open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abu Dhabi

**Abu Dhabi** (, *ʼAbū Ẓaby*) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast.  The city is 972&nbsp;km2 in size.  The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2022. Abu Dhabi is also the largest emirate in the UAE.

## History 
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago.  In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city.  Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818.  People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi.  They started to sell the oil in the 1960s.  In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.

## Weather 
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate.  There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months.  The average rainfall per year is 51&nbsp;cm.  It can also be very hot.  In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42&nbsp;°C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23&nbsp;°C.

## Tourism 
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours, Ferrari World, the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.

## References
Yoda

**Yoda** is a fictional character in the Star Wars fictional universe. He is a Grand Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. Originally, he was a puppet, played by Oz. But in the last two movies of the Prequel Trilogy, Yoda is made with CGI.
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## History 
Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before *Episode I: The Phantom Menace* is known. He is an alien, but his race and home planet remains unknown. He speaks the same language as everyone else but says his sentences sort of backwards. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you". Yoda speaks this way in order to engage his listeners, and director George Lucas' intention to portray him as a wise character.

Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and uses the 4th jedi style known as Ataru.

When Luke Skywalker encounters him on Dagoba in The Empire Strikes Back, Yoda pretends to be a mischievous local in order to test Luke's patience; an essential thing for any Jedi. Yoda later reveals himself to be the Jedi Master that Luke is seeking out, and agrees to begin training him.

In Return of the Jedi, Yoda passes away from old age at 900 years old, having been overcome with illness.

Throughout the Prequel Trilogy, Yoda serves on the Jedi Council, advising Jedi Knights and such. Yoda does battle with the Seperatist leader Count Dooku and the Sith Emperor Darth Sidious, before going into exile following Order 66; the takeover of the Galactic Republic and the planned extermination of all Jedi.

## Other websites 
* Article by Urrutia: "Interview with Master Yoda."
*  on Wookiepedia
Koblenz

**Koblenz** is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.

## Geography 
Koblenz is at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

## References 
## Other websites
Delta

**Delta** (uppercase/lowercase **Δ δ**), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.
## Scientific use
In mathematics, physics and chemistry, the upper-case letter Δ is used to denote "changes" in a variables (e.g., \Delta x). It can also be used to represent discriminant—a key algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial has. The lower-case letter \delta, on the other hand, is often used to denote small quantities in proofs involving limit, a key concept on calculus is based on.

In molecular chemistry, the lower case Greek letter δ is used to represent a partial charge. This is always less than the unit charge associated with an ion, but has no real fixed value.

A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.

## Related pages 
* Epsilon

## References
Elbe

The **Elbe River** ( , , , ) is one of the major waterways of central Europe.  It comes from the North West Czech Republic. It flows through much of Germany. At Cuxhaven, it flows into the Wadden Sea, which is part of the North Sea. Important big cities on the boards of the river are Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic, and Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg in Germany.  

Each of mentioned cities in the Czech Republic has almost 100,000 inhabitants. There are about 500,000 people living in Dresden, and 250,000 in Magdeburg. With 1.8 million people in the city proper, Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, and the sixth largest city in the European Union. Hamburg is still  away from the estuary.  

The port in Hamburg is the second most important seaport in the EU, after Rotterdam, and the third most important for container ships in the EU (after Rotterdam and Antwerp). Ships can travel up to Pardubice.  

The Elbe is an important river, and is classified as a stream.  Up to Cuxhaven, it is  long,  are in the Czech Republic. Officially, its length is , which is a point in the open sea. 
## Gallery

File:Elbe Bad Schandau.jpg
File:ElbeSandufer.jpg
File:Elbholz.jpg
File:Hamburg - Zollkanal.jpg
Danube

The **Danube** (Latin name *Hister*) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.

The river is 2,860&nbsp;km (1,777&nbsp;mi) long. Brigach and Breg join in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta.

Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia.

The Danube is named in many other languages: ,  (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: , , , , , ,  or *Danubius*, , , , .

The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go to Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can travel as far north as Ulm, Germany.

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube:
* the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
* the 64&nbsp;km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400&nbsp;km
* the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171&nbsp;km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
There is much history and culture related to the Danube. As with many other rivers, its natural environment and plants and animals are affected by pollution.

## Images 

File:Donaueschingen Donauzusammenfluss 20080714.jpg|The place where two small rivers Breg and Brigach join to form the Danube in Donaueschingen, Germany
File:DonauknieVisegrad.jpg|The Danube in Visegrád, Hungary
File:Eisernes Tor Durchbruch.JPG|The Iron Gate, a deep valley made by the Danube between Serbia and Romania
File:Canalul Dunare Marea Neagra.jpg|Danube - Black Sea coast channel

## Other websites 
* Danube in easy French

## References
Main

The **Main** (pronounced in German like the English word *mine*) is a river in Germany, 524&nbsp;km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken. Boats on the Main can use the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to go to Eastern Europe. 

The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word *main*, which means *most important*, or the French word *main*, which means *hand*. The river was named *Mogin* by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river *Moenus* in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became *Meyn* and later *Main*.
Weser

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The **Weser** is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730&nbsp;km.
Watt

The **watt** (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).

## Definition 
The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).

The **watt** is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a **joule per second**, with the symbol **J/s**. It can also be written as **kg·m2·s−3**. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.

It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by  what can be also written 15 milliwatts.

Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is **Power = Work ÷ Time,** **Work = Power **× **Time, **or **Time = Work **÷** Power**.
### Kilowatt
1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (103) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.

### Megawatt
1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (106) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.

### Gigawatt
1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (109) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.

## Example 
If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?

Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "**Time = Work **÷** Power",** then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.
The Rolling Stones

**The Rolling Stones** are an English rock band that formed in London in 1962. The band members were: Mick Jagger (rhythm guitar and vocals), Keith Richards (lead and rhythm guitar and vocals), Brian Jones (lead guitar), and Bill Wyman (bass guitar). The band has been influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Howlin' Wolf,  Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters. In the beginning they had their first hits with covers versions of songs of those artists. Along with the Beatles and the Kinks, they helped to lead the British Invasion of the early to mid 1960s.

Their fame rose quickly in 1965 with the song "The Last Time." The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" became a world-wide hit for the band. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the 1967 they experimented with a psychedelic music style. But in 1968 they went back to a harder rock style with songs like "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Honky Tonk Women."

In 1969, Brian Jones was fired from the band due to his growing drug addictions. A few weeks later Jones was found dead in his swimming pool. A highly respected young blues guitarist named Mick Taylor was named as his replacement. Taylor played on some of the band's most successful songs of the late 1960s and early 1970s including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock n' Roll." Taylor left the band in 1974. Ronnie Wood was hired as Taylor's replacement and he has been with the band ever since. Long time bassist Bill Wyman retired from the band in 1992.

The band remained active as a consistently successful recording and touring act throughout the 1980s and 1990s and into the 2000s. In total they have released 30 studio albums, 33 live albums 121 singles, 29 compilation albums, 32 box sets, 48 video albums and 77 music videos.

In 1989 The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. And in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in *Rolling Stone Magazine*s list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."

In 2013 the group performed on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival for the first time.

The Rolling Stones member Charlie Watts died in 2021.

## Notable LP-albums
* ''England's Newest Hit Makers* (1964)
* *12 X 5* (1964)
* *The Rolling Stones, Now!* (1965)
* *Out of Our Heads* (1965)
* *December's Children (And Everybody's)* (1965)
* *Aftermath* (1966)
* *Between the Buttons* (1967)
* *Their Satanic Majesties Request* (1967)
* *Beggars Banquet* (1968)
* *Let It Bleed* (1969)
* *Sticky Fingers* (1971)
* *Exile on Main St.* (1972)
* *Goats Head Soup* (1973)
* *It's Only Rock 'n Roll* (1974)
* *Black and Blue* (1976)
* *Some Girls* (1978)
* *Emotional Rescue* (1980)
* *Tattoo You* (1981)
* *Undercover* (1983)
* *Dirty Work* (1986)
* *Steel Wheels* (1989)
* *Voodoo Lounge* (1994)
* *Bridges to Babylon* (1997)
* *A Bigger Bang* (2005)
* *Hackney Diamonds'' (2023)

## References
### Other websites
* Hear the Rolling Stones on The Pop Chronicles
Kermit the Frog

**Kermit the Frog** is a Muppet character created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark Muppet character. 

Kermit was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and played Kermit until 2022.

Kermit has appeared on many TV shows, including *Sesame Street*, *The Muppet Show*, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and *Muppet Babies*. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

## Other websites
*
Cotton

**Cotton** is a soft, natural fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.  (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.)  After the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.  The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.  People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton.

There are different types of cotton plants.  Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.  This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.  Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.  Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.  Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.

Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers.  Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world.  The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.

Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. The word "cotton" comes from the Arabic word "qutn".Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.
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After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.

## Other websites 
* Cotton -Citizendium
Hewlett-Packard

**Hewlett Packard** (**HP**) is a computer technology company. It was created in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in California. It is based in Palo Alto, California. They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras. As well as computer accessories such as keyboards and monitors. 

on November 1st, 2017, HP acquired Samsung Electronics’ printing division.

In 2002, HP bought Compaq and re-branded together as one company that is stylized as *hp*. The letters in the latest logo are lower case. 

## Other websites 
* 
* The Museum of HP Calculators 
* HP History Links
* Protect 724 Community 
* hp drivers 
* Local HP
Shropshire

**Shropshire**, sometimes known as **Salop** and sometimes shortened to **Shrops** in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.

The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.

The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as *"the grandfather of skyscrapers"*.

## Places of interest
Places of interest in Shropshire include:

*Attingham Park, Atcham
*Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
*Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
*Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
*Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
*Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
*Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
*Long Mynd, Church Stretton
*Offa's Dyke Path
*Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
*Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
*Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
*Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
*The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
*Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham

## Related pages
* River Severn
* West Midlands
* British Isles
1909

**1909** (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* March 31 – Construction of the RMS Titanic is started
* April 6 – Robert Peary arrived in the north pole.
* April – The Adana massacre takes place in the Ottoman city of Adana
* June 29 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia
* The first model of the Model T is sold
* The pH scale is developed.
* Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

## Births 
* January 13 – Danny Barker, American musician (d. 1994)
* February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 1955)
* March 20 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
* May 27
** Dolores Hope, American singer (d. 2011)
** Juan Vicente Pérez, Supercentenarian Venezuelan man fourth-oldest verified man ever (d. 2024)
* June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian philosopher and educator (d. 1997)
* June 10 – Errol Flynn, American actor (d. 1959)
* August 10 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (d. 1991)
* August 21  Ethel Caterham, British supercentenarian
* August 26 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966)
* September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (d. 1972)

## Deaths 
* February 17 – Geronimo, Native American leader (b. 1829)
* December 17 – Léopold II of Belgium, King of Belgium (b. 1835)
* January 12 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)
Guatemala

**Guatemala**, officially the **Republic of Guatemala**, is a country in Central America. It borders Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. It also next to the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Honduras northeast.

## Population
Guatemala has the largest population in Central America.  More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo are 40% of the population. Native Mayan people are 49% of the population, while 9% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people. Black people are 2% of the population.

## History 
The capital was moved several times because of natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to Guatemala City.

Ciudad de Guatemala, CA.jpg|Guatemala City
2015-365-342 The Amazing Guachimontones (22996019454).jpg|Zacapa
Tikal Giaguaro.jpg|Tikal
Flores Island.jpg|Flores
Flickr - ggallice - Pescador, Lago de Atitlán (1).jpg|Solola
Santa Catalina Arch - Antigua Guatemala Feb 2020.jpg|Antigua

## Photo 
* Guatemala Map
* Guatemala photos

## Related pages
*Guatemala at the Olympics
*Guatemala national football team
*List of rivers of Guatemala

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
Tenochtitlan

**Tenochtitlan** was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.  The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan.  By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city.  This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.  People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over).  The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

## The Great Temple
The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple).  At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms.  In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: *Huitzilopochtli*, the god of war and the sun, and *Tlaloc*, the rain god.  The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

## Agriculture
The Aztecs had created canals all across the city.  By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have.  The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

## Fall of Tenochtitlan
In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan.  Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it.  The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

## Photo gallery

File:Van Beecq - View of Tenochtitlan.jpeg|Drawing of Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco

Rekonstruktion Tempelbezirk von Tenochtitlan 2 Templo Mayor 3.jpg|Model of the Aztec "Great Temple"

File:Túnel de Agua, Templo Mayor.jpg|"Water tunnel" coming from the Aztec Great Temple

File:TenochtitlanModel.JPG|Model of what Tenochtitlan may have looked like

File:Tlaxcala - Palacio de Gobierno - Indianerhändler.jpg|Spanish painting of a market in Tenochtitlan

File:Conquista-de-México-por-Cortés-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png|The Spanish invade Tenochtitlan

## Related pages
* Aztec
* Aztec Empire

## Notes
## References
Malleability

**Malleability** is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.  Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.  Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.

Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200&nbsp;°C but is brittle at other temperatures.

## How is malleability measured? 
There are two ways to measure it. The first is to measure the pressure or compressive stress that a material withstands before it breaks. The other test involves measuring the thickness of a metal sheet before it breaks.

## Related pages
* Ductility

## References
Gay

]]
]]

**Gay** is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same gender. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same gender. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females. 

A person that is attracted to people only of the opposite gender is heterosexual. While a person attracted to people of the same gender and the opposite gender is bisexual.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality. 

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality or to offend people.

## Related pages 
* Gay man
* Lesbian

## Other websites 
* The International Lesbian and Gay Association
* The Human Rights Campaign
* The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
Bremen

**Bremen** is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen.

About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification). It is the 11th largest city in Germany. 

The city's official name today includes the name *Hansestadt* (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.

Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.

## History 
People have lived in the area of Bremen's marshes since around 12,000 BC. 

In 1871, Bremen was made part of Prussia by the German Empire. 

Bremerhaven became a major port for emigration from Germany and Central Europe to the Americas.

During the Second World War, Bremen was the location of nine camps of the Neuengamme concentration camp, for French, Polish, Soviet and Jewish people.

After the Second World War, Bremen and Bremerhaven were occupied by the United States. 

## Geography 
The river Weser flows through Bremen, which goes to the North Sea through the city's exclave, Bremerhaven. 

## Politics 
Bremen is currently administered by a mayor from the SPD party, Carsten Sieling. 

## Population 
About 545,000 people live in Bremen and it is the 11th largest city in Germany. 

## Points of Interest 
* Old Town (Altstadt)
* Bremen Town Musicians (Bremer Stadsmuzikanten)
* Bremen Roland Statue
* Werder Bremen Stadium (Football stadium)

## Transport 
Bremen is served by an international airport.

Bremen is also served by Deutsch Bahn at its main train station.

Bremen's public transport infrastructure also includes a bus service and a light rail service.

## Events 
* Freimaak

## Sports 
Werder Bremen is a major football team of Bremen. 

## References
Wiesbaden

**Wiesbaden** (; Hessian: *Wisbade*, Latin: *Aquae Mattiacae*)  is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about  away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about , from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. About 274,000 people live in the city (2005).

Wiesbaden has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification). 

Wiesbaden is the capital of the state Hesse, which is located in middle of Germany. 

## References
Potsdam

**Potsdam** (Low Sorbian: *Podstupim*) is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26&nbsp;km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017. 

On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason. 

Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the  World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.

The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.

## References
Hanover

**Hanover** () is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 535,932 inhabitants (31 December 2021).

In **Hanover** there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).

Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.

There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - *Ce*ntre of *O*ffice, *I*nformation and *T*elecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.

In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.

Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the *Eilenriede*. There is also a lake (the *Maschsee*) of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction.

People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843.

The mayor of the city is Belit Onay. He is a member of the party Alliance 90/The Greens. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.

The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the *Leineschloss* and the *Welfenschloss*.

Hanover is located at the river Leine.

Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are:

The classic rock band *Scorpions*, the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker.

Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV.

## Universities 
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover (Hanover University)
* Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (Hanover Medical University)
* Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (Hanvover Veterinary School)
* Hochschule für Musik und Theatre Hannover (Hanover Music and Theater University)
* Fachhochschule Hannover (University of Applied Sciences)
* Evangelische Fachhochschule Hannover (a Christian University of Applied Sciences - for social science. Hanover is the 11th largest city in Germany by population within city limits. According to 2005. estimate Hanover urban area had 766,000 inhabitants and today that population counts around 777,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Hanover metropolitan area has 1,129,000 inhabitants.

## Climate 
Hanover has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification).

## Sports 
Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000). Hanover is also a center for ice hockey.

## References 
## Other websites
Mainz

**Mainz** ( or *Meenz*, () is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Education 
Mainz has some universities:

* University of Mainz
* Fachhochschule Mainz
* Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Homepage of Mainz (in english)
Kiel

**Kiel** () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## References
## Other websites
Frankfurt (disambiguation)

**Frankfurt** is the name of two cities in Germany:
* Frankfurt am Main in Hesse
* Frankfurt (Oder) in Brandenburg

Historical territories and entities, centered in Frankfurt am Main:
* Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, which existed from 1810 to 1813; its center was Aschaffenburg
* the Free City of Frankfurt, which was one of four city states in the German Confederation. It existed from 1816 to 1866.

Historical territories and entititie, centered in Frankfurt (Oder):
*Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (1815-1945)
*Frankfurt (Bezirk), was one of forteen Administrative divisions of East Germany. It existed from 1952 to 1989.

There is a city with a similar spelling:
* Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital of Kentucky, USA

**Franfurt** is the family name of:
*Harry Frankfurt, born 1929, US philiosopher
*Suzie Frankfurt,1931-2005, US designer and artist
Sri Yukteswar Giri

**Sri Yukteswar Giri** (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was **Priya Nath Karar** and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.

He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 

He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda. 

George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda. 

## Other websites 
* kriya yoga institute
* Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website
Aleister Crowley

**Aleister Crowley** (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947) was a British mystic, occultist, writer, poet, mountain climber and nicknamed "The Wickedest Man In the World.".

He was an influential member in some occult organisations, such as the Golden Dawn, the A∴A∴, and Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), and is better known today for his occult books and papers. He was bisexual.

Crowley also started a mystical philosophy known as Thelema, the *Abbey of Thelema*, and revived the term magick.

## Early life 
Edward Alexander Crowley was born at 36 Clarendon Square in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England, between 11:00pm and 11:59&nbsp;p.m. on 12 October 1875.

In 1895, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge after going to Malvern College and Tonbridge School. In his three years at Cambridge, his father died and left him a large sum of money.

In December 1896, Crowley took interest in occultism and by the next year, he began reading books on alchemy and mysticism. A year later, he published his first book of poetry (*Aceldama*), and left Cambridge, only to meet Julian L. Baker who introduced him to Samuel Mathers and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

In November 1899, Crowley bought Boleskine House in Foyers on the shore of Loch Ness in Scotland.

## The Golden Dawn 
Samuel Mathers, acting leader of the Golden Dawn organisation, acted as his early mentor in western magic. Crowley lost faith in his mentor's abilities in 1900 but did not officially break with Mathers until 1904.

## Death 
Crowley died of a respiratory infection in a Hastings boarding house on 1 December 1947 at the age of 72. He had been addicted to heroin after being prescribed morphine for his asthma and bronchitis many years earlier.

Readings at the cremation service in Brighton included *Hymn to Pan*, and newspapers referred to the service as a black mass.
* In the song Quicksand on his 1971 album Hunky Dory, David Bowie sings : “I'm closer to the Golden Dawn, Immersed in Crowley's uniform of imagery”.
* Crowley and his beliefs were the subject of testimony in the 1994 murder trial of Damien Echols, as shown in the documentary film *Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills*.
* His motto of "Do What Thou Wilt" was written into the vinyl records of Led Zeppelin's album *Led Zeppelin III* made in 1970. Jimmy Page, the band's guitarist and songwriter bought Boleskine House the same year.   The land around the house is seen in the movie *The Song Remains the Same*, made in 1973.

## Sources 
* The Magical Diaries of Aleister Crowley (Tunisia 1923) : Edited by Stephen Skinner
* Bull, John. "The Wickedest Man in the World". *Sunday Express*, 24 Mar. 1923. Unverified that this is the article: Verification that the Sunday Express did make article:
* Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (2012). "Introduction". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;3–14. .

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Aleister Crowley film project
W. C. Fields

**William Claude Dukenfield** (January 29, 1880 - December 25, 1946) was an American actor, comedian, juggler and writer.

## Trivia 
*He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
Carl Jung

**Carl Gustav Jung** (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or *Jungian Analysis*.

Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they argued over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways. This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.

Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.

Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them. Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.

He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people. Most people who study Jung start with the book *Man and His Symbols*. It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him. Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, *Memories, Dreams, Reflections*, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.

Jung also created important terms called *collective unconscious,* archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).   

Dr Jung inhaled smoking tobacco in pipes (as is shown in the photograph) and cigars. 
## Biography 
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.

Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.
## In popular culture 
* The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album *Ænima.*
* *The Lighthouse* (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung. 

## Works 
*Jung, C. G. 1953. *Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 1.* 1953, ed. Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.

## Legacy
Jung's work also inspired modern psychiatrist Bernard D. Beitman on the subject of coincidences, including synchronicity and related topics in the field.

## References
Game Boy Advance

The **Game Boy Advance**, commonly abbreviated as ***GBA***, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.

The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on 21 March 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on 11 June 2001, in Australia on 20 June 2001, and in Europe on 22 June 2001.

## Best-sold games
Top 25 best-sold games on Game Boy Advance (sold numbers in brackets):
* 1. Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (16.2 million)
* 2. Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (12 million)
* 3. Pokémon Emerald (7.06 million)
* 4. Mario Kart: Super Circuit (5.91 million)
* 5. Super Mario World: Super Mario Advance 2 (5.69 million)
* 6. Super Mario Advance (5.57 million)
* 7. Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3 (5.43 million)
* 8. Namco Museum (2.96 million)
* 9. Pac-Man Collection (2.94 million)
* 10. Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3 (2.83 million)
* 11. The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (2.82 million)
* 12. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team (2.36 million)
* 13. NES Classics Series: Super Mario Bros. (2.27 million)
* 14. Wario Land 4 (2.2 million)
* 15. Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2.15 million)
* 16. Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land (2.1 million)
* 17. Finding Nemo (1.84 million)
* 18. Donkey Kong Country (1.82 million)
* 19. The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap (1.76 million)
* 20. Yu-Gi-Oh! The Eternal Duelist Soul (1.71 million)
* 21. Golden Sun (1.65 million)
* 22. Final Fantasy Tactics Advance (1.62 million)
* 23. Metroid Fusion (1.6 million)
* 24. Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories (1.54 million)
* 25. Sonic Advance (1.51 million)

## References
Fred Astaire

**Fred Astaire** (born **Frederick Austerlitz**, May 10, 1899&nbsp;– June 22, 1987), was an American dancer, actor, singer, choreographer and presenter. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his time. He has gotten many honors. He won a Honorary Academy Award, three Primetime Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Grammy Award. He was put into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1972, and the Television Hall of Fame in 1989. In 1999, the American Film Institute said Astaire was the fifth-greatest male star of Classic Hollywood cinema in 100 Years... 100 Stars.

Astaire's career was 76 years long. He starred in over 10 Broadway and West End musicals. He made 31 musical movies. He was also a dancer. He had very good rhythm and creativity.

## Life
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, as a child, in 1905. Their Broadway career lasted from 1917 to 1932. They became world-famous after WWI, and regularly performed on both sides of the Atlantic.

When she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their *An evening with Fred Astaire* won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.

Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed a lot to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but even more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.

Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the *Great American Songbook*. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.

## References
### Sources
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*
**The Astaire Family Papers*, The Howard Gotleib Archival Research Center, Boston University, MA

## Other websites
* 
*
*
*
*
*Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net
*
*
*Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers
*Astaire or Kelly: A Generation Apart at Indian Auteur
*Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy (BBC Television—RealPlayer required)
*Radio Interview—Fred Astaire—1968
*"Fred Astaire and the art of fun": an essay on the Oxford Fred Astaire conference from TLS, July 16, 2008.
*Photographs and literature at Virtual History
Ben Stein

**Ben Stein** (November 25, 1944) is an American attorney, writer, actor, comedian, and television personality.

He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a television show. He soon turned to acting, landing his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off*. He was also the main person in the 2008 movie *Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed*. His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day. From 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, *Win Ben Stein's Money''. He also wrote many books and had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers. He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".

## References
## Other websites 
*
Amerie

**Amerie Mi Marie Rogers**,  (born  married name **Nicholson**, January 12, 1980), known mononymously as **Amerie** or **Ameriie**, is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, model and record producer.

## Early life
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.

## Personal life
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.

## Albums 
* *All I Have* (2002) number 9 in US charts
* *Touch* (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
* *Because I Love It* (2007), number 7 in UK chart
* *In Love & War* (2009)

## Singles 
* "Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
* "Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
* "Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
* "1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.
* "Mine" (2025)

## References