open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Osaka University

**The University of Osaka** is a national university of Japan. It was started in 1869. It is in Osaka. It has 11 departments. The university changed its name in English from "Osaka University" to "The University of Osaka" in April 2025.

## Related pages
* List of national universities in Japan

## Other websites
*Official website
Perspective (graphical)

. The perspective in this painting is from an angle over the subject, towards his head as he is laying horizontally. The artist uses upward foreshortening to create the correct dimensions to match the angle.]]
In graphic arts, **perspective** is the representation of how an image is seen by the eye. It was first invented by Filippo Brunelleschi. It is about how the angle and distance of a three-dimensional object is represented on a flat surface. To create a real scene, objects are drawn smaller to show that they are farther away from the person looking at the artwork. The dimensions of an object are also drawn differently depending where the line of sight is. The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are usually drawn shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. This is called foreshortening, and is used to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Landscape paintings have a horizon line. This line represents objects that are infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, like objects on the Earth's horizon. Changing the height of the horizon level changes the view point for the picture. A person lying on the ground and looking up would have a different view to a person on a ladder looking down.

## Basic concept
.]]
Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye.  It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window.  Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.  

## Notes 
## References 
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites 
*Teaching Perspective in Art and Mathematics through Leonardo da Vinci's Work  at Mathematical Association of America
*Perspective in Ancient Roman-Wall Painting  at Southampton Solent University
*Mathematics of Perspective Drawing
Graphic arts

**Graphic arts** is a term that was used for the art of printmaking and drawing. Today it means the skills of a graphic designer or print technician. Graphic arts as a trade can be traced back to the first instances of the stamped image or word.

## Traditional meaning
Graphic art is an artistic process of creating a design where one uses a medium (like rubber or plexiglas) and transfers the image to a material (like paper).

## Related pages
*Graphic design

## References
## Other websites
* American Institute of Graphic Artists
* Online Design Degrees
Cylinder (engine)

(Otto cycle)]]

A **cylinder** is the central working part of an engine, the space in which a piston travels. Mostly several cylinders are arranged side by side in an *engine block*. 

## Related pages
* Internal combustion engine
Print

**Print** may mean:

* Printing, mostly using a printing press
** Printing press, printing with moveable metal type, *see also* Letterpress printing
** Publishing, the distribution of printed works or other information
** Print run, the number of copies that will be printed of a forthcoming book
* Printmaking, various processes for producing multiple copies of works of art by printing
* Old master print, a product of printmaking, such as an engraving, etching or woodcut, in the European (as opposed to e.g. Asian) tradition, especially those made before 1830
* Textile printing
* Input/output, computer output on a screen or on paper
** Computer printer, a device to put ink on paper
* Photographic print, i.e. *photograph* or *photo*
* Print (filmmaking), e.g. *distribution print*
* A BASIC (programming language) programming language command that generates text in text modes. 
* *Print* (magazine), a bimonthly magazine about visual culture and design 
* Print server, a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network.
Stanley, Iowa

**Stanley** is a city in the Buchanan and Fayette counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. There were 81 people living in Stanley as of the year 2020.  The city has an area of 0.2&nbsp;square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Cylinder (disambiguation)

A **cylinder** is a three-dimensional geometric shape. **Cylinder** may also refer to:

## Science and technology
* Cylinder (engine), the space in which a piston travels in an engine
* Gas cylinder, a container for storing compressed gas
** Diving cylinder, a type of gas cylinder used in scuba-diving
* Cylinder (firearms), the rotating device that contains the firing chambers of a revolver
* Cylinder lock, the part that is profiled to accept a specific key
* Graduated cylinder, glassware for measurement of liquids in laboratories
* Hydraulic cylinder, using pressurized liquid
* Pneumatic cylinder, using compressed gas
** Cylinder (locomotive), in a steam locomotive

### Information storage
* Phonograph cylinder, the dominant medium of audio storage from the 1870s until 1904.
* Cylinder (disk drive), in computer hard drives
* Cylinder seal, an ancient, often clay, cylinder engraved with a 'picture story'
* Cuneiform scripts, on cylinders, e.g. ancient documents of Babylonian kings:
** Cylinder of Nabonidus
** Cyrus Cylinder

### Mathematics
* Cylinder (algebra), the Cartesian product of a set with its superset

## Places
* Cylinder, Iowa, a city in the United States

## Related pages
* Cylinder set, the natural open set of a product topology
* Cylinder hat, a type of hat popular in 19th and early 20th centuries
*
Les Bois

**Les Bois** is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Abrams, Wisconsin

**Abrams** is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. 1,960 people were living in Abrams as of the 2020 Census.

The town has an area of 37.5&nbsp;square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Skjaldbreiður

**Skjaldbreiður**(Skyald-bray-thur) is a volcano in Iceland. It is 1,060 metres tall, and its crater measures roughly 300 metres in diameter. Skjaldbreiður translated in English means broad shield and is the name for shield volcano.
Gotha (district)

**Gotha** is a Kreis (rural district) in the middle of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district was made on October 1, 1922, when the newly created state of Thuringia was divided into 15 rural districts () and 9 district free cities ().

## Partnerships
Since 1990 the district has had a partnership with Main-Kinzig Rural District in Hesse, Germany.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Related pages
* Saxe-Gotha
* Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

## Other websites
* Official website
Schwabhausen, Thuringia

**Schwabhausen** is a municipality in Gotha Rural District, Thuringia. It is not part of any verwaltungsgemeinschaft.

## References
## Other websites
Adams (town), Wisconsin

**Adams** can be one of these places in the U.S. state of Wisconsin:

*Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin
*Adams, Green County, Wisconsin
*Adams, Jackson County, Wisconsin
Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin

:*There are also other towns named Adams in Wisconsin.*

**Adams** is a town in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 1,378 people living in Adams as of the 2020 Census. The City of Adams can be found inside of the town.  The town has an area of 50.4&nbsp;square miles, says to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Pectus excavatum

**Pectus excavatum** is a congenital medical condition where the ribs and sternum grow abnormally, producing a sunken appearance to the chest. This makes the chest look  like it has caved in on itself.  It is also commonly referred to as "funnel chest" or "chest bowl". It is the most common form of pectus deformity, occurring in approximately 1 in 300-400 births, with a 3:1 male predominance ratio. While Pectus Excavatum occurs at birth, it often does not develop properly until early adolescence when growth is more rapid.

## Causes
Doctors do not know why some people have the dent.  They think it might be caused by a bad gene from the parent.  It is also linked to syndromes (illnesses) that affect other parts of the body.

### Numbers
Pectus excavatum happens in about 1 in every 300-400 children, with the 75% majority of cases being male.

## Non-invasive treatment
### Suction Cup
A vacuum bell, also called a suction cup, can be used to fix pectus excavatum.  The cup is placed on the chest and all the air is removed: this pulls up the chest. This non-invasive procedure shows promise to be a permanent cure for pectus excavatum. Treatment must continue for two years after the appearance of correction is made.

## Surgery
The dent can be fixed by a doctor.  The following are alternate surgical ways of fixing the chest:

### Nuss Procedure
The Nuss Procedure was created by Doctor Nuss from Norfolk in Virginia.  A metal bar is put into the chest; the bar holds the chest up.

### Ravitch
The Ravitch technique is from the 1950s.  It involves cutting out part of the chest, placing a bar in the chest, and having the bone grow back.  Most doctors do not use the Ravitch because it causes much blood loss.

## References
Eichsfeld (district)

**Eichsfeld** is a rural district in Thuringia, Germany, and is part of the historical region of Eichsfeld. 

## History 
In medieval times, the district of Eichsfeld was much largaer than the present rural district and was owned by the Archbishops of Mainz.

Eichsfeld was the only part of Thuringia not to accept the Protestant Reformation, mostly because of the efforts of the Archbishop of Mainz.

In 1801, the clerical states were dissolved, and Prussia took over.  

The present district was established in 1994 by merging the former districts of Worbis and Heiligenstadt.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites
*Official website (German)
Non-Euclidean geometry

**Non-Euclidean geometry** is a type of geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the "postulates" () that Euclidean geometry is based on. In normal geometry, parallel lines can never meet. In non-Euclidean geometry they can meet, either infinitely many times (elliptic geometry), or never (hyperbolic geometry). Non-Euclidean geometries in 3d can be elliptic and hyperbolic, but can also do things like cause loops to go up (Nil geometry), or be non-euclidean in only two dimensions.

An example of Non-Euclidian geometry can be seen by drawing lines on a ball or other round object, where straight lines that are parallel at the equator can meet at the poles.

## Origin 
It is called "Non-Euclidean" because it is different from Euclidean geometry, which was discovered by an Ancient Greek mathematician called Euclid. The different names for non-Euclidean geometries came from thinking of "straight" lines as curved lines, either curved inwards like an ellipse, or outwards like a hyperbola.

The first authors of non-Euclidean geometries were the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai and the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, who separately published treatises on hyperbolic geometry around 1830. As well Eugenio Beltrami published book on non-Eucludean geometry in 1868. Others, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, had earlier ideas, but did not publish their ideas at the time.
Miranda de Ebro

**Miranda de Ebro** is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest city in Burgos province, in the region of Castile and León. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 39,589 people (2009).

The river which runs through the city is the Ebro.

## Other websites
* Official Website
Critical density

The **critical density** is the average density of matter required for the Universe to just halt its expansion, but only after an infinite time. This value is estimated as (1 \sim 3) \times 10^{-26} \, \text{kg/m}^3 and it’s calculated when you take the matter-energy density of the universe and divide it by the matter-energy density of the universe that is required to achieve that balance.

This is related to the cosmic density parameter in many ways; this term describes the ratio of the actual density value of the Universe to the critical density value.  If the ratio is one, then the Universe is at balance, and the Universe is flat and will expand forever. If the ratio is greater than one, then the actual density of the Universe is greater than the critical density, and thus the Universe will eventually become closed and will ultimately end up collapsing in on it self.  If the ratio is less than one, then the actual density is less than the critical density, and the Universe is open and expands forever in every direction.
Interstate H-1

**Interstate H-1** (or **H-1**) is the most important interstate highway in Hawaii, United States, located on the island of O‘ahu. The road sees more traffic than any other interstate in Hawaii. Despite the number, this is an east-west highway–the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering is done in the order in which routes were given money and built.   H-1 goes from Route 93 (Farrington Highway) in Kapolei to Route 72 (Kalanianaole Highway) in Kāhala. East of Middle Street in Honolulu (exit 19A), H-1 is called the **Lunalilo Freeway** and is sometimes signed as such at older signs in the center of Honolulu.  West of Middle Street, H-1 called the **Queen Liliʻuokalani Freeway**; this name is shown on some roadmaps. It is the west-most interstate highway in the United States. The route is  long.

## References
Interstate H-2

**Interstate H-2** (abbreviated **H-2**) is an intrastate interstate highway located on the island of O‘ahu in Hawai‘i, USA.  H-2 is also known as the **Veterans Memorial Freeway**. Despite the number, this is a north–south interstate–the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering reflects the order in which routes were given money and built. Its southern terminus is at Interstate H-1 in Pearl City, and its northern terminus is at Wilikina Drive (Route 99) in Wahiawā near Schofield Barracks and Wheeler Army Airfield. The route is  long.

## References
Interstate H-3

**Interstate H-3** is a highway in the American state of Hawaii. It begins at the Halawa Interchange with Interstates H-1 and H-201.  The highway then runs along a viaduct through Halawa Valley for about 6 miles. It then goes through the Tetsuo Harano Tunnels through the Koolau Mountains.  Once on the eastern end of the tunnel, the highway follows a viaduct built along the side of Haiku Valley until the Kaneohe Interchange with state route 63 (Likelike Highway) which leads into the town of Kaneohe.  The highway then continues to the Halekou Interchange with state route 83 (Kamehameha Highway). Four miles farther, it reaches the main gate of Marine Corps Base Hawaii. The route is  long.

## References
Mike Shinoda

**Michael Kenji "Mike" Shinoda** (born February 11, 1977)  is a Japanese-American musician,  record producer, and artist from Agoura Hills, California. He is famous for being the rapper, keyboard and piano player, vocalist and rhythm guitarist of Linkin Park, and his side project, Fort Minor. He also does artwork, production and mixing for both groups.

## Personal life
Mike Shinoda has been married to children's author Anna Hillinger since May 10, 2003. The couple have three children.

## References
Toyota Hilux

The  (sometimes written as **HiLux** or in the past called the **Hi-Lux**, in North America since 1976 called the **Toyota Truck**, **Toyota Pickup Truck**, or **Toyota Compact Truck**, or sometimes in North America since 1995 the **Toyota Tacoma**)  is a compact pickup truck sold by Toyota. Toyota has been building the Hilux since 1968. New versions have been made at least every decade since then. The most recent big change was in 2015, and the most recent small change was in 2017.
## Use by Militant Groups
The Toyota Hilux is well known for being used by militants such as ISIL. The Hilux is also seen as the AK-47 of cars according to former army ranger Andrew Exum. The Hilux also has been used by militaries for combat such as in the 1980's Toyota War. 

## References
Into the Wild (Warriors)

***Into the Wild*** is the first book in the *Warriors: The Prophecies Begin* series. It was written by Victoria Holmes and Kate Cary under the pen name of Erin Hunter. It was published on 21 January 2003.

## Plot summary 
Rusty is an ordinary house cat who dreams of living in the wild. One night, he decides to explore the nearby forest. Before he goes, he is warned by his friend, Smudge, that the forest is filled with dangerous wild cats. Rusty goes into the forest anyway, and meets the leader of ThunderClan, Bluestar. Bluestar is the leader of one of the four wild cat Clans living in the nearby forest. He decides to accept her invitation to join her Clan and becomes Firepaw, an apprentice of ThunderClan. The other Clan cats are initially reluctant to accept Firepaw because of his house cat origins, but he slowly earns a place in the Clan.

Firepaw becomes friends with the apprentices Graypaw and Ravenpaw, and falls in love with the Clan's medicine cat (a Clan healer with spiritual abilities) Spottedleaf. He learns to hunt and fight, and he learns about Clan traditions. He finds another friend in Yellowfang, an old and grumpy medicine cat who was exiled from ShadowClan and taken into ThunderClan.

The four Clans, ThunderClan, WindClan, ShadowClan, and RiverClan, fight with each other to occupy hunting grounds. In a battle that takes place right before Firepaw joins ThunderClan, the ThunderClan deputy (second-in-command), Redtail, dies. Firepaw later learns from Ravenpaw that the former deputy was not killed by an enemy Clan, but by Tigerclaw, a ThunderClan warrior. Tigerclaw killed Redtail because he wanted to be deputy instead. Tigerclaw knows that Ravenpaw saw him kill Redtail, so Firepaw and Graypaw help Ravenpaw escape the forest to live on a farm, because Tigerclaw plans to kill Ravenpaw for knowing his secret.

After driving out WindClan for more hunting territory, ShadowClan tries to drive out ThunderClan, leading to a battle. The new deputy, Lionheart, is killed during the fight, and Tigerclaw is named deputy. After this, Clawface of ShadowClan kills Spottedleaf, and steals some ThunderClan kits. Everyone believes that it was Yellowfang who took the kits, because she disappeared the moment the kits were discovered missing. Firepaw and Graypaw, follow Yellowfang's scent to ShadowClan territory, to find out the truth about Spottedleaf and the missing kits. Together, with some help from within ShadowClan, they drive out Brokenstar, the evil leader of ShadowClan. Yellowfang, having proved her loyalty, becomes ThunderClan's new medicine cat, while Firepaw and Graypaw are made warriors (full members of the Clan) and receive their warrior names, Fireheart and Graystripe.

## References
Fair trade

**Fair trade** is a social movement which tries to help people who make things in developing countries. It helps people to work in better conditions and get more money for what they make, giving workers opportunities to improve their lives and plan their future, which reduces poverty as a result. The movement also tries to protect or improve the environment.

Fair trade helps people in developing countries sell things to people in developed countries. Things that are sold in international trade are handicrafts and other manufactured goods, agricultural products such as grains, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, quinoa, fresh fruit, chocolate, wine, flowers, and minerals such as iron and petroleum.

Merchandise that has fair trade status must be given a fair trade certificate. This says it follows rules about fairness to workers and the environment. This will mean the product can put the Fairtrade symbol on their packaging if they earn the certificate.

## Related pages
*Moral purchasing
*Oxfam

## Other websites 
*FLO International
*FLOCERT
Metamorphic

**Metamorphic** is a word from Greek that means "after change." It can also be any of the following:

*Metamorphic rock: The word for rocks that have been transformed by great heat and pressure.
*Metamorphic code: is a programming technique used to disguise code in computer viruses.
728 Leonisis

**728 Leonisis** is an asteroid of the Flora family, found by Johann Palisa in 1912 in Vienna.  Its provisional name was **1912 NU**.

Astronomers are not sure what its spectral class is. It has been previously placed in the rare A and L classes. These are generally "stony" spectra, but with significant differences from the usual S-type. The unusual spectrum brings Leonisis' membership in the Flora family into doubt.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets
Mains hum

**Mains hum** is a signal at a nominal 50 or 60&nbsp;Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency, and usually some harmonic content. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, inducing a voltage by transformer action.
Les Genevez

**Les Genevez** is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Greiz (district)

**Greiz** is a Landkreis (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
Historically the area of the district was part of the *Vogtland*, named after the title *Vogt* given to the local rulers in the 13th century. Only two lines of the *Reuß* family survived from that time, with one principality based in Greiz, and the other in Gera and Schleiz. In 1919 both were merged into the *Volksstaat Reuß* (People's State of Reuss), which then became part of Thuringia in 1920.

A subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp was located at Berga/Elster during World War II. The SS made inmates dig tunnels and lay railway tracks for the Schwalbe V project.

The district in its current form was created on July 1, 1994, when the districts Gera-Land, Zeulenroda and the previous district Greiz were merged.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Sights
Sights in the district Greiz:
* The Upper Castle of Greiz
* The Lower Castle of Greiz
* The Summer Palace Greiz
* Weida Osterburg Castle
* Ronneburg Castle
* Reichenfels Castle Ruin
* Old Guardhouse "Alte Wache" in Greiz
* Zeulenroda Town Hall
* Widen Church Ruin in Weida
* St. Veit Parish Church
* Mildenfurth Monastery
* Cronschwitz Monastery Ruin
* Greiz Park
* Fairy Tale Forest in Wünschendorf

Museums in the district Greiz:
* Museum of Local History in Greiz
* Summer Palace in Greiz
* Zeulenroda City Museum in Zeulenroda
* Osterburg Castle Museum in Weida, Thuringia
* Heinrich-Schütz-House in Bad Köstritz
* Museum in Hohenleuben

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Hildburghausen (district)

**Hildburghausen** is a district in Thuringia, Germany. It covers most of the same territory as the old Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

## Coat of arms 
 of Hildburghausen district]]
The coat of arms displays:
* the heraldic lion of Meißen
* the cock representing the counts of Henneberg, who ruled the region until 1583
* below the symbol of the bishopric of Würzburg is displayed

## Towns and municipalities 
## Related pages 
*Saxe-Hildburghausen

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Ilm-Kreis

**Ilm-Kreis** is a district in Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
In medieval times the territory was ruled by the counts of Henneberg and the princes of Schwarzburg, two local dynasties. While Ilmenau was ruled by Henneberg, Arnstadt belonged to Schwarzburg. When the Henneberg family became extinct in 1583, Ilmenau was acquired by Saxony. The principality of Schwarzburg was split up between family members into several tiny states. One of those states (Schwarzburg-Arnstadt) was based in Arnstadt; it was founded in 1574 and existed until 1716, when it became part of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. It became part of Thuringia when the Freestate of Thuringia was founded in 1920.

The district was founded in 1920 (under the name Arnstadt); it was divided in 1952 into the districts of Arnstadt and Ilmenau, but joined together again in 1994.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites
* Official website (German, English)
## References
Adrian, Wisconsin

**Adrian** is a town in Monroe County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 733 people living in Adrian as of the 2020 Census.  The town has an area of 35.3&nbsp;square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Toyota Corolla

The **Toyota Corolla** is a sedan automobile made by Toyota since 1966. The Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has been one of the most popular models in America since then. It is famous for its high fuel economy.

## Sales 
It was first sold in America in 1968. The Corolla is made in many countries all around the world including the United States. The Corolla once had a twin called the Sprinter and it was sold by Chevrolet in the United States as the Nova and Geo Prizm in the 1980s and 1990s. The Corolla is Toyota's best selling car besides the Hi-Lux pickup truck and the bigger Toyota Camry.

## References
Dietary fiber

**Dietary fiber** is the part of food from plants that cannot be digested. Dietary fiber helps to absorb water or remove waste from the body. Dietary fiber has many parts that plants have, and is eaten in plant foods.

Dietary fiber includes substances like cellulose, wax and lignin, among others. The term "fiber" is not the best way to describe it, because many of these substances are not actually fibers.

Dietary fiber  is grouped if it is soluble or insoluble. Soluble means if it helps to absorb water or not. If it is insoluble, it helps remove wastes from the body.

## References
Henry Ian Cusick

**Henry Ian Cusick** (born April 17, 1967) is an Emmy Award- Scottish-Peruvian actor of stage, television, and movies.

## Biography 
### Early life 
Cusick was born in Trujillo, Peru to a Peruvian mother and a Scottish father. He lived in Trinidad and Tobago for 10 years. He went to high school there at Presentation College. He can speak both English and Spanish. Cusick spent six months at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. After that he joined the Citizens' Theatre.

### Career 
Cusick's first leading roles at the Citizens' Theatre were Dorian Gray in *The Picture of Dorian Gray* with Rupert Everett, Hamlet in *The Marovitz Hamlet* with Helen Baxendale, and Horner in *The Country Wife*.

His performances as Torquato Tasso in the Edinburgh International Festival production of *Torquato Tasso*, and Creon in the Citizens' Theatre production of *Oedipus* earned him a special commendation for the Ian Charleson Award 1995 for "Outstanding Performance by a Young Actor in a Classical Theatre Role". He was nominated for an Emmy for his guest role as Desmond Hume on the television series *Lost*. He joined the main cast of *Lost* in season 2. He was also in two episodes of season 5 of *24*.

## Other websites
*
Solenoid

A **solenoid** is a 3 dimensional structure of wire. When this wire is wrapped around a metallic block in a coil and electricity is passed through it, it has some special magnetic properties. Electromagnetic induction makes it an electromagnet that can be switched on or off. The side in which the current appears to be passing clockwise, is the South Pole, and the side in which the current seems to be passing anticlockwise is the Northern Pole. The solenoid works just like a bar magnet, and therefore has many uses.  

This principle is used to create valves, among other things. Where the solenoid operates an electric switch, it is a relay. 

Pinball machines, vehicles and traditional door bells use solenoids.
Kyffhäuserkreis

**Kyffhäuserkreis** is a rural district in the northern part of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
In the 12th century there was a castle on the Kyffhäuser mountains, which was built during the reign of emperor Frederick I. According to the local legend, the emperor did not die, but instead went to sleep in this castle.

From 1579 on the region belonged to Saxony, but after 1815 it was divided between the Prussian Province of Saxony and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

In 1952 the two districts of Artern and Sondershausen were set up by the East German government. These districts were merged in 1994, with only a few municipalities joining other districts.

## Partnerships
The district has a partnership with the district Ahrweiler in Rhineland-Palatinate, which was actually established with the district Artern in 1990.

## Geography 
The district is named after the *Kyffhäuser* mountains. The main river is the Unstrut, which flows through the east of the district.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
* Touristic website  (English, German)
Nordhausen (district)

**Nordhausen** is the northernmeost *Landkreis* (rural district) of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district was created in 1815, when the Prussian province Saxony was created. There were many changes to the boundaries up to 1952, when some municipalities were brought into the district and others left.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Suzuki

is a Japanese company that makes cars and motorcycles. It had a stake in CAMI Automotive with General Motors. After the discontinuation of Chevrolet Tracker CAMI started producing the Equinox, as well as the Suzuki XL-7 SUV. Suzuki also sold three Daewoo models in the U.S. and Canada, the Kalos, Lacetti and Magnus. Suzuki backed out of the venture in 2010 after the redesigned XL-7 did not match sales demands. In 2012, Suzuki stopped making cars for the American market. It will continue to build and sell ATVs, motorcycles and army vehicles. 1909

## Current models 
### Commercial vehicles 
## Former models 
* Maruti 800 (1983–2014)
* Suzuki Alto (Europe)/A-Star (2008–2018)
* Suzuki Aerio/Liana (2001–2018)
* Suzuki Bolan (1983–2024)
* Suzuki Cappuccino (1991–1998)
* Suzuki Cara (1993–1994)
* Suzuki Cervo (1977–2009)
* Suzuki Cultus/Esteem/Forsa (1983–2003)
* Suzuki Cultus Crescent/Esteem/Baleno (1995–2007)
* Suzuki CV1 (1981–1985)
* Suzuki Every Plus/Landy (1999–2005)
* Suzuki Equator (2008–2012)
* Suzuki Forenza/Reno (2004–2008)
* Suzuki Fronte (1962–1989)
* Suzuki Fun (2003–2011)
* Suzuki Karimun (1999–2006)
* Suzuki Karimun Wagon R (2013–2021)
* Suzuki Kei (1998–2009)
* Suzuki Kizashi (2009–2016)
* Suzuki Mega Carry/APV pickup (2004–2019)
* Suzuki Mehran (1988–2019)
* Suzuki Mighty Boy (1983–1988)
* Suzuki MR Wagon (2001–2016)
* Suzuki Neo Baleno (2008–2011)
* Suzuki Palette (2008–2013)
* Suzuki Ravi (1983–2024)
* Suzuki Sidekick (1988–2001)
* Suzuki Splash/Ritz (2007–2018)
* Suzulight 360 (1959–1969)
* Suzulight SF series (1955–1959)
* Suzuki Swift+ (2003–2010)
* Suzuki Twin (2003–2005)
* Suzuki Verona (2003–2006)
* Suzuki Wagon R+ (1997–2008)
* Suzuki X-90 (1995–1997)
* Suzuki XL-7 (1998–2009)
* Suzuki Zen Estilo/Estilo/Karimun Estilo (2006–2012)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Suzuki Global website
Saale-Orla

**Saale-Orla** is a *Landkreis* (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Lobenstein, Pößneck and Schleiz.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
* Touristic website (German, English)
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt

**Saalfeld-Rudolstadt** is a *Landkreis* (district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district dates back to the *Landratsamt* Saalfeld, which was created in 1868, and in 1922 it was converted into the *Landkreis*. Also in 1922 the district Rudolstadt was created. Both districts were merged in the local government changes of 1994.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
Ahnapee, Wisconsin

**Ahnapee** is a town in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 870 people living in Ahanpee as of the 2020 Census.  The town has an area of 31.0&nbsp;square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Electronvolt

The **electron-volt** or **electron volt**, symbol **eV**, is used to measure energy. It is defined as the amount of energy an electron gains after being accelerated by 1 volt of electricity. Joule is  used in the International System of Units for energy, but the electronvolt is often used for a tiny amount of energy, or *quantum*, such as that carried by a single subatomic particle. 

To convert joules into electron-volts, divide joules by the charge of an electron, which is about 1.602 coulomb.

E.g. 5 J = 5/1.602  5 J = 3.121 eV.

The electronvolt is often used in atomic, nuclear and particle physics. For example, the energy of photons can be measured by the voltage necessary to overcome their photoelectric effect.

## Other websites 
* Conversion Tool
* Electronvolt Citizendium
Meltingen

**Meltingen** is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Messen

**Messen** is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Balm bei Messen, Brunnenthal, Messen and Oberramsern merged to form the municipality of Messen.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Mühledorf

**Mühledorf** can be one of two municipalities in Switzerland:

*Mühledorf, Bern, in the Canton of Bern
*Mühledorf, Solothurn, in the Canton of Solothurn
Mühledorf, Solothurn

**Mühledorf** was a municipality in the Bucheggberg district in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.  On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Mühledorf, Aetingen, Aetigkofen, Bibern, Brügglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Küttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg and Tscheppach merged into the new municipality of Buchegg.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Goumois

**Goumois** was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.
Saale-Holzland

**Saale-Holzland-Kreis** is a *landkreis* (rural district, or county) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district was set up in 1994 by joining the old districts of Eisenberg, Jena and Stadtroda. When the district of Stadt rod) was first set up in 1922 it already covered nearly the area of the current district. In 1952 the East German government abolished the federal states (*Bundesländer*), and also split the district into the three parts, which were put together again in 1994.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
Unstrut-Hainich

**Unstrut-Hainich** is a *Landkreis* (district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district was set up on July 1, 1994 by joining the two previous districts of Mühlhausen and Bad Langensalza.

## Partnerships
The district has a partnership with the Wetteraukreis in Hesse dating back to the German reunification of 1990. The district also has a partnership with the Lithuanian districts of Ukmerge and Raseiniai.

## Geography 
The district is named after the river Unstrut and a hill chain, the Hainich. The Hainich became the 13th national park of Germany in 1997.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Cecil

**Cecil** can mean:

Places in the United States of America:
*Cecil, Georgia
*Cecil, Ohio
*Cecil, Pennsylvania
*Cecil County, Maryland
*Cecil, Wisconsin

**Cecil** can also be these people:
*Cecil Adams, a name which designates the unknown author or authors of *The Straight Dope*
*CECIL, Liverpool Band
*Chuck Cecil, American football player
*Cecil Fielder, American baseball player
*Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist and businessman
*Cecil B. DeMille
*Cecil Calopachi, Newzealand/Thai Artist
*Cecil Heftel -American politician in Hawaii
Cecil is a prototype-based programming language.
Wartburgkreis

**Wartburgkreis** is a *Landkreis* (rural district) in the west of Thuringia, Germany. The city of Eisenach is nearly completely surrounded by Wartburgbreis.

## History 
The district was set up in 1994 by joining the old districts of Eisenach and Bad Salzungen, and a few municipalities from the district Bad Langensalza. The city of Eisenach left the district in 1998 and became a district-free city.

The district is named after the Wartburg, a castle near Eisenach most famous as Martin Luther's refuge in 1521.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Weimarer Land

**Weimarer Land** is a *Landkreis* (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany. The district-free city of Weimar is completely enclosed by the district.

## History 
The district dates back to the *Großkreis Weimar*, which was created in 1922 after the federal state Thuringia was established. The two cities Weimar and Apolda were not part of the district. In 1952 the district was split into two parts - Weimar and Apolda. In 1994 the two parts were merged again, however not completely covering the territory as before 1952.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
Sonneberg (district)

**Sonneberg** is a *Landkreis* (rural district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.

## History 
The district was created in 1868 when districts were created in Saxe-Meiningen. In 1952 part of the district was incorporated into the newly created district Neuhaus am Rennweg. This district was dissolved again in 1994 and the district Sonneberg did regain its old size.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Left-wing politics

**Left-wing politics** is a kind of politics that supports social equality and egalitarianism.  

What a person means by left-wing depends on where the person lives. In Western Europe, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, left-wing politics is often associated with social democracy and democratic socialism.

## Related pages
### Left-wing ideologies
* Democratic socialism
* Eco-socialism
* Left-wing libertarianism
* Social democracy
* Socialism

### Left-wing issues
* Egalitarianism
* Democracy
* Human rights
* Secularism
* Social equality
* Labor rights / workers' rights

## Bibliography
* 
* Lin Chun, *The British New Left*, Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1993
* 

## Related pages
* Right-wing
* Political spectrum

## Other websites
* Leftist Parties of the World  List of present-day leftist parties and organizations of the world, with links to their websites.
New Statesman

The ***New Statesman*** is a British left-wing political magazine that is published weekly in London.  

## History 
The *New Statesman* was founded in 1913 with the support of George Bernard Shaw and other prominent members of the Fabian Society. 

In 1930 the *Statesman*  with the Liberal weekly the * Nation*, and changed its name to the *New Statesman and Nation*, which it remained until 1964.  The chairman of the *Nation*'s board was the economist John Maynard Keynes, who came to be an important influence on the paper.

During the 1930s, the *Statesman* moved to the left politically. It became strongly anti-fascist and was generally critical of the government policy of appeasement of Mussolini and Hitler. 

## Other websites
**New Statesman* official website
**New Statesman* PDF edition
César Awards

The **César Awards** are the best-known movie awards in France. The *Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinema* has given this award every year since 1975.

## Related pages
*Lumières Award
*Louis Delluc Prize
*Academy Awards
*British Academy Film Awards

## Other websites
* Official website
*
Status

**Status** is a state, condition or situation. In common usage it may refer to:

*Social status
*Economic status
*HIV status
*Legal status
*Status quo
*Status symbol
*A category of the grammar of  Semitic languages, see nunation, status constructus
Bourgeoisie

aristocrats, c. 1774]]
**Bourgeoisie**  means a social class of people who own the means of production, making them in the upper or merchant class. Hence, all employers are bourgeoisie. Their status or power comes from employment, education, assets, or wealth and not from aristocratic (political) origin, as a lowly café or factory owner is bourgeoisie. 
The term is widely used in many non-English speaking countries as an approximate equivalent of middle class.   

As the bourgeoisie are not its opposing counterpart proletariat, they don't have to be a labourer doing menial work for money. And if they do any work that gets them money, then it's only because of the many proletariat people beneath them, who generated their wealth through their labour, of which the higher up bourgeoisie person took a cut (commission).   

## History 
Bourgeoisie is a French word that was borrowed directly into English in the sense that is explained above. 
The French word *bourgeois* comes from the Old French word *burgeis*, meaning "an inhabitant of a town". (cf. Middle English *burgeis*, Middle Dutch *burgher* and German *Bürger*). The Old French word *burgeis* comes from *bourg*, meaning a market town or medieval village, itself derived from Late Latin *burgus*, meaning "fortress"

## Related pages
* French Revolution
* Elite
* Aristocracy
* Anarchism
* Capitalism
* Leninism
* Marxism

## Notes
## References 

*Hal Draper, ''Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol. 2: The Politics of Social Classes*. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
*Ralph Miliband, *Class and class power in contemporary capitalism*, in: Stanislaw Kozyr-Kowalski and Jacek Tittenbrun, *On Social Differentiation. A Contribution to the Critique of Marxist Ideology, Part 2*. Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;7–62.
*Ernest Mandel, *Social differentiation in capitalist and postcapitalist societies*, in: Stanislaw Kozyr-Kowalski and Jacek Tittenbrun, *On Social Differentiation. A Contribution to the Critique of Marxist Ideology, Part 2.* Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;63–91.
*Erik Olin Wright et al., *The Debate on Classes.* London: Verso, 1989.
*Anthony Giddens, *The Class Structure of the Advanced societies'', 1981.

## Other websites 
*The Democratic State – A Critique of Bourgeois Sovereignty
Social status

In sociology or anthropology, **social status** is the honor or rank of one's position in society.  People earn social status by their own work. This is call *achieved status*. Or, people can have a place in a social system by birth. This  inherited position is called *ascribed status*.

## Further reading
* Michael Marmot (2004), *The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity*, Times Books
* Botton, Alain De (2004), *Status Anxiety*, Hamish Hamilton
* Social status. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October  17,  2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
*
*Gould, Roger (2002). The Origin of Status Hierarchy. American Journal of Sociology, 107, Retrieved Oct. 26, 2007, from http://www.library.ohiou.edu:5334/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=108&sid=f177ce9d-24b5-4e01-819e-b243bd3768e1%40sessionmgr107
*Mcpherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. BIRDS OF A FEATHER. American Journal of Sociology, 27, Retrieved Sept 27, 2007, from http://www.library.ohiou.edu:5334/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=c920800d-7008-402f-a473-219b2545f452%40sessionmgr102.
*Bolender, Ronald Keith (2006). "Max Weber 1864-1920". Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/Weber,%20Max/weber,_max.htm .
*Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

## Related pages
* social capital
* social class
* social inequality
* title
* discrimination
Bergstraße (district)

**Bergstraße** (German: *Landkreis Bergstraße*, Hessian: *Londgrääs Bergschdrooß*) is a rural district in south Hesse, Germany.

## History 
The district was created in 1938. Two old districts, Bensheim and Heppenheim, joined and became Bergstraße.

## Geography 
The district is in the Odenwald mountains. Melibokus as the highest elevation at 517 meters. The *Bergstraße* is a tourist route which from Darmstadt to Wiesloch. The northern part of this route goes through the district and gave it its name.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
Drammen

**Drammen** is a city and municipality in the county of Buskerud, Norway. It has a population of 101 000 people. 

Drammen was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Skoger was merged with Drammen January 1, 1964. (And then transferred from the county of Vestfold to the county of Buskerud.)

Drammen is one of the larger cities in Norway, and is about 47 km from the capital of Norway, Oslo. The city centre is at the end of a valley, on  both sides of the river Drammenselva, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord. Drammen is also the main city for car and fruit import in Norway.

## The name 
The Norse form of the name was *Drafn*, and this was originally the name of the inner part of Drammensfjord. The fjord is, however, probably named after the river Dramselva (Norse *Dröfn*).

## Geography 

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The city centre lies at the end of a valley, on both sides of the Drammenselva river, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord. Drammen is also the main harbor for car and fruit import in Norway. The forests around Drammen are called Drammensmarka. In the summer it is a popular area for hiking. In the winter skiing tracks are made and lighting make it cross country skiing possible during the evenings. 

## Administration
The mayor, Kjell Arne Hermansen, is elected until late 2027.

## Famous people 
* Marcus Thrane, labour movement leader (1817–1890)

* Johan Halvorsen, composer, conductor and musician (1864–1935)
* Betzy Kjelsberg, politician and feminist (1866–1950)
* Geirr Tveitt, composer and pianist (1908–1981)
* Charles Mathiesen, speed skater (1911–1994)
* Hans-Jørgen Holman, musicologist and educationalist (1925–1986)
* Sverre Holm, actor (1931–2005)
* Sten Stensen, speed skater (1947–)
* Ole Hermann Borgan, referee (1964–)
* Johann Olav Koss, speed skater (1968–)
* Kim Christiansen, snowboarder (1976–)

## Sport clubs 
* SBK Drafn 21 Norwegian Championships in bandy.
* Drammen golfklubb. Founded 1989.
* IF Hellas
* SBK Skiold
* Strømsgodset IF. Founded February 10th 1907. Four Norwegian championships in football (1969, 1970, 1973, 1993). Winner of the Norwegian football league 1970. 6 Norwegian championships in bandy.
* IF Sturla
* Drammen HK Handball club in Men's European Champions League (07/08)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Statistics Norway about Drammen 
* History of Drammen 
* Weather forecast and map for Drammen 
* Webcamera, Drammen 
* iDrammen, local site for news and events 
* Drammen Photoclub, pictures from Drammen 
* Drammen og Oplands turistforening 
* Drammen theatre
* Drammen museum 
* Drammens Sportsfiskere 
* FIS World Cup Sprint Cross Country in Drammen
* Drammen Elvefestival
Treaty of Arras

The **treaties of Arras** can be one of two treaties:
* the Treaty of Arras (1435), between Charles VII of France and Philip the Good of Burgundy
* the Treaty of Arras (1482), between Louis XI of France and the governments of the Low Countries
Mümliswil-Ramiswil

**Mümliswil-Ramiswil** is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website