July 25

## Events
### Up to 1900 
*285 &ndash; Diocletian appoints Maximian as his Roman co–ruler.
*306 &ndash; Constantine I is elected Emperor by his troops.
*315 &ndash; The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome.
*864 &ndash; The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings 
*1261 &ndash; The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re–establishing the Byzantine Empire.
*1278 &ndash; The Battle of Algeciras results in a victory for the Emirate of Granada.
*1467 &ndash; Battle of Molinella: First battle in Italy in which guns are used extensively.
*1536 &ndash; Sebastian de Belalcazar founds the city of Santiago de Cali in Colombia in his search for El Dorado.
*1538 &ndash; The city of Guayaquil in present–day Ecuador is founded.
*1547 &ndash; King Henry II of France is crowned.
*1554 &ndash; Mary I of England marries Philip II of Spain.
*1567 &ndash; Caracas is founded.
*1593 &ndash; Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
*1603 &ndash; James VI of Scotland is crowned joint king of Scotland and England.
*1668 &ndash; The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
*1797 &ndash; Horatio Nelson loses over 300 men  and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife.
*1814 &ndash; War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane.
*1824 &ndash; Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
*1868 &ndash; Wyoming becomes a United States Territory.
*1869 &ndash; The daimyo begin returning their land holdings to the Emperor of Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration.
*1893 &ndash; The Corinth Canal in Greece is used for the first time.
*1898 &ndash; Spanish-American War: The US invades Puerto Rico.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
*1909 &ndash; Louis Blériot flies across the English Channel.
*1917 &ndash; Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada.
*1920 &ndash; France captures Damascus.
*1925 &ndash; The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
*1934 &ndash; The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
*1935 &ndash; A flooding disaster in China kills around 200,000 people.
*1940 &ndash; World War II: General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
*1942 &ndash; World War II: The Norwegian Manifesto calls for non–violent resistance against the Nazis.
*1943 &ndash; Benito Mussolini is removed from office by his own Italian Grand Council. He is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
*1944 &ndash; World War II: Operation Spring – Canada's military suffers its deadliest day of the war, as 500 soldiers are killed, with around 1,000 injured.
*1951 &ndash; The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is protected under Turkish law.  
*1952 &ndash; Puerto Rico introduces a constitution.
*1956 &ndash; Near Nantucket Island, Italian Ocean liner *Andrea Doria* collides with the *MS Stockholm* in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51 people.
*1957 &ndash; Tunisia becomes a Republic, with Habib Bourguiba as President.
*1961 &ndash; John F. Kennedy says that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
*1965 &ndash; Bob Dylan goes electric as he plugs in at the Newport Folk Festival.
*1969 &ndash; An earthquake in China kills around 3,000 people.
*1973 &ndash; Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
*1976 &ndash; The Viking 1 space probe takes the famous "Face on Mars" photograph.
*1978 &ndash; Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, England.
*1984 &ndash; Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to go on a space walk.
*1992 &ndash; The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona begin.
*1993 &ndash; Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth, Cape Town.
*1994 &ndash; Israel and Jordan end their state of war, which had existed since 1948.
*1995 &ndash; A gas bottle explodes at Saint Michel station of Line B on Paris' regional rail network, killing 8 people.
*1996 &ndash; In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
*1997 &ndash; K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
*1999 &ndash; Lance Armstrong wins the first the seven consecutive Tour de France titles that have been struck from the record in 2012 following doping revelations.
*2000 &ndash; Air France Flight 4590, a concorde supersonic jet, crashes shortly after take–off near Paris, killing all 109 people on board, and 4 on the ground.

### From 2001 
*2002 &ndash; A. P. J. Abdul Kalam becomes President of India.
*2007 &ndash; Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of India.
*2010 &ndash; WikiLeaks releases 90,000 internal reports on the US involvement in the War in Afghanistan.
*2012 &ndash; Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India.
*2013 &ndash; Tunisian opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi is shot dead, leading to many protests in the country.
*2017 &ndash; Ram Nath Kovind becomes President of India.
*2018 &ndash; A bomb attack occurs in the city of Quetta, Pakistan, killing 31 people, on the country's election day. Former cricketer Imran Khan's party declares victory in the vote.
*2018 &ndash; The discovery of a lake of liquid water under Mars' southern polar ice cap is announced.
*2019 &ndash; Beji Cad Essebsi, President of Tunisia, dies aged 92 while still in office; Mohamed Ennaceur becomes Interim President until elections can be held.
*2019 &ndash; Several Western European countries and cities record their hottest–ever temperatures.
*2019 &ndash; Over 150 people die when their boat sinks off Libya.

## Births
### Up to 1900 
*975 &ndash; Thietmar of Merseburg, bishop, historian and writer (d. 1018)
*1016 &ndash; Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland (d. 1058)
*1109 &ndash; King Afonso I of Portugal (d. 1185)
*1261 &ndash; Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
*1336 &ndash; Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
*1404 &ndash; Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
*1421 &ndash; Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
*1562 &ndash; Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyo and samurai (d. 1611)
*1654 &ndash; Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
*1657 &ndash; Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
*1658 &ndash; Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (d. 1703)
*1683 &ndash; Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. 1756)
*1704 &ndash; August Gottlieb Spangenberg, theologian (d. 1792)
*1711 &ndash; Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician and writer (d. 1778)
*1746 &ndash; Infanta Benedita of Portugal (d. 1829)
*1750 &ndash; Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
*1753 &ndash; Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, 10th Spanish Viceroy of River Plate (d. 1810)
*1775 &ndash; Anna Harrison, shortest–serving First Lady of the United States (d. 1864)
*1797 &ndash; Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)
*1799 &ndash; David Douglas, botanist, plant collector, explorer (d. 1834)
*1839 &ndash; Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
*1844 &ndash; Thomas Eakins, artist (d. 1916)
*1848 &ndash; Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
*1848 &ndash; Ottokar Kernstock, poet (d. 1928)
*1860 &ndash; Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (d. 1917)
*1867 &ndash; Max Dauthendey, German writer (d. 1918)
*1870 &ndash; Maxfield Parrish, illustrator (d. 1966)
*1876 &ndash; Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium (d. 1965)
*1878 &ndash; Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and specialist in religious studies (d. 1949)
*1882 &ndash; George S. Rentz, American captain (d. 1942)
*1883 &ndash; Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
*1884 &ndash; Martin L. Davey, 53rd Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
*1884 &ndash; Davidson Black, anthropologist (d. 1934)
*1886 &ndash; Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish big–game hunter (d. 1946)
*1886 &ndash; Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish horse rider (d. 1917)
*1894 &ndash; Walter Brennan, Academy Award–winning actor (d. 1974)
*1894 &ndash; Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (d. 1918)
*1895 &ndash; Yvonne Printemps, French actress and singer (d. 1977)
*1896 &ndash; Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
*1902 &ndash; Eric Hoffer, philosopher (d. 1983)
*1905 &ndash; Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1994)
*1905 &ndash; Masazo Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019)
*1906 &ndash; Johnny Hodges, saxophonist (d. 1970)
*1907 &ndash; Karl Höller, composer (d. 1987)
*1908 &ndash; Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
*1915 &ndash; Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
*1917 &ndash; Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (d. 1999)
*1918 &ndash; Nan Grey, American actress (d. 1993)
*1920 &ndash; Rosalind Franklin, British scientist (d. 1958)
*1921 &ndash; Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (d. 2007)
*1921 &ndash; Adolph Herseth, American trumpeter (d. 2013)
*1923 &ndash; Maria Gripe, Swedish writer (d. 2007)
*1923 &ndash; Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
*1924 &ndash; Frank Church, American politician (d. 1984)
*1925 &ndash; Richard Kadison, American mathematician (d. 2018)
*1926 &ndash; Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
*1927 &ndash; Jimmy Binning, Scottish footballer
*1927 &ndash; Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003)
*1927 &ndash; Sadiq Hussein Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
*1929 &ndash; Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018)
*1929 &ndash; Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
*1929 &ndash; Manuel Olivencia, Spanish lawyer and economist (d. 2018)
*1930 &ndash; Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)
*1930 &ndash; Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
*1932 &ndash; Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2016)
*1933 &ndash; Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2019)
*1934 &ndash; Don Ellis, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1978)
*1934 &ndash; Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
*1935 &ndash; Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
*1935 &ndash; Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi businessman (d. 2017)
*1935 &ndash; Gilbert Parent, Canadian politician
*1935 &ndash; Lars Werner, Swedish politician (d. 2013)
*1937 &ndash; Colin Renfrew, archeology professor
*1941 &ndash; Marco Lucioni, Italian painter
*1941 &ndash; Raul Ruiz, Chilean movie director (d. 2011)
*1941 &ndash; Emmett Till, American teenager, murder victim (d. 1955)
*1941 &ndash; Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
*1941 &ndash; Manny Charlton, Spanish–Scottish guitarist
*1943 &ndash; Erika Steinbach, German politician
*1943 &ndash; Jim McCarty, English singer and musician
*1946 &ndash; Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
*1946 &ndash; Rita Marley, Jamaican–Cuban singer
*1947 &ndash; Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Argentine politician and former President
*1948 &ndash; Peggy Fleming, American figure skater

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
*1951 &ndash; Verdine White, American bass player and producer (Earth, Wind & Fire)
*1953 &ndash; Robert Zoellick, former World Bank President
*1954 &ndash; Paul Hegarty, Scottish footballer and manager
*1954 &ndash; Jürgen Trittin, German politician
*1954 &ndash; Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
*1954 &ndash; Sheena McDonald, Scottish broadcaster
*1955 &ndash; Iman Abdulmajid, Somali–born model
*1957 &ndash; Mark Hunter, English politician
*1958 &ndash; Thurston Moore, American musician (Sonic Youth)
*1958 &ndash; Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist
*1959 &ndash; Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer (d. 2014)
*1959 &ndash; Anatoly Onoprienko, Ukrainian serial killer (d. 2013)
*1960 &ndash; Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
*1963 &ndash; Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
*1963 &ndash; Julian Hodgson, Welsh–English chess player
*1964 &ndash; Anne Applebaum, American writer and journalist
*1964 &ndash; Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former President of Somalia
*1965 &ndash; Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
*1965 &ndash; Ileana Douglas, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
*1967 &ndash; Magdalena Forsberg, Swedish biathlete
*1967 &ndash; Matt LeBlanc, American actor
*1967 &ndash; Chuck Paugh, American record company owner
*1969 &ndash; Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
*1970 &ndash; Ernesto Alterio, Argentine–Spanish actor
*1970 &ndash; Eric Jacobson, American puppeteer
*1973 &ndash; Hu Jia, Chinese activist
*1973 &ndash; Dani Davey, American singer
*1973 &ndash; Kevin Phillips, English footballer
*1975 &ndash; Jean-Claude Darcheville, French footballer
*1975 &ndash; Jody Craddock, English footballer

### From 1976 
*1976 &ndash; Tera Patrick, American pornographic actress
*1977 &ndash; Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
*1978 &ndash; Louise Brown, first baby conceived through IVF
*1978 &ndash; Gerard Warren, American football player
*1979 &ndash; Amy Adams, American singer, American Idol 3 contestant
*1979 &ndash; Ali Carter, English snooker player
*1979 &ndash; Ariane Hingst, German footballer
*1979 &ndash; Stefanie Hertel, German yodeler
*1980 &ndash; Cha Du-Ri, South Korean footballer
*1981 &ndash; Yuichi Komano, Japanese footballer
*1982 &ndash; Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
*1983 &ndash; Nenad Krstic, Serbian basketball player
*1985 &ndash; Nelson Piquet, Jr., Brazilian racing driver
*1985 &ndash; James Lafferty, American actor
*1985 &ndash; Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
*1986 &ndash; Hulk, Brazilian footballer
*1986 &ndash; Barbara Meier, German model
*1986 &ndash; Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (d. 2011)
*1987 &ndash; Michael Welch, American actor
*1988 &ndash; Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
*1988 &ndash; Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
*1988 &ndash; Heather Marks, Canadian model
*1990 &ndash; Wakaso Mubarak, Ghanaian footballer
*1991 &ndash; Toni Duggan, English footballer
*2000 &ndash; Preston Bailey, American actor
*2000 &ndash; Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (d. 2018)

## Deaths
### Up to 1900 
*306 &ndash; Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (b. 250)
*1034 &ndash; Constance of Arles, Queen of France (b. 986)
*1195 &ndash; Herrad of Landsberg, German abbess and writer
*1409 &ndash; King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
*1471 &ndash; Thomas a Kempis, choir master and mystic (b. 1380)
*1492 &ndash; Pope Innocent VIII (b. 1432)
*1564 &ndash; Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)
*1572 &ndash; Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)
*1608 &ndash; Pomporio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
*1790 &ndash; Johann Bernhard Basedow, German theologian, writer and philanthropist (b. 1724)
*1790 &ndash; William Livingston, American politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
*1794 &ndash; André Chénier, Greek–French poet (b. 1762)
*1794 &ndash; Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet (b. 1745)
*1794 &ndash; Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian aristocrat and adventurer (b. 1726) 
*1826 &ndash; Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (b. 1795)
*1831 &ndash; Maria Agati Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
*1834 &ndash; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (b. 1772)
*1843 &ndash; Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)
*1846 &ndash; Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (b. 1778)
*1861 &ndash; Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (b. 1805)
*1863 &ndash; El Pipila, Mexican national hero (b. 1782)
*1866 &ndash; Floride Calhoun, 4th Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
*1887 &ndash; Henry Mayhew, English writer and journalist (b. 1812)
*1899 &ndash; Niklaus Riggenbach, Swiss engineer (b. 1817)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
*1934 &ndash; Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
*1934 &ndash; Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (b. 1888)
*1938 &ndash; Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
*1942 &ndash; Fred Englehart, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
*1945 &ndash; Malin Craig, American general (b. 1875)
*1945 &ndash; Kurt Gerstein, German military officer (b. 1905)
*1962 &ndash; Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of Ronald Reagan (b. 1883)
*1963 &ndash; Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)
*1969 &ndash; Otto Dix, German artist (b. 1891)
*1973 &ndash; Louis Stephen St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
*1976 &ndash; John C. Slater, American physicist and chemist (b. 1900)
*1980 &ndash; Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
*1983 &ndash; Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
*1984 &ndash; Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
*1986 &ndash; Vincente Minnelli, American movie director (b. 1903)
*1988 &ndash; Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
*1991 &ndash; Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
*1992 &ndash; Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
*1993 &ndash; Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
*1995 &ndash; Charlie Rich, American singer and musician (b. 1932)
*1996 &ndash; Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (b. 1914)
*1997 &ndash; Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
*2000 &ndash; Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (b. 1934)

### From 2001 
*2002 &ndash; Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (b. 1917)
*2002 &ndash; Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, German cardinal (b. 1926)
*2003 &ndash; Erik Brann, American singer and guitarist (Iron Butterfly) (b. 1950)
*2003 &ndash; John Schlesinger, English–American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
*2005 &ndash; Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
*2007 &ndash; Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer (b. 1952)
*2008 &ndash; Randy Pausch, American professor of Computer Science (b. 1960)
*2009 &ndash; Harry Patch, British supercentenarian and World War I veteran (b. 1898)
*2011 &ndash; Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot movie director and producer (b. 1922)
*2011 &ndash; Jeret Peterson, American skier (b. 1981)
*2013 &ndash; Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian political activist (b. 1955)
*2013 &ndash; Bernadette Lafont, French actress (b. 1938)
*2013 &ndash; Walter De Maria, American sculptor (b. 1935)
*2014 &ndash; Bel Kaufman, German–born American teacher and writer (b. 1911)
*2014 &ndash; Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (b. 1924)
*2015 &ndash; R. S. Gavai, Indian politician, Governor of Bihar and Kerala (b. 1929)
*2016 &ndash; Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and writer (b. 1926)
*2016 &ndash; Halil Inalcik, Turkish historian (b. 1916)
*2016 &ndash; Jerzy Bahr, Polish diplomat (b. 1944)
*2016 &ndash; Artur Correia, Portuguese footballer (b. 1950)
*2016 &ndash; Bülent Eken, Turkish footballer (b. 1923)
*2016 &ndash; Arundhati Ghose, Indian diplomat (b. 1939)
*2016 &ndash; Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)
*2017 &ndash; Gretel Bergmann, German–American high jumper (b. 1914)
*2017 &ndash; Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
*2017 &ndash; Barbara Sinatra, American fashion model (b. 1927)
*2017 &ndash; Billy Joe Walker Jr., American musician, record producer and songwriter (b. 1952)
*2017 &ndash; Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian musician (b. 1971)
*2017 &ndash; Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (b. 1944)
*2018 &ndash; Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (b. 1927)
*2018 &ndash; Sergio Marchionne, Italian executive (b. 1952)
*2018 &ndash; Guy Molinari, American politician (b. 1928)
*2018 &ndash; György Szepesi, Hungarian radio presenter, journalist and sports executive (b. 1922)
*2018 &ndash; Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (b. 2000)
*2019 &ndash; Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia (b. 1926)
*2019 &ndash; Jesper Juul, Danish writer and therapist (b. 1948)
*2019 &ndash; Jorma Kinnunen, Finnish javelin thrower (b. 1941)
*2019 &ndash; Pierre Péan, French journalist and writer (b. 1938)

## Observances 
* Feast of Saint James (Christianity)
* National Day of Galicia, Spain
* Republic Day (Tunisia)
* Commonwealth Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)