open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Uniform Resource Locator

**Uniform Resource Locator** (**URL**) is another name for a web address. URLs are made of letters, numbers and other symbols in a standard form. People use them on computers, to make the computer fetch and show some specific resource (usually a web page) from another computer (web server) on the Internet. They do this by typing the URL into a web browser, or more often clicking a link, for example one on a web page that they are already seeing.

URLs consist of several parts:
* A protocol. Very often, this is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
* Some separation characters: ://
* The other computer's name or address. It is very common for names to start with *www.* (which stands for *World Wide Web*), but the entire name is up to that computer's administrator.

In some cases, the URL may also contain
* The path to a document or script.
* In the case of a script, additional parameters after a question mark (?)
* Username and password needed to access a certain page
* Some text after a pound sign (#), naming a spot to skip ahead to.

The URL of this page is 
* *https* is the protocol
* *simple.wikipedia.org* is the web site
* */w/index.php* is a script. That script gets parameters, *title=Uniform_Resource_Locator*

A shorter form, called a ("relative") URL, is used when a computer could correctly fill in the full ("absolute") URL from context. For example, of  only works for a link on Wikipedia to this page on Wikipedia. Absolute URLs can be shared outside of computers, even with little or no explanation.

## Extensions 
These are at the end of the domain name which has a period mark before it. At first there were six main extensions:
* .com - Commercial use
* .net - network / Internet service provider use
* .org - Organizational use
* .edu - Educational use (Schools and universities)
* .mil - Military use
* .gov - Governmental use

Today, there are many other URL extensions. These are usually either a top level domain or interest grouping. Each country has its own top level domain, for example, .ca for Canada, .us for the United States of America or .co.uk for the United Kingdom. Many countries have a government-only extension, for example the United States uses .gov or .fed.us, .gc.ca for Canada and .gov.uk for the United Kingdom. Interest group domains would include .tv (television), .pro (professionals) and .xxx (pornography). These are not used as often as the original extensions.

## References
Terry Southern

**Terry Southern** (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American writer.  He was part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s.  He was a friend to Beat writers in Greenwich Village in the 1960s.  In the 1970s he made changes to the way movies were written.  In the 1980s he wrote for *Saturday Night Live* and talked about screenwriting at several universities in New York.
 
## Works
### Books
**Flash and Filigree* (1958)
**Candy* (with Mason Hoffenberg) (1958)
**The Magic Christian* (1959)
**Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes* (1967)
**Blue Movie* (1970)
**Texas Summer* (1992)

### Screenplays
* *Dr. Strangelove* (with Stanley Kubrick and Peter George) (1964) (Academy Award and BAFTA Award nomination)
**The Loved One* (with Christopher Isherwood) (1965)
**The Collector* (uncredited) (1965)
* *The Cincinnati Kid* (with Ring Lardner Jr.) (1966)
**Casino Royale* (1967) (uncredited)
* *Barbarella* (with Roger Vadim, Claude Brule, Vittorio Bonicelli, Clement Biddle Wood, Brian Degas and Tudor Gates) (1968)
**Easy Rider* (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper) (1969) (Academy Award nomination)
**The End of the Road* (with Dennis McGuire and Aram Avakian) (1969)
**The Magic Christian* (with Joseph McGrath) (1969)
**The Telephone* (with Harry Nilsson) (1988)

### Awards and nominations
*1963 *O. Henry Award*; "The Road Out of Axotle", published in *Esquire*, August, 1962
*1964 *Writers Guild of America*; Screenwriter's Award for Best Written American Comedy of 1964, for *Dr. Strangelove*
*1964 Academy Award Nomination for Best Writing (Adaptation) for *Dr. Strangelove*
*1964 BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay nomination for *Dr. Strangelove*
*1969 Academy Award Nomination for Best Original Screenplay; *Easy Rider* (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper)
*1975 *The Paris Review*; Funniest Story of the Year; "Heavy Put-Away, or, A Hustle Not Devoid of a Certain Grossness, Granted"
*1994 *Gotham Award*; Writer Award
Cellular respiration

**Cellular respiration** is what cells do to break up sugars to get energy they can use. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy. 

Usually, this process uses oxygen, and is called **aerobic respiration**. It has four stages known as glycolysis, Link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This produces ATP which supplies the energy that cells need to do work.

When they do not get enough oxygen, the cells use anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen.  However, this process produces lactic acid, and is not as efficient as when oxygen is used. 

Aerobic respiration, the process that does use oxygen, produces much more energy and does not produce lactic acid.  It also produces carbon dioxide as a waste product, which then enters the circulatory system.  The carbon dioxide is taken to the lungs, where it is exchanged for oxygen.

The simplified formula for aerobic cellular respiration is:  

The word equation for this is:

Aerobic cellular respiration has four stages. Each is important, and could not happen without the one before it. The steps of aerobic cellular respiration are:
* Glycolysis (the break down of glucose) 
* Link reaction
* Krebs cycle
* Electron transport chain, or ETC

## Glycolysis 
In glycolysis, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken into two molecules of pyruvate. Ten enzymes are needed for the ten intermediate compounds in this process.
# Two energy-rich ATP kick-start the process.
# At the end are two pyruvate molecules, plus
# Substrate level - Four molecules of ATP are made in reaction number 7 & 10
# In cells which use oxygen, the pyruvate is used in a second process, the Krebs cycle, which produces more ATP molecules.

### Productivity of the cycle 
Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (two from glycolysis, two from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport chain).

 

## References 
## Related pages 
*Metabolism
*Photosynthesis
Lesotho

**Lesotho** is a small country in southern Africa. It is entirely surrounded by South Africa. Its population is about 1,800,000.
The capital of Lesotho is called Maseru.

## Geography 
Lesotho has no coast on the sea nor on a lake. This type of country is called *landlocked*, meaning it is surrounded by land. All of Lesotho's trade must either be flown in by aeroplane, or brought in by land. Lesotho's position is unusual: it is completely surrounded by South Africa and has no borders with any other country. This type of country is called an *enclave*. Lesotho is one of the only three enclaved countries in the world (the other two are San Marino and the Vatican City). This makes Lesotho's relationship with South Africa very important to them both.

Lesotho has many mountains and is one of the most mountainous countries in the world. All of Lesotho is at least 1,400 m above sea level. People sometimes travel there to ski in winter. The many mountains in Lesotho mean that it rains there a lot. Lesotho uses some of its water to generate electricity and sells some of the water to South Africa.

## History 
Lesotho became a country in 1818, but it was then called **Basutoland**. A man called Moshoeshoe brought several of the groups of people in the area together and formed a new country with him as its king. This new country came under attack from its enemies and in 1868 Moshoeshoe asked Queen Victoria of Great Britain for help. Great Britain said it would help if Lesotho became part of the British Empire.

Lesotho eventually gained its independence on 4 October 1966. Now it is a member of the British Commonwealth. King Letsie III is the ruler of Lesotho.

## Cities
## Related pages
*Lesotho at the Olympics
*Lesotho national football team
*List of rivers of Lesotho

## References
Köbes

A **Köbes** (pronounced like 'kur-bess') is a waiter in traditional pubs in the Rhineland part of Germany, especially in Cologne, Düsseldorf and Krefeld.

A Köbes wears a blue apron and blue jacket and has a big leather belt with a leather purse. He serves beer and food to guests and replaces empty beer glasses with full ones until the customer either places a beermat on his glass to signal that he does not want any more, or until the customer asks to pay.

The word *Köbes* comes from the name Jakob in a local dialect.

## Books 
* Michael Scuffil: *Drink doch ene mit! Der kölsche Köbes*, published by *Verlag Emons* in Cologne, Edition 1, April 2007, 47 pages, in five languages, hardbound,
Stop-motion

**Stop motion** is a popular way of animation which makes it look like still objects are moving. Clay animation is also an example of how stop motion is used.

Stop-motion requires any camera that can make single frames (or photos). It works by shooting a single frame, moving the object a little bit, and capturing a frame again. Cartoons use a similar way; one of the main differences is that stop motion uses real objects instead of drawn.

Stop-motion is also popular among children as it is an easy technique to do, as many children currently have mobile devices.

Tim Burton, Will Vinton and the Aardman studio have used this method in their productions.

## Related pages
* Clay
D.C. United

**D.C. United** is a Major League Soccer league soccer (or football) team that plays in Washington, D.C. in the United States.  Its nickname is "the Black-and-Red".

The club operates the D.C. United Academy, a youth academy to help develop young soccer players.

## League title 
* Major League Soccer : 4
** 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004

## League position 
## References
Wendy Carlos

**Wendy Carlos** is an American composer and musician. She was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. She is known as one of the first people to use electric instruments to make music. In 1968, she released her music album "Switched on Bach". This album used many new electric instruments including the Moog Synthesizer. It won three Grammy Awards. She also did the music for movies. These include *A Clockwork Orange*, *The Shining*, and *Tron*. In 1972, Carlos had a medical operation to change her body from male to female.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Boolean algebra

In mathematics, **Boolean algebra** is an algebra for binary digits (where 0 means false and 1 means true). It is equipped with three operators: conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and negation (NOT). It uses normal math symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named for George Boole, who invented it in the middle 19th century. Boolean algebra did not get much attention except from mathematicians until the 20th century, when engineers began using it for logic gates.

## NOT gate 
The NOT operator is written with a bar over numbers or letters like this:

:\bar{1} = 0
:\bar{0} = 1
:\bar{\mbox{A}} = \mbox{Q}

It means that the output is *not* the input.

## AND gate 
:0 \cdot 0 = 0
:0 \cdot 1 = 0
:1 \cdot 0 = 0
:1 \cdot 1 = 1

The output is true if and only if one and the other input is true.

## OR gate 
The OR operator is written as + like this:

:0 + 0 = 0
:0 + 1 = 1
:1 + 0 = 1
:1 + 1 = 1

If one or the other input is true, then the output to be true (and false otherwise).

## XOR gate 
XOR basically means "exclusive or", meaning one input or the other must be true, but not both.

The XOR operator is written as - like this:

:0 - 0 = 0
:0 - 1 = 1
:1 - 0 = 1
:1 - 1 = 0

In other words, the XOR operator returns true precisely when one or the other input is true—but not both.

## Identities 
Different gates can be put together in different orders:

:\overline{\mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B}} is the same as an AND then a NOT. This is called a NAND gate.

It is not the same as a NOT then an AND: \overline{\mbox{A}} \cdot \overline{\mbox{B}}

:\mbox{A} + 1 = 1
:\mbox{A} \cdot 1 = \mbox{A}

which is called *AND identity table*

, if

ANY=\{x|\{x\}=\{\{TRUE\}\or\{\overline{TRUE}\}, \};\and

 (TRUE, 
 0)

\vdash TRUE \and \overline{0} = \{x\}.

or if 
ANY=\{x \|\{TRUE\}, \{\overline{TRUE}\} .\},=TRUE, TRUE.,

## De Morgan's laws 
Augustus De Morgan discovered that it is possible to preserve the truth values of Boolean expressions by changing a + sign to a \cdot sign, while making or breaking a bar. That is:

:\overline{\mbox{A} + \mbox{B}} = \overline{\mbox {A}} \cdot \overline{\mbox{B}}
:\overline{\mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B}} = \overline{\mbox {A}} + \overline{\mbox{B}}
These findings are commonly known as De Morgan's laws.

## Related pages
* Abstract algebra
* Boolean data type
* Boolean satisfiability problem
* Fuzzy logic
* Propositional logic

## References
## Other websites
* Boolean algebra on All About Circuits
* Boolean algebra Citizendium
Saturday Night Fever

***Saturday Night Fever*** is a 1977 American drama movie. It stars John Travolta as a 19 year old working-class Italian American man named Tony Manero. Manero lives with his parents and works in a dead-end job at a small hardware store. He tries to escape his problem-filled life in Brooklyn by dancing at a nightclub in New York City. The soundtrack (an album that has disco songs that were heard in the movie) of the movie includes music by the Bee Gees and many other artists. Both the album and movie were very popular. There are two versions of the movie: the original R-rated version and the PG-rated version which came out a year later so the movie could be popular with younger people. A sequel called *Staying Alive* was released in 1983 also starring John Travolta.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Prejudice

in 1943, shows a personal view of race relations in the United States.]]
**Prejudice** means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.  The word comes from the Latin "pre" (before) and "judge".  People may prejudge any question, but the word is often used for an opinion about a person or group of people.  English understanding of the Latin has changed in past centuries.  In old English the word "prejudice" denotes the use of "good judgment" before an event, e.g., "I decided (showed prejudice) not to run with the bulls because I could have been hurt". 

The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do not like them because of their skin color (this is "racial prejudice"), religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. Such prejudices can lead to discrimination, hatred or even war.

Judges in a court of law should not be prejudiced when deciding whether someone is guilty. They should have an "open mind" so that they can make a fair decision (this is also known as not having a bias; most judges in a court of law have sworn to be unbiased when deciding a penalty). For example, if that person is the judge's friend then the judge would be prejudiced because he (or she) would not want his (or her) friend to get into trouble. In many other situations it is important not to be prejudiced, such as serving as an adjudicator in a competition or a juror in a trial.

Modern people sometimes use "prejudice" to mean "bigotry."  This leaves them with two words for one thing, and none for the other.

## Related pages 
* Racism
* Bigotry
* Discrimination 
* Bias
* Cognitive bias
* Conspiracy theory
* Social stigma
* Stereotype
Ferry

.]]
**Ferry** is a boat or ship that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across large bodies of water, such as seas, lakes, and rivers. 

In many places around the world, ferries are very important for public transport. Some of these places can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways with bridge or tunnels that join them to nearby places, nor do they have any locations at which to land airplanes, whether it is an airport or only an airfield.

Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free and sometimes it must be paid for. Many ferries also carry cars, some even have own rail tracks, allowing the ferry to carry trains on board.

The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, in which 193 people died near Zeebrugge in 1987, was one of the worst ferry accidents of recent times. It was caused by a crew member forgetting to close the bow doors of the ferry.

## Other websites
## References
Rapa

**Rapa** or **Oparo** is an island in French Polynesia. It is sometimes called Rapa Iti to distinguish it from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

## History 
The first European, who visited the island, was the captain George Vancouver. He visited the island in 1791. The island had an estimated population of about 2000 inhabitants. Four tribes inhabited the island. There were many tribal wars on the island. 

The Rapan people were converted to Christianity in 1826, when six embassadors were sent from Tahiti. Soon after that some slaves were brought to Rapa. It caused an epidemy and in 1867 the island's population had declined to about 120. Since late 1800s, the island's population has steadily grown. 

## Geography 
The main village of Rapa is Haurei. Nearly all inhabitants of Rapa are living in Haurei. The Bay of Haurei, which is on the western end of the island, is named after the village. The bay's original name was, however, "Oparo" or "Paro". Smaller villages include 'Area. 

Rapa's nearest inhabited neighbor island is more than five hundred kilometers away. Together with Marotiri and some smaller islets, Rapa forms the Bass Islands. Marotiri is 46 miles away from Rapa. 

To the southeast is the uninhabited islet Motu Tauturu. 

Many mountains are in Rapa. The highest of them is Mt. Perau (650 m). Rapa has a land area of forty km².

Rapa is 1240 kilometers away from Tahiti, the main island of French Polynesia.

## Demographics 
Most inhabitants of Rapa are Polynesians. Polynesians are believed to inhabit the island in about 1000 BC.

Rapa has a population of 521 inhabitants (1996). Most of them are fishermen. The most spoken language of the island is Rapan. Most children and youth can also speak French. 

Rapan is however an endangered language. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Tubuaian. 

## Culture 
The most common form of Rapan folk music is himene tarava. The band The Tahitian Choir is from Rapa and its songs are sung in the Rapan language.
Jo Whiley

**Johanne "Jo" Whiley** (born 4 July, 1965 in Northampton) is an English radio DJ on BBC Radio 1, and television presenter. She had a weekday lunchtime show, called *The Jo Whiley Show* and later *The Lunchtime Social*. When Simon Mayo left Radio 1 for BBC Radio 5 Live in February 2001, Whiley's show was moved to mid-morning.

In July 2009, Whiley published her autobiography, *My World in Motion*, on CD from Random House Audiobooks.

## References
Derry

**Derry,** officially **Londonderry**, () is the second largest city in Northern Ireland (after Belfast) and the fourth largest city on the island of Ireland (after Dublin, Belfast and Cork. The population as of 2021 was 85,279. The city was founded in 546 AD. It has old city walls which are still complete. The city is in County Londonderry, near the border with the Republic of Ireland's County Donegal.
## History
The city was originally called *Doire* (pronounced *duhruh*) which is an Irish word for a group of oak trees. In English, this word became "Derry". After the Ulster Plantations, the London Companies gave money for the building of the port and walls in Derry.

In 1984 the city council changed the name of the local government area back to its original title of Derry but the city's official name is still Londonderry.

The city has long been subject to controversy over its name. Amongst the majority Catholic and Republican population of Northern Ireland, the city is referred to as Derry, truer to the original Irish word *Doire* and aligned with the view of the Republic of Ireland, where traffic signs and popular opinion labels the city similarly. Amongst the majority Protestant and Loyalist population, the city is called Londonderry.

This disagreement over naming causes the title "Derry/Londonderry" to be used in cross-community instances, giving rise to the somewhat sarcastic nickname, "Stroke City".

## References
Point

**Point** can refer to:
* Point and counterpoint, meaning or purpose, especially in a discussion or dispute
* Point of order, a matter raised during a debate concerning the rules of debating themselves
* Point (geometry), an entity that has a location in space or a plane but no extent
* Point man, the lead soldier or vehicle in a patrol
* Basis point, 1/100th of one percent, denoted bp, bps, or ‱
* Point (typography), a measurement used in printing, the meaning of which has changed over time
* In typography, a dot character (e.g.: full stop, interpunct), decimal point)
* Point (coat color), fur coloration of the extremities, in animals
* Point (gemstone) (2&nbsp;mg) or one-hundredth of a carat
* Point (mortgage), one percent of the loan amount
* Points, a railroad switch (British English)
* Points, contact breaker in an ignition system
* Point system, a system of demerits for driving offenses
* Taking point, being the lead element in a military formation
* Vowel points: niqqud for Hebrew language; harakat for Arabic
* Point Music, a record label
* Point (landform)
* Projectile point, a hafted archaeological artifact used as a knife or projectile tip
* Unit of length
* Le Point, a French weekly news magazine
* Point (album), a 2001 album by Cornelius
 
* Also see The Point

In **navigation**:
* Compass point, one of the 32 directions on a traditional compass
* Point, one eighth of a right angle (11.25 degrees).
* Points of sail, a sailing boat's course in relation to wind direction

**Places**:
* Point, Outer Hebrides, a district of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland
* Points, West Virginia
* Palmer Trinity School, a high school in Palmetto Bay, Florida

In **sports** and **games**:
* Point, a unit of scoring in some sports and games
** Point (basketball), units obtained by scoring baskets during a game
** Point (tennis), the smallest unit of scoring in tennis
** Point (ice hockey), a goal or assist a player earns during a game
* Point, a fielding position in cricket
* The point (ice hockey), the location of an ice hockey player
* Point guard, in basketball
Joey

**Joey** has the following meanings:
* Joey is a common nickname for Joseph, Joe, Joanne, Joan, or Jo. 
* A joey (marsupial) is a baby kangaroo, or a baby of other marsupials (animals that are like kangaroos).
* *Joey* is a television sitcom (a comedy set in a situation) starring Matt LeBlanc as Joey tribbani his character from *Friends*.
Trent Reznor

**Michael Trent Reznor** (born May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the creator of the band Nine Inch Nails. For a long time, he was the only member of Nine Inch Nails. That changed in 2016, when Atticus Ross became an official member of the band. He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.

Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.

He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.

He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album *Pretty Hate Machine*. When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been *Broken* (1992), *The Downward Spiral* (1994), *The Fragile* (1999), *With Teeth* (2005), *Year Zero* (2007), *Ghosts I-IV* (2008), *The Slip* (2008), * Hesitation Marks *(2013), and *Bad Witch* (2018).
The Gambia

of The Gambia]]

**The Gambia** is officially called the **Republic of the Gambia**. This country is also known as **Gambia**. It is a country in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa.

Banjul is the capital city. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

## Geography 
The geography of Gambia is unusual. It is a long, thin country. Except for its coastline it is completely surrounded by the country of Senegal. The River Gambia flows from Senegal through its centre and into the Atlantic Ocean.

### Climate
The Gambia has a tropical climate. A hot and rainy season normally lasts from June until November.

## Politics and government
The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. It was ruled by Dawda Jawara and his People's Progressive Party (PPP) from 1965 to 1994. There was a military take-over in 1994. In 1996, Yahya Jammeh became president. Then in 2016, Adama Barrow was elected.

### Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas. They are:
* Banjul
* Kanifing
* Brikama
* Mansa Konko
* Kerewan
* Kuntaur
* Janjanbureh
* Basse

As of 2013, these are then divided into 43 districts.

## Culture 
The population of The Gambia is about 2.9 million. People from The Gambia are called **Gambians**. A number of people from different cultures and backgrounds live in The Gambia. Some of the largest groups are called *Mandinka*, *Fula*, *Wolof* and *Jolo*, in that order.

English is the official language, but people speak other languages as well.

Most Gambians follow the religion of Islam.

The American writer Alex Haley, who wrote the book *Roots*, found that his family came from The Gambia in the 1760s.

## References
## Other websites 
* Gambia information
Terry Jacks

**Terry Jacks** (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He was born and raised in Winnipeg. He now works as an environmental activist.

Jacks is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun". The song was ranked number one in multiple countries in 1974. It is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.

## Studio albums
* *Seasons in the Sun* (1974)
* ''Y' Don't Fight the Sea* (1975)
* *Pulse* (1983)
* *Just Like That* (1987)
* *Starfish on the Beach'' (2015)

## References
Sark

**Sark** is one of the Channel Islands. About 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais". Only 400 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark. People must either walk, go on a bicycle, or go by horse and cart.

Their parliament is called the Chief Pleas.  It started in 1579.  It manages its own health, education and transport.

In 1993, the Barclay brothers bought the lease of the island of Brecqhou off the coast. They went to law to challenge the way the island was run. In 2007 they bought  four of the island’s six hotels, one of the two pubs and one side of the main shopping street. They invested a lot of money.

## References
Robert Crumb

**Robert Crumb** (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He founded the underground comics movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's *Cheap Thrills*, the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and *Fritz the Cat*, which was made into a movie without his approval. He also collects 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was the subject of an award-winning documentary movie made in 1994 called *Crumb*.
Aramaic language

**Aramaic** is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3,100 years and has been spoken for longer than that. It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. Other Semitic languages include Amharic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages. Aramaic words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

## History
Aramaic is the language of the two biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, it is the language of the Jewish Talmud. In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China. 

In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and Christian communities, such as Assyrians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.

## Dialects
Aramaic is not an unchanged language. Because different groups used it throughout history, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages. The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.

The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.

## Alphabet
## References
Meryl Streep

**Meryl Streep** (born **Mary Louise Streep**; June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies, including *Falling in Love*, *The Bridges of Madison County*, and *The House of Spirits*. She was born in New Jersey. Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time. She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.

## Early life
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of  Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state. One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.

## Personal life
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978. They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).

## References
## Other websites
*
Bench

.]]

A **bench** is a kind of chair, a place where people can sit.  Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them.  Benches are usually made of wood, metal, stone, and other synthetic things.  Many benches have no back.
Renée Zellweger

**Renée Kathleen Zellweger** (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress, producer and voice artist. She won two Academy Awards for her role in the movie *Cold Mountain* and as Judy Garland in *Judy*. She has acted in many movies, including *Jerry Maguire*, ''Bridget Jones's Diary*, *Chicago* and *Cinderella Man*.

## Early life
Zellweger was born in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from a small town in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid Irene (née Andreassen), a native of Norway, is of Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and possible Sámi, ancestry. Kjellfrid grew up in Kirkenes and Ekkerøy, and is a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians". 
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a literature degree.

## Acting career
Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example *A Taste for Killing* and *Shake, Rattle and Rock*. Her first part in a movie was in *Dazed and Confused* followed by Ben Stiller’s *Reality Bites*. 

## Movies
* *Miss Potter* (2006)
* *Cinderella Man* (2005)
* *Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason* (2004)
* *Shark Tale* (2004)
* *Cold Mountain* (2003)
* *Down with Love* (2003)
* *Chicago* (2002)
* *White Oleander* (2002)
* *Bridget Jones's Diary* (2001)
* *Nurse Betty* (2000)
* *Me, Myself and Irene* (2000)
* *The Bachelor* (1999)
* *One True Thing* (1998)
* *Jerry Maguire* (1996)
* *Empire Records* (1995)
* *Shake, Rattle and Rock!* (1994)

## Awards
* Academy Awards
** Best Supporting Actress: *Cold Mountain* (2004)
** Best Actress : *Judy (2019)*

* Golden Globe Awards
** Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: *Cold Mountain* (2004)
** Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: *Chicago* (2003)
** Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: *Nurse Betty'' (2001)

## References
## Other websites
*
Fahrenheit

**Fahrenheit** (more precisely, a **degree Fahrenheit**) is a unit of measurement that is used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to degrees Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32).  The unit is abbreviated °F.

## History
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.  In the 20th century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used.  Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States. Fahrenheit is still used on some websites and on weather forecasts in the United Kingdom mainly since the older population is more familiar with it than with Celsius.

Fahrenheit is considered by many to be an old-fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature and has been largely replaced with Celsius.

Overall, the use of Fahrenheit is in decline throughout most of the world, with the US being the main exception.

## Examples
* Water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F.
* Room temperature is about 70 °F.
* A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
* Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.

## Related pages
*Celsius
*Kelvin
*Rankine
*Delisle
*Newton (unit) (force)
*Réaumur
*Rømer
Agent

An **agent** is a person who acts on behalf of another person, or a representative of an agency.

*an FBI agent is an official representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
* literary agent, a person who represents a writer
* sports agent, a professional who represents an athlete
* talent agent, a person who finds jobs for actors, models, and other people in various entertainment businesses.
* travel agent, a person who helps plan a trip and buys airline tickets and makes hotel reservations.

**Agent** can also mean:

* a secret agent, a spy (espionage)
* a free agent, a sports player who is out of contract
* a realtor (US), or real estate agent (Brit.)

In **science**:

* Agent Orange, a herbicide
* biological agent, an infectious disease that can be used in biological warfare

In **fiction**:

* Agents, characters in *The Matrix*
* Secret Agent, a 1936 film
Anthrax

**Anthrax**, or **splenic fever**, is a disease. Both humans and other animals can get it. It is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis. It is common with even-toed ungulates (some hoofed creatures, like camels and giraffes). The spores of the bacteria can live for hundreds of years. Humans usually catch the disease from animals. It is usually not passed from one human to another.  Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. There is also a vaccine against it. If not treated, anthrax often leads to death. 

## Types of anthrax 
There are 89 different strains (kinds) of anthrax. One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a biological weapon.

## History 
### Outbreaks 
On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War. 94 people were infected and 64 of those people died. The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat. However, later it was revealed that the outbreak was caused by an accidental release of the bacteria from a nearby plant which developed biological weapons for the USSR. 

In September 2001, several letters containing anthrax were mailed to several USA media companies and senators. The attacks were linked to the September 11 attacks which occurred a few days before the start of the attack.  

#### Hoaxes 
There were many cases of fake powder being found in envelopes.

## References
Wetzlar

**Wetzlar** is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany. It is near Frankfurt. The number of people in the city is about 53,000.

Wetzlar is famous for the historic Oldtown and for Goethe.

The camera maker Leica is there.

Wetzlar has a connection to the Autobahn 45 with three junctions.

## Twin towns
Wetzlar is twinned with:
* Avignon, France
* Colchester, United Kingdom
* Siena, Italy
* Schladming, Austria
* Ilmenau, Thuringia
* Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin
* Písek, Czech Republic

## References
## Other websites
Andy Warhol

**Andy Warhol** (**Andrew Warhol, Jr.**; August 6, 1928 &ndash; February 22, 1987) was one of the most famous American artists of the latter half of the 20th century. Many people think that Warhol is the "bellwether of the art market". 

Warhol was born **Andrew Warhola, Jr.** in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928. He graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology before moving to New York City. His first big break was in August 1949 when he was asked to illustrate an article in Glamour Magazine. He dropped the 'a' from the end of his name when the credits read "Drawings by Andrew Warhol". Warhol was also famous for painting Campbells' and Watties' soup cans. He painted about 300 different paintings. He originally worked as a commercial artist. He designed things like advertisements and window displays for stores. He soon became famous as an artist in the Pop Art movement, in which everyday objects and media images were used. One of his most famous paintings is his colourful portrait of American movie star, Marilyn Monroe. After she died, he was deeply moved and wanted to create some sort of memorial.

In 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas. He was known for his The Factory studio in New York City where most of his work was created.

In 1987, Warhol was in a hospital in New York City after an operation on his gallbladder. He died in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia, aged 58. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water poisoning.

## References
## Other websites
* Andy Warhol Print at Adam's Auctioneers
* Warhol Foundation in New York City
* Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
* Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection
* Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol 
* The work of Andy Warhol  spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb
* 
* Warhol in Paris —slideshow by *The First Post*
* Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985
* Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS
Romulus and Remus

**Romulus and Remus** were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

## Birth and youth 
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber river as punishment, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The twins were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them. they were raised as shepherds, herding sheep, not knowing of their true bloodline. Over many years, the twins became natural leaders in their shared village. they eventually learned their past by a fight with Amulius, which saw Amulius killed in action. they had their grandfather Numitor reinstated as king.

## The Founding of Rome 
Once they were grown, they led a band of young men to go build a city. Romulus and Remus would build the city of Rome. However, the twins and men argued about where to start in Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill for defense in an attack, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill, which was better placed for easy trading of goods. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill and made religious offerings. Remus saw six vultures fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve land on his hill. Vultures are a symbol of Mars, their father. Romulus said that twelve vultures came, However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Romulus then said that the birds had landed on his hill, making a clear sign. Remus went over to his hill to check, and there were twelve vultures on Romulus's hill. Remus and his group argued, rejected, and went to his hill. Nonetheless, Romulus and his group started to build a wall around his city by digging a trench first for his wall to be built. Remus saw this and jumped over the trench as an insult to his brother. he fought Romulus through words about this trench. These words within minutes became a full-on hand to hand fight. Angered at his brother's words, Romulus killed Remus in the fight with a shovel. He was dismayed and he regretted his brother's death, so he took Remus's body to Amulius's old palace and buried him there.

## References
* "Romulus and Remus." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11 August 2023.
Population density

in Kowloon, which is part of Hong Kong, is one of the most densely populated places in the world.]]
 is one of the least densely populated countries in the world. Most of its land is unlivable for humans. The land is mostly not arable and cannot support more people.]]

The **population density** of a country or city or other place is a number showing how crowded that place is. It is got by dividing the population by the area. For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.

A number of factors affect population density, such as the climate. Greenland has a very low population density because people cannot live on its large glacier (ice sheet) or survive in such frigid temperatures.

Many cities are near rivers, because the first settlers wanted somewhere close to water to start a society. Areas around rivers often have a high population density.

The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre. Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities. The population density of Canada is only 3.8 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.

The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre. The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.

## Related pages
*Population growth
*Overpopulation

## References
Federal Reserve

The **Federal Reserve** (sometimes called "**The Fed**") is the American central bank in Washington, D.C.. It was founded in 1913. It lends money to other, smaller banks. The *Federal Reserve Board* is a group of financial leaders who work for the Federal Reserve and decide how much to charge these banks for borrowing money (this charge is called an "interest rate"). The Federal Reserve interest rate is decided by the Federal Reserve Board after studying the condition of the U.S. economy. 

When the economy is growing too fast, the Federal Reserve makes borrowing more expensive by increasing the interest rate, which means people and companies spend less, which discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the interest rate is decreased so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.

File:Seal of the United States Federal Reserve System.svg|Seal of the Federal Reserve System
File:Flag of the United States Federal Reserve.svg|Flag of the Federal Reserve System
File:Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building.jpg|Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building

## Other websites
* 
* Official website
Bell

A **bell** is a simple musical instrument. Most bells are made of metal. Many churches use bells to announce the time between hours. Ships usually carry a ship's bell. Alarm bells warn of danger. Some bells are in bell towers or  Carillons and some are in clock towers to tell people the time.
Transformers (toy line)

**Transformers** are robots that turn into other things.  Usually they turn into vehicles, like cars or jets.

Transformers started in 1984 as a toy line, but then an animated series and a comic book were made. In 1986 a movie came out. In 2002 a new series and story line called Transformers Armada came out. This was followed by two more shows, Energon and Cybertron.

Transformers is about different things sometimes.  Usually it is about the heroic Autobots fighting the evil Decepticons.  The Autobots are usually led by Optimus Prime.  The Decepticons are led by Megatron.

## Transformer universe
The **Dynasty of Primes** were the first seven Primes in Cybertronian history. They were on a quest to harvest Energon using the Star Harvester. In some documents of history, they were loosely known as "The Thirteen".

The origins of the transformers vary throughout the media. It is generally accepted that the original transformers, the 13 primes, were created by Primus, the god of the Transfomers, to stop Unicron, the dark god. However, in the original series, the Quintessons claim to have created the Transformers, though in modern lore they have been accepted to be lying.
## Other websites
*
*There is also another Transformers page on Wikipidia: Transformers
Simplicity

When something is **simple**, it is very easy to understand or to do. The opposite is '** or **' or '**. **Simplicity'* is the quality of being simple.

*Simple* can mean something that is only made up of a few parts.  It lacks complexity.
* A bicycle is much simpler than a space ship.

*Simple* can mean that something or someone is humble (lowly) or common:
*He lives very simply. "Simple living" is a way of life. It uses the ideas of Henry David Thoreau or Epicurus or Diogenes as its moral . Simple living says that a person needs only few and basic things to be happy.

*Simple'' can also be used to refer to someone whose mind thinks in a very simple way. Calling a person "simple minded" is usually .

## Related pages
*Simpleton
*Wikipedia:About