open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chris Smalling

**Christopher Lloyd Smalling** (born 22 November 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Roma. Smalling played for the England national team from 2011 to 2017.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*As of match played 10 June 2017. England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Smalling goal.*
*FA Cup: 2015–16 runner-up: 2017–18
*EFL Cup: 2016–17
*FA Community Shield: 2010, 2011, 2013
*UEFA Europa League: 2016–17

**Roma**
*UEFA Europa Conference League: 2021–22
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2022–23

**Individual**
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011
*Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2015–16
*UEFA Europa Conference League Team of the Season: 2021–22
*UEFA Europa League Team of the Season: 2022–23

## References
Egyptian literature

in the Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin]]
**Egyptian literature** is some of the earliest known literature. The Egyptians were the first culture to develop the book.

## Ancient Egyptian literature
 at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine]]
The ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus. They also wrote on walls, tombs, pyramids, obelisks, and more. A well-known example of ancient Egyptian literature is the Story of Sinuhe;

## Christian Egyptian literature
Alexandria became an important center of early Christianity from around the 1st to 4th century CE. Writing by Coptic Christians was important to Christian literature at that time.The Nag Hammadi library protected some books from being lost or destroyed.

## Islamic Egyptian literature
Muslim Arabs controlled Egypt by the eighth century. Libraries and literature were important in Arab Egypt. Several important changes for writers happened at this time. Cloth paper replaced papyrus. Writers began using calligraphy. Also, writers began to write mostly about Islam. The earliest novel written in Egypt was Ibn al-Nafis' *Theologus Autodidactus*. It was an early science fiction and religious novel.

## Modern Egyptian literature
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced a cultural change like the Renaissance. This was called al-Nahda movement. It touched nearly all areas of life, including literature. One of the most important people from this time was Naguib Mahfouz. He was first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another important modern writer was Muhammad Husayn Haykal. He wrote *Zaynab* in 1914. It is an Islamic novel and is called the first modern Egyptian novel.

## Notable Egyptian writers
*Taha Husayn
*Yūsuf Idrīs
*Sonallah Ibrahim
*Tawfiq al-Hakim
*Gamal Abdel Nasser
*Naguib Mahfouz
*Nawal El Saadawi
*Bahaa Taher
*Alaa Al Aswany
*Abdel Hakim Qasem
*Miral al-Tahawy

## Related pages
*Wisdom literature
*Culture of Egypt
*Music of Egypt
*Cairo Geniza

## References
## Other websites
* Literature in Ancient Egypt
Danny Welbeck

**Daniel Nii Tackie Mensah Welbeck** (born 26 November 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for  club Brighton & Hove Albion.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Welbeck goal*
*Football League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
*FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2008

**Arsenal**
*FA Cup: 2016–17 2014–15
*FA Community Shield: 2017
*EFL Cup runner-up: 2017–18
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2018–19

**England U19**
*UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2009

**Individual**
*Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2007–08

## References
## Other websites
*Profile at the Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. website
*Profile at the Football Association website
*
*
*
Phormium tenax

***Phormium tenax*** (*harakeke* in Māori, New Zealand flax) is an evergreen perennial plant from New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It is an important fibre plant and also a popular garden plant.

The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves up to two meters long. It grows a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers. after the arrival of **European**s up until at least WWII

In other countries *Phormium tenax* is an invasive species. On Saint Helena it is taking over the land from the critically endangered species *Elaphoglossum dimorphum*.

## Ecology
The jumping spider *Trite planiceps* lives in the rolled-up leaves of this species. *Phormium tenax* grows on the coast where it is important in the breeding habitat for the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin.

## Cultivars
Several forms of this species have been selected for cultivation as decorative garden plants including: The Royal Horticultural Society in England gave an Award of Garden Merit to the plant.

*'Bronze Baby' - arching bronze leaves,  plant.
*'Dazzler' - arching leaves that are bronze-maroon with red and pink stripes, plant reaches 3 feet in height.
*'Sundowner' -  plant, leaves are striped with bronze, green and rose-pink.

## References
## Further reading
* James Hector 1889. *Phormium tenax as a fibrous plant*. 2nd ed,  Geological Survey Dept, New Zealand. G. Didsbury, Government Printer, 95 pages.
Extensive reading

**Extensive reading** is a way of learning a language, especially a second or foreign language, by reading large mount of texts.

## First language and second language
*Free voluntary reading* is one name for extensive reading in first language education. Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly. A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades. In some schools this approach is also called *Drop Everything and Read* (DEAR).

In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language. Students read as much as possible. Reading materials should use simple grammar and vocabulary so learners feel comfortable. Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects. 

## Graded Readers
Many extensive reading programs use special series of books. These books use simplified grammar and vocabulary. They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.

## Effectiveness
Many teachers and some learners believe that extensive reading alone is enough to improve vocabulary. McQuillan and Krashen also believe this.However, other researchers say that extensive reading alone is not enough. Cobb and Parry have done research to show that there is a limit. Extensive reading may not improve vocabulary as much as people thought, especially for less common words.

## References
30 Minutes or Less

***30 Minutes or Less*** is a 2011 action-comedy-crime movie that was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Ben Stiller and Jeremy Kramer and was directed by Ruben Fleischer. *30 Minutes or Less* was released on August 12, 2011 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 51 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
* Jesse Eisenberg as Nick
* Danny McBride as Dwayne
* Aziz Ansari as Chet
* Nick Swardson as Travis
* Michael Peña as Chongo
* Fred Ward as The Major
* Dilshad Vadsaria as Katie
* Mya Rajah as Amelia
* Bianca Kajlich as Juici
* Brett Gelman as Nick's Boss

## Other websites 
**30 Minutes or Less* Official website
*
Hurricane Irene

Irene in Greenwich, Connecticut]]
**Hurricane Irene** was a 2011 Atlantic hurricane, which reached Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, that struck the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and the Bahamas, resulting in very serious damage. It also struck the East Coast of the United States and Canada. It formed on August 20 and dissolved on August 29. In summer/autumn 2011, the name Irene was retired from future use. It was replaced by Irma for 2017.

## References
Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse

**Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse** (1741—1788) was a French navigator who explored the Pacific Ocean. He died when his ship was wrecked in the New Hebrides during 1788. He met the English when they arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in January 1788. After a short stay in Botany Bay, he sailed away into the Pacific.

## References
Chaturanga

and Radha playing Chaturanga on an 8x8 Ashtāpada (board)]]

**Chaturanga** is an ancient Indian strategy game. It is the earliest known form of chess, dating back to the 6th century AD during the Gupta Empire. The name comes from the Sanskrit words for "four limbs," referring to the four divisions of the ancient Indian army: infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry.

## History 
Chaturanga originated in Northern India and later spread to Persia. From Persia, it traveled to Europe and evolved into modern chess. It also moved East, leading to games like *Xiangqi* (China) and *Shogi* (Japan). While the basic history is well-documented, modern players often use Chaturanga strategy guides to understand the subtle differences between these historical versions and their modern counterparts.

## Pieces and Movement 
The game is played on an 8x8 uncheckered board called an *Ashtāpada*. Each player has 16 pieces. Below are the traditional Sanskrit names and their historical movements.

## Rules 
The goal of Chaturanga is to checkmate the opponent's Raja or to "bare" the king by capturing all other pieces. Unlike modern chess, there is no "castling" move. 

Because the game is ancient, there are different ways to handle stalemates and opening moves. Modern enthusiasts often refer to an opening book for Chaturanga to study traditional setups. If you are new to the game, reading a full rules overview is the best way to start playing correctly.

From the beginning until the end of the 15th century the pieces we call bishops and queens had limited movement, and it took longer to get the pieces into action. In modern chess, the original pieces evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, rook, queen, king, respectively.p173; p74

## References
Carbon–hydrogen bond activation

**Carbon–hydrogen bond activation** or **C-H activation** is a reaction that breaks a carbon–hydrogen bond.  Most times, the reaction  organometallic es. The reaction path has coordination of a hydrocarbon to the inner-sphere of the metal atom (“M”). The reaction path includes either an intermediate “alkane or arene complex” or as a transition state leading to a "M-C" . The reaction path makes C-H activation different from other reactions. During the C-H breaking event the hydrocarbyl group remains linked in the inner-sphere and under the  of the metal atom.

Chemists study C-H activation because for many years chemists believed that C-H bonds were unreactive.  Theoretical studies and experiments now show that C-H bonds can be broken. This is done by a nearby metal atom changing the electron distribution of the C-H bond (coordination).  Much chemical research looks at the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can affect C-H activation.  The goal of this research is the conversion of cheap and  alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds.

Otto Dimroth discovered the first C-H activation reaction. In 1902, he reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate, but some scholars do not view this reaction as being a C-H activation.  Goldman & Goldberg with insertion of a ruthenium atom ligated to dmpe in the C-H bond of naphthalene. 

## References
## Further reading
* “Activation of C-H Bonds by Metal Complexes”, A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 2879–2932. 
* “Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes”, A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 2000 (552 p) (Springer, ). https://www.springer.com/chemistry/physical+chemistry/book/978-0-7923-6101-5
* “Alkane C-H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect”, R. H. Crabtree, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 17, 2437–2450. 
* “Organometallic alkane CH activation”, R. H. Crabtree, J. Organometal. Chem. 2004, 689, 4083–4091. 
* “Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes”, M. Lersch, M.Tilset, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2471−2526. 
* “Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization”, A. N. Vedernikov, Curr. Org. Chem. 2007, 11, 1401−1416.
* “Catalytic C-H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion”, H. M. L. Davies, J. R. Manning, Nature, 2008, 451, 417−424, 
* "Mechanisms of C-H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment”, Y. Boutadla, D. L. Davies, S. A. Macgregor, A. I. Poblador-Bahamonde, Dalton Trans. 2009, 5820−5831. 
* “C-H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective”, D. Balcells, E. Clot, O. Eisenstein, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 749–823. 
* “Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C-H Functionalization Reactions”, T. W. Lyons, M. S. Sanford, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1147–1169. 
* “Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C-H bonds: A review”, G. B. Shul’pin, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8, 4217–4228.
Norman Manley International Airport

**Norman Manley International Airport** , formerly **Palisadoes Airport**, is an airport in Kingston in Jamaica. It is operated by NMIA Airports Limited. It is one of Air Jamaica's hubs, Sangster International Airport being the other. It is also one of Caribbean Airline's hubs, and is the hub for Skylan Airways. It was named in honour of Norman Washington Manley, one of Jamaica's national heroes. More than 130 international flights leave Norman Manley International Airport each week. The airport is on the Palisadoes tombolo in outer Kingston Harbour; it fronts the city on one side and the Caribbean Sea on the other.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The official website
Song Jin-woo

**Song Jin-woo** ( Hanja 宋鎭禹, May 8 1889-December 30 1945), the Republic of Korean (대한민국; 大韓民國) politician, educationist, journalist, and founder of Korean Democratic party (한국민주당; 韓國民主黨), the Dong-A Ilbo(동아일보; 東亞日報). He is also known by his pen name Goha (고하; 古下).

when 1945, He was assassinated Provisional Government of Republic of Koreas(대한민국 임시정부; 大韓民國임시정부) Guard a terrorist organizations Baekuisa(백의사; 白衣社), aged 56. After he died he was given the Order of Merit for National Foundation(건국훈장; 建國勳章) in 1962.

## Related pages
]]
* Kim Seong-su
* Dong-A Ilbo
* Jungang high School
* Korean Democratic Party
* Rhee Syng-man
* Kim Gu
* Kim Kyusik
* Shin Ik-hye
* Chang Myon
* Yun Chi-Young
* Yun Chi-Ho
* Yun Posun

## referens 
## Other websites 
* 송진우 (Song Jin-woo on Doopedia
* Goha Song Jin-woo Memorial Conference
* http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=5449 
* Song Jin-woo
SC Rheindorf Altach

The **SC Rheindorf Altach** is a football club from Altach,Vorarlberg. The club is playing in the Austrian First league, the second division in Austrian football. The official name is Cashpoint Sportclub Rheindorf Altach, due to sponsorship of Austrian sports betting company Cashpoint.

The second team (SC Altach Juniors) is playing in the Vorarlbergliga (4th level).
## History
The club was founded on 26 December 1929 as the football section of the gymnastics and sports club Turnerbund Altach. 1930 they started to play in Vorarlberg football. In 1937 the club was dissolved and started again in 1946 as  Sportvereinigung Altach . In 1949 this club was dissolved and the football section started under today's name SC Rheindorf Altach. 

In 1986 they won the Landesliga for the first time and were promoted to Regionalliga West (3rd division). After some up and downs they could establish themselfe in the first league at the beginning of the 2000s. 2005/06 they won the league and were promoted to the Bundesliga where they played till the 2008/09 season. Since then they played again in the first league where they always played for the champion title but they failed every time marginal . In the 2010/11 season they finished second only one point behind Admira/Wacker Mödling.

In the 2013–14 season they won the league and were promoted to the Bundesliga. 2014–15 they finished 3rd in and qualified to UEFA European League. In the 2015-16 season they finished 8th and avoided relegation by five points. 2018-19 and 2019-20 they finished 8th, 2020-21 10th. The 2021-22 season was not good. Due to the fact that Altach is at the end of the table headcoach Damir Canadi was dismissed in December 2021. In January 2022 Ludovic Magnin became new headcoach of the team. After the return og Magnin to Swizerland Miroslav Klose became new headchoach.  After 24 competitive matches, he was relieved of his duties and replaced by  Klaus Schmidt[14]. For the 2023/24 season, the previous assistant coach Joachim Standfest took over the team and ended up in tenth place. In October 2024 he was dismissed and replaced by Fabio Ingolitsch.

### Current squad
The club has also a amateur team playing in the Vorarlbergliga (4th division). A football academy is also part of the club. ( AKA Hypo Vorarlberg).

## Coaches
* **Head coach**: Ognjen Zarić
* **Assistance coach**:	Louis Ngwat-Mahop
* **Assistance coach**: Atdhe Nuhiu
* **Goalkeeper coach**: Sebastian Brandner
* **Goalkeeper coach**: Martin Kobras

## Ground
The team is playing in the Cashpoint Arena (Stadion Schnabelholz).

## Honours
* 1 x Cup finalː 2026
* 1 x Champion 2nd division: 2006 (Erste Liga)
* 3 x Champion third division: 1991, 1997, 2004 (Regionalliga West)
* 1 x Champion fourth division: 1986 (Vorarlbergliga)
* 5 x Vorarlberg Cup: 1987, 1988, 1993, 2002, 2003

## Other websites
* Official Homepage 

## References
Mohammed bin Hammam

**Mohammed bin Hammam** (Arabic: محمد بن همّام; born 8 May 1949) is a Qatari who used to be a football administrator and the AFC President (1 August 2002 to 14 June 2011).

During the 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding, Mohammed bin Hammam was rumored to have bribed officials, so that Qatar can host.

## References
Chemistry education

**Chemistry education** is the study of the teaching and learning of chemistry. Topics in chemistry education include understanding how students learn chemistry and how best to teach chemistry. s in chemistry education try to improve learning results by improving teaching methods and training chemistry teachers. Researchers study many teaching s, including: classroom lecture, demonstrations, and laboratory activities.

There is a world-wide shortage of chemistry teachers. This is because people with science training can get jobs that pay more outside of teaching. It is hard to keep science teachers. More than 45,000 math and science teachers left teaching in the United States just after the 1999–2000 school year.

## Overview 
There are several different ways of thinking about chemistry education. One is a *practitioner’s perspective*. The people who teach chemistry  chemistry education by their actions.

Another is defined by a self-identified group of *chemical educators* (faculty members and instructors who focus on teaching rather than focus on chemical research). Dr. Robert L. Lichter, then-Executive Director of the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, speaking in a plenary session at the 16th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (recent BCCE meetings: http://www.chem.iastate.edu/bcce/ ,http://www.chem.purdue.edu/bcce), posed the question “why do terms like ‘chemical educator’ even exist in higher education, when there is a perfectly respectable term for this activity, namely, ‘chemistry professor.’"  One criticism of this view is that few professors bring any formal preparation in education or background about education to their jobs. Most chemistry professors do not have a professional perspective on teaching and learning efforts. They may not know about effective teaching methods and how students learn.

A third perspective is *chemical education research* (CER).  Following the example of physics education research (PER), CER tends to take the theories and methods developed in pre-college science education research and applies them to understanding comparable problems in post-secondary settings. (CER also tries to improve pre-college chemistry instruction). Like science education researchers, CER practitioners tend to study the teaching practices of others as opposed to focusing on their own classroom practices. Chemical education research is typically carried out *in situ* using human subjects from secondary and post-secondary schools. Chemical education research collects both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative methods typically involve collecting data that can then be analyzed using various statistical methods. Qualitative methods include interviews, observations, journaling, and other methods common to social science research.

## References
## Other websites
*Welcome to ChemConnections
Karl Decker

**Karl Decker ** (September 5, 1921 - September 27, 2005) was an Austrian footballer and football coach. He played most of his time for First Vienna FC as a midfielder.

## Career
He started with minor clubs in Vienna and came to First Vienna FC in 1937. He played in this team until 1952. During the time Nazi Germany controlled Austria, he and his team were very successful.

Decker played eight times for the German national football team. After World War II, he played 25 matches for the Austrian team between 1945 and 1952. In 1944 and 1950, he was the top scorer in the league. He also played for S.K. Sturm Graz (Austria), Sochaux (France) and  FC Grenchen (Switzerland).
## International statistics
;Germany

:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Decker goal.*

;Austria

:*Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Decker goal.''

## Coach
He was coach of Sturm Graz (1952–1954), FC Grenchen (1956–1958) and SK Rapid Wien (1968–1970). With Rapid, he reached the quarter finals of the European Champions Cup and won in the third round against Real Madrid. In the quarterfinals, they lost against Manchester United.

Between 1958 and 1964, he was coach of the Austrian national football team. In this time, the team was very successful. They won against Scotland (4:1), USSR (3:1 and 1:0), Spain (3:0 in front of 90.726 visitors, the record crowd in Austria), Italy (2:1), England (3:1) and Hungary (2:1 and 2:1).  They qualified for the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile but the ÖFB did not have enough money to send the team to the competition. The Decker era was one of the best for Austria's national football team.

## References
Norfolk Broads

**The Broads** are a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The Broads, and some nearby land were made into a special protected area (like a national park) by *The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act* of 1988. The Broads Authority has managed the area since 1989.

The total area is , mostly in Norfolk, with over  of navigable waterways. There are seven rivers and 63 broads, mostly less than  deep.  Thirteen broads are generally open to navigation, with a further three having navigable channels.  

Although the terms **Norfolk Broads** and **Suffolk Broads** are used to identify specific areas within the two counties respectively, the whole area is frequently referred to as the "Norfolk Broads".  

## References
Joe Clark

**Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark**  (born June 5, 1939) is a politician from Canada. He served as Canada's twentieth Prime Minister from 1979-1980. He became Prime Minister the day before he turned 40 years old, making him the youngest Prime Minister in Canadian history.

## References
## Other websites
*
Moliniana

**Moliniana** was a botanical journal issued between 1955 and 1966 in Santiago, Chile. Its contents were botany, phytochemistry and related topics. Gunckel, Looser and Navas were writers.

## References
You Suffer

"**You Suffer**" is a song by the British grindcore band Napalm Death. It is from their first album, *Scum*. The *Guinness Book of Records* has mentioned the song as the shortest recorded song ever.  It is precisely 1.316 seconds long.

Nic Bullen said that the short length of the song was inspired by Wehrmacht's 1985 song "E!"

Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song, which he describes as the "*shortest* punk song on the subject of suffering (or any subject)" at the conclusion of his memoir *We Did Porn*.

## Video
A music video produced by Earache Records was released for the song in March 2007. This was on the same day that the *Scum* dualdisc was released.

## References
## Other websites
*
Frankie Fredericks

'*Frank *Frankie* Fredericks*' (born 2 October, 1967) is a Namibian runner.  

## Biography
Fredericks was born in Windhoek. He went to college at Brigham Young University in the United States.  

Fredericks won silver medals in the 100m and 200m in the 1992 and 1996 Olympics.  He won gold medals at the World Championships and World Indoor Championships.  He used to be the 200m world record holder, and is still the 200m indoor record holder.  He finished 4th at the 2004 Olympics, even though he was 36 years old.  

After the 2004 Olympics, he retired and became a member of the International Olympic Committee.  He is the only person from Namibia to medal at the Olympics.  He has also ran the 200m in less than 20 seconds more times than anyone else.

## References
Boko Haram

s of Boko Haram, after being freed by government troops.]]
 military, and a killed fighter, supposedly from Boko Haram]]

**Boko Haram** (Arabic: بُوكُو حَرَامٌ) is an Independent Jihadist Group, The name of the group means "Western" or "non-Islamic" education is a sin. The group is centred in Borno State in northeastern Nigeria. It wants to make Islamic law the only law in Nigeria. It also wants to outlaw education that is not based on Islam. The group sees itself as similar to the Taliban, which are active in Afghanistan. Locally, the group is known as the "Taliban". The official name of the group is ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awah wal-Jihad'', which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad."  It used to be part of the Islamic State But split off, resulting in the Islamic state to create ISWAP.

The group was formed in Maiduguri, Borno State, in 2002. Its insurgency began in 2009. They follow an extreme version of Sunni Islam. Local residents of the area soon called the group Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the local Hausa language, this means Western education is forbidden. Residents gave it the name because of its strong opposition to Western education, which it sees as corrupting Muslims.  The term "Boko Haram" comes from the Hausa word 'boko' meaning "Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education" and the Arabic word 'haram' figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden").

Boko Haram opposes not only Western education, but Western culture and science as well. The group also forbids the wearing of shirts and trousers and the act of voting in elections.  In its view, the Nigerian state is run by non-believers. 
* In December 2010, the group stormed and released hundreds of inmates from Bauchi prison.
* In the same month, there was a bombing in Jos (Plateau state) that saw 80 people dead followed by an attack on Abuja barracks.
* 2010-2011 was a year in which dozens of civilians were killed in various shootings that took place in Maiduguri and in addition, the Abuja Police Headquarters and the United Nations Headquarters.

Boko Haram is not associated with the group Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta which fights against the oil industry in the Niger Delta, since 2006.

On 14 April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 teenagers from a secondary school in Chibok, Borno. Boko Haram killed at least 100 people in Baga, Borno, in January 2015. About 620 buildings were damaged or destroyed by fire.

In the mid-2010s, Boko Haram extended its activities into Cameroon, Chad and Niger. It became part of Islamic State in March 2015.

## References
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

The **Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta** is one of the largest militant groups in the Niger delta. Many people in the delta are poor. The Nigerian government has contracts that allow international companies to extract crude oil in the delta. This extraction causes very big damage to the environment. According to the magazine *The Economist*, the organization wants more of the profit of the oil extraction to go to the poor region, where the oil is extracted. According to the magazine, the organization is used by several armed groups; these groups are sometimes paid to launch attacks. The payment is done either with weapons or with money.

Its stated goals are to localize control of Nigeria's oil and to secure reparations from the federal government for pollution caused by the oil industry. In an interview with one of the group's leaders, who used the alias Major-General Godswill Tamuno, the BBC reported that it was fighting for "total control" of the Niger Delta's oil wealth, saying local people had not gained from the oil under the ground and the region's creeks and swamps."  

In a January 2006 email, it warned the oil industry, "It must be clear that the Nigerian government cannot protect your workers or assets. Leave our land while you can or die in it....  Our aim is to totally destroy the capacity of the Nigerian government to export oil." It has called upon President Olusegun Obasanjo to free two jailed Ijaw leaders — Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, who is jailed and charged with treason, and Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, a former governor of Bayelsa State convicted of corruption. Obasanjo's successor, President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua authorized the release of Dokubo-Asari and Alamieyeseigha in 2007.

## Related pages
*Niger Delta Avengers

## References
Green politics

**Green politics** is a kind of politics that has been on the rise since the 1970s. The parties and movements that follow these ideas are usually called *green*:
* The most important idea is that whatever is done has an impact on ecology. The environment needs to be protected; technologies and means of production should therefore be sustainable and protect the environment.
* Environment politics must take into account the needs of the people. The ideas about social politics are mostly left-wing and support social justice.
* Many of these movements advocate greater democracy, oppose centralism and advocate grassroots democracy. If action is taken, it needs the support of most of the people.
* Advocacy for non-violence.

## Related pages
*Eco-socialism
*Environmentalism
Jagged Little Pill

***Jagged Little Pill*** is the third studio album and the first to be released internationally by Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette. The album saw Morissette changing her style and genre. Morissette's sound in the album was rock, but her previous songs were dance pop. The title is a metaphor for lessons of life that are hard to accept. The album was Morissette's breakthrough album, and contained six hits, "You Oughta Know", "Ironic", "You Learn", "Hand in My Pocket", "Head over Feet", and "All I Really Want". The album spent twelve weeks at number one on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 albums chart. By 2009, the album had sold 33 million units worldwide.  It was ranked by the *Billboard* 200 as the number one selling album of the 1990s.

During the three consecutive years in the late 1990s of Grammy Awards, Morissette received five wins out of nine nominations from the album. In 1996, she won the Album of the Year & Best Rock Album. Her 1997 nominations such as "Ironic" for Record of the Year & Best Music Video in Short Form did not win her an award. But in 1998, she won again for Best Music Video in Long Form from her release of *Jagged Little Pill, Live*. In October 2002, *Rolling Stone* ranked it number 31 on its *Women In Rock - The 50 Essential Albums* list, and in 2003 the magazine ranked it number 327 on its list of *The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time*. The album also holds a title in *The Definitive 200 Albums* list, in which it is placed at number 26.

## Chart precession and succession
## Singles
## Related pages
* List of best-selling albums worldwide

## References
Jack Layton

**John Gilbert "Jack" Layton**  (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian politician and the Leader of the Official Opposition. He was the leader of the New Democratic Party from 2003 to 2011, and previously sat on Toronto City Council. He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.

He was a son of Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Robert Layton (1925-2002). He was born in Montreal and raised in Hudson, Quebec. He rose to prominence in Toronto municipal politics where he campaigned tirelessly for the needs of ordinary citizens and for environmental issues. Eventually, he became head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. In 2003, he was elected leader of the NDP on the first ballot of the convention, and the NDP almost doubled its popular vote in the 2004 election.

Thirty seven NDP MPs were elected under Layton in the 2008 election. In the 2011 federal election, he led the NDP to a historic total of 103 seats and formed the Official Opposition. Although recovering from illness, Layton campaigned tirelessly, and inspired many people. Importantly, the NDP had increased its number of Quebec MPs from one to fifty-nine seats, almost eliminating the previous Bloc Québécois MPs. 

Layton died at his home in Toronto on August 22, 2011, aged 61, after suffering from cancer of unknown primary origin. Layton's body had a lying-in-state before a state funeral was held in Toronto. He was married to fellow MP Olivia Chow.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gun Hägglund

**Karin Gunvor Sjöblom Hägglund** (2 March 1932–19 August 2011) was Swedish television star. She is better known as **Gun Hägglund**. Hägglund is the first female in Sweden who presented news on television. She was the news presenter of Aktuellt in 1958.

Hägglund was born in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and died in Visby. She was married to the Swedish news editor Karl-Axel Sjöblom. Both hosted and moderated the popular Swedish TV show *Halv sju*. Her husband died in 1982. Hägglund died in 2011 after a short illness.

Her career started in 1955 when she started working for the Swedish radio. She was a secretary and program . In 1958, she moved to television shows and became the first female in Sweden to present the news. Hägglund presented the national news show Aktuellt. Furthermore, she worked as a translator. She translated movies and TV shows.

For 30 years, until 1997, Hägglund was involved in the *Swedish National Association of Promotion of Cycling*. First she was Secretary-General and later Executive Chairman. In that position, she published some books about cycling.

## References
QRpedia

**QRpedia** is a web system for mobile devices, like mobile phones. It uses QR codes to show  Wikipedia articles to people. The articles are shown in the user's own language.

## Process 
A user uses their mobile device to scan a QRpedia QR code. The device decodes the QR code into a web address. The address has the domain name "qrwp.org". The last part of the web address is the title of a Wikipedia article.

The device sends a request for the article to the QRpedia web server. It also transmits the name of the language used by the device.

The QRpedia server then uses Wikipedia's API

## Origins 
, in Derby Museum. The article is, as of August 2011, available in 30 languages. The languages Arabic, Catalan, Esperanto, German, Greek, Japanese, Turkish and Vietnamese.]]

QRpedia was invented by Roger Bamkin, and Terence Eden. The event was part of the GLAM/Derby collaboration between Derby Museum and Art Gallery and Wikipedia. During the collaboration, over 500 Wikipedia articles were also created. The articles were in several languages. The project's name is a made-up word, using the initials "QR" from "QR (**Q**uick **R**esponse) code" and "pedia" from "Wiki**pedia**".

The project's source code is has a MIT License. This means that anyone can use it, free.

## Uses 
 to scan a QRpedia QR code]]

QRpedia is used at:
* The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
* Derby Museum and Art Gallery  including a travelling exhibit shown at The Tate
* The National Museum of Computing (UK)
* Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria
* The Welsh town of Monmouth, as part of Wikipedia's MonmouthpediA project.
* The New Art Gallery Walsall
QRpedia is also used in other kinds of places. For example, the Occupy movement uses it on their posters.

## References 
## Other websites 
* QRpedia - this site makes QR codes which convert to QRpedia URLs
*
Conrotatory and disrotatory

These terms describe two classes of an electrocyclic reaction (a type of organic chemical reactions). In a **conrotatory** mode, the substituents located at the ends of a conjugated double bond system move in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction during ring opening or ring closure.  In a **disrotatory** mode, they move in opposite directions.

An example is the conversion of trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene to cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene (top of figure).  The orbital mechanics of the reaction needs a disrotatory mode.  The orbital symmetry of the octatriene's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) requires for the end pi orbitals to move in opposite directions to form the correct symmetry found in the sigma bond.

Thermal rearrangements of all conjugated systems containing 4n + 2 pi electron are stereospecific. This is based on preservation of orbital symmetry in the highest occupied molecular orbital. Systems containing 4n pi electrons show the opposite conrotatory mode. This is also true for rearrangements of 4n + 2 pi (where n is a whole number) electrons driven by light (photoinduced).  Photoinduced rearrangements of 4n pi electron systems (where the number of electrons is divisible by 4) follow the disrotatory rule.

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules summarize the above different reactions.

The following picture also shows the difference between conrotatory and disrotatory reactions:
s for a generic hexatriene system.]]

## References
* Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press. .
* March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc.
Urbanization

**Urbanization** (or **urbanization**) is a term from geography. The base of the word is the Latin *urbs*, which means city. The term urbanization refers to the process of a rural area turning into an urban area. This can happen in two different ways:
#Through the growth of cities; called *physical urbanization*
#Through the change of behavior of people living in rural areas; called *functional urbanization*
Physical urbanization has been observed for centuries. In developing countries this is the main form of urbanization. In developed countries, functional urbanization is the main form of urbanization. With functional urbanization, people living in the city center move to the countryside, next to the city; this is known as suburbanization.

## Environmental effects
Environmental scientists are studying the urban heat island. The urban heat island is made when industrial and urban areas are developed and heat becomes plentiful. Environmental impacts also include reducing soil moisture and more carbon dioxide emissions.

Stewart Brand's book *Whole Earth Discipline* argues that urbanization helps the environment overall. First, the birth rate of new urban dwellers falls and keeps falling. This can prevent overpopulation in the future. Secondly, it puts a stop to destructive subsistence farming methods, like slash and burn agriculture. Finally, it reduces land use by humans, leaving more for nature.

## References
## Related pages
* Industrialisation
* Urban planning
Catherine Deneuve

**Catherine Deneuve** (born 22 October 1943) is a French actress. She is the daughter of two well-known actors. She has two sisters; Françoise Dorléac (1942-1967) and Sylvie (born 1946), also both actresses, the former was killed in a car accident. She has a maternal half-sister, Danielle (born 1937).

She began acting on movies as a teenager. Her first major role is in Jacques Demy's 1964 movie *Les Parapluies de Cherbourg*. She has since then worked with some of the greatest movie directors, notably Roman Polanski's in *Repulsion* (1965), and Luis Buñuel's in *Belle de Jour* (1967) and *Tristana* (1970) and François Truffaut's in *Le Dernier Métro* (1982). She made a commercial for the perfume *Chanel No 5*. She is a close friend of fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent.

She married British photographer David Bailey from 1965 to 1972. She has had relationships with movie director Roger Vadim (1928-2000), with whom she had a son, Christian Vadim (born 1963), and Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni (1924-1996), with whom she had a daughter, Chiara Mastroianni (born 1972). Both her children are actors.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Odontoceti

The **Odontoceti** is a suborder of the cetaceans. They are the **toothed whales**.

The Odontoceti includes  all the whales which eat prey larger than plankton. Examples are: sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and others. As the name suggests, the suborder has teeth rather than the baleen of Mysticeti whales. This means they are predators of small to large sized prey. 

The Sperm Whale *Physeter*, the Killer Whale *Orca* and the Pilot Whale *Globicephala* all take large prey. By means of co-operation, Killer Whales can take prey larger than themselves, up to and including Blue Whale calves. Sperm Whales are specialist feeders on giant squid.

There are about 73 species.

## Taxonomy
*Superfamily Delphinoidea; Porpoises, Dolphins, Pilot Whales, Killer Whales, Narwhal
*Superfamily Inioidea: some South American river dolphins
*Superfamily Lipotoidea: Chinese River Dolphin
*Superfamily Physeteroidea: Sperm Whales
*Superfamily Platanistoidea: River Dolphins proper
*Superfamily Ziphioidea: Bottlenose Whales, Beaked Whales

## References
Green Party

A **green party** is a political party based on green politics.

**Green Party** or **Greens Party** may also refer to:
* Australia: Australian Greens
* Austria: The Greens – The Green Alternative
* Canada: Green Party of Canada
** Ontario: Green Party of Ontario
* Germany: Green Party (Germany)
* Ireland: Green Party - An Comhaontas Glas 
* Israel: The Greens (Israel) and Green Party (Israel)
* New Zealand: Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
* Norway: Green Party (Norway)
* Pakistan: Green Party of Pakistan
* Sweden: Green Party (Sweden)
* Switzerland: Green Liberal Party of Switzerland, Green Party of Switzerland
* United Kingdom: Raving Loony Green Giant Party, 1989–93
* United Kingdom: Green Party (UK), 1973–90
** England and Wales: Green Party of England and Wales
** Northern Ireland: Green Party Northern Ireland
** Scotland: Scottish Greens
* United States: Green Party of the United States

## Related pages
* Greens
Allen Telescope Array

The **Allen Telescope Array** (**ATA**) was developed by the SETI Institute and the Radio Astronomy Laboratory (RAL) at the University of California, Berkeley to construct a radio interferometer that is dedicated to radio astronomy observations. At the same time, it is also used for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The ATA is at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory,  northeast of San Francisco, California. The goal is to have 350 antennas. To start, 42 antennas (ATA-42) were put to work on 11 October 2007. However, a  of money stopped operations in April 2011. In August 2011, ATA got short-term funding. In 2012 UC Berkeley quit the project.

It is named after Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft. Its old name was the **One Hectare Telescope** (**1hT**).

## References
## Other websites
* Official site at seti.org 
* Radio Astronomy Laboratory's ATA site 
* The Search Continues with the Allen Telescope Array. Mountain View, CA: *SETI Institute*. March 25, 2004.
* Radio Astronomy Laboratory, Univ of Cal, Berkeley: NSF proposal, June 15, 2005.
Herring gull

The **herring gull** (*Larus argentatus* or European herring gull) is a large gull (up to 26&nbsp;inches or 66&nbsp;cm long). It is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of western Europe. It breeds across Northern Europe, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states. 

Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in the British Isles, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. European herring gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.

## Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

## References
Alien hand syndrome

**Alien Hand Syndrome** (also known as **anarchic hand**, **AHS** or **Doctor Strangelove Syndrome**) is a condition that seems to cause a person's hand to move on its own. 

## References
Lesser black-backed gull

The **lesser black-backed gull** (*Larus fuscus*) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland.

This species breeds in colonies on coasts and lakes. It makes a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities the species nests in towns and cities, often with herring gulls.

They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated. Different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between  forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

The only species it might be confused with in Europe is the great black-backed gull. Lesser is a smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. 

The bill is yellow with a red spot. When the young peck the red spot, The adults feed them by regurgitation. This is an  behaviour called a fixed action pattern or releaser. 

## References
Christina Aguilera discography

This is the **discography** for **Christina Aguilera**. She has released six studio albums, twenty solo singles, four video albums, and twenty-seven music videos.
My Kind of Christmas

***My Kind of Christmas*** is a Christmas collection by Christina Aguilera, released on October 24, 2000.

## Track listing
;Bonus Track
Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits

'''''Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits''''' is the first greatest hits by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on 2008.

## Track listing
## References