open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bloodletting

:*Blood donation is about donating blood; it does not affect the health of the person donating.*

, *Field book of wound medicine*, 1517]]
**Bloodletting** is the practice  of withdrawing blood from a patient to cure a disease. The practice was widely used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. People stopped using it in the 19th century. The idea of bloodletting comes from an ancient system of medicine called Humorism: This system states, that there are different *humors* in the body. To remain healthy, a patient had to keep these humours in balance. Bloodletting was the most common medical practice performed by physicians from antiquity until the late 19th century, a span of almost 2,000 years.

It was found that only in very few cases, this treatment helps cure a disease. The practice has now been abandoned for all except a few very specific conditions. There was no other treatment for hypertension. Bloodletting could sometimes have had a beneficial effect in temporarily reducing blood pressure by reducing blood volume. The problem with hypertension is that it is difficult to diagonse from its symptoms. Modern methods directly measure blood pressure. In Antiquity, this  effect was therefore unintentional. In most cases, the historical use of bloodletting was harmful to patients.

The diseases where bloodletting actually helps include Polycythemia vera. In this disease, the number of red blood cells is increased, which changes the viscosity of the blood. Another disease is Polycythemia, which also leads to an increased number of red blood cells.

## References
Morelos Municipality

**Morelos Municipality** may refer to:

*Morelos Municipality, Coahuila
*Morelos Municipality, Chihuahua
*Morelos Municipality, Michoacán
:Municipal seat: Morelos, Michoacán
*Morelos Municipality, Mexico
:Municipal seat: San Bartolo Morelos
*Morelos Municipality, Zacatecas
:Municipal seat: Morelos, Zacatecas

## Related pages
*Gran Morelos, municipality of Chihuahua
:Municipal seat: San Nicolás de Carretas
*Tepatitlán de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Jalisco
:Municipal seat: Tepatitlán de Morelos
*Ecatepec de Morelos, municipality of the state of México
:Municipal seat: San Cristóbal Ecatepec de Morelos
*Ocotlán de Morelos (municipality), municipality of  Oaxaca
:Municipal seat: Ocotlán de Morelos
*Santo Domingo de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Oaxaca
:Municipal seat: Santo Domingo de Morelos
*Tepelmeme Villa de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Oaxaca
:Municipal seat: Tepelmeme Villa de Morelos
*Totontepec Villa de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Oaxaca
:Municipal seat: Totontepec Villa de Morelos  
*Cañada Morelos, municipality of  Puebla
:Municipal seat: Morelos Cañada
*José María Morelos (municipality), municipality of Quintana Roo
:Municipal seat: José María Morelos, Quintana Roo
*Antiguo Morelos (municipality), municipality of  Tamaulipas
:Municipal seat: Antiguo Morelos
*Nuevo Morelos, municipality of Tamaulipas
:Municipal seat: Villa de Morelos
*Mazatecochco de José María Morelos, municipality of Tlaxcala
:Municipal seat: Mazatecochco
Sam Hui

**Samuel Hui Koon-kit** (born 6 September 1948), usually known as **Sam Hui**, is a Hong Kong Cantopop musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He is credited with popularizing Cantopop. His music includes Western-style music and popular, street Cantonese jargon in his lyrics writing.

## Discography
### Cantonese albums
*gwai maa seung sing (1974)
*tin choi yu bak chi (1975)
*The Private Eyes (1976)
*財神到 (1978)
*The Contract (賣身契) (1978)
*79夏日之歌集 (1979)
*念奴嬌 (1980)
*Security Unlimited (摩登保鑣) (1981)
*難忘您‧紙船 (1982)
*最佳拍檔大顯神通 (1983)
*新的開始 (1983)
*最喜歡你 (1984)
*最緊要好玩 (1985)
*熱力之冠 (1986)
*宇宙無限 (1986)
*潮流興夾Band (1987)
*許冠傑新曲與精選 (1987)
*Sam and Friends (1988)
*許冠傑89歌集 (1989)
*香港情懷90 (1990)
*90電影金曲精選 (1990)
*歌神與您繼續微笑04 (2004)
*人生多麼好 (2007)

### English albums
**Time of The Season* (1971)
**Morning After* (1974)
**Interlude* (1975)
**Came Travelling* (1977)

## Filmography
**Back Alley Princess* (馬路小英雄,1973)
**The Tattooed Dragon* (龍虎金剛, 1973)
**Chinatown Capers* (小英雄大鬧唐人街, 1974)
**Naughty! Naughty!* (綽頭狀元, 1974)
**Games Gamblers Play* (鬼馬雙星, 1974)
**The Last Message* (天才與白痴, 1975)
**The Private Eyes* (半斤八兩, 1976)
**Money Crazy* (發錢寒, 1977)
**The Contract* (賣身契, 1978)
**Security Unlimited* (摩登保鑣, 1981)
**Aces Go Places* (最佳拍檔, 1982)
**Aces Go Places 2* (最佳拍檔大顯神通, 1983)
**Aces Go Places 3* (最佳拍檔之女皇密令, 1984)
**A Family Affair* (全家福, 1984)
**Robby the Rascal* (1985)
**Working Class* (打工皇帝, 1985)
**Aces Go Places 4* (最佳拍檔千里救差婆, 1986)
**The Legend of Wisely* (衛斯理傳奇, 1987)
**Chicken and Duck Talk* (雞同鴨講, 1988; Cameo)
**Aces Go Places 5: The Terracotta Hit* (新最佳拍檔, 1989)
**Dragon from Russia* (紅場飛龍, 1990)
**The Swordsman* (笑傲江湖, 1990)
**Front Page* (新半斤八兩, 1990)
**Laughter of the Water Margins* (水滸笑傳, 1993)
*''All's Well, Ends Well Too* (花田囍事, 1993)
**Winner Takes All'' (大贏家, 2000)

## Other websites
*
*Sam's latest album's official site
Federal Institute of Bahia

**Federal Institute of Bahia** (*Instituto Federal da Bahia*, short **IFBA**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. It was established in 1910. It is one of the largest universities in Bahia as well as one the country's most successful universities.
José Antonio Expósito

**José Antonio Expósito Pineiro** (born in Águilas on May 2, 1978) is a Paralympic athlete from Spain.

## Personal 
He was born on May 2, 1978 in Águilas, Murcia.

## Athletics 
Antonio competes in T20 (track) and F20 (field) events. He competed at the 2008 INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships held in Tallinn, Estonia, and finished first in the 60 meters and long jump, and third in the 4x400 meter event. He finished first in the 2010 European championships in the 100 meters and long jump events. He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships where he was one of thirty-two athletes from Spain. He competed in the 2011 INAS World Games, and finished second in the 4x100 meter relay with teammates Francisco Santiago, Alberto Palomo and Dionibel Rodríguez Rodríguez.

Expósito has finished first at the Spanish national championships.  He competed in the 2012 Spanish national championships held in San Javier. He competed in the 2013 World Athletics Championships for people with intellectual disabilities hosted by the Czech Republic.  He finished first in the long jump.  He injured himself after his final jump.

### Paralympics 
Expósito competed at 2000 Summer Paralympics for Spain in the javelin and shot put.  He did not finish in the top three in those events.  He finished first in the 100 meters and the long jump. He could not compete in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics because cheating at the 2000 Games which included people with intellectual disabilities resulted in people with intellectual disabilities not being allowed to compete in those years. People with intellectual disabilities were allow to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Expósito finished first in the F20 Long Jump event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## References
Aranzazu González Muñoz

**Aranzazu Gonzalez Muñoz** (born June 5, 1975 in San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability and is an S4 type swimmer.   She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She finished first in the 50 meter breaststroke, 50 meter freestyle and 100 meter freestyle races.

## References
Antonia

The name **Antonia** [an-toh-nee-uh, -tohn-yuh]is a female given name. This name is from Roman origin. It is a feminine form of the name **Antonio**. The meanings of the name are "priceless", "beautiful" and "praiseworthy". 

There are several princesses and famous people named *Antonia*. A French form of the name is **Antoinette**.This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People
* Antonia Fraser, British historian and novelist
* Antonia Thomas, British actress
* Antonia Happel-Verduijn, Dutch water polo player and sport administrator
* Antonia San Juan, Spanish actress, director and screenwriter
* Antonia Novello, 14th Surgeon General of the United States

## Places
* Antonia, Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland
* Antonia, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, north Poland
* Antonia Fortress, Jerusalem
* Pico d'Antónia, Cape Verde

## Science
* Antonia (plant), a genus in the Loganiaceae family
* 272 Antonia, an asteroid

## References
Javier Goñi Lopéz

**Javier Goñi Lopéz** (born 12 April 1986 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: He cannot see everything and is an S11/B1 type swimmer.   He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. He finished second in the 100 meter backstroke race.

## References
Vicente Galiana Sánchez

**Vicente Galiana Sánchez** (born August 3, 1977 in Alicante) is a goalball athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind.  He became blind when he was three years old. His job is working as a coupon seller. He played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team was third.  He played goalball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. His team was six.  He played goalball at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  His team was 12.

## References
B2 (classification)

B2 is a group to allow athletes with different vision to compete against each other in sports.

## Definition 
B2 is a group to allow athletes with different vision to compete against each other in sports. The International Blind Sports Association (IBSA) says B2 athletes are: "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5 degrees." The Canadian Paralympic Committee says B2 athletes havve "Up to approximately 3-5% functional vision." B2 is used in other sports than sports run by the IBSA.  Other sports using B2 are blind golf. Blind golf rules say B2 golfers include "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2/60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees".

B2 is equal to other disability classifications for other sports. In adaptive rowing, the similar B2 class is LTA-B2. In horse riding, Grade 4 is the similar group to B2. For swimming, the similar disability group for B2 is S12.

## History 
B2 has its history in the early history of blind sports.  When blind people first started competing, people believed people who had better vision could unfairly compete against people with worse vision.  Different groups around vision problem were developed by the IBSA to make playing sport more fair for people with different levels of blindness.

The IBSA B2 is mostly the same since it was created, even as the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) changed methods to allow people to fairly compete against each other based on functional ability.

## Equipment
Equipment used by B2 sportspeople may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks. The use of a sighted guide by B2 athletes depends on the sport. For blind archery, B2 sportspeople use a sighting device based on the sense of touch and must not be able to see well enough to use a bowsight.

## References
Juan Francisco Jimenez Romano

**Juan Francisco Jimenez Romano** (born March 16, 1981 in Castello De La Plana, Castellón) is a swimmer from Spain.  He had a disability: he is an S8 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter 34 Points freestyle men's race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 100 meter Freestyle race. 

## References
Helsingin Sanomat

***Helsingin Sanomat***, nickname *Hesari*, is a newspaper published in Helsinki, Finland. It is the largest subscription newspaper in Finland and the Nordic countries. It is owned by Sanoma. Except after certain holidays, it is published daily.

## References
Letter box

A **letter box** (or **mail box**) is a box or  for receiving mail at a house or office. For collecting mail that is being sent, a post box is generally used instead.
Bridget

**Bridget** [brij-it]is a female given name. It comes from the Irish word *brígh*, which means "power, vigor, strength, virtue". Another meaning for this name is "exalted one".

The name is very popular in Ireland as a result of the popularity of Saint Brigid of Kildare. In the United States, *Bridget* was most often used in the 1970s, when it ranked near 153. The name has since dropped in its being popular in the United States. This name was ranked #722 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People named *Bridget* include Bridget Fonda.

## People
* Bridget Fonda, actress
* Bridget Marquardt, from *The Girls Next Door*
* Bridget Perrier (born 1977), Canadian anti-prostitution activist
* Bridget Sloan, American gymnast, Olympic silver medalist, world champion
* Bridget Regan , American actress
* Bridget Layburn , New Zealand water polo player
* Bridget Riley, British painter

## Other
* Bridget Jones's Diary, a novel and feature film

## References
Memorial Stadium (Bristol)

The **Memorial Stadium** is a sports ground in Bristol, England. It is the home stadium of Bristol Rovers F.C.. It is dedicated to the memory of the rugby union players of the city killed during World War I.

## History 
The stadium opened in 1921.
Nick Higgs

**Nicholas Higgs** is a former businessman and previous chairman of Bristol Rovers Football Club. He became chairman of the football club in August 2008, when he replaced Ron Craig, and stepped down in 2016.

## References
Jordi Gordillo Brunet

**Jordi Gordillo Brunet** (born August 16, 1983 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is an S5 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 point medley relay. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 point medley relay. 

## References
John Ward

**John Ward** (born 7 April 1951) is an English football manager and retired player.

## Managerial statistics
:*As of 18 December 2015.*

## Honours
### Manager
**Bristol City**
*Football League Second Division runner-up: 1997–98

**Cheltenham Town**
*Football League Two play-offs: 2006

**Individual**
*Football League Two Manager of the Month: November 2005
*Football League One Manager of the Month: February 2008, March 2008

## References
Storm of Love

***Sturm der Liebe*** (English: *Storm of Love*) is a German television soap opera. It is set in a hotel in Bavaria. It started on 2005 in Das Erste.

## Characters
### Main roles
### Supporting roles
### Former main roles
Penelope (given name)

**Penelope** [ p*uh*-**nel**-*uh*-pee ] is a female given name. Penelope is a name that has been in vogue for many centuries, and it carries a rich legacy and significance. It has a Greek origin and translates to "weaver" or "loom worker". According to Greek mythology, Penelope was the wife of Odysseus and was admired for her loyalty, intelligence, and attractiveness. This name was ranked # on the US Popular Names in 2021. People named Penelope include Penélope Cruz and Penelope Ann Miller. Fictional Penelopes include Penelope Pussycat from Warner Bros' *Looney Tunes* and Penelope Clearwater in the *Harry Potter* novels.

## People 
* Penelope Wilton, British actress
* Penelope Lively, British novelist

## References
Jesus Iglesias Cortes

**Jesus Iglesias Cortes** (born December 25, 1968 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He had a disability: he is an S7 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the 100 meter breaststroke.  He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay race. He finished third in the 50 meter S7 freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay race.

## References
David Julián Levecq Vives

**David Julián Levecq Vives** (born March 16, 1981 in Béziers, France) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, he lived in San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter freestyle.   He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 100 meter butterfly.  He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. 

## References
Gabriele Ferzetti

**Gabriele Ferzetti** (born ** Pasquale Ferzetti**; 17 March 1925 &ndash; 2 December 2015) was an Italian actor. He has appeared in over 160 movies and television programs. His career was at its peak in the 1950s and 1960s. He was known for his roles in *Lo Zappatore*, *Puccini*, *Casa Ricordi*, *The Bible: In the Beginning*, ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service*, and in *Once Upon a Time in the West''. 

Ferzetti was born on 17 March 1925 in Rome, Italy. He died in Rome on 2 December 2015 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bath Rugby

**Bath Rugby** are a rugby club based in Bath, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. The club were a major force in English rugby during the '80s and '90s where they regularly won both league and cup competitions. Their greatest achievement however came when they won the Heineken Cup in 1998.

Bath are also one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Leicester and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight.

## League position
### Former position
Gloucester Rugby

**Gloucester Rugby** are a rugby union club based in Gloucester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are known as the 'Cherry and Whites' in reference to their traditional red and white hooped shirts.

Gloucester's fiercest rivals are Bath, Bristol and Worcester with matches between the three being referred to as west country derbies.

## League position
### Former position
Centralism

**Centralism** is an idea on how to organize a state or government. The idea is to focus this organization under a single government instead of using many local government bodies. In many cases, this makes communication easier. An organization that is an example for centralism is the Roman Catholic Church.

## Related pages
* Devolution, the opposite concept
* Democratic centralism, a concept of Vladimir Lenin; he used the idea of centralism to organize political parties.
Meredith

**Meredith** is a mostly female given name, though a few males have the name. Meredith is a Welsh name. People named *Meredith* include Meredith Baxter and Meredith Vieira. Fictional Merediths include Meredith Gordon in the TV series *Heroes*.The name Meredith has been used in literature, music, and film. In literature, the name has been used in works such as "The Merry Wives of Windsor" by William Shakespeare and "The Eustace Diamonds" by Anthony Trollope. In music, the name has been used in songs such as "Meredith" by The Goo Goo Dolls and "Meredith" by The Sisters of Mercy. In film, the name has been used in movies such as "The Parent Trap" and "The Stepford Wives." The pronunciation of the name is [ **mer**-i-dith ].  This name was ranked #570 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

## People 
* Meredith Vieira, American broadcast journalist and television personality
* Meredith Monroe, American actress (born 1968)
* Meredith Baxter, American actress and producer (born 1947)
* Meredith Salenger, American actress

## References
Sale Sharks

**Sale Sharks** are a rugby club based in Manchester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

The club, originally based at Heywood Road in Sale, share the Salford City Stadium with the Salford City Reds.

The Sharks won the Aviva Premiership in 2006.

## League position
### Former position
Leicester Tigers

**Leicester Tigers** are a rugby union club based in Leicester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are the most successful English club with a record 10 championships and are the current champions.

The 'Tigers' are one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Bath and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight and are also the most successful English side in Europe having made five Heineken Cup finals, winning back to back titles in 2001 and 2002.

## League position
### Former position
Newcastle Falcons

**Newcastle Falcons** (formerly Gosforth/Newcastle Gosforth) are a rugby club based in Newcastle, England who play in the Premiership Rugby.

The club was formed in 1877 as Gosforth Football Club and were well known for their successes in cup competition. The advent of League rugby saw their first name change to Newcastle Gosforth as well as a move to the Kingston Park. At the start of the professional era the club adopted its current name of Newcastle Falcons and in 1998 they won the Premiership within a year of winning promotion from the second tier, a feat that has yet to be repeated.

## League position
### Former position
Harlequin F.C.

**Harlequins** are a rugby club based in London, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

They are perhaps most well known for their distinctive multi-coloured shirts. The official colours are listed as: light blue, magenta, chocolate, French grey, light green and black.

Their ground is not far from Twickenham Stadium (The home of the RFU) which was also the venue where they became Aviva Premiership champions in 2012.

## League position
### Former position
Bristol Rugby

**Bristol Rugby** are a rugby club based in Bristol, England who play in the RFU Championship. Their greatest success was winning the John Player Cup in 1983, which was at the time the sole national competition in English rugby.

## League position
### Former position
Iván Hompanera Alvarez

**Ivan Hompanera Alvarez** (born January 26, 1969 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and a T38 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. He finished first in the 5,000 meter race and the 800 meter race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. 

## References
Wasps RFC

**Wasps** are an English rugby club historically based in London, but playing home games in Coventry, who play in the Aviva Premiership.

Formed in 1867 at the now defunct Eton and Middlesex Tavern, Wasps had been, before their December 2014 move to Coventry, London's most successful club with six championships and two Heineken Cups.

The club have not played their home games in London proper since 2002. They first moved to Adams Park in High Wycombe, but were unable to expand the stadium to meet their needs. In late 2014, they bought Ricoh Arena in Coventry, and moved their home matches there in December 2014. 

## League position
### Former position

## References
Recreation Ground (Bath)

The **Recreation Ground** (commonly *the Rec*) is a large open space in the centre of Bath, England used for recreational purposes by Bath residents and the public generally.

## References 
## Other websites
*The Recreation Ground Trust website 
*History of The Recreation Ground 
*The Real Friends Of The Rec
Adams Park

**Adams Park** is a football stadium in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.                                          

## Other websites 
* The Adams Park Website
* Wycombe Wanderers FC
* London Wasps
* Expansion 'key to Wasps future'
Kingston Park (stadium)

**Kingston Park** is a multi-purpose stadium in Kingston Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches. It is the home stadium of Premiership Rugby side Newcastle Falcons and Betfred Championship Rugby League side Newcastle Thunder.

## Other websites 
* Kingston Park  at Newcastle Falcons
Piano sonata

A **piano sonata** is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, with the first usually in sonata form.

## References
Giulietta Guicciardi

**Julie ("Giulietta") Guicciardi** (23 November 1782&nbsp;&ndash;&#32;22 March 1856) was an Austrian countess. For a short time, she was a piano student of Ludwig van Beethoven. He dedicated his Piano Sonata No. 14 to her, which is now commonly known as the *Moonlight Sonata*.

Julie Guicciardi, as she was called by her family, was born in Przemyśl, Galicia in 1782.

## References
Worcester Warriors

**Worcester Warriors** are a rugby club based in Worcester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.
## League position
### Former position
## Other websites 
* Official Site 
* Come On You Warriors, Unofficial Supporters site on Sportnetwork
* Independent Supporters Site
* Official club sponsor: Fragrance Mad
* BBC Rugby Union
* Guinness Premiership
* European Rugby 
* Worcester News
Musical composition

(Borodin) ]]

**Musical composition** can mean an original piece of music, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of making a new piece of music.  A composition is a piece of music (the word "composition" means "putting together", so a composition is something where music notes have been put together).  When a composer writes a piece of music he or she is making a musical composition.

The word "composition" can also mean learning the skill of how to compose.  Music students may go to music college to study composition.  They will do this by looking at famous pieces of music to see how the composers of the past wrote music.  They will study musical form, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and learn about all the instruments and how to write well for them so that it sounds nice.

## Other websites 
* How to Compose Music www.artofcomposing.com
* Composition Today News, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.
* Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music , an online performance and documentary feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January 2010)
* A Beginner's Guide to Composing , an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (February 2008)
* Gems of compositional wisdom 
* A Practical Guide to Musical Composition 
* ComposersNewPencil  - Information, articles and music composition resources.
* How to compose music 
* Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world
* How to Compose for New Age Piano
* Music composer | Music Arranger | Music Idea | Minus One 
* best music composing software
H. Price McGrath

**H. Price McGrath** (1813-July 1881) was a "sporting-man" who opened the first gambling house in the American South, and bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875.

## Life
McGrath was born in Versailles, Woodford County, Kentucky. His father was a tailor and taught his son the trade, but McGrath sought something more to his taste and became a card sharp.

He travelled about the American South and West. In 1852, he opened the first gambling house in the South, at New Orleans, Louisiana. He and his partners conducted pools, finally having to charge $10 a head to enter the house. With the wealth he accumulated, McGrath bought 500 acres near Lexington, Kentucky.

This land became one of the great stock farms in the United States and was called "McGrathiana". McGrath bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875. McGrath lived like a lord, conducted his business honestly and openly, always backed his own horses, and died with an estate worth $200,000.

## Notes
## References
* Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... 1891. p. 686
* Coldstream Stud, Lexington, Kentucky
Beethoven House

The **Beethoven House** (German: ***Beethoven-Haus***) in Bonn, Germany, is a memorial site, museum and cultural institution serving various purposes. Founded in 1889 by the Beethoven-Haus association, it studies the life and work of composer Ludwig van Beethoven.

## Other websites 
*Official site
Piano Sonata No. 13 (Beethoven)

'*Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major *""'''*, Op. 27, No. 1, is a sonata which was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1800–1801.

## References
*Gordon, Steward (2005) Editorial matter to his edition of the Beethoven piano sonatas, Volume II. Alfred Music Publishing.
*Jones, Timothy (1999) *The "Moonlight" and other sonatas, Op. 27 and Op. 31''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Lockwood, Lewis (1996) "Reshaping the genre: Beethoven's piano sonatas from Op. 22 to Op. 28 (1799–1801)". *Israeli Studies in Musicology* 6: 1–16.
*Marson, Nicholas (2000) "The sense of an ending": goal directedness in Beethoven's music. In Glenn Stanley, ed., *The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Rosen, Charles (2002) ''Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion*. New Haven: Yale University press.
*Sisman, Elaine (1998) After the heroic style: "fantasias" and the characteristic sonatas of 1809. In Stanley, Glenn (1998) *Beethoven Forum VI''. University of Nebraska Press.

## Other websites
* , including the first edition.
* A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 27, No. 1
* Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major, Op. 27, No.1, Musopen
* European Archive Copyright free LP recording of the Sonata No. 13, Op. 27, No.1 in E-flat major by Hugo Steurer, piano at the European Archive (for non-American viewers only).
Francis Xavier

**Saint Francis Xavier, S.J.** (born **Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta**, 7 April 15063 December 1552) was a Spanish Jesuit. He was made a saint by the Catholic church. He is known for his travels to Asia, including Goa and Japan.

## Other websites
*St. Francis Xavier at the Catholic Encyclopedia
Muirfield

**Muirfield** is a golf course in East Lothian, Scotland, near Edinburgh. It is often used for The Open Championship.

## Other websites
*Muirfield website
Mutopia Project

The **Mutopia Project** is a volunteer-run effort to create a library of free content sheet music, in a way similar to Project Gutenberg's library of public-domain books.

## Related pages
* Open music
* Free content

## Other wbesites 
*Mutopia Project home page 
*Mutopia Project mirror (USA)
*Mutopia Project mirror (Portugal) 
*[ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/mutopia/ Mutopia Project archive via ftp]
Coach (carriage)

of the British monarch]]
A **coach** is a carriage pulled by two or more horses as a *team*. It is driven by a coachman and/or one or more postilions. The carriage is usually closed (with a roof) and has four wheels.

## Other websites 
*Belgian coach museum in Bree
*Coach - LoveToKnow 1911. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
*Coaches 1750 to 1900. History Learning Site.
*Coaching History  by Anne Woodley
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames!

***WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!***, released in Japan as ***Made in Wario*** and in European regions as ***WarioWare, Inc.: Minigame Mania***, is an action video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2003, in Europe on May 23, 2003, in North America on May 26, 2003, and in Australia on June 6, 2003. It is the first game in the *WarioWare* series.

In this game, players play "microgames", small minigames that last for only a few seconds. In these games, the player has to figure out what to do to complete them. They are helped by a word or phrase that appears at the beginning of the game. Games can be things such as shooting targets, selecting a multiple choice answer, or surviving until the end. Players are given four lives. If the player runs out of lives, the game ends.

A remake, *WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!*, was released for the Nintendo GameCube in 2003.

## Story
* Wario (Introduction)
* Jimmy T. (Sports)
* Mona (Strange)
* Dribble & Spitz (Sci-fi)
* 9-Volt (Nintendo)
* Yellow Jimmy (Remix)
* Dr. Crygor (Reality)
* Kat & Ana (Nature)
* Orbulon (IQ)
* Red Jimmy (Remix 2)
* Wario (Anything Goes)

## References
Northampton Saints

**Northampton Saints** are a rugby club based in Northampton, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They play at Franklin Gardens.

## League position
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position
|-
|2010 – 11||Aviva Premiership||4th in league; semifinalists
|-
|2011 – 12||Aviva Premiership||4th in league; semifinalists
|-
|2012 – 13||Aviva Premiership||4th in league; playoff runners up
|-
| 2013 – 14 || Aviva Premiership || 2nd in league; playoff champions
|-
|2014-15||Aviva Premiership||1st in league; semifinalists
|-
|2015-16||Aviva Premiership||5th
|-
|2016-17||Aviva Premiership||7th
### Former position
## Other websites
* Fansite
* Official Site
* Northampton Chronicle and Echo 
* BBC page
The Flaming Lips

**The Flaming Lips** are an American rock band formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1983.

## Members 
* Wayne Coyne – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards (1983–present)
* Michael Ivins – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1983–present)
* Steven Drozd – guitar, keyboards, bass, drums, backing vocals, lead vocals (1991–present)
* Kliph Scurlock – drums, percussion (2002–present)
* Derek Brown – keyboards, percussion, guitar, backing vocals (2009–present)

## Discography 
* *Hear It Is* (1986)
* *Oh My Gawd!!!...The Flaming Lips* (1987)
* *Telepathic Surgery* (1989)
* *In a Priest Driven Ambulance* (with Silver Sunshine Stares, 1990)
* *Hit to Death in the Future Head* (1992)
* *Transmissions from the Satellite Heart* (1993)
* *Clouds Taste Metallic* (1995)
* *Zaireeka* (1997)
* *The Soft Bulletin* (1999)
* *Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots* (2002)
* *At War with the Mystics* (2006)
* *Once Beyond Hopelessness* (2008)
* *Embryonic* (2009)
* *The Dark Side of the Moon* (2010)
* *The Flaming Lips and Heady Fwends* (2012)
* *The Terror* (2013)
* *Lipsha* (upcoming collaboration album with Kesha)

## Other websites 
* Official website
Northern Catalonia

(2785&nbsp;m) seen from near Perpignan]]
**Northern Catalonia** (, ) is a name that sometimes is used, mainly in Catalan writings, to refer to the territory given to France by Spain in 1659. The area corresponds approximately to the modern French *département* of the Pyrénées-Orientales.

The French name, *Catalogne Nord*, is used nowadays, although less often than the more politically neutral **Roussillon** (in reference to the pre-Revolutionary province). Sometimes **French Catalonia** is also used.

## Geography 
Northern Catalonia forms a triangle between the Pyrenees to the south, the Corbières to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The Plain of Roussillon in the east, by far the area where more people live, is formed by the floodplains of the Tech, Têt and Agly rivers (). The districts of Vallespir and Conflent cover the upper valleys of the Tech and the Têt respectively. The mountain Le Canigou (), , dominates much of the territory.

The climate is of the Mediterranean type, with hot, dry summers and winters which are relatively mild, at least on the Roussillon plain where snow is rare.

More of a quarter of the population of Northern Catalonia is in the city of Perpignan (). Perpignan is the only important administrative and service centre. Roads and trains run north&ndash;south through Northern Catalonia between France and Spain.

File:Localització de la Catalunya Nord respecte Catalunya.png|Northern Catalonia with respect to Catalonia, Spain.
File:Pyrénées-Orientales-Position.png|Pyrénées-Orientales (Northern Catalonia) within France.
File:Localització catalunya nord països catalans.svg|Northern Catalonia with respect to Catalan-speaking regions.

## Languages
French is the only official language in France as whole and in these municipalities. Catalan, in its Northern Catalan variety, is recognized as a regional language only by the region of Languedoc-Roussilon. It is estimated to be spoken by a quarter of the population, but understood by a higher percentage.

In 1700, the government of Louis XIV prohibited the use of the Catalan language in official documents.

In the 1950s, after centuries of being forbidden in education, the Catalan language was permitted to be studied for one hour per week in secondary school. In the 1970s, the Arrels Association and Bressola network of private schools started to offer complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery up to secondary education.

On December 10, 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department, alongside French and Occitan (in Fenouillèdes), with the goal to further promote it in public life and education.

## References 
## Other websites
*"Catalunya del Nord"  from the *Enciclopèdia catalana*
**Qui som els catalans del nord?* (Who are we Northern Catalans?)
Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen

**Robert II** Archbishop of Rouen (989–1037) and Count of Évreux. He was an important and influential member of the clergy of Normandy. Robert was an advisor to five dukes of Normandy. 
   
## Career
Robert was the son of Richard I the Fearless by his wife Gunnora. He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and the uncle of duke Robert I. Robert had always been involved in Norman politics and was a strong supporter of the Norman dukes. His nephew Richard III had a troubled and short reign of just over a year. When he was succeeded by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, Archbishop Robert had a great deal of trouble helping the new duke. In 1028 the duke attacked him and then made him leave Normandy. From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict. Duke Robert also returned all the property that he or his vassals had taken from the church. He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle. After making his illegitimate son William (William the Conqueror) his heir he asked the archbishop to watch over and protect his young son. Duke Robert then set out on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem never to return to Normandy. Robert was a witness to at least fifteen ducal charters during his career. He influenced Norman politics for nearly fifty years.
* William d'Évreux,
* Herleva de Evereux (married Gerard Flaitel)

## References
English Premiership (rugby union)

The **English Premiership** is a professional league competition for rugby union clubs in the top division of the English rugby union system. It is currently known as the **Gallagher Premiership** because of the league's sponsorship by Authur J. Gallagher & Co.

## Champions 
Courage League
*1987–88: Leicester Tigers
*1988–89: Bath
*1989–90: Wasps
*1990–91: Bath
*1991–92: Bath
*1992–93: Bath
*1993–94: Bath
*1994–95: Leicester Tigers
*1995–96: Bath
*1996–97: Wasps
Allied Dunbar Premiership
*1997–98: Newcastle Falcons
*1998–99: Leicester Tigers
*1999–2000: Leicester Tigers
Zurich Premiership
*2000–01: Leicester Tigers
*2001–02: Leicester Tigers
*2002–03: London Wasps
*2003–04: London Wasps
*2004–05: London Wasps
Guinness Premiership
*2005–06: Sale Sharks
*2006–07: Leicester Tigers
*2007–08: London Wasps
*2008–09: Leicester Tigers
*2009–10: Leicester Tigers
Aviva Premiership
*2010–11: Saracens
*2011–12: Harlequins
*2012–13: Leicester Tigers
*2013–14: Northampton Saints
*2014–15: Saracens
*2015–16: Saracens
José Antonio Mari Alcaraz

**José Antonio Mari Alcaraz** (born October 23, 1988 in Valencia) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S10 type swimmer. In 2012, he lived in San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona.  He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 50 meter S10 freestyle race.

## References
András Schiff

**András Schiff** (born 21 December 1953) is a Hungarian-born British classical pianist and conductor who has won a number of major awards. Since 2011, he has publicly stated criticism of Hungarian government policies.

## Other websites
*Andras Schiff: Beethoven Lecture-recitals at Wigmore Hall, London
*National Public Radio Article 
*In Concert on National Public Radio
Hector Lopéz Alonso

**Hector Lopéz Alonso** (born August 19, 1979 in Reinosa, Cantabria) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S2 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter backstroke race. 

## References
Courtney

**Courtney** is a given name. It is used for females and used for males. The name is of Norman and Old French origin. It came to England in the late 1060s. The name became a given name during the 17th century. While it can be used for either gender, it is more frequently utilized for girls. The name Courtney is associated with the French courtier, or court attendant, and has been in use since the 1960s. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

It was at first for males. Females did not start getting the name *Courtney* until after the 1956 publication of "Chocolates for Breakfast". That book is about a woman named Courtney who wishes she had been born male. Courtney is a somewhat common name. People named *Courtney* include Courteney Cox, Courtney Love and Courtney Thorne-Smith. Fictional characters with the name include Courtney Matthews in the ABC soap opera series *General Hospital*.

## People
### Last name of Courtney
* Bryce Courtenay (1933–2012), Australian novelist
* Duane Courtney (born 1985), English footballer
* Ernie Courtney (1875–1920), American baseball player
* James Courtney (1888–1934), New Zealand Military Cross recipient
* Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929), Polish linguist, creator of the idea of the phoneme
* Joel Courtney (born 1996), American film actor
* John Edgar Courtney (born 1934), Australian ornithologist
* Mel Courtney, New Zealand Independent politician
* Nicholas Courtney (1929–2011), British television actor
* Roger Courtney, British military officer influential in the establishment of the Special Boat Service
* Tom Courtenay, English actor

### First name of Courtney
* Courtney Alexander (born 1977), American basketball player
* Courtney Anderson (born 1980), American football player
* Courtney Babcock (born 1972), Canadian runner
* Courtney Hodges (1887–1966), United States Army general
* Courtney Kennedy (born 1979), American ice hockey player
* Courtney Lawes (born 1989), English rugby union player
* Courtney Lee (born 1985), American basketball player
* Courtney Paris (born 1987), American basketball player
* Courtney Solomon (born 1971), Canadian film director
* Courtney Vandersloot (born 1989), American basketball player
* Courtney Webb (born 1988), British actress and writer
* Courtney Whitney (1897–1969), American lawyer and Army commander
* Courtney Love  (born 1964) , American rock musician and actress

## Places
* Courtenay, British Columbia, a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island
* Courtenay River, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
* Courtenay, New Zealand, a locality in the Selwyn District
* Courtenay (New Zealand electorate), a former electorate in Canterbury, based on the locality of the same name
* Courtenay, Florida, an unincorporated community in Brevard County
* Courtney, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Yadkin County
* Courtney, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood of the borough of New Eagle
* Courtney Peak, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

## Science
* Courtney (crater), a tiny lunar impact crater

## References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

***The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*** is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians.

## Sources 
* Blom, Eric, editor (1954). ''Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (fifth edition). New York: St. Martin's Press () and London: Macmillan ().
** Supplementary volume, associate editor Denis Stevens, 1961, New York (), London ().
** Fifth edition reprints: 1966: New York (, London (); 1968: New York (); 1970: New York (); 1973: New York (), London (); 1975: New York (), London (, ISBN 978-0-333-19174-3.).

## Other websites
* Grove, George, ed.; *A dictionary of music and musicians 1450-1889 (1900)*, 4 Volumes. *Internet Archive*.  Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4
:Second edition:  Vol. 1 (1904) **A–E**, Vol. 2 (1906) **F–L**, Vol. 3 (1907) **M–P**, Vol. 4 (1908) **Q–S**, Vol. 5 (1910) **T–Z**, Appendix
* , San Francisco Symphony Orchestra
* 'Oxford Music Online (contains Grove Music Online)', Rutgers University Libraries
Ludwig Rellstab

**Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig Rellstab** (13 April 1799 – 27 November 1860) was a German poet and music critic. He was born and died in Berlin. 

The first seven songs of Franz Schubert's *Schwanengesang* have words by Rellstab, who had left them in 1825 with Beethoven, whose assistant Anton Schindler passed them on to Schubert. His work was also set to music by Franz Liszt. 

He is also known to have given Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27/2 its famous nickname *Moonlight Sonata*.

## References
Rjukan

**Rjukan** is a city in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The town had 3,386 people living there in January 2007. 

Between September and March, Rjukan is in the shadow of the mountains and does not get sunlight. 

## Geology
The city lies in a  valley.

## History
Rjukan became a city in 1996.

## References
## Other websites 
*Video about the sun mirrors
*Ice climbing in Rjukan 
*Postcard from Tinn
Fantasia (music)

The **fantasia** (from ; also , , ) is a musical composition with its style in the art of improvisation. Because of this, it rarely follows any rules of strict musical form (as with the impromptu).

## Related pages
* Canzona
* Capriccio
* Chorale fantasia
* Chromatic fantasia
* Ricercar
* Tiento
* Voluntary

## Sources
* Brett, Philip, Jennifer Doctor, Judith LeGrove, and Paul Banks. 2001. "Britten, (Edward) Benjamin". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
*Field, Christopher D. S. 2001. "Fantasia." *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
* Howes, Frank, and Christina Bashford. 2001. "Cobbett, Walter Willson". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
*Kennedy, Michael. 2006. *The Oxford Dictionary of Music*, second edition, revise, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

## More reading
* Antcliffe, Herbert. 1920. "The Recent Rise of Chamber Music in England". *Musical Quarterly* 6, no. 1 (January): 12–23.
* Meyer, Ernst Hermann. 1946. *English Chamber Music*. London: Lawrence & Wishart. Reprinted, New York: Da Capo Press, 1971. . Reference on the early English fantasy (fantazy, fantasie, fantasia.).
Fleet Air Arm

**Fleet Air Arm** is the generic name of the British naval aviation, part of the Royal Navy. It has both airplanes and helicopters.

*It uses Merlin helicopters to hunt submarines and transport marines.
*It uses Wildcat helicopters for piracy patrols.
*It uses F-35 jets for maritime attack.

## References
Axis of Advance

**Axis of Advance** was a Canadian black and death metal band from Edmonton, Alberta. 

The band was formed in 1998 and was formerly known as **Sacramentary Abolishment**. The band changed their name to **Axis of Advance** after drummer Paulus Kressman left the band. Axis of Advance was originally suppose to be the title of Sacramentary Abolishment's third album. The band considered J. Read to be a session member because they could not imagine anyone else drumming for them even though his drumming position was apparently permanent.

The band released their first EP, *Landline* in April 1999.

The band split up in 2008. Vermin joined J. Read's band Revenge to play session guitars afterwards and also played for Weapon for a little while.

## Band members 
;Final line-up
*Wör – Vocals, guitar (1998-2007)
*Vermin – Vocals, bass (1998-2007)
*J. Read – Drums (1998-2007)

## Discography 
### Albums
* *Landline* (1999)
* *Strike* (2001)
* *The List* (2002)
* *Obey* (2004)
* *Purify* (2006)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Axis of Advance on Discogs
Yakovlev Yak-42

**Yakovlev Yak-42** (Russian: Яковлев Як-42; NATO reporting name: **Clobber**) is civilian aircraft designed and built in the USSR by Yakovlev. It was built between 1980 and 2003. It looks like the Boeing 727. It is a triple-turbojet airliner that can carry at least up to 120 passengers. 

## Users 
It was mainly used by the Soviets and civilian companies in countries of the Warsaw Pact. Some Yak-42 were used in Africa and Asia. Russia and Ukraine had got some military aircrafts of this model.