open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Oswiu of Northumbria

**Oswiu** (–15 February 670), also known as **Oswy** or '''''', became the King of Bernicia at the death of his brother Oswald. Later he became the King of Northumbria. When Oswiu defeated and killed Penda of Mercia at the Battle of the Winwaed, he became the seventh bretwalda over the southern English kings. He took the throne of Mercia and appointed his son-in-law Peada (Penda's son) as a client king. Oswiu was one of those rare kings of Northumbria who died of natural causes and not in battle.

## Early career 
Oswiu was born  He was a son of King Athelfrith of Bernicia and his second wife Acha of Deira. He was a younger brother of King Oswald of Northumbria. When he was about 6 years old his father was killed in battle by Edwin who became King of Northumbria. Along with his brothers Eanfrith and Oswald and their sister Aebbe, he found safety with the Scots in Dál Riata.

About 634 Oswiu married Rhiainmelt, daughter of Rhoeth of Rheged, a marriage alliance arranged by his brother King Oswald. Oswald had been king of a combined Bernicia, Deira and Lindsey (kingdom). But Northumbria was divided back into its earlier weaker sub-kingdoms. Penda, now the most powerful king in England took Lindsey. Oswiu became King of Bernicia. Oswine claimed Deira, preventing Oswiu from keeping it with Bernicia. But the Deirans chose Athelwald, Oswiu's nephew, as their king. Most of the commanders of the thirty legions were killed including King Anna of East Anglia and Penda. Mercia was then divided. North of the River Trent was controlled directly by Oswiu. He made Peada of Mercia, Penda's son, king over the part of Mercia south of the Trent. Mercians rebelled against Oswiu and Peada's brother Wulfhere became king of Mercia.

## Easter controversy 
When Oswiu and Eanflaed were married, he was raised in the Celtic church while she was raised in the Roman church. The main difference was how each calculated the date of Easter. Members of the Celtic church might be celebrating Easter while the Roman church was celebrating Lent. Members of the church were summoned from all over the north. The Roman position was given by Wilfrid who would afterwards become Bishop of Northumbria.

Bede, in his *Ecclesiastical History*, Book IV, chapter 5 gives the date of Oswiu's death as 15 February, 670 and his age at 58. His wife Eanflaed retired to the monastery at Whitby. This is where their daughter, also named Enflaed, was brought up. In 680 Enflaed and her daughter became joint abbesses at Whitby. Enflaed died . Together they had a son:

* Alfrith, King of Deira.

By Fina, daughter of the Irish High King Coleman, he had:

* Aldfrith (*Flann Fína mac Oswiu*), King of Northumbria.

Oswiu married Eanflaed, daughter of King Edwin of Deira. Together they had:

* Ecgfrith, King of Deira under his father's rule and King of Northumbria at Oswiu's death.
* Elfwine, Kings of Deira.
* Ostryth, married Aethelred I of Mercia
* Enflaed, co-abbess of Whitby

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Kings of Northumbria
* The Battle of Winwaed: The Venerable Bede's Account
Mishon Ratliff

**Mishon Ratliff** (born February 3, 1993), also simply called **Mishon**, is an American singer, dancer and actor. Ratliff is best known for his role as Taylor "Tay" Sutton on the ABC Family television series *Lincoln Heights*. He has appeared on music television broadcast such as *Soul Train*, ''America's Most Talented Kid*, *The Mo'Nique Show* and *106 & Park''. As well as being an actor, Mishon is a musician who plays the keyboard and both acoustic and electric guitar.

## Discography
### Studio albums 
### Independent albums
### Extended plays
### Mixtapes
## Singles
### As lead artist
### As featured artist
## Filmography
;Films

;Television

;Theatre

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website 
*
Juan Gelman

**Juan Gelman** (3 May 1930 – 14 January 2014) was an Argentine poet of Jewish descent. He published more than twenty books of poetry. He began publishing in 1956. He won the Cervantes Prize in 2007.

Gelman died on 14 January 2014 in Mexico City from heart failure. He was aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*  Todo sobre la poesía de Juan Gelman 
*  La bitácora de Gelman 
* Poemas de Juan Gelman
* *Obras de Juan Gelman*, Solo Literatura 
*  Speciale di *EL MUNDO* su Juan Gelman
About Time (movie)

***About Time*** is a romantic drama movie. It is about a man, played by Domhnall Gleeson, who can time travel. It is set in Cornwall and London. Rachel McAdams plays Mary, and Margot Robbie plays Charlotte. The movie was rated R by MPAA mostly for profanity.

*About Time* was released in the United Kingdom on September 4, 2013 and the United States on November 1, 2013.
Sammy Lee (diver)

**Dr. Samuel "Sammy" Lee** (August 1, 1920 &ndash; December 2, 2016) was an Korean-American diver. He was the first Asian-American to win an Olympic gold medal for the United States in 1948.

Lee was born in Fresno, California. He was raised in San Francisco, California. Lee studied at the Occidental College in Los Angeles and studied briefly at the University of Southern California.

He was also the first man to win gold medals "back-to-back" in Olympic platform diving. This means he won a second gold medal for the same event in the next Olympics, in 1952.

Lee, who suffered from dementia and heart disease, died of complications from pneumonia on December 2, 2016 at his home in Newport Beach, California, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Sammy Lee on hickoksports.com 
* Sixteen Years in Sixteen Seconds: The Sammy Lee Story  written by Paula Yoo, illustrated by Dom Lee, (LEE & LOW BOOKS, 2005), . The inspirational true story of Sammy Lee, a Korean American who overcame discrimination to realize both his father’s desire that he become a doctor and his own dream of becoming an Olympic champion diver.
* Sammy Lee's profile at Sports Reference.com
Hello I Must Be Going

***Hello I Must be Going*** is a 2012 romantic comedy and drama movie. This movie is about problems with a family in Connecticut that force a very young woman to move back to live with her parents. Blythe Danner plays Ruth, Melanie Lynskey plays Amy. The movie was rated R for profanity by the Motion Picture Association of America.

This was released in September 2012 in the United States.

## References
Other People's Money

'''''Other People's Money''''' is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a successful corporate raider, Lawrence Garfield, who has become rich buying companies and selling their assets. Garfield has just decided on New England Wire and Cable as his next focus. The company is run by Andrew Jorgensen. Danny DeVito plays the raider, Lawrence Garfield. Piper Laurie plays Bea Sullivan. Penelope Ann Miller plays the lawyer Kate. The movie was released by Warner Bros.

It was released October 18, 1991. Reviews were mixed.

## Other websites 
*
Nadya Suleman

**Nadya Denise Suleman** (or **Natalie Denise Suleman**; born on July 11, 1975), called **Octomom** in the media, is an American mother. She came to worldwide attention in January 2009 when she gave birth to octuplets (eight babies).

Public reaction became very negative, however, when it was discovered she already had six children and was not employed. She also received welfare. Suleman conceived the octuplets through in vitro fertilization.

Suleman is also a dancer.

## References
Anu

In Sumerian mythology, **Anu** (also **An**) is a sky-god. Anu is the god of heaven, lord of constellations, and king of the gods, spirits and demons. He lived in the highest heavenly regions. People believed that he could judge people who had committed crimes. His attendant and minister of state is the god Ilabrat.

He is one of the oldest gods in the Sumerian religion. He is part of a triad with Enlil (god of the air) and Enki (god of water). He is called **Anu** by the Akkadians in Babylonian culture. His Greek mythology version is Uranos. The planet Uranus got its name from the Greek god Uranos.

## References
## Other websites
*Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: An/Anu (God)
Just a Girl

"**Just a Girl**" is a popular song by No Doubt. It was released in 1995. The song peaked at #23 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 around the United States. This helped No Doubt get into the mainstream music.

The single was released in the United Kingdom in 1996. It reached only #38. When "Don't Speak" was released, however, "Just a Girl" was released again and peaked at #3.

The song was featured in two movies in the 1990s.
Don't Speak

'''"Don't Speak"'* is a popular song by No Doubt. The lyrics are about heartache, pain and trouble in relationships. It was released as a single in 1995. The single did not chart on the *Billboard'' Hot 100 (rules at the time required that a commercial single were released, one was not issued on the song). It did, however, reach #1 on Hot 100 Airplay for 16 weeks. The song also hit #1 in United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands and New Zealand.

This was the most successful international song from the group.
Al Suomi

**Albert William Suomi** (October 29, 1913 &ndash; September 23, 2014) was an American retired professional ice hockey player. He played as a left winger. He played a total of five games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1936-37 season.

He played his final season in professional hockey with the Chicago Hornets of the Arena Hockey League. He retired in 1937. Since retiring, Suomi started a hardware store called "Al's Hardware" in Countryside, Illinois. This is now run by his children. He is currently the oldest living former NHL player since Louis Holmes died in March 2010.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Allison Williams

**Allison Williams** (born April 13, 1988) is an American actress and comedian. She plays Marnie Michaels in the television drama *Girls*. She plays Jillian in *The Mindy Project*.

Allison Williams was born in New Canaan, Connecticut.

## References
Gherkin

**Gherkin** might mean:

*A type of pickled cucumber
*30 St Mary Axe, a building in London nicknamed "The Gherkin"
Agent Orange (band)

**Agent Orange** is an American punk rock band. They are from Orange County, California. The band became well known after the release of their song "Bloodstains". This was released on their first extended play *Bloodstains 7" E.P.* The song was featured in the video game ''Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4* in 2002. Their song "Bored of You" was featured on the Channel X radio station in the video game *Grand Theft Auto V'' (2013).

## Band members 
;Current
*Mike Palm - guitar, vocals (1979-present)
*Perry Giordano - bass, vocals (2006-present)
*Sandy Hansen - drums (2019-present)

;Former
*Scott Miller - drums (1979-1989)
*Steve Soto - bass (1979)
*James Levesque - bass (1979-1988)
*Brent Liles - bass (1988-1992)
*Derek O'Brien - drums (1989-1996)
*Sam Bolle - bass (1992-2003)
*Charlie Quintana - drums (1996)
*Dave Klein - drums, vocals (2009-2018)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Living in Darkness* (1981)
**This Is The Voice* (1986)
**Virtually Indestructible* (1996)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Puebloans

, 1909 ]]

The **Pueblo people** are a group of Native American people who live in the southwestern part of the United States. They are split into two major cultures, based on different systems of kinship.  

The Pueblo people have several different native languages. 

## History 
When conquistadors from the Spanish Empire arrived in the 16th century, they were living in communities that the Spanish called ***pueblos***, meaning "towns". 

Today there are 21 pueblos remaining. The main pueblos are located in the states of New Mexico and Arizona.

## Related pages 
* Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest

## References
Miloš Jakeš

**Miloš Jakeš** (August 12, 1922 &ndash; July 10, 2020) was a Czechoslovak politician. He was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1987 until 1989. He resigned from his position in late November 1989, during the "Velvet Revolution".

Jakeš died on July 10, 2020 at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
* Parts of the speech in Červený Hrádek (audio) 
* Projev Miloše Jakeše na Červeném Hrádku v Archivu ČT24  — parts of the video recording of the speech in Červený Hrádek
Emmalyn Estrada

**Emmalyn Estrada** (born April 5, 1992) is a Canadian pop/R&B singer-songwriter, dancer, actress and musician. She sang hit songs such as "Get Down" in 2009.

Estrada was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. She is of Filipino descent.

## Music video
* Emmalyn Estrada - "Don't Make Me Let You Go" (2010)

## References
Thomas Mesereau

**Thomas Arthur Mesereau, Jr.** (born July 1, 1950) is an American lawyer. He is best known for defending Michael Jackson in his child molestation trial during 2005. He works with another lawyer called Susan Yu. Mesereau lives in Los Angeles.

## Early life
He was born in New York. 

## Career
Mesereau started a free legal clinic in the Morningside United Church of Christ in Los Angeles. He wrote the foreword for Aphrodite Jones' book *Michael Jackson Conspiracy* (2007).

## Awards
In 2005 the magazine *GQ* put him on their list of "Men of the Year".

## References
Division of Sydney

The **Division of Sydney** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It is named for Sydney, which itself was named after former British Home Secretary Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. It was set up for the 1969 election to replace the old Division of East Sydney and Division of West Sydney.

The division is located around Sydney, and includes the suburbs of Alexandria, Balmain, Beaconsfield, Birchgrove, Broadway, Chippendale, Darlington, Erskineville, Forest Lodge, Glebe, Haymarket, Millers Point, Pyrmont, Redfern, Rosebery, Surry Hills, The Rocks, Ultimo, Waterloo, Zetland and parts of Annandale, Camperdown, Newtown, and Rozelle. The islands in Port Jackson from Spectacle Island to the Sydney Heads are included as well as Lord Howe Island in the Tasman.

## Members
Tanya Plibersek served in both the Rudd and Gillard governments as Minister for Health, Minister for Human Services and Minister for Housing. She has been Deputy Leader of the Opposition and Deputy Leader of the Labor Party since 2013.

## Election results
## References 
## Other websites
* Division of Sydney – Australian Electoral Commission
* Tanya Plibersek's web site
Nonverbal learning disorder

A **nonverbal learning disorder** (or **nonverbal learning disability**), or **NVLD**, is a neurological problem. People with the disorder have good verbal skills, but they have problems with motor skills, social skills and other areas. A person with NVLD also has problems in non-verbal problem solving, understanding humor and rote learning (remembering something by repeating it).

NVLD is linked with autism spectrum disorders, mostly autism or Asperger's. Most people with either high-functioning autism or Asperger fit this actual type. This condition, though, is also tied to depression and anxiety.

Nonverbal learning disabilities affect one in ten learning disabled children.

While the term NLVD is commonly  used to describe learning styles, NVLD is not recognised by the DSM-5 and is not clinically distinct from learning disorders.

## References
Criminal law

in London (in 1808) were  more than 100,000 criminal trials between 1674 and 1834 were held, including all death penalty cases.]]
**Criminal law** is the part of public law that is about social norms. People who violate these norms are punished for their violation. It is different from civil law. Criminal law wants to protect certain values, such as life and limb, or property. 

Criminal law has different objectives:		
***Retribution** – Criminals ought to *suffer* in some way. This is the most widely seen goal. Because of what they did, they profited from others, or they caused harm to them. As a consequence, criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to "balance the scales". People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if other people act against these laws, they surrender the rights granted to them by these law. For this reason, one who murders may be executed himself. A related theory includes the idea of "righting the balance."
***Deterrence** – *Individual* deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim is to impose a sufficient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior. *General* deterrence aims at society at large. By imposing a penalty on those who commit offenses, other people are discouraged from committing those offenses.
***Incapacitation** – Designed simply to keep criminals *away* from society so that the public is protected from their misconduct. This is often achieved through prison sentences today.  The death penalty or banishment have served the same purpose.
***Rehabilitation** – Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society. Its primary goal is to prevent further offense by convincing the offender that their conduct was wrong.
***Restoration** – This is a victim-oriented theory of punishment.  The goal is to repair, through state authority, any injury inflicted upon the victim by the offender. For example, one who embezzles will be required to repay the amount improperly acquired. Restoration is commonly combined with other main goals of criminal justice and is closely related to concepts in the civil law, i.e., returning the victim to his or her original position before the injury.

## References
Free University of Berlin

The **Freie Universität Berlin** ("**Free University of Berlin**", often abbreviated as *FU Berlin*) is a university in Berlin. It is known for its research in the humanities and social sciences, as well as in the field of natural and life sciences.
The university was founded in Berlin-Dahlem, a district in the south west of Berlin during the time of the Cold War in 1948. Today, the university has three bigger campuses: the main campus Dahlem, the *Campus Düppel* with animal clinics and other institutes related to veterinary medicine and the *Geocampus* in Lankwitz, which is home to the *Department of Earth Sciences*. The medical department of the FU Berlin is part of the *Charité - University Medicine Berlin*, a joint institution with the Humboldt University. The university library has a total of about 8.5 million volumes and is the biggest university library system in Germany. Freie Universität has over 400 partner universities all over the world, many of them through the *ERASMUS programme*. According to various international rankings, Freie Universität is one of the best universities in Germany. In 2007 (and 2012 again), the Freie Universität was one of eleven universities to be successful in the *German Excellence Initiative*, a national competition by the German government. University alumni include five Nobel Prize winners and 15 winners of the national Leibniz Prize.

## Academics 
Freie Universität offers over 150 different subjects in 12 departments and three central institutes:
*Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy
*Department of Earth Sciences
*Department of History and Cultural Studies
*Department of Law
*School of Business and Economics
*Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
*Department of Education and Psychology
*Department of Philosophy and Humanities
*Department of Physics
*Department of Political and Social Science
*Medical School: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (shared with the Humboldt University Berlin)
*Department of Veterinary Medicine

### Interdisciplinary Central Institutes
#John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies
#Institute for Eastern European Studies
#Institute for Latin American Studies

The *Botanical Garden* with over 22,000 different kinds of plants is one of the biggest in the world.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Homepage
*Berlin Mathematical School (BMS)
*Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden
Reagan Doctrine

leaders in the Oval Office in 1983]]
The **Reagan Doctrine** was a document by the United States under the Reagan Administration. It was about being against the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. The doctrine lasted for less than a decade, it was the most important document of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Jack Reagan

**John Edward** "**Jack**" **Reagan** (July 13, 1883 – May 18, 1941) was the father of United States President Ronald Reagan and his older brother Neil "Moon" Reagan. He was married to Nelle Wilson Reagan from 1904 until his death in 1941.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Gloria Allred

in 2012]]

**Gloria Rachel Allred**  (born July 3, 1941) is an American civil rights lawyer. She was born to a Jewish family. She is a feminist. Her book *Fight Back and Win: My Thirty-Year Fight Against Injustice and How You Can Win Your Own Battles* was published in 2007. Her daughter, Lisa Bloom, is also a lawyer.

Allred was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## References
Neil Reagan

**John Neil Reagan** (September 16, 1908 – December 11, 1996) was an American business executive. He was the manager of a radio station. He was also a senior producer at CBS and senior vice president of McCann Erickson. He was the older brother of Ronald Reagan.

## References
## Other websites
* Harmer, John, *Reagan: Man of Principle*, Cedar Fort, 2002, 
* Watson, Robert W., *White House Studies Compendium, Volume 1*, Nova Publishers, 2007, 
* Yager, Edward M., ''Ronald Reagan's Journey: Democrat to Republican'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2006,
Nelle Wilson Reagan

**Nelle Clyde Wilson Reagan** (July 24, 1883 – July 25, 1962) was the mother of United States President Ronald Reagan and his older brother Neil "Moon" Reagan.

Nelle was of Scots-English ancestry. She met Jack Reagan in a farming town on the prairie of Illinois. The two were married in Fulton in November 1904. They had two children: Neil and Ronald Reagan. After the birth of her second son, Nelle was told not to have any more children. The Reagan family moved from Tampico to Chicago and many small towns in Illinois. Where they lived depended on where Jack was working.

Nelle died from complications of Alzheimer's disease. She died on July 25, 1962, aged 79. Her son, Ronald, would die of the same disease.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Attorney general

An **attorney general** is the main legal advisor for governments. In some areas, he or she might be also in charge of law enforcement and public prosecutions.

In United Kingdom, attorneys general are called Law Officers of the Crown.

## Reference
Miami cannibal attack

**The Miami cannibal attack** happened on May 26, 2012. Rudy Eugene assaulted Ronald Poppo, a homeless man on the MacArthur Causeway in Miami, Florida, United States. Eugene bit off most of Poppo's face above his beard. The attack ended when Eugene was shot dead by a police officer. It is not known why the attack happened.

## References
Adolf Dassler

**Adolf** "**Adi**" **Dassler** (3 November 1900 &ndash; 6 September 1978) was a German businessman and entrepreneur. He was born in Herzogenaurach. He started the sportswear company Adidas.

## References
## Other websites
* Biographie:Adidas
Yegor Ligachyov

**Yegor Kuzmich Ligachev** (, 29 November 1920 &ndash; 7 May 2021) was a Soviet politician. He was a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). He was the Second Secretary of the Party when Mikhail Gorbachev was serving as General Secretary.

Ligachev was born on 29 November 1920 in Dubinkino. It is close to Novosibirsk. He died on 7 May 2021 in Moscow, aged 100.

## References
## More reading
*''Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin: The Memoirs of Yegor Ligachev*. Pantheon Books: 1993 ()
**Ligachev on Glasnost and Perestroika*. *Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies'', no. 706: 1989.

## Other websites
South African Defence Force

The **South African Defence Force** (**SADF**) was the name of the South African military from 1957 to 1994. It replaced the Union Defence Force (UDF) in 1957. The SADF, in turn, was replaced by the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in 1994.

The South African Defence Force had four branches: the South African Army, the South African Navy, the South African Air Force, and, the South African Medical Service.

The SADF implemented conscription of  white South Africans. However, black, Indian, and Coloured South Africans could serve in the SADF as volunteers.

Within South Africa, the SADF was used to suppress opposition to apartheid, often directly supporting the South African Police. South African military units were also involved in the Angolan Civil War an the side of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Angolan rebel leader Jonas Savimbi. The SADF was also deployed during the related South African border and Namibian independence wars.

## Nuclear weapons 
South Africa was the only country in Africa to have nuclear weapons, but these weapons were destroyed by the South African government during the transition to democracy. South Africa has not built nuclear weapons since.

## Integration 
With the multiracial democracy introduced to South Africa in 1994, the SADF was merged with the defence forces of several formerly "independent" homelands, as well as the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), the PAC's Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), and the self-protection units of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IPA). The new South African military became known as the South African National Defence Force.

## References
Joanna Lumley

**Joanna Lumley** (born 1 May 1946) is an English former model and actress. She played Charlotte in the movie *Late Bloomers*. She also played Mary Smiling in *Cold Comfort Farm*. She has acted more often on television than in movies. Her best known acting role is Patsy Stone in the BBC sitcom *Absolutely Fabulous.* She has a distinctive and recognisable voice that's often heard on voiceover work.

Lumley was born to British parents in British India. She was raised in Kent, England.

## References
## Other websites
*
Katarina Čas

**Katarina Čas** (born September 23, 1976) is a Slovenian actress. She played Sophie in the movie *Imagine* (2014). She played Gabriela in the comedy movie *The Guard* (2011).

## Early life
Čas was born in the former Republic of Yugoslavia.

## References
Jon Bing

**Jon Bing** (30 April 1944 – 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian writer and law professor. He was a professor at the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law (NRCCL), and the Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo.

Bing was born on 30 April 1944 in Tønsberg. He died on 15 January 2014, at the age of 69, in Oslo. He died from a stroke.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Dominique McElligott

**Dominique McElligott** (5 October 1986) is an Irish actress. She appears in mostly independent movies. She played Joy Dietz in *Not Fade Away*. She also played Emily in *Dark Floors*.

McElligott was born in Dublin, Ireland.

## References
Ivar Giaever

**Ivar Giaever** (; April 5, 1929 &ndash; June 20, 2025) was a Norwegian-American physicist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson. They were awarded it for their discoveries about the tunnelling phenomena in solids.

Giaever died on June 20, 2025 at a nursing home in Schenectady, New York at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Interview with Professor Ivar Giaever, from the Official Nobel Prize Website
* Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
* University of Oslo website about Ivar Giaever
* Applied Biophysics Website
* Family genealogy
Martha Coakley

**Martha Mary Coakley** (born July 14, 1953) is the Attorney General of Massachusetts. Before that, she was the District Attorney for Middlesex County, Massachusetts (1999-2007). She is a Democrat. She was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

In 2010, Coakley was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in the special election to replace Ted Kennedy following his death, but lost to Republican Scott Brown.

## References
A Time for Choosing

**A Time for Choosing** (also called **The Speech**) was a speech made by Ronald Reagan in 1964 in Los Angeles. It was given during the campaign for the 1964 United States presidential election. He gave the speech on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. Soon afterward, Reagan was asked to run for Governor of California.

## References
## Other websites
*Transcript, audio, and video of the broadcast
*Analysis of "The Speech", The History Channel
*An American Life: The Autobiography
Jennifer Nettles

**Jennifer Odessa Nettles** (born September 12, 1974) is an American country musician. She is the lead singer of the country group Sugarland. Nettles' first solo album, *That Girl*, was released on January 14, 2014.

Nettles was born in Douglas, Georgia.

## References
Homology (mathematics)

In mathematics, **homology** is a certain procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a mathematical object, such as a topological space or a group. The word homology has the Ancient Greek root *homos*, which means *identical*. 

For a topological space, the homology groups are generally much easier to compute than the homotopy groups, and consequently one usually will have an easier time working with homology to help with the classification of spaces.

The original motivation for defining homology groups is the observation that shapes are distinguished by their *holes*. Since a "hole" is defined by something that is "not there", this poses the problem of how to define what a hole is, and how to distinguish between different kinds of holes. Homology is a rigorous mathematical method for defining and categorizing holes in a shape. As it turns out, there are some kinds of holes that homology cannot "see" — in which case homotopy groups may be what is needed.
Ellen Corby

**Ellen Hansen Corby** (June 3, 1911 — April 14, 1999) was an American actress. Her most famous role was Grandma Esther Walton in the television drama *The Waltons*. She played that role from 1972 to 1980. She received three Emmy Awards for it.

Corby was born in Racine, Wisconsin. She grew up in Philadelphia. She suffered a stroke in November 1976. She died in 1999 in Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites
Chantico

**Chantico** was the Aztec goddess of both pain and pleasure. She is also the goddess of the family hearth, the home and volcanoes. According to Aztec myths she brings wealth and stability to the home.

The meaning of her name is 'in the house', meaning she lives in the house. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Chantico, Aztec Goddess of Fire*
* *Chantico*
Sue Ane Langdon

**Sue Ane Langdon** (previously **Sue Lookhoff**; born 8 March 1936) is a retired American actress. 

## Career 
She began her career with singing and theatre. On the television series *Perry Mason*, she played Rowena Leach. She also acted in lots of movies. Her character was Opal Ann in the 1970 movie *The Cheyenne Social Club*.
]]

Langdon was born in Paterson, New Jersey.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Sue Ane Langdon photos
Vesper bat

The **Vesper bat** is a species of bat belonging to the Microchiroptera family. It is the largest and most well-known species belonging to that family. The bats can be found in different parts of all continents except Antarctica. They are thought to have originally come from somewhere in North America.

## Characteristics
The Vesper bat can range from  in length. They have brown or grey colored fur. Like most bats, the Vesper bat relies on echolocation to navigate in flight, and find its prey. This is very useful because they cannot see, and live in caves or other dark, empty, damp areas.

## References
Hermione Baddeley

**Hermione Baddeley** (13 November 1906 – 19 August 1986) was an English character actress. She played Mrs. Worth in *The Happiest Millionaire* in 1967. Three years before that, she played Ellen in the 1964 musical *Mary Poppins*, which won several Academy Awards. She played Madame Adelaide in *The Aristocats*.

Baddeley was born in Broseley, Shropshire, England. She died at age 79 in Los Angeles after suffering several strokes.

## References
3rd century BC

The **3rd century BC** started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC.

## This century 
* Pagoda
* Mesopotamia
People v. Murray

.]]
***People v. Murray*** ('''*People of the State of California v.* *Conrad Robert Murray*''') was the American criminal trial of Michael Jackson's personal physician, Conrad Murray. Murray was charged with the involuntary manslaughter of the pop star for giving him an overdose of propofol. The trial started on September 27, 2011 at Los Angeles County Superior Court. In November 2011, the jury found Murray guilty. Murray was sentenced to four years in jail. In October 2013 Murray was released two years early. This was because of California prison overcrowding, plus good behavior. After Murray was released from jail he was on *60 Minutes*. He said that Jackson killed himself.

## References
Dave Lee Travis

**Dave Lee Travis** (born 25 May 1945), also known as **DLT**, is a British radio and television presenter. He was born in Buxton, Derbyshire. He started being a presenter for BBC Radio 1 in 1967. From 1981 to 2001, Travis presented *A Jolly Good Show*.

## Personal life
Travis married his wife Marianne in 1971. He said he has cheated on her "once or twice".

## Sex offence charges
Travis was arrested on 15 November 2012 as part of Operation Yewtree, an investigation into sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile and other people. Travis was on trial for 14 counts of indecent assault and one count of sexual assault. He pleaded not guilty to all charges. Travis told police that if he had known Savile was a paedophile he would have reported him.

## References
Guy Ourisson

**Guy Henry Ourisson** (March 26, 1926 &ndash; November 4, 2006) was a French chemist. He was vice president and later president of the Academy of Sciences.

## Career
In 1952 he got a PhD from Harvard University. In 1954, he got a doctorate in physics from the Sorbonne under the direction of G. Dupont. At the University of Strasbourg, he was appointed as a lecturer in 1955, professor in 1958. He became a retired professor in 1995.

He died, aged 80, in Strasbourg.
The Unsinkable Molly Brown

***The Unsinkable Molly Brown*** is a musical drama movie from 1964. It is about the title character (originally Margaret Brown) who survived the sinking of the RMS *Titanic* in 1912. Debbie Reynolds plays Molly Brown.

The movie received good reviews. It received several Academy Award nominations. It was released in the United States in June 1964.
Zeatin

**Zeatin** is a plant hormone taken from adenine. It is most commonly found in coconut milk and young corn seeds.

## Uses
Zeatin and multiple other hormones in its family are known to make plants grow faster. The hormone is used to start seed growth in young plants. It is also used in many anti-aging formulae.

## References
Megan Charpentier

**Megan Charpentier** (born May 26, 2001) is an American and Canadian actress. She was born in California. She grew up in Canada.

She appears as young Valerie in the 2011 movie *Red Riding Hood*.

Megan plays a girl named Chrystal, who can hear a cat talk in the movie ''Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever''. The movie was first shown on Lifetime television on November 29, 2014.

## References
Hebron

**Hebron** is a Palestinian city , south off Jerusalem. It is situated in the Judaean Mountains, 930 meters (3,050 feet) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and the second largest in the Palestinian territories after Gaza. There are about 215,000 people living in Hebron (2016).

Hebron is divided into two parts:- H-1, controlled by the Palestinian Authority and H-2, about 20% of the city is controlled by Israel.

The city is famous as the traditional burial site of the Biblical Patriarchs & Matriarchs. This makes it a very important city in Judaism. It is also a Holy Site of Islam because of it's connections with Abraham. In fact, it was in Hebron that many things took place, such as the anointing of David. On top of that, Hebron is where Judaism originated.  

Hebron is important to the economy of the area due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories. It is also the location of the major dairy-product maker, *al-Junaidi*. The old city of Hebron has narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University. It has no cinemas or places of entertainment.

## Gallery 

File:Palestine Hebron Cave of the Patriarchs.jpg|Cave of the Patriarchs
File:Hebron136.JPG|Tel Rumeida (Old Hebron)
File:חלקת הרבנים הספרדים בבית העלמין העתיק בחברון.jpeg|Hebron Jewish Cemetery

## References
## Other websites 
* www.hebron-city.ps
* Hebron Chamber of Commerce 
* Israeli Ministry of Foreign affairs
* Photographs of Hebron
* RamallahOnline - Photos of Hebron
* Hebron.com - English 
* Collection of Palestinian articles on Hebron published by *"This Week in Palestine"*
* Sephardic Studies 1839 Sephardic census of Ottoman-controlled Hebron.
* 
* *Settlement Encroachments in Hebron Old City*. Photo's/maps of settlements and closed roads. Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, 1 April 2014.
* Settlements on GoogleMaps
Russell Johnson

**Russell David Johnson** (November 10, 1924 &ndash; January 16, 2014) was an American television and movie actor. He was best known as "The Professor" on the CBS television sitcom ''Gilligan's Island''. 

Johnson died at his home in Bainbridge Island, Washington on January 16, 2014. He died from kidney failure. He was 89 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Russell Johnson Interview with the Archive of American Television
Dave Madden

**David Joseph "Dave" Madden** (December 17, 1931 – January 16, 2014) was a Canadian-American actor. He was known for his role as Reuben Kincaid on *The Partridge Family*.

Madden died on January 16, 2014 in Jacksonville, Florida. He died from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome. He was aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
* An Interview with Dave Madden at C'mon Get Happy - Partridge Family Fan Site
* TMZ report on death - TMZ report on his death
Roger Lloyd-Pack

**Roger Anthony Lloyd-Pack** (8 February 1944 &ndash; 16 January 2014) was an English actor. He was best known for his roles as Trigger in the television shows *Only Fools and Horses*, *The Vicar of Dibley* and *The Old Guys*, and his role in the movie *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire*.

Lloyd-Pack died from pancreatic cancer on 16 January 2014. He died at his home in Kentish Town in London. He was aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* BBC biography 
* BBC interview about appearing in *Doctor Who*
Abraham Cressy Morrison

**Abraham Cressy Morrison** (1888-1951) was an American chemist. He was President of the New York Academy of Sciences.

## Personal life
He was known to his close friends as "Cressy". His wife was the former Marguerite Snow of New York. He loved to fish and entertain at their summer home on Deer Isle, south of Bangor, Maine. He is better known for his book *Man Does Not Stand Alone*, which was published in 1944. His largest work was *The Baking Powder Controversy* (New York: American Baking Powder Association, 1904–07). This is a work in two volumes on the history of the baking powder industry in the U.S.

## References
## Other websites 
* *A. Cressy Morrison*
Tor Åge Bringsværd

**Tor Åge Bringsværd** (16 November 1939 &ndash; 4 August 2025) was an Norwegian author, playwright, editor and translator. He was perhaps best known for his speculative fiction. Together with Jon Bing, he was also considered the first Norwegian author to write science fiction books. He and Bing were partners for a long time.

Bringsværd died on 4 August 2025 from a long-illness in Oslo, Norway at the age of 85.

## References
William Baumol

**William Jack Baumol** (February 26, 1922 &ndash; May 4, 2017) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at New York University. He was also a retired professor at Princeton University. Baumol has written many books about labor market and other issues that affect the economy.

Baumol died on May 4, 2017 in New York City at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Baumol home page
*IDEAS/RePEc
*Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive 
*The discrimination of blacks has increased the number of jazz composers  - An interview with William Baumol published in the Czech weekly Respekt and daily Blisty in 2003
Nils Christie

**Nils Christie** (February 24, 1928 &ndash; May 27, 2015) was a Norwegian sociologist and criminologist. He was a professor of criminology at the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo since 1966. Among his books is *Limits to Pain*. It was printed in Norwegian in 1981, *Pinens begrensning*. It has been translated into eleven languages.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References
Clifford Geertz

**Clifford James Geertz** (August 23, 1926 – October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist. He is known for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology. He was considered for 30 years one of the most important cultural anthropologists in the United States. He was also a retired professor or *emeritus* at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, until his death.

## References
## Other websites
* HyperGeertz@WorldCatalogue  An All-Inclusive Documentation of All Works by Clifford Geertz in All Languages
* Interview of Clifford Geertz (video)
* Big Ideas: Clifford Geertz
* Clifford Geertz: A Life of Learning (Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1999)
*Clifford Geertz, Cultural Anthropologist, Is Dead at 80 
* Obituary at Institute for Advanced Study
Biker Mice from Mars

***Biker Mice from Mars*** is a cartoon created by *Rick Ungar* that first aired in 1993 in the United States and lasted for three seasons before it was canceled. It is about three human like mice named Throttle, Modo, and Vinnie. Although there are battles, no blood is shown, no guns are used and many villains are monsters, aliens, and robots.

## Characters
### Heroes
* **Throttle**
* **Modo**
* **Vinnie**
* **Charlene** "**Charley**" **Davidson**

### Enemies
* **Lawrence Limburger**
* **Dr. Benjamin Boris Zachary Karbunkle**
* **Grease Pit**
* **Fred the Mutant**
* **Lord Camembert**
* **Pit Boss**

### Reappearing characters
* **Napoleon Brie**
* **Rimfire**
* **Carbine**
* **Stoker**

### Super villains
In most episodes Limburger tell Karbunkle to use transporter to bring in one of the very powerful super villains. Each of them have one special ability which is useful for Limburger´s plan in hand.

## Video games
A *Biker Mice from Mars* video game was released by *Konami* for the Super Nintendo in 1994. The European version features advertisements for Snickers candy bars.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Duke Cunningham

**Randall Harold** "**Duke**" **Cunningham** (December 8, 1941 &ndash; August 27, 2025) was an American Republican politician and Navy aviator during the Vietnam War. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from California between 1991 until his resignation 2005. He represented the  (1991–1993), the  (1993–2003) and the  (2003–2005).

For his services during the Vietnam War, Cunningham was given two Silver Stars and a Purple Heart.

Scandals ended his political career. Duke Cunningham pleaded guilty to tax evasion, conspiracy to commit bribery and other charges. He was then sentenced to prison in Tucson, Arizona. He was released from prison in February 2013. He then moved to New Orleans to spend time inside a halfway house.

Cunningham received a pardon from President Donald Trump on January 13, 2021.

Cunningham was born in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of Missouri and at National University.

Cunningham married Susan Albrecht in 1965. They adopted a son together. His wife filed for divorce because of emotional abuse, and the divorce was approved eight months later. Cunningham married his second wife, Nancy Jones, in 1974. They had two daughters and separated in July 2005.

Cunningham died on August 27, 2025 at a hospital in Little Rock, Arkansas at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The San Diego Union-Tribune's coverage of the Cunningham scandal 
* Washington Post Express interview with the authors of "The Wrong Stuff" about Cunningham and Washington's culture of corruption
* PAC donors, Indiv donors, Personal Financial Disclosures, Campaign Disbursements, at PoliticalMoneyLine 
* 
* 
* 
* DeLay's prosecutors dig deeper into California
* Profile at SourceWatch
*
Shmuley Boteach

**Shmuel** "**Shmuley**" **Boteach** (born November 19, 1966 in Los Angeles) is an American Orthodox rabbi, politician and writer. He hosted a reality television series called *Shalom in the Home* on the TLC network.

## 2012 U.S. Congress run
Boteach ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2012 elections. He received the support of then-House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in April. Boteach won the Republican primary for New Jersey's 9th congressional district seat on June 5, and lost to 8th District Representative Bill Pascrell in the November election, by a margin of 73.6% to 25.4%.

## Personal life
Boteach is married to Debbie Boteach. He became friends with Michael Jackson in the 1990s. He was Jackson's Rabbi for two years.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
King L

**Louis Johnson Jr.** (born December 27, 1987), better known by his stage name **King Louie** (or **King L**), is an American rapper. He is from Chicago, Illinois. He is signed to the record label Epic Records. King L collaborated with the likes of 2 Chainz, Chief Keef, Lil Durk, Lil Bibby, and Kanye West.

## Discography
### Mixtapes
* *#ManUpBandUp* (2010) 
* *The Motion Picture* (2011) 
* *Chiraq Drillinois* (2011)
* *#ManUpBandUp2* (2011)
* *Showtime* (2012)
* *Drilluminati* (2012)
* *March Madness* (2013)
* *Jeep Music* (2013)
* *Drilluminati 2* (2013)

## References
## Other websites
* King L Official Website
* King L On The Interview Show - Huffington Post
* Studio Footage of King L on Fake Shore Drive
Logan Browning

**Logan Laurice Browning** (born June 9, 1989) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is best known for playing Sasha in the movie *Bratz: The Movie* (2007) and Brianna in *Meet the Browns*. She currently stars as Jelena Howard on the VH1 series *Hit the Floor*.

## Life and career
Browning joined the  of *Meet the Browns* during the second . She replaced Brianne Gould as the  Brianna Ortiz. She also makes a brief  in Prima J's "Rockstar" music video, as well as B5's music video "U Got Me". She also had a recurring  on the Disney XD series *Pair of Kings*.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Fredrik Barth

**Thomas Fredrik Weybye Barth** (22 December 1928 &ndash; 24 January 2016) was a Norwegian social anthropologist.  He published several ethnographic books with a clear formalistic view. He was born in Leipzig.

He was a professor in the Department of Anthropology at Boston University. He had previously been a professor at the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, Emory University and Harvard University. He started the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Bergen.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Barth died in Oslo, Norway on 24 January 2016 at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Los grupos étnicos y sus fronteras. Introducción  
* Los Pathanes: su identidad y conservación  
* Barth, Fredrik (born 1928) - Entry in the AnthroBase Online Dictionary of Anthropology
* video interview of Fredrik Barth from Alan Macfarlane's FILMS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND OTHER "ANCESTORS" 
* "Overview: Sixty Years in Anthropology" by Fredrik Barth
* Bergen Open Research Archive