open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mikron Group

**Mikron Group** () is a manufacturer of semiconductor devices in Russia. It has manufacturing facilities in Zelenograd, St.Petersburg and Voronezh.

## History 
The plant was launched in 1966, and changed to its current name by 1970. They produced the Elbrus computer systems.

The 1980s US embargo on hi-tech exports affected USSR's ability to produce new chips. Unable to come up with competitive designs, Mikron and other semiconductor manufacturers resorted to reverse-engineering and producing replicas of foreign designs. The resulted ES EVM computer system was based heavily on the IBM/360 series, and the two were generally compatible.

Following Soviet Union's opening to international trades in 1990, Mikron was contracted by Samsung to manufacture chips for wrist watches and calculators.

The company collaborated with STMicroelectronics to start a 180 nm process node in 2007.

Mikron obtained a license to import 90&nbsp;nm process in 2010. The design and production facilities cost a total of 16.57 billion Rubles, almost half of it financed by Rusnano. Production started in 2012-2013.

Mikron produced the first sample of 65&nbsp;nm chips in 2013. It did not enter production.

Mikron's scheduled Elbrus-2SM processors were never produced due to quality control issues. The 2SM was eventually produced soly by TSMC. After the 2022 international sanctions due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, TSMC cut ties with the Mikron, ceasing supplies of 2SM processors.

Mikron started 2SM's production in its own facilities. Instead of TSMC's 2010 28&nbsp;nm process, the new chips are produced with the 90&nbsp;nm process from 2002.

Mikron's production consisted entirely of microprocessors used for contactless smart cards in 2023.

Mikron started manufacturing the MIK32 in 2024, a copy of the STMicroelectronics' STM32L0 microcontroller, manufacturerd by its 0.18&nbsp;μm process.

## US Sanctions 
During 1990-ties the Cold War era COCOM embargo was eased and in 2000-ties Russian chip manufacturing plants cooperated with US companies such as AMD in effort to obtain decommissioned past generation equipment needed to shorten the technological gap. In effort to curb these attempts, in 2012-2016 US government introduced sanctions against major Russian chip makers, Mikron included. Export of the US chip making equipment to Mikron became only available if duly licensed by the BIS. In April 2022, the US Treasury Department imposed blocking sanctions on 21 entities and 13 people, including Mikron, for their ties to Russia following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

## Gallery 

File:Architecture of Zelenograd (13971802062).jpg|A Mikron engineering building
File:USSR K589IK02 1.jpg|Bit-slice processor K589IK02, manufactured 1989
File:Mikron-16m-90nm-package.jpg|16Mbit SRAM 1663RU1, manufactured 2014

## References
Adonxs

**Adam Pavlovčin** (born 13 September 1995), known professionally as **Adonxs** is a Slovak singer and songwriter. He  at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", but failed to qualify for the Grand Final, finishing 12th in the second semi-final.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
## Notes
## References
Artigas Base

Artigas Base is a science station in Antarctica. It is from the country of Uruguay. It is a place where scientists do research all year.

## History 
The station was built in 1984. It was the first station from Uruguay in Antarctica. It is named after José Gervasio Artigas, a hero from Uruguay.

## Geography 
The station is on an island called King George Island. This island is in the South Shetland Islands. It is a place with little ice on the land, which makes it good for science.

## Research 
Scientists at Artigas Base study many things, including:
*The weather 
*The ice and glaciers 
*The health of people who live there
*How human activity affects the environment

About 50 people live at the base in the summer, but only about 8 people stay during the cold winter. During the winter, 8 Uruguayan soldiers live at Artigas Air Base (WAP URY-Ø1), which is at the coldest and most inhospitable continent on the planet.
Captain Arturo Prat Base

The Captain Arturo Prat Base is a science station in Antarctica. It is the oldest research station from Chile and is managed by the Chilean Navy. 

## History 
The base was started on February 6, 1947. This makes it the oldest Chilean station in Antarctica.

The station is named after Captain Arturo Prat. He was a hero in the Chilean Navy. He died in a famous battle in 1879. A bust of him stands at the base.

The base was closed for a few years in the 2000s but was opened again in 2006. In 2018, a fire damaged some of its buildings.

## Geography 
The station is on an island called Greenwich Island. This island is part of the South Shetland Islands. It is in a small bay named Iquique Cove.

The area around the base has some rocks and is a good place for ships to land.

## Climate 
The climate at the base is a tundra climate. This means it is very cold but not as cold as other parts of Antarctica.

The temperature in July, the coldest month, can drop to -29°C (-20.2°F). The warmest temperature ever recorded there was 19°C (66.2°F). The climate is also very wet. It gets a good amount of rain and snow all year.

## Research 
Scientists at the base study many things, including:
*The atmosphere
*The weather
*How the ionosphere works (the part of the atmosphere with electric charge)

The station is open all year. It can have up to 30 people in the summer and around 8 people in the winter.
Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station

The Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station is a research station in Antarctica. It is a place where scientists from Poland and other countries work.

## History 
The station was started on February 26, 1977. It was built by Polish scientists who wanted to study the Antarctic.

The station is named after Henryk Arctowski. He was a Polish scientist who went on an expedition to Antarctica in the late 1800s. He was one of the first people to stay for a winter in Antarctica.

The station is open all year round. This means that scientists live and work there in both summer and winter.

## Geography 
The station is on King George Island. This island is part of the South Shetland Islands. It is in a bay called Admiralty Bay.

The area around the station is not completely covered in ice. This makes it a good place for scientists to study. Near the station, there are colonies of penguins. Because of this, the area is protected to keep the animals safe.

## Historic site 
A man named Włodzimierz Puchalski is buried on a hill near the station. He was a wildlife photographer from Poland.

He died on January 19, 1979. He was making a nature film near the station when he died.

His grave has an iron cross on top of it. It is now a protected historical place. This was a decision made by countries that work in Antarctica.
Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen

**Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen** (20 March 1671 - 3 September 1747) was a Duchess consort of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by her marriage to Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick. Her daughters included a Holy Roman Empress, a Tsarevna (crown princess) of Russia, and the next Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

## Life 
### Early life and family 
Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen was born in March of 1671 in Oettingen to Albert Ernst, who was the first Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen. Her mother was Christine Friederike, a daughter of the Duke of Württemburg. Christine Louise had many siblings and half-siblings from her father's two marriages.

Because of the early death of her mother, Christine Louise was sent to the East Frisian royal court in Aurich to her aunt Christine Charlotte, They had four daughters, but no sons to inherit Brunswick. Despite this, Louis Rudolph and his father arranged good marriages for them.), became Holy Roman Empress by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI.
* Charlotte Auguste (23 July 1692 - 8 August 1692), died in infancy.
* Charlotte Christine (28 August 1694 - 2 November 1715), married in 1711 to Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevrich of Russia, but died in childbirth. (14 April 1696 - 6 March 1762), married Ferdinand Albert of Brunswick-Bevern and became the next Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

## References
HIStory World Tour

" in Lausanne, June 20, 1997]]
The **HIStory World Tour** was the third and final worldwide solo concert tour by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson, which took place from 1996 to 1997, covering Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa and North America. It was in support of his ninth studio album *HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I* (1995). The tour marked Jackson's return to the stage after several years and was notable for its elaborate production, innovative choreography, and a diverse setlist that included many of his greatest hits.

The tour consisted of 82 concerts across 57 cities in 45 different countries and attracted millions of fans worldwide. It featured impressive visual effects, a large-scale stage setup, and performances of iconic songs like "Billie Jean," "Thriller," and "Black or White." The tour also carried messages about social issues, peace, and unity, reflecting Jackson's commitment to humanitarian causes.

The HIStory World Tour was one of the highest-grossing concert tours of its time and helped solidify Michael Jackson's status as the "King of Pop."
Arrival Heights Laboratory

The Arrival Heights Laboratory is a science place in Antarctica. It is a group of small buildings where scientists do research. It is a part of the Scott Base and McMurdo Station complex.

## History 
The laboratory was built to study the atmosphere. The first buildings were put there in the 1950s.

The lab is in a special protected area. This is because the air there is very clean. This clean air is important for the scientific tools.

An Auroral Radar Station was established by New Zealand at Arrival Heights in 1959.

## Geography 
Arrival Heights is a hill in Antarctica. It is on a place called Ross Island. The hill is near McMurdo Station and Scott Base.

The lab is in a place that has a good view of the sky. This is important for studying things in the atmosphere. The area around the lab has no vehicles or people walking around. This helps keep the air clean for the experiments.

## Web 
*
Madhura Swapna

***Madhura Swapna*** is a 2016 Kannada language movie. It is directed by Ravirathnam Karamala. It has the actors Arjun Kapikad and Keerthana Podwal in lead roles. The movie has Vinaya Prasad, Avinash, Ashok, Mukhyamantri Chandru, and Ramakrishna in supporting roles.

The movie was released on 19 February 2016.

## Cast 
*Arjun Kapikad
* Keerthana Podwal 
* Vinaya Prasad 
* Avinash 
* Ashok 
* Mukhyamantri Chandru 
* Ramakrishna

## Soundtrack 
The music was made by Ravikalyan.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Carlini Base

Carlini Base is a science station in Antarctica from the country of Argentina. It is open all year round.

## History 
The station was first opened on November 21, 1953. It was formerly known as Teniente Jubany Base for a long time. It was renamed in 2012 to honor Alejandro Carlini, an Argentine scientist who worked in Antarctica.

Carlini Base is one of Argentina's first science stations in Antarctica. It helps scientists study the region.

## Geography 
The station is on an island called King George Island. This island is in the South Shetland Islands. It is in a place called Potter Cove, which is a small bay.

The area around the base has many hills and a lot of different plants and animals. There are penguins, seals, and other birds that live nearby.

## Research 
Scientists at Carlini Base do research on many things, including:
*Ecology: They study the animals and plants in the area.
*Geology: They study the rocks and the land.
*Atmospheric science: They study the weather and the air.

The station also has a lab for the country of Germany. This helps scientists from both countries work together.
Bellingshausen Station

Bellingshausen Station is a science station in Antarctica. It is from the country of Russia. It is open all year.

## History 
The station was started by the Soviet Union on February 22, 1968. It is one of the oldest stations in the region.

The station is named after Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. He was a Russian sailor who explored Antarctica in the early 1800s.

In October 2018, it was the site of the first attempted murder in Antarctica.

## Geography 
The station is on an island called King George Island. This island is in the South Shetland Islands. It is close to other science stations from different countries.

The station is on a part of the island that is not covered in a lot of ice. This makes it a good place to have a base.

## Research 
Scientists at the station study the weather and the environment. They also study how people can live in the cold climate of Antarctica.
Caerleon pipe burial

The **Caerleon pipe burial** is a Roman grave from the 100s in a cemetery associated with the former Roman legionary fort and town, Isca Augusta, in what is now Caerleon, Wales, United Kingdom.  The main spot, including its big amphitheatre, was explored in the early 1900s, largely by the archaeologist Tessa Wheeler, but its surrounding cemeteries were mainly known only through casual finds.

In 1927 construction work on a spot across the River Usk from the ancient fort led to the discovery of a grave containing a tomb lined with stone. Within the tomb was a lead canister containing cremated bone fragments and a piece of linen with signs of frankincense. Also there was a  broken lead pipe which would have, when the grave was first made, gone above ground. This type of burial is rare in Britain and was investigated at the time of its discovery by the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler. He consulted the anatomy expert Arthur Keith, who found that the bone  parts belonged to one adult, findings confirmed at when Alice Roberts looked at it again in 2001.

Tombs with lead or earthenware pipes going straight up and down are found throughout the Roman Empire, and graves featuring other ways to partially reach the grave from the surface also appear widely. These features are believed to have helped sacrifices and other offerings to the dead. In particular, pipe burials are thought to have allowed relatives to pour blood or wine into the container to feed the soul of the deceased.

## References
Mast Mohabbat

***Mast Mohabbat*** is a 2016 Indian Kannada-language romance movie. It was written by S. Venugopala and directed by Mohan Malagi. It stars the actors Prem and Poonam Bajwa. The music is made by Mano Murthy. The movie is produced by V. Shekar under Manasa Movies banner.

## Cast
* Prem as Sri
* Poonam Bajwa as Maya
* Naveen Krishna
* Chikkanna
* Raju Thalikote
* Shakeela
* Swayamvara Chandru

## Soundtrack
The soundtrack album has eight tracks. It was released on 27 August 2015 in Bangalore.

### Track listing
## References
## Other websites
*
Atmospheric science

**Atmospheric science** is the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, and how it interacts with other systems on the planet. This field is a broad umbrella that includes several key areas.

The term **aerology** (from Greek ἀήρ, *aēr*, "air"; and -λογία, *-logia*) is sometimes used as an alternative name for the study of Earth's atmosphere; in other definitions, aerology is restricted to the free atmosphere, which is the region above the planetary boundary layer.

## Scientist job 
Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, use tools like satellites, weather balloons, and radar to collect data on temperature, air pressure, humidity, and wind. They then use powerful computers and mathematical models to:
*Forecast weather: They predict daily and weekly weather conditions.
*Study climate: They analyze long-term weather patterns and how they are changing over time.
*Issue warnings: They give alerts for severe weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods to protect people and property.
*Research environmental issues: They investigate problems like air pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change.

## Branches 
The field is made up of several important specialties:
*Meteorology: This is the most well-known branch, focusing on weather and weather forecasting over short periods.
*Climatology: This branch studies long-term climate patterns and how they change. Climatologists analyze data from the past to understand future trends, such as global warming.
*Atmospheric Chemistry: This area focuses on the chemical makeup of the atmosphere. Scientists in this field study things like air pollution and greenhouse gases and how they affect the environment.
*Atmospheric Physics: This branch uses the principles of physics to understand atmospheric processes. It explains how things like clouds form and how solar energy moves through the air.
*Aeronomy: This is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where solar radiation has a big effect.

## References
Bharati (research station)

Bharati Station is a science station in Antarctica from the country of India. It is India's third station in Antarctica and is open all year round.

## History 
The station was built in a very short time. It was made from over 130 shipping containers put together. It became a working station on March 18, 2012.

Bharati Station is one of two active stations that India has in Antarctica. The other is called Maitri.

## Geography 
The station is in East Antarctica. It is located in a place called Larsemann Hills, on the coast of the Prydz Bay.

This area is a good place for a station because there is not much snow. It is also close to the ocean, which is important for the science that is done there.

## Research 
Scientists at Bharati Station research on:
*Oceanography: They study the ocean, the water, and the life inside it.
*Geology: They study the rocks and how the continent of Antarctica was formed. This helps them understand the history of the Indian subcontinent.
*The weather and the atmosphere.

## References
Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station

The Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station is a science station in Antarctica. It is from the country of Brazil. It is open all year round.

## History 
The station was opened on February 6, 1984. It was built by Brazil to support its science program in Antarctica.

The station is named after Luiz Antonio de Carvalho Ferraz. He was an officer in the Brazilian Navy and a scientist. He was an important person in Brazil's Antarctic program.

In 2012, a fire destroyed most of the station, with 70% of it destroyed. Brazil then built a new, modern station in its place. The new station opened on January 15, 2020.

## Geography 
The station is on an island called King George Island. This island is in the South Shetland Islands. It is in a place called Admiralty Bay.

The station is on a small piece of land that is not covered in ice. This makes it a good place for science and living.

## Research 
Scientists at the station do research on many things, including:
*The weather and the climate.
*The ocean and the animals that live in it.
*Geology: They study the rocks and the land.
*Microbiology: They study small living things like bacteria.

The new station is very modern and has a lot of new tools for science.
Great Wall Station

Great Wall Station is a science station in Antarctica from the country of China. It is the first Chinese station in Antarctica and is open all year round.

The station works with other nearby stations from different countries. They share things and help each other with supplies. These stations are from Chile, Russia, Uruguay, Korea, and Brazil.

## History 
The station was opened on February 20, 1985. It was a very important step for China's science program in Antarctica. The station is named after the Great Wall of China.

In 2012, a new main building was built at the station. It is a large, modern building that makes it easier for scientists to live and work there.

## Geography 
The station is on an island called King George Island. This island is in the South Shetland Islands. It is close to other science stations from many different countries.

The station is in a part of the island that is not covered in a lot of ice. This helps scientists to do their work.

## Research 
Scientists at Great Wall Station study many things, including:
*Geology: They study the rocks and the land.
*Atmospheric science: They study the weather and the air.
*Glaciology: They study the glaciers and the ice.

The station can have up to 40 people living there in the summer and about 14 people in the winter.
Proceratophrys huntingtoni

***Proceratophrys huntingtoni*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Body
The adult male frog is 31.75–38.67 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 33.04–45.69 mm long.

## Name
Scientists named the frog for American scientist Herbert Huntington.

## Home
Scientists saw this frog in forests near streams in Cerrado places. This frog is awake at night. Scientists saw the frog between 250 and 750 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog near Parque Nacional Da Chapada Dos Guimarães but scientists have not seen it inside the park.

## Young
This frog has young in streams that are only wet for part of the year. THe male frog sits next to the stream and calls to the female frogs.  The tadpoles swim in the streams.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make towns, farms, and places for animals to eat grass. Climate change can also hurt this frog because the frog needs temporary water to have young, and changes in rain might mean droughts when the frogs could not have tadpoles.

## References
Dommartin-lès-Vallois

**Dommartin-lès-Vallois** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.

## References
Zucchelli Station

Zucchelli Station is an Italian base in Antarctica. It's a place where scientists can live and work. The station is on Terra Nova Bay. This is a bay in the southern part of Antarctica.

The station is seasonal. This means it is only open during the Antarctic summer. This is from October to March. It is named after Mario Zucchelli. He was a leader of the Italian program in Antarctica.

Scientists there study the weather, the ice, and the ocean.

## History 
Zucchelli Station was first built in 1986. It was known as Terra Nova Bay Station until 2004. In that year, it was renamed to honor Mario Zucchelli, who was a leader of Italy's Antarctic program.

The station has been used by Italian scientists for many years. 🇮🇹 It helps them do research during the Antarctic summer. The first Italian explorers came to the area in the 1980s. They chose this place for the base because it was a good spot for science.

## Geography 
Zucchelli Station is in Antarctica. It sits on a place called Terra Nova Bay. This bay is on the coast of the Ross Sea.

The station is on a small piece of land called Northern Foothills. The land here is mostly rock and ice. Nearby, there are glaciers and mountains. The location is good because it is easy to get to by ship and airplane.
ZeptoLab

**ZeptoLab** is a company which creates video games like Cut the Rope and Omnom run.

They are well known for creating the beloved character OmNom. They have produced many other games like Evopop, C.A.T.S, and Bullet Echo.
Intervision

**Intervision** (Russian: Интервидение, romanized: Intervideniye) is an international song contest, described by the organizers as "more than a contest / a platform for cultural exchange, advancement of dialogue and trust across nations."  The most recent contest took place at the Live Arena in Novoivanovskoye near the city of Moscow, Russia, on 20 September 2025. Contestants came from over twenty countries. 

The winner of the 2025 contest was Vietnam, represented by V-pop artist's Đức Phúc with the song "Phù Đổng Thiên Vương".

## Sources
1946 County Championship season

In 1946, English cricket managed a recovery from the impact of World War II by reviving the County Championship, last contested in 1939. It was the 47th edition of the competition since it became officially recognised in 1890. Seventeen first-class county teams took part, all playing 26 three-day matches. The opening match was Middlesex *versus* Leicestershire at Lord's, beginning on 8 May. Most of the other teams began their campaigns on 11 May. The final matches began on 31 August and finished on 2 September.

In earlier seasons, teams did not all play the same number of matches, so the title was decided on average points per match. In 1946, total points gained was the deciding factor. The points awarded were twelve for a win, six for a tie (there were no tied matches in 1946), four for first innings lead in a match that was either drawn or lost, and eight for gaining first innings lead in a drawn match restricted by bad weather to a single day's play.

In its review of the 1946 season, the 1947 edition of ''Wisden Cricketers' Almanack'' commented on the large number of matches which were ruined by "execrable weather, both wet and cold", saying that "for cold, and discomfort on grounds needing much restoration, 1946 may be written down as the worst in living memory".

The 1939 County Championship had been won by Yorkshire, and they retained their title in 1946, winning 17 of their 26 matches. Middlesex and Lancashire, who finished second and third respectively, were Yorkshire's only real challengers. One impact of the bad weather was that no batter managed to score 2,000 runs in the Championship. The highest aggregate was 1,963 by Laurie Fishlock of Surrey.

## References
De Facto (band)

**De Facto** is an American dub reggae band which has included Cedric Bixler-Zavala, Omar Rodríguez-López, Isaiah "Ikey" Owens and Jeremy Ward.
Unification Church and politics

The Unification Church has engaged in a lot of political activities. It was founded by Sun Myung Moon who was a Korean inependence activist. It has been very controversial over perceptions as a power-hungry organization that threatened Separation of church and state.

In the 1950s-1980s people criticized them for promoting nuclear war.

The Church runs the right wing newspaper *The Washington Times.* 

Shinzo Abe was killed by an opponent of the Unification Church, because he was helping the church. Moon's son Hyung Jin Moon participated in the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

## See also
* Christian democracy, a political movement blending social democracy, social conservatism, Catholic social teaching and Neo-Calvinist principles 
* Korean reunification 
* Secularism
* Separation of church and state
* Zionism

## References
## External links
* What is Cheon Il Guk? - Sun Myung Moon - January 31, 2003
* The Role of Rev. Sun Myung Moon in the Downfall of Communism
* Unificationists in the Voting Booth
* Problems with translating Rev. Moon from Korean to English
* Official Unification Church teachings on democracy and totalitarianism
* Exposition of the Divine Principle
Ukrinform

The **National News Agency of Ukraine** (), or **Ukrinform** (), is a Ukrainian information and news agency, and international broadcaster owned by the Ukrainian government. It was started in 1918 during the Ukrainian War of Independence as the Bureau of Ukrainian Press (BUP). Its first director was Dmytro Dontsov, when they were named *The Ukrainian Telegraph Agency*.

Ukrinform represents Ukraine in the European Alliance of News Agencies (EANA) and the Black Sea Association of National News Agencies (BSANNA).

Ukrinform shares news stories in Ukrainian, Russian,
*2018 – Ukrinform signed an agreement with the Athens–Macedonian News Agency (ANA) to share news with them.
*2025-02-25 - Tetiana Kulyk, the editor-in-chief of the multimedia department and host of the Nation of Invincibles project, was killed by Russian drones at her house during the night.
 

## What it does
Ukrinform talks about policies and life in Ukraine. It also gives information to the country's government. A decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from February 19, 1997 says they are independent of all political
parties and public organizations.

Every day, Ukrinform shares reports in English, German, Ukrainian, Polish, French, Spanish and Japanese. Ukrinform sends information to the media, TV channels, radio stations, official establishments, local governments, foreign embassies, Ukrainian diplomatic missions abroad and foreign media. In March 2022, the Institute of Mass Information said Ukrinform can be trusted.

## Television 
**FREEДОМ** (formerly **UATV**) is a Russian-language television news channel that focuses on the Russo-Ukrainian War. It is broadcasted live on its website, satellite and cable television. Before it temporarily closed in January 2020, the channel also broadcasted in English, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar and Arabic.

## References
## Other websites
* Ukrinform - Ukrainian National News Agency (English)
* Ukrinform - Ukrainian National News Agency (Ukrainian)
* Agency's statute (Statement of the Cabinet of Ministers)
* 
* Ukrinform on Telegram
Cross stitch

**Cross-stitch** is a form of sewing and embroidery. It involves making X-shaped stitches on special woven fabric.

## Materials 
Aida cloth is a common fabric for cross stitch projects. It is easily countable because its weave creates a grid of squares that is easy to see. At each corner, there are holes for the needle to pass through.

## Types 
In *stamped cross-stitch*, the stitcher uses fabric that has designs printed on it. The stitcher simply stitches over the printed pattern. 

In *counted cross-stitch*, the stitcher counts threads on the fabric rather than using a stamped pattern.

## References
English cricket tour of Ceylon and India, 1889/90

The first international cricket tour of India was by an English amateur team in 1889/90. Led by George Vernon, the team was called G. F.  Vernon's XI. The tour began with two matches in Ceylon. It was a huge success, but none of its matches are considered to have first-class status.

## References
Indian cricket tour of Great Britain, 1946

The Indian men's cricket team toured Great Britain in the 1946 season, playing 29 first-class fixtures with eleven wins, four defeats and fourteen draws. India brought a 16-man squad captained by Iftikhar Ali Khan, the Nawab of Pataudi, who is one of the few players to have represented two countries in Test cricket, having played for England during the 1930s. The 1946 season marked a return to normal first-class cricket following the end of World War II. There had been a one-off Test match between New Zealand and Australia in March 1946, but the series between England and India was the first worldwide since 1939.

In its review of the 1946 season, ''Wisden Cricketers' Almanack'' remarked that "the Indians were the first postwar touring side, and although they were outplayed in the Tests they raised the status and the dignity of their country's sport". *Wisden* also mentioned that "the weather in 1946 might have been dreadful, but it didn't stop the crowds flocking to games".

## Test series summary
England and India played three Tests between June and August. England won the series 1–0 with two matches drawn:
* First Test at Lord's: England won by 10 wickets
* Second Test at Old Trafford: match drawn
* Third Test at The Oval: match drawn

## References
Otto Dix

**Otto Dix** (2 December 1891 – 25 July 1969) was a German painter and printmaker. 

He became known for his brutal depictions of World War I and the state of Germany at the Weimar Republic. He was one of the most notable artists of the New Objectivity.

## References
Oscar Zeta Acosta

**Oscar** **"Zeta"** **Acosta Fierro** (April 8, 1935 – May 27, 1974) was a Mexican American attorney, author and activist in the Chicano Movement. He wrote the semi-autobiographical novels *Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo* (1972) and *The Revolt of the Cockroach People* (1973) and was friends with American author Hunter S. Thompson. Thompson characterized him as a heavyweight Samoan attorney, **Dr. Gonzo**, in his 1971 novel *Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas*. Acosta disappeared in 1974 during a trip in Mexico and is presumed dead.
Zhu Zhisong

**Zhu Zhisong** (; born February 1969) is a former politician. He used to be a representative of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and an alternate member of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

He started his political career in May 2014. In August 2021, he became a member of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the city's top authority.

## References
English cricket tour of North America, 1859

: *standing at left* Robert Carpenter, William Caffyn, Tom Lockyer; *middle row* John Wisden, H. H. Stephenson, George Parr, James Grundy, Julius Caesar, Thomas Hayward, John Jackson; *front row* Alfred Diver, John Lillywhite.]]
The first-ever overseas cricket tour by an England team was to North America after the end of the 1859 season in England. Sometimes referred to as George Parr's XI, there were twelve players in the team. Six were members of the All-England Eleven (AEE), and six were of the United England Eleven (UEE). Their county teams were Surrey (4 players), Cambridgeshire (3), Nottinghamshire (3), and Sussex (2).

## Departure
The final match of the 1859 English season was North v Surrey at the Broughton Cricket Club Ground in Salford. It ended on 27 August, and Surrey won by 34 runs. Ten of the twelve England players took part in that match.

## Matches
On 7 September, the team sailed from Liverpool on the SS *Nova Scotian*, the voyage to New York City lasting about two weeks.
After their arrival, the team moved on to Montreal, where the first match of the tour, against Lower Canada XXII, began on 24 September. A total of nine matches were played between then and 25 October. None of them were first-class. Five were "odds" matches in which England's Eleven were against teams of Twenty-two. The other four were exhibition games in which there were either five or six England players per side, along with five or six North American players. The team sailed home after the final match, and arrived in Liverpool on 7 November. The next match, also in Philadelphia, was a North v South exhibition game which was abandoned because of bad weather. The *New York Times* reported that Parr could not play because he was "unwell". It then said he would be able to travel with the team to Hamilton next day, but would not be well enough to play in the next match there. In fact, Parr did not play in any of the remaining games.

Accompanying the team was Fred Lillywhite, the younger brother of John Lillywhite. Fred acted as the England scorer during matches, and also compiled match reports. In 1860, he published an account of the tour called ''The English Cricketers' Trip to Canada and the United States''.

## Players
The table below presents a summary of the England players.

## References
Josh fight

The **Josh fight** was a popular Internet meme, mock fight, and charity fundraiser at Air Park in Lincoln, Nebraska, on April 24, 2021. A second edition of the event took place at Bowling Lake Park in Lincoln on May 21, 2022.

The event was first thought of by a civil engineering student named Josh Swain from Tucson, Arizona, on April 24, 2020, because he was bored during COVID-19 lockdowns. It became popular after a screenshot of a Facebook Messenger group chat with many users named Josh Swain spread widely on the Internet.

Swain told people in the chat to meet at a set of coordinates one year later and fight for the right to use the name "Josh". Although the event was meant as a joke, nearly a thousand people came on the day of the event. Three "fights" took place, one game of rock paper scissors for those named Josh Swain, a second with pool noodles for all attendees named Josh, and a third and final all-in battle for anyone with a pool noodle who wanted to join.

A local five-year-old boy named Josh Vinson Jr., dubbed "Little Josh", who had been treated at the CH&MC for seizures when he was two years old, won the event. He was given a paper crown from Burger King and a replica AEW World Championship belt. Winson's Jr.'s father, Josh Vinson Sr., said afterward that his son "had the time of his life". while a technology writer for *The Guardian* called it "perhaps the ultimate response to an online doppelgänger".

## References
Marilyn Hagerty

**Marilyn Gail Hagerty** (née Hansen; May 30, 1926 – September 16, 2025) was an American newspaper columnist who wrote for the Grand Forks Herald. She was with the paper from 1957 until 2024, when her husband, Jack Hagerty (1918–1997), became editor of the paper. She garnered a measure of fame in March 2012 when her review of a new Olive Garden restaurant in Grand Forks, North Dakota, was noticed by online news aggregators and became an overnight sensation among both critics and admirers. 

Hagerty died on September 16, 2025, at the age of 99 at a hospital in Grand Forks from complications of a stroke.

## References
Mathieu Blondeau

**Mathieu Blondeau** (born March 13, 1989, in Jette, Belgium) is a French entrepreneur active in the automotive, real estate, and investment sectors.

## Early life and education 
Mathieu was born in Jette, Belgium, on 13 March 1989. He moved to France when he was only a few months old and grew up there. In 2008, Mathieu Blondeau earned a Technological Baccalaureate in Management Sciences and Technologies, specializing in Marketing, from the Orléans-Tours Academy. In 2010, he completed higher education and received a diploma as Manager of Commercial and Distribution Units.

## Career 
In May 2010, he founded BHCar Développement and BH Atelier Développement. During the same period, he also created BH Solutions, a marketing company dedicated to the network.

In 2016, he co-founded Hexagone Automotive and became its CEO. The company owns the brands Vroomiz, Vobiz and OptimCar. Under his leadership, Hexagone Automotive became a leading player in the French automotive market, expanding to more than 470 Vroomiz agencies and developing professional software services.

Between 2015 and 2019, he launched several investment holdings and trading companies, including Groupe GM in 2015, VRZ+ in 2017, and Groupe 4M in 2019. He also created and managed real estate businesses such as Trio Invest, along with other personal ventures mainly located in Fay-aux-Loges in the Loiret region of France.

In 2021, he co-founded YM Industry and introduced the brand My Pare-Brise, based in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. In June 2024, he co-founded and became CEO of JM Family Vision ENT, an American company headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida.

## References
Legislative intent

Under common law, the courts sometimes face the following difficulty:
* the meaning of the law/ legislation is ambiguous or obscure
* an usual interpretation of the law results in absurd result(s)

To tackle the problem, the courts may have to, go back to the basics and, figure out the original intention of the legislation. In other words,  the ***legislative intent***. It's helpful to read the parliamentary documents containing the relevant dicussions by the lawmakers when the law (often involving controversial issues (e.g. immigration) was written. Pepper v Hart [1993]

## References
Shirk (Islam)

**Shirk** (Arabic: شرك) means believing that someone or something shares in the power, nature, or status of Allah. It is the greatest sin in Islam and the opposite of **Tawhid** (the belief that Allah is One).  

## Meaning and Classical View 
In early Islamic teaching, shirk meant worshipping idols or other beings besides Allah. The Qur’an says, “Allah does not forgive that partners be joined with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He wills” (Qur’an 4:48).  
* **Minor shirk (shirk al-asghar or khafi)** – acts done for fame or show instead of sincerity to Allah, called **riyā** in Arabic.  

## Modern Context 
In modern life, shirk is not only idol worship. Some Muslim thinkers say it also includes new kinds of actions that reduce trust in Allah or give too much importance to worldly powers.  

Today, people may depend on science, wealth, or status so much that they forget Allah’s control. Others may admire celebrities, leaders, or symbols as if they have special power. Such acts can lead to modern shirk.
***Hard Images, Statues and 3d and 2d pictures** — Creating, printing or embossing ensouled creature images, statues and drawings. 

## Images, Statues, and 3D Forms 
A major issue in modern shirk is the creation or use of **images and statues** of living beings (humans or animals). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:  
“The people who will be most severely punished on the Day of Judgment will be the image-makers.” (Sahih al-Bukhari 5950; Sahih Muslim 2107).  

Modern discussions include:
* **2D photos and digital art** – some say photos are allowed for records, others say drawing faces is like idol-making.  
* **Robots or Machine avatars** – creating lifelike human figures for admiration may imitate divine creation. Repentance and awareness are needed to avoid modern forms of shirk. Islam teaches that all sins can be forgiven except dying without repenting from shirk.
Eco-Nelson

Eco-Nelson is an Antarctic station. It is on Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands. It is close to King George Island.

The station was started by Jaroslav Pavlíček from the Czech Republic in December 1988. For a long time, it was the only private station in Antarctica.

## Station 
The station is made of a few small buildings. They were built to have a small impact on the environment. The people who stay there must live in an ecological way. For example, they are not allowed to use many kinds of soaps or shampoos.

Eco-Nelson can hold up to 12 people. The people who visit are not regular tourists. They have to work and learn about survival in Antarctica.

## Research 
Scientists from the Czech Republic use the station for research. They study things like:
*Weather and climate
*Birds
*Plants

The station also helps test new things. They test how well new materials and technologies work in the very cold weather. The station is now run by Masaryk University.

## References
Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva

Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva is a Chilean Antarctic station. It is the most important base for Chile in Antarctica. It is on King George Island in the South Shetland Islands.

## Description 
The base is a large town, not just a small station. It is the biggest town in Antarctica. It has houses for people to live in, a hospital, a school, a bank, and a supermarket.

About 80 people live at the base in the winter. In the summer, there can be up to 150 people.

The base has a very important airport. Its name is Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martin Aerodrome, which is 1,300 meters long.  The airport is used by many countries. It brings scientists and tourists to Antarctica.

## Research 
Chilean scientists work here all year. They study:
*The weather and climate
*The geology (rocks and land) of the island
*The wildlife like penguins and other birds

The base is named after Eduardo Frei Montalva, who was a president of Chile.

## References
Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands)

Nelson Island is a significant island in the South Shetland Islands, a group of islands located off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. 

## Geography 
Location: It lies southwest of the much larger King George Island, separated by the narrow Fildes Strait.

Size: The island is about 22 kilometers (14 miles) long and 13 kilometers (8 miles) wide.

Ice Cover: Most of the island, about 95%, is covered by a permanent ice cap known as the Nelson Ice Dome.

Ice-free areas: The few ice-free areas are along the coasts, most notably at Harmony Point on the western side and Rip Point on the northern tip.

## Research and Human Activity 
Research Stations: While the island is uninhabited, it is home to the Eco-Nelson station, a small Czech-operated research camp. The station is used for scientific research, particularly on climate, ornithology (the study of birds), and plant life.

Geological Studies: Scientists have conducted geological studies on Nelson Island, finding fossils of plants that show what the environment was like in the distant past. These findings provide evidence of ancient forests on the island.

Important Bird Area: Harmony Point is a designated Antarctic Specially Protected Area because it is a vital breeding ground for various seabirds. It hosts one of the largest colonies of chinstrap penguins in the region, with tens of thousands of breeding pairs. Other birds like gentoo penguins and giant petrels also nest there.

## History 
Early Exploration: The island was first sighted by sealers in the early 19th century. Its name, which is now used internationally, dates back to at least 1821.

Private Station: For many years, Eco-Nelson was unique as the only privately owned research station in Antarctica. It was founded in 1988 by Czech explorer Jaroslav Pavlíček. The station is now operated by Masaryk University as part of the Czech Antarctic Research Programme.
Villa Las Estrellas

Villa Las Estrellas (in Spanish, "The Stars Village") is a Chilean town in Antarctica. It is one of the only two towns on the continent where families live. The other is Esperanza Base, from Argentina. Villa Las Estrellas is part of the larger Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva.

## Description 
About 80 people live in Villa Las Estrellas in the winter, and up to 150 in the summer. Most of them are officers from the Chilean Air Force and their families. They usually live there for about two years before going back to Chile.

The town has a number of buildings that make it a small village. These include:
*A school for children
*A hospital
*A bank
*A post office, where you can send postcards with a special Antarctic stamp
*A small church

People who live here are part of a special community. The town is used to help scientists and other workers. It is also a way for Chile to show that it has a right to its part of Antarctica. Because the closest big hospital is very far away, some people who move there must have their appendix taken out before they go.

The town is a very important place for all the other bases on King George Island.
Sam & Mark's TMi Friday

'''''Sam & Mark's TMi Friday''''' is a British children's Entertainment show on BBC Two and CBBC from September 16, 2006 to December 17, 2010.

## Credits 
* Director By: Jamie Morgan (Series 4),Jeanette Goulbourn (Series 5)
* Producer By: Ed Thomas (Series 1-3),James Payne (Series 4)
* Executive Producer For BBC: Jamie Rea
* Assistant Producer: Ruth Mills (Series 2),Tom Forbes (Series 2),Piers Shorrock (Series 2-3),Katie Oliver (Series 4),Sally Newman (Series 4)
* Production Manager: Amie Henry (Series 2-4),Clare Huggins (Series 5)
* Graphics: Tracie Coaster (Series 3-4),Paul Baguley (Series 3-4)

## Full Episodes 
### Series 2 (2007) 
### Series 3 (2008) 
### Series 4 (2009) 
### Series 5 (2010)