open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Religion in Vietnam

Officially, Vietnam is an atheist state. Despite this, many of its citizens are religious. The three main religions in Vietnam are Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Sometimes, they are grouped together as one religion called the three teachings or *tam giáo*. According to many studies, 38% of Vietnamese people are *Buddhist*. 12% are Christians (mostly Roman Catholic with 10% and Protestantism with 2%) and 1-2% practice indigenous, animist religions including Hinduism. About 1% are not religious but have a strong Buddhist influence in their life.

Despite strong links in the older adult population, the younger population of Vietnam is quite different, with low numbers of young people believing religious ideas. The religious ideas that don't fit state thinking aren't emphasized enough. 

The earliest established religion was Hinduism during the Cham Hindu Kingdom era. Later, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism spread. Today, these religions are grouped into the same religion known as the *triple religion* or Tam Giao, which has many followers. Later religions in Vietnam include Christianity and Islam. New religious movements include Hoa Hao Buddhism and Cao Dai. Hinduism is still practised by a small Cham minority who live mainly in central Vietnam.

## Buddhism 
Among the religions in Vietnam, Buddhism has the most followers. [citation? because 6.1 > 4.8] According to the statistics of the Buddhist Church of Vietnam, 12 million are just Buddhist making it about 38- 40 million Buddhists.[citation? what year?] 

According to the Vietnamese government's 2019 National Population and Housing Census, approximately 4.8% individuals identified as Buddhists and 6.1% identified as Roman Catholic. 

There are two main branches of Buddhism in Vietnam, Mahayana, and Theravada. Mahayana is more popular with the people in North of Vietnam while Theravada being more popular in South of Vietnam.

## Christian 
Christianity was first introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century. Christians represent a significant minority in Vietnam: Catholics and Protestants were reported to compose 10% and 2% of the country's population respectively in 2020.

## References
Blind Melon

**Blind Melon** are an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band is best known for their 1993 song "No Rain".

Blind Melon was formed in March 1990 by band members Rogers Stevens, Brad Smith and Shannon Hoon. They released their eponymous debut studio album *Blind Melon* in September 22, 1992. Their second album *Soup* was released on August 15, 1995. On October 21, 1995, Lead singer Shannon Hoon was found dead on the band's tour bus of a heart attack caused by a cocaine overdose. The band looked for a new singer after Hoon's death but broke up on March 4, 1999.

The band reunited on September 15, 2006 with new lead singer Travis Warren. They released their fourth studio album *For My Friends* on April 22, 2008. The band went on hiatus in 2009 and reunited again in 2010.

## Band members 
;Current
*Rogers Stevens – lead guitar, piano, keyboards (1990–1999, 2006–*present*)
*Brad Smith – bass, flute, backing vocals (1990–1999, 2006–*present*)
*Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar, steel guitar, mandolin, harmonica (1990–1999, 2006–*present*)
*Glen Graham – drums, percussion (1990–1999, 2006–*present*)
*Travis Warren – vocals, acoustic guitar (2006–2008, 2010–*present*)

;Former
*Shannon Hoon – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica (1990–1995) (†)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Blind Melon* (1992)
**Soup* (1995)
**Live at the Palace* (1996)
**Nico* (1996)
**For My Friends* (2008)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Kelli McCarty

**Kelli McCarty** (born September 6, 1969) is an American model, actress and a former Miss USA. She played Beth Wallace in the television series *Passions*. She also appeared in softcore adult movies in her career.

McCarty was born in Liberal, Kansas.

## References
Liberal, Kansas

**Liberal** is a city in southwest Kansas, close to the Oklahoma state border. In 2020, 19,825 people lived there. The city was founded in 1888 and incorporated in the same year.

## Sources
Western Australian Party

The **Western Australian Party** (WAP) was an Australian political party that operated in 1906. It was a liberal party which wanted to protect the rights of Western Australians and oppose the Labour Party. Its supporters came from the Protectionist Party and the Anti-Socialist Party. John Forrest, a minister in Alfred Deakin's government, became leader the party. Candidates were selected for all electorates in the 1906 federal election. By the time the election was held, support for the party had ceased. Forrest was elected, but not as a WAP member. However, the party did elect one member, William Hedges, as the member for Fremantle. He was a member of the WAP, although he sat as an independent and, like Forrest, joined the Commonwealth Liberal Party when it began in 1909.

The party policies were explained in a 12-point program. Many of these were to promote the interests of Western Australia as a member of the new Australian federation. This included keeping as much government revenue as possible. It also included items important to Western Australia such as coastal defence, and building a railway to the eastern states. It also wanted to introduce deciaml currency, and metric weights and measures.

## References
The Violent Years

***The Violent Years*** is a 1956 American exploitation movie starring Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins, the leader of a gang of juvenile delinquent high school girls. Ed Wood, Jr., the director of *Glen or Glenda* and *Plan 9 from Outer Space*, wrote the screenplay. It was originally titled *Teenage Girl Gang*. Star Jean Moorhead was the Playboy Playmate for October 1955.

## Cast
* Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins
* Barbara Weeks as Jane Parkins
* Arthur Millan as Carl Parkins
* Theresa Hancock as Georgia
* Glen Corbett as Barney Stetson
* Joanne Cangi as Geraldine
* Gloria Farr as Phyllis
* Lee Constant as Sheila
* I. Stanford Jolley as Judge Clara
* Timothy Farrell as Lt. Holmes
* F. Chan McClure as Det. Artman
* Bruno Metsa as Manny
* Harry Keaton as Doctor

## Story
Paula Parkins gets her kicks leading a gang of bored young women in criminal activities. The gang dresses in men's clothes, robs gas stations, and terrorizes couples in a local lovers' lane. Paula even rapes a young man.

Paula and her pals wreck a few classrooms in a public school. The police arrive and a deadly shootout takes place. Two members of Paula's gang are killed. Paula shoots and kills a policeman.

Paula is captured, convicted, and dies in the hospital giving birth to the child she conceived during the rape. Paula's parents are denied custody of their daughter's baby because they did a poor job of raising Paula.

## Reviews
Patrick McKinnon writes, "There are some movies that shouldn't be watched alone or sober. This is one of them. It makes you want to go back in time and beat Ed Wood Jr. to death with one of his own angora sweaters."

## Notes
## References
* *The Haunted World of Edward D. Wood, Jr.* (1996), documentary film directed by Brett Thompson
* Rudolph Grey, *Nightmare of Ecstasy: The Life and Art of Edward D. Wood, Jr.* (1992) 

## Other websites 
*
Psychomania

***Psychomania*** (1973) is a British outlaw biker horror movie. It stars Nicky Henson as a devil-worshipping biker gang leader and Robert Hardy as the detective in charge of bringing him to justice.

## Cast
* Nicky Henson ... Tom Latham
* Mary Larkin ... Abby Holman
* Robert Hardy ... Chief Inspector Hesseltine 
* Beryl Reid ... Mrs. Latham
* George Sanders ... Shadwell

## Story
Tom Latham is an teen psychopath, and the leader of a violent teen motorcycle gang. The gang dabbles in black magic. They call themselves "The Living Dead". Tom's mother and her butler Shadwell get their kicks holding séances. With their help, Tom makes a pact with the devil to return from the dead.

Tom and his biker buddies commit suicide one by one with the goal of returning as one of the "undead". Not all succeed, but the ones who do return gather together at a secret place called "The Seven Witches" (a circle of standing stones). They continue to terrorize the locals.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* http://www.britishhorrorfilms.co.uk/psychomania.shtml 
* http://www.spokerecords.co.uk/
* http://psychomania.bondle.co.uk
Richard Karn

**Richard Karn** (born February 17, 1956) is an American actor and game show host. He is best known for acting as Al Borland in the 1990s ABC sitcom *Home Improvement*, and for hosting *Family Feud* during the 2000s. He was born in Seattle, Washington.

Karn became host of *Family Feud* in September 2002. He left in 2006 and was replaced by John O'Hurley. He also hosted GSN's *Bingo America* in 2008. He replaced Patrick Duffy, who hosted the show for the first season.

## References
## Other websites
*
Leicester Square

**Leicester Square** (pronounced "Lester" Square) is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London in the City of Westminster. 

It about equal distances (about ) east of Piccadilly Circus,and west of Covent Garden. Nearby to the south is the much larger Trafalgar Square.

Prompted by the growth in tourism, Leicester Square was pedestrianised in the late 20th century. It is notable for its cinemas and nightclubs.

## Entertainment 
### Major cinemas 
*Odeon Leicester Square, which dominates the east side of the square, had the first digital projector in Europe (1999), hosting most premieres with capacity for 1683 people, arranged in circle and stalls.
*The adjacent Odeon Mezzanine has five smaller auditoria (capacities of 50–60 each).
*Empire, on the north of the Square, is the next-largest cinema, with 1,330 seats in the main screen, as well as eight smaller screens, with 349, 96, 58, 49, 48, 42 and 23 seats. Eight of the screens are digital. The main screen and one smaller one can also play 3D films. Many premieres are hosted here.

*Odeon West End, on the south side, contains two screens, which can seat 1,000 altogether. Screen 1 holds 400 people and Screen 2 holds 600. It is used for smaller premieres.
*Vue, on the north side, near the north east corner, was previously the Warner Brothers Village, a multiplex that hosted only Warner Bros. film premieres. Together with the rest of the Warner Village chain, it was bought out by Vue in 2004.

### Clubs, bars, restaurants 
Just off Leicester Square
*Hippodrome, London
*The Venue Leicester Square (West End theatre)
Bride of the Monster

***Bride of the Monster*** is a 1956 sci-fi horror movie. It was produced and directed by Ed Wood. It was co-written by Wood and Alex Gordon. The movie opened in Hollywood in May 1955 with the title *Bride of the Atom*. A sequel titled *Night of the Ghouls* was completed in 1959. It was not released until 1987.

## Cast
* Bela Lugosi as Dr. Vornoff, a scientist planning to use nuclear power to create an army of super-warriors who will conquer the world
* Tor Johnson as Lobo, Vornoff's 
* Loretta King as Janet Lawton, a newspaper reporter
* Tony McCoy as police Lt. Dick Craig, Lawton's boyfriend
* Paul Marco as police officer Kelton
* George Becwar as Professor Strowski, Vornoff's scientific colleague
## Story
Dr. Vornoff and Lobo are experimenting with nuclear power in an old house. The house is guarded by a giant octopus living in a nearby swamp. The octopus has killed local people. Lawton arrives at the house to investigate (check it out). Vornoff keeps her a prisoner. Lt. Craig comes looking for Lawton.

Professor Strowski arrives to ask Vornoff to return to their homeland. Strowski is killed. Lobo accidentally turns Vornoff into an atomic-powered super-human being. A fire in the laboratory kills Lobo. Vornoff, Craig, Lawton, and the police escape the fire. A bolt of lightning kills Vornoff. It forms a mushroom cloud.

## References
Observable universe

image of a region of the observable universe (equivalent sky area size shown in bottom left corner). Each spot is a galaxy, consisting of billions of stars. The light from the smallest, most red-shifted galaxies originated nearly 14 billion years ago]]
. The Virgo Supercluster – home of Milky Way – is marked at the center, but is too small to be seen in the image]]

In Big Bang cosmology, the **observable universe** is what, in theory, can be seen from Earth. That is light, or other signals, which has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. The observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every place in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

The word *observable* does not depend on whether modern technology actually allows detection of radiation from an object in this region. It simply means that it is possible *in principle* for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, there is much that we cannot see. We can see light only from as far back as when particles were first able to emit photons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons. 

Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the *visible* universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination—and the *observable* universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (that is, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). The radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light years), about 2% larger.

The best estimate of the age of the universe as of 2013 is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years. Due to the expansion of the universe humans are observing objects that were originally much closer but are now considerably farther away (as defined in terms of cosmological proper distance, which is equal to the comoving distance at the present time) than a static 13.8 billion light-years distance. The diameter of the observable universe is estimated at about 28 billion parsecs (93 billion light-years), putting the edge of the observable universe at about 46–47 billion light-years away.

## Gallery 
## References
Jim Thornton

**Jim Thornton** (born March 8, 1965) is an American radio and television personality. He is currently an afternoon anchor on all-news radio station KNX 1070 in Los Angeles, California.  He is also the announcer on television game show *Wheel of Fortune*. He was born in Huntington, West Virginia, United States.

Thornton became announcer of *Wheel of Fortune* in September 2011. He auditioned for the role in December 2010 after previous announcer Charlie O'Donnell's death. He was confirmed as the show's new announcer on June 13, 2011. He was also a guest announcer on *The Price is Right* after previous announcer Rod Roddy's death in 2003.

## References
## Other websites
*
Italian Union Movement

**Italian Union Movement** ( - MUI) is a political party in Italy.

It was founded in 2010 by Stefano Bandecchi.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official party site
Hōmyō dōji

**Hōmyō dōji** () is a story from Japanese folklore. It is about a man who has a son. The son has to be a human sacrifice to a snake. He does not get sacrificed. Another boy named Hōmyō offers to sacrifice himself instead. Hōmyō's father is dead. Hōmyō is a Buddhist. A Bodhisattva saves him from dying. Hōmyō meets the king. The king does not like Buddhism, the religion that Hōmyō believes in. Hōmyō tells the king his story. The king becomes a Buddhist and quits his job as king. 

## References
## Other websites
* Digitised scans of the *Hōmyō dōji e-hon*, Library of Congress, North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources: Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.
Codex Huamantla

**Codex Huamantla**, which is also called the **Codex of Huamantla** and **Códice de Huamantla** is a book about the Otomi people. It was made by two people. People think it was finished in the year 1592. The first story is about the Otomi people migrating from a place called Chiapas to another place called Huamantla, Tlaxcala, which are both in the country of Mexico today. The other story is about how the Otomi people were involved in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

## References
Aphrodite (album)

***Aphrodite*** is the eleventh studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was released worldwide in July 2010 by Parlophone Records. The album contains four singles, "All the Lovers", "Get Outta My Way", "Better Than Today" and "Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)". The four singles have all reached number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart.

## Track listing
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of Kylie Minogue
Seokbosangjeol

**Seokbosangjeol** (釋譜詳節) is the biography of Gautama Buddha written in Korean. It was made by Sejo of Joseon when he was still a prince. 

Sejo of Joseon used Chinese books as source text for the book. It features books like Lotus Sutra, Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra, and Amitabha Sutra. It was the first time that someone had translated Buddhist sutras into Korean language from Chinese language. The book was made after Sejo of Joseon's mother died. People from around Korea were able to buy the book.

The book is one of the first times that the *hangul* alphabet was ever printed in a book. 

## References
Marc Chagall

**Marc Chagall** (6 July  1887  28 March 1985) was a Jewish Belarusian-French artist. He is famous for his fauvist, cubist and expressionist paintings.

## Other websites
*2013 show at Tate Liverpool
*Marc Chagall's official website
Germany's Next Topmodel season 8

'''''Germany's Next Topmodel, Cycle 8'''* is the eighth season of *Germany's Next Topmodel*. This cycle includes 20 contestants. The winner was 16-year old Lovelyn Enebechi.

## Contestants
## Prizes
* A modeling contract with OneEins Models
* A spread & cover in Cosmopolitan
* An Opel Adams

## Episodes
Episode 1
*casting episode*

Episode 2
***Eliminated:** Lisa-Guilia Wendt & Michelle Maas 

Episode 3
***Quit:** Bingyang Liu & Höpke Voss
***Bottom Two:** Leandra Martin & Leonie Marwitz
***Eliminated:** Leandra Martin

Episode 4
***Quit:** Sophie Jungblut
***Bottom Four:** Anna Seebrecht, Christine Gischler, Janna Wiese & Maike van Grieken
***Eliminated:** Anna Seebrecht

Episode 5
***Bottom Five:** Christine Gischler, Janna Wiese, Jessika Weidner, Lovelyn Enebechi & Sabrina Elsner
***Eliminated:** Jessika Weidner

Episode 6
***Eliminated:** Janna Wiese

Episode 7
***Bottom Two:** Jacqueline Thiessen & Veronika Maria Weddeling
***Eliminated:** Veronika Maria Weddeling

Episode 8
***Bottom Two:** Jacqueline Thiessen & Leonie Marwitz
***Eliminated:** *To be continued''

Episode 9
***First Eliminated:** Jacqueline Thiessen
***Second Eliminated:** Leonie Marwitz

Episode 10
***Bottom Two:** Carolin Sünderhauf & Marie Czuczman
***Eliminated:** Carolin Sünderhauf

Episode 11
***Bottom Two:** Anna Maria Damm & Christine Gischler
***Eliminated:** Christine Gischler

Episode 12
***Bottom Two:** Maike van Grieken & Marie Czuczman
***Eliminated:** Marie Czuczman

Episode 13
***First Eliminated:** Anna Maria Damm
***Bottom Two:** Maike van Grieken & Sabrina Elsner
***Eliminated:** None

Episode 14
***First Bottom Two:** Maike van Grieken & Sabrina Elsner
***First Eliminated:** Sabrina Elsner
***Second Bottom Two:** Lovelyn Enebechi & Luise Will
***Second Eliminated:** Luise Will
***Runner-up:** Maike van Grieken
***Winner:** Lovelyn Enebechi
William Brewster

**Col. William Brewster III** (1566 – April 10, 1644) was an English official who was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620. He was a religious leader both in Europe and in Plymouth Colony. He was also one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. 

William Brewster III was the son of Capt. William Brewster, Jr. (1533-1622) and Mary Smythe Simkinson (1537-1655), Capt. William Brewster, Jr. was the son of Col. William Brewster, Sr. (1500-1616) and Maud Mann (1506-1619), William III lived in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England.

Brewster studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge. Cambridge was a university where many people wanted to change the Church of England. People who agreed with this started different religions.  They were called Separatists. In England, Separatists were put into jail. When Davison went to jail, Brewster went back home to Scrooby for a time.  He became a postmaster. 

Brewster became the senior religious leader at Plymouth Colony. He also served as an advisor to Governor William Bradford.

The Brewster and his wife Mary had six children: Jonathan, Patience, Fear, who married Isaac Allerton, Unnamed child, Love Brewster, and Wrestling Brewster

Brewster's son Jonathan, arrived the next year on the ship *Fortune*. Brewster's daughters Patience and Fear arrived aboard the *Anne*. 

An epidemic killed many English and Indians in the region. William Brewster lost two daughters, Fear and Patience in 1634. The burial place of his wife Mary is unknown.

## References
Toshio Irie

**Toshio Irie** (, Irie Toshiō, January 10, 1901 – July 18, 1972) was a Japanese politician and bureaucrat. He was born in Tokyo. He went to college at Tokyo University. After he graduated from college he joined Japan's Ministry of Home Affairs. He then worked for the Cabinet Legislation Bureau as Counselor in the year 1927. He worked under Shigeru Yoshida. In 1946, Toshio earned a new job and became Director-General of the Bureau. As Director-General he worked on writing the Constitution of Japan after World War II. Toshio was added to the House of Peers. Two years later he had a new job as Commissioner General for the House of Representatives.

He retired from working in politics in 1971. He then became a teacher at Komazawa University. He died in 1972. 

## References
Huey, Dewey and Louie

**Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck** are 
Disney characters. They are Donald Duck's nephews and triplets.

The trio first appeared in a newspaper comic strip on October 17, 1937. Their first animated appearance was in the short film ''Donald's Nephews*, released April 15, 1938.

They starred in the 1987 television series DuckTales.  In the DuckTales stories they appeared in adventures with their great-uncle, Scrooge McDuck.  In the 1990s series *Quack Pack'' the boys were shown as teenagers.

## Images
## Other websites
*
*
*
Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage

**Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage** (**ADACH**) is a government agency of the United Arab Emirates, that takes care of the cultural heritage of the country. It was founded in 1981. It is based in Abu Dhabi. It has a collection of photographs by Edward "Tug" Wilson.

## References
William Hedges (Australian politician)

**William Noah Hedges** (16 July 1856 &ndash; 21 November 1935) was an Australian politician. Born in Hertfordshire in England, he moved to Australia in 1878. He ran a stone quarry in Queensland, and then moved to South Australia where he was contracted to repair bridges and buildings at Mount Barker. He worked in Adelaide for several years building wharves and railways. "Proposals for agricultural railways in Western Australia" (1924), and "Wheat growing in Western Australia" (1930).

In 1929, he became President of the Western Australian Employers Federation. He remained in this position until his death in 1935.

## References
Vincenzo Sangermano

**Vincenzo Sangermano** (1758-1819) was a Roman Catholic priest from Italy. He was a Barnabite. He was a missionary in Burma from 1783-1806.

## Further reading
*Sangermano, Vincenzo and Nicholas Patrick Wiseman. *The Burmese Empire a Hundred Years Ago*. Westminister: A. Constable and Company (1893). 
*Sangermano, Vincenzo. *A Description of the Burmese Empire*. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Geat Britain and Ireland (1833).
 
## References
Bill Pertwee

**William Desmond Anthony Pertwee**, MBE (21 July 1926 &ndash; 27 May 2013) was an English comedy actor best known for playing the part of antagonist ARP Warden Hodges in the popular sitcom ''Dad's Army''.

Pertwee was born on 21 July 1926 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England. He was the second cousin once removed of Michael Pertwee and Jon Pertwee, being the second cousin of their father, screenwriter and actor Roland Pertwee. 

Pertwee was married to Jean Pertwee from 1960 until they divorced a few months later. Then he was married to Marion Pertwee from 1965 until her death in 2005. He had a son, James Pertwee. Pertwee died on 27 May 2013 in Truro, Cornwall, England from natural causes, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Bill Pertwee recalls his appearance on This Is Your Life
My So-Called Life

***My So-Called Life*** is an American teen drama television series. It takes place at the fictional Liberty High School, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The main character is Angela Chase. She is played by Claire Danes. The last show was a cliffhanger. The people who made the program thought it would be on television for another season. It was canceled on May 15, 1995.

Many people enjoyed the program because the characters seemed like real teens. In 2007, it was listed as one of *Time* magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-*TIME*". *TV Guide* ranked the series number 16 on its 25 Top Cult Shows Ever list.

## Soundtrack
Atlantic Records released a soundtrack of the show, which originally released on August 25, 1994, then re-released on January 24, 1995.

# "Make It Home" by Juliana Hatfield – 4:44
# "Soda Jerk" by  Buffalo Tom – 4:26
# "Genetic" by  Sonic Youth – 3:46
# "Petty Core" by Further – 3:46
# "Drop a Bomb" by Madder Rose – 2:11
# "Fountain and Fairfax" by Afghan Whigs – 4:21
# "South Carolina" by Archers of Loaf – 3:30
# "Dawn Can't Decide" by The Lemonheads – 2:19
# "The Book Song" by Frente! – 2:40
# "Come See Me Tonight" by Daniel Johnston – 1:59
# "*My So-Called Life* Theme"; words and music by W.G. Snuffy Walden – 1:12

## References
Zee Cine Awards

The **Zee Cine Award** is an awards ceremony for the Hindi movie industry.  They are called **"ZCA"** for short.  The awards started in 1998.  Some awards were selected by public votes.  Other awards were selected by an industry jury.

The ceremony was in Mumbai until 2004. After 2004 the place changed several times.  Places include Dubai, London, Mauritius, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Peri Gilpin

**Peri Kay Oldham** (also known as **Peri Gilpin**; born May 27, 1961) is an American actress. She acts mostly television. She played Roz Doyle in the sitcom *Frasier* beginning in 1993 - ending in 2004. Gilpin was born in Waco, Texas.
Arthur Lowe

]]
**Arthur Lowe** (22 September 1915 &ndash; 15 April 1982) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Captain George Mainwaring in the popular British sitcom ''Dad's Army'' from 1968 until 1977.

Lowe was born on 22 September 1915 in Hayfield, Derbyshire, England. He studied at Chapel Street Junior School. Lowe was married to Joan Cooper from 1948 until his death in 1982. They had a son, Stephen Lowe. Lowe died on 15 April 1982 from a stroke in Birmingham, England, aged 66.

## Other websites
* 
* Performances in the Theatre Archive University of Bristol
NRK1

**NRK1** is a television channel in Norway. It is the main channel of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). Test broadcasts started on 12 January 1954 and regular test broadcasts started on 13 April 1958. Regular broadcasts started on 20 August 1960. It is Norway's oldest and largest television channel.  It was previously known as simply as "NRK". The channel now known as "NRK1", to distinguish itself from sister channel "NRK2", which started broadcasting in 1996.

## Other websites 
*
Comédie-Française

The **Comédie-Française** or **Théâtre-Français** is one of the few state theatres in France. It is the only state theatre to have its own company of actors. The company's primary venue is the Salle Richelieu. The theatre is part of the Palais-Royal complex at 2 rue de Richelieu on the Place André-Malraux in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.

The theatre has also been known as the *Théâtre de la République* and *La maison de Molière* (English: House of Molière). It inherited the latter name from the troupe of the best-known playwright associated with the Comédie-Française, Molière. He was considered the patron of French actors. He died seven years before “La maison de Molière” was rechristened the “Comédie-Française,” and the company continued to be known popularly by the former name long after the official change of name.

The Comédie-Française today has a repertoire of 3,000 works and three theatre locations in Paris (salle Richelieu;  théâtre du Vieux-Colombier; Studio-Théâtre)

## References
Logic error

In Computer programming a **logic error** is a bug in a program, which causes it to work incorrectly. A logic error produces unintended behaviour or output. In many cases, the syntax of the program is correct. This means that the environment used to make the program will not show an error. This makes logic errors difficult to find.

## Examples
This example function in C to calculate the average of two numbers contains a logic error. It is missing brackets in the calculation, so it compiles and runs but does not give the right answer.

```c
int average(int a, int b)
{
    return a + b / 2;     /* should be (a + b) / 2 */
}
```
Off-by-one error

An **Off-by-one error** is a logic error that often occurs in Computer programming and that often involves the checking of boundary conditions.

A fencepost error (occasionally called a **telegraph pole** or **lamp-post error**) is a specific type of off-by-one error. The following problem illustrates the error:

The intuitive answer 10 is wrong. The fence has 10 sections, but 11 posts.

The reverse error occurs when the number of posts is known and the number of sections is assumed to be the same. The actual number of sections is one less than the number of posts. 

More generally, the problem can be stated as follows:

The correct answer may be *n* − 1, *n*, or *n* + 1, depending on the conditions. The precise problem definition must be carefully considered, as the setup for one situation may give the wrong answer for other situations.  Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row.

Off by one errors often occur with loops. If there are a number of fields, eg. in an array, and there is a loop over the array, an off-by-one error means that either there is one iteration too few to cover all elements, or one too many. In the first case, one element of the array is left out, in the second the index of the array will be outside its dimensions. The second error usually leads to an runtime error, because the program checks the size of the data structure, and sees that there are too few elements for the iteration. The first error is more problematic, because it usually is not detected. All that may point to the error is that one element is not initialized or does not have the expected value.
Lee Strasberg

**Lee Strasberg** (born **Israel Lee Strassberg**; November 17, 1901 &ndash; February 17, 1982) was a Polish-born American actor, director and acting teacher. Strasberg was known for teaching Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, Montgomery Clift, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Julie Harris, Paul Newman, Al Pacino, Robert De Niro and director Elia Kazan.

Strasberg was born on November 17, 1901 in Budzanów, Austrian Poland (now in Ukraine). He was married to Nora Krecaun from 1926 until her death in 1929. Then he was married to Paula Miller from 1934 until her death in 1966. He was married to Anna Mizrahi from 1967 until his death in 1982. They had four children. Strasberg died on February 17, 1982 in New York City from a heart attack, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Strasberg video lectures 
* The Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute 
* 
* 
* John Strasberg Studios
* Photo & Gravesite
* Audio Interview with Lee Strasberg on WGBH
NML Cygni

**NML Cygni** or **V1489 Cygni** is a red hypergiant star. It is one of the brightest supergiant stars. It was discovered in 1965, by Gerry Neugebauer, D.M. Martz and Robert Leighton. The name 'NML' comes from the names of the three discoverers.  

NML Cygni's distance from Earth is about 5,250 light-years. It is a semiregular variable star. This means its brightness changes over 940 days. Considering its distance and an upper limit on the star's angular size, its physical radius must be less than 1,350 times that of the Sun. 

This star is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association, which is 1.74&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.2&nbsp;kpc away. This is one of the nearest massive star groups to the Sun. Molecules like H2O, Silicon monoxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monosulfide, sulfur monoxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are also in the star.

NML Cygni has two dense outer layers of dust and molecules. The star is also losing mass by slowly throwing gas into space.  The dust envelopes are formed by this process.

## References
The Mummy (1932 movie)

***The Mummy*** is a 1932 horror movie. It was directed by Karl Freund. It stars Boris Karloff as The Mummy, Zita Johann, David Manners, and Edward Van Sloan. The movie is about an Egyptian mummy that returns to life to stalk a woman who is the reincarnation of his lost love.

## Other websites
* 
*
Starburst galaxy

show starbursts during the collision of NGC 4038/NGC 4039. Credit: NASA/ESA]]
 is the prototype starburst galaxy. It is about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major]]

A **starburst galaxy** is a galaxy with a very high rate of star formation. The rate of star formation is so large that the galaxy will quickly use all of its gas reservoir (from which the stars are made). 

The starburst nature of a galaxy is a short phase in a galaxy's evolution, about tens of millions of years. Most starburst galaxies are in the midst of a galaxy merger or at least in a close encounter with another galaxy. 

Studying nearby starburst galaxies can help us explore the history of galaxy formation and evolution. Many distant galaxies seen are known to be starbursts, but they are too far away to be studied in any detail. 

Starburst galaxies seem to be quite rare in our local universe, and are more common further away. This suggests there were more of them billions of years ago. All galaxies were closer together then, and therefore more likely to be influenced by each other's gravity. More frequent encounters produced more starbursts as galactic forms evolved with the expanding universe.

## Notable and well-known starburst galaxies 
These include: 
*M82- The prototype of this class of galaxy and is interacting with Messier 81.Also know as the Cigar Galaxy.
*Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) This is actually 2 galaxies, interacting and merging.
*IC 10- The only starburst galaxy in the Local Group and just a mild one.
*Centaurus A- The only case of an elliptical starburst galaxy.
*Messier 100- A so-called Grand design spiral galaxy in Virgo.
*Cartwheel galaxy- A famous ring galaxy.
Sodium monofluoroacetate

**Sodium fluoroacetate** is a chemical compound that is a poison for many organisms. Pesticides used kill rodents sometimes contain Sodium monofluoroacetate. Sometimes the chemical substance is used as a marker for cancer cells in Positron emission tomography. TO act as a marker, only very small quantities of a substance are needed. For this reason, the toxicity of Sodium fluoroacetate is not a problem.

 Fluoroacetate occurs naturally in at least 40 plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. It was first identified in the poison leaf (gifblaar) *Dichapetalum cymosum* by Marais in 1944. As early as 1904, colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of *Chailletia toxicaria* which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts to poison rats. Several native Australian plant genera contain the toxin, including: *Gastrolobium*, *Gompholobium*, *Oxylobium*, *Nemcia* and *Acacia*.

## References
Messier 82

. The image combines exposures taken with four colored filters that capture starlight from visible and infrared wavelengths as well as the light from the glowing hydrogen filaments.]]

**Messier 82** (also known as **NGC 3034**, **Cigar galaxy** or **M82**) is the nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is five times brighter than the whole Milky Way and one hundred times brighter than our galaxy's center.

## Messier 81 triggering starburst
M82 is being physically affected by its larger neighbor, nearby spiral M81. Tidal forces caused by gravity have deformed M82, a process that started about 100 million years ago. This interaction has caused star formation to increase tenfold compared to "normal" galaxies.

Recently, M82 has undergone at least one tidal encounter with M81. This resulted in a large amount of gas being funnelled into the galaxy's core over the last 200 million years (myr).
There have been several theories about the nature of this unknown object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data.

## References
Baby boom galaxy

, Spitzer and Japan's Subaru Telescope in Hawaii]]

The **Baby boom galaxy**  is a starburst galaxy 12.2 billion light years away.

It was discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology. The galaxy is the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, its brightness being a measure of its extreme star-formation rate.

The Baby boom galaxy has been called "the extreme stellar machine" because it is seen producing stars at a surprising rate of up to 4,000 per year. Our Milky Way galaxy turns out an average of just 10 stars per year.

The discovery challenges the accepted model for galaxy formation. This has most galaxies slowly bulking up by absorbing pieces of other galaxies, rather than growing internally. Another unusual aspect is the fact that scientists are observing this galaxy at a time when the universe was only a little over 1.4 billion years old. Evidently, the galaxy was doing this when the universe was still in its infancy.

"This galaxy is undergoing a major baby boom, producing most of its stars all at once", said Peter Capak of NASA's Spitzer Science Center. To that, the principal investigator of the Cosmic Evolution Surveyor, Nick Scoville of Caltech responded:
"We may be witnessing, for the first time, the formation of one of the most massive elliptical galaxies in the universe".

## Multi-wavelength 
The different colors in the figure of the Baby boom galaxy refers to different wavelengths. The red color refers to new born stars in the galaxy. Interfered lights are giving off as the warm dust is heated by the stars. 

## References
Brandon, South Dakota

**Brandon** is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Minnehaha County, which is in the eastern part of the state. The city is about five miles east of Sioux Falls, and 11,048 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## References 
## Other websites 
Brandon city website
Goofy

**Goofy** is a Disney character. He is a friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He is a tall, anthropomorphic dog. He typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora.

He has been voiced by Bill Farmer since 1987.

## Filmography
**Selected short films**
* *Polar Trappers* (1938) (With Donald Duck)
* *The Fox Hunt* (1938) (With Donald Duck)
* *Goofy and Wilbur* (1939)
* *Billposters* (1940) (With Donald Duck)
* ''Goofy's Glider* (1940)
* *Baggage Buster* (1941)
* *How to Ride a Horse* (1941)
* *The Art of Skiing* (1941)
* *The Art of Self Defense* (1941)
* *How to Play Baseball* (1942)
* *The Olympic Champ* (1942)
* *How to Swim* (1942)
* *How to Fish* (1942)
* *Victory Vehicles* (1943)
* *How to Be a Sailor* (1944)
* *How to Play Golf* (1944)
* *How to Play Football* (1944)
* *Tiger Trouble* (1945)
* *African Diary* (1945)
* *Californy 'er Bust* (1945)
* *No Sail* (1945) (With Donald Duck)
* *Hockey Homicide* (1945)
* *A Knight for a Day* (1946)
* *Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive* (1946) (With Donald Duck)
* *Double Dribble* (1946)
* *Crazy with the Heat* (1947) (With Donald Duck)
* *Foul Hunting* (1947)
* *They're Off* (1948)
* *The Big Wash* (1948)
* *Tennis Racquet* (1949)
* *Goofy Gymnastics* (1949)
* *Motor Mania* (1950)
* *Hold That Pose* (1950)
* *Lion Down* (1951)
* *Home Made Home* (1951)
* *Cold War* (1951)
* *Tomorrow We Diet!* (1951)
* *Get Rich Quick* (1951)
* *Fathers Are People* (1951)
* *No Smoking* (1951)
* *Father's Lion* (1952)
* *Hello Aloha* (1952)
* *Teachers Are People* (1952)
* *Two-Gun Goofy* (1952)
* *Man's Best Friend* (1952)
* *Two Weeks Vacation* (1952)
* *How to Be a Detective* (1952)
* *Father's Day Off* (1953)
* *For Whom the Bulls Toil* (1953)
* *Father's Week-end* (1953)
* *How to Dance* (1953)
* *How to Sleep* (1953)
* *Aquamania* (1961)
* *Freewayphobia* (1965)
* *Goofy's Freeway Troubles* (1965)
* *How to Hook Up Your Home Theater* (2007)

**Movies**
* *A Goofy Movie* (1995)
* *An Extremely Goofy Movie'' (2000)

## TV Series
* Goof Troop (1992)

## References
Frankenstein (1931 movie)

***Frankenstein*** is a 1931 horror movie. It was directed by James Whale. It is based on the book *Frankenstein* by Mary Shelley. The movie stars Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, John Boles, and Boris Karloff. The movie was a great success with both audiences and critics. It was followed by multiple sequels, including *The Bride of Frankenstein* and *The Son of Frankenstein*.

## References
## Other websites
* *Frankenstein (1931)*  at DBCult Film Institute 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *More Than the Sum of Its Parts*: The Making of *Frankenstein*  by Stephen Jacobs at Creativescreenwriting.com
Passion Fish

***Passion Fish*** is a 1992 American drama movie written and directed by John Sayles. The movie stars Mary McDonnell, Alfre Woodard, Vondie Curtis-Hall, David Strathairn, Leo Burmester, and Angela Bassett. It tells the story of a soap opera star (Mary McDonnell), who after getting paralyzed in a car accident, is forced to return to her family home and rely upon a series of nurses, forcing each of them to leave her employment until one nurse (Alfre Woodard) shows up guaranteed to stay.

The movie is set and was filmed in the Acadiana region of Louisiana in May 1992.

The movie premiered in cinemas in the United States on December 9, 1992. The reviews from movie critics were very positive. Mary McDonnell received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and Alfre Woodard won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Poolesville High School

**Poolesville High School** is a public high school in Poolesville, Maryland. In 2013, *Newsweek* ranked it as the number one school in the state of Maryland. 

## References
## Other websites
*Poolesville High School 
*Global Ecology Studies Program 
*Humanities House 
*Science, Math, and Computer Science House 
*Maryland High School Sports and Projected Enrollment 
*Poolesville High School Athletic Booster Club
*Follow Poolesville Athletics on Twitter
John Turner (Mayflower passenger)

**John Turner** (c.1590 – winter of 1620/21) was a passenger on the historic *Mayflower* voyage with his two sons. Turner was also one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

## English Origins 
Turner probably came from Great Yarmouth in the county Norfolk, where there were several Turner families at that time.

Turner was one the original group who moved to Leiden Holland in 1610 to escape religious persecution with William Bradford and William Brewster. Turner was a merchant and a (political official) of Leiden. 

Many of these people lived in Middelburg, Holland. This is located in Zeeland. Turner also delivered mail to the Separatists from their family and friends in England. Turner also brought cargoes of English pewter from London to Holland.  He also carried letters between people in Leiden and London. On June 10, 1620, Turner carried information to the congregation on the progress of their planned trip to the New World. The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

## In Plymouth 
After they landed, Turner was part of the group who went out on exploratory trips to look for permanent places to live. Turner was one of the *Mayflower* passengers who would make first contact with the Indians.

Turner also had a daughter Elizabeth, who stayed in Leiden. She would have been one year old.

## Death and burial 
Turner and his sons died sometime in the winter of 1620/21. Turner was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, presumably in an unmarked grave as with most *Mayflower* passengers who died in that first winter. Their names are all on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “John Turner and two sons.”

## References
Christopher Martin

**Christopher Martin** (15821621) was a merchant by trade. He along with his family traveled on the *Mayflower* in 1620.

Martin, wife Mary, son Nathaniel and step-son Solomon all came from Billericay in Essex England.

The family did not believe in the Church of England.  In 1612, Martin and his wife would not take Holy Communion.

Martin and his family joined a Separatist church. They all wanted to go to the New World.  Martin sold his property and bought passage on the ship.

The people asked Martin to help them by buying supplies.  He did not spent the money wisely.  He purchased things like beer, wine, salted beef and pork, dried peas, fishing supplies, muskets, armor, clothing, tools, and other things to trade with the Native Americans.  One thing he purchased, the screw-jack, would be very useful to keep the *Mayflower* from sinking.

## Voyage 
There were two ships going to Virginia Colony, the *Speedwell* and the *Mayflower*.  Martin was assigned to be the leader of the passengers on the *Speedwell* but the ship needed repairs.  A fellow passenger and official of the trip, Robert Cushman said, that Martin will not listen to them, nor allow them to go ashore in case they should run away.  Some of the passengers quit the voyage to return to London and lost much or all of their money.  Others boarded the *Mayflower* which became very crowded.

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the *Mayflower* spotted land. The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor. They landed on 21 November. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Christopher Martin signed the Mayflower Compact.  His step-son and his servant were too young to sign.

## In Plymouth Colony 
When the *Mayflower* was docked in the Harbor, Martin and other men went to land to find a place where they all could live.

In the winter of 1621 Martin, his wife, son and servant became ill and died.

Martin and his wife Mary were buried in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth.

There is a plaque in the United Reform Church in England to honor the *Mayflower* passengers.  The plaque names Christopher Martin, Marie (Mary) Martin, Solomon Prower and John Langerman.

## References 
## Further reading 
*Robert C. Anderson. *The Great Migration Begins.* Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995.
*Robert C. Anderson. *The Pilgrim Migration.* Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004.
*R. J. Carpenter. *Christopher Martin, Great Burstead and The Mayflower.* Chelmsford, Essex, 1982.