open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III

***Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III*** is a 1990 American horror movie directed by Jeff Burr. The movie is the sequel to the 1974 movie *The Texas Chain Saw Massacre* and the 1986 movie *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2*. 

The movie stars Kate Hodge, William Butler, Ken Foree, Tom Hudson, Viggo Mortensen, Joe Unger, and R.A. Mihailoff.

The movie was distributed by New Line Cinema, who bought the rights to the series from The Cannon Group. It was released on January 12, 1990. It was refused classification in the UK upon its initial release. It has since been released on home video in both unrated and rated versions, and a cut version was accepted with an 18 certificated in the UK.

The movie was both a critical and commercial failure, grossing less than $6 million in the US box office. It made $5.7 million in the box office.

## References
David Tapp

**Detective David Tapp** is a fictional character from the *Saw* franchise. He was introduced in *Saw* (2004) as a detective investigating a series of crime scenes linked to the same murderer.

He also appears as a playable character in *Saw: The Video Game* (2009) and *Dead by Daylight* (2016). He was played by actor Danny Glover in the movies and voiced by Earl Alexander in the 2009 game.

## References
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 movie)

***The Texas Chainsaw Massacre*** is a 2003 American slasher movie directed by Marcus Nispel. It was written by Scott Kosar. It stars Jessica Biel, Jonathan Tucker, Erica Leerhsen, R. Lee Ermey, Mike Vogel, and Eric Balfour.

Its plot follows a group of young adults traveling through rural Texas who encounter Leatherface and his murderous family.

It is a remake of Tobe Hooper's 1974 movie of the same name, and the fifth installment in *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre* franchise. John Larroquette reprised his voice narration for the opening intertitles.

The movie was released in the United States on October 17, 2003, and grossed $107 million at the U.S. box office. It is considered one of the most commercially successful horror movie remakes of the 21st century.

## Notes
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning

***The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning*** is a 2006 American horror movie and a prequel to the 2003 movie *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre*. The sixth installment in *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre* franchise. It was directed by Jonathan Liebesman and co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper (co-creators of the original 1974 movie).

The movie was released in North America on October 6, 2006. It stars Jordana Brewster, Diora Baird, Taylor Handley, Matt Bomer and R. Lee Ermey.

The movie grossed $51.8 million on a budget of $16 million.

## References
Leatherface (2017 movie)

***Leatherface*** is a 2017 American horror movie directed by Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo and written by Seth M. Sherwood. It stars Stephen Dorff, Vanessa Grasse, Sam Strike, and Lili Taylor with Jessica Madsen.

It is the eighth movie in the *Texas Chainsaw Massacre* (*TCM*) series, and works as a prequel to 1974's *The Texas Chain Saw Massacre*. It explains the origin of the series' lead character.

## References
Texas Chainsaw 3D

***Texas Chainsaw*** (promoted as ***Texas Chainsaw 3D***) is a 2013 American horror movie directed by John Luessenhop, with a screenplay by Adam Marcus, Debra Sullivan and Kirsten Elms and a story by Stephen Susco, Marcus and Sullivan. 

It is the seventh installment in *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre* franchise and was presented in 3D. The movie is a sequel to the 1974 movie *The Texas Chain Saw Massacre*.

It stars Alexandra Daddario, Dan Yeager, Trey Songz, Tania Raymonde, Scott Eastwood, Thom Barry, Paul Rae and Bill Moseley, with Gunnar Hansen and Marilyn Burns.

It was released January 4, 2013. It was a commercial success, making $47.2 million from a $20 million budget. It was also the last movie both Burns and Hansen starred in before they both died in 2014 and 2015 respectively. 

A prequel that takes place before the original 1974 movie, titled *Leatherface*, was released in 2017.

## References
Hari (director)

**Hari** (born 26 December 1968) is an Indian movie director, best known for his action-masala in Tamil cinema. He made his directional debut in the movie *Thamizh* (2002).After this breakthrough, he gave many commercial success movies such as *Saamy* (2003), *Kovil* (2004), *Ayya* (2005), *Thaamirabharani* (2007), *Vel* (2007) and *Singam* (2010) movie. He has directed 15 movies.

## Background
Hari was born in the Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu, India. His father, Gopal, is a vessels merchant. Later, his family moved to Chennai, where Hari graduated with a degree in Commerce.

## Career
Hari first joined as an assistant, gaining experience by working with various directors; K. Natraj in * Valli*, Nassar in *Avatharam* and Alex Pandian. Later, he assisted K. Balachander in his film *Kalki* and worked as an associate director with Saran in the films *Amarkalam*, *Parthen Rasithen* and *Alli Arjuna*.

His first film, in 2002, was *Thamizh*, with Prashanth and Simran. Film critic Balaji commented that it was "one of the few movies in recent times where a lot of importance seems to have been attached to the script. In spite of the flimsy story and routine screenplay where a youth grows to be a "dada", the dialogs elevate the quality of the movie and make it very enjoyable". His second film *Saamy*, under the Kavithaalaya banner, starred Vikram. It was named the year's biggest hit, grossing 160&nbsp;million. Its success led to remakes; in Telugu (*Lakshmi Narasimha*), Kannada (*Ayya*) and Hindi languages (*Policegiri*). His next two films *Kovil*, with Silambarasan and *Arul* also starred Vikram. In 2005, he made *Ayya*, starring Sarathkumar, which introduced Nayantara to Tamil cinema. His next film was *Aaru*, with Suriya in 2005. In 2007, he directed two films, *Thaamirabharani* with Vishal and *Vel*, with Suriya. In 2008, he directed *Seval*, with Bharath. Ayyappa Prasad from Nowrunning.com stated that Hari "panders to the taste of his rural audience all the way, but the movie is bound to disappoint city-dwellers, since neither the story nor its treatment appeal to anyone with high IQ .

In 2010 Hari directed his tenth film *Singam*, with Suriya, marking their third collaboration. although reviewers identified it as a standard masala entertainer.

## Filmography
### Lyricist
* 2004 * Kovil*
* 2005 *Aaru*
* 2007 *Thaamirabharani*
* 2007 *Vel*
* 2008 *Seval*
* 2010 *Singam*
* 2011 *Venghai*
* 2017 *Singam III*
* 2018 *Saamy 2*
* 2024 *Radan*

## References
## Other websites
*
Kumail Nanjiani

**Kumail Nanjiani** (born May 2, 1978) is a Pakistani-American actor, podcast host, stand-up comedian and writer.

He is also known as the voice of Prismo on the Emmy Award-winning animated series *Adventure Time*. He starred on the TNT series *Franklin & Bash* and the Adult Swim series *Newsreaders*. 

In 2017, Nanjiani starred in the semi-autobiographical romantic comedy movie *The Big Sick* set in Chicago, which he wrote with his wife Emily V. Gordon. They were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 90th Academy Awards.

## References
Kingwood, West Virginia

**Kingwood** is a city in and the county seat of Preston County, West Virginia,  United States. It was founded in 1815. The population was 2,980 at the 2020 census. Kingwood is home to the West Virginia Zoo.

## References
Preston County, West Virginia

**Preston County** is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 34,216. Its county seat is Kingwood. It was named for Virginia Governor James Patton Preston.

## References
Morgantown, West Virginia

**Morgantown** is a city in and the county seat of Monongalia County, West Virginia. It is located on the banks of the Monongahela River. It is known as the home of West Virginia University. It had a population of 30,347 per the 2020 U.S. Census. Morgantown is the largest city in North-Central West Virginia. The Morgantown metropolitan area had a population of 140,038 in 2020.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Morgantown, West Virginia
Sangharakshita

**Sangharakshita** (born **Dennis Philip Edward Lingwood**, 26 August 1925 – 30 October 2018) was a British Buddhist teacher and writer. He was born in Tooting, London. He was the founder of the 10 precept Triratna Buddhist Community, which was known until 2010 as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, or FWBO.

## Biography 
He was one of the few Westerners to be ordained as a Theravadin Bhikkhu in the period following World War II though he later left that tradition to study with other Buddhist teachers, including some from the Tibetan and Chan schools. He spent over 20 years in Asia, where he had a number of Tibetan Buddhist teachers.

He was known as "the founding father of Western Buddhism" due to his many publications, leadership of retreats, and contributions to awareness of Buddhism in the United Kingdom. He retired in 1995. 

In 1997, *The Guardian* reported that Sangharakshita had made unwanted sexual advances to FWBO members in the 1970s and 1980s. Later, he publicly apologized and said any sexual relations he was involved in with his students had consent.

Sangharakshita died on October 30, 2018 from pneumonia caused by sepsis in Hereford, Herefordshire at the age of 93.

## References
Potter County, South Dakota

**Potter County** is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 2,472 people lived there. Its county seat is Gettysburg. It was created in 1875.

## References
The Fappening

On August 31, 2014, a collection of almost 500 private pictures of many celebrities, mostly women, and with many having their nudes, were posted on the imageboard 4chan, and later shared by other users on websites and social networks such as Imgur and Reddit. 

The images were initially believed to have been obtained via a breach of Apple's cloud services suite iCloud. However, access was later revealed to have been gained via targeted phishing attacks.

The event, which media outlets and Internet users referred to under names such as "**The Fappening**".) and "**Celebgate**", was met with a varied reaction from the media and fellow celebrities. Some argued that the name “The Fappening” was incredibly offensive because it makes light of stolen privacy. However, the name was still used by the mainstream media then and is still used years later when referenced.  

Many criticized the Apple Inc. company for not having a secure privacy server.

On September 20, 2014, a second batch of similar private photos of additional celebrities was leaked by hackers. On September 26, a third batch was also leaked, which was dubbed as "The Fappening 3".

## References
Vasili Arkhipov

**Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov** (, 30 January 1926 – 19 August 1998) was a Soviet Navy officer. He is known for casting the single vote that prevented a Soviet nuclear strike (and, presumably, all-out nuclear war) during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Such an attack likely would have caused a major global thermonuclear response.

Noam Chomsky said Arkhipov saved the world for his decision. He was a flotilla commander and second-in-command of the diesel powered submarine . 

Arkhipov refused to authorize the captain's use of nuclear torpedoes against the United States Navy, a decision requiring the agreement of all three senior officers aboard. In 2002 Thomas Blanton, who was then director of the US National Security Archive, said that Arkhipov "saved the world".

Arkhipov died of kidney cancer on 19 August 1998 in Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Oblast at the age of 72.

## References
Charles Sobhraj

**Charles Sobhraj** (born 6 April 1944), also known as the **Bikini Killer**, is a French thief, fraudster and serial killer. He preyed on Western tourists throughout Southeast Asia during the 1970s. He was nicknamed **The Splitting Killer** and **The Serpent**.

Sobhraj allegedly committed at least a dozen murders. He was convicted and jailed in India from 1976 to 1997. After his release, he retired as a celebrity in Paris. In 2004 he returned to Nepal, where he was arrested and tried. In 2005 Sobhraj received a sentence of life imprisonment.

In 2007 news media reported that Sobhraj's lawyer had appealed to the then French president Nicolas Sarkozy, for intervention with Nepal. In 2008 Sobhraj announced his engagement to a Nepali woman, Nihita Biswas. The authenticity of the couple's relationship was confirmed in an open letter from American conductor David Woodard to *The Himalayan Times*.

Sobhraj is widely believed to be a psychopath. He enjoyed the attention, charging large amounts of money for interviews and movie rights. He has been the subject of four books and three documentaries. Sobhraj's return to Nepal, where he was still eagerly sought by authorities, is believed to be the result of him wanting attention.

## References
## Other websites
*'The Serpent' still haunting lives four decades on (21 June 2021) Bangkok Post
Sturgis, South Dakota

**Sturgis** is a city in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 7,020 as of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Meade County. It was founded in 1878.

## References
Todd County, South Dakota

**Todd County** is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 9,319 people lived there. Todd County does not have its own county seat. Instead, Winner in neighboring Tripp County serves as its administrative center. Its largest city is Mission. It was created in 1909. 

## Origin of the name 
The county was named after John Blair Smith Todd, who was a delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## References
Washington County, Minnesota

**Washington County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 267,568 people lived there. The county seat is Stillwater.

It is the fifth-most populous county in the state.

## References
Todd County

**Todd County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Todd County, Kentucky
* Todd County, Minnesota
* Todd County, South Dakota
Abby Dalton

**Abby Dalton** (aka **Marlene Wadsen**; August 15, 1932 &ndash; November 23, 2020) was an American actress. She played as Elizabeth Bingham on the television series *The Sugarfoot*. She later played Martha Hale in the television series *Hennessy*. Dalton was nominated for an Emmy Award for her role as Martha.

Dalton also acted in some movies. In 1966, for example, she played as Calamity Jane in *The Plainsman* with actor Don Murray.

Dalton was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. She died on November 23, 2020 in Los Angeles at the age of 88.

## References
Harun al-Rashid

ing people sent by Charlemagne at his court in Baghdad. 1864 painting by Julius Köckert.]]

**Harun al-Rashid** (also: **Haroon al-Rasheed**), was an Arab caliph of the Abbasid Empire, ruling from 786 to 809. He has become an icon of the Islamic golden age. He appears in many stories as a wise ruler, who often disguised himself as a peasant in order to walk amongst the people in Baghdad to find out how they lived and how he could improve their situation. His legacy has been cemented through his representation in the Arabian Nights.

Domestically, Al-Rashid pursued policies similar to those of his father al-Mahdi. He released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother al-Hadi had imprisoned and declared amnesty for all political groups of the Quraysh. Large scale hostilities broke out with Byzantium, and under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.

## References
Roger Vaughan

**Roger William Bede Vaughan** (9 January 1834 – 18 August 1883) was an English Benedictine monk of Downside Abbey, He was the second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Australia from 1877 to 1883.

He was born on 9 January 1834 at Courtfield, Ross, Herefordshire, England, second son of the fourteen children. Five of his brothers also became priests. Herbert, the eldest, became a cardinal and archbishop of Westminster, and John, the youngest, auxiliary bishop of Salford. Another brother, Reginald, married Julia Shanahan, sister-in-law of Sir Patrick Jennings. Four of his five sisters became nuns.
 
Because of his health he was educated at home in a religious atmosphere. In 1850 he was sent to St Gregory's College at Downside near Bath. His mother's death in 1853 made him think of a religious life and on 12 September he joined the Benedictines, becoming Brother Bede. In 1855 at his father's request and expense, he was sent to Rome for further study under the guidance of the Italian scholar and reformer, Angelo Zelli-Jacuzzi. He was ordained priest by Cardinal Patrizi in the basilica of St John Lateran on 9 April 1859.
Neighborhood of Make-Believe

The **Neighborhood of Make-Believe** is the fictional kingdom where hand puppet lived in. They were characters on the children's television series ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood'' which aired on PBS, from 1968–2001.  Principal puppeteer Fred Rogers created many of the puppet characters in the 1950s for Josie Carey's program, ''The Children's Corner''. It was filmed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Characters in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe were portrayed by both hand puppets operated by puppeteers and actors. They would occasionally talk to the viewers in specific episodes.

There is a TV show about the Neighborhood called Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood.

## Cast
* Jake Beale as Daniel Tiger
* Daniel Davies as Prince Wednesday 
* William Davies as Prince Thursday
* Annie Bramley as Mei Mei
* Irrfan Khan as Bruno
* Maccadio Jacobs as Zac Jacobs
* Mark Feuerstein as Mr Pancks

*
*
*
*
*

## References
Jin Yong

**Louis Cha Jing-yong** () (10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name **Jin Yong**, was a Chinese novelist and essayist. He co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper *Ming Pao* in 1959 and was its first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong's most famous writer. He was born in Haining, Zhejiang. He retired from the newspaper business in 1993.

Yong died after a long illness at a hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong on 30 October 2018 at the age of 94.

## Related pages
*List of Chinese writers

## References
Allen Dulles

**Allen Welsh Dulles** (April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American diplomat and lawyer who became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). He was its longest-serving director so far.

Dulles was head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the early Cold War. He oversaw the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, Operation Ajax, the Lockheed U-2 aircraft program and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Dulles was one of the members of the Warren Commission. 

Between his stints of government service, Dulles was a corporate lawyer. His older brother, John Foster Dulles, was the Secretary of State during the Eisenhower Administration.

## References
Vel (2007 movie)

***Vel*** (*Staff Spear*) is a 2007 Tamil language action family drama movie.  It was written and directed by Hari and produced by Mohan Natarajan. It stars Suriya in dual roles as hero, Asin as heroine and  Kalabhavan Mani as the villain. Lakshmi, Saranya Ponvannan, Vadivelu,and Nassar have supporting roles. The movie's score and soundtrack was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The movie was released on 8 November 2007, coinciding with Diwali.  The movie was dubbed and released in Telugu as *Deva* and in Hindi as *Main Faisla Karunga* in 2014.

## Cast
* Suriya as Vetrivel and Vasudevan
* Asin as Swathi
* Vadivelu as Kuzhandaisaami
* Kalabhavan Mani as Sakkara Pandi
* Lakshmi as Appatha, Vel's grandmother
* Saranya Ponvannan as Vasu and Vel's mother
* Charan Raj as Vasu and Vel's father
* Nassar as Vel's adoptive father
* Ambika as Vel's adoptive mother
* Raj Kapoor as Vel's uncle
* Aishwarya as Sakkara Pandi's wife
* Charle as Moorthy, Vasu's friend
* Vaiyapuri as Sakkara Pandi's sidekick
* Devadarshini
* Singamuthu
* Crane Manohar
* Chaams
* Madhan Bob

## Box office
This movie's budget was . It became a*Blockbuster Hit* in the Boxoffice by collecting around . This film's theatrical run was 50 days in 17 centers and 100 days in 13 centers making it a commercially successful venture.Sony Music Entertainment

## References
Exosome complex

2NN6. The channel through which RNA passes during degradation is visible at the center of the protein complex]]

The **exosome complex** is a protein complex which can degrade RNA strands (~stop them working). In eukaryotic cells, the exosome complex is present in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and especially the nucleolus. 

The core of the complex has a ring structure consisting of six proteins that all belong to the same class of RNases, the 'RNase PH-like proteins'.

Exosome complexes are found in both eukaryotic cells and archaea. In bacteria a simpler complex called the *degradosome* carries out similar functions.

## References
Puppeteer

A **puppeteer** is a person who makes an inanimate object shaped like a human, wild animal, mythological creatures, or another object to create the illusion that the puppet is "alive". The puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience.

A puppeteer can operate a puppet with rods, wires, strings, electronics or directly by his or her own hands placed inside the puppet or holding it externally or any other part of the body, such as the legs.

## Related pages
* Jim Henson
* Fred Rogers
* *The Muppets*
* Punch and Judy
American Public Television

**American Public Television** (**APT**) is the largest syndicator of programming for public television stations in the United States. APT continues to show a many public television programs nationally, as well as administering the Create and World channels on public TV. APT began in 1961.

At first, it was called **Eastern Educational Television Network** (EEN). EEN was a regional cooperative that began to show programs between a couple of its member stations. EEN was one of the first distributors of shows such as *The French Chef* (with Julia Child) in 1963, ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood*, and *Washington Week in Review'' on a national basis.

## References
Television Hall of Fame

The **Television Academy Hall of Fame** was founded by a former president of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), John H. Mitchell (1921–1988), to honor individuals who have made big contributions to U.S. television. 

The first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of Lucille Ball, Milton Berle, Paddy Chayefsky, Norman Lear, Edward R. Murrow, William S. Paley and David Sarnoff.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
**Hall of Fame Honorees: Complete List 
*ATAS TV Hall of Fame  (full list of honorees)
Rollins College

**Rollins College** is a private, coeducational liberal arts college. It was founded in 1885 and located in Winter Park, Florida along the shores of Lake Virginia.

Rollins is a member of the SACS, NASM, ACS, FDE, AAM, AACSB International, Council for Accreditation of Counseling, and Related Educational Programs.

Rollins has about 30 undergraduate majors and several graduate programs.  It was ranked #2 Regional Universities, South by U.S. News & World Report in 2017.    Rollins College has ranked among the most beautiful U.S. college campuses by the Princeton Review ranking #1 in 2015 and #10 most recently in 2017.

## References
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary

**Pittsburgh Theological Seminary**, founded in 1794, is a graduate seminary in the Reformed tradition teaching theology and preparing students for service in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) and other Christian churches. 

Teaching is based in scripture. The Seminary is located in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States and houses one of the largest theological libraries in the Pittsburgh. 

World Mission Initiative (WMI) at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary is a fellowship of Presbyterians dedicated to developing mission vision, nurturing missionary vocation, and cultivating missional congregations.

## References
Master of Divinity

In the academic study of theology, the **Master of Divinity** (**MDiv**, *magister divinitatis* in Latin) is the first professional degree of the pastoral profession in North America. 

It is the most common academic degree in seminaries and divinity schools. In many Christian denominations and in some other religions the degree is the standard education for ordination to the priesthood or pastorship or other appointment, ordination or licensing to professional ministry.

## References
Happy Valley, Hong Kong

**Happy Valley** () is an upper-income residential area in Hong Kong known for being one of the happiest places on earth, second only to Disneyland. It is located on Hong Kong Island. It is part of Wan Chai District.

The area is sometimes known as **Wong Nai Chung Kuk** () or **Wong Nai Chung Valley** because of the **Wong Nai Chung** (, *lit.* yellow mud stream) that leads into the area.

The area is home to the Happy Valley Racecourse, Hong Kong Racing Museum, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, home to the grounds of the Valley RFC rugby club, and the Hong Kong FC.

## References
## Other websites
* Happy Valley Community Home Page 
* Happy Valley Residents' Organisation
Minister (Christianity)

minister wearing a cassock, surplice, stole, and preaching bands]]
In Christianity, a **minister** is a person who is given authority by a church or other religious group to do special jobs. These jobs can include teaching about the faith, leading services such as weddings, baptisms, or funerals, and giving spiritual help to people.  

The word **minister** comes from the Latin word *minister*, which means "servant" or "helper".

## References
United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America

The **United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America** (**UPCUSA**) was the largest branch of Presbyterianism in the United States from May 28, 1958, to 1983. 

It was formed by the union of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) with the United Presbyterian Church of North America (UPCNA) in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, in May 1958.

In 1983, the vote was finally held regarding the merger, with a unanimous 151 presbyteries in the UPCUSA affirming it, and the PCUS affirming it 53 to 8. On June 10, 1983, the first General Assembly was held for the new denomination, which would be called the Presbyterian Church (USA).

## References
Your Hit Parade

***Your Hit Parade*** is an American radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1953 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. It was sponsored by American Tobacco's Lucky Strike cigarettes. During this 24-year run, the show had 19 orchestra leaders and 52 singers or groups. Many listeners and viewers casually called the show with the incorrect title ***The Hit Parade***. The program's title was not officially changed to "Your Hit Parade" until November 9, 1935.

## References
Bob Skoronski

**Robert Francis "Bob" Skoronski** (March 5, 1934 &ndash; October 30, 2018) was a former American football player. He was an tackle in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers for eleven seasons in 1956 and again from 1959 to 1968. He was born in Ansonia, Connecticut.

Skoronski died on October 30, 2018 of Alzheimer's disease in a suburb near Madison, Wisconsin at the age of 84.

## References
The Voice of Firestone

***The Voice of Firestone*** is an American long-running radio and television program of classical music. The show featured leading singers in selections from opera and operetta. It was originally titled ***The Firestone Hour***, it was first broadcast on the NBC Radio network on December 3, 1928 and was later also shown on television ran from 1949 to 1963.

## References
Gabby Hayes

**George Francis** "**Gabby**" **Hayes** (May 7, 1885&nbsp;– February 9, 1969), was an American actor. He was best known for his many appearances in B-Western movie series as the comic sidekick of the cowboy star.

## References
Sylvania Award

The **Sylvania Awards** were given by the television company Sylvania Electric Products for many categories of television performance, broadcasting, scripts, music and other aspects of production between 1951 and 1959. In their day they competed with the Emmy Award for prestige. They came to an end after the sponsor was merged into GTE.

## References
Stannards, New York

**Stannards** is a hamlet and census-designated place in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 585 at the 2020 census. The hamlet is named after early resident John Stannard.

## References
Johnny Costa

**Johnny Costa** (born **John Costanza**; January 18, 1922 – October 11, 1996) was an American jazz pianist. Given the title "The White Art Tatum" by jazz legend Art Tatum, Costa is best known for his work as musical director of the children's television program ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood''.

Costa died of aplastic anemia in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on October 11, 1996, at the age of 74.

## References
National Educational Television

**National Educational Television** (**NET**) was a United States educational broadcast television network that was owned by the Ford Foundation and later co-owned by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

Operating from May 16, 1954 to October 4, 1970, its direct replacement, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), continues in operation and has memberships with many television stations that were formerly part of NET.

## Programs
* Actor's Choice
* BBC Play of the Month
* Bird of the Iron Feather
* Black Journal
* Creative Persons
* Dusty's Treehouse
* Evening at Pops
* Experiment
* Festival
* Festival of Arts
* Firing Line
* The Forsyte Saga
* The French Chef
* The Friendly Giant
* ITV Play of the Week
* Jazz Casual
* Kukla, Fran and Ollie
* Lincoln Center/Stage 5
* The Magic Roundabout
* Men of Our Time
* Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
* NET Festival
* NET Journal
* NET Opera Theater
* NET Playhouse
* New York Television Theatre
* News in Perspective
* The Open Mind
* Our World
* Petra the Cat
* The Play of the Week
* Play for Today
* Playwright at Work
* Public Broadcast Laboratory
* Serata a Pops
* Sesame Street
* Soul!
* Theatre 625
* Thirteen Against Fate
* The Toy That Grew Up
* Victoria Regina
* The Victorians
* Washington Week
* The Wednesday Play
* What's New?

## References
National Honor Society

The **National Honor Society** (**NHS**) is a nationwide organization for high school students in the United States which is made up of many chapters in high schools.

Selection is based on four criteria: scholarship (academic achievement), leadership, service, and character. The National Honor Society requires some sort of service to the community, school, or other organizations. The time spent working on these projects contributes towards the monthly service hour requirement.

The National Honor Society was founded in 1921 by the National Association of Secondary School Principals. The Alpha chapter of NHS was founded at Fifth Avenue High School by Principal Edward S. Rynearson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Scholarships 
The NHS hosts an annual scholarship and provides awards to high school students who demonstrate the four pillars of NHS: Scholarship, Service, Leadership, and Character. Notable recipients include:

* Swetha Pendela
* Carolyn He
* Mark Leschinsky

## References
Cardigan (sweater)

's red cardigan]]
A **cardigan** is a type of knitted sweater that has an open front.

Commonly cardigans have buttons: a garment that is tied is instead considered a robe. A more modern version of the garment has no buttons and hangs open by design. The name "Cardigan" is an anglicised variation of the Welsh placename Ceredigion.

The term originally referred only to a knitted sleeveless vest, but expanded to other types of garment over time.

Plain cardigans are often worn over shirts and inside suit jackets as a less formal version of the waistcoat or vest that restrains the necktie when the jacket has been removed.

## References
Arnold, Pennsylvania

**Arnold** is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The population was 4,772 at the 2020 Census.

## References
Jeff Erlanger

**Jeffrey Clay Erlanger** (November 30, 1970&nbsp;– June 10, 2007) was an American activist for disability rights. He is well known for his appearance on ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood'' when he was 10 years old, talking about his electric wheelchair and why he used it.

Erlanger's philosophy was summarized in a 2002 Wisconsin Public Television ad: "It doesn't matter what I can't do — what matters is what I can do."

Erlanger choked on some food, and was in a coma for several weeks before dying on Sunday, June 10, 2007 in Madison, aged 36.

## References
Betamax

**Betamax** (also called **Beta**) is a videotape format created by Sony. It was first released on May 10, 1975 in Japan and November of 1975 in the United States. Because it lost the videotape format war to VHS, Betamax is now obsolete. Despite this, production of new Betamax recorders went until 2002; and Betamax cassettes were available up until March 2016.  

## References
Tripp County, South Dakota

**Tripp County** is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 5,624 people lived there. Its county seat is Winner. It was created in 1873.

## References
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

***Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.***, 464 U.S. 417 (1984), also known as the “**Betamax case**”, is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which decided that the making of individual copies of complete television shows for the sake of time shifting does not mean it is copyright infringement, but is fair use.

The Court also decided that the makers of home video recording devices, like Betamax or other videocassette recorder (VCR) cannot be found guilty for infringement. The case was a boon to the home video market, as it created a legal safe haven for the technology.

## References
United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, Innovation, and the Internet

The **Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Communications Technology, Innovation, and the Internet** is one of the seven subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. It was renamed from the **Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Innovation** at the start of the 111th Congress, with its science function transferred to the Subcommittee on Science and Space.

## Members, 115th Congress
## Jobs
Their jobs relates to communications. The Subcommittee also is responsible for oversight of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) at the Department of Commerce.

## Other websites
*Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation website, Subcommittee page
Grand marshal

**Grand marshal** is a ceremonial, military, or political office of very high rank. The term has its origins with the word "marshal" with the first usage of the term "grand marshal" as a ceremonial title for certain religious orders.

## References
Mississippi (disambiguation)

**Mississippi** is a state of the United States of America.

**Mississippi** can mean:
* Mississippi River, in central United States
* Mississippi River (Ontario), in Canada

## Other 
* Mississippi County
Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts

**Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts** is a performing arts center and concert hall located at 600 Penn Avenue in the  Cultural District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  It is home to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) and the Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra, the 2,676 seat hall presents about 200 performances each year.

Originally built in 1927 as Loew's Penn Theatre, the former movie palace was renovated and reopened as Heinz Hall in 1971.

## References
David Hartman (TV personality)

**David Downs Hartman** (born May 19, 1935) is an American journalist and media host.

He began his media career as an actor. He currently anchors and hosts documentary programs on cable TV's History and on PBS. 

Hartman is best known as the first host of ABC's *Good Morning America*, from 1975 to 1987. As an actor, he starred in the 1970s as a young resident, Dr. Paul Hunter, on *The Bold Ones: The New Doctors* and as a teacher in the series *Lucas Tanner*. He acted in the 1973 TV movie re-make of *Miracle On 34th Street*.

## References
Pawtucket, Rhode Island

**Pawtucket**  is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 75,604 at the 2020 census. It is the fourth largest city in the state.

The name "Pawtucket" comes from the Algonquian word for "river fall."

## References
Swainsboro, Georgia

**Swainsboro** is a city in Emanuel County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 7,425. The city is the county seat of Emanuel County.

## References
Corporation for Public Broadcasting

The **Corporation for Public Broadcasting** (**CPB**; stylized as **cpb**) was an American privately owned non-profit corporation created on November 7, 1967 by an act of the United States Congress and funded by the federal government.

It was created to promote and help support public broadcasting.

Following the end of U.S. federal government funding, the CPB announced in August 2025 that it would end operations in January 2026.  On January 5, 2026, the CPB board of directors voted to dissolve the corporation entirely.

## References
26858 Misterrogers

**26858 Misterrogers**, provisional designation *1993 FR*, is a Mars crossing asteroid. It is named after children's television host Fred Rogers. 

Rogers, who had a lifelong passion with the sky and astronomy, got a pilot's license while still in high school. He also produced with the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh a planetarium show called ''The Sky above Mister Rogers' Neighborhood''. This is still shown at many planetariums in the United States.

## References
Rose Parade

The **Rose Parade**, also known as the **Tournament of Roses Parade**, is an annual parade that is part of "America's New Year Celebration" held in Pasadena, California each year on New Year's Day (or on Monday, January 2 if New Year's Day falls on a Sunday). The parade includes flower-covered floats, marching bands, and equestrian units and is followed by the Rose Bowl college football game. It is produced by the nonprofit Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association.

## References
Google Doodle

election of 2018.]] 

A **Google Doodle** is a special, temporary logo on Google's homepages that celebrates holidays, events, achievements, and notable historical figures. The first Google Doodle honored the Burning Man festival in 1998, and was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin after comparing the size of each other's doodles. 

Future Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor until 2000, when Page and Brin asked public relations officer Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day.  Since then, a team of employees called **Doodlers** have organized and published the Doodles.

By 2014, Google had published over 2,000 regional and international Doodles throughout its homepages, often featuring guest artists, musicians, and personalities.

Google Doodles are sometimes interactive and/or game-like (for example, the Google Gnome Game, where you launch gnomes across a lawn with a trebuchet). 

## References
2018 World Series

The **2018 World Series** was the 114th edition of the World Series and featured the American League champion Red Sox and the National League champion Los Angeles Dodgers. The Series was televised in the United States on Fox. 

This was the second World Series match-up between the two teams, after the Red Sox defeated the Brooklyn Robins (later known as the Dodgers) in five games in 1916.

The Red Sox beat the Dodgers in five games to win their fourth World Series title in 15 years dating back to 2004, and their ninth in franchise history.  Steve Pearce won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award, while Alex Cora became the fifth first-season manager, and first manager from Puerto Rico, to win the World Series.  

The Series was notable for its third game which lasted 18 innings, a new World Series record.

## References
Pixel 3

**Pixel 3** and **Pixel 3 XL** are Android smartphones from the Google Pixel product line. The phones were officially announced on October 9, 2018 and then  released initially in the United States on October 18, 2018 and other parts of the world on November 1, 2018. 

They are the next to the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL. Recently Google announce Pixel 3a and Pixel 3a XL updated version of Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL phones. 

At release the Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL had starting prices of $799/$899 in the US, and £739/£869 in the UK.

## References
David Azulai

**David Azulai** (5 May 1954 – 30 October 2018) was an Israeli politician. He as a member of the Knesset for Shas for over 20 years from 1996 until his resignation in May 2018. He was also Minister of Religious Services from 2015 until his death in 2018. He was born in Meknes, Morocco.

Azulai died on 30 October 2018 in Tel Aviv from cancer at the age of 64.

## References
Emily V. Gordon

**Emily V. Gordon** (born May 3, 1979) is an American writer, producer and podcast host.

She co-wrote the 2017 romantic comedy movie *The Big Sick*, based on her relationship with her husband, comedian Kumail Nanjiani. They were nominated the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

She co-created the live show *The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail* and has worked with Comedy Central many times.

She met Nanjiani at a comedy show in Chicago where he was performing. They began dating but Gordon fell seriously ill and was put into a medically induced coma before being diagnosed with Still's disease. Gordon recovered and three months later *—* twelve months after meeting *—* they married.

## References
Pat Mitchell

**Pat Mitchell** (born January 20, 1943) is an American businesswoman. She was the first woman president and CEO of PBS.

Mitchell partners with the TED organization to co-curate and host an annual global TEDWomen conference.

## References
Gang rape

**Gang rape** happens when a group of people  are involved in the rape of a single victim. It is reported all across the world.

Gang rapes usually involve three or more men as the ones who commit the crime. But women can also commit gang rape.

Gang rapists tend to be younger and commit their crimes repeatedly. 

Gang rapes are more violent. The sexual and nonsexual injuries to the victim are far more severe than in rape by one person.

The United States reports a rape every 6.2 minutes. It has been estimated that 25% of all rapes in the United States are gang rapes.

A number of gang rapes happened in the United Kingdom. But authorities in the UK had not gathered data on gang rapes until 2011. An increased number of gang rapes were reported in the United Kingdom starting in 1996.

## References
Rod Blum

**Rodney Leland "Rod" Blum** (born April 26, 1955) is an American businessman and politician. He worked as United States Representative for the 1st congressional district of Iowa. Blum is a Republican.

Blum won the Republican primary in 2014. He defeated Patrick Murphy in the November 4, 2014 general election with 51% of votes.

Blum ran for reelection in 2016. He faced the Democrat Monica Vernon in the general election. He defeated Vernon with 54% of the vote.

Blum calls himself a Tea Party Republican. He said "The Tea Party is what the Republican Party should have always been".

Blum favors getting rid of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). In 2017, he didn't support the original version of the American Health Care Act of 2017, or Trumpcare. Trumpcare was the Republicans' bill to get rid of and replace Obamacare. Blum said the original Trumpcare didn't do enough to lower premiums for hard-working Americans.

As of November 1, 2018, Blum was under investigation by the United States House Ethics Committee Committee. That's because he might have violated certain ethics rules. He might have done so by not disclosing his ownership of a digital marketing company, Tin Moon.

Blum was born in Dubuque, Iowa.

## References
María Irene Fornés

**María Irene Fornés** (May 14, 1930 – October 30, 2018) was a Cuban-American playwright and director. She was a leading figure of the off-off-Broadway movement in the 1960s.

In 1965, she won her first Obie Award for *Promenade* and *The Successful Life of 3*.  She was also a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize with her play *And What of the Night?* in 1990. Other notable works include *Fefu and Her Friends*, *Mud*, *Sarita*, and *Letters from Cuba*.

Fornés became known in both Hispanic-American and experimental theatre in New York, winning a total of nine Obie Awards.

Fornés died in New York City on October 30, 2018 from complications of dementia at the age of 88.

## References
Bill Fischer (baseball)

**William Charles Fischer** (October 11, 1930 – October 30, 2018) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He was born in Wausau, Wisconsin.

He played in Major League Baseball from 1956 to 1964 for the Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, Kansas City Athletics and Minnesota Twins.  He later was a longtime pitching coach for three MLB clubs. 

Fischer died on October 30, 2018 in Council Bluffs, Iowa at the age of 88. 

## References
Rita Hart

**Rita Hart** (born May 5, 1956) is an American politician from Iowa. She became the Iowa State Senator from the 49th District in 2013. Hart is a member of the United States' Democratic Party.

Hart is a lifelong farmer and 20-year educator.

In June 2018, Fred Hubbell said Hart would join the Democratic ticket as the candidate for lieutenant governor in the 2018 governor election.

Hart was born in Charles City, Iowa.

Hart ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2020, but lost the election to Republican Mariannette Miller-Meeks by six votes. 

## References
Ken Shellito

**Kenneth John Shellito** (18 April 1940 – 31 October 2018) was an English footballer and manager. He worked in a coaching role for the Asian Football Confederation in Kuala Lumpur. He was known as a player for Chelsea  and the national team.

Shellito died at his home from kidney failure and a lung infection on 31 October 2018 in Inanam, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, aged 78.

## References
Carlo Giuffrè

**Carlo Giuffrè** (3 December 1928 &ndash; 1 November 2018) was an Italian actor and a stage director. He appeared in more than 90 movies between 1942 and 2002. He was born in Naples. He was known for his roles in *The Railroad Man*, *The Girl with the Pistol*, and *Poker in Bed*.

In 1984 Giuffrè won a David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy movie *Son contento*, directed by Maurizio Ponzi.

Giuffrè died on 1 November 2018 from cancer in Rome at the age of 89. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Beverly McClellan

**Beverly McClellan** (July 6, 1969 – October 30, 2018) was an American singer and musician. She was a contestant in the first season of the American TV series *The Voice*, reaching the final four. She was born in Kingsport, Tennessee, but raised in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 

McClellan was openly lesbian. n June 2011, she appeared on the cover of *SHE* magazine, a South Florida lesbian magazine. She also recorded lead vocals for the song "John the Revelator" on Steve Vai's 2012 album *The Story of Light*.

McClellan died on October 30, 2018, at the age of 49 from cancer in California.

## Discography
### Albums
(All independent releases on own label)
**Uncommon Ground*
**Back to My Roots*
**As a Girl*
**Talk of the Town* (2003)
**Beverly McClellan* (2011)
**Fear Nothing* (2011)

### Singles
## References
## Other websites
*Beverly McClellan official website