open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maui

**Maui** is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States.
It has a population of just over 150,000 and is 727 square miles (1883&nbsp;km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism.

Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes.
## Geography
Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has undergone significant erosion due to regular heavy rainfall.   In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore.

## Places
Other places on Maui popular with visitors include:
* Ī'ao Valley.
* Haleakala crater
* Road to Hāna
* Wai'ānapanapa

Golf courses on Maui include:
* Grand Waikapu Country Club
* Ka'anapali Golf Course
* Kapalua Golf Club
* Makena Golf Club
* Maui Country Club
* Pukalani Country Club
* Sandalwood Country Club
* Silversword Golf Course
* Wai'ehu Municipal Golf Course
* Wailea Golf Club

## References
Moloka'i

view of the East side of Molokai, Hawaii]]
**Molokaʻi** (sometimes mistakenly called **Molokai**) is the fifth largest island in the U.S. Hawaiian Islands.  The island is 38 miles long and 10 miles across. Its land area is 261 square miles.  The highest mountain is named Kamakou, and it is 4,970 feet (1,514 meters) high. 

Molokaʻi has many local indigenous names including Molokaʻi 'Aina Momona (land of abundance), Molokaʻi Pule O'o (land of powerful prayer), and Molokaʻi Nui A Hina (of the goddess Hina). It is one of the least developed of the Hawaiian islands.

The only big town is named Kaunakakai, which is also the main or chief port on the island.  The airport is in Central Molokai. Also on the island is Kalaupapa, which is a place for people who have a disease called leprosy. 

Molokai has many Hawaiian fish ponds along its south shore. Many of these have been cleaned and fixed.
Multiplication

**Multiplication** is an arithmetic operation for finding the *product* of two numbers in mathematics, and is the opposite of division. It is often represented by symbols such as \times or \cdot. Multiplication is the third operation in math, after addition which is the first, and subtraction which is the second. It can also be defined on number mathematical objects as well.

With natural numbers, multiplication gives the number of tiles in a rectangle, where one of the two numbers equals the number of tiles on one side, and the other number equals the number of tiles on the other side.

With real numbers, multiplication gives the area of a rectangle where the first number is the same as the size of one side, and the second number is the same as the size of the other side.

For example, three multiplied by five is the  of five threes added together, or the total of three fives. This can be written as 3 × 5 = 15, or spoken as "three times five equals fifteen." Mathematicians refer to the two numbers to be multiplied as "coefficients", or *"multiplicand"* and *"multiplicator"* separately (where multiplicand × multiplicator = product).

Multiplication between numbers is said to be commutative—when the order of the numbers does not influence the value of the product. This is true for the integers (whole numbers), e.g. 4 × 6 is the same as 6 × 4, and also for the rational numbers (fractions), and for all the other real numbers (representable as a field in the continuous line), and also for complex numbers (numbers representable as a field in the plane). However, it is not true for quaternions (numbers representable as a ring in the four-dimensional space), vectors or matrices.

The definition of multiplication as repeated addition provides a way to arrive at a set-theoretic interpretation of multiplication of cardinal numbers. A more accurate representation is to think of it as scaling quantities. This animation illustrates 3 being multiplied by 2, giving 6 as a result. Notice that the blue dot in the blue segment of length 3 is placed at position 1, and the blue segment is scaled so that this dot is placed at the end of the red segment (of length 2). For multiplication by any X, the blue dot will always start at 1 and end at X. This works even if X is smaller than 1, or negative.

The opposite of multiplication is division.

## Multiplication table
Teachers usually require their pupils to memorize the table of the first 9 numbers when teaching multiplication, so that more complex multiplication tasks can be performed.

## Related pages
* Addition
* Division (mathematics)
* Square number
* Subtraction

## References
Multiverse

A **multiverse** is the theory of a conjectured set of multiple possible universes, including ours, which make up reality. These universes are sometimes called **parallel universes**. A number of different versions have been considered.

The word "multiverse" was created in 1895 by psychologist William James as a philosophical concept.

## The cosmological multiverse 
The cosmological multiverse tries to explain why the universe we can see sometimes called  is one that life can exist in. Even small changes to the way physics works would make life impossible. In a multiverse a large number of universes are randomly created and some happen to favour life emerging there. Many inhospitable universes would also have been created, but there would be no life there to observe their existence.

## The quantum multiverse 
The quantum multiverse is another version in which our universe splits into alternative futures with every quantum event. This is called Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

## Related pages 
*Quantum immortality

## Further reading
*
*
*
*
*

## References
First language

) language in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan]]

A **first language** (also **mother language**, **mother tongue**, **native language**, **arterial language**, or **L1**) often means the language that a person learns first. It helps one understand words and concepts in the style of that language. Sometimes, but not often, *first language* means the language that a person speaks best (the second language is then spoken less well than the first language, etc.). In that sense, a person could have more than one first or second language. The first languages of the national majority usually are to be recognized as national languages of the nation.

## References
## Related pages
* Second language
Mile

The **mile** (symbol: **mi**) is a unit of length. There are many different kinds of mile but *mile* on its own usually means the **statute mile**.

## Statute mile
In the US and the UK the word *mile* usually means the statute mile. 

## Nautical mile
The nautical mile is used for sea or air travel. 

The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a line of longitude of the Earth.  There are 60 minutes of arc in one degree or arc (60'&nbsp;=&nbsp;1°). So there were 10,800 nautical miles from the North Pole to the South Pole.

Now the nautical mile is defined as 1,852 metres.

:
The speed of a ship that travels one nautical mile in one hour is called one knot.

The similar geographical mile is 1855.3 km. It was also one minute of arc, but along a line of latitude rather than longitude.

## Roman mile
The mile was first used by the Romans.  It comes from the Latin phrase *mille passus* (plural: *milia passuum*).  This means "one thousand paces". A pace is the distance each foot moves when taking one step. 

“the **Roman pace**, measured from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot in the next stride”

:

## Other miles
Different miles have been used throughout history in various parts of the world. In Norway and Sweden, for example, a mil is a unit of length which is equal to 10 kilometres.

## Idioms
Even in English-speaking countries that use the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand), the mile is still used in many idioms. These include:
* A ''* is used colloquially to mean a very long distance.
* *"A miss is as good as a mile"* (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
* *"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile"*&nbsp;– a corruption of *"Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"* (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
* *"Missed by a mile"* (missed by a wide margin)
* *"Go a mile a minute"* (move very fast)
* *"Talk a mile a minute"* (speak very fast)
* *"To go the extra mile"* (to put in extra effort)
* *"Miles away"* (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
* *"Milestone"'' (an event showing a lot of progress)

## References
Margarine

**Margarine** is an  butter. It can be made from vegetable oil, or animal fat. It may also contain skimmed milk, salt and emulsifiers. Margarine is used in many baked products. It contains less fat than butter, so is often chosen instead of it. There are also "low fat" margarines, which contain even less fat. However, many types of margarine are made with hydrogenated oils. Products with hydrogenated oil have trans fats, which are unhealthy and can cause heart disease. Other fats, like olive oil, and butter, are a better choice for cooking.
Microscope

]]

A **microscope** is a scientific instrument. It makes small objects look larger. This lets people see the small things. People who use microscopes frequently  in their jobs include doctors and scientists. Students in science classes such as biology also use microscopes to study small things.
The earliest microscopes had only one lens and are called *simple microscopes*. *Compound microscopes* have at least two lenses. In a compound microscope, the lens closer to the eye is called the *eyepiece*. The lens at the other end is called the *objective*. The lenses multiply up, so a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective together give 400x magnification.

Microscopes make things seem larger than they are, to about 1000 times larger. This is much stronger than a magnifying glass which works as a simple microscope.

## Types of microscopes 
There are many types of microscopes. The most common kind of microscope is the compound light microscope. In a compound light microscope, the object is illuminated: light is thrown on it. The user looks at the image formed by the object. Light passes through two lenses and makes the image bigger.

The second most common kind are a few kinds of electron microscopes. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) fire cathode rays into the object being looked at. This carries information about how the object looks into a magnetic "lens". The image is then magnified onto a television screen. Scanning electron microscopes also fire electrons at the object, but in a single beam. These lose their power when they strike the object, and the loss of power results in something else being generated—usually an X-ray. This is sensed and magnified onto a screen. Scanning tunneling microscopes were invented in 1984.

A fluorescence microscope is a special kind of light microscope. In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner, and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy". The citation says it brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".

## References
## Other websites 
* Microscopy Information Information relating to optics, techniques and specimen preparation for teachers, students, amateur scientists.
* Scanning electron microscope
Classic Mac OS

**Mac OS** is an operating system for Macintosh computers. Mac OS was first made by Apple Inc. in 1984. In those days Mac OS was called **Macintosh System Software** – which was shortened to **System** or **SSW** (**S**ystem **S**oft**w**are). The term "Mac OS" first appeared in the splash screen for System 7.5.1, but was not adopted as the new name until the release of Mac OS 7.6.

## Related pages
* Apple Macintosh

## References
Apple Macintosh

. Unlike most computers, it has a computer system with the screen inside it.]]
The **Apple Macintosh** or just **Mac** is a line of personal computers made by the American company Apple Inc. The Macintosh was one of the first computers in which the people could use a mouse for pointing on a screen which had icons. This new way of working with a computer (interface) was known as graphical user interface. It was this feature of the Macintosh that made it so popular.

## History 
### Processor history 
The **Apple–Intel transition** was when Apple changed the CPU of Macintosh computers from PowerPC processors to Intel x86 processors.  It was announced at the 2005 World Wide Developers Conference. Steve Jobs announced it.

Macintoshes were different than other personal computers for many years based on their central processing unit (CPU). At the start, Macs used Motorola 68000 chips instead of Intel chips. Later, Macs used PowerPC chips. In 2006, Macs started to use Intel chips. In 2020, Macs started to use Apple Silicon chips. Today, Macs are sold with Apple M1 chips.

## Macintoshes 
### Software 
The Mac does not have the Windows operating system installed on it. It has its own range of operating systems, known as macOS. The newest operating system is known as “Sonoma".  Macs can run both Windows and macOS at the same time with help of a program called “Boot Camp”, which comes on every Intel-based Mac.

In general, Macintosh computers cost more than other computers of the same speed.

## Related pages
* iMac
* MacBook
* MacBook Air
* MacBook Pro   
* Macintosh 128K
* Macintosh Classic
* Other popular products of Apple include iPod, iPhone and iPad.

## References
Metre

The **metre** (British spelling) or **meter** (American spelling) (symbol: **m**) is the basic unit of length in the SI measurement system. The symbol for the metre is **m**. The first meaning (in the French Revolution) was one ten-millionth of the distance between the Earth's equator and the North Pole along the Paris meridian. The metre is now defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

In the imperial system of measurement, one yard is 0.9144 metres (after international agreement in 1959), so a metre is very near to 39.37 inches: about 3.281 feet, or 1.0936 yards.

 and iridium) that defined the length of a metre until 1960.]]

## Units multiples
*0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Qm (quettametre) = 1 m
* 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Rm (ronnametre) = 1 m
*    0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Ym (yotametre) = 1 m
*        0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Zm (zetametre) = 1 m
*            0.000 000 000 000 000 001 Em (exametre) = 1 m
*                0.000 000 000 000 001 Pm (petametre) = 1 m
*                    0.000 000 000 001 Tm (terametre) = 1 m
*                        0.000 000 001 Gm (gigametre) = 1 m
*                            0.000 001 Mm (megametre) = 1 m
*                                0.001 km (kilometre) = 1 m
*                                 0.01 hm (hectometre) = 1 m
*                                  0.1 dam(decametre) = 1 m
*                                  1 m  (metre)
*                                 10 dm (decimetres) = 1 m
*                                100 cm (centimetres) = 1 m
*                               1000 mm (millimetres) = 1 m
*                          1 000 000 μm (micrometres) = 1 m
*                      1 000 000 000 nm (nanometres) = 1 m
*                   1 000 000 000 000 pm (picometres) = 1 m
*                 1 000 000 000 000 000 fm (fermi or femtometres) = 1 m
*             1 000 000 000 000 000 000 am (attometres) = 1 m
*         1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 zm (zeptometres) = 1 m
*     1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ym (yoctometres) = 1 m
*10^27 rm (rontometre)
*10^30 qm (quettametre)

## Related pages
*Metre Convention

## References
Magnifying glass

]]
A **magnifying glass** is a lens through which can be used to make things appear bigger, so you can see them better. It is used in many applications and manual operations, e.g., for examining postage stamps in philately.

The magnifying glass consists of a piece of convex-shaped glass or plastic. It has to be held at the right distance between the eye and the object for the object to be in focus. The magnifying glass usually comes with a handle. A telescope is a more advanced kind of magnifying glass and consists of at least two glass lenses. 

A pair of binoculars is like a telescope for each eye. *Spectacles* or eyeglasses also use lenses to correct a person's vision.

## Related pages 
* Binoculars
* Stamp album
* Telescope

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Moral reasoning

**Moral reasoning** is a topic studied in psychology and in moral philosophy. It studies how people think about moral issues, problems, and questions. Psychologists who have studied it include Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel. Kohlberg said that moral understanding develops in three main stages as a person gets older, but Turiel said that there are three domains of moral understanding that develop at the same time as a person gets older.

Moral philosophy, or ethics, is a major branch of philosophy. It is the study of value or quality. It covers the analysis and use of concepts such as , , good, evil, and responsibility.
Metabolism

(ATP), a central intermediate in energy metabolism]]

**Metabolism** is the chemical reactions which keep us alive. It happens in the cells of living organisms.

The chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolism allows organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word ‘metabolism’ can also refer to digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells.

Metabolism is usually divided into two categories:
* Catabolism breaks down organic matter and harvests energy by way of cellular respiration.
* Anabolism uses energy to build molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, or cycles, like the Krebs cycle. One chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical by a series of enzymes.

The metabolic system of an organism decides which substances it finds nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, called the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will need, and how it is able to get that food. 

A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium *Escherichia coli* and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in the evolution of life, and kept because of their efficiency.

## Related pages
*Catabolism
*Anabolism
*Metabolic rate
*Metabolic syndrome

## References
Molecule

molecule. Carbon atoms are made blue, oxygen atoms are made red and hydrogen atoms are made white to show the difference. In reality atoms do not have a color.]]
A **molecule** is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance.

Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form.  Not all combinations of atoms are equally possible; atoms make certain shapes in preference to others.  Also, they have different valency.   For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms. 

In the kinetic theory of gases, the term *molecule* is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are in fact monoatomic molecules.

In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate.  In the fourth state of matter known as plasma, the atoms are ionized and cannot form molecules.

With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. That means that one molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms.

## Bonding 
For a molecule to exist, atoms have to stick together. This happens when two atoms share electrons. Instead of circling just one atom, the electron now circles around two. This is called a covalent bond.  Sometimes, more than one electron is shared. The more electrons are shared, the stronger the bond gets and the stronger the atoms stick together.

Bonds can also be broken apart. Since most bonds require energy to form, they also give off energy when they are broken. But before most bonds break, the molecule has to be heated. Then the atoms start to move, and when they move too much, the bond breaks. Molecules that require less energy to break than they give off when broken are called fuels. For example, a candle will just sit there and nothing happens. But when you use a match to light it, it will burn for a long time. The match brings the energy to break the first bonds, which release enough energy to break the bonds below them, until the candle has burned down. There are also ionic bonds.

## References
## Related pages 
*Intermolecular force
*Stereochemistry

## Other websites 
* Molecule of the Month - School of Chemistry, University of Bristol
* Antibody Molecule - The National Health Museum
* Data Book of Molecules - Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry
National anthem

A **national anthem** is a country's national song; the people of a nation sing their national anthem to remember and respect their country. By the 18th century, most countries had a national anthem and new countries chose a national anthem when they became independent. Some monarchies have a royal anthem for their monarch. 

## Related pages 
* List of national anthems
* National flag
* National symbols
Niihau

**Niihau** (or **Niʻihau**) is the smallest of the inhabited islands of Hawaii, in the United States. It has a land area of 70 sq. miles (184 km2). It is the oldest of the eight main islands.
## Ownership
The whole island is owned by the Robinson family. They bought it from the Kingdom of Hawaii for $10,000. It was said that the buyer, Elizabeth Sinclair (later Sinclair-Robinson), liked the island better than other places such as Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, and the island of Lanai. There is a small US Navy base where a few Navy people work.

## Inhabitants
The island has fewer than a hundred  inhabitants. Almost all of them are native Hawaiians. They support themselves largely with small family farms. Many work for the ranch owned by the Robinsons. The native Hawaiians lead a rural, low-tech life. They speak the Hawaiian language and keep traditions alive. This is because Ms. Sinclair promised to help preserve Hawaiian culture and tradition when she bought the island. Niihau is the only one of the Hawaiian islands where the Hawaiian language is the main language.

## Tourism
Niihau is also known as the "Forbidden Island". This is due to the fact that until recently, the island was off-limits to all but family members, US Navy personnel, government officials and expressly invited s. Now, tourists can go on one of a limited number of supervised tours or hunting safaris.
## Beaches
On the beaches of the island are found shells which are the only shells to be classified as gems. Niihau shells and the jewelry made from them are very popular. Many, especially those with darker and richer color, are collectors items. The sale of shells and shell jewelry brings extra money for the local people.
Nēnē

The **Nēnē**, or **Hawaiian goose** (*Branta sandvicensis*) is a species of goose. It is found today on only three Hawaiian islands. It gets its name from its soft call.

This is an unmistakable species, with its generally brown plumage (feathers) and darker head. Its strong toes have much reduced webbing (skin between the toes), an adjustment to the lava flows on which it breeds. Once common hunting and predators brought to the islands such as mongooses, pigs and cats reduced the population to only 30 birds in the 1950s.

## References
Network

**Network** might refer to:

* Computer network
** Virtual private network
* Career networking
* Neural network
* Social network
* Television network
* Transport network

## Related pages
* Contact network, a disambiguation page
Fishing net

]]
A **fishing net** is a woven trap usually used to catch fish. They are usually made out of rope. A net is a kind of tool.

**Fishing nets** are one of the oldest ways of catching fish. They can be made with all kinds of fabric like nylon, cotton, grass, flax, and tree fibers. The oldest known fish nets dates back to 8500 BC in Finland. Native Americans made their nets on the Columbia River from grass, cedar, and spruce root fibers. 

## Other methods  of catching fish 
* Spear
* Tame Cormorant
## References
Internet slang

**Internet slang** is slang words which are used on the internet. Most of these words are new, such as Wiki and blog, which were not used before the internet became popular.

Some old words were given new meanings, such as mail (which now means email).  This makes many metaphors on the Internet, such as boot (which otherwise mean a shoe) and link (which otherwise means a joint in a metal chain).  Some existing acronyms, such as "AFK" (To mean "Away from keyboard") and "IRL" (To mean "In real life") were used on bulletin board systems before the internet became popular.  These are now used on the internet, such as in chat rooms and on instant messenger software.  And Lol (laugh out loud)

People have also created some verbs and adjectives to describe things that only happen on the internet:

* To flame - to send  messages, usually in chat rooms, forums, instant messaging software or email.
* To ping - to send some data to another computer and see how long it takes for the data to come back.

## Shorthand words 
Shorthand is where a word is written in a shorter way because it is quicker and easier to type. It is also done to fit more  into a limited space.

Internet slang uses many acronyms because they are quicker and easier to type.  They are often shorthand for common phrases and idioms, but they can show somebody's emotions and their .

## Leet speak 
Leet speak (written as: L33T or 1337) is the most common language on MMORPGs because rude words are not stopped by filters. This language is changing all the time because new words are made and used. A lot of the words use numbers instead of letters but some were made because of typing errors which are now done on purpose. Also, some suffixes are used, such as *-age* and *-ness*.

Some of the numbers and symbols used instead of letters are in the table below.
Nature

at Arthur's Pass National Park in South Island, New Zealand|270x270px]]
 strikes during the eruption of the Galunggung volcano, West Java, in 1982.]]

The words **nature** and **natural** are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. The word comes from the Latin *natura* meaning "birth". Nature includes many things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts.

There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing.

From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature  everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground  is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness. 

From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. People always use natural resources. They cut down trees, mine ores, grow crops and manufacture things from natural material. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious.

Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes.

A useful definition of *natural* is 
:"Happening or operating in accordance with the ordinary course of nature". *Oxford Shorter English Dictionary* says the word in this sense is first found in 1477.

## Related pages 
* Human nature
* Life timeline
* Nature timeline
*Nature versus nurture

## Other websites 
## References
Nauru

**Nauru**, ( ) is a island nation in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Kiribati,  east. Nauru is the smallest island nation, covering just , the smallest republic, and the only republican state without a capital. With 10,670 residents, it is the third least-populated country after Vatican City and Tuvalu.

Nauru is a phosphate rock island, and its main export since 1907 has been phosphate. English and Nauruan are the official languages. The president is David Adeang.

## Geography 
Nauru is a  Because of this, a harbor can not be built. Canals let small boats get to the island. An area of ground where plants can easily grow  wide lies inland from the beach. The only fertile areas are near to the ocean, where coconut palms flourish. The land surrounding Buada Lagoon supports bananas, pineapples, vegetables, pandanus trees, and hardwoods such as the tomano tree.

There are only about 60 native vascular plant species on the island. Coconut farming, mining, and introduced species have damaged the island's native vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but there are native insects, land crabs, and birds, including the  Nauru Reed Warbler. The Polynesian rat, cats, dogs, pigs, and chickens have been introduced to Nauru from ships.

There are only a few fresh water sources on Nauru. Storage tanks collect rainwater, but the islanders usually have to rely on desalination plants at Nauru's Utilities Agency. 

The island's biggest problems are climate change and rising sea levels. Nauru is the seventh most global warming threatened nation due to flooding. At least 80&nbsp;per cent of the land of Nauru is well elevated, but this area will be uninhabitable until the phosphate mining improvement programme is started

## Climate 
Nauru's climate is hot and very humid year-round because of how close it is to the equator and the ocean. Nauru is hit by monsoon rains between November and February, but does not usually have cyclones. How much rain there is every year is highly variable, and is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. There have been many droughts in Nauru because of this. The temperature on Nauru ranges between  and  during the day, and between  and  at night.

## Administrative divisions 
Nauru is divided into fourteen administrative districts.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nauru, Permanent Mission to the United Nations
* Asian Development Bank Country Economic Report, Nauru, November 2007
* Our Airline  - the former Air Nauru
* Discover Nauru The Official Nauru Tourism Website
* CenPac - The ISP of the Republic of Nauru
* Radio program "This American Life" featured a 30-minute story on Nauru
* 
* High resolution aerial views of Nauru on Google Maps
* Nauru country information on globalEDGE
Negentropy

**Negentropy** is reverse entropy. It means things becoming more in order. Here 'order' means organisation, structure and function: the opposite of randomness or chaos. One example of negentropy is a star system such as the Solar System. Another example is life. 

As a general rule, everything in the universe tends towards entropy. Star systems eventually become dead. All energy has gone, and everything in the system is *at the temperature of the surrounding space*. The opposite of entropy is negentropy. It is a temporary condition in which certain things are hotter and more highly organised than the surrounding space. This is the second law of thermodynamics:
:The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

Life is considered to be **negentropic** because it converts things which have some order, such as food, into things with more order, such as cells in the body, tissues, and organs. In doing so, it gives off heat, thus increasing entropy.  Another example of negentropic things are societies, or social systems, because they take disorderly things such as communications, and make them more orderly and useful.

## Notes
North America

**North America** is a large continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of Earth. It is to the east of the Pacific Ocean, the west of the Atlantic Ocean, the south of the Arctic Ocean, and it is the northern part of the Americas. The southernmost part is Central America. It is the third largest continent in the world after Asia and Africa. North America has a population of around 528 million, and is the 4th most populous continent in the world.  

North America has three subregions which are the Caribbean, Central America, and North America. Depending on how it is used, "North America" can be used to mean as the **continent** as a whole to include all 23 countries or as a **subregion** to mean Canada, Mexico, and the United States only.    

Hundreds of millions of years ago, North America was part of a larger ancient supercontinent named Laurasia. A few million years ago, a new land bridge arose and connected North America to South America. Beringia connected North America to Siberia a few times during ice ages in the past 20,000 years. North America has many warm tropical islands such as the Bahamas. North America is currently north of South America.

## Countries
## Related pages
* Central America
* South America

## Notes
## References
Negative

**Negative** may mean:

*Something negative can be something bad.
*A negative number is a number that is less than zero. 5 - 8 = -3.
*Some people also use *negative* the same way as "no", or other related words. "Not", "Never", "Nowhere" etc. are all negative words. On two-way radios the word "negative" is used instead of "no" to be clearer. 
*In film photography, a *film negative* is an exposed picture or movie film that has been , and is ready to be used to make a . In a negative, everything in the picture has the opposite color. Things that are white will be black, things that are red will be green, and things that are orange will be blue.
*Negative binary numbers
*Negative charge
*Negative exponent
*Negative feedback, a basic concept of cybernetics; it is the basis of regulation and control. It is important in engineering and physiology. In biology and physiology negative feedback is known as homeostasis
*Negative gravity
Natural resource

in Belgium]]

A **natural resource** is what people can use from the natural environment. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, natural gas, iron, mineral and coal. 

The dividing line between natural resources and man-made resources is not clear-cut. Hydro-electric energy is not a natural resource because people use turbines and generators to convert the energy of moving water to electric current. Petroleum and ores are natural, but need to be changed in some way to make them into usable refined oil and metals. Atomic energy comes from metallic nuclear fuel, like fissile uranium and plutonium, but rocks need technical work to make them into these nuclear fuels.

## Supply 
We often say there are two sorts of natural resources: renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

*A renewable resource is one that can be used again and again. For example, soil, sunlight and water are renewable resources. However, in some circumstances, even water is not renewable easily. Wood is a renewable resource, but it takes time to renew, and in some places, people use the land for something else. Soil, if it blows away, is not easy to renew.

*A non-renewable resource is a resource that does not grow and come back, or a resource that would take a very long time to come back. For example, coal is a non-renewable resource. When we use coal, there is less coal afterward.  The non-renewable resource can be used directly (for example, burning oil to cook), or we can find a renewable resource to use (for example, using wind energy to make electricity to cook).  
.]]

Most natural resources are limited. This means they will eventually run out. A perpetual resource has a never-ending supply. Some examples of effectively perpetual resources include solar energy, tidal energy, and wind energy. They are perpetual in effect, although absolutely they do have a limit. There may be a practical limit to how much can be taken in a given day or year, but that amount can be taken again next day or next year (though not forever).

Non-perpetual resources include fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, etc. arable farmland, gold, or petroleum).

When people do not have some resources, their quality of life can get lower. So, people protect resources. When they can not get clean water, people may become ill; if there is not enough wood, trees will be cut and the forest will disappear over time (deforestation); if there are not enough fish in a sea, people can die of starvation.  Renewable resources include crops, wind, hydroelectric power, fish, and sunlight  Many people carefully save their natural resources so that others can use them in the future.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Earth's natural wealth
Now

**Now** is the time span between the past and the future. It can be long (like an eon in geologic time) or short (like a picosecond) but it is almost always used to refer to the span between the present instant to some time horizon when a decision must be made. It can be used to ask or demand that someone make a decision even if they want to delay.

"I want to know what you think, now."

"What do you think now?"

"Now is the time for all good people to come to the aid of their country."

Mathematics and measurement assume that everything used in one equation equals the same quantities at the beginning of calculation or axiomatization as at the end. That means it is mathematically correct to say that the idea of "equal" means "equal from the time the  starts to the time it ends." In General Semantics and E Prime the words equal, remain (for the past until **now**) and become (for **now** into the future) replace the verb "to be" for this reason.

Algebra is now often called **snapshot algebra** or **algebra of seeing** because of this dependence on time. If any action or event were possible between steps in algebraic analysis, then, in theory, one would have to start over as if one had no knowledge of the new state at all. For these reasons the idea of statistics and also knowledge and knowledge management are sometimes questioned, for instance, in the book *Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics*. A major issue is the comparing of numbers gathered in the past, and **now**, after some key conditions change.
1 (number)

hand sign]]

**One** (**1**) is the first natural number, followed by two, then followed by three. The Roman numeral for one is **I**.

## Mathematics 
In mathematics, the number one is the multiplicative identity. It is also the only number for which these special facts are true:

* Any number n multiplied by one equals that number: n \times 1 = n. For example, 7\times1=7.
* Any number n divided by one equals that number: n/1=n. For example, 7/1=7.
* Any number n, except zero, divided by itself equals one: n/n=1. For example: 7/7=1

In mathematics, 0.999... is a repeating decimal that is equal to 1. Many proofs have been made to show this is correct.

## Computer science 
One is important for computer science, because the binary numeral system uses only ones and zeroes to represent numbers. In machine code and many programming languages, one means "true" (or "yes") and zero means "false" (or "no").

## Other meanings 
* In Germany and Austria, one is the grade for "very good". It is the best grade of six possible grades in Germany, and the best of five possible grades in Austria. In the Netherlands, one is the lowest grade, and ten the highest. In Poland, one is also the lowest grade, and the highest is six.
* In numerology, the number one is a symbol for everything (unity), the beginning, and God.

## Related pages 
* Zero
*Mathematical constant

## References
O Canada

"**O Canada**" () is the national anthem of Canada. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, and Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the words in French. It was first sung in French in 1880. Robert Stanley Weir wrote the English words for the song, which are not a translation of the French lyrics, in 1908.

It was sung as the national anthem for many years before the government made it official on 1 July (Canada Day) in 1980.

"O Canada" has been translated into many languages. Some of these languages are spoken by people living in Canada, but they trace their roots in other parts of the globe. These languages include Chinese, Japanese, German, Spanish, Italian, Punjabi, Russian, and Ukrainian. The song has also been translated into indigenous languages (languages spoken by First Nations), such as Inuktitut, Ojibwe, Cree, and Mi'kmaq.

## Lyrics
### English lyrics
### French lyrics
### Multilingual versions
### Translations into indigenous language
Oahu

**Oahu** (or **Oʻahu**) is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.0 million of the state's 1.4 million in 2020). The total land area is . Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves). 
## History
Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil. 

Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of *HMS Resolution* saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the *HMS Resolution* stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14.
## Economy
Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii.
## Oahu in TV
Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are *Magnum, P.I.*, *Lost*, *Hawaii Five-O* and *Jake and the Fatman*.
Open content

are one of the most widely used open content licenses.]]
**Open content** is content that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. Open content is licensed with an open license that authorizes use of the content as described above.

When someone creates something (like a picture or book), they can open it for the use of others. This means that other people are allowed to copy it and change it if they want. Something that is open content may be  of charge, but it does not have to be. 

The Simple English Wikipedia is open content, and so are other Wikipedias. If a person changes open content or makes new open content, everyone can give it to anyone else, or even sell it.

## License 
The rules that say how people can use, change and pass around open content are called a license. A license explains exactly what you are allowed to do with the content that falls under it. Licenses are often written in difficult language (legal jargon), but many licenses have summaries that are much easier to understand.

The makers of open content get to choose what license to use for their work, and everyone else has to follow it. Only the maker, who owns the copyright, can change it to another license.  Most open content licenses say that when others change the work, they must also declare it to be open and under the same license.  This is called *share-alike* and means that anything based on work will always be open content.

All the content in Wikipedia is open under the rules of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, a very well-known open content license. Another well-known open content license is the GNU Free Documentation License.

## Related pages 
* Open educational content
* Open data
* Openness

## References 
## Other websites 
* Openverse, search engine for finding open content
Oil

The word **oil** is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.

Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (*corn*), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.

Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (*petroleum*), which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (*petrol*), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.

Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example, to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils.

Oil is also made for various purposes, including synthetic fuel and lubricant.

See Thomas Gold for the idea that oils come from space.
Oxymoron

An **oxymoron**  is a term for a figure of speech.   It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.

For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.

You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.

The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.

Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.

Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted'

## Related pages
* Paradox
* Trope

## References