open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Circle of competence

A **circle of competence** is the subject area that is a person or group's skills or expertise.

The circle of competence can be determined by many factors, including their profession, spending habits, and the types of products they normally use.

The "circle of competence," a term popularized by Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger.

Your circle of competence encompasses the areas where you possess useful knowledge and experience, giving you an edge. 

It emphasizes investing or making decisions within your zone of expertise, rather than venturing into areas where your knowledge is limited.

By staying within your circle of competence, you can make better decisions, reduce risks, and increase your chances of success. 

Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger view it as a mental model, a codified form of business acumen, concerning the investment strategy of limiting one's financial investments in areas where an individual may have limited understanding or experience, while concentrating in areas where they have a high level of understanding. 

## References
Cherelle Parker

**Cherelle Lesley Parker** (born September 10, 1972) is an American politician who has served as the 100th Mayor of Philadelphia since 2024. She is the first woman to hold the office.

## References
Mike Johnston (Colorado politician)

**Michael Christopher Johnston** (born November 17, 1974) is an American educator and politician. He is the 46th and current mayor of Denver, Colorado since 2023. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Johnston was a member of the Colorado Senate from 2009 to 2017. He was a candidate for Governor of Colorado in 2018, losing in the primary to Jared Polis. He was also a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2020, before withdrawing from the race in September 2019.

## References
John Cooper (Tennessee politician)

**John Cooper** (born October 15, 1956) is an American businessman who was the mayor of Nashville, Tennessee from 2019 to 2023. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He is the brother of former U.S. representative Jim Cooper, who represented Tennessee's 5th congressional district.

On January 31, 2023, Cooper announced that he would not run for reelection in the 2023 Nashville mayoral election.

## References
Freddie O'Connell

'''Thomas Frederick O'Connell''' (born 1976/1977) is an American politician who is mayor of Metropolitan Nashville since 2023.

## Notes
## References
Buddy Dyer

**John Hugh** "**Buddy**" **Dyer** (born August 7, 1958) is an American Democratic politician who became Mayor of Orlando, Florida since 2003. Before, he was a representative for Orlando in the Florida State Senate from 1992 to 2002.

## References
Frank Ryan (American football)

**Frank Beall Ryan** (July 12, 1936 &ndash; January 1, 2024) was an American professional football player. He was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Rams from 1958 to 1961, Cleveland Browns from 1962 to 1968 and Washington Redskins from 1969 to 1970. 

Ryan was also a mathematician and was a faculty member at Case Western Reserve University from 1967 to 1974.

Ryan died at a nursing home in Waterford, Connecticut on January 1, 2024 from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Frank Ryan's dissertation
Japan Coast Guard

The  is the coast guard of Japan.

The Japan Coast Guard has about 13,700 personnel and is responsible for the protection of the coastline of Japan. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is in charge of the coast guard. The Japan Coast Guard was founded in 1948.

The motto of the Japan Coast Guard is .

## References
European Severe Storms Laboratory

The **European Severe Storms Laboratory** (**ESSL**) is a scientific organization that conducts research on severe convective storms, tornadoes, intense precipitation events, and avalanches across Europe and the Mediterranean. It operates the widely cited European Severe Weather Database (ESWD). ESSL is also responsible for leading the creation of the International Fujita scale in 2018 to replace the Fujita scale.

## History
The European Severe Storms Laboratory started as an informal network of European scientists with the goal to advance research on severe convective storms and extreme weather events on a European level. It was initiated in 2002 by Nikolai Dotzek and became a non-profit organization with charitable status in 2006.

The ESSL focuses on research questions concerning convective storms and other extreme weather phenomena which can be treated more efficiently on a pan-European scale. It can be seen as roughly the European counterpart to the US's National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). Some members of ESSL participate in the European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX) which issues daily forecasts of severe convective storms. It can be seen as the operational counterpart to the US Storm Prediction Center (SPC) akin to ESSL being the research counterpart to NSSL, although both European organizations currently lack the institutional support enjoyed by the US organizations which are government entities.

The purposes of the ESSL are:
* to advance research on severe convective storms and extreme weather events on a European level
* to operate and extend the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD)
* to support or organize the European Conferences on Severe Storms

## References
Lucie Jones

, 2017]]
**Lucie Bethan Jones** (born 20 March 1991) is a Welsh singer, musical theatre actress and model. She competed on *The X Factor* in 2006 and later represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Never Give Up on You", finishing 15th.

## References
Hastings Ndlovu

**Hastings Ndlovu** (2 February 1961 &ndash; 16 June 1976) was a South African anti-apartheid activist who was shot and killed during the 1976 Soweto uprising and massacre.

## Life and death
Ndlovu was 15 years old on the day of the uprising. He and other Black students protested against an official order making Afrikaans required in their schools and banning their local languages in these schools. On that morning, he led these students towards the bridge in Khumalo Street, where they met police from the Orlando Police Station led by Colonel Kleingeld. Kleingeld later claimed that he was "inciting the mob". There he was shot at, and he was actually the first to be shot according to police records. However, his death did not become as iconic as Hector Pieterson's because no photographer was present to record Ndlovu's death and it was not immediately known.

Ndlovu's legacy was passed on by his family. His father died in 2003 and his two sisters went into exile shortly after 16 June but have returned to Johannesburg. It is believed that his mother died shortly after her two daughters left South Africa. His home was given a blue plaque on June 16, 2012 as a spot on the June 16 Soweto Heritage Trail to remember his sacrifice.

## References
Postpartum depression

**Postpartum depression** (**PPD**), also called postnatal depression, is a type of mood disorder that happens after childbirth. It can affect both sexes. Symptoms may include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. 

PPD can negatively affect parents of any gender as well as the newborn child.

Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms. The condition also affects between 1% and 26% of new fathers.

Postpartum depression is most common in mothers who have had experienced stillbirth, live in urban areas, and/or are single mothers. 

## Causes & risk factors 
While the exact cause of PPD is unknown, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors. Hormonal changes and sleep problems may also play a role.  

People are more likely to develop PPD if they have bipolar disorder, a family history of depression, psychological stress, problems during childbirth, lack of support, or a substance use disorder. This might include community support (like food), household chores, mother care, and friendship. 

Treatment for PPD may include counseling or medications. The risk of developing postpartum psychosis increases in future pregnancies if it has happened before. 

Postpartum psychosis is one of the leading causes of murder of children less than one year of age. It happens in about 8 per 100,000 births in the United States.  

## Related pages 
* Postpartum period
* Postpartum psychosis
* Fluoxetine
* Aesop

## References
Sidney M. Wolfe

**Sidney Manuel Wolfe** (June 12, 1937 – January 1, 2024) was an American physician and health activist. He was the co-founder and director of Public Citizen's Health Research Group, a consumer and health advocacy lobbying organization. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Wolfe was known for campaigning against the use of some pharmaceutical medications due to the health issues they had caused.

## References
## Other websites
*Public Citizen website
*Worst Pills Best Pills
*
*"Health Talk: Doctors Online", *Washington Post*, Abigail Trafford, July 6, 1999
Saleh al-Arouri

**Saleh al-Arouri** (, also transliterated as **Salah al-Arouri** or **Salih al-Aruri**; 19 August 1966 – 2 January 2024) was a senior leader of Hamas, and a founding commander of its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, at the time of his death. He lived in Lebanon. 

On 2 January 2024, al-Arouri was killed in Dahieh, suburban Beirut, in a missile attack by the Israel Defense Forces.

## References
Philautus mjobergi

The **Murud bubble-nest frog** (*Philautus mjobergi*) is a frog.  It lives in Borneo, in Indonesia and Malaysia. People have seen it between 1500 and 3000 meters above sea level.
## References
Sartaj Aziz

**Sartaj Aziz** (; 7 February 1929 &ndash; 2 January 2024) was a Pakistani economist and politician. Aziz was born in Mardan, then-British India.

Aziz was the Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1993 and 1997 to 1998. He was the National Security Advisor from 2013 to 2015. He also was the Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 1999 and again from 2013 to 2017. He worked in the government of Nawaz Sharif. Aziz was also a member of the Senate from 1988 to 1999.

Aziz died on 2 January 2024 in Islamabad, Pakistan at the age of 94.

## References
Japan Trench

of central Japan, showing location of trenches, tectonic plates and boundaries.|thumb]]
The **Japan Trench** is a long oceanic trench in the Pacific Ocean near Japan. It is a deep and wide trench, and it is famous because it's where one of the most powerful earthquakes happened in 2011. This earthquake caused a big tsunami that affected Japan's eastern coast. The Japan Trench is important because it's where two of Earth's tectonic plates meet: the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. These plates move and sometimes cause earthquakes and tsunamis in the region.

The rate of subduction associated with the Japan Trench has been recorded at about 7.9–9.2 centimetres (3.1–3.6 in)/yr.
## References
## Other websites
*
Felix Dzerzhinsky

**Felix Dzerzhinsky** was the first leader of the Cheka, or the first Soviet state security organization. He was a Polish aristocrat-turned-Communist.

## Reference
Eyestalk ablation

**Eyestalk ablation** is a common practice in shrimp farming. *Ablation* is a more technical word for *removal*. With eyestalk ablation, one or both eyestalks are removed from female shrimps. Sometimes the eyestalks are not removed, but they are made unusable.  This is done to encourage the crustaceans to develop mature ovaries and lay eggs. In captivity, female shrimps often face challenges in maturing their ovaries. Even when a species can reproduce in captivity, eyestalk ablation boosts egg production and the number of females involved in reproduction. After eyestalk ablation, complete ovarian development can happen in as little as three to ten days, making shrimp farming more reliable. The exact way eyestack ablation works is not fully understood. In some shrimp species, like the tiger prawn, the eyestalks can fully regenerate in less than six months. There is also a debate about the ways in which crustaceans feel pain.

Eyestalk ablation is currently prohibited in Europe for organic production. In 2016, Seajoy, one of the major producers of premium farmed shrimp in Central America, started to farm only ablation-free shrimp.

## Effects 
Eye ablation in female shrimps has various effects, including:
* It makes shrimps lay more eggs but not necessarily larger ones.
* The time between moulting cycles becomes shorter.
* The mortality rate of shrimps increases up to three times.
* The overall health of female shrimps declines.
* In some cases, it results in a lower hatching rate of eggs.
* The color of ovaries can change.
* Shrimps experience higher energy demands.
* Over time, the quality of eggs decreases.
* Offsprings born this way may be more prone to diseases like WSSV.

## Methods 
There are different ways to do eyestalk ablation, including:

* Giving high-quality, nutritious food in the pre-maturation stage.
* Changing the sex ratio in breeding tanks from 1:1 to 1:2 (male-to-female).

Non-ablated females have lower mortality rates and produce more robust offspring; this reduces the need for chemicals and antibiotics.

## References
Professional Women's Hockey League

The '''Professional Women's Hockey League** (**PWHL'''; ) is a professional women's ice hockey league. It was made on August 29, 2023. There are 8 teams in the league, with 4 each in Canada and the United States. The league was first announced on August 29, 2023, with 6 inaugural teams. The first game of the league was held on January 1, 2024 between PWHL New York (now the New York Sirens) and PWHL Toronto (now the Toronto Sceptres).

The league is owned by the Mark Walter Group and management of the league is headed by commissioner Jayna Hefford. Brian Burke also works as an executive director of the players' union.

## Teams 
### List of teams 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Eyestalk

land snails usually have two sets of tentacles on their head: the upper pair have an eye at the end; the lower pair are for olfaction.]]
An **Eyestalk,** **eye stalk**  or **ommatophore** is a feature that moves an eye away from the body in anatomy. That way, the eye has a better field of view. Eyestalks are a specialized type of tentacle. Tentacles may also have olfactory organs at their ends. Examples of creatures with olfactory tentacles include snails, the trilobite superfamily Asaphida, and the fly family Diopsidae. In slugs and snails, these tentacles will regrow if severely damaged, and in some species, are retractable.

## Gallery 

File:Diopsid2.jpg|A stalk-eyed fly.
File:Lobatus_gigas_eye.jpg|Well-developed eye of *Eustrombus gigas* on eyestalk. There is also a small tentacle on the eyestalk.
File:Eyestalk_of_Lobster.jpg|Eyestalk of a lobster.

## References
Gimli, Manitoba

**Gimli** is a town in Manitoba, Canada that is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland. It is one of the five settlements where people speak Icelandic.
1764 Woldegk tornado

The **1764 Woldegk tornado** was one of the strongest tornadoes in history, receiving the T11 rating on the TORRO scale and an F5 rating on the Fujita scale. It had winds estimated to be more than . The tornado traveled  and reached a maximum width of . Most of the information known about this tornado came from a 77-paragraph study by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer, which was published one year after the tornado happened. The tornado completely destroyed several structures, and several tree branches were believed to have been thrown into the atmosphere. Many areas were covered with up to most no rain reported. Large hail, reportedly reaching  in diameter covered the ground, caused significant crop and property damage, killed dozens of animals, and injured multiple people in a large stretch around the tornado and to the northwest of the tornado's path.

## Related pages
* List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes

## Notes 
## References
Float glass

]]
**Float glass** is a  of glass made by melting glass and spreading it on  metal that has a low melting point, such as tin, or lead. In this way, we get a very flat and  thick surface. Making float glass like that, is also known as the **Pilkington .** It was given this name, because the glass-making  Pilkington was the first to use this way of making glass in the 1950s, at their factory in St Helens, Merseyside, England.

Modern windows are usually made from float glass. Some  of glass used for screens are also made in the same way as float glass.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Float Glass Manufacture Process from the Glass Association of North America
United Football League (2024)

The **United Football League** is an American Football league that was founded (created) in 2023 from the merger of the 2020 XFL and 2022 USFL. The first season was played in 2024.

## Teams
Four teams came from the XFL and three came from the USFL, while each league's Houston, Texas-based team was merged with its counterpart to create one. The XFL's Roughnecks take the Gamblers' place in the USFL while keeping the Roughnecks brand and Gamblers' player rights and coaching staff.

### Timeline
## References
Maria Callas Museum

The **Maria Callas Museum** is a museum created for the famous Greek soprano Maria Callas. It opened on 26 October 2023, and is located in Athens, Greece.

## History 
In 2000, the City of Athens bought some of Callas' personal objects, and started a collection about the soprano, with the goal of creating an exhibition for the 2004 Summer Olympics. In 2010, the City bought a three storey building of the interwar period located on 44 Mitropoleos Street, for 7 million euros. Three years later, it was decided that the Callas collection would be moved to that building. The museum's management was given to the managers of the Technopolis of Athens cultural centre, for the years 2023 to 2028.

## Collections 
The museum has many of Callas' personal objects, costumes for opera and personal haute couture clothes. According to the museum's co-designer, architect and museum specialist Erato Koutsoudaki, the museum's collection is not its greatest element; its exhibitions were based on Callas' personality and they include her singing voice and interviews of hers.

### Gallery 

File:Maria Callas' opera costumes.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Callas'_opera_costumes.jpg|Maria Callas' costumes for opera
File:Maria Callas' sheet music books.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Callas'_sheet_music_books.jpg|Maria Callas' sheet music books
File:Maria Callas' 1937 US school memory book.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Callas'_1937_US_school_memory_book.jpg|Maria Callas' school memory book from the year 1937, when her school was the Public School (P.S.) 189 in Manhattan, New York
File:Dallas Civic Opera honorary life membership to Maria Callas.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dallas_Civic_Opera_honorary_life_membership_to_Maria_Callas.jpg|Sign with an award from the Dallas Civic Opera (today known as Dallas Opera) to Maria Callas

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the museum
Alison Christie

**Ali Christie-Upton** (born 1 December 1969 Jersey) is a Scottish rugby union player.

## Career
From 1994 to 2004, she competed for Scotland. She competed at the 2002 Women's Rugby World Cup  She competed at Womens Six Nations Championship.

She played for Richmond Rugby. She has also represented the  Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 Murrayfield Stadium.

## References
Pain in crustaceans

**Pain in crustaceans** is the debate of whether or not crustaceans can feel pain, and in what way they feel pain. Pain is a complex state, and it may involve suffering.  It is difficult to see if an animal feels pain. In general, pain is caused by harmful stimuli, and animals that feel pain will avoid these stimuli. To actually feel the pain, the animal also needs a more or less complex nervous system. Crustaceans fulfil several criteria. They do have a complex nervous system, they have opioid receptors, and they react less, when they are given anesthetics (painkillers). 

Also, they show some degree of learning how to avoid the bad stimulus.
TikTok Billboard Top 50

The '*TikTok *Billboard* Top 50*' is a chart published by *Billboard magazine every week.* It ranks the most popular songs on the social media platform TikTok in the United States based on video views and user engagement.

## Number Ones
## References
## Other websites 
* Current chart
You're All I Need to Get By

"'''You're All I Need to Get By'*" is a 1968 song by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell from their album *You're All I Need*. It went to number 7 in the United States, number 19 in the United Kingdom and number 17 in Canada. It was covered by Johnny Mathis featuring Denice Williams in 1978 for their album *That's What Friends Are For'' and went to number 47 in the United States, number 45 in the United Kingdom and number 52 in Canada. It was also covered by Aretha Franklin in 1971 and Tony Orlando & Dawn in 1975.

## References
Heartbreak Hotel

**"Heartbreak Hotel"** is a song by Elvis Presley. It was released on January 27, 1956 and topped the single charts in the United States and made number 2 in the United Kingdom. In 1995 was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and was covered by numerous artists including Willie Nelson featuring Leon Russell in 1979 and Billy Joel in 1992.
Burgundians

(reigned 117—138), showing the location of the  **Burgundiones** Germanic group, inhabiting the region between the Viadua (Oder) and Visula (Vistula) rivers (now Poland).]]
The **Burgundians** (; ; ; ) was a tribe or group of tribes of East Germanic or Vandal. They settled in the region which is now Poland during the time of the Roman Empire.
Madison Beer

**Madison Elle Beer** is an American singer and songwriter.

In 2018, Beer released "Dead" and "Home with You". Both certified Gold by the RIAA. The next year, Beer signed with Epic Records and released her debut album, *Life Support* in 2021. The album got popular on TikTok and was certified Gold by the RIAA.

Beer's second album, *Silence Between Songs*, was released in September 2023. The album has been nominated for ‘Best Immersive Album’ at the Grammy Awards.

## Early life 
Madison Elle Beer was born in Jericho, New York, to a Jewish family on March 5, 1999.

## Discography 
**Studio albums**
**Life Support* (2021)
**Silence Between Songs* (2023)

## Tours 
**Headlining**
* As She Pleases Tour (2018)
* The Life Support Tour (2021–2022)
* The Spinnin Tour (2024)

## Filmography 
### As actress/personality 
### As a performer 
## Bibliography 
* *The Half of It* (2023)

## Awards and nominations 
## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
GM Quader

**GM Quader** (Ghulam Muhammad Quader; Bengali: গোলাম মোহাম্মদ কাদের; birth: February 24, 1948) is a Bangladeshi politician and the current chairperson of Jatiya Party. He represents Lalmonirhat-3 in Jatiya Sangsad and held ministerial positions in Commerce, Civil Aviation, and Tourism from 2009 to 2014.

## References
Lili Zografou

**Lili Zografou** (; Greek: Λιλή Ζωγράφου; June 17, 1922 – October 2, 1998) was a Greek journalist, novelist, dramatist, essayist, and political activist. She is known for her book *Nikos Kazantzakis: enas traghikos* in which she  the work of Greek writer Nikos Kazantzakis. This book of hers was published in 1959, three years after Kazantzakis' death.

Zografou supported women's rights. In her books, she wrote about how women lived in the late 20th century Greek society.

## References
Nikos Kazantzakis

**Nikos Kazantzakis** ( ; 2 March (OS 18 February) 188326 October 1957) was a Greek writer, journalist, politician, poet and philosopher. He is considered by many people to be one of the greatest writers of modern Greek literature. He was  for the Nobel Prize in Literature in nine different years. He remains the Greek author whose work has been translated in most languages worldwide.

Kazantzakis' works include *Zorba the Greek* (published in 1946 as *Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas*), *Christ Recrucified* (1948) and *The Last Temptation of Christ* (1955). He also wrote theatrical plays, travel books, memoirs, and essays about philosophy. He became famous in the English-speaking world thanks to the movies *Zorba the Greek* (1964) and *The Last Temptation of Christ* (1988), that were based on his books of the same titles.

He also translated a number of famous works into Modern Greek, such as the *Divine Comedy*, Thus Spoke Zarathustra and *On the Origin of Species.* He wrote Modern Greek editions of Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Nikos Kazantzakis Museum, Crete
* The Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete 
* Iran to pay homage to Greek author Kazantzakis – *Tehran Times*, 10 April 2008 
* Society of Nikos Kazantzakis friends 
* Kazantzakis museum
* Nikos Kazantzakis Quotes
*
Greek junta

of the Greek Junta, showing the Phoenix]]
The **Greek junta** or ** of the Colonels** was a right-wing military dictatorship that controlled Greece from 1967 to 1974. On 21 April 1967, a group of colonels removed the  government a month before elections that Georgios Papandreou and his political party, Centre Union, would probably win.

The dictatorship was anti-communist and it  civil liberties. It put many people to jail and tortured them. Many of the dictators' political enemies were sent into exile. 

From 1967 to 1973, the junta's leader was Georgios Papadopoulos. From 1973 to 24 July 1974, Dimitrios Ioannidis was its leader. He lost control of the Greek state after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. 

When the junta lost, the Metapolitefsi (, meaning "regime change") started. Greece's political system changed to democracy and the Third Hellenic Republic began. It has been said that the junta was very much influenced by the CIA.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Barrett, Matt. "The Rise of the Junta in Greece".
* Barrett, Matt. "November 17, Cyprus and the Fall of the Junta".
Greek resistance

The **Greek resistance** (, meaning "National "), was the fight of armed and unarmed groups of many political views, against the Axis powers that had  Greece in 1941 and their puppet state, the Hellenic State. It went from 1941 to 1944, during World War II. The largest group was the communist-influenced EAM-ELAS. The second-largest was the National Republican Greek League.

The Greek Resistance is considered to have been one of the strongest resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe. Its partisans, were men and women known as **andartes** and **andartisses** (, meaning "male rebels and female rebels"). They controlled much of the countryside before the Germans left Greece in the end of 1944.

## References 
## Sources 
* R. Capell, *Simiomata: A Greek Note Book 1944–45*, London 1946
* 
* 
* N.G.L. Hammond, *Venture into Greece: With the Guerillas, 1943–44*, London, 1983. (Like Woodhouse, he was a member of the British Military Mission)
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Reginald Leeper, *When Greek Meets Greek: On the War in Greece, 1943–1945* 
* United States Army Center of Military History, *German Antiguerrilla Operations in The Balkans (1941–1944)* Washington, D.C.: United States Army.
* Hondros, John L. (1983), *Occupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony*, New York: Pella Publishing

## Other websites 
* Martyr Cities & Villages of Greece Network 1940–1945 (in Greek)
* Official site of the documentary film *The 11th Day* which contains an extensive interview with Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor, and documents the Battle of Trahili, filmed in 2003.
Atmospheric window

emitted near the surface is shown in the top panel. The individual absorption spectra of major greenhouse gases plus Rayleigh scattering are shown in the lower panel.]]
An **atmospheric window** is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the atmosphere of Earth. The optical, infrared and radio windows are the three basic atmospheric windows. The Sun's electromagnetic energy reaches the Earth through the atmospheric windows. The Earth's thermal radiation leaves its atmosphere through the windows. Atmospheric windows are useful for astronomy, remote sensing, telecommunications and other science and technology applications.

In the study of the greenhouse effect, *atmospheric window* often means the *infrared window*, because the infrared window is the main exit for the thermal radiation  near the surface of the Earth. In other  of science and technology, such as radio astronomy and remote sensing, "atmospheric window" is used to describe windows of the whole electromagnetic spectrum.

## References
All Faiths Chapel

**All Faiths Chapel**, previously known as **Chapel for the Children**, is a house of worship available to anyone who practices any faith. All Faiths Chapel is also a historical landmark. 

It is inside the Austin State Supported Living Center (AusSSLC), an assisted living facility for people with developmental or intellectual disabilities, in Austin, Texas.  AusSSLC was known at the time of the chapel's construction as the Austin State School.

As of May 9, 2022, it is on the National Register of Historic Places for its importance in architectural, disability, and social history.

## History 
The chapel was built to honor a request by Reverend Luther Holloway, who was Austin State School’s chaplain, for a dedicated space for worship.

From 1961 to 1972, Chapel for the Children served as a chapel for students of all faiths who lived in the AusSSLC. It is now an area for spiritual and religious services for residents, family members, employees, and the public.

## Structure and design 
All Faiths Chapel consists of 3 distinct sections: the main chapel, a meditation garden, and a chaplaincy office.

The interior design includes copper light fixtures made by hand and door handles that depict simple abstract style flying birds. The Texas Historical Commission states that these birds "reflect the importance of music and graphic arts in teaching religious concepts to persons with physical and cognitive impairments."

; Meditation Garden

To the north of the main chapel is a fully landscaped exterior courtyard called the *Meditation Garden*. There are sidewalks that lead both back to the chapel and to the chaplaincy office.

The primary entrance to the garden has the verse Isaiah 56:7 from the Bible written on it: "MINE HOUSE SHALL BE CALLED AN [*sic*] HOUSE OF PRAYER FOR ALL PEOPLE".

In the northwest corner, there is a tall mature oak tree. In the southeast corner is a large limestone statue, titled *Lazarus,* which was donated by David Graeber’s son Larry Graeber in 2015. *Lazarus* is of a man reclining and looking upwards towards the west.

; Chaplaincy Office

There is a chaplaincy office attached, with five office rooms and one restroom. The office rooms include a sacrament room, office space, a meeting room, and a communal room with a small attached kitchen.

## References
List of food days

This is a **list of food days** by country. Many countries have designated specific days as celebrations, commemorations, or acknowledgments of certain types of food and drink.

## United States
The United States has over 175 days related to awareness of specific foods or drinks.

### January
. National Buffet Week begins on January 2 each year in the United States.]]

### February
, 2014]]

### March
 Day]]
; National Corndog Day occurs on March 22 in the United States]]

### April
; April 12 is National Grilled Cheese Sandwich Day]]

### May
 day in the United States. Pictured is a cheesesteak sandwich prepared with a hoagie roll.]]
 at a restaurant. May 24 is National Escargot Day.]]

### June
 occurs on the first Friday of June every year.]]
 day occurs on June 11.]]
 Day.]]

### July
 Day occurs on the fourth Thursday of July.]]
 occurs on July 6.]]
 Day.]]
 Day. Pictured is a Tequila Sunrise.]]

### August
 Day.]]

### September
 in the United States.]]

### October
### November
### December
## References
Lee Cockburn

**Lee Cockburn** (born 17 May 1968) is a Scottish rugby player, police officer, and writer. She has  77 caps.

She studied at Royal High School**.** From 2000 to 2024, she served with Police Scotland 

From  1993 to 2006, she played for the Scottish women's national rugby team. She competed at the 1998 Women's Rugby World Cup, and won the 2001 FIRA European Championship.

## Works 
*  
* 
* 

## References
Ivan Martynushkin

**Ivan Stepanovich Martynushkin** (; born 18 January 1924) is a Russian World War II veteran. He is the last surviving liberator of the Auschwitz concentration camp, after the death of David Dushman in 2021. Martynushkin was born in Ryazan Governorate, then-Soviet Union.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Mario Boljat

**Mario Boljat** (31 August 1951 – 1 January 2024) was a Croatian and Yugoslav professional footballer. He played as a defender or midfielder. He made five appearances for the Yugoslavia national football team between 1977 and 1978.

Boljat died on 1 January 2024, at the age of 72.

## Honours
**Hajduk Split**
*Yugoslav First League: 1970–71, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1978–79
*Yugoslav Cup: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1976–77

## References
Peter Magubane

**Peter Sexford Magubane** OMSS (18 January 1932 – 1 January 2024) was a South African photographer. He was also an anti-apartheid activist. He was also the personal photographer of President Nelson Mandela.

In 1985, Magubane spent time in hospital recovering from buckshot wounds received when he was caught in police crossfire at a funeral near Johannesburg.

Magubane died on 1 January 2024, 17 days before his 92nd birthday.

## References
Othelino Neto

**Othelino Nova Alves Neto** (born on July 7, 1975) is a Brazilian politician affiliated with the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB). Currently, he has been a state deputy in the state of Maranhão since 2013 and served as the President of the Legislative Assembly of Maranhão.

His wife is Ana Paula Lobato, former vice-mayor of the city of Pinheiro and currently a federal senator from Maranhão.

## References
Alberto Festa

**Alberto Augusto Antunes Festa** (21 July 1939 – 2 January 2024) was a Portuguese footballer. He played as a right-back. He played for the Portugal national football team, making 19 appearances between 1963 to 1966.

Festa died on 2 January 2024 in Lisbon, Portugal from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 84.

## References
Kerman bombings

On 3 January 2024, a commemorative ceremony marking the assassination of Qasem Soleimani at his tomb in eastern Kerman, Iran was attacked by two bomb explosions. The attacks killed at least 84 people on the spot and injured 284 others while few others died in hospital. The Iranian government declared the bombings a terrorist attack, making it the deadliest such incident in the country since 1979.

The next day, the Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack.

## References
Carmen Valero

**Carmen Valero Omedes** (4 October 1955 – 2 January 2024) was a Spanish middle-distance runner who represented Spain at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

## Athletic career
Valero was best known for representing Spain at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Valero was the only woman in the Spanish track and field squad for the Montreal Games, and became the first female athlete to ever represent the country at the Summer Olympic Games.

Valero won two women's races at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1976 and 1977, while also winning the bronze medal at the same competition in 1975.

## References
The Guardian (Nigeria)

***The Guardian*** is a newspaper, established in 1983, published in Lagos, Nigeria. It is often known as a pioneer in introducing investigative journalism and editorial content to Nigeria.

## History 
*The Guardian* was established in 1983 by Alex Ibru and Stanley Macebuh. It has influence from *The Guardian* in the UK. The paper was first published on 22 February 1983 as a weekly, appearing on Sundays. It started publishing every day on 4 July 1983.

## References
Lekki

**Lekki** is a city in Lagos State, Nigeria. The city is still largely under construction.

One of its neighbourhoods, Lekki phase 1, is known to have some of the most expensive real estate in Lagos State.

## References
Youth-led development

A **youth-led development** is a project mainly made by young people. Most organizations use the United Nation's definition of youth which is a person between the ages of 15 and 24. 

## Youth-led Organization
A youth-led organization focuses on youth-led development and usually has a team made up of young people.

## References
## Other websites
*UYDO official homepage 
*U8 official homepage 
*EWB official homepage
*Restless Development official homepage
Ana Paula Lobato

**Ana Paula Dias Lobato Nova Alves** (born on May 11, 1984) is a Brazilian nurse and politician who has been serving as a senator for the state of Maranhão since 2023.
She had previously been the vice-mayor for the city of Pinheiro. She's currently affiliated to the Democratic Labour Party (PDT). 

Her appointment occurred as a result of Flávio Dino, the elected senator, assuming the position of Minister of Justice and Public Security during Lula's second presidency. Ana Paula became a full senator after being nominated to the Supreme Federal Court.

## References
Okapi Wildlife Reserve

The **Okapi Wildlife Reserve** () is a wildlife reserve in the Ituri Forest in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is near the country's borders with South Sudan and Uganda. It covers roughly one- of the area of the forest. In 1996, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was listed because of its big population of endangered okapis and its high biodiversity.

## References
Sarah Kauss

**Sarah Kauss** is an American businesswoman. She is the founder of S'well.

## Early life and education
Kauss was raised in Jupiter, Florida. She received a bachelor's degree in accounting from the University of Colorado Boulder and her MBA from Harvard Business School.

## Career
Kauss founded S'well in 2010. *Fortune* included Kauss on its 2014 40 under 40 list. She was recognized on ''Inc.'s'' "Most Impressive Women Entrepreneurs of 2016" list. 

Kauss has been featured in NPR, Inc. Magazine, Entrepreneur magazine, Fortune magazine, CNNMoney, and CNBC, among other outlets. She is a mentor for the U.S. Department of State Global Women's Mentoring Partnership.

## References
## Other websites
*
*S'well website
Brazilian Socialist Party

The **Brazilian Socialist Party** (, **PSB**) is a political party in Brazil. It was founded in 1947, before being abolished by the military regime in 1965 and re-organised in 1989 after the re-democratisation of Brazil. 

## References
## Other websites
*Official web site
Kangra district

**Kangra** is a district of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Dharamshala is the  administrative headquarters of the district. It is the most populous district of Himachal Pradesh.

## References
Bernard Ducuing

**Bernard Ducuing** (19 May 1950 – 3 January 2024) was a French footballer who played as a midfielder and a forward. He played for many teams throughout his career including Red Star, Reims, and Montpellier.

In total, Ducuing played 199 matches in Division 1 and 197 matches in Division 2.

He died on 3 January 2024, at the age of 73.
## References
Philautus garo

The **Garo Hills bubble-nest frog**, **Garo Hills bush frog**, or **Garo Hills shrub frog** (*Philautus garo*) is a frog.  It lives in India, in the Garo Hills. People have seen it between 90 and 500 meters above sea level.

The adult frog is about 13 mm long from nose to rear end. There is no webbed skin on the front feet. There is some webbed skin on the back feet. There are disks on the toes for climbing. The disks on the toes are almost as big as the eardrum on the side of the frog's head. The skin of the frog's back is gray with a dark brown mark between the eyes. The mark is in the shape of an hourglass.

## References
Emilia Mernes

**Emilia Mernes** , is an Argentine singer-songwriter, model, and actress. She gained popularity as the lead vocalist of the Uruguayan cumbia pop band Rombai before starting her solo career.

## Discography
**Tú Crees en Mí? (2022)
**MP3 (2023)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Foreign accent syndrome

**Foreign accent syndrome** is a medical syndrome in which people develop speech patterns that are thought of as a foreign accent. The change in speech is different from the person's native accent, even though they have not lived in the place where the new accent comes from. This happens because the brain damage causes "speech errors" that sound like a specific dialect to listeners. For example, a speaker might lengthen their vowels or change their pitch in a way that happens to match the rules of a different language. Because the listeners hear these patterns, they "perceive" or label the voice as a foreign accent, even though the speaker has had no contact with that culture.

Foreign accent syndrome usually results from a stroke, or developmental problems. The syndrome might come due to lesions in the speech production part of the brain, or may also be considered a neuropsychiatric condition. The condition was first known in 1907, and between 1941 and 2009 there were 62 recorded people known to have this syndome.

## References
Death to America

.]]
**Death to America** (Arabic: الموت لأمريكا) is an anti-American slogan. The slogan is most commonly used in Afghanistan, Lebanon, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, and Palestine. The slogan was created by Iran out of anger to the U.S. government and Iranian officials have cleared up that they do not want to kill normal citizens of America.

## References
2024 elections in India

The **2024 elections in India** includes the general election, Elections to the Rajya Sabha, to state legislative assemblies and to Panchayats.

## Other websites
*Decoding India’s 2024 Election Contest
Rossella Erra

**Rossella Erra** (born in Portici 19 June 1974) is an Italian tax advisor and TV personality. 

She diplomed at *University of Naples Federico II* in Economy, and in the last years she became TV personality in several TV serials.

## Selected television
* 2018 *Vieni da me*
* 2020 *Ballando con le Stelle*
* 2021 *Detto fatto*
* 2022 *Il cantante mascherato*
* 2022 *Nei tuoi panni*
* 2022 *Ti sembra normale*
* 2022 *Domenica In*
* 2023 *Cartabianca*
* 2023 *È sempre Cartabianca*
* 2023 *La volta buona*
* 2023 *La vita in diretta*
* 2023 ''BellaMa' ''

## References
## Other websites
* Rossella Erra at Instagram
2024 Indian general election

**General elections** in India were held from 19 April to 1 June 2024 to elect 543 members for the 18th Lok Sabha. The elections were held in seven phases and the result was announced on 4 June 2024. The elected Prime Minister of India was Narendra Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party. On 7 June 2024, Modi confirmed the support of 293 MPs to Droupadi Murmu, the President of India. This marked Modi's third term as Prime Minister and his first time heading a coalition government, with the Telugu Desam Party of Andhra Pradesh and Janata Dal (United) of Bihar emerging as two main allies.

## Election schedule
The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced the schedule for the 18th Lok Sabha elections on 16 March 2024. The tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha's time finished on 16 June 2024.

## References
Yastreb

**Yastreb** can be

*Yastreb (village), in Kardzhali Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria

*Yastreb (space suit), a kind of space suit fom Russia and the Soviet Union

*Yastreb (radar), a counter-battery radar from Russia
Mian Tahir Pervaz

Mian Tahir Pervaz, is a Pakistani politician who served as Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab.

## Early life 
He was born on 4 June 1979 in Faisalabad.

He went to Government College University.

## Political career 
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab for the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) in the 2013 Pakistani general election. He was a representative for Constituency PP-69 (Faisalabad-XIX).

## References
John Curtis

**John Ream Curtis** (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician who is the junior United States Senator from Utah since 2025. He was the U.S. representative for Utah's 3rd congressional district from 2017 to 2025. Curtis, a Republican, was mayor of Provo, Utah, from 2010 to 2017.

Curtis ran for the United States Senate in the 2024 Senate election to replace retiring Senator Mitt Romney. He won the November 2024 general election in a landslide victory.

## References
Shenzhou 17

**Shenzhou 17** was a Chinese spaceflight to the Tiangong space station, launched on 26 October 2023. 

It carries three (astronauts or) taikonauts from the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps. The spacecraft is a Shenzhou spacecraft. The mission is the twelfth crewed Chinese spaceflight and the seventeenth flight overall of the Shenzhou program.
Creed II

***Creed II*** is a 2018 American boxing movie directed by Steven Caple Jr.. It is the sequel to the 2015 movie *Creed* and the eighth movie in the *Rocky* franchise. It stars Michael B. Jordan, Sylvester Stallone and Tessa Thompson.
LADbible Group

**LADbible Group**, part of **LBG Media**, is a British digital publisher. Its headquarters is in Manchester and it has offices in London, Dublin, Sydney, Melbourne and Auckland.

Founded in 2012 by Alexander "Solly" Solomou and Arian Kalantari, LADbible Group produces digital content aimed at young adults It reaches two-thirds of 18–34-year-olds in the UK.

LADbible Group's media brands have an audience approaching a billion, with 262&nbsp;million followers worldwide across the major social media platforms and its five websites attract almost 69&nbsp;million unique visitors every month. Its brands include LADbible, UNILAD, GAMINGbible, SPORTbible and Tyla,

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Philautus amoenus

The **Kamboranga bubble-nest frog** or **Kamboranga bush frog** (*Philautus amoenus*) is a frog.  It lives in Malaysia on Mount Kinabalu, between 900 and 3000 m above sea level.

## References
Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)

**Siraiki** also called **Ubheji**, **Siroli**, **Sireli** is a dialect of Sindhi language. Spoken by some Sindhi people of Sindh. Siraiki word is derived from two Sindhi words one "Siro/Sero" meaning name for region (Sauvira) in ancient Sindh, and "Ki" meaning of/Belonging to. other names also have the same meaning. The people of Siro region are called Sirai/Serai.

## References
Wild Mood Swings

***Wild Mood Swings*** is the tenth studio album by English gothic rock band The Cure. It was released on 6 May, 1996 through Fiction Records and went to number 9 in the United Kingdom and Switzerland, number 12 in the United States and Austria, number 10 in New Zealand and number 5 in Sweden. It received mixed reviews and was seen as a disappointment from their previous two albums.

## Track listing
All songs by Bamonte, Cooper, Gallup, O'Donnell and Smith.

;Bonus track

## References