open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
James Buck

**James Buck** (1808 – November 1, 1865) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.

## Biography
Buck, born in Denver, Colorado and joined the Navy in 1852. He was an Acting Master's Mate when he was presented the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn. He was a Quartermaster. The medal was approved under General Order 11, dated April 3, 1863.

Buck died November 1, 1865. He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, MD. His grave is in section Q-24, GPS (lat/lon): 39.30936, -76.6062.

## Honors
The United States Navy named three ships USS *Buck* in his name. The first ship to be name after Buck was . It was a motorboat built in 1911. The second ship to be named after Buck was . It was a Sims-class destroyer. That ship served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943. The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was . This Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer served from 1946 until 1973.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

Served on board the U.S.S. Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the taking of New Orleans, 24 and 25 April 1862. Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter, Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below. Later stealing back to his post, he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition. His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in the capture of New Orleans.

## Related pages
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

## Notes
## References
*
*
USS Buck (SP-1355)

The first '*USS *Buck* (SP-1355)** was later renamed to **USS *SP-1355'''*. It was a tender that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918.
 
*Buck* was built as a civilian motorboat in 1911. On 24 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from the Conservation Commission of Maryland. She was used during World War I. She was commissioned as USS *Buck* (SP-1355) on 13 September 1917. 

Assigned to the 5th Naval District, *Buck* served as a tender at Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I. She was renamed USS *SP-1355* in April 1918.

*SP-1355* was decommissioned late in 1918. The Navy returned her to Consevration Commission of Maryland on either 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918.

## Notes
## References
*
*Department of the Navy Naval History and Heritage Command Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS *Buck* (SP-1355), 1917-1918. Renamed *SP-1355'' in 1918 
*NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Buck (SP 1355)
Jōkyō calendar

in 1729. Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo.]]

, also called **Teikyō-reki**, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*).  It was used from 1684-1753.  It was made official in 1685.

## History
The  *Jōkyō-reki* system was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai. He  that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Jōkyō
* Hōryaku calendar
* Kansei calendar
* Tenpō calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Kansei calendar

was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*)..  It was published in 1797.

## History
The  *Kansei-reki* system was the work of Takahashi Yoshitoki and Hazama Shigetomi.

Takahashi and Hazama used Western astronomy studies to modify the traditional calendar.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Kansei
* Jōkyō calendar
* Hōryaku calendar
* Tenpō calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Tenpō calendar

was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*..  It was published in the Tenpō era (183-1844).  It was in use in the late Edo period.

## History
The  *Tenpō-reki* system was the work of Shibukawa Kagesuke.  This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Tenpō
* Jōkyō calendar
* Kansei calendar
* Hōryaku calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Jessica Andrews

**Jessica Danielle Andrews** (born December 29, 1983) is an American singer. She performs country music. Her first record *Heart Shaped World* was released in 1999. On April 7, 2001, her first and only number one single "Who I Am" reached the #1 spot in the country charts. She was born near Huntingdon, Tennessee.

## References
Anna Wing

**Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing**, MBE (30 October 1914 - was an English actress. She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera *EastEnders*.

## Early life
Wing was born on 30 October 1914 in Hackney, East London, England.

## Career
Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on *EastEnders* from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.

In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in *EastEnders*. In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie *Ex Memoria*. She played Grandma in the 2007 movie *Son of Rambow*.

### Later career
In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called *Numbers Up*. The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.

## Personal life
Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947. They had a son. After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998. They had a son.

### Death
Wing lived in London, England during her final years. Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Anna Wing, interview from The Walford Gazette 
*Lou Beale, BBC character profile 
*Ex Memoria (short film with Anna Wing)
Per "Dead" Ohlin

**Per Yngve Ohlin** (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991

On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood".

## References
## Other websites
*
Hōryaku calendar

in 1755. Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo.]]
 was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*). It was also known as ***Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki***.  It was published in 1755.  

## History
The  *Hōreki Kōjutsu Genreki* system was the work of Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō, and Nishiyama Seikyū. 

Errors in the calendar were corrected in 1798, and in 1844  In 1872, the Western calendar was adopted.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Hōreki
* Jōkyō calendar
* Kansei calendar
* Tenpō calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Brenda Joyce

**Brenda Joyce** (February 25, 1917-July 4, 2009) was an American actress whose acting career was rather short, although memorable. She was in several movies, including *Thumbs Up*, *The Rains Came* and several Tarzan movies. 

Joyce was born in Missouri. She died in California as a result of pneumonia. She was 92.

## References
Inca Civil War

The **Inca Civil War**, the **Inca Dynastic War**, or the **Inca War of Succession**, was a civil war in the Inca Empire. It was fought between two brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Cápac, over who would be the next emperor. The war came after Huayna Capac's death in 1527, and lasted from 1529 until 1532. When their father died, the empire was divided between the two brothers. Huáscar got most part of it, with the capital Cusco. Atahualpa got the northern parts, including Quito.

Huáscar started the war because he saw himself as the rightful heir to the kingdom. Atahualpa proved to be a better war tactician than his brother, and commanded a much bigger army. The empire was reunited under Atahualpa in 1532, but he was executed by the Spanish less than a year later.

It was partly because of this civil war that the Spanish conquistadors, under Francisco Pizarro, were successful.

## References
;Notes

;Sources
*Hemming, John. *The Conquest of the Inca*. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28–29.
*MacQuarrie, Kim. *The Last Days of the Inca*. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.
Mikhail Kalashnikov

**Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov** (10 November 1919 &ndash; 23 December 2013) was a Russian designer who is known for designing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles when he served in the Soviet Army during World War II. He had the rank of lieutenant general.

Kalashnikov was born on 10 November 1919 in Kuriya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR. He served in World War II and created many weapons and bombs including the AK-47 and a submachine gun. He was married to Ekaterina Kalashnikova. They had three children, one of them was gun designer Victor Kalashnikov. He lived in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. 

On 17 November, Kalashnikov was hospitalized in an Udmurtian medical hospital for gastric hemorrhage. He died on the morning of 23 December, 2013 from the illness, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
*M.T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Small Arms Complex 
*'I sleep soundly' - Interview with and article on Mikhail Kalashnikov at the age of 83, from The Guardian newspaper.
*Mikhail Kalashnikov backs weapons control
*BBC NEWS Profile: Mikhail Kalashnikov
*Free illustrated virtual guided tour of the Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov
2051

## Predicted and scheduled events 
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1955 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* April &ndash; A METI message Cosmic Call 1 sent from the 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar arrives at its destination, Gliese 777 star.
* June 1 &ndash; The Washington State Ferries time capsule will be opened, celebrating WSF's 100th Anniversary.
* 100th anniversary of the Mark VII Limited.

### Date unknown 
* Over 1.7 million people in the United Kingdom will be suffering from dementia according to reports published in 2007 by the London School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry.

## In fiction 
* *TimeSplitters: Future Perfect* video game takes place in 2051 in one of the missions.
* Brenda Chenowith, a fictional character from the television show *Six Feet Under*, dies in her home at the age of 82.
* *Dream Park* novel takes place in March 2051

## References
The Lover

***The Lover*** is a 1992 French erotic drama movie. It is based on the 1984 novel of the same name. It is set in 1929 in Vietnam and is about a relationship between a 15 year old French girl and a Chinese man twice her age. It was originally tagged NC-17 by the MPAA. However, the producers of *The Lover* appealed and the rating was changed to R. When this was released into theaters, it received mixed reaction. Audiences praised it. American critics, however, gave negative reviews of this drama.

## Other websites 
*
Camp Caves, Queensland

**Camp Caves** was a US Army training camp north of the city of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. It was built during World War Two. The army used the camp from September 1943 until early in 1944. It was one of several US training camps in the area including Camp Nerimbera, Camp Thompson’s Point, Camp Keppel Sands, Camp Yeppoon and Camp Wallaroo.

Camp Caves was the camp for the 24th Infantry Division. The division was also called the Hawaiian Division. It was called Camp Caves after the small town, The Caves, which was close to the campsite. The camp was along the side of the Bruce Highway. It included medical services, warehouses, ammunition dumps, landing strips, and a small arms firing range. Work on building the camp began in November 1942 but was soon stopped. It started again in July 1943. The camp was not used after March 1944.

## References
Locksmith

]]
A **locksmith** is a person who works with locks, keys and . **Locksmithing** is the profession of a locksmith.
## Job description
Locksmiths fix broken locks, make keys, and install security systems like alarms.
In most countries locksmiths must follow a strict set of laws. In some countries locksmiths start as apprentices. In others, they must get a certificate or degree after training at a school or university.

Some countries such as the UK, there are no actual laws or rules as to who can become a locksmith, so many locksmiths choose to join a trade association to prove their proficiency and credentials.

Locksmiths commonly work with all types of locks. Other areas that locksmiths cover include combination locks,  auto locksmithing, safes, and access control. These areas are specialist and require specialized training
## Tools
One of the most commonly used metals that locksmiths use to make keys in Europe is steel. Locksmiths in the US, Australia, and New Zealand would use brass as their main material.

Mortise locks, commonly found on older buildings, are comprised of a pocket that is cut into the door (or other piece of furniture) to which the lock will be fitted. These locks were used before the arrival of bored cylindrical locks.
## Automotive locksmith
Automotive locksmith can help out with getting a new keys made for a car. They can also make duplicate keys and push-to-start key fobs. Usually automotive locksmiths are mobile, and they get to their customers by driving to them.

## References
Peter Sutcliffe

**Peter William Sutcliffe** (2 June 1946 &ndash; 13 November 2020) was a British serial killer known as the Yorkshire Ripper. In 1981, he was convicted of murdering thirteen women and attempting to murder seven others.

## References
Rover (space exploration)

A **rover** is an off-road vehicle that travels on the ground of a planet, moon, or other astronomical object. Some rovers carry people that drive them. Most are robots that can drive themselves for short distances, but humans on Earth give them directions each day about where to go and what to do.  They are electric vehicles, either using solar power or nuclear power.

## Examples
### Moon
*Lunokhod 1 was sent by the Soviet Union, Lunokhod 1 was the first remote-controlled vehicle sent off the Earth.
*Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, also called a *moon buggy*, sent by NASA during the Apollo program, it was driven by astronauts.
*Lunokhod 2 was sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union and arrived on the moon in January 1973 and lasted four months.
*Yutu 2 (Chang'e 4) was sent in January 2019 by China and is still going.

### Mars
The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.

*Sojourner rover - The first Mars rover, this was a test vehicle to see if a solar vehicle would work on Mars. It landed on July 4th, 1997 and lasted nearly three months.
*Spirit rover (MER-A) - Spirit and Opportunity were launched as a pair.  Spirit landed January 4, 2004 and lasted a little over six years.
**Opportunity* rover (MER-B) - Landed January 25, 2004 and lasted a little over fourteen years until it was stopped by a dust storm.
**Curiosity* rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed August, 2012 and is still going.
*Perseverance rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed July 30, 2020. It is still going, and accompanied Ingenuity helicopter on multiple flights until Ingenuity was damaged on January 18, 2024.

## References
Kate Bosworth

**Kate Bosworth** (born January 2, 1983) is an American actress. She played Lois Lane in *Superman Returns*. She was born in Los Angeles and was raised in Connecticut.

## References
Division of Banks

The **Division of Banks** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949. It is named for Sir Joseph Banks, the British scientist who accompanied James Cook on his voyage to Australia in 1770. 

The division of Banks is covers the south-western suburbs of Sydney. It includes Allawah, Blakehurst, Connells Point, Hurstville, Hurstville Grove, South Hurstville, Kyle Bay, Lugarno, Mortdale, Oatley, Padstow Heights, Peakhurst, Peakhurst Heights, and Penshurst, and parts of Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Carlton, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Padstow, Punchbowl, Revesby and Riverwood.

## Members
Daryl Melham was the chairman of the ALP caucus from 2004 until 2012.

## Election results
## References
*Division of Banks – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Daryl Melham's website
Kenneth Walker

Brigadier General **Kenneth Newton Walker** (17 July 1898&nbsp;– 5 January 1943) was a United States Army aviator. He was also a United States Army Air Forces general who had a significant influence on the development of airpower doctrine. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor in World War II.

Walker joined the United States Army in 1917. It was after the American entry into World War I. He trained as an aviator and became a flying instructor. In 1920 and after the end of the war, he received a commission in the Regular Army. After service in various capacities he graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in 1929. Then he served as an instructor there. He supported the creation of a separate air organization for strategic bombardment. He published articles on the subject and becoming part of a clique known as the "Bomber Mafia". They argued for bombers over other forms of military aviation.

Even after he was promoted to Brigadier General, Walker frequently flew combat missions over New Guinea. For this he received the Silver Star. On 5 January 1943, he was shot down and killed leading a daylight bombing raid over Rabaul. It was for this action he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

## Legacy
In January 1948, Roswell Army Air Field in Roswell, New Mexico, was renamed Walker Air Force Base in honor of Walker. Walker Hall and its Walker Air Power Room are at Maxwell Air Force Base. They are also named after him. It is the home of the Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center.  The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program. It annually honors the top three research papers produced by Air Force Fellows with the Walker Series award. The Walker Series recognizes the contributions each Fellow has made to research supporting air and space power and its use in the implementation of US strategic policy.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

## Notes
## References
*
*
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* 
*
* 
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*
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*
*
*
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*
Estonian

The word **Estonian** can  mean:

* Something from or about Estonia, a country in Europe
* Estonians, the people of Estonia
* Estonian language
Tia Carrere

**Tia Carrere** (born January 2, 1967) is an American movie and television performer. Her career was launched around 1985. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Filipino parents. Her notable movies include the 1992 comedy ''Wayne's World, and Disney's 2001 animated feature film Lilo and Stitch.* She began her career with the TV series *Airwolf*. Other television shows and movies followed. In 2006, she was a contestant on the show *Dancing with the Stars''.

Carrere was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Spin

**Spin** may mean:
*Rotation
*Rotation period
*Spin (physics), a property of some particles like electrons
*Spin (magazine), a music magazine
*Spin-off, something new that comes from a thing that is already there
Ferromagnetism

**Ferromagnetism** is a property of many materials like iron. They are magnets, so they are attracted to, or pulled towards other magnets. In physics, there are many different types of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is the strongest one. It is used every day in many technological objects, like television screens, credit cards and refrigerators.

Ferromagnets are materials that have some magnetization on their own. This means that at a temperature of absolute zero and without any magnetic field from other objects, they are still magnetic. The reason for this is that the electrons in a material have a spin. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrons like to have all the spins going one way, giving some magnetism. Usually, as the temperature is increased, the magnetization goes down. This is because the high temperature causes the electrons in the material to move around a bit more. They do not have the spins perfectly going in the same way anymore. The point at which there is no magnetization anymore is called the Curie temperature. This changes with different materials.

Some materials that are ferromagnets are: iron, cobalt, nickel. Hematite is also ferromagnetic but only above a certain temperature.

## Related pages 
*Hysteresis
Genka calendar

, also known as *Yuan-chia li* or *Yuan-jia li*, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*).  It was used from 604 to 696.

## History
The calendar was created in 425 during the *Genka* era in Chinese history.

The  *Genka-reki* system was brought to Japan from Korea by a Buddhist monk.  The earliest record of this calendar in Japan is in the 10th month of the 10th year of the reign of Empress Suiko (602).

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Gihō calendar
* Taien calendar  
* Goki calendar 
* Semmyō calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Semmyō calendar

, also known as *Semmei-reki* or *Xuanming li*, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*).  It was used from the late-9th century to the late-17th century.

## History
The  *Semmyō-reki* or *Semmei-reki* system corrected errors in earlier calendars which were developed in China.   It was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai and Shikokawa Kōkyō.

The earliest record of this calendar is in the 8th month of the 3rd year of *Jōgan* (861) during the reign of the Emperor Seiwa.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Genka calendar
* Gihō calendar
* Taien calendar  
* Goki calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Gihō calendar

, also known as *Yi-feng li* or *Rentoku-reki*, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*).

## History
The calendar was created in China.  It was first used in the *Rintoku* era during the Tang Dynasty..

The  *Gihō-reki* system was brought from Korea to Japan in *Yi-feng* era (676-678) of the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang.  This calendar corrected errors in the *Yuan-jia li* (Genka calendar) which was developed in China.  For a short time, both *Genka* and *Gihō* calendars were in use.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Genka calendar
* Taien calendar
* Goki calendar
* Semmyō calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Oestrous cycle

The **oestrous cycle** (U.S: estrous cycle) is the reproductive system in most mammals.

Reproductive hormones cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. They are interrupted by non-breeding phases or by pregnancies. Usually estrous cycles continue until death.

## Differences from the menstrual cycle
Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones like estrogens and progesterone.

However, species vary in the details. One difference is that animals that have oestrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead.

Another difference is sexual activity. In species with oestrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the oestrus phase of their cycle. This is referred to as being 'in heat'.

In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans and some other primates, do not have any obvious external signs to signal when ovulation occurs (concealed ovulation). Recent research suggests that women tend to have more sexual thoughts and are more prone to sexual activity right before ovulation (estrus). Nevertheless, this is nothing as obvious as the frenzy which other mammals show during 'heat'.

## References
Veronique Cloutier

**Veronique Cloutier** (born December 31, 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is a television and radio presenter from Quebec who is the daughter of Carole Fullum and Guy Cloutier. She has been married to Louis Morissette since June 30, 2012, and they have three children.

In 1993, she got a job for Musique Plus, which she quit to work at Radio-Canada. In 1998, she had every week more than 1,200,000 viewers of her television show, *La Fureur*, which she hosted it five seasons. She then hosted many shows such as the *Gala de l’ADISQ*, *Stars à domicile*, *La fureur de Céline*, and *Ceci n’est pas un Bye Bye*. From 2007 to 2009, she hosted a quiz show, *Paquet Voleur*. From 2010 to 2014, she had a talk show, *Les Enfants de la télé*, and she also worked on the 2010 and 2011 *Bye Bye*.

Cloutier started in 1994 on the radio with *Le choix de Montréal* on CKMF Radio Énergie.  In September 2004, she started a new show on Rythme FM, *Les midis de Véro*. In May 2011, she celebrated her thousandth show.  Cloutier is also an actress; her first movie was *Les dangereux*, in 2002.  In 2004, she became president of Guy Cloutier Communications, her father’s production company, which she renamed to Novem Communications.  She was in the business until 2009, when she decided to spend more time with her family. 

Cloutier also had a career as a spokeswoman. From 2000 to 2006, she represented Suzuki. In 2006, she was a speaker for the Royal Canadian Mint and CHU Sainte-Justine Foundation. In 2010, her clothes collection went on the market in Aubainerie stores.  In 2012, she associated herself with Jouviance as a beauty product ambassador.

Cloutier is also active on social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.

## References
## Related pages 
* Véronique Cloutier's website
Goki calendar

, also known as *Wuji li*, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (*genka reki*).  It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan in the mid-9th century.

## History
The  *Goki-reki* system corrected errors in the Taien calendar which was used in Japan in the first half of the 9th century. The corrections were the work of Akasuga Manomaro.

## Related pages
* Japanese calendar
* Sexagenary cycle
* Genka calendar
* Gihō calendar  
* Taien calendar 
* Semmyō calendar

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Luteinizing hormone

showing hormone levels including LH.]] 

**Luteinizing hormone** (**LH**, **lutropin** or **lutrophin**) is a sex hormone produced by the gonadotroph cells inside the anterior pituitary gland, where it is made. It is relevant in the bodies of both men and women. 

In females, LH triggers ovulation and the development (creation) of a temporary endocrine structure called the corpus luteum. This structure is found in all female mammals including humans. In males, LH has also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH). In men it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts together with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which means it acts synergistically with FSH in the body. 

## Predicting ovulation 
LH promotes high levels of progesterone compared to levels at other parts of the cycle. Luteinizing hormone levels are highest in women during the "LH surge" phase which occurs during ovulation, and is caused by high levels of estrogen (causing the negative feedback loop to switch to positive feedback, causing the brain/pituitary to release more LH). This makes the hormone useful in tests for predicting fertility and ovulation.  

The detection of a surge in luteinising hormone (LH surge) usually means that ovulation will happen soon (or is at its peak). This is correct for most women. Conception, or fertilization, has the highest chance of being successful if sperm enters the vagina (such as by sexual intercourse or artificial insemination) at around the same time or on the same day the woman is ovulating (2-5 days before, with the chance going up as it gets closer, or if done on the same day as ovulation). 
 

LH can be detected by urinary test kits. Tests are done daily, around the time when ovulation is expected.  A swing from a negative reading to a positive one in the test suggests that ovulation will occur (happen) witin 24–48 hours.  

Tests may be read manually using a colour-change paper strip, or digitally with the assistance of reading electronics.

## Related pages
* Hormones: Peptide hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Pregnancy

## References
Division of Barton

The **Division of Barton** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was created in 1922 and is named for Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia. 

It includes the inner suburbs of Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Valley, Beverley Park, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Carss Park, Dolls Point, Kogarah, Kogarah Bay, Kyeemagh, Monterey, Ramsgate, Ramsgate Beach, Rockdale, Sandringham, Sans Souci, Turrella and Wolli Creek and parts of Beverly Hills, Carlton, Earlwood and Kingsgrove. Ley was later found to be insane and died in Broadmoor Asylum in Britain. Robert McClelland, was Australia's Attorney-General. Linda Burney is the first Indigenous Australian woman elected to the Australian parliament.

## Election results
## References
*Division of Barton – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Nickolas Varvaris' website
Kerning

]]

In typography, **kerning** is changing the distance between two letters to make the text easier to read. Usually, this means that letters look equally spaced, and two letters are never too close together or too far apart. If two letters are too close together or too far apart that would make it difficult to read the plain text message.

The purpose of kerning, and most other typography is to make the printed or screen text more legible, that is, easier to read, and also more attractive. 

A related idea is typographic ligature. This is when two letters are formed so they fit together. In traditional metal type printing, ligatures were formed from lead in certain pairs. It is basically the same idea as kerning, but done automatically.
P.M. Dawn

**P.M. Dawn** are an American Hip hop-R&B duo from Jersey City, New Jersey. The duo consists of Prince Be, Doc.G. and K-R.O.K.

The band was created in 1988 by brothers Attrell Cordes (**Prince Be**) and former member Jarrett Cordes (**DJ Minutemix**). Attrell and Jarrett's father died when they were young so they were raised by their mother and step father George Brown, who was a founding member of Kool & The Gang. "Set Adrift on Memory Bliss" from their debut album *Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience* is one of their best known songs and reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as #3 on the United Kingdom. 

Prince Be suffered a massive stroke in early 2005 and had a second stroke which caused a gangrenous infection in his right leg on February 12, 2009. His leg had to be amputated below the kneecap because of a result of the infection.

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience* (1991)
**The Bliss Album…? (Vibrations of Love and Anger and the Ponderance of Life and Existence)* (1993)
**Jesus Wept* (1995)
*''Dearest Christian, I'm So Very Sorry for Bringing You Here. Love, Dad* (1998)
**F*cked Music'' (2000)

## References
## Other websites 
*Archived version of their Official website
Bagh-e-Jinnah

**Bagh-e-Jinnah** (used to be called **Lawrence Gardens**) is a large park in Lahore, Pakistan. It includes a  botanical garden and other popular facilities, which were made during the British Raj. The Gardens were originally named after Sir John Lawrence, who was the first Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and who did much to develop the city of Lahore in colonial times. 

After Pakistan's independence, some people demanded that the Gardens be renamed with a more 'patriotic' name so during the 1980s, their name was finally changed to *Bagh i Jinnah* (Jinnah's Gardens), after Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the country. However, many people in Lahore still continue to call the Gardens as 'Lawrence Gardens', for the sake of historical accuracy.
Shahpuri dialect

**Shahpuri** is a Punjabi dialect spoken in central-western regions of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is, alongside Jhangochi, referred to, sometimes, as one of the oldest dialects of the Punjabi language. It is spoken in the Sargodha Division of Pakistani Punjab. 

Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District (now Shahpur Tehsil, part of Sargodha District). 

This dialect has great proximity and is transitional with Majhi. The dialect is spoken with accents corresponding to its neighbouring dialects, but has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi dialects.

It is spoken throughout a widespread area, mainly spoken in Sragodha and Khushab districts and also in neighbouring Mianwali, Mandi Bahuddin and Bhakkar districts; on the eastern end of the Indus River to the Jhelum River and to the western end of the Chenab River.

## Dialect-speaking areas
The dialect is spoken, in majority, within two districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan, while it is also spoken in parts of neighboring districts.
*Sargodha District
*Mianwali District (in minority)
*Bhakkar District  (in minority)
*Mandi Bahauddin District (in minority)

## Differences with Majhi (spoken)
## Related pages
*Punjabi people
*Punjabi language
*Punjabi dialects
*Sargodha District
*Mianwali District
*Bhakkar District
*Khushab District
*Mandi Bahauddin District

## References
Ivanhoe

***Ivanhoe*** is a historical romantic novel set around the reign of Richard I of England. It was written by Scottish author Walter Scott. It was first printed in 1820. A 1952 movie version of the story starred Robert Taylor, Elizabeth Taylor, and Joan Fontaine.

## Other websites
* Online edition of Ivanhoe
American Forces Press Service

The **American Forces Press Service** (AFPS) is the news service provided by the Defense Media Activity (formerly the American Forces Information Service). It is part of the United States Department of Defense. It supplies news stories that relate to the activities of U.S. military forces around the world.

## Other websutes
*AFPS
John Hemmingham

**John Hemmingham** (born 26 February 1963) is an association football fan and football administrator from Sheffield, England. He is best known as the leader and trumpet player of the Pukka Pies England Band.

## Band 
### Sheffield Wednesday
Hemmingham started playing music at football matches in 1993 when he took a bugle to a Sheffield Wednesday match away at Everton's Goodison Park and played the fanfare to Aida.

## Sources
Bogor Regency

**Bogor Regency** (Indonesian: *Kabupaten Bogor*) is a regency (*kabupaten*) of West Java, Indonesia. It is south of Jakarta. Bogor covers an area of . It is considered a suburban area. In 2020, 5,427,068 people lived there. Its administration is located in Cibinong.

Bogor is bordered to the north by Tangerang Regency, the cities of South Tangerang, Depok and Bekasi, and Bekasi Regency. Sukabumi Regency borders it to the south. To the south east is Cianjur Regency. Karawang Regency is to the east of it. It fully encircles Bogor City which is administratively separate of the regency. It is bordered by Lebak Regency (in Banten Province) to the west.

The area has had a large amount of population growth. Two areas which were a part the regency in the past have been split off as cities. On 20 April 1999, the city of Depok joined with some districts of Bogor Regency to form an the city of Depok. It is independent of the regency. Bogor Regency is the most populous regency in Indonesia.

## References
Breuil-Cervinia

**Breuil-Cervinia** is a village in the Valle d'Aosta region of Italy. It is famous for its ski resort, which has a link to the one in Zermatt, Switzerland. 

Breuil-Cervinia is a *frazione* of the *comune* of Valtournenche. It is at 2,006 m above sea level. It stands below the Matterhorn (in Italian: *Cervino*, in French: *Cervin*). The name of the village comes from *Breuil*, which is the French name of the valley where the village is, and *Cervinia* from the Italian name of the Matterhorn. The FIBT bobsleigh world championships took place here for three years: 1971, 1975 and 1985. The Giro d'Italia also had a stage (a day of racing) finishing here for three times: 1960, 1997 and 2012.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Goryōkaku

is a star fort in the Japanese city of Hakodate on the island of Hokkaidō. It was the main fortress of the short-lived Republic of Ezo.

## History 
Goryōkaku was designed in 1855 by Takeda Hisaburō.  His plan was based on the work of the French architect Vauban.

## References
## Other websites
*Japan Atlas: Goryokaku Fort
Sankagiri

**Sankagiri** or **Sangagiri** () is a panchayat town. It is in the Salem district of Tamil Nadu. It is on the National highway 47.
## History 
Sankagiri Fort is a historical fort. It is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Sankagiri Fort was built in the 15th century. It was built by the Vijayanagar empire. It has 14 fort walls built on and around a hill. The last phase of these walls were built by the British.

## Other websites
Aosta

]]

**Aosta** (, ) is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital city of the Valle d'Aosta () region. It is roughly in the middle of the region, along the Dora Baltea (), the main river that flows in the valley. It is at 583&nbsp;m above sea level. Around the city there are many mountains (the Alps).

Romans conquered the area in 25&nbsp;BC. Later, the city was conquered by the Frankish Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Finally, it went under control of the House of Savoy in the 11th century. Many Roman buildings still survive in the city, like the east and south gates. The basic plan of the city, with rectangular blocks of streets, is Roman.

## History 
The valley of Aosta is a typical alpine valley, cut into a V-shape by glaciers during the ice age. It runs from an upper part near Mont Blanc to lower areas like the city of Aosta.

The area has been Roman, French and Italian (House of Savoy) before the unification of Italy. All street names are in French and Italian, and dialects of French are still spoken by many.

### Roman Aosta 
The Romans defeated the local *Salassi* tribe in 25&nbsp;BC. Their commander, Marcus Terentius Varro, then founded the Roman colony of *Augusta Praetoria Salassorum*, housing 3,000 retired veterans.

After 11&nbsp;BC Aosta became the capital of the *Alpes Graies* ("Grey Alps") province of the Empire.

#### Significance 
Aosta is at the join of two rivers. It is at the end of the Great St Bernard Pass (which leads to Switzerland) and the Little St Bernard Pass (which leads to France). Its position gave it considerable military importance, and the layout of the town was that of a Roman military camp.

The valley was a way for trade and soldiers to get from Italy to Gaul (later, France). This explains its importance to the Romans. Now it sits  near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel.

At present Aosta Valley is a semi-autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is the smallest region in Italy, and is not divided into provinces.

## Aostan 
Aostan French () is the variety of French spoken in the Aosta Valley, where many speak some form of French. Some expressions, words and phrase constructions are different from standard French; some are similar to Swiss French. Some words come from the Piedmontese language or Italian. Both modern French and Italian mix with this local *patois*, *valdôtain*, which is Franco-Provençal in type.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Man of Steel

**Man of Steel** may refer to:
* Superman, a comic book character
* *The Man of Steel* (comics), a 1986 comic book series
* *Superman: The Man of Steel*, comic book series about Superman from 1991 to 2003
* *Man of Steel* (movie), a 2013 Superman movie directed by Zack Snyder
2052

**2052** (**MMLII**) will be .

## Predicted and scheduled events 
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1956 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* 2052 Summer Olympics will be held.
*March 30 – there will be a total solar eclipse, beginning over the Line Islands and will pass over Mexico with the centre of the eclipse passing the tip of the Mississippi Delta, and will then continue over Georgia and Savannah.

## In fiction 
### Literature 
* In Stephen Baxter's novel *Flood*, Mount Everest – the highest point on Earth – is submerged in this year.

### Television 
* On the new ABC series *Defying Gravity*, the Antares 6-year space mission begins in this year.

### Video games 
* The events of *Deus Ex* take place in this year.
* The racing video game *Wipeout* takes place in this year.
* According to the Fallout Universe the United Nations have been disbanded on July 26th of this year.
* Sergeant Cortez and Amy Chen raid U-Genix in TimeSplitters: Future Perfect in 2052.

## References
George Andrew Davis Jr.

**George Andrew Davis, Jr.** (December 1, 1920 &ndash; February 10, 1952) was a highly decorated flying ace of the United States (US) Army in World War II. He was later part of the US Air Force during the Korean War. Davis rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in "MiG Alley" during the war. He was the only flying ace of the United States to be killed in action in Korea.

With a total of 21 victories he is one of only seven US military pilots to become an ace in two wars. He is also one of only 31 to be credited more than 20 victories. He was the fourth highest scoring ace of the Korean War.

## Biography
George Andrew Davis Jr. was born in Dublin, Texas on December 1, 1920. He was the seventh of nine children born to George Davis Sr. and Pearl Love Davis. In his childhood, Davis briefly lived in Maple, Texas. He took up farming for a time with his family before eventually deciding to join the military. He had been known to be an extremely talented pilot and was especially accurate at deflection shooting, even from long distances against moving targets. Davis was one of 1,297 World War II aces from the United States, with seven confirmed kills during that war. He later became one of 41 Korean War aces from the United States, with 14 confirmed victories during that war. At the time of his death he was the top-scoring ace from the US, making him the ace of aces. By the end of the war, he was the fourth-highest scoring ace.

## Military awards
### Medal of Honor citation
Davis was the third of four members of the US Air Force to be awarded the Medal of Honor in the war, after Louis J. Sebille, John S. Walmsley Jr. and before Charles J. Loring Jr. All four Air Force recipients were pilots and all were awarded the medal posthumously.

### Distinguished Service Cross citation
## Related pages
*List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

## Notes 
## References
### Sources
:

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Ottawa Senators (disambiguation)

The **Ottawa Senators** are a team in the National Hockey League that has played since 1992. 

**Ottawa Senators** can also refer to:

* Ottawa Senators (CWHL) - current CWHL team
* Ottawa Jr. Senators - junior-level team, founded in 1980.
* Ottawa Senators (original) - History of Ottawa Hockey Club, senior-level team which played from 1883, and operated as the NHL Senators until 1934. (1883–1954).
* Ottawa Senators (senior hockey) - Second phase of Ottawa Hockey Club, senior-level amateur/semi-pro team, which won the Allan Cup in 1949. (1934&ndash;1954)
* Ottawa Senators (FHL) - professional team which played in 1908–09.
* Ottawa Senators (baseball) - a minor league baseball team that operated at various times between 1912 and 1949.

Since Ottawa is also the seat of the federal government of Canada, it can also refer to the members
of the House of the Senate:

* Canadian Senate - the upper house of the Parliament of Canada

It may also refer to:

* Ottawa Rough Riders - a Canadian football team that played under the name "Ottawa Senators" between 1925-1930.
Ottawa Lady Senators

The **Ottawa Lady Senators** are a women's ice hockey team, that are from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They played in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) until 2010. The team began playing in 1988. The team was then known as the National Capital Raiders. In 1989 the team changed its name to Ottawa Raiders. In 2007 the team again changed its name to the Ottawa Capital Canucks. The team changed its name to the Ottawa Senators in 2008. The current coach of the team is Brad Marsh. He used to play for the Ottawa Senators in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Other websites
*Official website
South Chungcheong Province

**South Chungcheong Province** is a region of western South Korea. It is one of the richest and fastest growing areas of South Korea. The provincial capital is called Hongseong.

## History 
In ancient times, South Chungcheong Province belonged to Mahan - the ancient tribal country of Korea. After Baekje conquered Mahan, it belonged to Baekje. Later, in the Goryeo Dynasty, it was grouped with current Gyeonggi-do and North Chungcheong into 'Gwangyang-do'. In the Joseon Dynasty, South Chungcheong and North Chungcheong were reorganized into Chungcheong-do. On October 4, 1896, it was separated as South Chungcheong.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.chungnam.go.kr/englishMain.do
Kenneth Mars

**Kenneth Mars ** (April 4, 1935 &ndash; February 12, 2011) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in *Young Frankenstein*, *The Little Mermaid*, *The Producers*, and *Malcolm in the Middle*.

## Life and death
Mars was born on April 4, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Northwestern University. He was married to Barbara Newborn from 1977 until his death in 2011. They had two children. Mars died on February 13, 2011 in Granada Hills, Los Angeles, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
*