open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Khloé Kardashian

**Khloé Alexandra Kardashian** (born June 27, 1984) is an American reality television celebrity, socialite, and TV presenter. She rose to fame in 2007 by starring in her family’s popular reality show, *Keeping Up with the Kardashians*, which followed the lives of the Kardashian-Jenner family. The show was a big success and led to several spin-offs, including *Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami* and *Khloé & Lamar*, which focused on different parts of her life. In addition to television, she has worked in fashion and business. She has also hosted and appeared in several other TV shows and is known for her strong social media presence.  

## Early life
Khloé Alexandra Kardashian was born on June 27, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She is the sister of Kim Kardashian, Kourtney Kardashian, Rob Kardashian, Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner. Kardashian is the daughter of Kris Jenner and Robert Kardashian Sr, and the ex-stepdaughter of Caitlyn Jenner. 

## Career
In 2007, the Kardashians started their reality show, *Keeping Up with the Kardashians,* giving them a lot of fame and publicity. She has also starred in several of its spin-offs as well as its sequel, *The Kardashians*. As a TV presenter, Kardashian has presented her own shows: *Kocktails with Khloé* and *Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian.* She was also the co-host of *The X Factor USA*. Kardashian also owns a clothing business named Good American.

## Personal life
Kardashian married Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Lamar Odom in 2009. The two had their own TV show named *Khloé and Lamar*. She filed for divorce in December 2013, and it was finalized in 2016. She previously dated NBA player James Harden and music producer French Montana. Kardashian was in an on-off relationship with Canadian basketball player Tristan Thompson.  

On September 26, 2017, it was revealed that they are expecting a child together. This announcement came after Kardashian's half-sister Kylie Jenner announced her own pregnancy with rapper Travis Scott. On April 12, 2018, Kardashian gave birth to her first child (and Thompson's second), a daughter named True Thompson. In 2022, Kardashian and Thompson welcomed a son via surrogacy.

## Filmography
### Television
## References
2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

The **2008 Kosovo declaration of independence** was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo. It was adopted on 17 February 2008 by all of the 109 members that were present, which was the minimum number needed for it to pass. It declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia.

It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions. The first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990.

The government of Serbia said that the declaration was illegal. It took the case to the International Court of Justice. The ICJ said that the declaration did not violate international law.

## United Nations
Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February. The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." Speaking on behalf of six western countries—Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States—the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events... represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome."

## ICJ ruling
On July 22, 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that the declaration did not violate international law. Prior to the announcement Hashim Thaçi said there would be no "winners or losers" and that "I expect this to be a correct decision, according to the will of Kosovo's citizens. Kosovo will respect the advisory opinion." For his part, Boris Tadić, the Serbian president, warned that "If the International Court of Justice sets a new principle, it would trigger a process that would create several new countries and destabilise numerous regions in the world."

## References
Braces

with unseen braces]]

**Braces** (**suspenders** in the U.S.) are a standard item of male clothing. Their function is to keep trousers at a set height on the body. They are standard wear for formal styles of dress such as the lounge suit.

There is also a fashion use among some young males, and a use by some workmen, most often with newspaper. Braces can be worn entirely out of sight, hidden by a waistcoat, or in sight as a display. A critical factor in formal dress is the "drop" of the trousers as they meet the shoes. Here braces avoid the need to hitch trousers up, always a problem with belts.

In many countries braces were worn by all classes of men for well over a hundred years until about the 1960s, except in the armed forces. Then fashion changed and men's clothes became informal, with lower waistlines and belts. Now they are a minority item.

## References 
 on the right]]
Rob Zombie

**Rob Zombie** (born **Robert Bartleh Cummings** on January 12, 1965 in Haverhill, Massachusetts) is an American singer, director, producer and screenwriter. He formed the band White Zombie.

He has also directed the films *House of 1000 Corpses*, ''The Devil's Rejects'', the 2007 remake of Halloween and the sequel to that Halloween II.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Live albums
### Remix albums
### Compilation albums
### Video albums
### Singles 
### Music videos 
### Soundtracks contributions 
### Other album appearances 
## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Official site of Rob Zombie
*
Škoda Yeti

The **Škoda Yeti** is an SUV car produced by Škoda Auto since 2009. It was facelifted in 2013 and its boxy styling received mixed reviews. It has been replaced in late 2017 by a new, normal looking model called the Karoq.

## Engines 
* *1.2 TSI* 77 kW (105 hp)
* *1.8 TSI* 118 kW (160 hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 81 kW (110 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
Amar Ramasar

**Amar Ramasar** (born c. 1981, The Bronx) is a principal dancer of the New York City Ballet.  In 2010, *Dance Magazine* reported that Ramasar was one of the few Asian American professional ballet dancers.  He took his first dance lessons at the Henry Street Settlement House on the Lower East Side. He went there every day by subway, from his home in the South Bronx.

## References
Hungarian Grand Prix

The **Hungarian Grand Prix** () is a Grand Prix where Formula One races take place.

## Winners of the Hungarian Grand Prix 
### Repeat winners (drivers)
*Drivers **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*

### Repeat winners (constructors)
*Teams **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*

### Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
*Manufacturers **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*

 Between 1999 and 2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

### Year by year
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.*
Attica Correctional Facility

**Attica Correctional Facility** is a prison in Attica, New York. The prison was the site of a riot in 1971, because prisoners wanted better s in it.

## References
Happy slapping

**Happy slapping** is a trend in which innocent people are hurt, for no apparent reason. Most of the time, happy slapping is done in groups. One person in the group will hit an innocent person, while another films the onset. In English-speaking countries, the crime is usually deemed assault. In some cases, the victims are beaten to unconsciousness, or even killed. Mostly, the name is used for small acts of violence such as hitting or jumping on the victim, but the media has also used it for more serious crimes such as murder, rape, and sexual assault.

Happy slapping began in South London, particularly the London Borough of Lewisham. The first use was as *Slap Happy TV*, where many people would watch and judge the exploit of a happy slapper.

## References
Gabriel Pierné

**Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné** (16 August 1863–17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.

## Personal Life
Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierné got first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work *Edith*. His teachers were Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition). 

He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierné himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became head conductor of this series in 1910.

His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet *The Firebird*, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933. 

He died in Ploujean, Finistère, in 1937.
Wake Up to Wogan

***Wake Up to Wogan*** (WUTW) was the most listened to radio show in the United Kingdom and the flagship breakfast programme broadcast on BBC Radio 2. The show was presented by Terry Wogan who fronted WUTW from 4th January 1993; he had previously presented the breakfast show between 1972 and 1984, but the title WUTW was only added at the start of his second term. On 7 September 2009, Wogan confirmed to his listeners that he would be leaving the show at the end of the year, with Chris Evans taking over the breakfast show from the 11th January 2010. The final show was broadcast on 18 December 2009. Regular stand-in presenter Johnnie Walker would become interim host of the breakfast show for the three week period following Wogan's departure, before Chris Evans would officially take over as presenter of the programme.

## References
Volkswagen Golf Mk6

The **Volkswagen Golf Mk6** is the sixth generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It was made from 2008 to 2012. to 2016, Volkswagen made a convertible model called the Golf Cabriolet. It was a MK3 Golf with improvements.

From 2009 to 2013,

From 2009 to 2014, Volkswagen made an estate model, In the United States it is called the **Jetta SportWagen**. to 2014, Volkswagen made taller versions of the Golf, it was called the Volkswagen Golf Plus, this model had new front lights, new rear lights, new bumpers, new bonnet and new interior.

From 2010 to 2012, Volkswagen made the Golf, It was only made in America, Volkswagen dropped the Rabbit name and called it the Golf again.
* 2009 Euro NCAP – Safest Car of the Year
* 2009 Best Performance Car under $60,000 (GTI) (Australia)
* 2009 Yellow Angel (Germany)
* 2009 Auto Motor and Sport Readers' Best Car (Germany)
* 2009 *Wheels Car of the Year* (Australia)
* 2009 *What Car?* – Best Small Family Car (Great Britain)
* 2009 International Engine of the Year (1.4 TSI) 
* 2009 *Green Engine of the Year* (1.4 TSI) 
* 2009–10 Japan's Import Car of the Year
* 2010 Continental Irish Car of the Year – Best Family Car.
* 2010 *Automobile Magazine* – Car of the Year (GTI) 
* 2010 Canadian Car of the Year
* 2010 *What Car?* – Best Small Family Car (Great Britain)
* 2010 South African Car of the Year 
* 2010 *Fleet News* – Company Car of the Year 
* 2010 *World Green Car* (BlueMotion) 
* Kelley Blue Book included the VW Golf TDI (clean diesel) among its Top 10 Green Cars for 2010.
* 2010 *Top Gear Magazine* – Hot Hatch of the year (Golf R)
* 2011 *What Car?* – Best Small Family Car (Great Britain)
* 2012 *What Car?* – Best Small Family Car (Great Britain)

## Gallery 

File:VW Golf 1.6 TDI Style (VI) – Frontansicht, 25. Februar 2012, Ratingen.jpg|Golf 5-door hatchback
File:VW Golf 1.6 TDI Style (VI) – Heckansicht, 25. Februar 2012, Ratingen.jpg|Golf 5-door hatchback rear
File:VW Golf Cabriolet 1.4 TSI Design & Style (VI) – Frontansicht, 1. Juni 2013, Hilden.jpg|Golf Cabriolet
File:VW Golf Cabriolet 1.4 TSI Design & Style (VI) – Heckansicht, 1. Juni 2013, Hilden.jpg|Golf Cabriolet
File:VW Golf Variant 1.6 TDI Trendline (VI) – Frontansicht, 20. Juni 2011, Velbert.jpg|Golf Variant
File:VW Golf VI Variant 1.6 TDI Comfortline Reflexsilber Heck.JPG|Golf Variant
File:2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Sportwagen -- 07-15-2010 1.jpg|Jetta SportWagen (United States)
File:2009 Volkswagen Golf Plus SE TDi 1.6 Front.jpg|Volkswagen Golf Plus
File:VW Golf VI R Candyweiß.JPG|VW Golf VI R 3-door
File:VW Golf R (VI) – Heckansicht, 19. Mai 2011, Velbert.jpg|VW Golf VI R 5-door
File:VW Golf VI GTI front 20090408.jpg|Volkswagen GTI 3-door, Europe
File:VW Golf VI GTI rear 20090408.jpg|Volkswagen GTI 3-door, Europe
File:VW Golf 1.4 TSI Team (VI) – Heckansicht, 26. März 2011, Ratingen.jpg|Volkswagen Golf 1.4 TSI Team, Germany
File: 2009 Volkswagen Golf (5K MY10) 118TSI Comfortline 5-door hatchback (2011-11-08) 02.jpg|Volkswagen Golf 118TSI Comfortline, Australia

## References
## Other websites
Terry Wogan

**Sir Michael Terence Wogan**  (; 3 August 1938 – 31 January 2016), better known as **Terry Wogan**, was a veteran Irish-British comedian, actor, columnist, radio and television broadcaster, who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. Before he retired from the weekday breakfast programme *Wake Up to Wogan* on BBC Radio 2 on 18 December 2009, Wogan had a regular eight million listeners, making him the most listened to radio broadcaster of any European nation. He began his career at Raidió Teilifís Éireann where he presented shows such as *Jackpot* in the 1960s.

Wogan was a leading media personality in the UK from the late 1960s and is often referred to as a national treasure.

Wogan died on 31 January 2016 in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England from cancer of unknown primary origin at the age of 77.

## References
BMW Compact

The **BMW Compact** is an automobile made by BMW in two generations from 1994 until 2004. It was replaced by the 1 Series in 2004.

## First generation (1994–2001) 
### Engines 
* *316i* 75&nbsp;kW (102&nbsp;hp) and 77&nbsp;kW (105&nbsp;hp)
* *318ti* 103&nbsp;kW (140&nbsp;hp)
* *323ti* 125&nbsp;kW (170&nbsp;hp)
* *318tds* 66&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp)

## Second generation (2001–2004) 
### Engines 
* *316ti* 85&nbsp;kW (115&nbsp;hp)
* *318ti* 105&nbsp;kW (143&nbsp;hp)
* *325ti* 141&nbsp;kW (192&nbsp;hp)
* *318td* 85&nbsp;kW (115&nbsp;hp)
* *320td* 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp)
Volkswagen Jetta Mk2

The **Volkswagen Jetta Mk2** is the second generation of the Volkswagen Jetta. It successed the Mk1 in 1984, and were in 1992 successed by the Vento.

## Engines 
### Petrol 
#### Carburetted 
* *1.3* 40 kW (55 hp)
* *1.6* 51 kW (70 hp), 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
* *1.8* 62 kW (84 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)

#### Fuel-injected 
* *1.3* 40 kW (55 hp)
* *1.8* 66 kW (90 hp)
* *1.8 Syncro* 72 kW (98 hp)
* *1.8 GT* 79 kW (107 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
* *1.8 GT 16V* 95 kW (129 hp) and 102 kW (139 hp)
* *2.0 16V* 100 kW (136 hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.6 D* 40 kW (54 hp)
* *1.6 TD* 44 kW (60 hp), 51 kW (70 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
Alfa Romeo 159

The **Alfa Romeo 159** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It succeeded the 156 in 2005. Production ceased in 2011. It was eventually replaced in 2016 with the Giulia. 

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *1750 TBi* 147&nbsp;kW (200&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 MPI* 103&nbsp;kW (140&nbsp;hp)
* *1.9 JTS* 118&nbsp;kW (160&nbsp;hp)
* *2.2 JTS* 136&nbsp;kW (185&nbsp;hp)
* *3.2 JTS* 191&nbsp;kW (260&nbsp;hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.9 JTDM 8V* 88&nbsp;kW (120&nbsp;hp)
* *1.9 JTDM 16V* 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 JTDM 16V* 100&nbsp;kW (136&nbsp;hp) and 125&nbsp;kW (170&nbsp;hp)
* *2.4 JTDM 20V* 147&nbsp;kW (200&nbsp;hp) and 154&nbsp;kW (210&nbsp;hp)

## Other websites
Damselfly

**Damselflies** are insects in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies, but are in a separate suborder, the Zygoptera. There are 20 families of damselfly. "Demoiselle" is another name for damselflies.

The wings of most damselflies are held along, and parallel to, the body when at rest. There are also damselfly families in which the wings are held open, as in the true dragonflies (Anisoptera). 

Damselflies are also usually smaller, weaker fliers than dragonflies.  Their eyes are well separated by more than their own diameter. Another distinction is that their forewings and hindwings look similar; this is not the case in the true dragonflies. Like dragonflies, damselflies cannot walk, but only land. Their life cycle is also similar. They have incomplete metamorphosis, with an aquatic nymph. The nymph is carnivorous, as is the adult.

Damselflies have existed since the later Carboniferous (early forms may be put in the Protozygoptera by some authorities). They are found on every continent except Antarctica. One feature of their life is different from dragonflies. Not only do their nymphs grow in rivers, but the adults usually keep close to the river, and live in colourful little groups. Most damselflies live their lives within a short distance of where they were hatched.

They are often brilliantly coloured, but when they land on a bush, out of direct sunlight, they are not easy to see. They land and close their wings at the same instant. They have eyes which detect movement well, and they fly off if anything moves nearby. Thus, although they are fragile and highly coloured, they are not easily caught by predators.

All damselflies are predatory; both nymphs and adults eat other insects.

## References
Germania (painting)

***Germania*** is a painting by Philipp Veit created in March 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848. 
Today *Germania* is in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg.
Klinefelter syndrome

**Klinefelter syndrome**, **47, XXY,** or **XXY syndrome** is a genetic disorder where people have an extra number of X chromosomes. People who have Klinefelter's Syndrome are often called "XXY Males", or "47, XXY Males".

## Effects
Males who have this condition are almost always infertile. This means that they cannot father babies.

## In other organisms
Any male mammal can have Klinefelter's Syndrome. The mouse is one example. 
Tortoiseshell or calico markings on male cats are an indicator of Klinefelter's syndrome. These cats are considered to be the model organism for Klinefelter syndrome, because the gene for a cat's orange/black coat markings is found on the X chromosome. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
The Gadget Show

***Shop Smart, Save Money*** is a British television series which used to be called *The Gadget Show*. It focuses on technology and is shown on Channel 5. It has progressed from 30 minutes to 1 hour long. Each week there are various features and tests, as well as a weekly competition.

The show tries to have enough information but not too much so that it bores people. It has been on television from 7 June 2004 to 14 July 2023.

## Other websites 
*
Philipp Veit

'', by Philipp Veit]]

**Philipp Veit** (13 February 1793 – 18 December 1877) was a German Romantic painter. One of Veit's most important paintings was Germania in 1848.

## Biography 
Veit was born in Berlin, Prussia. He was the son of a banker Simon Veit 

## Related pages 
*List of German painters
Casual sex

**Casual sex** means some types of sexual activity outside of a romantic relationship. The term is not always used the same way: some use it to refer to sex in a casual relationship, and others use the word for one-time encounters, promiscuity, or to refer to sex without strong emotional attachment or love.

## Related terms
### Hookup
A **hookup** is casual sex activity that could consist of masturbation, oral sex, or sexual intercourse. An **extended hookup** sometimes refers to many casual sex interactions with the same person.  This is a situation in which the involved people meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a casual relationship is usually only for sex and without any emotional meaning.  Also another similar term is "no strings attached" ("NSA") sex.

Other terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but only sexual involvement are "fuck buddies", "friends with benefits", "booty call", and "ami calin" (the popular French term).

### One-night stand 
One-night stand is a single sexual encounter between people, at least one of whom has no desire to start a longer-term sexual or romantic relationship.

### Anonymous sex 
Anonymous sex is a form of one-night stand or *casual sex* between people who have very little or no history with each other, often engaging in sexual activity on the same day of their meeting and usually never seeing each other again after the sex. It is usually homosexual sex between men.

## Commercial sites
There are many specialist online dating services or other internet websites, known as "adult personals" or "adult matching" sites, which cater to people looking for a purely physical relationship, without emotional attachments. These can provide a relatively anonymous forum where people who are geographically close but in totally separate work and social circles can make contact.

## Related pages
*Group sex
*STDs

## References
*Ehrenreich, Barbara, Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs. *Re-Making Love: The Feminization of Sex*. Doubleday, 1986 ()
Bullfighting

.]]
 have banned bullfighting in countries and regions where it is otherwise legal.]]

**Bullfighting** is an old sport performed in many civilizations. Today it is mostly done in India, Spain, Portugal, and some countries of South America. 

The largest bullring is the Plaza México in central Mexico City, which seats 48,000 people, and the oldest is the La Maestranza in Seville, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in 1765.

The Spanish bullfight (*Corrida de toros*) is a fight to the death. The modern bullfight has a ritual. It has three distinct stages, the start of each being signalled by a trumpet. The bullfighters (*Toreros*) enter the arena in a parade, to Paso doble music. The rules, costumes and traditions were sorted out by Paquiro (Francisco Montes Reina, 13 January 1804  4 April 1851, the greatest matador of his time.

A team of bullfighters is seven men. The leader is the **matador**, and he has six assistants, who play roles in the drama. Bullfighters' costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. *Matadores* ('those who kill the bull') are easily seen by the gold of their *traje de luces* ('suit of lights').

At the end comes the *tercio de muerte* ('the third of death'). The matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape, and a sword. The cape called a *muleta*. The matador uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes. The *faena* is the performance with the cape. The *faena* ends with a final series of passes in which the bullfighter tries to move the bull into position. He then stabs it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The act of thrusting in the sword is called an *estocada*.

If the matador makes a mistake, he may be gored by the bull's horns, and killed. This does happen: some very famous matadors have died in the ring. When the great matador Manolete was killed in the ring at the age of 31, three days of official national mourning were held. Bullrings do have an infirmary with an operating room, for the immediate treatment of bullfighters with horn wounds.

There is great opposition to the bullfight from animal welfare organisations. There are also versions of the bullfight in which the animal is unharmed.

## Art
Bullfighting has influenced all forms of art and culture. Ernest Hemingway said of bullfighting: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour". Spanish dance and musical forms such as the paso doble and flamenco are heavily influenced by the spectacle of the bullfight.

## References
Quena

The **quena**, also written as "kena" in English, is the traditional flute of Peru and the Andes. Made of bamboo, it has six finger holes and one thumb hole and is open on both ends. To make a sound, the player closes the top end of the pipe with the flesh between the chin and lower lip, and blows a stream of air downward, over a notch cut into the end. It is normally in the key of G major. G is the lowest note when all the holes are covered. It produces a very breathy or airy tone.

The **quenacho** (also "kenacho" in English) is a bigger, lower sounding type of quena and made the same way. It is in the key of D major, a fourth lower than the quena. In most of Andes' towns "vamos a ir a la quena" (we will go to the quena) was used to threaten little children, because the quena was made of bamboo, a hard material.

Quena is mostly used in traditional Andean music. In the 1960s and 1970s the quena was used by several Nueva Canción musicians. Some groups such as Illapu have used it regularly. In the 1980s and 1990s some post-Nueva Canción rock groups have also used the quena in some of their songs; notably Soda Stereo in *Cuando Pase el Temblor* and Los Enanitos Verdes in *Lamento Boliviano*. The quena is also relatively common in World music.

## Other flutes
Other Andean flutes include
*The **pinquillo**, also called pinkuyo or pinkiyo, has the same fingering as the quena. It looks and works the same way as a  recorder. It has an air channel, or fipple, to conduct the air;
*The **tarka**, or tharqa, also like a recorder but it is shorter and quite angular in shape. It needs more breath, and has a darker, more penetrating sound;
*The **moseño**, or mohoseño, is a long, two tubed bamboo flute with a deep sound. The extra tube acts as an aeroduct.

## Related pages
*Native American flute

## References
## Other websites
*Quena Music
*Modern Quena models
*How to select a quena
*The sound of the quena Los Koyas
*Quenacho Music Iain Kelso
Fedor Emelianenko

**Fedor Emelianenko** (born September 28, 1976) is a Russian mixed martial artist who was fighting for the strikeforce promotion. from 2003 until 2010. He has an overall record of 35 fights, in which he has won 31, lost 1, and had 1 no contest. He started a political career in 2010,

## References
Gyeonggi Province

**Gyeonggi-do** () is the province in which the most people live in South Korea. Over 12 million people live in it. Its provincial capital is Suwon. Its name, Gyeonggi, means 'surrounding the capital' and it surrounds Seoul, the capital of South Korea. It is also next to Incheon.

## History 
Gyeonggi-do has been important since King Onjo of Baekje (one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea) built Wiryeseong and founded the government in it. After King Taejo of Goryeo made the capital in Gaegyeong, (now Kaesong), the province became much more important, and since King Hyeonjong's period it has been called Gyeonggi.

## Population 
Gyeonggi-do's population increased rapidly after the modernization of South Korea because the capital, Seoul, the economic and cultural center of South Korea, is very close to it. Now the population of Gyeonggi-do is 12,649,894.

## Districts 
Gyeonggi province consists of 28 cities and 3 counties.

## Transport 
Gyeonggi Province's transport is well-developed because it is very close to Seoul—South Korea's capital—and Incheon, where Korea's biggest international airport is located. It is easy to access the capital and easy to go abroad by plane. Much of Gyeonggi Province is served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
John Deere

**John Deere** (February 7, 1804 – May 17, 1886) was an American blacksmith and inventor. He started Deere & Company, which is a big company that makes farm equipment. In 1837, he invented the first  steel plow. This worked better with the tough soil of the Midwestern United States.

John Deere was born in Rutland, Vermont, on February 7, 1804. He was the third son of William Rinold Deere and Sarah Yates Deere. In 1805, the family moved to Middlebury, Vermont, John's father worked as a tailor. In 1808, William took a boat to England, because he hoped to claim an inheritance and make a more comfortable life for his family. He was never heard from again, and people think that he must have died at sea. John's mother, Sarah, only had a small amount of money to raise him. John Deere's education was limited to the elementary schools of Vermont. At the age of 17 he learned how to be a blacksmith, which took him to several places in Vermont.

In 1836, John traveled to Grand Detour, Illinois, to make a fresh start. He had gotten married and had nine young children to look after. John was smart and hard working and he easily found work as a blacksmith. There were lots of farmers in Illinois and John had to fix their plows. The new farmers in Illinois struggled to turn heavy, sticky prairie soil with cast iron plows designed for the light, sandy soil of Vermont. John thought about the steel needles he had seen in father's tailor shop. The needles stayed smooth and shiny because they were pulled through rough leather. John Deere came up with the idea for a plow that would work. The plow in his mind was polished and shiny and made of steel just like his father's tailoring needles. It was shaped so that it could scour itself as it cut furrows. In 1837, he created his plow using a broken saw blade.

John sold his first plow to a farmer named Lewis Crandall. Lewis loved the plow told lots of other farmers. By 1841, John was making 100 plows every year. In 1843, he started working with another man named Leonard Andrus to help him keep up! By 1848, John had stopped working with Leonard and moved the business to Moline, Illinois. Moline had water power, coal and cheaper transportation than in Grand Detour. In 1850, John's company made 1600 plows. The company was soon producing other tools to go with the steel plow.

In 1858, John asked his son Charles to be in charge of the company. John stayed on as president of the company, but he also wanted to work on others things. He started a bank in Moline and joined a church. He was also the mayor of the city for two years and the director of the city library! John Deere died on May 17, 1886, at his home in Moline.

## References
Macrophage

(the latter not pictured)

**Parts:**
**1.** Pathogens**2.** Phagosome**3.** Lysosomes**4.** Waste material**5.** Cytoplasm**6.** Cell membrane]]

**Macrophages** are white blood cells within tissues, produced by the differentiation of monocytes. 

Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes, acting in general immunity. They also trigger specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrates. 

Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells. They also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen,

## Life cycle 
When a monocyte enters damaged tissue through the wall of a blood vessel it changes to become a macrophage. Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances, triggered by a range of stimuli.  At some sites such as the testis, macrophages have been shown to populate the organ through proliferation. 

Unlike short-lived neutrophils, macrophages survive longer in the body, up to several months.

## References
Granulocyte

s), the intra-cellular granules are visible in the cytoplasm (Giemsa stained high magnification)]]

**Granulocytes** are a category of white blood cells which have granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called **polymorphonuclear leukocytes** because of the shape of the nucleus, which has three segments. The term *polymorphonuclear leukocyte* often refers just to neutrophils, the most abundant of the granulocytes.

Granulocytes are released from the bone marrow. They operate by phagocytosis and other means.

## Types of granulocytes
There are three types of granulocytes, distinguished by their appearance under Wright's stain:
* Neutrophil granulocytes
* Eosinophil granulocytes
* Basophil granulocytes

Their names are derived from their staining characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte, which has neutrally-staining cytoplasmic granules.

Other white blood cells which are not granulocytes are mainly lymphocytes and monocytes.

## Related pages
* Agranulocytosis (not enough white blood cells in the blood)

## References
To Surveil with Love

"**To Surveil with Love**" is the 20th episode of *The Simpsons* 21st Season. In this episode, Homer leaves his bag at the train station and after it is thought to be a terrorist attack, cameras are put up around Springfield. Meanwhile, Lisa is bullied at school for being a blonde. It aired on May 2, 2010.

This is the first episode to feature characters without shadows in opening sequence, first time since "He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs" in 2007.
Dual carriageway

.]]
A **dual carriageway** (British English) or **divided highway** (American English) is a type of road. It is an important route that usually carries long-distance traffic. 

A dual carriageway has four lanes (2 lanes each side), and is always separated by a man-made barrier or strip of land.

Dual carriageways have no hard shoulder. A hard shoulder is an area at the side of a road where drivers can stop if there is a serious problem, a breakdown for example.

## References
Sin tax

A **sin tax** is when the government taxes things that are considered to be bad for society.

For example, if the government increases taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, this will make them more expensive. In economics, if a normal good becomes more expensive, its consumption will drop.

Arthur Pigou was a famous economist who supported the sin tax.

Sin taxes also have problems: 
* If there is a large price difference between countries this will encourage smuggling, and may create a black market.
* Sin taxes may provide a reliable income for the government. In such a case, some governments encourage "sinful" behavior to get more taxes.
You Kent Always Say What You Want

"**You Kent Always Say What You Want**" is the 400th episode of *The Simpsons*. It is the 22nd episode of the 18th season and the 400th episode of the entire series. In this episode, Kent Brockman loses his job after he says something naughty on TV and stays with the Simpsons. It aired on May 20, 2007, at the same time as 24 Minutes. It is also the last episode to air before The Simpsons Movie.

## Plot
Homer Simpson gets the one-millionth ice cream cone at a local ice cream place and got on Smartline with Kent Brockman. Homer accidentally spills a cup of coffee by Brockman's crotch and he yells "That hurt like a" with the last word muffled. Kent Brockman said an extreme expletive and got demoted to the weekend weatherman.
N. Gregory Mankiw

**Nicholas Gregory "Greg" Mankiw** (born February 3, 1958) is a famous economist.  He graduated from Princeton University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He was an economic advisor for President George W. Bush from 2003-2005. In 2006, he became an economic adviser to Mitt Romney.  

## Publications
He wrote a widely used college textbook for economics called Principles of Economics, listing 10 principles that all economies run on:
* People Face Tradeoffs (sometimes people have to choose between two things)
* The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get It
* Rational People Think at the Margin (people think of the pros and cons before making a purchase)
* People Respond to Incentives (when there is a reward to do something, more people will do it)
* Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
* Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity (the economy usually does well without government interference)
* Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes (sometimes it is necessary for the government to help the economy)
* A Country's Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services
* Prices Go Up When the Government Prints Too Much Money (the more money there is, the less value it has)
* Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment

His economic beliefs were influenced by John Maynard Keynes and he believes in Keynesian economics.  He is sometimes labeled as a conservative because he supported George W. Bush's tax cuts and he has criticized the policies of the Obama Administration a few times.  He also was influenced by the economist Arthur Pigou who believed that a high tax on something bad for society (called a sin tax) will result in fewer people buying it.

## References
Vesoul

**Vesoul** is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Haute-Saône department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

## Geography 
The Haute-Saône is a rural department and is based around five towns: Vesoul (the prefecture), Gray, Héricourt, Lure and Luxeuil-les-Bains. The Durgeon and Colombine rivers flow through the commune.

## History
Vesoul is first mentioned in a document dated 899. That document speaks about an elevation with a fortified watchtower. The document speaks about "Castrum Vesulium". Castrum is a fortification, and "Vesulium" has the syllable *ves* which meant hill or mountain in a language that was spoken before the Celts. Today, there is a castle that forms the centre of the city. The first houses were built inside the walls of the castle. Newcomers who found no place settled outside the city walls, on the flanks of the hill. Growing wine was popular. 
In 1814, after the fall of the empire, a buffer state was created, with Vesoul as capital. The principality was that of Free County, of the Vosges and of Porrentruy.

Today, one of the main factories of PSA Peugeot Citroën is near Vesoul.

## Culture
### Monuments and tourist attractions
* *Vieux Vesoul* (English:Old Vesoul) (buildings from the 15th, 16th and 18th centuries and *Garret* Museum)
* Site of Vesoul's Motte
* Site of the Sabot de Frotey
* Vesoul-Vaivre lake
* Vesoul-Vaivre Vélo-rail
* Saint Georges church (18th century)
* Convent of the Ursulines (17th century)

### Library
The first public library of Vesoul opened in 1771. The *abbé* (abbot) Bardenet, superior of the Saint-Esprit hospital in Besançon, gave his book collection to the town. There were 1772 books. The collections became a lot larger with the Revolution. At that time, the revolutionaries (people who led the French Revolution) took the books from the monasteries of the town (*capucins*) and even of the region (*Luxeuil* and *Faverney* monasteries). Around 20,000 books were added to the library this way, including some 11th century manuscripts. The Mayor's office was responsible for keeping the books.

In 1981, the municipality decided to build a new building to encourage the public to read. The library recently got computers. There are around 200 manuscripts and 150 incunables.

## Twin towns
Vesoul is only twinned with one town:
* Gerlingen, Germany, since 1964.

## Demography
## References
Poznań Fortress

**Poznań Fortress** (in Polish: *Twierdza Poznań*, in German: *Festung Posen*) was a set of fortifications in the city of Poznań in western Poland, built under Prussian rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was one of largest systems of its kind in Europe.
Hungaroring

The **Hungaroring** is a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród, near Budapest, Hungary where the Hungarian Grand Prix is held. In 1986, it became the location of the first Formula One Grand Prix behind the Iron Curtain. Formula One leader Bernie Ecclestone wanted a race in the USSR, but was not able to make a deal with Moscow. A Hungarian friend of his recommended the city of Budapest. Formula One wanted a street circuit similar to the Circuit de Monaco to be built in the Népliget, Budapest's largest park. The Hungarian government decided to build a new circuit (track) just outside the city near a major highway. Construction work started on October 1, 1985. The circuit was built in eight months, less time than any other Formula One circuit. The first race was held on March 24, 1986 in memory of János Drapál. Drapál was the first Hungarian to win a Grand Prix motorcycle race. A survey by the Hungarian national tourism office ranks Mogyoród third in venues visited by tourists in Hungary.

## Description 
The Hungaroring is a circuit in the Formula One Grands Prix calendar. The F1 race is normally held in the middle of a Central European summer. The circuit is generally dusty, which limits traction. This is because the track is not used very much throughout the season and it is built on sandy soil. The track is built in a natural valley. About 80 percent of the racetrack is visible from any viewing location.

The Hungaroring is a twisty style circuit, where passing difficult.

The Hungaroring is the home of Hungarian motorsport. Besides Formula One, there were also DTM, FIA GT Championship races in its history. A public drag race event takes place every month.

## Fans 
Most of the foreign fans are from Germany Tobacco advertising has been banned since 2007.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Ticket Agency of the Hungarian F1 Grand Prix
* Hungaroring - the technical requirements 
* A lap of the Hungaroring with Honda’s Alex Wurz
* Hungaroring Circuit History and Statistics 
* Statistics from official F1 site 
* BBC's circuit guide
* Satellite picture by Google Maps
* Ciro Pabón's Racetracks 3D views and virtual laps of all F1 circuits, including this one, via Google Earth
Chuck Mangione

, 2006]]
**Charles Frank "Chuck" Mangione** (November 29, 1940 &ndash; July 22, 2025) was an American flugelhorn player. His best-known hit single was *Feels So Good*. It was the Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single on May 13, 1978. It was featured in many movies like *Zombieland* and ''Let's Go to Prison*. Mangione voiced himself in the animated television show *King of the Hill''.

Mangione was born in Rochester, New York. He died at his home in Rochester on July 22, 2025 at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Chuck Mangione's Official website
Building model

A **building model** is either a physical (real) or virtual (computer) model of a building. Very often, the physical model is smaller than the original (scale model). .]]

There are three basic types of building models: architectural, structural and mathematical (virtual).

## Architectural building model
An **architectural model** is a type of a physical model of a structure to study an architectural design or to share design ideas to clients, committees, and the general public.  Architectural models are a tool which may be used for show, presentation, fundraising, getting permits, and sale purposes. Such models are a good tool for three-dimensional understanding of a design, used by architects, interior designers and exhibit designers.

## Structural building model
, UCSD]]Engineers who need scale models to test the likely performance of a design at an early stage of development without paying for a full-sized prototype.

## Virtual building model
,.]]**Virtual model** is a digital model of the object (typically greatly simplified) that can be used in a computer simulation or virtual reality.

The most common examples of virtual models are those created in 3D for the purpose of *visualisation* - seeing how the structure looks before it is built. The field of architecture has greatly popularized the use of virtual models to animate fly-throughs of yet-to-be-built buildings.

## Related pages
*Earthquake engineering
*Structural Engineering

## References
## Other websites
*
The Jazz Singer (1927 movie)

***The Jazz Singer*** is a 1927 movie was released to movie theaters by Warner Bros.. The movie stars Al Jolson and May MacAvoy. It also co-starred Warner Oland. It's considered to be the first talking picture, but was actually not; *Dream Street* (1921) was the first with a talking introduction by D.W. Griffith.
Manhattan Melodrama

***Manhattan Melodrama*** is a 1934 crime melodrama movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and distributed by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer company. The film won screenwriter Arthur Caesar an Academy Award for Best Story.

## Cast
*Clark Gable as *Blackie Gallagher*
*William Powell as *Jim Wade*
*Myrna Loy as *Eleanor*
*Mickey Rooney as the *Young Blackie Gallagher*
*Jimmy Butler as the *Young Jim Wade*
Love Parade disaster

The **Love Parade disaster** occurred on 24 July 2010, when 21 people were killed during a human crush in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, at the Love Parade electronic music festival. At least another 511 people were injured.

The Love Parade was a popular and free access electronic dance music festival and parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin, Germany. The parade features stages, but is well known for its floats with music, DJs and dancers moving through the audience. This was the first edition of the festival that was organized in a closed-off festival area. Up to  people were reported to be attending the event and 1,200 police were on hand.

The event was one of the program elements of RUHR.2010, whereby cultural events in the Ruhr area were highlighted, because the Ruhr was 2010's European Capital of Culture.

The festival organizer said that there would be no more Love Parades after this. He said, "Out of respect for the victims, their families and friends, we are going to discontinue the event in the future, and that means the end of the Love Parade."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Media collection from before and after the incident
* Full press conference (in German)
Brent Seabrook

**Brent Seabrook** (born April 20, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a total of 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Chicago Blackhawks. 

He was the Chicago Blackhawks first round draft pick in 2003. He played in the WHL for the Lethbridge Hurricanes where he played four seasons. On June 9, 2010, Seabrook won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks and also won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. 

On September 17, 2015, Seabrook was named as an alternate captain for the Blackhawks. On September 26, 2015, Seabrook signed an 8-year contract extension with the Blackhawks.

On March 5, 2021, Seabrook announced that injuries he suffered from throughout his career would force him to retire from playing professional ice hockey. On July 27, the Blackhawks traded Seabrook to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Tyler Johnson and a second-round draft pick in the 2023 NHL Entry Draft. However, he never played a game for the Lightning.

His younger brother Keith played for the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL.

## Awards
*He won the gold medal with Canada at the IIHF World U18 Championships gold medalist in 2003.
*He won the silver medal with Canada ath the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 2004.
*He was named to the WHL East Second All-Star Team in 2005.
*He won the gold medal with Canada at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 2005.
*He participated in the NHL YoungStars Game in 2006.
*He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.
*He won the gold medal with Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
*He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*