open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Western Wall Tunnel

**The Western Wall Tunnel** (, translit.: *Minharat Hakotel*) is a tunnel in Jerusalem. It expose part of the Western Wall where the prayer site ends and up to the northern end of the Wall. Most of the tunnel is located under buildings of the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The open-air portion of the Western Wall is about  long. Most of its original length of  is underground. The tunnel allows access to the morthern part of the Wall.

## History
In 19 BCE, King Herod doubled the area of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. He did this by using part of the hill on the Northwest. To do this, four walls were built. The Temple Mount was expanded on top of these walls. These walls and the platform itself were still standing after the Temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE.

Since that time, much of the area next to the walls has been covered and built upon.
Part of the Western Wall was still exposed after the destruction of the Temple. It became a place of Jewish prayer for a very long time.

## Excavation
British researchers started excavating the Western Wall in the 19th century. Charles Wilson began the excavations in 1864. This was followed by Charles Warren in 1867 - 70. Wilson found an arch. This arch is now named for him, "Wilson's Arch". It was  wide. The arch is above present-day ground level. It is believed that the arch supported a bridge which connected the Temple Mount to the city during the Second Temple Period. In 1988, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation was formed. It took over the excavation, maintenance and renovations of the Western Wall and Western Wall Plaza.

## Gallery 

file:PikiWiki Israel 29692 The Western Wall Tunnels.jpg|
file:Hasmonian IMG 2687.JPG|
file:Jerusalem 07-2012 (7550159966).jpg|
file:Jerusalem P1080518 (5149804228).jpg|
file:Western Wall Tunnels (4826016912).jpg|
file:מוצלם תמונות אומנותיות (31).jpg

## References
## Other websites 
* Information from the Kotel site in English 
* Jeremy Langford's glass sculptures in "The Chain of Generations Center" in the Western Wall Tunnels 
* Read the iTour Jerusalem review of the Western Wall Tunnel
Rezső Nyers

**Rezső Nyers** (21 March 1923 – 22 June 2018) was a former Hungarian politician. He served as Minister of Finance of Hungary from 1960 to 1962. For a few months in 1989, he was the country's last Communist leader serving as President of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. Nyers died on 22 June 2018 at the age of 95 after a short illness.

## References
## Other websites
*MTI Ki Kicsoda 2006, Magyar Távirati Iroda, Budapest, 2005, 1273–1274. old.
*Nyers 1996-os országgyűlési életrajza
*Életrajz az MTI 1956-os emlékoldalán
Rodrigo Duterte

**Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte** (born March 28, 1945), nicknamed **Digong**, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who was the President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022.

He was born in the city of Maasin, Leyte. As of 2025, he is in detention in the Netherlands. He is in the custody of the ICC, an international court. 

## Career as politician
He announced that he would run as a candidate for President of the Philippines on November 21, 2015. On May 9, 2016, Duterte was elected president.

He was mayor of Davao City from 1988 through 1998, from 2000 through 2010, and from 2013 through 2016.
 Mahathir Mohamad in 2018]]
In August 2021, he announced his candidacy for Vice President of the Philippines.

In October 2021, Rodrigo Duterte announced that he was not running for vice-presidency in 2022 and would retire from political life. 

## ICC indictment
The investigation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) led to Duterte's arrest and transfer to The Hague on March 11, 2025, making him the first Philippine president to face an international tribunal and the first Asian leader to face a trial before the ICC.

The indictment against Duterte, which was made public on September 22, 2025, accused him of involvement in the murders of 76 people between 2013 and 2018. 57 of the killings took place during his presidency, and the other 19 occurred during his term as mayor of Davao City.

## Family
His daughter Sara Duterte ran and was elected vice president in a landslide victory in May 2022. His son, Sebastian Duterte, was elected as Davao City mayor.

## Related pages
*Duterte fist

## References
Reg Grundy

**Reginald Roy "Reg" Grundy** (4 August 1923 – 6 May 2016) was an Australian entrepreneur, and media and television mogul. He was one of the pioneers and most successful television businessman in Australia. He was born in Sydney.

He was also the creator of many TV hits starting with game shows like *Wheel of Fortune* and *Blankety Blanks* and later soap operas *Neighbours*, *Prisoner*, *Sons and Daughters* and *The Young Doctors*.

Grundy died at his home in Bermuda on 6 May 2016, aged 92.

## References
Riki Sorsa

**Richard Esko "Riki" Sorsa** (26 December 1952 &ndash; 9 May 2016) was a Finnish pop singer. He started his career in 1974 as the lead singer in the band The Zoo. He represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1981 with the song "Reggae OK". 

Sorsa died of cancer on 10 May 2016, aged 63.

## References
Papers, Please

***Papers, Please*** is a video game made by Lucas Pope, an indie game developer, published under his secret name 3909. It is about an immigration officer who decided who to let in and who to refuse entry to the fictional country of Arstotzka. The game was released on August 8, 2013 for Microsoft Windows and for OS X. It was released for Linux on February 12, 2014. It was released for iPad on December 12, 2014. A PlayStation Vita version was announced in August 2014, but has not come out yet .

## Gameplay
The gameplay for *Papers, Please* revolves around an immigrations inspector's life and job. The player can allow people to enter Arstotzka or refuse them. The player can use different tools to check if the immigration papers are out of date, real or fake. The player must try to keep unwanted people out of Arstotzka, like terrorists, criminals and those with incorrect papers. The player must correctly allow and not allow people in to the country within a set amount of time. Each mistake a player makes is 5 credits off their earned money at the end of the day. The money earned at the end of the day is based on how many people have been correctly finished. The player must pay for the officer's family, food and heating. The player can choose to not pay for any of them, which results in something happening to the family.

The game has 20 possible endings.

## Development 
Lucas Pope created this game, He used to work for Naughty Dog. After working on the *Uncharted* games, he left to become an indie developer. He started work on it in November 2012, but it took longer than Pope thought, and was finished in nine months. It was put on green light on April 11, 2013 and was greenlit on May 1.

## Reception 
*Papers, Please* has been thanked for its sense of immersion. CBC News' Jonathan Ore called *Papers, Please* a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job".

Some critics however reacted badly to the paperwork gameplay. Stephanie Bendixsen from the ABC game review show *Good Game* found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."

## References
Guido van Rossum

**Guido van Rossum** (; born 31 January 1956) is 69 years old. He is a Dutch programmer. He is best known for making the Python programming language.

## References
Ilkka Hanski

**Ilkka Aulis Hanski** (14 February 1953 – 10 May 2016) was a Finnish scientist. He worked in the field of ecology at the University of Helsinki. He is known for his research of metapopulation ecology.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1998.

Hanski died of a long-illness on 10 May 2016 at a hospital in Helsinki, aged 63.

## Related pages
*List of ecologists from Europe

## References
Louis van Gasteren

**Louis Alphonse van Gasteren** (20 November 1922 &ndash; 10 May 2016) was a Dutch movie director, movie producer, and artist. He was born in Amsterdam. He was known for his movies  *Hans: Het Leven Voor De Dood* (1983) and *De prijs van overleven* (2003). He won two Golden Calf Awards. His career began in the 1950s. At the time of his death, he was the oldest active filmmaker in the Netherlands.

Van Gasteren died in Amsterdam on 10 May 2016, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
*  
*
Philippe Beaussant

**Philippe Beaussant** (6 May 1930 &ndash; 8 May 2016) was a French musicologist and novelist. He was expert on French baroque music. He was born in Bordeaux, France.

He was the founder of the Centre de Musique Baroque de Versailles. He was the artistic adviser of 1987 to 1996. He has also been a producer of musical programs for Radio France since 1974. He was known for writing the biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully, *Lully ou le musicien du soleil* (Éditions Gallimard, 1992). 

Beaussant won the 1993 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for his novel *Héloïse*.

He was elected to seat 36 of the Académie française on 15 November 2007. He died in Paris on 8 May 2016, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography of Beaussant at the French-language publisher Librairie Arthème Fayard
Motiur Rahman Nizami

**Motiur Rahman Nizami** (Bengali: মতিউর রহমান নিজামী; 31 March 1943 – 11 May 2016) was a Bangladeshi politician, preacher and the former leader of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. He was the Member of Parliament of Pabna constituency from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001 to 2006. He also served as the Bangladeshi Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Industry. He is the third minister of Bangladesh to be hanged.

On 29 October 2014 he was sentenced to death for war crimes including genocide, murder, torture and rape in 1971 liberation war of Bangladesh by the International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh. He was found guilty of being the main commander of the far-right militia group Al-Badr during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

He was hanged at Dhaka Central Jail on 11 May 2016, aged 73.

## References
Gilles Lamontagne

**Joseph-Georges-Gilles-Claude Lamontagne** (; April 17, 1919 &ndash; June 14, 2016) was a Canadian retired politician. He served as  the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from March 28, 1984 through August 9, 1990. Before, he served as Mayor of Quebec City from December 1, 1965 through December 1, 1977. He retired in 1990.

Lamontagne was born in Montreal. He fought during World War II. Lamontagne fought as a bomber pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force. He ended his air force service in the rank of flight lieutenant in 1945. In 1949, he married Mary Schaefer. They would remain married until her death in 2006. They had four children.

In 1990, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec and in 2005, a member of l'Ordre des Grands Québécois. He is an honorary member of the Royal Military College of Canada.

Lamontagne died on June 14, 2016 in Quebec City, aged 97.

## References
Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles

**Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles** (29 September 1678 – 24 June 1766) was a French aristocrat and soldier.   He also acted as the Foreign Minister of France in 1744. As a result of his efforts in war he was created a 1702, a Grandee of Spain in 1711, and a Knight of the Order of Saint-Esprit in 1724. As well as a Marshal of France in 1734 by Louis XV.

## Family
Son of Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1708. He married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Louis XIV's wife Madame de Maintenon, with whom he had 4 daughters and 2 sons.

## Children
# Françoise Adélaide de Noailles (1 September 1704 – January 1776), married Charles, Count of Armagnac in 1717, son of Louis of Lorraine, Count of Armagnac and had no issue; divorced in 1721;
#Amable Gabrielle de Noailles (18 February 1706 – September 1742), married Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars and had one daughter. 
#Marie Louise de Noailles (8 September 1710 – 22 May 1782), married in 1737 to Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force and divorced in 1742; had no issue;
#Louis de Noailles, Duke of Ayen, **Duke of Noailles** (21 April 1713 – 22 August 1793), married Catherine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé-Brissac and had issue;
#Philippe de Noailles, Count of Noailles, Duke of Mouchy (27 December 1715 – 27 June 1794), married the famous Anne d'Arpajon (Lady-in-waiting to Marie Antoinette); Louis and his wife were executed in the Revolution;
# Marie Anne Françoise de Noailles (12 January 1719 – 29 June 1793), married in 1744 Ludwig Engelbert de La Marck (1701–1773), Count of Schleiden.
ProSci Incorporated

**ProSci** is an American biotechnology company with offices located in Poway, California.

The Poway site focuses on manufacturing antibodies for use in research studies leading to diagnostics and therapy development. They specialize in producing a range of antibodies using polyclonal, monoclonal, and recombinant production techniques. ProSci has been a pioneer in the development of commercially available single domain antibodies (VHH – variable heavy chain) derived from camelid species, including llamas and alpacas.

## History
ProSci Incorporated was co-founded in 1998 by Yu Geng, M.D. with the mission to develop neutralizing antibodies against emergent viruses. Their innovative approach using genetically engineered yeast strains and glycoproteins to mimic the HIV-1 glycan coat led to the development of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 glycans. 

Early in 2020, ProSci was one of only a handful of companies that had antibodies available that recognized key proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Their reagents led to key discoveries on the mechanism of entry as well as neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.  

Today, ProSci continues to offer tens of thousands of antibodies and custom antibody services to help researchers advance discoveries in the life sciences.  

## References
## Other websites
*
Nico de Bree

**Nico de Bree** (16 September 1944 – 6 May 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. De Bree started his professional career at local club Elinkwijk. He moved to N.E.C. in 1966. 

After playing 204 matches for the Nijmegen club, he moved to play in Belgium and won the 1975 league title with RWDM. He won the 1978 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup with Anderlecht. He also played for Winterslag and Beerschot.

He died of cancer in Vienna on 6 May 2016, aged 71.

## References
John Stabb

**John Dukes Schroeder** (July 12, 1961 – May 7, 2016), known professionally as **John Stabb**, was an American punk rock singer. He was best known as one of the founding members of the hardcore punk band Government Issue. He also sang in the bands Betty Blue, The Factory Incident, Stabb, Stain, Emma Peel, Weatherhead, and History Repeated.44

Stabb was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Rockville, Maryland. While living in Rockville, he attended Colonel Zadok A. Magruder High School. He was also a freelance writer for  Washington City Paper and Forced Exposure.

## Personal life
Stabb married his long-time partner Mina Devadas on St. Patrick’s Day 2016 while he was at Holy Cross Hospital (Silver Spring).

## References
## Other websites
*Official Artist Page - John Stabb Schroeder website
*John Stabb Schroeder - Discogs Discography catalog
*
Gene Gutowski

**Gene Gutowski**, born as ***Witold Bardach***, (July 26, 1925 in Lwów, Poland, now Ukraine – May 10, 2016 Warsaw) was a Polish-born American movie producer. He produced many of Roman Polanski's movies. He was known for producing *The Pianist*, *The Fearless Vampire Killers*, *Cul-de-sac*. 

Gutowski died of pneumonia in Warsaw, Poland on May 10, 2016, aged 90.

## References
Acetylcholinesterase

**Acetylcholinesterase** is an enzyme found in nerve synapses, including nerve-to-muscle junctions. Its function is to end  transmission across a synapse.

It breaks up neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, and allows us to extend our muscles after contraction.

## Related pages 
*Nerve impulse
John Warr

**John James Warr** (16 July 1927 &ndash; 9 May 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a successful county player for Middlesex County Cricket Club. He played two Test matches for England. With his Test bowling average remains the worst of any retired English player.

Warr died on 9 May 2016, aged 88.

## References
John Young (baseball)

**John Thomas Young** (February 9, 1949 &ndash; May 8, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He also scouted and worked in the front office. Young played in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers in 1971. He founded Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), a youth baseball program aimed at increasing participation among African Americans in baseball. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Young died in Los Angeles, California from diabetes on May 8, 2016, aged 67.

## References
Kanyakumari

**Kanyakumari** ();  "The Virgin Princess" (also known as **Cape Comorin**) is a town in Kanyakumari District in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The town is at the southern tip of Indian subcontinent. The As southernmost town in India, it is sometimes called 'The Land's End'.

Kanyakumari is a popular tourist destination in India. It is famous for its ocean sunrise, sunset and moonrise. It also has the  Thiruvalluvar Statue and Vivekananda Rock Memorial off the coast. The town is a pilgrimage centre. Kanyakumari is bordered on the west, south and east by the Laccadive Sea. It has a coastal line of &nbsp;stretched on the three sides.

The town is &nbsp;km south of Thiruvananthapuram city. It is about  south of Nagercoil, the headquarters of Kanyakumari District.

On the shores of the town is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kanyakumari (the virgin Goddess). That is how the  town got its name. Kanyakumari has been a city since the Sangam period. It and has been referred to in old Malayalam literature and in the writings of Ptolemy and Marco Polo.

## References
Karl Maramorosch

**Karl Maramorosch** (January 16, 1915 &ndash; May 9, 2016) was an Austrian-born American virologist, entomologist and plant pathologist. He was born in Vienna, and of Jewish descent. 

He got his Ph.D. at Columbia University.

He made research on viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and other micro-organisms and their transmission to plants through insect in many parts of the world. 

He was the co-author of a textbook on techniques in virology. He was the author of numerous papers on the biology and ecology of plant viruses, their hosts and vectors. He received the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 1980 for his work to the study of crop pathogens.

Maramorosch died in Ithaca, New York on May 9, 2016, aged 101.

## References
Michael Ratner

**Michael Ratner** (1943 – May 11, 2016) was an American lawyer. He was the President Emeritus of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and president of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR). Ratner was known for his human rights activism.

He was known as representing the Guantanamo Bay prisoners in the United States Supreme Court, where, in June 2004, the court decided his clients have the right to test the legality of their detentions in court.

Ratner died from complications of cancer on May 11, 2016, aged 72.

## References
John Bradshaw (author)

**John Elliot Bradshaw** (; (June 29, 1933 – May 8, 2016) was an American educator, counselor, motivational speaker and author. He hosted a number of PBS television programs such as *Bradshaw On: Homecoming*. He was active in the self-help movement. He was known for creating the idea of "wounded inner child" and the dysfunctional family. His books are mainly works of popular psychology. His most popular book is *Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child*. He was born in Houston, Texas.

On May 8, 2016, Bradshaw died of heart failure in Houston at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Curriculum vitae
Tony Cozier

**Winston Anthony Lloyd Cozier** (10 July 1940 – 11 May 2016) was a Barbadian cricket writer who was born in Bridgetown. He was a commentator on West Indian cricket from 1958 until his death. 

Cozier died on 11 May 2016 in Bridgetown from a long-illness, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
* West Indies in India Nov 1974/Jan 1975 – Summary ESPNcricinfo – Excerpt from Cozier's book
* Tony Cozier Unplugged CaribbeanCricket.com, 20 April 2004 – Two-part interview with Cozier
* West Indies cricket needs Legends' clout Tony Cozier's last column for ESPNcricinfo published on 1 May 2016.
Anne van den Ban

**Anne Willem van den Ban** (28 February 1928 &mdash; 7 May 2016) was a Dutch scholar. His work is on Agricultural Extension. He was born in Leeuwarderadeel. He taught on how innovations can help farmers produce more crops. He helped create many new ways for farmers to produce crops in The Netherlands. 

Van den Ban was an adviser to the Executive Council of the International Society for Extension Education (INSEE). He received a Life Time Achievement Award in September 2008 for his *"outstanding contribution in the field of Extension Education, Agricultural Development and Rural Development"*. from this organization

Van den Ban died at the age of 88 on 7 May 2016 in Wageningen.

## References
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah

***The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah*** is a painting by John Martin. Martin painted it in 1852.

John Martin was famous for painting landscapes in the style of Romanticism.   He painted pictures of the end of the world and events from the Bible.

*The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah* was the last painting that Martin finished. He completed it in 1852 and sent it to the Royal Academy. In 1853 he started to paint *The Last Judgment*, *The Great Day of His Wrath*, and *The Plains of Heaven*, but he became sick. He died the next year.

*The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah* is in the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle, England.

## References
Peter Behrens (musician)

**Peter Behrens** (4 September 1947 &ndash; 11 May 2016) was a German drummer and actor. He was best known for being a member of the band Trio in the early 1980s, where he played the drums. After Trio ended in 1986, and after overcoming alcoholism and a drug problem he retired.

Behrens had two children. He died on 11 May 2016 from multiple organ failure in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, aged 68.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* http://www.stephan-remmler.de/peter_behrens/peter_behrens.htm(http://www.stephan-remmler.de/peter_behrens/peter_behrens.htm) 
* http://www.taz.de/pt/2004/01/05/a0189.nf/textdruck(http://www.taz.de/pt/2004/01/05/a0189.nf/textdruck)
Use Your Fingers

***Use Your Fingers*** is the debut studio album by Bloodhound Gang. The album was released in July 18, 1995.

## References
Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles

**Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles** (21 April 1713 in Versailles – 22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) He was a member of the influential House of Noailles and was a nephew of Marie Victoire de Noailles, daughter-in-law of Louis XIV of France. He refused to emigrate during the Revolution.

## Background and early life
Given the title of **Duke of Ayen** at birth he was born in Versailles and was one of six children. His father Adrien Maurice de Noailles was a distinguished military man of the reign of Louis XIV. Louis' mother was Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Madame de Maintenon (Louis XIV's second *secret* wife)

## Marriage and children
On 25 February 1737 he married *Cathérine* Françoise Charlotte de Cossé, with whom he had four children

# Jean de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (26 October 1739, Paris – 20 October 1824)
# Adrienne Catherine de Noailles (24 December 1741 – December 1813) married René de Froulay, Count of Tessé, last Marquis of Lavardin (1736–1814)
# Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles (12 December 1743 - September 1822) French diplomat who remained unmarried. 
# Philippine Louise de Noailles (1745-1791) married  Louis Antoine Armand de Gramont, Duke of Lesparre.

## Titles
*21 April 1713 - 24 June 1766 The Duke of Ayen.
*24 June 1766 - 22 August 1793 The Duke of Noailles.
Automatic Identification System

**Automatic Identification System** (AIS) is a way for a ship to send data by radio to tell other ships its position. AIS was made to avoid ships colliding and make it safer to travel by sea. AIS sends messages every few seconds, and these are received other boats and by stations on land and on some satellites.  A ship knows its position by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Since 2004, all ships above 300 tons and all passenger ships have to use AIS. It is now also used by many yachts and other leisure boats. 

AIS_Manche_Est.png | A ship can see where other ships are (this is the English Channel)
OperationsSpecialistVTS.jpg | A person on land can tell ships where to go

## References
Nagapattinam

Nagapattinam is a town and headquarters of Nagapattinam District in Tamil Nadu state of India. One of the town which was severely hit by the 2004 tsunami. 
## Demographics
# The town has an area of 14.92km2.

# The population is 102,905.

# The density of the people living is 615.99/km2

## Occupation
As Nagapattinam is nearby the sea, the main occupation of the people here is Fishing.
Anne de Noailles, 1st Duke of Noailles

**Anne de Noailles, (1st) Duke of Noailles** (born after 1613 - 15 February 1678) was a French noble whose two sons bought the House of Noailles to prominence at the French royal court. Prior to being created a duke in 1663, he was a count. 

## Brief biography
A son of François de Noailles who was created the "Count of Ayen" in 1663. He was eventually created the **Duke of Noailles** during the reign of Louis XIV in 1663. 

## Marriage and children
13 December 1645 he married Louise Boyer with whom he had six children with;

# Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 – 2 October 1708) married Marie Françoise de Bournonville and bhad children.
# Louis Antoine de Noailles  (27 May 1651 – 4 May 1729) a bishop and cardinal, who remained unmarried. Known as the **Cardinal de Noailles**.
# Jacques de Noailles (9 November 1653 - 22 April 1712) died unmarried. 
# Jean François de Noailles (28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692), "Marquis of Noailles". Married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had children
# Louise Anne de Noailles (1662-1693) married Henri de Beaumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin. 
# Jean Baptiste Louis Gaston de Noailles (8 July 1669 - 15 September 1720) Bishop of Châlons.
Elisa Mainardi

**Elisa Mainardi** (27 July 1930 &ndash; 8 May 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actress. She was born in Rome. She was known for her roles in *Fellini Satyricon*, *Roma*, and *And the Ship Sails On*. Mainardi was also known for being in movies directed by Federico Fellini.

Mainardi died in Rome, Italy on 8 May 2016, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rockcrawling

**Rock crawling** is an extreme form of off-road driving.  use vehicles anywhere from  to highly  to overcome s (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include s, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc.

Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and high torque generated through large gear s in the vehicle's drivetrain.  Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear . Most vehicles used to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about  long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course. Usually a spotter (person who guides the driver) helps the driver through hard obstacles. Spotters may also use a rope to help prevent a vehicle from tipping over. 

## Rock crawling basics
### The vehicles
 Rock Crawling]]

Vehicles commonly used include Jeep, Nissan Patrol, Toyota Land Cruiser, Land Rover, Ford Bronco, Suzuki Samurai, International Harvester Scout. Also, vehicles like the Mercedes Unimog due to its portal axles and greatly increased ground clearance. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. These custom parts can include:
#locking differentials
#taller off-road tires
#upgraded suspension
#four wheel steering
#roll cage for driver protection
#engine modifications for increased performance, mostly torque
#lowered gearing in either or all of the transmission, transfer case (including often employing a second transfer case to reduce gearing even more), or axle differentials
#winches
#body armour (rocker panels, tube fenders, etc.)
#beadlocks (locks tires to the rims for low tire pressures)
#long-travel shock absorbers, drop shackles, spring-over conversions (to increase wheel travel), coil-over spring/shock combinations, and upgraded control arms
#portal axles

d, low-pressure, knobby, mud-terrain tires are used. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock crawling vehicles sometimes have aftermarket lift kits installed, raising the chassis and increasing suspension . Highly modified rock crawling vehicles are less suitable for driving on roads and highways.

Building a dedicated rock crawler can cost a lot of money. For rock crawling competitions, getting a sponsor can help to cover some of these costs.

## Related pages 
*Jeep
*Land Rover
*Toyota
*Suzuki
*Daihatsu
*International Harvester Scout

## References
Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles

**Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles** (5 February 1650 - 2 October 1708) was a French nobleman from the House of Noailles. A well regarded military man of his day, he was a general under King Louis XIV of France and was later the subject of a painting by the famous court painter Hyacinthe Rigaud.

## Family
Son of Anne de Noailles and his wife, Louise Boyer, he acceded to the title of Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1678. He was married to Marie Françoise de Bournonville, with whom he had children. One of the chief generals of France towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and, after raising the regiment of Noailles in 1689, he commanded in Spain during both the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession. He was made a marshal of France in 1693. He died on October 2, 1708. 

## Children
Anne Jules de Noailles had many children
#Marie Christine de Noailles (1672–1748), married (1687) Antoine de Gramont, Duke of Gramont;, *Marshal of France* (1671–1725)

#Louis Marie de Noailles (°1675);
#Louis Paul de Noailles (°1676), Count of Ayen;
#Marie Charlotte de Noailles (1677–1723), married (1696) Malo, marquis of Coëtquen;
#Adrien Maurice de Noailles (1678–1766), 3rd Duke of Noailles; married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, niece of Madame de Maintenon;
#Anne Louise de Noailles (°1679);

#Jean Anne de Noailles (°1681); 
#Julie Françoise de Noailles (°1682);
#Lucie Félicité de Noailles (°1683), married (1698) Victor Marie d'Estrées (1660–1737), a Marshal of France;
#Marie Thérèse de Noailles (°1684–1784), married (1698) Charles François de la Baume Le Blanc, Duke of La Vallière;
#Emmanuel Jules de Noailles (1686–1702), Count of Noailles;
#Marie Françoise de Noailles (°1687), married (1703) Emmanuel de Beaumanoir, marquis of Lavardin;
#Marie Victoire de Noailles (1688–1766), married (1707) Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1688–1712), then (1723) his half-uncle the Count of Toulouse;
#Marie Émilie de Noailles (1689–1723) married (1713) Emmanuel Rousselet, marquis of Châteauregnaud;
#Jules Adrien de Noailles (1690–1710), Count of Noailles;
#Marie Uranie de Noailles (°1691), nun;
#Anne Louise de Noailles (°1695) married (1716) François Le Tellier, marquis of Louvois (died 1719) and had issue; married again to Jacques Hippolyte Mancini, Marquis Mancini and had issue; present prince of Monaco is descended from this line.

## References
Phil LaMarr

**Phillip LaMarr** (born January 24, 1967) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his voice roles in various animated series such *Samurai Jack*, *Justice League*, *Justice League Unlimited*, *Futurama*, *Static Shock*, and ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends*. He is also known as one of the original cast members on the sketch comedy series *MADtv''.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Video games
## References
Joe Temperley

in November 2005]]
**Joe Temperley** (20 September 1929 &ndash; 11 May 2016) was a Scottish saxophonist. He has performed with many instruments but is most associated with the baritone saxophone and bass clarinet. He was born in Lochgelly, Scotland. Temperley played with The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, but most famously with Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra.

Temperley suffered from cancer and died on 11 May 2016 in Manhattan, New York from kidney failure.

## References
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1924–2016)

**Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia** (*Aleksandar Pavlov Karađorđević*; 13 August 1924 – 12 May 2016) was the elder son of Prince Paul. His father served as Regent of Yugoslavia in the 1930s, and his wife, Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. 

He was born in White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey.

Alexander married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of King Umberto II of Italy in 1955. Alexander and Maria Pia divorced in 1967. 

On 17 February 2008, Alexander said that he did not support the declaration of independence by Kosovo.

Alexander died on 12 May 2016 in Paris, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
Del Latta

**Delbert Leroy "Del" Latta** (March 5, 1920 &ndash; May 12, 2016) was an American politician. He served as member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 through 1989. He was a Republican. He was born in Weston, Ohio.

Latta died in Bowling Green, Ohio on May 12, 2016, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Claw of Archimedes

The **Claw of Archimedes** (also known as the "**Iron Hand**") was an ancient weapon. It was designed by Archimedes to defend the  part of Syracuse's city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook. Apparently it was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water to capsize or suddenly drop it.

## References
Bowling Green, Ohio

**Bowling Green** is a city in and the county seat of Wood County, Ohio, United States.  The population was 30,808 at the 2020 census. It is near Toledo, Ohio. Bowling Green is the home of Bowling Green State University.

## References
Muhammad Abdul Wahhab

Haji **Muhammad Abdul Wahhab** (, *Ḥājī Muḥammad ‘Abdul-Wahhāb*; (January 1, 1923 – November 18, 2018) was a Muslim preacher of Islam and the *Ameer* of Tablighi Jamaat in Pakistan. He played an important role in the Tablighi Jamaat movement. 

## Biography 
Wahhab was born in Delhi, India. He studied at Islamia College in Lahore. 

In October 2013 it was reported that Haji Abdul Wahhab was suggested to head a Loya Jirga in preparation for peace talks with the Pakistani Taliban.

Wahhab died from complications of dengue fever on November 18, 2018 at the age of 95.

## References
Arrondissement of Nantua

The **arrondissement of Nantua** is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Nantua.

## History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Nantua was part of that original department.

## Geography
It is found in the northern half of the department with an area of . It has 84,640 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The *arrondissement* of Nantua is bordered to the north by the Jura department, to the northeast by the *arrondissement* of Gex, to the east by the Haute-Savoie department, to the south by the *arrondissement* of Belley and to the west by the  *arrondissement* of Bourg-en-Bresse.

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

In the *arrondissement* of Nantua,  there are only 2 cantons whose *communes* are in the *arrondissement*:   Nantua (18 *communes*) and Oyonnax (2 *communes*). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 *commune* in the *arrondissement* of Belley, 2 in the *arrondissement* of Gex and 11 in the *arrondissement* of Nantua; the canton of Hauteville-Lompnes has 29 *communes* in Belley and 12 in Nantua; and the canton of Pont-d'Ain has 4 *communes* in the *arrondissement* of Bourg-en-Bresse and 20 in Nantua.

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Nantua has 65 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Apremont (01011)
# Arbent (01014)
# Béard-Géovreissiat (01170)
# Bellegarde-sur-Valserine (01033)
# Belleydoux (01035)
# Bellignat (01031)
# Billiat (01044)
# Bolozon (01051)
# Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme (01056)
# Brénod (01060)
# Brion (01063)
# Ceignes (01067)
# Cerdon (01068)
# Challes-la-Montagne (01077)
# Champfromier (01081)
# Chanay (01082)
# Charix (01087)
# Châtillon-en-Michaille (01091)
# Chevillard (01101)
# Condamine (01112)
# Confort (01114)
# Dortan (01148)
# Échallon (01152)
# Géovreisset (01171)
# Giron (01174)
# Groissiat (01181)
# Injoux-Génissiat (01189)
# Izenave (01191)
# Izernore (01192)
# Jujurieux (01199)
# Labalme (01200)
# Lancrans (01205)
# Lantenay (01206)
# Leyssard (01214)
# Lhôpital (01215)
# Maillat (01228)
# Martignat (01237)
# Matafelon-Granges (01240)
# Mérignat (01242)
# Montanges (01257)
# Montréal-la-Cluse (01265)
# Nantua (01269)
# Neuville-sur-Ain (01273)
# Les Neyrolles (01274)
# Nurieux-Volognat (01267)
# Outriaz (01282)
# Oyonnax (01283)
# Peyriat (01293)
# Plagne (01298)
# Le Poizat-Lalleyriat (01204)
# Poncin (01303)
# Pont-d'Ain (01304)
# Port (01307)
# Priay (01314)
# Saint-Alban (01331)
# Saint-Germain-de-Joux (01357)
# Saint-Jean-le-Vieux (01363)
# Saint-Martin-du-Frêne (01373)
# Samognat (01392)
# Serrières-sur-Ain (01404)
# Sonthonnax-la-Montagne (01410)
# Surjoux (01413)
# Varambon (01430)
# Vieu-d'Izenave (01441)
# Villes (01448)

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Ain department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Hal Riney

**Hal Patrick Riney** (17 July 1932 &ndash; 24 March 2008) was an American advertising executive. He was born in Seattle, Washington. He was the founder of Publicis & Hal Riney. Riney was named #30 on the *Advertising Age* 100 people of the 20th century. He was added into the Advertising Hall of Fame in 2001. He was mostly known as for narrating Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election ads "Morning in America" and "Bear in the Woods".

## Personal life 
Riney died at age 75 on 24 March 2008 from cancer at his home in San Francisco, California, aged 75.

## References
Bear in the woods

A television commercial known for its opening line **"There is a bear in the woods"** was created for the 1984 U.S. presidential re-election campaign of Ronald Reagan.  

The commercial shows a grizzly bear wandering through a forest. The narrator of the ad, Hal Riney, talks about how the bear could be dangerous and that it would be smart to be prepared for that possibility. In the final scene a man appears and the bear takes a step back. The ad ends with a picture of Reagan and the tagline: "President Reagan: Prepared for Peace". 

The bear could have either signified with the massive inflation the United States was facing, Democratic challenger Walter Mondale or the growing tensions of the Soviet Union and the Cold War.

Reagan was elected in a massive landslide in the 1984 elections winning 49 of the 50 states.

## Related pages
* "Morning in America"

## References
Petrykivka painting

**Petrykivka painting** is a traditional Ukrainian decorative painting. It originates from the Petrykivka village in Dnipropetrovsk oblast of Ukraine. 

In 2013 it was included to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

## Gallery

|Decorative dish with petrykivka painting by Volodymyr Glushchenko, 2016
|Decorative dish with petrykivka painting by Liana Sklyar, 2016
|Decorative dish with petrykivka painting by Victoria Tymoshenko, 2014
File:Таріль дерев'яна "Серпень".jpg|Decorative dish "August" by Natalia Statyva-Zharko
|Kiev porcelain vase with petrykivka painting by Marfa Tymchenko

## References
Jemaa el-Fnaa

**Jemaa el-Fnaa** (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء  *saaHat jamaaʻ al-fanâʼ*, also **Jamaa el Fna**, **Djema el-Fna** or **Djemaa el-Fnaa**) is a famous square in Old city of Marrakesh, Morocco.

## 2011 bombings 
On April 28, 2011 an explosion originated at the cafe "Aragana" in the square. 17 people were killed while 25 were wounded in the blast. According to local media reports, one source of the blast was a gas pipe.

## Gallery 

file:Jamaa El Fna 021.JPG|
file:Jamaa El Fna 032.JPG|
file:Vendedores de agua en su vestimenta típica en la Plaza de Yamaa el Fna.jpg|

## Panorama 
## Other websites 
* The Time Machine | Photography portfolio about Jamaa El-Fna 
* BBC news about preserving intangible patrimony
* A Night at Jamaa El-Fna - article in English with many high-quality pictures
* Torture to the beat of Jamaa al Fna drums
Arrondissement of Gex

The **arrondissement of Gex** is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Gex. It corresponds approximately to the historical region of the **Pays de Gex**.

## History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Gex was not part of that original department; the *arrondissement* was created in 1815. In 1926, the *arrondissement* was eliminated but in 1933 it became again an *arrondissement* of the Ain department.

## Geography
It is found in the northeastern part of the department with an area of , the smallest *arrondissement* of the department. It has 89,200 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The *arrondissement* of Gex is bordered to the north and northwest by the Jura department, to the northeast and east by Switzerland, to the southeast by the Haute-Savoie department and to the southwest by the  *arrondissement* of Nantua.

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

In the *arrondissement* of Gex,  there are 3 cantons whose *communes* are in the *arrondissement*:   Gex (7 *communes*), Saint-Genis-Pouilly (4 *communes*) and Thoiry (16 *communes*). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 *commune* in the *arrondissement* of Belley, 2 in Gex and 11 in the *arrondissement* of Nantua.

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Gex has 27 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

#Cessy (01071)
#Challex (01078)
#Chevry (01103)
#Chézery-Forens (01104)
#Collonges (01109)
#Crozet (01135)
#Divonne-les-Bains (01143)
#Échenevex (01153)
#Farges (01158)
#Ferney-Voltaire (01160)
#Gex (01173)
#Grilly (01180)
#Léaz (01209)
#Lélex (01210)
#Mijoux (01247)
#Ornex (01281)
#Péron (01288)
#Pougny (01308)
#Prévessin-Moëns (01313)
#Saint-Genis-Pouilly (01354)
#Saint-Jean-de-Gonville (01360)
#Sauverny (01397)
#Ségny (01399)
#Sergy (01401)
#Thoiry (01419)
#Versonnex (01435)
#Vesancy (01436)

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Ain department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Obstacle course

"stairs" obstacle]]

An **obstacle course** is a series of s a person, vehicle or team must navigate. This is usually while being . Obstacle courses can include running, ing, jumping, , swimming, and ing with the aim of testing speed and . Sometimes a course involves mental tests. In an off-road obstacle course, the driver is presented with a variety of different terrain to get over, around or through.

## Types of courses 
### Military
The military/Army obstacle course is used (mostly in recruit training). The purpose is to familiarize recruits with the kind of military tactics they will use in combat. It is also for physical fitness, building teamwork, and evaluating problem solving skills. Typical courses involve obstacles the participants must climb over, crawl under, balance, , jump, etc. Puddles of muddy water, ropes, nets, and "no touch"  are often used to make the course more difficult. 

### Off-road 
Off-road obstacle courses may be set up with a variety of different challenging situations. More common obstacles are hills, rockcrawling gates, log crawls, and mud pits. Some include underground tunnels, balance beams and water slides. Others are for the purposes of teaching high-speed driving on unimproved roads. Features include different kinds of turns, changes in elevation, navigating high speed straightaways and maneuvering vehicles through tight S-turns (so called because from above they resemble a letter "s").

## References 
## Other websites 
* Commando Training Centre Royal Marines assault course, YouTube
* Jeff Daniel's Jeep Show Offroad Obstacle Course, YouTube
Differential (mechanical device)

A **differential** is a mechanical device made up of several gears. It is used in almost all mechanized four-wheel vehicles. It is used to transmit the power from the driveshaft to the drive wheels. Its main function is to allow the drive wheels to turn at different rpms allowing the wheels to go around s while still receiving power from the engine.

## Different types 
* An **open differential** (OD) is the most common type. It is also the least expensive. An open differential allows the vehicle to go around corners without dragging the outside wheel. However, power is transferred to the wheel with the least amount of traction (grip on the road). If that wheel is on ice or other slippery surfaces, the vehicle will not move forward and the wheel with the power will simply spin. In vehicles with two-wheel drive, if they have an open differential in effect they have only a single drive wheel. In four-wheel drive vehicles using open differentials (usually standard from the factory), only one wheel on each axle powers the vehicle. Advantages include seldom breaking an axle, less tire wear, and they are  as most new vehicles come with open differentials.
* A **limited slip differential** (LSD) overcomes this problem. Using a series of clutches (called a clutch pack), the LSD allows limited wheel slippage while maintaining power to both drive wheels. LSDs are popular in race cars, as there are oftentimes when they are coming out of turns and need to accelerate without losing power to one drive wheel. Lockers may be switched on or off ly, electronically (e-locker) or using compressed air (air locker). Lockers are desirable on off-road vehicles but are usually not useful on streets and highways.
* A **spool** is an open differential in which the axles have been mechanically fastened together. This does not allow either wheel to go faster or slower around corners. It is cheap and adds little or no weight to the vehicle, but is usually limited to off-road competitions and trail driving. They are not desirable for driving on the street as they will "chirp" the tires when going around corners.
## References 
## Other websites 
* How a Differential Works and Types of Differentials, YouTube
* How an air-locker works, YouTube
* Around The Corner - How Differential Steering Works (1937)