open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bob Giggie

**Robert Thomas Giggie** (August 13, 1933 – December 9, 2018) was an American professional baseball player and Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Milwaukee Braves from 1959 to 1960 and for the Kansas City Athletics from 1960 and 1962. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

Giggie died on December 9, 2018 in Braintree, Massachusetts at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Braintree, Massachusetts

**Braintree** (), officially the **Town of Braintree**, is a suburban New England city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 39,143 at the 2020 census.

## References
André Holland

**André Holland** (born December 28, 1979) is an American actor. He got a lot of attention for his performance as Kevin in the 2016 Academy Award-winning movie *Moonlight*.

Holland has acted in theatre plays, television programs and movies. His first on-screen performance was in an episode of the drama series *Law & Order* in 2006.

Also in 2006, he played three characters on stage in the play *Blue Door*. *The New York Times* gave the performance a good review.

Holland was born in Bessemer, Alabama.

## References
Chiang Pin-kung

**Chiang Pin-kung** (; 16 December 1932 &ndash; 10 December 2018) was a Taiwanese politician. He led the Ministry of Economic Affairs from 1993 to 1996. He was named Minister of the Council for Economic Planning and Development, where he worked until 2000. 

He was elected to consecutive terms on the Legislative Yuan from 2002 to 2008. During his first term as a legislator, Chiang was Vice President of the Legislative Yuan. He was Chairman of the Straits Exchange Foundation from 2008 to 2012.

Chiang collapsed at a restaurant on 8 December 2018 in Taipei. He died of multiple organ failure at a hospital on 10 December 2018, aged 85.

## References
Robert Spaemann

**Robert Spaemann** (5 May 1927 – 10 December 2018) was a German Roman Catholic philosopher. He was thought of as a member of the Ritter-School. He was born in Berlin. Spaemann's focus was on Christian ethics. He was known for his work in bioethics, ecology, and human rights. Spaemann was internationally known and his work is highly regarded by Pope Benedict XVI.

Spaemann died on 10 December 2018 in Berlin at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Spaemann speaks on "Paradoxes of Love" at the Dietrich von Hildebrand Legacy Project's Conference in Rome, May 28, 2010 
* Christoph Zimmer: Spaemanns Homilie und ihr letzter Gottesbeweis. 2011
Koppa

**Koppa** may refer to:

* Koppa (letter), an archaic Greek letter and numeral symbol
* Koppa (Cyrillic), an archaic Cyrillic symbol derived from the Greek
* Koppa, India, a town in Karnataka, India
Viaduct

in Ayrshire – the oldest surviving railway bridge in Scotland]]
 in Riverside, California, built in 1903]]

A **viaduct** is a bridge composed of several small spans. It is built for crossing a valley, dry or wetland, or forming an overpass or flyover.

The word *viaduct* has two parts from Latin: *via* for road and *ducere*, to lead. The ancient Romans did not use this word; it was invented in the nineteenth-century by analogy with aqueduct.

## References
Xavier Tilliette

**Xavier Tilliette** (23 July 1921 – 10 December 2018) was a French philosopher, historian, and theologian. He was born in Corbie, Somme. He was a former student of Jean Wahl and of Vladimir Jankélévitch.

Tilliette was a member of the Society of Jesus (1938) and professor emeritus at the Catholic Institute of Paris (1969), having taught also at the Pontifical Gregorian University of Rome (1972), the Lateran University, and the Centre Sèvres in Paris.

He was a member of the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici and of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (*Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften of Munich*), the Centro studi filosofico-religiosi Luigi Pareyson, and, since 2006, a corresponding member Accademia di estetica internazionale de Rapallo.

## References
Thutmose III

s 'Son of Ra' are over the cartouche of the birth-name of Thutmos III. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]

**Thutmose III**  (Thutmose means "Thoth is born") was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. 

Thutmose III was pharaoh in name for almost 54 years (24 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425 BC) from the age of two and until his death at age fifty-six. 

For the first 22 years of his reign, he was coregent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut. She was also pharaoh, and probably the actual ruler for the first part of his reign. During the final two years of his reign, he appointed his son and successor, Amenhotep II, as his junior co-regent. His firstborn son and heir to the throne, Amenemhat, died before Thutmose III.

As the sole ruler of the kingdom after the deaths of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, he created the largest empire Egypt ever had. 17 campaigns were conducted. He conquered lands from the Niya Kingdom in northern Syria to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile in Nubia.

Whether the Egyptian empire covered even more areas is less specific. Earlier Egyptologists, most recently Ed. Meyer believed that Thutmose had also subjugated the islands of the Aegean Sea. This can no longer be upheld today. Conquest of Mesopotamia is unthinkable; whether tribute sent from Alashia Cyprus was more than occasional gifts

When Thutmose III died, he was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Other kings from this period in Egypt were also buried there.

## References
Itasca County, Minnesota

**Itasca County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 45,014 people lived there. The county seat is Grand Rapids.

## References
Jim Florentine

**James** "**Jim**" **Florentine** (born August 18, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, puppeteer, voice artist, and comedian, best known as the voice of Special Ed and Bobby Fletcher in *Crank Yankers*.

## Early life
Florentine was born **James Florentine** in Brooklyn, New York on August 18, 1964.

## Other websites
*
2018 Strasbourg shooting

On 11 December 2018 a terrorist attack happened in Strasbourg, France. Five people were shot dead and several others were injured. The suspect, a 29 years old man who was known to the security services and thought of as an extremist was wounded in an exchange of fire with a soldier, is at large. The incident occurred near Place Kléber, where Christkindelsmärik, a Christmas market, was being held.
## Related pages
* Charlie Hebdo shooting
* 2024 Solingen stabbing
* 2024 Magdeburg attack
* November 2015 Paris attacks
* April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack
## References
BLS AG

**BLS AG** is a Swiss train company. It was founded in 2006.

## Trains 
BLS AG currently has 4 kinds of trains in operation.

## Boats 
BLS also operates boats in the Brienz Lake and the Thun Lake of Switzerland.

## Other websites 
* BLS AG official website
Oberwil, Basel-Landschaft

**Oberwil** is a municipality in Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Blaine Higgs

**Blaine Higgs** (born March 1, 1954) is a Canadian politician. He is the 34th and current Premier of New Brunswick since 2018 and leader of the New Brunswick Progressive Conservative Party since 2016.

Higgs was first elected to the legislature in the 2010 provincial election and was Minister of Finance from 2010 to 2014 in the government of David Alward. He completed graduation from the University of New Brunswick as an engineer. He worked for 33 years for a company named Irving Oil where he rose to the rank of a senior executive. His works include overseeing oil transportation across eastern Canada and New England. He retired from Irving Oil in 2010.

## References
Coat of arms of Liechtenstein

The **coat of arms of Liechtenstein** is used as the great arms of the nation. As the sovereign emblem of the Principality of Liechtenstein, its use is reserved for the members of the Princely House and state authorities. Private individuals may be authorized to use the great arms, if it is in the interest of the State. The arms are a history of the Princely House, and show the many different areas of Europe with which Liechtenstein has been involved, either by conquest or by marriage.

The first quarter is Silesia; the second is the arms of the Kuenring family; the third quarter, the Duchy of Troppau; and the fourth quarter, the arms of the East Frisian family Cirksena representing County of Rietberg. The base is occupied by the arms of the  Duchy of Jägerndorf. The small gold and red shield of the Princely House is shown in the middle of the larger shield. The Princely hat crowns a purple cloak with ermine lining behind the large coat of arms.
Dhulbahante garaadship

The **Dhulbahante garaadship** is a kingdom from 1530. The first Garaad was Garaad Shirshoore. 

Diiriye Guure was the first Dhulbahante king to become king through being elected by the people. Diiriye Guure was also the first Dhulbahante monarch to be called *sultan*. By proclaiming himself Dhulbahante Sultan, Diiriye Guure reunited the Dhulbahante schism created by Ali Harran, also spelled Ali Xaram of the Maxamud Garad subclan, and Garaad Ali III around 7 decades earlier. Diiriye Guure was the first Dhulbahante king whose position was subordinate to someone else, namely the Sayid. Aar Dheel and Diiriye Guure are the only two people who gained the Dhulbahante throne despite not being in the line of succession.

## Garaads 
## References
Hiwi Tauroa

**Edward Te Rangihiwinui "Hiwi" Tauroa** (1927 – 11 December 2018) was a Māori rugby union player, school principal, and civil servant. He was born in Hawera, New Zealand. He was the principal of Wesley College from 1968, before becoming the principal of Tuakau College in 1974.

Tauroa was originally best known for his rugby career, and played for the New Zealand national rugby union team, the "All Blacks," from 1951 to 1954. He became coach of the Counties Rugby Union in the 1970s.

In 1979, he was appointed New Zealand's Race Relations Commissioner. He also was chairman of Te Māngai Pāho and the New Zealand Sports Foundation. Tauroa was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1994.

Taurua died on 11 December 2018 in Hokianga, New Zealand aged 91.

## References
Mary Lou McDonald

**Mary Louise McDonald** (born 1 May 1969) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician. In June 2020, she became Leader of the Opposition. She is the Leader of Sinn Féin since February 2018 and Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin Central since the 2011 general election. She was Deputy Leader of Sinn Féin from 2009 to 2018 and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Dublin from 2004 to 2009.

On 10 February 2018, McDonald replaced longtime party leader Gerry Adams after a special election in Dublin.

## References
Leiomyosarcoma

**Leiomyosarcoma,** also referred to as **LMS**,  is a malignant (cancerous) smooth muscle tumor. It is a benign tumor originating from the same tissue called leiomyoma. It has been believed that leiomyosarcomas do not arise from leiomyomas.

About 1 in 100,000 people gets diagnosed with LMS each year. Leiomyosarcoma is one of the more common types of soft-tissue sarcoma, representing 10 percent to 20 percent of new cases. Leiomyosarcomas can be very unpredictable. They can remain dormant for long periods of time and recur after years. The cancer is aggressive and hardly responds to chemotherapy treatments.

## References
Ferenc Kósa

**Ferenc Kósa** (21 November 1937 &ndash; 12 December 2018) was a Hungarian movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Nyíregyháza, Hungary. He directed thirteen movies between 1961 and 1988. He won the award for Best Director at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival for the movie *Ten Thousand Days*. He also directed *The Upthrown Stone* (1969).

Kósa died on 12 December 2018 in Budapest at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mark Udall

**Mark Emery Udall** (born July 18, 1950) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Colorado from 2009 to 2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party. 

Before the Senate, he was in the United States House of Representatives, representing .

## References
## Other websites
* Senator Mark Udall official U.S. Senate site (archived)
* Mark Udall for Colorado
Iraj Danaeifard

**Iraj Danaeifard** (11 March 1951 – 12 December 2018) was an Iranian football player. He played most of his club career for Taj (currently Esteghlal) and his international career for Iran. He was born in Tehran.

Danaeifard died on 12 December 2018 in Shiraz from a heart attack, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
* National Team Statistics 
* Interview with Irankicks.com 
* Tulsa Roughnecks stats
Newar people

**Newar** (; ; endonym: **Newa:**; , Prachalit Script: 𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅), or **Nepami**, are the historical inhabitants of the Nepal Mandala which consists of Nepa Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilization.

Newar people have developed a division of labor and a sophisticated urban civilization not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills.  Newar people have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and civilization of Nepal. Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities following Hinduism and Buddhism with Nepal Bhasa as their common language.  

The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala. Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, the Newar people are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relic identity, derived from an ethnically-diverse, previously-existing polity. Newar civilization within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are the descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times.

## References
Gong

nese/Balinese type of gong]]

A **gong** is an East and Southeast Asian musical percussion instrument. It is a bowl-shaped, circular metal disc which a person hits with a mallet or thick padded stick. 

Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a flat surface gives a "crash" rather than a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some gongs are made to give a beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common.
Kathmandu Valley

]]
The **Kathmandu Valley** (, ), historically known as **Nepal Valley** or **Nepa Valley**, lies at the crossroads of ancient civilizations of South Asia and the broader Asian continent, and has at least 130 important monuments, including several pilgrimage sites for Hindus and Buddhists. The valley comprises of 3 districts that are Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur, all having the combined population of about 5 million people. There are seven World Heritage Sites within the valley.

Historically, the valley and adjoining areas made up a confederation known as the Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Khwopa was its capital, when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Yala, were established. After the annexation of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom, and subsequent conversion of the Valley as the capital of their empire, the designation of "Nepal" was extended to all the lands they had conquered.

## Related pages
* Nepal
* Theravada

## References
Creepypasta

**Creepypastas** are horror-related legends or images that have been copied and pasted around the Internet. These Internet stories are often short, user-generated, ghost stories meant to scare readers. They include gruesome tales of murder, suicide, and otherworldly occurrences. 

According to *Time* magazine, the genre had its peak audience in 2010 when it was covered by *The New York Times.* "Jeff the Killer", *Candle Cove, CHILDHOOD-HAS-PASSED* and "Ted the Caver".

After two 12-year-olds committed stabbings in the name of Slender Man, some creepypasta administrators told their viewers that these stories have a fine line between reality and fiction.

## References
Jean-Robert de Cavel

**Jean-Robert de Cavel** (born September 12, 1961, died December 23, 2022) is a French-American celebrity chef He was Chef de cuisine at The Maisonette from 1993-2002, Executive chef at Jean-Robert at Pigall's from 2002-2009, and now works at Jean-Robert's Table, Le Bar a Boeuf and French Crust Cafe. His career is based in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was born in Roubaix, France.

In 2003 de Cavel and his wife Annette founded the de Cavel Family SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) Foundation following the death of their first child, Tatiana. De Cavel has four times been a semifinalist for the James Beard Best Chef in the Great Lakes Region, in 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2013.

De Cavel was diagnosed with an aggressive form of leiomyosarcoma in May 2018.

## References
## Other websites
* The de Cavel Family SIDS Foundation
Yigal Bashan

**Yigal Bashan** (September 11, 1950  December 9, 2018) was an Israeli singer, songwriter, and actor. He was awarded the ACUM Prize for Life Achievement in 2016. 

Bashan was a member of the pop trio "Kmo Tzoanim" (Hebrew: "Like Gypsies") that appeared on the "Hopa Hey" Israeli children's television show.

## References
Gringo

* in Baja California Sur, Mexico]]
**Gringo** is a Spanish and Portuguese term used mostly in Latin America to denote foreigners, specially people from the United States, Canada, and UK. 

In Brazil, the term is used to refer to any foreigner, regardless of their ethnicity or nationality, even when it comes to other Latin-Americans.

## Etymology
The most supported theory is that the term originates from the word *griego'' ('Greek'), used in the same way as the English phrase ''it's all Greek to me''. Some theories assert that the term originated in the Mexican-American War, when American troops sang a song which began with "Green grows..." such as "Green Grow the Rushes, O", "Green Grow the Lilacs", among others.

## Related pages 
* Nigger
* Slang
* Stereotype
* Racism
* Discrimination
* Yankee
* Chicano
Billy Snedden

**Sir Billy Mackie Snedden** (31 December 1926 – 26 June 1987) was an Australian politician. He was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1972 to 1975, which made him Leader of the Opposition during that tenure. He was also a cabinet minister from 1964 to 1972, and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983.

Snedden was born in West Perth, Western Australia. He studied at Highgate State School, Perth Boys' School and at Perth Technical College. Snedden was in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. In 1950, he married Joy Forsyth. They had four children together. 

On 26 June 1987, Snedden died at his home in Ruschcutters Bay, New South Wales, near Sydney of a heart attack while having sex with his son's ex-girlfriend. He was 60 years old.

## References
Gordon Scholes

**Gordon Glen Denton Scholes** AO (7 June 1931 – 9 December 2018) was an Australian politician. He was in the House of Representatives for the seat of Corio from 1967 to 1993, representing the Labor Party. 

Scholes was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1975 to 1976, and then a minister in the Hawke Government from 1983 to 1987. He was Minister for Defence from 1983 to 1984. He later served several other ministerial positions in the Hawke Government.  

He was born in Melbourne, Victoria. Scholes died on 9 December 2018 in Geelong, Victoria, aged 87.

## References
Pentti Tiusanen

**Pentti Uolevi Tiusanen** (6 March 1949 – 8 December 2018) was a Finnish politician. He was born in Kotka, Finland. He was a member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected to Finnish Parliament in 1995. He left office in 2011.

Tiusanen died on 8 December 2018 from stomach cancer in Helsinki, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*Parliament of Finland: Pentti Tiusanen 
*Home page
Tony Smith

**Anthony David Hawthorn Smith** (born 13 March 1967) is an Australian politician. He was the 30th Speaker of the House of Representatives from 10 August 2015 until 23 November 2021. He has been a Liberal Party member of the House of Representatives since 2001. He represents the Division of Casey, Victoria.

## References
## Other websites
*Personal website 
* The Hon Tony Smith MP, Official Parliament website biography, retrieved August 2015
James Lyons (admiral)

**James Aloysius **"**Ace**"** Lyons Jr.** (September 28, 1927 – December 12, 2018) was an American admiral in the United States Navy. He was Commander of the United States Pacific Fleet from 1985 to 1987. He was born in New Jersey. Lyons was known for writing a column about Seth Rich, a murdered lobbyist, that was retracted by *The Washington Times*. Lyons claimed Hillary Clinton was responsible for the killing.

## References
William Newsom

**William Alfred Newsom III** (February 15, 1934 – December 12, 2018) was an American politician and lawyer. He was born in San Francisco, California. He was an administrator of the Getty family trust. He was the father of California governor Gavin Newsom.

In 1975, Jerry Brown appointed Newsom to the Superior Court bench in Auburn (Placer County) and later to the state Court of Appeal in San Francisco, where he was until 1995.

Newsom died on December 12, 2018, at his home, in San Francisco, California from ulcerative colitis, aged 84.

## References
Noah Klieger

**Noah Klieger** (; July 31, 1925 – December 13, 2018) was an Israeli journalist and sports administrator. He was born in Strasbourg, France. As a journalist, he worked for ''L'Équipe''.

During the Holocaust, Klieger survived three Nazi concentration camps: Auschwitz, Mittelbau-Dora, and Ravensbruck. After World War II, he worked as a sports journalist in Israel. He was the president of the basketball club Maccabi Tel Aviv and chairman of the International Basketball Federation's (FIBA's) media council. 

In 2010 Klieger was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit, and 2015 he was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame for his contributions to international basketball.

In 2012 he became a Knight of the Legion of Honour (Legion d'Honneur), France's award for civilian merit. 

Klieger died on December 13, 2018 in Ramat Gan, Israel, from complications of heart disease, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Tower 42

**Tower 42** is the third-tallest skyscraper in the City of London and the eighth tallest in Greater London. Its original name was the **National Westminster Tower**, having been built to house the National Westminster Bank's international division. Seen from above, the shape of the tower resembles that of the NatWest logo (three chevrons in a hexagonal arrangement).

The tower, designed by Richard Seifert and engineered by Pell Frischmann, is located at 25 Old Broad Street. It was built by John Mowlem & Co between 1971 and 1980, first occupied in 1980, and formally opened on 11 June 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II.

The construction cost was £72 million (approximately £ today). It is  high, which made it the tallest building in the United Kingdom until the topping out of One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in 1990. It held the status of tallest building in the City of London for 30 years, until it was surpassed by the Heron Tower in December 2009.

## Design
In June 2012, a Capix LED multi-media lighting system was installed around levels 39 to 45. This replaced the previous high-energy floodlighting at the top of the building.

The top of the tower is made to resemble the NatWest logo of three chevrons in a hexagonal arrangement.

There are four sections known as the core, leaf 1, leaf 2 and leaf 3.

## References
Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)

**Nancy Sue Wilson** (February 20, 1937 &ndash; December 13, 2018) She was known as "Sweet Nancy", "The Baby", "Fancy Miss Nancy" and "The Girl With the Honey-Coated Voice". Her best known works were "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am", "I Wanna Be With You", and "Uptight (Everything's Alright)".

Wilson died from kidney cancer on December 13, 2018, at her home in Pioneertown, California at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* [ Billboard Chart History for Nancy Wilson]
* 
* NEA Jazz Masters: Nancy Wilson – Biography and Interview
Pioneertown, California

**Pioneertown, California**, is an unincorporated community of the Morongo Basin region of San Bernardino's High Desert in California, United States. , Pioneertown had a population of 350.

In July 2006, parts of Pioneertown were burned in the Sawtooth Complex fire, which also burned into Yucca Valley and Morongo Valley.

## References
## Other websites
*"Pioneertown, USA: The Definitive History of Pioneertown, CA.. Where the Old West Lives Again!" MARCH of 2o18 / Paperback / 3o8 Pages  "PIONEERTOWN, USA"
Dutch Cross of Resistance

The **Verzetskruis 1940&ndash;1945** (Dutch: *Cross of Resistance 1940&ndash;1945*) is the second highest military medal in the Netherlands given for bravery. It was awarded to members of the Dutch resistance. They were civilians who fought the Nazi occupation of their country during the Second World War.
Sheshan

**Sheshan** is the name for a pair of hills in Songjiang District in Shanghai, China. These two hills are **West Sheshan**, which is 97 meters high, and **East Sheshan**, which is 100.8 meters high.

The Chinese name is *Shéshān* (佘山). *Shé* (佘) is the name of a Chinese family, and *shān* (山) is a word that can mean "mountain", "mountains", "hill", or "hills". Some people say that the hills' name used to be *Shéshān* (蛇山), meaning "Snake Hill", but that the Chinese character was changed because people don't like snakes.

The hills are part of a forest park that is 64.08 square kilometers big. The park is open from 8  to 4:30 .

The top of the West Hill has Our Lady of Sheshan Catholic Church and the Sheshan Observatory. The East Hill has an amusement park.

Sheshan Station is a Shanghai Subway station on Line 9.
Seán Garland

**Seán Garland** (7 March 1934 – 13 December 2018) was an Irish politician. He was born in Dublin. He was a member of the Workers' Party. He was General-Secretary of the Party from 1977 to 1990. Garland was the Workers' Party representative at the National Forum on Europe. In 2000, he was elected President of the Workers' Party.

Garland died on 13 December 2018 in Dublin at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*BBC article: what is a superdollar?
*BBC article: Leader of 'Official IRA' in forgery plot
Star apple

The **star apple** (*Chrysophyllum cainito*) is a fruit found in Isthmus of Panama, Greater Antilles, West Indies and South East Asia. The name comes from the a star pattern, visible in the pulp. It is not poisonous. Despite of its English name, it is not like an apple.
SAM Colombia Flight 501

**SAM Colombia Flight 501** was a SAM Colombia Boeing 727-46 that crashed on May 19, 1993, killing all 132 on board, including several Panamanian dentists on their way to a convention. The crew reported over the Abejorral NDB beacon at FL160, approaching Medellín. The flight was then cleared to descend to FL120. The 727 had actually not yet reached the beacon, and descended into mountainous terrain. The flight struck Mount Paramo Frontino at 12,300 feet. Thunderstorm activity in the area made ADF navigation more difficult and the Medellín VOR/DME had been attacked by terrorists and was unserviceable.

## References 

## Other websites 
* ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-46 HK-2422X Medellín
EgyptAir Flight 864

**EgyptAir Flight 864** was a flight from Rome Fiumicino Airport to Tokyo International Airport in Tokyo. On 25 December 1976, the Boeing 707 on the route crashed into an building in Bangkok. All 52 people on board were killed, as well as 19 on the ground in the crash. Pilot error was said to be the cause of the crash. EgyptAir said that the Bangkok control tower had not given enough weather information to the crew of Flight 864.

## References
Heron Tower

The **Salesforce tower** is a skyscraper in the City of London, England. Its official name is **110 Bishopsgate** and was formerly The **Heron Tower**, which it is still often called. When completed in 2011 it became the third tallest building in the United Kingdom and the tallest in the City of London after Tower 42. The Heron Tower is  on Bishopsgate. 

Construction lasted from 2007 to 2011. It is owned by Heron International. In 2014 there was naming dispute between Salesforce.com and Heron International. The City of London ruled in favour of it being named 110 Bishopsgate.

## Construction
In March 2007, it was confirmed that Heron had signed a funding deal with the State General Reserve Fund of Oman to provide the equity for the development. The works were carried out by Skanska and completed in January 2011.

## References
Mesquite, Texas

**Mesquite** is a large city in north-central Texas. It is a part of a much larger group of cities called the Metroplex. Its population in 2020 was 150,108.

## History 
The city was founded on March 14, 1878. It was named after the Mesquite Creek. The city was officially created on December 3, 1887.

## Other websites 
*
Ian Sinclair

**Ian McCahon Sinclair** (born 10 June 1929) is an Australian politician. He was leader of the National Party from 1984 to 1989. He was a government minister under six different prime ministers. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives from March to November 1998.

Sinclair was born in Sydney, New South Wales. 

In January 2001, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).

## References
## Other websites
*
The Ellen Show

***The Ellen Show*** is a television sitcom created by and starring Ellen DeGeneres. It was broadcast in 2001 and 2002 on CBS. It was the second sitcom that DeGeneres's made. The first one was called *Ellen*, and was shown on ABC from 1994 to 1998. It was canceled after 13 episodes because it did not have strong ratings.

After coming out as a lesbian on her first sitcom, DeGeneres's character on *The Ellen Show*, Ellen Richmond, was also a lesbian.

*The Ellen Show* also starred Cloris Leachman, Martin Mull, Kerri Kenney, Jim Gaffigan, and Emily Rutherfurd. The show was created by Carol Leifer and Mitchell Hurwitz, who co-wrote the pilot episode. The first title of the show was *Ellen Again*. the hsow as anncoued In January 2001 with Texas Local News

## Plot 
After her internet company Homelearn.com goes bankrupt, Ellen Richmond decides to move back to the town she is from to live with her eccentric mother, Dot, and  sister, Catherine. At home, Ellen meets the guy who was her senior prom date, named Rusty. They think they can continue their romantic relationship where they left off. Ellen also meets her silly high school teacher, Mr. Munn. Though she is a long ways apart from the people who love her, Ellen gets used to a very different way of life. Ellen takes a job as a guidance counselor at the high school she went to.

## Cast 
### Main 
* Ellen DeGeneres as Ellen Richmond
* Jim Gaffigan as Rusty Carnouk
* Emily Rutherfurd as Catherine Richmond
* Martin Mull as Ed Munn
* Kerri Kenney as Pam
* Cloris Leachman as Dot Richmond
* Diane Delano as Bunny Hoppstetter

### Guest stars 
* Jennifer Irwin as Meg (episode: "Pilot")
* Regan Burns as Officer "B" Arthur (episodes: "Walden Pond", "Joe"")
* John Francis Daley as Erik (episode: "Walden Pond")
* Susan Yeagley as Waitress (episode: "Chain Reaction")
* Marissa Jaret Winokur as Tina (episode: "Vanity Hair")
* Tom Poston as Joe (episode: "Joe")
* Betty White as Mrs. Gibson (episode: "Missing the Bus")
* Dakota Fanning as Young Ellen (episode: "Missing the Bus")
* Mary Tyler Moore as Aunt Mary (episode: "Ellen's First Christmess")
* Ed Asner as Santa Claus (episode: "Ellen's First Christmess")
* John Ritter as Percy Moss (episode: "Gathering Moss")
* Maureen McCormick as Rita Carter (episode: "Shallow Gal")
* Kaley Cuoco as Vanessa Carter (episode: "Shallow Gal")

## Episodes 
*The Ellen Show* made 18 episodes, but was canceled part-way through its season. The final 5 episodes were never broadcast, but are available on DVD.

## Home media 
The whole series was put on Region 1 DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on July 11, 2006.

In 2014, Mill Creek Entertainment bought the rights to the series. They re-made the full series on February 4, 2014.

The company Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment, in partnership with CBS Home Entertainment, owns the international rights. The full series was released in Region 4 (Australia) as a 2 DVD set on February 1, 2017 by a company called Umbrella Entertainment.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Meeker County, Minnesota

**Meeker County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 23,400. Its county seat is Litchfield.

## References
McLeod County, Minnesota

**McLeod County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 36,771 people lived there. The county seat is Glencoe.

## References
Grellingen

**Grellingen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
*
Birs

]]The **Birs** () is a  long river in Switzerland that flows through the Jura region. The river ends when it joins the Rhine between Basel and Birsfelden. It is the most important river of the Swiss Jura.
Bronwyn Bishop

**Bronwyn Kathleen Bishop** (née **Setright**; born 19 October 1942) is an Australian politician and political commentator. She was a member of federal parliament for almost 30 years. Bishop is a member of the Liberal Party. She was a minister in the Howard Government from 1996 to 2001 and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015. 

## References
Contractile vacuole

'' with contractile vacuoles]]

A **contractile vacuole** ('CV') is found in many cells. It pumps water in and out of the cell through osmoregulation. In this way regulates osmotic pressure.
Ace Cannon

**John **"**Ace**"** Cannon** (May 5, 1934 – December 6, 2018) was an American tenor and saxophonist. He was born in Grenada, Mississippi. He played and toured with Hi Records stablemate Bill Black's Combo, and started a solo career. 

His best known song "Tuff" hit #17 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 in 1962, and the follow-up single "Blues (Stay Away from Me)" hit #36 that same year. In April 1965, he released *Ace Cannon Live* (HL 12025).

Cannon died at his home on December 6, 2018 in Calhoun City, Mississippi from emphysema at the age of 84.

## References
Calhoun City, Mississippi

**Calhoun City** is a town in Calhoun County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,533 at the 2020 census.

## References
Wilhelm Genazino

**Wilhelm Genazino** (22 January 1943 – 12 December 2018) was a German journalist and author. He was born in Mannheim, Germany. He worked as a journalist until 1965. During this time, he worked, inter alia, for the satirical magazine *Pardon* and co-edited the magazine *Lesezeichen*. As an author, he was known for his trilogy *Abschaffel*.

In 1990 he became a member of the Academy for Language and Poetry in Darmstadt. In 2004, he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize, the most prestigious award for German literature.

Genazino died on 12 December 2018 from lung cancer in Frankfurt, Germany at the age of 75.

## References
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem

**Jean-Pierre Van Rossem** (29 May 1945 – 14 December 2018) was a Belgian economist, author, philosopher, and politician that was convicted for fraud in the 1990's. 
## Biography 
He was a member of the Belgian from 1991 to 1995 and Flemish Parliaments from 1992 to 1995. Van Rossem was born in Bruges, Belgium. He was a member of the ROSSEM party. In 1991, he was sentenced to five years in prison for his money scams.

Van Rossem died on 14 December 2018 from complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Brussels, Belgium, aged 73.

## References
Matti Kassila

**Matti Uolevi Kassila** (12 January 1924 – 14 December 2018) was a Finnish movie director. He was born in Keuruu, Finland. He was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. He was most famous for the series of four Inspector Palmu movies, based on the character created by Mika Waltari. During his long career, he won seven Jussi Awards.

His 1959 movie *Punainen viiva* was entered into the 1st Moscow International Film Festival. His other best known works were *Inspector Palmu’s Error*, *The Harvest Month* and *The Scarlet Dove*.

Kassila died on 14 December 2018 in Vantaa, Finland, from complications of a fall, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Cape May, New Jersey

**Cape May** is a city at the southern tip of Cape May Peninsula in Cape May County, New Jersey. It is one of the country's oldest vacation resort destinations. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city had a year-round population of 2,768.

## References
Sigi Schmid

**Siegfried "Sigi" Schmid** (; March 20, 1953 &ndash; December 25, 2018) was a German-American soccer coach. He worked as head coach of the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1999 to 2004 and again from 2017 to 2018. He was born in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg.

Schmid worked for the UCLA's soccer men's soccer team from 1972 to 1999. From 2006 to 2008, he coached Columbus Crew. Schmid also coached for Seattle Sounders FC from 2009 to 2016.

Schmid was hospitalized several times during his later career, including with pneumonia in 2009. He had weight and heart issues that later lead to his decision to retire from the LA Galaxy in 2018.

Schmid was hospitalized again on December 10, 2018 in intensive care at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles. He died on December 25, 2018 from heart failure while waiting for a heart transplant, at the age of 65.

## References
Olmsted County, Minnesota

**Olmsted County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 162,847. Its county seat and largest city is Rochester. The county was founded in 1855 and named for David Olmsted.

## References
Morrison County, Minnesota

**Morrison County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 34,010 people lived there. The county seat is Little Falls.

## References
Kędzierzyn-Koźle

**Kędzierzyn-Koźle** is a city in Poland in Opole Voivodeship. It has about 57,000 people living in it and is 123 km² in area.

## Other websites 
* The Jewish Community in Kędzierzyn-Koźle , on Virtual Shtetl
Prudnik

**Prudnik** is a city in Poland in Opole Voivodeship. About 21,000 people live there. Its area is about 21 km². The historical German name of the city is **Neustadt**, and the Czech name is **Prudník**. The Prudnik River goes through the city. The mayor of the city is Grzegorz Zawiślak.

## History 
Prudnik is one of the oldest towns in Poland. It was originally a Czech town. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Neustadt for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Prudnik ever since.

## Famous people from Prudnik 
* Gerard Bernacki
* Dietrich von Choltitz
* Jan Góra
* Franciszek Surmiński
* Stanisław Szozda

## Twin towns 
* Bohumín (Czech Republic)
* Northeim (Germany)
* Krnov (Czech Republic)
* Nadvirna (Ukraine)
* San Giustino (Italy)
Murray County

**Murray County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Murray County, Georgia
* Murray County, Minnesota
* Murray County, Oklahoma
Opole Voivodeship

**Opole Voivodeship** is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the southern Poland. It is mostly in the historical land Upper Silesia. The capital of the Voivodeship is Opole.

It was created on 1 January 1999.

## Administrative division
Opole Voivodeship is divided into 12 counties (powiats): 1 city county and 11 land counties. These are further divided into 71 gminas.

## Protected areas
Protected areas in Opole Voivodeship include three Landscape Parks. These are listed below.
*Opawskie Mountains Landscape Park
*Góra Świętej Anny Landscape Park
*Stobrawa Landscape Park

## Gallery 

File:Town hall in Opole.JPG|Opole
File:WK15 Kędzierzyn-Koźle (35) Lichen99.jpg|Kędzierzyn-Koźle
File:2014 Nysa, stare miasto 03.JPG|Nysa
File:Brzeg Op.JPG|Brzeg
File:Kluczbork - Rynek 01.jpg|Kluczbork
File:Rynek i ratusz w Prudniku (2020) 02.jpg|Prudnik
File:Ratusz Strzelce Opolskie.JPG|Strzelce Opolskie
File:Rynek Krapkowice 2.jpg|Krapkowice
Pennington County

**Pennington County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Pennington County, Minnesota
* Pennington County, South Dakota
Olivier Blanchard

**Olivier Jean Blanchard** (; born December 27, 1948) is a French economist. He worked for the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He was the chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, from September 1, 2008 to October 2015. He is also Robert M. Solow Professor of Economics emeritus at MIT. 

## References
Duggingen

**Duggingen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Britt Nicole discography

The **discography of Britt Nicole**, an American Christian pop singer-songwriter, consists of five studio albums, three extended plays, eleven singles, three promotional singles, five music videos and three album appearances. On May 22, 2007 she released her second album *Say It*. It peaked at fourth on Hot Christian Albums. The debut single from the album, "You", was released on March 27, 2007 and reached the Top 10 on Hot Christian Songs. The second single, "Sunshine Girl", was featured on MTV's teen reality show *Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County*. Nicole's first music video, for the song "Believe", premiered on the Gospel Music Channel on September 22, 2007. "Set the World On Fire" was released as third single.

The third album, *The Lost Get Found*, was released on August 11, 2009 and peaked No. 1 on Hot Christian Albums. The same month, a music video for her song "Holiday" surfaced on the internet. Her second single, "Walk on The Water", peaked No. 17 on the Hot Christian Songs. Overseas, the song "Headphones" was promoted as her second single in the United Kingdom. In March 26, 2012 she released her fourth album, *Gold*. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Hot Christian Albums and 41 on the *Billboard* 200. The singles "Stand" and "Breakthrough" were released to United States and United Kingdom Christian radio, respectively, in the fall of 2012. The former peaked at No.&nbsp;11 on U.S. Christian contemporary hit radio and the latter peaked at No.&nbsp;3 on UK Christian radio. In December 2012, she released two Christmas music videos, "Jingle Bell Rock" and "O Holy Night". Britt Nicole is co-signed to Capitol Records and released "Gold" as her debut mainstream single on December 4, 2012. The following year *Gold* was re-released as a mainstream album. In March 2015, she released a full-length remix album, *The Remixes*. On October 7, 2016 she released her fifth studio album, *Britt Nicole*.

## Albums
### Studio albums
### Compilations
## Extended plays
## Singles
### As lead artist
### As featured artist
### Promotional singles
## Other charted songs
## Other appearances
## Music videos
## Notes
***A**: as Brittany Waddell

## References
Stearns County, Minnesota

**Stearns County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 158,292 people lived there. The county seat is St. Cloud.

## References
WinCo Foods

**Winco Foods** is an American grocery chain. It sells groceries for a discounted price. The company is based in Boise, Idaho, and operates in Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington.

The company cuts costs by buying directly from manufacturers and farmers, operating basic no-frills stores, and requiring customers to bag their purchases. The company also does not accept credit cards for payment to avoid the fees that card issuers charge for their usage. (Debit and government benefit cards are accepted.)

## History 
Winco Foods, originally called Waremart, was founded by Ralph Ward and Bud Williams in 1967.

## References 
## Other websites 
* WinCo Foods Official Website
Ramsey County, Minnesota

**Ramsey County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, 552,352 people lived there, making it the second-most populous county in Minnesota. The county seat is Saint Paul, which is also Minnesota's state capital. The county was founded in 1849 and is named for Alexander Ramsey (W), the first governor of the Minnesota Territory.

## References
Philippe Moureaux

**Philippe Moureaux** (12 April 1939 – 15 December 2018) was a Belgian politician. He was born in Etterbeek, Belgium. He was a professor at Université libre de Bruxelles. He was the first and third Minister-President of the French Community from 1981 to 1985 and again in 1988. He was a member of the Parti socialiste. He was also mayor of Sint-Jans-Molenbeek.

Moureaux died on 15 December 2018 in Brussels, Belgium from cancer, aged 79.

## References
Walterboro, South Carolina

**Walterboro** is a city in Colleton County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 5,544 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Colleton County. Walterboro is  west of Charleston.

## References
Islam in Georgia (country)

.]]
**Islam** is the second-largest religion in Georgia, after Orthodox Christianity. Islam has existed there since Caliph Uthman ruled eastern Georgia.

Muslims are 7% to 13% of the country's population.
Pope County

**Pope County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Pope County, Arkansas
* Pope County, Illinois
* Pope County, Minnesota
Robert Morris (merchant)

**Robert Morris, Jr.** (January 20, 1734 – May 8, 1806) was an English-born merchant and a Founding Father of the United States.

Superintendent of Finance in 1784.
As Superintendent of Finance and Chairman of the United States Government's Secret Committee on Foreign Affairs Correspondence, Robert Morris between 1782 and 1785, he corresponded with Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga, key help for this birth de USA.

## References
Homestead Acts

The **Homestead Acts** are a series of acts made by the United States from 1850 to 1916. They essentially declared that the United States government would give a piece of land (typically 160 acres), especially that West of the Mississippi River, to an applicant for free for the individual to farm. Negroes were explicitly included, though discrimination barriers made inclusion difficult. Homesteading was officially ended in 1976, though very little actually took place after the 1930s. The Homestead Acts were significant to post-Civil War America for its immense westward expansion. Homesteads accounted for about 10 percent of the United States. Additionally, they were significant for their inclusion. Women and Negroes were eligible to claim a homestead. Only some minor exclusions were made, such as the exclusion of those who had previously taken up arms against the United States federal government.

## References
Roseau County, Minnesota

**Roseau County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota, along the Canada–US border. As of the 2020 census, 15,331 people lived there. The county seat is Roseau. It is south of the border with Manitoba.

## References
Scott County, Minnesota

**Scott County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 150,928 people lived there. The county seat is Shakopee.

## References
Steele County

**Steele County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Steele County, Minnesota
* Steele County, North Dakota