open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Geophysics

**Geophysics** () is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space. It is also the study of the Earth by measuring things and collecting data. Sometimes *geophysics* means studying the geology of the earth such as its shape, gravitational and magnetic field, internal structure and composition. It may also mean how they create plate tectonics, magma, volcanism and rock formations.

Some geophysicists now also study the hydrological cycle including snow and ice. They study how the oceans and the atmosphere move. They study electricity and magnetism in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. How the earth and sun affect each other is also part of geophysics.

Geophysics was only recognized as a special area of study in the 19th century. But, there were geophysicists in ancient history. The first magnetic compasses were made in the fourth century BC and the first seismoscope was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox. Instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as parts of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean.

Studying geophysics may help with problems such as mineral resources, reducing natural hazards, and protecting the environment. Geophysical survey data help find petroleum reservoirs, mineral deposits, groundwater, and archaeological relics. Such data can also tell the thickness of glaciers and soils, and tell which areas have environmental damage that should be fixed and avoided to visit.

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## Other websites 
* A reference manual for near-surface geophysics techniques and applications 
* Commission on Geophysical Risk and Sustainability (GeoRisk), International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 
* Study of the Earth's Deep Interior, a Committee of IUGG
* Union Commissions (IUGG)
* USGS Geomagnetism Program
Netherlands Bridge League

The **Netherlands Bridge League** (; NBB) is an association of bridge clubs in the Netherlands. It was founded in 1930.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Karl Dykhuis

**Karl Dykhuis** (born July 8, 1972 in Sept-Îles, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played a combined 14 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks, 5 with the Philadelphia Flyers, 2 with the Tampa Bay Lightning and 5 with the Montreal Canadiens. He was named the QMJHL Defensive Rookie of the Year and was named to the QMJHL All-Rookie Team in 1989. He was also a World Junior U20 Gold Medalist in 1991.

## Other websites 
*
Machine Gun Kelly (musician)

**Colson Baker** born April 22, 1990), known professionally as **Machine Gun Kelly** (abbreviated as **MGK**), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter,  and actor. 

He was previously signed to Sean Combs' Bad Boy Records but parted ways as of March 2024. Although, he remains with Interscope Records. He was also named the *Hottest Breakthrough MC of 2011* by MTV on December 14, 2011. His song "Invincible" featuring co-writer and singer Ester Dean is the official theme song of WrestleMania XXVIII.

Since May 2020, he has been in a relationship with actress Megan Fox. On January 12, 2022, Fox announced that the two were engaged.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Yokkaichi

**Yokkaichi**  is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It is a port near Nagoya.

It has been  as a special city since 2000.

## History
In the Edo period, *Yokkaichi-juku* was 43rd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (*shuku-eki*) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

In 1936, Yokkaichi hosted an international trade fair called "Exposition of Yokkaichi City".

## Sister cities
Yokkaichi has 2 sister cities.
*  Long Beach, California (USA) - Since October 7, 1963
*  Tianjin (China) - Since October 28, 1980

## People from Yokkaichi
*Katsuya Okada - Foreign Affairs Minister
*Takuya Okada - past chairman of AEON Group
*Katsuaki Watanabe - president of Toyota Motor Corporation

## Gallery

File:Tokaido43 Yokkaichi.jpg|Yokkaichi rest stop by Hiroshige, ukiyo-e woodblock print c. 1830s
File:Yokkaichi Grater Expo in 1936.jpg|Exposition of Yokkaichi City, 1936
File:20090523四日市港第二埠頭.JPG|Yokkaichi port, 2009

## Related pages
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*

## References
## Other websites 
* Yokkaichi City website 
* Hiroshige prints, Yokkaichi
Abiko, Chiba

**Abiko** (我孫子市, Abiko-shi) is a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is next to the Tone River.

## Neighboring cities
* Inzai, Chiba
* Kashiwa, Chiba
* Toride, Ibaraki
* Tone, Ibaraki

## Education
### Universities
* Chuo Gakuin University ()
* Kawamura Gakuen Women's University ()

## People from Abiko
* Aoki Isao (青木 功) - Professional golfer and member of the World Golf Hall of Fame
* Kiyoshi Matsumoto (松本清) - Business person, founder of the Matsumoto Kiyoshi drugstore chain, past mayor of Matsumoto, Chiba

## Other websites
*  Abiko official website
Ōnojō

**Ōnojō** is a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Kyūshū.

## People from Ōnojō
* Aska - musician
* Yu Eto - footballer
* Yuichi Honda - baseball player

## Other websites
Asakuchi, Okayama

**Asakuchi** (浅口市, Asakuchi-shi) is a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is on the main island of Honshū.

## Famous people from Asakuchi
* Hideo Nakata (Japanese: 中田 秀夫) - movie director, Ring (movie)

## Other websites
Erotic asphyxiation

undergoing erotic asphyxiation (getting choked)]]
**Erotic asphyxiation** is a sexual act where strangling is used to increase sexual pleasure. It can result in accidental death. If a person is doing it alone, it is called **autoerotic asphyxiation**. 

Autoerotic asphyxiation is a sexual act where someone restricts their own breathing for sexual pleasure.

It has been documented since about the 17th century. At first it was used as a treatment of erectile dysfunction. The idea for this most likely came from watching people who were executed by hanging. Observers at public hangings noted that male victims developed an erection, sometimes remaining after death (a death erection), and occasionally ejaculated when being hanged.

There are different methods to achieve the level of oxygen depletion needed. Examples include hanging, suffocation with a plastic bag over the head, and self-strangulation. or combination of these. Complicated devices are sometimes used to produce the desired effects. The practice can be dangerous even if performed with care. It has resulted in many accidental deaths. Uva (1995) writes "Estimates of the mortality rate of autoerotic asphyxia range from 250 to 1000 deaths per year in the United States." Cases have also been reported in Scandinavia and Germany. Swedish police reported in 1994 that the number of autoerotic asphyxiation fatalities in the Stockholm area (c. 1.7 million inhabitants) were at least five annually, but the number of unrecorded cases was assumed to be high. Autoerotic asphyxiation may often be mistaken for suicide, which is a major cause of death in teenagers.

## References
Shimada, Shizuoka

**Shimada** is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

## Geography
Shimada is on the Shida Plain. Several rivers pass through Shimada including the Tochiyama River and the Õi River.

## Sister cities
* Himi, Toyama, Japan, from April 15, 1987
* Huzhou, Zhejiang, China, from May 1987
* Brienz, Switzerland, from August 10, 1986
* Richmond, California, USA, from December 1961. Shimada and Richmond have a student exchange program.

## People from Shimada
* Yuki Iwata (岩田 ユキ) - movie director

## Other websites
Thomas Funck

**Thomas Funck** (26 October 1919, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden – 30 December 2010) was a Swedish writer of children's literature. He is known for his stories about Charlie Strap and Froggy Ball.

## Filmography
* *Charlie Strapp Froggy Ball And Their Friends (film)* (, 1956, voice)
* *Charlie Strapp and Froggy Ball Saves The Chicken (1987 Short Films)* (, 1987, voice)
* *Charlie Strapp and Froggy Ball Flying High (1991 The Movie)* (, 1991, voice)
Gord Wilson

**Gordon Allan Wilson** (born August 13, 1932) is a retired professional ice hockey player. He played two games in the National Hockey League.  He played with the Boston Bruins.

## Other websites
*
Percy Wickman

**Percy Dwight Wickman** (June 10, 1941 – July 3, 2004) was a Canadian politician and well-known activist for people with disabilities who was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Wickman served as an alderman on Edmonton City Council from 1977 to 1986. He made the news when he was elected as Liberal MLA for Edmonton-Whitemud after unseating Alberta premier Don Getty in the 1989 election, despite the fact Getty had otherwise won a majority government. In 1993 election and 1997 election Wickman was re-elected as the MLA for Edmonton Rutherford. Wickman retired from politics in 2001.

Wickman died in 2004 due to a paraplegic-related illness.

## Other websites
*Embarrassment for Getty CBC Archives
*Death of Percy Wickman
Rob Whistle

**Robert Douglas Whistle** (born April 30, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the New York Rangers and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Playing career
Whistle was signed as a free agent by the New York Rangers on August 13, 1985. He played 32 games for the Rangers before getting traded to St. Louis for Tony McKegney and Bruce Bell. After playing 19 games for the Blues, he was traded to the Washington Capitals. However, he played for their farm team the whole season, and he retired at the end of that season.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
James Whalen

**James Whalen** (April 29, 1869 – June 4, 1929) was a Canadian businessperson and entrepreneur based in Port Arthur, Ontario, now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario, with interests in the forest industries, shipbuilding, dredging, and towing. He began as a timber contractor in the 1890s, he built an impressive business empire in various Great Lakes marine businesses. With the help of his brothers he was less successful in entering the competitive British Columbia pulp and paper business that went bankrupt in 1925.

He was born in Collingwood, Ontario, April 29, 1869, to Joseph Whalen and Alice Broad, and died in Duluth, Minnesota June 4, 1929. His marriage to Laurel Conmee in 1896 allied his fortunes to her father, the formidable Ontario politician and contractor James Conmee.

He constructed the eight-storey Whalen building in Port Arthur in 1913.

## Companies associated with James Whalen
*Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company
*Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company, PASCO
*Great Lakes Dredging Company
*Canadian Towing and Wrecking Company
*Dominion Towing and Salvage Company
*Whalen Pulp and Paper Company (British Columbia)
*Canada West Coast Navigation Company
*Canada Pebble Company

## References
ISG Business School

**Institut supérieur de gestion**, commonly named **ISG**, is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in three places, in Paris (France), in New-York (USA) and in Tokyo (Japan). ISG delivers Bachelor's degree, Master's degree and MBA.

ISG is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management.

Since the 10th of April 2012, the school is member of the *Conférence des Grandes Écoles*.

## References
Terry Watkinson

**Terry Watkinson** (September 15, 1940 Fort William, Ontario (now Thunder Bay) – February 28, 2026) was a Canadian artist, painter, illustrator, and musician.

After spending his youth in Thunder Bay and Iroquois Falls Ontario, Watkinson attended the University of Toronto for two years in the field of architecture, until he left to participate in the band Max Webster. Upon the dissolution of the band, he returned to the university to study medical illustration. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science, he taught the subject at the University of Toronto.

He gained national prominence as a keyboardist for rock group Max Webster during the 1970s and early 1980s.

He was also active as a painter of other subjects.  In 1993 he painted the cover of Klaatu's compilation album, Peaks.

## Other websites
*Terry Watkinson official site , accessed 16 February 2007

## Note
Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company

The **Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company** operated at Port Arthur, Ontario, now part of Thunder Bay, on Lake Superior from its organization in October 1909 until its reorganization in November 1916 as the **Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company**. It was probably a subsidiary of the Cleveland-based American Ship Building Company until entrepreneur James Whalen took control in 1916. Whalen was president from 1909–1916.

Its dry dock and shops were located at Bare Point at the extreme eastern end of the Thunder Bay harbour. They were constructed in 1910. The first launching of a vessel was June 27, 1911, a scow or barge for the Great Lakes Dredging Company.

During the First World War, the company also produced shells and munitions for the Imperial Munitions Board. It also built Big Bull tractors in 1915.

## Ships built by the company
* Hamiltonian (steel package freighter, 1912)
* Calgarian (package freighter, 1913)
* Noronic (passenger steamer, 1913)
* Nasookin (passenger steamer, 1913)
* Sicamous (passenger steamer, 1914)
* W. Grant Morden (lake bulk carrier, 1914)
* Blaamyra (ocean freighter, 1916)
* Thorjerd (ocean freighter, 1916)

## References
HMCS Fort Frances (J396)

'*HMCS *Fort Frances* (J396)*' was an  that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II.

## References 
* Haze Gray and Underway 
* ReadyAyeReady.com
HMCS Chaleur (MCB 144)

'*HMCS *Chaleur* (MCB 144)*' was a  that served in the Royal Canadian Navy for three and a half months in 1954 before being sold to the French Navy to become *La Dieppoise*. She was eventually replaced by .

## References
Goh Keng Swee

**Goh Keng Swee** (; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gô͘ Khèng-sūi; 6 October 1918 – 14 May 2010) was the second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore between 1973 and 1984, and a Member of Parliament for the Kreta Ayer constituency for a quarter of a century.

Goh died in the early morning of 14 May 2010 at the age of 91. His body lay in state at Parliament House from 20 to 22 May. A state funeral was held on 23 May 2010 at the Singapore Conference Hall. After the ceremony, a private ceremony for family members was held at the Mandai Crematorium. As a mark of respect, the State flag was flown at half-mast from all Government buildings between 20 and 23 May.

## References
Lugo

**Lugo** is a municipality in the Province of Lugo, in Galicia, Spain.

It has an area of 329.8 km² and a population of 97,514 people.
The New York Zoo hoax

**The New York Zoo hoax** was a false story. The *New York Herald* printed an untrue story about a fictional breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo on November 9, 1874. It is also known as *The Central Park Zoo Escape* and the *Central Park Menagerie Scare of 1874.*

The article warned that dangerous animals were loose in the city. The article said that 49 people died and 200 were injured. Many readers panicked, even though the end of the story said that everything in it was not true. The authors later said they wanted to make people pay attention to weak safety precautions at the zoo. They said they were surprised at the strong reaction to their story.

## References
* Thomas Connery, "A Famous Newspaper Hoax." ''Harper's Weekly* (June 3, 1893)
* Fred Fedler, *Media Hoaxes''. Iowa State University Press, 1989 
* Alex Boese, "The Central Park Zoo Escape." Museum of Hoaxes
Yuki Iwata

**Yuki Iwata** (; born 1972 in Shimada, Shizuoka) is a Japanese artist. She is a movie director, screenwriter, illustrator, and lyricist. She has won prizes at several film festivals in Japan. Her most recent movie was *Yubiwa wo Hametai* in 2011.
Royce Clayton

**Royce Clayton** (born January 2, 1970) is a retired American baseball player. He played for many teams in the Major League. Clayton played for 17 seasons. He played in the 1997 All-Star game.

## References
## Other websites
Katsurao, Fukushima

is a village in Fukushima, Japan. It is in the Futaba District and is close to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

After the March 11 disasters, the town offices moved to Aizubange, Fukushima. On 15 June 2011, the offices moved again to Miharu, Fukushima.

## Other websites
Hirono, Fukushima

is a town in Fukushima, Japan. It is in the Futaba District and is close to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The Japan national football team training center, *J. Village*, is in Hirono.
Hair coloring

colors a client's hair.]]

**Hair coloring** or **hair dyeing** is changing the color of hair. Common reasons are to cover gray hair, to change to a color that a person likes better, and to return the hair to its normal color after it has been badly changed by hairdressing or sun bleaching. The 1661 book *Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature*  ways of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellow, and white .

## Types of hair coloring
The four common types of hair coloring are *permanent*, *demi-permanent* (sometimes called *deposit only*), *semi-permanent*,  and *temporary*.

## References
## Other websites
*How Stuff Works "How Hair Coloring Works"
Tomioka, Fukushima

is a Japanese town in Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

## History
Tomioka is close to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The town is inside the 20 km exclusion zone which was created after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.  Animals still live in the  Tomioka "no-go zone". 

The Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant is partly in Tomioka. The town government has moved temporarily to Kōriyama since 17 March 2011.

## Gallery

Futaba District vs Fukushima evacuation zones.png|Fukushima disaster evacuation zones

## Related pages
* Futaba, Fukushima
* Kawauchi, Fukushima
* Namie, Fukushima
* Ōkuma, Fukushima
* Tamura, Fukushima
 
## References
Flash point

The **flash point** of a volatile substance is the lowest temperature at which it can become vapor, mix with air, and burn.

The flash point describes liquid fuel. It helps to tell about the danger of fire from liquids. “Flash point” can describe both flammable liquids and combustible liquids.

## Measurement 
Several national and international committees and organizations decide how everyone should measure the flash point. The three main groups that decide this standard for measurement are the CEN / ISO Joint Working Group on Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM D02.8B Flammability Section, and the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.

The standard for testing the temperature of the flash point tells the equipment, units of measure, the steps to follow, and the precision of the test method.
Flight information display system

]]

A **Flight Information Display System** (FIDS) is a computer system in airports. It tells passengers about arrivals and departures as they happen. The computer system controls mechanical or electronic displays or TV screens.

In large airports, there is a FIDS for each terminal. Some airports use a separate FIDS for each major airline. FID systems help passengers during air travel and people who want to pick-up passengers after the flight.

Each line on an FIDS shows a different flight number and:
* the airline name/logo and/or its IATA or ICAO name
* the city where the aircraft first came from or is going to. It may also show other cities the aircraft is traveling to (or from)
* when the aircraft should take-off or land. This time can change to show if a plane is late
* the gate number
* the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline in charge of the check-in
* the status of the flight, such as "Landed", "Delayed", or "Boarding"
* if the flight is an arrival or departure

Because of code sharing, a single flight may be shown with many different flight numbers. For example, a flight may use the flight numbers  LH474 and AC9099) even though there is just one aircraft doing both flights. Lines may be sorted by time, airline name, or city.
Morgan Oey

**Morgan Oey** (born in Singkawang, Indonesia, May 25, 1990) is an Indonesian pop singer, dancer, model, actor who joined the group SM*SH.

## Filmography 
## References 
## Other websites 
*Sm*sh: Boyband Asli Indonesia  
*Morgan SM*SH  
*Twitter Morgan Oey
Provinces of Japan

The  were historical subdivisions of the island country. They developed and changed from the 7th century until the Meiji Period. In the 1870s, the provincial system was replaced by a new system of prefectures.  

## History
The early provinces were created by Imperial decree. Over time, there were many changes in the numbers of provinces.

The national system of provinces was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

The borders of the provinces were often changed until the end of the Nara period. 

From the Heian Period through Edo period, provincial borders were generally stable, but there were some changes.

In the early Meiji period some provincial borders were changed before the prefectural system was established.

## Related pages
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
Art critic

(1819-1900), c.1870. Leo Tolstoy described Ruskin as, "one of those rare men who think with their heart." A champion of the work of J.M.W. Turner, Ruskin hated the work of James McNeill Whistler]]

An **art critic** is a person who writes about art. He writes reviews which are published in newspapers, magazines, books and on web sites.  He often goes to museums and art exhibitions and then writes about the paintings and sculptures on display.

Professional art critics should know a lot about art history. 

People often discuss what the art critic has said or written.  It may lead to a lot of discussion among art lovers.  When art critics write good things about young artists it may help them to become famous.  If they write bad things then it makes it difficult for young artists to have a good career.  So, art critics (just like music critics with music) have a lot of influence on art culture.  Critics such as Roger Fry have helped the public to understand the Post-Impressionist movement, and Lawrence Alloway helped to explain Pop Art.

## Related pages
*Criticism
*Vladimir Stasov
Microsoft Small Basic

**Microsoft Small Basic** is a programming language made by Microsoft. It is a simplified version of the BASIC programming language. It was first released in 2008. Small Basic was designed by Microsoft DevLabs. The language has only 14 keywords, and the interface is simple.

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Category:Microsoft Small Basic Tasks realised in Microsoft Small Basic on rosettacode.org
Charles Cahill

**Charles "Charlie, Moose" Cahill** (January 4, 1904 – June 5, 1954) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger. He was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. He played one National Hockey League season with the Boston Bruins.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Goh Chok Tong

**Goh Chok Tong** (; born 20 May 1941) was the second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he became Prime Minister on 28 November 1990, succeeding Lee Kuan Yew, and served in the role until 12 August 2004, when he stepped down and was succeeded by Lee Hsien Loong. He subsequently served as Singapore's Senior Minister until May 2011, and as the Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He continues to serve as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency and holds the honorary title of "Emeritus Senior Minister".

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://app.sgdi.gov.sg/listing.asp?agency_subtype=dept&agency_id=0000000014
Vladimir Stasov

.]]
**Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov** (born 14 January O.S. 2 January] 1824, Saint Petersburg; died 23 October [O.S. 10 October] 1906, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian art and music critic.  He wrote a lot about art and music in journals, newspapers and in letters to the press. He lived at a time when classical music and other forms of culture were quite new in Russia.  Russian artists were imitating European art, but Stasov encouraged them to create a culture which was typically Russian, showing its own nationalism.  People saw him as the champion of the new Russian school in all the Russian arts.  He knew most of the great Russian writers, artists and composers of his day, and he wrote many letters including letters to the press in which he stated his views very forcefully.

## His life
Stasov’s father was an architect.  Stasov graduated from the School of Jurisprudence in 1843.  In 1847 he began his career as a music critic.  He gave a lot of support to Glinka who was trying to compose music that reflected Russian nationalism.  In 1856 a group of five composers often got together to discuss ideas about music.  Stasov called this group Moguchaya kuchka (“The Mighty Handful”).  The oldest one of the group was Balakirev who was like a leader and teacher to the others.  The other four were Mussorgsky, Cui, Borodin and Rimsky Korsakov.  They had ideas about music which were very different from those of Anton Rubinstein, the composer who had founded the Petersburg Conservatory.  Rubinstein thought that Russian composers such as Glinka were all amateurs and that music should be taught like it was in Germany.  Stasov and Balakirev were very angry about his views.  They started a Free Music School as a rival to the Conservatory.  They wanted music to reflect Russian folk singing, dancing and the tolling of Russian church bells.

Stasov gave a lot of encouragement to Russian composers and suggested ideas for compositions to them.  It is thanks to his suggestions that many great Russian operas were composed: Borodin’s Prince Igor, Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov, Rimsky-Korsakov’s The Tale of Tsar Saltan, Sadko and The Maid of Pskov and Tchaikovsky's The Tempest and Manfred.  Stasov wrote biographies of the composers Glinka, Dargomïzhsky, Musorgsky and Borodin.

Stasov wrote in an interesting way that made the reader become enthusiasic about the subject.  He talked a lot about ‘nationalism’ and ‘realism’.  ‘Nationalism’ meant that it should reflect the daily lives of the Russian people. He encouraged painters such as Repin, Kramskoi, Vasnetsov and Antokolsky to paint the lives of the Russian people instead of classical or biblical subjects that were popular with European artists. He became a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1859 and stayed there, even when he was offered better jobs, because he felt that the Academy gave him freedom to express his thoughts.  He was made honorary fellow of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1900, together with the great novelist Leo Tolstoy.

## Footnotes
Futaba, Fukushima

is an abandoned Japanese town in Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

## History
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was built in Futaba.  

The area was evacuated because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.

In 2013, the future is uncertain for the people of Futuba.  According to the town's spokesman, 
:"Futaba evacuees are so worried, because the government has not come up with a plan for the town yet, especially regarding compensation and housing. People don’t realize what it means for people to lose their hometown. It took several hundred years to create Futaba, yet it does not exist anymore. It’s all gone. Even if the level of radiation decreases in the future, we cannot go back to the town anymore, and if we merge with another municipality like Iwaki in Fukushima Prefecture, it would mean borrowing the institutions that city already has."

The people who used to live in Futuba are called "nuclear refugees".

## People from Futaba
* , Olympic cyclist

## Gallery

Futaba District vs Fukushima evacuation zones.png|Fukushima disaster evacuation zones

## Related pages
* Kawauchi, Fukushima
* Namie, Fukushima
* Ōkuma, Fukushima
* Tamura, Fukushima
* Tomioka, Fukushima

## References
## Other websites
* *Nuclear Nation*, documentary film
Alf Handrahan

**Alf Handrahan** (born December 27, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the World Hockey Association. He played fourteen games for the Cincinnati Stingers. He was born in Alberton, Prince Edward Island.

## References 
*
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

The  (JSPS), also known as *Gakushin*, is an independent administrative institution in Japan.

JSPS exists to contribute to the advancement of all fields of the natural and social sciences and the humanities.  An endowment given by Emperor Shōwa helped establish Gakushin.

Gakushin evolved in a context of other societies and groups such as the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Research Institute for Chemistry and Physics.

In 1967, JSPS became a governmental organization.  The Society was reorganized as an independent administrative institution in 2003.

### Mission
JSPS has many scientific and academic programs. Its mission is
*  young researchers
*  international scientific cooperation
*  grants for scientific research
*  scientific cooperation between the academic community and industry
*  and  information on scientific research

## Publications
JSPS publications include:
* *Gakujutsu Geppo* (*Japanese Scientific Monthly*).
* Scientific books.

## Related pages
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of National Laboratories (Japan)

## References
## Other websites
* Japan Society for the Promotion of Science website , [http://www.jsps.go.jp/index.html ]
* Hideo Noguchi Africa Prize
National Institute for Minamata Disease

Japan's **National Institute for Minamata Disease** (NIMD), is a medical research facility in Minamata, Kumamoto Prefecture.  NIMD studies Minamata disease.

The research center is part of Japan's Ministry of the Environment

## Related pages
* List of National Laboratories (Japan)

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.nimd.go.jp/english/index.html , http://www.nimd.go.jp/index.html
Ted Lilly

**Ted Lilly** (born 4 January 1976, in Torrance, California) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Chicago Cubs, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He retired after the 2013 season.
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan

The   or **GSI**  is the national institution responsible for  and mapping the land and geography of Japan.  The main offices of GSI are in Tsukuba City of Ibaraki Prefecture.

From 1949 through May 2010, it was known as the "Geographical Survey Institute".

GSI is part of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

## Related pages
* List of National Laboratories (Japan)

## References
## Other websites 
* Geospacial Information Authority of Japan website ,
List of National Laboratories (Japan)

**List of National Laboratories (Japan)** includes scientific research centers in Japan. These independent administrative institutions are supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).  The governmental laboratories include

:
* Central Customs Laboratory
* Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (Geography & Crustal Dynamics Research Center)
* International Medical Center of Japan
* Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA
* National Cancer Center
* National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute.
* National Center for Child Health and Development
* National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)
* National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
* National Institute for Longevity Sciences, NCGG
* National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD)
* National Institute of Health Sciences
* National Institute of Infectious Diseases
* National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
* National Institute of Public Health
* National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster
* National Research Institute of Police Science
* Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
* Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities

## Related pages
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## References
Hou Yifan

**Yifan Hou**  (born 27 February 1994, in Xinghua, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China) is a female Chinese chess prodigy. She was the Women's World Chess Champion 20102012. She was the youngest women ever to win the title, and the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of Grandmaster.

At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to take part in the Women's World Championship and the Chess Olympiad (Turin 2006). In June 2007, she became China's youngest National Women's Champion ever. In 2010, she became the youngest World Chess Champion in chess history (men's or women's) by winning the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, at the age of 16. She then defended her title by defeating Indian Koneru Humpy in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011.

In the most recent (January 2012) FIDE rating list, Hou is ranked as the #1 girl player in the world, the #2 female player, the #10 junior player, and the #3 player aged 17 or under. She is only the third female chess player to achieve a FIDE chess rating of over 2600. In January 2011, Hou was recognised as the best Sportsperson of the Year in China involved in a non-Olympic event.

In January 2012 Yifan broke through to the highest level in chess. She came joint first in the very strong Gibraltar chess tournament, an event with many grandmasters. She tied with Nigel Short on 8/10 points ahead of top players like Michael Adams and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov. To divide the prize money, a two game rapidplay match was won by Short 1½&ndash;½.

Significantly, she beat Judit Polgar and finished well above her. This was the *first time Polgar has lost to a woman since 1992*. Then, aged 16, she lost to her eldest sister, Susan Polgar, who was at that time a stronger player. Yifan also beat Alexei Shirov, Zoltan Almasi and Le Quang Liem, and drew with Adams and Mamedyarov for a tournament performance rating of 2872. This means she is the second highest rated female in the history of the game, and is closing in on Polgar's record grading. There has been talk of a match between Polgar and Hou. Polgar has never competed in events limited to women, but the prospects of such a match is "interesting". Polgar, born 23 July 1976, is still an extremely a strong player.

## References
Yi Gi

**Yi Gi** (, hanja:, October 26, 1476 – April 28, 1552) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and writer of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His other name was **Gyungjae** (경재, 敬齋), and his Chinese style name was **Munjung** (문중, 文仲). He came from the Deoksu Lee clan (Hangul: 덕수이씨, Hanja: 德水李氏).

nephew of Seong Dam su (성담수) and Seong Dam-nyun (성담년). One of the members of Saengyukshin (생육신), and first cousin once removed of Seong Sam-mun (성삼문). He was one of the members of Sayukshin. He was grand uncle of Yulgok Yi I (율곡 이이). Prime minister of Joseon Dynastys 1549 to 1551.

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=125504
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=541493
Kim Seok-ju

**Kim Seok-ju** (; 1634 – September 20 1684) was a Confucian scholar, writer and politician of the Joseon Dynasty. He was the elder cousin of Queen Myeongseong and paternal first cousin once removed of 19th king Sukjong. His penname was **Shigam**(식암, 息庵) and Chinese style name was **Sabaek**(사백, 斯百).

## Books 
* 'Shigamjip'(식암집, 息庵集)
* 'Byeolgo'(별고)
* 'Haedongsabu'(해동사부, 海東辭賦)
* 'Shigamyugo'(식암유고, 息菴遺稿)
* 'Haenggunsuji'(행군수지, 行軍須知)
* 'Gomunbaekseon'(고문백선, 古文白選)
* 'Hangujasu'(한구자수, 韓構字藪)
* Chunsojajipseomun(춘소자집 서문, 春沼子集 序文)

## Related pages 
* Kim Yuk
* Kim Ikhun
* Song Siyeol
* Song Jun-gil

## References 
## Cite web 
* http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b03g1658b 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=31181 
* http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=9901
Po (Kung Fu Panda)

**Master Po Ping** (more commonly known simply as **Po**) is a fictional character and the main character of the *Kung Fu Panda* franchise. He is in his 20s. He is also a giant panda who was improbably chosen as the "Dragon Warrior", the kung fu champion of the Valley of Peace in the first movie.

Po is the adoptive son of Mr. Ping, the Warrior of Black-and-White (as revealed in *Kung Fu Panda 2*). Po is one of Master Shifu's students. In *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness*, Po is revealed to have the ability to be able to learn kung fu at a glance.

## References
Kung Fu Panda (franchise)

The '''*Kung Fu Panda* franchise'* from DreamWorks Animation, consists of four movies: *Kung Fu Panda* (2008), *Kung Fu Panda 2* (2011), *Kung Fu Panda 3* (2016) and *Kung Fu Panda 4* (2024). Two Annie Award-winning shorts, *Secrets of the Furious Five* (2008) and *Kung Fu Panda Holiday* (2010), were also released. A TV show for Nickelodeon called *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness* premiered in the fall of 2011 and ended on June 29th 2016.

## Movies
* *Kung Fu Panda* (2008)
* *Kung Fu Panda 2* (2011)
* *Kung Fu Panda 3* (2016)
* *Kung Fu Panda 4* (2024)

## Television specials
* *Secrets of the Furious Five* (2008)
* *Kung Fu Panda Holiday* (2010)
* *Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters* (2011)
* *Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll* (2016)

## TV Series
* *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness* (2011-2016)
* *Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny* (2018-2019)
* *Kung Fu Panda: The Dragon Knight'' (2022-2023)
Moravian Academy

**Moravian Academy** is a school in historical center of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was founded by the Moravian Church in 1741. It is the ninth oldest independent school in the United States. Moravian Academy has a religious heritage in the Moravian Church. Now it says that it is a "church-related school" and welcomes students from all religious and cultural backgrounds.

## History 
The school was founded in 1741 and in one year later it was the first school for girls in American colonies. Moravians believed, that education is a duty and they kept educational tradition of Comenius. Today's Moravian Academy was founded combining the Moravian Seminary for Girls and Moravian Preparatory School in 1971.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Gemini (astrology)

]]
 manuscript (the *Leiden Aratea*)]]**Gemini** is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Gemini. In the tropical zodiac, Gemini is from May 20 to June 20. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from June 15 to July 15. The opposite sign to Gemini is Sagittarius. 

## Symbol 
This sign for Gemini was made from two lines, representing the twins.
## Mythology 
In mythology Gemini is related to Greek myth of the twins of Zeus and Leda, Castor and Pollux.

## Astrology 
In astrology Gemini is ruled by the planet Mercury.

## Traditional relationships with Gemini 
* Birthstone= Agate
* Colours= Yellow, light green
* Metal = White Gold, Silver

## References
Kim Ikhun

General **Kim Ikhun** (; 1619 – March 11 1689) was a Neo-Confucian scholar of the Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was **Gwangnam** (광남, 光南), his style name was **Musuk** (무숙, 懋叔). He was a grand uncle of Queen Inkyung, wife of king Sukjong of Joseon.

## Related pages 
* Bosagongshin
* Kim Seok-ju
* Kim Man-joong

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=32011 
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=553186
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=553186
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=878337
Nam Gon

**Nam Gon** (Korean: 남곤, 南袞, 1471 – March 10 1527) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was **Jijeong** (止亭, 지정)·**Jijokdang** (知足堂, 지족당)·**Jijok** (知足, 지족), a Chinese style name was **Sahwa** (士華, 사화). He was a mental grandfather of Song in married to princess Jeongsun (정순옹주, 貞順翁主), illegitimate daughter of King Joseon Jungjong

A member of Sarim (사림, 士林), Vice Prime minister to 1521 and Prime minister of Joseon 1523 to 1527.

## Books 
**Jijeongjip* (지정집, 止亭集)
**Yujagwangjeon* (유자광전, 柳子光傳)
**Namakchangsurok* (남악창수록, 南岳唱酬錄)

## Related pages
* Jo Gwang-jo
* Kim Jeon
* Shim Jeong

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=35237
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=532759
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=689086
Song Si-yeol

**Song Siyeol** (, Hanja: 宋時烈; 1607 - 1689), was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was **Uam** (우암, 尤庵) **Ujae** (우재, 尤齋) **Gyosannobu** (교산노부, 橋山老夫) **Namgannosu** (남간노수, 南澗老叟) **Hwayangdongju** (화양동주, 華陽洞主) **Hwayangbuja** (화양부자, 華陽夫子), a Chinese style name was **Yeongbo** (영보, 英甫). header of Westner Partys.

## Writing 
* Uamjip (우암집, 尤庵集)
* Uamseonsaenghujip (우암선생후집, 尤菴先生後集)
* Uamyugo (우암유고, 尤菴遺稿)
* Jujadaejeon (주자대전잡억)
* Songseoseupyu (송서습유, 宋書拾遺)
* Songseosokseupyu (송서속습유, 宋書續拾遺)
* Jujadaejeonchaui (주자대전차의, 朱子大全箚疑)
* Jeongseobunryu (정서분류, 程書分類)
* Jujaeoryusobun (주자어류소분, 朱子語類小分)
* Nonmaengmunuitonggo (논맹문의통고, 論孟問義通攷)
* Shimgyeongseokui (심경석의, 心經釋義)
* Sambangchwaryo (삼방촬요, 三方撮要)
* Songjadaejeon (송자대전, 宋子大全)
* Jangreungjimun (장릉지문, 長陵誌文)
* Yeongneungjimun (영릉지문, 寧陵誌文)
* Songjungilmyojimyung (송준길묘지명)
* Sagyeseonsaenghaengjang (사계선생행장, 沙溪先生行狀)

## Related pages
* Song Jun-gil
* Kim Jip
* Heo Mok

## Other websites
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=95558
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=4225
Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France

The **Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France** (**3AF**) is the French national aeronautical and astronautical non-profit association. Is has been created in 1971 and is located in Paris.

The main activity of 3AF is to bring together people interested in aerospace activities.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Independent Administrative Institution

or **IAI** is a special type of legal  in Japan.

The IAI are semi-governmental organizations.  They are regulated by the *Basic Law on Reforming Government Ministries* of 1998. There are about 100 IAIs.

IAIs employ management methods of private-sector corporations. Each IAI has  in operations and in .

## Related pages
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of National Laboratories (Japan)

## References
## Other websites
* Independent Administrative Institution National Museum of Art
Académie de l'air et de l'espace

The '''Académie de l'air et de l'espace** (**AAE''') is the French national air and space non-profit academy. It was been created in 1983. by André Turcat. It is in Toulouse.

The main activity of AAE is to promote knowledge and development in aerospace activities.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Ellie Goulding

**Elena Jane "Ellie" Goulding** (born 30 December 1986) is a British singer-songwriter. She was born in Hereford and raised in Herefordshire, England. Her debut studio album was *Lights* in 2010.

Goulding studied drama, politics, and English at the University of Kent.

In 2010, she became the second artist to both top the BBC's yearly Sound of... poll and win the Critics' Choice Award at the Brit Awards in the same year. The first was Adele in 2008.

Goulding released her first studio album, *Lights*, in 2010. The album started at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It has sold over 850,000 copies in the UK.  The album's title track was released as a single and rose to number 2 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100.  The song was later ranked as the number-five song of 2012 in the United States.

She performed her cover of Elton John's "Your Song" at the wedding reception of Prince William and Kate Middleton at Buckingham Palace. On 6 August 2011, Goulding performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago. Goulding performed at the yearly Nobel Peace Prize Concert on 11 December 2011 in Oslo, Norway. She also was on a panel discussion with Amy Lee of Evanescence and Janelle Monáe. On 1 December 2011, Goulding performed at the White House during the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony.

She will make her film debut in John Grisham's adaptation of *The Testament* with Nicole Appleton.

Her 2012 album, *Halcyon*, debuted at number 9 on the US *Billboard* 200 album chart.  Its lead single,Anything Could Happen", reached number five in the UK, while it made the top 50 in the US.  The album was re-released as *Halcyon Days* in 2013 and provided the single, "Burn", which reached number one in the UK and the top twenty in the US.

In 2015, her song "Love Me like You Do" was released from the soundtrack for the movie *Fifty Shades of Grey*, based on the novel by E. L. James.  The song reached the top three in the US and reached number one in the United Kingdom.  She released her third studio album, *Delirium*, in November of that year. It included the singles "On My Mind", "Love Me like You Do", and a collaboration with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, "Outside".

Goulding recorded a single in 2016, "Still Falling for You", for the movie ''Bridget Jones's Baby*.  She also released a collaboration with rapper Swae Lee and DJ Diplo, "Close to Me".

## Concert tours 
* The Lights Tour (2010-2011)
* Halcyon Days Tour (2013-2014)
* Delirium World Tour (2016-2017)
* Brightest Blue Tour (2020-2021)
* Higher Than Heaven Tour (2023)

## Discography
* *Lights* (2010)
* *Halcyon* (2012)
**Delirium* (2015)
* *Brightest Blue* (2020)
* *Higher Than Heaven'' (2023)

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
*
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill

***The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill*** is the debut solo album by American R&B musician Lauryn Hill. It was released on August 25, 1998.

## Track listing
Chromosome inversion

.]]
  

An **inversion** is a chromosome rearrangement out of mutation. In chromosome inversion, a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion is when the chromosome breaks at two points in a chromosome (or at the end) and does a 180 degree flip. The genes inside the inversion are in the reverse of the original order.

## Consequences 
What matters is whether the inversion interferes with crossing-over during meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division which produces sex cells (gametes).

### Both chromosomes the same 
If both chromosomes of a pair have the same inversion, and there is no extra or missing genes, then there is no problem with meiosis.

### Inversion on one chromosome only 
When the homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I of meiosis, the genes on the chromosomes pair up. The only way this can happen after an inversion is if the homologous pairs form a loop. If a cross-over occurs within this inversion loop, it can lead to loss or gain of DNA. For this reason, people with inversions in their germ cells often have lower fertility. This is because the gametes are damaged.

Families that are carriers of inversions may be offered genetic counselling and testing.

## References
Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant

The  is a nuclear power plant in the towns of Naraha and Tomioka in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) runs the plant. There are four nuclear reactors at the plant. All four of them automatically shut down after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The plant is sometimes called *Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant* because "Daini" means "Number 2" in Japanese.

The plant uses boiling water reactors. Toshiba built reactors 1 and 3. Hitachi built reactors 2 and 4.

All reactors at the plant reached cold shutdown by March 15, 2011. In June 2011, 7,000 tons of seawater from the tsunami were still in the plant.  TEPCO planned to put it all back into the ocean. But, about 3,000 tons of the water had radioactive chemicals in it.  Japan's Fisheries Agency did not let TEPCO release the water back into the ocean. Japan's Prime Minister said the nuclear emergency at the Fukushima Daini plant was over on December 26, 2011.

## References