open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Murten

**Murten** (French: *Morat*) is a city in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is a historic city on the south side of Lake Morat. The name of the city first appears in 515 as *Muratum*. The name is probably related to Celtic *Moridunum*. This is made from *Mori* (lake), and *dunum* (castle, fortification). The city used to be part of the duchy of Burgundy. It got city rights in 1337.

Today, about 6,000 people live there. Almost all of the old parts of the city still exist.  In 2000, about 77% of the people spoke German, 13% spoke French, and about 2% spoke Italian. About 19% of the people living there are foreigners. It was created on 1 January 1991 by the former municipality of Altavilla and on 1 January 2013 by the former municipality of Büchslen. On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach merged into Murten. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Clavaleyres (Canton of Bern), Galmiz and Gempenach merged to form the municipality of Murten.

## Images

Image:Murten01.jpg|Main city square
Image:Murten02.jpg|The ramparts

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* The panorama of the battle of Morat
* Photo Gallery from Morat
Herne, Kent

**Herne** is a small historical village, near Herne Bay in Kent, South East England.

The hamlet of **Bullockstone** is about one mile to the west.

## References
Rick Astley discography

This article presents the discography of the pop singer Rick Astley. It consists of nine studio albums, five compilation albums, two remix albums, and twenty-four singles. His debut studio album, ''*, was released in November 1987. It peaked at number 1 on the UK Albums Chart and number 10 on the US *Billboard* 200. His second studio album, **, was released in November 1988 the album peaked at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart and number 19 on the US *Billboard* 200. His third studio album, **, was released in March 1991. It peaked at number 9 on the UK Albums Chart and number 31 on the US *Billboard* 200. He released his fourth studio album, **, in September 1993. It failed to chart in the UK but peaked at number 185 on the US *Billboard'' 200. His fifth studio album, '**, was released in December 2001. He released his sixth studio album, **' in October 2005. The album peaked at number 26 on the UK Albums Chart. His seventh studio album, '**, was released in June 2016. The album peaked at number 1 on the UK Albums Chart, his first number one album in the UK since his debut album. His eighth studio album, **', was released in July 2018 and peaked at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart. His greatest hits album, '**, was released in October 2019. His ninth studio album, **' was released in October 2023, peaking at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart.

## Albums
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Remix albums
### Unreleased albums
## Singles
### As lead artist
### As featured artist
### Promotional singles
## Notes
## References
Miklós Fehér

**Miklós Fehér** is a former Hungarian football player. He has played for Hungary national team.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Győri||rowspan="3"|Championship I||8||2
|-
|1996/97||29||8
|-
|1997/98||25||13

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||5||0
|-
|1999/00||5||1
|-
|1999/00||Salgueiros||Portuguese Liga||14||5
|-
|2000/01||Braga||Portuguese Liga||26||14
|-
|2001/02||Porto||Portuguese Liga||0||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Benfica||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||16||4
|-
|2003/04||13||3
62||23
79||27
141||50
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
!Total||25||7
|}

## References
Pier

]]

A **pier** is a raised walkway across water. It can be a simple light wooden structure which has no effect on the current and tides, or a major structure with buildings and as long as a mile out to sea. In the United States, these may be referred to as docks. A pier can be made of wood, concrete, or other materials.
Paul Breitner

**Paul Breitner** (born 5 September 1951) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

## Career statistics
### Club career statistics
### International career statistics
|-
|1971||2||0
|-
|1972||7||1
|-
|1973||6||0
|-
|1974||11||4
|-
|1975||2||0
|-
|1976||0||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||8||3
|-
|1982||12||2
|-
!Total||48||10
|}

## Honours
**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81
* DFB-Pokal: 1970–71, 1981–82
* European Cup: 1973–74; runner-up: 1981–82

**Real Madrid**
* La Liga: 1974–75, 1975–76
* Copa del Rey: 1974–75

**West Germany**
* FIFA World Cup: 1974; runner-up: 1982
* UEFA European Championship: 1972

**Individual**
* *kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83
*UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1972
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1974
*World XI: 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976
* Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1981
* Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1981
* Onze d'Argent: 1981
* FIFA World Cup All-Time Team
* FIFA 100
* Bayern Munich All-time XI
* Ballon d'Or Dream Team (bronze): 2020

## References
Whitstable

**Whiststable** is a small seaside town in Kent, southeast England. It is a few miles north of Canterbury, near Herne Bay. The town is famous for its oysters which have been collected there since the Roman period.
Moussa Hojeij

**Moussa Ali Hojeij** (; born 6 August 1974) is a Lebanese football manager and former player who is the head coach of Lebanese club Tadamon Sour. He was born to Lebanese Shia parents.

## Honours 
### Player 
**Nejmeh**
* Lebanese Premier League: 1999–00, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05
* Lebanese FA Cup: 1996–97, 1997–98, 2011–12
* Lebanese Elite Cup: 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
* Lebanese Super Cup: 2000, 2002, 2004
* AFC Cup runner-up: 2005

**Mabarra**
* Lebanese FA Cup: 2007–08

**Individual**
* IFFHS All-time Lebanon Men's Dream Team
* Lebanese Premier League Best Player: 1999–2000, 2001–02
* Lebanese Premier League Fans' Best Player: 1998–99, 2000–01, 2002–03
* Lebanese Premier League Best Goal: 2002–03
* Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05

### Manager 
**Shabab Sahel**
* Lebanese Challenge Cup: 2015

**Racing Beirut**
* Lebanese Challenge Cup: 2016

**Nejmeh**
* Lebanese FA Cup runner-up: 2020–21

**Individual**
* Lebanese Premier League Best Coach: 2011–12

## Related pages
* List of Lebanon international footballers

## References
Charlie Haas

**Charles Doyle "Charlie" Haas II** (born March 27, 1972) In WWE he was a member of Team Angle, which later became a Tag Team duo with Shelton Benjamin known as "The World's Greatest Tag Team". He his a three-time WWE Tag Team Champion and a two-time ROH World Tag Team Champion.

## Championships and accomplishments
***Ballpark Brawl**
**Natural Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Combat Zone Wrestling**
**CZW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Russ Haas
***East Coast Wrestling Association**
**ECWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Russ Haas
***Family Wrestling Entertainment**
**FWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time, first)
***Heartland Wrestling Association**
**HWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Insane Hardcore Wrestling Entertainment**
**IHWE California West Coast Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**IHWE DFW Championship (2 times)
**IHWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**IHWE Triple Crown Championship (1 time)
***Jersey All Pro Wrestling**
**JAPW New Jersey State Championship (1 time)
**JAPW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Russ Haas
**JAPW Hall of Fame (Class of 2007)
***Memphis Championship Wrestling**
**MCW Southern Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Russ Haas
***NWA Southwest**
**NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***NWA Texoma**
**NWA Texoma Heavyweight Championship (2 time)
**NWA Texoma Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Dane Griffin
* **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
**Danny Davis Invitational Tag Team Tournament (2015) - with Shelton Benjamin
***Old School Wrestling**
**Osw World Heavyweight Championship  (1 time)
***Phoenix Championship Wrestling**
**Russ Haas Memorial Tag Team Tournament (2002) – with Nova
**PWI ranked him #**25** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003
***Ring of Honor**
**ROH World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Shelton Benjamin
***Southwest Wrestling Entertainment**
**SWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
**SWE Six Man Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Rodney Mack and Max Castellanos
***Top Of Texas Pro Wrestling**
**Dennis Stamp Tag Team Hero's Cup (2017) - with Phoenix
***Texas Outlaw Promotion**
**TOP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**Slammy Award (1 time)
***Best Impersonation (2008) – 
***Wrecking Ball Wrestling**
**Match of the Year (2011) vs. Low Ki
***WrestleForce**
**WrestleForce World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
*** Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling**
**XICW Midwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

## References
Van Halen

**Van Halen** was a hard rock group from Pasadena, California.  They were formed in 1972.  Guitarist Eddie Van Halen's style of playing changed the guitar world.  He used lots of new techniques such as shredding and tapping. They made history with their first self-titled debut album in 1978, producing 4 major hits. The band released twelve studio albums, which have sold 80 million records worldwide.

Eddie Van Halen died on October 6, 2020, from cancer. His son, bass guitarist Wolfgang Van Halen, confirmed that the band had broken up.

## References
Idealism

**Idealism** is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. The word comes from the Greek word ἰδέα. 

In some doctrines of idealistic thought *the ideal* relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images.
William Godwin

**William Godwin** (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism. Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: *An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice*, an attack on political institutions, and *Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams*, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. He was also married to Mary Wollstonecraft, with whom he had two children.

## Major works 
* *Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness* (1793)
* *Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams* (1794)
* *The Enquirer* (1797)
* *Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman* (1798)
* *St. Leon* (1799)
* *Fleetwood* (1805)
* *Mandeville* (1817)
* *History of the Commonwealth* (1824-28)
Peter Kropotkin

**Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin** () (9 December 1842 - 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, philosopher, revolutionary, scientist, geographer, and one of the first advocates of anarcho-communism.
## Early life
Kropotkin was born on December 9, 1842 in Moscow, Russia.  His father, Aleksey Petrovich Kropotkin was a prince of the Rurik Dynasty. His father owned large amounts of land and over 1000 serfs.  In 1846, Kropotkin's mother died of tuberculosis. Two years after, Kropotkin's father married a woman named Yelizaveta Mar'kovna Korandino.
### Books 
*  Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
* *The Conquest of Bread* Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
* *Fields, Factories and Workshops*
* P.Kropotkin, *In Russian and French Prisons*, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
* *Memoirs of a Revolutionist*, London : Smith, Elder; 1899. Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in the United States in the same year and have appeared in a number of modern editions.
* *The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793*, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translated from the French by N.F. Dryhurst. e-text (in French)
* *Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities* (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1915). Available online at the Anarchy Archives,
* *Ethics* (unfinished). Included as first part of  *Origen y evolución de la moral* (Spanish e-text) 
* *In Russian and French Prisons*. Online book. A criticism of the existence of prisons.

### Articles 
* "Research on the Ice age", *Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society*, 1876.
* "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", *Geographical Journal*, 23 (1904), 722-741.
* Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion",  The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep., 1903), pp.&nbsp;294–299, JSTOR
* "Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun., 1904), pp.&nbsp;770–772, JSTOR
* "The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug., 1897), pp.&nbsp;196–202, JSTOR
* "The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep., 1898), pp.&nbsp;306–310, JSTOR

### Pamphlets 
* *Listen, Anarchist!*
* *An Appeal To The Young *
* War.
* Law and Authority.
* The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution.
* Revolutionary Government.
* Are Prisons Necessary? Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887)
* Anarchism : Its Philosophy and Ideal (1896)
* The State : Its Historic Role (1897)
* On Economics Selected Passages from his Writings (1898-1913)

## References 
## Other websites
*"Map of the Southern Half of Eastern Siberia and Parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Sakhalin: For a General Sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia" is a map that was made by Peter Kropotkin
Rose garden

in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, France]]
A **Rose garden** or **Rosarium** is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown. While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.

The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison. When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses. Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Growing roses for commercial purposes started in the 19th century. The important rose gardens created for commercial rose breeding were:

* "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, France
* "Dolná Krupá rosarium in Austria-Hungary (now Slovakia
* "Europa-Rosarium in Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

## References
**Jardins de roses*, André Gayraud, éditions du Chêne, 
* *Roseraies et jardins de roses*, H. Fuchs in *Le Bon jardinier, encyclopédie horticole*, tome 1, La Maison rustique, Paris, 1964, .
Johann Baptist Martinelli

**Johann Baptist Martinelli** (February 8, 1701, Vienna - June 21, 1754, Vienna) was an Austrian architect and constructor of Italian descent.

## Overview 
He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli. In cooperation with his brother Anton Erhard Martinelli, he designed the plans of several baroque church in the Habsburg empire, among which  the church in Grossweikersdorf and the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Blaj. He also designed several mansions among which the one in Dolná Krupá.
Agorism

**Agorism** is a free-market anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that has the ultimate goal of bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges– a free market." The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states. Agorist theory divides people into two classes: people who make their living through the market, and people who make their living by coercing others (called the "economic class" and "political class", respectively). They support a nonviolent overthrow of the second class by the first, through peaceful black market and grey market activity, known as counter-economics.

## References
Anarcho-communism

**Anarcho-communism**, also known as **anarchist communism**, is the belief that hierarchies, money, and social classes should not exist, and that the means of production should be held in common by society. Anarcho-communists support direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils, decentralized economic planning and a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.

Some well-known anarcho-communist writers are Peter Kropotkin, Ricardo Flores Magón and Nestor Makhno. Anarcho-communism is opposed to the more authoritarian forms of communism advocated by Leninists and Maoists. These groups have violently clashed in Russia, Korea and Spain over their beliefs. Some examples of anarcho-communism in practice include the Makhnovshchina, Shinmin Autonomous Region, and the  Revolutionary Spain.

## References 
sedam
Hesperomannia arbuscula

The **Maui Hesperomannia** (***Hesperomannia arbuscula***) is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.
It is found only in the United States.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical wet low lying land forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland (an area with mostly bushes and few trees).
It is in danger due to the loss of its  area of habitat.

## Source
* Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003.  Hesperomannia arbuscula .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 20 July 2007.
Eureka Tower

**Eureka Tower** is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.

Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006. Grocon did the construction.

The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Emporis Page
Anton Pius Riegel

**Anton Pius Riegel** (1789-?) was an Austrian architect of the 19th century. He is known for his design of the György Károlyi palace in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Hungarian Museum of Literature) and the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.

## References
* Museum of Literature http://www.pim.hu/object.EDA790EA-DFC5-4869-B8E6-B6814B65E9DE.ivy 
* Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá http://www.dejum.sav.sk/RES/krupa.htm
Stoicism

**Stoicism** was a school of Hellenistic philosophy. It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom. This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, *prohairesis*) which is according to the participants "in accord with nature". The Stoics believed that the universe was ruled by reason, which they thought of as God being present in nature itself.

Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who thought their pagan character was at odds with his Christian faith.

## Stoic philosophers 
* Antipater of Tarsus (210 BC129 BC)
* Cato the Younger (Uticensis 94 BC46 BC)
* Chrysippus (280 BC204 BC)
* Cleanthes (of Assos), (330 BC232 BC)
* Diodotus, (~120 BC59 BC), teacher of Cicero
* Diogenes of Babylon (230 BC150 BC)
* Epictetus (55 AD135 AD)
* Hierocles (2nd century AD)
* Marcus Aurelius (121 AD180 AD)
* Musonius Rufus (25 AD100AD)
* Panaetius of Rhodes (185 BC109 BC)
* Posidonius of Apameia (~135 BC51 BC)
* Seneca (4 BC65 AD)
** Contemporaries: Musonius Rufus, Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus
* Zeno of Citium (332 BC262 BC), founder of Stoicism
** Contemporaries: Aristo of Chios, pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage

## References
Empiricism

, founder of British empiricism]]
In philosophy, **empiricism** is a theory that states that all knowledge comes from experience. 

'Experience' is sometimes translated as 'sense data', i.e. we cannot know anything except by information which comes through our senses.

The British philosophers John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, clarified some of its basic ideas in the 17th and 18th century, building on the ideas of classical philosopher Aristotle. 

Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge". Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism.

## Related pages 
* Blank slate
* History of philosophy
* Rationalism
The Artist in the Ambulance

***The Artist in the Ambulance*** is the third album by the post-hardcore band Thrice. It was released on July 22 2003.

Like previous Thrice albums, some of the money made from selling *The Artist in the Ambulance* was given to a charity. The album's booklet features individual cards that have lyrics from Thrice songs, notes, photographs and comments from the band members and the producer.

"Stare at the Sun" is a main single from the album.

## Songs 
# "Cold Cash and Colder Hearts" – 2:52
# "Under a Killing Moon" – 2:41
# "All That's Left" – 3:20 (also featured in *Madden 2004*)
# "Silhouette" – 3:06
# "Stare at the Sun" – 3:23 (also featured in SSX 3)
# "Paper Tigers" – 3:59
# "Hoods on Peregrine" – 3:31
# "The Melting Point of Wax" – 3:29
# "Blood Clots and Black Holes" – 2:49
# "The Artist in the Ambulance" – 3:39
# "The Abolition of Man" – 2:46 (The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis)
# "Don't Tell and We Won't Ask" – 3:59
# "Eclipse" – 3:21
# "Motion Isn't Meaning" - 1:53
Vincent J. McMahon

**Vincent James McMahon** (better known as **Vince McMahon, Sr.**, (July 6, 1914 – May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, Capitol Wrestling Corporation (now known as WWE), of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, was the Chairman of the Board of Directors from 1980 to 2024.

## References
Tay Zonday

**Adam Nyerere Bahner** (born May 21, 1982), often called by the pseudonym **Tay Zonday**, is an American keyboardist. His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007. He has won YouTube Awards and Webby Awards.

## References
## Other websites
* Tay Zonday's website
*
Chuck Palumbo

**Charles Ronald "Chuck" Palumbo** (born June 15, 1971) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWE). Palumbo is a former WCW and WWF/E World Tag Team Champion. He hosted the Discovery Channel series *Lords of the Car Hoards* and *Rusted Development*.

## Championships and accomplishments
***Herts and Essex Wrestling**
**HEW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
****Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
**Tag Team of the Year (2002) – with Billy
**PWI ranked him No. 37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2002
***Toryumon**
**Yamaha Cup (2006) – with Johnny Stamboli
***World Championship Wrestling**
**WCW World Tag Team Championship (4 times)&nbsp;– with Shawn Stasiak (3) and Sean O'Haire (1)
***World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment**
**WWF/E Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Billy

## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*ChuckPalumbo.com (Official Website)
*WWE Profile
*
*Online World of Wrestling Profile
*Chuck Palumbo at WrestlingRevealed.com
Antoine Dufour

**Antoine Dufour** is a French-Canadian guitarist. Dufour is famous for his fingerstyle guitar playing. Until now Dufour has made 3 studio albums, *Naissance*, *Development* and *Existence*. He has a strong fanbase because of his YouTube videos.

## Biography
Dufour started playing guitar at the age of fifteen. Later he studied at the CEGEP, where he first listened to fingerstyle music. 2005 he became second and 2006 first place in the Canadian Guitar Festival's Fingerstyle Guitar Championship. Also he became third in the International Finger Style Guitar Championship in Winfield, Kansas.

Dufour also works as a guitar tutor, giving lessons through Skype.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Naissance* (2004)
* *Development* (2006)
* *Existence* (2008)

### DVDs
* *Antoine Dufour / Andy McKee* Split DVD (2007)

## Other websites
* Antoine Dufour Official Website
* Antoine Dufour at Candyrat Records
* Interview with Antoine Dufour at www.instrumentalcase.com
* Antoine Dufour: The Transcription Collection
Vheissu

***Vheissu*** is an album by experimental band Thrice. It was released in 2005. The album introduced a new sound to the band's post-hardcore roots. It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"

The songs on *Vheissu* use many biblical themes but Thrice does not think of themselves as a Christian band. Some of the statements from the album which are clearly from the bible include:

*''There's no greater love, then that one shed his blood for his friends* - from "For Miles"
**We were all lost, and now we're found* - from "Image of the Invisible"
**Once again the bread and wine'' - from "From Moths to Flame"

The album artwork was created by author Dave Eggers and artist Brian McMullen. It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.

## Track listing
## References
Nathan Rees

**Nathan Rees** (born 12 February 1968) was the 41st Premier of New South Wales. He was premier from 5 September 2008 until 4 December 2009. He is from the Labor Party.

## References
Colin Barnett

**Colin James Barnett** (born 15 July 1950) was the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He was Premier from 23 September 2008 until 17 March 2017. He is from the Liberal Party.

## References
Gojira

**Gojira** is a progressive death metal/groove metal band from Bayonne, France. They formed in 1996 and were called *Godzilla* until 2001. Gojira is known for its lyrics about the environment, which is very unusual for a death metal band.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* 2001: *Terra Incognita*
* 2003: *The Link*
* 2005: *From Mars to Sirius*
* 2008: *The Way of All Flesh*
* 2012: ''L'Enfant Sauvage*
* 2016: *Magma*
* 2021: *Fortitude*

### Demos 
* 1996: *Victim* 
* 1997: *Possessed*
* 1999: *Saturate* 
* 2000: *Wisdom Comes*

### Live albums 
* 2004: *The Link Alive'' (CD/DVD)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Gojira at MySpace
Anna Bligh

**Anna Maria Bligh** (born 14 July 1960) is an Australian politician who was the 37th Premier of Queensland from 13 September 2007 to 24 March 2012. She is from the Labor Party. She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland. On 16 August 2012 it was announced that Bligh was moving with her husband Greg Withers and the rest of her family to Sydney. 

## Early Life
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy.  She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.

## Parliament
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion.   

## References
Mike Rann

**Michael David Rann** (born 5 January 1953) was the 44th Premier of South Australia. He was premier from 5 March 2002 until 21 October 2011. He is from the Labor Party. He is how Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. 

## References
David Bartlett

**David John Bartlett** (born 19 January 1968) was the 43rd Premier of Tasmania. He became premier on 26 May 2008. He is from the Labor Party.

Bartlett resigned, for family reasons on 24 January 2011, and was replaced as premier by Lara Giddings. She is also the Treasurer and Minister of the Arts.

## References
John Brumby

**John Mansfield Brumby**  (born 21 April 1953) was the 45th Premier of Victoria. He became Premier on 30 July 2007. He is from the Labor Party. After being defeated in the 2010 elections, Brumby was replaced as Premier by Ted Baillieu on 1 December 2010.

## Early life
Brumby was born in Melbourne and educated at Ivanhoe Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School.
Brumby went to the University of Melbourne in 1971 and completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree. The Labor Party did not win as many votes in the 1996 election and lost two seats. Over the next few years the party did not think Brumby would be able to lead them to a win in the next election. Brumby was replaced as leader by Steve Bracks in March, 1999. Bracks led the Labor Party and won an election in September 1999. Brumby became the Minister for Finance in the new government, and a year later was made the Treasurer (in charge of all government spending).

Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007, and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader. This made him the Premier of Victoria. In November 2010 the Labor Party was defeated in the election with a 5.3% swing of votes to the Liberal and National Parties. Brumby resigned as the leader of the Labor Party.

## References
René Adler

**René Adler** (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig)  is a German footballer. He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer Leverkusen. Leverkusen is a city in Germany. The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.

On October 11, 2008, Adler made his first match in the German national team against Russia (2-1).

## References
Kreator

**Kreator** is a German thrash metal band from Essen. They formed in 1982 as *Tormentor* and are counted to the big three German thrash metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.

## Discography 
* *Endless Pain* (1985)
* *Pleasure to Kill* (1986)
* *Terrible Certainty* (1987)
* *Extreme Aggression* (1989)
* *Coma of Souls* (1990)
* *Renewal* (1992)
* *Cause for Conflict* (1995)
* *Outcast* (1997)
* *Endorama* (1999)
* *Violent Revolution* (2001)
* *Enemy of God* (2005)
* *Hordes of Chaos* (2009)
* *Phantom Antichrist* (2012)
* *Gods of Violence* (2017)
* *Hate Über Alles* (2022)

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Official MySpace page
* Artist page at Allmusic
* Sinister Online interview with Mille Petrozza

## References
Quentin Bryce

**Dame Quentin Alice Louise Bryce**  (née **Strachan**; born 23 December 1942) was the 25th Governor-General of Australia, from September 2008 to March 2014. She was the first woman to be the Governor-General. Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.

For her community works she was created a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John in 2003. If she were not already a Dame, she would have become a Dame of Justice when she became Prior of the Australian Priory of the Order of St John.

## References
Kings of Leon

**Kings of Leon** are a rock band from Oklahoma, USA. Their members are all related, three brothers and their cousin. They have released 6 albums. Their sixth album, *Mechanical Bull*, was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

## Discography 
* *Youth & Young Manhood* (2003)
* *Aha Shake Heartbreak* (2004)
* *Because of the Times* (2007)
* *Only by the Night* (2008)
* *Come Around Sundown* (2010)
* *Mechanical Bull* (2013)
* *Walls* (2016)
* *When You See Yourself* (2021)
* *Can We Please Have Fun* (2024)
Minaret

, Egypt with its two minarets]]
]]
A **minaret** is  a tower. Many mosques have minarets. Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day.
Omi (title)

**Omi** was a very old Japanese  of both someone's rank and their political rank it was only allowed for use by the most  clans during the Yamato time of Japanese history. The title Omi, was given to a man's son when the father died.
Blue baby syndrome

**Blue-baby syndrome,** or **blue baby** is usually caused by a heart defect which laymen often call "a hole in the heart". The foramen ovale is an aperture between the walls of the right and left atrium in the fetus that allows the blood too cross the atria and help in bypass pulmonary blood circulation.

## Overview
In normal cases, this aperture closes in the babies after birth. However, in the case of an abnormality, this aperture does not close, resulting in the bypass to continue, which is not needed after the baby starts breathing on its own. 

Normally, oxygenated blood from the lungs is separated from deoxygenated blood from other tissues. Because of the defect in the heart ventricular-atrial wall, deoxygenated blood sometimes mixes with the blood from the lungs. The resulting blood going through the aorta has less oxygen than usual. The baby then looks blue. 

## Treatment
An operation is usually done to close the aperture resulting in a normal flow of the blood. There are several heart defects which produce this syndrome. There are also some causes which are not related to heart conditions.

### History
On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for the heart condition was done at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1976, the university awarded the surgeon an honorary doctorate.

## References
Quba Mosque

**Quba Mosque** is a mosque in Medina. It is the oldest mosque in the world. When Muhammad and his friends were coming to Medina, they stopped over in Kuba. Muhammad started to build the mosque after his friend helped him.  Umar II added a minaret and enlarged the mosque. Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the mosque and rebuilt it.

## References
Alan Carpenter

**Alan John Carpenter** (born 4 January 1957) was the 28th Premier of Western Australia from 26 January 2006 to 23 September 2008. He is from the Labor Party. He is still in the Western Australian parliament.

## References
Geoff Gallop

Professor **Geoffrey Ian Gallop** (born 27 September 1951) was the 27th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 2001 to 25 January 2006. He was from the Labor Party.

## References
Saria

The name **Saria** can mean a number of things:
* Saria Island, an island in Greece
* Saria, a character from the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
* Saria, Burkina Faso
Plaster

**Plaster** is a material similar to mortar and cement. Plaster of Paris is one kind, made from gypsum by heating it. It is used to make copies of footprints, fossils, skeletons, and to set fractured bones. Other kinds of plaster are used for buildings and other purposes. Decorative plaster is more usually called stucco.

## Related pages 
*Orthopedic cast
Renton, Washington

**Renton** is a city in King County, Washington, United States.  It is 13 miles (21&nbsp;km) southeast of Seattle, Washington. Renton is on the southeast shore of Lake Washington. At the 2020 census, 106,785 people lived there. As of 2020, Renton is the 8th largest city in Washington, and 4th largest in King County.

Based on median household income, Renton ranked 171st of 599 areas ranked in the state of Washington in 2014.

## Notable residents
*Jimi Hendrix, famous musician, buried in the city's Greenwood cemetery since 1970.
*Ann Rule, the true crime novelist currently resides in Renton.
*Sean Kinney, drummer of Alice in Chains grew up in Renton.
*Bonnie Guitar, singer in the 50's and 60's, gave singing lessons as Bonnie Tutmarc, in the early 50's.
*Tim Lincecum, famous Major League Baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants grew up in Renton, and attended Liberty HS.
*Brandon Roy, NBA basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers, resides in Renton.
*Jamal Crawford, NBA player for the Golden State Warriors, has a home in Renton and resides there during the off-season.
*Kristina Horner, Eia Waltzer, Brittany Vahlberg, and Nick Horner, members of the wizard rock group The Parselmouths

## References
## Other websites
*Renton city government webpage
Krompachy

**Krompachy** (German: **Krompach**, Hungarian: **Korompa**) is a town in Slovakia, located on the valley of the Hornád River. Until the end of the 20th century it was a centre of mining and metallurgy, particularly iron and copper. It is now an alpine resort, close to the Plejsy ski center.

## Population 
### Ethnic composition 
### Religion 
## References
São José dos Pinhais

of the city, on the border with Curitiba.]]

**São José dos Pinhais** is a Brazilian city, the second largest in the Greater Curitiba, in southern state of Paraná. In 2008 the population was more than 280.000 inhabitants.

The city is on a plateau 906 meters above sea level, and an area of 945,717 km². Is just 7 km away from the capital, Curitiba.

It is the third largest automotive pole of Brazil, housing  of Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan and Renault. The city is also home of the Afonso Pena International Airport, the main airport in southern Brazil.
Christian Heinrich Nebbien

**Christian Heinrich Nebbien**, sometimes referred to as **Heinrich Nebbien** or **Henrik Nebbien**, (September 22, 1778 in Lübeck - December 2, 1841 in Glogau) was a German landscaping architect.

His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy ut in Budapest (1817).

Other projects for which he is known are:

* the park of the Betliar mansion in Slovakia (1783-1795) 
* the park of the Dolná Krupá mansion in Slovakia (1813-1819);
* The park in Martonvásár, Hungary.

He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

## Works
* Wie vielmal wohlfeiler kann der Landwirth produziren? Und: Wie vielmal größer kann der Ertrag des Bodens werden? -  Prag, J. G. Calve, 1835.

## References
* Rosengräfin Marie Henriette Gräfin Chotek (24.11.1863 - 13.2.1946) http://www.welt-der-rosen.de/personen/rosengraefin_graefin_chotek.html
* Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá http://www.dejum.sav.sk/RES/krupa.htm 
* Prírodný park kaštieľa Betliar http://www.snm.sk/?lang=svk&section=sidl&org=8&id=41
* Örsi Károly - Történeti kertek A magyar kertépítészet legszebb alkotásai http://www.okotaj.hu/szamok/02/korny1.html
* Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein und Lübeck http://www.shlb.de/
* Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 19 http://www.ndb.badw-muenchen.de/ndb19_artikel.htm
* A Városliget Színházai http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02065/html/2kotet/34.html
* Magyar Erzsébet - Kertek, parkok Buda-Pest társaséletében a 19. században http://www.bparchiv.hu/magyar/kiadvany/bpn/46/magyar.html 
* Mittel-Transdanubien http://www.utikonyv.hu/0-release-2/objektum.php?id=258&nyelv=3&sablon=370 
* Magyar kertművészet az újkorban http://epa.oszk.hu/00900/00979/00022/sz02szasz.htm
* Nebbien Henrik (19. sz.) - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990 http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC10888/11143.htm
Richard G. Hovannisian

**Richard Gable Hovannisian** (; November 9, 1932 &ndash; July 10, 2023) was an American historian. He was born in Tulare, California.

He received his M.A.(1958) degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D.(1966) from University of California, Los Angeles. He was also Associate Professor of History at Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, from 1966 to 1969. In 1987, Professor Hovannisian was appointed as the first holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History at the UCLA. His biographical entries are included in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World among other scholarly and literary reference works.

Hovannisian died in Los Angeles, California on July 10, 2023 at the age of 90.

## Books 
*The Republic of Armenia, Volume 1 (1971) and Volume II (1982), Vols. III & IV (1996) U.C. Press
*The Armenian Holocaust, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Armenian Heritage Press (1980)
*The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997
*Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998
*Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2004)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Full bibliography
Armenian question

The term "**Armenian Question**" refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However, in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities.

The "Armenian Question", like the "Eastern Question", remained a factor (issue) in international politics, first with Great Britain and Germany; then Russia taking on the role of Ottoman Armenians protector. 

## References
South Asian river dolphin

The **South Asian river dolphin** (*Platanista gangetica*) is a freshwater or river dolphin found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan.

It is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin (*P. g. gangetica*) and Indus river dolphin (*P. g. minor*). 

From the 1970s until 1998, they were regarded as separate species; however, in 1998, their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species. The idea was to wait until genetic analysis had decided how best to classify them.

## References
Kingfisher

]]

**Kingfishers** are small birds of the order Coraciiformes. There are about 90 species, mostly in the Old World and Australasia, Most species are tropical in distribution.

Their feathers are often bright colours, such as blue or orange. They have large heads, long, sharp bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Most species have bright plumage with little differences between the sexes. Most are found only in forests. They eat a wide range of prey, including fish. They usually catch prey by swooping down from a perch. Many live near rivers and eat fish, but most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other birds  of their order they nest in holes, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in disused termite nests.

## Classification 
Based on sequence analysis, the 90 or so species of kingfishers are now divided into three families:
*River kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
*Tree kingfishers (Halcyonidae )
*Water kingfishers (Cerylidae)

## Habitat 
Kingfishers are found all over the world. They often make their nests near rivers where the water flows slowly. They make their nests in tall river banks. They dig a hole in the side of the river bank. Most kingfishers lay 3–6 eggs each time.

Many kingfishers eat fish. They sit on branches hanging over the river's edge and wait for a fish to appear. They then dive into the water to catch the fish. Some kingfishers eat lizards or other reptiles. Kookaburras do this.

## History 
Most species are in the Australasian region, but the family did not originate there. They evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and invaded the Australasian region a number of times. Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming 50 million years ago (mya) and in Germany, around 30-40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene/Pliocene rocks of Australia (5-25 mya).

## Conservation 
Kingfishers are easily harmed if there is a lot of snow and cold weather in winter. They can also die if humans cause a lot of water pollution or if the places where Kingfishers live are destroyed. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

## References
Premier of Western Australia

The **Premier of Western Australia** is the leader of the Western Australian government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of Western Australia.

The current Premier is Roger Cook from the Labor Party.

## List of Premiers of Western Australia
# There were no political parties in Western Australia until 1904.

## References
## Other websites
*
Phone Booth (movie)

***Phone Booth*** is a 2003 American movie about a man trapped in a telephone booth by a sniper. It stars Colin Farrell and Kiefer Sutherland and was directed by Joel Schumacher. It is set in New York City. It was originally to be released in 2002 but was delayed because of the Beltway sniper attacks.

## Other websites 
*
Crich Tramway Village

tram and is about to pass under the Bowes-Lyon Bridge]]
**Crich Tramway Village** is an open-air museum of trams and tramways, in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England. It is the home of the **National Tramway Museum**. It is set up as an Edwardian village and has a street with shops which include a sweet shop, café and gift shop. Other buildings in the open-air museum are the Red Lion  from Stoke-on-Trent, Derby Assembly Rooms, Burnley Tramways Offices and the tram sheds and s. There are tram lines which go out for about  from the village. There is also a collection of old street furniture from around the United Kingdom.

The trams that are in the museum used to run on tramlines along the streets of different towns and cities. Most of the trams at Crich were used in the United Kingdom before the 1960s. Some are from .
* 1955 - The Tramway Museum Society (TMS) is .
* 1960 - The museum's first tram shed opens on the site of the current Workshop Galleries.
* 1985 - The museum loans trams to Blackpool for their electric tram . Blackpool Corporation loans Blackpool Boat 607 and Blackpool Balloon 710 to the museum.
* 2008 - The museum receives a HLF grant for £900,000 to restore the Stone Workshop (pictured right) and turn it into an exhibition and education centre.
* 2009 - Cardiff 131 started running. The Museum held three special events for their 50th Anniversary. They are known as "Crich50".
* 2010 - London Tramlink donated two old works vehicles to the museum. Blackpool Transport announced that it will donate six trams to the museum between 2010 and 2015. They are Balloon 712, Boat 607, Brush 630, Twin Set 672+682, Centenary 648 and Jubilee 762. The first to arrive was Balloon 712, on 27 March. The museum loaned three tramcars to the Blackpool tramway for its 125@th Anniversary Celebrations. These were Blackpool & Fleetwood 'Rack' 2, Blackpool Corporation 'Pantograph' 167 and Oporto 273. from places such as Berlin, Blackpool, Chesterfield, Den Haag, Derby, Douglas, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gateshead, Glasgow, Grimsby, Halle, Howth, Johannesburg, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, New York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oporto, Paisley, Prague, Sheffield, Southampton and Sydney.

The museum has about fifteen Conduit current collection is another form of current collection. Blackpool 4 uses this, and it was also used in London.

## Related pages
* Beamish Museum
* Blackpool tramway
* East Anglia Transport Museum
* Light Rail Transit Association
* Maley & Taunton
* Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
* Summerlee Heritage Park (Coatbridge)
* The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Topical pictures of the Museum
* The London County Council Tramways Trust —- responsible for the restoration of London nos. 1, 106, 159, 1622 
* The Tram Centre —- all sorts of information can be found here on all types of trams 
* Photographs and Information from Strolling Guides
* Tram Travels: Crich Tramway Village
Hingol National Park

**Hingol National Park** or Hungol National Park () covers about . and is the largest of the National Parks of Pakistan and lies on the Makran coast in Balochistan approximately  from Karachi.
 
The area was declared a reserve in 1988.  

The Hingol River runs though the park. 

## References