open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ambulocetus

***Ambulocetus*** ("walking whale") was an early  cetacean. It could walk as well as swim. *Ambulocetus natans* lived from the early Eocene (50 to 48 million years ago). Its fossils have been found in Pakistan. When the animal was alive, Pakistan was a coastal region of India, which was then a large island in the Indian Ocean.

## Description 
It looked like a 3-meter (10-foot) long mammalian crocodile. It was clearly amphibious: its back legs are better adapted for swimming than for walking on land, and it probably swam by undulating its back vertically, as otters and whales do.

Ambulocetids may have hunted like crocodiles, lurking in the shallows to snatch unsuspecting prey. Chemical analysis of its teeth shows that it was able to move between salt and fresh water. *Ambulocetus* did not have external ears. To detect prey on land, they may have lowered their heads to the ground and felt for vibrations.

Scientists consider *Ambulocetus* to be an early whale because it shares underwater adaptations with them. It had an adaptation in the nose that enabled it to swallow underwater, and its periotic bones had a structure like those of whales, enabling it to hear well underwater. In addition, its teeth are similar to those of early cetaceans.

One mostly complete specimen and several partial skeletons have been found in Pakistan.

## Related pages 
*Pakicetus

## References
List of World Chess Champions

at the Leipzig Chess Olympiad in 1960]]
.]]
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**World Chess Champions** are players who have won a match or tournament for the World Championship at chess. Both men and women can become champion, but no woman has ever been a challenger for the title. There is however a separate championship for women. There are also separate championships for specific age groups.

Before 1886, there was no official championship held, but some players were thought to be pre-eminent. From 1948 on, the World Chess Federation FIDE held the championships. Between 1993 and 2006 there were two world champion titles, the FIDE one and the classical one.

The 2013 World Championship match took place between Anand and Magnus Carlsen (challenger) in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, where Anand grew up. Usually, world champions are played on neutral ground. Fischer played Spassky in Iceland; Alekhine played Capablanca in Buenos Aires. The Soviets always played in Moscow. However, sponsorship is needed for these matches, and the decision to accept the Chennai bid was taken by FIDE. The Challenger was victorious winning 3 games and achieving the necessary 6.5 points to win the title at the end of game 10.

Gukesh Dommuraju of India is the youngest and current World Chess Champion since 2024.

## Some players and authors before 1821 
These players are included (pre-18th century) on little more than opinion, and (18th century) on the basis of more substantial information. Some authors of important early works on chess are noted.

## World Champions pre-FIDE 
These players are included on the basis of their winning matches against credible opponents. **Champions are numbered from Steinitz onwards**, because his match against Zukertort was publicly declared as a world championship and generally accepted.

## FIDE world champions 1948–1993 
Long matches, initially best of 24 games.

## FIDE world champions 1993–2006 
These knock-out events are separately numbered.

## Classical world champions 1993–2006 
These are matches of the traditional kind, and of 15 or 20 games.

## Undisputed world champions 2006–present 
Various formats have been used, especially during Carlsen's tenure.

## Women's World Champions 
## Related pages
* List of chess Grandmasters

## References
Bassersdorf

**Bassersdorf** is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Zurich. It can be found in the district of Bülach.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Phosgene

**Phosgene** is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2.  Phosgene gas is colorless and was used as a weapon during World War I. It caused most of the deaths related to poison gas during the war. 

Today, phosgene is used for organic synthesis. Small amounts of phosgene are produced when certain compounds of chlorine and carbon burn or break down.

## Uses 
Today, most phosgene is an ingredient in plastics. Phosgene reacts with bisphenol A or similar chemicals (diols) to make polycarbonates. People at risk of exposure may wear badges to identify themselves.

### Action 
Phosgene damages the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs, where oxygen passes into the bloodstream. This makes it hard for the blood and air to exchange oxygen and carbon.  This makes breathing very hard.  

## Other websites 
* Davy's account of his discovery of phosgene
* International Chemical Safety Card 0007
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* U.S. CDC Emergency Preparedness & Response 
* U.S. EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
* Regime For Schedule 3 Chemicals And Facilities Related To Such Chemicals , OPCW website
* CBWInfo website 
* Use of Phosgene in WWII and in modern-day warfare  (Refer to Section 4.C of the article)
* Phosgene -Citizendium

## References
Amor asteroid

An **amor asteroid** is a group of asteroids found near Earth that were named after 1221 Amor. While some other kinds of asteroids cross over Mars' and Earth's , nearly all of the amor asteroids do not. The best known amor asteroid is 433 Eros. It circled around and landed upon by the NEAR Shoemaker. About 1,200 of all the asteroids in space are amor asteroids, with about 200 of them numbered, or given a number. Only 50 amor asteroids are named.

## Some notable amor asteroids 
The following are a few of the most  amor asteroids, in reverse order of :

## Related pages
* List of named Amor asteroids

## Other websites 
* List of Amor minor planets
Iași County

**Iaşi** is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia. The capital of Iaşi County is Iaşi.

## Population 
About 825,000 people lived in Iaşi County as of the year 2007:

## Divisions 
Iaşi County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 93 communes.

### Municipalities 
* Iaşi - capital city; population: 315,214
* Paşcani

### Towns 
* Târgu Frumos
* Hârlău
* Podu Iloaiei

### Communes 
## Notes
Ye (Cyrillic)

**Yenyegibkoye** (in Russian and Belarusian) (**Е**, **Ǝ**, **е**, **ɘ**), otherwise known as **enegibko** (in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) or simply **ye** or **e**, is the sixth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [e] or [ɛ], except in Russian and Belarusian, where it is said as [yeh] at the beginning of the word and as a palatised (soft) [yeh] in other cases.

It came from the Greek epsilon and is the same as the Roman E.

## Related pages
* Epsilon (letter)
* E
Phosgene oxime

**Phosgene oxime**, also called **dichloroformoxime** or **CX**, is a chemical weapon, and a nettle agent that damages skin and other body parts. It was first made in the year 1929.  When it is solid, it has no color. When it is liquid, it is yellow-brown. It has a strong, very bad odor.  The chemical formula phosgene oxime is CCl2NOH.

This chemical has no real use, so accidental exposure is does not happen often. Exposure to CX is almost certainly the result of its use as a weapon.

## Signs of phosgene oxime poisoning
Phosgene oxime is toxic if breathed, eaten, or placed on the skin or by the skin. In a very short time, the signs of poisoning are seen. If breathed, it harms the lungs and may eventually lead to pulmonary edema. The effects on the skin include hives, itching, and necrosis of the skin. It also causes watering of the eyes and even can cause blindness.

## Other websites
* EMedicine: Urticants, Phosgene Oxime
* Center for the Study of Bioterrorism: Phosgene Oxime 
* Centers for Disease Control: Facts About Phosgene Oxime 
* Virtual Naval Hospital: Phosgene Oxime
Han

**Han** may refer to:

## Ethnic groups 
* Han Chinese, or Han People ()
## Former states 
* Han dynasty (漢/汉) (206 BC – 220 AD), a dynasty split into two eras, Western Han and Eastern Han
* Daehan Jaeguk or Korean Empire () (1897–1910), the last monarchial kingdom of Korea.

## Languages 
* Han Chinese language, or just Chinese
* Hangul (한글 *Hangeul*), the Korean alphabet
* Hanja (한자, 漢字), Han characters used for the Korean language

## Other uses
* Khan (title), or Han (汗) in Chinese transliteration, originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler
* Han Solo, a character in the *Star Wars* franchise
Security-Enhanced Linux

8]]

**Security-Enhanced Linux** (**SELinux**) is a Linux feature that gives a  of security rules, including mandatory access controls. It does so by using Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a group of changes that can be used on Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux and BSD.
Zhe (Cyrillic)

**Zhe** (**Ж**, **ж**) is the seventh (eighth in Russian) letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like Zh, or the S in trea**s**ure or vi**s**ion.

It came from the Glagolitic letter "zhivete". In English, it is transliterated as *zh*. In other slavic languages like Ž.
City limits

The **city limits** are  that  where a city ends. The words **town limits** and **village limits** mean the same thing as city limits, but are used in towns and villages.  The limits are usually marked with a sign.
European Capital of Culture

The **European Capital of Culture** is a city (or multiple cities) chosen by the European Union for a period of one calendar year. The city is given a chance to show its cultural life and cultural development. Most of the cities are very popular and are known internationally (by people around the world).

The idea to have a European Capital of Culture came from Melina Mercouri who was the Minster for Culture in Greece. It began in 1985. It was originally known as the 'European City of Culture' until 1999, when it was re-named 'European Capital of Culture'.

The European Capitals of Culture for 2025 are Chemnitz in Germany, and Nova Gorica in Slovenia (with Gorizia in Italy).

## List of by year 
### Past years 
### Future years 
These are the planned European Capitals of Culture, according to the official EU website. 

## References 
* García, B. (2005) “*De-constructing the City of Culture: The long term cultural legacies of Glasgow 1990*” in: *Review Issue of Urban Studies* (vol 42, n5/6) (pp.&nbsp;1–28)
* García, B. (2004) “*Cultural Policy in European Cities: Lessons from Experience, Prospects for the Future*” in: *Special edition on Cultural Policy and Regeneration, Local Economy* (vol 19, n4) (pp.&nbsp;312–326)
* García, B. (2004) “*Urban Regeneration, Arts Programming and Major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004*” in: Gibson, L. & Stevenson, D. (Eds) *Special Issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy: Urban Space and the Uses of Culture* (vol 10, n 1) (pp.&nbsp;103–118)

## Other websites 
* European Cultural Capitals and Months
Japan Soccer League

**Japan Soccer League** (JSL)  used to be an amateur football league in Japan.

## Champions
### Division 1
### Division 2
## References
Pierre Littbarski

**Pierre Michael Littbarski** (; born 16 April 1960) is a German professional football manager and former player of 1. FC Köln and the West Germany national team. Known for his dribbling abilities, he was mostly used as an attacking midfielder or winger. Littbarski was a FIFA World Cup winner with West Germany in 1990, and the runner-up in both 1982 and 1986. Littbarski was the caretaker manager of VfL Wolfsburg after taking over from Steve McClaren from 7 February to 17 March 2011.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list West Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Littbarski goal.*

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
**1. FC Köln**
* DFB-Pokal: 1982–83
* UEFA Cup runner-up: 1985–86

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup: 1990; runner-up: 1982, 1986

**Individual**
* *kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1981–82, 1984–85, 1989–90
* FIFA World Cup top assist provider: 1982
* Goal of the Year (Germany): 1985
* Sydney FC Hall of Fame: 2015

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* League matches of Pierre Littbarski season by season at RSSSF
* TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen's Who's Who
* 
*
Cerise

Cerise is a rose-red color.

At right is displayed the color **cerise**. The *cerise* name comes from the French word meaning cherry.  The word "cherry" itself comes from the Norman *cherise*.

According to Maerz and Paul in their *Dictionary of Color*, the first recorded use of *cerise* as a color name in English was in 1858.  However, it was used at least as early as 1846 in a book of crochet patterns.

In the 1950s, a popular brand of colored pencils, Venus Paradise, had a colored pencil called *Hollywood cerise*. Before being renamed "Hollywood cerise" in the 1940s, the color had before that, since 1922, been known simply as *Hollywood*.
   

## Meaning of cerise
* The color cerise represents partying and glamor, especially the color *Hollywood cerise*, shown below, which represents the glamor of Hollywood.
* Cerise is a vivid, happy, fun color that is popular for women’s lipstick, women’s clothing in general, and men’s casual shirts.

## Tones of cerise color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
George Drennen Fischer

**George Drennen Fischer** was an American activist and spokesman for the National Education Association. He presented the Statement on complete comprehensive Preschool Education and Child Day Care Act of 1969 before the choose select Subcommittee on Education, February 27, 1970. He also published on the state of Native American education with Walter Mondale. His actions got him put placed on the master list of Nixon political opponents.
## References
*
*Fischer's 1970 statement before the Senate *
*George D. Fischer and Walter F. Mondale, "Indian Education-A National Disgrace," Today’s Education, LIX ( March, 1970), p. 26.
J2 League

The  or simply **J2** is the second division of the  and the second level of the Japanese association football league system. The top tier is represented by the J1 League. It (along with the rest of the J.League) is currently sponsored by Meiji Yasuda Life and it is thus officially known as the . Until the 2014 season it was named the **J.League Division 2**.

### Timeline
### Participating clubs (2019)
### Promotion playoff results
;Results

### Stadiums (2019) 
Primary venues used in the J2 League:

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* J. League Division 1
* Japan Football League
* Japanese Regional Leagues
* List of J. League players

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/tv/sportsjapan/archives201209110600.html
Japan Football League

The , also known as simply the **JFL**, is the 4th tier of the Japanese association football league system, positioned beneath the three divisions of the J.League. The league features fully professional teams that hold J.League associate membership among its ranks.

### Participating clubs
**Pink background denotes clubs that were most recently promoted from Japanese Regional Leagues through the regional league promotion tournament.*
**Gray background indicates the club most recently relegated from J3*
**"Qualifiable base for J.League" indicates the club holds a J3 League license. Clubs who actually hold the license are denoted in **bold.***
*Formerly, clubs who wished to join the J.League had to also acquire a 100 Year Plan status membership. The J.League decided that since 2023, it would not be necessary for a club to hold this status in order to enable their promotion.

### Stadiums (2025) 
Primary venues used in the JFL:

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* J1 League
* J2 League
* J3 League
* Japanese Regional Leagues

## References
## Other websites
* Japan Football League website 
* http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/tv/sportsjapan/archives201209110600.html
Gamba Osaka

is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.

## History
The club was  in 2001.

In 2014, Gamba Osaka won all three major titles in Japan, including the J1 League, the J. League Cup, and the Emperor's Cup.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Gamba Osaka players

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.gamba-osaka.net/en/index.html ; [http://www.gamba-osaka.net/ ]
* J.League Club Guide
JEF United Chiba

, full name  and also known as , is a Japanese professional football club based in Chiba, capital of Chiba Prefecture. They currently play in the J2 League, Japanese second tier of professional football.

## League position 
*2011 : J2 League - 6th
*2012 : J2 League - 5th
*2013 : J2 League - 5th
*2014 : J2 League - 3rd
*2015 : J2 League - 9th
*2016 : J2 League - 11th
*2017 : J2 League - 6th
*2018 : J2 League - 14th
*2019 : J2 League - 17th
*2020 : J2 League - 14th

## Reserve team 
JEF United Chiba has reserve team ; **JEF Reserves**.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of JEF United Chiba players

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.so-net.ne.jp/JEFUNITED/ 
* J.League Club Guide
Patrick M'Boma

**Patrick Mboma** (born 15 November 1970) is a former Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Cameroon and Cameroon Olympic goal tally first. The score column indicates the score after each M'Boma goal.''

## Honours
**Paris Saint-Germain**
* Coupe de France: 1994–95
* Coupe de la Ligue: 1995

**Metz**
* Coupe de la Ligue: 1996

**Parma**
* Coppa Italia: 2001–02
**Cameroon**
* Summer Olympics: 2000
* African Nations Cup: 2000, 2002
**Individual**
* African Footballer of the Year: 2000
* BBC African Footballer of the Year: 2000
* African Nations Cup top scorer: 2002
* J.League Top Scorer: 1997
* J.League Best XI: 1997
* Coppa Italia top scorer: 1999–2000

## References
Kashiwa Reysol

is a Japanese professional football club based in Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture, part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The club plays in the J1 League, 

## History
The club was  in 1940.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Kashiwa Reysol players

## References 
## Other websites
* Kashiwa Reysol website  ; http://www.reysol.co.jp/main.php 
* J.League Club Guide
Kashima Antlers

The  are a professional football club based in Kashima, Ibaraki, Japan. They currently play in the J1 League, the top tier of Japanese professional football leagues. The club has financial backing from Mercari, a Japanese e-commerce company.

## History
The club was  in 2001.
* 1947-1992 Sumitomo Metal SC
* 1992-present Kashima Antlers

## League title 
* Japan Soccer League Second Division : 2
** 1984, 1986/87
* J1 League : 8
** 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016

## League position 
*2011 : J1 League - 6th
*2012 : J1 League - 11th
*2013 : J1 League - 5th
*2014 : J1 League - 3rd
*2015 : J1 League - 5th
*2016 : J1 League - Champions
*2017 : J1 League - 2nd
*2018 : J1 League - 3rd
*2019 : J1 League - 3rd
*2020 : J1 League - 5th

### Former position 
## Notable achievement 
The team has some notable .

In 2010,  Marquinhos (Marcos Gomes de Araujo) made three goals in one game against Omiya Ardija.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Kashima Antlers players

## References 
## Other websites
* Kashima Antlers website  
* J.League Club Guide
Kyoto Sanga FC

is a Japanese professional football club in Kyoto Prefecture.

## History
The club was  in 1922.
* 1922-1993 Kyoto Shiko Club
* 1994-2006 Kyoto Purple Sanga
* 2007-present Kyoto Sanga FC

## League title 
* J2 League : 2
** 2001, 2005

## League position 
*2011 : J2 League - 7th
*2012 : J2 League - 3rd
*2013 : J2 League - 3rd
*2014 : J2 League - 9th
*2015 : J2 League - 17th
*2016 : J2 League - 5th
*2017 : J2 League - 12th
*2018 : J2 League - 19th
*2019 : J2 League - 8th
*2020 : J2 League - 8th

### Former position 
## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Kyoto Sanga FC players

## References 
## Other websites
* Kyoto Sanga FC  
* J.League Club Guide
Avispa Fukuoka

is a Japanese professional football club based in Hakata, Fukuoka. They currently compete in the J1 League.

## History
The club was  in 1982.
*1982&ndash;1993: Chuo Bohan SC
*1994: Fujieda Blux
*1995: Fukuoka Blux
*1996&ndash;present: Avispa Fukuoka

## League title
*Japan Football League: 1
**1995
*Japan Football League Division 2: 1
**1992

## League position
*2011: J1 League - 17th
*2012: J2 League - 18th
*2013: J2 League - 14th
*2014: J2 League - 16th
*2015: J2 League - 3rd
*2016: J1 League - 18th
*2017: J2 League - 4th
*2018: J2 League - 7th
*2019: J2 League - 16th
*2020: J2 League - 2nd

### Former position
## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Avispa Fukuoka players

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Avispa Fukuoka website 
* J.League Club Guide
Shonan Bellmare

is a Japanese professional association football club currently playing in J2 League. The team is located in Hiratsuka, in the west of Kanagawa Prefecture; their home stadium is Hiratsuka Athletics Stadium. *Shonan* refers to a coastal area along Sagami Bay that includes Hiratsuka. *Bellmare* is a portmanteau of the Italian words *bello* and *mare*, meaning "beautiful sea".

## History
The club was  in 1968.
*1968-1974 Towa Real Estate SC
*1975-1993 Fujita Industries SC
*1994-1999 Bellmare Hiratsuka
*2000-present Shonan Bellmare

## League title
*Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 3
**1977, 1979, 1981
*Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
**1991/92
*Japan Football League Division 1 : 1
**1993

## League position
*2011 : J2 League - 14th
*2012 : J2 League - 2nd
*2013 : J1 League - 16th
*2014 : J2 League - 1st
*2015 : J1 League - 8th
*2016 : J1 League - 17th
*2017 : J2 League - 1st
*2018 : J1 League - 13th
*2019 : J1 League - 16th
*2020 : J1 League - 18th

### Former position
## Notable achievement 
The team has some notable .

In 2010, Frode Johnsen made three goals in one game against Shimizu S-Pulse.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Shonan Bellmare players

## References 
## Other websites
* Shonan Bellmare website 
* J.League Club Guide
Sanfrecce Hiroshima

is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima. The club is in the Japanese professional soccer league (J league). The club color is purple.

## History
The club was  in 1938.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players

## References 
## Other websites
* Sanfrecce Hiroshima website 
* J.League Club Guide
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo

is a Japanese professional football club based in Sapporo, on the island of Hokkaido. They will play in the 2025 J2 League, the second tier league of Japanese football, after relegation from the J1 League at conclusion of the 2024 season.

Their main home ground is the indoor Sapporo Dome, which was shared with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters baseball team until 2022. Some matches are also played at the outdoor Sapporo Atsubetsu Stadium.

## History
The team was founded in 1935.
*1935-1979 Toshiba Horikawa SC
*1980-1995 Toshiba SC
*1996-2015 Consadole Sapporo
*2016-present Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo

## League title
*Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 2
**1979, 1988/89
*Japan Football League : 1
**1997
*J2 League : 2
**2000, 2007

## League position
*2011 : J2 League - 3rd
*2012 : J1 League - 18th
*2013 : J2 League - 8th
*2014 : J2 League - 10th
*2015 : J2 League - 10th
*2016 : J2 League - 1st
*2017 : J1 League - 11th
*2018 : J1 League - 4th
*2019 : J1 League - 10th
*2020 : J1 League - 12th

### Former position
## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players

## References 
## Other websites
* Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo website 
* J.League Club Guide
FC Tokyo

is a Japanese professional football club in Tokyo.

## History
The club was  in 1935.

In 2009, Naohiro Ishikawa scored three times in one game against Omiya Ardija.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of FC Tokyo players

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* http://www.FC ; http://www.FC 
* Tokyo/   J.League Club Guide
Yokohama Flügels

The , also known as the **AS Flügels** is a former football club which has played in Japan.

## Name 
*1964-1992 **All Nippon Airways SC**
*1992-1998 **Yokohama Flügels**

## League title 
*Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
**1987/88

## League position 
*1984 : JSL Division 2 - 2nd
*1985/86 : JSL Division 1 - 12th
*1986/87 : JSL Division 2 - 11th
*1987/88 : JSL Division 2 - 1st
*1988/89 : JSL Division 1 - 2nd
*1989/90 : JSL Division 1 - 3rd
*1990/91 : JSL Division 1 - 7th
*1991/92 : JSL Division 1 - 8th
*1993 : J1 League - 6th
*1994 : J1 League - 7th
*1995 : J1 League - 13th
*1996 : J1 League - 3rd
*1997 : J1 League - 6th
*1998 : J1 League - 7th

## References
Cerezo Osaka

is a Japanese professional football club based in Osaka. The club currently plays in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country. The club's name () also represents the flower of the city of Osaka. The official hometowns of the club are Osaka and Sakai. There exists a local rivalry with Suita-based Gamba Osaka.

## History
The club was  in 1957.
* 1957-1993 Yanmar Diesel SC
* 1994-present Cerezo Osaka

## League title 
* Japan Soccer League : 4
** 1971, 1974, 1975, 1980

## League position 
*2011 : J1 League - 12th
*2012 : J1 League - 14th
*2013 : J1 League - 4th
*2014 : J1 League - 17th
*2015 : J2 League - 4th
*2016 : J2 League - 4th
*2017 : J1 League - 3rd
*2018 : J1 League - 7th
*2019 : J1 League - 5th
*2020 : J1 League - 4th

## Former position 
## Reserve team 
Yanmar Diesel SC had reserve team ; **Yanmar Club** from 1976 to 1979.

## Notable achievement 
The team has some notable .

In 2010, Adriano Ferreira Martins made four goals in one game against Jubilo Iwata.

In 2011, Ryuji Bando scored three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima; and he also scored three time in a game against Shimizu S-Pulse.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Cerezo Osaka players

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.cerezo.co.jp/english_top.asp ; [http://www.cerezo.co.jp/ ]
* J.League Club Guide
Tokyo Verdy

is a Japanese professional football club based in Inagi, Tokyo. The club currently competes in the J1 League, following promotion from the J2 League in 2023.

## History
The club was  in 1969.
* 1969-1992 Yomiuri SC
* 1992-2000 Verdy Kawasaki
* 2001-2007 Tokyo Verdy 1969
* 2008-present Tokyo Verdy

## League title 
* Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 5
** 1983, 1984, 1986/87, 1990/91, 1991/92
* Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 2
** 1974, 1977
* J1 League : 2
** 1993, 1994

## League position 
*2011 : J2 League - 5th
*2012 : J2 League - 7th
*2013 : J2 League - 13th
*2014 : J2 League - 20th
*2015 : J2 League - 8th
*2016 : J2 League - 18th
*2017 : J2 League - 5th
*2018 : J2 League - 6th
*2019 : J2 League - 13th
*2020 : J2 League - 12th

### Former position 
## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Tokyo Verdy website
Kawasaki Frontale

**Kawasaki Frontale** is a Japanese professional football club in Kawasaki, which is south of Tokyo in Kanagawa Prefecture.
 
In 2012, Yahiro Kazama was named coach.

## History
The club was  in 1955.

In 2009, Renatinho (Renato Carlos Martins Júnior) kicked three goals in a game against JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Kawasaki Frontale players

## References 
## Other websites
* Kawasaki Frontale website 
* Kawasaki Frontale Unofficial English-Language Fan-Site
* J.League Club Guide
Oita Trinita

is a Japanese football club located in Ōita, Capital of Ōita Prefecture. They currently play in J2 League, Japanese second tier of professional football.

## Name origin 
The club's name, *Trinita*, is the Italian translation of the word *trinity (trinità)*, which was the club's original name before being changed in 1999, and *Ōita*, the club's home town. The combined word expresses the will of the local citizens, companies, and government to support the team. Another connection to the Italian culture can be found in the city nickname Azzurro ("light blue" in Italian).

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.oita-trinita.co.jp/index.php 
* J.League Club Guide
Albirex Niigata

is a professional football club based in Niigata, Japan. Formed in 1955 as **Niigata Eleven SC**, it was renamed Albireo Niigata FC in 1995, and Albirex Niigata in 1997. They currently compete in the J1 League after earning promotion from the J2 League as champions in 2022. 

## History
The club was  in 1955.
*1955-1994 Niigata Eleven
*1995-1996 Albireo Niigata
*1997-present Albirex Niigata

## League title
*J2 League : 1
**2003

## League position
*2011 : J1 League - 14th
*2012 : J1 League - 15th
*2013 : J1 League - 7th
*2014 : J1 League - 12th
*2015 : J1 League - 15th
*2016 : J1 League - 15th
*2017 : J1 League - 17th
*2018 : J2 League - 16th
*2019 : J2 League - 10th
*2020 : J2 League - 11th

### Former position
## Notable achievement 
The team has some notable .

In 2009, Pedro Bispo Moreira Júnior made three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

In 2010, Marcio Richardez scored three times in one game against Vegalta Sendai.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Albirex Niigata players

## References 
## Other websites
* Albirex Niigata website 
* J.League Club Guide
Yokohama FC

is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.

## History
The club was  in 1998.
 
## Players
In 2010, the team included

## League title
*J2 League : 1
**2006
*Japan Football League : 2
**1999, 2000

## League position
*2011 : J2 League - 18th
*2012 : J2 League - 4th
*2013 : J2 League - 11th
*2014 : J2 League - 11th
*2015 : J2 League - 15th
*2016 : J2 League - 8th
*2017 : J2 League - 10th
*2018 : J2 League - 3rd
*2019 : J2 League - 2nd
*2020 : J1 League - 15th

### Former position
## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Yokohama FC website
Urawa Red Diamonds

The  or simply **Urawa Reds** (浦和レッズ, *Urawa Rezzu*), also known as **Mitsubishi Urawa Football Club** from April 1992 to January 1996, are a professional football club in the city of Saitama, part of the Greater Tokyo Area in Japan, who play in the J1 League, the top tier of Japanese football. The Reds are one of the most successful clubs in the country, having won three AFC Champions League titles (most recently in 2022) and various domestic titles including a joint-record eight Emperor's Cups, as well as participating at three FIFA Club World Cups.

### Former position 
## Notable  
In 2009, Edmilson (Edmilson Dos Santos Silva) made three goals in one game (hat-trick) against Jubilo Iwata.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Urawa Red Diamonds players

## References 
## Other websites
* Urawa Red Diamonds website  ;  
* J.League Club Guide
Yokohama F. Marinos

, stylised as **Yokohama F·Marinos**, is a Japanese professional football club based in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The club competes in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country.

## History
The club was  in 1972.
* 1972-1992 Nissan Motors SC
* 1992-1998 Yokohama Marinos
* 1999-present Yokohama F. Marinos

## Title
### Nissan Motors SC
*All Japan Senior Cup: (1) 1976
*Japan Soccer League Division 1: (2) 1988-89, 1989-90
*JSL Cup: (3) 1988, 1989, 1990
*Emperor's Cup: (5) 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1991
*'Asian Cup Winners Cup: (1) 1991-92
*3 vice JSL Cup: 1983, 1985, 1986
*4 vice Japan Soccer League Division 1: 1983, 1984, 1990–91, 1991–92
*3 vice Japan Soccer League Division 2: 1977, 1978, 1981
*1 vice Emperor's Cup: 1990
*1 vice Japanese Super Cup: 1984
*1 vice Asian Club Championship(AFC Champions League): 1989-90

### Yokohama Marinos/Yokohama F. Marinos
*J1 League: (3) 1995, 2003, 2004, 2019, 2022
*Emperor's Cup: (1) 1992
*J.League Cup: (1) 2001
*Asian Cup Winners Cup: (1) 1992-93
*2 vice J1 League: 2000, 2002
*3 vice Xerox Super Cup: 1996, 2004, 2005
*1 vice A3 Nissan Champions Cup(East Asian Champions Cup): 2004

## League position 
*2011 : J1 League - 5th
*2012 : J1 League - 4th
*2013 : J1 League - 2nd
*2014 : J1 League - 7th
*2015 : J1 League - 7th
*2016 : J1 League - 10th
*2017 : J1 League - 5th
*2018 : J1 League - 12th
*2019 : J1 League - Champions
*2020 : J1 League - 9th

### Former position 
## Notable achievement 
The team has some notable .

### Most appearances
### Most goals
## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Yokohama F. Marinos players

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.f-marinos.com/index_pc.html 
* J.League Club Guide
New Netherland

**New Netherland** (Dutch: *Nieuw-Nederland*, Latin: *Nova Belgica* or *Novum Belgium*) was a colony of the Dutch Empire from 1614 to 1664 and from 1673 to 1674. It was a base for the fur trade, and its capital was New Amsterdam, now New York City. The other important trading post in New Netherland was Fort Orange, now Albany. Most settlers lived in those towns or between them, along the Hudson River, but some lived in distant parts of the colony. 

New Netherland was between colonies that England wanted to connect together. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars England sent warships to conquer New Netherland. The Dutch colonists surrendered because they were afraid that the English Royal Navy would destroy their town. The Dutch traded the colony to England for Surinam, in South America, and Run, in the East Indies, which they thought were worth more. The English divided their new colony to make the English colonies of New York and New Jersey. They also gave parts of it to Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.  

## References
Capillaritis

**Capillaritis** is where the capillaries are larger than should be. It is often talked about in the context of pulmonary capillaritis.

## References
Workstation

SparcStation 4 running CDE on Solaris.]]
A **workstation** is a computer used for scientific or technical calculations, or purposes.  These computers are usually expensive, high-end computers. They are different from the ordinary computers used for text-processing. Very often they have operating systems that allow several users to work at the computer at the same time. Very often, workstations are connected to a computer network. Computer terminals may be used to access them. Currently, almost all workstations use a Unix or Unix-like operating system.

Workstation computers often use a 64-bit server-class CPU such as the Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron, and some have more than one CPU. They may also have more memory than a normal desktop computer, and they often have 10000 or 15000 RPM hard drives or solid-state drives. Some workstations have devices that are not commonly used on normal desktop computers, such as ECC (error-corrected) memory, SCSI, fibre channel, and 10 gigabit Ethernet.

Some technologies that were once only found on workstations have now become common in normal PCs, such as multi-core processors, solid-state drives, hardware-accelerated graphics, 24-bit color, broadband Internet access, virtual memory, pre-emptive multitasking, and OpenCL.

Common uses for workstations include computer-aided design (CAD), 3D graphics and animation, video and audio production, weather modeling, and other simulations and scientific work.

## RISC vs x86 
Traditionally, workstations used a RISC processor, such as MIPS, PowerPC, or SPARC architecture CPUs. Most modern workstations use x86_64 processors. In 2020, however, Apple began migrating its product line from x86-64 to Apple M1, an ARM RISC CPU.

### Examples of RISC workstations 
* Silicon Graphics IRIX machines (MIPS CPU)
* Sun Microsystems SparcStation (SPARC CPU)
* Apple Power Mac G5 and PowerBook G4 (PowerPC CPU)
* Apple MacBook Pro (2021 model, ARM CPU)
* IBM IntelliStation POWER and ThinkPad Power Series (PowerPC CPU)

### Examples of modern x86_64 workstations 
* HP Z series
* Apple Mac Pro and MacBook Pro (before 2021)
* Dell Precision
X.Org Foundation

The **X.Org Foundation** is a group responsible for making the X Window System. The group was created on 22 January 2004.  The **X.Org Foundation** is a corporation based in Delaware.  It has a non-profit status.

The X.Org Server is the most common implementation of X. It is used on Linux, UNIX, and Unix-like systems. It is the base technology underlying both GNOME and KDE desktops and the CDE desktop environment

.

## Related pages
* X.Org Server
* freedesktop.org

## Other websites 
*X.Org Foundation website
Vienna New Year's Concert

The ** New Year Concert** of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.

## Music and setting 
The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Joseph Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death. 

These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.

The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's *Blue Danube Waltz*. The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the *Radetzky March*. The audience like to clap along to the music.

The concert was first performed in 1939.

### Conductors 
* Clemens Krauss, 1939, 1941–1945, 1948–1954
* Josef Krips, 1946–1947
* Willi Boskovsky, 1955–1979
* Lorin Maazel, 1980–1986, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2005
* Herbert von Karajan, 1987
* Claudio Abbado, 1988, 1991
* Carlos Kleiber, 1989, 1992
* Zubin Mehta, 1990, 1995, 1998, 2007
* Riccardo Muti, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004
* Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 2001, 2003
* Seiji Ozawa, 2002
* Mariss Jansons, 2006, 2012
* Georges Prêtre, 2008, 2010
* Daniel Barenboim, 2009
* Franz Welser-Möst, 2011
Cumans

The **Cumans**, also known as **Kumans**, were a group of travelling Turkic people who lived in the area along the Black Sea near the Volga River, the Balkans, and Hungary. The city Kumanovo in the Southeast European country North Macedonia is named after them.

 in the 13th Century (1200-1241 period) with todays (2011) borders.]]

## Related pages
* Sakas
* Kipchaks
* Sogdiana
* Scythians

## Footnotes
## References
Carnegie Hall

**Carnegie Hall** is a concert hall in New York City. The money for building it was given by Andrew Carnegie, a very rich businessman from Scotland. Carnegie Hall was built in 1891. It is the most famous concert hall in the world.

Carnegie Hall has three separate concert halls: the Main Hall, the Recital Hall and the Chamber Music Hall.

## The Main Hall (Isaac Stern Auditorium) 
Carnegie Hall's main auditorium is big enough to seat 2,840 people. There are five levels. The main hall was named after the violinist Isaac Stern in 1997. The Main Hall is very tall, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 105 steps.

For many years the world-famous New York Philharmonic Orchestra gave their concerts there. They moved out to a new concert hall in the Lincoln Center in 1962. Many of the greatest performers of classical music have performed in the hall. Concerts continue to be given there including, more recently, concerts of popular music.

## The Recital Hall (Zankel Hall) 
Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is now named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. At first it was simply called Recital Hall, then in 1896 it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was used by the American Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1898. In 1959 it was changed into a cinema. Since 1997 it has been a hall for recitals.

## Chamber Music Hall (Weill Recital Hall) 
The Weill Recital Hall is a small concert hall seating just 268 people. Since 1986 it has been named after Sanford I. Weill, the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, and his wife, Joan. At first it was called Chamber Music Hall, later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall).

## Famous concerts 
The official opening night was on May 5, with an orchestral concert conducted by Walter Damrosch and the composer Tchaikovsky. Many famous works were given their world premiere (first ever performance) at the Carnegie Hall, including *Symphony No. 9, opus 95, "From the New World"* by Antonín Dvořák on December 16, 1893, the *Sinfonia Domestica* by Richard Strauss - March 21, 1904, conducted by the composer, *Concerto in F* by George Gershwin on December 3, 1925, with the composer playing the piano, and *Variations on a Theme of Corelli* by Sergei Rachmaninoff - November 7, 1931, with the composer playing the piano.

The world premiere of Disney's animated film *Fantasia 2000* took place at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999.

## References
Ender's Game (novel series)

The '''Ender's Game series** (sometimes called **Enderverse''') is a series of books written by Orson Scott Card. There are 2 major series of the Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.

## Ender series 
The Ender series includes the books ''Ender's Game*, *Speaker for the Dead*, *Xenocide*, and *Children of the Mind''. "Ender's Game" used to be a short story, but the author expanded it to make the novel ''Ender's Game*.

## Shadow series 
The Shadow series (also called the "Bean Quartet") starts with *Ender's Shadow*, followed by 4 other books about the lives of the people Ender left behind. *Ender's Shadow* occurs at the same time and place (Battle School) as *Ender's Game* does, but instead in the view of Bean rather than Ender. *Shadow of the Hegemon*, *Shadow Puppets*, and *Shadow of the Giant'' are stories about world dominance on Earth after the Bugger War in which the children at Battle School and Ender's older brother, Peter Wiggin, are main characters. *Shadows in Flight*, a sequel to *Shadow of the Giant*, is planned to come out; however, it will start after *Children of the Mind*, not *Shadow of the Giant*, and will combine the two Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series. *Shadows* *in* *Flight* has recently been renamed to *Shadows* *Alive*.

## Stories in the series 
There are 11 stories in the Ender's Game series.  According to Orson Scott Card, the author, you do not have to read the books in any required order, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.

The books can be read in the order they were written/published in or by date times in the novels.

### Publication date 
# ''Ender's Game*
# *Speaker for the Dead* 
# *Xenocide*
# *Children of the Mind*
# *Ender's Shadow*
# *Shadow of the Hegemon*
# *Shadow Puppets*
# *Shadow of the Giant*
# "First Meetings" (short story)
# *A War of Gifts: An Ender Story*
# *Ender in Exile*
#Shadows in Flight
#The Last Shadow

### Dates in series 
# "First Meetings" (short story)
# *Ender's Game*
# *A War of Gifts: An Ender Story* (the same time as *Ender's Game* is happening)
# *Ender's Shadow* (*Ender's Game* as seen by Bean)
# *Ender in Exile* (begins at the end of *Ender's Game* and ends after *Giant* leading into *Speaker*)
# *Shadow of the Hegemon*
# *Shadow Puppets*
# *Shadow of the Giant*
# *Speaker for the Dead*
# *Xenocide*
# *Children of the Mind''

## References 
2.
715

## Events 
* May 19 — Pope Gregory II becomes the 89th pope.

## Deaths 
* April 9 — Pope Constantine
* July 18 — Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi
Pula

**Pula** () is the biggest city in Istria County, Croatia. It has a population of about 62,000 people as of the year 2006. It has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Its most famous attraction is the well-preserved Roman ampitheatre. Pula is also an administrative center of Istria since Roman times.

Croatia Pula Amphitheatre 2014-10-11 11-04-27.jpg|The Arena (colosseum) in Pula
Arena pula inside.JPG|The Arena (colosseum) in Pula
Croatia Pula Temple of Roma and Augustus 2014-10-11 11-30-05.jpg|Temple of Roma and Augustus

## Other websites
Berne, New York

**Berne** is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,700 people lived there as of the year 2020.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town of Berne, official web page.
Musikverein

The **Musikverein** in Vienna, Austria is one of the most famous concert halls in the world. It opened on 6 January 1870, and is known for its acoustics. The world-famous Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra performs at Musikverein.

The concert hall was built by the *Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde* (Society of Friends of Music) who had been given the land by Emperor Franz Joseph. In 1907 a beautiful organ was put in the Konzerthaus by the Austrian firm of organ builders Rieger.

The main auditorium is called the Goldener Saal (The Golden Hall). There are seats for 1,744 people and standing room for another 300. The Brahms Hall is also in the Musikverein building, and seats close to 600. Four more concert halls were added underneath the main building in 2004: the Glass Hall with 380 seats, the Steel Room with 70 seats, the Stone Room with 60 seats, and the Wood Room with 50 seats. Every year on 1 January the Vienna New Year's Concert is held here. Millions of people in countries all over the world watch this concert on New Year's Day.

## References
Brown University

**Brown University** is an American private research university in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 as the *College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations*, early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) and before American independence from the British Empire. It was founded by the Brown brothers, who were slave traders. Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.

Brown is ranked as the 14th national university behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, University of Chicago, Duke, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Brown was the first college in the country to accept students of any religion.

It is the second last ranked Ivy League University with Cornell being the last.

## References
Southern cassowary

The **southern cassowary** (*Casuarius casuarius*), also known as **double-wattled cassowary** or **two-wattled cassowary**, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.

The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.
German South West Africa

**German South West Africa** (, DSWA) was a German colony in Africa from 1884 through 1915. It is now Namibia. From 1891, the capital was Windhoek, the same city as the capital of today's Namibia. It covered an area of . This is over one and half times the size of the German Empire at the time.

It is in the middle/southern part of Africa.