open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Treehouse

Valley, France]]
**Treehouses** are s or buildings built into a tree. They are constructed around, next to, or in mature trees. They are usually above ground level. Tree houses can be used for recreation, work space or as an observation deck. A tree house can be a  quiet place for  or .

## Practical uses
Treehouses are often built for children to play. They are a natural extension of children's love of climbing trees. They can also stay in a treehouse hotel.

Sometimes they are built for  against wild animals. In some parts of the tropics, houses are either ed to trees or elevated on stilts. This is to keep the living quarters above the ground to protect occupants. A tree house can also be a place to store food from scavenging animals. The Korowai, a Papuan tribe in the southeast of Irian Jaya, live in tree houses. Some are nearly  high (see image below).

Tree houses are an option for building eco-friendly houses in remote forest areas. They do not require a  of a certain area of forest. Because they are elevated or built into forested areas, they are not desirable to some people.

## Gallery 

File:DisneylandTarzanTreehouse wb.jpg|
File:Bewilderwood.JPG|
File:Korowai treehouse.JPG|
File:Treehouse access and roundwalk.jpg|
File:Treehouse - geograph.org.uk - 153124.jpg|
File:BH-Hotel Bergamo Wohnraum II.jpg|

## References 
## More reading
* 

## Other websites 
* Amazing Treehouses
* Sphere Tree House
* Short documentary
* **Map of tree houses & treehouse hotels from around the world**
Mike Richter

**Michael Thomas Richter** (born September 22, 1966) is an American retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 14 years in the National Hockey League (NHL) all with the New York Rangers. He also played for the United States in international play and won a silver medal with them at the 2002 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame along with his former teammate Brian Leetch in 2008.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Richter played college hockey with the University of Wisconsin–Madison Badgers from 1985 until 1987. He also played 2 years in the International Hockey League (IHL) with the Colorado Rangers/Denver Rangers organization.

He was drafted 28th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. On April 9, 1989, Richter made his NHL debut in Game 4 of the Division Semifinals against the Pittsburgh Penguins.

The Rangers lost the game and were eliminated from the playoffs but Richter was chosen to be a regular member of the team. The next two seasons, he shared goaltending duties with John Vanbiesbrouck. When the Rangers traded Vanbiesbrouck to the Vancouver Canucks before the 1993–94 season, Richter became the Rangers starting goaltender. During his first year as the Rangers starter, he was able to record 42 wins and a 2.57 goals against average, as the Rangers won the Presidents' Trophy. Richter was also named the Most Valuable Player of the NHL All-Star Game that year.

Richter helped the Rangers reach the Stanley Cup Finals against the Vancouver Canucks. During Game 4, Richter made a career highlight when he was able to stop a penalty shot by Pavel Bure. The Rangers were able to defeat the Canucks in Game 7 and win the Stanley Cup, their first since 1940. He helped the United States win the 1996 World Cup of Hockey and was named as the Most Valuable Player.

Richter was able to record 300 regular season wins before he was forced to retire from playing professional ice hockey on September 3, 2003 because of a skull fracture and concussion. On February 4, 2004, the Rangers retired Richter's jersey #35.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Frits Bolkestein

**Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein** (; 4 April 1933 &ndash; 17 February 2025) was a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 January 1978, until 5 November 1982.

Bolkestein died in Laren, Netherlands on 17 February 2025, at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*  Prof.Dr.Mr. F. (Frits) Bolkestein (Parlement & Politiek)
* Frits Bolkestein at the European Commission
* Frits Bolkestein  at Leiden University
Ste-Anne Church (Ottawa)

**Ste-Anne** is a Catholic church building in the Lowertown neighbourhood of Ottawa, Canada. It was built in 1873 by architect J.P. LeCourt. It is built like churches in Quebec even though it is in Ontario. Ste-Anne is the home of St. Clement Parish, a  bilingual parish community that celebrates the Mass and other sacraments in Latin using the 1962 Roman Missal.

## History
In the 1870s, the French Catholics in Ottawa were meeting at Notre-Dame Cathedral. This church was too small for them, so Bishop Joseph-Bruno Guigues decided to make a new church. The church was designed by J.P. LeCourt and built by Pierre Rocque. Bishop Guigues laid the cornerstone on May 4, 1873.

In April 2009, part of the roof fell down. The church was closed for 18 months while the roof was fixed. When the church was opened again, not many people were meeting there anymore, so the Archdiocese of Ottawa closed it again. Archbishop Terrence Prendergast gave the church to St. Clement Parish, who started to meet there on June 3, 2012.

## Heritage Designation
Ste-Anne Catholic Church is an important building in the history of Ottawa. The province of Ontario lists it as a designated heritage property. The church has a plaque that describes the history of the church.

## References
Hans Jansen

**Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert "Hans" Jansen** (17 November 1942 - 5 May 2015) was a Dutch scholar of contemporary Islam and politician in the Netherlands. He was born in Amsterdam. Until his death he was a Member of the European Parliament for the political party Party for Freedom.

Jansen died of a stroke at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
*His website, partially in English contains a list of publications and a CV.
*Interview at religioscope site
Macrococcus

***Macrococcus*** is a genus of bacteria. The cells are coccoid or spherical. *Macrococcus* is gram-positive. It is catalase and oxidase-positive.

## References
River Avon

**River Avon** may refer to:

## United Kingdom
### England
*River Avon, Devon, running from Ryder's Hill to Bigbury; also known as River Aune
*River Avon, Warwickshire, running from Naseby to Tewkesbury (Also known as Shakespeare's Avon)
*River Avon, Hampshire, running from Pewsey to Christchurch
*River Avon, Bristol, running from Acton Turville to Avonmouth
*Avon Water, Hampshire, running from Holmsley to Keyhaven

### Scotland
*River Avon, Falkirk, running from near Cumbernauld to Grangemouth
*River Avon, Strathspey, running from Ben Macdui to Cragganmore
*Avon Water, running from south of Darvel to Motherwell

### Wales
*River Avon, occasional anglicisation of the River Afan
*Afon, the Welsh word for river, often anglicised to 'avon'

## Canada
*Avon River (Ontario)
*Avon River (Nova Scotia)

## New Zealand
*Avon River (Canterbury)
*Avon River (Marlborough)

## Australia
*Avon River (Gloucester), New South Wales
*Avon River (Wollongong), New South Wales
*Avon River (Gippsland, Victoria)
*Avon River (Grampians, Victoria)
*Avon River (Western Australia)

## Related pages
* Avon
Avon River (Gippsland, Victoria)

The **Avon River** is a perennial river in the West Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia. When rain falls on the south eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the water flows down the river to form the Gippsland Lakes.

## Location and features
The Avon River begins on the south eastern slopes of Mount Wellington, part of the Great Dividing Range. The river meanders to the south, then east, then south by southeast, before reaching its mouth to form Lake Wellington.  The Avon has ten tributaries including the Turton River and the Perry River. The Latrobe River also flows into Lake Wellington. This lake empties into Bass Strait through the Mitchell River south of Lakes Entrance. The Avon River drops  over its  course.
## Names
In the Australian Aboriginal Brataualung language the river has two names, the first, ***Dooyeedang***, has no known meaning. The second name, ***Kutbuntaura-wurk***, means "fire carriers" and *wurk*, meaning "land" or "country".

The river was named the Avoca River by the explorer Thomas Mitchell. It was named the Avon by Angus McMillan in about 1840.

## Related pages
*List of rivers of Victoria

## References
Austin St. John

**Austin St. John** (born **Jason Geiger**; September 17, 1974) is an American EMT and former actor and martial artist. He is best known for his role as Jason Lee Scott, the original Red Ranger and first leader of the Power Rangers on the television series *Mighty Morphin Power Rangers* and Gold Zeo Ranger *Power Rangers Zeo*.

St. John holds a second-degree black belt in taekwondo, a first-degree black belt in judo, and is also a practitioner of kenpo. St. John has also worked as an emergency medical technician and firefighter in Washington, D.C. and on the East Coast.

He graduated from Concordia University.

## Filmography
### Television
**Mighty Morphin Power Rangers* - Jason Lee Scott / Red Ranger (1993-1994)
**Power Rangers Zeo* - Jason Lee Scott / Gold Zeo Ranger (1996)
**Exposé* - Detective Anderson (1998) (TV movie)
**Power Rangers: The Lost Episode* - Himself / Jason Lee Scott / Red Ranger (1999)
**Power Rangers Wild Force* - Jason Lee Scott / Red Ranger (2002)
**Footsteps* - Police Investigator (2003) (TV movie)
**Power Rangers Beast Morphers* - Jason Lee Scott / Red Ranger (2020)

## Films
**Encyclopedia of Martial Arts: Hollywood Celebrities* - Himself (1995)
**Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie* - Jason Lee Scott (1997)
**Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always* - Jason Lee Scott / Red Ranger Voice (2023)

## References
## Other websites
*
Québec En Alerte

**Québec En Alerte** (Alert Ready Quebec) is a public emergency communication system of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is also an additional system to those already used in the municipalities. This system will be used to distribute to the population of the province or a particular area the emergency notifications, or alerts, issued by the Ministry of Public Security and Environment Canada. The notifications are transmitted to the population via the television stations, the radio stations and the Internet.

At the moment, the system seems to be on trial.

## Tests 
On May 5, 2015 at 13:58 EDT, a test was done. However, it was not successful. An other simulation will be planned soon.

## Example of an emergency notification 
The messages are, at the moment, in French only.

### Television 
A text in white on a red background interrupts the program. The message begins and ends with an audio signal, such as this one . In case of a test, there is a test message. In case of a real alert, there is a message including the information about the event and the instructions to the population.

### Radio 
The notification begins and ends with an audio signal. The message is read by a person or a special system.

## References 
* Official website of the Ministry of Public Security  (French)
* Le Journal de Québec (French)
William Broomfield

**William S. "Bill" Broomfield**, (April 28, 1922 &ndash; February 20, 2019) was an American politician. He represented the U.S. state of Michigan in the United States House of Representatives from 1957 through 1993.

Broomfield died on February 20, 2019 in Kensington, Maryland at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*H.R. 4884 renaming post office for Broomfield
Errol Brown

**Lester Errol Brown** MBE (12 November 1943 – 6 May 2015) was a British-Jamaican singer and songwriter. He was best known as the frontman of soul band Hot Chocolate. Hot Chocolate's hits included "You Sexy Thing", "Emma", "So You Win Again" and "Brother Louie". Brown was born in Kingston, Jamaica.

Brown died of liver cancer at his home in the Bahamas on 6 May 2015, aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Arno Schmidt

**Arno Schmidt** (18 January 1914 – 3 June 1979) was a German author and translator.  He was born in Hamburg, Germany.  He is considered to be one of the most important postwar German authors.  His writing "ranges from (seemingly) straightforward stories to writing that assails the reader with a literary and linguistic density of the highest degree."
To make his most famous work, *Zettels Traum* [''Bottom's Dream*], Schmidt wrote 130,000 note cards (*Zettel*). The novel is written in an unusual way.  The text is written in three columns on each page.  Each column has a different theme.  In addition, Schmidt used physical s in the novel that had to be added by hand. 

## Further reading
* Langbehn, Volker Max, 2003, *Arno Schmidt's Zettel's Traum: An Analysis (Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture)'' 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Arno Schmidt at the complete review
* Arno Schmidt, German author
Spelt

**Spelt** (*Triticum spelta*), sometimes called **dinkel wheat** or **hulled wheat**, is a type of wheat. It has been cultivated since 5000 BC. It is a hexaploid wheat, which means it has six sets of chromosomes.

Spelt was an important staple food in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times. It is still grown in Central Europe and northern Spain. Spelt originated before common wheat (*Triticum aestivum*), and that bread wheat is derived from spelt. 

Spelt has become more popular as a type of bread in recent years. Spelt costs more than modern wheats. One reason is that it is a minority product. It also needs an extra stage to remove its husks before milling (grinding).

Spelt needs less pesticide than normal wheat.  

People with celiac disease should avoid eating spelt.

## References
Andrew Lewis (boxing)

**Andrew Lewis** (11 December 1970 &ndash; 4 May 2015), nicknamed "**Six Heads**", was a Guyanese professional boxer in the middleweight division. He was the WBA World Welterweight Champion.

Lewis was born in Georgetown. He died in a motorcycle accident, aged 44.

## References
Bring It On: All or Nothing

***Bring It On: All or Nothing*** (previously known as **Bring It On Yet Again**) is a 2006 American comedy movie directed by Steve Rash and starring Hayden Panettiere and Solange Knowles-Smith. It is the third installment in the *Bring It On* series of movies that revolves around high school cheerleading. The movie was released direct-to-DVD on August 8, 2006.

## Other websites 
*
J. M. Coetzee

, Poland (2006).]]
**John Maxwell Coetzee** (born 9 February 1940) is a South African-Australian novelist, essayist, linguist, literacy critic, activist and translator. He won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has won the Booker Prize twice for *The Life and Times of Michael K* (1983) and *Disgrace* (1999). He writes his works in English, Afrikaans and Dutch. He moved to Australia in 2002 and became a citizen in 2006.

Coetzee was born in Cape Town to Afrikaner parents. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Cape Town. He lives in Adelaide, South Australia with his partner Dorothy Driver. He was married to Philippa Jubber from 1963 to 1980. They had two children, son Nicholas (died 1989) and daughter Gisela.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jesús Hermida

**Jesús Hermida Pineda** (27 June 1947 &ndash; 4 May 2015) was a Spanish journalist. He worked as a U.S. correspondent for Televisión Española in New York City. Hermida was born in Ayamonte, Huelva.

Hermida died from a stroke in Madrid at the age of 77.

## References
Port Gibson, Mississippi

**Port Gibson** is a city in Claiborne County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,269 at the 2020 census. Port Gibson is the county seat of Claiborne County.

## References
Pickling

s]]
]]

**Pickling** is a method of making food last longer. In pickling, the food is put either into vinegar, or in salt water (called brine). This food is often put in an airtight jar. Pickling also changes the flavour of the food. 

The key to pickling is that it produces low pH, 4.6 or lower. This kills most bacteria. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months. Anti-microbial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are often added.

Common pickled foods include eggs, onions and other vegetables.

## References 
## Other websites
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa

The **Archdiocese of Ottawa** () is a Catholic archdiocese in Canada. It includes part of the province of Ontario. It is also in charge of three other smaller dioceses: Hearst, Pembroke, and Timmins. Its leader is Archbishop Terrence Prendergast. It became an archdiocese on June 8, 1886.

 As of 2004, there are 111 parishes, 177 active diocesan priests, 102 religious priests, and 400,000 Catholics in the Archdiocese of Ottawa.There are also 848 women religious, 147 religious brothers, and 60 permanent deacons.

## Diocesan bishops
Here is a list of the bishops and archbishops of Ottawa:
*Joseph-Eugène-Bruno Guigues (1847–1874)
*Joseph-Thomas Duhamel (1874–1909)
*Charles-Hughes Gauthier (1910–1922)
*Joseph-Médard Émard (1922–1927)
*Joseph-Guillaume-Laurent Forbes (1928–1940)
*Alexandre Vachon (1940–1953)
*Marie-Joseph Lemieux (1953–1966)
*Joseph-Aurèle Plourde (1967–1989)
*Marcel André J. Gervais (1989–2007)
*Terrence Prendergast (2007–)

## References
### Bibliography
*
*Archdiocese of Ottawa page at catholichierarchy.org  retrieved July 13, 2006
*Biography at the *Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online* - Guigues 
*Biography at the *Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online* - Duhamel

## Other websites 
*Official site
Guy Carawan

**Guy Carawan** (July 27, 1927&nbsp;–  May 2, 2015) was an American folk musician and musicologist. He served as music director and song leader for the Highlander Research and Education Center in New Market, Tennessee. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Carawan died in New Market, Tennessee at the age of 87.

## Other websites
*Guy and Candie Carawan Homepage 
*Highlander Center, official web site
*Heatcar Productions, official web site, Heather Carawan
*Carawan Discography on Folkways
*Profile of Guy Carawan from the Association for Cultural Equity
Lyceum

(1509)]]

The **Lyceum** was originally a public meeting place in classical Athens. It became the meeting place for the discussion group or "school" of Aristotle. He founded the Peripatetic school there in 334/335 BC. The school was called "peripatetic" because they used to walk around as they discussed things. It was more like a college for young adults than what we now call a school.

The word "Lyceum" now means a school in most parts of Europe. Usually, it covers the last two or three years and prepares the pupils for university.

## Aristotle's school and library 
The school started when Athens fell under Macedonian rule, and the 50-year old Aristotle returned from Asia. Aristotle had been the tutor of Alexander of Macedonia, Alexander the Great.

Aristotle encouraged cooperative research.

During his conquests of Asian regions, Alexander collected plant and animal specimens for Aristotle's research. Aristotle developed the first zoo and botanical garden in existence. Alexander may also have given money to the Lyceum.

## References
Salting (food)

used for salting fish]]
]]

**Salting** is a treatment for food to make it last longer. Salting means that the food is treated with table salt. 

Salting is similar to pickling. In pickling, food is treated with brine. The main types of food that are salted are  fish and meat. Bacon is an example of salted meat. It was discovered in the 19th century that salt mixed with nitrites (saltpeter) would color meats red, rather than grey, and consumers at that time then strongly preferred the red-colored meat. The food hence preserved stays healthy and fresh for days avoiding bacterial decay.

Salting is one of the ancient ways to preserve food.

## References
John Cullerton

**John J. Cullerton** (born October 28, 1948) is an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the Illinois Senate. He represented the 6th district from his appointment in 1991 until 2020. He was elected President of the Illinois Senate in 2009.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography, bills and committees  at the 98th Illinois General Assembly
**By session: 98th , 97th , 96th , 95th , 94th , 93rd
*Illinois Senate President John Cullerton legislative website
*Senate President John J. Cullerton  at Illinois Senate Democrats
*
*Collected news and commentary at the *Chicago Tribune*
Emil Jones

**Emil Jones, Jr.** (born October 18, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was the President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2009. A Democrat, Jones served in the Illinois Senate from 1983 to 2009, where he served as President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to the end of his term. He was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 until 1983.

Jones was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Loop Junior College (now Harold Washington College) and at Roosevelt University. He was married twice. His first wife, Patricia Jones died. He had four children with her. He is now married to Lorrie Jones.

## References
## Other websites
*Illinois General Assembly - Senator Emil Jones Jr. (D) 14th District  &mdash; official IL Senate website
**Bills  Committees 
*Project Vote Smart - Senator Emil Jones Jr. (IL)  profile
**Follow the Money* &mdash; Emil Jones Jr
**2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions
*Illinois State Senate Democrats - Senate President Emil Jones, Jr.  profile
Ruud Lubbers

**Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers** (; 7 May 1939 &ndash; 14 February 2018) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 until 22 August 1994. He was the youngest and longest serving Prime Minister in Dutch history.

## References
## Other websites
*  Dr. R.F.M. (Ruud) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek
*  Drs. R.F.M. Lubbers  Rijksoverheid
*  Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid
*  Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid
*  Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid
Take-out

**Take-out** or **takeout** (also called "carry-out", "take away" or "parcel") is food prepared in a restaurant that is eaten somewhere else. A concept found in many ancient cultures, take-out food is now common worldwide. There are any number of different cuisines and dishes to choose from.

The concept of prepared meals to be eaten elsewhere dates back to antiquity. Market and roadside stalls selling food were common in both Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In Pompeii, archaeologists have found a number of *thermopolia*. These were service counters opening onto the street, which provided food to be taken away and eaten elsewhere. There is a distinct lack of formal dining and kitchen area in Pompeian homes. This suggests that eating, or at least cooking, at home was unusual. Over 200 *thermopolia* have been found in the ruins of Pompeii.

## References
Ray Bourque

**Raymond Jean Bourque** (born December 28, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Boston Bruins team. Bourque is also an Olympian.

## Honors
Bourque was awarded the Norris Trophy as the NHL's best defenseman five times (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994) . His jersey, #77 for both the Boston Bruins and the Colorado Avalanche, was retired by both teams in his honor.
*QMJHL First All-Star Team (1978, 1979)
*NHL First All-Star Team (1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001)
*NHL Second All-Star Team (1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1995, 1999)
*James Norris Memorial Trophy (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994)
*King Clancy Memorial Trophy (1992)
*Lester Patrick Trophy (2003)

## References
## Other websites
*
Dries van Agt

**Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt** (; 2 February 1931 – 5 February 2024) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977, until 4 November 1982.

Van Agt and his wife died through euthanasia on 5 February 2024, three days after his 93rd birthday. Van Agt had health problems caused by a brain hemorrhage in 2019.

## References
## Other websites
*  Mr. A.A.M. (Dries) van Agt Parlement & Politiek
*  Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid
*  Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid
*  Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid
Józef Pazdur

**Józef Pazdur** (22 November 1924 &ndash; 7 May 2015) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1951. He was later named auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław in 1984, and retired in 2000.

## References
Zeki Alasya

**Zeki Alasya** (18 April 1943 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was a Turkish actor and director. He began his acting career in the 1970s on television and movies, and directed about 20 movies. He also worked with comedian Metin Akpınar.

Alasya was born Istanbul and was of Turkish Cypriot ancestry. He died from liver disease, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
Soma

**Soma** is a term with two different origins:

*Soma (drink): a ritual drink of early Indo-Iranians, continued in Vedic and Persian sources.
*A word of Ancient Greek origin meaning "body".
**Somatic cell: a basic term in biology, describing the body cells as opposed to the reproductive cells
**Soma (nerve cell), the body ("perikaryon") of a nerve cell as opposed to its dendrites or axon
*Soma (fiction), a hallucinogenic drug in Aldous Huxley's novels *Brave New World* and *Island*.
Zhivko Gospodinov

**Zhivko Gospodinov** (; 6 September 1957 &ndash; 4 May 2015) was a Bulgarian footballer. He was an attacking midfielder and playmaker. He played for Spartak Varna, Vatev Beloslav, Spartak Pleven, AD Fafe, Cherno More Varna and Beroe Stara Zagora from 1974 to 1992.

Gospodinov was born in Vladimirovo. He died on 4 May 2015 in Varna, aged 57.

## References
John Dixon (cartoonist)

**John Dangar Dixon** (20 February 1929 &ndash; 7 May 2015) was an Australian comic book artist and writer. He was best known for his comic strip creation, *Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors*, which ran from 1959 until 1986.

Dixon was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. He moved to the United States in the 1980s. In 2012, he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia (LBD), a type of dementia related to Parkinson's disease. He was married to Sue and had two children.

Dixon had a stroke on 18 April 2015 at his home in the U.S. state of California. He died on 7 May, aged 86.

## References
Lo Wing-lok

**Lo Wing-lok**  (; 13 September 1954 &ndash; 9 May 2015) was a Hong Kong doctor and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Council for Medical from 2000 to 2004.

Lo was born in British Hong Kong. He graduated from the University of Hong Kong. His wife, Anna Yung Hiu-yan, died in 2013. They had a son.

Lo died from lung cancer on 9 May 2015 in Hong Kong, aged 60.

## References
Menashe Kadishman

**Menashe Kadishman** (lrm;; 21 August 1932 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was an Israeli sculptor and painter. He presented his artworks in central locations in Israel, such as Habima Square. His paintings can be found in many different galleries in Israel. He is most famous for his metallic sculptors and colorful paintings of sheep. In 1995, he won the Israel Prize.

Kadishman was born in Tel Aviv. He was divorced and had two children.

Kadishman died on 8 May 2015 in Ramat Gan, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
Domingo Lucenario Jr.

**Domingo D. Lucenario, Jr.** (3 September 1960 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was a Filipino diplomat. From 2013 until his death, he was the Ambassador to Pakistan.

Lucenario was born in Manila. He was married and had three children.

Lucenario died on 8 May 2015 in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. He was 54.

## References
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

The **Islamic Republic of Afghanistan**, sometimes abbreviated as **IRA**, is the name for the government that ruled Afghanistan between 2004 and 2021. In August 2021 during the Fall of Kabul, most of the city fell to the Taliban, and president Ashraf Ghani escaped from Afghanistan. On August 31, the Taliban had also taken the airport in Kabul.

## History 
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was founded following the United States invasion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in the earlier phases of the War in Afghanistan. Following this invasion, the Taliban started the Taliban insurgency against the new Afghan government. In 2014, Ashraf Ghani was elected to be the President of Afghanistan. In 2021, the Taliban launched the 2021 Taliban offensive. On 15 August 2021, the city of Kabul fell to the Taliban.

It had an ambassador in Norway, until December 2024.

## Related pages
* Cabinet of Afghanistan

## References
2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash

The **2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash** happened on 8 May 2015 when a Pakistan Army helicopter crashed in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Of the 17 passengers and three crew, eight people died, including ambassadors Domingo Lucenario, Jr. from the Philippines, Leif Holger Larsen from Norway, and Burhan Muhammad from Indonesia.

## References
Phil Skoglund

**Philip Charles** "**Phil**" **Skoglund**  (20 June 1937 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was a New Zealand lawn bowls player. He competed in three Commonwealth Games (1974, 1978, 1990). He competed in five World Championships (1966, 1972, 1980, 1984, 1988), winning a gold medal (triples 1988).

Skoglund was born in Palmerston North. He was the son of politician and cabinet minister Philip Oscar Skoglund and nephew of champion lawn bowls player Pete Skoglund.

Skoglund died on 8 May 2015 in Palmerston North, aged 77.

## References
Michael MacKellar

**Michael John Randal MacKellar**  (27 October 1938 &ndash; 9 May 2015) was an Australian politician and agricultural scientist. He was the Liberal Member for Warringah from 25 October 1969 until 18 February 1994.

MacKellar was born in Moree, New South Wales. He had a partner and had three children. He died at the age of 76.

## References
Maurice Flanagan

**Sir Maurice Flanagan**  (17 October 1928 &ndash; 7 May 2015) was a British businessman. He was the founding CEO of Emirates. He was also the Executive Vice-Chairman of The Emirates Group.

Flanagan was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He was married to Audrey Bolton from 1955 until his death. They had three children. He lived in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Flanagan died on 7 May 2015 in London, aged 86.

## References
Leif Holger Larsen

**Leif Holger Larsen** (27 January 1954 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was a Norwegian diplomat. From 2014 until his death in 2015, he served as Norway's ambassador to Pakistan.

Larsen was born in Stavanger. He was married and had a son. Larsen died on 8 May 2015 in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. He was 61.

## References
Nagoya University

, also known as , is a university in Nagoya, Japan. Its first name was "Nagoya Imperial University".

Six alumni and faculties of Nagoya University have received the Nobel Prize.
*Hiroshi Amano, 2014 Physics.
*Isamu Akasaki, 2014 Physics
*Makoto Kobayashi, 2008 Physics.
*Toshihide Maskawa, 2008 Physics.
*Osamu Shimomura, 2008 Chemistry.
*Ryōji Noyori, 2001 Chemistry.

## Related pages
* List of national universities in Japan
Igor Gorynin

**Igor Vasilievich Gorynin** (; 10 March 1926 &ndash; 9 May 2015) was a Russian metallurgist and politician. He was the creator of many new titanium and aluminium alloys, and reactor steels. He was also the inventor of the radiation hardened steels. He was the director of the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials (CRISM).

Gorynin was born in Leningrad. He died after a long illness on 9 May 2015 in Saint Petersburg, aged 89.

## References
Kava

**Kava** is a plant of the pepper family. It comes from Polynesia and other lands in the Pacific Islands.

The roots of the plant are used to make a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is used in many cultures in the Pacific Ocean, besides its native Polynesia. These include Hawaii, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia. 

Kava can relieve pain and make people calm. It is usually taken as a drug to relax without losing mental clarity in thinking and remembering. Evidence collected in studies show Kava is likely more effective than a placebo at helping calm some mild anxiety.

## References 
## Other websites
Mind control wasp

***Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga*** is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider *Plesiometa argyra*. The wasp modifies the spider's web building behavior to make a web of very strong lines. This supports the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain.

## Reproduction 
The adult female wasp temporarily paralyzes the spider and lays an egg on its abdomen. The egg hatches into a larva. The larva sucks the spider's blood through small holes, while the spider goes on about its normal web building and insect catching behavior.

When the larva is ready to pupate, it injects a chemical into the spider. This causes the spider to build a web whose design is completely different from any it has ever made. Then the spider sits still in the middle of the web.

The wasp larva then moults, kills the spider with a poison and sucks its body dry before discarding it and building a cocoon that hangs from the middle of the web the spider has just built. The larva pupates inside the cocoon, then emerges to mate and begin the cycle over again.

## References
Don Getty

**Donald Ross "Don" Getty**, (August 30, 1933 &ndash; February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician and football quarterback. He served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992.

## Career 
A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979.

Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.  He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.

Getty died of heart failure at a hospital in Edmonton, Alberta on February 26, 2016 at the age of 82.

## References
## Bibliography
* 

## Other websites
*
Jacques Parizeau

**Jacques Parizeau**, GOQ, (; August 9, 1930 &ndash; June 1, 2015) was a Canadian economist and noted Quebec sovereigntist. He was born in Montreal. He was the 26th Premier of the province of Quebec from September 26, 1994, to January 29, 1996. He became a central figure alongside Lucien Bouchard for the "Yes" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum for the secession of Quebec from Canada. The citizens once again voted to stay in Canada. Jacques Parizeau quit as Premier of Quebec and as leader of the Parti Québécois in 1996 after the referendum failed.

## References
## Other websites
* Political blog (in French)
.5: The Gray Chapter

***.5: The Gray Chapter*** is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band, Slipknot. *.5: The Gray Chapter* was released on October 17, 2014 through Roadrunner Records. 

It is Slipknot's first album to not feature bassist Paul Gray who died on May 24, 2010. It also did not feature drummer Joey Jordison who was fired from the band in December 2013.

The album peaked at #1 on the *Billboard* 200, #18 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, and at #2 on the Top Rock Albums. In 2014, the song "The Negative One" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance. 

## Songs 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bill Davis

**William Grenville "Bill" Davis**, (July 30, 1929 &ndash; August 8, 2021) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Toronto. He was the 18th Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1971 to 1985. 

In a 2012 edition, the Institute for Research on Public Policy's magazine, *Policy Options*, named Davis the second-best Canadian premier of the last forty years, beaten only by Peter Lougheed.

Davis died on August 8, 2021 in Brampton, Ontario at the age of 92.

## References
Dave Barrett

**David Barrett** (October 2, 1930 &ndash; February 2, 2018), commonly known as **Dave Barrett**, was a Canadian retired politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th Premier of British Columbia for three years between 1972 and 1975. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

In 2014, it was announced that Barrett had Alzheimer's disease and was living in a care facility in Victoria, British Columbia. He died on February 2, 2018, aged 87.

## References
Howard Pawley

**Howard Russell Pawley** (November 21, 1934 &ndash; December 30, 2015) was a Canadian politician and professor. He was born in Brampton, Ontario. He moved to Winnipeg at age 17. He was the 18th Premier of Manitoba from 1981 to 1988.

Pawley died in a hospital in Windsor, Ontario from a short-illness on December 30, 2015 at the age of 81.

## References
Roger Stuart Bacon

**Roger Stuart Bacon** (June 29, 1926 &ndash; October 4, 2021) was a Nova Scotia politician. He was born in Upper Nappan, Nova Scotia. He was the 21st Premier of Nova Scotia from 1990 to 1991. He was also a member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly between 1970 until 1993. Bacon was a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia.

Bacon died on October 4, 2021 in Amherst, Nova Scotia at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Glyptapanteles

***Glyptapanteles*** is a genus of endoparasitoid wasp found in Central and North America. The larvae of the members of *Glyptapanteles* manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.

## Reproduction 
Female *Glyptapanteles* stick their ovipositor into caterpillar hosts. The eggs hatch inside the caterpillar. The caterpillar feeds and grows normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Then up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate.

## Behaviour changes 
After the larvae of *Glyptapanteles* emerge, the caterpillar takes up position near the cocoons of the pupae, arches its back, and ceases to move or feed. It will occasionally spin silk over the pupae. However, when disturbed, it begins to thrash violently. This behavior is to strike at and repel possible predators of the pupae, so improving the survival odds of the wasp pupae. Only about one in twenty non-parasitized caterpillars responded in this fashion. In 60% of cases, the parasitized caterpillars successfully warded off these potential predators. No longer eating, the affected caterpillar eventually dies.

Mortality rates for pupae not guarded by parasitized caterpillars were significantly higher.

### Mechanism
In the course of Grosman's research, it was discovered that not all larval *Glyptapanteles* emerge from their caterpillar host. One or two remain behind and active. Probably these larvae manipulate the host. It is a kind of altruism, since these larvae miss their own chance of pupating in order to protect the brood.

## References
Martin Nag

**Martin Nag** (30 July 1927 &ndash; 2 May 2015) was a Norwegian literary historian, literary critic, poet, essayist, translator and biographer. He was born in Stavanger. Nag was known for his books *Uro, Rød lørdag* (1976) and *Steingjerde* (1991).

Nag died of a severe stroke in Oslo at the age of 88.

## References
Polydnavirus

The **polydnaviruses** (PDV) are a family of insect viruses. There are two genera: ichnoviruses (IV) and bracoviruses (BV). The ichnoviruses occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses in braconid wasps.  

The genome of the virus is composed of multiple segments of double-stranded DNA packed in capsid proteins and a double or single layer envelope. The sequences are quite different between BV and IV, suggesting that the two types evolved independently.

## Biology 
These viruses are part of a unique biological system with three parts: a parasitoid wasp, an insect (usually lepidopteran) larva, and the virus. The full genome of the virus is integrated into the genome of the wasp and the virus only replicates in a particular part of the ovary of pupal and adult female wasps. 

The virus is injected with the wasp egg into the body cavity of a host caterpillar and infects cells of the caterpillar.  The infection does not lead to replication of new viruses, rather it affects the caterpillar's immune system. Without the virus infection, phagocytic haemocytes (blood cells) will kill the wasp egg. The immune suppression caused by the virus allows the wasp egg to survive. It hatches and develops in the caterpillar.  Also, genes from the polydnavirus in the host alter host development and metabolism to be good for the growth and survival of the parasitoid larva. Thus the virus and wasp have a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship.

## References
Russell Wilson

**Russell Carrington Wilson** (born November 29, 1988) in Cincinnati, Ohio is the starting American football quarterback for the New York Giants. He wears the number 3. He played college football for Wisconsin. 

Wilson was selected by the Seahawks in the third round in the 2012 National Football League draft. He led the Seahawks to a Super Bowl win in 2014 against the Denver Broncos led by Peyton Manning. They won 43-8. He was the shortest quarterback to ever win a Super Bowl at 5'11".

## References
My Immortal

"**My Immortal**" is the third single from American rock band Evanescence's first studio album *Fallen*. The song was released on October 20, 2003 

The song's lyrics were written by guitarist Ben Moody from fiction, and the music was written by pianist Amy Lee, who also added the bridge. It is a piano and power ballad. The lyrics are about a spirit that haunts the memory of a grieving loved one. 

On the *Billboard* charts, "My Immortal" was able to peak at #7 on Hot 100, #2 on the Mainstream Top 40, #1 on the Adult Top 40, and #19 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In 2005, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

## References
## Other websites
*"My Immortal" on YouTube
*
Atanas Semerdzhiev

**Atanas Georgiev Semerdzhiev** (21 May 1924 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was a Bulgarian politician. He served as the Vice President of Bulgaria from 1 August 1990 to 22 January 1992, under Zhelyu Zhelev. He was Army Chief of Staff from 1962 until the fall of communism in 1989. He was a member of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP).

Semerdzhiev was born near Velingrad. He was a soldier during World War II.

Semerdzhiev died on 8 May 2015, aged 90.

## References
Gerald Regan

**Gerald Augustine Paul Regan**  (February 13, 1928 &ndash; November 26, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He served as the 19th Premier of Nova Scotia from 1970 to 1978. 

## Acquitted sex crimes
On October 27, 1993, CBC News revealed that the RCMP were investigating Regan for sexual misconduct. In March 1995 and May 1995 he was charged with a total of nineteen counts of sexual offences. Regan faced trial on eight charges including rape and attempted rape, for crimes committed in 1956 and 1969 against victims aged 14 and 18 at the time. 

On December 18, 1998, he was acquitted on all eight charges by a jury.

## Death
Regan died on November 26, 2019 in Bedford, Nova Scotia at the age of 91.

## References
Kinnie

**Kinnie** is a carbonated soft drink from Malta. It was first developed in 1952 by Simonds Farsons Cisk in Malta. Kinnie is amber in colour. It has a bittersweet flavour. Kinnie is drunk straight or mixed with alcohol to create a mixed drink. Unlike cola products Kennie actually es thirst. The taste takes some getting used to. But it is very popular with s and visitors. Kinnie's recipe is kept secret. The official website has more  about its ingredients. Kinnie may owe its bittersweet taste to a blend of *Mediterranean chinotto bitter oranges*. It may be combined with a dozen different tic herbs and spices. These include anise, ginseng, vanilla, rhubarb and liquorice. A sales slogan was: "The problem with drinking kinnie is that you just can not get enough".

A diet version for Kinnie appeared in 1984. In 2007, a new low calorie version of Kinnie called *Kinnie Zest* was made available. This has a slightly darker colour and a stronger orange flavour. It is advertised as only having one calorie per bottle. The latest Kinnie variant is *Kinnie Vita* which is naturally sweetened using a blend of sugar and stevia leaf extract.

## Sales locations
Kinnie is exported to the UK, Italy, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands, It is also exported to Libya and Canada. In recent years, Simonds Farsons Cisk also started to franchise Kinnie production overseas. As a result, Kinnie is now produced under licence in Australia. In March 2009, it was d that Farsons were going to start exporting Kinnie into Russia. In the summer of 2010, Farsons and Kinnie UK Limited soft-launched Kinnie and its two variants in London's West End. They reached almost 100 trial outlets by September 2010.

## References
## Other websites 
* Kinnie: Malta's Own Favourite Soft Drink
* Kennie Home Page
South Park season 1

The first season of *South Park*, an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, aired on Comedy Central in the United States between August 13, 1997, and February 25, 1998, consisting of 13 episodes.

## Episodes

## References
## Other websites
* South Park Studios – official website with streaming video of full episodes
Sounds of the Universe

**Sounds of the Universe** is the twelfth studio album by Depeche Mode. The album was released on 21 April 2009. It was first and only studio album with label Virgin Records and Capitol Records. It was also the first album since 2005, when they released Playing the Angel.

## References
Johnny Gimble

**John Paul** "**Johnny**" **Gimble** (May 30, 1926 &ndash; May 9, 2015) was an American country musician. He played the fiddle and worked in the Western swing genre. From the 1970s, he won five Best Instrumentalist awards from the Country Music Awards and eight Best Fiddle Player awards from the Academy of Country Music. 

He worked with musicians including Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Chet Atkins, Carrie Underwood and Ray Price. He appeared on *Austin City Limits* and Garrison Keillor's broadcasts. He was also a member of the Million Dollar Band and his last album was *Celebrating with Friends* (2010). Gimble was nominated for a Grammy Award.

Gimble was born in Tyler, Texas. He had many strokes in his later life and died on May 9, 2015 in Dripping Springs, Texas. He was 88.

## References
Rutger Gunnarsson

**Rutger Gunnarsson** (12 February 1946 &ndash; 8 May 2015) was a Swedish musician, bass guitarist, arranger and record producer. He was best known as a bassist for ABBA on tours and their albums, serving as a Kapellmeister. He also worked with artists including Celine Dion, Westlife, Elton John, Adam Ant, Bobbysocks, Gwen Stefani, Elin Lanto, Joyride and Alla Pugacheva.

Gunnarsson was born in Linköping Municipality, Östergötland County. He died in Stockholm, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*