open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Independent body

An **independent body** is a group employed to give a view without bias. Independent bodies are mainly employed to review public services. Some news groups claim to be independent bodies. In the United States, they are called an **independent agency** or an independent regulatory agency.

## Characteristics 
# **Impartiality**: Independent bodies must operate without bias, providing fair and objective assessments or decisions.
# **Autonomy**: They are not controlled by the government, political parties, or business interests, ensuring that their operations remain free from external influence.
# **Transparency**: Their work is often conducted openly, with clear processes and public access to their decisions and reports.
# **Accountability**: While independent, they are still accountable to the law and the public to ensure that they serve the public interest.
Limbourg brothers

The **Limbourg brothers**, or in Dutch *Gebroeders van Limburg* (**Herman**, **Paul**, and **Johan**; fl. 1385 – 1416), were famous Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy.  They created what is certainly the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, *Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry*.
List of rivers of Indiana

The following is a **list of rivers in Indiana**, by letter:

*Anderson River
*Black River (Owensville – New Harmony)
*Big Blue River
*Blue River
*Calumet Riversystem
*Cedar Creek
*Deep River
*Driftwood River
*Eel River (Cass/Miami/Wabash/Kosciusko/Whitley/Allen Counties) 
*Eel River (Greene/Owen/Clay/Putnam/Parke Counties) 
*Elkhart River
*Fall River
*Fawn River
*Flatrock Creek
*Flatrock River
*Fourteen Mile Creek
*Galena River
*Iroquois River
*Kankakee River
*Little Blue River
*Little Elkhart River
*Little Flatrock River 
*Little Kankakee River
*Little Pigeon River
*Little River also called Little Wabash River
*Little Vermilion River 
*Maumee River
*Mississinewa River
*Muscatatuck River
*Ohio River
*Patoka River
*Pigeon River also called Pigeon Creek, Turkey Creek
*Pigeon River also called Pigeon Creek
*St. Joseph River (Maumee River tributary)
*St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)
*St. Marys River (Maumee River tributary)
*Salamonie River
*Sand River
*Sugar Creek
*Sugar River also called Sugar Creek, Rock River
*Tippecanoe River
*Vermilion River
*Wabash River
*White River
*Whitewater River
*Wildcat River also called Wildcat Creek
*Yellow River
List of rivers of Illinois

This is a **list of rivers in Illinois**:

## Apple to Fox
*Apple River
*Big Muddy River
*Beaucoup Creek
*Boneyard Creek
*Bonpas Creek
*Cache River
*Calumet River
*Casey Creek, also known as Casey Fork Creek
*Chicago River
*Des Plaines River
*DuPage River
*Edwards River
*Elm River
*Embarras River
*Fox River, northern Illinois
*Fox River (Little Wabash tributary), southern Illinois

## Galena to Lusk
*Galena River
*Grand Calumet River
*Green River
*Henderson Creek
*Illinois River
*Iroquois River
*Kankakee River
*Kaskaskia River
*Kishwaukee River
*Kyte River
*La Moine River
*Leaf River
*Little Calumet River
*Little Embarras River
*Little Mackinaw River
*Little Marys River
*Little Menominee River
*Little Muddy River
*Little Vermilion River (Illinois)
*Little Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary)
*Little Wabash River
*Lusk Creek

## Mackinaw to Rock
*Mackinaw River
*Macoupin Creek
*Marys River
*Mazon River
*Menominee River
*Middle Fork Vermilion River
*Mississippi River
*Ohio River
*Palmer Creek (Columbia, IL)
*Panther Creek (Mackinaw watershed)
*Pecatonica River
*Piscasaw Creek
*Plum River
*Red River
*Rock River

## Saline to Wood
*Saline River
*Salt Fork Vermilion River
*Salt Creek (Des Plaines River Tributary)
*Salt Creek (Sangamon River Tributary)
*Salt Creek (Little Wabash River Tributary)
*Sangamon River
*Sinsinawa River
*Skillet Fork
*Skokie River
*Somonauk Creek
*Spoon River
*Sugar Creek (Sangamon River tributary)
*Sugar River
*Thorn Creek
*Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary)
*Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)
*Wabash River
*West Okaw River
*Wood River
List of rivers of China

The following is a **list of rivers in China**, by where they flow into:

## Arabian Sea
* Indus (印度河)

## Bay of Bengal
* Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra) (雅鲁藏布江) (joins the Ganges) 

## Andaman Sea
* Salween (萨尔温江 or 怒江)

## South China Sea
* Mekong (湄公河)
* Red River (Vietnam) (红河, a.k.a. 元江)
* Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) (珠江)
** Beijiang (Bei) (北江)
** Dongjiang (Dong) (东江)
** Han (韩江)
*** Mei (梅江)
**** Ning (宁江)
*** Ting (汀江)
*** Dajing (大靖河)  
** Xijiang (Xi) (西江)
*** Yujiang (Yu) (鬱江)
**** Yongjiang (Yong) (邕江）)
***** Zuojiang (Zuo) (左江)
***** Youjiang (You) (右江)
*** Xunjiang (Xun) (浔江）
**** Qiangjiang (Qiang) (黔江)
***** Rongjiang (Rong)（融江）
***** Hongshui (Red River) (红水河）
****** Beipan (北盘江)
****** Nanpan (南盘江)
******* Ba (灞水 or 灞河)
*** Guijiang (Gui) (桂江)
**** Lijiang (Li) (漓江)

## Taiwan Strait
* Min (Fujian) (闽江)

## East China Sea
* Qiantang River, Qian River (钱塘江 or 钱江, upper reach known as 新安江)
* Huangpu River (黃浦江)
* Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) (长江, upper reach known as 金沙江)
*** Tongtian River
** Yalong River (雅砻江）
** Min (Sichuan) (岷江)
** Wu (乌江）
** Jialing (嘉陵江)
*** Bailong (白龙江)
*** Baishui (白水)
*** Qujiang (渠江)
*** Fujiang (涪江)
** Xiang (湘江)
*** Xiaoshui (瀟水)
*** Zhengshui (蒸水)
** Lishui (Li) (澧水)
** Yuanjiang (Yuan) (沅江)
*** Wu River (巫水)
** Zijiang (Zi) (资江)
** Hanshui  (汉江 or 汉水)
** Gan (赣江)
*** Zhang (章江)
*** Gongshui (貢水)
**** Mei (梅河)
**** Xiang (Jiangxi) (湘水)

## Yellow Sea
* Huai (淮河)
** Shaying (沙颖河)
* Yi (沂河)
** Shu (沭河)
** Si (泗河)
* Jiao (胶河)
* Yalu (鸭绿江) - Korea Bay

## Bohai Sea
* Wei (潍河) 
* Xiaoqing (小清河, formerly known as 济河) 
* Yellow River (Huang He) (黃河) 
** Daxia (大峡河)
** Fen (汾河)
** Wei (渭河)
*** Jing (泾河)
** Luo (洛河)
* Hai (海河) 
** Wei (卫河)
** Zhang (漳河)
** Yongding (永定河)
* Luan (滦河) 
* Liao (辽河)

## Sea of Japan
* Tumen River (图们江)
* Heilong Jiang (Heilongjiang) (黑龙江)
** Songhua River (松花江)

## Arctic Ocean
* Irtysh (额尔齐斯河) - Gulf of Ob (joins Ob River)

## Canals
*Grand Canal of China (大运河)

## Rivers that do not flow into any larger body of water
* Muzat River - tributary of the Tarim River
* Tarim River - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
* Ili river - ends in Lake Balkhash
* Karakash (Black Jade River) (黑玉江) - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
* Yurungkash (White Jade River) (白玉江) - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
## References
Uluru

**Uluru**, also called **Ayers Rock**, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback and located in Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. This is a holy place for some Aboriginal Australians. It is in the Western Desert, in the middle of Australia. It was listed as a World Heritage site in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. 

Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than 40,000 years They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s.

The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and   named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century.

## Geography 
See geography of Uluru and Kata Tjuta.

## References
Central Finland

**Central Finland**, *Keski-Suomi*, is a region of Finland with about 270,000 inhabitants. Neighbouring regions are Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia and Päijänne Tavastia.

## Municipalities
There are 27 municipalities in Central Finland. Cities and towns are marked in bold.
Colubrid

]]

A **colubrid** (from Latin *coluber*, snake) is a snake that is a member of the **Colubridae** family. Colubridae is the largest snake family, and includes about two-thirds of all known living snake species. However, colubrids are *certainly not a natural group*, and many are more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other. This family has classically been a dumping ground for snakes that do not fit anywhere else. There is on-going mitochondrial DNA research which will sort out the familial relations within this group.

A colubrid's body is almost completely covered in scales. Most colubrids are not venomous and are normally harmless. A few groups, such as genus *Boiga*, can produce medically significant bites. In addition, the Boomslang and African twig snake have both caused human fatalities. The venom-injecting fangs associated with venomous colubrids are almost always in the back of the mouth, in contrast to vipers and elapids.

## Selected species 
* Boomslang
* Brown tree snake
* Dice snake
* Garter snake
* Kingsnake
* Rat snake
* Smooth snake
* Water snake
* Mussurana

## References
Anthony Head

**Anthony Stewart Head** (born 20 February 1954) is an English actor and musician who has appeared in theatre, television and movies. He is most well known for his role as Rupert Giles in the American television drama series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, as the Prime Minister in the British comedy show *Little Britain*, as Dr. Frank N Furter in the London revival of *The Rocky Horror Show* and for a series of coffee adverts in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is credited by his full name on American television, and sometimes as **Tony Head** elsewhere. He also played Phil Norton in 5 episodes of the first season ''Howards' Way''.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Port-de-Paix

**Port-de-Paix** (Kréyòl: *Pòdepè* or *Pòdpè*; in English means "Peace Port") is a city and the capital of the département of Nord-Ouest in Haiti on the Atlantic coast.

The city is close to the mouth of the river Trois-Rivières, one of the most important river in Haiti. It has a population of 115,000 (2003 census), with 25,000 living in the city.

Christopher Columbus came to this region on 15 December 1492 and he gave it the name *Valle del Paraíso* or *Valparaiso* (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") because he found that this was a very beautiful valley.

A ferry operates between the town and Tortuga Island (La Tortue) situated just across the water.

The town was founded in 1665 by French buccaneers (a kind of pirates in the Caribbean) from Tortuga Island when they had to leave the island. In 1676 the town saw the first black slave revolt; its leader was *Padre Jean* (also *Padrejean* and *Pedro Juan*) and who was killed by buccaneers in 1679 in the mountains close to Port-de-Paix.

The area saw great success during the 19th century and Port-de-Paix was an important port; from here, bananas and coffee were sent to other countries. In 1902 the town was almost entirely destroyed by fire.

Port-de-Paix is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) of the same name. The arondissement consists of four communes (like municipalities): Port-de-Paix, Bassin Bleu, Chansolme and Tortuga Island.

## Media
Le Novateur

### Radio
*Radio 4VTS FM
*Radio Balade FM
*Radio Cascade FM a Chamsolme
*Radio Etincelle
*Radio Melodie FM
*Radio New Star
*Radio Planete FM
*Radio Sonic
*Radio Television du Nord-Ouest
*Radio Universelle
*Voix de la Paix

## References
Device controller

A device controller is a system that handles the incoming and outgoing signals of the CPU by acting as a bridge between CPU and the I/O devices.  A device is connected to the computer via a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Device controllers use binary and digital codes. An I/O device contains mechanical and electrical parts. A device controller is the electrical part of the I/O device.

## Device-Operating System Communication
The Device Controller receives the data from a connected device and stores it temporarily in some special purpose registers (i.e. local buffer) inside the controller. Then it communicates the data with a Device Driver. For each device controller there is an equivalent device driver which is the standard interface through which the device controller communicates with the Operating Systems through Interrupts. Device controller is a hardware whereas device driver is a software.
The controller's job is to convert the serial bit stream to block bytes and perform any error correction necessary. 
Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of device (for example disk drives, audio devices, or video displays). Each device controller has a local buffer.
Archduke

The title of **Archduke** (feminine: **Archduchess**) (German: *Erzherzog*, feminine form: *Erzherzogin*) is a rank above Duke and under King. It is very rare. It was used only by males of the House of Habsburg. 

## Ruler style
The English word is recorded only since 1530, derived from Middle Latin *archidux*, from *arch(i)-* (primary or chief) + *dux* 'duke' .
 
Archduke (*Erzherzog*) is a title distinct from Grand Duke (*Großherzog* or *Großfürst*) that is used in some other German royal houses and still in sovereign Luxemburg.

## Fictional archdukes
* Poggle the Lesser was the Archduke of Geonosis, a planet from the Star Wars universe.

## Famous archdukes and duchesses
*Empress Maria Theresa was Archduchess of Austria. 
*Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria is better known as "Marie Antoinette" and was a daughter of Maria Theresa and the wife of Louis XVI of France.
*Maria Teresa of Austria was the wife of Louis XIV of France and is better known as "Marie Thérèse".

## Related pages 
* Grand Duke

## Other websites 
*EtymologyOnLine
*Use of the title "archduke" in contemporaneous documents
Caswell County, North Carolina

**Caswell County** is a county  in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 22,736 people lived there.  Its county seat is Yanceyville.

## History 
Caswell County was made in 1777 from the northern part of Orange County.  In 1792  the eastern half of Caswell County was made into Person County.

## Government 
Caswell County is part of the local Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.

## Connected counties
These counties are connected to Caswell County:
*Pittsylvania County, Virginia - north
*Halifax County, Virginia - northeast
*Person County, North Carolina - east
*Orange County, North Carolina - southeast
*Alamance County, North Carolina - southwest
*Rockingham County, North Carolina - west

## Cities and towns
These cities and towns are in Caswell County:
*Milton
*Yanceyville

## References
## Other websites
* Caswell County government official website 
* Caswell County Historical Association
Camden County, North Carolina

**Camden County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 10,335 people lived there.  Its county seat is the town of Camden. Camden County is the first and only consolidated city-county in North Carolina.

## History 
The county was made in 1777 from the northeastern part of Pasquotank County.

## Government 
Camden County is part of the local Albemarle Commission.

## Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Camden County:
*Currituck County, North Carolina - northeast
*Tyrrell County, North Carolina - south-southwest
*Pasquotank County, North Carolina - southwest
*Gates County, North Carolina - northwest

## References 
## Other websites
*Camden County government official website
Internet forum

]]
One type of a **forum** is an online discussion site on the Internet. Users can type messages for others to see, and reply to other user's messages. Messages (or "posts") are organised by topic (or "thread"), with each poster either replying to an existing topic or creating a new topic for a new conversation.

Forums can be found on a lot of websites. Internet forums are often used to show people information. Things like pictures hyperlinks and images can also be put on the board, or "posted".

Many Internet forums have rules against things such as spamming and trolling. If people do those kind of things, they will be warned, and if they continue, they will be banned.

Forums also have their own set of rules. A rule which is used by many forums is not to comment or bring up old threads because those forums were made to discuss the newest events.

There are usually three different types of rankings on a forum:
* Member: which nearly everyone is, they can read and create posts.
* Moderator: someone whose job is to keep order on the forum. They can delete posts and warn or ban members who break the forum rules. They are informally known as jannies
* Administrator, or admin: The highest rank, who can change settings on the forum and change user permissions.

People participating in a forum may make friends with each other and may form groups with the same ideas.
Catawba County, North Carolina

**Catawba County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 160,610 people lived there.  Its county seat is Newton.

## History 
The county was made in 1842 from Lincoln County.

## Government 
Catawba County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

## Connected Counties 
*Alexander County, North Carolina - north
*Iredell County, North Carolina - east
*Lincoln County, North Carolina - south
*Burke County, North Carolina - west
*Caldwell County, North Carolina - northwest

## Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Catawba County:
*Brookford
*Catawba
*Claremont
*Conover
*Hickory
*Lake Norman of Catawba
*Maiden
*Mountain View
*Newton
*Sherrills Ford
*Longview
*St. Stephens

## References 
## Other websites 
*Catawba County government official website 
*Experience Catawba
DJ BoBo

**Peter René Baumann** (born 5 January 1968) better known as **DJ BoBo**, is a Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer and music producer. He mixed a song called "Chihuahua" in 2005. It was a remix from a Spanish single in 2002. DJ BoBo is also famous for his entry in the Eurovision Song Contest of 2007.

## References
Chowan County, North Carolina

**Chowan County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 13,708 people lived there.  Its county seat is Edenton.

## Law and government 
Chowan County is part of the local Albemarle Commission council of government.

## Connected counties 
The counties are connected to Chowan County:
*Gates County (north)
*Perquimans County (east)
*Washington County (south)
*Bertie County (west)
*Hertford County (northwest)

## Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Chowan County:
*Edenton
*Rockyhock
*Selwin

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official government website
Stone tool

]]
**Stone tools** are tools made of stone. The oldest stone tools were created by non-human hominids before the genus *Homo* evolved. Once human species evolved, all of them (including *Homo habilis* and *Homo erectus)* used stone tools. 

Since stone tools were the first ever used by mankind, the Stone Age was named after them.

## The oldest stone tools 
The oldest tools ever found come from the shores of Lake Turkana in Kenya. The paleoenvironment in that area was wooded. 

The tools are around 3.3 million years old, according to scientists who dated them based on volcanic ash and minerals around the tools. They are 700,000 years older than any tools found before. 

Non-human hominids used stone tools before the genus *Homo* evolved. Members of species like *Australopithecus afarensis* or *Kenyanthropus platyops* may have made the Lake Turkana tools.

The research team has proposed the term "Lomekwian" for these tools, and says they mark the start of archaeology. 

## Later styles 
Gradually, over millions of years, humans became better and better at making stone tools.  

### Oldowan 
 style chopper]]
*See the main article: Oldowan*

Ancient hominids made Oldowan tools starting about 2.9 million years ago and ending around 1.4 million years ago. To make these tools, they pounded a flint stone with a hard hammer stone to split off a flake. These tools were most commonly used by early species of *Homo**,* such as *H. habilis, H. erectus,* and *H. ergaster*. They may have also been used by *Homo rudolfensis*, *Paranthropus boisei*, and/or *Paranthropus robustus*. They allowed humans to access new kinds of food, like bone marrow, and make things out of wood. Humans continued to use Acheulean tools until around 200,000 years ago.

The classic type of Acheulean tool is an oval-shaped or pear-shaped hand axe. These hand axes had many uses, including hunting, butchering, and breaking open bones to access bone marrow.

Scientists think that early *Homo erectus* inherited Oldowan technology, then refined it into the Acheulean industry beginning about 1.7 million years ago. Archaeologists have found both Oldowan and Acheulian artifacts with *H. erectus* crania at two sites in Gona, Ethiopia. This suggests that *H. erectus* used both styles of tools for a period of time. Mousterian tools were made by Neanderthals in Europe, as well as early modern humans in North Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia. They used flint stones and created specialized tools like hand axes, points, and spearheads. They often used the Levallois technique to accomplish this.

Neanderthals in Europe made a style of tools that scientists call the European Mousterian. It existed from around 160,000 BC to 40,000 BC. In North Africa and the Near East, early modern humans made Mousterian tools.

## Related pages 
*Palaeolithic 
*Hand axe
*Levallois technique

## References
Clay County, North Carolina

**Clay County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. During the 2020 United States Census, 11,089 people lived there. Its county seat is Hayesville.

## History 
The county was made in 1861 from the southeastern part of Cherokee County.

## Government 
Clay County is part of the local Southwestern Commission council of governments.

## Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Clay County:
*Macon County, North Carolina - northeast
*Rabun County, Georgia - southeast
*Towns County, Georgia - south
*Union County, Georgia - southwest
*Cherokee County, North Carolina - northwest

## Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Clay County:
*Hayesville
*Warne

## References
Optical disc drive

An **optical drive** is a type of disk drive. The drive uses a light called a laser in order to read or write data to a disk. Depending on the type of drive, an optical drive can or cannot read certain types of disks. Also, certain drives can read and write information, while other drives can only read information. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays are the most common types of disks read by an optical drive. 

## List of optical drives
*CD drive
*DVD drive
*Blu-ray Disc drive
*HD-DVD drive
*LaserDisc drive
Character (computing)

For computers, a **character** is a letter, number, or punctuation mark that can be shown on a screen, or printed.  There are also some unseen characters, called *control characters*.  An example of a control character is the carriage return or line feed that tells the software to start a new line.  A *glyph* is the shape of the character that is seen when put on screen or on paper.

Since computers only use numbers, they use number codes to represent characters. For example, in ASCII, the number 65 represents the letter 'A'. The computer knows, when working in ASCII, to put the glyph for 'A' on the screen when it sees the number 65.  The glyph can change shape slightly depending on the font that is used, if it is **bold** or in *italics*, etc.  But it is still stored as a 65 in the computer, that does not change.

## ASCII and Unicode 
One of the early standards for storing characters was ASCII.  It uses 7 bits to store each character.  This allows 128 characters—enough for the numbers 0-9, the upper case letters A-Z, lower case letters a-z, most punctuation marks including spaces, parentheses and braces, and some control characters.  But it is not enough for letters used in other languages, such as umlauts used in German and Scandinavian languages.  Some systems added an 8th bit to ASCII, for another 128 characters, but the extra characters can vary from one system to another.  And this doesn't address all languages.  There are thousands of Chinese characters alone.  To store all of these characters, Unicode was developed.  It uses 16 bits to store 65,536 characters.

ASCII is still widely used, especially in the English-speaking areas.  The Internet was started in English, and until 2010 URL addresses could only contain certain ASCII characters. Some ASCII characters that are not supported are replaced by a '%' and a number for its location in the ASCII table.  The space character, for instance, is changed to "%20" when it shows up in a URL.  In 2010, Unicode was allowed so people who spoke Russian, Greek, Chinese or other languages could see a domain name in their own language.

## Related pages
*Alphabet
Crypto.com Arena

**Crypto.com Arena**, originally known as **Staples Center**, is an indoor multi-purpose arena in downtown Los Angeles, California.  It is home to two basketball teams—the Los Angeles Lakers the NBA and Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA—plus the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL in ice hockey. It was also home of the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers before that team moved to the new Intuit Dome in suburban Inglewood after the 2023–24 season. They have the Grammy Awards here every year. The building hosted World Wrestling Entertainment's pay-per-view WrestleMania 21 in 2005.

On December 25, 2021, the arena was renamed Crypto.com Arena, for a Singapore-based cryptocurrency exchange that bought the naming rights.

## Home teams 
*Los Angeles Kings (NHL)
*Los Angeles Lakers (NBA)
*Los Angeles Sparks (WNBA) 

## Notes
Nabta Playa

**Nabta Playa** was once a large basin in the Nubian Desert. It is about 500&nbsp;miles south of modern-day Cairo and about 100&nbsp;kilometers west of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt, 22° 32' north, 30° 42' east. Many archaeological sites have been found there. Analysis of human remains show that the people who lived here may have migrated from sub-Saharan Africa.

The stone circle at Nabta Playa is built precisely on what was then the Tropic of Cancer, the sun's farthest North point of travel that is, today, about 23 degrees 40&nbsp;minutes N. Such a site would interest the wise men of the megalithic era and some would travel many days to erect such a site and then study there.

Another stone megalithic structure exists which consists of a central radial stone and several other stones in the distance. In interpreting this Brophy found that the lines made to these stones from the radial stone match the spots in the sky where the various stars marked by the center stones in the calendar circle at the time they rose as the vernal equinox heliacal rising. In analyzing the varying distances, mulling through assumptions such as that they represented the brightness of the stars, he inadvertently found that they matched the distance of the stars from Earth on a scale of 1 meter = .799 light years within the margin of error for astronomical distances calculated today.

## Notes 
## References 
* *Scientific American*
* *University of Colorado at Boulder:*
** *1998 article* 
** *1999 article* 
** *2000 article*
* Thomas G. Brophy and Paul A. Rosen: *Satellite Imagery Measures of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa*, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 5(1) (2005) 15 - 24
WWE Heat

**WWE Heat** was a professional wrestling show made by World Wrestling Entertainment.

During its televised history in the United States, it was shown on the USA Network, MTV and Spike TV.

From 2005 to 2008, it was streamed on WWE.com on Fridays for North American viewers, but it was still televised internationally. The final episode was streamed on May 30, 2008.

Internationally it was replaced by WWE Vintage Collection a program which featured matches from past WWE events and hosted by WWE 2006 Hall of Fame inductee "Mean" Gene Okerlund.

## History
### 1998
The show made its debut on August 2, 1998 on the USA Network as *WWF Sunday Night Heat*. It began as the second most important show in WWF Programming, after *WWF Monday Night Raw*. *Heat* would feature backstage interview segments and in-ring action. Main event stars such as The Rock, Mankind and Triple H would appear often to help further the storylines which occurred on *Monday Night Raw*. *Heat* itself led to a big ratings draw for the USA Network.

### 1999-2002
When *SmackDown!* was created in 1999, *Heat*s importance lowered as well as ratings. With the debut of *SmackDown!*, it led to *Heat* being taped before *SmackDown!* When  *SmackDown!* debuted in August 1999, it briefly became a recap show, with exclusive interviews and feuds from the past of WWF Programming being made into music videos. That lasted only a couple of weeks, and it then returned to airing exclusive matches.

The WWF also aired two *Halftime HEAT* television specials, which aired during Super Bowl XXXIII on the USA Network. During this period the show moved to MTV as part of a deal between Viacom and the WWE. When the show moved to MTV, it began broadcasting live from WWF New York.

### 2002-2005
In 2002, the show reverted to its previous format of taping the matches before *Raw*. Since the brand extension in 2002  *Heat* became exclusive to the *Raw* brand, the only exception being pay-per-view nights, which were broadcast live from the PPV venues and could involve wrestlers from the *SmackDown!* brand.

In 2002 *SmackDown!* branched off its own secondary show, *Velocity,* which mirrored the same format as *Heat*.

### 2005-2008
*Heat* and *Velocity* were not picked up by the USA Network when WWE moved *Raw* back to the USA Network in October 2005. That left Americans no way of watching the weekend programmes on Television. WWE then decided to begin streaming those programs on WWE.com exclusively for the audience in the United States. *Sunday Night Heat* soon was renamed *WWE Heat* as it no longer aired on Sundays.

*Heat* was still broadcast internationally because of previous commitments. For a short time, a special 30-minute live edition of *Heat* began airing in place of the traditional pretaped Free For All PPV pre-show. That lasted from No Mercy 2005 to Backlash 2006.

When WWE began airing in high definition, *Heat* began using the same set as *Raw*, *SmackDown!*, and *ECW*.

The final episode was streamed on WWE.com on May 30, 2008. It was replaced internationally by *WWE Vintage Collection*.

## Commentator history
## Related pages
*WWE Raw
Cherokee County, North Carolina

**Cherokee County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 28,774 people lived there.  Its county seat is Murphy.

## History 
The county was made in 1839 from the western part of Macon County.  In 1861 the southeastern part of Cherokee County became Clay County and in 1872 its northeastern part became Graham County.

## Government 
Cherokee County is part of the local Southwestern Commission.

## Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Cherokee County:
*Graham County, North Carolina - northeast
*Macon County, North Carolina - east
*Clay County, North Carolina - southeast
*Union County, Georgia - south-southeast
*Fannin County, Georgia - south-southwest
*Polk County, Tennessee - west
*Monroe County, Tennessee - northwest

## Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Cherokee County:
*Andrews
*Murphy
*Owl Creek

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Cherokee County NC Government Website
Barahona, Dominican Republic

**Barahona**, also known as **Santa Cruz de Barahona**, is the head municipality of the Barahona province, on the southwest of the country.

It is the largest city of the Dominican southwest and the centre of the region.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 62,054: 30,799 men and 31,255 women. The urban population was  of the total population, one of the most urban municipality in the country.

After the Independence in 1844, Barahona was a military post of the Azua Province.

In 1858, Barahona was elevated to the category of municipality. When the province was created in 1881, Barahona was made its head municipality.

## Geography
The city of Santa Cruz de Barahona is in a plain along the coast, in the lower valley of the Yaque del Sur river. Part of the municipality is on the mountains of Sierra de Bahoruco.

Barahona is at  to the west of Santo Domingo. The limits of the municipality are the municipality of Fundación to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, the municipality of La Ciénaga to the south and the municipality of Cabral to the west.

### Climate
Barahona has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : **Aw**). The climate on the mountains of the Sierra de Baoruco, where there are some rainforests, is cooler and more wet.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by May with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is January with .

Barahona is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest months, on average, are July and August with an average temperature of . The coolest months on average are December, January and February, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of Santa Cruz de Barahona has three municipal districts; these are:

## Economy 
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main product in the municipality is a very good coffee ("Barahona Type Coffee"), grown in the mountains of Eastern Bahoruco.

There are also some important industries, mainly to produce textiles to send to other countries, and sugar in the *Ingenio Barahona* ("Barahona Sugar Factory").

There is a port in the city; it is used to send coffee and sugar to other countries.

## References
Choudhary Rahmat Ali

**Chaudhry Rahmat Ali** or **Rehmat Ali Khan** (November 16, 1897 - February 12, 1951) was an Indian Muslim who was one of the first people to ask for the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is famous for coining the name, or term  "Pakistan" on January 28, 1933. 

In Pakistan he has considerable importance. His articles are taught in  the course books of Pakistani schools.

## Acronym of Pakistan 
The Sovereign Nation of **Pakistan** was created in 1947 as a Muslim nation carved out of former British India (Dissolution). But where did the name come from? It was coined by a Muslim Indian nationalist named Choudhary Rehmat Ali Khan, in a 1933 pamphlet entitled **“Now or Never”**.

 of PAKISTAN.]]

Rehmat Ali, who was based in the UK as an academic working at Cambridge University (He himself is buried at the campus), simply took the names of the Five Major-provinces of **India** that were to be incorporated as the new country. The initial letters of four of them, plus the end of the Fifth, could be read as the new name. These were:

The

* **P**

* **A** (*Afghan* province)

* **K**

* **S**

* **BaluchesTAN**

Put together, this made **Pakstan**, so adding a **“ī”** made sense in terms of producing something more pronounceable. The idea caught on and before long everyone was referring to the putative new country as **Pakistan**, although its creation was still 15 years into the future.

Rehmat Ali later claimed that a slightly different amended derivation was what he had in mind, namely:

* **P**/PUNJAB - The Cultural Heart of the Country

* **A**/Afghania (North-West Frontier Province) - Frontier Region

* **K**/KASHMIR - The Jugular Vein of the Country *(Muslim-Majority)*

* **I**/IRAN - Persianate heritage 

* **S**/SINDHU - Civilisational heritage

* **T**/TURKESTAN - Central Turkic States

* **A**/AFGHANISTAN - Muslim Brethren

* **N/BalochisTAN** - Gateway to South Asia

## References
Italian Campaign (World War I)

The **Italian campaign** was a series of battles fought between Austria-Hungary and Italy in the mountains of northern Italy between 1915 and 1918. 

Italy did not fight for the Triple Alliance, despite promises to Germany and Austria-Hungary, in 1914, when World War I started. In 1915, Italy joined the Triple Entente to take part of Austria-Hungary. Italian irredentism wanted the province of Trento (*Trentino*), the port of Trieste and the province of Bolzano-Bozen (*Alto Adige/Südtirol*), Istria, and Dalmatia.

Italy had hoped to begin the war with a surprise attack to act quickly and capture several Austrian-held cities. However, the war in Italy soon turned to trench warfare, which was similar to that of the Western Front.  

## References
Abbottabad District

**Abbottabad District** is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The district has an area of 1,969&nbsp;km2, with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south.

## Name 
The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853).

## Demographics 
According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko dialect of Panjabi as their first language, while Pashto account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively.

## Protected areas 
The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha.

The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha.

## Subdivisions 
Abbottabad district is divided into four tehsils, Abbottabad, Lower Tanawal, Havelian and Lora Hazara as well as one urban administration area - Nawanshehr.
There are fifty-one Union Councils in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are:

### Abbottabad Tehsil
### Havelian Tehsil
## Other website 
* Abbottabad government website 

## References
Abbottabad

**Abbottabad** is a city in Pakistan. It is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is the capital of Abbottabad District. It is also known as the "city of the pines". More that 1.4 million people live in the city. One of the most important places for army training in Pakistan, the Pakistan Military Academy,  is in Kakul, near Abbottabad.

## Location
Abbottabad is in the Orash valley, between the two parallel mountain ranges of Mount Sarban and Mount Shimla. In addition to being the district capital, it is also the capital of the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is linked by road to Haripur and Rawalpindi to the South, Mansehra to the North-West and Murree to the East.

## History 
The city of Abbottabad is named after Major James Abbott – a British soldier and administrator who founded the city during British rule in 1853. British rule in this area lasted from 1849 until Pakistan became independent in 1947. During this time, Abbottabad was an important army garrison or base for the British Indian Army. 

## Culture and language
The people of Abbottabad are mostly from the Syed (shahs), Karlal, Dhund Abbasi, Gurjar, Awan, Tanoli and Jadoon tribes. It is a peaceful area with high literacy and low crime rates. The main language, or dialect, spoken here is Hindko dialect of Panjabi. In the rural suburbs of the town people practice some agriculture, whereas the town itself offers many commercial and business opportunities of different types.

## The main town and cantonment
Although the original old town of Abbottabad has expanded a lot, much of its original 1850s town, civil lines and cantonment still survive from the time of the British Raj. Some of its old sights are of special historical interest to tourists, including St Luke's Church, Abbottabad and the Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad. The fine Lady Garden Park is also a popular place.

## Osama bin Laden
In May 2011, commandos from the US Navy attacked a large house in Kakul area close to Abbottabad and killed five people. The Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden had been living in the house, and was one of the people who were killed there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Abbottabad government website
Battagram District

**Batagram District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Previously was independent territory.  The Batagram Bazar  is the head quarter of district.

## Administration
Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order. Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order, Mr. Yousaf Khan Trand (Late provincial Minister in Mir Afzal Khan Cabinet Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was the leader who struggled for Battagram and made it a separate district, before district it was a tehsil of District Mansehra. It has geographical borders with Kohistan District, Tribal Area Torghar, Shangla District and Malakand Division. The district consists of two sub-divisions. It has geographical borders with Kohistan District, Tribal Area Tor ghar, Shangla District and Malakand Division. The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils which contain a total of 20 Union Councils:

* Allai Tehsil
* Battagram Tehsil
Buner District

**Buner District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the region is Pashto. Most people are *Muslim* who follow *Islam*.

## Tehsils of Bunner
* Bunner Tehsil
* Daggar Tehsil
* Gadezai Tehsil
* Gagra Tehsil
* Chagharzai Tehsil
* Chamla Tehsil
* Totalai Tehsil
Charsadda District

**Charsadda District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Charsadda is the capital.

## Tehsils
* Charsadda Tehsil
* Tangi Tehsil
Karak District

**Karak District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Karak is the capital. This district is the second smallest district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Hangu. The area of this district is 3395&nbsp;km2.

## Tehsils
The district of Karak is administratively subdivided into three tehsils.

* Banda Daud Shah Tehsil
* Karak Tehsil
* Takht-e-Nasrati Tehsil

Tehsil karak is considered as the resources rich tehsil in district karak and here the resorces of gas and oil are discovered. 
Tehsil Banda Daud Shah is also considered as resources rich tehsil having the Pakistan second largest salt mine founds in bahadur khel. 
Tehsil Takhte Nasrati is also known for resources like uranium founds in zarki nasrati.
Malakand District

**Malakand District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 

## Tehsils
* Sam Ranizai Tehsil
* Swat Ranizai Tehsil
Mardan District

**Mardan District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Mardan is the capital.

* Mardan Tehsil
* Takht Bhai Tehsil
* Katlang Tehsil
Lower Dir District

**Lower Dir** ( ，) is one of the 27 districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the north-western part of the province and has an area of 1583 square kilometers.  Timergara city is the district headquarters and largest city.

It used to be one district named Dir but in 1996 it was divided into two, Upper Dir and Lower Dir.The population of lower dir is mainly Yousafzai pashtoon including Clans (khadagzai, Adenzai , Malizai) and partly utmankhel tribe.

## History 
At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, Dir was a princely state ruled by Nawab Shah Jehan Khan. It was merged in Pakistan in 1969 and later on declared a district in 1970. Later on in 1996 it was divided into Lower Dir and Upper Dir.

## Geography 
Some of Dir is mountainous with peaks rising to 5000 meters.

## Demographics 
The population of the Lower Dir district was 797,852 according to the 1998 census report. The population of Dir Lower was predicted to be 1.037.091 in 2005.

## Administration 
Lower Dir is divided into seven Tehsils which contain a total of 41 union councils.

### National Assembly 
This district is represented by two elected MNA's (Member of National Assembly) in Pakistan National Assembly. Its constituencies are NA-6 & 7.

Qazi Hussain Ahmad won the general elections in 2002 but he left the seat as he had also won from his native constituency. Therefore, in January 2003 another election was held.

### Provincial Assembly 
The district is represented by five elected MPAs in the provincial assembly.
* PK-13 (Lower Dir-I)
* PK-14 (Lower Dir-II)
* PK-15 (Lower Dir-III)
* PK-16 (Lower Dir-IV)
* PK-17 (Lower Dir-V)

## Related pages
* Upper Dir District
* Swat District

## References
Shangla District

**Shangla District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Alpuri is the capital.

The district is split into the following tehsils:

* Alpuri Tehsil
* Puran Tehsil
* Besham Tehsil
* Chakesar Tehsil
* Martung Tehsil
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

The **Middle Eastern theatre of World War I** was the largest theatre of World War I and occurred from on October 29, 1914 to October 30, 1918. Battles were fought in the Middle East between the Allies (especially the British and the Russians) and the Central Powers (especially the Ottoman Empire) during had four main campaigns.

In the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, mainly British forces defeated the Ottoman Army. In the Mesopotamian Campaign, British forces, mainly the British Indian Army, also defeated the Ottoman Army. In the Caucasus Campaign, the Ottomans fought against the Russians and other forces but were defeated. In the Gallipoli Campaign, the Ottomans defeated mainly British forces, most of which were colonial. There were also minor campaigns in Arabia (especially the south and Aden) and in Iran.

A peace treaty, the Treaty of Sèvres, was signed on August 10, 1920.
Swat District

**Swat District** is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.  The capital of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main city in Swat is Mingora. It was a princely state until 1969, when it was dissolved and made part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the third largest district in KPK with a population of 2,309,570. It is mainly populated by Pashtuns who speak the Pashto language.

With many lakes, green meadows and mountains, it is popular with tourists.

## Location 
Swat is surrounded by Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Dir in the West, Gilgit-Baltistan in North, Upper and Lower Kohistan, Buner and Shangla in the East and south East.

## Administrative divisions 
The District of Swat is subdivided into 7 Tehsils i.e.
# Tehsil Babuzai
# Tehsil Matta
# Tehsil Khwaza Khela
# Tehsil Barikot
# Tehsil Kabal
# Tehsil Charbagh
# Tehsil Bahrain

## Demographics 
Swat is populated mostly by ethnic Pashtuns and Kohistani communities. The main language spoken is Pashto, with a minority of Torwali and Kalami Kohistani speakers in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat.

According to 1981 census, Pashto is main language and spoken by 90.28% of population while Kohistani is spoken by 8.67%.

## References
Battagram

**Batagram** () is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and is the capital of Batagram District.
Mansehra

**Mansehra** is a city in Pakistan. It is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is the capital of Mansehra District.
The district has 3 subdivisions - Mansehra Tehsil, Oghi Tehsil and Balakot. It also has a tribal territory called Kala Dhaka, which has however now been given a separate district status also. The district currently has 1.5 million people. The important towns in the district are Baffa, Shinkiari, Kaghan, Naran, Garhi Habibullah, Balakot,Phulra, Oghi, Darband and Khaki.

The Karakoram Highway (or KKH) goes through this district and has a 60&nbsp;km stretch in the district. Likewise the Mansehra-Naran-Jalkhan-Naran (MNJC). Road also commences in the district and has a 200&nbsp;km stretch up to Babusar Pass passing through the district. The MNJC is being developed as an alternate route to the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
Mardan

**Mardan** (Pashto: مردان), is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The city is the capital of Mardan District. It is known as the "city of hospitality".

## Sources
Alpuri

**Alpuri** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It is the capital of Shangla District. It is the headquarters of Alpuri Tehsil.