open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Varennes

**Varennes** is the name of several places:

## France 
**Varennes** is the name of several communes in France:
* Varennes, Dordogne
* Varennes, Haute-Garonne
* Varennes, Indre-et-Loire
* Varennes, Somme
* Varennes, Tarn-et-Garonne
* Varennes, Vienne
* Varennes, Yonne

It is also part of the name of several communes in France:
* Varennes-Changy, in the Loiret department
* Varennes-en-Argonne, in the Meuse department
* Varennes-Jarcy, in the Essonne department
* Varennes-le-Grand, in the Saône-et-Loire department
* Varennes-lès-Mâcon, in the Saône-et-Loire department
* Varennes-lès-Narcy, in the Nièvre department
* Varennes-Saint-Honorat, in the Haute-Loire department
* Varennes-Saint-Sauveur, in the Saône-et-Loire department
* Varennes-sous-Dun, in the Saône-et-Loire department
* Varennes-sur-Allier, in the Allier department
* Varennes-sur-Fouzon, in the Indre department
* Varennes-sur-Loire, in the Maine-et-Loire department
* Varennes-sur-Morge, in the Puy-de-Dôme department
* Varennes-sur-Seine, in the Seine-et-Marne department
* Varennes-sur-Tèche, in the Allier department
* Varennes-sur-Usson, in the Puy-de-Dôme department
* Varennes-Vauzelles, in the Nièvre department
* Courtemont-Varennes, in the Aisne department
* Saint-Loup-de-Varennes, in the Saône-et-Loire department
* Saint-Pierre-de-Varennes, in the Saône-et-Loire department

## Canada 
* Varennes, Quebec

## Other 
* Varenne
Varennes-sur-Seine

**Varennes-sur-Seine** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France.

## References
Kumanovo

**Kumanovo** (; ) is a city in North Macedonia, near the capital city of Skopje. In 2002, 70,842 people lived there. This City is named after the Kumans.

## References
Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf

**Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf** is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Seine-Maritime department in north France.

## References
Lambersart

**Lambersart** is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 27,400 people lived there.

## Other websites 
* INSEE commune file
Natalka Bilotserkivets

poet and translator]]
**Natalka Bilotserkivets** (born November 8, 1954) is a Ukrainian poet and translator. She is said to be one of the most prominent Ukrainian poets, alive.

## Works
**Ballad about the Invincibles* (original title: Balada pro neskorenykh) (1976, poems) 
**The Underground Fire* ( Підземний вогонь) (1984)
**November* (Листопад) (1989). [2021]

## Sources
Cladotheria

**Cladotheria** is a taxonomic group. It includes two of the three living groups of mammals. These are the placental mamnals and the marsupials. The monotremes are not in this group, but all other living mammals are in the group.

The Cladotheria also includes some groups which have become extinct.

## Common traits 
Members of the group have a number of common traits:

* They give birth to live young (as opposed to the egg-laying monotremes)
* They have two separate openings, one for the anus, and the other one for the urethra (the monotremes have just one opening)
* The shoulder area only has two bones, the scapula (shoulder blade), and the clavicula
* The mammary glands are connected to teats
* Their skull has a common layout
* On their face they have hairs called whiskers which are sensitive to touch.
* Their molars have a common pattern.

## References
Horlivka

**Horlivka** (; , *Gorlovka*) is a city of regional significance in Donetsk Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. In 2021, 241,106 people lived there.

It is occupied by Russian forces (as of 2025's third quarter).
## Twin towns 
Horlivka is twinned with:
*  Barnsley, England, United Kingdom
*  Pensacola, United States
*  Buffalo, United States
Fastiv

**Fastiv** () is a city in Kyiv Oblast (province) of central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Fastiv Raion (district). In 2024, about 44,000 people lived there.

## References
Javier Imbroda

**Francisco Javier Imbroda Ortiz** (8 January 1961 &ndash; 2 April 2022) was a Spanish basketball coach and politician. He was the sixth coach with the most games directed in the Liga ACB. He was born in Melilla, Spain. He was a member of the Andalusian Parliament since 2018 and Regional Minister of Culture and Sports since 2019.

Imbroda died on 2 April 2022 in Malaga, Spain from prostate cancer, aged 61.

## References
Santiago Rivero

**Santiago José Rivero Cruz** (El Repilado, Huelva, 22 September 1988) is a Spanish politician belonging to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, and member of the Asamblea de Madrid.

## Early life and career 
Santiago was born in Huelva, Spain. He studied his undergraduate courses at the IES San José, in Cortejana, Huelva. He graduated in Political Science and Administration at the Complutense University of Madrid. Later, he graduated with a master's degree in Search engine optimization and Search Engine Marketing. He is openly gay. He is member of COGAM, a LGBT society in Spain. He joined to Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 2019.

In 2021, he sent a message to Rocío Monasterio (from Vox, a far right party) against Madrid LGBT rights law revocation, proposed by Vox and requested as a requirement to sign the government agreement with the Popular Party of Isabel Díaz Ayuso.

## References
Where Hands Touch

***Where Hands Touch*** is a 2018 British romantic war drama movie directed by Amma Asante and starring Amandla Stenberg, George MacKay, Abbie Cornish, Christopher Eccleston, and Tom Sweet.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Montperreux

**Montperreux** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## References
Brody

**Brody** (; ; ; ) is a city in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. In 2025, more than 23 thousand people lived here.

## References
Michael Oliver (referee)

**Michael Oliver** (born 20 February 1985) is an English professional football referee from Ashington, Northumberland. His county FA is the Northumberland Football Association. He belongs to the Select Group of Referees in England and officiates primarily in the Premier League. He received his FIFA badge in 2012, allowing him to officiate in major international matches. Oliver was appointed to take charge of the final of the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Oliver was promoted to the UEFA Elite Group of Referees in 2018. He is also a Newcastle United supporter.

## Career
Born in Ashington, Northumberland, Oliver was introduced refereeing by his father, Clive, at the age of 14. He quickly progressed through the ranks and was promoted to the National List of Referees in 2007; he refereed the 2007 Conference National play-off Final, becoming the youngest football referee to officiate at Wembley Stadium. In addition he had already become the youngest Football League assistant referee, and would also become the youngest fourth official in the Premier League.

Family Oliver enjoyed a unique refereeing double when father Clive took charge of the 2009 League Two play-off Final and Michael officiated the next day at the 2009 League One play-off Final.

Some questions have been asked why Michael Oliver doesn't like to be sent to the monitor by the VAR ref after allegedly not seeing the clear foul on Liverpools Alexis Mac Allister even though it was right in front of him. The very strange behaviour and decision making from Oliver has resulted in the 23/24 PL title race taking a different trajectory. Odd,very odd.
Ichum Lairembi

**Ichum Lairembi** () or **Echum Lairembi** () or **Eechum Lairembi** () is a Lairembi (goddess) in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak. Her major cult centre of worship is located in Khurkhul region, present day Manipur.
## Legends 
According to legends, the power of Goddess *Ichum Lairembi* () resides at *Thingba Maran Ngambi* (). It is the reason why all the offerings brought for Goddess *Ichum Lairembi*  are offered to *Thingba Maran Ngambi*.

## Festival 
Every year, the sacred Lai Haraoba festival is celebrated in honor Goddess Ichum Lairembi (). Among the places of celebrations of the holy festival, Khurkhul is the predominant one.

## Related pages 
* Irai Leima
* Irai Ningthou
## References 
## Other websites 
* The Geography Of Manipur_INTERNET ARCHIVE
* 
* Registrar, India Office of the (1976). Census of India, 1971: A-10:B. District census handbook. Town & village directory. Primary census abstract [name of district. Controller of Publications.
* Manipur, India Director of Census Operations (1973). District Census Handbook: Manipur Central District. Census Operations, Manipur.
Rose apple

The **Rose apple** (*Syzygium jambos*) is a type of apple found in 1762. It is related to the Guava, is native to the East Indies and Malaya. The Rose Apple is cultivated and naturalized in many parts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Later, it was introduced to Jamaica and became well distributed in the West Indies and at low elevations, from Southern Mexico to [Peru]. In 1825, eight young trees were taken from Rio de Janeiro to Hawaii by ship. In 1853, a United States warship delivered avocado and rose apple trees from Central America to the Island of Hilo. The rose apple became further naturalized on the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

## Plant Appearance 
The rose apple tree may be merely a shrub but is generally a tree reaching 25 or even 40 ft (7.5-12 m) in height, and has a dense crown of slender, wide-spreading branches, often the overall width exceeding the height. The flowers are creamy-white or greenish-white, 2 to 4 in (5-10 cm) wide, consisting mostly of about 300 noticeable stamens to 1 1/2 in (4 cm) long, a 4-lobed calyx, and 4 greenish-white, concave petals. There are usually 4 or 5 flowers together in terminal cluster.

## Fruit Appearance 
The fruit is nearly round, oval, or slightly pear-shaped, 1 0.5 to 2 in (4-5 cm) long, with smooth, thin, pale-yellow or whitish skin, sometimes pink-blushed, covering a crisp, mealy, dry to juicy layer of yellowish flesh, sweet and resembling the scent of a rose in flavour.
John Brooks (referee)

**John Edmund C. Brooks** is an English football referee. He referees for the Premier League. Brooks was promoted in June 2021. Before this, he was a Select Group Referee and a Premier League assistant referee.

In December 2021, Brooks refereed his first Premier League match. The match was between Wolves and Burnley at The Molineux Stadium.

## References
Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party

The **Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party** (Hungarian: *Független Kisgazda-, Földmunkás- és Polgári Párt*), known mostly by its acronym **FKgP** or its shortened form '''Independent Smallholders' Party'* (Hungarian: *Független Kisgazdapárt''), is a political party in Hungary. Since the 2002 parliamentary elections, the party has won no seats.

After the end of Communism in Hungary, the Smallholders' Party was founded and took part in the center-right governments of József Antall, Péter Boross, and Viktor Orbán. In the 2002 Hungarian parliamentary election it lost all its seats in the National Assembly.

In early 2019, Our Homeland Movement made an alliance with the far-right Hungarian Justice and Life Party and FKgP.
Samara Oblast

**Samara Oblast** () is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Samara. As of 2010, 3,215,532 people lived in the oblast.

## References
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

**Nizhny Novgorod Oblast** (, *Nizhegorodskaya oblast*) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It used to be called Gorky Oblast. Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod. In 2010, 3,310,597 people lived in the oblast.

## References
Lev Landau

**Lev Davidovich Landau** (Russian: *Лев Давидович Ландау*) (22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968), was a famous Soviet physicist for contributing to theoretical physics.

He was elected as a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946. He was a Foreign Member of Royal Society of London (1960), National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1960), Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (1951), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (1956), American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1960) and German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (1964), French Physical Society and the London Physical Society.

He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Superfluidity. He also got titles or awards: Hero of Socialist Labor (1954). Max Planck Medal (Germany, 1960), Fritz London Prize (1960), USSR State Prize: Lenin Prize (1962) and Stalin Prizes (1946, 1949, 1953).

## Other websites 
* Lev Davidovich Landau (Russian)
* *Gershtein, Semyon Solomonovich*  Великий ал XX века (к 100-летию Льва Давидовича андау) (Russian)
* *Khalatnikov, Isaak Markovich*  Дау, авр и другие. авы (Russian)
* *Berestetsky, Vladimir Borisovich*  Лев Давидович Ландау (К пятидесятилетию со дня рождения) // Physical Sciences, 1958. (Russian)
* *Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich*  Лев авидович Ландау (К со дня рождения) // Advanced Physical Sciences, January 1968. (Russian)
* «Десять заповедей Ландау»  — Documentary (Russian)
* «ДЕЛО УФТИ»  (published by Yu. N. Raniuk)  (Russian)
* Документы дела 1938 года на сайте, посвящённом Моисею Корецу (Russian)
* Как рождался «Курс теоретической физики», Gorelik, Gennady Efimovich  (Russian)
* Теорминимум Ландау (Russian)
* Из досье КГБ а академика Ландау (Russian) (Записка КГБ ЦК КПСС, 1957 год   )
Premier of Nevis

The **Premier of Nevis** is the head of the Nevis Island Administration within the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

## List of premiers of Nevis (1983-present)
Simeon Daniel

**Simeon Daniel** (22 August 1934 – 27 May 2012) was a Saint Kitts and Nevis lawyer and politician. He was the first Premier of Nevis from 1983 until 1992.

## References
Joseph Parry (politician)

**Joseph Walcott Parry** is a Saint Kitts and Nevis politician. He was President of Nevis Cricket association and a representative on the Leeward Islands Cricket Association. He was the Premier of Nevis from 2006 until 2013.

## References
Andrew Madley

**Andrew "Andy" Madley** (born 5 September 1983) is an English football referee. 

## Career and Matches 
Madley began his career as a referee in Wakefield.  He soon became a Level 3A referee in 2008. As a Level 3A referee, he was able to be  an assistant referee for the three Football League divisions. The next year, he was promoted to the Panel List. He could now referee the Conference divisions. He was promoted again in 2010 when he became a Select Group Assistant Referee. At this point in his career, he started officiating on the Premier League. In 2011, hebecame a National List Referee.  At the start of the 2016–17 season, Madley was a Select Group 2 referee. He mostly  refereed in the Championship. He was piut in charge of a Premier League game for the first time on 31 March 2018. It was a match Watford and Bournemouth. In June 2019, he was promoted to the Select Group 1 Referees list.

Madley refereed the Football League Two Play-Off Semi-Final match between Cheltenham Town and Northampton Town on 4 May 2013. He also refereed the FA Vase Final on 9 May 2015 between Glossop North End and North Shields. In 2015, Madley refereed the Football League One Play-Off Semi-Final between Preston North End and Swindon Town on 24 May 2015. On 19 May 2019, Madley refereed the FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium. The match was between Leyton Orient and AFC Fylde. He also refereed the EFL League One Play Off Final between Charlton Athletic and Sunderland on 26 May 2019. His younger brother is Robert Madley.

## Other websites
*
Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)

The '''Christian Democratic People's Party'* (Hungarian: *Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt'', **KDNP**) is a right-wing Christian democratic political party in Hungary. It is officially a coalition partner of the ruling party, Fidesz, but is mostly considered a satellite party of Fidesz,and has been unable to get into the Parliament on its own since 1998. For several elections prior to the pact, they had been unable to pass the election threshold of 5% of the vote. Without Fidesz, its support cannot be measured,and even a leading Fidesz politician, János Lázár, stated that Fidesz does not consider the government to be a coalition government.

## History 
The party was founded in 1944 during World War II, aiming to represent Christian democratic values. In 1945, it was renamed the Democratic People's Party and became a significant political force. However, in 1949, under pressure from the communist regime, the party was forced to dissolve, and its leader, István Barankovics, fled abroad. 

After four decades of political inactivity during the communist era, the KDNP was re-established in 1989 as Hungary transitioned to democracy. It participated in the National Round Table discussions and joined the first post-communist government coalition led by the Hungarian Democratic Forum. 

In the early 2000s, the party faced internal challenges but regained stability under the leadership of Zsolt Semjén. Since then, the KDNP has been an ally of the Fidesz, contributing to Hungary's political landscape by promoting Christian democratic principles.

## References
American Mayapple

The American Mayapple is a herbaceous perennial plant native to the eastern part of North America. The stem can grow up to 30-40 cm tall. The plant produces two distinct growth forms. The first form, which has a single umbrella-like leaf, doesn't make any flowers or fruit. The second growth form consists of twin leaves (sometimes three), and a single white flower with six (rarely up to nine) petals, typically measuring 3-5 cm in diameter. This flower matures into a yellow-greenish fruit, which can grow 2-5 cm long. The plant usually grows in groups in open woodlands, with individual shoots often connected by systems of thick roots.

Despite its name, "mayapple", it is actually a flower that appears in early May, not an "apple," which appears later in the summer. The American Mayapple goes by several other names, including the Devil's apple, hogapple, Indian apple, umbrella plant, wild lemon, wild mandrake, and American mandrake.

According to Brian Fondren, the mayapple has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, originally by Native Americans and later by other settlers.

## Toxicity 
All the parts of the plant, except the fruit, are poisonous. The plant can kill a person in 24 hours. Even the fruit, which is not dangerously poisonous, can cause red or yellow diarrhea.
Brusimpiano

**Brusimpiano** is a *comune* (municipality) on Lake Lugano in the Province of Varese in the Italian region of Lombardy. It is about  northwest of Milan and about  north of Varese, on the border with Switzerland.

Brusimpiano is next to these municipalities: Barbengo (Switzerland), Caslano (Switzerland), Cuasso al Monte, Lavena Ponte Tresa, Marzio, Morcote (Switzerland), Porto Ceresio.

## References
Mark Brantley

**Mark Brantley** (born 11 January 1969) is a Saint Kitts and Nevis lawyer and politician. He is the Premier of Nevis since 2017 and the Minister of Foreign Affairs for St Kitts and Nevis since 2015.

## References
Vance Amory

**Vance Winkworth Amory** (22 May 1949 – 2 April 2022) was a Saint Kitts and Nevis politician and cricketer. He was the Premier of Nevis, from 1992 to 2006 and from 2013 to 2017. He also was the Minister of Sports in the Nevis Island Administration. He founded and led the Concerned Citizens' Movement. The Vance W. Amory International Airport is named after him.

## Cricket
Amory played club cricket for his home island team, Nevis, from 1970 to 1983. He made his first-class debut in the 1968/69 season when he played for the Leeward Islands against Barbados in a Shell Shield match at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown. He opened the innings and made scores of 19 and 20. Barbados won the match by an innings and 14 runs. Amory went on to play in a total of 35 first-class matches between then and March 1981. His final appearance was against the touring England XI. Although the Leewards lost by five wickets, Amory scored 37 and 56.

## Death
Amory died on 2 April 2022, aged 72.

## References
Alberto Estella Goytre

**Alberto Estella Goytre** (23 September 1940 – 1 April 2022) was a Spanish politician. She was a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre and the People's Party. She was in the Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1982. 

Estella Goytre died in Salamanca, Spain on 1 April 2022 at the age of 81.

## References
Mike Riley (referee)

**Michael "Mike" Anthony Riley** (born 17 December 1964) is an English former professional football referee, who has refereed in the English Football League, Premier League, and for FIFA and also is the General Manager for PGMOL who will be stepping down in November 2022.

## Career
He became a national Football League referee in 1994, having previously served five years on their assistant referees' list. He was later granted FIFA status in 1999 allowing him to officiate international fixtures.

In 2002, Riley refereed The FA Cup Final between Arsenal and Chelsea, which he later stated was "the highlight of my career". Riley took charge of the 2004 Football League Cup Final, between Bolton and Middlesbrough, in a game that saw all three goals scored within the first 25 minutes. He awarded a penalty to Middlesbrough after seven minutes and cautioned five players during the course of the game.
Petre Ivănescu

**Petre Ivănescu** (15 April 1936 – 1 April 2022) was a Romanian handball player and coach. He played for Dinamo București and for Romania national team. He was born in Bucharest, Romania. His playing career began in 1954 and he retired in 1974. His managing career began in 1967 and he retired in 2005.

Ivănescu died on 1 April 2022 in Essen, Germany from colon cancer at the age of 85.

## References
Silvio Longobucco

**Silvio Longobucco** (5 June 1951 – 2 April 2022) was an Italian professional footballer. He played as a defender. Longobucco was born in Scalea, Italy. His playing career lasted from 1969 until 1983. He played for Ternana Calcio, Juventus F.C., Cagliari Calcio and Cosenza Calcio 1914.

Longobucco died on 2 April 2022 in Scalea, Italy at the age of 70.

## References
Scalea

**Scalea** (Calabrian: ) is a town and *comune* in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website  
* Online community of Scalea
Mıgırdiç Margosyan

**Mıgırdiç Margosyan** (23 December 1938 – 2 April 2022) was a Turkish-Armenian writer.

Margosyan published many short stories in Armenian at the *Marmara* newspaper. Margosyan published *Gavur Mahallesi* (1992), *Söyle Margos Nerelisen?* (1995) and ''Biletimiz İstanbul'a Kesildi* (1998) in Turkish and in 1999 published his second book, *Dikrisi Aperen'' in Armenian. 

## References
Reculfoz

**Reculfoz** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## References
Prime Minister's Official Car (Japan)

**The** '''Prime Minister's Official Car''' (内閣総理大臣専用車) is the official state car used by the Prime Minister of Japan. 
The current model is the Toyota Century, which was introduced in 2020 as the replacement of the Lexus LS.

## References
Lygia Fagundes Telles

**Lygia Fagundes da Silva Telles** ( **de Azevedo Fagundes**; ; April 19, 1918 — April 3, 2022) was a Brazilian novelist and writer. She won the Camões Prize. She was elected as the third woman in the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1985. She was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.

Telles died on April 3, 2022 in São Paulo, Brazil two weeks before her 99th birthday.

## References
Sokobanja

**Sokobanja** (, ) is a city in the Zaječar District in Serbia. As of 2011, the population of the town is 7,982.

## References
Pomaretto

**Pomaretto** (French: Pomaret) is a *comune* in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, it is located about 45&nbsp;km southwest of Turin.

## References
Shujaat Hussain

**Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain** (; ; born 27 January 1940) is a senior Pakistani conservative politician and businessman. He was the 16th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 30 June 2004 until 28 August 2004. Hussain has been party president of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) since 2003.

## References
Metropolitan cities of Italy

The **metropolitan cities of Italy** (Italian: ''città metropolitane d'Italia'') are administrative divisions of Italy, which are a type of sub-provinces.

## List
Andrews, South Carolina

**Andrews** is a town in Georgetown and Williamsburg counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The population was 2,575 at the 2020 census.

## References
Mike Flood

**Michael John Flood** (born February 23, 1975) is an American attorney, businessman, and politician. Flood is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska's 1st congressional district since 2022. He was a member of the Nebraska Legislature from 2021 to 2022 and from 2005 until 2013. He was speaker of the Legislature from 2007 to 2013. He ran for Governor of Nebraska in 2014.

In January 2022, Flood announced his candidacy for the United States House of Representatives to represent Nebraska's 1st congressional district. He won the special election in June 2022.

## References
Mike Jones (referee)

**Michael "Mike" J. Jones** (born 18 April 1968) is an English retired professional football referee based in Chester. He is a member of the Cheshire County Football Association.

He began refereeing in The Football League in 1997 and was promoted in 2008 to the list of Select Group Referees who officiate all Premier League fixtures. In 2009, he refereed the FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium. Jones is now the National Group Director of the PGMOL and also the Head of Refereeing at the English Football Leagues.
Saint-Antoine, Doubs

**Saint-Antoine** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## References
Baixa

The **Baixa** (), is a neighborhood in the historic center of Lisbon, capital of Portugal.  It is north of the Praça do Comércio, somewhat between the Cais do Sodré and the Alfama district beneath the Lisbon Castle, and goes north towards the Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon).
Expresso (newspaper)

***Expresso*** () is the publication of the company Impresa and is published every week in Lisbon, Portugal.
Villers-au-Tertre

**Villers-au-Tertre** is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 661 people lived there.

## Other websites 
* INSEE commune file
Craig Pawson

**Craig Pawson** (born 2 March 1979) is an English professional football referee. He officiated primarily in the Premier League. He has been promoted to the panel of Select Group Referees in 2013, as well as in the Football League.

He is based in Greater Manchester and is associated with the Lancashire FA

Craig Pawson is also a  Sunderland and Newcastle fan supporter.
## References
Agrarian socialism

**Agrarian socialism** is a political ideology that develops as a socialist version of agrarianism. Agrarian socialism also branches into agrarian communism, which was adapted by the English Diggers movement.

## References
Bians-les-Usiers

**Bians-les-Usiers** is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2024, it was merged into the new commune of Val-d'Usiers.

## References
Mao Zedong Thought

**Mao Zedong Thought** (**MZT**) is a political thought and ideology that develops similarly to Maoism. It is based around the theories, practices, and concepts developed by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Mao Zedong, whom was Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death in 1976. It separates from Maoism due to differences with Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. Mao Zedong Thought is an application of Marxism and Leninism through Marxism–Leninism in China. MZT was the driving force behind the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.

## History 
### Early development 
Mao Zedong, the father of Mao Zedong Thought, published his first work in April of 1917. It was titled *A Study of Physical Education*. *Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society* is a notable work Mao Zedong published prior to the start of the Chinese Civil War, being published in March of 1926. The *Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement In Hunan* was published just a month before the Chinese Civil War began.

### Chinese Civil War 
Following the start of the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang in 1927, Mao Zedong continued publishing political works. Among these were *Why is it that Red Political Power can Exist in China?*, *The Struggle in the Chingkang Mountains*, ''The Second Anniversary of An Wu-ching's Martyrdom*, and *On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party''. These four works were published between 1928 and 1929.

### Cultural Revolution 
The Cultural Revolution was considered a major cultural movement in the development of Mao Zedong Thought by the Socialist Unity Centre of India. The Red Guards, a group primarily consisting of young students, were pivotal in enforcing Mao Zedong Thought throughout the Cultural Revolution. They used violent tactics to uphold MZT and targeted anyone deemed anti-revolutionary. By the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, there were more than 500,000 estimated fatalities.      

## References
Blackduck, Minnesota

**Blackduck** is a city in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. 845 people lived here at the 2020 census.

## References
Haratin

**Haratin** (), are a North African ethnic group native to western Sahel and southwestern Maghreb. The Haratin are mostly found in modern Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara, and Algeria. In Tunisia and Libya.

## References
Bretonvillers

**Bretonvillers** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## References
Idar-Oberstein

**Idar-Oberstein** is a town in Birkenfeld in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. About 30,000 people lived there.

Idar-Oberstein is known as a gemstone and garrison town. It is also the largest town in the Hunsrück.

Actor Bruce Willis was born here.

## Twin towns 
Idar-Oberstein is twinned with:
*  Achicourt, France 
*  Les Mureaux, France
*  Margate, England, United Kingdom
*  Turnov, Czech Republic

## References 
## Other websites 
*
History of Iraq

The **history of Iraq**, also known as **Iraqi history**, is an aspect of world history that is based in the Middle East, focusing around the country of Iraq.

## Prehistory 
One of the first known sites in prehistoric Iraq is the Shanidar Cave. The region of Mesopotamia was a major part of the Neolithic revolution in around 10,000 BCE.
Indo-Parthian Kingdom

.]]

The **Indo-Parthian Kingdom** was a Parthian kingdom that existed from 19 to about 226 AD in what is now eastern Iran, most of Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan and northwestern India.

It was founded by Gondophares with Taxila.

## Main rulers 
* Gondophares I (c. 19 – 46) Coin
* Gondophares II Sarpedones (first years AD – c. 20 AD)Coin
* Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Coin
* Gondophares III Gudana, previously Orthagnes (c. 20 AD – 30 AD)
* Gondophares IV Sases, (mid-1st century AD)
* Ubouzanes, (late-1st century AD)
* Pacores (late 1st century AD) Coin

## Related pages 
* Indo-Greek Kingdom
* History of Pakistan
* Kushan Empire

## References 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Coins of the Indo-Parthians
David Neil MacKenzie

**David Neil MacKenzie** FBA (8 April 1926 &#x2013; 13 October 2001) was a scholar of Iranian languages.

MacKenzie helped with the study of Iranic languages. This includes Middle Persian, Sogdian and Pashto.

He wrote the *Concise Pahlavi Dictionary* (1971). It was one of the most famous lexicographic(a dictionary that translates two languages) books for the 9th-12th century Zoroastrian texts.

## References
Manipur bush rat

The **Manipur bush rat** (, ) or '''Hume's rat** or **Hume's hadromys''' is a species of rodent. It belongs to the family Muridae. It is found in Manipur and other Northeastern Indian regions. It is an endangered species.

## Home 
The species lives only in Northeast India. It has been recorded from several localities.
# Angarakhata in Kamrup district (Assam)

The Manipur bush rat lives at places with medium altitudes from  above sea level.

## Finding out 
The murid was described by Oldfield Thomas in 1886. The description was from specimens in the Manipur collection of Allan Octavian Hume. It was donated to the British Museum (Natural History) after Hume's life's work in ornithological notes were sold by a servant as waste paper. The Manipur Bush Rat was named in honour of him.

## Description 
The specimen has been described by Thomas (1886) as:
## Safeguarding level 
The species has been given safeguarding level (conservation status) of "Endangered - B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)" in IUCN Red List ver 3.1. The rules for this rating include:
* maximum area of living (less than ).
* maximum geographical area of span (less than ).
* less than five reported areas. 
* continuing decline in areas and destruction of homes.

The main causes of damages to the conditions of this species are found to be loss of and destruction of home, separation, and overpass. Other than these, hunting and firing are also the contributing causes.

## References
Manipur bush quail

The **Manipur bush quail** (, ) is a species of quail found in Manipur and other Northeastern Indian regions. It lives in humid and moist grasslands, particularly among tall grasses. It was first collected and described by Allan Octavian Hume on a mission to study about birds of Manipur in 1881.

*P. manipurensis* is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN's Red List. Its home place is small, separated and fastly becoming smaller.

BBC News reported the speech of the conservation director of the Wildlife Trust of India, Rahul Kaul, as "This creature has almost literally returned from the dead." Captain Wood noted that the bird was commonly trapped by Manipuri people after bush fires. Further, he also noted the Manipuri language name was *lanz-soibol* (literally meaning "trap quail").

## References 
## Other websites
Manipur white-toothed rat

The **Manipur white-toothed rat** (, ) is a species of rodent. It belongs to the family Muridae. It is found in Manipur of Northeastern India, northern and central Myanmar and Yunnan province of China (west of the Salween River).

## Home 
In India, it is found in 
# Bishenpur, Senapati and Imphal in Manipur
# Golaghat in Assam
# Kekrima Hills and Naga Hills in Nagaland

## References 
## Other websites
Anthony Taylor (referee)

**Anthony Taylor** (born 20 October 1978) is an English non-professional football referee from Wythenshawe, Manchester.

In 2010, he was promoted to the list of Select Group Referees who specialize in the Premier League, and in 2013 he became a registered referee for FIFA allowing him to referee European and international matches. In 2015, he attended the Carabao Cup final at Wembley Stadium when Chelsea beat Tottenham Hotspur 2-0. Taylor returned to Wembley Stadium later that year to attend the FA Community Shield as Arsenal beat Chelsea 1-0. He commented on the 2017 and 2020 FA Cup finals, both between Chelsea and Arsenal; Arsenal won both times 2-1. When selected, he became the first to referee a second FA Cup Final since Arthur Kingscott in 1901.

## References
Hoya manipurensis

***Hoya manipurensis*** is an oleander plant species. It was first described by Debendra Bijoy Deb. *Hoya manipurensis* belongs to the genus "Hoya". It belongs to the family of oleander plants.

## References 

## Other websites 
* Hoya manipurensis_Royal Botanic Garden, Kew
You Are Old, Father William

"**You Are Old, Father William**" is a poem by Lewis Carroll. It appears in his 1865 novel ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. It is recited by Alice in Chapter 5.

## The poem 
"You are old, Father William," the young man said,

   "And your hair has become very white;

And yet you incessantly stand on your head—

   Do you think, at your age, it is right?"

"In my youth," Father William replied to his son,

   "I feared it might injure the brain;

But now that I'm perfectly sure I have none,

   Why, I do it again and again."

"You are old," said the youth, "as I mentioned before,

   And have grown most uncommonly fat;

Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door—

   Pray, what is the reason of that?"

"In my youth," said the sage, as he shook his grey locks,

   "I kept all my limbs very supple

By the use of this ointment—one shilling the box—

   Allow me to sell you a couple."

"You are old," said the youth, "and your jaws are too weak

   For anything tougher than suet;

Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak—

   Pray, how did you manage to do it?"

"In my youth," said his father, "I took to the law,

   And argued each case with my wife;

And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw,

   Has lasted the rest of my life."

"You are old," said the youth, "one would hardly suppose

   That your eye was as steady as ever;

Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose—

   What made you so awfully clever?"

"I have answered three questions, and that is enough,"

   Said his father; "don't give yourself airs!

Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff?

   Be off, or I'll kick you down the stairs!
Manipur fulvetta

The **Manipur fulvetta**  or **Manipur streak-throated fulvetta** () is a species of bird. It belongs to the biological family Sylviidae. It is named after Manipur State in Northeast India. Like the other typical fulvettas, it was included in the Timaliidae genus *Alcippe* for a very long time. Additionally, it was included in *F. cinereiceps* as a subspecies for a very long time. The common name "streak-throated fulvetta" is related to all the birds of its species. The typical *F. cinereiceps* are now called "Grey-hooded fulvetta".

It is found in Manipur of Northeast India, Myanmar and Yunnan of China.

Its natural home are temperate forests. Its condition was first checked up for the IUCN Red List in 2008. It was listed as a "Species of Least Concern".

## References 
## Other websites 
* BirdLife International (BLI) (2008a) Streak-throated Fulvetta Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2008-MAY-26.
* BirdLife International (BLI) (2008b): [2008 IUCN Redlist status changes&#93;. Retrieved 2008-MAY-23.
* Collar, N.J. & Robson, Craig (2007): Family Timaliidae (Babblers). *In:* del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Christie, D.A. (eds.): *Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 12* (Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees): 70-291. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Bobby Madley

**Robert "Bobby" Madley** (born 6 October 1985) is an English professional football referee. He was on list of Select Group Referees  in the Premier League between 2013 and 2018. He was in the Football League as a referee from 2010. He was one of the youngest officials to progress to the top-flight of English football.

Madley was previously one of the referee development officers for the West Riding County Football Association before taking up a full-time role with the Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL). His older brother Andrew Madley, is a Football League referee.

## References
Villeneuve-d'Amont

**Villeneuve-d&#39;Amont** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## References
Graham Poll

**Graham Poll** (born 29 July 1963) is an English former football referee in the Premier League.
## Career
With 26 years of experience, he was one of the most famous referees in English football. He was often taking charge of the highest-profile games. His final domestic game in a career spanning 1,544 matches was the Championship play-off final on 28 May 2007 between Derby County and West Bromwich Albion.

He was the English representative at two World Cups and UEFA Euro 2000, and refereed the 2005 UEFA Cup Final.

In his third game of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, Croatia vs Australia, he cautioned Croatian defender Josip Šimunić three time before sending him off. Poll retired from refereeing international tournament finals matches shortly afterwards, citing his error in the match. He continued to referee in the Premier League, Champions League and on international games, but said he would disallow himself to be nominated to represent the FA at any tournament finals as he felt he had his chance.

## References
Portuguese Constitution of 1822

The **Portuguese Constitution of 1822** () approved on 23 September 1822 was the first Portuguese constitution, it was an attempt to end absolutism (absolute monarchy) and introduce a constitutional monarchy. It was important to the history of democracy in Portugal. It was replaced by the Constitutional Charter of 1826.

The constitution was the result of the Constituent Cortes of 1820, which happened after the Liberal Revolution. 

## References
Time in Portugal

**Portugal** has two time zones and has daylight saving time. 

Continental Portugal and Madeira use UTC+00:00 and the Azores use UTC–01:00. 

Daylight saving time is observed in the whole country from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October. So, every year, continental Portugal and Madeira then use UTC+01:00, and the Azores then use UTC+00:00.

## References
Mega Babies

***Mega Babies*** is an animated children's television series created by Paul Rudish, who had previously made the Cartoon Network shows ''Dexter's Laboratory*, *The Powerpuff Girls* and *Samurai Jack''. It is produced by CinéGroupe and Landmark Entertainment Group in association with Sony Wonder.

The series was broadcast on Cartoon Network and Teletoon. The show was also aired in UK on Sky One's weekday mornings and later repeated on Channel 5 on weekend mornings between 2001 and 2002.
Furry Vengeance

***Furry Vengeance*** is a 2010 American family black comedy film directed by Roger Kumble, produced by Robert Simonds and Keith Goldberg, written by Michael Carnes and Josh Gilbert, co-produced by Participant Media, Imagenation Abu Dhabi and Robert Simonds Productions with music by Edward Shearmur, and distributed by Summit Entertainment.

It stars Brendan Fraser, Brooke Shields, and Ken Jeong with Dee Bradley Baker as the different animal vocal effects. It was theatrically released on April 30, 2010. The film earned $36.2 million on a $35 million budget.

*Furry Vengeance* was Fraser's final film as part of the William Morris Endeavor agency, as he switched to the Creative Arts Agency in 2010. This film was also Alice Drummond's final feature film role before her death on November 30, 2016.
Belmont, Doubs

**Belmont** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Personalities 
It is the birthplace of Louis Pergaud (1882–1915), writer and soldier.

## References
BreadTube

**BreadTube**, or **LeftTube**, is a group of online content creators making videos. They often make video essays and livestreams from left-wing perspectives like socialism, communism or anarchism.

## Videos
BreadTube creators post videos on YouTube that are discussed on other online platforms, like Reddit. Some BreadTube creators livestream on Twitch.

## Creators
Some well-known BreadTube Creators are Vaush, Hasan Piker and ContraPoints.

BreadTube creators are known to join in a form of "algorithmic hijacking". They will choose to focus on the same topics discussed by content creators with right-wing politics. This lets their videos being recommended to the same audiences who like right-wing or far-right videos.

## References
Trachycephalus dibernardoi

***Trachycephalus dibernardoi*** is a frog that lives in Brazil and Argentina.  Scientists think it might also live in Paraguay.
## Taxonomy 
; First scientific paper
Scientists wrote the first paper about this species in 2008. Herpetologists Axel Kwet and Mirco Solé wrote it.

; First place found

Officially, scientists first found this species here: "Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza (CPCN) Pró Mata, at these map numbers: , at 950&nbsp;meters above sea level, in the town of São Francisco de Paula in the state of Río Grande del Sur, Brazil." The species name *dibernardoi* is for the last name of the frog scientist Marcos Di Bernardo.  The other scientists named the frog after him because he found so much knowledge about the frogs and other amphibians of Río Grande del Sur. In 2006, Di Bernardo died of skin cancer when he was 42 years old. 

Scientists think this frog lives in many places.  It lives no lower than 150 meters above sea level and no higher than 1100 meters above sea level through all of the Sierra Geral mountains and places nearby.  Scientists think it could also live in western Paraguay and in the state of Paraná in Brazil.

## Threats 
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), says this species is "not in much danger of dying out" in its Red List of Endangered Species.

## References
Allan Havey

**Allan Havey** (born September 19, 1954) is an American stand-up comic and actor. 
## Career
He started his career as a comedian in New York City in 1981. He made his national debut in 1986 on *Late Night with David Letterman* and made many appearances on the show throughout the 1980s and 1990s. When Letterman left NBC for CBS after not being chosen to replace Johnny Carson as host of *The Tonight Show*, Havey was one of several comedians considered by NBC to replace Letterman.
## References
Ivaylo Andonov

**Ivaylo Viktorov Andonov** (; born 14 August 1967) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Football career
After starting professionally with hometown's PFC Pirin Blagoevgrad, Andonov was constantly being one of the first division top scorers.

Between 1994 and 1996, he spent his playing career in Spain and Germany. Returning afterwards to CSKA, Andonov scored 18 times in 25 matches, for another championship. He retired in 2000 at the age of 33, after two seasons with PFC Lokomotiv Sofia and another spell in Germany, with 1. FC Union Berlin.

Andonov gained five caps for Bulgaria and was picked for the squad at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, but did not leave the bench during the tournament in the United States as the national team finished in fourth position.

In 2001, he established his own children's academy near the village Pokrovnik.

## Honours
**CSKA Sofia**
*Bulgarian League: 1991–92, 1996–97
*Bulgarian Cup: 1992–93, 1996–97

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Jarred Gillett

**Jarred Gavan Gillett** (born 1 November 1986) is an Australian football referee in the Premier League, following the announcement on 3 August 2021, that he had been promoted to the Select Group referees list.

## References
Dildar Atmaca

**Dildar Atmaca** (born 17 October 2002) is a German footballer who plays as a winger for 1. FC Bocholt.

## Career statistics
## References
Bucha massacre

**Bucha massacre** is the name of a number of war crimes that happened in the Ukrainian city of Bucha in 2022, during the Battle of Bucha (see Kyiv offensive), during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. 

## Claims
### By Ukraine
Ukrainian authorities said that more than 300 inhabitants of the city had been killed, They asked the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate what had happened in Bucha.

### By Russia
Russian authorities denied any wrongdoing and said some footage (or video) and photographs of corpses (dead bodies) were false flag or "provocation" by Ukrainian police or territorial militia and that some specific footage was a "staged performance" by Ukrainian authorities, who entered Bucha days before any reports of bodies.

## Victims
At least 20 Some others, were burned after they were killed.

## After the Battle of Bucha
On March 31, the mayor of Bucha (Anatol Fedoruk) said on social media that foreign armed forces were no longer in Bucha.

Before noon on April 3, the first journalists went into the city (after the Battle of Bucha).

On April 4, the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, visited the streets of Bucha.

## References
## Other websites
Marcel Appiah

**Marcel Appiah** (born 26 March 1988) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back or right-back for VfB Oldenburg. He previously played for Eredivisie club NEC, Arminia Bielefeld, VfL Osnabrück, Birmingham Legion, and VfR Aalen.

## Career
Appiah played in the youth for TuS Ennepetal, FC Schalke 04, TSG Sprockhövel, VfL Bochum and SG Wattenscheid. He made his professional debut in the 2. Bundesliga on 24 April 2010 against 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

## Honours
**NEC**
*Eerste Divisie: 2014–15

## References
## Other websites
* 
*