open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Zulu people

The **Zulu**  are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. There are 10-12 million Zulu living in South Africa, mostly in KwaZulu-Natal province. However, a small number of Zulu also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique. The Zulu language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup.

The Zulu Kingdom was very important in South African history during the 1800s and 1900s. During Apartheid, the Zulu people were third-class citizens and suffered from official discrimination. Today the Zulu people are the largest ethnic group in South Africa and have equal rights.

## Beginning 
The Zulu were originally a major clan in the area that is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The Zulu clan was started around the year 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela. In the Nguni languages, the words *iZulu*, *iliZulu*, and *liTulu* mean *heaven*, or *sky.*

In the early 1700s, many large Nguni communities and clans lived in the area. These groups were called *isizwe* (nations) and *isibongo* (clans). These Nguni communities had migrated down the East coast of Africa over thousands of years. These movements of people were called the Bantu migrations. They probably arrived in what is today South Africa in the 800s.
, king of the Zulu. An engraving based on a sketch by Lt. James King, a merchant in Port Natal.]]

## Related pages
* Shaka Zulu
* Zulu language

## References 
## Other websites 
* History section of the official page for the Zululand region , Zululand.kzn.org
* People of Africa, Zulu marriage explained, africanholocaust.net
* Izithakazelo, wakahina.co.za
Zulu language

**Zulu** or **isiZulu** ( *isiZulu*) is the language of the Zulu people. 10 million people speak Zulu, and most of them (95%) live in South Africa. It is the most common home language in South Africa, where 24% of people speak it at home. Over 50% of the population also speak and understand the language.

The oldest document written in Zulu is a Bible from 1883. John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, wrote the first Zulu novel, *Insila kaShaka*, in 1933. Another important Zulu author was Reginald Dhlomo. Dhlomo wrote *U-Dingane* (1936), *U-Shaka* (1937), *U-Mpande* (1938), *U-Cetshwayo* (1952) and *U-Dinizulu* (1968). Other important Zulu writers are Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali.

## Phrases 
This is a list of phrases in Zulu.

## Common place names in Zulu
Zulu place names occur in the *locative* form most of the time. A place name is both a preposition and a name. Changing the prefix of the place name changes the preposition.

For example, the Zulu name for Johannesburg is *iGoli.* The word *eGoli* means to/at/in/from Johannesburg. The root word *Goli* means "Johannesburg," but doesn't mean anything by itself in Zulu.

Most of the time, changing the *i-* or *u-* prefix to the *e-* prefix changes the meaning like this. In some cases, like with Durban, the name changes too.

## 'Zulu' or 'isiZulu'? 
The Zulu name for the language is *isiZulu*. The *isi-* prefix means "language." (It also means other things, but here it means language.) For example, *isiNgisi* means English, *isiXhosa* means Xhosa, *isiBhunu* means Afrikaans, and *isiJalimane* means German.

When the word Zulu has a prefix that is *not* "isi-", it means a lot of different things. This is a table that shows how the meanings of the word changes:

## Zulu words in South African English
Many Zulu words are used in South African English. Some words, like the names of local animals, are used in standard English. *Impala* and *mamba*, for example, are zulu words. Some Zulu words used in South African English are:

* **Muti** (from *umuthi*) - medicine
* **Donga** (from *udonga*) - ditch (udonga actually means 'wall' in Zulu)
* **Indaba** - conference (it means 'an item of news' in Zulu)
* **inDuna** - chief or leader
* **Shongololo** (from *ishongololo*) - millipede
* **Ubuntu** - compassion/humanity.

## Sources 
* UCLA Language Materials Project  - Zulu 

## References
## Other websites
*Ethnologue report on Zulu
*Zulu phrasebook on Wikivoyage
*Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
Gordon Bennett Cup (auto racing)

The **Gordon Bennett Cup for auto racing** was set up by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. He was the millionaire owner of the *New York Herald*. The award was first given in 1900 in France. It was a car-racing event between teams from different countries.

## History
In 1900, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) was given the trophy (*prize*). The trophy could be won in a race between automobile clubs from different countries. The trophy was given out every year until 1905. After that, the ACF held the first Grand Prix motor racing event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans.

The British Racing Green was first used in the 1903 Gordon Bennet Cup in Ireland.

The Gordon Bennett Cup auto races included racing drivers from across Europe. There were also drivers from the United States like Alexander Winton, who drove his Winton automobile. 

The rules were that the races were held in the country of the winner of the year before. The races were between national teams. Because of this, the national racing colours had to be set for each country. Great Britain had to choose a different colour to red, white or blue (the colours of the flag) because they had been taken by Italy, Germany and France. They choose shamrock green because the race that year was run in Ireland. This became known as  British racing green.

## Gordon Bennett Cup winners
## References
Great Ireland Run

The **Great Ireland Run** is an 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April. It is held every year since 2003.

It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions. It has IAAF Bronze Label Road Race status. It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite race (*for sportspeople*) and a popular race (*for the general public*). There is also a 2.5&nbsp;km fun run for 8–15-year-old runners.

The 10&nbsp;km race course begins at Chesterfield Avenue. It goes around in a clock-wise route to finish on Furze Road. Over 10,000 people took part in the day's events in 2011.

People who have run the race include former marathon world record holder Paul Tergat, and World Championship medallist Meselech Melkamu, as well as some of Ireland's foremost athletes such as 1995 World Champion Sonia O'Sullivan and cross country specialist Catherina McKiernan.

## Past winners
**Key:** 

## Statistics
### Winners by country
### People who won it more than once
## References
;List of winners
*Race History . Great Ireland Run. Retrieved on 2010-04-25.
Office of Public Works

The **Office of Public Works** (**OPW**) () is a public service of the Republic of Ireland. It is part of the government's Department of Finance. The job of the office is mainly to look after historical buildings in Ireland. The buildings they look after are owned by the government.

## Role 
They also assist in during elections, help with buying supplies and offer printing services for the government. The office is in charge of the *Government Supplies Agency*. They print the Irish Statute Book and the *Iris Oifigiúil* magazine. 

## History 
The office was created on 15 October 1831. It was then known as the *Board of Works*. It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and Navigation Board.

Before 1996, the OPW was also responsible for a lot of heritage sites in Ireland. In 1996, the management of the sites were taken over by a separate agency, Dúchas - The Heritage Service. 

## Organisation 
The Minister for Finance has overall responsibility for the organisation. The people working for the office are civil servants.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Jhulelal

**Jhulelal** may refer to:

*Jhulelal (Hinduism), a Hindu water idol
*Jhulelal (Sufism), a title of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177–1275), Muslim mystic of the Suhrawardy Sufi order
Irish Independent

The ***Irish Independent*** is an Irish daily newspaper. It is published in both compact and broadsheet sizes. It is the main publication of Independent News and Media. It is also called *The Independent* or *Indo* for short.

## History
The *Irish Independent* was formed in 1905. Before then, there was a paper called ***Daily Irish Independent***. This was an 1890s pro-Parnellite newspaper.

The Irish Independent was launched by William Martin Murphy. He was a controversial Irish nationalist businessman. He was against Charles Stewart Parnell.

During the 1913 Lockout of workers, Murphy was the leader among the employers. His paper, *Irish Independent*, published news reports and opinion pieces that were against the workers who were on strike. It wrote that the union's would lose that fight.

The *Irish Independent* said about the 1916 Easter Rising that it was *"insane and criminal"*. It famously called for the shooting of its leaders.

In December 1919, during the Irish War of Independence, a group of twenty IRA men destroyed the printing works of the paper. They did this because the paper was not writing good things about the Irish Republican Army. They said the paper was pro-British and had a Unionist stance.

In 1924, the traditional nationalist newspaper, the ''Freeman's Journal*, merged with the *Irish Independent''.

In the 1970s, it was taken over by former Heinz chairman Tony O'Reilly.

## References
## Other websites
*
Linkinhorne

**Linkinhorne** is a parish and village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village itself is at  and is approximately four miles (6.5&nbsp;km) northwest of Callington and seven miles (11&nbsp;km) south of Launceston.

As well as Linkinhorne itself, other settlements in the parish include Bray Shop, Caradon Town, Downgate, Henwood, Ley Mill, Minions, and Upton Cross.

The area is bordered by the River Inny in the north-east and Bodmin Moor to the west. The valley of the River Lynher runs through the parish. The parish is largely rural but west of the B3254 road from Launceston to Liskeard it includes part of Caradon Hill, once an industrialised mining area.

The parish church of St Melor is built of granite and dates from the 15th century.

## References
Cheyney, Pennsylvania

**Cheyney** is an unincorporated community in Pennsylvania. Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is nearby.
PlayStation Network

The **PlayStation Network** is where you can sign up for free to play games. At one time hackers shut down the network, but later PlayStation Network returned online. PlayStation Network has a paid service known as PlayStation Plus, with three tiers. Essential, which allows online plays, Extra, which is similar to Xbox Game Pass Core, allowing for extra games, and Premium, which gives the ability to stream and download PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable games, and stream PlayStation 3 games, plus the PlayStation Plus Extra Library. The PlayStation Network also allows access to the PlayStation Store, where users can purchase and download video games for the PlayStation family of systems.

## References
Charles Felix of Sardinia

**Charles Felix** (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was born a Prince of Savoy and was later the last mainline Savoyard monarch of Sardinia. He was a nephew of Charles III of Spain and cousin of Maria I of Portugal as well as son in law of Maria Carolina of Austria. He was King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.

## Biography
### Early life
*Carlo Felice* was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was titled as the Duke of Genoa and the Marquis of Susa from 1796. He was a younger brother of Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I. He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina, the Count of Moriana, living at the Castle of Moncalieri. He had a very closed character. 

### Marriage
He was married by proxy to Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, sister of *Marie Antoinette*. 

### Succession 
He was not expected to ever succeed to the throne. However Charles Emmanuel never had any children and abdicated the throne on June 4, 1802. Victor Emmanuel I had four living daughters when he abdicated the throne in 1821. As the succession was regulated by the Salic Law, Charles Felix succeeded his brother on the throne. He and his wife died without issue after a reign of ten years. He was succeeded by the senior male of his House as Charles Albert of Savoy after he died in Turin at the Palazzo Chablais which had been given to him by his sister Princess Maria Anna.

## Legacy
The Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa was named after him as well as the main road of the island of Sardinia, the Strada statale 131 Charles Felix, that connects the towns of Cagliari and Sassari-Porto Torres, realised in 19th century, is entitled to him.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***6 April 1765 – 12 March 1821** *His Royal Highness* the Duke of Genoa
***12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831** *His Majesty* the King of Sardinia
Dietmar Constantini

**Dietmar "Didi" Constantini** (30 May, 1955 &ndash; 18 December, 2024) was an Austrian football player and coach.

## Career
Constantini started playing with FC Wacker Innsbruck. With the team he won the Austrian Championship two times. After one year with LASK Linz, he went to Greece. This was the only time he spent with a squad from abroad. In 1982, he came back to Austria and played with different clubs from the first and second league. After his time with the Wiener Sportclub, he ended his career as player.

He played 198 league matches, scoring five goals, winning two Austrian championships, and one Austrian Cup. He played matches for the Austrian Under 18 team and the amateur national team.

## Coaching career
His first experiences as coach was in Saudi-Arabia and for SK Rapid Wien as assistant coach. Then he went to the ÖFB where he became coach of the Under 21 national team and at the same time assistant coach with the national team. After the demotion of head coach Alfred Riedl he did not become coach of the team, so he went on to different clubs in Austria and Germany. (FSV Mainz 05, LASK, Admira Wackerand FC Tirol Innsbruck.)

In 1998, he started football camps for children so he could not became coach of a team. He was only caretaker for FK Austria Wien, FC Kärnten and manager of SV Austria Salzburg. He worked in the meantime as expert for the football broadcast of ATV and organized his camps. In 2006/07, he was coach of FC Superfund Pasching.

### Team coach
On 4 March 2009, Constantini became coach of the Austrian national football team. In the six last qualification matches the team scored 10 points but could not qualify for the 2010 World Cup. In September his contract was prolonged until 2012. Constantini had troubles with some players but he also gave young players a chance to play in the team (Aleksandar Dragović, Yasin Pehlivan, Julian Baumgartlinger or Jakob Jantscher).

Austria did not qualify for Euro 2012 and Constantini's contract was not renewed.

## Death
Constantini died on 18 December 2024, at the age of 69, from problems caused by dementia.

## Managerial statistics
## References
National Trust

The **National Trust**, more fully the **National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty**, is a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust does not work in Scotland, as they have a different National Trust.

The trust owns many historic houses and gardens, as land such as beauty spots. To visit the place the National Trust owns, there is often a entry charge, but most beauty spots are free. The National Trust is one of the largest charities  in the United Kingdom, and also one of the largest UK land owners.

## References
Madison Avenue

**Madison Avenue** is a north-south street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City (U.S.) which carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square (at 23rd Street) to the Madison Avenue Bridge across the Harlem River (at 138th Street). In doing so, it passes through Midtown Manhattan, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), Spanish Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after Madison Square, which is itself named after James Madison, the fourth President of the United States. Since the 1920s, the street's name has been synonymous with the American advertising industry.

Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue (formerly Fourth) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles. Ruggles was a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square and who also named Lexington Avenue.

## Traffic
Madison Avenue carries one-way traffic uptown (northbound) from 23rd Street to 135th Street, with the change from two-way traffic having taken place on January 14, 1966, at which time Fifth Avenue was changed to one way downtown (southbound).

One lane of Madison Avenue in Midtown is limited to turns made by city buses or taxicabs, at some hours of the day. Based on Section 4-12(m) of the New York City Traffic Rules, driving a vehicle, other than a bus, is prohibited in the bus lane on Madison Avenue to turn right during the restricted hours specified by sign between 42nd Street and 59th Street. All vehicles are allowed at 60th Street, but a taxicab carrying a passenger may use the bus lane to turn right at 46th Street.

## Advertising industry
The term "Madison Avenue" is often used to mean "advertising". Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the quick growth along the avenue during the 1920s.

According to *The Emergence of Advertising in America*, by the year 1861 there were twenty advertising agencies in New York City. In 1911, the New York City Association of Advertising Agencies was founded, as years ahead of the establishment of the American Association of Advertising Agencies.

Among various depictions in popular culture, the portion of the advertising industry which centers on Madison Avenue serves as a backdrop for the AMC television drama *Mad Men*, which focuses on industry activities during the 1960s.

Late in the 20th century, many agencies left Madison Avenue. Some moved further downtown and others moved west. Today, only a few agencies are still located in the old business cluster on Madison Avenue, including Young & Rubicam, StrawberryFrog, TBWA Worldwide and Doyle Dane Bernbach. However, the term is still used to describe the agency business as a whole and the large, New York–based agencies in particular.

## References
Santa Clara, California

**Santa Clara** is a city in California. It is very close to San Jose International Airport. It also has a light rail station, called the Lick Mill. It is also the home of Levi's Stadium, where the San Francisco 49ers play their home games.

Santa Clara is part of Santa Clara County and Silicon Valley. Several large technology companies are based in Santa Clara, such as Intel, Nvidia, and Advanced Micro Devices. The city is also home to Santa Clara University, which is the oldest university in California, founded by Jesuits.

## Other websites 
*Santa Clara from Google Maps

## References
Sudan at the Olympics

**Sudan** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1960.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation did not attend the 1964 Games,  the 1976 Summer Olympics along with most African nations, and boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Sudan was formed in 1956 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1959.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Sudan profile at London2012.com
Kenya at the Olympics

**Kenya at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1956. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Kenya is KEN.

## History
Teams from Kenya have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the  1976 and 1980 Games.  Kenya participated in the Winter Olympic Games in 1998, 2002 and 2006. Kenyan athletes have won a total of 75 medals, all in athletics and boxing.

The National Olympic Committee for Kenya is the *National Olympic Committee Kenya*, and was founded in 1955.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
Tanzania at the Olympics

**Tanzania** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1964.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the  1976 Games.  The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Tanzania was formed in 1968 and  by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* United Republic of Tanzania profile at London2012.com
Icknield Street

**Icknield Street** or **Ryknild Street** is a Roman road in Britain that runs from the Fosse Way at Bourton on the Water in Gloucestershire to Templeborough in South Yorkshire. It passes through Alcester, Birmingham, Lichfield and Derby.

Four Roman roads are named in the Laws of Edward the Confessor; Watling Street, Ermine Street, the Fosse Way and Hikenild (or Icknield) Street. Hikenild Street, is generally supposed to be connected with the Iceni. Various forms of the name, the earliest, in Anglo-Saxon, are Icenhilde Weg or Icenilde We. These roads are from the borders of Norfolk through Cambridgeshire, Bucks, Berks, Hants, and Wilts into Dorset. These locations however would identify the path as Icknield Way, an Iron Age trackway running from Norfolk to Dorset. 

This road got the name Ryknild Street during the 12th century when it was named by Ranulf Higdon, a monk writing in 1344 in his *Polychronicon*. Higdon, gives the name of the fourth road as Rikenild Strete, which, he says, tends from the south-west to the north, and begins at St. David's and continues to the mouth of the Tyne, passing Worcester, Droitwich, Birmingham, Lichfield, Derby, and Chesterfield. It has borne that name, or Rigning, Reenald, or Rignall, from early times. In three of the four MSS. of Higdon, the name is given Rikenilde, Rikenyldes, and in the fourth, which is said to be one of the earliest, Hikenil Street. Trevisa's English translation (1387) calls it Rykeneldes Street. Harverfield writing in the Victoria County History of Warwickshire doubted if the road had any real and original right to either name, preferring Ryknild as no less correct, (or no more wrong) and being able to separate it from Icknield Street in Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It is now called Icknield or Ryknild Street to separate it from the older Icknield Way. A kept part of the Roman road can be seen at Sutton Park in Birmingham.

## References 
*Birmingham Roman Roads Project 
*Metchley Fort, Birmingham 
*Derby City Council list of Scheduled Ancient Monuments 
*Full text of Roman Roads in Britain, Thomas Codrington
*An History of Birmingham (1783) by William Hutton at Project Gutenberg
Zambia at the Olympics

**Zambia** has been in 10 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. They  before as Northern Rhodesia.

## Medalists 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Zambia profile at London2012.com
Togo at the Olympics

**Togo** has been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1972 except for 1976 and 1980.  No athletes from Togo have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Togo profile at London2012.com
Eswatini at the Olympics

**Eswatini** (formerly known as **Swaziland**) was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1972. They missed the next two games but returned for the 1984 games in Los Angeles. They have been in all games since then. They were in the 1992 Winter Olympics.

Swaziland has been represented by the Eswatini Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association since 1972.

Swaziland has never won a .

## Olympic table Summer
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
*
* Swaziland profile at London2012.com
Antigua and Barbuda at the Olympics

**Antigua and Barbuda** were first at the **Olympic Games** in 1976.  They have been in each Games since then, missing only the ed 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The Antigua and Barbuda Olympic Association was formed in 1966 after the end of the West Indies Federation in 1962, and  in 1976.

## Medal tables 
### Medals by Summer Games 
## Flagbearers 
## References
## Other websites 
* Antigua and Barbuda profile at London2012.com
Rhodesia at the Olympics

**Rhodesia at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1928. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Rhodesia is RHO.

## History
A team from Rhodesia was first in the Olympic Games in 1928. They were also at the 1960 Summer Olympics and 1964 Summer Olympics. The country always  as a British territory. It was unable to be in the 1968 Games in Mexico. 

Following Ian Smith's declaration of an independent Rhodesian republic in 1970, they never competed again. In 1972, Rhodesia was expelled by the International Olympic Committee four days before the opening ceremony.  This was due to pressure from other African countries, which did not  the  of the Rhodesian state. The country's successor state, Zimbabwe, made its Olympic début in 1980.

Rhodesia was never in the Winter Olympics. No Rhodesian athlete ever won an Olympic .

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
* Zimbabwe at the Olympics

## References
Aruba at the Olympics

**Aruba** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1988.  They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then.  Aruba has not won an Olympic . Aruba has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.

Previously Aruba competed under Netherlands Antilles, Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1952 until 1984. Aruba became a separate region of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986.

The National Olympic Committee for Aruba was formed in 1985 and  in 1986.

## Olympic games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
*Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites 
* Aruba profile at London2012.com
Argentina at the Olympics

**Argentina** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Argentina is ARG.

## History
Argentine athletes have won a total of 66  at the Summer Olympic Games, mostly in boxing.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Argentina was formed and  in 1923.

## Medal tables 
### Medals by Summer Games 
### Medals by sport 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Argentina profile at London2012.com
Bahamas at the Olympics

**The Bahamas** were first at the **Olympic Games** in 1952.  

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Bahamas is BAH.

## History
Athletes from the Bahamas have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the  1980 Summer Olympics.  The nation has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Bahamas is the *Bahamas Olympic Association*, and was formed in 1952.

## Medalists 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bahamas profile at London2012.com 
* Bahamas at Olympic.org
Barbados at the Olympics

**Barbados** was first at the **Summer Olympic Games** in 1968.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Barbados  was BAD.  It is now is BAR.

## History
Athletes from Barbados have been in each Games since then, missing only the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. The country's only Olympic medal is a bronze won by sprinter Obadele Thompson at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Barbados was part of the West Indies Federation in 1960. Barbadian athlete James Wedderburn was part of the 4 × 400 m relay team which won the bronze medal that year.

Barbados has been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

## Medals 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Barbados profile at London2012.com
Belize at the Olympics

**Belize** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1968.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the  1980 Summer Olympics.  The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games on three occasions in 2010, 2014 and 2018 but it yet to appear since then.  From 1968 to 1972, Belize was known by its colonial name of British Honduras.

As of 2011, no athlete from Belize has ever won an Olympic .

The National Olympic Committee for Belize was formed in 1967 and  by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Belize profile at London2012.com 
* Belize at Olympics.org
Zimbabwe at the Olympics

**Zimbabwe** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1980. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. They first attended the Winter Olympic Games in 2014.

The National Olympic Committee for Zimbabwe was formed in 1934 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1980.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
* Rhodesia at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Zimbabwe profile at London2012.com
Nissan Qashqai

The **Nissan Qashqai** is a car produced by Nissan. It replaced the models Nissan Almera, Nissan Primera and Nissan Terrano II in 2007. The model is produced in Sunderland in the UK and is a popular car there, it was facelifted in 2010 and entered its second generation in 2014. The third generation launched in 2021.

## Engines 
* *1.6* 84 kW (114 hp) and 86 kW (117 hp)
* *2.0* 104 kW (141 hp)
* *1.5 dCi* 76 kW (103 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
* *2.0 dCi* 110 kW (150 hp)
Bolivia at the Olympics

**Bolivia** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1936.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Bolivia is BOL.

## History
Athletes from Bolivia have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1964, except the  1980 Summer Olympics.  The nation has also been in the Winter Olympic Games on several occasions since 1956, but not since 1992.

As of 2011, no  from Bolivia has won an Olympic .  The National Sub-15 Football team won a gold medal at the Youth Olympic Games in Singapore 2010.

   
Geovana Irust Morejon, an Olympic athlete in the running section, is also famous although she never won any medals.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bolivia profile at London2012.com 
* BOlivia at Olympic.org
Bermuda at the Olympics

**Bermuda** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1936.  

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Bermuda is BER.

## History
Athletes from Bermuda have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then except the  1980 Summer Olympics. Bermuda has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1992.

As of 2011, Clarence Hill is the only Bermudian to win an Olympic . This makes Bermuda the least populated nation [53,500 in 1976] in Olympic history to win a medal at the Summer Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Bermuda was formed in 1935 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

## List of medalists
### Olympic Medal table (Summer)
## Olympic medal table (Winter)
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bermuda profile at London2012.com 
* Bermuda at Olympic.org
Nissan Note

The **Nissan Note** is a car produced by Nissan. It replaced the Nissan Almera Tino in 2005.
## First generation 
It became available in Japan in early 2005 and in Europe in early 2006.

2005 Nissan Note 01.jpg|Nissan Note (JDM, 2004-2008)
Nissan Note front 20070521.jpg|Nissan Note (EU, 2006-2009)
NISSAN NOTE.jpg|Nissan Note (JDM, 2008-2013)
Nissan Note Tekna Cafélatte Facelift 2009.JPG|Nissan Note (EU, 2009-2013)

### Engines 
* *1.4* 65&nbsp;kW (88&nbsp;hp)
* *1.5* 80&nbsp;kW (109&nbsp;hp)
* *1.6* 81&nbsp;kW (110&nbsp;hp)
* *1.5 dCi* 50&nbsp;kW (68&nbsp;hp)
* *1.5 dCi* 63&nbsp;kW (86&nbsp;hp)
* *1.5 dCi* 66&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp)
* *1.5 dCi* 76&nbsp;kW (103&nbsp;hp)

## Second generation/Versa Note 

File:Nissan NOTE (E12) front.JPG|Front
File:Nissan NOTE (E12) rear.JPG|Rear
File:2017 Nissan Versa Note Red Rental.jpg|Facelift

### Engines 
* *1,2 L HR12DE l3* 58 KW (79&nbsp;hp)
* *1,2 L HR12DDR I3* 72 KW (98&nbsp;hp)
* *1,5 L K9K dCi l4* 
* *1,6 L HR16DE l4* 82 KW (111&nbsp;hp) (Versa Note)

## Third generation 

File:Nissan Note e-POWER E13 (cropped).jpg|Front 
File:Nissan NOTE X (6AA-E13) rear.jpg|Rear 
File:2024 Nissan Note X Four.jpg|Front (facelift)
File:2024 Nissan Note X Four rear.jpg|Rear (facelift)

### Engines 
* *1,2 L HR12DE e-Power Hybrid l3* 
## Other websites
Cayman Islands at the Olympics

The **Cayman Islands** were first at the **Olympic Games** in 1976.  They have been in each Games since, missing the 1980 Summer Olympics.  The Cayman Islands have not won an Olympic .

After Jamaican  in 1962, the Cayman Islands became a separate British Overseas Territory. The Cayman Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1973 and  in 1976.

The first time the Cayman Islands competed in any Winter Olympic Games was at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Cayman Islands profile at London2012.com
British Virgin Islands at the Olympics

The British Virgin Islands has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never won a medal.  They have never been in the Winter Olympics. 

## Summary
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Virgin Islands, British profile at London2012.com
Chile at the Olympics

**Chile** was first at the **Olympic Games** at the first 1896 Summer Olympics.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Chile is CHI.

## History
A team from Chile has been in most Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games.

Chilean  have won a total of thirteen , with tennis as the top medal-producing sport.

The National Olympic Committee for Chile was formed in 1934.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Chile profile at London2012.com 
* Chile at Olympic.org
Canada at the Olympics

Canada has been to every Winter Olympic Games and almost every Summer Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Canada is CAN.

## History
A Canadian team was not at the 1896 Summer Olympics and the  1980 Summer Olympics. Canada has won at least one  at every Olympics.  The Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) is the National Olympic Committee for Canada.

Canada set a gold medals record in a single Winter Olympics during the 2010 Winter Olympics, which they hosted in Vancouver.

## Hosting the Games
Canada has hosted the Games three times.

## Medals
### Hockey
**Hockey** has been Canada's best medal earning sport, along with curling. They have competed at every tournament in both sports.

**M** = Men's **W**= Women's **B** = Both

## Records
In 2008, Equestrian show jumper Ian Millar was at his ninth Summer Olympics, tying the record for most Olympic games participated in set by Austrian sailor Hubert Raudaschl between 1964 and 1996. Millar was selected for ten straight Olympic teams, but was not at the 1980 Summer Olympics. In 2008 Millar won his first medal, a silver medal in the team jumping event.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Canada profile at London2012.com 
* Canadian Medals by Olympic Games 
* CBC Digital Archives - Gold Medal Athletes - 1948-1968
* CBC Digital Archives - Cold Gold: Canada's Winter Winners 1984–2002
* Most Canadian Olympic Medals
Skatepark

, Spain]] 
A **skatepark** is a recreational park for skateboarders and BMXers. A skatepark usually features some quarter pipes, some spines, some flat banks, some wall rides or vert walls, some mini ramps, some hips, some funboxes, some pyramids, some launches, some roll-ins, a euro or euro gap, a halfpipe, a bowl, a pool, foam pits, some hand rails, a flat bar and some stairs. The very first skatepark was made in 1976 in Carlsbad, California. The largest skatepark in the world is located in Shanghai, China.

## References
## Other websites
*a list of skateboard parks around the world
Theodicy of disprivilege

**Theodicy of Disprivilege** refers to belief in the promise that salvation may be granted as a reward for earthly poverty and hardship. It may be one of many reasons that explain the large numbers of lower-income people who join religious sects  or partake in mainstream religious practice, e.g attend church, temple or mosque. 

This idea was promoted mainly by Max Weber, but is common amongst many sociologists who try to explain the growth of sect membership.

## References
Francis Octavius Grenfell

**Francis Octavius Grenfell**, VC (4 September 1880 - 24 May 1915) was an English soldier of British Army. He received the Victoria Cross. The cross is the highest award for bravery against the enemy, and can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Family
Grenfell was born on 4 September 1880. His parents were Sophia and Pascoe Du Pré Grenfell. He was one of fifteen children. He had a twin brother, Riversdale Grenfell. He was also in the 9th Lancers and killed in action in September 1914. Admiral John Pascoe Grenfell was their grandfather. Field Marshal Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell was their uncle. An older brother, Lieutenant Robert Septimus Grenfell, 21st Lancers, was killed in a cavalry charge during the Battle of Omdurman in 1898. Three other brothers, Cecil Grenfell, Howard Maxwell Grenfell and Arthur Morton Grenfell all reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army. A cousin, Lieutenant Claude George Grenfell was killed at Spion Kop during the Boer War. Two other cousins Julian Grenfell (the poet) and his brother Gerald William Grenfell were killed in the First World War.

Grenfell was a representative cricket player at Eton collage. He joined the army in 1900 and first served in the Second Boer War in the King's Royal Rifle Corps.

### Victoria Cross
s of Canterbury Cathedral to the officers and men of the 9th (Queen's Royal) Lancers who died during the First World War.]]

Later, he served in First World War in the 9th Lancers, British Army. He was 33 years old and a Captain, when he was awarded the VC for the following brave deed.

On 24 August 1914 at Audregnies, Belgium, Captain Grenfell rode with the regiment in a charge against a large body of unbroken German infantry. Damages of friendly army were so heavy, and Grenfell was left as the senior officer. When he was reorganizing the regiment behind a railway bank, he was twice hit and severely wounded. But once he was asked to save the guns by Major Ernest Wright Alexander of the 119th Battery, Royal Field Artillery, Grenfell and some volunteers helped to push the guns out of range of enemy fire, under a shower of bullets.
London Gazette on 16 September 1914 wrote as follows:

He was killed in action on 24 May 1915 and is buried in the Vlamertinghe Military Cemetery.

## Legacy
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of the 9th/12th Royal Lancers housed in Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Derby, England.

## Polo 
All nine of the Grenfell brothers were expert polo players. Francis and his brother Riversdale Grenfell were regarded as the best in the family. Francis was rated at an 8 goal handicap. The twin brothers were on the Ranelagh team that won the American Open. And they were on the team Freebooters, alongside Leopold Christian Duncan Jenner and the Duke of Roxburghe, that won the Hurlingham Champion Cup.

## References
* 
*
*

## Other websites 
* - *(biography)*
Mississippi Valley

The **Mississippi Valley** is a place in North America.  It is part of the Mississippi River watershed, meaning that the rain that falls in the Mississippi Valley flows to the Mississippi River.  It is in the middle of what is today the mainland United States.

## Geology
During the last glacial era, large walls of ice dropped sediment, which is rocks and dirt, onto the land.  This became sedimentary rock.  This rock is softer than the other two main types of rock.  Sedimentary rock forms in layers.  When the Mississippi River began to flow, it washed away parts of the rock.  So there are places in the northern valley with tall bluffs, places where the river water cut some of the rock away.  People can see the layers in the bluffs.  Some of them are 400 feet tall.  In the places where the ground was made of harder sedimentary rock, for example limestone and dolomite, the cliffs are steep.  In the places where the ground was made of softer sedimentary rock, for example shale and sandstone, the cliffs are gentle.

Other parts of the Mississippi Valley are flood plain.

## People
Many Native Americans lived in the Mississippi Valley, including the Mississippian culture, which is named after the valley.  Many of these Native Americans practiced agriculture, meaning that they built farms and grew food.  Some of these Native Americans built large towns with earthworks and wooden fences and buildings.  But many of them caught European diseases and died.  By the time historians came to the towns, many of the buildings were gone.

The first Europeans to write about the Mississippi Valley was Hernando De Soto in 1541.

The Mississippi Valley became part of the United States in 1803.  This was the Louisiana Purchase.

## References
David Hernandez (baseball)

**David Jose Hernandez** (born May 13, 1985 in Sacramento, California) is an American baseball player. He currently plays as a relief pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles with the 483rd overall pick in the 16th round of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft. He debuted for the Orioles on May 28, 2009 in a game against the Detroit Tigers. He was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with Kam Mickolio for Mark Reynolds and a player to be named later or cash.

## Other websites
*David Hernandez at mlb.com
Miguel Montero

**Miguel Angel Montero** (born July 9, 1983 in Caracas, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan professional baseball player. He currently plays as a catcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2006 until 2014. He debuted for the Diamondbacks on September 6, 2006 in a game against the Florida Marlins.

On December 9, 2014, the Diamondbacks traded Montero to the Chicago Cubs in exchange for minor leaguers Jeferson Mejia and Zack Godley.

## References
## Other websites
*
Brazil at the Olympics

**Brazil** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1920.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Brazil is BRA.

## History
Athletes from Brazil have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the 1928 Games.  Brazil has been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992.

Brazilian athletes have won a total of 108 , with volleyball, sailing and judo as the top medal-producing sports.

The National Olympic Committee for Brazil was formed in 1914 and  in 1935. Brazil won the rights to host the 2016 Olympics in the city of Rio de Janerio.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Brazil profile at London2012.com 
* Brazil at Olympic.org
The Dreamers (movie)

***The Dreamers*** is a 2003 French romantic drama movie about an American university student, Matthew (played by Michael Pitt), who visits Paris in 1968. He meets local twins Isabelle and Theo (Eva Green and Louis Garrel) who are in an incestuous relationship. He stays with them and has a sexual relationship with Isabelle. All three join a student-led ant-government rebellion. The movie was controversial in the United States for depictions of sexual content. Due to this, *The Dreamers* was rated NC-17. The movie was released in 2004 in the United States. The movie also exists under an R rated edited version, alongside the NC-17 version.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*
Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights

The **Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights** were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2005 to 2007. They played in Omaha, Nebraska at the Omaha Civic Auditorium. They were the farm team of the Calgary Flames. They moved to Omaha in 2005 from Saint John, New Brunswick where they were known as the Saint John Flames. They moved operations to Moline, Illinois where they became the Quad City Flames.

## Other websites
*An archive of the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights' Official Site
Majel Barrett

**Majel Barrett-Roddenberry** (born **Majel Leigh Hudec**; February 23, 1932 – December 18, 2008) was an American actress and producer. She is probably best known for playing Nurse Christine Chapel in the television series, *Star Trek: The Original Series* and *Lwaxana Troi* in the series *Star Trek: The Next Generation*. Barrett also voiced the computer in every series (after the original series) and movie in the *Star Trek* franchise. She was married to Gene Roddenberry, who was the creator of *Star Trek*. She died on December 18, 2008 in Bel Air, Los Angeles due to complications from leukemia.

## Other websites 
*
Herero language

The **Herero language** (Herero: *Otjiherero*) is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo group. It is spoken by the Herero people in Namibia and Botswana. There are about 237,000 Herero speakers in both countries, 206,000 in Namibia and the rest in Botswana. 

The language is spoken in an area called *Hereroland*. This area includes the regions of Omaheke, Otjozondjupa, and Kunene. The Himba people, who are related to the Herero people, speak a dialect that is very close to Herero. A large minority of people in Windhoek (the capital of Namibia) speak Herero.

The Herero language is written in the Latin alphabet. The first written work in Herero was a translation of the Bible by missionary Gottlieb Viehe (1839-1901). Father Peter Heinrich Brincker (1836-1904), another missionary, translated several religious works and songs into Herero.

Herero is taught in Namibian schools and at the University of Namibia. It is one of the six minority languages used in broadcasts by the Namibian State Radio (NBC). Gamsberg Macmillan, , has published the only dictionary in Herero.

## Bibliography
* Brincker, Peter Heinrich (1886, 1964). *Wörterbuch und kurzgefasste Grammatik des Otji-Herero.* Leipzig (reprint 1964 Ridgwood, NJ: The Gregg Press).
* Hahn, C. Hugo (1857). *Grundzüge einer Grammatik des Hereró.* Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz.
* Lutz, Marten (2006). "Locative inversion in Otjiherero: more on morpho-syntactic variation in Bantu." In: Laura Downing, Lutz Marten & Sabine Zerbian (eds.), *Papers in Bantu Grammar, ZAS Papers in Linguistics* 43, 97—122.
* Marten, Lutz & Nancy C. Kula (2007). "Morphosyntactic co-variation in Bantu: two case studies." SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 15.227-238.
* Möhlig, Wilhelm, Lutz Marten & Jekura U. Kavari (2002). *A Grammatical Sketch of Herero (Otjiherero).* Köln: Köppe (Grammatische Analysen afrikanischer Sprachen; v.19).

## References
## Other websites
*
Claudio Marchisio

**Claudio Marchisio** (born 19 January 1986) is an Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.

## Career statistics