open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Frederico Mompou

**Federico (Frederic) Mompou** (born Barcelona, 16 April  1893; died Barcelona 30 June 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.

## Life
Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo.  In 1911 he went to Paris.   He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.

Mompou left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914. He went to Paris again in 1921. He stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II.  He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke.   He died at the age of 94.

## His music
Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces).  His music often sounds as if is being improvised.  When he wrote his ''Scènes d'enfants'' (1915-18) a French music critic, Émile Vuillermoz, said he would be the next great composer after Debussy.  Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie.  He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross."  His music often uses the rhythms and modes of  Catalan folkmusic.

## References
*Groves Music Online
Stream of consciousness (disambiguation)

**Stream of consciousness** is a famous phrase of the American psychologist and philosopher William James. It refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious human mind.

The term could mean:
* Apparently  live or recorded performances, as in film, music, and dramatic and comic monologues, intended to recreate the raw experience of the person portrayed or the performer
* Stream of consciousness writing, a literary technique
* Stream of consciousness (psychology), in psychology and philosophy

**Stream of consciousness** may also refer to:
* *Stream of Consciousness* (album), an album by Vision Divine
* "Stream of Consciousness" (song), an instrumental song by Dream Theater on their album *Train of Thought*
* "Stream of Consciousness" (The Outer Limits), an episode of *The Outer Limits*
Stream of consciousness writing

**Stream of consciousness** is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports the thought processes of a person. 

If it is done in context with the surrounding world it is called interior or internal monologue. That means it is unspoken, and in some cases could not be spoken. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's *Heart of a Dog* (1925) the first chapter is entirely based on the dog's unspoken thoughts on the world about him.

Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his  *Principles of Psychology*. The use of the term in literature is attributed to May Sinclair. 

Several famous works that employ stream of consciousness are:
* Édouard Dujardin's *Les Lauriers sont coupés* (1888)
* Arthur Schnitzler's *Leutnant Gustl* (1901)
* Nadine Gordimer's ''July's People''
* Shikibu's *The Tale of Genji*
* Lewis Grassic Gibbon's *Sunset Song*.
* Dorothy Richardson's *Pilgrimage* (1915-67)
* James Joyce's *Ulysses* (in particular Molly Bloom's Soliloquy), as well as *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man* and *Finnegans Wake*
* Samuel Beckett's *Trilogy*
* Virginia Woolf's *Mrs. Dalloway*, *To the Lighthouse* and *The Waves*
* William Faulkner's *The Sound and the Fury* and *As I Lay Dying*
* T.S. Eliot's *The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock*
* Jack Kerouac’s *On the Road*
*J.D. Salinger *Seymour: An Introduction*
*Sam Selvon's *The Lonely Londonders*
*Marcel Proust's *In Search of Lost Time*
*William S. Burroughs's *Naked Lunch*

## References
Courtemaîche

**Courtemaîche** was a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Courtemaîche, Buix and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.
Courtedoux

**Courtedoux** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Damphreux

**Damphreux** was a municipality in Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2024, the former municipalities of Damphreux and Lugnez merged to form the new municipality of Damphreux-Lugnez.

## References
## Other websites
*Information in French about Damphreux on Juranet
*
Damvant

**Damvant** was a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is now part of the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie.
Pickup

**Pickup** can mean different things:

*Pickup (music): In music, a device that changes vibrations created by an instrument (for example an electric guitar) into an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.
*Pickup truck: A type of automobile with an open back end for carrying things.
Vihuela

**Vihuela** is a name given to two different guitar-like string instruments: one from 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings, and the other, the Mexican vihuela, from 20th century Mexico with five strings and typically played in Mariachi bands.

## Other websites 
* lutesandguitars.co.uk Stephen Barber & Sandi Harris, lutemakers and researchers
* vihuelademano.com Alexander Batov, vihuela maker and researcher
* Goldberg magazine: *Los dos rinacimintos de la vihuela*  The twentieth-century resuscitation of the vihuela.
* Several photos of Spanish vihuelas can be found among the instrument photos at Wayne Cripps' lute pages.
* Pictures
Range (music)

The **range** of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, this is known as *vocal range*.
George Beauchamp

**George D. Beauchamp** (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.

Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.

## Other websites 
*The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar 
*Which Came First- Electric Guitar or Amp? 
*Digital Violin - Article examining Beauchamp's Electro violins
Sitar

The **sitar** ( or ; , Punjabi: ਸਿਤਾਰ, Urdu:   ) is a plucked string instrument. It uses sympathetic strings along with a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to make a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance. It has been used throughout the Indian subcontinent for many centuries. Sitar is traditionally said to have been invented by the Sufi singer Amir Khosrow.

## References 
## Other websites 
* A knowledge base on Sitar 
* International sitar learning and information website (sitar.co.za)
* Origin of Sitar
* Information on the Sitar
* More about Sitar
* History and Origins of the Sitar
*vimoksha - Indian classical music resources - Information on Indian classical music, stringed instruments and Indian classical dance.
*Sitar FAQ 
* Sitar buying guide
Mischa Barton

**Mischa Anne Marsden Barton** (born January 24, 1986) is an award-winning Anglo-American actress. She was born in Hammersmith, West London. She moved to New York City when she was six. She has British and American citizenship. She is best known for her role as Marissa Cooper on the American television series *The O.C.*change 'She also appears as the love interest' to 'She also claims to appear as the love interest, invisibly maybe as the 'lover' role is acted by Alison Sarah James, SAS&SBS General in James Blunt video 'Goodbye my lover' and Alison is the girl on the subway in 'You're Beautiful' by James Blunt'

## Legal troubles
According to TMZ she was arrested for DUI on December 27, 2007.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Oud

The **oud**  is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument. It is similar to a modern western lute. It does not have frets. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern music and East African music.

## Other websites 
* NileCart  Egyptian oud gallery.
* Oud Cafe, a website dedicated to Oud music
*
Pickup (music)

magnetic pickup (top) on an electric guitar]]

A **pickup** is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric 
bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.

There are two main types of pickups. Piezo pickups are more common on acoustic guitars, and magnetic pickups on electric guitars. Some guitars have both kinds.

Piezo (short for piezoelectric) pickups contain a crystal that produces an electrical signal when physically vibrated. These work with all types of guitars, because all guitars vibrate when you play them.

Magnetic pickups contain magnets with wire wrapped around them. When a metal string vibrates near the magnet an electrical signal is produced in the wire. Some guitars (like classical guitars) have strings made of nylon or other things that aren't magnetic, and magnetic pickups don't work with these guitars. 

## Other websites 
* Technical detail on how pickups work
* UltimateGuitar.com Pickup FAQ 
* Constructing an Under Saddle Transducer - Instructions for building a piezo cable guitar transducer.  An article on the Liutaio Mottola Lutherie Information Website.
* Properties of Magnetic Materials (chapter) 
* Neophyzix Sound Research/Q-tuner neodymium powered guitar & bass pickups. Downloadable 24 Bit/96 kHz audio wav demo.
Donatella Versace

**Donatella Versace** (born 2 May 1955) is an Italian fashion designer and a current part-owner of the Versace fashion line. She is now their chief designer.

She was born in Reggio Calabria. She owns 20 percent of the entire stock market assets of Versace. Her brother, Santo Versace, owns 30 percent. Donatella's daughter Allegra Versace inherited 50% of the company stock. They inherited the company from Donatella's brother Gianni Versace after he was murdered.

A year and three days after Gianni's death in July 1998, Donatella Versace mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris.  She built her runway over the hotel's swimming pool, using sheer glass. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year. Donatella is just as famous for her celebrity entourage and glittering parties. Regular guests include Sir Elton John, Elizabeth Hurley, Rakeem Young, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Moss. Even Prince Charles attends Donatella's parties for the famous and elite in Europe.

Lady Gaga wrote the song "Donatella" from her 2013 album *Artpop* for Versace.

## References 
## Websites
*Official Website
Danelectro

**Danelectro** is an American company that makes musical instruments and accessories. Their main products are guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers and effects units. The company  was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947 in Red Banks, New Jersey. Jimi Hendrix is among the many well-known guitarists to have used Danelectro. The company is headquartered in Camarillo, California.

## Other websites 
*Danelectro Guitars - official website
*DanGuitars  - specialist dealer website with a good history section
*Guitarbitz.com  - UK based retailer of the recent Danelectro Reissues
*Doug Tulloch - Vintage Danelectro Authority
*Tribute to Danelectro founder Nathan I. Daniel by son Howard E. Daniel
Allegra Versace

**Allegra Versace** (born in Milan on 30 June 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-fashion model Paul Beck.

Allegra, a 50% owner of the Versace fashion design business, is a sufferer from anorexia nervosa.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Versace website
Benazir Bhutto

**Benazir Bhutto** (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who became the 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan. She served from 1988 to 1990 and then from 1993 to 1996. She made history as the first woman to lead a democratic government in a Muslim-majority country. She was Pakistan’s first female prime minister and till this date, the only female prime minister. Benazir Bhutto was a liberal and a secularist, and she played a significant role in the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until she was killed in 2007.

## Life 
Born in Karachi to a politically influential and wealthy family with Sindhi and Kurdish roots. Bhutto was the elder daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto (née Ispahani). She studied at Harvard University and the University of Oxford. Her father, Zulfikar Bhutto, was a prominent leader of the PPP and served as prime minister. After her father's ousting and execution following a military coup in 1977, Benazir Bhutto, along with her mother Nusrat, took charge of the PPP and led the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy. She faced imprisonment under the military government of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and later chose self-exile in Britain in 1984.

Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. She was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan twice.  She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on a belief that she was corrupt. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.

## Death 
En route to a rally in Karachi on 18 October 2007, two explosions occurred shortly after Bhutto had landed and left Jinnah International Airport returning from her exile. She was not injured, but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack that killed 139 people and injured at least 450.

Two months after her assassination attempt, she was shot to death while getting into a vehicle to leave a political meeting for the Pakistan Peoples Party in Rawalpindi before detonating an explosive vest on December 27, 2007. She was 54 years old.  The exploding kills 24 people and wounded 43 others.  She is called **Shaheed-e-Jamhuriat** (Martyr of Democracy) by her fans.

## References
## Other websites 
*The Official Website of Benazir Bhutto 
*Benazir Bhutto was Kurdish
*Watch Benazir's videos and interviews 
*Benazir Bhutto becomes Prime Minister 
*Asif Zardari Profile
*Bhutto cleared of corruption
*Bhutto on Al-Qaeda 
*All About Benazir Bhutto 
*Musharraf blocks PPP rallies 
*Pakistan Peoples Party website 
*Pakistani opposition protests Bhutto case
Great Offices of State

The **Great Offices of State** are the four most important cabinet jobs in the United Kingdom.

Only one person has ever held all four, James Callaghan, who was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979.

The four posts are
#Prime Minister
#Chancellor of the Exchequer
#Foreign Secretary
#Home Secretary

The King asks the Prime Minister to form a Government following a General Election. The Party who has the Majority in the House of Commons is usually asked to form.

The Chancellor, Foreign and Home Secretary are also appointed by the King. These are on the advice of the Prime Minister. Its more of a formality for the King to appoint as the decision is taken by the Prime Minister. This is the same for the other Cabinet Ministers. 

## References
Learning by teaching

In professional education, **learning by teaching** means a method that trains pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons. This method is designed to teach them better understanding than any method where the teacher talks to the pupils and gives them work they have to prepare.

Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, because they have to do much more. They have to choose their own methods and didactic approaches in teaching classmates that subject. And it is something else than tutoring, because the teacher gives continuous support when they prepare teaching.

## References 
* Alan Gartner, Mary Conway Kohler, Frank Riessman: *Children teach children. Learning by teaching*. Harper & Row, New York u.a. 1971, .
* Jean-Pol Martin: *Zum Aufbau didaktischer Teilkompetenzen beim Schüler. Fremdsprachenunterricht auf der lerntheoretischen Basis des Informationsverarbeitungsansatzes*. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1985, . (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Gießen 1985)
* Jean-Pol Martin: *Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht*. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1994, . (zugl. Habilitations-Schrift, Universität Eichstätt 1992)

## Other websites 
* Videoclip LdL in English 
* Learning by teaching - by Jody Skinner 
* LdL in theory and practice (University Münster 2005/2006) 
* Learning By Teaching: The Didactic Model LdL in University Classes  - by Joachim Grzega
* Students teach literature (LdL) by Rosmarie Frick - 2005
Hermetschwil-Staffeln

**Hermetschwil-Staffeln** was a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.

## Other websites
Herznach

**Herznach** was a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2023, the former municipalities of Herznach and Ueken merged to form the new municipality of Herznach-Ueken.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the municipality of Herznach
Jean-Pol Martin

**Jean-Pol Martin** (born 1943, Paris, France) was a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers.  This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.

## Biography
Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968.  He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980.  In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French.  That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany.  He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale.  All teachers in Germany are trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.

## Bibliography 
*1994: *Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht*. Tübingen 1994 (Habilitation) 

## Other websites
*LdL-Portal
*Video about JP.Martin (Learning by teaching in English)
Ministry of Justice of Germany

The Federal **Ministry of Justice** is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.

## History 
Germany has five "Classic Ministries", rather like the United Kingdom's "Great Offices of State".

The classic ministries are:
* Justice
* Interior
* Finance
* Defence (or "War" as it was called before World War II) and
* the Foreign Office

The Reich Justice Office was created in 1875. It was a part of the Chancellor's department until 1 January 1877 when it became independent. The first Minister of Justice was appointed in 1919, when the Office of Justice became the *Reichsministerium der Justiz* of the Weimar Republic

## Responsibility 
### Political 
The Federal Minister of Justice heads the Ministry. He has two senior assistants.
* The Parliamentary State Secretary, a member of the Bundestag who acts as a "junior minister"
* The "beamteter Staatssekretär". This is the senior civil servant of the department.

### Role 
Germany is a federal country. The administration of the justice and criminal prosecution is mainly a matter for the federal states.

The federal ministry's main job is ensuring that federation and the states, and all laws, keep within the "Rule of Law".

The ministry oversees the writing of new laws, and the changing or the abolition of existing laws in these areas:
* Civil law
* Criminal law
* Commercial and Company law
* Copyright and protecting industrial property rights
* Organisation and procedures of the courts (except the Labour and Social Security Courts)

The ministry also oversees the laws about qualifying and working as a judge, prosecutor, lawyer or notary

The ministry has also been responsible for the legal problems after the reunification of Germany. This meant changing a lot of criminal and administrative law. Also professional rehabilitation was needed. Judges and lawyers were just some of the people who were used to working in the communist system, and now had to change.

Furthermore, the ministry checks that all laws and ordinances prepared by other ministries do not break the constitution.

The Ministry publishes the official newspaper the "Bundesgesetzblatt" the Federal Law Gazette und "Bundesanzeiger" the Federal Gazette. It also prepares the elections of Judges to the Bundesverfassungsgerichts and the highest level of federal courts.

## List of Justice Ministers
Claudine Monteil

**Claudine Monteil** (born 1949) is a French writer and women's rights specialist. She holds a PhD on Simone de Beauvoir's writings and life. She was inspired by the example of her mother, Dr Josiane Serre, a chemist and president of the École Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (ex-Sèvres), the equivalent of one of the Seven Sisters. Her father is the mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre, Fields medal and Abel prize.

Dr Monteil is one of the founders of the women's rights movement in 1970. She is also a specialist on Simone de Beauvoir. While working on women's rights, she was a long close friend of Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir's sister, the painter Hélène de Beauvoir. 

## Books
Her writings on the Beauvoirs, Sartre and French feminism, have been translated into multiple languages:

**Simone de Beauvoir, côté femme, Timée-éditions* (English: *Simone de Beauvoir, her story as a woman*) - translated into Chinese and Japanese
**Les Sœurs Beauvoir* (English: The Beauvoir Sisters) - translated in English, Korean, Spanish, German and Chinese.
**Les Amants de la liberté, Sartre et Beauvoir dans le siècle* (English: *The Lovers of Freedom, Sartre and Beauvoir in the Century*) - translated into Greek, Portuguese, Swedish, Japanese, Chinese, Romanian and Turkish.
*''Simone de Beauvoir le mouvement des femmes, mémoires d'une jeune fille rebelle* (English: *Simone de Beauvoir the women's movement, memories of a rebellious girl*) - translated into Japanese and Swedish.

Claudine Monteil has also written a biography on Charlie Chaplin with his wife Oona Chaplin. 
*"Les Amants des Temps Modernes, Oona et Charles Chaplin" (English: *Lovers of Modern Times: Oona and Charles Chaplin'') - translated into Greek and Portuguese

## Other websites 
*Claudine Monteil Official site  in English and French
Grandfontaine, Switzerland

**Grandfontaine** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Mortification

**Mortification** is a Christian extreme metal band from Australia. The band was formed in 1987 as **Lightforce** but changed its name in 1990. They inspired many people as one of the first successful Christian death metal bands from Australia.

## Current members 
*Steve Rowe - singer and bassist
*Michael Jelinic - guitarist
*Andrew Esnouf - drummer
*Lincoln Bowen - backing vocals

## Reference 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Fregiécourt

**Fregiécourt** was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Steve Rowe

**Steve Rowe** (born January 1965 in Melbourne) is an Australian bassist. He is the founder of the Christian extreme metal band Mortification.

## References
## Other websites
*Rowe Productions official website
Lugnez

**Lugnez** was a municipality in Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2024, the former municipalities of Damphreux and Lugnez merged to form the new municipality of Damphreux-Lugnez.

## References
## Other websites
Rickenbacker

**Rickenbacker International Corporation**, also known as **Rickenbacker** () http://www.rickenbacker.com/faq_item.asp?faq_id=2 ), is an American company that makes electric guitars.  The company invented the first electric guitar during the 1930s. The guitars are made at its headquarters in Santa Ana, California. Rickenbacker is the largest guitar company to make all of their guitars within the United States.

## Other websites 
*Rickenbacker International Corporation 
*"Born to Rock" guitar exhibit  at Harrods, London, February 2007, featuring the 1931 Rickenbacker "Frying Pan". Also see BBC 6 Music
* news story.
Hornussen, Aargau

**Hornussen** was a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bözen, Effingen, Elfingen and Hornussen merged to form the new municipality of Böztal.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Official website of the municipality of Hornussen
Hottwil

**Hottwil** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mettauertal and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Montmelon

**Montmelon** was a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it is a part of the new municipality Clos du Doubs.

The municipality is made of several villages and of many spread out farms. The municipality has about 100 people living there, many of them are farmers.
Islisberg

**Islisberg** is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
Ocourt

**Ocourt** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Fontenais

**Fontenais** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Bressaucourt merged into the municipality of Fontenais.

## References
## Other websites
Ittenthal

**Ittenthal** was a municipality, in the municipality of Kaisten and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Killwangen

**Killwangen** is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

The village is in the Limmat river valley between Baden and Zürich.

## References 
## Other websites
Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)

The **Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs** is the Minister in charge of the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In many countries, this job is called Foreign minister. 

## History
The Foreign Secretary merely handled relations with foreign countries and international organisations until the 1960s. There was a separate Commonwealth Secretary and a Colonial Secretary, but all three have been joined into one. The Foreign Secretary's is one of the four Great Offices of State.

## List of foreign secretaries
### Secretaries of state for foreign affairs (1782–1968)
: Died in office.

### Secretaries of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs (1968–2020)
Post created through the merger of the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office.

### Secretaries of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs (2020–*present*)
Post created through the merger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department for International Development.

## Footnotes
## References
Limmat

The **Limmat** is a river in Switzerland that flows northwest until it joins into the river Aare north of the small town of Brugg.

Its name comes from Linth and Maag, the main tributaries of the lake of Zürich.

The main tributaries of the Limmat river are the Sihl (in Zürich) and the Reppisch (in Dietikon).

This river is one of the main providers of hydroelectric power in Switzerland.

## Towns near the river
* In the canton of Zürich:
*# Zürich
*# Oberengstringen
*# Unterengstringen
*# Schlieren
*# Dietikon
*# Geroldswil
*# Oetwil an der Limmat
* In the canton of Aargau
*# Spreitenbach
*# Würenlos
*# Neuenhof
*# Wettingen
*# Baden
*# Ennetbaden
*# Nussbaumen
*# Untersiggenthal
*# Turgi
Koblenz, Switzerland

**Koblenz** (or **Coblenz**) is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official municipality website (in German)
Koblenz (disambiguation)

The name comes from the Latin  word "confluentiae" (= Eng. "confluence") and means the joining of two rivers. There are several places named **Koblenz**:

*the town Koblenz in the Rhineland at the confluence of the Rhine and Mosel 
*the municipality Koblenz, Switzerland in Canton Aargau at the confluence of the Rhine and Aar
*the neighbourhood Knappensee-Koblenz, in the municipality Knappensee, district (Landkreis) Kamenz, Bundesland Sachsen
*the neighbourhood Koblenz (bei Schmölln, Thüringen) in the municipality Gößnitz (Thüringen), district (Landkreis) Altenburger Land, Bundesland Thüringen
Extreme metal

**Extreme metal** describes a mixture of heavy metal music subgenres formed since the 1980s. Extreme metal is much harsher than other heavy metal. It is also underground, or less commercial.

## Types of Extreme metal 
### Main types 
* Black metal
** Ambient black metal
** Symphonic black metal
** War metal
* Death metal
** Melodic death metal
** Technical death metal
* Doom metal
** Epic doom
** Funeral doom
** Traditional doom
* Speed metal
* Thrash metal

### Fusions with other genres 
* Black-doom
* Blackened death metal
* Dark metal
* Death-doom
* Melodic death metal
* Pagan metal
* Viking metal

## References
Kaisten, Aargau

**Kaisten** is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1st January 2010 the former municipality of Ittenthal merged into the municipality of Kaisten.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Montignez

**Montignez** was a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Montignez, Buix and Courtemaîche merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.
Pleujouse

**Pleujouse** was a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it is part of the new municipality of La Baroche.
Roche-d'Or

'''Roche-d'Or''' was a municipality, in the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Rocourt

**Rocourt** was a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

## References 
## Other websites
Dr Pepper

carrying Dr Pepper.]]

**Dr Pepper** is a soft drink (soda) similar to Coca Cola in its color. Each can of Dr Pepper contains 150 calories.

## Dr Pepper's Slogans 
* 1889–1914: "King of Beverages." 
* 1920s–1940s: "Drink a Bite to Eat at 10, 2, and 4 o'clock." 
* 1940s: "Good For Life." 
* 1945: "Dr Pepper has 23 flavors" 
* 1950s: "The Friendly Pepper Upper." 
* 1960s: "America's Most Misunderstood Soft Drink." 
* 1970s: "The Most Original Soft Drink Ever." 
* 1977–1985: "I'm a Pepper, He's a Pepper, We're a Pepper.", "Be a Pepper.", "Wouldn't you like to Be a Pepper too?" 
* c. 1986 "Out of the Ordinary. Like You." 
* c. 1986 "Out of the Ordinary for Out of the Ordinary Bodies." (Diet Dr Pepper) 
* 1986–1997: "Hold Out For the Out of the Ordinary." 
* 1991: "Just what the Doctor ordered." 
* c. 1997: "It's Dr Pepper Flavour, Silly!" Australia 
* c. 1997: "Expect the Unexpected!" Australia 
* 1997: "Now's the Time. This is the Place. Dr Pepper Is The Taste." 
* 2000: "Dr Pepper, It Makes the World Taste Better." 
* 2000–Present: "Just What The Dr Ordered." 
* c. 2001 "Dr Pepper, so misunderstood" 
* 2002–2004: "Be You." 
* 2002–Present: "Solves All Your Problems." (used in Europe) 
* 2003 "Dr Pepper, to try it is to love it" (used in the UK) 
* 2004–Present "Dr Pepper, what's the worst that could happen?" (used in the UK) 
* 2005–Present: "One Taste & You Get It." 
* 2006: "Can You Handle The Taste?" (seen in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and Poland) 
* 2006: "Authentic blend of 23 flavors." USA, Canada 
* 2006: "Dr Pepper, makes the world go round." 
* 2006: "Dr Pepper, nothing better." USA 
* 2006: "The Dr knows the right touch." (used in Europe) 
* 2006: "There's more to it." USA 
c. 2006: "Get Berried in Cream" USA (used for the new Berries and Cream flavor) 
* 2007: "I Want It All." USA 
* (2007): "El Dr muy bueno" Latin America 
* (2008): "What's the worst that could happen?" Europe 
* (2008): "Drink It Slow, Dr's Orders" (USA) 
* (2009): "Trust me - I'm a Doctor." (ft. Julius Erving, Kelsey Grammer, Gene Simmons and Dr. Dre) USA 
* (2009): UK based television advertising; Sung "Dr Pepper, What's the worst that could happen?" UK 

## Websites
*Dr Pepper's Official website

## References
Laufenburg, Aargau

**Laufenburg** is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital city of the district with the same name.

Since 2010, Sulz is part of the municipality.

Laufenburg-CH-04-2006-gje.jpg
Laufenburg-CH-08-2006-gje.jpg
Laufenburg, CH.jpg|Laufenburg old city gate
Laufenburg-CH-14-Haus-2006-gje.jpg
Laufenburg-CH-18-Gasse-2006-gje.jpg
Laufenburg-CH-16-Gasse-2006-gje.jpg

## References
## Other websites 
* Laufenburg (Baden)
* Laufenburg AG
* Laufenburg: Pictures
Leimbach, Aargau

**Leimbach** is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Porrentruy

**Porrentruy** () is a Swiss municipality in the canton of Jura. It is the seat of the district of the same name.

## References
Hilfikon

**Hilfikon** was a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Since 2010, it is part of the municipality of Villmergen.

## Other websites
Lengnau, Aargau

**Lengnau** is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Linn, Aargau

**Linn** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Bözberg and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites
Mägenwil

**Mägenwil** is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Lengnau

**Lengnau** may be one of the following municipalities in Switzerland:

*Lengnau, Aargau, in the District of Zurzach, Canton of Aargau
*Lengnau, Bern (also: *Lengnau bei Biel*), in the district of Büren an der Aare, Canton of Bern
480

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* Odoacer stops an attempt by Julius Nepos to gain control of Italy again, and has Julius killed.
* Odoacer takes control of Dalmatia.
* Ireland: The Diocese of Connor is put up.

#### Asia 
* Narasimhagupta Baladitya follows his father Skandagupta as king of the Gupta Empire.

## Births 
* Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, a Christian philosopher, was born.
* Damascius, a Neoplatonist philosopher, was born.
* Gelimer, the last king of the Vandals, was born.
* Benedict of Nursia, an early monasticist, was born (approximate date)
* Scholastica, the twin sister of Benedict of Nursia, was born.
* Xiao Zhaowen, the emperor of China's Southern Qi Dynasty (who was often known as the Prince of Hailing), was born.

## Deaths 
* Julius Nepos, the last legitimate Western Roman Emperor, was killed.
* Skandagupta, the ruler of the Gupta Empire, died.
Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

'*Religious debates over the *Harry Potter* series*' of books by J. K. Rowling are usually because people say the books have occult or Satanic parts. These sayings come from some Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians. It also comes from Muslims who argue against the series.

A great number of people have replied to these claims. People who support the series say that the magic in *Harry Potter* is not really like occultism. They say it is more like fairy tales like *Cinderella* and *Snow White*. They also suggest that it is more like the works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. Both writers are known for writing fantasy novels with Christian values. Some argue

In the United States, people tried to get the books banned in schools. Their argument was that witchcraft is a registered religion, so letting the books in schools went against the separation of church and state. This then went to court to decide whether it was against the freedom of religion.

However, sometimes religion has supported the *Harry Potter* series. "At least as much as they've been attacked from a theological point of view", says Rowling, "[the books] have been lauded (praised) and taken into pulpit, and most interesting and satisfying for me, it's been by several different faiths".

## References 
## Other websites 
*hisvoicetoday.org  - Laura Mallory's official website
*Sword of Gryffindor: Home
*
Asshole

**Asshole** (or **arsehole** in British English) is slang for the anus and is also used as a word to hurt people's feelings. It's made up from the word *arse*, which has been used for a long time as another name for the anus. This was first added to the word *hole* in the sixteenth century in books, but may have been used in talking a long time before that. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the month."

## How it is used
Asshole is mainly used as a bad word towards someone that the speaker does not like. 
You could not say "asshole" on normal television in the US until the early 1990s, but it was sometimes in PG-13 and R rated films before this.

## Political usage
In 2000, during a Labor Day event, George W. Bush made an off-hand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that *New York Times* reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole."

## Rock songs using the word *asshole* 
Gene Simmons of rock band Kiss released a solo album called *Asshole* which also featured a song of the same name. Denis Leary also had a song called *Asshole* in 1993. 

## Similar words 
Words similar to *asshole* are *asshat*, *assclown*, *asstard*, *asspat* and *asspit*.

## Footnotes
Altoids

**Altoids** are a brand of breath mints and candies that have been sold since the 1800s in Europe. There are many different flavors and kinds of Altoids. They are produced by a company called MARRS and reached its popularity in the late 1980s or later.

## Flavors and varieties 
### Mints 
Mints are sold in tin boxes, are round, and come in four flavours in the sugary original variety (Peppermint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, and Spearmint). While the Arctic variety, a more sugarless or healthy option (although contains sugar alcohols as a rather alternative sweetener), contain flavours such as Wintergreen, Peppermint, and Strawberry. 

### Sours 
Sours are hard candies that are round. They come in six flavors: Tangerine, Citrus, Raspberry, Apple, Mango, and Passion Fruit. They were discontinued in 2015. But they were later brought back by another company under the now modern name as Retro Sours.

### Gum 
Altoids gum is sugar-free, which means there is no sugar inside the gum. They come in six flavors: Peppermint, Spearmint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Cherry, and Apple. 

### Breath Strips 
Breath Strips came in two flavors: Cinnamon and Peppermint. Since 2007, the product was discontinued, which means that the company is not selling them anymore.

## Other websites 
The official Altoids website
Schwyz

**Schwyz** can mean:
* Canton of Schwyz, a canton of Switzerland
* Schwyz (city), the capital of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland
* Schwyz (district), a district of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland
Guayacanes

**Guayacanes** is a village in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba.

## Other websites 
*Information on Guayacanes (Spanish)
*Maps of Guayacanes
*Geographical data of Guayacanes
American Cooperative School of Tunis

The **American Cooperative School of Tunis** or **ACST** is a comprehensive non-profit private high school in Tunis, Tunisia. The school has more than 500 students in grades K-12,

The school is widely known for its International Baccalaureate Diploma Program which it has used since 2000. It is currently the only IB World School in Tunisia.

## History
The **American Cooperative School of Tunis** was founded in 1959, originally as an American Grade School only teaching Grades K-8.  A ninth grade was added in 1982 and a tenth grade in 1993.  Eleventh and twelfth grade was added in 1995 and 1996 respectively with the first graduating class being the class of June 1997.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Ginny Weasley

**Ginevra "Ginny" Molly Weasley** is a fictional character of J.K. Rowling's famous series of fantasy novels, *Harry Potter*. She is a Gryffindor. Ginny was born on August 11th 1981, thus making her one year younger than Harry Potter. She developed a crush on Harry when she first lays her eyes on him. Harry doesn't develop a crush on her until her fifth year. He later breaks up with her to keep her safe from Voldemort. She later marries Harry and they have three children; James Sirius, Albus Severus and Lily Luna Potter. Ginny is described as a freckled young girl with flaming red hair, which she often wear in a mane closely resembles a lion's mane. She is the youngest child of the Weasley family and the only daughter in seven children: Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, Ron, and Ginny. She is also the only girl to born into the Weasley family in seven consecutive generations. In the *Harry Potter* movies, she is portrayed by Bonnie Wright. She will be portrayed by Gracie Cochrane in the upcoming television series *Harry Potter* for the streaming service HBO Max.
Monción

**Monción** is a city and municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province, in northwestern Dominican Republic. Its old name was *Guaraguanó*, a Taíno name that sometimes is used. The Municipio of Monción was founder by Joaquin Izquierdo, Anastasio Valle, Tomás Genao, Luis José Saldá, Dionicio Bueno y Siriaco Peralta.

## History
The town was founded by people that came to look for gold in the Mao river and other rivers of the region. Later, some families came to live here to cut the many trees, mainly pines, that were around the town.

On 9 April 1884, it was created the *Puesto Cantonal de Guaraguanó* in the Monte Cristi province. "Puesto Cantonal" was similar to a municipality; in English, "County (Military) Post". On 23 March 1898, the name of *Guaraguanó* was changed to the present name, *Monción*, in honor of *Benito Monción*, one of the heroes of the Restoration War against Spain.

When the Santiago Rodríguez province was created in 1948, Monción was one of the municipalities of that new province.

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 11,753: 6,069 men and 5,684 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The municipality of Monción has the Valverde province to the north, the Santiago province to the west and south, and the municipality of Sabaneta to the west.

### Climate
Monción has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: **Aw**) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by October with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is February with .

Monción is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Monción is the centre of production of *casabe* (a kind of bread, of Taíno origin, made with the flour of manioc).

## References
The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

**The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus** is an American band. Since the band formed in 2003 in Jacksonville, Florida, they have made five studio albums.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* ''Don't You Fake It* (2006)
* *Lonely Road* (2009)
* *Am I the Enemy* (2011)
* *4* (2014)
* *The Awakening* (2018)
* *X's for Eyes'' (2025)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* SynthesisRadio.net interview and live footage 
* The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus on MySpace
* The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus on Last.fm
* Teaser website 
* The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus  On PureVolume
* The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Interview by Florida Entertainment Scene 
* Interview from November 2007
Mateo Alemán

**Mateo Alemán y de Enero** (Seville, Spain, 1547 – 1615? in Mexico) was a Spanish writer.

He graduated at Seville University in 1564 and later studied at Salamanca and Alcalá. From 1571 to 1588 held a post in the treasury. He was descended from Jews who were made to converted to Catholicism after 1492. One of his forebears had been burned by the Inquisition for secretly continuing to practice Judaism.  In 1599, he published the first part of *Guzmán de Alfarache*. It was a well liked book which was printed in at least sixteen editions in five years.

In 1571 he married Catalina de Espinosa. It was not a happy marriage. He was constantly in money difficulties and was imprisoned for debt at Seville at the end of 1602.

In 1608, Alemán moved to America. It is said that he worked as a printer in Mexico.  His *Ortografía castellana* (1609), published in Mexico, contains ideas for the reform of Spanish spelling.  Nothing is known of Alemán after 1609, but it is sometimes believed that he was still living in 1617.

## References
*
Fucking Åmål

'''''*** is a 1998 Swedish movie that was distributed in most English speaking countries as ***Show Me Love'''*.
The movie was written and directed by Lukas Moodysson and was his first full-length movie. Alexandra Dahlström and Rebecka Liljeberg are  "Elin" and "Agnes". *Fucking Åmål''  won four Guldbagge Awards at the 1999 awards ceremony. The movie was not filmed in Åmål, the city that gives the name to the movie, but in Trollhättan, another small city in Sweden. The movie is really famous in lesbian environments around the world.

## Plot summary
The movie tells the story of two girls, Agnes and Elin, who go to school in the small town of Åmål. Elin is outgoing and popular, but finds her life unsatisfying and dull. Agnes, by contrast, has no friends and is constantly depressed. Agnes has a crush on Elin, but cannot find any way to express it. Agnes's parents worry about their daughter and try to make her happy. They throw a birthday party for her, but Agnes is afraid no one will come. Her friend, a girl in a wheelchair, shows up and Agnes shouts at her in front of her parents, telling her they are only friends because no one wants to make friends with either of them. Elin arrives late at Agnes's house, mainly as an excuse to avoid going to a different party, where there will be a boy she wants to avoid. Elin's older sister, Jessica, who comes with her, dares her to kiss Agnes, who is rumoured to be a lesbian. Elin fulfils the dare, and then runs away. Elin soon discovers that she is attracted to Agnes but is afraid to admit it. She pretends to be in love with Johan Hult, the boy she avoided at the start. She loses her virginity to him, but later breaks up with him, telling him that she is in love with someone else, truly she understand that boys want just sex from the girls, so she try to see around herself, and she discovers the love for Agnes. Elin and Agnes eventually show each other's feelings at the end of the movie, where, after a climactic scene in a school bathroom, they decide to "out" their relationship to all students in the school.

## Awards
* Amanda Awards, Norway: Best Foreign Feature Film (1999)
* Atlantic Film Festival: Best International Feature (1999)
* Teddy Award: Best Feature Film (1999)
* Bodil Awards: Best Non-American Film (2000)
* European Film Awards: Best Film (1999)
* GLAAD Media Awards: Outstanding Film (Limited Release) (2000)

## Other websites
* Fucking Amal  scene to scene
* 
* Film trailer (1998) 
* Portal-like fan site , in English and Slovak.