open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
William Astbury

**William Thomas Astbury** FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton &ndash; 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.

Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules.

## References
Peter Powell (kite maker)

in 1978.]]
**Peter Trevor Powell** (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.

Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.

## References
Royal Parker

**Royal Pollokoff** (April 8, 1929 &ndash; January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name **Royal Parker**, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens. 

Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.

After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.

Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* The Royal Parker Photo Album
Dermot Mulroney

**Dermot Mulroney** (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician and director. He has been acting since 1986. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia.

He is known for his roles in the movies *Young Guns*, *Where the Day Takes You*, ''My Best Friend's Wedding*, *The Last Outlaw*, *About Schmidt*, and *August: Osage County''. Mulroney played the main villain of NBC's *Crisis*, Francis Gibson.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 

にひ
Sam Rockwell

**Sam Rockwell** (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2018.

He is known for his leading roles in *Lawn Dogs* (1997), *Confessions of a Dangerous Mind* (2002), *Matchstick Men* (2003), ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* (2005), *Choke* (2008), *Moon* (2009) and *Seven Psychopaths* (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in *The Green Mile* (1999), *Galaxy Quest* (1999), *The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford* (2007),  *Frost/Nixon* (2008), *Conviction* (2010), *Iron Man 2* (2010), *Cowboys & Aliens* (2011), *The Way, Way Back* (2013) and *Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri'' (2017).

## References
## Other websites
*
* 
*Sam Rockwell Interview
Jeanne Cordova

**Jeanne Cordova** (July 18, 1948 &ndash; January 10, 2016) was an American lesbian and gay rights activist and writer. She was a founder of the West Coast LGBTQ movement. She was a columnist for *Lesbian Tide*, *Los Angeles Free Press* and *The Advocate*. Her memoir, *When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution*, won a Lammy.

Cordova was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She grew up in California. She was of Irish and Mexican ancestry.

Cordova died from brain cancer on January 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 67.

## References
Ralph Hauenstein

**Ralph Hauenstein** (March 20, 1912 &ndash; January 10, 2016) was an American philanthropist and businessman. His leadership has made the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University, the Hauenstein Parkinson's and Neuroscience Centers at Saint Mary's Hospital and the Grace Hauenstein Library at Aquinas College. He was also a colonel in the U.S. Army.

Hauenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He fought for his country during World War II. He turned 100 in March 2012. His wife of 75 years, Grace Byrnes, died in 2007.

Hauenstein died from natural causes on January 10, 2016 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was 103.

## References
## Other websites
## Related pages
* Irving Kahn
D. A. Pennebaker

**Donn Alan "D. A." Pennebaker** (/ˈpɛnibeɪkə/, July 15, 1925 &ndash; August 1, 2019) was an American documentary filmmaker. He was one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Performing arts and politics are his subjects. His subjects cover events of the 1960s.

In 2012, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award or "lifetime Oscar".

Pennebaker died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York on August 1, 2019, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
María Lorenza Barreneche

**María Lorenza Barreneche Iriarte** (3 July 1926 &ndash; 5 January 2015) was an Argentine public figure. She was the wife of the late President Raúl Alfonsín from 1949 until his death in 2009. She was First Lady of Argentina from 1983 to 1989.

Barreneche was born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires. She was of Basque ancestry. She had six children with Alfonsín.

Barreneche died after years of poor health on 5 January 2016 in Buenos Aires. She was 89.

## References
Pat Harrington, Sr.

**Daniel Patrick** "**Pat**" **Harrington, Sr.** (February 6, 1901 &ndash; September 2, 1965) was a Canadian actor. His Broadway credits include *Panama Hattie* (1940), *Star and Garter* (1942), *The Front Page* (1946), *Call Me Madam* (1950) and *Sunday in New York* (1961). He also appeared in the early television series *A Couple of Joes* (1949) and *The Wonderful John Acton* (1953).

Harrington was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was the father of American actor Pat Harrington, Jr. (1929&ndash;2016).

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Demmus Hentze

**Demmus Hentze** (4 December 1923 &ndash; 3 January 2016) was a Faroese politician and lawyer. He was a member of the People's Party. He served as Finance Minister from 1975 to 1981. He was born in Sandur, Sandoy. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen.

Hentze died on 3 January 2016 in Tórshavn, aged 92.

## References
Teofil Codreanu

**Teofil Codreanu** (1 February 1941 &ndash; 10 January 2016) was a Romanian footballer. He played as an attacking midfielder. He played for Rapid Bucureşti and the Romania national football team.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ka-Bar

**Ka-Bar** (trademarked as **KA-BAR**, capitalized) is a combat knife first obtained by the United States Marine Corps in November 1942. It was then designated as the 1219C2 combat knife. Later it was called the USMC Mark 2 combat knife. When the United States Navy obtained the knife they called it the U.S. Navy utility knife, Mark 2. KA-BAR is the trademark and namesake of a related knife manufacturing company, KA-BAR Knives., Inc. (formerly Union Cutlery Co.) of Olean, New York. KA-BAR Knives is a subsidiary of the Cutco Corporation.

## History 
At the start of World War II, the US Marine Corps was still using the World War I issue Trench knife.   The trench knife was suited for trench warfare but it did not meet the needs of the Marines in the Pacific war. The Marine Corps purchased different designs from different knife manufacturers. The Ka-Bar, however, quickly became the marine's favorite. They were made by the Union Cutlery Company (later changed to KA-BAR Cutlery Inc.). Soon other companies were under contract to produce the Ka-Bar. The main use for the Ka-Bar combat knife was hand-to-hand combat with an enemy. However, the number of enemy soldiers killed with a Ka-Bar is thought to be very small. The knife, weighing just over , had a solid pommel (the butt end of the knife) which could be used as a hammer.The knife was used to open food cans in c-rations or k-rations. It was used for cutting wires, opening crates of ammunition and other non-combat uses.  For modern outdoor  use the Ka-Bar knives are still a proven design.

## References 
## Other websites 
* All About KA-BAR Knives
* KA-BAR Knife History 
* KA-BAR Fighting Knife Review 
* Things to Know About Ka-Bar Becker Fixed Blade Survival Knife
The Walk (movie)

***The Walk*** is a 2015 American 3D biographical drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Christopher Browne and Zemeckis. 

It is based on the story of French high-wire artist Philippe Petit's walk between the World Trade Center on August 7, 1974. 

The movie stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ben Kingsley, Charlotte Le Bon, James Badge Dale, Ben Schwartz, and Steve Valentine. The movie was released by TriStar Pictures on September 30, 2015, in the United States in IMAX 3D, and on October 9 in regular 2D and 3D. The film was dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001.

## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Richard Libertini

**Richard Libertini** (May 21, 1933 – January 7, 2016) was an American stage, movie and television actor.

He played character roles and could speak in many accents. Libertini acted in *Catch-22* (1970), *The In-Laws* (1979), *Popeye* (1980), *All of Me* (1984), *Fletch* (1985), *Fletch Lives* (1989), *Awakenings* (1990), *Lethal Weapon 4* (1998), and *Dolphin Tale* (2011).

Libertini died on January 7, 2016 of cancer in Venice, California, at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Richard Libertini at NNDB.com
Nik Wallenda

**Nikolas "Nik" Wallenda** (born January 24, 1979) is an American acrobat, aerialist, daredevil, high wire artist, and author. He is known for his high-wire performances without a safety net. 

He holds nine Guinness World Records for various acrobatic feats, but is best known as the first person to walk a tightrope stretched directly over Niagara Falls. He walked across a tightrope from Leo Burnett Building to both Marina City towers in Chicago in December 2014.

## Other websites
*''''*
**Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara'' TV program official website
*"SkyWire Live"  (Grand Canyon walk) official website
*"Skyscraper walk live"  (Chicago walk) official website
Hernán Gamboa

**Hernán Gamboa** (18 June 1946 &ndash; 10 January 2016) was a Venezuelan musician, composer and singer. He began his career in 1956. He was a member of Serenata Guayanesa from 1971 to 1984. He was born in San Tomé, Anzoátegui.

Gamboa died from cancer on 10 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was 69.

## References
George Jonas

**George Jonas**  (June 15, 1935 &ndash; January 10, 2016) was a Hungarian-born Canadian writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote 16 books. His best known book was international bestseller *Vengeance* (1984), the story of an Israeli operation to kill the terrorists behind the 1972 Munich massacre. This was made into the movie *Munich* (2005), directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Eric Bana. He was born in Budapest to a Jewish family.

Jonas died from Parkinson's disease on January 10, 2016, aged 69.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
* 
* George Jonas  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Villa Paul Poiret

**Villa Paul Poiret** in Mézy-sur-Seine, Yvelines, France, is an important example of modernist architecture. It was Cubism-inspired, and built in the early 1920s. Later Art Deco features were added. It was a private house originally designed by architect Robert Mallet-Stevens.

The house is in  of parkland to the west of Paris, overlooking the Seine Valley. It is made of reinforced concrete to a geometric style.

The villa was commissioned by fashion designer Paul Poiret in 1921. It was completed in 1925. The house fell into disrepair, and was sold by Poiret in 1930 to actress Elvira Popescu, who lived there from 1938 to 1985. Popescu hired the architect Paul Boyer in 1932 to alter the original design to the contemporary Art Deco  "ocean liner" style, converting windows to portholes, and rounding-off terrace corners. The house was listed as an historic landmark in 1984.

By 1999 the house had once more become dilapidated. It was bought by Laurent Brun. Under the direction of the two French committees responsible for listed buildings, both the outside and inside have been restored. 

Villa Paul Poiret is part of the *Journées de Patrimoine*, (Heritage Days) scheme:  public and private buildings of historic importance are open to the public on the third weekend in September.

## References
Hamada Emam

(1979).]]

**Mohamed Yehia Emam** (&lrm;; 28 November 1943 &ndash; 9 January 2016), better known as **Hamada Ema** (), was an Egyptian footballer. He played as a centre forward. He played for Zamalek SC in the Egyptian Premier League.

Emam was born in Cairo. His father was goalkeeper Yehia Emam. His son Hazem Emam (born 1975) also played football.

Eman died on 9 January 2016 in Cairo, aged 72.

## References
Fernando Barrachina

**Fernando Barrachina Plo** (24 February 1947 – 4 January 2016) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a central defender.

## Career
Born in Granada, Barrachina played for Granada, Valencia and Cádiz.

He made one international appearance for Spain in 1969.

## Later life and death
He died on 4 January 2016, at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
*
Zelimkhan Yaqub

**Zelimkhan Yaqub** (; 21 January 1950 &ndash; 9 January 2016) was an Azerbaijani poet. He served as a deputy of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2005. He was also named the national poet of Azerbaijan in 2005. He was born in Bolnisi Municipality, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

Yaqub died on 9 January 2016 in Baku, aged 65.

## References
Eddie Redmayne

**Edward John David "Eddie" Redmayne**, OBE (born 6 January 1982) is an English actor. 

He is known for his roles in *The Good Shepherd* (2006), *Savage Grace* (2007), *Elizabeth: The Golden Age* (2007), *My Week with Marilyn* (2011), *Les Misérables* (2012), *The Theory of Everything* (2014), *Jupiter Ascending* (2015), *The Danish Girl* (2015), ''Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure* (2015), and *Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them* (2016).

Redmayne received many awards for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award, the Golden Globe Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award. He has continued to perform in theatre, most notably in the play *Red'' (2010), on Broadway, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play.

## References
## Other websites
* Eddie Redmayne at Yahoo! Movies
* 
*
Kingbird

The **kingbird** (*Tyrannus melancholicus*) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona in the United States to as far as south as central Argentina, western Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding.

## Description and ecology
An adult tropical kingbird is  long and weighs . Both male and female are similar, but young birds have pale buff edges on the wing coverts.

The call is a high-pitched twittering trill, *tree-e-e-e-e-e-e*, with a more complex version sung by the male at dawn.

Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with trees and shrubs, including gardens and roadsides. Tropical kingbirds like to view their surroundings from an open perch, usually high in a tree. They take long flights to catch insects in mid-air, which is called hawking. They sometimes hover to pick food off of plants, which is called gleaning. They also eat some fruit.

These birds defend their territory against intruders, even much larger birds such as toucans, caracaras or hawks. 

They make a flimsy cup nest in a tree. The eggs are cream-colored with reddish-brown marks. The female incubates the typical clutch of two or three eggs for 16 days. After they hatch, it is about 18–19 more days until fledging.

The tropical kingbird is not a threatened species of the IUCN. This is because this bird is very common and they adapt well to changes in their environment.

Tyrannus-melancholicus-001.jpg|*T. m. satrapa*, Panama
dstonek 17035.jpg|feeding young

## References
## Other websites
* Nesting *Tyrannus melancholicus*http://lagunadeapoyo.blogspot.com/2015/05/tropical-kingbird-iii-feeding-babies.html
Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds

**Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds** (10 November 1942 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was a Latvian computer scientist and mathematician. He was a member of Latvian Academy of Sciences from 1992. He discovered Freivalds' algorithm. He also taught at the University of Latvia with students including Daina Taimina and Andris Ambainis. He was born in Cesvaine and studied at Moscow State University (MSU).

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2010.

Freivalds died from a heart attack on 4 January 2016 in Riga, aged 73.

## References
Woman on top

**Woman on top** is any sex position in which the woman is on top of her sexual partner during sexual activity. The position most commonly associated with the woman on top is often called the **cowgirl** or **riding** position, which derives its name from the image of the woman "riding" the man as a cowgirl rides a bucking horse. In that position, a man typically lies on his back with his legs closed, while the female partner straddles him, usually in a kneeling position facing either forward or back, and either the man or woman inserts the man's erect penis into the woman's vagina or anus. The cowgirl position is commonly cited as one of the more popular sex positions, especially by women, because it gives them control over the rhythm and pace of vaginal stimulation and the extent and duration of penetration and because of its ability to adequately stimulate the clitoris. There are other positions in which the woman may be on top, including the 69 position and the pompoir sex position.

In any of the woman on top positions, the woman is usually the active partner during sexual activity, and in addition to satisfying herself can stimulate or massage the man's scrotum, especially if his legs are spread. The woman may take the position in the course of sexual activity, especially if the man has attained orgasm while she has not; and in this position she or her partner may perform fingering for her to achieve orgasm.

## Gallery

File:Wiki-cowgirl.png|A couple engaged in sexual intercourse in the cowgirl position
File:Paul Avril - Les Sonnetts Luxurieux (1892) de Pietro Aretino, 4.jpg|Édouard-Henri Avril - *Les Sonnetts Luxurieux* (1892) - depiction of reverse cowgirl position
File:Carracci Angelique et Medor.jpg|Agostino Carracci (1557 - 1602), *Angelique et Medor*, two characters from the opera Roland
File:Michael Zichy-love1.jpg|Depiction of reverse cowgirl position by Mihály Zichy (c. 1911)

## References
Philippe Petit

**Philippe Petit** (; born 13 August 1949) is a French high-wire artist. He became famous for his high-wire walk between the World Trade Center in New York City, on the morning of August 7, 1974. The 2015 movie *The Walk* is based on his high-wire walk in New York.

## References
## Other websites
* MSA - The Man Who Walked Between The Towers. Co-produced by Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios
* Philippe Petit Signature visible in the 1980s
* photos of Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers  along with others
* Philippe Petit: The journey across the high wire , TED2012, Filmed Mar 2012, Posted May 2012.
Contraband (disambiguation)

**Contraband** refers to goods which are illegal to possess or trade. **Contraband** may also refer to:

## Movies 
* *Contraband* (1980 movie), an Italian crime drama directed by Lucio Fulci
* *Contraband* (2012 movie), an American film

## Other uses
* Contraband (coal mine), items which for safety reasons are not allowed to be taken underground in a coal mine
* Contraband (American Civil War), a status for fugitive slaves behind Union lines in Rebel territory during the American Civil War
* Contraband Bayou, a large bayou in Louisiana, United States
Australian Kelpie

The **Australian Kelpie**, or simply **Kelpie**, is an Australian sheepdog. The word 'Kelpie' is Gaelic and means "water sprite". They are very successful at herding and driving livestock with little or no guidance. The Kelpie is a medium-sized dog. They come in both the tan markings and solid colors. The Kelpie has been exported throughout the world and is used mainly to herd sheep, cattle and goats. 

## Characteristics 
The Kelpie can do the work of several men. It locks eyes with an animal to get it to move. Unlike the Border Collie, the Kelpie also nips at the heels of herd animals to get and keep them moving. The Show Kelpie is seen at conformation dog shows in some countries and is selected for appearance rather than working instinct, while the Working Kelpie is bred for working ability rather than appearance.

## References
Tajdid

**Tajdid** () is an Arabic word that means "". It is usually put together with *din* to mean "renewal of the religion." A similar but less common expression is ''ihya' al-din'' (), which may be translated as "revival of the religion."

The purpose of the tajdid (renewal or revival) is to implement this ideal model in Muslims' lives, wherever and whenever Muslim society exists. This purpose implies that tajdid is a continuous effort by Muslims always to explain Islam and make it applicable in continually changing situations without violating its principles. 

The notion of tajdid in the Islamic tradition can be traced back to the Prophet Muhammad, who said that "At the start of each century there will arise in this ummah (the Muslim community) those who will call for a religious renewal". Such people (mujaddids, or renewers of Islam), are believed to always come in the time when Muslim community departs from the true path defined by the Qur'an and sunnah (example of the Prophet). The task of the mujaddid, therefore, is to return Muslims to their basic sources (the Qur'an and sunnah), to clean Islam from all un-Godly elements, to present Islam and make it flourish more or less in its original pure form and spirit.

The tradition of a renewal of the faith went back to Islam's first century, with the caliph Umar II ('Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz), who came to power in the Muslim year 99 and was particularly revered for his piety, in contrast to his predecessors. He was viewed as a renewer of the faith in an age of increasingly profane rule, and later mujaddids and their movements in various parts of the Islamic world followed his precedent.

## References 
* A Quest For True Islam: A Study of the Islamic Resurgence Movement among the Youth in Bandung, Indonesia by Rifki Rosyad.
Alexander Hickman

**Thomas Alexander Hickman** (October 19, 1925 &ndash; January 11, 2016) was a Canadian lawyer, politician and judge. He was born in Grand Bank, Newfoundland. From 1966 to 1979, he was a member of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. He held many cabinet positions including Minister of Justice and Attorney General, Minister of Health, Minister Responsible for Intergovernmental Affairs, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Education.

Hickman died on January 11, 2016 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*Order of Canada Citation
Oscar Fritschi

**Oscar Fritschi** (25 February 1939 – 8 January 2016) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. He was born in Winterthur, Switzerland. From 1986 to 1992 Fritschi was president of the FDP of the Canton of Zurich. From 1991 to 1992 he was a member of the Cantonal Council of the Canton of Zurich. On November 25, 1991, he was elected in the National Assembly. He resigned in 1999 after he no longer had support. 

Fritschi died at a hospital in Zurich, Switzerland from a short-illness at the age of 76.

## References
Ulrich Hahnen

**Ulrich Hahnen** (10 May 1952 in Krefeld &ndash; 10 January 2016) was a German politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as a deputy of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 until his death. In 1994, he became a member of the City Council of Krefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia.

Hahnen died from cancer on 10 January 2016 at the age of 63.

## References
Abbas Bahri

**Abbas Bahri** (1 January 1955 &ndash; 10 January 2016) was a Tunisian mathematician. He was the winner of the Fermat Prize and the Langevin Prize in mathematics.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Africa

## References
## Other websites
* Official Rutgers website
Ann Z. Caracristi

**Ann Zeilinger Caracristi** (February 1, 1921 – January 10, 2016) was an American cryptanalyst. She was the former Deputy Director of the National Security Agency, where she served at many positions over a 40-year career. She served as a member of the Secretary of Defense Joint Security Commission and President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. She became the first woman at NSA to be promoted to *GS-18* rank, in 1975. She was born in Bronxville, New York.

In 2002, her name was given to a Naval Intelligence Professionals' award. Caracristi died January 10, 2016, in Washington, D.C. from complications of dementia at the age of 94.

## References
Veijo Meri

**Veijo Väinö Valvo Meri** (31 December 1928 &ndash; 21 June 2015) was a Finnish writer. His work was mainly about World War II and the Cold War. The work is anti-war and has dark humor. He was born in Viipuri, Finland. He wrote novels, short stories, poetry, and essays. He was known for his works; *Manila rope: A novel*, *Private Jokinen’s marriage leave* and *Beneath the Polar Star: Glimpses of Finnish History*. He won the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1973.

Meri died in Helsinki, Finland at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
Wim Bleijenberg

**Wim Bleijenberg** (5 November 1930 &ndash; 10 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Wageningen, Rigtersbleek, Ajax, Blauw-Wit Amsterdam, Go Ahead Eagles, Apeldoorn and the national team. He was born in Veenendaal, Utrecht.

Bleijenberg died on 10 January 2016, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Reginaldo Araújo

**António Reginaldo Matias de Araújo** (2 October 1977 &ndash; 11 January 2016) was a Brazilian footballer. He played as a defender. He played for Coritiba, São Paulo, Santos, Flamengo, Santa Cruz and Criciúma. He was born in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo.

Araújo died from a heart attack on 11 January 2016 in Cornélio Procópio, Paraná. He was 38.

## References
Gunnel Vallquist

**Gunnel Vallquist** (19 June 1918 &ndash; 11 January 2016) was a Swedish writer and translator. She became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1982. She wrote over twenty books. She also translated *In Search of Lost Time* by Marcel Proust from French into Swedish. She was born in Stockholm.

Vallquist died on 11 January 2016, aged 97.

## References
Brian Johnson (rugby league)

**Brian James Johnson** (26 June 1956 &ndash; 11 January 2016) was an Australian professional rugby league player and coach. He was born in Dapto, New South Wales. He played as a fullback. He played in Sydney for the St George Dragons and Eastern Suburbs. He later played in England for Warrington. 

Johnson died from Alzheimer's disease on 11 January 2016 in Wollongong, aged 59.

## References
Juan Sebastián Elcano

**Juan Sebastián Elcano** (1476 – 4 August 1526) was a Spanish explorer of Basque origin. He completed the first circumnavigation of the world started by Ferdinand Magellan. After Magellan's death in the Philippines, Elcano took command of the expedition and completed the voyage to Spain. The voyage proved that the Earth was round. When he returned to Spain the king gave Elcano his own Coat of arms. He also received a pension of 500 ducats.

## Early life 
Elcano was born in 1476 in Getaria, Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country of northern Spain. From his childhood he was a sailor and fisherman. He later smuggled contraband into French ports. He was part of an expedition against Algeria in 1509. Their  was to find a  to the Far East by going around the tip of South America.

The three ships reached Guam in March 1521. the expedition was scattered by bad weather near Cape Horn. The expedition lost six of its seven ships. The remaining ship continued to the Spice Islands. On July 30, 1526 Loaísa died of scurvy. Elcano took command but he died of the disease himself on August 4, 1526. It is a four-masted, topsail schooner, one of the largest in the world. It had sailed around the earth six times by 1986. The ship has participated in three Operation Sail events in New York harbor. It has probably been sailed more than any other major tall ship. Her home port is Cadiz, Spain. The ship is owned by the Spanish Navy.

## References
John Harvard (politician)

**John Harvard** (June 4, 1938 &ndash; January 9, 2016) was a Canadian journalist and politician in Manitoba.  He served as a federal Member of Parliament from 1988 to 2004, and was appointed the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba just before Canada's federal election in 2004.

Harvard died in Manitoba at the age of 77.

## References
Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign

Jill Stein, a physician from Massachusetts, is seeking the nomination of the Green Party of the United States for President in 2016. In 2012, Stein was the Green Party's nominee and received 469,501 votes for President of the United States in the 2012 general election.

## Background
On February 6, 2015, Stein announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a potential campaign for  the Green Party's presidential nomination in the 2016.

She officially declared she was running for president for a second time during an appearance on Democracy Now! on June 22, 2015.

## Supporters
* Medea Benjamin,  co-founder of Code Pink and Global Exchange
* Marsha Coleman-Adebayo, former senior policy analyst for the United States Environmental Protection Agency and racial justice advocate
* International Socialist Organization, a socialist organization in the United States
* Richard D. Wolff, professor emeritus of economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst
* Cornel West, philosopher and activist
## Ballots
:A. Based on 2004 - 2008 electoral college apportionment.
:B. Based on 1992 - 2000 electoral college apportionment.

## References
Doping in sport

In sport, **doping** is the use of a drug that athletes or competitors are not allowed to use. Certain drugs, such as steroids, are not allowed (or ) in professional sports. This is because they can help a competitor's performance, by making them stronger or faster. This gives them an unfair advantage over other competitors. The drugs may be legal, but competitors will not be allowed to use them. Many sports make competitors take a drug test to prove that they are not using any drugs.

## Related pages 
* Blood doping
* List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
* List of doping cases in athletics
* List of doping cases in sport
*Doping in the United States
*World_Anti-Doping_Agency
Contraband

The word **contraband** (Old French *contrebande* "a smuggling") means any item which is illegal to be possessed or sold. The term is used for goods such as:
* smuggled goods
* stolen goods – knowingly dealing in stolen goods is an offense in itself, called fencing
* the fruits of fraud, forgery etc.

## Law of armed conflict
 weapons seized by an Afghan and coalition security forces]]
In international law, contraband means goods sent to territories under the control of the enemy that can be used in armed conflict. Traditionally, contraband is classified into two categories, **absolute contraband** and **conditional contraband**. Absolute contraband includes arms, munitions, and various materials. These can include chemicals and certain types of machinery that may be used to wage war.

Conditional contraband includes food and livestock feed. Cargo of this kind, while presumably innocent in character, can be seized if the supplies are destined for the armed forces of the enemy. Under conditions of modern warfare almost everything can be called absolute contraband.

## American Civil War 
During the American Civil War, slaves who sought refuge in Union army military camps or who lived in territories that fell under Union control were declared contraband.  This policy was first used by General Benjamin F. Butler in 1861 in what came to be known as the "Fort Monroe Doctrine," established in Hampton, Virginia.  By war's end, the Union had set up 100 contraband camps in the Southern United States.  The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867) was developed to be a colony. Many adult former slaves worked for wages for the Army at such camps.

## References
Governor of New Mexico

The **Governor of the State of New Mexico** is the chief executive of the state of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New Mexico's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. They also make annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. 

The current governor is Michelle Lujan Grisham, a Democrat. Grisham won the November 2018 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 32nd Governor of the state of New Mexico on January 1, 2019. 

## List of governors
## Living former governors of New Mexico
, there were four former governors of New Mexico living, the oldest being Jerry Apodaca (1975&ndash;1979, born 1934). The most recent governor of New Mexico to die and most recent to serve to die was Bill Richardson (2003&ndash;2011), who died on September 1, 2023.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site of Governor's office
Gloria La Riva

**Gloria Estela La Riva** (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician. She works with the Party for Socialism and Liberation and in California with the Peace and Freedom Party, and previously with the Workers World Party.  

She was the PSL's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva ran as the PSL's presidential candidate in the 2016 race, with Eugene Puryear as her running mate.

She is running for President in the 2020 election with Leonard Peltier as her running mate. 

## References
## Other websites
*2016 campaign website
*"Standing for Castro at the US election", a brief report on Gloria La Riva by France 24, October 29, 2008
* "Meet Gloria" , profile on Votepsl.org
Doping (semiconductor)

. In this example, a silicon-based intrinsic ("undoped") semiconductor becomes extrinsic ("doped") when elements such as Boron and Antimony are added to it.]]

In electronics, **doping** is the process of adding certain chemical elements to a semiconductor in order to change its electrical conductivity. These elements are tiny impurities. This is done to create diodes that make electricity go in one direction, or to make transistors and semiconductor switches.

When the element boron is added to silicon, the boron "dopant" is called an "acceptor" because it likes accepting electrons. When the element phosphorous is added to silicon, the phosphorous is called a "donor" because it does not like electrons.

There are two types of doping: n-type (negative type) doping and p-type (positive type) doping

# **n–type doping**: In this, elements with five valence electrons are added as impurities ("pentavalent" or "donor") in the semiconductor. The semiconductor has four valence electrons, so when it is doped with pentavalent impurities, the four valence electrons make covalent bonds, and the remaining one becomes free to move. This is how n-type doping increases conductivity of the semiconductor. The excess of electrons (e-) in the n-type semiconductor generates an overall negative charge, hence the name "n-type".
# **p-type doping**: In this, elements with three valence electron are added as impurities ("trivalent" or "acceptor") in the semiconductor. Three of the four electrons in the semiconductor bond with the three electrons of the dopant. The remaining electrons cannot form bonds, and thus the vacant space left behind are known as holes. Then, electrons from other atoms jump in the holes to fill them, again causing different holes to appear. This process repeats over and over, increasing conductivity.

The impurities are added to the silicon through multiple processes, including "spin coating". A thin layer of phosphorus or boron, usually mixed with a liquid to help it spread out, is spun at high speeds on the silicon. The mixture spreads out the phosphorous or boron, and then is baked. 

Another process called "ion implantation" involves a scaled down particle accelerator that smashes atoms of the chosen dopant into the silicon, which adds the impurity.
Dope

**Dope** may mean:

* A slang word for cocaine, marijuana, opium, heroin, methamphetamine, and other illegal drugs
* Dopant, an chemical added to a substance to change it
* Dope, an industrial metal band from the U.S. city of Villa Park, Illinois
Marc Allan Feldman

**Marc Allan Feldman** (October 10, 1959 - June 22, 2016) was an American physician, political commentator, and activist. Feldman was also a practicing physician. He had been employed at the Cleveland Clinic since August 1998. He was also the owner of a small business called Openivo, Inc. Feldman had also served as the president of the Ophthalmic Anesthesia Society.

On January 13, 2015 Feldman announced that he was running for President of the United States in the 2016 election as a Libertarian. His main goal in running was to address how much money influences the political system. He had called his campaign "Votes Not For Sale" and wouldn't take any donations over $5. On May 26, 2016, Feldman participated in a political debate at the 2016 Libertarian National Convention, alongside Gary Johnson, Austin Petersen, John McAfee, and Darryl W. Perry. Feldman would place fifth on the second nominating ballot, losing to Gary Johnson.

On June 22, 2016, Dr. Feldman was found unresponsive at the America's Best Value Inn in Brook Park, Ohio.  He was pronounced dead at the scene a short time later.  The cause of death was atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 

## References
Darryl Cherney

**Darryl Cherney** (born 1950s) is an American musician and environmental activist. He is a member of the Earth First! environmental movement. He was born in New York City, New York, but raised in Eureka, California. Cherney ran for congress in the 1988 Democratic primary, but lost.

On May 24, 1990, Cherney and his friend, fellow activist Judi Bari, were injured when a pipe bomb exploded in his car. Both were severely injured by the explosion. The case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which accused Cherney of bombing themselves. He later sued the FBI and was later awarded $4.4 million. Bari died from her injuries. In 2012, Cherney's documentary movie *Who Bombed Judi Bari?* was released.

Cherney announced in 2015 that he was running for President of the United States for the Green Party nomination in the 2016 United States presidential election. He is running against Jill Stein for the nomination.

## References
## Other websites
* Darryl Cherney's home page
* March 2012 interview with Cherney about his documentary Who Bombed Judy Bari?
* Interview with Cherney  on Independent Eye's public radio series *Hitchhiking off the Map*.
* Infamous Troubadour: The Life, Times and Future of Darryl Cherney, North Coast Journal February 17, 2005.
* Interview with Darryl Cherney  in Modern Pagans, RE/Search publications.
* Cherney's documentary Who Bombed Judy Bari?
* Activist songs by Darryl Cherney covering the bombing
* Who Bombed Judi Bari? *Los Angeles Times* review accessed Oct. 19, 2012.
Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex

**Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex** (1625 – 26 October 1674) was an English peer, named **Hon. Lionel Cranfield** from 1640 until 1651.

Cranfield became next Earl of Middlesex, after his brother, in 1651. Around 1655, he married Rachel, daughter of the Earl of Westmorland and widow of Henry Bourchier, 5th Earl of Bath. In May 1660, he was one of the six people selected by the Convention Parliament to ask Charles II of England to come back. He became a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Charles II in 1673. He died the next year without children; his titles went to no one, and his property went to the son of his sister, Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset.
) to his wife that lived away from him, around 1670.]]

## References
National Geographic (magazine)

The ***National Geographic***, formerly ***The National Geographic Magazine***, is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published since the first issue in 1888. This was nine months after the Society itself was founded. It mostly contains articles about world culture, history and geography. Its famous trademark is the yellow rectangular border that goes around the cover of each issue. 

The magazine is published monthly. Additional maps are also included with subscription copies. It is available in a traditional printed format. Special and online formats are also available.

As of 2015-2016 the magazine had a worldwide circulation of 6.8 million per month. Its U.S. circulation is around 3.5 per month.

In 2008 the magazine won three National Magazine Awards. This included an award for general excellence the second year in a row.

On 9 September 2015, the National Geographic Society announced a deal with the 20th Century Fox that would move the magazine to a new partnership, National Geographic Partners, controlled by 20th Century Fox.

The magazine has had various editors since it was founded.

## References
Berge Furre

**Berge Ragnar Furre** (13 April 1937 &ndash; 11 January 2016) was a Norwegian historian, theologian and politician. He was a member of the Socialist People's Party (SF) and later Socialist Left Party (SV). He was the leader of the Socialist Left Party from 1976 until 1983. He was also known for work on 1900s Norwegian history. He was born in Sjernarøy, Finnøy.

Furre died after an illness on 11 January 2016, aged 78.

## References
Prohibition Party

The **Prohibition Party** (**PRO**) is a political party in the United States. The party is known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages.

It is the oldest existing third party in the United States. The party was an important part of the temperance movement. While never one of the leading parties in the United States, it was once an important force in the Third Party System during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This was also the case in mid century Europe. It declined dramatically after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. 

The party earned only 519 votes in the 2012 presidential election with Jack Fellure as the candidate. James Hedges was the candidate in the 2016 presidential election winning 5,617 votes.

## Other websites
*  (Party)
*  (People)
Austin Petersen

**Austin Wade Petersen** (born February 19, 1981) is an American producer, writer, political activist, and commentator. He was the runner-up for the Libertarian Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016, finishing second place to former governor Gary Johnson with 21% of the vote. 

As of 2016, Petersen is the owner and CEO of a photo and video consulting firm called Stonegait LLC and is the founder of *The Libertarian Republic* and *Liberty Viral*, both libertarian news and commentary websites.

## Early life
Petersen was born in Independence, Missouri, but raised on a farm in Peculiar, Missouri. He is the son of Donna and John D. Petersen. He studied at Missouri State University, where he graduated with a degree in musical theater.

## United States presidential campaign, 2016
Petersen was running for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election for the presidential nomination for the Libertarian Party. 

After Gary Johnson won the nomination for President of the United States of the Libertarian Party (United States), Petersen delivered a concession speech. During the speech, Petersen said, "You have my full support, my full respect, and my gun!" and proceeded to gift Johnson with a replica of George Washington's flintlock pistol. Petersen could not, however, endorse Johnson's preferred Vice Presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Governor, William Weld. He threw his support to ballot access lawyer Alicia Dearn. Afterwards, Gary Johnson threw away the pistol that Austin Petersen had given him.

Petersen has stated his intention to return home to spend time with his family, to relax, and to recover from the strenuous months of campaigning. He looks forward to supporting Gary Johnson's presidential campaign and working to further the ideals of the Libertarian Party (United States).

## Post-political activities
A few months after losing the Libertarian Nomination for President Petersen has done Facebook Live streams where he talks about current political issues and has stated he is interested in running for President in 2020.

## United States senate campaign, 2018
On July 4, 2017, Petersen announced that he is running under the Republican Party in the 2018 Missouri Senate race against current Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill.

## References
## Other websites
*Personal website
*Stonegaite Pictures official website	
*Austin Petersen at *The Libertarian Republic*
John McAfee

**John David McAfee**   (September 18, 1945 &ndash; June 23, 2021) was a British and American computer programmer. He was the developer of the first commercial anti-virus program. This bore the McAfee brand-name for years, until it was bought by Intel and given the Intel name.

## Early life
McAfee was born in an U.S. Army base stationed in the United Kingdom. He was raised in Virginia and Alabama.

## Business career
His wealth peaked at $100 million, before his investments suffered in the global crisis of 2007. McAfee also had interests in smartphone apps, yoga and all-natural antibiotics.

## Political career
On September 8, 2015, McAfee announced that he would seek the office of President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election as the candidate of a newly formed political party called the Cyber Party. On December 24, 2015 he re-announced his candidacy bid, saying that he would instead seek the Libertarian  nomination for President.

On June 4, 2018, McAfee announced his plans to run for president as a Libertarian in the 2020 presidential election.

## Death
On June 23, 2021, McAfee was found dead after committing suicide by hanging in a prison cell in Sant Esteve Sesrovires near Barcelona. Hours before his death, Spain approved for McAfee to be extradited to the United States for tax crimes.

## References
## Other websites
* John McAfee's website 
* McAfee's 2016 presidential campaign website 
* John McAfee on Facebook
* 
* 
* Bio on NNDB
* "Zone Labs To Get Funding, New Board Member" , *InformationWeek*, October 2, 2000
Missionaries of Charity

**Missionaries of Charity** (MC) is a Roman Catholic Latin rite congregation started on 7 October in 1950. It was ed  by Mother Teresa. It started in the slums of Kolkata (Calcutta, India) with Mother Teresa and 12 sisters. It now has a  of nearly 5,000 sisters worldwide. MC members all wear the same white and blue habit that Mother Teresa wore.

## From one to three stripes 
In 1948 Mother Teresa changed her Sisters of Loreto habit to a simple cotton white sari with one blue stripe. Blue is the color of the Virgin Mary. The sari covered an all white habit. She (and later, her sisters of charity) wore the habit for over ten years. But parents of several Bengali sisters pointed out that the sari with one blue stripe was also worn by poor women who swept the streets of Calcutta. Mother Teresa and her sisters officially adopted the three blue stripes in 1960.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Volunteering with the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata 
* Missionaries of Charity Fathers (started by Mother Teresa)
Jimmy Fitzmorris

**James Edward "Jimmy" Fitzmorris, Jr.** (November 15, 1921 &ndash; June 30, 2021) was an American businessman and civic leader. He was the Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana from 1972 to 1980. He was the first full-time lieutenant governor in state history. He was the last lieutenant governor whose duties included presiding over the Louisiana State Senate.

In 1979, he ran third in the nonpartisan blanket primary for governor. In 1983, he was unsuccessful is his effort to regain the lieutenant governor's office.

Fitzmorris died on June 30, 2021 in Slidell, Louisiana less than five months before his 100th birthday.

## References