open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1223

## Events 
* March 25 &ndash; Sancho II is crowned King of Portugal
* May 31 &ndash; Battle of the Kalka River: The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan defeat the Russian warriors.
* August 6 &ndash; Louis VIII is crowned King of France.
* The Franciscan Rule is approved by Pope Honorius III.
* Failure of an attempt by the Sicilian fleet to reconquer Jerba.

## Births 
* John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (d. 1267)
* Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)
* Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (d. 1265)
* Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Last Native Prince of Wales (d. 1282)

## Deaths 
* March 8 &ndash; Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish bishop and historian (b. 1161)
* March 25 &ndash; King Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1185)
* July 14 &ndash; King Philip II of France (b. 1165)
* Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (b. 1192)
* Giraldus Cambrensis Cambro-Norman clergyman and chronicler (b. 1146)
* Mstislav III of Kiev
* Mukhali, Mongol general
* Unkei, Japanese sculptor (b. 1151)

## References
Curtsey

City Hall, 1954. This is a 'bob' curtsey as used by young girls, and by maids in grand houses.]]
 on a formal occasion. Notice the back is straight, and the head is *not* bowed. Rarely seen in modern times]]
]]

A **curtsey** (also spelled **curtsy** or **courtesy**) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures.  The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.

When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.   

Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family.  This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers. 

Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.

## Related pages
*Bowing

## References
## Other websites
*How to Curtsey 
*The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom
Eurobeat

**Eurobeat** is electronic music derived from Italo-Disco and it has mainly been produced in Italy and Japan.

## Famous Eurobeat Labels 
* Dave Rodgers Music (D.R.M)
* A-Beat-C
* Stefano Castagna Productions (S.C.P) music
* Sinclare style
* HI-NRG Revolution

## Famous Eurobeat artists 
* Giancarlo Pasquini
* Christian Codenotti
* Ennio Zanini
* Maurizio De Jorio
Yoko Shimomura

is a Japanese composer who makes video game music. She has worked with Capcom and Square Enix. She is best known for composing music for the Kingdom Hearts and Mario & Luigi series. Many of her works have been performed in video game music concerts. She left Square in 2002 and currently works as a freelancer but has or is working on six Kingdom Hearts games and the Mario & Luigi series. Shem is also working on Final Fantasy Versus XIII.

## Video game Soundtracks 
* *Samurai Sword* (1988)
* *F-1 Dream* (1989)
* *Final Fight* (1989) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
* *Adventures in the Magic Kingdom* (1990)
* *Mizushima Shinji no Daikoushien* (1990)
* *Code Name: Viper* (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
* ''Gargoyle's Quest* (1990) (with Harumi Fujita (uncredited))
* *Adventure Quiz 2: Capcom World* (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi, Manami Matsumae, Junko Tamiya, H. Takaoka, and G. Morita (uncredited))
* *Mahjong School: The Super O Version* (1990) (with Masaki Izutani (uncredited))
* *Buster Bros.* (PC Engine) (1991) (with Tamayo Kawamoto)
* *The King of Dragons* (1991)
* *Street Fighter II* (1991) (with Isao Abe (credited as Pii♪))
* *Block Block* (1991) (with Masaki Izutani)
* *Varth: Operation Thunderstorm* (1992) (with Masaki Izutani and Toshio Kajino)
* *The Punisher* (1993) (with Isao Abe, Toshio Kajino, Syun Nishigaki and  Nobu. Oouchi)
* *Breath of Fire* (1993) (with Bun Bun, Minae Fujii, and Mari Yamaguchi)
* *Live A Live* (1994)
* *Front Mission* (1995) (with Noriko Matsueda)
* *Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars* (1996)
* *Tobal No. 1* (1996) (with many others)
* *Parasite Eve* (1998)
* *Legend of Mana* (1999)
* *Hataraku Chocobo* (2000)
* *Kingdom Hearts* (2002)
* *Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga* (2003)
* *Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories* (2004)
* *Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time* (2005)
* *Kingdom Hearts II* (2005)
* *Pop'n Music Carnival (13)* (2005) (with many others)
* *Monster Kingdom: Jewel Summoner* (2006) (with Shinji Hosoe, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Yasunori Mitsuda, Kenji Ito, Masaharu Iwata, Tsukasa Masuko, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Ayako Saso, and Takahiro Ogata)
* *Heroes of Mana* (2007)
* *Luminous Arc 2* (2008) (with Akari Kaida, Yoshino Aoki, and Shunsuke Nakamura)
* *Little King's Story* (2008) (with Yutaka Minobe)
* *Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days* (2009)
* *Kingdom Hearts coded* (2009)
* *Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story* (2009)
* *Pop'n Music The Movie (17)* (2009) (with many others)
* *Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep* (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
* *Last Ranker* (2010)
* *Xenoblade* (2010) (with ACE+, Manami Kiyota, and Yasunori Mitsuda)
* *The 3rd Birthday* (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Mitsuto Suzuki)
* *Kingdom Hearts Re:coded* (2010)
* *Radiant Historia* (2010)
* *Half-Minute Hero II* (2011)
* *Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance* (2012) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
* *Demons' Score* (2012)
* *Mario & Luigi: Dream Team* (2013)
* *Exstetra* (2013) (with many others)
* *Final Fantasy XV* (TBA)
* *Kingdom Hearts III* (TBA)
* *"Future Mana Project"'' (TBA)

## References 
## Other website 
*Official website
Singapore Standard Time

**Singapore Standard Time** (abbreviation: **SST**; ) or **Singapore Time** (abbreviation: **SIN**; ) is the time zone used in Singapore, 8 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:00).

## History 
Singapore is situated 103° 51' 16" East of Greenwich and lies within the UTC+07:00 time zone. Before 31 May 1905, the local time was UTC+06:55:25 ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

During World War II, when the Japanese occupied Singapore, UTC+09:00 was used, to follow Japan time, while UTC+07:20 and UTC+07:30 were used for daylight saving time. When Peninsular Malaysia moved its standard time 30 minutes ahead from UTC+07:30 to UTC+08:00 on 31 December 1981, Singapore shifted too.

The city state started using UTC+08:00 on 1 January 1982 and the country celebrated New Year's Day half an hour earlier.

## Other websites 
*Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?
*Singapore Standard Time 
* National Metrology Centre
The Vagina Monologues

***The Vagina Monologues*** is a monologue play written by Eve Ensler. The production has been staged in many countries. Ensler originally starred in the play by herself, but she was later replaced by three celebrity monologists. A television version featuring Ensler was shown on cable TV channel HBO. Much of the profits made from the production went to women's anti-violence charities.

## References
## Other websites
**The Vagina Monologues* at Random House
*V-Day official site
*Official UK Page 
**The Vagina Monologues* at HBO.com
*
Jeremy Renner

**Jeremy Lee Renner** (born January 7, 1971) is an American actor, author, singer, and philanthropist. He is famous for his role in the movie *The Avengers*. In *The Avengers*, he plays Hawkeye, a.k.a. Clint Barton. He appeared largely in independent films, such as *Dahmer* and *Neo* Ned. Renner appeared in films, such as *S.W.A.T.* and *28 Weeks Later*. More information can be found on him on the official wiki , here.

## Other websites
*
Elles Bougent

**Elles Bougent** is a French voluntary association created in 2005 in order to attract high school girls and young students women to careers in transportation engineering (aerospace, car, rail).

## Governance 
The association was created in 2005 by Marie-Sophie Pawlak.

## Members 
The association consists of natural persons (high school girls and women students in science and technology, women engineers or technicians in operation) and artificial person (companies, universities).

### Business & Federations 
### Higher education 
### Institutional 
* Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry
* Minister of Social Affairs

## Other websites 
* 

## References
Joanne

**Joanne** is a female based name. The pronunciation of the name is [ joh-**an** ]. The name Joanne is derived from the Hebrew name Yochanan, which means "God is gracious." It was popular as recently as around 1975 in Northern Ireland and United Kingdom. In Hebrew, Joanne means *God is Gracious*. There are many celebrities who have the name, like Joanne Dru, Joanne Missingham, Joanne Woodward and Joanne Whalley. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Joanne Missingham, Taiwanese go player
* Joanne Woodward , American actress
* Joanne Whalley, British actress

## References
Gethsemane

**Gethsemane** ( ) is a garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives. It is most famous for being the place where Jesus and his disciples are said to have prayed the night before Jesus' crucifixion.

## Related pages
*Judas Iscariot
## Notes
Serafin R. Cuevas

**Serafin R. Cuevas** (25 June 1928 &ndash; 9 February 2014) was a Filipino lawyer and a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines appointed during dictator Ferdinand Marcos.

## Early life and education
Serafin R. Cuevas was born on 25 June 1928 in Bacoor Cavite.
He went to Las Piñas Elementary School in his elementary education and to the University of Manila in his secondary education. He obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines in 1952 and passed the Bar examination the same year.

## Career
He started his career as a professorial lecturer at the College of Law of the University of the Philippines and at the Institute of Law of the Far Eastern University. Afterwards, he became an Assistant Fiscal of the City of Manila and then as Judge to the Court of First Instance.

Before his appoinment as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of the Philippines on May 31, 1984, he was Associate Justice to the Intermediate Appellate Court.

## Death
Justice Cuevas died on February 9, 2014 from liver cancer.  He was 85.

## References
Eldiguzids

The **Ildegizids**, **Eldiguzids** (, ) or **Ildenizids**, also known as **Atabegs of Azerbaijan** ( *Atabakan-e Āzarbayjan*, ) A historical state that ruled Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq, Iran and Jibali in 1136–1225. 
## History
The start of the dynasty is connected with Shamsaddin Eldaniz of Kipchak origin. Thus, Eldaniz, who took Arran as an iqta by Sultan Masud, soon spread his power throughout Azerbaijan.  After his son Arslanshah also ruled in 1160, Eldaniz seized power in the Seljuk sultanate of Iraq. During the reign of Shamsaddin Eldaniz, the lands covered Arran, Azerbaijan, Shirvan, Cibal, Hamadan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Rey, Mosul, Kirman, Persia, Khuzistan, Akhlat, Erzurum and Maragha.ere a Turkic dynasty of Kipchak

The strengthening of the dynasty is connected with the period of Mohammad Jahan Pahlava.  After the death of Sultan Arslanshah in 1175, Jahan Pahlavan, who brought his 7-year-old son Togrul III to power, declared himself his ancestor and, like Shamsaddin Eldaniz, took de facto power. Atabey Jahan Pahlavan suppressed revolts against the central government and established friendly relations with the ruling dynasties in the neighborhood.  Since the period of Jahan Pahlava was a period of stability, cultural spheres developed in the lands under the rule of the Eldenizs.  During the reign of the mentioned Atabey, the capital of the Eldenizs was moved from Nakhchivan to Hamadan. 
## Atabeg
Atabeg means *"father lord"* in Turkic languages.  It was the title given to the Turkic officers of Seljuq dynasty. Atabegs were not only vice-regents, but also de facto rulers.

## List of Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan) 
# Shams al-Din Ildeniz or Eldigüz (ca.1135 or 1136-1174 or 1175)
# Mohammed Jahan Pahlavan (1174 or 1175–1186)
# Qizil Arslan (1186–1191)
# Abu Bakr (1191–1210)
# Uzbek (1210–1225)

## References
Constitution of Azerbaijan

The **Constitution of Azerbaijan** was started on 12 November 1995 by a popular referendum. It was changed three times by a popular referendums, on 24 August 2002, on 18 March 2009 and on 26 September 2016. The constitution is the "highest legal force" in Azerbaijan.

## Preamble
The Preamble to the Constitution says, in order to "provide prosperity and welfare of the whole society and each individual", that the following objectives be declared:
*protection of national sovereignty and territorial integrity
*a constitutional democracy
*make a civil society
*a secular state based upon the rule of law
*a "worthy life level" for citizens and "just" economic and social order
*observance of "universal human values", peace and international cooperation

## Related pages
*Constitution
*Constitutionalism
*Constitutional economics

## References
## Other websites
* The Constitution of Azerbaijan at the Presidential website
The Avengers (movie)

***The Avengers*** is a 2012 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. It is produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the sixth movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the last movie of Phase One. It premiered in Los Angeles on April 11, 2012 and was released in the United States on May 4. The movie was written and directed by Joss Whedon. It stars Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, and Samuel L. Jackson, with Stellan Skarsgård, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Paul Bettany in supporting roles. It was positively welcomed from audiences, fans, and film critics alike. Three sequels have been released, titled *Avengers: Age of Ultron* (2015), *Avengers: Infinity War* (2018) and *Avengers: Endgame* (2019).

## Other websites 
*
Der Freischütz

***Der Freischütz*** is an opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber with a libretto by Friedrich Kind. It premiered on 18 June 1821 at the Schauspielhaus Berlin. The title is usually translated as *The Marksman*, or *The Freeshooter*.

The opera is the first important German Romantic opera, especially in its national identity and stark emotionality.
The plot is based on the German folk legend of the Freischütz and many of its tunes were inspired by German folk music.  Its unearthly portrayal of the supernatural in the famous Wolf's Glen scene has been described as "the most expressive rendering of the gruesome that is to be found in a musical score".

## Notes
Jōhei

, also romanized as **Shōhei**, was a  after *Enchō* and before *Tengyō.*  This period started in April 931 and ended in May 938.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Jōhei* era
* **3 September 931** (*Jōhei 1, 19th day of the 7th month*): The former-Emperor Uda died at the age of 65.
* **932** (*Jōhei 2, 8th month*): Fujiwara no Sadakata died at the age of 65.
* **933** (*Jōhei 3, 8th month*): Fujiwara no Nakahira is named Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).
* **933** (*Jōhei 3, 12th month*): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in Owari province. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.
* **7 September 936** (*Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month*): Fujiwara Tadahira was named Prime Ministger (*daijō-daijin*). Fujiwara Nakahira was named Minister of the Left (*sadaijin*), and Fujiwara Tsunesuke was named *udaijin*.
* **937** (*Jōhei 7, 12th month*): The former-Emperor Yōzei celebrated his 70th birthday.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Agnieszka Radwańska

**Agnieszka Roma Radwańska** (born 6 March 1989 in Kraków) is a former Polish tennis player.

In 2007, Radwańska became the first Polish player to win a WTA singles title. In 2012 she lost the final of the Wimbledon Championships to Serena Williams. She won WTA Finals in Singapour in 2015.

## References
## Other websites
*  
* 
* 
* 
*
Azerbaijan Time

**Azerbaijan Time**, or **AZT**, is a time zone used in Azerbaijan. The standard time zone is four hours ahead of UTC (UTC+4). 
The daylight saving time, Azerbaijan Summer Time (**AZST**), which was one hour ahead of the standard **AZT** at UTC+5 was abolished in March 2016.

## References
Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles

In France, the **Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles** was created by article L. 335-6 of the Education Code.

It makes available to individuals and businesses constantly updated information on educational degrees and certificates on the lists established by the national commissions. It helps to facilitate access to employment, human resources management and mobility.

Certifications stored in the directory are recognized throughout the country.

Under the authority of the Minister for Vocational Training, the *Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle* establishes and updates the *répertoire national des certifications professionnelles*. It ensures the renewal and adaptation of diplomas.

Degrees are classified by field of activity and level. Diplomas are classified according to the levels of training approved by decision of the permanent group of vocational training and social advancement.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles Official website
Left- and right-hand traffic

's Great Ocean Road reminding foreign drivers to keep left.]]
The **driving side** of a road is the side where vehicles must drive. Each country says whether vehicles will drive on the right-hand or left-hand side of the road. This is sometimes called the **rule of the road**. This basic rule makes traffic move more easily. It also lowers the risk of head-on collisions. Today about 66.1% of the world's people live in countries that drive on the right-hand side; 33.9% live in countries that drive on the left-hand side.

The side driven on is usually the other side from which a vehicle's steering wheel and instrument panel are located. That is, right-hand drive vehicles are normal when driving on the left-hand side of the road, and left-hand drive vehicles are used when driving on the right-hand side of the road.

Most countries that drive on the left-hand side are former British colonies. Some other countries chose the left-hand side of the road. These countries include: Japan, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Mozambique, Suriname, East Timor, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and more. Today, only four European countries drive on the left-hand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus. There are several countries with territories outside the mainland that drive on a different side from the mainland. One well-known example is that all of China drives on the right-hand except for its Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau, which drive on the left-hand.

Before the creation of the automobile, people mostly rode on the left-hand side, since most people were right-handed and would whip their horses with their left hands. Warriors in battle could also use their right hand to hold and control their weapon. During the 1700s, many farmers began to pull their vehicles using teams of horses rather than just one. In 1794, France passed the first right-hand driving laws, and this law would spread with Napoleon's conquests. The territories and regions of the former Austro-Hungarian and Portuguese Empires refused to change the direction of driving at first, but most eventually chose to drive on the right-side. Only Mozambique, East Timor, and Macau (all former Portuguese colonies) still drive on the left-side. Canada, Myanmar, Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory, Belize, and a few countries in West Africa like Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia all switched to driving on the right hand side of the road.

## References
Georgian people

The **Georgians** are a Caucasian ethnic group that come from Georgia. Large Georgian communities are also present throughout Russia, European Union, United States, and South America.

The majority of Georgians are Eastern Orthodox Christian.  They mostly go by the national autocephalous Georgian Orthodox Church, which started in the 4th century. There are also Georgian Catholic and Muslim communities in Tbilisi and Adjara.  Located in Caucasus at the edge of Europe, the Georgian people have tried to keep their Christian identity.  There is a lot of pressure from the neighboring Muslim empires.

The Georgian language is the official language of the country.

## References
United Nations Human Rights Council

The **United Nations Human Rights Council** (UNHRC) is in the United Nations System. The UNHRC took the place of the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights (CHR).  It was established by the United Nations General Assembly. 

The General Assembly made the UNHRC on 15 March 2006.  This was to replace the previous CHR.  People did not like the CHR because they allowed countries with poor human rights records to be members.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson have not liked that the council acts for politics instead of human rights. Several people have said the council focuses too much on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The United States did not take part in the Council when George W. Bush was president.  They changed when Barack Obama became President.

On 18 June 2007, the UNHRC made a plan for future work. They will assess the human rights in all 192 UN Member States. They will also allow people and organizations to bring complaints about human rights violations to the attention of the Council.

## Presidents
## References
Atropates

**Atropates** (c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III and then Alexander III of Macedon.  He made an independent kingdom.  A dynasty was named after him. Diodorus Siculus calls him 'Atrapes'. Quintus Curtius wrongly names him 'Arsaces'.

## Biography
At the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor (*satrap*) of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates was in charge of the Achaemenid troops of Media.

When Darius lost he went to the Median capital of Ecbatana. Atropates helped him. Darius tried to get a new army but could not.  He left Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus,

## References
285 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **285 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Egypt 
* June 26 &ndash; Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter quits ruling. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus.  He was co-regent for three years.
* A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed.  It is a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.

#### Seleucid Empire 
* Demetrius Poliorcetes is left by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.

## Deaths 
* Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author (b. c. 350 BC)
Azerbaijani manat

The **Manat** is the national currency used in Azerbaijan. It is divided into 100 *qəpik*. The word *manat* comes from the Russian word "moneta" which means coin. Manat was also the name of the Soviet ruble in both the Azerbaijani and Turkmen languages.

The Azerbaijani manat symbol, , is not easily typed on computers, so "m" or "man." can be used instead. Azerbaijani manat is also written as AZN. In Azerbaijan people can only use manats. Azerbaijani manats are more valuable than the USD and almost as valuable as the Euro.

## Related pages
* Qapik
* Azerbaijani manat sign 
* Economy of Azerbaijan
* Agriculture in Azerbaijan

## Other websites
* *Der Standard* article on the redenomination 
* Azerbaijan International. Azerbaijan's New Manats: Design and Transition to a New Currency
* Catalog of Azeri coins and banknotes
*
275 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **275 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Egypt 
* The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.

#### Roman Republic 
* When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself greatly outnumbered by the Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, gets a peace with Pyrrhus.  Then Pyrrhus decides to end his battles in Italy and return to Epirus.

#### Sicily 
* After Pyrrhus leaves Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens make Hiero II as the commander of their troops. 

#### Greece 
* Antiochus's alliance with Antigonus II is made stronger by Antigonus' marriage to Phila, Antiochus' half sister.

## Births 
* Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Roman dictator, politician and soldier (approximate date) (d. 203 BC)

## Deaths 
* Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher from Zhao who also served at the Jixia academy in Qi. He is known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date) (b. c. 350 BC)
350 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **350 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Persian Empire 
* Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, asks for help from its sister city of Tyre and from Egypt but gets very little.
* Idrieus, the second son of Hecatomnus, succeeds to the throne of Caria on the death of Artemisia II, the widow of his elder brother Mausolus. Shortly after he becomes ruler, at the request of the Persian king, Artaxerxes III, Idrieus equips a fleet of 40 triremes and an army of 8,000 mercenary troops and despatches them against Cyprus, under the command of the Athenian general Phocion.

#### Greece 
* Alexander I becomes king of Epirus after his brother-in-law Philip II of Macedon dethrones Alexander's cousin Arymbas.
* Philip II has Abdera in Thrace sacked.

#### Roman Republic 
* The Gauls, once more threatening Rome, are beaten by an army of Rome and its allies.

#### America 
* The Maya civilization in Mesoamerica begins (approximate date).

### By topic 
#### Science 
* Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical reasoning in *Organon.*
* Plato proposes a geocentric model of the universe with the stars rotating on a fixed celestial sphere.

#### Art 
* Praxiteles makes the *Aphrodite of Knidos* (approximate date). A composite of two similar Roman copies after the original marble is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Pio Clementino, Gabinetto delle Maschere in Rome.
* The building of the Mausoleum in Halikarnassos (modern Bodrum in Turkey) is completed (approximate date). It is the grave of the Persian satrap and Carian ruler Mausolos and is built under the direction of his wife Artemisia. The mausoleum, which is said to be one of the *Seven Wonders of the Ancient World*, is today partly kept at the British Museum in London.
* The *Corinthian capital* is made in the tholos at Epidaurus. It is now kept at the Archaeological Museum in Epidaurus, Greece (approximate date).

## Births 
* Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and polymath (d. c. 285 BC)
* Cassander, king of Macedonia and founder of Antipatrid dynasty (approximate date) (d. c. 297 BC)
* Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date) (d. c. 275 BC)

## Deaths 
* Artemisia, Queen of Caria and sister and wife of King Mausolus of Caria
Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan

**Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan** follow the recommended format for its telephone numbering plan.

A caller from outside Azerbaijan would dial the international access number, usually 00. They then dial the country code which is 994 for Azerbaijan.  Then they dial the two-digit area code, and then the seven-digit local number. 

For a local call one simply dials the local number.

## Area codes in Azerbaijan
On 1 August 2011, Azerbaijan reorganized its national numbering plan for area codes. Only the area codes of Baku, Sumqayit, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (area codes 12, 18 and 36) stayed the same as before. The following tables list both the old and new area codes.

***Baku***

***Sumqayit***

***Baku region***

***Shirvan region***

***Ganja region***

***Quba region***

***Shaki region***

***Lankaran region***

***Shusha region***

***Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic***

## References
Amur leopard

The **Amur leopard** (*Panthera pardus orientalis*) is a leopard subspecies. It is sometimes called the **far eastern leopard**.

The leopard lives in the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and in the Jilin Province of northeast China. It is critically endangered (IUCN). Only 14–20 adults and 5–6 cubs were counted in 2007. Only 19–26 Amur leopards live in the wild.

The Amur leopard's range has decreased considerably in the previous century. This species is still at high risk of extinction, and conservation efforts are ongoing. The Amur leopards are endangered because they have been hunted for their fur. Also because their food sources are running out due to them being hunted for their fur. Amur leopards can be recognized from the patterns in their fur. They weigh about . They live in temperate, broadleaf and mixed forests. The Amur Leopard almost extinct by human hunting. It's called human hunting since the humans tear down the forest so no tree and bushes so the leopard cannot hide. At that time, they hunt them and sell to get money.

The number of Amur cats is decreasing due to the human activity, invasion of domestic cats, and infectious disease. Because these cats play a huge role and the ecosystem cannot afford to lose such species, researchers found a way to regenerate the endangered animal. This can be done from culture cell with somatic cloning technique. 

They breed in spring and early summer. Most of them are in captive breeding programs. They give birth to one to four cubs. Inbreeding is common in the wild. Their diet consists of roe deer, sika deer, badgers and hares.

Among the Amur leopards, are Amur tigers, who are sympatric to Amur leopards. However, their activity patterns reveal low spatial overlap which allows these similar predators to coexist.

## References
370 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **370 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After asking the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes comes with an army, finds the Spartan have left and follows them.
* With the support of Thebes, the Arcadian capital city of Megalopolis is completed.
* The tagus of Thessaly, Jason of Pherae, dies.

### By topic 
#### Art 
* The sculptor Praxiteles begins his active career in Athens (approximate date).

#### Mathematics 
* Eudoxus of Cnidus develops the method of exhaustion for mathematically determining the area under a curve.

## Births 
* Marcus Valerius Corvus, Roman hero
* Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (d. c. 285 BC)

## Deaths 
* Agesipolis II, Agiad king of Sparta
* Democritus of Abdera, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 460 BC)
* Hippocrates of Cos, Greek physician (b. c. 460 BC)
* Jason of Pherae, ruler of Thessaly
203 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **203 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Carthage 
* The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginians camp and destroys it. He defeats the army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, both escape.
* The Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. Syphax is captured and later dies in the Italian town of Alba Fucens.
* Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia.  He remains a loyal ally to the Romans.
* Hasdrubal Gisco gets the Carthaginians to form a new army and to send for Hannibal to return home from Italy. Hannibal finally leaves Italy and returns to Carthage.
* The Carthaginian general, Mago Barca, is defeated and wounded by the Romans in a battle in Cisalpine Gaul. He dies of his wounds on the return voyage to Carthage.
* An agreement between Carthage and Rome is made. The Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. But Hannibal gets the army ready for battle.

## Deaths 
* Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)
* Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Roman general and statesman (b. c. 275 BC)
* Syphax, Numidian king allied with the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War against Rome
230 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **230 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia Minor 
* The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus defeats his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city. To mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.

#### Greece 
* King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, succeeds his father as king.  The kingdom is really ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta).  She removes the Greeks from the Illyrian coast.  She then puts Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, against the Roman shipping. She keeps her husband's way of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece.

#### Roman Republic 
* With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, ships are sent by Rome to Illyria. The Roman ambassador lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea. Then Romans take the island of Corcyra.

#### Egypt 
* The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III.

#### China 
* The state of Han is conquered by the state of Qin.

#### India 
* King Kubera rules Bhattiprolu in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

## Deaths 
* Ad Herbal, admiral of the Carthaginian fleet who has battled for domination of the Mediterranean Sea for Carthage in the First Punic War against Rome
* Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 310 BC)
310 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **310 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Seleucid Empire 
* Antigonus tells Nicanor, one of his generals, to attack Babylonia from the east and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes to attack it from the west. Nicanor gets a large force but it is surprised and defeated by Seleucus at the river Tigris.  Similarly, Demetrius Poliorcetes does not succeed.

#### Asia Minor 
* Ptolemy attacks Cilicia.
* The cities of Antigonia Troas (later known as Alexandria Troas) and Antigoneia (later known as Nicaea) are formed by Antigonus I Monophthalmus.

#### Sicily 
* The tyrant of Syracuse Agathocles escapes from the siege of the city by the Carthaginians.  He takes the war back to their land.

#### Roman Republic 
* Rome has more trouble from the Etruscans.  They are persuaded by the Samnites to stop their alliance with the Romans. In the Battle of Lake Vadimo, the Romans under Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeat the Etruscans.

#### Illyria 
* The Autariatae disappear due to Celtic migrations.

## Births 
* Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC)
* Xun Zi, Chinese philosopher (approximate date)

## Deaths 
* Pytheas, Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Greek colony Massilia (today Marseille) (b. c. 380 BC)
380 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **380 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Persian empire 
*Persia makes the Athenians remove their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been helping the Egyptian Pharaohs keep their independence from the Persian Empire.

#### Egypt 
* The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies.  He is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but he is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year.  This ends the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt.

#### Greece 
* Cleombrotus I succeeds his brother Agesipolis I as king of Sparta.

### By topic 
#### Art 
* What some historians call the *Rich style* in Greece comes to an end.

## Births 
* King Darius III of Persia (d. 330 BC) (approximate date)
* Pytheas, Greek explorer, who will explore northwestern Europe, including the British Isles (d. c. 310 BC) (approximate date)

## Deaths 
* Agesipolis I, king of Sparta
* Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (b. 435 BC)
* Hakor, king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt
* Nefaarud II, son of Hakor and last king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty
Alim Qasimov

**Alim Qasimov** (born 1957) is an Azerbaijani musician.  He is one of the foremost mugam singers in Azerbaijan. He was awarded the International Music Council-UNESCO Music Prize in 1999.  It is one of the highest international honors for music. His music is characterised by his vocal improvisation.  It is a move away from the traditional style of mugham. Qasimov has recorded nine albums, three of which are mugham albums with his daughter, Ferghana Qasimova.

## Influence and legacy 
In 21 November 2009, he was included in a *500 most influential Muslims of world* book. The Icelandic singer Björk complimented Qasimov, by naming him as her "favourite singer alive today". In 2010, Alim Qasimov was nominated for the United States National Public Radio's "50 great voices in recorded history" award.

## Discography
]]

### Albums
**Classical Mugham* (3 January 1996)
**The Art of Mugham: Azerbaidjan* (Live) (1 December 1997)
**The Mugham of Azerbaidjan* (1 October 1999)
*''Love's Deep Ocean* (11 October 1999) with Ferghana Qasimova
**The Legendary Art of Mugham* (15 October 1997) with Alim Qasimov Ensemble
**Central Asian Series, Vol. 6: Spiritual Music of Azerbaijan'' (25 September 2007) with Ferghana Qasimova
*"Intimate dialogue" - Live at Morgenland Festival Osnabrück 2009 with Ferghana Qasimova

### Singles
## References
Celebrations

**Celebrations** are a chocolate collection made by Mars, Incorporated.  They were started in 1997. They are miniature versions of Mars-produced chocolate bars. With the tagline "Share the joy", Celebrations were the first mixed box of chocolates to bring together confectionery which had been already released in one box or tin. This was different than having new, especially-created candy. Celebrations are most popular around holidays, such as Christmas, Halloween and Easter.

## Contents
They are miniature versions of the following Mars chocolates:
* Mars
* Bounty
* Snickers
* Dove / Galaxy
* Dove Caramel / Galaxy Caramel
* Twix
* Maltesers Teaser
* Milky Way

The selection sold in the United Kingdom also previously had:

* Galaxy Truffle
* Topic

Twix replaced Galaxy Truffle in 2011.

## References
Celebration

**Celebration** may refer to:
* Party, a social gathering or celebration
* Festival, a community gathering to celebrate something in particular
*The observance of a feast day or holiday
*The celebration of the Eucharist
*A Southeast Alaska Native cultural event

**Celebration** may also be:

**In Music**:
*"Celebration" (Kool & the Gang song), a song by Kool & The Gang, notably covered by Kylie Minogue
*"Celebration" (Voices With Soul song), the debut single from girl band, Voices With Soul
*"Celebration", a song by Krokus from *Hardware*
*"Celebration", a song by Hafdis Huld from "Dirty Paper Cup"
**Celebration* (Simple Minds album), a 1982 album by Simple Minds
**Celebration* (Julian Lloyd Webber album), a 2001 album by Julian Lloyd Webber
**Celebration* (Madonna album), a 2009 greatest hits album by Madonna
***Celebration* (Madonna song), same-titled single by Madonna
*"Celebration", a piece by Paul McCartney from *Standing Stone*
**Celebration* (Uriah Heep album), a 2009 album by Uriah Heep
*Celebration (band), a Baltimore-based band
***Celebration* (Celebration album), a 2006 album by Celebration
**Celebration* (musical), a 1969 avante-garde musical theater work by Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones
**Celebration*, alternate title for the 1971 concert film *Celebration at Big Sur*
*"Celebration Day", a 1970 song from the album *Led Zeppelin III*
*"A Celebration", a 1982 single by U2
**Celebration* (Smokie album), an album by Smokie
**Celebration* (Tyga song), a 2012 song by Tyga featuring T-Pain
**Celebration! The Fullerton College Jazz Festival 25th Anniversary*, a 1997 album by the Fullerton College Jazz Bands and Jazz Singers 

**Other**:
**Celebration* (play), by Harold Pinter
**Celebration* (painting), by Tyeb Mehta
*Celebration, Florida, a community in the United States, originally developed by The Walt Disney Company.
*Celebrations, a chocolate collection made by Mars, Inc.
*Star Wars Celebration, an official *Star Wars* convention
**Celebration* (ship), a Holiday Class cruise ship operated by Carnival Cruise Lines
**The Celebration*, 1998 Danish film
*The Celebration Theatre, a gay and lesbian theatre company in Los Angeles, CA
*The term used in the Bop It game instructions to notify that the player has reached the maximum score.
Falling Down

***Falling Down*** is a 1993 American crime drama movie directed by Joel Schumacher. It stars Michael Douglas as a divorced defense engineer who was laid off the previous month. Foster has a mental breakdown and exits his car whilst in a traffic jam. He crosses Los Angeles, California on foot to go to his daughter's birthday party. He uses violence against many people he encounters. He is pursued by LAPD detective Prendergast, played by Robert Duvall.

## Other websites 
*
Maiden Tower (Baku)

The **Maiden Tower**, also called **Giz Galasi**, is in the Old City, Baku in Azerbaijan.  It is an ancient tower that shows the presence of Zoroastrians, Sassanians, Arabs, Persians, Shirvanis, Ottomans, and Russians. It was built in the 12th century as part of the walled city of Baku. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The tower is one of the most noted landmarks and Azerbaijan's most distinctive national emblems.  It is on the Manat and other official letter heads.

The Maiden Tower now has a museum.

## References
Maiden Tower

**Maiden Tower** may be:

* Maiden Tower (Baku), Azerbaijan
* Maiden's Tower, Turkey
* Maiden Tower (Jabrail), Azerbaijan
Palace of the Shirvanshahs

The **Palace of the Shirvanshahs** is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of Azerbaijan architecture.  It is in the Inner City of Baku. There is the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east - Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house.

The palace is shown on the front of the Azerbaijani 10,000 manat banknote of 1994-2006. It is also on the new 10 manat banknote.

## References
Hand (unit)

The **hand** is a unit of measurement of length. It is now used only to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. This unit started in ancient Egypt and was originally based on the distance across a human hand. Today it is equal to four inches or 10.16&nbsp;centimeters. It may be abbreviated to "h" or the plural "hh".

## References
Diwan (poetry)

scribes at work, collecting *Diwan*s.]]

**Diwan** is a collection of poems. These poems were often written and collected in the royal courts of various sultanates.  They were very well known for their ability to .
Hand (disambiguation)

A **hand** is a body part.

**Hand** may also refer to:

## Film and television
* The Hand (*Babylon 5*)
* *The Hand*, a short film by Wong Kar-Wai, part of the film *Eros*

## Music
;Songs
* "Hands" (Jewel song)
* "Hands" (Koda Kumi song)
* "Hands" (The Raconteurs song)

## Other uses
* Hand (card games)
* Hand (unit), a measurement, primarily of a horse's height
* Hand (writing style), any of several writing styles, such as chancery hand 
* Handwriting, an individual's style of writing by hand
* Part of a clock face

## Related pages
* Hand County, South Dakota

* 
*
Ghazal

The **ghazal** is a poetic form that has rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same meter. A ghazal talks about both the pain of loss and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The form is ancient.  It started in 6th century Arabic verse. It comes from the Arabian panegyric qasida. The structure of the ghazal are similar in strictness to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In its style and content it is a genre with a lot of variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation. It is one of the main poetic forms the Indo-Perso-Arabic civilization gave to the eastern Islamic world. 

The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century.  This was because of the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Although the ghazal is mostly a form of Dari poetry and Urdu poetry, today it is found in the poetry of many languages of the Indian sub-continent. 

Ghazals were written by the Persian mystics and poets Rumi (13th century) and Hafiz (14th century), the Azeri poet Fuzuli (16th century), as well as Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) and Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938).  Through Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular in Germany during the 19th century.  The form was used by Friedrich Rückert (1788–1866) and August von Platen (1796–1835). The Kashmiri-American poet Agha Shahid Ali liked the form. He edited a volume of "real ghazals in English". 

It is common in ghazals for the poet's name to be in the last verse.  This is known as takhallus.
Jahan Shah

Muzaffar al-Din **Jahan Shah** ibn Yusuf (died 1467) was the leader of the Kara Koyunlu Oghuz Turkoman tribal federation in Azerbaijan.  He ruled from about 1438 to 1467. He grew the Kara Koyunlu’s land to its largest.  It included Western Anatolia, most of present day Iraq, central Iran, and even Kerman. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Kara Koyunlu. He was said to enjoy drinking and entertainment. During his rule Jahan Shah had the Gökmedrese and Muzafferiye theological schools built in his capital city Tabriz. Azerbaijani was his mother tongue and he wrote poems in this language.

## References