open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Max and Moritz

**Max and Moritz** (German: **Max und Moritz**) are two naughty little boys in a story by Wilhelm Busch.  The stories were written in 1865 and are still extremely popular in Germany.

Wilhelm Busch was an artist as well as a writer.  He wrote a lot of stories in rhyme and made drawings to go with them.  *Max and Moritz* are stories like these.  The two boys get up to lots of naughty pranks.  There are seven stories (seven pranks).  In the final prank they are caught and come to a sad end.  In the 19th century writers had to show that bad behaviour would be punished in the end.  The seven stories are stories with a moral.

## The seven stories 
In the first story the boys tie pieces of bread onto pieces of string and put it down where an old woman, Widow Bolte, keeps her hens.  The hens each try to swallow a piece of bread, which sticks in their throats and they end up hanging in the tree and die.

In the second story Widow Bolte, who is still crying, decides she might as well roast the hens.  The boys take fishing rods, climb onto the roof and pull the frying chickens up with their rods.  Widow Bolte finds the chickens gone, thinks her little dog has eaten them, and gives the poor dog a beating.

 of Max and Moritz playing leapfrog]]
In the third story they take a saw and make a hole in the tiny wooden bridge outside the tailor’s house.  They shout at the tailor, calling him names.  He is furious and comes running out, the bridge breaks and he falls into the stream.  Two flying geese save him.  He has a terrible tummy ache but his wife puts a hot iron on his tummy and he feels better.

In the fourth story the boys put gunpowder in the pipe of the schoolmaster while he is in church.  When he lights his pipe there is an explosion.

In the fifth story the boys collect beetles and put them under the mattress in their uncle’s bed.  In the middle of the night, when the uncle is asleep, the beetles creep up on him.  He wakes up and fights with them until he has killed them all.

In the sixth story the boys try to steal some pretzels (German rolls) from the bakery, but they fall into the tub of dough.  The baker comes in and finds them.  He bakes them in the oven, but when they are taken out they eat their way through the dough and escape.

In the seventh story the boys cut a hole in the farmer’s sacks.  When the miller picks one of these sacks up he realizes the grain is spilling.  He sees the boys, puts them in the sack and takes them to the mill, where the miller grinds them into corn and feeds them to his ducks.
Pelagic zone

The **pelagic zone** is the open sea or ocean that is not near the coast. The name comes from the Greek πέλαγος (*pélagos*), which might be translated as "open sea".

To make this clear, seas around continents have continental crust beneath them. They are shallow. Seas away from continents can be very deep, and do not have continental shelves beneath them.  

## Sub-zones 
The pelagic (or open ocean) zone is divided into a number of sub-zones:

* **Epipelagic** (surface to 200m): the illuminated surface zone where there is enough light for photosynthesis. Because of this, plankton, and the food chain which feeds on it, are in this zone. The top predators are fish such as tuna and many sharks.
* **Mesopelagic** (from 200m to 1000m): the twilight zone.  Although some light penetrates this deep, it is insufficient for photosynthesis. The name comes from Greek μέσον, *middle*. 
* **Bathyal zone** (from 1000m to 4000m): by this depth the ocean is almost entirely dark (with only the occasional bioluminescent organism). There are no living plants, and most animals survive by consuming the snow of detritus falling from the zones above, or (like the marine hatchetfish) by preying upon others. Giant squid live at this depth, and here they are hunted by deep-diving sperm whales. From Greek βαθύς (bathys), *deep*.
* **Abyssal zone** (from 4000m to the ocean floor): no light penetrates to this depth, and some creatures are blind and colourless. Bioluminescence also occurs in this zone. 
* **Hadal zone** (the deep water in ocean trenches) – the name comes from *Hades*, the classical Greek underworld. This zone is less well known. Very few species live in the open areas, but many organisms live in hydrothermal vents.

The last three zones are similar in character, and some marine biologists count them as a single zone or consider the latter two to be the one zone. Some define the hadopelagic as waters below 6000 meters, whether in a trench or not.

## Other features of the deep ocean 
*Seamounts
*Ocean ridges

## Other websites 
* The Deep Sea pages at Oceanlink
Ahmed Jibril

**Ahmed Jibril** (1938 &ndash; July 7, 2021) was the founder and co-leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He founded it in 1968. His son Jihad Ahmed Jibril was to take over, but was killed by a car bomb in Beirut in 2002.

## References
Jihad Ahmed Jibril

**Mohammed Jihad Ahmed Jibril** (March 3, 1961 in Damascus - May 20, 2002 in Beirut) was the son of Ahmed Jibril, founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He was killed by a car bomb. He was assassinated on May 20, 2002. 

Jihad Ahmed Jibril was the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC and was the heir apparent of the organization before he was killed in a car bombing in Beirut in 2002. The assassination was blamed on Israel, although Jibril had many other enemies, including the Lebanese Christian militia and other Palestinian nationalist organizations.  

Ahmed Jibril was co-leader of the militant Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. Israeli radio reports said that the son, Jihad Ahmed Jibril, was involved in smuggling arms and explosives to Palestinian militants in the West Bank and Gaza Strip but there was no evidence to directly link him with terrorist attacks.

Ahmed Jibril accused the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, of responsibility for the killing, but a spokesman for Defense Minister Benjamin Ben-Eliezer said Israel was not involved.

In mid-June 2006, Lebanon authorities arrested a group of alleged spies who reportedly confessed to working for Israel and carrying out the attacks.
Acts of the Apostles

surrounded by his Apostles]]
The **Acts of the Apostles** (Greek *Praxeis Apostolon*) is a book of the Bible, which now is the fifth in the New Testament. It is often simply called **Acts**.

Acts tells the story of the Early Christian church, with particular interest for the ministry of the Twelve Apostles and of Paul of Tarsus. The early chapters in Jerusalem, report Jesus's Resurrection, his Ascension, the Day of Pentecost, and the start of the Twelve Apostles' ministry. The later chapters report Paul's conversion, his ministry, and finally his arrest and imprisonment and trip to Rome.
 
Most people think that the author of Acts also wrote the Gospel of Luke, as Acts 1:1 refers to 'the former treatise have I made, Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach'. The traditional view is that both the two books were written *c.* 60 by a companion of Paul named Luke. Many theologians still think so. But some think the books were written by an unknown author at a later date, sometime between 80 and 150. 

## References
## Other websites 
* *Bible Gateway 35 languages/50 versionsy* at GospelCom.net
* Dating Acts 
* *Unbound Bible 100+ languages/versions* at Biola University
* *Online Bible* at gospelhall.org
* *Book of Acts* at Bible Gateway
* Acts from the Biblical Resource Database 
* The Apostle Paul's Shipwreck: An Historical Investigation of Acts 27 and 28 
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Acts of the Apostles
* Encyclopedia Britannica: Acts of the Apostles
* Jewish Encyclopedia: New Testament - The Acts of the Apostles
* Tertullian.org: The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923) J. M. WILSON, D.D.
Firebreak

cutting a firebreak in advance of a forest fire in South Carolina, United States]]A **firebreak** is a way to fight wildfires by allowing no vegetation or other material that can burn. That makes it hard for a fire to jump across the break. Therefore, the spread of a possible fire is delayed., Montana, United States, in the summer of 2003.|none]]
Slum

, India]]

A **slum** is a part of a city or a town where many poor people live. It is a place where people may not have basic needs, such as running water, electricity, toilets, telephones, etc. Some of these people may also have social disadvantages, such as unemployment, no access to education, no access to health care, no municipal services, etc. There are slums in most of the big cities of developing countries and least developed countries (which are also labelled as the "Third World"). They may not be called *slum*, however; see shanty town.

## Victorian London
Charles Dickens was a great author of Victorian London. His account of the St Giles **rookery** was:
:"Wretched houses with broken windows patched with rags and paper; every room let out to a different family, and in many instances to two or even three – fruit and ‘sweetstuff’ manufacturers in the cellars, barbers and red-herring vendors in the front parlours, cobblers in the back; a bird-fancier in the first floor, three families on the second, starvation in the attics, Irishmen in the passage, a ‘musician’ in the front kitchen, a charwoman and five hungry children in the back one – filth everywhere – a gutter before the houses, and a drain behind – clothes drying, and slops emptying from the windows; (…) men and women, in every variety of scanty and dirty apparel, lounging, scolding, drinking, smoking, squabbling, fighting, and swearing".

Dickens, *Sketches by Boz*, 1839.

## Sources 
*Mike Davis, Planet of Slums, 2006
*Elizabeth Blum/ Peter Neitzke Favela Metropolis 2004

## Other websites 
* http://skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=131517
*South Africa slum dwellers' movement 
*Slums of Victorian London 
*Slums of New Delhi, India
*Every third person will be a slum dweller within 30 years, UN agency warns; John Vidal; The Guardian; October 4, 2003.
*Mute Magazine Vol 2#3, Naked Cities - Struggle in the Global Slums
Layyah

**Layyah** is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan and is the capital of Layyah District. Layyah gets its name from the wild short shrub commonly known as Layyan. Layyah is located between the rivers Indus and Chenab in central Pakistan.  

## Other websites 
*Map of Layyah
Leo III

**Leo III** (or the Greek form **Leon III**) refers to:
* Leo III the Isaurian (c. 680), Byzantine emperor (717 - June 18, 741).
* Pope Leo III, 795-816
* King Leo III of Armenia 
* Leo III or Leo A a type IBm V irregular galaxy in the constellation Leo
Pope Leo III

**Leo III** (died 12 June 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. He is famous for the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor in 800.

## Early life
Leo was born in Rome.

## Pope
Leo reported his election to Charlemagne, sent him the keys of Saint Peter's tomb and the banner of Rome. Charlemagne replied that it was his function to defend the church and the Pope's to pray for the kingdom and for victory of the army.

Charlemagne went to Rome in November 800, and on December 1 held a council there with representatives of both sides. Leo, on December 23, took an oath of purgation concerning the charges brought against him, and his opponents were exiled. Two days later Leo crowned Charlemagne at St. Peter's tomb. Charlemagne did intervene in church affairs, not always successfully.

The reasons for the coronation, the involvement beforehand of the Frankish court, and the relationship to the Byzantine Empire are all matters of debate among historians. 

## Related pages
* List of popes

## Other websites 
* Translation of Einhard's *Life of Charlemagne* (c. 817-830, translated in 1880)
Arendal

**Arendal** is a city and municipality in the county of Agder, Norway. It is the administrative center of Aust-Agder county, and belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet. The municipality is bordered in the southwest by Grimstad, in the northwest by Froland, and in the northeast by Tvedestrand municipalities.

## The name 
The Norse form of the name was probably "*Arnardalr*". The first element is then the genitive case of "orn" m 'eagle', the last element is "dalr" m 'valley, dale'.

## Administration
The mayor, Robert Cornels Nordli, is elected until late 2027.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Arendal Kommune official website
* Arendal official tourist information
S.S. Lazio

**S.S. Lazio** is an Italian football club based in Formello (Via di Santa Cornelia 1000, Rome) in Serie A. 

They play in light blue shirts, white shorts and socks. The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region where Rome is. The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders.

## League title 
* Serie A : 2
** 1973/74, 1999/00
* Serie B : 1
** 1968/69
* Coppa Italia : 7
** 1958, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2009, 2013, 2019
* Supercoppa Italiana : 5
** 1998, 2000, 2009, 2017, 2019
* Cup Winners' Cup : 1
** 1999
* UEFA Super Cup : 1
** 1999
* Coppa delle Alpi : 1
** 1971

## League position 
### Former position 
## Other websites 
* SS Lazio
* Serie A
Satire

]]

**Satire** is a form in art or writing which ridicules either a person, government, or an institution, often through the use of humour. Satire can either be in paintings, plays, books, songs, TV or movies. It also is used to stereotype people.

Satire was used long ago. It is a Latin word, though the plays of Aristophanes are often called satirical. Satire was widely known in Elizabethan times. Swift used it in his book ''Gulliver's Travels* to make fun of people’s stupidity. Works like *The Beggar’s Opera* (1728) used satire to show how silly the politicians of the time were. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht used a lot of satire, as did Peter Cook. Jon Stewart and other comedians use it frequently. A modern example of satire is the American cartoon *South Park''.

Satire often points out ironic or bad things that powerful people are doing. Its adjective is **satirical**.

## Related pages
*Black comedy
*Caricature
*Cartoon
*Humour
*Irony
*Parody

## Other websites
*MAD Magazine
*The Onion
Iron Cross

The **Iron Cross** was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime. The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia. It was first given out on 10 March 1813. The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War. This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.

The medal is only given in wartime, so no Iron Crosses have been given out since the end of the Second World War in 1945.

## Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 
During the Second World War an extra type of Iron Cross medal was given. It was the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was given for acts of extreme battlefield bravery or successful leadership. The Knight's Cross was divided into five grades:

# Knight's Cross
# Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
# Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
# Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
# Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
Manowar

**Manowar** is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York, which formed in 1980.

## Members 
* Eric Adams - vocal
* Joey DeMaio - bass guitar / guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
* Karl Logan - guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
* Scott Columbus - drums and percussion
 
## Albums 
* *Battle Hymns* (1982)
* *Into Glory Ride* (1983)
* *Hail To England* (1984)
* *Sign Of The Hammer* (1984)
* *Fighting The World* (1987)
* *Kings Of Metal* (1988)
* *The Triumph Of Steel* (1992)
* *Louder Than Hell* (1996)
* *Hell On Wheels* (Live, 1997)
* *Hell On Stage* (Live, 1999)
* *Warriors Of The World* (2002)
* *Gods Of War* (2007)
* *Battle Hymns MMXI* (2010)
* *The Lord of Steel* (2012)
* *Kings of Metal MMXIV* (2014)
* *Into Glory Ride Imperial Edition MMXIX* (2019)
* *Hail To England Imperial Edition MMXIX* (2019)

## Other websites 
* Official Manowar Website
Power series

In mathematics, a **power series** (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form

:f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n \left( x-c \right)^n = a_0 + a_1 (x-c) + a_2 (x-c)^2 + a_3 (x-c)^3 + \cdots
where *an* represents the coefficient of the nth term, *c* is a constant, and *x* varies around *c* (for this reason one sometimes speaks of the series as being *centered* at *c*). This series usually appears as the Taylor series of some known function; the Taylor series article contains many examples.

In many situations *c* is equal to zero, for example when considering a Maclaurin series.  
In those cases, the power series takes the simpler form
::
f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n = a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + a_3 x^3 + \cdots.

These power series appear primarily in analysis, but also appear in combinatorics (under the name of generating functions) and in electrical engineering (under the name of the Z-transform).  The familiar decimal notation for integers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, but with the argument *x* fixed at 10.  In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series.
Ironing

**Ironing** means getting the creases out of clothes after they have been washed and dried.  Ironing is done with a tool called an "iron".  It is called an iron because in past centuries it was made of iron, a type of metal.  The iron is heated before it is used.  This used to be done by putting the iron on a fire. Nowadays electricity is used to warm the iron.  The user can put water inside, which becomes steam. 

Ironing clothes is usually easiest when the clothes are still very slightly damp, but it depends on the material of the clothes.  There is normally a label on the clothes which shows whether it can be ironed, and at what temperature. Ironing is usually done with a padded ironing board. The clothes to be ironed are put on the ironing board and the iron is pushed carefully along the cloth to get all the wrinkles out.
Vålerenga Fotball

**Vålerenga Fotball** is a Norwegian football club from Oslo. It was founded in 1913. During the 2024-season, they are playing at the second level. During the 2025-season, they are scheduled to play at the top level (in Norway), according to media.

They are named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga. They finished as runners-up in the 2010 Norwegian Premier League, the last time they won was in 2005. Vålerenga's home ground is Ullevaal Stadion, the national stadium for Norway.

## Earlier squad 
*As of January 15th 2010*

 

 

### Out on loan 
## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* VPN (Vålerenga På Nett)
* Klanen, the Vålerenga fan club
Volga

The **Volga** is the longest river in Europe. In Russian it is called Волга, in the Tatar language its name is İdel. 

Many people see it as the national river of Russia. It flows through the western part of the country. It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,530 kilometres, and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe. 

It rises in the Valdai Hills of Russia, 225m above sea level north-west of Moscow. The Kama, Oka, Vetluga and the Sura are its main tributaries. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres. It includes 
555 channels and small streams. It is the largest estuary in Europe. It is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingoes, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year. Some of the biggest reservoirs in the world can be found along the river. The Volga is in the Volga region.

Image:Rzhev.jpg|Rzev is the first town on the banks of the Volga. Photo from the early 20th century
Image:Volga Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg|The Volga, near Ulyanovsk
Image:Russia.A2003147.0750.721.500m.jpg|Satellite image of the Volga
Image:Russia River Volga.jpg|Volga in Yaroslavl

## References 
## Other websites
Oi!

**Oi!** is a type of punk rock that was started in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The people that started it wanted to connect punk with a working class street-level following.

Punk rock began to become popular in the 1970s. Some perceived that it was becoming more and more commercialised. This was the kind of thing that punks were against. Oi! began partly as a response to this perception. It was also partly a response to stereotyping that others made about punks. One stereotype was that many people in the early punk rock scene were young people using big words and trying to be artistic, but failing.

Early Oi! bands such as Sham 69 were around for years before the word *Oi!* was used to describe their style of music. The word was first used as a name for the new genre in 1980, by journalist Garry Bushell. He took the name from the way the Cockney Rejects used "Oi!" during live shows to introduce their songs. "Oi! Oi! Oi!" was the title of the third track on their second album. The word is an old Cockney expression, meaning "hey" or "hello". Other bands that were labelled as Oi! bands in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts, The 4-Skins, The Business, Blitz, The Blood, and Combat 84. More recent punk bands such as Rancid and Dropkick Murphys have credited Oi! as a source of inspiration.

## References 
## Other websites 
**OiOiMusic*.com Weekly updated site with interviews and reviews
*Punk and Oi! in the UK  includes interviews and news about Oi! bands
Brothers Grimm

. done in 1855.]]
The **Brothers Grimm** (German: *Die Brüder Grimm*, also *Gebrüder Grimm*) were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folktales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.

The Grimm brothers both became linguists. They are the inventors of German philology. They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.

They also wrote fairy tales, and collected the tales which people told them. They published a collection of fairy tales known as ''Grimms' Fairy Tales* (*Grimms Märchen'').

## Other websites 
* The Museum of the Brothers Grimm in Kassel, Germany 

### Texts and recordings 
* Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm, translated by Margaret Hunt  (This site is the only one to feature all of the Grimms' notes translated in English along with the tales from Hunt's original edition. Andrew Lang's introduction is also included.)
* 
* . Translated by Margaret Hunt.
* Brothers Grimm - Fairy Tales  Audiobooks
* Recording of 63 Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm at LibriVox.org
Heavy metal

**Heavy metal** may mean:
*Heavy metals, chemical elements within a particular range of atomic weights
*Heavy metal music, a style of music
**Heavy Metal* (magazine), an American fantasy magazine based on the French magazine *Métal Hurlant*
**Heavy Metal* (movie), a 1981 animated movie based on the magazine, or its sequel *Heavy Metal 2000*
**Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.²*, a 2000 computer game for Mac and PC by Gathering of Developers
*"Heavy Metal", a 1978 song by Sammy Hagar, best known for being used for the 1981 movie of the same name
*"Heavy Metal", a song by Judas Priest from *Ram It Down*
*HeavyMetal, software for *BattleTech*
Central European Summer Time

**Central European Summer Time** (**CEST**, UTC+02:00) (sometimes called **Central European Daylight Time**) is the name for a time zone. It is a daylight saving time. Some of the countries that have Central European Time shift their clocks forward one hour, during the summer months and shift it one hour backwards during winter months.

A research station called Troll in Antarctica uses this time zone in the winter, but uses Greenwich Mean Time in the summer.

The part of Europe using this time zone has had many changes from Central European Summer Time. It is because the Sun is not matching with the time in their areas. They have also stopped using the timezone multiple times.

## Where it is used
The following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time:
* Albania, since 1974
* Andorra, since 1985
* Austria, since 1980
* Belgium, since 1980
* Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Croatia, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Czech Republic, since 1979 when part of Czechoslovakia
* Denmark (metropolitan), since 1980
* France (metropolitan), since 1976
* Germany, since 1980
* Gibraltar, since 1982
* Hungary, since 1980
* Italy, since 1968
* Kosovo, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Liechtenstein, since 1981
* Luxembourg, since 1981
* Malta, since 1974
* Monaco, since 1976
* Montenegro, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Netherlands, since 1977
* North Macedonia, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Norway, since 1980
* Poland, since 1977
* San Marino, since 1966
* Serbia, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Slovakia, since 1979 when part of Czechoslovakia
* Slovenia, since 1983 when part of Yugoslavia
* Spain, since 1974 (except Canary Islands, which instead apply Western European Summer Time)
* Sweden, since 1980
* Switzerland, since 1981
* Vatican City, since 1966

The following countries have also used Central European Summer Time in the past:
* Libya, 1951&ndash;1959, 1982&ndash;1989, 1996&ndash;1997, 2012&ndash;2013
* Lithuania, 1998&ndash;1999
* Portugal, 1993&ndash;1995
* Tunisia, 2005&ndash;2008

## References
Equality

**Equality** can mean several things:

In **sciences**:
* Equality (mathematics)
* Equality (objects)

In **humanities**:
* Egalitarianism, the belief that all/some people ought to be treated equally 
* Equality of opportunity
* Discrimination
* Racial equality
* Sexual equality
* Social equality

**People and places**:
* Equality, Illinois

## Related pages
* Equals sign (=)
* Social inequality
Ministry

The term **ministry** could mean:

*Ministry (government department), a department of a government
*Ministry (collective executive) (often *the* Ministry), the complete body of government ministers (whether or not they are in cabinet) under the leadership of a prime minister
**The Ministry, also known as the Aireacht, the cabinet of the government established by the revolutionary Irish Republic of 1919-1922
*Religious ministry, a type of activity conducted by members of various faiths
*Ministry (band), an American industrial metal band
*Ministry of Sound, a well known nightclub in London, sometimes referred to as the **Ministry**
*Ministry of Darkness, a professional wrestling faction in the WWE
**Ministry* (magazine), a magazine for pastors published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church

## Related pages
*Minister
Equality (mathematics)

In mathematics, two things are **equal** if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this. This defines a binary relation, **equality**. The statement "*x* = *y*" means that *x* and *y* are equal.

Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation. In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols \sim or \equiv.

A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality). Equations are equal. Inequalities are unequal.

An equality is also a transitive relation. This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.

Since a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not *equal* as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.

In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent. They are called *similar* instead. The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol \cong, while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol \sim.

In computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written *==* (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as *=*, or *:=*). In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and *a == b* will be false in this case.

For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called *equals*). This operator compares the actual values of the objects—not where the variables that reference them point to.

In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. For example. two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.

## Related pages
*Equals sign
*Equation
*Inequality
*Logical equality
*Congruence

## References
Ministry (government department)

:*For other meanings of the term *ministry*, see Ministry.*

A **ministry** is a department of a government, led by a political minister. 
Ministries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor.  A government will usually have several ministries, each with a specialised field of service.  National ministries vary greatly between countries, but some common ones include Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and  Ministry of Health.

Some countries such as Switzerland, the Philippines and the United States do not use the term "ministry" for their government departments, and instead simply call them s.  In Hong Kong the term "bureau" is used.

In Canada, some provincial-level government departments are called "ministries" (such as in Ontario and British Columbia) but most are called "departments."  Their heads are referred to as "ministers" in both levels of government, however.

## Related pages
* Cabinet
Placebo (disambiguation)

**Placebo** may mean:
* Placebo, a treatment without intrinsic therapeutic value, but administered as if it were a therapy
* Placebo (band), an alternative rock band
** *Placebo* (album), the band's self-titled debut album
* Placebo (at funeral) (*obsolete usage*), someone who falsely claims a connection to the deceased to get a share of the funeral meal
* Observer bias, particularly in audio circles
* And see Placebo effect (disambiguation).
Placebo effect (disambiguation)

**Placebo effect** may refer to:
* The placebo effect, the tendency of any pain relief medication  or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work.
* *Placebo Effect*, an original novel written by Gary Russell and based on the long-running British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*.
Religious ministry

**Ministry**, in Christianity, is the activity that is done by members of the church to serve the purposes of the church. 

It can mean this activity as a whole, or specific activities, or organizations in a church that perform specific activities. 

## Age-specific Ministry 
As churches attempt to meet the needs of their congregations, they often separate their members into groups according to age categories. Age-specific groups meet for religious study including Sunday school programs, fellowship, and other activities. These age divisions may include:
*Nursery
*Pre-school
*Children, generally elementary age students
*Youth, generally middle and high school students
*College and career, designed for university-age students
*Adults, which is often broken up into single adults, couples ministry, men's and women's ministries, and senior adults.

Nearly all churches have some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band. 

## Service and outreach
Many churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions. There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention.

## Related pages
*Christianity
*Sermon
Blender

:*This article is about the kitchen appliance. For the 3D computer graphics program, see Blender (program)*

A **blender** is an electric kitchen appliance used for making drinks, mixing liquids, and puréeing (chopping up into small bits) fruits and vegetables for sauces and soups. 

## Parts of a blender
A blender consists of a glass or plastic container with a mounted blade in the bottom, and a base that has an electric motor and switches to turn on the motor or change its speed.
Blenders are used to make milk shakes (a blend of ice cream and milk) and fruit smoothies (a mix of fruit and ice). 

## Food made with blenders
Blenders are also used to make cold alcoholic drinks that include crushed ice or ice cream, such as margaritas and Mississippi Mudslide drinks.
Square foot gardening

**Square foot gardening** is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981. It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil. It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work. In this method, the garden space is divided into *beds*, separated by paths. Each bed measures 4' × 4' ( × ), therefore covering an area of  (). These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot ( per side, ). A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares. A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares. Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots. All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways. This stops the soil from being compacted.

## Benefits of square foot gardening 
* Less work. In traditional gardening methods, heavy tools are used to loosen the soil. In this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose. Weeding takes much less time.
* Water savings. The loose ground holds the water better. This type of garden needs water less often than other methods. Also, water is poured by hand near the plant roots. Less water is wasted.
* Very little weeding. The vegetables form a living mulch and shade out many weeds before they can start to grow.
* Pesticides or herbicides are not needed. Natural ways to keep insects away, like companion planting, work well in a tight space. Growing many different types of plants in a small area also makes it more difficult for plant diseases to spread.

## Other websites 
* Website of the *Square Foot Gardening Foundation*, founded to promote the method.
* Journey To Forever, a resource for beginners.
* Square Foot Garden Planting Chart, planting guide for beginners
Drinking straw

A **drinking straw** (or "straw") is a utensil used to consume cold drinks such as milk shakes, smoothies, cola, and fruit juice. Drinking straws are usually made from plastic that is formed into a tube. To use a drinking straw, a person places the straw in a glass that contains a liquid and then sucks the straw with their mouth. Straws are mainly plastic, but some straws are paper or cardboard to protect the environment.

The oldest straw found is over 5000 years old. Straws have been found in Sumerian temples made of gold and lapis lazuli. The straws popularity came in the 1800s during the industrial revolution. Those straws were made of paper and turned to mush quickly. An inventor named Joseph Friedman invented a straw made of paper coated in glue so that it did not dissolve.

## References
Whole-tone scale

In music, a **whole tone scale** is a scale in which each note is separated from the next one by an interval of a whole tone.  There is always one note (a semitone) in between each neighbouring pair of notes of the whole-tone scale. Whatever note is started on, the whole tone scale will contain one of the following sets of notes: 
* C, D, E, F#, G#, A#
* or

* C#, D#, F, G, A, B

When a whole-tone scale is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a "dreamy" sound. It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along.  It also sounds very good on a harp.

Debussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so. Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera *Ruslan and Ludmila* and Borodin in *Prince Igor* used the whole-tone scale.

Later composers to use it include Alban Berg in his *Violin Concerto*, and Béla Bartók in 
his *String Quartet No. 5*.  It has also been used in jazz.
Major scale

In music theory, the **major scale** or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven separate notes, plus an eighth which is the same as the first an octave higher. In solfege these notes correspond to the syllables "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti/Si, Do". The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major, the only major scale not to require sharps or flats, using only the white keys on the piano keyboard:

## Shape
A major scale is a set of steps in the order "Whole:Whole:Half:Whole:Whole:Whole:Half" (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone). Western scales do not skip any line or space on the staff, and they do not repeat any note  with a different accidental. This means that the key signature of the scale will feature just sharps *or* just flats.

### Names of scale degrees
*1st – Tonic- key note
*2nd – Supertonic
*3rd – Mediant
*4th – Subdominant
*5th – Dominant
*6th – Submediant
*7th – Leading Tone
*8th – Tonic ( or Octave)

### The circle of fifths 
The Circle of Fifths was first described in 1728 by Johann David Heinichen in his book *Der General-bass*. It has been used ever since as a way to show the relations between scales.

The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circle depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, which is six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys (Drabkin 2001). Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major and C major) that are more easy to spell with five flats or sharps (as D major or B  major).

## Harmonic properties 
The major scale is used more often than the minor scale in Western music because of its unique harmonic properties. For example, the major third is much stronger in the harmonic series (it is the 5th, 10th and 20th harmonic – see below) than the minor third (the 19th harmonic).

## Related pages
*Minor scale
*Enharmonic
*Equal temperament
*Just intonation
*Lydian mode
*Major and minor
*Music theory
*Tetrachord

## References 
*Bower, Michael. 2007. "All about Key Signatures ". Modesto, CA: Capistrano School (K–12) website. (Accessed 17 March 2010)
*Drabkin, William. 2001. "Circle of Fifths". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
*Jones, George Thaddeus. 1974. *Music Theory: The Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony*. Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Barnes & Noble. 
* Kennedy, Michael. 1994. "Key-Signature". *Oxford Dictionary of Music*, second edition, associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. .

## Other websites 
* Proper fingering of the major and minor scales on the piano
* Listen to and download harmonised Major scale piano MP3s
* The major and pentatonic scales on the guitar  in several positions
* The major scale for guitar  in one position, with derivation

*A-sharp major
Pentatonic scale

In music, a **pentatonic scale** is a scale with five notes in each octave. Pentatonic scales are very common and are found in folk music from all over the world.

Any scale using five notes is "pentatonic" ("penta" is Greek for "five"). However, the pentatonic scale which is used in most Western music uses notes which do not have any semitones. A pentatonic scale starting on C will use the notes C,D,E,G,A (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th notes of a major scale).. An easy way to find such a pentatonic scale is by using all the black notes of a keyboard.

Using the pentatonic scale is a good way for children to make up their own tunes. It does not matter too much which note is used for the start and the finish, because there is no feeling of a clear key. The notes always sound good when played together.

Many folk songs are pentatonic, or nearly pentatonic. Well-known songs such as "Land of the Silver Birch" or "Auld Lang Syne" are pentatonic tunes.

Classical composers have sometimes used pentatonic scales, especially Claude Debussy. His piano piece *La fille aux cheveux de lin* has a tune which is pentatonic except for one note. Maurice Ravel used it to write music which sounded Chinese, and in his *Mother Goose* suite (''Ma Mère l'Oye*) which sounds like a fairy tale.

The pentatonic scales used in Indonesian gamelan music are called *slendro* and *pelog''.

pentatonic song:
sing out your melody
sing out your song
sing a pentatonic scale
starting on lah
lah
doh
ray
meh
soh
lah!

Difficult words: Octave - An **octave** is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

Folk music - **Folk music** includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music.

Semitones - A **semitone**, also called a **half step** or a **half tone**, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically. It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (e.g. from C to C♯). This implies that its size is exactly or approximately equal to 100 cents, a twelfth of an octave.

Major scale - The **major scale** or **Ionian scale** is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note (from Latin "octavus", the eighth).
Budding

with two buds]]
**Budding** is a method of asexual reproduction. With budding, a new organism grows on another one. It stays attached, while it grows. Only when it is fully grown does it detach from the parent organism. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. This method (asexual reproduction) is done in favourable conditions

Budding is very common in plants and fungi. For example, in yeast budding, small buds are produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which eventually gets separated and mature into new yeast organisms. Sometimes it can also be found with animals, for example with hydras or sponges.

## References
Binary fission

**Binary fission** ("division in half") is a kind of asexual reproduction.  It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the *Amoeba* and the *Paramoecium*. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.

In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two pools. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is replicated, then equally split. The daughter cells are genetically identical (unless a mutation occurs during replication).

During binary fission, the DNA molecule divides and forms two DNA molecules. The cell then grows to create room for each molecule to move towards the opposite side of the bacterium. At the same time, the cell membrane divides to form 2 daughter cells. After division, the new cells grow and the process repeats itself.

Binary fission occurs in eukaryotic tissue cells, but the process is more complicated: see mitosis.      

Basically, a cell copies its DNA, and then splits down the middle, creating two daughter cells.

## References
Charisma Carpenter

**Charisma Lee Carpenter** (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character Cordelia Chase in the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and its spin-off *Angel*.

## Personal life 
Carpenter was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. At 15, her family moved to Rosarito B.C., Mexico. Later, they moved to Chula Vista (a suburb of San Diego). After graduating high school, she was a San Diego Chargers cheerleader in 1991 before beginning her Hollywood career. She had also sky-dived. She married Damian Hardy on October 5, 2002. She gave birth to their son Donavan Charles Hardy on March 24, 2003.

## Filmography 
* *Josh Kirby... Time Warrior* (TV series) (1995)
* *Malibu Shores* (1996) (TV series)
* *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* (TV series) (1997-1999)
* *Angel* (TV series) (1999-2003)
* *The Groomsmen* (2001)
* *See Jane Date* (TVM) (2003)
* *Miss Match* (TV series) (2003)
* *Charmed* (TV series) (2004)
* *Voodoo Moon* (2005)
* *Veronica Mars* (TV series) (2005-2006)
* *Flirting with Danger* (TVM) (2006)
* *Cheaters Club* (TVM) (2006)
* *Relative Chaos* (TVM) (2006)
* *Desperate Housewives* 2009 : "Allison"

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*