open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Influenza pandemic of 1918

The **Influenza pandemic of 1918** (commonly known as the **Spanish flu**)  lasted for nearly three years, from March 1918 to December 1920. About 500&nbsp;million to 100&nbsp;million people. This was three&nbsp;to five percent of the world's population at the time.

To keep up morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States. Papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit. It also resulted in the nickname **Spanish flu.**

Often, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.

There is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started. 

Another swine flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turned out to be new strain of H1N1. The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States and to the world.

## Gallery

File:Spanish flu death chart.png|Number of deaths in New York City, Berlin, Paris, and London (Museum of Health & Medicine, Washington), c. 1918–1919
File:1918 flu outbreak2.jpg|Two American Red Cross nurses demonstrated treatment practices during the influenza pandemic of 1918.
Image:Sp-flu-alberta-field.jpg|Albertan farmers wore masks to protect themselves from the flu.
Image:165-WW-269B-25-police-l restored.jpg|Policemen wearing masks provided by the American Red Cross in Seattle, 1918
Image:165-WW-269B-11-trolley-l.jpg|A street car conductor in Seattle in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks
Image:1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg|Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in St. Louis, Missouri (1918)
Image:SpanishFluWardWalterReed.jpg|Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919
Image:Spanish flu victims burial North River Labrador 1918.JPG|Burying flu victims, North River, Newfoundland and Labrador (1918)
Image:1919FluVictimsTokyo.jpg|1919 Tokyo, Japan
Image:1919FluVictims_Japanese_Poster.jpg|Japanese poster in 1919
File:1918 flu outbreak RedCrossLitterCarriersSpanishFluWashingtonDC.jpg|Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station in Washington, D.C., during the influenza pandemic of 1918
File:Kavalleriedenkmal Lueg 01 09.jpg|Cavalry memorial on the hill Lueg, memory of the Bernese cavalrymen victims of the 1918 flu pandemic; Emmental, Bern, Switzerland

## References
301

## Events 
*San Marino founded (traditional date)
*Armenia uses Christianity as a state religion - the first country to do so. 

## Deaths 
*June 5
Sima Lin Emperor of China, Western Jin
1676

## Events 
* January 19 - Feodor III become Tsar of Russia.
* The Polish-Turkish War (1671 - 1676) ended
* King Philip's War (1675 - 1676) ended
* Port-de-Paix, Haiti has its first slave revolt

## Births
* August 26 - Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain
* September 16 - Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, mother of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, grandmother of Marie Antoinette
* October 8 - Benito Jeronimo Feijoo, Galician scholar
* December 19 - Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, French composer
* Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor

## Deaths 
*January 14 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (b. 1602)
*January 29 – Tsar Alexis I of Russia (b. 1629)
*February 14 – Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist
*March 21 – Henri Sauval, French historian (b. 1623)
*April 5 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (b. 1606)
*April 29 – Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruijter, Dutch admiral (b. 1607)
*June 7 – Paul Gerhardt, German writer of church hymns
*July 5 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
*July 22 – Pope Clement X (b. 1590)
*July 25 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French writer (b. 1604)
*August 11 – Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, German writer
*September 10 – Gerrard Winstanley, English religious reformer (b. 1609)
*October 28 – Jean Desmarets, French writer (b. 1595)
*November 1 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (b. 1589)
*December 25 – Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1609)
*December 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier, politician, and writer (b. 1592)
1602

## Events 
* 3 January – Battle of Kinsale  – the battle happened on 3 January **1602** according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, although, for the English who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601
* February 14 – William Shakespeare First performance of *Twelfth Night * on Candlemas
* March 20 – The Dutch East India Company is established as *The United East India Company* by the Dutch States-General
* May 15 – Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European to discover Cape Cod.
* June – James Lancaster's East India Company fleet arrives at Achin (now Aceh), Sumatra to deal with the local ruler. Having defeated Portugal's ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese Galleon and loots it.
* November 8 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
* December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations/celebrations on Fête de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend.)
*Ben Jonson writes *Poetaster*
*William Shakespeare writes *The Merry Wives of Windsor*
* Persia and Spain conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire
* In Praque, Florian Mathias performs the first successful bowel surgery – removes a dagger from stomach
* Jesuit missionary Jeronimo de Angeluin arrives in Japan
* A private trading company is established in Copenhagen, with the monopoly on the trade with Iceland.
PayPal

**PayPal** is an American multinational technology company and website allowing transfer of money among people via web services and email. The money can be deposited into a bank account. PayPal was owned by eBay, from 2002 to 2015. It can be used in more than 200 countries.

PayPal allows customers to send, receive, and hold funds in 25 currencies worldwide. However, PayPal is not a bank. Funds that are not used are converted into PayPal's profit.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Born

**Born** can mean:

*The past tense verb form of birth
*Born again Christianity
*Max Born
*Born, Luxembourg
*Born, Netherlands
World's Fair

A '''world's fair'* is a large exhibition of industry and culture. They are also called *expositions* or *expos''. This type of exhibition occurs since the middle of the 19th century. The Bureau of International Expositions officially takes care of them. The "Bureau of International Expositions" is usually abbreviated BIE, from the organization's name in French: *Bureau International des Expositions*.

List of official world expositions (BIE):
Sangha

In Buddhism, the word **sangha** means "assembly" or "community."  For Buddhists, there are two sanghas that are very important:
# the community of Buddhist monks and nuns
# the community of noble disciples

In Buddhism, there are three things that a Buddhist shows the greatest respect: the Buddha, the Dharma (the Buddha's teaching), and the Sangha (the Buddha's community).  So, for example, when the sangha is talked about in very old Buddhist books, the following words are often used:
:"The Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples who have practiced well... who have practiced straightforwardly... who have practiced methodically... who have practiced masterfully ... they are the Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples: worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of respect, the incomparable field of merit for the world."

## Notes 
## References
* Bullitt, John T. (2005). *Sangha*. Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/sangha.html.
* Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-25). *The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary*. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. 
* Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (1997). *Mahanama Sutta: To Mahanama (1)* (AN 11.12). Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.012.than.html.
* American Buddhist Sangha
1611

**1611** (MDCXI) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* June 23 – Henry Hudson's crew maroons him, his son and 7 others in a boat
* November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeare's romantic comedy *The Tempest* is presented for the first time.
* Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden
* Denmark attacks Sweden
* King James Version of the Bible first published in England
* George Abbot becomes archbishop of Canterbury
* Johannes and David Fabricius discover sunspots
* End of the reign of Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan
* Emperor Go-Mizunoo ascends to the throne of Japan
* Gov. Sir Thomas Dale arrives at Jamestown from England announcing new rules called "Laws Divine, Morall and Martial."
* Thomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River a few miles south of present-day Richmond, Virginia
UEFA Champions League

The **UEFA Champions League**, (**UCL** or **UEFA CL**), known as the **Champions League**, is an annual football competition organized by UEFA. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues. The competition starts with qualifying before a round robin league phase to qualify for the knockout rounds, and a single-leg final. Real Madrid are the most successful club in the tournament's history, having won it 15 times.

## Statistics
*Main articles*: '**, **', ''''
### Performances by club
### Performances by nation
## Notes
## Other websites
*Official website
FA Cup

The **FA Cup** (known as **The Emirates FA Cup** for sponsorship reasons) is a national football competition. It is played between teams in the English league system. It is organized by the Football Association. The winner of the FA Cup qualifies for the next season's UEFA Europa League. If the winner of the FA Cup has already qualified for a European competition, then the Europa League place goes to 6th or 7th place, depending on who won the Football League Cup. The FA Cup semi-finals and final is held at Wembley Stadium. The FA Cup is the oldest football competition in the world and first took place in 1871.

The current holders are Manchester United F.C. It is United's 13th FA Cup, one behind Arsenal's record of 14.

## Winners and finalists
### Results by team
Since its establishment, the FA Cup has been won by 43 different teams. Teams shown in *italics* are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.

## References
## Other websites
* The FA Cup Archive – England's official Football Association site, all results with dates, including all qualifying rounds
* The official FA Cup website
* Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup – manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies
* FA Cup going under the hammer – BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy
* FA Supporters – Independent FA Cup Supporters Club
Old Trafford

{{Infobox venue
|image=Stretford_End,_Old_Trafford.jpg
|caption=The Stretford End, Old Trafford
|name=Old Trafford
|former names=United Football Ground
|location=Sir Matt Busby Way, Old Trafford, Manchester M16 0RA
|coordinates=
|opened=1910
|renovated=2022
|expanded=2023
|owner=Kevin and Edward Glazer
|operator=Manchester United F.C.
|surface=grass
|scoreboard=yes
|cost=£600M
|capacity=74,140
|record_attendance=76,962 Wolverhampton Wanderers VS Grimsby Town 25 March 1939
|tenants=Manchester United F.C. (formerly Newton Heath) 1910-present
|website=www.manutd.com
|publictransit=wharfside old trafford}
}}
**Old Trafford** is a football stadium in Trafford. Its nickname is  Theatre of Dreams". It is home to the club Manchester United F.C.. It is a club stadium in Great Britain. 

Old Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built. It was built in 1910. It cost about £60,000,000 to build.
Stadium

]]
A **stadium** is a building in which lots of people may watch an event. They are often used for football and athletics. Some stadiums are paid to add a company name to the name of their stadium. For example, *Comerica* Park in Detroit, Michigan, or the ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. When people do this the company has the *naming rights* to the stadium. The given name of a stadium can change when another company buys the naming rights to that stadium. 

An **arena** is a small indoor stadium. Arenas are often used for many different types of events. These include sports and music. 

## Other websites 
* worldstadia.com
Bobby Orr

**Robert Gordon "Bobby" Orr** (born March 20, 1948 in Parry Sound, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

Bobby Orr's ice hockey skills were evident at a very early age. He was signed by the Boston Bruins at twelve. As a 14-year-old, he played junior hockey against eighteen, nineteen and twenty-year-olds. He signed his first pro contract with the Boston Bruins in 1966.

In his first professional season, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as top rookie in the league. Orr only played 46 games in the 1967-68 NHL season because he was injured, but won the Norris Trophy. In the 1969-70 season, he scored 120 points and became the only defenseman in history to win the Art Ross Trophy, for leading the league in scoring. He also won the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Conn Smythe Trophy. In 1976, Bobby Orr was named the most valuable player in the inaugural Canada Cup Tournament. Orr was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in 1976. He would only play 26 games over the next three seasons because of problems with his knees. 

Orr was inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979.

## Other websites
* 
* Order of Canada Citation
* Bobby Orr Hall of Fame website
*
Courteney Cox

**Courteney Bass Cox** (born June 15, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the neurotic and competitive Monica Geller on the classic  television series *Friends* for which she earned many Emmy and Golden Globe nominations and for her role in the movie *Scream* and its sequels. Cox married David Arquette between seasons 5 and 6 of *Friends*, and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette. She later changed it back in honor of her parents.

## Early life
Courteney Cox was raised in Mountain Brook, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham. She is the daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 – September 3, 2001) and his wife Courteney (née Bass, later Copeland). She has two older sisters, Virginia and Dottie, and an older brother, Richard, Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland). After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course. She instead pursued a career in modeling and acting.

Cox is of English, French, Welsh, Irish and German ancestry.

## Marriage and family
In 1996, Cox began dating actor David Arquette. The couple married on June 12, 1999. They have one child together, a daughter named Coco Riley Arquette (born June 13, 2004). Coco's godmother is family friend Jennifer Aniston. Cox had seven miscarriages between 2001 and November 2010. She and her husband separated on December 31, 2011. Arquette filed for divorce on June 8, 2012.    

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Courteney Cox at Tv.com
Disaster

. It was one of the worst disasters in the history of the United States.|300x300px]]

A **disaster** is something bad that happens.  Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work. Disasters can be of different types, but most are caused by wars, negligence or forces of nature.

## Natural disasters
These may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire, flood (where rivers grow and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that may destroy homes, landslides and mudslides, sink holes (where a cave falls in), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land), volcanoes erupting, a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls so thick you cannot see).

Possibly the worst natural disaster recorded was the earthquake in Shaanxi, China in 1556. It is measured at 9.0 on the Richter scale and 850,000 people are said to have died in the quake.

## Human-caused disasters
Disasters caused by humans include wars, aviation (flying) accidents, arson, CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation accidents, disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), and terrorism.

## Living through a disaster
To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance.  This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between. It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster.

## Related pages
*War
*Weather
*Car accident
*Civil defence
*Disaster recovery

## Other websites 
* Department of Homeland Security 
* London Prepared 
* Disaster Psychiatry Outreach
* Preparing an emergency survival kit
* EM-DAT: The International Disasters Database  includes information on man-made and natural disasters, basic definitions and a database of disasters occurrence and impact from 1900 to today
* Disasters factsheet
* Assisting Children and Adolescents in Coping with Disasters
1250

## Events 
### Europe 
* December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies
* King Afonso III of Portugal captures the Algarve from the Moors.
* Valdemar, becomes King of Sweden.
* University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.
* The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy is changes from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden bridge.
* Vincent of Beauvais completes his encyclopedic work, *The Greater Mirror*.
* The Parlement law courts of *ancien régime* France are created.
* A sickness breaks out in the city Naples (In what is now Italy), called the Naple's Plague

### Africa 
* July 3 – Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army at the Battle of Fariskur while he is in Egypt at the Seventh Crusade.
* The Bahri dynasty of Mamluks seize power in Egypt.
* The Walayta state is founded in present-day Ethiopia (see Rulers of Walayta)

## Births 
* Pietro d'Abano, Italian physician, philosopher and astrologer (died 1316)
* Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet (died 1300)
* Dmitry of Pereslavl, Grand-duke of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1294)
* Pierre Dubois, French publicist (approximate date; died c. 1312)
* Moses de Leon, compiler of the Zohar (approximate date; died 1305)
* Giovanni Pisano, Italian sculptor (approximate date; died 1314)

## Deaths 
* February 2 – King Eric XI of Sweden
* February 8 – Robert I of Artois, French crusader (killed in battle) (born 1216)
* February 8 – William II Longespee, English crusader
* June 18 – Teresa of Portugal
* August 9 – King Eric IV of Denmark (born 1216)
* October 4 – Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
* December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1194)
* Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician
* Matej Ninoslav, Croatian ban

## Eras and population estimates 
The population of the world in 1250 was around 400 to 416 million people.
The Muppet Show

***The Muppet Show*** is a variety television series. It aired from September 5, 1976 to May 23, 1981. The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters. Each episode featured a famous guest star. A revival of the show, Muppets Tonight, aired from 1996 to 2001.

The main characters on the series are Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Gonzo the Great.

## Performers
* Jim Henson - Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, Dr. Teeth, Beautiful Day Monster, Shakey Sanchez, Gloat, Green Heap, Flower Eating Monster, Timmy Monster, Link Hogthrob, The Newsman, Lubbock Lou, Additional Muppets
* Frank Oz - Fozzie Bear, Miss Piggy, Sam the Eagle, Andy, Marvin Suggs, Mildred Huxhetter, George the Janitor, Purple Heap, Beaker, Dick, Gramps, Additional Muppets
* John Lovelady - Crazy Harry, Harry, Nigel, Snake Frackle, Additional Muppets
* Dave Goelz - Additional Muppets
* Eren Ozker - Hilda, Janice, Wanda, Additional Muppets
* Louise Gold - Annie Sue, Lou, Additional Muppets
* Jerry Nelson - Robin the Frog, Floyd Pepper, Dr. Julius Strangepork, Lew Zealand, Gorgon Heap, Doglion, Pierre LaCousse, Pops, Thog, Slim Wilson, Additional Muppets
* Richard Hunt - Scooter, Statler, Sweetums, Behemoth, Boppity, Bobby Benson, Wayne, Bubba, Additional Muppets
* Steve Whitmire - Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Zeke, Additional Muppets

## Other websites 
*
Eon

An **eon** (or **aeon**) is a term in Earth science for the longest periods of time. It describes a part of the Earth's existence lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years.

A geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras of different lengths. A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods. A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called epochs. 

Geologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks. The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.

For example, we are now in the Phanerozoic eon, which comes from the Greek words for *life that we can see*, that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens. This era started about 545 million years ago.

## The four eons 
## References
Upanishad

The **Upanishads** are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of *Vedanta* (*veda*: of vedas, *anta*: at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion. 
Many scholars believe that originally Upanishads are rebellion against Vedas and it has added to Vedas by its unique spiritual quest.
Upanishad means "sit down with" master to learn about the Atman(soul).
The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period. More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have  108 Upanishad in written.
Geeta which is the most religious book of Hindu's is also a Greatest Upanishad.

## Other websites 
* Philosophia Ultima:Osho commentary on Mandukyopanishad
Valencian Community

The **Valencian Community** (Valencian: *Comunitat Valenciana*), also unofficially called the **Valencian Country** (*País Valencià*), is an autonomous community in the eastern Spain with a population of around 5,000,000. Its capital and biggest city is Valencia, with a population of nearly 800,000 people. 

## Demographics 
The second-largest city of the Valencian Community is Alicante, with a population of 332,000. The city of Elche, located in the Alicante province, is an important industrial centre, with a population of 230,000. Castellón de la Plana, the capital of the Castellón province, have a population of around 170,000.

## References
Alderney

**Alderney** is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel between England and France.  It forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, but its parliament, The States of Alderney, still has the right to make laws for the island.

The traditional language was Auregnais, but nobody speaks it now.      

During World War II Alderney was used to house four concentration camps by the Germans, who had occupied each of the Channel Islands.

File:Flag of Alderney.svg|Flag of Alderney
File:Blason Aurigny.svg|Arms of Alderney
File:Guernsey-Alderney.png|Map of Guernsey and Alderney
Bailiwick of Guernsey

The **Bailiwick of Guernsey** is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou. 

A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.

## Other rocks and islets 
The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13&nbsp;km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.

Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.

The country code (also used for internet) is **GG**.

## Other websites 
* "History of Little Lihou" 
* Archeology on Lihou
Mirror

.]]

A **mirror** or **looking-glass** is something that reflects light. One common *plane mirror* is a piece of special flat glass that a person can look into to see a reflection of themselves or what is behind them.

Sometimes, a flat piece of metal or the surface of water can act like a mirror.

People can see themselves in a mirror because light comes in and is reflected. 

Curved mirrors can have magnification properties, making images appear smaller or larger than their actual size, like a lens does.  They can be concave (curved inward) or convex (curved outward), making the reflected angle and view to be smaller or larger, respectively.  Special mirrors can make a person's appearance look quite strange. 

Also, in a mirror, writing appears backwards, as a "mirror image" of the original writing.

Mirrors are usually made out of glass with metal on the back, called "silvering" even if the metal is not silver. Modern mirrors use aluminum. The aluminum is applied via vacuum, and will bond directly to cooled glass. 

## Related pages 
* Bronze mirror
Space probe

A **space probe** is a type of spacecraft, usually an unmanned space mission, sent out to find out information about a planet or other far away thing. As a tool of space exploration a planetary probe may land on the planet, or orbit around it, or merely fly by closely. Probes use radio waves to send information back to Earth or sometimes to a manned spacecraft. A space observatory leaves the Earth to look at distant objects, but does not go near the objects, so it is not called a probe.

The first successful space probe to explore a planet is Mariner 2, which was launched in August 1962 to fly by Venus. Over time, more space probes were launched, and more information about our solar system was gathered. A notable space probe is Voyager 2, which flew by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune before leaving the Solar System into interstellar space, a place between the stars.

## Related pages 
* Exploration of Mars
Bhagavad Gita

The **Bhagavad Gita** is one of the holiest books of Hinduism. The **Bhagavad Gita** (romanized: *bhagavad-gītā*, lit. 'The Song by God'), often referred to as the **Gita** (IAST: *gītā*), is part of the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata. It is considered to be written in the first millennium BCE. It has teachings said to be given by Sri Krishna, who is considered a Supreme divine being. In the book (Bhagvat Gita), Krishna answers questions from Arjuna, a Pandava prince, about a human's moral duties (called dharma) regarding a broad range of philosophical and metaphysical matters. 

The Bhagavad Gita is set in a narrative framework of a dialogue between the Pandava prince Arjuna and his charioteer guide, Krishna. At the start of the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and their cousins, Kauravas, Prince Arjuna is in doubt, thinking about the violence the war will cause. Wondering if he should renounce the war, Arjuna seeks the counsel of Krishna, whose answers and their discourse constitute the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to "fulfill his warrior duty" for the upholding of dharma. The Krishna–Arjuna dialogue covers a broad range of spiritual topics, touching upon moral and ethical dilemmas, and philosophical issues that go far beyond the war that Arjuna faces. 

The Gita posits the existence of an individual self (Atman or Soul) and the supreme self (Brahman or Supreme Soul) within each being. The dialogue between the prince and his charioteer has been interpreted as a metaphor for an immortal dialogue between the human self and God. The text covers the philosophy of Yoga in terms of Gyan (Knowledge) yoga, Bhakti (devotion) yoga, Karma (action) yoga, and Rāja (governance) yoga,.
A key chapter is *Sankhya Yoga*, *The Book of Doctrines*, *Self-Realization*, or *The Yoga of Knowledge (and Philosophy)*. Filled with questions about the meaning and purpose of life, Prince Arjuna asks Krishna about the nature of life, Self, death, afterlife, and whether there is a deeper meaning and reality. The chapter summarizes the ideas eternal Self in each person (Soul), and the Universal-Self present in everyone (Supreme Soul), along with concept of re-birth This chapter is an overview of the remaining sixteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita.
## References
## Other websites 
* Bhagvat Geeta – Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins
* Bhagavad Gita
Rastafari movement

as a symbol.]]
A **Rastafarian** (often called a **Rasta**) is a member of the Rastafari movement. Most Rastafarians live in the Caribbean, most notably Jamaica.

Rastafarians say that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia is Jah (shortened from Jehovah). They say that Jesus has returned again in the form of Jah, as he promised in the Bible, and he will deliver them to Zion (their name for paradise or Ethiopia).

Rastafarians do not drink alcohol, they do not cut their hair, they spiritually smoke marijuana, and they have a strict all-natural (often vegetarian) diet. The diet is called *I-tal* (derived from the word *vital)*, and is something like Jewish kosher, but sometimes with no meat at all.

Dreadlocks are a common Rastafarian hairstyle. For them, dreadlocks are an expression of spirituality: the term "dread" refers to a "fear of the Lord".

Naturality is an important part of the Rastafari way of life. They want to return to Africa and live naturally. They believe that smoking marijuana helps them to get in touch with Jah, and their way of life is improved when they practice meditation.

## Rastafari movement in culture
Many reggae musicians are part of the Rastafari movement, including the famous musicians Bob Marley and Peter Tosh who died in 1981 and 1988. Rapper Snoop Dogg became a Rastafarian in 2012. He has made an album of reggae music.

## References
Alyssa Milano

**Alyssa Milano** (born December 19, 1972) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearance in the 1980s television series ''Who's The Boss?''. She was one of the stars of The WB's series *Charmed* since 1998.

Milano was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. She moved to Great Kills, Staten Island early in her life.

In 2015, Milano supported Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election.

In October 2017, Milano helped popularized the #MeToo movement, an international internet movement, to raise awareness of the dangers and victims of sexual abuse and sexual harassment.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Alyssa Milano on fernsehserien.tv
A Beautiful Mind (movie)

***A Beautiful Mind*** is a 2001 biographical movie about the mathematician John Nash and his experiences of schizophrenia. It is set in Massachusetts and New Jersey. It stars Russell Crowe, Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, and Paul Bettany. It was directed by Ron Howard.

The movie is based on a book by Sylvia Nasar.

The movie won four Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. Connelly won for Best Supporting Actress.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Mug

mug]]

A **mug** is a container for drinking. It has one handle on the side. It is usually made of ceramic or steel. People might talk about getting *a mug of beer* at a local pub. They might also drink a mug of coffee in the morning.
Stretching (body piercing)

**Stretching** is a word used to describe a kind of body modification. It is when a person widens a pierced hole in their body.

Stretching is usually done a little bit at a time, so the pierced hole would not bleed or get infected. 

## Stretching methods
There are some common ways used to stretch piercings, of different origins and useful for different people.

* Tapering — The most common way to stretch, tapering uses a *taper*, a piece of jewelry which is smaller at one end and larger at the other. The taper is covered  with something slippery, like oil or soap, to make it slide through the skin more easily. Then it is pushed through the hole of the piercing until it is almost completely through. Thicker jewelry is then pushed into the piercing. Tapers come in many sizes and are usually sold by the thickness of the large end. Most tapers are about 2 or 3 inches long. 

* Dead Stretching — In dead stretching, jewelry is forced through without trying to widen the piercing hole first. This can hurt the body, and make scars, if it is not ready to hold the new jewelry. Some piercings will stretch a little on their own and larger jewelry can be put in without  injury.

* Teflon Tape Stretching — The jewelry is taken out, and a thin layer of non-sticky teflon tape is wrapped around it to make it thicker. The jewelry is then put back in. If a lot of tape is wrapped around the jewelry, eventually a person's piercing holes can be very wide.

* Weights — Big, heavy jewelry objects can be used to stretch piercings.

## Gauges and other measuring systems
Body jewellery is measured in gauges from 20g up to 000g; sizes larger than that are measured in fractions of inches. In Europe they are measured in millimeters.

The table below is not exact, but very close.
Pripyat

**Pripyat** (Ukrainian: При́п'ять, *Pryp”iat’*) is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine. It lies in Kyiv Oblast, near the border with Belarus. It was home to Chernobyl nuclear power plant workers. The city was abandoned in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. Before being abandoned, about 48,000 people lived in the city. The city was founded in the 1970s, when the nuclear power plant opened.
The site today is practically a museum showing the late Soviet era. With entirely abandoned buildings, including abandoned apartment buildings (four of which were yet to be used), swimming pools and hospitals, everything inside remains, from records to papers to children's toys and clothing. Pripyat and the surrounding area will not be safe for people to live there for several centuries. Scientists think that the most dangerous radioactive elements will take up to nine hundred years to decay sufficiently to render the area safe.

The city is entirely accessible and is relatively safe on the road, although it is unsafe to go around the city without a radiation dosimeter that measures exposure. The doors of all the buildings are open to reduce the risk to visitors, although many have accumulated too much radioactive material to be safe to visit.

## Related pages
* Chernobyl disaster

## Other websites 
* Site about Pripyat created by its former residents. Contains photos from the deserted town of Pripyat and much other useful information 
* Pripyat Ghost Town (1970-1986): a tale by Elena Filatova with photos 
* Greenpeace pictures with no text 
* Pripyat - Ghost Town II (www.opuszczone.com)
Thyroid cancer

**Thyroid cancer** is cancer in the thyroid gland. Doctors can find thyroid cancer by checking for swelling in the neck, blood tests, special scans, or taking a  biopsy.

## Types
There are four types of thyroid cancer:

## References
Containment building

A **containment building** is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment. Containment systems for nuclear power reactors are distinguished by size, shape, materials used, and suppression systems. The kind of containment used is determined by the type of reactor, generation of the reactor, and the specific plant needs.

The Chernobyl accident was very bad partly because the Soviet RBMK reactors used at the Chernobyl power plant had no containment buildings. The explosion, however, was so powerful that it is unlikely a containment building would have completely prevented the release of radiation.

## Layers of nuclear defense 
The diagram shows the order of defense layers for a nuclear reactor. The first layer of defense is the inert, ceramic quality of the uranium oxide itself. The second layer is the air tight zirconium alloy of the fuel rod. The third layer is the reactor pressure vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. The fourth layer is the pressure resistant, air tight *containment building*. The fifth layer is the exclusion zone around the reactor.

## Notes
Chernobyl

spacecraft in 1997]]

**Chernobyl** or **Chornobyl** () is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.

It was an important center of trade and commerce, especially in the 19th century. The city is 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) south of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, which became known for the Chornobyl disaster. The plant exploded on 26 April 1986. Clouds of dangerous radioactive particles were released.  The power plant started leaking dangerous radioactive matter. More than 100,000  people were evacuated from the city and other affected areas. 

Despite the fact that radiation is still being emitted from the nuclear disaster site, the 800-year-old city of Chornobyl survives. As of 2025, the government still restrict access to the zone from the public. They try to clean up radioactive material. Hundreds of people — mostly  the elderly — have decided to live with the dangers and have returned to their homes in the zone's towns and villages.  Their population was highest in 1987, when there were more than 1200 people.  In 2003, there were about 300. There are currently 704 people living in Chornobyl, the houses that have people inside have a sign on the outside saying, Owner of this house lives here.

In 2022, as part of Russia's invasion into Ukraine, Chernobyl has since been under Russian military control.
Sino-Soviet split

The **Sino-Soviet split** (1956-1966) was a time when the relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union weakened during the Cold War. Eventually, China's leader, Mao Zedong, decided to break the alliance with the Soviet Union.
 and Nikita Khrushchev in 1957]]

The Soviet leader, Stalin, wanted to help spread communism in the world, including China. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviets gave weapons and supplies to the Kuomintang (KMT), and advised the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese Empire. The Chinese Civil War continued, however. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet Union helped the Communists. Chinese leaders disliked the Soviet leaders for not helping Mao and the Communists from the start.

## The Split 
Suddenly, in 1953, Stalin died.  Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism, but also had a bad relationship with the Soviet Union throughout his time as leader.   The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was not like Stalin.  He did not want capitalism to collapse like Stalin did.  Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him fight the imperialists.  Khrushchev said no, and then Mao decided that if Khrushchev was not going to cooperate, they would not work with each other anymore.

Later, there was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicious of each other.  They were no longer allies, and Mao's supporters said that it had been a victory.
Awake

Being **awake** is a daily brain state. It is being in a state of consciousness where one is conscious about the surroundings. The person (or animal) can respond to these surroundings by communicating, walking, eating, and more. 

Being awake is the opposite of being asleep. When you are asleep most responses to your surroundings are turned off, and you are unconscious of what is happening around you.

Animals are **awake** for some hours each day or . Animals which are awake during the day are called diurnal. Animals which are awake during the night are called nocturnal.

Diurnal animals include humans. Most wake up in the morning and are awake during the day. When they are awake they can eat and move.
Liu Bei

**Liu Bei** (; 161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.

## Early life 
He went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion  in 184, along with his best friends Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian. 

After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers—until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all   of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.

Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.

## Old age 
From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.

After several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to make a union with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.

When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title *Emperor of Wu* for himself.

Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's . In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.

## Reference
Cao Cao

**Cao Cao** ( 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.

Cao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favour of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it.
After Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son Lü Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.

With the emperor under his control, Cao Cao managed to kill most of the minor warlords in Northern China and was even able to defeat Lü Bu and the powerful Yuan Shao at Guandu in 200. He tried to conquer the south, too, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan opposed him and defeated his forces in the *Battle at Red Cliffs*. Cao Cao led several campaigns against the south, but with fairly low success. Also, he managed to get the famous general Guan Yu killed by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng.

Cao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously *Emperor Wu of Wei*.
Zhang Fei

**Zhang Fei** ()(?–221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his best friends Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.

In the battles he still brave like Guan Yu, during the Battle of Changban, he broke the bridge and made a battlecry to protect Liu Bei, and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao and Cheng Yu.

Although Zhang Fei respect scholar, but he always caning his soldiers, he didn't accept Liu Bei’s advise, and cause killed by his own officers Fan Qiang and Zhang Da.

## References