open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Atelognathus patagonicus

The **Patagonia frog**  (*Atelognathus patagonicus*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Body
The adult is about 50 mm long from nose to rear end. This frog can have two body types: Aquatic frogs that spend time in the water have folds in their skin and have webbed skin between their toes and an orange bellies. The littoral frogs that spend time on land have less skin and gray bellies. Frogs can change between aquatic and littoral. Scientists think they do this if they eat different foods.

The frogs change body type to aquatic if they live in a pool or lagoon that is there all year. They change body type to littoral if their water dries up.

## Food
Scientists think that the frogs eat amphipods in pools of water. These animals have orange chemicals in their bodies that turn the frogs' bellies orange. The littoral frogs eat insects and spiders and ticks that they find on land.

## Home
This frog can live in bodies of water with grassy places or even dry places around them. This frog needs bodies of water with rocks on the bottom  and many plants. Scientists saw this frog between 1265 and 1410  meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside a protected park: Laguna Blanca National Park.

## Young
The tadpoles are gold-brown in color with brown spots. The tadpoles swim in shallow water and eat animals and algae.  Some tadpoles become frogs soon. Other tadpoles stay in the water during winter and become frogs the next spring.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in very big danger of dying out. One big problem is that people change the places where the frog lives by letting animals drink from the lagoons and eat the plants that the frogs need to live. Fish from other parts of the world also eat this frog and its tadpoles.

Scientists found the virus ranavirus and the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on dead and sick frogs.

## References
CSA 4-Day Series

The **CSA (Cricket South Africa) 4-Day Series** is the current name of the national first-class cricket championship in South Africa. Originally launched in 1889–90 as the Currie Cup, the tournament became the Castle Cup in 1990, and then the SuperSport Series in 1996. Until 2004, it was contested by the nation's provincial teams, of which the most successful were Gauteng (formerly Transvaal), KwaZulu-Natal Coastal (formerly Natal), and Western Province.

## Franchise teams
The championship was completely restructured and rebranded in 2004 with the introduction of franchise teams known as Cape Cobras, Dolphins, Knights, Lions, Titans, and Warriors. The franchises were disbanded in March 2021, when CSA announced another restructure. That essentially involved a return to the provincial teams, although five of the franchise team names were retained as brands by their respective provinces. The exception was Cape Cobras, which was not adopted by either of its constituent provinces, Boland and Western Province. KwaZulu-Natal Coastal have retained Dolphins as their brand, while Gauteng are the Lions, Northerns are the Titans, Free State are the Knights, and Eastern Cape are the Warriors. 

## 2024–25
In the 2024–25 tournament, there were eight teams in Division One, and seven in Division Two. Both divisions were run on a round-robin basis and the top two teams qualified for a championship final. Gauteng and Northerns contested the Division One final, which ended in a draw after one whole day's play was lost due to heavy rain. Free State were relegated to Division Two ahead of the 2025–26 season, and KwaZulu-Natal Inland were promoted to Division One.

## References
65th parallel north

The **65th parallel north** is a circle of latitude that is 65 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Asia and North America.

At this latitude the sun is visible for 22 hours, 4 minutes during the June solstice. It is visible for 3 hours, 35 minutes during the December solstice.

## Around the world 
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 65° north passes through:

:

## Cities and towns on 65°N
*Fairbanks, Alaska, United States 
*Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland

## References
Anisim

**Anisim** is a Church Slavonic rendering of the Greek name Ὀνήσιμος (Onesimus). As such, it became an East Slavic given name and a Romanian surname. It also gave rise to the patronymic surname Anisimov. 

## Notable individuals surnamed Anisim
* Onisim of the Caves, Kyiv saint
* Onisim Kler, Russian name of Onésime Clerc (1845–1920), Russian naturalist of Swiss origin
* Onisim Bron (1895–1975), Soviet conductor 
* Alena Anisim, Belarusian linguist and opposition politician
* Iosif Anisim, Romanian sprint canoeist

## Footnotes
## References
Memorial (law)

In law, a **memorial** is a legal document with a statement of facts or a summary of information related to a case, addressed to a government or a legislature. It often comes with a petition. The petition is often called "memorial", synonymously with "memo".

## References
Lupus (disambiguation)

**Lupus** commonly refers to several autoimmune diseases collectively known as lupus erythematosus, including systemic lupus erythematosus.

See lupus erythematosus#Classification for links to Wikipedia articles related to this family of diseases. 

**Lupus** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
* Lupus, a character in *The Roman Mysteries*
* Lupus, a dog in the video game *Jet Force Gemini*
* "Lupus", in *Trash: Short Stories* by Dorothy Allison

## People
* Lupus (name), a given name and a family name
* Pen name of Wulfstan (died 956), Archbishop of York
* Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, nicknamed Lupus (wolf) for his ferocity
* Lupus of Troyes, 5th-century bishop and saint

## Other uses
* Lupus (constellation)
* *Lupus* (journal), a journal in the field of rheumatology
* Lupus, Missouri, a US city
* Lupus vulgaris, cutaneous tuberculosis
* Latin word for wolf
6ix Rising

***6IX RISING: Toronto’s Rap Ascendence*** is a Canadian documentary movie. It was released on November 16, 2017. It was directed by Shawney Cohen and produced by Lauren Sing and Jade Smith.

The documentary focuses on the hip hop scene that is growing in the city of Toronto after the success of artists like Drake and The Weeknd, as well as, the unique challenges that artists in the city face while trying to rise to stardom. Artists involved in the documentary include Pressa as he deals with legal issues and goes on tour with Drake, as well as, the creation of the "6ix" nickname for Toronto by rapper Jimmy Prime.

## Cast
*Big Lean
*Castro Guapo (CMDWN)
*Fiji (CMDWN)
*Friyie
*Pressa
*Jazz Cartier
*Jimmy Prime
*Jay Whiss
*Sick PPL
*Andre Bryam
*Sunny Diamonds
*Keith Bell
*Dukey Dukez
*Drake
*Roy Woods
*Floyd Mayweather Jr.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eugen Doga

**Eugen Doga** (1 March 1937 – 3 June 2025) was a Moldovan composer. He was known as the creator of many ballets such as "Luceafărul", "Venancia", and "Queen Margot". He also created the opera "Dialogues of Love". He also wrote works for children and the music for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow.

Doga died on 3 June 2025 in Chișinău, Moldova from heart failure caused by cancer at the age of 88.

## References
Greg Germann

**Gregory Andrew Germann** ( ; born February 26, 1958) is an American actor. He is known for playing Richard Fish on the television series *Ally McBeal*. He also is known for his roles as Eric "Rico" Morrow on the sitcom *Ned & Stacey*, Tom Koracick in ''Grey's Anatomy* and as Hades in Season Five of *Once Upon a Time''. His son is actor Asa Germann. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award in 1999.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dick Berggren

**Richard Berggren** (born May 27, 1942) is an American motorsports announcer and magazine editor. 

Berggren began racing in 1967 and won 26 events before his driving career ended in 1981. He raced SuperModifieds, Modifieds, stock cars, and sprint cars. 

He worked for *Stock Car Racing* magazine while he taught at Emmanuel College and raced on the weekends.

## References
## Other websites
*
Xu Qiliang

**Xu Qiliang** (; 29 March 1950 – 2 June 2025) was a Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force general. He was a Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2012 to 2022. He was a Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China from 2013 to 2023. He was a member of the 18th and the 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. 

Xu died on 2 June 2025 in Beijing, China at the age of 75.

## References
Ayşe Seitmuratova

**Ayşe Seitmuratova** (also romanized as **Aishe** or **Ayshe**; Crimean Tatar Cyrillic: Айше Сеитмуратова; 11 February 1937 – 1 June 2025) was a Soviet-born Uzbekistani Crimean Tatar civil rights activist. She met U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1982 and 1988. She took part in many human rights conferences. She became a journalist for the BBC, Deutsche Welle and Voice of America, talking about the issues affecting the Crimean Tatar people and their history, including of russification efforts by Russia. 

Seitmuratova died on 1 June 2025 in Russian-occupied Crimea at the age of 88.

## References
Shigeo Nagashima

, nicknamed "Mr. Giants," was a Japanese professional baseball player and manager. He played for the Yomiuri Giants from 1958 until 1974. He was also manager of the team from 1975 until 1980 and from 1993 until 2001.

Nagashima died in Tokyo, Japan on June 3, 2025 from pneumonia at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Anna Caballero

**Anna Marie Caballero** (born April 18, 1955) is an American politician serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, she represents the 14th State Senate district.

## References
Eupsophus roseus

The **black spiny-chest frog**  (*Eupsophus roseus*) is a frog.  It lives in Chile.

## Home
Scientists found this frog in forests with Nothofagus plants and on pine tree farms. People see them on the dead leaves on the ground. Scientists saw this frog between 50 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside some protected parks: Monumento Natural Cerro Ñielol, Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, Monumento Natural de Contulmo, Reserva Nacional Nonguén, and Reserva Costera Valdiviana.

## Young
This frog lays eggs from September to January, when it rains. The female frog lays about 200 eggs at a time. She lays them in water-filled hopes in the ground. The tadpoles live in the nest and do not eat. Scientists believe the adult frogs take care of the tadpoles.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to get firewood and make tree farms for pine trees and eucalyptus trees. Too many visitors and forest fires can also hurt the frog's home.

## First paper
*

## References
Zaw Bhone Hein

**Zaw Bhone Hein** (; ; born Myanmar

## Career 
Zaw Bhone Hein talks about battles, army strategies, and news about the Myanmar military. He explains these topics in a way that many people can understand. His videos are popular, and many people follow his channel. He often supported the Myanmar military in his videos.

### Arrest 
On 2 June 2025, Zaw Bhone Hein was arrested by military intelligence officers in Pyin Oo Lwin. The government said he defamed top military leaders, including Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. After his arrest, some people online blamed another military supporter, Han Nyein Oo, for being involved. He focuses on making educational videos about military topics.

## References
Rudelsburg

**Rudelsburg** is a ruined castle on a hill above the Saale River, near Bad Kösen in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It dates from the 12th century and has been a landmark for defence, tourism, and student gatherings.

## History 
Rudelsburg was first mentioned in a record from 1171. It was built by the Bishop of Naumburg to protect the Via Regia, an important trade route along the Saale Valley. Over time, it became part of local power struggles. Although partly destroyed during events like the Napoleonic Wars, the castle was restored in 1991–1992 and opened for visitors again.

## Architecture and location 
Rudelsburg stands about 85 metres above the Saale, on a rocky shell limestone ridge. The views across the Saale Valley are wide and scenic. Today, the castle ruins include walls, towers, and a restaurant, plus a tower visitors can climb for even better views.

## Cultural significance 
In the 19th century, Rudelsburg became a popular site for tourism, inspired by the "Castle Romantic" movement and the growing interest in hiking. It is now part of the Romanesque Road, a tour route in the region. The castle also has a special place in the German student movement, as it inspired poems and songs, including the popular Franz Kugler song "An der Saale hellem Strande", written there in 1826.

## Tourism and events 
Rudelsburg is a well-known tourist attraction. It has a castle restaurant serving regional food and local wines, and features events such as knight-style meals and weddings. Inside the outer castle (the vorburg), there are also monuments for student groups like the Kösener Corps and a Bismarck memorial set up again in 2006. The site also includes a civil registry office, making weddings possible there.

## Hiking and nature 
Rudelsburg is located on hiking trails around Bad Kösen. A popular route is the Rudelsburgweg, a circular path of about 7.7 km which takes around 2 hours 10 minutes. It offers lovely views of the Saale valley, forested slopes, and farmland.

## Other websites 
* 
*Rudelsburg in www.burgenwelt.de 
*Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Die Höhensiedlungen der Mikro- und Makroregion
Royal Challengers Bengaluru WPL

**Royal Challengers Bengaluru Women** (formerly known as **Royal Challengers Bangalore Women**) is a franchise cricket team based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, that competes in the Women's Premier League (WPL). The team is owned by Diageo, which also owns the men's franchise, Royal Challengers Bengaluru in the Indian Premier League (IPL).

The women's team is captained by Smriti Mandhana and coached by Luke Williams. Royal Challengers Bengaluru won their maiden title in the 2024 WPL season, which was also the first major trophy for the franchise across both men's and women's teams.

As of 2025, the team is also the most-followed cricket franchise on Instagram, with over 21 million followers.

## History
In October 2022, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced plans to launch a five-team women's franchise cricket league in March 2023. In January 2023, the tournament was officially named the '''Women's Premier League''', with team franchises awarded via a closed bidding process.

The Bengaluru-based franchise was acquired by Diageo, the owners of the Royal Challengers IPL team. Ben Sawyer was appointed as the inaugural head coach in February 2023. The team picked 18 players in the first-ever WPL auction held on 13 February 2023. Smriti Mandhana was named captain ahead of the inaugural season.

RCB Women finished fourth in the 2023 season and did not qualify for the knockout stages.

In September 2023, Luke Williams took over as head coach for the 2024 season. The team won four matches in the league stage and qualified for the playoffs. In the eliminator, they defeated the defending champions Mumbai Indians and advanced to the final, where they beat Delhi Capitals to win their maiden WPL title. Ellyse Perry won the Orange Cap (most runs) and Shreyanka Patil won the Purple Cap (most wickets) in the 2024 season.

## Performance record 
## Captaincy record 
## References
Cait Corrain review bombing controversy

In late 2023, aspiring fantasy author Cait Corrain made multiple fake accounts on Goodreads to review bomb other authors of color. Del Rey Books and agent Rebecca Podos canceled their contracts with Corrain.

## Events
On December 5, 2023, Canadian author Xiran Jay Zhao posted on Twitter, "If you as a debut author are going to make a bunch of fake Goodreads accounts one-star-bombing fellow debuts you're threatened by can you at least not make it so obvious". Xiran named the author as Cait Corrain and shared a Google Doc showing screenshots of low ratings from accounts allegedly owned by Corrain.

The fantasy novel *Crown of Starlight* was scheduled to be Cait Corrain's debut title, scheduled to be published on May 14, 2024 via Del Rey, a science fiction and fantasy imprint of Penguin Random House. As of December 12, Corrain was no longer represented by agent Rebecca Podos. Del Rey and UK publisher Daphne Press also cancelled their contracts with Corrain. Online users also commented that the list of targeted authors included people of color. Corrain later issued an apology, claiming to have "suffered a complete psychological breakdown" after "fighting a losing battle against depression, alcoholism and substance abuse". They deactivated social media and entered an "intensive psychiatric care" facility on December 12, 2023.

## Reception
The controversy was cited by industry professionals as an example of abuses on Goodreads. A February 2024 interview with *The Daily Beast* gave Corrain's side of the controversy. Corrain blamed the controversy on drug abuse, alcoholism, and ADHD medication, denying that racism played a role.

## Footnotes
## References
Archery at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Women's double National round

[[Image:TV-icon-2.svg|thumb|110px|'''1908 Highlight Film Women's Archery @ 1:43''']]

The women's double National round was one of three archery events in archery at the 1908 Summer Olympics. The competition was held on Friday, 17 July and Saturday, 18 July. One round was held each day. The weather made it hard to compete. There was a lot rain and wind on the first day and gusts of wind on the second day.

Great Britain was the only nation to enter female archers.  This meant they won all the medals. Queenie Newall, at 53 years of age, set a record for oldest female Olympic gold medal winner.

Countries were allowed 30 archers each. Twenty-five archers from Great Britain competed.

## Background
This was the second and last time the Olympics had a double National round event for women; it was previously held in 1904.

Alice Legh won 23 national championships from 1886 to 1922, but she chose not to compete in the 1908 Olympics. Among the archers who did compete, Lottie Dod was the most accomplished sportswoman, though she was best known for playing tennis. Dod had retired from tennis in 1893 and had successful careers in field hockey and golf before turning to archery in the Olympics.

## Schedule 
The double National round event was held on the first two days of the archery schedule. The men's double Yorkround was also held on those days.

## Results
After the first day, the top two archers had a lot more points than everyone else. Dod and Newall had each hit 66 targets out of 72; Dod had a small lead of 348 to 338. Newall was the best archer on day two. She had the best round of the tournament with 350. Dod's second day was much worse, however, as she scored only 294 (the sixth-best score of the day). This gave Newall the gold medal. Dod finished in second place. Hill-Lowe scored 343 on the second day; this was much better than her 275 first-day score, and it was the second-best score behind Newall. This gave her the bronze medal for third place.

## After the event
Newall was defeated by Legh by 151 points the next week at the British national championships. Newall would go on to win in 1911 and 1912.

Women's archery would not be held again at the Olympics until 1972. (Archery was not held in 1912, only men's events were held in 1920, and the sport was absent from the programme from 1924 to 1968.)

## References
## Sources
* Official Report of the Games of the IV Olympiad (1908).
* De Wael, Herman. ''Herman's Full Olympians'': "Archery 1908".  Accessed 8 April 2006. Available electronically at [http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/arc1908.html ] .
My Ordinary Life (manga)

**Nichijou** (日常), known in English as "My Ordinary Life" is a shōnen manga created by Keiichi Arawi in 2006. The manga was published by Kadokawa Shoten and it was first serialized in late 2006 on the magazine, "Monthly Shonen Ace" but went in a hiatus in 2015. It came back in 2021 and has been serializing since.

In 2011 the studio, Kyoto Animation created a anime adaptation based off it, and there is a PSP game called "Nichijou: Uchuujin"  that is also based off it.

## Premise 
The series is about the everyday lives of 3 High School girls, Yuuko Aioi (voiced by Mariko Honda in Japanese, Morgan Garrett in English), Mio Naganohara (voiced by Mai Aizawa in Japanese, Leah Clark in English) and Mai Minakami (voiced by Misuzu Togashi in Japanese and Brittany Lauda in English)

## List of volumes 
### Released worldwide 
* Nichijou (1)
* Nichijou (2)
* Nichijou (3)
* Nichijou (4)
* Nichijou (5)
* Nichijou (6)
* Nichijou (7)
* Nichijou (8)
* Nichijou (9)
* Nichijou (10)
* Nichijou (11)
* Nichijou (12)

## References
Catalan number

The **Catalan numbers** are an integer sequence. They are named for Eugène Charles Catalan, who found the relationship between these numbers and parentheses. They were previously described by Mingantu in 1731 and Leonhard Euler in 1757.

The first ten Catalan numbers are
:1, 1, 2, 5, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796... 

## Definition 
The Catalan numbers can be written in terms of the binomial coefficient:
C_{n} = \frac{1}{2n+1} \binom{2n+1}{n} = \binom{2n}{n} - \binom{2n}{n+1}
They satisfy two significant recurrence relations, starting from C_{0}=1:

C_{n+1}= \sum_{k=0}^{n} C_{k}C_{n-k} =\frac{2(2n+1)}{n+2} C_{n}
Controversies about Chinese Wikipedia

The Chinese Wikipedia is the Chinese version of Wikipedia created on May 11, 2001. Members of the Chinese diaspora edit on the site, including those from the People's Republic of China (PRC), where Wikipedia has been banned since 2015. The diversity of Chinese Wikipedia's userbase does not exist without controversies, some of which received media attention and even Wikimedia Foundation's intervention.

## Events
### 2010 administrative abuse
In April 2010, Hong Kong newspaper *Ming Pao* reported the large-scale censorship related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, and Hong Kong-related content, on the site, involving an administrator named "Shizhao". The report also mentioned the failed recall of the administrator due to vote stacking by pro-communist users. 

Pro-communist Chinese users threatened to report Hong Kong users to Hong Kong Police's national security bureau over the disputed article "2019–2020 Hong Kong protests". A Hong Kong-based user, who remained anonymous for safety, noted: 

 

The anonymous editor also stated: Suggesting possible ties to the Chinese Communist regime, Dennis said:

#### Response from Taiwanese users
After the Wikimedia Foundation took action against the WMC editors, Taiwanese users said that this was long overdue:

## Related pages
* Turkish Wikipedia
* Croatian Wikipedia

## Footnotes
## References
High Liner Foods

.]]
**High Liner Foods** is a Canadian processor and marketer of frozen seafood. Its retail branded products are sold throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico under the High Liner, Fisher Boy, Mirabel, Sea Cuisine and C. Wirthy labels, and are available in most grocery and club stores. It was founded in 1899.
List of Blue Sky Studios productions

This is a **list of productions from Blue Sky Studios**, a former American computer-animation film production company based in Greenwich, Connecticut, United States, which include feature films, shorts, specials, and television series. Blue Sky had produced 13+ feature films, which were all released by 20th Century Fox (now 20th Century Studios, then 20th Century Fox Studios). The company produced its first feature-length film, *Ice Age*, in 2002. Their second production, *Robots*, was released in 2005, followed by their first sequel, *Ice Age: The Meltdown*, in 2006.

Blue Sky Studios was one of the Fox film studios that was acquired by Disney on March 20, 2019. Blue Sky Studios' thirteenth film was *Spies in Disguise*, which was released on December 25, 2019. The studio's thirteenth production overall was the miniseries *Ice Age: Scrat Tales*.

## Feature films 
All films are co-produced with 20th Century Fox Animation; with the exceptions of *Ferdinand*, which is a co-production with Davis Entertainment, and *Spies in Disguise*, which is a co-production with Chernin Entertainment.
Expression (mathematics)

7x-5=2 describes a relation between two expressions, 7x-5 and 2.]]

In mathematics, an **expression** is a mathematical object that is not an equation or other type of formula (such as an inequality). 

## Equation versus expression 
The term "equation" is often incorrectly used to talk about expressions, especially more complex ones, but an equation must have an equals sign. For example, a quadratic function is given by an equation such as 
:f(x) = 2x^2 + 3x + 1
People will sometimes call 2x^2 + 3x + 1 the "equation" of f(x). In formal mathematics, this is incorrect: it is only a quadratic expression. Only the full statement, with f(x) =  included, is the equation of the function.

The difference between expressions and equations or formulae is similar to the difference between parts of speech and sentences in natural language. Expressions and relations combine to make a formula the same way that nouns or noun phrases and verbs make a sentence.
Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team

The '''women's team''' was an archery event that was part of Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## Results
The ranking for the women's teams was determined by adding up the scores of the three members.

### Ranking round
### Knockout stage
## References
## Sources
* Official Report
*
Jeffrey Kopstein

**Jeffrey  Stephen Kopstein** (born 1962) is an American social scientist specializing in interethnic violence and minority voting patterns, focusing on Jewish history in Europe and Russia.

## Career
Kopstein got his PhD at University of California, Berkeley in 1991, holding held various positions at University of Colorado Boulder until 2002. Kopstein then became a full professor at University of Toronto until 2015. Since then, he has served as the Chair of Political Science at University of California, Irvine.

## Research
Kopstein's recent research has focused on why Jews were massacred by the local populations in Eastern Europe in 1941, while locals in other localities did not kill Jews en masse despite Nazi encouragement. According to Kopstein, polarization within the community was necessary for a massacre to happen.

### The Holocaust in Poland
According to Kopstein, research conducted inside and outside of Poland has found that some Poles participated in the Holocaust, including the Szczuczyn pogrom in 1941. Kopstein has called the 2018 Polish amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance an attempt to censor historical facts, as those who publish findings in this regard would risk a fine or imprisonment.

## Books
## Footnotes
## References
Binomial coefficient

The **binomial coefficient** is a function of two integers n and k. It represents the number of possible ways to choose k things from n possible options, without repeating any options or caring about the order in which they are chosen. The binomial coefficient counts the number of combinations of size k exist on n objects. It is called the binomial coefficient because it occurs in binomial expansion.
Trumbauersville, Pennsylvania

**Trumbauersville** is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, 904 people live in Trumbauersville.

## References
Marcoux, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Marcoux** is a commune of 460 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France. It is close to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport.

## References
Societal collapse

**Societal collapse** is a complex human society falling apart or breaking down. That can happen because of natural disasters, environmental change, use of too many resources, complexity problems, loss of social unity, more inequality, or loss of creativity.

## Societal longevity 
The social scientist Luke Kemp studied many civilizations from 3000 BC to 600 AD. He defined a civilization as a society that has farming, several cities, a strong army in its area, and a steady government. He found that on average, civilizations last about 340 years.

Some civilizations lasted much longer:
* Kushite Kingdom in Northeastern Africa: 1,150 years.
* Aksumite Empire in East Africa: 1,100 years.
* Vedic civilization in South Asia: 1,000 years.
* Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica: 1,000 years.

Some were much shorter:
* Nanda Empire in India: only 24 years.
* Qin dynasty in China: only 14 years.

Another expert, Samuel Arbesman, studied empires by using math and complex systems. He found that collapse often happens at random times and does not depend on how old the civilization is. This idea is like the Red Queen hypothesis in biology, which says that in a tough environment, any species can go extinct at any time.

Today, people talking about collapse are looking for ways to make societies stronger by suggesting big changes to how society works, rather than just trying to fix old systems.

## Causes 
Many factors can make societies fall apart and often build on one another until they become too strong to fix:
* Natural disasters and climate change
** Long droughts likely caused the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization around 1700 B.C. 
** A huge drought about 4,200 years ago dried the Green Sahara, hurting farming and ending the Akkadian Empire.
** Volcanic eruptions can cool the climate. One in 43 B.C. may have worsened droughts and helped Roman civil wars.
** In the 1600s, the Little Ice Age caused bad weather, failed crops, famine, wars, and revolts like the Thirty Years' War, which killed many in Germany .
** Similar climate changes caused drought and collapses in North America, like the fall of the Mississippian culture and the Pueblo peoples. 

## Theories 
Experts have different ideas why societies collapse:
* Cognitive decline and loss of creativity: One idea is that people lose their ability to think and create new solutions.
* Social and environmental dynamics: Another view is that society and nature interact in ways that can damage social order over time.
* Energy return on investment: Some say collapse happens when the energy we use costs too much compared to what we get from it.
* Models of societal response: People study how societies react to stress. For example, Joseph Tainter says more technology and complexity can make problems harder to solve (the “sunk-cost” effect explained these complex investments can trap societies).
* Toynbee's theory of decay: The historian Arnold Toynbee suggested civilizations rise and fall as they fail to meet challenges.
* Systems science: Other scientists use complex systems ideas to explain why societies weaken and fall when many things go wrong together.
Les Mées

**Les Mées** is the name of two communes in France:
* Les Mées, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
* Les Mées, Sarthe
Gauteng men's cricket team

The **Gauteng** (formerly **Transvaal**) men's cricket team, based in Johannesburg, has been active since 1890. The team has first-class status, and competes in South Africa's national championship, currently known as the CSA 4-Day Series. Their home ground until March 1946 was the Old Wanderers Stadium. When that closed to be rebuilt as a railway station, Transvaal relocated to Ellis Park, the city's rugby union venue. They played there from December 1946 until February 1956. Since December 1956, the team's usual home ground has been the (New) Wanderers Stadium.

## Area
From its foundation in 1890, the team represented the whole of Transvaal, north of the Vaal River. In December 1937, the Northerns team was created to represent Northern and North Eastern Transvaal (now Limpopo), the area north of Johannesburg. Transvaal's catchment was further reduced in 1991 with the creation of the Easterns and North West teams to represent Eastern Transvaal (now Mpumalanga) and Western Transvaal (now North West Province) respectively. This meant that the Transvaal team had become representative of what is now Gauteng, the southern part of Transvaal, and it became the Gauteng team in November 1997.

## Championships
In the "provincial era" of the South African championship, from 1889–90 to 2003–04, Transvaal won the title a record 25 times (once as Gauteng), including seven between 1978–79 and 1987–88 inclusive. When the "franchise era" began, Gauteng merged with North West to form the Lions team, which won the championship three times. After the franchises were terminated by Cricket South Africa (CSA) in 2021, Gauteng retained the Lions brand (North West became the Dragons).

As the Lions, Gauteng topped the Division One table in both 2023–24 and 2024–25. They won the title in 2024, defeating Western Province by 99 runs. The 2025 final against Northerns ended in a draw, so that title was shared.

## References
Antisemitism in Spain

Jews have been living in what is today Spain since the Roman times, known in Hebrew as the *Sepharad*. Antisemitism has existed in Spain for as long as Jews have been there. followed by the 12th-century Almohad Caliphate forcing Jews to convert or be killed,

## Modern period
From 1478 to 1834, the Catholic Spanish Empire unleashed a systematic campaign of persecution of Jews, historically known as the Spanish Inquisition, due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (*conversos*) were mostly faking as Christians,

'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]]

Between 1939 and 1975, antisemitic conspiracy theories formed the main theme of Francoist propaganda, Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and certain strata of that race [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the more common false claim. Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.

## Related pages
*Lisbon massacre
*Spanish Inquisition

## References
Digi Sport (Romania)

**Digi Sport** is a Romanian sports television that was launched on 23 July 2009, available only on the Digi TV platform. It is offered as a set of sports channels, called Digi Sport 1, Digi Sport 2, Digi Sport 3 and Digi Sport 4. On 23 November 2018 Digi 4K was launched just for main events.

## Genre 
Digi Sport is one of the sports television in Romania. There are a variety of sports competitions such as football, tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball or kickboxing. Digi Sport is also one of the broadcasters of Formula 1 for Romania.

### Football 
#### Liga 1 
Digi Sport will show 270 live Liga 1 matches from 2019 to 2024. These games are played on Friday nights, Saturday and Sunday evenings and nights and Monday nights. Before the game, at half-time and after the game all Liga 1 games have dedicated programmes including Fotbal Club and Digi Sport Special presented by Radu Naum and Valentin Moraru and with special guests like Gabi Balint, Ilie Dumitrescu, Helmut Duckadam, Florin Bratu, Claudiu Niculescu or Ionel Danciulescu.

#### La Liga 
Since 2009 Digi Sport has the rights to broadcast every game in the competition. Digi Sport airs all 380 games of the La Liga season including El Clasico. The biggest games are preceded by the talk show named Fotbal European presented by George Dobre and with some special guests including Andrei Niculescu, Gabi Balint and Nana Falemi.

### Kickboxing 
#### Colosseum Tournament 
Since 2016, Digi Sport has the rights to broadcast every event in the Colosseum Tournament and its Prometheus Fighting Promotion brand.

## Summary of sports rights
### Football
* UEFA Champions League: 2018–2027
* UEFA Europa League: 2024–2027
* UEFA Conference League: 2024–2027
* Liga I: 2009–2027
* Liga II: 2011–2027
* Cupa României: 2012–2027
* Supercupa României: 2016–2027
* La Liga: 2009–2026
* Premier League: 2022–2025
* Serie A: 2009–2025
* Bundesliga: 2018–2025

### Tennis
* WTA Tour: 2017-2026
* ATP Tour: 2024-2026

### Motorsport
* MotoGP: 2020-2026

### Handball
* World Men's Handball Championship: until 2025
* World Women's Handball Championship: until 2025
* European Men's Handball Championship: until 2024
* European Women's Handball Championship: until 2024
* EHF Champions League: until 2025
* EHF European League: until 2025
* EHF European Cup: until 2025
* Women's EHF Champions League: until 2025
* Women's EHF European League: until 2025
* Women's EHF European Cup: until 2025

## References
## Other websites
* Digi Sport
Cyberchase (disambiguation)

***Cyberchase*** is an American-Canadian animated educational children's television series.

**Cyberchase** may also refer to:
* *Cyberchase: Carnival Chaos*, a 2003 computer game based on the TV series
* *Cyberchase: Castleblanca Quest*, a 2003 computer game based on the TV series
* *Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase*, a 2001 direct-to-video *Scooby-Doo* film
* *Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase* (video game), a 2001 video game based on the *Scooby-Doo* film
Jethro Tull discography

The discography for British progressive rock band Jethro Tull consists of 25 studio albums.

## Albums
### Studio albums
## References
Electrical fault

An **electrical fault** is a problem with an electronic device that causes electrical current to flow incorrectly.

The best known type of electrical fault is a short circuit, where current flows between two places where it should not. "Short circuit" is often used improperly to mean any kind of electrical fault. Short circuits and open circuits, where current does not flow between two places where it should, are the simplest types of electrical fault.

## Types of fault 
### Closed versus open 
Many electrical faults can be categorised as closed circuit faults and open circuit faults. In a closed circuit fault, current flows between parts of the circuit where it should not; in an open circuit fault, it does not flow between parts of the circuit where it should. These types of fault don't care about how much current there is, just whether it is flowing and in what direction.

The simplest open circuit fault is caused by physical damage to a conductor, like a broken wire. They can also be caused by problems in manufacturing components. The term "open circuit" is normally only used for a full disconnection: a decrease in current, such as a high resistance connection, is not an open circuit fault.

The simplest example of a closed circuit fault is a short circuit, where the two connected points are treated as having (nearly) zero electrical resistance, usually because a piece of conductor is connecting them. Another common closed circuit fault that is not a short circuit is caused by a diode exceeding its breakdown voltage.

### Transient versus persistent 
An electrical fault that can be resolved by disconnecting power from the system and then reconnecting it is called a **transient fault**. If a fault is not transient, it is **persistent**.

An example of a transient fault is caused when lightning strikes near a power line. The electromagnetic induction from the strike can disrupt power transmission, but does not physically damage the cables. Disconnecting and reconnecting the cable with circuit breakers allows transmission to resume. If the cable is instead damaged by falling debris, it creates a persistent fault which must be repaired.
Giorgio Agamben

**Giorgio Agamben** (born 22 April 1942 in Rome) is a leading Italian philosopher and political thinker. He studies how language, power, law, and human life connect. His ideas on the state of emergency, bare life, and biopolitics have influenced philosophy and politics worldwide. 

## Early life and education 
Agamben studied law and philosophy at the University of Rome La Sapienza. He earned his doctorate with a thesis on Simone Weil and took part in Heidegger's seminars on Hegel and Heraclitus. He also studied the Jewish Torah, Christian texts, and Greek and Roman law in their original languages. 

## Academic career 
Agamben has taught philosophy at universities in Macerata, Verona, and at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris. He also taught in Venice and was a visiting professor in the United States.

## Main ideas 
* Language and metaphysics: He believes language is the basis for talking about being. Every word has a deeper meaning. 
* Biopolitics and bare life (*Homo Sacer*): He expanded on the idea of biopolitics, how modern states control human life. In his book Homo Sacer, he introduced "bare life"—life stripped of rights, controlled by the state, under sovereign power. 
* State of exception: He wrote about the "state of exception", when governments remove laws in emergencies. He says modern states often use this power permanently, making people live in a legal border zone or "camp". 
* New politics: Agamben suggests we need a new politics based on community, not on state or law. He believes in moving beyond traditional ideas like sovereignty, rights, and state control, and embracing openness and shared life.

## Major works 
* *Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life* (1995/1998)
* *The Coming Community* (1990/1993)
* *Infancy and History*, *Means Without End*, *Bartleby*, and more 

## Controversies and commentary 
After 9/11, he refused to give biometric data (like fingerprints) for entry into the US, calling it biopolitical tattooing. He also criticized the use of emergency laws during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

## Influence and legacy 
Agamben has influenced many fields: philosophy, political theory, legal studies, literature, and religious studies. His work is primarily shaped by Walter Benjamin, Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, and others.

## References
Méailles

**Méailles** is a commune of 118 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## References
Thougallon

**Thougallon** (), also known as **Thougallol** (), is the formal court register of the Meitei language, historically used in the royal administration, religious ceremonies, and classical literature of the Meitei civilization in Manipur Kingdom. It is characterized by its structured syntax, ceremonial vocabulary, and use of honorific expressions. Thougallon functioned as a medium for official communication within the court and in the composition of ritual and scholarly texts, often written in the traditional Meitei Mayek script. It is distinct from the vernacular forms of Meitei spoken by the general population and reflects the stratified linguistic practices of pre-modern Meitei society.

## Etymology 
Etymologically, the Meitei language term "Thougallon" (; /tʰəu.gəl.lón/) is composed of thou (“duty” or “obligation”), gal, derived from kal (“to serve”), and lon (“language” or “speech”), collectively conveying the sense of a “language of duty and service.”

## Spread 
Thougallon, the royal register of the Meitei language, originated within the royal dynasties of Manipur. Historically, it was predominantly used by the monarchy; however, its use gradually extended beyond the royal court. This shift occurred as commoner women ascended to positions as queens or palace attendants, and princesses married men from non-royal families, facilitating increased social interaction and cultural exchange between the royalty and commoners.

## Vocabulary 
### For the kings exclusively 
## Gallery 

File:Classical Meetei Mayek & Eastern Nagari (Bengali script) transliteration of the word "Thougallol", which is a royal court register of Meitei language (alias Manipuri language).jpg
File:Classical Meitei Mayek transliteration of "Thougallol".jpg

## Related pages 
* Ancient Meitei literature
* Ancient Khuman language
* Ancient Moirang language
* Ancient Meitei hymns
* Meitei ritual songs
* Meitei literature
* Meitei proverbs
* Meitei profanity
* Meitei grammar

## References
Logan Cup

The **Logan Cup** is the prize for winning the national first-class cricket championship of Zimbabwe.

## Origin
In the 1898–99 season, an English cricket team visited Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) for the first time. Led by Lord Hawke, they played two matches in Bulawayo. Accompanying them by rail from Kimberley was businessman James Douglas Logan, who was a prominent figure in South African cricket.

Logan wanted to commemorate the visit by Hawke's team, and proposed the purchase of a suitable trophy to encourage cricket in Rhodesia. Hawke agreed to buy one at Logan's expense when he returned to England. He found one which cost 100 guineas, and had it delivered to Logan. The trophy is 2 feet 6 inches tall and made of solid silver. It is inscribed with:

## References
Richard C. Lukas

**Richard Conrad Lukas** (born August 29, 1937) is an American historian interested in military, diplomatic, Polish, and Polish-American history. Some of his books cover the Holocaust in Poland.

 of author and historian, Richard C. Lukas.]]

## Early life
Lukas was born on August 29, 1937, in Lynn, Massachusetts, to a Polish-American family. of Pelagia Lukaszewski (née Kapuscinski) and her husband, Franciszek Lukaszewski.

## Career
After receiving a BA in 1957, He was awarded an MA in 1960

Lukas worked at Tennessee Technological University for 26 years from 1963, first as an assistant professor until 1966, then associate professor until 1969,

## Controversies
### Disputes with Jewish groups
In 1996, Lukas made a legal threat towards the American Jewish group Anti-Defamation League (ADL), when it tried to withdraw the Janusz Korczak Literary Award from one of his books that "borders on antisemitism". Lukas is popular among Polish Catholics, but not highly regarded among Holocaust scholars. The ADL noted: In his 1986 book *The Forgotten Holocaust*, Lukas claimed that a "separate Holocaust against ethnic Poles" had happened. David Engel, a Holocaust historian, wrote a 30-page article in the journal *Slavic Review* to criticize him, pointing out that Lukas invented facts, ignored archival sources, and failed to assess secondary sources. Historian Jan Grabowski also criticized Lukas' views on the Holocaust:

## Related pages
* Jan Żaryn
* David Irving
* Louis Farrakhan
* Polish Memory Law
* Marek Jan Chodakiewicz

## Footnotes
## References
Hemtou Iwanthaba

**Meidingu Hemtou Iwanthaba** or mononymously **Iwanthaba** () was a king of the Ningthouja dynasty of Medieval Manipur who ruled from 1162 CE to 1194 CE. He became the king after he banished his elder brother Atom Yoiremba for trying to introduce primogeniture in the kingdom. 

During his reign, the Queen of the Khumans was killed, so all the Khumans were angry and attacked the Meitei kingdom but were defeated. In the battle, about thirty people were captured by the Meiteis with some who fled their homes and some who were killed.

## References
Loitongba

**Meidingu Loitongba** () was a Meitei king of the Ningthouja dynasty of Medieval Manipur from 1122 CE to 1149 CE. He succeeded his father Loiyumba in 1122 CE.  He was inside his mother's womb when his father ascended the throne in 1073 CE. while others say that he was a talented player who popularised the game at his period.

## References