open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Étienne Pierre Ventenat

**Étienne Pierre Ventenat** (1 March 1757 – 13 August 1808) was a French botanist born in Limoges. He was the brother of naturalist Louis Ventenat (1765–1794).

Ventenat took a trip to England while he was employed as director of the ecclesiastic library Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. While in England, he visited the country's botanical gardens. This inspired him to pursue a career in science. Later he studied under and worked with a botanist named Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800). In 1795, he was elected a member of the *Institut national des sciences et des arts*. They later changed their name to be the *Académie des sciences*.

In 1794 he wrote a treatise on the  of botany. It was called *Principes de botanique, expliqués au Lycée républicain par Ventenat*. It did not receive much interest when it was released, and Ventenat became so disappointed that he reportedly made efforts to buy all copies of the book and have them destroyed. In 1798 he published a French translation of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's *Genera plantarum* as *Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu*. In his translation of the work, Ventenat added information about the properties and uses of plants.

In 1799 he published *Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels*. This book described plants in the botanical garden of Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806). In 1803 he published *Le Jardin de la Malmaison* because Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) asked him to write it. He wanted to make sure the rare species of plants found in the gardens and greenhouses of Château de Malmaison were remembered forever. The pictures and drawings in the two aforementioned works were performed by famed botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Ventenat is also credited with continuing the work on Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard's *Histoire des champignons de la France*. This was a landmark (very important) work on mushrooms native to France.

## Other works
* *Decas Generum Novorum*, 1808.

## References 
* *This article is based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia.*
Japan Gold Disc Award

The **Japan Gold Disc Awards** (日本ゴールドディスク大賞) are honors which are promoted by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).  The awards  CD music sales in Japan.

## History
It was established 1987.
* **1988**  Rebecca
* **1989**  Boowy
* **1990**  Southern all stars
* **1991**  Yumi Matsutoya
* **1992**  Chage and Aska
* **1993** Chage and Aska
* **1994**  Wands
* **1995**  TRF
* **1996**  TRF
* **1997**  Namie Amuro
* **1998** GLAY
* **1999**  B'z

* **2000**  Hikaru Utada
* **2001**  Ayumi Hamasaki
* **2002**  Ayumi Hamasaki
* **2003**  Hikaru Utada
* **2004**  Ayumi Hamasaki
* **2005**  Orange Range
* **2006**  Kumi Koda
* **2007**  Kumi Koda
* **2008**  Exile
* **2009**  Exile
* **2010**  Arashi
* **2011**  Arashi
* **2012**  AKB48
* **2013**  AKB48

### List of the Artists of the Year  【Western music】
***1987**  Madonna
***1988**  The Beatles
***1989**  Bon Jovi
***1990**  Madonna
***1991**  Madonna
***1992**  Guns N' Roses
***1993**  Madonna
***1994**  The Beatles
***1995**  Mariah Carey
***1996**  Mariah Carey
***1997**  Me and My
***1998**  Celine Dion
***1999**  Celine Dion

***2000**  Celine Dion
***2001**  The Beatles
***2002**  Backstreet Boys
***2003**  Avril Lavigne
***2004**  12 Girls Band
***2005**  Queen
***2006**  O-zone
***2007**  Daniel Powter
***2008**  Avril Lavigne
***2009**  Madonna
***2010**  The Beatles
***2011**  Lady Gaga
***2012**  Lady Gaga
***2013**  Che'Nelle

## References
## Other websites
*Gold Disc Awards official site
Kyūdō

is a Japanese form of archery.  It is a martial art.

## History
*Kyūdō* is based on ancient archery (*kyū-jutsu*).
*Yumi* is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many *yumi* are made from  fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is *nami* and the other is *nobi*. *Nobi* is longer than *Nami*.

### Arrow
 is the Japanese term for the arrows of *kyūdō*.  The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers.  The traditional fletching is made with three fins or vanes of  eagle or hawk feathers.  The modern *ya* may be made with turkey or swan feathers.

## Clothing
People wear special clothes called *Kyūdōgi* when they practice kyudo or play a game.
In a formal place, people wear *Wahuku*.

 is the  glove worn on the right hand. It is typically made of deerskin. 

## References 
## Related pages 
* International Kyudo Federation
Xerochrysum

***Xerochrysum*** (or *Bracteantha*) is a type or genus of flowering plants native to Australia. It was defined by Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev in 1990. It was identified before (and takes precedence over) *Bracteantha* which was described the following year. A 2002 molecular study of the tribe Gnaphalieae found the genus is likely polyphyletic, with *X. bracteatum* and *X. viscosum* removed from each other.

There are currently 7 recognized species:

**Xerochrysum bicolor*
**Xerochrysum bracteatum* (Strawflower or Golden Everlasting; syn. *Bracteantha bracteata*)
**Xerochrysum collierianum* A.M.Buchanan & Schah.
**Xerochrysum palustre* (Swamp Everlasting)
**Xerochrysum papillosum* (Labill.) R.J.Bayer
**Xerochrysum subundulatum* (Alpine Everlasting or Orange Everlasting)
**Xerochrysum viscosum* (Sticky Everlasting)

The genus was formerly included in *Helichrysum*.

File:Xerochrysum bracteatum cultivar.jpg|Cultivar of *Xerochrysum bracteatum*
File:Xerochrysum viscosum flowers and leaves.jpg|*Xerochrysum viscosum*

## References
## Other websites
*ASGAP: *Xerochrysum bracteatum* and *Xerochrysum subundulatum*
*PlantNET: *Xerochrysum*
*PlantNET: Key to *Xerochrysum*
Bract

*).  All the "leaves" in this image are bracts]]

In botany, a **bract** is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals.

## Variants 
Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees,. Examples of this type of bract include *Euphorbia pulcherrima* (poinsettia) and *Bougainvillea*: both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers. 

In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called **glumes**.  These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing. 

A **prophyll** is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle.

The frequently showy pair of bracts of *Euphorbia* species in subgenus *Lacanthis* are the **cyathophylls**.

Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as *Pseudotsuga*, they extend beyond the cone scales.

Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an **involucre**. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts.  Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.

The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence. 

## Epicalyx 
*]] 

An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a *group of bracts resembling a calyx* or *bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx*. It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family *Malvaceae*, the *Hibiscus* family. *Fragaria* (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx.

## Spathe 
 scherzerianum* inflorescence with spathe and spadix]]

A *spathe* is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers.  In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix. 

## Gallery 

Image:Bougainvillea glabra.JPG|Bracts of *Bougainvillea glabra*, differ in colour from the non-bract leaves, and attract pollinators
Image:Banana bract.jpg|Bracts along a banana flower stalk surround the rows of flowers 
Image:E milii vulcanii ies.jpg|*Euphorbia milii* var. *vulcanii* cyathia bearing a pair of pinkish cyathophylls 
Image:Ananas bracteatus var tricolor.jpg|Colourful bracts of *Ananas bracteatus''

## References
Guckkasten

**Guckkasten** (Hangul: 국카스텐) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music.  The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: 하현우, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: 전규호), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: 이정길) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: 김기범).  The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time.  In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope".  The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures. This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style.

## Members 
*Ha Hyun-woo (하현우) : vocals, guitar
*Jeon Kyu-ho (전규호) : guitar
*Lee Jung-gil (이정길) : drums
*Kim Ki-bum (김기범) : bass guitar

## History of Guckkasten 
Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance".  
In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named  "The C.O.M".  However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival". 
Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope.  A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band.
Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back.

## Musical style and artistry 
The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album.

## Other websites 
*
Talia al Ghul

**Talia al Ghul** is a fictional Batman character who is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. Ghul might be a villain that wants to either finish her father's work or to avenge his death. She may sometimes help Batman to stop her father's work. She is the mother of Bruce Wayne's son, Damian Wayne.

## In other media 
Talia has been featured in various media adaptations. The character was voiced by Helen Slater and Olivia Hussey in the DC Animated Universe, which became her first appearances in media other than comic books.

Marion Cotillard played Talia in *The Dark Knight Rises*, but she had a fake name *Miranda Tate* and was the chairman of Wayne Enterprises.
Tjungkara Ken

**Tjungkara Ken** (born 1 October 1969) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Amaṯa, South Australia. She began painting in 1997, when Minymaku Arts was opened by the women of Amaṯa. She started doing it professionally (as a job) in 2008. By that time, the artists' co-operative had been renamed to Tjala Arts.

Ken's paintings depict stories and figures from her personal '** (Dreaming), the spirituality that is associated with her ancestreal homeland. Her father is from the country around Amaṯa and Walitjara, and Ken most often depicts this country and its **' in her paintings. She also illustrates her mother's country, which is further west, near Irrunytju, Western Australia.

Ken's paintings have been featured in group exhibitions in many of Australia's major cities. Some of her work was also part of an exhibition in Graz, Austria in 2002. One of her paintings, titled * – My Country*, was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. It was bought by a private collector. Another of Ken's works, a painting depicting the '''' (Seven Sisters Dreaming), was chosen by the Art Gallery of South Australia as the winner of its "Desert Country" competition in 2011. The exhibition featured works by several artists from across the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, including Maringka Baker, Nura Rupert and Jimmy Baker.

Examples of Ken's work are shown in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. It is also held in several major private galleries in Australia.

## References
Neo-Impressionism

**Neo-impressionism** is a term coined by a French art critic in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurat’s greatest masterpiece, *A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte*, marked the beginning of this movement when it appeared at an exhibition of the *Société des Artistes Indépendants* in Paris.

Around this time, many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colours influenced neo-impressionists’ characterization of their own contemporary art. 
Pointillism is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the movement.

The art critic Félix Fénéon first used the term neo-impressionism in an article he wrote for the Belgian journal *L’art Moderne* in 1886. With the term he wanted to show that the way Seurat painted was different from the ways painting was done in Impressionism. In total, the movement lasted about five years.

## References
Cabinet making

**Cabinet making**, also spelled **cabinetmaking**  or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen,  is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture.

Cabinetmakers learn to use the tools of the cabinet making trade.

In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine.

## Gallery 

File:Snedker i arbejde.jpg|Cabinet maker in Denmark, 18th century
File:Camden, New Jersey - Cabinet making. RCA Victor. Cabinet repair man preparing to cut a piece of veneer - to replace a... - NARA - 518699.tif|Cabinet maker in the US, 20th century

## Related pages
* Cabinet (furniture)
* Woodworking

## References
## Other websites
* Short History of Cabinets at FineWoodWorking.com
Australian Plant Name Index

The **Australian Plant Name Index** (**APNI**) is an online database of all the names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details.

## Overview
The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.

Two search interfaces are offered:
* Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) , a full search interface that delivers full results, with no automatic interpretation, and
* What's Its Name (WIN), a less powerful search interface that delivers concise results, together with automatic (and not always correct) interpretation.

Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.

## References
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Official Australian Plant Name Index website  — *full detail search.*
* What's Its Name (WIN) — *full detail search.*
Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research

The **Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research** (**CESAER**) is an association of engineering universities in Europe. CESAER started on the 10th of May 1990, based in Leuven, Belgium.

## Members
## Notes
## Further reading
*Official website
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

**Christiaan Hendrik Persoon** (1 February 1761 &ndash; 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

## Early life
Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

## Education
He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

## Later years
He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

## Academic career
The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was *Abbildungen der Schwämme* (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his *Synopsis plantarum* . This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the *Synopsis methodica fungorum* (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The genus *Persoonia* is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him.

## References
* Duane Isely, *One hundred and one botanists* (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp.&nbsp;124–126.

## Other websites
*Christian Hendrik Persoon
*Persoonia 
*Hunt Institute-botanical archives
Mantidfly

**Mantidflies** are insects in the family **Mantispidae**. They are small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of *Mantispa* occur in Europe.

## Description and ecology
Some mantidflies are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. 

They get their name from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" (raptor-like) front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids. The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights. They have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers.

Their larvae are either parasitoids or predators. Subfamily Symphrasinae larvae are parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the subfamily Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods. 

Larvae of the subfamily Mantispinae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarab-like larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube. Then they pupate in the egg sac.

## References
Payari

**Payari** is a village in Bangladesh. It is in the **Magura** district of the Khulna Division. It is almost  away from **Magura Sadar Upazila**. The Nabaganga river flows nearby the village.

## References
Nura Rupert

**Nura Rupert** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from north-west South Australia. She produces her works using intaglio methods of printmaking. The designs are drawn by etching and linocutting, and the prints are done on paper.

Nura was born about 1933, in north-western South Australia. The place of her birth is a  called Tjitapiti, which is northeast of Nyapaṟi, and close to what is now the outstation of Angatja. Nura was a "bush baby" (she was born in the bush), and her family lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert around Angatja. Nura was a baby when her parents and elder brother settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time.

Nura worked in crafts from a young age. Growing up at the mission, she learned weaving and knitting to make rugs and clothes. She also learned to make artistic objects from wood carving and poker work. She began painting around 2000, producing acrylic paintings on canvases. She started using printmaking techniques a few years later.

Most of Nura's designs depict stories from her childhood. They are usually images of children or animals, such as dingos and goats, but she is best known for her depictions of '''' (spirits). These are from traditional Pitjantjatjara stories told to children to make sure they stay away from trouble. Her style is often described as "child-like", because the shapes are very simple and look like a child's drawings.

Works by Nura have been featured in exhibitions since 2000, in many of Australia's major cities and also in cities in the United Kingdom. Her work is held in several major collections, including Flinders University, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and Parliament House in Canberra. Prints by Nura were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2006 and 2007, and the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards in 2010.

## References
North Queensland

**North Queensland** or the **Northern Region** is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state.

Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital. The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km².

## Geography
There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country.

North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport. 

## State of North Queensland
There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state.

## References
Nicholas Marcellus Hentz

**Nicholas Marcellus Hentz** (born July 25, 1797) was a French-American educator and arachnologist. He died November 4, 1856 in Marianna, Florida.

Hentz was born in Versailles, France. He learned the art of miniature painting and studied medicine in Paris. In 1816, he immigrated to the United States. In the United States, he taught the French language and miniature painting in Boston, Philadelphia and many other places.

Hentz is best known for his work in describing 124 spider species. These include the black-footed yellow sac spider and the Southern house spider.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kashima Jingū

, also known as **Kashima-jinja**, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kashima, Ibaraki on the island of Honshu.

## History
*Kashima* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of the old Hitachi Province.  It serves today as one of the *ichinomiya* of Ibaraki Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the *kami* named .

## References
## Other websites
*Kashima Jingu website
Mikio Hasemoto

**Mikio Hasemoto** (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life
Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier
Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941.

Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Hasemoto's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.

The words of Hasemoto's citation explain:
Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
*
Friedrich von Wurmb

**Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb** (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „Wurmb“. He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, *A magnanimous act* (*Eine Grossmütige Handlung*).

In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan.

The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him.

Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta.

## References
Ginger Wikilyiri

**Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia.

## Life 
Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a  south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu.

## Artwork 
Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the '''' (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art.

His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

## References
Oligopsony

In microeconomics an **oligopsony** is a market form where there are few buyers. There may be many sellers, but because there are few buyers, the decision each buyer makes influences the whole market. Therefore this is an example of imperfect competition.

Oligopsony works just like oligopoly involving a few number of sellers. This market has a few big buyers willing to buy a product or service. The number being limited enables the purchasers to have a sense of control over the sellers, and lets them negotiate with product prices.

One example of this is the market for cocoa: Three companies (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland and Callebaut) buy most of the world production, usually from small farmers. Other examples are that of tobacco or that of bananas. By extension the "market for work" also has this characteristic: there are few companies (employers, "buying work") and many people "offering to work".

## References
*Bhaskar, V., A. Manning and T. To (2002) 'Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets,' *Journal of Economic Perspectives,* **16,** 155–174.
*Bhaskar, V. and T. To (2004) 'Oligopsony and the Distribution of Wages,' *European Economic Review,* **47,** 371-399.
Core cities of Japan

is a defined  or  of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.  All core cities have a population greater than 300,000.   

## History
The core cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.  Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures. There are 40+ of these cities,
* Amagasaki, 2009
* Aomori, 2006 
* Kawagoe, 2003
* Kōriyama, 1997
* Kurume, 2008
* Maebashi, 2009
* Matsuyama, 2000
* Nara, 2002
* Toyohashi, 1999
* Toyonaka
* Toyota, 1998
* Utsunomiya, 1996
* Wakayama, 1997
* Yokosuka, 2001

## Related pages
* Administrative division
* Urban area
* Municipalities in Japan

## References 
## Other websites
* "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows core cities in context
Italian food

**Italian food** is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy.

Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of  fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu.

Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive.

Italian food is one of the most refined and varied in Europe, from the piquant flavours of Naples and Calabria to the pesto dishes of Liguria and the cheese and risotto dishes of the Italian Alps.

## References
Joséphine de Beauharnais

**Joséphine de Beauharnais** (23 June 1763 &ndash; 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte.  This made her the first Empress of the French. Alexandre de Beauharnais was her first husband. When the French people killed their rich nobles, they cut off his head. She married Napoleon later.

She did not have any children with Napoleon, so he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria.

## Other websites
Natural monopoly

A **natural monopoly** is a type of monopoly in which a subject is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets with very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Market failure
Helichrysum

**Helichrysum** is a type of flower.  It has about 600 species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name Helichrysum comes from two Greek words: *helisso* means to turn around and *chrysos* means gold.

It grows in Africa, Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia.  There are many species in South Africa.
Walter Savage Landor

**Walter Savage Landor** (1775-1864) also known as **WS Landor**, was an English poet and essayist. 

## Early life
He was the son of a doctor. He was sent to the famous Rugby School in 1784, but was removed in 1791, to avoid expulsion. He then went up to study at Trinity College, Oxford University but was also rusticated from there in 1794. After this, he developed some problems with his father, who was very angry at him, so Landor left his home. 

## Poetry and writings
In 1794-95, he prepared his first book of poems, published in 1795 as *The Poems of Walter Savage Landor*. This was followed by *Gebir* (1798), *Poetry* (1802), *Imaginary Conversations* (series, 1824-1829) and other works. 

## Later life and death
He was also for some time married to Julia Thuillier and settled in France for a short time, then moved to Italy. After fighting with his wife, he left her and returned to England in 1835. In 1853 he published his last book, *Last Fruit off an Old Tree* and then, in 1858, left England again and went and settled in Europe. He died in 1864.
The Mall, Lahore

**The Mall** is a major avenue or road in the city of Lahore, in Pakistan. It was made during the colonial times of the British Raj, in the 1850s and 1860s 

The Mall is still Lahore's main avenue or road, with many important sites and buildings on both sides of it. It is usually divided into two sections, the 'Lower Mall' near the Punjab Government Secretariat, the University of the Punjab, the Government College University, the Lahore Museum and other locations; and the 'Upper Mall' near the Lawrence Gardens (now renamed the *Bagh i Jinnah*), the Lahore Zoo, Aitchison College, the Government House and the Lahore Gymkhana Club. 

Smaller roads link up to the Mall on many sides, leading to various other parts of the city.

## References
Xeranthemum

**Xeranthemum** is a flower.  It is found in Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purple tube-like flowers.

## References
Xerochrysum bicolor

***Xerochrysum bicolor*** is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.  It grows in Tasmania, mainly near the coast.

It grows to about 40&nbsp;cm in height and 50 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks.  They have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm.
Henry Charles Andrews

* L.f. 1802]]
**Henry Cranke Andrews** (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as **Henry C. Andrews**, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017.

## Early life and career 
He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated.

Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The *Botanist's Repository* was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain.

## Works 
The Kew publication, *Curtis's Botanical Magazine'', wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions.

## Publications
*''Botanists Repository, Comprising Colour'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants* (10 vols.) (London, 1797–1812)
**Coloured Engravings of Heaths* 1794-1830 4 vols.
**The Heathery* 1804-1812 6 vols.
**Geraniums* or *A Monograph of the Genus Geranium* (London 1805-1806 2 vols.)
**Roses'' 1805-1828

## References
List of football clubs in Azerbaijan

This is a list of football clubs in Azerbaijan (sub-divided into leagues where known) that now (2025-2026) are playing in a professional category.

## Azerbaijan Premier League 2025-2026
## Azerbaijan First Division 2025-2026
Thomson–East Coast MRT line

The **Thomson-East Coast Line** (TEL) is the sixth MRT line in Singapore. It is the fourth line to be fully automated and driverless in Singapore. The line will be 43&nbsp;km (27&nbsp;mi) long, with 31 stations. The line is colored brown on the MRT Rail map.

The Thomson Line section was announced on 29 August 2012. The Eastern Region Line section was announced on 15 August 2014. Both were put together to form the Thomson-East Coast Line.

The first and second stage of the line opened on 31 January 2020 and August 28, 2021. The third stage opened on November 13, 2022 with the other two stages expected to open from 2024 to 2025. It interchanges with all existing lines. When the first three stages opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily.

## Stations
## References
## Other websites
*Thomson–East Coast Line
Subprefectures of Japan

are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level. 

Each subprefecture is part of the greater administration of the prefecture and the national state.  It is also as part of a self-government system. 

## History
Subprefectures were given a definite form in 1878 (*Meiji 11). 

The Meiji government established the  as an administrative unit.  

In 1888 (*Meiji 21''), the sub-prefecture as a form of self-government was officially  as more general than civic corporations like cities, towns and villages. 
 
Some prefectures of Japan include subprefectures. The subprefecture is the jurisdiction surrounding a "branch office" of the prefectural government. 

### Current subprefectures
*Hokkaidō, 14  subprefectures 
*Kagoshima, 2 subprefectures
*Miyazaki, 1 subprefecture
*Tokyo, 4 subprefectures 
*Shimane, 1 subprefecture 
*Yamagata, 4 subprefectures

### Former subprefectures
*Hyōgo, 10 subprefectures
*Chiba, 5 subprefectures
*Nagasaki, 3 subprefectures
*Okinawa, 2 subprefectures

## Related pages
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Municipalities of Japan

## References
Core city

In urban planning, a **core city**, **principal city** **metropolitan core**, or **central city**, is the largest or most important city or cities of a metropolitan area. A core city is surrounded by smaller satellite cities, towns, and suburbs.

## References
Bob Sheppard

**Robert Leo "Bob" Sheppard** (October 20, 1910 &ndash; July 11, 2010) was an American journalist and announcer for the New York Yankees from 1951 until 2007 and for the New York Giants from 1956 until 2006. 

Sheppard was born on October 20, 1910 in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. He studied at St. John's Preparatory School, at St. John's University, and at Columbia University. He was married to Margaret Sheppard until her death in 1959. They had four children. Then he was married to Mary Hoffman from 1961 until his death in 2010. Sheppard died on July 11, 2010 in Baldwin, New York from natural causes, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
**The Baseball Experience*, with introduction by Bob Sheppard
George Steinbrenner

**George Michael Steinbrenner III** (July 4, 1930 &ndash; July 13, 2010) was an American businessman who was the owner of the New York Yankees from 1973 until his death in 2010. He made his initial fortune as part of the Great Lakes shipping industry. After purchasing the Yankees, Steinbrenner became famous for his adjustment of team affairs, such as making a policy that prohibits facial hair and setting a trend with paying big salaries to marquee free agents like Reggie Jackson and Catfish Hunter. Manager Billy Martin alone was not allowed to continue his job on five separate occasions. 

Steinbrenner was born on July 4, 1930 in Rocky River, Ohio a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Williams College and at Ohio State University. He was married to Elizabeth Joan Zieg from 1956 until his death 2010. He had four children. Steinbrenner died on July 13, 2010 in Tampa, Florida from a heart attack, aged 80. He died 9 days after his 80th birthday.

A fictionalized version of George Steinbrenner was a character that appeared often on the popular NBC sitcom Seinfeld, voiced by series creator Larry David.  

## References
## Other websites
*George Steinbrenner at Find A Grave
*Steinbrenner's basketball bio 
*George Steinbrenner Dies 
*
*
Cameroon (sheep)

The **Cameroon** () is a domesticated breed of sheep from west Africa which has been exported to Europe. As of 2008, there were less than 650 but the population was increasing.

## Characteristics
The Cameroon is a hair sheep which it sheds yearly in the spring.  Ewes can raise two lamb crops per year. Their most common color is brown with a black belly, head, and legs.

## Literature 
* Fitzhugh und Bradford (eds.): *Hairsheep of West Africa and the Americas. A genetic resource for the tropics.* 1983
* R.M. Njwe und Y. Manjeli: *Milk yield of Cameroon dwarf blackbelly sheep - Production laitière de moutons Djallonké au Cameroun.* In: Small ruminant research and development in Africa - Réseau africain de recherche sur les petits ruminants. ILCA Research Report - 2, 1982, X5520/B

## References
Dobermann

**Dobermann** or **Doberman Pinscher** is a medium- to large-sized dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection. According to the UK Kennel Club, the ideal height is .

### Colors 
Dobermans have short  coats, usually black. Less commonly, Dobermans can be reddish-brown, blue, or fawn-colored.

### Ears and tail 
Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. Their tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking"), which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. During this surgery, the ears are cut to a point, so they stand up (called "cropping"). It is true that any dog that is ed or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old.

## Bite and attack style 
Dobermans can bite with much more force than the average dog. A Doberman's bite force is between 245 and 305 pounds per square inch (PSI). This is strong enough to break human bones. Meanwhile, the average dog's bite force is 150 to 200 PSI.  

Dobermans have a "scissor bite" where their upper and lower teeth align closely, creating a slicing action. When they are attacking something, they often attack in quick succession over a broad area. 

Doberman bites can cause deep cuts and injuries that may require medical attention. 

## References