open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Charles Richter

**Charles Francis Richter** (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.

## Childhood 
Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institute in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested.

## Other websites
*Charles Richter interview, at USGS
*Charles F. Richter Papers, Caltech Archives
1104

## Events 
* September 3 – St. Cuthbert reburied in the Durham Cathedral
* The Venice Arsenal, is founded in Venice.
* Alfonso I of Aragon becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.
* Historian Guibert of Nogent becomes abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent.
* Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Acre.
* Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Harran; Tancred becomes regent.
* Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Rüm, starts a war with the Danishmends.
Crunk

**Crunk** is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s. It is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica with a lot of yelling and chanting. Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist. His song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream. After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw its heyday in the early to late-2000s. It was replaced with trap music in the 2010s.

## Notable crunk artists
* Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz
* Ying Yang Twins
* Petey Pablo
* Ciara
* Usher
* Tyga
* Silkk The Shocker
* Three 6 Mafia
* Soulja Boy
* Lil Scrappy
* Pastor Troy
* Youngbloodz
Pimp

* by Jan Vermeer]]
: *Do you like her?'' (illustration)]]
A **pimp** is a person who makes money from other people prostituting themselves. Other names include **procurer**, and **madam** if the person is a woman. 

Usually, the prostitutes make money for themselves, but the pimp takes a percentage of the money in exchange for providing them with security and other services. Pimps has gotten connected to a special look, often a male with fancy and colorful clothes with gold accessories.

Pimps has been portrayed in many movies, such as Taxi Driver where the pimp is called "sport"

## References
Hyves

**Hyves** is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It can be used to make new friends or to stay in touch with old friends. It was started in 2004 and has over 9 million users; most of them are Dutch. That is the reason why it is very popular in the Netherlands.
Pictures and videos can be put and shared on it. Hyves is similar to Facebook or the German VZ Networks.

## Other websites
* http://www.hyves.nl
Spiritism

**Spiritism** is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:
*''The Spirits' Book* — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
**The Mediums' Book'' — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.

Other characteristics ideas of his were:
* Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
* Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality. This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
* Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.

Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book *History of Spiritualism*. This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.

## Other websites 
*The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
*The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull 

## References 
## Related pages 
*Spirituality
Alexa Internet

**Alexa** was an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people entered a website address and Alexa showed them how well-visited the website is. It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.
Alexa had 6 million unique visits monthly.

Alexa was created in 1996 by American businessman Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat.
In 1999, Alexa was bought by Amazon.com for about US$250 million in Amazon stock.
Alexa provided a free API that is used by services and toolbars all around the world to easily display Alexa Rating.

In December 2021, Amazon announced that they will shutdown Alexa. Service was discontinued on May 1st, 2022.

## Sources
## Other websites
* Alexa
Poodle

A **poodle** is a breed of dog. Poodles are known for their intelligence and trainability. The original form of the breed is the Standard Poodle. Miniature and Toy Poodles were developed from Standard Poodles by selective breeding for smaller size and are the same breed.

Poodles were originally bred as water retrievers and hunting dogs. Today, they are commonly kept as companion animals and are also shown in dog shows.

Poodles have a curly coat that sheds less visibly than many other dog breeds. Because of this, some people with dog allergies may tolerate poodles better than other breeds, although no dog is completely hypoallergenic.

Common coat colors include white, black, gray, brown, and apricot.

## Sizes 
Poodles are breed in many different sizes. The four main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, Medium and Toy. There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official. This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.

***Standard - **This is the original size. This height is from 35 to 45 cm, weight is from 15 to 19 kg.
***Miniature - **This size was downsized from standard size for circus dogs.  This height is from 28 to 35 cm,weight is from 8 to 15 kg. 
***Medium - **This size is not accepted in some countries.  This height is from  35 to 45 cm, weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
***Toy - **This size was downsized from miniature size for breeding as pets. This height is from 26 to 28 cm, weight is  also 3 kg.

## Military working dogs 
Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military for several centuries. During World War II, it was thought that this breed of dog could become helpers during the war.  So, poodles went through training by the United States Army for special tasks. In 1942, the poodle was one of 32 breeds officially ranked as war dogs by the Army.

## Cuts
It is the poodles main style to left hair of the chest and ankles in order to protect heart and joints from cold waters and cut others in order to reduce the resistance of the water. Now, poodles hair styles have more variations. In Japan, the "teddy bear cut" is most popular. This style lets the whole body have roundness like a teddy bear.

## References
Irish

**Irish** could mean:

* Ireland, an island to the west of Great Britain
* Republic of Ireland, a country on the island of Ireland
* Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, on the northern part of the island
* Irish Republic, a former country on the island of Ireland
* Irish Free State, a former country on the island of Ireland
* Irish people, people of Irish heritage, coming from Ireland
* Irish language, a Celtic language spoken on the island of Ireland and by small communities worldwide
Laurence Olivier

**Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier**,  (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director. He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage. Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.

Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.

Olivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film *Hamlet*), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was awarded five Emmy Awards. He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner. In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Olivier's ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

## References
1716

**1716** (MDCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
* August 5 – In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
* Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
* Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
* Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
* Kangxi Dictionary published this year. This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.
400

## Events 
*First invasion of Italy by Alaric (probable date).
*The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (approximate date).
*Construction (and therefore occupation) at Great Zimbabwe begins (approximate date).
*Earliest date of human occupation on Easter Island (approximate date).
*Chrysanthemums are introduced to Japan (approximate date).
1147

## Events 
* Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
* First written mention of Moscow.
* Abd al-Mumin destroys the Almoravid Empire
* Dore Abbey founded
* Wendish Crusade
Allan Kardec

**Allan Kardec**  (**Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail** 3 October 1804  31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher. 
## Works
He dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He spread the educational ideas  of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry. The classes were at his home in Paris.

In 1854, Kardec started studying phenomena which some people call "paranormal" or "supernatural". This was quite common at that time.

In his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men.

## Other websites 
* Allan Kardec Educational Society 
* ALLAN KARDEC: spiritisme, spiritism... 
* Allan Kardec Biographic Information 
* The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec
** Le Livre des Esprits  (PDF file)
* The Book on Mediums  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
* The Gospel According to Spiritism  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
Advaita Vedanta

(illusion).]]
**Advaita Vedanta** is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore **Advaita** know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.

## History 
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (*a* = not, *dvaita* = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was *"Atman is Brahman."*

Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, *maya*, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit. 

Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.

This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)

## References
## Other websites 
* Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal
Parthenon

The **Parthenon** is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, and originally had a huge idol to her. It was a Christian church from the 5th century to the 15th when it became a mosque. The name *Parthenon* means ''the virgin's place'' in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments. 

The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side. 

In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.

## References
Neutral

The word **neutrality** can have different meanings too:

* Neutrality (international relations), when a country does not side with any of the parties in a conflict 
* Neutral solution, a chemical solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline
** Neutralization
* Neutral particle, in physics, a particle that does not have an electric charge.
Physical anthropology

**Physical anthropology** looks at how the anatomy of the human body has changed over time. It compares the human body to the bodies of other primates. Studies of physical anthropology often look at the evolution of mankind.

Areas of physical anthropology include paleoanthropology and primatology. When physical anthropology is joined to other branches of biology, it becomes biological anthropology.   Biological anthropology puts together information from the fossil record, the human skeleton, genetics, our primate relatives, human adaptations, and human behaviour.

## References
Jackal

**Jackals** are canid species found in Africa, Asia and Europe. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This is not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. 

They often chase prey as a pair or a group, usually not as individuals. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and scavengers.

Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.

Jackals are not a clade.  They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
***Black-backed jackal** (*Lupulella mesomelas*) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
***Golden jackal** (*Canis aureus*) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
***Side-striped jackal** (*Lupulella adusta*) - live in central and Southern Africa;

A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (*Canis simensis*), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.

## References
Diogenes syndrome

**Diogenes syndrome** is a behavioral disorder. It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition. People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect. They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc. So they develop a strong odor (scent). Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.

Very often this disorder affects old people who live alone.

Diogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope. It is thought to be the end stage of personality disorder.

## References
Marx and Engels Internet Archive

The **Marxists Internet Archive** (also known as **MIA** or **Marxists.org**) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.

The texts are available in many different languages.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Irish language

**Irish**, or **Irish Gaelic**, is a language spoken in the Republic of Ireland and, less commonly, in Northern Ireland.

## Classification 
Irish is a Gaelic language and so is similar to Scottish Gaelic and Manx. It is less similar to Breton, Cornish and Welsh.

The Celtic languages are divided into two groups: P-Celtic languages and Q-Celtic languages. Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx are Q-Celtic languages, and Breton, Cornish and Welsh is a P-Celtic language. For that reason, many Irish-speakers can understand some Scots Gaelic but not Welsh.

Irish also has no words for  "yes" or "no".

## History 
### Before the United Kingdom 
Queen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish and asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish. That was an attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy and make them Protestant, but it mostly failed.

### In the United Kingdom 
Until the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish. However, that changed after Ireland joined Great Britain in 1801 to form the United Kingdom. Ireland’s state schools became part of the British system and so had to teach English. Sometimes, they were not allowed to teach Irish.

The Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish. The same is true for the Irish Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell. He was an Irish-speaker himself but thought that people should speak English since most job opportunities were in the English-speaking British Empire and United States.

## Today 
Today, Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland and has around 2 million speakers.

In practice, the Irish government still uses English more than Irish. Also, most people in the country speak English in their day-to-day lives. However, many people speak Irish among friends or family. It is also taught in all Irish schools according to the law.

In parts of Ireland called the Gaeltacht (*Gaeltachtaí* in Irish), people still speak Irish as their first language, and up to 70% of the people speak Irish. The newest Gaeltacht in the country is on Falls Road, in Belfast, where the whole community tries to use Irish as its first language. The area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.

## Literature 
There were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became songs. Often, they told stories about the heroes of old times.

## Common words and phrase 
* aon = one (ain)
* dó = two (doe)
* trí = three (tree)
* ceathair = four (ka-her)
* cúig = five (coo-igg)
* sé = six (shay)
* seacht = seven (shocked)
* ocht = eight (uckt)
* naoi = nine (knee)
* deich = ten (dje)
* céad = one hundred (kayd)
* dhá chéad = two hundred (gah kayd)
* Dia Dhuit = Hello (literal translation is "God be with you") (jia gwitch)
* Céad Mile Fáilte = One hundred thousand welcomes (kayd me-lah fall-tcha)
* Ceist ag éinne? = Anyone have a question? (kesht ag ayn-ye)
* Éire = Ireland
* go maith = good (go mah)
* Slán = goodbye (slahn)
* Leabhar = book (lao-er)
* Madra = dog (madjra)

## Related pages 
* Gaelic languages
* Celtic languages
* History of Ireland

## References
Milwaukee

**Milwaukee**  is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is also the 31st most populous city in the United&nbsp;States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of 2020, about 577,222 people lived in Milwaukee.

The city is home to the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball and the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association.

## References
1668

## Events 
* January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed.
* February 13 Lisbon – Peace Treaty between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England where it is recognized the legitimity of the Portuguese monarch. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
*The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
*Bishop Issac Barrow founds a trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man. (King William's College)
*July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
*August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
*First performance of Molière's comedy, *Tartuffe*
*The British East India Company takes over Bombay
* Foundation of the First National Bank of Europe in Stockholm, Sweden "Riskbank"
* Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.

## Births 
* November 10 - François Couperin, French composer
1149

## Events 
* Castle of Carimate destroyed.
* Nur ad-Din defeats the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab.
1686

## Events 
* May 4 – The Municipality of Ilagan was founded in the Philippines.
* July 17 – A meeting took place at Lüneburg between 'some evangelical Princes and Electors' and representatives of the King of Navarre, the King of Denmark and the Queen of England. The object of this meeting is the formation of an 'evangelical' league of defence against the Catholic League, called the 'Confederatio Militiae Evangelicae'.
* July 22 – New York City and Albany, New York are granted city charters by the colonial governor.
* September 2 – The forces of the Holy League of 1684 liberate Buda from the Ottoman Turkish rule that leads to the end of Turkish rule in Hungary during the subsequent years.

### Undated 
* The League of Augsburg (en) is founded.
* Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria join the Holy League against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
* A group of conspirators met at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of king James II of England by Parliamentarians and the Dutch William III of Orange-Nassau.
* A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina, from attack by Spanish vessels.

## Births 
* January 16 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (died 1766)
* January 31 – Hans Egede, Norwegian Lutheran missionary (died 1758)
* April 9 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician (died 1721)
* April 28 – Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (died 1721)
* April 29 – Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (died 1742)
* May 24 – Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and inventor (died 1736)
* June 9 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (died 1747)
* July 6 – Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (died 1758)
* July 9 – Philip Livingston, American politician (died 1749)
* July 31 (or August 1) – Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer (died 1739)
* August 12 – John Balguy, English philosopher (died 1748)
* August 19 – Eustace Budgell, English writer (died 1737)
* August 19 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer (died 1768)
* October 15 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (died 1758)

## Deaths 
* January 31 – Jean Mairet, French dramatist (born 1604)
* February 10 – William Dugdale, English antiquarian (born 1605)
* April 6 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (born. 1614)
* April 19 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (born 1610)
* June 23 – William Coventry, English statesman (born c.1628)
* July 10 – John Fell, English churchman (born 1625)
* July 16 – John Pearson, English theologian (born 1612)
* August 13 – Louis Maimbourg, French-born historian (born 1610)
* October 26 – John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (born 1623)
* November 11 – Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (born 1621)
* November 11 – Otto von Guericke, German physicist and inventor (born 1602)

## References
Equidae

**Equidae**, also known as a **Horse Family** is a family of odd-toed ungulate that are only one surviving genus: *Equus*.  Horses, donkeys and zebras belong in this genus. Animals of the *Equus* genus can have hybrid offspring, but they are usually sterile. They can have many different colours.

An adult female equidae is called a **mare**.
Wolves (Story of the Year album)

***Wolves*** is the sixth studio album by American rock band Story of the Year. The album was released on December 8, 2017.

## Track listing
## References
Andrei Sakharov

**Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov** (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, 21 May 1921 – 14 December 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

## Life 
Sakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.

The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.  He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.  The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.

 only made him speak out more.  He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.  "Do you want to kill us?" cried Sakharov's wife. "We can do worse things than kill you," they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.

The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).

Sakharov kept on asking for *glasnost* (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be *glasnost*, let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .

## References
Dionne Warwick

**Dionne Warwick** (born December 12, 1940) is an American R&B singer. She was born in East Orange, New Jersey.

Warwick sang many songs written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David.  Many of these songs were hits.

In 1990, Warwick hosted and executive produced a talk show, *Dionne and Friends*. She was a contestant in the 2011 season of *The Apprentice*.

Warwick's sister Dee Dee Warwick (1942-2008), their aunt Cissy Houston (1933-2024) and cousin Whitney Houston (1963-2012) were singers.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*
Barenaked Ladies

**Barenaked Ladies** are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988. The band is made up of four men. In 1991, the band was taken off the program for a New Year's Eve concert in Toronto because someone thought the name was bad. The band started as a duo with Ed Roberstson and Steven Page. Lead singer Page left the band in 2009 to begin a solo career. He was also arrested in 2008 for having the illegal drug cocaine.
* Ed Roberston - guitar and vocals
* Jim Creegan - vocals and bass
* Kevin Hearn - vocals, keyboard, accordion and guitar
* Tyler Stewart - vocals and drums

## Television
Ed Robertson is also the host of a television programme, called ''Ed's Up*. On the programme, he travels around Canada by airplane. A plane he was flying crashed into trees in 2008. Roberston and the other passengers were not hurt.

The theme song to the television series *The Big Bang Theory* is performed by Barenaked Ladies.

## Recordings
The band have made 18 albums:
* *Gordon* (1992)
* *Maybe You Should Drive* (1994)
* *Born on a Pirate Ship (1996)*
* *Rock Spectacle* (1996)
* *Stunt* (1998)
* *Maroon* (2000)
* *Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits* (2001)
* *Everything To Everyone* (2003)
* *Barenaked For The Holidays* (2004)
* *Barenaked Ladies Are Me* (2006)
* *Talk To The Hand*: Live In Michigan DVD (2007)
* *Barenaked Ladies Are Men* (2007)
* *Snacktime!* (2008)
* *All In Good Time* (2010)
* *Grinning Streak* (2013)
* *Silver Ball* (2015)
* *Fake Nudes* (2017)
* *Detour de Force'' (2021)

## References
## Other websites
* Ed's Up TV pages
Paul Revere & the Raiders

**Paul Revere & the Raiders** were an American pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Boise, Idaho and then re-located to Portland, Oregon.

In 1971 the band had a number-one hit on the Billboard charts, with "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)".

The Raiders most well known lineup consisted of: Mark Lindsay (lead vocals), Drake Levin (guitar), Jim Valley (guitar), Phil Volk (bass), Paul Revere (keyboards) and Mike Smith (drums).

The band claimed to have 23 hits from 1961 to 1972, more hits for a long period of time than even the likes of The Beatles did not achieve.
The Grass Roots

**The Grass Roots** are an American rock music group. Their peak in popularity was in the 1960s and 1970s. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their biggest hit was the song "Midnight Confessions" which charted in the US at #5 in 1968.  Their 1969 song "I'd Wait a Million Years" was #15 in the U.S..

## Albums 
* Where Were You When I Needed You (1966)
* Let's Live for Today (1967)
* Feelings (1968)
* Leavin' It All Behind (1969)
* Lovin' Things (1969)
* Move Along (1972)
* Alotta Mileage (1973)
* Grass Roots (1975)
* The ABC Collection (1976)
* 14 Greatest (1978)
* Powers of the Night (1982)
* Live at Last (2000)
* Symphonic Hits (2001)
* Live Gold (2008)
* The Complete Original Dunhill/ABC Hit Singles (2014)
Nintendogs

is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In *Nintendogs*, the player has dogs. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. They give the dogs food and drinks. If a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests. The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies.

There are four versions of the game each with different breeds.
They are: *Dalmatian and Friends*, *Chihuahua and Friends*, *Labrador and Friends* and *Dachshund and Friends*. All breeds are unlockable in every version and a player can unlock dogs by increasing his trainer points. However, the player can only have three dogs at home. To get more the player must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. Every player can only drop off five dogs at a time.

If the player does not play the game for a long period of time, the dog may run away, so players need to play with their dogs daily.

A sequel, *Nintendogs + Cats*, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Lynx

The ***Lynx*** is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.

## Appearance 
*Lynx* have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5&nbsp;kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large domestic cat) and can weigh up to about 30&nbsp;kg (66 pounds). They are between 70 and 150 cm long, with a relative short tail - 5-25 cm. They live for about 20 years.

*Lynx* are similar to a regular house cat, but larger. They have a powerful body on short, furry legs attached to hefty feet, and a bobbed, black-tipped tail. The fur is spotted and yellowish-brown to grey. It has a collar of fur around the face, giving a triangular shape. They also have long black ear tufts.

## Habitat 
*Lynx* live in the high  forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. They hunt only on the ground, but can climb trees and swim.

They can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian lynx to Germany. They can also be found in Białowieża Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.

The Colorado Division of Wildlife tried to move other wild *Lynx* populations from Canada back to the United States.

## Behaviour 
*Lynx* are usually , although a small group may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between two and four kittens. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults.

*Lynx* make their dens in crevices or under ledges. They feed on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. They also eat ptarmigans, voles, and grouse.

## The genus *Lynx* 
* Genus *Lynx*
** Canada lynx, *Lynx canadensis*
** Eurasian lynx, *Lynx lynx*
** Iberian lynx or Spanish Lynx, *Lynx pardinus*
** Bobcat, *Lynx rufus*

## Conservation 
The Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (together, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.
Hunting lynxes is illegal in many countries.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Canada Lynx in the Southern Rockies 
* The Iberian Lynx  The natural history of the Iberian lynx
* Hopes raised by Spain lynx births
Leonid Brezhnev

**Leonid Illich Brezhnev** (19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982) was a leader of the Soviet Union. Born in 1906, Brezhnev's title was "First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". He was effectively the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982.

During the Second World War, Brezhnev was a Political Commissar. He supervised various military units. There, he became a friend of Nikita Khrushchev.

Unlike Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union before him, Brezhnev did not agree with the process of destalinization, and did not support reform. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet economy mostly consisted of military spending. Because the country's resources were going to the armed forces, as they had under Joseph Stalin in wartime, consumer wants were ignored. The standard of living began to fall.

Brezhnev died of a heart attack on November 10, 1982. At over 18 years, Brezhnev was longest ruling Russian Ruler since Stalin until Vladimir Putin broke this record in 2017.

## Related pages 
* Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev

## References
Approximation

An **approximation** is a version of a piece of information that doesn't describe it exactly, but is close enough to be used. An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler. The most common simple adjective for an approximation is "about". 

For example, if you wanted to add 2.0002 and 2.0003, you can add 2 and 2, and it would be an approximation. If you are left with a balance of $78.23 you might want to say you are left with 80 dollars. In mathematics, this is written using the \approx symbol (e.g., \pi \approx 3.1416).

Archimedes used polygons to approximate a circle, and to calculate an approximation for \pi as shown below:
The more sides a polygon has, the closer it is to a circle. The orange pentagons have more space between each other and the black circle than the green octagons. 

## Related pages 
* Approximation theory
* Diophantine approximation
* Estimation
* Numerical analysis

## References
PhpBB

**phpBB** is a  used, free computer software for forums. As the name suggests, phpBB is written in PHP, with the use of one of SQL compatible databases.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Jerboa

A **jerboa** is a small desert rodent of Asia and Northern Africa. It looks like a mouse, but it has a long tail and very long back legs. The jerboa moves by jumping, and their highest jump is over 6 feet high. They have long tails, long hind legs, and short front legs. There are 33 species of jerboa, which tend to live in hot deserts.

## Related pages 
* Hopping mouse
* Jumping mouse
* Kangaroo rat and kangaroo mouse
* Kultarr
* Springhare

## References
Teaspoon

A **teaspoon** is a spoon used for stirring tea, measuring sugar, and playing games such as spoons. They are also called **flatspoons** in American English. Longer teaspoons can be used to eat ice cream and other desserts, too. It is usually covered with silver or stainless steel.

It is also a unit of measurement, now equal to 5 millilitres.

## References
Camembert

**Camembert** is a village in France. It is in Normandy. It is in the Orne *département* of the Lower Normandy region in France. It is most famous as the place where Camembert cheese originated. In 1999, 199 people lived there.

## Geography 
Camembert has a total area of 10.3 square kilometers.
Camembert cheese

**Camembert cheese**, more generally known as **Camembert**, is a French soft cheese. It originated in the village of Camembert in Normandy. Since 1983, the name *Camembert de Normandie* has been protected as Appellation d'Origine controlée (AOC).

## Production 
Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds *Penicillium candida* and *Penicillium camemberti* for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.

## Characteristics 
When fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.

Camembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.

## History 
Camembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.

Before fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.

The cheese was famously issued to French troops in the First World War, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.

The cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dalí to create his famous painting, *The Persistence of Memory*. Its "melting" watches were inspired by the sight of a melting wheel of over-ripe Camembert.

The Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983.

## Related pages
* Brie, a similar cheese from a different region

## References 
*Camembert: A National Myth* by Pierre Boisard  claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods.

## Other websites 
* Camembert website 
* Camembert AOC 
* Joseph Knirim, Marie Harel and the camembert cheese
* Castello's Camembert
* Saga Blue's Camembert
Smell

The term **smell** may refer to one of the following articles:

* Olfaction, the sense of smell, that is, the ability to perceive odors
* Odor - the sensation perceived by the detection of certain chemical compounds by the sense of olfaction
Childbirth



**Childbirth**, also known as **labour and delivery**, is when a woman gives birth. This means it is the ending of a pregnancy where one baby or (more) babies leave the uterus by passing through the  vagina or by Caesarean section. 

Birth rate is important in determining the population growth rate. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, called a premature birth, while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks as a postterm delivery.

## Related pages
*Premature birth
*Postterm birth
*Population growth rate 
*Mortality rate

## References
ASCII art

**ASCII art** is art made out of ASCII characters. This can be simple art like "<3" (it looks almost like a heart if you turn your head sideways), or it can be more complex, with characters carefully placed out, containing many lines of characters. 
ASCII art was originally used to "draw" pictures on computers that only allowed ASCII characters. 
Smilies are considered ASCII art. 

ASCII art was invented because in the past, computers could only display simple characters in a format known as ASCII. This meant that computers could only display text. People started making art with ASCII characters to display an "image". These images are also sometimes referred to as emoticons, especially when they make images similar to facial expressions. Examples are: 

`:)      *_*     :(      O_o` 

`:|      T_T     :D` 

They can also be more complicated. 

## External links
* html art, rychkov.org
Body piercing

, her bottom lip, and a Monroe piercing]]
**Body piercing** or just **piercing** is a form of body modification, where humans of either gender  their skin to put jewellery through the hole later. There are many different reasons some people have piercings, such as religious or other cultural purposes. Many people, especially in North America and Europe, choose to be pierced for ornamental, or sexual pleasure.

## History
In early records, it was not common to discuss the use of piercings or their meanings. However, body adornment and modification are  have been around for more than 5000 years, found in mummies like Ötzi the Iceman, Europe's oldest natural mummy  to be about 5,300 years old. Piercing of the ears, nose, and tongue have a long history in many ancient cultures, and lip piercing and stretching were more common in African tribes, especially for cultural identification.
### Piercings in the 20th & 21st century 
Body piercings of any kind were not popular in Western cultures in the beginning of the 20th century. After World War II, the gay subculture used piercings as a fashion statement. Other subcultures, such as "hippie" and the punk movement, also began to use piercings as a form of expression in the 1960s and 1970s. For males, one type of penis piercing is called an Ampallang.

## References
Physical

**Physical** can mean:
*Something that is made of matter
*Something about the human body
*Physical anthropology
*Something done by a force made when something moves to apply or create the force. (This is only a form of Kinetic energy.)
Elonka Dunin

**Elonka Dunin** (; born December 29, 1958) is an American video game developer. Her job is to make computer games at Simutronics Corporation, in Missouri.  She also knows a lot about famous puzzles, especially a puzzle called Kryptos, which no one knows all the answers to yet.

In 2006, she wrote a book with hundreds of puzzles in it, called *The Mammoth Book of Secret Codes and Cryptograms*.

## References 
* Elonka Dunin's website (biography)
* Simutronics corporation
Folk

**Folk** can mean:

* a specific people, tribe, or nation
* folklore, stories and traditions told orally.
* folk art, art done in traditional styles

In **music:**
* folk music or folksong, music by and of the common people.
* folk dance, a 19th century form of dance
* folk-punk, a genre of music that combines elements of folk and punk rock music
* folk-rock, a kind of music that is folk music and Rock and Roll mixed together.
* folk metal, a sub-genre of heavy metal that mixes it with folk music
Victorian

**Victorian** may mean:

* 19th-century matters: 
**Victorian era 
**Victorian architecture
**Victorian decorative arts
**Victorian fashion
**Victorian morality 
**Victorianism in esthetics and manners
**Victorian literature
**Victorian America
*Saint Victorian (disambiguation)

## Related pages
* Victoria (disambiguation)
* Victoriana
Bethlehem

**Bethlehem** is a Palestinian city on the West Bank.  It is most famous as the place where Jesus was born.  (See Gospel of Matthew chapter 2.)  It is five miles from Jerusalem and has been under Israeli occupation since 1967. 

## Other websites
Albert II, Prince of Monaco

**Albert II** (born 14 March 1958 This made Albert II the first monarch and head of state to have tested positive for COVID-19. On 31 March, it was announced that he had made a full recovery.

## Titles and styles
***14 March 1958 – 6 April 2005:** *His Serene Highness* The Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquess of  Baux.
****31 March 2005 – 6 April 2005:** *His Serene Highness* The Prince Regent of Monaco.
***6 April 2005 – present:** *His Serene Highness* The Sovereign Prince of Monaco.

## Ancestral Information 

## References