open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Acanthostega

***Acanthostega*** (meaning 'spiny roof') was an extinct fishapod. It was one of the first vertebrates to have recognizable limbs. It appeared in the Upper Devonian about 365 million years ago, and was anatomically intermediate between lobe-finned fishes and the first tetrapods fully capable of coming onto land.

## Description
, Germany]]

*Acanthostega* had eight digits on each hand linked by webbing, and six digits on the rear legs. It had no wrists to support the animal's weight on land. *Acanthostega* also had a remarkably fish-like shoulder and forelimb. The front foot of *Acanthostega* could not bend forward at the elbow, and so could not bear the full weight of the body.  It was suitable for paddling or for holding on to aquatic plants. The animal had lungs, but its ribs were too short to give support to its chest cavity out of water. It had gills which were internal and covered like those of fish, not external and naked like those of some modern aquatic amphibians.  

Therefore, paleontologists think it probably lived in shallow, weed-choked swamps, the legs adapted to some other function than walking on land. Also, there is a change in the arrangement of teeth from previous types. At that period, for the first time, deciduous plants were flourishing and annually shedding leaves into the water, attracting small prey into warm oxygen-poor shallows which were difficult for larger fish to swim in. Both *Ichthyostega* and *Acanthostega* may have breathed air by sticking their heads above the water in these shallows.

Clack remarks on how the lower jaw of *Acanthostega* shows a change from the jaws of fish. It differs in having a small number of larger teeth in the outer row and smaller teeth in the inner row. Newer research also indicates that it is possible *Acanthostega* evolved from an ancestor that had more terrestrial adaptations than itself.

## Discovery
Fragments of the skull had been discovered in 1933 by Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh and Erik Jarvik. The famous fossil which showed the significance of this species was discovered by Jenny Clack in East Greenland, 1987.

## Related species
*Acanthostega* is part of widespread evolutionary adaptive radiation in the late Devonian period. It started with purely aquatic finned tetrapodomorphs. Their successors did more air-breathing and had adaptions to the jaws and gills. They had a more muscular neck allowing freer movement of the head than fish have, and used their fins to raise the body of the fish. These features are seen in the earlier *Tiktaalik*, which like the *Ichthyostega* and *Acanthostega* is thought to have been primarily aquatic. 
 vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like *Eusthenopteron* – exhibited a sequence of adaptations:
*Panderichthys*, suited to muddy shallows;
*Tiktaalik* with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as:
  *Acanthostega* which had feet with eight digits,
  *Ichthyostega* with limbs.
Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as coelacanth species.]]

## Related pages 
*Fishapod

## References
Rodney Yano

**Rodney Jamus Takahashi Yano** (December 13, 1943 &ndash; January 1, 1969) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Vietnam War.

## Early life
Yano was born in Hawaii. His grandparents were Japanese immigrant parents.  Yano was a *Sansei*, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier
Yano joined the Army from Honolulu, Hawaii in 1963, When he died in January 1969, he was as a Sergeant First Class in the Air Cavalry Troop, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment.

He was age 25 at his death.  He was buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii.

## Medal of Honor citation
Yano's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969.

The words of Yano's citation explain:
Sfc. Yano distinguished himself while serving with the Air Cavalry Troop. Sfc. Yano was performing the duties of crew chief aboard the troop's command-and-control helicopter during action against enemy forces entrenched in dense jungle. From an exposed position in the face of intense small arms and antiaircraft fire he delivered suppressive fire upon the enemy forces and marked their positions with smoke and white phosphorus grenades, thus enabling his troop commander to direct accurate and effective artillery fire against the hostile emplacements. A grenade, exploding prematurely, covered him with burning phosphorus, and left him severely wounded. Flaming fragments within the helicopter caused supplies and ammunition to detonate. Dense white smoke filled the aircraft, obscuring the pilot's vision and causing him to lose control. Although having the use of only 1 arm and being partially blinded by the initial explosion, Sfc. Yano completely disregarded his welfare and began hurling blazing ammunition from the helicopter. In so doing he inflicted additional wounds upon himself, yet he persisted until the danger was past. Sfc. Yano's indomitable courage and profound concern for his comrades averted loss of life and additional injury to the rest of the crew. By his conspicuous gallantry at the cost of his life, in the highest traditions of the military service, Sfc. Yano has reflected great credit on himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

## Namesake
Yano is the  of the USNS *Yano* (T-AKR-297), a Shughart class cargo ship. She is a 'roll-on roll-off' non-combat United States Navy designated a "Large, Medium-speed, roll-on/roll-off" (LMSR) ship.

Yano Fitness Center at Camp Zama, Japan and Yano Hall Helicopter Maintenance Facility  at Fort Rucker, Alabama are named in his honor.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites
*
Corporal

**Corporal** is a military rank that is used by most militaries. It is also used by some police forces or other uniformed organizations.

In the United States Army a Corporal is usually a fire team leader or second-in-command of a squad of soldiers. In the United States Marine Corps, Corporal is the rank for a team leader of a squad, machine gun team or the equivalent. 

It is equal in grade but senior by job title to specialist in the U.S. Army.

## References
## Other websites
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

The **Naxalite–Maoist insurgency** is an armed conflict in India. It is being fought between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government.

## Related pages
*List of ongoing armed conflicts

## References
Gabriel Abraham Rojas

**Gabriel Abraham Rojas** or **Gabriel Rojas** (born 1985 in Mérida, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan athlete. 

In 2007, he was 68th in Triathlon World Championship. In 2009, he got the bronze medal in the 16th Bolivarian Games in the sprint and team categories. Those games were played in Tarija region, in the south of Bolivia. In 2011 he was Aquatlon Venezuela Champion.

He currently holds the record in the Hebraic Triathlon (2004) with a time of 1:53:04.

## References
First Lieutenant

, Air Force, and Marine Corps insignia of the rank of First Lieutenant.  Style and method of wear may vary between the services.]]
**First lieutenant** is a military rank in many armed forces. They are considered commissioned officers and in some militaries an .

The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations. In the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank. In navies it may relate to a particular post rather than a rank.

## U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force
In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.

## U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
In the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard, first lieutenant is a position title, instead of a rank. It is held by the officer in command of the deck department. On smaller ships, the first lieutenant holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign. On larger vessels, the position is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as aircraft carriers, a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the first lieutenant may be a senior enlisted member, such as a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer.

## References
2045

## Predicted and scheduled events
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1949 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* June 15 - 100th anniversary of the ABC News.
* August 12 &ndash; A solar eclipse will occur from northern California to Florida.
* October 24 &ndash; 100th anniversary of the United Nations

### Date unknown
* Futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts a technological singularity for 2045, i.e. a runaway cycle of self-improvement by intelligent machines, resulting in explosive technological development.
* Based on Ray Kurzweil's ideas, *Time* magazine predicts humans will be immortal by this year.
* Demographic projections "foresee the population of Egypt overtaking that of Russia by 2045," according to Niall Ferguson.
* Two of Japan's largest cities - Tokyo and Osaka - will be connected by a direct high-speed maglev route.
* The United Kingdom is set to overtake Germany as Europe's leading economy.

## In fiction
* In the novel *2045: A Story of Our Future*, Peter Seidel portrays what the world could be like in 2045, if current trends in environmental destruction, population growth, and economic inequality continue.
* Beginning of Corporation War in Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere
* In South Africa white minority rule comes to an end as most of the whites are massacred in an uprising, in John Wyndham's *The Outward Urge*.
* The *American Dad* character Klaus has a body again and a grandson.
* The events portrayed in the movie Critters 4 take place in 2045.
* Time in History where Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars, the 3rd Tiberium War takes place.
* In Macross 7, The main events of the series take place in this year.
* Doomsday in Angels & Airwaves movie L)VE (LOVE)

## References
Zig Ziglar

**Hilary Hinton "Zig" Ziglar** (November 6, 1926 &ndash; November 28, 2012) was an American author, historian, salesman, educator, and motivational speaker. He was a supporter for the Republican Party.

Ziglar was born on November 6, 1926 in Coffee County, Alabama. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, in Plano, Texas, and in Yazoo City, Mississippi. Ziglar studied to part of the United States Navy at the V-12 Navy College Training Program. He studied to write at University of South Carolina.

Ziglar was married to Jean Ziglar from 1946 until his death in 2012. They had four children, one of them died in 1995. He had seven grandchildren. Ziglar died on November 28, 2012 in Plano, Texas from pneumonia, aged 86. He is buried in McKinney, Texas.

## References
## Other websites
*
**Booknotes* interview with Ziglar on *Zig: The Autobiography of Zig Ziglar*, October 6, 2002.
Factor (medicine)

. If a person already has asthma smoking can be a *trigger factor* for an asthma attack.]]

A **risk factor** in medicine is something that causes, or helps to cause, a medical condition. 
For example, smoking or breathing in somebody else's tobacco smoke (called second-hand smoke) is a risk factor for emphysema and lung cancer.

A **trigger factor** causes the symptoms of a medical condition to begin in a person who already has that medical condition. Example: Smoking or breathing in someone else's smoke can be a trigger factor for asthma. The person already had asthma but the smoke caused an asthma attack.

## References
Ordinary seaman (rank)

**Ordinary seaman** is a military rank used in naval forces.

## United Kingdom 
The term Ordinary seaman was used in the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century. The term was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years' experience at sea. They showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. A seaman with less than a year's experience was referred to as a landman. A sailor with more than two years' experience was referred to as an able seaman.

Later, the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman. They are not trained in any special task. They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety. One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work. One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position.

## United States 
Ordinary seaman was the second-lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy. It ranked above landsman and below seaman. Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re-enlistment. An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and knew the name and use of every line in the ship's rigging, could be promoted to seaman. An ordinary seaman's duties aboard ship included "handling and splicing lines, and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards."

The rank existed from 1797 to 1917, when it was renamed "seaman second class". Seaman second class was later changed to the modern-day rank of seaman apprentice. The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman, engineer's force, existed in 1876–1885 and 1871–1883, respectively.

## Other countries 
The term *ordinary seaman* is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Forces (who inherited the military ranking structure from the previous generation of Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force ranks.)

## References
* N.A.M. Roger.  *The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.*  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.
Landman (rank)

**Landman** (or, in the United States Navy, **Landsman**) was a military rank given to naval recruits.

## United Kingdom
In the middle of the 18th century (c.1757) the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom used the term Landman. This referred to a seaman with less than a year's experience at sea.  After a year, the Landman was usually promoted to the rank of Ordinary Seaman. 

Most were acquired by impressment (a common method of recruitment from c.1700-1815). Landmen were usually between the ages of 16 and 35. While seasoned sailors (who started as Ordinary Seamen) could be impressed up to the ages of 50 to 55 depending on need. In 1853 the practice of impressment ended after the passing of the Continuous Service Act. The rank's title was changed to Apprentice Seaman. The term Landman evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman assigned to unskilled manual labor.

## United States of America
Landsman was the lowest rank of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea. Landsmen performed basic unskilled work aboard ship. A Landsman who gained three years of experience or re-enlisted could be promoted to Ordinary Seaman. The rank existed from 1838 to 1921.

## References
## Further reading
*N.A.M. Roger.  *The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.*  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.
Staff sergeant

**Staff sergeant** is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.

The originated when they were part of the staff of a British Army regiment. They were paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.

## United States

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Army

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Marine Corps

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Air Force
 
**Staff Sergeant** (**SSG**) is the title of the E-6 rank in the U.S. Army and United States Marine Corps. It is just above Sergeant. It is just below Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army or Gunnery Sergeant for the Marine Corps. It is a non-commissioned officer.

In the United States Air Force a **Staff Sergeant** (**SSgt**) is the title of an E-5. It ranks just above Senior Airman (SrA) and below Technical Sergeant (TSgt). It is the Air Force's first non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank.

## References
## Other websites
*United States Army Staff Sergeant duties 
*U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images 
*Enlisted rank insignia
Lake Tōya

is a Japanese lake in Shikotsu-Toya National Park on the island of Hokkaidō, Japan.

## History
The 2008 G8 Summit was held at Lake Tōya.

## Geography
It is the ninth largest lake in Japan.

## Related pages 
* Tōyako, Hokkaido

## References
## Other websites
* Guide of Lake Toya 
* Toya Usu Geopark
Yamaguchi (name)

**Yamaguchi** (Japanese: 山口) is a common Japanese surname and the name of a prefecture in Japan. The word means *mountain mouth*. Famous people with the name Yamaguchi include:

*Kristi Yamaguchi- ice skater
*Satoshi Yamaguchi-football player
*Takahiro Yamaguchi- footballer
*Kei Yamaguchi- footballer
*Tetsuharu Yamaguchi- footballer
*Atsushi Yamaguchi- footballer
*Takeshi Yamaguchi- footballer
*Otoya Yamaguchi assassin
*Toshihiro Yamaguchi- footballer
*Motohiro Yamaguchi- footballer
*Yoshitada Yamaguchi- footballer
*Takayuki Yamaguchi- footballer
Kay Bailey Hutchison

**Kay Bailey Hutchison** (born July 22, 1943) is an American politician. Hutchison was the 22nd United States Permanent Representative to NATO from August 28, 2017 to January 20, 2021. She was the senior Senator from Texas. Hutchison is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. In 2001, she was named one of the thirty most powerful women in America by the *Ladies Home Journal*.

On June 29, 2017, Hutchison was nominated to be the next United States Permanent Representative to NATO by Donald Trump. She was confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on August 3, 2017.

## References
Susan Dey

**Susan Dey** (December 10, 1952 in Pekin, Illinois) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She portrayed Laurie Partridge in the series *The Partridge Family* and received a Golden Globe Award for acting as Grace Van Owen in the series *L.A. Law*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sergeant First Class

**Sergeant First Class** is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world. It is typically a senior non-commissioned officer.

## United States Army
**Sergeant First Class** (**SFC**) is the seventh enlisted rank (E-7) in the U.S. Army. It is above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant. It is the first senior non-commissioned officer rank.

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
USS Benicia (1868)

'*USS *Benicia'''* was a screw sloop in the United States Navy during the late 19th century. She was named for Benicia, California.

## History
*Benicia* was launched 18 August 1868 by Portsmouth Navy Yard as *Algoma*. She was renamed *Benicia* on 15 May 1869. It was commissioned 1 December 1869 with Commander S. Nicholson in command.

Between March 1870 and August 1872, *Benicia'' served on the Asiatic Station. It took part in Rear Admiral John Rodgers' expedition to Korea (16 May-11 June 1871). During this period Ordinary Seaman John Andrews, Chief Quartermaster Patrick H. Grace and Private Michael McNamara, USMC, received the Medal of Honor.

Following repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard, *Benicia* joined the North Pacific Squadron 6 December 1872. She cruised in Mexican, Central American, and Hawaiian waters and arrived at San Francisco, California on 29 November 1874 carrying King Kalākaua of Hawaii and his suite. 

Captain of the Mizzen Top Albert Weisbogel also received the Medal of Honor (his first award) for service on *Benicia*, in 1874.

*Benicia* made a cruise to Alaska (11 May-21 July 1875) and was decommissioned at Mare Island 29 November 1875. *Benicia* was sold 3 May 1884.

## References
*

## Other websites
*US Navy Historical Center of USS Benica photographs
Nevill Ground

The **Nevill Ground** is a cricket ground in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent. It played host to one One Day International during the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the group stage match between India and Zimbabwe in which Kapil Dev scored 175 not out. The Nevill Ground is recognised in cricket for having rhododendron bushes around the edge of the pitch.

## References
James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)

**James Dougherty** (November 16, 1839 – November 25, 1897) was a U.S. Marine in the 1871 Korean Campaign. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition. He was serving as a private aboard . His Medal of Honor was issued on February 8, 1872. Private Dougherty was one of fifteen United States sailors and Marines who received the Medal of Honor for this little known American military action.

He is buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Section 6, Grave 12374.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

On board the  in various actions of that vessel. Wounded several times, Dougherty invariably returned to duty, presenting an example of constancy and devotion to the flag.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients

## References
:
*
*

## Note/Another James Dougherty
There may have been either two James Doughertys awarded the medal during the Korean Expedition. One served on board the *Carondelet*, while the other may have served on the . Alternatively, the medals may have been awarded to the same Marine.

The U.S.S. Carondelet does not appear to have served in Korea, raising the possibility that two James Doughertys received the Medal of Honor (on-line resources do not support this point) or that the citation for Private Dougherty's medal refers incorrectly to the U.S.S. Carondelet instead of to another ship (possibly the U.S.S. Benicia) involved in the Korean campaign.
Ganghwado

**Ganghwa Island** is an island in the beginning of the Han River. It is on the west coast of South Korea. Ganghwa Island is separated from Gimpo on the mainland by a narrow . The channel is connected by two bridges. The main channel of the Han River separates the island from Gaeseong in North Korea.

About 65,500 people live on the island. With an area of . It covers most of Ganghwa County, a division of Incheon Municipality. About half of the island's population lives in Ganghwa-eup, Ganghwa Town, in the northeastern part of the island. The island's highest point is Mani-san,  above sea level. The island measures  long and  wide, and is the 4th largest island in South Korea.

Historically, it is significant as being the location of separate and brief attacks. One was the French in 1866. Another was the United States in 1871 and the Japanese in 1875 when Korea was emerging from isolation.

## Climate
## Notes
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;96).
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;100).
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;148).
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;151).
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;216).
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;264); Nahm (1996, p.&nbsp;148).
# Lee (1976, p.&nbsp;268); Nahm (1996, p.&nbsp;151).

## References
*
*
Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)

Corporal **Charles Brown** (born 1849) received the United States's highest honor for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. Corporal Brown was a United States Marine. He was born in New York City. He enlisted in Hong Kong in 1870. The tracking number for his Medal of Honor is number 169. It is dated 8 February 1872. He received the medal for his actions while stationed aboard the USS Colorado.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**
:On board the  in action against a Korean fort on 11 June 1871. Assisted in capturing the Korean standard in the center of the citadel of the fort.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients

## Notes
## References
*
A. J. Langer

**Allison Joy Langer** (born May 22, 1974) is an American TV and movie actress. She acted as Rayanne Graff in the drama show *My So-Called Life*. Langer also acted as Erica Warner in the TV show *Private Practice*. 

She was born in Columbus, Ohio. She moved to the San Fernando Valley with her family at age five.

## References
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

**Sidney Sussex College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called **Sidney** by the students. It was created in 1596. It takes its name from Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex, who gave money to build it. Today it has about 550 students.

It is quite a small college, and it is found in the town centre of Cambridge. Because it is in quite a small area, it has changed little since it was first built. The buildings were made of red brick at the beginning, but then they were covered by cement. 

Many important people have studied here:
*Oliver Cromwell, a military and political leader in Great Britain
*Cecil Frank Powell, who won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics
*Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
*John E. Walker, who won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
*Alan MacDiarmid, who won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
*Carol Vorderman, a television presenter

## Other websites 
*Official website
Selwyn College, Cambridge

**Selwyn College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1882. It is named after George Selwyn, who was an important bishop and also rowed for Cambridge in the first Boat Race. Today it has about 600 students. Selwyn usually does well in exams, but is also one of the poorest colleges.

At the beginning, the college was for Christian male students only. With time, this changed and women were allowed in 1976, which was quite early compared to other colleges. The college is on Grange Road. It is built in red brick and a Gothic Revival architecture style. The college has a *Snowball* every year. This is like a May Ball, which is a traditional party in Cambridge. Unlike May Balls though, it is in the winter, usually in December.

Some important people have studied here, like Hugh Laurie and Tom Hollander, both actors.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Sexagenary cycle

The **sexagenary cycle** (六十花甲 *liùshí huājiǎ*), also known as the "stems-and-branches" or "trunks-and-branches" (干支 *gānzhī*), is a traditional Chinese calendar system.  It is a list of sixty terms which are used for identifying days or years.   

## History
The oldest Chinese system for recording and organizing time uses repeated periods of 60 days. 

Ancient records show that the sexagenary cycle was used to count years in the 3rd century B.C.  
*The other character is taken from a list of "earthly branches" (地支  *dìzhī*) or animal signs, including Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig.   
* The combinations make up a total of 60 different names for a period of time.

### Heavenly stems
### Earthly branches
### Conversion tables
Tables show specific years in the context of a repeating sexagenary cycle.

### 1804–1923
### 1924–2043
## Related pages
* Chinese Zodiac

## References
## Other websites
* "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar" 
* "The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar"
USS Colorado (1856)

The first '*USS *Colorado'''* was a -class, three-masted steam screw frigate. It was launched on 19 June 1856 by the Norfolk Navy Yard. It was sponsored by Ms. N. S. Dornin and commissioned on 13 March 1858. Captain W. H. Gardner was in command.

## Pre-Civil War
*Colorado* put to sea from Boston on 12 May 1858. It then cruised into Cuban waters to stop the practice of search by British cruisers until 6 August. She then returned to Boston and was placed in ordinary until 1861.

### Prizes
## Decommissioned
Returning to New York on 30 May 1876, *Colorado* was placed out of commission on 8 June. From 1876-1884, she was used as a Receiving Ship at New York Navy Yard. She was sold on 14 February 1885 to a private company; and broken up for salvage material and burned for her copper fastenings.

## Notes
## References
*
* Silverstone, Paul H. *Warships of the Civil War Navies'' Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1989, .

## Other websites
Christopher Martin-Jenkins

**Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins** (January 20, 1945 &ndash; January 1, 2013) was an English sportcaster, historian, and journalist who broadcast *Test Match Special* on BBC Radio.

Martin-Jenkins was born on 20 January 1945 in Peterborough, England. He studied at Marlborough College and at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He had one son, Robin. Martin-Jenkins died on 1 January 2013 in Rudgwick, West Sussex from lymphoma after being diagnosed a year before, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
*BBC profile of CMJ
*CMJ's 'Aggers & Johnners' moment. See also legover.
*Debrett's People of Today
James Faulkner

**James Sebastian Faulkner** (born July 18, 1948) or **James Reed Faulkner** is an English actor who is known for his roles in *The Bank Job*, ''Bridget Jones's Diary*, *Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason*, *Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London*, and in *Zulu Down''.

Faulkner was born on July 18, 1948 in Hampstead, London, England. He is married to Kate Faulkner. They had two sons, Guy and Leo Faulkner. He now lives in London, England.

## References
## Other websites
*The Official James Faulkner Website 
*
*James Faulkner  at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database
Luge

**Luge** is a Winter Olympics sport. It is similar to the bobsleigh, but faster and more dangerous. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, a Georgian athlete was killed in practice after several complaints that the track was too fast.
Illeana Douglas

**Illeana Douglas** (born July 25, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies and television programs. She was in the 1991 remake movie *Cape Fear*. She also acted in the television sitcom *Ugly Betty*. She also hosts many programs for Turner Classic Movies.

## References
Frederick Franklin

**Frederick Franklin** (1840–1873) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the 1871 Korean Campaign.

## Biography
Frederick H. Franklin was born in 1840 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Along with Bosun's Mate Alexander MacKenzie, Marine Private John Coleman, Ordinary Seaman Samuel F. Rogers and fellow Quartermaster William Troy in the attempt to save the life of Lieutenant Hugh McKee. Mckee was mortally wounded in the action. Lieutenant McKee was not eligible for the medal as an officer.

He is buried in Proprietors' Cemetery Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the attack and capture of the Korean forts on 11 June 1871. Assuming command of Company D, after Lt. McKee was wounded, Franklin handled the company with great credit until relieved.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients

## References
*
*
*
John Coleman (Medal of Honor)

**John Coleman** (October 9, 1846 – October 30, 1904) was a United States Marine. He received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions during the Korean Expedition. He was Irish-born, and received the Medal for saving the life of Boatswain's Mate Alexander McKenzie while under enemy attack on the .  His death was the result of a electric tram car accident in San Diego, California.  He was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego with a headstone depicting his Civil War service.  A new marker proudly displaying his the symbol of the Medal of Honor was placed in the Spring of 2018 courtesy of the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation.**

On board the U.S.S. Colorado in action at Korea on 11 June 1871. Fighting hand-to-hand with the enemy, Coleman succeeded in saving the life of Alexander McKenzie.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients

## References
:
Gunner's mate

The United States Navy occupational rating of '''gunner's mate** (**GM''') is given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) to enlisted sailors. They must either complete school training or by showing they are familiar with the field of ordnance.

The Gunner's Mate school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Illinois.  The school was originally very hands-on. It is now primarily conducted through self-study computer-based training (CBT). The training focuses on the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of Naval guns, missile launchers, and torpedoes. It has a strong emphasis on basic explosives, guidance and tracking systems, small arms, Naval ammunition classification, and safety. Upon completion of this school enlisted members often continue on to a specialized school. At the specialized school they learn a particular weapons system.

 from the  to USNS Lewis and Clark (T-AKE-1).]]
A GM will specialize in weapons such as the M500 shotgun, M60 machine gun, M14 rifle, M2 Browning machine gun, M9 pistol, M11 pistol, M16 rifle, M240 machine gun, M203 grenade launcher, M79 grenade launcher, M1911 pistol, M1 Garand, Mk 19 grenade launcher, Mk 18 Mod 0 Carbine Rifle, 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, M242 Bushmaster chain gun, Vertical launching system, Missiles, torpedoes, pyrotechnics, hand grenades, non-lethal weapons, force protection & anti-terrorism, as well as operating shooting ranges, armories, and the storage and issue of ammunition.

## Notes
## Other websites
* GM from Navy Personnel Command (NPC): Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) 
* Enlisted Ratings and Jobs in the US Navy (Historical)
* *Navy Ratings, Past and present* 
* *Navy Speciality ratings & Emergency ratings*
Specialist

**Specialist** (abbreviated "**SPC**") is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army. It is just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal. Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs).

## Specialist
On 1 July 1955 four grades of Specialist were established. The first was Specialist Three (E-4). It is the only one that still exists. It was changed to Specialist Four in 1958. Specialist Two (E-5), Specialist One (E-6), and Master Specialist (E-7) were also created in 1955. These were all eventually replaced with other titles. In 1958 the DoD added two more pay grades. This gave enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress to a full career. These were Specialist Eight (E-8) and Specialist Nine (E-9) which were abolished in 1968. All except SP4 were abolished in 1984 when SP4 was renamed as "Specialist" and abbreviated as "SPC".

## References
## Other websites
*U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images 
*The Short History of the Specialist Rank by Daniel K. Elder, CSM (Ret), USA
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The **Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic** (**Russian SFSR** or **RSFSR**; , ), also known as the **Russian Soviet Republic** and the **Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic**, as well as being unofficially referred to as **Soviet Russia**, the **Russian Federation**, or simply **Russia**, was an independent socialist state from 1917 to 1922.  Afterwards it was the largest and most populous socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991. When the Soviet Union collapsed, the Russian SFSR became the Russian Federation.

## References
Vincent Canby

**Vincent Canby** (July 27, 1924 &ndash; October 15, 2000) was an American movie critic, historian, and journalist who is known for being the critic for *The New York Times*.

Canby was born on July 27, 1924 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in New York City, New York. He studied at Dartmouth College. He was never married. Canby died on October 15, 2000 in Manhattan, New York City, New York from cancer, aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
* Vincent Canby Reviews at *The New York Times*
*
Jonathan Rosenbaum

**Jonathan Rosenbaum** (born February 27, 1943) is an American movie critic, journalist, and historian. He worked for the *Chicago Reader* until his retirement in 2008 at age 65.

Rosenbaum was born on February 27, 1943 in Florence, Alabama. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at The Putney School and at Bard College. He was never married. He now lives in Chicago, Illinois.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/Official Blog
* Chicago Reader: Jonathan Rosenbaum bibliography 
* Jonathan Rosenbaum's 1000 Essential Films 
* Interview with Rosenbaum on Orson Welles
* *CineScene* interview 
* Interview with: Jonathan Rosenbaum  on The Oxford American
Jane Kaczmarek

**Jane Kaczmarek** (born December 21, 1955, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress who acted as Lois in *Malcolm in the Middle*. She has acted on other television series, particularly sitcoms.
Rex Reed

**Rex Taylor Reed** (born October 2, 1938) is an American movie critic, journalist, actor, and was the co-host for *At the Movies*. He worked for the New York Observer. He appeared as himself in the 1978 movie *Superman*.

Reed was born on October 2, 1938 in Fort Worth, Texas. He was raised in New York City, New York. He now lives in Manhattan, New York City, New York. He was good friends with Liz Smith.

## References
## Other websites
* Rex Reed's *New York Observer* movie review archive
*
Kenneth Turan

**Kenneth Turan** (born October 27, 1946) is an American movie critic, journalist, historian, and radio personality. He has worked for the *Los Angeles Times* since 1991.

Turan was born on October 27, 1946 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Swarthmore College and at Columbia University. Turan is not married and has no children. He now lives in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*NPR biography
*Turan's page at USC 
*
Mike Awesome

**Michael Lee Alfonso** (January 24, 1965 – February 17, 2007) was an American professional wrestler best known for wrestling with Extreme Championship Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling and the WWF/WWE best known under the ring name **Mike Awesome**. 

## ECW
During his time with ECW, he won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship two times and the ECW World Tag Team Championship one time with Raven. 

## WCW
He joined WCW in 2000 and started his "Career Killer" gimmick when he threw Chris Kanyon off the top of the first level of a triple cage and he landed on the entrance ramp. His gimmick was somewhat changed and he started calling himself "The Fat Chick Thrilla" after his heavy women. He would later change his gimmick once again and was known as "That '70s Guy" Mike Awesome which was a reference to That '70s Show. As The '70s Guy, he would dress up in different 1970s inspired outfits and also hosted an interview segment called the "Lava Lamp Lounge". He also used to drive a bus which was painted like the bus in The Partridge Family into arenas for his entrance. He also feuded with Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope. 

## WWF/WWE
He became part of The Invasion storyline and debuted on WWE television when he attacked Rhyno with a metal pipe after Rhyno defeated Test for the Hardcore Championship. After he attacked Rhyno, he powerbombed him onto a ladder and pinned him to become Hardcore Champion because of the 24/7 rule. He become the first member of the Invaders to win a title in the WWF but he finally lost the title when he was pinned by Jeff Hardy on SmackDown!. He was later assigned to appear on WWE Velocity where he jobbed before being released on  September 27, 2002. He later said in the book, *The Death of WCW*, that "Being in the WWE (formerly the WWF) sucked. I hated it. You had to kiss everybody's ass... You had to be on your political toes all the time. You would not believe the backstage politics. You were getting stabbed in the back constantly. I was so happy when I was told I was gone [fired]."

He left the WWE and appeared on the independent circuit for five years before retiring from professional wresting in February 2006 to spend more time with his family.

## Death
He was found hanged in his Tampa home by a group of his friends on February 17, 2007.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Steven Rea

**Steven Rea** or **Steven X. Rea** is a British-born American movie critic, journalist, historian, writer, and poet. He writes for the *Philadelphia Inquirer*.

Rea was born in London, England. He was raised in New York City. Rea studied at Stuyvesant High School, at San Francisco State University, and at the University of Iowa. He is married. He lives in Los Angeles, California and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
* *On Movies*, Rea's blog
* Previous website for *On Movies* blog
Michael Phillips (critic)

**Michael Phillips** (born 1961) is an American movie critic, journalist, and historian who works as a critic for the *Chicago Tribune*. His influences include Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel.

Phillips was born in 1961 in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He was raised in Racine, Wisconsin. He studied at the University of Minnesota. He now lives in Chicago, Illinois.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Michael Phillips at the Chicago Tribune
Ansbertus

**Ansbertus**, **Ansbert** or **Ausbert** was a Frankish nobleman and politician. His wife, Billihild, claimed to be the daughter of Charibert I, Merovingian King of Paris, and granddaughter of Chlothar I Magnus. Ansbert was the father of Arnoald of Mez and grandfather of Doda of Mez.

## Related pages 
* Pepin von Landen
Joe Morgenstern

**Joe Morgenstern** (born October 3, 1932) is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning movie critic, historian, and journalist for the Wall Street Journal. He was born in Matamoras.

He was raised in New York City, New York. He studied at Lehigh University. He was married to Piper Laurie from 1962 until they divorced in 1982. They had one daughter. He now lives in New York City, New York.

## References
## Other websites
* Bio on Pulitzer Prize Site
* "Joe Morgenstern '53: Pulitzer winner is essayist at heart"  from the Lehigh University Alumni Bulletin
*
442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

Sector, France, in late 1944.]]

The **442nd Regimental Combat Team** () of the United States Army was a regimental size fighting unit. It was composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese descent.  These men  volunteered to fight in World War II even though their families were subject to internment. The 442nd, beginning in 1944, fought primarily in Europe during World War II. The 442nd was a self-sufficient force. It fought with uncommon distinction in Italy, southern France, and Germany. The 442nd is considered to be the most decorated infantry regiment in the history of the United States Army. The 442nd was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations and twenty-one of its members were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team motto was, "Go for Broke".

## References
## References 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
### Official sites
* 22 Asian Americans Inducted into Hall of Heroes  (pentagon.mil)
* The "Go for Broke" Regiment Lives Duty, Honor, Country (defenselink.mil)

### Resources
* Asian-Nation: 442nd RCT Rescue of the Lost Battalion
* Go For Broke National Education Center 
* The 442nd Regimental Combat Team 
* 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry
* Hawaii Star Bulletin article on Hawaii Statehood passage 
* "U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres" by Pierre Moulin
* *The Story of the 442nd Combat Team* compiled by members of the 442nd Combat Team, Mitsuye Yamada papers, Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, via Calisphere.
* "From a Quiet American, a Story of War and Remembrance". *The New York Times*. 16 August 2008.
* Medal of Honor recipient George Joe Sakato on Veterans Chronicles  produced by the
* Japanese American Veterans Collection , Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library

### Media
* 442-Live with Honor, Die with Dignity: Documentary Film 2010
* Valor with Honor: documentary film on the Japanese American 442nd Regimental Combat Team 
* ONLY THE BRAVE Official Movie Site
* The Official Website for upcoming movie LITTLE IRON MEN about the 442nd's rescue of the Lost Battalion 
* A Path to Lunch Liberation Day and the Liberation of America, the 442nd in Lunigiana and Versilia.

### Organizations
* Americans of Japanese Ancestry World War II Memorial Alliance 
* WWII Japanese American Veterans' Registry 
* 442nd Regimental Combat Team Historical Society
* 442nd World War II Reenactors 
* Go For Broke National Education Center
Wolfson College, Cambridge

**Wolfson College** is one of the 31 Colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. The College admits mature students, who are 21 years or older, for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. 

The College was founded in 1965 as **University College**. The name was changed to Wolfson College on 1 January 1973, following a major donation from the Wolfson Foundation, a charity. Today there are more than 900 students at the College with approximately 70% coming from overseas. The College is located on Barton Road, which is about a mile to the west of Cambridge city centre.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Comenius

**Comenius**  (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a 17th-century Czech bishop, and an innovator in education. In English it is John Amos Comenius, but he is usually called just 'Comenius'.

Comenius is famous for arguing for universal literacy, and inventing the idea of a modern textbook which used pictures as well as prose to get its message across. Comenius also tried to design a language in which false statements could not be written.

## Some books by Comenius 
There are about 16 works, with many translations and versions. There is a Kindle version in English.

## References
Trinity Hall, Cambridge

**Trinity Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called **Tit Hall** by the students. It was created in 1350 and it is the fifth oldest college. It takes its name from the Holy Trinity. 

The money to build the college was given by William Bateman, the Bishop of Norwich. He wanted to build a new centre for studying canon law and civil science. This was because the Black Death had killed many priests. Today, it has about 600 students. The college is found next to the river Cam. In 1999, the Jerwood Library was built. It became quite famous in Cambridge because it is a beautiful building by the river.

Many important people have studied at Trinity Hall, for example:
*Stephen Hawking, physicist and cosmologist
*J. B. Priestley, author
*Rachel Weisz, an actress who won an Academy Award

There also many British rowers that have studied at Trinity Hall and won medals at the Olympics. This is because the college has a very good boat club, where students can play this sport.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Otto I the Illustrious

**Otto I of Saxony** and **Otto the Illustrious** (ca. 841 – 30 November 912) was a German Saxon noble. He was Duke of Saxony. He was the father of Henry I the Fowlers and grandfather of Otto I the Great. He was also father-in-law of Zwentibold, Carolingian King of Lotharingia.

Otto was born between 830 and 841, and was one of the sons of Liudolf, Duke of Saxony, and Gisela, the daughter of Everhart Friuli and Geslea of Franks. Otto's uncle was Berengar I of Italy. His  ancestor was an old chief of Saxony.

Otto was a powerful noble of Saxony and Eastern Germany  for a long time. His sister Liutgard was married to King Louis the Younger. Around the 890s, his daughter Oda married Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia.

In 911, the East Frankish King Louis the Child died without any children. German nobles said that Otto should be crowned as king, but he declined (said no) because of his old age (he was around 70 at that point). He instead recommended Conrad to Franken, his powerful political rival. In 918, his son Henry I the Fowler was appointed as King.
Rachel Ward

**Rachel Claire Ward** (born 12 September 1957) is an English movie and television performer who starred in movies like ''Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid* and *Night School*. She also starred in the television miniseries *The Thorn Birds''.