open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Puck

__NOTOC__
**Puck** may refer to:
* Puck (mythology), a nature spirit
  
## Characters 
* Puck (Shakespeare), from ''A Midsummer Night's Dream*
* Puck, the narrator of the book *Puck of Pook's Hill* (1906) by Rudyard Kipling
* Puck, a character in the Japanese anime/manga *Berserk*
* Puck (comics), a diminutive superhero in Marvel comics
* Puck, a trickster in the animated television show Gargoyles
* Peter Puck, the name of a hockey-puck-shaped cartoon character
* Puck, a minor character appearing in *Final Fantasy IX''
* Puck the talking dog, a character in  Ouida's 1870 novel *Puck* who narrates and makes comments on British society.
* Puck (The Faerie Dragon), a hero in the video game *Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne*s custom map, "Defense of the Ancients"
* Puck, a character in the novel series "The Sisters Grimm"

## People
* Theodore Puck (1916-2005), American geneticist 
* Wolfgang Puck (born 1949), an Austrian celebrity chef and restaurateur
* Kirby Puckett
* Axel (Puck) Munthe, Swedish physician and author
* David "Puck" Rainey a cast member from MTV's reality television show, *The Real World*

## Places
* Puck (moon), a moon of Uranus
* Puck, Poland, a town in Poland
* Puck Building, a block in Manhattan, New York City, USA
* Bay of Puck, a shallow western part of the Bay of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea

## Others
* Puck (band), South African based electronic band
* Puck (sports), the object used for scoring goals in ice hockey, roller hockey, underwater hockey, air hockey, carrom and novuss
* Puck (goat), a specially captured wild goat crowned "King Puck" at Puck Fair every year in Ireland
* *Puck* (magazine), a 19th century US periodical
* *Puck* (literary magazine), a late 20th century US periodical
* Puck, an amount of tamped coffee within an espresso machine's portafilter
* Puck, a pointing device used with a graphics tablet
Bruce Gamble

**Bruce George Gamble** (May 24, 1938 – December 30, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 10 seasons in the NHL between 1962 and 1972.

## Resources
* 

## Other websites
* Goaltenders.info profile of Bruce Gamble 
* Find A Grave Memorial
WWE Tribute to the Troops

***WWE Tribute to the Troops*** is a professional wrestling event held every year since 2003 by WWE and Armed Forces Entertainment in December around Christmas and Hanukkah. The shows are made to honor the United States military. The event features wrestlers from WWE competing in matches against each other and are free for any troop member to visit. 

From its first show in 2003 until the 2009 edition, Tribute to the Troops took place on open fields in Iraq and Afghanistan as special episodes of *SmackDown* or *Raw*. Along the travel, wrestlers and employees stopped at autograph sessions and local hospitals to visit those who fight and may have been injured in war. Since 2010, Tribute to the Troops is held in the United States. Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Bethesda Naval Hospital were among the hospitals visited by WWE's employees. The WWE generally stayed for three days.

Overall, 21 events have taken place since 2003. They air December every year, as they are intended to be a holiday treat for the troops (excluding the 2021 edition, which was held in October and aired in November). Not every WWE wrestler and employee attends them, but any wrestler willing to go may attend. The shows feature wrestlers from all brands.

## Dates and Venues 
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
1937–38 NHL season

The **1937–38 NHL season** was the 21st season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Locality of reference

**Locality of reference** is a phenomenon that can be seen in Computer science. It says that the same value, or the place where it is stored is accessed often. There are two different kinds of  of reference:
**Temporal locality*: If a value is referenced, there is a high probability it will be referenced again a short time from now
**Spatial locality*: A value is stored in a certain location in storage (memory, disk,..). If this location is referenced, it is very probable that locations that are physically close to it will be referenced as well.

## Reasons
There are many reasons why locality of reference occurs:
**Predictability*: Well-written programs only behave in a predictable way.
**Structure of the program*: Often programs act on several items, one at a time. This item will be accessed more than once as computation or processing is done.
**Linear data structures*: Programs may have loops that act on arrays or lists. They reference an item by its index in the array or list.

## Uses
Programs can be optimised in certain ways, to make them run faster:
*Increase the locality of reference by changing the program
*Hardware can be built to exploit the locality of reference. 
*Caching is very successful because of locality of reference.
Tape drive

-4 tape (20 GB), 112m Data8 tape (2.5 GB), QIC DC-6250 tape (250 MB), and a 3.5" floppy disk (1.44 MB).]]
A **tape drive** or **streamer** is a component that is often attached to a computer. It is used to write data to magnetic tape or to read data from it. Usually people use it to do backups. Tape drives are different from hard drives in that the access to the data is sequential (in order). This means to read a certain part of data, all the data before it needs to be read as well. Also tape drives are slow, compared to hard drives. Current capacities range from tens of gigabytes to almost a terabyte, per cartridge.
Kenosha County, Wisconsin

**Kenosha County** is a county in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It is in the far southeast of the state, and faces east onto Lake Michigan. Its county seat is Kenosha. It was founded in 1850.

## Cities, villages, and towns 
### Cities
*Kenosha

### Villages
*Bristol
*Genoa City (partially)
*Paddock Lake
*Pleasant Prairie
*Silver Lake
*Twin Lakes

### Towns
*Brighton
*Paris
*Randall
*Salem
*Somers
*Wheatland

## Unincorporated communities
]]
*Bassett
*Benet Lake
*Berryville
*Brighton
*Camp Lake
*Central Park
*Chapin
*Fox River
*Kellogg's Corners
*Klondike
*Lake Shangrila
*Liberty Corners
*Lily Lake
*New Munster
*Paris
*Powers Lake
*Salem Oaks
*Salem
*Somers
*Trevor
*Voltz Lake
*Wilmot

### Ghost towns
*Aurora

## References
Frank Bridge

**Frank Bridge** (born Brighton, 26 February 1879; died Eastbourne,  10 January 1941) was an English composer, violist and conductor.  His music often sounded quite modern to the people of his day.  He wrote many excellent works including chamber music as well as orchestral music.  One of his composition pupils was Benjamin Britten.  Later Britten remembered his teacher by using one of Bridge’s tunes and making them into a piece of music called *Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge*.

## Life
Bridge was born in Brighton and studied at the Royal College of Music in London from 1899 to 1903.  One of his teachers was  Charles Villiers Stanford. He played the viola in several string quartets and conducted many orchestras.  He learned difficult music very quickly, and sometimes Henry Wood asked him to take his place when he was not well enough to conduct himself.  After a while he spent most of his time composing. He privately taught several pupils, including Benjamin Britten, who later helped to make his teacher's music better known and honoured him in his *Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge* for string orchestra (1937), based on a theme from the second of Bridge's *Three Idylls for String Quartet* (1906). 

Bridge died in Eastbourne.

## Music
Bridge’s early works show the influence of Johannes Brahms and Charles Villiers Stanford.  He wrote some excellent chamber music and songs.  The *Phantasie Quartet* and the *String Quartet no 1* show his talent.  His later pieces such as the third (1926) and fourth (1937) string quartets have quite complicated harmonies and show his interest in the music of Schoenberg as well as the harmonies of Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin. His most important orchestral works include *The Sea* and *Summer*.  He wrote some lovely chamber music for the cello as well as many songs.  In his later years his harmonies become quite advanced, for example a favourite chord of his can be found by playing a C minor chord and a D major chord together.  In his longer pieces the speed of the music often changes and he avoids repeating himself exactly.  

For a long time after his death his music was hardly ever played, but more recently musicians have discovered the greatness of his compositions.  Pianists like to play the popular piano piece called *Rosemary*.
Edward Rappaport

**Edward N. "Ed" Rappaport, Ph.D.** is the acting director of the National Hurricane Center.  He replaced former director Bill Proenza on July 9, 2007.

## References
Live from Le Cabaret

***Live from Le Cabaret*** is a hit live album by Rock-Pop band *Maroon 5*. The album was exclusively released on iTunes on July 8, 2008. 

## The recording of *Live from Le Cabaret* 
This album was released on July 8, 2008. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec. The album was originally 1:05:37 long. The album is the third known recorded by Maroon 5. 

## Songs performed 
The songs performed on *Live from Le Cabaret* are songs from Maroon 5's past studio albums. Songs from their debut studio album called *Songs About Jane* like "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", "She Will Be Loved", "Shiver", and "Sweetest Goodbye". Songs are also included from Maroon 5's second hit studio album called ''It Won't Be Soon Before Long'' like "Makes Me Wonder", "Little of Your Time", "If I Never See Your Face Again", and more. 

## Track listing 
# "If I Never See Your Face Again"
# "Makes Me Wonder"
# "Harder to Breathe"
# "The Sun"
# "Secret"
# "Shiver"
# "Won't Go Home..."
# "Sunday mornin"
# "Little Of Your Time"
# "Sweetest Goodbye"
# "She Will Be Loved"
# "This Love"
Thermodynamic entropy

**Thermodynamic entropy** is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is present in a system of atoms or molecules. It is measured in joules of energy per unit kelvin. Entropy is an important part of the third law of thermodynamics.

Imagine that a group of molecules has ten units of energy. If the energy in those molecules is perfectly organized, then the molecules can do ten units of work. However, if the energy became less organized (so, the entropy increased), the molecules might only be able to do six units of work, even though they still have ten units of energy in them.

When total entropy is reached, there is no more energy to spend. A good example of this is a cup of hot tea. The tea has a lot of energy compared to the room the tea is in. Over time the heat in the tea will spread into the room. The tea will become colder. This is because the energy (heat) in the tea moves to the surrounding area. Once the tea became cold, there is no more heat that can be spread. The tea has reached total entropy.

There are two types of these "rooms": An *open system* and a *closed system*. An open system means that energy (like heat) can freely flow in and out of the room. A closed system means that the room is closed off from the outside; no energy can go in or out.

In the case of the tea, the room was a closed system; no energy could enter it. But we can also make it an open system by placing a heater into the room. If we turn on the heater, we can use the heat from it to reheat the cup of tea. New energy has been brought into the room. The entropy has thus decreased. The heat that went from the heater into the tea can then move into the room again until total entropy has been reached. This is what the second law of thermodynamics is about.

A real life example of an open system is the Earth. It gets a lot of energy from the Sun every day. This allows plants to grow and water to stay liquid. If we took away the Sun, plants would die and water would freeze because the surface of our planet would be too cold.
Quincy, Massachusetts

**Quincy** is a city in Norfolk County in the U.S. State of Massachusetts. It is part of Metropolitan Boston. 
It is named after Colonel John Quincy, who was Abigail Adams' mother's father. Quincy also had Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, named after him. It is the birthplace of John Adams, the second U.S. President, and Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. President. It was settled in 1625 and officially founded in 1792.

## References
Lixion Avila

**Lixion A. Avila** (born November 25, 1950) is a retired weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He has been a senior hurricane specialist.

## References
Bolognese sauce

with bolognese sauce.]]

**Bolognese sauce** is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating. It is called *Ragù alla bolognese* in Italy. The sauce came from Bologna in Italy.
Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with *tagliatelle*, a broad, flat type of pasta. It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta.

## Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes 
In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream. There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce. Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage. Mushrooms are sometimes added.

Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on. In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti.

However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna. They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna.

## References and further reading 
* Kaspar, Lynne Rossetto (1st Edition: September 21, 1992) *The Splendid Table: Recipes from Emilia-Romagna, the Heartland of Northern Italian Food*, Morrow Cookbooks. .

## Other websites
Command economy

from the German Democratic Republic, telling people to eat carp on New Year's Eve]]
, because it is made from the scarce oils and fats. Ideas include to not hold the soap under water, and do not throw away small pieces of soap]]

A **command economy or planned economy** is where the big decisions are made at the center by the government.  In an economic system the main decisions are, for example, allocating resources like labour, capital and minerals. Prices, too, are controlled. In a command economy, these decisions are taken by a central body, usually the government. 

This system contrasts that of a market economy where all the economic actors involved make decisions. The benefit of a planned economy is that the planners (supposedly) know all about what is happening, and can make a better decision than in the market economy. Countries at war sometimes command their people to make things the war needs; the major powers in World War II did this.

Friedrick von Hayek, a 20th-century economist, thought that it is not possible for the planning body to have perfect information. For this reason, the decisions taken by this body will be wrong, as it is not possible to foresee all possible events. Once the decision has been taken there is only a small margin to vary the production; this means that a planned economy cannot adapt to a change as rapidly as a market economy. According to Ludwig von Mises, there is no competition, and there are no reasons to innovate or to look for different solutions to a problem, in a planned economy.

## Related pages 
* Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

## References
Flageolet

A **flageolet** is an old woodwind instrument.  It belongs to the end-blown flute family.  It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music.  There are two types: the French type and the English type.    The French flageolet had four holes in the front and two in the back.  The English flageolet had six holes in the front.

The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder. In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top.  This led into another section which bulged out.  There was a soft sponge at the end of this.  Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino".  The piccolo developed from it.  Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle.

Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it.

Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing.

## References
The illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments; 

## Other websites
* flageolets.com – information about the flageolet
Paris Opera

**Paris Opéra** or the **Opéra National de Paris** is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris. The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet.

Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.

## History 
King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the *Académie Royale de Musique* in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called *Académie Royale de Danse*, in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet. 

In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called ''Le Ballet de l'Opéra*. From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called **Paris Opéra** or **Opéra de Paris**.

On 29 October 1873, the old *Paris Opéra*, known as the *Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique*, which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new *Palais Garnier* which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.

When the *Opéra Bastille'' was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre. 

## Other websites 
* Official site
Robert Mulligan

**Robert Mulligan** (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie and television director. He directed movies such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon. 

## Filmography 
* *The Man in the Moon* (1991)
* ''Clara's Heart*  (1988)
* *Kiss Me Goodbye*  (1982)
* *Bloodbrothers*  (1978)
* *Same Time, Next Year*  (1978)
* *The Nickel Ride*  (1974)
* *The Other*  (1972)
* *Summer of '42*  (1971)
* *The Pursuit of Happiness*  (1971)
* *The Stalking Moon*  (1969)
* *Up the Down Staircase*  (1967)
* *Inside Daisy Clover*  (1965)
* *Baby the Rain Must Fall*  (1965)
* *Love with the Proper Stranger*  (1963)
* *To Kill a Mockingbird*  (1962)
* *The Spiral Road*  (1962)
* *Come September*  (1961)
* *The Great Impostor*  (1961)
* *The Rat Race*  (1960)
* *Fear Strikes Out'' (1957)
Flag of Puerto Rico

The **flag of Puerto Rico** consists of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side has a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.

The flag was created in 1892. In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico. 

## Other websites
*
Faust

by Rembrandt van Rijn (about 1650).]]

**Faust** or **Faustus** is a character from German legendary stories.  His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky".  The legend is about a man called Faust.  Faust wants to have knowledge.  He meets the Devil.  The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants.  In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul.  Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell.

The story of Faust became famous all over Europe.  Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann.  Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni.

The adjective "Faustian" is used to describe a person who wants something so much that it leads them into trouble.

In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell).  This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge.  This was thought to be very bad at that time.

Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story.  They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun. The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink."

## References
Cootamundra

**Cootamundra** is a town in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra.  It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra.  Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line.

Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra.  The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information. The home where *The Don* was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public seven days per week.

Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana).  Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities.

## References
Kermanshah

**Kermanshah** or Kermashan (; ), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, in Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan.  Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish city in Iran. The city is 525&nbsp;km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120&nbsp;km from the border of in Iraq. Kermanshah has a continental climate.

The estimated population of the city was 822,921 in the year 2005. The majority of the population speak a Kurdish language as well as the Persian language. The religion of the people is diverse, but there are more Muslims than any other religion.
Acacia baileyana

The **Cootamundra Wattle** is an Australian shrub or tree. It is in the Family Fabaceae. The tree's Latin name, *Acacia baileyana*, is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey.  It is one of nearly 1000 species of *Acacia* found in Australia.  The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra. It has been widely planted all over Australia. In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed. It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian.

Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers. The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters. Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out. Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand.

## Uses 
*A. baileyana* is used in Europe in the cut flower industry.  It is also used as food for bees in making honey.

## Cultivation 
This plant is easy to grow. It can adapt and grow in different areas. Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area. It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species *Acacia pubescens*.

A low growing, weeping form, is being grown. The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green. A new type with  blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular.

## Gallery 

File:Australian Wattle.jpg|A wattle in Australia.
File:Acacia baileyana seeds.jpg|*A. baileyana* seeds
File:Acacia baileyana prostrate IGP email.jpg|*A. baileyana* low, weeping type being grown at the Illawarra Grevillea Park, Bulli, NSW

## References 
## Other websites 
**Acacia baileyana*
*Society of studies about Ethnobotany and the Modified States of Consciousness
Rider Strong

**Rider King Strong** (born December 11, 1979) is an American movie and television actor. He became famous in the 1990s as the character Shawn Hunter in the television series *Boy Meets World*.

## Other websites
*
Star and crescent

in the 1st century BC.]]
 features a white star and crescent.]]
The **star and crescent** is a symbol consisting of a star with a crescent at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium and also appeared on coins of the Sassanid Empire. In Turkish, the crescent is called *Hilal*, which is an anagram of “Allah” in Arabic script, reinforcing its Islamic symbolism. Now, the crescent is often a symbol of Islam. It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey, Libya, Maldives, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Singapore, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Comoros, North Cyprus, Mauritania, and Pakistan respectively.

Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a star and a crescent. The Ottomans used this symbol in part because the Turkish word for crescent () is an anagram of “Allah” in Arabic script. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use.

## See also 
*Star of David
*Christian cross
Nitric acid

**Nitric Acid** (HNO3) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns. It is also known as ***aqua fortis***. The majority of nitric acid is used to make ammonium nitrate and other fertilizers. Some is used in rocket fuels and explosives, and to help make wood look older.

It can react with metals such as copper to produce a brown toxic gas called nitrogen dioxide. It is made by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water.

In alchemy, it is known as **aqua fortis**, or strong water. It can dissolve silver but leaves gold unharmed, making it a good test for gold. The term acid test came from this test.
Killing of Peter Fechter

**Peter Fechter** (14 January 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall. Fechter was a bricklayer. Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charlie, to live with his sister. He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik. Both started to climb the wall at around 14:15. Kubelik was successful, and could escape. Fechter was hit by several gunshots, one of which pierced his lung, and fell back down, to what was called the *Death strip*. He was unable to move, and started to cry for help. Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police.

Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd asking them, they would not do more. The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint.

Fechter bled to death after about an hour. After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter. They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively. Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him. The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the absence of aid. The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter.

## Other websites
Manchester Metrolink

**Manchester Metrolink** (or usually just ** Metrolink**) is the name of the tram system in Greater Manchester, England. The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM), which used to be called the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive. It is operated under contract by KeolisAmey Metrolink.

## History
The construction of Manchester's railway network in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries created many termini around the City Centre, which were not connected. This left large areas of Manchester disconnected from the railway network.

For many years, there were plans to connect Manchester's two main railway stations: Piccadilly and Victoria. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a plan for a "Picc-Vic tunnel" was proposed to carry main-line trains under the city centre. However, the project was abandoned due to high costs.

Metrolink was later created by converting two British Rail lines—one to Altrincham (south) and another to Bury (north)—into a light rail system. These lines were linked through the city centre, where trams run on the streets, and included a short branch to Piccadilly railway station. This first section of the system opened in 1992, and a line to Eccles followed in 2001.

Numerous extensions have since opened, with more being built or proposed. Metrolink now serves Didsbury, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Rochdale, MediaCityUK, and Manchester Airport. These expansions increased the system’s length from 37&nbsp;km to 97&nbsp;km with 99 stops.

In 2017, a second city centre route opened, serving Exchange Square, followed by a new line to the Trafford Centre shopping mall. Plans are also in place for tram-train lines to Stockport and other locations in Greater Manchester. By 2040, the network is expected to double in size.

### Lines and stops
## References
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 3

## Contestants
### In order of elimination
*Magdalena Rivas, 24, from Worcester, Massachusetts
*Leah Darrow, 24, from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
*Julie Titus, 20, from Kent, Washington
*Laura "Kristi" Grommet, 20, St. Louis, Missouri
*Jennipher Frost, 22, Pocatello, Idaho
*Kelle Jacob, 19, New York City, New York
*Cassie Grisham, 19, Norman, Oklahoma
*Toccara Jones, 22, Dayton, Ohio
*Nicole Borud, 21, Minot, North Dakota
*Norelle Van Herk, 20, Newport Beach, California
*Ann Markley, 21, Erie, Pennsylvania
*Amanda Swafford, 25, Hendersonville, North Carolina (2nd runner up)
*Camara "Yaya" Da Costa, 21, Harlem, New York (runner up)
*Eva Pigford, 20, Los Angeles, California (winner)

### Call-out order
: The contestant won the **reward challenge**
: The contestant was *CoverGirl of the Week*
: The contestant was *CoverGirl of the Week* and won the **reward challenge**
: The contestant was *CoverGirl of the Week* and was eliminated
: The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
: The contestant was eliminated
: The contestant won the competition

## Statistics
*Number of contestants: **14**
*Oldest contestant: **Amanda**, 25
*Youngest Contestant: **Kelle** and **Cassie**, both 19
*Most collective first call outs: **Amanda**, 4
*Most consecutive first call outs: **Amanda**, twice
*Most collective challenge wins: **Yaya**, 5 times
*Most consecutive challenge wins: **Yaya**, 5 times
*Most collective bottom two apperences: **Ann**, 5 times
*Most consecutive bottom two apperences: **Eva**, twice
Supertram (Sheffield)

**Supertram** is a tram network in Sheffield, England. The track and connected items are owned by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE). Stagecoach Group run and look after the vehicles, through their **Stagecoach Supertram** branded company.

## References
Happy Xmas (War Is Over)

"**Happy Xmas (War Is Over)**" is a Christmas song by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and The Plastic Ono Band.
The song is a protest about the Vietnam War in 1969. It has become a Christmas standard and has appeared on several Christmas albums.

## Notable cover versions
* Céline Dion covered the song on her 1998 album *These Are Special Times*.
* The Corrs included a live version as a bonus track on the *Live in London* DVD (2001).
* Sarah McLachlan led off her 2006 Christmas album *Wintersong* with a cover of this song.
* Maroon 5 recorded a cover version in 2007.
* Drake Bell sang it live in Times Square, NYC to welcome in the new year, 2007.
* *NSYNC recorded a cover version for one of their albums.
* Sarah Brightman recorded her own version as a bonus track for her album *A Winter Symphony*.
* Thrice, an experimental rock band, has recorded their own version of the song.
* The melody was used during the early 1990s as a musical commercial to promote tourism to Jamaica.
Nottingham Express Transit

**Nottingham Express Transit** (or in short **NET**) is a light-rail tramway in the Nottingham area in England. The first line opened to the public on 9 March 2004. It cost £200 million to construct. It took 16 years from the first idea of the system until it was built. It is operated by Nottingham Tram Consortium, a 50:50 partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport.

## References
Trimeresurus jerdonii

***Trimeresurus jerdonii*** is a venomous pitviper species found in India (Assam), Burma, Tibet, China and Vietnam. Three subspecies are currently recognized, including this one.

## Where they are found
Found from Assam in India, through northern Burma to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan) and Vietnam. The type locality given is "Khasi Hills, India.''

## Subspecies
## References
Sarah Brightman

**Sarah Brightman** (born 14 August 1960) is an English classical crossover soprano, actress, songwriter and dancer.

She is the best-selling soprano of all times.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Symphony* (2002)
* *A Winter Symphony* (2005)
* *Dreamchaser* (2011)

## Other websites
*
*
*
*Fairwood Music (UK) Ltd. Website
*classical-crossover soprano
*Spacefacts biography of Sarah Brightman
UTC+10:00

**UTC+10:00** means a time zone that is 10 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC. 

The **UTC+10** time zone covers the following the east coast of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and parts of Russia. The map shows the time zone. There are differences with Daylight saving time:

In Australia UTC+10 is called Australian Eastern Standard Time or AEST.

## As standard time (all year round) 
*  (AEST - Australian Eastern Standard Time)
** Queensland
* Federated States of Micronesia
** Chuuk, Yap and surrounding area
* Papua New Guinea
*  (Chamorro Time Zone)
**  (territory)
**  (commonwealth)

## Southern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter) 
*  (AEST—Australian Eastern Standard Time)
** Australian Capital Territory
** New South Wales (except Broken Hill and Lord Howe Island)
** Tasmania
** Victoria

## Northern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter) 
*  
** Primorsky Krai   (including Vladivostok)
** Sakhalin Island
** Khabarovsk Krai
** Sakha Republic (central portion)

## Northern Hemisphere -  as daylight saving time 
* 
** Amur Oblast 
** Chita Oblast 
** Sakha Republic (western portion, incl. Yakutsk) 

## Other websites 
* Find cities currently in UTC+10:00
Mount Erebus

**Mount Erebus** is a volcano on Ross Island in Antarctica. It is the most southern active volcano in the world.

Erebus is  high.

## History
On November 28, 1979, an airplane, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Erebus during a storm. All 257 people in the airplane died.

## References
Air New Zealand Flight 901

**Air New Zealand Flight 901** was a flight that operated from 1977 to 1979. The flight did not stop in Antarctica. It was a sightseeing flight to Antarctica. It was supposed to loop between Auckland, New Zealand, and Antarctica.    

The flight's route had been changed without the crew's knowledge shortly before the plane took off. Because the weather conditions of the Antarctic were so bad (severely limiting visibility), and the crew believed they were following the original flight plan-the plane crashed straight into Mount Erebus. None of the 257 people on board the plane survived the crash. The original investigation showed it was the pilot's fault, but people protested and it led to an inquiry into the crash. The conclusion was the accident was caused by a correction made to the route the night before the disaster, and they failed to inform pilot Captain Jim Collins and co-pilot Greg Cassin.
Philip IV of Spain

**Philip IV** (, ; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665. He was also sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and King of Portugal until 1640.

His daughter was Marie Thérèse of Austria, wife of Louis XIV. All but three of his children died in childhood.

## Children
*With Elisabeth of France (1603–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 1615 at Burgos:
# Archduchess Maria Margaret of Spain (14 August 1621 15 August 1621)
#  Archduchess  Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria (25 November 1623 22 December 1623)
#  Archduchess Maria Eugenia of Austria (21 November 1625 21 August 1627)
#  Archduchess  Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria (31 October 1627 1 November 1627)
# Archduke Balthasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias
# Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (12 March 1634)
# Archduchess Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Spain (17 January 1636 5 December 1636)
# Archduchess Marie Thérèse (1638–1683), married Louis XIV of France and had children.

*With Mariana of Austria (1634–1696) – his niece – 1649:
# Margaret Theresa of Austria (1651-1673), first wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
# Archduchess Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción of Austria (7 December 1655 21 December 1655)
# Archduke Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (28 November 1657 1 November 1661)
# Archduke Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria  (23 December 1658 22 October 1659)
# Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 1 November 1700)
Amborella

***Amborella trichopoda*** is a small, evergreen shrub.

*Amborella* is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses put it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage.

The Amborellaceae are distinctive. They are sprawling evergreen shrubs or small trees. Their tissue is different from any other Angiosperm. The xylem of *Amborella* contains only tracheids; vessel elements are absent. Xylem of this form has long been regarded as a "primitive" feature of flowering plants.

Since *Amborella* is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred. This is done by comparing derived traits shared by other angiosperms but not present in *Amborella*. These traits are assumed to have evolved after the divergence of the *Amborella* lineage.

The Amborellaceae are a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other living species of flowering plants. Among living flowering plants, it is the sister group to all other flowering plants.

## Its peculiarity 
*Amborella*, an understory plant in the wild, is in contact with shade- and moisture-dependent organisms such as algae, lichens and mosses. Some horizontal gene transfer between these species is not surprising. But the scale of such transfer has caused great surprise. Sequencing the *Amborella* mitochondrial genome showed that for every gene of its own origin, it has about six versions from the genomes from other plants and algae growing with or upon it. The evolutionary and physiological significance of this is not yet clear.

## References
British Rail Class 01

'''British Rail's Class 01''' diesel locomotives were a short wheelbase 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical design intended for use in areas with tight curves and limited clearance.
British Rail Class 02

The British Rail **Class 02** were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives. They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 (first ten, D2850-D2859) and 1961 (D2860-D2869). They were built for use in places of restricted loading gauge and curves such as docks.  They had the door to the cab at the rear, with a railed veranda behind the cab. This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives. It was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was/is quite normal in North American practice.
British Rail Class 03

The **British Rail Class 03** locomotive is, together with Class 04, one of BR's most successful smaller 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters.  There are 230 members of the class and it was built by British Railways' Swindon and Doncaster works in 1957-1962. They are numbered D2000-D2199 and D2370-D2399 (later 03004 to 03399). D2370 and D2371 were used as departmental locomotives and originally numbered 91 and 92 respectively.
British Rail Class 04

The **British Rail Class 04** 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunting locomotive class was built between 1952 and 1962. It was the basis for the later Class 03 built in the British Railways workshops.  The Class 04 locomotives were supplied by the Drewry Car Co., which at the time (and for most of its existence) had no manufacturing capability. Drewry sub-contracted the construction work to two builders. Both of these built other locomotives under the same arrangement. Early locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry and later examples were built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns.
Nitrate

**Nitrate** (NO31-) is a polyatomic ion. It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is part of many important molecules. Potassium nitrate is a common type of nitrate. It is often used in fertilizers because plants and crops need both potassium and nitrates to live and grow. Sodium nitrate is also used in preserving foods. 

Some nitrates are explosive. People make large amounts of nitrates from ammonia. Nitrates are similar to nitrites. Many metal nitrates with thermal decomposition makes oxygen and metal nitrate.

Nitric acid has the formula HNO3  and has no overall charge, because the hydrogen ion is positive.  

Nitrate has a group valency of 1. 

## References
Heart-Shaped Box

"**Heart-Shaped Box**" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was written by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It was released on August 23, 1993 as the first single from their third studio album *In Utero*.

Cobain's wife Courtney Love thought the song was about her, although it was actually written about children with cancer.

## References
British Rail Class 05

The **British Rail Class 05** is a class of 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Hunslet Engine Company from 1955 to 1961. They were used on the Eastern and Scottish Regions of British Railways. At first they were numbered 11136-11176 and later on were numbered D2550-D2619.
British Rail Class 06

The **British Rail Class 06** is a class of 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Andrew Barclay from 1958 to 1960 for use on the Scottish Region of British Railways. They were originally numbered D2410-D2444 and later given the TOPS numbers 06001-06010.
God is dead

"**God is dead**" (German: ) is a phrase by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It is also known as the **death of God**. The phrase is not meant literally. Instead it is about what value destruction has done to people's belief in Christianity. Some religious thinkers do take it literally though.

Nietzsche wrote this phrase in his book *The Gay Science* (). He also used the phrase in his book *Thus Spoke Zarathustra* ().

The idea is written in *The Gay Science*'s section "The Madman" as follows:

## Meaning 
"God is dead" does not mean that Nietzsche believed in an actual "God" who had died literally. Nietzsche is also not saying that atheists are right. Instead, the phrase means that everything built on Christianity will fall apart because "the belief in the Christian God has become unbelievable". He says it is impossible to have a Christian or Christian morality without the belief in God. This was a problem he had with many modern sceptics.

The *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* says that even though the  of Christianity was meant to have been unbreakable, it is already broken. In fact, it has been much more  than anyone could ever understand. This also means that without God, morals are not unquestionable or undoubtable anymore. Nietzsche says that when these morals are shown to be false they are also shown to be harmful. Also, trying to remove these harmful morals causes even more harm. This is because people have become dependent on them. He also says that the most harmful parts of morality have taken control of how we understand ourselves. Therefore, we don't know how to live without this harmful morality. Because of this, the death of God leads to many kinds of nihilism. Nietzsche says that Christianity itself is a kind of nihilism.

## References
British Rail Class 07

The British Rail **Class 07** diesel locomotive is an off-centre cab dock shunter. They were used in Southampton Docks, to replace SR USA Class steam locomotives.  It is a 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunter built by Ruston & Hornsby in 1962.   They were originally numbered D2985-D2998 and later given the TOPS numbers 07001(D2985)-07013(D2997), D2998.
Memorial Cup

The '**Memorial Cup** is the trophy for the winners of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). Every year, winning teams from the three CHL  leagues, the Western Hockey League (WHL), the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), and the hosting team, compete in a tournament. The Spokane Chiefs are the most recent winners.
British Rail Class 08

The British Rail **Class 08** is a class of diesel locomotive designed for shunting.  It was the standard BR diesel-electric shunter. It was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11).  Production started in 1953 and when it finished in 1962, the class had become the most numerous of all British classes, numbering 996 in total. There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1193.

Since their introduction, rail freight has primarily moved to fixed-rate bulk freight traffic and intermodal freight operations which reduce or remove the need for shunting, therefore only a few class 08 locomotives remain in service today.
Yellow fever

**Yellow fever **is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The illness can cause bleeding problems. It is called yellow because it makes the skin and the eyes yellow in color, like jaundice.

There is a vaccine which can stop the disease, but many people in Africa and South America are not vaccinated against it. The World Health Organization say that 200,000 people are made ill with yellow fever every year, and that 30,000 people die from it.

Yellow fever peaked in 1842, killing hundreds of people. There was an outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793.

Yellow fever is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. The name of the mosquito which commonly carries the virus is *Aedes Aegypti*. The female carries the disease.
The yellow fever originated in Central Africa.

## References
Alexandra Burke

**Alexandra Imelda Cecelia Ewan Burke** (born 25 August 1988 in Islington, London, England) is a British soul singer. She is known for winning the 2008 UK series of *The X Factor*. She had the 2008 Christmas number one single in the United Kingdom with a cover of Leonard Cohen's *Hallelujah*.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
### Charity singles
## Notes
## References
Paul Thompson

**Paul Ivan Thompson** (born November 2, 1906 in Calgary, Alberta – September 13, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a left wing. 

Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926. He played for the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks. He stopped playing in 1939. 

He was part of the All-Star team two times. He won the Stanley Cup three times. He won in 1928 with New York and in 1934 and 1938 with Chicago.

His brother was Tiny Thompson.

## Career statistics
## Coaching record
## Other websites
*
*