open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Napoleon Dynamite

:*For the television series based on the film, see Napoleon Dynamite (TV series).*
***Napoleon Dynamite*** is a 2004 American comedy movie by John Hess and starring Jon Heder.

## Story 
Napoleon is an unusual school teenager who lives in Preston, Idaho. He does not have a good home life. Napoleon lives with his older brother Kip and their grandmother. Napoleon’s grandmother goes to see some friends. Napoleon and Kip are left to stay with their uncle Rico. One day Napoleon meets Pedro. They become good friends. Pedro runs for school president. Pedro has to compete with the most popular girl in school, Summer Wheatly, to win the school vote. Napoleon meets a girl named Deb who he begins to like. Deb, Napoleon and Pedro keep working for Pedro to beat Summer Wheatly for president. Napoleon dances in a skit at the announcing of the president for Pedro. Kip gets married and Pedro becomes school president. Napoleon and Deb live a happy life together.

## Main Characters 
## TV series 
## Other websites 
*Fox Searchlight: Napoleon Dynamite 
*Official Napoleon Dynamite Fan Club 
*
*Filming Locations
Alison Balsom

**Alison Balsom** (born 7 October 1978, Hertfordshire) is an English trumpeter.  She grew up in Royston, Hertfordshire in England.  She studied the trumpet at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Paris Conservatory, and also with Håkan Hardenberger.  She is a BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist.  She has made three CD albums with EMI Classics and has been described by many as the best trumpeter of the young generation. 

## Discography
*Alison Balsom: *Music for Trumpet and Organ* (EMI Classics Debut, 2002)
*Alison Balsom & Crispian Steele-Perkins: ''The Fam'd Italian Masters* (Hyperion, 2003)
*Alison Balsom: *Bach works for Trumpet* (EMI Classics, 2005)
*Alison Balsom: *Caprice* (EMI Classics, 2006)
*Alison Balsom: *Haydn and Hummel Trumpet Concertos* (EMI Classics, 2008)
*Alison Balsom: *Italian Concertos'' (EMI Classics, 2010)

The BBC Music Magazine cover disc for December 2010 has: Haydn & Hummel concertos (not the 2008 EMI recordings); Albinoni's Oboe Concerto Op. 9 No. 2, transcribed for trumpet; and Vivaldi's Violin Concerto Op. 3 No. 9, arranged for trumpet and instrumental trio.

## Awards
*Concerto finalist in the BBC Young Musicians Competition, 1998
*Feeling Musique Prize for quality of sound in the 4th Maurice André International Trumpet Competition.
*Young British Performer at the Classical Brit Awards, 2006
*Classic FM Listeners' Choice Award, 2006

## Other websites
*Alison Balsom Official website
*Caprice album microsite 
*Alison Balsom on MySpace
Skink

**Skinks** are a family of small lizards, the  **Scincidae**.  There are over 1,500 different species of skink.

Skinks are different from other lizards. They have very small legs and necks. Some have no legs at all; these move more like snakes than lizards. Their tails can grow back when part of it is cut off. This is called regeneration.

Skinks are small: most can only grow to be 12cm long. Some can grow to be 35cm. A trait  of skinks is a love of digging and burrowing. Underground they are mostly safe from predators. Sometimes they dig tunnels for easy navigation. They also use their tongues to sniff the air and track their prey. When they encounter their prey, they chase it down until they corner it or manage to land a bite and then swallow it whole. Some skinks live in trees. If they do, then they usually have longer fingers.

Many skinks are insectivorous. They may also eat other small invertebrates like earthworms, millipedes, slugs, cockroaches and snails. Some skinks supplement their diet with fruit and vegetables.

Skinks have been around a long time: their jawbones appear in the fossil record about 140 million years ago, during the early Cretaceous. Definitively skink fossils appear later, during the Miocene period. 

## References
Geronimo Stilton (character)

**Geronimo** is a character in the *Geronimo Stilton* series. He is the publisher of the Rodent's Gazeete.

According to himself, the real creator is Edizoni Piemme, who once published the
Italian books by Piemme/Junior.
There are many books of his series. One of them is *All Because of a Cup of Coffee*.

## Books 
## Relatives 
Younger sister - Thea Stilton

Cousin - Trap Stilton

Nephew - Benjamin Stilton

Grandfather - William Shortpaws

Niece - Bugsy Wugsy

## References
Continuity

**Continuity** is a word used when talking about art, especially *serial art*. Serial art is when an artist paints several pictures which all have something to do with each other.  

## Examples
### Pop culture
The six Star Wars films tell one long story which *continues* from part to part. This is where the word *continuity* comes from. Continuity refers to consistency from part to part, i.e. everything should fit together like one whole piece.

At the end of the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker loses one of his hands.  In the next film, Return of the Jedi, he has a fake hand to replace the one he lost. If he had his real hand again, it wouldn't make sense.  The audience would say, did not he lose his hand in the last one? Continuity is making sure things make sense.

### Art
Sometimes the word is used to refer to any work of art, like just one film. For instance, a woman has a full glassof wine in one shot.  In the next shot, the wine is gone. In a third shot, she has a full glass of wine again. That scene would have very poor continuity: it does not make sense, and it reminds the audience that they are watching a movie. Poor continuity is continuity that does not make sense and usually has mistakes.

### Books
In American comic books, many different characters live in the same world.  For instance, Superman and Aquaman live in the same world.  But if Superman goes to Atlantis and it's different than Aquaman's Atlantis, it does not make sense.  If they are in the same world, Atlantis should be the same no matter who visits it.

Making sure that all the different stories and characters fit together is working with continuity.  Sometimes, the word is used to talk about the stories 
themselves.
Dionysus

**Dionysus** (, also spelt **Dionysos**, **Dionysius**) is the Greek god of frenzies, festivities, spiritual ecstasy, wine, and alcohol in general.
Amongst the Orphists (who are a select group of followers of the Ancient Greek Religion) Dionysus is considered a saviour.

## Mythology
There are two stories on how Dionysus was born. One says that he was the son of Zeus and Semele. The other says that he was the son of Zeus and Persephone, queen of the Underworld. Either way, in both stories Dionysus is sent to the Underworld by Zeus' jealous wife Hera. After that, he is saved and brought to life. Other sources say that he was half god half mortal and then later turned into a full god

Dionysus was the god of celebrations. He was also the god of wine. According to a myth, the Titans lured Dionysus with toys and wanted to eat him. When Zeus found out, it was too late and they had eaten everything except his heart. With that Zeus put the heart in the womb of Semele and he was born again.

## Related pages
* Bacchus - Roman mythology version of Dionysus
* Dionysian Mysteries

## References
## Other websites
Othello

***The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice*** is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare around 1603. It was first performed on 1 November 1604 at Whitehall Palace in London. More recently, Othello was shown on Masterpiece Theater on PBS. The opera *Otello* of Giuseppe Verdi is based on this play.

## Outline 
At the start of the play Othello, a Moorish general in the army, promotes Cassio to lieutenant. Iago, his ensign, is angry and jealous, so he plots against Cassio by making him look bad and making Othello uncertain about keeping him as his lieutenant. Some of the things he does are to get him drunk and to start a fight with someone else from the army. Iago also tells Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with Cassio. Cassio is demoted and Iago is promoted to lieutenant. Othello kills Desdemona and is then told by Iago's wife, Emilia, that Iago plotted against him. He goes after Iago, and injures him but does not kill him. Othello then kills himself next to his wife after saying sorry to Cassio for what he has done.

## Characters of Othello 
*Othello
*Iago
* Roderigo
* Montano
* Cassio
* Brabantio
* Desdemona
* Bianca
*Emilia
Laugh

A **laugh** is a way of showing happiness. It is a  vocal sound which a person makes when something is funny, like a joke, or a tickle.

Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy. When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.

There are different ways to laugh. A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.

You can write a laugh in different ways. Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "hehe". If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "LOL" does not sound like a laugh, but it stands for **L**aughing **O**ut **L**oud.

Human babies first laugh at the age of around three or four months, usually as an expression of surprise. Babies' laughter often produces a positive response in adults who will involuntarily copy the child. Video footage, on the YouTube site, of babies laughing was shown to Queen Elizabeth II during her visit, on 16 October 2008, to the Google headquarters, where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.

## Laughing over text 
Different places type out laughing in different ways. In english, laughing is commonly "haha" or "hehe". In other languages, laughing is different like "jajajaja" in Spanish or "xaxaxa" in russian.

## References
Håkan Hardenberger

**Håkan Hardenberger** (born 1961, Malmö) is a Swedish trumpeter.  He started playing the trumpet when he was eight.  His teacher was Bo Nilsson, When he left school he studied in Paris and Los Angeles.  He is one of the world’s most famous trumpeters.  He plays well-known pieces of Classical music and has also asked living composers like Harrison Birtwistle, Hans Werner Henze and Arvo Pärt to write music for him.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Fields Medal

The **Fields Medal** is a prize given to mathematicians who are not over 40 years of age. It is given at each International Congress of the International Mathematical Union. This is a meeting that takes place every four years.

The Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields was the first to propose this medal and it was first awarded in 1936. It has been regularly awarded since 1950. Its purpose is to support younger mathematicians who made major contributions.

The Fields Medal is viewed, at least in the media, as the top honor a mathematician can receive. It comes with a monetary award. In 2006 the award was C$15,000 (US$13,400 or €10,550). The Abel Prize has similar prestige, and more money.

## Conditions of the award 
The Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics". But there are several differences. First, it is awarded not only to recognize the valuable contributions of a mathematician but also to encourage him or her to continue their works. The Fields Medals have generally been awarded for a mathematician's whole work.

Another difference is that the Fields Medal is awarded every four years. The recipients cannot be over the age of 40.

## Fields Medalists 
* 2022: Hugo Duminil-Copin (France), June Huh (US), James Maynard (UK), Maryna Viazovska (Ukraine)
* 2018: Caucher Birkar (UK-Iran), Alessio Figalli (Italy), Peter Scholze (Germany), Akshay Venkatesh (Australia)
* 2014: Artur Avila (Brazil), Manjul Bhargava (U.S.), Martin Hairer (UK), Maryam Mirzakhani (U.S.)
* 2010: Elon Lindenstrauss (Israel), Ngô Bảo Châu (Vietnam/France), Stanislav Smirnov (Russia), Cédric Villani (France)
* 2006: Andrei Okounkov (Russia), Grigori Perelman (Russia) (*declined award*), Terence Tao (Australia), Wendelin Werner (France)
* 2002: Laurent Lafforgue (France), Vladimir Voevodsky (Russia)
* 1998: Richard Ewen Borcherds (UK), William Timothy Gowers (UK), Maxim Kontsevich (Russia), Curtis T. McMullen (U.S.)
* 1994: Efim Isakovich Zelmanov (Russia), Pierre-Louis Lions (France), Jean Bourgain (Belgium), Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (France)
* 1990: Vladimir Drinfeld (USSR), Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones (New Zealand), Shigefumi Mori (Japan), Edward Witten (U.S.)
* 1986: Simon Donaldson (UK), Gerd Faltings (West Germany), Michael Freedman (U.S.)
* 1982: Alain Connes (France), William Thurston (U.S.), Shing-Tung Yau (China)
* 1978: Pierre Deligne (Belgium), Charles Fefferman (U.S.), Grigory Margulis (USSR), Daniel Quillen (U.S.)
* 1974: Enrico Bombieri (Italy), David Mumford (U.S.)
* 1970: Alan Baker (UK), Heisuke Hironaka (Japan), Sergei Petrovich Novikov (USSR), John Griggs Thompson (U.S.)
* 1966: Michael Atiyah (UK), Paul Joseph Cohen (U.S.), Alexander Grothendieck (France), Stephen Smale (U.S.)
* 1962: Lars Hörmander (Sweden), John Milnor (U.S.)
* 1958: Klaus Roth (UK), René Thom (France)
* 1954: Kunihiko Kodaira (Japan), Jean-Pierre Serre (France)
* 1950: Laurent Schwartz (France), Atle Selberg (Norway)
* 1936: Lars Ahlfors (Finland), Jesse Douglas (U.S.)

## Footnotes 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Time travel

**Time travel** is the idea of going back in time to the past or forward to the future.  We always travel forward, to the future.  Time travel to the past is not known to be possible, but it is much used in fiction.  *The Time Machine* (1895) by H. G. Wells was one of the first and most famous stories of time travel.  Much later, the American movie "Back to the Future" tells a fictional story about a professor who builds a machine that can take people into the future or back in the past. 

The popular British TV program *Doctor Who* is about an alien who has adventures by time travelling in a space time machine.  Another TV show about time travel is the series *Charmed*.  Instead of using machines and science, this one uses magic to go to other times and places.  Quantum Leap is another show which features "leaping" a form of time travel that allows a person to "relive events of another in history" it is similar to "Assassin's Creed" but in Quantum leap you can actually change history not just merely relive and shape it.

Some series that are not mainly about time travel have  about it, for example *Star Trek* and *Stargate* and *The Flash*.

## Related pages
* General relativity
* Special relativity
* Back to reality
Bladder

The **urinary bladder** is an organ. It stores urine. It is part of the urinary system. All the liquids that are drunk go through the bladder. The bladder takes in the liquid in order for the body to work. The bladder works with the kidneys. The kidneys clean the liquid. This goes on until the bladder is too full to hold any more. At this point, it is about the size of a softball. The bladder then tells the brain that it needs to be emptied. When this message is received by the brain, the muscles around the bladder start to squeeze and the bladder starts to contract. At the same time, the bladder sends a message to the sphincters to relax and let the liquid pass through  the urethra out of the body.

All species of mammal have a urinary bladder.

## Gallery 
 
Gray1140.png| The inside of the bladder

Anatomytool Male and female urinary tract English.jpg| Human male and female urinary bladders and urethras

Urinary_system.svg| 1. *Human urinary system:*2. Kidney, 3. Renal pelvis, 4. Ureter, **5**. **Bladder**, 6. Urethra. (Left side with frontal section) 7. Adrenal gland *Vessels:* 8. Renal artery and vein, 9. Inferior vena cava, 10. Abdominal aorta, 11. Common iliac artery and vein *With transparency:* 12. Liver, 13. Large intestine, 14. Pelvis

Prostatelead.jpg|(Nearby location) Bladder location and associated structures in the male

The anatomy of the domestic animals (1914) (20553749470).jpg|Animals

The anatomy of the domestic animals (1914) (18009226539).jpg| Bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles of a stallion (horse)

## References
Disciple

A **disciple** is a follower and student of a mentor, teacher, or other figure.  It can refer to:

## Religion
* Disciple (Christianity), a student of Jesus Christ
* Twelve Apostles of Jesus, sometimes called the Twelve Disciples
* The ten principal disciples of Buddha
* Disciples of Confucius
Dock

in St. Maarten]]
A **dock** is a structure built above water along the shore where boats can be tied. Docks are often held up by pilings which are often poles driven into the sea floor or riverbed.

## References
Beaver

A **beaver** is a large rodent. It is *semi-aquatic*: some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land. Beavers are only found in North America and Europe. In Great Britain, for example, they have been deliberately re-introduced. In Europe, they almost died off, but they are returning. There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia. Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.

Their dams slow down rivers and reduce erosion. The wetlands they create benefit many other species. Special arrangements are needed to let salmon and other migratory fish pass the dams to spawn.

## Kinds of beavers 
There are two different species of beaver, the American beaver (*C. canadensis*) and the European beaver (*C. fiber*).

### The American beaver 
This beaver is in North America, in Canada, the United States and in Northern Mexico. It is the second largest rodent in the world, and the largest found in North America. The largest rodent in the world is the capybara in South America.

### The European beaver 
The European beaver is currently an endangered species. It was almost hunted to extinction. It was hunted for its fur, and for castoreum. Castoreum is made by a gland, which is also responsible for the smell of the animal. It is used as a tincture in some perfumes

People are currently (2007) reintroducing the beaver, because the important role of the beaver for the ecology of rivers was discovered. Beaver dams (or the small lakes that form) provide a habitat for many species.

## Beaver fur 
Early visitors that met Native Americans saw them wearing animal skin blankets. The fur on these blankets were good for felting. The Europeans wanted felt hats, and the Native Americans wanted metal: so, fur trading began.

Beaver was the most popular fur for hats. At that time in North America, there were about sixty million beavers. Only the soft inside fur was used for felting. The best time for collecting the beaver's fur was winter, when the fur was thickest. It was also a good time to hunt, since the beaver stayed close to its home in the winter and was easy to catch. The fur trade gave money to the European traders. The Native Americans who caught the beavers got the metal tools and other high technology items they wanted, until the beavers were mostly gone.

## Images

File:Castor canadensis.jpg|An American Beaver
File:Castor fiber tree felling 2 brok beentree.jpg|Beavers chopped down this tree
File:Beaver dam in Tierra del Fuego.jpg|Beaver dam near Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

## References
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Ecology of the Beaver 
* Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol 
* The romance of the beaver; being the history of the beaver in the western hemisphere, by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Illustrated with photographs from life and drawings by the author. Publisher: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott company; London, W. Heinemann 1914 *(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries)*
They Might Be Giants

**They Might Be Giants** is an alternative rock band that lives in Brooklyn, New York. The two original band members, John Flansburgh and John Linnell, officially formed the band in 1982.

The band has been given two Grammy Awards, one for the children's album ''Here Come the 123's* and the other for the theme song of *Malcolm in the Middle.''

## Charting singles
## References
## Other websites 
* Official homepage
* Official page for their podcast 
* A website to buy their music
* Their website for kids
Santiago

**Santiago** (also known as **Santiago de Chile**) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country. It has a population of around 7 million people, about 40 percent of the population of Chile. In Chile, people call the city Gran Santiago (Greater Santiago) or Santiago. 

With its geographical conditions, because it is located in a valley surrounded by the Andes mountains, Santiago has a large amount of air pollution.

## Gallery 

Image:La Moneda (1891).JPG|La Moneda in Santiago
Image:Bolsantiago.jpg|Santiago Stock Exchange
Image:Catedral de Santiago.JPG|Catedral Metropolitana de Santiago (Cathedral)
Image:Las Condes at night.jpg|Vitacura at night
Image:Andes y Torre Entel.jpg|Entel Tower with the Andes behind
Image:Teatromunicipal.jpg|Municipal Theatre of Santiago
Image:Alameda.jpg|Bernardo O'Higgins Boulevard
Image:Santiago1std (2).jpg|Santiago
Image:PaseoAhumada.jpg|Paseo Ahumada
Image:Oriente Santiago Nocturno.JPG|Santiago at night
Image:TorreTelefónicaChile.jpg|La Torre Telefónica
Image:Cerro el plomo.JPG|Cerro el Plomo Street
Image:Stgo centre.jpg|Downtown Santiago
Image:Transantiago bus articulado.jpg|A Marcopolo Gran Viale operated by TransSantiago
Image:Bellasartes.jpg|National Museum of Fine Arts

## References
## Other websites 
* Municipality homepage
* Santiago Tourist  - An Independent Travel Guide
UHF

**UHF** might mean:

**UHF* (movie), a 1989 movie starring Weird Al Yankovic
**"UHF" (song), a song from the movie
*Ultra high frequency, a type of television frequency
Psalms

Bible)]]

**Psalms** (, *Tehillim*, or "praises") is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Bible. The Book of Psalms is the first Ketuvim and part of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and it is also in the Old Testament of the Christian translations. People traditionally believe that many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God. Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd". Psalm 23 is often used for funerals. In the Qur'an, the Arabic word ‘Zabur’ is used for the Psalms of David. 

There are 150 Psalms in the Biblical canon of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, but there are also more poems that these religions do not think are holy. Psalm 151 is part of canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

## Name 
The names "Psalms" and "Psalter" come from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament). There, they were about stringed instruments (for example, the harp, lyre and lute), then to songs sung with them. The traditional Hebrew title is *tehillim*. *Tehillim* means "praises", though many of the psalms are *tephillot* ("prayers"). One of the first collections in the book was titled "the prayers of David son of Jesse" (72:20, NIV).

## Literary features 
The Psalter is poetry, though it has many prayers and not all Old Testament prayers were poetic. In fact, not all praise was poetic either. The Psalms are full of images, comparisons and metaphor. The Hebrew text often plays with words and repeats the same words, adding synonyms (words with the same meaning) to fill out the description. Important words show the main themes in the prayer or song.

## References
Television program

s Larry Hagman and Barbara Eden in the television series "I Dream of Jeannie" in 1965.]]
A **TV program** (British spelling: **programme)** also known as a **TV show** or a **TV series**, is something that people watch on television.  Several different kinds are made: 

* A series of fictional programs with the same title and characters (a television series). Each television series is made as a series of programs. These individual programs are called *episodes*. Most series have between 12 and 24 episodes in each season. Some with fewer are called miniseries.
* A single show (episode) from a television series.
* An ongoing series of non-fiction shows that use the same title, for example: local and network news shows.
* A single program, for example a sporting event or an awards ceremony such as the Academy Awards.

Television broadcasting presents many different television programs, one after another. In between television programs, a channel may use an announcer to tell the audience what the next program will be. On many channels in many countries, advertisements are shown for short periods of time during and between program screenings. These advertisements are not a part of the television program.

## Other websites
## References
Reggie Fils-Aimé

**Reginald Fils-Aimé** (born March 25, 1961) is the former president of Nintendo of America. Before that, he was Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Nintendo of America.

## References
Solomon

**Solomon** is a figure from Abrahamic religions. He was a King of Israel, the son of King David. His name means "Peace". He is written about in the Qur'an, the Bible (2 Samuel) and other scriptures. He is said to be the author of several Old Testament books. He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs. He is famous for building the First Temple, having lots of wisdom, being very rich, and having many wives. Because of his wives, his kingdom became divided right after his death. His wives worshipped idols of gods because many of them were not of Jewish lineage.

## Related pages 
* Solomonid dynasty

## Other websites
Maid Marian

**Maid Marian** was the female companion of the outlaw Robin Hood. She appears in English folktales, though not in the oldest ones.

## Other websites 
*, a book
Billy Hughes

**William Morris "Billy" Hughes** (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister during World War I. He tried to introduce conscription but the public did not want it. His party, Labor, kicked him out and he formed a new party with the opposition called the Nationalist Party. He was Prime Minister for over 7 years which was the most of anyone at the time. He was forced to resign by the Country Party in 1923 but he stayed in Parliament until he died.

Before serving as Prime Minister, Hughes was Minister for External Affairs under Chris Watson. He was Attorney-General in Andrew Fisher's three Labor governments in 1908–09, 1910–13 and 1914–15.

## References
Proverb

A **proverb** is a wise saying. Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.
A proverb is basically a wise saying.

## Examples of proverbs 
English proverbs are short, traditional sayings that offer advice or convey a basic truth. They are widely used in everyday conversation and writing. Learning these proverbs not only helps in understanding English culture and communication but also provides insights into common wisdom and practical advice.

## References
## Related pages
*Aphorism
Allotropy

is one allotrope of carbon]]
 is another allotrope of carbon]]
**Allotropy** (or **allotropism**) is when a chemical element can exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state or phase. These different forms are called **allotropes**. Therefore, an allotrope is a different structure in which an element appears. This happens when the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different way.

For example, the allotropes of carbon include:
* diamond, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in a four-cornered lattice arrangement;
* graphite, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a six-sided lattice;
* graphene, single sheets of graphite; and
* fullerenes, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in spheres, cylinders or egg-shaped formations
Only some elements have allotropes. 

The term *allotropy* is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same state (i.e., different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered examples of allotropy.

## References
Chloride

**Chloride** is an ion of chlorine. It occurs when chlorine gets reduced, gaining an electrons and becoming an ion. Chloride is necessary for life. It is normally found in the salt (sodium chloride), which is very common in diets.

"Chloride" is also used as a general name for chemical compounds containing chlorine in the -1 oxidation state, whether or not they contain a chloride ion. Most compounds containing chlorine are chlorides in this sense. The main exception is if chlorine is bonded to oxygen or fluorine.

## Related pages
*Fluoride
*Bromide
*Iodide
Graphite

**Graphite**, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon. They are very similar to each other but the different structures of the molecule affect the chemical and physical properties. Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms. These layers can slide over each other very easily. This means that it is very soft. It is a dull gray in appearance. Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.

Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure. Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure. This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.

Most graphite comes from mines in northeastern China. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Canada and the United States. It is also called **Lead Black** because it looks like the metal lead. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.

It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother. The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.

High-purity graphite is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as RBMKs and AGRs.

## Related pages
* Carbon
Bauhaus

(2003).]]

The **Bauhaus** was a design school that operated from 1919 to 1933 in Germany. It is widely regarded as the most influential art school of the 20th century. It promoted modernism. It is most well known for teaching painting, photography, advertising, weaving, architecture and the design of furniture and household products. The work that it produced and its teaching methods had a world-wide influence on art, design, photography, architecture and art education.

It was formally called the "Staatliches Bauhaus" from 1919 to 1932 because it was state funded in that period. From 1919 to 1925 it was in Weimar, in the state of Thuringia and from 1926 to 1932 it was in Dessau, in the state of Sachsen-Anhalt. It operated as privately funded school in Berlin from the end of 1932 until April 1933. 

Its staff included some of the most famous artists and architects of the 20th century, including: Walter Gropius, who founded the school, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Marcel Breuer, Josef Albers, Anni Albers, Oskar Schlemmer and Hannes Meyer.   

Its former buildings in Weimar and Dessau were jointly made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

## References
Saale

**Saale** is the name of two rivers in Germany: Saale in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt (German: *Sächsische Saale*) and the Saale in Northern Bavaria (German: *Fränkische Saale*). The larger, and better known Sächsische Saale springs out of the Fichtelgebirge at 728 m and joins the Elbe in Saxony-Anhalt. It is 413 km long.
Go Fish

**Go Fish** is a game with playing cards.  2 to 10 people can play.

Every player gets five cards.  The rest of the cards (the deck) are put face down where all the players can get them.  Cards that are the same number are called pairs.  If a player has a pair, they put it face up in front of them so everybody can see it.  The player to the left of the player who gave everybody their cards goes first.  When it is a player's turn, they ask another player for a card that is the same color and number as one they already have.  They can ask any player.  If the other player has the card, they give it to the one that asked, and the one that asked puts the pair in front of them and gets to go again.  

If the other player does not have the card, then they say "Go Fish", and the player that asked takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If a player has no cards when it is time for him to go, then he just takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If there are no cards in the deck and the player has no cards, then that player does not get to go.  The game ends when all the cards are face up in pairs.  The winner is the player with the most pairs.
Chicago White Sox

The **Chicago White Sox** are a Major League Baseball team who play on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The club is in the Central Division of the American League. They are managed by Will Venable since 2025.

The White Sox won the 2005 World Series sweeping the Houston Astros in 4 games.   They won the World Series before in 1906 and 1917 before going into an 88-year championship drought.

The Sox began major league play in 1901. They took their name from the original name of the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had first been known as the Chicago White Stockings. By 1901, they were being called the Colts. That allowed the new American League team to adopt the old National League team colors.

The Sox first played at South Side Park. In mid-season 1910, they opened Comiskey Park, which was just a few blocks north of South Side Park. They played at Comiskey for over 80 years. In 1991 they opened a park now known as Rate Field, just across the street to the south of Comiskey Park, and have played their home games there ever since.

## Other websites
*Official Website
Gull

**Gulls**, also called **seagulls**, is a common name that refers to any type of bird. They form the family **Laridae**, in the order Charadriiformes.

There are many different types of gull but most of them are white, with grey or black wings, a yellow beak and are about the size of a chicken (but some are smaller). Gulls can eat most types of food but like meat more than anything else. They look around for discarded food and dead animals to eat as well as hunting and have learned how to live and breed in the same places as people. Most types of seagull are awake during the day and sleep at night. They like to sleep on beaches  but will also sleep on water, like lakes or the sea when the water is calm.

Gulls used to be found only near the sea, as they are water birds with webbed feet for swimming. They are more common inland these days because they can find food wherever people live, often on garbage dumps or in the streets of towns and cities. Seagulls are intelligent compared to other birds. They have a complicated system of noises and body movements which they use to communicate with other seagulls.

Most types of seagull breed once a year and have two or three chicks (babies). Mother gulls are very protective of their eggs and chicks and will sometimes fight to the death to defend them.

Gulls are not usually eaten by people.

## Related pages 
*Herring gull
*Lesser black-backed gull
*General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981
Coney Island

**Coney Island** is a peninsula (formerly an island) in Brooklyn, New York. It is famous for its beaches, amusements like the Cyclone wooden roller coaster, Parachute Jump, and Wonder Wheel ferris wheel, boardwalk, and hot dogs. It became a seaside resort in the 19th century. 

It is unsure how Coney Island got its name. It may be because when the Dutch people arrived in New Netherland, this island had many rabbits, so they named it 'Konijn Island', which became 'Coney Island', using the archaic term for rabbit in English. It also may have been named by an Irish pirate, for islands in Sligo bay!
Ferris wheel

**Ferris wheels** (sometimes called **big wheels** in the United Kingdom), are large, round, revolving structures with gondolas where people sit. They are popular at amusement parks and fairs. They are named after George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., who made the first modern wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. When he built it, it was 264 feet tall. They called it the "Chicago Wheel" after Chicago, Illinois where it was on display.
## Gallery
, New Jersey, US]] in Maharashtra, India]], the tallest Ferris wheel in the world]], Laos]]

## References
Four-horned antelope

The **four-horned antelope** (*Tetracerus quadricornis*) is a bovine even-toed ungulate. It is also called by its Hindi name *chousingha*. It is different from other bovines because it has four horns instead of two.

Four-horned antelope are about 0.60 meters high, and they weigh about 20 kilograms. They have a light yellowish-brown fur with a white underside. They have a black stripe down their forelegs. Males have four horns. The back horns are about 10 centimeters long, and the front horns are up to 4 centimeters long.

Four-horned antelope live in India and Nepal. They live in forests. Four-horned antelopes live alone. They eat grass.

Four-horned antelope are hunted by trophy-hunters because of their four horns, but they are also hunted for their meat. Because of the hunting and also because of habitat loss, there are now fewer than 10,000 four-horned antelopes.

Today, four-horned antelope do not live in Africa, but their ancestors probably did.

## References
New Orleans Privateers

The **New Orleans Privateers** college sports teams for the University of New Orleans (UNO). They play in the NCAA Division I for intercollegiate athletics. The schools teams are a part of the Sun Belt Conference. The University of New Orleans does not currently have a football team.

## Sports
The university has teams in the following sports:
* Baseball (Men's)
* Basketball (Men's and women's teams)
* Golf (Men's) 
* Swimming and diving
* Tennis (Men's and women's teams) 
* Volleyball (Women's)

The school did have a football team from 1965 until 1970. During that time, the team had a record of 12 wins, 10 losses and 1 tie. They also won 3 district .

## Other websites
* UNOPrivateers.com (Official website)
Stanley Bruce

**Stanley Melbourne Bruce** (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia from February 1923 until October 1929. He became Prime Minister when the Country Party asked Billy Hughes to resign. His government won elections in 1925 and 1928 but lost the 1929 election and Bruce became the first sitting Prime Minister to lose his seat. He was made a Viscount after he left politics.

Bruce was born in Melbourne. He served in the British Army before starting in politics. He fought in World War I, and in 1917 was badly injured while fighting in France. Returning home, he soon became involved in  people for the Army. In 1918, however, he got involved in politics and was elected to the House of Representatives as the member for Flinders, which is near Melbourne. He was appointed Treasurer (finance minister) in 1921.

Bruce was also a diplomat. He served as Minister for External Affairs whilst also serving as Prime Minister. After resigning from Parliament in 1933, he worked in London as Australia's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

## Other websites
James Scullin

**James Henry Scullin** (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was the ninth Prime Minister of Australia from October 1929 until January 1932. He became Prime Minister two days before the Great Depression began. His government could not stop the effects of the Depression. His government suffered a big defeat at the December 1931 election. Scullin stayed as leader of the Labor Party but was again defeated at the 1934 election.
Hi-5

***Hi-5*** is an Australian television show for children that started in 1999. The members of Hi-5 are Nathan, Kellie, Charli, Tim and Kathleen. Hi-5 can also be known as a pop music group for young children. They sing songs, dance and act. Hi-5 have recently released an album called *Boom Boom beat!* The album has 20 tracks. *Hi-5* is very popular with  children but also with many other age groups, such as The Wiggles and The Hooley Dooleys

Overall, the show has been designed to have a very bright and happy feel to it. The show is aired once a week on Australian television. All the members of Hi-5 had been involved in television before the show had started. They had done commercials and small roles in other television shows. But *Hi-5* has definitely been their most successful venture. They have won two Logie Awards (Awards that are voted by the Australian public) for Most Outstanding Children’s Program.

**Some of Hi-5’s songs:**

*"Friends"
*"Rain Rain"
*"Three Wishes"
*"Celebrate"
*"Robot One"
*"Hi-5 theme song"
Ionic bond

An **ionic bond** is a chemical bond between a non-metal and a metal ion in a giant ionic crystal lattice. This occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract. This happens after a metal atom loses one or more of its electrons to the non-metal atom. The greater the difference in charge between the metal and non-metal ion, the stronger the ionic bond. A maximum of three electrons can be transferred in the process. 
  
A metal atom becomes a positive cation because it loses electron(s). A non-metal atom becomes a negative anion as it gains electron(s). This occurs, for example, when sodium and chlorine join to form common table salt, NaCl. First, sodium atoms (Na) oxidize and lose an electron to form positively charged sodium ions (Na+). Chlorine atoms gain the electrons from the sodium atoms to form negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). Both ions are now oppositely charged and they are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.

## Features of compounds with ionic bonding 
*Three dimensional ionic structure called a giant ionic crystal lattice structure.
* Ionic compounds are soluble in water as the ions form favorable interactions with water molecules which release sufficient energy to break away from the lattice.
*In a solid state they do not conduct electricity. However, in a liquid state or when dissolved in water, they will conduct electricity well because the ions are free to move and can carry charge.
*They contrast to the characteristics of covalent bonds.
*covalent bonds may be stronger than the attraction between two ions, but in ionic compounds there are attractions in all directions.
*Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling point due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction, which require a large amount of heat energy to overcome.

## References
Track

**Track** or **Tracks** may refer to:

* Trail, a walking path
* Track (music), a recorded piece of music
* Track and field athletics, a group of sports
* Race track, a course build for racing
* Railway track, metal tracks on which trains ride
* Animal tracks, marks left on the ground when an animal walks
Caprinae

**Caprinae** is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. Animals of the Caprinae subfamily are called ***caprid*** or ***goat-antelope***.

The domestic sheep (*Ovis aries*) and domestic goat (*Capra hircus*) are part of this group.
## Taxonomy
* Subfamily **Caprinae**
** Genus *Pantholops*
*** Tibetan antelope or Chiru (*Pantholops hodgsonii*)
** Genus *Capricornis*
** Genus *Naemorhedus*: Gorals
*** Himalayan goral, *Naemorhedus goral*
*** Long-tailed goral, *Naemorhedus caudatus*
*** Red goral, *Naemorhedus baileyi*
*** Chinese goral, *Naemorhedus griseus*
** Genus *Oreamnos*
*** Mountain goat (*Oreamnos americanus*)
** Genus *Rupicapra*
*** Chamois (*Rupicapra rupicapra*)
*** Pyrenean chamois (*Rupicapra pyrenaica*)
** Genus *Myotragus*
*** *Myotragus balearicus* †
** Genus *Budorcas*
*** Takin (*Budorcas taxicolor*)
** Genus *Ovibos*
*** Musk ox (*Ovibos moschatus*)
** Genus *Hemitragus*
*** Himalayan tahr (*Hemitragus jemlahicus*)
** Genus *Nilgiritragus*
*** Nilgiri tahr (*Nilgiritragus hylocrius*)
** Genus *Arabitragus*
*** Arabian tahr (*Arabitragus jayakiri*)
** Genus *Capra*
*** Wild goat (*Capra aegagrus*)
*** Alpine ibex (*Capra ibex*)
*** Walia ibex (*Capra walie*)
*** West Caucasian tur (*Capra caucasica*)
*** East Caucasian tur (*Capra cylindricornis*)
*** Spanish ibex (*Capra pyrenaica*)
*** Markhor (*Capra falconeri*)
** Genus *Pseudois*
*** Bharal (*Pseudois nayaur*)
*** Dwarf blue sheep (*Pseudois schaeferi*)
** Genus *Ammotragus*
*** Barbary sheep (*Ammotragus lervia*)
** Genus *Ovis*

## Images

Image:Steinbock m.jpg|An Alpine Ibex or *steinbock*
Image:Ovibos_moschatus_attackierend2.jpg|A Musk Ox
Image:Ammotragus.JPG|Barbary Sheep
Image:Schafe Bergweide.jpg|Domestic sheep
Domestic goat

The **domestic goat** (*Capra hircus* or *Capra aegagrus hircus*) is a domesticated mammal. It comes from the wild goat. A male goat is called a *buck* and a castrated goat is called a *wether*, a female is called a *doe*. Young goats are called *kids*.

People eat their meat, drink their milk, and use their fur and skin. With goat milk, cheese can be made, along with other dairy products like yogurt. Some farmers use goats to eat plants the farmers do not want, such as weeds. Other times, the goats are used to keep grasses and other plants from getting too tall. This also benefits the goat because they get plenty of food to eat. 

The goat has cloven hooves, a short tail that turns up, and horns that grow up from the head in an arc. The hair is straight with a woolly coat under it during winter. Goats have rectangular irises. They are one of the few species to have these unique eyes.

The goat is about 70-120 cm (28-48 inches). They weigh from 45-54 kg (100-120 lb.) during adulthood. 

The diet of the goat includes eating grass, leaves, shrubs, root vegetables, and other kinds of plants. Some ranchers use goats to clear brush and unwanted plants from their pastures. Goats living in the desert, where plants are quite hard to find, have been seen climbing trees to get food.

Goats are smart and active. They enjoy playing with other goats and climbing. They are social animals that may live in groups or herds.

## Notes 
## References
Protest

in Montreal.]]

A **protest** is when a number of  come together in public to show others that they strongly like or dislike a social condition or a government policy. For example, some people protest racism or war. 
 poisoning in Martinique.]]
There are many ways in which people can protest. Protesters can do things like write letters, not eat food, sing songs, or riot. Protesters sometimes hold signs and political art. 

Protests can be dangerous. For example, protesters within the United States Civil Rights era faced police brutality. Many protests today have been met with oppressive government tactics.  

## Related pages
* Demonstration
* Self-immolation
* Sit-in
* Social movement