open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Beauty contest

Miss USA 2007]]

A **beauty contest** or **beauty pageant**, is a public contest to decide which person is the most beautiful. Usually, the entrants are young females, but there are some contests for men. Each contests has its own rules as to who may enter, and what the prizes are. A person who enters a beauty contest or pageant is called a **contestant**.

The usual reason for holding such contests is to create publicity for the organisation which runs the contest. The contests are often shown on television and reported (with photographs) in newspapers. The first local event was probably in the United States in the late 19th century. 1880 in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware has been claimed.

With most contests the criteria for judging is physical appearance, plus some judgement of personality. "Beauty Queen" is a term often used to describe the winners. Usually the winner acts as a publicity representative for the year following the contest. Examples are:

*Miss America
*Miss World
*Miss Universe
*Miss Earth
*Miss Grand International

There are many local events round the world.
François Lemoyne

**François Lemoyne** or **François Le Moine** (1688 – 4 June 1737) was a French rococo painter. He became First Painter to the King and worked with other artists of the era. However, the excess of work, court intrigues at Versailles, and the death of his wife drove him to madness. He committed suicide in Paris in 1737 by stabbing himself seven times, six months after finishing the ceiling painting "The Apotheosis of Hercules" in the Hercules Room in the Great Apartment of the King. With his death, the fashion of large allegorical ceilings disappeared.

## Works
* ''Louis XV donnant la Paix à l'Europe'', Salon de la Paix in Versailles (1727)
* Ceiling of the Salon d'Hercule in Versailles (1736)
* Arch of the Church of Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin in Paris
* *Diane chasseresse* (*Diana as a huntress*)
* *Les Nymphes*
* *Narcisse*
* He also worked at Saint-Sulpice and at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés

## Gallery 

Image:François Lemoyne 001.jpg|*Narcisse* (1728)
Image:Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy.jpg|*Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy* (1737) Completed on the day before the artist’s suicide.

## References
* Cours sur la peinture du XVIIIe, 2006, Université Nancy 2
* Xavier Salmon : *François Lemoyne à Versailles*, Gourcuff, Paris 2001,
The George Inn

**The George Inn** is a public house in Southwark, London. It is on the east side of Borough High Street, close to London Bridge. It is the last galleried inn in London. It stands on a site where Shakespeare was said to have once acted in a similar galleried inn. The present inn was built in 1677. It was an important coaching post in the past. Charles Dickens speaks of the inn in *Little Dorrit*.

The inn's long wooden exterior galleries are the only means of moving from one room to another on the first and second floors. A Victorian coffee room is downstairs. Upstairs, there is a large paneled dining room. The George Inn is owned by the National Trust.

## References
* Fedden, Robin and Rosemary Joekes. 1973. *The National Trust Guide to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland*. 3rd edition. Norton. pgs. 339-340. .
The King's Head

'''The King's Head''' is a National Trust property in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England. The King's Head is a typical coaching inn. It has a large stable yard and an arched entrance high and wide enough to admit coaches. A window in the bar contains 15th century glass depicting angels bearing the arms of Henry VI and his queen, Margaret of Anjou. This glass and some parts of the building date to 1450. An exposed section of wattle-and-daub may be viewed. The King's Head is reached through a narrow passageway at the Aylesbury market square.
Suzuki Baleno

The **Suzuki Baleno** is a car produced by Suzuki. It was first introduced in 1995, and replaced by the Suzuki Liana in 2001. Suzuki again started making Suzuki Baleno in 2015 and introduced at Frankfurt Motor Show.

## Markets 
Suzuki Baleno was first sold in India starting from 24 October 2015 and then sold in Japan starting from 9 March 2016. It became availble in Europe from April 2016 and in United Kingdom from June 2016.

## Engine 
It comes with a 3 cylinder 1000cc Petrol engine and has 6 speed automatic transmission. Fuel tank can hold 37 Litres of petrol at a time.

## Performance 
Suzuki Baleno has a top speed of 170 kmph and can accelerate from 0 - 100 kmph in 11.4 seconds. It has an average fuel consumption of 14 - 18 kilometres per Litre of petrol.

## Safety 
Euro NCAP gave 4 out of 5 stars for the safety of Suzuki Baleno in 2016. It has front and side airbags to cover the head and chest of driver and front passenger. In addition it has automatic braking system to avoid collisions.

## References
Puerto Varas

**Puerto Varas** is a city and commune of Chile with 32.912 inhabitants according with the INE census of 2002.

## Gallery 

File:VolcanOsorno-LagoLlanquihue.jpg|The Llanquihue Lake and the Osorno Volcano, Puerto Varas
File:Puerto varas church.jpg|The German influence is visible in southern Chile: Puerto Varas Church
File:Baumkuchen.jpg|The *Baumkuchen*, literally translated "tree cake" or "log cake"
File:LaBurbuja-VolcanOsorno.jpg|Ski Center

## References 
## Other websites
*Puerto Varas municipality
The Fifer

***The Fifer*** or ***Young Flautist*** (1866) is an oil painting by French painter Édouard Manet. It hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.

## History
Manet painted *The Fifer* after a trip to Spain he made in 1865. There he discovered the work of Diego Velázquez. Manet reflected the influence of Spanish painting in *The Fifer*. The painting was rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon in 1866. The painting was exhibited in 1867. Manet died in 1883. In 1884, *The Fifer* was seen at the major retrospective exhibition of Manet's work organized as a tribute.

The rejection by the Salon jury caused the writer Émile Zola to publish a series of articles in defense of Manet in the newspaper ''L'Événement''.

Between 1873 and 1893, the painting was held by Jean-Baptiste Faure, a French composer and baritone, friend of Manet. In 1893, it was returned to the collection of art dealer Durand-Ruel. The painting was acquired in 1894 by Count Isaac de Camondo. It remained in his collection until 1911. That year it was donated to the French state. The painting was intended for the Musée du Louvre. It was not exhibited to the general public until 1914.

In 1947, the painting was moved to the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume. This museum is a showroom located in the Jardin des Tuileries and belonging to the Louvre. It remained there until 1986. It then was brought to the Musée d'Orsay with the rest of the Impressionist paintings in the Louvre. It can currently be seen in the Musée d'Orsay.

## Analysis
Manet portrayed an anonymous character: a teenage musician of the band of the Imperial Guard. The lad was sent to Manet by commander Lejosne. He was "treated like a grandee of Spain." Additional models may have also posed for the figure. The likenesses of both Léon Leenhoff (Manet's stepson) and Victorine Meurent (Manet's preferred model) have been seen in the boy's face and figure.

Sandra Orienti declares, "*The Fifer* is one of Manet's  most famous paintings, and it is also one of his most daring works: here ... can be found a synthesis of all that is most complex in his vocabulary." She points out that the band boy's uniform is painted in red, black, and white with decorations in dull gold. The figure and its dress contrasts with the vague, undefined background. The lad has no support for himself except himself. "[h]is form ... seems to create a double dimension, the first being the small figure of the boy, the second his eyes and the spectator's eyes meeting between the rather crudely painted eyelids."

## References
Julie

The name **Julie** is a French female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ **joo**-lee ]. It comes from the Latin name *Julia*. *Julia* means "youthful" or "soft haired" in Latin. The name Julie and its variants are feminine for the masculine name *Julius*. Julie is very popular in the United States. The name was particularly popular between 1951 and 1991. Its variant, *Julia*, has been in the top 100 female names dating back to 1980. Julie and its related names are being used by many famous people. They include Julie Andrews and Julie Benz. As *Julia* the name is currently being used for Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones. This name was ranked #658 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

## People 
* Julie Brown , American actress, comedienne, screenwriter, singer-songwriter and television director
*  Julie Christie , British actress and activist
* Julie Andrews, British actress, singer and author (born 1935)
* Julie Walters, English actress
* Julie Kavner, American actress

## References
Michael Winner

**Michael Robert Winner** (30 October 1935 &ndash; 21 January 2013) was an English movie director, producer, writer, editor, actor and restaurant critic. He was known for his work on the *Death Wish movie series*. 

Winner was born on 30 October 1935 in Hampstead, London, England. His parents were Jewish immigrants: his mother was Polish and his father was of Russian descent. He studied at St Christopher School, Letchworth, and Downing College, Cambridge. He was married to Geraldine Lynton-Edwards from 2011 until his death in 2013. Winner retired in December 2012 and died on 21 January 2013 in Kensington, London, England from a liver illness, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Profile at BFI's Screenonline
* Profile at Turner Classic Movies
The Balcony

***The Balcony*** is an 1868 oil painting by the French painter Édouard Manet. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1869. The painting depicts four figures. On the left is Berthe Morisot, who became in 1874 the wife of Manet's brother, Eugène. In the centre is the painter Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet. On the right is Fanny Claus, a violist. The fourth figure in the background is possibly Leon Leenhoff, Manet's stepson.  It was sold by Gustave Caillebotte in 1884. It hangs at this time in Paris at the Musée d'Orsay.

## Inspiration and description
The painting was inspired by *The Majas at the Balcony* by Francisco Goya. It was created at the same time and with the same purpose as *Luncheon in the studio*. The three characters were all friends of Manet. They seem to be disconnected from each other. Berthe Morisot, on the left, looks like a romantic and inaccessible heroine, the young violinist Fanny Claus and the painter Antoine Guillemet seem to display indifference. The boy in the background is Manet's stepson, Léon. Just behind the railings, there are a hydrangea and a dog with a ball.

A study for *The Balcony*, *The Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus*, is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.  The portrait’s subject is Fanny Claus, the closest friend of Manet’s wife Suzanne Leenhoff.  This unfinished portrait was painted as a study for the finished picture. 

## Provenance 
Following Manet’s premature death in 1883, the portrait was bought in a studio sale by the artist John Singer Sargent. The portrait had only been seen once in public since it was first painted in 1868. In 2012 the Ashmolean Museum succeeded in raising the funds to acquire it and keep it permanently in a public collection in the United Kingdom.

## Reception
This was the first time Berthe Morisot posed for Manet. Manet's *Luncheon in the studio* was the work of an innovator but *The Balcony* was not. Unlike Morisot, the three other figures are pale and undistinguished. Orienti writes, "Guillemet looks pompous and stupid, Jenny Clauss a stereotype, and the painting as a whole seems to suffer from the uneven distribution of the figures." The press considered the painting "discordant". The contrast of colors (the background completely black, the white faces and clothes, the blue tie of the man, and the green railings) contributes to create an atmosphere of "mystery".

## Gallery 

File:Majas en un balcón por Goya (colección particular).jpg|*The Majas at the balcony*, by Francisco Goya
File:Edouard Manet - Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus.jpg|*Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus*, by Edouard Manet
File:Luncheon in the Studio - Manet.jpg|*Luncheon in the studio*, Manet

## References
Lord's Resistance Army

The '''Lord's Resistance Army''' is a paramilitary group, and a new religious movement. Joseph Kony founded it in 1987, in the north of Uganda, to fight against the government, headed by president Yoweri Museveni. The group operates in Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in South Sudan. It wants to establish an independent state which is governed by laws based on the Ten Commandments. There is an insurgency called Lord's Resistance Army insurgency, which was basically caused by the group. Uganda was able to evict the group, but it continues to terrorize the population in the other countries where it is active. In conjunction with the conflict, the group is also said to have committed several grave abuses of human rights.It has been accused of widespread human rights violations, including murder, abduction, mutilation, child-sex slavery and forcing children to participate in hostilities.

The group is led by Joseph Kony, who proclaims himself the spokesman of God and a spirit medium. Since 1987, Kony is believed to have recruited between 60,000 and 100,000 child soldiers and displaced around 2 million people throughout central Africa. The LRA is one of the foreign organizations designated as terrorist by the United States, and its leadership is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

## References
St Pancras Church, Ipswich

**Saint Pancras** is a Catholic church covering the town centre of Ipswich, England.

When it was built, the church was supposed to be used as the Catholic cathedral for the East of England.

## References
Venus Consoling Love

***Venus Consoling Love*** or ***The Bath of Venus*** is a painting by François Boucher. It is signed and dated 1751. It measures 107 x 84.8&nbsp;cm (42 1/8 x 33 3/8 in.) It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The painting once belonged to Mme de Pompadour. Boucher was Pompadour's favorite artist. The painting may have been intended for her apartment at Versailles or for her chateau at Bellevue.

She allegedly posed for the painting. It is more likely Venus was a product of Boucher's imagination. The technical dexterity evident in the painting is the principal charm of Rococo art.

"Boucher's success in communicating the charm and sensuality of the nude lies in his mastery of color and fluid brushstrokes ... The painting exemplifies the rococo love of asymmetric lines and sinuous curves, artfully arranged to seduce both the eye and the mind of the beholder."

## References
Chemical kinetics

**Chemical kinetics**, also called **reaction kinetics**, is the branch of physical chemistry connected  with study of  how fast chemical reactions go. This includes studying how different conditions such as temperature, pressure or solvent used, affect the speed of a reaction. Chemical kinetics can also be used to find out about reaction mechanisms and transition states.

The basic idea of chemical kinetics is called collision theory. This states that for a reaction to happen, the molecules must hit each other. Ways of increasing the speed of the reaction must therefore increase the number of hits. This can be done in many ways.

With experiments it is possible to calculate reaction rates from which you can get rate laws and rate constants. A rate law is a mathematical expression with which you can calculate the speed of a reaction given the concentration of the reagents.

## Order of a reaction 
the equilibrium is dynamic in nature

There are many types of rate laws, but the most common are:
*zero-order reaction: the speed does not depend on the concentration
*first-order reaction: the speed depends on the concentration of only one reactant
*second-order reaction: the speed depends on the concentration of two reactants, or on the concentration of one reactant squared.

From this data, it is possible to think about the mechanism of the reaction. If it is second-order, for example, then it is likely that both molecules in the reaction are coming together during the rate-determining step. This is the most difficult step in the mechanism to go through, because it has the highest activation energy.
Felicity (given name)

**Felicity** [ fi-**lis**-i-tee ] is an English female given name. It means "happiness". The name is derived from the Latin name *Felicitas*. *Felicitas* is the name for an Ancient Roman goddess. This female name was at 236 in popularity for girls around England and Wales. The name was 390th in popularity on girls in the United States for 1999. Felicity is a female form of the male name *Felix*. The name Felicity is the name of a character played by Keri Russell. This name was ranked #441 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Felicity Rose Hadley Jones, a British television, stage and movie actress
* Felicity Ann Kendal, a British actress
* Felicity Huffman, American actress

## References
Japan Airlines

**Japan Airlines** () is the flag carrier of Japan. Its headquarters are in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. The airline and four of its sub-airlines (J-Air, JAL Express, JALways, and Japan Transocean Air) are members of the Oneworld airline alliance. Japan Airlines currently goes to over 90 destinations. 

## History
Japan Airlines began on August 1, 1951. In 1954, it started international flights. It bought its first jet aircraft in 1968, the Douglas DC-8. Japan Air System merged with Japan Airlines in 2002. In 2007, it joined the Oneworld alliance. In January 2010, Japan Airlines declared bankruptcy.  British Airways and Qantas helped the airline pay off debts.  It finally got out of bankruptcy in April 2011. 

## Gallery

File:JAL B747-400(JA8077) (4493061571).jpg|Boeing 747-400
File:Japan Airlines, Boeing 787-9 JA861J NRT (19455285040).jpg|Boeing 787-9
File:304ag - JAL - Japan Airlines, MD-11, JA8586@ZRH,30.06.2004 - Flickr - Aero Icarus.jpg|McDonnell Douglas MD-11

## References
## Other websites
*JAL website
Charles Roven

**Charles Roven** (born August 2, 1949) is an American movie producer. He is known for his works with *Batman Begins*, *The Dark Knight*, *The Dark Knight Rises*, and with *Man of Steel*.

Roven was born on August 2, 1949. He was married to Dawn Steel from 1985 until her death in 1997. They had one daughter, Rebecca Steel Roven. 

## Some movies
**Batman Begins* (2005)
**The Brothers Grimm* (2005)
**Idlewild* (2006)
**Live!* (2007)
**The Bank Job* (2008)
**Get Smart* (2008)
*''Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control* (2008)
**The Dark Knight* (2008)
**The International* (2009)
**Season of the Witch* (2011)
**The Dark Knight Rises* (2012)
**Man of Steel* (2013)
**Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* (2016)
**Suicide Squad* (2016)
**Wonder Woman* (2017)
**Justice League* (2017)
**Wonder Woman 1984* (2019)
**Zack Snyder's Justice League* (2021)
**Oppenheimer'' (2023)

## References
## Other websites
*
Thakurgaon District

beside the Tangon River]]
**Thakurgaon** () is a district in the north-western side of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west.

## Other websites
Nilphamari District

**Nilphamari** () is a district in northern bengal of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

## Subdistricts
## Other websites
Skymark Airlines

**Skymark Airlines** or Sky is a low-cost Japanese airline founded in 1998. It is partly owned by the Japanese travel company H.I.S.

 at Kansai International Airport.]]

## Other websites
*Company site
## Related pages
* All Nippon Airways
* Japan Airlines
Claire

The name **Claire** is a female given name. It is pronounced [ klair ]. It means *clear* in French. The popularity of the name in United Kingdom peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. Around 1997, the name fell out of the top 100 girls' names there. Many famous people have this name. This name was ranked #59 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

One of them is the actress Claire Danes.

## People 
* Claire Martin, pseudonym of the Canadian writer Claire Montreuil
* Claire Danes, American actress
* Claire Bloom, English actress
* Claire Holt, Australian actress
* Claire Nouvian, French political activist, journalist and television producer
* Claire Lee Chennault, US military aviator, fl. World War II

## References
Chibi Maruko-chan

**Chibi Maruko-chan** (Little Maruko) is an anime broadcast on Sunday evenings in Japan. It is about a elementary school student and her family.
Shusaku Endo

**Shūsaku Endō** ( '''', 27 March 1923&nbsp;– 29 September 1996) was a Japanese writer known mainly for his novels. Endō is categorised as one of the "Third Generation" writers, the third major group of writers who appeared after World War II.
The Oval (Belfast)

**The Oval** is a football ground in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is the home of Glentoran F.C.

## Sources
Panchagarh District

**Panchagarh** is a district located in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Established as a district on February 1, 1984, it is the northernmost district in the country. The district spans an area of 1,404.62 km² and is bounded on three sides by the Indian border, with Darjeeling district to the north, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts to the northeast, Uttar Dinajpur to the west, Dinajpur and Thakurgaon districts to the south, and Nilphamari district to the east.

## History
Panchagarh has two main beliefs about how it received its name. The first is that it was named after an area called Pancha Nagari in the kingdom of Pundu Nagar, and the second is that it was named after the five forts (garh) in the region, including Bhitargarh, Hosaingarh, Mirgarh, Rajangarh, and Devengarh.

## Administrative Area
The district was part of the Jalpaiguri district during the British Raj in undivided Bengal. In 1911, Jalpaiguri was fully established as a thana, and the headquarters of the Jalpaiguri thana was situated in Jagdal upazila of the current Panchagarh district. The thana was later relocated to the bank of Karatoya River in its current position for environmental and transportation benefits.

## Location
Geographically, Panchagarh is located in the lower basin of the Himalayas and has highlands compared to the rest of Bangladesh. The soil composition is distinct, with rich sand and stones. The district consists of five upazilas, 43 unions, 420 mauzas, 825 villages, two paurashavas, 18 wards, and 64 mahallas. It has 16 rivers, including the Karatoya, Atrai, Teesta, Nagor, Mahananda, Tangon, Dahuk, Pathraj, Bhulli, Talma, Chawai, Kurum, Tirnoi, and Chilka. The length of the border between Bangladesh and India in Panchagarh is 286.87 km (178.25 mi), designed by Sir Cyril John Radcliffe in 1947.

## References
Commodore 64

The **Commodore 64** was a bestselling, 8-bit home computer from the 1980s. It was created by Commodore International, and it entered the market in 1982. Around 17 million units are believed to have been sold. The Commodore 64 is often credited with making personal computers popular amongst the masses. This quality sparked comparisons with the Ford Model T. The Commodore 64 was offered at relatively low prices, and was available in malls, department stores, and toy stores instead of solely in the shops of authorized dealers.

## Other articles
*Amiga
*ZX Spectrum
*BBC Micro
*Atari XL

## References
Kinetoplastid

The **kinetoplastids** are a group of single-cell flagellate eukaryotes. They include a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals. There are also forms found in soil and aquatic environments. They are members of the phylum Euglenozoa. 

Their main distinguishing feature is the presence of a kinetoplast, a DNA-containing granule inside the single mitochondrion at the base of the cell's flagella (the basal body).

The kinetoplastids were first defined by Honigberg in 1961 as the flagellate order Kinetoplastida.  They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae. 

The Trypanosomatidae includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. *Trypanosoma brucei* causes Sleeping sickness; *Trypanosoma cruzi* causes Chagas disease, *Leishmania* causes leishmaniasis, *Crithidia* is parasitic on insects, and  *Cryptobia* is an ectoparasite on the gills of fish.

*Bodo* is typical of the free-living Bodonids, and includes various species which feed on bacteria.  

## References
Captain George K. H. Coussmaker

***Captain George K. H. Coussmaker*** (1782) is an oil painting by Joshua Reynolds. Coussmaker was born in London in 1759 to Evert and Mary Coussmaker. He entered the military in 1776. He was promoted several times. He never saw active service. He retired in 1795. He married Catherine Southwell in 1790. They had two children, George and Sophia (later, the Baroness de Clifford). He died in 1801. 

Coussmaker sat for Reynolds 21 times and his horse 8 times between February 9 and April 16. Reynolds was paid 205 pounds. Another 10 guineas was paid for the frame. The portrait remained with Coussmaker and his descendants until 1884. It was then sold to William K. Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt bequeathed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1920. Museum curators describe the picture as "an exceptionally fine work ... The composition is complex and the whole vigorously painted."

## References 
*The Met: *Captain George K. H. Coussmaker*
Japanese literature

**Japanese literature** is literature written in the Japanese language. Early Japanese literature was a lot like Chinese literature because Japan and China had a lot of contact. Over time, Japanese literature became a new style that was different from Chinese literature. 

## Female authors 
Female authors were successful during the Heian period. When the Imperial Court became less powerful, female authors were less successful.

## Related pages
*Basho
*Japan studies
*The Tale of Genji
*Yasunari Kawabata
*Yukio Mishima
*Shusaku Endo
*Pillow book
*Haiku
*Kenzaburo Oe
*Natsume Soseki
Euglenozoa

The **Euglenozoa** are a large phylum of flagellate protists. They are part of the wastebasket taxon known as the Protozoa, which had many obviously different protists.

Euglenozoa include a variety of common free-living species, and some important parasites, of which a few infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the Euglenoidea "euglenids" and Kinetoplastea "kinetoplastids". Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 1540 µm in size, although some euglenids get up to 500&nbsp;µm long.

Most Euglenozoa have two flagella, parallel to one another in a pocket-like structure. In some there is a cytostome or mouth, used to eat bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by a microtubule from the flagellar bases; two other tubules support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.

Some other Euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids have chloroplasts and so get energy by photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls *A* and *C*, and other pigments,

## Classification
The euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to Percolozoa. The two share mitochondria with disk-shaped compartments, which only occurs in a few other groups. Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata. This grouping has been challenged.

## References
Nicole

**Nicole** [ ni-**kohl**; *French* nee-**kawl** ] is a female given name of Greek origin. It means "victorious people". It is the French female version of the boy's name *Nicholas*. There are many variants for this female name. Famous persons going by the name include Nicole Sullivan and Nicole Kidman. The name is being used for tropical storms or hurricanes in Atlantic Basin. This name was ranked #340 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Nicole Kidman, Australian-American actress, producer, and model
* Nicole Scherzinger, American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and television personality
* Nicole Jung, South Korean-American singer

## References
The Dancing Class

***The Dancing Class*** is an oil painting by Edgar Degas painted about 1870. It was the first of his ballet pictures. It depicts a dance class at the Paris Opéra. When he painted this picture, Degas did not yet have privileges to go backstage at the Opéra. In the late 1870s, Degas said, "I have done [painted] so many of these dance examinations without having seen them that I am a little ashamed of it."

Joséphine Gaujelin (or Gozelin) is the dancer in the center of the picture. She waits for the starting note from the ballet master. The watering can (to wet down the rosin on the floor), the top hat as music holder, and the empty violin case are props that Degas would continue to use in his ballet pictures. Degas would re-use the poses in this picture many times.

## References 
*
Diastereomer

**Diastereomers** (also called **diastereoisomers**) are stereoisomers which are not enantiomers. They are molecules which have the same atoms and bonds but different stereochemistry in at least one, but not all, of their chiral centres. Diastereomers can have very different properties even though they look similar. This is different from enantiomers, that have exactly the same properties except when in a chiral environment like the human body.

Every chiral centre in a molecule has two possible ways of putting the groups in space. With only one chiral centre, there are two enantiomers. With two chiral centres, you can form 4 different isomers. When all chiral centres are changed at the same time, two pairs of enantiomers are formed. When only one chiral centre is changed at a time, sets of diastereoisomers are formed. With more chiral centres the possibilities are many more.

Diastereoisomers which are different at only one of more chiral centres are called **epimers**. For example, D-Threose and D-Erythrose (see picture) are diastereomers because they are different at only one of two chiral centres. Because of this they can also be called epimers.

## References
Gilbert

**Gilbert** [ **gil**-bert ] is a British Isles male given name. It means "the bright pledge", or “the bright promise” in Germanic. Many famous people have carried the name, including W. S. Gilbert. There is also a Spanish form, **Gilberto**. It was used on a powerful Atlantic hurricane that struck the Caribbean and Mexico in 1988. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* W. S. Gilbert, English librettist of the Gilbert & Sullivan duo
* Gilbert Thomas Carter, Administrator of the Government of the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago, and its Dependencies in the absence of the Governor. 
* Gilbert Etienne, Swiss economist, author and professor 
* Gilbert Gottfried, American stand-up comedian (1955–2022) 
* Gilbert, Blue balloon cat

## In popular culture 
Gilbert is Caillou's pet cat that appears in the popular television show *Caillou*.

## References
Piper Laurie

**Piper Laurie** (born **Rosetta Jacobs**; January 22, 1932 &ndash; October 14, 2023) was an American actress. She played Catherine in the television series *Twin Peaks*. She acted in the movies *Carrie* and *Children of a Lesser God*. She also acted in stage plays. She was married to movie critic Joe Morgenstern from 1962 until they divorced in 1982. She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

During her career, she won a Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award and BAFTA Award.

Laurie died in Los Angeles, California on October 14, 2023, at the age of 91.

## References
Michael Dukakis

**Michael Stanley Dukakis** (, born November 3, 1933) served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving Governor in Massachusetts and only the second Greek-American governor in United States history, after Spiro Agnew.

In 1988, he was the Democratic nominee for President, but lost to Republican then–Vice President, George H. W. Bush.

## After the 1988 Election
Dukakis was mentioned as candidate for Massachusetts Senator for a possible interim successor to Ted Kennedy, after Kennedy's death but Governor Deval Patrick chose Paul G. Kirk, the other candidate and a favorite of the Kennedy Family.

In 2008, he talked about his defeat in an interview with Katie Couric, in which he said he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man, we never would have heard of the kid, and we wouldn't be in this mess."

## References
## Other websites
*Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governors Biography 
*
*Michael S. Dukakis  at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science
*Michael Dukakis  at UCLA
*The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988)  are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
*The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990)  are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
*Dukakis discusses presidential debates  as reported in the *Harvard Law Record*
*Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'
The Attentive Nurse

***The Attentive Nurse*** is an oil painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It measures 46.2 x 37 cm (18 3/16 x 14 9/16 in.). It was painted in 1747. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. 

The National Gallery tells us that Chardin reveals dignity and beauty in everyday life. The woman is preparing an invalid's meal. Each object receives careful treatment from the artist. The table setting is a harmony of white tones: jug, tablecloth, egg, and plate. Every pot, each piece of crockery has been given distinct treatment. As Diderot wrote of Chardin, "it is not white, red, or black pigment that you mix on your palette, it is the very substance of objects."

Chardin's subjects were popular with all classes of society, including the aristocracy. The National Gallery writes, "Perhaps their appeal rested in their sense of order, of things in their proper place. Chardin anticipated the popularity of paintings of "sensibility," which increased from the 1740s on, telling a colleague that "one uses color, but one paints with sentiment."

## References 
*
Nighthawks

***Nighthawks*** is an oil painting. It was painted by American realist painter Edward Hopper in 1942. The picture shows three people sitting in a diner late at night. It is Hopper's most famous work. It is one of the most recognizable paintings in American art. Within months of its completion, it was sold to the Art Institute of Chicago for $3,000. It hangs in the Institute.
Samuel Loomis

**Dr. Samuel James "Sam" Loomis** (March 13, 1922 &ndash; c. October 29th, 1998) is an fictional British character in the *Halloween*. He is one of the main protagonists of *Halloween*, *Halloween II*, *Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers*, *Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers* and *Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers*. Donald Pleasence plays the character of Dr. Loomis in all five movies relating to Michael Michael Myers from parts 1-2 and from parts 4-6 (He and Michael did not appear in part 3). 

From all the *Halloween franchise*, he is thought to be as the archenemy to the series' central character and main villain, Michael Myers. Dr. Loomis does not appear in the other movies after part six, because his portrayer Donald Pleasence died before part six was released. Malcolm McDowell plays Dr. Loomis in the 2007 re-make, *Halloween* and in its sequel *Halloween II*.

His name Samuel Loomis is based on John Gavin's character name from Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 horror movie *Psycho*.

## References
Water Lilies

]]

***Water Lilies*** (or ***Nymphéas***, ) is a series of about 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings are of Monet's flower garden at Giverny. They were the main focus of Monet's work during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts. The paintings are on display in museums all over the world, including the Musée Marmottan Monet and the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Carnegie Museum of Art and the National Museum of Wales, among others.

As part of his extensive gardening plans at Giverny, Monet had a pond dug in his garden and planted with lilies in 1893. He painted the subject in 1899, and thereafter it dominated his art. He worked continuously for more than twenty years on a large-scale decorative series, attempting to capture every observation, impression, and reflection of the flowers and water. The series captures the blooms at different times of the day, and under different atmospheric conditions. After much hesitation, Monet exhibited a group of 48 water-lily paintings in 1909 at the Paris gallery of his art dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel. The series became an enormous financial, popular, and critical hit. By the mid-1910s, Monet had achieved a completely new, fluid, and somewhat audacious style of painting in which the water-lily pond became the point of departure for an almost abstract art.

## Related pages
* Rouen Cathedral (Monet)

## References
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Water Lilies at the Portland Art Museum
The Swing (Fragonard, 1775-1780)

***The Swing*** is an oil painting by  Jean Fragonard. It was painted between 1775 and 1780. The picture measures 215.9 x 185.5&nbsp;cm (85 x 73 1/16 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.

## References
Walmor Chagas

**Walmor Chagas** (August 28, 1930 &ndash; January 18, 2013) was a Brazilian actor. He was in over 50 movies since his career began in 1965. He is known for his roles in *São Paulo, Sociedade Anônima*, *Xica da Silva*, *Sonho Meu*, *Esperança*, *Caminhos do Coração*, and in *A Favorita*.

In 1956 he was awarded with Prêmio Saci.

Chagas was born on August 28, 1930 in Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Chagas committed suicide by shooting himself in the head on January 18, 2013 in his home in Guaratinguetá, São Paulo, Brazil, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Japanese Footbridge

***Japanese Footbridge*** is an oil painting by Claude Monet. It was painted in 1899. It measures 81.3 x 101.6 cm (32 x 40 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art. 

In 1893, Monet moved to a house in rural Giverny. In 1893 and the years following, he turned a swampy area at Giverny into a water lily pool. It became a source of artistic inspiration. 

In 1899 Monet painted 12 works that centered on the garden and the Japanese Footbridge he constructed. The National Gallery of Art writes: "When Monet exhibited these paintings at Durand–Ruel's gallery in 1900, a number of critics mentioned his debt to Japanese art. More telling, the impenetrable green enclosure—heightened in the National Gallery painting by the placement of the top of the bridge's arch just below the painting's top edge—harkens back to the *hortus conclusus* (closed garden) of medieval images, while also evoking a dreamlike contemplative zone consonant with symbolist literature, especially poems such as "Le Nénuphar blanc" by Stéphane Mallarmé. Gustave Geffroy described this effect in his review of the exhibition (Le Journal, November 26, 1900), speaking of "this minuscule pool where some mysterious corollas blossom," and "a calm pool, immobile, rigid, and deep like a mirror, upon which white water lilies blossom forth, a pool surrounded by soft and hanging greenery which reflects itself in it."

## References 
Reproductions available in many sizes at Art Studio Gallery La Fayette
The Copper Cistern

***The Copper Cistern*** is an oil painting on oak by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It was painted in around 1735. It measures 28.5&nbsp;cm x 23&nbsp;cm (11.22 in x 9.06 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Chardin chose themes that were popular with all classes of 18th century Parisian society.

## References
*
Ginza

**Ginza**  is an area of Central (Chuo) Tokyo ward, it is known for its expensive shops.

## Related pages
*Ginza Station
*Tokyo Metro Ginza Line
The Happy Lovers

***The Happy Lovers*** is an oil painting on canvas by the French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted sometime between 1760-1765. It measures . It hangs in the Norton Simon Museum.

## References 
*
County Kerry

**County Kerry** is one of the Counties of Ireland. It is part of the Gaeltacht. Dingle is a popular tourist town in the county, and other scenic parts have been included in the List of World Heritage Sites in Ireland.
Soap Bubbles (painting)

***Soap Bubbles*** is an oil painting on canvas by Jean-Baptiste-Simeon-Chardin. It was painted sometime between 1733 and 1735. It measures 93&nbsp;cm x 74.5&nbsp;cm (36.61 in x 29.33 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. Chardin chose homely subjects that proved popular with all classes of French society. He painted several pictures of boys playing.

The National Gallery of Art writes, "For the 18th–century viewer, bubbles were a form of entertainment. But they also were a symbol of the transience of life. The subject was popular; Chardin made at least three and probably four versions of this painting.

Chardin has rigorously constructed his composition. The boys are framed by a rectangular stone window, the sharp rectangles offset by the hunched youth whose arms and head form a triangle. This triangular shape is echoed in the hat of the younger boy. The focus of the composition, however, is the circular, translucent bubble, which glistens against the warm brown tones of the canvas."

## References
* 
*
End of the Lunch

***End of the Lunch*** is an oil painting by Pierre Auguste Renoir. It was painted in 1879. François Mathey writes, "This picture, redolent with a warm, healthy, and vibrant sensuality was painted under the arbor of Oliver's restaurant in Montmartre." The people in the picture are Ellen Andrée, the artist's current model Marguerite, and the son of someone who owned a ship.

## References  
*
Lilacs and Roses

***Lilacs and Roses*** is an oil painting on canvas by Édouard Manet. It was one of his late works, painted in 1883. It measures 54 × 45 cm. It is in a private collection. The painting is a development of the small vase of roses on the bar in Manet's *The Bar at the Folies-Bergère.* 

Many of Manet's later works offered a small still life in the lower left hand corner of the picture. The flowers present a "cross" shape that is broken by a diagonal line through the center.  The brushwork is exceptional. The picture is one of the masterpieces of Manet's later years.

## References 
*
Stoke Newington

**Stoke Newington** is an area of the London Borough of Hackney, northeast of central London.

## Related pages
*Stoke Newington railway station

## Other websites
*The Reservoirs Nature Society (TeRNS), Stoke Newington's wildlife group
RoboCop (2014 movie)

***RoboCop*** (***RoboCop 4***) is a 2014 American action science fiction thriller movie. It stars Joel Kinnaman, Gary Oldman, Samuel L. Jackson, and Michael Keaton. *RoboCop* is a remake of the 1987 action picture by the same name. This action picture is set in 2028 Detroit and was shot there. It was released on February 12, 2014 by Columbia Pictures. It also follows *RoboCop 2* (1990) and *RoboCop 3* (1993).

## Other websites
*
Pet Shop Boys

in 1997]]

**Pet Shop Boys** are a British synthpop duo: Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe. They formed in London in 1981 after they met in an electronics shop. They have sold 50 million records and are the most successful British music duo of all time. They have won three Brit Awards. They have been nominated for seven Grammy Awards. In 1984 their first single "West End Girls" was released. It reached number one in the UK and US.

## Discography 
* *Please* (1986)
* *Actually* (1987)
* *Introspective* (1988)
* *Behaviour* (1990)
* *Very* (1993)
* *Bilingual* (1996)
* *Nightlife* (1999)
* *Release* (2002)
* *Fundamental* (2006)
* *Yes* (2009)
* *Elysium* (2012)
* *Electric* (2013)
* *Super* (2016)
* *Hotspot* (2020)
* *Nonetheless* (2024)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Broth

**Broth** or stock is a tasty soup. It is sometimes defined as the liquid part of soup. It can be made in boiling water by adding meat, fish or vegetables, and taking out the fat. It is sometimes used as an ingredient (or stuff) in recipes to make food taste better.

In Britain, a broth is a soup in which there are solid pieces of meat or fish, with some vegetables. It is usually made with a stock or plain water as its base, with meat or fish added while being brought to a boil, and vegetables added later. Broth is often made more substantial by adding rice, barley or pulses. Broth is distinct from stock, which is a thin liquid made by simmering raw ingredients until all the taste has been got, then sieving the resulting liquid. In Japan, other stuffs such as kelp, dried small sardines and katsuobushi are also used for Japanese dishes, too.

In the United States terms, broths are made from portions of meat, whereas stocks are made from vegetable scraps and bones.

## Related pages 
*Dashi

## References
Subaru Corporation

**Subaru Corporation** which used to be named Fuji Heavy Industries  is a Japanese manufacturing company that makes Subaru cars, aircraft for the Japanese Self Defence Force, engines, garbage trucks and wind turbines.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
*The Company's website
Passiflora

***Passiflora*** is also known as the passion flowers or passion vines. It is a genus of about 500 species of flowering plants. They are mainly vines, with some being shrubs, and a few species being herbaceous.  See passionfruit for information about the fruit of the passiflora plant.

The family *Passifloraceae* is characterized by a pantropical distribution. *Passiflora* is absent from Africa, which, instead, hosts many other members of its family  (e.g. the more plesiomorphic *Adenia*).

There are nine species of *Passiflora* native to the USA, from Ohio to the north, west to California and south to the Florida Keys. Most other species are found in South America, China, and Southern Asia, New Guinea, four or more species in Australia and an  endemic species in New Zealand.
Human resources

**Human resources** is all the people working for a company or organization. Sometimes, **human capital** is used as well. This is because employees (the people that work) are a good thing for a business because they add value to it.

The economist John Commons used the term "human resource" in his 1893 book, The Distribution of Wealth, but did not develop it further. The concept of "human resources" was in use during the 1910s and 20s in the sense that workers were perceived as a type of capital asset. For the first time in the modern sense, the concept of "human resource" was used by economist Edward Bakke in his report in 1958.

Examples are teachers, etc.

It is important that human resources in a company are the best possible, because it is the workers that can make the difference. There are many factors to think about when talking of human resources:
*Demographics, which is things like the age and sex of the people. It is important that there are both new young people starting and old people with lots of knowledge around a business.
*Diversity, so that all type of people are represented equally.
*Skills and qualifications: it is important that only people with the right skills do a job. Otherwise, it will be a loss of time and money.

Human resources management is the group of people within a company that takes care of human resources. They make sure every employee is happy with what they are doing. They also do recruitment (finding new people for a job).

## References