open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joe Santos

**Joe Santos** (born **Joseph John Minieri, Jr.**; June 9, 1931&nbsp;– March 18, 2016) was an American movie and television actor. He was born in The Bronx, New York. He played Sergeant Dennis Becker in *The Rockford Files*, and Lt. Frank Harper in the TV series *Hardcastle and McCormick*. He appeared on *The Sopranos* as Angelo Garepe in seven 2004 episodes.

Santos suffered a heart attack on March 14, 2016, according to his son. He died four days later in Santa Monica, California at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
On Her Majesty's Secret Service

'''''On Her Majesty's Secret Service''''' is a James Bond movie. It was released in 1969. It stars George Lazenby as Bond. It also stars Diana Rigg and Telly Savalas. It is the sixth movie in the James Bond series. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. Louis Armstrong sings the song of the movie.

## Cast 
* George Lazenby as James Bond
* Diana Rigg as Countess Tereza di Vicenzo
* Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld
* Bernard Lee as M
* Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
* Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc-Ange Draco
* Ilse Steppat as Fraülein Irma Bunt
* Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett
* George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray
* Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell
* Desmond Llewelyn as Q
* Yuri Borienko as Grunther
* Catherine Schnell as Nancy
* George Lane Cooper as Braun
* Irvin Allen as Che-Che
* James Bree as Gebrüder Gumbold
* Julie Ege as Helen
* Virginia North as Olympe
* Leslie Crawford as Felsen
* John Gay as Hammond
* Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint
* Terence Mountain as Raphael
*James Bond marries Countess Tereza di Vicenzo; however on their Honeymoon she is murdered by  Ernest Stravo Blofield. Years later in the teaser to the 1981 James Bond Movie "For York Eyes Only" James Bond is paying respects at the grave of his late wife Traci Bond. A Helicopter arrives to take Bond back to MI6 Headquarters when the pilot is electrocuted and Bond finds the helicopter is under the control of a bald headed man in wheelchair with a white cat. Bond is informed that he will be killed; however he regains control of the Helicopter and goes after his enemy which he picks up with the helicopter skids (the cat escapes). The prisoner begs to be put down; Bond agress and drops him down a chimney smokestack; the man screams Mr,Bond as he falls down to his death.
José Luis Artetxe

**José Luis Artetxe Muguire** (26 June 1930 – 19 March 2016) was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker. He was born in Algorta, Spain. His career began in 1947.

Artetxe played for Getxo from 1949 through 1950, for Athletic Bilbao from 1950 through 1965 and for Spain national football team in 1953 and again from 1954 through 1959. He retired in the 1960s.

Artetxe earned six caps for Spain, during five years. His debut came on 17 March 1954 in a 2–2 draw against Turkey for the 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. He scored the game's first goal in Rome.

Artetxe died in Bilbao, Spain from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Spain stats at Eu-Football
Robert H. Michel

**Robert Henry "Bob" Michel** (pronounced "Michael"; March 2, 1923 &ndash; February 17, 2017) was an American Republican Party politician.

He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. He represented central Illinois' 18th congressional district, and was the GOP leader in Congress during the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton presidencies from 1981 through 1995. He as Minority Leader from 1981 through 1995. He was also Minority Whip for 6 years from 1975 through 1981.

Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. He studied in Bradley University. Michel died on February 17, 2017 in Arlington, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Information about Michel's Leadership positions (PDF File)
Grand-Bassam shootings

On 13 March 2016, three gunmen opened fire at a beach on Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast. They attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel which was occupied at the time. 19 people were killed. Thirty-three people were injured.

It had been the third attack on a tourism resort in West Africa for four months.

## Attack 
The attack started when three armed assailants attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel. Agence France-Presse writes that it was occupied by numerous expatriates at the time. According to officials, 15 civilians and three special forces soldiers were killed. The attackers were described as Africans. The had grenade belts and Kalashnikov rifles. They were dressed in casual clothes and balaclavas. 

A shootout started between the attackers and police when the assailants reached the La Paillote Hotel. Army personnel evacuated local residents and tourists from the beach to nearby hotels. The hotels were placed on lockdown by that time.

Government officials as said that security forces had killed six armed men. The terrorists shouted "Allahu Akbar".        

An American embassy delegation was at Grand-Bassam on the date of the attack. But the US Embassy in Abidjan said on Twitter that there is "no evidence that U.S. citizens were targeted". French authorities had warned Ivory Coast and Senegal weeks earlier of the danger of a terrorist attack.

## After the attack 
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack. AQIM released the names of the attackers: Hamza al-Fulani and Abu Adam al-Ansari from al-Mourabitoun and Abderrahmane al-Fulani from the "Emirate of the Desert" on 17 March.

### Reactions 
#### Domestic 
* President Alassane Ouattara: "These cowardly attacks by terrorists will not be tolerated".

#### International 
* : Global Affairs Canada: "Canada condemns the terrorist attack at Grand-Bassam beach resort in Côte d'Ivoire. Our thoughts and prayers are with you." 
*: Prime Minister Narendra Modi wished the injured a speedy recovery.
*: Prime Minister David Cameron stated on Twitter: "I'm appalled by the devastating terror attacks in Ankara and the Ivory Coast. My thoughts are with all those affected."
*: In a statement by the National Security Council of the White House, the U.S. condemned the terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam. t also commended "the bravery of the Ivorian and French security personnel who responded to the situation and prevented even worse loss of life."

*

## References
Water purification

**Water purification** is the process of removing contaminants from water. One reason is to make it safe for humans to . Unclean water is not only harmful to your health but equally damaging for the plumbing, home appliances, kitchen, washroom, and everything. According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) , 1.1 billion people do not have access clean drinking water.

## Related pages 
* Osmosis and Reverse osmosis
* Dysentery

## References
Titles of Nobility Amendment

The **Titles of Nobility Amendment** is a  amendment to the United States Constitution. It was approved by the 11th Congress on May 1, 1810, and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. It would  United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a  country. On two occasions between 1812 and 1816, it only needed ratifying by two states to become a valid part of the Constitution. Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, so the amendment is still  before the states. Now, since the number of states has increased, ratification by an additional 26 states would be needed for this amendment to be ed.

## Text
## Background
This proposed amendment would  both Article I, Section 9, which s the federal government from issuing titles of nobility or honor, and Section 10, which prohibits the states from issuing them.

There is  that the Congress proposed the amendment in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland. She gave birth to a son for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France. The child, named Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte, was not born in the United States, but in Great Britain on July 7, 1805. Nevertheless, he would have held U.S. citizenship through his mother. In turn, his son, Charles Joseph Bonaparte, was born in 1851 and died 1921. He graduated from Harvard Law School, and became Secretary of the Navy and then, in the Theodore Roosevelt Administration, Attorney-General &ndash; and created the FBI. Another theory is that his mother actually desired a title of nobility for herself. She is referred to as the "Duchess of Baltimore" in many texts written about the amendment. The marriage had been annulled in 1805. This was well before the amendment's proposal by the 11th Congress. Nonetheless, Representative Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina is recorded to have said that "he considered the vote on this question as deciding whether or not we were to have members of the Legion of Honor in this country."

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites 
* N.H. Republican Lawmakers Allege Missing Constitutional Amendment Was Purposely Deleted in 1871
National Central Library (Florence)

The **National Central Library** in Florence is one of Italy's two national libraries. It is the largest library in the country. A copy of every book published in Italy has to be sent there.

## Related pages
* ''Libro di Antonio Billi
Belaid Abdessalam

**Belaid Abdessalam** () (20 July 1928 &ndash; 27 June 2020) was an Algerian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Algeria. He served as minister from 8 July 1992 until he resigned in 21 August 1993.

Abdessalam was born in Dehemcha, near Sétif, Algeria on 20 July 1928. He died on 27 June 2020, aged 91.

## References
Marcy Kaptur

**Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur** (born June 17, 1946) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative representing Ohio. She has served since 1983. She is a member of the Democratic Party. 

Kaptur endorsed Bernie Sanders for Democratic nomination in 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur official U.S. House site
*Marcy Kaptur for Congress
*
*
*
*Profile  at SourceWatch
*Jake Whitney interviews  Marcy Kaptur in *Guernica* magazine, December 2009
Roger Agnelli

**Roger Agnelli**  (May 3, 1959 &ndash; March 19, 2016) was a Brazilian entrepreneur, banker, and corporate leader. He ran one of the largest mining companies in the world, Vale SA. In 2013, he was voted by Harvard Business Review as the world’s fourth best-performing chief executive officer behind Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com and Yun Jong-Yong of Samsung.

On March 19, 2016, he was killed, along with his wife, son, and daughter (and three others) when their plane crashed in São Paulo, Brazil. He was aged 56.

## References
## Other websites
* Roger Agnelli | Radar on-line - Veja
Corwin Amendment

The **Corwin Amendment** is a d amendment to the United States Constitution. It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate. Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. It was one of several  considered by Congress in an  attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay.  still  before the states, it would, if ratified,  "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from  by Congress.

## Text
## Ratification history
The Corwin Amendment was ratified by:
* Ohio — May 13, 1861 (Rescinded ratification – March 31, 1864)
* Maryland — January 10, 1862 (Rescinded ratification – April 7, 2014) 
* Illinois — February 14, 1862 (questionable validity)

In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck. The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further .

## Possible impact if adopted
The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule (*literal rule*), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be ed by the amendment process. As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states.

A competing theory, however, suggests that a later amendment conflicting with an already-ratified Corwin Amendment could either explicitly repeal the Corwin Amendment (as the Twenty-first Amendment explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) or be inferred to have partially or completely repealed any conflicting provisions of an already-adopted Corwin Amendment.

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites 
* The ‘Ghost Amendment’ That Haunts Lincoln’s Legacy 
* A proposed Thirteenth Amendment to prevent secession, 1861
Dušan Čkrebić

**Dušan Čkrebić** (7 August 1927 &ndash; 7 April 2022) was a Serbian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Serbia. He served as minister from 5 May 1984 through 5 May 1986. He was a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.

Čkrebić was born in Niš, Serbia. He died on 7 April 2022 in Belgrade, Serbia at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography of Prime Minister Dušan Čkrebić
Sikiru Adesina

**Sikiru Adesina** (born 1971, died February 8, 2016), popularly known as **Arakangudu**, was a Nigerian movie actor, director and producer. He was best known for playing roles as either an herbalist, armed robber or occultist in movies. On February 8, 2016, he died at his residence in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria.

## Filmography 
* *Temi Ni, Tie Ko*
* *Agbede Ogun*
* *Idunnu Mi*
* *Ilu Gangan*
* *Ogbologbo*
* *Iya Oju Ogun*
* *Ere Agbere*
* *Agbede Ogun*
* *Agba Osugbo*
* *Aje Olokun*
* *Iya Oko Bournvita*
* *Igba Owuro*
* *Ayaba Oosa*
* *Ajana oro*
* *Fijabi*
* *Oju Odaran Re*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
United States Reports

]]
**United States Reports** are the official record of all the cases that the United States Supreme Court has heard.  

## Contents
The United States Reports include many types of information, like:
* The Court's decisions and orders on each case
** This includes majority opinions, concurring opinions, and dissenting opinions
* Lists of every case the Court decides

## Citation
In the United States, when lawyers want to talk or write about a Supreme Court decision, they  the *United States Reports*.  For example, the case *Brown, et al., v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas*, is cited this way:
:*Brown v. Bd. of Educ.*, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

This tells the lawyer that the decision of the Court in the case entitled *Brown v. Board of Education* (as properly abbreviated), decided in 1954, can be found in volume 347 of the United States Reports, starting on page 483.
Defence Intelligence

**Defence Intelligence**  (**DI**) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service. 

It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs  civilian and military staff. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009.

Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources. This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy. It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK. DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee  (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union. 

It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ. They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.

## References
Niš

**Niš** is the city of southern Serbia. It is the third-largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade and Novi Sad). 

It is the administrative center of the Nišava District.  According to the 2011 census, the city has population of 183,164. The city center has 187,544 people living there and the administrative area has a population of 260,237.

## Other websites
*
*Regional Chamber of Economy Niš Official Website
Léonie Geisendorf

**Léonie Geisendorf**, née **Kaplan** (8 April 1914 – 18 March 2016), was a Polish-born Swedish architect. She lived and worked in Stockholm, Sweden most of her life. 

Geisendorf was born in Warsaw, Poland. She studied architecture at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 

In 1938, after her internship, Geisendorf moved to Sweden and was hired by Sven Ivar Lind, KFAI and Paul Hedqvist. In 1950 Geisendorf and her husband, Charles Edouard started their own office in Stockholm. She was known for creating the 	S:t Göran high school. She turned 100 in April 2014. Geisendorf died in Paris, France at the age of 101.

## References
## Other websites
Salmonidae

The **Salmonidae** is a family of ray-finned fish. They are the only living family in the order **Salmoniformes**. It includes salmon, trout, chars, graylings, and the subfamily known as the freshwater whitefish.

The Atlantic salmon and trout in the genus *Salmo* give the family and order their names.

Salmonids look rather primitive for teleost fish. Their pelvic fins are placed far back, with an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They are slender fish, with rounded scales and forked tails. Their mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth. Although the smallest species is just  long as an adult, most are much larger, with the largest reaching .

All salmonids spawn in fresh water. In many cases the fish spend most of their lives at sea, returning to the rivers only to reproduce. This a migratory lifecycle. They are predators, feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish.

## Taxonomy 
Order **Salmoniformes**
* Family: **Salmonidae**
** Subfamily: Coregoninae
*** *Coregonus* - whitefishes (78 species)
*** *Prosopium* - round whitefishes (6 species)
*** *Stenodus* - beloribitsa and nelma (2 species)
*** †*Beckius* (1 species, Oligocene)
*** †*Parastenodus* (1 species, Eocene)
** Subfamily: Thymallinae
*** *Thymallus* - graylings (14 species)
** Subfamily: Salmoninae
*** †*Eosalmo* (1 species, Eocene)
*** †*Paleolox* (1 species, Late Miocene)
*** Tribe: Salmonini
**** *Salmo* - Atlantic salmon and trout (47 species)
**** *Salvelinus* - Char and trout (e.g. brook trout, lake trout) (51 species)
**** *Salvethymus* - Long-finned char (1 species)
*** Tribe: Oncorhynchini
**** *Brachymystax* - lenoks (4 species)
**** *Hucho* - taimens (4 species)
**** *Oncorhynchus* - Pacific salmon and trout (12 species)
**** *Parahucho* - Sakhalin taimen (1 species)

## Extinct genera 
### Salmonidae 
* *Eosalmo* (belongs to this family)

### Orthogonikleithridae 
* *Leptolepides* (belongs to the family Orthogonikleithridae)
* *Orthogonikleithrus* (belongs to the family Orthogonikleithridae)

## Gallery 

File:RainbowTrout.jpg|Rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*)
File:Underwater Arctic Grayling.jpg|Arctic grayling (*Thymallus arcticus*)
File:Salmo salar.jpg|Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*)

## References 
## Other websites
Joseph Mercieca

**Joseph Mercieca** (, 11 November 1928 &ndash; 21 March 2016) was a Maltese prelate. He served as Archbishop of Malta from 1976 to 2006. He was born in Gozo, Malta. He was known for restoring stability in the Maltese church following his predecessor Mikiel Gonzi's dispute with the Malta Labour Party.

Mercieca died in his home in Żejtun, Malta after a long-illness on 21 March 2016. He was aged 87.

## References
Lunar mare

**Mare** (; plural: **maria** ) is the name for a great plain on the Moon.  Several such maria exist.  They were formed by ancient impacts and volcanic eruptions.  Because of their high amount of iron, they reflect less light than the highlands of the Moon, causing them to appear dark to the naked eye. They are called sea Because ancient astronomers looked at the Moon and thought they saw seas and oceans, they named those dark areas maria, the Latin word for seas.  The maria cover about 16% of the surface of the Moon and most of them are on the side of the moon which is visible from Earth.

A lunar mare, Mare Tranquillitatis was the landing site for the first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Apollo 11 landed at  .

## References
Korematsu v. United States

***Korematsu v. United States*** '''''', was a landmark United States Supreme Court.  It concerned the constitutionality of military commanders, under an executive order by the President, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II. This was regardless of their citizenship. This gave military commanders the power to evacuate all persons considered a threat to national security from the West Coast of the United States to relocation centers. Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American who was born in the United States, refused to comply with the order. He appealed his conviction with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After having his conviction upheld, the case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. In a 6-3 decision, the Court upheld his conviction and ruled the exclusion order was constitutional.

## Decision 
The question before the Court was did the President and Congress exceed their long powers. Did they violate the rights of Japanese and American citizens of Japanese descent?

In the majority opinion by Justice Hugo Black, the Court ruled 6-3 that the need to protect the country from 
espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu. The issue of discrimination against a person due to prejudice against his ancestry is not a factor. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 from President Bill Clinton.

## References
Aérospatiale SN-601 Corvette

The **Aérospatiale SN-601 Corvette** is a French twin-turbojet aircraft. It was the only one business jet built by Aérospatiale. It can carry two pilots and between 6 and 14 passengers.
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health

***Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health***, , was a United States Supreme Court case.  It had to do with the right to die.  Nancy Cruzan was a woman who was in a persistent vegetative state.  Her family wanted to stop life support treatments so she could die.  Hospital workers refused to do this without a court order.  Eventually, the case made it to the Supreme Court.  On June 25, 1990, the Court decided it was legal to require "clear and convincing evidence" that stopping life support is what a person would have wanted.

## Background
On January 11, 1983, Nancy Cruzan's car ran off the road.  She landed 35 feet away, face-down in a ditch filled with water.  When paramedics arrived, her heart had stopped and she was not breathing.  The paramedics resuscitated her, but her brain was damaged by not having enough oxygen.  The brain damage caused a persistent vegetative state.  They believed Nancy would not have wanted to live in a persistent vegetative state.  Nancy's parents wanted her to be able to die.  However, the hospital refused to take out the feeding tube without a court order.  

The court said that a person has a "fundamental natural right" in the Constitution to have someone make the decision to remove life support "when the person has no more cognitive brain function ... and there is no hope of further recovery."  The court said Nancy's conversation with her friend showed that she would not want to live in a persistent vegetative state.p.27  

The Cruzan case divided the Supreme Court.  Five of the Supreme Court Justices (judges) wrote their own opinions about the case.

The U.S. Supreme Court did rule that competent people (people who are able to make decisions for themselves) have the right to refuse medical treatment.  She had been in a persistent vegetative state for eight years.

At Nancy's funeral, her father told reporters: "I would prefer to have my daughter back and let someone else be this trailblazer."

### Effects
The *Cruzan* case is one of the most important "right to die" cases in United States history.  It set precedents that courts would follow in many cases in the future.

The case also made many Americans interested in writing living wills and other advance directives (documents that tell doctors and family members what they want in certain medical situations, if they cannot make decisions for themselves).

## References
## Other websites
* Quick facts about the *Cruzan* case in Simple English (from IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law)
* Living Wills and Advance Directives for Medical Decisions (from the Mayo Clinic)
Karaite

The words Karaite and Qaraite are very confusing and can be used about a few different things: 

1) There are some groups of people (whose ancestors came from Central Asia) who have been called Karaite people and the languages of some of these groups of people have also been called Karaite languages. Their ancestors were a type of Christian from the Church of the East sometimes also called Keraites. Many Karaite people say that the word Karaite means "black" in the Turco-Mongol language of their ancestors. That is a traditional Central Asian way to say they were originally from the Northern Turkic tribes. 

2) There are also Qaraite people who are mainly Turkic and related to the Karaite people but the Qaraite people mainly converted to Islam. Most people say their name also means "black" but some of these Qaraite people themselves say their name actually comes from an Arabic word for someone good at reading the Quran.

3) There is also a type of Judaism commonly called Karaite Judaism. More accurately it should be spelled in English with a Q not a K, so it should be Qaraite, but Karaite is a more common spelling. In Judaism the word Karaite comes from a Hebrew word meaning "to call out". This Jewish word has a completely different origin from the name used by the Karaite people and Qaraite people. Both words look the same by accident only in English. People who practice Karaite Judaism are called Karaite Jews. In Judaism the term Karaite Language refers to Hebrew. 

4) Some Russian Christians -including some of the western groups of the Karaite people- took many ideas from Karaite Judaism but they did not completely give up on Jesus. They became Russian Sabbatarians. They are also called Russian Karaites and Karaite Sabbatarians but there is a big argument about why they are called Karaite. Is it because of their religion? Or is it because some of them descended from the Karaite people or Qaraite people? It seems impossible to know.
Somnolence

**Somnolence** (also **sleepiness** or **drowsiness**) is a strong desire for sleep. It is also sleeping for unusually long periods. It can refer to the usual state before falling asleep. It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness and difficulty thinking.

Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle.

## References
Flag of California

The official **flag of the state of California** is known as the Bear Flag. An earlier version of the flag was first flown during the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt and was also known as the Bear Flag.
## References
Robert J. Healey

**Robert John "Bob" Healey, Jr.** (May 3, 1957 &ndash; March 20, 2016) was an American attorney, businessman, educator, restaurateur, and political activist. He was the founder of Rhode Island's Cool Moose Party. It is the state's third-largest political party from 1994 until 2002. He has been a perennial candidate for statewide office. 

## Career
Healey has run for Governor or Lieutenant Governor a total of seven times. He ran as an independent candidate in 2010, he won 39% of the vote for Lieutenant Governor. He wanted to abolish the office. As the Moderate Party nominee for Governor in 2014, Healey won 22% of the vote while spending less than $40 on the campaign.

## Death
Healey was found dead in his bed at his home in Barrington, Rhode Island on March 20, 2016. He is believed to have died from a suspected heart attack in his sleep. He was aged 58.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bob Healey's Campaign Journal – A Guerrilla Guide to the Cerebral Revolution
*
Sawi language (Dardic)

**Sawi**, **Savi**, or **Sauji**, is a Dardic language spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are estimated to be about 4,000 - 9,000 speakers of this language worldwide.

## References
Vacco v. Quill

***Vacco v. Quill***, , was a landmark court decision about the right to die.  New York had made physician-assisted suicide illegal.  A group of doctors challenged this law.  The case went all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States.  In 1997, the Supreme Court decided that New York's law against physician-assisted suicide was constitutional and legal.  They ruled that the Constitution of the United States does not  the "right to die."

## Background
The state of New York had made physician-assisted suicide illegal.  This law made it a crime for a doctor to give a patient medications that would kill them.  It also made it illegal for a doctor to do anything else that would end a patient's life.  These things were crimes even if the patient was terminally ill, wanted to die, and was competent (able to make decisions).  The doctors argued that because of the law against physician-assisted suicide, terminally ill people did not have equal rights under the law.  They pointed out that terminally ill patients could refuse treatment, which would lead to their death.  However, these same patients did not have the right to give a doctor permission to end their lives. The Court of Appeals said that the law did not treat all competent patients equally when they wanted to end their lives.  For example, if a patient were attached to a life support machine, like a ventilator, they had the right to have a doctor disconnect it.  This would cause their death.  However, a person in the same situation, on a life support machine, could not ask a doctor to give them medications to cause their death instead.  The Court agreed that asking doctors to remove life support devices (which was legal) was the same as physician-assisted euthanasia (which was not legal).  They ruled that this was not equal treatment, and that New York's law against physician-assisted suicide was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.

## Supreme Court
The case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court.  On June 26, 1997, the Supreme Court voted 9-0 that New York's law was legal and constitutional.  Chief Justice William Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion, but five other Justices wrote separate concurring opinions.

As legal scholar Susan Stefan writes: "Justice Rehnquist's short, curt opinion reversing *Quill* is almost angry."p.&nbsp;32  Rehnquist writes that assisted suicide is completely different from allowing a patient to refuse treatment.  The difference is that with assisted suicide, the doctor means to cause the patient's death.  The right to life (however long it may last) is an "unalienable right" (a natural right) guaranteed by the Constitution.  The right to death, the Court said, is not.

## Notes
## Related pages
* Right to die
* Assisted suicide
* Euthanasia
* *Washington v. Glucksberg* (a very similar case about an assisted suicide law in Washington)

## References
Early Norwegian black metal scene

The **early Norwegian black metal scene** was a black metal music scene and subculture in Norway during the early 1990s. It is said to have created the modern black metal genre and produced many influential artists.

The scene drew a lot of media attention after some members were responsible for two murders and lots of church burnings in Norway. The scene had an ideology that some people say was like a cult. They had anti-Christian and misanthropic views. Some were actual Satanists who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. The core members called themselves "The Black Circle" or "Black Metal Inner Circle". It was made up of mainly young men who gathered around the record shop Helvete ("Hell") in Oslo. They liked to wear corpse paint. The scene was exclusive, and most bands wanted to remain underground and out of reach to the mainstream.

In August 1993 and May 1994, many members of the scene were arrested for arson, murder, assault and possession of explosives.

## Music 
During the 1980s, bands were called *black metal* if they had Satanic lyrics. These bands usually only used these lyrics for "shock value." During 1990–1992, a lot of bands who were influenced by those bands, began playing a new type of black metal. The rise of popularity during this time was called the "second wave of black metal".

## References
Cruel and unusual punishment

**Cruel and unusual punishment** is punishment that causes  suffering, pain, or .  Many countries have laws against cruel and unusual punishment.  There are also international human rights laws and treaties against this type of punishment as well as torture.

## History
For most of recorded history, the death penalty was often painful on purpose.  Severe historical punishments included being burned or boiled to death; cut or torn apart; crushed by stones; sawed in half; crucified; and many other extremely painful methods of execution.  Punishments that were not meant to cause death were also often painful on purpose.

### Laws
The exact words "cruel and unusual punishment" were first used in the English Bill of Rights 1689.   In 1791, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution made "cruel and unusual punishment" illegal in the United States.   Seven years later, the British Leeward Islands used the same words in their Slavery Amelioration Act. 

Here are some examples of other laws that include protections against cruel and unusual punishment.
* The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948
** Article 5 says: "No one shall be  to torture or to cruel, inhuman or  treatment or punishment"
* The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 7 (1966)
* The Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1979)
* The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 12 (1982)
* The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 16 (1984)
* The Constitution of Poland, Article 40 (1997)
* The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 4 (2000)

### United States
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted."  However, the Constitution does not define exactly what cruel and unusual punishments are.

In a case called *Furman v. Georgia* (), the Supreme Court of the United States decided what questions they would use to figure out whether a punishment was cruel and unusual.  Justice William Brennan wrote the opinion in the case.  He made four rules about punishments:
* They cannot "be degrading to human dignity" (humiliating).  Torture is especially not allowed.
* They cannot be "A severe punishment that is obviously inflicted in wholly  way"
* They cannot be "A severe punishment that is clearly and totally  throughout society."
* They cannot be "severe [and obviously] unnecessary."

In this decision, the Supreme Court set a precedent that if a punishment broke any of these four rules, it would be viewed as "cruel and unusual," and would be illegal under the Constitution.

## Notes
## References
Norris Bradbury

**Norris Edwin Bradbury** (30 May 1909&nbsp;– 20 August 1997), was an American physicist. He served as Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory for 25 years from 1945 to 1970. He replaced Robert Oppenheimer. Bradbury worked with Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project during World War II. Bradbury was in charge of the final assembly of "the Gadget", detonated in July 1945 for the Trinity test.

## Other websites
* 
*
Leon Charney

**Leon Charney** (1938 &ndash; 22 March 2016) was an American real estate tycoon, author, philanthropist, political pundit, media personality and Jewish cantor. He lived in Manhattan in New York City. In March 2012, *Forbes* listed Charney as #353 among the wealthiest Americans.

In 1979, Charney played an important role as the unofficial adviser to former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, most well known for his behind-the-scenes role in the Camp David Accords which created the first comprehensive peace between Israel and Egypt in 1978 and 1979.

Charney died on March 21, 2016 at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
* L. H. Charney Associates Inc. 
*
Sergey Lavrov

**Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov** (, ; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat. He has been the foreign minister of Russia since 2004. From 1994 to 2004, Lavrov was a Soviet diplomat, and the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations.

## References
Rita Gam

**Rita Gam** (April 2, 1927March 22, 2016) was an American and television actress and documentary filmmaker. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. She was known for her roles in *The Thief* and *King of Kings*. She was also known for being Sidney Lumet's first wife.

Gam shared the Silver Bear for Best Actress award with Viveca Lindfors at the 1962 Berlin Film Festival, for their performances in Tad Danielewski's *No Exit*.

Gam died on March 22, 2016 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Rita Gam at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection
2016 Brussels bombings

On 22 March 2016, three large explosions happened in the Belgian capital Brussels. Two bombs exploded at Brussels Zaventem Airport and one exploded at Maalbeek metro station. According to the Belgian Health Ministry, at least 31 people were killed and over 250 injured. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has publicly claimed responsibility for the attack. There are three suspects. Two were suicide bombers and Belgian police are currently searching for the third one.

## Background 
Belgium took part in the war against ISIL in Iraq. About 500 foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq are Belgians. The fighters mostly come from immigrant families.

Belgium suffered previous attacks. In May 2014, an Islamist gunman attacked the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, killing four people. In January 2015, Security men stopped a group maybe planned a second *Charlie Hebdo* shooting. The operation resulted in the deaths of two members of the group. In August 2015, a man shot and stabbed people on a train in Brussels, before being stopped by passengers.

The attackers that were part of the November 2015 Paris attacks were based in Molenbeek, and the city of Brussels was closed for five days to search for people. On 18 March 2016, Salah Abdeslam, who possibly was part of the Paris attacks, was caught, and at least one other suspect is still free.

## Bombing locations 
### Brussels Airport 
Two explosions took place in the airport's departure hall.

## Victims 
At least 31 people were killed and more than 230 others were injured. The U.S. Embassy in Brussels asked U.S. citizens not to use buses and subways.

## The attackers 
Belgian authorities said two brothers, Khalid and Ibrahim el-Bakraoui, both Belgians with criminal records — were among the three suicide bombers who attacked the Brussels metro and airport.The brothers are believed to have links to last year’s Paris attacks, and to Salah Abdeslam. There third man who appeared on the cameras is still free after he ran away when his bomb didn't explode.

## Europe says "no" to fear 
After the attacks in Brussels, European leaders said terror will not scare them. Others put messages of solidarity with #JeSuisBruxelles, or "I am Brussels," an ode to a similar outpouring with #JeSuisCharlie after the Charlie Hebdo attack in January 2015. Some people invited tourists stuck after the airport was shut into their homes using #OpenHouse.

French cartoonist Jean Plantureux, who goes by Plantu, drew an emotional cartoon for French newspaper Le Monde. A crying person wrapped in a French flag hugs a crying person with a Belgian flag, suggesting solidarity between the two countries.

People in Brussels and elsewhere brought flowers and lit candles to show how sad they are after the attacks.

## References
Allergic rhinitis

**Allergic rhinitis** (also known as **hay fever** or **pollinosis**) is a type of inflammation in the nose. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Symptoms include sneezing, red, itchy and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. 

Allergens that often cause hay fever include pollen, pet hair and mold.

Hay fever is most common between ages twenty and forty.

## References
Loratadine

**Loratadine** (also known as **Claritin**) is a type of drug called an antihistamine. It is used to treat hay fever, urticaria, skin allergies, some food allergies, eczema, and insect bites or stings.

Loratadine was discovered in 1981 and first sold in 1993. It comes in ordinary tablets, melt-in-the-mouth tablets, and liquid. It is usually taken once a day.

Loratadine is a non-drowsy antihistamine. Compared to some other antihistamines, loratadine is much less likely to make people feel sleepy.
## References
Paolo Guerrero

**José Paolo Guerrero Gonzáles** (; born 1 January 1984) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Peruvian Primera División club Alianza Lima  and the Peru national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
 after the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup Final]]
**Bayern Munich**
*Bundesliga: 2004–05, 2005–06
*DFB-Pokal: 2004–05, 2005–06

**Hamburger SV**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2007

**Corinthians**

**LDU Quito**
* Serie A: 2023
* Copa Sudamericana: 2023

**Peru U17**
*Bolivarian Games: 2001

**Peru**
*Copa América runner-up: 2019; third-place: 2011, 2015

**Individual**
* Copa América Top Scorer: 2011, 2015, 2019
* Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2011, 2015, 2019
* FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball: 2012
* FIFA Club World Cup Best Forward: 2012 
* Campeonato Paulista Best Forward: 2013
* Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament: 2013
* Copa do Brasil Best Player: 2019
* Copa do Brasil Top Scorer: 2019
* Campeonato Carioca Team of the Year: 2017
* IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Wildest Dreams (song)

"**Wildest Dreams**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was released on August 31, 2015. Swift co-write the song with its producers Max Martin and Shellback. It got generally positive reviews from music critics. 

The song hit #5 on the American *Billboard* Hot 100.

"Wildest Dreams" has been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales and streams of over 2 million copies in the United States.

## References
Ethan Carter III

**Michael Hutter** (born March 18, 1983) is an American professional wrestler and promoter, who is better known by the ring name **Ethan Carter III** (or simply **EC3**). He is currently signed to the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), where he is the current NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion and a former NWA National Heavyweight Champion. He also performs on the independent circuit.  He is perhaps best known for his time in Impact Wrestling, where he won the TNA World Heavyweight Championship two times. Hutter also performed in WWE under his EC3 ring name and as **Derrick Bateman** and won the 24/7 Championship four times.

## Championships and accomplishments 
]]
* **Absolute Intense Wrestling**
** AIW Absolute Championship (1 time)
* **Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling**
**ARW Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
* **Florida Championship Wrestling**
** FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time)&nbsp;– with Johnny Curtis
* **House of Glory**
** HOG World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***National Wrestling Alliance**
** NWA National Championship (1 time)
** NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
***Ohio Valley Wrestling**
**OVW National Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 20 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2016
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling**
** TNA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
** Impact Grand Championship (1 time)
** Feast or Fired (2013&nbsp;– World Tag Team Championship contract)
** Feast or Fired (2018&nbsp;– Pink Slip)
** TNA Joker's Wild (2014)
** TNA World Title Series (2016)
** Bound for Glory Playoffs (2016)
** Moment of the Year (2020) – 
* **WrestleCircus**
** WC Ringmaster Championship (1 time)
* **WWE**
** WWE 24/7 Championship (4 times)

## References 
## Other websites
* TNA Profile 
* 
*
Radical Face

**Radical Face** is a musical act whose main member is Ben Cooper, who sings and plays multiple instruments. All the sounds are put together on a computer.

## History
Cooper's first album to be recorded under the name Radical Face was *The Junkyard Chandelier* (2003). The album was never released. However, it can be downloaded for free online. *Ghost* was the first official studio album, released in March 2007.

On November 16, 2010, Cooper released an EP titled *Touch The Sky*. It was a preview for a trilogy of albums called *Family Tree*. This trilogy is about a fictional family from the 1800s, the Northcotes. It is also really about Cooper's own life. The albums are *The Roots*, *The Branches*, and *The Leaves*.

Another EP, *The Bastards: Volume One*, was released before *The Roots*. In August 2011, iTunes accidentally released *The Roots* to users outside of the US. It was released in the US on October 4, 2011.

*The Family Tree: The Branches* was released on October 22, 2013 in America and on November 1 in Europe. *The Bastards: Volume Two* was also released that year.

*The Bastards: Volume Three* and *The Bastards: Volume Four* were both released in 2015, before the release of *The Family Tree: The Leaves* in March 2016. *The Leaves* has songs that are about Cooper's own life. The first track of the album, "The Laboratory", was finally released on September 23, 2014. Cooper then released one track per week.

## Discography
### Albums
### EPs
### Singles
### Music videos 
## References
## Other websites
*Official Page
*The Sounds & Sights of Radical Face - Short documentary by Justin Mitchell 
*Radical Face Live in San Francisco - 2011 Behind the Scenes video By Connor Ellmann
2015–16 La Liga

The **2015–16 La Liga** season (known as the *Liga BBVA* for sponsorship reasons) was the 85th since its establishment. Barcelona were the defending champions. The season started on 22 August 2015 and concluded on 15 May 2016.

## League table
### Standings
## Results 
*2015–16 La Liga - Results of first round
*2015–16 La Liga - Results of second round

## Statistics
### Top goalscorers
 won the Pichichi Trophy, scoring 40 goals in the season.]]

### Top assists
### Zamora Trophy
### Hat-tricks
4 Player scored four goals5 Player scored five goals(H) - Home ; (A) - Away

### Discipline 
* Most yellow cards (club): **131**
** Granada
* Most yellow cards (player): **16**
** Rubén Pérez (Granada)
** Recio (Málaga)

* Most red cards (club): **6**
** Rayo Vallecano
* Most red cards (player): **1**
** *31 players*

## References
Test case (law)

In case law, a **test case** is a legal action whose purpose is to set a precedent. An example of a test case might be a person who files a lawsuit in order to see if the court considers a certain law or a certain legal precedent  in certain s. This is useful, for example, in order to later file similar lawsuits in similar circumstances. Sometimes, lawyers delay filing a lawsuit to wait and see how a test case is decided. Government agencies sometimes bring test cases in order to confirm or expand their powers. The decision in a test case may be a landmark decision.

## Examples
Examples of influential test cases include:

# *Plessy v. Ferguson* (1896)
# *Scopes v. Tennessee* (1925)
# *United States v. One Book Called Ulysses* (1933)
# *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954)
# *Griswold v. Connecticut* (1965)
# *Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida County* (1974)
# *Adams v Cape Industries plc* (1990)
# *Mabo v Queensland (No 2)* (1992)
# *National Westminster Bank plc v Spectrum Plus Limited* (2005)
# *District of Columbia v. Heller* (2008)

## Notes 
## References