open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rule of inference

A **rule of inference**, **inference rule**, or  **transformation rule** is a tool used in logic. A rule of inference can take one or more statements, called premises, and return some other statement, called a conclusion. For example, the rule of inference called *modus ponens* takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q". The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic, in the sense that if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.

Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property. In many-valued logic, it preserves a general designation. But a rule of inference's action is purely syntactic, and does not need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts as a rule of inference. Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of a given set of formulae according to the rule.

Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include *modus ponens*, *modus tollens*, and contraposition. First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.
Universal quantifier

In mathematics and logic, the **universal quantifier** is a quantifier used to state that a proposition applies to all elements in the universe of discourse. An example that uses this quantifier would be the proposition "All men are mortal".  Usually, a turned A (∀) is used to denote the universal quantifier, "for all x" is written as either "∀x", "∀(x)".

Predicate logic and syllogisms look at the properties of universal quantification.

Propositions can be falsified. To falsify a proposition which contains a universal quantifier, it is sufficient to find one element of the universe of discourse where the proposition is false. This element is known as a counterexample.

## Related pages 
* Existence quantifier

## References
Existence quantifier

In mathematics and logic, the **existence quantifier** is a quantifier used to state that a proposition is true for at least one element in the universe of discourse. The existence quantifier is commonly written as \exists (a mirrored E), and is read as "there exists". An example involving an existence quantifier is the statement "some natural number is equal to 3+5", which can be written as \exists x \in \mathbb{N},\, x = 3+5. 

In general, a statement of the form \exists x \, P(x) is true if there is an *x* in the universe of discourse satisfying the predicate P, and is false otherwise. An existence quantifier is different from a universal quantifier, which is used to state that a proposition is true for *all* elements in the universe of discourse. 

## Related pages 
* Predicate logic

## References
Anna Maria Gherardi

**Anna Maria Gherardi** (21 March 1939 – 5 October 2014) was an Italian actress and voice actress. She was known for her roles in *Lost Love* and in *Petomaniac*. She was born in Bologna, Italy.

Gherardi died in Rome, Italy, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Palma Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma** is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral located in Palma, Majorca, Spain. It was built on the site of a pre-existing Arab mosque. It is 121 metres long and 55 metres wide. Its nave is 44 metres tall. 

The cathedral was styled in the Catalan Gothic style. It has Northern European influences. The building was it was started by King James I of Aragon in 1229. It was finished building in 1601. It sits within the old city of Palma. It is on top of the former citadel of the Roman city. It is between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina and the episcopal palace. It overlooks the *Parc de la Mar* and the Mediterranean Sea.

Fifty years after a restoration of the cathedral had started in 1901 Antoni Gaudí was invited to take over the project. Some of his ideas were adopted. He moved the choir stalls from the middle nave to be closer to the altar. He also made a large canopy. Gaudí abandoned his work in 1914 after an argument with the contractor. The planned changes were cosmetic rather than structural. The project was cancelled soon after.

The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
 
## References
## Other websites
* "Cathedral of Palma: La Seu", Video in english, 3:33 min., Mallorca TV Teleweb+ 
* La Seu Cathedral History 
* La Seu Cathedral in www.mallorcawebsite.com 
* Almudaina Palace
Jean-Yves Leroux

**Jean-Yves Leroux** (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Leroux played 4 seasons with the Beauport Harfangs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL). During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes. On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals. Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2010.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Maspalomas Dunes

The **Maspalomas Dunes** are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## References
Universe of discourse

In mathematics, the **universe of discourse** or **domain of discourse** is a set of all elements to which a function applies. A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse. 

The term is also used informally. 
:"In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse. Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".

## References
León Cathedral

**Santa María de León Cathedral**, also called *The House of Light* or the *Pulchra Leonina* is in the city of León in north-western Spain. It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath. The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León. It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s. The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.

## References 
## Other websites 
* InFocus: León Cathedral (León, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook 
*Official Site of León Cathedral
*Webcam of León Cathedral
Las Médulas

**Las Médulas** (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site  near the town of Ponferrada, Spain. It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain. From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold.

## References
## Further reading 
*Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, *Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain*, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
*Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., *Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna*, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59-74.
*Domergue, C. and Hérail, G., *Conditions de gisement et exploitation antique à Las Médulas (León, Espagne)* in L'or dans l'antiquité: de la mine à l'objet, B. Cauuet, ed., Aquitania Supplement, 9 (Bordeaux 1999): 93-116.
**Journeys Through European Landscapes/Voyages dans les Paysages Européens*. COST-ESF, Ponferrada: 101-104.

## Other websites 
*Webpage of Fundación Las Médulas, with itineraries, virtual visit and practical information 
*UNESCO official website
*Photo gallery and explanation of the explotaition system  
*"Las Médulas, the Roman El Dorado".   **and**  *Article by the Leonese writer Julio Llamazares.*
*Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines 
*Social Structure and Territory-Landscape Archaeology research group 

* Action COST A27: Understanding pre-industrial rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS) European research project, a platform for scientific dissemination of Las Médulas
Palmeral of Elche

The **Palmeral** or **Palm Grove of Elche** (Spanish: *Palmeral de Elche*, Valencian: ''Palmerar d'Elx*) is the generic name for the date palm orchards in the city of Elche (Spain).

In the urban area of Elche there are a total of 97 different orchards. They contain about 70,000 date palms. Most of them are in the east bank of the Vinalopó. This number does not include other large plantations located around the city. The total may be near 200,000 palms. The Palm Grove covers over , including  in the city of Elche.

It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in Europe. It is the largest in the world. The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## References
s in the *Parque Municipal*.]]

## Other websites
*Elche Spain - City overview with detailed map  
*Information on the *picudo rojo'' (red palm weevil)
* Palmeral of Elche from UNESCO
* El Palmeral de Elche - A Cultural Landscape Inherited from Al-Andalus
La Seu Vella, Lleida

The **La Seu Vella** (also called **Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella**; Catalan and Spanish: *Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella*, ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida. It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.

## Sources
* Consorci Del Turó De La Seu Vella De Lleida - Official website
*

## Other websites
Reichssicherheitshauptamt

The **RSHA**, or ***Reichssicherheitshauptamt*** (Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Head Office) was an organization headed by Heinrich Himmler. This was in his dual capacities as *Chef der Deutschen Polizei* (Chief of German Police) and *Reichsführer-SS*. The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.

## References
Roman Theatre

The **Roman Theatre** is an ancient Roman theatre in Cartagena, Spain. The theatre was built between 5 BC and 1 BC.

## Other websites
Cathedral of Murcia

in Murcia]]
The **Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia** (), commonly called the **Cathedral of Murcia**, is a church in Murcia, Spain. It is the only cathedral in use in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena in Spain.

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## References
## Other websites
Sergio Balanzino

**Sergio Silvio Balanzino** (20 June 1934 &ndash; 25 February 2018) was an Italian diplomat. Balanzino was born in Bologna, Italy.

He served as the Italian ambassador to Canada from May 1990 to January 1994. He then became the Deputy Secretary General of NATO before briefly becoming acting Secretary General twice. Firstly by replacing Manfred Wörner on August 13, 1994 after the latter resigned in the last stages of cancer. He was then replaced by Willy Claes on October 17, 1994 who resigned on alleged corruption charges on October 20, 1995. 

Balanzino, who had gone back to being Deputy, again took over the reins until he was replaced on December 5, 1995 by Javier Solana. 

## References
Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington

**Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington** (6 June 1919 &ndash; 9 July 2018) was a British Conservative politician.

He served as British Defence Secretary between 1970 and 1974, Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He was the last surviving member of the Cabinets of both Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home.

Carington died on 9 July 2018, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
*Announcement of his taking the oath under his new title at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 17 November 1999
* Lord Carrington's views on the EU from the Daily Telegraph 
*Thatcher's First Cabinet
Heat transfer

**Heat transfer** is the way the heat moves from one physical system (or body) to another. Heat transfer requires a difference in temperature. Heat moves from the hotter body (higher temperature) to the colder one (lower temperature). The bodies in question may be in a solid state, a liquid state or a gaseous state. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

## References
Bryan McCabe

**Bryan McCabe** (born June 8, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a career total of 1135 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Florida Panthers, and the New York Rangers.

## Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, McCabe played 2 seasons with the Medicine Hat Tigers, 3 seasons with the Spokane Chiefs and 1 season with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. Halfway through his third season with the Islanders, McCabe was traded along with Todd Bertuzzi and a third round draft pick in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks for Trevor Linden on February 6, 1998.

During his time with the Canucks, he played one and a half seasons with them before he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with their first round draft pick in 2000 for the Blackhawks' first round draft pick in 1999.

On October 2, 2000, after he had 6-goal, 25-point season with the Blackhawks in the 1999–2000 season, McCabe was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Alexander Karpovtsev and a fourth round draft choice (Vladimir Gusev) in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. McCabe had a good 2001–02 season with Toronto, having a 17-goal, 43-point breakout season, as well as, 53 points two seasons later, ending in a fourth-place finish in Norris Trophy voting Second Team All-Star honours.

When the lockout ended, he returned to the Maple Leafs. He recorded a career high 19 goals, 49 assists and 68 points in 73 games with the Maple Leafs. He finished the season third overall in points among defencemen, behind Nicklas Lidström and Sergei Zubov. The next seasons, he recorded 57 points in 82 games the following season.

On September 2, 2008, the Maple Leafs traded McCabe along with a fourth round draft pick in 2010 to the Florida Panthers for Mike Van Ryn. On September 23, 2009, he was named as the Panthers' captain.

On February 26, 2011, the Panthers traded him to the New York Rangers for Tim Kennedy and a 3rd round draft pick.

On February 15, 2012, McCabe announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Ōfunato

is a city in southeastern Iwate, Japan.

The city of Ōfunato was originally part of the ancient Mutsu Province. It has been settled since the Jōmon period. The modern village of Ōfunato was made within Kesen District, Iwate on April 1, 1889. In 1896, the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake caused a 25-meter tsunami that killed 27,000 people in Sanriku. Ōfunato was promoted officially promoted to town status on April 1, 1932. In 1933, a 8.4 magnitude earthquake stuck the town and caused a 28-meter tsunami that killed 1522 people. On April 1, 1952, the town of Sakari, and villages of Akasaki, Takkon, Massaki, Ikawa and Hikoroichi all merged with Ōfunato to form the city. On November 15, 2001, the town of Sanriku (from Kesen District) also merged into Ōfunato.

## 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Ōfunato was very badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The wave that hit the city was estimated to have reached 23.6 meters in height.

It was listed that 3,498 out of 15,138 houses in the town were destroyed by the tsunami and 305 people were confirmed dead. At least six of Ōfunato's 58 designated evacuation sites were flooded by the tsunami.

US Navy 110315-N-2653B-144 Vehicles and debris line a canal in the downtown area of Ofunato, Japan.jpg|Vehicles and debris in a canal in Downtown Ōfunato
US Navy 110315-N-2653B-107 An upended house is among debris in Ofunato, Japan, following a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami.jpg|An upside-down house among the debris
US Navy 110315-N-2653B-148 A tug boat is among debris in Ofunato, Japan, following a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami.jpg|A tugboat among the debris
US Navy 110315-N-2653B-054 The city of Ofunato, Japan, is severely damaged by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami.jpg|The city littered with debris

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Timanfaya National Park

**Timanfaya National Park** () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza. The area is . The parkland is entirely made up of volcanic soil.

File:Charco de los Ciclos. Lanzarote.jpg|*Charco de los Ciclos*
File:Lanzarote. Timanfaya.jpg|Timanfaya
File:Timanfaya boca volcán.JPG|Timanfaya

Timanfaya National Park is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Volcanic activity
The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Parque Nacional de Timanfaya
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija

**Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija** is a joint UNESCO World Heritage site in Almadén, Spain, and Idrija, Slovenia. The property includes two mercury mining sites. In Almadén mercury has been extracted since antiquity, while in Idrija it was first found in 1490 AD. The Almadén site includes buildings relating to its mining history. These include Retamar Castle, religious buildings and traditional houses. The site in Idrija notably features mercury  and infrastructure. It also includes miners’ living quarters, and a miners’ theatre. The sites shows how trade in mercury generated important exchanges between Europe and America over the centuries. The two sites represent the two largest mercury mines in the world and were working mines until recent times.

## References
Roman Walls of Lugo

The **Roman Walls of Lugo** (Spanish, Galician: *Muralla Romana de Lugo*) were constructed in the 3rd century AD. The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications. They are still largely intact today. They stretch over  around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them. The walls average about  in height and are up to  thick. The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.

## Images 

File:Puertas de la muralla de Lugo (numeradas).svg|Map of the walls showing the location of the 10 gates
File:Porta.SanPedro.jpg|The Porta de San Pedro, one of the five original Roman gates
File:Lugo 060420.jpg|Walkway over the walls

## References
Martin Walser

**Martin Walser** (24 March 1927 &ndash; 26 July 2023) was a German writer. He became famous for talking about the troubles for anti-heroes he had in his novels and stories. In 1998 he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in Frankfurt. Walser was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee, Germany.

At the age of 17, Walser became a member of the Nazi Party on 20 April 1944, though Walser denied that he entered the party.

Walser died on 26 July 2023 in Überlingen, Germany at the age of 96.

He was among the important German authors after the Second World War.

Most of his works are about the protagonists, and the inner conflicts they have to overcome. This is similar to the world of other German-language writers of the time, such as Heinrich Böll, Peter Handke or Siegfried Lenz.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*Audio clip from the novel "Ein liebender Mann" (2008), read out on Literaturport.de by Martin Walser himself (in German) 
*Audio clip from the novel "Angstblüte" (2006) on Literaturport.de (in German)
Inverse-square law

In physics, an **inverse-square law** is a physical law that states that the farther away an object is from an effect, or a physical quantity causing an effect, the less change can be observed in the object.

The following are examples of when this law applies:
*Gravitation
*Electrostatics
*Light and other electromagnetic radiation
*Acoustics
Bilbao Cathedral

**Santiago Cathedral** (; ) is a Catholic cathedral in the city of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. It was originally built as a Gothic church in the late 14th century. After a fire in the 1500s it was rebuilt. It was officially given the status of a cathedral in 1950.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Information about Santiago cathedral
* Photography of Bilbao cathedral (facade and interior), Flickr
Ryan VandenBussche

**Ryan VandenBussche** (born February 28, 1973) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 9 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was known for his pugilistic skills.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, VandenBussche played 2 seasons with the Cornwall Royals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).

He was drafted with the 173rd overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He spent most of his first seasons between the OHL and the American Hockey League (AHL) with the St. John's Maple Leafs, Springfield Indians, and Binghamton Rangers.

On August 22, 1995, he signed a contract with the New York Rangers after he became an unrestricted free agent. After he spent two seasons in the AHL with the Rangers AHL-affiliate team, the Binghamton Rangers, VandenBussche made his NHL debut on December 13, 1996 in a 3-0 win against the Buffalo Sabres.

After 27 games with the Rangers over 2 seasons, the Rangers traded VandenBussche to the Chicago Blackhawks for Ryan Risidore on March 24, 1998. With the Blackhawks, VandenBussche played 263 games over 7 years with them.

On July 12, 2004, he signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins as an unrestricted free agent.
 
He only played 20 games with the Penguins before he was signed for a try-out by Jokerit of the SM-liiga on September 25, 2006.

He signed with the New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League (CHL) as a player/coach on November 5, 2006.

After retiring, he decided to sell real estate with his wife Lisa, and under the direction of his father Ron, in Norfolk County.

On July 3, 2006, VandenBussche was charged with three counts of assaulting police and one count of uttering a death threat after a fight at a bar in Turkey Point. He was later cleared of the charges.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Jaén Cathedral

The **Assumption of the Virgin Cathedral** is a Spanish Renaissance cathedral located in Santa María Square in Jaén, Spain. It is across from the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace (Archbishop's palace). The Santa María Square is one of the historical sites in Jaén. The cathedral stands on the same ground that was once occupied by an early mosque. 

Construction of the cathedral began in 1249.

## References
## Other books
* 

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## Other websites
* JAÉN CATHEDRAL
Bardenas Reales

The **Bardenas Reales** is a semi-desert natural region, or badlands. It is about  and is located in southeast Navarre (Spain). The soils are made up of clay, chalk and sandstone. They have been eroded by water and wind. This has created a number of shapes, canyons, plateaus, tabular structures and isolated hills, called seamounts. Bardenas lacks urban areas and vegetation is scarce.

## Location
The Bardenas is in the southeast of Navarra, bordering Aragon. It is located in the middle of the depression of the Ebro valley at the foot of the mountains of the Yugo and the Zaragoza region of Cinco Villas. It is  from north to south and  east-west and at an altitude ranging between . Its area is . Limited to sixteen municipalities, of which thirteen are in Navarre and three in the province of Zaragoza.

## Gallery 

File:Bardena Blanca.JPG|The White Bardena
Image:Bardenas Reales 31.JPG|Cabezo Castildetierra
Image:Bardeak.jpg|A cabezo 
Image:Bardenas Reales6.jpg|Cabezo Castildetierra
Image:Bardenas Reales5.jpg|Eroded gullies
File:Bardenas Reales 4.jpg|Ravines
File:F-4E-81st-tfs.jpg|A U.S. Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4E-61-MC Phantom II (s/n 74-1630) from the 81st Tactical Fighter Squadron, 52nd Tactical Wing, releasing 18 Mark 82 227&nbsp;kg bombs over the Bardenas Reales Gunnery Range, Spain, on 25 March 1986
File:Manifestacion en contra del poligono de tiro de las Bardenas Reales en Tudela (2008).jpg|Demonstration against the Bardenas Reales bombing range in Tudela

## References
## Other websites 
* The landscape of Bardenas Reales
* Las Bardenas Reales 
* Las Bardenas Reales
Palacio de Villena (Cadalso de los Vidrios)

The **Palace of Villena** () is a palace in Cadalso de los Vidrios, Spain.  It was built by Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo.

The building and the gardens are listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest.
The building is listed as a *monument*. It has been protected since 1931. The gardens are listed as a *jardín histórico* (*historic garden*). They have been protected since the 1970s.

## References
James Arnold Taylor

]]
**James Arnold Taylor** (born July 22, 1969) is an American actor and voice actor. He has voiced Obi-Wan Kenobi, Plo Koon and other *Star Wars* characters. He voices Obi-Wan Kenobi in *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* and *Star Wars: Rebels*. He also voices Johnny Test and Fred Flintstone.

## References
Shaker Heights, Ohio

**Shaker Heights** is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the city population was 29,439.

## References
## Other websites
*
*City website
*Ludlow Community Association website
Chardon, Ohio

**Chardon** is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,242 at the 2020 census.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Chardon
* Chardon Local Schools
* Chardon Fire Department
Jeen van den Berg

**Jeen van den Berg** (8 January 1928 - 8 October 2014) was a Dutch speed skater. He was known as the winner of the Elfstedentocht of 1954. He rode the race a record seven times. His first time was in 1947. His final race was in 1997. van den Berg was born in De Veenhoop, Netherlands.

On 3 February 1954, van den Berg finished the race in a record 7 hours and 35 minutes, a record bettered by Evert van Benthem only 31 years later. He came third in the infamous 1963 race. In 1973 he became the first Dutch marathon skate champion.

van den Berg died in Heerenveen, Netherlands, aged 86.

## References
Ebola virus cases in the United States

On September 30, 2014, the first case of Ebola virus disease was diagnosed in the United States. It came from a 42-year-old Liberian national, Thomas Eric Duncan. Even before Duncan's diagnosis, three Americans had been medically evacuated from Africa and treated in the United States for Ebola virus disease. This was during the current Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Two were treated at Emory University Hospital's isolation unit and one at Nebraska Medical Center.

## About Thomas Eric Duncan
Duncan, who came from Liberia, had been visiting family in Dallas, Texas. He was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas. By October 4, his condition had deteriorated from "serious but stable" to "critical". On October 4, Duncan started receiving the experimental drug brincidofovir, but remained in critical condition. On October 8, Duncan died of Ebola virus disease.

## References
## Other websites
*What gear to wear for protection from Ebola infection
* Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever — CDC.gov
* U.C. Santa Cruz Ebola genome browser
Mike Waugh

**Michael L. "Mike" Waugh** (December 17, 1955 &ndash; October 8, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Waugh was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 28th District from 1998 until 2014. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1993 through 1998.

Waugh left his job on January 13, 2014, after he learned he had pancreatic cancer. He died on October 8, 2014 of cancer.

## References
Hans Magnus Enzensberger

**Hans Magnus Enzensberger** (11 November 1929 – 24 November 2022) was a German author, poet, translator and editor. He wrote under the pseudonym **Andreas Thalmayr**. He was born in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. He moved to Nuremberg in 1931. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems.

He died in Munich on 24 November 2022.

## References
## Other websites
* In conversation with Charles Simic  December 11, 2002
* The radical loser: English translation of an article originally appearing in Der Spiegel on November 7, 2005.
* Enzensberger at PEN American Center  Participated in the 2006 PEN *World Voices Conference* in NYC
* Poesieautomat  (Poetry-Machine) realized by Christian Bauer, 2006
* Griffin Poetry Prize Lifetime Recognition Award profile (including audio and video of tribute and acceptance speech) 
* Interview: A life in writing Talking with Enzensberger at The Guardian; appeared online May 15, 2010
Cigar (horse)

**Cigar** (April 18, 1990 – October 7, 2014) was an American thoroughbred racehorse. In 1995 and 1996, Cigar won 16 races in a row. He was the first American racehorse racing against top-class competition to do that since Citation in 1948 and 1950. 

When Cigar retired, he had made more money than any other American Thoroughbred racehorse. He is now in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Cigar died from spinal surgery complications in Lexington, Kentucky, aged 24.

## References
## Other websites
Prince of Asturias

**Prince** or **Princess of Asturias** (, ) is the traditional title given to the heir to the Spanish throne. John I of Castile first gave the title to his oldest son, prince Henry (Henry III of Castile) in 1388. In 1977 the title was given to Felipe VI of Spain, who was the eldest son and then heir apparent of King Juan Carlos I.

## Legacy 
In preservation of the legacy of the family and its heirs, they've established The Princess of Asturias Foundation. It is a non-profit organization assembled the Princess of Asturias Awards, which presents academic ceremony each year in Oviedo, the capital of the Principality of Asturias. The foundation celebrates and promotes excellence in the cultural, scientific, and humanistic values. 

## Examples 
List of some people who held the title:
* Henry III of Castile
* King Luis I
* King Fernando VI
* Alfonso XII of Spain
* Felipe VI of Spain

## References
San Juan de la Peña

The **monastery of San Juan de la Peña** is a religious complex in the town of Santa Cruz de la Serós. It is to the southwest of Jaca, in the province of Huesca, Spain. It was one of the most important monasteries in Aragon in the Middle Ages. Its two-level church is partly carved in the stone of the large cliff that is over the foundation. *San Juan de la Peña* means "Saint John of the Cliff".

The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

San Juan de la Pena-04-altes Kloster-1996-gje.jpg|San Juan de la Peña
San Juan de la Pena-20-Portal zum Kreuzgang-Boegen-1996-gje.jpg|Entry to the cloister
San Juan de la Pena-22-Portal zum Kreuzgang-Saeulen-1996-gje.jpg|Entry to the cloister
San Juan de la Pena-14-Boegen des Kreuzgangs-1996-gje.jpg|Cloister
San Juan de la Pena-16-Kapitell-1996-gje.jpg|Capital of a pillar
San Juan de la peña.JPG|Loggia
San Juan de la Pena-02-neues Kloster-1996-gje.jpg|New monastery

## References
## Other websites
*San Juan de la Peña  at monasteriosanjuan.com
*Info sheet
Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll

The **Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll** is a Benedictine monastery in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia, Spain. It was built in the Romanesque style. Much of the church was rebuilt in the 19th century. The sculptured portico is a noted work of Romanesque art.

The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*
Prism (disambiguation)

**Prism** may mean:

* *Prism* (album), an album by Katy Perry
* Prism (geometry), a three-dimensional shape
* Prism (optics), a piece of glass that bends light
Almería Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Almería** (), in full the **Cathedral of the Incarnation of Almería** (), is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Almería, Andalusia. It is the seat of the Diocese of Almería.

The cathedral was built in Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles from 1524 to 1562. Its last bell was built in 1805.

## References
Cartagena Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Cartagena** (also called **Cathedral of Santa María la Vieja**)  was a cathedral of the Diocese of Cartagena. It was in the old town of Cartagena.  It has been in ruins since 1939, when it was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War.

## Other websites
Alcalá de Henares Cathedral

The **Alcalá de Henares Cathedral** (also called as **Cathedral of St Justus and St Pastor in Alcalá de Henares**) () is a Catholic cathedral in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was declared *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1904.

Alcalá de Henares - Catedral Magistral de los Santos Justo y Pastor 4.jpg|Cover of the Cathedral.
Fachada_Catedral_Magistral.JPG|Cathedral facade.
Catedral Magistral y Jardín de las palabras, Alcalá de Henares 2013.jpg|Church tower.
Alcalá de Henares (RPS 17-01-2015) Catedral, campanario, escalera.png|Spiral staircase to access the bell tower.
Alcalá de Henares - Catedral Magistral de los Santos Justo y Pastor 2.jpg|Silver urn.
Interior catedral Alcala de Henares-2.jpg|Interior of the Cathedral.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Catedral de los Santos Niños Justo y Pastor en Alcalá de Henares 
* Fotografías
Mérida Cathedral

The **Mérida Cathedral** in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, is one of the oldest cathedrals in the Americas.

## History
The cathedral was built on the site of Mayan ruins Tiho.

## References
## Other websites 
* Descripción del monumento 
*
Astorga Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Astorga** () is a Roman Catholic church in Astorga, Spain. It was declared a national monument in 1931. Bishop of this cathedral is Camilo Lorenzo Iglesias (Bishop of Astorga).

File:Astorga Catedral 36 by-dpc.jpg|Cathedral interior
File:Astorga Catedral 37 by-dpc.jpg|Cathedral altarpiece

## Other websites 
*Official website 
*The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Astorga Cathedral (no. 70)
Jerez de la Frontera Cathedral

The **Cathedral of San Salvador** is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Asidonia-Jerez  in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, southern Spain. It was declared *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1931. It was elevated to the rank of cathedral in 1980.

## Style 
Built in the 17th century, it is a mix of Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassicist style.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Cádiz Cathedral

**Cádiz Cathedral** () is a Roman Catholic church  in Cádiz, southern Spain, and the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. It was built between 1722 and 1838. The cathedral was declared *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1931.

## Images 

File:Vistas desde la Torre de Poniente - Cádiz - DSC 0023.jpg|Cathedral and port
File:Vistas desde la Torre de Poniente - Cádiz - DSC 0034.jpg|San Sebastián Castle and Viña quarter
File:Vistas desde la Torre de Poniente - Cádiz - DSC 0071.jpg|House of the Four Towers
File:Vistas desde la Torre de Poniente - Cádiz - DSC 0066.jpg|Tavira Tower

## References 
## Other websites
Ceuta Cathedral

The **Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption** () is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Spanish city of Ceuta located in a small exclave on the north coast of Africa.

The cathedral is a 15th-century structure, built on the site of a sixth-century Christian church. The cathedral contains works of art dating from the 17th century to the present day.

## References
## Other websites
Las Palmas Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Santa Ana** (**Holy Cathedral-Basilica of Canary** or **Cathedral of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria**) is a cathedral in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. It is the seat of the Diocese of the Canaries in the Roman Catholic Church. It is in the Vegueta neighborhood, next to the Plaza Mayor of Santa Ana. The feast of the cathedral's dedication is celebrated annually on November 26. It is one of two cathedrals in the Canary Islands, near the La Laguna Cathedral in Tenerife.

## Other websites
El Escorial, Madrid

**El Escorial** is a municipality in the administrative district of Madrid. It is located  northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Its population in 2013 was 15,197.

## References
Tarragona Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Tarragona** is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Tarragona, Spain. The site was previously occupied by a Roman temple of Jupiter. Later it was a Visigothic cathedral, then a Moorish mosque.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Panoramic view  
*Diocesan Museum
Solsona Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Solsona** is a cathedral in Solsona, Catalonia, Spain. The apse, in Roman style, probably dates from the twelfth century.

## References
* Monestirs de Catalunya. Catedral de Solsona

## Other websites
La Laguna Cathedral

The **Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna** or **Catedral de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios** (*Santa Iglesia Catedral de San Cristóbal de La Laguna* in Spanish) is a Catholic cathedral in Tenerife, Spain. It started construction in 1904 and was completed in 1915. It is dedicated to the Virgin of Los Remedios (patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna). This is one of the most important cathedrals in the Canary Islands.

## Images 

Image:LagunaCathedral83.jpg|Interior of the cathedral.
Image:LagunaCathedral23.jpg|Altarpiece baroque of the Virgin of the Remedies.
Image:LagunaCathedral57.jpg|Tomb of Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of the island and city founder.
Image:San Cristobal de la Laguna 09.JPG|Dome of the Cathedral.
Image:LagunaCathedral21.jpg|Marble pulpit, designed by Pasquale Bocciardo.
Image:LagunaCathedral09.jpg|Tabernacle of the main altar.

## References
Vic Cathedral

**Vic Cathedral** (, ), officially the **Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle** (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Vic, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Vic.

It has a mix of Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassic styles.

## Other websites
Gall–Peters projection

The **Gall–Peters projection** is an equal-area map projection. It cannot be used to navigate with. It is a map style that has areas near the equator appear to be smaller than they are. Those areas closer to the poles appear larger. It was named after James Gall and Arno Peters. A controversy came up in the late 20th century about the political implications of map design. Maps based on this projection are promoted by UNESCO. They are also widely used by British schools.The Gall-Peters projection was Made in 1885 but publiched by Arno Peters in 1974.

## References
Feridun Buğeker

**Feridun İsmail Buğeker** (5 April 1933 – 6 October 2014) was a Turkish football forward who played for Turkey in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Fenerbahçe S.K. between 1950–55 and 1961-63. He was born in Istanbul, Turkey.

Buğeker died in Istanbul, Turkey, aged 81.

## References
Sigüenza Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Sigüenza** () is a cathedral in Guadalajara, Spain. It was declared *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1931. It is built in Romanesque and Gothic style.
The cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara.

File:Siguviae.jpg|Cathedral of Sigüenza.
File:Presbiterio.jpg|Vaults of the presbytery and the transept.
File:Catedral de Santa María, Sigüenza, España, 2015-12-28, DD 112.JPG|The cathedral standing out of the town.

## References
## Other websites
Neanderthal 1

**Neanderthal 1** is the name of the first fossil found that was clearly identified as a Neanderthal (*Homo neanderthalensis*). Sometimes this fossil is also called **Feldhofer 1**, but that name is less common.

It is not the first fossil found of a Neanderthal, but before this find, the importance of the fossils was unclear. The fossil is part of a skull, with a fragment of the left temporal bone, part of the right scapula (shoulder blade), the right clavicle, both humeri (bones in the upper arm), one radius (a bone in the forearm), both ulnae (another bone in the forearm), five ribs, an almost complete half pelvis, and both femurs.

Studies done in 1999 included a radiocarbon dating of the bones: The bones were found to be about 39.900 ± 620 years old. This means this Neanderthal was from one of the last Neanderthal populations in Europe. In the 1990s and 2000s, bones from two other Neanderthals were found nearby, they are called Neanderthal 2 and Neanderthal 3 respectively. Neanderthal 2 has the same age, but a lighter build. Neanderthal 3 was probably a teenager.

Neanderthal 1 was male. At the time of death, he was between 40 and 42 years old.
## References
Co-cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor

The **Co-cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor** () is a co-cathedral  in Guadalajara, Spain. It was declared *Bien de Interés Cultural* in 1941.

## References 
## Other websites
Felix Körling

'*John *Felix* August Körling*', born 17 December 1864, in Kristdala, Sweden, dead 8 January 1937 in Halmstad, Sweden, was a Swedish composer, church musician and music teacher. He was the brother of Sven Körling and son of August Körling. Felix Körling also wrote children's songs.

## References
Olle Widestrand

**John Olof "Olle" Widestrand**, born 9 July 1932, dead 25 March 2018, was a Swedish parish-musician, teacher and composer. He is represented in Den svenska psalmboken 1986 with two works (number 61 and 90) and several other hymnals with one hymn. He has written several children's songs and published songbooks and educational materials for schools. He lived in the town of Jönköping until his death.

## Hymns
* Blott i det öppna (1986 number 90), lyrics by Britt G. Hallqvist set to music 1974 by Olle Widestrand and re-wirtten by himself 1980
* Det är advent = Ett litet barn av Davids hus in several hymnals
* Lågorna är många (1986 number 61), set to music in 1974, lyrics by Anders Frostenson.

## References
Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares

The '''Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares'* (Spanish: *Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares'') is a palace in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest in 1931.

File:Constantin Uhde (1888) Escalera de Covarrubias en el Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares.png|Steps of Covarrubias.
File:Alcalá de Henares Palacio Arzobispal 6045.JPG|Tower of Tenorio.
File:Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares (Jean Laurent ca. 1870) vista general.png|Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares (J. Laurent, ca. 1870).

## References
Britt G. Hallqvist

**Britt Gerda Hallqvist**, born *Nyman* 14 February 1914 in Umeå, Sweden, dead 20 March 1997 in Lund, Sweden was a Swedish hymnwriter, poet and translator. Her grandfather was medical professor Salomon Eberhard Henschen and she was also the cousin of neurology professor David H. Ingvar and his sister Cilla Ingvar.

## References
Magnus Uggla

**Per Allan Magnus Claësson Uggla** (pronounced ; born June 18, 1954 in Stockholm) is a Swedish artist, composer, actor, and occasional radio host. He is known for songs with satirical lyrics. Breaking through in the 1970s, in 2006, he released his 13th studio album.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official Magnus Uggla website
Carl Bertil Agnestig

**Carl Bertil Agnestig**, originally *Andersson*, born 7 March 1924 in Järvsö Parish, Sweden, is a Swedish music teacher and composer.

He is known for music-instruction books and has written several songs, one of the more well-known is *Adventstid*. He's represented in Den svenska psalmboken 1986 with two works, (nr 214 b and 443).

## References
Methods of Mayhem

**Methods of Mayhem** is an American heavy metal band formed in 1999.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Methods of Mayhem* (1999)
* *A Public Disservice Announcement* (2010)
Horned owl

***Bubo*** is a genus of large owls. It includes the **eagle-owls** (Old World) and the **horned owls** (the Americas). 

This genus contains about one or two dozen species of typical owls (family Strigidae). It is found in many parts of the world. Some of the largest living Strigiformes are in *Bubo*. Traditionally, only owls with ear-tufts were included here, but that is no longer the case.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b sequence data supports the decision to put the snowy owl, an eagle-owl adapted to Arctic conditions, into *Bubo*.

The fish-owls in the genus *Ketupa*, and the *Scotopelia* fishing owls, are also closely related. They might be moved into *Bubus*, but that would make the genus rather large. As it is some of these owls, like  Verreaux's eagle-owl, are not studied enough. More research is needed.

## References 
 in its beak]]
Gullan Bornemark

**Elin Gunhild "Gullan" Bornemark** (born *Bohlin*; 28 November 1927 in Härnösand, Sweden) is a Swedish musician, lyricist and composer. Between 1951 and 2007, she was also active as a music teacher.

## Famous songs
*Herr Gårman
*Lillebror (1964)
*Min ponny
*Sudda sudda
*Är du vaken Lars?
*Skojiga valpen (also known as "Valpen min")

## References
Peter A. Peyser

**Peter A. Peyser** (September 7, 1921 &ndash; October 9, 2014) was an American politician. He was a United States Representative from New York. He served as representative from 1971 to 1977 as a Republican and from 1979 to 1983 as a Democrat.

On October 9, 2014, he died of Parkinson's disease. He was 93.

## References
Iva Withers

**Pearl Iva Edith Withers** (July 7, 1917 – October 7, 2014) was a Canadian-born American actress and singer. She was best known as a replacement player who had long runs in some of Rodgers and Hammerstein's biggest musical theatre hits. 

She also appeared in *Carousel*, *South Pacific* and *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes*. Withers was born in Rivers, Manitoba, Canada.

Withers died in Englewood, New Jersey at age 97 on October 7, 2014 at the Lillian Booth Actors Home.

## References
## Other websites
*