open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Longreach, Queensland

**Longreach** is a town in the state of Queensland, Australia. It is in central-west Queensland, about 1,180 kilometres (733 miles) northwest of Brisbane. Longreach is the main town in the Longreach Region.

## History 
The town gets its name from the "long reach" of the Thomson River, which flows nearby. The area was first explored by Europeans in the 1860s, and the town was officially established in the late 1800s.

Longreach has a strong connection to Australia's outback history and played an important role in early transport and aviation. It is one of the founding centres of Qantas, Australia’s national airline, which began in the 1920s.

## Geography 
Longreach is located in a flat, dry region known as the central-western plains of Queensland. The town lies on the Thomson River, which only flows during the wet season. Most of the land around Longreach is used for sheep and cattle grazing.

## Climate 
Longreach has a hot semi-arid climate. It is very hot in summer and mild to warm in winter.

Summer temperatures can reach over 40°C (104°F) Winters are cooler, with daytime temperatures around 20–25°C (68–77°F). Rain is mostly in summer months (December to March), and the area is often affected by droughts.

## Population 
As of the 2021 census, about 2,600 people live in Longreach. The population is small but the town serves as a major centre for the surrounding rural areas.

## Economy 
Longreach’s economy is mainly based on:
* Sheep and cattle farming
* Tourism
* Education and local services

The town is known for wool production and large cattle stations. Tourism has grown because of the town's outback heritage and attractions.

## Tourist Attractions 
Longreach is famous for its outback tourism. Major attractions include:
* Qantas Founders Museum – a museum about the history of Qantas, with real aircraft on display
* Australian Stockman’s Hall of Fame – a museum about rural life, cattlemen, and outback pioneers
* Longreach Powerhouse Museum – showing the town’s early electricity history
* Thomson River cruises – sunset cruises on the river with traditional outback entertainment

## Transport 
Longreach is connected by road, rail, and air.
* Highway: The Landsborough Highway runs through the town
* Rail: A train called the Spirit of the Outback travels from Brisbane to Longreach twice a week
* Air: Longreach Airport has flights to Brisbane and other cities
* Bus: Coach services also operate in and out of the town

## Education 
Longreach has:
* Primary and secondary schools
* A campus of the Central Queensland University (CQU)
* The Longreach Pastoral College (now closed), once used for agricultural training

## Events 
Longreach hosts several local events such as:
* Outback Writers' Festival
* Stockman’s Challenge and Campdraft
* ANZAC Day commemorations
* Local rodeo and country shows

## Trivia 
* Longreach was one of the first towns in Queensland to get airmail service.
* The Qantas jumbo jet on display in the museum was flown into Longreach and can no longer fly out.
* The area is often used in Australian films and documentaries about the Outback.
Cunnamulla

**Cunnamulla** is a small town in southwest Queensland, Australia. It is the main town in the Shire of Paroo. The town is located on the Warrego River, about 750 kilometres (470 miles) west of Brisbane. Cunnamulla is part of the Outback and is known for its rural lifestyle, sheep and cattle farming, and bush culture.

## History 
The land around Cunnamulla belongs to the Kunja people, the area’s Traditional Owners.

European settlers arrived in the mid-1800s. The town began in the 1870s as a stop on the Cobb & Co stagecoach route. The name "Cunnamulla" comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "long stretch of water".

## Geography 
Cunnamulla is located in the semi-arid Outback, with flat land, red soil, and open plains. The Warrego River flows through the town. The area can experience floods after heavy rain. It is surrounded by bushland, farmland, and grazing properties.

## Climate 
Cunnamulla has a hot semi-arid climate. Summers are very hot, with temperatures over 40°C (104°F). Winters are warm during the day and cold at night (as low as 2°C), most rain falls from December to March, and the rest of the year is usually dry and sunny.

## Population 
As of the 2021 census, about 1,140 people live in Cunnamulla. The town supports people from many surrounding rural areas.

## Economy 
Cunnamulla’s economy is based on:
* Sheep and wool farming
* Beef cattle grazing
* Tourism, especially Outback travel and history
* Local services and small businesses

## Transport 
Cunnamulla is connected by:
* Road: On the Matilda Way, linking it with Charleville and Bourke (NSW)
* Bus services
* A small airport with flights to and from Brisbane (via Charleville)
* A railway once ran to Cunnamulla, but it is no longer used for passengers

## Tourism and Attractions 
Tourists visit Cunnamulla to experience the Australian Outback and local culture:
* Cunnamulla Fella Statue – a large statue of a bushman, based on a Slim Dusty song
* Cunnamulla Fella Visitor Centre – museum and information hub
* Bowra Sanctuary – popular for birdwatching and nature walks
* Warrego River – fishing, kayaking, and camping
* Drives to nearby towns like Eulo, Yowah (famous for opals), and Thargomindah

## Events 
* Cunnamulla Fella Festival – held annually, celebrates Outback music, culture, and rodeo events
* Campdrafts, rodeos, and local agricultural shows

## Facilities 
Cunnamulla has:
* A primary and secondary school
* A hospital and health services
* Shops, fuel stations, pubs, and cafes
* Visitor centre, library, and sporting grounds
Camooweal

**Camooweal **is a very small town in northwest Queensland, Australia. It is part of the City of Mount Isa and is located close to the Northern Territory border, along the Barkly Highway. Camooweal is about 190 kilometres (120 miles) northwest of Mount Isa and around 1,900 kilometres (1,180 miles) from Brisbane.

## Geography 
Camooweal is in the far northwest Outback, in a dry region with flat grasslands, red dirt, and low shrubs. The area is part of the Georgina River basin, and floods sometimes happen during the wet season.

It is often called the "Gateway to the Northern Territory", as it sits just 12 km from the border.

## Climate 
Camooweal has a hot semi-arid to arid climate.

Summers are extremely hot, with temperatures often above 40°C (104°F), while winters are warm during the day and cold at night, with lows near 5°C (41°F), most rain falls between November and March, and the rest of the year is mostly dry and sunny.

## Population 
As of the 2021 census, 191 people live in Camooweal. The population is small, but the town provides services for travelers, truckers, and nearby cattle stations.

## History 
Camooweal sits on the traditional lands of the Indjilandji people. European settlers arrived in the 1860s, and Camooweal grew as a stop for drovers, truckers, and stock routes.

## Economy 
The local economy is based on:
* Cattle grazing
* Road transport services
* Tourism, especially from people driving across Australia

## Transport 
Camooweal is a key stop for long-distance travel:
* Located on the Barkly Highway, connecting Mount Isa (QLD) and Tennant Creek (NT)
* Popular stop for truck drivers and caravanners
* Small airstrip used for emergency and service flights

## Tourism and Attractions 
Tourists stop in Camooweal to experience remote Outback culture and local history:
* Drover’s Camp Museum – celebrates the history of stockmen and cattle drives
* Camooweal Caves National Park – known for limestone caves and karst formations
* Bush camping, stargazing, and birdwatching in the surrounding countryside

## Facilities 
Camooweal has:
* A small school
* A clinic (remote health services)
* A roadhouse, fuel station, pub, and post office
* A community centre and police station

## Events 
The events in Camooweal are:
* Drover’s Camp Festival – held in August, celebrates Outback history, bush poetry, and the droving life
Betoota, Queensland

**Betoota** is a very small town in Queensland, Australia. It is in the Outback, a remote and dry area far from big cities. Betoota is known as one of the smallest towns in Australia.

## History 
Betoota was once an important stop for travellers and workers in the Outback. It started as a place where people could rest and get supplies when moving through the area. The Betoota Hotel was built in the late 1800s and became a popular meeting point. Over time, the town became smaller as fewer people lived and worked there. Today, Betoota has very few residents, but the hotel is still open.

## Geography 
Betoota is in southwestern Queensland, near the border with South Australia. It lies close to the Simpson Desert, one of the largest deserts in Australia. The land around Betoota is flat and dry with sandy soil. There are few trees or plants because of the dry weather.

## Climate 
Betoota has a hot desert climate. Summers are very hot, with temperatures often going above 40°C (104°F). Winters are mild during the day, but can be cold at night. Rain is very rare, and the area is mostly dry all year. The weather can be harsh, especially during summer heat waves.

## Population 
Betoota is one of the smallest towns in Australia. In recent years, the population has been less than 10 people. Most of the town is quiet, but the Betoota Hotel remains a popular stop for travellers.

## Culture and Economy 
Betoota is best known for its historic hotel, which is a landmark in the area. The hotel serves drinks and meals to visitors and locals. Some travellers and tourists visit Betoota to experience life in the remote Outback, the town does not have many shops or services.

## Transport 
Betoota is accessible by road but is far from major highways and cities. The roads are often unpaved and can be difficult to drive on, especially after rain. The nearest larger towns are Birdsville and Bedourie.

## Trivia 
* Betoota was once the smallest town in Australia with an official population.
* The Betoota Hotel has appeared in stories and news because of its remote location.
* The town is sometimes used as a symbol of Outback life in Australia.

## References
Bedourie, Queensland

**Bedourie **is a small town in Queensland, Australia. It is in the Outback, a remote and dry region far from big cities. Bedourie is known as a center for cattle farming and a stop for travelers crossing the desert.

## History 
Bedourie was established in the late 1800s. It started as a place where cattle farmers could rest and get supplies. Over time, it became an important town for people living and working in the harsh Outback. The town grew slowly because of its remote location. Today, Bedourie is still a small but important community for the region.

## Geography 
Bedourie is in southwestern Queensland, near the border with the Northern Territory. It is close to the Simpson Desert and the Diamantina River. The land around Bedourie is mostly flat and dry with sandy soil. The town is surrounded by desert and grasslands.

## Climate 
Bedourie has a hot desert climate. Summers are very hot with temperatures often reaching above 40°C (104°F). Winters are mild during the day but can be cold at night. Rain is rare and usually falls in short bursts during the summer. The area is mostly dry all year.

## Population 
Bedourie has a small population, with about 200 people living in the town and nearby areas. The community is close-knit and relies on cattle farming and tourism for work.

## Economy 
The main work in Bedourie is cattle farming. Many large cattle stations (ranches) are near the town. Tourism is also important because travelers stop in Bedourie to rest and buy supplies when crossing the desert.

## Transport 
Bedourie is connected by road to other towns in Queensland and the Northern Territory. The roads can be rough and sometimes closed during rain. There is a small airport near the town for planes.

## Culture and Community 
Bedourie has a school, a health clinic, and a small number of shops. The town hosts local events and festivals to celebrate Outback life and culture. Visitors often enjoy learning about the history and lifestyle of people living in remote Australia.

## Trivia 
* Bedourie is near the famous Birdsville Track, a historic cattle route.
* The town hosts an annual Bedourie Camel Races event.
* Bedourie was flooded in 2023, showing how even desert areas can have strong weather events.

## References
Quilpie, Queensland

**Quilpie** is a small town in South West Queensland, Australia. It is the main town in the Shire of Quilpie. Quilpie is located on the Bulloo River, about 950 kilometres (590 miles) west of Brisbane, and around 210 kilometres (130 miles) west of Charleville.

Quilpie is part of the Australian Outback and is known for its opal mining, sheep grazing, and rural lifestyle.

## History 
The area around Quilpie is the traditional land of the Kalkadoon and Margany Aboriginal peoples.

European settlement began in the late 1800s. The town of Quilpie was established in 1917 as a railway stop. The town grew as a service centre for sheep stations and opal miners.

The name “Quilpie” may come from an Aboriginal word meaning "stone curlew", a type of bird.

## Geography 
Quilpie is located in the Channel Country, a dry region where rivers flow only after heavy rain. The land is mostly flat, with red soil, low shrubs, and grassy plains. The Bulloo River runs near the town, but is often dry.

## Climate 
Quilpie has a hot semi-arid climate. Summers are very hot, with temperatures over 40°C (104°F), while winters are mild during the day and cold at night (down to 2–5°C), most rain falls between November and March, and long periods of dry weather are common.

## Population 
As of the 2021 census, about 574 people live in Quilpie. The population is small, but the town supports a large surrounding area of sheep and cattle stations.

## Economy 
Quilpie’s economy is based on:
* Sheep grazing and wool production
* Opal mining, especially the rare boulder opal
* Local services and tourism

The town is one of the few places where boulder opals are found.

## Transport 
Quilpie is connected by:
* Road: Located on the Diamantina Developmental Road
* Quilpie Airport: Has regular flights to Brisbane and Charleville
* Long-distance bus services
* Railway: The Western railway line ends in Quilpie (freight only now)

## Tourism and Attractions 
Tourists visit Quilpie for its Outback scenery, opal history, and quiet rural lifestyle. Main attractions include:
* Opal searching 
* St. Finbarr’s Church, with a room made of boulder opals
* Lakes and wetlands nearby, good for birdwatching
* Baldy Top Lookout, with views over the Outback
* Drives to nearby towns like Eromanga (home to Australia’s largest dinosaur fossil)

## Facilities 
Quilpie has:
* A primary and high school
* A hospital and medical clinic
* Shops, pubs, fuel station, and library
* Visitor information centre and museums

## References
Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

**Charlotte Christine Sophie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel** (28 August 1694-2 November 1715) was Tsarevna, or crown princess, of Russia by her marriage to Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia. She was born a German princess because she was the daughter of Louis Rudolph, the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, a place in the Holy Roman Empire. She died in childbirth when her second child was born, who later became Peter II of Russia. She died before her father-in-law (father of her husband), Peter the Great, so she never became Empress of Russia.

## Life 
### Family 
Charlotte Christine was born in 1694, and she was the daughter of Louis Rudolph, the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and her mother was Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen. Not a lot is known about her childhood, but it is known that she lived in Saxony under the Prince-elector.

### Marriage 
In 1711, she married the Tsarevich, or crown prince, of Russia, Alexei Petrovich. The marriage was unhappy, and she was treated badly by her husband. who was also named Peter. Not a long time after, Charlotte began to suffer from postpartum (after birth) complications, and she died not long after. - 22 November 1728), died in childhood
* Peter II (23 October 1715 - 30 January 1730), became Emperor of Russia

## References
Belgrano II Base

**Belgrano II Base** is a scientific research station in Antarctica. It is run by Argentina. It is one of the southernmost research stations in the world. , Belgrano II is one of the 13 research stations in Antarctica operated by Argentina.

## Location 
Belgrano II is located in Coats Land, near the Weddell Sea. The station is built on ice about 1,300 kilometers from the South Pole. It is the southernmost of all Argentine stations.

The base is built on a floating ice shelf called the Berkner Ice Shelf, which is part of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Because it is on ice, the location slowly moves over time.

## History 
Belgrano II was opened in 1979. It replaced Belgrano I, which was closed because the ice under it became too dangerous. Belgrano II was built using special modules designed to survive in the extreme cold.

## Research 
The base is used for scientific research in areas like:
* Glaciology (study of ice)
* Meteorology (study of weather)
* Geophysics
* Medicine
* Climate change

It is active all year, even during the long, dark Antarctic winter. Around 20 people live there in summer, and about 15 stay for the winter.

## Buildings 
Belgrano II has several connected modules (like big containers), which include:
* Sleeping quarters
* Laboratories
* Kitchen and dining area
* Medical room
* Communications room
*The base is built on stilts or skids to help it stay above the snow.

## Geography 
Belgrano II is on the Berkner Island, which is fully covered in ice. It is surrounded by thick snow and glaciers. The Weddell Sea is nearby, but most of the year it is covered with sea ice.

## Climate 
Belgrano II has a polar climate, with:
* Very cold winters, temperatures below -40°C (-40°F)
* Cold summers, usually around -10°C (14°F)
* Very strong winds
* Little snowfall, but constant snow drifting
* No sunlight during winter months (polar night)
*2 4-hour daylight in summer (midnight sun)

## Trivia 
* Belgrano II is one of the closest stations to the South Pole.
* The base uses renewable energy, including wind power.
* It has its own chapel called “Capilla de San Francisco de Asís” – the southernmost chapel in the world.

## References
SANAE IV

**SANAE IV** is a research station in Antarctica. It is run by South Africa. The name SANAE stands for South African National Antarctic Expedition. SANAE IV is the fourth base built by South Africa in Antarctica. The base is part of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP) and is operated by the South African National Antarctic Expedition.

## History 
SANAE IV was finished in 1997. It replaced the earlier SANAE I, II, and III stations, which were built on the ice shelf. Those older stations were lost over time because the ice broke off or got buried in snow.

## Geography and Climate 
SANAE IV is on a nunatak called Vesleskarvet in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. A nunatak is a rocky mountain that sticks out above the ice. The station is about 160 kilometers from the coast. It is built on rock, not ice, so it does not move or get buried like older bases. The station is about 850 meters above sea level. It is surrounded by thick ice sheets and snowfields. The rock of Vesleskarvet sticks out from the ice, which makes it a good place to build a station that won’t move or sink over time.

There are glaciers, snow-covered plains, and mountains in the area. The nearest coast is the Fimbul Ice Shelf, which is about 160 kilometers away.

SANAE IV has an extremely cold and windy climate. It is located in East Antarctica, which is one of the coldest places on Earth. Winter temperatures can drop to -50°C (-58°F) or lower, while summer temperatures are still cold, usually around -5°C to -15°C (23°F to 5°F).

The sun does not rise for several months in winter, and it does not set for several months in summer. Blizzards and strong katabatic winds are common. These winds blow down from the high ice sheet at high speeds. Even though it is very cold, Antarctica is also a desert. There is very little snow or rain, usually less than 200 mm of precipitation each year.

## Research 
Scientists at SANAE IV study weather, space, geology, and the environment. The base is used all year, even in the cold and dark winter. About 10 people stay during winter, but more come in summer.

## Buildings 
The station is built on stilts to keep it above the snow. It has living areas, labs, a kitchen, workshops, and a communications room. It uses solar and diesel power for energy.

## Travel 
People and supplies are brought to SANAE IV by ship and then by vehicles over the ice. The nearby base used for unloading is South Africa’s icebreaker, usually at Atka Bay.
Scott Base

**Scott Base** is a research station in Antarctica. It is run by New Zealand. The base is used for scientific research and as a support station for people working in Antarctica.

## Location 
Scott Base is on Ross Island, near the Ross Ice Shelf. It is close to the coast of Antarctica and just 3 kilometers (2 miles) from the United States' McMurdo Station. The base is built on solid ground at the edge of Mount Erebus, an active volcano.

## History 
Scott Base was opened in 1957 for the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. It was named after Captain Robert Falcon Scott, a British explorer who led early expeditions to the South Pole. Since then, the base has been used by New Zealand for many types of scientific research and logistical support.

## Research 
Scott Base is used for research in:
* Climate and weather
* Glaciers and ice
* Geology
* Biology
* Environmental studies

Scientists work there during the summer, and a smaller group stays over winter. Around 85 people live there in summer, and about 10–15 stay for the winter.

## Buildings 
The base has green-colored buildings connected by covered walkways. It includes:
* Living quarters
* Laboratories
* Dining room
* Workshops
* Storage areas
* A wind farm to make electricity

There are also communications rooms and vehicle garages.

## Geography 
Scott Base is located on Ross Island, which is made of volcanic rock. Nearby are:
* Mount Erebus (an active volcano)
* Ross Ice Shelf
* McMurdo Sound
* McMurdo Station (USA)

The area has a mix of rock, ice, and snow.

## Climate 
Scott Base has a cold polar climate:
* Winter temperatures can fall below -40°C (-40°F)
* Summer temperatures are usually around -2°C to -15°C (28°F to 5°F)
* Strong winds and snow are common
* There is no sunlight during winter (polar night)
* In summer, there is 24-hour daylight (midnight sun)
* The highest recorded temperature was , and the coldest was , and the mean temperature was .

## Trivia 
* Scott Base is the only New Zealand base in Antarctica.
* It is close enough to walk or drive to McMurdo Station.
* A wind turbine system helps reduce fuel use at the base.
* The base is managed by Antarctica New Zealand, the government agency for Antarctic programs.
Eupnoi

The **Eupnoi** are a suborder of the Opiliones with more than 200 genera and about 1,700 described species. 

## References
Esperanza Base

**Esperanza Base** is a research station in Antarctica. It is run by Argentina and is one of their most important Antarctic bases. The name "Esperanza" means "" in Spanish.

The base is open all year long. It is one of the few Antarctic stations where researchers' families and children can live with them. It is the northernmost research station in mainland Antarctica. It is also one of Argentina's most important Antarctic bases.

## Location 
Esperanza Base is located on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a place called Hope Bay. This is one of the northernmost parts of Antarctica. 

Because of its location, Esperanza has a milder climate compared to other Antarctic stations. Its base is built on rocky ground, not ice. 

## History 
Esperanza Base was opened in 1953 by Argentina. It is one of the oldest permanent stations in Antarctica. 

In 1978, a baby named Emilio Marcos Des Palma was born there. He was the first person born in Antarctica. This showed Argentina’s long-term presence in the region.

## Research 
Esperanza Base is used for scientific research and permanent occupation. Research areas include:
* Climate and weather
* Geology
* Glaciology (the study of ice)
* Biology
* Environmental monitoring

It is also used for education, tourism visits, and as a symbol of Argentina's claim in Antarctica.

## People 
Esperanza Base is one of the only Antarctic stations where entire families live. It has:
* Homes for families
* A school for children
* A doctor’s office
* A chapel
* A radio station
* A museum

In summer, about 55–60 people live there. In winter, around 10–20 stay.

## Buildings 
The base has more than 40 buildings, including:
* Houses
* Laboratories
* Workshops
* Power station
* Water treatment plant

Buildings are painted red to help them stand out against the snow.

## Geography 
Esperanza is located on Hope Bay, next to the Weddell Sea. The area has:
* Rocky cliffs
* Glaciers
* Penguin colonies
* Seals and seabirds

It is one of the few places in Antarctica with visible land and wildlife.

## Climate 
Esperanza Base has a cold and windy climate, but warmer than most Antarctic stations:
* Summer temperatures can reach 0°C (32°F) or higher
* Winter temperatures can drop to -20°C (-4°F)
* It gets snow and strong winds
* There is almost no sunlight for a few weeks in winter
* In summer, there is almost 24-hour daylight

In February 2020, Esperanza recorded the highest temperature ever in Antarctica: 18.3°C (64.9°F).

## References
Inge Brück

**Inge Brück** (12 October 1936 – 8 September 2025) was a German singer and actress. She was best known internationally for taking part in the 1967 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Anouschka".

Brück died on 8 September 2025, at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Don Lake

**Don Lake** (born November 26, 1956) is a Canadian actor, producer, writer, voice artist, and comedian. He is frequently cast by Christopher Guest and is also a close friend and frequent collaborator of Bonnie Hunt.

## References
## Other websites
*
King George Island (Antarctica)

**King George Island** is the largest island of the South Shetland Islands, near the coast of Antarctica. It is about 120 kilometers (75 miles) long and up to 25 kilometers (16 miles) wide.
## Geography 
King George Island is located in the Southern Ocean, about 120 kilometers north of the Antarctic Peninsula. The island has rocky shores, glaciers, and some flat areas. There are a few small lakes and mosses that grow in the warmer parts during summer. King George Island has three major bays, Maxwell Bay, Admiralty Bay, and King George Bay. Admirality Bay is protected as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.

The island is not covered completely in ice, so it is easier to build research stations there than in other parts of Antarctica.

## Climate 
The climate on King George Island is cold and windy. It has a polar climate, but it is milder than most of Antarctica.

In summer, temperatures are usually between −2°C and 3°C, and in winter, temperatures often fall below −10°C. Snow can fall all year.

The island gets strong winds and fog. Because of this mild climate, many countries have built research stations there.

## Research Stations 
King George Island is one of the most important places for science in Antarctica. Many countries have built research stations on the island. Some of the stations include:
*Eduardo Frei Base (Chile)
*Bellingshausen Station (Russia)
*Great Wall Station (China)
*Artigas Base (Uruguay)
*King Sejong Station (South Korea)
*Carlini Base (Argentina)
*Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station (Brazil)
*Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station (Poland)
*Escudero Base (Chile)

Some of these stations work all year, while others are only used in summer.

## People 
No one lives on the island permanently. Scientists, workers, and sometimes families stay at the research stations for part of the year. One station, Villa Las Estrellas (Chile), has a small village with houses, a school, and a hospital.

## Transport 
King George Island has several airstrips for small airplanes. This makes it easier to bring supplies and people to and from Antarctica. One of the main airfields is near Eduardo Frei Base, which is often used as a gateway to Antarctica.

## Environment 
Even though the island is cold, it has wildlife. Animals like penguins, seals, and seabirds live near the coast. People on the island try to protect the environment and follow rules from the Antarctic Treaty.
South Shetland Islands

The **South Shetland Islands** are a group of islands at the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula, about 120 kilometers (75 miles) north of Antarctica. They are part of the territory claimed by several countries, but they are governed under the Antarctic Treaty System.

## Geography 
The South Shetland Islands are made up of 11 main islands and many smaller ones. The biggest island is King George Island, where many countries have research stations.

Other main islands include:
*Elephant Island
*Livingston Island
*Deception Island
*Greenwich Island
*Robert Island
*Nelson Island

The islands are mostly covered with ice and snow, but some areas are ice-free in summer.

## Climate 
The islands have a cold and windy polar climate. In summer, temperatures are usually between −2°C and 3°C, but in winter, temperatures often drop below −10°C.

The islands get snow, rain, and strong winds. Fog and cloudy skies are common. The climate is milder than inland Antarctica, which makes it easier to live and work there.

## Research Stations 
Many countries have built research stations on the South Shetland Islands, especially on King George Island. These stations are used for science, weather, and environmental studies. Some of the countries with stations in the South Shetland Islands are:
*Chile
*Russia
*China
*Argentina
*South Korea
*Brazil
*Uruguay
*Poland
*Germany

## History 
The South Shetland Islands were discovered in 1819 by British sailors. In the early 1800s, seal hunters came to the islands. Later, scientists and explorers visited.

Many countries have claimed the islands, including the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina, but the Antarctic Treaty says no country owns land in Antarctica, including these islands.

## Environment 
The islands have important wildlife, including:
* Penguins (such as Chinstrap and Gentoo penguins)
* Seals (like Weddell and Elephant seals)
* Seabirds

The islands are protected by environmental rules under the Antarctic Treaty.

## Population 
No people live permanently on the South Shetland Islands. Scientists and workers stay at research stations, mostly during the summer. A few bases stay open in winter too.
Pan-Kurdism

**Pan-Kurdism** is a symbol and idea of Kurdish nationalism.  
It was made by Kurdish nationalists in 2025. The symbol is used by two Kurdish nationalist groups: '*** and ****.

## History 
The Pan-Kurdism symbol was created in 2025 by Kurdish nationalists.  
The groups **Hawpa** and **Kurdên Nasyonalîst** began to use it to show Kurdish unity and identity.  

## Symbol 
The Pan-Kurdism flag shows a nationalist emblem.  
It is seen as a mark of Kurdish national feeling and the dream of Pan-Kurdism.  

## Use 
The Pan-Kurdism flag is used in public by Kurdish nationalist groups.  
The main groups are:  
* ****  
* ***'  

## References 
* Hawpa – Simple English Wikipedia  
* Kurdên Nasyonalîst – Kurdish Wikipedia
South Orkney Islands

The **South Orkney Islands** are a group of islands in the Southern Ocean, near Antarctica. They are about 600 kilometers (370 miles) northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula. and 844 kilometers (524 miles) southwest of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

## Geography 
The South Orkney Islands are mostly covered by ice and have cold weather all year. The biggest islands are:
* Coronation Island – the largest island
* Laurie Island – where there is a research station

There are many smaller islands and rocks around them.

## History 
The islands were discovered in 1821 by two sealers, Nathaniel Palmer from the United States and George Powell from Britain. They were first used by sealers and later by scientists. In 1904, a weather station was built on Laurie Island by Scotland. Later, it was given to Argentina, which still uses it today.

## Research Stations 
There are two main research stations:
* Orcadas Station (Argentina) – on Laurie Island, open all year
* Signy Station (United Kingdom) – on Signy Island, open in summer

These stations study weather, animals, ice, and the environment.

## Politics 
The South Orkney Islands are claimed by both the United Kingdom and Argentina. But under the Antarctic Treaty, no country owns the land. The treaty says Antarctica is only for peaceful and scientific use.

## Nature 
The islands have many kinds of birds, such as penguins and petrels. There are also seals and some small plants like moss and lichens.
Balleny Islands

The **Balleny Islands **are a group of uninhabited islands in the Southern Ocean, near Antarctica. They are located about 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) south of New Zealand.

## Geography 
The Balleny Islands are volcanic and mostly covered in ice and snow. He was sailing for a company trying to find new sealing grounds.The islands are very remote and hard to reach, so they have not been used much by people.

## Nature 
The Balleny Islands are important for wildlife. They are home to:
* Penguins (especially Adélie and chinstrap)
* Seabirds
* Seals

Some small plants grow there, like moss and lichens. The sea around the islands is also rich in marine life.

## Protection 
The islands are protected under the Antarctic Treaty System. This means they are used only for peaceful and scientific purposes.

They are also part of an Important Bird Area (IBA) because many seabirds nest there.

## References
Wilkes Land

**Wilkes Land **is a large part of East Antarctica in Antarctica. It faces the Indian Ocean and is covered by a thick sheet of ice. Wilkes Land is named after Charles Wilkes, an American explorer who led an expedition there in the 1840s.

## Geography 
Wilkes Land is very big — it stretches for about 2,600 kilometers (1,600 miles) along the coast of Antarctica. It is mostly made up of ice-covered land, but scientists believe there is land and rock underneath the ice.

Part of the land is in a region claimed by Australia. This area is called the Australian Antarctic Territory.

## Wilkes Land Crater 
In 2006, scientists found signs of a possible large crater under the ice in Wilkes Land. It is called the Wilkes Land Crater. They think it may have been caused by a giant asteroid impact over 250 million years ago. Some scientists believe it could be linked to the mass extinction that ended the Permian period.

## Exploration and Research 
Because of the harsh weather and ice, Wilkes Land is hard to explore. Most of what we know comes from satellite images and scientific research.

Some nearby research stations are run by France, Russia, and Australia, but there are no permanent stations directly in the center of Wilkes Land.

## Politics 
Wilkes Land is part of the area claimed by Australia under the Antarctic Treaty System. However, under the treaty, no country's claim is officially recognized. Antarctica is only used for peaceful and scientific purposes.
Proceratophrys brauni

The **horn toad** (*Proceratophrys brauni*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home
The frog lives in low places and on mountains. Scientists saw the frog between 300 and 1100 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog in many protected parks, for example Área de Proteção Ambiental da Escarpa Devoniana in Campos Gerais, Área de Proteção Ambiental Rota do Sol, Parque Estadual de Santa Clara, Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, Parque Estadual Rio Canoas, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, and Refúgio da Vida Silvestre dos Campos de Palmas.

## Young
The male frog sits in plants in shallow stream water and calls to the female frogs. The female frog puts eggs on rocks at the bottom of the stream. The tadpoles swim in the stream.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say the frog is not in danger of dying out. In some places, people change the places where the frogs live a little to make towns, farms, and places for animals to eat grass.

## References
Ice cap climate

An **ice cap climate** is a type of polar climate found in the polar regions, like Antarctica and the Arctic, and at high altitudes, like the Himalayas. In this climate, the temperature never goes above 0°C (32°F), even in summer. Because of this, snow and ice stay on the ground all year.

## Description 
In the Köppen climate classification, the ice cap climate is called EF. It is found in places where the temperature is never above 0°C (32°F) in any month of the year. The 3 major areas where ice cap climate is found on Antarctica, inner Greenland, and the summits of many high mountains, particularly the 10 highest mountains of the world. The tundra climate (called ET) is different from the ice cap climate: Tundras have a short summer, where temperatures go above freezing, and this melts some ice and allows plants to grow. Ice cap areas are too cold for any plants to grow. The ice cap climate is the coldest climate in the world. The coldest place on Earth is Vostok Station in Antarctica. Its average temperature is −55.2°C (−67.4°F), and the lowest temperature ever recorded there was −89.2°C (−128.6°F) at July 21, 1983.

## Locations 
The ice cap climate is found in:
* Antarctica
* Greenland's interior
* The summits of the mountains of the Himalayas, Karakoram, Tian Shan Mountains, Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains.
* Some ice caps of the Arctic islands of Canada, Russia, and Svalbard.

## Weather 
The weather in ice cap climates is the coldest of all. The description of an ice cap climate is:
* Extremely cold – winter temperatures can go below −60°C (−76°F)
* Very dry – there is little snowfall, making it a polar desert
* Windy – strong winds can make it feel even colder (wind chill)
* Dark in winter, with 24-hour daylight in summer (polar day and polar night) (excluding the Asian mountain summits)

## Snow and Ice 
Since the temperature never melts the snow, it builds up over thousands of years. This creates:
* Thick ice sheets and ice shelves
* Glaciers that slowly move toward the sea
* Icebergs that break off and float in the ocean

## Life 
Very few plants or animals live in ice cap climates. There are:
* No trees or bushes
* Only small plants like moss and lichens (in some areas near the coast)
* Penguins, seals, and seabirds (in Antarctica)
* Polar bears, seals, and walruses (in the Arctic)

## Human Activity 
Because it is so cold and isolated, no people live permanently in ice cap climates. However:
* Scientists visit to study the ice, climate, and wildlife
* Research stations are built on the ice in places like Antarctica
* The ice cap climate is important for studying climate change
American Highland

The **American Highland** is a large, high area of land in East Antarctica. It is mostly covered by ice and is part of the Antarctic Plateau. The region is very cold and dry, with strong winds and almost no life.

## Location 
The American Highland is located in Wilkes Land, in the eastern part of Antarctica. It lies near other icy regions such as:
* Prince Charles Mountains
* Aurora Subglacial Basin
* Wilkes Subglacial Basin

Its exact borders are not clearly marked because the land is buried under thick ice sheets.

## Name 
The area was named "American Highland" by early explorers and scientists because it was mapped using U.S. satellite and aerial surveys during the Cold War era. The name reflects the involvement of the United States in Antarctic research.

## History 
The American Highland has been studied mainly through remote sensing, because it is covered by thick ice and very hard to reach. It was first mapped during the Cold War, when the United States and other countries were exploring Antarctica using aerial photography and satellite images.

In the 1950s and 1960s, U.S. aircraft from missions like Operation Highjump and Operation Deep Freeze flew over East Antarctica. These missions helped create the first detailed maps of the ice-covered land, including the area now called the American Highland.

The name "American Highland" was given by scientists using U.S. mapping data to describe this high, icy region in Wilkes Land. It was not named because the U.S. claimed the land (all territorial claims are frozen under the Antarctic Treaty System), but to recognize America's role in its discovery and study.

Later, during the 1970s to the 2000s, international programs like RADARSAT (a Canadian satellite radar mission), NASA's Operation IceBridge, and the BEDMAP and BEDMAP2 projects helped improve our knowledge of the land beneath the ice, including the height, shape, and ice thickness of the American Highland.

Today, scientists continue to study the region using ice-penetrating radar, satellite altimetry, and climate models to learn more about how this part of Antarctica is changing over time.

## Geography 
The American Highland is part of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, one of the two major ice sheets covering the continent. It is a highland, meaning the land underneath the ice is higher than surrounding areas. The ice in this region is very thick—often more than 3,000 meters (9,800 feet).

## Exploration and Research 
Most of what we know about the American Highland comes from:
* Satellite images
* Ice-penetrating radar
* International scientific surveys

No research stations are directly on the American Highland, but nearby bases like Dome C (France/Italy) and Wilkes Station (Australia) help with studying the region.

## Climate 
The climate in the American Highland is:
* Ice cap climate (EF) – temperatures never rise above freezing
* Extremely cold – winter temperatures can go below −60°C (−76°F)
* Low snowfall – it is a type of polar desert

## References
Proceratophrys rondonae

***Proceratophrys rondonae*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home
Scientists found the frog in Amazon forest with streams nearby.

People have seen this frog in protected parks, for example Parque Nacional de Pacaás Novos.

## Young
The female frog puts eggs in pools of rainwater.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say they do not know if the frog is in danger of dying out or how much danger it is in. People have changed the places where the frogs live by cutting down big pieces of forest to make farms, for example soybean farms and places for animals to eat grass.

## First paper
*

## References
San Martín Base

**San Martín Base** is an Argentine research station in Antarctica. It is one of Argentina’s permanent bases on the continent and is run by the Argentine Army. The base is named after General José de San Martín, a national hero of Argentina.

## Geography 
San Martín Base is located on Barry Island, in Marguerite Bay, along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. This area is part of Graham Land, which is the northernmost part of mainland Antarctica.

## History 
The base was opened on March 21, 1951. It was the first Argentine base built on Antarctica’s mainland (not on an island). The station has been active ever since, making it one of the oldest permanent bases in Antarctica.

## Climate 
San Martín Base has a polar ice cap climate, with:
* Very cold temperatures, usually below 0°C (32°F) all year
* Strong winds and snow
* A short period of 24-hour daylight in summer and 24-hour darkness in winter

## Research and Activities 
Scientists at the base study:
* Glaciology (the study of ice and glaciers)
* Meteorology (the weather)
* Geology (the Earth’s surface)
* Biology (plants and animals in extreme environments)

The base also helps with logistics, mapping, and communications for other missions in the area.

## Facilities 
San Martín Base has:
* Living quarters for about 20 people in winter and more in summer
* Labs and equipment for scientific research
* A small airstrip for helicopters and supply planes (when weather allows)
List of Apiaceae genera

This article lists all Apiaceae genera accepted by Plants of the World Online.

## A 
Aciphylla, Acronema, Apium

## H 
Heracleum

## M 
Molopospermum

## P 
Pozoa

## References
Paul Gaignet

**Paul Gaignet** (1913–1999) was a French activist, writer, and editor. People know him for his work in the Breton movement. This movement fights for rights in Brittany, a part of France. He became active in socialist politics after World War II.

## Early life 
Paul Gaignet was born in Bordeaux, France, in 1913. But his family was from Rennes. He studied in Rennes. He joined the Breton National Party (BNP), a group for Breton rights, in 1931 when he was 18.

## Political activity 
### Before World War II 
Gaignet first joined the BNP. Then he left to join the Breton Federalist League. He used different pen names. His topics were nationalist ideas, money matters, and social problems. He did not agree with working with Nazi Germany.

He also edited the monthly bulletin *An Hevoud*. There, he pushed for real-world activism. He criticized extreme or dreamy ideas. This included ideas from the secret group Gwenn ha Du (armed group).

### World War II 
In 1943, Gaignet tried to stop the BNP’s activities. He did this because of its ties to the German occupiers. He left the party that year.

He helped create the *Club des Bonnets Rouges* with Yves Person and Charles Josselin. He wanted a united Brittany. He spoke against control by outside economies.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Georges Cadiou (2013). *Emsav, dictionnaire critique, historique et biographique*. Coop Breizh.
* Lionel Henry (2011). *Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement breton*. Yoran Embanner.
* Sébastien Carney (2015). *Breiz Atao ! Une mystique nationale (1901–1948)*. Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Mario Tennis Fever

***Mario Tennis Fever*** is a sports video game made by Nintendo and is only on the Nintendo Switch 2. The game, which is part of the *Mario Tennis* series of games, came out on February 12, 2026. *Mario Tennis Fever* is based off of the tennis sport, with the games main feature being Fever Rackets, which are tennis rackets that let the player have different power-ups.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Dance Contest

**Dance Contest** may refer to:

* "Dance Contest", a 2007 episode of *Drake & Josh*
* "Dance Contest", a 2007 episode of *Zoey 101*
* Eurovision Dance Contest, an international ballroom dancing competition
Enlightened

**Enlightened** may refer to:
* *Enlightened* (TV series), an American comedy-drama
* *Enlightened* (album), 2007, by Dynamic Duo
* The Enlightened, a faction in *Ingress* (video game)

## Related pages
* Enlightened self-interest, a philosophy in ethics
* Enlightenment in Buddhism, spiritual enlightenment
* Enlightenment (disambiguation)