open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
GSC Game World

**GSC Game World** is a Ukrainian video game developer. Founded in 1995 in Kiev, Ukraine, closed in 2012 and reopened in 2014, it has published titles such as Cossacks: European Wars, American Conquest, Alexander, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky and S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat. In 2004, GSC Game World founded the publishing arm **GSC World Publishing**.

GSC Game World's most successful series is S.T.A.L.L.K.E.R., a survival shooter that was in development for seven years, released in March 2007. They are also known for the Cossacks series. Most of their titles have been published in Europe by CDV Software Entertainment.

## Development 
GSC Game World has its own graphics engine, the X-Ray Engine, used in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. series.

After initial reports in 2011, it was indicated that their next project, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2, had been cancelled. GSC tweeted a complete denial of the cancellation, as well as rumors denying that the studio had closed its doors. However, they later deleted the tweet and later, official comment would be made on December 12, 2011. It was stated, "We will do our best to continue. However, at this time, nothing is certain." On December 23, 2011, it was revealed that *S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2.* is still in development.

On May 15, 2012, a Russian blog published an interview with one of executives of GSC Game World, which revealed that GSC Game World is not closed and that the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. brand still belongs to GSC. The same day during a live interview it was revealed that S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2.

On December 21, 2014, the return of GSC Game World to the world of video games was announced. This time, they claimed to be working on a new project.

## List of games developed by GSC Game World 
* 2001 — *Codename: Outbreak*
* 2001— *Cossacks: European Wars*
* 2002 — *Cossacks: Art of War*
* 2002 — *Cossacks: Back to War*
* 2003 — *Hover Ace*
* 2003 — *American Conquest*
* 2003— *American Conquest: Fight Back*
* 2004 — *Alexander*
* 2004 — *Firestarter*
* 2005 — *Cossacks II: Napoleonic Wars*
* 2006 — *Cossacks II: Battle for Europe*
* 2006 — *Heroes of Annihilated Empires*
* 2007 — *S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl*
* 2008 — S.T.A.L.K.E.R*.: Clear Sky*
* 2009 — S.T.A.L.K.E.R.*: Call of Pripyat*
* 2016 — *Cossacks 3*
* 2024 — S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2

## Xbox 360 Development Rights 
In November 2007 GSC acquired the Xbox 360 development rights. In September 2009 GSC announced that they will port S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles, however, due to lack of staff, they planned to start with the release of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2. which, however, was later cancelled.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Cossacks (video games series)

]]
***Cossacks*** is a series of real-time strategy games developed by GSC Game World, a Ukrainian video game development company. The series consists of 3 games and 3 expansion packs.

*Cossacks* series recreates historical battles on rectangular maps with isometric perspective. There are several nations to choose from, each with its own economic and technological development, unique combat units and specialisations.

## Games 
|}

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Cossacks website
John Spratt

**John McKee Spratt Jr.** (November 1, 1942 – December 14, 2024) was an American Democratic politician. He was the U.S. representative for  from 1983 to 2011.

Spratt was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2010. He died on December 14, 2024 from problems caused by the disease in York, South Carolina at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Frotey-lès-Vesoul

**Frotey-lès-Vesoul** (, literally *Frotey near Vesoul*) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in east France.

The town is near Vesoul.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Haute-Saône department

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ernie Beck

**Ernest Joseph Beck** (December 11, 1931 – December 12, 2024) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Beck played seven years in the National Basketball Association for the Philadelphia Warriors, St. Louis Hawks, and Syracuse Nationals from 1953 to 1961. 

Beck died in West Chester, Pennsylvania on December 12, 2024, one day after his 93rd birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Career statistics
Mircea Diaconu

**Mircea Diaconu** (; 24 December 1949 – 14 December 2024) was a Romanian actor, writer and politician. He acted in sixty movies through the 2000s. He took part in the Romanian Revolution of 1989. 

In 2008, he was elected a senator and later became a Member of the European Parliament. He ran for president in 2019, but lost.

Diaconu died on 14 December 2024 at a hospital in Bucharest, Romania from colon cancer, ten days before his 75th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*
Battle of Bila Tserkva (1626)

**Battle of Bila Tserkva** is an armed clash between the armies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate on October 9, 1626.

## Background 
Because of the war with Sweden, which broke out in Pomerania, Stanislaw Koniecpolski with the main forces of the quartet army moved from the Ukraine to the Vistula River in the autumn. The defense of the borderlands was placed in the hands of regimental officer Stefan Chmielecki, on whose shoulders the entire eastern policy of the Commonwealth was to rest for the next five years, and above all relations with the Tartars. Due to the extremely serious situation that had developed in the north, the military forces left at Chmielecki's disposal were relatively small. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden not only by letter, but even through his deputies, tried to get the Tatars to attack Poland. The Protestant ruler of Transylvania, Gábor Bethlen, who was fighting against the Habsburgs allied with Sigismund III, did the same, remembering well the Polish intervention of 1619 that ended with the Battle of Humienny. However, the Tatars needed no encouragement to seize the moment of weakening Polish forces in Ukraine.

## Battle 
Counting on the fact that the Ukrainian lands remained virtually defenseless after the departure of the majority of the army with Hetman Koniecpolski, the Tatar army, in the strength of 10-15 thousand Crimean Tatars and Budziak Nogais, following the Black Route, invaded the borders of the Republic in late September and set up a basket near Bila Tserkva. The basket was spread out in a muddy area by the Roś River. Soon the chambuls were dissolved to bring loot and yasir to the basket. Stefan Chmielecki wasted no time and quickly concentrated a force of 5000 soldiers, including 1500 registered Cossacks. He immediately struck at the completely surprised enemy, taking all the loot and inflicting very heavy losses. The fugitives were pursued for 4 hours, after which they turned back to destroy the remaining chambuls, which, unaware of the situation, were still engaged in looting the surrounding area. One or two days later, a detachment of village leader Buhar and the sons of Kantimir was smashed near Fastov. At the same time, the rittmeister Bajbuza smashed at one of the fords a czambul returning with loot. Completely beaten, the Tatars lost a total of about a thousand dead, in addition to several flags and banners. The victors also took many prisoners, losing only 40 dead themselves.

## References
Kamidana

**Kamidana** is the name for a shrine or altar used at home, in Shinto religion, mostly in Japan. Usually they look like small versons of the nulidings that hold the shrine. They are used to pray to deceased members of the family, or to local deites, called Kami. 
A similar concept are house altars found in Buddhism. These can also be found in Japan. They are called Butsudan.
Mikheil Kavelashvili

** Mikheil Kavelashvili** (; born 1971) is a Georgian politician and former professional footballer. He is the 6th and current President of Georgia after the disputed 2024 presidential election. He was elected to the Parliament of Georgia in the Georgian Dream party.

Before entering politics, he was a striker who played in the English Premier League for Manchester City and in the Swiss Super League for Grasshoppers, Zürich, Luzern, Sion, Aarau and Basel. 

He also played for Dinamo Tbilisi and Spartak Vladikavkaz. He played 46 times for Georgia national football team from 1991 to 2002.

On 27 November 2024, the ruling Georgian Dream party nominated Kavelashvili as its candidate for the Presidency of Georgia. On 14 December 2024, he was controversially elected in a process that has been called "illegitimate" and boycotted by the opposition.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders

**Prince Philippe of Belgium, Count of Flanders** (24 March 183717 November 1905) was the third child of Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Louise of Orléans. He is the younger brother of Leopold II of Belgium, and when Leopold II of Belgium died, Philippe’s son Albert I. He was also a Prince of Belgium.

## Marriage and children
In 1867, Prince Philippe married Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. The had the following children: Prince Baudouin of Belgium, Princess Henriette, Duchess of Vendôme, Princess Joséphine-Marie, Joséphine, Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern, and Albert I of Belgium.
Katy Hudson (Katy Perry album)

**Katy Hudson** is the debut studio album by American singer Katy Perry, who was previously known as Katy Hudson. Released on March 6, 2001, through Red Hill Records, this album differs from her later work by focusing on Christian rock and contemporary Christian music. Its lyrics reflect themes of childhood, growing up, and her Christian faith. Unfortunately, just before the album could gain any real attention, Red Hill Records went bankrupt, which meant it couldn’t be properly promoted. As a result, the album sold only around 200 copies and received a range of mixed reviews.

## Track listing
Credits extracted from *Katy Hudson* liner notes.

## Personnel
Adapted from *Katy Hudson* liner notes.
* Katy Perry – lead vocals (1–10), background vocals (2, 7, 8)
* Tommy Collier – production (2, 3), acoustic guitars (1), guitars (3), keyboards (2, 3), loops (2, 3)
* Otto Price – production (1, 7, 8), synthesizers (1, 7, 8), bass (1, 2, 4–10), loops (2), programming (1, 7, 8), B-3 (1, 8), additional guitars (7, 8)
* Scott Faircloff – piano (2), keyboards (2, 3), wurlitzer (3)
* David Browning – production (4–6, 9, 10), keyboards and programming (4–6, 9, 10), B-3 (7), piano (8), string arrangements (5, 9, 10)
* Chris Graffagnino – guitars (4-6, 9, 10)
* Barry Graul – electric guitars/12-str (1), guitars (7, 8)
* Tony Morra – drums (2–6, 9, 10)
* Scott Williamson – drums (7, 8)
* Greg Herrington – drums (1), additional drums (7)
* Matt Pierson – bass (3)
* Jeffrey Scot Wills – saxophone (4)
* Otto Price, III – wah guitar (8)
* David McMullan – brass (7)
* Kim Palsma – woodwinds (1, 8)
* David Davidson – violin (1, 7)
* Kristin Wilkinson – viola (1, 7)
* John Catchings – cello (1, 7)
* Mark Stuart (of Audio Adrenaline) – background vocals (1)
* Stacy Tiernan – background vocals (3)
## Reference
Klondike Highway

The **Klondike Highway** is a highway that runs from the Alaska Panhandle through the province of British Columbia and the territory of Yukon in Canada, linking the coastal town of Skagway, Alaska, to Dawson City, Yukon.

## Related pages 
* List of British Columbia provincial highways

## References
Typhoon Dot (1985)

**Typhoon Dot**, known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Saling**, was the strongest typhoon of the 1985 Pacific typhoon season. Dot formed on October 13 1985.
2006-07 Austrian football championship

The **2006-07 Austrian football championship** was the 95th season of the top league in Austria. FC Red Bull Salzburg won the title for the fourth time (3 as SV Austria Salzburg). The telecommunications company T-Mobile was the main sponsor of the league.
## Mode 
The Bundesliga was contested by 10 teams. They met four times throughout the season.
## General 
The season was overshadowed by the bankruptcies of the two Graz clubs. SK Sturm and GAK were both given penalty points by the Bundesliga during the current season (Sturm 13, GAK 28). GAK was already relegated to the First League. From a purely sporting perspective, Wacker Tirol would have been relegated.

## Final table
## Matches 
## References
TransLink (British Columbia)

**TransLink** (formerly **South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority**) is a Canadian transportation authority. It is based in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia and they are responsible for most of the public transportation in the region. TransLink runs buses, the SkyTrain, the West Coast Express, SeaBuses, and the HandyDART.

On January 1, 1998, the organization was created by the Government of British Columbia under the name **Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority**. It started to be used April 1999 and replaced the former BC Transit which now serves everywhere in British Columbia except Greater Vancouver. George Puil was also named as the first Chairman of TransLink with Ken Dobell becoming the first CEO.

On July 19, 2021, Kevin B. Quinn was named as the CEO of TransLink. He was the CEO of the Maryland Transit Administration from 2017 until 2020.

In 2022, they reported to have a budget of $2.03 billion.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sean Lucas (actor)

**Sean Lucas**, (born on December 7, 2002) is a Filipino model, actor in the Philippines, he is currently contract at Sparkle agency and under at GMA Network.

## Career
Lucas was born and raised in the city of Davao on 7, December 2002, He studied at Philippine Science High School – Southern Mindanao Campus when he was highschool and De La Salle University of Davao (college).

## Filmography
### Television
* 2024 – *Maka*
* 2024 – *My Guardian Alien* as Kevin
* 2023 – *Luv is Caught in His Arms* as Troy Alvis Ferell
* 2017 – *My Fairy Grand Mother* as Iggy

## See also
* Raheel Bhyria
* Vince Maristela

## References
## Other websites
*
Nabiji (novel)

**Nabiji** is an unfinished novel by Bangladeshi fiction writer Humayun Ahmed based on the biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.  It was the last literature or swan song by Humayun Ahmed.
## Context
On October 21, 2011, Humayun Ahmed first revealed the subject of this novel in an interview given to Emdadul Haque Milon in Kaler Kantho's weekly arrangement Shilalipi. He said that the Maulana who prayed during the inauguration of a new sales center of Anyaprakash publication in Banglabazar requested Humayun Ahmed to write the biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as his long cherished dream. Humayun Ahmed agreed and in preparation collected the Sirat of Maulana Muhyuddin Khan and initially consulted him.  The other day he asked Masum Rahman, the chief editor and illustrator of the newspaper, to make a cover for the novel and Masum Rahman made the cover for him.  After writing a few lines, he decided to start writing after seeing Muhammad in his dream.  For this purpose, Muhammad went to Mohiuddin Khan and collected the book according to his dream and started acting accordingly.  A few days later, when he was diagnosed with cancer, he took this book with him and went to New York for treatment, where he regularly studied this book as well as the Sirat books and prayed five times a day to write the novel.  While undergoing treatment in America, he woke up one night, took a shower, resumed writing the novel, and died while writing it. He also discussed writing the novel with Muhyuddin Khan as well as Mustafa Zaman Abbasi.

Author Hasan Shawon said, "Humayun Ahmed has not written a novel based on history. Middayhan, Matal Hawa, Deyal, Badshah Namdar - testify to this. The 'Nabiji' of this writer, who is enthusiastic about reading on a wide range of topics, could have been excellent if he had written and published it.  A literary work. Humayun Ahmed describes the context of the Nabi (PBUH) instead of devotion  In the explanation of the economy and social structure of the time, the story of the attempt to save the life in the gray desert is evident. At the beginning, the story of the daughter being buried in the well is touching.  ] brings out the meaning of Surah Takbir.... Humayun Ahmed at one stage of writing  He wrote, "All people have a debt to their parents. If we make a mistake, we ask forgiveness from the Most Merciful. He is there to forgive us."  I am doing it to the Prophet (PBUH).  He also has an ocean of forgiveness."...Maestro Humayun Ahmed could not finish 'Nabiji' due to the deadly cancer.  Readers are deprived of an incomparable Sirat book.  Which Humayun started in his own style of story telling.  Humayun Ahmed was not only the artist of the rain of youth, but he will surely be recognized as a benefactor of the universe one day.  Wait until then."
## Legacy
In 2022, a novel based on the biography of Muhammad was published by Darikama Publishing House, written by Mohammad Syedul Haque, under the title "Prashansit" in an attempt to imitate the novel.

## References
Syed Hamid ul Hasan

**Syed Hamidul Hasan** is a Shia scholar, orator from Lucknow, India. He is also the current principal of Jamia Nazmia.

## Education 
He completed his education from Jamia Nazmia up to Mumtaz-ul-Afazil and was taught by Syed Ahmad Ali (son of Mohammad Abbas) along with other learned teachers. After finishing his studies at Madrasatul Waizeen and completing different oriental courses from Lucknow University, Shia Arabic College and Aligarh Muslim University, he went to Najaf-e-Ashraf, Iraq, for higher education. There his teachers included Muhsin al-Hakim and Syed Abul Qasim al-Khoei.

He became the principal of Jamia Nazmia in 1969. 

He has always advocated non-violence.
He has also strived hard over the years to bridge the gap between the two main communities of India viz., the Hindus and Muslims.

He played a prominent role in resolving the century-old Shia-Sunni conflict in Lucknow in 1998. His efforts in maintaining peace in the city by reaching out to other communities have been acknowledged by the media and administration alike.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*

### Related videos 
*Ayatullah Hamidul Hasan's channel on the YouTube
*Ayatullah Hamidul Hasan's moharram lectures
Typhoon Jelawat (2012)

**Typhoon Jelawat** known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Lawin** was a strong typhoon that recurved away from Philippines in 2012
Shah Ismail's Turkestan Expedition

'''Shah Ismail's Turkestan Expedition''' War Between Turkestanis and Safavids

## Expedition
Shaybani Khan invaded the Safavid lands and Shah Ismail showed this as the main reason for the start of this war. Although Shaybani Khan declared that his aim was to go on a pilgrimage, the Safavids did not take this into account. As a result, in 1510, Shah Ismail made an expedition and the Safavids expanded their dominance from the Euphrates to the Ceyhun and Shaybani Khan was killed.
## References
Kalbe Rushaid

**Maulana Kalbe Rushaid Rizvi** (born 8 February 1976) is an Islamic scholar, theologian, and religious leader from India. Known for his knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and theology, he is also recognized for his multilingual abilities, delivering sermons and speeches in several languages, including Arabic, Persian, English, French, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, and Bhojpuri.

## Early life and education
After ten years of Islamic education in Lucknow, he pursued advanced studies at the Islamic University in Jamhuri Islami, Iran. During his time in Qom, he was awarded the *Amama* (Islamic turban) by Ayatollah Gulpaigani, the head of *Hauza Ilmiya*, Qom. He also received an *Ijaza* (authorization to transmit Islamic knowledge) from Ayatollah Jawad Tabraizi (R.A), a distinguished Islamic jurist.

## Career
Maulana Rizvi has been actively engaged in promoting Islamic teachings and addressing contemporary socio-political issues. His sermons often emphasize the teachings of the Ahlulbayt (A.S.), and his work is aimed at fostering unity and understanding within the Muslim community.

Maulana Rizvi is fluent in multiple languages. He delivers religious sermons, political debates, and interfaith dialogues in Arabic, Persian, English, French, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, and Bhojpuri.

Maulana Rizvi lives in Delhi, India.

## References
Hillary Wolf

**Hillary Wolf Saba** (née **Wolf**) is an American former child actress known for playing the role of Megan McCallister in *Home Alone* and *Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.*
Nicefor Czernichowski

**Nikifor Romanovich Chernigovsky** (died in 1675; Polish: *Nicefor Czernichowski*, also known as *Jaxa-Czernichowski* and *Czernihowski*, Russian: *Никифор Романович Черниговский*) was a Polish noble who is notable for establishing the micro-nation of Jaxa. He fought in the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667, where he was captured by the Russians and was exiled to Siberia.

## Before Jaxa 
Nikifor Chernigovsky was imprisoned by Russians in 1633 during the battle near Novhorod-Siverskyi. He was exiled to Vologda. When the Russo-Polish war ended, he was given freedom. Chernigovsky had married a woman from Moscow during his exile, and so intended to stay in Russia (specifically, the state of Muscovy.) He swore loyalty to the Tsar and converted to Orthodoxy in 1635.

Despite all this, in 1636 he changed his mind and decided to try and go back to Poland. Since this was a betrayal of his loyalty to the Tsar, he was captured and sent back into exile in Yeniseysk. He arrived with his wife in 1637. In 1649, he was sent further east, to the settlements of Ilimsk, Ust-Kut and Kirensk. During this time, he had three sons and two daughters. In 1656 he became a notable leader of Cossacks. In 1657, he attempted to have his nobility officially acknowledged by the Tsar of Russia, but he was left unanswered.

In 1664, the Voivode (military leader) of Ilimsk Lawrentij Obuhov raped Chernigovsky's daughter Pelagia. Nikifor murdered Obuhov in an act of revenge in 1665. For this, Nikifor became an outlaw. Fleeing Russian law, he organized a group of about 80 Cossacks and traveled to the Russian-Chinese border, specifically the Amur river. They settled in the abandoned settlement of Albazin.

## State of Jaxa 
Nikifor founded a small kingdom with the local Siberian Duar people, naming it Jaxa after his coat of arms. His state was not officially acknowledged by either Russia or China. The state only had about 500 people.

From the beginning, Nikifor's international position was very strange. After some struggles with Russia, Nikifor declared in 1669 that Russia was their overlord, but Jaxa was still an independent state. In 1670, Jaxa successfully defended itself from a minor Chinese attempt at conquering it. In 1672, the Tsar of Russia issued a death sentence against Nikifor, but two days later the Tsar decided to show mercy and not enforce it.

Some Duar people had been forcibly moved from regions near Jaxa and into Manchuria. In 1675, he was called by these Duar people to free them so that they could join the state of Jaxa. Nikifor decided to lead a small military expedition into Manchuria. He most likley died during his expedition.

Jaxa was annexed by China in 1685.

## References
## Other websites 
*Knowledge and Life – A Different Side of History at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 October 2011)
Dersim uprising

**Dersim rebellions**, the name given to the rebellions that broke out in the Dersim region during the Ottoman State period in the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century.
X-Ray binary

## X-Ray binary 
X-Ray binary are a type of Binary star system that has a star, called a donor (usually a main sequence star) and an accretor, the accretor is either a neutron star or black hole. The donor gives matter to the accretor. The systems are luminous in X-Rays which are formed from the matter falling from the donor. 

## Classification 
X-Ray binaries are subdivided into several subclasses. They include:

Low-mass X-ray binary (LMXBs)

Soft X-ray transients (SXTs)

Symbiotic X-ray binary

Super soft X-ray sources (SSXs)

Accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars (AMXPs)

Intermediate-mass X-ray binary (IMXBs)

Be/X-ray binary (BeXRBs)

Supergiant X-ray binary (SGXBs)

Supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXTs)

## List of X-Ray binary systems 
3XMM J004232.1+411314

4U 0614+091

4U 1543-475

4U 1700-37

A0620-00

Aquila X-1

HD 8358

BP Crucis

Centaurus X-3

Circinus X-1

Cygnus X-1

UY Volantias

GX 339-4

Hercules X-1

IGR J17329-2731

OAO 1657-415

UW Coronae borealis

V404 Cygni

V4641 Sagittarii

Vela X-1

X Persei

XTE J1118+480

XTE J1550-564

GRO J1719-24

GRS 1915+105

GS 2000+25

The Bursting Pulsar (GRO J1744-28)

The black widow pulsar (PSR B1957+20)

PSR J0952-0607

M51 ULS 1
Zakir Hussain (musician)

**Zakir Hussain Allarakha Qureshi** (9 March 1951 – 15 December 2024) was an Indian tabla player, composer, percussionist, music producer and movie actor. He was known for playing classical Indian music. He was honored with the National Endowment for the Arts' National Heritage Fellowship. Hussain has received seven Grammy Award nominations, with four wins, including three in 2024.

Hussain died on 15 December 2024 at his home in San Francisco, California from problems caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at the age of 73.

## References
## Other websites
* His website
*
Tulsi Gowda

**Tulsi Gowda** ( &ndash; 16 December 2024) was an Indian environmentalist. She was born in Honnāli, British India. In 2021, she was honored with the Padma Shri. Gowda was known as the "Encyclopedia of the Forest" because she was able to recognise the mother tree of any species of tree.

Gowda died on 16 December 2024, at her home in Honnāli, Karnataka at the age of 86. 

## References
Pauk Ko Taw

**Pauk Ko Taw** (; , also known as **Ashin Ariawuntha** (; ) is a Buddhist monk from Myanmar. He is involved in both religious and political movements and is a member of Ma Ba Tha, an organization advocating for Buddhist causes in Myanmar. His activities and views have received differing reactions from various groups.

## Early life and ordination 
Pauk Ko Taw was born in Myanmar and adopted the monastic name *Warthawa* early in his religious life. Details about his early years and training remain limited, as he is primarily recognized for his later public and political roles.

## Involvement with Ma Ba Tha 
Pauk Ko Taw is an active member of Ma Ba Tha, an organization promoting the protection of Buddhism in Myanmar. While some supporters praise its efforts to preserve Buddhist culture, others criticize its rhetoric for potentially fostering religious divisions. Reports from organizations such as Frontier Myanmar and Burma Human Rights Network discuss the group’s impact on Myanmar’s socio-political landscape.

## Support for the military Junta 
After the 2021 military coup in Myanmar, Pauk Ko Taw publicly supported the military government. This position has drawn support from pro-military groups but criticism from human rights organizations and other observers who highlight the military’s alleged human rights abuses. International organizations like Progressive Voice Myanmar and Amnesty International have voiced concerns about the broader implications of his alignment with the junta.

## Connections to Pyu Saw Htee militias 
Pauk Ko Taw has been linked to Pyu Saw Htee militias, which are pro-military paramilitary groups. These militias have been accused of involvement in violence and human rights abuses. Human rights groups such as Burma Human Rights Network and Frontier Myanmar have criticized these associations, arguing that they contribute to ongoing conflicts.

## Influence and criticism 
Pauk Ko Taw is a notable but divisive figure in Myanmar. His supporters commend his dedication to Buddhist values, while critics view his stances as exacerbating religious and ethnic tensions. Organizations such as Al Jazeera and the International Crisis Group have raised concerns over his influence in Myanmar’s political and humanitarian crises.

## References
Jeep Commander (2022)

The **Jeep Commander**, also known as the **Jeep Meridian** in India, is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by Jeep starting in 2021. It is designed to be a larger version of the Jeep Compass, with three-row seating. The Commander is aimed at markets in Latin America, India, and Japan.

## History 
The Jeep Commander was first introduced in Brazil in August 2021. It was launched in India in April 2022. 

The Commander uses the same platform as the second-generation Jeep Compass, but it is longer to fit a third row of seats. It is positioned above the Compass in terms of size and features.

## Markets 
The Jeep Commander is mainly sold in growing markets like Brazil, India, and Latin America. It was launched in Japan in October 2022, where it is imported from India.

## References
Hyundai Chorus

The **Hyundai Chorus** is a minibus produced by Hyundai Motor Company, primarily used as a tourist bus. It was built in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation.

## History
The first generation of the Hyundai Chorus was produced between 1988 and 1994. It was developed alongside Mitsubishi Fuso, which also influenced its design. The second generation was built from 1994 to 1998, with various models available, including the Hyundai Mighty. 
## Markets
The Hyundai Chorus was sold worldwide, being sold in Japan, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and South America.

## Models
The Hyundai Chorus was offered in several variations, with seating capacities of 16 or 25 passengers. Models included the Chorus Private, Chorus Tour.

## Cultural Influences
The Hyundai Chorus is mentioned in Steven Laine's book Iconoclast.
## Discontinuation
The Hyundai Chorus was Discontinued in 1998 and replaced by the Hyundai County

## References
Ameerega trivittata

The **orange-striped poison frog**, **three-striped arrow frog**, or **three-striped arrow poison frog** (*Ameerega trivittata*) is a frog.  It lives in Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, and Brazil. Scientists think it could also live in French Guiana and Ecuador.

## Body
These frogs are about 35 mm long from nose to rear end. The biggest male frogs are 42 mm long and the biggest female frogs are 50 mm long. This is one of the biggest frogs in Dendrobatidae. This frog has no teeth. The legs are yellow-green to green-brown in color. The back legs have black spots. The backs of the back legs are black with blue spots.  The belly is black with some green or blue marks.  All four feet are green with blue spots. The four legs are dark green. This frog has two stripes on each side of its body. One stripe is green to yellow in color and goes from the nose to the back legs. The other stripe is white-yellow in color and goes from the eye to the back legs. The iris of the eye is dark brown in color.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. The frog can live in different kinds of places. Scientists have seen it on the ground in forests that have never been cut down and forests that were cut down and are growing back. They have seen it in grassland forests too. Scientists saw the frog between 20 and 680 meters above sea level in some places and between 500 and 1300 meters above sea level in other places.

One of the places the frog lives is a protected parks: Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul.

## Young
The adult male frogs fight over good places and the female frogs do not. The female frog lays her eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. The male frog watches the eggs.  The frogs take 14 to 17 days to hatch. After the eggs hatch, the male frogs carry the tadpoles to pools of water that dry up for part of the year. The tadpoles take 41 to 54 days to become frogs.

Younger frogs have two green-yellow stripes and big spots where the legs meet the body.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Humans do cut down trees to get wood to build with. People also catch this frog to sell as a pet.

## References
Hyundai Xcient

The **Hyundai Xcient** is a heavy-duty truck developed by Hyundai Motor Company, designed for commercial use. First introduced in 2013, the Xcient serves as the successor to the Hyundai Trago.

## History
The Hyundai Xcient was presented at the 2013 Seoul Motor Show, as a new model in Hyundai’s truck lineup. It was developed to meet the growing demand for more sustainable and efficient commercial vehicles. In 2020, Hyundai, in collaboration with H2 Energy, began mass production of the hydrogen-powered version of the Xcient, a 34-ton cargo truck.
## Hydrogen Version
The Hyundai Xcient hydrogen-powered truck uses a hydrogen fuel cell system that allows it to travel up to 400 kilometers (250 miles) on a full tank of hydrogen. The refueling time is between 8 to 20 minutes.
## Markets
The Hyundai Xcient is sold mainly in South Korea while the hydrogen version is sold worldwide and in Switzerland 1,600 units are expected to be shipped by 2025. In 2021, 140 units of the new model were delivered, along with 46 units of the older model.
## References
Allobates talamancae

The **Talamanca rocket frog** or **striped rocket frog** (*Allobates talamancae*) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.

## Body
The adult male frog can be as big as 24 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog can be as big as 25 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is brown in color and its belly is light in color. There is a dark stripe along each side of the body. There are two white stripes around each one. The throat and belly are white in color. Female frogs can have yellow stomachs.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the ground.  in tropical forests. It lives in places where 2000-4000 mm of water falls as rain or other weather each year. People have also seen it on farms and in forests that were destroyed and are growing back. Scientists saw the frog between 0 and 970 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in many protected parks. It also lives near Reserva Ecológica Cayapas-Mataje and Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas.

## Young
The female frog lays her eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the male and female adult frogs carry the tadpoles to water.

The tadpoles are dark brown in color on the back, lighter on the belly, and light brown on the tail. They can be 12 mm long.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Humans do cut down trees to make farms, get wood to build with, make places for animals to eat grass, and make places for people to live. Bad chemicals from farms can hurt this frog. People also brought fish from other parts of the world that eat this frog. In some places, the fungal disease chytridiomycosis has killed this frog.

## References
Enver Hadžihasanović

**Enver Hadžihasanović** (7 July 1950 – 16 December 2024) was a Bosnian general and convicted war criminal. He was the chief of staff of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was Commander of the 3rd Corps.

Hadžihasanović died on 16 December 2024 at the age of 74.

## References
Dick Van Arsdale

**Richard Albert Van Arsdale** (February 22, 1943 &ndash; December 16, 2024) was an American professional basketball player and coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His playing career lasted from 1965 to 1977. He played for the New York Knicks and the Phoenix Suns. He coached the Suns in 1987. He had an identical twin brother Tom Van Arsdale, who was also a basketball player.

## References
## Other websites
* Basketball-Reference.com: Dick Van Arsdale (as coach)
* Phoenix Suns History: Dick Van Arsdale
Tom Van Arsdale

**Thomas Arthur Van Arsdale** (born February 22, 1943) is an American former professional basketball player. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He had an identical twin brother, Dick Van Arsdale, who was also a basketball player. Van Arsdale played for the National Basketball Association from 1965 to 1977.

Van Arsdale played for the Detroit Pistons, Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City-Omaha Kings, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks and the Phoenix Suns.

## References
## Other websites
Conclave (movie)

***Conclave*** is a 2024 mystery thriller movie directed by Edward Berger and written by Peter Straughan. It is based on the 2016 novel by Robert Harris. The movie stars Ralph Fiennes, Stanley Tucci, John Lithgow, Sergio Castellitto, and Isabella Rossellini. In April 2025, after Pope Francis died and the real-life papal election set to happen in the next weeks, the movie had a huge increase of people watching it from their homes. Viewership went up 283% on streaming platforms on 21 April.

## Plot
The movie is about Cardinal Thomas Lawrence (Fiennes) who plans a papal conclave to elect the next pope and soon begins investigating secrets and scandals about each candidate.

## Premiere
*Conclave* premiered at the 51st Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2024, was released in theatres in the United States by Focus Features on October 25, 2024 and in the United Kingdom by Black Bear Pictures on November 29, 2024. 

## Reception
The movie received positive reviews from critics. It was named one of the top ten movies of 2024 by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute. 

## Awards
It received nominations for six Golden Globe Awards. At the 97th Academy Awards, it was nominated for eight Oscars, winning one, for Best Adapted Screenplay.

## References
Edward Berger

**Edward Berger** (born 1970) is a West German-born Austrian and Swiss director and screenwriter. He is known for directing *Jack* (2014), *All My Loving* (2019), *All Quiet on the Western Front* (2022) and *Conclave* (2024). 

Berger has won two British Academy Film Awards for Best Direction and Best Adapted Screenplay.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sergio Castellitto

**Sergio Castellitto** (born 18 August 1953) is an Italian director, actor, and screenwriter. In 2024, he played Cardinal Tedesco	in the mystery thriller movie *Conclave*.

## Directing works
## References
## Other websites
*
Autobiography (album)

**Autobiography** is the debut studio album by American pop-rock singer and actress Ashlee Simpson. Released on June 20, 2004, it was mostly well recieved by critics and a commercial success, peaking at #1 on the Billboard 200 and having spent four weeks there. The album is certified triple platinum. Three singles were released- "Pieces of Me", "Shadow", and "La La", and the title track was used as the theme song to Simpson's MTV reality TV show "The Ashlee Simpson Show". 

## Promotion 
### Singles 
*(Main articles: "Pieces of Me", "Shadow", "La La")*

Simpson released the lead single, "Pieces of Me", on May 17, 2004. It was a success, peaking at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single, "Shadow", was released on September 14, 2004. It peaked at #57 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the U.K., however, Shadow was not the second single, instead, "La La" was released as the second single from the album. It peaked at #11 on the U.K. singles chart. "La La" was the third (and final) U.S. single, released on November 8, 2004. It peaked at #86 on the Billboard Hot 100.

### Tour 
*(Main article: "The Autobiography Tour")*

In 2004, Simpson embarked on a tour, "The Autobiography Tour", in support of the album. The tour was a success, as many dates of the tour sold out. It began on February 16, 2005, at The Grove of Anaheim in Anaheim, California, and ended on April 20, 2005, at Texas Trust CU Theatre in Grand Prarie, Texas. opened for Simpson.

## Billboard/U.K. Chart Positions 
## References
Luz Alvarez Martinez

**Luz Alvarez Martinez** (born 1943) is an American reproductive justice activist. She co-founded the first national feminist health organization for Latinas in the US in 1986. The National Latina Health Organization. Martinez was a supporter of the United Farm Workers, a feminist and an advocate of the environment.

## Early life 
Luz Alvarez Martinez's parents were born in Guanajuato, Mexico and immigrated to the United States in the early 1920s, settling in El Rio, California. Luz Alvarez Martinez grew up in California, where her Catholic farmworker family owned a home in San Leandro and worked the fields in Fremont, Gilroy and Santa Rosa. She was one of 12 children and  completed high school in Oakland at St. Elizabeth's High School, graduating in 1960.

Their group, the first national feminist health organization for Latinas in the United States, used tools from the women’s health movement to encourage women to share their own stories and take charge of their healing. Latinas often face neglect and mistreatment in the medical system, so the group worked to raise awareness about discrimination and barriers to care.

In 1997, Alvarez Martinez co-founded SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective. She played a key role in the reproductive justice movement led by women of color in the U.S. and often spoke about Latina perspectives on reproductive rights at national conferences and in advocacy groups, such as NARAL (National Abortion Rights and Access League), where she served on the board. Working alongside leaders like Loretta Ross, she challenged the white-centered focus of mainstream feminist organizations like the National Organization for Women (NOW).

## Personal life 
Alvarez Martinez has four sons and three grandchildren. Since 1993 she has been an Aztec ceremonial dancer.

## Related pages 
* Latina Roundtable on Health and Reproductive Rights
* Loretta Ross
* Reproductive justice

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Ross, Loretta, Elena Gutiérrez, Marlene Gerber, and Jael Silliman. "13: The National Latina Health Organization," in *Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organizing for Reproductive Justice*. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016. pp.&nbsp;247–273.
* 
* Lara, Irene. “Latina Health Activist-Healers Bridging Body and Spirit.” *Women & Therapy* 31, no. 1 (2008): 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1300/02703140802145169
* Levenstein, Lisa. *They Didn’t See Us Coming: The Hidden History of Feminism in the Nineties.* New York: Basic Books, 2020. .
* Norsigian J. "Our Bodies Ourselves and the Women's Health Movement in the United States: Some Reflections." Am J Public Health. 2019 Jun;109(6):844-846. .
Jumba la Mtwana

**Jumba la Mtwana** is the site of archaeological relics on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya, lying close to the Mtwapa Creek, north of Mombasa. It dates back to  the fourteenth century.

## Description
The archaeological site includes three mosques built of coral stone, a tomb and eight houses. The territory was added to the list of national monuments of Kenya on June 4, 1982. The excavations were carried out by James Kirkman in 1972. There are no written historical records about the city, but the Chinese ceramics found make it possible to trace the dating back to the fourteenth century.

## Peculiarities
The House with Many Doors is notable for its Gothic-style door. The house is divided into apartments that can accommodate several visitors.

## Related pages
*Ruins of Gedi
*Mnarani ruins

## References
Abbas Irshad

Syed **Abbas Irshad** Naqvi, known as Khateeb-e-Inqilab, is a Shia orator (Zakir) from Lucknow, India.

## Social activities 
### Opposition to Homosexuality 
In 2009, Abbas Irshad Naqvi participated in a special discussion organized by City Montessori School to express his views on the Delhi High Court's judgment legalizing homosexual behavior. Religious leaders from various faiths collectively criticized the judgment and urged the Supreme Court of India, the Central Government, and state governments to review and reconsider the decision. While addressing the media, Naqvi remarked, *"*Homosexual relations will undermine the traditional bonds that we cherish, but we should explore alternative ways to address this issue*."*

#### Opposition to Photo Shoots at Bara Imambara Complex 
In 2019, Naqvi, along with Shia clerics such as Maulana Kalbe Jawad (Imam-e-Juma of Asafi Mosque), Maulana Agha Roohi, Maulana Saif Abbas (President of the Shia Moon Committee), Maulana Kalbe Sibtain Noori, and Maulana Yasoob Abbas (Spokesperson of the All India Shia Personal Law Board), signed a memorandum demanding the preservation of the sanctity and religious significance of the 235-year-old Bara Imambara complex.

#### Restoration of Imambara Sibtainabad 
In 2020, Naqvi, alongside other Shia clerics, including Maulana Kalbe Sadiq, Maulana Agha Roohi, Maulana Kalbe Jawad, Maulana Yasoob Abbas, and Maulana Saif Abbas, asked the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct an immediate assessment and undertake a time-bound restoration of the Imambara Sibtainabad, a centrally protected monument of historical and cultural importance.

## Religious activities 
He is a *zakir* and recites the *majalis* (religious lectures to commemorate the Martyrdom of Imam Hussain) not only in India but globally, especially in Lucknow, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, etc. He is also joint-secretary of All India Shia Personal Law Board. He has written a book on comparative religion titled *Aitrafat Sahih Bukhari* in Urdu published in 2005.

## Related pages 
* Islamic scholar
* Kalbe Jawad
* Kalbe Sadiq
* Kalbe Rushaid
* Agha Roohi

## References
CarMax

**CarMax, Inc.** is a large company in the United States that sells used cars. It started in 1993 as a side business of Circuit City. Its main office is in Richmond, Virginia. CarMax has two main parts: CarMax Sales Operations and CarMax Auto Finance. The company sells used vehicles across 41 states and runs customer service centers.

## History 
CarMax was an idea developed by Circuit City leaders in 1991. It was called "Project X" during the planning stage. The first store opened in September 1993 in Richmond, Virginia. In the 1990s, CarMax also sold new cars. By 2021, CarMax sold its last new car dealership to focus on used cars.

## How CarMax Works 
CarMax stores sell used cars with no price haggling. Each car goes through a 125-point inspection and comes with a 90-day warranty. Buyers also get a 10-day money-back guarantee. A CarMax store is about  and has 300–400 cars.

## Growth 
CarMax grew quickly over the years. It became independent of Circuit City in 2002. By 2021, CarMax sold over 750,000 vehicles.

## Competition 
CarMax competes with other car-selling companies like Carvana and Vroom. CarMax offers ways to buy cars online, at stores, or through delivery. This helps it compete with online-only businesses.

## Awards 
CarMax has been on *Fortune*s "100 Best Companies to Work For" list every year from 2005 to 2023.

## References
Meseda Bagaudinova

**Meseda Bagaudinova** (Russian: Меседа Багаудинова; born 30 October 1983) is a Russian singer and ex-member of the popular pop group Nu Virgos (ВИА Гра).

## Biography
### Early life
Meseda Bagaudinova was born in Grozny, Chechnya, to an Avar father and a Ukrainian-Belarusian mother.

## References
Kurtis Mantronik

**Kurtis el Khaleel** (born **Graham Curtis el Khaleel**, September 4, 1965), known by the stage name **Kurtis Mantronik**, is a Jamaican-born hip hop and electronic-music artist, DJ, remixer, and producer. He was the leader, DJ, and keyboardist of the influential 1980s hip hop and electro-funk group Mantronix. He currently lives in South Africa where he has produced and remixed house and techno music tracks by artists such as India, Junior Senior, Kylie Minogue, Fatboy Slim, The Chemical Brothers, Michael Gray, Victoria Beckham, Liberty X, S Club, and Mim. Mantronik was influential in the development of hip hop music: notably, he laid the foundations for Southern hip hop genres such as Miami bass and trap music, and helped popularize the Amen break.

## Early Life 
Mantronik was born in Jamaica to a Syrian father and a Jamaican mother. He emigrated to Sherwood Park, Alberta Canada with his family at the age of 7, before eventually settling in New York City.

"King of the Beats" itself became one of the most sampled songs in music history. It has been sampled more than 200 times, rivaling that of "Amen, Brother" itself.

## References