open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Oceanus Hopkins

**Oceanus Hopkins** (1620?) was born at sea during the voyage of the *Mayflower* to the New World in 1620. He was the son of Stephen Hopkins and his wife, Elizabeth (Fisher) Hopkins. He was born sometime between 6 September and 9 November 1620. He died before 1627. His body and grave are lost. Oceanus is the Latin word for ocean.

## References
## Other websites
*Oceanus Hopkins on MayflowerHistory.com
Der Stürmer

***Der Stürmer*** was a weekly newspaper published from 1923 to 1945. It contained propaganda for the policies of the Nazi Party in Germany. It was styled like a tabloid. It printed  antisemitic material with the intent to make people hate Jews. This included racist caricatures,  of blood libel and sex crimes, and articles about why Jews are a problem.

The paper was published by Julius Streicher. It was first printed in Nuremberg on 20 April 1923. This was at a time when Adolf Hitler was trying to seize power and control over the government. *Der Stürmer* continued to be published until the end of World War II. After the war, Streicher was executed for authorising the publication of articles that demanded the extermination of the Jewish race.

## References
## Other websites
Deloraine, Tasmania

**Deloraine** is a town on the Meander River, in the central north of Tasmania, Australia.  It is 50&nbsp;km west of Launceston and 52&nbsp;km south of Devonport along the Bass Highway. It is part of the Meander Valley Council. There were 2,848 people living there in the .

## History
The region was explored in 1821 by Captain Roland, who was searching for farm land. Land was granted to new settlers, and the town is now a major farming centre. There are a large number of farms of all types in the area.
Deloraine Post Office opened on 29 October 1836.

## Economy and Infrastructure
The town won the State Tidy Towns award in 1992, 1993 and 1995, and the Australian Community of the Year award in 1997.

The town is a cultural centre and is home to the largest craft fair in the Southern Hemisphere. About 40,000 people come to the annual fair which has 13 venues and over 200 stalls around the town.

The town was bypassed by the new Bass Highway in the early 1990s.  However the town is still a popular resting place for travellers.  It also serves as a base to explore areas such as Cradle Mountain, the Great Western Tiers, Mole Creek and the Central Highlands.

Deloraine is the educational centre for the region with both primary (Deloraine Primary School and Our Lady of Mercy Catholic School) and high schools (Deloraine High School). Students from other towns come to Deloraine's schools by bus.

Deloraine is served by ABC Television, SBS Television, Tasmanian Digital Television, Southern Cross Tasmania, WIN Television, 91.7 ABC Northern Tasmania and other ABC radio networks, commercial stations 89.3 LAFM and 90.1 Chilli FM and community station 96.9 Meander Valley FM.

## Sister cities
Deloraine has one sister city:

* Hokitika, New Zealand

## References
Division of Cowper

The **Division of Cowper** is an Australian electoral division in New South Wales. It was one of 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for Charles Cowper, an early Premier of New South Wales. It is on the north coast of New South Wales, and includes the towns of Coffs Harbour, Kempsey, Macksville, Nambucca Heads and Port Macquarie.

## Members
Its most famous member was Sir Earle Page, leader of the Country Party and Prime Minister of Australia in 1939.
## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Australian Electoral Commission
* Luke Hartsuyker's website
Attack aircraft

**Attack aircraft** are military aircraft. They are designed for attacking enemy ground or naval forces, especially moving ground or naval forces, like tanks, soldiers, and warships. Such aircraft attack their targets while flying low. They were much used in World War II, and later also took over the job of dive bombers. Attack aircraft can be fighter airplanes or helicopters. 

## Examples of attack aircraft
*AH-1 Cobra
*Su-24 Fencer
*A-10 Thunderbolt II
*Blackburn Buccaneer
*FMA IA-58 Pucará
Tol'able David

'''''Tol'able David'''* (1921) is a silent movie starring Richard Barthelmess.  It is based on a story by Joseph Hergesheimer. The movie was produced and directed by Henry King for Inspiration Pictures. 

The movie was voted a Photoplay Magazine 1921 "medal of honor". In 2007, *Tol'able David'' was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". 

## Story
Young David Kinemon, son of West Virginia tenant farmers, wants to be treated like a man by his family and neighbors. He is constantly reminded that he is still a boy and he is only "tol'able" but not a man.  He proves himself a man when outlaws move onto a nearby farm.

## Other websites
* 
* ''Tol'able David* at YouTube
* 
* *Tol'able David'' at Virtual History
Of Plymouth Plantation

***Of Plymouth Plantation*** is a book written by William Bradford between 1630 and 1651. It tells of the Pilgrims, of their years in Holland, their voyage on the *Mayflower*, the founding of Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and the colony's early years. The book ends with a list written in 1651 of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them.

## Other websites
*New England Religious History  at Gordon College includes *Of Plymouth Plantation* and other works in a variety of formats.
*Full Text "Of Plymouth Plantation" provided by google book search
Pequot War

The **Pequot War** (1634-1638) was fought between the Pequot tribe and settlers of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies. The settlers were helped by Native American groups including the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Hundreds of people were killed, and hundreds more were sold as slaves in the West Indies. At the end of the war, about 700 Pequots had been killed or captured. The others were forced off their lands and into other areas.

## References
Carey Mulligan

**Carey Hannah Mulligan** (born 28 May 1985) is an English actress who made her movie debut in the 2005 movie *Pride & Prejudice*. She acted in the 2009 movie *Public Enemies*, playing Carole. Carey was born in Westminster, London, England.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Allison Iraheta

**Allison Iraheta** (born April 27, 1992) is an American musician who was fourth place in the eighth season for *American Idol*. Her first album *Just Like You* was released in December 2009. She also performs cover songs. Allison was born in Los Angeles.

## References
Shirley Temple's Storybook

'''''Shirley Temple's Storybook'''* is a television series hosted and narrated by actress Shirley Temple. Its first season of 16 episodes (mostly in black and white) aired on NBC between January 12, 1958 and December 21, 1958. The second season of 25 episodes (all in color) aired on NBC as *The Shirley Temple Show'' between September 18, 1960 and July 16, 1961. Fairy tales, children's stories, and some maturer material like *The House of Seven Gables* were adapted for the series.

Well known stars like Charlton Heston and Elsa Lanchester appeared in the series.  Several books such as ''Shirley Temple's Stories That Never Grow Old'' were published around the time the series aired. In 1961, the series was nominated for a prime time Emmy Award for "Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Children's Programming". Selected episodes have been released to VHS and DVD.

## Season 1
*C**^** Episode was telecast in color.
*L**^** Live episode.

## Season 2
## References
The Garfield Show

***The Garfield Show*** is an animated children's television series. It started in France on France 3 on December 22, 2008. English-language episodes started in the United Kingdom on Bommerang on May 5, 2009. The show started airing in the United States on Cartoon Network on November 2, 2009. It is based on the comic strip *Garfield*. It is the second *Garfield* television series, after *Garfield and Friends*.

## Voice cast 
* Frank Welker - Garfield, Eddie  
* Gregg Berger - Odie, Herman 
* Wally Wingert - Jon, Al, Bruno, Hercules  
* Julie Payne - Liz
* Jason Marsden - Nermal, Vito 
* Audrey Wasilewski - Arlene, Newswoman, Millie, Nathan's mom 
* Gregg Berger - Squeak
* Stan Freberg - Dr. Whipple 
* David Lander - Doc Boy 
* Laura Summer - Drusilla, Minerva
* Laraine Newman - Aunt Ivy, Mermaid 3, Abigail, Winona 
* Susan Silo - Neferkitty, Metalla 
* Tress MacNeille - Mrs. Brubaker 
* June Foray - Mrs. Cauldron, Council  
* Melissa Disney, Grey DeLisle - Nathan 
* Misty Lee - Angie, Scheherazade  
* Corey Burton - Ratzo 
* Phil LaMarr - Armstrong 
* Fred Tatasciore - Dirk, Biff 
* Neil Ross - Brandon Scoop, Tyler Edge
* Candi Milo - Celeste, Chester, Mary, Squirrel 2 
* Mark Hamill - Master Control 
* Jack Riley - Anthony Allwork 
* Grey DeLisle - Jack Allwork, Sandra, Miss Kitty  

**Additional Voices**:

* April Winchell - Mrs. Gourmand 
* Jewel Sheperd - Officer Reed
* Rose Marie - Varicella 
* Frank Ferrente - Lyman 
* Bill Farmer - McCuckoo 
* Marvin Kaplan - Hiram Hi Pressure
* Chuck McCann - Mayor Graffton 
* Bob Bergen - Health Inspector 
* Maurice LaMarche - Samuel Underberger 
* Hank Garrett 
* Brooks Gardner 
* Diane Michelle - Walla 
* Scott Whyte 
* Frank Buxton 
* Joe Alaskey 

## Other websites
*Official website
*
Arthur Kornberg

**Arthur Kornberg** (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" with Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1979.

His primary research interests were in biochemistry, especially enzyme chemistry,  deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (DNA replication) and studying the nucleic acids which control heredity in animals, plants, bacteria and viruses.

He is of Jewish descent.

Arthur and Sylvy Kornberg had three sons: Roger Kornberg (1947), Thomas Kornberg (1948), and Kenneth Kornberg (1950). Roger is Professor of Structural Biology at Stanford University, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2006. Thomas discovered DNA polymerase II and III in 1970 and is now a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.  Kenneth is an architect specializing in the design of biomedical and biotechnology laboratories and buildings.

## Books
*1961. *Enzymatic synthesis of DNA*. John Wiley & Sons, 1961
*1974. *DNA synthesis*. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 
*1980. *DNA replication*. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 
**1992. *DNA Replication*, 2nd edition, with Tania A. Baker. W.H. Freeman, New York. 
*1989. *For the love of enzymes: the odyssey of a biochemist*. Harvard  University Press, Cambridge, MA. 
*2002. *The golden helix: inside biotech ventures*. University Science Books. 

## References
Rubén Bonifaz Nuño

**Rubén Bonifaz Nuño** (12 November 1923 &ndash; 31 January 2013) was a Mexican poet and classical scholar.

Nuño was born on 12 November 1923 in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico. He studied at National Autonomous University of Mexico. Nuño died on 31 January 2013 in Mexico City, Mexico from natural causes, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Rubén Bonifaz Nuño  (El Colegio Nacional)
*Rubén Bonifaz Nuño: Brief biography 
*Rubén Bonifaz Nuño: Interview, biography, criticism, poetry
Richard Barthelmess

**Richard Semler "Dick" Barthelmess** (May 9, 1895 – August 17, 1963) was an Oscar-nominated American movie actor. He was nominated for the first Academy Award in the Best Actor category in 1928.

## Movie career
Barthelmess was born in New York City. He went to Hudson River Military Academy and Trinity College at Hartford, Connecticut. He worked in theaters during his school days doing "walk-ons". In college, he played in amateur productions.

He made his first movie appearance in 1916 in a movie serial as an extra. At this time, he also appeared as a supporting player in several movies. Director D. W. Griffith saw him. He cast Barthelmess opposite Lillian Gish in *Broken Blossoms* (1919) and *Way Down East* (1920).

He soon became one of Hollywood's highest paid actors. He was nominated for Best Actor at the first Academy Awards in 1928. He founded a production company, Inspiration Film Company. He starred in the company's ''Tol'able David* (1921). This movie was a great success.

Barthelmess made several "talkies". He failed to hold on to the star status of his silent movie days. He joined the United States Navy Reserve during World War II. He was a lieutenant commander. He never went back to movies. He died of cancer in 1963. He was 68. He was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum in Hartsdale, New York.

## Personal
Barthelmess married Mary Hay, a stage and movie star. They had one daughter Mary Barthelmess.  In 1927, Barthelmess became engaged to Katherine Young Wilson, a Broadway actress. The engagement was called off, possibly due to his affair around this time with the journalist Adela Rogers St. Johns. In 1928, Barthelmess married Jessica Stewart Sargent.

## Honors
Barthelmess was one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Barthelmess received the George Eastman Award  for distinguished contribution to movies.

Composer Katherine Allan Lively dedicated her piano piece, *Within the Walls of China: A Chinese Episode*, to Barthelmess.  It was published in 1923 by G. Schirmer, Inc.  An article in *The Music Trades* reported that Mrs. Lively was inspired by a seeing *Broken Blossoms*. She played the piece for Barthelmess and his friends in New York in the summer of 1922.

## Notes
## References
* *The First Male Stars: Men of the Silent Era* by David W. Menefee.
* *Richard Barthelmess: A Life in Pictures'' by David W. Menefee

## Other websites
*
*
*
*Photographs of Richard Barthelmess
*
Forklift

A **forklift** is a type of truck with large metal forks, used for carrying and raising things. It is commonly used in large warehouses. It may also be used outdoors to load and unload trucks and trailers. 

## References 
## Other websites
*Types of forklift
Donald O'Connor

**Donald David Dixon Ronald O’Connor** (August 28, 1925 &ndash; September 27, 2003) was an American dancer, singer, and actor. He was known for his role as Cosmo Brown in ''Singin' in the Rain''. He won an Emmy Award and an Golden Globe Award.

O'Connor was born on August 28, 1925 in Chicago, Illinois. He is of Irish descent. O'Connor was married to Gwen Carter from 1944 until they divorced in 1954. Then he was married to Gloria O'Connor from 1956 until his death in 2003. They had two sons. O'Connor died on September 27, 2003 from heart failure in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California home, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Essay on Donald O'Connor
* Mindy Alloff's 1979 interview with O'Connor 
* Donald O'Connor on "The Colgate Comedy Hour" (1951-54) at Classic TV Info.
* Donald O'Connor on "Texaco Star Theater" (1954-55) at Classic TV Info.
* Film-shots
UB40

**UB40** is an English reggae band. They were formed in 1978 in Birmingham. They are named after an unemployment form at the time. At that time, they used to give £40 to every unemployed person every month. Therefore, the name was derived to be Unemployment Benefit £40 (UB40)

## Discography 
* *Signing Off* (1980)
* *Present Arms* (1981)
* *UB44* (1982)
* *Labour of Love* (1983)
* *Geffery Morgan* (1984)
* *Baggariddim* (1985)
* *Rat in the Kitchen* (1986)
* *UB40* (1988)
* *Labour of Love II* (1989)
* *Promises and Lies* (1993)
* *Guns in the Ghetto* (1997)
* *Labour of Love III* (1998)
* *Cover Up* (2001)
* *Homegrown* (2003)
* *Who You Fighting For?* (2005)
* *TwentyFourSeven* (2008)
* *Labour of Love IV* (2010)
* *Getting Over the Storm* (2013)
* *For the Many* (2019)
* *Bigga Baggariddim* (2021)
**UB45* (2024)

## Other websites
*
Manasa

**Manasa** () is a Hindu goddess of snakes. She is worshipped mainly in Bihar, Odisha, Bengal, Jharkhand, South Assam and other parts of northeastern India and in Uttarakhand, chiefly for the prevention and cure of snakebite, and also for fertility and prosperity. In Hinduism, Manasa is the sister of Shesha and Vasuki, king of Nāgas (serpents), and wife of sage Jaratkaru. She is the mother of the sage Astika. She is also known as *Vishahari* (the destroyer of poison), *Nityā* (eternal) and *Padmavati*.

## References
Hawking radiation

**Hawking radiation** is black body radiation which is emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974.

As a result of quantum fluctuations, particle-antiparticle pairs can appear from the vacuum of space near the event horizon of a black hole in which the net energy of the particles is zero due to the matter and antimatter nature of the particles. In normal conditions, particle-antiparticle pairs that appear due to the quantum fluctuations annihilate each other. But if one member of the pair falls beyond the event horizon of the black hole, the other particle will not have a sister with which to annihilate. The member that does not fall into the black hole is then emitted from the black hole as hawking radiation. The particle that falls into the black hole effectively has negative energy, meaning that it will subtract from the overall mass-energy content of the black hole. Thus, after enough time has passed, the black hole will evaporate from these negative particles, while seeming to emit positive ones.  Hawking radiation reduces the mass and the energy of the black hole and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish.

Hawking radiation is such a small effect that it has never been measured. Micro black holes (MBHs) are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes (and should thus shrink and dissipate faster), but MBHs have yet to be observed.  

## References
High-level programming language

In computer science, a **high-level programming language** is a programming language that does not require knowledge of computer hardware. The advantage with high-level programming languages is that programmers only need to understand the syntax (the type of structure of the code) of the programming language and don't have to understand computer hardware to program well. Low-level programming languages require knowledge of both the syntax and the hardware they are programming for.

## Features of high-level programming languages
What determines a programming language as "high-level" depends on how much the programming language relies on hardware knowledge. Programming languages that require less knowledge about computer hardware are called "high-level" programming languages. It doesn't matter whether a programming language is considered easy to learn or not.

Rather than dealing with functions of computer hardware, high-level programming languages deal with more abstract concepts. High-level programming languages focus more on what the program will output. An interpreter is required to translate high-level programming language for low-level programming languages to tell the hardware what to do.

High-level programming languages can use variables, arrays, conditional statements, subroutines, loops, and among other functions to help produce the output. High-level programming languages are generally easier to do than low-level programming languages. The syntax used to make a program generally has clearer language than lower-level programming languages.

## Examples of high-level programming languages
*Python
*Pascal
*Perl
*C#
*C and C++
*JavaScript
*Java
*Lisp
*V (Vlang)
Joanna García

**Joanna Leanna García** (born August 10, 1979) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She has also been in some movies. She played Cheyenne Hart Montgomery in the sitcom *Reba*. She played Mia Putney in the sitcom *Better with You*. García was born in Tampa, Florida.
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars

***The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars*** (often called **Ziggy Stardust**) is the fifth studio album by British musician David Bowie, released in June 1972 through RCA Records.  It was co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott and features Bowie's backing band The Spiders from Mars, made up of Mick Ronson (guitar), Trevor Bolder (bass) and Mick Woodmansey (drums). It was recorded from November 1971 to February 1972 at Trident Studios in London. 

*Ziggy Stardust* has been called a loose concept album and rock opera. It is based around the title character, Bowie's alter ego Ziggy Stardust, an  and bisexual alien rock star who is sent to Earth as a saviour before a world-ending disaster. In the story, Ziggy becomes popular with fans but ends up destroying his life and being killed because of his pride. The glam rock and proto-punk style of the album was inspired by Iggy Pop, The Velvet Underground and Marc Bolan. 

Critics gave *Ziggy Stardust* good reviews. Some liked the musicality and concept, while others found it hard to understand. Shortly after the album came out, Bowie performed "Starman" on the British television show *Top of the Pops,* which made him a big star. The album reached number 5 in UK Album Chart and 75 in the American Billboard album chart. A concert movie of the same name was directed by Donn Allan Pennibaker in 1973. The album ranks 35th place in the *Rolling Stone* list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2017, it was chosen to be preserved in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## Track listing 
All songs written by David Bowie, except "It Ain't Easy", written by Ron Davies.

**Side one**

# "Five Years"  – 4:42
# "Soul Love"  – 3:34
# "Moonage Daydream"  – 4:40
# "Starman"  – 4:10
# "It Ain't Easy"  – 2:58

**Side two**

# "Lady Stardust"  – 3:22
# "Star"  – 2:47
# "Hang On to Yourself"  – 2:40
# "Ziggy Stardust"  – 3:13
# "Suffragette City"  – 3:25
# "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"  – 2:58

## References
Vashi Bridge

The **Vashi Bridge**, also called **Thane Creek Bridge**, is a bridge that connects the city of Mumbai to the mainland of India at New Mumbai

. It is built across the Thane Creek. The bridge links Mankhurd in Mumbai with Vashi in Navi Mumbai, the satellite city of Mumbai. It is one of four entry points into Mumbai, and handles traffic in the region to the west and north  of Mumbai.

## History
The first bridge to connect Mumbai to Navi Mumbai was made in 1973. The bridge is 1837&nbsp;metres in length and has a below-requirement 3 lane carriageway. Within two years of its opening to traffic, corrosion cracks were noticed on some parts of the bridge. This led to a series of extensive repairs. It was then decided to construct a new bridge to replace the faulty one. 

Construction on a new bridge began in 1987 and opened in 1997. The original Vashi Bridge or the 1st Thane Creek Bridge remains closed to traffic.

The Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) has plans to add six more lanes to the Vashi Bridge at an estimated cost of 400 crore.

## Thane Creek Bridge - 3 
Currently, the creek boasts two bridges: Bridge No.1 (TCB-I), primarily designated for light motor vehicles, and Bridge No.2 (TCB-II), featuring a 6-lane (3+3 lane) divided carriageway.

Responding to escalating traffic demands, the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) has undertaken the construction of TCB III. This upcoming infrastructure marvel will comprise two 3-lane major bridges flanking the existing TCB-II bridge. With a total length extending 3.28 kilometers, inclusive of approaches on both ends, TCB III aims to enhance connectivity and alleviate congestion along this crucial transit route.

Having made substantial strides in the construction of the South Mumbai to Vashi carriage, encompassing over 85 percent of the project, the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) anticipates the possibility of unveiling one side of the road, potentially as early as April 2024.

## References
Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)

Sir **Alexander Mackenzie** (1764-1820) was a Scottish explorer who explored the area that is now the Northwest Territories. Mackenzie was born in Stornoway, on the Scottish island of Lewis with Harris in 1764. Mackenzie made his fortune as a fur trader in northwest Canada. 

In 1789, Mackenzie left Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca with a small party of Canadians and native guides. He travelled north to Great Slave Lake on a boat or a canoe. Then he followed the river that now bears his name, the Mackenzie River. He was the first European to travel on the Mackenzie River. It took him to the Arctic Ocean. He had hoped the river would lead him to the Pacific Ocean.

In 1801 he wrote the book "Voyages on the River Saint Lawrence and Through the Continent of North America, To the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in the Years 1789 and 1793".  This book contains information on native tribes and Canadian history of that time period.

He spent his last years in Scotland.
Jerusalem artichoke

:*The artichoke is a different plant*

The **Jerusalem artichoke** (*Helianthus tuberosus*), also called **sunroot**, **sunchoke**, **earth apple** or ***topinambour***, is a species of sunflower native to  eastern North America, and found from eastern Canada and Maine west to North Dakota, and south to northern Florida and Texas. It is also cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable.
## Description
The herbaceous plant is perennial. It can reach heights of up to . The leaves are oval, and grow to  to  wide, and  to  long. The plant has been imported to Europe, and it is seen as an invasive species - few animals eat it, and it will take away the space of other plants. This means that often, there is uncontrolled growth.

## Uses
The plant has been used to make spirits and sugar. It is a food plant for animals such as horses and pigs. People who suffer from diabetes often use it: Up to sixteen percent of the plant is made of the polysaccharide inulin.

## Pyramid scheme
In the 1980s, the Jerusalem artichoke also gained some notoriety when its seeds were planted by midwestern US farmers at the prodding of an agricultural pyramid scheme. There was little market for the tuber in that part of the US at the time, but farmers were assured it would soon appear on the commodity market. The only profits were realized by the initial distributors and the first few levels of farmers (who sold their seeds to other levels of the pyramid). As a result, many of the farms that had planted large quantities of the crop were ruined.

## References
Elsa Lanchester

**Elsa Sullivan Lanchester** (28 October 1902&nbsp;– 26 December 1986) was an English actress in theatre, movies, and television.

After World War I, she began performing in theatre and nightclubs. She met the actor Charles Laughton in 1927. They were married two years later. She began playing small roles in British movies. The couple moved to Hollywood. Lanchester played small movie roles. They became American citizens in 1950.

She played the title character in *Bride of Frankenstein* (1935). She played supporting roles through the 1940s and 1950s. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for *Come to the Stable* (1949) and *Witness for the Prosecution* (1957).

Following Laughton's death in 1962, Lanchester resumed her career with appearances in such Disney films as *Mary Poppins* (1964), *That Darn Cat!* (1965) and ''Blackbeard's Ghost* (1968). One of her last roles was in *Murder By Death'' (1976). 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Bell AH-1 Cobra

The **Bell AH-1 Cobra** is an American military helicopter. It is an attack helicopter. It is made by Bell Helicopter company. It has one engine. Its first flight was on 7 September 1967. The United States Army no longer uses the AH-1, it was replaced by the AH-64 Apache. The single-engine AH-1 Cobra is still active in some other countries like Israel and Iran. The United States Marine Corps still use the two-engine Bell AH-1 SuperCobra. The Cobra's weapons are:
*two 7.62 mm multi-barrel miniguns or two M129 Grenade launchers
*Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket
*M61 Vulcan

## Operational History
]]
 AH-1 Cobra]]
### United States
*Tet Offensive in 1968 and through the end of the Vietnam War. In this war it was used for attacking enemy ground forces, escorting transport helicopters and other roles.
*Operation Urgent Fury, 1983 Invasion of Grenada. In this operation it was used for flying close-support and helicopter escort missions.
*Operation Just Cause, 1989 Invasion of Panama.

## References
Jamie-Lynn Sigler

**Jamie-Lynn Sigler** (born May 15, 1981) is an American actress and singer born in Jericho, New York. 

## Career
She is best known for playing Meadow Soprano in *The Sopranos*. She also played call girl Heidi Fleiss in an American television movie. She was born in Jericho, New York.

## Personal life
In January 2016, Sigler revealed that she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when she was 20 years old.

## References
Gina Gillespie

**Gina Gillespie** (born September 20, 1951) is a former American child actress. She is the sister of ex-Mouseketeer Darlene Gillespie. She played in many television series. She played the role of 'Tess' in "Law of the Plainsman". She was the first child actor to play Pippi Longstocking in a television or movie adaptation of Astrid Lindgren's book. This was on ''Shirley Temple's Storybook* in 1961. Gina also played the young Blanche Hudson in *What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?'' in 1962.

## References
Low-level programming language

In computer science, a **low-level programming language** is a programming language that involves knowledge of both computer hardware and the coding used to make the computer hardware perform actions. The advantage of low-level programming languages compared to high-level programming languages is that they can directly communicate with the computer hardware to do actions. There is less need for an interpreter to convert programming languages into code that the computer understands. Low-level programming languages require knowledge of the hardware to make the most of what the hardware can do. The term "low-level" usually refers to assembly language.

A programming language can be called "low-level" because the actions the code describes are close to the computer hardware. A "high-level" language can be seen as "far away" or "high above" the computer hardware and closer to the programmer.

## Features of low-level programming languages
What determines a programming language as "low-level" depends on how much the programming language relies on hardware knowledge. Programming languages that require more knowledge about computer hardware are called "low-level" programming languages. It doesn't matter whether a programming language is considered easy to learn or not.

Rather than focus on what the program will output regardless of computer hardware, low-level programming languages deal directly at the computer hardware. Low-level programming languages will aim at what the hardware will actually do to make the actions that have been programmed. An interpreter is required to translate high-level programming language for low-level programming languages to tell the hardware what to do.

Low-level programming languages often use more technical code that is clearer for the hardware to understand. Low-level programming languages are generally harder to do than high-level programming languages due to how technical the syntax is (i.e. the structure of the coding is difficult to understand because of how complex it is).

Low-level programming languages are often tied to a particular CPU or instruction set. For example, a program written in ARM assembly language cannot run on an x86 processor without emulation.
Sukhoi Su-24

in 2009]]
**Su-24 Fencer** is a Russian supersonic attack aircraft. In 1974, it came into service in the Soviet Union. It has variable-sweep wing. It has two engines. It has two seats. It is still active in Russian Air Force. Some other countries have also this airplane. This fighter is active in these countries: Russia, Ukraine, Iran, Algeria, Kazakhstan, Syria, Azerbaijan.
Joey Votto

**Joseph Daniel "Joey" Votto** (born September 10, 1983 in Toronto, Ontario) is a former Canadian baseball player. He played as a first baseman for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball. He is currently an analyst for MLB on NBC.

He made his MLB debut for the Cincinnati Reds on September 4, 2007. In 2010, he won the National League MVP Award, the National League Hank Aaron Award, as well as the Lou Marsh Trophy which is awarded annually to Canada's top athlete of that year. He signed a 10-year, $225 million contract extension with Cincinnati, running through the 2024 season on April 2, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*Joey Votto's MLB player profile
Norman Fell

**Norman Fell** (**Norman Noah Feld**; March 24, 1924 &ndash; December 14, 1998) was an American actor of movie and television. He is famous for his role as landlord Mr. Roper on the sitcom ''Three's Company* and its spin-off, *The Ropers''. He won a Golden Globe Award.

Fell was born on March 24, 1924 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a Jewish family. He studied at Central High School of Philadelphia and at Temple University. He also studied at The Actors Studio. 

Fell was married to Diane Weiss from 1961 until they divorced in 1973. Then he was married to Karen Weingard from 1975 until her death in 1995. 

Fell died on December 14, 1998 from bone cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Justin Morneau

**Justin Ernest George Morneau** (born May 15, 1981 in New Westminster, British Columbia) is a Canadian baseball player. He currently plays as a first baseman for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball.

He made his MLB debut for the Minnesota Twins on June 10, 2003. He won the American League MVP Award in 2006. He also won the 2008 Home Run Derby and two Silver Slugger Awards in 2008.

He wears the number 33 to honour his idol, former NHL goaltender Patrick Roy. He would also not leave the car for hockey games when he was younger until the clock read :33 minutes past the hour.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Justin Morneau's MLB player profile
Ethnology

**Ethnology** is part of anthropology. It studies different ethnic groups.

## Related pages
*Folklore
*Ethnography
Hurricane Edith (1971)

**Hurricane Edith** of 1971 was a Category Five hurricane. Edith developed from a tropical disturbance on Sunday, September 5 and rapidly strengthened into a hurricane in the Caribbean Sea. She began strengthening on Thursday, September 9 and then made her first landfall as a 160 mph Category Five storm over northern Central America. She later made landfall in western Louisiana on Thursday, September 16 with winds near 105 miles per hour, triggering a tornado outbreak in the Gulf States area. No deaths were reported in the United States, although thirty five lives were taken elsewhere.

## References
Ryan Dempster

**Ryan Scott Dempster** (born May 3, 1977 in Gibsons, British Columbia) is a Canadian baseball player. As of 2013, he is a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball.

## Career
Dempster was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 3rd round of the 1995 MLB Draft. On August 8, 1996, the Rangers traded him along with Rick Helling to the Marlins for John Burkett. He made his MLB debut for the Florida Marlins on May 23, 1998. He would play for the Marlins from 1998 to 2002. 

On July 11, 2002, Dempster was traded to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for Juan Encarnacion, Wilton Guerrero and Ryan Snare. He played for the Reds from 2002 to 2003. In August 2003, he underwent Tommy John surgery on his right elbow and missed the rest of the season.

He was then released by the Reds and was signed by the Chicago Cubs as a free agent on January 21, 2004. He played for the Cubs from 2004 to 2012 and was then traded to the team that drafted him, the Texas Rangers. 

He only played a year with the Rangers however and signed a two-year contract worth $26.5 million with the Boston Red Sox after the 2012 season.

## Personal
In early June 2009, he released a statement in which he explained the his daughter, Riley Dempster, had DiGeorge syndrome. He released the statement because he wanted to help raise awareness of the genetic disease. When he was asked if his daughter would be able to lead a normal life, he replied, "Yeah, she will. There can be (problems), but so far all the signs are good. There’s a lot of work to do. They say there are 186 symptoms you can have. You just check off ones as you go along". His daughter was able to go home in early June after 2 months in the hospital.

## References
## Other websites
*Ryan Dempster's MLB player profile
Baneh County

**Baneh County** () is a county in Kurdistan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Baneh.  At the 2006 census, its population was 116,773, in 24,709 families. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam. The county is subdivided into four districts: the Central District, Alut District, Namshir District, and Nanur District. The county has four cities: Baneh, Armardeh, Kani Sur, and Buin-e Sofla.

## References
* *Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran *
Ben Casey

***Ben Casey*** is an American medical drama television series. It ran on ABC from 1961 to 1966. The series starred Vince Edwards and Sam Jaffe.

Ben Casey is a young, intense but idealistic surgeon at County General Hospital. His mentor is Doctor David Zorba, At the beginning of the 1965 season, Jaffe left the show and Franchot Tone replaced him as new Chief of Surgery, Doctor Daniel Niles Freeland. The show began running multi-episode stories and Casey developed a romantic relationship with a patient who had just emerged from a coma after thirteen years.

In 1988, the television movie, *The Return of Ben Casey*, with Vince Edwards in his role as Casey, aired in television syndication. The pilot was not picked up by the major networks to bring the series back.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* I Love Comix Archive: *Ben Casey*
The Big Parade

***The Big Parade*** is a 1925 silent movie. It was directed by King Vidor. It stars John Gilbert as James Apperson and Renée Adorée as Melisande. It was adapted by Harry Behn and King Vidor from the play by Joseph Farnham and the autobiographical novel *Plumes* by Laurence Stallings.

It tells the story of an idle rich boy who joins the US Army's Rainbow Division and is sent to France to fight in World War I. He becomes friends with two working class men, experiences the horrors of trench warfare, and finds love with a French girl.

In 1992 *The Big Parade* was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

*The Big Parade* was one of the greatest hits of the 1920s earning gross rentals of $4,990,000 in North America and $1,141,000 overseas on a budget of $382,000 during its initial release, The film ultimately grossed $18–$22 million in worldwide rentals and is sometimes proclaimed as the most successful film of the silent era.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* The Big Parade program booklet on archive.org
* The Big Parade at Virtual History
California Girls

"**California Girls**" is a song by the American rock group The Beach Boys. Upon its release in summer 1965 the song hit #3 on *Billboard Hot 100*. The song was covered and sampled by other artists. The song is about young women on the beaches in the state of California.
Cole's Hill

'''Cole's Hill''' is the site of the first cemetery used by the Pilgrims in Plymouth Colony.  This is where they buried those who died in the winter of 1620-1621. Many were buried in secret and at night and corn was planted over their graves. This was to prevent the Native Americans from knowing how many of them had died. During the American Revolutionary War and again during the War of 1812 cannon were placed there behind earthworks to protect the town.

## Gallery

File:Cole's Hill marker in Plymouth Mass.jpg|Cole's Hill marker
File:Cole's hill, first burial place of the Pilgrims, Plymouth, Mass, by William S. Robbins & Co. 4.jpg|Cole's Hill in late 1800s 
File:Massasoit statue plymouth 2007.jpg|Massasoit statue

## References
Cracker Jack

**Cracker Jack** is a brand of snack food that is made of molasses-flavored candy-coated popcorn and peanuts. The food is packaged with a prize of very minor value inside. Some food historians consider Cracker Jack the first junk food. An early version of Cracker Jack was sold at the first Chicago World's Fair in 1893. In 1896, the first lot of Cracker Jack was made.  A taster remarked, "That's crackerjack!" (meaning "of excellent quality"). It became the product name.

## References
Moses Fletcher

**Moses Fletcher** (c.1564–1620/1) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620 and was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

Fletcher was born in Sandwich in England.  He married Mary Evans in 1589 and had 10 children.  Fletcher worked as a blacksmith.

Fletcher did not want to be a member of the Church of England.  He did not follow some of the Church rules and told others that he did not believe in the teachings of the Church. On June 12, 1609, Moses Fletcher, along with the wife of future *Mayflower* passenger James Chilton and several other persons were excommunicated from the church for the illegal burial of a child.

The *Mayflower* left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, they spotted land.  The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. 

## Plymouth Colony 
Fletcher died in the winter of 1620–1621 in the general sickness.

Fletcher was buried in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth. His name is on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb.

## References
Rosacea

**Rosacea** is common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is characterized by redness, erythema, telangiectasis, papules or pustules, hyperplasia, or a combination of these manifestations. It can happen to people of any age. 

Things that can cause rosacea are several environmental factors like exposure of the face to extreme temperature, the heat of sunlight, severe sunburn, stress, depression, anxiety, alcohol and spicy foods. Also a genetic predisposition with a neurogenic inflammation and the family inheritance are relationated with this condition. Most people with rosacea have only mild redness and are never officially diagnosed or treated.

## References
Root vegetable

(B) Celidonia menor, *Ranunculus ficaria*, (C) Rutabaga, (D) Sweet potatoes, (E) Radishes, (F) Carrots]]

Roots are any root of a plant, which is used as vegetables. In this context the term *root* is used to refer to an underground part of a vegetable.

Examples of root vegetables are carrots, onions, poi, potatoes and sweet potatoes, radishes, turnips, and yams.
Periwinkle

**Periwinkle** may refer to:

;Animals:
* Periwinkle, a common name for a number of gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae
** Common periwinkle (*Littorina littorea*)
** Blue periwinkle (*Nodilittorina unifasciata*)
** Rough periwinkle (*Littorina saxatilis*)
* Periwinkle, a regional name for the caddisfly larva

;Plants:
The common name of plants in two genera in the family Apocynaceae:
* *Catharanthus* or Madagascar periwinkles
* *Vinca* or European periwinkles

;Other uses:
* Periwinkle (color), a pale shade of blue
* Periwinkle, a character in ''Blue's Clues*
* Periwinkle, a character in *The Bellflower Bunnies*
* Periwinkle, a character in *Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings''
* Periwinkle, the main character in Patricia A. McKillip's book, *The Changeling Sea*

What is the point of learning
Bass Highway, Tasmania

The **Bass Highway** is a highway in Tasmania, Australia. It is a part of the National Highway, named National Highway 1. It joins the major cities across the north of the state - Burnie, Devonport and Launceston. The Bass Highway is, like Bass Strait, named for explorer George Bass.

The highway connects the following towns:
* Launceston
* Prospect and other Launceston suburbs
* Hadspen
* Carrick
* Hagley
* Westbury
* Exton
* Deloraine
* Elizabeth Town
* Sassafras
* Latrobe
* Devonport
* Forth
* Ulverstone
* Penguin
* Burnie

From Burnie, the Bass Highway is no longer a National Highway, and connects the following towns:

* Somerset
* Wynyard
* Smithton
* Marrawah

As part of the National Highway, there have been many changes to the highway. In the 1980s it was made longer to join the southern exit at Launceston which connects to the Midland Highway. Almost the entire length of the highway has been re-aligned to allow for dual carriageway, overtaking lanes, and the bypass of small towns.

Between Launceston and Deloraine, this had included Carrick and Hadspen in the 1980s and Deloraine in the early 1990s. The longest stretch of highway, the Hagley-Westbury bypass, was completed in 2001. People living in the small towns have been concerned that they no longer get passing trade. The 'old' highway, now known as the Meander Valley Highway, is promoted as a tourist route.

The highway between Latrobe and Somerset has had a similar re-alignment. This section of the highway is more of a commuter highway than a tourist highway, and as such the local economy does not rely on passing tourists.
Afet İnan

**Ayşe Afet İnan** (30 October 1908 – 8 June 1985) was a Turkish historian and sociologist. She was an adopted daughter of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. 
 
Afet İnan was born to İsmail Hakkı Uzmay and his wife Şehzane Hanım in 29 November 1908 in Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire. In 1935, Afet İnan went to Switzerland again and studied as a student at the University of Geneva between 1936 and 1938. In 1950, she became a professor at the University of Ankara.

She was one of the prominent historians of Turkish history. She was a leading member of the Turkish Historical Society.

She died in June 8, 1985 in Ankara, Turkey. 
 
## References
Sanjay and Craig

***Sanjay and Craig*** is an American animated television series. It is produced by Nickelodeon. The series was first shown on May 25, 2013.

The show's creators are Jim Dirschberger, Andreas Trolf, and Jay Howell. Howell is also the character designer on ''Bob's Burgers*. *Sanjay and Craig* is being produced by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi, the creators of *The Adventures of Pete & Pete''.

The Theme song is almost sung by Chris Hardwick.

## Plot
The show is about the adventures of the title characters, a 12-year-old Indian American human boy named Sanjay Patel, and his best friend, a talking snake named Craig. On a promotional webpage for the show, the network explains that Sanjay and Craig's adventures require that "nobody finds out that Craig can talk".

## Cast
* Maulik Pancholy as Sanjay Patel, a talking snake that is the pet of Sanjay. Sanjay met Craig in a pet store.
* Linda Cardellini as Megan Sparkles
* Matt Jones as Hector Flanagan
* Tony Hale as Mr. Leslie Noodman
* Nika Futterman as Belle Pepper
* Kunal Nayyar as Vijay Patel, Sanjay's father who is an Indian.
* Grey DeLisle as Dr. Darlene Patel, Sanjay's mother who is an American doctor. She works in the hospital and tells Sanjay stories about her work.
* John DiMaggio as Mr. Noodman's Father

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*