open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines

**Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines (ISTY)** is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degree :
* *Ingénieur ISTY* (ISTY Graduate engineer Masters level program)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ISTY relate to the following topics:
* Computer science
* Mechatronics engineering
* Embedded system

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Survivor Series (2016)

**Survivor Series (2016)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming show made by WWE. It took place on November 20, 2016 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the 30th Survivor Series event held by WWE and the first to be held in Canada since the 1997 edition, which featured the Montreal Screwjob.

Eight matches were performed at the event. In the most important match, Goldberg competed in his first match in 12 years, beating Brock Lesnar in one minute and 26 seconds. In addition, there were three Survivor Series matches between the wrestlers of the Raw and SmackDown brands.

## Background 
At WrestleMania XX, Goldberg beat Lesnar and the next day, both men left WWE. Brock wrestled in New Japan Pro Wrestling, fought in Ultimate Fighting Championship and returned to WWE in April 2012 but Goldberg hardly wrestled again. In 2016, the covers and commercials for the WWE 2K17 video game were shown for the first time, and Goldberg was revealed as the pre-order bonus for the game. This made many people think that he would return to WWE and maybe get a rematch with Lesnar. The two started talking about the match they could have at conventions like the ones for the video game. In October 2016, Lesnar's manager Paul Heyman said Brock was challenging Goldberg because he was the one wrestler Brock could never beat. On the October 17 episode of *Raw*, Goldberg returned and agreed to fight Brock.

To start the match, Brock pushed Goldberg into the corner and rammed him between the ropes but Goldberg pushed him back hard and Brock fell back. When Brock got up, he took a spear from Goldberg. This happened again and then Goldberg picked Brock up and performed a Jackhammer and won the match.

## Matches 
 Natalya replaced Nikki Bella, who was attacked backstage before the match.

### Survivor Series elimination matches 
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website for the Survivor Series (2016)
Vítězslav Nezval

**Vítězslav Nezval** (26 May 1900 – 6 April 1958) was a Czech poet. In 1919 started to study law at the University of Brno, but quickly realised that he did not want to be a lawyer. He went to Prague instead and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Prague University. He wrote a lot. He was a representative of  Poetismus, which was Czech avantgarde. He was also a leading Czech surrealist. His poetry was strongly influenced by modern French literature. He also wrote a book of ballads in the manner of François Villon *52 hořkých balad věčného studenta Roberta Davida*. Many his poems were translated into English. For example Ewald Osers translated *Edison*.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Vítězslav Nezval, Edison. Báseň o pěti zpěvech. English translation: Ewald Osers, Dvořák, Pelhřimov 2003,
Bamboo floor

A **bamboo floor** is a kind of flooring which is made using bamboo plants. Today, most of the bamboo flooring products come from China and other parts of Asia. Moso bamboo is a type of bamboo most commonly used for this type of flooring.

## References
Vinča culture

The **Vinča culture** was a culture that existed during the Stone Age, from around 5400 BC to 4600 BC. It was the first to develop the knowledge and skills to process copper, in the late 6th millennium BC.[2]

The culture is named for a large site found close to modern-day Belgrade, Serbia. Other sites have also been discovered in Romania, Hungary and Bosnia. 

Vinča artifacts include many ceramic figurines. Some of these have symbols on them which have been interpreted as an early form of writing. These symbols are called Vinča symbols.
File:Tărtăria Amulet Tablet.png|Tărtăria amulet, showing some of the symbols found
File:Vinca clay figure 01.jpg|Clay figurine, British Museum.
Vinča script

The **Vinča script** is a cache of symbols that belonged to the Vinča culture of the central Balkans over 7000 years ago. The symbols have been a topic of debate amongst historians.

## Tărtăria tablets 
Three clay writing tablets were discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria (Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka). This is about 30 km (19 mi) from Alba Iulia in Romania.[10] They were created around 5300 BC.[11] 

The Tărtăria tablets have symbols written in clay: the Vinča symbols. Some claim they are a yet undeciphered language. If this is true, they would be the earliest known form of writing. 

## Additional excavations 
In 1908 similar symbols were found during excavations by Miloje Vasić (1869–1956) in Vinča. This is a suburb of Belgrade (Serbia), some 300 km from Turdaș. Later, more were found in another part of Belgrade. 

Since 1875 over one hundred and fifty Vinča sites have been found in Serbia alone. Many, including Vinča itself, have not been fully excavated. The culture of the whole area is called the Vinča culture. 

Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic,[12] they are generally regarded as an original, independent development.[13]
American Expeditionary Force

The **American Expeditionary Forces** (**AEF**) were the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I. At first, the AEF fought in France alongside French and British  forces. The war started in August 1914 and the AEF arrived in April 1917, the last year of the war. They were fighting against the German Empire.  In September 1918 the AEF launched its first major offensive as an independent army.

## References
Composition of the Russian Regional Parliaments

Regional parliaments of Russia are the legislative/parliamentary bodies of power in the regions of Russia (Republics, Krais, Oblasts, Autonomous okrugs and Federal Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg), which have different names, often collectively referred to in the media as regional parliaments.  

The federal structure of Russia includes 83 regional parliaments.  The biggest regional parliament is the **State Assembly of Bashkortostan** which consists of 120 deputies. The smallest one is the **Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug** which consists of 11 deputies.

## Parties in Each Parliament 
In the table are marked in **bold** parliaments, elected solely by the proportional system.
Hair clipper

**Hair clippers** are tools used to cut hair very short and close to the scalp. Similar tools are used to cut wool from sheep. 

Hair clippers have two rows of small comb-like blades which move back and forth very fast. The clippers are moved so that the blades cut the hair as it passes through it.

## History 
Manual clippers were invented between 1850 and 1890 by Nikola Bizumic, a Serbian barber, and the short hairstyles became popular amongst boys and men in school, prison, and the military.

Leo J. Wahl invented the first electric hair clipper. He first designed a hand-held massager for his uncle, Dr. Frank Wahl. Frank Wahl opened a manufacturing plant in Sterling, Illinois to produce and sell Leo’s massager.  Leo would sold massagers to  barbers and noticed an opportunity to improve upon the tools barbers were using at the time.

## Use 
Modern electric clippers often come with "guards". The guards can be attached to the blade to determine how short the hair will be cut. The largest guard is often a #8, which leaves the hair an inch long (25mm). The smallest guard is a #1, which cuts the hair to 3mm. When there is no guard, the clipper completely shaves the hair.

Clippers are often used for men's haircuts as well as cutting facial hair. A popular men's hairstyle is a **buzz cut**, in which the hair all over the head is shaved very short using clippers. Buzz cuts are often used in the military. Many young boys and teenage boys are given buzz cuts as well because they are easy  to take care of.

## References
Merry Christmas with Love

***Merry Christmas with Love*** is Clay Aiken's first Christmas album. It was released by RCA Records on November 16, 2004. It was certified platinum and was recognized by *Billboard* as the Best-selling Christmas/holiday album of 2004 and the Best-selling Christian album of 2005. The album was re-released on August 18, 2009 on the Sony label.

*Merry Christmas with Love* debuted at number four on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 chart with about 270,000 copies sold. This was its highest position on the chart. By the end of 2004, around 1,004,000 copies of the album had been sold.

The album set a new record for fastest-selling holiday album, since SoundScan began in March 1991. It tied Céline Dion's record for the highest debut by a holiday album in the history of *Billboard* magazine.

On January 6, 2005, *Merry Christmas with Love* was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of one million copies in the U.S.  Going into the 2010 Christmas season, 1,416,000 copies had been sold in the U.S. and 2 million worldwide.

## Awards and nominations 
'**Billboard* Awards**
* 2004: **Won*' - Best Selling Christmas Album - *Merry Christmas with Love*
* 2005: **Won** - Best Selling Christian Album - *Merry Christmas with Love*

**American Christian Music Awards**
* 2005: **Won** - Outstanding Yule CD - *Merry Christmas with Love*

## Singles 
## References
Arauco Province

The **Arauco Province** () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Bío Bío (VIII). The provincial capital Is the city of Lebu.

## History
In 1852, the old province of Arauco was created with the southern parts of the province of Concepción; it had three departments: Arauco, Laja and Nacimiento.

In 1927, Arauco was eliminated as a province and became again part of the province of Concepción but, in 1934, Arauco was made again a province with the departments Arauco, Cañete and Lebu.

The **Mocha** island is a small island that is west of the Arauco province, in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the *comuna* of Lebu. It has an area of about .

## Population
 (last national census), there were 157,255 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km². The urban population was 117,569 persons ( of the total).

The largest city in 2002 of the province is Curanilahue with 30,126 inhabitants. Its capital Lebu, has a population of 20,838 inhabitants. Other cities are Cañete (19,839 inhabitants), Arauco (16,291 inhabitants) and Los Álamos (13,035 inhabitants).

## Administration
As a province, Arauco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 7 communes (*comunas*). The city of Lebu serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## Gallery

File:Lebu de noche.png|Lebu by night
File:Escuela Pablo Neruda.jpg|Pablo Neruda school, Curanilahue
File:Plaza de armas de Cañete (Chile).jpg|Central square of Cañete
File:Tirua en Chile.jpg|Aerial view of Tirúa

## Related pages
* Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional del Bío Bío Official website 
* Province of Arauco website
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)

This is a list of **Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan**, from the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan to the Republic of Azerbaijan.

## Foreign Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan 
* Mammedhasan Hajinski (May 28, 1918 – October 6, 1918)
* Alimardan Topchubashev (October 6, 1918 – December 7, 1918)
* Fatali Khan Khoyski (December 26, 1918 – March 14, 1919)
* Mammad Yusif Jafarov (March 14, 1919 – December 22, 1919)
* Fatali Khan Khoyski, second term (December 24, 1919 – April 1,  1920)

## Foreign Ministers of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 
* Nariman Narimanov (April, 1920 – May 2,  1921)
* Mirza Davud Huseynov (May 1921 – December, 1921)
* *No Ministers of Foreign Affairs between 1921-1944*
* Mahmud Aliyev (politician) (1944 – 1958)
* Tahire Tahirova (1959 – 1983)
* Elmira Qafarova (December 1, 1983 – December 22, 1987)
* Huseynaga Sadigov (January 23, 1988 – October 18, 1991)

## Foreign Ministers of Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan 
 and First Lady Michelle Obama]]
* Huseynaga Sadigov (January 23, 1988 – May 29, 1992)
* Tofig Gasimov (July 4, 1992 – June 26, 1993)
* Hasan Hasanov (September 2, 1993 – February 16, 1998)
* Tofig Zulfugarov (March 5, 1998 – October 26, 1999)
* Vilayat Guliyev (October 26, 1999 – April 7, 2004)
* Elmar Mammadyarov (April 7, 2004 – )

## Related pages 
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan

## Other websites 
* List of the Foreign Ministers of Azerbaijan with short bio and photos
Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign

Rocky De La Fuente ran a third-party campaign for the presidency of the United States in the 2016 election. De La Fuente had sought the Democratic Party's nomination during their presidential primaries. De La Fuente's campaign did not win a single delegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention, but he came in fourth by total votes received.

De La Fuente founded the American Delta Party, and ran as its presidential nominee with running mate Michael Steinberg. He was also nominated as the presidential nominee of the Reform Party which has ballot access in Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

## References
## Other websites
*Rocky 2016 campaign website 
*
*Columnist Dave Barry on meeting De la Fuente
*
Catherine Cortez Masto

**Catherine Marie Cortez Masto** (born March 29, 1964) is an American attorney and politician. She is the senior United States Senator from Nevada. She was the Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015, elected to replace George Chanos. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

When her term began in 2017, Masto became the first Latina United States senator in American history.

## References
Todd Young

**Todd Christopher Young** (born August 24, 1972) is an American politician. He is the senior U.S. Senator from Indiana. He previously served as a U.S. Representative for  from 2011 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. On November 8, 2016, Young was elected to the United States Senate in the general election. Young defeated Evan Bayh.

## References
## Other websites
* Todd Young for Senate
* 
* 
*
Evan Bayh

**Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III** ( ; born December 26, 1955) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997. His father was former Senator Birch Bayh.

On February 15, 2010, Bayh unexpectedly announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010. After leaving the Senate, he was replaced by his predecessor, Dan Coats.

Following the withdrawal of 2016 Democratic primary winner Baron Hill, Bayh announced that he would be running to take back his old Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats. He was defeated in the general election.

## References
John C. Carney Jr.

**John Charles Carney Jr.** (born May 20, 1956) is an American politician who has been the Mayor of Wilmington, Delaware since 2025. He was the 74th governor of Delaware from 2017 to 2025. Before becoming governor, he served as the U.S. representative for  from 2011 to 2017. He was also the 24th lieutenant governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009.

Carney also served as Delaware's secretary of finance from 1996 to 2000.

In November 2024, Carney was elected mayor of Wilmington, Delaware in a landslide victory.

## References
Eric Holcomb

**Eric Holcomb** (born May 2, 1968) is an American politician. He was the 51st Governor of Indiana from 2017 until 2025. He previously served as the 51st Lieutenant Governor of Indiana. He was nominated to fill the remainder of Sue Ellspermann's term. Ellspermann resigned on March 2, 2016 to become president of Ivy Tech Community College. He is a member of the Republican Party, and successfully ran for Governor of Indiana in the 2016 election.

## References
Eric Greitens

**Eric Robert Greitens** (born April 10, 1974) is an American politician, author, humanitarian, and former Navy SEAL. He is the 56th Governor of the state of Missouri from January 9, 2017 until his resignation in June 1, 2018. Greitens is the Former President and founder of The Mission Continues, a nonprofit organization for veterans.

On March 22, 2021, Greitens announced that he would be running for the United States Senate in the 2022 U.S. Senate elections. He lost the nomination to Eric S. Schmitt in the August primaries.

## Controversy 
On February 22, 2018, Greitens got in big trouble when he was accused of a serious crime that happened while he was having sex with another woman who was not his wife.  He admitted that he was having sex with the woman but disagreed that he had committed a crime.  She said that he secretly took naked pictures of her and then threatened to show them to other people and embarrass her if she told anybody what they had been doing together.  A grand jury agreed there was enough evidence to proceed and he was indicted on felony invasion of privacy charges. On May 29, 2018 Greitens announced that he would resign from office effective 5pm on Friday, June 1, 2018. He and his wife Sheena got divorced in 2020.

Greitens is now a Republican. He used to be a Democrat. 

## References
Chris Sununu

**Christopher T. "Chris" Sununu** (born November 5, 1974) is an American politician who was the 82nd Governor of New Hampshire from 2017 to 2025.  Sununu was a Republican member of the New Hampshire Executive Council from 2011 to 2017.

Sununu was born in Salem, New Hampshire. 

He also serves as chief executive officer of the Waterville Valley Ski Resort in Waterville Valley, New Hampshire. He earned a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sununu is a son of former New Hampshire Governor John H. Sununu and brother of former U.S. Senator John E. Sununu.

On July 19, 2023, Sununu announced that he would not run for a fifth term as governor.

## References
## Other websites
*Chris Sununu for Governor 
*New Hampshire bio of Sununu
*ABC News article on Sununu
Aquarius (astrology)

**Aquarius** is the eleventh astrological sign of the Zodiac. The name is from the constellation Aquarius. It is an air sign. The sun meets Aquarius from January 20 to February 18. It is ruled by Uranus (in modern astrology) and Saturn (in ancient astrology). It was based on the Sumerian god Enki, the god of water who was often drawn pouring water.

Traditionally, Aquarius is ruled by the planet Saturn (which it shares with Capricorn). In modern astrology, Uranus is also seen as its ruling planet. Aquarius is called a fixed air sign, and its opposite sign in the zodiac is Leo.

## Traditional relationships with Aquarius 
* Birthstone= Amethyst
*Colour= Silver, white gold, copper

## Myth 
The constellation Aquarius, shown as a water carrier, has different stories in ancient cultures. In Sumerian and Babylonian mythology, the water carrier was linked to the god Enki (also called Ea). In Greek mythology, the figure became Ganymede, a handsome youth from Phrygia. Ganymede was the son of Tros, the king of Troy (some stories say he was the son of Dardanus). One day, while Ganymede was looking after his father’s flocks on Mount Ida, Zeus, the king of the gods, saw him. Zeus came down to the mountain in the form of a giant bird and carried Ganymede up to the heavens. From that time, Ganymede became the cupbearer of the gods. The Roman poet Ovid included this story in his famous work, Metamorphoses, where Orpheus sings about Ganymede’s tale.

## Hindu astrology 
In Hindu (Vedic) astrology, Aquarius is known as Kumbha Rāśi (कुम्भ राशि), representing the symbol of a water pot. Kumbha is ruled by the planet Shani (Saturn) and is considered a fixed, air sign. It is associated with qualities of innovation, humanitarianism, and persistence, similar to Western interpretations, but its predictive role is rooted in the sidereal zodiac system. The Kumbha Rāśi plays a key role in individual horoscopes (Janma Kundali), compatibility (Kundali Milan), and in timing rituals (Muhurta).

## References
Roger Joseph Boscovich

**Roger Joseph Boscovich** (18 May 1711 - 13 February 1787) was a Croatian polymath and Jesuit from the city of Dubrovnik in the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Croatia). He studied and lived in Italy and France, where he published many of his works.

He produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy. In 1753 he discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon. 

In Vienna in 1758, he published the first edition of his famous work, *Philosophiæ naturalis theoria redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura existentium* (*Theory of natural philosophy derived to the single law of forces which exist in nature*). It included his atomic theory and his theory of forces. A second edition was published in 1763 in Venice and a third again in Vienna in 1764. In 1922 it was published in London, and in 1966 in the United States. Another edition was published in Zagreb in 1974.

## Life
Boscovich was born in  Dubrovnik as the youngest of seven children. He joined the Jesuit school in Dubrovnik, leaving for Rome in 1725. In Rome he was under the care of 2 Jesuit priests whom introduced him to the Society of Jesus. In 1731, enrolled in college at Sant'Andrea delle Fratte. There, he studied mathematics and physics and in 1740 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college.

Boscovich studied the transit of Mercury, the Aurora borealis, the figure of the Earth, the observation of the fixed stars, the inequalities in terrestrial gravitation, the application of mathematics to the theory of the telescope, the limits of certainty in astronomical observations, and various problems in solid geometry and spherical trigonometry.

In 1742 he and other scientists were consulted by Pope Benedict XIV, as to the best way of securing the structure of the dome of St. Peter's, Rome, in which a crack had been discovered. His suggested placing five iron bands and it was accepted. 

In 1758, Roger Joseph Boscovich described a version of atomic theory. He explained the resistance of hard bodies as due to force rather than "hardness". "The primary elements of matter are in my opinion perfectly indivisible & non-extended points".

As a devoted Jesuit, Boscovich spent his life without ever getting married or having children.

## Related pages 
*Atomic theory
*John Dalton

## References
About Boscovich:

Cerqueiro, Daniel. Boscovich, the Time Traveler. Buenos Aires: Small Ed. Venice. 2008. ISBN 978-987-9239-18-6
Mase, Switzerland

**Mase** was a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Mase, Nax and Vernamiège were combined to make the new municipality of Mont-Noble.

## References
Saint-Martin, Valais

**Saint-Martin** is a municipality of the district Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Villages
Saint-Martin, Eison, La Luette, Liez, Praz-Jean, Suen and Trogne.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Ventilation

. This octagonal spire was for ventilation: it was to draw air out of the Palace. Its design was to disguise its function.]]

**Ventilation** is the introduction of fresh air, usually from the outside, into a space, while sending stale air back out. Fans and pumps, vent grates and air flow tunnels are common in these structures.

The simplest systems are called “natural ventilation,” which usually means that they get their air circulation through vents opening to the outside. Mechanical systems are more popular for industry (like in factories). Mechanical systems are able to regulate other things, including temperature, relative humidity, and oxygen levels.

## Uses
Fresh air prevents issues like mold and bacteria growth, as well as the spread of disease. It helps eliminate dust, which can lead to cleaner living standards. Single rooms can sometimes be ventilated by opening a window or door, but this isn’t as successful for larger structures.

Ventilation usually collaborates with heating and cooling systems, but not always and they aren’t only limited to buildings. Vehicles frequently have ventilation systems that control air circulation and air quality.

## History
In ancient Persia, structures called windcatchers were built to create natural ventilation. These structures are a traditional method in Persia. They became very popular and are still in use across the Middle East.

## References
Les Agettes

**Les Agettes** was a municipality in the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Since 2017, it is part of the municipality of Sion.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Gwen Ifill

**Gwendolyn L. "Gwen" Ifill** (; September 29, 1955&nbsp;– November 14, 2016) was an American journalist, television newscaster, and author. She was the moderator and managing editor of *Washington Week* and co-anchor and co-managing editor, with Judy Woodruff, of *PBS NewsHour*, both of which air on PBS. 

Ifill was a political analyst and moderated the 2004 and 2008 American vice-presidential debates. In 2016, she moderate the New Hampshire Democratic Primary debate between Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton.

She was the author of the best-selling book *The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama*.

Ifill died of endometrial cancer while under hospice care in Washington, D.C. on November 14, 2016, at age 61. 

## References
## Other websites
* Gwen Ifill at *PBS NewsHour*
* Gwen Ifill  at *Washington Week*
Leon Russell

**Leon Russell** (born **Claude Russell Bridges**; April 2, 1942 – November 13, 2016) was an American musician and songwriter. He recorded as a session musician and sideman. He had a solo career. He had 31 albums to his credit and recorded about 430 songs.

He wrote the song "Delta Lady", recorded by Joe Cocker. He also organized Cocker's "Mad Dogs and Englishmen" tour in 1970. More than 100 artists have recorded his "A Song for You" (1970).

Russell produced and played in recording sessions for Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Ike & Tina Turner, the Rolling Stones, and others. He wrote and recorded the hits "Tight Rope" and "Lady Blue". In 2011 he was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and introduced by longtime friend Elton John.

Russell died in his sleep at his home in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 13, 2016 from heart failure while recovering from heart surgery, at the age of 74.

## References
Lincolnshire, Illinois

**Lincolnshire** is a village in southern Lake County, Illinois. As of 2020, the population is 7,940. The village is named after the English county called Lincolnshire. It is a suburban area with many houses that is about 34 miles (55 kilometers) from Chicago. 

## History 
The area where Lincolnshire is used to be have many Potawatomi Native Americans lived. European people began living there starting in 1834. These people named the place Half Day.

Farmers began buying land in what is now Lincolnshire after World War I. A businessman named Roger Ladd bought a lot of land in the area in 1955 to build houses. The area became a village in 1957. For about the next 20 years, Lincolnshire was a quiet place. However, as the other towns in the area were making lots of money from shops and offices, Lincolnshire started to allow businesses in the village in the 1980’s and 1990’s. It became a town with many houses, stores, and offices, as it is today.

## References
Arrondissements of the Ardennes department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Ardennes department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 4 arrondissements of the Ardennes department are:

## History
Since its creation, the Ardennes department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the Ardennes department with six districts: Charleville, Grandpré, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers.
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Mézières, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers.
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Rocroi and Sedan were eliminated.
* 1942 : Sedan is again an arrondissement of the department.

## References
Phil Scott

**Philip Brian Scott** (born August 4, 1958) is an American politician. He is the 82nd and current Governor of Vermont since January 5, 2017. Before being Governor, he was the Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 2011 to 2017. A Republican, he won the 2016 general election with over 52% of the vote.

## References
Charles Wesley Turnbull

**Charles Wesley Turnbull** (February 5, 1935 &ndash; July 3, 2022), was the 27th Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands serving from 1999 through 2007. During his tenure as governor, Turnbull served as a member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors' Association, and the Democratic Governors Association.

Turnbull died on July 3, 2022 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 87.

## References
Ricardo Rosselló

**Ricardo Antonio "Ricky" Rosselló Nevares** (born March 7, 1979) is a Puerto Rican college professor, scientist, and politician who has been the Shadow Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Puerto Rico since 2021. He was the Governor of Puerto Rico and President of the New Progressive Party.

In mid-July 2019, Rosselló faced controversy after his phone messages were leaked which revealed homophobic messages, plans to create troll accounts for Facebook, evidence of corruption and death threats towards Mayor of San Juan Carmen Yulín Cruz. In July 21, he announced that he would not seek re-election in 2022. On July 24, Rosselló announced his resignation on August 2.

## Notes
## References
Pedro Tenorio

**Pedro "Teno" Pangelinan Tenorio** (April 18, 1934 &ndash; May 21, 2018) was a Northern Mariana Islander politician. He was the second and fifth elected Governor of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. With 12 years in office, Tenorio is the longest-serving Governor in CNMI history.

Tenorio died on May 21, 2018 at the Commonwealth Health Center in Saipan of complications from a stroke at the age of 84. 

## References
Carlos G. Camacho

**Carlos Garcia Camacho** (November 16, 1924 – December 6, 1979) was a Guamanian politician and member of the Republican Party. He served as the last appointed Governor of Guam from 1969 to 1971 and the first elected Governor of Guam from 1971 to 1975.

Camacho died on December 6, 1979 in Tamunimg, Guam from a heart attack, aged 55.

## References
Carlos Camacho

**Carlos G. Camacho** is the former Governor of Guam. 

**Carlos Camacho** may also refer to:

*Carlos S. Camacho, former Northern Mariana Islands governor
* Carlos Camacho (actor), Colombian actor 
*Carlos Camacho Lutman, footballer
Carlos S. Camacho

**Carlos Sablan Camacho** (born February 27, 1937) was the first elected Governor of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the United States. He served as governor from January 9, 1978 through January 11, 1982. He was a member of the  Democratic.

Camacho was born in Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He studied at the University of Hawaii and at the Fiji School of Medicine.

## References
Peter Tali Coleman

**Peter Tali Coleman** (December 8, 1919 &ndash; April 28, 1997) was an American politician. He was the first person of Samoan descent to be appointed Governor of American Samoa and later became the territory's first popularly elected governor. 

He was a member of the Republican Party, he is the only U.S. governor whose service spanned five decades (1956–1961, 1978–1985 and 1989–1993) and one of the longest-serving governors of any jurisdiction in American history.

Coleman died in Honolulu, Hawaii on April 28, 1997 from complications of liver cancer, aged 77.

## Other websites
* Obituary in the *Honolulu Star-Bulletin* 
* New York Times: Peter Coleman, 77, Governor of American Samoa 
* Honolulu Advertiser: Nora Stewart Coleman, 85, former first lady of American Samoa
A. P. Lutali

**Aifili Paulo Lauvao** (December 24, 1919 &ndash; August 1, 2002) was an American politician. He served twice as governor of American Samoa from 1985 through 89 and again from 1993 through 1997. He was the founder of the U.S territory's Democratic Party. He had a long career in the legislature and the judiciary in American Samoa.

Lutali was born in Aunu'u Island, American Samoa. He was elected to the American Samoa House of Representatives in 1955 and served as its speaker from 1955 through 1958. Lutali died on August 1, 2002 from complications of a stroke at a hospital in Pago Pago, American Samoa, aged 82.

## Other websites
* Rulers.org
Kay Starr

**Katherine Laverne Starks** (July 21, 1922 &ndash; November 3, 2016), known as **Kay Starr**, was an American singer. She was popular in the 1940s and 1950s. She is best remembered for introducing two songs that became #1 hits in the 1950s, "Wheel of Fortune" and "The Rock And Roll Waltz".

Starr died on November 3, 2016 at her home in Beverly Hills, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*The Kay Starr homepage
*Biography of Kay Starr  (in Spanish)
*The Iceberg site 
*Kay Starr discography
*Kay Starr interview on KUOW 94.9 (NPR) Seattle, 2006 
*
Jim Justice

**James Conley Justice II** (born April 27, 1951) is an American coal and agriculture businessman and politician who is the junior United States Senator from West Virginia since 2025. He was the Governor of West Virginia from 2017 to 2025. He is the owner of over 50 companies, including The Greenbrier, a luxury resort. Justice is the only billionaire from the state of West Virginia. 

## Career 
A Republican, Justice ran for Governor of West Virginia in the 2016 general election as the Democratic nominee. He won the general election and became Governor of West Virginia in 2017.

On August 3, 2017, Justice announced at a Trump rally that he was switching political parties becoming a member of the Republican Party.

In April 2023, Justice announced his candidacy for the United States Senate in the 2024 election, against incumbent Democratic Senator Joe Manchin. He won the election in November 2024.

## Health
On January 11, 2022, Justice tested positive for COVID-19 and described feeling "extremely unwell". He said that his heart rate and blood pressure were high.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Governor Jim Justice  official government site
*Justice for WV campaign website 
*"Jim Justice" article in The West Virginia Encyclopedia
Jodo

**Jōdō** (杖道:じょうどう?) or  is a Japanese martial art.  

Jōdō uses a short staff called a *jō*. The *jō* is a short staff, usually about 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) long. Jōdō is strongly focused upon defense against the Japanese sword. 

The art is similar to *bōjutsu*.
Conor McGregor

**Conor Anthony McGregor** (born 14 July 1988) is an Irish mixed martial artist and boxer. He started his career in 2008. He is signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is the former UFC Featherweight Champion and UFC Lightweight Champion. He has fought as a featherweight, lightweight and welterweight. 

At UFC 194, he defeated Jose Aldo to win the UFC featherweight championship. In his welterweight debut at UFC 196, he  was defeated by Nate Diaz in the second round via submission. On 6 October 2018, he won the UFC lightweight championship by defeating Eddie Alvarez and won via KO. In his boxing debut in 2017, he  was  defeated by Floyd Mayweather Jr.. He returned to MMA in 2018 and was defeated by Khabib Nurmagomedov via submission at UFC 229. The event set the record for the biggest MMA pay-per-view event, with 2.4 million buys in the United States. Throughout his career, McGregor has become the subject of many controversies due to his behaviour.

In March 2025, McGregor announced his independent campaign for President of Ireland in the 2025 election. He dropped out of the race in September 2025.

## Personal life
McGregor was born in Dublin. His parents are Timmy and Súsan  McGregor. He started kickboxing in 2008, the same year he started dating his girlfriend Dee Devlin. Their son, Conor Jack McGregor, was born in May 2017.

## Controversy
In 2019, McGregor was investigated for two separate sexual assaults. Prosecutors said they were not going to charge him for the first one. McGregor's spokesperson said that he rejected the allegations.

A woman named Nikita Hand filed a lawsuit against McGregor and claimed that he had beat and raped her in a Dublin hotel in October 2018. On 22 November 2024, a jury found McGregor guilty of raping Hand. The judge ordered McGregor to pay for Hand's legal fees. McGregor said that he was appealing the verdict.

After the verdict, McGregor lost many sponsorship deals and his alcohol was pulled from bars and store shelves.

## Reference 
## Other websites 
* 
* UFC profile on UFC
*
Paul McDonald Calvo

**Paul McDonald Calvo** (July 25, 1934 &ndash; October 16, 2024) was a Guamanian politician. He was the third elected Governor of Guam from January 1, 1979 to January 3, 1983. He was a member of the Republican Party. 

Calvo was born in Agana, Guam. He studied at Santa Clara University. His son, Eddie Calvo, was elected governor of Guam in 2011.

Calvo died on October 16, 2024 at his home in Mongmong-Toto-Maite, Guam at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Paul M. Calvo Bio at Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia
Deborah Mailman

**Deborah Mailman** (born 14 July 1972) is an Australian television film actress, and singer. She was the first Aboriginal actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and had gone on to win four more both in television and film. The awards are now known as the AACTA Awards.

She is well known for having played the character Kelly Lewis on successful Australian television series, *The Secret Life of Us*. She is also well known for her current role as Cherie Butterfield in the successful Australian drama series *Offspring*. She also portrayed the role of Lorraine in the rotating cast of the acclaimed Australian TV series about Aboriginal life *Redfern Now*.  

She starred in lead roles in the acclaimed films *Rabbit-Proof Fence*, *Oddball*, *The Sapphires*, *Blinky Bill*, and *Paper Planes*. She was also a presenter on the children's show *Play School.*
Enantiornithes

**Enantiornithes** is a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense). They are the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era. 

Most had teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds. Over 80 species of enantiornitheans have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so probably not all are valid species. 

Enantiornitheans became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, as did the hesperornithids and all other non-avian dinosaurs. The Enantiornithes are thought to have left no living descendants.

The name "Enantiornithes" means "opposite birds", from Ancient Greek *enantios* (*ἐνάντιος*) "opposite" + *ornithes* (*όρνιθες*) "birds" . The name was coined by Cyril Alexander Walker in a landmark paper which established the group. In his paper, Walker explained what he meant by "opposite":

This refers to an anatomical feature. The articulation of the shoulder bones has a concave-convex socket joint which is the reverse of the joint in modern birds.

## References
Barry Otto

**Barry Otto** (born 1941) is an Australian actor and voice actor, primarily of cinema. He is also an amateur artist.

## Career
Otto received an AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actor in *Strictly Ballroom*. He was also nominated for *Bliss*, *Cosi* and *The More Things Change...*. Otto portrayed Administrator Allsop in Australia in 2008. He has appeared in *The Dressmaker*, *Kiss or Kill*, *Dead Letter Office*, *The Visitor*, *The Great Gatsby*, ''Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole*, *Love's Brother*, *Blinky Bill''.

An amateur artist, he often paints members of his family. Otto has twice entered the Archibald Prize. He is the father of actresses Gracie and Miranda Otto.

## References
History of the automobile

The early **history of the automobile** can be divided into a number of eras, based on the method of . Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. The question of who invented the first automobile depends on how automobiles are defined.

## Early pioneers 
* In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of transporting people was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.  

* In 1807 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine. In 1813 he built a car  long and weighing over . He built four more combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine. The car's second version in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine. It had an ingenious carburetor design, and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch, and brakes.  His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime, he was honored as the originator of the motorcar. But his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II.  Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed. They gave credit instead to Karl Benz.

* In 1885-1886, Karl Benz developed a petrol- or gasoline-powered automobile.
 
## Evolution of the automobile 
### Invention era 
This period starts with the car made by Karl Benz in 1885. There were earlier inventions that used mainly steam-power to move the vehicles but the Benz car was the first to use a gasoline powered internal combustion engine in what could be called an automobile. Many of the features of modern cars came from this period. These include four-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and hybrid electric vehicles. But it is also the era of some of the most significant improvements to the automobile. Cars took on a great deal of style and . They became works of art in many cases. Men seem to prefer powerful cars like the Chevrolet Camaro and the GMC Sierra pickup truck.

## Related pages 
*Automotive industry
*Transport
*Internal combustion engine
*Henry Ford

## References 
## Other websites 
* Joseph Cugnot Steam Engine 4; YouTube
* Invention of the Automobile documentary clip: YouTube
Arrondissement of Sedan

The **arrondissement of Sedan** is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Sedan.

It is the most eastern of the *arrondissements* of the department and has an area of , the smallest *arrondissement* of the department. It has 59,584 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

## History
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Sedan was part of that original department.

On 10 September 1926, the *arrondissement* of Sedan was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an *arrondissement*. cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There are 5 cantons in the *arrondissement* of Sedan; they are (with their INSEE codes):
# Carignan (0803)
# Sedan-1 (0814)
# Sedan-2 (0815)
# Sedan-3 (0816)
# Vouziers (0819) (partly)

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Sedan has 73 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes):

# Angecourt (08013)
# Artaise-le-Vivier (08023)
# Auflance (08029)
# Autrecourt-et-Pourron (08034)
# Balan (08043)
# Bazeilles (08053)
# Beaumont-en-Argonne (08055)
# La Besace (08063)
# Bièvres (08065)
# Blagny (08067)
# Brévilly (08083)
# Bulson (08088)
# Carignan (08090)
# La Chapelle (08101)
# Cheveuges (08119)
# Chémery-Chéhéry (08115)
# Daigny (08136)
# Les Deux-Villes (08138)
# Donchery (08142)
# Douzy (08145)
# Escombres-et-le-Chesnois (08153)
# Euilly-et-Lombut (08159)
# La Ferté-sur-Chiers (08168)
# Fleigneux (08170)
# Floing (08174)
# Francheval (08179)
# Fromy (08184)
# Givonne (08191)
# Glaire (08194)
# Haraucourt (08211)
# Herbeuval (08223)
# Illy (08232)
# Linay (08255)
# Létanne (08252)
# Maisoncelle-et-Villers (08268)
# Malandry (08269)
# Margny (08275)
# Margut (08276)
# Matton-et-Clémency (08281)
# Messincourt (08289)
# Mogues (08291)
# Moiry (08293)
# La Moncelle (08294)
# Le Mont-Dieu (08300)
# Mouzon (08311)
# La Neuville-à-Maire (08317)
# Noyers-Pont-Maugis (08331)
# Osnes (08336)
# Pouru-Saint-Remy (08343)
# Pouru-aux-Bois (08342)
# Puilly-et-Charbeaux (08347)
# Pure (08349)
# Raucourt-et-Flaba (08354)
# Remilly-Aillicourt (08357)
# Sachy (08375)
# Sailly (08376)
# Saint-Aignan (08377)
# Saint-Menges (08391)
# Sapogne-sur-Marche (08399)
# Sedan (08409)
# Signy-Montlibert (08421)
# Stonne (08430)
# Thelonne (08445)
# Tremblois-lès-Carignan (08459)
# Tétaigne (08444)
# Vaux-lès-Mouzon (08466)
# Villers-devant-Mouzon (08477)
# Villers-sur-Bar (08481)
# Villy (08485)
# Vrigne-aux-Bois (08491)
# Wadelincourt (08494)
# Williers (08501)
# Yoncq (08502)

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Ardennes department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Antero de Quental

**Antero de Quental** (1842-1891) - Portuguese thinker and poet, leader of generation of seventies.

## Biography 
Antero Tarquínio de Quental was born on 18 April 1842 in Ponta Delgada in the islands of Azores. He was a son of Fernando de Quental, a former soldier, and his wife Ana Guilhermina da Maia. He studied at the University of Coimbra and soon became a leader of his fellow students. He protested against the shape of Portuguese poetry of the time. He shot himself on 11 september 1891 in his native town.

## Works 
During his stay at the university he wrote *Raios de Extincta Luz* (*Rays of Vanishing Light*) and *Primaveras Românticas* (*Romantic Springtimes*).  Antero de Quental's most famous work however is *Odes Modernas*, published in 1865. He wrote in the first place sonnets. They were translated into English in 1922 by Sylvanus Griswold Morley as *Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental*. He wrote essays, too, for example *Bom Senso e Bom Gosto* (*Good Sense and Good Taste*).

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental. translated by S. Griswold Morley, University of California Press, Berkeley 1922.

## Other websites 
* A selection of Antero de Quental's poems at Projecto Vercial. 
* Os sonetos completos de Antero de Quental at Wikisource.