open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Blockade runner

A **blockade runner** is usually a lighter-weight ship used for slipping past a naval blockade of a port or strait. This is not the same as ships used to  the blocking ships to break the blockade. Very often blockade running is done in order to bring food or arms to a blockaded city. In other cases the blockade runners would carry mail in an attempt to communicate with the outside world. Carrying trade goods from blockaded ports is another function.

## Operations 
Blockade runners are often the fastest ships available. They are usually lightly armed and armored. Their s are quite risky since blockading fleets would not hesitate to fire on them. However, the potential profits (economically or militarily) from a successful blockade run are tremendous. Blockade-runners typically had excellent crews. Although similar to smugglers, blockade-runners are often operated by state's navies as part of the regular naval fleet. Notable users of blockade runners include the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War and Germany during both World War One and World War Two.

## In history 
* Peloponnesian War: there were numerous blockades. Leon of Salamis sent blockade runners to get reinforcements from Athens.
* Punic Wars: the Carthaginian Empire attempted to get around Roman blockades of its ports. Blockade runners brought in supplies, but eventually the Romans won out.
* American Civil War: during the early war the Confederate States of America had many successful blockade runners. By the time Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox blockade running could not make a difference and passed into history.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Blockade Runners
* Civil War Cat-and-Mouse Game
Herbert Harris

**Herbert Eugene Harris, II** (April 14, 1926 – December 24, 2014) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia. His district included part of Fairfax County. He served as a representative from 1975 through 1981.

Harris died on December 24, 2014 at his house on Fairfax County, Virginia, aged 88.

## References
Merrill Womach

**Merrill Womach** (February 7, 1927 – December 28, 2014) was an American undertaker, organist and gospel singer. He was known for founding National Music Service (now Global Distribution Network, Inc.), which provided recorded music to funeral homes across America, and for surviving a plane crash in Beaver Marsh, Oregon. It left him disfigured with third degree burns on his hands and his entire head.

Womach died in his sleep on December 28, 2014 in his birthplace Spokane, Washington.

## References
Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington

Brigadier **Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington** (2 July 1915 – 31 December 2014), styled **Marquess of Douro** between 1943 and 1972, was a senior British peer and a brigadier in the British Army. His main residence was Stratfield Saye House in Hampshire.

He was educated at Eton College and New College, Oxford.

He was a member of the House of Lords from 1972 until 1999, losing his seat by the House of Lords Act.

The 8th Duke died at the age of 99 at his home in Stratfield Saye House, Hampshire, England.

## Titles and styles
***2 July 1915 – 16 September 1943**: Arthur Valerian Wellesley
***16 September 1943 – 4 January 1972**: Marquess of Douro
***4 January 1972 – 31 December 2014**: *His Grace* The Duke of Wellington
**(Netherlands): *His Highness* The Prince of Waterloo (4 January 1972 – 31 December 2014)
**(Spain): *The Most Excellent* The Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (4 January 1972 – 21 May 2010)
**(Portugal): *His Excellency* The Duke of the Victory (4 January 1972 – 31 December 2014)

## References
## Other websites
* The Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot
* ''Debrett's People of Today''
Franc Veliu

**Franc Veliu** (born 11 November 1988 in Vlorë) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays mainly as a defender for Kosovan club Gjilani and the Albania national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
### Club
;Flamurtari Vlorë

## References
Edward Herrmann

**Edward Kirk Herrmann** (July 21, 1943 – December 31, 2014) was an American actor of movies and television, television director, narrator, and screenwriter. He won a Tony Award in 1976 and an Emmy Award in 1999.

Herrman was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. He studied at Bucknell University and at the  London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

His career began in 1971. He was known for playing Franklin D. Roosevelt on several movies and television shows. He played President Roosevelt in *Annie*. He was also known for his role as Richard Gilmore on the television series *Gilmore Girls*. 

He also narrated several shows on PBS, Nova, and the History Channel. His last role before his death in 2014, was as a narrator for a television commercial in 2013 Martin Scorsese's *The Wolf of Wall Street*. 

Hermann died on December 31, 2014 of brain cancer, at the age of 71 in New York City.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Golden Voices Herrmann
Walter Roque

'*Walter "*Cata*" Roque*' (8 May 1937 &ndash; 30 December 2014) was a Uruguayan-born Venezuelan footballer and entertainer. He played for the Uruguay national team. During his later career he coached the Venezuela national team. Roque was born in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Roque died in Caracas, Venezuela, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* www.conmebol.com Article about *Cata* Roque
Bill Woodson

**William T. Woodson** (July 16, 1917 – February 22, 2017) was an American voice actor. He was best known for his narration of the radio series *This is Your FBI* and the animated series *Super Friends* and all its spin-offs.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Bill Maynard

**Walter Frederick George Williams** (8 October 1928 &ndash; 30 March 2018), better known by the stage name **Bill Maynard**, was an English comedian and actor. He was born in Heath End, Surrey, England. He was known for his role as Claude Jeremiah Greengrass in the television series *Heartbeat*.

Maynard died at a Leicestershire hospital of complications from a fall on 30 March 2018 at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eddie Large

**Eddie Large** (25 June 1941 &ndash; 2 April 2020) was the stage name of **Edward Hugh McGinnis**, a British comedian. He was best known as a part of the double act Little and Large, with Syd Little. They starred in the very popular British comedy series *The Little and Large Show*.

## Early life
Large was born Edward Hugh McGinnis in Glasgow in 1941. His father Teddy served as a Petty Officer in the Royal Navy during World War II and after he returned from the war the family moved to a tenement in Oatlands. When he was nine years old the family moved again to Manchester, where he attended Claremont Road Primary School and a grammar school.

## Personal life
After being in hospital in March 2002 with kidney trouble, he underwent a heart transplant at Papworth Hospital, Cambridge in 2003. He recovered fully. Large was hospitalised for weeks in late 2013 after tripping over a road sign near his Portishead, Somerset home.

Large died on 2 April 2020 of COVID-19 at a hospital in Bristol at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
Cliff Michelmore

**Arthur Clifford "Cliff" Michelmore** (11 December 1919 &ndash; 16 March 2016) was an English television presenter and producer. He was best known for the BBC television programme *Tonight*, which he presented from 1957 to 1965.

Michelmore died on 16 March 2016 in a hospital in Hampshire, England at the age of 96.

## References
Martin Crowe

**Martin David Crowe** (22 September 1962 &ndash; 3 March 2016) was a New Zealand cricketer, commentator and author. He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1985, and was thought as one of the "best young batsmen in the world". A right-handed batsman, Crowe represented New Zealand from the early 1980s until his retirement in 1996.

Crowe died from complications of lymphoma in Auckland, New Zealand on 3 March 2016 at the age of 53.

## References
## Other websites
* Player Profile: Martin Crowe from Cricket Archive
Ken Kercheval

**Ken Kercheval** (July 15, 1935 &ndash; April 21, 2019) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Cliff Barnes on the 1980s television series *Dallas* and its 2012 revival.

Kercheval died of pneumonia in Clinton, Indiana on April 21, 2019 at the age of 83.

Kercheval is buried at Pisgah cemetery in Helt township, Vermillion county, Indiana.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
William Tyndale

**William Tyndale** (c. 1484–1536) was an English scholar. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English and for his later prosecution and execution.

He was influenced by both Desiderius Erasmus, who made the Greek New Testament available in Europe, and Martin Luther. The spread of the Wycliffe Bible led to strong measures to keep translations in the hands of the Catholic Church. There was a death sentence for any unlicensed possession of English Bibles, but translations in all other major European languages were allowed.

Tyndale's translation was the first English Bible to draw directly from Hebrew and Greek texts and the first English one to take advantage of the printing press. That was seen as a direct challenge to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1530, Tyndale also wrote *The Practyse of Prelates* and opposed King Henry VIII's divorce on the grounds that it contravened Scripture.

A copy of Tyndale's earlier *The Obedience of a Christian Man* fell into the hands of Henry VIII, who found the reasons that he used to break the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534. who had taken refuge and hoped the Church would not get him.

Two years later, Henry VIII authorized the so-called Great Bible for the Church of England, which was largely Tyndale's own work. Hence, the Tyndale Bible, as it was known, played a key role in spreading the Protestant Reformation.

In 1611, the 54 scholars who produced the King James Version drew significantly from Tyndale and from translations that descended from his. One estimate suggests the New Testament in the King James Version is 83% Tyndale's and the Old Testament 76%. In 2002, Tyndale was placed at number 26 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. A primary school has since opened in his name.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
* The Tyndale Society.
* 
* 
* 
* William Tyndale's Bible 
* Documentary on how Tyndale translated the New Testament into English on jw.org
Menachem Begin

**Menachem Begin** (16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was an Israeli politician. Originally a Zionist activist in Eastern Europe, he later became Prime Minister of Israel. 
[[File:FAMILY PICTURE OF MENAHEM BEGIN (TOP L) WITH SISTER RACHEL AND LATE BROTHER HERZL WITH THEIR PARENTS IN THEIR HOME TOWN IN POLAND. תצלום משפחתי של מנחD690-049.jpg|thumb|260px|left|The Begin family of Brest-Litovsk Jewish community; Back row: Left to right: Herzl; Menahem; Rachel [Begin] Halpern. In front left to right: Hassia and Zeev Dov Begin 12 December 1932. Zeev Dov; Hassia; and Herzl Begin did not survive the Shoah 1933-1945]] 
In 1941 he joined the Free Polish army. This is how he arrived in Mandatory Palestine in 1942.

In 1942, Begin joined the Irgun, a Zionist-Jewish paramilitary organization, which was labelled as a terrorist organization in the 1940s. From 1943 to 1948 he was commander of the Irgun.

He was the founder of the Israeli political party Likud. He was the sixth Prime Minister of Israel.

Begin’s most significant acts as Prime Minister include the launching of an urban rehabilitation program, safeguards for consumers, new social programs related to income support and long-term care, the prohibition of sex discrimination, officially declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel, imposing Israeli law on the Golan Heights, taking Ethiopian Jews out of Africa, destroying Saddam Hussein's nuclear reactor in Iraq, controversially leading Israel through the early stages of the 1982 Lebanon War, and most famously, signing the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. For that treaty, Begin and Anwar Sadat shared the Nobel Peace Prize.

Begin resigned as Prime Minister in October 1983. He died on 9 March 1992 after a heart attack. He was buried on the Mount of Olives.

## Related pages 
* Lehi militant group
* Irgun

## References
Bert Sakmann

**Bert Sakmann** (born 12 June 1942) is a German cell physiologist.  He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Erwin Neher in 1991 for their work on "the function of single ion channels in cells loop," and the invention of the patch clamp. 

Sakmann was born in Stuttgart. 

He was Professor at Heidelberg University and is an Emeritus Scientific Member of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. He has also worked with research group at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1992.

## References
Edmond H. Fischer

**Edmond Henri Fischer** (April 6, 1920 &ndash; August 27, 2021) was a Swiss-born American biochemist. He and his partner Edwin G. Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for their works on phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes.  From 2007 until 2014, he was the Honorary President of the World Cultural Council.

Fischer died on August 27, 2021 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 101.

## References
Allier (river)

The **Allier** () is a river in central France, left tributary of the Loire River. It flows through several regions.

The Allier department is named after this river. In Ancient Rome, the river was named *Elaver*.

## Geography
The Allier river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Cuffy in the Cher department.

### Course
The source of the Allier is in the mountainous region of *Margeride*, part of the Massif Central, on the mountain *Moure de la Gardille* in the Chasseradès municipality, Lozère department. The source is at an altitude of about .

The Allier flows, in general, to the north and passes through the following regions, departments and *communes*: near the city of Nevers, in the limits between the Cher and Nièvre departments in the towns of Marzy, Cuffy and Gimouille, at  of altitude.

## Main tributaries
The main tributaries, with a length greater than , of the Allier are:

**Left tributaries**:
* Chapeauroux - 56&nbsp;km;
* Ance - 40.3&nbsp;km;
* Alagnon - 85.9&nbsp;km;
* Couze Pavin - 46&nbsp;km;
* Morge - 68.4&nbsp;km;
* Andelot - 49.4&nbsp;km;
* Sioule - 163.3&nbsp;km;

**Right tributaries**:
* Senouire - 63.1&nbsp;km;
* Dore - 140.4&nbsp;km;
* Sichon - 41.1&nbsp;km;

## Gallery

File:Pont-du-Chateau Allier.JPG|The Allier river near Pont-du-Château.
File:Allier a Vichy.jpg|The Allier at Vichy.
File:01 Allier - Villages de St-Ilpize et Villeneuve-d'Allier - JPG1.jpg|The Allier river.
File:15 Bec d'allier (Vue de cuffy 18).jpg|The ''Bec d'Allier'' at Cuffy : confluence of the Allier and the Loire.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - Station K3650810 - L'Allier à Cuffy (Synthèse)  
* The river Allier - Loire Nature
Thomas C. Südhof

**Thomas Christian Südhof** (born December 22, 1955),ForMemRS, is a German-American biochemist. He is known for his study of synaptic transmission.

Südhof, James Rothman and Randy Schekman won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on vesicle trafficking.

## References
Bengt I. Samuelsson

**Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson** (21 May 1934 – 7 July 2024) was a Swedish biochemist. He shared with Sune K. Bergström and John R. Vane the 1982 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discoveries about prostaglandins and related substances.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

Samuelsson died on 7 July 2024 in Mölle, Sweden from heart disease at the age of 90.

## References
Wilfrid Laurier

**Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier**  (20 November 1841 – 17 February 1919), known as **Wilfrid Laurier** (; ), was the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911.

## Other websites
* *Wilfrid Laurier on the platform; collection of the principal speeches made in Parliament or before the people, since his entry into active politics in 1871;* by Wilfrid Laurier at archive.org
* *Life and letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier* vol 1. at archive.org
* *Life and letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier* vol 2. at archive.org
* Article on Sir Wilfrid Laurier from *The Canadian Encyclopedia* 
*Photograph:Wilfrid Laurier, 1890 - McCord Museum
*Photograph:Sir Wilfrid Laurier, circa 1900 - McCord Museum
*Photograph:Wilfrid Laurier, 1906 - McCord Museum
John O'Keefe

'''John O'Keefe''', FRS FMedSci (born November 18, 1939) is an American-British neuroscientist. He is a professor at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and the Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London. He is one of the most notable alumni of City College of New York.

## Biography 
O'Keefe is known for his discovery of place cells in the hippocampus. He discovered that they show a kind of coding for places. This is a positioning system, an “inner GPS” in the brain that makes it possible to orient ourselves in space.

In 2014, he received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience "for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition", together with Brenda Milner and Marcus Raichle. He shared the one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014 with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser, who shared the other half jointly.

O’Keefe and his student Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells by systematically analyzing the environmental factors influencing the firing properties of individual hippocampal neurons.

## Publications 
His many publications on place cells have been highly cited. In addition, he published an influential book with Lynn Nadel, proposing the functional role of the hippocampus as a cognitive map for spatial memory function. In extensions of his  work, place cells have been analyzed experimentally or simulated in models in hundreds of papers.

## References
Robert Borden

**Sir Robert Laird Borden**  (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the ninth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920. He was the third Nova Scotian to hold this office.

After retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queen's University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 bills produced since 1976.

## Other websites
*Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill
*Historic plaque at Grand-Pré
*Photograph:Robert L. Borden, 1905 - McCord Museum
Erwin Neher

**Erwin Neher** (; ; born 20 March 1944) is a German biophysicist. His works focused on cell physiology. In 1991, with Bert Sakmann, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells".

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

## References
R. B. Bennett

**Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett**,  (3 July 1870&nbsp;– 26 June 1947), was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. He was the fourteenth prime minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935.
Louis St. Laurent

**Louis Stephen St. Laurent**  (*Saint-Laurent* or *St-Laurent* in French, baptized **Louis-Étienne St-Laurent**; 1 February 1882&nbsp;– 25 July 1973) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from 15 November 1948 to 21 June 1957.
Per-Ingvar Brånemark

**Per-Ingvar Brånemark** (May 3, 1929 – December 20, 2014) was a Swedish orthopedic surgeon and research professor. He was called the "father of modern dental implantology". The *Brånemark Osseointegration Center* (BOC), named after its founder, was founded in 1989 in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Brånemark died at the age of 85 in Gothenburg.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel Biocare Convention 2007 
*Brånemark Osseointegration Center 
*Bacterial Persistence in Dentoalveolar Bone Following Extraction: A Microbiological Study and Implications for Dental Implant Treatment - Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 
*The man who made people smile - nobelbiocare.com
John Diefenbaker

**John George Diefenbaker**   (September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 21, 1957 to April 22, 1963.

Diefenbaker was known for his passing laws meant to reduce racial discrimination.
Pope Boniface VI

**Pope Boniface VI** (; 806 – April 896) was the bishop of Rome. He was Pope of the Papal States in April 896. He was from Rome.

His election came about as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus. After reigning as pope for fifteen days, he is said by some to have died of the gout.

John IX, in 898, said that his election was null and void.

## References
Pope Clement VI

**Pope Clement VI** (; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born **Pierre Roger**, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death in 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. 

Clement reigned during the Black Death (1348–1350), during which he said all who died of the plague would not go to hell.

## Notes
Pope Clement XII

**Pope Clement XII** (born **Lorenzo Corsini**; 7 April 16526 February 1740) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1730 to his death in February 1740.

Clement was known for expanding the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, beginning the construction of the Trevi Fountain, and buying Cardinal Alessandro Albani's collection of art for the papal gallery. His first moves as Pope Clement XII were to give back the papal finances. 

Clement XII died on 6 February 1740 from problems caused by gout. His remains were transferred to his tomb in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 20 July 1742. 

## References
Pope Clement X

**Pope Clement X** (born **Emilio Bonaventura Altieri**; 13 July 1590&nbsp;– 22 July 1676) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 April 1670 to his death on 22 July 1676. He was elected pope at age 79, making him the oldest person to have been elected pope.

Emilio Bonaventura Altieri was born in Rome in 1590.

As Pope, he canonized and beatified many saints, supported good relations between Christian countries, and made efforts to preserve the Altieri family name by adopting the Paoluzzi family. 

He also created a new tax in Rome, which led to problems with ambassadors and cardinals. During his pontificate, he created 20 cardinals, including Pietro Francesco Orsini, who later became Pope Benedict XIII.

Pope Clement X had the two fountains located in St. Peter's Square built near the tribune, where a monument has been built in his memory. During his papacy, the Palazzo Altieri in central Rome was fixed.

On 22 July 1676, Clement X died from problems caused by gout at the age of 86. His tomb is in St. Peter's Basilica.

## References
## Other websites
* (source of the interment information)
Peter Mansfield

**Sir Peter Mansfield**  was an English physicist. He was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He shared with Paul Lauterbur. He was known for his discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Mansfield was a professor at the University of Nottingham.

## Personal life
Mansfield was born in Lambeth, London. He studied at Queen Mary College, London. Mansfield graduated with a BSc from Queen Mary's in 1959.

Mansfield died in Nottingham, England on 8 February 2017, aged 83.

## Awards and honours
* 1983 Gold Medal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
* 1984 Joint award of the Royal Society Welcome Foundation Gold Medal and Prize.
* 1986 Elected Fellow of Queen Mary College (now Queen Mary and Westfield College), London University
* 1987 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
* 1987 Elected President of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
* 1988 Awarded Duddell Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics
* 1988 Awarded Silvanus Thompson Medal by the British Institute of Radiology
* 1989 Antoine Béclère Medal from the International Society of Radiology and the Antoine Béclère Institute in Paris
* 1990 Royal Society Mullard Award (joint with John Mallard & Jim Hutchinson)
* 1992 International Society of Magnetic Resonance (ISMAR) prize (joint with P. Lauterbur)
* 1993 Knighted
* 1993 Silver Plaque of the European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology
* 1993 Elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Radiology and Honorary Member of the British Institute of Radiology
* 1994 Elected Honorary Member of the Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Fellow of the Society of Magnetic Resonance
* 1995 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Prize for MRI
* 1995 Gold Medal of the European Congress of Radiology and the European Association of Radiology
* 1997 Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics
* 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Medicine with Paul Lauterbur
* 2009 was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award by Prime Minister Gordon Brown, ceremony broadcast on ITV's Pride of Britain Awards

## References
## Other websites
Pope Formosus

**Pope Formosus** (896) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 6 October 891 to his death. His reign as pope was troubled, marked by power struggles over the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Kingdom of West Francia, and the Holy Roman Empire.

## Papacy
During his papacy, Formosus also had to side with the Saracens, who were attacking Lazio. On 4 April 896, Formosus died. He was replaced by Boniface VI, whose papacy lasted 15 days.

## Trial
He sided with Arnulf of Carinthia against Lambert of Spoleto. He was accused of perjury and was put on trial. As a result, Formosus's remains were exhumed and put on trial in the Cadaver Synod. He was found guilty and his body was buried many times at a nearby river.

## References
Arthur Meighen

**Arthur Meighen**  (; 16 June 1874 – 5 August 1960) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the tenth prime minister of Canada, in office from July 1920 to December 1921 and again as the twelfth prime minister from June to September 1926.
Pope Mark

**Pope Mark** () was the bishop of Rome from 18 January to his death on 7 October 336. His feast day is celebrated on 7 October.

## Other websites
Pope Martin V

**Pope Martin V** (born **Oddone Colonna**, January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431) was Pope from 1417 to 1431. His election ended the Western Schism, a split in the Catholic Church where multiple men claimed to be the rightful pope.

## Early life 
Oddone Colonna was born in Genazzano, a town in the Papal States. He came from a noble family and joined the church at an early age. In 1405, he was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VII.

## Papacy 
Martin V was elected pope by the Council of Constance in 1417. This council was called to end the Western Schism, which had divided the Church for nearly 40 years.

## Death 
Pope Martin V died on 20 February 1431 in Rome after a 14-year papacy. He is remembered for ending the Western Schism and helping to restore order to the Catholic Church.

## References
Omar Karami

**Omar Abdul Hamid Karami** (&lrm;; 7 September 1934 &ndash; 1 January 2015) was a Lebanese politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Lebanon twice: from 24 December 1990 to 13 May 1992 and from 26 October 2004 to 19 April 2005.

Karami was born in An Nouri, near Tripoli, French Mandate of Lebanon to a Muslim family. He studied at Cairo University in Cairo, Egypt. His son, Faisal, also became a politician.

Karami died after a long illness on 1 January 2015 in Beirut, aged 80.

## References
Pope Stephen VI

**Pope Stephen VI** (; died August 897) was the bishop of Rome. He was Pope of the Papal States from 22 May 896 to his death. He is best known for fighting the Cadaver Synod, which ultimately led to his downfall and death.

Stephen VI was strangled to death by protesters.

## References
William Lyon Mackenzie King

**William Lyon Mackenzie King**, PC, OM, CMG (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950), also commonly known as **Mackenzie King**, was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s. He is known for having led Canada through the Second World War.

He served as the eleventh, thirteenth, and fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from December 29, 1921 to June 28, 1926; from September 25, 1926 to August 7, 1930; and from October 23, 1935 to November 15, 1948. A Liberal with 22 non-consecutive years in office, he was the longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history.

King died on July 22, 1950, at Kingsmere from pneumonia, aged 75. He is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.

## References
## Other websites
*Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War
*Mackenzie King declares war against Nazi Germany (.rm file)  1939 speech
*CBC Digital Archives – Mackenzie King: Public Life, Private Man
*Woodside National Historic Site page from Parks Canada website 
**The secret of heroism : a memoir of Henry Albert Harper * by William Lyon Mackenzie King at archive.org
*William Lyon Mackenzie King Estate Visitor's Information
Pope Sergius IV

**Pope Sergius IV** (died 12 May 1012) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 31 July 1009 to his death. Sergius IV may have wanted Muslims removed from the Holy Land, but this is disputed. Since his time, the practice that the person who has been elected to the office of pope takes on a new name became a tradition.

## References
Zbečník

**Zbečník** is a village in north-eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is approximately  from the border with Poland. It is  long and is part of the town of Hronov. The oldest known written evidence of Zbečník dates to the 15th century. It mentions a fortress of Quicken on a hill above Zbečník.

## Geography 
Zbečník is along the main road through the Zbečník stream valley. It is next to the town of Hronov, to the east. The stream flows through the village and joins the river Metuje at Hronov. To the north of the village is a mountain called Maternice. It rises  above sea level. On this mountain is a source of drinking water called Skalákova studánka. In the early 19th century there were attempts to mine coal on Maternice mountain. Because of the poor quality of the coal all mining was discontinued.

### Climate 
As Zbečník is in a valley. It experiences greater climatic extremes than nearby towns and villages. It is prone to colder winter temperatures, dropping to  to  and hottest summer days up to  to .

## References 
## Other websites 
*Zbečník on Czech Wikipedia
*Official website of Zbečník
*Website
Stitching awl

A **stitching awl** is a simple tool to punch holes in leather or other material. It can also be used to make holes larger. 

The awl is used for sewing leather or canvas. It has a thin, tapered metal shaft, coming to a sharp point, either straight or slightly bent. These shafts usually have an eye piercing at the pointed end. This helps to draw thread through holes for lock stitch sewing by hand. They are also called **sewing awls**.
Phoenician language

The **Phoenician language** was originally spoken in the coastal Mediterranean region that was called "Canaan" in Phoenician, Arabic, Greek and Aramaic, but "Phoenicia" in Greek and Latin and "Pūt" in ancient Egyptian. Phoenician was a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup. It was related to the Hebrew but was more developed. The language is divided into three groups.  Phoenician dates from the 10th to the 7th century BC.

Phoenician was spoken in area that includes modern-day Lebanon, coastal Syria, Palestine, northern Israel and parts of Cyprus. The Phoenician alphabet is the oldest verified consonantal alphabet, or abjad, and influenced most of the other alphabets.

## References
Jeff Golub

**Jeff Golub** (April 15, 1955 &ndash; January 1, 2015) was an American jazz guitarist. He released fifteen albums between 1988 and 2013. He also worked with Rod Stewart and Billy Squier.

Golub was born in Copley, Ohio and raised in Akron. In June 2011, he became blind from optic nerve issues. In September 2012, he fell onto a train track in New York but was treated for his injuries.

Golub died from progressive supranuclear palsy on January 1, 2015, aged 59.

## References
## Other websites
*
Boris Morukov

.]]

**Boris Vladimirovich Morukov** (; 1 October 1950 &ndash; 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician and cosmonaut. He was best known for flying aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist. He also trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut.

Morukov was born in Moscow. In 1973, he got his M.D. from the Russian State Medical University. He was married to Nina and had two children - a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.

Morukov died on 1 January 2015, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
* Boris Morukov at NASA
Eric Cunningham

**Eric Gordon Cunningham** (April 14, 1949 &ndash; January 1, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was a Liberal Ontario MPP for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 until 1984.

Cunningham was born in Hamilton, Ontario. Aside from politics, he was an advertising executive.

Cunningham died in his sleep on January 1, 2015 in Huntsville, Ontario, aged 65.

## References
## Other websites
* Eric Cunningham  at the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Mrunalini Devi Puar

**Mrunalini Devi Puar** (25 June 1931 &ndash; 1 January 2015) was an Indian educator and dietitian. She was an educator at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda before becoming the chancellor of the university after the death of her brother in 1988. She stayed chancellor until her death.

Puar was born in Gujarat. She was a member of the Gaekwad dynasty, the former ruling clan of Baroda State.

Puar died after a short illness on 1 January 2015, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Mrunalini Devi Puar profile  at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda website
Edenryd

**Edenryd** is a village in Bromölla Municipality in Skåne County in Sweden.

Swedish female singer Sanna Nielsen comes from Edenryd.

## References
Education in Turkey

**Education in Turkey** is based on a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence. Compulsory education lasts 12 years. 

## Primary education
Primary school () lasts 8 years. Primary education covers the education and teaching of children between the ages of 6–14. 

There are four core subjects at First, Second and Third Grades which are; Turkish, Math, Hayat Bilgisi (literally meaning "Life Knowledge") and Foreign Language. At Fourth Grade, "Hayat Bilgisi" is replaced by Science and Social Studies. The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school. There are five core subjects at sixth and seventh grades; Turkish, maths, science, social studies and foreign language. At eighth grade, social studies is replaced by history and citizenship.

## Secondary education
Secondary education (High School / ) includes all the general, vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school. Secondary education aims to give students a good level of knowledge, and to prepare them for higher education. Also to prepare them for a vocation, for life and for business. 

All high schools in Turkey accepting students use an examination by the Ministry of Education (Turkey). At the end of high school, following the 12th grade, students take a *high school finishing examination*. They are required to pass this in order to take the University entrance examinations before they can attend a university.

## Universities 
It is not necessary to attend a university in Turkey.

By 2011 there were 166 universities in Turkey. Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish: Açıköğretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University, entrance is regulated by a national examination, ÖSYS, after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance.

## References
Branford, Connecticut

**Branford** is a coastal town in southern Connecticut. The town is just east of New Haven. At the 2020 census, 28,273 people were living in Branford.

## References
Kartal

**Kartal** is a district of Istanbul, Turkey. It is located on the Asian side of the city. It is on the coast of the Marmara Sea between Maltepe and Pendik. Its total area is . It has a population of nearly 500,0000 people. Kartal has a mild climate.

## References
Élisabeth of France

**Élisabeth of France, "Granddaughter of France"** (Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France, 3 May 1764 &ndash; 10 May 1794), known as **Madame Élisabeth**, was a French princess. She was the youngest sibling of King Louis XVI. During the French Revolution, she stayed with the king and his family. She was executed at Place de la Révolution in Paris during the "Reign of Terror" in the French Revolution. She is regarded by the Roman Catholic Church as a martyr and is venerated as a Servant of God. 

## Life
Élisabeth was the youngest child of the dauphin and dauphine of France. She was born during the reign of her grandfather, Louis XV. She grew up in the Palace of Versailles. She was always close to her older sister Clotilde. The two sisters were raised together by Madame de Marsan. 

Élisabeth was a skillful rider. She was also interested in art. Several of her drawings are in the museum of the Château de Versailles. In 1774, her grandfather, Louis XV, died. Her elder brother became king as Louis XVI.

Élisabeth was deeply religious. She was devoted to her brother the king. She refused to marry so that she could stay in France. In 1777, a marriage was suggested to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. He was the son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and brother of her sister-in-law, Queen Marie Antoinette. Élisabeth declined with her brother's consent.

Élisabeth was executed during the French Revolution. She was buried at the Cimetière des Errancis, Paris. Her body was later moved to the Catacombs of Paris. 

## Cause of beatification and canonization 
Madame Elisabeth died in the odor of holiness. According to Madame de Genlis, a scent of roses spread across the Place de la Concorde after her execution. In 1953, Pope Pius XII recognized by decree the heroic character of her virtues simply because of her martyrdom. The princess was declared a Servant of God and the cause of beatification was officially presented on December 23, 1953 by Cardinal Maurice Feltin, Archbishop of Paris. In 2016, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris, reactivated the cause of his beatification. Father Xavier Snoëk, pastor of the parish of Sainte-Élisabeth-de-Hungary, was appointed postulator of the cause (church in the old Temple district where the princess was imprisoned), and in May 2017 he recognized the association of the faithful promoters of their cause. On November 15, 2017, Cardinal Vingt-Trois, after consulting with the French Bishops' Conference and the nihil obstat of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome, hopes that the process will lead to the canonization of Madame Elisabeth , sister of Louis XVI. 

## References
Bob Packwood

**Robert William "Bob" Packwood** (born September 11, 1932) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from the state of Oregon from 1969 to 1995. He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lives in a suburb of Portland, with his second wife Elaine. She used to be his chief of staff.

## References
The Grey Fox

***The Grey Fox*** is a 1982 Canadian biographical-western movie. It was directed by Phillip Borsos and was produced by Peter O'Brian. *The Grey Fox* was released on December 16, 1982 in Canada and on March 18, 1983 in the United States. The movie is based on the true story of Bill Miner, a stagecoach robber who staged Canada's first train robbery on September 10, 1904.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie 3½ stars and said that it was "a lovely adventure". Farnsworth was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category of "Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama" at the 41st Golden Globe Awards. The movie was also nominated for Best Foreign Film. It won many other awards.

## Cast 
*Richard Farnsworth as Bill Miner/George Edwards
*Jackie Burroughs as Katherine 'Kate' Flynn
*Ken Pogue as Jack Budd
*Wayne Robson as Shorty (William) Dunn
*Timothy Webber as Sergeant Fernie
*Gary Reineke as Pinkerton Detective Seavy

## References
## Other websites 
*
Lam Pou-chuen

and Lam (July 2006).]]

**Lam Pou-chuen** (, 10 October 1951 &ndash; 2 January 2015) was a Hong Kong voice actor. His career began in 1971. He was known for voicing Doraemon for over twenty years and dubbing many blockbuster movies into Cantonese.

Lam was born in Portuguese Macau. He was a Buddhist.

Lam died at the age of 63 from diabetes problems at his home in Hong Kong.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jos Wienen

**Jos Wienen** (born October 3, 1960 in Ridderkerk)  is a Dutch politician. He is mayor of Haarlem.

Wienen studied history and theology at Utrecht University. In 1986 he became a councilor for the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in the town of Ridderkerk. In 1993 he became also an alderman. His job included the planning of space, housing, traffic and transportation affairs. Wienen was also vice-president of the city region Rotterdam.

In 2001, Wienen became mayor of Katwijk. In 2006, Katwijk merged with the towns of Rijnsburg and Valkenburg. He was also a member of the executive committee of the region Holland Rijnland, which includes Katwijk.

Since September 2016 Wienen has been mayor of Haarlem.

## References
Donna Douglas

**Donna Douglas** (born **Doris Ione Smith**; September 26, 1932 &ndash; January 1, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as Elly May Clampett in the CBS television series *The Beverly Hillbillies* from 1962 to 1971. She also appeared in the series *The Twilight Zone* and the movie *Frankie and Johnny* (1966), alongside Elvis Presley.

Douglas was born in Pride, Louisiana. She had a son, Danny P. Bourgeois (born September 14, 1954). She was married twice, both ending in divorce.

Douglas died from pancreatic cancer on January 1, 2015 in Zachary, Louisiana, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bethany Mota

**Bethany Noel Mota** (born November 7, 1995) is an American video blogger from Los Banos, California. She was a shy person, lived her childhood with cyber bullying. Starting with her YouTube channel of as "MacBarbie07" created in 2009, she rose to fame for her haul videos, in which she shows her fashion purchases via the internet. She changed her channel name to "Bethany Mota" as she grew more and more well known. She uploads videos of outfit ideas, makeup and hair tutorials, recipes, and do it yourself ideas. She has since expanded into her own fashion line at Aéropostale. She recently went on a tour, which she calls her "Motavatour" to meet and interact with fans. She is now (8/23/2016) is in a Camp to meet and interact with her fans, with a Youtuber named Tyler Oakley.

## References
Miller Williams

**Miller Williams** (April 8, 1930 &ndash; January 1, 2015) was an American contemporary poet, as well as a translator and editor. He wrote over 25 books and won several awards for his poetry. He was perhaps best known for reading a poem at President Clinton's 1997 inauguration. One of his best-known poems was "The Shrinking Lonesome Sestina."

Williams suffered from spina bifida. He died in Fayetteville, Arkansas from Alzheimer's disease, aged 84.

## Books
* *A Circle of Stone*, 1965
* *So Long at the Fair*, 1968
* *Halfway from Hoxie*, 1973
* *Why God Permits Evil*, 1977, Louisiana State University Press
* *The Boys on Their Bony Mules*, 1983, Louisiana State University Press
* *Patterns of Poetry*, 1986, Louisiana State University Press
* *Living on the Surface*, 1989
* *Adjusting to the Light*, 1992, University of Missouri Press
* *Points of Departure*, 1994
* *The Ways We Touch: Poems*, 1997, University of Illinois Press
* *Some Jazz a While: Collected Poems*, 1999, University of Illinois Press, 
* *Making a Poem: Some Thoughts About Poetry and the People Who Write It*, 2006, Louisiana State University Press, 
* *Time and the Tilting Earth: Poems*, 2008, Louisiana State University Press, 

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
* Farnsworth, Elizabeth. Jan. 16, 1996. Interview with Miller Williams. American Poetry/PBS Online Newshour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june97/williams_1-16.html 
* Rosenthal, Harry. Jan 20, 1997. "Poet Addresses Inaugural Event." *Washington Post*. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/inaug/mon/williams.htm
*"Miller Williams." 2003. Entry in *Contemporary Authors Online*. Gale.
*Gatewood, Willard B. October 28, 2009. "Miller Williams." *Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture*

## More reading
* Burns, Michael (ed.) 1991. *Miller Williams and the Poetry of the Particular*. Columbia, Mo: University of Missouri Press.
* Correspondence and other materials. *Miller Williams Collection, 1950–1995*. Fayetteville, Ar: University of Arkansas Libraries, Special Collections Division, Manuscript Collection 1387.  http://libinfo.uark.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/todd.html
Arthur A. Neu

**Arthur Alan Neu** (February 9, 1933 – January 2, 2015) was an American Republican politician and lawyer. He served as the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1973 to 1979.

Neu died at a hospital in Des Moines, Iowa at the age of 81 on January 2, 2015.

## References
Little Jimmy Dickens

**James Cecil Dickens** (December 19, 1920 – January 2, 2015), better known as **Little Jimmy Dickens**, was an American country music singer. He was famous for his humorous novelty songs, his small size, 4'11" (150&nbsp;cm), and his rhinestone-studded outfits. 

He started as a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1948 and became a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1983. 

Dickens was hospitalized after a stroke on December 25, 2014. He died of cardiac arrest on January 2, 2015, at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Watch Little Jimmy Dickens, "Hannah", on *Ozark Jubilee*, August 1, 1959 **(Flash player)**
* Dickens in the Country Music Hall of Fame
* Grand Ole Opry member
Roger Jepsen

**Roger William Jepsen** (December 23, 1928 &ndash; November 13, 2020) was an American politician from the state of Iowa. A Republican, he served in the United States Senate and as Lieutenant Governor of Iowa. He was born in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Jepsen died on November 13, 2020 in Davenport, Iowa at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Muriel Bowser

**Muriel Elizabeth Bowser** (born August 2, 1972) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. She is serving as the eighth Mayor of the District of Columbia. She succeeded Vincent C. Gray on January 2, 2014.

In November 2025, Bowser announced that she would not run for re-election in 2026.

## References
## Other websites
* Campaign website 
* Official site
Tom Wolf

**Thomas Westerman "Tom" Wolf** (born November 17, 1948) is an American businessman and politician. He became Governor of Pennsylvania on January 20, 2015.  He defeated Republican incumbent Tom Corbett in the 2014 election for governor. He was re-elected in 2018. He left office on January 17, 2023.

Wolf is a Democrat. Before being governor, he was the secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue from April 2007 until November 2008.

On February 24, 2016, Wolf announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in its early stages.

## References
## Other websites
* Tom Wolf for PA Governor  — Official site for the 2014 Pennsylvania gubernatorial campaign
* The Wolf Transition  — Official site for the gubernatorial transition
* The Wolf Inauguration  — Official site for the gubernatorial inauguration