open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Michael Craig

**Michael Francis Gregson** (born 27 January 1928 or 1929), known professionally as **Michael Craig**, is a British actor and screenwriter. He was born in Pune, British India. He is known for his work in theatre, movie and television both in the United Kingdom and Australia.

In movies, he is known for his roles in ''Campbell's Kingdom* (1957),  *Sea of Sand* (1958), *The Silent Enemy* (1958), *Sapphire* (1959), *Doctor in Love* (1960), *Mysterious Island* (1961), *The Iron Maiden* (1962), *Modesty Blaise* (1966), *Turkey Shoot* (1982), *Ride a Wild Pony* (1975) and *Appointment with Death'' (1988).

## References
## Other websites
* Final stage review
While loop

In computer science, a **while loop** is a statement which is used to execute code repeatedly based on a condition. Simply, it can be thought of as a repeating if statement.  

## Overview 
The while loop consists of two parts: the condition and a block of code. The condition is evaluated and if it is true, the block of code is executed. This repeats until the condition evaluates to false. As a pre-test loop, the while loop checks the condition before the block is executed. In contrast, the do-while loop checks the condition *after* the loop has executed. A while loop would typically be used when you don't know the number of times you would like to loop over the block of code. Instead, code would continue looping until a particular condition is met. When the number of times a loop is to be executed is already known before the execution of the loop, a for loop would be a better choice. 

A template of a while loop is shown below:
```c
while (condition) 
{
   statements;
}
```

## Example 
Example code in the C programming language is shown below.

```c
int x = 0;
while (x < 5) 
{
    printf ("x = %d\n", x);
    x++;
}
```
In this example, the loop first checks to see if the variable x is less than 5. Because it is, it will enter the  loop, printing the value of x and then increment x by 1. After completing the code block, it will continue to repeat the code block until x is equal to 5. When x is equal to five, the condition evaluates to false and the code exits the while loop. A loop that continues repeating forever is possible if the condition is always true. When this happens, it is up to the developer to create a statement to exit the loop. An example of this is shown below:  
```c
while (true) 
{
    //do complicated stuff
    if (someCondition) break;
    //more stuff
}
```
In the above example, the condition while always be true. To exit the loop, a break statement is used when a specific condition inside the loop evaluates to true.
For loop

In computer science, a **for-loop** (or “for loop”) is used to run specified lines of code repeatedly. In different languages, there are different keywords to specify this statement—ways to identify a for loop—but they all do the same task. Most languages use either “for” or “do” as keywords.

A for-loop has two parts: a header, and a body of code. The body consists of a set of instructions (lines of code) that run for each repetition of the loop. The header often declares how many loops to complete, generally indicated by either a loop counter or a loop variable. For-loops are typically used when the number of repetitions are known. For-loops are similar to “while-loops”, but usually have a known number of repetitions.

Sample for-loop in Python:

```python
for i in range(10):
    print('Hello, world!')
```

This for loop prints outs "Hello, world!" ten times.

The name for-loop comes from the English word for, which is the direct translation of the earlier German *für*, used by Heinz Rutishauser, who also helped define ALGOL 58 and 60.

A for-loop is available in most common programming languages. While for-loops in different languages will all fulfill the same task, there are differences on how each programming language deals with for loops.

## Loop Counter 
In computer science, a loop counter is a variable that controls how many repetitions the loop will do. Often, the loop counter variable is an integer value that increments by 1 for each completed loop. However, loop counters can also decrement, and can have step sizes other than 1. 

Loop counters change each iteration. With each repeat, there is a unique counter value. The loop counter is the deciding factor for when a loop should end and go onto the next section of code.

Common identifier names for loop counters are i, j, and k (and so on, if needed).
Daryl Dragon

**Daryl Frank Dragon** (August 27, 1942 – January 2, 2019) was an American musician and songwriter. He was known as **Captain** from the pop musical duo Captain & Tennille, with his former wife, Toni Tennille.

## Biography 
In 1981, Dragon contributed to Carpenters' *Made In America* album, programming synthesizers on "(Want You) Back In My Life Again". In 1996, Dragon played keyboard on a number of tracks on the self-titled album by pop punk band Size 14.

In 2009, Dragon was diagnosed with a neurological disorder which causes him to have tremors.

Dragon died on January 2, 2019 in Prescott, Arizona from renal failure at the age of 76.

## References
Toni Tennille

**Cathryn Antoinette "Toni" Tennille** (born May 8, 1940) is an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist. She is best known as one-half of the 1970s duo Captain & Tennille with her former husband Daryl Dragon. Her best known song is "Love Will Keep Us Together".

## References
Fred Dinenage

**Frederick Edgar Dinenage** MBE (born 8 June 1942) is an English television presenter, broadcaster and author. He was born in Birmingham, West Midlands. He is known for presenting *How*, *How 2*, and *ITV News Meridian*.

## Early life and education
Dinenage was born in Birmingham. He was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School, an independent school in Portsmouth.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bamber Gascoigne

**Arthur Bamber Gascoigne**  (24 January 1935 &ndash; 8 February 2022) was a British television presenter and author. He is best known for being the original quizmaster on *University Challenge*, which ran from 1962 to 1987. He was born in London.

Gascoigne died on 8 February 2022 in London at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* *HistoryWorld* website 
* Timesearch website 
* Gascoigne at the Magdalene College alumni website
*
Madisonville, Louisiana

**Madisonville** is a town in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 850 at the 2020 census.

## References
Kurt Hamrin

**Kurt Roland Hamrin** (; born 19 November 1934, died 4 February 2024) is a Swedish retired footballer. He is the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italy's Serie A, with 190 goals. He was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final.

## Honours
### Club
;ACF Fiorentina 
* Italian Cup: 1960–61, 1965–66
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1960–61
* Mitropa Cup: 1966

;A.C. Milan 
* Italian Serie A: 1967–68
* European Cup: 1968–69
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1967–68

### International
;Sweden 
* 1958 FIFA World Cup: runner-up

## References
Jerry Hardin

**Jerry Hardin** (born November 20, 1929) is an American actor. Hardin has appeared in movies and television roles, although he is perhaps best known as the character Deep Throat in the series *The X-Files*.

## References
## Other websites
*
David Hedison

**Albert David Hedison Jr.** (May 20, 1927&nbsp;– July 18, 2019) was an American actor.

In 1959, he starred as Victor Sebastian in the short-lived espionage television series *Five Fingers*. He was known for his role as Captain Lee Crane in Irwin Allen's television series *Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea* and as CIA agent Felix Leiter in two James Bond movies, *Live and Let Die* and *Licence to Kill*.

Hedison had two daughters, Serena and Alexandra Hedison. Alexandra is married to actress Jodie Foster.

Hedison died on July 18, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Nicky Henson

**Nicholas Victor Leslie Henson** (12 May 1945 &ndash; 15 December 2019) was an English actor. He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1977. He was known for his roles in *Witchfinder General* (1968), ''There's a Girl in My Soup* (1970), *Mosquito Squadron* (1970) and *Psychomania'' (1971). 

Henson died on 15 December 2019 from lymphoma, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
Frazer Hines

**Frazer Hines** (born 22 September 1944) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Jamie McCrimmon in *Doctor Who* and Joe Sugden in *Emmerdale*. Hines appeared in 117 episodes of the original series of *Doctor Who*; only the first four Doctors appeared in more episodes. He was born in Horsforth, West Riding of Yorkshire.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michel Houellebecq

**Michel Houellebecq** (; born **Michel Thomas**; 26 February 1956) is a French author, filmmaker, and poet.

His first book was a biographical essay on the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Houellebecq published his first novel, *Whatever*, in 1994. His next novels *Atomised*, published in 1998, and *Platform* followed in 2001 were also his best known works.

## References
Alan Igglesden

**Alan Paul Igglesden** (8 October 1964 &ndash; 1 November 2021) was an English Test cricketer. He played three Test Matches and four One Day Internationals (ODIs) for England between 1989 and 1994 as a fast bowler. 

He played most of his first-class cricket career for Kent. He was born in London.

In 1999, Igglesden was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer. He died from the disease in Apperley Bridge, West Yorkshire on 1 November 2021, aged 57.

## References
Stevie Chalmers

**Thomas Stephen Chalmers** (26 December 1935 – 29 April 2019) was a Scottish footballer. He was born in Glasgow. He played as a centre-forward. He is best known for scoring the winning goal for Celtic in the 1967 European Cup Final. From 1964 to 1966, he played for the national team.

In 2017, it was confirmed that Chalmers had dementia. He died on 29 April 2019, at the age of 83.

## Career statistics
### Club
* European Cup: 1966–67
* Intercontinental Cup runners-up: 1967
* Scottish League Championship (4): 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69
* Scottish Cup (3): 1964–65, 1966–67, 1968–69
* Scottish League Cup (4): 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70
* Glasgow Cup (4): 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67

**Scotland**
* Home Championship: 1966–67

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites
*Player profile  at *The Celtic Wiki*
*Player profile at *The Partick Thistle History Archive*
Wanda Jackson

**Wanda Lavonne Jackson** (born October 20, 1937) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and guitarist. She became popular in the mid-1950s and 1960s as one of the first popular female rockabilly singers. She is known to many as the "Queen of Rockabilly" or the "First Lady of Rockabilly". Her best known works were "Tears Will Be the Chaser for Your Wine", "A Woman Lives for Love" and "Fancy Satin Pillows".

In 2009, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the category Early Influence.

## References
Conrad Janis

**Conrad Janis** (February 11, 1928 &ndash; February 1, 2022) was an American jazz trombonist and actor. He was born in New York City. He starred in *Margie*, *The Brasher Doubloon*, *The Buddy Holly Story* and in the Goldie Hawn comedy *The Duchess and the Dirtwater Fox*. He also starred as Mindy McConnell's father Frederick on *Mork & Mindy*.

Janis died on February 1, 2022 in Los Angeles, California ten days before his 95th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Charles Kay

**Charles Kay** (born **Charles Piff**, 31 August 1930 &ndash; 8 January 2025) was an English actor. He was known for his stage roles with the Royal Shakespeare Company. 

Kay was known for his roles in *Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill*, *Fall of Eagles*, *I, Claudius*, *The Devils Crown,* *To Serve Them All My Days*, *By the Sword Divided*, *Fortunes of War*, *Rumpole of the Bailey*, *The Citadel*, *Edge of Darkness*, *The Darling Buds of May*, *Jonathan Creek*, *Hetty Wainthropp Investigates*, *Holby City*, *Midsomer Murders* and *The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes* story "The Creeping Man".

Kay died on 8 January 2025, at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
Yaphet Kotto

**Yaphet Frederick Kotto** (November 15, 1939 &ndash; March 15, 2021) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in NBC television series *Homicide: Life on the Street* (1993–99) as Lieutenant Al Giardello. His movie roles include the science-fiction/horror movie *Alien* (1979), *The Running Man* (1987).

Kotto died on March 15, 2021 in Manila, Philippines at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Steffan Lewis

**Steffan Lewis** (1984 &ndash; 11 January 2019) was a Welsh politician. He was elected to the National Assembly for Wales in the 2016 election. He represented the electoral region of South Wales East as a member of Plaid Cymru.

In December 2017, Lewis was diagnosed with terminal bowel cancer. He died on 11 January 2019 from the disease, aged 34.

## References
Henry Lincoln

**Henry Lincoln** (born **Henry Soskin**; 12 February 1930 &ndash; February 2022) was a British author, television presenter, scriptwriter and actor. He was born in London. He co-wrote three *Doctor Who* multi-part serials in the 1960s and inspired three Chronicle BBC Two documentaries on the alleged "mysteries" surrounding the French village of Rennes-le-Château.

Lincoln was known for his book series *The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail*, which became the inspiration for Dan Brown's 2003 best-selling novel, *The Da Vinci Code*.

Lincoln died in February 2022, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* "The Code War", 24 February 2006, *The Scotsman*
* Rennes le Chateau FAQ – Interview with Lincoln
* *Behind the Da Vinci Code*, 2006 History Channel video documentary primarily about Lincoln's involvement. Produced and directed by Ian Bremner
* "The Priory of Sion", 30 April 2006 segment on 60 Minutes
Read my lips: no new taxes

"**Read my lips: no new taxes**" is a phrase spoken by then-American presidential candidate George H. W. Bush at the 1988 Republican National Convention as he accepted the nomination on August 18. It was written by speechwriter Peggy Noonan, and was in the statement 

The statement was a promise not to tax the American people further. The impact of the election promise was considerable, and many supporters of Bush believe it helped him win the 1988 presidential election. Though during his presidency, Bush raised taxes and many believed this phrase helped Bill Clinton defeat Bush in the 1992 presidential election.

## References
Josep Lluís Núñez

**José Luis Núñez Clemente** (7 September 1931 – 3 December 2018) was a Spanish businessman and politician. He was president of FC Barcelona between 1978 and 2000. Núñez used to own the *Núñez i Navarro* construction company and *Núñez i Navarro Hotels* chain. He was elected club president on 1 July 1978. His main objectives were to establish Barça as a world class sports club and to give the club financial stability. He was born in Guriezo, Cantabria.

In July 2011, Núñez was sentenced to six years in jail following conviction on a series of fraud charges. The sentence was appealed and Núñez was allowed bail. In November 2014, he entered in jail.

Núñez died on 3 December 2018 in Barcelona at the age of 87.

## References
Cecil County, Maryland

**Cecil County** is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 103,725. The county seat is Elkton.
Cecil is named after Cecil Calvert, the first Proprietary Governor of the Province (colony) of Maryland.
## References
Kaal Bhairav Rahasya 2

***Kaal Bhairav Rahasya*** (season 2) is an Indian television soap opera thriller series.
The series will be produced by Ravi Garahni and directed by Dharmesh Shah. It premiered in 2018, broadcast on Star Bharat.
It stars Gautam Rode and Additi Gupta in the lead roles.

## Cast
* Gautam Rode
* Additi Gupta
*

## References
Common wood pigeon

The **common wood pigeon** (*Columba palumbus*) is a large species of pigeon. It is found mostly in Europe but also in western Asia. They are related to the rock dove. 

## Food
Wood pigeons eat many things, mainly plants such as grains, berries, and nuts. Because of this, they are seen as pests. Wood pigeons feed their babies on crop milk to help them grow. This causes them to grow very large.

## Description
The wood pigeon is mostly grey, with large white patches on both sides of the neck. They are some of the largest pigeons in the Columbidae (pigeon and dove) family.

## Related pages 
*Pigeon

## References
Searcy County, Arkansas

**Searcy County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,828. The county seat is Marshall. It was founded on December 13, 1838.

## References
Sharp County, Arkansas

**Sharp County** is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,271. The county seat is Ash Flat. The county was created on July 18, 1868, and named for Ephraim Sharp, a state legislator from the area.

## References
Van Buren County, Arkansas

**Van Buren County** is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,796. The county seat is Clinton. The county was formed on November 11, 1833, and named for Martin Van Buren, 8th President of the United States (1837–1841).

## References
White County, Arkansas

**White County** is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,822. The county seat is Searcy. It was founded on October 23, 1835.

## References
Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska

**Northwest Arctic Borough** is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,793. The borough seat is Kotzebue. The borough was created on June 2, 1986.

## References
Lauwil

**Lauwil** is a municipality of the district of Waldenburg in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Münchenstein

**Münchenstein** (Swiss German: *Minggestai*) is a municipality in Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Clubs named in the website IGOM
Leah Chase

**Leah Chase** (January 6, 1923 &ndash; June 1, 2019) was an American chef, author and television personality. She was born in New Orleans but was raised in Madisonville, Louisiana, before moving back to New Orleans to attend catholic school. Chase was known as the **Queen of Creole Cuisine**. She supported African-American art and Creole cooking. Her restaurant, Dooky Chase, was known as a gathering place during the 1960s among many who participated in the Civil Rights Movement.

Chase died on June 1, 2019 in New Orleans, Louisiana at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*Leah Chase New Orleans Online
*Lifetime Achievement Award – Leah Chase  Southern Foodways Alliance (2000)
*Allen, Carol *Listen, I Say Like This* (biography of Leah Chase) (2002)
*Leah Chase of Dooky Chase Restaurant St. Mary's Academy Newsletter
Michele Carey

**Michele Carey** (born **Michele Lee Henson**, February 26, 1943 – November 21, 2018) was an American actress. She was known for her role as Josephine "Joey" MacDonald in the 1966 movie *El Dorado*. She appeared in movies in the 1960s and 1970s. She was born in Annapolis, Maryland. She also starred in *Live a Little, Love a Little* (1968), *The Sweet Ride* (1968), and *Dirty Dingus Magee* (1970).

Carey died in Newport Beach, California on November 21, 2018 at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Markus Beyer

**Markus Beyer** (28 April 1971 – 3 December 2018) was a German professional boxer. He was born in Erlabrunn, East Germany. Beyer won the WBC super middleweight title. 

Beyer was an amateur he represented Germany at the 1992 and 1996 Olympics in the light middleweight division. He also won a bronze medal at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships and silver at the 1996 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

Beyer died on 3 December 2018 in Berlin at the age of 47.

## References
Alasdair Gray

**Alasdair Gray** (28 December 1934 &ndash; 29 December 2019) was a Scottish writer and artist. His first novel, *Lanark*, published in 1981, was written over almost 30 years. It was described by *The Guardian* as "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."

Gray died at a hospital in Glasgow of pneumonia-related problems on 29 December 2019, a day after his 85th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*
Boolean data type

A **Boolean data type** is a data type that can be either one of these two values: true or false. It was originally added to the C++ language by the ISO/ANSI(International Standards Organization/American National Standards Organization) committee in 1998. The expressions are named after the English mathematician George Boole, who formulated rules for mathematical logic. Boolean expressions also end up with a value of either true or false. Boolean expressions are used in branching and looping statements. In programming, a boolean can be used with conditional statements (statements that only happen when the right condition is met).

## Examples
An example of a boolean in pseudocode:

```java
if (Boolean_Expression)

{

Yes_Statement_1

...

Yes_Statement_Last

}

else

{

No_Statement_1

...

No_Statement_Last

}
```

Boolean data types can also be used with other booleans inside of conditional statements using a conjunction operator. For example: 

```java
if (Boolean_Expression1 and Boolean_Expression2)

{

Yes_Statement_First

...

Yes_Statement_Last

}

else

{ 

No_Statement_First

...

No_Statement_Last

}
```

It can also be used with a disjunction operator:

```java
if (Boolean_Expression1 or Boolean_Expression2)

{

Yes_Statement_First

...

Yes_Statement_Last

}
```
Nika Rurua

**Nikoloz Rurua** (, 17 March 1968 – 4 December 2018) was a Georgian politician. He was a member of the Cabinet of Georgia as Minister of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia from 10 December 2008 until 25 October 2012 during the Mikheil Saakashvili presidency. He was born in Tbilisi, Georgia.

Rurua died of a heart attack at his Tbilisi apartment on 4 December 2018, aged 50.

]]

## References
Philip Bosco

**Philip Michael Bosco** (September 26, 1930 – December 3, 2018) was an American actor. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was known for his Tony Award-winning role as Saunders in the 1989 production of *Lend Me a Tenor*. He was a regular actor in the *Law & Order* television series and in the FX series *Damages*. His last movie role was as Mr. O'Brien in the 2005 comedy movie *Hitch*.

Bosco died at his home in Haworth, New Jersey of complications from dementia on December 3, 2018 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Selma Engel-Wijnberg

**Selma Engel-Wijnberg** (born **Saartje (Selme) Wijnberg**; 15 May 1922 – 4 December 2018) was a Dutch Jewish Holocaust survivor. She successfully escaped from Sobibor extermination camp after 3 months of imprisonment and survived the war. Engel-Wijnberg moved to the Netherlands then Israel at the end of the war she later moved to the United States with her family in 1957. She returned to Europe only to testify against the war criminals of Sobibor.

Engel-Wijnberg died in Branford, Connecticut on 4 December 2018 at the age of 96.

## References
Howard Finkel

**Howard Finkel** (June 7, 1950 &ndash; April 16, 2020) was an American professional wrestling ring announcer. He worked with WWE since 1977. Finkel was seen as one of the best ring announcers of all time.

Finkel died on April 16, 2020 in Madison, Connecticut from problems caused by a rare-form of brain disease at the age of 69.

## Job titles
* *WWF Superstars of Wrestling* ring announcer
* *Heat* ring announcer
* *Byte This* host
* *Raw* ring announcer (January 1993 - 1997)
* *SmackDown* ring announcer
* House show ring announcer
* Madison Square Garden ring announcer
* Madison Square Garden color commentator
* WWE Hall of Fame announcer (WrestleMania)
* Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) ring announcer

## References
Ugo De Censi

**Ugo De Censi Scarafoni** (January 26, 1924 – December 2, 2018) was an Italian-Peruvian priest. He was born in Polaggia, Italy. He was the founder of Operazione Mato Grosso *(Operation Mato Grosso)*. He was the parish priest of San Martin Pope Chacas, Ancash, Asunción, Peru from 1976 until his death in 2018.

De Censi died on December 2, 2018 in Lima, Peru at the age of 94.

## References
Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska

**Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area** is a census area located in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,753. It is part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest communities are Craig and Metlakatla.

## References
Petersburg Census Area, Alaska

**Petersburg Census Area** was a census area in the U.S. state of Alaska. It was part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore had no borough seat. Its largest community was Petersburg. The population was 3,815 at the 2010 census. It was previously known as the Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area until June 1, 2008, when Wrangell, formerly a part of the census area, was incorporated as a city-and-borough.

In 2013, it became part of the new Petersburg Borough.

## References
Petersburg Borough, Alaska

**Petersburg Borough** is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.  According to the 2020 census, the population was 3,398. The borough seat is Petersburg.  Petersburg is the most recently created county equivalent in the United States.

The borough was incorporated in 2013, it took area from the Hoonah–Angoon Census Area and the former Petersburg Census Area. The remaining part of Petersburg Census Area (including Kake) was added to Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area. It was created in 2008 from the remaining part of Wrangell–Petersburg Census Area upon the incorporation of the City and Borough of Wrangell.

## References
Canadian Eskimo Dog

The **Canadian Eskimo Dog** is an Arctic breed of working dog. Another name for it is *qimmiq*, and it was brought to North America from Siberia by the Thule people.

## References
Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska

**Lake and Peninsula Borough** is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,476. The borough seat of King Salmon is located in neighboring Bristol Bay Borough, although is not the seat of that borough. The most populous community in the borough is the city of Newhalen.

## References
Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska

**Matanuska-Susitna Borough** (often referred to as the **Mat-Su Borough**) is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 107,801. The borough seat is Palmer, and largest city is Wasilla.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official government website
Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska

**Kodiak Island Borough** is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,101. The borough seat is Kodiak. The borough is located on Kodiak Island and has the same boundaries as the Kodiak Archipelago.

## References
Bogosort

The **Bogosort** is considered one of the worst sorting algorithms. It works by creating random arrangements of given values and randomly moving them until they are sorted. It is not effective for any form of sorting.

## Algorithm 
The Bogosort first takes in a set of values from a user. Next it randomly arranges these values.
If the values are now in a sorted order, then the function is finished, else the function repeats itself.

A working analogy for the Bogosort is to sort a deck of cards by throwing them into the air, picking them up at random, and repeating the process until they are sorted.

## Implementation 
# Have a set of values to test.
#Sort using Bogo (Randomly arrange values).
#Check if the new arrangement of values is sorted.
#If sorted, then end the function.
#If not sorted, then repeat step 2.

## Simple Example 
Array = (3,1 ,5 ,7 ,8 ,9)

1st shuffling = (1,3,7,8,9,5)

2nd shuffling = (3,7,8,6,9,1)

3rd shuffling = (7,6,3,8,9,1)

4th shuffling = (6,7,8,9,3,1)

5th shuffling = (3,6,7,8,9,1)

(continued shuffling) ...

(After final shuffling): Sorted Array = (1,3,6,7,8,9)

## Coding Example 
The following code is done in Python 3:
```python3
import random 

def is_sorted(data): 
    for i in range(len(data) - 1): 
        if data[i] > data[i + 1]:
            return False
    return True

def bogosort(data):
    while not is_sorted(data): 
        random.shuffle(data)
    return data
```
Coat of arms of Peru

The **Coat of arms of Peru** is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four types are used: the Coat of Arms ('**); the National Coat of Arms, or National Shield (**'); the Great Seal of the State ('**); and the Naval Coat of Arms (**').
Anwil

**Anwil** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
The Rachel Maddow Show

***The Rachel Maddow Show*** (also abbreviated ***TRMS***) is a daily news and opinion television program that airs on MSNBC, running in the 9:00&nbsp;pm ET timeslot Monday through Friday. It is hosted by Rachel Maddow, who gained popularity with her frequent appearances as a liberal pundit on various MSNBC programs. It is based on her former radio show of the same name. The show debuted on September 8, 2008.

## Other websites
* Send it to Rachel!
* 
* 
*
Procedural animation

**Procedural animation** refers to rule-based or algorithmic methods of creating computer graphics animation.

## Procedural animation vs. traditional animation 
With traditional animation method,  principal animation poses are specified by an animator at a specific point in the animation timeline. By setting these poses, an animator can artistically direct how the geometry will be framed in some key events. These poses are in the same sense as how a person may pose for a photography session. Shapes and objects in computer graphics are considered as *geometry*. With key events specified, the animation software will then automatically fill the intermediary motions between key points, thereby creating continuous motion throughout the timeline without requiring additional works by an animator.

*Procedural animation* is a rule-base approach to creating animations. These rules are typically some form of mathematical or statistical functions which tell the animation software how an object is to be animated. In order for the geometry to be animated, these functions typically require some form of time-based variable as its input. Therefore, one can apply a chain of logical rules and algorithms to create animations without manually specify any key poses.

## Procedural modeling 
In computer graphics, *modeling* refers to an act of digitally sculpting a model. P*rocedural modeling* then refers to same rule-based, algorithmic approach to creating geometry. Procedural modeling differs from procedural animation in that a time-based variable is not required.

## Proceduralism 
Amongst some animators within the computer graphics industry, procedural modeling and animation method is also known as *proceduralism*.

## Advantages and disadvantages of proceduralism 
In order to maximize artistic impact of their craft, animators employ traditional animation techniques to set poses manually at a specific point in time. When the objects to be animated become significantly more complex, traditional animation techniques may not be feasible. Therefore, *proceduralism* offers significant advantage as complexities increase significantly. While *proceduralism* enables its practitioners to create infinite variation of models and animations, specific key pose is often left as random chance. Computer graphics animators must decide between the combinations of both techniques in order to achieve the desired outcome.

## Applications of procedural animation 
*Procedural animation* is used extensively in visual effects for movie and gaming industry where animation data and geometry must be generated with certain random probability in order to simulate the physical world.
Pygame

**Pygame** is a programming library for Python to make video games. It can do computer graphics and sound.

## Scripting 
With Pygame, one can make 2D games. 3D games are not possible to make.

## Other websites 
*
Valdez–Cordova Census Area, Alaska

The **Valdez–Cordova Census Area** was a census area in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,636. It was part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore had no borough seat. Its largest communities were Valdez and Cordova.

In January 2019, the United States Census Bureau, in cooperation with the state of Alaska, divided the area into two new census areas.
* Chugach, covering coastal regions
* Copper River, covering inland regions

## References
Digital light processing

Digital light processing (DLP) projector is a kind of video projector. It uses small mirrors that reflect light. The mirrors can be moved to either reflect light or not reflect light. The mirrors move very fast. When the mirror reflects light more often, it makes a lighter color. When the mirror reflects light less often, it makes a darker color. DLP projectors can be bright and have a high resolution. This can make the picture look better. DLP projectors can be small so they can be moved more easily. Some DLP projectors are small enough to fit in a smartphone. Big DLP projectors are often used in movie theaters.

## Digital Micromirror Devices 
DLP projectors use a digital micromirror device (DMD) to make the picture. A DMD is made of many very small mirrors. The mirrors are in a grid on a semiconductor. Each mirror makes a small part of the picture, called a pixel. The resolution increases when the DMD has more mirrors.

The mirrors can be moved so they reflect light through the lens or reflect light somewhere else. When mirror reflects light through the lens, the pixel is light. When the mirror reflects light somewhere else, the pixel is dark. The mirrors move much faster than a person can see. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light through the lens, the pixel is lighter. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light somewhere else, the pixel is darker.

## References
User interface design

**User interface design** (**UI**) or **user interface engineering** is the design of our machines and software interface such as the interface of computer, printer, phones, etc. It helps the person interact with the system in order to increase the user experience and enhance efficiency.

Good user interface never draws useless attention and always finish the tasks first. A good format can help the user perform right interactions and a good graphic design can help the user focus on the function in the system. During the design process, we must balance the functions and visual effects to create a stable, adaptable, and functional system for users.

Interface design is applied in many different areas such as computers, to cars, to planes. Even though most of these areas have similar human interactions, we still need special skills to accomplish the design goals. That is why designers are usually specialized in some areas than others in order to make the best efforts out of themselves.

Standards of user interface design have been developed in 1980s for defining the usability of software products.

## References
StarPlus

**StarPlus** is an Indian pay television channel owned by Star India. The network's programming includes family dramas, comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films. It is also distributed internationally by Fox Networks Group, subsidiary of 21st Century Fox.

## History
It was first launched on 21 February 1992. It was an English-language television channel showing international TV shows from the U.S., the UK and Australia, with Zee TV being the Hindi-language counterpart. After Star ended its relationship with Zee TV, Star Plus was turned into a Hindi-language channel. Star World became the network's English-language counterpart channel.

In 2000, the company's CEO Sameer Nair and programming chief Tarun Katial introduced a number of new shows. It helped to solidify the channel's position as the leader in the Hindi-language television broadcasting area.

## Programming
## References
Kadyrzhan Batyrov

**Kadyrzhan Batyrov** (; ; 9 March 1956 – 4 December 2018) was a Kyrgyz businessman and politician. He was also head of the University of People's Friendship and a parliamentary deputy. 

He fled from Kyrgyzstan to Ukraine in 2010.

## References
Thor Hansen

**Thor Harald Hansen** (23 June 1947 – 5 December 2018) was a Norwegian professional poker player. He notably became the first non-American to win a WSOP bracelet in 1988. He was picked by Larry Flynt to play poker for him after Hansen played against him in Las Vegas in the mid-1990s. He has two WSOP bracelets, one from the 1988 WSOP in Seven-card stud, and then later in Deuce to Seven Lowball in the 2002 WSOP.

He finished in the money four times during the 2006 WSOP, coming in second place in the $3,000 Omaha Hi/Lo event.

He was born in Oslo. Hansen died on 5 December 2018 in Los Angeles, California from cancer at the age of 71.

## WSOP Bracelets
## References
William H. McRaven

**William Harry McRaven** was born on November 6, 1955. he is a former United States Navy officer. He was the ninth commander of the United States Special Operations Command from August 8, 2011, to August 28, 2014. From 2015 to 2018, he was the chancellor of The University of Texas System.

## References
## Other websites
*
Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences

The **Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences** is an academic unit of University of California, Irvine (UCI). The school of ICS consists of three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. It is also the only computer science dedicated school within the UC system.

University of California, Irvine's School of ICS has three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. It's the only computer science school in UC system. In 2004, Donald Bren donated $20 million and in his honor, the school was renamed after his name, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences.

## History 
The Department of ICS was first established as an independent department back in 1968, and in 2002 it was officially declared as a school. 

During 2004, the school received an anonymous donation of $20 million, and the donor was later revealed to be Donald Bren. Because of his generous act, the school was then renamed after him “Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences”.

## Academics 
### Undergraduate 
Donald Bren offers 8 undergraduate majors-

* Biomedical Computing
* Business Information Management
* Computer Game Science
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Computer Science
* Informatics
* Information and Computer Science
* Software Engineering

ICS school also offers certifies specialization within the major-

* Artificial Intelligence
* Computer System
* Implementation and Analysis of Algorithms
* Information Systems
* Networks and Distributed Systems
* Software Systems

### Graduate 
The ICS school offers 11 master's and 7 doctorate level graduate programs.

## People 
Currently, the Dean of the Donald Bren School is Marios Papaefthymiou.

Notable people graduated from the school include: Roy Fielding, Patrick Hanratty, Paul Mockapetris, Steven Joe.

## Facilities 
The school has three buildings associated with it. The three buildings encompass over 100,000 square feet of space. The three buildings are the Information and Computer Science building, Information and Computer Science 2, and Donald Bren Hall.

## References 
# https://www.ics.uci.edu/
# http://catalogue.uci.edu/donaldbrenschoolofinformationandcomputersciences/
Junior Science Talent Search Examination

**Junior Science Talent Search Examination** (**JSTSE**) is done each January by the Science Branch of the Directorate Of Education in Delhi. It is for students of some schools in Delhi. Only 150 students out of about 500,000 get the scholarship.

## References
5G

**5G** is the fifth generation network of cellular mobile communications, first launched in March of 2019. 5G uses many new technologies that make it faster than 4G. 5G currently can get between 100 Mbit/s and 2 Gbit/s depending on the frequency that is used.  It is eventually meant to replace 4G.

There are three main groups of frequencies used by 5G:

Lowband 5G is a type of 5G that uses low frequencies, just as 4G does. Lowband 5G has long range (meaning you can be far away from a tower or inside a building and still get signal) but slower speeds than other types of 5G. Lowband 5G is only a little bit faster than the LTE (Long Term Evolution) version of 4G. Lowband 5G usually has speeds of around 100 Mbit/s.

Midband 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies slightly higher than lowband 5G. It has shorter range than lowband 5G, but you can usually still get service indoors using midband 5G. Midband 5G is much faster than LTE. Midband 5G usually has speeds of 600 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.

mmWave 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies much higher than lowband and midband. It has very short range. With mmWave, you can't get service inside buildings. Most solid objects can block mmWave. mmWave is much faster than any other type of 5G and can reach speeds of up to 2 Gbit/s currently. mmWave is considered the least practical version of 5G since the range is so short and basically anything can block it.

4G phones do not work on 5G. To use 5G, you need a phone that supports it. Most 5G phones have "5G" at the end of the phone's name.

There are concerns from conspiracy theorists that 5G might cause cancer or COVID-19. Scientists have found these theories to not be true.

## References
Berkeley, Gloucestershire

**Berkeley** is a small town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. Berkeley is about  west of the River Severn and  east of the M5 motorway.

Berkeley Heath is a village inside of the parish that runs along the A38 and can be accessed from Berkeley by the B4066.

## References
Alpha–beta pruning

**Alpha-beta pruning** is a Search algorithm that tries to remove options that it can take. This algorithm is commonly used for a computer to play two player games, such as chess, go, and checkers. The algorithm stops analyzing a move when it finds another possible move that is proven to be better, and that move will not be analyzed again. This algorithm is a modification of minimax algorithm.

## Algorithm 
The algorithm keeps track of two values, Alpha and Beta, and assigns "points" to possible moves where the greater the amount of points a move has, the higher chance that choosing that move will lead to victory. Alpha represents the minimum amount of points the player the algorithm wants to win can have(the maximizing player), while beta is the maximum amount of points the algorithm wants to lose can have(the minimizing player). Alpha and Beta start as negative infinity and infinity respectively. Whenever a move is found such that the  maximizing player's score improves or the minimizing player's score decreases, then Alpha and Beta will be replaced with those new values.

In the best case, the complexity of the algorithm is O(\sqrt (b^d)) while the worst case is O(b^d) where b is the branching factor, that is how much each move splits into future options on average, and d is the depth, as in on average how many possible moves are made into the game.
Böckten

**Böckten** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Pinehurst, North Carolina

**Pinehurst** is a village in Moore County, North Carolina, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 17,581. It is home of the historic golf resort, Pinehurst Resort.

## References
Franklin County, Vermont

**Franklin County** is a county of Vermont in the United States. At the 2020 census, 49,946 people lived there. The county seat is the city of St. Albans. It borders the Canadian province of Quebec. 

## References
Coop (Switzerland)

**Coop** is a Swiss cooperative which operates the second largest supermarket chain in Switzerland after Migros.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Aitkin County, Minnesota

**Aitkin County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 15,697 people lived there. The county seat is Aitkin.

## References
Shoucheng Zhang

**Shoucheng Zhang** (; February 15, 1963 – December 1, 2018) was a Chinese-born American physicist. He was born in Shanghai. He was the JG Jackson and CJ Wood professor of physics at Stanford University. He was a condensed matter theorist known for his work on topological insulators, the quantum Hall effect, the quantum spin Hall effect, spintronics, and high temperature superconductivity.

From 2015 until his death in 2018, Zhang was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Zhang, who suffered from depression, was found dead at his Stanford, California home on December 1, 2018, aged 55.

## References
## Other websites
* Web page at Stanford 
* Group web site at Stanford 
* Talk at Google about AI and blockchain
Joseph Joffo

**Joseph Joffo** (2 April 1931&nbsp;– 6 December 2018) was a French author. He was born in Paris. Joffo was best known for his memoir *Un sac de billes* (*A Bag of Marbles*), which has been translated into eighteen languages since 1973.

His novel *Baby-foot*, published in 1977, follows on from *Un sac de billes* and describes his life in Paris following World War II and his discovery of American values.

Joffo died on 6 December 2018 at a hospital in Saint-Laurent-du-Var, Alpes-Maritimes from a short-illness at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Books by Joseph Joffo
*
Pete Shelley

**Pete Shelley** (born **Peter Campbell McNeish**; 17 April 1955 – 6 December 2018) was an English singer-songwriter and rock guitarist. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire, but was raised in Bolton, Manchester. Shelley was best known as the founder and bandleader of Buzzcocks. His best known song was "Homosapien" (1981).

Shelley died on 6 December 2018 from a heart attack at his home in Estonia, aged 63.

## Discography
### Albums
* *Sky Yen* (1980) Groovy Records
* *Hangahar* (1980) Groovy Records
* *Homosapien* (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista
* *XL1* (1983) Island/Arista (UK #42)
* *Heaven and the Sea* (1986) Mercury
* *Cinema Music and Wallpaper Sounds* (2016) (Caroline True Records)

### Singles
* "Homosapien" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (AUS #4) (CAN #6) (US Dance #14)
* "I Don't Know What Love Is" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (US Dance #22)
* "Witness the Change" (1981) (US Dance #63)
* "Qu'est-Ce Que C'est Que Ça" (1982)
* "Homosapien" (1982) Genetic-Island/Arista
* "Telephone Operator" (1983) Island/Arista (US Dance #22) (UK #66)
* "Millions Of People (No One Like You)" (1983) (UK #94)
* "Never Again" (1984) Immaculate
* "Waiting For Love" (1986) Mercury
* "On Your Own" (1986) Mercury (US Dance #10)
* "Blue Eyes" (1986) Mercury
* "I Surrender" (1986) Mercury
* "Your Love" (1988)
* "Homosapien. Pete Shelley Vs. Power, Wonder and Love" (1989) Immaculate

## References
## Other websites
*Interview with Pete Shelley
North Slope Borough, Alaska

**North Slope Borough** is an Alaskan borough bounded on the south by the Brooks Range and located largely in the North Slope region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northernmost formal community on the North American continent. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,031. The borough seat is Utqiaġvik.

## References
Larry Hennig

**Larry Hennig** (June 18, 1936 – December 6, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hennig was trained by Verne Gagne. 

Hennig was the father of the late Curt "Mr. Perfect" Hennig, and the grandfather of Joe "Curtis Axel" Hennig and Amy "Ms. Perfect" Hennig. 

Hennig worked in the American Wrestling Association, National Wrestling Alliance, and the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Hennig was known by the nickname, "The Axe", a nickname he had because of his signature, often finishing move of dropping a full weight elbow onto his opponents.

On December 6, 2018, Hennig died in Tallahassee, Florida from kidney failure, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
* SLAM! Sports - Larry Hennig one tough guy