open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Administrator of the Northern Territory

The **Administrator of the Northern Territory** is the person selected by the Governor-General of Australia to act as the governor of the Northern Territory of Australia. The selection of Administrator is made by the Governor-General-in-Council, that is, the Governor-General acting on the *advice* of the Australian government, not the advice of the Government of the Northern Territory.

The Northern Territory became self-governing on 1 July 1978. Now the Governor-General-in Council accepts a *recommendation* from the Northern Territory Government. Unlike an Australian State Governor, the Administrator does not represent the Queen in the Territory. They represent the Governor-General who is the Queen's representative in the Commonwealth. The Administrator's role is to govern the Territory under the law which gave it self-government. The Administrator's constitutional role is almost the same as a State Governor and can be considered the Queen's *indirect* representative in the Territory.

The office of the *Deputy of the Administrator* was created in 1997.

The present Administrator is Sally Thomas, AM.

## South Australia (1846 to 1912) 
The Northern Territory was part of South Australia from 1846 to 1912. The administrator was known as the Government Resident.

## Commonwealth of Australia (1912 to present) 
The Australian government took over control of the Northern Territory in 1912.

### Administrator (1912 to 1919) 
 Josiah Thomas, Sir Walter Barttelot and Administrator John Gilruth in 1912.]]

### Director (1919 to 1921) 
### Administrator (1921 to 1927) 
### Government Resident (1927 to 1931) 
There was an experiment having an extra Government Resident (Central Australia) in Alice Springs based at The Residency. Alice Springs was known as Stuart Town from 1888 to 1933.

### Administrator (1931 to present) 
## Deputy of the Administrator (1997 to present) 
The office of the *Deputy of the Administrator* was established in 1997.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Government House, Northern Territory, Office of the Administrator – official site
List of rivers of Sri Lanka

The following is a list of rivers in Sri Lanka. Rivers shorter than  are not included in this list.
.]]
.]]
List of rivers of South Sudan

This is a **list of streams and rivers in South Sudan**.  They are arranged by where the river drains.  There is a  list by letter at the end of this article.  

## Flowing into the Mediterranean 
**Nile (Egypt, Sudan)*
**White Nile
***Adar River
*****Machar Marshes*, into which flow
*****Yabus River
*****Daga River
*****Khor Machar
***Sobat River
****Baro River
*****Jikawo  River
****Pibor River
*****Akobo River
*****Agwei River
******Abara River
******Kongkong River
*****Kangen River
*****Lotilla River
******Veveno River
***Bahr el Zeraf
***Bahr el Ghazal
****Kiir River (Bahr al-Arab)
*****Lol River
******Sopo River
*******Kuru River
******Pongo River
****Jur River
*****Sue River
*****Waw Nahr
*****Numatinna River
***Lau River
***Gel River
***Aswa River (Achwa)

## Flowing into marshes
*Koss River
*Kidepo River
*Medikiret River

## Flowing into endorheic basins
### Lake Turkana
*Kibish River

## List by letter
* Abara River
* Achwa
* Adar River
* Agwei River
* Akobo River
* Bahr el Ghazal River
* Bahr el Zeraf
* Baro River
* Daga River
*Jikawo River
* Jur River
* Kangen River
* Kibish River
* Kidepo River
* Kiir River
* Kongkong River
* Koss River
* Kuru River
* Lol River
* Lotilla River
* Medikiret River
* Pibor River
* Pongo River
* Sobat River
* Sopo River
* Veveno River
* Wau River
* White Nile
* Yabus River

## Other websites
*Southern Sudan Topography 
*Topographical map of Eastern Equatoria 
*Topographical map of Jonglei
List of rivers of Sudan

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Sudan**.  They are arranged by where the river drains.  There is list by letter at the end of this article.
## Flowing into the Mediterranean 
*Nile
**Atbarah River
***Mareb River (or Gash River) (only reaches the Atbarah in times of flood)
***Tekezé River (or Setit)
***Angereb River (or Greater Angereb River)
**Blue Nile
***Rahad River
***Dinder River
**White Nile
****Adar River (South Sudan)*
****Yabus River
***Bahr el Ghazal
****Bahr al-Arab
*****Adda River
*****Umbelasha River

## Flowing into the Red Sea 
* Barka River

## Flowing into endorheic basins
### Libyan Desert
*Wadi Howar (remnant of the Yellow Nile, an ancient tributary of the Nile)

### Lake Kundi
*Ibrah River

## List by letter 
### A to M 
Adda River, Sudan - Angereb River - Atbarah River

Bahr al-Arab - Barka River

Dinder River

Geni River

Ibrah River

Mareb River (Gash River)

### N to Z
Nile River

Rahad River

Tekezé River - Tiwal River

Umbelasha River

Wadi Howar - White Nile

Yabus River

## Related pages
*List of rivers of South Sudan

## References
Birmingham Town Hall

**Birmingham Town Hall** is a Grade I listed building for concerts and meetings in Victoria Square, Birmingham 1, England.  It was built as a home for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival which had started in 1784 in order to raise money for a hospital.

Between 2002 and 2008, it was refurbished into a concert hall and is now used for many different kinds of performances such as organ recitals, rock, pop and classical concerts and events such as graduation ceremonies for Aston University.  It has a famous pipe organ which has 90 stops.
Chloë Grace Moretz

**Chloë Grace Moretz** (born on February 10, 1997)

Moretz is a lesbian. She is also a Democrat.

## Filmography
'' premiere in New York in November 2011]]
### Film
### Television
### Stage
### Music Videos
### Video Games
## Awards 
## References
## Other websites
Hex editor

A **Hex editor** is a piece of software that allows one to edit binary data on a computer. The name comes from the fact that such data is usually represented as hexadecimal numbers.

## References
List of rivers of Suriname

This is a **list of rivers in Suriname**. This list is arranged by where the river drains.  Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.  

## Atlantic Ocean
*Marowijne River
**Tapanahony River
***Paloemeu River
**Gonini River
**Lawa River
***Litani River
****Oelemari River
*Suriname River
**Commewijne River
***Cottica River
**Brokopondo Reservoir
***Gran Rio
*Saramacca River
*Coppename River
*Nickerie River
*Corantijn River
**Kabalebo River
**Lucie River
**Sipaliwini River
**Kutari River
*Coeroeni River

## References
*Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
List of rivers of Syria

This is a list of rivers of Syria. Tributaries are listed under the river into which they flow.

## Flowing into the Mediterranean 
* Orontes
** Afrin River
** Karasu
* Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali, or *Northern Great River* 
* Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi, or *Southern Great River* (On the border between Syria and Lebanon)

## Flowing into the Persian Gulf by the Shatt al-Arab
* Tigris (On the border between Syria and Iraq)
* Euphrates
** Khabur
*** Wadi Radd
*** Wadi Khnezir
*** Wadi Jarrah
*** Jaghjagh River
*** Wadi Khanzir
*** Wadi Avedji
** Balikh
*** Wadi al-Kheder
*** Wadi Qaramogh
** Sajur River

## Flowing into basins 
### Aleppo basin 
* Quweiq
### Ghouta oasis 
* Barada
### Al-Hijanah Lake 
* Awaj
### Dead Sea 
* Jordan River
** Yarmouk (On the border between Syria and Jordan)
** Banias River
List of rivers of Togo

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Togo**. Togo's longest river is the Mono River.

## M
* Mo River
* Mono River
## O
* Oti River
## References
List of rivers of Tanzania

This is a list of rivers in Tanzania.  They are arranged by where the rivers flows. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name. 

A list by letters is given at the bottom of the article.

## East Coast
*Umba River basin

*Sigi River basin

*Pangani River basin
**Kolungazao River
**Saunyi River
**Luengera River
**Mkomazi River
**Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir
***Kikuletwa River
****Sanya River
****Weruweru River
*****Kikafu River
****Usa River
****Themi River
*****Ngarenaro River
***Jipe Ruvu River
****Deho River
****Rau River
*****Lake Jipe
******River Lumi, Tanzania

*Msangasi River basin

*Migasi River basin

*Wami River basin
**Lukigura River
**Kiseru River
**Mkundi River
**Tani River
**Mkata River
***Mkondoa River
***Miyombo River

*Ruvu River basin
**Mkombezi River
**Mbiki River
**Musa River
**Ngereugere River
**Mgeta River

*Rufiji River basin
**Lungonya River
**Great Ruaha River
***Lukosi River
***Mbungu River
***Kizigo River
****Njombe River
***Little Ruaha River
***Kimbi River
***Mbarali River
**Luwegu River
**Ulanga River (Kilombero)
***Kihansi
***Luhombero River
***Msolwa River
***Ruipa River
***Mnyera River
****Ruhudji River

*Matandu River basin

*Mavuji River basin

*Mbwemkuru River basin

*Lukuledi River basin

*Ruvuma River basin
**Lukwika River
**Muhuwezi River
**Msinejewe River
**Lukumbule River
**Msangesi River
**Njuga River

## Nile basin
*Lake Victoria
**Mori River
**Mara River
**Ruwana River
**Simiyu River
**Isanga River
**Kagera River

## Congo Basin
*Lake Tanganyika
**Malagarasi River
**Rufugu River
**Luegele River
**Luega River
**Msenguse River
**Ifume River
**Luamfi River
**Loasi River
**Kalambo River

## Endorheic basins
*Lake Rukwa basin
**Kavuu River
**Rungwa River
**Zira River
***Songwe River
**Momba River
***Saisi River

*Lake Natron basin

*Lake Manyara basin

*Lake Eyasi basin
**Sibiti River

*Bubu River basin

## List by letter
## G 
Great Ruaha River

## K 
Kagera River - Kalambo River

## M 
Malagarasi River - Manonga River - Mara River

## R 
Rufiji River - Rurubu River - Ruvuma River - Ruvyironza River

## S 
Semu River - Sibiti River

## U 
Umba River (Tanzania)

## W 
Wami River - Wembere River
List of rivers of Spain

This is a **list of rivers** that are at least partially in Spain. The rivers are grouped by sea or ocean. The rivers flowing into the sea are sorted along the coast. Rivers flowing into other rivers are listed by the rivers they flow into. Rivers that have their mouths in Portugal are given in italics.

The list begins in Catalonia at the French border and moves clockwise around the Iberian Peninsula.

## Mediterranean Sea
### Catalonia
 in Zaragoza]]
*el Ripoll
*la Muga
*el Fluvià
*el Ter
*la Tordera
*el Besòs
**el Congost
*el Llobregat
**l'Anoia
**el Cardener
**la Gavarresa
*el Foix
*el Gaià
*el Francolí
*la Sénia

### Ebro
*el Ebro
**Cidacos
**Ega
**Aragón
***Aragón Subordán
***Arga
***Candanchú
**Jalón
***Jiloca
***Piedra
**Gállego
***Aguas limpias
***Caldarés
***Escarra
***Lana Mayor
***Aurín
***Guarga
***Seco
***Asabón
***Sotón
**Guadalope
***Bergantes
**Segre
***Cinca
****Ara
*****Arazas
****Ésera
****Lanata
***Noguera Ribagorzana
***Noguera Pallaresa
**Queiles

### Levante (Valencian Community and Region of Murcia)
 in Murcia]]
*Mijares
*Turia
*Júcar
**Cabriel
**Albaida
**Huécar
**Valdemembra
**Magro
*Serpis
*Rambla de las Ovejas
*Vinalopó
*Segura
**Mundo
**Mula
**Guadalentín
**Alhárabe

### Andalucian Mediterranean
*Guadalfeo
**Trevélez
***Poqueira
*Guadalhorce
*Guadalmedina
*Guadiaro
**Guadalevín

## Atlantic Ocean
### Costa de la Luz
 in Córdoba]]
]]
*Guadalete
**Majaceite
*San Pedro
*Guadalquivir
**Guadiana Menor
**Guadalbullón
**Genil
***Darro
**Corbones
**Guadaíra
**Guadiamar
*Rio Tinto
**Odiel
*Guadiana
**Guadalupe
**Záncara
**Jabalón
**Záncara
**Matachel
**Chanza

### Portuguese Atlantic
 in Toledo]]
 in Zamora]]
**Tajo*
**Alagón
**Jarama
***Lozoya
***Manzanares
***Henares
**Guadarrama
**Alberche
***Cofio
***Perales
**Tiétar
**Duero*
**Adaja
**Tormes
**Tamega
**Pisuerga
***Carrión
***Odra
**Esla
***Cea
***Órbigo
**Trabancos
**Valderaduey
**Huebra
**Águeda

### Spanish Atlantic
 river]]

*Minho
**Avia
**Sil
*Tambre
*Ulla
**Sar
*Lérez
*Anllóns
*Eo
*Nalón
*Narcea
*Navia
*Sella
** Dobra
*Deva
**Cares
*Saja
*Gándara
*Pas
**Pisueña
*Nervión
**Cadagua
**Ibaizabal
*Mundaka
*Oria
**Leitzaran
*Urola
*Urumea
*Bidasoa

## France
*The Garonne, a tributary of the Gironde estuary in Val d'Aran is the only river in Spain that drains North of the Pyrenees into the Atlantic.

## Other websites 
* Rivers of Spain  in INE (Spain)
List of rivers of Turkmenistan

This is a list of rivers of Turkmenistan.  They are arranged by where the river flows.

## Caspian Sea 
* Atrek River
** Sumbar (Sari-su)
* Uzboy (extinct) - a former distributary of the Amu Darya
## Karakum Desert 
*Tejen River (Harirud)
*Morghab River - now flows into the Qaraqum Canal
**Kushk River
**Kashkan River

## Aral Sea basin
* Amu Darya
List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago

This is a **list of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago**. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name. 

## Trinidad
### North Coast (Caribbean Sea)
* Yarra River
* Marianne River
* Shark River

### East Coast (Atlantic Ocean)
* Maturita River
* North Oropouche River
** Quare River
** Cunapo River
* Nariva River
* Navet Rive
* Ortoire River
** Poole River

### South Coast (Atlantic Ocean)
* Moruga River
* Pilote River
* Jack River

### West Coast (Gulf of Paria)
* Chaguaramas River
* Diego Martin River
* Maraval River
* Caroni River 
** Santa Cruz River
** Maracas River
** San Juan River
** St. Joseph River
** Tunapuna River
** Tacarigua River (Caura River) 
** Arouca River
** Oropuna River
** Mausica River
** Arima River
** Talparo River
** Tumpuna River
** Guanapo River
** El Mamo River
** Aripo River
** Cumuto River
* Guayamare River
* Cunupia River
* Caparo River
** Honda River
* Couva River
* Guaracara River 
* Tarouba River
* Cipero River
* South Oropouche River 
* Guapo River

## Tobago
### North Coast (Caribbean Sea)
* Courland River
* Coffee River
* Castara River
* Bloody Bay River

### South Coast (Atlantic Ocean)
* Cook's River
* Bacolet River
** Sandy River
* Hillsborough West River
* Hillsborough East River
* Goldsborough River
* Richmond River (Great Dog River)
** Belle River
* Roxborough River
* Queens River
* Kings Bay River

## References
*GEOnet Names Server 
*Trinidad tourist map 
*Tobago tourist map 
*Trinidad and Tobago Water Resources
List of rivers of Uganda

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Uganda**

## A 
Achwa River

## K 
Kabi River - Kagera River - Katonga River - Kazinga Channel - Kidepo River

## L 
Lamia River - Lugogo River

## M 
Mayanja River

## N 
Nile River - Nkusi River

## O 
Okot River - Ora River

## P 
Pager River

## S 
* Semliki River - Suam River - Sezibwa River

## V 
Victoria Nile

## W 
White Nile
List of rivers of the United Kingdom

For details of rivers of the United Kingdom, see

* List of rivers of England
* List of rivers of Northern Ireland
* List of rivers of Scotland
* List of rivers of Wales
List of rivers of Turkey

This is a list of the **rivers of Turkey**.

## Flow into the Black Sea
### Europe
*Mutludere  (also known as Rezovo) flows from Turkey into Bulgaria.  112&nbsp;km.
*Veleka flows into Bulgaria and then into the Black Sea.  147&nbsp;km (25&nbsp;km in Turkey)

### Anatolia
*Kızılırmak 'Red River' is the longest river in Turkey, also known as the Halys River.  1,350&nbsp;km
**Delice River - tributary
**Devrez River - tributary
**Gök River - tributary (also known as Gökırmak and in Classical times, Amnias)
*Sakarya River is the third longest river in Turkey, also known as Sangarius.  824&nbsp;km
**Seydisuyu
**Porsuk Çayı
**Ankara River
*Yeşilırmak  'Green River' (Classical Iris).  418&nbsp;km
**Çekerek River (Classical Scylax) is a tributary
**Kelkit River (Classical Lycus (one of several))  is a tributary
*Yağlıdere
**Kılıçlar River
**Tohumluk River
**Üçköprü is not actually a river but the point where the Kılıçlar and Tohumluk meet
*Aksu Deresi in Giresun Province
*Batlama River in Giresun
*Bartın River (Classical Parthenius)
*Çoruh River (Classical Acampsis)
*Gelevara Deresi
*Kara Dere (Classical Hyssus or Hyssos)
*Machakhlistskal(i)
*Terme River (Classical Thermōdōn)
*Yenice or Filyos River

## Flow into the Marmara Sea
*Biga Çayı, the classical Granicus
*Mustafakemalpaşi Çayı, the classical Ryhndacus
*Simav Çayı or Susurluk Çayı, the classical Makestos

## Flow into the Aegean Sea
### Europe
*Meriç (Maritsa or Evros) is in the European section of Turkey and has its source in Bulgaria.  It is 480&nbsp;km long.
**Tunca is a 350&nbsp;km tributary in Bulgaria
**Ergene is a tributary inside of Turkey.

### Anatolia
*Bakırçay (Classical Caicus or Astraeus)
*Büyük Menderes River (Classical Maeander or Meander). 548&nbsp;km
**Lycus (river of Phrygia)
***Cadmus (river)
*Cayster River or Küçük Menderes.  114&nbsp;km
*Gediz River (Classical Hermus). 401&nbsp;km
**Pactolus (also known as Sart Çayı)
*Karamenderes River (Classical Scamander)

## Flow into the Mediterranean Sea
*Aksu (Classical Kestros)
*Manavgat River
*Dim River 
*Köprüçay River (Classical Eurymedon)
*Göksu. 260&nbsp;km
*Limonlu Çayı (also known as Lamos (Cilicia))
*Müftü River
*Tarsus River (also called Berdan; Classical Cydnus)
*Seyhan River (Classical Sarus)
**Zamantı River
*Ceyhan River (Classical Pyramus or Leucosyrus). 509&nbsp;km
*Payas River
*Deli Çay River
*Asi River (Classical Orontes)
**Afrin River
***Karasu

## Flow into the Persian Gulf
*Euphrates
**Khabur River
***Jaghjagh River
**Balikh River
**Sajur River
**Karasu
**Murat River
*Tigris
**Great Zab  (in Turkish Büyükzap Suyu)
**Khabur (Tigris)
**Botan River (Uluçay)
**Batman River
**Hezir River

## Flow into the Caspian Sea
*Kura River
**Aras River
***Arpaçay River  (also known as Akhurian) is a tributary of the Aras.  It arises in Armenia and forms part of the border between Armenia and Turkey before joining the Aras.

## Ancient
*Aegospotami
*Asopus
*Çapraz Çayı / Susurluk Çayı (ancient Macestus)
*Hyllus (river)
*Lycus (river of Bithynia)
*Lycus (river of Cilicia)
*Lycus (river of Lydia)
*River Meles
*Mezetli Su (anc. *Liparis*)
*Pinarus River
List of main rivers of Wales

This is a list of the **main rivers of Wales**.

## In Wales, flowing into the Liverpool Bay
*From Hoylake to Garth Pier, Bangor, Gwynedd*

### Dee catchment
* River Dee, Wales (Afon Dyfrdwy)

### Clwyd catchment
* River Clwyd (Afon Clwyd)

### Conwy catchment
* River Conwy (Afon Conwy)

### Aber catchment
* Afon Aber

### Ogwen catchment
* Afon Ogwen

### Cegin catchment
* River Cegin (Afon Cegin)

### Adda catchment
* River Adda (Afon Adda)

## Isle of Anglesey
Anticlockwise from Menai Bridge / Porthaethwy

### Crigyll catchment
* Afon Crigyll

### Ffraw catchment
* Afon Ffraw

### Cefni catchment
* Afon Cefni (River Cefni)

### Braint (i) catchment
* Afon Braint (River Braint, Dwyran)

### Braint (ii) catchment
* Afon Braint (LlanfairPG)

*Note "Afon Menai", known as the "Menai Strait" in English, is not technically a river, despite its Welsh name.*.

## In Wales, flowing into the Irish Sea
''From Bangor Pier to St. Govan's Head*

### Seiont catchment
* Afon Seiont (River Seiont) (known as Afon Rhythallt above Pont-Rhythallt)

### Gwyrfai catchment
* Afon Gwyrfai

### Soch catchment
* Afon Soch

### Rhyd-hir catchment etc
* Afon Rhyd-hir
* Afon Erch
* Afon Wen

### Dwyfor catchment
* Afon Dwyfor

### Glaslyn catchment
* Afon Glaslyn

### Artro catchment
* Afon Artro

### Ysgethin catchment
* Afon Ysgethin

### Mawddach catchment
* Afon Mawddach

### Dysynni catchment
* Afon Dysynni (R)

### Dyfi catchment
* Afon Dyfi (River Dovey)

### Clarach catchment
* Afon Clarach (formed at the confluence of Afon Stewi and Nant Silo)

### Rheidol catchment
* River Rheidol (Afon Rheidol)

### Ystwyth catchment
* River Ystwyth (Afon Ystwyth)

### Wyre catchment
* Afon Wyre

### Cledan catchment
* Afon Cledan

### Arth catchment
* River Arth

### Aeron catchment
* Afon Aeron

### Teifi catchment
* River Teifi (Afon Teifi)

### Nyfer catchment etc
* Afon Nyfer

### Cleddau catchment
* Daugleddau (estuary is Daugleddyf or Milford Haven downstream)

## In Wales, flowing into the Bristol Channel
*From St. Govan's Head to M48 Bridge''

### Tâf catchment
* Afon Tâf

### Tywi catchment
* River Tywi (Afon Tywi)

### Gwendraeth catchment
* River Gwendraeth

### Lliedi catchment
* River Lliedi (Afon Lliedi)

### Loughor catchment
* River Loughor (Afon Llwchwr)

### Clyne catchment
* Clyne River

### Tawe catchment
* River Tawe

### Neath catchment
* River Neath

### Afan catchment
* River Afan

### Kenfig catchment
* River Kenfig (Afon Cynffig)

### Ogmore catchment
* River Ogmore (Afon Ogwr)

### Col-huw catchment
* Afon Col-huw

### Thaw catchment
* River Thaw

### Cadoxton catchment
* Cadoxton River

### Taff catchment
* River Taff (Afon Tâf)

### Rhymney catchment
* Rhymney River (Afon Rhymni)

### Usk catchment
* River Usk (Afon Wysg)

### Wye catchment
* River Wye (Afon Gwy)

### Severn catchment
With the exception of a small part of the Rea Brook, all tributaries of the Severn downstream of the confluence of the Severn and the Vyrnwy are wholly in England. For details see List of rivers of England.
* River Severn (Afon Hafren), Bristol Channel (Mor Hafren)

## References
List of rivers of Uruguay

This is a **list of rivers in Uruguay**.  Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name. All rivers in Uruguay drain to the Atlantic Ocean. 

* Río de la Plata
** Uruguay River
*** San Salvador River
*** Río Negro
**** Arroyo Grande
**** Yí River
***** Porongos River
***** Chamangá River
**** Tacuarembó River
***** Caraguatá River
*** Queguay Grande River
**** Queguay Chico River
*** Daymán River
*** Arapey Grande River
**** Arapey Chico River
*** Cuareim River
** San Juan River
** Rosario River
** Santa Lucía River
*** San José River
**** Santa Lucía Chico
* Lagoa Mirim
** San Luis River
** Arroyo de la India Muerta
** Cebollatí River
*** Olimar Grande River
**** Olimar Chico River
** Tacuarí Tiver
** Yaguarón River

## References
*Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
*GEOnet Names Server
List of rivers of Vietnam

near Bắc Giang]]
]]
 at Huế]]
 in Hanoi]]

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Vietnam**.
*Bach Dang River
*Bassac River
*Ben Hai River
*Black River (Vietnam)
*Bo River
*Ca River
*Cam River (Vietnam)
*Cau River
*Cau Lau River
*Chu River
*Dong Nai River
*Gianh River
*Han River
*Kien Giang River
*Kinh Thầy River
*Ky Cung River
*Long Dai River
*Luc Nam River
*Luoc River
*Sekong River
*Ma River
*Mekong River
*Nhat Le River
*Perfume River (Hương Giang)
*Red River (Asia)
*Saigon River
*Sepon River
*Son River
*Srepok River
*Thach Han River
*Thai Binh River
*Thuong River
*Tien River
*Tra Bong River
*Tra Khuc River
*Van Uc River
*Ve River
*Yen River

## By province
### An Giang Province
*Bình Di River
*Châu Đốc River
*Hậu River
*Kênh Thoại Hà River
*Vàm Nao River
*Kênh Vĩnh Tế River

### Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province
*Dinh River (Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu)
*Ray River
*Thị Vải River

### Bac Giang Province
*Chũ River
*Cầu River
*Lục Nam River
*Thương River

### Bac Kan Province
*Bắc Giang River
*Cầu River
*Phó Đáy River

### Bac Ninh Province
*Cà Lồ River
*Cầu River
*Thái Bình River
*Đuống River

### Ben Tre Province
*Ba Lai River
*Bến Tre River
*Cổ Chiên River
*Hàm Luông River
*Mỹ Tho River

### Binh Dinh Province
*Hà Thanh River
*La Tinh River
*Côn River

### Binh Duong Province
*Bé River
*Đồng Nai River

### Binh Phuoc Province
*Bé River
*Đồng Nai River

### Binh Thuan Province
*Cà Ty River
*La Ngà River
*Phan River

### Ca Mau Province
*Cửa Lớn River
*Bồ Đề River
*Trẹm River
*Ông Đốc River

### Can Tho
*Hậu River

### Cao Bang Province
*Bằng River
*Gâm River
*Nho Quế River
*Quây Sơn River

### Da Nang
*Cu Đê River
*Hàn River
*Túy Loan River
*Yên River (Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng)

### Dak Lak Province
*Cái River
*Hinh River    
*Krông Ana River
*Krông Nô River
*Krông H’Năng River
*Serepôk River

### Dak Nong Province
*Krông Nô River
*Đồng Nai River

### Dien Bien Province
*Mã River
*Đà River

### Dong Nai Province
*Bé River
*Đồng Nai River
*La Ngà River
*Ray River
*Saigon River
*Thị Vải River

### Gia Lai Province
*Côn River
*Sê San River
*Đà Rằng River

### Ha Giang Province
*Gâm River

### Hanoi 
* Đáy River
* Golden Buffalo River
* Lừ River
* Nhuệ River
* Thunder River
* Tô Lịch River

### Ho Chi Minh City
*Bến Nghé River
*Đồng Nai River
*Đồng Tranh River
*Lòng Tàu River
*Nhà Bè River
*Ngã Bảy River
*Soài Rạp River
*Cần Giuộc River
*Saigon River
*Sông Vàm Sát River

### Lang Son Province
*Chũ River
*Lục Nam River
*Thương River
### Quang Nam Province
*Yên River (Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng)

### Quang Ngai Province
*Tra Khuc River

### Tuyen Quang Province
*Gâm River
List of rivers of Zambia

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Zambia**

## C 
Chambeshi River - Congo River - Cuando River

## K 
Kabompo River - Kafue River - Kalambo River - Kalungwishi River

## L 
Luanginga River - Luangwa River - Luapula River - Luena River, Western Zambia - Lukasashi River - Lunga River (Zambia) - Lungwebungu River - Lunsemfwa River

## M 
Mbereshi River - Mulungushi River

## Z 
Zambezi
Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi

**Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi** (November 16, 1894 – July 27, 1972) was an Austrian politician and philosopher, who was the founder of the first movement for the United States of Europe for integration of Europe.

He was a well known for works the founder of the *Paneuropean Union* and his wrote book *Pan-Europa*. In 1950, he was awareded Charlemagne Prize.

## Works 
* *Adel* (1922)
* *Pan-Europa* (1923)
* *Practical Idealism* (1925)
* *Kampf um Paneuropa* (3 Volumes, 1925–28)
* *The Totalitarian State Against Man* (1939)
* *Europe Must Unite* (1939)
* *Die Europäische Nation* (1953) 
* *Weltmacht Europa* (1971)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Paneuropean Union
List of rivers of Zimbabwe

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Zimbabwe**.

## B 
Bubye River

## G 
Gway River

## I 
Inkankezi River - Insiza River - Inyankuni River

## K 
Kwekwe River

## L 
Limpopo River - Luenha River

## M 
Manyame River - Mazowe River - Mtshabezi River - Mtshelele River - Mucheke River - Munyati River - Mupfure River - Mushawe - Mwenezi River - Mwewe River - Mzingwane River

## N 
Ncema River

## P 
Panhane River - Pungwe River

## R 
Runde River

## S 
Save River (Africa) - Sebakwe River - Sengwa River - Shangani River - Shashe River - Siwaze River

## T 
Thuli River

## U 
Umchabezi River

## Z 
Zambezi River
Flag of Afghanistan

The recognized **flag** of Afghanistan continues to be that of the **Islamic Republic of Afghanistan**, although the Taliban flag, which was used from 1997-2001 until their collapse, has reemerged under the name of Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan as of 2021.

Afghanistan has had more changes of its national flag during the 20th century than any other country in the world. It has had 20 different flags since the first flag in 1747. In only 4 years (1926–1930), Afghanistan had 7 flag changes - many of these flags were used as the nation's flags for only a few months.

## Historical flags 
## References
Vice President of Afghanistan

The **Vice President of Afghanistan** is the second highest political position in Afghanistan. Vice Presidents are elected on the same ticket as the President. A Presidential candidate nominates two candidates for Vice President before the election. 

## Other websites
*Vice Presidents of Afghanistan 
* Vice Presidents in 2004
National anthem of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

The "**Afghan National Anthem**" (; ) was used between 2006 and 2021. The words of the song were written by an Afghan poet named Abdul Bari Jahani, and the melody for his words were created by an German-Afghan composer named Babrak Wassa. It was *de facto* replaced by "This is the Home of the Brave" after the Taliban takeover in 2021.

## History
After the end of Taliban rule in 2001, a new national anthem was made for the "New Afghanistan". According to the 20th article of the new Afghan constitution, it would have the names of the many ethnic groups of Afghanistan. It said the phrase "*Allāhu Akbar*" ("God is the greatest") had to be in it. After a competition, "Millī Surūd" was made the official national anthem in May 2006.

After the Taliban takeover on 15 August 2021, it was replaced by "This is the Home of the Brave". However, in the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup between October and November, it was still played as the national anthem of Afghanistan. The flag of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was also used. The Islamic Republic anthem and flag were also used in the 2022 CAFA U-19 Futsal Championship.

### Historical use
Similar to Romania, Afghanistan has used a bunch of other anthems in the past. A lot of times is due to the government of Afghanistan changing many times. When the country was ruled by a king, two national anthems were used: "Royal Salute" and "Grand Salute". Then right when Afghanistan was no longer ruled by a king, a new national anthem was used, but only for five years. Soon after, Afghanistan became a socialist republic and a national anthem for that was used. But that came to an end in 1992, when Afghanistan became an Islamic state, so another anthem was used.

During the late 1990s, the Taliban took control over most of Afghanistan and ruled most of the country until late 2001. This was when the United States started a war (against the Taliban and al-Qaeda) right after 9/11. The Taliban were the winners in that war, so as of August 2021, Afghanistan is an Islamic Emirate to this day, and "This is the Home of the Brave" is now the country's national anthem.

## Lyrics
## Notes
## References
Muhammad Qasim Fahim

Field Marshal **Muhammad Qasim Fahim** (9 October 1957 – 9 March 2014; ) also known as "Marshal Fahim Khan") was an Afghan military commander, and politician. He was the Vice President of Afghanistan from November 2009 until his death in March 2014. He was the Defense Minister of the Afghan Transitional Administration, beginning in 2002. He also served as Vice President of Afghanistan from June 2002 to December 2004. Marshal Fahim was a member of Afghanistan's  Tajik ethnic group.

## References
Chief Justice of Afghanistan

The **Chief Justice** of Afghanistan is the head of the Afghan Supreme Court. The incumbent chief justice is Abdul Salam Azimi.

## List of chief justices, 2001-present
*Faisal Ahmad Shinwari (2001–2006), was member of the Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan
*Abdul Salam Azimi (2006–present), a former professor at the University of Arizona in the United States

## List of chief justices before 2001
*Abdul Salam (under Taliban rule)
*Abdul Karim Shadan (pre-Taliban) 

## References
Abdul Salam Azimi

**Abdul Salam Azimi** (Pashtu:عبدالسلام عظیمی  (Januaury 1936 &ndash; 22 January 2026) was an Afghan politician and lawyer. He was the Chief Justice of Afghanistan.  He was the Acting Head of the Afghan Supreme Court. He was considered a moderate and wears western-style clothing including suits and ties. Azimi was a former professor at the University of Nebraska at Omaha in the United States.  He was an ethnic Pashtun of the Alizai tribe. Azimi was born in Farah Province.

Azimi died on 22 January 2026 at the age of 90.

## References
Registan Desert

The **Registan Desert**, also known as **Rigestan Desert**, is a desert in Afghanistan.  It is between Helmand and Kandahar provinces in southwestern Afghanistan. It is a sandy desert with small, red sandhills about  high, plains that are covered with sand, and open rocky and clay areas. There are a few Baluchi and Pashtun nomads there. The desert is starting to go over surrounding agricultural areas.

## References
President of Afghanistan

The **President of Afghanistan** was the head of state of Afghanistan.  Afghanistan has only been a republic between 1973 and 1992 and from 2001 onwards. Before 1973, it was a monarchy that was governed by a variety of kings, emirs or shahs. There was a civil war from 1992 to 2001.

After the 2021 Taliban offensive and the near seizure of the capital, incumbent President Ashraf Ghani fled Afghanistan to Tajikistan on 15 August 2021. After Ghani fled the country, the Taliban occupied the Presidential Palace. The office was abolished on 6th September 2021.

## Powers
The constitution of Afghanistan gave the president wide powers over military and legislative affairs.  There was a weak national parliament.

## List
## References
## Other websites
*Presidency of Afghanistan - The official website of the Office of the President of Afghanistan.
Saif Ali Khan

**Saif Ali Khan** (born 16 August 1970) is an Indian actor of Bollywood. He was born to Sharmila Tagore, great-grandniece of Rabindranath Tagore. 

In January 2025, Khan was hospitalized in Mumbai after being stabbed multiple times during a home invasion.

## References
Helmand River

The **Helmand River** (also spelled *Helmend, Helmund, Hirmand*; Pashto/Persian:   '**, Greek: **' (*Etýmandros*), Latin: ''*) is the longest river in Afghanistan. The name means "dammed, having a dam".  Helmand Province is named after the river.

The Helmand river stretches for . It rises in the Hindu Kush mountains,  about  west of Kabul (), passing north of the Unai Pass. It crosses south-west through the desert of Dashti Margo, to the Seistan marshes and the Hamun-i-Helmand lake region around Zabol at the Afghan-Iranian border ().

## References
* 
* Frye, Richard N. (1963). *The Heritage of Persia*. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966.
* Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961). *Between Oxus and Jumna*. London. Oxford University Press.
* Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West." *Iranica antiqua'', 20 (1985), pp.&nbsp;55–99.
Uhwudong

**Uhwudong** (, c. 1430 - October 18 1480), also written as **Eoudong** or **Eowudong**, was a Korean Joseon Dynasty gisaeng, writer, poet, and dancer. She lived during the reign of King Yejong and King Seongjong. She was also called **Eeulwudong**.

famous for divorced from royal family wife. she was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She is one of Koreas modern popular cultural icons.

## Popular culture 
In the late 20th century, Uhwudong's story was of interest in both North Korea and South Korea. There are books, movies and operas about her.

In late 1985, a movie *Eoudong* was released. It starred Lee Bo-hee in the title role. Another movie, *Kim Mun-hee*, was released on May 23, 1987. In 2007, KBS released a TV series entitled *King and I* starring Kim Sa-rang.

## Related pages 
* Shin Saimdang
* Yu Gamdong
* Heo Chohui
* Hwang Jinyi

## Other websites 
* Uhwudong at naver.com 
* Uhwudong at daum.net 
* Uhwudong: Korean historical persons information
Karim Khalili

**Abdul Karim Khalili** (born 1950) is a former Vice President of Afghanistan. He was in office from 2004 to 2014, under Hamid Karzai. Khalili was first Vice President in 2002.  He was elected as running mate of Hamid Karzai in 2004. Since 1989 he has been one of the main leaders of the Hezbe Wahdat political party of Hazara people.

Khalili was born in Wardak Province and attended a religious school. He participated actively in the Afghan resistance during Soviet Invasion. He also served as Minister of Finance of Afghanistan during the Mujahideen government in the early 1990s.

## References
Van der Waals force

s can stick to walls and ceilings because of van der Waals forces.]]

In chemistry, the **Van der Waals force** is a type of intermolecular force that attracts molecules together. An intermolecular force is a relatively weak force between molecules. Van der Waals forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force. They are named after the Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923).

Negatively charged electrons orbit around molecules or ions. The electrons shift their orbits to create slightly different charges from one end of the molecule to the other as a response to each other. These slight differences are called *partial charges*, described by using the variables δ- or δ+. 

Van der Waals force is sometimes used loosely to mean for *all* intermolecular forces. Van der Waals forces are weaker than covalent bonds and usually weaker than hydrogen bonds, but they play a important role in supramolecular chemistry, enzymes, polymer science, nanotechnology, surface science, and condensed matter physics. Van der Waals forces define many properties of organic compounds, including their ability to dissolve.

## References
Closeted

**Closeted** and **in the closet** are metaphors used to describe lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) people who for some reason have not disclosed their sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex characteristics. People who have declared this identity are said to have "come out of the closet."

## Reading list 
* *Epistemology of the Closet* (reprinted 1992) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, .
* Dossie Easton, Janet Hardy, *When Someone You Love Is Kinky*,  Greenery Press, 2000. .

## Other websites 
* Empty Closets - Coming Out Resources and a Safe Place to Chat
* The Human Rights Campaign's Coming Out Guides 
* The Human Rights Campaign is the leading agency of the National Coming Out Project
Iolanta

**Iolanta** (sometimes ***Iolanthe***) () is a one-act opera. The libretto was written by Modest Tchaikovsky. It is based on the Danish play *Kong Renés Datter* (*King René’s Daughter*) by Henrik Hertz. The story is a account of the life of Yolande de Bar. The play was translated by Fyodor Miller and adapted by Vladimir Zotov. The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The opera received its premiere in St. Petersburg on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre on a double-bill with the ballet *The Nutcracker*.
Michel Wachenheim

**Michel Wachenheim**, (born 16 January 1951 at Saint-Maur-des-Fossés) is a French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Graduate from *École Polytechnique* (promotion 1972) and ''École nationale de l'aviation civile* (promotion 1975), Michel Wachenheim starts his career in 1977 at the air traffic department. In 2007, he becomes Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Transport Dominique Bussereau. The 1st of September 2009, he becomes French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

Michel Wachenheim is married, has three children and is *Officier de la Légion d'honneur*. The 2009-2010 promotion of the *institut de formation universitaire et de recherche du transport aérien'' (research and training air transport institute) bears his name.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, *Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique*, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p.&nbsp;527, *Wachenheim, Michel*
* Who’s Who in France, 2012, 2307 p. (), notice « Wachenheim, Michel ».
Stephen Root

**Stephen Root** (born November 17, 1951) is an American actor, comedian and voice artist. He is best known for doing many voices in movies and TV shows. He voiced Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in *King of the Hill*, Zeb Zoober in *The Country Bears*, and Junjie in *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness*.

## Other websites
*
Goose step

honor guards goose-stepping at the Mausoleum of José Marti, Santiago de Cuba]]
, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]

The **goose step** is a kind of  done by the military. It is usually done in formal parades and other ceremonies. While marching together, the troops swing their legs high off the ground, while keeping their knees unbended (so that their legs are straight). It resembles the walking style of a goose.

The march comes from the Prussian army in the mid-18th century. It was called the **Stechschritt** (meaning, "piercing step") or **Stechmarsch**. It is still used today by the armed forces of nearly 30 countries.

## Other websites
*Black-and-white video of the march 

 in Paris, 1940]]
James Hong

**James Hong** (traditional Chinese: 吳漢章, Wú Hànzhāng; born February 22, 1929) is an American stand-up comedian, character actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is perhaps best known as the voice of Mr. Ping in the *Kung Fu Panda* franchise. He played Gong Gong in *Everything Everywhere All at Once*. In 1980, Hong appeared in the film *Airplane!*

## Family
Hong and his family came out in an around-the-world mountain biking travel adventure called Full Cycle: A World Odyssey. The Hong family rode their mountain bikes on a trail near the Hollywood sign. James' daughter named April was born in 1975.

## Other websites
* 
*
Hrithik Roshan

**Hrithik Roshan** (born 10 January 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actor. Roshan had appeared as a child actor in many movies in the 1980s and also appeared as an assistant director in the 1990s. He made his movie debut in his father's film, Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai in 2000 with Ameesha Patel who also made her debut. His performance in the movie was widely appreciated and earned him a Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Debut. He followed it with leading roles in *Fiza* and *Mission Kashmir* and had a male supporting role in the blockbuster movie *Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001)*, which was India's highest-grossing movie in the overseas market at that time. This was followed by several flops in his career. The flops included *Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage* which reunited him with Ameesha Patel after their debut film. However, his career later improved when he acted in Koi... Mil Gaya, another film directed by his father and won two Filmfare Awards and he also acted in its sequels *Krrish* and *Krrish 3*, which were both successful. Roshan expanded his presence in Indian popular culture through television and live performances. In 2011, he served as a judge on the dance reality television series *Just Dance*, marking his debut on Indian television.[3] He has also participated in several national and international concert tours, performing across Asia, Europe, and North America.[4]

In 2017, Roshan starred in *Kaabil*, portraying a visually impaired man seeking justice, which received critical attention for its subject matter and performance.[5] In January 2019, he appeared in the biographical film *Super 30*, based on the life of mathematician Anand Kumar.[6] Later that year, he starred in the action thriller *War*, which emerged as the highest-grossing film of his career at the time and one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of all time.[7]

In 2024, Roshan starred in the action film *Fighter*, his third collaboration with director Siddharth Anand.[8] The film featured large-scale aerial action sequences and marked one of the most expensive productions in Hindi cinema.[9]

As of the mid-2020s, Roshan has won six Filmfare Awards from over thirty nominations, including multiple awards for Best Actor.[10] He has frequently appeared on listings of India’s highest-paid and most influential film actors.[11] Outside cinema, he launched the fitness and lifestyle brand HRX in 2013, which later expanded into activewear, footwear, and wellness-related ventures.[12]

Roshan has also been involved in philanthropic activities and has supported causes related to education and health.[13] He has spoken publicly about overcoming personal challenges, including a childhood stammer and a subdural hematoma diagnosed in 2013.[14] His career, spanning more than two decades, has been marked by commercial success, critical recognition, and sustained prominence in Hindi cinema.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Kung Fu Panda Holiday

***Kung Fu Panda Holiday***, also known as ***Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special***, is a 2010 American television special, based on the *Kung Fu Panda* franchise. It premiered on NBC on November 24, 2010.

It features the voices of Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Jackie Chan, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jack McBrayer. The special's premiere broadcast drew 5.925 million viewers.

*Kung Fu Panda Holiday* got mostly positive reviews.

## Storyline
One day, Master Shifu (Dustin Hoffman) assigns Master Po (Jack Black) to host the upcoming annual Winter Feast that's to be held at the Jade Palace with every single Kung Fu master. But Po declines because he's gonna spend Christmas with Mr. Ping (James Hong) instead.

## Voice cast
* Jack Black as Po
* Dustin Hoffman as Shifu
* Angelina Jolie as Tigress
* Seth Rogen as Mantis
* Lucy Liu as Viper
* David Cross as Crane
* James Hong as Mr. Ping
* Jack McBrayer as Wo Hop
* Dan Fogler as Zeng
* Jackie Chan as Monkey
* Jonathan Groff as Master Rhino
* Conrad Vernon as Boar

## References
## Other websites
* 

]
Lockheed C-130 Hercules

The **Lockheed C-130 Hercules** is a military transport aircraft. The aircraft was first introduced (made available) in 1957. It is still used today by over 60 countries worldwide in active service. There are over 40 models and types of the C-130.

## Accidents
The C-130 Hercules has had a low accident rate in general. The Royal Air Force recorded an accident rate of about one aircraft loss per 250,000 flying hours over the last 40 years, placing it behind Vickers VC10s and Lockheed TriStars with no flying losses.

## Specifications (C-130H)
## References
## Further reading
* Borman, Martin W. *Lockheed C-130 Hercules.* Marlborough, UK: Crowood Press, 1999. .
* Diehl, Alan E., PhD, Former Senior USAF Safety Scientist. *Silent Knights: Blowing the Whistle on Military Accidents and Their Cover-ups.* Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's Inc., 2002. .
* Donald, David, ed. "Lockheed C-130 Hercules". *The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft*. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997. .
* Eden, Paul. "Lockheed C-130 Hercules". *Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft.* London: Amber Books, 2004. .
* Frawley, Gerard. *The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/03*. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2002. .
* Olausson, Lars. *Lockheed Hercules Production List 1954–2011*. Såtenäs, Sweden: Self-published, 27th Edition March 2009. No ISBN.
* 
* 
* Reed, Chris. *Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Its Variants*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1999. .
Fayzabad, Badakhshan

**Fayzabad** (also spelled **Feyzabad**, **Fazelabad** or **Faizabad**) () is the provincial capital and largest city in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan.  There are around 50,000 people. It is the main commercial and administrative center of the Pamir region.

## Geography
Fayzabad is in northeast Afghanistan. The city is located on the right bank of the Kokcha River.

## Economy
Fayzabad has been separate from other parts of the country because of the lack of paved roads. There are two active bazaars in the city where items as different as cotton, cotton cloth and goods, salt, sugar, tea, indigo, and cutlery are traded. 

## Demographics
The majority of the people are Tajiks.  There also are some Pashtun, Uzbek and Turkmen. 

## Culture
There are a number of mosques and shrines of historical importance in the city.

## Public services
The city has several schools including an all-girls school. There is also a hospital which is considered the best in the province, and a police station. There is a guest house called Lapis Lazuli for expatriates.

## References
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

).]]
The **Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex** (or **BMAC**, also known as the **Oxus civilization**) is the modern archaeological name for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to around 2300&ndash;1700 BCE.  It existed in present-day Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan. 

## Discovery 
Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (1976). *Bactria* was the Greek name for the area of *Bactra* (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan.  *Margiana* was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, in today's Turkmenistan.

## Excavations 
Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward found many buildings in many sites. Reports were mostly published in Soviet journals, until the last years of the Soviet Union.  The findings were unknown to the Western world until Sarianidi's work was translated in the 1990s.

## References
Turkmen language

**Turkmen** (, Cyrillic: , Persian: ) is the national language of Turkmenistan. It is spoken by about 7,000,000 people in Turkmenistan and by an about 380,000 more people in Northwestern Afghanistan and 500,000 in Northeastern Iran.

## Literature
The leading Turkmen poet is Magtymguly Pyragy, who wrote in the 1700's.

## References