open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Haiti at the Olympics

**Haiti at the Olympics** is a history which began at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Haiti is HAI.

## History
The Haitian shooting team placed third in 1924.  At the 1928 Summer Olympics Silvio Cator won a silver medal in men's long jump. While Haiti has been in several Olympic games since 1928, no other medals have been won. Haiti has been in the Winter Olympics since Beijing 2022.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Haiti profile at London2012.com
Pocket Cube

The **Pocket Cube** is a 2x2 version of a Rubik's Cube. It contains just 8 corners.

## Records
The record for one Pocket Cube solve is 0.43 seconds by Teodor Zajder at the Warsaw Cube Masters 2023 (in Poland) The record was set in 2x2x2 single category.

Zayn Khanani holds the record for the average of 5, which is 0.92 seconds, set at New Cumberland County 2024.

## Other types 
There is a Pocket Cube with only pink and green, called the Junior cube. On one side there is a monkey face on it.

The Eastsheen company also has Pocket Cube, but it is much larger. Each side is about 5 centimeters big.

A Rubik's Ice Cube has translucent (partly see-through) stickers.  The plastic is light blue.

Verdes Innovations has a Pocket Cube called the V-Cube 2. There is a V-Cube 2b. It has a pillow shape to it.

Dayan has made a Pocket Cube called the Dayan 2x2. People think that this cube is very similar to the Dayan Zhanchi 3x3.

MoYu made the MoYu LingPo which is a very fast Pocket Cube.

Fangshi/Funs and Shengshou have also made Pocket Cubes. 

There are many companies that make pocket cubes.

## Methods for Solving 
There is the beginner's method, but there are advanced methods like The EG Method, where you solve a side and finish the rest with one algorithm

## Related pages
*Rubik's Cube
*Rubik's Revenge
*Professor's Cube

## References
## Other websites 
*How to solve a 2x2 Rubik's Cube
Paraguay at the Olympics

**Paraguay at the Olympics** is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes.    Since 1970, the Paraguay has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Paraguay is PAR.

## History
The Paraguay National Olympic Committee was formed in 1970.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1970.

Paraguay's team first competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Paraguay athletes have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The nation has only ever won one , the silver medal in the men's football in Athens.

## Medalists
### Summer
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* http://cid.csd.gob.es/es/directorio/comites-olimpicos-de-iberoamerica/119-comites-olimpicos-de-iberoamerica/61-comite-olimpico-paraguayo 
* Paraguay profile at London2012.com
Peru at the Olympics

**Peru at the Olympics** is a history which includes 20 games in 15 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1900, the Peru has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Peru is PER.

## History
The Peru National Olympic Committee was formed in 1924.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

Peru's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Since 1936, the nation has been in all but one Summer Olympic Games. Peru was in the Winter Olympic Games in 2010.

## Medalists
### Summer games
#### Association Football

### Winter games 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.coperu.org/web/index.php 
* Peru profile at London2012.com
Afsharid dynasty

The **Guarded Domains of Iran**, commonly referred to as **Afsharid Iran** or the **Afsharid Empire**, was an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Turkmen Afshar tribe. 
The founder of the dynasty, Nader Shah, was an Iranian ruler and conqueror of Turkmen origin.
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Encyclopædia Iranica
Jamaica at the Olympics

**Jamaica at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Jamaica is JAM.

## History
Teams from Jamaica have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. In 1960, Jamaican athletes competed as part of the West Indies Federation team.
Jamaica has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1988. The Jamaica national bobsled team has achieved some fame.

Jamaica has won 61 medals, with all but one medal won in athletics.  Most of the medals have been for individual and relay sprint events.

The National Olympic Committee for Jamaica is the *Jamaica Olympic Association*, and was formed in 1936.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* Cool Runnings

## References
## Other websites 
* Jamaica Olympic Association
* Jamaica profile at London2012.com
Presidio of Ahu

**Presidio of Ahú** was a prison in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

It was the first prison in Curitiba, opened in 1905
. Closed in 2006, now is the site of recordings for film and television, such as:
* Estomago;
* 400 contra 1;
* O Astro (2011): soap opera produced by Rede Globo de Televisão.

## References
Apocrita

**Apocrita** is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera, the other being the Symphyta. 

Included in the Apocrita are the ants, bees, wasps, braconids, ichneumons, chalcids, nearly all parasitic hymenopterans, and a few other forms. The suborder includes the most highly evolved members of the order. There are well over a hundred thousand species distributed worldwide.

* from Family Apidae on *Tribulus terrestris'' in Hyderabad, India ]]
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

**Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, comte de Saint-Exupéry**, simply known as **de Saint-Exupéry** (, , ; 29 June 1900&nbsp;– 31 July 1944), was a French writer and pilot. He wrote many stories that became famous, including *The Little Prince* (original: Le petit prince, 1943), *Night Flight* (original: Vol de nuit, 1931), and *Wind, Sand and Stars* (original: Terre des hommes, Land of People, 1939). Saint-Exupéry did not return from a reconnaissance flight near Marseille, in 1944.

A fisherman found Saint Exupery's silver bracelet near Marseille, in 1998. Two years later, the motor of the plane was found nearby.

## References
Panama at the Olympics

**Panama at the Olympics** is a history which includes 16 games in 14 countries and 70+ athletes. Since 1928, Panama has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Panama is PAN.

## History
A team from Panama was first at the 1928 Summer Olympics.  They have been in 12 Summer Olympic Games, but none of the Winter Olympic Games.

## List of medalists
### Olympic Medal Table
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Panama profile at London2012.com
Mexico at the Olympics

**Mexico at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Mexico is MEX.

## History
A team from Mexico took part in the Olympic Games in 1900.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1924. Mexico has also been in several Winter Olympic Games since 1928.

Mexico was the host nation of the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

The National Olympic Committee for Mexico is the *Comité Olímpico Mexicano* and was formed in 1923.

## Medalists 
### Summer Olympics 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
*
Marika Lagercrantz

**Marika Lagercrantz** (1954) is a Swedish actress. she has appeared in a number of movies including *The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo* (2009), Gossip (2000), ''I Wonder Who's Kissing You Now* (1999) and *Dreaming of Rita'' (1993).

## References
Apricot (color)

**Apricot** is a color that is a representation of the color of the apricot fruit.

*Apricot* in has been in written use as a color name since 1851. 

## Where the name came from 
The word "apricot" comes from the Arabic *Al-birquq*, in turn derived from Latin *armeniacus*, i.e., *the fruit from Armenia*.  The ultimate origin of the apricot fruit was from China. It is Kiribata's religious symbol of honour.

## Tones of apricot color comparison chart
## Related pages
* List of colors
* Orange
* Peach (color)

## References
Kallima

Shows the leaf-like appearance of the underside of the wing, visible when wings are closed. This is typical of the whole genus.]]

***Kallima***, also known as the Oakleaf or Dead leaf butterfly, is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. They are found in Asia. 

Their common name is a reference to the under surface of their wings, which is various shades of brown. When the wings are held closed, this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf. There are dark dots or patches that look like the effects of fungi and lichen, which are so common on dead leaves. 

The camouflage is perfected by the rear wings, which have a little 'tail', which looks like the stalk of a leaf. When at rest in closed position, the 'tail' touches the branch, completing the illusion.

There are two morphs of the common Indian species *Kallima inachus*. Nothing seems to be known about why these morphs exist. There is also variation in the colour of the undersurfaces.

## References
## Other websites
Airfix

**Airfix** is a UK manufacturer of plastic scale model kits. Airfix was founded in 1939 by Nicholas Kove. Airfix is currently owned by Hornby.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the company grew much bigger as the kit modelling hobby became more popular. The range of models expanded at this time too.

## References
Pakistan national field hockey team

The **Pakistan National Field Hockey Team** also known as the **Green Shirts** represent the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) in international field hockey competitions. Field Hockey is the National sport of Pakistan. Pakistan has been one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a world record four Hockey World Cup titles.

## Provincial Teams of Pakistan
* Baloch Lions
* Capital Dynamos (Islamabad)
* Frontier Falcons
* Northern Cavaliers (Gilgit Baltistan)
* Shan-e-Punjab
* Sindh Qalanders
Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympics

**Saint Kitts and Nevis**  was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1996 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. St Kitts and Nevis has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.
 
Saint Kitts and Nevis has never won a . They have only been in the Track and Field events.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Saint Kitts and Nevis profile at London2012.com
Saint Lucia at the Olympics

**Saint Lucia** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1996.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Saint Lucia was formed in 1987 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Saint Lucia profile at London2012.com
Swardspeak

**Swardspeak** (or ***Chuva***) is a secret language that came from the mixed language with the names Taglish and Englog. It is used by gay people in the Philippines.

Swardspeak uses word from Tagalog, English, Spanish, Cebuano, Japanese, Sanskrit, and other languages. Names of Celebrities and trademark brands are also used.
 
Gay people use Swardpeak to make themselves feel special. The language changes a lot. People who use the language are called *Bekimons*. This word is from the words *bakla* (gay) and *Jejemon*.

The word "Swardspeak" came from the 1970's book called "Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study". "Sward" is slang for "gay male" in the Philippines.

## Rules
Swardspeak is a form of slang. It changes a lot and the meaning of words are hard to know. The rules are explained below.

*The first  changes to the letter "J" or "Sh" or to the sounds "Jo-", "Sho-", "Ju-", "Shu-", "Ky-", or "Ny-".

* The last sound changes to "-ash", "-is", "-iz", "-ish", "-itch", "-ech", "-ush", or "-oosh" as a suffix.

*Changing "a", "o", or "u" sounds with "or", "er", or "ur", especially with "l".

* Changing places of letters in a word. Used mostly in Cebuano swardspeak.

* Puns,  code-switching,   Anglicization of words.

* Words from popular culture, mostly celebrities or TV shows. Based the things they were famous for, because parts of the words rhyme, or both.

*From other languages like Japanese.

## Examples
*Tagalog nursery rhyme "*Ako ay may lobo*" (I Have a Balloon) into Swardspeak.

*Tagalog nursery rhyme "*Bahay Kubo*" (Nipa Hut) into Swardspeak.

## References
## Books
**Visayan Swardspeak: The language of a gay community in the Philippines"* - Crossroads, 1990
**“’Performing’ the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context.”* Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266
**“Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora”*, Duke University Press Books, November 19, 2003.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics

**Saint Vincent and the Grenadines** has been in six Summer Olympic Games. The country has been in the Winter Olympic Games.  As of 2010, no  from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has ever won an Olympic .

The St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee was formed in 1982 and  by the IOC in 1987.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committe (SVNOC) website
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines profile at London2012.com
Suriname at the Olympics

**Suriname** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1960.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation missed the 1964 Games, and also ed the 1980 Summer Olympics.  Suriname has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Suriname was formed in 1959 and  by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Suriname profile at London2012.com
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

**Trinidad and Tobago** were first in the **Summer Olympic Games** in 1948, before  from Great Britain. Trinidad and Tobago have been in fourteen Summer Olympics and three Winter Olympics.

## Medalists
### Summer
(*)Participation only at Round 1.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
*Trinidad and Tobago National Olympic Committee
*"Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics" , Trinidad and Tobago government website
* Trinidad and Tobago profile at London2012.com
Uruguay at the Olympics

**Uruguay** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1924.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since except the ed 1980 Summer Olympics.  Uruguay has been in one Winter Olympic Games in 1998.

The National Olympic Committee for Uruguay was formed in 1923, and  by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Uruguay profile at London2012.com
United States at the Olympics

**United States at the Olympics** is a history which starts in the 1890s.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the United States is USA.

## History
The United States has been to every **Olympic Games**, except the ed 1980 Summer Olympics.  The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.

Thomas Burke was the first  to  the United States at the Olympics. He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.  US athlete Michael Phelps has won the most medals of any Olympic athlete of any nation.  He has 22 Olympic medals, including 18 golds.

American athletes have won a total of 2400 s at the Summer Olympic Games and another 253 at the Winter Olympic Games.

## Hosted Games
The United States has hosted the Games eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games:

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* United States of America profile at London2012.com
Polymerase chain reaction

**Polymerase chain reaction** (**PCR)** is a way to make many copies of a sequence of DNA (this is sometimes called 'amplifying' the DNA). It is done in a lab, using an enzyme called DNA polymerase. It is called chain reaction because the result of one cycle is used immediately for the next cycle. This allows exponential growth to happen. 

PCR has many uses in a biological or biochemical setting. Because DNA is unique for every living thing, experimenters can often extract only small amounts of the DNA they are interested in from a specimen. These amounts are usually too little to be useful, and so a scientist will use PCR to make enough copies to start experimenting with. For this reason, it is one of the most common techniques used in genetics labs around the world, making it useful in experiments on many things, including gene therapy, infectious diseases, and even forensics.

This process was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. He was not the first person to develop the PCR process, but he was the first  to make the process usable. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  for his work in the PCR process. It was a joint award, the other scientist being Michael Smith, who worked on a related project.

## PCR procedure 
The method consists of repeated heating and cooling, causing "melting" (separation of the two strands) and replication of the original DNA, also called a template. Short DNA fragments consisting of DNA sequences complementary to the ends of the template, called primers, and a DNA polymerase are key materials for selective and repetitive steps.

The technique proceeds in three steps:

# **denaturation** &mdash; The template strands that are bound together cannot be replicated, so the first step of PCR is to separate them by heating up the sample, breaking the hydrogen bonds between them.
# **annealing** &mdash; The sample is cooled just enough to allow the primers to bind to the ends of each of the two template strands
# **extension** &mdash; DNA polymerase attaches to the primers and makes a copy of each template strand. 

After the first cycle, there are 4 DNA strands. The process repeats with the 4 DNA strands, which will go on to make 8 strands, then repeat itself again to make 16 strands. In this way, PCR doubles the amount of DNA in a sample after each cycle, making it possible to obtain millions of copies of a DNA strand overnight.
Puerto Rico at the Olympics

**Puerto Rico at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Puerto Rico is PUR.

## History
A team from Puerto Rico was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  Puerto Rico has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984, but missed the Games of 2006, 2010, and 2014.

Puerto Rican s have won a total of twelve s.  Most are in boxing.

The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was formed in 1948 and  by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

In the 2016 Rio Olympics, Puerto Rico won its first gold medal thanks to tenis player, Monica Puig.

In the 2024 Paris Olympics, Jasmine Camacho-Quinn was the first puerto rican to win two Olympic medals.

## List of medalists
### Summer Games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Puerto Rico profile at London2012.com
British West Indies at the Olympics

The **West Indies Federation** were at the **1960 Summer Olympics** in Rome, Italy by the name *Antilles* (ANT).

## Medalists
## Results by event
### Athletics
### Cycling
### Sailing
### Shooting
### Weightlifting
## Sources 
*Official Olympic Reports 
*International Olympic Committee results database

## References
Impression management

**Impression management** is a concept in sociology. It describes how everyday people control the way that they appear to others. For example, in each interaction, a person selects certain gestures, speech patterns, or expressions of femininity, masculinity, social class, and cultural interest. This allows a person to show a particular image to others about who they want to be and how they want to be seen.

## Examples
### Gestures 
When gesturing, a person might use reserved and minimal movements in a professional setting, whilst they may smile widely and wave about when with friends. 

### Speech 
A person might also change their speech pattern in a professional setting in order to sound more educated or refined, and may speak more casually or use swear words when in a casual setting.

Men and women often control how they are perceived in terms of masculinity or femininity. Boys and men might sometimes make their voices sound deeper. They might also speak in short sentences to reflect an old stereotype that males are unfeeling and unconcerned with self-expression. Women, on the other hand, might feel the need to speak in line with the speech patterns of their peers, and this may include tacking on culturally specific phrases like "or whatever" and "that's hot/cute" to indicate they identify with the female gender and traditional interests. 

These of course are very simple ideas about what it means to be a man or woman. In contemporary life the border between male and female is sometimes becoming less strict. In Western societies psychologists support that people who show alternative gender expression are still medically normal.

### Cultural choices 
People also provide clues about their social class and culture by talking about what kind of music they are interested in, what kind of movies they like to watch, and what kind of places they like to visit. 

For example, in contemporary youth culture, young people often listen to and discuss "indie" alternative or independent music as opposed to pop or popular music. A person who wants to portray themselves as cultured might say they like watching highbrow French films or award-winning movies, instead of a mass-media production like a Disney movie.
Jejemon

A  **Jejemon** (tl: ) is a type of person in the Philippines who makes the English language hard to read. The *Philippine Daily Inquirer* call them different but happy because of their language and clothes.

The word *Jejemon* came from people who like to write "hehehe" as "jejeje"  because "jeje" is Spanish for hehe due to the sound J makes in Spanish. "-Mon" means "monster." They are "jeje-monsters."

## People
Jejemons started to appear because of cellphones. Cellphones can only use 160 characters so people who use them write shorter words to save space. Jejemons don't want this so they made their words longer.

People who are Jejemons are described based on levels. These are "mild," "moderate", "severe", or "terminal."

## Jejenese and Jejebet
Jejemons speak Jejenese based on Taglish and Englog. *Jejebusters* were created to fight jejetyping and jejemons. The Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd) discourages students from using Jejemon spelling and grammar.

## References
Venezuela at the Olympics

**Venezuela** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. Venezuela has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998.

The National Olympic Committee for Venezuela was formed in 1935.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Venezuela profile at London2012.com
Quadrille

2016]]

The **quadrille** was a type of social dance. It was a sequence dance, a lively dance by four couples arranged in the shape of a square. It became popular in France around 1760. It became popular in England in 1813. American square dancing is a later adaption of the quadrille. In Australia, the bushranger Ned Kelly danced in a quadrille during the siege at Glenrowan, Victoria.

## References
José María Antón

**José María "Chema" Antón Samper**  (born 19 March 1989 in  Casas del Señor, Valencian Community, Spain) is a Spanish footballer.

## Career
Antón came to Real Madrid's youth system in 2003, when he was 14 years old. In 2007, he made his professional debut playing with Real Madrid B in the Segunda División B (3rd level of Spain's league system).  Without playing in the team, he sat on the bench in Bernd Schuster's last match as coach of Real Madrid and the first of Juande Ramos. He also played 8 international matches for Spain's Under-19 team in the U19 European Cup.

In 2010 he signed with Real Betis Sevilla playing one season in the second team in the Segunda División B. In 2011 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

## References
## Other websites
*Players profile on FC Red Bull Salzburg homepage
Leonardo Santiago

**Leonardo Vitor Santiago** (born 9 March 1983) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a striker for FC Red Bull Salzburg on loan from NAC Breda. He is known as **Leonardo**.
## Career
He started at the Nova Safra football school in Rio de Janeiro. His talent was discovered when he was 11 years old and he went to Europe and played in Feyenoord Rotterdams youth squads at Varkenoord He made his debut on August 19, 2000 in a 2–0 victory over AZ Almaar at the age of 17. This was a problem for Feyenoord and Leonardo because a non EU player is not allowed to play under 18 years. So he had to wait until he was 18. He scored his first goal for the first team  versus SC Heerenveen. In his first two seasons at Feyenoord he played 44 matches and scored four goals, but mainly he gave assists for his teammates to score. He was part of the Feyenoord team that won the 2001–02 UEFA Cup.

After this he suffered sever injuries, so he had only 11 matches in three seasons. After problems with the coaches he decided to left Feyenoord. 2006 he joined NAC Breda. After arguments with the coach he left Breda, after nine goals in 14 matches, to go to Ajax Amsterdam. 2009 he went back to Breda. 2011 he was transferred to Red Bull Salzburg on loan.
## Club statistics
## Honours
### Club
***Feyenoord**
**UEFA Cup 2002
***Ajax**
**Dutch Cup 2007
**Dutch Super Cup 2007

## References
Virgin Islands at the Olympics

The United States Virgin Islands has been in 9 Summer Olympic Games. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games 7 times. Peter Holmberg took second place in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1967 and  by the IOC the same year.

## Olympic Medal table (Summer)
## Olympic Medal table (Winter)
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
*Home page
* Virgin Islands, US profile at London2012.com
Brenda and Wendi Turnbaugh

**Brenda Turnbaugh** and **Wendi Turnbaugh** (born August 13, 1977 in Los Angeles, California) are former American actresses. They are identical twins. During the 1970s, they both played the character, Grace Ingalls on the television series *Little House on the Prairie*.
Michele and Jennifer Steffin

**Michelle Steffin** and **Jennifer Steffin** were born on March 23, 1981 in West Covina, California. They are twins. When they were children, they were actresses. On the television series *Little House on the Prairie* they both played Rose Wilder. It happened in the early 1980s.
May 1985 Jennifer steffin played little girl at the stable on Highway to Heaven. 
Michelle played on an episode of Aifwolfe. 

Two sets of twins played Rose on Little House on the Prairie.  Sarah Coleman and Jennifer Coleman (Jennifer Donati) played Baby Rose in 17 episodes during Seasons 8 and 9.  Michelle Steffin and Jennifer Steffin (Jennifer Uden) played Rose in three post-season movies.
Phyllobates

***Phyllobates*** is a group of frogs with poison in their skin. They live in Central America and South America, from Nicaragua to Colombia. There are three different Colombian species of *Phyllobates*. They have strong poison.

The most poisonous frog in the world is in *Phyllobates*: The golden poison frog (*P. terribilis*). All the frogs in *Phyllobates* have bright colors on their skins. This tells other animals not to eat the frog, even though some of them do not have poison. Native South Americans use *Phyllobates* frogs to put poison on the tools they use to hunt animals for food. The frogs' poison is made of alkaloids molecules, and the frogs make them in glands in their skins. The strongest poison is batrachotoxin.

## Name 
*Phyllobates* is Ancient Greek for "leaf climber."

## Groups
Scientists used to say that *Phyllobates* had many more frogs, but they moved some of them to  *Ranitomeya*. However, it now just contains those six members within the *Phyllobates bicolor *species group. These are:

Every species in *Phyllobates* can be different colors. Frogs can be in the same species and look different. These are called color morphs. For example, *P. terribilis* frogs come in color morphs called "mint," "yellow," or "orange." *P. vittatus*, another example, always has black skin, but its stripes can be yellow, orange, or red, wide or narrow. Its legs can be blue or green. The bicolor dart frog (*Phyllobates bicolor*) can be yellow to orange, from black legs to green legs. *P. aurotaenia* can be yellow-banded or orange. They are always smaller than *P. vittatus*, so people tell them apart by which frog is bigger instead of by color.

## Poison
Scientists have only found the batrachotoxin poison in wild frogs. Frogs that live with humans stop making poison. Scientists think the frogs need to eat wild foods to make the poison. Some beetles in Papua New Guinea also have batrachotoxin poison.

## References 
*
*
*
Valeria Kudryavtseva

**Valeria Lvovna Kudryavtseva**  (born on 19 May 1961) is a Russian television presenter, actress, singer and dancer.

## Personal life 
Valeria was married to musician Sergei Linyuk since 1990 until 1992. They has one child, son Zhan Linyuk (b.1990).

She was married to Matvei Morozov since 2004 until 2007.

She in relationship with musician Sergei Lazarev since 2008. She was pregnant from Sergei, but she had a miscarriage in July 2011.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Hypodermic needle

A **hypodermic needle** is a  steel tube that is sharpened into a needle so it can be jabbed (inserted) into somebody's body. After it is in, medicine is pushed through the steel needle. The name "hypodermic" comes from two Greek words meaning "below skin".

## History 
The Greeks made early use of injection.
Afghanistan at the Olympics

**Afghanistan at the Olympics** is a history which includes 16 games in 14 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1936, Afghanistan has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Afghanistan is AFG.

## History
The Afghanistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1935.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.  Mehboba Ahdyar, a woman in the 2008 Summer Olympics had death threats because of her plan to be in the Games. 

## Medalists
### Summer games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Afghanistan National Olympic Committee 
* Afghan Sports History 
* Afghanistan profile at London2012.com
Aemilianus

**Aemilianus** or **Aemilian** (–253) was Roman emperor for eighty-eight days in 253 AD.

## Early life 
Aemilianus was born around 207 or around 214. The *Epitome de Caesaribus* (a Latin history) and Zonaras (a Greek historian) say that Aemilianus was born at this time and at Djerba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Africa, part of the Roman Empire.

Aemilianus was not from the nobility, and may have been from among the Moorish people.

Aemilianus was a senator and was a Roman consul, either in 252 or 253. He was also governor () for the Roman province of Moesia Superior.

## Emperor 
The Roman army made Aemilianus emperor in Moesia in July or August 253. The Roman Senate agreed that Aemilianus was emperor after the emperor Trebonianus Gallus died in August 253.

After defeating the Goths (a barbarian tribe) in modern-day Bulgaria, his soldiers proclaimed him as an emperor instead of Trebonianus Gallus, the emperor at the time. After defeating Gallus in battle at Interamna (Northern Italy), he captured the capital city of the empire, Rome.

When the governor of Roman Germany, Valerianus, arrived in Italy bringing troops to help Trebonianus Gallus, Aemilianus's own troops killed Aemilianus. They did not want a civil war and Valerian had a bigger army than Aemilianus.

## Death 
Soldiers in Aemilianus's army killed Aemilianus at Spoletum in the Italian Peninsula (Spoleto, Italy).

## Family 
Aemilianus's wife was Cornelia Supera. She became *augusta* (empress) in around August 253. Cornelia Supera may have died in September or October 253, at which time the soldiers killed Aemilianus.

## References
Bangladesh at the Olympics

**Bangladesh** has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

No Bangladeshi competitor has  for the Olympics; the country sends representatives to the Games thanks to the wildcard process. Bangladesh is the most  country in the world to have never won an Olympic medal. They have had 27 participants in 3 sports.

Bangladesh Olympic Association head Wali Ullah says that Bangledesh's weak  is the reason for its poor results in sports.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bangladesh profile at London2012.com
Hot wings

**Hot wings** are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked, then smothered in sauce.  Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy.  They are sometimes called **Buffalo Wings** because they are thought to have originated from Buffalo, New York.

## References
Threat display

A **threat display** is anything that an animal does to scare away other animals. A dog will bare its teeth and growl. A cat will hiss. A snake will coil up, raise its head, and move back and forth to point itself at any big animal that approaches it. 

Many animals have threat displays that make them look bigger. A lion's mane will stand up, making it look much larger and more powerful. Humans may raise both hands, spread wide, above their heads. Bears will stand on their hind legs, raise their front legs, and show their teeth while growling.

Some notable animals have no threat display, but do have a defence all the same. A male horse has a terrific kick backwards, no doubt developed as a defence against predators. People who ride horses have to be told not to walk close behind a male horse, even if they have ridden it before.

## Related pages
*Fight or flight response
*Mimicry
*Threat
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush

**Lindsay Greenbush** and **Sidney Greenbush** were born on May 25, 1970 in Hollywood, California. They are twins and when they were children, they were actresses. Their most known television series is *Little House on the Prairie*, where they together played Carrie Ingalls. It all happened in the 1970s. Later, they tried to go on acting but finally decided not to.
Bhutan at the Olympics

**Bhutan** has been in the Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Prior to 2012, Bhutan only competed in Archery, which is the national sport of Bhutan. They have never won an Olympic . 

The Bhutan Olympic Committee was formed in 1983 and  by the IOC the same year.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bhutan profile at London2012.com
Brunei at the Olympics

**Brunei**, as *Brunei Darussalam*, was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1988, with a single official but no athletes. The nation was in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004. Each time it was represented by a single athlete. Brunei has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  They have never won an Olympic .

As of 2010 Brunei, along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, was one of only three countries to have never sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 announced it would "press" these countries to allow women's participation.

The National Olympic Committee for Brunei was formed in 1984 and  by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Brunei Darussalam profile at London2012.com
Cambodia at the Olympics

**Cambodia at the Olympics** is a history which includes 8 games in 8 countries and 40+ athletes. Since 1983, athletes of Cambodia have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cambodia is CAM.  In 1964, it was CAB.

## History
The National Olympic Committee of Cambodia was formed in 1983 and  by the IOC in 1994.

No competitor from Cambodia has won an Olympic .

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Olympic Committee of Cambodia website 
* Cambodia profile at London2012.com
Bahrain at the Olympics

**Bahrain** has been in 6 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. 

Bahrain won their first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Maryam Yusuf Jamal won a bronze in the women's 1500m run.

Rashid Ramzi won the gold  in the men's 1,500 meters. Because he used drugs, the IOC took the medal away. 

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bahrain profile at London2012.com
Atrax

**Atrax** is a genus of spiders. They have very strong venom. These spiders aggressively defend their territory and chase off attackers who may scare them by making a threat display. Next they will bite. The fastest death occurred in 1927 when a young boy died within fifteen minutes of being bitten. Thirteen deaths were recorded in the fifty years before antivenom was invented for this spider's bite. In English they are sometimes called Sydney Funnel Web spiders because they come from around that part of Australia.

Under the heading "spiders" (Aranae) there are three main groups. One is so very old that only a few species still live on earth. Another is the group that includes the spiders that can be seen making webs or chasing prey almost everywhere in the world. The third group includes the tarantulas and a few other kinds of spiders. The Atrax spiders belong to this third group.

There are also species called "funnel-web spiders" that belong to the second group mentioned above. So they are not close relatives of Atrax, and they are not dangerous. They just have a similar way of making a funnel-shaped web that leads down to some kind of shelter where the spider hides in wait for some insect to eat. Atrax is a very large and very aggressive spider, and these other spiders are from small to medium size and are extremely timid.

## References
China at the Olympics

The '''People's Republic of China'* (PRC) was  first at the 1952 Summer Olympics. That year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) let both the PRC and the Republic of China (which recently moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War) .  The Republic of China withdrew in . Before the Chinese Civil War, athletes competed as the Republic of China (ROC) at the Olympics. In 1979, the International Olympic Committee passed a resolution for the ROC team to be called *Chinese Taipei*, and this opened the door for the PRC to finally join the Olympic movement.

Hong Kong has had a distinct National Olympic Committee since 1950 and has been at the Games since 1952.  After the territory returned to the PRC this has continued, with Hong Kong separate from the rest of the nation under the name *Hong Kong, China''.
*First gold medal : Yang Yang (A), 2002
*Most medals:
**Wang Meng, 2006-2010 (6)
**Yang Yang (A), 1998-2006 (5)
**Yang Yang (S), 1998-2002 (5)
*Most gold medals:
**Wang Meng, 2006-2010 (4)
*Most gold medals at one Olympics:
**Wang Meng, 2010 (3)

## Flagbearer
### Summer Games
### Winter Games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* People's Republic of China profile at London2012.com 
* People's Republic of China at Olympic.org
India at the Olympics

**India at the Olympics** is a history which includes 32 games in 19 countries and 800+ athletes. Since 1900, India has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for India is IND.

## History
The Indian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1927.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1927.

India's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

## Medalists
### Summer games
*

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
* Arjuna Award

## References
## Other websites
* Indian Olympic Association 
* India profile at London2012.com
Indonesia at the Olympics

**Indonesia** first competed in the **Olympic Games** in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Indonesia is INA.

## History
Indonesia was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1952.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964 and 1980.  Indonesia has been in the Youth Olympic Games but not Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was formed in 1946 and  in 1952.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Indonesia profile at London2012.com
Iran at the Olympics

**Iran** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1980 and 1984.  Iran has also been in some Winter Olympic Games since 1956.

The National Olympic Committee for Iran is the *National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran*.  It was formed in 1947.

## Medal tables 
### Medals by Summer Games 
]]

### Medals by Winter Games 
### Medals by sport 
## List of medalists 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Islamic Republic of Iran profile at London2012.com
Hong Kong at the Olympics

**Hong Kong at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hong Kong was HOK. It is now HKG.

## History
Hong Kong was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1952, then as a British colony.  Hong Kong has been at every Summer Olympic Games since then except for the ed 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

The National Olympic Committee (NOC) for Hong Kong was formed in 1950 as the *Amateur Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong*, and is now known as the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China.

After the  of Hong Kong was passed to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the NOC has been named **Hong Kong, China**. Hong Kong is separate at the Olympics by its own choice.

In 2008, Hong Kong was the site of the equestrian venues for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

## Medalists
Competitors from Hong Kong have won Olympic gold medals three times:

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites 
* Hong Kong profile at London2012.com
Vespoidea

**Vespoidea** is a superfamily of the insect order Hymenoptera in class of insects. The members of this group are wasps and ants.

## Families 
* Bradynobaenidae
* Formicidae - ants
* Mutillidae - velvet ants
* Pompilidae - spider wasps
* Rhopalosomatidae - rhopalosomatid wasps
* Sapygidae - sapygid wasps
* Scoliidae - scoliid wasps
* Sierolomorphidae - sierolomorphid wasps
* Tiphiidae - tiphiid wasps
* Vespidae - paper wasps, hornets, potter wasps, yellow jackets, and relatives

## References
Boxer Rebellion

The **Boxer Rebellion** was an uprising in China from 2 November 1900 to 7 September 1901. It was led by the Boxers, a group of Chinese against the huge amount of Western influence in China.

## Foreigners in China
The rebellion happened while many foreign countries (Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia) were scrambling for concessions in the Qing dynasty in the aftermath of the Opium Wars and the First Sino-Japanese War.

## Boxers
The Boxers were Chinese who were angry about the growing power of foreigners in China. They wanted to fight and drive out all foreigners and even the Chinese who helped the foreigners. The Boxers got many people to help them and drove their fight to Peking (now Beijing).

## Two expeditions 
The interior inner city of Beijing was known as the Tartar city because most off its people were Manchus, and half of the Manchus in China lived there. Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made an alliance to invade China and to defeat the Boxers in Beijing. That made Empress Dowager Cixi declare war on all of them and send the Gansu Army to help the Boxers.

The first foreign expedition to Beijing, the Seymour Expedition, was defeated. The foreign legations in Beijing were surrounded for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through in the Gaselee Expedition, which got to the legations in Beijing. The Manchus suffered tremendously, as the foreign soldiers went around raping the women and killing the men. Outside Manchuria and Zhili Province, the rest of China was not affected since the Han governor generals like Yuan Shikai, Li Hongzhang, Liu Kunyi, and Zhang Zhidong signed a pact, the Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces, to keep their provinces out of the war and not to help the Qing court. That made the foreigners not attack them.

## Aftermath
The foreigners were very angry with the Qing and said that China had to pay them even more money and execute the officials who responsible for supporting the Boxers like the Manchu Bannerman Governor Yuxian, Qixiu, Captain Enhai (En Hai), the Manchu Zaixun, Prince Zhuang, and thr Han General Dong Fuxiang. China agreed to execute all the Manchu officials like Yuxian, Qixiu, Enhai, and Zaixun but refused to execute Dong Fuxiang. A few years later, in 1911, the Qing dynasty collapsed, and China had a new government, the Republic of China, but the foreigners, especially the Japanese, still influenced the country.

## Related pages
* Opium Wars
* First Sino-Japanese War
* Qing dynasty
* Empress Dowager Cixi
* Imperial Japanese Army
* Open Door Policy
* Imperialism

## References