open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Limestone

]]
 stone cottages in Bibury, England. They were  built in 1380 as a monastic wool store and converted into weavers' cottages in the 17th century]]

**Limestone** is a sedimentary rock, made up mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, two forms of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

The calcium carbonate is originally produced by living organisms. Later, some of it goes into solution in sea water. Limestone rocks include mainly organic remains and rock.

Limestone is about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.

## Formation 
Limestones are mostly made of calcium carbonate. It is originally made by small photosynthetic protists like certain bacteria, coccolithophores, and algae. Then the carbonate gets used by various animals, like bivalves and the polyps which make coral reefs. They build their shells or framework out of CaCO3 crystals. 
:"[Coccolithophores] were the first organisms to bring about a steady rain of calcium carbonate from the upper, illuminated zone of the ocean towards the deep sea".p144

Carbonates are rocks formed from these sources, plus any CaCO3 which is precipitated out of solution. Some carbonate dissolves in the water. It gets  precipitated when the physical condition of the water changes. For example, if the concentration of CaCO3 is high, then a temperature drop, or a pH (acidity) change, can cause precipitation.

### Florida Bay 
Florida Bay, the shallow lagoon behind the Florida Keys, is a model for the conditions which produced limestones on the continental shelf. Of course, all the species were somewhat different then but, as an ecosystem, it is similar.

Florida Bay has much of a type of flowering plant called sea grass. White, milky water full of calcium carbonate is also common. This is mainly formed by *Melobesia*, a small red alga which lives on sea grass.

## Marble 
When limestone is heated to a high temperature, and squeezed at the base of a mountain, it recrystallizes into the metamorphic rock marble. Marbles are fairly dense, relatively easy to cut, or be shaped into blocks, and some forms are white in colour.

## Uses 
Limestone is hard enough to resist weathering but usually soft enough to be worked (cut and carved) by stonemasons. It is used for building material. Limestone, particularly Portland limestone, became popular in the 19th and 20th centuries for building things such as churches, banks and houses. However, acid rain does slowly erode limestone.

Limestone is used to make glass and cement. It is also used to make iron in a blast furnace, to remove impurities from the iron ore.

## Related pages 
*Portland limestone 

## References
Structure

ic structure]] 

In science, **structure** is a fundamental concept. It means the arrangement of parts. Examples are the organs in a body, or  crystals in a substance like granite. 

A structure may refer to buildings, machines and similar things made by people as well as to a rock or a mineral, atoms or sentences. It always reflects the hierarchy of its parts. 

## Related pages
*Data structure
*Social structure
*Structural engineering
*For structuralism, see Claude Lévi-Strauss

## Notes
1001

**1001** (MI) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 2nd millennium and 11th century.

## Events 
* Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Silvester II.
* Canonisation of Edward the Martyr, King of England.
* Robert II, King of France marries for the third time to Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
* Khmer king Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I and/or Suryavarman I.
* Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral).

## Births 
* King Duncan I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1040)

## Other
* The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to *Chimudi*.

## References
1009

## Events 
* February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
* October 18: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
* The Ly dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.
* Sergius IV succeeds John XVIII as Pope.
* Suleiman II succeeds Mohammed II as Caliph of Cordoba.
* Provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed.
## Births 
* Goda of England, Duchess of Brittany, sister of Edward the Confessor (died 1063)
* Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, second Lord Chancellor of England (died 1099)
## Deaths 
* Pope John XVIII

## References
Protist

, brown algae, ciliate, golden algae, Foraminifera ; parasitic flagellate; pathogenic amoeba ; amoebozoan slime mold]]

**Protists** are single-celled eukaryotes (which are organisms with a nucleus). The term **Protista** was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. The protists are not a natural group, or clade, since they have no common origin. Like algae or invertebrates, they are often grouped together for convenience.

The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).
 
Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most – they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused. 

Some protists cause diseases. *Plasmodium falciparum* causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.

An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the *Paramecium* or "slipper animalcule." The *Paramecium* moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

## Origin and taxonomy 
Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.

## References
Quentin Tarantino

**Quentin Jerome Tarantino** (born March 27, 1963) is an American director and actor. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Tarantino is an independent movie maker. He wrote, directed, and acted in *Pulp Fiction*, *Reservoir Dogs* and *Kill Bill* among others. His movies have become famous for violence and humor. He won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay in 1994 for Pulp Fiction and 2012 for *Django Unchained*.

Quentin Tarantino's filmmaking style is characterized by non-linear narratives, sharp dialogue, pop culture homage, strong female characters, graphic violence, eclectic soundtracks, masterful pacing, playful narrative references, lush visuals, and narrative closure. These elements contribute to his unique and influential cinematic signature.

## Movies 
* *Reservoir Dogs* (1992)
* *Pulp Fiction *(1994)
* *Jackie Brown* (1997)
* *Kill Bill*, Vol. 1 & 2 (2003)
* *Death Proof* (2007)
* *Inglourious Basterds* (2009)
* *Django Unchained* (2012)
* *The Hateful Eight* (2015)
* *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood* (2019)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Leander-class frigate

The **Leander-class frigate** or **Type 12M** is a type of ship that was used by the Royal Navy.

The class became well known through the ***Warship*** BBC television drama series.

## Other websites 
* Leander (Type 12) class frigate website
* Hazegray.org on the Leander class
* An unofficial Leander Class Frigate Site
1190s

The **1190s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1190 and ended on 31 December 1199. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***120th decade*** which began on January 1, 1191 and ended on December 31, 1200.
## Events and trends 
* 1192 – Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
* May 27, 1199 Friday – John Lackland (1167–1216) became King of England upon the death of his older brother Richard the Lion Hearted. His coronation took place in Westminster Abbey. Lackland was so called, because his inheritance of the Angevin Empire did not have land for him; he was the youngest son of Henry II, so this event could not happen..
Acoustics

**Acoustics** is a science. It studies the mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.  These waves can make echo, vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

A scientist who works in the field of **acoustics** is an acoustician.  Someone who works with acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. 

## Related pages 
*Musicology
Public finance

**Public finance** is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic .
Budget

A **budget** is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period. It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each. For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each. A budget may also list estimated revenues. When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget. When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget. When they are the same, it's a balanced budget.

An organization's budget is usually for a fiscal year.

The common usage of the word "budget" refers to a financial plan by an individual or an organization based on their projected income and expenses.It also is used in the sense of the amount that individual or organization can spend.

## Related pages
* Political economy

## References
Indirect tax

An **indirect tax** is a tax that is paid as part of a product. Many countries tax gasoline or cigarettes, but they do so indirectly. Because of the tax, the product will be more expensive. In turn, the shops will then pay the tax for the number of packets of cigarettes they sold, or for the amount of gasoline. This is opposed to a direct tax, which is directly paid by the consumer.

## Related pages 
* Tax
* Direct tax
* Sales tax
* Value Added Tax
Erode

**Erode** is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000  live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State. 

Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.

Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development
Sky Sports

**Sky Sports** is a group of ten channels. The channels are owned by a major company named British Sky Broadcasting. It is the most powerful sports television company in the United Kingdom.

Sky Sports is known for its major football coverage and helped launch the FA Premier League in 1992.

Sky Sports has a series of well known shows such as *Soccer AM*, which is a morning chat show with jokes, it is sponsored by *Gillette Soccer Saturday*.

On 22 August 1999, Sky Sports launched Sky Sports Active. The first game was Arsenal vs Manchester United. It gave the viewer to focus either on one player, or look at different camera angles. It soon proved to be successful, and Sky decided to continue it. It can be accessed by pressing the Red Button on your Sky Digital Remote. On 26 August 2014, Sky Sports Active closed and was replaced by Sky Sports split screen (Only on Sky Q 1TB Box and Sky Q 2TB Box)

On 24 November 2002, Sky Sports won the rights to air the UEFA Champions League, with ITV. They had beaten channels such as the BBC and Channel 4 to win it. Part of the deal had stated that ITV would air two games on a Sunday and Sky Sports would air 2 games on a Monday. Sky soon launched an 8-screen 'Champions League Interactive' channel which showed 8 live games.

In November 2006, Sky Sports launched their News advertisement. This ad, with the text "THE UK's FIRST SPORTS NEWS STATION" ran until January 2007 in the UK and Ireland. Sky Sports News launched on TV at the time.
1024

## Events 
* The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
* John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
* Battle of Lemnos:  Kievan Viking raiders (800 men) sail through the straits at Abydos to the Aegean Sea. From there they made for the island of Lemnos, but are defeated by a Byzantine fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme.

## References
Spacecraft

flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, *Mir*, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the ISS. (*Columbia* maiden launch, which had a white external tank, shown)|alt=Columbia's first launch on the mission ]]
A **spacecraft** is a vehicle that can carry  and cargo beyond the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planets, space stations, or orbits and back home again. Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports. 

Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket engines, which shoot hot gases opposite to the direction of travel. Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate. Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods. 

Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate. Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space. But today, costs are still very high, and until recently all spacecraft were operated by national governments. Now, some companies operate spacecraft.

## Human spaceflight vehicles 
It is very expensive to send people to space, because they need food, water, air, and living space. People going to space have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts, Russians call themselves cosmonauts, and Chinese call themselves taikonauts.

* The American agency NASA once used a launch vehicle called the Space Shuttle. Currently, they fly on the Russian Soyuz or SpaceX's Falcon 9.
* The Russian agency RFSA uses a launch vehicle called Soyuz. 
* The Ukrainian agency UASA uses a launch vehicle called Zenit. 
* The Chinese agency CNSA uses a launch vehicle called Shenzhou.
*A space company SpaceX uses a launch vehicle called Falcon 9. The first part of that rocket lands back on Earth, making it cheaper to fly. They are currently building a larger rocket called Starship.
*A space company Blue Origin uses a launch vehicle called New Shepard. It can only send people to space for a few minutes.

## Satellites 
Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites. Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft. Some go into Low Earth orbit to look at the Earth or for other purposes. Others are sent to geostationary orbit to relay radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view. Communications satellites are important for television and other communications, and other satellites help with weather prediction and other jobs.

## Related pages 
* Spaceflight
* Space probe
Skill

A **skill** is something you learn to do well, usually through practice and experience. It means you can perform a task or action correctly, quickly, and sometimes even in new situations. Skills can be mental, like solving a math problem; physical, like playing soccer or the piano; or social, like working well in a team or handling a disagreement calmly. Some skills, called hard skills, are very specific and easy to measure, like knowing how to fix a car engine or speak another language. Others are called soft skills, such as being organized or a good communicator. These are important too, especially when working with other people, but they are harder to test or grade.

When people learn new skills, they usually go through stages. At first, they think a lot about what they are doing and may make mistakes. This is called the cognitive stage. Then, with practice, they get smoother and more confident. Finally, they can do the skill automatically without thinking about every step, this is the autonomous stage. Another model of skill development describes five stages, from beginner to expert, where experts understand patterns and use their intuition to make smart choices. To learn a skill well, it helps to know both what to do (declarative knowledge) and how to do it (procedural knowledge). Scientists have found that different parts of the brain help with different parts of learning. For example, the motor cortex and cerebellum help with body movement, while the prefrontal cortex helps plan and correct mistakes in the early stages of learning. People who become really good at something, like top athletes, musicians, or chess players, do not just practice randomly. They use deliberate practice, which means working on specific areas that need improvement and getting feedback to keep getting better. That is why teachers and trainers try to help students bridge the gap between practice and real life. In schools and jobs, skills are often organized into charts or levels to help track what someone knows. Employers now focus more on what people can actually do instead of just what degrees they have. In fast-changing fields like technology or medicine, people need to keep learning new skills. That is why many workers take short courses called micro-credentials or join upskilling programs to stay up to date. Even robots and AI are being taught “skills” by training them with lots of data or using rewards to guide their actions. But unlike humans, machines do not yet have the ability to reflect, change their approach on their own, or use a skill in a totally different situation without new training.

Some people wonder whether skills come more from talent or from practice. Talent is a natural ability, like being born with quick reflexes or a great memory. But most experts agree that practice and learning play a bigger role in becoming truly skilled at something. Also, different cultures value different skills. For example, a community might respect traditional farming methods or craftsmanship, but those skills might not get recognized or paid well in the formal job market.

## Relating page 
*Education
*Human capital

## References
The Apple Dumpling Gang

***The Apple Dumpling Gang*** is a Disney movie from 1975, in which three orphan children find gold during California's Gold Rush. Tim Conway and Don Knotts also star in it as two gangsters.

The movie is based on the book of the same name by Jack Bickham.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
*
0s

at the beginning of the first century.]]
The **0s** only had nine years which began in 1 AD and ended in 9 AD.

## 1 
AD 1

## 2 
AD 2

## 3 
AD 3

## 4 
AD 4

## 5 
AD 5

## 6 
AD 6

## 7 
AD 7

## 8 
AD 8

## 9 
AD 9

Those people had  influence on things in this decade.
* Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, r. 8–5 BC, 2 BC–2 AD, 6–11
* Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC–2 AD
* Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
* Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
* Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC–5 AD
* Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
* Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China, r. 9–23
* Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC–17 AD
* Arminius, German war chief
* Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC–9 AD
* Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
* Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC–10 AD
* Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC–20 AD
* Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC–7 AD, 13–50
* Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, r. 7–13
* Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC–4 AD
* Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC–4 AD
* Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
* Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
* Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
* Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor, r. 27 BC–14 AD
* Gaius Caesar, Roman general
* Livy, Roman historian
* Ovid, Roman poet
* Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
* Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC–9 AD
* Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC–20 AD
* Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
* Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC–4 AD
* Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24

## References
Hamas

**Hamas** (), an acronym of its official name, **Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya** (, lit. "Islamic Resistance Movement"), is a reactionary Palestinian Sunni Islamist political movement in Gaza.

On October 7, 2023, Hamas took the lead in a series of attacks on Israel, Under the 2025 Gaza war ceasefire, Hamas is supposed to keep the Gaza Strip as the IDF withdrew. It has a history of terrorism and alleged antisemitism.

## Name
*Hamas* is an acronym of the Arabic phrase , or **Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya** or "Islamic Resistance Movement".

## History
Hamas was started in 1987 by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi after the beginning of the First Uprising against Israeli violence and occupation. It started as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt. In the 2006 legislative election, the party received 74 out of 132 seats in parliament by campaigning on clean government without corruption and affirming Palestinians' right to defend against Israeli occupation.

## Ideas
The party has supported the reestablishment of the Land of Palestine in all historic land, which includes the West Bank, Gaza, and the State of Israel. the United States, European Union and several countries call it a terrorist organisation. Particularly, Jordan has banned the group. 

 civilian hostages from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.]] storming the kibbutz Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.]]

### Allegations of Antisemitism
Scholar Esther Webman has said antisemitic rhetoric is frequently found in Hamas leaflets, which tend to equate Jews with Zionists to incite terrorism against Jews.

The Hamas' Charter frames the group's raison d'être as being "against the Jews [...] Israel, Jews and Judaism [are a] challenge to Islam and the Moslem people" and makes it clear that

In August 2009, Hamas forbade Palestinian children from studying the Holocaust, demonized by the Hamas as "a lie invented by the Zionists."

## Election
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian legislative election. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. This was due to how Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and instead allegedly worsened conditions by corruption. There have been no elections since 2006.

## Support
As of 2021, Qatar had given $1.8 billion in support to Hamas.
Iran provides up to $100 million per year to Palestinian groups, including Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and PFLP-GC.

## Local work
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there are many poor people. Their efforts ended up increasing support to Hamas. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.

## Notes
## References
Suicide attack

targeted the United States on September 11, 2001 (commonly known as 9/11)]]
 pilots, aged 17, with a puppy]]

A **suicide attack** is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people and/or destroying property while also dying in the process. In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.

Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).

Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed. They are common in the Middle East and South Asia. Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian militant groups are suicide bombings. The kamikaze were suicide attacks by Japanese pilots during World War II.
Miso soup

in Japanese) is a traditional Japanese soup. It is made from a kind of broth or stock, called "dashi" into which  miso paste is dissolved. Various solid ingredients like wakame, seaweed, tofu from soybeans, and sometimes mushrooms, potatoes, and eggplants are added to make the finished soup. The soup is usually served in bowls, sometimes in lacquer bowls. They can be drunk directly from the bowl without using a spoon. Solid ingredients are eaten with chopsticks (箸). Different types of miso produce distinctive soups.  There are three main types of miso: dark-brown, white, and a combination of the two. 

## Related pages 
*Miso (味噌)

## Other websites 
* Miso soup recipe (with photo) 
* Kosher Miso soup recipe chabad.org
NBC

in Chicago.]]
The **National Broadcasting Company (NBC)** is an American television network that started in 1926 as a radio company. NBC started airing its first television programs in 1944. NBC is owned by Comcast, and was previously owned by General Electric and Universal Studios. NBC owns the cable news channels CNBC and MSNBC.

It is nicknamed "The Peacock Network" because of the animal in its logo.

The network is famous for its three-note chimes, and NBC Sunday Night Football, which is the most watched TV series after American Idol. Some famous NBC shows are Saturday Night Live, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air,  The Cosby Show,  A Different World, Frasier, Law & Order, L.A. Law,  The Office, The Paper,  30 Rock,  ER,  227,  Grand Crew, Cheers, Will and Grace, Meet the Press, and Today.

## NBC Television Shows
* The Carmichael Show
* Grand Crew
* Brillant Minds
* Chicago Med
* Chicago P.D.
* Chicago Fire
* This is Us
* Happy's Place
* Lopez Vs. Lopez
* For Your Love
* Good Morning Miss Bliss
* The Golden Girls

## Stations
WNBC New York City, New York

KNBC Los Angeles, California

WMAQ Chicago, Illinois 

WHO-TV Des Moines, Iowa

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Tofu

s.]]
**Tofu** (豆腐), sometimes called **doufu** (usually used in Chinese recipes) or **bean curd** (literal translation), is a food made from soybeans. In fact, it is a very complex process. Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk into curds. The soy curds are then pressed into blocks. Making tofu from soy milk is similar to making cheese from milk. Wheat gluten, or seitan, in its steamed and fried forms, is often mistakenly called "tofu" in Asian or vegetarian dishes.

## China 
China has more kinds of tofu than Japan and various tofu foods.

## Japan 
In Japan, tofu is a common food, used often in miso soup or as a hot dish. People in Japan has created various kinds of tofu. One of them is 絹こし豆腐 (or soft tofu), 木綿豆腐 (or firm tofu, or solid tofu) and "凍み豆腐" (or dried tofu).

## America 
In the United States, tofu is becoming more popular. Today, Americans buy tofu at the grocery store. The word “tofu” takes root in common use.

## Others 
In South Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar and Indonesia, tofu is daily food.

## Nutrition 
Tofu is rich in protein and is relatively low in calories. Dietary fiber is a little for process. More and more Americans and Europeans use it as health food.

## Popular tofu dishes 
*Cold tofu
*Boiled tofu
*Sukiyaki
*Hot dish
*Oden

## Notes
## References
Soy milk

**Soy milk** (also called **soymilk**, **soya milk**, **soybean milk**, **soy bean milk**, **soy drink**, or **soy beverage**) is a milk-like product made from soybeans.
 
Soy milk originated in China where the soybean was native. Later on, the soybean and soybean foods came to Japan.

## Related pages
* Soy milk maker
Dashi

**Dashi** (出汁、だし) is a kind of stock or broth mainly used for soup or dishes in Japanese cooking. The most common form of dashi is a simple broth or stock made by kombu ( kelp) or katsuobushi (flakes of dried skipjack tuna) in boiling water. niboshi (煮干し) is also used, too. It is not always necessary to strain the resulting liquid. Dashi can be a basis for miso soup, Japanese noodle (うどん or そば) soup, and many other Japanese simmering (or boiling) liquids. Fresh dashi made from kelp and katsuobushi is not so popular today in Japan. Some people use instant substitutes to add boiled water.

Other kinds of dashi stock are made by soaking (or putting) kelp, shiitake, or niboshi in cool water for many hours. Or they are made by heating them in water nearly to boiling and then straining the resulting broth. Kelp stock or *konbu dashi* is made by soaking kelp, or *sea tangle*, in water. *Shiitake dashi* stock is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. *Niboshi dashi* stock is made by soaking dried small sardines. Some use niboshi after taking off (or pinching off) their heads and entrails in water, but others use whole niboshi as this way get tasty dashi, too.

Other important Japanese flavors include shoyu, mirin, rice vinegar, miso, and sake.

## Related pages 
*Broth

## References
Shiitake

The **shiitake mushroom**, or simply called "shiitake"(椎茸) (*Lentinus edodes* or *Lentinula edodes*) is also known as **Chinese black mushroom** or **black forest mushroom**. It is also called "black mushroom". It is an  mushroom, which is typically grown on the tree, such as shii, kunugi and oak.

There are two variant names. For high grades of shiitake is *dōnggū* (冬茹: どんこ) ("winter mushroom"). And another is *huāgū* ("flower mushroom," (香信: こうしん) which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface).

## Notes
Miso

***Miso*** (味噌 or みそ) is a thick or solid paste. It is a traditional Japanese seasoning.

Miso is similar to the Korean *doenjang*. It is made by fermenting soy beans with sea salt or salt and *kōji*. Grains such as barley or rice, and sometimes other ingredients, are also often added. 

Miso is high in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals. Miso tastes salty and, depending on the grains used and the fermentation time, may also be sweet. Miso is used to make miso soup.

Miso is a very important part of Japanese food. There are different kinds of miso. *Kome miso*  (米味噌) is made from rice and beans. *Mame miso* (豆味噌) is made from beans. *Mugi miso* (麦味噌) is made from barley  and beans. Awase miso (合せ味噌) is a mix of these misos.

## History 
Miso first came to Japan from China or the Korean peninsula. Ancient Chinese *jan* (醤) is the origin of miso. *Jan* is an ancient fermented seasoning. According to classical scholars, *jan* was called *hishio* or *kuki* in the Edo era. In China, *jan* was written about in the *Shurai*.

Miso existed in the Jomon era in Japan. *Jan* is the Japanese original seasoning. In the Nara era, *jan* was found in Nishi city, Heiankyo. Miso was used for seasoning porridge made of rice and vegetables. In the Sengoku period, Miso was important to preserved food.

Many Japanese used to make miso in their own homes. This was called *Temae-miso*. In the Muromachi era, it was used as a food preservative and as a seasoning. Miso was an important source of nutrients for soldiers. In the Edo era, industrial mass production method of miso began. *Temae-miso* became less common. "Temae-miso" nowadays also used when a person is proud of something.

There are many different flavors of miso. It depends on regions. *Shiromiso* (白味噌) is popular in the western Kansai region, especially in Kyoto. A*kamiso* is popular in the eastern Kantō region or northern region. Shinshumiso (信州味噌) is generally popular after the second world war, because it is mass-produced in factories and sold in supermarkets in over Japan.

## Gallery

Miso 003.jpg
Miso 002.jpg
Miso sold in Tokyo foodhall.jpg
Miso packs Apr 30 2019 04-28PM.jpeg

## References 
*http://miso.or.jp/misoonline/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/miso-english-leaflet.pdf
*Japan Federation of Miso Manufacturers Cooperatives - official site
Soy sauce

**Soy sauce** (US) or **soya sauce** is a fermented sauce made from soy beans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. It is used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean cuisine. It also appears in some Western cuisine dishes. Soy sauces are fermented with kōji (麹, the mold Aspergillus oryzae or *A. sojae*) and other related microorganisms. 
Almost all soy sauce has some alcohol added during bottling. This acts as a preservative to protect it from going bad. Soy sauce should be kept in the fridge to help preserve its taste. It should also not be put in direct light.

Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids. All are used to season food while cooking or at the table. What some Westerners describe as a kind of sweet taste is a distinct basic taste called "umami" by the Japanese and "xian-wei" (鲜味, *lit.* fresh taste) by the Chinese.

## Other websites
*About Chinese food
*Health information
Oktoberfest

The **Oktoberfest** (also called **Wiesn**) is a German festival that takes place on the Theresienwiese, a public place in the center of Munich, Bavaria. It is every year, in late September and early October. It is a big social event. There is lots of eating and drinking. It is on for sixteen days ending on the first Sunday in October. If this is the first or the second the festival is extended to the end on 3 October, the Day of German Unity. This is the day when East Germany and West Germany joined into one country again in 1990.

## History
The first Oktoberfest was on 12 October 1810. The feast was for the wedding of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Sachsen-Hildburghausen. The feast lasted for *5 days*. There was music, eating and drinking. At the end of it there was a big horse-race. The next years they had this horse-race and the feast again, because the people had liked it so much.

On 26 September 1980, a right-wing lone wolf terrorist killed 12 people and himself using a bomb.

## Today
Today the Oktoberfest is the world's largest fair, and it has become very famous and popular. About six million people visit it every year. Many people and tourists from all over the world come to Munich for Oktoberfest. Other cities have copied the Oktoberfest, and now they also hold feasts that are similar to the Oktoberfest.

One of the famous attractions is a big dipper called the "Wilde Maus" which means "Wild mouse" in English.

## The tents
There are 14 main tents at the Oktoberfest.
Bowl

A **bowl** is a container for food. It can hold liquids, such as soups and solids, like popcorn. People sometimes prepare salads in it. Most bowls are in the shape of a hemisphere, which is like a ball cut in half. Bowls are usually made from glass, ceramic, wood or plastic. Bowls can be lots of different sizes, such as snack bowls which are usually the size of a person's palm, or a punch bowl which can be very large.

In Europe and North America, bowls are usually used to hold foods. In other parts of the world, like Asia, small bowls are often used to hold drinks like tea. 

## History 
Archaeologists think that bowls have been used since ancient times, before history was written. Some of the oldest bowls come from Mesopotamia, a region where ancient people lived 6,000 years ago. Other ancient bowls come from ancient China and were made around 5,000 years ago. 

Many ancient bowls were pieces of art. Bowls from ancient China were often painted with beautiful and complicated designs, while bowls from ancient Greece sometimes had unusual shapes. Some ancient Greek bowls were also used for religious occasions where wine was offered to gods in special bowls. 

## Uses of bowls 
Bowls are a common item in houses and other places where people spend time. While they are most often used to hold food, bowls can also be used for other things. Some people use bowls to hold small items, similar to trays made to store small items called 'trinket dishes'. A Tibetan instrument called a singing bowl has the same shape as bowls used for food, but is used to make music instead. 

## Kinds of bowls 
Bowls used for storing and making food are usually made of plastic, ceramic, glass, wood, or metal. Some restaurants serve soups inside of hollow loaves of bread, which are called bread bowls. Bowls used for gardening or decoration are sometimes made of clay or terracotta.
Hot dog

.]]

A **hot dog** (or **hotdog**) is a food created in Frankfurt, Germany. In the United States, hot dogs are very popular in areas with large numbers of European immigrants, such as Chicago, Brooklyn and Detroit. The word "hot dog" refers to the belief that many people thought hot dogs had actual dog meat. In a few places, hot dogs are also called **red-hots**.

A hot dog is made of the remains of the pig after other parts are cut off and sold as bacon, sausage patties, and ham. Hot dogs can be boiled, grilled, or fried. The most common type of hot dogs are made from beef, sometimes mixed with pork. Chicken and vegetarian hot dogs are popular as well. Hot dogs and other sausage products were first developed as a way to sell these parts that people would not normally eat. Nearly 20% of the weight of a hot dog is usually non-meat ingredients including water, sugar, and spices.  Some legal categories of hot dogs, such as "frankfurters" can contain up to 3.5% of non-meat fillers as well, such as corn meal.

To add to the taste, various toppings and sauces are often added. The most common sauces in the United States are ketchup, mustard and pickle relish. Onions, chopped pickles, peppers, hot sauce and cheese are also sometimes added to the food.  Onions cooked in tomato sauce and Sauerkraut are popular toppings, as is chili.

In the United States, there are many different types of hot dogs, with different combinations of chili, cheese, onions, mustard, and other products. One of the most popular types of hot dogs is a chili dog.  There are many different types of chili dogs. One of the most well-known is a Coney Island dog, a dog topped with a blend of chili, cheese, mustard and onions that is originally from Michigan.
  Other types of chili dogs include Michigan dogs, which are from upstate New York, and Texas dogs, which are from Pennsylvania. Hot dogs are also popular in Australian elections, where they are called "democracy sausages".

## References
Constipation

**Constipation** is when it is very hard to pass stool (defecate): that is, get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative or eat defecation-inducing foods such as plums. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body). A person suffers from constipation if he or she passes stool three times in a week or more seldom. People suffering from constipation may defecate only once or twice in a week, and their stool is very solid and tough. Normally people defecate daily.

When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements. Liquid will help get rid of constipation. Constipation can occur by eating hard food such as cheese or meat.

A good way on preventing constipation is to eat foods which contain fiber such as whole grain
Papaya and guava is very rich in fiber and potassium should be consume after meal everyday.

The seven types of stool are:

:Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
:Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy, and passing it feels very painful, "like childbirth"
:Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
:Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
:Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)
:Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
:Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid

Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools", especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5–7 tending towards diarrhea.
Wakame

**Wakame** (Japanese: わかめ or 若布) is a type of kelp. People eat it. Its scientific name is *Undaria pinnatifida*.

It is sold either dried or salted. It is often used in miso soup and salads. In Korea it is called ***miyeok***. It is used in salads, or as the main ingredient in miyeok soup. In China it is called ***qundaicai***. Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.

In New Zealand *Undaria pinnatifida* is a very serious weed, and is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. It was first seen in Wellington Harbour in 1987. It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, on ships from Asia, in ballast water. It is native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, but recently it has also spread to France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.

*Undaria* is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways. Naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile plant; and attached to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment.

*Undaria* is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader.

## Other websites 
* Seaweeds used as human food 
* AlgaeBase link
Kelp

]]

**Kelp** is a type of marine seaweed. It is a brown algae. There are many different kinds of kelp. Kelp grow in large forests, usually near the surface of the water. It grows in nutrient rich saltwater. Some kelp grow very fast (up to 30&nbsp;cm a day). Kelp can reach a length of up to 60 metres. The blades are kept afloat by gas-filled bladders.

Kelp plays an important role as food and habitat for fish and other forms. It may be eaten as a vegetable.

Kelp is found in many places. People put it in aquariums. In the Monterey Aquarium there is a large forest of kelp.

In some parts of the Pacific Ocean, sea urchins have eaten so much kelp that the kelp forests become urchin barrens.

Kelp is in the Plant Kingdom, which has 5 subdivisions: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protest, and Monera. 

## References
Ulm

**Ulm** is a city in Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It was started in about 850 AD.

Ulm is on the left side of the river Danube. Across the river on the right side is Neu-Ulm in Bavaria. Together they have more than 170,000 inhabitants. Ulm alone has about 120,000 inhabitants.

The university of Ulm was started in 1967. It has about 7,000 students.

The world's highest church tower is the Ulm Minster in Ulm. It is  tall. Also, Ulm has the oldest city theatre in Germany. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm.

## References
## Other websites
Landlocked country

A **landlocked country** is country with no access to any oceans or seas. As an example, Austria is landlocked. France is not landlocked because it has access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean.  A sea is also landlocked if does not have access to an ocean.  This is also called an endorheic basin.  As an example, the Caspian Sea is landlocked. The Gulf of Mexico is not landlocked because it has access to the Atlantic Ocean.

If a country is landlocked by landlocked countries (surrounded by landlocked countries), then it is doubly landlocked. Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan are the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world.

## List of landlocked countries and landlocked de facto states 
: *Has a coastline on the inland saltwater Caspian Sea*
: *Has limited international recognition*
: *Landlocked by a single country*
: *Doubly landlocked*

## Related pages 
* Endorheic basin
Kyrgyzstan

**Kyrgyzstan**, officially the **Kyrgyz Republic**, is a country in Central Asia. The country is landlocked (has no coast) and mountainous. It has borders with China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Its capital is Bishkek. It was a socialist republic of the Soviet Union, but became independent in 1991. The country was peaceful in the 1990s. Its president, Askar Akayev showed an autocratic and authoritarian character. 

Russian is spoken as an official language at state level.

In 2005, there was an unexpected revolution after the elections of parliament (the legislature) in March. President Akayev resigned on April 4 of that year. Opposition leaders formed a coalition (a group from more than one party), and a new government was formed, led by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Feliks Kulov.

At the moment, different political groups are fighting for power in the republic. Three of the 75 elected members of Parliament have been murdered. Kyrgyzstan’s main religion is Islam.

## Geography
 mountain range in Kyrgyzstan.]]
Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is farther from the ocean than any other country in the world. It borders Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Mountains cover over 80% of the country.

The land area of Kyrgyzstan is just a little bigger than the state of Nebraska. 

Issyk-Kul Lake is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan. It is the largest mountain lake in Asia and the second largest mountain lake in the world after Titicaca. Peak Jengish Chokusu, at 7,439 m (24,406 ft), is the highest point. The highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range.

Bishkek, the capital city, is in the north. It is largest city in Kyrgyzstan. The second largest is the ancient town of Osh.

### Cities
## Economy
Kyrgyzstan was the second poorest country in the former Soviet Union next to Tajikistan. Now it is the second poorest country in Central Asia.

Agriculture is an important part of the economy in Kyrgyzstan. Much farming is still being done by hand and by horse. Main crops include wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit.

Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources. It has small petroleum and natural gas reserves. Among its mineral reserves are solid amount of coal, gold, uranium, antimony and other metals but not iron. Metallurgy is an important industry.

Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, food and construction materials. Its trade partners are Germany, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

## Related pages
*Kyrgyzstan at the Olympics
*Kyrgyzstan national football team
*List of rivers of Kyrgyzstan

## References