open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Swimming

**Swimming** is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes. People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport. There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: *front crawl*, *breaststroke*, *freestyle*, *butterfly*, and *backstroke*.

Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously. It is impact free. It also builds up stamina. 

## Styles of swimming 
There are several styles in swimming. Some of them are:

* Front crawl: Fastest and most efficient technique; also called freestyle, because swimmers use it in freestyle events.
* Backstroke: Only stroke that is swum on the back with the swimmer looking up; uses the same leg movements (flutter kick) as crawl.
* Breaststroke: One of the easiest and most relaxing strokes; competitive swimmers find it difficult because it uses more energy when swum at a fast pace.
* Butterfly: Powerful and fast; relies on good technique; uses the dolphin kick; the hardest and least popular stroke.

## Competitive swimming
The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events. An athlete goes through several stages of training. At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work. The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition. This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level. At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin. Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water. The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water.

## Equipment
Sometimes equipment is used when swimming, and can include:

* Fins: rubber or plastic and are worn on the foot.
* Kickboard: keeps the upper body afloat; allows the swimmer to concentrate on kicking correctly
* Pull buoy: foam float that swimmers hold between their thighs to keep the lower body high and flat; helps to learn the arm and upper body movements
*Swimming Suits: These are made from a special fabric and used in swimming

## Related pages
* Aquatic locomotion deals with animals swimming.

## References
What's Love Got to Do with It (song)

"'''What's Love Got to Do with It'''" is the second single released in May 1984. It is from Tina Turner's album, *Private Dancer*. The song is a pop rock and soul song written by Graham Lyle and Terry Britten.  Britten produced the song.

It became Turner's most successful song. It reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in the US, in Australia, and  the top five in New Zealand, Austria, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The title of this song was used for a 1993 biographical movie that was distributed by TriStar Pictures.

A remix of the song was released on July 17, 2020 by Norwegian DJ Kygo.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## References
The Cardigans

**The Cardigans** are a Swedish pop rock group that started in October 1992. Their debut studio album *Emmerdale* gave them very strong base in Sweden. However, it was not until their 1995 album *Life* was released that an international reputation was secured. Their popularity really soared in 1996 when the song *Lovefool* was released. They've carried other hit songs in addition to that. The group went on hiatus in 2006.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Pre-frontal cortex

The **prefrontal cortex** (PFC) is the front part of the frontal lobes of the brain. It lies in front of the motor and premotor areas.

This brain region helps plan complex cognitive behaviours, personality expression, and decision making. It helps correct social behaviour. The basic activity of this brain region is to bring together thoughts and actions to help achieve internal .

The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is **executive function**. This is the ability to work out conflicting thoughts. It determines good and bad, better and best, same and different,  of current activities, working toward a goal, prediction of , and expectation of results. Critical is 'social control': the ability to suppress  which, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes.

Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.

## References
Pope Sixtus V

**Pope Sixtus V** (; 13 December 1520 – 27 August 1590), born **Felice Peretti di Montalto**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 228th Pope from 1585 to 1590.

## Early life
Felice Peretti was born in December 15250 at Grottammare  in the province of Ascoli Piceno.

## Monk
In 1547, Peretti was ordained.

During the reign of Sixtus V, the dome of St Peter's Basilica was completed;. The external dome was covered with lead and the bands were covered with bronze gilt.

A building for the Vatican Library was constructed.

The investment in public works included the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica of St. John Lateran; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions and repairs to the Quirinal Palace, Lateran Palace and Vatican Palace; the erection of four obelisks (including the one in the Piazza of St Peter's; the opening of six streets; and the restoration of the aqueduct of Severus (*Acqua Felice*).

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus V
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Peretti Montalto
Pest (biology)

A **pest** is an animal which harms humans or human concerns. It is a loosely defined term; it overlaps with the terms , weeds, parasites and pathogens. In its broadest sense, a pest is a  of humanity.

## Top ten pests 
According to BBC News Science & Environment, these are among the top ten pests of plants:  Fungi are prominent in their list, and it is more usual to call them pathogens.
#Desert locust *Schistocerca gregaria*
#Rubber blight *Microcyclus ulei*
#Corn root worm *Diabrotica virgifera virgifera*
#Potato blight *Phytophthora infestans*, an Oomycete
#Khapra beetle *Trogoderma granarium*
#Mountain pine beetle *Dendroctonus ponderosae*
#Wheat stem rust *Puccinia graminis tritici*
#Colorado beetle *Leptinotarsa decemlineata*

### Serious beetle pests 
*Emerald ash borer
*Boll weevil
*Maize weevil
*:cotton weevil:

## References
António Egas Moniz

**António Egas Moniz** (António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, 29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as **Egas Moniz**, was a Portuguese neurologist.

He developed cerebral angiography, a technique to visualise the blood vessels in and around the brain. This technique is widely used today. He also developed the surgical procedure leucotomy, also known as *lobotomy*. This technique is now rarely used.

Antonio Egas is highly regarded.  More commonly, Gottlieb Burckhardt is regarded as the founder of modern psychosurgery.  He became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize when, in 1949, he shared it with Walter Rudolf Hess.

He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. At the same time, he pursued a demanding political career.

## References
Pope Julius III

**Pope Julius III** (; 10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born **Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 222nd Pope from February 1550 until his death in 1555.

## Early life
Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte was born in Rome in 1487.

Ciocchi del Monte studied law at the University of Perugia and the University of Siena.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
*

## Bibliography
:  
:  

* Bayle, Pierre. "Jules III." *Dictionnaire historique et critique*. Vol. 15. Paris: Desoer, 1820.
* Burkle-Young, Francis A., and Michael Leopoldo Doerrer. *The Life of Cardinal Innocenzo del Monte: A Scandal in Scarlet.* Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1997.
* Dall'Orto, Giovanni. "Julius III." ''Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II.* Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, eds. London: Routledge, 2001. 234-35.
* Kelly, J. N. D. *The Oxford Dictionary of Popes.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

## Other websites
*
* Catholic Hierarchy, Julius III
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Ciocchi del Monte
Pope Julius

**Pope Julius** could refer to:

*Pope Julius I (337–352)
*Pope Julius II, (1503–1513), known as "the Warrior Pope"
*Pope Julius III (1550–1555)
Little Children (movie)

***Little Children*** is a 2006 drama movie based on the novel of the same name. Actress Kate Winslet plays a reluctant housewife and mother from Boston in the film. This movie was released on October 6, 2006 in the United States. The movie is 136 minutes long. It is rated R.

## Cast
* Kate Winslet as Sarah Pierce
* Patrick Wilson as Brad Adamson
* Jennifer Connelly as Katherine "Kathy" Adamson
* Jackie Earle Haley as Ronald "Ronnie" James McGorvey
* Noah Emmerich as Larry Hedges
* Phyllis Somerville as May McGorvey
* Gregg Edelman as Richard Pierce
* Ty Simpkins as Aaron Adamson
* Sadie Goldstein as Lucy Pierce
* Jane Adams as Sheila
* Raymond J. Barry as Bullhorn Bob
* Trini Alvarado as Theresa
* Marsha Dietlein as Cheryl
* Mary B. McCann as Mary Ann
* Rebecca Schull as Laurel
* Chadwick Brown as Tony Correnti
* Adam Mucci as Richie Murphy
* Chance Kelly as Pete Olaffson
* Lola Pashalinski as Bridget
* Hunter Reid as Christian
* Sarah Buxton as Slutty Kay
* Will Lyman (*uncredited*) as Narrator
* Thomas Greaney as Troy

## Reception
Reviews of *Little Children* were mostly positive.  The movie got an 80% rating from the Rotten Tomatoes.

### Top ten lists
*Little Children* was listed on many critics' top ten lists.

* 1st&nbsp;– Kevin Crust, *Los Angeles Times*
* 2nd&nbsp;– Mick LaSalle, *San Francisco Chronicle*
* 3rd&nbsp;– Michael Phillips, *Chicago Tribune*
* 3rd&nbsp;– Dennis Harvey, *Variety*
* 4th&nbsp;– James Berardinelli, *Reelviews*
* 4th&nbsp;– J.R. Jones, *Chicago Reader*
* 5th&nbsp;– Peter Hartlaub, *San Francisco Chronicle*
* 6th&nbsp;– Frank Scheck, *The Hollywood Reporter*
* 8th&nbsp;– Shawn Levy, *Portland Oregonian*
* 9th&nbsp;– A.O. Scott, *New York Times*
* 10th&nbsp;– William Arnold, *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*
* 10th&nbsp;– Richard Schickel, *Time*
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically)&nbsp;– Carina Chocano, *Los Angeles Times*
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically)&nbsp;– Ruthe Stein, *San Francisco Chronicle*
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically)&nbsp;– Steven Rea, *Philadelphia Inquirer*
* Best of 2006 (listed alphabetically, not ranked)&nbsp;– David Denby, *The New Yorker*

### Accolades
## References
Puddle of Mudd

**Puddle of Mudd** is an American rock band from Kansas City, Missouri. Puddle of Mudd has five members in the band; the current band members are Wes Scantlin, Paul Phillips, Doug Ardito, Shannon Boone and Dizzi Devereux.

## Band members 
;Current
*Wes Scantlin – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1992-1999, 2000–present)
*Doug Ardito – bass guitar, backing vocals (2000–2010, 2011–present)
*Paul Phillips – lead guitar (2000–2005), (2009–present)
*Dizzi Devereux – guitar (2011–present)
*Shannon Boone – drums (2011–present)

;Former
*Ryan Yerdon – drums (2005–2011)
*Damien Starkey – bass guitar, backing vocals (2010)
*Christian Stone – lead guitar, backing vocals (2006–2009)
*Jimmy Allen – lead guitar (2005–2006)
*Greg Upchurch – drums (2000–2005; 2011 [studio only])
*Sean Sammon - bass (1992–2000)
*Kenny Burkitt - drums (1992–2000)

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Come Clean* (2001)
**Life on Display* (2003)
**Famous* (2007)
**Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate* (2009)
**Welcome to Galvania* (2019)

### EPs
**Stuck* (1994)

### Compilation albums
**Best of Puddle of Mudd* (2010)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Khapra beetle

The **Khapra beetle** (*Trogoderma granarium*), which originated in South Asia, is one of the world’s most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world.  Infestations are difficult to control because of the insect's ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and low-moisture food, and its resistance to many insecticides. There is a federal quarantine restricting the importation of rice into the U.S,. from countries with known infestations of the beetle.

## References
Wyandot people

The **Wyandot people** (also called Wendats or Huron) are a tribe of Native Americans. Samuel de Champlain traded fur with them. In the 17th and 18th centuries they were allies of New France, and enemies of the Iroquois and New Netherland and New York.

The Wyandots signed the Treaty of Detroit on November 17 in the year 1807. They signed it with other Native Americans from three other tribes called the Odawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomi. The tribes gave up areas of Michigan and Ohio to the United States to own.

## References
Occupy movement

]]
**Occupy movement** are an international protest group which are directed against social or economic inequality. The movement model itself after the New York City based movement network Occupy Wall Street. These protests were ongoing all across the world in 2011.

## Goals 
In the first few weeks, many news outlets criticized the Occupy movement for not having clear goals. On 7 October 2011, Kalle Lasn, co-founder of Adbusters, said the lack of clear demands was actually a "mysterious part" of the movement that helped it grow quickly. By the end of October, Adbusters had started pushing for one clear goal: the creation of a Robin Hood tax—a small tax on financial transactions. They even planned a global march in support of the idea on 29 October.

However, not everyone agreed that the movement lacked goals. Naomi Wolf, a writer and activist, said the protesters had very clear goals. She explained that they wanted to end the corrupting power of money in politics.

The magazine The New Yorker reported that both Kalle Lasn and Micah M. White had listed very specific demands, such as:
* Stricter rules for banks
* A ban on high-frequency trading (a type of rapid stock trading)
* The arrest of people responsible for the 2008 financial crash
* A special government commission to investigate and punish political corruption

According to Bloomberg Businessweek, the protesters also wanted:
* More and better jobs
* Fairer income distribution
* Changes to the banking system
* Less control of politics by large corporations

Many people described the movement as generally anticapitalist because it questioned the current global economic system.

Some writers and thinkers, like David Graeber and Judith Butler, said that making a list of demands might be a bad idea. They believed that giving demands to politicians would give power to the same political system that the Occupy movement was trying to challenge. They argued that the movement should focus on building a new kind of politics instead.

In late November, protesters from Occupy London made their first clear statement against large corporations. They called for strong actions to stop tax evasion by wealthy companies. They said the delay in making demands happened because they used participatory democracy, a method where everyone gets a voice, which can take time to reach decisions.

By the end of 2011, Occupy London Stock Exchange, a part of the movement, said they were working on a global project to connect with other Occupy groups around the world. Their goal was to reflect the many different voices of global protests.

Some people called the global Occupy movement a "reinvention of politics", and even compared it to a revolution or utopia for the 21st century.
Natalie Wood

**Natalie Wood** (July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress.

## Early life
Natalie Wood's parents were Russian immigrants Nikolai Stepanovich Zakharenko and Maria Stepanovna. Her parents moved to Santa Rosa, California. The family moved to Los Angeles. Wood began a career there. Her younger sister, Svetlana Zacharenko also became an actress using the stage name Lana Wood.

## Career
In the 1950s, Wood became a teen idol. When she shot the movie *Rebel Without a Cause* with James Dean, she was 16 years old. She got an Oscar nomination for *Best Supporting Actress* for the role as *Judy* in this movie. She got a Golden Globe Award nomination in the category *New Star Of The Year – Actress*.

Her most successful role was as "Maria" in the movie *West Side Story* in 1961.

## Personal life
Wood was married to Robert Wagner from 1957 to 1962. She was married to Richard Gregson for a short time. They had a daughter, Natasha Gregson Wagner. In 1972, Wood and Wagner married again.

## Death
In 1981, Wood worked on the movie *Brainstorm* with Christopher Walken. During a boat trip with Walken and her husband Robert Wagner, she drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California. She is buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.

## Other websites 
*
Lacewing

'' from Austins Ferry, Tasmania, Australia]]
]]

**Lacewings**, or 'Green lacewings', are insects in the large family **Chrysopidae** of the order Neuroptera. There are about 85 genera and (differing between sources) 1,300–2,000 species in this widespread group. However, in America and Europe, the two genera *Chrysopa* and *Chrysoperla* are very common.

Most species of lacewings and their larvae are active predators, and are often used for biological control. 

Many adults of *Chrysopa* can defend themselves by giving out a vile smell from glands at the front of their thorax.

They have 'ears' at the base of their front wings. When they hear bat echolocation sounds, they close their wings and drop down. They can escape spider webs, because, being so light, they  do not create much vibration to alert the spider. Instead of struggling like most insects, the lacewing bites through the strands holding its legs and antennae. When it is stuck only by its wings, it become completely immobile. Slowly, the lacewing slides downwards out of the web. Tiny hairs on the wings prevent the sticky spider silk from touching the wings' surface. are , and inject a digestive secretion into the prey. The organs of an aphid can be dissolved by this in 90 seconds. 

## References 
d with sand grains]]
Ball Arena

**Ball Arena** is a sports arena in Denver, Colorado. The arena opened on October 1, 1999, and is the current home to the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). Ball Corporation currently has naming rights for the arena. The arena currently seats 19,155 for basketball and 18,007 for hockey and lacrosse.

The arena had opened as Pepsi Center after PepsiCo bought the naming rights. The rights contract expired in 2020, and a new deal was signed with Ball Corporation, a company based in nearby Broomfield that makes packaging and aerospace products.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Tacit programming

**Tacit programming** (or **point-free programming**) is the  of programming functions where the parameter is not mentioned.  Instead, the functions are defined using combinators and higher-level s like map (which applies a function to each element of a list). It is commonly used in functional programming languages like Haskell.

## Related pages
* Anonymous function
* Function (mathematics)
* Lambda calculus
* Combinatory logic

## References
Amerant Bank Arena

**Amerant Bank Arena** is a sports arena in Sunrise, Florida. It opened on October 3, 1998. It is the current home to the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). 

The arena was also known as the **Broward County Civic Arena** in 1998, the **National Car Rental Center** from 1998 to 2002, **Office Depot Center** from 2002 to 2005, **BankAtlantic Center** from 2005 to 2012, **BB&T Center** from 2012 to 2021, and **FLA Live Arena** from 2021 until 2023.

The most recent name change was in September 2021, when the naming rights contract between the arena and the financial services company BB&T ran out. By that time, BB&T had merged with SunTrust Banks to form Truist Financial Corporation. The merged company decided to not renew the naming rights agreement, and the arena now has the temporary name of FLA Live Arena until a new rights partner is found. On September 19, 2023, Amerant Bank bought the naming rights for the arena and it would be renamed to **Amerant Bank Arena**.

The arena currently seats 20,737 for basketball and 19,250 for hockey. The arena was also home to the Florida Pit Bulls of the ABA from 2005 to 2006 and the Florida Bobcats of the AFL from 1999 to 2001.

On June 27, 2018, an open casket public funeral service for rapper XXXTentacion was held at the arena. Thousands of fans showed up including rappers Lil Uzi Vert and Lil Yachty.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Pope Celestine IV

**Pope Celestine IV** (; died 10 November 1241 in Rome), born **Goffredo Castiglione**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 180th Pope for two weeks from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241.

## Early life
Goffredo Castiglione was born in Milan, but the date of birth is unknown.

Castiglione became a Cistercian monk.

## Cardinal
Pope Gregory IX made Castiglione a cardinal on September 18, 1227.

In 1238, he was made Bishop of Sabina.

## Pope
Cardinal Castiglione was elected on October 25, 1241; and he chose to be called Pope Celestine IV.  His reign  only seventeen days.

### After his death
He died on November 10, 1241; and he was buried in St Peter's. The exact location of his tomb has been lost.

## Related pages
* List of popes
*List of popes by length of reign

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Castiglione
Jonathan Brandis

**Jonathan Gregory Brandis** (13 April 1976 - 12 November 2003) was an American actor, director and screenwriter. He was born in Danbury, Connecticut. 

Beginning his career as a child model. His acting career was begun around 1982. Brandis made guest appearances in TV programs, including *The Wonder Years* and *Full House*. He appeared in many movies. He appeared in the miniseries *It*. 

On November 12, 2003 the actor hanged himself and died in the hospital.

## Personal life
Brandis dated Tatyana Ali from 1995 until 1998. She is an American R&B singer and actress.
Berwick

**Berwick-upon-Tweed** (historically known as *South Berwick*) is a border town in the north of England.

**Berwick** may also refer to:

## Places
### Australia 
*Berwick, Victoria
### Canada 
*Berwick, Nova Scotia
### United Kingdom 
#### England 
*Berwick Street Market, London
*Berwick, Sussex
**Berwick (Sussex) railway station
*Berwick St John, Wiltshire

#### Scotland 
*North Berwick, East Lothian, Scotland
**Berwick Law, a hill situated to the south of the town
*County of Berwick, a historic county in south-east Scotland

### United States 
*Berwick, Iowa
*Berwick, Louisiana
*Berwick, Maine, a town
**Berwick (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place within the town
*Berwick, Pennsylvania
*Berwick Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania

## People
*Andrew Berwick, anglicised pseudonym of Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik
*Baron Berwick, a title
*Berwick (cricketer) (first name unknown)
*Dennison Berwick (born 1956), author
*Donald Berwick (born 1947), American professor of pediatrics and health care policy
*Duke of Berwick, a title in the Peerage of England
*James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick (1670–1734)
*Jeff Berwick (born 1970), Canadian businessperson and adventurer
*Kester Berwick (1903–1992), Australian actor, playwright, and author
*Nicola Berwick, (born in 1978) stunt actress
*Stephan Berwick (born 1964), American author, martial artist, and actor
*William Edward Hodgson Berwick (1888–1944), English mathematician

## Other uses
*Berwick (automobile), an electric car produced in 1904
*Berwick Academy, a private college preparatory school located in South Berwick, Maine
*Berwick cockle, a confectionery from Berwick upon Tweed
*Berwick Prize in mathematics, named for William Edward Hodgson Berwick
*Berwick Rangers F.C., a football team
*HMS Berwick, the name of a number of Royal Navy ships
WSG Tirol

**WSG Tirol** is an Austrian football club from Wattens, a town in the state of Tyrol. They play in the Austrian Bundesliga, the top league of Austrian football. 

## History
The club was founded in 1930 and played under different names.
* SC Wattens (1930-53)
* SV Wattens (1953-71)
* WSG Wattens (1984-2019)
* WSG Swarowski Tirol (2019-2021)
* WSG Tirol (2021- )

Between 1971 and 1984  the club was united with  FC Wacker Innsbruck to form SSW Innsbruck. This team was very successful. They reached the championship five times. From 1984 onwards they played in the Austrian Regional League West and the second tier First League. 2002 they merged with FC Wacker Tirol, so this new founded club was able to play in the Regionalliga. After the promotion the merger was dissolved. In the 2010/11 season they reached the second place and played two relegation matches versus Blau-Weiß Linz, the champion of the Regionalliga Mitte. They lost in the penalty shooting and Linz was promoted to the First League.

In 2019 they were promoted to the Bundesliga. After promotion they changed the name to WSG Swarowski Tirol. In 2021 Swarovski ended its sponsorship and the name was removed from the club's name so they play under the name WSG Tirol.
## Current squad 
### Coaching staff
* Philipp Semlic Headcoach
* Martin Svejnoha Assistant coach
* Michael Öhlknecht Goalkeeper coach
* Ferdinand Oswald Goalkeeper coach

## Honours
* **Austrian Second Division (West):**
** **Winners (1):** 1968

* **Austrian Third Division (West):**
** **Winners (4):** 1989, 1995, 1999, 2003

## References
Multivalued function

A **multivalued function** (**multifunction**) is a relation like a function.  A multifunction associates each input with *at least one* output.  A strict function associates each input with *exactly one* output.  An example of a multivalued function is the square root.  Every complex number (except for 0), has two square roots.  Example: \sqrt{4} could be 2 or -2 because 2^2 = 4 and (-2)^2 = 4.

## References
Pope Celestine

**Pope Celestine** may mean:
* Pope Celestine I (422–432)
*: Antipope Celestine II
* Pope Celestine II (1143–1144)
* Pope Celestine III (1191–1198)
* Pope Celestine IV (1241)
* Pope Celestine V (1294)
Danielle Fishel

**Danielle Christine Fishel** (born May 5, 1981) is an American actress and television personality. She is best known for starring in the television sitcom *Boy Meets World*, as well as it's 2014 successor "Girl Meets World" She has also been in several movies.

In August 2024, Fishel announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer.

## References
Pub rock (UK)

**Pub rock** is a rock music genre that developed in the mid-1970s in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

**Pub rock** was a reaction against progressive and glam rock.  Pub rock was short-lived, but it helped return live rock to small pubs and clubs. Its basic style of playing inspired the British punk rock scene.

## Related pages
* Garage rock

## References
*This article contains material from the English Wikipedia.*
Vest (development region)

**Vest** (English: *West*) or **Vest-Banat** is a development region in Romania. It was created in 1998. Its main jobs are organising regional development projects and managing money that they are sent by the European Union.

## Population 
## References 
*http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf 

## Other websites 
* http://www.adr5vest.ro/
Pope Celestine V

**Pope Celestine V**(; 1215 – 19 May 1296), born **Pietro Angelerio di Morrone**,  was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 193rd Pope for less than six months in 1294.

Celestine V is a saint of the Catholic Church.

## Early life
Pietro Angelerio was born in the Neopolitan province of Moline.

Pope Boniface VIII confined the former pope in the castle of Fumone, and he died there.

### After his death
In 1313, Celestine was made a saint by Pope Clement V.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* Abdication

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Celestine V
Centru (development region)

**Centru** (*Centre*) is a development region in Romania.

## Population
2,306,540 people live in Centru. (2011 Census). Its population density is 67.6/km².

As of  2002, the region had the most different kinds of people living in it in Romania. Ethnic Romanians were 65.4% of the population. Hungarians were 29.9%. Roma were 4%. Most of the Hungarian people live in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. In those two counties they are the majority.

## References
Sud (development region)

**Sud** (*South*) or **Sud-Muntenia** is a development region in Romania. The capital of the South Development Region is Călăraşi.

Source:

## References
București - Ilfov

The **Bucharest-Ilfov development region** is a development region in Romania. It includes the national capital, Bucharest, and Ilfov County. As a development region, it does not have any administrative powers. It coordinates regional development projects and manages funds from the European Union. It is also used for regional statistical analysis at the European Union NUTS-II level.

Source:

## References
Sud-Vest (development region)

**Sud-Vest** (*South West*) or **Sud-Vest Oltenia** is a development region in Romania. It almost the same area as the historic region of Oltenia. It is called sometimes *Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud-Vest Oltenia*.

Source: 

## References 
* Description of the region South-West
The Doobie Brothers

**The Doobie Brothers** are an American pop rock group. They began in 1970. They are based in Northern California. They have released many singles.

## Discography 
* The Doobie Brothers (1971)
* Toulouse Street (1972)
* The Captain and Me (1973)
* What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits (1974)
* Stampede (1975)
* Takin' It to the Streets (1976)
* Livin' on the Fault Line (1977)
* Minute by Minute (1978)
* One Step Closer (1980)
* Cycles (1989)
* Brotherhood (1991)
* Sibling Rivalry (2000)
* World Gone Crazy (2010)
* Southbound (2014)

## References
Lady Macbeth

**Lady Macbeth** is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's play *Macbeth* (c.1603–1607). She is the wife to the play's main character, Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman. After talking him into killing the king, she becomes Queen of Scotland. Later, she feels bad about her part in the crime and falls sleepwalking. She dies off-stage in the last act. This is thought to be suicide.

The idea for the character came from Kings Duff and Duncan in ''Holinshed's Chronicles'' (1587), a history of Britain familiar to Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth appears to be made up of two personalities in Holinshed's work. These are Donwald's nagging, murderous wife in the account of King Duff and Macbeth's ambitious wife in the account of King Duncan.

## More information
* Lady MacBeth and the Daemonologie of Hysteria
* Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
* Women's Fantasy of Manhood: A Shakespearian Theme

## Related pages
**Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District* - opera by Dmitry Shostakovich

## Other websites
* *Macbeth:* Folio Version 
* *Macbeth:* Full-text online 
* List of all appearances and all mentions of Lady Macbeth in the play.
Pope Celestine III

**Pope Celestine III**  (; 1106 – 8 January 1198), born **Giacinto Bobone**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 176th Pope from 1191 until his death in 1198.

## Early life
He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome.

## Cardinal
In 1145, he is raised to the rank of cardinal.

## Pope 
Cardinal Bobone was elected pope on March 30, 1191; and he chose to be called Celestine III.

After becoming pope, he was ordained a priest on April 13, 1191.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Orsini family

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Further reading
* Doran, John and Damian J. Smith. (2008). *Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor*.  Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ; OCLC 421373762

## Other websites
*
Jacques Lacan

**Jacques Lacan** (Paris, 13 April 1901 – Paris, 9 September 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. He added new ideas to psychoanalysis and philosophy. Some of these ideas are the mirror stage, the three orders of subjectivity (the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real), the object little a and jouissance. He talked every year at seminars from 1953 to 1981. In the 1960s and 1970s, he  many French intellectuals. He also talked about going back to the ideas of Sigmund Freud. He called himself a Freudian (follower of Freud).

## References
Nord-Est (development region)

**Nord-Est** (*North East*) or **Nord-Est Moldova** is a development region in Romania.

## Counties
The Nord-Est region is made up of these counties:

## Economy
The economy of Nord-Est region is mainly agricultural, especially towards the north, even though there are many industrial cities, especially Iaşi, Bacău and Suceava. The regional GDP per capita is the lowest in Romania, at about two-thirds of the national average. Botoşani and Vaslui are sometimes thought to be the poorest counties in Romania. However, Iaşi, the largest city in Nord-Est is one of the rich cities of the region. The region's richest counties are, in order, Iaşi, Bacău, Suceava, Neamţ, Vaslui and Botoşani.

## Demographics
In total, 3,371,909 people (2011 Census) live in Nord-Est. This makes it the region in the country with the most people. Its population density is 91.25/km².

As of 2002 the region has a big amount of Romanians, of 97.9%, with the second largest group being the Roma, who make up 1.2% of the population. Other groups, including Ukrainians, make up the rest of the population (0.9%).

Romanian is the most-spoken language. It is spoken as a first language by 98.7% of the people who live in the region. Traditional languages include Romany, spoken by 0.6% of the population, and Ukrainian (0.3%).

## References 
*http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf 

## Other websites 
*http://www.adrnordest.ro/
Primo Levi

**Primo Levi** (31 July 1919 – 11 April 1987) was an Italian Jewish chemist, writer and Holocaust survivor. He was the author of two novels and many short stories, poems and essays. His best-known book is *If This Is a Man*, a true story about his time as a prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II.

Levi was an atheist and born in Turin.

## Partial bibliography
* *Se questo è un uomo* (*If This Is a Man*, 1947 and 1958)
* *La tregua* (*The Truce*, 1963)
* *Il sistema periodico* (*The Periodic Table*, 1975)
* *La chiave a stella* (*The Wrench*, 1978)
* *La ricerca delle radici* (*The Search for Roots: A Personal Anthology*, 1981)
* *Se non ora, quando?* (*If Not Now, When?*, 1984)
* ''L'altrui mestiere* (*Other People's Trades*, 1985)
* *I sommersi e i salvati* (*The Drowned and the Saved'', 1986)

## References
Generalized anxiety disorder

**Generalized anxiety disorder** (also known as GAD) is an anxiety disorder which consists of excessive and irrational worry of everyday things. This worry tends to interfere with normal daily functioning.

GAD is a long-term condition that causes you to feel anxiety about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than 1 specific event. People with GAD might always concerned about health matters, money, death, their own futures or family trouble. Some people find it hard to control these worries.

Between six and eight million American adults have GAD.  The percentage of people that are affected by other anxiety disorders overall is much higher. It affects women more often than it does men, most commonly between ages 35 - 55.

## Symptoms 
GAD can cause both psychological (mental) and physical symptoms. 

Signs and symptoms include shaking, muscle tension, sweating or hot flushes, dizziness, or heart palpitations, trouble concentrating or getting to sleep 

The cause is unknown in many cases but is often a result of alcohol abuse or suffering from a long term medical condition.  

Therapy is a good way to help someone beat GAD and other mental conditions like PTSD, which may be causing anxiety. In other cases, or while seeing a therapist, antidepressants (such as SSRIs) help when used long-term. Medications could have side effects and often take a while before they start working.  

## References
SVG Reichenau

**SVG Reichenau** is a sportsclub from Reichenau, a suburb of Innsbruck, Tyrol. The football club is playing in the 4th Austrian league, the UPC Tirol Liga. Other departments are  Taekwondo and different sparetime sports like cycling and skiing. The club was founded in 1976. The colours are red, white and black.
## History
The football team started in 1976 in the lowest class of Tyrol. After three championsships from 1983 till 1985 they were promoted into the higher classes. 1995 they reached the highest class in Tyrol, the Tiroler Liga. 1998 they were promoted to the Regionalliga West, the third division in Austrian football.

From 2002/03 till the season 2005/06 they played together with SV Aldrans. During this period they had the greatest success in the league. They reached the 3rd place in the 2004/05 season. From 2006/07 till 2009/10 they formed a team together with Union Innsbruck. The first team played in the Regionalliga West, the second team in Tyrols highest class. 2010 the union was dissolved. Today  SVG Reichenau is playing in the UPC Tirol Liga, the highest class of Tyrolian football.

From 1976 on the football team played on the ground of  SV Hall, in 1979 they got their first own ground, the ground was updated in 2010. From 2006 to 2008 Robert Wazinger, who played five matches for the Austrian football national team, played for Reichenau
## Current squad
**Goalkeepers:**
* Hörtnagl Matthias
* Lindemayr Maurice
* Einwaller Ambros
**Defenders:**
* Einkemmer Daniel
* Mader Alexander
* Oberortner Hannes
* Saurer Fabian
* Stastny Andreas
* Waldy Michael
**Midfielders:**
* Duran Nail
* Lebeda Patrick
* Marasek Daniel
* Önder Nazli
* Steinkellner Patrick
* Thom Ricardo
**Strikers:**
* Happ Michael
* Lanziner Mario
* Lechner Florian
* Radi Kevin

## References
Italian Social Republic

The **Italian Social Republic** ( or **RSI**) was a provisional government sponsored by and allied with Nazi Germany. It was the second and last Fascist Italian state.
## References 
## Other websites
Mukden Incident

The **Mukden Incident**, also known as the **Manchurian Incident**, was an event set up by Japanese soldiers as a reason for invading the northern part of China known as Manchuria in 1931.
 
On September 18, 1931, a small amount of dynamite was blown up by a Japanese soldier near Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden. Although the explosion was so weak that the rail was still usable, the Japanese army, blaming the action on the Chinese people, fully invaded Manchuria, leading to its occupation. Japan set up its puppet state of Manchukuo six months later. Soon the world knew the event, leading Japan to diplomatic isolation and its withdrawal from the League of Nations.

## References
Hoobastank

**Hoobastank** is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Hoobastank has four members; the current band members are Doug Robb, Dan Estrin, Chris Hesse and Jesse Charland.

## Band members 
;Current
*Doug Robb – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–present)
*Dan Estrin – lead guitar (1995–present)
*Chris Hesse – drums (1995–present)
*Jesse Charland – bass (2009–present)

;Former
*Jeremy Wasser – saxophone (1995–2000)
*Derek Kwan – saxophone (1997–1999)
*Markku Lappalainen – bass (1995–2005)
*Josh Moreau – bass (2006–2008)
*David Amezcua – bass (2008)

## Discography 
So far as of 2011, Hoobastank has released 4 studio albums:

### Albums
**Hoobastank* (2001)
**The Reason* (2003)
**Every Man for Himself* (2006)
**For(N)ever* (2009)

## Other websites 
*Official website
Sensory receptor

A **sensory receptor**, or sense organ, is the part which responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. It is the input to the sensory system. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor fires off a nerve fibre which goes to the central nervous system.

In order to detect changes in the environment organisms need receptors. Organisms have various receptors, ranging from simple light or touch sensitive cells to complex nervous systems. 

Receptors are generally specialised for the detection of a specific type of stimulus. 
* Mechanoreceptor: Respond to mechanical stress or strain such as those found in the hair cells of the cochlea.
* Thermoreceptor: Respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both. The skin of most animals contains these receptors. 
* Photoreceptor: Respond to changes in light. Examples include those found in the retina. 
* Chemoreceptor: Detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment, such as those found in the nose and on the tongue. 
* Magnetoreceptor: Allows an organism to sense direction, altitude or location by detecting a magnetic field. 

## References
Parietal lobe

The **parietal lobe** is a part of the brain positioned above  the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.  

The parietal lobe brings together information from different senses, particularly spatial sense and navigation. For example, it uses input about touch, balance and the visual system.  This enables the parietal cortex to map seen objects in relation to the body (into 'body coordinate positions'). This makes it possible for a person to reach out and handle objects.

The name derives from the overlying parietal bone, which is named from the Latin *pariet-*, = 'wall'.

## References
Frontal lobe

The **frontal lobe** is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. It is in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobes. 

The frontal lobes includes Broca's area and takes action based on sensory information (sight, sound, touch) from the three rear areas of the cerebrum. The action is moderated by the influence of the pre-frontal cortex. The system is a delicate balance between the need to satisfy urges from the most ancient parts of the brain, such as hunger, self-defence and sex, with the need to act in a way which is socially acceptable. 

The precentral gyrus, forming the back of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex. This controls  movements of specific body parts.

## Evolution
For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was comparatively larger in humans than in other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the main reason why human cognition is different from that of the other primates. 

However, this view has been challenged by later research. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to find the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all living ape species and several monkey species. The human frontal cortex is *not* relatively larger than the cortex in the other great apes, but it is relatively larger than the frontal cortex in the lesser apes and the monkeys.

## References
Temporal lobe

The **temporal lobe** is a region of the cerebral cortex that is under the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics (meaning) in both speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory.

An area in the Sylvian fissure is the first place where auditory signals from the cochlea reach the cerebral cortex. This part of the cortex (primary auditory cortex) is involved in hearing. Other areas of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (with Broca's area, which is in the frontal lobe). The functions of the left temporal lobe extends to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.  

The underside of the temporal lobes do high-level visual processing of faces and scenes. Front parts of this area are involved in object perception and recognition.

Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the hippocampus, which is essential for memory function – particularly the transfer from short to long term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.

## References
Alexei Ponikarovsky

**Oleksiy Volodymyrovych "Alexei" Ponikarovsky** (born 9 April 1980 in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Ukrainian-Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played parts of 15 season in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, New Jersey Devils, and Winnipeg Jets. He also played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for Donbass Donetsk, SKA Saint Petersburg, and Kunlun Red Star.

He was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 87th overall pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Toronto Maple Leafs for 9 seasons, the Pittsburgh Penguins for 1 season, the Los Angeles Kings for 1 season, the Carolina Hurricanes for 1 season, the New Jersey Devils for 1 season and the Winnipeg Jets for 1 season. He was traded back to the Devils on February 13, 2013 in exchange for a 4th round pick and a 7th round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

He is nicknamed "The Poni Express", "The Ukraine Train" and "Poni". He currently lives in Toronto with his wife Inna, daughter Jessica, and sons Alex and Maxim. He also became a Canadian citizen on June 7, 2007.

## Career 
In the 1998 NHL Draft, he was selected in round 4 under a total of 87 by the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Has Canadian and Russian citizenship.

In 2010 he was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins. In the summer of 2010, as a free agent, he signed a contract with the Los Angeles Kings for a period of 1 year.

In the summer of 2011, he changed Los Angeles to Carolina Hurricanes, signing a one-year agreement worth $ 1.5 million.

In January 2012, before the expiration of his contract, he was traded to the New Jersey Devils.

In the offseason 2012, signed a one-year contract with the Winnipeg Jets for $ 1.5 million

Due to the NHL lockout in 2012, he signed a contract with the newcomer of the KHL, the Donbass club. After the end of the lockout he returned to the Winnipeg Jets, but after 12 games on 14 February 2013 he returned to the New Jersey Devils.

In August 2016, he signed a contract with the Kunlun Red Star Kontinental Hockey League debut.

In November 2017, he joined the Putin Team movement

## Family 
Married. He has three children.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Cochlea

The **cochlea** is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, making 2.5 turns around its axis.
A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea.

The name is from the Greek κοχλίας *kokhlias* ("snail, screw"), from κόχλος *kokhlos* ("spiral shell"). This is in reference to its coiled shape: the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions.

## References
Limit (roller coaster)

**Limit** is an inverted roller coaster at Heide-Park Soltau, Germany. It is a standard *Suspended Looping Coaster* built by Dutch roller coaster builder Vekoma and opened in 1999. Limit has 5 inversions, has a length of 689 meter, a maximum speed of 80 kilometers per hour. One round takes 1 minute and 36 seconds.

Limit has 2 trains with each 10 cars. 1 car can hold 2 riders, which gives a total of 20 riders per train. The maximum capacity is 1040 riders per hour.

## References