Oslo Accords

The **Oslo Accords** are a pair of agreements between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995.

The first ideas regarding the Oslo Accords started in the Madrid Conference for Peace in 1991. The Oslo negotiations were planned in secret and ultimately led to an agreement after nine months. The accords were meant to create a new relationship between Palestine and Israel on a long-term basis. The Oslo Accords intended to create three changes. The first one is that the accords would give the Palestinian people the right to have political control over its own territories, to have a return of Palestinian leadership. The second one is that the Palestinian national movement PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) could resume their struggle with an open mind. The third one is that the accords brought hope to the Palestinians with them, for the first time since the Nakba.

The Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu tried to cancel or delay the Oslo Accords, but because of pressure from the United States and Europe the Oslo Accords were continued.

* Israel: the Likud-Labor government did not accept the idea of a Palestine state and rejected any negotiations with the PLO, as they saw a Palestinian state in Jordan. Israel asserted its sovereignty over the West Bank and Gaza, while allowing so-called free elections under their military rule.
* In December 1987, the Intifada took place, which was an uprising of Palestinians who no longer endured the harsh conditions under Israeli occupation.

## The Oslo I Accord 
The development of the first of the two agreements, the Oslo I Accord, which they also call the Declaration of principles on interim self-governing arrangements (DOP), took place in the capital of Norway, Oslo, and was a secret effort to help along the peace process.During the secret negotiations in Oslo, Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin sent Yasser Arafat, from the PLO, a letter and vice versa. The letters, from Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin respectively, contained the following: the condemnation of terrorism and violence that threatened the Israeli people and their livelihood, the guarantee, by the PLO, that everything would from now on be in compliance with the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 and the acknowledgement that the PLO represented the Palestinian people. The signing of the letters took place on 9 and 10 september 1993.

## The Oslo II Accord 
The Oslo II Accord was signed in Taba, Egypt in 1995.

Apparently fair, the Oslo II Accord offered full maneuvering room to Israel and the USA. Although it was demonstrated that Israeli settlers were illegal, they were to remain under Israeli law- thus Israel retained legislative, executive and judicial power in illegally occupied areas. The agreement formally granted autonomy to Palestinians, but in reality their laws could be annulled by Israel which held a limited form of veto power. Even in Palestinian areas, the rights of Israelis had to be respected- rights regarding government lands and lands that belonged to Palestinians who were later driven out. In addition, Israel did not provide concrete percentages regarding borders. In conclusion, this agreement annulled previous international decisions (for example, that the territories occupied in 1967 did not belong to Israel, the illegality of Israeli settlements, the fact that Jerusalem is not only the capital of Israel, and the right to return of Palestinians).

If Oslo I was a Declaration of Principles (DOP), meaning that it determined the terms of negotiations, Oslo II “contained an Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.”

In Palestine, Hamas and the Islamic Jihad rejected the Oslo Accords. They believed that the PLO were making too many compromises without getting enough in return. These groups did not stop their attacks, which made it hard for a deal to be accomplished.

## International Involvement 
Norway helped start the Oslo peace process by organizing secret talks between Israeli and Palestinian leaders in Oslo. These quiet meetings allowed both sides to talk more freely.

The United States supported the peace talks and helped organize the first official signing in 1993. President Bill Clinton hosted the signing ceremony at the White House. Later, the U.S. helped with talks, organizing the Camp David Summit in 2000. European diplomats and UN officials, later mentioned that the U.S. favored the Israelis demands more than Palestinians.

## Division of land 
The land got split up in three different areas. The first area is **Area A**, in which the Palestinian Authority is mostly in control. This area consists of 18 percent of the West Bank, which in the first place only consisted of 3%. The second area, **Area B**, consists of 22 percent of the West Bank and is under Israeli control depending on security, which means they can enter the areas whenever they want without procedures or legal consequences. The Palestinian Authority is in control of education, health and economy. The third and last area, **Area C**, is in complete control of the Israeli government. Although it was planned that the Palestinian Authority would gain control over this area, Israel kept being in charge. This area consists of 60 percent of the West Bank.

## Unresolved Issues and Their Impact on the Peace Process
The Israel-Palestine conflict can be defined in 3 ways: “the dispute between two peoples of different nationalities”, “the conflict between Israelis and all Arabs”, “the dispute between two religions, specifically regarding the Muslim religion’s disapproval of a Jewish state.” Until 1918, Jews, Arabs and Christians were under ottoman Empire; at its dissolution, the territory was taken over by Great Britain, which made contradictory promises to Jews (Balfour Declaration) and Palestinians (promised them independence in the same territory).

Inside the PLO there were discussions post Israel’s invasion of Lebanon – between the idea of a Palestinian state and two-state solution and the recognition of Israel. There were 3 conditions imposed by the USA for opening the dialogue, which PLO accepted: “The Americans demanded from the PLO an acceptance of UNSC Resolution 242 along with explicit recognition of Israel's right to exist. They also demanded renunciation of terror and violence as another condition”. The PLO was in a weak position, both domestically - the ideological shift within the organization and the fact that the Intifada was not an initiative of the leadership - and internationally - due to support for Saddam Hussein. There were also contradictory voices in Israel regarding the recognition of the PLO – the left-wing government rejected the idea of a Palestinian state while the right wing wanted settlers there. Therefore, they seemed to accept the two-state compromise. This gradual shift was influenced by 3 factors: the reaction to the Intifada, the threat of radical states (Iran and Iraq) and the end of the Cold War, which meant that Israel lost its strategic value for the USA. Regarding these agreements, Edward Said stated that “it was a framework aimed at changing the basis of Israeli control over the Occupied Territories in order to perpetuate that control". The central problems – Jerusalem, borders, refugees and how the two-state solution would be concretely implemented have no concrete resolution. Critics may state that this process established a functional domination, demonstrated by the increase in the number of Israeli settlers, the low standard of living, and the economic decline of Gaza and the West Bank.

## References