open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Institutional Revolutionary Party

The **Institutional Revolutionary Party ** (, **PRI**) is a Right-leaning political party in Mexico founded in 1929. It held power in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, first as the **National Revolutionary Party** (, **PNR**), then as the **Party of the Mexican Revolution** (, **PRM**), and finally renaming itself as the **Institutional Revolutionary Party** in 1946.

The most recent President from PRI was Enrique Peña Nieto. Former presidents under PRI include: Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Lázaro Cárdenas, Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría Álvarez, José López Portillo, Miguel de la Madrid, Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Ernesto Zedillo.

## Other websites
*Mexican Democracy’s Lost Years — *New York Times*
Amber Lee Connors

**Amber Lee Connors** (born April 9, 1991) is an American voice actress, casting and voice director and script writer. She has provided voices for English dubbed Japanese anime and video games. Connors was born in Cleveland, Ohio, but raised in Dallas, Texas.

Connors is perhaps best known for proving her voice for Chica and other characters in the ''Five Night's at Freddy's* series beginning in *FNaF World* and later in *Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location* and *Ultimate Custom Night*. She is also known for her role as Nozomi in *Keijo!!!''.

Connors endorsed U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Virginia, Minnesota

**Virginia** is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. It is on the Mesabi Iron Range. The population was 8,421 at the 2020 census. It is relatively small, but is still one of the most dangerous cities in Minnesota when measured by the number of violent and property crimes compared to the number of people.

## References
Cal 3

**Cal 3** (also called **Proposition 9**) is a halted 2018 voter initiative to split California into three states. It was introduced by Tim Draper. If it passed, California would not be immediately split. The U.S. Congress would need to approve.

Supporters of the split said the state is too large to govern efficiently, and those against said the split is a waste of time and resources.

The initiative was taken off of the ballot in July 2018 by the Supreme Court of California. Tim Draper called the decision "corrupt."

## Analysis 
California is currently a stronghold for the Democratic Party. If the state were to split in three, Southern California could become a swing state. Splitting the state would also create 4 more Senate seats. The Republicans would not want all those 4 extra seats to go to the Democrats.

All three potential states voted for the Democratic nominee in the 2016 presidential election.

## Polls 
## References
Drover (company)

**Drover** is a London based company that provides vehicle subscriptions Users pay a fee for the right to use a car with insurance, maintenance, tax, MOT and breakdown coverage. The can change vehicles during the subscription or to cancel their subscriptions.  

## History 
Drover was founded in late 2015 by Felix Leuschner,. Previously, he was CEO of a fashion platform Sylistpick and virtualgoods market Gamegoods, and Matt Varughese. They had seen that most of the efforts in changing mobility had been focused on how to get from A to B and that very little had been done around car ownership itself.

In March, 2018 Drover got £5.5m from investors including BP Ventures, Partech Ventures and Cherry Ventures. This was on top of a £2m pre-seed investment.

In April 2018, Drover partnered with BMW Group to provide BMW and Mini vehicles to their users.

## Service 
Drover does not own any cars. it provides for vehicle subscriptions. Users pay a monthly fee for a car. This includes insurance, breakdown coverage, maintenance tax and MOT. There are no long term commitments. This lets users change cars and upgrade, downgrade or cancel their subscriptions. Felix Leuschner, CEO, says that by providing a better way of doing things , Drover will be able to improve the typical car purchasing experience.

## References
Bergün Filisur

**Bergün Filisur** is a new municipality of the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged to form the new municipality of Bergün Filisur.

## References
S-chanf

**S-chanf** (; ; ) is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.s-chanf.ch
*
Sils im Engadin/Segl

**Sils im Engadin/Segl** (; Romansh ), often also as *Sils i.E./Segl*, is a municipality and village in the Upper Engadine in the Swiss canton of the Graubünden. It is found of the district of Maloja.

The municipality has two villages *Segl Maria* (Romansh, ; *Seglias* is part of Segl Maria) and *Segl Baselgia* (German: *Sils Baselgia*; *Baselgia* is Romansh for church), the Val Fex (German: *Fextal*), and the three *Maiensäss*e Grevasalvas, Blaunca and Buaira above *Plaun da Lej* on the left side of the valley.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of the tourist office
*Official website of the municipality
*Website for the Corvatsch-Furtschellas lift system (in German)
*
Sils

**Sils** can mean:

*Sils, Girona, a municipality in the *comarca* of Selva in Catalonia, Spain
*Sils im Engadin/Segl, a municipality in the Upper Engadine in the Graubünden, Switzerland
**Lake Sils, a lake in the Upper Engadine in the Graubünden, Switzerland
*Sils im Domleschg, a municipality in the Graubünden, Switzerland
Ross, California

**Ross** is a small incorporated town in Marin County, California, United States, just north of San Francisco. It is about  west-southwest of San Rafael. The population was 2,338 at the 2020 census. The town is bordered by Kentfield and Greenbrae to the east, Larkspur to the south and San Anselmo to the north.

Ross is named in honor of James Ross, who bought Rancho Punta de Quentin in 1859.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town of Ross
Nadine Trintignant

**Nadine Trintignant** (born 11 November 1934) is a French movie director, producer, editor, screenwriter, and novelist. She is known for her movies ''Ça n'arrive qu'aux autres* and *L'été prochain*. Her movie *Mon amour, mon amour'' was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival.

## References
## Other websites
*
Brienz (disambiguation)

**Brienz** is a municipality in the canton of Bern, Switzerland

It may also refer to:
* Lake Brienz, a lake in Switzerland
* Brienz/Brinzauls, a former municipality in the canton of Graubünden
Bill Watrous

**William Russell Watrous III** (June 8, 1939 &ndash; July 2, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist. He was best known for his version of Sammy Nestico's arrangement of the Johnny Mandel ballad "A Time for Love," which he recorded on a 1993 album of the same name.  

In 1971, he played with the jazz fusion group Ten Wheel Drive. Also in the 1970s, Watrous formed his own band, The Manhattan Wildlife Refuge Big Band, which recorded two albums for Columbia Records. The band was later renamed Refuge West when Watrous moved to southern California.

Watrous died in Los Angeles, California on July 2, 2018 at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Swift (singer-songwriter)

**Richard Swift** (March 16, 1977 – July 3, 2018) was an American singer-songwriter, musician and producer. He was the founder, owner, and recording engineer of National Freedom, a recording studio located in Oregon. He worked as producer for such acts as The Shins, Damien Jurado, David Bazan, Foxygen, Jessie Baylin, Nathaniel Rateliff, The Mynabirds, Wake Owl,  Laetitia Sadier of Stereolab, Gardens & Villa, Cayucas, and Guster.

Swift was a former member of indie rock band The Shins and The Arcs. In April 2014, Richard announced via Twitter that he had joined The Black Keys as their touring bassist and backing singer.

In June 2018, Swift was hospitalized in Tacoma, Washington with a "life-threatening illness". He died on July 3, 2018 from hepatitis caused by his alcoholism, aged 41.

## References
Jacques François Mouret

in 1819, when it was operated by Mouret]]
**Jacques François Mouret** (1787–1837) was a French chess player. He became the chess teacher of the future Louis Philippe I. He was one of the most successful operators of The Turk, a famous chess-playing machine.

## Biography 
Mouret was a great-nephew of the famous chess player François-André Danican Philidor. He learned the game at the Café de la Régence, taught by Bernard and Carlier, two of Philidor's students. He was a pupil of Alexandre Deschapelles and later he became a teacher of La Bourdonnais. He also gave chess lessons to the children of the French King Louis Philippe I.

Mouret was an alcoholic. In 1842 the editor of the chess magazine *Le Palamède*, said  "*He was a clever fellow, sharp, gay, lively, amusing, and had studied seriously the theory of chess, by which he made his living. His talent redeemed a little the rudeness of his manner and a certain licentiousness which he indulged in. He used to be in a continual state of semi-intoxication*". George Walker  wrote that "*His brain was consumed in the Brandy*".

Mouret was believed to have written a book in 1836, *The Treaty Elementary Game of Chess.* But later evidence shows that he only made some corrections to the text.

He had no money when he died and so the members of the Chess Club of Paris paid for his funeral.

## Mouret and *The Turk* 
Mouret is best known as the person hidden inside The Turk, a fake chess-playing machine. Mouret was one of many great chess players who worked inside the machine, others being Johann Baptist Allgaier, who defeated Napoleon in 1809, Schlumberger, Boncourt and Lewis. Fifty games played by Mouret from inside the Turk in London in 1819, are collected in a book published in 1820. In the beginning of the book it was written that out of 300 games, the Turk (Mouret) only lost six. 

Mouret's weakness for drinking often left him without any money, so he probably sold the secret of the Turk in 1834 to *Le Magasin picturesque*. The article, *An attempt to analyze the automaton chess-player of M. Kempelen*, explained how a man could be hidden inside the Turk. Mouret was not named, but many people. including Walker, believe he was the source. The French master was sick and short of money at the time, and died three years later.

## The French Defense 
Mouret often used a move now called the French Defense. He was one of the only players to use it and is one of the main reasons for it being called the French Defense. Mouret taught the move to players at the Café de la Régence. One of his students convinced the Paris team to use the defense in games played by letters against a London team. Following the victory of the French team, the opening quickly became known as the French Defense.

## References 
## Other websites 
* HERITAGE des ECHECS FRANCAIS (in French)
* Additional games of Mouret (or The Turk operated by Mouret) at chessgames.com http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1336271,http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1381007,http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1316496,http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1508727
David Durenberger

**David Ferdinand Durenberger** (August 19, 1934 – January 31, 2023) was an American politician. He was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He served as a Republican member of the U.S. Senate from Minnesota from November 8, 1978 to January 3, 1995.

Durenberger endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election. He also supported former Vice President Joe Biden's campaign for the 2020 presidential election.

Durenberger died on January 31, 2023 at his home in Saint Paul, Minnesota from heart failure at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Birr

**Birr** can mean:

* Birr, County Offaly, a town in Ireland
* Birr, Switzerland, a municipality in Aargau, Switzerland
* Ethiopian birr, the currency of Ethiopia
Puma (brand)

**PUMA AG** is a German multinational company. The company designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear, apparel and accessories.The headquarter is in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany.

Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

The logo of Puma is puma jumping through the title or just jumping. 

It is estimated that Puma employs about 14,606 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries.

## References
Munevera Zulfikarpašić

**Munevera Zulfikarpašić**, born Gavrankapetanović (19181999), was a distinguished Bosnian and Sarajevan master of pharmacy. She was born in Ljubuški and died in Sarajevo.

She was:
*the first academically educated Bosniak woman with the degree of *Master of Pharmacy*
*among the first Bosnian-Herzegovinian pharmacists certified for the preparation of galenic preparations, and
* the first Bosniak woman with active participation in international scientific and expert conferences in the field of pharmacy.

Munevera Zulfikarpašić finished elementary and high schools in Sarajevo and graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy at University of Zagreb, 1942. The Pharmacy Exam passed in 1948, when she was promoted to "Pharmacy Health at the Level of *master of pharmacy*".

## Related pages
*Pharmacy

## References
Dennis DeConcini

**Dennis Webster DeConcini**  (born May 8, 1937) is an American lawyer, philanthropist, politician. He served as the Democratic U.S. Senator from Arizona from 1977 until his retirement in 1995. He was replaced by Jon Kyl. DeConcini was born in Tucson, Arizona.

In February 1995 DeConcini was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Board of Directors of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), where he served until May 1999.

DeConcini is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global nonprofit organization that combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction.

In June 2021, President Joe Biden nominated DeConcini as a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship Foundation. His nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in December 2021.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Speaking about President Carter and Senate on KJZZ Radio 
* 
* Parry, Romani, DeConcini & Symms
* Deconcini Mcdonald Law Firm
* 
* Book Award
* 
* DeConcini Backs Senator Obama
Amy Coney Barrett

**Amy Coney Barrett** (born January 28, 1972) is an American judge. Barrett is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since October 26, 2020. She was nominated by President Donald Trump. She was the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 2017 until 2020.

Before, she served as the Diane and M.O. Miller Research Chair of Law and Professor of Law at Notre Dame Law School.

## Supreme Court
### Nomination
Barrett was on President Trump's "shortlist" of potential Supreme Court nominees since 2017. She was seen as a possible replacement for then-retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy.

Shortly after the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 2020, she was seen as the top choice to replace her. On September 26, President Trump nominated her to replace Ginsburg.

### Tenure
On October 26, 2020, the Senate confirmed Barrett to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52–48.

### Landmark decisions
On June 24, 2022, Barrett was one of the judges who voted to strike down Roe v. Wade in a 5-4 decision. Roe vs. Wade is a decision of 1973, that said that a Texas law on abortion violated a woman's constitutional right to decide whether to continue or end a pregnancy. With this decision gone, regulating abortion is now up to  the states.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*  by the Notre Dame Law School
* Law schools play prominently in Trump's judicial nominations, law.com; accessed May 2, 2018. 
* [Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees](https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Barrett%20SJQ(PUBLIC).pdf) for the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Gun language

**Gun language** () is a language in the Gbe languages group. It is spoken by the Gun people in Benin and Nigeria. This language is close to Fon, as well as to Agbome, Kpase, Maxi and Weme (Ouémé) languages. It is the second most spoken language of Benin. It is used in some schools in the Ouémé Department of Benin.

It is mainly spoken in south Benin in Porto-Novo, Sème, Bonou, Adjara, Avrankou, Dangbo, Missérété, Akpro-Missérété, Cotonou and other cities where Gun people live. Gun is also spoken by a minority of people in southwest Nigeria near the border with Benin.

## References
## Bibliography 
* 
*
Bot

A **bot** is a computer program which acts automatically. It may do things that a person wouldn't normally do, or take a long time to do.  It is an automated or semi-automated tool or script. They may be simple, or advanced and complex:
#Software agents acts for a user doing things which the user programs it for. Software agents which interact with people (such as chatbots) have features which make this possible, such as natural language processing.
#More advanced agents:
##Intelligent agents can use artificial intelligence.
##Autonomous agents change the way they do things to achieve the same objectives. Also, there are multi-agent systems which can work together to get a result which could not be done by a single agent.
##Mobile agents can move (relocate) their working to different processors.

## Issues with bots 
Societies are going through a rapid learning process at present. The freedom of bots to mine data is challenged. By mining data is meant collecting information about use, and about users, so as to advance some commercial or other purpose. In the European Union, for example, bots must now ask for permission to mine data from users. Before, they could collect any data they liked from users inorder to promote the welfare of the companies that used them.

There is a Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases. It is a directive of the European Union in the field of copyright law, made under the Treaty of Rome. The need to protect the data of *users* is a more recent development. 

Data mining is certain to be extremely important in the future. On Wikipedia the use of bots is frequent (see link above), but the use of data mining is minimal.

## References
Military base

at Port des Galets naval base in Réunion]]
A **military base** is a place where a country can keep its armed forces. It could be an air base, an army base, or a navy base. It could be inside its home country, in a different, friendly country, or in a country being invaded or occupied.

## Military bases
*Dhekelia Cantonment, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia; The base has borders with Cyprus and North Cyprus.

In Europe
*Yavoriv military base, Ukraine

In North America

*Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba
*Camp Pendleton, California
*Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
*Fort Riley
*Fort Liberty (formerly, Fort Bragg), North Carolina

## Related pages
* Armory
* Arsenal
* Barracks
* Casern
* Combat outpost (COP)
* DoDAAC
* Facility
* Fire support base (FSB, FB)
* Forward Operating Base (FOB)
* Fortification
* Garrison
* Installation
* Joint base
* Magazine
* Main Operating Base (MOB)
* Marine Corps base
* Military airbase, airfield or field
* Military camp
* Naval air station
* Naval base
* Naval dockyard
* Outpost (OP)
* Presidio
* Proving ground

## References
Tom Holland

* in 2016.]]
**Thomas Stanley Holland** (born 1 June 1996) His mother is photographer and his father may be Comedian and Author, He has three younger brothers: Harry, Sam, and Patrick (Paddy). He was bullied in school for being a dancer.

He studied Nifty Feet Dance School on his childhood, He is started to dance from his school group at the 2006 Richmond Dance Festival, where he was spotted by choreographer Lynne Page, an associate to Peter Darling, choreographer of *Billy Elliot* and *Billy Elliot the Musical''. And than studies at Donhead Preparatory School in Wimbledon, London and Wimbledon College,  BRIT School and Carpentry school in Cardiff. 

## Personal life 
Holland lives in southwest London. He has been married to actress Zendaya since 2026. 

Holland was diagnosed with dyslexia in 2003.

## References
## Other websites
* Tom Holland at Curtis Brown Literary and Talent Agency
* 
* 
* The Brothers Trust
* Works by or about Tom Holland in libraries (WorldCat catalogue)
Seven Nation Army

"**Seven Nation Army**" (also stylized as "**7 Nation Army**") is a song by American rock duo the White Stripes. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, *Elephant*, in March 2003, and reached number one on the Alternative Songs chart for three weeks in a row. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song.

## Background
"Seven Nation Army" began with a guitar riff created by singer and guitarist Jack White at the Corner Hotel in Melbourne, while the White Stripes were on the Australian part of their tour in January 2002. 

White originally wanted to use the riff for a possible James Bond theme, however decided to use it into a White Stripes song after saying how slim his chances were of ever being asked to create a Bond theme.

"Seven Nation Army" is seen as an alternative rock, garage rock, blues rock and punk blues.

## Reception
The song became popular in multiple countries. Critics liked the song because of its distinctive riff and drumbeat and some have called the song one of the best songs of all time. and *Pitchfork*s In 2021, *Rolling Stone* ranked "Seven Nation Army" 36th on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

### Popularity
"Seven Nation Army" has become a sports anthem. Audience at these events tend to chant the song in which they yell "oh" sounds or the name of an athlete is sung to the tune of the song's riff. It has also has became a theme song for sports teams, personalities, and events, including the 2018 FIFA World Cup. 

Following a speech by Jeremy Corbyn at Wirral Live music festival in May 2017, supporters in the audience began to chant Corbyn's name to the tune of the song's riff. This was repeated on several times in the run-up to the 2017 UK general election, and afterwards at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, where Corbyn appeared on the Pyramid stage.

## References
Jagmeet Singh

**Jagmeet Singh Dhaliwal**  (born January 2, 1979) is a Canadian politician and lawyer. He has been the leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada since 2017. He used to be a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2011 to 2017. He represented the electoral district of Bramalea—Gore—Malton.

After the leadership election, he became the first person of a visible minority to be the permanent leader of a major federal political party. He lost his re-election as member of Parliament during the 2025 federal election and announced his plans to resign as New Democratic Party leader.

## Biography
Jagmeet Singh was born on January 2, 1979 in Scarborough, Ontario. His parents were Harmeet Kaur and Jagtaran Singh, who both came from the state of Punjab in India. He started his career as a criminal defense lawyer.

Singh was first elected in the 2011 Ontario provincial election. He represented the ONDP. In 2015, he became the Deputy Leader of the Ontario New Democrats under Andrea Horwath until 2017.

Singh announced he would run for leadership of the federal New Democratic Party of Canada to replace Tom Mulcair which he won. He did not have a seat in the House of Commons until March 2019. This was when he won a seat in Burnaby South, British Columbia in a by-election.

During the 2025 federal election, with the NDP expected to lose official party status and having lost his seat in parliament, Singh announced that he would resign as party leader once an interim leader was chosen in advance of the next party leadership election.

## Political views
Singh has branded himself a progressive and a social democrat. Singh supports LGBTQ rights. 

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Brad Dye

**Brad J. Dye, Jr.** (December 20, 1933 – July 1, 2018) was an American politician. He was born in Charleston, Mississippi. Dye served three 4-year terms as 27th Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi from 1980 until 1992. He served under William Winter, William Allain and Ray Mabus. Dye was a member of the  Democratic Party.

Dye died of respiratory failure on July 1, 2018 in Ridgeland, Mississippi at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Oral History Project
*
Ray Mabus

**Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr.** (born October 11, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat. He is a member of the Democratic Party. 

Mabus served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017. Mabus also served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988, as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996.

In 2012, he appeared in the movie *Battleship* as the Commanding Officer of USS Ronald Reagan.

## Other websites
*United States Navy bio page
*Mississippi Historical Society biography
*
**C-SPAN *Q&A* interview with Mabus, February 5, 2012
Bukalapak

**Bukalapak** is an online marketplace in Indonesia, owned and run by PT. Bukalapak.

## History 
Bukalapak was founded by Achmad Zaky in early 2010 as a digital agency division named Suitmedia, based in Jakarta. However, Bukalapak has only been a Limited Liability Company (PT) in September 2011 and is managed by management led by Achmad Zaky as CEO (Chief Executive Office) and Nugroho Herucahyono as CTO (Chief Technology Officer).

## Users 
In one day, Bukalapak visited more than 2 million visits. Until now, Bukalapak has 7 million sold by users (as of December 2015) and is in position 11 major sites in Indonesia based on Alexa.

## References
Dick Feagler

**Richard Feagler** (July 29, 1938 – July 1, 2018) was an American journalist, playwright and television personality. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He entered journalism in 1963, writing obituaries for the *Cleveland Press*. In 1970 Feagler started a regular feature column that continued until the *Press* closed in 1982. He won a Peabody Award in 1991. He was the host of *Feagler & Friends*, a weekly half-hour discussion program on WVIZ until 2013.

Feagler died July 1, 2018 in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
*
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070120174015/http://www.wcpn.org/about/staff.html ]
*Queer high for a straight guy 
**Plain Dealer* column archive 
*Feagler & Friends 
*Feagler, Dick. "Christmas at Aunt Ida's." 1993. Rpt. 21 Dec. 2007.
Aphorism

An **aphorism** is a memorable saying. It often contains proverbs and a surprising truth. Most aphorisms are quite short, but not all:

**Ars longa, vita brevis* (Art is long but life is short). Hippocrates' opening to his work on medicine.
**To do nothing is sometimes a good remedy*. Hippocrates.
**The various modes of worship, which prevailed in the Roman world, were all considered by the people, as equally true; by the philosopher, as equally false; and by the magistrate, as equally useful*. Edward Gibbon, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", volume 1, chapter 1.
**Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely*. Lord Acton (John Dalby-Acton, 1st Baron Acton), in *The history of freedom in antiquity* (1877).
**Our virtues are most frequently but vices in disguise*. ("Nos vertus ne sont, le plus souvent, que de vices déguisés".)  Francois de La Rochefoucauld. *Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims (1665–1678)*
**We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars*. Oscar Wilde, in ''Lady Windermere's Fan* (1892).
**Fool, nothing is impossible in Russia but reform.* Oscar Wilde, in Vera; or, The Nihilists (1880).
**All is flux*, and *You cannot step into the same river twice*. Both quoted by Plato in his *Cratylus'', and both were remarks of Heraclitus. But Plato's version was not quite the same. The first was *All entities move and nothing remains still*.
Patrick Finnegan

**Patrick Finnegan** (September 20, 1949 – July 2, 2018) was a United States Army Brigadier General. He served as president of Longwood University from 2010 to 2012. Finnegan served 39 years in the U.S. Army, retiring in 2010 after serving as the 12th Dean of the Academic Board at the U.S. Military Academy. He was born in Fukuoka, Japan, but raised in Baltimore, Maryland.

Finnegan died in Farmville, Virginia on July 2, 2018 from a heart attack, aged 68. 

## References
## Other websites
*Patrick Finnegan's Facebook page
Ángel Roberto Seifart

**Ángel Roberto Seifart** (12 September 1941 &ndash; 2 July 2018) was a Paraguayan politician. He was a member of the Colorado Party. He was born in Asunción, Paraguay.

Seifart was minister of education in the military government of Andrés Rodríguez. In 1993, he was elected Vice President of Paraguay as running mate of Juan Carlos Wasmosy for the period from 15 August 1993 to 15 August 1998 and also a minister in the cabinet of Raúl Cubas Grau.

Seifart died in Asunción on 2 July 2018 from complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 76.

## References
Mario Abdo Benítez

**Mario Abdo Benítez** (born 10 November 1971) is a Paraguayan politician. He served as president of the Senate of Paraguay. Abdo Benítez is the 51st President of Paraguay from 15 August 2018 to 15 August 2023.

## References
## Other websites
* Official campaign website 
*Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
Juan Carlos Wasmosy

**Juan Carlos Wasmosy Monti** (born December 15, 1938) is a Paraguayan politician. He was the President of Paraguay from August 15, 1993 until August 15, 1998. He was a member of the Colorado Party, and the country's first civilian president in 39 years.

In 2002, Wasmosy was convicted of defrauding the Paraguayan state and was himself sentenced to four years in prison. The sentence was later appealed.

## References
## Other websites
*WASMOSY, Juan Carlos International Who's Who. accessed September 3, 2006.
*Biography by CIDOB
Gordon Hillman

**Gordon Hillman** (29 July 1943 – 1 July 2018) was a British archaeobotanist. He worked as Professor in Archaeobotany (Palaeoethnobotany) at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London.

He was awarded the Distinguished Economic Botanist award by the Society for Economic Botany in 2004.

Hillman died on 1 July 2018 in London of complications from Parkinson's disease, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* Full bibliography
* *Wild Plant Foods of Britain* by Gordon Hillman
Henri Dirickx

**Hendrik Paul "Rie" Diricx** (7 July 1927 – 4 July 2018) was a Belgian football player. He was born in Duffel.

Dirickx played for Union Saint-Gilloise. He earned a total of 30 caps for Belgium between 1952 and 1960. He was part at the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

Dirickx died on 4 July 2018, three days before his 91st birthday.

## References
Raúl Cubas Grau

**Raúl Alberto Cubas Grau** (born August 23, 1943 in Asunción) is a Paraguayan politician. He served as the President of Paraguay from 1998 until 1999.

## References
## Other websites
*Cecila Cubas body found – MSNBC
* Biography by CIDOB
Luis Ángel González Macchi

**Luis Ángel González Macchi** (born December 13, 1947) is a Paraguayan politician. He was the President of Paraguay from 1999 until 2003.

On December 4, 2006, González Macchi was sentenced to eight years in prison for fraud and embezzlement. The sentence was appealed.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography by CIDOB
Nicanor Duarte

**Óscar Nicanor Duarte Frutos** (born 11 October 1956) is a Paraguayan politician. He served as President of Paraguay from 2003 to 2008.

Nicanor Duarte announced his resignation as president, in order to assume a position as Senator on 1 July 2008. He presented his resignation on 23 June 2008 to the President of the Congress of Paraguay, Senator Miguel Abdón Saguier.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography by CIDOB
President of Paraguay

The **President of Paraguay** () is according to the Constitution of Paraguay the head of the executive branch of the Government of Paraguay, both head of state and head of government.

The President is limited to a single five-year term. it was ultimately rejected.

The Presidential seat is the Palacio de los López, in Asunción. The Presidential residence is the Mburuvichá Roga, also in Asunción.

Once Presidents leave office, they are granted by the Constitution of Paraguay the speaking-but-non-voting position of Senator for life.

The current President of Paraguay is Santiago Peña, since 15 August 2023. He was elected in 2023.

## List of heads of state of Paraguay (1811–present)
### Non-presidential heads of state (1811–1844)
### Presidents (1844–present)
## Living former presidents
There are seven living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Alfredo Stroessner (1963&ndash;1989), on 16 August 2006.

File:Wasmosy 1990 (cropped).jpg|**Juan Carlos Wasmosy**(1993–1998)
File:Gray - replace this image male.svg|**Raúl Cubas**(1998–1999)
File:Gonzalez Macchi 2003.jpg|**Luis Ángel González Macchi**(1999–2003)
File:Fernando Lugo - ITN.jpg|**Fernando Lugo**(2008–2012)
File:Federico Franco 2.jpg|**Federico Franco**(2012–2013)
File:Horacio Cartes con banda.jpg|**Horacio Cartes**(2013–2018)
File:Mario Abdo Benítez com Michel Temer (cropped).jpg|**Mario Abdo Benítez**(2018–2023)

## Notes
## References
Fernando Lugo

**Fernando Armindo Lugo Méndez** (; born 30 May 1951) is a Paraguayan politician. He was President of Paraguay from 2008 to 2012. He was a Roman Catholic priest and bishop, serving as Bishop of the Diocese of San Pedro from 1994 to 2005.

In 2012, he was removed from office through an impeachment process, which some people believed it was a coup d'état. He was elected to the Senate of Paraguay in the 2013 general elections.

In August 2010, Lugo was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. He continued his duties as president of Paraguay while undergoing treatment.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from South America

## References
## Other websites
* Fernando Lugo profile at CatholicHierarchy website
* 27 February 2007 New York Times article on Lugo's possible candidacy
* 22 February 2007 article on Lugo from Worldpress.org
* 30 December 2006 Daily (Maybe) blog on background to Lugo's presidential bid
* Lugo Wins Election at AP
* 18 April 2008 article on Lugo and Paraguay elections from The Christian Science Monitor
* "Rise of the Red Bishop", *The Guardian Weekly*, 14 August 2008
*Biography by CIDOB
Georges-Emmanuel Clancier

**Georges-Emmanuel Clancier** (3 May 1914 – 4 July 2018) was a French poet, novelist, and journalist. He won the Prix Goncourt (poetry), the Grand Prize of the Académie française, and the grand prize of the Société des gens de lettres.

From 1955 to 1970, he worked in Paris as secretary general of the programming committees of Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française, (which later became the ORTF). In 1956 he published *Le Pain noir*, a series of novels in which he told, until 1961.

He was President of the PEN of France from 1976 to 1979, where he worked in the defense of writers threatened, detained, deported or exiled. In 1980 he was Vice-President of the French Commission for UNESCO, in 1987 Vice President of International PEN, and chairman of the House of Writers which was founded in 1986 to 1990. 

Clancier turned 100 in May 2014 and died on 4 July 2018 from pneumonia in Paris, aged 104.

## References
Luis Alberto Lacalle

**Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera**, GCMG, (, known as **Cuqui** (born July 13, 1941) is a Uruguayan lawyer and politician. He served as President of Uruguay from 1990 to 1995.

In August 1978 Lacalle was sent three bottles of wine tainted with poison  The case remains unsolved.

His son is Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou, the 42nd President.

## References
Aquatic locomotion

of a Gram-negative bacteria is rotated by a molecular motor at its base]]
 swims by beating its antennae]]
s swim by clapping their two shells open and closed]]

**Aquatic locomotion** is animals and other organisms moving through water. The surface of the world is mostly covered with water, and all major animal phyla started life in the water.

The earliest fossils we have are those of stromatolites, which are mat-like structures formed by photosynthetic bacteria in the sea. Even animals which evolved on land have often returned to the water, even though they usually continue to breath air. There are aquatic insects, reptiles, mammals and birds.

We don't quite know when the first animals and plants evolved, but some guesstimates have been made. Acritarchs are present from about 3200 to 1400 million years ago to the present. That's a wide time-range which means we cannot be sure when they evolved. They seem to have been grazed (eaten) by some early forms of life. Probably some kind of protist developed using existing life forms as food.

Locomotion is needed to find the right place in the seas, and to eat and avoid being eaten. All advanced forms of life, and many primitive forms of life, use locomotion.

## Propulsion systems 
### Microorganisms 
The simplest propulsive systems evolved in microorganisms. Cilia and flagella are used.

Swimming has evolved a number of times in more complex life-forms. Examples include arthropods, fish, molluscs, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Ciliates have hundreds or thousands of small flagella called cilia to move through the water. Certain organisms such as bacteria and animal sperm have a flagellum to move in liquid environments.

### Invertebrates 
All aquatic invertebrates swim at some stage in their lives, and many swim for their entire life. All jellyfish swim by pulsing their cup-shaped bodies. Crustaceans swim with their legs. Some molluscs swim all their lives, some only as larvae.

Squid and octopods swim quite vigorously by 'jet propulsion'. They squirt water out to move.

There are a very large number of insects which are aquatic as larvae or adults. Almost all use their legs for swimming. They are air-breathing, and carry air with them as they swim. The air they get from the surface of the water, and take it down with them. Usually, the air is trapped among dense hairs on their surfaces. 13 orders of insects have aquatic stages, including all mayflies and dragonflies, and many beetles, bugs, and flies.

### Vertebrates 
[to come]

## References
President of Uruguay

The **President of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay** () is the head of state and head of government of Uruguay. The President of the Republic is the Commander in Chief of the Armed forces. The President is elected direct popular election for a term of five years.  He may be reelected any number of times, but is ineligible for immediate reelection. 

Since 1990, the President's term has begun and ended on March 1. The current President is Yamandú Orsi.

## List
## Other websites
*Politics Data Bank at the Social Sciences School – Universidad de la República (Uruguay)
Habib Bourguiba

**Habib Ben Ali Bourguiba** ( *al-Ḥabīb Būrqībah*; 3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman.

Bourguiba served as the country's leader from independence in 1956 to 1987. He first served as the second Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia before proclaiming the Tunisian Republic in 1957 and thus becoming the first President of Tunisia.

Before to that, he played a major role in obtaining independence from France, ending the 75 years old protectorate and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant".

## References
Church of North India

The **Church of North India** (CNI) is a major Protestant denomination in northern India. It is a united church established on 29 November 1970 by bringing together the main Protestant churches working in northern India; it is a province of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is one of the three successors of the Church of England in South Asia, the others being the Church of Pakistan and the Church of South India. The merger resulted from discussions begun in 1929; it came eventually between the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon (Anglican), the United Church of Northern India (Congregationalist and Presbyterian), the Baptist Churches of Northern India (British Baptists), the Church of the Brethren in India, which withdrew in 2006, the Methodist Church (British and Australian Conferences) and the Disciples of Christ denominations.

The CNI's jurisdiction covers all states of the Republic of India with the exception of the four states in the south (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu) and has approximately 1,250,000 members (0.1% of India's population) in 3,000 pastorates.

## References
Toronto International Film Festival

The **Toronto International Film Festival** (or **TIFF**) is the largest movie festival of Canada and a major international movie festival. It attracts over 480,000 people annually. It was founded in 1976 and is held in Toronto.

In 2007, the *Time* magazine noted that TIFF had "grown from its place as the most influential fall film festival to the most influential film festival, period.

The festival's People's Choice Award has been an indicator of success in the awards season. Past movies include Academy Award winners, such as *Slumdog Millionaire*, ''The King's Speech*, *La La Land*, *12 Years a Slave* and *Silver Linings Playbook*.

## Notable movie premieres
Movies such as *American Beauty*, *Ray* and *Black Swan'' have premiered at the TIFF.

## References
Parson's Cause

The '''"Parson's Cause"''' was a legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia. Many people think it was an  important event leading up to the American Revolution. The case was about the payment of clergy of the Anglican Church in Virginia.  At the time, a lot of tobacco was planted in Virginia. It was one of the commodity crops of the colony.  The colony of Virginia had passed laws in  1748: These laws said that  Virginia's Anglican clergy were to be paid 16,000 pounds of tobacco per year. 

The problem was that the harvest of tobacco was poor in 1758. Because of that, the price of tobacco in Virginia rose from two to six pennies per pound. This also meant the salary of clergy effectively tripled, that year. The state of Virginia was forced to act, and passed a law called the *Two Pennies Act*: This law allowed the state authorities to pay the clergy in currency, instead of tobacco. It also fixed the exchange rate of tobacco: it said that for these payments, the state should take a rate of two  pennies per pound of tobacco.  King George III of Great Britain vetoed the law, causing an uproar in the colony.  Many Virginia legislators saw the king's veto as a breach of their legislative authority.

Colonel John Henry, father of Patrick Henry, was the judge who presided over the court case and jury that decided the issue.  Patrick Henry was the person who argued in favor of colonial rights in the case. He was relatively unknown at the time.

The Reverend James Maury had sued in Hanover County Court (April 1, 1762) for back wages on behalf of all the ministers involved: he effectively became a representative of the British cause.  The court ruled (Nov. 5, 1763) that Maury's claim was valid, but that a jury had to determine the amount of damages. This jury was called for in December  1763. Patrick Henry rose to prominence by defending Hanover County against Maury's claims. Henry argued in favor of the Two Penny Act.  As reported by the plaintiff Maury in a letter (Dec. 12, 1763) to fellow Anglican minister John Camm shortly after the trial, Henry argued in substance "that a King, by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience."

The jury awarded Maury one penny in damages. The award essentially nullified the Crown veto, and no other clergy sued.

The Hanover County Courthouse is still operating; historic U.S. Route 301 passes by it. The courthouse is next to the Hanover Tavern, where Patrick Henry lived while arguing the Parson's Cause. It is the third oldest courthouse still in use in the United States.  The state historic office dates the building's construction between 1737 and 1742.

## References
Late-May 1998 tornado outbreak and derecho

The **Late May 1998 tornado outbreak and derecho** was a weather event in the United States from May 30-31, 1998. It affected the northern half of the country and southern Ontario, from Montana to the Mid-Atlantic states.

## Weather events 
### Spencer, South Dakota tornado 
The first reports of severe weather were from Montana around 12:30 p.m. MDT. The tornado struck Spencer, South Dakota around 8:37 p.m. CDT. The Spencer tornado was an F4. Six people were killed in this tornado.

### Derecho event (May 30-31) 
The same storm that produced the Spencer, South Dakota tornado turned into a derecho affecting Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York. The derecho killed another 6 people.

### New York and Pennyslvania tornadoes (May 31) 
On May 31, tornadoes broke out across Pennyslvania and New York, this being the most destructive to sweep across the two states since the 1985 United States-Canada tornado outbreak.
Carmen Campagne

**Carmen Campagne**  (September 8, 1959 – July 4, 2018) was a Canadian singer and children's entertainer. She, along with Connie Kaldor, received a Juno Award at the 1989 in the category Best Children's Album for *Lullaby Berceuse*. She was born in Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan.

In 2013, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada "for her contributions as a singer, songwriter and composer enhancing music for young children and using music in French-language education".

Campagne died of pancreatic cancer at age 58 on July 4, 2018, in Willow Bunch.

## References
Ernst W. Hamburger

**Ernst Wolfgang Hamburger**  (8 June 1933 — 4 July 2018) was a German-born Brazilian physicist. Hamburger was known for his activities regarding public understanding of science. He was the director of Estação Ciência, an interactive science museum in São Paulo. He won the UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science, the José Reis Award for the Divulgation of Science, the medal of the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit, and was a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

Hamburger was born in Berlin and died on 4 July 2018, in São Paulo, of lymphoma at the age of 85.

## References
Adamu Ciroma

**Adamu Ciroma** (20 November 1934 &ndash; 5 July 2018) was a Nigerian politician.

Ciroma served as Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria. He was born in Potiskum, Yobe State. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party.

Ciroma was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He served as Minister of Finance in the government of Olusegun Obasanjo from 1999 to 2003. His wife Maryam Ciroma holds the position of PDP National Women leader in Nigeria.

## References
Federico Franco

**Luis Federico Franco Gómez** (born 24 July 1962) is a Paraguayan politician. He was President of Paraguay from June 2012 until August 2013. He is a member of the Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA). He was elected as Vice President of Paraguay in the 2008 presidential election as the running mate of Fernando Lugo. He started as president in August 2008.

Following Lugo's impeachment by the Senate on 22 June 2012, he replaced Lugo as President and was president until 15 August 2013, which was the end of period Lugo was elected for.

## References
Neil McDermott

**Neil McDermott** (born 15 December 1980) is an English stage and television actor. He is best known for portraying Ryan Malloy in the BBC television soap opera, *EastEnders*.

McDermott appeared in the 2008 *Doctor Who* episode "The Next Doctor", as well as *Casualty* and *Rosemary and Thyme*, amongst others, the feature movies *Goal!* and *Blooded*, and various stage productions including *The Sound of Music* in the West End. He trained at the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Charles B. Reed

**Charles Bass Reed** (September 29, 1941 – December 6, 2016) was an American educator. He served as Chancellor of the State University System of Florida from 1985 to 1998 and chancellor of the California State University (CSU) system from 1998 to 2012.

Reed died on December 6, 2016 at his home in Tallahassee, Florida at age 75.

## References