open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John Rowlands (author)

**John Rowlands** (1938 &ndash; 23 February 2015) was a Welsh language author of several novels including ''Lle bo'r gwenyn'' ("Where Bees May Be", 1960). He was a Professor of Welsh Literature.  

## References
Smokin' Aces

'''''Smokin' Aces''''' is a 2006 American crime thriller movie. It is about a Las Vegas Strip magician who became a mafia informant and the FBI agent who is assigned to protect him. Taraji P. Henson plays Sharice. Ray Liotta plays Donald. Alicia Keys plays Georgia.

The movie got negative reviews from critics. It made more than $54 million worldwide.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Irving Kahn

**Irving Kahn** (December 19, 1905 – February 24, 2015) was an American businessman and investor. He was the oldest living active investment professional. He was an early disciple of Benjamin Graham, the creator of the value investing methodology.

Kahn began his career in 1928 and continued to work until his death in 2015. He is one of the most notable alumni of City College of New York.

## References
## Related pages
* Bill Ackman
* James Richman
* John C. Bogle
* Paul Tudor Jones
* Steve Cohen
Roger Cecil

**Roger Cecil** (18 July 1942 &ndash; 22 February 2015) was a Welsh painter and mixed media artist. He was born in Abertillery, and studied at Newport College of Art and St Martin’s School of Art.  In 1964 he won the David Murray Landscape Award from the Royal Academy.

He was known for both his figurative and largely abstract paintings, "rich in imagery, poetry and colour, which are drawn from his environment, the industrial valley towns and mountains."

In later years Cecil suffered from dementia. He was reported as missing from hospital on 21 February 2015, and was last seen in the early hours of 22 February. After a search, his body was found on 24 February in a field near Cwmbran. Gwent Police treated the death as unexplained. They referred themselves to the Independent Police Complaints Commission because a member of the public had spoken to a police officer about Cecil before his body was found.

## References
Rakhat Aliyev

**Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev** (; 10 December 1962 – 24 February 2015) was a senior official of the government of Kazakhstan. He died in an Austrian prison awaiting trial on charges of murder. His trial was planned to start in Vienna in first half of year 2015. He was chief of Kazakhstan's tax police, deputy chief of the KNB state security service (Kazakhstan's successor to the Soviet KGB), ambassador to Austria, and first vice foreign minister.

## References
Maurice Hurley (screenwriter)

**Maurice Hurley** (August 16, 1939 – February 24, 2015) was an American screenwriter and producer. He was known best for his work on *Star Trek: The Next Generation*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bertrice Small

**Bertrice Small** (December 9, 1937 – February 24, 2015), was an American *New York Times* bestselling writer of historical and erotic romance novels. She was a member of The Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, PAN, and PASIC.

## Other websites
*Bertrice Small's Official Homepage
*Bertrice Small's author page on Historical Romance Writers 
*Bertrice Small in Fantastic Fiction
*Interview with Bertrice Small on Veronika Asks
Boris Nemtsov

**Boris Yefimovich Nemtsov** ( ; 9 October 195927 February 2015) was a Russian scientist, statesman and liberal politician. He had a successful political career during the 1990s under President Boris Yeltsin. He had been an outspoken critic of Vladimir Putin in 2000 until he was murdered on February 27, 2015 at age 55.

## Life 
Nemtsov studied physics, and held the equivalent of a Phd in physics and mathematics, from the university of Nizhny Novgorod, which was called Gorki at the time.

## Death 
On February 27, 2015, Nemtsov was shot and killed by the loyalist of Vladimir Putin, on a bridge near the Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow. He was 55 years old. At the time of his death, it appealed to the public to support a march against Russia's war in Ukraine. His girlfriend was the sole eyewitness of the attack but she was unharmed. 

## References
Terry Gill

**Terry Gill** (25 October 1939 – 25 February 2015) was an Anglo-Australian character actor. He was known for his roles in *Crocodile Dundee* and in *Prisoner*.

## Other websites
*
Fritz J. Raddatz

**Fritz Joachim Raddatz** (3 September 1931 – 26 February 2015) was a German feuilletonist, essayist, biographer and romancier.

In September 2014 Raddatz announced his retirement from active writing. He was a bisexual. He never wanted to become a nursing case. In full possession of his powers he decided: "That's it, it's enough."

## References
Earl Lloyd

at the White House.]]
**Earl Francis Lloyd** (April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He was the first black person to play in the National Basketball Association, in the 1950–51 NBA season. Three other African Americans played in the same season: Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel Clifton, and Hank DeZonie.

## References
Donald Keough

**Donald R. Keough** (September 4, 1926 – February 24, 2015) was an American businessman. He was the Chairman of the Board of Allen & Company Incorporated, a New York investment-banking firm. He was elected to that position in April 1993.

## References
Martha Cohen

**Martha Ruth Cohen**, CM, AOE, LLD (née Block; 1920 – February 26, 2015) was a Canadian community activist and philanthropist. She was a member of the Order of Canada.

Cohen was of Jewish descent.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Tom Schweich

**Thomas A. "Tom" Schweich** (October 2, 1960 – February 26, 2015) was an American politician, diplomat, attorney, and author. A member of the Republican Party, Schweich served as State Auditor of Missouri.

Prior to being elected State Auditor, he served as the U.S. Coordinator for Counternarcotics and Justice Reform in Afghanistan.  While in that position, he was given the rank of Ambassador by U.S. President George W. Bush.

In the 2010 election, Schweich was elected State Auditor, defeating Democratic incumbent Susan Montee. He was reelected in 2014 without opposition. In 2015, Schweich announced he would run for Governor of Missouri in the 2016 election. On February 26, 2015, he died as a result of injuries sustained from a gunshot wound.

## References
Richard Bakalyan

**Richard Bakalyan** (January 29, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American character actor. He was known for his roles in *Batman, Chinatown, The Fox and the Hound*.

## Other websites
*
*
Seymour Cassel

**Seymour Joseph Cassel** (January 22, 1935 &ndash; April 7, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Sam Catchem in *Dick Tracy* and as Esteban in *The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou*.

Cassel died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Los Angeles on April 7, 2019 at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Avijit Roy

**Avijit Roy** (; 12 September 1972 – 26 February 2015) was a 
Bangladeshi-American engineer, writer, blogger and secular activist. He was killed by machete-wielding people in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 26 February 2015. A Muslim extremist group claimed responsibility for the attack. 

Avjit Roy was a U.S. citizen.  He was born in Bangladesh. His family is Hindu.  He studied microbiology at Dhaka University.  His father Ajoy was a professor of physics at the university.  Avjit Roy moved to the city of Atlanta in the United States.  He had a job there as an engineer. 

## Activism 
In May 2001, Roy started Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind", as a Yahoo group.  In 2002 Mukto-Muno became a website. Mukto-Muno started the first Bengali Darwin Day, Rationalist Day, and International Women's Day on the internet. The group worked for freedom for religious minorities and secular writers. The group discussed religious questions and LGBT issues.

Avjit Roy wrote many articles, as well as books.  In 2014, Roy received death threats after he wrote a book.  One threat on Facebook said, "Avijit Roy lives in America and so it is not possible to kill him right now, but he will be murdered when he gets back."

In 2015, Avijit Roy returned to Dhaka and was killed after leaving a book fair with his wife.  Roy's wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was also hurt in the attack.  On March 2, 2016, Farabi Shafiur Rahman was arrested for the attack. Farabi wrote on Facebook, “Avijit lives in America. It is not possible to kill him now. But he will be killed when he will be back in the country.” Rahman is a blogger from the banned Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir. Sheikh Ahmadullah claimed that, it is not logical to punnish someone like Farabi imprisonment for giving threat without proving that he is related to the assassination, and Farabi gave threat to Avijit because Avijit mocked Muhammad's wife Mary the Copt in extreme slang language.

## Selected writings 
**Obisshahser Dorshon* (অবিশ্বাসের দর্শন) (The Philosophy of Disbelief)Text in Bengali.
**Biswasher Virus* (বিশ্বাসের ভাইরাস)(The Virus of Faith in Bengali) Text in Bengali.
*"The Virus of Faith", *Free Inquiry* magazine, April/May 2015 Text in English. 

## Other websites 
*Profile on Mukto-Mona
*"Avijit Roy and His Legacy", Jahed Ahmed, *Free Inquiry*, vol 35 issue 4, May 19, 2015 
*"Obituary: US-Bangladesh writer Avijit Roy", *BBC News*, 27 February 2015 

## References
Alejandro González Iñárritu

**Alejandro González Iñárritu** (born August 15, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning Mexican movie director, screenwriter, movie producer, and composer. His five feature movies – *Amores perros* (2000), *21 Grams* (2003), *Babel* (2006), *Biutiful* (2010), *Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)* (2014), and *The Revenant* (2015).

He is also close friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro, collectively known as "The Three Amigos of Cinema".

Alejandro González Iñárritu's filmmaking style features non-linear storytelling, multiple perspectives, realism, redemption themes, long takes, symbolism, sound design, social commentary, and ambiguity, exploring intricate human relationships and complex themes. 

## References
## Other websites
* Alejandro González Iñarritu at Biosstars International 
* 
* 
* 
* *Moving Pictures Magazine* interview 
* *Guardian* interview, discussing *Amores Perros*
* *IndieWire* interview, discussing *Amores Perros* 
* *IndieWire* interview, Interview discussing *21 Grams* 
* *Sounds and Colours* interview, discussing *Biutiful*
Bohdan Tomaszewski

**Bohdan Tomaszewski** (August 10, 1921 – February 27, 2015) was a Polish sports journalist, tennis player, sports commentator, and author of several sports books. Called a “legend of Polish sports journalism”, he was a member of the Polish Writers Association, and, with his son Tomasz, worked for the television station Polsat Sport.

## References
Bob Benmosche

**Robert Herman "Bob" Benmosche** (May 29, 1944 &ndash; February 27, 2015) was the president and chief executive officer of American International Group (NYSE: AIG ). He was appointed President & Chief Executive Officer by the US Department of Treasury and AIG Board of Directors to succeed Edward M. Liddy.

## References
Yaşar Kemal

**Yaşar Kemal**, (born **Kemal Sadık Gökçeli** 6 October 1923 – 28 February 2015) was a Turkish writer of Kurdish origin. He was one of Turkey's leading writers. Kemal was long a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, on the strength of *Memed, My Hawk*.

## References
Vulcan salute

showing the Vulcan salute.]]
The **Vulcan salute** is a hand gesture which became popular by the 1960s television series *Star Trek*. It is done when the hand is raised with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger. It is a symbol of greeting by the character Spock. Nimoy based it on a hand gesture used by Jewish priests called Kohanim to bless people in Orthodox Jewish synagogues. 

## References
## Other websites
Jönköping Concert Hall

The **Jönköping Concert Hall** () is a concert hall in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was opened in September 1990.

There are two halls. They are the Hammaskjöld Hall () and the Rydberg Hall ().

## References
## Other websites
*Programbolaget
Jönköping Theatre

The **Jönköping Theatre** () is a theatre in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It has seating capacity of 356 and is also used for concerts. It was opened on 2 December 1904.

## References
## Other websites
*Programbolaget
Minnie Miñoso

**Minnie Miñoso** (**Saturnino Orestes Armas **"**Minnie**"** Miñoso Arrieta**, ; , November 29, 1922 – March 1, 2015), nicknamed **"The Cuban Comet"** and **"Mr. White Sox"**, was a Cuban-American professional baseball player. 

He began his career in the Negro league in 1946, becoming an All-Star third baseman with the New York Cubans in 1947 and 1948. He was signed by the Cleveland Indians after the 1948 season as baseball's color line slowly fell. 

In 1949, he became the first black Cuban in the major leagues, and went on to become a seven-time All-Star. In 1951, as a rookie left fielder for the Chicago White Sox, he became the first black player in White Sox franchise history, and one of the first Latin Americans to be named to a major league All-Star team.

Miñoso was found dead in the driver's seat of a car near a gas station in Chicago at 1 am on March 1, 2015, aged 92. He died of a torn pulmonary artery caused by COPD.

## References
## Other websites
*
Supergame

The **Supergame** () is an annual soccer event. It is played at Nya Ullevi in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The first game was played in 2012. It is usually played as a game between two top club teams in July-August. It is mostly an exhibition game. It is however given much attention as its played between major clubs. Draws are followed up by penelaty shootouts.

## Games
*8 August 2012 - FC Barcelona-Manchester United FC 0-0, FC Barcelona winning on penalty shootout
*27 July 2013 - Real Madrid CF-Paris Saint-Germain FC 1-0
*2014 - Cancelled

## References
Pavel Chekov

**Pavel Andreievich Chekov** is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise *Star Trek*. He is a navigator on the Starship *Enterprise*.  Chekov is played by actor Walter Koenig in *The Original Series* and by Anton Yelchin in the three *Kelvin Timeline* movies before his death in 2016.

## Chekov Early Life 
Pavel Chekov was played by Walter Koenig in The Original Series. Chekov was born in 2245 in Pushkino, in the Russian Federation on Earth. When he was 17 he joined Starfleet Academy, hoping one day he would have command of his own starship. He eventually made it through the academy.

## Chekov TOS Years 
Chekov started as an ensign on the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)

## References
## Sources 
Chekov, Pavel - » TrekipediaTrekipediahttp://old.trekipedia.com › file › chekov_pavel
Spira Culture Center

The **Spira Culture Center** () is a culture center in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was opened on 11 November 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*Spira
Montgomery Scott

**Montgomery Scott** is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise *Star Trek*. He one of the navigators of the Starship *Enterprise*.  Scotty is played by actor James Doohan and by Simon Pegg.

## References
Leonard McCoy

**Leonard McCoy** is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise *Star Trek*. He works as a doctor of the Starship *Enterprise*.   McCoy is played by actor DeForest Kelley and by Karl Urban.

## References
Uhura

**Nyota Uhura** is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise *Star Trek*. She works as a lieutenant of the Starship *Enterprise*.  Uhura is played by actress Nichelle Nichols and by Zoe Saldana.

## References
Drottningstorp

**Drottningstorp** is a village in Habo Municipality, Sweden. It is located near the western shorelines of Domneådammen between Habo and Mullsjö. An annual country music festival called "Drottningstorps midsommardagscountry" has been held here on Midsummer Day since 2006.

## References
## Other websites
Swedish Ski Games

during the 2008 event]]
The **Swedish Ski Games** () is an annual cross-country skiing event in Sweden. It was started in Sundsvall in 1947. It was moved to Falun in 1959. Ski jumping and Nordic combined skiing were included up to 1991 as a recurring event. Alpine skiing was also included between 1950 and 1953 (in Åre). Biathlon was included in 1984. The event is usually held in February or March as one of the final World Cup competitions during the season. The event is usually held at  Lugnet. Sometimes the lack of snow has required the event to be moved to other places in Sweden.

## Events
* 1947 – Sundsvall
* 1948 – Östersund
* 1949 – Sollefteå
* 1950 – Östersund
* 1951 – Sundsvall
* 1952 – Falun
* 1953 – Boden
* 1954 – Falun (combined with the World Ski Championships)
* 1955 – Stockholm-Nässjö
* 1956 – Falun
* 1957 – Sollefteå
* 1958 – No competitions held
* 1959 – Falun
* 1960 – Falun/Sälen/Transtrand
* 1961 – Falun
* 1962 – Falun/Bjursås
* 1963 – Falun
* 1964 – Kiruna
* 1965 – Falun
* 1966 – Umeå/Örnsköldsvik
* 1967 – Falun
* 1968 – Falun
* 1969 – Falun
* 1970 – Falun
* 1971 – Falun/Bjursås
* 1972 – Lycksele
* 1973 – Falun
* 1974 – Falun (combined with the World Ski Championships)
* 1975 – Falun
* 1976 – Falun
* 1977 – Falun
* 1978 – Falun
* 1979 – Falun
* 1980 – Falun (women's 20 kilometers world championship)
* 1981 – Falun
* 1982 – Falun
* 1983 – Falun
* 1984 – Falun
* 1985 – Falun
* 1986 – Falun
* 1987 – Falun
* 1988 – Falun
* 1989 – Falun
* 1990 – Lycksele/Örnsköldsvik
* 1991 – Falun
* 1992 – Falun
* 1993 – Falun (combined with the World Ski Championships)
* 1994 – Falun
* 1995 – Falun
* 1996 – Falun
* 1997 – Falun
* 1998 – Falun
* 1999 – Falun
* 2000 – Falun
* 2001 – Falun
* 2002 – Falun
* 2003 – Falun
* 2004 – Falun
* 2005 – Falun
* 2006 – Falun
* 2007 – Falun
* 2008 – Falun
* 2009 – Falun
* 2010 – Falun
* 2011 – Falun
* 2012 – Falun
* 2013 – Falun
* 2014 – Falun
* 2015 – Falun (combined with the World Ski Championships)
* 2016 – Falun
* 2017 – Falun
* 2018 – Falun
* 2019 – Falun
* 2020 – Falun
* 2021 – Falun

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Earlier winners
Khan Noonien Singh

**Khan Noonien Singh**, better known as **Khan**, is a fictional supervillain in the *Star Trek* science fiction franchise. The character first appeared in the 1967 *Star Trek: The Original Series* episode "Space Seed". He also appeared in the 1982 movie *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan*. In both of those, he was portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán. In the 2013 movie *Star Trek Into Darkness*, he was played by Benedict Cumberbatch.

## References
Nichelle Nichols

**Nichelle Nichols** (born **Grace Dell Nichols**; December 28, 1932&nbsp;– July 30, 2022) was an American actress, singer and voice artist. She was known for her role as Uhura in the sci-fi television series *Star Trek: The Original Series*.

In May 2018, Nichols' son, Kyle Johnson, announced that she was suffering from "severe" short-term memory loss as a complication of advanced dementia.

On July 30, 2022, Nichols died of heart failure at a hospital in Silver City, New Mexico at the age of 89. 

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Chungking Express

***Chungking Express*** is a 1994 drama movie made in Hong Kong. It was directed by Wong Kar-wai. The movie has two stories, one after the other. Each story is about a policeman who is un in love. The main actors in the first half were Takeshi Kaneshiro and Brigitte Lin. The second half of the movie stars Tony Leung as a different policeman. Valerie Chow plays the flight attendant.

## References
Robbins, Illinois

**Robbins** is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 4,629 at the 2020 census.

## References
Gastric bypass surgery

**Gastric bypass surgery** is a surgery in which the stomach is divided and the gastrointestinal tract is redirected. The surgery is performed on people who have morbid obesity or have type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or other weight-related health problems.

## Methods 
Gastric bypass surgery can be done using methods that make only small incisions (cuts) into the abdomen. It is one of the most difficult surgeries to perform that way. Advantages of using those methods include that patients don't have to stay in the hospital as long, they have less pain, it doesn't take as long to recover, and the scars are smaller.

## Risks 
As with all surgery, there are risks to gastric bypass surgery, including death during surgery.

* inflamed stomach lining
* heartburn
* stomach ulcers
* poor nutrition
* vomiting

## References
Swedish Ski Association

The **Swedish Ski Association** () is a special sports association for skiing in Sweden. It was established in Sundsvall on 11 December 1908 as the **Swedish Cross-Country Skiing Association** (). It changed name in 1911. The headquarters were originally located in Stockholm. On 3 May 2001 the headquarters were relocated to the town of Falun.

## Chairmen
*1908-1910 - Fritz af Sandeberg
*1910-1915 - C G A Lindencrona
*1915-1922 - Sven Hermelin
*1922-1948 - Sixtus Janson
*1948-1952 - Björn Kjellström
*1952-1961 - Sigge Bergman
*1961-1965 - Karl Arne Wegerfelt
*1965-1974 - Nils Stenberg
*1974-1977 - Stig Synnergren
*1977-1982 - Arne Jägmo
*1982-1996 - Sven Larsson
*1996-2008 - Carl Eric Stålberg
*2008- Mats Årjes

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Östersund Ski Stadium

The **Östersund Ski Stadium** () is a facility for cross-country skiing, biathlon and ski orienteering in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was appointed national stadium for Swedish biathlon in October 2013 . Since 2007 the stadium has always snow starting on 1 November. This is because it uses leftover snow gathered by Östersund Municipality over the spring and summertime season.

## Major events
*Biathlon World Championships 1970
*World Ski Orienteering Championships 2004
*Biathlon World Championships 2008
*Biathlon World Championships 2019
*Biathlon World Cup (recurring)

## References 
## Other websites
Swedish Biathlon Federation

The **Swedish Biathlon Federation** () is a special sports association for biathlon in Sweden. It was established in 1986. It was appointed into the Swedish Sports Confederation in November 1987. It joined the Swedish Sports Confederation on 1 July 1988. Its headqarters are located in the town of Östersund.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Francisco González Ledesma

**Francisco González Ledesma** (March 17, 1927 &ndash; March 2, 2015) was a Spanish journalist, comic writer and novelist. He was a popular crime novelist. He wrote under the pseudonym **Silver Kane**. He published over 1000 novels, most of them in western novels. Ledesma was born in Barcelona, Spain.

Ledesma died in Barcelona, Spain from complications of a stroke, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Biografía de González Ledesma
Laxmi Aggarwal

**Laxmi Agarwal** (born 1 June 1990) is a leading figure for the "Stop Acid Attacks" group in India.  In 2014, US First Lady Michelle Obama gave Laxmi received an International Women of Courage Award.  NDTV (New Delhi Television Limited) chose her as Indian of the Year.

## Life 
In 2005, when Laxmi was 16 years old, Nalim Khan threw acid on Laxmi's face because she rejected advances by him.   The *Hindustan Times*newspaper wrote a story about Laxmi.  She got 27,000 names on a petition.  People signed the petition to show that they wanted a change in the sale of acid.  She took the petition to the Indian Supreme Court.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Jaden Smith

**Jaden Christopher Syre Smith** (born July 8, 1998) is an American actor and rapper. He is the son of actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. He has also appeared in *The Day the Earth Stood Still* (2008) and *The Karate Kid* (2010).

He has received many awards, including a Teen Choice Award, an MTV Movie Award, a BET Award and a Young Artist Award. In 2022, Smith was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Justin Bieber's album *Justice*. 

## References
Un refugio para el amor

***Un refugio para el amor*** (*A Shelter For Love*) is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa.

His protagonists are Zuria Vega and Gabriel Soto, as villains Laura Flores, Roberto Blandon and Jessica Coch. As main role, the first actress Zaide Silvia Gutierrez.

## Cast 
* Zuria Vega as Luciana Jacinto Flores/Linares Talancon de Torreslanda
* Gabriel Soto as Rodrigo Torreslanda Fuentes Gil
* Laura Flores as Rosa Elena "Roselena" Fuentes Gil de Torreslanda
* Roberto Blandon as Maximino Torreslanda
*Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez
* Jessica Coch as Gala Villavicencio

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Digital Millennium Copyright Act

The **Digital Millennium Copyright Act** is a copyright law that protects copyright on the internet in the U.S.A. This Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1998.

It puts into effect two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and distribution of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent (get around) measures which control access to copyrighted works. These "measures" are commonly known as digital rights management or DRM.

The WIPO Copyright Treaty is the basis of protecting copyright on the web.

## References
Thelarche

**Thelarche** means the  of breasts in human females during puberty (sexual development).

## Development
Generally, the left breast is the larger of the two. 
This usually begins when girls are about 9. A lump that is a bit hard appears in each breast under the areola, which is the dark ring around the nipple. The lump in one breast may grow before the other one. This is called breast budding. Within 6-12 months, both breasts will have started growing. The swelling can be felt and seen outside the edges of the areolae. About 1 and a half to 2 years after the breasts first start growing, they are close to the shape and size of an adult woman's breasts. The nipple and areola may be on a smaller mound on each breast. This small mound usually goes away when each breast is fully grown. Breast size depends on the body's amount of fat.

## Thelarchic stage
It is the Tanner 2 stage of breast development (a scale used to analyze changes in people from childhood to adulthood). The first stage is the non-developed prepubescent state of breasts. Thelarche is usually the first sign of puberty. It usually occurs after age 8, and is the first evidence of puberty in 60% of women. It usually ends at age 13. However, it can sometimes happen earlier. When this happens, it can be by itself (called isolated premature thelarche). It could also be a wider pattern of precocious puberty (sexual development happening too early). 

## Hormones
The process is started by estradiol, the primary female sex hormone. Many young women are not prepared for thelarche, and this may result in stress. Teaching materials on breast development for elementary and middle schools has been suggested to promote breast health by reducing shame.

## References
Gonadarche

**Gonadarche** s to the first gonadal changes of puberty. The ovaries in girls and the testes in boys begin to grow and increase the production of the sex steroids.

## References
Law of the excluded middle

The **law of the excluded middle** is a simple rule of logic. It states that for any proposition, there is no middle ground. Every proposition is either true or false.
## Example
For example, "Ginger is a cat" says the fact that Ginger is a cat. If it is true, then its opposite cannot also be true. If Ginger is a cat, then Ginger is not something else.
## Mathematics
In mathematics, the law of the excluded middle is a presupposition behind the proof by contradiction. Because of that, those who reject the validity of the law of the excluded middle (for example, the intuitionists) must also reject the validity of proof by contradiction as well.

## Related pages 
* Law of noncontradiction

## Notes
Swedish Basketball Federation

The **Swedish Basketball Federation** () is a special sports association for basketball in Sweden. It was established on 25 October 1952. It was established out of the Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section. The Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section had been started in 1948. Its headqarters are in Stockholm.

## Chairmen
#1952-1969 - Lars-Åke Nilsson
#1969-1975 - Leif Forsberg
#1975-1979 - Anders Wijkman
#1979-1986 - Bengt Wallin
#1986-1990 - Arne Jansson
#1990-1991 - Kaj Sandell
#1991-1992 - Eleonor Rehn-Jacobsson
#1992-1996 - Kenny Lövingson
#1996-1999 - Kari Marklund
#1999-2001 - Kaj Krantz
#2001-2004 - Niklas Nordström
#2004-2008 - Jan Jacobsen
#2008-2009 - Anna Westin
#2009- Hans Von Uthmann

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Hikaru Sulu

**Hikaru Sulu** is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise *Star Trek*. He is a lieutenant of the Starship *Enterprise*.  Sulu is played by actor George Takei and by John Cho.

## References
Elitserien (men's volleyball)

**Elitserien**  () is the Swedish men's volleyball top division. It is followed up by the Swedish national championship playoff by late February-early March.

## References
Duck Dynasty

***Duck Dynasty*** is an American reality television series that portrays the lives of the Robertson family and the Duck Commander company.

## Plot summary
The series centers around the Robertson family, specifically the long-bearded Robertson men. They include brothers Phil and Si, and Phil's sons Jase, Willie, and Jep. Their company Duck Commander in West Monroe, Louisiana,  makes products for duck hunters, primarily a duck call called Duck Commander.

## Cast
* Phil Robertson – The family patriarch and creator of the Duck Commander duck call. Ex-quarterback, and " low-tech man in a high-tech world," with a dislike for "yuppies".
* Kay Robertson (née Carroway) – Phil's wife, usually addressed as "Miss Kay" by her husband and sons. She loves cooking and often has her entire family over for a home-cooked meal after a hard day's work.
* Si Robertson – Phil's brother; a Vietnam War veteran, and uncle to Phil and Miss Kay's four sons. Known for drinking tea from a Tupperware glass, and his storytelling, and his constant use of the expressions "Hey!" and "Jack"
* Willie Robertson – Phil and Miss Kay's third son, and CEO of Duck Commander.
* Korie Robertson (née Howard) – Willie's wife and business partner, who graduated from Harding University and is the office manager of Duck Commander. They have five children: adopted daughter Rebecca, John Luke, Sadie, adopted son Will (Li'l Will), and Bella.
* Jase Robertson – Phil and Miss Kay's second son. Jase is in charge of the manufacturing aspects at Duck Commander.
* Missy Robertson (née West) – Jase's wife. They have three children: Reed, Cole, and Mia. She has been featured singing on the show.
### Recurring cast
* Justin Martin – An employee at Duck Commander since 2002, mainly building duck calls, managing supplies, and overseeing the shipping department as well as being the decoy technician.
* John Godwin – An employee of Duck Commander, who is often given grief over his large figure.
* Mountain Man (Tim Guraedy) – A neighbor who operates his own air-conditioning repair business, and co-hosts a local radio talk show on KXKZ.
* Jimmy Red (Jimmy Gibson) – An old friend of Phil, Miss Kay, and Si; referred to as "Red" by Phil.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Marie McDonald

**Marie McDonald** (July 6, 1923 – October 21, 1965) was an American singer and actor. She was known as "The Body Beautiful" and later nicknamed "The Body". She was in many movies and television programs. In *Lucky Jordan*, she played Pearl. In *Guest of the House*, she played Miriam.

On January 5, 1957, a truck driver found McDonald on a highway near Indio, California. After she was rescued, a doctor found she had two cracked teeth, bruises on her face and injuries on her neck, legs and cheek. She claimed that she was kidnapped by two men. Police began doubting McDonald's story. Harry Karl, her estranged husband, also doubted the story, and claimed she was not well.

McDonald was born in Kentucky. She died from an overdose of drugs at age 42 in California.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Finnish Ski Association

The **Finnish Ski Association** (, ) is a skiing governing body in Finland. It is based in the towns of Helsinki and Lahti. It is a member of FIS. It runs cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Noridc skiing. Sections for alpine skiing and freestyle skiing are instead within the Ski Sport Finland.

It was established in 1908 as *Liitto Suomen hiihtourheilun edistämiseksi*. The first chairman was Lennart Munck Af Flukila. It modern name was adopted in 1931.

## Chairmen 
* 1908–1911 Lennart Munck Af Flukila
* 1911–1912 Artur Antman
* 1912–1913 Eino Saastamoinen
* 1914–1915 Frans Ilander
* 1915–1931 Toivo Aro
* 1931 Armas Palmros
* 1931–1937 Juho Hillo
* 1937–1941 Tauno Aarre
* 1941–1942 Kalle Vierto
* 1942 Armas Palamaa
* 1942–1954 Yrjö Kaloniemi
* 1954–1960 Akseli Kaskela
* 1960–1967 Ali Koskimaa
* 1967–1985 Hannu Koskivuori
* 1986–1989 Matti Autio
* 1990–1995 Eino Petäjäniemi
* 1996–2000 Esko Aho
* 2000–2002 Paavo M. Petäjä
* 2003–2004 Seppo Rehunen
* 2005–2009 Jaakko Holkeri
* 2009– Matti Sundberg

## References 
## Other websites
*National members of the International Ski Federation
James Paris Lee

**James Paris Lee** (9 August 1831 –  24 February 1904) was a British, Canadian inventor. He was also a small arms designer. Lee is best known for inventing the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield series of rifles.

Lee was born in Hawick, Scotland, 9 August 1831. At age 12 he created his first gun. He accidentally blew himself up with gunpowder. He also accidentally shot himself, twice. His family was surprised he reached adulthood. He was  with guns, but he was apprenticed to a clockmaker.

## References
Blackwater river

]]

A **blackwater river** is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. Its colour is caused by the decaying vegetation. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, looking like tea or coffee.

Most rivers in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States are  blackwater rivers. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black soil, are black due to the color of the soil. These rivers are *black mud rivers* or estuaries.

Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than whitewater rivers and have ionic concentrations higher than rainwater.  The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ both from whitewater and clearwater rivers.

The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear and whitewater was first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1853.

## References
Edmund Ignatius Rice

**Edmund Ignatius Rice** (; 1 June 1762&nbsp;– 29 August 1844), was a Roman Catholic missionary and educator. Rice was the founder of two religious institutes of monks. In 1808 Rice and several friends took religious vows and became the Presentation Brothers. In 1822, as Brother Ignatius, he was elected Superior general of the Irish Christian Brothers.

In 1779 he became his uncle's apprentice in a merchant business. Rice inherited the business about 1790 after his uncle died. He became a successful businessman. After his wife died he dedicated his life and wealth to helping the poor.

## References
Hjorthagens IP

**Hjorthagens IP** is a sports ground in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It has been used by Djurgårdens IF FF as practice ground. It has also been used by Djurgårdens IF Handikappfotbollförening as well as Värtans IK. In the wintertime is has been ice skating.

Three soccer grounds using artificial turfs were opened on 3 October 2012.

## References
Joshua Fishman

.]]
**Joshua Aaron Fishman** (Yiddish: שיקל פֿישמאַן — Shikl Fishman; July 18, 1926 &ndash; March 1, 2015) was an American linguist. He specialized in the sociology of language, language planning, bilingual education, and language and ethnicity.

Fishman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in The Bronx, New York, aged 88.

## References
Anthony Mason (basketball)

**Anthony George Douglas Mason** (December 14, 1966 – February 28, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. In his 13-year career he played with the New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Charlotte Hornets, Milwaukee Bucks and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association. 

Mason was born in Miami, Florida. He spend most of his life in Tennessee and in New York City. Mason studied at Tennessee State University.

Mason played for Tennessee State University and played professionally in Turkey, Venezuela, the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and the United States Basketball League (USBL).

Mason suffered a massive heart attack in early February 2015 and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. He died on February 28, 2015 in Manhattan, New York at the age of 48 from the illness.

## References
M. Stanton Evans

**Medford Stanton Evans** (July 20, 1934 – March 3, 2015) was an American journalist, author and educator. He was the author of eight books, including ''Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies'' (2007). 

Evans was born in Kingsville, Texas. He was raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee and in the Washington, D.C. area. He studied at Yale University. Evans died in Leesburg, Virginia from pancreatic cancer, aged 80.

## References
Enrique Bolaños

**Enrique José Bolaños Geyer** (13 May 1928 &ndash; 14 June 2021) was a Nicaraguan politician. He was the President of Nicaragua from 10 January, 2002 to 10 January, 2007.

Bolaños died in Nindirí, Nicaragua on 14 June 2021, just one month after his 93rd birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation  (in Spanish)
Arturo Armando Molina

Colonel **Arturo Armando Molina** (August 6, 1927 &ndash; July 19, 2021) was the 36th President of El Salvador. He served between July 1, 1972 and July 1, 1977. Molina was a member of the National Conciliation Party.

Molina died on July 19, 2021 in El Salvador at the age of 93.

## References
José Napoleón Duarte

**José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes** (November 23, 1925 – February 23, 1990) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador from 1984 to 1989.  He was mayor of San Salvador before running for president in 1972.

Duarte died of stomach cancer in San Salvador at the age of 64.

## References
## Other websites
* José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes: President of El Salvador  CNN Cold War Profile
* Article about Herbert Sanabria's murder in 1987.
Okefenokee Swamp

The **Okefenokee** is a swamp, a National Wildlife Refuge and a U.S. wilderness area. It is a shallow, , peat-filled wetland straddling the Georgia–Florida border in the United States. 

The Okefenokee is the largest "blackwater" swamp in North America. The term Okefenokee in Native American is "land of trembling earth". The swamp was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The Okefenokee Swamp is considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia. 

The swamp was formed over the past 6,500 years by the build-up of peat in a shallow basin on the edge of an ancient Atlantic coastal terrace, the geological relic of a Pleistocene estuary. 
The swamp is bordered by Trail Ridge, a strip of higher land believed to have formed as coastal dunes or an offshore barrier island. The Suwanee River drains at least 90% of the swamp's watershed southwest towards the Gulf of Mexico. 

Longtime residents of the Okefenokee Swamp, "Swampers", are mostly of English ancestry. Due to their isolation, the Swampers used Elizabethan phrases and syntax well into the twentieth century. The Suwanee Canal was dug across the swamp in the late nineteenth century in a failed attempt to drain the Okefenokee. After the Suwanee Canal Company's bankruptcy, most of the swamp was bought by the Hebard family of Philadelphia, who logged cypress from 1909 to 1927. Several other logging companies ran railroad lines into the swamp until 1942; some remains are visible across swamp waterways. Most of the Okefenokee Swamp is included in the 403,000 acre (1630&nbsp;km²) Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

A wildfire begun by a lightning strike near the center of the Refuge on May 5, 2007 eventually merged with another wildfire which began near Waycross, Georgia, on April 16 when a tree fell on a power line. By May 31, more than , or more than 935 square miles, had burned in the region.

The Okefenokee Swamp Alliance is a conservation group that works for the continued preservation of the swamp.

## References
European green woodpecker

The **European green woodpecker** (*Picus viridis*), or European green woodpecker, is a member of the woodpecker family Picidae. It occurs in most of Europe and in western Asia. There are four subspecies. All have green upperparts, paler yellowish underparts, and a red crown.

The woodpecker spends much of its time feeding on ants on the ground and does not often 'drum' on trees like other woodpecker species. It is a shy bird but usually draws attention with its loud calls. A nest hole is excavated in a tree; four to six eggs are laid which hatch after 19–20 days.

It gives a loud call known as  yaffling.

Old deciduous trees for nesting, and nearby feeding grounds with plenty of ants, is essential. This is usually found in semi-open landscapes with small woodlands, hedges, scattered old trees, edges of forests and floodplain forests. Suitable habitats for foraging include grassland, heaths, plantations, orchards and lawns.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Weasel on flying woodpecker. *BBC News* Science & Environment. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-31722410
Brood parasitism

chick (left) being fed by a rufous-collared sparrow ]]
) which takes no notice of egg appearance. So the brood parasite egg (brown-headed cowbird egg) does not need to look like the host eggs.]]

**Brood parasites** are animals, usually birds, which trick other species to raise their young. The best-known example is the cuckoo. Brood parasitism works because the parasite develops faster than the resident eggs, kills its nestmates and turfs them out of the nest. The adult birds cannot tell the difference in the young, and spend their time raising the offspring of another species. In some cases, the parasite has the ability to make the begging cheeps of the host species.

The strength of defences and counter-adaptation rely on the species' ability to evolve. Some host species have very strong rejection defences. This makes the parasitic species evolving to have very close mimicry. But in other species, hosts do not reject the foreign egg. As a result, the parasitic species shows no egg mimicry.

Similar methods are used by some fish and insects.

## References
Diggiloo

28 aug 2021.]]

**Diggiloo** is an outdoor summertime show where famous artists tour Sweden. They perform songs accompanied by a live band. It debuted in 2003 with shows only in Båstad. The event became touring in 2004.

## References 
## Other websites
Pajala IF

**Pajala IF** is a sports club club in Pajala in Sweden. It was established in 1930. It originally played soccer. It later also adopted basketball, table tennis, soccer, floorball, ice hockey, skiing and volleyball.

The men's volleyball team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 2000-2001.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Dave Mackay

**David Craig Mackay** (14 November 1934&nbsp;– 2 March 2015) was a Scottish football player and manager. 

Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian, the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961, and winning the league with Derby County as a manager. He also represented Scotland 22 times, and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad.

Mackay died on 2 March 2015 in Nottingham, England at the age of 80.

## Honours
### Player
**Heart of Midlothian**
* Scottish League Division One: 1957–58
* Scottish Cup: 1955–56
* Scottish League Cup: 1954–55, 1958–59

**Tottenham Hotspur**
* Football League First Division: 1960–61
* FA Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62, 1966–67

**Scotland national team**
*British Home Championship: 1962–63, 1963–64 (shared)

### Manager
**Derby County**
* Football League First Division: 1974–75

**Al-Arabi**
*VIVA Premier League : 5
*Kuwait Emir Cup : 2

## Career statistics
### International appearances
### International goals
### Managerial record
## References
All Apologies

"**All Apologies**" is the second single off American rock band Nirvana's third studio album *In Utero*. The song was released on December 6, 1993. It was released as a double A-side along with the song "Rape Me".

On the *Billboard* charts, *All Apologies* ranked at #1 on the Alternative Songs, #4 on the Mainstream Rock, and #45 on the Radio Songs charts.

In 1995, the song was nominated for two Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song in 1995. "All Apologies" won a BMI award winning song. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included the song on their list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".

## References
## Other websites
*"All Apologies (MTV Unplugged)" on YouTube
*
Sapporo International Ski Marathon

The **Sapporo International Ski Marathon** is a cross-country skiing marathon in Japan. It was held for first time in 1981 and is a part of Worldloppet since 1985.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Dolomitenlauf

The **Dolomitenlauf** is a cross-country skiing marathon in Austria. It was first held in 1970 and has been part of Worldloppet as long as Worldloppet has been around.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Gatineau Loppet

The **Gatineau Loppet**, earlier known as **Rivière Rouge**, **Gatineau 55** and **Keskinada Loppet**, is a cross-country skiing marathon in Canada. It is usually held in February outside Gatineau in the Québec Province. It was held for first time in 1979 and has been part of Worldloppet since then.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Bieg Piastów

The **Bieg Piastów** is a cross-country skiing marathon in Poland. It was held for first time in 1976  and is part of Worldloppet since 2008.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Ilha da Queimada Grande

**Ilha da Queimada Grande** is an island off of the coast of São Paulo state in Brazil. The island has earned the nickname of **Snake Island**. It is the home of the Golden Lancehead Viper (*Bothrops insularis*), one of the most venomous snakes in the world. The Brazilian Navy bans people from visiting, though some biologists and researchers are able to receive waivers to visit the island.

## References
Honeyguide

**Honeyguides** (family **Indicatoridae**) are near-passerine birds of the order Piciformes.  They are also known as 'indicator birds', or 'honey birds'.

They have an Old World tropical distribution, with most species in Africa and two in Asia. These birds are known for their interaction with humans. One or two species will deliberately lead humans to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and beeswax that are left behind.

## Brooding 
The breeding behavior of eight species in *Indicator* and *Prodotiscus* is known. They are all brood parasites that lay an egg in a nest of another species. Most prefer hole-nesting species, often the related barbets and woodpeckers, but *Prodotiscus* parasitizes cup-nesters such as white-eyes and warblers. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to throw out their host's chicks from the nest. They have hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.

African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as cuckoo hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the host.

## References