open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Grant

**Grant** may refer to:

## Places
### United Kingdom
*Castle Grant, north of Grantown-on-Spey, Scotland

### United States
*Grant, Alabama
*Grant, Inyo County, California
*Grant, Sonoma County, California
*Grant, Colorado
*Grant-Valkaria, Florida
*Grant, Iowa
*Grant, Michigan 
*Grant, Minnesota
*Grant, Nebraska
*Grant, Ohio, an unincorporated community
*Grant, Wisconsin (disambiguation) (six towns)
*Grant City, Indiana
*Grant City, Missouri
*Grant City, Staten Island
*Grant Lake, a lake in Minnesota
*Grant Park, Illinois
*Grant Park (Chicago) 
*Grant Town, West Virginia
*Grant Township (disambiguation) (100 townships in 12 states)
*Grants, New Mexico
*U.S. Grant Bridge over Ohio River and Scioto River
*General Grant National Memorial aka Grant's Tomb

### India
*Jolly Grant Airport Dehradun, Uttarakhand

## Law and philanthropy 
*Grant (law), a term in conveyancing
*Grant (money), an award usually funded by a government, business, or foundation, often with not-for-profit preconditions

## People
## Related pages 
* Grant County
Scott County, Kentucky

**Scott County** is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 57,155. Its county seat is Georgetown.

## References
Wesley A. Clark

**Wesley Allison Clark** (April 27, 1927 – February 22, 2016) was an American computer designer. He created the LINC computer, which was the first mini-computer and shares with a number of other computers (such as the PDP-1) the claim to be the inspiration for the personal computer.

## Early life
Clark was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He grew up in Kinderhook, New York and northern California. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1947 with an A.B. in Physics. Clark began his career as a physicist at the Hanford Site.

## Career
In 1981 Clark received the Eckert-Mauchly Award for his work on computer architecture. He was awarded an honorary degree by Washington University in 1984. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1999. Clark was a charter recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award for "First Personal Computer."

## Death
Clark died on February 22, 2016 in New York City from heart disease at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*Wesley Clark article in *Smart Computing Encyclopedia*
*Oral history interview with Wesley Clark. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Clark describes his research at Lincoln Laboratory and interaction with the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Topics include various custom computers built at MIT, including the LINC computer; timesharing and network research; artificial intelligence research; ARPA contracting; interaction with IPTO directors; the work of Larry Roberts at IPTO.
*Functional Description of the L1 Computer, March 1960 at bitsavers.org
*The Logical Structure of Digital Computers, October 1955  at bitsavers.org
*Multi-Sequence Program Concept, November, 1954  at bitsavers.org
Grant County

**Grant County** may refer to:

In the United States
* Grant County, Arkansas 
* Grant County, Indiana 
* Grant County, Kansas 
* Grant County, Kentucky 
* Grant County, Minnesota 
* Grant County, Nebraska 
* Grant County, New Mexico 
* Grant County, North Dakota 
* Grant County, Oklahoma 
* Grant County, Oregon 
* Grant County, South Dakota 
* Grant County, Washington 
* Grant County, West Virginia 
* Grant County, Wisconsin 
* Grant Parish, Louisiana
LaRue County, Kentucky

**LaRue County** is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,867. Its county seat is Hodgenville, a city best known as the birthplace of United States President Abraham Lincoln.

## References
Scott County, Arkansas

**Scott County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,836. The county seat is Waldron.

## References
Scott County

**Scott County** is the name of eleven counties in the United States:

*Scott County, Arkansas
*Scott County, Illinois
*Scott County, Indiana
*Scott County, Iowa
*Scott County, Kansas
*Scott County, Kentucky
*Scott County, Minnesota
*Scott County, Mississippi
*Scott County, Missouri
*Scott County, Tennessee
*Scott County, Virginia
Charles Schultze

**Charles Louis Schultze** (December 12, 1924 &ndash; September 27, 2016) was an American economist and public policy analyst. He served as the Chairperson of the Council of Economic Advisers during the President Carter Administration.

Schultze was appointed the assistant director of the Bureau of the Budget by President John F. Kennedy in 1962, and was the Director from 1965 until 1968 during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society agenda.

Schultze was born in Alexandria, Virginia. He studied at Georgetown University and at the University of Maryland, College Park. He was a veteran of WWII, serving in the army in the European theater. Schultze died from complications of sepsis caused by dementia on September 27, 2016 in Washington, D.C., aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Brookings scholar page
* Census Bureau biography
* Selected papers of Charles Schultze cited in the Allan H. Meltzer book A History of the Federal Reserve.
Ramón Castro Ruz

**Ramón Eusebio Castro Ruz** (October 14, 1924 – February 23, 2016) was a Cuban politician. He was the older brother of Fidel and Raúl Castro. He was a key figure of the Cuban Revolution. Castro was born in Birán, Oriente Province. After the revolution, Castro left his family farm as it became legal property of the state. He continued to dedicate himself to the study of agriculture.

Castro died on February 23, 2016 in Havana. He was aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Braga, Michael. The other Castro brother  in the *Sarasota Herald-Tribune*, June 15, 2004
*
ThrustSSC

**ThrustSSC**, **Thrust SSC**, or **Thrust supersonic car**, is a car powered by a jet engine. It was made by Richard Noble, Glynne Bowsher, Ron Ayers and Jeremy Bliss of the United Kingdom.

Thrust SSC is the fastest land vehicle. When tested on 15 October 1997, the car traveled at 1227&nbsp;kilometres per hour.

## References
École Centrale de Nantes

**École Centrale de Nantes** (or Centrale Nantes) is a graduate engineering school in France. Its campus is in Nantes.

It awards the following degrees:
* Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Engineering
*''Diplôme d'ingénieur -* equivalent to a Master of Science and Engineering
*Masters of Science, Technology and Health 
*Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees
*Advanced Masters *(Mastères Spécialisés**)''
*PhD

Centrale Nantes is a member of the Ecoles Centrale Group, (with CentraleSupélec, Centrale Lille, Centrale Lyon, Centrale Marseille, and Centrale Beijing). The school also takes part in international networks: T.I.M.E (Top Industrial Managers for Europe), RMEI , Magalhaes, and Heritage Network. In 2014, the Alliance Centrale - Audencia - ensa Nantes was created, bringing together Centrale Nantes, Audencia Business School, and l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Nantes. As part of this alliance, the Centrale-Audencia-ensa business incubator was created.

Classes are taught in French and English languages. The school has students from over 70 nationalities.

## Admission 
Admission to courses at Master's level is possible after two- or three-year scientific undergraduate studies. The main admission routes are via: 
* a Bachelor degree in science (for the 2-year curriculum), or
* the French nationwide selective examination with *numerus clausus* : concours Centrale-Supelec (for the 3-year curriculum)
* selection by a partner institution (e.g. *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The engineering programme, which leads to the award of ''diplôme d'ingénieur'', typically lasts three years. It involves work experience and time spent abroad. Students who successfully completed Master's level courses earn 300 ECTS credits in the European education system.
 
Students enrolled in a double degree programme spend two years at Centrale Nantes and two years in the partner institution. After these four years a double master's degree is awarded.

## Research labs 
Research at Centrale Nantes is centred on three main priorities: factory of the future, energy transition and engineering for health. The main research topics are:
* Ocean engineering and MRE
* Computer science and automation
* Robotics
*Energy and engines
*Manufacturing and Additive Manufacturing
*Engineering for health
* Civil engineering and innovative concrete
* Numerical simulation and high performance computing 
*Materials science and composites
* Urban environment

## References 
## More reading 
* Official website
Star City

**Star City** may refer to:

## Places
;Canada
*Star City, Saskatchewan

;Russia
*Star City, Russia

;United States
*Star City, Arkansas
*Star City, Illinois
*Star City, Indiana
*Star City, Michigan
*Star City, Nevada
*Star City, West Virginia
*Lafayette, Indiana, nicknamed *Star City*
*Lincoln, Nebraska, nicknamed *Star City*
*Roanoke, Virginia, nicknamed the *Star City of the South*

## Entertainment
*Star City (amusement park), a theme park in Manila, Philippines
*Star City (entertainment complex), an entertainment venue in Birmingham, United Kingdom
*Star City (shopping mall), a shopping complex in Seoul, South Korea
*The Star (casino), a casino in Sydney, formerly known as Star City

## Others
*Star City (comics), a fictional city
Broca's area

'''Broca's area''' is a region in the brain of humans and other hominids. It is in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left. It works as part of "speech production".

Language processing has been linked to Broca's area after Pierre Paul Broca. Broca did autopsies on patients who had difficuty speaking when they were alive. He found damage to a particular area of the brain.  They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain. 

Since then, the region he identified has become known as Broca's area. The deficit in language production is Broca's aphasia, also called 'expressive aphasia'.

## Related pages 
* Cerebral hemisphere
* Lateralization of brain function
* Wernicke's area

## References
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on December 15, 1791, the **Eighth Amendment** (**Amendment VIII**) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. This amendment has three parts that each grant specific rights. The  bail  limits excessive bail for any person arrested for a crime but has not yet been placed on trial. The excessive fines clause is intended to limit fines imposed by state and federal governments on persons who have been convicted of a crime.

## Text 
## Background 
The wording of the Eighth Amendment is almost the same as three of the provisions in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. These provisions were based on the case of Titus Oates, whose lies under oath caused the execution of many innocent people. Because the English authorities did not want to make honest people fear to give evidence in court, he was not put to death. Oates was convicted of sedition, thrown into prison to remain there. However, after James II of England became king in 1685, he was tried again, this time for perjury. The first use of the provision of the English Bill of Rights was the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776. Setting bail for an unreasonable amount would restrict the freedom and ability of the defendant to make a living as well as make it difficult to support his or her family.

## Excessive fines clause 
This clause limits the government's power to set fines, which are payments for a punishment or offense. The amount of the fine must be proportional to the seriousness of the offense. In doing this the Court reversed not only its own previous rulings but also those by several circuit courts of appeal. In 1791, this same  became the central part of the Eighth Amendment. But it was discussed. Representative Livermore pointed out on the floor of the House of Representatives that the wording was . He asked: "It is sometimes necessary to hang a man, villains often deserve a whipping, and perhaps having their ears cut off, but are we in the future to be prevented from inflicting those punishments because they are 'cruel'?" The Supreme Court began using the "evolving standards of decency" test. In *Trop v Dulles* (1958) the Court agreed with the view that what are prohibited "cruel and unusual punishments" should change over time based on punishments that offend society's "evolving sense of decency." When done by other governments the US has not failed to call it torture. Not when it was for the purpose of gaining . He said it would be unconstitutional if it were inflicted as a punishment, however. 
 
## Notes 
## References
Wernicke's area

'''Wernicke's area''' is an area of the brain. It is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked to speech (the other is Broca's area). It is involved in the production of written and spoken language. 

It is in Brodmann area 22, in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is the left in about 95% of right handed individuals, and 60% of left handed individuals. 

As with Broca's area, Wernicke's area was discovered by autopsies of patients who had speech difficulties. Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, had a patient who could speak quite well, but was unable to understand the speech of others.  After the patient's death, Wernicke found damage to an area at the upper portion of the temporal lobe, just behind the auditory cortex. He thought, correctly, that this area was responsible for speech comprehension. This kind of aphasia is known as Wernicke's aphasia, or receptive aphasia.

:"When you ask a person with this problem a question, they will respond with a sentence that is more or less grammatical, but which contains words that have little to do with the question or, for that matter, with each other. Strange, meaningless, but grammatical sentences come forth, a phenomenon called "word salad".Like Broca's area is not just about speech production, Wernicke's is not just about speech comprehension. People with Wernicke's aphasia also have difficulty naming things, often responding with words that sound similar, or the names of related things, as if they are having a very hard time with their mental dictionaries".

## References
Monoid

In abstract algebra, a **monoid** is a set of elements
along with an operation that has two key properties:

#The operation can combine the elements associatively; e.g. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
#There exists an identity element; e.g. 1 \times X = X, or 0 + X = X

The operation need not have the commutative property.

In computing science common monoids include addition, multiplication, or, and. These properties are useful for various problems e.g. they allow a large set of data to be divided, processed in parallel and combined. As each part produces a monoid, the final combined result will be the same. This also works with more complex monoids, such as a map from words to the number of times they appear in a document.

Character strings also form a monoid over concatenation with the empty string "" as the identity element. Examples of the two properties are "abc" + ("def" + "ghi") = ("abc" + "def") + "ghi" and "abc" + "" = ""+ "abc" = "abc".  This is true even though "abc" + "def" ≠ "def" + "abc".

## Other websites
Antbird

The **antbirds** are a large passerine bird family, the **Thamnophilidae**. They are found in subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. There are more than 200 species called antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire-eyes, bare-eyes and bushbirds.

They are related to the antthrushes and antpittas (family Formicariidae), the tapaculos, the gnateaters and the ovenbirds. Despite some species' common names, this family is not closely related to the wrens, vireos or shrikes.

Antbirds are generally small birds with rounded wings and strong legs. They have mostly dull grey, white, brown and rufous plumage. The two sexes have somewhat different pattern and colouring. Some species communicate warnings to rivals by exposing white feather patches on their backs or shoulders. Most have heavy bills, which in many species are hooked at the tip.

Most species live in forests, although a few are found in other habitats. They eat mostly insects and other arthropods. Small vertebrates are occasionally taken. Most species feed in the understory and midstory of the forest, although a few feed in the canopy and a few on the ground.

About eighteen species specialise in following columns of army ants to eat the small invertebrates flushed out by the ants.

Antbirds are monogamous, mate for life, and defend territories. They usually lay two eggs in a nest.  Both parents share the tasks of incubating eggs  and raising the nestlings. After fledging, each parent cares exclusively for one chick.

Thirty-eight species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. The main threat is habitat loss, which lets predators get at their nests more easily.

## References
Carlo Biotti

**Carlo Biotti** (1901 – 10 December 1977) was an Italian judge. He became the President of the Court of Milan. His forced removal from the case brought by the widow of Giuseppe Pinelli against the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi in 1971 became a *cause célèbre*.

Biotti was the leading judge in the case brought by the widow of Giuseppe Pinelli against the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi. Calabresi had led the investigation into the Piazza Fontana bombing. Pinelli died in mysterious circumstances during a police interrogation after the bombing. On 27 May 1971, Biotti was removed at the request of Calabresi's lawyer. The lawyer claimed that in a private conversation Biotti had admitted that for career reasons he had already formed an opinion on the case. It was a claim that Biotti vehemently denied.  Neither Biotti nor his two fellow judges were convinced that Pinelli had died from falling from the police station window. His forced removal prevented the exhumation of Pinelli's body, and delayed the investigation for two years. He died three years later at the age of 76. In the 2012 film *Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy*, the character of Carlo Biotti is played by Bob Marchese.

From 1964 Biotti was also a director of A.C. Milan He had two sons, Fausto Biotti, a notary, and Johnny Biotti; the grandson is Paolo Biotti, a lawyer active in associations.

## References
Peter Lustig

**Peter Fritz Willi Lustig** (October 27, 1937 – February 23, 2016) was a German television presenter and author of children's books. He was known as leading actor in the weekly children's television show *Löwenzahn*. He hosted the show from 1979 up until 2006; during its first year the show was still called *Pusteblume*). He also appeared on the shows *Mittendrin* (1987–1995) and *Gordos Reise ans Ende der Welt* (2007).

Lustig died on February 23, 2016 at his home in Bohmstedt, Germany. He died from stomach cancer. He was aged 78. He was surrounded by his family. He is survived by four children and nine grandchildren.

## References
Casas de Reina

**Casas de Reina** is a municipality in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. It has a population of 199.

## References
Mathematical logic

**Mathematical logic** is a field of mathematics that tries to formalize logic so that it can be used for mathematics more easily. Logic is about reasoning, and mathematical logic shows this with symbols. Most of mathematical logic was developed in the 19th and 20th century.

This field can be said to have four main sub-fields:
#set theory
#the study of mathematical proofs
#the study of recursion, and
#model theory

## Related pages 
*Analytic philosophy
*Philosophy of mathematics
*Propositional logic
Robert J. Walker (sailor)

**Robert J. Walker** (known as **Bob Walker**; February 2, 1929 &ndash; February 15, 2016) was an American sailor. He was the third Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy.  On September 26, 1975, Walker was sworn in as the third Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy.  Walker was a much more conservative, traditional MCPON than his predecessor, John Whittet. He retired in the 1980s.

Walker was born in Baldwin, New York. He attended a grammar and high school in Oxford, New York. Walker died of complications from pneumonia in Norfolk, Virginia. He was aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Extensive bio at quarterdeck.org
* Three Stars and a Crow
Ryszard Bender

**Ryszard Janusz Bender** (February 16, 1932 – February 24, 2016) was a Polish politician and historian. He was a specialist on the history of the January Uprising. He was professor of History at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.

## Life
From 1976 to 1980 and 1985 to 1989, he was a deputy of the Sejm. In 2007, he was elected as a member in the Senate of Poland from the Law and Justice party. He retired from the senate in 2011.

Bender was accused of antisemitism and Holocaust denial after he said that Auschwitz was "not a death camp" but a "labour camp". He later said his remarks were taken out of context. He has also spoken out in defense of Dariusz Ratajczak.

### Death
Bender died of a stroke on February 24, 2016 in Lublin, Poland. He was aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Ryszard Bender
John Reinhardt

**John Edward Reinhardt** (March 8, 1920 &ndash; February 18, 2016) was an American diplomat. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He was the United States' ambassador to Nigeria from 1971 to 1975. This made him one of the first black ambassadors. From 1975 to 1977, he was Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. He became the director of the United States Information Agency from 1977 to 1980.

Reinhardt died in Silver Spring, Maryland from a stroke. He was aged 95.

## References
Greater bird-of-paradise

The **greater bird-of-paradise** (*Paradisaea apoda*) is a bird-of-paradise in the genus *Paradisaea*.

Carolus Linnaeus named the species *Paradisaea apoda*, or "legless bird-of-paradise". Apparently, early trade-skins to reach Europe were prepared without wings or feet by natives. This led to the stary that these birds were beautiful visitors from paradise kept aloft by their plumes and never touched the earth until death. The relevant point is that they were killed and traded for their feathers.

## Description
The greater bird-of-paradise is the largest member in its genus. Males measuring up to  (excluding the long twin tail wires). The female is smaller, at only .

The plumage of this species is also sexually dimorphic. The male has an iridescent green face and a yellow with silver crown, head and nape. The rest of the body plumage is maroon-brown. The flank plumes, used in displays, are yellow at the base, turning white and streaked with maroon.

The female has unbarred maroon brown plumage. In both sexes the iris is yellow and the bills blue.

## References
Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on December 15, 1791, the **Ninth Amendment** (**Amendment IX**) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. James Madison wanted to make sure that the Bill of Rights was not seen as granting only those rights that it listed. It is one of the least referred to amendments by the Supreme Court. The Ninth Amendment, when mentioned, usually plays a secondary role in supporting a new right. One of the few that depends on the Ninth Amendment is the constitutional right to privacy. What the Ninth Amendment means, simply put, is that the people of the United States have other rights besides those listed in the Constitution.

## Text 
## Rights retained by the people 
In 1787, at the Constitutional Convention, the new Constitution had to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. Any states that did not ratify the Constitution would not be a part of the United States. They were also not intended to guarantee additional rights of the people. The modern interpretation, however, is that the people have rights not listed in the Bill of Rights.

## References
Peter Kenilorea

Sir **Peter Kenilorea** KBE  (23 May 1943 &ndash; 24 February 2016) was a Solomon Islander politician, officially styled **The Rt Hon. Sir Peter Kenilorea** as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. He served as the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands from 1978 to 1981 and again from 1984 to 1986.

Kenilorea died in Honiara on 24 February 2016. He was aged 72.

## References
Rafael Iriondo

**Rafael Iriondo Aurtenechea** (24 October 1918 – 24 February 2016) was a Spanish football player and manager. He played as a forward. He won a total of 286 games and scored over 88 goals over the course of 15 seasons. He played for Athletic Bilbao and Real Sociedad. He became a manager, working for nearly 30 years and being in charge of both clubs.

## Early life
Iriondo was born in Guernica, Spain.

## Career
Iriondo began his career in 1939 with the football team Atlético Tetuán.

After 328 official games for Athletic with 115 goals, Iriondo moved to another team in the region, Barakaldo CF, in 1953. After a couple of months, however, he returned to the top division and joined Real Sociedad. He retired shortly after the end of the 1954–55 season.

Iriondo started coaching quickly after retiring, with modest SD Indautxu in the second division. He continued in his native Basque Country in the following years, with Deportivo Alavés and Barakaldo.

Iriondo retired in 1982 after coaching Real Betis.

## Death
Iriondo died on 24 February 2016 in Bilbao, Spain from respiratory failure. He was aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
*National team data  
*
*Spain stats at Eu-Football
Peter van der Merwe

**Peter van de Merwe** (13 January 1942 &ndash; 24 February 2016) was a Dutch football player. He played as a goalkeeper. Van de Merwe played his entire career for hometown club NAC Breda from 1959 to 1970. Van der Merwe played his final league game against AZ'67 in October 1970. He retired when he was 29 after persisting injury worries. He had played 257 matches for NAC. He was later diagnosed with rheumatics and had to live with a wheelchair. He played his first game for the Netherlands in a May 1962 friendly match against Northern Ireland.

Van de Merwe died in Sint Willebrord, Netherlands on 24 February 2016 from mesothelioma. He was aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* EU-Football
Günter Schröter

**Günter Schröter** (May 3, 1927 &ndash; February 10, 2016) was a German football player and coach. He appeared in 39 matches for East Germany between 1952 and 1962. He also played for SG Dynamo Dresden from 1950 to 1954 and for SC Dynamo Berlin from 1954 to 1963. He managed Berliner FC Dynamo from 1972 to 1973. He was born in Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.

Schröter died on February 10, 2016 at a hospital in Berlin. It was caused by complications from Parkinson's disease. He was 88 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Yolande Fox

**Yolande Betbeze Fox** (November 29, 1928 – February 22, 2016) was an American singer and beauty pageant winner. She was crowned Miss America 1951. She won her first crown in 1949 when she won Mobile's "Miss Torch" pageant. In 1950, she entered Miss Alabama because it offered scholarship opportunities. 

Fox was an active feminist. After her one-year reign as Miss America, she served as an ambassador to Paris. She was active in the NAACP, CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), and SANE (The Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy). She studied philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City.

Fox was also an active opera singer and became famous in this area.

Yolande Fox died on February 22, 2016 in Washington, D.C. of lung cancer. She was aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Yolande Betbeze's bio on the Miss America site 
* Miss Alabama official website
Cristiana Corsi

**Cristiana Corsi** (23 April 1976 &ndash; 22 February 2016) was an Italian taekwondo specialist. She was born in Rome. She competed in the women's featherweight category. She was thought of as one of Italy's best taekwondo players. 

## Career
Corsi won a total of nine medals in her career. This includes a gold at the 2002 European Championships in Samsun, Turkey, and a silver in the 59-kg division at the 2003 Summer Universiade in Daegu, South Korea. 

Corsi was also selected to compete for the Italian taekwondo team in two Olympic Games (2000 and 2004). She finished in fifth place in the women's featherweight category (57&nbsp;kg) each time. Throughout her career, Corsi trained for Rome Taekwondo Centre () in Rome. She trained under head coach and master Park Young-Gil.

## Death
Corsi died in Rome on 22 February 2016. She was 39.

## References
Martin Sherman (actor)

**Martin T. Sherman** (born November 28, 1966) is an American actor, voice actor, voice director and writer who has starred in various movies and television shows as well as providing the voice for several video games. One of his most well-known roles was as Pac-Man in *Pac-Man World 3*. He also voiced Thomas the Tank Engine from 2009 to 2015 in the British children's television series *Thomas & Friends*. He also appeared on *Doctor Who*. Sherman lives in the United Kingdom.

## References
## Other websites
*
Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries

This article shows the results of the **2016 Republican Party presidential primaries**. The Republican Party presidential primary is a process of choosing delegates, or people that represent someone, to go to the 2016 Republican National Convention. People in each state will vote on who they think will be good for the presidency, and each candidate gets a certain amount of delegates based on the number of votes they receive.

The primaries began on 1 February 2016 in Iowa. On May 4 2016, Donald Trump became the only candidate left in the race. He became the official Republican nominee on July 19, 2016. Trump would later win the presidency on November 8.

## Main candidates 
The following table shows all the candidates who have/had a major campaign.

## Results 
### Top seven 
**Legend**: 

* Only states that voted with pledged delegates are shown. The states/territories that voted for unpledged delegates are North Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming and Virgin Islands.

## Statistics 
## Related pages 
* Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016
* 2016 Republican National Convention
* Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
* Results of the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016

## References
François Dupeyron

**François Dupeyron** (14 August 195025 February 2016) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He directed 17 movies since his career began in 1977. His movie *La Chambre des officiers* was entered into the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. He was born in Tartas, Landes, France.

Dupeyron died in Paris from a heart attack on 25 February 2016. He was aged 65.

## References
## Other websites
*
Disulfiram

**Disulfiram** (brand names **Antabuse** and **Antabus**) is a medication used to treat chronic alcoholism. 

Disulfiram works by making people feel very sick if they drink alcohol. It is not a  for alcoholism. Usually, alcoholics who take disulfiram also need to get counseling and support.

Disulfiram was the first medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat chronic alcohol dependence.

## Effects
When a person gets treatment for alcoholism, disulfiram may be part of their treatment plan. However, the person has to go through alcohol withdrawal first. It is not safe to take disulfiram if a person has had any alcohol in the past 12 hours.
* Nausea and vomiting
* Headache and neck pain
* Confusion
* A fast heart rate
* Trouble breathing
* Sweating and red skin
* Low blood pressure with dizziness or fainting

These symptoms can last anywhere from a half hour to a few hours.

One problem with disulfiram is that it does not stop alcohol cravings. If an alcoholic takes disulfiram, they will keep craving alcohol, but will get very sick if they do drink. Many alcoholics solve this problem by just not taking disulfiram. One year-long study done in 1986 found that disulfiram did not seem to work. However, the researchers found that only 20% of the alcoholics actually took their disulfiram. The other 80% stopped taking disulfiram so they could drink alcohol without getting sick. 
, its effects last up to 12 weeks]]

However, later studies found that when disulfiram is  - when someone watches an alcoholic take their disulfiram - the medication works. Alcoholics getting supervised disulfiram drink less, go longer periods of time without drinking, and participate more in other treatments than alcoholics getting un-supervised disulfiram.

Disulfiram  can also be placed under the skin by a surgeon. These tablets release disulfiram continuously for up to 12 weeks. This makes it impossible for an alcoholic to decide not to take their disulfiram so they can drink.

Also, a doctor can prescribe a newer drug, like naltrexone, along with disulfiram. Naltrexone does block alcohol cravings. The two drugs can work together to make it easier for the alcoholic not to drink.

### Not a cure
The United States National Institutes of Health says:
*Disulfiram is not a cure for alcoholism. When [disulfiram is] used alone, without proper motivation and supportive therapy, it is unlikely that it will have any [real] effect on the drinking pattern of the chronic alcoholic.*pp.&nbsp;130–144
* Has a counselor
* Has supportive friends and family
* Goes to groups where alcoholics try to help each other stop drinking
* Honestly wants to stop drinking

## Other uses
Disulfiram may help other medical problems too. It kills some parasites that can cause infectious diseases.

Researchers are also studying whether disulfiram could treat cancer, HIV, and cocaine addiction.

## Related pages
* Alcoholism

## References
Root server

A **root server** is a special server in the domain name system that tells a computer what name servers to use for a single top level domain like *.com* or *.net*. There are 13 root servers that are in use. They use the letters A through M.

A root server is used when a computer tries to look up a domain. For example, if a person types *www.google.com* into a web browser, their computer will ask their ISP what the IP address for *www.google.com* is. If the ISP's DNS server does not know (does not have it cached), it will ask a root server which DNS server can tell it the address. The ISP's root server will then get the address from the DNS server that the root server tells it to.

## History
In 1981, the idea of a domain name system was made as part of RFC 799. RFC 819, RFC 882, and RFC 883 said how DNS was supposed to work and made it easier to understand. In 1984, RFC 920 was the first RFC to say what the top level domains would be for the new DNS. In 1985, the first domain name was made and "modern" DNS began.

## References
Min

**Min** or **MIN** may refer to:

## Languages
* Min Chinese, a variety of spoken Chinese
* Min Nan, a variety of Chinese spoken in Fujian
* Minangkabau language, ISO 639-2 code min, an Austronesian language, spoken in Indonesia

## Places 
* Fujian, also called Mǐn, a province of China
** Min (Ten Kingdoms) (909–945), a state in Fujian during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
* Min County, a county of Dingxi, Gansu province, China
* Minnesota, a state in the United States

## Other uses 
* Queen Min, empress of Joseon
* Menes or Min, an early Egyptian pharaoh
* Min (god), an Egyptian god
* Minimum
* Minnesota Wild, a professional NHL ice hockey team based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
* NFL's Minnesota Vikings, NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves and MLB's Minnesota Twins
* Minute
* Minuth or Min, a type of heresy in Judaism
* Mobile identification number
* Min, an abbreviation for minister (government)
Aphelion (software)

The ***Aphelion Imaging Software Suite*** is a set of computer programs for image processing and image analysis. It includes three base products: Aphelion Lab, Aphelion Dev, and Aphelion SDK.

The Aphelion software product can be used to prototype applications using the graphical user interface. It provides a set of tools for programmers which have to develop software with image analysis needs.

## Applications 
The Aphelion Imaging Software Suite is used by students, researchers, engineers, and software developers in application domains requiring image processing and computer vision, such as:
* security (surveillance, object tracking)
* remote sensing
* quality control for the industry and inspection applications
* materials science
* life sciences (medicine and biology)
* earth science (geology)
* theory (image processing, machine learning and optimization)

## Specifications 
All products of the Aphelion Imaging Software Suite can be run on [[Personal computer|]] equipped with Windows (Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, or 10) 32 or 64 bits.
An online help and video tutorials are available to the user.

## Software extensions 
Below is a list of Aphelion optional extensions:
* 3D Image Processing and 3D Image Display: A set of extensions to display and process 3D images. The 3D display extension is based on the  software product.
* 3D Skeletonization: Extension to compute the 3D skeleton.
* Image Registration: Image registration extension to register images coming from different acquisition devices.
* Classification Tools: Classification extension including a « Fuzzy Logic » (fuzzy logic classification),« Neural Networks » (classification based on neural networks), and « Random Forest » (classification based on random forests, derived from the R software product)
* Kriging: Specific extension to remove image noise using geostatistics techniques.
* Camera interface drivers and microscope interface software
* Virtual Image Capture and Virtual Image Stitcher: Two software products to capture mult-field images and stitch them into one single and very large image in the fields of optical and electron microscopy (image stitching).
* Stereology Analyzer: Software to analyze a very large image using stereology. This extension is mainly used in the field of biology on images acquired by a scan microscope.
* VisionTutor: Online image processing course including all the theory and application macro commands that are compatible with Aphelion.

The Aphelion user can add his/her own macro-commands in the user interface

## Software versions 

## Notes and references 
### Other references 
#### Miscellaneous 
* 
* 

#### Materials science applications 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

#### Life sciences applications 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

#### Earth science applications 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

#### Theory applications 
* 
* 

### Other websites
* 
*
2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The **2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses ** took place in the United States. It takes place before to the 2016 general election to elect the Democratic Party's nominee for the Presidency of the United States.  They were held between February 1 and June 14.  President and 2012 nominee, Barack Obama could not stand for re-election due to term limits under the Twenty-second Amendment.

## Candidates
Hillary Clinton, then Secretary of State, decided to run for president in April 2015. Clinton had served as a U.S. Senator (2001–09) and was the First Lady of the U.S. (1993–2001). A January 2013 *Washington Post*–ABC News poll showed that she had high popularity among the American public. This polling data made many political critics and observers to anticipate that Clinton would launch a second presidential bid in 2016, entering the race as the early front-runner for the Democratic nomination.

On May 26, 2015, Independent U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders officially announced his run as a presidential candidate for the Democratic nomination, after an informal announcement in April that year, and speculation since early 2014. Sanders had served as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989), as Vermont's sole U.S. Representative (1991–2007), and as Vermont's junior Senator (2007–present). Bernie Sanders is currently seen as the biggest rival to Hillary Clinton, backed up by a strong grassroots campaign and social media following. His campaign picked up attention and mass support. However, in recent poll numbers, Clinton is leading Saunders nationally by 12.7 percent.

In May 2015, Maryland governor Martin O'Malley announced his campaign. He withdrew after the Iowa primaries. Rhode Island governor Lincoln Chafee announced his campaign in June 2015. After poor polling numbers, he dropped out before the primaries in October 2015. Former Virginia senator Jim Webb announced his campaign in the summer of 2015. He dropped out in October 2015 after a poor debate performance. Professor Lawrence Lessig announced his campaign in September 2015. He dropped out a month later after poor polling numbers.

## Superdelegates
Superdelegates are elected officials and members of the Democratic National Committee who will vote at the Democratic National Convention for their favorite candidate. Also known as "unpledged delegates," they may change their candidate at any time and talk about one sixth of the delegates to the convention. The table and list below show the current support.

**Note:** Democrats Abroad Superdelegates are assigned half-votes; each of them accounts for ½ rather than 1 in the table above.

## Results
## Related pages 
* Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Democratic Convention Watch
* Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
* Full Transcript: Democratic Presidential Debate October 14, 2015
Andy Bathgate

**Andrew James Bathgate** (August 28, 1932 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a right wing. He played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins.

Bathgate died on February 26, 2016 in his home in Mississauga, Ontario. He died from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 83. He also had Parkinson's disease.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Anderson, Dave. "Two Rangers Sweaters Will Rise Where a Cup Banner Didn't," *The New York Times*, Sunday, February 22, 2009.
Tony Burton

**Anthony** "**Tony**" **Burton** (March 23, 1937 – February 25, 2016) was an American actor, boxer and comedian. He was born in Flint, Michigan. He was best known for his role as Tony "Duke" Evers in the *Rocky* series of movies. He was also known for his roles as Wells in *Assault on Precinct 13* and as Larry Durkin *The Shining*. 

Burton died on February 25, 2016 at a hospital in Southern California. He died from complications of pneumonia. He was aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Tony Burton 1993 Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of Fame Inductee 
* Tony Burton (Aveleyman)
Eri Klas

**Eri Klas** (7 June 1939 &ndash; 26 February 2016) was an Estonian conductor, boxer and educator. He was born in Tallinn. He was best known for his work in leading the Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra.

He was a professor at Sibelius Academy from 1993 to 1997 and at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre from 1997 until his death in 2016. He was honored with the Order of the Lion of Finland and Order of the White Star in 1992. He was a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In 1986, he was named a People's Artist of the USSR. He was also a member of the Estonian Olympic Committee.

Klas died in Tallinn on 26 February 2016 from a heart attack. He was aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
* Estonian National Cultural Foundation page on Eri Klas 
* Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra page on Eri Klas 
* Jewish Community in Estonia, February 2006 bulletin
Gianni Infantino

**Gianni Infantino** (; born 23 March 1970) is a Swiss-Italian football administrator. He has been the president of FIFA since 26 February 2016. He was the general secretary of UEFA from 2009 through 2016. He was elected president at the Congress on 26 February 2016. The Congress was held with the purpose of reforming FIFA.

## References
2016 Republican National Convention

.]]

The **2016 Republican National Convention** was the 41st national convention held by the Republican Party. It was held in Cleveland, Ohio from 18-21 July 2016. The purpose of the convention is for the delegates, who are people who represent someone, to vote for the 2016 presidential and vice presidential nominee for the United States Republican Party.

The candidates were businessman Donald Trump of New York, U.S. senator Ted Cruz of Texas, and Governor John Kasich of Ohio.

There are 2,472 delegates to the Republican National Convention. A candidate therefore needs a majority of at least 1,237 delegates to win the presidential nomination.

## Results 
The convention was held on July 18 to 21. After the convention, Donald Trump with his running mate Mike Pence won the presidential nomination for the Republican Party.

## References
Suomenlinna

**Suomenlinna**, known until 1918 as **Viapori**, known in Swedish as **Sveaborg**, is a fortress in Finland. It is located on six islands in the sea near Helsinki. 

Construction of the fortress started in 1748 when Finland was still part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden wanted to defend the sea areas against Russia. They also needed a place to fix their military ships. In 1808 Russia ruled Finland. They made the fortress stronger to defend Helsinki, which was now the capital of Finland.

In 1917 Finland became independent. In 1918 Viapori was taken over by the new Finnish government and was renamed Suomenlinna ( meaning "Castle of Finland"). It is only a short ferry ride from Helsinki to visit Suomenlinna. It is a Unesco World Heritage site. It is also a living part of Helsinki city. Around 850 people live there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Suomenlinna official site
Platanus

***Platanus*** is a genus of plants, which mostly occur  on the Northern Hemisphere. All of them are trees, which reach heights between  and . There are eight to ten recent species of *Platanus*, and at least three extinct ones. 

In English, these trees are called **planes** or **plane trees**.  Some North American species are called **sycamores**, but this name is also used for a species of fig.
## London plane 
The London plane, *Platanus* × *acerifolia*, is a hybrid or a cultivar. Exactly what the parents were in uncertain. It was extensively planted on London streets before WWII, but is no longer in favour. The London plane is very tolerant of air pollution and root compaction (small space for roots). For these reasons it was a popular urban roadside tree. Now, however, it is indirectly something of a pest. Aphids in their millions suck sap from its leaves, and drop sugary liquid onto cars parked underneath. Older London streets have virtually no off-road parking.

## Images

Image:Platane, Trsteno.JPG|Trunk of an aged *Platanus*, in Trsteno, near Dubrovnik, Croatia
File:Krasi_Platane.jpg|Crete's biggest *Platanus* (*P. orientalis*) is about 2.500 years old
File:Platanus_occidentalis0.jpg| *P. occidentalis*, in a park
Tajik language

The **Tajik language** is the official language of Tajikistan. It is a dialect of the Persian language. It was written in the Persian alphabet until 1928. From 1928 to 1939, it was written mostly in the Latin alphabet until the Soviet government forced Tajiks to write their language in Cyrillic in 1939. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajik continues to be written in Cyrillic, although now it can also be written in the Latin alphabet.

## References
Francisco Rubio Llorente

**Francisco Rubio Llorente** (25 February 1930 – 23 February 2016) was a Spanish judge and law professor. He was President of the Spanish Council of State between 2004 to 2012. His predecessor and successor was José Manuel Romay Beccaría. He was judge on the Constitutional Court of Spain between 1980 to 1992. He spent the last three of those years as Vice President.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

Llorente died in Madrid on 23 February 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 85.

## References