open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
XNOR gate

The **XNOR gate** is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are equal. If only one output is high(1) the output is low (0).
It is opposite of XOR GATE.

## Symbols 
There are three symbols for the XNOR gate:
Emperor Senka

was the 28th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Senka to be  legendary, but .  The name Senka*-tennō* was  for him posthumously by later generations. 

No  dates can be  to this emperor's life or .  The  accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be  as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history 
According to *Kojiki*, Senka was a son of Emperor Keitai.  

When Emperor Ankan died childless, the throne passed to his brother Senka.

## Events of Senka's life 
Very little is known about the events of Senka's life and reign.  Only limited information is  for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. 

During this reign, Soga no Iname became the first verifiable "Great Minister" or *Omi* (also identified as *Ō-omi*).

The reign of Emperor Senka  for three years. 

### After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was  many centuries after the lifetime which was  to Senka. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an  tumulus (*kofun*). Senka is  at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Kofun period

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]
Operating environment

In computers, an **operating environment** is the environment in which you can use the operating system with, but is not the whole operating system on its own. For example, Windows 3.x was not considered a full operating system since it ran on top of MS-DOS.

## Related pages
* Operating system
* Windows 3.x

## References
Toni Polster

**Toni Polster** (born 10 March 1964) is a former Austrian football player. He has played for Austria national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="5"|Austria Wien||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||26||11
|-
|1983/84||23||13
|-
|1984/85||29||24
|-
|1985/86||34||32
|-
|1986/87||35||39

|-
|1987/88||Torino||Serie A||27||9

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Sevilla||rowspan="3"|La Liga||32||9
|-
|1989/90||35||33
|-
|1990/91||35||13
|-
|1991/92||Logroñés||La Liga||38||14
|-
|1992/93||Rayo Vallecano Madrid||La Liga||31||14

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|Köln||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||26||17
|-
|1994/95||32||17
|-
|1995/96||28||11
|-
|1996/97||32||21
|-
|1997/98||33||13
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||Bundesliga||31||11
|-
|1999/00||2. Bundesliga||7||4

|-
|1999/00||Austria Salzburg||Bundesliga||12||2
159||121
27||9
171||83
189||94
546||307
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1982||1||1
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||3||0
|-
|1985||4||1
|-
|1986||6||5
|-
|1987||6||2
|-
|1988||6||1
|-
|1989||6||4
|-
|1990||10||1
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
|1992||8||5
|-
|1993||7||1
|-
|1994||7||5
|-
|1995||7||7
|-
|1996||6||2
|-
|1997||8||6
|-
|1998||7||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||95||44
|}
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Polster goal.''

## References
Jan van Riebeeck

**Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck** (April 21, 1619 – January 18, 1677) was a Dutch colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town, a city in South Africa.

## Biography 
Van Riebeeck was born in Culemborg in the Netherlands as the son of a surgeon. He grew up in Schiedam, where he married 19-year old Maria de la Quellerie on 28 March 1649. (She died in Malacca, now part of Malaysia, on 2 November 1664, at the age of 35). The couple had eight children, most of whom did not live through infancy.  Their son Abraham van Riebeeck, born at the Cape, later became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.

Joining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1639, he served in many posts, like an assistant surgeon in the Batavia in the East Indies. He then went to Japan. His most important position was that of head of the VOC trading post in Tonkin, Vietnam. However, he was called back from this post as it was found that he was working trade for his own account.

In 1651 he was asked to undertake the command of the initial Dutch settlement in the future South Africa.  He landed three ships *Drommedaris*, *Reijger* and *Goede Hoop* at the future Cape Town on 6 April 1652 and strongly make the site as a way-station for the VOC trade route between the Netherlands and the East Indies.  The *Walvisch* and the *Oliphant* came later, having had 130 burials at sea.

## References
Kia cee'd

The '''Kia cee'd''' is a car produced by Kia since 2006.

It is based on the Hyundai i30's platform, and is available as 3- and 5-door hatchback and 5-door station wagon.

The engines available are 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 litre petrol engines with 80&nbsp;kW/109&nbsp;hp, 92&nbsp;kW/125&nbsp;hp and 105&nbsp;kW/143&nbsp;hp respectively, a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in two versions with 66&nbsp;kW/90&nbsp;hp and 85&nbsp;kW/115&nbsp;hp respectively, and a 2.0 litre turbo diesel engine with 103&nbsp;kW/140&nbsp;hp.

The cee'd received a facelift in 2009. The 1.4 litre petrol engine was changed to 66&nbsp;kW/90&nbsp;hp instead of 80&nbsp;kW/109&nbsp;hp.
Adelong, New South Wales

**Adelong** is a small town in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the Tumut Shire. About 1400 people live in the Adelong district, and 829 people live in the town. The town is about 160 kilometres west of Canberra on the Snowy Mountains Highway. The town's name comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "along the way" or "plain with a river".

## History
Hamilton Hume and William Hovell were the first Europeans in to visit the area on their way back to Sydney in 1825. They described it as "rough and difficult country."
### Gold rush
Adelong was settled between 1840 and 1850. Gold was discovered at Adelong by a William Williams in 1857.

By 1859 a number of gold reefs were being mined, including the Old Reef and the Great Victoria Mine. Between 1859 and 1876, 3,798 kilograms of gold was mined. During the gold rush the population grew to more than 30,000 people. Over 25 tonnes of gold was mined from 1857 to the close of the mines in 1914. The National Trust of Australia has listed the main street of Adelong and a number of buildings as being important historical places.

A number of narrow tramway tracks were built in the mine area. Adelong is one of the only two gold mining areas in New South Wales known to have used a steam locomotive on its tramways.
 
During the gold rush many Chinese people worked in the mines. Many died and were buried in a special part of the Adelong cemetery. The Chinese part of the cemetery was destroyed in the early 1900s. One or two old Chinese and Indian people still lived in  Adelong in the 1950s. A small town, Cornishtown, was about a mile west of Adelong till the 1940s.

### Farming
After the gold rush, farming became the main business in the area. This was mainly Merino sheep and beef cattle. Over the last 20 years a tourists have come to visit because of the pleasant scenery and gold mining history. The famous Adelong Falls, with its rich gold-mining past, is an ideal spot to for a picnic or to explore the local area.

 ore crusher in the main street]]

## References
Efim Bogolyubov

, right, Moscow 1925]]

**Efim Bogolyubov**  (14 April 1889 – 18 June 1952) was a Ukrainian–German chess grandmaster who won numerous events and played two matches with Alexander Alekhine for the world championship. His weak point, it is said, was over-optimism, but at his best he was one of the world's leading players.p49

## 1919 to 1939 
After the World War I, he won international tournaments at Berlin 1919, Stockholm 1919, Stockholm 1920, Kiel 1921, and Pistyan (Pieštany) 1922. He tied for 1st–3rd at Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) 1923.

In 1924 Bogoljubow briefly returned to Russia, which had since become the Soviet Union, and won consecutive USSR championships in 1924 and 1925. He also won at Breslau (Wroclaw) 1925, and in Moscow 1925, ahead of a field which included Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca.

In 1926, he emigrated to Germany. He won, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein that year at Berlin. At Bad Kissingen 1928, he triumphed (+6 –1 =4) over a field which included Capablanca, Nimzovich and Savielly Tartakower. Bogoljubov won two matches against Max Euwe (both 5.5–4.5) in 1928 and 1928/29 in Holland. He played matches for the World Chess Championship twice against Alekhine, losing 15.5–9.5 in 1929, and 15.5–10.5 in 1934.

He represented Germany at first board in the 4th Chess Olympiad at Prague 1931, winning the individual silver medal (+9 –1 =7). Bogoljubov continued to have good tournament results throughout the 1930s.

## Later years 
During World War II, he lost a match to Euwe (+2 –5 =3) at Krefeld 1941, and drew a mini-match with Alekhine (+1 –1 =0) at Warsaw 1943. He also played in numerous tournaments held in Nazi-held territory throughout the war. After the war, he lived in West Germany. In 1947, he won in Lüneburg, and Kassel. In 1949 he won in Bad Pyrmont (3rd West GER-ch), and tied for 1st-2nd in Oldenburg. In 1951, he won in Augsburg, and Saarbrücken.

He was awarded the grandmaster title by the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in 1951.

The **Bogo-Indian Defence** (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+) is named after Bogolyubov.

## Other websites 
* Kmoch, Hans 2004.   Chesscafe.com.
* Efim Bogoljubov raconté par Emil Diemer by Dany Sénéchaud on Mieux jouer aux échecs 

## References
Kofun

in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture (5th century)]]

 are  tombs or tumuli in Japan.  They were constructed between the early 3rd century and early 7th century. 

These burial mounds give their name to the Kofun period (middle 3rd century - early-middle 6th century). 

Many of the kofun have a -shaped mound () which is  to ancient Japan. 

There are many types of Kofun including Zenpō-kōen-fun and Zenpō-kōhō-fun and Round Kofun and Square Kofun, and Octagonal Kofun and Joenkahofun and . 

## Related pages
*William Gowland, English engineer made the first survey for Saki kofun group
*Ernest Satow, English diplomat wrote about kofun in Kozuke for the Asiatic Society of Japan
*Mozu Tombs

## References
**飛鳥高松塚* (*Takamatsuzuka, Asuka*), 橿原考古学研究所編, 明日香村, 1972.
**前方後円墳* (*Keyhole-shaped kofun*), 上田宏範,  学生社, 東京, 1969.
**前方後円墳と古代日朝関係* (*Keyhole-shaped kofun and diplomatic relations between ancient Japan and Korea*), 朝鮮学会編, 東京, 同成社, 2002.

## Other websites
*Japanese Archaeology: Kofun Culture
*Kofun Period
*Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan
Imperial Household Agency

The  is a government agency of Japan. This bureaucracy is concerned with Imperial House of Japan (Japan's imperial family).

*Kunaichō* keeps the Privy Seal of Japan and the State Seal of Japan.

In the 18 centuries before the Second World War, it was named the .

The current Grand Steward is Shingo Haketa.

## History 
The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were established in the eighth century.  The fundamental elements of this system evolved during the course of centuries.

The main focus of attention is the living Imperial family.  At the same time, the agency looks 890+ sites which may contain the remains of imperial family members.

### Organization and Functions 
The Grand Steward is charged with overseeing all activities of today's agency.  

### Legal foundation 
The basic structures remained in place until the Meiji Restoration; and some elements of the ancient organizing template :

::* **2001**—present

Imperial Household Agency became an external agency of the Cabinet Office.____________________

.

.

::* **1949**—2001
 Imperial Household Agency was the new name of Imperial Household Office; and the Imperial household became an external agency of the Prime Minister's Office.____________________

.

.

::* **1947**—1949
 
Imperial Household Office was organized under The Imperial Household Law of 1947 along with the current The Constitution of Japan which was adopted in the post-war period____________________

.

.

::* **1889**—1947

Imperial Household Ministry was organized under the Imperial House Law of 1889  and the Meiji Constitution which was proclaimed in the course of the Meiji Restoration____________________

.

.

::* &nbsp;&nbsp;**701**—1889

Ministry of the Imperial Household was organized under the Taiho Code, which was adopted in during the reign of Emperor Monmu.

.

.

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

## Further reading 
* Shigeru, Yoshida and Hiroshi Nara. (2007). *Shigeru: Last Meiji Man.* Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ; ; OCLC 238440967
* Kokusai Kyōiku Jōhō Sentā. (1986). *The Imperial Family of Japan.* Tokyo: International Society for Educational Information. OCLC 24145536

## Other websites 
* The Imperial Household Agency Website
Emperor Kenzō

was the 23rd  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kenzō to be  legendary, but .  The name Kenzō*-tennō* was  for him posthumously by later generations. 

No  dates can be  to this emperor's life or .  The  accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be  as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history 
Kenzō was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted as heir by the childless Emperor Seinei.

## Events of Kenzō's life 
Very little is known about the events of Kenzō's life and reign.  Only limited information is  for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. 

### After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was  many centuries after the lifetime which was  to Kenzō. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, Kenzō final resting place is in an  tumulus (*kofun*). This emperor is  at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Kofun period

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]
Romerito

**Julio César Romero** (born 28 August 1960) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1980||rowspan="4"|New York Cosmos||rowspan="4"|NASL||32||14
|-
|1981||21||4
|-
|1982||21||6
|-
|1983||25||10

|-
|1984||rowspan="5"|Fluminense||rowspan="5"|Série A||12||5
|-
|1985||17||5
|-
|1986||9||0
|-
|1987||15||3
|-
|1988||25||6

|-
|1988–89||Barcelona||La Liga||7||1

|-
|1989–90||Puebla||Primera División||13||2
99||34
78||19
7||1
13||2
197||57
|}

## International career statistics
|-
!Total||34||13
|}

## International goals
## Honours
**New York Cosmos**
*NASL: 1980, 1982

**Fluminense**
*Série A: 1984
*Campeonato Carioca: 1984, 1985

**Barcelona**
*UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1988–89

**Puebla**
*Primera División: 1989–90
*Copa Mexico: 1989–90

**Olimpia Asunción**
*Torneo República: 1992

**Paraguay**
*Copa América: 1979

**Individual**
*South American Footballer of the Year: 1985; Silver Award: 1979
*South American Team of the Year: 1986
*Paraguayan First Division top scorer: 1990
*FIFA top 125 greatest living footballers: 2004

## References
Sin Byung-ho

**Sin Byung-Ho** (born 26 April 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||28||11||3||2||0||0||31||13

|-
|2002||Ulsan Hyundai||K-League||0||0||||||7||1||7||1
|-
|2002||rowspan="4"|Chunnam Dragons||rowspan="4"|K-League||26||8||||||0||0||26||8
|-
|2003||42||16||5||4||colspan="2"|-||47||20
|-
|2004||12||2||0||0||9||1||21||3
|-
|2005||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2006||Gyeongnam||K-League||16||2||2||1||10||3||28||6
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Jeju United||rowspan="2"|K-League||8||0||1||0||6||0||15||0
|-
|2008||2||2||1||0||4||0||7||2
28||11||3||2||0||0||31||13
114||30||9||5||36||5||159||40
142||41||12||7||36||5||190||53
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## References
Cole Porter

**Cole Albert Porter** (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. He wrote musical comedies like *Kiss Me, Kate,* *Fifty Million Frenchmen*, *DuBarry Was a Lady* and *Anything Goes*. He also wrote songs like "Night and Day," "I Get a Kick out of You," "Well, Did You Evah!" and "I've Got You Under My Skin." He was well known for his clever lyrics and rhymes. He wrote a lot of songs that are in the Great American Songbook.

## Early life
Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, to a rich Baptist family.
One of his grandfathers made a lot of money from coal and timber. He had control over the family. Porter started learning music when he was very young. He learned the violin at age six and the piano at eight. He and his mother wrote an operetta when he was 10. His mother, Kate, was very supportive. His grandfather J.O. Cole wanted him become a lawyer,
He went to Worcester Academy in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1905 He was a soldier in North Africa, and then he taught American soldiers how to shoot.

Porter was married to Linda Lee Thomas (1883-1954) from 1919 until her death.

## Later life
Porter started having musicals on Broadway again in 1926. He wrote some famous songs like "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love", "What Is This Thing Called Love?" and "Night and Day".

He threw lots of parties and had an  exciting social life in the 1920s and 1930s. He became very successful with his musicals and songs.

In 1937, Porter had an accident when he was horse-riding. He had a lot of pain and had to have many operations. He became depressed after that. He kept working and in 1948 he wrote a very popular musical called *Kiss Me, Kate*. He won a Tony Award for the musical. He also wrote music for movies.

In 1952, Porter's mother died. In 1954, his wife died. In 1958, he had to have his injured leg amputated (cut off). After all these bad things happened, he retired. He died of kidney failure in 1964 in Santa Monica, California. He was 73.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fernando (footballer, born 1978)

**Fernando Almeida de Oliveira** (born 18 June 1978) is a Brazilian football player.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
An Sun-jin

**An Sun-Jin** (born 19 September 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club statistics
## References
Derlis Florentín

**Derlis Florentín** (9 January 1984 - 28 March 2010) was a former Paraguayan football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2005||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||17||8||0||0||17||8
|-
|2005||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||19||1||0||0||19||1
36||9||0||0||36||9
36||9||0||0||36||9
|}

## External links
*
Shingo Hyodo

**Shingo Hyodo** (born 29 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||2||4||1||7||0||39||3
|-
|2009||30||1||2||0||10||1||42||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
58||3||6||1||17||1||81||5
58||3||6||1||17||1||81||5
|}

## References
*Yokohama F. Marinos
Joseph-Désiré Job

**Joseph-Désiré Job** (born 1 December 1977) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Born in France, he played for the Cameroon national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996–97||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1997–98||22||5
|-
|1998–99||19||6
|-
|1999–2000||Lens||Division 1||24||4

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||13||3
|-
|2001–02||4||0

|-
|2001–02||Metz||Division 1||13||2

|-
|2002–03||rowspan="4"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||28||4
|-
|2003–04||24||6
|-
|2004–05||23||4
|-
|2005–06||1||0

|-
|2005–06||Al-Ittihad Jeddah||Professional League||28||9

|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Sedan Ardennes||Ligue 1||25||9
|-
|2007–08||Ligue 2||3||0
|-
|2007–08||Nice||Ligue 1||9||0

|-
|2008–09||Al-Kharitiyath||Stars League||23||7

|-
|2009–10||Diyarbakırspor||Süper Lig||8||0

|-
|2009–10||Lierse||Second Division||||
115||26
93||17
28||9
23||7
8||0
0||0
267||59
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||11||1
|-
|1999||3||2
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||6||1
|-
|2004||3||1
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||3||2
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Total||49||7
|}

## References
Takayuki Nishigaya

**Takayuki Nishigaya** (born 12 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||1||0||7||0||21||0
|-
|1997||22||0||1||0||7||0||30||0
|-
|1998||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||25||0||3||1||3||1||31||2
|-
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2001||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||37||0||0||0||2||0||39||0
100||0||21||1||5||1||126||2
100||0||21||1||5||1||126||2
|}

## References
Measles

**Measles** is an infectious disease, caused by a virus. People catch measles from other people. It is passed on in tiny drops of water when people breathe. People with measles have a sore throat, a fever, a cough, red eyes and a runny nose. They also have a bumpy red rash all over their body. These rashes will cause a high irritation of itching.

Measles is very infectious, which means it is easy to catch. If someone in a house has measles, it is very likely that other people in the house will also get it. In developed countries, lots of children have a vaccination (injection) to stop them from getting measles. Often they are given the MMR vaccine, to stop them getting measles, mumps and rubella. The three vaccinations are all in one injection.

Measles is sometimes also called *rubeola*, but it is not the same as rubella (German measles). The German Measles (rubella) was discovered by German scientists.

There is no specific cure for measles.  People with measles may rest and take medicines to make them feel better, to stop pain and make fevers go away.  Most people recover from measles, but some people die from it.  In the 19th century, measles epidemics killed many Polynesian people.

By country: In the United States, there were [over one thousand or] 1,274 cases in 2019; As of February 2025, the yearly numbers, have been lower. The 2025 Southwest United States measles outbreak, has already started.

## References
## Other websites 
* Health: Measles , BBC
* https://www.chicagocitydeal.com/2025/05/wait-is-measles-back-cuz-everyone-i.html
Terry Venables

**Terry Venables** (6 January 1943 &ndash; 25 November 2023) was an English football player. He played for England national team.

## Death
Venables died after a long illness, aged 80, on 25 November 2023.

## Career statistics
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Chelsea**
*Football League Cup: 1964–65
*Football League Second Division runner-up: 1962–63

**Tottenham Hotspur**
*FA Cup: 1966–67

**Queens Park Rangers**
*Football League Second Division runner-up: 1972–73

## Sources
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References
Xiphactinus

***Xiphactinus*** (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous. Skeletal remains of *Xiphactinus* have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe anοd Australia. This monster grew up to 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) in length, and resembled a giant, fanged tarpon.

## Description 
### Physical appearance 
Above all else, *Xiphactinus* was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. It was not however immune from attack. If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinuses. 

One fossil described from the Puskwaskau Formation has large, thecodont teeth that are circular in cross section and lack any carinae, and are highly variable in their overall size. This fossil is the first diagnostic material of *X*. a*udax* from Alberta, and extends the range of the species by over a thousand kilometres.

In this fossil, a *Gillicus* is inside a *Xiphactinus*. The head of the *Xiphactinus* faces left and the skeleton and fins are visible. The *Gillicus* is underneath the bones in the center, hence the name.
]]

## Species 
* †*Xiphactinus audax* Leidy, 1870 (type)
* †*Xiphactinus vetus* Leidy, 1856

## In popular culture 
### State fossil 
In October 2010, Kansas House Rep. Tom Sloan announced that he would introduce legislation to make *Xiphactinus audax*, or "**X-fish**", the state fossil of Kansas. Ultimately, *Tylosaurus* was chosen instead.

## Related pages 
* Ichthyodectiformes
* Ichthyodectidae
* Gillicus
* Leptolepis
* Ichthyodectes
'']]

## References 
## Further reading 
* "Kansas Rep. Tom Sloan agrees to back X-fish as state's official fossil / LJWorld.com". .ljworld.com. Associated Press. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-10-12.

## Other websites 
* Carnegie Museum Archived 2004-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
Emperor Ninken

was the 24th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ninken to be  legendary, but .  The name Ninken*-tennō* was  for him posthumously by later generations. 

No  dates can be  to this emperor's life or .  The  accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be  as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history 
Ninken was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted  by the childless Emperor Seinei.

## Events of Ninken's life 
Very little is known about the events of Ninken's life and reign.  Only limited information is  for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. 

### After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was  many centuries after the lifetime which was  to Ninken. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an  tumulus (*kofun*).  Ninken is  at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Kofun period

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]
Terra nullius

and Baranja area. The Croatian claim corresponds to the red line, while the Serbian claim corresponds to the course of the Danube.]]
. The area in white is unclaimed territory, or terra nullius]]

In international law, ***terra nullius*** or **unclaimed territory** is land which does not (at present) belong to any state.   The term comes from the Latin, meaning ''nobody's land*; but in current usage it is distinct from *no man's land*, which does not have a formal legal meaning.

Rule over *terra nullius* can be obtained by occupying the territory. There are various legal problems relating to this concept, but in practice it is often the business of neighboring states to decide by negotiation. Diplomacy may sometimes be replaced by warfare.

Two territories that are currently *terra nullius'' are Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, and Marie Byrd Land, in Antarctica.

## References
Prefectures of Japan

are one of the basic local entities of Japan.   They are the 47 subdivisions of the country. Prefectures are the governmental bodies of Japan which are larger than cities, towns, and villages.

## History
The former provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures between 1876 and 1879.

The word *todōfuken* combines the suffixes of the names of the 47 prefectures.  From north to south, the prefectures of Japan and their commonly associated regions are listed in traditional and in ISO 3166-2:JP order:

Okinawa Prefecture is traditionally thought of as part of the Kyūshū region of Japan.   Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu.  The Japanese government  the prefecture as its own region in new 9-region, 11-region and 13-region systems.

### List in Western alphabetical order
:*The default alphabetic order in this sortable table can be altered to mirror the traditional Japanese regions and ISO parsing.*

:*Notes*: 1- *Population* as of 2000; 2- *Area* km2; 3- *Density* per km2

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Further reading
* Steiner, Kurt. (1965). *Local Government in Japan.* Stanford: Stanford University Press. OCLC 250059672

## Other websites
*National Governors' Association Website (English)
*Map of Japan showing administrative divisions
*Japanese essay on types of prefectures
*Local Authorities for International Relations (English)
*CityMayors.com profile of prefectures
* Japan Mint. Japan 47 Prefectures Coin Program
Bir Tawil

**Bir Tawil** or '''Bi'r Tawīl''' (بيرطويل in Arabic; Bi'r or بير, meaning water well), is a small,  territory. It is along the border between Egypt and Sudan, although the territory is considered terra nullius (i.e. not claimed by either country). It is sometimes given the erroneous name of **Bir Tawil Triangle**. The longer, northern border runs along latitude 22° north.

The administrative boundary of Sudan and Egypt was made in 1902. Their political boundary was set in 1899. It was set as the 22° north circle of latitude. This area lies south of the 22° parallel. The northern border is  long, with the southern border being  long. The eastern border is  long, while the western border is  long.

The Bir Tawil "triangle" came under Egyptian administration in 1902. This was because it was grazing land of the Ababda tribe based near Aswan, Egypt. At the same time, the Hala'ib Triangle north of latitude 22° north, and northeast of the area, came under Sudanese administration. This was because the tribes of this area were based in Sudan.  The two "triangles" border at a quadripoint.

## History
In 1899, the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement for Sudan set the border between the territories at the 22nd parallel. At that time, the United Kingdom ruled the area. In 1902 the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary". Using this boundary,  a triangle of land north of the parallel was placed under Sudanese administration. It was because its inhabitants were closer to Khartoum than Cairo, both geographically and culturally. The area was ruled by the British Governor in Khartoum. 

Egypt claims the original border from 1899, the 22° north circle of latitude. This would place the Hala'ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan. Sudan claims the administrative border of 1902. This would put Hala'ib within Sudan, and Bir Tawil within Egypt. As a result, both states claim the Hala'ib Triangle. Neither state claims the much less valuable Bir Tawil area, which is only a tenth the size and is landlocked.  There is no basis in international law for Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories. It would also be difficult for any other state to claim the area. This is because only Sudan or Egypt border the land. As a result, Bir Tawil is one of the few land areas of the world which is not claimed by any state. The offical currency is the Sahrawi peseta but this is no longer circulated.

Bir Tawil is one of three areas in the world that remains unclaimed. The other areas are Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica and Liberland between the border of Serbia and Croatia.

## Geography
In the north of the area is the mountain Jabal Tawil (جبل طويل in Arabic, located at ). It has a height of 459 meters. In the east is Jabal Ḩajar az Zarqā'. It has a height of 662 meters.

In the south is the Wadi Tawil (وادي طويل in Arabic, also called *Khawr Abū Bard*, located at ), near Nogaem Valley.

## Other websites 
* International Boundary Study 
* Strange Maps: The Bir Tawil Trapezoid

## References
Hebe Camargo

**Hebe Maria Camargo** (March, 8 1929 &ndash; September 29, 2012) was a Brazilian television host, actress and singer. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Site program of Hebe  at the SBT
*
Sam Bradford

**Samuel Jacob Bradford** (born November 8, 1987, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals. He played for the Oklahoma Sooners college football team. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams with the first overall pick in the 2010 National Football League (NFL) Draft. Bradford was the 2011 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year.

## Family background
Bradford is a Cherokee. (The Cherokee Nation is a Native American tribe.)

## References
Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park

The **Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park** in Olmedilla de Alarcón, Spain, is the world’s largest photovoltaic plant.  Built in 2008, the plant uses more than 160,000 solar photovoltaic panels to generate 60 megawatts (peak). It produces enough electricity to power more than 40,000 homes.

## Related pages
*Photovoltaics

## References
Strasskirchen Solar Park

The **Strasskirchen Solar Park** is a power station in Straßkirchen, Germany. It is the second-largest photovoltaic power station in the world, with an installed capacity of 54&nbsp;MW.

## References
Hiroshi Noguchi

**Hiroshi Noguchi** (born 25 February 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1994||rowspan="9"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|Football League||25||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||9
|-
|1995||27||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||5
|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||29||2||3||0||8||0||40||2
|-
|1997||29||4||1||0||3||0||33||4
|-
|1998||25||1||2||0||3||0||30||1
|-
|1999||22||1||2||1||4||0||28||2
|-
|2000||30||1||1||0||6||0||37||1
|-
|2001||J. League 2||40||4||4||1||1||0||45||4
|-
|2002||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2003||Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||24||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
252||28||13||2||26||0||291||30
252||28||13||2||26||0||291||30
|}

## References
Orange Free State

The **Orange Free State** () was a country in southern Africa. It was ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the British Empire and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Natal Colony, in the Second Boer War. It became the Orange River Colony and later joined with other colonies to make the Union of South Africa.

It existed from 1852 to 1902, and was one of the 2 Boer Republics, the other being Transvaal. It is one of the three historical precursors to the present-day Free State province.

## References
Tetsuya Takada

**Tetsuya Takada** (born 31 July 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1993||Fujita||Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1994||rowspan="6"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||15||0||0||0||1||0||16||0
|-
|1995||27||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||4
|-
|1996||12||1||3||0||0||0||15||1
|-
|1997||28||1||3||0||1||1||32||2
|-
|1998||18||0||0||0||3||0||21||0
|-
|1999||23||0||1||0||1||1||25||1
|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||11||0||1||0||0||0||12||0
134||6||9||0||6||2||149||8
134||6||9||0||6||2||149||8
|}

## References
Tadamichi Machida

**Tadamichi Machida** (born 23 May 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||7||2||1||0||0||0||8||2
|-
|2002||3||0||0||0||6||0||9||0
|-
|2003||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||14||4||0||0||2||0||16||4
|-
|2004||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||16||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2005||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||11||2||0||0||1||0||12||2
51||10||1||0||9||0||61||10
51||10||1||0||9||0||61||10
|}

## References
Branko Hucika

**Branko Hucika** (born 10 July 1977) is a former Croatian football player.

## Club statistics
## Honours
**Tampines Rovers**
* Singapore Premier League: 2005

## References
## Other websites
*
*  
* Profile  at footballjapan.jp
* Profile at odn.ne.jp
Owusu Benson

**Owusu Benson** (born 22 March 1977) is a Ghanaian football player. He has played for Ghana national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1994/95||Sportul Studenţesc Bucureşti||Divizia A||18||0

|-
|1995/96||Solothurn||Nationalliga B||0||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Yverdon-Sport||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga B||12||5
|-
|1996/97||31||7
|-
|1997/98||Kriens||Nationalliga A||24||4
|-
|1998/99||Sion||Nationalliga A||33||3

|-
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||23||2

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Wil||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga B||10||0
|-
|2001/02||30||1
|-
|2002/03||Delémont||Nationalliga A||33||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="5"|Kriens||rowspan="4"|Challenge League||31||1
|-
|2005/06||25||5
|-
|2006/07||33||5
|-
|2007/08||25||7
|-
|2008/09||1. Liga||||
|-
|2009/10||Buochs||2. Liga Interregional||||
18||0
287||40
23||2
328||42
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
Goran Vasilijević

**Goran Vasilijević** (born August 27, 1965) is a former Serbian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||32||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||4
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
32||4||0||0||0||0||32||4
32||4||0||0||0||0||32||4

## Honours
;Red Star Belgrade
* Yugoslav First League: 1990–91, 1991–92
* FR Yugoslavia Cup: 1992–93
* European Cup: 1990–91
* Intercontinental Cup: 1991

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
List of provinces of Japan

The **List of Provinces of Japan** changed over time.  The number and borders of provinces  from the 7th century through the Meiji Period. In the 1870s, the provinces were replaced by prefectures.

The traditional way of parsing the land of Japan was "five provinces and seven circuits" (*go-shichidō*).

## Five Provinces
The traditional five core provinces of Japan were called *goki*.
*Chishima (now Hokkaido)
*Hidaka (now Hokkaido)
*Iburi (now Hokkaido)
*Ishikari (now Hokkaido)
*Kitami (now Hokkaido)
*Kushiro (now Hokkaido)
*Nemuro (now Hokkaido)
*Oshima (now Hokkaido)
*Shiribeshi (now Hokkaido)
*Teshio (now Hokkaido)
*Tokachi (now Hokkaido)

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Massimo Taibi

**Massimo Taibi** (born 18 February 1970) is a former Italian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|Licata||Serie C1||0||0
|-
|1988/89||Serie B||1||0
|-
|1989/90||Trento||Serie C1||23||0
|-
|1990/91||Milan||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1991/92||Como||Serie C1||34||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="5"|Piacenza||Serie B||38||0
|-
|1993/94||Serie A||34||0
|-
|1994/95||Serie B||38||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||0
|-
|1996/97||34||0
|-
|1997/98||Milan||Serie A||17||0
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Venezia||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||0
|-
|1999/00||1||0

|-
|1999/00||Manchester United||Premier League||4||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Reggina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||18||0
|-
|2000/01||34||1
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Atalanta||rowspan="2"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|2002/03||33||0
|-
|2003/04||Serie B||46||0
|-
|2004/05||Serie A||22||0
|-
|2005/06||Serie B||42||0
|-
|2006/07||Torino||Serie A||3||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Ascoli||rowspan="2"|Serie B||34||0
|-
|2008/09||13||0
561||1
4||0
565||1
|}

## References
Gilberto Kassab

**Gilberto Kassab** ( or ; born 12 August 1960 in São Paulo) was the mayor of São Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil. He is a member of the right-wing Democrat party. Kassab became famous when he brought in laws to stop billboard advertising, which he said were "visual pollution".

## References
Noureddine Naybet

**Noureddine Naybet** (born 10 February 1970) is a former Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1993–94||Nantes Atlantique||Division 1||34||1

|-
|1994–95||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||26||2
|-
|1995–96||28||3

|-
|1996–97||rowspan="8"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="8"|La Liga||34||1
|-
|1997–98||31||4
|-
|1998–99||30||0
|-
|1999–00||25||0
|-
|2000–01||26||1
|-
|2001–02||24||2
|-
|2002–03||25||1
|-
|2003–04||16||1

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||27||1
|-
|2005–06||3||0
34||1
54||5
211||10
30||1
39||17
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||8||0
|-
|1994||7||0
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||7||2
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||9||0
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
!Total||115||2
|}

## References
Siegbert Tarrasch

**Siegbert Tarrasch** (Breslau, now Wrocław, 5 March 1862 – Munich, 17 February 1934) was a German doctor, and one of the strongest chess grandmasters of the day.

Tarrasch was born in Breslau, in Prussian Silesia. He left in 1880 to study medicine, and qualified as a physician. He lived most of his life in Nuremberg, Bavaria, and later in Munich. Tarrasch was born Jewish, and converted to Christianity in 1909. He was a patriotic German, who lost a son in World War I, but he faced antisemitism in the early stages of Nazism.
  
Tarrasch won more strong tournaments in the 1890s than any other player, and drew a 22-game match against Mikhail Chigorin, the leading Russian player. Tarrasch was also an influential chess writer, who summarised the chess ideas of the 1890s. It was his ideas against which the hypermoderns reacted in the early 1920s.p411

Occupied with his profession, Tarrasch did not challenge Steinitz, and turned down the young Emanuel Lasker's request for a match. This turned out to be a mistake, for Lasker then challended Steinitz, and won the world chess championship. Later Tarrasch unsuccessfully challenged Lasker for the world championship, in 1908. He was by then past his best, though he continued to play in tournaments for many years. His best result in later years was to reach the final pool in the strong St. Petersburg 1914 tournament. He came fourth, behind Lasker, Capablanca and Alekhine.

## Chess author 
Tarrasch was a highly esteemed chess writer. His *Dreihundert Schachpartien* (1895; 300 chess games) was a landmark; it was the first 'best game collection' with in-depth annotations. The notes were readable and could be understood by ordinary players. This led to his being described as the *praeceptor mundi*, which is Latin for 'teacher of the world'. The book was called by the American grandmaster Reuben Fine "One of the monuments of our game".
Kim Hyun-seok (footballer)

**Kim Hyun-Seok** (born 5 May 1967) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||25||16||0||0||4||1||29||17
25||16||0||0||4||1||29||17

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Ulsan Hyundai||||||||||||||||
|-
|2001||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2002||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2003||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||
25||16||0||0||4||1||29||17
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1990||2||0
|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||5||1
|-
|1994||3||1
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||4||3
|-
!Total||23||5
|}

## References
Henry Dyck

**Henry Dyck** (September 5, 1912 – November 15, 1993) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left wing who played one game in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
Lord Mayor

during the 2006 Lord Mayor's Show]]

The **Lord Mayor** is the title of the Mayor of a major city, with special recognition.

## By country 
### Australia 
In Australia, the title of Lord Mayor is a political position, which means people vote for people to take the position. There are 10 Australian cities that have a Lord Mayor: Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Parramatta, Perth, Sydney and Wollongong. 

### Canada
In Canada, the only town with a Lord Mayor is Niagara-on-the-Lake, which has a Lord Mayor as recognition of its role as the first Capital of Upper Canada.

### Fiji
Before the 2006 Fijian coup d'état, Fiji had several municipal councils, which were local government bodies. However, they were all dismissed after the coup and not restored. During the period that Fiji had municipal councils, the city of Suva had a Lord Mayor.

### Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the title of Lord Mayor is a symbolic title, as in the United Kingdom. Cork and Dublin both have Lord Mayors.

### Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur has a Lord Mayor.

### United Kingdom
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland it is a ceremonial position. This means the person is not in charge of the day to day work of the city, but represents the city at important events. These positions are given to a person by letters patent, which are a special letter from the monarch.

## Other countries
* In Denmark, *Overborgmester*, is the title of the highest mayor of Denmark's capital city, Copenhagen.
* In Germany, *Oberbürgermeister*, is the title of the mayors of county-free, often large cities. As in Australia, Germany's mayors are the working leaders of their cities. The mayor in the three German city-states also has the function of a Ministerpräsident (head of government of one of Germany's constitutive States). These mayors are called *Regierender Bürgermeister* (Governing Mayor) in Berlin, and *Erster Bürgermeister* (First Mayor) in Hamburg.
* In Finland, the head city manager of the capital, Helsinki, is given the title *ylipormestari* meaning "high mayor". This title is used more than the official title of the office, *kaupunginjohtaja*. This tradition is almost the same as the Lord Mayors in other countries.
* In Romania and Moldova, the mayors of the capitals (Bucharest and Chişinău, are named Primar General which means General Mayor. The name is ceremonial and it has no higher powers than mayors of other cities.

## Related pages
* Mayor
Fort William, Ontario

**Fort William** was a city in Northern Ontario. It was on the Kaministiquia River, at its entrance to Lake Superior.  It amalgamated with Port Arthur and the townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form the city of Thunder Bay in January 1970. Ever since then it has been the largest city in Northwestern Ontario.

## References 
* Morrison, Jean F. Superior rendez-vous place : Fort William in the Canadian fur trade. Toronto : Natural Heritage Books, 2007. 1st ed. appeared in 2001.

* Morrison, Jean F., ed. Lake Superior to Rainy River : three centuries of fur trade history : a collection of writings. Thunder Bay, Ont. : Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, 2003.

*Thunder Bay from rivalry to unity / edited by Thorold J. Tronrud and A. Ernest Epp. Thunder Bay : Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, 1995.
Chess Olympiad

**Chess Olympiads** are chess  events open to all national teams. They have been run since 1927 by the world chess organisation, FIDE. Since 1950, they have been run every two years. Earlier events were all-play-all. Then, as numbers grew, a system of qualifying sections were used. In recent times, the format has been a Swiss system. This, in chess terms, is a method whereby opponents are chosen each round to have similar scores. It has been widely used for individual tournaments. 

## Recognised sport
Chess is a recognized sport by the International Olympic Committee with FIDE being the recognized International Sports Federation for chess since June 1999.
As a member of the International Olympic Committee, FIDE adheres to its rules, including controversially having doping tests. The prospects of chess becoming an Olympic sporting event at some future date remain unclear. The naming of FIDE's team championship as the "Chess Olympiad" is of historical origin and implies no connection between this event and the Olympic Games.

## Open section 
 In 1936 FIDE refused its approval on grounds of Nazi anti-semitism; however, the organisers accepted Jewish players, and many did play in the event.

 In 1976 the USSR and other communist countries did not compete for political reasons.

## Women's section 
## References