open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nutrient

A **nutrient** is either a chemical element or compound used in an organism's metabolism or physiology.  A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be produced by the organism and must be obtained from a food source.

This article deals with nutrition in animals, especially humans. Nutrition in plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea is not discussed here.

## Substances that provide energy 
*Carbohydrates are compounds made of sugars. Carbohydrates are named by the number of sugar units they have.
::Monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose) have one.
::Disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) have two.
::Oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose) have more.

*Proteins are organic compounds that are amino acids joined by peptide bonds. The body cannot make some of these; so they must come from food. In the body, proteins are broken down through digestion back into free amino acids.
*Fats are a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fats are needed to keep cell membranes functioning properly, to insulate body organs against shock, to keep body temperature stable, and to maintain healthy skin and hair. The body does not manufacture certain fatty acids and the diet must supply these.

These three types of nutrients are often called **macronutrients**.

## Substances that support metabolism 
*Minerals are generally trace elements, salts, or ions such as copper and iron. These minerals are essential to human metabolism.
*Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. They usually act as coenzymes or cofactors for various proteins in the body.
*Water is an essential nutrient and is the solvent in which all the chemical reactions of life take place.

## Essential elements 
The following table gives an idea of what elements are essential for humans:

Periodic table highlighting dietary elements

## Related pages
*Eutrophication

## References
Winchester College

**Winchester College** is a well-known boys' school. It is an example of a British public school. The school is located in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England. Its official name is **Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam** (or **Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton**), or '''St Mary's College near Winchester'''. The school is commonly just called "Winchester". Winchester has existed for over six hundred years. It has the longest unbroken history of any school in England. It is the oldest of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. 37% of students go to Cambridge or Oxford.

## History 
Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to Richard II. The first seventy students entered the school in 1394. It was founded with New College, Oxford. Winchester was built to get students ready to attend New College. This was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge 50 years later and for Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge in Tudor times.

The headmaster is currently Dr Timothy Hands, formerly of Magdalen College School

## Other websites 
* Winchester College website 
* http://www.astoft.co.uk/winchestercollege(http://www.astoft.co.uk/winchestercollege.htm)  Pages on the architecture of the college

## References
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (movie)

***Buffy the Vampire Slayer*** is a 1992 American action/comedy fantasy movie about a cheerleader (Kristy Swanson) chosen by fate to fight and kill vampires. The movie is a light parody. It goes against the clichés of horror movies. The movie led to a darker and much more popular TV series of the same name. The television series starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and was created and produced by screenwriter Joss Whedon. Whedon often said how the television series was more like his vision than the movie. When the movie was first released, it was moderately successful and received mixed reviews from critics.

## Related pages
* Buffy the Vampire Slayer

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Normal distribution

{{Probability distribution||name=Normal|type=density|pdf_image=The green line is the standard normal distribution|cdf_image=Colors match the image above|parameters=\mu location (real)\sigma^2>0 squared scale (real)|support=x \in\mathbb{R}\!|pdf=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}\; \exp\left(-\frac{\left(x-\mu\right)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right) \!|cdf=\frac12 \left(1 + \mathrm{erf}\,\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma\sqrt2}\right) \!|mean=\mu|median=\mu|mode=\mu|variance=\sigma^2|skewness=0|kurtosis=0|entropy=\ln\left(\sigma\sqrt{2\,\pi\,e}\right)\!|mgf=M_X(t)= \exp\left(\mu\,t+\frac{\sigma^2 t^2}{2}\right)|char=\chi_X(t)=\exp\left(\mu\,i\,t-\frac{\sigma^2 t^2}{2}\right)}}

The **normal distribution** is a probability distribution used in probability theory and statistics. It is also called **Gaussian distribution** because it was first discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The normal distribution is very important in many fields because many things take this form. A random variable that takes this form is **normally distributed**, and can be called a **normal deviate**. The normal distribution is often called the *bell curve*, because the graph of its probability density looks like a bell. The **standard normal distribution** (also known as the **Z distribution**) is a normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. 

The form of the distribution is  

f(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi} } e^{-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\right)^2}
 

In a normal distribution, the parameter \mu is the mean ("average"). The standard deviation ("variability") is \sigma. Some examples include:
*Height
*Test scores
*Measurement errors
*Light intensity (as in laser light)
*Insurance companies use normal distributions to model certain average cases.
The central limit theorem can be used to describe real-life data as a normal distribution.

## Origin 
Its origin goes back to the 18th century to De Moivre and in the early 19th century with Gauss.

## Use 
It is the most widely used piece of statistics by far. It was famously used in World War I by the United States Army to decide when men were so poor mentally that they could not be used by the Army in any job. 

## Related pages 
* Frequency distribution
* Least squares
* Student's t-distribution

## References 
## Other websites 
*Cumulative Area Under the Standard Normal Curve Calculator  from Daniel Soper's *Free Statistics Calculators* website. Computes the cumulative area under the normal curve (i.e., the cumulative probability), given a z-score.
*Interactive Standard Normal Distribution
*GNU Scientific Library &ndash; Reference Manual &ndash; The Gaussian Distribution
*Normal Distribution Table
*Download free two-way normal distribution calculator
*Download free normal distribution fitting software
Fran Rubel Kuzui

**Fran Rubel Kuzui** is an American movie director and producer. She is best known as the director of the 1992 *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* movie, which was made into the television series of the same name.

## Other websites 
*
Bi-Lo (Australia)

, 2005]]
**Bi-Lo** was a supermarket with 214 shops all over Australia. It used to have shops in Western Australia called **Newmart**. It changed the names of all its stores to Coles Supermarkets in 2006 and 2007. BI-LO is an Australian discount supermarket chain known for its fresh foods, groceries, and friendly service, all at affordable prices. With over 50 stores nationwide, BI-LO employs approximately 15,000 people across Australia. Within nearly a decade, BI-LO expanded to operate 28 supermarkets in South Australia, contributing significantly to metropolitan Adelaide's supermarket sales.

John Weekes started Bi-Lo towards the end of the 1970s in the city of Adelaide in South Australia with three shops. It was called *Bi-Lo* because it sells food and everyday articles at relatively cheap prices.

Bi-Lo stocked the legendary black&gold products that were so true and humble to an Aussie home. 

## References
Sucrose

**Sucrose** (common name: **table sugar**, also called **saccharose**) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranose.  It is best known for its role in human nutrition and is formed by plants but not by higher organisms.

## Physical and chemical properties
Pure sucrose is most often prepared as a fine, white, odorless crystalline powder with a pleasing, sweet taste.

## References
## Other websites 
*Computational Chemistry Wiki 
*Nomenclature of Carbohydrates
*3d Images of Sucrose
Disaccharide

A **disaccharide** is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose that make up the disaccharide sucrose. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. Due to this, disaccharides cannot hydrolyse, meaning their molecules are unable to be broken down through a reaction with water. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose. 
## Common disaccharides 
Maltose and cellobiose are hydrolysis products of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, respectively.
Some common Disaccharides are:  Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose.
Biological hazard

A **biological hazard**, or **biohazard**, is anything coming from living organisms (i.e. pollen, fungi, animals, insects, bacteria and viruses)  that could be a threat to someone's health. It is represented by ☣, the biohazard symbol, which is used everywhere in the world. When people see this sign they know to take precautions, and to follow proper conduct for science labs.

## Biosafety levels 
There are four biosafety levels made by the Center of Disease Control. These are used in laboratories so only people who have the right skills can enter. Different levels mean scientists must wear different uniforms and take special care when dealing with dangerous things like viruses.

**Biosafety Level 1** The viruses handled in BSL-1 are not very dangerous and usually only cause mild sickness. Diseases in BSL-1 include  chicken pox and some E-Coli strains. People in BSL-1 have to wash their hands with soap, wear gloves, and put waste materials in specially-marked bins.

**Biosafety Level 2** BSL-2 is filled with slightly more hazourdous diseases than BSL-1. They have to take more safety precautions has a result. Hepatitis, influenza, HIV / AIDS, and salmonella are handled here.

**Biosafety Level 3** BSL-3 is for diseases that may kill but are less deadly than those in Level 4, SARS and yellow fever. A lot of them are airborne, and the lab must be in an closed off area in case of an incident.

**Biosafety Level 4** BSL-4 is for very hazardous diseases that kill many people and are hard to treat. BSL-4 workers must be careful and alert at all times and wear suits with special air filters. A lot of hemorrhagic fevers are dealt with in BSL-4, like Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa Virus.

## References
Petri dish

A **petri dish** is a piece of laboratory glassware, a small dish shaped like a cylinder. Scientists use it to grow cells from animals, fungus, and diseases so they can study them. They are usually made of glass or plastic. Glass petri dishes can be used again if they are sterilized. Sometimes people fill them with agar, which helps cells grow. These are called agar plates. Petri dishes also have lids so germs in the air can not get into them, or *contaminate* them, and ruin the experiment.
IGA Australia

**Independent Grocers of Australia** or (**IGA**) for short, is the largest independent supermarket group in Australia. It is part of the Independent Grocers Association which has shops all over the world. Each *IGA* shop is run by the local shopkeeper unlike big companies such as Woolworths and Coles which runs all of their shops across the country. A company supplies all *IGA* shops around the country and controls the use of the *IGA* name but does not own every one of each shop. The independent shopkeepers and their shops claim to be *Local Heroes*. There are over 1000 shops and three sub-brands.

**IGA** in Australia also has the **Black & Gold** brand name product range which first came about in 1980, the first such brand name product range to enter the independent food shops that are now called *IGA*. Now, it also has a premium brand name range also called *IGA* and a healthy range of products called *IGA Way of Life*.

*Metcash Trading Limited* is the company behind *IGA* and supplies the shops. *Davids Holdings*, Metcash's old name, brought the *IGA* name to Australia in 1988 with just 10 shops. Now, it has grown from 10 shops to over 1000 shops in less than 20 years.

The stores also have the Community Chest program, where they donate profits to local charities.

## Related pages
* Ritchies, Australia's largest IGA chain

## Other websites 
* IGA Australia Website
Belote

**Belote** is a French 32 card trick-taking game. This game requires four players divided into two teams. There are many kinds of belote : "belote," "belote coinchée," and "belote avec annonce". All of them come from a Dutch game, played since 1600.

## Rules
### Dealing
The dealer may choose to shuffle the deck. The previous dealer, on the left, must cut the deck. He must deal the all deck in three time  (3+2+3).

### Betting
Once the card are dealt, players start to bet on the number of point. To bet, the player need to tell the trump he wants, and bet at least 10 point higher than the previous player. The first player have to bet at least 80, half of all the point. If a player have King and queen from the trump color, the team get 20 bonus points.
Even though there is only 4 color in the game, there is 6 kind of trump: Clubs ♣ Diamonds ♦ Hearts ♥ Spades ♠ "No trump" "All trumps".
When a player chooses "no trump" or "all trump", he must choose a color. the points of this color will be count as trump, all the other will be count as No trump.

### Basic rules
Every kind of belote share some basic rules:
* The asked color must be played during a trick
* If the color cannot be played, a trump must be played unless a teammate played the stronger card
* When trump is played, a stronger trump must be played
* The order of the cards are (from highest to lowest rank):
** Trump:     J 9 A 10 K Q 8 7
** Non-trump: A 10 K Q J 9 8 7
* the last trick brings 10 more points.

In every belote game points are counted depending on the card and their trump status then:

Trump : J=20, 9=14, A=11 10=10, K=4, Q=3, 8=0, 7=0
Non-trump : A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3, J=2, 9=0, 8=0, 7=0

## Tips
The basic strategy of this game is to count the trump cards. But it is also recommend to count all the other color, the deck is small, only 32 cards.

### Betting strategy
Betting is the only way to communicate with a team mate, that is why even if a hand is weak, betting will help a teammate to bet or play.

### Playing strategy
#### Defending strategy 
A team will have to play a defending strategy if they have less trump than the other team. The only rules with a defensive game is to save every point. One should not expect more than one trick for each colors.

#### Attacking strategy 
The usual strategy for the attacking team is to try make the opponent lose their trumps, so they will not be able to cut the other trick. Once it is done they may start to think about trying to get the ace or 10 card. There is only one way to get an ace: to cut it. That is why whenever a team mate is about to take the current trick, someone should play the colour in which someone has one less card. To get a ten someone may play an ace at the second trick or cut it.

## References
Monosaccharide

**Monosaccharides** are  the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides  have a sweet taste. 

Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties.
Lactose

**Lactose** is a disaccharide that is made up of galactose and glucose molecules. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. Lactose is found in some milk products.

## Digestion of lactose 
Infant mammals are fed on by milk from their mothers. To digest it, an enzyme called lactase cleaves the lactose into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption.

## Other websites 
* Study Detects Recent Instance of Human Evolution (Finding that lactose *tolerance* is a recent change)
Glycogen

**Glycogen** is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells. 

Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs. 

## Related pages
* Metabolism

## Other websites 
* Glycogen detection using Periodic Acid Schiff Staining
Schweinfurt

**Schweinfurt** is a city in Franconia. The population is about 50,000. Larger, nearby cities are Würzburg and Bamberg.

## References
Falco

Ursela Monn (year 1986)]]

**Falco** (February 19, 1957 - February 6, 1998) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was "Der Kommissar", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger.

His song *Rock me Amadeus* has been the one and only [[German language|]] song reaching №1 of the American charts. From year 1985 to year 1988 he produced three albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. "Falco 3" became his most successful record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts (he recorded an album entitlet "falco"). 

In year 1985, Falco also had his 3rd №1 hit "Jeanny" and in 1986 his 4th – "Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)".

Unsuccessful albums like "Data de Groove" (produced by Ponger again) followed. In year 1988 he married Isabella Vitković; one year later, in year 1989, they have separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his lifetime. To stay tuned, Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album.

Falco’s successful album "Out of the dark (into the light)" was released after his death in a road accident.
Pollutant

**Pollutants** are compounds which are  to the environment.

They can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range. They come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves.

Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body  and in severe cases may lead to death.

Some pollutants became dangerous by reaction with other naturally occurring compounds. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released from impurities in fossil fuels when they are burnt. They react with water vapour in the atmosphere to become acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and makes lakes unable to support marine life, which causes fish and water plants to die.

## Related pages
*Pollution
*Poison
*Fertilizer

## Other websites 
*  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
*  Miriam-Webster definition of pollutes
McLaren

**McLaren Racing Limited** is a Formula 1 racing team. McLaren was started by Bruce McLaren in 1963. McLaren's current drivers are Oscar Piastri and Lando Norris.

McLaren also makes road cars at its Woking factory.

 

## Formula One World Championship results 
## References
1367

## Events 
* Pedro of Castile becomes King of Castile (now in Spain) again after defeating his half-brother, Henry II, at the Battle of Nájera (Navarette). Pedro was helped in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.
* Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
* Charles V creates the first royal library in France.
* Otto I becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.
* A stone wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by Lithuania.
* The University of Pécs is founded in Hungary.

## Births 
* January 6 – King Richard II of England (died 1400)
* April 3 – King Henry IV of England (died 1413)
* Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (d. 1446)
* Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (died 1415)

## Deaths 
* January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (born 1320)
* December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (born 1330)
* Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
* Sohier of Enghien, titular Duke of Athens
* Duke Ernst I of Göttingen
20th Century Studios

**20th Century Studios, Inc.** (formerly known from 1915 to 1935 as **Fox Film**, 1933 to 1935 as **20th Century Pictures** 1935 to 1985 and 1985 to 2020 (and informally) as **20th Century Fox** or **Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation** or **Twentieth Century Fox** or **20th Century Fox Film Corporation**) is a large American company that makes movies ("motion picture studio"). It is in the Century City area of Los Angeles, California, United States of America, just west of Beverly Hills.

## Filmography
* List of 20th Century Fox, 20th Century Studios, and 20th Century Fox Studios movies
Marquette, Michigan

**Marquette** is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Close to 20,000 people live there. Marquette is in the Upper Peninsula, on Lake Superior and is an important port on that lake. Much of the iron ore that was taken from mines in the Upper Peninsula was loaded onto ships in Marquette. Marquette is in the United States of America.

## Other websites 
* Marquette city official website
John Taverner

:*John Taverner should not be confused with the 20th-21st century British composer Sir John Tavener.*

**John Taverner** (born about 1490 – died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist.

We cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born.  Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there.  People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk.

He got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because  King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church.  Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this.  In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was “only a musician”.

In 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich.

Taverner composed eight masses.  The most famous one is called the *Western Wynde*. It was a “parody mass”, which meant that it used a popular tune with that title.  Another mass was called *Gloria tibi trinitas*.  This work set a fashion for pieces which were called *In Nomine*s, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words “in nomine domine” (“in the name of the Father”).  “In nomine”s were compositions for instruments which used this tune.

Taverner also wrote magnificats and motets.
Roseanne Barr

**Roseanne Cherrie Barr** (born November 3, 1952) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, writer, and comedian. She has also been known as **Roseanne Arnold** and **Roseanne Thomas**. For several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, she was known simply as **Roseanne**. By 2005, she had resumed referring to herself by her maiden name. She is best known for playing Roseanne Conner on the television series *Roseanne*.

The self-titled series was rebooted in 2018 on ABC with record ratings. A second season of the reboot (what would have been season 11) was eventually ordered. However, ABC cancelled the series after Barr posted a tweet mentioning Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.

## Television work
* ''Rodney Dangerfield: It's Not Easy Bein' Me* (1986)
* *On Location: The Roseanne Barr Show* (1987)
* *Roseanne* (1988–97, 2018)
* *Backfield in Motion* (1991)
* *The Rosey and Buddy Show* (1992) (voice; unsold pilot)
* *The Woman Who Loved Elvis* (1993)
* *General Hospital* (cast member in 1994)
* *The Roseanne Show* (1998-2000)
* *The Brothers Garcia* (2001)
* *The Real Roseanne Show* (2003) (cancelled after 1 episode)
* *Roseanne Barr: Blonde and Bitchin'* (2006)
* *My Name Is Earl* (2006)
* *The Search For The Funniest Mom In America 3* (2007)
* *Roseanne's Nuts*
* *Portlandia*
* *The Office*

## Filmography
* *She-Devil* (1989)
* *Look Who's Talking Too* (1990) (voice)
* *Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare* (1991)
* *Even Cowgirls Get the Blues* (1993)
* *Dancing Outlaw II: Jesco Goes to Hollywood* (1994) (documentary)
* *Unzipped* (1995) (documentary)
* *Blue in the Face* (1995)
* *Meet Wally Sparks* (1997)
* *Get Bruce* (1999) (documentary)
* *Cecil B. Demented* (2000)
* *15 Minutes* (2001)
* *Home on the Range'' (2004) (voice)

## Run for President
On August 4, 2011, on an episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno she announced that she would be running for President in 2012. She ran for Green Party, however, she lost to Jill Stein. Then she ran for Peace and Freedom Party and won the nomination. Barr received 61,971 votes in the general election, placing sixth overall. She is running again in 2016 for the same party.

## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 

## References 
## Other websites 
* RoseanneWorld.com - Roseanne's website and daily blog
* 
* 
* *Independent* interview 
* Chat about Roseanne
Carbon monoxide

**Carbon monoxide**, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.

The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.

## Production 
Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered. Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:

:2C + O2 → 2CO

It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke

: C + H2O → CO + H2

Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.

During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use *wood gas*. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called *generator*, which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel.

## References 
## Other websites 
* International Chemical Safety Card 0023
* National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide 
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page
* External MSDS data sheet 
* Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site 
* Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning
* Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves
* USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999 
* FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083 
* Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site 
* Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning Images from MedPix
Wolfgang Schüssel

**Wolfgang Schüssel** (born June 7, 1945) was the Chancellor of Austria from February 4, 2000 until January 11, 2007. From January 2006 until June 2006 he was the president of the European Union.

## Other websites 
Official page about Dr. Schüssel, at the site of the Austrian parliament (in German)

## References
Escape speed

**Escape speed** is the initial speed that something would need to completely escape the gravity of a large body, like a star or a planet (such as the Earth), by mere inertia.

If a ball is thrown upwards while standing on the ground, the ball will reach a certain height (the faster thrown - the higher) and fall back down. But imagine if the ball is thrown fast enough that it *never* falls back down, and instead travels into space farther and farther away from the Earth. The minimum speed at which this could happen is called the escape speed.

The escape speed at the surface of the Earth is 11.2 kilometers per second (or 6.96 miles per second), assuming there is no drag.

This is, of course, a very high speed compared to how fast a ball can be thrown. Even a bullet shot into the sky will fall back down, because its initial speed of nearly 1 kilometer per second (or 0.621 miles per second) is far from escape speed.

Spacecraft starting from the surface of Earth has a zero initial speed. But, if it has enough fuel, it may be permanently accelerated by its engine until it reaches escape speed. Then it will travel into space even after the engine is shut off.

## References
*
Luxembourgish language

**Luxembourgish** is a West Germanic language. A lot of people in Luxembourg speak the language. It is quite similar to German. Outside Luxembourg, not many people speak it, and inside Luxembourg many people speak other languages, too.

## Other websites
Vaduz

**Vaduz** (German: [faˈdʊt͡s] or [faˈduːt͡s]; Regional dialect: [faˈdot͡s]) is the capital of the country of Liechtenstein. It has a population of about 7,500 people. 

Historically, Vaduz was the capital of the County of Vaduz, a state of the Holy Roman Empire.  

## Landmarks 
* **Vaduz Castle**, the official residence of Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
* **Cathedral of St. Florin**, cathedral of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, which includes the entire country of Liechtensten
* **National Art Gallery**
* **National Museum**
International Baccalaureate

The **International Baccalaureate**, or **IB**, is a well-known advanced school program. It is taught in English, French and Spanish in more than 140 countries.

Students earn an IB Diploma after passing exams and completing the program requirements. They have to take classes in 6 subject areas. This is more than most countries.

The six subject areas are: Language 1 (first language), Language 2 (second language), Math, Science, World Studies, and Electives. History, Literature, Geography, and Economics are all World Studies subjects. Students also have the option of taking a second science class instead of an elective.

Students have to write a 4000-word paper called an Extended Essay, take a philosophy class called Theory of Knowledge, and complete 150 hours of CAS (Creativity, Action, Service).

Students have to do to 3 subjects at Higher Level (HL) and 3 subjects at Standard Level (SL). HL classes are longer and more complex, although SL classes are still somewhat more challenging than regular program classes.

IB is studied in most countries, but some schools study the IB differently.

## Similar articles
*Advanced Placement Program, a competitor to the IB Program

## Other websites
*International Baccalaureate official website
*List of IB World Schools by country
Hapoel Haifa F.C.

**Hapoel Haifa F. C.** is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel, founded in 1924.

## Famous players of the club 
* Dudu Aouate
* Yochanan Vollach 
* Giovanni Rosso
Jean-Pierre Cassel

**Jean-Pierre Cassel** (real name **Jean-Pierre Crochon**, 27 October 1932 – 19 April 2007) was a French actor. He was the father of Vincent Cassel. He became known because of the roles he had in movies in the 1950s and 1960s. He died of cancer.

## Selected filmography
* *La Famille Anodin* (1956)
* ''Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle* (1960)
* *Goodbye Again* (1961)
* *Napoléon II l'Aiglon* (1961)
* *The Elusive Corporal* (1962)
* *High Infidelity* (1964)
* *Is Paris Burning?* (1966)
* *The Killing Game* (1967)
* *Army of Shadows* (1969)
* *The Breach* (1970)
* *Baxter!* (1973)
* *Murder on the Orient Express* (1974)
* *Scrambled Eggs* (1976)
* *The Twist* (1976)
* *Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?* (1978)
* *Mister Frost* (1990)
* *The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish* (1991)
* *La Cérémonie* (1995)
* *Sade* (2000)
* *The Diving Bell and the Butterfly'' (2007)

## References
Swalwell, Alberta

**Swalwell** is a small village in Kneehill County, Alberta, Canada. It is about  from Calgary, the largest city in the Province of Alberta.

Swalwell is at . It has a population of 93 people (as of 2021). The postal code in Swalwell is T0M 1Y0.

## References
Sea cucumber

**Sea cucumbers** are a class of echinoderms, the **Holothuroidea**. They have a longish body, and leathery skin. Sea cucumbers live on the floor of the ocean. Most sea cucumbers are scavengers. There are about 1500 species of sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers have a unique respiratory system, and effective defences against predators. The Chinese people eat them.

Like all echinoderms, sea cucumbers have an endoskeleton just below the skin, calcareous structures that are usually reduced to isolated ossicles  joined by connective tissue. These can sometimes be enlarged to flattened plates, forming an armour. In pelagic species the skeleton is absent.

## Overview 
]]
 ejects sticky filaments from the anus in self-defence.]]
Sea cucumbers communicate with each other by sending hormone signals through the water.

A remarkable feature of these animals is the collagen which forms their body wall. This can be loosened and tightened at will. If the animal wants to squeeze through a small gap, it can undo the collagen connections, and pour into the space. To keep itself safe in these cracks, the sea cucumber hooks up all its collagen fibres to make its body firm again.

The animals have an internal respiratory tree which floats in the internal watery cavity. At the rear, water is pumped in and out of the cloaca, so gaseous exchange takes place with the resiratory tree in the gut.p80

### Defense 
Some species of coral reef sea cucumbers defend themselves by expelling sticky *cuvierian tubules* to entangle potential predators. These tubules are attached to the respiratory tree in the gut. When startled, these cucumbers may expel the tubules through a tear in the wall of the cloaca. In effect, this squirts sticky threads all over a predator. Replacement tubules grow back in one-and-a-half to five weeks, depending on the species. The release of these tubules can also be accompanied by the discharge of a toxic chemical known as holothurin, which has similar properties to soap. This chemical can kill any animal in the vicinity and is one more way in which these sedentary animals can defend themselves. With their sticky tentacles the animal collects detritus and small organisms.

### Breeding 
Sea cucumbers breed through the males releasing sperm which then attracts the females and causes them to release their eggs. When the sperm and eggs mix, it creates a larvae which eventually becomes a sea cucumber.

## References
John Tavener

Sir **John Tavener** (28 January 1944 &ndash; 12 November 2013) was an English composer.
## Life
John Tavener was born in Wembley, Middlesex. He went to Highgate School in North London. Another pupil there at the time was John Rutter. At school he studied piano, organ and composition and wrote music for the school orchestra. He also wrote music for the Presbyterian church where his family went and where his father was organist. In 1962 he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied the piano at first but then changed to composition. One of his early successes was a cantata called *Cain and Abel* which was performed by the London Bach Society. It was the performance of *The Whale* by the London Sinfonietta in 1968 that made him really famous. This work used collage, pre-recorded tape, amplified percussion and a chorus who used loudhailers. This kind of thing was very fashionable in the 1960s.

Another work written in 1968 was *In Alium*. It was performed at the Proms. It was an unusual concert: three works by living composers were played in the first half. The audience were asked to vote for which one they wanted to hear again after the interval. They chose *In Alium*.

The Beatles became interested in Tavener’s music. John Lennon heard The Whale and he decided to issue Tavener’s music on the newly formed Apple label.

Tavener became professor of composition at Trinity College. He continued to compose, although he often had difficulty finishing pieces. He was often worried that he might not be able to think of any new music. In 1977 he became a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. This changed his life. His music was very religious. He married his second wife and had two children. He was also very ill with heart trouble and even died on the operating table in hospital, but he brought back to life by the doctors.

He made a very important friend, Mother Thekla. She was an 80-year-old nun in the Orthodox Church, and she gave John a lot of advice and encouragement in his life.

A short piece for choir, *The Lamb* was written as a birthday present for his 3 year old nephew. It is very often sung by choirs at Christmas as a carol.

In 1989, his work *The Protecting Veil* was performed at the Proms. It was a work for cello and orchestra. The cellist was Steven Isserlis. This piece is one of the best known modern works for cello. He continued to write a lot of music. His *Song for Athene* was performed at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1998. It was heard on television all over the world.

Tavener was knighted in 2000.
## Death
Tavener died on 12 November 2013 at his home in Child Okeford, Dorset from unknown causes, aged 69. Tavener suffered many health issues. He suffered two heart attack and had surgery to remove an intestinal tumor.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sir John Tavener's homepage
Solubility

**Solubility** is the ability of a substance (the solute), to mix into a liquid (the solvent).

It measures the highest amount of substance mixed into a liquid solvent while they are both at equal amounts.  
When the two mix together it is called a saturated solution. Certain substances can mix into any amount of a liquid solvent. An example of this is ethanol in water. This process is better described as "miscible" (the ability to mix with one another). Solubility does not depend on the size, in fact even the large particles will eventually all dissolve.

A solute is a substance that is dissolving in a solvent and is the smaller part of the solution. A solvent is the bigger part of a solution and is the substance that the solute dissolves in.

This may be presented in different ways such as a solubility curve, usually used to tell whether a substance is saturated or unsaturated.

## Other websites 
* ALOGPS  interactive calculation of aqueous solubility of compounds at Virtual Computational Chemistry Laboratory  using several algorithms
* QUANTUM  web based calculation of aqueous and DMSO solubility of compounds QUANTUM web based prediction of aqueous and DMSO solubility of compounds
* ACD/Solubility DB  aqueous solubility prediction

## References
SpVgg Greuther Fürth

The **Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth** is a German football club which plays in the country's top league, the Bundesliga. The club is playing in the Bundesliga for the first time after being promoted from the Second Bundesliga as winners of that league in 2011–12.
Alfred Gusenbauer

**Alfred Gusenbauer** (born February 8, 1960, in St. Pölten, Austria) was the chancellor of Austria from January 2007 to December 2008.  His party won the elections of 2008, and he was succeeded as Chancellor the new party leader, Werner Faymann, on 2 December 2008. He was the leader of the political party SPÖ.

## Other websites 
* Official page (in German) 
* SPÖ Official Homepage
* Homepage of the Austrian Chancellor
Floyd Patterson

**Floyd Patterson** (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956 to 1959 and from 1960 to 1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.

## Career
Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first professional loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.

After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the youngest heavyweight champion of the world. That record holds true to this day. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.

Patterson is also remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed.

## Other websites 
* Boxing Record
Clockwise

A **clockwise** movement is one that moves in a circle ''like the clock's hands'': from the top to the right, then down, then to the left, and back to the top.

The opposite of clockwise is **counterclockwise** or **anticlockwise**. The movement is from the top to the left, then down, then to the right, and finally back up to the top.
Manuel Friedrich

**Manuel Friedrich** (born September 13, 1979 in Bad Kreuznach) is a German footballer with the position of the Defender. He has played for the team 1.FSV Mainz 05 and at the moment he playes for Bayer Leverkusen. Friedrich has played nine matches for the German national football team since 2006. During that time he has scored one .

## Other websites 
* Leverkusen who's who
Bruno Kreisky

**Bruno Kreisky** (January 22, 1911 – July 29, 1990) served as Chancellor of Austria from 1970 to 1983. He is remembered in Austria as one of the people who helped shape the Austrian State Treaty. This treaty is the foundation of modern-day Austria. It was signed in 1955.

Kreisky was of Jewish descent. He was born and died in Vienna.

## References
Viscacha

**Viscachas** or **vizcachas** are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family *Chinchillidae*.

There are two genera and four species of viscacha.
* *Plains viscacha* (*Lagostomus maximus*): Lives in the Pampas of Argentina and Chile . It can be easily differentiated from other viscachas because it has black and gray moustache-like facial markings. This species makes colonies. It lives in warrens of ten to over one hundred. It is very vocal and emits alarm calls. The plains viscacha can strip grassland used to graze livestock; this caused ranchers to consider the rodent a pest species.

* *Northern viscacha* (*Lagidum peruanum*): Native to the Peruvian Andes at those elevations between the timber line and the snow line. It is dorsally gray or brown in color. It has a bushy tail and long, furry ears. This species lives in large colonies. The colonies are separated into individual family units, like an apartment complex. It eats a wide range of plants. It lives in a harsh, rocky environment. Therefore, it is not too picky about the food.

* *Mountain viscacha* (*Lagidum viscacia*): Also called **southern viscacha**, this species is similar to the northern viscacha, but its fur is more red in color. It lives in similar habitat in the Andes.

* ''Wolffsohn's viscacha* (*Lagidum wolffsohni''): Little is known about this species, as it is rarer than the other three viscachas.
Gerbil

**Gerbils** are a family of rodents. There are about 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as wild **rats**. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet.

Species of gerbil include:
* Fat-tailed gerbil, whose tail gets bigger when it eats.
* Great gerbil, the biggest type of gerbil

The Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet. The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866. All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930.

A gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse. It depends on the species. From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel. A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches. There are also bigger gerbils like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail.

## Other websites 
* Gerbil Care Guide
* The National Gerbil Society (U.K.)
* The American Gerbil Society
* TheGerbils.com - Everything about the gerbil!
* Gerbils at Popular Pets 
* Information on Gerbils