open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Heads of State (movie)

***Heads of State*** is a 2025 American action comedy movie directed by Ilya Naishuller. The movie was distributed by Amazon MGM Studios and released worldwide through Prime Video on July 2, 2025.

It stars Idris Elba and John Cena as the UK Prime Minister and US President, respectively, who are forced to work together when they become the targets of a foreign adversary.

## Cast
* John Cena as Will Derringer, the President of the United States famous for his previous career as an action movie star
* Idris Elba as Sam Clarke, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and a veteran of the British Army
* Priyanka Chopra as Noel Bisset, a senior MI6 agent
* Jack Quaid as Marty Comer, a CIA officer and station agent in Warsaw
* Paddy Considine as Viktor Gradov, a Russian arms dealer
* Stephen Root as Arthur Hammond, a hacker for Gradov
* Carla Gugino as Elizabeth Kirk, the Vice President of the United States 
* Sarah Niles as Simone Bradshaw, White House Chief of Staff 
* Richard Coyle as Quincy Harrington, Downing Street Chief of Staff
* Clare Foster as Cat Derringer, the First Lady of the United States
* Katrina Durden as Olga the Killer, an assassin working for Gardov
* Aleksandr Kuznetsov as Sasha the Killer, an assassin working for Gardov
* Sharlto Copley as Thomas 'Coop' Cooper, a CIA officer and Bisset’s counterpart
* Adrian Lukis as Jack Gordon, a Reporter
* Ingeborga Dapkunaite as Belarusian farmer
* Andrei Dementiev as Belarusian gopnik
* Steven Cree as Agent Crasson, President Derringers lead Secret Service agent
* Claudia Doumit in an unnamed cameo

## References
## Other websites
*
List of political parties in Wales

This article lists **political parties in Wales**. 

The last Senedd election was on 6 May 2021 and the last general election was on 4 July 2024.  

## The parties 
### Major parties 
### Minor parties with local representation 
* Wales Green Party – a left-wing party which promotes green politics and progressivism. It has 14 seats across local government.
* Llantwit First Independents – a localist party represented on the Vale of Glamorgan Council. 
* Uplands Party – a localist party represented on Swansea Council. 
* Newport Independents Party – a localist party represented on Newport City Council. 
* Propel – a party which promotes Welsh independence. It is represented on Cardiff Council. 
* Gwlad – a centre-right party which promotes Welsh independence. It is represented on Ceredigion County Council.
SRF Tagesschau

***SRF Tagesschau*** (*View on the Day*) is a Swiss television news program since the run on 29 August 1953 on SRF 1. It was known for *Tagesschau* until 4 December 2005.
Rockstar London

**Rockstar London Ltd** is a British video games developer and studio of Rockstar Games. Mark Washbrook founded the company in 2005. They are best known for developing *Manhunt 2*.
Leima Laisana

**Leima Laisana** or **Leima Leisana** was the Queen Consort of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, the first king of the Ningthouja dynasty (and unified Manipur) who ascended the throne in 33 CE, after defeating the once powerful Khabas.

She was the younger sister of the immigrant prince Poireiton as mentioned in the Poireiton Khunthok. According to some historians, Poireiton gave his sister Laisna to Nongda Lairen Pakhangba after getting defeated by the latter.

## Family 
According to some scholars, Leima Laisana was a maibi (priestess). She and her brother *Poireiton* migrated to the "human land" (Kangleipak) from the underworld (Khamnung). 

## References
Newark Eagles

The **Newark Eagles** were a professional Negro league baseball team which played in the Negro National League from 1936 to 1948. They were owned by Abe and Effa Manley.

## History 
The Newark Eagles were created in 1936 when the **Newark Dodgers** joined with the **Brooklyn Eagles**. Abe Manley and his wife Effa Manley owned the Brooklyn Eagles.  They bought the Newark Dodgers team.  They put the teams' players together into one team. Charles Tyler, who had owned the Dodgers, signed the team over so that Abe Manley would forgive an about $500 debt that Tyler owed him.

Effa was in charge of decisions about the team.  This made the Eagles the third professional baseball team owned and run by a woman. The first team was the St. Louis Cardinals, which was owned by Helene Hathaway Britton from 1911 to 1917. The second team was the Indianapolis ABCs who were owned by Olivia Taylor from 1922 to 1926. 

The Eagles shared Ruppert Stadium with the minor league Newark Bears.

After the 1948 season, the Negro National League combined with the Negro American League (NAL). The Eagles were sold and moved to Houston, Texas for the 1949 season.

## Negro World Series champions 
The 1946 team won the Negro World Series, upsetting the Kansas City Monarchs in a 7-game series. 

## Players 
### Baseball Hall of Famers 
## References
2025-26 FC Liefering season

The **2025–26 FC Liefering season** is the 14th season of FC Liefering in the Second league. 
## Squad 
### Matches
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 14
|date =   22 November 2025
|time =   14ː30
|team1 =    Admira Wacker
|score =     4-0
|report =      
|team2 =  FC Liefering     
|goals1 =  
*  Meisl  
*  Verhounig  {{goal|53}|o.g.}} 
*  Schmidt  
*  Schabauer  
|goals2 = 
|stadium =    Datenpol Arena
|location =   Maria Enzersdorf
|attendance =   1.187
|referee =    Daniel Pfister 
|result =  L
}}

## Friendly matches 
## References
Steve Shirley

**Dame Vera Stephanie** "**Steve**" **Shirley**  (née **Buchthal**; 16 September 1933 – 9 August 2025) was a German-born British technology businesswoman and philanthropist. She founded the Shirley Foundation in 1996. 

From May 2009 until May 2010, Shirley was the UK's Ambassador for Philanthropy. In 2012, Shirley donated the entirety of her art collection, including works by Elisabeth Frink, Maggi Hambling, Thomas Heatherwick, Josef Herman and John Piper to Prior's Court School and the charity Paintings in Hospitals.

Shirley died from a short illness on 9 August 2025, at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Listen to an oral history interview with Dame Stephanie Shirley – a life story interview recorded for the National Life Stories project Oral History of British Science at the British Library
* [IEEE oral history](http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Dame_Stephanie_(Steve)_Shirley)
** "Why do ambitious women have flat heads?" (TED2015)
Rutulians

**Rutulians**, also known as the **Rutul people** or simply **Rutuls** (), are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native to Dagestan and adjacent parts of Azerbaijan. 

## Population 
According to the 2010 Russian census, there were 35,240 Rutulians in Russia. They live mainly in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, and parts of Azerbaijan. The Rutul language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian language family. Many Rutulians also speak Russian and Azerbaijani. There are about 21,000 Rutulians living in Azerbaijan. The exact number in Azerbaijan is not known.

## Culture 
The Rutulians have developed various genres of folklore: poetry, proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, legends, songs. Rutulian poets and singers are known for their work far beyond the Rutulsky District. Most Rutulians engage in farming and animal husbandry, especially sheep herding.

## Language 
The Rutul language is spoken by about 36,400 people. It is considered endangered by UNESCO.

## Religion 
Rutulians follow Sunni Islam.

## Traditional Clothing 
Rutulian men traditionally wear a tunic-like shirt, trousers, a beshmet, and a papakha. Women wear a long robe and a headscarf.

## Cuisine 
Rutulian cuisine includes dishes like pies with meat or herbs, pilaf, and porridge made from millet or oats.

## History 
The history of the Rutul people is connected to an ancient state called Caucasian Albania. The Rutul people are one of the peoples of Caucasian Albania. 

In the 19th century, the Rutulian people resisted Russian rule. They formed a federation called the Rutul Federation, which lasted until 1839.

## See Also 
* Rutul language

## References
Corus Entertainment

**Corus Entertainment**, formerly known as **Shaw Radio Ltd.** is a Canadian mass media company known for owning popular television channels and streaming services like Teletoon, Télétoon, Télétoon+, Treehouse TV, Teletoon Retro, YTV, YTV Jr. (defunct), StackTV, Nickelodeon, and Adult Swim Canada. They own the popular company called Nelvana, which animated shows like The Fairly OddParents and The Magic School Bus.

## Other websites 
*
Sheila Jordan

**Sheila Jeannette Jordan** ( **Dawson**; November 18, 1928 – August 11, 2025) was an American jazz singer-songwriter. She was known for singing bebop and scat jazz.

Jordan died on August 11, 2025 at her apartment in New York City at the age of 96.

## Works
* *Portrait of Sheila* (Blue Note, 1963) – recorded in 1962
* *Confirmation* (East Wind, 1975)
* *Sheila* with Johnny Knapp (Grapevine, 1977)
* *Sheila* with Arild Andersen (SteepleChase, 1978) – recorded in 1977
* *Playground* with Steve Kuhn (ECM, 1980) – recorded in 1979
* *Old Time Feeling* with Harvie S (Palo Alto, 1983) – recorded in 1982
* *The Crossing* (BlackHawk, 1984)
* *Body and Soul* (CBS/Sony, 1987)
* *Lost and Found* (Muse, 1990)
* *Songs from Within* with Harvie Swartz (MA, 1993)
* *One for Junior* with Mark Murphy (Muse, 1993)
* *Heart Strings* (Muse, 1994)
* *Jazz Child* with Steve Kuhn (HighNote, 1999)
* ''Sheila's Back in Town* (Splasc(h), 1999)
* *The Very Thought of Two* with Harvie Swartz (MA, 2000)
* *Little Song* with Steve Kuhn (HighNote, 2003)
* *Believe in Jazz* with Serge Forté Trio (France, 2004)
* *Celebration* with Cameron Brown (HighNote, 2005)
* *Straight Ahead* (Splasc(h), 2005) – recorded in 2004
* *Winter Sunshine* (Justin Time, 2008)
* *Yesterdays* (HighNote, 2012)
* *Live At Mezzrow* (Cellar Live, 2022) – live recorded in 2021
* *Comes Love: Lost Session 1960* (Capri Records, 2021)
* *trioTrio Meets Sheila Jordan* (Steeplechase, 2022)
* *Portrait Now* (Dot Time Records, 2025)

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
* Official site for *Jazz Child: A Portrait of Sheila Jordan by Ellen Johnson*  
* Interview at vancouverjazz.com 
* *Jazz Italia'' article
Kovalevskaya top

**Kovalevskaya top** is a special case of the motion of a heavy rigid body rotating around a fixed point, named after the Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya. The Kovalevskaya top, like other tops, describes how a rigid object spins and rotates in space. It represents one of the rare examples in classical mechanics where the equations of motion can be solved exactly. The system is characterized by a non-symmetric mass distribution, which distinguishes it from other integrable tops such as the Euler top and the Lagrange top.

Kovalevskaya solved the governing non-linear differential equations by applying elliptic functions, enabling a precise description of the top’s rotational dynamics, including its stability and precession. Her analysis provided one of the first significant contributions to the theory of rigid body motion by a woman, and remains a notable result in mathematical physics.

The Kovalevskaya top continues to have relevance in modern applications, including studies of gyroscopic systems, spacecraft dynamics, and certain aspects of chaos theory.

## References
Mil Lenssens

**Emiel (Mil) Lenssens** (Mechelen, December 25, 1926 – September 9, 2005) is a Belgian television producer. He became best known for creating *Tik Tak* for toddlers on the then BRTN (Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie).

Mil Lenssens began his career as a graphic artist and created animated films, among other things.

From 1957 onwards, he created children's programs for the Belgian public broadcaster (BRT).

He was the first to combine cartoons and living characters (in the series *Klein, klein Kleutertje* with Aunt Terry).

His best-known program was *Tik Tak*, which was filmed for 10 years (from 1 November 1981 to 25 December 1991) and is still broadcast today. He said he got the idea for *Tik Tak* when he saw how captivated toddlers and preschoolers were by the lottery drawing. He discovered that recurring images with accompanying music were sufficient for the preschool program. He also created *Carolientje en Kapite Snorrebaard* (Little Carol and Captain Snorrebaard), *De Kasteelgeesten* (The Castle Ghosts), and *Prikballon* (Pricking Balloon).

In 1981, he was awarded the Television Critics' Prize.

In 1985, he was awarded the *Kinderkast* television prize (presented by the Cinekid Foundation and the Youth & Media Expertise Center of NIZW Youth).

In 1991, he won the Sabam Prize.
Marta Nawrocka

**Marta Nawrocka** (*née* **Smoleń**; born 7 March 1986) is a Polish civil servant who has been the First Lady of Poland since 6 August 2025 as the wife of President Karol Nawrocki.

## Biography 
Marta Nawrocka was born on 7 March 1986 in Gdynia, Poland. She graduated from the Faculty of Law and Administration at University of Gdańsk.

## References
Cotula

***Cotula*** is a genus of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It includes plants known as **water buttons** or **buttonweeds**.

The species within this genus can be very different in their habit, leaf division, involucre, receptacle and achenes. 

## References
West for Wishing

***West for Wishing*** is the only EP by Matchbook Romance. It was released in April 8, 2003.

## Track listing
# "14 Balloons" – 1:07
# "The Greatest Fall (Of All Time)" – 3:44
# "Hollywood and Vine" – 2:46
# "Farewell to Friends" – 3:52
# "Save Yourself" – 3:50

## References
Apocalypse (character)

**Apocalypse** is a prominent supervillain in Marvel Comics, primarily known as one of the most powerful and ancient mutants. His real name is **En Sabah Nur**, and he first appeared in *X-Factor* #5 in 1986, created by writer Louise Simonson and artist Walter Simonson. He frequently battles the X-Men, especially Cyclops, Wolverine, and Jean Grey.

## Publication history 
The character first appeared in *X-Factor* #5 in 1986, created by writer Louise Simonson and artist Walter Simonson.

## Fictional character biography 
En Sabah Nur was born in ancient Egypt, believed to be the first mutant, with powers that emerged during his adolescence. He was betrayed and left for dead, but he survived and eventually became a tyrannical figure seeking to evolve mutants into a superior race.

## Powers and abilities 
Apocalypse possesses superhuman strength, stamina, durability, and regenerative abilities. He also has vast psionic powers, including telekinesis and telepathy, as well as the ability to manipulate energy. His advanced technology and genetic engineering skills make him a formidable foe.

## Philosophy 
Apocalypse advocates for survival of the fittest, believing that only the strongest and most adaptable mutants should thrive. He often seeks to impose his vision of evolution upon the world.

## Allies and enemies 
Apocalypse has a complex relationship with various mutants, sometimes forming alliances with other powerful beings like the Four Horsemen of Apocalypse, which are often used as his elite enforcers.

## Cultural impact 
Apocalypse is considered one of the most iconic villains in Marvel's X-Men universe, representing themes of evolution, power, and tyranny.

## In other media 
Since his introduction, the character has appeared in a number of *X-Men* titles, including spin-offs and several limited series. Apocalypse has also been featured in various forms of media. Oscar Isaac portrayed the character in *X-Men: Apocalypse*.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction

**Ecclesiastical jurisdiction** is jurisdiction by church leaders over other church leaders and over the laity.

## Overview
Jurisdiction is a term taken from law that has been widely used in theology. It is often used to distinguish between the power to perform sacraments (called "order") and the right to administer them (called "jurisdiction"). It also refers to the territorial or functional limits of Church authority whether legislative, executive, or judicial. In this context, it means the authority Church judges have to investigate and decide cases under canon law.

Originally, Roman lawyers saw jurisdiction as something worldly and temporal. Christians adapted this idea to the spiritual realm, as part of the belief in the Kingdom of God and its rule over the soul.

This authority was also seen as coming from God, who ruled both the spiritual and temporal world. From early on, the Church had its own legislative, executive, and judicial powers in spiritual matters. Before it was united with the State, the Church could only influence people’s spirits, not their bodies or property unless allowed by civil rulers.

Also, even for baptized Church members, if a case was entirely about temporal matters, the Church could not claim full legal authority. However, when Church courts acted within their spiritual scope, all believers, both clergy and laypeople, were subject to them, and no distinction was made between the two groups in this regard.

## References
Ong Ka Ting

**Ong Ka Ting** (born 15 November 1956) is a Malaysian politician. He was Minister of Housing and Local Government from 1999 to 2008, and Acting Minister of Transport from May to June 2003. He was the seventh president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) from 2003 to 2008. Ong was also Malaysia’s Special Envoy to China from November 2011 to December 2017.

## References
Chua Jui Meng

**Chua Jui Meng** (22 October 1943 – 3 December 2023) was a Malaysian politician and lawyer. From 1995 to 2004, he served as the Minister of Health, making him Malaysia’s longest-serving Health Minister. He represented Bakri in Parliament from 1986 to 2008. Chua started in the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and later joined the People's Justice Party (PKR), where he became the State Chairman in Johor and also served as a Vice-President of MCA.

Chua died on 3 December 2023 at the age of 80. He had been in the hospital for a week after a heart attack.

## References
Heracleum mantegazzianum

***Heracleum mantegazzianum*** (Giant hogweed) is a species of plant. The sap is toxic and causes burns and blisters if shown to sunlight.

## References
Ling Liong Sik

Tun Dr. **Ling Liong Sik** (born 18 September 1943) is a Malaysian politician. He was the sixth president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) from 1986 to 2003. MCA is a party in the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He was also Malaysia’s Minister of Transport from 1986 to 2003.

On 27 October 2015, Prime Minister Najib Razak sued Ling Liong Sik for defamation. Ling had agreed with former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad’s call for Najib to resign, saying Najib put public money into his own personal accounts. The case went through several court hearings from 2016 to 2018. Ling tried to strike out the case, but the court said it should go to trial.

On 22 May 2018, Najib withdrew the lawsuit. The court ordered Najib to pay RM25,000 in costs to Ling.

## References
List of political parties in Estonia

This article lists **political parties in Estonia**. 

Estonia has had a multi-party system since the end of the communist period and the first democratic elections in 1990. 

No party usually wins enough seats to have an overall majority in the Riigikogu (Estonia's national parliament) so coalitions are usually formed. 

## The parties 
### Parties represented in the Riigikogu and/or the European Parliament 
### Minor parties 
* Parempoolsed (English: *The Right*) – a centre-right party which promotes economic liberalism, libertarianism and Pro-Europeanism. 
* Estonian Freedom Party – a party which promotes agrarianism and conservatism. 
* Estonian Greens – a centre-left party which promotes green politics and social liberalism. 
* Estonian Free Party – a centre-right party which promotes liberal conservatism, green conservatism and moderate Euroscepticism. 
* Left Alliance – a left-wing party which promotes democratic socialism, progressivism and Pro-Europeanism. 
* Together – a right-wing party which promotes social conservatism and holds Pro-Russian sentiments.
Pholcus

**Pholcus** is a family of spiders.  

## Description 
Pholcus species have long and super thin legs like almost every other Pholcidae.

## Species 
* Pholcus phalangioides
* Pholcus opilionoides
* Pholcus nagasakiensis – Japan

## References
Telmatobius atahualpai

The **Amazonas water frog** (*Telmatobius atahualpai*) is a frog.  It lives in Peru.

## Body
The skin of the frog's back is black with green marks. The belly is gray. Some of its teeth look like fangs.

## Home
Scientists saw this frog in streams in forests and some grassy places high in the Cordillera Central mountains. This frog spends some of its time in the water and some on land. It lives in streams. Scientists saw the frog under rocks in streams and on the ground in forests. They saw it between 2600 and 4000 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in one protected place, Río Abiseo National Park.

## People
People catch other frogs in *Telmatobius* to eat, sell, and make into medicine. Scientists think people might eat *T. truebae* too.

## Young
This frog has young in streams. Scientists saw tadpoles in fast-moving water.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in a little danger of dying out.  Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make places for animals to eat grass. Scientists believe the fungal disease chytridiomycosis might kill this frog too because it has killed other frogs in *Telmatobius*, but they have not seen the *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* fungus on this frog yet.

## First paper
*

## References
This Movie Sucks!

***This Movie Sucks!*** is a Canadian comedy variety television show that aired on CHCH-TV ran from May 28 to November 20, 2010. Which the program hosts Ed the Sock, but is similar to another former Ed the Sock series, ''Ed's Nite In''.
Heracleum sphondylium

**Heracleum sphondylium** commonly called **Common hogweed** or **Cow parsnip** is a herbaceous plant in the family Apiaceae native to Europe and Asia. 

## Subspecies and varieties 
These are subspecies and varieties accepted by Plants of the World Online.

* Heracleum sphondylium subsp. algeriense
* Heracleum sphondylium subsp. alpinum
* Heracleum moellendorffii var. moellendorffii

## References
The Adventures of Puss in Boots

***The Adventures of Puss in Boots*** is an American animated children's television series during the events of the 2011 film *Puss in Boots*, it ran on Netflix from January 16, 2015 to January 26, 2018 for six seasons and 78 episodes.
Crossopriza

**Crossopriza** is a genus of Spiders in the family Pholcidae. It was first described by Eugéne Louis Simon. 

## References
Buttonquail

**Buttonquail** or **hemipodes** are members of a small family of birds, **Turnicidae**, which look like, but are not closely related to, the quails of Phasianidae. They live in warm grasslands in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia. There are 18 species in two genera, with most species in the genus *Turnix* and one species in the genus *Ortyxelos*.

Buttonquails are small, not colorful, running birds, which do not fly often. The female is the more brightly colored of the sexes. While the quail-plover is thought to be monogamous, *Turnix* buttonquails are usually polyandrous: both sexes work together in building a nest in the ground, but normally only the male incubates the eggs and takes care of the young, while the female may go on to have babies with other males.
Chief Adviser of Bangladesh

The **Chief Adviser of Bangladesh** serves as the head of government during the transition period between one elected government and another. With powers equivalent to those of the prime minister of an elected government, their executive power is limited by the constitution. The chief adviser leads an advisory committee comprising several advisers (equivalent to a minister), all of them selected from among politically neutral individuals to be acceptable to all major political parties. The most recent person to occupy the post was Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus. He was appointed Chief Adviser after the student revolution, leading the transitional period from 2024 until 2026.

## List of chief advisers of Bangladesh
Holocnemus

**Holonemus** is a genus of spiders.

## Species 
 the World Spider Catalog accepts 4 species:

* Holocnemus caudatus
* Holocnemus hispanicus
* Holocnemus pluchei
* Holocnemus reini
Some species were transferred into other genera: 

* Holocnemus aurouxi, Barrientos, 2019 → Maghreba aurouxi
* Holocnemus culicinus, Simon, 1898 → Cenemus culicinus 
* Holocnemus longipes, Spassky, 1934 → Hoplopholcus longipes

## References
Educational television

**Educational television** or **learning television** is the use of television programs in the field of distance education. It may be in the form of individual television programs or dedicated specialty channels that are often associated with cable television in the United States as Public, educational, and government access (PEG) channel providers. There are also adult education programs for an older audience; many of these are instructional television or "telecourse" services that can be taken for college credit, such as the Open University programs on BBC television in the UK.

Many children's television series are educational, ranging from dedicated learning programs to those that indirectly teach the viewers. Some series are written to have a specific moral behind every episode, often explained at the end by the character that learned the lesson.

In the social aspects of television, several studies have found that educational television has many advantages. The Media Awareness Network explains in its article "The Good Things about Television" that television can be a very powerful and effective learning tool for children if used wisely. The article states that television can help kids or teens discover where they fit into society, develop closer relationships with peers and family, and teach them to understand complex social aspects of communication.

Mexican TV producer Miguel Sabido pioneered in the 1970s the use of telenovela to disseminate the government's policy views to mass audiences. The "Sabido Method" has been adopted by a number of countries, including India, Kenya, Peru, and China.

These are broadcasters which are still learning along with CBC Television, CBBC, Discovery Channel, Ketnet, NASA TV, NHK, PBS, and TVO.

## References
Sonallah Ibrahim

'''Son'allah Ibrahim'* ( *Ṣunʻ Allāh Ibrāhīm'') (24 February 1937 – 13 August 2025) was an Egyptian novelist. He was known for his leftist views. Ibrahim was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1937.

Ibrahim died at the age of 88 on 13 August 2025 in Cairo from pneumonia.

## References
George Reid (Scottish politician)

**Sir George Newlands Reid** (4 June 1939 – 12 August 2025) was a Scottish politician and journalist. He was the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2003 to 2007. He was a member of the Scottish National Party (SNP). He was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Mid Scotland and Fife region from 1999 to 2003 and then for the Ochil from 2003 to 2007. 

Reid was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire from 1974 until 1979.

In 2013, Reid was treated for bladder cancer. He died on 12 August 2025 in Denny, Scotland from kidney cancer at the age of 86.

## References
Mahmoud Farshchian

**Mahmoud Farshchian** (January 24, 1930 – August 9, 2025) was an Iranian painter and educator. He was known for his Persian miniature painting. His paintings have been seen by many museums and projects across the world.

Farshchian died of pneumonia in New Jersey on August 9, 2025, at the age of 95.

## References
Terry Hennessey

**William Terrence Hennessey** (1 September 1942 – 8 August 2025) was a Welsh professional football player and manager. He played as a defender and made 400 Football League appearances in the 1960s and 1970s with Birmingham City, Nottingham Forest and Derby County. He played for Wales national team from 1962 until 1972.

Hennessey died on 8 August 2025, at the age of 82.

## References
Benő Káposzta

**Benő Káposzta** (7 June 1942 – 11 August 2025) was a Hungarian footballer. He played as a defender for Újpesti Dózsa. He played for the Hungary national team from 1964 until 1969.

Káposzta died on 11 August 2025, at the age of 83.

## References
Nevada Bell

**Nevada Bell** (earlier the **Bell Telephone Company of Nevada**) was a telephone service provider from Nevada. The network did business with only 30% of this state outside of Las Vegas (where the Lumen Technologies network performs telephone and other service). 

The Nevada Bell history began in 1906 under Sunset Telephone and Telegraph and Pacific Telephone and Telegraph. The Bell Telephone Company of Nevada came into existence in 1913.

## The later years and mergers
The name was simplified to *Nevada Bell* at the start of 1984 just after the Bell System breakups. The company became a subsidiary of Pacific Bell (or Pac Bell). The two companies became part of the Pacific Telesis Group System. Pacific Telesis, however, was phased out in 1997. At that time SBC Communications began taking over the operations.

The Pacific Bell and Nevada Bell brands were phased out when SBC dropped the Bell and RBOCs' names in December 2002 or January 2003. Almost three years later, AT&T Corporation and SBC merged together. That officially ended the Nevada Bell, Ameritech, Southwestern Bell and Pacific Bell brands. In other words these brands were no longer used as of 2005 or 2006.
Gabi Novak

**Gabrijela** "**Gabi**" **Novak** (; 8 July 1936 – 11 August 2025) was a Croatian pop and jazz singer. She was born in Berlin, Germany. During her career, she won six Porin Awards. 

Novak died on 11 August 2025 at a nursing home in Zagreb, Croatia from pneumonia, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography 
* Gabi Novak 
* 
*
Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht

**Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht** was a ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries.

## History 
The first bishop of this county was Willibrord, from 703. He was then a  Archbishop of the Frisian people.

In the Ninth century, Charlemagne reorganized the division of Netherlands.

## References
China–Philippines relations

There are diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Philippines.

The Chinese leader Xi Jinping visited the Philippines, as late as 2018.

Then-president of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte, visited China as late as 2019.

In regard to the Belt and Road initiative: In 2023, the Philippines (pulled out, or) withdrew from the *Belt and Road initiative*; That happened during the presidency of Bongbong Marcos.

## Territorial disputes
 in the South China Sea]]

There are territorial disputes between China and the Philippines.

Spratly Islands; The two countries have disputes over the sovereignty of some islands and shoals in the Spratly Islands.

### Near Scarborough Shoal
In the area near Scarborough Shoal (map) there have been incidents involving ships from the navies of China and the Philippines. As late as August 11, 2025, a ship (BRP Suluan), from the Phillipines Coast Guard, was chased by ships belonging to the Chinese government; Two of the Chinese ships crashed with each other. A U.S. destroyer came to the area (August 13); That was the first time in 6 years, that a U.S. warship came close to the shoal. 

Earlier (and in year 2012), the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff happened.

## References
Heracleum

**Heracleum** may refer to:

* Heracleum (plant), a genus of flowering plants 
* An alternative spelling of Herakleion, the capital of Crete in Greece
Anthony Newley

**Anthony Newley** (24 September 1931 – 14 April 1999) was an English actor, director, comedian, singer, and composer. He wrote the music and lyrics for the movies *Doctor Dolittle* and *Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory*.

Newley died on 14 April 1999, in Jensen Beach, Florida, from renal cancer at the age of 67.

## References
Palma de Mallorca Airport

**Palma de Mallorca Airport**  — also called **Son Sant Joan Airport** – is an international airport  east of Palma, Mallorca, Spain. 

## References
The Las Vegas Show

***The Las Vegas Show*** is an American late night television program broadcast from May 1 to June 1, 1967 on the United Network. Hosted by comedian Bill Dana, *The Las Vegas Show* was intended to be the flagship of a planned fourth television network, but was the only program the network ever transmitted. As United's affiliates largely scheduled the program to air at different times, the length of the program also varied between 90 or 120 minutes. *The Las Vegas Show* was canceled solely due to the financial failure of the United Network after one month, with 23 episodes broadcast and two unaired episodes.
Political positions of Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. is an environmental lawyer and medical activist from Washington DC. He started his political career properly as a cabinet member of the second presidency of Donald Trump (as the head of HHS since February 2025).

## Conspiracy theories (uncle & father)
Kennedy said, during an interview with the "VLAD TV", that the number of bullets that killed his father (and injured others) did not "add up". In other words, the assassinator could not have acted alone. There must have been more than 1 gun-man during the attack.

## COVID-19 pandemic
Kennedy thought that the Black communities (economically) suffered more than other communities in the U.S. during the pandemic. 

## Foreign policy
Kennedy opposes having a normal diplomatic relationship with Saudi Arabia and other dictatorships.  

## Domestic policy
### party politics
Kennedy thought that the Democratic party, in mid-2023, was just ignoring him, or trying to slowing him down, instead of having a presidential primary debate.  In Autumn 2023, he became an independent candidate.

### vaccine views
Kennedy wanted "thorough testing and investigation" of vaccines. Since the 2010s, he got the label of "**anti-vaxxer**" anyhow.     

### general
Kennedy wanted to debate with Joe Biden and Donald J. Trump about the national debt.
He wanted to cut the military spending by half. 

Kennedy thought that the gun violence in the United States is not a "public health crisis".

## Related page
*Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign

## References
70 Minutes

***70 Minutes*** (Icelandic: *70 mínútur*) is an Icelandic variety television series that was shown for 70 minutes every weekday on the television station Popp Tíví from 2000 to 2004. The show consisted of chat and various segments such as: Challenge, disgusting drink, hidden camera, freaking out outside and other antics. Sigmar and Jóhannes were the main hosts, then Auðunn Blöndal and Sverrir Þór Sverrisson came to help. Later, they were more and more in the shows and became the only hosts of the show when Jóhannes left, but then Auðunn, Sigmar and Sverrir Þór Sverrisson (Sveppi) were with the show. They released the album *Besta úr 70 minutem* which sold over 5,000 copies and *Besta úr 70 minutem 2* which sold over 10,000 copies. They also released the album Besta úr 70 minutum 3. Sigmar left the show in 2003 and Auðunn and Sverrir (Auddi og Sveppi) were the only ones with the show until the beginning of 2004 when Pétur Jóhann Sigfússon joined them, who had played with them in Svínasúpan. They hosted the show until December 20, 2004, along with input from Hugi Halldórssson or Ofurhuga. For his contribution to the shows, Sverrir received a nomination for the Edda Award as TV personality of the year. The shows then stopped in 2005 but moved to Stöð 2 under the name Strákarnir except that that episode was only 25 minutes long and was not broadcast live.
The Agenda

***The Agenda with Steve Paikin***, or simply ***The Agenda***, is the former flagship current affairs television program of TVOntario (TVO), Ontario's public broadcaster. Anchor Steve Paikin states that the show practices long-form journalism. Each hour-long program covers no more than two topics.

The show airs weekdays on TVO at 8:00 and 11:00&nbsp;p.m., and episodes are available on demand at the show's website and through mobile media.

The show ended its run at the conclusion of its 19th season, with the final episode airing on June 27, 2025. *The Agenda* will be replaced in the fall of 2025 with *The Rundown*, which is to feature "original journalism and in-depth analysis exploring social, political, cultural and economic issues that impact Ontarians". Paikin will not host the new show, but will continue with the network on a part-time basis as co-host of the weekly political podcast #onpoli, and as a columnist on TVO's website as well as hosting public events for the network.

## References
Tan Koon Swan

**Tan Koon Swan** (born 24 September 1940) is a Malaysian politician and businessman. He was the fifth president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), part of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, from November 1985 to September 1986. He was convicted in Singapore because of the Pan-Electric Industries scandal, but the judge later said the charge was wrong.

## References
Rosemary Chow Poh Kheng

**Rosemary Chow Poh Kheng** (1927 – 28 December 2023) was a Malaysian politician. She was the first female leader of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) from 1975 to 1985. She was also a Member of Parliament for Selayang from 1975 to 1978 and for Ulu Langat from 1978 to 1986.

Chow died on 28 December 2023. She was 96 years old.

## References
Voiceless uvular nasal

The **voiceless uvular nasal** is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is .

## Features
Changeling (Marvel Comics character)

**Changeling** is a character from Marvel Comics, known for his ability to shapeshift and assume the appearance of others. He was created by writer Arnold Drake and artist Don Heck, first appearing in *X-Men* #35 in 1967.

## Overview 
Changeling's real name is **Kevin Sydney** (originally known as **Morph**), and he has the power to alter his physical form to mimic other people, which makes him an effective spy and infiltrator. His powers also allow him to take on various appearances, making him a versatile character within the Marvel Universe. In fact, he was often associated with the X-Men.

One of the key storylines involving Changeling is his relationship with Professor Charles Xavier. For a time, he impersonated Xavier to assist the X-Men while the actual Professor was incapacitated. This ruse highlights his complex character and motivations, as he sometimes struggled with his identity and purpose.

While not one of the most prominent characters, Changeling has had various appearances in comic series and has been part of several story arcs, often associated with themes of identity and transformation.
Mobiles (band)

**Mobiles** was an English new wave and synth-pop band. They were formed in 1981 in Eastbourne, East Sussex.  They were popular for a while. Their song "Drowning in Berlin" was in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart in early 1982.

### Singles
## References
## Other websites
*
*Mobiles' manager's website
*Mobiles performing "Drowning in Berlin" on *TopPop*
Black Bear Diner

**Black Bear Diner**  is a restaurant chain in the Western United States which serves homestyle and "old-fashioned" comfort foods. As of May 2024, it has 165 locations in 14 states as of August 2025. 

The first restaurant was opened in Mount Shasta, California in 1995, founded by Bruce Dean and Bob & Laurie Manley. It is based in Redding, California.

The company's leadership announced plans to be a "coast to coast" brand in January 2024.

## References
## Other websites
*
Linaclotide

**Linaclotide,** sold under the brand name **Linzess** in the US and Mexico, and as **Constella** elsewhere, is a drug used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic constipation with no known cause. It has a black box warning about the risk of serious dehydration in children in the US; the most common adverse effects in others include diarrhea.

## References
Abatacept

**Abatacept**, sold under the brand name **Orencia**, is a drug. It is used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, by interfering with the immune activity of T cells. It is a modified antibody.

Abatacept is a fusion protein composed of the Fc region of the immunoglobulin IgG1 fused to the extracellular domain of CTLA-4. In order for a T cell to be activated and produce an immune response, an antigen-presenting cell must present two signals to the T cell.
Clan Agnew

**Clan Agnew** is a Lowland Scottish clan from Galloway and Wigtownshire , in the southwest of Scotland. The clan’s Gaelic name is *Clann Mac a’ Ghnìomhaid*.

The origin of the name is not certain. The most accepted idea is that it comes from Normandy. from a place called Agneaux. People with that name first settled in England , and later moved to Scotland. Another story says the name may come from the O’Gnimh family of Ulster. That name was anglicised to Agnew.

In 1426, Andrew Agnew was given lands and made constable of Lochnaw Castle. He became Sheriff of Wigtown in 1451, a role his family held for many generations. From then on, the clan grew in power and local importance.

The clan crest shows an eagle looking backwards, and the motto is "*Consilio non impetu"*, which means “*By wisdom, not by force.*” Their historic home was Lochnaw Castle, and today the clan chief is Sir Crispin Agnew, the 11th Barnet of Lochnaw, who still uses the family heritage.

## References
TG1

***TG1*** (*Telegiornale 1*) is the flagship television newscast produced by Rai 1, the main channel of state-owned Italian public broadcaster RAI. It is the longest-running programme in the history of television in Italy as it has been broadcast daily shown since 3 January 1954.

It is shown domestically on Rai 1 and across the world on Rai Italia several times throughout the day. Gian Marco Chiocci is the current editor-in-chief. It was launched as simply *Telegiornale*, which was later renamed as *TG1* in 1975–76. From 1992 to 1993 it was named *Telegiornale Uno* before reverting to the TG1 name.
Clan Aiton

**Clan Aiton** is a Scottish clan from the Scottish Borders and Fife. It is recognized by the official heraldic authority in Scotland but currently has no clan chief, which makes it an *armigerous clan.*

Their crest shows a hand pulling a rose, and the motto is *"Decerptae Dabunt Odorum"*, which means “*Roses plucked will give a sweet smell.”* These symbols remind people of the clan’s proud and gentle spirit.

## Further readings 
* Way, George and Squire, Romily (1994). *Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia*. HarperCollins Publishers.
Big Brother (Swiss TV series)

***Big Brother Schweiz*** is a Swiss version of the reality television franchise *Big Brother*. The Swiss version is based on the original Dutch *Big Brother* produced by Endemol. The series overall of two seasons and has no plan to have another series.

The first season aired on September 3, 2000 and was a huge hit with Swiss audience so the sophomore season followed soon. Although not being as successful as the original series, season 2 proved to be a rating hit as well. However, TV3, the station that aired Big Brother, was shut down finale on May 13, 2001 due to financial problems and as of now, no other Swiss channel has shown interest in reactivating the show.

However, *Big Brother Germany* has since allowed members of the German-speaking public of Switzerland to audition for its version of Big Brother and following 2001 has aired in Switzerland.
Clan Chisholm

**Clan Chisholm** is a Scottish clan originating in the Highlands of Scotland. The name came from a place near Hawick in the Borders. The family originally came from England after the Norman Conquest, later settling in the Highlands.

A key moment came in 1359, when a member of the Chisholm family became constable of Urquhart Castle by Loch Ness. Soon after, the family acquired Erchless Castle, which became their main seat.

The clan was known for loyalty and courage. Many Chisholms fought for the Jacobites during the uprisings of the 18th century, supporting the army of Prince Charles Edward Stuart.

The clan crest shows a hand holding a dagger that pierces a boar’s head. The motto is *"Feros Ferio"*, meaning *“I strike the fierce one.”* This symbolizes bravery and strength.

In later times, Alexander Chisholm served in the British Parliament, though his tenure also brought hardship to some local people through land changes.

Today, the chief of the clan is still known as “The Chisholm,” and the name continues to be remembered by people in Scotland and around the world.

## References
The Future Is Your Past

***The Future Is Your Past*** is the 20th studio album by American psychedelic rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre. The album was released on February 10, 2023 through A Records.

## Track listing
# "Do Rainbows Have Ends" – 3:23
# "Nothing Can Stop the Sound" – 3:29
# "The Light Is About to Change" – 4:25
# "Fudge" – 4:31
# "Cross Eyed Gods" – 3:21
# "As the Carousel Swings" – 4:58
# "The Mother of All Fuckers" – 4:49
# "All the Feels" – 3:09
# "Your Mind Is My Cafe" – 2:26
# "Stuck to Yous" – 4:44
Lord of Galloway

**Lord Galloway** was the ruler of the Lordship of Galloway, a part of southwest Scotland, during the Middle Ages. Galloway was often ruled by its own local lord, who could be as powerful as a king in that region.

The most well-known early lord was Fergus of Galloway (died 1161), who is sometimes seen as the first strong ruler of the area. After he died, his sons Uchtred and Gille Brigte (Gilbert) ruled together. Later, Lochlann (Roland) became the lord. By 1200, Alan of Galloway became the most powerful lord in Scotland, serving also as the Constable of Scotland.

After Alan died in 1234, Galloway was divided between his daughters and their husbands. Over time, the title and independent rule of Galloway faded, and the region came under the direct control of the Scottish crown.

## References
Lord Borthwick

**Lord Borthwick** is a Scottish title that was created long ago and still exists today, making it one of the oldest noble titles in the country.
Now, the title is held by *The Right Hon James Henry Alexander, the Lord Borthwick*, who is also chief of Clan Borthwick and holds the hereditary office (passed down in the family) *Hereditary Royal Falconer of Scotland*.

The heir apparent (next in line to the title) is called the *Master of Borthwick*.

The family seat (where the family live) Borthwick Castle remains tied to the family and stands as a strong reminder of their long history.

## Early history 
The first holder was William Borthwick, who became Lord Borthwick around the mid-1400s. He built Borthwick Castle in 1430, which remains a famous and well-preserved fortress near Edinburgh. The family became important at the Scottish court and had influence for many generations.

## Later history 
Later Lords Borthwick took part in national affairs. Some served as ambassadors or guardians of young kings. One of the Lords once defended Stirling Castle and protected the young King James V.

By the 1600s, the direct male line died out, and the title became *dormant* for years. That means no one officially held it for a while. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the title was carefully traced through family branches. In 1986, the title was officially recognized again.

## References