open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lunar south pole

of ~1500 images by the Clementine spacecraft]]

The **lunar south pole** is a place on the Moon. It has a special interest because ice seems to be inside the craters.

As the moon orbits, it keeps one face always opposite the Earth. So when the Sun shines on it, it shines obliquely on the poles. Thus it never reaches the ice inside the craters, and the water stays frozen. The same pattern might apply to the Moon's northern pole, but that has fewer craters.

## References
Amath Dansokho

**Amath Dansokho** (January 13, 1937 – August 23, 2019) was a Senegalese politician. He was Secretary-General of the Party of Independence and Work (PIT) for years. He was Minister of Urban Planning and Housing from 1991 to 1995 and again in 2000. He was mayor of Kédougou from 2005 through 2012.

## References
Sidney Rittenberg

**Sidney Rittenberg** (; August 14, 1921 – August 24, 2019) was an American journalist, educator, and Chinese linguist. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He lived in China from 1944 to 1980.

He was imprisoned in solitary confinement, twice, for a total of 16 years. He was the first American citizen to join the CCP.

Rittenberg died on August 24, 2019 in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
*Video interview with Sidney Rittenberg
*Website for feature documentary on Sidney Rittenberg's life in China
*Interview from 2015
Zhu De

**Zhu De** ( (also **Chu Teh**; 1 December 1886&nbsp;– 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, warlord, politician and revolutionary. He was one of the founders of the Communist Party of China. He was a high-ranking official of the Chinese Red Army.
He was Commander-in-Chief of the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. 

In 1955 he became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army. He was the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1975 to 1976. Zhu was the head of state of the People's Republic of China.

Zhu died on 6 July 1976 in Beijing at the age of 89.

## References
Eddie Money

**Edward Joseph Mahoney** (March 21, 1949 – September 13, 2019), known professionally as **Eddie Money**, was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was popular during the 1970s and 1980s. He was born in New York City, but raised in Berkeley, California.

Money was well known for songs like "Baby Hold On", "Two Tickets to Paradise", "Maybe I'm a Fool", "Think I'm in Love", "Shakin'", "Take Me Home Tonight", "I Wanna Go Back", "Walk on Water", "The Love in Your Eyes", and "Peace in Our Time".

In August 2019, Money was diagnosed with stage 4 esophageal cancer. On September 13, 2019, he died from the cancer and from heart valve surgery-related problems at his home in Los Angeles at age 70.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Roaring Lion (horse)

**Roaring Lion** (March 11, 2015 – August 23, 2019) was an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. 

He was the top-rated British-trained two-year-old of 2017. He won three races including the Royal Lodge Stakes and was only defeated narrowly in the Racing Post Trophy. 

In the following year, he won the Dante Stakes, the Eclipse Stakes, International Stakes, Irish Champion Stakes and Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. He was euthanized following horse colic in Cambridge, New Zealand on August 23, 2019 at the age of four.

## References
Chandler, Arizona

**Chandler** is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is a suburb of Phoenix, Arizona. As of 2020, the population was 275,987 according to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Permadeath

**Permadeath**, short for **permanent death**, is a feature in video games where if a character dies, they will stay dead for the rest of the game. The only way be able to play dead characters would be to load the game file before the character died or to start the game all over again. 

This is a big feature in *Fire Emblem* games. Permadeath adds a level of challenge to the player, so the player must be very careful where they move each of their own player units. However, in every *Fire Emblem* game since *Fire Emblem: Awakening*, the player has the choice whether or not they want to play the game with permadeath.
Tropical Storm Bailu (2019)

**Tropical Storm Bailu** also known in the Philippines as **Tropical Storm Ineng** was a storm that devastated many parts of Southeastern Asia, especially Fujian. It was a storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season.       Bailu, which stands for "auspiciousness" in Chinese language. It replaced the name "Haiyan"

## Meteorological history 
On August 20, a tropical depression formed to the west of Mariana Islands. On the next day, the JMA designated the system as Tropical Storm Bailu, and the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Depression 12W. Bailu gradually intensified over the Philippine Sea. At 13:00 TST (05:00 UTC) on August 24, Bailu made landfall over Manzhou Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan.

## Impact 
### Philippines 
Though Bailu didn't made landfall in the Philippines, two people were killed in Ilocos Norte, and left Php1.1 billion (US$21 million) damage in the province. 

### Taiwan 
Bailu also killed one person, and injured nine others in Taiwan. Institutional damage were calculated to be TWD 2.31 million (US$74,000), while agricultural damage reached TWD 87.9 million (US$2.83 million). 

### China 
Damage in Fujian reached ¥10.49 million (US$1.5 million).

## References
Alaska Natives

**Alaska Natives** are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include Inupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Eyak, and some Northern Athabaskan cultures.

## Cultures
Below is a full list of the different Alaska Native cultures.  Within each culture are many different tribes.

*Athabascan
**Ahtna
**Deg Hit’an
**Dena'ina
**
**Hän
**Holikachuk
**Kolchan
**Koyukon
**Lower Tanana
**Tanacross
**Upper Tanana
*Eyak
*Haida
*Tlingit
*Tsimshian
* Eskimo
**Inupiat (an Inuit people)
**Yupik
***Siberian Yupik
***Yup'ik
****Cup'ik
***Sugpiaq (Alutiiq)
****Chugach
****Koniag
*Aleut (in their own language they refer to themselves as Unangan)
*Alutiiq

## References
## Other websites
*Alaska Federation of Natives
*Alaska Native Health Board
*Alaska Native Heritage Center
*First Alaskans Institute
*Tlingit National Anthem, Alaska Natives Online
Massimo Mattioli

**Massimo Mattioli** (25 September 1943 – 23 August 2019) was an Italian artist and cartoonist. He was born in Rome.

Mattioli began his career in 1965. He was also published in *Corto Maltese* and *Frigidaire*. In 1973 he began his works with *Il Giornalino*, creating the character *Pinky*.

In 1977, he created the underground magazine *Cannibale*. In 1978, *Cannibale* published the first adventure of Joe Galaxy. In 1982, he created the *Squeak the Mouse* series. His works helped inspire *The Simpsons* creator Matt Groening.

Mattioli died on 23 August 2019 in Rome after a short-illness at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Jafar Umar Thalib

**Jafar Umar Thalib** (; ; ; December 29, 1961 – August 25, 2019) was an Indonesian Muslim figure. He was the founder and the head of Laskar Jihad, an Islamic organization in Indonesia.

Thalib died of a heart attack in Jakarta on August 25, 2019 at the age of 57.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile: Jafar Umar Thalib
Anne Grete Preus

**Anne Grete Preus** (22 May 1957 – 25 August 2019) was a Norwegian rock singer and musician. She was born in Haugesund, Norway. She was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. She was a member of the bands Veslefrikk and Can Can, and later as a solo artist. She released nine solo albums, and won the Spellemannprisen and other awards multiple times.

In 2007, Preus was diagnosed with liver cancer. In February 2019, she was diagnosed with kidney cancer. Preus died from the diseases in Oslo on 25 August 2019 at the age of 62.

## References
Timothy Bell, Baron Bell

**Timothy John Leigh Bell, Baron Bell** (18 October 1941 – 25 August 2019), was a British advertising and public relations executive. He was best known for his role as an adviser in Margaret Thatcher's three successful general election campaigns. He was also known for co-founding and 30 years of heading Bell Pottinger.

## Controversy
He had exposed himself while masturbating at his Hampstead bathroom window on 21 October in full view of female passers-by. He was later convicted as a sex offender.

## Death
Bell died on 25 August 2019 at the age of 77.

## Styles of address
*1941–1991: Mr Timothy Bell
*1991–1998: Sir Timothy Bell
*1998–: *The Right Honourable* The Lord Bell

## References
## Other websites
*Lukashenko's PR man sheds light on EU campaign  EU Observer, 10 October 2008
*Can Lord Bell’s PR skills combat the aroma of communism and cabbage?  Minsk.by, 28 May 2008
*How to sell democracy to Iraqis: bring in Lord Bell *The Independent*, 13 March 2004
*Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 14 October 1998
*Parliamentary voting record for Lord Bell
*Belarusian have answered to Lord Bell
Joe Walsh 2020 presidential campaign

On August 25, 2019, former U.S. representative Joe Walsh officially announced he would be running for president, challenging incumbent Donald Trump, as well as former Massachusetts governor Bill Weld.

Walsh stated that Trump's behavior in office motivated him to declare his candidacy.

On February 7, 2020, Walsh ended his campaign after the Iowa caucuses.

## References
## Other websites
* Official campaign website
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa

***Sa Re Ga Ma Pa*** is an Indian musical reality TV show. It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as *Sa Re Ga Ma*. It is the oldest running singing reality show in India.
## Series history
The first episode aired on 1 May 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam. In the year 1999, the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers, Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash, sons of legendary sarod-player Amjad Ali Khan. From 2002, Shaan started hosting the show. Till 2005, the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them. The format changed with the advent of *Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005* which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting. After Shaan quit hosting the show, the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli, Manish Paul, Karan Singh Rathore, Archana Jani, Vipul Roy, Jay Soni and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani. The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali and the current host Aditya Narayan.

The show has seen multiple variations over the years:
* ***Sa Re Ga Ma:*** Contestants were scored only by the expert judges. There were 8 prelim rounds, each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers. One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds; there were a total of 4 semifinals. In the finals, there was one male winner and another female winner.
* ***Sa Re Ga Ma Pa:*** 2 male singers, 2 female singers. The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger. At the start of this "roll-over" series, they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album; however, that never materialized.
* ***Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge:*** Teams were formed, each *Gharana* (team) had a judge who mentored them. Elimination was decided by public voting.
* ***Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu:*** A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons. Weekly elimination decided by public voting.
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs:*** A singing competition for young children, which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality, singing talent and versatility in performance.
* ***Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA:'''* The first instalment of *Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge* series in USA.
* ***Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge:**'' A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated. The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes.

There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu.

## References
Ines Torelli

**Ines Torelli** (née **Ines Stierli**, June 14, 1931 – August 23, 2019) was a Swiss comedian, radio personality, singer and actress. She was born in St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. She was known for her roles in the television series *Fascht e Familie* and in the 1961 movie *Chikita*.

Torelli died on August 23, 2019 at her home in Rose Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rick Loomis

**Rick Loomis** (August 24, 1946 – August 23, 2019) was an American game designer. He was known as the founder of game publisher Flying Buffalo. He managed the publishing company until his death. Loomis was born in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Loomis died on August 23, 2019 from lymphoma in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 72.

## References
Pita Paraone

**Rewiti Pomare Kingi** "**Pita**" **Paraone**  (30 November 1945 – 26 August 2019) was a New Zealand politician. He was Chairman of the Waitangi National Trust Board. He was a member of the New Zealand First party. Paraone was a member of the New Zealand Parliament from 2002 to 2008 and again from 2014 through 2017. Paraone was born in Kawakawa, New Zealand.

Paraone died on 26 August 2019 at a hospital in Auckland from heart surgery-related problems at the age of 73.

## References
## Other websites
*Current parliamentary biography  for Pita Paraone
Joseph Walsh

**Joseph Walsh** or **Joe Walsh** name may refer to:

## Musicians
*Joe Walsh (born 1947), American singer, songwriter, and guitarist

## Public officials
*Joe Walsh (Illinois politician) (born 1961), Tea party activist, former US Representative for Illinois, conservative radio host, and 2020 Republican primary challenger to Donald Trump
*Joe Walsh (Irish politician) (1943–2014), Irish legislator and Cabinet member
*Joseph Walsh (Massachusetts) (1875–1946), American jurist and Massachusetts congressman, 1915–1922
*Joseph Charles Walsh (1868–1960), lawyer, judge, journalist and political figure in Quebec
*Joseph T. Walsh (1929–2014), American jurist

## Sports personalities
*Joe Walsh (AA infielder) (1864–1911), American baseball shortstop/second baseman
*Joe Walsh (catcher) (1886–1967), American baseball catcher
*Joe Walsh (footballer) (born 1992), Welsh footballer for Milton Keynes Dons
*Joe Walsh (NL infielder) (1917–1996), American baseball shortstop
*Joseph Walsh (rugby league) (died 2008), British rugby league footballer who played at wing for Leigh and Great Britain
*Joe Walsh (rugby league) (born 1988), English rugby league player for Huddersfield Giants

## Others
*Joseph Walsh (archbishop of Tuam) (1888–1972), Irish Roman Catholic prelate
*Joseph Walsh (designer) (born 1979), Irish designer and furniture maker
*Joseph L. Walsh (1895–1973), American mathematician
Vince Naimoli

**Vincent James Naimoli** (September 16, 1937 &ndash; August 25, 2019) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was known as the first owner of the Major League Baseball team, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey.

Naimoli was diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy in 2014. He died from problems caused by the disease on August 25, 2019 in St. Petersburg, Florida at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Short biography
Kent, Washington

**Kent** is a city in King County, Washington, United States. It is the sixth largest city in the state. Kent part of the Seattle–Tacoma metropolitan area. It is located 19 miles south of Seattle and 19 miles northeast of Tacoma. 

Kent's population as of April 2020 was 136,588 according to the 2020 census.

## References
Max Abramson

**Albert "Max" Abramson** (born April 29, 1976) is an American politician. He is a Libertarian member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing Rockingham District 20 since 2018. He represented the district before between 2014 and 2016.

In July 2019, Abramson announced his campaign for the Libertarian presidential nomination in the 2020 election. He ended his campaign on March 3, 2020.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Presidential campaign site
George Bruns

**George Edward Bruns** (July 3, 1914 - May 23, 1983) was an American composer and conductor.

## Early life 
Bruns was born in Sandy, Oregon to Edward Bruns and Augusta Weyer. His father is German and his mother is Russian Jewish.

## References 
*
Downers Grove, Illinois

**Downers Grove** is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. It was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer. It is a southwestern suburb of Chicago. As of the 2020 census, there were 50,247 people residing in the village.

## References
Tom Jordan (baseball)

**Thomas Jefferson Jordan** (September 5, 1919 &ndash; August 26, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He appeared in 39 major league games over three seasons for the Chicago White Sox (1944; 1946), Cleveland Indians (1946), and the St. Louis Browns (1948).

Jordan died at his home in Roswell, New Mexico on August 26, 2019 from heart attack-related problems, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
* , or Retrosheet
Jerry Rook

**Jerry G. Rook** (October 27, 1943 – August 25, 2019) was an American basketball player. He was best known for his success at Arkansas State University. He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. He played for the Arkansas State Indians and the New Orleans Buccaneers.

Rook died on August 25, 2019 in Jonesboro after a long-illness at the age of 75.

## References
Foot odor

**Foot odor** (or **foot odour**) is a type of body odor that affects the feet of humans. Some people think it is an unpleasant smell. Others may enjoy it when they have a foot fetish or olfactophilia (being attracted to certain smells). A 1994 study found that 45% of people with a foot fetish were also aroused by smelly socks and/or feet.

## Causes
The main cause of foot odor is foot sweat. Sweat itself does not smell a lot, but some bacteria can grow better in a sweaty environment, which then cause the odor. These bacteria are normally on our skin and are not harmful. 

The front part of the foot produces the most sweat. 

Sweating on the feet can be increased by wearing closed shoes or boots. Especially thick materials such as leather or rubber will hold the sweat in them and can increase the odor intensity. Certain types of socks can also make the smell stronger.

## Odor qualities
The quality (aroma) of foot odor is often described as thick and smelling like cheese. This is because some of the bacteria that create foot odor (like *Brevibacteria*) are also used in the production of cheese. They produce the chemical *3-Methylbutanoic acid,* which is a main part that is responsible for the odor. This chemical is also often used to make perfumes.

Because of acids in the foot sweat, the odor may also be sour, similar to that of vinegar.

Other things that can influence foot smell are the type of socks and shoes a person wears, how long they are worn at a time, and many individual factors, for example if the person does a lot of sports or other physical activities. Because men sweat more than women, they generally have smellier feet.

## Prevention
The best method for preventing food odor is to maintain a good foot hygiene. Regular cleaning of the feet removes dead skin cells from the feet, along with sebum (a type of body oil). This reduces the opportunities for bacteria to cause smelly feet. By regularly cleaning feet properly, feet will not have a strong foot odor. A foot file or pumice stone can be used to remove dead skin cells.

## References
Pal Benko

**Pal Benko** (; July 15, 1928 – August 26, 2019) was a French-born Hungarian–American chess grandmaster.

Benko's highest achievement was qualifying and competing in the Candidates Tournament—the tournament to decide the challenger for the World Championship—in 1959 and 1962. He finished eighth in 1959 and sixth in 1962.

Benko also qualified for the 1970 Interzonal tournament, but he gave his place to Bobby Fischer. Fischer later won the World Championship in 1972. 

## References
Isabel Toledo

**Isabel Toledo** (born **Maria Isabel Izquierdo**; April 9, 1960 – August 26, 2019) was a Cuban-American fashion designer based in New York City. She was born in Camajuaní, Cuba. Her career was based in New York City. She was known for designing Michelle Obama's first inaugural dress.

Toledo died at a Manhattan hospital on August 26, 2019 from breast cancer at the age of 59.

## References
Val Heim

**Val Raymond Heim** (November 4, 1920 &ndash; November 21, 2019) was a left fielder. He played in Major League Baseball during the 1942 season with the Chicago White Sox. He was , 170&nbsp;lbs. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Heim died at his childhood home in Superior, Nebraska on November 21, 2019 at the age of 99.

## References
John Yarmuth

**John Allan Yarmuth** (born November 4, 1947) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for  from 2007 to 2023. He was the only Democratic member of Kentucky's congressional delegation. 

In August 2019, Yarmuth endorsed Bernie Sanders's 2020 presidential campaign. 

On October 12, 2021, Yarmuth announced that he would not seek re-election in 2022.

## References
Ferdinand Piëch

**Ferdinand Karl Piëch** (; 17 April 1937 – 25 August 2019) was an Austrian businessman, engineer and executive. He was the chairman of the executive board (*Vorstandsvorsitzender*) of Volkswagen Group in 1993 through 2002 and the chairman of the supervisory board (*Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender*) of Volkswagen Group in 2002 through 2015.

## References
Gavin Watson

**Gavin Joseph Watson** (12 July 1948 – 26 August 2019) was a South African businessman. He was Chief Executive Officer of State Capture-implicated company, African Global Operations, previously known as Bosasa, from 2000 until his death in 2019.

Watson died in a car accident on 26 August 2019, near O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg at the age of 71.

## References
Linda Taylor

**Linda Taylor** (born **Martha Louise White**; c. January 1926 – April 18, 2002) was an American criminal. She committed welfare fraud and, after an article in the *Chicago Tribune* in fall 1974, became known as the "welfare queen". 

Her activities were used by Ronald Reagan, from his 1976 presidential campaign onwards, to defend his criticisms of social programs in the United States. 

Her criminal activities are believed to have extended beyond welfare fraud and may have included assault, theft, insurance fraud, bigamy, the abduction and sale of children, and possibly even murder.

## References
Social programs in the United States

**Social programs in the United States** are welfare subsidies designed to help the overall American population receive basic needs such as food, housing and healthcare.

Federal and state welfare programs include money assistance, healthcare and medical needs, food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, education and childcare assistance, and subsidies and assistance for other basic services. 

## References
David Davis (Supreme Court justice)

**David Davis** (March 9, 1815 – June 26, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States Senator from Illinois and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. He also was Abraham Lincoln's campaign manager at the 1860 Republican National Convention. 

## Other websites
* David Davis  - McLean County Museum of History
Plymouth, Wisconsin

**Plymouth** is a city in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, along the Mullet River. The city is located in the Town of Plymouth, but is politically independent. 

Plymouth is known as "Hub City" because it is a former regional center of wooden wheelwrighting. 

The population was 8,932 at the 2020 census. 

## References
Inauguration of Gerald Ford

The **inauguration of Gerald Ford** as the 38th president of the United States was held on Friday, August 9, 1974, in the East Room of the White House in Washington, D.C., following the resignation of President Richard Nixon. 

The inauguration marked the commencement of Gerald Ford's only term (a partial term of ) as President. 

Chief Justice Warren Burger administered the oath of office. Ford was the ninth vice president to replace an incumbent president and the most recent to do so.

## References
Valle di Muggio

The **Valle di Muggio** is located in Ticino in Switzerland and is the southernmost valley of the country.

The name comes from the village of Muggio, which is the largest population centre in the valley. Roncapiano is the highest village in the valley, where the roads end. The river Breggia runs through it, before flowing into Italy and Lake Como.

The valley comprises the municipalities of Breggia, Vacallo and Castel San Pietro.

In the village of Cabbio there is the Museo Etnografico della Valle di Muggio, which describes village life in the region.

The Valle di Muggio is known as the Valle Breggia in Italy.

## References
Welfare queen

"**Welfare queen**" is a slur used in the United States to call women who allegedly misuse or collect excessive welfare payments through fraud, child endangerment, or manipulation. 

Reporting on welfare fraud began during the early 1960s, appearing in general-interest magazines such as *Readers Digest*. The term "welfare queen" originates from media reporting in 1974 and again when Ronald Reagan used the term to describe Linda Taylor during his 1976 campaign.

## References
Pejorative

A **pejorative** (also called a **derogatory term**, a **slur**, a **term of disparagement**) is a word or grammatical form of expressing a negative term of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something.

It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or .

Sometimes, a term is seen as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others, or may be originally pejorative and eventually be adopted in a non-pejorative sense.

## Related pages
*Insult
*List of pejoratives

## References
Welfare fraud

**Welfare fraud** is the act of illegally using state welfare systems by knowingly withholding or giving information to have more funds than would otherwise be given. Finding reliable evidence of welfare fraud is notoriously difficult.

## References
John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

**John Calvin Coolidge Sr.** (March 31, 1845 &ndash; March 18, 1926) was an American politician and businessman. He was the father of J. Calvin Coolidge Jr., the 30th President of the United States.

He administered the presidential oath of office to his son at their family homestead on the early morning of August 3, 1923, following the death of President Warren G. Harding.

## References
Lil Nas X

**Montero Lamar Hill** (born April 9, 1999), known by his stage name **Lil Nas X** ( ), is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. Hill came to international attention for his country rap single "Old Town Road", which first achieved viral popularity on the micro-platform video sharing app TikTok in early 2019, and was Diamond Certified by November the same year. The song reached number one on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 and remained there for nineteen weeks, the longest for any song since the chart debuted in 1958.  He produced the original version song by buying a $30 beat off of the internet and paying $20 to record for an hour in a discount Atlanta studio. 

In June 2019, Nas X came out as gay, the only artist ever to have done so while having a number-one record. "Old Town Road" earned him two MTV Video Music Awards including Song of the Year and the American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip Hop Song. Nas X is the only openly LGBTQ artist to win a Country Music Association award. He won two Grammy Awards for Best Music Video and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, along with being nominated six others, the most for any male in 2019. *TIME* named him to their inaugural *TIME* 100 Next list.

## Songs 
His debut EP, *7*, was released in June 2019 with its second single, "Panini", peaking at number five on the Hot 100 and three on *Rolling Stone*'s Top 100. Its third single "Rodeo" with Cardi B, peaked at number nine on the *Rolling Stone* Top 100. , his songs have been streamed over 2.3 billion times.

## Discography 
* *Nasarati* (2018)
* *October 31st* (2018)
* *7* (2019)
* *MONTERO* (2021)
* Days Before Dreamboy (2025)

## Notes
## References
Montiaceae

A segregated family, formerly in the family Portulacaceae.

## Representative genera
*Lenzia Phil.
*Philipiamra Kunze
*Cistanthe Spach

## References
New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe

***New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe*** is a 2019 Nintendo Switch side-scrolling platform game released on January 11, 2019. It was announced at the Nintendo Direct on September 13, 2018. It is part of the *New Super Mario Bros.* series and the follow-up to the 2012 Wii U launch title *New Super Mario Bros. U* and its 2013 extension pack *New Super Luigi U* (also released on Wii U). The game adds two new playable characters, Nabbit and Toadette. A power-up called "Super Crown" is a power-up for Toadette, which causes her to transform into a character that resembles Princess Peach, Peachette. As Peachette, she can float like Princess Peach in Super Mario, double jump like Daisy, and recover if she falls in a pit or lava.

## References
André Mignot Hospital

The **Hôpital André-Mignot** is a hospital in France. It is in the commune of Le Chesnay, close to Paris. It was created in 1981.
It is a partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

## References 
## Further reading 
*   Hôpital André-Mignot
Michael Buffer

**Michael Buffer** (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, "Let's get ready to rumble!". He is also known for creating the announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other emphasis to a fighter's name.

, the catchphrase has generated $400 million in revenue from licensing the trademark.

In 2008, Buffer was treated for throat cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Good Boys (movie)

***Good Boys*** is a 2019 American adventure comedy movie directed by Gene Stupnitsky and written by Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg. The movie stars Jacob Tremblay, Keith Williams, and Brady Noon. Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg serve as producers.

The movie was released on August 16, 2019, by Universal Pictures. The movie received generally positive reviews from critics with an 78% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was shot in Vancouver.

## References
Identity Property

In math, the **identity property** is made up of two parts: the *additive identity property* and the *multiplicative identity property*.

The **additive identity property** says that the sum of adding any number and zero (0) is just the original number. For that reason, zero is often called the identity property identity of common numbers.

The **multiplicative identity property** says that the product of multiplying any number and one (1) is just the original number. Also, if you divide a number by itself, the result (quotient) is one. For that reason, one is often called the multiplicative identity of common numbers.

## Related pages 
* Identity (mathematics)

## References
Old Town Road

"**Old Town Road**" is a song by American recording artist Lil Nas X. It was originally released independently on rave.dj as an instrumental and shared on plug.dj by someone who chooses to remain nameless and not go on tour.Im blocked from editing because I pointed this fact out and someone can't handle the truth.  December 3, 2018. The song later gained popularity on the social video sharing app TikTok.

"Old Town Road" has been officially remixed four times, featuring a different array of guest artists including Billy Ray Cyrus, Diplo, Young Thug, Mason Ramsey and RM.

In March 2019, the song reached number 19 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart before the magazine disqualified it. The song was not re-entered onto the overall country charts. However, both the original version of the song and the remix featuring Cyrus eventually peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a record-break of nineteen continuous weeks. 

The song was the first number one song on the *Rolling Stone* Top 100 chart. 

## References
Northampton, Massachusetts

The city of **Northampton**  is the county seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of Northampton was 29,571.

## References
Yoshihide Kozai

**Yoshihide Kozai** (1 April 1928 – 5 February 2018) was a Japanese astronomer. He worked in celestial mechanics. He was best known for discovering  the Kozai mechanism, for which he received the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy in 1979.

From 1988 to 1991, he was the president of the International Astronomical Union.

In 2009, he won the Decoration of Cultural Merit from the Japanese government.

Kozai died on 5 February 2018 in Tokyo from liver failure, aged 89.

## References
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge

The **first inauguration of Calvin Coolidge** as the 30th president of the United States was held on Friday, August 3, 1923 at the Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, following the death of President Warren G. Harding. 

The inauguration marked the beginning of the first term (a partial term of ) of Calvin Coolidge as President. The presidential oath of office was administered to the new president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr..

## References
Minister of Home Affairs (India)

The **Minister of Home Affairs** (or simply, the **Home Minister**) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India.

## List of Home Ministers
## Ministers of State of Home Affairs
## References
## Other websites
* Home Ministry, Govt. of India
* Amit Shah take charge of Home Ministry of India 2019
Tudor architecture

The **Tudor** architectural style is a mediaeval  architectural style in England during the Tudor period (14851603). 

Tudor House, Chester is a good example of a wealthy merchant's house. Tudor House is constructed in sandstone, in brick, and in timber framing with plaster panels. It is roofed in slate. It has four storeys plus a cellar. It is a grade II* listed building on the National Heritage List for England.

, early Henry VIII]]
Lawrence Municipal Airport

**Lawrence Municipal Airport**  is an airport three miles north of Lawrence, in Douglas County, Kansas. It is used for general aviation. It was dedicated on October 14, 1929. It has more than 120 flights every day.

## References 
## Other websites
* Aerial photo as of 16 February 2002  from USGS *The National Map*
*
Watkins Community Museum

The **Watkins Museum of History** (Officially the **Elizabeth M. Watkins Community Museum** or the **Watkins Community Museum**) is a museum in Lawrence, Kansas. It is managed by the Douglas County Historical Society. It has programs and public events. It also has educational resources and activities. It has exhibits about the history of Douglas County.

## History
In 1888, the Watkins National Bank opened at 11th Street and Massachusetts Street. Jabez B. Watkins created it. It would stay until 1929. The building was given to the city to become the city hall. In 1970, Lawrence built a new city hall, so the building became a museum. The Watkins Community Museum opened in 1975.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Talos

from Phaistos, Crete (ca. 300/280-270 BCE), obverse. (Cabinet des Médailles, Paris)]]
In Greek mythology, **Talos** was a giant bronze man. He guarded the island of Crete by throwing stones at the ships of unwanted visitors. He was given life by the Greek god Hephaestus. He was given to either Minos or Europa as a gift.
New Fairfield

**New Fairfield** is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 13,579 at the 2020 census. New Fairfield is one of five towns that surround Candlewood Lake, the largest lake in Connecticut.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town of New Fairfield official website
Raigad Fort

**Raigad Fort** is a hill fort in the Mahad, Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. The Raigad Fort was seized by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and made it his capital in 1674 when he was crowned as the King of a Maratha Kingdom which later developed into the Maratha Empire, eventually covering much of western and central India.
Dalmatian language

, Crepsa is the island Cres, Arba is called Rab today. Zara is the city Zadar. Trau is called Trogir, Splato is Split, Ragusa is Dubrovnik, and Cattaro is Kotor today. ]]
**Dalmatian** was a Romance language, which was spoken in Dalmatia, on the Eastern Adriatic Sea.  The language became extinct in the Middle Ages.  In places it was used until the 18th or 19th century.  Today, few sources are left.  Only the dialect of Veglia (Krk) and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) have enough sources so they can be studied.  From the other dialects, there are only isloate words, or short phrases. 
, the last speaker of Dalmatian]]
In 1897, the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, visited postman Tuone Udaina (), nicknamed *burbur* ('barber' in Dalmatian) the last known speaker of any Dalmatian dialect, to study his language.  Bartoli wrote down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book in German ('''') in 1906.  That book has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. 

One year after the interview, on 10 June 1898, Tuone Udaina was accidentally killed at 74 in a roadwork explosion.

## References
Arhat

An **arhat** is a type of enlightened person in Buddhism. They have achieved enlightenment by following the teachings of a Buddha. Many of the Buddha's disciples became arhats. 

The importance of the arhat is different depending on the Buddhist school.  

The aim of becoming an **arhat** is to seek perfect calm and understanding in one's mind.  

## Meaning
"Arhat" is a Sanskrit word. It means "someone who deserves to be to honored."

## Theravada
The ultimate goal in Theravada Buddhism is to become an arhat. Someone who becomes an arhat is the same as someone who attains enlightenment. The Buddha is also sometimes called an "arhat."

## Mahayana
In Mahayana Buddhism, bodhisattvas are seen as better than arhats. A bodhisattva will eventually become a Buddha, who can teach all living beings. An arhat can teach too, but only achieves enlightenment for him or herself.

## Related pages
*Buddha
*Bodhisattva

## References
Lecompton Constitution

broke with the Democratic Partys leadership over the Lecompton Constitution.]]
The **Lecompton Constitution** (1857) was one of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. It was written by supporters of slavery and allowed slavery in the state. It also did not include free blacks in its bill of rights. It was defeated on January 4, 1858 by a majority of voters in the Kansas Territory. The rejection of the Lecompton Constitution and the admission of Kansas to the Union as a free state showed the unusual and fraudulent voting practices. Those practices had been used in earlier efforts by bushwhackers and Border Ruffians to create a state constitution in Kansas that allowed slavery.

The Topeka Constitution was written before the Lecompton Constitution. The Leavenworth and Wyandotte Constitutions were written after the Lecompton Constitution. The Wyandotte Consitution became the Kansas state constitution. The document was written in response to the anti-slavery 1855 Topeka Constitution by James H. Lane and other Free-Staters.

U.S. President James Buchanan strongly supported slavery and so he supported the Lecompton Constitution when it was sent to Congress. The president received the support of Southern Democrats. However, many Northern Democrats, led by Stephen A. Douglas, voted with the Republicans against it.
, Kansas.http://www.lecomptonkansas.com/lecompton-constitution/ It is now a museum operated by the Kansas Historical Society.  ]]

## Related pages
*Topeka Constitution
*Wyandotte Constitution
*Bleeding Kansas

## References
## Other websites
*  on Wikisource.
* Constitution Hall State Historic Site Lecompton, Kansas
* Historic Lecompton.''
* The Lecompton Constitution
Robert J. Walker

**Robert John Walker** (July 19, 1801November 11, 1869) was an American lawyer, economist, and politician of the Democratic Party. He was a senator from Mississippi from 1835 to 1845. He then became the Secretary of the Treasury from 1845 to 1849 under President James K. Polk. He was the Territorial Governor of Kansas in 1857.

## Career
### Secretary of the Treasury (1845-1849)
 portrait of Walker as Secretary of the Treasury]]
President James K. Polk asked Walker to become Secretary of the Treasury. Walker was the Treasury Secretary during all of Polk's presidency (from March 8, 1845 to March 5, 1849).

As Treasury Secretary, Walker was responsible for financing the Mexican–American War. However, he did not do a very good job.

In 1853, President Franklin Pierce asked Walker if he wanted to be the United States Minister to China, but Walker refused.

### Kansas Territorial Governor (1857)
He was chosen to be governor of Kansas Territory on May 27, 1857 by President James Buchanan. However, he quit in December 1857 because he opposed with the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution. In a resignation letter to Secretary of State Lewis Cass dated December 15, 1857, Walker said he quit because of massive voting fraud in the Lecompton Constitution and improper political pressure from the Pierce administration.

## Death and legacy
Walker died in Washington, D.C., on November 11, 1869. He is buried at Washington's Oak Hill Cemetery. His son-in-law Benjamin H. Brewster became Attorney General under President Chester A. Arthur. Many of his papers are held by the University of Pittsburgh. The university has put them online.

## References
## Other websites
*The Colt Revolver in the American West—Robert J. Walker's Presentation Model 1851 Navy
Dhritarashtra

, Tamana, Japan]]

**Dhritarashtra** (Sanskrit: धृतराष्ट्र, *Dhṛtarāṣṭra*) or Dhatarattha (Pali: धतरट्ठ  *Dhataraṭṭha*) is one of the Four Heavenly Kings and an important person in Buddhism. 
## Name
The name Dhṛtarāṣṭra comes from two Sanskrit words: "dhṛta" (possessing; bearing) and "rāṣṭra" (kingdom; territory).

## Character
Dhṛtarāṣṭra is the guardian god of the East. He lives on the eastern part of Mount Sumeru. He is leader of the gandharvas and the pishacas.

He is often shown in art playing a stringed instrument.

## Theravada
In the Pāli writings of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, Dhṛtarāṣṭra is called *Dhataraṭṭha*. Dhataraṭṭha is one of the Four Great Kings, each one of which rules over a direction. Vessavaṇa's direction is the eastern quarter of the world. 

He has many sons called "Indra." He also has a daughter named *Sirī*.

## Japan
In Japan, **Jikokuten** (持国天) is often shown wearing a suit of armor. He usually holds a sword and a trident while standing on top of a demon called a *jaki*.

## Related pages
*Four Heavenly Kings
*Vaishravana

## References
Bobby Dillon

**Bobby Dan Dillon** (February 23, 1930 – August 22, 2019) was an American football defensive back. He played for the Green Bay Packers from 1952 through 1959. Dillon was born in Temple, Texas. In 2011, the Professional  Football Researchers Association named Dillon to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2011.

Dillon died on August 22, 2019 in Temple at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Bobby Dillon stats at Pro-football-reference.com
Lodewijk Woltjer

**Lodewijk Woltjer** (26 April 1930 – 25 August 2019) was an Austrian astronomer and editor. He was born in Noordwijk, Netherlands.

From 1964 to 1974 he was Rutherford Professor of Astronomy and Chair of the Astronomy Department at Columbia University in New York. From 1975 to 1987, he was Director General of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). In 1994–1997 he was President of the International Astronomical Union. 

He was the first Editor-in-Chief of *The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review* in 1989 and also the Editor of *the Astronomical Journal* in 1967 to 1974.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.

Woltjer died on 25 August 2019 in Geneva at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Website Leiden Professors
Nāga

A **naga** is a type of deity in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.  
They are snake gods that live in the ocean and underground in an underworld called "Patala." They can sometimes appear in human form. There are three main forms:
*Human with snakes on the head and neck
*Fully serpent
*Half-human, half-snake.
A female naga is called a "nagi" or "nagini". A *nagaraja* is a king of the nagas. They are common in Indian mythology and play an important role in many religious traditions.

## Meaning
"Naga" (नाग; nāga)  is a Sanskrit word that means "cobra." The word is sometimes also used to refer to any kind of snake.

## Hinduism
 as Shesha]]

Nagas are very common in Hindu mythology and art. They are described as a proud and powerful race of semi-divine beings that can take on many forms. They live in an enchanted underworld filled with jewels, gold and other treasures. This world is called “Naga-loka” or “Patala-loka”. The nagas are guardians of treasure and keepers of magic. They are often seen in bodies of water such as lakes and oceans. 

Their power and venom is potentially dangerous to humans. However, many nagas are benevolent, such as in the story called Samudra manthan, where the Nagaraja Vasuki who lays on Shiva's neck becomes a rope used by the gods and asuras for churning the Ocean of Milk. 

The nagas’ eternal enemies are the garudas, a bird-like deity.
 
Vishnu is often portrayed resting under Shesha’s hood or laying on Shesha, but this symbolism can be found among other deities too. The serpent is commonly seen in art featuring Ganesha. 

## Buddhism
 at Wat Kasattrathirat in Thailand]]
Nagas are a common deity in Buddhism. They usually appear in the form of a giant cobra, with one head or many heads. Sometimes nagas will use their magic powers to transform into human form. They are often called "dragons" in English and are understood across Asia as being the same as dragons. It is believed that nagas live both underground in their own world and in the world of humans. Some live in the earth in places like caves and caverns while others live in water such as oceans and lakes.

The nagas are the followers of Virupaksha one of the Four Heavenly Kings. They are also guardians on Mount Sumeru and protect the devas of Trayastrimsha heaven from the asuras.

There is a story of a naga who appeared in human form so that he could become a Buddhist monk. The Buddha told him that only humans were allowed to become monks. The naga took the five precepts so that he could be reborn as a human in a future life.

There is also an episode in the *Lotus Sutra* where the eight year old daughter of the dragon king transforms into a male bodhisattva and then becomes enlightened. This story may be a reference to the idea that a person must have a male body in order to become a Buddha.

One popular naga in Buddhism is Mucalinda, who is a Naga King and protector of the Buddha. In the Vinaya Sutra, King Mucalinda uses his hood and seven heads to shelter the Buddha from a storm. Then the king takes the form of a young Brahmin and worships the Buddha.

## References
Colin Clark

**Colin Clark** may refer to:

*Colin Clark (economist) (1905–1989), British and Australian economist and statistician
*Colin Clark (filmmaker) (1932–2002), British writer and filmmaker
*Colin Clark (politician) (born 1969), British politician
*Colin Clark (soccer) (1984–2019), American soccer player
*Colin W. Clark (born 1931), Canadian mathematician and behavioural ecologist