open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
American Football (band)

**American Football** (stylized as **americ** **anfootball**) is an American Midwest emo band from Urbana, Illinois. The band was formed by lead singer Mike Kinsella and guitarist Steve Holmes, and drummer and trumpet player Steve Lamos. All three are still in the band's currently lineup, with Kinsella's cousin Nate Kinsella later joining the band during their reunion.The band was formed in 1997 and broke up in 2000 before re-uniting in 2014.

## Career
Mike Kinsella and Steve Holmes first met each other at Wheeling High School and were roommates together. The two started to play music together and created a band called The One Up Downstairs. Holmes had already played in the band Cap'n Jazz before they created their group. The One Up Downstairs had released three songs but never put out any records and broke up. Kinsella and Steve Lamos then began to perform with Holmes and they formed American Football while they were attending the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. They chose the name American Football after a poster which Lamos' girlfriend saw that said "Come see [[American football|American [f]ootball]], the most overpaid athletes in the world."

On October 6, 1998, the band released their first self-titled EP. The next year on September 14, 1999, American Football released their first self-titled studio album. The band decided to break up in 2000 because they wanted to focus on their own lives. After their breakup, the band grew a following with their self-titled studio album becoming popular and the band itself being a major influence on the Midwest emo scene.

In 2014, the band decided to reform and their label Polyvinyl released a deluxe reissue of their 1999 studio album.

## Band members 
;Current
*Mike Kinsella – lead vocals, guitar (1997–2000, 2014–present), bass guitar (1997–2000)
*Steve Holmes – guitar (1997–2000, 2014–present) keyboards (1997–2000)
*Nate Kinsella – bass, backing vocals, vibraphone (2014–present)
*Steve Lamos – Drums, percussion, trumpet (1997–2000, 2014–2021, 2023–present)

## Discography 
### Studio albums
* *American Football* (1999)
* *American Football* (2016)
* *American Football* (2019)

## References
## Other websites
*
VideoBrain Family Computer

The VideoBrain Family Computer was a 1977 computer by Umtech Incorporated, designed by David Chung and Albert Yu. It used a Fairchild F8 microprocessor at a speed of 1.79 MHz. It had 1 KB of RAM, due to the high cost of RAM at that time, one of it's major flops is that the operating system was APL/S instead of more common BASIC operating system. It had a 36-keyed *Full-Travel* keyboard but although it used a QWERTY layout, it had a non-standard key layout. Another of it's major flops was that it only used cartridges to store programmes, these cartridges could have up to 12 KB. It used a custom UV-201 graphic chip with a display of 384x336x16 of graphics and 128x56x16 of semigraphics. The VideoBrain had 4 built-in programs, a text editor, a clock, a countdown timer and a Color Bar generator. It had 2 hardware peripherals, the Expander 1 and Expander 2, the Expander 1 was a VideoBrain interface to various I/O devices, which allowed users to connect a cassete deck for saving or loading data or a printer, among more systems, the Expander 2 was a VideoBrain 300 baud acoustic modem that you can plug into the VideoBrain. Because the VideoBrain was discontinued so quickly {1977-1979}, it had 25 titles on cartridge such as... 1. APL/S 2. Timeshare 3. Music Teacher 4. Math Tutor 5. Wordwise 1 6. Wordwise 2 7. VideoArtist 8. Lemonade Stand 9. Gladiator 10. Pinball 11. Tennis 12. Checkers 13. Blackjack 14. Demonstration 15. Fiancer 16. Money Manager 17. Musicanship 18. Number Cross 19. France In The Old Regime 20. Challenge Racer 21. Music Programmer 22. Programmable Football 23. Computer's Life 24. Budget System 25. Information Manager. The System was sold for 500USD or 1100USD on the department store Macy's, depending on acessories chosen, but was quickly discontinued as you have read, the VideoBrain failed to achieve commercial viablity due to a number of reasons. The VideoBrain's unfriendly and weird keyboard was one of them, the VideoBrain forced user to adopted the less known APL/S OS, finally... The VideoBrain software library was struggling to reach a key audience, most programs were for professional, semi-professional or educative. Perhaps the largest nail on the coffin was that it lacked proper marketing and hardware availablity. Public understand of computers was not that same has today, costumers didn't simply understand the benefits of having a computer, also... The VideoBrain was sold in mail-order outfits and a brief retailing in Macy's, in contrast... Videogame consoles were available con toy stores and market, allowing to outsell the VideoBrain... So the VideoBrain was discontinued early and was a FAILURE
American Football (1999 album)

***American Football*** (also known as ***LP1***) is the first studio album by American midwest emo band American Football. *American Football* was released on September 14, 1999.

Lead singer Mike Kinsella said the band started to make the album when the member were attending the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and it was only finished in the last four days before the band moved on to finish college. On May 20, 2014, a deluxe reissue for the album was released under Polyvinyl. 

The cover art of the album features a picture of a house in Urbana, Illinois with a light shining through the window on the top of it. In May 2023, the band went on to buy the house itself to save it from being demolished for condos.

The reissue version of the album debuted at #68 on the *Billboard* 200. The album has become one of the most influential albums in the emo genre. The album's lead song "Never Meant" has went on to become popular and has been named on many lists discussing and ranking best and most influential emo songs.

## Songs
## References
Wesley Simina

**Wesley Simina** (born September 10, 1961) is a Micronesian politician who has been the 10th President of the Federated States of Micronesia since 2023. He was Speaker of the Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia from 2015 to 2023. He was a member of Congress from 2011 to 2023, and Governor of Chuuk from 2005 to 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Pacific Partnership 2008
David Desharnais

**David Kevin Denis Desharnais** (born September 14, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played parts of 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Edmonton Oilers, and New York Rangers. He also played for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A (NLA) and Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Desharnais played four seasons with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He had a successful time with the Saguenéens. He was named the winner of the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy in 2004, 2005, and 2006. The award was later named after Desharnais before the 2024–25 season.

He was not drafted by an NHL team. On November 5, 2008, Desharnais signed a two-year, two-way contract to join the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). This came after impressive showing at Canadiens training camps and with their ECHL-affiliate Cincinnati Cyclones. He was immediately sent down to play for their AHL-affiliate Hamilton Bulldogs. On November 25, 2009, the Canadiens called him up to play for the team and he made his NHL debut in a 3–1 loss against the Pittsburgh Penguins. On February 10, 2010, he recorded his first NHL point, assisting on a Glen Metropolit goal in a 6–5 overtime win against the Washington Capitals. On July 16, Desharnais signed a one-year contract to stay with he Canadiens. On January 12, 2011, Desharnais scored his first NHL goal against Marc-André Fleury in a 5–2 loss against the Pittsburgh Penguins. On June 20, Desharnais signed a two-year contract to stay with the Canadiens. When the NHL entered a lockout, he travelled to Switzerland and played for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A (NLA). He played 16 regular season games with the team, scoring 4 goals and recording 12 assists. On March 15, 2013, Desharnais signed a four-year, $14 million contract to stay with the Canadiens.

On February 28, 2017, the Canadiens traded Desharnais to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Brandon Davidson. He played 18 regular season games with the team, scoring 2 goals and recording 2 assists.

On July 4, 2017, Desharnais signed a 1-year, $1 million contract to join the New York Rangers.

In 2023, Desharnais decided to retire from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tosiwo Nakayama

was a Microneasian politician. He was the first President of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). He served two terms from 1979 until 1987. 

## References
## Other websites
*Official biography 
*Obituary *from the Federated States of Micronesia Public Information Office*
*FSM Mourns the Loss of its First President from The Kaselehlie Press
*New York Times: Tosiwo Nakayama, 75, Micronesia President, Is Dead
*Honolulu Advertiser: Tosiwo Nakayama, 75, first Micronesia president
*Washington Post: Tosiwo Nakayama, 75; First Micronesia President
David Kočí

**David Kočí** (born 12 May 1981) is a Czech professional ice hockey coach and former professional ice hockey left winger. He is currently a coach for HC Sparta Praha of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He played parts of five seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Tampa Bay Lightning, St. Louis Blues, and Colorado Avalanche. He also played for HC Sparta Praha of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Kočí played one season with the Prince George Cougars of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and parts of two seasons with the Wheeling Nailers of the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL). He was selected 146th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2000 NHL entry draft. He only played for their AHL-affiliate Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and spent parts of five seasons with them.

On July 17, 2006, Kočí signed a contract to join the Chicago Blackhawks. He was immediately sent down to play for their AHL-affiliates Norfolk Admirals. On March 10, 2007, the Blackhawks called him up to play for the team and he made his NHL debut in a 3–5 win against the Phoenix Coyotes. On October 25, Kočí took part in a very bloody fight against Zdeno Chára where he was bloodied and suffered a broken nose. The Blackhawks placed him on injured reserve after.

On July 1, 2008, Kočí signed a one-year contract to join the Tampa Bay Lightning. He played 33 games with the team, scoring 1 goal and recording 1 assist.

on October 21, 2008, he was claimed off of waivers by the St. Louis Blues and played four games with them before being placed on waivers again and being picked back up by the Lightning. On February 22, 2009, he recorded his first NHL point, assisting on a Mark Recchi goal in a 4–3 win against the Boston Bruins. On March 26, Kočí scored his first NHL goal against Carey Price in a 3–2 overtime loss against the Montreal Canadiens.

On July 1, Kočí signed a one-year contract to join the Colorado Avalanche. He was fined by the NHL after a boarding hit he delivered on Washington Capitals player Mike Green. Many were not happy with the fine and thought that he should have been suspended by the league. On June 2, 2010, Kočí signed a one-year contract to stay with the Avalanche.

In 2014, Kočí decided to retire from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Mr. Chatterbox

***Mr. Chatterbox*** is the 20th book in the Mr. Men series. Mr. Chatterbox will talk on and on. His talking causes the mailman to be late delivering all his mail and Mr. Bowler the hatter to come home late with a cold dinner. Mr. Bowler sells Mr. Chatterbox a magic hat that will grow if Mr. Chatterbox talks too much. It grows until the bottom reaches Mr. Chatterbox's feet. Nowadays, Mr. Chatterbox talks less.

## Titles
Mr. Chatterbox appears under the title Mr. Chatterbox vs. Little Miss Chatterbox
Jin Chao-chun

**Jin Chao-chun** is an actor who's famous in East Asia and Southeast Asia. He is primarily known for acting as Bao Zheng (包拯) (an official in the medieval period) on modern television. He produced TV dramas in Taiwan, China and Singapore, and appeared in over 700 episodes.  He also acted in movies such as the *Family Affairs (1994)*.

## References 
## External links 
*
Echo Park

**Echo Park**, Los Angeles, is a historic and culturally vibrant neighborhood located just northwest of Downtown Los Angeles. Established in the late 19th century, it was originally developed around a man-made reservoir, which became Echo Park Lake — now one of the community’s most recognizable landmarks. Over the decades, Echo Park grew into a diverse residential area known for its hilly streets, Victorian homes, and artistic atmosphere. It has long been a hub for creatives, activists, and immigrant communities, and in recent years, it has experienced significant gentrification, bringing new restaurants, cafes, and nightlife to the area. Echo Park is served by ZIP codes 90026 and 90039 and falls under Los Angeles area code 213 (with some areas also using 323). Today, the neighborhood is celebrated for Echo Park Lake, Elysian Park, Dodger Stadium’s proximity, and its thriving mix of historic charm and modern culture.

## External links 
* Area Code 213
Abraham Weintraub–Wikipedia controversy

In 2019, Brazil's Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub, tried to have a Wikipedia article about himself deleted. The article, which was in Portuguese, was created after he became minister and included details about his controversies.

The Ministry of Education's social communication office sent an email to **Chronus**, a Wikipedia administrator, asking for the page to be removed. They said the page couldn't be edited by people who were not experienced.

The controversy gained a lot of attention in the media. A politician in Brazil, Marcelo Freixo, officially asked Weintraub why he was using government resources to try and delete the article.

Later, Weintraub sued the Wikimedia Foundation, which runs Wikipedia.

## References
6-7 (meme)

The **6-7 meme** (pronounced "**six seven**"; also written as **67**; **6&nbsp;7**; and **6,&nbsp;7**) is an Internet meme. The meme started in early 2025 on TikTok and Instagram Reels. The meme is a joke without a setup or punchline and it allows the person doing the meme to be in a group with others who know the meme. It comes from the lyric "**6-7**" in the song "Doot Doot (6 7)" by Skrilla. This song was used in social media in video edits. The video edits showed professional basketball players like LaMelo Ball who is 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 meters) tall. The term "6-7" became popular as slang Generation Alpha and Generation Z. In the summer of 2025, a boy became known as the "6-7 Kid" after a viral video showed him saying the word at an Amateur Athletic Union basketball game. The move he did when he said 67 became popular as well. This move is moving your hands and switching between them being up and down with your palms always being up. The meme has been criticized as being annoying because many young people do it very often. One teacher said, "It’s [6-7] like a plague — a virus that has taken over these kids’ minds,". 

## Related pages
* 67 (number)
* Brain rot
* Italian brainrot
* Ninja (gamer)
* Skibidi Toilet

## References 
## Other websites 
*Original viral TikTok that started the meme
* Cam Wilder's Video with the 6-7 Kid
Mark Acheson

**Mark Acheson** (born September 19, 1957) is a Canadian actor and voice artist, best known for his role as the Mailroom Guy in *Elf* and Tirek in *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*.

## Other websites
*
David Poile

**David Poile** (born February 14, 1950) is an American-Canadian former professional ice hockey executive and former professional ice hockey right winger. He served as the president and general manager of the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played ice hockey himself, playing for the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League (AHL).

Poile was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder in 2024.

## Playing career
Before becoming an executive, Poile played three years with the Northeastern Huskies of ECAC Hockey. He had successful time with the Huskies and was able to set the Northeastern record for most hat-tricks with 11.

He was not drafted by an NHL team. During the 1970–71 season, Poile joined the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League (AHL). He only played here games with the Americans and recorded 3 penalty minutes. After that, he joined the Braintree Hawks of the New England Hockey League (NEnHL). With the Hawks, he scored 44 goals and recorded 40 assists. He ultimately decided to retire from playing professional ice hockey in 1971.

## Executive career
In 1972, Poile joined the newly-formed Atlanta Flames as an administrative assistant. He was later promoted to becoming the Atlanta's assistant general manager in 1977. Poile stayed with the team when they relocated to Calgary to become the Calgary Flames.

In 1982, Poile joined the Washington Capitals as their new general manager. The Capitals were able to make the playoffs for the first time in their first year with Poile. On September 9, 1982, Poile made an important trade in Capitals history when he traded Rick Green and Ryan Walter to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Brian Engblom, Doug Jarvis, Rod Langway, and Craig Laughlin. The trade brought in Langway and he helped the Capitals reach the playoffs many times during his career there.

On July 9, 1997, Poile took a job to become the first general manager of the new expansion team, Nashville Predators. In 2001, he was honoured with the Lester Patrick Trophy for providing outstanding service to hockey in the United States. During the 2017 playoffs, the Predators were able to find lots of success. They defeated the Chicago Blackhawks, St. Louis Blues, and Anaheim Ducks to reach the franchise's first ever Stanley Cup Finals. In the Finals, the Predators eventually lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two. On March 1, 2018, the Predators defeated the Edmonton Oilers 4–2. With this win, Poile became the most winningest general manager in the history of the league. On June 30, 2023, Poile decided to retire as the general manager of the Predators. He was replaced as general manager by Barry Trotz.

On November 11, 2024, Poile was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builder category.

## Personal life
His father Norman "Bud" Poile was an executive and general manager in the NHL and also played in the league for seven seasons. His uncle Don also played 67 games in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Proceratophrys minuta

***Proceratophrys minuta*** is a frog. It lives in Brazil.

## Body
The adult male frog is 20.4–25.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 28.3–31.9 mm long. It has pointed structures over its eyes.
## Home
Scientists saw this frog in forests that grow next to rivers and streams. Sometimes the frogs are in dead leaves on the ground, but not always. Scientists saw the frog between 800 and 840 meters above sea level.

There are two protected parks where the frog lives: Parque Natural Municipal da Macaqueiras and Parque Estadual das Sete Passagens.

## Young
The tadpoles grow in the streams.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say the frog is not in danger of dying out. Human beings changed the places where the frog lives to dig in the ground for metal and cutting down trees to make farms and places for cows to eat grass. But because most of the frog's home is high in the mountains where the ground is steep, humans do not change the place too much.

## References
Abraham Weintraub

**Abraham Bragança de Vasconcellos Weintraub** (born 11 October 1971) is a Brazilian economist and investment banker. He served as Brazil's Minister of Education from 2019 to 2020 under President Jair Bolsonaro. After that, he was an Executive Director at the World Bank from 2020 to 2022.

Weintraub was born in São Paulo. Both of his parents were doctors. He is a professor at a federal university and has worked in the financial market for more than 20 years.

## Controversies 
During his time as Minister of Education, Weintraub was involved in several controversies:
* He made comments that were seen as racist and anti-minority.
* He accused federal universities, claimed that illegal drugs were produced in federal universities.
* He publicly insulted the wife of the French President, Emmanuel Macron.
* He was also involved in a controversy over a Wikipedia page about himself, where his office tried to have the page deleted. A court later ruled against him in a lawsuit.

## References
2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season

The **2022-2023 season** was Al Nassr's 47th consecutive season. The club played in Saudi Pro League, King's Cup and Super Cup.

## Pre-season and friendly matches
## Players
### Squad information
### Unregistered players
## References
Barcaldine, Queensland

Barcaldine is a town in Queensland, Australia. It's known for its history, especially its role in the Australian labour movement. The town is often called the "birthplace of the Australian Labor Party". As of 2021, Barcaldine had a population of 1,540.

## History 
The town was founded in the 1880s as a stop on the Central Western railway line. It quickly became an important hub for the local sheep farming industry.

In 1891, Barcaldine was the centre of a big strike called the 1891 Australian shearers' strike. Shearers were workers who cut the wool off sheep. They were unhappy with their pay and working conditions. They went on strike to protest.  The strike was a major event in Australian history and helped lead to the creation of the Australian Labor Party. The party was officially formed a few years later. A famous tree, called the Tree of Knowledge, stood in the town. It was where the striking shearers met.

## Geography and Climate 
Barcaldine is located in central Queensland, about 520 kilometres (320 miles) west of Rockhampton. The town is in a flat, dry area. The climate is hot and dry, with very hot summers.

## Tourism 
Places to see there are:
*Australian Workers Heritage Centre: This museum tells the story of Australia's working people. It has exhibits on strikes, farming, and mining.
*Tree of Knowledge Memorial: The original tree died in 2006. A special memorial was built to remember its history.
*Barcaldine and District Historical Museum: This museum has old tools and photos that show what life was like in the town long ago.
Blackall

Blackall is a rural town in Central Queensland, Australia. It is located on the Barcoo River and is known for its deep connections to the sheep and wool industry, as well as several unique historical landmarks.

The main industry in the Blackall area is grazing, which means raising livestock like sheep and cattle. There are more than 70 farms there.

## History 
The town was named after Sir Samuel Blackall, the second Governor of Queensland. European settlement began in the 1860s, and the town officially started in 1868. It quickly became an important hub for sheep grazing. In 1885, Blackall was the first town in the outback to drill a bore for water from the Great Artesian Basin.

Blackall is also famous for a local hero, Jack Howe, a legendary blade shearer who set a world record in 1892 by shearing 321 sheep in one day. This record was not beaten by a machine shearer for another 58 years.

## Tourism 
Places to go there are:
*The Black Stump: The town is home to the original "Black Stump," a marker that was used for surveying in 1887. The famous Australian saying, "beyond the black stump," which means "in the middle of nowhere" or "in a remote place," comes from this marker.
*Blackall Woolscour: This is the last remaining steam-powered wool washing plant in Australia. It operated from 1908 until 1978 and is now a historical museum.
*Artesian Spa and Pool: The town has a public pool and spa filled with natural artesian water from the Great Artesian Basin, offering a relaxing experience for visitors.
Antarctic Plateau

The Antarctic Plateau, also known as the Polar Plateau, is a large, high, and flat area of ice in East Antarctica. It includes the region of the Geographic South Pole and is one of the coldest and most remote places on Earth.

]]

## Geography and Climate 
The plateau is a huge continental area with an average elevation of about 3,000 meters (9,800 feet). Because of its high elevation, high latitude, long, dark winters, and polar night, the Antarctic Plateau experiences the lowest temperatures on the planet. The lowest recorded temperature on Earth was at Vostok Station, located on the plateau, where it reached -89.2 °C (-128.6 °F), and satellite observations recording -93.2 °C (-135.8 °F) at the East Antarctic Plateau at the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

The climate is also extremely dry, making it a polar desert. There is very little snowfall, and the strong, frigid winds blow constantly, which makes conditions even more difficult for life.

## Life and Research 
Because of the extreme cold and lack of food, no penguins live on the Antarctic Plateau. Few other animals can survive there either. The most common life forms are microbes that live in the snow.

The plateau is home to several important research stations, including the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The clear, dry air and lack of light pollution make it an excellent location for astronomical research.

## Exploration 
The Antarctic Plateau was first seen by explorers in the early 20th century. In 1911, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team were the first to reach the South Pole by crossing the plateau, a major achievement in polar exploration.
East Antarctic Ice Sheet

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is the largest ice sheet on Earth. It is a massive sheet of glacial ice that covers more than 10 million square kilometers (about 4 million square miles) of the continent of Antarctica. It holds the majority of the world's freshwater ice.

]]

## Size and Characteristics 
The EAIS is significantly larger and thicker than the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It contains enough ice that, if it were to melt completely, global sea levels would rise by about 53 meters (174 feet). The ice sheet is so heavy that it pushes the land underneath it below sea level in many places.

The highest point on the ice sheet is Dome A (or Dome Argus), which is also the highest point on the entire Antarctic ice sheet, with an elevation of over 4,091 meters (13,422 feet).

## Climate and Stability 
The EAIS is known for being extremely cold and dry. This harsh climate and the sheer size of the ice sheet have historically made it more stable than the smaller West Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, some parts of the EAIS, particularly along its edges, have been showing signs of change and ice loss due to warmer ocean waters. In the early 2000s, some people in the media mistakenly thought that because a part of East Antarctica was getting colder, it meant global warming wasn't real. They focused on this one area getting colder, even though the rest of the world and most of Antarctica was getting warmer. The coldest temperatures of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is -98.6 °C at Ridge A at 2010.

## Research 
Scientists study the EAIS to understand past climates and predict future changes. Ice cores, which are long tubes of ice drilled from the sheet, contain trapped air bubbles and layers of snow that can provide information about the Earth's atmosphere and climate going back hundreds of thousands of years.
West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The **West  Antarctic Ice Sheet** (**WAIS**) is a large, unstable sheet of ice that covers a part of West Antarctica. It is much smaller and more dynamic than the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Due to its lower elevation, it is not as cold as the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The WAIS is bordered by the Ross Ice Shelf, the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, and outlet glaciers that border the Amundsen Sea.

## Geography and Stability 
The WAIS is unique because most of it rests on land that is below sea level. This makes it a marine-based ice sheet, which means its edges are in direct contact with the ocean. This makes it very sensitive to warming ocean temperatures. Because of this, scientists are concerned that a large portion of the ice sheet could collapse quickly if the ocean continues to warm.

If the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet were to melt, it would raise global sea levels by about 3.3 meters (10.8 feet).

## Ice Streams 
A major feature of the WAIS is its ice streams, which are fast-flowing rivers of ice that move towards the ocean. The most famous of these are the Pine Island Glacier and the Thwaites Glacier. These glaciers are losing mass at a rapid rate, which contributes significantly to rising sea levels. They are often called the "Achilles' heel" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet because their instability could lead to a faster collapse of the entire ice sheet.

## Research 
Scientists are constantly monitoring the WAIS using satellites and on-the-ground measurements. They study its thickness, speed, and how it responds to changes in the climate to better predict future sea-level rise.
Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf

The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf is a large, floating sheet of ice in Antarctica. It is located in the Weddell Sea and is the second-largest ice shelf in the world by area, after the Ross Ice Shelf. It is made up of two main parts, separated by Berkner Island: the Ronne Ice Shelf and the Filchner Ice Shelf.

## Size and features 
The combined Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf is huge, covering an area of around 430,000 square kilometers (about 166,000 square miles).

It is fed by several large glaciers and ice streams that flow from the main Antarctic ice sheet, acting as a natural brake that slows down the flow of inland ice into the ocean.

The waters beneath the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf are typically very cold, which helps keep the ice shelf stable. However, scientists are closely watching this area because warmer ocean currents could eventually reach the shelf and cause it to melt from below, which would make it less stable.

## Importance 
The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf is very important for the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It holds back a large amount of ice from flowing into the sea. If it were to melt or break apart, it could lead to a significant increase in the rate of ice loss from the continent, which would contribute to rising global sea levels.

Scientists use satellites and other tools to study the ice shelf and the ocean currents beneath it to understand how it is changing and what that means for the future of the planet.

## Disintegration (calving) 
In October 1998, a giant iceberg called A-38 broke away from the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf. It was so big it was larger than the U.S. state of Delaware. Later, it broke into three smaller pieces.

In May 2000, a similar large iceberg named A-43 broke off. Scientists believe that when this iceberg broke apart, its pieces drifted across the ocean for over five years. Some of these pieces were seen off the coast of New Zealand in November 2006. This was the first time icebergs had been seen from the New Zealand mainland since 1931. The icebergs traveled about 13,500 kilometers (8,400 miles) to get there.
West Antarctica

West Antarctica is one of the two major regions of the continent of Antarctica. It is the smaller of the two parts and is mostly covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS).

## Geography and Features 
West Antarctica is the part of the continent that is on the Pacific Ocean side. It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains. This region is made up of a group of large, mountainous islands connected by the massive WAIS.

A unique feature of West Antarctica is that much of the land it sits on is below sea level. This is because of the heavy weight of the ice sheet pushing the land down. This makes it a marine-based ice sheet, and it's what makes it so sensitive to changes in the ocean's temperature.

Over the past 50 years, the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula has been is one of the most rapidly warming parts of Earth, and the coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula are the only parts of West Antarctica that become ice-free in summer. 

## Ice and Climate 
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a major point of interest for scientists because it is unstable and changing quickly. Unlike the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, the WAIS is losing a lot of ice due to warming ocean currents that melt it from below. This contributes to global sea level rise.

The two largest glaciers in the world, the Pine Island Glacier and the Thwaites Glacier, are in West Antarctica. They are both retreating very fast, and their melting is a big cause for concern.

## Research 
Scientists use satellites and other tools to watch the ice sheet's changes very closely. They are trying to understand how fast it is melting and what that will mean for future sea levels around the world.
Ellsworth Mountains

The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain range in Antarctica. They are located in the region of West Antarctica and stretch for about 360 kilometers (224 miles).

## Geography 
The range is divided into two main parts: the Sentinel Range and the Heritage Range. The Sentinel Range is home to Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica and one of the "Seven Summits" (the highest mountains on each of the seven continents). Mount Vinson is a popular destination for mountain climbers who want to climb the highest peak on every continent.

The Ellsworth Mountains are almost completely covered in snow and ice, with only a few rocky outcrops poking through. The range is a nunatak, which means it is a mountain peak that is not covered by the surrounding ice sheet.

## Importance 
The mountains are an important site for geological and paleontological research. Scientists have found fossils of ancient plants and animals in the rocks here, which helps them understand the history of Antarctica when it was a warmer place. The location of the mountains provides clues about the movement of the Earth's continents over millions of years.
Ellsworth Land

Ellsworth Land is a large area of Antarctica in the western part of the continent. It is bordered by the Bellingshausen Sea to the north and the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf to the east.

Information about the biodiversity of Ellsworth Land is limited due to the fewer research stations and visitations in the region.

## Geography 
Ellsworth Land is mostly a high, icy plateau. However, it is most famous for the Ellsworth Mountains, which are the highest mountain range on the entire continent and include Vinson Massif, Antarctica's highest peak.

Other, smaller mountain ranges and isolated mountains also rise out of the ice in this region. The area is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and the land beneath the ice is often below sea level.

## History and Claims 
The region was named after Lincoln Ellsworth, an American explorer who made the first airplane flight across Antarctica in 1935.

Today, parts of Ellsworth Land are claimed by both the United Kingdom and Chile, but the area west of 90°W is not claimed by any country. These claims are not internationally recognized.
Shackleton Ice Shelf

The Shackleton Ice Shelf is a large, floating sheet of ice in Antarctica. It is located on the coast of East Antarctica, at the edge of the Indian Ocean.

## Geography 
The ice shelf is fed by several glaciers that flow from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. It covers an area of about 33,820 square kilometers (13,060 square miles).

## History 
The ice shelf was first seen by the United States Exploring Expedition in 1840. It was later explored and mapped in the early 1900s by a team led by the famous British explorer Ernest Shackleton. The ice shelf was named in his honor.

## Important Bird Area
A 500ha site () on the ice shelf has been made an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of 6,500 emperor penguins, based on 2009 satellite imagery.
Pensacola Mountains

The **Pensacola Mountains** are a large mountain range in Antarctica, located in the southern part of the continent. They extend for about 450 kilometers (280 miles) and are made up of several smaller mountain groups and nunataks (mountain peaks that stick out of the ice sheet). Its highest mountain is England Peak.

## Geography and Features 
The range is located where the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf meets the continent. The mountains are mostly buried under the ice, but their peaks and ridges are visible and were important for early explorers and scientists.

The Pensacola Mountains are divided into three main parts:
*The Neptune Range
*The Patriot Hills
*The Forlidas Hills

## Exploration and Research 
The mountains were first sighted by a U.S. Navy expedition in 1956. They were named after Pensacola, Florida, the home of Naval Air Station Pensacola.

The range is a valuable site for geological studies. Scientists have found fossils and studied the rock formations to learn about Antarctica's ancient history and how the continents have moved over millions of years.

## References
Graham Land

Graham Land is the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula, located in West Antarctica. It is a long, thin, and mountainous piece of land that extends north towards South America, making it the closest part of Antarctica to other continents.

## Geography 
Graham Land is bordered by the Weddell Sea to the east and the Bellingshausen Sea to the west. It has a rugged, mountainous spine with many glaciers flowing down to the coast. Its northern tip is home to many small islands and has a more temperate, maritime climate compared to the rest of Antarctica, allowing for a greater variety of plant and animal life.

## History and Claims 
The region was named after Sir James Graham, the First Lord of the Admiralty in the 1830s. It was first explored by John Biscoe in 1832.

Graham Land is the subject of several territorial claims. Both Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom have claims over this area. These claims are not recognized internationally, and scientific research is conducted under the Antarctic Treaty System, which puts all territorial claims on hold.

## Research and Wildlife 
Because of its accessible location and slightly warmer climate, Graham Land is a popular area for scientific research and tourism. The coasts are home to large colonies of penguins, seals, and other seabirds. Research stations from many different countries are located here, including the British Rothera Research Station and the American Palmer Station.

## References
Getz Ice Shelf

The Getz Ice Shelf is a large ice shelf in West Antarctica. It is located on the coast of the Amundsen Sea and is the largest ice shelf in the region.

## Geography and Glaciers 
The Getz Ice Shelf is about 480 kilometers (300 miles) long and covers a vast area. It is fed by several large glaciers that flow from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, including the DeVicq, Kirk, and Berry Glaciers.

The ice shelf's large size and location make it an important natural barrier that holds back a significant amount of ice from the land, preventing it from flowing into the sea.

## Instability and Research 
The Getz Ice Shelf is one of the most rapidly changing ice shelves in Antarctica. Scientists have observed that large pieces of the shelf have broken off, and the overall volume of ice has decreased significantly in recent years. This is due to warmer ocean currents melting the ice from below.

Because of its rapid changes, the Getz Ice Shelf is a major focus of scientific research. Scientists use satellites and other tools to monitor its changes, which helps them better understand how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is reacting to climate change and how it might affect future global sea levels.

## Glaciology 
Studies from 1994 to 2010 show that the Getz Ice Shelf is melting faster than other ice shelves in Antarctica. The melting is caused by warmer ocean water flowing beneath it. This meltwater from the Getz Ice Shelf is the largest source of water added to the Southern Ocean.

In 2021, scientists found that all 14 glaciers feeding the ice shelf had sped up. They have lost 315 gigatonnes of ice since 1994. The melting is happening because warm, deep ocean water is getting to the ice shelf and melting it from below.
Dome C

Dome C is a high point on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. It is one of several ice domes (high, rounded areas of ice) on the continent. It's also known as Dome Charlie or Dome Circe.

## Geography and Climate 
Located at an elevation of about 3,233 meters (10,607 feet) above sea level, Dome C is one of the coldest places on Earth. It has an extreme desert climate with very low humidity and no weather systems. The average temperature is around -54.5 °C (-66.1 °F).

## Scientific Research 
Dome C is a very important location for scientific research, particularly for ice core drilling and astronomy.
*Ice Cores: Because of its location in a very calm area with very little snow, the layers of ice built up overthousands of years are very well preserved. Scientists have drilled deep ice cores here, going back over 800,000 years. These cores provide a record of Earth's past climate, showing levels of carbon dioxide, temperature, and other factors.
*Astronomy: The high altitude, clear air, and extreme cold make the sky above Dome C incredibly clear and stable. This makes it an excellent location for telescopes and astronomical observation, as the atmosphere does not distort the view. The Aurora Australis (Southern Lights) is also often visible there during polar night at winter. A scientific paper published in the Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific talks about how good Dome C is for astronomy. The paper explains that the seeing, which means how clear and steady the atmosphere is for looking at stars, is excellent at this location. 

## Research stations 
The Concordia Station, a joint French-Italian research base, is the main station located at Dome C.
Victoria Land

Victoria Land is a large region in East Antarctica, located on the continent's coast facing the Pacific Ocean. It is a long, mountainous area that extends from the Ross Ice Shelf to the Southern Ocean.

## Geography and Features 
Victoria Land is known for its tall, rugged mountains, which include the northern part of the Transantarctic Mountains. This mountain range separates Victoria Land from West Antarctica. The region has dramatic landscapes with dry valleys, glaciers, and coastal areas where the ice meets the sea.

The Dry Valleys of Victoria Land are a unique and famous feature. They are one of the driest places on Earth, with no snow or ice cover. They are often used by scientists to study how life can survive in extreme conditions and are considered the closest environment on Earth to the surface of Mars.

## History and Claims 
The area was first seen by the British explorer James Clark Ross in 1841. He named it in honor of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Today, a large part of Victoria Land is within the Ross Dependency, a territory claimed by New Zealand. However, like all other territorial claims in Antarctica, it is not internationally recognized and is managed under the Antarctic Treaty System.
Brunt Ice Shelf

The Brunt Ice Shelf is a large ice shelf in Antarctica. It is located on the coast of the Coats Land region in East Antarctica, facing the Weddell Sea.

## Geography and Glaciers 
The ice shelf is about 80 kilometers (50 miles) long. It is fed by several glaciers that flow from the main Antarctic ice sheet. The ice shelf is constantly moving slowly towards the sea.

## Scientific Importance 
The Brunt Ice Shelf is a very important location for scientific research, particularly for the United Kingdom. The British Halley Research Station is built on this ice shelf. This station is used by scientists to study the atmosphere and climate.

The ice shelf is known for its large, natural cracks and fissures. Because of this, the Halley Research Station has been moved several times to keep it safe from breaking off into the sea as a giant iceberg. The ice shelf's instability and changes are a major focus of scientific study.
South Geomagnetic Pole

The South Geomagnetic Pole is one of the two poles of the Earth's geomagnetic field, which is the magnetic field that surrounds the planet. It is the point on Earth's surface in the Southern Hemisphere where a perfect magnetic field, created by a simple bar magnet at the center of the Earth, would point straight up.

## Location 
The South Geomagnetic Pole is not the same as the Geographic South Pole or the South Magnetic Pole. Its location changes slowly over time. As of 2005 it was calculated to be located at , In 2020, it moved and is now located at about 80.65°S latitude and 107.59°E longitude, in East Antarctica, near the Vostok Station.

## Comparison 
*South Geomagnetic Pole: The center point for a theoretical, ideal magnetic field of the Earth.
*South Magnetic Pole: The actual point on the Earth's surface where a compass needle points straight up. Its location changes every day and has been moving quickly over the last few decades.
*Geographic South Pole: The southernmost point on the Earth's axis of rotation. All lines of longitude meet here.

The South Geomagnetic Pole is important for scientists studying the Earth's magnetic field and how it protects our planet from space radiation.
Terra Nova Bay

Terra Nova Bay is a large bay in Antarctica, located on the coast of Victoria Land in East Antarctica. It is about 74 kilometers (46 miles) long.

## Geography and Climate 
The bay is located between Cape Washington and the Drygalski Ice Tongue. It is well known for being an area that is often free of sea ice, even during the cold winter. This is because of strong, cold winds called katabatic winds that blow from the high inland ice sheet out to the sea. These winds push the ice away, leaving open water.

## History and Research 
The bay was discovered by the British explorer Robert Falcon Scott during his expedition from 1901 to 1904. He named it after his expedition's relief ship, the Terra Nova.

Today, the bay is an important site for scientific research. It is home to the Italian Zucchelli Station and the South Korean Jang Bogo Station. The Chinese Qinling Station on Inexpressible Island, opened in 2024, is their fifth station in Antarctica. The area is also protected because of its unique marine life. Scientists study the animals that live on the seabed, like sponges and sea anemones.
Triumph (The Jacksons album)

***Triumph*** is the fourteenth studio album by the Jacksons, released in 1980. It is their ninth studio album and features a mix of R&B, pop, and disco tracks. Notable songs from the album include "Can You Feel It," "Lovely One," and "Hold Tight." The album is known for its energetic sound and for showcasing the talents of the Jackson family, particularly Michael Jackson, who was gaining significant popularity at the time.

## Track listing 
# "Can You Feel It"
# "Lovely One"
# "Your Ways"
# "Everybody"
# "Heartbreak Hotel" (later renamed "This Place Hotel")
# "Time Waits for No One"
# "Walk Right Now"
# "Give It Up"
# "Wondering Who"