open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Long Walk to Freedom

***Long Walk to Freedom*** is an autobiography written by President of South Africa Nelson Mandela. It was published in 1995.

## Plot
The book is about his early life, his education and serving 27 years in prison. Under the apartheid government, Mandela was thought as a terrorist and jailed on the infamous Robben Island for his role as a leader of the then-outlawed ANC. He also say that democracy meant all men to be heard and far from majority rule, a minority was not crushed by a majority.

He has since gained international recognition for his leadership as president in rebuilding the country's once segregated society. The last chapters of the book describe his political ascension, and his belief that the struggle continues against apartheid in South Africa.

A movie based on this book was released in 2013 called *Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom*. Idris Elba played Mandela.

## More reading
* Anthony Sampson Mandela: The Authorised Biography; HarperCollins; ISBN 0-00-638845-0(1999)
* Nelson Mandela; Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)

## References
## Other websites
*Excerpts from Long Walk To Freedom
*Quotes from Long Walk To Freedom
*poly-lingual audio excerpts from Long Walk To Freedom (abridged edition)
Andrés Pastrana Arango

**Andrés Pastrana Arango** (born 17 August 1954) was the 30th President of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, following in the footsteps of his father, Misael Pastrana Borrero, who was president from 1970 to 1974.

In 1982, he began his political career, gaining a seat on the local Bogotá council. He also specialized in press articles on the production and trafficking of cocaine, for which he gained many journalistic awards. In 1991 he was elected Senator.

Arango was born on 17 August 1954 in Bogotá, Colombia. He studied at Our Lady of the Rosary University and at Harvard University. Arango married Nohra Puyana Bickenbach in 1981. They have three children.

His father, Misael Pastrana Borrero (1923 &ndash; 1997), was the 23rd President of Colombia serving from 1970 through 1974. His mother was consort María Cristina Arango Vega (1928 &ndash; 2017).

## References
## Other websites
*Biography by CIDOB  
*El Colombiano - President Pastrana's job performance  
*El Tiempo - President Uribe and ambassador Pastrana meet 
*El Tiempo - Ex president Pastrana accuses Constitutional Court
Jiangsu

**Jiangsu** is a province on the east coast of mainland China. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. The capital of the province is Nanjing. Nanjing is the old capital of China. In 2021, about 85,054,000 people live in Jiangsu.

## Other websites
Hell in a Cell (2013)

**Hell in a Cell (2013)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on October 27, 2013 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. It was the fifth Hell in a Cell event held by WWE.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official Hell in a Cell 2013 website
WWE Battleground

**WWE Battleground**, known as **NXT Battleground** since 2023, is a series of professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming shows made by WWE. The first event took place on October 6, 2013 at the First Niagara Center in Buffalo, New York. It replaced Over the Limit as the October pay-per-view and was held in July for the next years. Until 2017, it was a main roster event, with the 2017 event being exclusive to the SmackDown brand. The name is used again since 2023 for the May/June livestreaming event of the developmental brand NXT.

## Dates and venues 
## References
## Other websites
*Official Battleground website
Logorrhea

**Logorrhea** is a speech disorder. It is a psychological disorder where a person speaks continuously in . It is a sign of an underlying mental illness, which needs psychiatric attention.

## Overview
Logorrhea happens in many different psychiatric and neurological conditions. Some of these are glossolalia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. The word sometimes refers to someone who is talkative. This is meant as a funny joke.

## Popular culture
The dramatic monologue *Not I* by Samuel Beckett is an example of logorrhea. So is Lucky's speech in the play *Waiting for Godot*. In E.W. Scripps' *National Spelling Bee* (1999), the spelling bee champion Nupur Lala won with the word *logorrhea*. Then, a documentary, *Spellbound,* was made about the spelling bee.

## Related pages
* Word salad
Winnie Mandela (movie)

***Winnie Mandela*** is a 2011 British-American drama-biographical movie. It is based on Anne Marie du Preez Bezrob's biography *Winnie Mandela: A Life*. The movie is directed by Darrell Roodt. It stars Jennifer Hudson, Terrence Howard, Wendy Crewson, and Elias Koteas. Image Entertainment released the movie in theaters on September 6, 2013.

## References
SummerSlam (2013)

**SummerSlam (2013)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 18, 2013 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-sixth yearly SummerSlam event that the WWE held.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2013 website
Idris Elba

**Sir Idrissa Akuna Elba**  (born 6 September 1972) is an English  actor, producer, DJ, rapper and singer.

He is known for his roles in *American Gangster*, *Takers*, *The Losers*, *Thor*, *Prometheus*, *Pacific Rim* and *Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom*. 

He won a Golden Globe Award in 2011 and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2016. He provided his voice as Aslan for Netflix's The Chronicles of Narnia film series.

On 16 March 2020, Elba announced that he had been diagnosed with COVID-19 during the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic.

In August 2024, Elba received approval from the Tanzanian government to establish a film studio in *Zanzibar*. Elba serves as major frontrunner for both the role of James Bond and Aslan.

In December 2025, he was knighted for his charity work and activism for young people.

## Select filmography
* *One Love*
* *Obsessed*
* *Thor*
* *Prometheus*
* *Pacific Rim*
* *Thor: The Dark World*
* *Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom*
* *Zootopia*
* *The Jungle Book*
* *The Dark Tower* 
* *The Mountain Between Us* 
* *Thor: Ragnarok*
* *Fast & Furious: Hobbs & Shaw*
* *The Suicide Squad*
* *Sonic the Hedgehog 2*
* *Beast* 
* *Three Thousand Years of Longing*

## Discography
### Albums
* 2015: *Murdah Loves John (The John Luther Character Album)*

### Extended plays
* 2006: *Big Man*
* 2009: *Kings Among Kings*
* 2010: *High Class Problems Vol. 1*
* 2014: *Idris Elba Presents Mi Mandela*
* 2022: *Cordi Elba* (with Lime Cordiale)

### Remixes
*"Trust in Me"
*"The Bare Necessities"

### Mixtapes
* 2011: *Merry DriisMas Holiday Mixtape*

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Spiritual warfare

**Spiritual warfare** is a Christian belief of fighting against bad supernatural forces (demons). The existence of bad spirits which can affect humans is the main idea for this belief system. Many Christian groups have used ideas of this movement to hold back these bad forces. These ideas mainly come from Christian demonology. A way to fight these forces is by using prayer. Exorcisms (removing demons), laying-on of hands, fasting, or anointing with oil are also used.

## Famous believers in spiritual warfare
*Billy Graham
*Pope John Paul II
*Gabriele Amorth
*D. L. Moody
*Billy Sunday
*John Livingstone Nevius
*Don Basham
*Derek Prince
*C. Peter Wagner
*Merrill Unger

## Criticism
Some well known people, such as Bill Ellis, Elliot Miller (Christian Research Institute),  and Gretchen Passantino have claimed that ideas in spiritual warfare are based on Christian stories that are not from the Bible. These stories are not considered true by Christians who believe that only the Bible is fact.

## More reading
* James K. Beilby and Paul Rhodes Eddy, eds., Understanding Spiritual Warfare: Four Views (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012).
No Mercy (2008)

**No Mercy (2008)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on October 5, 2008 at the Rose Garden in Portland, Oregon. It was the eleventh No Mercy event held by WWE and the last event of this name until 2016. Hell in a Cell took over the October PPV slot in 2009.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official No Mercy 2008 website
No Mercy (2006)

**No Mercy (2006)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for their SmackDown! brand. It took place on October 8, 2006 at the RBC Center in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the ninth No Mercy event held by WWE.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official No Mercy 2006 website
Schistosoma mansoni

***Schistosoma mansoni*** is a parasite found in the intestines of humans. It is a trematode that is one of the major agents of the disease intestinal schistosomiasis. 

It is in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname.

## References
Pristichampsus

***Pristichampsus*** (also known as the **saw crocodile**) is an extinct crocodylian that grew to 3 metres in length. There are many different species: *P. rollinatii*, the type species from France, *P. vorax* from Wyoming and Texas, and *P. geiseltalensis* from Germany.
Kathleen Hanna

**Kathleen Hanna** (born November 12, 1968) is an American musician and feminist activist. Her music is mostly punk rock and indie rock. She was the singer of Bikini Kill from 1990-1997. In 1998 she released a solo album called *Julie Ruin*. In the same year she formed Le Tigre with her friend Johanna Fateman. In 2010 she formed a band called The Julie Ruin. They released their first album *Run Fast* in September 2013.  The band went on tour after the release to support the album.

Hanna had Lyme disease for several years. She is married to Adam Horovitz, musician in the Beastie Boys. Some people, including Hanna herself, refer to her as radical feminist, she is an icon for women all across the globe. Hanna was born in Portland, Oregon, and later raised in Maryland. She lives in New York.

## References
Belly (movie)

***Belly*** is a 1998 crime melodrama. It is about African American men and women who are caught up in violent drug-filled problems around New York City and Omaha. They begin off as friends who have elegant times and rob from others to make a living. Their friendship, however, goes downhill when their friends are raided by police and federal agents in Omaha and in New York. One friend is killed in the raid, and another gets arrested, after which he calls the girlfriend of his close associate while her telephone is wiretapped. That causes the close associate to turn against him. This movie has two different versions: one is longer than another. It was released November 1998. The reviews of the movie were not that positive. The movie was not a good performer at the box office.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Lenzie Academy

**Lenzie Academy** (Scottish Gaelic: *Acadamaidh Lenzie*) is a secondary school in the town of Lenzie in the East Dunbartonshire council area of Scotland. Pupils from Lenzie, the village of Auchinloch and southern parts of Kirkintilloch go to the school. 
The school has had a number of pupils grow up to be famous in different fields.

## Famous former pupils
* Moira Anderson (1938 - ), Singer
* Jane Duncan (1910–1976), Author (known at school by her birth name of Elizabeth Cameron )
* Andy Dunlop (1972 - ), Travis guitarist
* Andrew Henderson (1980 - ), rugby union player.
*Tom Johnston (1882–1965), Secretary of State for Scotland during World War Two.
* Jimmy Mack (1934–2004), broadcaster
* Gus MacPherson (1968 - ), footballer.
* Ian McCartney (born 1951 - ), former MP, part of Tony Blair's cabinet He left school at 15 with no qualifications.
* Rhona McLeod, news reader.
***Melissa Reid**, smuggler.
* Michael Shea (1938–2009), Press Secretary to Elizabeth II (1978–1987)

## References
## Other websites
*Lenzie Academy Website
Catopuma

***Catopuma*** is a genus containing two small Asian felines, the **bay cat** (*C. badia*) and the **Asian golden cat** (*C. temminckii*). The bay cat is sometimes classified as *Pardofelis bardia*, and the marbled cat is also in that genus. Because the genetic evidence is that all three cats are closely related, they will probably all be put in *Catopuma* eventually.

The bay cat and the Asian golden cat are typically reddish brown in colour, with darker markings on the head. They live in forests in South East Asia. The bay cat is only found on the island of Borneo.
No Mercy (2001)

**No Mercy (2001)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on  October 21, 2001 at the Savvis Center in St. Louis, Missouri. It was the fourth No Mercy event held by the WWF.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official No Mercy 2001 website
No Mercy (2000)

**No Mercy (2000)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on October 22, 2000 at the Pepsi Arena in Albany, New York. It was the third No Mercy event held by the WWF.

## Matches
;Gauntlet match

## References
## Other websites
*Official No Mercy 2000 website
José María Morelos

**José María Morelos y Pavón** (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader. He led the Mexican War of Independence movement. He led the movement after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811. He was later captured by the Spanish colonial authorities. He was executed for treason in 1815, in San Cristóbal Ecatepec.

Morelos was born in the city of Valladolid, which is now Morelia, Michoacán.
No Mercy (UK)

**No Mercy** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on May 16, 1999 at the Manchester Evening News Arena in Manchester, England. It was the first No Mercy event held by the WWF.

## Matches
## References
Sooner or Later

"**Sooner or Later**" is a jazz ballad sung by Madonna. It is from the soundtrack of the movie *Dick Tracy*. The song was released in 1990. It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 1991 Academy Awards. Several other musicians have covered this song.
Unforgiven (2007)

**Unforgiven (2007)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on September 16, 2007 at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee. It was the tenth Unforgiven event held by WWE.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official Unforgiven 2007 website
WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs

***WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs*** was a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming show made by WWE from 2009 to 2022. The matches during these usually center around Tables, Ladders & Chairs (TLC) matches and similar match types, like ladder matches. *TLC* replaced Armageddon in WWE's December slot of their pay-per-view calendar, making it the last pay-per-view event of every calendar year.

In 2021, WWE removed *TLC* from their PPV schedule in favor of Day 1, and did not bring *TLC* back the following years, making the 2020 event the last TLC event.

## Events 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of *TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs*
WWE Bragging Rights

**WWE Bragging Rights** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2009 and 2010. It replaced Cyber Sunday in the late October slot of WWE's pay-per-view calendar. 

The event featured matches for "bragging rights" between wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands with a Bragging Rights trophy being the prize. SmackDown won the trophy both times the event was held.

Bragging Rights was replaced by Vengeance in 2011. A similar concept of brand competition was used at Survivor Series between 2016 and 2021.

## Dates and venues 
## See also 
* List of WWE pay-per-view events

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Pain & Gain

***Pain & Gain*** is a melodramatic 2013 criminal-comedy movie. It is about events which take place between late 1994 until mid 1995. These events involve several gangsters called The Sun Gym Gang. They kidnap several people, kill others, use steroids, rob armored vehicles and do certain drugs. The events within the movie, however, are fictionalized or made up versions for events that actually happened. The events did happen, although the real-life events are far different from those in *Pain & Gain*. The movie got mixed reviews, only half of which were good or positive. It performed well, though, in the overall box office. It was released April 26, 2013. Mark Wahlberg and Dwayne Johnson are in this movie.
Unforgiven (2006)

**Unforgiven (2006)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for their Raw brand. It took place on September 17, 2006 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the ninth Unforgiven event held by WWE and the first to be held outside the United States.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official Unforgiven 2006 website
Puffinus

***Puffinus*** is a genus of seabirds in the order Procellariiformes. It is made up of about 20 small to medium-sized shearwaters. Two other shearwater genera are named: *Calonectris*, which comprises three large shearwaters, and *Procellaria* with another four large species. The latter are usually called 'petrels', although they are thought to be more closely related to the shearwaters than to the other petrels. Even though their name looks like *puffin*, the puffins are auks, and not related to the shearwaters in the genus *Puffinus*; the genus name *Puffinus* is actually a New Latin loanword based on the English "puffin".

## Taxonomy 
'*Genus *Puffinus***
 fledgling]]
* **(Sub)Genus *Puffinus'''* ("Puffinus" group) – smaller species, closely related to *Calonectris*
** Christmas Shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis *
** Galápagos Shearwater, *Puffinus subalaris*
** Fluttering Shearwater, *Puffinus gavia ''
** Hutton's Shearwater, *Puffinus huttoni *
** Scarlett's Shearwater, *Puffinus spelaeus* (prehistoric)
** Yelkouan Shearwater, *Puffinus yelkouan  *
** Balearic Shearwater, *Puffinus mauretanicus *
** Menorcan Shearwater, *Puffinus* sp. (prehistoric) – possibly extirpated population of extant species; tentatively placed in this group
** Dune Shearwater or Hole's Shearwater, *Puffinus holeae* (prehistoric)
** Lava Shearwater or Olson's Shearwater, *Puffinus olsoni* (prehistoric) –  tentatively placed in this group
** Little Shearwater, *Puffinus assimilis *
** Bryan's Shearwater, *Puffinus bryani*
** Heinroth's Shearwater, *Puffinus heinrothi *
** Audubon's Shearwater, *Puffinus lherminieri *
*** Persian Shearwater, *Puffinus (lherminieri) persicus*
*** Tropical Shearwater or Baillon's Shearwater, *Puffinus (lherminieri) bailloni*
*** Bannerman's Shearwater, *Puffinus (lherminieri) bannermani*
** Barolo Shearwater, *Puffinus baroli*
** Boyd's Shearwater, *Puffinus boydi*
** Manx Shearwater, *Puffinus puffinus *
** Black-vented Shearwater, *Puffinus opisthomelas *
** Townsend's Shearwater, *Puffinus auricularis *
** Newell's Shearwater, *Puffinus  newelli*
*** Rapa Shearwater, *Puffinus (newelli) myrtae*
** Bermuda Shearwater, *Puffinus parvus* (extinct) –  tentatively placed in this group
* '*(Sub)Genus *Ardenna'''* ("Neonectris" group) – larger species, a distinct lineage
** Pink-footed shearwater, *Puffinus creatopus*
** Flesh-footed Shearwater, *Puffinus carneipes*
** Great Shearwater, *Puffinus gravis *
** Sooty Shearwater or "muttonbird" (New Zealand), *Puffinus griseus *
** Short-tailed Shearwater or "muttonbird" (Southern Australia), *Puffinus tenuirostris *
** Wedge-tailed Shearwater or "muttonbird" (Northern and western Australia), *Puffinus pacificus ''
** Buller's Shearwater, *Puffinus bulleri *
Tommy Flowers

]]

**Thomas Harold Flowers,** BSc, DSc, OBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was a British engineer. During World War II, Flowers designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to help solve encrypted German messages.

The first Mark 1, with 1500 vacuum tube valves, ran at Dollis Hill in November 1943, and then at Bletchley Park in January 1944.

A Mark 2 redesign with 2,400 valves had begun before the first computer was finished. The first Mark 2 Colossus went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944, and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landing.

## Results 
Flowers had a crucial meeting with Dwight D. Eisenhower and his staff on June 5. A courier handed Eisenhower a note summarizing a Colossus decrypt. This confirmed that Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy, as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy invasion were a diversionary feint. Eisenhower announced to his staff, "We go tomorrow".

Earlier, a report from Field Marshall Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and showed that one of the drop sites for a  US parachute division was the base of a German tank division. The site was changed.

Years later, Flowers described the design and construction of these computers.

## References
Unforgiven (2005)

**Unforgiven (2005)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for their Raw brand. It took place on September 18, 2005 at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was the eighth Unforgiven event held by WWE.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official Unforgiven 2005 website
Penda of Mercia

**Penda** ( 606 - 15 November 655) was a 7th century King of Mercia. He was a noble of the royal house of Mercia and a pagan his entire life. Penda was the central figure in English history from 632 until his death. Penda treated every Northumbrian king as his enemy, especially if that king had any influence in southern England.

## Early career 
Penda was a son of Pybba of Mercia. At his father's death in  Penda was still an infant. Ceorl ruled Mercia following Penda's father. There are indications Penda was an underking in Mercia probably in charge of Western Mercia. This would have included the territory of the Hwicce. Later Penda had close ties to the Hwicce when he was king of Mercia. As king of Mercia Penda's first victory came in 628. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 628 says that Cyngils, king of Wessex, and Cwichelm his son 'fought with Penda at Cirencester and came to an agreement with him there'. The 'agreement' seems to have been to give Cirencester to Penda. It's likely Penda also got the territory of the Hwicce at this time. He formed an alliance with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd. Cadwallon was known to have been very hostile towards the Northumbrians. In 633 Penda joined him in invading Northumbria. At Battle of Hatfield Chase their combined armies defeated and killed King Edwin of Northumbria. Cadwallon remained in Northumbria for a year destroying everything he could. Penda left and returned to Mercia. The armies of Oswald and Penda met in 641 at Maserfelth (later called Oswestry in Shropshire). What events led to the battle is not recorded. Penda defeated and killed Oswald. Nothing indicates that Penda claimed to be overlord however. Cenwalh married a sister of Penda of Mercia. Penda drove Cenwalh into exile in East Anglia. In 650, possibly to teach him a lesson for sheltering Cenwalh, Penda drove King Anna of East Anglia out of his kingdom. Penda killed Anna in battle in . Called the battle of the Winwaed he marched against Oswiu with 'thirty legions'.
* Wulfhere, who became King of Mercia.
* Saint Eadburh of Adderbury.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* The Kings of Mercia
Extra Playful

***Extra Playful*** is the third EP by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 2011. It was his first album on Double Six Records label.

## Track listing 
All songs written and composed by John Cale.

## Personnel 
* John Cale − vocals, keyboards, synthesizer, guitar, electric viola, bass guitar
* Dustin Boyer − guitars, synthesizer, background vocals
* Michael Jerome Moore − drums, percusions, background vocals
* Erik Sanko − bass guitar, background vocals
* Deantoni Parks − drums on "Whaddya Mean by That?" and "Bluetooth Swings"
* Chris Bautista − trumpet on "The Hanging"
* Noelle Scaggs − background vocals on "Hey Ray"
* Destani Wolf − background vocals on "Hey Ray"
Jersey Girl (2004 movie)

***Jersey Girl*** is a 2004 American drama-comedy movie. It was written and directed by Kevin Smith. It was produced by Scott Mosier. It stars Ben Affleck, Liv Tyler, Raquel Castro, George Carlin, Jason Biggs, Jennifer Lopez, Stephen Root, and Will Smith. Jason Lee, Matt Damon, and Betty Aberlin had cameo appearances.  

It was released on March 26, 2004 to negative reviews. Critic Roger Ebert thought the movie was good, however, because he gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars. 

For full details see Jersey Girl (2004 film).
Birmingham Central Library

**Birmingham Central Library** was the main public library in Birmingham, England. It closed on 29 June 2013 and was replaced with the Library of Birmingham.

It was once the largest non-national library in Europe. 

## References
## Other websites
Pybba of Mercia

**Pybba** (died ) (also **Pibba** or **Wibba**) was an early Anglian King of Mercia. He is the common ancestor of the Mercian kings in the four Mercian genealogies. As such he's considered by many historians to be the first known king of Mercia. He was the father of kings Penda and Eowa.

## King of Mercia 
Pybba was the son of Creoda. The probable dates of his reign are from –. Henry of Huntingdon placed him in this same time period: "When Ceolric [ Ceol ] reigned over Wessex [591–597], Aethelfrith over Northumbria [593–616], and Pybba over Mercia, King Aethelberht of Kent and the Kentish people were converted to the faith [–]..." By this he is dated from the last decade of the 6th century into the first decade of the 7th century. The Mercian kings down to Ceolwulf all claimed to be descendants of Pybba. He also had a daughter who married (as his first wife) Cenwalh of Wessex Pybba either died or was deposed in .

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites 
* The Kings of Mercia
Gong Li

**Gong Li** is a Chinese actress. She helped bring Chinese cinema to Europe and the United States.

She has several awards.  She received both the Golden Rooster and the Hundred Flowers Awards two times.  She also has the Berlinale Camera, Cannes Festival Trophy, National Board of Review, New York Film Critics Circle Award, and Volpi Cup.

Gong Li became a Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on 16 October 2000.

## References
P. G. T. Beauregard

**Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard** (May 28, 1818 &ndash; February 20, 1893) was an American military officer, politician, inventor, writer, civil servant. He was the first prominent general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Today, he is known as **P. G. T. Beauregard**, but he rarely used his first name as an adult.

## Early life
Beauregard was born on May 28, 1818 in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. He was raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. Beauregard studied at the United States Military Academy.

## Career
After the South seceded, he resigned from the US Army and became the first Confederate brigadier general. He commanded the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, at the start of the Civil War at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Three months later he won the First Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia.

## Personal life
Beauregard was married to Marie Antoinette Laure Villeré from 1841 until her death in 1850 after giving birth to their third child. They had three children, René, Henri, and Laure. Then he was married to Caroline Deslonde from 1860 until her death in 1894. They had no children.

## Later life
Following his military career, Beauregard returned to Louisiana, where he served as a railroad executive. He became wealthy because of his role in creating the Louisiana Lottery.

## Death
Beauregard died on February 20, 1893 in his sleep from heart disease in his New Orleans, Louisiana home. He was 74 years old. He was buried at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans, Louisiana.

## Further reading
* Conrad, Glenn R. "Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In *A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography*, vol. 1, edited by Glenn R. Conrad. New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Association, 1988. .
* Robertson, William Glenn. *Backdoor to Richmond: The Bermuda Hundred Campaign, April&ndash;June 1864*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987. .
* Roman, Alfred. *The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War between the States, 1861 to 1865: Including a Brief Personal Sketch and a Narrative of his Services in the War with Mexico, 1846-8*. New York, Da Capo Press, 1994. . First published 1884 by Harper & Brothers.
* Winters, John D. *The Civil War in Louisiana*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. .

## References
## Other websites
*P. G. T. Beauregard biography and timeline 
*Several Letters of P. G. T. Beauregard 
*The Citadel Archives, Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 1818-1893
New Apostolic Church

The **New Apostolic Church** (NAC) is a Christian denomination. It divided from the Catholic Apostolic Church by the 1863 Schism of Hamburg. The church has congregations in all around the world and about 10 million members worldwide. The international head quarter of the New Apostolic Church is located in Zurich (Switzerland).

Charity and the Second Coming of Christ are the main ideas of the New Apostolic Church. Most of its ideas are related to mainstream Christianity. It also has a liturgy similar to Protestantism and it is organized like the Roman Catholic Church.

The church calls itself the Early Church. Its spiritual leaders call themselves Apostles.

## Other websites 
* International website
* New Apostolic Church USA
* New Apostolic Church Canada
* New Apostolic Church Cape  (South Africa)
Ken Hechler

**Kenneth William "Ken" Hechler** (September 20, 1914 &ndash; December 10, 2016) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented West Virginia in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1959 to 1977. Hechler was the West Virginia Secretary of State from 1985 to 2001. He was currently the oldest living person to have served in the United States Congress.

## Early life
Hechler was born in Roslyn, New York on September 20, 1914. He studied at Swarthmore College and later attended Columbia University.

## Career
Hechler faced a close race for the first (and as it turned out, only) time in 1972. Following the 1970 Census, West Virginia's population was low. The state legislature merged Hechler's district with most of the old 5th District, comprising several coal-mining counties around Bluefield and Beckley.

The 5th had been represented by Democrat James Kee of Bluefield since 1965, and members of his family had held the district continuously since 1933. On paper, the new district favored Kee, who retained 65 percent of his former territory. However, Hechler routed him in the Democratic primary by almost 26 points and easily won reelection in November. He was reelected in 1974 after being unopposed in the primary and general election.

## Later career
In 1976, he entered a multi-candidate primary for governor, but lost that statewide race by a large margin. In 1984 he ran for West Virginia Secretary of State and won. He was re-elected in 1988, 1992, and 1996. n 1990, he again ran, in the middle of his Secretarial term, for his old Congressional seat, but was defeated by Rahall in the primary. In 2004 he ran yet again for his old post as Secretary of State. This time, he won the Democratic primary by a plurality, but lost the general election to Republican Betty Ireland.

## Personal life
Since 2004, Hechler has campaigned against mountaintop removal mining. On June 23, 2009, Hechler, then aged 94, participated in a protest near mountaintop removal mining sites in the West Virginia coalfields in the Coal River Valley along with others. He was one of 29 protesters arrested for trespass.

Hechler died under hospice care in Romney, West Virginia on December 10, 2016 from a stroke, aged 102.

## References
## Other websites
*Ken Hechler  *official site*
*Ken Hechler for West Virginia  *official campaign site*
*Oral History Interview with Ken Hechler , Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, November 29, 1985 by Niel M. Johnson
* Ken Hechler 99th birthday
Unforgiven (2003)

**Unforgiven (2003)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for their Raw brand. It took place on September 21, 2003 at the Giant Center in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It was the sixth Unforgiven event held by WWE.  

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official Unforgiven 2003 website
Lollardy

**Lollard** or **Lollardy** was a religious movement that started in the Middle Ages. It began in the middle of the 14th century during the English Reformation. "Lollard" is a word used to refer to those who believed in John Wycliffe's ideas.,  He was a well-known theologian who was expelled from the University of Oxford in 1381 because he criticized the Catholic Church. He mainly did this using his teaching about the Eucharist. The Lollards wanted to reform Western Christianity.

## References
Wycombe Abbey

**Wycombe Abbey** is a private secondary boarding school for girls in High Wycombe, England. It has one of the best girls' boarding school exam results in the United Kingdom.

37% of students go on to Oxford or Cambridge universities. It was started in 1896 by Dame Frances Gove. The headmistress is Rhiannon Wilkinson. It costs £11,100 per term for boarders. All girls year 79 have to learn Latin. It is a Church of England school with its own chapel.

## References
Holiness movement

The **holiness movement** is about certain of beliefs and practices that came from Methodism in the 19th-century. It also refers to some groups of evangelical Christianity  who believe that these ideas are central doctrine. The movement is distinguished by its focus on John Wesley's teaching of "Christian perfection" . It says that it is possible to live free of sin, and specifically by the belief that this can be done instantly by preforming a second work of grace.

## Other websites
*How They Entered Canaan: A collection of holiness experience accounts  by B. G. Paddock
*Holiness history from the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
*A Look At Holiness And Perfectionism Theology  by Armin J. Panning
John Chrysostom

**John Chrysostom** ( 347–407) was an Archbishop of Constantinople and an important Early Church Father. He is known for his powerful and persuasive words in preaching and public speaking. After his death in 407 C.E., he was given the Greek title "chrysostomos", meaning "golden mouthed" in English.

The Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches see him as a saint. He is also recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church as a saint. Western Churches, including the Roman Catholic Church, some Anglican Churches, and parts of the Lutheran Church, celebrate him by making 13 September a holiday. They also celebrate an Eastern feast day of 27 January. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria also recognizes John Chrysostom as a saint.

John is known mainly as a preacher in Christianity, as well as a theologian and liturgist.

## Other websites
*On St. John Chrysostom's Antioch Years  by Pope Benedict XVI
David di Donatello

The **David di Donatello Award** is a film award.  It is presented each year by L'accademia del Cinema Italiano (ACI). There are 24 categories as of 2006.

## Trophy
The trophy is a gold David statuette like Donatello's famous sculpture.  It is on a square malachite base. A gold plaque shows the award category, year and winner.

The 1956 *David* awarded to Gina Lollobrigida for *Beautiful but Dangerous* was auctioned at Sothebys in 2013.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website  
* David di Donatello Awards  at Internet Movie Database
God's will

'''God's will''' is an idea in Abrahamic religions on what God wants to happen. Christians, Jews and Muslims believe that they should do God's will. In the Bible, God's will is for all people ton turn to him (repent) from their sins and live with him forever in Heaven. Christians believe that to do so, they must accept Jesus, God's son, into their lives. Different Christians have different interpretations of what God's will is.

## Related pages
* Destiny
* Salvation
* God in Christianity

## References
## Other websites
*BibleGateway.com
FAO Goodwill Ambassador

The **FAO Goodwill Ambassadors Programme** started in 1999. The Food and Agriculture Organization is a part of the  United Nations.  The Ambassadors increase public awareness about hunger in the world. 

## Current Ambassadors
Current FAO Goodwill Ambassadors, and the year they were appointed:

*Dee Dee Bridgewater (singer, Actress), 1999
*Rita Levi Montalcini (neurologist), 1999
*Gina Lollobrigida (actress, photojournalist), 1999
*Miriam Makeba (singer), 1999 (deceased in November 2008)
*Gong Li (actress), 2000
*Youssou N'Dour (singer, percussionist), 2000
*Magida al Roumi, 2001
*Al Bano Carrisi (singer), 2001
*Gilberto Gil (musician), 2001
*Mory Kanté (vocalist), 2001
*Roberto Baggio (footballer), 2002
*Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie (women's athletics), 2002
*Massimo Ranieri (singer), 2002
*Dionne Warwick (singer, actress), 2002
*Associazione Nazionale Cantanti, 2002
*Maná (pop/rock band), 2003
*Khaled (Singer-songwriter), 2003
*Noa (Singer), 2003
*Justine Pasek (model), 2003
*Oumou Sangaré (Singer), 2003
*Raúl (footballer), 2004
*Carla Fracci (dancer, actress), 2004
*Ronan Keating (Singer), 2005
*Beatrice Faumuina, 2005
*First Lady of Paraguay, 2005
*Chucho Valdés (pianist, composer), 2006
*Anggun (Singer and songwriter), 2009
*Margarita Cedeño de Fernández (First Lady of the Dominican Republic), 2009
*Pierre Cardin (fashion stylist), 2009
*Carl Lewis, (Olympic gold medalist), 2009
*Fanny Lú, (singer) 2009
*Patrick Vieira (footballer), 2010
*Raoul Bova, (actor), 2010
*Céline Dion, (singer), 2010
*Lea Salonga, (singer), 2010
*Susan Sarandon, (actress), 2010
*Her Highness Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak al Ketbi, (Mother of the Nation, United Arab Emirates), 2010
*Jeremy Irons, (actor), 2011

## Other websites
*FAO Goodwill Ambassadors
Lawrenceville School

**Lawrenceville School** is a boarding prep school in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was started in 1810 by Isaac Van Arsdale Brown, as the Maidenhead Academy. Until 1987 it did not let girls be students. Tuition for boarding students coses $53,320 plus a medical fee of $755, a technology fee of $465, and tuition refund insurance costing $453.

## References
Marrella

***Marrella splendens*** is an arthropod known from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia.  It is the most common animal in the Burgess Shale.

## History
*Marrella* was the first fossil collected by Charles Doolittle Walcott from the Burgess Shale, in 1909. Walcott described *Marrella* informally as a "lace crab" and described it more formally as an odd trilobite. In 1971, Whittington did a thorough redescription of the animal. On the basis of its legs, gills, and head appendages, he decided that it was not a trilobite, nor a chelicerate, nor a crustacean.

*Marrella*-like organisms are found in other Cambrian deposits. They are known from sediments as late as the Devonian.

## References
Stowe School

**Stowe School** is a private school in Stowe, Buckinghamshire in England. Fifteen percent of its students come from other countries. Famous people who went there include Richard Branson, Roger Hodgson, and George Monbiot. It is also a boarding school. Boarders pay £10,325 each term. When three or more children from the same family are at Stowe at the same time, the first and second children pay 10% less and the third pays 5% less.

## History
Stowe School opened on 11 May 1923. There were two boarding Houses, Bruce and Temple. In the school's second term Grenville and Chandos Houses were started in the eastern wing of the mansion.

## References
Middlesex University

**Middlesex University** is a university in Greater London, England. It started in 1973/74 as Middlesex Polytechnic. It became a university in 1992. 

Its main campus is in Hendon. This is within the historic county boundary of Middlesex.

The university has overseas campuses in Dubai since 2004, Mauritius since 2009, and Malta since 2013.

## References
Felsted School

**Felsted School** is a boarding school in Felsted, England. It is for girls and boys aged 4 to 18. Ofsted rated it 'outstanding' in June 2011. In 2013, 97% of students got 5 A*-C grades in their GCSE examinations. Famouns Pupils such as Oliver Gladwell, Richard Cromwell, Max Malins, Gus Burton and Sarah Brook attend Felsted School.

## References
Pate's Grammar School

'''Pate's Grammar School''' is a grammar school in Gloucestershire, England. It was started in 1574 by Richard Pate. In 1986 Pate's Grammar School for Girls and Cheltenham Grammar School for Boys were put together. In 2013 The Times called it the fourth best secondary state school in the UK.

## References
Colchester Royal Grammar School

**Colchester Royal Grammar School** (CRGS) is a grammar school in Colchester. It was started by Master John and Joseph Elianore in 1206. Since 2006 it has had the best A-level results in the country every year. 100% of students get 5 A*-C GCSEs including English and Maths.

## References
The Holt School

**The Holt School** is a secondary school for girls in Wokingham, Berkshire, England. It has over 1200 girls from ages 11-18. Boys are admitted to the sixth form. The school was founded in the 1930s. It is a specialized language and science college. It is in the top 200 highest achieving schools in GCSE, AS and A level exam results.

Ofsted judged the school to be 'outstanding' and the sixth form to be 'good'. In 2013 88.3% of students got 5 A*-Cs in their GCSEs.

## References
Vocaloid

**Vocaloid** is a music software that's used to make vocals for music. It was created by Yamaha, a company that sells musical instruments, as well as other products. The user can type in lyrics and a melody and it will synthesize singing. Voicebanks for Vocaloid are made by recording samples of singers.

Vocaloid was developed partially through a research project led by Kenmochi Hideki. The people involved in this project later created the company Voctro Labs. Vocaloid was originally not supposed to be a commercial product, but with the help of Yamaha, became the program we know today.

Vocaloid originally only had an English version available, with two English voicebanks, Leon and Lola, being released for it. This changed later on with the release of Kaito and Meiko, which were both Japanese voicebanks.

Vocaloid is meant both for professional and amateur music makers, since Vocaloid is easy to use, so the only limit is the user's skill. Music groups like Livetune and Supercell have made music using Vocaloid voicebanks.

## Technology 
Vocaloid works by taking samples of singers and separating them into parts. These parts are used to form words. Vocaloid voices can be made to sound more realistic by using vibrato and changing things like how breathy a voice sounds.

## History 
### Vocaloid 
Yamaha started working on Vocaloid in 2000. They announced it at a German music festival. Vocaloid was originally nicknamed "Daisy" as a reference to the song "Daisy Bell", but eventually they got rid of that name and decided to use "Vocaloid" instead.

### Vocaloid 2 
Vocaloid 2 was announced in 2007. The way vocals were synthesized was changed, and so was the way the program looked.

### Vocaloid 3 
Vocaloid 3 was released on October 21st, 2011. A lot of companies that made voicebanks for Vocaloid 2 upgraded their voicebanks to Vocaloid 3 because it sounded better.

### Vocaloid 4 
Vocaloid 4 was released in 2015, and added a feature which let voicebanks made specifically for Vocaloid 4 sound like they were growling.

### Vocaloid 5 
Vocaloid 5 was released in 2018, with an overhauled user interface and substantial engine improvements.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Official website (in English)
* Unofficial wiki
Ofsted

The '''Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills** (**Ofsted''') inspects all state schools in England. It writes reports about how good they are. It is funded by the government. It is organised under the Education (Schools) Act 1992. Michael Wilshaw is the head. It hires Additional Inspectors (AI) who do most of the inspections. It also hires Her Majesty's Inspectors (HMI) who come to 6-7% of inspections.

Ofsted's main office is on Kingsway, in central London.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Seiðr

**Seid** or **Seiðr**  is an Old Norse word for a kind of sorcery which was practised in Norse society. It is connected with Norse religion. No one knows where seid came from. It was practiced less with the spread of Christianity in Scandinavia. The practice was recorded in Norse stories (sagas) found by archeologists. Many scholars say that seid was like shamanism.
 
Both male and female Scandinavians practiced this form of magic. By doing so, they were often persecuted by society because they brought a taboo on themselves.

In pre-Christian Norse mythology, seid was associated with the god Odin, their god of war, poetry and sorcery. It was also associated with the goddess Freyja, who was their goddess of love and fertility.

Today, followers of modern paganism adopted forms of magic that they called seid. Their practices have since been studied by many researchers in the field of pagan studies.

## More reading
* 
* 
*  Ch. 6.
King Edward VII School

**King Edward VII School** is a secondary school and language college in Sheffield, England started in 1905. It has a sixth form. This means that students can study there until the age of 18. 50% of sixth form students come from other schools in Sheffield.  It is named after King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. In 2013 Ofsted said that the school 'requires improvement'.

## References
Goetia

**Goetia** is a practice which involves  ("calling") angels and demons. The word came from the 17th-century grimoire *The Lesser Key of Solomon*. It describes the calling of seventy-two demons. The book was edited by Aleister Crowley in 1904. It was then called *The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King*.

The word comes from the Greek word  (), meaning "charm".

## More reading
*Aleister Crowley (ed.), Samuel Liddell Mathers (trans.),  *The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King*. York Beach, ME : Samuel Weiser (1995) .
*Stephen Skinner,  & David Rankine, *The Goetia of Dr Rudd: The Angels and Demons of Liber Malorum Spirituum Seu Goetia (Sourceworks of Ceremonial Magic)*. Golden Hoard Press, 2007.