open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Product (mathematics)

In mathematics, a **product** is a number or a quantity obtained by multiplying two or more numbers together. For example:  4 × 7 = 28  Here, the number 28 is called the product of 4 and 7. As another example, the product of 6 and 4 is 24, because 6 times 4 is 24. The product of two positive numbers is positive, just as the product of two negative numbers is positive as well (e.g., -6 × -4 = 24).

## Pi product notation 
A short way to write the product of many numbers is to use the capital Greek letter pi: \prod. This notation (or way of writing) is in some ways similar to the Sigma notation of summation.

Informally, given a sequence of numbers (or elements of a multiplicative structure with unit) say a_i we define \prod_{1\leq i\leq n}a_i:=a_1\dotsm a_n. A rigorous definition is usually given recursively as follows
:
\prod_{1\leq i\leq n}a_i
:=
\begin{cases}
1
&
\text{ for }
n=0
,
\\
\left(\prod_{1\leq i\leq n-1}a_i\right)
a_n
&
\text{ for }
n\geq1
.
\end{cases}

An alternative notation for \prod_{1\leq i\leq n} is \prod_{i=1}^n.
### Properties 
:\prod_{i=1}^n i = 1 \cdot 2 \cdot ... \cdot n = n! (n! is pronounced "n factorial" or "factorial of n")
:\prod_{i=1}^n x = x^n (i.e., the usual nth power operation)
:\prod_{i=1}^n n = n^n (i.e., n multiplied by itself n times)
:\prod_{i=1}^n c \cdot i = \prod_{i=1}^n c \cdot \prod_{i=1}^n i = c^n \cdot n! (where c is a constant independent of i)
From the above equation, we can see that *any* number with an exponent can be represented by a product, though it normally is not desirable.

Unlike summation, the sums of two terms cannot be separated into different sums. That is,
:\prod_{i=1}^4 (3 + 4) \neq \prod_{i=1}^4 3 + \prod_{i=1}^4 4, 
This can be thought of in terms of polynomials, as one generally cannot separate terms inside them before they are raised to an exponent, but with products, this is possible:
:\prod_{i=1}^n a_ib_i=\prod_{i=1}^na_i\prod_{i=1}^nb_i.

### Relation to Summation 
The product of powers with the same base can be written as an exponential of the sum of the powers' exponents:
:\prod_{i=1}^n a^{c_i} = a^{c_1} \cdot a^{c_2} \dotsm a^{c_n}= a^{c_1 + c_2 + ... + c_n} = a^{(\sum_{i=1}^n c_i)} 

## Related pages 
* Cartesian product
* Cross product
* Dot product

## References
Screw

:*Screw can also be a slang word for sexual intercourse.*

A **screw** is a sharp piece of threaded metal similar to a nail. Unlike a nail, a screw has spiral grooves down its spike. A screw is pressed down against wood and turned with a screwdriver. Turning the screw to the right makes it go into the wood. The grooves cut into the wood. This prevents the screw from falling out, as a nail might. Turning the screw to the left pulls it out of the wood. 

Screws can be made of steel, iron, brass, bronze, plastic, etc.

There are also machine screws and self-tapping screws. Machine screws are bolts which have screw threads. The threads matched with nuts with female threads. 

Screw threads are measured either in millimeters or in numbers. They are used in furniture, doors, appliances, etc.

## Screwing and screws 
Screwing is the neatest way of holding together two materials. If no glue is involved, then the screwing can be dismantled. 

These are three different types of screw. 
#Countersunk: First you drill a pilot hole into the wood. Then you can widen out the top by using a countersink drill bit. The head is flat on the top.
#Raised head: Has a slightly domed head, raised above the surface.
#Round head: Domed head above surface, broader than underneath.

Do not place screws in line as this weakens the wood. 
Use the right size screwdriver for the screw head. A screwdriver that is too slim can damage the slot, too wide can tear the materials. Screw threads in both wood and metal can become stripped, resulting in loss of holding power, and can also be difficult to remove.

]]

A screw is a type of simple machine.

## Related pages 
*Bolt (fastener)
*Nut (hardware)

## Sources
Fear

in an uncertain environment]]

**Fear** is a feeling or an emotion. When a person has fear, they are **afraid** or **scared**. A person who fears something does not want it to happen. The fear response comes from sensing danger. It leads to the fight-or-flight response. In extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) there may be a freeze response or paralysis.

In humans and animals, fear is adjusted by cognition and learning. Thus fear is rational or appropriate, or it is irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia.

Fear is the body's way of protecting itself from doing things that may be . For example, if one has a fear of jumping off a cliff, they will not do it. This saves one from death. In this case, fear is a good thing but in others, it can be bad. An example of fear being bad is if it stops one from doing something important, like going to see a doctor. Methods of controlling phobias include facing the fear over and over so the effect of the phobia becomes less until it stops being a phobia.

There is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and fear is one of them. The fear response helps survival by triggering appropriate behavioral responses. It has been preserved throughout evolution.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Anxiety
Tongue

The **tongue** is the fleshy muscle inside the mouth. A tongue lets us taste because the top of the tongue is made mostly of taste buds. It also helps the process of mastication by mixing food with saliva. It is very flexible, so it also helps us eat and talk. The tongue is the strongest muscle in the human body. 

## Tongue rolling 
Some people can  their tongue into a . The reason why some people are able to and some are not is because of genetic inheritance, meaning that it is based on whether their parents are able to do it. Many schools use tongue rolling as an example of a genetic trait.

People who can roll their tongue can sometimes make a high pitched sound by blowing through their rolled tongue.

Image:Tongue.agr.jpg|A human *tongue*.
Image:Okapitongue.jpg|The blue *tongue* of an Okapi.
Image:Tete chienne labrador.JPG|A dog's *tongue*.
Image:Tongue piercing.jpg|A pierced tongue

## References
Titanium

**Titanium** is a very strong metal that is used in special applications.  The most common isotope has 26 neutrons. Titanium was discovered in 1791 by William Gregor. It is chemical element number 22 on the periodic table. Its symbol is *Ti*. It has 22 electrons and 22 protons. Its name comes from the name of the strong Greek gods called Titans.

Titanium can combine with other chemicals to make different materials. When titanium mixes with oxygen from the air, it forms titanium dioxide (TiO2) or titania, which forms a hard passivation layer around the metal that prevents corrosion. Titanium dioxide is a white pigment that is often used to make things less transparent, brighter, or rougher - because it does not react with chemicals inside the human body, it is safe to use in foods and other applications, like toothpaste. 

Titanium alloys are used in aerospace engineering to make very strong and light parts of aeroplanes. These alloys can replace steel because they are almost as strong as steel but much lighter. They are also much stronger than aluminium alloys, but only a little heavier, meaning that titanium parts can be thinner and lighter, while still withstanding the same forces. It does not corrode in most conditions, even when exposed to sea water or chlorine. However, it can burn at high temperatures, and like many metal powders, titanium dust is extremely flammable.

More than a third of the world's titanium in 2021 was produced by a Russian firm, VSMPO-AVISMA, which has factories in many countries including one in Redditch, England.

## References
James Kopp

**James Charles Kopp** (born August 2, 1954) is an American criminal. He was found guilty of murder in 2005 for shooting Dr. Barnett Slepian to death in 1988. Kopp said the reason he shot the doctor was that he was against the abortions that the doctor did.

## Murder of Slepian
On October 23, 1998, Slepian, his wife, and their four children came home from synagogue (Jewish church). Kopp waited outside the home with a rifle. He shot Slepian in the back through a window while Slepian was in the kitchen. Slepian's wife and son Andrew were standing in the same room with him.

## References
Millet

**Millet** is a type of grain that is eaten. There are many types of millet. Millets are of good nutritional value.

Millets also have high fiber content, and poor digestibility of nutrients. This limits their value in nutrition and makes them rather less acceptable to consumers.

## References
The Flowers of Romance

**The Flowers of Romance** might mean:
*The Flowers of Romance, an early punk rock group formed in 1976
**The Flowers of Romance* (album) by Public Image Ltd
Hedgehog

:*For the fictional character, see Sonic the Hedgehog*

A **hedgehog**, also called a **hedgepig** or **furze-pig** is a small mammal. It has between 5000 and 7000 spines on its back. There are hedgehogs in Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Zealand. When attacked or threatened, it curls up. Hedgehogs eat insects, snails, frogs and toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion, mushrooms, berries and melons. Sometimes, hedgehogs will search for earthworms after rainstorms.

Hedgehogs are nocturnal animals and they hibernate between November and March.

## Description 
Hedgehogs have long spines, or quills, made of keratin. They do not come off easily, unlike porcupines, but in baby hedgehogs, the baby quills drop off and are replaced with adult quills. This is called "quilling". When they are very  or sick, their quills can fall off, too. Their quills are not poisonous: they are safe for humans to feel and touch, as they are not very sharp, or harmful.

## Pets 
Some people keep hedgehogs as pets. African pygmy hedgehogs are the most common type that are kept as pets. They live 2–4 years in captivity. Hedgehogs are exotic pets, which means they may not be legal to keep as pets in some places.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Hedgehog reference at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
* Hedgehog Facts 
* Hedgehog Care and Advice
Menstruation

**Menstruation**, or **menses**, happens in human adult females (and other primates) when the egg is unfertilized and causes the lining of the vagina to shed (a period). During a period, blood comes out of the vagina of the female. It causes blood because the egg was released (it comes down) into the vagina and now it has to clean itself. menstruation takes two to seven days depending on the person. 

Menstruation occurs every month there is no pregnancy. Some people might have irregular periods, and sometimes miss a month or have two periods close together. The menstrual cycle is between the first day of the period (first day of menstrual bleeding) to the day before the next period. A period is irregular when it is less than 25 days or more than 35 days between periods.The cycle then repeats until menopause or during pregnancy. 

For most people, the time between their periods is about one month. For about 2 years after menstruation starts, the time between periods is not always the same. Some menstruators may skip a month, or have 2 periods close to each other. It is also possible and normal to have cramps (mildly painful, squeezing feelings) or to feel bloated (swollen up) in the abdomen at periods.

## Materials 
Most menstruators use something to absorb or catch their menses. There are a number of different methods available. The most common methods of absorbing the flow are: 

* sanitary towels (sometimes called "pads"), and padded underwear to prevent incontinence
* disposable tampon (daily)

Some people use:
* a sea sponge
* towels and other reusable absorbing items 
** bedding
Which is extremely dangerous. Sponges, towels, or reusing tampons, which may happen in places of poverty, can cause disease as well as toxic shock syndrome.

In addition to products to contain the menstrual flow, pharmaceutical companies provide, commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), to relieve menstrual cramps. 

## Alternate medicine 
### Chinese medicine
Some herbs, such as dong quai, raspberry leaf and crampbark, are also claimed to relieve menstrual pain, however there is no documented scientific evidence.

## Related pages
*Menstrual cycle
*Sanitary napkin
*Period pain

## References
Georges Brassens

**Georges Brassens** (October 22, 1921 - October 29, 1981) was a French singer and songwriter. He sang *La mauvaise réputation* (the bad reputation) and *Le gorille* (the gorilla).
Display resolution

**Display resolution** is the number of pixels displayed on a given surface. This is one of the numbers that say the capability of a computer monitor. 

For example: a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display), and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels, is what is meant by 640 × 480 display resolution.

## Related pages
*Pixels per inch
*Frequency
Cervix

The **cervix** is the bottom part of the womb (uterus) of the female reproductive system. The cervix is about 1 inch long. It is in the shape of a cylinder. The shape changes during pregnancy. There is a thin, central cervical canal that runs through its length. This canal connects the womb (uterus) and the vagina. 

## Anatomy 
The opening into the uterus is called the internal os. The opening into the vagina is called the external os. The lower part of the cervix bulges into the top of the vagina. 

The cervix has been written about since at least the time of Hippocrates, over 2,000 years ago.

## References
Frankfort, Kentucky

**Frankfort** is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It has been the state capital since December 8, 1792. It is the county seat of Franklin County, and has been since 1795. It's located between Lexington and Louisville.

Frankfort is beside the Kentucky River. This is how the city earned its name, because the land was owned by pioneer Stephen Frank. First called "Frank's Ford", the name was soon shortened to Frankfort.

Within a century the population of Frankfort grew from 9,487 in 1900, to 27,741 in 2000. The population was 28,602 in 2020. The members of the city commission and the mayor are elected by the citizens.

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Frankfort Website
Shah Rukh Khan

**Shah Rukh Khan** (; born 2 November 1965) is an Indian actor and film producer who works in Hindi films. He is also known as the *"Badshah of Bollywood",* "King of Bollywood" and "King Khan". He was born in New Delhi; his grandparents moved there from Peshawar. His parents used to speak Hindko language, a widely spoken language in Peshawar. He started his career appearing on television in the late 1980s. He is married to Gauri Khan and has three children: Aryan, Suhana and Abram. He also has a sister named Shehnaz Lalarukh Khan. 

He is one of the biggest stars not just in Bollywood, but also around the world. According to Forbes richest list, Shahrukh's net worth in dollars is $770 Million and according to the world of Statistics Shahrukh Khan's net worth is more than Hollywood actor Robert De Niro ($500m), George Clooney ($500M), Jackie Chan ($520M), and Tom Cruise ($620M). He stands out on the 4th number top 100 richest lists.  After playing a role in his 1999 superhit movie, Badshah, everyone gave him the title name Badshah. He is also known by another name, King Khan. Shahrukh Khan charges movies more than 50 crores in Indian rupees.

## Movies 
## Awards 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Ivory

**Ivory** is a hard yellowish-white material made from the tusks and teeth of animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses and walruses. Ivory is now very rare and expensive since there are restrictions on hunting elephants for ivory. There are also laws against the trade of ivory. Some countries (including Zimbabwe and South Africa) argue that these laws should be removed or changed, to allow them to sell some ivory. 

Ivory has been used to make piano keys, billiard balls, handles and small ornaments. After ivory was banned, these items were usually made from plastic. Many of the earliest plastics were meant to be substitutes for ivory. Ivory has been used in artworks, such as carvings, since ancient times.
Vice president

A **vice president** is someone who helps a president conduct his or her duties. A vice president also takes over if a president is not . In business and in government a vice president (VP) is below a president in rank. Vice is comes from Latin meaning 'in place of'. In British English a vice president in business is called a director. In some countries, a vice president is called a *deputy president*.

## Terms and abbreviations 
* Deputy President (DP)
* Senior Executive Vice President (SEVP)
* Executive Vice President (EVP)
* Senior Vice President (SVP)
* First Vice President (FVP)
* Vice President (VP)
* Assistant Vice President or Associate Vice President (AVP)

## Related pages 
* Deputy prime minister

## References
Triple jump

The **triple jump** (also known in certain countries as a ***triple hop, step and jump*** or ***hop, skip and jump***) is an athletics event. It has been a part of the World Championships since 1995. The event consists of someone running up to a line, jumping and landing on the same foot (a hop), jumping onto the other foot (a skip) and then jumping into a shallow pit of sand. The winner is the person whose final jump lands the farthest from the line they started jumping at. It is a common game played on playgrounds.This is a bit Similar for long jump.

 - Gwangju 2015 - Men's Triple Jump Final, Dmitrii SOROKIN (RUS 17.29) wins Gold.]]
Political subdivisions of Brazil

Brazil is subdivided into 26 states and 1 Federal District (the capital city Brasília).

## Center-West Region 
* Federal District (capital Brasília)
* Goiás (capital Goiânia)
* Mato Grosso (capital Cuiabá)
* Mato Grosso do Sul (capital Campo Grande)

## North Region 
* Acre (capital Rio Branco)
* Amapá (capital Macapá)
* Amazonas (capital Manaus)
* Pará (capital Belém)
* Rondônia (capital Porto Velho)
* Roraima (capital Boa Vista)
* Tocantins (capital Palmas)

## Northeast Region 
* Alagoas (capital Maceió)
* Bahia (capital Salvador)
* Ceará (capital Fortaleza)
* Maranhão (capital São Luís)
* Paraíba (capital João Pessoa)
* Pernambuco (capital Recife)
* Piauí (capital Teresina)
* Rio Grande do Norte (capital Natal)
* Sergipe (capital Aracaju)

## South Region 
* Paraná (capital Curitiba)
* Rio Grande do Sul (capital Porto Alegre)
* Santa Catarina (capital Florianópolis)

## Southeast Region 
* Espírito Santo (capital Vitoria)
* Minas Gerais (capital Belo Horizonte)
* Rio de Janeiro (capital Rio de Janeiro)
* São Paulo (capital São Paulo)
Flute

The **flute** is a musical instrument. A person who plays the flute is called a *flautist*.

There are many kinds of flutes. The most common concert flute is on C tuning. In addition, there are other flutes like piccolos, alto flutes, and bass flutes.

Flutes have changed over time. Pan flutes were made for many centuries. Later, the "Renaissance flute" came into use. In Baroque music *flute* means recorder, so flutes were called *traverso* in order not to confuse them. A Bavarian flute maker named Boehm reformed flutes largely to enlarge the volume and improve the way of using the chromatic scale. Later improvements created the modern flute.

There is a large repertoire of music for the flute. Baroque composers used them in their orchestras, usually in pairs, and composed concertos, chamber music and solo music for them. This has continued to the present day. Orchestras have at least 2 flutes each, sometimes three or four. Sometimes there is 1 piccolo which plays an octave higher, or an alto flute which plays a fifth lower than the flute.

The flute sounds very bright and cheerful playing high notes. Please listen, for example, to the *Badinerie* from Bach's *Orchestral Suite no 2*. It can also sound very thoughtful or sad when playing in its lowest register. A good example is the opening of Debussy's ''Prélude à l'après midi d'un faune also flutes Andre a brass instrument and can make a really low pitch.

## Playing
The flute is a woodwind instrument, but modern flutes are made of metal. It was made of wood a long time ago. It doesn't need lip vibration like brass instruments. Flute players hold it horizontally and make a sound by blowing their breath over the edge of the hole of flute's head. This makes the air vibrate. Flutes need the second most amount of air for an instrument, next to the tuba. Flautists can change the pitch by pushing buttons or changing the direction of the breath. These buttons are called keys. The breath also can change the tone or the volume. Flute has many variations of the sound. The sound of flute is high, so composers often express it as a bird. A flute matches with many instruments such as violin and piano, and is often part of an ensemble.

## Material
There are many kinds of flute, so the material also varies.

File:A sadhu playing flute, Benaras.jpg|A flute in India
File:Lahu flute players.jpg|A flute in Burma
File:Ryuteki player by Ken@Okinawa in Kamakura, Kanagawa.jpg|A flute in Japan
File:US Navy 070112-N-3228G-001 Musician 3rd Class Cassy DeMoss of the Pacific Fleet Band performs at the decommissioning ceremony for the rescue and salvage ship USS Salvor (ARS 52).jpg|A piccolo in the US

## Famous Flutists 
The band Jethro Tull was founded by a flute player (Ian Anderson). It can be heard in many songs. One of them is the hit "Locomotive Breath".

## Related pages 
* Digeridoo
* Piccolo
* Pan Flute
*Alto flute

## References
## Other websites
Staind

**Staind** is an American rock band from Massachusetts, United States. The band was started in 1994. Its first album, *Tormented* was released in 1996. Staind's newest album, *The Illusion of Progress* was released on August 19, 2008. Some of its biggest hits have been *Outside*, ''It's Been Awhile*, and *So Far Away*.

In 2013, They announced that they were going on hiatus but were not breaking up.

## Band members
*Aaron Lewis - Vocals/Acoustic Guitar
*Mike Mushok - Guitars
*Jon Wysocki - Drums
*Johnny April - Bass Guitar

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Tormented* (1996)
* *Dysfunction* (1999)
* *Break the Cycle* (2001)
* *14 Shades of Grey* (2003)
* *Chapter V* (2005)
* *The Illusion of Progress* (2008)
* *Staind'' (2011)

## References
Ocarina

An **ocarina** is a kind of flute that is not made out of a tube. Because the ocarina is in a round or box-like shape, its sound is a little different from other flutes.

## History
The ten-hole ocarina was first made by Giuseppe Donati, in Italy, in 1853. Instruments like the ocarina had been made for hundreds of years before that in South America, China, and Africa. In Europe, a form called the gemshorn was made in the 16th century. The gemshorn was made from an animal horn.

In the 19th century, groups of ocarina players, with different sized ocarinas, played classical and folk music. Italian ocarinas became known throughout the world, because of this.

In the United States the ocarina was called the sweet potato, because its shape is like a sweet potato.

In 1928, the Japanese began making ocarinas. They added two small holes to the old kind of ocarinas. Japanese 12-hole ocarinas can play a larger scale than 10-hole ocarinas.

## English Ocarina
In the 1960s, the English ocarina was invented. It has four finger holes, and may have one or two thumb holes. English ocarinas are made in many shapes.

## Other websites 
* Ocarina Knowledge Pages  - All About Ocarinas

## References
Clarinet

.|right]]

The **clarinet** is a woodwind instrument.  

The clarinet body is made up of the mouthpiece, barrel, upper joint, pads, keys, ring key, rod, lower joint, and bell. The clarinet has one reed. The reed is made of cane, bamboo or plastic, which varies in thickness. The reed is attached to the mouthpiece with a clamp called a *ligature*, which is usually made out of metal. Blowing through the mouthpiece makes the reed vibrate, and therefore makes the noise. The body of the clarinet is a cylindrical tube with holes. The holes are covered by the fingers to make musical notes. There are also buttons pressed by the fingers which allow pads over holes to open or close so all notes of the chromatic scale can be played. The buttons are usually played with the "pinkie" finger.

The three main key systems on the clarinet are the Albert system, the Oehler system, and the Boehm system. The Boehm clarinet is the most common by classical orchestras and by jazz musicians. In North America and other Western countries, the most popular clarinet is the clarinet pitched in B flat. This means that if a clarinet player plays a note that is written as a C, it sounds like a B flat on a piano. The B flat clarinet is used in concert, marching, and school bands.  Musicians in orchestras also play the A-clarinet (a semitone lower), the sopranino E flat clarinet (a fourth higher) and the bass clarinet  in B flat (sounding an octave lower).  

A beginner clarinet player usually can play a note within the first minutes of a lesson. Making a sound with the clarinet is easier than making a sound with many other wind instruments. Most instrumental music teachers consider it to be a good instrument for young players as soon as the lower adult teeth have grown. The fingering system is very similar to the flute and the saxophone, so changing from playing the clarinet to one of these instruments is not too difficult after the student is comfortable playing the clarinet and has reached a certain level.

A famous piece that features a clarinet is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, which has the clarinet playing the melody with the rest of the orchestra playing along. Written in 1791, it is often considered the first great composition for the instrument.
 
## Components 
## Notable players 
* Benny Goodman
* Artie Shaw
* Sabine Meyer
* Martin Fröst
* Charles Neidich
* Paul Meyer (clarinetist)
* Jörg Widmann
* Squidwrd tenticals

## Other websites 
* The International Clarinet Association
16th century

The **16th century** was the century from 1501 to 1600. In this century, many Europeans visited or moved to the newly-found Americas and some also searched for new routes to Asia. There was much change in Europe at the time, such as the Protestant Reformation and the Renaissance.
 and Belgian Gerardus Mercator (1587)]]

## Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 16th century are in *italics*.
Afrikaans

**Afrikaans** is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in South Africa and Namibia. It was originally the dialect that developed among the Afrikaner Protestant settlers, the unfree workers and the slaves who were brought to the Cape area in what is now south-western South Africa by the Dutch East India Company ( - VOC) between 1652 and 1705. Most of the first settlers were from the Netherlands, but many others came from Germany, some from France and a few from Scotland and various other countries. The unfree workers and slaves were Malays and Malagasy, in addition to the native Khoi and San people.

Research by J. A. Heese states that until 1807, 36.8% of the ancestors of Afrikaans-speaking population were Dutch, 35% were German, 14.6% were French and 7.2% non-white (of native African and/or Asian origins). Heese's figures are questioned by other researchers, however. Especially the non-white component quoted by Heese is very much in doubt.

A sizeable minority of those who speak Afrikaans as a first language are not white. The dialect became known as "Cape Dutch". Later, Afrikaans was sometimes called "African Dutch" or "Kitchen Dutch". Afrikaans was considered a dialect of Dutch until the early 20th century, when it began to be widely known as a different language. The name *Afrikaans* is simply the Dutch word for *African*, and the language is the Southern African form of Dutch. In May 2022, Afrikaans was recognized as an indigenous language of South Africa.

## Related pages
* Afrikaans Language Monument
*Afrikaans-English Dictionary On-line

## References
Mamluk

The **Mamluks** were members of a military caste that began as slaves and controlled Egypt from 1254 to 1811. Other Mamluks held power in some other Muslim countries such as Delhi Sultanate India. The word means "slave" in Arabic. In 1517, the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluks of Egypt, but they continued to be powerful until 1811, when Muhammad Ali Pasha defeated them and took control of Egypt.

## Other websites
* Qur'an Carpet Page; al-Fatihah is an Islamic holy book that was owned by Mamluks from the 1300s
Afrikaans Language Monument

, Western Cape, South Africa.]]

The **Afrikaans Language Monument** () is the only monument in the world dedicated to a language. It is on a hill overlooking the Teachers' Training College in Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Completed in 1975, it was built to celebrate the 100 years birthday of Afrikaans being declared as a different language from Dutch.

The monument is made of tapering structures of a convex and concave nature. They show the influences of different languages and cultures on Afrikaans itself. They are also a symbol of political developments in South Africa, as follows:
* Clear West - the European source of the language
* Magical Africa - the African influences on the language
* Bridge - between Europe and Africa
* Afrikaans - the language itself
* Republic - declared in 1961
* Malay language and culture

## Inscriptions 
On a large inscription at the entrance, two quotes from important Afrikaans poets are written.
### van Wyk Louw inscription 
* '** -- N.P. van Wyk Louw
: "Afrikaans is the language that connects Western Europe and Africa... It forms a bridge between the large, shining West and the magical Africa... And what great things may come from their union – that is maybe what lies ahead for Afrikaans to discover. But what we must never forget, is that this change of country and landscape sharpened, kneaded and knitted this newly-becoming language... And so Afrikaans became able to speak out from this new land... Our task lies in the use that we make and will make of this gleaming tool..."

### Langenhoven inscription 
* **' -- C.J. Langenhoven
: "If we plant a row of poles down this hall now, ten poles, to represent the last ten years, and on each pole we make a mark at a height from the floor corresponding to the relative written use of Afrikaans in the respective year, and we draw a line, from the first here near the floor to the last over there against the loft, then the line would describe a rapidly rising arc, not only quickly rising, but rising in a quickly increasing manner. Let us now, in our imagination, extend the arc for the ten coming years from now. See you, sirs, where the point shall be, outside in the blue sky high over Bloemfontein, in the year 1924."

## Dit Is Ons Erns 
The phrase *"DIT IS ONS ERNS"* ("we are earnest [about this]", or "this is our earnestness") is inscribed on the pathway leading up to the monument.
Masashi Tashiro

**Masashi Tashiro** (田代まさし, born August 31, 1956 in Saga Prefecture) is a former Japanese television performer and member of Japanese musical group Rats & Star. He was brought up in Shinjuku, Tokyo. On December 21, 2001, Tashiro was the first Japanese person chosen by the American magazine *Time* as "Person of the Year".

Tashiro was fired from the entertainment world in 2001 because of scandals.
Laurent Clerc

**Laurent Clerc** (born Louis Laurent Marie Clerc 26 December 1788 in Isère - 18 July 1869) co-founded the first school for the deaf (people who cannot hear) in the United States.

Deaf people in America respected Clerc and call him the "Father of the Deaf" because he founded the first school for the deaf in America in Hartford, Connecticut. Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founded that school on April 15, 1817 in an old hotel. The school moved to its present location in 1821 and is now named The American School for the Deaf. The American School for the Deaf is the oldest school for the deaf in the United States.

## Other websites
*Name sign  for Laurent Clerc
*http://ia300102.us.archive.org/3/items/Laurent_Clerc/clerc.mpg
Phil Collins

**Philip David Charles "Phil" Collins**  (born 30 January 1951) is an English drummer, songwriter, actor and singer. He was born in Chiswick, Hounslow, Middlesex. He was the drummer and singer of the band Genesis. He is very well known for his career away from the band, as a solo artist. His most well known album is *No Jacket Required*, which has sold over ten million copies in the United States. One of his most well known songs is "In the Air Tonight", which had a long running false rumour that it was about a drowning that Collins had witnessed. Collins starred in the movie *Buster* (1988). His daughter Lily Collins is a famous actress.

Collins won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for "You'll Be in My Heart" for the 1999 movie *Tarzan*.

## Discography
### Solo albums
* *Face Value* (1981)
* *Hello, I Must Be Going!* (1982)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Phil Collins at Atlantic Records
*
Wilmington

**Wilmington** is the name of many places:

## In the United States of America
;Cities
*Wilmington, Delaware
*Wilmington, Will County, Illinois
*Wilmington, North Carolina
*Wilmington, Ohio

;Towns and villages
*Wilmington, Los Angeles, California
*Wilmington Manor, Delaware
*Wilmington Island, Georgia
*South Wilmington, Illinois - Grundy County, Illinois
*Wilmington, Greene County, Illinois
*Wilmington, Massachusetts
*Wilmington Township, Minnesota
*Wilmington, New York
*New Wilmington, Pennsylvania - Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
*Wilmington Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
*Wilmington Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
*Wilmington, Vermont

## In the United Kingdom
*Wilmington, Devon
*Wilmington, Kent
*Wilmington, Sussex

## In Australia
*Wilmington, South Australia
Bob Saget

**Robert Lane "Bob" Saget** and the original host of ''America's Funniest Home Videos''. He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2014 for a comedy album that he made.

## Personal life
Robert Lane Saget was born on May 17, 1956, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Dolly and Benjamin Saget.  He attended Abington Senior High School in Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, before attending Temple University.
Saget married Sherri Kramer on May 16, 1982, and had three children with Kramer: Aubrey, Lara, and Jennifer.  The pair divorced on November 10, 1997.  He married Kelly Rizzo on October 30, 2018. The cause of death was a subdural hematoma and a subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by head trauma after falling and hitting the back of his head.

## References
United Nations Security Council

The **United Nations Security Council** (**UNSC**) is one of six main parts of the United Nations. The Security Council deals with maintaining peace and security between nations. 

## Membership 
There are 15 members of the UNSC but only five are  members. They are:
* China
* France
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States

The ten temporary seats are held for two years with member states (countries) voted in by the United Nations General Assembly on a regional basis. The Presidency of the Security Council (i.e. the leadership) is rotated alphabetically each month. Currently, the members are:

## Powers 
If a country has behaved in a way seen as bad, the member countries of UNSC can make a ruling, known as a United Nations Security Council Resolution. All five of the permanent member countries must either agree to this ruling or at least not vote against it; if any of them do, it is said to have been "vetoed" and does not come into effect. This Resolution may call for UN members to take certain actions to punish the country, called "sanctions". 

An example is that the UNSC had long banned all imports of nuclear fuel to Iran as they felt Iran was going to make nuclear weapons. These sanctions resulted in rules which made it much harder for Iran to do business with people in the rest of the world. These actions made life harder in Iran, both for its government and regular people as well. Most people think that is why Iran was willing to promise to change how it used nuclear material in order to end these rules. The Permanent Members of the Security Council worked together in ending this problem; Germany has also conferenced with the permanent UN Security Council members about this issue. 

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the most powerful part of the United Nations. The Security Council deals with maintaining peace and security between nations. For members of the UN to engage in war or major military activity against another country or a large armed group outside of their own country they are supposed to have the agreement of the Security Council to do so but recent history shows that this rule is often not closely followed by everyone. All members of the UN retain the right to "self-defense"; they can engage in actions to defend their people and land whenever this becomes necessary but are then expected to refer the matter to the Security Council as soon as they can.

## Other websites
* UNSC website
High jump

The **high jump** is a track and field athletics event. Without the aid of any devices, athletes jump over a horizontal  placed at measured heights. The high jump was first practised in England in the 19th century. It became an Olympic sport in 1896 for men and in 1928 for women. The rules that were made in 1865 still exist today. Thus, every athlete has three attempts on every height. The athletes are allowed to touch the bar but they must not knock it down.

The women's world record of 2.10 metres is held by Yaroslava Mahuchikh. It was set in 2024. Eearlier (1987) Stefka Kostadinova jumped 2.09 metres. That record was set in 1987. 

There is a technique called the Fosbury flop and scissor kick.

## Related pages
*Long jump
*Pole vault
*Triple jump

## References
Bob Denver

**Bob Denver** (January 9, 1935 – September 2, 2005) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Gilligan on the 1960s television series ''Gilligan's Island* and  Maynard G. Krebs on the earlier *Many Loves of Dobie Gillis*. He appeared on many other shows including *The Good Guys*, *Dusty's Trail*, and *Far-Out Space Nuts'', but these could not match his success as Gilligan. 

In 1998, he was arrested for marijuana possession and in 2005, he underwent heart surgery. After that he learned he had cancer. Before he became an actor, Denver worked as a mailman and a high school teacher.
Badfinger

**Badfinger** was a British rock group. They were first called **The Iveys**, but renamed themselves after a song title, "Badfinger Boogie", the original title of "With a Little Help From My Friends". The band's members were Peter Ham, Tom Evans, Mike Gibbins and Joey Molland. Badfinger recorded for Apple Records, which was a record label started by The Beatles, Warner Brothers, Elektra Records, and Radio Records.

Their first hit record was "Come And Get It", which was written by Paul McCartney. It appeared in a movie, *The Magic Christian*. The band followed McCartney's demo closely to make the record. The finished record sounded like a Beatles song. Later they made records that sounded different, and showed the band's own style. Todd Rundgren was the producer of some of their recordings.

Badfinger's other hit records included "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue". Later they left Apple Records and recorded for Warner Bros. Ham and Evans were the band's main songwriters. One of their songs, "Without You", was recorded by the band, but was not a hit. A later cover version by singer Harry Nilsson became an international hit, and was the first of many such versions. Many recording artists have sung "Without You", including Mariah Carey.

In 1970 Badfinger made an agreement with an American businessman called Stan Polley who promised to help them earn more money. But instead of helping them, Polley kept their money *away* from them in an account and refused to tell them how to get it out. He also behaved dishonestly toward Warner Bros. Because of his dishonesty, the band's sixth album was removed from shops after being available for only seven weeks, and Warner Bros. refused to release their seventh album. As a result, the band did not earn any money for their hard work, which made Pete Ham feel very depressed. Feeling that he could not be a good husband or father without any money, Ham committed suicide by hanging himself in 1975.

Evans and Molland decided they still wanted to work together. Mike Gibbins, the drummer, wanted to as well, but could not. They found two more musicians to take the place of Ham and Gibbins, and recorded a new album called "Airwaves". They had only one very small hit, but continued to tour. They released another record called "Say No More". This record had cover art by artist Peter Max.

Tom Evans had problems like Ham's, and killed himself (eight years after Ham) in the same way.

## References
The Bronx

**The Bronx** is the northern part of New York City, United States. It is the only borough of New York City not on an island. The name came from Bronck's Farms, owned by a settler called Jonas Bronck. The Bronx was once the southern part of Westchester County, but is now one of the five boroughs of New York City as well as a county in New York State called **Bronx County**. The Bronx River flows south out of Yonkers and Mount Vernon, New York, through the middle of The Bronx, and into Long Island Sound. The Bronx is also known for its extreme crime rate in comparison to other parts of New York City.

Two places to visit in The Bronx are the Bronx Zoo and Yankee Stadium, where the New York Yankees baseball team plays.

## Related pages
* South Bronx

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* I Love The Bronx
* The Bronx Zoo
* The New York Botanical Garden
* Wave Hill: New York Public Garden and Cultural Center
* Arthur Avenue (Little Italy)
1100

**1100** (MC) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.  It was the last year of the 11th century.  In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was an exceptional common year starting on Monday.

## Events 
* August 5 – Henry I crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey

## Births 
* May 23 – Emperor Qinzong of China (d. 1161)
* Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (died 1134)
* Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1148)

## Deaths 
* August 2 – William II of England
Monk

Christian monks]]
 monks in Tibet]]
A **monk** is a man  who devoted part or all of his life to a religion. The word comes from Ancient Greek, and can be translated as *solitary*. In Greek, the word can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly used for men. The word nun is usually used for female monastics. Monks practice asceticism. They either live alone, or together with other monks who share the same ideals. Monks can be found in different religions, most often in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Taoism.

The monks who live on their own are usually called  hermits, those living with other monks do so in monasteries. Nuns living together do so in a convent.

Some laws monks might choose to obey:
# Poverty: the monk cannot own anything.
# Chastity: the monk cannot have sex or a sexual relationship and cannot start a family or get married.
# Solitude: the monk should always be alone. Some monks choose to not follow this law.
# Silence: the monk shall not speak unless it is necessary.
# Generosity: the monk should always help other people.
# Stillness: the monk cannot travel far unless it is necessary. Sometimes this means that the monk must be *cloistered* which means that they must not leave their monastery. Sometimes they can be allowed to leave, but must not go very far.
# Duty: The monk must do some things every day. For example, the monk must pray or meditate and must do some work.
Microsoft Office

**Microsoft Office** (**MSO**) or **Microsoft Office System** is a collection of computer programs made by Microsoft. MSO is a software suite of office-related applications. Each application serves a unique purpose and offers a specific service to its users. The programs are created for all users. There are different versions of the software for home users and for business users. Some versions may offer more programs, and some versions cost less than others, but none are for free. The current version is Office 2024, which was released on October 1, 2024.

## Products 
The versions available are made up of some or all or more of the following programs:

* Microsoft Word is a word processor that lets a user type text into the document and add images, and different font or design choices. The main file formats are **.doc** and **.docx**. It also helps to check the spelling and find the meaning of words.
* Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet and mathematics program that can make calculations and graphs based on data the user enters. The main file formats are **.xls** and **.xlsx**.
* Microsoft PowerPoint is a program that creates presentations and slideshows. They can have text, drawing, pictures and media. They can also be set up to show on a projector. The main file formats are **.ppt** and **.pptx**.
* Microsoft Outlook is an email Client 
* Microsoft Access is a database program where people can store data over many tables. The main file formats are **.mdb** and **.accdb**.
* Microsoft Publisher is a program that lets people make layouts for newsletters and presentations to print. The main file format is **.pub**.
* Microsoft InfoPath is a program for designing, distributing, filling and submitting electronic forms containing structured data. Based on XML.
* Microsoft Visio is a shaping program not included in Microsoft Office Suites but can be bought in volume editions. Originally included in Microsoft Office.
* Microsoft FrontPage is a HTML-WYSIWYG program included in the Office 2003 Suite. It has been replaced by Microsoft Expression Web in the Expression Series.

### Other Products 
* Microsoft Lync
* Microsoft Project
* Microsoft Visact
* Microsoft Office Document Imaging
* Microsoft Office Document Scanning
* Other products also included

## Microsoft 365 
Microsoft 365 was introduced in 2010 as a way of sharing Microsoft Office documents with other people or between computers, syncing to the cloud. In order to sync to the cloud, you need a Microsoft account. The service was renamed Microsoft 365 Copilot in 2025 Components include:
* Personal
* Home
* Business Essentials
* Enterprise E1
* Business Premium
* *Entreprise E3*
* *Enterprise E4*
You can get a free trial of Office for 30 days.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Microsoft 365 website