open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Turkish Airlines

**Turkish Airlines**, in Turkish **Türk Hava Yolları** is the national airline of Turkey. In 2012 Turkish Airlines carried 39.0 million passengers. Turkish Airlines flies a lot of destinion inside Turkey and lots of point in the world.

## Turkish Airlines Destinations 
As of 2015, Turkish Airlines is the airline that flies to the most countries worldwide.

* Afghanistan 
* Albania
* Algeria
* Angola
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Benin
* Bosnia-Herzegovina
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Burkina Faso
* Cambodia
* Cameroon
* Canada
** British Columbia
** Ontario
** Quebec
* Chad
* Chile
* China
* Colombia
* Comoros
* Congo D.R.
* Congo Republic
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Estonia
* Ethiopia
* Finland
** Lapland
* France
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Georgia
** Adjara
* Germany
* Ghana
* Greece
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Hong Kong
* Hungary
* India

* Indonesia
** Bali
* Iran
* Iraq
** Kurdistan
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
** Sicily
* Ivory Coast
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kenya
* Kosovo
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Liberia
* Libya
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Madagascar
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mali
* Malta
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Mexico
* Moldova
* Mongolia
* Montenegro
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Nepal
* Netherlands
* Niger
* Nigeria
* North Macedonia
* Northern Cyprus
* Norway
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Panama
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Qatar
* Romania
* Russia
** Bashkortostan
** Khanty-Mansi
** Ciscaucasia
** Siberia
** Tatarstan

* Rwanda
* Saudi Arabia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore
* Slovenia
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* South Sudan
* Spain
** Andalusia
** Basque Country
** Catalonia
* Sri Lanka
* Sudan
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Tanzania
** Zanzibar
* Thailand
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
** England
** Scotland
* United States
**California
**Colorado
**Florida
**Georgia
**Illinois
**Massachusetts
**Michigan
**New Jersey
**New York
**Texas
**Virginia
**Washington
**Washington, D.C.
* Uzbekistan
* Venezuela
* Vietnam
* Zambia

## Gallery

File:Thy fcb new aircraft borak.jpg|A Turkish Airlines Boeing 777-300ER with the badge and squad of FC Barcelona in 2012; the airline was the official sponsor and carrier of the club between 2010 and 2013.
File:TurkishAirlinesHQIstanbul.jpg|Turkish Airlines headquarters in Istanbul

File:TC-JAV (5920254289) (2).jpg|A Turkish Airlines DC-10 in 1973. This was the airline's first paint-job. Also, this airplane crashed one year later in France. 

File:Turkishairlines.jpg|Two Turkish Airlines jets at Atatürk International Airport

## References
Shortwave radio

**Shortwave radio** is a name for radio waves in the range of 3-30 megahertz. Shortwave is often used for broadcasting, and radio receivers made to tune in those broadcasts are sometimes called shortwave radios. The earth's ionosphere carries radio waves in this range over great distances, and signals can travel around the globe under certain conditions. This makes it possible for radio stations all over the world to broadcast to listeners in faraway countries. Sunspot activity and solar flares can interfere with shortwave reception, and different frequencies work better at different times during the day or year.

Since their beginning in the early days of radio, shortwave stations have carried news and cultural information about the station's  or country of origin. Many governments or national news agencies have shortwave stations, that broadcast in both English and their native languages, so they can inform both non-natives and natives about things in their country. Some broadcast in several different languages, to reach a wider listening audience. Some of these stations are Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, and Voice of Russia.

Shortwave stations may also be run by private companies or groups. Some broadcast religious programming. HCJB and WEWN include actual church services in their programs. Others may broadcast weather or time information. WWV and WWVH give the current Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) at 2.500, 5.000, 10.000, and 15.000 megahertz. WWV is also on 20.000 megahertz.

A few stations are unlicensed, and their operators are called "pirates". Pirate stations may not broadcast regularly, or from the same location each time. They may carry music not played by other stations, and express unpopular opinions. Government authorities work to stop these stations, because they are not licensed and interfere with licensed ones.

Shortwave listenership has lessened with the rise of the Internet, but is still important to people worldwide, especially in areas the Internet and computer technology have not yet reached. Many longtime stations now stream their programming over the Internet, as audio feeds or podcasting, along with their radio broadcasts.

Two-way radio sets on ships and airplanes also use shortwaves to talk with ground stations that are far away, when they cannot use a communications satellite. 

## Other websites
*Shortwave Station Guide 
*List of stations at World Radio Network

## References
Sellapan Ramanathan

**Sellapan Ramanathan** (Tamil: செல்லப்பன் ராமநாதன்; (July 3, 1924 &ndash; August 22, 2016) was the sixth President of the Republic of Singapore. Often referred to as **S. R. Nathan**, he became president on September 1, 1999.

## Biography 
### Early life 
Nathan was an Indian Singaporean; his childhood was spent with his two older brothers and parents, V. Sellapan and Apiram, in Muar, Johor, in a house near the sea.

By then the young Nathan had returned to where he was born, Singapore, to live with an uncle, and received his early education in several Anglo-Chinese Schools, such as the Rangoon Road Afternoon School, and later Victoria School. He started working before completing his studies.  During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, Nathan worked for the Japanese civilian police as a translator. After the war, while working, he completed his secondary education through self-study, and entered the University of Malaya (then in Singapore) where he graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies (Distinction).

### Becoming President 
He succeeded the 5th President of Singapore Ong Teng Cheong and was sworn in on September 1, 1999.

On 12 July 2005 Nathan announced that he was seeking re-election as President. He applied to the Presidential Elections Committee; by 6 August 2005 three more people had also submitted forms, but on 13 August the Committee said that the other three applicants had been rejected as unsuitable. Nathan became the president of Singapore on 17 August. He became president for the second time on 1 September 2005.

His term ended on 31 August 2011, after which a new President must be elected. He was replaced by Tony Tan Keng Yam after the 2011 Presidential Elections in Singapore.

### Personal life 
Nathan, a Hindu, was married to Urmila (Umi) Nandey and had a daughter, a son, and three grandchildren.

### Death
Nathan suffered a stroke on the morning of July 31, 2016 and was taken to Singapore General Hospital's Intensive Care Unit. He died in hospital on August 22, 2016 at 9:48 pm SST, aged 92. He was survived by his wife Urmila Nandey (known as Umi), their daughter Juthika and son Osith, three grandchildren, and his sister Sundari.

## Notes and references 
* 'President's tip on Ageing: Don't Think About It.' *Straits Times*. 19 October, 2007.

## Other websites 
* Office of the President of the Republic of Singapore
Golden plates

Followers of the Latter Day Saint Movement believe that Joseph Smith was visited by an angel who gave him the **Golden Plates** (also called the **gold plates**) from which he translated the Book of Mormon, one of the faith's sacred texts. They were found on September 22, 1823 on Cumorah hill in Manchester, New York and some people said that it’s 30 to 60 pounds (14 to 27 kg).

## Reference
Placebo (band)

**Placebo** is an alternative rock band that started in London in 1994. The band currently has Brian Molko (lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards, saxophone), Stefan Olsdal (bass, guitar, keyboards, back-up vocals) and Steve Forrest (drums, percussion, back-up vocals) as members. A Kate Bush cover, "Running Up That Hill" is one of their most popular songs.

Placebo’s sixth studio album, *Battle for the Sun*, was released on June 8th, 2009. 

Recorded over three months at Metal Works Studios in Toronto with producer David Bottrill and mixed in London by My Bloody Valentine, Smashing Pumpkins and Nine Inch Nails producer Alan Moulder, *Battle for the Sun* is a startling, alive, vital and boundary-vaulting Placebo record. 

It is, according to Brian Molko, “not hard rock and it’s not pop, it’s probably hard pop. I think we’ve made a record which is almost the flipside of ‘Meds’. We’ve made a record about choosing life, about choosing to live, about stepping out of the darkness and into the light. Not necessarily turning your back on the darkness because it’s there, it’s essential; it’s a part of who you are, but more about the choice of standing in the sunlight instead.”
Guitar Hero: Metallica

***Guitar Hero: Metallica*** is a rhythm game that was made by Neversoft with other help from Activision. It is part of the *Guitar Hero* franchise. The game was released in North America on March 29, 2009 for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and the Wii and was released on April 14, 2009 in North America for the PlayStation 2. In the game Guitar Hero: World Tour, there is a trailer for the game with the song "Master of Puppets" playing in the background. "It also says Ride the Lightning 2009."
Dadı

***Dadı*** is a television series. It is the Turkish version of *The Nanny*. Gülben Ergen as Melek, Kenan Işık as Ömer played main starring in the television series.

## Other websites 
* *Dadı* official home page . All episodes are available online as streaming video.
* *Dadı* at the Internet Movie Database
Balti

**Balti** might mean:

*Anything related to Baltistan, a region in northern Pakistan
*Balti language, a language spoken in Baltistan
Austro-Bavarian language

**Bavarian** (also known as **Austro-Bavarian**; , *Bayerisch-Österreichisch*) ) is a major group of Upper German varieties. They are called "upper" because they are spoken in Switzerland, Austria and southern Germany, which are mountainous. Like standard German, Austro-Bavarian is a High German language, but they are not the same language. However, Austro-Bavarian and Standard German have influenced each other and the vast majority of Austro-Bavarian speakers speak Standard German as well. There are more variants of Bavarian. The variants are Central Bavarian, Southern Bavarian, and Northern Bavarian.

Austro-Bavarian is also used to refer to the dialect group which includes the Austro-Bavarian dialect discussed here, as well as the Cimbrian, Hutterite German, and Mócheno dialects of Germany.

## History and origin 
The Austro-Bavarian language has its origins in the Germanic tribe known as the Bavarii, who established a tribal duchy, which covered much of what is today Bavaria and some of Austria in the early Middle Ages and was eventually subdued by Charlemagne. However, they gradually migrated down the Danube and into the Alps to all those areas where Austro-Bavarian dialects are spoken.

In German, a distinction is usually made between "bairisch" (referring to the language) and "bayerisch" (referring to the state of Bavaria and used in the name of BMW). Because of King Ludwig I of Bavaria's passion for everything Hellenic, the German name for Bavaria today is spelled "Bayern", while the language spoken there has retained its original spelling "Bairisch"—note the I versus the "Hellenic" Y.

## Regions where people speak Bavarian
*in Bavaria:
**in Upper Bavaria
**in Lower Bavaria
**in the Upper Palatinate
*in Austria:
**in all parts of the country except the federal-state of Vorarlberg and parts of the Reutte District in Tirol, where an Alemannic dialect is spoken.
*in Switzerland:
**in the village of Samnaun, in Graubünden.
*in Italy:
**in all of the province of South Tyrol and by small German speaking communities in Trento, Veneto (Cimbrian language) and Friuli.
*in Hungary:
** the city of Sopron (Ödenburg) is officially bi-lingual. 

## Diphthongs 
### Consonants
Notes:

*The phoneme  is frequently realised as  or  word-internally and is realised as  word-initially.
*Intervocalic  can be voiced to .
*A trill sound  may also be realised as a tap sound [].
*Intervocalic  or  sound can be realised as [] or [, ].
*Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise  as an affricate  word-initially and before , which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants.

### Vowels 
## Examples of Bavarian and Austrian 
## Related pages
* Austrian German
* Viennese German
* German language

## References
Brahui language

The **Brahui** () or **Bravi** () or **Brohi** language, spoken by the Brahui people, it is the only Dravidian language mainly spoken in Pakistan, although it is also spoken in Afghanistan and Iran. The 2005 edition of Ethnologue reports some 2.2 million speakers, 90% of whom live in Pakistan. In Pakistan it is mainly spoken in the central Balochistan.

Although it is a Dravidian language, it has been heavily influenced by the Indo-Iranian languages spoken in the area such as Balochi, Sindhi and Urdu.

Brahui is often considered to be a remnant of a formerly more widespread Dravidian language family that was speculated to have reduced during the Indo-Aryan migration. It is also sometimes speculated that Brahui might be a direct legacy of the Indus Valley Civilisation. However, one polar opposite view is that Brahuis migrated up to Baluchistan in the 13 or 14th century or by a late immigration that took place after 1000 CE.

## References
Badeshi language

**Badeshi** is a northwestern Indo-Iranic language spoken by only 3 people in upper reaches of Bishigram Valley (Chail), east of Madyan, Swat, Kohistan in Northern Areas of Pakistan.

The Badeshi people of Bishigram Valley and Tirat Valley total around 1,500 in numbers. The figures for Pooran Chakesar, Alai, and Mansehra towns are not available. The Badeshi people stopped using their native language completely few generations ago. In Bishigram Valley, they only speak Torwali and in Tirat Valley they speak Pashto.

Muhammad Zaman Sagar, a field linguist is working on this language. But his research over the 2 years, he has just collected one hundred words so far. In July 2007 he again visited the Bishigram valley and spent some time with the people there.

## References
Islamgarh

**Islamgarh** () (*Islam* means the religion of Islam and *Garh* means *Place of*) is a small New town near the village of Chak Haryam, that is close to the Mangla Dam and one of 25 towns in the Union Councils of Pakistan is the Chakswari Tehsil, Mirpur District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 10,082 people lived there in 1998.

## References
Dhatki language

**Dhatki**, also known as **Dhati** or **Thari**, is a dialect continum of Sindhi and Marwari. It is spoken in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan in the Republic of India and south eastern part of Sindh province of Pakistan. Its characteristic phonological features are glottalized or Implosive sounds like Sindhi. Many Dhatki speaking communities migrated to British India in 1947 after the partition and continued to do so in small numbers, but still there is a sizable number of Dhatki speakers in Tharparkar, Umarkot, Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh Pakistan.

## References
Dogri language

**Dogri** () is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Dogra people of the Jammu region in India. Smaller groups of speakers live in adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh.

## Speakers
It is spoken by about two million people in Jammu Kashmir region in India, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir, and elsewhere. Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar. 
## Language profile
Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari Group of languages. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari.

## References
Java Man

]]
**Java Man** is one of the first known specimens of *Homo erectus*. The name was given to fossils discovered in 1891 at Trinil on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in East Java, Indonesia. Java Man's discoverer, Eugène Dubois, gave it the scientific name ***Pithecanthropus erectus***. The name derives from Greek and Latin roots meaning "upright ape-man".

Java Man has been estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old. When it was discovered, Java Man was the oldest hominid fossil ever found. It still is the type specimen for *Homo erectus*.

Led by Eugène Dubois, the excavation team uncovered a tooth, a skullcap, and a thighbone at Trinil.
Gawar-Bati language

**Gawar-Bati** is known in Chitral as **Aranduyiwar**, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan. Chitral keeps a military base in Arandu to guard against an attack by Afghanistan.

There are 9,000 speakers of Gawar-Bati, but only 1,500 are in Pakistan. The rest are in Afghanistan.

The Gawar-Bati Language has not been given study by serious linguists, except that it is mentioned by George Morgenstierne (1926) and Kendall Decker (1992). It is classified as a Dardic Language but this is more of a geographical classification than a linguistic one.

The Norwegian linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.

## References
Domaaki language

**Domaakí** - also known as **Dumaki** or **Domaá** - is a language spoken in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

It is the traditional tongue of the Dóoma (sg. Dóom), a small ethnic group scattered in extended family units among larger host communities. In former times, Domaaki speakers traditionally worked as blacksmiths and musicians, but nowadays they are also engaged in a variety of other professions. 

In almost all places of their present settlement the Dooma, who are all Muslims, have long since given up their original mother tongue in favour of the language of their respective host community. Only in the Nager and Hunza Valleys has Domaaki survived until the present day. 

Following its geographic location, Domaaki can be divided into two dialects: Nager-Domaaki and Hunza-Domaaki. Although there are considerable differences between these two varieties, they are not so severe as to prevent mutual intelligibility. 

Presently Domaaki counts less than 350 (mostly elderly) speakers – ca. 300
of them related to Hunza; around 40 related to Nager – and is thus to be considered a highly endangered language.

## References 
* Weinreich, Matthias. 2008. Two Varieties of Domaakí. *Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft* 158: 299-316.
* Domaaki. Retrieved June 13, 2006, from *Ethnologue: Languages of the World*, fifteenth edition. SIL International. Online version.
Gujari language

**Gojri**, also known as '**Gujari**' is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gurjars, or Gujjars of Northern Pakistan and the Republic of India. It is classified as a form or dialect of Rajasthani by the linguists.

The language is mainly spoken in the Punjab provinces of India and Pakistan and also in Jammu & Kashmir, it is most closely related to Marwari and Gujarati.

## References
Hazaragi

**Hazaragi** () is the native language spoken by the Hazara people in Afghanistan.

## Classification 
Hazaragi is a language which is related to Turkish, mongolian and Indo-European  languages. It is easily distinguishable from other Turkic and Mongolic languages spoken in different countries in South Asia. Hazaragi contains some Turkic and Mongolic words.

## Spoken area 
Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people of central Afghanistan as well as by a large refugee population found in northeastern Iran and in parts of Pakistan, such as Quetta.

## Related pages 
* Aimaq dialect
* Hazara people

## References
Goaria language

**Goaria** is a Marwari Rajasthani language spoken by some 25,000 people in Sindh Province, of Pakistan. Most people using this language are Hindu. They use the Sanskrit language for worship.

## References
Burushaski

**Burushaski** (بروشسکی - Burū́šaskī) is a language isolate spoken by some 300,000 Burusho people in the Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, Chitral, and Gilgit valleys of Northern Pakistan. It is also spoken by some 300 immigrants in Srinagar, Indian-administered Kashmir. Other names for the language are *Kanjut (Kunjoot), Werchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias), Biltum, Khajuna, Werchikwar and Miśa:ski.*

Today Burushaski contains many loanwords from Urdu (including English words received via Urdu) and from neighbouring Dardic languages such as Khowar and Shina, as well as a few from Turkic languages and from the neighboring Sino-Tibetan language Balti, but the original vocabulary remains largely intact. The Dardic languages also contain large numbers of loanwords from Burushaski.

There are three dialects, named after the main valleys: Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin (also called Werchikwār). The dialect of Yasin is thought to be the least affected by contact with neighboring languages and is generally less similar to the other two than those are to each other; nevertheless, all three dialects are mutually intelligible.

## References
Malaya

**Malaya** is both a name and word that has different meanings in different places.

Malaya first recorded in the Vayu Purana ( 1 BCE - 7 CE) as *Malayadvipa* ( 'Malaya island') refers to the Sumatra island. Malaya also mentioned in the Amoghapasa inscription ( 1300s CE) found in the estuary of Batanghari river in West Sumatra, refers to the region in Sumatra.

## Malaysia & Singapore 
In the history of Malaysia and Singapore, "Malaya" () can refer to:

* British Malaya, (18th century-1946) a loose collection of British controlled states in the Malay Peninsula, including Singapore
* The Malayan Union, (1946-1948) a post-war British colony consisting of all states in British Malaya, excluding Singapore
* The Federation of Malaya (*Persekutuan Tanah Melayu*) (1948-1963), the successor of the Malayan Union (also excluding Singapore) which gained independence within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1957
* present-day Peninsular Malaysia, the states and territories formerly comprising the Federation of Malaya (1963-present), now also known formally as the States of Malaya (*Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu*)

## Other uses 
* *Malaya* (movie), a 1949 American film set in Japanese occupied Malaya
* In the Shambhala tradition, the name of a "National Forest" or sacred garden, comparable to the Garden of Eden.
* Oxana Malaya (born 1983), a feral child that lived most of her life in the company of dogs, picking a number of their habits.
* Malay Archipelago, for the macroregion

## Related pages
* Malay (disambiguation)
Seal of Vermont

.]]
The **Great Seal of Vermont** is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is used to emboss and make official documents real.
Guitar Hero World Tour

***Guitar Hero: World Tour*** is a music game that is part of the *Guitar Hero* franchise. The game was released in North America on October 27, 2008. This is the first Guitar Hero game that allowed the player(s) to play a variety of instruments besides guitar. The game features 86 unique songs. The game also features a career mode where players can make their own “rockers” and band. Post launch DLC was added via an online storefront, excluding the playstation 2 version of the game.

## Musicians who guest star in World Tour
*Hayley Williams (Paramore)
*Ozzy Osbourne (Black Sabbath)
*Zakk Wylde, (Black Label Society)
*Billy Corgan (Smashing Pumpkins)
*Ted Nugent
*Sting (musician) (The Police)
*Travis Barker (+44 and Blink 182)
*Jimi Hendrix

## Song list
*Band on the Run, Paul McCartney
*Misery Business, Paramore
*Beat It, Michael Jackson and Van Halen
*Living on a Prayer, Bon Jovi
*Purple Haze, Jimi Hendrix
Dune universe

The fictional '''*Dune* universe**, or ***Duniverse*''', is the political, scientific, and social place from author Frank Herbert's six-book *Dune* series of science fiction novels.

## Works in the series
### The original series
**Dune* (1965)
**Dune Messiah* (1969)
**Children of Dune* (1976)
**God Emperor of Dune* (1981)
**Heretics of Dune* (1984)
**Chapterhouse Dune* (1985)

## Characters
***Bene Gesserit** are a group of woman (or sisterhood). They possess many seemingly supernatural abilities obtained through physical and mental training.

## Other websites
Peking Man

**Peking Man** (currently *Homo erectus pekinensis*) is an example of *Homo erectus*. The fossil remains were first found between in 1923 and 1937 during excavations at Zhoukoudian near Beijing, in China. 

In 2009 the finds were dated from roughly 750,000 years ago, and a new 26Al/10Be dating suggests they are in the range of 680,000–780,000 years old.

The original fossils disappeared in 1941, but casts and descriptions remain. They show that this subspecies looked similar to modern humans and Neanderthals, and used stone tools. They probably used fire.

Scientists do not know whether interbreeding happened between *Homo erectus* and *Homo sapiens,* and if this is an ancestor or a member of the Denisovan peoples of East Asia. No religious or symbolic findings are yet associated with this subspecies.

## References
RAR (file format)

In computing, **RAR** is a archival file format that allows data compression, error recovery, and file spanning.  It was created by Eugene Roshal (that is why it is named RAR: **R**oshal **AR**chive) and is now licensed to *Win.RAR GmbH*.

## RAR File Archiver Software 
The following is an example of file archiver software by platforms. For a comprehensive list see Comparison of file archivers.

### Windows 
* Read/Write: WinRAR
* Read-only: 7-Zip, BitZipper, IZArc, PeaZip, RarZilla, Zipeg, free unrar, non-free unrar

### Linux 
* Read/Write: RAR
* Read-only: free unrar, non-free unrar, PeaZip, p7zip's rar29.so

### Mac OS X 
* Read/Write: RAR (command line), SimplyRAR
* Read-only: RAR Expander, Stuffit Expander, UnRarX, Zipeg, free unrar, non-free unrar

### DOS 
* RAR, non-free unrar
### OS/2 
* RAR, non-free unrar
### FreeBSD 
* Read/Write: rar, Ark (as frontend to rar)
* Read Only: 7-Zip, free unrar, non-free unrar

### References
WinRAR

**WinRAR** (a.k.a. RAR) is a shareware file archiver and data compression program created by Eugene Roshal. Many people think that it is one of the three most used File Archiver for Windows, together with WinZip and 7-Zip. It is one of the few programs that can create RAR archives, because the encoding method is proprietary, meaning they own it and nobody else can use it.

## Developer 
The current developer is Eugene Roshal, while his brother Alexander Roshal is helping with the business.

## Other websites 
* RARlab WinRAR website (win-rar.com)
* RARlab main website (rarlab.com)
* WinRAR older versions - All of the old versions from version 1.54 to the latest one.
Chilisso language

**Chilisso** is an Indo-European Kohistani language spoken in Pakistan. It is also called Galos or Chiliss.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Chilisso at the Probert Encyclopaedia
Balochi language

**Balochi** (also called **Baluchi**) is an Iranic language spoken by the Baloch people in an area called Balochistan which encompasses the regions of southeastern Iran, southern Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan. It is also spoken as a second language by some Brahui. It is one of nine official languages of Pakistan.

## Dialects 
Balochi has several dialects. The Ethnologue lists three dialects: Eastern Balochi, Northern Balochi, Southern Balochi and Western Balochi while the Encyclopædia Iranica (from Elfenbein) lists six dialects: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati, Panjguri and Sarhaddi), Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, Coastal Dialects, and Eastern Hill Balochi.

Northern Balochi dialects are settled north of Iranian Balochistan and Golestān Province of Iran, north of Nimruz Province in Afghanistan and north Chagai District of Balochistan.

## Related pages
*Languages of Pakistan
*Languages of Iran
*Languages of Afghanistan

## Notes 
## References
Jadgal

The **Jadgal** people are an Indo-Aryan Sindhi community, which live in Pakistan and Iran, they are also found in Oman, UAE where they are called as Al Zadjali. The Jadgal people speak the Jadgali language. The population of Jadgal people living in Pakistan was at about 100,000 in 1998. Jadgal people are Muslims.

## References
Kutchi language

**Kutchi** or **Kachchi** is a language and is spoken in regions such as Kutch, India and Sindh, Pakistan. Over 50,000 people spoke it in 1998.

## References
## Other websites
* Kutchi Language Online 
* Ethnologue report on Kutchi
* Gujarāti script, used to write Kutchi
Fatima Jinnah

**Fatima Jinnah** (31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani dental surgeon, writer, stateswoman and one of the founders of Pakistan. She was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who became the first Governor General of Pakistan. 

She was a strong critic of the British Raj, and a leading member of the All-India Muslim League. She advocated the separation of Pakistan as an independent state when the Raj ended.

After the independence of Pakistan, Jinnah co-founded the All Pakistan Women's Association, which helped settle the migrants in the new country. After the death of her brother, she was a prominent philanthropist,

Her legacy is her support for civil rights, her struggle in Pakistan Movement and her devotion to her brother. Many institutions and public spaces have been named in her honour.

## References
Campeche

**Campeche** is a state in the south-east of Mexico. Its capital is also called Campeche. About 750,000 people live in Campeche.
East Francia

**Eastern Francia** () was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. That treaty divided Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle. Over the centuries it changed into the Holy Roman Empire and modern Germany.Until the beginning of the 12. Century it was known as **Francia Orientalis** or the **Kingdom of the East Franks**. If the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire is thought to have happened at the same time as the rise of the Ottonian dynasty, the kingdom of East Francia lasted from 843  to when Duke Henry I of Saxony became a monarch on in 919; or it could have began in 962, when Otto I the Great became a monarch (*translatio imperii*).

East Francia was divided into four duchies: Swabia (Alamannia), Franconia, Saxony and Bavaria (with Carinthia). And after the death of Lothair II in 869, these were added the eastern parts of Lotharingia.

This division have there until 1268, the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

From the 10th century, East Francia was also known as *Regnum Teutonicum* ("Teutonic kingdom", "Kingdom of Germany"), a term in Salian times.

## References
Gentoo

**Gentoo** may mean:
* Gentoo penguin, a species of bird
* Gentoo Linux, a computer operating system distribution
* Gentoo/FreeBSD, a port of Gentoo Linux to the FreeBSD kernel and userland
* gentoo (file manager), a free file manager for Linux and other Unix-like systems
Querétaro

**Querétaro** is a state located in the east of Mexico.

The word Querétaro dates back to pre-Hispanic times. Some of the people who arrived in the area now occupied by the state gave it different names based on its geographic features. The Tarascans of Michoacán called the spot now known as La Cañada, Crettaro or Queréndaro, which means the place of the crags; they probably gave it this name because there is lots of pink stone there. The Otomíes called it Mxei, which means the place where the ballgame is played. It was also called Ndamaxei, which means the great ballcourt; the Aztecs named it Tlaxco, which has the same meaning. Finally, the Chichimecs called this spot Xico, which also means great ballcourt in their language; it received this name because the La Cañada area is shaped like an enormous pre-Hispanic ballcourt.

## References
## Other websites
1940–41 NHL season

The **1940–41 NHL season** was the 24th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1940–41 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
*Max Bentley, Chicago Black Hawks
*John Mariucci, Chicago Black Hawks
*Joe Carveth, Detroit Red Wings
*Elmer Lach, Montreal Canadiens
*Ken Reardon, Montreal Canadiens
*John Quilty, Montreal Canadiens
*Chuck Rayner, New York Americans
*Bill Juzda, New York Rangers

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1940–41 (listed with their last team):
*Paul Haynes, Montreal Canadiens
*Georges Mantha, Montreal Canadiens
*Hooley Smith, New York Americans
*Charlie Conacher, New York Americans
*Dave Kerr, New York Rangers

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Khetrani language

**Khetrani** also called **Khetranki** is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northeast Balochistan province of Pakistan mainly in Barkhan district but also in neighbouring districts, it is spoken by the Khetran people. About 200,000 people speak it. Khetrani has grammatical features in common with both Sindhi and with Punjabi, and it sometimes is considered to be mixed language of these both. 

## References
Colm

**Colm** is a masculine given name. It comes from the Irish word for "dove". There are three ways to pronounce this name. Colm is the short form of the Roman name Columba, which also means "dove". Saint Columba was a 6th-century Irish monk who founded a monastery on the Island of Iona in Scotland. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Famous Colms include television and movie actor Colm Meaney, actor Colm Feore, and novelists Colm Toibin and Colum McCann.

## People
* Colm Brogan (1902-1977), Scottish writer
* Colm Byrne (born 1971), Irish playwright
* Colm Condon (1921-2008), Irish lawyer
* Colm Cooper (born 1983), Irish Gaelic football player
* Colm Coyle, Irish Gaelic football player and manager
* Colm Feore (born 1958), American-born Canadian actor
* Colm Hilliard (1936-2002), Irish politician
* Colm Imbert (born 1957), Trinidad and Tobago politician
* Colm Magner (born 1961), Canadian actor
* Colm Mangan (born 1942), Irish general
* Colm O'Shaughnessy (born 1996), Irish Gaelic football player and rugby player
* Colm Meaney (born 1953), Irish actor
* Colm Ó Cíosóig (born 1964), Irish drummer
* Colm Ó hEocha (1926-1997), Irish scientist
* Colm O'Gorman (born 1966), Irish activist
* Colm Ó Maonlaí (born 1966), Irish actor
* Colm Tóibín (born 1955), Irish novelist

## References
Ladakhi

**Ladakhi** (ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་) is a language spoken by the Ladakhi people in India, Pakistan, and China. Ladakhi is closely related to Balti, a language spoken in the neighboring region of Baltistan in Pakistan. The two major dialects of Ladakhi are Zangskari and Changthang. The Ladakhi language is also locally known as *Bhoti* or *Bhotia* and has been known by that by the Indian government. Ladakhi contains many loanwords from Kashmiri and Hindi.  Ladakhi is spoken by 15,000 people in India, 12,000 in China and about 900 in Pakistan.

## References
Sunspot

A **sunspot** is an area of high magnetic activity, on the surface of the Sun. Sunspots produce bright light, but not as much as the surface around them, so they appear dark by . They are cooler than the rest of the sun. Some are small, and some are ten times bigger than Earth. 

A **sunspot cycle** of eleven years has been found, with changes in activity. Every 11 years the number of sunspots increases, and later declines. Sunspots on one cycle are magnetically different from the next, so the total sunspot cycle is 22 years. This cycle has been seen since the 18th century. Before that time, for over a hundred years, there were very few sunspots. Astronomers do not know what caused this "Maunder Minimum". 

## History
|alt=Black and white drawing showing Latin script surrounding two concentric circles with two black dots inside the inner circle]]
Chinese astronomers said they could see sunspots. On 17 March 802 the monk Adelmus saw a big sunspot, which he could see for eight days. Adelmus thought that Mercury was going in front of the Sun and making a black spot. When astronomers started using telescopes, most agreed that something was passing in front of the Sun. Galileo Galilei in 1612 guessed that there were actual spots on the Sun and that they showed that the Sun was turning.

The first  changes of sunspots was seen by Heinrich Schwabe, and made Rudolf Wolf study them carefully, starting in 1848. Also in 1848, Joseph Henry showed a picture of the Sun and made sure that sunspots were cooler than the rest of the Sun (they are about 7000 degrees Fahrenheit, 4000 C). They are still very hot, but much cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

## Effect on Earth 
Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the Sun.  But many scientists think that when there are many sunspots, the Sun actually gets *hotter*.  This  the weather here on Earth, and also radio reception.  If this is true, then without sunspots, the Earth might become cooler.  In the same way, if there were more sunspots, the Earth might become hotter, and there could be less rain.  This would make more droughts on the Earth.  Droughts are a long time with no rain.  Without rain, crops that people eat would not grow.  Scientists study sunspots and other solar phenomena, so they can know what they do to Earth.  The temperature of a sunspot is 4780°K.  This is cold when compared to other areas on the surface of sun.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "Sunspots" at Exploratorium
* Sunspot data at NASA Online
Emergency exit

in the European Union showing the direction.]]
.]]
An **emergency exit** in a building is an exit for emergencies, such as a fire.
Emergency exits can be found in a number of places such as buildings, planes, schools, or anywhere else where there may be a large number of people in a small space.

## Other websites 
*Information on fire exit signs in Britain
*OSHA definitions of proper emergency exits
Crystal radio

A **crystal radio**, sometimes called a **crystal set**, is a very simple AM (or rarely FM) radio receiver, that does not need batteries to work. A long wire antenna gathers enough of the radio signals from nearby transmitters to power a crystal diode, which demodulates the signals, and plays them as sound through an earphone or small headset. 

Crystal radios have come and gone many times in history. They were built in the early days of radio broadcasting by amateurs, and people who could not afford a well-made radio. They became popular again during the Great Depression, when money was scarce. During World War II, American soldiers built "foxhole radios" that used a razor blade and pencil point instead of a crystal. (German and Italian troops had equipment to detect normal superheterodyne radio receivers working, so an alternate choice was a wise one.)

After the war ended, amateurs built more crystal sets, and children began to make them as science and hobby projects. Later during the Vietnam War prisoners of war again built simple radios, and soldiers used Slinky springs as antennas.

Hobby clubs still exist, that give information to persons who want to build a crystal radio or similar radio project.

## Other websites 
* Stay Tuned 
* Xtal Set Society 
* Foxhole Radio article at Bizarre Stuff
OD

**OD** is a two-letter abbreviation and can mean any of the following:
* Order of Distinction, a civil honour of Jamaica
* Object Desktop, a suite of skinning and customization programs by Stardock, or *ObjectDock*, another program by the same company
* Oblivion Dust, a Japanese rock band
* On Demand, when it is available on demand
* Officer of the day
* Old Dragon, former pupil of the Dragon School
* Old Derbeian, a former pupil of Derby School
* Olive Drab, as in OD Green
* Oneness Darkness, a Texas rock band
* OpenDocument, the only ISO acknowledged standard document file format
* One Day Match, a type of shorter match in cricket
* Optical density
* Ordnance Datum, a vertical datum used in Great Britain as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps.
* Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)
* Organization development
* Orphei Drängar, a Swedish male choir
* "Ocular dextra," medical terminology meaning "right eye" ("ocular sinistra" is the term for the left eye). Abbreviated O.D. and O.S. and commonly used in ophthalmology and optometry.
* Outside diameter, a dimension commonly used to specify the size of tubing or pipe
* Od language, a language based in Pakistan.
* Overdose, related to Drugs
* OverDrive CPUs
* Odessa, TX, a small city in West Texas
* On Duty, mostly used in colleges and schools in the attendance sheets to indicate the time the student spent on other extracurricular activities (Cultural Programs etc.)
* Original dance, the second part of an ice dancing competition
* Octavian Droobers, an orienteering club.
* Oringin Destination fare, used for calculating airfares
* O.D. (musician) a founding member of the Finnish industrial band Velcra
* Official Dress in the popular agriculture club: National FFA Organization

Non abbreviated meanings of **OD** are as follows:
* For the Norse god Od, see Óðr
* For the life force Od, see Odic force
* For the Unix program **od**, see od (Unix)
* Od, a replacement for "God" in some minced oaths
Hindko

**Hindko** (, ; also spelled as **Hindku** or **Hinko**) is a Northwestern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by about 5 million people in Pakistan. Most of them live in Hazara (now a region of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), but there are also speakers in other parts of the province (such as Kohat and Peshawar). There are also speakers in Azad Kashmir and in north-western Punjab.  Hindko is classified by some linguists within the Lahnda group. The Hazari variety is the most widely spoken dialect of Hindko.

There is no proper, formal generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to identify themselves by the larger families, castes and tribes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra are sometimes recognised collectively as *Hazarawal*, named after the Hazara Division that comprises these districts. In Peshawar city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or Hindkowans.

## References
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

.]]
The **March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom** was a rally held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on 28 August 1963. It was where Martin Luther King, Jr gave his famous I Have a Dream speech. After the march, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the National Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. There were over 200,000 people there, both black and white.

## Organization and planning 
The march was first planned by A. Philip Randolph, who was the president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO. He had planned another civil rights march in 1941, but it never happened. However, the threat of the march was a big reason why President Roosevelt wrote Executive Order 8802. This forced equal opportunity in the defense industry, which meant that all workers had to be treated the same, no matter what their race was.

Other leaders of civil rights movement helped Randolph plan the march and spread the word to their members. Some of the most important were James Farmer, (president of the Congress of Racial Equality), John Lewis (president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference), They thought the presence of black officers would be more calming if trouble broke out.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official program for the March on Washington
* Witnesses to History, 50 Years Later
Dolls

**Dolls** are models of human beings, usually toys.

**Dolls** could also mean:

* Dolls (2006 movie) - short British movie directed by Susan Luciani
**Dolls* (movie), a 2002 movie by Takeshi Kitano
**Dolls* (1987 movie), a 1987 movie directed by Stuart Gordon
**Dolls* (Kawahara), a manga series by Yumiko Kawahara
**Dolls* (naked ape), a manga series by Naked Ape
*Dollz, pixel art of dolls dressed in various outfits
**Dolls* (Street Fighter), video game characters in the Street Fighter series
*"Dolls", a song by Ayumi Hamasaki on the album *Rainbow*
*Colloquially, to any of the following bands:
**New York Dolls
**Pussycat Dolls

**The Dolls** could mean:
**Le bambole* (translated: *The Dolls*), a 1965 Italian movie 
*The Dolls, a working name for Destiny's Child before they settled on their current name
* The Dresden Dolls A Dark Cabaret band based in Boston

## Related pages
*Doll
Doll

A **doll** is a child's toy that looks like a baby or other human being. Dolls have been around since the beginning of human civilization, and have been made from many different types of materials, like stone, clay, wood, bone, cloth and paper, to porcelain, china, rubber and plastic.

While dolls are usually for children, they are also collected by adults, for remembering things from the past, their beauty, their historical importance or their financial value (being worth money). In ancient times, dolls were used as symbols of a deity (god), and played an important role in religious ceremonies and rituals. 

Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools, and social workers to train doctors and nurses in different health procedures or to find out about cases of sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed mannequins or ball-jointed dolls in drawing the human body. Action figures are types of dolls that represent superheroes and military people are particularly popular among boys. There are baby dolls, paper dolls, rag dolls, talking dolls, fashion dolls and many others.