open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Reddit

**Reddit** () is a website where online users share links to online articles and other media. 

## Overview
Reddit is a forum made up of user-generated content and discussion boards. It is organized into *subreddits*, communities within which discussions take place. The links being shared can be voted on, while links with the highest number of votes are shown on the front page, sometimes known as the instant feed, of the forum.

## History
Reddit was founded in 2005 by Aaron Swartz, Steve Huffman, and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. Some Reddit users call themselves *redditors*, while subreddit moderators *mods*. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like education, being funny, cute pictures of animals, internet memes, etc.

### Subreddits
Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits", with individual moderators (any user can be one) holding sweeping powers to ban users and dictate content with a range of tools, particularly automated filters.

## Controversies
Reddit has been a subject of controversy as it has many subreddits run by those distributing disinformation and explicit materials, including subreddits *r/Creepshots*, *r/jailbait*, and *r/greenandpleasant*. Reddit has also been long been criticized for uncontrolled antisemitism. Antisemites, especially Holocaust deniers, across the political spectrum are active on Reddit. The methods involve "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation". 

Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include *r/Documentaries* (20M members), *r/therewasanattempt* (7.2M), *r/PublicFreakout* (4.7M), *r/Fauxmoi* (4.3M), *r/MorbidReality* (1.1M), *r/ToiletPaperUSA* (440K), *r/Thatsactuallyverycool* (277K), *r/Palestine* (270K), *r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM* (184K) and *r/boringdystopia* (94K), from which misinformation was funnelled to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion, while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored. In particular, the journalist noted:

## Notes
## References
Bryde's whale

'''Bryde's whale** is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5&nbsp;m (41&nbsp;ft) to 14&nbsp;m (46&nbsp;ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male. 

Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, ***Balaenoptera brydei***. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. ***Balaenoptera edeni*** and ***Balaenoptera omurai*** are two other species in the group. 

There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, ***Balaenoptera borealis*''', and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, *B. brydei* and *B. edeni* may be sister species.

## References
Catherine of Portugal

**Catherine of Portugal** (born in Lisbon, Portugal November 26, 1436; died June 17, 1463), also known as the **Infanta Catarina**, was the daughter of King Edward of Portugal. She lived most of her life and died in the Convent of Saint Claire.

## Relatives
Pareto efficiency

**Multi-criteria optimization**, or **multiobjective optimization** is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called **Pareto efficiency**, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies. 

In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient. 

If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its **Pareto Frontier** or **Production Possibility Frontier**, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called **resources** or **factors of production**). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.
Nap (textile)

**Nap** is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap.  Nap can also mean a felt cloth.

In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut.

## Piled nap
In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric.  The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.

## References
Art exhibition

in St. Petersburg. This hall shows portraits of military generals who took part in a war against Napoleon, in 1812.]]
An **art exhibition** is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin *exhibere*, which means *to show*. This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common .
Tournament

A **tournament** is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

The word *tournament* is now defined in two ways:

# One or more competitions held at a single place and held over a short period of time. Some game clubs help prepare members for such tournaments. Chess clubs, for example, often use ranking systems, chess clocks, and rules like those used in chess tournaments.
# A competition with many matches, each with a small group of competitors. The tournament winner is based on the combined results of these individual matches. These are common in sports and games where each match can only have a small number of competitors, often  two, as in most team sports, racket sports, combat sports, many card games and board games, and competitive debating. Such tournaments allow large numbers to compete against each other, even though there are only two teams or players in a single match.

These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.
Transhumanism

**Transhumanism** is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and death (especially of the natural variety) by making use of such technology. The word was coined by Julian Huxley in 1957. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* What is Transhumanism?
Kim Yoon-ok

**Kim Yoon-ok**, also called **Kim Yun-ok**, (, born 26 March 1947) is the wife of Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea .

Her family runs a construction company in Daegu. She and her husband Lee Myung-bak met at the College of Health Education at Ewha Womans University.

On December 19, 1970, after graduation from the University, Kim was engaged to Lee Myung-bak against her family's will.  Lee was then director of the Hyundai Engineering Corporation. They have 1 son and 3 daughters together. Kim Yoon-ok enjoys cooking.
Pandora's box

In Greek mythology, '''Pandora's box'* was a large jar (πιθος P*ithos*) carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod.

## Where the word box is from 
The word in the original text is *Pithos*, which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison.

The mistranslation of P*ithos'' as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th-century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasmus is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's *P*ithos* refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated *pithos* into the Latin word *pyxis'', meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting *Pandora*.

Image:Pithos Louvre CA4523.jpg|A *pithos* from Crete, ca. 675 BC. Louvre; This is the original *pithos* Hesiod described; the *box* probably looked like that.
Image:Wedding procession pyxis BM GR1920.12-21.1 by Marley Painter.jpg|An Attic *pyxis*, 440–430 BC. British Museum. This is what Erasmus translated it to. 
File:Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Pandora - 1869.jpeg|The painting by Rossetti, 1869 version.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Neils, Jenifer, *The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod’s Elpis*, in "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives", eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp.&nbsp;37–45.
Proper motion

**Proper motion** is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move *relative to each other* when seen from Earth. 

The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it). 

Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.

Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Astrometry
Alfred Jodl

**Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl** (10 May 1890 in Würzburg – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German military Officer and commander. He was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II. At the Nuremberg trials he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal.

Jodl joined the Imperial German Army in 1910 as a Army Infantry Soldier until 1912 when he became a junior Military Army Officer . He remained as a Junior Officer in the Reichswehr German Army until he became a Senior Officer in the Wehrmacht  German Army in 1936 where he remained as a Senior officer until 1945 .
Longshore drift

from Swanage Bay, UK]]

**Longshore drift** is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach. 

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

* The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
* The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
* This process goes again.

There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.
Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll

**Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll** (17 January 1801 – 16 January 1856), an illegitimate daughter of William IV and Dorothy Jordan, married William Hay on 4 December, 1820, at the age of 19. Hay was born with the name **Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence**.

She is shown in a Fitzclarence portrait in House of Dun, and she kept a stone thrown at her father William IV and the gloves he wore on opening his first Parliament as keepsakes.

She died on 16 January 1856 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 54.

## Children and Relatives
With her husband she had four children:
* Lady Adelaide Harriet Augusta Hay (18 October 1821 – 22 October 1867)
* William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll (3 May 1823 – 3 December 1891), married Eliza Amelia Gore on 20 September 1848
* Lady Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Hay (12 May 1829 – 18 December 1869). She married James Duff on 16 March 1846. Their son, Alexander Duff, married Princess Louise, who was the daughter of Edward VII.
* Lady Alice Mary Emily Hay (7 July 1835 – 7 June 1881) married Charles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (1824–1882; known also as Count d'Albanie)

David Cameron is related to Elizabeth Hay through William IV, which makes him the fifth cousin, twice removed to the Queen.
## References
Robert Blyth

**Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth** (2 June 1900 – 1956) was a Scottish professional football player from the 1920s.

Blyth was born in Muirkirk, Scotland.  His father was a soccer player for Portsmouth, who later became the manager from 1901 to 1904.

Blyth played in eight Portsmouth games in the 1921–1922 season.
Ginseng

**Ginseng** refers to species within ***Panax***, a genus of species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, in the family Araliaceae. They grow in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Asia (mostly northern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates; *Panax vietnamensis*, discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng found.
Bredbury

**Bredbury** is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. Bredbury is found   southeast of the city of Manchester, and  east-northeast of Stockport.  At the 2001 census it had a population of  15,126 people living there.

## References
Roaring Twenties

The phrase **Roaring Twenties** describes the 1920s, a time in North America when art, society, and culture were rapidly changing. The term 'Roaring' applies here, as art, society and culture were rapidly improving and therefore 'Roaring'. Prohibition was in place and so North America was a very 'wise' and 'clean-cut' place to be.

## Economy
The North American economy during the 1920s was doing very well because World War I had just ended. Many new products were being made for the consumer. Products were being produced on a huge scale throughout North America, one example of these products is the 'Model T Ford', a car that was seen in every state of the USA.

## Culture
The culture of the Roaring Twenties was very different from before. Women's roles were changed. Liberal young women, called flappers, wore short skirts, cut their hair short, and listened to a new form of music called jazz. Women had gotten the right to vote. Writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were called the Lost Generation because they moved out of the United States after the war. African-American art and culture also grew a lot during the Harlem Renaissance.

## Problems of the Roaring Twenties
Even though North America was doing very well in terms of prosperity, a lot of problems still arose. One of the main problems in North America during the 1920s was Organized Crime. Gangs of foreign immigrants were importing illegal alcohol, tobacco, firearms etc. One of the most famous gangsters of this time was Al Capone.
Sonic Unleashed

***Sonic Unleashed*** is a 2008 adventure video game, which was released for Wii, PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox 360. 

In the beginning of the game, Sonic is briefly captured by Dr. Eggman, and in the process, gains the ability to turn into a "werehog." A werehog is like a werewolf, but since Sonic is a hedgehog, it is referred to as a werehog. As a werehog, Sonic is not as fast, but he gets different abilities, such as increased strength.

Sonic can only turn into a werehog at night. During the day, he returns to normal. Throughout the game, the player switches between playing "Day Stages" and "Night Stages". Day stages are like regular 3D Sonic stages, where the focus is mainly speed and some faster platforming. Night stages have a focus on slow platforming and fighting new enemies.

## Plot
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Tarnów

**Tarnów** is a city in the southeastern part of Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. About 114,000 people live in Tarnów. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east-west connection from Lwów to Kraków.
Province of León

**León** is a province in the northwest of Spain. About 500,000 people live there. Its capital city is León. Leonese language is the language of the province.

## Related pages
* Kingdom of León
Ponferrada

**Ponferrada** is a town and municipality of the Región of El Bierzo (province of León, Castilla y León, in Spain.  About 66,000 people were living here as of 2005.

## Other websites 
*Official Town Website
Gisele Bündchen

**Gisele Caroline Bündchen** (born July 20, 1980) is a Brazilian model. She also occasionally acts in movies. According to *Forbes*, Bündchen is the best paid supermodel in the world and the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world. Bündchen earned $33 million in 2007 and $35 million in 2008 alone. Bündchen's fortune is estimated to be about $150 million. She is also listed on *Guinness Book of World Records* as the world's richest supermodel. Bündchen has been the face of more than 20 brands internationally and has appeared on more magazine covers than any other model.

## Personal life 
Gisele Caroline Bündchen was born in Brazil to a family of German origin. Her mother, Vânia Nonnenmacher, was a bank clerk and her father, Valdir Bündchen, was a university teacher and writer. Bündchen is one of the six daughters of Vânia Nonnenmacher and Valdir Bündchen. Her sisters are: Raquel, Graziela, her twin Patrícia, Gabriela and Rafaela. 

Bündchen married Tom Brady on February 26, 2009. Bündchen has two children with him, Benjamin Rein Brady (born 2009) and Vivian Lake Brady (born 2012). In October 2022, Bündchen and Brady finalized their divorce after 13 years of marriage.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
*
When You're Gone

"'''When You're Gone'*" is a song performed by the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne for her 2007 album *The Best Damn Thing''.

## References
Hot (song)

"**Hot**" is a song by Avril Lavigne produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. It is the third single from Lavigne's third album, *The Best Damn Thing*.
Korean Wikipedia

The **Korean Wikipedia** is the Korean-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 2002, and as of June 2020 15, has over 500,000 articles.

It is the 27th largest edition.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Korean Wikipedia main page.
Topological space

A **topological space** is a space studied in topology, the mathematics of the structure of shapes. Roughly, it is a set of things (called points) along with a way to know which things are close together.

More precisely, a topological space has a certain kind of set, called *open sets*. Open sets are important because they allow one to talk about points *near* another point, called a **neighbourhood** of the point. A neighbourhood of a point is simply an open set containing that point. If one did not have the concept of open sets, one cannot define neighbourhoods in a good way. If one tries to define a neighbourhood of a point as *any* set containing that point, it might just include that point and that point only, not any points near it, or points far away.
We also have the concept of *closed sets*, which are complements of open sets. That is, all of the points not belonging to a certain open sets forms a closed set.

Open sets must follow certain rules so that they match our ideas of nearness. The union of any number of open sets must be open, and the union of a finite number of closed sets must be closed. (The second rule only works for a finite number of closed sets. That is because in many cases a set containing a single point is closed. Any set is made of points. If the second rule applied to an infinite number of closed sets, then *every* set would be closed.) As a special case, the set containing every point is both open and closed. The set containing no points is also both open and closed.

A set of points can have many different definitions of what an open set is. One can think of only certain sets as open, or more sets as open. One might even consider every set to be open. The same set with different definitions of open sets form different topological spaces.
Tesla coil

of electricity]]A **Tesla coil** is an electrical machine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is a radio-frequency oscillator and resonant transformer that generates high voltage electricity at low currents. One use is to make lightning bolts. Most are used nowadays to entertain. "Singing Tesla coils" have also been made that can create music. 

It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Froot Loops

**Froot Loops** is a many colored, fruit flavored breakfast cereal made by the cereal maker Kellogg's. It is sold worldwide. When it was first made in 1963, the cereal had red, orange, and yellow loops. In the 1990s, blue, green, and purple loops were added to the cereal. The cereal's mascot is a Toucan called *Toucan Sam*.

## Other websites 
Froot loops website
Toronto Sun

The ***Toronto Sun*** is an English language daily tabloid newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is often seen as a working person's newspaper.

As of the end of 2007, the *Sun* sold 180,000 newspapers during Monday to Saturday and about 310,000 papers on Sunday. 

## Related pages
* The Sun (United Kingdom) - The original UK version

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Article on the Sun  - includes rough circulation info
Lymph node

A **Lymph node** () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign (*not of the body*) objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.

## Location 
 body.]]
In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.

## References
Regional Municipality of York

:*For the town that joined with Toronto in 1998, see York, Ontario.*

The **Regional Municipality of York**, also called **York Region**, is a regional municipality in south-central Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the old York County in 1971. In 2021, about 1,173,334 people were living in the Regional Municipality of York.   It is the fastest growing region in Canada and it is  to grow to more than 1.5 million people by 2031. The whole region is part of the Greater Toronto Area and is part of the Golden Horseshoe. The capital of the region is in Newmarket.

## Geography
York Region covers 1,776 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south.  The eastern border is shared with Durham Region. To the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest.

Towns and cities in York Region include:
*Town of Aurora
*Town of East Gwillimbury
*Town of Georgina
*Township of King
*City of Markham
*Town of Newmarket
*Town of Richmond Hill
*City of Vaughan
*Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville

There is also one First Nation *(Native Canadians)* with an Indian reserve, where the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation live.

York Region includes farmlands, wetlands and small kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, as well as built-up areas of its towns.

## Notes
## Other websites
*York Region Official site
*Yorkregion.com online news
*York Regional Police
*Map of York Region
Jetstar Airways

]]

**Jetstar Airways** is a low-cost airline. It was established by Qantas to counter the expansion of Virgin Blue in Australia. It flies to many domestic and international destinations. Its main airport is Melbourne Airport.

## Sister companies 
*  Jetstar Asia (Singapore)
* Jetstar Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
* Jetstar Japan (Japan)
* Jetstar Pacific Airlines (in Vietnam)

## History  
In 2003 Qantas bought the bankrupt Impulse Airlines, and established Jetstar as a low-cost domestic subsidiary. In February 2004 Jetstar Airways start selling tickets to passengers for her flights.
On 1 December, 2005 she started flying to 1st international airport in Christchurch, New Zealand.

## Other websites 
*
Fire extinguisher

A **Fire extinguisher** is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire, and may stop it from burning. Depending on the size, some fire extinguishers can be carried around and operated by hand. There are different kinds of fire extinguishers. Different kinds of fire can be controlled by different substances. There are color codes, the color tells what kinds of fires the fire extinguisher is useful for:

There are also different sizes of fire extinguishers. Bigger fire extinguishers can be used for a longer time. Hand-held fire extinguishers vary between 0.5 and 14&nbsp;kg. A 2&nbsp;kg extinguisher works for about two to four seconds, the 12&nbsp;kg model for about eighteen seconds. There are also bigger fire extinguishers, mounted on a cart or a vehicle. These are used to fight fires at airports, for example.

To be useful, fire extinguishers need to be checked after a certain amount of time. Usually, for fire extinguishers in public buildings, there are laws about this amount of time. 

File:Fire extinguisher transparent.jpg|Transparent fire extinguishers are used for training
File:1904 Advertisement for Fire Extinguishers.jpg|A 1904 advertisement showing how to use a fire extinguisher
Minke whale

The **minke whale** (also known as the **lesser rorqual**) is the smallest of the baleen whales that lives in many places in the world. It is the smallest rorqual whale (the large baleen whales). A large one is about 30 feet long and weighs 10 tons. They are black or gray with white on their belly and a white "armband" across their flippers. It is the only baleen whale that is still hunted for money. The Minke whale can swim quite fast.

There are two types of Minke whale.  They are:
* **Common minke whale** or **northern minke whale** (*Balaenoptera acutorostrata*), and
***Antarctic minke whale** or **southern minke whale** (*Balaenoptera bonaerensis*)

## Description
, University of Bonn.]]

 17 Aug 2016, it was towed into Ystad's marina.]]
The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale. Only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Males measure an average of  and females  in length. Both sexes typically weigh 4 - 5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) as adults.  The maximum weight may be as much as 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons). They become adults after 6 to 8 years.

The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) have a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Most of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale comes to the surface to breathe.

Minke whales usually live for 30–50 years.  In some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

The gestation time for minke whales is 10 months.  Calves measure  at birth.  The newborns nurse for five to possibly 10 months. Breeding is mostly done during the summer months. Calving is thought to happen every two years.

## References
University of Durham

The **University of Durham** is a university in the City of Durham in the north of England.  It was  in 1832.  It is one of the oldest universities in the United Kingdom. It is "long established as the leading alternative to Oxford and Cambridge".

## References

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* University of Durham
Tim Horton

**Miles Gilbert "Tim" Horton** (January 12, 1930 – February 21, 1974) was a Canadian professional hockey defenceman from Cochrane, Ontario. He played 24 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs, the New York Rangers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, and Buffalo Sabres. He was also a businessman and the co-founder of Tim Hortons, now Canada's largest restaurant chain. He died in an car crash at St. Catharines, Ontario in 1974 at the age of 44.

## Doughnut shops 
In 1964, Horton opened his first **Tim Hortons** shop in Hamilton, Ontario.

As well as over 2700 shops in Canada, Buffalo, New York has over 80 Tim Hortons Doughnut Shops, and they can be found in Detroit, Michigan; Columbus, Ohio; and other American cities, mainly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region. There are now over 400 shops in the United States.

## Death 
Early on the morning of February 21, 1974, Horton was driving on the Queen Elizabeth Way from Toronto to his home in Buffalo after the Buffalo Sabres had played in Toronto the night before, in his sports car. He lost control and hit a concrete culvert. The crash turned the vehicle over and Horton, who was not wearing a seat belt, was thrown out of the car. Horton was dead on arrival at the local hospital. A police officer following Horton said that he had been going over 160&nbsp;km/h (100&nbsp;mph).

Tim Horton is buried in York Cemetery Toronto.http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=horton&GSfn=tim&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=10450&.

## Career statistics
## Awards and achievements
* 1961-62 – Stanley Cup
* 1962-63 – Stanley Cup Champion
* 1963-64 – Stanley Cup Champion
* 1966-67 – Stanley Cup Champion
* 1977 – Inducted (posthumously) into the Hockey Hall of Fame
* 1996 – Number 2 retired  by the Buffalo Sabres
* 1998 – Ranked number 43 *The Hockey News* list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
* 2004 – Ranked number 59 The Greatest Canadian by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
*2016 – Number 7 retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* The Canadian Encyclopedia: Tim Horton 
* Biography at Tim Hortons corporate site
Suffrage

**Suffrage** is the right to vote. Most countries allow citizens to vote once they are legally an adult. In the past not all people were allowed to vote. In general, most countries today do not stop people of a different race or sex from voting. 

Suffrage can also apply to states themselves. Article V. of the U. S. Constitution does not allow any amendment to take away the States' equal suffrage in the Senate.

Suffrage can also mean the right to be a public official. Some people call the right to run for office **candidate eligibility.**  **Full suffrage** means both the right to vote and the right to seek office.

## Related pages 
*Universal suffrage
*Voting age
*Women's suffrage
Windows Product Activation

**Windows Product Activation** is a service built into all versions of Windows from Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above to stop people downloading pirated copies. The user has 30 days to activate Windows and after 30 days, the computer will not run properly until it is activated.

## Activation Process 
When Windows is first installed, there will be a little icon on the screen with a message asking for Windows to be activated.

Then an activation wizard will appear and the user has 2 options on activating Windows. Activation could be done on the Internet, or on the telephone. The quickest way to activate is by the Internet, but if that fails, then the user would need to call Microsoft for the activation ID. The activation ID would be read by the representative and then the user would type in the key on the activation Wizard screen.
He Wasn't

"'''He Wasn't'''" is the fourth single from Avril Lavigne's second album *Under My Skin*.

## Track listing
**Australia**
(82876690742; Released April 8, 2005)
# "He Wasn't" (Album version)
# "He Wasn't" (Live full band performance)
# "He Wasn't" (Live and acoustic)
# "He Wasn't" (Music video)

;UK
# "He Wasn't" (Album version)
# "He Wasn't" (Live version)
# "He Wasn't" (Music video)
# Plus exclusive video diary and other stuff.

;French single
# "He Wasn't" (Album version)
# "He Wasn't" (Live version)

;UK promo / AU promo
# He Wasn't (Album version)

## Chart positions
## Awards
## Other websites
*"He Wasn't" music video
*Avril Lavigne's Official Site
John Caesar

**John Caesar** (1764 – 15 February 1796), known as **Black Caesar**, was the first Australian bushranger. in about 1763. He was a slave on a sugar plantation (farm) in the West Indies. He ran away and went to London. On 17 March 1786, he was in court at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings. He was sent to the new country called Australia as a convict for seven years. He left on the Alexander, a convict transport ship in the First Fleet, in May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. He said that he was a large man with a lot of muscles, but he was always . He would eat food meant to last two days in one meal, and would then need to steal more food from others. All his thefts were about getting more food.

After he was captured, Collins said Caesar was a "wretch" (a  person) who did not care if he died. Caesar told Collins that he would make it if was hanged, he would turn into a joke by playing a trick on the executioner. Governor Arthur Phillip however, thought Caesar would be more use working and sent him to Garden Island, where he would work in with his legs tied with iron chain. He was well behaved and the chains were soon taken off.

## Escape
Caesar soon escaped again; on 22 December used a canoe to get off the island, taking a week's worth of food. He stole a musket, and lived by taking food from gardens and taking the food of Aboriginals after scaring them away with his gun. After he lost the gun at Rose Hill, and was attacked by the Aborigines, leaving him wounded in several places. He gave himself up on the 31 December to an officer at Rose Hill.

On 6 March 1790, Caesar was sent to Norfolk Island. There he had one daughter, later named Mary Ann Fisher Power, to Ann (e) Power. He was taken back to Sydney in 1793, and began stealing from the farms and huts again. He was caught and then flogged (hit 500 times with a whip). This did not make any difference; Caesar said that "all that would not make him better."

## Bushranger
In 1795, Black Caesar ran away for the last time, and formed a gang of runaways. On 29 January 1796, a reward of five gallons of rum was offered by Governor John Hunter for his capture. Every day there were reports of missing things, but he was able to avoid being captured until 15 February. A man named Wimbow, who had been searching for days, found him in an area of thick bush called Liberty Plains and shot him. He died soon after. 

## References 
## Other websites
* Negro Convicts in Australia 
* First Fleet - John Caesar 
* First Fleet stories - John Caesar
SliTaz

**SliTaz GNU/Linux** is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006. It is one of the smallest desktop  Linux distributions available  It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive.

## History 
SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008. SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.

## Issues 
## Gallery 

Image:SliTaz-GNU-Linux 1.png|Stable 1.0
Image:SliTaz-Ver2.0-screenshot.png|Stable 2.0
Image:SliTaz-Ver3.0-screenshot.png|Stable 3.0
Image:Slitaz-4.0.png|Stable 4.0
Image:Slitaz-cooking-20101104.png|Cooking 5.0

## References 
## Other websites 
* SliTaz GNU/Linux official website
Gerrymandering

**Gerrymandering** is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that gives them an advantage to hurt and reduce another political group's chances of winning. It typically is by persuading citizens or tampering with voting outcomes by giving themselves an advantage from the opposing party. This can result in unfair election outcomes if successful. It is named after Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814).

## Example 
If we have Group A and Group B both trying to win in a district. Group A has 40 votes and Group B has 50. In another district Group A knows Group B will win for sure. Group A changes the voting district so that 11 votes are moved to the other district. Now they will win 40 votes to 39.

## Techniques 
There are 4 different techniques used in gerrymandering, such as "packing", "cracking", and "hijacking", and "kidnapping."

**Packing gerrymandering** is when a political party puts as many opposing voters as possible into very few districts, or one whole district so they have fewer chances to win in other districts. This weakens the opposition's influence in elections

**Cracking gerrymandering** is when a political party spreads opposing voters across many different districts to prevent them from having a majority in any district. This makes it hard for the opposition to win in elections

**Hijacking gerrymandering**, also known as "sweetheart gerrymandering," is when district maps are redrawn so that two incumbents (office holders, like a member of Congress) of the same party are forced to run against each other. This weakens one of them or forces them to retire, majorly benefiting the opposing party.

**Kidnapping gerrymandering** is when a political party moves an incumbent's home address into another district. This makes it more difficult for elections when the incumbent is in another district and has to face a different political party or voter base.
ALPHA Collaboration

The **ALPHA Collaboration** is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter. The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen. This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table. Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles. Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron. A positron is the common name for the antielectron.

## CERN 
The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland. CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA. ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen. 

Antihydrogen has, like many atoms and especially hydrogen, a small magnetic dipole moment. A dipole moment is another way of saying that the atom behaves a bit as if it was a tiny magnet with a north and a south pole. Normally such small magnets are attracted to other magnets. However, some atoms in some states behave such that they are  by magnetic fields. This means that the atoms could possibly be trapped in space by making a minimum of the magnetic field. ALPHA is trying to do just that with antihydrogen. By a clever arrangement of magnets, ALPHA has a so-called magnetic minimum trap, in which antihydrogen may be trapped. 

This is a difficult process. The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature. The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero). ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.
Forestle

**Forestle** was a search engine, or website for finding all kinds of information on the internet. Forestle gave money to save the rain forest and reduce the total carbon dioxide (CO2) production. It also offered special features, for example a preview of the websites found during a search. It was invented in 2008.

Forestle was discontinued and redirected to a similar search engine Ecosia on January 1, 2011.

## Helping the environment 
Forestle saved 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards) of rain forest per search. It earned money from showing advertisements along with the websites found, and Forestle guarantees to donate 90% of this money to buy areas of rain forest through its partner organization **The Nature Conservancy**.  As of October 2009, about  1,991,055 square meters of rain forest have been saved.

For searching the web using Forestle was also essentially **CO2-neutral**: Of course the server computers used by Forestle, the connection network, and the computer of the searching users need electric energy and thus create emissions of carbon-dioxide; but Forestle purchased an equivalent amount of renewable energy certificates. The certificates are purchased from a part of the 10% of money left after buying rain forest. This makes Forestle one of the few web search sites that are "green certified".

The number of search requests on Forestle.org grew significantly:

## Special properties
Forestle offered a **website preview** that showed small versions of the websites found in each search. The search page offered by Forestle was very simple and only contains a window to type in words to be searched for, the search results, and a few links to check related services (for example Google Maps) as well as explanations about how Forestle works. Forestle meanwhile also provided several browser plugins, could be added to iGoogle and could be used in English and German (full versions) as well as in Spanish and Dutch (details partially in English).

## Forestle search engine partners
Forestle used the search services of Google until Google forbid them to do that after four days of service; the reasons was that Google and Forestle had a fight: it was not clear whether Forestle broke the terms of service fixed in the contract between them. Forestle.org states that Google did not actually give reasons for stopping their service. The action by Google to not support Forestle any more immediately drew international attention.  Details about the conflict between Google and Forestle are debated. Forestle then became associated with Yahoo.

## References 
## Other websites
*Forestle.org
*Proof for Saving Rain Forest 
*Proof of reducing CO2  production
Musket

s aboard the frigate Grand Turk.]]

A **musket** is a muzzleloading, smoothbore firearm, which is meant to be fired from the shoulder. 

The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle. But the word *musket* is also used to describe a number of different weapons including:
* a long, heavy weapon with a matchlock or wheellock and loose powder fired with the gun barrel resting on a stand
* a lighter weapon with a flintlock or percussion cap firing mechanism, with a bayonet. 

Muskets were made for use by infantry. A soldier armed with a musket was called a **musketman** or **musketeer**. In the 1500's, soldiers armed with a heavy arquebus, called a musket, supported the arquebusiers and the pikemen. By the start of 1700's, a lighter type of musket took over from the arquebus. When the bayonet was added, there was no longer a need for pikemen, and almost all infantry soldiers became musketeers. The first musket made in the united States was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. In the 1800's, better ammunition and ways of firing the gun, meant that rifling was practical for military use, and the rifled musket became common. A few years later, the use of cartridges, breechloading, and multiple rounds of ammunition meant the "rifled musket" gave way to the rifle, and "muskets" were no longer used.

Musket calibres ranged from  to . A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only  to about  to . Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to . The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets. However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.

## References 
## Other websites 
* History of Muskets
* Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars - Musketry
* http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Campground/8551/
Dextromethorphan

**Dextromethorphan** (**DXM** or **DM**) is a drug. It is used to prevent coughs in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan can also be used for pain relief or for psychological conditions. It is sold in syrup, tablet, and lozenge forms, manufactured under several different brand names and generic labels. In its pure form, dextromethorphan is a white powder.

Turning on the Sigma-1 receptor is believed to be how dextromethorphan helps with a cough. Dextromethorphan also prevents serotonin and norepinephrine from being absorbed again in the brain. When too much is inside a person's body or when they have been using it as a recreational drug, it can cause dissociative hallucinations, make a person feel good, change how you feel things, and other things. It does this by doing the things said before but also by blocking glutamate from turning on NMDA receptors in the brain, much like how Ketamine and Phencyclidine work as well.

## References
Roman à clef

**Roman à clef** (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French.  It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies.  A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character.  The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book.  For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person.  For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author.

Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them.  A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes).

Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is *romans à clef*.
Hebrew Wikipedia

The **Hebrew Wikipedia** () is the Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in July 2003.

By February 2012, it had over 130,000 articles, over 534,000 pages and 33,500 files uploaded. As of October 2015, it is the 39th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.
## Related pages
* Yiddish
* Judaism
* History of Jews
* Jewish diaspora
## Other websites
* Hebrew Wikipedia main page

## References