open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bioinformatics

found on the surface of the influenza virus]]
**Bioinformatics** or **computational biology** is the study of large amounts of biological information or genome. It focuses on molecules like DNA. It is done often with the help of computers.

## Foundation
As species of living things change over time, the DNA contained in their cells change, because of evolution. If we can extract the information from living things today, and compare them to each other, we can see which living things are most closely related, the most similar can be thought to be the most closely related in time. Biologists can then construct family trees, or phylogenies. By combining each tree, a grand tree connecting all living things can be made, this is called the "Tree of Life". Bioinformatics uses integration of mathematical, statistical and computational method to analyze biological, biochemical and biophysical data.

## The process
All of the information needed by a cell is provided in its DNA. When a cell wants to build a protein, it finds the appropriate piece of DNA, makes a copy of it (called RNA), and uses the instructions in the copy to make the protein. 

Proteins can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism. Proteins are made from *amino acids*. There are twenty different amino acids that are used to build millions of different protein molecules. 

These molecules can be studied using computers to analyze the DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences from which they are created. Because there are so many different molecules, the best way we have of understanding how the entire system works is to use bioinformatics.

## Computers in bioinformatics
Chemists have developed ways to understand the shape and behavior of small molecules, using mathematical analysis. They might use computers to study these molecules. The DNA contained in just one cell of an organism is far too large to be read by any person, and to compare the DNA between two (or more) organisms, be they in the brother and sister, or of a completely different species, requires comparing large amounts of information to find differences. Computers are better suited to such comparisons, and computer programmers have worked with biologists to create very very large databases to store all the DNA information that has ever been learned.

## Related pages
*Biotechnology
*Computational biology
*Gel electrophoresis
*Sequence analysis
"Weird Al" Yankovic

**Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic** (born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, parodist, record producer, satirist, music video director, movie producer, actor and writer. He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs. He has also starred in the movie called *UHF* (1989). Yankovic had a children's program for a short time. It was named *The Weird Al Show*. He has made parodies of songs such as "American Pie" (his ever popular "The Saga Begins"), "Ridin''" ("White and Nerdy"), "Bad" ("Fat"), "Like a Virgin" ("Like a Surgeon"), and "Gangsta's Paradise" ("Amish Paradise"). He voices Dill from Kate's Place.

He also has a band to help him perform his songs. His band members are: Jim West (guitar), Steve Jay (bass), Rubén Valtierra (piano), and Jon Schwartz (drums).

Yankovic has also written a children's book titled *When I Grow Up*.

## Early life
Alfred was born in Downey, California. He was raised in the town of Lynwood, California. He is the only child of Nick Louis Yankovic (June 4, 1917 – April 9, 2004) and Mary Elizabeth Yankovic (née Vivalda; February 7, 1923 – April 9, 2004). ancestry, and began living in California after serving during World War II; he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy.  Nick Yankovic married Mary Elizabeth Vivalda in 1949. Mary, who was of Italian and English descent, and had come to California from Kentucky, gave birth to Alfred ten years later.  All of this can be shown in a biopic movie of his life "Weird: The Al Yankovic Story" made in 2022.

## References
Tissue (disambiguation)

**Tissue** can mean different things.

*Tissue, a part of an organ or organism. It is a group of cells of the same type, such as 'muscle tissue'.
*Tissue paper, a type of thin paper.
*Facial tissue, a thin, soft, piece of paper used to wipe the nose.
New Mexico

**New Mexico** ( ;  ) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States. It also borders Texas to the east and southeast, Oklahoma to the northeast, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to the south. 

New Mexico became a state on January 6, 1912, and became the 47th state accepted into the United States. The state capital is Santa Fe. Most of the people live in the biggest city, Albuquerque.

## Climate
The climate for most of the state is generally semi-arid. In the summer it can be very hot in southern New Mexico. The temperature is sometimes over 100&nbsp;°F (37.8&nbsp;°C) with lows over 70&nbsp;°F (21.1&nbsp;°C). It occasionally snows in the northern part of the state in the winter. It is drier in the southern portion of the state, and it rarely snows. New Mexico is usually affected by the North American monsoon from mid-June to late September.

## History
New Mexico is the long-time home of the Pueblo people, a group of Native Americans. The area was named *Nuevo México* (New Mexico) by the Spanish in the mid-1500s and officially settled in 1598, its capital, Santa Fe, was selected in 1610. In the late 1600s, the Pueblo people revolted against the Spanish. The Spanish returned twelve years later and made a better attempt at giving the Pueblos better representation in New Mexico’s society and government. One such Spanish governor of New Mexico, who is most well-known for his work with Native Americans, was Tomás Vélez Cachupín.

When Mexico became independent in the early 1800s, New Mexico was part of it. Mexican rule was unpopular in New Mexico, which led to another revolt called the Chimayo Rebellion.

In 1846, the United States and Mexico went to war over a border dispute in Texas (a former state of Mexico that was its own country for a time and then joined the United States), and the Americans won the war. The peace treaty the two countries signed gave what is now called the American Southwest to the United States. While most of what was then Northern Mexico did not have a large amount of people living in it, New Mexico had population centers in Pueblo and Spanish towns, especially along the Rio Grande River and in the Sangre de Cristo mountains. The New Mexican citizens living there were allowed to stay if they agreed to become US citizens, and over 90% did so.

After some time as a territory, the area became a state in 1912.
File:Coyote Bandelier Los Alamos NM.jpg|Coyote
File:Sandia Peak Tramway New Mexico adamselby.jpg|Sandia Peak Tramway
File:The Kiva at Nambe Pueblo NM.jpg|The Kiva at Nambe Pueblo

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in New Mexico
* List of counties in New Mexico

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* New Mexico Indian Tribes 
* New Mexico Monuments
* New Mexico National Parks
* Gila National Forest
1471

## Events 
* March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
* April 14 – Battle of Barnet – Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.
* May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury – King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed. This practically destroys the Lancastrian cause.
* May 20 – Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London and Edward IV becomes sole King of England.
* October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm. The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder with help of farmers and miners repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
* First Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
* Pedro Escobar and João Gomes first visit São Tomé and Principe.
Starbucks

**Starbucks** is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices. As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.

Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971. The number of stores has grown quickly. There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores. Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.

Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks. There are many sizes: for example, some stores have short, tall, grande, venti and trenta. There are many ways to customize each drink. A *frappuccino*, for example, is a cold drink. Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.

Some stores sell special items, such as mugs related to the city they are located in.

File:Original Starbucks.jpg|The first Starbucks in Seattle, Washington

## International growth
The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996. There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.

## References
Supertramp

**Supertramp** is a British rock band. They were created and managed by a Dutch millionaire and were very popular in the 1970s. The members of Supertramp included Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, who wrote most of the songs. The band's best-known songs include "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "The Logical Song", "Take the Long Way Home", and "It's Raining Again".

## Albums 
* *Supertramp* (1970)
* *Indelibly Stamped* (1971)
* *Crime of the Century* (1974)
* *Crisis? What Crisis?* (1975)
* *Even in the Quietest Moments...* (1977)
* *Breakfast in America* (1979)
* *...Famous Last Words...* (1982)
* *Brother Where You Bound* (1985)
* *Free as a Bird* (1987)
* *Some Things Never Change* (1997)
* *Slow Motion* (2002)
Sting

**Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner**  (born 2 October 1951) better known as **Sting**, is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.

As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.

With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, *Paste* ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of *Q* magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album *44/876*, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.

## Studio albums 
* *The Dream of the Blue Turtles* (1985)
* Bring On the Night  (1986)
* ...Nothing Like the Sun  (1987)
* The Soul Cages  (1991)
* Ten Summoner’s Tales  (1993)
* Mercury Falling  (1996)
* Brand New Day  (1999)
* Sacred Love  (2003)
* Songs from the Labyrinth  (2006)
* If on a Winter’s Night...  (2009)
* Symphonicities  (2010)
* The Last Ship  (2013)
* 57th & 9th  (2016)
* Sting & Shaggy: 44/876  (2018)
* My Songs  (2019)
*The Bridge (2021)
Frasier

***Frasier*** is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer. The series is set in Seattle, Washington. It aired on NBC from 1993 to 2004. It is a spin-off from *Cheers*. It is based upon the psychiatrist and his life. It revolves around his personal life and interpersonal interactions with his father Martin Crane, a retired police officer, who was shot in the hip by a robber, who as a result has a limp and walks using a cane, who lives with him. Other characters include his eccentric brother Niles, who is also a psychiatrist, Martin's pretty English healthcare worker Daphne Moon and a host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the radio station (including his producer Roz Doyle), where he hosts a community psychiatric call-in show.

Main cast :
*Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
*Daphne Moon (Jane Leeves)
*Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce)
*Roz Doyle (Peri Gilpin)
*Martin Crane (John Mahoney)

## Other websites 
*
Bauxite

]]
**Bauxite** is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.

Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1867 by geologist Pierre Berthier. Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.

## Kinds 
There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites). Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.

Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.

For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage. Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer. In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.
Hematite

**Hematite** or **haematite** is the main ore of iron. It is mostly iron(III) oxide. Millions of tons are dug up every year, much of it from banded iron formations. This is usually to feed to blast furnaces to make steel. It is a mineral related to corundum. It is an oxide.

It has a metallic luster. It has no cleavage (the way a mineral breaks). It has a fracture. The fracture is irregular and uneven. Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6. It has a bright red to dark red streak. To find the streak, you take the mineral and run it across a plate of unglazed porcelain. The colours can be metallic grey to a dark, rough and earthy red colour. Hematite has the chemical formula of Fe2O3.

## Related pages
* Corundum

*Iron(III) oxide
*Rust
Lionel Richie

**Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr.** (born June 20, 1949) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1980s songs.

## Early life
Richie was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His family is of African American and He spent his childhood there. He spent his teenage years in Joliet, Illinois. 

## Career
He started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, *Three Times a Lady* is their best remembered song. His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, ''Can't Slow Down*.

In 1984, as a surprise , he sang *All Night Long* to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

After a few years break, Richie returned to the music industry in 1996 with *Louder than Words*. Another album of his, *Renaissance*, came out four years later and featuring the song *Angel*.

Richie made a dramatic comeback to the top of the charts in 2012 with *Tuskegee*, a country album made up of new versions of many of his biggest hit songs, each featuring a different guest artist. It became his first Number 1 album on the Billboard 200 chart since 1986, and also reached Number 1 on the *Billboard* country album chart. *Tuskegee'' also became his first album since 1986 to be certified as platinum (more than 1 million copies sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America.

## Personal life
In 1990, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Her name is now Nicole Richie. She co-starred on Fox's *The Simple Life* with Paris Hilton.

## Television
**American Idol* (2018) - Judge

## References
## Other websites
*
Walt Disney Pictures

**Walt Disney Pictures** is a movie studio from the United States that makes family-friendly movies with a G or PG rating from the Motion Picture Association, like *The Great Mouse Detective* and *Dinosaur*. A few Disney movies were rated PG-13: *Pirates of the Caribbean* and its sequels and *John Carter*.

Walt Disney Pictures started as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios in 1985. Before that, Disney movies were released under the **Walt Disney Productions** name.

Part of film distributor Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the studio also has Walt Disney Animation Studios and DisneyToon Studios.

Walt Disney Pictures also distributes films produced by other Disney labels including Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, and internationally Searchlight Pictures; with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures currently handling distribution for the respective labels.

## Related pages
*List of Disney movies
*List of Disney animated movies

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Official Site
*The Big Cartoon DataBase page for Disney animated movies (Dead link)
Scrotum

The **scrotum** is the bag that holds the testicles (commonly called *balls*) in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused. The scrotum has a seam or slightly raised line of skin which is called the raphe.

## Use 
The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.

The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. The testicles can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles. 

Some men put jewelry on the scrotum, mainly for decoration.

### Temperature 
The best temperature for the testes varies between species, but usually it is a bit cooler than body temperature (around 2c below the main temperature). This means that the testicles have to be held outside of the body in most male mammals.

### Protection
The scrotum may move the testes closer to the abdomen when in danger. Testes are extremely sensitive, and hitting or injuring them causes extreme pain. Males avoid this by involuntarily moving the testes closer. 

Another explanation for the location of the scrotum is to that their exterior location protects the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.

When the scrotum is hanging loosely, the testicular cords that the testicle hangs from can get twisted. This is especially prone to happen during exercise.  This is called testicular torsion. It is a medical emergency.

## Gallery 

File:Illu penis.jpg|Structure of the male sex organs.
File:Gray542.png|Cross section.
File:Sex en erection.jpg|Front view of an erect penis showing the scrotum tightened during an erection.
File:Scrotum raphe.jpg|The seam or mid-line on the scrotum is called the raphe.
File:6-fach Hafada Leiter 2.jpg|Decorative jewelry on the scrotum, called scrotal piercing or hafada piercing.

## Related pages
* Sex organ
* Castration
* Penis

## References
Ministry (band)

**Ministry** is an American industrial metal band from Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1981 by musician Al Jourgensen. After 27 years and 11 albums, Al disbanded the group in 2008. However, the band reformed in 2011 for a new album and tour.
Indo-European

**Indo-European** may refer to:

* Indo-European languages
* Indo-European people, the native speakers of Indo-European languages
** Aryan race, a 19th and early 20th century term for those peoples
* Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of all Indo-European languages
* Proto-Indo-Europeans, an ancient ethnic group speaking the Proto-Indo-European language
Ingot

**Ingots** are bars of metal, formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. This is done after it has been taken from the ore. Gold ingots are often seen in movies. 

## Related pages 
*Bullion
Ulcer

foot ulcer]]
An **ulcer** is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.

Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is damaged. The top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.

Ulcers can be from infection with germs. Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin. Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes. Peptic ulcers are sometimes from burning by the acid in the stomach. Ulcers can be from cancer. Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels. If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer. Stress can also sometimes cause ulcers. Ulcers are often very painful. 

## Diagnosis
### Grading
Wagner's grading of ulcer follows:

## Specific types 
* Arterial insufficiency ulcer: mostly located on the lateral surface of the ankle or the distal digits
* Cortisol ulcer: caused by long term application of cortisol (steroid) topical creams to certain skin diseases.
* Diabetic foot ulcer: a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and probably the major component of the diabetic foot.
* Venous ulcer: thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs

## References
Peptic ulcer

A **peptic ulcer** is an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestines. It is the tube that food goes through when it leaves the stomach. *Peptic* means talking about the stomach.

Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers in the stomach.

Duodenal ulcers are peptic ulcers in the duodenum.

## Global statistics 
 for peptic ulcer disease per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004.

]]
The lifetime risk for developing a peptic ulcer is approximately 5% to 10%. Men and women are equally as likely to have them. 

The amount of deaths was much higher until the last decades of the 20th century, then dropped. 

Deaths caused by peptic ulcer deaths globally in 2015 was 267,500.

## Causes 
 ]]

Most ulcers are caused by an infection from bacteria. This bacteria is called *Helicobacter pylori*. 90% of gastric ulcers and 75% of duodenal ulcers are from *Helicobacter pylori* infection.

Other things can make ulcers worse. But these things are less important than *Helicobacter pylori*. These other things are:

* Drugs called NSAIDs, medicine used for pain and inflammation. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are NSAIDs. 
* Smoking cigarettes
* Old age
* Stress from diseases or injuries like pneumonia and burns

## Symptoms and signs 
The most frequent symptom is pain in the stomach. Pain is usually in the top of the abdomen below the ribs. Some people also feel pain go up to the chest.

Other symptoms are:
* Vomiting
* Blood in vomit – this can be red. This can also look like coffee grounds
* Black stools
* Waves of Pain or Burning
Vomiting red blood while having other symptoms is a serious sign.

## Diagnosis 
* Endoscopy – looking inside a person's stomach with a camera that goes through their mouth and down to their stomach
* Test on the air someone breathes out to look for *Helicobacter pylori* infection
* Blood test to look for *Helicobacter pylori* infection
* Feces antigen test
* Small sample taken from the affected body area or the ulcer
* X-Ray: imaging of the GI tract. Ulcers in the body can be found this way, also called an upper GI series 

The best way is *endoscopy*. But this costs more money. Endoscopy is done by a medical specialist called a *gastroenterologist* (a doctor who knows much about the digestive system.)

A good thing about endoscopy is finding other diseases if there is no peptic ulcer. The symptoms of peptic ulcer can be from other diseases. Endoscopy can diagnose these other diseases.

## Treatment 
Treatment often entails the use of antibiotics to kill H. pylori; reducing or stopping the use of NSAIDs; and reducing or blocking the effects of stomach acid to assist in the ulcer's healing. Antacids such as Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) or H-2 Blockers may be used to reduce stomach acid, or cytoprotective agents such as sucralfate or misoprostol may be used to protect the stomach lining from the acid. 

## References
Symptom

**Symptoms** are used in diagnosis. The term is used in medicine, and in other fields such as fault-finding in engineering. 

In medicine, it refers to things the patient feels or notices. It contrasts with signs, which are changes which a doctor sees in a patient. What a patient feels is , whereas what a doctor sees is .

In diagnosis, all symptoms and signs are brought together to make a hypothesis as to what is going wrong. This might suggest further investigation or treatment. A complete investigation ends with a diagnosis that summarizes all this.

* Pain is a symptom, and red color is a sign, of a skin burn.
* Feeling sick is a symptom, and vomiting and diarrhea are signs, of food poisoning, cholera and other causes.
* Pain in the chest is a symptom, and cyanosis (blue color of skin) is a sign, of heart disease.
* Headaches, aching muscles, and nausea are symptoms of influenza.

## Similar terms 
***Symptomatic**: having or showing symptoms.
***Asymptomatic**: not showing symptoms.
****Asymptomatic carrier** has the disease but shows no symptoms.
True Jesus Church

The **True Jesus Church** is a Christian church. It was started during the  20th century. It is an independent Church. It split from the Pentecostal movement in China. The Pentecostal movement is an evangelical movement within Christianity.

This group practices faith healing, speaking in tongues, baptism by putting a person completely under water, footwashing and the Saturday Sabbath. By 1949 they claimed 120,000 members; those members met in 700 churches.

The True Jesus Church was banned in the People's Republic of China in 1958 along with all the other Christian churches, but they were allowed to reopen in 1985. Since then, they have grown quickly and have spread across the whole country. They are strongest in Jiangsu, Hunan and Fujian provinces.

They say that daily prayer is very important, both private and public. They engage in vigorous evangelism.

Currently their churches are found in more than 60 countries across six continents. Followers of the Church reject the idea of the Trinity because they believe it is a man-made concept.

Christian holidays were often near the dates of pagan ones. This is also true for Easter, Christmas and Good Friday. The feast of Sol invictus was on the 25th of December. It was a very important holiday in Ancient Rome. Because of the pagan origins of the holidays, the True Jesus Church does not celebrate Easter and Christmas. The movement has between 1.5 and 2.5 million followers.

## References
Medical diagnosis

A **diagnosis** (ancient Greek: δια-γνωστικος) is when a doctor finds out what makes someone sick. 

## Overview
Sometimes, doctors can diagnose a sickness by asking the patient questions and looking at the patient's body. Sometimes, doctors do *tests*. Tests can mean taking a small bit of blood, urine or tissue which is sent to a hospital laboratory where it is tested. X-rays are another form of test.Tests are ways to see how the body is working. When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend treatments.

## Process
Diagnosis starts with the patient's examination in a medical institution or during a call to the doctor at the patient's place of residence. Diagnosis of the disease begins with the collection of medical history. After collecting the anamnesis, the doctor examines the patient, where the doctor performs percussion and auscultation of the patient,  of the disease, measures the patient's blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate, which measures the patient's body temperature.

### Laboratory examinations
Laboratory examination methods feature general clinical tests, including a blood test, urine test and, stool test. Laboratory methods of examination also include biochemical methods of examination, during which the levels of glucose, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, liver enzymes, blood lipids are determined; coagulogram, which analyzes the indicators of blood clotting, blood hormone tests; determination of tumor markers; tests of blood and body tissues for infectious diseases; allergological, toxicological, cytological and parasitological examinations. 

Instrumental examination methods include X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs, including but not limited to Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electroencephalography (EEG), and a number of other examination methods. To diagnose disorders of some systems and organs, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs are used, particularly ECG and EEG.

## References
Homer Simpson

**Homer Jay Simpson** is a cartoon character in the animated television series *The Simpsons*. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He first appeared, along with the other members of the Simpson family on The Tracey Ullman Show in the Simpson Short "Good Night". He is the father of Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, and Maggie Simpson. He is also the husband of Marge Simpson. He lives in the fictional town known as Springfield.

## Characteristics 
Homer is clumsy, fat and very lazy. He is also an alcoholic, and is not very intelligent. He works as a Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Homer is one of the most popular and famous fictional characters and is thought of as one of the greatest comedic animated characters of modern times. Although Homer seems selfish, he does actually care for his family. In one episode he entered Lisa in a beauty contest so she could feel better about herself. He is often heard saying "D'oh!" which has become an often used word when things go wrong. He likes to drink Duff Beer and is often seen hanging out at Moe's Tavern with his best friends Carl Carlson, Lenny Leonard, and Barney Gumble.

## Creation 
Homer’s name derives from the Greek Homeros (Ὅμηρος). Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Homer is named after Simpsons creator Matt Groening's own father. Matt Groening first drew the Simpson family in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. After he had decided not to do his "Life in Hell" cartoon series, he quickly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, with Homer being named after his father. Homer's middle initial "J," which was discovered to stand for "Jay", was a "tribute" to Bullwinkle J. Moose from *Rocky and Bullwinkle*, a show Matt Groening loved as a child. In a TV Guide poll, Homer was named as the second greatest cartoon character, behind Bugs Bunny.

## Homer Simpson syndrome 
A five-year study of more than 2,500 middle-aged  in France found a possible connection between weight and brain function, named as the "Homer Simpson syndrome". Results from a word memory test showed that people with a BMI of 20 (considered to be a healthy level) remembered an average of 9 out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of 7 out of 16 words.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Biography from the official Simpsons website
A Series of Unfortunate Events

***A Series of Unfortunate Events*** is a series of 13 books written for children by the author Lemony Snicket. They tell the story of three unlucky orphans (Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire) and their lives after the death of their parents. The main villain of the books is Count Olaf who wants to steal Baudelaires' inheritance (the money their parents left behind). Count Olaf uses many disguises to get their fortune.

## In other media
In 2004, there was a movie version, "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events," from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.

In 2012, a new series from Lemony Snicket named All the Wrong Questions was written. The series tells the story of Lemony Snicket, a member of a group named V.F.D which is an important part of the series, when he was a child.

In 2016, the series was broadcast through Netflix (children's section).

## Other websites 
*Lemony Snicket's website
*
Membrane

A **membrane** is a thin soft layer of material. A membrane separates two things.

In biology a membrane can mean two things: a tissue membrane or the membranes of a cell. The membranes of cells are very small, while tissue membranes are larger.

## Tissue membranes
A membrane can mean a thin layer of cells or tissue. This layer covers the body or an organ, or separates, or lines a body cavity. An example is the mucous membrane that is the *skin* that lines the inside of your nose and mouth. An epithelial membrane has two parts, one part is epithelial tissue and the other is connective tissue.

## Membranes of cells
 is a double layer of phospholipid with proteins in it and attached to it.]]
There are many different types of membranes in a cell. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, covers one cell. Membranes also divide the cell into different spaces called organelles. Organelles are special areas of the cell that do different work. For example, the nucleus holds the DNA in a cell. The mitochondria make energy for the cell.

Membranes in cells are made of lipids (fats) and protein. The lipids keep the inside of the cell or the organelle separate from the outside. The proteins do many things. Plasma membranes give the cell messages from outside. They let some things (like glucose, calcium, and potassium) go into and out of the cell.
Spin-off

A **spin-off** is something new that comes from something already present. If military technology finds civilian use, for example, that is one kind of spin-off. It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations.  A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.

## Spin-offs in television
* *Frasier* (spin-off from *Cheers*)
* *Angel* (spin-off from *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*)
* *The Facts of Life* (spin-off of ''Diff'rent Strokes*)
* *She-Ra: Princess of Power* (spin-off from *He-Man and the Masters of the Universe*)
* *Daria* (spin-off from *Beavis and Butthead*, which was a spin-off from *Liquid Television*)
* *Paw Patrol*, *Rubble & Crew* and *Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom* (spin-offs from *Peppa Pig*)
* *The Simpsons* (spin-off from *The Tracey Ullman Show*)
* *Torchwood* (spin-off from *Doctor Who*)
**Jack and the Pack* and *All Engines Go* (spin-off from *Thomas and Friends*)
* *A.N.T. Farm* (spin-off from *Kids Incorporated*)
* *Sam & Cat* (spin-off from *iCarly* and *Victorious*)
* *The Jeffersons* (spin-off from *All in the Family*)
* *Milo Murphy's Law*, *Gravity Falls* and *The Amazing World of Gumball* (spin-offs from *Phineas and Ferb'')
South Dakota

**South Dakota** is a state in the United States. South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Its capital is Pierre and most populous is Sioux Falls. Other important cities are Rapid City, Sturgis and Aberdeen. Famous attractions include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, Crazy Horse mountain sculpture, The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally and the Corn Palace. About 890,000 people lived there in 2020.

South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, and to the west by Wyoming and Montana.

There are nine Native American tribes that live in South Dakota.

Most of South Dakota's land was bought in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. South Dakota and North Dakota both became states in 1889.

Many Democrats have represented South Dakota in Congress. However, most politicians in South Dakota are Republicans. More than 90% of the state legislature are Republicans.

## Cities and towns

File:Downtown Sioux Falls 61.jpg|Sioux Falls
Rapid_City_Skyline_(2022).jpg|Rapid City
AberdeenSD.JPG|Aberdeen
Brookings_SD_3.jpg|Brookings
Watertown Commercial HD4 NRHP 89000834 Codington County, SD.jpg|Watertown

Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota. In 2020, 192,517 people lived there. 281,958 people live in its metro area.
The city was founded in 1856. It is in the southeast corner of the state. When the city was first founded, the economy was mostly agribusiness and quarrying. Today, retail, finance, and healthcare are most important to the city's economy.

### Towns 
Rapid City is the second-largest city in South Dakota. 74,703 lived there in 2020. The biggest part of the city's economy is government services. The biggest employers include Ellsworth Air Force Base, the National Park Service, US Forest Service, and the Indian Health Service. Tourism is also a big part of Rapid City's economy. It is close to Mount Rushmore, Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, and Deadwood, and other 

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in South Dakota
* List of counties in South Dakota

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Official Home Page of South Dakota
Westlife

**Westlife** is an Irish boy band who formed in 1998. The group currently consists of Shane Filan, Nicky Bryne and Kian Egan. Bryan McFadden left the band on March 9, 2004 to give more of his time to his family life with the British TV personality and former Atomic Kitten member Kerry Katona, although he has subsequently separated from her and changed the spelling of his first name back to "Brian". Mark Feehily left the band in 2024 due to health issues.

Westlife did not manage success in America, though their debut single, "Swear It Again" was a minor hit on mainstream radio and MTV. Its video made MTV's Total Request Live briefly, and it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 2000, going up to No. 20 on the chart. Their debut American album was also released in 2000, but flopped. Beyond Europe and the US, Westlife's fan base is truly global, including Canada, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Like most other boy bands, Westlife was primarily marketed to teenagers, besides girls there were approximately 20% of Westlife fans are male. They also had a large following among gay men, and performed numerous times at gay venues in the UK.

It was announced in October 2011 that Westlife would split in 2012. They had their last concert in Dublin, Ireland in 2012. Tickets for it sold out in 5 minutes.

## Members 
* Shane Filan
* Nicky Byrne
* Kian Egan

;Past members
* Brian McFadden
* Mark Feehily

## Success 
The band has been very successful since it was started and is popular in both Ireland and United Kingdom, with hits like:

* "Swear It Again" (1999)
* "If I Let You Go" (1999)
* "Flying Without Wings" featuring BoA (appeared on the Pokémon 2000 soundtrack) (1999)
* "I Have A Dream"/"Seasons In The Sun" (covers of ABBA and Terry Jacks respectively) (1999)
* "Fool Again" (2000)
* "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)" (with Mariah Carey) (cover of Phil Collins) (2000)
* "My Love" (2000)
* "Uptown Girl" (cover of Billy Joel) (2001)
* "Queen Of My Heart" (2001)
* "World of Our Own" (2002)
* "Unbreakable" (2002)
* "Mandy" (cover of Barry Manilow) (2003)
* "You Raise Me Up" (2005)
* "The Rose" (2006)

Not every single of theirs has gone to No. 1 in the UK:

* "What Makes a Man" (2000) #2
* "Bop Bop Baby" (2002) #5
* "Hey Whatever" (2003) #4
* "Obvious" (2004) #3
* "Home" (2007) #3
* "Us Against The World" (2008) #8
* "What About Now" (2004) #2
* "Safe" (2010) #10

The band have also won ITV's Record of the Year competition on a record four occasions, with "Flying Without Wings", "My Love", "Mandy" and "You Raise Me Up".

## Discography 
* 1999 "Westlife" #2 UK, #129 US
* 2000 "Coast to Coast" #1 UK
* 2001 "World of Our Own" #1 UK
* 2002 "Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits - Vol. 1" #1 UK
* 2003 "Turnaround" #1 UK
* 2004 "Allow Us To Be Frank" #3 UK
* 2005 "Face to Face" #1 UK
* 2006 "The Love Album" #1 UK
* 2007 "Back Home" #1 UK
* 2009 "Where We Are" #2 UK
* 2010 "Gravity" #3 UK
* 2011 "Greatest Hits" #4 UK
* 2019 "Spectrum"
* 2021 "Wild Dreams"
1078

## Events 
* The Tower of London is built.
* Philaretos Brachamios does not keep his claim to the Byzantine Empire after he becomes duke of Antioch.
* August 7 &ndash; Battle of Mellrichstadt between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia
## Births 
* King Alexander I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1124)
* Constance of France, daughter of King Philip I of France (died 1118)
Mersey Beat

**The Mersey Beat** or **Mersey Sound** or **Liverpool Sound** is the name for a type of music that came out in the city of Liverpool, England in the early 1960s. 

Maybe the first group to be thought of as a part of genre were Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes. The most famous group of this genre were The Beatles. Other important groups include Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers and the female singer Cilla Black. 

## Other websites
*http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/ 
*http://www.merseybeatnostalgia.co.uk/ 
*http://www.merseybeatabd.co.uk/ 
*Newsreel footage of The Fourmost 
*Short news story on Mersey Sound
The Adventures of Pete and Pete

***The Adventures of Pete and Pete*** is an American comedy drama television series on the Nickelodeon network from February 5, 1989 to April 1, 1996. It was about two brothers with the same first name who grow up together.

## Other websites 
* The Website of *Pete and Pete*
427 BC

Year **427 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
* Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II.
* Cleon says Mytilene must be destroyed. He decides not to kill the people.
* Plataea surrenders to the Spartans and Thebans. Over 200 prisoners are put to death and Plataea is destroyed.
* The civil war in Corcyra results in a victory of the democrats over the oligarchs.
* The Quaestorship is opened to the Plebs.

## Births 
* Plato, Greek philosopher (d. c. 347 BC)
* Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates (d. 354 BC)

## Deaths 
* Archidamus II, king of Sparta
Motorcycle

SR]]
 R1100S]]
A **motorcycle** (or motorbike) is a vehicle used to transport people from one place to another. It does not have 4 wheels like a car. It has 2 wheels like a bicycle, and it has a motor like a car. A motorcycle is usually driven by one person. A passenger can also ride on the back of the motorcycle. Some motorcycles have a sidecar that can carry another passenger, However, a motorcycle is generally faster than a bicycle and can be faster than a car, especially in terms of acceleration and in certain driving conditions. Motorcycles have a better power-to-weight ratio, allowing for quicker acceleration, and their smaller size can make them faster in heavy traffic where lane splitting or filtering is legal. Bicycles, without engines, are the slowest of the three by a significant margin. 

On-road bikes (ones that are allowed on public roads) require the rider to have a special type of driver's license to be ridden legally. Off-road bikes are not allowed to be driven on public roads.

Speed and stunts are the main goals for off-road bike sports. Many on-road bikes are much faster than off-road bikes and can be used in sports such as motorbike racing.

Motocross is a form of motorcycle racing.  It is on an off-road circuit. The sport came from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. Since motorcycles are lighter than almost all cars, they can accelerate more quickly. But it also makes them not as safe as cars, because they do not have a protecting chassis around them like cars. Very often motorcycle riders are injured heavily in accidents. Motorcycle riders should wear a helmet and other protective clothing like shoes and gloves, of which some have armor. This special clothing may reduce the rider's injuries in an accident. Motorcycles also do not protect riders against wind and rain. That makes it difficult to drive in winter or during bad weather.

In poor countries, motorcycles are used by many as a cheap method of transportation. Many people who do not have the money to buy a car can afford a small motorcycle. In rich countries, large powerful motorcycles are used more as a hobby or sport.

## Off road 
 learning how to ride a motorcycle]]

## References
1585

**1585** (MDLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar, the 1585th year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, .

## Births 
* December 4 – John Cotton, American Puritan leader
Philip Glass

**Philip Morris Glass** (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer of modern music. He is one of the most influential music makers of the late 20th century.

Glass has created operas, music for quartets, dance, and much more. He is known for writing minimalist music.

Glass has described himself instead as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Though his early music shares much with what is called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Audioslave

**Audioslave** was an American rock band. The band is made up of Chris Cornell (vocals), who was with Soundgarden until 1997, and Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (electric bass) and Brad Wilk (drums), who were with Rage Against The Machine until 2000.

Their first album *Audioslave* was released in 2002 and the next one, named *Out of Exile*, followed in 2005. On May 6, 2005 Audioslave became the first American rock group to play in Cuba. Because of American laws against trade with Cuba, this concert had to be allowed by US authorities.

## Studio albums 
* Audioslave (2002)
* Out of Exile (2005)
* Revelations (2006)

## Other websites
*Official website