku.*  This period started in February 1684 and ended in September 1688.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Jōkyō* era
The new era of  was created by the Imperial court.  After 1684, the power to create a calendar shifted to the shogunate.  The Tokugawa astrology bureau developed a calendar which was independent of Chinese almanacs.

* **1684** (*Jōkyō 1*): A fire burned the Imperial palace to ashes; and the reconstruction took a year.

* **1684** (*Jōkyō 1*): Chikamatsu Monzaemon began to write plays for the kabuki audience in Heian-kyō.

* **26 March 1685** (*Jōkyō 2, 22nd day of the 2nd month*): The former Emperor Go-Sai died; and a large comet appeared in the night sky.

* **13 April 1686** (*Jōkyō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month*): Emperor Reigen abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (*senso*). Soon after, Emperor Higashiyama's role as monarch was  by ceremonies (*sokui*).

* **1689** (*Jōkyō 6*'): Calendar with seven-day week.

## Related pages 
* Edo period
* Jōkyō calendar

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Fledge

**Fledge** is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles become developed enough for flight. It also  the act of a chick's parents raising it until it is fully grown. A young bird that has recently fledged but still needs care and feeding is called a  **fledgling**.

In ornithology, fledging has many meanings, depending on species. Birds are sometimes  fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still cannot fly.

## References
1925 Geneva Protocol

The **Geneva Protocol of 1925** (The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) was a law that made it illegal to fight with chemical or biological weapons in interstate war. The Geneva protocol was signed on June 17, 1925 and the protocol was entered into force on January 8, 1928. Before, it was signed by some countries like the United Kingdom and France originally. Any country who has signed this Protocol must follow it.

After World War I, the Geneva Protocol was made from the treaties signed with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The use of chemical weapons began in WWI when one million deaths resulted from chemical weapons.

After signing the treaty, some countries wanted to change it so that they would not have to follow it if the country fighting them did not follow the treaty. Because of this, many countries like France and United Kingdom withdrew from it. Others, like the United States still follow it but with this extra condition.

## References
*"Primary Documents- Geneva Protocol, 17 June 1925." *firstworldwar.com*. First World War.com, 22 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
*"1925 Geneva Protocol." *un.org*. UNODA: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
*"Geneva Protocol." *fas.org*. FAS: Weapons of Mass Destruction, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

## Related pages
*Laws of war
Rat snake

**Rat snakes** are medium to large snakes that can be found mostly in the northern hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds and, with some species being over 3 m (10 feet), they are on the top levels of some food chains.  Many species make  pets and one, the corn snake, is one of the most popular reptile pets in the world. Other species can be very sensitive and sometimes aggressive, but the bites are not dangerous. Rat snakes were long thought to be completely nonvenomous, but recent studies have shown that some do have harmlessly small amounts of venom in them. When frightened, rat snakes may , which is why a lot has been killed in traffic.

## Rat snakes in captivity
Rat snakes are commonly kept as pets. The corn snake especially is one of the most popular pet reptiles, and belongs to the rat snake family. 

## References
## Other websites 
* Information on a variety of Rat Snakes
* Snakes World
The Birds of America

s from *The Birds of America*]]
***The Birds of America*** is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon. It includes illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London.

The work is of hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around . It includes images of six birds that are now extinct: Carolina Parakeet, Passenger Pigeon, Labrador Duck, Great Auk,
Esquimaux Curlew, and Pinnated Grouse.

## References
Charles Wright (poet)

**Charles Wright** (born August 25, 1935) is an American poet. He was awarded the National Book Award (1983) for *Country Music: Selected Early Poems* and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1998) for *Black Zodiac*.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Volcanic winter

A **volcanic winter** is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground.

The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Nuclear winter is a theory of similar effects which might be caused by a large-scale nuclear war.

## Recent events
The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant.

Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years.

In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816.

A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland. The eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1&nbsp;°C in the year following the Laki eruption.

In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine in 1601 to 1603. From 1600 to 1602, Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia had exceptionally cold winters. The wine harvest was late in 1601 in France, and in Peru and Germany wine production collapsed. Peach trees bloomed late in China, and Lake Suwa in Japan froze early.

In 1452 or 1453, a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae.  It caused worldwide disruptions.

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Europe may have been caused by a volcanic event. That of Kaharoa, New Zealand, had lasted about five years.

## Related pages 
* Supervolcano

## References
Tenna

was a  after *Enpō* and before *Jōkyō.*  This period started in September 1681 and ended in February 1684. During this time, the emperor was .

The *nengō* *Tenna* means "Peace of Heaven".

## Events of the *Tenna* era
* **1681** (*Tenna 1*): Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is established as the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

* **5 February 1681** (*Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month*): The Great *Tenna* Fire in Edo.

* **1681** (*Tenna 2*): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.

* **1683** (*Tenna 4*): Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated.

In Tenna, the first book was written about the coins of Japan.  The work was entitled *Classified Collection of Coins* (*Kwacho Kuien*).

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Emeishan Traps

The **Emeishan Traps** is a flood basalt volcanic province in Southwestern China, around Sichuan province. Many igneous rock types can be found there in what is known as large igneous province in geology. Other names for the traps include **Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province**, and other variations. The Emeishan Traps are the step-like rock made up of many layers of basalt, which were laid down by successive eruptions of magma. 

The eruptions that led to the Emeshian Traps began about 260 million years ago. The traps are much smaller than the Siberian Traps, which occurred not long afterwards, about 251 million years ago. However, the Emeshian Traps were large enough to have an impact on the ecology of the time and on paleontology. They are part of the mass extinction events towards the end of the Permian period.

The Emeishan Traps are part of the scientific debate on the causes of mass extictions. The Late Guadalupian extinction occurred at almost the same time as the Emeshian Traps were formed, which supports the argument that volcanism is the main driving force behind mass extinctions.

Another theory that has been proposed to explain mass extinctions is that meteor or comet impact events caused them. In that context, the hypothesis is that impact events cause flood basalt eruptions, such as those which generated the Emeshian Traps. The hypothesis is not widely supported.

## References 
* Dobretsov N.L. 2005. Large igneous provinces of Asia (250 Ma): Siberian and Emeishan traps (plateau basalts) and associated granitoids. *Geologiya i geofizika*. **46**, 870-890.
* He, Bin *et al* 2003. Sedimentary evidence for a rapid kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters.* **213**, 391-405.
RMS Carpathia

'*RMS *Carpathia'''* was a passenger steamship of the Cunard Line.

*Carpathia* was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson.  The ship made her maiden voyage in 1903.

She was famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS *Titanic* after the RMS *Titanic* hit an iceberg and sank on 15 April 1912.

*Carpathia'' was sunk in the Atlantic on 17 July 1918 during the First World War. She sank after being torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat. The captain of the Carpathia  was    A.H. Rostron.

## References
## Other websites
*Carpathia (1903–1918 ; 13,555 tons) 
*Maritimequest RMS Carpathia Photo Gallery 
*Carpathia 1907 photos by Marjorie Champlin Bowen
Carpathia

**Carpathia** has several meanings:

*RMS *Carpathia* was a ship. It rescued some survivors from the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912
*Carpathian Mountains, part of a mountain range in Europe
*There is also a mountain range on the moon called the Montes Carpatus.
*Carpathia, a fictional Balkan kingdom in the films *The Prince and the Showgirl*, *Ghostbusters II*, and *Dragon Storm*, as well as season 1, episode 14 of the television show *Fantasy Island*.
*Nicolae Carpathia, the fictional Antichrist and head of the Global Community in Left Behind
*Carpathian Ruthenia, a small historic region in Central Europe
*Carpathia, a fictional planet in the British television series *Outcasts*
Pope Clement V

**Pope Clement V** (; 1264 –20 April, 1314), born **Bertrand de Got**, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 196th Pope from 1305 until his death.

He was the first of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

## Early life
Bertrand de Got was born around 1264 in Villandraut in Gironde region of France.

## Bishop
Betrand was Archbishop of Bordeaux.

Pope Clement moved the papacy to Avignon.

The pope was involved in conflicts with the Knights Templar.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* Avignon Papacy

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Clement V
Post-postmodernism

**Post-postmodernism** is a general term used to describe new developments emerging from postmodernism. A similar term is metamodernism. These terms are not always accepted: for example, they are not in the Tate Guide to modern art terms.

## History
Modernism began around 1900. It was a rejection of tradition and an attempt to see the world differently. Events such as World War 2 and the Great Depression made many feel modernism had failed. This led to postmodernism, which is cold and skeptical of the grand narrative of Western Society. This grand narrative is explained by Jean-François Lyotard as something. Postmodernism is a very broad term that cannot be defined by specific themes. It is an all-encompassing way of thinking.

Postmodernism is seen as a theory for explaining 20th Century culture. With the 20th Century now behind us and a new century beginning, many have suggested that Postmodernism is outdated in our current world. Advances such as the internet have changed the way we live, making the world a smaller place but also making communication and interaction with things around us less intimate. Post-Postmodernism takes this as a key reason why a return to sincerity and authentic expression is the way forward for the 21st Century.

## Definitions
Post-postmodernism is a very new idea that is still forming. There are many different ideas about how post-postmodernism could evolve and shape culture. They look to where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and  can work to overcome postmodern irony. 

## References
Enzo Fortuny

**Enzo Favio Fortuny** (born June 7, 1981 in Veracruz, Mexico) is a Latin American voice actor. He is always credited as *Enzo Fortuny*. While he remains as a specialist in young men's voices, his range is ample enough to allow him to portray either gentler roles (like Yukito Tsukishiro) or much rougher ones (like InuYasha). He is the Latin American Disney XD channel speaker and the official Latin American Dub-over artist of Drake Bell and Elijah Wood.

## Filmography
* *The Lord of the Rings* movies series (2001 & 2002) - Frodo Baggins (voiceover for Elijah Wood) (all Latino Versions)
* *InuYasha* (2002–2006) - InuYasha (Latino Version)
* *Harry Potter* movie series - Fred and George Weasley (Latino Version)
* *Toy Story* - Sid (Latino Version)
* *Drake & Josh* (2004–2007) - Drake Parker (Latino Version)

## References
Exercise physiology

**Exercise physiology** is the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide-range of physical exercise conditions. In addition, many exercise physiologists study the effect of exercise on pathology, and the mechanisms by which exercise can reduce or reverse disease progression. 
## Area of study
An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and perpheral nervous system function. Also, exercise physiologists range from basic scientists, to clinical researchers, to clinicians, to sports trainers.
Short circuit

A **short circuit** is a problem in an electrical circuit where two or more wires that are not supposed to come in contact with each other touch.  A short circuit can result in a very high current flowing through the circuit. The high current can destroy components, melt insulation and start a fire. If there is enough voltage, it can also cause an explosion called arc flash. Circuit breakers and fuses are devices that detect short circuits and (usually) shut the power off before any damage can be done.

A "short circuit" also happens when there is a bypass of electrical current. As electricity is "lazy", when there is a bypass without a "load" (e.g. Bulb), it will travel that route of least electrical impedance.

The term "short circuit" is frequently misused to describe any electrical fault.

## References
Knob and tube wiring

**Knob and tube wiring** (abbreviated K&T) was an early type of electrical wiring. It was commonly used from the 1880s to the early 1940s, and is occasionally, but very rarely, still used today. In knob and tube wiring, wires were held to the wooden structure by ceramic *knobs*, and were protected by ceramic *tubes* when they went through a piece of wood. Wires were held to the knobs by another piece of non-conducting wire. A material called loom protected the wire when it entered a junction box, which usually contained an outlet, switch, or light fixture. Splices were soldered together and wrapped in cloth electrical tape. The insulation on knob and tube wiring was usually cotton cloth soaked in asphalt. To prevent short circuits, the hot and neutral wires were kept far apart. This is not necessary on modern wiring because modern insulation alone is enough to prevent short circuits. Knob and tube wiring did not have a ground wire and therefore did not have three-prong outlets. Most electrical codes allow the use of a GFCI to update knob and tube outlets to three-prong without installing any new wire.

## Safety 
Knob and tube wiring used cloth insulation. Over time this insulation can wear out, become brittle, and fall off, leaving bare wire. The ceramic knobs and tubes provide some protection because even if the insulation does fall off, the bare wire can not touch the wooden structure. The insulation is also somewhat flammable. Some knob and tube insulation intended for industrial use contained asbestos, which reduced the risk of fire, but can cause cancer. Unlike modern wiring, splices were not contained in a protective box. If a splice failed, it could make a spark and start a fire. The fuse boxes usually had no protection from using an incorrect fuse. An incorrect fuse could cause the wiring to overheat and become damaged or start a fire. Another problem is that when a fuse blew, people who didn't know or didn't care about the hazards would sometimes replace it with a coin or a ball of foil if a replacement fuse wasn't available, leaving no overload protection at all. These issues can be partially corrected by installing a modern circuit breaker panel with arc fault circuit interrupter breakers. There was also no ground wire. Knob and tube can be updated with a GFCI to add the equivalent of grounding. There is generally no need to replace knob and tube wiring if it is in good condition.

## Unusual wiring layouts 
Unlike modern wiring, knob and tube supply and return wires were not always alongside each other. In the oldest installations, several branch circuits could share the same neutral wire, which can cause overloads. To prevent overloads in this layout, the neutral wires were protected with fuses. If a neutral fuse blew or was removed, it could create a dangerous condition where the power appeared to be off, but was in fact still present. Three-way switches could also be wired in such a way that the outer ring of a lamp socket, which is normally connected to neutral, could be connected to hot, which is an electric shock hazard.

## Related pages
*Aluminum wiring
*National Electrical Code