open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Loretta Sanchez

**Loretta Sanchez** (born January 7, 1960) is an American politician. She is from California. Sanchez served in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2017.

## Early life 
Loretta Sanchez was born in California. Her parents were immigrants from Mexico. She grew up in Anaheim, California. In Anaheim, she went to a public school. She was a very good student. As a child, people were mean to Sanchez because she was Hispanic. This made Sanchez very sad. Later, she went to college at Chapman University in Orange County, California.

She and her husband were part of the Republican Party. Sanchez did not like how immigrants, women, and people who are gay were being treated. She left the Republican Party and joined the Democratic Party. Her sister, Linda Sanchez is also a U.S. Representative from California.

## Her change 
Sanchez helped schools that needed money and helped fight for human rights. She was elected twice to be in the U.S. Congress. She helped many people who were poor and disrespected to be treated equally.  

## First election 
She competed with Bob Dornan for a spot in the U.S. House of Representatives. She disagreed with him about the rights of gay people and rights of gun owners. Sanchez beat him by fewer than 1,000 votes. Dornan said that she cheated. She won the election because people wanted her to be an American representative in the U.S. Congress. Sanchez spoke only about simple problems when she was running for a spot in the U.S. House of Representatives. For example, she talked about education and jobs. She did not talk about more complex problems such as immigration.

## Senate run 
Sanchez ran for the United States Senate in 2016. Sanchez lost in the November election to California Attorney General Kamala Harris.

## References 
*"Loretta Sanchez." *Notable Hispanic American Women*, Gale, 1998. *Biography In Context*, Accessed 3 May 2018.
Ignazio Cassis

**Ignazio Cassis** (born 13 April 1961) is a Swiss physician and politician. He was the President of the Swiss Confederation from 2022 to 2023. He is a member of the FDP.The Liberals and was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 20 September 2017. He has served since 1 November 2017 as head of the Department of Foreign Affairs. He was born in Sessa, Switzerland.

Cassis took office on 1 November 2017 as head of the Department of Foreign Affairs, succeeding Didier Burkhalter.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Biography of Ignazio Cassis on the website of the Swiss Parliament .
* Profile of Ignazio Cassis with election results on the website of the Swiss Federal Council.

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Computer-aided design

**Computer-aided design** (**CAD**) is the use of computer software to help create, change, analyse or optimize designs. It is meant to help the designer create better quality, more precise, and neater designs. It also helps improve communication of the design by creating documentation for it as well as a database for manufacturing. CAD is used in many places such as architecture and product design.

Designing using CAD can take longer than the traditional way of drawing on paper and costs more because of the software. Also, people often need to be trained to understand CAD.

## Advantages and disadvantages 
## Types
* 3D Wire-frame modeling
* Parametric modeling
* Direct or explicit modeling

## Examples where CAD is used 
*Architecture
* Product design
* Shop/building design

## Related pages 
* Computer-aided manufacture (CAM)
* CAD/CAM

## References
Dii Consentes

The **Dii Consentes** (Latin: "[the] council of the divine") was the principal group of deities within Ancient Roman religion, equivalent to the Twelve Olympians. As listed by the poet Ennius in the late 3rd Century BC, they consisted of: 

* *Jupiter, Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Apollo, Diana, Venus, Mars, Vulcan, Mercury, and Neptune*.

## References
Kitzbühel

**Kitzbühel** is a small medieval town in Tyrol, Austria. It is the administrative center of the Kitzbühel district (*Bezirk*). As of 2018, 8,272 people live there.

It is in the Kitzbühel Alps along the river Kitzbüheler Ache and about 100 km (62 mi) east of the state capital Innsbruck.

Kitzbühel is a ski resort of international renown and its ski season lasts from mid October to early May. During winter and early spring it is frequented primarily by upper-class clientele from Austria and from abroad.

## Other websites 
*Tourist office Kitzbühel
*Kitzbühel Gigapixel Panorama (20.000 Megapixel)
*Kitzbühel Ski Slopes Photo Gallery 
*Bergbahn Kitzbühel - mountain railway
*Museum Kitzbühel - Alfons Walde
Candy Lightner

**Candace Lynne "Candy" Lightner** (born May 30, 1946) is the founding president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD).

On May 3, 1980, Lightner’s 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a hit-and-run drunk driver at Sunset and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California. The sentence given to the repeat offender of driving while intoxicated (DWI) outraged Lightner who then organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

She served as president of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee from October 1994 to March 1995.

## References
Michiko Nishiura Weglyn

**Michiko Nishiura Weglyn** (November 29, 1926 – April 25, 1999) was a Japanese-American activist and clothing designer, whose goal was to raise awareness about concentration camps during World War II. After United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark lied and said that the concentration camps did not exist in the US, Weglyn made it her goal to tell people the truth about the concentration camps.

## Early Life 
Weglyn was born on November 29, 1926, on her family’s farm in Stockton, California. She was one of two sisters and had a loving mother and father, Tomojiro and Misao Weglyn. Before going to school in the mornings, Weglyn fed the chickens and the horses to prove to her father she was just as useful as a boy. In 1926, boys were often considered more important than girls.

## Concentration Camp 
Weglyn was put in a concentration camp, in Gila River, Arizona. This camp was for Japanese Americans during World War II. Many Americans believed that Japanese people were helping Japan, perhaps planning another attack after Pearl Harbor. Later in her life, Weglyn heard the attorney general, Ramsey Clark, deny that America ever had concentration camps. He said that the concentration camps that had affected Weglyn's life never happened. Of course, this was a lie, and Weglyn was telling the truth about her past experiences. Weglyn later decided to write a book called, *Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps*, to share the horror and torture that she experienced. She wrote to raise awareness. This is why she is considered an activist, who helped inspire others to share their stories.

## Life as a Designer 
Weglyn was one of the first Japanese-American female designer known internationally. Throughout her career she made beautiful pieces of clothing to fit actors/actresses needs. She was known as a designer who could hide the actors/actresses flaws. 

## References
Gertrude Caroline Ederle

**Gertrude Caroline Ederle** (October 23, 1905 – November 30, 2003) was the first woman to swim the English Channel.

## Early life 
Ederle’s birthdate was October 23, 1905. Her family came from Germany to New York. Her mother taught her to swim. Ederle decided she wanted to be a swimmer. 

## English Channel 
Ederle had the world's quickest time for women in swimming. She swam across the English Channel, which is 21 miles long. She swam in a record time of 14 hours and 39 minutes. It was a world record for 35 years. She was the 6th person to swim across the English Channel and the first woman to do so.

## Olympics 
Ederle was a swimmer in the Olympics. She won one gold medal and two bronze medals in the 1924 summer Olympics.

## Support for Women's swimming 
Ederle believed that women could be talented swimmers. She helped the Women’s Swimming Association. She was also famous for her bravery by being the first woman to swim the English Channel.

## References
Emmabuntüs

**Emmabuntüs** is a Linux distribution derived from Ubuntu/Debian and designed to facilitate the repacking of computers donated to humanitarian organizations like the Emmaüs Communities.

The name Emmabuntüs is a portmanteau of Emmaüs and Ubuntu.

## Features 
Emmabuntüs can be installed, in its entirety, without an Internet connection as all of the required packages are included within the disk image. The disk image includes packages for multiple languages and also optional non-free codecs that the user can choose whether to install or not.

Emmabuntüs was developed to function correctly on 10 years old computers, which were previously running Windows XP or more up-to-date Windows versions, and equipped with a minimum of 1 Gigabyte of RAM for  the 32 bits versions. This allows associations like YovoTogo & JUMP Lab'Orione to recycle computers in order to equip high schools in Togo, or the Emmabuntüs collective to equip kindergarten and elementary schools in the Paris area.

File:Salle_informatique_du_lycée_de_Nano,_région_des_savanes_au_nord_Togo_-_1.jpg|Computer room at Nano High School, Savanes Region in northern Togo
File:Emmabuntus_Ecole_maternelle_Val_de_Marne.jpg|kindergarten school in the Val-de-Marne featuring 8 computers under Emmabuntüs

## Desktop environment 
The desktop environment are Xfce and LXQt with Cairo-Dock. 

File:Emmabuntus-DE3-en-Change_Dock_type.png|Changing the profile of the dock - Emmabuntüs DE 3 (Debian Edition)
File:Emmabuntus-DE3-en-Firefox_Extensions.png|extensions included in the Firefox browser - Emmabuntüs DE 3
File:Emmabuntus-DE3-en-Kiwix.png|Kiwix offline wiki reader - Emmabuntüs DE 3 (Debian Edition)

## Applications 
Multiple applications are installed that perform the same task in order to provide a choice for each user that uses the system.
Emmanuntüs also includes educational software like Gcompris, TuxPaint, TuxMath, TuxType, Scratch, etc. It also contains Kiwix, an off-line Wikipedia reader allowing Emmabuntüs to become an self-contained (without Internet access) Free Culture Server, including Wikis like Vikidia, or books in the ePub format.

## Related pages 
* GNU/Linux
* Debian
* Xfce
* List of Linux distributions

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://emmabuntus.org/ - Emmabuntüs Homepage
*
Agildo Ribeiro

**Agildo Ribiero** (April 24, 1932 – April 28, 2018) was a Brazilian actor. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He was known for his role in the 1959 movie *Three Loves in Rio*.

Ribeiro died in Rio de Janeiro on April 28, 2018 of heart failure at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
M. K. Alagiri

**Muthuvel Karunanidhi Alagiri** commonly known as **M. K. Alagiri**, is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He was the former Cabinet Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers from 13 June 2009 – 20 March 2013.

## Birth
Alagiri was born on 30 January 1951. He was the second son of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi. He was born to M. Karunanidhi and his second wife Dayalu Ammal. Azhagiri after his marriage on 10 December 1972, settled in Madurai. His wife is Kanthi Azhagiri.

## Controversies (quarrel and fights)
M. Karunanidhi always wanted his son M. K. Stalin to be his successor as the leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. Alagiri didn't hold any post in DMK party. But he had the command in Madurai region. Alagiri was the important person who made DMK win in 2008 by-elections. After these victories, he was appointed as the organizing secretary of DMK in southern Tamil Nadu districts. Following this Alagiri was given the ticket for Madurai Lok Sabha Constituency in 2009 general election. He won it and became a Cabinet Minister.

There were lots of publicly held fights between the supporters of Stalin and Alagiri. This reached its peak when the Dinakaran daily's office were bombed by Alagiri supporters.Dinakaran is a part of the Sun TV group owned by Kalanidhi Maran (son of Murasoli Maran), the grand-nephew of Karunanidhi. This was because the daily published the result of a opinion polls. The poll was about people's wish of who will become the next leader of DMK. The results said that 70% of the people support Stalin while only 2% support Alagiri. In this attack case, 3 were dead .

He was removed from the DMK party as member and as Secretary of South Zone on 24 January 2014.

## References
Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins

**Sarah Winnemucca** (born 1844) was a protester for Native American rights during the 1800s. Winnemucca was part of the Paiute group in Nevada. Winnemucca wrote an autobiography, *Life Among the Paiutes: their Wrongs and their Claims*. Her autobiography is about her fight to stop the government from treating the Native Americans unfairly. Winnemucca opened two schools for Indian children.

## Early Life 
Winnemucca was born in 1844 near Humboldt Sink, Nevada. She was the fourth child in her family. Her father was named Chief Winnemucca and her mother was named Tuboitonie. At birth, she was named Thocmetony.  This word means shell flower. Then she changed her name to Sarah. During her life, her group was kept on a reservation.

## Education 
The most education she had was three weeks at a Californian Catholic School.

## Achievements 
Winnemucca first talked about how the American government took over the Native American land. She became famous by speaking about the government’s unfair treatment of the Native American people. Winnemucca also met with Rutherford B. Hayes, an American President. She talked in many cities about how the Paiutes were being treated badly. She wrote an autobiography that was the first autobiography written by a Native American woman. Overall, Winnemucca is known for her support of peace between the American government and the Native Americans. She died on October 16th, 1891.

## References
Pik Botha

**Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha**, DMS (27 April 1932 &ndash; 12 October 2018) was a South African politician of Dutch descent. He served as the country's foreign minister in the last years of the apartheid era.

Botha was nicknamed 'Pik' (short for *pikkewyn*, Afrikaans for 'penguin') because of a perceived likeness to a penguin in his stance, accentuated when he wore a suit.

In 2000, Botha declared his support for Presidents Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki.

Botha died on 12 October 2018 at his home in Pretoria at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* South African History Online 
* South African Who's Who
Rose Laurens

**Rose Laurens**, previously billed as **Rose Merryl** (born **Rose Podwojny**; 4 March 1953 – 30 April 2018), was a French pop singer-songwriter. She was known for her songs "Africa" and the French concept album of *Les Misérables*, a song later adapted into English as "I Dreamed a Dream".

Laurens died on 30 April 2018 of a long-illness at the age of 65.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Santa Clarita Diet

***Santa Clarita Diet*** is an American horror-comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco. It was created for the streaming service Netflix. It stars Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant. The series premiered on February 3, 2017 with the first season. It has received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the cast and premise, but criticizing the number of graphic scenes. The second season was announced on March 29, 2017 and premiered on March 23, 2018. The series was cancelled on March 29, 2019 after the third season.

Joel and Sheila Hammond are real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California. The couple face a series of harsh events when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh after eating clams.  With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila, they have to deal with neighbors, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Derek Keys

**Derek Lyle Keys** (30 August 1931 – 29 April 2018) was a South African politician. He served as Minister of Finance from 1992 to September 1994, in the cabinets of F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela.

Keys died on 29 April 2018 at the age of 86.

## References
Jody Williams

**Jody Williams** (born October 9, 1950) is a peace activist and humanitarian. She focused mainly on removing landmines from the world. Williams helped start the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL).

## Inspiration 
Many things made her become a peace activist. One of these things was her brother. Her brother was deaf and schizophrenic. He was disliked for his disabilities.

In college, Williams didn't know what she wanted to study. After she graduated, she worked as a teacher in the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Washington D.C. Williams does not like landmines. She does not want innocent people to be hurt by the landmines. Some people would accidentally step on the landmines and be killed.

## Work With Celebrities 
Williams worked with celebrities to help teach people about the danger of landmines. She even worked with was Diana, Princess of Wales. Some celebrities didn't like this activism. One celebrity that didn't like Williams’ activism was Bill Clinton, a former US president. Clinton made this clear when he did not call her when she got the Nobel Peace Prize.

## Achievements 
Williams won the Nobel Peace Prize. She was given the Nobel Peace Prize because of her work on getting rid of landmines. The Nobel Peace Prize was given to her in October, a day after her birthday. Williams said that it was challenging for her to get support on this project. The government didn't want to give landmines up because they were cheap and worked well. Williams won the argument and had landmines were made illegal.

Williams worked for many organizations. She worked with Nicaragua-Honduras Education Project, the Medical Aid for El Salvador, Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, and Medico International.

Williams wrote *Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security* and ''My Name is Jody Williams: A Vermont Girl's Winding Path to the Nobel Peace Prize''. Williams also helped make the Nobel Women's Initiative. The Nobel Women’s Initiative is an organization that is made up of female Nobel Peace Prize winners. They work all over the world and tell people about female equality.

## References
Irene Natividad

**Irene Natividad** works on helping women around the world.

## Early life 
Natividad was born in 1948 in the Philippines. In Natividad’s early life, she and her family spent a lot of time moving. She traveled to Japan, Iran, Greece, and India and learned many languages, including Spanish, French, Tagalong, Farsi, Italian and Greek. By traveling, she saw how women were treated all over. Her mother never had a job because she was not allowed to work. Her mother told her to become a great student so she could get a job, unlike her.

## Education 
Natividad went to many different schools as a child. The schools were all around the world. Her high school was in Greece. She went to Long Island University after high school. Then she went to Columbia University. She was given two degrees there. The degrees were for Philosophy and American Literature. Natividad also went to Marymount College 

## Career 
Natividad led the National Women's Political Caucus. She often writes and talks about her opinion on many topics. In 1992 she became leader of the Global Forum for Women. The Global Forum for Women comes up with ideas to try and help issues with women. She joined other people to start *Project Vote Smart.* They try to get more votes for education. She became the chair of the *Women’s Votes ‘96.* 

## Awards 
Asian American Quarterly (1994): “Power Brokers: The 25 Most Influential People in Asian America”

Campaigns and Elections Magazine (1993) “Seventy-four Women Who Are Changing American Politics"

The National Conference for College Women Student Leaders (1989) “Women of Distinction Award”

Ladies’ Home Journal (1989) “100 Most Powerful Women in America”

Women’s Funding Coalition (1987) “Innovator for Women$hare Award”

Americans by Choice (1986) “Honored Americans Award”

Women’s Congressional Caucus  (1985) “Women Making History Award

## References
Sandra Cisneros

**Sandra Cisneros** (born December 20, 1954) is an author from Chicago, Illinois. She is famous for her book "The House on Mango Street". It has sold six million copies and been translated into over 20 languages. The House on Mango Street is a series of vignettes. A vignette is a brief incident or scene. The girl in the novel goes through changes from childhood to adulthood. Sandra studied at Loyola University of Chicago and the University of Iowa. Her books are about issues between other races, classes, and genders.

## Family 
Sandra is the second child of Ernesto Cisneros de Moral and Elvira Cordero Anguiano. They had seven children together, one girl and six boys. There was one other daughter, but she died as a baby. Sandra's father wanted his family of boys. During her childhood, because of sexism, her father pushed her over the limits. Her father moved the family between Mexico City and Chicago, causing Sandra to be shy during her childhood. She didn't make close friends for pretty long. Her mother was a strong woman who wanted Sandra to achieve her goal.

## Awards 
* American Book Award - 1985
* Lannan Literary Award for Fiction - 1991
* Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Fiction - 1993
* MacArthur Fellowship Award - 1995
* Texas Medal of Arts - 2003
* National Medal of Arts - 2016 (Presented by Barack Obama)

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Miriam Makeba

**Zenzi Miriam Makeba** (March 4, 1932 - November 9, 2008), nicknamed **Mama Africa**, was a South African singer, actress, and activist. She was against racial segregation which happened during the 20th century in South Africa.She shaped the new transition of black empowerment through her nationally and somehow globally acclaimed music.

## Early life
Makeba was born in a town near Johannesburg, South Africa on March 4, 1932. Her town was segregated. Makeba started to sing in her school/church choir. She found comfort in singing and music.

## Career
Makeba started singing in 1950. She first sang with her cousin's group. They were called the Cuban Brothers. She was also in two other groups called the Manhattan Brothers and the Skylarks. Makeba was in movies and musicals as well. She was in the musical *King Kong* in 1959, the movie *Come Back, Africa*, and she recorded music with Harry Belafonte.

*Come Back, Africa* criticized segregation in South Africa. The South African government banned her from South Africa. Harry Belafonte helped Makeba come to the United States of America. They became friends and made an album together. The album was called *An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba*. They won a Grammy award in 1966 for that album.

## Later Life
Makeba married a jazz trumpet player named Hugh Masekela in 1964. Makeba divorced him in 1966. She then married Stokely Carmichael in 1968. He was a Civil Rights leader. She divorced him in 1978. Makeba came back to South Africa in 1990. The government started removing laws that made South Africa segregated. Makeba then died on November 9th 2008.

## References
Aileen Hernandez

**Aileen Clark Hernandez** (May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017) was an African-American who fought for the rights of women and people with less rights. During her life, she was the president of the National Organization for Women and also worked in government for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

## Early life 
Hernandez's parents were Charles and Ethel Clark. They moved from Jamaica to the United States. Hernandez grew up in Brooklyn, New York City with her two brothers. Ethel Clark was a worker in a clothing factory. Charles Clark was a worker for an art supply store. All of the children in the Clark family learned to do work around the house such as sewing and cooking.

## Education 
Hernandez went to Bay Ridge High School. She was a successful student and almost at the top of her class. Later, she went to Howard University, in Washington, D.C. She was educated at other universities, such as University of Oslo, New York University, and the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1959, she received a master's degree from University of California at Los Angeles.

## Career 
Her first job was with the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. She also worked with Alan Cranston and at the Fair Employment Practice Commission. Later, she was the first female on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hernandez started working with businesses to help them hire more women and people with less rights in 1966. She was vice president of the National Organization for Women in 1967 and became president in 1971.

## Death 
Hernandez died from complications related to dementia at the age of 90.

## Honors and awards 
* Woman of the Year, Community Relations Conference of Southern California; 1961
* Howard University Distinguished Postgraduate Achievement in Labor and Public Service; 1968
* Ten Most Distinguished Women in the San Francisco Bay Area (The San Francisco Examiner); 1969
* Honoree of the National Urban Coalition for Distinguished Service to Urban Communities; 1985
* Regents Scholar in Residence, University of California, Santa Barbara
* Silver Spur Award (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association); 1995
* Eleanor Roosevelt Award (Democratic Women’s Forum in California); 1996

## References 
* "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." *Contemporary Black Biography*, vol. 13, Gale, 1996. *Biography in Context*. Accessed May 4, 2018.
* "Aileen Hernandez." *UXL Biographies*, UXL, 2011. *Student Resources in Context*. Accessed May 4, 2018.
* "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." *DISCovering U.S. History*, Gale, 1997. *Student Resources in Context*. Accessed May 4, 2018.
* Sandomir, Richard. "Aileen Hernandez, Ex-NOW President and Feminist Trailblazer, Dies at 90." *New York Times*, Mar. 1, 2017, p. A28(L). *Student Resources in Context*. Accessed May 4, 2018.
Ella Baker

**Ella Josephine Baker** (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. She worked alongside some of the most famous civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King Jr. She also mentored many emerging activists, such as Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, and Bob Moses. Baker has been ranked as  "One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the Civil Rights Movement," known for her critiques not only of racism within American culture, but also the sexism and classism within the Civil Rights Movement.

## Organizations 
Baker worked with many civil rights organizations. Some of these organizations were the NAACP, Martin Luther King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. 

Baker knew that some Black American protesters lost their jobs. Their White American bosses fired them. So she co-founded “In Friendship.” “In Friendship” raised money and collected  clothing to send to people who were fired. Baker was the Executive Secretary.

## References
Amina al-Said

**Amina al-Said** (January 20, 1914 - August 13, 1995) was an Egyptian feminist, journalist, and editor.

In 1931, she was one of the first three women to graduate from Fu’ad University. She advocated for women's rights in Egypt. She started the first Arabic magazine for women in 1934, the *Hawaa-Eve*. She also helped start the Pan-Arab Feminist Union. Al-Said was the first Egyptian journalist to be paid by a major publisher.

She received the First State Recognition Award, First Order of the Republic, Universal Star, and National Arts Award. She was also one of the first women's rights activists to be supported by her government.

## References
Nikki Giovanni

, 2008]]
**Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni, Jr.** (June 7, 1943 &ndash; December 9, 2024), was an American poet, writer, commentator, activist, and educator. She was one of the world's most well-known African-American poets. She was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.

## Career 
Giovanni was part of the Black Arts Movement. Her early writings supported human rights and fought against violence. Giovanni wrote to protest the unfair lives of black people. She also wrote about family, love, and children.

## Achievements 
Giovanni wrote *Gemini,* which was given the National Book Award.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
## References
Professor's Cube

The '''Professor's Cube''' is a mechanical puzzle, a 5×5×5 version of the Rubik's Cube.  It has qualities in common with both the original 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and the 4×4×4 Rubik's Revenge, and knowing how to solve either can help when working on the 5×5×5 cube.
## Related pages
* Pocket Cube
* Rubik's Cube
* Rubik's Revenge
Eric Yarrow

**Sir Eric Grant Yarrow, 3rd Baronet**, MBE, DL, FRSE (23 April 1920 &ndash; 22 September 2018) was a British businessman. He was born in Surrey, England.

After serving during World War II, he worked at Yarrow Shipbuilders, in 1946, later becoming President of Yarrow plc until 1987, and was Chairman of Clydesdale Bank from 1985 to 1991.

Yarrow was appointed a Vice-President of RINA in 1972 as well as serving as Prime Warden of the Shipwrights' Company (1970–71), among other charitable activities.

Yarrow was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for military service in 1946.

Yarrow died on 22 September 2018 at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
* ''Burke's Peerage and Baronetage*
* *Who's Who*
* Profile: Eric Yarrow *Frost's Scottish Who's Who''
Anita Ellis

**Anita Ellis** (née **Kert**; April 12, 1920 – October 28, 2015) is a Canadian-born American singer, actress and pilot. She was born in Montreal, Quebec. Ellis became a naturalized United States citizen in 1950. In 1941, she joined WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a singer. Ellis dubbed the singing voices of such actresses as Rita Hayworth (notably in *Gilda*, 1946), Vera-Ellen and Jeanne Crain.

Ellis retired in 1987 and moved to Manhattan. She suffered from Alzheimer's disease.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Film Reference biography
Lydia Wideman

**Lydia Wideman** (later *Wideman-Lehtonen*; 17 May 1920 &ndash; 13 April 2019) was a Finnish Olympic cross-country skier gold medalist. She was born in Vilppula, Finland. She was the first female Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing. In 1952 she competed in thirteen 10&nbsp;km races and won all of them, including the 1952 Winter Olympics, national championships and Lahti Ski Games.

In February 2018, following the death of Durward Knowles, she became the oldest living Olympic champion. Wideman died on 13 April 2019, aged 98.

## References
Durward Knowles

**Sir Durward Randolph Knowles** (2 November 1917 – 24 February 2018) was a Bahamian sailor and Olympic champion. He won the gold medal in the Star class at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, together with Cecil Cooke. He won the bronze medal in the same class at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

From 2016 to 2018, he was the oldest living Olympic champion. He turned 100 in November 2017 and died on 24 February 2018 of kidney failure.

## References
Fannie Lou Hamer

**Fannie Lou Hamer** (;  **Townsend**; October 6, 1917&nbsp;– March 14, 1977) was an influential American activist who fought for equal rights. Hamer protested for racial equality and reproductive rights in America. She is known for speaking for the African American group at an important national all-white meeting. Hamer was also a church singer. Her perseverance and rebellious spirit allowed her to help others, and make a long-lasting impact.   

## Activism 
Hamer spent a large portion of her life working in the fields. She grew up on a farm. She married her husband in 1944, and they found work at a nearby plantation.  

In 1962, She continued to attempt registration. She was arrested. In prison, she was beaten. However, her confidence and perseverance gained nationwide attention. 

In 1964, she co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). She also said that her mother got angry at her for saying that and her mother said “Don't ever, ever say that. You respect yourself as a little black child. And as you grow older, respect yourself as a black woman. Then one day, other people will respect you.” However, she could not pass the purposely-difficult literacy exam, and returned home. She was fired immediately upon return, and had much of her property confiscated. 

Hamer was angry and hoped to change the separated system. This hope led her to become a politician.  During her political life, she was most well known for her work in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.  While doing this job, Hamer fought for equality in voting. Hamer received the attention of the country for her position in the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.  This helped black people to be elected to national offices in Mississippi.  Henry Kirksey, a black representative in national offices, said "If Fannie Lou Hamer had had the same opportunities that Martin Luther King had, then we would have had a female Martin Luther King."    

## References
Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse

**Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse** (January 2, 1918 &ndash; December 13, 2019) was a German type designer, calligrapher and book-binder. She was the 1991 winner of the Frederic W. Goudy Award. She also designed several fonts. 

## Life
She was born in Schwerin, Germany. In her early years, she worked with Rudolf Koch and Edward Johnston.

From 1946 to 1954, Von Hesse taught lettering at the Städelschule in Frankfurt. She was hired by the Stempel foundry in Frankfurt to design typefaces, and went on to a successful career as a typographer with Stempel.

In 2001, she was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Friends of Calligraphy. She turned 100 in January 2018.

From 1951 until his death in 2015, she was married to Hermann Zapf. They had one son Christian, who died in 2012. She lived in Darmstadt, Germany. She died on December 13, 2019 at the age of 101.

## Created designs
*Alcuin (URW Hamburg)
*Ariadne (Stempel)
*Carmina (Bitstream)
*Christiana (Berthold)
*Columbine (URW Hamburg)
*Diotima (Stempel)
* Hesse-Antiqua (2018, Monotype, with Ferdinand Ulrich)
*Nofret (Berthold)
*Shakespeare (Hallmark)
*Smaragd (Stempel)

## References
## Other websites
*MyFonts: Gudrun Zapf von Hesse 
*Font Designer – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse 
*Personal Designer Portrait – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse 
*Typophile: Gudrun Zapf von Hesse
Fred Quimby

**Frederick Clinton "Fred" Quimby** (July 31, 1886 – September 16, 1965) was an American cartoon producer. He was best known as producing *Tom and Jerry* cartoons, for which he won seven Academy Awards.

He was the movie sales executive in charge of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, which included Tex Avery, as well as William Hanna and Joseph Barbera (creators of *Tom and Jerry*).

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Tom and Jerry Story
* The Creators – The Magic Behind The Cartoon
Gloria Molina

**Gloria Molina** (May 31, 1948 – May 14, 2023) was a politician and an activist for Latino rights.

## Early Life 
Gloria Molina was born on May 31, 1948 in Los Angeles, California. Her mother and father moved to the United States from Mexico. She went to school in Pico Rivera, California as a child, and she also went to East Los Angeles College. When she was 19, she made most of the money for her family. She stopped school at California State University in Los Angeles. 

## Achievements 
Molina was a part of and started many groups that supported LatinX rights. She became a member of the California government in 1982. In 1987, she became the first woman Los Angeles government member. She heard the people of Los Angeles to make the city better. In 1991, Molina became a Supervisor for Los Angeles. While Supervisor, she fought to stop AIDS. She became the co-chair of Bill Clinton’s presidential campaign. 

## References
Anjali Gopalan

**Anjali Gopalan** (born September 1, 1957) is a gay rights activist in India. She specifically focuses on HIV/AIDS. She forced the Indian government to pay attention to people with HIV/AIDS. The Indian government had to give more money to help people with HIV/AIDS. The government also made a law that doctors have to give good medical care to people with this virus and disease.

Gopalan was born in India. Her father was in the army, so they moved around a lot. She went to school in India and the United States. She went to Lady Shri Ram College. She studied politics, journalism, and international development.

Gopalan worked as a journalist in India. She moved to New York City. She became a social worker and saw how HIV/AIDS affected people. She returned to India to take care of her parents. She then began to inform her community about HIV/AIDS in India.

## References 
"Anjali Gopalan." *Newsmakers*, vol. 1, Gale, 2013. *Biography In Context*, Accessed 3 May 2018.
Winona LaDuke

**Winona LaDuke** (born August 18, 1959) is an environmentalist, economist and writer who supports Native American rights. In addition, LaDuke believes in not damaging nature. For this cause, she started the White Earth Land Recovery Project. She currently lives on the White Earth Reservation. LaDuke studied at Harvard and MIT. She was included in *TIME* magazine’s 1994, “50 for the Future.”  She was included because of her actions to protect Native Americans’ land from dangerous chemicals. 

## References
Elaine H. Kim

**Elaine H. Kim**  (February 26, 1972) teaches Asian American Studies and she fights for Asian American rights.  She co-founded the non-profit organization Asian Women United (AWU).

Kim first suffered disrespect because of her race in the second grade. She has made videos and has written in newspapers. She attended University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Kim went back to Seoul, South Korea to teach, but came back to University of California, Berkeley.

She teaches Asian American studies, and she fought for Asian American people around the San Francisco Bay Area and in Berkeley.

## Awards
* Asian Pacific American Heritage Lifetime Achievement Award (City and County of San Francisco), 2012
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for Asian American Studies, 2011
* Association for Asian American Studies Book Award in Cultural Studies, 2005
* Fulbright Fellowship, 1987-1988

## References
Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer

**Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer** (September 23, 1950 – August 8, 1998) was a civil rights activist and writer. She fought for the rights of people with disabilities. She also wrote the book, *I Raise My Eyes to Say Yes*, with the help of Steven B. Kaplan.

## Early Life 
When she was five weeks old, Sienkiewicz-Mercer acquired viral encephalitis. This is a disease that causes the brain to swell up. She became well again. Later, others noticed that she was not able to speak or move. Sienkiewicz-Mercer was diagnosed with cerebral palsy, a disease that causes paralysis. 

## Education 
The first school Sienkiewicz-Mercer attended was in Massachusetts. This school was meant for people with disabilities. There, a doctor diagnosed her as mentally disabled. Her parents then decided to send her to another school. This school was more expensive. Sienkiewicz-Mercer had to leave the school because there was not enough money to continue her education. She then had to attend another school for the mentally disabled. At this school, Sienkiewicz-Mercer was treated terribly for sixteen years.

## Quotes 
"After fourteen years of living in an institution, I knew I had to write a book about my experiences to let everyone know I was aware of all that was going on. I don't want people to have to live in that kind of environment. They are left to rot, basically, and not treated like the human beings they are. My work consists of advocating for the rights of people with disabilities, promoting community services, and closing down institutions. I want to write more."

## References
Patrisse Cullors

**Patrisse Cullors** (born June 20, 1983) supports African Americans and their rights. She co-founded Black Lives Matter. She grew up in Los Angeles. She also supports LGBTQ rights.

## Early life 
Cullors lived during a time when prison populations were rising. Her father and brother were in and out of prison most of her life. Her mom worked long hours and spent limited time with her. When she was 16, she identified as queer and had her first girlfriend. Her family did not agree, but her friends supported her. She decided to get involved in other groups that would support her and help others like her.

Cullors went to UCLA, where she studied philosophy and religion. She kept trying to get equal rights during this time.

## Achievements 
Cullors co-founded the Black Lives Matter movement. She created a hashtag, #BlackLivesMatter. It spread quickly on social media sites. She helped African-Americans that needed help with lawsuits against them. She supported the LGBTQ community. She wanted everyone to have equal rights.

## Publications 
Cullors wrote the book called *STAINED: An Intimate Portrayal of State Violence.* It talks about violence in prison.

## References
Snowshoe hare

The **snowshoe hare** is *Lepus americanus*, found in North America. It is a kind of hare adapted to cold climates. It is white in colour in the winter.

A major predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. There are historical records of animals caught by fur hunters over hundreds of years. The records show show the lynx and hare numbers rising and falling in a cycle. This has made the hare a case study of the relationship between numbers of predators and their prey.

## References
Russalka

The ***Russalka*** was a battleship of the navy of the Russian Empire. It was assigned to coastal defense in the Baltic Sea.

## History
The Russian vessel *Russalka* was built in St. Petersburg in 1867. It was 62 meters long and armed with six cannons. The crew consisted of 178 sailors. On September 7, 1893, the ship entered a fateful course to Helsinki and sank in the Gulf of Finland due to bad weather. On September 10, the maritime ministry announced Russalka's disappearance with all hands lost. 

## Search and recovery
The Imperial Russian Ministry of the Interior ordered a search, which involved 15 vessels and lasted until October 16, 1893. The search was then called off without success. On June 22, 2003, a ship was found at a depth of 30 meters from the bottom of the sea.
CAD/CAM

The term **CAD/CAM** is a shortening of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAM). The term CAD/NC (Numerical Control) is equivalent in some industries. Most CAD/CAM software was developed for product development and to design and manufacture of components and molds. They are also increasingly used by architects.  CAD/CAM software uses CAD drawing tools to describe geometries used by the CAM portion of the program to define a toolpath that will direct the motion of a machine tool to machine the exact shape that was drawn.

Examples of CAD/CAM software are SolidWorks, INVENTOR, CATiA  and AutoCAD. Furthermore, examples of CAM software are SolidCAM and CAMWorks.

3D CAD/CAM software provides the ability to control CNC machinery from 2.5 axis, 3 axis and multi axis CNC machines. 

Expert CAD/CAM systems were developed around 1988.

## References
French Chess Federation

The **French Chess Federation** (French : *Fédération Française des Echecs* – *FFE*) is the national organization for chess in France. The president is Diego Salazar, the vice-president is Christophe Leroy and the treasurer is Stéphane Reyreau. The headquarters of the French Chess Federation is Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, near Paris. The French federation was founded in 1933.

## Related pages 
* French Chess Championship

## Other websites 
* Official Website
French Chess Championship

The **French Chess Championship** is the annual national chess tournament of France. It was officially first played in 1923 after the formation of the *Fédération Française des Echecs* in 1921.

The first unofficial national tournament was played in 1880, in the Café de la Régence, where further events were held in 1881 and 1883. The 1903 and 1914 tournaments were the first real predecessors of the official championship. They ran under the name *Championnat de France des amateurs* (Championship of the chess enthusiasts).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Héritage des Echecs Français
* Championnat de France
Maureen Orcutt

**Maureen Orcutt** (April 1, 1907 – January 9, 2007) was an American golfer and *New York Times* reporter. Orcutt won many golf championships. She stopped playing golf at age 87 because she had knee problems.

In 1934, she won the 1934 Democratic Party nomination for the New Jersey General Assembly. In 1991, she was put into the New York State Hall of Fame for winning golf tournaments over 70 years.

In 2007, Orcutt died at the age of 99 from heart failure.

## Important tournaments won
* Women's Eastern Amateur - 1925, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1947, 1949
* North and South Women's Amateur - 1931, 1932, 1933
* Canadian Women's Amateur - 1930, 1931
* Metropolitan Women's Amateur - 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1940, 1946, 1959, 1968
* U.S. Senior Women's Amateur - 1962, 1966
* North and South Women's Senior Amateur - 1960, 1961, 1962

## References
Manuel Turizo

**Manuel Turizo Zapata**, better known as **Manuel Turizo** and by the acronym **MTZ** (born 12 April 2000) is a Colombian singer and songwriter. Born in Montería, Colombia. He is recognized for his hit single "Una Lady Como Tú" that won him great popularity.

## Career 
His musical career comes with the release of an EP composed of 3 songs of different styles. There he focuses on urban music, trap music and reggaeton. In December 2016, he launched "Baila Conmigo", produced by his brother Julián and Zensei, "Vámonos" and "Una Lady Como Tú",

On April 10, 2017 reissued "Una Lady Como Tú" and on August 4 premieres the remix of this track, with Nicky Jam. On October 20, "Déjala Que Vuelva" premieres, a collaboration he made with Piso 21. On November 28, the single "Déjate Llevar", a song by Juan Magán with the collaboration of Belinda, Snova, B-Case and Turizo, will be released. On December 7 he released the single "Esperándote".

## Discography
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
## Awards and nominations 
## Notes
## References
Joel Kovel

**Joel Kovel** (August 27, 1936 – April 30, 2018) was an American scholar and author.

## Biography 
From 1977 till 1983 he was Director of Residency Training, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (where he was also Professor of Psychiatry from 1979–1986). From 1980 to 1985, he was an Adjunct Professor of Anthropology at the New School for Social Research and from 1986–7 a Visiting Professor of Political Science and Communications, University of California, San Diego.

Kovel's works include *White Racism* (1971)  (nominated for a National Book Award), *A Complete Guide to Therapy* (1979), *The Age of Desire* (1982), *Against the State of Nuclear Terror* (1982), *In Nicaragua* (1986), *The Radical Spirit: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Society* (1988), *History and Spirit* (1991), *Red Hunting in the Promised Land* (1994),  *The Enemy of Nature* (2002), and *Overcoming Zionism* (2007).

On May 1, 2018, it was announced that Kovel died in New York City on April 30 at the age of 81. No cause of death was given. 

## References
Max Berrú

**Max Berrú** (June 5, 1942 – May 1, 2018) was an Ecuadorian-Chilean singer and musician. He was one of the two founders of Inti-Illimani and sang the band's famous song "Viva Chile!". He was born in Cariamanga, Loja Province.

President Ricardo Lagos awarded him with the "Orden al Mérito Docente y Cultural Gabriela Mistral" in 2002. He owned a restaurant called *Mitad del Mundo* ("Middle of the World"), in reference to his Ecuadorian origins.

Berrú died in Santiago de Chile on May 1, 2018 of multiple myeloma at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*https://archive.today/20120629151410/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050412/pags/20050412203156.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20050507104908/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050503/pags/20050503204512.html