open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Distillation

often used by chemists.    Shown in use.  
1. heat source (a Bunsen burner here)
2. distilling flask (a round bottom flask)
3. distilling head
4. thermometer
5. condenser
6. cooling water in
7. cooling water out
8. receiving flask  collecting dripping distillate]]

**Distillation** is a process where a mixture made of two or more liquids (called "components") with different boiling points can be separated from each other. The mixture is heated until one of the components boils (turns to a vapor).  The vapor is then fed into a condenser, which cools the vapor and changes it back into a liquid that is called *distillate*.  What remains in the original container is called the "residue". It is a common process in many industries.

Distillation is a physical separation process and not a chemical reaction. Some chemical processes are called "distillation" for historical reasons, like dry distillation or destructive distillation. These are a type of pyrolysis.

## Types 
Fractional distillation uses a larger distillation column with more than one output. It is used to separate mixtures of multiple liquids. An oil refinery uses fractional distillation to purify crude oil, separating several different liquids for different uses.

Air separation uses a cryogenic process to distill air. This produces pure nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases.

## History 
Distillation has been used for a long time. Iron Age people used distillation to make perfumes. Pepole also distill alcohol and produce alcoholic drinks such as liquor.

Distillation can be done anywhere, whether it's in a house or a laboratory, but in most countries it is illegal to distill alcohol without a license. Illegally distilled alcoholic drinks are in some places called *moonshine*.

Distillation is also the main way of desalination of water. In this case the salt is a solid that is in solution with the water. In alcohol distillation or  petroleum distillation, the things to be separated from their solution are two or more distillation liquids. 

## Gallery 

File:Destillierapparat einer Apotheke.jpg|Distillation in a pharmacy, around 1900
File:UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg|A vodka still in Ukraine
File:Dorf Lore - Schnaps-Destillation.jpg|Simple distillation of spirit, in East Timor

## References
Iquitos

**Iquitos** is the capital city of the Loreto Region in northern Peru. It is on the banks of the Amazon River. Iquitos is the biggest city in the rain forest of Peru, with about 400,000 residents. It is a major port on the Amazon. 

Excluding towns on islands, Iquitos is thought to be the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road. One can only get to Iquitos by boat, or by airplane. It is very remote, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest. 

Iquitos was founded in 1747 by Jesuit José Bahamonde. Originally it was the home of the Iquito native tribe. About 100 years ago, Iquitos was a very rich town, because of the rubber industry. Today Iquitos relies mostly on tourism, wood industry and local trade. 

## Other websites 
* http://www.munimaynas.gob.pe/  (in Spanish) (uses Macromedia Flash)
* Iquitos information at biopark.org
Loreto Region

**Loreto** is Peru's most northern region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is the nation's biggest region.  It is also one of the least populated ones, because of its remote location in the Amazon rainforest. Its capital is the city of Iquitos. 

## Boundaries
* Northwest: Ecuadorian provinces of Sucumbíos, Orellana, Pastaza and Morona-Santiago
* North: Colombian department of Putumayo
* Northeast: Amazonas Department, also in Colombia
* East: Brazilian states of Amazonas and Acre
* South: Ucayali and Huánuco regions
* West: San Martín and Amazonas regions

## Administrative divisions
The region is divided into eight provinces (*provincias*, singular: *provincia*), which are composed of 53 districts (*distritos*, singular: *distrito*). The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
# Maynas (Iquitos)
# Alto Amazonas (Yurimaguas)
# Datem del Marañón (San Lorenzo)
# Loreto (Nauta)
# Mariscal Ramón Castilla (Caballococha)
# Putumayo (San Antonio del Estrecho)
# Requena (Requena)
# Ucayali (Contamana)

## Other websites 
* INEI Peru
Calvados (drink)

**Calvados** is an alcoholic drink. It is made from distilling cider in Normandy, one of the oldest Provinces of France (created in 911). It got its name from the place called Calvados which is famous for making it (sometimes called 'le Pays d'Auge'). It is also made in the  other places in Normandy including la Manche (Cotentin) and l'Orne (Domfront).

## How Calvados is made 
The way to make Calvados is to distil cider twice. The first time it is done, the result is a liquid containing 28% to 30% alcohol. The second time it is done, the amount of alcohol is increased to about 40%.

Since 1942, the Calvados has its own ''Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC)'', which means it is from one place. The rules are:
* The « Calvados Pays d’Auge » (25% of production): The Cidre needs to come from apples of the « Pays d'Auge ». Two rounds of distillation in a multi-pass still
* The « Calvados » (74 % of production): The apples used for the cidre need to be from Normandy.
* The « Calvados Domfrontais » (1% of production) : Base for the production are apples and pears from the region called « domfrontais », there is only one round of distillation in a still.

## How Calvados is served 
Calvados can be served either dry or with ice, as a cocktail, an aperitif, or as a digestif. It goes very well with cheese, chocolate, dessert or ice cream. Crepes can also be served with Calvados.

Calvados can also be added to coffee. People usually do this at the end of dinner.  

## Other websites 
* Apples, cider and Calvados in Pays d'Auge, Normandy (Multilingual)*
* Ferme du Ponctey Normandy (Multilingual) *
Lawyer

A **lawyer** (also called an "advocate", "attorney", "barrister", "counsel", "counsellor", or "solicitor") is someone who practices law. A lawyer has earned a degree in law, and has a license to practice law in a particular area. 

If people have any problem regarding the law, they can contact a lawyer for advice.  A legal problem is referred to as a case.  A person can hire a lawyer to start a case against someone else, or to help with a case that has been started against them.  If the case goes to court, the lawyer will represent their client in court.  The lawyer will use their knowledge of the law to convince the court that the client is on the right side of the argument.  Lawyers also help people "settle out of court," which means that both sides of the argument agree to resolve the dispute ahead of time so that they will not have to go to trial. 

When a person is accused of a crime, the person has a defense lawyer to try to show they have not committed a crime.  The lawyer arguing that they did do the crime is called the *prosecutor*.

Lawyers also prepare legal documents for their clients. Examples: buying or selling property or making a will (testament). Certain lawyers (called "commissioners of oaths" in England) can take legally binding witness statements which can be presented to the court.

Lawyers work in different settings.  Some work by themselves, while some work in law firms.  Some lawyers work for hospitals and private companies. Lawyers who work for private companies are usually called in-house counsel.

Lawyers generally charge a fee for the work that they do, but sometimes advice is offered freely, which is called "pro bono," meaning "for the public good."  In many countries, if a person is accused of a crime and unable to pay for a lawyer, the government will pay a lawyer to represent them using tax money.
Still

]]
A **still** is a tool used to clean a liquid. It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas. This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid. Stills get their name from the word di*still*ation. Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it. Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid. Some examples are medicines and perfumes.

There are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills. In a pot still, the pot (like a large kettle) holding the liquid is heated. The hot gas is cooled in a simple neck, or tube, and collected. Pot stills are used for making alcohol like whisky. A reflux still is much more complex. It works with a continual flow of liquid going into the boiler, and a continual flow of distilled liquid coming out. The distilled liquid can also be put through the process several times, which is why it is called a reflux still. This allows for a more pure product, and the person working the still can control the level of purity. Reflux stills are used in the chemical and petroleum industries.

## References
Apple juice

**Apple juice** is the juice from apples. It does not have alcohol, and it tastes sweet from the natural fruit sugars. Many companies making apple juice like to say that they do not add more sugar into the drink, and there is only natural sugar.

## Origin 
The apple tree came from the same era as Elizabethan in the late 1500s and early 1600s (*Pyrus malus*), and is native to Britain. Even in the Old Saxon papers, apples and cider are mentioned a lot.
Also, in apple juice, the vitamin C, and other vitamins are contained inside, as well as mineral nutrients such as boron which helps build strong bones.

Apples can also be a main source of fiber, and is a powerful cleanser and an important necessity for the health of your body.

The compounds in apple juice called phytonutrients delay the break down of LDL or cholesterol. In history, the phrase from Benjamin Franklin "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" is very famous. New research is proving this phrase to be a fact. Researchers at UC Davis School of Medicine have recently found out that drinking apple juice seems to slow down the process that may lead to heart disease.

Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands had studied and found that smokers who ate many fruits and vegetables, especially apples, had reduced their risk of getting the common diseases smokers would get. The risk was reduced by 50%.

For older people, drinking fruit juices should begin with apples, especially if they are suffering from arthritis and rheumatism. This is because apples carry a substantial amount of potassium. Because of this, eating apples or apple juice has been known to help. Drinking apple juice also removes some toxins from the liver and kidneys and is low in calories. Over time, this can reduce the chances of having liver or kidney disease.

## Use 
Apple juice can be used to make cider and calvados. Some types of cider and all types of Calvados contain alcohol.

## Production 
Addressed as one of the most popular fruits in the world, the apple is cultivated in around 7,500 different kinds in shape, color, texture, firmness, crispness, acidity, juiciness, sweetness, nutrition, and harvesting time.

## Storage
Fresh apple juice needs refrigeration. Closed bottles of canned apple juice can be kept in a dark, cool place, such as a pantry or cupboard. It slows down the spoiling of the product. The way it looks, feels, or tastes could change over time.

Once the juice container is opened. Or if it was not closed and shipped without needing freezing by the producer, it must be closed again tightly and frozen to avoid contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria.

## References
Tannin

**Tannins** are bitter-tasting chemical compounds that bind proteins. 
Tannins are present in the following:
* Wine
* Tea
* Cannabis

Tannins are also used in the treatment of leather, to make it more durable. Natural tannins for this purpose come from oak trees, but synthetic tannins are more used.
The Bridge on the River Kwai

***The Bridge on the River Kwai*** is a British 1957 movie from Columbia Pictures, based on Pierre Boulle's 1952 book *The Bridge over the River Kwai* (). The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England.

In 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand.  They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon.  Thousands of Asian workers and POWs (prisoners of war) died while working on the project.  Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi.

The deaths of the Asian workers and the prisoners were real events, but most of the book and the movie are not true.  The British soldiers were slaves; they did not help the Japanese.  Two bridges were built; one was made of wood, one was made of concrete and steel.  Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945.

In the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos.  A real train rode over the bridge as it blew up. (This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, *The General*, which starred Buster Keaton.)

The movie is best known for the "Colonel Bogey March", the song that is whistled by the POWs. It is also known as the "River Kwai March".

The movie won 7 Academy Awards, one for Best Picture.  It also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.

## Other websites 
* Account of bombing crew 
*
Reunion

**Reunion** could mean:

## Architecture
* Reunion Arena, an indoor arena in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas, Texas
* Reunion Tower, a building located in Dallas, Texas, United States

## Computer science
* Reunion (genealogy software), a genealogy application for the Apple Macintosh

## Movies
* *Reunion* (movie), a movie directed by Jerry Schatzberg based on a screenplay written by Harold Pinter

## Gaming
* *The Reunion* (MMOG), a multiplayer online game
* *X³: Reunion*, a computer game produced by Egosoft and released late 2005,
* *Reunion*, a space strategy game developed by Amnesty Design in 1994. The game was released on Amiga and PC (DOS).

## Geography
* Réunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean
* Reunion District, Dallas, Texas, United States

## Literature
* *Force Heretic: Reunion*, the third novel in a three-part story by Sean Williams and Shane Dix
* *Knights of the Old Republic: Reunion*, a two-part story arc in the *Knights of the Old Republic* series of comic books
* *Reunion* (*Buffy* comic), a comic based on the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and *Angel*
* *Reunion* (novel), a science fiction novel by Alan Dean Foster
* *Reunion* (novella), a novella by Fred Uhlman
* *Reunion* (play), a play by David Mamet
* *Reunion* (*The Mediator*), a YA novel by Meg Cabot

## Music
* *Mel Tormé and the Marty Paich Dektette - Reunion*, a 1988 album by the American jazz singer Mel Tormé
* Re-union, a Dutch duo who performed at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004
* *Reunion* (album), a live album released by metal group Black Sabbath in 1997
* *Réunion* (album), an electronic music album by The Flashbulb
* Reunion (band), a pop music group best known for their 1974 hit song "Life Is a Rock"
* *Reunion* (Temptations album), a 1982 album by The Temptations for the Gordy label
* *Reunion: A Decade of Solas*, the reunion album of Irish-American Celtic group, Solas, in 2006
* *Doomed for Live - Reunion 2002*, a live album by Candlemass
* Reunion Records, a Contemporary Christian music label home to artists like Michael W. Smith, Casting Crowns, and Joy Williams
* www.ReunionStudio.org, a netlabel with free electronic music for download
* *The Reunion*, a rap album by Capone-N-Noreaga
* Reunion, an instrumental dedicated to Dana Reeve composed by British musician Nick Hinton

## Television
* *Reunion* (TV series), a 2005 television series on FOX starring Matthew St. Patrick and Sean Faris
Salt (disambiguation)

**Salt** could mean:

*Salt, a chemical compound
*Table salt (sodium chloride), the salt that people eat
*Salt or Al-Salt, a city in Jordan
Cuisine

**Cuisine** refers to any style of cooking, including its practices, traditions and recipes. A cuisine is usually associated with a specific culture. It is mainly influenced by the ingredients that are available to that culture. Cooking methods, customs and ingredients together form meals that are unique to a particular region. When people talk about Italian cuisine, they are referring to the food that Italians are famous for. Cuisine is a French word that means "kitchen", but it originally comes from the Latin word *coquere*, which means "to cook". 

Traditionally, cuisines are shaped by a number of things. In some religious traditions, certain foods are forbidden by law (an example is pork in Islam). Climate and trade affect the what ingredients are available. Climate may also affect the methods by which food is prepared. Before the exploration of Asia and America by Europeans, certain foods were not known to European cuisine. Tomatoes, maize, avocados and cacao, for example, did not enter European diets until merchants brought these ingredients back from the New World. In modern times, cuisines are becoming more and more multicultural. New cuisines continue to develop even today.

## Related pages 
* :Category:Foods by nationality
* Diet
* Food

## References
Adultery

shows an adulterous couple being punished]]
**Adultery** (informally known as **cheating** in non-religious situations) is a word used in religious texts like Exodus 20:14. Adultery applies to a married person having sex with someone other than the person who they are married to. 

In countries where religion is important, adultery often comes with a heavy punishment. Some Muslim countries punish it with death by stoning. In most countries adultery is no longer a crime, but most people still see it as a bad thing.(see Gospel of John 8) If a person who is married takes part in adultery, that person's husband or wife would usually have the right to be able to go to court to divorce them.

## Word origin 
The word adultery originates not from “adult”, as is commonly thought in English-speaking countries, but from the Late Latin word for “to alter, corrupt”: “adulterare”.  “Adulterare” in turn is formed by the combination of “ad” (towards), and “alter” (other), together with the infinitive form “are” (making it a verb). Thus the meaning is literally “to make other”. In contrast, the word “adult” (meaning a person of mature years) comes from another Latin root, “adolescere”, meaning to grow up or mature: a combination of “ad” (towards), “alere” (to nourish, to grow), and the inchoative infix “sc”(meaning to enter into a state of).

## Literature 
Famous adulterers include :
* Paris (mythology) and Helen in the Iliad
* Lancelot and Guinevere
* David and Bathsheba the wife of Uriah (2 Samuel 11)
* Anna Karenina and Vronsky
* Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
* Genji
* Hestor Prynne

* Othello

## Related pages 
* Infidelity: the same concept, but without a religious background
Vitamin

:*A "vitamin" is also a pill that contains vitamins, eaten regularly to keep one healthy.*

A **vitamin** is a chemical compound that is needed in small amounts for the human body to work correctly. They include Vitamin A, many B vitamins (like B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. For example, citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain vitamin C. 

The term was coined in 1912 by biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named *vitamine*. By convention the word *vitamin* does not include other essential nutrients, such as certain minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids. 

Thirteen vitamins are recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, and not their structure. Each vitamin name (the word *vitamin* followed by a letter) refers to a number of **vitamer** compounds which all show the same biological activity. For example, *vitamin A* refers to several different chemicals.  Vitamers convert to the active form of the vitamin in the body. They are sometimes inter-convertible to one another as well.

The body does not make these chemicals. They come from other places, usually food. A short term lack of a certain vitamin is usually not a problem, because the body can store vitamins for a short time. Not having a certain vitamin for a longer period of time can lead to different diseases, depending on the vitamin. Probably the best-known of these diseases is scurvy, which results from not having enough Vitamin C. Beriberi and rickets are others. 

Today, many drug companies make inexpensive pills that contain various vitamins. They help people avoid those diseases.

Vitamins can be either fat-soluble or water-soluble.  Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) can be stored in the body, and are used when needed.  Water-soluble ones only stay in the body a short time.

## Name changes 
Currently there are no vitamins F to J.  These existed at some time.  Today they are no longer seen as vitamins.  Some of them were also false leads, and turned out to be something else.  Others were renamed as B vitamins.  Today, the B vitamins are a whole complex, and not just one vitamin. 

The German-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the 'Koagulation' (clotting) of blood following wounding. At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through I were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable.
The following table lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. 

## List of vitamins 
## Related pages
* Dietary mineral
* Essential fatty acid
* Essential amino acid

## References
Lust

. He called it *Lust*.]]
**Lust** is a term for a strong desire or wanting, or maybe even needing, often for sexual acts, although it is also commonly used to talk of a *lust for life* or a *lust for power* or for other goals.

As a sexual desire, it is considered a sin (a failing) by Christianity, which lists it as one of the seven deadly sins.

"Lust" was originally an Anglo-Saxon word which meant "desire" or "appetite".
Perjury

**Perjury** is the word used for a person that tells a lie while they are under oath (in a courtroom). Committing perjury is against the law, and can be punished with a jail or prison sentence.

Perjury is a serious crime because it might be used to take away the power of a court, which can lead to punishment for the wrong person. In the United States, perjury is a federal offense, and it can be punished by five years in prison. However, in California, a person who commits perjury can get the death penalty if the perjury led to a wrongful execution.

The rules of perjury also apply when a person says or does something *under penalty of perjury*, even if he or she never swore an oath. One example is the United States' income tax return, where people have to sign as true and correct under penalty of perjury. A person can be punished by three years in prison if he or she lies on the tax return.

A statement that involves *interpretation* are not perjury because people can judge incorrectly without knowing it. Perjury only happens if a person wanted to do it and then actually did.

## Canada 
The offence of perjury is written in section 132 of the Criminal Code. It is described by section 131, which says that perjury is when a person says something false when he or she knows that it is false. People who commit perjury can be imprisoned for fourteen years at most.

## European Union 
A person in the Court of Justice of the European Communities swears anything he knows is false is guilty of perjury. Proceedings for perjury can happen in any place in the State and the offence can be treated as if it happened in that place.

## United States 
Perjury in American law comes from the common law of England, which defined the it as giving a false testimony under oath that has to do with the issue.

### Definitions 
The American legal system defines perjury as saying anything knowingly false under oath to a "competent tribunal, officer, or person". The punishment can be a fine or up to five years in prison or both.

## References
Halogen

The **halogens** are chemical elements under the second-to-right column in the periodic table, also known as **Group 17**. The elements in the group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine. Halogen literally means "salt becomer", but it is often said to mean "salt producer". They are very reactive, so they are likely to join with other elements on the left side of the periodic table to make compounds. This is because they are missing one electron. They are rarely found alone in nature. Fluorine is the most reactive, while the rest of the halogens become less reactive. Iodine is the least reactive. Astatine is very radioactive and hard to get.

File:F,9.jpg|Fluorine
File:Chlorine.jpg|Chlorine
File:Bromine.jpg|Bromine
File:Iodine-sample.jpg|Iodine
Astatine

**Astatine** is a radioactive, chemical element. Its atomic number is 85, and its atomic weight is 210. It is part of the Group 17 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.3 hours.

## History 
The first creation of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek *estates* (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable".

## Chemistry 
Astatine is highly radioactive and all its isotopes have half-lives of approximately 8 hours or less, the longest being astatine-210 with a half-life of a bit over eight hours. Some of its isotopes may be found in nature, but because it is so unstable, only about an ounce exists in the Earth's crust at any point in time. Chemists say it is the rarest element in the Earth's crust. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. Only a few compounds with metals have been found, in the form of astatides of sodium, palladium, silver, thallium, and lead.

## Uses 
It can be used for cancer treatment and in radioactive tracers. This requires professional training. In the words of famous cartoonist Randall Munroe:
"There is no material safety sheet for astatine. If there was one, it'd be the word "NO" written over and over in charred blood."

## References
Lourdes Flores Nano

Dr.**Lourdes Celmira Flores Nano** (born October 7 1959) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. She is the leader of the Christian People's Party. She tried to become the mayor of Lima in 2010.

Flores Nano was born in Lima in 1959. She studied law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She studied for a Phd in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, one of the world's oldest universities in Madrid, Spain. In 2001 and 2006 she was a candidate in election for the President of Peru.

## References
Novel

, who is considered as the father of science fiction.]]
**Novels** are books that have one long story written in them. They are works of prose fiction and are longer than short stories and novellas.

There are many kinds of novels. For example, some are adventure stories, like *Treasure Island* by Robert Louis Stevenson. There are horror stories like Mary Shelley's *Frankenstein*. There are also science fiction novels like *Dune* by Frank Herbert, and humorous novels like *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer* by Mark Twain. Novels in English are usually at least 60,000 words long. Some are much longer, at 150,000 words or more. Novels usually have 100 pages or more.

The first novels were written more than three hundred years ago. Some people say that *Don Quixote* by Miguel de Cervantes is the first novel; it was first published in 1605.

## Genres of novels 
There are many different genres, or categories, of novels. Some of these are:

*Campus
*Crime fiction
*Fantasy
*Gothic
*Horror
*Romance
*Spy
*Thriller
*Science fiction
*Speculative
*Westerns
*Picaresque
*Gothic Novel
*Sentimental Novel
*Weird fiction
Some Like It Hot

***Some Like It Hot*** is a 1959 American comedy movie starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, Pat O'Brien, Jack Lemmon and George Raft, and directed by Billy Wilder. It is seen by some as a remake of the 1951 German movie, *Fanfaren der Liebe*. (Michael Logan wrote the story for the version) The movie is set in 1929. It has been remade for the stage twice (in 1972 and 2002). It was ranked at Number One on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list and fourteen on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* JenFlick.com Review 
* Roger Ebert's Great Movies review
Bromine

**Bromine** (Br) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 35, and its atomic weight is 80. It is part of the Group 7 elements (halogens) on the periodic table. It is diatomic, which means that two atoms are stuck together to make a molecule in any bromine sample.

## Properties
### Physical properties
Bromine is a red-brown liquid. Liquid elements are rare; only bromine and mercury are liquid at room temperature. It easily evaporates to make suffocating brown fumes. It has a bad smell. Its name means "stench of he-goats". It can become a metal at very high pressures.

It has two stable isotopes. They are 79Br and 81Br. There are about 29 other radioactive isotopes. 

### Chemical properties
Bromine is quite reactive. Its reactivity is between chlorine, which is more reactive, and iodine, which is less reactive. It reacts with metals and nonmetals. Phosphorus reacts violently with bromine. Aluminum reacts in a similar way.  It can bleach things like chlorine. It reacts better in the light. It dissolves a little in water. Hot water makes it disproportionate into hydrobromic acid and hypobromous acid. Bromine can form compounds with substances such as sodium to form sodium bromide.

### Chemical compounds
Bromine forms compounds in many oxidation states: –1, +1, +3, +5, and (sometimes) +7. –1 is the most common. It is found as bromide. Bromides are not reactive. They are colorless solids that dissolve in water easily. Covalent bromides can be liquids or gases. The other compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. Their chlorine cousins are more common. +1 has the hypobromites, which are unstable. +3 has the bromites. Bromine dioxide is the only common bromine compound found in the +4 oxidation state. +5 has the bromates, which are more common than all the other ones except the bromides. Bromates are strong oxidizing agents and are sometimes added to flour. +7 has the perbromates. Perbromates are very unstable.

File:Sodium bromide.jpg|Sodium bromide
File:Potassium bromide.jpg|Potassium bromide
File:Bromičnan sodný.JPG|Sodium bromate

## Occurrence
Bromine is found as bromide in the ocean and in brine pools. The Dead Sea has a lot of bromide in it. Bromine is not an important part of our body, unlike its relatives chlorine and iodine.

## Preparation
Bromine is made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of a bromide. The bromide is oxidized to bromine, while the chlorine is reduced to chloride. 

## Uses
It is mainly used to make organobromine compounds, organic compounds with bromine in them. Organobromines are used to put out fires. They used to be added to gasoline. Some were used as pesticides. Some inorganic bromides were used as sedatives. Bromine can also be used as a disinfectant. Silver bromide is used in film.

## Safety
Bromine is toxic and corrosive to skin. Bromine gas is irritating when it is breathed in, too. Bromine can react violently with many things.
1607

## Births
* January 10 – Isaac Jogues, Jesuit missionary to Native Americans (died 1646)
* March 20 – Lady Alice Boyle, Irish noblewoman (died 1667)
* March 24 – Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral (died 1676)
* July 13 – Václav Hollar, Bohemian etcher (died 1677)
* November 1 – Georg Philipp Harsdorffer, German poet (died 1658)
* November 15 – Madeleine de Scudéry, French writer (died 1701)
* November 26 – John Harvard, American clergyman (died 1638)
* Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll (died 1661)
* Thomas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln (died 1691)
* John Boys, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (died 1664)
* John Dixwell, English judge and regicide (died 1689)
* Jan Kazimierz Krasinski, Polish nobleman (died 1669)
* Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, French courtier (died 1693)
* Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton (died 1667)
* Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi, Japanese samurai (died 1650)
* Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla, Spanish dramatist (died 1660)
George Morrow

**George Morrow** (c. 1934 - May 7, 2003) was part of the early microcomputer industry in the United States. Morrow  promoted (make popular) and improved the S-100 bus used in many early microcomputers. Morrow was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club.

Starting in 1976, he designed and sold computers, computer parts, and accessories under several company names, including *Morrow Designs*. Morrow's companies built microcomputers that used the CP/M operating system. When IBM started selling their IBM PC personal computer in 1981, Morrow and other CP/M computer makers had trouble competing. Morrow Designs filed for bankruptcy in 1986.

## References
500s BC

## Events
* 509 BC -the Roman Republic starts.
* 509 BC, September 13 - The temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides (15th) of September.
* 508 BC - Office of *pontifex maximus* made in Rome
* 507 BC - Cleisthenes, Greek reformer, takes power and increases democracy
* 506 BC - Battle of Bai ju: Forces of the Kingdom of Wu under Sun Tzu defeat the forces of Chu
* 505 BC - First pair of Roman consuls elected
* 502 BC - December 4: Solar eclipse darkens Egypt. (we think this because of scientific pattern, no clear historical record of observation)
* 502 BC - The Latin League defeats the Etruscans under Lars Porsenna at Aricia.
* 502 BC - Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt.
* 501 BC - Cleisthenes reforms democracy in Athens.
* 501 BC - Naxos is attacked by the Persian Empire.
* 501 BC - because of threats by the Sabines, Rome makes the office of dictator.
* 501 BC - Confucius is made governor of Chung-tu.
* 501 BC - Gadir (present-day Cádiz) is captured by Carthage. (approximate date)
* 500 BC - Bantu-speaking people come into south-west Uganda from the west. (approximate date)
* 500 BC - Refugees from Teos resettle Abdera.
* 500 BC - Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic be the official language of the western half of his empire
* 500 BC - the end of the Nordic Bronze Age civilization in Oscar Montelius periodization system and the start of the Pre-Roman Iron Age
* 500 BC - the first republic in Vaishali Bihar India starts.
* c. 500 BC—Yayoi period starts in Ancient Japan.
* c. 500 BC—Oldest known Zapotec writing.
* The Gutaii tribe began around this time, in Middle and Southern Africa.

## Significant people
*c. 500 BC—Heraclitus, Greek philosopher
*Siddharta Gautama
*c. 585–501 BC—Pythagoras, mathematician

## Deaths 
* Lucretia, Roman noblewoman
* Lucius Junius Brutus, Roman consul (509 BC)
* Aruns Tarquinius, Roman prince (509 BC)
* Shen Yin Shu, general of Chu, (506 BC)
* Titus Junius Brutus, Roman noble and monarchist conspiractor
* Tiberius Junius Brutus, Roman noble and monarchist conspiractor

## How the world looked 

File:World in 500 BCE.png|The world's cultural distribution at 500 BC

## References
Cleveland, England

**Cleveland** is an area in the North of  Yorkshire, England. That means it is in North East England.

As a non-metropolitan county it existed between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1996. The districts which made up the county are now all unitary authorities.

## References
Dietary mineral

A **dietary mineral** is a chemical element that a living thing needs to be part of what they eat, other from the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are already very common in living things.

One example of a dietary mineral is calcium, which humans and many other animals need to build strong bones and teeth, among other things. Iron is another mineral, which you can find in red meat or spinach. It is important for us to have iron as it creates red blood cells. Other common minerals include potassium and phosphorus.

## Related pages
*Vitamin
*Essential fatty acid
*Essential amino acid
Hungarian

**Hungarian** can mean:
* Anything related to Hungary
* Hungarian language
* Hungarians, the people of Hungary
Fossil fuel

**Fossil fuels** are fuels that come from old life forms that decomposed over a long period of time.  The three most important fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas.     

Petroleum and gas are hydrocarbons (molecules that have only hydrogen and carbon in them).  Coal is mostly carbon. These fuels are called fossil fuels because they are dug up from underground. Coal mining digs up solid fuel; gas and oil wells bring up liquid fuel. Fossil fuel was not much used until the Middle Ages. Coal became the main kind of fuel with the Industrial Revolution.

## Uses 
Most of the fuels that people burn, are fossil fuels. A big use is to make electricity. In power plants fossil fuels, usually coal, are burned to heat water into steam, which pushes a fan-like object called a turbine. When the turbine spins around, magnets inside the turbine make electricity. 

Crude oil (petroleum) can be separated to make various fuels such as LPG, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuel.  These substances are made by fractional distillation in an oil refinery.  They  are the main fuels in transportation. That means that they are burned in order to move cars, trucks, ships, airplanes, trains and even spacecraft.  Without them, there wouldn't be much transport.  

People also burn fossil fuels to heat their homes. They use coal less for this than they did long ago, because it makes things dirty. In many homes, people burn natural gas in a stove for cooking.

Fossil fuels are widely used in construction.

## Origin 
All fossil fuels come from the periods in Earth's history when the Earth had huge tropical forests. In those periods, plants lived, grew and died, faster than they decayed. In other words, they were times when much of the dead vegetation did not entirely decompose. Instead it became coal and related substances such as peat.

The times of the great wetlands which produced coal and peat were in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), continuing in the first part of the Permian; the Jurassic and Eocene periods. Virtually all the worlds' coal dates to those periods.

## Problems 
]]
Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels. This can be reduced by making the combustion process more efficient, and by using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases. This pollution is responsible for causing the earth to get warmer, called global warming. They are non-renewable resources; there is only a limited amount of coal, gas, and oil, and it is not possible to make more. Eventually fossil fuels will be too scarce to use. Peak oil may have already been reached, and some economists think coal will run out by 2200. 

Renewable energy sources like biomass energy such as firewood are being used.  Countries are also increasing the use of wind power, tidal energy, and solar energy to generate electricity.  Some governments are helping automobile makers to develop electric cars and hybrid cars that will use less oil.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on fossil fuels and their impact on climate change (includes Global Warming)
Dragon (disambiguation)

A dragon is a legendary creature, typically with reptile-like traits.

**Dragon** might also mean:
* Komodo dragon
* Dragonfly, an insect
* Snapdragon, a flower
* Dracaena (plant), a genus of plants.
* Dragon (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
Boston Bruins

The **Boston Bruins** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They were the first American team in the NHL, in 1924.  They have won six Stanley Cup championships, and they lost against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals after winning in 2011.

## History 
### Early years 
In their early years, the Bruins won three Stanley Cups:  1929, 1939, and 1941.  Ralph "Cooney" Weiland won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1930.  Aubrey "Dit" Clapper was also a star player around this time.  Then Eddie Shore came along, a huge star in the league on defense.  Shore won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) four times:  in 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1938.  Only Gordie Howe and Wayne Gretzky have won it more often.  Cecil "Tiny" Thompson was the team's star goaltender.

In the 1940s and 1950s the Bruins had new stars.  Milt Schmidt and Bill Cowley were great centers and both won scoring championships and MVP trophies.  They were helped by Woody Dumart and Bobby Bauer on wing, and Frank Brimsek replaced Thompson in goal.

The 1960s were not so good for the Bruins.  Schmidt retired to become the team's coach and the team did not have many stars.  They finished in last place six times out of seven years and did not make the playoffs eight straight seasons.  Left wing John Bucyk was their best player.

### Later years 
Bobby Orr began as a defenseman with Boston in 1966.  After his rookie (first) season, he won the Norris Trophy as best defenseman in the NHL eight times in a row, and the Bruins became a top team again.  He joined with centers Phil Esposito and Derek Sanderson, Bucyk and goalie Gerry Cheevers to lead the Bruins to the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972.  Orr won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs both years.  He also won the Hart Trophy in 1970, 1971, and 1972; Esposito won it in 1969 and 1974.  Esposito won five Art Ross Trophies:  1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974.  Orr won it in 1970 and 1975, the only defenseman ever to win the scoring title.  The Bruins continued to be a strong team through the late 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s.  

Ray Bourque, who won the Norris Trophy five times, was the team's greatest star in the 1980s and 1990s.  He is the team's top career scorer, and the highest scoring defenseman in NHL history.  The Bruins won the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1983 and 1990, and made the Stanley Cup finals in 1988 and 1990.  Cam Neely was an important player until the mid-1990s, and Joe Thornton was a top scorer until he was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 2005.  The Bruins won the Stanley Cup championship in 2011. In the 2018-2019 season the Bruins made the Stanley Cup final once again, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion St. Louis Blues in 7 games. 

In the 2022–2023, the Bruins broke the record for the most wins by a NHL team with 63 wins. They would win two more games to finish the regular season with 65 wins. In the playoffs, the Bruins would face the Florida Panthers, but lost Game 7 at home after initially taking a 3 games to 1 series lead.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Shop

shop.]]
A **shop** or **store** is a place where people can go to buy items that they need or want. People might go to a shop to buy food, clothes, furniture, jewelry, or many other things. There are loads of shops in the world people can buy their things from.

People might also go to a repair shop if something is broken, and they want the shop to fix it. For example, someone might bring a broken bicycle to a bicycle repair shop.

Shops can be anything from large supermarket chains to small businesses.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie)

'''''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest''''' is a 1975 American drama movie based on Ken Kesey's novel of the same name, directed by Miloš Forman and starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher. It is set on a locked psychiatric ward in 1963 Oregon which is run by the tyrannical Nurse Ratched (Fletcher) and where the new patient Randle McMurphy (Nicholson) rebels against her. It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since *It Happened One Night*. These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay. The movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The screenplay was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie).

## Other websites 
*
* Talk of the movie's characters and themes 
*Greatest Films
*Roger Ebert's Great Movies review
Hungarian language

**Hungarian** is a Uralic language of the Ugric branch. The Hungarian name for the language is *Magyar*.

The Finno-Ugric languages also include Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (Sámi) and some other languages spoken in Russia. Khanty and Mansi are the most closely-related languages to Hungarian.

Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, unlike most other European languages, it has a vocabulary with many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German.

## Speakers 
Hungarian is spoken by approximately 13 million people. Most of them live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but there are also speakers in Slovakia, northern Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries. Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the official languages of the European Union (EU). It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia.

Hungarian has several dialects, but people can easily understand one another. The Csángó dialect in Romania, however, is archaic and has changed less than the other dialects.

Hungarian literary language is based on the Northeastern dialect.

Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, its vocabulary has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German.

## Grammar 
Hungarian grammar is very different from that of Indo-European languages like English.

Hungarian has no grammatical gender. For example, there are no separate words for "he" and "she", but there is one pronoun (*ő*). Instead of prepositions, (like "from" or "with"), Hungarian uses suffixes (particles at the end of main words). For example, "from Budapest" becomes *Budapestről*, and "with Alexandra" becomes *Alexandrával*.

Another Hungarian feature is vowel harmony: suffixes change according to (harmonise with) the vowel of the main word. If they have *a* in the word, the suffix normally has *a* as well (*fa* "tree" and *fával* *"*with a tree"), and if they have *e*, the suffix will change to have *e* as well' (*teve* "camel" and *tevével* "with a camel").

Hungarian words have the accent on the first syllable.

## Writing 
The Hungarian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. Some letters have diacritics (dots or commas above them) and so Hungarian has 44 letters, more than the 26 of English.

Since Hungarian writing is mostly phonetic, words can easily be written from their pronunciation.

## History 
The earliest-known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the *Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany* (1054). The *Funeral Oration and Prayer* (1192-95) and the *Old Hungarian Lament of Mary* (13th century) are the earliest-known continuous Hungarian texts.

In the 16th century, the first printed Hungarian texts were published. The modern literary language appeared in the 18th and the 19th centuries.

Hungarian replaced Latin as the official language of Hungary between 1844 and 1849 and then again in 1867.

## References
## Other websites 
* Collection of Hungarian Dictionaries
* SZTAKI szótár 
* Dicfor (DICtionary FOR you) szótár