open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of awards and nominations received by Exo

This is a **list of awards and nominations received by EXO**, a Chinese-South Korean boy band formed in 2011 by S.M. Entertainment. The group was divided into two subgroups, EXO-K ("K" Korean in English) by South Korea and EXO-M ("M" Mandarin) by China. EXO has received a total of 142 awards and was nominated for 216 awards. They have also won 104 awards of Korean music programs and 2 Chinese, making them the Korean artist with the highest number of victories in programs. On June 14, 2013, one year after its official debut, the band received their first number-one in the *Music Bank* with the single "Wolf."

## Asia Artist Awards
## Golden Disc Awards
## Korean Music Awards
## Melon Music Awards
### Melon Popularity Award
## Mnet Asian Music Awards
## Japan Gold Disc Award
## Gaon Chart Music Awards
## Seoul Music Awards
## Soribada Best K-Music Awards
## SBS Awards Festival
## KBS Song Festival
## World Music Awards
## YinYueTai V Chart Awards
## Other awards
## Music program awards 
### *The Show*
*The Show* () is a South Korean music program aired by SBS MTV. EXO won twice on *The Show* with "Call Me Baby" and "Love Me Right".

### *Show Champion*
*Show Champion* is a South Korean music program aired by MBC Music. EXO has won 17 times (one with EXO-K) as of 2017, including three songs achieving *Triple Crown* awards, "Growl", "Call Me Baby" and "Love Me Right".

### *M! Countdown*
*M! Countdown* is a South Korean music program broadcast by Mnet. EXO has won 21 times (2 times with EXO-K) as of 2017, including five songs achieving *Triple Crown* awards; "Growl", "Miracles in December", "Call Me Baby", "Monster", and "Ko Ko Bop".

### *Music Bank*
### *Show! Music Core*
### *Inkigayo*
### *Global Chinese Music*
CCTV's Global Chinese Music is a Chinese music show.

## References
## Other websites
*
Thrombus

A **thrombus**, or **blood clot** stops bleeding. It keeps blood inside a damaged blood vessel, and stops the hemorrhage.

A blood clot is the final product of the coagulation. There are  aggregated platelets and red blood cells. Together with fibrin they form a plug, and stop the bleeding.

The substance making up a thrombus is sometimes called **cruor**. 

A thrombus is a healthy response to injury to prevent bleeding, but can be harmful in thrombosis, when clots block blood flow through otherwise normal blood vessels.

## References
Elizabeth Morgan case

The **Elizabeth Morgan case** was a local and international child custody contest between Elizabeth Morgan and Eric Foretich over their daughter, Hilary Antonia Foretich. It lasted from 1983 to 1997. The custody contest took place in Washington, D.C., and later in Christchurch, New Zealand. It cost the parties over $4 million in legal fees. The trials created more than 4,000 pages of transcripts. Over 1,000 news, magazine and legal articles about the case were published.

## Custody struggle
Hilary Antonia Foretich (born 1982), later known as Ellen Morgan, was at the center of this well-publicized international custody case. 

Elizabeth Morgan had alleged that Foretich had sexually abused their daughter, an accusation that he has denied and that has never been proved in court.

In 1987, Hilary's maternal grandparents took her to New Zealand, defying a court order that Hilary have unsupervised visitation with her father, Eric Foretich. Her mother, plastic surgeon Elizabeth Morgan, spent 25 months in detention from 1987 to 1989 for contempt of court in Washington, D.C., for refusing to reveal Hilary's whereabouts.

Morgan was Foretich's third wife. Foretich's second wife had also accused him of sexual abuse of their daughter, Heather (born 1980). Foretich denied those charges and has repeatedly said the two women have acted in collusion.

Rep. Frank Wolf of Virginia introduced the bill that became the *District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act* in 1989. Elizabeth Morgan was freed after 759 days by an Act of Congress, the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act,

## References
### Cited texts
*
*
Mud March

The **Mud March** (January 20, 1863 – January 23, 1863) was an attempt by Union Army Major General Ambrose Burnside to attack Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. After the disastrous  of the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Burnside was anxious to redeem himself. He planned for his Army to make a winter march across the Rappahannock River on December 30, 1862. After four days the attempt ended in failure.

## Background 
On December 15, 1862, Burnside's Union army withdrew from the Battle of Fredericksburg back to Falmouth, Virginia. It was a defeat for Burnside and a win for Lee. Lee suffered 5,300 casualties defending Fredericksburg. Union losses were more than twice as many. In total Burnside lost about 12,600 Union soldiers; killed, wounded, or missing. The Northern newspapers reported that 75,000 Confederate soldiers from Lee's army had been sent to  the North Carolina coast. Burnside wanted to move against Lee while the Army of Northern Virginia was weakened. He personally scouted the area above Falmouth for the best place for his army to cross the Rappahannock. At dawn on January 21, the plan called for five pontoon bridges to be assembled at the river's edge allowing two "grand divisions" (two corps each) to cross the river in four hours. Men and wagons were stuck in knee-deep mud. After the failure of the Mud March, there was good deal of criticism by some of Burnside's highest officers. He told Lincoln there were many things going on in the Army of the Potomac that the President was not aware of.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Burnside's Fredericksburg Campaign Part 3: The Mud March; Essay 
* Erica Campbell, 'Did Weather Affect the Civil War?', *WTNH Connecticut News*
Colobinae

The **Colobinae** are a subfamily of Old World monkeys. The family includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the *Colobus* monkeys, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the grey langurs.

Some classifications split the **colobine** monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera *Colobus*, *Piliocolobus*, and *Procolobus* in one group; these genera are distinct because they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός *kolobós* = "docked").

The various Asian genera are placed into one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA shows the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species. The grey langurs are not closely related to either.

## References
Vervet monkey

The **vervet monkey** (*Chlorocebus pygerythrus*), or simply **vervet**, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus *Chlorocebus*. They are found mostly throughout Southern Africa, as well as some of the eastern countries.

Vervets were introduced to the Americas, where there were originally no Old World monkeys. They are now in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Louisiana, Arizona, California, Ascension Island, Cape Verde, Barbados, Saint Kitts, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Nevis.

Vervets are mostly herbivorous monkeys. They have black faces and grey body hair color, ranging in length from about  for males to about  for females.

Vervet monkeys serve as a primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans. They have some human-like characteristics, such as hypertension, anxiety, and social and dependent alcohol use. Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals. Males change groups when they become sexually mature. The most significant studies done on vervet monkeys are on their communication and alarm calls. Communication helps kin and group recognition, and alerting to predators.

## References
Battle of Falling Waters

The **Battle of Falling Waters** (July 6, 1863 – July 16, 1863), also called the **Battle of Williamsport** and the **Battle of Hagerstown**, was fought as part of the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War. It was an  battle in that it did not end in a clear victory for either side. Having been ed at the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee's army retreated along the Fairfield Road toward Hagerstown and Williamsport, Maryland. Blocked from escaping into Virginia by the flooded Potomac River, Lee's forces created a defensive line with their backs to the river. The Union army was cautiously following Lee and arrived in the area beginning on July 12. There were a number of skirmishes and heavy fighting on July 13. That evening the river was low enough and Lee's army began crossing into Virginia. On July 14, Union cavalry attacked the Confederate rearguard taking about 700 prisoners.

## Background 
By late 1862, Virginia was running out of food to feed its army. Lee's horses were dying of disease because they had little or no fodder. The cavalry and artillery units had to be widely scattered behind his lines in order to find food for the horses. His first invasion ended at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. This time he wanted to take the war out of Virginia and bring it into the Northern states. Virginia had been ravaged by war and Lee's army could no longer find food and supplies. He also wanted to defeat the Army of the Potomac on its own soil.  This would demoralize the North and possibly bring an end to the war. However, his defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg ended heavy losses. The south lost 22,198 soldiers (killed, wounded, d or missing). Lee took what  his army had taken from the Pennsylvania countryside and turned south for the safety of Virginia.

## Retreat from Gettysburg 
On July 4, 1863, following three days of battle at Gettysburg, the two armies watched each other from opposing ridges. Lee knew it was extremely dangerous to retreat in front of an enemy army. Because his cavalry unit was fresh, Lee assigned Imboden the task of escorting and protecting the wagon train of wounded soldiers back to Virginia. Meade’s army reached Williamsport on the 12th and began probing the Confederate defenses. A pontoon bridge had been constructed by Confederate engineers about  downstream at Falling Waters. At both locations the Confederate army began crossing the river that evening. They took their positions on the ridge behind Falling Waters after marching all night.

## Battlefield Preservation 
The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved four acres of the Falling Waters Battlefield.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Retreat From Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics & The Pennsylvania Campaign
D minor

**D minor** is a musical minor scale starting on D. Its key signature has one flat.

Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major.

## Scales and keys
Ballotpedia

**Ballotpedia** is a non-partisan online political encyclopedia. Founded in 2007, it covers American federal, state, and local politics, elections, and public policy. 

Ballotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute, a non-profit organization based in Middleton, Wisconsin. According to their website, the organization employed over 60 writers and researchers in 2016.

## Other websites
*
Anne Holton

**Anne Bright Holton** (born February 1, 1958) is an American politician and educator. She served as the Virginia Secretary of Education from 2014-2016. She is also the wife of United States Senator and former Governor Tim Kaine. She served as First Lady of Virginia from 2006 to 2010. Her father is former Virginia Governor Linwood Holton.

## Other websites
* 
* National Governors Association Biography 
* KidsCommonwealth Biography 

## References
Frankfurt Galaxy

The **Frankfurt Galaxy** were a professional American football team in the NFL Europa. They are based in Frankfurt, Germany. **Frankfurt Universe** is the successor of the Frankfurt Galaxy.

## Head coaches 
*  Jack Elway 0.500 (1991–1992)
*  Ernie Stautner 0.533 (1995–1997)
*  Dick Curl 0.567 (1998–2000)
*  Doug Graber 0.500 (2001–2003)
*  Mike Jones 0.600 (2004–2007)

## Notable players 
* Mario Bailey - WR (1995-2000)
* Jake Delhomme - QB (1999)
* Mark Dixon - G (1998)
* Patrick Gerigk - WR (1999)
* Werner Hippler - TE (1995, 1997-2000)
* Damon Huard - QB (1998)
* Lewis Kelly - T (2002)
* Ralf Kleinmann - K (1995-2000, 2003-2004)
* Martin Latka - RB (2004-2007)
* Frank Messmer - DL (1995-1997)
* Andy McCullough - WR (1999, 2001)
* Craig Ochs - QB (2006)
* Steve Pelluer - QB (1996-1997)
* Mike Perez - QB (1991-1992)
* Akili Smith - QB (2005-2007)
* Ingo Siebert - RB (1995-1998)
* Paul Spicer - DE (2001)
* James Taylor - CB (2005-2007)
* Pat Barnes - QB (1998-1999)
* J.T. O'Sullivan - QB (2007)

## References
## Other websites 
* NFL Europa
* Frankfurt Galaxy web site
* The Football Database: Frankfurt Galaxy
Pointe-Noire

**Pointe-Noire** is the second-largest town in the Republic of the Congo, located in the south within the Kouilou Department. As of 2007, its population was 715,000.

Pointe-Noire is a commune divided into six urban districts (*arrondissements*):
*Patrice Emery Lumumba district, the oldest area.  It is the administrative and commercial centre.
*Mvou-Mvou
*Tié-Tié
*Loandjili district
*Mongo-Pokou district
*Ngoyo district

## References
Bouenza Department

**Boueza** is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the southwest. Its capital is Madingou.

Bouenza is divided into two communes and ten districts:

*Commune
# Nkayi Commune
# Madingou
*Districts
# Boko-Songho District
# Kayes District
# Kingoué District
# Loudima District
# Madingou District
# Mabombo District
# Mfouati District
# Mouyondzi District
# Tsiaki District
# Yamba District

## References
Demonstration (military)

In military terminology, a **demonstration** is an attack or show of force on a battlefield designed to trick or  an enemy. Unlike a feint, a demonstration does not make contact with the enemy. It is usually used as a supporting attack intended to deceive an enemy into thinking the demonstration is the main attack.  On July 2, 1863, General Robert E. Lee ordered Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell to stage a demonstration against Culp's Hill on the Union right . In April 1945, the amphibious attack on Okinawa involved landing craft that made a demonstration on the southeast coast of the island. Once they had drawn Japanese troops away from the actual landing site, they returned to serve as  in the actual landing. However, in a demonstration, empty helicopters may land and take-off several times leading the enemy to believe there is a large scale attack coming.

## Disadvantages 
Disadvantages include:
* Without enemy contact, it is harder to convince an enemy the demonstration is a real attack. If practicable, Ewell was to take the heights but not to bring on a general engagement. Ewell took that to mean a demonstration. A feint has to appear real to the enemy so contact is often necessary to continue the . A feint must be of great enough strength to convince the enemy it is a real attack. The key is to show the enemy what it expects to see. A demonstration may need be to be only long enough to get the enemy to hesitate.

## References
## Other websites 
* DCS: A-10C - Show of Force in Operation Bactria
Cuvette Department

**Cuvette** is a departement of Republic of the Congo, in the northeast. Its capital is Owando.

Cuvette is divided into one commune and ten districts:
# Commune of Owando
# Bokoma District 
# Boundji District
# Loukoléla District
# Makoua District
# Mbon District
# Mossaka District
# Ngoko District
# Oyo District
# Tchikapika District
# Tokou District

## References
Lékoumou Department

**Lékoumou** is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the south. Its capital is Sibiti.

Lékoumou is divided into four districts:
# Bambama District
# Komono District
# Sibiti District
# Zanaga District

## References
Cuvette-Ouest Department

**Cuvette-Ouest** is a department of Republic of the Congo, in the northwest. Its capital is Ewo.

Cuvette-Ouest is divided into one commune and six districts:
# Ewo 
# Etoumbi District
# Ewo District
# Kelle District
# Mbama District
# Mbomo District
# Okoyo District

## References
Likouala Department

**Likouala** is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the north. Its capital is Impfondo.

## References
Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)

**Plateaux** is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the center. Its capital is Djambala.

Plateaux is divided into four districts:
#Abala District
#Djambala District
#Gamboma District
#Lekana District

## References
Niari Department

**Niari** is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the south. Its capital is Dolisie.

## Districts 
* Banda
* Divénié
* Kibangou
* Kimongo
* Londéla-Kayes
* Louvakou
* Mbinda
* Moungoundou Nord
* Moungoundou Sud
* Moutamba
* Mayoko
* Nianga
* Yaya

## Communes 
* Dolisie
* Mossendjo

## References
The Fold

**The Fold** is a music rock band in Chicago, Illinois. Its genre is alternative rock. It is known for making "The Weekend Whip", which is the main theme song for Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu. The band's vocal leader is Daniel Castady. It has 4 other members. They also released the album called 'Secrets Keep You Sick' in 2007. 

## References
Wagon train

A **wagon train** is a convoy or group of wagons who travel together for safety. A **baggage train** is a military wagon train used to carry the equipment and supplies needed by an army. They needed to carry enough supplies, including  for the draft animals, for the entire journey. Wagon trains are most closely associated with American pioneers traveling west. As the population of the Thirteen Colonies grew, people migrated westward looking for inexpensive lands and new opportunities. The wagon had to carry all the supplies for the trip and all a family's personal belongings. While military use of wagon trains is ancient, the Romans built a network of roads for their armies and baggage trains to move throughout the empire.

## References
Remi Sonaiya

**Oluremi Comfort Sonaiya** (born March 2, 1955), is a Nigerian politician, educationist and writer.

Sonaiya is notable for being Nigeria's first female presidential candidate. She contested the position in the 2015 general election under the platform of the KOWA Party.

## Life
Sonaiya was born in Ibadan, Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria where she had her early education. She is a graduate of French from Obafemi Awolowo University, Oyo State in 1977. She also holds a Master of Arts degree in French Literature and a Ph.D in Linguistics from Cornell University, U.S.A.

In 1982, she got employed as Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Foreign Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University before she rose to the position of Professor of French language and Applied Linguistics in 2004. 

At the 2015 presidential election where she received 13,076 votes and
finished in 12th place.
## Related pages 
* List of Nigerians

## References
Repentless

***Repentless*** is the twelfth studio album by the American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released on September 11, 2015, and is the band's first album to be released on Nuclear Blast. It is also the first Slayer album to feature guitarist Gary Holt of Exodus and the first to feature drummer Paul Bostaph since 2001's *God Hates Us All*.

The album made it to #4 on the Billboard 200, which was the highest charting album from the band in the United States. It also topped the chart in Germany and was featured in the top ten of almost twenty charts around the world. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics.

## Background 
Slayer where asked in 2011 if they were going to make another album, which then-Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo replied that although nothing had been written yet, there were "definitely plans". In early 2011, guitarist Jeff Hanneman became ill with necrotizing fasciitis. Some said that he got the illness from a spider bite he claimed to have received while in a friend's hot tub. When asked about a new record, bassist Tom Araya stated that any work would have to wait until Hanneman had recovered.

On February 20, 2013, it was announced that Lombardo would not take part in Slayer's Australia tour because of contractual disputes, and he would be replaced by former drummer Jon Dette. Lombardo's permanent replacement was later announced to be Paul Bostaph, who was previously the band's drummer from 1992–2001, appearing on several albums.

On May 2, 2013, Jeff Hanneman died of liver failure in a Los Angeles hospital. A week later, it was announced that he died from an alcohol-related cirrhosis. Hanneman and his family had did not know how bad his condition was until shortly before his death. Kerry King later said that he wants the band to continue, but Araya was unsure. He said that, "After 30 years, it would literally be like starting over," and told about his doubts that Slayer's fanbase would approve of such a change. In March 2015, Araya revealed that the band had recorded one song before Hanneman died, and that the song will appear on the album.

## Songs
## Personnel 
Credits came from the album's notes.
### Slayer
*Tom Araya – bass, vocals
*Kerry King – guitars
*Gary Holt – guitars
*Paul Bostaph – drums

### Production
*Terry Date – production, engineering, mixing
*Peter Mack – additional engineering
*Derrick Stockwell – assistant engineering
*Howie Weinberg – mastering

## References
## Other websites 
*
Rebévelier

**Rebévelier** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
Pome

s are pomes]]
 is an example of a pome.]]
A **pome** is a type of fruit produced in plants of subtribe Malinae (in the tribe Maleae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae) in the family Rosaceae. Examples include pears and apples. They consist of carpels surrounded by accessory tissue.
Nera (Tiber)

The **Nera** () is a river in central Italy that starts in the Marche region but flows mainly through the  Umbria region. It is the main tributary of the Tiber river.

## Geography
The Nera river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Nera river starts in the *Monti Sibillini*, within the Monti Sibillini National Park (), at an elevation of about ., in the *comune* of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Province of Macerata, Marche.

The river flows through the *comuni* of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Viso and Ussita in the Marche and then, after about , it flows in the Umbria. After flowing through the province of Perugia, it gets in the province of Terni and keeps flowing to the east and flows through the city of Terni.

After flowing through the city of Narni, it gets into the Lazio region (Province of Viterbo) and soon finally flows in the Tiber river as a left tributary near the city of Orte.

## Main tributaries 
Only the tributaries coming from the left of the Nera are of some importance; those coming from the right are small streams.

Left tributaries:
* Corno - 20&nbsp;km
* Velino - 90&nbsp;km
* Serra - 17&nbsp;km

## Gallery

Fiume Nera.jpg|The Nera in Castelsantangelo sul Nera
CerretoDiSpoletoBorgoNeraSanLorenzo.JPG|The river Nera in Cerreto di Spoleto
NeraRiverNearTerni.JPG|The Nera near Terni

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
## Other websites
* *Parco Fluviale del Nera* website
John Abraham

**John Abraham** (born 17 December 1972), is an Indian film actor, producer and a former model who appears in Hindi films.

## Early life 
Abraham was born on 17 December 1972 into a family of mixed religious and ethnic heritage. His father is a Syrian Christian from Kerala and his mother is a Zoroastrian Irani. He has a younger brother named Alan Abraham. He considers himself a spiritual person but does not follow any particular religion. His cousin Susy Matthew is an author and has written novels like "Mahabharat".

## Filmography
### Actor
### Producer
## Awards and nominations
### Film awards
### Other recognitions
## References
## Other website
* Official website
*
Rasha Sharbaji

**Rasha Sharbaji**, also Shurbaji or Chorbaji, (Arabic: **رشا شربجي**) (born 1982 in  Darayya, Syria) is a Syrian mother.  When Sharbaji went to get a passport, she was arrested with her children, to put pressure on her husband. Sharbaji's husband died in 2014.

In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named Sharbaji one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

## Life 
Sharbaji was born in 1982.

On May 22, 2014, Sharbaji went to the immigration and passport center in Damascus to get a passport. When she tried to get a passport, she was arrested with her children.  She was arrested because her husband was against the government during the revolution. The Syrian police took Sharbaji to the political security branch in Damascus.  Then they took Sharbaji to the Air Force Intelligence prison at al-Mezze military airport in Damascus.

Sharbaji's husband Osama died in October 2014.  He drowned in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to migrate to Europe.

## Freedom 
Sharbaji was freed in February 8, 2017, in an exchange of prisoners. The exchange took place outside of Hama, Syria. Forty-five pro-government prisoners made up of women and children were exchanged for 55 women and children that oppose the government. The opposition kidnapped the women as a bargaining chip to bring back their own women.

According to a February 2017 interview with Sharbaji in Syria Direct, Shabaji's husband worked with the opposition as a weapons trader, smuggling weapons to rebel areas. He was a member of the Darayya-based rebel group Liwaa Shuhadaa al-Islam, and helped the rebels move the injured to Lebanon and deliver humanitarian relief supplies.

## References
Field artillery in the American Civil War

**Field artillery in the American Civil War** were cannon that could be moved around the battlefield or could travel with an army unit. Field artillery could only fight unlimbered (disconnected from the cart and horses that pulled it). The limber (or caisson) along with the team of six horses would be moved to a safe area nearby. Gun crews were organized into an artillery battery, six guns (later in the war, four) were deployed along a line about  wide with the guns spaced about  apart. An artillery crew was made up of eight highly trained men. An artillery battery had a total of between 70 and 100 soldiers. Cannon barrels were of two types. One was the older smoothbore cannons as used during the Mexican–American War. 

They usually had barrels made of bronze and fired round iron cannonballs. Most ordnance experts in the U.S. Ordnance Department were older military officers who believed what worked during the Mexican–American War would work now and did not need improving. This referred to the weight of the cannonball the gun fired. For example, a 12 pounder fired a round  solid piece of steel. In the 17th century, when howitzers were developed, the term pounder began to be used less and less although it was used through the Civil War. It used a charge of  of black powder. 

## Rifled cannon 
While used mostly by the Union army, rifled guns were still a new idea and were not very popular among artillery officers or field commanders. Rifled barrels proved to last much longer in field use. The British-made Armstrong and Whitworth guns were good weapons but there were not enough of them to have any major effect on the war. Training artillery crews in the use of rifled guns took longer and was more difficult. The Confederacy also produced a 3-inch Ordnance Rifle. But the use of low-grade iron ore and poorer rifling machinery made these guns less reliable. 
* Spherical case – It is also filled with gunpowder and uses a fuse.
* Canister Shot – Like spherical case it is a shrapnel round used against enemy troop formations. Some artillery commanders used a technique of firing canister at the ground in front of advancing troops. If a crew member was killed or wounded, another member of the crew could take his place. He was second-in-command to his Captain. Artillery bugle calls were nearly identical to cavalry bugle calls.
* Guidon - Carried the battery colors. He was often the most trusted man in the unit.

* Teamsters and Wagoneers - To manage all the horse teams and wagons needed to move the battery.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Civil War Artillery Glossary
* 
* 
* Firing the 12-pdr Napoleon; National Park Service recreation
*
Jacqueline Fernandez

**Jacqueline Fernandez** is a Sri Lankan actress, former model, and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant.

Jacqueline Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985, in Manama, Bahrain, and was raised in a multi-ethnic family. Her father, Elroy Fernandez, is a Sri Lankan Burgher, and her mother, Kim, is of Malaysian and Canadian descent. Her maternal grandfather is Canadian and her great-grandparents were from Goa in India. Her father, who was a musician in Sri Lanka, moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the Sinhalese and Tamils and subsequently met her mother, who was an air hostess. She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers. After receiving her early education in Bahrain at Sacred Heart School, she studied mass communication at the University of Sydney in Australia. After graduating she did a couple of television shows in Sri Lanka. She also attended the Berlitz school of languages, where she learned Spanish and improved her French and Arabic.

Jacqueline Fernandez was named after iconic U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. In an interview, Jacqueline revealed that her mother Kim was a huge admirer of Jackie Kennedy's style, intelligence and cultural contributions and decided to name her daughter after the iconic First Lady. 

Jacqueline said she feels deeply honored to share her name with someone her mother looked up to for her courage, intelligence and contributions to global culture. Growing up, she learned about Jackie Kennedy's influence and presence on the world stage.

According to Fernandez, she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and fantasized about becoming a Hollywood movie star. She received some training at the John School of Acting. Although, she was a television reporter, she accepted offers in the modeling industry, which came as a result of her pageant success. In 2006, she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles. In a 2015 interview, Fernandez described the modeling industry as "a good training ground" and said: "It is a medium that is about shedding your inhibitions, knowing your body, confidence". In 2006, she appeared in a music video for the song "O Sathi" by music duo Bathiya and Santhush and young female singer Umaria Sinhawansa.

## Filmography
## Television appearances
## Awards
## References
## Other website
*
Cheap Thrills

"**Cheap Thrills**" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sia.  It was recorded for her seventh studio album, *This Is Acting*, after it was rejected by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna.  On February 11, 2016, the song was released as a remix with Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul.
The remix of the song has been very successful, reaching the top ten in Sia's country of Australia, the top two in the UK, and number one in Canada, most of mainland Europe, and the United States.  "Cheap Thrills" became Sia's first *Billboard* Hot 100 number-one hit and Sean Paul's fourth.  Sean Paul's last number-one U.S. song was "Temperature" in 2006. She never shows her face or even is in her music videos because of privacy.

The song reached number 11 on the year-end *Billboard* Hot 100 of 2016. It was certified double-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

The remix was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2017 (59th) Grammy Awards.

## References
Levi's Stadium

'''Levi's Stadium''' is an outdoor multi-purpose stadium in Santa Clara, California. The San Francisco 49ers have played there since the 2014 season.

## History
A year after the stadium opened, Super Bowl 50 was held there. After the 2019 San Francisco 49ers season, the stadium held its first playoff game on against the Minnesota Vikings, and the first NFC Championship game against the Green Bay Packers. The 49ers won both games.

The stadium hosted the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship, in which the Clemson Tigers defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide, 44-16.

## Construction
The stadium's construction was completed on July 17, 2014. There are 174 executive suites. The capacity is 68,500, which is expandable to 75,000. The cost of the stadium's construction was $1.27 billion. The first match held in the stadium was an MLS league match between the San Jose Earthquakes and the Seattle Sounders (1-0) on August 2nd 2014. On September 14, 2014, the 49ers played their first game at the stadium against the Chicago Bears, but lost 20-28. The stadium is equipped with a foghorn. It is used when the 49ers score a touchdown or win a game.

## References
Agadir

**Agadir** is a city in southwestern Morocco, located on the Atlantic coast in the region of Souss.

## References
Merced, California

**Merced** is a city in Merced County, California, United States. As of 2020, 86,333 people lived there. Merced has the first research university built in the 21st century, University of California, Merced. UC Merced is the newest school in the University of California system.

## Government
Merced runs off of the Council-Manager form of government.

## Economy 
### Employment 
The unemployment rate in Merced as of June 2014 is 14.10%. The average per capita income in Merced is $17,331 while the median household income is $38,253. Sales tax in Merced is 8% while the income tax is 6%.

## References
Slaughterhouse-Five

***Slaughterhouse-Five*** is a science fiction book by American author Kurt Vonnegut. It has been popular all over the world since its was published in 1969. It is often picked as one of the best books of all time.  Slaughterhouse 5 is about a time travelling American soldier during World War II who is in the German city of Dresden when it is bombed by the Allies. The author experienced this event in his real life and so the novel is semi autobiographical.

## Plot summary 
-Five in which the main character Billy Pilgrim (and Kurt Vonnegut himself) sheltered in during the bombing of Dresden in 1945.]]
The novel follows the story of American soldier Billy Pilgrim. Billy is what is known in literature as an *unreliable narrator* - his experiences are written in a way that might make the reader think they are not exactly true. To reflect this, the novel is structured in a non  fashion. This means events are not always written in the order that they happened. Billy's stories from the war are interrupted when he is taken by aliens (called Tralfamadorians) to live in a zoo on their home planet. He also becomes "unstuck in time" and experiences his life in a random order of flashbacks.  

## References
Gunmetal

**Gunmetal**, or **red brass** in the United States, is a metal alloy. It is a type of bronze &ndash; an alloy of copper, tin and zinc. 

Proportions of its metals vary. 88% copper, 8-10% tin and 2-4% zinc is usual. 

Originally it was used for making cannons. Guns are now made of steel. Gunmetal is easy to cast and work on a lathe. It resists corrosion from steam and salt water. It is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects such as buttons. 

## References
The end justifies the means

***The end justifies the means*** is a paraphrase of Niccolò Machiavelli. It means that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of getting it is acceptable. The idea is very old, but it was not meant to allow people to be cruel or mean if they do not need to be. It was part of a political philosophy (way of thinking) called consequentialism. The basic idea is that doing something can be judged by what happens because of it. All modern forms of consequentialism have to prevent tyrants (absolute rulers) from using this idea for evil. 

### **Origins** 
The saying, "*The end justifies the means*", is usually linked to Niccolò Machiavelli, namely in his political treatise, *The Prince* (1513). Even though Machiavelli never stated this directly, it is a prominent idea in his works. For example, in Chapter XVIII of *The Prince,* he writes, "In the actions of all men... when there is no court to appeal to, one looks to the end". This has vastly been interpreted as an implication that a ruler might have to do things that go against their faith and what is right for people in order to keep the state safe.

The exact phrasing of it is occasionally associated with Hermann Busenbaum, a theologian for the Jesuits. He once stated: "Cum finis set licit, etiam media sunt licita", which translates to "when the end is lawful, the means are also lawful".  

### The Ethical Debate 
This phrase is linked with tensions between teleology (focusing on outcomes) and deontology (focusing on duty and rules). 

On the proponent side, the main argument comes from consequentialism. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, often considered to have begun Utilitarianism, argued that the best action is the one that results in "the greatest good for the greatest number". Niccolò Machiavelli, in *The Prince*, argues from the point of view of Necessità (necessity), suggesting that a prince who tries to be good, in a world where many people are bad, will probably end up hurting himself and his country. 

Counterpoints argue that some actions are inherently wrong regardless of their outcome. The primary player here is Immanuel Kant. In his *Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals* (1785), he posited that one must "act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end". This has been interpreted to mean that using a person as a "tool" (a means) to achieve a "goal" (an end) is a violation of human dignity.

## References
GNK Dinamo Zagreb

**GNK Dinamo Zagreb** is a football club which plays in Croatia.

## Name 
* 1911-1945 **1. HŠK Građanski**
*1945-1991 **Dinamo Zagreb**
* 1991-1992 **HAŠK-Građanski**
* 1992-2000 **Croatia Zagreb**
* 2000-2011 **Dinamo Zagreb**
*2011-present **GNK Dinamo Zagreb**

## League titles 
* Yugoslav First League : 4
** 1947/48, 1953/54, 1957/58, 1981/82
* Prva HNL : 24
** 1992/93, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23

## League position
Courtelary District

The district of **Courtelary** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 18 municipalities in an area of 266 km²:
Ashdod

**Ashdod** (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד; Arabic: اشدود, إسدود) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Ashdod is Israel's largest port, since about 60% of the country's imported goods come through the city.

## Climate 
Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. The humidity is usually high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March. 

## Demographics 
Ashdod had a population of about 220,000 in 2015, making it the sixth-largest city in Israel. The ratio of women to men is about 1.05 to 1.00. Also, 19.7% of the population was under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is a lot younger than the Israeli average because there are a lot of young couples in the city.

Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, even though only about 30% follow their religion. The city is also home to the world's largest Karaite community, with about five thousand members.

## References 
## Related pages 
* The Museum of Philistine Culture

## Other websites 
*Welcome To Isdud 
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA , Wikimedia commons
*
*Ashdod Port official website
Reichenbach im Kandertal

**Reichenbach im Kandertal** is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Reutigen

**Reutigen** is a municipality in Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Since 2024, Zwieselberg became a part of Reutigen.

## References
## Other websites
FC Astana

in 2014.]]
**Football Club Astana** (Kazakh: «Астана» футбол клубы; usually just called **FC Astana** or simply **Astana**) is a professional association football club from Astana, Kazakhstan. They currently play in the Kazakhstan Premier League. They were founded as **Lokomotiv Astana** in 2009 from football clubs Almaty: Megasport and Alma-Ata, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011. 

Their short history already included two league titles, two Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups. In 2015, Astana qualified to the UEFA Champions League group stage, becoming the first Kazakh team to do so.

## Honours 
***Kazakhstan Premier League**: 
:**Winners (7):** 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022
***Kazakhstan Cup** 
:**Winners (3):** 2010, 2012, 2016
***Kazakhstan Super Cup** 
:**Winners (6):** 2011, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun

The **Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun**, officially called the “light 12-pounder gun” by the United States Army, was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the American Civil War. The cannon was named after French president and emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

## History 
The French *Canon obusier de campagne de 12 cm, modèle 1853*, also known as the *Canon de l’Empereur*, was a type of canon-obusier (shell cannon) or gun-howitzer developed in 1853 by the French army. It could fire ball, shell, canister or grapeshot which allowed it to replace all the earlier French cannons. It was of a cast bronze smoothbore design and could double as a howitzer. It was light enough to be pulled by a team of horses. At the same time it had enough firepower to destroy fortifications at a distance of a half-mile (805 meters). When it entered the service of Emperor Napoléon III it was named after him.

## U.S. M1857 
When first model 1857s were cast in Northern foundries they had two s or "dolphins". After 1861 the dolphins were d, the barrel was shortened from the French version, and it was made lighter. The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its bronze barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. The U.S. version of the Napoleon could hit a target up to  away. However they were most accurate at closer ranges of about . The barrel had a bore of  in diameter and was  long. The barrel alone weighed . With its gun carriage it weighed  and was pulled by a team of six horses. The average gun crew was six men.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Rajesh Hamal

**Rajesh Hamal** (, born 9 June 1964 in Tansen, Palpa, Nepal) is a Nepali actor. He is known for his Nepali films.

## Filmography
## Reference
Nepal Standard Time

**Nepal Standard Time** (**NPT**) is the time zone for Nepal. With a time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of +5:45, all over Nepal Standard Time is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from
UTC. (The others are Chatham Island Standard Time, with an offset of UTC+12:45, and the
unofficial Australian Central Western Time, with an offset of UTC+08:45.) NPT is an approximation of Kathmandu mean time, which is 5:41:16 ahead of
UTC. 

## References
Fraubrunnen District

The district of **Fraubrunnen** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 27 municipalities in an area of 123.5 km².
Loa River

The **Loa** is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta region. It is the longest river of the country and the main river in the Atacama Desert.

## Geography
The Loa river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Loa river starts on the Andean mountain slopes at the base of the Miño volcano near the Bolivian border, at an elevation of about , in the *comuna* of Ollagüe, Calama, Antofagasta.

The river flows south, for about , to the oasis of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu or simply *Chiu Chiu*. Two left tributaries joints the Lao river in this part the riverː 
* San Pedro de Inacaliri, or simply *San Pedro*, river. It joints the Loa river before Chiu Chiu.
* Salado river. It joints the Loa river about  south of Chiu Chiu.

From Chiu Chiu, the Loa flows to the west, running through the city of Calama. The San Salvador river joints the Loa in this part of course as its only important right tributary.

Then the Loa flows north for about  to Quillagua, an oasis in the *comuna* of María Elena, Tocopilla province in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. The Loa is crossed by the Pan-American Highway in this area.

From Quillagua, the river turns westward again and marks the border between the regions of Tarapacá and Antofagasta. Finally, the Loa flows in the Pacific Ocean.

## Main tributaries 
Because the Loa river flows throug a very arid region, a desert, there are very few permanent tributaries; they areː

* Left tributaries
**  San Pedro de Inacaliri -  long.
** Salado -  long.
* Right tributary
**  San Salvador -  long.

## Gallery

Río Loa, Chiu Chiu, Chile, 2016-02-01, DD 86.JPG|The Loa in Chiu Chiu
Río-loa-(origen).svg|Loa river and its left tributaries

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Cuenca Río Loa
Jenny von Westphalen

Freiin **Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen** or better known as **Jenny von Westphalen** or also **Jenny Marx** (born 12 February 1814 in Salzwedel, now Germany, and died 2 December 1881 in London) was the wife of philosopher Karl Marx, and daughter of Baron Ludwig von Westphalen, a professor at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin.

## Bibliography 
* Luise Dornemann: *Jenny Marx: Der Lebensweg einer Sozialistin*. Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1980.
* Françoise Giroud: *Trio infernale oder das Leben der Jenny Marx*. Beltz, Weinheim, 1994. .

## Other websites 
* Jenny von Westphalen-Marx Correspondence Page at Marxists Internet Archive
Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee

**Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee** was a municipality in Wangen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.
Political philosophy

(left) and Aristotle (right), from a detail of *The School of Athens*, a fresco by Raphael. Plato's *Republic* and Aristotle's *Politics* were influential works]]

**Political philosophy** is the study of politics, liberty, justice, property, and rights. Also the law, and its enforcement (a legal code) by authority. It concerns not the details, but the basic principles, reasons and arguments.

Topics studied include the purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, and what the law is. Also, what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Political philosophy is a philosophical back-up to political science, which is the social science study of politics.

## Related pages 
*Jurisprudence
*Social philosophy
Rubigen

**Rubigen** is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Rüderswil

**Rüderswil** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References