open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Republic County, Kansas

on the border of Jewell County, Kansas and Republic County, Kansas near Hardy, Nebraska and Webber, Kansas, just south of Nebraska NE-8 on Kansas 1 Rd/CR-1 bridge over the Republican River. The normal flood stage for the river is at the tree line in the foreground.]]

**Republic County** (standard abbreviation: **RP**) is a county in the state of Kansas. It is south from the Nebraska border. In 2020 census, 4,674 people lived there. The county seat is Belleville. Belleville is also the biggest city in Republic County.

## History
Indian tribes lived in the area before white settlers came. The tribes included the Pawnee, Iowa, and Otoe.

In 1860, Republic County was created by the Kansas legislature. The county is named after the Republican River. By 1868, Republic County was holding elections.

After the Civil War and during the 19th century, a lot of European immigrants (mostly from Sweden and the Czech Republic) came to Belleville and the area around it.

In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) to Superior, Nebraska.  This railroad connected Strong City, Neva, Rockland, Diamond Springs, Burdick, Lost Springs, Jacobs, Hope, Navarre, Enterprise, Abilene, Talmage, Manchester, Longford, Oak Hill, Miltonvale, Aurora, Huscher, Concordia, Kackley, Courtland, Webber, Superior.  This railroad was called "Strong City and Superior line". Later the name was shortened to the "Strong City line".

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  (or 99.45%) is land and  (or 0.55%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
Republic County is very Republican. No Democratic presidential candidate has won the county except for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and 1916. Since 1996, the Republican candidate has won seventy percent of the county’s vote.

## Education
### Unified school districts
*Pike Valley USD 426    (Scandia, Courtland and western half of county)
*Republic County USD 109   (Belleville, Cuba and eastern half of county)

## Communities
 map of Republic County (map legend)]]

### Incorporated cities
* Agenda
* Belleville
* Courtland
* Cuba
* Munden
* Narka
* Republic
* Scandia

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Republic County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 66 pages; 1923.
* *Standard Atlas of Republic County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 58 pages; 1904.
* *Atlas of Republic County, Kansas*; Gillen & Davy; 47 pages; 1884.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Republic County - directory of public officials
;Other
* Republic County Historical Society Museum
;Maps
* Republic County maps: current , historic , KDOT
* Kansas highway maps: current , historic , KDOT
* Kansas railroad maps: current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Rush County, Kansas

**Rush County** (standard abbreviation: **RH**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 2,956 people lived there. The county seat is La Crosse. La Crosse is also the biggest city in Rush County.

## History
### 19th century
In 1867, **Rush County** was created. Rush County was organized on December 5, 1874. La Crosse and Rush Center competed to become the county seat. This lasted 10 years until La Crosse finally became the county seat.

### 20th century
The first county fair was held in 1910 south of Rush Center.

### 21st century
In 2015, the "Alexander Wind Farm" was built south of Alexander. It cost about $85 million. It generates 48 megawatts of power.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.03%) is water.

Walnut Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas River, goes through the county. Other streams help provide it water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
Rush County is very Republican.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* LaCrosse USD 395
* Otis-Bison USD 403

## Communities
 Map of Rush County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Alexander
* Bison
* La Crosse
* Liebenthal
* McCracken
* Otis
* Rush Center
* Timken

## References
## More reading
* *Plat book of Rush County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 33 pages; 1901.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Rush County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* History of Cities in Rush County
;Maps
* Rush County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
McGurk's Bar bombing

On 4 December 1971, the Ulster Volunteer Force placed a bomb at the entrance to a pub in New Lodge, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It exploded, killing 15 people, injuring 17 others and destroying the building.

## References
Phillips County, Kansas

**Phillips County** (standard abbreviation: **PL**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 4,981 people lived there. The county seat is Phillipsburg. Phillipsburg is also the biggest city in Phillips County.

## History
In 1867, **Phillips County** was created.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
Phillips County is very Republican. No Democratic Presidential candidate has won Phillips County since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.

## Education 
### Unified school districts 
* Thunder Ridge USD 110 (Consolidation of Agra-Eastern Heights and Kensington-West Smith County)
**Agra and small eastern portion of county; extends into western third of Smith County
* Northern Valley USD 212
**Long Island and northwestern corner of county; extends into northeastern Norton County
* Phillipsburg USD 325
**city of Phillipsburg and areas near and along US 183
* Logan USD 326
**southwestern corner of county along and south of K-9; goes into southeastern Norton County

## Communities
 Map of Phillips County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Agra
* Glade
* Kirwin
* Logan
* Long Island
* Phillipsburg
* Prairie View
* Speed

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Phillips County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 78 pages; 1917.
* *Plat Book of Phillips County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 49 pages; 1900.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Phillips County - Directory of Public Officials
* Phillips County - Economic Development
;Maps
* Phillips County Maps: Current, Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Chautauqua County, Kansas

**Chautauqua County** (county code **CQ**) is a county in Southeast Kansas. In 2020, 3,379 people lived there. Its county seat is Sedan. Sedan is also the biggest city in Chautauqua County. Chautauqua County is named after Chautauqua County, New York, where Edward Jaquins was born. Jaquins was a Kansas politician who was important in getting the county created.

## History
**Chautauqua County** was created by an act of the Kansas legislature on June 1, 1875. They divided Howard County into Elk County (the northern half) and Chautauqua County (the southern half). At the time of its creation, about 7,400 people lived there.

The first white settlers in the area that became Chautauqua County came in July 1868.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.9%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 166
* Kansas Highway 38
* Kansas Highway 99

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
Chautauqua is a very Republican county. The only Republican to ever lose the county has been Herbert Hoover in 1932. Other than the never-Democratic, historically Yankee Doniphan County, Chautauqua County was the only Kansas county to give incumbent President William Howard Taft a plurality in 1912. The last Democrat to win thirty percent of the county’s vote was Michael Dukakis in 1988. In 2016 Hillary Clinton won only thirteen percent.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Cedar Vale USD 285
* Sedan USD 286

## Communities
 Map of Chautauqua County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Cedar Vale
*Chautauqua
*Elgin
*Niotaze
*Peru
*Sedan

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Handbook of Elk and Chautauqua Counties, Kansas*; C.S. Burch Publishing Co; 24 pages; 1886.
* *Standard Atlas of Chautauqua County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 66 pages; 1921.
* *Standard Atlas of Chautauqua County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 32 pages; 1903.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Chautauqua County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Chautauqua County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Eurasian Steppe

The **Eurasian Steppe** (or Ya'ou Steppe; 亚欧草原) is a steppe ecoregion (a huge stretch of grasslands) in north Eurasia. It stretches from Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, to Mongolia and north China. It is south of Siberia.

For most of history, nomads lived and wandered there on horseback. The horse may have came from the steppe, around Kazakhstan. With the horses the steppe was a highway that moved people from China to Europe. For this reason it became important for the Silk Road.

The steppe has been ruled by many empires. Examples are the Altaic people, Chinese, Slavic people, and Central Asians: including the Xiongnu, Scythians, Han dynasty, Xianbei, Sogdians, Turkic Khaganate, Khazars, Tang Dynasty, Mongol Empire, Russian Empire, and Qing dynasty.

## References
Otuken

**Ötüken** was the capital of the Turkic Khaganate. Otugan was around Mongolia and Central Asia on the Khangan Plateau. Ötüken probably stretched "from the Khangai Range of Central Mongolia to the Sayan Mountains of Tuva [Siberia], at the centre of which is the Orkhon Valley". which for centuries was regarded as the seat of the imperial power of the steppes.

It was also an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism. Otukan means Mother Earth.

## References
Rouran

The **Rouran** () ruled northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. They were either proto-Mongols or Turkic. They spoke the Ruanruan language, an Altaic or Sino–Tibetan language.

They descended from the Xianbei. The Rouran are the first to use the words "khan" or "khagan". The **Rouran Khaganate** existed between the 4-6 centuries. They were then overthrown by the Gokturks. This led to the rise of the Turkic peoples.

The Rouran may have fled west after that and become part of the Pannonian Avars. The Göktürks chased after these "Avars" into the Byzantine Empire.

## Origin 
The Rouran were nomads. They lived in the eastern Eurasian Steppe (Mongolia and northeast China). They overthrew the Xianbei. Most Xianbei moved south and lived in Northern China. Kwok Kin Poon argues the Rouran descended from the Donghu Xianbei.

## History 
The founder of the Rouran Khaganate was Yujiulu Shelun. He descended from slaves of the Xianbei. The Xianbei used the word rouran to mean "wriggling worms".

After the Xianbei moved south in the 3rd century, the Rouran took over and conquered a lot of land.

In 402 Shelun unified all of the Rouran. They defeated the neighboring Tiele and expanded to the Silk Roads. They then conquered and vassalized the Hephthalites (of Central Asia) until 5th century.

The Hepthalites then moved towards India and replaced the Yuezhi in Bactria. The Hephtalites borrowed much culture and language from the Rouran: including the word "Khan".

In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran.

In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele.

## Overthrow by Gokturks 
In 551, Bumin of the Ashina Göktürks () defeated the Tiele revolt for the Rouran. In return Bumin asked for a Rouran princess (heqin). Rouran refused, so Bumin declared independence.

Bumin made a heqin with the Western Wei (descend from Northern Wei). Bumin then attacked the Rouran in 552, killing Yujiulü Anagui. Bumin then conquered Otuken.

He declared himself Illig Khagan and started the Turkic Khaganate. He died soon Bumin but his son Issik Qaghan succeeded him. Issik continued attacking the Rouran but died a year later in 553. His brother Muqan Qaghan finished the job and annihilated the Rouran in 555.

## References
Chase County, Kansas

**Chase County** (county code **CS**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 2,572 people lived there. Its county seat is Cottonwood Falls. Cottonwood Falls is also the biggest city in Chase County.  The center of population of Kansas is in Chase County, about four miles north of Strong City.

## History
In 1859, **Chase County** was created in the Kansas Territory.

In 1871, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Emporia to Newton.  In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) to Superior, Nebraska.  This railroad connected Strong City, Neva, Rockland, Diamond Springs, Burdick, Lost Springs, Jacobs, Hope, Navarre, Enterprise, Abilene, Talmage, Manchester, Longford, Oak Hill, Miltonvale, Aurora, Huscher, Concordia, Kackley, Courtland, Webber, Superior.

The south-western border one mile "notch" into Marion County was created under strange circumstances. There was a murder. Marion County didn't want to have the trial, so a section one mile wide and eighteen miles long was given to Chase County. This was to make it so that the murder had happened there. The one mile strip of land is still part of Chase County.

### Historical markers
* Landmark of Distinction - The Chase County Courthouse.
* Chase County and The Bluestem Pasture Region of Kansas.
* The Bluestem Pasture Region of Kansas.
* W. B. Strong Memorial Railroad Park.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* Interstate 35 All of I-35 in Chase County is part of the Kansas Turnpike. The general public can't get to it from inside the county.
* U.S. Route 50
* K-150
* K-177

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 284, Chase County
** Cottonwood Falls, Strong City, Matfield Green, Cedar Point, Elmdale, Clements, Saffordville, Bazaar, Rural Areas
** Chase County Junior/Senior High School

;District Office In Neighboring County
* USD 398, Peabody-Burns
** Wonsevu, Rural Areas
** Peabody-Burns Junior/Senior High School

## Communities
 Map of Chase County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Cedar Point
* Cottonwood Falls
* Elmdale
* Matfield Green
* Strong City

## References
## More reading
* 
* *Chase County - Its Past, Present, and Future*; Chase County Leader; May 28, 1914.
* *Plat Book of Chase County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 39 pages; 1901.

## Other websites
* 
* Chase County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
Lake Balqash

**Lake Balkhash** (, ) is located in Kazakhstan. It is one of the largest lakes in Asia and 15th largest in the world (en).

It belongs to a Central Asian endorheic basin shared by Kazakhstan, China, and Kyrgyzstan. Water moves from the basin to Balqash via seven rivers. The most important one is the Ili River. Water in the Ili River comes from melted snow from the mountains of China's Xinjiang.

The name of Lake Balkhash is the word balkaš, which in Turkic languages means “swampy area” (or marshland).

## History
The first Europeans to receive information about the lake were William of Rubruk (en) and Pian del Carpine (en) in the 13th century.

In 1886, Russian researcher Ivan Mushketov (en) wrote the book “Turkestan”, in which he wrote all the known information about Lake Balkhash.

In 1903-1904, the Russian Geographical Society (en) explored the lake, the leader of the study was Lev Berg (en).

## Geography
Lake Balkhash is a large, closed, and slightly saline lake. It is located in the arid (dry) zone of Central Asia on
southeast of Kazakhstan.

Saryesik peninsula,
located in the middle of the lake divides it into two parts that are different from each other.

Its length is 605&nbsp;km, its width varies from 9 to 19&nbsp;km in the east
parts and up to 74&nbsp;km - in the western.

The lake borders four
regions: Almaty Region, the southeastern part of
Karaganda Region, southwestern part of East Kazakhstan Region and
eastern - Zhambyl Region, as well as the northwestern part of the province
Xinjiang of China.

**Climate**

The climate in the lake area is semi-desert. The average temperature in July is about 24 °C (75.2 °F), in January about -8&nbsp;°C. Precipitation averages 120&nbsp;mm per year. Relative air humidity is 55-60%.

The average annual wind speed is about 4.5-4.8 meters per second. The surface water temperature ranges from 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) in December to 28&nbsp;°C (82.4&nbsp;°F) in July; at depth it changes little (temperature difference is no more than 3.3&nbsp;°C). The lake freezes every year; the ice usually lasts from November to March-April.

## References
Pawnee County, Kansas

**Pawnee County** (standard abbreviation: **PN**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 6,253 people lived there. The county seat is Larned. Larned is also the biggest city in Pawnee County.

The county is named after the Pawnee Tribe.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.05%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
Pawnee County has been mostly Republican for its history. However, there have been multiple time where it was considered a swing county. This means backing the national winner in all presidential elections from 1904 to 1936 as well as 1964 to 1988. It has moved away from bellwether status since 1988.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Ft. Larned USD 495
* Pawnee Heights USD 496

## Communities
 Map of Pawnee County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Burdett
* Garfield
* Larned
* Rozel

## References
## More reading
;County
* *Along the Old Trail*; Tucker Vernon Co; 190 pages; 1910.  *History of Pawnee County* (page 113 to 134).  *Larned and Pawnee County at Present* (page 135 to 190).
* *Atlas and Plat Book of Pawnee County, Kansas*; Kenyon Co; 37 pages; 1916.
* *Plat Book of Pawnee County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 36 pages; 1902.
;Trails
* 
* *The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC)*; Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916. (Download 6.8MB PDF eBook)

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Pawnee County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Pawnee County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Chu River

]]
The **Chu** (or **Shu,** from Chinese:  *chǔ*) is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. It is 1067&nbsp;km long and is one of the longest rivers in Central Asia, a landlocked region. They are the homeplace of the Dungan people, who moved there during the Qing dynasty.

## Sources
North–South Corridor, Singapore

The **North–South Corridor** (**NSC**), at first known as the **North–South Expressway**, will be the 11th expressway of Singapore. It will serve extra traffic along the north-south corridor that is currently being served by the Central Expressway (CTE). It was announced on 30 January 2008. It was announced during a major review of Singapore's transport network by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). The  expressway would cost about S$7–8 billion when to build. It is planned to be finished being built in 2026. It will connect the East Coast Parkway (ECP) with the northern parts of Singapore.

The NSC will have 16 entrances and 17 exits to connect towns along the north-south corridor. They are Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun, Ang Mo Kio, Bishan and Toa Payoh. It will connect them with the city centre. The NSC will also connect with already-built expressways, like the Seletar Expressway (SLE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and East Coast Parkway (ECP).

According to the Land Transport Authority, the bus lanes along the NSC will reduce bus travelling times from Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the city by up to 30 minutes. It is done through morning and evening peak express bus services. It can speed up bus routes between towns along the NSC faster by allowing buses to use the ramps and bus lanes in it. A cycling path along the entire length of the highway will link up Park Connector Networks and cycling path networks within HDB towns along the entire road to the city centre.

At first, it was supposed to be built by 2023. Because of construction delays, it now can only be built by 2026.

Now, it is planned to be finished by 2026.

## References
7.62×54mmR

hollow point boat tail; "Czech silver tip", mild steel core, light ball; Hungarian silver/yellow-tip, mild steel core, heavy ball; Wolf Ammunition Gold soft-point; USSR 1986 steel core light ball, Factory 60. [1]; Yugoslav surplus (1953); USSR 1940s lead core light ball [2].]]
The **7.62×54mmR** round is a bullet used for Russian guns. It is used for guns like the Mosin–Nagant rifle, the SVD rifle, and the PK machine gun.
Bai people

The **Baizu** (Bai language: 白和; ; literally: **white people**) are East Asian. They are one of the 56 ethnic groups of China. In 2010 their population was 1,933,510. They live mostly in Yunnan.

## References
Tubo

**Tubo** (, Tibetan: བོད་ཆེན་པོ, bod chen po), also called the **Tibetan Empire**, existed from the 7th to 9th centuries. Its first king was Songtsen Gampo. Its second king was Mangsong Mangzan. It controlled the Tibetan Plateau as well as parts of Central Asia and South Asia. They came after the Zhangzhung people, who practiced the Bon religion. The Tibetan empire combined Buddhism with the native Bon religion, and created Tibetan Buddhism. Gampo also helped invent the Tibetan alphabet during this time.

## References
Bamar

The **Bamar** (Burmese: ဗမာလူမျိုး bama loo-myo), **Burmese** or **Burmans** are the largest ethnic group in Myanmar. The Bamar live around the Irrawaddy River. They speak the Burmese language, the official language of Myanmar. DNA tests show that the Bamar are East Eurasian, related to Southeast Asian and Northeast Asian people. But they also have "Indian influences".

## What they speak 
The Bamar speak Burmese, a Sino-Tibetan language. So basic words are related to Chinese language and Tibetan language. Many words related to Buddhism are borrowed from Pali. The Burmese alphabet itself is based on Indian scripts.

## References
Heqin

**Heqin** means **marriage alliance.** The term is used in Chinese history. An emperor would marry one of his princesses to his enemy. In return they would have peace with the enemy. It did not always work, and many people hated it.
Rosé (singer)

**Roseanne Park** is a New Zealand-born singer raised in Australia. She is based in South Korea and goes by the mononym Rosé. She is a member of Blackpink, which is the highest-charting female K-pop group. On March 12, 2021, she debuted as a solo artist with her single album *-R-*, which received lots of positive feedback from listeners. 

Rosé was born in New Zealand on 11 February 1997. At the age of seven, she moved to Australia. In 2012, she passed a YG Entertainment audition at the age of 16.  She later signed with YG Entertainment and moved to South Korea.

## Discography
* *-R-* (2021)

## References 
## Other websites
Expressways of Singapore

The **expressways of Singapore** are:
* East Coast Parkway
* Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway
* Central Expressway
* Pan Island Expressway
* Marina Coastal Expressway
* Tampines Expressway
* Ayer Rajah Expressway
* Seletar Expressway
* Kranji Expressway
* Bukit Timah Expressway
## References
G98 Mauser rifle

**The G98 Mauser rifle** is a bolt-action rifle used by Germany from 1898 until the end of World War I. It was the German military's main rifle during that time. In 1935, it was replaced by Kar98k, a carbine version of the G98.

It was not the first bolt-action rifle ever made, but its design is so well-liked by militaries worldwide that many bolt-action rifles copied its design. Some rifles based on the G98 that were made in other countries include the American M1903 Springfield rifle and the Japanese Type 38 and Type 99 Arisaka rifles. Even today, many bolt-action rifles still follow the G98's basic design.

The rifle held up to five 7.92 x 57mm Mauser rounds. It was also clip-fed, which means that the shooter can load many bullets at one time, rather than just one bullet at a time.

## References
Nanzhao

**Nanzhao** are a Sino-Tibetan kingdom that existed southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered in Yunnan, China.

## History 
Most Nanzhao were Bai people. They spoke Nuosu (*Yi*), a Tibeto-Burman language related to Burmese. They descended from the Cuan clan. The Cuan migrated from Taiyuan to Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they controlled Yunnan.

In 593, they rebelled against the Sui dynasty. But in 602 the Sui destroyed the rebellion. The Cuan split into two groups: the Black and White Mywa.

The White Mywa tribes lived near lake Erhai. In 704 the Tubo made these kingdoms into vassals or tributaries.

In 737, the Tang dynasty helped unify the tribes and create a new kingdom called the Nanzhao (南诏 "Southern Zhao"). In 738 the capital was established in Taihe (south of Dali). It was in the Erhai valley; the mountains made it easy to defend; and there was a lot of farmland.

### Tubo alliance 
In 750 the Nanzhao attacked the Tang. In 751 Tang governor of Sichuan, Xianyu Zhongtong then attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏).

In 754, the Tang sent another 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), but never made it past Mu'ege. The Tubo then became friends with the Tubo. This alliance then ended in 794.

### Nanzhao attacks on Tang 
In 801 the Nanzhao and Tang defeated Tibetan and their slave Abbasid soldiers. Nanzhao then expanded into Myanmar and conquered Pyu city-states from 820-832.

In 829, the Nanzhao failed to attack Chengdu (Sichuan). In the 830s, they conquered Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.

In 846, 859, 863, the Nanzhao attacked Annam (Vietnam, then part of the Tang). In 869, the Nanzhao again failed to capture Chengdu.

In 873, the Yang family of Shanxi kicked the Nanzhao were out of Sichuan. In 877 the Yang kicked them out of Guizhou. The Nanzhao retreated to Yunnan, and they slowly died. In 902, their chief minister murdered most of the royal family, including the heir apparent. In 937, Duan Siping seized power and created the Dali Kingdom.

## They were Buddhists 
They were Vajrayana Buddhists. Many people living in Yunnan still are.

They called it Azhali. Azhali is a bit different from Han Buddhist schools like Zen (Chan Buddhism). But it has Han, Tibetan, and Burmese influences. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom (Myanmar), Tibet, and Bengal (Pala Empire).

It was started around 821-824 by an Indian monk from India called Candragupta (赞陀崛多, Zantuojueduo). More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and helped build a temple in Heqing.

The last king of Nanzhao made Buddhism the official religion.

## References
List of unused or defunct New York City Subway services

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) does not use some letters and numbers to identify routes on the New York City Subway.

## Unused letters 
* : the letter **I** could be confused with Line 1.
* : the letter **O** could be confused with the number **0**, which the MTA uses to help their computers recognize the 42nd Street Shuttle.
* : the letter **P** could sound funny or rude, because it sounds like the word “pee”.
* : the letter **U** could be confused with the word “you”.
* : the letter **Y** could be confused with the word “why”.

## Internal numbers and letters 
The MTA privately (or internally) uses the number **0** and the letter **H**, to help their computers recognize the three separate shuttles. The three shuttles use the letter **S** on maps and posters, and this can confuse computers.

* : The number **0** represents the 42nd Street Shuttle.
* : The letter **H** represents the Rockaway Park Shuttle. The last time that the MTA used the letter H on maps and posters was in 2012, because the damage from Hurricane Sandy prevented the MTA from running Line A.

## Reserved letters 
The MTA reserves the letters **T** and **X** to identify the services that they want to build or run in the future.

* : the letter **T** represents a service that the MTA plans to run, when they finish building the Second Avenue Subway.
* : the letter **X** represents a service that the MTA plans to run in the future, but have not decided on what number or letter to use.

## Defunct letters and numbers 
* : the number **8** used to represent trains that ran on the IRT Third Avenue Line. Line 8 stopped running on April 28, 1973, when the MTA closed the Third Avenue Line.
* : the number **9** used to represent trains that made fewer stops along the same route as Line 1. Line 9 stopped running on May 27, 2005, because it caused riders to wait too long for other trains on the IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line.
* : the letter **K** used to represent trains that ran via the IND Eighth Avenue Line, between 168th Street and World Trade Center. Line K stopped running on  December 11, 1988.
* : the letter **V** used to represent trains that ran via the IND Sixth Avenue Line, between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Lower East Side–Second Avenue. Line V stopped running on June 25, 2010, because the MTA did not have enough money to operate the service.

## Unused or defunct letters and numbers on trains 
* : Trains of the R62 and R62A type can display the numbers **8**, **10**, **11**, **12**, and **13**. When the trains first entered service, the MTA was thinking of replacing diamond-shaped symbols with separate numbers to represent fast trains.
* : Trains of the R32 and R32A type can display the letters **P**, **T**, **U**, **X**, and **Y**. The extra letters allow the MTA to use any of those letters for a special service, during an emergency.

Trains of the "New Technology Train" family, such as the R142, R143 and R211 types, use digital displays. That means the trains can easily display any service number or letter.
Shirley Williams

**Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby**,  (*née* **Catlin**; 27 July 1930 – 12 April 2021) was a British politician. 

Williams was originally a Labour MP - first elected to the House of Commons in 1964 - but left to found the Social Democratic Party (later the Liberal Democrats) in 1981. She served in government through the 1960s and 70s, but was defeated as an MP in 1983. She was awarded a life peerage in 1993 and retired in 2016. She was made a Companion of Honour in 2017.

Williams was the daughter of the author Vera Brittain and Sir George Catlin. She died on 12 April 2021, aged 90.

## References
Evelyn Glennie

**Dame Evelyn Elizabeth Ann Glennie** CH DBE (born 19 July 1965) is a Scottish musician specialising in percussion.

Glennie has been deaf since the age of 12. She uses vibrations of the instruments to play during performances.

She was awarded a damehood in 2007, and was made a Companion of Honour in 2017.

Her deafness was first discovered by her mother Isabel Glennie when Evelyn tries to play a piano at the age of 8.
M1903 Springfield rifle

**The M1903 Springfield rifle** was a bolt-action rifle used by the Military of the United States during both World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the early part of the Vietnam War.

The Springfield was based on the German G98 Mauser rifle. It holds up to five .30-06 Springfield bullets.

It was the US's main rifle during World War I. In 1936, it was replaced by the M1 Garand, a semi-automatic rifle. This was because semi-automatic rifles could fire bullets more quickly than bolt-action rifles. This was important because in World War I much of the fighting took place in trenches. In tight spaces like those in trench warfare, it is very important to be able to shoot quickly, and semi-automatic firearms do a better job at that than bolt-action rifles. However, it was still commonly used during World War II, and it became the main sniper rifle for the US. It was the main sniper rifle of the US until the early part of the Vietnam War.

Essa página além de ser do Springfield M1903 também é do 8,4 cm feltkanon 

*"O 8,4 cm Feltkanon M/1881 foi um canhão de campo desenvolvido e fabricado integralmente na Dinamarca pelo Arsenal Real de Copenhague (Hærens Tøjhus). Projetado para substituir peças de artilharia obsoletas, ele incorporava avanços significativos para a época, como um mecanismo de culatra de parafuso robusto e um cano de aço fundido que permitia maior precisão e alcance.

Sua função principal era fornecer suporte de fogo móvel à infantaria dinamarquesa, com um alcance efetivo de cerca de 5.000 metros usando projéteis de fragmentação e shrapnel. Apesar de não possuir um sistema de recuo rápido (o que exigia repositionamento após cada disparo), era considerado confiável e adaptado às necessidades defensivas do exército dinamarquês.

Embora tenha sido gradualmente substituído por designs estrangeiros mais modernos (como os canhões Krupp), o M/1881 representou um marco na autonomia militar dinamarquesa, demonstrando a capacidade local de produzir armamento pesado de qualidade antes da virada do século XX."*

---

Elementos Chave Documentados:

1. Fabricação Nacional: Produzido no Arsenal Real Dinamarquês.
2. Design: Culatra de parafuso, cano de aço, carregamento manual.
3. Uso Tático: Artilharia de campanha para apoio à infantaria.
4. Transição: Substituído por canhões de recuo rápido (ex.: Krupp) no início do séc. XX.

---
Terajoule

The **terajoule** (**TJ**) is equal to one trillion (1012) joules; or about 0.278 [GWh](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Gigawatt-hour_(GWh)) (which is often used in energy tables). About 63 TJ of energy was released by the atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima. The International Space Station, with a mass of approximately 450 megagrams and orbital velocity of 7.7&nbsp;km/s, has a kinetic energy of roughly 13 TJ. In 2017 Hurricane Irma was estimated to have a peak wind energy of 112 TJ.

## References
Hipercor bombing

The **Hipercor bombing** was a car bombing by Basque separatist group ETA. It happened on 19 June 1987 at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana, Barcelona, Spain. It killed 21 people and injured another 45.

## References
Mary Peters

**Lady Mary Elizabeth Peters** LG CH DBE (born 6 July 1939) is a retired athlete and sportsperson from Northern Ireland. She won a gold medal at the 1972 Olympic Games for pentathlon, as well as three gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in shot put and pentathlon.

She founded the Mary Peters Trust which helps young people in Northern Ireland to take part in sport. She was also Lord Lieutenant of Belfast from 2009 to 2014.

She was made a dame in 2000, a Companion of Honour in 2015, and a Lady Companion of the Order of the Garter in 2019.
Cheyenne County, Kansas

**Cheyenne County** (county code **CN**) is a county in the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 2,616 people lived there. Its county seat is St. Francis. St. Francis is also the biggest city in Cheyenne County.

## History
In 1873, **Cheyenne County** was created.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.1%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 36
* Kansas Highway 27
* Kansas Highway 161

### Time Zones
The county is in the Central Time zone, but is bordered by the Mountain Time Zone in three directions; it is the only county in the United States to be like this. Dundy County, Nebraska to the north, Yuma County, Colorado and Kit Carson County, Colorado to the west, and Sherman County to the south are all in the Mountain Time Zone. Because of this, Rawlins County is Cheyenne County's only neighbor to also practice Central Time.

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
Cheyenne County is very Republican. Only four Republican presidential candidates since 1888 have lost the county.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Cheylin USD 103
* St. Francis Schools USD 297

## Communities
 Map of Cheyenne County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Bird City
*St. Francis

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Cheyenne County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 48 pages; 1907.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Cheyenne County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Cheyenne County Hospital
* *St. Francis Herald*
;Maps
* Cheyenne County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Antonia Fraser

**Lady Antonia Margaret Caroline Fraser** CH DBE (née **Pakenham**; born 27 August 1932) is a British historian and author. She is best known for history books, biographies and detective stories.

Lady Antonia was the daughter of the 7th Earl and Countess of Longford. She was married to Hugh Fraser from 1956 until their divorce in 1977. She was then married to the playwright Harold Pinter from 1980 until his death in 2008. She attended the University of Oxford. Her first major book - a biography of Mary, Queen of Scots was published in 1969.

She was awarded a damehood in 2011 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2018. 

She was also a world champion, a member of the Los Angeles Lakers, she scored 83 points, winning her first ever NBA Finals MVP.
Kathleen Lonsdale

**Dame Kathleen Lonsdale** DBE FRS (née Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was a British pacifist, prison reformer and crystallographer. She got her degree from University College London in 1924, and was awarded a doctorate in 1934. She used X-ray diffraction to work out the structure of lots of chemicals, and used X-rays to study crystals.

Lonsdale was the first woman to be made a professor at University College London (1949), one of the first women to be made a Fellow of the Royal Society (1945), and was made a dame in 1956.
Tropical Storm Nari

**Tropical Storm Nari** was a Storm that devastated Japan. 

## Storm history 
On the afternoon of July 23, a tropical disturbance was formed in the southern waters of Japan, and the US Naval Research Laboratory gave a disturbance number of 91W. Soon after, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center rated the system "low" and upgraded to "Medium" at 10 am.
At 5 am on July 24, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical depression. At 8 o'clock in the morning, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a gale warning, and the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan upgraded it to a tropical depression, giving the number 11. At 11 am, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical depression. In the afternoon, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to “High” and issued a tropical cyclone warning.
At 10 am on July 25, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded it to a tropical depression, giving the tropical cyclone number 07W. At 9 pm, the combined typhoon warning center upgraded the system to a tropical storm.

At 8 am on July 26, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical storm. At 9 o'clock in the morning, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving the international number 1906 and named it "Nari." The Hong Kong Observatory downgraded Nari to a tropical depression at 2 am on July 27 and downgraded it to a low pressure zone at 2 pm. At 6 o'clock in the morning, Nari landed in the south of Mie Prefecture, Japan. At 3 pm, the Japan Meteorological Agency downgraded to a tropical depression. On the morning of July 28, Nari completely dissipated.

## Damage and impact 
The city of Wakayama recorded rainfall of 47.5 millimeters in an hour through to 9:05 a.m. A maximum instantaneous wind speed of 25 meters per second was registered at the cape of Shionomisaki in Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture, at around 5:20 a.m.

The storm, which was downgraded to a tropical depression at around 3 p.m., was projected to travel across the Tokai central region before reaching the seas east of the Kanto region by Sunday morning.

The agency warned residents in the Tokai and Kanto-Koshinetsu regions to be on high alert for heavy rain. 

Heavy rain and gusty winds spread across central Honshu through Saturday. Localized downpours will also spread over eastern Shikoku. 

## References
Simpson County, Mississippi

**Simpson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 25,949 people lived there. Its county seat is Mendenhall.

## Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

### Bordering counties 
* Rankin County (north)
* Smith County (east)
* Covington County (southeast)
* Jefferson Davis County (south)
* Lawrence County (southwest)
* Copiah County (west)

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Magee
* Mendenhall

### Town 
* D'Lo

### Village 
* Braxton

### Unincorporated communities 
* Harrisville
* Merry Hell
* Pinola
* Sanatorium

### Ghost town 
* Westville

## References
.30-06 Springfield

**The .30-06 Springfield cartridge**, pronounced "**thirty-aught-six**", is a cartridge used for firearms made in the United States. It was first used for the M1903 Springfield rifle.

The ".30" means that the bullet is .30 inches (7.62 millimeters) in diameter, and the "06" means it was first used in the US military in the year 1906

The .30-06 is known for having high stopping power (meaning it does a lot of damage to a human or animal body), high penetration power (it can pierce through thick layers), and a long effective range (it is accurate for a long distance).

In the US military, it was the main bullet used for rifles and light machine guns for the first half of the 20th century. Guns that shot the .30-06 include the M1903 Springfield, the M1 Garand, the M1917, the M1919 Browning machine gun, and the BAR.

However, when the US created NATO, it replaced all the .30-06 military weapons with those that used the 7.62 x 51mm NATO bullet. This is because NATO requires the militaries of all its member countries to use the same kinds of ammunition.

However, there are still many American hunting and sporting rifles made today that fire the .30-06 because it is still very popular with hunters and competitive shooters.

## References
Arapaho, Oklahoma

**Arapaho** is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the county seat of Custer County.

## References
Apache, Oklahoma

**Apache** is a town in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,034 at the 2020 census.

## References
Congressional caucus

A **congressional caucus** is a group of members of the United States Congress. They meet to try to make common legislative goals. Caucuses are created as **congressional member organizations** (**CMOs**) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. They are governed under the rules of these chambers. They are sometimes called conferences (especially Republican ones), coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups. Many other countries use the term parliamentary group. For example, the Parliament of the United Kingdom has many all-party parliamentary groups.

## References
Nelson Muntz

**Nelson Mandela Muntz**  is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons.  Nelson is a school bully. Nelson always laughs at other people. He first appeared in the episode, Bart the General, in which Bart Simpson convinces everyone to fight back against Nelson. Nelson repeatedly throws Bart into a trash can.  He also is seen pushing people into lockers and torments other characters especially Milhouse Van Houten and more often minor character Martin Prince by giving them wedgies.  In the episode Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times, in a story called The Revenge of the Geeks, Milhouse gets revenge against all the bullies using a weapon that causes them to experience everything they did to the nerds.  Lisa Simpson convinces Milhouse to put down his weapon and Nelson shows up saying "you forgot about me because I had the mumps" and then uses Milhouse's weapon against Milhouse.  In the episode Dial 'N' for Nerder, Martin Prince is seemingly killed by Bart Simpson and Lisa Simpson who then cover up what happened and Nelson tries to get to the bottom of it. It is revealed in the show that when he was a young child Nelson's father left to get a pack of cigarettes and never came back.  Nelson is poor. At one point Nelson dates Lisa Simpson.
Fortepiano

A **fortepiano** is an early piano. It normally means pianos from the 18th century to the early 19th century. The first fortepiano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence. The idea soon spread in Europe.

## References
Dublin and Monaghan bombings

The **Dublin and Monaghan bombings** happened in Dublin and Monaghan, Republic of Ireland on 17 May 1974. The Ulster Volunteer Force used 3 car bombs in Dublin and another one in Monaghan to kill 33 people and injure nearly 300 others. It was also the deadliest attack in the Republic of Ireland's history.

## Sources
* Barron Report:
** 
** 
** 

## References 
## Other websites
* Justice for the Forgotten – organisation of victims of the bombings and relatives
* Key Events – The Dublin and Monaghan Bombs, 17 May 1974  – Conflict Archive on the Internet, University of Ulster
* 1974 Dublin Bombings collection of 148 photographs on the Dublin City Council public libraries website
Hexadecene

**Hexadecene**, also known as **cetene**, is an alkene containing 16 carbon atoms, with a molecular formula of C16H32. There are eight different structural isomers of hexadecene, depending on the location of the double carbon bond.
President of Gabon

This is a list of **presidents of the African country of Gabon**.

## Key
;*Political parties*
*
*

;*Status*
*

## List
List of heads of State of Gabon

## References
Blake Camp

**Blake Camp** (born October 11, 1983) is an American soccer player.

Camp played some youth soccer in England and has trained with several prestigious professional clubs, including Manchester United and Blackburn Rovers in England, Real Valladolid in Spain, and Palmeiras in Brazil. After starring at Clarke Central High School in Georgia, where he was a four-time all-area performer, he played college soccer at Duke University. He became a regular starter and an all-ACC performer as a sophomore in 2003, then again in 2004 and 2005. In 2004, he was named to the NCAA Final Four All Tournament team. Camp was named to the Herman Trophy watch list in 2004 and 2005 and earned all-America honors as a junior and senior, finishing his collegiate career with 24 goals and the ACC Tournament MVP award as a senior.

## References
Hank Stuever

**Hank Stuever** is an American journalist working for the Washington Post. He writes for its Style section about entertainment. 

## Other websites
Hank Stuever on Twitter.
Zhongli District

**Zhongli District** () is a district in Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Zhongli is spelled variously as *Jungli, Jongli, Jhongli* or *Chungli* on railway, bus stop and road signs. Historically, the city is the site of the Jungli Incident of 1977, the most significant event of the democratization movement prior to the 1980s. Ethnically, it is considered a kind of capital city for the Hakka Taiwanese, who live in great numbers here and nearby; a lot of the elderly could speak Hakka in addition to Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien. Recently many foreign workers (mainly from the Philippines and Thailand) have also settled in and around the city because of the heavy industries in the suburbs of the city. It is a center for foreign laborers. The city of Zhongli has 3 large parks and over 70 green reserves in the city for residents of Zhongli to enjoy.

## References
Presidential Commission of Uganda

The **Presidential Commission of Uganda** held the office of President of Uganda between 22 May and 15 December 1980. It was made up of the following:
## Leaders and member Interim Government of Presidential Commission of Uganda 
## Related pages
*Uganda
*President of Uganda