open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Po (river)

The **Po** (Latin: *Padus*, , ancient "Eridanus") is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. It has a drainage area of 71,000&nbsp;km² and is the longest river in Italy. It is the longest river in Italy. It flows through 5 cities: Turin, Piacenza, Cremona, and Ferrara. 

## Background
It goes through many important Italian towns, including Turin (Torino) and (indirectly) Milan (Milano), in Lombardy. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called *navigli*, which Leonardo da Vinci helped design. Near the end of its course, it creates a wide delta (with hundreds of small channels and five main ones, called *Po di Maestra*, *Po della Pila*, *Po delle Tolle*, *Po di Gnocca* and *Po di Goro*) at the southern part of which is Comacchio, an area famous for eels. The Po valley corresponds to the Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided in Cispadane Gaul (South of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (North of the Po).

The vast valley around the Po is called *Pianura Padana* and is so efficiently connected by the river that the whole valley became the main industrial area of the country.  This river is subject to the authority of a special authority, the *Magistrato delle Acque*.

Roman poets sometimes referred to the Po river as Eridanus, which also has other meanings.

The main products of the farms around the river are cereals.

In 2005, water from the Po was found to contain "staggering" amounts of benzoylecgonine, which is excreted by cocaine users in urine.  Based on these figures, cocaine consumption was estimated to be about 4&nbsp;kg daily, or 27 doses per day per thousand young adults in areas that feed into the river—a number nearly three times higher than previous estimates.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4746787.stm

## Drying up
On 4 May 2007, the river dried up in spots completely. Italy declared a state of emergency in the northern and central regions. The Alps had reduced snowfall the previous winter. It was the Alps's warmest winter in 1300 years. Experts said this could have been part of global warming.  There was some discussion about filling the river up by diverting water flows from large lakes and reservoirs in the Alps.

The Po showed the effects of drought again in 2017.  By then, experts were even surer it was part of global warming, then called climate change.

## Tributaries
Tributaries include (R from the right side, L from the left, looking downstream):
* Pellice (L)
* Varaita (R)
* Maira (R)
* Dora Riparia (L)
* Stura di Lanzo (L)
* Orco (L)
* Dora Baltea (L)
* Sesia (L)
* Tanaro (R)
* Scrivia (R)
* Agogna (L)
* Ticino (L)
* Lambro (L)
* Trebbia (R)
* Nure (R)
* Adda (L)
* Arda (R)
* Taro (R)
* Parma (R)
* Enza (R)
* Oglio (L)
* Mincio (L)
* Secchia (R)
* Panaro (R)

## References
## More reading
*Saltini Antonio, ''Dove l'uomo separò la terra dalle acque. Storia delle bonifiche in Emilia Romagna'', Diabasis, Reggio Emilia 2004
Burlington Airpark

**Burlington Airpark**  is an airport in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. It has two runways. The airport is privately owned by Vince Rossi.

## History
The airport was created by Victor and Gwen Kovachik in 1962. It is a very popular airport for Toronto-area pilots.

## Runways
The airport's first runway is  and is made of asphalt and turf. The second runway is  and is made of turf.

## References
## Other websites
* Burlington Airpark Website
* Kovachik Airport Services
Oaxaca de Juárez

**Oaxaca de Juárez** is the capital city of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is called '''La'a** in the Zapotec language. **Ñuu Nunduva'* is its name in the Mixtec language. Since 1872, when Benito Juárez died there, the city is called *de Juárez'', in his honour. Currently, 258,000 people live in the city.
Niacin

**Niacin** is a vitamin. It is also known by the name **nicotinic acid**. It is **Vitamin B3**. It can be dissolved in water.  It plays a very important role in the metabolism of living cells. 

Other functions of niacin include removing toxic chemicals from the body, 

Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra. A mild deficiency will slow down the metabolism, causing decreased tolerance to cold. 

Dietary niacin deficiency tends to occur only in areas where people eat corn (maize), the only grain low in niacin, as a staple food, *and* that do not use lime during meal/flour production.  Alkali lime releases the tryptophan from the corn in a process called nixtamalization so that it can be absorbed in the intestine, and converted to niacin.

## Foods containing Niacin 
## References
Octagon

An **octagon** or **8-gon** is a polygon that has exactly 8 sides.

## Regular octagon 
All sides of a **regular octagon** are the same length. Each corner is 135°. All corners added together equal 1080°.

### Area 
The amount of space a regular octagon takes up is

:\text{Area} = 2(1+\sqrt{2})a^2.

*a* is the length of one of its sides.

Another way to write it is

:\text{Area} = 2 a^2 (\sqrt{2} + 1).

## Gallery 

Image:Star_polygon_8-3.svg|This shape is called an *octagram*. It has one regular octagon in the middle.
Image:Octagonal prism.png|The octagonal prism has 2 octagons in it: one on the top, and the other on the bottom.
Image:Irregular_octagon.svg|A non-regular octagon
Image:8-folding.svg|Making an octagon by folding paper

## Related pages
* Different types of polygons
* Hexagon
* Pentagon
* Square or quadrilateral
* Triangle
Armadillo

, *Chlamyphorus truncatus*]]

An **armadillo** is in the **Cingulata**, an order of New World placental mammals. The living ones have a leathery armored shell. The word *armadillo* is Spanish for "little armored one".

There are about 10 living genera and about 20 species of armadillo. Their average length is about 75 centimeters (30 in), including the tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 100 cm (39 in) and weigh 30 kg (66lbs). All species live in the Americas. Most of the 20 species are found in open areas, such as grasslands, but some also live in forests.

Armadillos species are mostly found in South and Central America, especially around Paraguay. Many species are endangered.

## Embryology 
The nine-banded armadillo has an unusual reproductive system, in which genetically identical quadruplets are born in each litter.

Because they are always genetically identical clones, the group of four young is a good subject for scientific, behavioural or medical tests. They provide the same biological and genetic makeup, and then get different treatment. This is the only regular case of 'polyembryony' in the class Mammalia, where one fertilised egg splits into four embryos. It only happens in the genus ***Dasypus***, and not in all armadillos. Other animals which have this reproductive method are parasitoid wasps, certain flatworms and various aquatic invertebrates.

## Classification 
**Order CINGULATA**
* †Family **Pampatheriidae**: giant armadillos
* †Family **Glyptodontidae**: glyptodonts
* Family **Dasypodidae**: armadillos
** Subfamily Dasypodinae
** Subfamily Tolypeutinae
† indicates extinct taxon

## References
Eschweiler

**Eschweiler** is a German town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is next to the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier, and about  east of Aachen and  west of Cologne. It has about 55,000 inhabitants. Its area has about .

In Eschweiler, there are many castles. Eschweiler is a big carnival town. There are also many sport places. These include two public swimming pools, a golf place and an artificial lake. A well-known school in Eschweiler is the *Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule* with its over 100 years of tradition. 

Eschweiler is on the railway line from Aachen to Cologne. The Eschweiler Central railway station was opened in 1841. Next to Eschweiler, there is a village called *Bergrath*.  In 2010, a new shopping center with a *MediaMarkt*-store opened next to the motorway.

## References
## Other websites
Registration

]]
**Registration** is a method of officially recording something. Usually something is registered to claim more rights, or to protect ownership, or because the law says it must be registered to be used legally.

A register was a large book. It was used like a diary to record business dealings or other events.

## Reasons for registration 
**Births, deaths**, and **marriages** are registered to prove the date the event happened. In the United Kingdom these records are kept by the local registrar, who is in charge of the Register office.

**Motor vehicles** are registered to prove who owns the vehicle and to identify them. Those that not registered cannot be driven on roads. Aircraft not registered cannot be flown. Proof that a vehicle is registered is the vehicle registration plate. Vehicles must also be registered before they can be insured in case of an accident or theft.

**Books** might be registered to show the date when copyright protection starts. Usually this is done by sending a copy of the book to a special national library.
  
People who stay in a hotel register their names and addresses when they arrive. The hotel can work out how much the people must pay for their stay. The local police may also keep a copy of these names to help fight crime.

## Related pages 
* Registered nurse
* Registered user
* Voter registration
Sirenia

:*For information about the Gothic metal band, see Sirenia (band)*

**Sirenia** is an order of herbivorous mammals. In this order are the dugong and three species of manatee.

## Taxonomy 
* Order **Sirenia**
** Family **Dugongidae**
*** Dugong, *Dugong dugon*
*** †Steller's sea cow, *Hydrodamlis gigas*
** Family **Trichechidae**
*** West Indian manatee, *Trichechus manatus*
*** African manatee, *Trichechus senegalensis*
*** Amazonian manatee, *Trichechus inunguis*

## References
## Other websites
Keihan Main Line

The **Keihan Main Line** (京阪本線, *-honsen*?) is a railway line of Keihan Electric Railway. The line starts from Sanjo Station in Kyoto, and ends at Yodoyabashi Station in Osaka, and travels a distance of about 51 km. The line is not "the Main Line" but "**the Keihan Main Line**". Trains go direct to the Oto Line.

## Stations
* ●: stop, ↓: pass
* ▲: K-Limited Express trains bound for Yodoyabashi stop at Hirakata-shi in the morning. Express trains pass through Hirakata-koen and Moriguchi-shi from the first train until 8:00 a.m. (JST) and at midnight, and Express trains for Demachiyanagi stop at Yodo. Some express trains stop at Yodo during horse racing events. Sub express trains pass through Moriguchishi from the first train until 8:00 a.m. (JST).
* Local trains (普通) stop at all stations.
Sanjo Station (Kyoto)

is the main Keihan Electric Railway station in Kyoto.  It connects with Sanjo Keihan Station on the Kyoto Subway Tozai Line.  It was opened for service on October 27, 1915, and has been in service ever since. Sanjo Station is in the Higashiyama Ward, in Kyoto City. The station offers quick access to the Gion district and the main shopping district on Sanjo-dori.

## Lines
*Keihan Electric Railway
**Keihan Main Line
**Ōtō Line
*Kyoto Municipal Subway
**Tozai Line (Sanjo Keihan Station)

## Platforms
Limited Express trains and K-Limited Express trains arrive at and depart from Tracks (Platforms) 1 and 3.
# for Demachiyanagi
# for Demachiyanagi
# for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi
# for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi

## Neighboring stations
;Keihan Electric Railway
:Oto Line
::K-Limited Express and Limited Express
:::Demachiyanagi Station - **Sanjo Station**
::Express, Sub Express, and Local
:::Marutamachi Station - **Sanjo Station**
:Keihan Main Line
::K-Limited Express, Limited Express, Express, Sub Express, and Local
:::**Sanjo Station** - Shijo Station

## Sanjō Keihan Station
**Sanjō Keihan Station** (, *Sanjō Keihan Eki*) is a subway station on Kyoto's Tozai Line. It intersects with the Keihan Electric Railway's Keihan Main Line. It is connected to the adjacent **Keihan Sanjō Station**. The station is underneath Sanjō-dori, just east of the Kamo River and Kyoto's Kawaramachi shopping district.

## References
Tony Parker

**William Anthony "Tony" Parker** (born ) is a  retired French basketball player that played for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. He was drafted by them in 2001. 

Parker retired from the French national team after the 2016 Rio Olympics.

## Early Life 
Parker was born in Bruges, Belgium, and raised in France. His father, Tony Parker Sr., was also a professional basketball player.

## Other websites
*Official website
Kawaramachi Station

department store are connected to Kawaramachi Station]]
**Kyoto-Kawaramachi Station** (河原町駅, *Kawaramachi eki*?) is the terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Line of Hankyu Railway in Kyoto, Japan. The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station.  Keihan Shijo Station is beyond the Kamo River.

The area around the station is one of the commercial centers of Kyoto. The real estate around the station is the most valuable in Kyoto.

The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor.  The station also connects underground to Karasuma Station.

The station opened on June 17, 1963. Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Line ended at Ōmiya Station.
Tropical Storm Arlene (2005)

**Tropical Storm Arlene** was the first named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Arlene was a large storm that formed early in the year. It had maximum wind speeds of 70 mph (110 km/h). It also caused one death and created $11.8 million (2005 USD) in damage.

The storm formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved north. It came close to western Cuba on June 10 before entering the Gulf of Mexico. Arlene strengthened just below hurricane strength before making landfall on western Florida. The storm quickly weakened while moving inland, and later became an extratropical remnant on June 13.

## Naming
When Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 8, it was the ninth time that the name has been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. This meant Arlene kept its position as the most commonly used name for Atlantic storms. But because the storm did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

## Related pages
* 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
* List of hurricanes in Florida

## Other websites
* NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
* The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's (HPC) archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
* NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Arlene
Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)

"**Girlfriend**" is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was the lead single from her third album, *The Best Damn Thing* (2007). It was produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. "Girlfriend" became Lavigne's biggest hit in the United States, where it reached number one on the U.S. Hot 100, in Australia, where it was at the top of the chart, and in the United Kingdom, where it reached number two. A remix version featuring rapper Lil' Mama was released in June 2007.

"Girlfriend" was the subject of a lawsuit filed by songwriters for The Rubinoos, who alleged that the writers of the song copied The Rubinoos' single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend". Only one line, not even of the same tune was: "Hey, hey, you, you! I want to be your girlfriend!" Note it was "I want to" not "I wanna".

The music video became the second most viewed video of all time on YouTube, currently having over 100,000,000 views. In the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, it is nominated for the category Monster Single of the Year.

## References
Chip Douglas

**Douglas Farthing Hatlelid**, better known as **Chip Douglas** (b. 27 August 1942), is an American musician and songwriter. He became a producer when he worked with The Monkees on their music. He also worked with The Turtles, first as bass guitarist and arranger, then later as producer.

## References
## Other websites 
*
M×0

***M×0*** (エム×ゼロ, Emu x Zero) is a Japanese comedy manga series by Japanese author Yasuhiro Kanō (author of *Pretty Face*). It is about a school that teaches students how to do magic and the crazy adventures of a normal boy who was admitted to the school under special circumstances. It was first serialized in *Weekly Shonen Jump* on May 1, 2006, published by Shueisha. The first volume of the series was released in Japan on November 2, 2006.

Currently, four volumes have been released:
*Volume 1, November 2, 2006
*Volume 2, March 2, 2007
*Volume 3, May 2, 2007
*Volume 4, July 4, 2007

## References
Divine grace

In Christianity **Divine Grace** means a favour of God for humankind. God favours every person, without looking at what they did or how much they are worth. This  of God to humans may happen in the gifts that God gives him, such as  or salvation.

## Types of Grace
### Common Grace
Common grace refers to blessings which God gives to everyone.  Jesus said that God "sends the rain upon the just and the unjust.  This idea is found in Greek philosophy.  Plato spoke of God's "gifts".  The Reformers listed many ways in which God gives undeserved gifts to mankind. These include life itself, food and earthly pleasures. God also restrains evil so that people will not destroy themselves in wars and conflict.

### Prevenient Grace
Prevenient grace (or enabling grace) is a Christian teaching in Arminian theology. It appeared earlier in Catholic and early Anabaptist teaching. It is divine grace that goes before human decision. In other words, God will start showing special love to a person at a certain time of his life.

Prevenient grace is taught by Christians who are influenced by the theology of Jacob Arminius or John Wesley. Wesleyan Arminians believe God helps people to accept the gift of salvation.

### Saving Grace
This refers to the good things that God gives to those who believe in Jesus.  The gifts include forgiveness of sin, eternal life, and the power to live a good and holy life.

## In Popular Culture
"Grace" is a common girl's name in many countries.

"Amazing Grace" is a song that became very popular.  It is played at funerals, sometimes on a bagpipe. This song was written by John Newton who was an evil slave trader.  His life was changed when he became a Christian.  He later worked to stop the practice of slavery. His story is told in a 2006 movie.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Problem of evil
Open Directory Project

The **Open Directory Project** (**ODP**), also known as **dmoz**, is an online directory that lists good web sites based on their subject. Web sites are listed in categories on this project. Each category is linked to relevant categories; the categories have a tree-like structure too.

## Other websites
*dmoz website. .
Web directory

A **Web directory** is a website. It is like a directory, or a phone book. It lists other websites, that are put into different categories.

## Related pages
*Open Directory Project
File sharing

**File sharing** is the practice of making files available for other users to download over the Internet and smaller networks. Usually, file sharing follows the *peer-to-peer* (P2P) model, where the files are stored on personal computers of the users. In this model, most people who are sharing files are also downloading files that other users share.

## Related pages
* File hosting service
* Video sharing
Hydroxide

**Hydroxide** in chemistry is a name given to the diatomic anion OH−, made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Most chemical compounds that contain hydroxides are bases.

An Arrhenius base is a substance that when dissolved in an aqueous solution, it produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, hydroxide ions are heavily involved in acid-base reactions.

Many useful chemical reactions or processes involve hydroxide or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in industry as a strong base, potassium hydroxide is used in agriculture, and iron hydroxide minerals such as goethite and limonite have been used as iron ore. The aluminium ore bauxite is made mainly out of aluminium hydroxides.

Most inorganic hydroxide salts do not dissolve in water.

## Uses of hydroxides 
Many useful chemicals and chemical processes involve hydroxides or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in factories as an alkali, potassium hydroxide is used in farming, and iron hydroxide has been used as low grade brown iron ore.

## Examples of hydroxides
*Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
*Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
*Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

"Ammonium hydroxide" is another name for a mixture of ammonia and water, but chemically contains almost no actual hydroxide ions.
Cyclone

In meteorology, a **cyclone** refers to any low pressure area with winds spiraling inwards. Cyclones rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. A cyclone is the general term for a variety of low pressure system types, such as tropical cyclones, extra tropical cyclones and tornadoes.

The largest of these systems are extratropical cyclones and cold-core polar cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale with a horizontal length of 1000&nbsp;km or more. The warm-core cyclones are the tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and the polar lows that lie within the smaller mesoscale. Subtropical cyclones are intermediate in size. Cyclones have also been on other planets outside of Earth, such as the Great Red Spot of Jupiter and the Great Black Spot of Neptune.

Cyclones are also referred to as **hurricanes** and **typhoons** (depending where do they form). They consist of the eye, eyewall and rainbands.

The process of cyclone formation and intensification is described as cyclogenesis. The formation of extratropical cyclones comes as waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts which are called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to form weather fronts as the circulation of the cyclone closes and gets more intense. Later in their life cycle, cyclones form what is called an occluded front. The cyclone's track is then guided over the course of an 2 to 6 day life cycle by its steering flow of the polar or subtropical jetstream. Cyclones destroy many things when they come into contact with land such as crops, buildings, trees, etc.

## Other websites 
*
Metre per second

**Metre per second** is an SI unit of measurement of both speed and velocity. It is defined by the distance in metres divided by the time in seconds. Its abbreviation is **m/s** or **m·s-1**. In astronomy, the unit is sometimes used in *kilometres per second* (equivalent to 1000 metres per second).

## Conversions 
1 metre per second is equivalent to:
: ≈ 3.2808 feet&nbsp;per&nbsp;second (approximately)
: ≈ 2.2369 miles&nbsp;per&nbsp;hour (approximately)
: = 3.6 km·h−1 (exactly)

1 foot&nbsp;per&nbsp;second = 0.3048 m·s−1 (exactly)

1 mile&nbsp;per&nbsp;hour ≈ 0.4470 m·s−1 (approximately)

1 km·h-1 ≈ 0.2778 m·s−1 (approximately)

1 kilometre per second is equivalent to:
: ≈ 0.6213 miles&nbsp;per&nbsp;second (approximately)
: ≈ 2,237 miles&nbsp;per&nbsp;hour (approximately)
Eye (cyclone)

.]]
The **eye** is an area of calm weather in the center of strong tropical cyclones. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye. It is usually circular and ranges between 30 and 65 km (20 to 40 mi) in diameter, though smaller and larger eyes can occur. 

In case of a cyclone it is the place where all the winds coming inside in a spiral motion converge. In an anticyclone it is the part from where all winds move out from.

The region surrounding the eye is the **eyewall**, where the worst weather is seen in a cyclone. These have strong winds, lots of rain and lots of cloud. There are also **outer bands**, which surround the cyclone, which forms the greatest part of the storm. These have winds so strong they can even form other tornadoes.

## Eye-like features 
 on February 2006.]]
Sometimes, features that look like eyes can be seen in other types of low pressure areas. Those aren't named eyes, but they look like eyes, which is why they are instead named **eye-like features**.

Eye-like features can appear in polar lows, extratropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones, and potentially even tornadoes when seen on radar.
Glasgow Coma Scale

**Glasgow Coma Scale** or **GCS** is a scale that is used to measure the consciousness of a person. It was invented in 1974 by *Graham Teasdale* and *Bryan J. Jennett*, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow.

GCS is used in evaluation of patients, especially in ICUs. This scale consists of three tests, which are described below. A score is given for each test, and the GCS score is calculated by adding the scores given to each test. The maximum score is 15, which means the patient is fully conscious. The minimum score is 3, and is usually seen in patients with brain death or those in deep coma.

## Elements of the scale 
The scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal (talking) and motor (movement) responses.

### Best eye response (E)
There are 4 grades for this test:
# No eye opening
# Eye opening in response to pain (for example when his sternum is pressed firmly).
# Eye opening to speech (that is, when he is called).
# Eyes opening by himself (normally).

### Best verbal response (V)
There are 5 grades for this test:
# No verbal response (not talking at all).
# Meaking meaningless sounds (that is, moaning but no words).
# Inappropriate words (like random speech, without being able to communicate correctly).
# Confused. (The patient responds to questions but there is some confusion).
# Oriented. (Patient responds appropriately to questions such as the patient’s name and age, where they are and why, the year, month, etc.).

### Best motor response (M)
There are 6 grades for this test:
# No motor response (no movement at all).
# Extension in response to pain (decerebrate response: adduction, internal rotation of shoulder, pronation of forearm).
# Flexion in response to pain (decorticate response).
# Withdrawing from pain (pulling part of body away when pinched).
# Localizing to pain. (Purposeful movements towards the painful location).
# Obeys commands. (The patient does simple things he is asked to do).

## References
* Teasdale G, Jennett B. *Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale.* Lancet 1974,2:81-84. PMID 4136544.
House of Habsburg

The **House of Habsburg** was a family of dukes, kings, and monarchs that was very important in European history. It first ruled parts of Switzerland in the 13th century and then ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary, for more than 600 years. It ruled over Spain and the Netherlands for a while, the Holy Roman Empire from about 1280 to 1806 and the Kingdom of Sardinia until the mid-19th century. 

A treaty was made in Vienna in 1515 between the king of Poland and duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the duke of Austria from the Habsburg family. It stated that if the Jagiellon kings of Bohemia and Hungary died without a male heir, Maximilian and his heirs would take over the territory.

 had disabilities probably caused by inbreeding in the House of Habsburg]]
The senior branch of the House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century, when Charles II of Spain died in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. Charles had mental and physical handicaps, which were probably caused by inbreeding between relatives in the royal houses of Continental Europe. Marriages of close relatives had occurred for the five generations before him. He was the son of Philip IV, who married his sister's daughter.

The remaining branch went extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and completely in 1780 with the death of his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine, which styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: *Habsburg-Lothringen*), but it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.

The last empress was Zita of Bourbon-Parma, who died in Switzerland in 1989. She had ruled with her husband, Charles I of Austria, from 1916 to 1918.

The current head is Karl Habsburg-Lothringen.

## Notes
## References
Westminster

**Westminster** is the central part of the City of Westminster, in London. It is on the north side of the River Thames. It contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey.
 
Westminster is the official seat of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Megalosaurus

***Megalosaurus*** was a large meat-eating theropod dinosaur of the Middle Jurassic of Europe. It was found in 1824, and was the earliest dinosaur named. In 1827, Gideon Mantell included *Megalosaurus* in his geological survey of southeastern England. He gave the species its name, *Megalosaurus bucklandii*. 

Because a complete skeleton of it has never been found, much is still unclear about its build. The first naturalists who investigated Megalosaurus thought it was a gigantic lizard of twenty metres length. In 1842 Richard Owen concluded that it was no longer than nine metres, standing on upright legs as a quadruped. 

Later it was realised that all theropods were bipedal. Today is known that the early proto-dinosaurs in the late Middle Triassic were also bipedal. Certainly *Eoraptor*, from 231.4 million years ago, was bipedal. That means the dinosaurs were bipedal from the start (primatively bipedal). Only the heavier sauropods and armoured dinosaurs became quadrupedal, standing on all four legs.

## References
Silicon dioxide

**Silicon dioxide**, also known as **silica**, is a chemical compound, the oxide of silicon. Its chemical symbol is SiO2. It is known for its hardness since the 16th century. It has an important compound used in most types of glass and other hard substances such as concrete, porcelain and stoneware. It is made up of 2 oxygen atoms and 1 silicon atom.

Silicon dioxide exists in nature in a number of forms, including flint, quartz and opal. If it is breathed in as dust, it can cause silicosis and cancer, as the dust is trapped in the lungs. Besides the dangers of inhaling it in dust form, it is harmless.
Metallic hydrogen

**Metallic hydrogen** is an alkali metal made from hydrogen gas. This is formed when the hydrogen gas is under compression and results with the gas changing phase. It is an example of degenerate matter. The matter has a crystal structure of proton atoms, with spacing that is extremely small, smaller than a Bohr radius (which is 52.918 x 10-12 m). The electrons in the molecular orbital are unbounded and they behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. Metallic hydrogen is unusual as the element itself is not an alkali metal, but a diatomic gas.

Metallic hydrogen is known to exist in the cores of Jupiter and Saturn.
Jupiter has the most metallic hydrogen.
Metallic hydrogen is a dense liquid. Metallic hydrogen acts like a metal and has crazy properties.

## References
Giovanni Domenico Cassini

**Giovanni Domenico Cassini**, also known as *Jean-Dominique Cassini*, (June 8, 1625 – September 14, 1712) was an Italian-French astronomer, engineer and astrologer. Cassini was born in Perinaldo in the Republic of Genoa (part of Italy). 

## Discoveries 
Cassini, along with Robert Hooke discovered the Great Red Spot on Jupiter in around 1665. He also discovered the four of Saturn's moons, as well as the Cassini Division in Saturn's rings.
Iapetus (moon)

]]

**Iapetus** is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1671. 

Iapetus is unusual: one side is very bright and the other side is very dark. This is because one half of the moon is covered in ice and the other side is coated in black, dusty  carbon deposits. When Cassini observed the moon, he could only see the moon on one side of Saturn. He concluded that the moon is darker on side than the other, and it was confirmed by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Iapetus also has an equatorial ridge discovered by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on 31 December 2004. Iapetus has a slow rotation rate, taking 79 Earth days for a rotation. Another observation that has puzzled scientists is how it has a mountain range across its equator, giving it the shape of a walnut.

## References
Nadezhda Mandelstam

**Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam**, born as *Nadezhda Yakovlevna Hazin*, (31 October 1899 in Saratov - 9 December 1980 in Moscow) was a Russian writer and the wife of poet Osip Mandelstam.

She grew up in Kiev, after she studied art.

She married Osip Mandelstam in 1921, and lived in Ukraine, Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Georgia. Osip wrote a poem about the Russian leader, called *Stalin Epigram*.  It angered the Russian government, and in 1934 he was arrested, and ordered to live in Cherdyn, Perm region and later to Voronezh.  The government of Russia often used internal exile (sending people to live in small towns hundreds of miles from the big cities) instead of sending people to prison. Nadezhda went into exile with Osip.

Osip Mandelstam was released but arrested again in 1938. Before the government could decide where to send him he died in a camp near Vladivostok.

After this Nadezhda Mandelstam never lived in the same place for long, and she often changed jobs. She did this to hide from the NKVD (Russian Secret Police). When she was living in Kalinin, the police came to arrest her, but she had moved to a new house the day before.

She decided to spend her life collecting and publishing all of her husband's poems, and most of the poems she *learned by heart* (memorised).

After Stalin died, Nadezhda Mandelstam published he book and was allowed to return to Moscow in 1958.

In 1979, she gave her archives (letters, books and photographs) to Princeton University in the United States of America. Nadezhda Mandelstam died in 1980 in Moscow, aged 81.

## Books by Nadezhda Mandelstam 
* *Hope against Hope* ()
* *Hope Abandoned* ()
German Bundesrat

The **German Bundesrat** (commonly referred to as *Bundesrat*) is part of the parliament of Germany.

The cabinets of the 16 states of Germany appoint the delegations that represent them in the Bundesrat. They can remove them at any time. Normally, a state delegation is headed by the head of government. The delegation is made up of members of the state government.

Thirteen of the states of Germany (in German: *Bundesländer*) have a Minister-Präsident (Prime Minister), the other 3 are city-states which have a Mayor. These prime ministers or mayors each act as chairman of the Bundesrat for one year at a time.

Germany does not have a vice president. Instead if the Bundespräsident (Federal President) cannot do his job the President of the Bundesrat can act in his place if necessary.

n House of Lords building]]
## Building 
Although it is a part of the German Parliament, the Bundesrat does not meet in the same building as the Bundestag. Instead new offices and a modern meeting chamber were built inside the old Prussian House of Lords building.

## Number of members 
There are 58 members of the Bundesrat. How many delegates a *land* (state) has depends on its population. The smallest state, Bremen, has three members. North Rhine-Westphalia is the *most populous* (has the most people) *land*. It sends six members to the Bundesrat.

The Bundesrat decides most things by *absolute majority* (at least half of the number of members). That is 35 votes. Some important decisions need two-thirds of all of the possible votes. That is 46 votes.

Each *land* votes as a block. This means that Berlin, for example, can only cast four yes votes or four no votes. Its delegates cannot choose to vote in different ways. If a *land* decided to send only one person to the Bundesrat, that person would still have all of the ''land's* votes. Usually the Minister President casts all of his *land's* votes, even if the other members are there.

If a *land* has a *coalition government'' (that is, a government of two or more political parties) then all parties must agree how to vote in the Bundesrat. In 2002 Brandenburg did not agree how to vote about the Immigration bill. The Federal Constitutional Court said that the bill was not law because Brandenburg's vote could not be included in the total. This meant that the bill did not get a majority in the Bundesrat.

## States 
Situation as of December 2017.
The Minister-President's party is the biggest party of a state's government, and often also the biggest party in a state's parliament.
All of the votes of a state must be cast as a block. If the parties in a coalition do not agree how to vote then the Bundesrat can ignore that state's vote.

## Related pages 
* President of the German Bundesrat
* List of presidents of the German Bundesrat

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bundesrat (Germany) 
* Members of the Bundesrat (German Wikipedia)
Minister-president

A **minister-president** (German: *Ministerpräsident*) is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments, who presides over the council of ministers. The title is similar to Prime Minister, First Minister, and President of the Council.

The German word means "president of the ministers"; "Ministers' President" would be a more accurate translation. 

This person is the equivalent of a state premier in Australia, a provincial premier in Canada, or the Governor of a state in the USA.

Each year one of the ministers-president, or one of the senior Mayors of the city states of Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, is the President of the Bundesrat. Because Germany does not have a vice president, The President of the Bundesrat will act as the Federal President if the Federal President dies or is out of the country.
1035

## Events 
* Harald I becomes King of England.
* Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark.
* Magnus I becomes king of Norway.
* William II (the future William I of England) becomes duke of Normandy.
* Construction on the cathedral of Saint Sabino begins in Bari.
* Koper is awarded town rights.

## Deaths 
* 1 July–3 July — Robert I Duke of Normandy at Bythinian Nicaea while on pilgrimage
* October 18 — Sancho III of Navarre
* November 4 — Jaromír, duke of Bohemia
* November 12 — Canute the Great, King of England, of Denmark, of Norway, some of Sweden, and the territories near the legendary Jomsviking stronghold Jomsburg.
Rhodesia

**Rhodesia** (, ), officially from 1970 the **Republic of Rhodesia**, was a republic in Southern Africa during the Cold War. It was the region that is now called Zimbabwe. The country replaced the British colony of Southern Rhodesia.

## Nomenclature 
The official name of the country under British law was "Southern Rhodesia", but the government in Salisbury used the name "Rhodesia" instead. This situation dated back to October 1964, when the colony of Northern Rhodesia changed its name to Zambia following independence,  so the colonial government felt that "Southern" Rhodesia should no longer be used because there was no "Northern" Rhodesia. However, Britain believed that only their government could change the colony's name and not the colony itself.

## History 
### Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) 
The British government adopted a policy called *no independence before majority rule*, which dictated that colonies with a certain amount of white settlers would not become independent until they adopted a policy of majority rule. This had conflicted with the beliefs of the white minority Rhodesian Front, lead by Ian Smith, which believed that Rhodesia should become an independent country anyway. This continued until relations between the colony and the British government broke down in 1965.

On 11 November 1965, Smith's government issued a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom. Many countries condemned the UDI and the United Nations Security Council placed sanctions on Rhodesia.

Rhodesia sought international recognition as a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as "Queen of Rhodesia", but later severed it links to the British Crown by becoming a republic on 2 March 1970.

## The Bush War 
As early as 1960, many native African nationalists began to challenge Rhodesia's minority rule policies. In 1964, tensions boiled over and the Rhodesian Bush War began. On one side, the minority rule government, led by Ian Smith, hoped to keep the whites in power. On the other side, the ZANU-PF, led by Robert Mugabe, fought for majority rule. After about 15 years of fighting, the Lancaster House Agreement was signed which allowed majority rule. This led to Zimbabwe's independence.

## References
Home run

A **home run**, abbreviated **HR**, is a term in baseball for when the batter hits the ball and touches all the bases without an error being made by the team on defense. The most common way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory. If the ball goes over the outfield fence but it is ruled a "foul ball", it does not count as a home run. Another way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit what is called an "inside-the-park" home run. If the batter touches all four bases after he hits the ball and it stays on the field, he scores a home run. This is an inside-the-park home run as long as no error is committed by the fielding team on the play.

In the early days of Major League Baseball, a home run was not awarded to a ball hit over the fence to win the game if the winning run scored before the batter-runner were to reach home plate to score.  Therefore, what would otherwise be walk-off home runs were not commonplace, and players were often robbed of home runs.  Due to this, for instance, Babe Ruth is not credited with a particular walk-off home run that would bring his career total to 715.

## Related pages 
* Six (cricket)
City-state

A **city-state** is a city that has its own sovereignty, meaning that it is its own country. There were many important city-states in ancient Greece. Nowadays, cities may have differing degrees of self-governance. In order to be considered a city-state, a city must govern itself independently, by regulating its own taxes, or having independent representation at the United Nations.

## Antiquity 
* In Ancient Greece a polis was a city-state
** Athens
** Sparta
** Corinth
** Thebes

## Modern city states 
Sorted in order of area size. 

*  Singapore was a British colony till 1959. In 1959, it achieved autonomy in internal matters. Between 1963 and 1965, it was part of Malaysia. Singapore was removed from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 and became independent.
*  The second smallest country in the world, Monaco is entirely urban, because all its territory of only 2 square kilometers is built-up.
*  The smallest country in the world was created in 1929. The Vatican City is an enclave completely surrounded by the city of Rome, Italy, and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.
Jacques de Morgan

**Jacques de Morgan** (1857-1924) was a French civil engineer, geologist and archaeologist.  He was the head of Antiquities in Egypt in the 19th century. He excavated in Memphis and Dashur, providing many drawings of many Egyptian pyramids.

## Related pages
*Ancient Armenia

## Other websites 
*Jacques de Morgan at Iranica 
*Jacques de Morgan - ArmeniaPedia.org
*Jacques de Morgan; An Archaeologist Who Found Oil
Junior Eurovision Song Contest

The **Junior Eurovision Song Contest** (sometimes shortened to **JESC** or simply **Junior Eurovision**) is an international song contest held every year by the European Broadcasting Union since 2003. Each year, different child singers representing countries in Europe perform a song and the winner is decided through voting.

Between 27 million and 33 million people watch every year. This makes it the second largest music competition in the world after Eurovision Song Contest.

## Slogans 
Starting in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005, each contest was given a different theme and slogan.

## List of contests 
The first Contest was won by Croatian singer Dino Jelusić with the song "Ti si moja prva ljubav".

|

|

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## Winning entries 
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Junior Eurovision Song Contest&nbsp;– European Broadcasting Union
U.S. Open

**U.S. Open** usually means:
*US Open (tennis)
*U.S. Open (golf)

Other uses include:
* U.S. Open Badminton Championships
* U.S. Open Beer championship
* U.S. Open (bowling)
* U.S. Open Chess Championship
* U.S. Open (crosswords)
* U.S. Open (cycling)
* US Open (darts)
* U.S. Open (go), boardgame tournament
* U.S. Women's Open, golf tournament
* US Open (martial arts), also called ISKA World Martial Arts Championship
* US Open Polo Championship
* U.S. Open pool championships
* U.S. Open Rubik's Cube Championship
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, soccer (association football) tournament
* U.S. Open (squash)
* U.S. Open (swimming)
* U.S. Open of Surfing
* U.S. Open (taekwondo)
* U.S. Open (USACO), United States of America Computing Olympiad, programming competition
* US Open USTA Wheelchair Tennis Championships
* U.S. Open (wrestling)
World Cup

**World Cup** could mean one of these sporting events
*FIFA World Cup
**FIFA Women's World Cup
**FIFA Club World Cup
**FIFA U-20 World Cup
**FIFA U-17 World Cup
**FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
**FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup
**FIFA Futsal World Cup
*Baseball World Cup
*Cricket World Cup
*Rugby World Cup
*Rugby League World Cup
*WGC-World Cup
*Speedway World Cup
*Volleyball World Cup
*Table Tennis World Cup
*Alpine Skiing World Cup
*Show Jumping World Cup
Struthiomimus

Museum of Natural History]]

***Struthiomimus*** was a long-legged, ostrich-like dinosaur of the ornithomimid family. 
It lived in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the Upper Cretaceous, about 75 to 65 million years ago.

## Description
*Struthiomimus* is known from several skeletons and skulls.

It differed from *Ornithomimus* only in proportions and details. It had a typical build and skeletal structure for an ornithomimid.  Its size was about  long  and  tall at the hips, with a weight of about . The tail was stiff and was probably used for balance. It ground food up in its gizzard, and may have been herbivorous or omnivorous. The animals were quite common, which suggests they were herbivores or omnivores, rather than pure carnivores.

## References
Edward Rendell

**Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell** (born January 5, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He became governor of Pennsylvania in 2002. He was governor from January 21, 2003 until January 18, 2011.

## Early life and education
Rendell was born in New York City to Jewish American parents Jesse T. Rendell and Emma Sloat. He went to the University of Pennsylvania in 1961 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree and later got a Juris Doctor from Villanova Law School in 1968. He was a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.

## References
Prehistoric Armenia

The **prehistory of Armenia** means the first people in the land of Armenia.

The first  in Armenia, were by Russian  in 1876, brought to light a burial-ground near Dilijan in which were prehistoric (before history) graves. Jacques de Morgan in 1887-89 dug up 576 graves around Alaverdi and Akhatala, on the Tiflis-Alexandropol railway line.

## Other websites 
*Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia
*World archaeologists have an avid interest in prehistoric Armenia
Maya

In Hindu culture, the name Maya is derived from the Sanskrit word "maya," which means "illusion" or "magic." In Hindu mythology, Maya is also the name of a goddess who is associated with creativity, wisdom, and knowledge. She is often depicted as a beautiful woman with four arms, holding a book, a rosary, a mirror, and a lotus flower. Maya is also the name of the mother of the Buddha in Buddhist tradition.The pronunciation of the name is [ **mah**-yah, -y*uh* ].  This name was ranked #55 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

**Maya** might mean:

* Maya civilization, an ancient civilization in Central America
* Maya people
* Maya languages
* Maya (software)
* Maya the Bee

## Given name
the name Maya is a beautiful and unique name of Hebrew origin. It is derived from the Hebrew word “ma’yah” which means “water”. The name is also associated with the Greek goddess Maia, who was the goddess of spring and fertility.
*Maya Angelou, American poet, author, and civil rights activist (1928–2014)
*Maya Lin, American sculptor and architect
*Maya Rudolph, American actress and comedian
*Maya Yoshida, Japanese association football player
*Maya Plisetskaya, Russian ballet dancer

## References