open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
West Liberty, Iowa

**West Liberty** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is 5 miles south of Interstate 80 on Historic Highway 6.

## Other websites 
* Official city website
Williams, Iowa

**Williams** is a city in Hamilton County, Iowa, United States. The population was 307 at the 2020 census. Williams is a regional center of wind power generation.

## References
Hamilton County, Iowa

**Hamilton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,039. The county seat is Webster City. The county was founded in 1856 and named to honor William W. Hamilton, a President of the Iowa State Senate.

## References
Hamilton County

**Hamilton County** is the name of 10 counties in the United States:
* Hamilton County, Florida
* Hamilton County, Illinois
* Hamilton County, Indiana
* Hamilton County, Iowa
* Hamilton County, Kansas
* Hamilton County, Nebraska
* Hamilton County, New York
* Hamilton County, Ohio
* Hamilton County, Tennessee
* Hamilton County, Texas
Boone County, Iowa

**Boone County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 26,715 people lived there. The county seat is Boone.

## References
Woden, Iowa

**Woden** is a city in Iowa in the United States. During the 2020 census the population was 188.

## Notable people
* Betty Grundberg, Iowa state legislator
* David Lane, white supremacist and convicted terrorist

## References
Woodburn, Iowa

**Woodburn** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Clarke County. The population was 146 at the 2020 census.

## References
Therapeutic abortion

, her uterus was removed and a therapeutic abortion was carried out. ]]
**Therapeutic abortion** is a kind of abortion which is carried out because of medical necessity. In some cases, the pregnancy or childbirth is a medical risk to the health of the mother. In other cases, the unborn child would have grave birth defects. Therapeutic abortion is legal in most countries, even if other forms of abortion are illegal. Some countries also have a rule, that abortion is legal for the first part of the pregnancy and illegal afterwards. Even in these cases, therapeutic abortion is often legal.

Different methods can be used to perform a therapeutic abortion. Abortions are either chemical or surgical in nature.

## Methods
### Chemical abortion 
Chemical abortions, also known as medical abortions, account for approximately 10% of all abortions in North America and Europe. Chemical abortion is performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. There are several ways to perform a chemical abortion. A medicine called misoprostol can be taken with another medicine called methotrexate. Sometimes only misoprostol is given without methotrexate. Sometimes, these two drugs are given together with a third drug, mifepristone. After a chemical abortion, the woman will bleed for a few days after the miscarriage begins. Some chemical abortions are unsuccessful and require subsequent surgical abortion.

## Possible complications 
It is best to do the procedure as early as possible. This will decreases the chance of complications.

Problems are rare, but all procedures have some risk. The doctor will go over some problems that could happen, such as:

* Excess bleeding
* Allergic reaction
* Infection
* Incomplete procedure

## References
Buchanan County, Iowa

**Buchanan County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,565. Its county seat is Independence. The county was founded on December 21, 1837 and was named in honor of Senator James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States.

## References
Johannes Geldenhuys

General '''Johannes Jacobus ('Jannie') Geldenhuys''' (5 February 1935 &ndash; 9 September 2018) was a South African military commander. He was Chief of the South African Defence Force between 1985 and 1990. He was born in Kroonstad, Orange Free State Province.

Geldenhuys died on 9 September 2018 in George, Western Cape at the age of 83.

## References
Javier Usabiaga Arroyo

**Javier Bernardo Usabiaga Arroyo** (20 August 1939 – 9 September 2018) was a Mexican businessman and politician. He was born in Celaya, Guanajuato.

Usabiaga Arroyo was a member of the National Action Party. He was Secretary of Agriculture during part of Vicente Fox's government. From 2009 to 2012, he was Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato.

Usabiaga Arroyo died of throat cancer on 9 September 2018 in Mexico City at the age of 79.

## References
Antony Hewish

**Antony Hewish**  (11 May 1924 &ndash; 13 September 2021) was a British radio astronomer. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his role in the discovery of pulsars. 

He was also awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1969. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.

Hewish died on 13 September 2021, aged 97.

## References
Co Westerik

**Jacobus "Co" Westerik** (2 March 1924 – 10 September 2018) was a Dutch visual artist and photographer. He was born in The Hague.

From 1954 to 1958, Westerik was lecturer at the International School and the German International School, and from 1955 to 1958 also at the Vrije Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten in The Hague. From 1958 to 1971, he was a lecturer in figure drawing at the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague.

Westerik was awarded the Jacob Maris Prize three times: in 1951 and 1955 for painting and in 1953 for drawing.

Westerik died on 10 September 2018 in Rotterdam from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
István Géczi

**István Géczi** (16 March 1944 – 10 September 2018) was a Hungarian football goalkeeper and politician. He played for Ferencvárosi TC.

He won a silver medal in the 1972 Summer Olympics, and also participated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1972 for the Hungary national football team.

Following the end of his career, he was a member of the Hungarian Parliament in the late 1980s.

Géczi died on 10 September 2018 in Budapest from a stroke at the age of 75.

## References
Sanitary napkin

A **sanitary napkin**, also called a **sanitary towel**, **sanitary pad**, **menstrual pad**, or **pad**, is a type of cloth used by women used to stop menstrual blood from passing through clothes. It is put in underwear so that people don't see it. They are often disposable. Most sanitary napkins are made of plastic. Some sanitary napkins are made of cloth.

## Related pages
*Tampon
Princess Bubblegum

**Princess Bonnibel "Bonnie" Bubblegum of the Candy Kingdom** (also known as: **PB**; **Peebles**; **P-Bubs**; **Bonnie**),  is a fictional character in the American animated Cartoon Network television series *Adventure Time*, created by Pendleton Ward.

Princess Bubblegum is the current incarnation of the **Candy Elemental**. She is the ruler to the inhabitants of the Candy Kingdom, who are all composed of types of desserts and candies.

Princess Bubblegum is fluent in German and Korean, using the latter language to communicate with her friend Lady Rainicorn.  

Princess Bubblegum rules over the Candy Kingdom, but in the Season 6 episode "Hot Diggity Doom" (the first part of the season's finale), an election was held and she lost to the King of Ooo by a landslide. 

As a result, she no longer ruled the Candy Kingdom and the King of Ooo replaced her as the new ruler, until a rebellion against King of Ooo allowed her to reclaim the throne in "The Dark Cloud".

In an interview, Olivia Olson (who voices Marceline) stated that Marceline and Bubblegum are ex-girlfriends. In the series finale "Come Along with Me", Marceline and Bubblegum share their first onscreen kiss, confirming mutual romantic feelings between them and become girlfriends.

In August 2014, Marceline's voice actress Olivia Olson told a crowd of fans that Marceline and Princess Bubblegum had dated in the past, but that because the series airs in countries where homosexual relationships are illegal, the relationship is not clearly shown in the show.

## References
Marceline the Vampire Queen

**Marceline the Vampire Queen** is a fictional character in the American animated Cartoon Network television series *Adventure Time*, created by Pendleton Ward. She is voiced by Olivia Olson in most appearances, by Ava Acres as a child and by Cloris Leachman as an old woman. 

## Character
Marceline is a 1,000-year-old vampire queen. The artistic design for Marceline was created by Ward. Unlike a traditional vampire, Marceline does not need to drink blood to survive; rather, she eats the color red. 

Marceline is a musician who plays an electric bass that she made from her family's heirloom battle-axe.

The character makes her debut in the first season episode "Evicted!" and at first was an antagonist, forcing Finn and Jake from their home. However, as the series progresses, Marceline becomes a close friend to Finn and Jake. 

She was born to an unnamed human mother (voiced by Rebecca Sugar) and the demon Hunson Abadeer (voiced by Olivia's real-life father, Martin Olson). When she was a child, the Mushroom War occurred, and soon after she developed a father-daughter-like bond with Simon Petrikov (voiced by Tom Kenny), who would become the Ice King which was seen in the episodes "I Remember You" and "Simon & Marcy".

In the episodes "What Was Missing" and "Sky Witch" it is implied that Princess Bubblegum and Marceline were in a relationship. In the series finale "Come Along with Me", Princess Bubblegum and Marceline kissed towards the ending and became girlfriends.

In August 2014, Marceline's voice actress Olivia Olson told a crowd of fans that Marceline and Princess Bubblegum had dated in the past, but that because the series airs in countries where homosexual relationships are illegal, the relationship is not clearly shown in the show.

## References
## Other websites
* Marceline Bio  at Cartoon Network
Jake the Dog

**Jake the Dog** is a fictional character and one of the main cast in the American animated television series *Adventure Time* created by Pendleton Ward. He is voiced by Billy West. 

The character made his debut in the original pilot. Jake is Finn's best friend and adoptive brother. He is a shape-shifting bulldog who is in his 30s in "magical dog years". Jake can stretch, shrink, or mold any part of his body to any shape and almost any size, ranging from becoming gigantic to becoming incredibly small.

Jake has a laid-back attitude in most situations, but loves adventure and is in a relationship with Lady Rainicorn, a Korean-speaking half-unicorn, half-rainbow creature voiced by Niki Yang; they have five children together.

The character has received largely positive critical reception.

The show's creator Pendleton Ward said the Finn and Jake were inspired by Ward's "[indoor] adventure experience" since he spent most of his childhood inside of his home.

## References
Homecoming (poem)

"**Homecoming**" is a poem by Bruce Dawe. The theme is anti-war. Dawe wrote the poem during the Vietnam War and explained what terror it was.

Dennis Haskell, Winthrop Professor of English and Cultural Studies at University of Western Australia, called the poem "the most highly regarded poem about Vietnam written by any Australian". Peter Pierce, the editor of *The Cambridge History of Australian Literature* described it as "one of the finest threnodies in the war literature of Vietnam".

## References
## Sources
* 
*
Dollar store

A **dollar store** is a type of store popular in North America. They sell many different items, most of which cost under a dollar. However, in recent years, the chain diversified the kind of items sold and prices regularly exceed the one-dollar limit.

## References
Kalle Könkkölä

**Kalle Kustaa Topias Könkkölä** (16 January 1950 – 11 September 2018) was a Finnish politician and human rights activist. He was a member of the Green League party. He was a member of Finnish Parliament from 1983 to 1987. He was the second Green politician to become an MP, even before the Green League was a political party. He was also the first chairperson of the Green League and the first Finnish MP with a disability.

Könkkölä was born in Helsinki. He was physically disabled from birth. He was married to architect Maija Könkkölä from 1976 until her death in 2012.

Könkkölä died of pneumonia on 11 September 2018, at the age of 68.

## References
List of North Carolina hurricanes (1950–79)

The **list of North Carolina hurricanes** between 1950 and 1979 includes 79 tropical cyclones that struck or affected the U.S. state of North Carolina.

## 1950s
August 14, 1953: Hurricane Barbara hits near Morehead City. It brings rain and  winds. Damage is near $1.1 million. One person is killed.

August 30-31, 1954: Hurricane Carol passes just east of the state. It produces wind gusts near  and rain. Damage is minor.

October 15, 1954: Hurricane Hazel comes ashore at the North Carolina/South Carolina border as a mild Category 4 hurricane. The storm destroys 15,000 buildings. It is the most damaging hurricane at the time to affect or hit North Carolina. Damage is near $136 million. Nineteen people are killed by the storm.

August 12, 1955: Hurricane Connie strikes the Outer Banks. It drops about  of rain. No deaths are reported in North Carolina. Damage totals are around $80 million.

August 17, 1955: Hurricane Diane strikes near Wilmington just five days after the previous hurricane. Wind damage is light. There are no deaths in North Carolina.

September 18-19, 1955: Hurricane Ione strikes near Morehead City. The storm floods eastern North Carolina with rain and high tides. Ione kills seven people, two indirectly. Damage in the state totals $88 million.

September 26-27, 1958: Hurricane Helene moves parallel to the state's coast and the Outer Banks. Winds are . The wind causes moderate structural and crop damage. The overall damage is $11 million.

## 1960-1979
September 12, 1960: Hurricane Donna moves across the Outer Banks of North Carolina. There is heavy damage from high winds and waves. Damage in North Carolina is $56.5 million. Eight people are killed, five directly.

August 29-30, 1964: Former Hurricane Cleo enters the state as a tropical depression. It causes several tornadoes. It drops heavy rain.

October 16, 1964: Hurricane Isbell enters the state at Morehead City with gusty winds and heavy rain. Damage is minor.

June 21, 1972: The remnants of Hurricane Agnes become a tropical storm again over the northeastern part of North Carolina. In the state, it causes record river flooding. The storm kills two people in North Carolina.

August 9, 1976: Hurricane Belle passes just to the east of North Carolina. It produces a storm tide and strong wind gusts that leave areas flooded.

## References
List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–99)

The **list of North Carolina hurricanes** includes tropical cyclones that affected or struck the U.S. state of North Carolina between 1980s and 1999. 

Tropical cyclones in North Carolina caused at least $10 billion in damage. Most of that was from Fran and Floyd. These cyclones killed 56 people directly and at least 47 indirectly.

The strongest tropical cyclones to affect North Carolina were Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Fran.

## 1980s
September 12-13, 1984: Hurricane Diana strikes near Cape Fear. Winds were near . The storm causes three indirect deaths. Damage is $70 million.

September 27, 1985: Hurricane Gloria strikes near Hatteras Island. The storm causes severe flooding. In North Carolina, one person is killed.

August 17, 1986: Hurricane Charley strikes along North Carolina. Damage is minor. There is one indirect death in the state.

September 22, 1989: Hurricane Hugo crosses the west-central part of North Carolina. Its winds destroy or severely damage many buildings in the state. Damage is $1 billion in North Carolina. Seven people in the state are killed.

## 1990s
October 12-13, 1990: Tropical Storm Marco brings heavy rain to North Carolina. Four people are killed, two directly.

August 18-19, 1991: Hurricane Bob brushes Cape Hatteras and the Outer Banks of eastern North Carolina. Insured damage alone is $4 million.

August 30-31, 1993: The western eyewall of Hurricane Emily crosses the northeastern Outer Banks of North Carolina. Its strong winds leave 553 buildings uninhabitable. Damage totals $35 million, mostly on Hatteras Island. Two people are killed.

November 16-18, 1994: Hurricane Gordon causes major flooding and strong winds along the Outer Banks. Many beachfront homes in Kitty Hawk are severely damaged or destroyed.

September 5-6, 1996: Hurricane Fran strikes around Wilmington. Winds are near . Across the state, Fran causes $2.55 billion in damage. At the time, the storm is the state's worst economic natural disaster. Fourteen people are killed in North Carolina.

August 26-27, 1998: Hurricane Bonnie hits near Wilmington. The storm moves slowly. It produces strong winds and heavy rain. One girl is killed in the state. Damage is $480 million.

September 15-16, 1999: Hurricane Floyd strikes near Cape Fear. Winds are near . Storm surge is . Damage is over $3 billion. Thirty-five people are directly killed. Another sixteen are indirectly killed.

October 18, 1999: Hurricane Irene moves parallel to North Carolina's coastline. One indirect death is reported.

## References
Gizzard

A **gizzard**, or "**gastric mill**", is a part of the stomach which grinds food. Animals which have grinding teeth do not need a gizzard, but there are many animals which do have one.

Gizzards are standard equipment for pterosaurs and birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilia, also many fish, and crustacea. 

, seen at the right of the duodenum between the legs.]]Gizzards work because the animal eats some gravel and small stones, and they grind against the food in the gizzard. Gizzards are muscular, and lined with tough material.

In birds, it works like this. Birds swallow food and store it in their crop if necessary. Then the food passes into their  stomach, the stomach acid is added here to the food. Then the food passes into the gizzard (also known as the *muscular stomach* or *ventriculus*). The gizzard can grind the food with previously swallowed stones and pass it back to the true stomach, and vice versa. In simple terms, the gizzard 'chews' the food for the bird as it does not have teeth. Bird gizzards are lined with a tough layer made of the carbohydrate-protein complex *koilin*, to protect the muscles in the gizzard.

In birds the stomach is before the gizzard, but in grasshoppers the gizzard comes before the stomach. In earthworms there is only a gizzard, and no stomach.
Buena Vista County, Iowa

**Buena Vista County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 20,823 people lived there. The county seat is Storm Lake.

## References
Tropical Storm Doria

**Tropical Storm Doria** of August 1971 was the most expensive tropical cyclone of that year's Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed on August 20, 1971 in the east-central Atlantic, near the Leeward Islands.

Doria moved just north of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Later, the storm started heading up the East Coast of the United States. First, it struck North Carolina as a tropical storm. It struck near Morehead City having winds of 65 miles per hour. 

In North Carolina, Doria dumped five inches of rain. There was localized flooding and minor wind damage.

In Virginia, the storm's rain bands caused an F1 tornado near Portsmouth, Norfolk and Chesapeake. Damage from the tornado was near $250,000. Twelve homes were damaged.

Doria later struck the Mid-Atlantic states, New York City and west-central New England.

Total damage from Doria was $147.6 million. Seven people were killed by the storm.

## References
Cedar County

**Cedar County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Cedar County, Iowa
* Cedar County, Missouri
* Cedar County, Nebraska
Chickasaw County

**Chickasaw County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Chickasaw County, Iowa
* Chickasaw County, Mississippi
Ice King

The **Ice King** is a fictional character in the American animated television series *Adventure Time*. At first, he was seen as an evil wizard that could create and manipulating ice and snow. He calls himself the king of the Ice Kingdom, a land of ice he claimed as his own where he lives in the company of many penguins. However, later on, especially after the episode "I Remember You", he is seen more as a tragic character and anti-hero.

Although technically an antagonist, he sometimes helps the main characters and is the protagonist of several episodes focusing on his struggles or backstory. His human form is called **Simon Petrikov** a historian who puts on the ice crown that turned him into the Ice King. The character is voiced by Tom Kenny.

## Character
Originally in the first seasons, he wanted to kidnap Princess Bubblegum on a regular basis. As the show progressed, he became a kind-hearted but misunderstood old man with completely twisted senses of morality and social behavior. He suffered from memory loss. Later seasons unveil his tragic backstory, revealing he was once a good human named **Simon Petrikov** who lost his mind, memories and loved ones due to the magic crown giving him his ice powers which was seen in the episode "Holly Jolly Secrets".

In the episodes "I Remember You" and "Simon & Marcy", it revealed the Ice King's relation with Marceline the Vampire Queen almost a thousand years before the beginning of the series, are often considered two of the show's very best.

## Reception
At first the character received negative reviews, but later when his backstory and development was showed in the show, he received positive reviews. Many fans and critics have compared his character's mental issues to that of Alzheimer's and bipolar disorder.

## References
Clinton County, Iowa

**Clinton County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 46,460. Its county seat is Clinton. Its name is in honor of the seventh Governor of New York State, DeWitt Clinton.

Clinton County was established on December 21, 1837.

## References
Crawford County, Iowa

**Crawford County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,525. The county seat is Denison. The county was named for William Harris Crawford, U.S. senator from Georgia and United States Secretary of the Treasury.

Crawford County was founded on January 15, 1851.

## References
Delaware County, Iowa

**Delaware County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,488. The county seat is Manchester. The county was named in honor of Delaware.

Delaware County was founded on December 21, 1837.

## References
Clayton County, Iowa

**Clayton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,043. The county seat is Elkader. The county was founded in 1837 and was named in honor of John M. Clayton, United States Senator from Delaware and later Secretary of State under President Zachary Taylor.

## References
Des Moines County, Iowa

**Des Moines County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 38,910 people lived there. The county seat is Burlington.

## References
Dickinson County, Michigan

**Dickinson County** is a county in the Upper peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. In the 2020 census, 25,947 people lived there. The county seat is Iron Mountain.

## References
Henry County

**Henry County** is the name of ten counties in the United States:
* Henry County, Alabama
* Henry County, Georgia
* Henry County, Illinois
* Henry County, Indiana
* Henry County, Iowa
* Henry County, Kentucky
* Henry County, Missouri
* Henry County, Ohio
* Henry County, Tennessee
* Henry County, Virginia
Bibb County

**Bibb County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Bibb County, Alabama
* Bibb County, Georgia
Grundy County, Tennessee

**Grundy County** is a county in Tennessee. In the 2020 census, 13,529 people lived there. The county seat is Altamont.

## References
Francisco Pascual Obama Asue

**Francisco Pascual Eyegue Obama Asue** is an Equatoguinean politician. He has been the Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea, from 23 June 2016 to 1 February 2023.

## References
University of Basel

The **University of Basel** () is a public university in Basel, Switzerland. It was founded on 4 April 1460 and is the oldest university in Switzerland.

## Other websites 
* Official Website of the university
Mortiers

**Mortiers** is the name of two communes in France:
*Mortiers, Aisne, in the Aisne department
*Mortiers, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime department
João Castelo

**João Castelo Ribeiro Gonçalves** (October 19, 1937 – December 11, 2016) was a Brazilian politician and lawyer. Castelo served as Governor of Maranhão from March 15, 1979, to May 15, 1982. He was born in Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil.

Castelo died in São Paulo, Brazil on December 11, 2016 after complications from a surgery. He was aged 79.

## References
Châtelus

**Châtelus** may refer to the following communes in France:

* Châtelus, Allier, a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
* Châtelus, Isère, a commune in the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
* Châtelus, Loire, a commune in the Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
* Châtelus-le-Marcheix, a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
* Châtelus-Malvaleix, a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
Cleveland County

**Cleveland County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Cleveland County, Arkansas, named for Grover Cleveland, the twenty-second and twenty-fourth president of the United States
* Cleveland County, North Carolina, named for Benjamin Cleveland, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War
* Cleveland County, Oklahoma, named for Grover Cleveland.

## Other 
* Cleveland, England, former county in England
Davis County, Iowa

**Davis County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 9,110 people lived there. The county seat is Bloomfield.

## References
Johnny Strike

**Gary John Bassett** (June 6, 1948 – September 10, 2018), known as **Johnny Strike**, was an American singer-songwriter and crime novelist. He was born in San Francisco, California. He was mostly known as songwriter for the proto-punk band Crime based in San Francisco. In 2004, he wrote *Ports of Hell* alongside William S. Burroughs.

Strike died on September 10, 2018 in San Francisco from liver cancer at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
* Rudos and Rubes 
* An oral history of Crime
* Crime Radio
* Amoeblog
* Murder by Guitar
Peter MacNicol

**Peter MacNicol** (born April 10, 1954) is an American actor. He was born in Dallas, Texas.

MacNicol is known for his stage debut in *Crimes of the Heart*. His movie roles include Galen in *Dragonslayer* (1981), Stingo in ''Sophie's Choice* (1982), Janosz Poha in *Ghostbusters II* (1989), camp organizer Gary Granger in *Addams Family Values* (1993) and David Langley in *Bean'' (1997).

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
### Video games
## References
## Other websites
*
Fenella Fielding

**Fenella Fielding**, OBE (17 November 1927 &ndash; 11 September 2018) was an English stage, movie and television actress. She was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s. She was known as "England's first lady of the double entendre".

She was known for her husky voice. Fielding appeared in two *Carry On* movies, *Carry On Regardless* (1961) and *Carry On Screaming!* (1966).

Fielding was born in London. Her brother is Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman, a former member of the House of Lords. Fielding also starred in the children's television series *Uncle Jack* from 1990 to 1993 as The Vixen. In 1999, Fielding starred in Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson's movie *Guest House Paradiso*.

In August 2018, Fielding suffered a severe stroke in London. She died a month later on 11 September 2018 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Fenella's official website
* Metafenella, interactive video portrait 
* 
* Carry On Line: Official Website of the *Carry On* films 
* Savoy website
* Independent article, 2008
Watertown, Minnesota

**Watertown** is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, along the South Fork of the Crow River.  The population was 4,659 at the 2020 census.

## References
Crow River (Minnesota)

The **Crow River** is a tributary of the Mississippi River in south-central Minnesota in the United States.  It drains a watershed of .

The North Fork of the Crow River was named by the Ojibwe Indians for the bird they called the "marauder of newly planted corn."

The north and south forks converge at Rockford to form the Crow River, which flows for  northeastward to the Mississippi River.

The Crow flows through Greenfield, Hanover, St. Michael, Otsego and Dayton; it enters the Mississippi River from the south at the common boundary between Otsego and Dayton.

## References
Rockford, Minnesota

**Rockford** is a city in Wright and Hennepin counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota.  The population was 4,500 at the 2020 census.

## References
Greenfield, Minnesota

**Greenfield** is a city in northwestern Hennepin County, Minnesota. It has a population of 2,903 residents, according to the 2020 census, and is located 26.5 miles northwest of Minneapolis.

## References
Hennepin County, Minnesota

**Hennepin County** ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,281,565.

It is the most populous county in Minnesota and the 35th-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Minneapolis.

## References
Phyllotaxis

'']]

**Phylotaxy** or **phylotaxis** is the mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant (from Ancient Greek  "leaf" and  "arrangement").

Phyllotaxy has a function: it avoids over-crowding of leaves, and exposes the leaves to the most sunlight for photosynthesis. The four main types of phyllotaxy are alternate, opposite, ternate and whorled.
Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman

**Basil Samuel Feldman, Baron Feldman** (23 September 1923 &ndash; 19 November 2019) was a British politician. He was a former Conservative member of the House of Lords. He sat in the House from 1996 until his retirement in 2017. 

Feldman was born in London. His sister was actress Fenella Fielding. Feldman was knighted in 1982. On 15 January 1996 he was made a life peer as **Baron Feldman**, of Frognal in the London Borough of Camden. 

He died on 19 November 2019, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Lord Feldman—biography, www.parliament.uk
Wright County, Minnesota

**Wright County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 141,337. Its county seat is Buffalo. The county was founded in 1855.

## References
Buffalo, Minnesota

**Buffalo** is a city, located 42 miles northwest of Minneapolis in Wright County, Minnesota.  The population was 16,168 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat.

## References
Otsego, Minnesota

**Otsego** is a city in Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 19,966 at the 2020 census.

## References
Eddie McGuire

**Edward Joseph** "**Ed**" **McGuire**  (born 29 October 1964) is an Australian radio and television presenter, commentator, journalist and businessman. He is known for his long relation with Australian rules football and the Nine Network. His media company is known as McGuire Media. He is the current president of the AFL Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Stars Twenty20 cricket team. He is also the current host of Channel Nine game show *Millionaire Hot Seat* (2009–present). He formerly hosted the Australian version of game show *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?* (1999–2007). He is also an Australian rules football commentator for Fox Footy, and a columnist for the *Herald Sun*.

McGuire was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He is married to Carla. The couple have two sons.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fernando Haddad

**Fernando Haddad** (born 25 January 1960) is a Brazilian academic and politician who is the Minister of Finance since 2023. He was Mayor of São Paulo, Brazil's largest city, from 2013 to 2017. He was the Minister of Education from 2005 to 2012 in the cabinets of Presidents Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff.

Haddad was the Workers' Party candidate for President in the 2018 elections, replacing former president Lula, whose candidacy was banned by the Superior Electoral Court under the Clean Slate law. He lost the second round of the election on 28 October 2018 to Jair Bolsonaro.

## References
## Other websites
*
*São Paulo 2004 mayoral race pages
Antônio Salim Curiati

**Antônio Salim Curiati** (Avaré, Brazil, 13 February 1928) is a Brazilian physician, and politician. He was Mayor of São Paulo from 13 May 1982 to 14 March 1983.

## References
Julianne Phillips

**Julianne Phillips** (born May 6, 1960) is an American model and actress. She is known for being the first wife of Bruce Springsteen. She is also known for her role as Francesca "Frankie" Reed on the television drama series *Sisters* (1991–96).

## References
## Other websites
*
*Julianne Phillips profile, NNDb.com; accessed October 29, 2014.
Harris Yulin

**Harris Yulin** (November 5, 1937 &ndash; June 10, 2025) was an American actor.

He was known for his roles in *Scarface* (1983), *Ghostbusters II* (1989), *Clear and Present Danger* (1994), *Looking for Richard* (1996), *The Hurricane* (1999), *Training Day* (2001) and *Frasier* (1993) which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in 1996.

Harris Yulin died on June 10, 2025 in New York City from cardiac arrest at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Israel Klabin

**Israel Klabin** (born 20 September 1926) is a Brazilian civil engineer, mathematician, environmentalist and politician. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He was the second Mayor of Rio de Janeiro from 15 March 1979 to 3 June 1980. He was a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. 

## References
Paulo Maluf

**Paulo Salim Maluf** (; born September 3, 1931) is a Brazilian politician. He was the State Governor of São Paulo, Mayor of the City of São Paulo, Congressman and Presidential candidate.

As of 2011, Maluf is on a second consecutive term as Federal Deputy. His political base is founded on populism and the provision of major public works.

## References
Bert Parks

**Bert Parks** (born **Bertram Jacobson**; December 30, 1914 – February 2, 1992) was an American actor, singer, and radio and television announcer. He was best known for hosting the annual Miss America pageants from 1955 to 1979.

The first game show that Parks hosted was *Party Line* on NBC. Other games Parks hosted in early television included *Stop the Music*, *Masquerade Party,* and the pilot for *Hollywood Squares*.

Parks was known for singing "There She Is, Miss America" to each new Miss America when he hosted the pageant.

Parks was born in Atlanta, Georgia to a Jewish family. He died from lung cancer near La Jolla, California at the age of seventy-seven.

## References
## Other websites
*
Adam Clymer

**Adam Clymer** (April 27, 1937 – September 10, 2018) was an American journalist. He was a political correspondent for *The New York Times*. He was born in New York City. He was a national political correspondent for the 1980 presidential election, polling editor from 1983 to 1990, political editor for George H. W. Bush's presidential campaign in 1988, and chief Washington correspondent from 1999 through 2003.

Clymer when in September 2000 George W. Bush and running mate Dick Cheney appeared at a campaign event at Naperville, Illinois. While on stage before the event, Bush said to Cheney, "There's Adam Clymer, major-league asshole from the *New York Times*." Cheney responded, "Oh yeah, he is, big time." The remarks were picked up by a live microphone, causing a minor campaign controversy. Bush later publicly stated "I regret that a private comment I made to the vice presidential candidate made it through the public airways. I regret everybody heard what I said."

In 1981, Clymer co-authored *Reagan: The Man, the President* with fellow *New York Times* journalists Hedrick Smith, Leonard Silk, Robert Lindsey, and Richard Burt. In 1999, he wrote *Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography*.

Clymer died from pancreatic cancer on September 10, 2018 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 81.

## References
Don Gardner

**Donald Gardner** (May 9, 1931 – September 4, 2018) was an American rhythm and blues singer-songwriter and drummer. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His records included the 1962 pop hit ''I Need Your Lovin''', with Dee Dee Ford.

Gardner died on September 4, 2018 in Philadelphia from cancer at age 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Don Gardner discography via soulfulkindamusic.net
Jon Heder

**Jonathan Joseph Heder** (born October 26, 1977) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for his role as the title character in the movie *Napoleon Dynamite* (2004). He appeared in the movies *The Benchwarmers* (2006), *Blades of Glory* (2007) and *When in Rome* (2010). He had voice roles in the animated movies *Monster House* (2006) and ''Surf's Up* (2007). He also appeared in the television series *Napoleon Dynamite'' (2012), again as the title character.

Heder was born in Fort Collins, Colorado. He married Kirsten Bales in 2002. The couple have four children. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

## References
## Other websites
*
St. Michael, Minnesota

**St. Michael** is a city in eastern Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 18,235 at the 2020 census.

## References
Luiza Erundina

**Luiza Erundina de Sousa** (; November 30, 1934) is a Brazilian politician.

In 1997 she changed to the PSB party. When her party supported the impeachment process against president Dilma Rousseff, Erundina switched to party PSOL in March 2016.

Erundina was on the São Paulo city council from 1983 to 1987. From 1987 to 1988 she was a state deputy for the state of São Paulo. She was São Paulo's first female mayor, serving from 1989 to 1992. In 1993, she became Brazil's Minister for the Federal Administration. Since 1999, Luiza Erundina has served as a Congresswoman in Brazil's Federal Congress. She was re-elected six times in a row, and now is disputing her seventh election as a Federal Deputy. She's considered a champion on the fight for women's rights, and a role model for the socialist youth. 

## References
## Other websites
* Information in Portuguese from the Brazilian congress
Elizabeth Hoffman

**Elizabeth Hoffman** (February 8, 1927 &ndash; August 21, 2023) was an American character actress. Hoffman was born in Corvallis, Oregon. She also played the role of Catherine Langford in *Stargate SG-1*.

Hoffman died on August 21, 2023 at her home in Malibu, California from natural causes, aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Henderson

**Richard Henderson**  (born 19 July 1945) is a Scottish molecular biologist and biophysicist. He is a pioneer in the field of electron microscopy of biological molecules.  He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank.

Henderson has worked at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB) in Cambridge since 1973, and was its director between 1996 and 2006. He was also a visiting professor at the Miller Institute of the University of California, Berkeley in Spring 1993.

He worked out the structure of bacteriorhodopsin, a molecule in bacteria. The molecule captures energy from light, and uses it to move protons out of the cell. This was the second ever atomic model of a membrane protein. The techniques Henderson developed for electron crystallography are still in use. 

Henderson's methods help to solve the structures of several G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell. They activate internal signal transduction pathways. This leads to cell responses to the molecules outside the cell. 

## References
Laboratory of Molecular Biology

The **Medical Research Council** (MRC) **Laboratory of Molecular Biology** (**LMB**) is a research institute in Cambridge, England. It was involved in the revolution in molecular biology which occurred in the 1950–60s. It is a major medical research laboratory with a broad focus. 

A new £212m replacement building constructed close by to the original site on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus was opened in May 2013. The road outside the new building is named Francis Crick Avenue after the 1962 joint Nobel Prize winner, who co-discovered the helical structure of DNA in 1953.

Scientific staff of the LMB who have been awarded  Nobel prizes are: 

* Frederick Sanger 1958 & 1980 (1980 was shared with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert)
* John Kendrew 1962 (shared with Max Perutz)
* Max Perutz 1962 (shared with John Kendrew) 
* Francis Crick 1962 (shared with Maurice Wilkins and Jim Watson)
* Jim Watson 1962 (shared with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins)  
* Aaron Klug 1982 
* César Milstein 1984 (shared with Georges Köhler and Niels Jerne)
* Georges Köhler 1984 (shared with César Milstein and Niels Jerne)
* John Walker 1997 (shared with Paul D. Boyer and Jens Christian Skou)
* Sydney Brenner 2002 (shared with Robert Horvitz and John Sulston)
* Robert Horvitz 2002 (shared with Sydney Brenner and John Sulston)
* John Sulston 2002 (shared with Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz)
* Venkatraman Ramakrishnan 2009 (shared with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath)
* Richard Henderson 2017 (shared with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank)

Visitors who received a Nobel prize for work done, or started at the LMB and alumni include:

* Sidney Altman 1989 (shared with Thomas R. Cech)
* Richard J. Roberts 1993 (shared with Phillip Allen Sharp)
* Michael Smith 1993
* Roger Kornberg 2006
* Andrew Fire 2006 (shared with Craig C. Mello)
* Elizabeth Blackburn 2009 (shared it with Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak)
* Thomas A. Steitz 2009 (shared with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Ada E. Yonath)
* Marty Chalfie 2008 (along with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien)
* John Gurdon 2012 (along with Shinya Yamanaka)
* Michael Levitt 2013 (along with Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel)
* Martin Karplus 2013 (along with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel)
* Arieh Warshel 2013 (along with Martin Karplus and Michael Levitt)

## References
Riverside County, California

**Riverside County** is one of fifty-eight counties in the U.S. state of California. According to the 2020 census, there were 2,418,185 people living there. It is the 4th-most populous county in California. It's also the 10th-most populous in the whole country. The name came from the city of Riverside, which is its county seat.

## References
Calaveras County, California

**Calaveras County** is a county  in the northern part of the U.S. state, California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 45,292. The county seat is San Andreas.

## References
Dubuque County, Iowa

**Dubuque County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 99,266. The county seat is Dubuque. The county is named for Julien Dubuque, the first European settler of Iowa.

Dubuque County was founded on September 6, 1834.

## References
Fremont County, Iowa

**Fremont County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,605. The county seat is Sidney. The county was founded in 1847 and named for the military officer John C. Fremont.

## References
Guthrie County, Iowa

**Guthrie County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,623. The county seat is Guthrie Center. The county was founded on January 15, 1851 and named after Captain Edwin B. Guthrie, who had died in the Mexican–American War.

## References
Hancock County, Iowa

**Hancock County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,795. The county seat is Garner. The county was founded on January 15, 1851 and named in honor of John Hancock, a leader of the Continental Congress during the American Revolution.

## References
Hancock County

**Hancock County** is the name of ten counties in the United States. All are named for John Hancock who was a leader in the American Revolution. The counties are:
* Hancock County, Georgia
* Hancock County, Illinois
* Hancock County, Indiana
* Hancock County, Iowa
* Hancock County, Kentucky
* Hancock County, Maine
* Hancock County, Mississippi
* Hancock County, Ohio
* Hancock County, Tennessee
* Hancock County, West Virginia

## Formerly 
* Winston County, Alabama, named Hancock County until 1858
Hardin County, Iowa

**Hardin County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 16,878 people lived there. The county seat is Eldora.

## References
Harrison County, Iowa

**Harrison County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,582. The county seat is Logan. The county was founded in 1851 and named for ninth U.S. President William Henry Harrison.

## References
Copley Medal

The **Copley Medal** is awarded by the Royal Society for the most important scientific discoveries.

It was first awarded in 1731. It was awarded for "the most important scientific discovery or for the greatest contribution made by experiment". The Copley Medal is the world's oldest scientific prize and it was awarded 170 years before the first Nobel Prize.

Notable winners include James Cook, Benjamin Franklin, William Herschel, John Hunter, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, Dmitri Mendeleev, Albert Einstein, Max Planck and Francis Crick. Recent winners have been:
* Andrew Wiles KBE FRS was awarded the Copley Medal in 2017 for his "beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century".
* Richard Henderson FMedSci FRS was awarded the Copley Medal in 2016 in recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the electron microscopy of biological materials. It enabled their atomic structure to be deduced.
* Peter Higgs CH FRS was awarded the Copley Medal 2015 for his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles. This was confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.

## Medal recipients 
## References
Shen Chun-shan

**Shen Chun-shan** (29 August 1932 – 12 September 2018) was a Taiwanese academic. He was known for being President of National Tsing Hua University from 1994 to 1997.

He was known as one of the "four princes of Taiwan" along with Chen Li-an, Fredrick Chien, and Lien Chan, all of whose fathers became famous in politics before their sons' successes.

In 2012, Shen suffered a massive stroke and was left in a coma. He died six years later on 12 September 2018 at a Hsinchu hospital from an gastrointestinal hemorrhage, aged 86.

## References
Allegany County, Maryland

**Allegany County** is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,106. Its county seat is Cumberland.

## References
Jefferson County, Iowa

**Jefferson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,663. The county seat is Fairfield. The county was founded in January 1839, and was named after U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.

## References