open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Richard Tsien

**Richard Winyu Tsien** (born 3 March 1945) is a noted American neurobiologist (or neuroscientist). Tsien has received many honours and awards.

## Biography
Richard Tsien was born in Tating, Kweichow, China. He is the eldest of three brothers. Tsien's youngest brother Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is a descendant of the King Wuyue Tsien Liu. He is the son of Hsue-Chu Tsien, a famous aeronautical mechanic who became the chief engineer for Boeing.

Soon after his birth, Tsien's family moved to the United States. Tsien received BS in 1965 and MS in 1966 both in electrical engineering and both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Tsien then won the Rhodes Scholarship and studied in the United Kingdom at Wadham College, Oxford from 1966 to 1969.  Tsien obtained PhD in biophysics from Oxford in 1970. 

From 1968 to 1970, Tsien was a Weir Junior Research Fellow at University College, Oxford. From 1969 to 1970, Tsien was a teaching fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

In 1970, Tsien went back to the United States, became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine from 1970 to 1974. From 1974 to 1979, Tsien was an associate professor in the same department, and promoted to full professor in 1979 until 1988.

In 1988, Tsien went to Stanford and founded the Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, where he also served the first chairman. From 1991 to 2001, Tsien was the Director Silvio Conte - National Institutes of Mental Health Center for Neuroscience Research. Since 1988, Tsien has been the George D. Smith Professor of Stanford Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. And since 2000, Tsien has been the Co-Director for the Stanford Brain Research Centre. 

Tsien did important work on calcium channels, their mechanisms and roles in cell signaling pathways. Tsien's research also helps us understand the long-term plasticity of synapses.

From 1987 to 1988, Tsien was the President of the Society of General Physiologists. In August 2000, Tsien also served the Section Chair of Neurobiology of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

## Awards
*1985 - Kenneth S. Cole Award (for contributions to membrane biophysics)
*1991 - 1995, 1999, Kaiser Award for Outstanding and Innovative Teaching, from Stanford University
*1993 - Magnes Prize, from Hebrew University, Jerusalem
*1994 - elected to the United States Institute of Medicine
*1996 - Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award, from the American Physiological Society
*1996 - elected to the Academia Sinica
*1997 - elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
*1998 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
*1999 - elected Charter to the Biophysical Society

## References
Great Famine

**Great Famine** may refer to:

## China
* Great Chinese Famine (1958–1961)

## Ireland
* Great Famine (Ireland) (1845–1852)

## Ukraine
* Holodomor or the Great Famine of 1932–1933
Guy du Merle

**Guy du Merle** (1 January 1908 – 6 June 1993) was a French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer. He was the first head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Du Merle graduated from the *École Polytechnique* (1927) and the ''École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace* (1932). He began his career as a military pilot, from 1933 to 1935, on more than hundred types of aircraft. From 1940 to 1950, he taught aerospace engineering at the *École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace*. In 1948, he became the first director of the French Civil Aviation University, until 1951.

A roundabout of the city of Toulouse bears his name.

## References
## Further reading
* Guy du Merle, *Construction des avions*, Souchier, 1942, 283 p.
* Guy du Merle, *Construction des avions*, Dunod, 1947, 857 p.
* Guy du Merle, *Aviation quand tu nous tiens'', 23 p., École nationale de l'aviation civile, 1986 (English version )
* Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, *Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique*, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()
Trey Lorenz

**Trey Lorenz** (born **Lloyd Lorenz Smith**; January 19, 1969) is an American singer and songwriter. He has been a backing vocalist for Mariah Carey and Selena. His 1992 single "Someone to Hold", reached number 19 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, number five on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs and number 65 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Discography 
**Trey Lorenz* (1992)
**Mr. Mista* (2006)

## References
Contemporary R&B

**Contemporary R&B** is a music genre of **R&B**. It mixes rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, electronic and dance. Contemporary R&B is currently a  music genre for the Top 40 radios. Artists of this type of music includes, Whitney Houston, Luther Vandross, Keith Sweat, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, SZA and Stevie Wonder. Contemporary R&B became a popular music genre after the disco era in the 1980s. Contemporary R&B is an African American type of music, however, there has been other artists who are not African American that record contemporary R&B. Such as Justin Timberlake, Ariana Grande, Christina Aguilera, Justin Beiber, and Bruno Mars

## References
Gordian knot

The **Gordian Knot** is a  legend of associated with Alexander the Great.  It is often used as a metaphor for a problem which has no easy or obvious solution.

## Myth story
In Phrygia (modern Turkey), there was a legendary prophesy about a unique  which could only be loosened by the man who would rule all of Asia.  It was called the "Gordian" knot because it was  in Gordium.  It supposed to have been created by a man named Gordius.

The knot was complex and .  This mythical knot was tied around the part of a wooden  or wagon.

According to   of the story, Alexander the Great cut the knot with his sword.

In another version of the story, Alexander took away the wooden part which was at the center of the knot; and in this way, the knot was undone.

Alexander solved the problem in a way no one had expected. Then he went on to lead Greek armies which conquered much of the known world.

## Meaning 
Today the phrase implies "make it happen" or "get things done".

It may mean a problem that has no solution.

## Related pages
* Excalibur

## References 
## Other websites
Top 40

The **Top 40** is a radio format that  the top forty songs in any music genre. The Top 40 became a  radio format in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

## Music charts 
*Adult Top 40 (*Billboard*)
*Pop Songs (*Billboard*)
*UK Singles Chart
*Dutch Top 40 (is a Dutch music chart)
*Los 40 Principales (in Spain)
*Ö3 Austria Top 40 (the official Austrian music chart)

## Books 
* Pete Battistini, "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem The 1970s", *Authorhouse.com*, January 31, 2005.  
* Susan Douglas, *Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination* (New York: Times Books, 1999)
* 
* 
* Ben Fong-Torres, *The Hits Just Keep On Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio* (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 1998)
* Elwood F. 'Woody' Goulart, *The Mystique and Mass Persuasion: Bill Drake & Gene Chenault’s Rock and Roll Radio Programming * (2006)
* David MacFarland, *The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format* (New York: Arno Press, 1979)

## Other websites 
*Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 
*Public Radio documentary featuring a history of Top 40
Ali-Ollie Woodson

**Ali-Ollie Woodson** (born **Ollie Creggett**; September 12, 1951 – May 30, 2010) was an American R&B singer, songwriter, keyboardist and actor. He was known for singing with The Temptations, starting in 1984. He has also worked with Aretha Franklin and Bill Pinkney. Woodson was diagnosed with throat cancer. He died in southern California after battling with leukemia for 18 months.

## Other websites 
*Ali Ollie Woodson interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2001 (reprinted June 2010) 
*Ali Ollie Woodson feature with an interview at Soul Express
*Ali Ollie Woodson, Singer in Temptations, Dies at 58
Helmet (band)

**Helmet** is an alternative metal band from New York. The band was formed in 1989 by vocalist and lead guitarist Page Hamilton, who is their only constant member.

Helmet became popular when they released their 1992 major-label debut *Meantime*, which peaked at number 68 on the *Billboard* 200 and featured their best known songs "Unsung" and "In the Meantime". *Meantime* is also Helmet's only album to go gold in the United States. They made two more albums before breaking up in 1998. However, Helmet reformed in 2004 and released a new album later that year. The album was called *Size Matters* and was their last release on their longtime label Interscope Records. Helmet was briefly signed to Warcon Records, who released their next album *Monochrome* in 2006, but today, they are signed to Work Song Records. That label released their latest album *Seeing Eye Dog* in 2010.

## Discography
So far, Helmet has released seven full-length studio albums, which include:
* *Strap It On* (1990)
* *Meantime* (1992)
* *Betty* (1994)
* *Aftertaste* (1997)
* *Size Matters* (2004)
* *Monochrome* (2006)
* *Seeing Eye Dog* (2010)

## References
Tokio Hot 100

, also known as '''McDonald's Tokio Hot 100''', is the official music chart program of J-Wave. It is also the flagship program of the Japan FM League's Hot 100 music chart series. It ranks the most popular 100 songs every week. It is published on *Billboard* magazine.

## Songs of the Year
*1988: U2 — "Desire"
*1989: Prince — "Batdance"
*1990: Madonna — "Vogue"
*1991: Stevie B — "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
*1992: Shanice — "I Love Your Smile"
*1993: Mariah Carey — "Dreamlover"
*1994: Big Mountain — "Baby I Love Your Way"
*1995: Diana King — "Shy Guy"
*1996: Eric Clapton — "Change the World"
*1997: Jamiroquai — "Cosmic Girl"
*1998: Celine Dion — "My Heart Will Go On"
*1999: Jamiroquai — "Canned Heat"
*2000: Madonna — "Music"
*2001: Janet Jackson — "All for You"
*2002: Underworld — "Two Months Off"
*2003: Beyoncé Knowles featuring Jay-Z — "Crazy in Love"
*2004: Avril Lavigne — "Don't Tell Me"
*2005: Def Tech — "My Way"
*2006: Daniel Powter — "Bad Day"
*2007: Ne-Yo — "Because of You"
*2008: Coldplay - "Viva la Vida"
*2009: Madonna — "Celebration"
*2010: Maroon 5 - "Misery"
*2011: Maia Hirasawa - "Boom!"

## Other websites 
*
Spock

**Spock** is a character in *Star Trek*. He is often called Mr. Spock by others. He has been played by Leonard Nimoy, Ethan Peck, Brandon Stacy, Carl Steven, Frank welker, Todd Haberkorn, Stephen Manly, Tom Berklund, Vadia Potenza, Joe W. Davis, and by Zachary Quinto. Jacob Kogan played Spock when he was a child in the 2009 movie *Star Trek*. Spock is half Vulcan and half human.

Spock first appeared in *Star Trek: The Original Series* and he was in many of the Star Trek movies. He also appeared in two episodes of *Star Trek: The Next Generation*. 

Spock's signature gesture is the Vulcan salute.
Anting

in a typical anting posture]]
**Anting** is a behavior in which birds rub insects (usually ants) on their feathers. This releases liquids with chemicals such as formic acid onto the bird's feathers. Instead of ants, birds can also use millipedes. Over 200 species of bird have been known to ant.
We do not know why birds ant. Birds may ant because the chemicals released by the insects kill parasites on their feathers. Another reason is that it releases the chemicals the ants make onto the bird's feathers. The bird can then eat the ant without being hurt by the chemicals.

There are two forms of anting: active anting and passive acting. Active anting is when a bird picks up ants in its bill and wipes them on its feathers. Passive anting is when the bird lies down in a group of ants and opens up its wings so that the ants will crawl up into its feathers.

## References
Bug spray

**Bug spray** is a chemical in a spray can that is used for killing bugs or keeping them away.

## Bug killer
Some bug sprays are sprayed at the bug to kill it. Other bug sprays are sprayed around a house or picnic area. Bugs that come too close to this kind of bug spray will usually die.

## Bug repellent
Bug repellent is never sprayed at a bug. Bug repellents can be used to keep bugs from coming into a house or picnic area. Some kinds of sunscreen have bug repellent that keeps mosquitos away. Some bug repellents are spread over the skin of a person.
Woke Up This Morning

"**Woke Up This Morning**" is a song by Alabama 3 (also known as A3) from their 1997 album *Exile on Coldharbour Lane*. The song is best known as the opening theme music for the HBO drama series *The Sopranos* which used the "Chosen One Mix".

There are two versions of the song, the mix *The Sopranos* used and the original.

## Other websites
*"Woke Up This Morning" lyrics at Metrolyrics.com
Crafoord Prize

The **Crafoord Prize** is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger and Anna-Greta Crafoord. It is administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The prize is for "international basic research in the disciplines Astronomy, Mathematics, Geosciences, and Biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology, and rheumatoid arthritis" (the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years). According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded."

Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences. The prize is to fund further research by the prize winner. In 2012 it is US$600,000.

## Winners 
## References
My Heart Will Go On

"**My Heart Will Go On**" is a hit song by Canadian singer Celine Dion, used in the 1997 movie *Titanic*. Its music was composed by James Horner, while the lyrics were written by Will Jennings. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

The song reached number one in over 10 countries. It became Dion's signature song, and helped her become a popular singer. It was the best-selling single of 1998, and one of the best-selling singles worldwide.

## Composition
"My Heart Will Go On" is written in the key of E major. The verses follow the chord progression of E–Bsus4–Aadd9–E–B, while the choruses follow Cm–B–A–B. The song modulates to A major at the end.

## Track listing
**European CD single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"Because You Loved Me" – 4:33

**European CD single #2**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21

**French CD single**
#"The Reason" – 5:01
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40

**French CD single #2**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"Southampton" – 4:02

**French CD single #3**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21

**Japanese CD single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04

**UK cassette single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"I Love You" – 5:30

**US CD single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"Rose" (instrumental) – 2:52

**Australian/Brazilian/European/UK/Korean CD maxi single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"Because You Loved Me" – 4:33
#"When I Fall in Love" – 4:19
#"Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04

**Australian CD maxi single #2**
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18
#"Misled" (The Serious mix) – 4:59
#"Love Can Move Mountains" (Underground vocal mix) – 7:10

**Brazilian CD maxi single #2**
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Cuca's radio edit) – 4:22
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem edit) – 4:21
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable edit) – 4:15
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41

**European CD maxi single #2 / UK 12" single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18

**Japanese/Korean CD maxi single**
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04
#"My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53

**UK CD maxi single #2**
#"My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11
#"Have a Heart" – 4:12
#"Nothing Broken But My Heart" – 5:55
#"Where Does My Heart Beat Now" – 4:32

## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts
### End of year charts
## References
Crop protection

in quinoa field]]
**Crop protection** is a branch of horticulture, aimed at protecting crops. This is done so that the yield of the crop does not diminish. Common approaches are:
*Using pesticides, these are on a chemical basis
*Using biological pest control, using the natural enemies of the pests to control them.
*Using barriers, such as nets
*Using psychology, for example to scare birds
*Using biotechnology, selective breeding and genetic engineering

## Related pages
*Farming
*Ecology
Batasuna

**Batasuna** (formerly **Herri Batasuna**) was a political party in Spain. Herri Batasuna was founded after the fall of the Franco regime, in 1978. In 2001, the party changed its name into Batasuna. In 2003, the party was outlawed in Spain, but it continues to be a political party in France. The party was suspected to have close ties with ETA. The party was active in the Basque Country,  and Navarre. It wanted to form an independent state of the Basque country. The region where Basque is spoken is split between the Basque country, Navarre in Spain and the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in France. The area is known as *Euskal Herria* (literally,: Basque country). 

Spain, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Union see Batasuna as the political wing of ETA. 

Because it was outlawed, the party has had different names, such as **Euskal Herritarrok**, **Sozialista Abertzaleak**, **Ezker Abertzaleak** and AUB, Aukera Guztiak.

Bastasina sees itself as a nationalist, left-wing party.  It is also called socialist (with Marxist and Libertarian tendencies). Other ideas of the party include to fight for feminism, and to be seen as *envirnomentalist*. Batasuna is the only party in the did not condemn the violent attacks carried out by ETA. According to Batasuna, it is sterile and hypocritical to condemn only one form of violence; by the same token, the violence of Spain should be condemned, which oppresses the Basque people. According to the Spanish state, there were no violations of human rights after the fall of the Franco regime, and the use of violence for political reasons is inacceptable. 

Batasuna has run in elections in the French part of the Basque country, in Ustaritz, about 12 km from Bayonne.

The party dissolved in January 2013.

## References
Leon Panetta

**Leon Edward Panetta** (born June 28, 1938) is an American politician who served as the 23rd United States Secretary of Defense from 2011 until 2013. Before that, he served as director of the CIA from 2009 to 2011 and as Bill Clinton's White House Chief of staff from 1994 to 1997.

Panetta was born on June 28, 1938 in Monterey, California to an Itallian-American family. He studied at Santa Clara University. He served in the army from 1964 until 1966. He had won an Army Commendation Medal for his services in the force. Panetta is married to Sylvia Panetta.

## References
## Other websites
* Office of the Secretary of Defense 
* Biography of the Central Intelligence Agency (archived)
*
* Biography of Panetta, Hartnell University
* Conversations with History – Interview with Leon Panetta, UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies
* The Panetta Institute for Public Policy
Simon Amstell

2013]]
**Simon Marc Amstell** (born 29 November 1979) is a British comedian, television presenter, writer and actor.

Amstell was born and raised in Gants Hill, London in a Jewish family. He is openly gay.

Amstell has presented *Popworld* and *Never Mind the Buzzcocks*. He writes and stars in ''Grandma's House''.

## Related pages
*List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
*Official website
Laboratory for analysis and architecture of systems

The **Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems** (''Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes*), LAAS, is one of the big research laboratories of the French National Center for Scientific Research (*Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS*) in Toulouse, France, and is usually named LAAS-CNRS. It is associated with the six founding members of the University of Toulouse: The Paul Sabatier University, the National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INP toulouse), the *Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace'' (ISAE), which is the merger between ENSICA (the National Superior School of Aeronautic Construction Engineers) and SUPAERO (National Superior School of Aeronautics and Space), the University of Toulouse II Mirail and the Toulouse 1 University Capitole.

## Related pages
* Official website
Irgun

for the Irgun in Tel Aviv.]]

Irgun Zvai Leumi, commonly known as the **Irgun** (), was a Zionist paramilitary group in Mandatory Palestine between 1931 and 1948. Irgun committed acts of terrorism. It was a rival to the Haganah, serving as an arm of the Revisionist Party.

## Legacy
Irgun is deemed an early version of Ḥerut which was an Israeli political party.

## Related pages
* Judaism
* Antisemitism
* The Holocaust
* History of Jews
* Anti-imperialism

## References
Would I Lie to You? (TV series)

***Would I Lie to You?*** is a British comedy panel game shown on BBC One. It began on 16 June 2007. The first two series were presented by Angus Deayton. Since then it has been presented by Rob Brydon. There are two teams of three people, a team captain and two celebrity guests. The captains are David Mitchell and Lee Mack.

During each episode, the contestants take turns to make statements about themselves. The other team try to work out whether the statement is true or false, by questioning the person who has made the statement.

## Other websites 
*
Potentiometer

**Potentiometers** are variable resistors. Potentiometers are resistors where the resistance can be changed using a knob or a slider. Potentiometers are used to control many things, including how bright or dim the lights in your house are and the volume controls on your television. Some are used in voltage dividers.

The idea of a device that could be used to control the amount of electricity going to a component was thought by many people, but the carbon potentiometer we commonly use today was invented by Thomas Edison in 1872 at the age of 25. He called this device a "coiled resistance wire rheostat". His patent for this device was issued in 1872. Carbon resistors, as said above, are the most commonly used resistors today. They are used in radios to control the volume, in televisions to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response. 

## Different types
There are many different types of potentiometers. These different types include carbon potentiometers, plastic potentiometers, and wire potentiometers. Carbon potentiometers are the most common potentiometers that we use today because they are inexpensive to make and are easy to put together. Wire potentiometers are the most powerful type out of the three listed above. The wire inside the potentiometer is wound so that it has more power. Plastic potentiometers have the same amount of power that carbon potentiometers do, but are of a higher quality. They are made of a special kind of plastic that conducts electricity just as effectively as carbon potentiometers. It as a better life than carbon potentiometers do. Trimmer potentiometers are small. They are adjustable with a screwdriver.

## References
Shitoku

**Shitoku** (至徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eitoku and before Kakei.  This period started in February 1384 and ended in August 1387.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu' Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the *Shitoku* era
* **1384** (*Shitoku 1, 3rd month*): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu gave up his position in the Imperial court hierarchy.
* **1385** (*Shitoku 2, 8th month*): Yoshimistu made a public visit to Kasuga-taisha.
* **1386** (*Shitoku 3, 7th month*): Yoshimitsu authorized the Five Mountain System for ranking state-sponsored Buddhist temples; and Nanzen-ji was ranked at the top and in a class of its own.

## Southern Court *nengō* 
* Genchū, 1384–1393

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kakei

**Kakei** (嘉慶) was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Shitoku and before Kōō.  This period started in August 1387 and ended in February 1389.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Kakei era
* **1387** (*Kakei 1, 1st month*): Nijō Yoshimoto is removed from his position as *sesshō* and *daijō daijin* in the Imperial court hierarchy.
* **1387** (*Kakei 1, 2nd month*): Konoe Kanetsugu is named *sesshō*.

## Southern Court *nengō*
* Genchū, 1384–1393

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kōō (Nanboku-chō period)

, also romanized as **Kō-ō,** was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kakei and before Meitoku.  This period started in February 1389 and ended in March 1390.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Kōō era
* **1389** (*Kōō 1*): Yoshimitsu  opposed by Kamakura *kanrei* Ashikaga Ujimitsu.
* **1389** (*Kōō 1, 7th month*): Saioinji Sanetoshi died at the age of 56. He ha held the office of Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).

## Southern Court *nengō*
* Genchū, 1384–1393

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Meitoku

**Meitoku** (明徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Kōō* and before *Ōei*.  This period started in March 1390 and ended in July 1394.  After October 1392, Meitoku replaced the Southern Court's *nengō* (*Genchū*).  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino until 1392 was ..

## Events of *Meitoku* era
* **1391** (*Meitoku 2*): Yamana Ujikyo attacked Kyoto.
* **1392** (*Meitoku 3*), also known as *Genchū 9*: Northern and Southern courts were reunited under Go-Komatsu.

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Cryptopsy

**Cryptopsy** is a Canadian death metal band from Montreal, Quebec, formed in 1988. The band has sold over 300,000 records.

## Members
### Current members
* Flo Mounier – drums (1992–present)
* Jon Levasseur – lead, rhythm guitars (1993–2005, 2011–present)
* Christian Donaldson – guitar (2005–present)
* Matt McGachy – lead vocals (2007–present)
* Olivier Pinard – bass guitar (2012–present)

### Former members
;Vocals
* Lord Worm – lead vocals (1988–1997, 2003–2007)
* Mike DiSalvo – lead vocals (1997–2001)
* Martin Lacroix – lead vocals (2001–2003)
;Rhythm guitar
* Steve Thibault – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988–1995, 1996)
* Miguel Roy – rhythm, lead guitars (1996–1999, 2004)
* Alex Auburn – rhythm guitar, lead, backing vocals (1999–2009)
* Youri Raymond – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2011), bass guitar (2011)
;Bass guitar
* John Todds – bass guitar (1988–1992) as Necrosis
* Kevin Weagle – bass guitar (1992–1993)
* Martin Fergusson – bass (1994–1995)
* Eric Langlois – bass guitar (1996–2011)
;Lead Guitar
* Dave Galea – lead, rhythm guitars, vocals (1992–1993, 2000)
;Keyboards
* Maggy Durand – keyboards (2007–2008)
;Drums
* Mike Atkin – drums (1988–1992) as Necrosis

### Session members 
* Dan Mongrain – lead guitar (2004)
* Steve Shyy (aka Steven J. Robillard) – keyboards (studio and live) as Necrosis

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Blasphemy Made Flesh* (1994)
**None So Vile* (1996)
**Whisper Supremacy* (1998)
*''…And Then You'll Beg* (2000)
**Once Was Not* (2005)
**The Unspoken King* (2008)
**Cryptopsy* (2012)

### Live albums
**None So Live* (2003)

### Demos
**Ungentle Exhumation'' (1993)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Facebook
*
Katra

**Katra** is a Finnish symphonic metal band featuring vocalist Katra Solopuro.

## Members
;Current members:

*2006: Katra Solopuro - vocals
*2006: Kristian Kangasniemi - guitar
*2006: Johannes Tolonen - bass
*2009: Teemu Mätäsjärvi - guitar
*2009: Matti Auerkallio - drums

;Former musicians:
*2006: Jani Wilund - keyboards
*2006: Tom "Tomma" Gardiner - guitar
*2006-2009: Jaakko Järvensivu - drums

;Tour musicians:
*2008: Teemu Mätäsjärvi – guitar

## Discography
### Studio albums
*2007: *Katra* (Edel)
*2008: *Beast Within* (Napalm)
*2010: *Out of the Ashes* (Napalm)

### Singles
*2006: *Sahara*
*2007: *Tietäjä/Vaaratar*
*2010: *One Wish Away*

### Music Videos
*2007: *Tietäjä*
*2008: *Beast Within*
*2010: *One Wish Away*

## Other websites
*Official Website 
*Official Myspace
*Katra Blog
*Metal Storm band page
Mad scene

A **mad scene** is a scene in a play, ballet, opera, or other theatre work that shows a character either insane or going insane. Three famous mad scenes are those in the play *Hamlet*, in the ballet *Giselle*, and the opera *Lucia di Lammermoor*. In *Hamlet*, Ophelia is truly mad while Hamlet pretends to be mad.
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers

The **American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers** (**ASCAP**) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP  its members' musical copyrights. They do this by  public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in  fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC).

## Books 
*Blume, Jason (2006).  *This Business of Songwriting*.  Billboard Books (New York City).  .
* Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", *Music Business Journal*, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
*Passman, Donald S. (2003).  *All You Need to Know about the Music Business*.   Free Press (New York City).  .
*Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  *This Business of Music*.  Billboard Books (New York City). .

## Related pages 
*Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
*Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
*Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)

## Other websites 
*
*ASCAP archives, 1914–1986 – Music Division, The New York Public Library
Summerland, British Columbia

**Summerland** is a town in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is in the interior of British Columbia, on the west side of Okanagan Lake. The population of Summerland was 12,042 in 2021. The mayor of Summerland is Doug Holmes. It is known for its world renowned wineries. It is also home to the historic Kettle Valley Steam Railway. The town was originally known as Trout Creek and was renamed Summerland in 1902 when Sir Thomas Shaughnessy bought the Barclay Ranch. The nickname for Summerland is Town of Festivals. The sister city of Summerland is Toyokoro, Japan.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
David Petraeus

**David Howell Petraeus** (pronunciation: /pɨˈtreɪ.əs/; born November 7, 1952) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was sworn in on September 6, 2011. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a four-star general serving over 37 years in the United States Army. On November 9, 2012, Petraeus resigned as CIA director following a marital scandal.

## References
## Other websites
Elector of the Palatinate

The **Elector of the Palatinate** () ruled the Palatinate of the Rhine in the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire from 915 to 1803.
Shore crabs

**Shore crabs** (*Carcinus maenas*) are a common crustacean. They are often found around the sea shore.

They come in a variety of colours. They are often green or brown. They have eight legs and two large pincers. The width across the shell is up to . The usual width is about .

They are normally found in the North Atlantic or the Baltic Sea but are beginning to live in many other areas of the world. Shore crabs live on beaches and rocky shores.

Shore crabs are a nocturnal predator which means it hunts at night. They eat small crustaceans, molluscs, worms and some fish.

A female shore crab can lay up to nearly 200 thousand eggs at once. They carry the eggs with them until they hatch. Like most crabs, when a shore crab gets too big for its shell, it sheds its shell. After that, it has a new soft shell which soon hardens.

## Other websites
Phytosaur

**Phytosaurs** are an extinct group of large semi-aquatic Upper Triassic archosaurs. 

Phytosaurs were long-snouted and heavily armoured, bearing a remarkable resemblance to modern crocodiles in size, appearance, and lifestyle. This is an example of convergence or parallel evolution. 

The name 'phytosaur' means 'plant reptile': the first fossils of phytosaurs were mistakenly thought to belong to plant eaters. The sharp teeth in phytosaur jaws clearly show they were predators.

Although phytosaurs were not true crocodilians, they were more closely related to the crocodilians than to other modern reptiles. Crocodiles did not become phytosaur-like until the Lower Jurassic. "Consensus generally places phytosaurs as basal crurotarsans, possibly the basal-most group".

Phytosaurs had a nearly global distribution. Fossils have been recovered from Europe, North America, India, Morocco, Thailand, Brazil and Madagascar.

## References
Supélec

'''École Supérieure d'Électricité**, commonly known as **Supélec'*, is a French university in electric energy and information sciences.

Founded in 1894 and initially located in the 15th district of Paris, it was moved to Gif-sur-Yvette in 1975. After that, two more campuses were established in Rennes in 1972 and Metz in 1985. It is a member of the *Conférence des Grandes Écoles*.

## Notable Alumni
* Hervé Laborne, former head of the *École spéciale de mécanique et électricité''.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website in English
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation

, also known as **JOGMEC**, is an Independent Administrative Institution which was created by the Japanese government in 2004.  

## History
In 2004, JOGMEC was established by the Law Concerning the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation .

JOGMEC was created when the Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) merged with the former Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ).

In March 2013 JOGMEC successfully extracted methane hydrate from seabed for the first time in the world.
## Related pages
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## References
## Other websites
* JOGMEC website
Bruno Sammartino

**Bruno Sammartino** (October 6, 1935 &ndash; April 18, 2018) was an Italian-American professional wrestler. He was born in Pizzoferrato, Italy. He became a wrestler in 1959. He would often beat opponents with his bearhug.

On May 17, 1963, Sammartino beat Buddy Rogers to become the second World Wide Wrestling Federation Champion. He held this title for over seven years, a record for professional wrestling world champions. He had his first match in Japan in 1967. He lost to Ivan Koloff on January 18, 1971. On December 10, 1973, Sammartino beat Stan Stasiak to once again be the champion. Billy Graham won the championship from Bruno on April 30, 1977 in Baltimore. World Wide Wrestling Federation became the World Wrestling Federation in March 1979. Sammartino wrestled less often after but he did have classic feud with Larry Zbyszko that ended in a steel cage match at Shea Stadium in 1980. He retired in 1987. Sammartino was also a commentator with Vince McMahon.

In 2013, he accepted an invitation for induction into the WWE Hall of Fame, after he declined many times in prior years.

Sammartino died on April 18, 2018 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania of multiple organ failure caused by heart disease at the age of 82.

## Championships and accomplishments 
.]]
 in 2002.]]
 in 2013.]]

* **George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2019 
***International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
**Class of 2021
***International Sports Hall of Fame**
**Class of 2013 
* **Keystone State Wrestling Alliance**
** KSWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)
* **Maple Leaf Wrestling**
** NWA United States Heavyweight Championship *(Toronto version)* (1 time)
** NWA International Tag Team Championship *(Toronto version)* (1 time) – with Whipper Billy Watson
* **NWA Hollywood Wrestling**
** Los Angeles Battle Royal (1972)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1976)
** Match of the Year (1972) 
* **Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum**
** Class of 2002
* **World Wide Wrestling Alliance**
** Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)
***World Wide Wrestling Association**
** WWWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time, final)
* **World Wide Wrestling Federation / WWE**
** WWWF World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
** WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Spiros Arion
** WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2013)
* **World Wrestling Association (Indianapolis)**
** WWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dick the Bruiser
* **World Wrestling Council**
** WWC North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Feud of the Year (1980) 
** Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

## References 
## Other websites
*
*More on Bruno Sammartino
Mary Cheney

**Mary Claire Cheney** (born March 14, 1969) is an American businesswoman and the younger daughter of former U.S. Vice President, Dick Cheney and his wife, former second lady, Lynne Cheney. She is openly lesbian and has stated support for same-sex marriage along with her father. She is in a long relationship with Heather Poe, a former park ranger with whom she has had 2 children, Samuel David and Sarah Lynne. On June 22, 2012, Cheney married her long time partner Heather Poe. Cheney has a sister, Elizabeth Cheney (born 1966).

## References
Kemmu

was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Shōkyō* and before *Ryakuō.* 

This period started in January 1334 and ended in August 1338 in the Northern Court, but it  until only February 1336 in the Southern Court.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Kemmu era 
In 1333-1336, the Kemmu Restoration was an attempt by Emperor Go-Daigo to restore Imperial authority after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate. The failure of this effort led to the creation of two rival Imperial courts.
* **1336** (*Kemmu 3*): An anonymous author published *Kemmu nenkan ki,* which was a chronicle of the Kemmu era. The text is a source of information about laws, government, bureaucrats, and arable lands and estates given by the emperor to the nobility or to religious institutions (*shōen*).
* **17 May 1336** (*Kemmu 3, 6th day of the 4th month*): Former-Emperor Go-Fushimi died.

## Southern Court *nengō*
The previous era ended and the new one commenced in *Shōkei* 1 as time was reckoned in the Northern Court in Kyoto; and the era began in *Genkō* 4, as time was ordered in the Southern Court in Yoshino.

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip

***Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip*** is the debut album by American band TLC. It was released on February 25, 1992 by LaFace Records. The album reached number 14 on the US *Billboard* 200 chart, number two on the Top Heatseekers, and number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album shipped 4,000,000 copies in the United States.

## Reception 
Ken Tucker of *Entertainment Weekly* gave a positive review on the album. It was later certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA.

## Track listing
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* *Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip* at Discogs
CrazySexyCool

***CrazySexyCool*** is the second studio album by American girl group TLC. It was released on November 15, 1994 by LaFace Records. The album reached number three on the US *Billboard* 200, number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number four on the UK Albums Chart. The album became TLC's best-selling album, it was known as their "breakthrough album". *Rolling Stone* magazine ranked the album number 377 of the "500 greatest albums of all time" list. The album was certified 1x Diamond in the United States. TLC became the first and only girl group to have a diamond-certified album. The album features more of a R&B and soul sound than hip hop sound due the fact that Left Eye wasn't able to record much of her own raps for the album due to being in rehab for setting her then-boyfriend's house on fire.

## Release and reception 
The album sold 127,000 copies on the first day of release. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold 7,200,000 copies in the United States. It was certified 1x Diamond, which means 10,000,000 copies of the album were shipped to the United States. The album was also certified 11x Platinum (11,000,000 copies shipped) by the RIAA.

## Track listing
# "Intro-Lude" (featuring Phife Dawg) – 1:01 (Jermaine Dupri)
# "Creep" – 4:28 (Dallas Austin)
# "Kick Your Game" – 4:14 (Dupri, Lopes, Seal)
# "Diggin' on You" – 4:14 (Babyface)
# "Case of the Fake People" – 4:04 (Dallas Austin)
# "Crazy Sexy Cool - Interlude" – 1:42 (Combs, Thompson, Watkins)
# "Red Light Special" – 5:04 (Babyface)
# "Waterfalls" – 4:39 (Lopes, Ethridge, Organized Noize)
# "Intermission-Lude" – 0:43 (Dupri)
# "Let's Do It Again" – 4:16 (Babyface, Jon John)
# "If I Was Your Girlfriend" (Prince) – 4:36
# "Sexy - Interlude" (featuring Puff Daddy) – 1:34 (Combs, Thomas)
# "Take Our Time" – 4:33 (Hennings, Killings)
# "Can I Get a Witness - Interlude" (featuring Busta Rhymes) – 2:57 (Combs, Rhymes, Thomas)
# "Switch" – 3:30 (Dupri, Lopes, Seal)
# "Sumthin' Wicked This Way Comes" (featuring Dré of OutKast) – 4:23 (Benjamin, Lopes, Ethridge, Organized Noize)

## References
Inglourious Basterds

***Inglourious Basterds*** or **Inglorious People** is a 2009 German-American war film directed by Quentin Tarantino. It takes place in Nazi-occupied France during World War II in Europe . The movie was rated 4 out of 4 stars by movie reporter Roger Ebert. The film is rated R for rude Profanity and brutal Violence especially American Jewish Soldiers Killing the Nazis in France during the occupation of Nazi Germany.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Mark Spitz

**Mark Andrew Spitz** (born February 10, 1950) is an American retired swimmer of Jewish descent. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. That achievement was only passed by Michael Phelps who won eight golds at the 2008 Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
Jesse Ventura

**James George Janos**, better known as **Jesse Ventura**, is an American statesman, actor, author, and former professional wrestler. He served as the 38th Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected in 1998. He was Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota from 1991 to 1995.

Ventura served as a Navy UDT during the Vietnam War. As an actor, he appeared in *The Running Man* and *Predator*. He called wrestling matches with Vince McMahon for TV shows and with Gorilla Monsoon for pay-per-views in the WWF. In WCW, he called matches with Jim Ross. Ventura and Ross teamed up again to call XFL football games.

Ventura was born on July 15, 1951 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His height is 6' 4". His wife is Theresa Larson Masters since 1975.

In September 2019, Ventura expressed interest in running for President in 2020 under an Independent bid.

## References
Ilya Repin

**Ilya Yefimovich Repin** (; Ukrainian: Ілля́ Єфи́мович Рéпін ,  – 29 September 1930) was an important Russian painter and sculptor.

## Biography
Repin was born in a village near Kharkiv, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). He came from a poor family.

Repin first learned to paint from an icon painter. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg. Later, he became a professor of painting at the same academy. He is best known for his paintings of scenes from Russian history and his portraits.

## References
Ship's bell

A '''ship's bell''' is a bell usually made of bronze that is used on ships and sailboats. It is most often rung to announce the time, such as at the hour and half-hour.

Sometimes a ship's bell may be used as a percussion instrument in an orchestra.
John Roberts (actor)

in July 2010]]
**Jonathan "John" Roberts** (born 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice arist, and comedian. He is the voice of Linda Belcher in ''Bob's Burgers''.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eugene Mirman

in July 2010]]
**Eugene Boris Mirman** (born 1974) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and voice actor. He is the voice of Gene Belcher in ''Bob's Burgers''.

## Other websites
*
Loren Bouchard

in July 2010]]
**Loren Hal Bouchard** (born October 10, 1969 ) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and voice arist. He is best known as the creator of ''Bob's Burgers''.

## References
## Other websites
*
Death Proof

***Death Proof*** is a 2007 American slasher movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. The movie has action and thrilling car chases. It is set in Texas and Tennessee.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tony Leondis

**Anthony "Tony" Leondis** (born 1972) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is the voice of Master Croc in *Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters*.

## Other websites
*
Susie Essman

premiere of *Whatever Works*]]
**Susan "Susie" Essman** (born May 31, 1955 ) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and voice artist. She plays Susie Greene in *Curb Your Enthusiasm*, Helen Higgins in *Crank Yankers*, and Mittens in *Bolt*.

## Early life
Essman was born **Susan Essman** in New York City, New York. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Anthony Michael Hall

**Michael Anthony Hall** (born April 14, 1968) 

## Selected filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Wing-banded antbird

The **wing-banded antbird** (*Myrmornis torquata*) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It feeds by hopping on the ground, turning dead leaves over in search of insects. It uses its long bill to do this, and never picks the leaves up.

## References
* BirdLife International 2004. *Myrmornis torquata*. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 26 July 2007.
Louie Anderson

**Louis Perry Anderson** (March 24, 1953January 21, 2022) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, author and game show host. Anderson made the cartoon series *Life with Louie* and has written three books. He was the host of the second revival of the game show *Family Feud*, from 1999 to 2002. He was nominated three times for an Emmy Award, for his performance on the comedy television series *Baskets*, and won it once in 2016.

On January 18, 2022, it was announced that Anderson had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2012 and was undergoing treatment in Las Vegas. He died three days later at the age of 68.

## References