open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vera Rubin

**Vera Cooper Rubin** (July 23, 1928  December 25, 2016) was an American astronomer. She discovered dark matter

## Early life 
Rubin was born on July 23, 1928. Her parents were Rose Applebaum and Phillip Cooper.  At age 10, Rubin became fascinated by the stars in her home, Washington, D.C. At age 14, she built her first telescope.

## Work 
Rubin attended Vassar College where she earned her B.A. in 1948. She earned her M.A. at Cornell University in 1951. She received her Ph.D. in astronomy at Georgetown University. At Cornell her thesis studied evidence of bulk rotation in the universe. 

Rubin taught at Georgetown before becoming a researcher at the Carnegie Institution of Science. She spent a year as a teacher in math and physics at Montgomery County Junior College. She contributed to newspapers. She was an associated editor of the Astronomical Journal and the editorial board of Science Magazine. Rubin was on the astronomical committee at Harvard University and at the National Academy of Sciences.

Rubin was an American astronomer who discovered dark matter. Dark matter is a material in the universe that does not reflect light. She and W. Kent Ford found that the stars closest to the center of the galaxy and the stars farthest from the center of the galaxy moved at the same rate.  Their findings said that mass astronomers could see only 10 percent of the galaxy's total mass. This makes dark matter invisible. Rubin joined the council of American Women in Science in 1984 to promote women in astronomy. 

Rubin was given honorary degrees from Creighton University, Harvard University, and Yale University. She won the National Medal of Sciences in 1993.

## Later years 
Rubin was married to Robert Rubin, a physicist. She wrote a children's book on astronomy to encourage young girls to study science. Rubin had four children named David, Allan, Judith, and Carl. Her children all became scientists. 

Rubin died in Princeton on December 25, 2016.

## References
Leo Peelen

**Leopoldus ("Leo") Eduardus Theoduris Peelen** (16 July 1968 - 24 March 2017) was a Dutch track cyclist. He won the silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul in the points race. The following year, he captured a bronze medal at the 1989 World Championships. Peelen became six times Dutch champion on the track (Pointsrace in 1983, 1984, 1985 (winter), Individual Pursuit 1986 and Madison 1987 and 1988).

Peelen died on 24 March 2017 from cardiac arrest in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, aged 48.

## References
## Other websites
* Bio
Avo Uvezian

**Avo Uvezian** (March 22, 1926 &ndash; March 24, 2017) was an Armenian-American jazz pianist and cigar manufacturer. He was born in Beirut, French Lebanon. He performed with Bob Hope and Dean Martin during his musician career. In the 1980s, he created a brad of cigars called "Avo Cigars". In 1996, more than two million Avo cigars were sold.

Uvezian died in Orlando, Florida from respiratory arrest on March 24, 2017, two days after his 91st birthday.

## References
## Other websites
* AVO Cigars Official Website 
* Cigar Stars - Avo Uvezian 
* Avo Uvezian: World Class Cigar Maestro 
* Strangers in the Night
Mayaro

**Mayaro** is a town on the island of Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago.  It is near Rio Claro.

Mayaro is on the ocean, and Mayaro Beach is a very popular vacation spot for tourists.

## References
Roy Fisher

**Roy Fisher** (11 June 1930 &ndash; 21 March 2017) was a British poet and jazz pianist. His poetry shows the relationship to both European and American modernist influences, while remaining grounded in the experience of living in the English Midlands. 

Fisher has experimented with a wide range of styles throughout his career, largely working outside of the mainstream of post-war British poetry. He has been admired by poets and critics as diverse as Donald Davie, Eric Mottram, Marjorie Perloff, and Sean O’Brien.

In 2003, Fisher was made lifetime Honorary Poet of the City of Birmingham. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2005.

## Other websites
*Roy Fisher at West Midlands Literary Heritage 
*Roy Fisher in conversation with John Tranter. Jacket 1, December 2001.
*An essay on Fisher by Marjorie PerloffI 
*Some Aspects of the Poetry of Roy Fisher by J. D. Needham ,1975
*review of the "Long and the Short of It" by August Kleinzahler
*William Wotton, "The Measure of the Muse" (review of the *Long and the Short of It*). *The Guardian*, 29 October 2005.
Damnatio memoriae

of the Severan family, with portraits of Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, and their sons Caracalla and Geta. The face of one of Severus' and Julia's sons has been erased; it may be Geta's, as a result of the *damnatio memoriae* ordered by his brother Caracalla after Geta's death.]]

***Damnatio memoriae*** is a Latin practice or phrase that means "condemnation of memory". It means that a person's existence should be cut out of history. In practice it meant removing the name from official records and monuments. However, because information about the person was usually also found in other places, like letters and scrolls, historians today can usually still learn about the person.
More Life

***More Life*** (also known as ***More Life: A Playlist by October Firm***) is the fifth studio album by Canadian rapper Drake.  It was released on March 18, 2017, by Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records.  Drake stated that the collection of songs is a playlist and not an album.

The first single, "Fake Love", was released on October 23, 2016, the day before Drake's 30th birthday.  It reached the top ten around the world.

"Passionfruit" was released as the second single from *More Life* on March 28, 2017.

## Track listing 
## References 
*https://www.discogs.com/Drake-More-Life-A-Playlist-By-October-Firm/release/9999158
*https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/more-life/id1216986780
*http://www.thefader.com/2017/03/18/drake-more-life-album-credits
Eshanosaurus

***Eshanosaurus*** is an extinct genus of therizinosaur dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of China. It may have been the earliest known coelurosaur. The type species is *Eshanosaurus deguchiianus*, which was coined in 2001 by Xu Xing.

 bone]]

## References
Yohanna Ibrahim

n politician Reinhold Lopathka (right) in 2012.]]
**Yohanna Ibrahim** (Arabic: يوحنا إبراهيم) also **Gregorios Yohanna** or **Mor Gregorios Yohanna Ibrahim** (born August 18, 1948) is the Syriac Orthodox archbishop of Aleppo. He was kidnapped on April 22, 2013, along with Boulos Yazigi, the Greek Orthodox archbishop of Aleppo. 

## Life 
Ibrahim was born on August 18, 1948 in Qamishly, Syria. He studied Ecclesiastical Studies and Canon Law at the Pontifical Oriental Institute (Roma Istituto Orientale) in Rome from 1973 to 1976. He became a monk in 1973, a deacon in 1976, a priest in 1976, and a bishop in 1979. In 1988 he established the Al Raha Mardin Publishing House in Aleppo. 

Ibrahim received degrees from St. Ephrem Theological Seminary in Zahle, the Oriental Institute in Rome, and the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome.  He received a PhD from Birmingham University in the UK. The title of his dissertation was “Christian Arabs in Mesopotamia before Islam.” Before he became a bishop in Syria, Ibrahim had positions in Iraq, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, and Lebanon. He was on the committees of many religious boards, including including the Global Christian Forum, the Executive Committee of the Middle East Council of Churches, and the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches.

Ibrahim disappeared in 2013 while traveling with Boulos Yazigi to negotiate the release of two kidnapped priests. It is believed the kidnappers were Chechen.

## Works 
* "The Concept of Jurisdiction and Authority in the Syrian Orthodox Church on Antioch", tr. Monk Melki 

## References 
## Other websites 
* M.G.Y.Abraham @Morgregorios on Twitter
* Friends of Mor Gregorios Yohanna Ibrahim on Facebook
* Syrian Orthodox Archdiocese or Aleppo and Environs  official website (Arabic language)
Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta

**Jacqueline Andrée Naze Tjøtta** (1 June 1935 &ndash; 9 March 2017) was a French-born Norwegian mathematician. She became the first female mathematical sciences professor in Norway.
Naze died in Oslo, Norway on 9 March 2017, aged 81.

## References
Sigve Tjøtta

**Sigve Tjøtta** (1 March 1930 – 28 August 2023) was a Norwegian mathematician.

## Early life
Tjøtta was born in Klepp, Norway. He studied at the University of Oslo, Brown University and at the Max Planck Institute.

## Career
He was appointed docent at the University of Bergen in 1960, and was promoted to professor in 1963. He replaced Oddvar Bjørgum, and had the job for the university's education in applied mathematics.

His fields of research include plasma, nonlinear acoustics, hydroacoustics and acoustic streaming. and has held positions in NAVF, NTVF, and in the national committee of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. He has also been a visiting scholar at the University of Texas at Austin.

## Personal life
Tjøtta married Jacqueline Naze, a colleague, in 1964. They lived in Oslo. Naze died in March 2017.

Tjøtta died in August 2023, aged 93.

## References
National Cycling Museum

**KOERS. Museum van de wielersport.** (till 2018 the **Cycling Museum - WieMu**) is a museum in the Belgian city of Roeselare. The museum shows the history of the bicycle and cycling. The museum started officially on 27 March 1998 at ‘Het Polenplein’, in the earlier fire-station.

## History 
The Cycling Museum was founded in 1985 as part of the earlier Municipal Museum of Roeselare. The city of Roeselare took that decision because the region can be seen as ‘the cradle of the flandriens’. A lot of flandriens and racing cyclists are born in the region. The municipality proper has known a lot of popular racing cyclists for example Odiel Defraeye, the first Belgian winner of the Tour of France and several world-champions: Jean-Pierre Monseré, Benoni Beheyt, Patrick Sercu, Freddy Maertens… In the beginning, the museum only showed a few old bicycles and organised an exhibition in summer.
### Replacement
In 1998, they made the final decision to replace the old folkloristic museum for a real Cycling Museum, the National Cycling Museum. Ferdy Callewaert was the first conservator till he retired in 2006. Old-racing cyclist Freddy Maertens worked from 2000 till 2007 at the museum and he welcomed often the visitors. In 2005 King Albert II visited the museum. In 2010 the museum got the short name ‘WieMu’. 
### 2018 renewal
After a renovation, the museum re-opened on 8 September 2018. The new name of the museum is "KOERS. Museum van de wielersport". At the museum, there are also the municipal touristic service and a pub.

## Collection 
The museum shows the history of bicycles from 1760 till now: all sorts of old bicycles and modern bicycles used for professional duties, leisure and sport. In the beginning, that was the heart of the collection of the cycling museum. After some years, the museum became more and more specialized in cycle-racing. So the museum has a lot of racing-bicycles, cycling-trophies and -souvenirs, cycling-clothes, portraits of racing cyclists etc.   
### Halls
In one of the halls, you find a lot about the local world-champion Jean-Pierre Monseré, who lost his life as world-champion during a race in 1971. Another hall shows an old workshop of bicycle-maker Hallaert where you can learn about the technical evolution of the bicycle.
### Documents
The cycling museum has a documentation center about cycling with a lot of photos, old newspapers and (cycling-)magazines, programme brochures and cycling archives. The museum publishes regular exhibition catalogues or books of exercises. Since 2012 the museum publishes the cycling-historic magazine ‘Etappe’.

## Building 
The museum ‘WieMu’ is in the earlier fire-station. The station was built between 1899 and 1902. Till 1962 it was a fire-station. During World War I, German soldiers lived in the station. On 21 July 1917, it was bombed by British aircrafts. After the war it was rebuilt. The building was also used for several public services such as a festive hall, a school, sportaccommodation and a folkloristic museum. The building is now a classified monument and partly restored.
Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht

**Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht** (Farsi: رویا صابری نژاد نوبخت) (born c. 1967) is a Iranian-British housewife who was put in prison after she returned to Iran to visit her family. While living in England, she wrote on Facebook that Iran was "too Islamic". The Iranian government put her in prison and accused her of “insulting Islamic sanctities”, a crime that carries death penalty.

Roya was born in Iran. In 1998 she emigrated to England.  Since 2008, she has lived in Stockport, near Manchester, England. In 2013 Roya returned to Iran to visit her family. Two weeks after she arrived, she flew to the city of Shiraz and was arrested by cyber police at the airport.

## Arrest 
Roya was taken to Tehran and held at the notorious Evin prison.  In June 2014, Roya was tried by Branch 28 of the Revolutionary Court, and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

Seven other Facebook users were arrested along with Roya. The other seven names are Amir Golestani, Masoud Ghasemkhani, Fariborz Kardarfar, Seyed Masoud Seyed Talebi, Amin Akramipour, Mehdi Reyshahri, and Naghmeh Shahisavandi Shirazi.

In June 15 2016 five of the defendants called the "Facebook activists" were released from prison. After applying "Article 134", her sentence was reduced to five years, however she is still in Evin Prison.  She is in poor health and has frequent seizures.

Iran is accused of using innocent civilians as hostages to get payments from western countries.  In January 2016, the U.S. government paid Iran $1.7 billion in cash.  At the same time, Iran released five American citizens.

## References
Mai Dantsig

**Mai Volfovich Dantsig** (; ; April 27, 1930 – March 26, 2017) was a Belarusian artist. He was active during the Soviet era and independence of Belarus. He was thought to  have been one of the founders of the contemporary Belarusian art.

Dantsig was the author of many paintings and drawings related to World War II and Soviet partisans including the *And the Saved World Remembers*.

Dantsig died on March 26, 2017 in Minsk from heart failure caused by pneumonia, at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography 
*Interview with Mai Dantsig  in the newspaper *Vecherny Minsk* May 10, 2005 
*70 years of Dantsig  
*Dantsig in *Chagal museum*
Great spotted woodpecker

The **great spotted woodpecker** (*Dendrocopos major*) is a medium-sized woodpecker with black and white plumage and a red patch on the lower belly. Males and young birds also have red markings on the neck or head.

This species is found across Eurasia and parts of North Africa. It is usually resident, but in the North, some migrate if the conifer cone crop fails.

Some individuals have recolonized Ireland, and some have reached North America. Great-spotted woodpeckers chisel into trees to find food, excavate nest holes, and drum for contact and territorial advertisement. They have anatomical adaptations to manage the physical stresses from the hammering.

The bird occurs in all types of woodlands and eats a wide range of food. It gets seeds out of pine cones, insect larvae from inside trees, and chicks of other birds from their nests. It breeds in holes excavated in living or dead trees, unlined apart from wood chips. When the young fledge they are fed by the adults for about ten days.

 on a pine tree in Ystad.]]

## References
Ferrous metal recycling

Metals containing iron are recycled, so the iron can be used again. Steel is the metal recycled the most. One way iron is recycled is by adding carbon, which can make steel.

## Description 
Steel containers, cans, cars, appliances, and building materials are the most recycled things in the United States. In 2008, 97% of the amount of steel used to build things was recycled. More than the amount of steel used to make cars was recycled. Most appliances are about 75% steel.

Iron is recycled because it costs less to recycle it than to mine iron and make it usable.
Jean Rouverol

**Jean Rouverol** (July 8, 1916 &ndash; March 24, 2017) was an American author, actress and screenwriter. She was blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios in the 1950s. In 1943, Rouverol and her husband had joined the American Communist Party.

In the 1970s, Rouverol returned to writing. She scripted an episode of *Little House on the Prairie*, and after publishing three books in three years, she was hired as co-head writer for the CBS soap opera *Guiding Light*. Rouverol wrote scripts for *Search for Tomorrow* and *As the World Turns*. 

For many years Rouverol lived with actor Cliff Carpenter, who was another former blacklisted performer for many years. Rouverol died on March 24, 2017 at her home in Wingdale, New York at the age of 100.

## References
Il macigno

***Il macigno (The Rock)*** is an Italian opera in two or three acts, music by Victor de Sabata and libretto by Alberto Colantuoni, It was first performed in Milan, on March 31, 1917. Then in 1935 in Turin, the work was renamed with the title changed to Driada, unfortunately the score disappeared in the fire bombing of the World War II in Milan in 1943, but remained a score for voice and piano, and the complete libretto.

## Principal characters
* Driada - soprano
* Ibetto - tenor
* Martano - baritone
* Gian della Tolfa - bass

## Structure of opera
### Act I 
* Preludio e Introduzione : *Chi gunge per Santa Palazia?* (Coro, Lionetta, Martano)
* *Empirò la tua soglia* (Lionetta, Driada, Coro)
* *Fiata il vespro sui clivi* (Coro)
* *Driada, Driada!* (Martano, Driada, Búttaro)
* *Posa il tuo ferro* (Gian della Tolfa, Coro, Martano)
* *Per la sera fasciata* (Driada, Ibetto)
* *A la catasta!* (Martano, Driada, Ibetto)

### Act II; Part One 
* ''Levata, s'è la stella* – *Driada* (Ibetto, Driada)
* *Scendono!* – *E la pieve rintocca a mattutino* (Lionetta, Donne)
* *Genti del monte* (Gian della Tolfa, Priore, Coro)
* *Falce, mia falce!* – (Martano)
* *Orsù disciogliete l'abbraccio!* (Gian della Tolfa, Martano, Coro, Allodio Fosca, Gancitello)

### Act II; Part Two or Act III 
* *Giunto sei?* (Gianni Ocricchio, Gabaldo di Norcia, Smozzato, Fusco Cammarese, Ibetto)
* *Immota sei ma viva, creatura?!* (Ibetto, Driada)
* *Ah no! È febbre! Follia!'' (Ibetto, Driada, Martano, Coro)

## References
Elbert Roest

**Elbert Jan Roest** (born October 13, 1954 in Hoogezand) is a Dutch politician of Democrats 66 (D66). He is also a historian and a former teacher.

He has started his political career in the municipality of Doesburg (province of Gelderland). In this city he was a councillor and an alderman, from 1992 to 2002.

Afterwards he became mayor in Laren (province of North Holland). Since September 2017 he has been mayor of Bloemendaal (also in North Holland).

Roest studied history at the University of Groningen, and worked several years as a history teacher. Furthermore he was involved in examination development, the so-called CITO.

He is a member of the European Association of History Educators (EUROCLIO), and participates in history writing about Balkan and former Soviet countries.

## References 
*  www.laren.nl
Lockheed P-3 Orion

The **Lockheed P-3 Orion** is a Lockheed made four engined aircraft with variations such as the P-3K, P-3C, P-3As and more. Mostly used as maritime patrol aircraft due to the probes located at the rear of the aircraft where the APU would be found on other aircraft. The aircraft runs on Rolls Royce Allison's T56-A-14 engine with Hamilton Standard 54H60-77 propeller. The APU is nowhere near the rear of the aircraft. It is located forward of the Bombay as well as forward of the wing in the belly of the fuselage.

## References
Neoplasm

with colon cancer. In the middle, the dark-red part is a tumor, as shown by the uncontrollable growth of cells.]]

A **neoplasm** is tissue that is growing where it should not be. If they become a mass, they become a **tumour**. Tumours are either malignant (harmful) or benign (safe).  Cancer, for example is malignant and sometimes spreads to other places on the body. Some tumours have a cause that makes them grow. For some tumours no cause is known. A tumour usually forms as a lump or mass.

Tumours can occur in humans and animals. In humans, tumors can occur because the genetic code of cells is modified too much, causing affected cells to divide and expand uncontrollably. The Tasmanian Devils in Tasmania, Australia are in danger of becoming extinct because of a malignant tumour that grows on their face.

## References
Newton N. Minow

**Newton Norman Minow** (January 17, 1926 &ndash; May 6, 2023) was an American attorney and former Chair of the Federal Communications Commission.  His speech calling to television as a "vast wasteland" is still used even as the speech has passed its 50th anniversary.

He was the Honorary Consul General of Singapore in Chicago.

Minow was active in Democratic party politics.  He was an influential attorney in private practice concerning telecommunications law and was active in many nonprofit, civic, and educational institutions.

President Barack Obama named him a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom for 2016.

Minow died from a heart attack at his home in Chicago, Illinois on May 6, 2023 at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
* Complete text and audio of the "Vast Wasteland" speech from AmericanRhetoric.com
* 
* American Lawyer "Lifetime Achievement" Award 
* An excerpt from *Inside the Presidential Debates: Their Improbable Past and Promising Future*
* Newton N. Minow Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research 
*
Hubert Hammerer

**Hubert Hammerer** (10 September 1925 – 24 March 2017) was an Austrian sports shooter. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics in five rifle events and won a gold medal in 300 m 3 positions in 1960. He was the Olympic flag bearer for Austria at the 1964 Games. 

Hammerer died in Vienna on 24 March 2017, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
Richard Garwin

**Richard Lawrence Garwin** (born April 19, 1928 died May 13, 2025) is an American physicist. He is widely known to be the author of the first hydrogen bomb design.

Garwin was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He received his bachelor's degree from the Case Institute of Technology in 1947, and two years later his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago under the supervision of Enrico Fermi.

In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Garwin with a Presidential Medal of Freedom.
In 1947, Garwin married Lois Levy (died 2018), and they had three children, one of whom is musician and journalist Laura Garwin. He died at his home in Scarsdale, New York, on May13, 2025, at the age of 97.
## References
## Other websites
*Annotated Bibliography for Richard Garwin from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
*Richard Garwin's personal web site
*Garwin Archive
*Oral History interview transcript with Richard Garwin 23 October 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives 
*Oral History interview transcript with Richard Garwin 7 June 2001, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives 
*Oral History interview transcript with Richard Garwin 24 June 1991, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives 
*Garwin , documentary on Richard Garwin's life and work
Vasily Borisov

**Vasily Fyodorovich Borisov** (; 12 December 1922 – 21 August 2003) was a Soviet rifle shooter. 

He competed at the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games in five individual events and won three medals: one gold, one silver and one bronze. 

Between 1954 and 1966 Borisov won more than 20 medals at the world championships. At the 1954 World Championships, Borisov and his teammate Anatoli Bogdanov won 13 medals each, cleansweeping most rifle events. 

He died in Moscow on 21 August 2003, at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
Hans Rudolf Spillmann

**Hans Rudolf "Hansrüdi" Spillman** (born 7 January 1932) is a retired Swiss sports shooter. 

Spillman won silver medals in the rifle 300 m three positions event at the 1960 Olympics and 1962 World Championships.

## References
## Other websites
Four the Record

***Four the Record*** is the fourth studio album by Miranda Lambert. The album was released on November 1, 2011 through RCA Records Nashville.

## References
Arun Sarma

**Arun Sarma** () (3 November 1931 – 27 March 2017) was an Indian writer. Sarma was one of India's contemporary playwrights and is known for his unconventional plays with some elements of drama. He also authored over six novels detailing the Assamese way of life.

Sarma was awarded the Padma Shri in 2010 in recognition of his contributions to Assamese literature. He has also been awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1998 for the novel *Ashirbadar Rong* (The Hues of Blessing).

## References
Ingeborg Rapoport

**Ingeborg Rapoport** (September 2, 1912 &ndash; March 23, 2017) was a German pediatrician. She was an important figure in East German medicine and, at age 102, the oldest person to receive a Doctorate degree.

## Early life
Rapoport was born as **Ingeborg Syllm** in September 1912 to Protestant German parents in Kribi, Cameroon, a German colony at this time.

## Medical career
Rapoport studied medicine in Hamburg at the University of Hamburg in Nazi-Germany, but was denied a medical degree because her mother was Jewish. She fled Nazi persecution and immigrated to the United States in 1938, where she completed her education in medicine. 

In the early 1950s, as a result of an investigation of her and her husband for un-American activities, she left the United States and eventually, after staying in Vienna for a year, moved to the GDR (East Germany). She became the first chair of neonatology in whole Germany and retired in 1973. She was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany.

## Honors and awards
In East Germany, Rapoport received Habilitation in 1959. She was awarded the National Prize of East Germany as well as other awards. As a pediatrician, she helped to considerably reduce infant mortality in East Germany, which, during her active years was even lower than in West Germany.

In 2015, the Faculty of Medicine of Hamburg University corrected the injustice of the Nazi regime and awarded her a medical degree after an oral examination. She became the oldest person to receive a Doctorate degree at the age of 102.

## Personal life
Rapoport was married to Samuel Mitja Rapoport, whom she met in Cincinnati, Ohio. They had four children. Samuel died in 2004. She lived in Berlin. Rapoport turned 100 in September 2012.

Rapoport died on 23 March 2017 at her home in Berlin at the age of 104.

## References
## Other websites
Roger Wilkins

**Roger Wilkins** (March 25, 1932 – March 26, 2017) was an African-American civil rights leader, professor of history, and journalist. He was a journalist for *The Crisis* and for a short time wrote for *The Washington Post*. Between 1966 and 1969, Wilkins served as the United States Assistant Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was a history professor at George Mason University. 

In the 1990s, Wilkins was an anti-apartheid activist and strong supporter of Nelson Mandela. He protested many times for Mandela's release in South Africa during that time period.

Wilkins was a political writer and was known for writing ''Jefferson's Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism* (2001).

Wilkins was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He was raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He studied at the University of Michigan. He was married to Patricia King until his death. They lived in Washington, D.C..

Wilkins died on March 26, 2017 in Kensington, Maryland from complications of dementia, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
**Booknotes* interview with Wilkins on *Jefferson's Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism'', August 12, 2001.
David Storey

**David Malcolm Storey** (13 July 1933 – 27 March 2017) was an English playwright, screenwriter, award-winning novelist and a former professional rugby league player. He was known for writing *This Sporting Life* and for screenwriting movie version. He also wrote plays most notably: *Home* and *The Changing Room*. Storey also wrote *Flight into Camden* and his 1976 Booker Prize-winning novel *Saville*.

Storey was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire. He studied at Slade School of Fine Art. In 1956, Storey married Barbara Rudd Hamilton, with whom he had four children. Hamilton died in 2015.

Storey died on 27 March 2017 in London from Parkinson's disease and dementia, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*Information on Storey's plays 
*Biography
Penelope Lively

**Dame Penelope Margaret Lively** DBE FRSL (born 17 March 1933) is an English writer of fiction for both children and adults. She has won both the Booker Prize (*Moon Tiger*, 1987) and the Carnegie Medal for British children's books (*The Ghost of Thomas Kempe*, 1973).

Lively is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.  She is also a Vice-President of the Friends of the British Library.

## References
## Other websites
* Audio slideshow interview  about *Family Album* on The Interview Online
Vladimir Kazachyonok

**Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kazachyonok** (; 6 September 1952 &ndash; 26 March 2017) was a Soviet football player and Russian coach. He was the academy director with FC Zenit Saint Petersburg until his death in 2017.

Kazachyonok made his debut for USSR on December 1, 1976 in a friendly against Brazil. He also played in a UEFA Euro 1980 qualifier against Finland.

Kazachyonok died on 26 March 2017 in Saint Petersburg, Russia from a suspected heart attack at the age of 64.

## References
## Other websites
*  Profile
List of cabinets of the Netherlands

This is a **list of Dutch cabinets** after World War II.

## Cabinets 
## Political parties 
* **ARP** - Anti-Revolutionary Party (Dutch: *Anti-Revolutionaire Partij*), a predecessor of the CDA.
* **CDA** - Christian Democratic Appeal (Dutch: *Christen-Democratisch Appèl*), a Christian democratic party.
* **CHU** - Christian Historical Union  (Dutch: *Christelijk-Historische Unie*), a predecessor of the CDA.
* **CU** - ChristianUnion (Dutch: *ChristenUnie*), an orthodox Christian democratic party.
* **D66** - Democrats 66 (Dutch: *Democraten 66*), a social liberal party, founded in 1966.
* '''DS'70'* - Democratic Socialists 1970 (Dutch: *Democratisch-Socialisten 1970 ''), a split from the PvdA.
* **KVP** - Catholic People's Party (Dutch: *Katholieke Volkspartij*), a predecessor of the CDA.
* **LPF** - Pim Fortuyn List (Dutch: *Lijst Pim Fortuyn*), a former populist party established by the in 2002 murdered politician Pim Fortuyn.
* **PPR** - Political Party of Radicals (Dutch: *Politieke Partij Radicalen*), a predecessor of GreenLeft (GL).
* **PvdA** - Labour Party (Dutch: *Partij van de Arbeid*), a social democratic party. 
* **PVV** - Party for Freedom (Dutch: *Partij voor de Vrijheid*), a populist party, established by Geert Wilders.
* **SDAP** - Social Democratic Workers' Party (Dutch: *Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiderspartij*), a predecessor of the PvdA.
* **VDB** - Free-thinking Democratic League (Dutch: *Vrijzinnig-Democratische Bond*), a predecessor of D66.
* **VVD** - People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Dutch: *Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie*), a conservative liberal party.

## Related pages 
* Politics of the Netherlands

## References 
* www.parlement.com
William H. Keeler

**William Henry Keeler** (March 4, 1931 &ndash; March 23, 2017) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Baltimore, Maryland, from 1989 to 2007 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994. He was born in San Antonio, Texas.

Keeler died on March 23, 2017 in Catonsville, Maryland from a long-illness, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* Archdiocese of Baltimore 
* Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary 
* Cathedral of Mary Our Queen
* The Coat of Arms of Cardinal William H. Keeler
Finery forge

A **finery forge** is a hearth (a brick fireplace) used to make wrought iron by burning pig iron. Finery forges were probably used in the 3rd century BC. In the 18th and 19th century it was replaced by the puddling process.

## History 
China made finery forges before 200 BC. Europe made finery forges around 1200 AD. Europe’s finery forges were worse than China’s until 1400 AD. Europe started powering their finery forges with water wheels. In 1700 AD, Europe made blast furnaces and started using puddling techniques

## Types 
### German forge 
In Germany and Sweden most finery forges only had one fire used for everything.

### Walloon forge 
Walloon finery forges were used in north Sweden and made oregrounds iron. Oregrounds iron was the best iron available in the 18th century.

### Lancashire forge 
## Process 
Pig iron is melted, making a lump of iron called a bloom, and slag. The iron lump is then hit with a hammer many times. Hitting the iron with a hammer gets the slag out of the iron, so the iron can be used.
Cain

In the Book of Genesis (Bible, Old Testament), **Cain** is a son of Adam and Eve. He killed his brother Abel.

Cain and Abel both gave gifts to God.  God liked Abel's gift more than Cain's. Cain became jealous of Abel.  Later, Cain hit Abel in the head with a rock.  Abel died.  When God asked Cain where Abel was, Cain pretended he did not know.  He said, "Am I my brother's keeper?"

God punished Cain by exile: He made Cain leave the place where he lived.  He made Cain go away.  He told Cain that if he tried to build a farm, the earth "would not yield up its strength." When Cain said he was afraid, God put a mark on him to protect him.

Cain went east and lived as a wanderer.  Some scholars say that the story of Cain was told to explain why some humans build farms and stay in one place and others move from place to place.

## References
Arthur Blythe

**Arthur Blythe** (July 5, 1940 – March 27, 2017) was an American jazz alto saxophonist and composer. His voice had a vibrato and was within the post-bop sub-genre of jazz. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He performed under the label of Columbia, Enja, and Savant Records.

Blythe died of Parkinson's disease at his home in Los Angeles on March 27, 2017, aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* All About Jazz: A Fireside Chat With Arthur Blythe
Christine Kaufmann

**Christine Maria Kaufmann** (11 January 1945 – 28 March 2017) was a German-Austrian actress, author, and businesswoman. She won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress in 1961, the first German to be so honoured.

Kaufmann was known for her roles in *The White Horse Inn* (1952), *Rose-Girl Resli* (1954), *The Last Days of Pompeii* (1959), *Town Without Pity* (1961) and in *Escape from East Berlin* (1962).

At age 18 in 1963, Kaufmann married Tony Curtis. They had two daughters, Alexandra and Allegra. The couple divorced in 1968.

Kaufmann was called the "most beautiful grandmother in Germany".

Kaufmann died on 28 March 2017 in Munich from leukemia at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria

**Infanta Alicia of Spain, Dowager Duchess of Calabria** (née: *Princess of Bourbon-Parma*; given names: Alicia Maria Teresa Francesca Luisa Pia Anna Valeria; 13 November 1917 &ndash; 28 March 2017) and took part in some of the activities that the Spanish Royal Family organises. 

Alicia was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary and died in Madrid, Spain.

## References
William Macpherson

**Sir William Macpherson of Cluny** (**William Alan Macpherson**; 1 April 1926 &ndash; 14 February 2021) was a Scottish High Court judge. He served as the 27th Hereditary Chief of the Clan Macpherson. In the late 1990s, Macpherson led the public inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence.

Macpherson was born in Blairgowrie, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. He studied at Summer Fields School, a preparatory school near Oxford.

## References
Teodor Oizerman

**Teodor Ilyich Oizerman** (; 14 May 1914 &ndash; 25 March 2017) was a Soviet and Russian philosopher and academic.

## Career
Oizerman was born in a Jewish family. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1981 until his death.  He received a doctorate, *honoris causa*, from the University of Jena in 1979 and the USSR State Prize in 1983. In 1979 Oizerman was awarded the Plekhanov prize for the monograph *The Main Trends in Philosophy*. He also served in the Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public.

## Death
Oizerman died on 25 March 2017 in Moscow of congestive heart failure at the age of 102.

## References
## Other websites
* "Problems of the History of Philosophy" Translated from the Russian by Robert Daglish. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973.
* The main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy. Translated by *H. Campbell Creighton*, M.A. (Oxon). Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1988.  (The book was in 1979 awarded the Plekhanov prize under the decision of the USSR Academy of Sciences)
* in HTML format
* in DjVu format (Internet Archive)
Janine Sutto

**Janine Sutto** (20 April 1921 – 28 March 2017) was a French-born Canadian actress. She was born in Paris, but raised in Montreal. In 1943, she was a founding member of the Théâtre de l'Equipe troupe and continued acting on stage through the early 1950s with Théâtre du Nouveau Monde.

Sutto was known for her roles in *Kamouraska*, *Congorama*, and in *Route 132*.

Sutto died in Montreal on 28 March 2017.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Janine Sutto  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Enn Vetemaa

**Enn Vetemaa** (June 20, 1936 – March 28, 2017) was an Estonian writer sometimes called as a "forgotten classic"  as well as "the unofficial master of the Estonian Modernist short novel".

Vetemaa published *Small Novells* : Tiredness (Усталость) (1967), *Väike reekviem suupillile* (written in 1967, printed in 1968), *Munad hiina moodi* (English: *Chinese Eggs*) (written – 1967–1969, printed – 1972).

## References
## Other websites
*
*Biography and Russian Translations of Vetemaa's works
Wim Schermerhorn

**Willem "Wim" Schermerhorn** (December 17, 1894 in Akersloot - March 10, 1977 in Haarlem) was a Dutch politician.

He was originally a member of the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) and later of the Labour Party (PvdA).

He was prime minister of the Netherlands from 1945 till 1946, a member of the Second Chamber from 1948 till 1951, and a member of the First Chamber from 1951 till 1965.

Schermerhorn studied civil engineering at Delft University of Technology, and was also a professor at this university.

During World War II he performed important resistance activities, and had been imprisoned as a hostage for some time.

Schermerhorn belonged to the Remonstrant Church. He died in 1977, aged 83.

## References 
*  Bio at Parlement.com
Narcissism

**Narcissism** is a condition in which a person admires their own attributes via vanity or egotism. The word comes from Narcissus, a figure from Greek mythology who fell in love with the sight of his own face.

## Related pages
* Arrogance
* Dunning–Kruger effect
* Narcissistic personality disorder
Delft University of Technology

**Delft University of Technology** (Dutch: *Technische Universiteit Delft*), shortened to **TU Delft**, is a technical public university in Delft, a city in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands. It is the oldest and largest technical university in the Netherlands. It was established as a Royal Academy in **1842** to facilitate the education of civil engineers. It is the school that rapidly expanded its education curriculum and became a polytechnic school in 1864.

Later in 1905, it became an institute of technology, gaining full university rights. And, it got its current name in the year 1986. Further, in 2019, the university was ranked amongst the top 20 best universities for engineering and technology internationally and received the highest rank in the Netherlands.

With an area of around 161 hectares, the campus of the university is larger than Delft's city center and is considered one amongst the largest university campuses worldwide. It has about 21,000 students.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Eindhoven University of Technology

**Eindhoven University of Technology** (Dutch: *Technische Universiteit Eindhoven*), shortened to **TU/e**, is a technical public university in Eindhoven, a city in the province of North Brabant, the Netherlands.

Eindhoven University of Technology was established in 1956.

It has about 11,000 students.

Its focus is on technology.

## Other websites 
*
University of Twente

**University of Twente** (Dutch: *Universiteit Twente*), shortened to **UT**, is a technical public university in Enschede, a city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. It borders the municipality of Hengelo.

The University of Twente was established in 1961. 
It was called *Technical College of Twente* (Dutch: *Technische Hogeschool Twente*) until 1986.

It has about 10,000 students.

Its focus is on technology and social sciences.

## Other websites 
*
Lilian Janse-van der Weele

**Lilian Janse-van der Weele** (born 1973 in Flushing) is a Dutch politician.

She has been a member of the municipal council of Flushing (*Vlissingen* in Dutch) since 2014, and also the first female politician of the Reformed Political Party (SGP).

## References 
*  Vlissingen Website
Carl Icahn

**Carl Celian Icahn** (born February 16, 1936) is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. 

He is described as an activist investor. This means he uses his investment to change how a company runs its business.

He is the founder and majority shareholder of Icahn Enterprises, a holding company based in New York City that invests in lots of different companies and industries. Icahn is also Chairman of Federal-Mogul, an American developer of vehicle safety products.

## Early life
Icahn was born in a Jewish family  in New York City. He studied at Princeton University and at New York University.

## Business career
In the 1980s Icahn became known as a "corporate raider" after profiting from the hostile takeover and asset stripping of the American airline TWA.

Icahn has held many controlling positions in many corporations, including RJR Nabisco, TWA, Texaco, Phillips Petroleum, Western Union, Gulf & Western, Viacom, Uniroyal, Dan River, Marshall Field's, E-II (Culligan and Samsonite), American Can, USX, Marvel Comics, Revlon, Imclone, Federal-Mogul, Fairmont Hotels, Blockbuster, Kerr-McGee, Time Warner, Netflix, Motorola, and Herbalife.

## Political roles
Icahn endorsed Donald Trump for the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Trump announced in October 2015 that he would nominate Icahn for Treasury Secretary if he were to be elected. However, this position went to Steve Mnuchin instead.

On December 21, 2016, it was announced that Icahn would serve as Special Advisor to the President on Regulatory Reform under President Donald Trump. Icahn stepped down from the role in August 2017.

## Personal life
From 1979 through 1999, Icahn was married to Liba Trejbal. In 1999, he married Gail Golden. He has two children including businessman Brett Icahn.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Profile of Carl Icahn – Forbes
Alleanza Securitas Esperia

**Alleanza Securitas Esperia**, also known as **Allsecures**, was an Italian insurance company. It was formed in Rome in 1933 by Amedeo Natoli with a merger of Alleanza & Unione Mediterranea with Securitas Esperia, a part of the Assicurazioni Generali group. In 1965 it was the thirtieth Italian insurance company by total insurance premiums. It was merged into the AXA group in 1998.

## References
## Other websites
* Milano Finanza, Axa incorpora le società danni Uap e Allsecures, 1997
Castilleja School

**Castilleja** is an all-girls school in Palo Alto, California. It was founded in 1907 by Mary Lockey.  Castilleja is the only non-religious all-girls middle and high school in the San Francisco Bay Area. It goes from grades 6-12. Each grade has an average of 60 students. The school’s motto is “Women Learning. Women Leading.”

## The schedule 
The schedule for the school rotates on a 5-day basis from Monday to Friday. Each class connects with a number. On any given day, there might be a different combination of numbers. The school day starts at 8:00&nbsp;AM and 3:15&nbsp;PM. Every Wednesday, there is something called Late Start. This means that the school day starts one hour later.

## Middle School 
The girls learn multiple subjects in middle school. Middle school goes through 6th, 7th, and 8th grade. Every student learns a language. They can learn either Spanish, French, or Mandarin. They take Fitness and Wellness. They learn physical and mental lessons. The students also are required to take English, history, math, and science. Each subject class consists of 14-15 students and one or two teachers.

## High School 
The high schoolers can take a variety of classes, available on a course catalog. Classes vary depending on the level. Students can take APs or regular level courses.

## References
Castilleja

***Castilleja***, commonly known as **Indian paintbrush** or **prairie-fire**, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia.

## Symbolism
*Castilleja linariifolia* is the state flower of Wyoming.

## Selected species
## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
* Native Plant Information Network: Listing of species in the Castilleja genus.
*Jepson Manual - taxonomic description of the genus.
Linda Nolan

**Linda Nolan** (23 February 1959 – 15 January 2025) was an Irish singer and actress. She was known as a member of the girl group The Nolans in 1974, along with her sisters Anne, Denise, Maureen, Bernie and Coleen.

As a member of the Nolans, she toured with Frank Sinatra in 1975, had seven UK top 20 hits (1979–82) and won the Tokyo Music Festival in 1981.

On 7 July 2014, she claimed that she was sexually assaulted by Rolf Harris in 1975 while The Nolans were supporting Harris in a tour of South Africa.

In March 2017, Nolan collapsed and accidentally broke her hip at home. During examination of her broken hip, she was diagnosed with an "incurable" form of cancer near her hip.

## References
Kim Wyman

**Kim Wyman** (born July 15, 1962) is an American politician. She is the 15th and current Secretary of State of Washington, having won in the 2012 and 2016 state elections. Between 2012 and 2016, she was the only Republican elected to statewide office on the West Coast. 

In March 2017, Wyman was diagnosed with an early form of colon cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* Campaign website 
* 
* Kim Wyman at Project Vote Smart
* 
* 
* Profile  from Thurston County
Andrew Mlangeni

**Andrew Mokete Mlangeni** (6 June 1925 &ndash; 21 July 2020) was a South African political activist and anti-Apartheid activist. Along with Nelson Mandela and others, he was held as part of the Rivonia Trial. He was sentenced to life at Robben Island. He was born in Soweto. After his release from prison, he served as a member of parliament for the ANC from 1994 to 1999.

Mlangeni died on 21 July 2020 at a military hospital in Pretoria from an intestinal blockage, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Mandela and Mlangeni