open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wicked (book)

**Wicked** is a book by Gregory Maguire. It’s an origin story for the Wicked Witch of the West.

## Plot 
A Pastor named Thropp is married and his wife gets drugged and raped by The Wizard of Oz while Pastor Thropp is beaten up by a mob. Thropp's wife gives birth to a daughter named Elphaba who is born green. Thropp then cheats on his wife with a man, who also has sex with her, and she gives birth to a daughter named Nessarose who is born disabled. Elphaba is allergic to water and goes to school with Glinda. Their teacher Madam Morrible wants them to help her but they don't. Morrible also has their other teacher Dr.  Dillamund murdered for being an Anthropomorphic goat. Elphaba and Glinda go to the Wizard for help but find out he's a Dictator who wants to kill all the talking animals so Elphaba decides she should violently overthrow the Wizard. Then Elphaba's friend Fiyero cheats on his wife with her so the Wizard has Fiyero and his entire family killed. Elphaba wakes up seven years later, in a Convent with a seven year old boy she thinks is her son and moves to the West where the boy is bullied. Elphaba finds out that her sister Nessarose rules the East and Elphaba supports her so Nessarose says she'll let Elphaba have her silver shoes when she dies. Nessarose also curses a wood-chopper's axe so that it cuts off all his limbs and he has to replace them with Tin. Elphaba finds out the Wizard is her father so she decides to kill Madam Morrible but finds out that Morrible already died. Elphaba takes credit for killing her. When Dorothy Gale comes to Oz, she mistakes Elphaba's animals for enemies so her friends kill them. Elphaba also tries to prove that Dorothy's friend The Scarecrow is actually Fiyero but he's not. Dorothy realises that Elphaba isn't evil just misunderstood so she refuses to kill her. Then Elphaba sets herself on fire so Dorothy throws water at her and accidentally kills her. 

## Adaptations 
The book inspired the musical Wicked. 

## References
Jalen Brunson

**Jalen Brunson** (born August 31, 1996 in New Brunswick, New Jersey) is a NBA basketball player. He began is professional career with the Dallas Mavericks in 2018 before joining the New York Knicks in 2022, where he became an NBA All-Star. Brunson finished fifth in MVP voting for the 2023-24 season, when he averaged 28.7 points and 6.7 assists per game.

## References
Texas Panhandle

The **Texas Panhandle** is the northernmost region of the U.S. State of Texas. It is made up of 26 counties. The panhandle is roughly square-shaped and borders New Mexico to its west and Oklahoma to its east. Major cities in the Texas Panhandle include Amarillo, Borger, Canyon, Dumas, Dalhart, and Perryton. The panhandle used to extend further north, containing part of what is today the Oklahoma Panhandle. In 1850, this territory was removed from Texas due to the Compromise of 1820. The compromise banned slavery for all US states above 36°30′ north latitude. Texas, which was recently annexed into the U.S., wanted to keep slavery, so its government was forced to give up the northernmost part of the panhandle.

## References
Doctor Jones

"**Doctor Jones**" is a 1997 song by Aqua and is the fourth single from their debut studio album *Aquarium*. It went to number 1 in the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, Australia and Croatia and number 2 in New Zealand and Sweden. It was the follow up to their hit single *Barbie Girl*.

## Track listings
* **European CD1 and UK cassette single**
# "Doctor Jones" (radio edit) – 3:22
# "Doctor Jones" (extended version) – 5:13

* **European CD2**
# "Doctor Jones" (radio edit)
# "Doctor Jones" (extended mix)
# "Doctor Jones" (Adrenalin club mix)
# "Doctor Jones" (Molella and Phil Jay mix)
# "Doctor Jones" (MPJ speed dub)
# "Doctor Jones" (Antiloop club mix)
# "Doctor Jones" (D-Bop's Prescription mix)

* **UK CD1**
# "Doctor Jones" (radio edit) – 3:22
# "Doctor Jones" (extended mix) – 5:13
# "Doctor Jones" (Adrenalin club mix) – 6:21
# "Doctor Jones" (Molella and Phil Jay mix) – 5:19
# "Doctor Jones" (Antiloop club mix) – 10:00
# "Doctor Jones" (D-Bop's Prescription mix) – 8:02

* **UK CD2**
# "Doctor Jones" (radio edit) – 3:22
# "Doctor Jones" (Metro's 7-inch edit) – 3:36
# "Doctor Jones" (Metro's X-ray dub) – 6:22
# "Doctor Jones" (Metro's full video)

* **Australian CD single**
# "Doctor Jones" (radio track)
# "Doctor Jones" (extended mix)
# "Barbie Girl" (extended version)
# "My Oh My" (extended version)
# "Roses Are Red" (club version)
# "Barbie Girl" (Dirty Rotten Scoundrel Clinical 12-inch mix)

## References
Stock car racing

**Stock car racing** is a kind of automobile racing run on oval tracks and road courses. It originally used production-model cars which is where the name "stock car" comes from. It started in the southern United States and later spread to Japan. Other countries, such as Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, have forms of stock car racing worldwide as well. Top-level races are between  in length.

## References
Chhinnamasta Temple

**Chhinnamastika Temple** is a Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Chhinnamasta, located in Rajrappa, Ramgarh district, Jharkhand, India. It is a popular pilgrimage site for people from Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Bihar. The temple is known for its Tantric-style architecture. Besides the main temple, there are also ten smaller temples for other gods like Surya, Hanuman, and Shiva.  

## History 
It was this place where the Raja of Ramgarh Raj gave 3 acres of land to the people in the Bhudhan Movement in Jharkhand.

## Etymology 
Chhinnamasta (Sanskrit: छिन्नमस्ता), also called Chinnamasta, Chhinnamastika, or Prachanda Chandika, is one of the Mahavidyas, the ten powerful Tantric goddesses. She is a fierce form of Devi, the Hindu Divine Mother. Chhinnamasta is known for her striking image: she has cut off her own head, which she holds in one hand along with a sword in the other. Three streams of blood flow from her neck, feeding her severed head and two attendants. She is often shown standing on a couple engaged in love.

## Geography 
Chhinnamasta Temple is located in Rajrappa, about 28 km from Ramgarh Cantonment, along National Highway 20 in Ramgarh district, Jharkhand, India. It stands on a hill at the meeting point of the Damodar and Bhera (Bhairavi) rivers, near the Rajrappa Falls.

This place is considered special because it is where the Bhairavi River (female) flows down to meet the Damodar River (male), symbolizing the "opposite copulation" pose (vipareeta rati) described in the meditation (dhyana) of Goddess Chhinnamasta. In this union, Bhairavi represents the active energy (Shakti), while Damodar represents the calm and passive male.

## Description 
At the temple, a natural rock covered with an eight-metal (ashtadhatu) covering is worshipped as Goddess Chhinnamasta. The site has been a place of worship for tribal people since ancient times and became well-known as a Chhinnamasta center by the 18th century. Devotees offer kheer (a sweet dish) and animal sacrifices to the goddess.

The Chhinnamasta Temple is very old and attracts devotees from Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam, and Nepal for worship. The temple is mentioned in the Vedic book *Durga Saptashati*. Its architecture is similar to that of Tantric temples, such as the Kamakhya Temple in Assam, which has a similar design. As one of the 10 Mahavidyas, the temple holds great significance. The original temple was destroyed, but a new temple was constructed, and the original idol of Goddess Chhinnamasta was placed in it. Animal sacrifice is still practiced, particularly on Tuesdays, Saturdays, and during Kali Puja.

## References
United States Auto Club

The **United States Auto Club** (**USAC**) is one of the important bodies of auto racing in the United States. From 1956 to 1979, USAC was in charge of the United States National Championship, and from 1956 to 1997 the organization ran the Indianapolis 500. 

USAC is the main body for many racing series, including the Silver Crown Series, National Sprint Cars, National Midgets, Speed2 Midget Series, .25 Midget Series, Stadium Super Trucks, and GT World Challenge America. Seven-time USAC champion Levi Jones is USAC's Competition Director.

## References
Tricon Garage

**Tricon Garage**, formerly known as **David Gilliland Racing**, **DGR-Crosley**, and **Team DGR**, is an American professional stock car racing team that competes in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and the NASCAR Cup Series. The team was founded in early 2017 when racing team owners David Gilliland and Bo LeMastus came together to form a team effort from their teams, David Gilliland Racing and Crosley Sports Group, known as **DGR-Crosley**. 

## References
2024 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series

The **2024 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series** was the 30th season of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, a stock car racing series run by NASCAR in the United States. The season started on February 16 with the Fresh From Florida 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ended with the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Championship Race on November 8 at Phoenix Raceway.

Ben Rhodes of ThorSport Racing was the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series champion. Layne Riggs of Front Row Motorsports won NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. Ty Majeski of ThorSport Racing won his first Truck Series championship at season's end.

## References
2023 Heart of America 200

The **2023 Heart of America 200** was the 8th stock car race of the 2023 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, and the 23rd version of the event. The race was held on Saturday, May 6, 2023, in Kansas City, Kansas at Kansas Speedway. It was on a  permanent tri-oval shaped racetrack. The race took 134 laps to finish. Grant Enfinger, driving for GMS Racing, would win in his first of the season.

## References
2020 NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series

The **2020 NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series** was the 26th season of the third highest stock car racing series run by NASCAR in North America. The season began at Daytona International Speedway with the NextEra Energy 250 on February 14. The regular season ended with the ToyotaCare 250 at Richmond Raceway on September 10. The NASCAR playoffs ended with the Lucas Oil 150 at Phoenix Raceway on November 6, where Sheldon Creed won the championship over his teammates Zane Smith and Brett Moffitt.

## References
Toyota 200 presented by CK Power

The **Toyota 200** was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race at World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway. The race has been held each year since 1998 except for 2011, 2012 and 2013. The track closed after the 2010 race, reopened in 2012 under new ownership, and the race returned to the schedule in 2014.

## References
Gateway Motorsports Park

**Gateway Motorsports Park** (now known as **World Wide Technology Raceway**) is a motorsport racing facility in Madison, Illinois, just east of St. Louis, close to the Gateway Arch. It has a  oval that hosts the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, and the NTT IndyCar Series.

St. Louis International Raceway was built in 1967 as a drag racing facility by Wayne and Ruth Meinert. 

## References
Cultural diversity

**Cultural diversity** is the quality of different kinds of cultures. Some examples could include cultural products like art works in museums or entertainment. It can also mean the different types of human cultures or traditions in a specific area or throughout the world. It can also mean the inclusion of different cultural kinds in an organization or society.

## References
2023 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series

This was the first season of the Truck Series with Stanley Black & Decker as the series sponsor. Camping World, the title sponsor of the series from 2009 to 2022, did not renew their title sponsorship of the series.

Zane Smith was the champion, returning to the Front Row Motorsports No. 38 truck full-time in 2023.

## References
Venturini Motorsports

**Venturini Motorsports** is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series East, and ARCA Menards Series West. It was founded in 1982 by Bill Venturini Sr. The team is based in Concord, North Carolina.

Venturini Motorsports was formed by Bill Venturini Sr., a former NASCAR driver, two-time ARCA Racing Series Champion (1987 and 1991), and 1983 ARCA Rookie of the Year. The team is family-owned and operated. In 2007, Bill's son Billy helped found the Venturini Driver Development Program, one of the largest such programs for ARCA drivers in the United States.

On April 18, 2025, it was announced that the team would be sold to Nitro Motorsports after the 2025 season.

## References
Midget car racing

in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin]]
**Midget cars**, also **Speedcars** in Australia, is a class of racing cars. The cars are very small, with a very high power, and typically use four-cylinder engines. They began in the United States in the 1930s.

Normally, these four-cylinder-engine cars have  to  and weigh . The high power and small size of the cars combine to make midget racing dangerous.

## References
Madison International Speedway

The **Madison International Speedway** (**MIS**) is a half-mile oval racetrack in the Town of Rutland near Oregon, Wisconsin, United States. The track is known as "The Track of Champions" and "Wisconsin's Fastest Half Mile." The weekly program at the track runs on Friday nights under NASCAR Advance Auto Parts Weekly Series sanction.

## References
Oregon, Wisconsin

**Oregon** is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 11,179 at the 2020 census. This is not the state of Oregon

## References
W Series (championship)

**W Series** was an all-female single-seater racing championship. It was held over a total of three seasons in 2019, 2021 and 2022 before the championship was liquidated, with a planned season in 2020 cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. All three editions were won by Jamie Chadwick.

## References
Go-kart

A **go-kart**, also written as **go-cart** (sometimes known as **kart**), is a type of small sports car, close wheeled car, open-wheel car or quadracycle. Go-karts come in all shapes and forms. Karting is a type of racing in which a four-wheel car called a go-kart is used. Art Ingels created the first go-kart in Los Angeles in 1956.

## Related pages
* Kart racing

## References
GMS Racing

**GMS Racing** was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.

GMS Racing used to compete in the NASCAR Xfinity Series from 2016 to 2019 and in the ARCA Menards Series from 2011 to 2015 and again from 2019 to 2022. 

On August 23, 2023, the team announced that it would end after the 2023 racing season.

On April 15, 2025, it was reported that the team was rumored to return to full-time Truck Series racing with Dodge/RAM as a manufacturer.

## References
Talladega Superspeedway

**Talladega Superspeedway** (formerly named **Alabama International Motor Speedway** from 1969 to 1989) is a  tri-oval superspeedway in Lincoln, Alabama. The track has hosted many racing events since its first season of racing in 1969. It is mainly run by NASCAR. The track is currently owned by NASCAR and is led by track president Brian Crichton. 

Talladega Superspeedway in its current form is measured at . Within NASCAR's schedule, Talladega Superspeedway is the longest oval NASCAR races on during the season. Talladega Superspeedway also has a roval-style road course, measuring at .

## References
IMG (company)

**IMG**, originally known as the **International Management Group**, is a global sports, fashion, events and media company headquartered in New York City. The company manages athletes and fashion celebrities. 

## References
Glamour (magazine)

***Glamour*** is an online women's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications and based in New York City. It was originally called ***Glamour of Hollywood***. From 1939 to 2019, Glamour was a print magazine. However because not a lot of people were subscribing to the magazine, *Glamour*'s last print edition was in January 2019.

## References
Shape (magazine)

***Shape*** is an American monthly fitness magazine started by Weider Publications in 1981. It was founded by Christine MacIntyre and became a popular women's fitness magazine. 

## References
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue

The '''*Sports Illustrated* Swimsuit Issue'* is published every year by American magazine *Sports Illustrated'' and has female fashion models, celebrities and athletes wearing swimwear in many areas around the world. It was first published in 1964. It is said that it helped make the bikini, invented in 1946, popular.

Since 1964, the issue had been published every February, but starting in 2019, the issue was made available in May.

## References
Celsius Holdings

**Celsius Holdings, Inc.** is an American company that makes many fitness and energy drinks under the brand name **Celsius**. The company's products are marketed as healthy.

## References
Sunoco

**Sunoco LP**  is an American master limited partnership organized under Delaware state law and headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It is a distributor of fuels. Before, they also focused in oil, natural gas exploration and production, refining, chemical manufacturing, and retail fuel sales.

The partnership was known as **Sun Company, Inc.** from 1886 to 1920 and 1976 to 1998, and as **Sun Oil Co.** from 1920 to 1976. The Sunoco name is a contraction of SUN Oil COmpany. The transaction also provided a long-term take or pay fuel supply agreement with 7-Eleven to generate consistent earnings and cash flows. As of 2024, Sunoco still operates 76 retail locations, all of which are located in New Jersey and Hawaii.

## References
Women's Sports Foundation

The '''Women's Sports Foundation** (**WSF''') is a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit charity focused on women in sports. It was founded in 1974 by tennis player Billie Jean King and was supported by Olympic athletes Donna de Varona and Suzy Chaffee.

## Recent Milestones
In 2024, WSF celebrated its 50th anniversary, marking five decades of advocacy and support for women in sports. The foundation has raised over $100 million since its inception, funding programs, research, and advocacy efforts. The anniversary was commemorated with events honoring significant contributors to women's sports, including the 1999 U.S. Women's World Cup team and the 2024 WNBA rookie class. 

Billie Jean King emphasized the ongoing need for progress, particularly in increasing female representation in coaching and leadership roles within sports organizations. 

## References
Coach New York

**Coach New York**, commonly known as **Coach**, is an American luxury fashion house based in New York City. Their works are mainly handbags, luggage, and accessories, as well as ready-to-wear. Stuart Vevers has been the executive creative director since 2013.

## References
Amy Macdonald discography

This is a discography for Scottish singer and songwriter Amy Macdonald. Her debut studio album, '**, was released in July 2007 and peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart. Her second studio album, **', was released in March 2010 and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart. Her third studio album, '**, was released in June 2012 and peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart. Her fourth studio album, **' was released in February 2017 and peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart. Her fifth studio album, '**, was released in October 2020 and peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart. Her sixth studio album, **', was released in July 2025 and peaked at number eight on the UK Albums Chart.

## Albums
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Live albums
### Extended plays
## Singles
### As lead artist
### As featured artist
## Other appearances
## Music videos
## Notes
## References
Alex Walkinshaw

**Alex Walkinshaw** (born 5 October 1974) is a British actor from Barking, England. He is known for playing Dale "Smithy" Smith in the police show *The Bill* and Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher in the medical dramas *Casualty* and *Holby City*. He also played a teacher in the school drama *Waterloo Road*.

## Work 
Walkinshaw first appeared on TV when he was 12. He played in the children's show *Grange Hill*. He stayed on the show for one year. In the early 1990s, he acted in the sitcom *Side by Side*.

In 1999 Alex Walkinshaw joined show *The Bill*. He played Police Constable (PC) Dale "Smithy" Smith. He later became a sergeant on the show. Walkinshaw stayed in the show until it ended in 2010. He said it was emotional to film the final scenes.

In 2008, Walkinshaw was nominated for the National Television Award. The award was won by David Tennant.

In 2011, Walkinshaw joined the drama *Waterloo Road* as physical education teacher Jez Diamond. After leaving that show, he joined TV series *Casualty* as nurse Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher. In 2014, his character moved to *Holby City*, where he continued playing Fletch.

## Filmography 
### Film 
* *Saving Santa* (2013)

### Television 
## References
Friedrich Hölderlin

**Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin** (, ; ; 20 March 1770&nbsp;– 7 June 1843) was a German poet and philosopher. He has been called "the most German of Germans" and was an important person in German Romanticism. He was also an important thinker in the creation of German Idealism.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Hölderlin-Archiv
* Hölderlin Gesellschaft (in German, links to English, French, Spanish, and Italian)
* Poems of Friedrich Hölderlin&nbsp;– English translations
* Poems by Friedrich Hölderlin&nbsp;– English translations
* Selective list of Hölderlin's poems in German, with linked texts&nbsp;– contains most of his major finished poems up to 1804, but not complete
* 
* 
* 
* Friedrich Hölderlin, Homburger Folioheft. Diachrone Darstellung&nbsp;– Hölderlin's most important manuscript as online-edition, presented by Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart and A und A Kulturstiftung, Cologne (in German)
National Television Awards

The **National Television Awards** (also called **NTAs**) is a big British television awards ceremony. It is shown on the ITV network. The first show was in 1995.

The winners are chosen by the public, not by judges.

## History 
The first ceremony were held in August 1995. Eamonn Holmes was the host. The event took place at the Wembley Conference Centre.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Peter Tymms

**Peter B. Tymms**, FBA is a British academic and researcher in the field of education. He is an emeritus professor at the School of Education, Durham University. Tymms is a Fellow of the British Academy.

## Early life and education
Tymms earned a degree in natural sciences from Cambridge University in 1970. He initially pursued a career in teaching, working in schools in Zambia and East Durham. He later transitioned to academia, completing a PhD at Cambridge University in 1997.

## Academic career
After completing his PhD, Tymms joined Newcastle University as a researcher on the Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI). Subsequently, he became a lecturer in performance indicators at Moray House, University of Edinburgh. In 1992, he returned to Newcastle University, where he developed the Performance Indicators in Primary Schools (PIPS) project within the Curriculum Evaluation and Management Centre (CEM). In 1996, CEM relocated to Durham University, and Tymms was appointed as the director of the PIPS project and later as the director of CEM.

Tymms's work at CEM focused on developing systems to monitor and assess primary school education. This included the creation of the PIPS baseline assessment and the interactive reading test known as INCAS.

In 2016, Tymms was appointed by the Department of Education to lead an initiative aimed at developing a single transfer test for Northern Ireland.

## Honours
*Fellow of the British Academy (elected 2021)
*Member of the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) Evaluation Advisory Group

## Books
Tymms has authored several books, including:
*The P Scales: Assessing the Progress of Children with Special Educational Needs (2009, Wiley)
*Baseline Assessment and Monitoring in Primary Schools (1999, David Fulton)

## References
Revelation (The Brian Jonestown Massacre album)

***Revelation*** is the thirteenth studio album by The Brian Jonestown Massacre. The album was released on May 20, 2014.

## Track listing
# "Vad Hände Med Dem?" – 4:41
# "What You Isn't" – 5:29
# "Unknown" – 1:56
# "Memory Camp" – 5:39
# "Days, Weeks and Moths" – 4:20
# "Duck and Cover" – 4:43
# "Food for Clouds" – 5:18
# "Second Sighting" – 3:41
# "Memorymix" – 4:36
# "Fist Full Of Bees" – 5:46
# "Nightbird" – 3:26
# "Xibalba" – 3:23   
# "Goodbye (Butterfly)" – 4:42

## References
Gus Dean

**August H. Dean** (born August 19, 1994) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series driving the No. 15 Ford Mustang for AM Racing and in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 55 Toyota Camry for Venturini Motorsports. 

## References
Anomaloglossus dewynteri

***Anomaloglossus dewynteri*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in French Guiana.

## Body
The adult male frog is 19.4-20.4 mm long from nose to rear end.

## Taxonomy
Scientists used to think this was the same species as *A. degranvellei*.

## Home
This frog lives in rocky streams. Scientists saw it on the Itoupé massif.

Scientists saw the frog in one protected place: Parc Amazonien de Guyane.

## Young
The males sit near streams and call to the female frogs. After the eggs hatch, the male frogs carry the tadpoles to streams.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in big danger of dying out. They have not seen the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on the frog, but because the disease chytridiomycosis has killed other amphibians in French Guiana, they think it could have killed many of these frogs too.

## References
Convective available potential energy

forms in the atmosphere.]]
In meteorology, **convective available potential energy** (commonly abbreviated as **CAPE**), is a measure of the ability of air to support upward motion of air that can lead to storm formation. Some conditions, usually very warm, moist air that cools with height, can make storms. That causes the CAPE value (a measurement of potential energy) would be higher. In opposite conditions, the CAPE value would be low.

## Mechanics 
CAPE is located in the troposphere. The equation below is how CAPE is calculated, using calculus.\mathrm{CAPE} = \int_{z_\mathrm{f}}^{z_\mathrm{n}} g \left(\frac{T_\mathrm{v,parcel} - T_\mathrm{v,env}}{T_\mathrm{v,env}}\right) \, dz

z_f in this equation is the height of convection. z_\mathrm{n} in this equation is the height of where there is neutral buoyancy, meaning that the clouds don't float or fall. T_\mathrm{v,parcel} is the temperature of the air measured. T_\mathrm{v,env}

is the temperature of the environment in Kelvin. g is the amount of speed gained due to gravity.

## Significance to thunderstorms 
Higher instability in the air leads to more storm development.

## References
Young's Motorsports

'''Young's Motorsports''' is an American professional stock car racing team that competes in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, and the ARCA Menards Series. 

On January 3, 2024, it was announced that the team would start racing in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in 2024. That same day, Leland Honeyman was announced as the full-time driver of the No. 42 car.

On January 14, 2025, it was announced that Anthony Alfredo would drive the No. 42 car full time.

## References
2025 European power outage

On 28 April 2025, a huge power outage happened in Portugal, Spain, and southern France. The European power grid had problems.

## Impact 
### Portugal 
In Portugal, a blackout stopped the metro, trains, and traffic lights. Mobile networks are also badly affected, with voice calls mostly not working and internet only partly working. Hospitals are using generators to keep running.

The  trains are stopped at the stations, and many polices are out on the streets because the traffic lights aren't working. Lisbon Airport had limited service and closed at about 1:00 PM.  and  are open but are using generators.

The cause is still unknown, however E-Redes, the company that manages electricity in Portugal, says the problem started outside the country, possibly from issues in Europe's power grid. For now, they say it was not a cyberattack.

Spanish train operator  said that the "entire National Electricity Grid was cut off" at 12:30 pm. Play at the 2025 
 was closed.

## References
Next of Kin

**Next of Kin** is a 1989 American action thriller movie. It was directed by John Irvin and stars Patrick Swayze and Liam Neeson, with Liam Neeson, with Adam Baldwin, Helen Hunt, Bill Paxton and Ben Stiller.

## References
Fereydoun Aghazadeh

**Fereydoun Aghazadeh** is an American academic and engineer specializing in industrial engineering. He is a professor in the Industrial Engineering Program at Louisiana State University (LSU), where he holds the Georgia Gulf Distinguished Professorship of Engineering.

## Education and career
Aghazadeh obtained his Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Ph.D. degrees in Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University. After completing his doctorate in 1982, he joined the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Alabama. In 1984, he moved to LSU, where he established a program in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Engineering.

At LSU, Aghazadeh played a role in shifting the Industrial Engineering program from a primarily teaching-focused curriculum to one that emphasizes research and graduate studies. As the graduate program coordinator, he has overseen the research of numerous master's and doctoral students. Additionally, he has served on various university committees and was involved in the development of LSU’s College of Engineering strategic plan in 2020. He has also been a member of the LSU Chancellor’s Realignment Task Force, which focuses on restructuring academic departments within the university.

## Books
*Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety. Taylor and Francis Ltd, June 1994 (Aghazadeh, F., Editor).
*Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors V. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988 (Aghazadeh, F., Editor)

## Awards and recognitions
*Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (2014)
*Fellow of the Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors
*Ralph R. Teetor Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers
*Georgia Gulf Distinguished Professorship at LSU College of Engineering
*Faculty Fellow at NASA Johnson Space Center (2003, 2004)

## References
Brenna Bird

**Brenna Bird** (born as **Brenda Findley** in 1976) is an American Republican politician and lawyer. She has operated under the Iowa Attorney General from 2023 and onwards. 

## The career
Bird did over seven years with the United States Representative Steve King beginning in January 2003 and ending May 2010. Under the 2010 election, Bird ran for the Iowa Attorney General. She, however, lost to Iowa imcumbent Tom Miller by eleven percent.

Bird again ran against Miller under the 2022 Iowa Attorney General Election. She won that race.

## References
Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"

**Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"** is a book by Zora Neale Hurston is a nonfiction account based on Hurston’s 1927 interviews with Cudjo Lewis(Oluale Kossola), one of the last known survivors of the Atlantic slave trade.

The book presents Cudjo’s firsthand narrative of his capture in Africa, the horrors of the Middle Passage aboard the Clotilda, his enslavement in Alabama, and life after emancipation.

## References 
*vulture
*history
Honda 0 Saloon

The **Honda 0 Saloon** is a concept electric car created by Honda. It was first seen as part of the Honda 0 Series at the 2025 Consumer Electronics Show. It is expected to start being built in 2026, first being sold in North America, and then the rest of the world.

## Design 
The vehicle was created that prioritizes aerodynamics, being lightweight, and built in technology. It has a low and wide body and a simple interior with a focus on space and functionality.

## Features 
The 0 Series Saloon includes an artificial intelligence system that changes to the driver’s preferred settings, driver-assistance features capable of limited self driving, and software that can be updated remotely. The battery system is designed for fast charging and a longer driving range.

## Production 
Honda plans to manufacture the 0 Saloon as part of its electrification strategy, aiming to transition to 100% electric sales by 2040. The vehicle is expected to compete with premium electric sedans from companies like Tesla, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz.

Production will begin in 2026, with an initial launch in North America, followed by selling in Japan, Europe, and other places around the world.

## References
Jimpa

***Jimpa*** is a 2025 drama movie directed by Sophie Hyde. It stars Olivia Colman as Hannah and John Lithgow as Jimpa, her gay grandfather.
Villa Devoto

**Villa Devoto** is one of the 48 neighborhoods of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. 

It is characterized by being an urban residential neighborhood. It is considered "The Garden of the City", since it has a big number of  trees. It is often considered a neighborhood with a strong sense of belonging due to its relative isolation from the rest of the city.

## Geographic location 
The Villa Devoto neighborhood is comprised of General Paz Avenue, Campana Street, Gutenberg Street, San Martín Avenue, Francisco Beiró Avenue, Joaquín V Street. González, Baigorria Street and Lope de Vega Avenue. It borders the neighborhoods of Villa Pueyrredón to the north, Agronomía and Villa del Parque to the east, Monte Castro and Villa Real to the south, and the districts of Tres de Febrero and General San Martín to the west.

## History 
### Origins 
By the end of 1615, the then governor of the Río de la Plata, Don Hernando Arias de Saavedra, granted several hundred hectares to Don Cristóbal de Luque y Cobos in what is now the center of Devoto, in addition to the north of Agronomía, Villa Pueyrredón and the west of Villa Urquiza.

Around 1700, a group of Jesuits settled east of the neighborhood, at the corner of Helguera and Navarro. In 1767 the residents were evicted from their land and the building was left abandoned. It was still standing in the middle of the siglo XIX .
 's house) was changed to the name "Diego Maradona" after his death. ]]
At the corner of Segurola and Habana 4310, Diego Armando Maradona used to live, and it has become a popular place among tourists.

### Present 
For decades, neighborhood residents have been demanding the demolition of the Devoto Prison, but it has not stopped operating since 1927.

### Ecclesiastical establishments 
* **Metropolitan Seminary of Buenos Aires**, better known as Villa Devoto Seminary, located at José Cubas 3543. Successive generations of priests and bishops from Argentina were trained there.
* **Faculty of Theology of the Immaculate Conception** of the Catholic University of Argentina, which offers all university's degrees in theological science.
* **Basilica San Antonio de Padua**, Av. Lincoln 3751
* Parishes
** **Immaculate Conception**, José Cubas 3599
** **Jesus of Good Hope**, José León Cabezón 3350
** **St. John the Baptist**, New York 4717
** **Solitude of the Most Holy Mary**, Av. Gral. Mosconi 4119

## References
Stephen Moulton (soldier)

**Stephen Moulton** (March 30, 1735 – March 12, 1819) was a lieutenant colonel in the 22d regiment of the revolutionary Army. He was taken prisoner by the British in the Battle of White Plains, New York.  He was eventually released in a prisoner exchange in 1777.  With his own personal funds from his business he organized, provided uniforms, equipped and trained for a regiment of 950 men.  He fed and paid all of these men.  At the beginning of the revolution, the regiment was taken over by Washington's army.  His father and three of his sons were members of this regiment and also served during the war. Two of his sons were taken prisoner by the British.

Moulton later married Eleanor Converse. She was a descendant of Deacon Edward Converse, who was a close friend of his neighbor, John Harvard.  Deacon Converse owned the ferry business across the Charles River. He helped John Harvard found Harvard College. He gave him all but 50 pounds of the income he made from the ferry.

Moulton and three of his sons fought a rear-guard action for three days as George Washington directed the American retreat from Long Island. They were finally captured on September 15, 1775.  Moulton and his sons, all officers, were detained as prisoners of war by General Howe’s adjutant in the notorious Sugar House Prison in New York City. Moulton and his sons were held for five months by General Howe's forces. In March 1777, they were exchanged for British officers held by General Washington's staff.

Moulton died on March 12, 1819 in Floyd, Oneida County, New York at age 83.

## References
Mateo Mendía

**Mateo Mendía dos Santos** (Olavarría, Argentina, February 3, 2004) is an Argentine soccer player who plays as a defender for Boca Juniors in the Argentine Professional Football League.

## Professional career 
Mateo signed for Boca Juniors' youth team in 2023. He managed to win the 2023 U-20 Intercontinental, he played the 2024 U-20 Libertadores, in which he played 4 of the 5 matches, scoring a goal on the first game, and he reached the final of the cup against Flamengo U-20, in which Boca Juniors lost 2 to 1. He then joined the main squad, led by Diego Martínez.

Mateo's debut in Boca's first team took place on May 19, 2024 in a league match against Central Córdoba, in a game where Boca Juniors won 4 to 2.

## References
Peshwa

The **Peshwa (पेशवा)** was the second-in-command of the Maratha Empire, under the king (Chhatrapati). In the beginning, the Peshwa was a Prime Minister chosen by the king, but when King Shahuji gave the job to Bajirao Ballal, it became a family inheritance. Under Shahu’s rule, the Peshwas grew very powerful and started running the empire. Over time, the king’s role became mostly ceremonial, and the Peshwas held the real power, as set out in the Sangola agreement.

During the time of Shivaji, Sambhaji, and Rajaram, all Peshwas came from the Marathi Deshastha Brahmin community. The first Peshwa was Moropant Pingle, appointed by Shivaji as the head of the Ashta Pradhan (council of eight ministers). Early Peshwas served mainly as chief ministers to the king. Later, especially under the Bhat family, the Peshwas became hereditary leaders and the true rulers of the Maratha Confederacy. The Peshwas were most powerful under Baji Rao I (1720–1740), when the Marathas expanded and ruled large parts of India. Later Peshwas allowed more autonomy to regional Maratha chiefs like the Scindias, Holkars, and Gaekwads, though these leaders still recognized the Peshwa's authority. The Bhonsles were also forced to accept the Peshwa as their overlord after their defeat by Madhavrao I in 1765.

In 1760, the Koli leader Naik Javji Bamble led a rebellion against the Peshwa government, conducting raids for 20 years and defeating several Peshwa generals. Eventually, on the advice of Dhondo Gopal, he surrendered his forts to Tukoji Holkar, who secured him a pardon and put him in charge of 60 villages to handle law enforcement. In 1798, another Koli leader, Ramji Naik Bhangria, rebelled but cleverly avoided capture. Instead of fighting him, the government pardoned Ramji and appointed him to a key police position.
 who is regarded as a military genius by many.His battles mostly involved long chases, Guerrilla warfare and ingenious utilization of cavalry. He fought in over 40 battles throughout his tenure as Peshwa and won all of them, most notably the  Battle of Palkhed and Battle of Bhopal.|right|thumb|The image represents one of the most popular Peshwas, Bajirao I who is regarded as a military genius by many.His battles mostly involved long chases, Guerrilla warfare and ingenious utilization of cavalry. He fought in over 40 battles throughout his tenure as Peshwa and won all of them, most notably the  Battle of Palkhed and Battle of Bhopal.]]

## List of Peshwas 
### Hereditary Peshwas from Bhat family 
 Nana Phadnavis, with two attendants at Pune.]]

## References
LP (singer)

**Laura Pergolizzi** (born March 18, 1981), known professionally as **LP**, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. LP has released seven albums and three EPs. LP has written songs for other artists including Rihanna, Christina Aguilera, the Backstreet Boys, Leona Lewis, Mylène Farmer, Cher Lloyd and Céline Dion.

LP is openly a lesbian.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* [LP](http://www.discogs.com/artist/L.P.+(3)) discography at Discogs
Nahid Islam

**Nahid Islam** (born in 1998) is a Bangladeshi student activist. He was an ICT advisor to the interim government of Bangladesh. He was one of the main coordinators of the anti-discrimination student movement that led to the 2024 Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement, which later turned into a non-cooperation movement that overthrew the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. He is currently serving as Chief Advisor to Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus.

## References
Qusay Hussein

**Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Nasiri al-Tikriti** (Arabic: قصي صدام حسين; 17 May 1966 – 22 July 2003) was an Iraqi politician and military leader. He was the second son of Saddam Hussein, who was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Qusay was killed in a U.S. raid in Mosul. His son Mustafa and his brother Uday were also killed in the raid.

## Career 
During his father's reign in Iraq, Qusay led the Republican Guard, an all-volunteer branch of the Iraqi military. According to one source, the Republican Guard was "a heavily armed paramilitary group connected with the ruling party." However, Saddam was removed from power and arrested during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and Qusay was killed before he could take Saddam's place.

According to one source:[The deaths of Qusay and Uday were] highly publicized... Although their deaths were intended to undermine resistance against U.S. troops, they did not significantly diminish the ongoing insurgency in Iraq.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Saddam Hussein
* Execution of Saddam Hussein
* 2003 invasion of Iraq
Fabian Forte

**Fabian Anthony Forte** (born February 6, 1943), professionally known as **Fabian**, is an American singer and actor. He became well known for his appearances on *American Bandstand*. He became a teen idol of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Eleven of his songs reached the *Billboard* Hot 100.

Fabian was also considered for roles in *West Side Story* (1961) and *The Roman Spring of Mrs Stone*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Annette Warren

**Annette Warren** (born July 11, 1922) is an American jazz singer and actress. She dubbed the singing voices of Lucille Ball in *Sorrowful Jones* (1949) and *Fancy Pants* (1950), and Ava Gardner in the 1951 movie version of *Show Boat*.

Warren turned 100 in July 2022.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lai Haraoba in Myanmar

(Meitei priestess) during the Lai Haraoba celebration]]

Lai Haraoba () is a traditional religious and cultural festival observed by the Meitei people in Myanmar, particularly among populations in Mandalay and Sagaing regions. Originating in Manipur, India, the festival has been maintained by Meitei descendants in Myanmar as part of their ancestral heritage. Lai Haraoba, which translates to "the merrymaking of the gods," involves ritual ceremonies, dance, music, and oral narratives that reflect Meitei cosmology and ancestral worship. The festival centers around the veneration of local deities known as Umang Lai and is typically led by priestesses (Maibi) who perform ritual dances and ceremonies. In Myanmar, Lai Haraoba functions as a cultural preservation practice among the Meitei diaspora, maintaining continuity with traditions from their historical homeland.

According to Professor Bryce Grey Beemer, a Fulbright scholar from the University of Hawaii, the Meitei communities in Myanmar have integrated elements of local Myanmarese culture into their traditional practices. Despite this cultural assimilation, they have preserved core aspects of Meitei cultural identity. Notable among these are the continued observance of Lai Haraoba, a ritual festival dedicated to Meitei deities, and the worship of deities comparable to the goddess Panthoibi within the Sanamahi religious tradition.

## Delegates from India 
In 2008, the Indo-Myanmarese Fraternal Alliance, based in Imphal, undertook a 20-day visit to Myanmar with the objective of re-establishing historical and cultural connections between the Meitei populations of Manipur and Myanmar. A delegation comprising 20 members visited multiple settlements inhabited by individuals of Meitei descent. The visit was intended to facilitate cultural exchange and reinforce ties between the Meitei communities across the international border.

### Honouring Leimarel Sidabi 
The Lai Haraoba festival dedicated to the Meitei mother goddess Ema Leimarel Sidabi was observed on 16 June 2024 at her shrine located in Amarapura Township, Mandalay Region, Myanmar. The ceremony included the ritual changing of the goddess's sacred garment.

According to a statement by Meikam Nanao Meitei, Organisation Secretary of the Federation of Indigenous People's Democratic Movement (FIDM), the event was attended by a significant number of Meitei devotees from the Mandalay region. The religious observance was also attended by N. Ngangom Moirangcha, President of Eputhou Pakhangpa Lainingkol Mandalay, a member of FIDM, and a Central Executive Committee member of the MMDA.

The purpose of the celebration was to promote the preservation and protection of the religious festivals observed by followers of the Sanamahi religion and members of the seven Meitei clans (Yek Salai/Meitei confederacy). The occasion marked the observance of *Ema Panthoibi Haraoba*, a variant of the Lai Haraoba festival dedicated specifically to the goddess Panthoibi.
## Related pages 
* Lai Haraoba in Bangladesh
* Lai Haraoba in Tripura
* Meitei clothing in Myanmar
* Burmese–Meitei relations
* Meitei–Shan relations

## References