open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Angalifu

**Angalifu** (pronounced "ang-uh-LEEF-oo"; 1970–2014) was a captive northern white rhinoceros. It was held at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. He was one of six living northern white rhinoceroses in the world, one of two living males in the world, and the only male on the American continents. 

Angalifu was born in the wild ca. 1970 before being caught and sent to the Khartoum Zoo in Khartoum, Sudan. In 1990, he was transferred on loan to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where he lived until his death in December 2014.

## References
Mustapha Maarof

**Mustapha Azahari Maarof** (1 January 1935 – 15 December 2014) was a Malaysian actor. He was known for his roles in *Hang Tuah* (1959), *1957: Hati Malaya* (2007) and *Chermin* (2007).

Maarof died in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from respiratory failure at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tim Cochran

**Thomas (Tim) Daniel Cochran** (April 7, 1955 – December 16, 2014) was an American mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at Rice University. He worked in topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra.

## Other websites
*Tim Cochran's home page
Martin Brasier

**Martin David Brasier** FGS, FLS (12 April 1947 – 16 December 2014) was an English palaeobiologist and astrobiologist. He was Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of St Edmund Hall.

Brasier died in a car accident near Burford, Oxfordshire, UK, on 16 December 2014.

## References
Dieter Grau

**Dieter Grau** (April 24, 1913 – December 17, 2014) was a German-American rocket scientist and member of the "von Braun rocket group", at Peenemünde (1939–1945) working on the V-2 rockets in World War II.  He was among the scientists who surrendered to the United States and traveled there, providing rocketry expertise via Operation Paperclip, which took them first to Fort Bliss, Texas. 

Grau died in Huntsville, Alabama, at the age of 101 on December 17, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
Oscar Holderer

**Oscar Holderer** (November 4, 1919 – May 5, 2015) was an engineer who worked with Wernher von Braun in the United States and Germany beforehand.  Holderer came to the United States as part of the second group of people brought from Germany during World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.

## References
Phillip Archuleta

**Phillip M. "Felipe" Archuleta** (May 12, 1949 &ndash; December 16, 2014) was an American politician. Archuleta was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, serving from 2013 until his death in 2014.

Archuleta died in Las Cruces, New Mexico from pneumonia, aged 65.

## References
## Other websites
*Legislative page
Counting coup

**Counting coup** refers to the winning of  in battle by the Plains Indians of North America. Warriors won prestige by acts of courage in the face of the enemy. Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup. 

## An act of bravery 
Counting coup could be with a hand, any part of the body, or with an object. The most prestigious act was to touch or strike an enemy warrior, leave him alive, then escaping unharmed. Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works also counted as coup. Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his  in camp. Risk of injury or death was required to count coup. After a battle or exploit, the people of a tribe would gather together to recount their acts of bravery and "count coup."  Coups were recorded in some tribes by putting notches (cut marks) in a coup stick. A coup stick was often a willow rod with a feather on the end. But coup could be counted with any object.

## Other uses 
Another form of counting coup emerged during the air battles of World War I. A allied pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft was given the status of ace. The exception was that the British never formally adopted the ace system. Informally, however, a British pilot who had shot down ten enemy planes was considered an ace. Generally "counting coup" is counting victories. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Counting Coup; Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
* Counting Coup; Native Heritage Project
Wilton, Connecticut

**Wilton** is a town along the Norwalk River Valley in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It is in Fairfield County. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 18,503.

## References
Oleh Lysheha

**Oleh Lysheha** (; 30 October 1949 &ndash; 17 December 2014) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright, translator and intellectual. During the period 1972-1988, he was banned from official publication, but in 1989 his first book *Great Bridge* (*Velykyi Mist*) was published.

## References
Richard C. Hottelet

**Richard Curt Hottelet** (September 22, 1917&nbsp;– December 17, 2014) was a Brooklyn-born American broadcast journalist for the latter half of the twentieth century. Hottelet was the last surviving journalist from the original World War II-era group of Murrow's Boys lead by Edward R. Murrow.

Hottelet died at his home in Wilton, Connecticut, on December 17, 2014. He was 97 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*Murrow's Boys : CBS News article
*Guest of the Gestapo: By Richard C. Hottelet
*Hottelet accepts GWU post: (press release)
*Of Wars and Correspondents: By Richard C. Hottelet for *George Washington Magazine*
* Hottelet reporting on flight over Normandy  (audio clip)
* "The Press: Exchanged Prisoners"  — Richard C. Hottlelet, *Time*, August 11, 1941
* "Stop Being a Lone Ranger on Iraq" — Richard C. Hottelet, *The Christian Science Monitor*, August 5, 2002
* Preliminary Guide to the Richard C. Hottelet Papers, 1948-1990, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
Donald J. Albosta

**Donald Joseph Albosta** (December 5, 1925 &ndash; December 18, 2014) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was Saginaw County Commissioner from 1970 to 1974 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1974 to 1976, representing the 86th District. 

Albosta died on December 18, 2014 in St. Charles, Michigan, aged 89.

## References
Rotte (river)

The **Rotte** is a river in the Dutch province Zuid Holland. The city of Rotterdam is named after this river, Rotterdam means dam of the Rotte, Rotterdam is founded when a dam was built in the Rotte. Original, the river was named Rotta, based on the Dutch word 'rot', this word means something like dirty, because the river was very muddy, and A because Aa means water in old European languages.

## History
In the Roman Age, the river has been connected with the Rhine. The river was cut off from the Rhine later. The area where the Rhine was connected to the Rotte changed into an area of bog. After all the bog was excavated, the area changed into a swamp, this swamp was the new source of the Rotte. In the 17th century the swamp area is empoldered, and the Rotte did not have a source anymore.

In the early medieval age, settlement was founded. But because of floods in the area, the people were not able to live in the area. Later in 1270, a 400 meter long dam was build along the river, people started to live on this dam, and that is where Rotterdam was founded. Today, this dam is the *Hoogstraat* in Rotterdam.
Ingvar Kjellson

**Ingvar Kjellson** (20 May 1923 – 18 December 2014) was a Swedish stage and movie actor. Kjellson was born in Kärna, Östergötland County. He was known for his roles in *Hedda Gabler*, *The Wild Duck*, ''The Beggars' Opera* and *Twelfth Night''.

Kjellson died at the age of 91 from pneumonia on 18 December 2014 in Stockholm, Sweden.

## References
## Other websites
* Ingvar Kjellson , at Dramaten
Ivan Vekić

**Ivan Vekić** (18 October 1938 – 17 December 2014) was a Croatian politician and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Croatian Democratic Union and served as the Croatian Minister of Interior during the Croatian War of Independence.

## References
Owatonna, Minnesota

**Owatonna** is a city in Steele County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 26,420 at the 2020 census.  It is the county seat of Steele County.

## References
Mandy Rice-Davies

**Marilyn "Mandy" Rice-Davies** (21 October 1944 – 18 December 2014) was a British model and showgirl.

She was born in Mere, Wiltshire and grew up in Shirley, Warwickshire. She was best known for her role in the Profumo affair, which discredited the Conservative government of British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan in 1963.

Rice-Davies died aged 70 from cancer on 18 December 2014.

## References
Larry Smith (producer)

**Lawrence Michael "Larry" Smith** (June 11, 1952 – December 18, 2014) was an American musician and hip hop record producer. He was best known for his co-productions (with Russell Simmons) of Run-DMC's *Run-D.M.C.* (1984) and *King of Rock* (1985) and his solo production of Whodini's *Escape* (1984) and *Back in Black* (1986). 

Smith died on December 18, 2014 in Flushing, Queens, New York, 63.

## References
John Profumo

**John Dennis Profumo**, CBE (30 January 1915 – 9 March 2006), always known as **Jack Profumo**, was a British soldier and politician. A scandal, known as the Profumo affair, led to his resignation and withdrawal from politics. It may have damaged the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan. Profumo spent his later life working for charities.

Profumo died of a stroke in London, aged 91.

## Life 
Profumo's father was a barrister, though the Profumo family's money was in insurance. The family sold the Provident Life Association for £6 million in the 1980s. Profumo was educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford. He joined the Army when war was declared, and in 1940 he became the youngest Member of Parliament. His military career is described:
:"Profumo had a distinguished military career, being mentioned in dispatches during the North Africa campaign, and being appointed OBE (military) while serving on Field Marshal Alexander's staff in Italy. He was present at the surrender of the German forces in Italy and was later appointed Brigadier and Chief of Staff to the British Liaison Mission to General MacArthur in Japan. He also landed in Normandy on D-Day with an armoured brigade, and took part in the fierce fighting at Caen and in Operation Goodwood".

## Affair 
Profumo's political career was ruined by a combination of events. He and his wife accepted an invitation from Lord Astor to spend a weekend at his country estate, Clivedon. During that weekend he saw Christine Keeler get out of the swimming pool naked. Profumo asked for her phone number, and they became lovers. Unfortunately for Profumo, she was also having an affair with  the Russian naval attaché and spy, Yevgeny Ivanov. When MI5 discovered this from a tip-off, Profumo ended the affair. Rumours circulated, and he was directly challenged about his relationship  in the House of Commons. In a personal statement to the House of Commons, Profumo denied the accusation. This was perhaps his biggest mistake. He  eventually confessed his affair, and  resigned from the government and from Parliament.

Profumo was later (1975) awarded the CBE for services to charity.

## References 
## Other websites
**Daily Telegraph*: Obituary of John Profumo
**The Times*: Obituary of John Profumo 
**The Guardian*: The Profumo Affair
*FBI file on John Profumo
*BBC –  Former Tory minister Profumo dies
**Daily Telegraph*: Extracts from *Bringing the House Down* by David Profumo (son)
Virna Lisi

**Virna Pieralisi** (November 8, 1936 – December 18, 2014), better known as **Virna Lisi**, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in *How to Murder Your Wife* and in *La Reine Margot*. Lisi died in Ancona, Italy.

On December 18, 2014, Lisi died of cancer in Rome, Italy at age 78.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Virna Lisi , at *Celebirony*.
* Virna Lisi, at *ElCriticon* (*The critic*, in Spanish)
Theo Colborn

**Theodora Emily Colborn** (née **Decker**; March 28, 1927 – December 14, 2014) was an American zoologist. She was the founder and President Emeritus of The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Colborn was also professor Emeritus of Zoology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.  She was best known for her studies on the health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. 

## References
## Other websites
*Our Stolen Future
*TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange
*Dr. Theo Colborn on the Health Effects of Water Contamination from Fracking - video report by *Democracy Now!*
*Dr. Theo Colborn's TEDx Talk – TEDx MidAtlantic 2012, “Letter to the president about chemicals disrupting our bodies.”
*Dr. Theo Colborn, "Peace Begins in the Womb" - Santa Clara University Architects of Peace Essay, "Reflections on Working Towards Peace."
*PBS *Frontline,* Interview by Doug Hamilton, "Fooling With Nature," 1998.
*Dr. Theo Colborn on the need for “inner space research” -Recorded lecture at the Chatauqua Institution, Chatauqua, NY, 2001
Talia Shire

**Talia Shire** (; born April 25, 1946) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Connie Corleone in *The Godfather*, and Adrianna ("Adrian") Pennino (later Balboa) in the *Rocky* series.

Shire is the sister of Francis Ford Coppola, the mother of actor Jason Schwartzman, and the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage.

## References
## Other websites
*
Burt Young

**Gerald Tommaso DeLouise** (April 30, 1940 – October 8, 2023), better known by his stage name **Burt Young**, was an American actor, painter and author. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law and best friend Paulie in the *Rocky* movie series.

Young died in Los Angeles, California from cardiac arrest caused by atrial fibrillation on October 8, 2023 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Igor Rodionov

**Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov** (; 1 December 1936 – 19 December 2014) was a Russian general and Duma deputy. He was best known for his service heading the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation.

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Rodionov: A Military Biography 
* Person Page at NUPI Centere for Russian Studies  (note: NUPI says Rodionov commanded the Transbaikal Military District in 85–86, but this is disapproved by Feskov et al.'s list of District commanders.)
* Duma Deputy Biographies at US-Russian Business Council
William Hickey

**William Edward Hickey** (September 19, 1927 – June 29, 1997) was an American actor. He is best known for his Oscar-nominated role as Don Corrado Prizzi in the John Huston 1985 movie ''Prizzi's Honor*, as well as Uncle Lewis in *National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation'' (1989) and the voice of Dr. Finklestein in Tim Burton's *The Nightmare Before Christmas* (1993).

Hickey died of emphysema and bronchitis in New York City, aged 69.
Edgartown, Massachusetts

**Edgartown** is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is on Martha's Vineyard. It is the county seat of Dukes County.

At the 2020 census, 5,168 people lived in Edgartown.

## References
Robert Simpson (meteorologist)

**Robert Homer Simpson** (November 19, 1912 &ndash; December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955–1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.

Simpson died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 102.

## References
## Other websites
* An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson  - The Mariners Weather Log, April 1999
* An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser
Bedford (disambiguation)

**Bedford** is a town in Bedfordshire, England.

Bedford might also refer to:
*Bedford, Indiana
*Bedford, Iowa
*Bedford, Kentucky
*Bedford, Massachusetts
*Bedford, Virginia
Philip Bradbourn

**Philip Charles Bradbourn**,  (9 August 1951 – 19 December 2014) was a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014.

Bradbourn was born in Tipton, Warwickshire. He died of bowel cancer, aged 63.

## Other websites
*West Midlands Conservative MEP Team
Robert Wolfe

**Robert Wolfe** (March 2, 1921 – December 10, 2014) was an American historian and archivist. He was a World War II U.S. Army officer. He was a archivist of the US National Archives. He was wounded in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operation. Wolfe was born in Burlington, Vermont.

Wolfe died in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 93.

## References 
*
*
*
John G. Avildsen

**John Guilbert Avildsen** (December 21, 1935 &ndash; June 16, 2017) was an American movie director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for *Rocky*.

Other movie he directed include *Joe*, *Save the Tiger*, *Fore Play*, *The Formula*, *Neighbors*, *For Keeps*, *Lean on Me*, *The Power of One*, *8 Seconds*, *Inferno*, *Rocky V* and the first three *Karate Kid* movies.

Avildsen died on June 16, 2017 in Los Angeles, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bob Lanier (politician)

**Bob Lanier** (March 10, 1925 – December 20, 2014) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1992 to 1998. Lanier was born in Baytown, Texas.

On December 20, 2014, Lanier died at the age of 89 in Houston, Texas from natural causes.

## References
## Other websites
* Lanier, Robert "Bob" and Jim Barlow. Mayor Bob Lanier Oral History , Houston Oral History Project, January 8, 2008.
Georg von Tiesenhausen

**Georg F. von Tiesenhausen** (May 18, 1914 &ndash; June 3, 2018) was a retired German-American rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, he was part of Wernher von Braun's team at the U.S. Army, and later, NASA. He is known to first complete design of the Lunar Rover and made a variety of other contributions to the space program.

Von Tiesenhausen died at his home in Huntsville, Alabama on June 3, 2018 at the age of 104.

## References
Mrs. Chippy

**Mrs. Chippy** was a male ship's cat who sailed with Sir Ernest Shackleton on his team's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The expedition began in 1914, but the ship, *Endurance*, became hopelessly trapped in packed ice sheets and was destroyed.  The cat, along with some of the sled dogs, were shot to death in 1915, when it was decided they could not survive.

## Life on the ship 
Mrs. Chippy, a tiger-striped tabby, belonged to Harry McNish, the carpenter. Harry was given the nickname "Chippy" because of "wood chips", so the cat was also called the same. Soon after the ship set sail for Antarctica, it was discovered that, despite *"her"* name, Mrs. Chippy was a *"he"*, a male cat.  By that time the name had stuck. The cat amazed the crew by being able to walk along the ship's inch-wide guard rails, in even the roughest seas.

After the ship was destroyed in the ice, the crew leaders knew that Mrs. Chippy and five of the dogs would not be able to live, and on October 29, 1915, Sir Shackleton wrote in his diary:

Harry McNish had become very fond of his cat, and never forgave Shackleton for having him shot. After the loss of his cat, Harry fought with Shackleton during the expedition that lasted until 1917. Even though he did build the boats that eventually rescued the crew, he was not given a Polar Medal, because of his arguing with the captain over the death of his cat.

## Memorial and painting 
 in Karori Cemetery which was added by the New Zealand Antarctic Society]]
In 2004, a  bronze memorial statue of Mrs. Chippy was placed on the grave of Harry McNish. It was given by the Antarctic Society of New Zealand, because of his bravery on the expedition.

The painting *Mrs Chippy*, by Wolf Howard, shows the cat "about to be shot". The background shows the crew sending a small boat on a rescue mission and *Endurance* is stuck in the ice. The painting was shown in a punk art exhibit at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, in 2004.

## Further reading 
* 
* 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Purr 'n' Fur: Mrs Chippy, of Shackleton's Endurance
* Lost and Fond: Tribute to Mrs Chippy
Personal identification number

from a bank which contains a PIN number behind a black surface for security reasons.]]
A **Personal identification number** (abbreviated as **PIN**) is a number that is used to  a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.

PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the correct PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.

Early PIN numbers only consisted of digits. Today, some banks use PINs made of digits and letters. There are also many new technologies being created to be used instead of PINs, such as using fingerprint scanners.

## References
## Other websites
*More information about PIN numbers from Investopedia
Right to housing

The **Right to housing** is the idea that everyone should have the possibility to live somewhere, to affordable housing and  free from homelessness. Many countries recognise it. It is also in  the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This means it is part of international law.  
## Definition 
The base for the right to housing in international law can be found in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration recognises the right as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.
It states that:

Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living among economic, social and cultural rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law. According to UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, aspects of right to housing under ICESCR include: legal security of ; availability of services, materials,  and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location and cultural adequacy. As a political goal, right to housing was declared in F. D. Roosevelt's 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.

## References
John Panozzo

**John Anthony Panozzo** (September 20, 1948 – July 16, 1996) was an American drummer. He was best known for his work with rock band Styx. 

## Career 
Panozzo grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He had a fraternal twin brother, Chuck. At age 7, the twins took musical lessons from their uncle. John took an interest in drums and percussion. They attended Catholic school. They were part of a 3-piece accordion band in which John played drums and Chuck played guitar. They would play weddings at age 12 and were paid $15 apiece.

## Styx 
In 1961 John, Chuck, and their neighbor, Dennis DeYoung, formed a band called the Tradewinds.John played drums, Chuck played guitar, and Dennis played the accordion and sang. They played at bars and began gaining popularity as a garage band on the South Side of Chicago. In 1968, Chuck switched to bass. They added guitarists/vocalists James "J.Y." Young and John Curulewski and changed the name of the band to TW4. The band signed to Wooden Nickel Records and changed their name to Styx.

## Death 
By the early 1990s his health suffered from heavy drinking. He took a less active role with Styx. In 1996 he was replaced by Todd Sucherman for the  tour. He was found dead in his home a few days later. He died from cirrhosis of the liver.

## References
1982 State of the Union Address

The **1982 State of the Union Address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 97th United States Congress. It was held on January 26, 1982. The speech was the first State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term.

The speech lasted 40 minutes and 14 seconds. It had 5154 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Donald Riegle (MI), Senator James Sasser (TN), Rep. Albert Gore Jr. (TN), Senator Robert Byrd (W.Va), Senator Edward Kennedy (MA), House Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill III (MA), Senator Gary Hart (CO), Senator Paul Sarbanes (MD), Senator J. Bennett Johnston (LA), and Senator Alan Cranston (CA).

## References
## Other websites
* (full transcript), *The American Presidency Project*, UC Santa Barbara.
Thomas P. O'Neill III

'''Thomas Phillip O'Neill III''' (born September 20, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer. He leads a public relations and government affairs firm called O'Neill and Associates in Boston. He is the son of Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill, Jr., who was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. From 1975 to 1983, O'Neill was Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

## References
1983 State of the Union Address

The **1983 State of the Union address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 98th United States Congress on January 25, 1983. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term.

The speech lasted about 46 minutes. It had 5554 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Robert Byrd (WV), Senator Paul Tsongas (MA), Senator Bill Bradley (NJ), Senator Joe Biden (DE), Rep. Tom Daschle (SD), Rep. Barbara Kennelly (CT), House Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill III (MA), Rep. George Miller (CA), Rep. Les AuCoin (OR), Rep. Paul Simon (IL), Rep. Timothy Wirth (CO), and Rep. Bill Hefner (NC).

## References
## Other websites
* (full transcript), *The American Presidency Project*, UC Santa Barbara.
David Ricardo

**David Ricardo** (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the main thinkers behind Classical economics, together with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.  Today, he is mostly known for his theory of comparative advantage. This theory suggests that a nation should concentrate its resources only in industries where it is *most* internationally competitive and trade with other countries to obtain products not produced nationally.   Ricardo promoted the idea of extreme industry specialization by nations, to the point of dismantling internationally competitive and otherwise profitable industries.  In this thinking Ricardo assumed the existence of a national industry policy aimed at promoting some industries to the detriment of others. For Ricardo some form of Central Economic Planning was a given.

The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has been challenged by, among others, Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa.  Nevertheless, it remains the cornerstone of the argument in favour of international free trade as a means of increasing economic prosperity.  The theory of comparative advantage was the forerunner of the push towards globalization via increased international trade, the guiding theme in economic policy currently promoted by the OECD and the World Trade Organization.

## References
Sitor Situmorang

**Sitor Situmorang** (October 2, 1923 – December 21, 2014) was an Indonesian poet, essayist and writer of short stories. Situmorang was born in Harianboho, North Sumatra. He was educated in Jakarta. He worked as a journalist and literary critic. Situmorang was known for his poem *Angkatan ’45* (The Generation of ’45).

On December 21, 2014, he died at the age of 91 at his home in Apeldoorn, Netherlands.

## References
Udo Jürgens

**Udo Jürgens** (born **Udo Jürgen Bockelmann**, 30 September 1934 – 21 December 2014) was an Austrian composer and singer of popular music whose career spans over fifty years. He wrote more than 800 songs and sold over 100 million records. In 2007 he additionally obtained Swiss citizenship. He was known for his song "Reach for the Stars". and titular song called **Vielen Dank für die Blumen** the German language dub animated short series Tom and Jerry.

Jürgens died on 21 December 2014 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from acute heart failure at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*Excerpts from a thesis on Jürgens (2002)  by Christian Mädler 
* 
*
*
*  Udo Jürgens - Ich war noch niemals in New York Musical
2004 Republican National Convention

and George Bush with Dick and Lynne Cheney during the convention]]

The **2004 Republican National Convention** was the 2004 presidential nominating convention. It was for the Republican Party of the United States. George W. Bush and Dick Cheney won the presidential nomination at the convention.

It took place from August 30 to September 2, 2004 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. A tribute for Ronald Reagan was shown at the convention.
Torus

A **torus** (plural: **tori** or **toruses**) is a tube shape that looks like a doughnut or an inner tube. In geometry, a torus is made by rotating a circle in three dimensional space. To make a torus, the circle is rotated around a line (called the axis of rotation) that is in the same plane as the circle. Usually, the line does not touch the circle, so the torus has a hole through the center, and the torus is called a **ring torus**. For a ring torus, the axis of rotation passes through the center of the hole. 

In topology, sizes don't matter, and a torus is any shape that has one hole through it. 

The **ring torus** is the most well-known type of torus, but other types exist. If the line the circle rotates around is tangent to the circle, then it becomes a horn **torus**, and if it passes through the circle then it is a **spindle torus.** A toroid is a surface made by rotating any shape around a line, so a torus is one kind of toroid. 

If the torus is filled to make a solid shape, it is called a **solid torus**. A solid torus is often simply called a torus. A solid torus is made by rotating a disk (a filled-in circle) around a line. Common objects that have the shape of a solid torus are a doughnut, a bagel and an O-ring. A ringette ring is torus-shaped.

A torus is like a tube that is bent into a circle so it connects to itself. The radius of the tube or circle is called the *minor radius*, written as r. The distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus is called the *major radius*, written as R. 

The surface area of a torus is given by 
:\begin{align}
A &= \left( 2\pi r \right) \left(2 \pi R \right) = 4 \pi^2 R r 
\end{align}.
This area is the same as the area of a straight tube that has a radius r and length 2\pi R.

The volume of a solid torus is given by 
:\begin{align}
V &= \left ( \pi r ^2 \right ) \left( 2 \pi R \right) = 2 \pi^2 R r^2
\end{align}.
This volume is the same as the volume of a straight rod that has a  radius r and length 2\pi R.
1985 State of the Union Address

The **1985 State of the Union address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 99th United States Congress on February 6, 1985 (Reagan's birthday). The speech was the first State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term, and his fifth altogether.  

He stated, "Our progress began not in Washington, DC, but in the hearts of our families, communities, workplaces, and voluntary groups which, together, are unleashing the invincible spirit of one great nation under God."    He believed that volunteerism was a key element to the American community.

The president proclaimed the Reagan Doctrine and talked about taxes, reducing the federal deficit and the Strategic Defense Initiative, among other things.

The speech lasted about 40 minutes and had 4,955 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas,  Governor Bob Graham of Florida and House Speaker Tip O'Neill.

## References
## Other websites
* (full transcript), *The American Presidency Project*, UC Santa Barbara.
*(full video), *Miller Center of Public Affairs*, University of Virginia.
1986 State of the Union Address

The **1986 State of the Union address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 99th United States Congress on February 4, 1986. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term.

Reagan was the only president to have postponed his State of the Union Address. On January 28, 1986, he planned to give his address, but after learning of the Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster, he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day's events. This was the only time that the State of the Union address had to be postponed because of an event.

The speech lasted for about 31 minutes and had 3,514 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell (ME), Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods (MO), Gov. Charles Robb (VA), Rep. Thomas Daschle (SD) and Rep. William Gray (PA)

## References
## Other websites
* (full transcript), *The American Presidency Project*, UC Santa Barbara.
* (full video), *Miller Center of Public Affairs*, University of Virginia.
Susanne Alfvengren

**Susanne Alfvengren** (born **Susanne Irene Lund**, 12 February 1959 in Visby, Gotland, Sweden) is a Swedish singer. In 1984, she had a hit with *När vi rör varann* (Sometimes When We Touch). Another of her hit songs was *Magneter*. She competed in Melodifestivalen 2009 with the song *Du är älskad där du går*, whih was knocked out of the semifinal. In 1986-1987, she scored a vocal duet hit with Mikael Rickfors, with the song *Som stormen river öppet hav*.

## Filmography
*PS Sista sommaren (PS Last Summer), 1988

## References
## Other websites
*Susanne Alfvengren website
*Svensk Filmdatabas - Susanne Alfvengren
Billie Whitelaw

**Billie Honor Whitelaw**, CBE (6 June 1932 – 21 December 2014) was an English actress. 

Whitelaw was born in Coventry and was raised in Bradford. She was known for working with Samuel Beckett. Whitelaw was known for her roles in *The Omen* and in *Hot Fuzz*.

Whitelaw died in Hampstead, London, England, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Video of Billie Whitelaw performing Beckett's *Not I*
The Interview (2014 movie)

***The Interview*** is a 2014 American political action comedy movie directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. It stars James Franco, Seth Rogen, Lizzy Caplan, and Randall Park. Seth Rogen and James Franco star as journalists who set up an interview with North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un (Randall Park), and are then recruited by the CIA to assassinate him. It was set to be released on December 25, 2014, but the movie was not released in cinemas due to threats from North Korea. The movie was released on demand and on YouTube.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
1988 State of the Union Address

with Vice President George H.W. Bush and House Speaker Jim Wright during the 1988 State of the Union address.]]

The **1988 State of the Union address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 100th United States Congress on January 25, 1988. The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term. Donald Hodel, the Secretary of the Interior, served as the designated survivor.

## References
## Other websites
* (full transcript), *The American Presidency Project*, UC Santa Barbara.
*1988 State of the Union Address (video) at C-SPAN
The Polar Express (movie)

***The Polar Express*** is a 2004 American computer animated musical fantasy movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It was produced by Tom Hanks. It is based on the book, *The Polar Express*. It stars Tom Hanks, Daryl Sabara, Eddie Deezen, Jimmy Bennett, Steven Tyler, Nona Gaye, and Michael Jeter. It was released on November 12, 2004.

This also marks the final appearance of Michael Jeter, who died years before its release, and was dedicated to his memory.

## References
Roy L. Dennis

**Roy Lee "Rocky" Dennis** (December 4, 1961 &ndash; October 4, 1978) was an American boy who had craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, an extremely rare, sclerotic bone disease. The condition usually results in neurological disorders and death during childhood. His body was donated to UCLA Medical Center after he died.

## References
Richard Dysart

**Richard A. Dysart** (March 30, 1929 &ndash; April 5, 2015) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Leland McKenzie on the NBC legal drama *L.A. Law*. Dysart was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He won an Emmy Award in 1992.

Dysart died at home in Santa Monica, California after a long illness, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Richard Dysart  at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Horacio Ferrer

**Horacio Ferrer** (June 2, 1933 - December 21, 2014) is a Uruguayan poet, broadcaster, reciter and tango lyricist.  He is known for the lyrics he wrote for Astor Piazzolla’s tangos such as *Balada para un loco* and *Chiquilín de Bachín*.

## Other websites
*Horacio Ferrer - Biografía Todo Tango
Trevor Peacock

**Trevor Peacock** (19 May 1931 &ndash; 8 March 2021) was an English stage and television character actor. He also was a screenwriter and songwriter. He was known for his role as Jim Trott in the BBC comedy series *The Vicar of Dibley*.

Peacock was born in Tottenham, London, the son of Alexandria and Victor Edward Peacock.

Peacock was diagnosed with dementia in 2009. He died from the disease on 8 March 2021 in London, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
1987 State of the Union Address

The **1987 State of the Union address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 100th United States Congress on January 27, 1987. The speech was the third State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term. 

Reagan said, "The Soviet Union says it wants a peaceful settlement in Afghanistan, yet it continues a brutal war and props up a regime whose days are clearly numbered. We are ready to support a political solution that guarantees the rapid withdrawal of all Soviet troops and genuine self-determination for the Afghan people."  He ended with, "But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun." Well, you can bet it's rising because, my fellow citizens, America isn't finished. Her best days have just begun." 

The speech lasted 34 minutes and 39 seconds and had 3847 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Robert Byrd (WV), and House Speaker Jim Wright (TX)

## References
## Other websites
* (full transcript), *The American Presidency Project*, UC Santa Barbara.
SummerSlam (2007)

**SummerSlam (2007)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 26, 2007 at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It was the twentieth SummerSlam event held by the WWE. 

The main event saw John Cena defeat Randy Orton and successfully defended his WWE Championship.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2007 website
Crested penguin

The term **crested penguin** is the common name of species of penguins of the genus ***Eudyptes***. All are black and white penguins with yellow crests, red bills and eyes. They are found on subantarctic islands in the world's southern oceans. All lay two eggs, but raise only one young per breeding season. The first egg laid is much smaller than the second.

Different experts disagree on how many species there are. They include the rockhopper penguins.

A Chatham Islands species may have become extinct in the 19th century. 

## References
1984 State of the Union Address

The **1984 State of the Union address** was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 98th United States Congress on January 25, 1984. The speech was the third State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term.

The speech lasted 43 minutes and 2 seconds and had 4931 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Joe Biden (DE), Sen. David Boren (OK), Senator Carl Levin (MI), Senator Max Baucus (MT), Senator Robert Byrd (WV), Senator Claiborne Pell (RI), Senator Walter Huddleston (KY), Rep. Dante B. Fascell (FL), Rep. Tom Harkin (IA), Rep. William Gray (PA), House Speaker Thomas O’Neill (MA), and Rep. Barbara Boxer (CA).

## References
Michael Cimino

**Michael Cimino** ( ; February 3, 1939 &ndash; July 2, 2016) was an American movie director, screenwriter, producer and author. He was best known for directing, producing and co-writing the 1978 Academy Award-winning movie *The Deer Hunter*, and for writing and directing 1980s financial failure ''Heaven's Gate''.

Cimino was found dead of heart failure on July 2, 2016 in his bed Los Angeles, California, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
*MichaelCimino.Fr  French fan-created website
Pernilla Wahlgren

**Pernilla Nina Elisabeth Wahlgren**, born 24 December 1967 in Gustavsberg, Sweden, is a Swedish singer, actress and presenter. In 2004, she was awarded the Ulla Billquist Award.

Her parents are actors Christina Schollin and Hans Wahlgren.

## Discography
* *Pernilla Wahlgren* (1985)
* *Attractive* (1986)
* *Pure Dynamite* (1987)
* *Flashback* (1989)
* *I Myself and Me* (1992)
* *Flashback Number Four* (1995) (Best of)
* *Pernilla Wahlgren* (1995) (Re-issue)
* *Beautiful Day* (2006)
* *Holiday with You* (2012)

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Laleh Pourkarim

**Laleh Pourkarim** (, ), born 10 June 1982, is a Swedish singer-songwriter and former actress. After a short-lasting acting career, she entered the music industry in 2005 with her self-titled debut album. It peaked at number one in Sweden, and became the highest selling album of the year.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*Official website
Anders Wejryd

**Anders Harald Wejryd**, born 8 August 1948 in Falköping, Sweden is a Swedish Lutheran clergyman. He was appointed Bishop of Växjö in 1995. In March 2006, he was elected Archbishop of Uppsala and primate of the Church of Sweden. He took office in September of the same year. He left office in 2014, and was replaced with Antje Jackelén.

## References
Bertil Werkström

**Bertil Werkström**, born 9 June 1928 in Lund Cathedral Parish, Sweden, dead 10 July 2010 in Farsta Parish, Sweden was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1983–1993. His wife was named Britta. Serving as Archbishop he supported ecumenism In international affairs he supported sanctions against the Apartheid rule in South Africa. In 1984 he also maintained that homosexuality was "against the orders of creation."

In 1991, he visited Rome to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the canonization of Bridget of Sweden together with the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

## References
William Friedkin

**William David Friedkin** (August 29, 1935 &ndash; August 7, 2023) was an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was best known for directing *The French Connection* in 1971 and *The Exorcist* in 1973. He won the Academy Award for Best Director. 

Some of his other movie include *Sorcerer*, ''The Brink's Job*, *Cruising*, *Deal of the Century*, *To Live and Die in L.A.*, *Jade*, *Rules of Engagement*, *The Hunted*, *Bug*, and *Killer Joe''.

Friedkin died on August 7, 2023 at his home in Los Angeles, California from heart failure and pneumonia at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* "From 'Popeye' Doyle to Puccini: William Friedkin" NPR's Robert Siegel interviews Friedkin, September 14, 2006
* EXCL: Bug Director William Friedkin  
* *The Reeler* interview with Friedkin 
*Master Class at La Cinémathèque française on December 4th 2013
Towe Jaarnek

**Towe Jaarnek**, born 13 June 1965, is a Swedish singer. She participated at Melodifestivalen 1991 with the song *Ett liv med dej*. The song ended up 2nd. In 1992, reorded the vocal duet *More Than a Game* together with Peter Jöback. That song was the official song for the 1992 European Football Championship. The tournament was played in Sweden.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## Svensktoppen songs
## References
Yngve Brilioth

**Yngve Brilioth**, born 12 July 1891 in Västra Ed, Sweden, dead 27 April 1959 in Uppsala, Sweden was a professor for church history, and later for Practical theology in Uppsala, Turku and Lund. He served as the Lutheran Bishop of Växjö between 1938 and 1950. Between 1950 and 1958, he was the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala. He was also the author of a history of the Oxford Movement, which written to coincide with its centenary in 1933. He married the daughter of a predecessor, Nathan Söderblom.

## Selected bibliography
* *The Anglican Revival: Studies in the Oxford Movement*. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1925.
* *Eucharistic Faith and Practise. Evangelical and Catholic*. London 1930.
* *Evangelicalism and the Oxford Movement*. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1934.
* *A brief history of preaching*. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1965.
* *Landmarks in the history of preaching*. London: S.P.C.K., 1950.
* Sven-Erik Brodd: *The Church as Sacrament in the Writings of Yngve Brilioth*. In: *International journal for the Study of the Christian Church* 9, 2009, S. 118-137

## References
Erling Eidem

**Erling Eidem**, born 23 April 1880 in Gothenburg, Sweden, dead 14 April 1972 in Vänersborg, Sweden was a Swedish theologian. He served as the Lutheran archbishop of Uppsala between 1931 and 1950.

## References
K. G. Hammar

**Karl Gustav Hilding Hammar**, born 18 February  1943 in Hässleholm), Sweden, commonly referred to as **K. G. Hammar**, is a Swedish Lutheran clergyman. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala, head of the Church of Sweden, from 1997 to 2006. During his tenure as archbishop, the Church of Sweden and the government separated on 21 January 2000.

## References
Nathan Söderblom

**Lars Olof Jonathan Söderblom** (), born 15 January 1866 in Trönö, Sweden, dead 12 July 1931 in Uppsala, Sweden was a Swedish Lutheran clergyman. He was the Church of Sweden Archbishop of Uppsala between 1914-1931 In 1930, he was awarded the 1930 Nobel Peace Prize.

## References