open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
PuTTY

**PuTTY** is a terminal emulator application which can act as a client for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols. The word "PuTTY" has no meaning, though 'tty' is  sometimes used to refer to the Unix terminals, as an acronym for '**t**ele**ty**pe'.

PuTTY was first written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to other operating systems including some Unix-like platforms. Mac OS and Mac OS X are still being ported, while unofficial ports have been ported it to the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems.

PuTTY is currently beta software. Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.

## Features 
Some features of PuTTY are:
* Unicode support.
* Control over the SSH encryption key and protocol version.
* Command-line SCP and SFTP clients, called "pscp" and "psftp" respectively.
* Control over port forwarding with SSH (local, remote or dynamic port forwarding), including built-in handling of X11 forwarding.
* Emulates most xterm, VT102 control sequences, as well as much of ECMA-48 terminal emulator.
* IP Version 6 support.
* Supports 3DES, AES, Arcfour, Blowfish, DES.
* Public-key authentication support.
* Support for local serial port connections.

## Main Programs 
.]]
The versions available are made up of some or all of the following programs:
* PuTTY - the Telnet and SSH client itself;
* PSCP - an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy;
* PSFTP - an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP;
* PuTTYtel - a Telnet-only client;
* Plink - a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends;
* Pageant - an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP and Plink;
* PuTTYgen - an RSA and DSA key generation utility;
* pterm - a standalone terminal emulator.

## Related pages
* W-PuTTY-CD
* FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
* Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption

## References 
## Other websites 
* Project home page
*Development libraries related to PuTTY
** W-PuTTY-CD, PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL 
*Other versions of PuTTY (for Windows):
** KiTTY
** PuTTY Tray 
** QuestPutty 
** ExtraPuTTY (Portable PuTTY for USB sticks,TestStand Step, Win32 API,PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL ....) 
** PuTTYcyg
** Portable PuTTY for USB sticks
*Other programs related to PuTTY
** PuTTY Connection Manager
** PuTTY Session Manager
Computer security

**Computer security **is a branch of information technology known as information security which is intended to protect computers. Computer security has three main goals:

*Confidentiality: Making sure people cannot acquire information they should not (*keeping secrets*) 
*Integrity: Making sure people cannot change information they should not (*protecting data*)
*Availability: Making sure people cannot stop the computer from doing its job.

Computer security involves telling computers what they are *not to do*. This makes computer security unique because most programming makes computers *do* things. Security takes much of a computer's power.

Basic computer security methods (in approximate order of strength) can be:

* Limit access to computers to "safe" users.
* Peripherals that block any "unsafe" activity.
* Firewall and antivirus software.

An example of complexity and pervasiveness of the issue is vending machines, per *Hackers Lurking in Vents and Soda Machines* April 7, 2014 New York Times.

## References 
## Related pages
* Cybercrime
* FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
* Internet safety
* Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
* Memory safety
Frank-Walter Steinmeier

**Frank-Walter Steinmeier** (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician. He was Foreign Secretary, Vice Chancellor of Germany and is currently the twelfth President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Steinmeier was born in Detmold in 1956. After his *abitur* (secondary school exam) and his military service, he studied law in Gießen. He obtained his Doctorate of Law in 1991.

After 1991, he worked in the State Chancellory of Lower Saxony for the Minister-President, Gerhard Schröder. From 1998, he was Undersecretary of State in Gerhard Schröder's Chancellor Office after Schröder became Chancellor of Germany. In 1999 he became Secretary of State.

In 2005, he became the new Foreign Minister of Germany in the coalition cabinet of Angela Merkel. He became Vice Chancellor of Germany in 2007. In 2008 he was elected to be the chancellor  of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for the election in 2009. The SPD got their worst result ever in a German federal election (23.0%), and Steinmeier became leader of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag.

From 2013 to 2017 he was again Foreign Minister.

Since 19 March 2017 he has been President of Germany, succeeding Joachim Gauck. He was re-elected in 2022 in a landslide victory.

## References
Lanzarote

**Lanzarote** is one of the Canary Islands.

## Geography and Climate 
Lanzarote is one of the two islands in the east of the Canary Islands. It is located 100&nbsp;km west of the Western African coast line and 11&nbsp;km north of the neighbouring island Fuerteventura. 
Its dimensions are from east to west coast 16.5&nbsp;km, from north to south 60&nbsp;km.
The island was created by volcano eruptions.
There is only limited natural vegetation on the island.
About 130,000 people live on Lanzarote. The largest town on the island is Arrecife.

## Economy 
Lanzarote has one international airport at Arreceife (airport code ACE). Lanzarote's economy is mainly supported by tourism.
Many tourist come to the island for sunbathing, swimming, windsurfing, walking or snorkeling.

There are a few agricultural producers on the island, and in particular there are some vineyards producing local wines.

## Gallery 

 Image:2008-12-15 Lanzarote Wreck.jpg| Arrecife
 Image: 2008-12-22 Lanzarote JardinDeCactus.jpg| Jardín de Cactus
 Image:2008-12-18 Lanzarote CuevaDeLosVerdes.jpg| Cueva de los Verdes
 Image:2008-12-19 Lanzarote ElGolfo.jpg| El Golfo
 Image:2008-12-19 Lanzarote Timanfaya.jpg| Timanfaya National Park
 Image:2008-12-19 Lanzarote Timanfaya NationalPark.jpg| Timanfaya National Park
 Image:2008-12-25 Lanzarote Timanfaya 03.jpg| Timanfaya National Park
 Image:2008-12-25_Lanzarote_Timanfaya.jpg| Timanfaya National Park
 Image:2008-12-15 Lanzarote SalinasDeJanubio.jpg| Salinas del Janubio
 Image:2008-12-21 Lanzarote LaGeria.jpg| La Geria
 Image:2008-12-17 Lanzarote MiradorDelRio.jpg|La Graciosa / Mirador Del Rio
 Image:2008-12-16Lanzarote PlayaBlanca.jpg|Playa Blanca

## References
## Other websites 
* Web Centers of Art, Culture and Tourism of Lanzarote
* Official Lanzarote Website
* Pictures of Lanzarote
Bama Boyz

**The Bama Boyz** (a.k.a **the Bamaz**) are a Grammy-nominated, Dove Award winning, American record production, songwriting, and artist trio, with Eddie “E-Trez” Smith III, Jesse J. Rankins, Jonathan D. Wells as members.
Tipper Gore

**Mary "Tipper" Elizabeth Gore** (née **Aitcheson**; born August 19, 1948) is an American author, photographer, writer, and educator. She was the second lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 as the wife of the 45th vice president of the United States, Al Gore. 

## Early life and education 
Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson was born on August 19, 1948 in Washington D.C. to John Aitcheson Jr. and Margaret Carlson Aitcheson. She later grew up in Arlington, Virginia and she was later raised by both her mother and grandmother after her parents divorced.

She attended schools and universities such as, St. Stephens and St. Agnes School, Garland Junior College, Boston University, Vanderbilt University, and George Peabody College. Aitcheson later pursued and graduated with both a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts.

## Marriage and family 
Aitcheson met Al Gore at his senior prom in 1965 and they began dating afterwards. On May 19, 1970, they married at the Washington National Cathedral. They have four children named, Karenna, Kristin, Sarah, and Albert Gore lll.

## Second Lady of the United States (1993–2001) 
Gore assumed the role and duties as the second lady of the United States on January 20, 1993 succeeding, Marilyn Quayle when her husband inaugurated as the 45th vice president of the United States. As second lady, Tipper served as the mental health policy advisor to the president. Her goals were to destroy the stigma surrounding mental illness and to bring awareness to the need for affordable mental health care. In 1999, she hosted the first White House conference on mental health. That same year, she launched the National Mental Health Awareness Campaign to encourage Americans to seek treatment for mental illness.

Along with her work in mental health, Gore was a part of several other initiatives during her time as second lady. Tipper visited a refugee camp and an orphanage in Zaire on a personal trip to provide aid in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide. She stayed in a United Nations camp to assist doctors and aid workers and also made an official visit to Honduras in 1998 following Hurricane Mitch to volunteer, bring medical supplies, and to survive the damage.

Gore was actively involved in her presidential campaign in 2000, making her own campaign stops and media appearances. She also acted as an advisor and hired Tony Coelho as chairman in part of her husband's presidential campaign. Her husband lost and was defeated by George W. Bush in a close tie in the race, due to a Florida recount. Gore served as the second lady from 1993 until her husband's term ended in 2001.

## References
Lynne Cheney

**Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney** (born August 14, 1941) is an American author and novelist. She was the second lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009 as the wife of the 46th vice president of the United States, Dick Cheney.

## Early life
Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming. Her mother, Edna Lolita (nee Lybyer), became a deputy sheriff, and her father, Wayne Edwin Vincent, was an engineer. She is a descendant of Mormon pioneers. She has family roots in Denmark, Sweden, England, Ireland, and Wales. She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist after she married Dick Cheney.

## Books
, Italy. (2004)]]
Lynne Cheney is the author or co-author of several books:

* *Blue Skies, No Fences: A Memoir of Childhood and Family* (2007) ()
* *Our 50 States: A Family Adventure Across America* (2006) ()
* *A Time for Freedom: What Happened When in America* (2005) ()
* *When Washington Crossed the Delaware : A Wintertime Story for Young Patriots* (2004) ()
* *A is for Abigail : An Almanac of Amazing American Women* (2003) ()
* *America: A Patriotic Primer* (2002) ()
* *The Body Politic: A Novel* (2000) ()
* *Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History* (1996) ()
* *Telling the Truth* (1995) ()
* *Academic Freedom* (1992) ()
* *American Memory: A Report on the Humanities in the Nations Public Schools* (1987) ()
* *Sisters* (1981; New American Library, Penguin Group) ()
* *Executive Privilege* (1979) ()

## References
Speaker of the House of Commons

**Speaker of the House of Commons** can refer to:
*Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom), which has historically comprised:
**Speaker of the House of Commons of England (-1706)
**Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain (1707-1800)
**Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (1801-)
*Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons (1867-)
*Speaker of the Northern Ireland House of Commons
Graphium

***Graphium*** is a genus of swallowtail butterflies. They are commonly known as **swordtails**. They are native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. The genus has over 100 species. These species are mostly tropical. Their coloration is variable. Their habitat varies from rainforests to savannahs. Some species have tails on their hind wings which may be long and swordlike. Others do not have any tails. *Graphium* species are often seen at mud puddles.
Zlib License

The **zlib License** is an open source software license.

## The license
The words of the zlib License are:

```
This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:

1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
   appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
   misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
```

## Related pages
* List of software licenses

## References
*http://www.zlib.net/zlib_license.html
Plant cutting

**Plant cutting**, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants. With this method,  a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting then grows new roots, stems, or both, and becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

## References
Ferdinand Lassalle

**Ferdinand Lassalle** (11 April 1825 — 31 August 1864) was a German jurist and socialist politician.

Lassalle was born in Breslau. His father sent him to a business school in Leipzig. Lassalle changed to the University of Breslau. He later studied in Berlin.
He studied Philosophy, Philology (Latin and Ancient Greek) and Law.

Lassalle took part in the revolutions of 1848-49. He was put into prison and later banned from Berlin. He lived in Düsseldorf that time. In 1859, Lassalle returned to Berlin.

Lassalle was a liberal politician in the early 1860s. The liberals had some struggles with Otto von Bismarck. Lassalle thought about the living conditions of the working class. He found that the idea of self-help would not help the working-class people. This led him to become a member of the Communist league. He was in opposition to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels because of his different ideas on how the people should bring socialism. 

Lassalle founded the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV) in 1863. This party later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Lassalle was killed in a duel.
Jonny Kennedy (rugby union)

**Jonny Kennedy** (born 16 February 1990) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Leighton, Cheshire. He plays as a centre or on the wing.

## Other websites
*Sale Sharks profile
Franz Müntefering

**Franz Müntefering** (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician. He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Müntefering was born in Neheim-Hüsten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1975 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2013.

1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 he was Party Chairman in that state.

From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschäftsführer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 he was fraction leader in the Bundestag.

He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005. 
From 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - to care for his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.

From 2008 to 2009 he was Party Chairman of the SPD again.

## Other websites
* Biography by German Bundestag
Nick Royle

**Nick Royle**  (born 1983)  is a current England Rugby Sevens International rugby union player. He plays as a winger.

He has played for Warrington, Widnes Vikings, Sale Sharks and Fylde.

## Other websites
*Sale Sharks profile
Swallowtail butterfly

**Swallowtail butterflies** are large, colorful butterflies which form the family **Papilionidae**. There are at least 550 species, and though the majority are tropical, members of the family are found on all continents except Antarctica. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the birdwing butterflies of Australia (genus * Ornithoptera*).

## References
Martin Halsall

**Martin Halsall** (born 25 December 1984 in Blackpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

## Other websites
*Sale Sharks profile
Secret Water

***Secret Water*** is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's *Swallows and Amazons* series of children's books. It was published in 1939.

This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat *Nancy Blackett*. He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.

## Plot summary
The Swallows mean to sail in the *Goblin* to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business. Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island. Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
For a surprise, he has arranged for the Amazons to come down from the Lake District and join them with another dinghy.

They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy. He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly. Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.

It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.

## Related pages
* Beaumont Cut
Hans-Dietrich Genscher

**Hans-Dietrich Genscher** (21 March 1927 &ndash; 31 March 2016) was a German politician. 

## Early life
Genscher was born at Reideburg, near Halle. Genscher served in World War II from 1943 to 1945. He joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18. After the war, he studied economics and law in Halle and Leipzig. He joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.

In 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany. There he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954. After that, he became a solicitor in Bremen. 

## Career 
In 1965, Genscher was elected to the Bundestag, the West German parliament for the first time. From 1969 to 1974, he was Federal Minister of the Interior under Chancellor Willy Brandt.
 
Genscher was Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 under Helmut Schmidt.  Two weeks later, he began to serve in the same positions under Helmut Kohl. He served the second time from 1982 to 1992.  He was Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor.

## Death
Genscher died at his home in Wachtberg, Germany from heart failure on 31 March 2016, aged 89.

## Related pages 
* Politics of Germany

## References
Aramid

**Aramids** are polymers. The name stands for *aromatic polyamide*. Structurally aramids are similar to proteins.

## Overview 
Stephanie Kwolek developed aramids at DuPont in 1965. DuPont uses the trade name *Kevlar* for them. 

Aramids are very present in security helmets, in splinter-resistant glass, in Ballistic vests. They are used as a replacement for asbestos as a building material, for gaskets and other sealings, but also as helpers to make sails, parachutes and similar tools.

## Chemistry 
Aramids are a condensation polymer made from aromatic compounds connected by amide functional groups. The usual ingredients used to make aramids are an aromatic diamine and aromatic diacyl chloride, such as *p*-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride.
Brute force attack

cracking machine has over 1,800 custom chips and could brute-force a DES key in a matter of days. ]]
A **brute force attack** is a term in cryptanalysis. It means trying to break a coded cyphertext by trying a lot of possibilities with fast computers. For example, a large number of the possible keys are tried in the key space. If successful , this decrypts the encrypted message. 

## Overview 
The theoretical possibility of a brute force attack is recognized by the cryptographic system designers. They work to make the cryptographic system very difficult for computers to break using brute force attack. For that reason, one of the definitions of "breaking" a cryptographic scheme is to find a method faster than a brute force attack.

The selection of an appropriate key length depends on how difficult it will be to break it using a brute force attack. By obfuscating the data before encryption, brute force attacks are less effective and more difficult to determine.

The brute force attack can be used together with a dictionary attack.

For symmetric encryption, a key size of 128 bits is considered secure against brute force by traditional computers. 192 or 256 bits is considered secure against quantum computers. Many old ciphers, such as DES, used short keys which made them breakable by brute force.
Information theory

**Information theory** is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering.  Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value.  In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication.  Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values.  The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.  

A key measure in information theory is "entropy". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.
James Baker

**James Addison Baker, III** (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political adviser.

He served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagan's first administration and in the final year of the administration of President George H. W. Bush. Baker also served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration.

## Namesake
James Baker is the  of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

## References
Authentication

**Authentication** (pronounced  "aw-then-ti-keyt") (from Greek *αυθεντικός;* real or genuine, from *authentes;* author) is the actions taken to establish or verify something (or someone) as *authentic*. It is the method of verifying claims made by someone about the thing. This might involve confirming the identity of a person, the origins of an object (or something), or to make sure that a computer program (or user) is a trusted one. People are usually authenticated by something they know (password), something they have (key), or something they are (biometrics).

## Related pages 
*Digital signature
Carl Fearns

**Carl Fearns** (born 28 May 1989 in Liverpool) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

## Other websites
*Sale Sharks profile
Hostname

A **hostname** (also known as a **sitename**) is the unique name by which a network device (which may be a computer, file server, network storage device, copier, cable modem, etc.) is defined and known on a network.  The hostname is used to identify a particular host in various electronic communication networks such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet. 

On the Internet, the terms "hostname" and "domain name" are often misused interchangeably, but there are small technical differences between them.

## Related pages
* Internet protocol suite
* Communications protocol

## References
Kandinsky

(1923)]]
,  *The Blue Rider*, 1903 (painting)]]

**Wassily  Kandinsky**  ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist.

He was one of the most important 20th-century artists. He was a major figure in modern art and painted some of the first modern abstract works.

*Der Blaue Reiter* (The Blue Rider) was a group of artists that was started (1911) in Germany, by Kandinsky and Franz Marc. *Der Blaue Reiter* also became an art movement. 

His art changed several times during his life. It was fauvist, abstract, expressionist and constructivist in turn.

## Life 
Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odesa. He enrolled at the University of Moscow and chose to study law and economics. Quite successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—he started painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.

In 1896 he settled in Munich and studied first in a private school, then at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. He went back to Moscow in 1914 after World War I started. He was unsympathetic to the official theories on art in Moscow and returned to Germany in 1921. There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France where he lived the rest of his life, and became a French citizen in 1939.  He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.

## Influences 
Later in life he would recall being fascinated and stimulated by colour as a child. His fascination with colour symbolism and psychology continued as he grew. In 1889, he was part of an ethnographic research group which travelled to the Vologda region north of Moscow. In *Looks on the Past*, he tells how the houses and churches were decorated with such shimmering colours that, on entering them, he felt he was moving into a painting. This experience, and his study of the region's folk art (particularly the use of bright colours on a dark background), can be seen in much of his early work.

He was interested in geometry in art and philosophy. The creative aspect of the form is expressed by a descending series of circles, triangles and squares.

File:A Riding Amazon.jpg|*A riding Amazon*, 1911
File:Fugue.JPG|*Fugue*, 1914
File:P1010981copyv Abbemuseum.jpg|Schilderij Blick auf Murnau mit Kirche, 1920 

## Related pages 
*List of Russian painters
## References
Gran Turismo (video game)

***Gran Turismo*** is a driving simulation video game created by Polyphony Digital for Sony PlayStation console. The game was first sold in 1997. There are seven main games of *Gran Turismo* series and by late 2008 over 50 million *Gran Turismo* games have been sold by Sony. Each of the games simulate many different types of car including small, big, racing, old, new, Formula one and concept cars such as the Nike 2022. The cars look very . Gran Turismo games were one of the first video games to include music from famous artists. Sony also released three Gran Turismo Concept versions. The game play is races similar to all real-life car racing including racing driver tests and everything from one short lap races in slow cars to 24 hour Le Mans racing challenges in prototype cars.
John Ashcroft

**John David Ashcroft** (born May 9, 1942) is an American consultant, lobbyist and politician. He was the 79th United States Attorney General. He served during the first term of President George W. Bush from 2001 until 2005. Ashcroft was previously the Governor of Missouri (1985–1993) and a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001). Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois.

## References
## Other websites 
*
DES-X

In cryptography, **DES-X** (or **DESX**) is an alternative to the DES (Data Encryption Standard) block cipher designed to increase the complexity of a brute force attack using a technique called *key whitening*. As DES suffers from brute force attack **DES-X** was a trial to overcome such drawbacks.

## Related pages
* Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
* Data Encryption Standard (DES)
* Triple DES (TDES)

## References
Key space

In cryptography, the **key space** of an algorithm refers to the set of all possible keys that can be used to initialize the cryptographic algorithm. For example, if an algorithm works using a key that is a string of 10 bits, then its key space is the set of all binary strings of length 10 bits; i.e. we have key space of size 210 = 1024.

To avoid attackers from guessing the key using a brute-force attack, the key space is usually designed to be very large. Another needed attribute is that the key space designed to be *flat*, having no or very few weak keys.

## Examples
The block cipher Rijndael/AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing about 2256 which is over 1.1579 × 1077 keys.  This makes it *computationally infeasible* to check each possible key by brute force.

In the DES block cipher, a 56-bit key is used, resulting in a relatively small key space of size 256.

The ROT13 cipher is only designed to prevent people from accidentally reading messages (e.g. movie plot details). As there is no key, the key space is therefore empty.

## References
Roger Williams (theologian)

**Roger Williams** (March 1683) was an English-born New England minister, theologian, author, and founder of the Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and later the State of Rhode Island. He was a staunch advocate for religious liberty, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with the Native Americans.

## Famous descendants 
These are some famous descendants of Roger Williams:
*Nelson Rockefeller
*Gail Borden
*Charles Eugene Tefft
*Michelle Phillips
*Julia Ward Howe
*Sarah Palin
*Bill Gore

## References 
## Further reading 
*Brockunier, Samuel. *The Irrepressible Democrat, Roger Williams*, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1940.
*Gaustad, Edwin, S., ed., *Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America*. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1991.
*Miller, Perry, *Roger Williams, A Contribution to the American Tradition*, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, Indianapolis and New York, 1953.
*Settle, Mary Lee, *I, Roger Williams: A Novel*, W. W. Norton & Company, Reprint edition (September 2002).
*Winslow, Ola Elizabeth, *Master Roger Williams, A Biography*. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1957.
*Peattie, Donald Culross, *Roger Williams- First Modern American*. The Reader's Digest. December 1946.
Block cipher

In cryptography, a **block cipher** is a symmetric key cipher which operates on a groups of bits of fixed length, called *blocks*, using an exact transformation. During encryption, a block cipher algorithm might take (for example) a 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block of ciphertext. The exact transformation is controlled using a second input — the secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes, in this example, a 128-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and output the original 128-bit block of plaintext.

One of the early block cipher designs was the Data Encryption Standard (DES), developed at IBM and published as a standard in 1977. A successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); also using block cipher, was adopted in 2001. RC5 is a simple symmetric-key made by Ronald Rivest in 1994. RC6 is another made from RC5. RC stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".

## References
Public-key cryptography

**Public-key cryptography**, also called **asymmetric cryptography**, is a communication where people send messages that can only be read by those who have the key. 

## A Metaphor 
This kind of cryptography is like two magical paper shredders. Each can shred messages that only the other can unshred. 

## Explanation 
In public key cryptography, each user has a pair of cryptographic keys, which are long strings of random data. One of the keys is public, and can be shared with anyone, even bad actors. One of the keys is private, and must be kept secret. Information encrypted with the public key can be decrypted with the private key, and vice versa.

Incoming messages are encrypted with the ''recipient's public key* and can only be decrypted with their corresponding private key. The keys are related mathematically, but it is nearly impossible to get a private key from a public key.

The two main branches of public key cryptography are:
* **Public key encryption**: a message encrypted with a *recipient's public key* cannot be decrypted except by the *recipient private key''. This is used to ensure secrecy.
* **Digital signatures**: a message signed with a sender's private key can be verified by anyone who has the sender's public key. So if the sender signed the message, no one can alter it. This is used to ensure authenticity.

They are often used together on the same message.

## References 
## Related pages
* Symmetric-key algorithm
* RSA algorithm
United States National Security Council

The White House **National Security Council** (**NSC**) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the President's Executive Office. It began under President Harry S. Truman.

 George W. Bush during the National Security Council Meeting (NSC) at the White House Situation Room, March 21, 2003. The Participants of the meeting including, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) George Tenet, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice and White House Chief of Staff Andy Card.]]

## References
Stephen Hadley

**Stephen John Hadley** (born February 13, 1947) is an American attorney who served as the 20th U.S. national security advisor under George W. Bush from 2005 to 2009. Hadley was also U.S. deputy national security advisor from 2001 to 2005. 

Hadley served as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy under George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993. In that position, he had responsibility for defense policy toward NATO and Western Europe on nuclear weapons and ballistic missile defense, and arms control.

## References
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

**Director of the Central Intelligence Agency** (**D/CIA**) serves as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which is part of the United States Intelligence Community. He/She reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).  

The Director is assisted by the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Director is nominated by the President, with the concurring or nonconcurring recommendation from the Director of National Intelligence  and must be confirmed by majority vote from the Senate.

## List of directors
What follows is a list of Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency (in chronological order).

## References
Cube 2: Sauerbraten

***Cube 2: Sauerbraten*** (German for *“sour roast”, also known as Sauer*) is a cross-platform, *Quake*-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL. The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature. The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.

The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004. The game gets updated quite regularly.

## Technology
*Cube 2: Sauerbraten* was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels. Cube 2: *Sauerbraten* was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download. Cube 2 *Sauerbraten CTF Edition* is less than 350 megabytes.  The game *Crysis* is around 3,000 megabytes.

### Map editing 
Maps are made out of cubes, which can be made longer or shorter and can be reshaped. These cubes can be mapped out easily, using the in-game editor. This means that both map-makers and players can make very big, detailed maps very quickly. This is not like other games such as *Quake*, where you need a lot of effort and bugfixing work to even get the map to work.

This simplicity in editing has resulted in a lot of maps released by players and developers. They are available on the *Quadropolis* forums.

### Gameplay 
The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection. Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of *Sauerbraten*'s most interesting and popular features. In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.

## Media 
The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".

The CTF edition was given a long review by Phoronix, a website focused on Linux and software reviews, as well as Linux.com, a website providing news related to free and open source software.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Sauerbraten site
* Sauerbraten project at SourceForge.net
* Community Cube/Sauerbraten mapping and modding site 
* Tool to monitor servers for cube-based games
Porter Goss

**Porter Johnston Goss**  (born December 10, 1938) is an American politician. He was the last Director of Central Intelligence and the first Director of the Central Intelligence Agency following the passage of the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which abolished the DCI position. A CIA officer in Latin America during the Cold War, he served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 until he took up his post at the agency.
George Tenet

**George John Tenet** the son of  Greek northern Epirus immigrants was born in January 5, 1953.  He was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency and is Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University.  Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004, making him the second-longest serving director in the agency's history — behind Allen Welsh Dulles — as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties.
Roger Williams (disambiguation)

**Roger Williams** (1603–1683) was an English theologian, author, and the founder of Rhode Island.

**Roger Williams** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
* Roger Williams (actor) (1898–1964), American film actor  
* Roger Williams (pianist) (1924–2011), American pianist
* Roger Williams (organist) (born 1943), British (Welsh) organist and musicologist
* Roger Ross Williams (born 1962), American television director, producer and writer
* Roger Williams (playwright) (born 1974), Welsh playwright and screenwriter
* Roger Williams (Christian musician) (born 1979), American musician with Roger Williams and the All Mixed-Up Quartet
* Roger Williams (author), American science fiction author

## Law and politics
* Roger Williams (Assemblyman) (1836–1916), American politician
* Roger Williams (Georgia politician) (1933–2019), American politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives
* Roger Williams (British politician) (born 1948), British politician
* Roger Williams (Texas politician) (born 1949), American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas

## Military
* Roger Williams (soldier) (1539/40–1595), Welsh soldier of fortune and military theorist
* Roger D. Williams (1856–1925), American army officer
* Roger Q. Williams (1894–1976), American army air force pilot and aviation pioneer

## Science and medicine
* Roger Williams (chemist) (1890–1978), American chemist at Du Pont; Perkin Medal recipient
* Roger J. Williams (1893–1988), American biochemist 
* Roger Williams (hepatologist) (1931–2020), British liver specialist
* Roger L. Williams, American structural biologist

## Others
* Roger Lawrence Williams (1923–2017), American historian
* Roger Williams (professor), Welsh educationalist
Beyblade

**Beyblade** (爆転シュート ベイブレード, *Bakuten Shūto Beiburedo*, literally translates to ***Explosive Shooting Beyblade***) is an anime and manga series about a group of kids battling with highly powerful spinning tops enchanted with sacred bit-beasts or spirits of mythical and powerful creatures.

## Synopsis 
Thirteen-year-old Tyson Granger (Takao Kinomiya), along with his teammates, Kai Hiwatari, Max Tate (Max Mizuhura), and Ray Kon (Rei Kon), strive to become the greatest beybladers in the world. With the technical help of the team's resident genius, Kenny (Kyouju), and with the powerful strength of their bit beasts, the Bladebreakers armed with their tops (AKA: blades) attempt to reach their goal.
Wolfmother

**Wolfmother** are an Australian rock band. They won a Grammy award in 2007 for their song 'Woman'. Musically they are similar to blues rock bands like Led Zeppelin.

## References
Defense Intelligence Agency

The **Defense Intelligence Agency**, or **DIA**, is the central producer and manager of foreign military intelligence for the United States. As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community, the agency works to answer national-level defense objectives for the President, the Secretary of Defense, and senior U.S. policymakers.

Although the DIA is designated a Department of Defense combat support agency, the majority of its 16,500 employees (65%) are civilian and its intelligence operations in support of U.S. national strategic planning extend far beyond the zones of combat. The agency has its own Clandestine Service, which conducts espionage activities around the world, particularly in countries where the military has better access or more specialized military experts than the Central Intelligence Agency. Further, DIA leads the Intelligence Community in collection and production of measurement and signature intelligence. 

The agency was established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency - who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate - chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community.

## References
Makenna Cowgill

**Makenna Gabrielle Cowgill** (born 11 September 1998) is an American actress. She has provided voices for many animated movies.

## Filmography 
**Bambi II* (2006)
**Meet the Robinsons* (2007)
*''The Time Traveler's Wife* (2009)
**Diary of a Wimpy Kid* (2010)
**Monsters University'' (2013)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Deputy National Security Advisor

The **Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs**, commonly referred to as the **Deputy National Security Advisor**, is a member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, serving as deputy to the President's National Security Advisor.

Among other responsibilities, the Deputy National Security Advisor serves as Executive Secretary to the National Security Council Principals Committee, and as Chairman of the National Security Council Deputies Committee.

## List of Deputies
## References
Hollister

**Hollister** can mean:

## Places in the United States
* Hollister, California
* Hollister, Florida
* Hollister, Idaho
* Hollister, Missouri
* Hollister, Oklahoma
* Hollister Ranch, a ranch north of Santa Barbara, California
* Hollister, North Carolina, center of the Haliwa-Saponi Native American tribe

## Other uses
* Hollister Co., a clothing brand from Abercrombie & Fitch
* Hollister Inc, a medical device company
* USS *Hollister* (DD-788), a United States Navy Gearing Class destroyer
* Hollister (family name), an English family name
Hollister Co.

]]**Hollister Co.** is a clothing company owned by Abercrombie & Fitch. The kind of clothing they sell is *casual*, meaning that it is for informal use. It also has a theme based on the surfing cultural movement of Southern California. The first Hollister store opened in July 2000 in Columbus, Ohio. Even though Hollister opened in 2000, many of their items say it was created in 1922. This is based on a story that is not real. On October 25, 2008 Hollister opened the first store outside the U.S. and Canada in Brent Cross, London.

## References
Ron Simmons

**Ronald "Ron" Simmons** In the WWF, he is known for being one-half of the Acolytes Protection Agency along with Bradshaw and was also a member of The Nation of Domination. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Bradshaw in 2012.

Simmons played college football at Florida State University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cleveland Browns and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Ottawa Rough Riders.

## References
## Other websites
*An interview with Ron Simmons, conducted by Thomas Chamberlin 
*WWE Profile
*Ron Simmons at Accelerator3359.com
*Ron Simmons at Canoe.ca
*Ron Simmons at Online World of Wrestling
*Solie's title histories
*
*Florida State University Year-By-Year Photos 
*Florida State University Official Athletic Site 
*Heisman Trophy