open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Taung Child

The **Taung Child** is a fossil of a skull that includes an imprint of the brain. It belongs to an *Australopithecus africanus* and is about 2.5 million years old.

## Discovery 
The skull was discovered in 1924 by a quarryman working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, looked at the fossil and saw its importance. Dart published his account in the journal *Nature* in 1925, describing it as a new species. 

British anthropologists at the time believed the Piltdown Man was real. This hoax specimen had a large brain and ape-like teeth – the exact opposite of the Taung Child – so Dart's finding was not appreciated for decades.

## Description
The fossil consists of most of the skull, face and mandible with teeth. It also has a natural endocast (imprint) of the braincase. The left-hand side of the endocast is covered in beautiful calcium carbonate crystals.

Experts think the Taung Child was around three years old at the time of its death. It was 3' 6" (105 cm) tall and weighed around 20-24 pounds. It had a cranial capacity of 340 cc and lived mainly in a savanna habitat. 

Experts compared Taung Child to a 9-year-old human child to determine how quickly *A. africanus* grew to adolescence. Their growth rate is similar to that of modern apes (like chimpanzees) rather than modern *Homo sapiens.* Later species like Homo ergaster and *Homo erectus* grew at rates between those of modern humans and apes. The Turkana boy, discovered in 1984, is a main source of evidence.

In early 2006, experts announced that the Taung Child was likely killed by an eagle (or similar large predatory bird). They noticed that damage to the Taung Child's skull and eye sockets looked like damage on the skulls of primates known to have been killed by modern eagles. 

## Importance
The Taung Child was a very important find in archaeological history. It was the first of a series of fossils found in the 1920s-1930s which showed that humans indeed have a 'natural history' all of their own – just as Darwin had predicted. 

The skull is now in repository at the University of Witwatersrand.

## References
Lake Annecy

**Lake Annecy** (''Lac d'Annecy'' in French) is a lake in the Haute-Savoie area of France. It is the second biggest lake in France.

## References
Dennis Rodman

**Dennis Keith Rodman** (born May 13, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player. He played basketball in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1986 to 2000. He played for the Detroit Pistons, San Antonio Spurs, Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers, and Dallas Mavericks. He won two championships with the Pistons and three more with the Bulls. Even though he was only 6'7" tall, many people think he was the best rebounder in NBA history. He led the NBA in rebounding for a record seven straight seasons.  Only Wilt Chamberlain led the NBA in rebounding for more total seasons in a career.  Rodman has the highest rebound rate since the statistic began in 1970-71.  Although Rodman began his career as a bench player, he holds the highest rebounds per game average since offensive and defensive rebounds began in 1973-74.  When he became a full-time starter, Rodman often got more rebounds than the other team's starting players got combined.  He could predict where missed shots would go and knew how to tip the ball to himself for a rebound.  Rodman watched film of player's shots to become a better rebounder.  Rodman is also known as one of the greatest defensive players of all time, and not just for his defensive rebounds, but his hustle defense.  During his time with the Detroit Pistons, Rodman was considered by many to be the best defensive basketball player in the world (Hakeem Olajuwon was the other main contender for the title), as highlighted by his back-to-back NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 1990 and 1991.

Rodman was famous for dyeing his hair different colors and having many tattoos and body piercings, which he began to have after being traded by the Detroit Pistons. He has been in a few movies and television programs. His nicknames are **Worm** (later called **The Worm**), **Dennis the Menace**, **D-Rod**, **Rodzilla** (which he named himself towards the end of the Bulls championship dynasty), **Demolition Man**, and **El Loco** (given to him by Spanish-language announcers, which translates as "The Madman").

Rodman also appeared in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and was a member of the New World Order (nWo). At Bash at the Beach on July 13, 1997, Rodman made his professional wrestling debut teaming with Hollywood Hogan in a loss to Lex Luger and The Giant. At Bash at the Beach on July 12, 1998, Rodman again teamed with Hollywood Hogan to defeat the team of Diamond Dallas Page and Utah Jazz star Karl Malone.

On February 26, 2013, Rodman traveled to North Korea to hold some basketball events. He became the first American to meet North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, later calling Kim "a friend for life". After Rodman called for the release of American prisoner Kenneth Bae, Kim released him the next year.

## References
## Other websites
*Dennis Rodman's official website 
*NBA.com page
Ralph Ellison

**Ralph Waldo Ellison** (March 1, 1913 – April 16, 1994) was an African-American writer. He was born in Oklahoma and studied at the Tuskegee Institute. 

Ellison is most famous for writing *Invisible Man*, a novel about racism and African American identity. The narrator of the book calls himself an invisible man because people refuse to see him for who he really is. *Invisible Man* won a National Book Award and is still read today by many students and scholars. 

Besides *Invisible Man*, Ellison wrote many essays. He was very interested in music, especially jazz. He started a second novel, called *Juneteenth*, but never finished it. 

## Other websites 
*Ralph Ellison at BlackPast.org
*Ralph Ellison  at the National Book Foundation Website
*The Ralph Ellison Project at Jerry Jazz Musician
The Last of the Clan McDuck

**The Last of the Clan McDuck** is a comic about Scrooge McDuck. It is the first chapter of *The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck*. The story is set from 1877 to 1880 when Scrooge is a child. At his 10th birthday, Scrooge goes with his father, Fergus, to visit the McDuck family castle. Fergus tells him the history of Clan McDuck.

## Other websites
**The Last of the Clan McDuck* on Duckman 
*The Life and Times of $crooge McDuck - Episode 1
Agnieszka Włodarczyk

**Agnieszka Włodarczyk** (born 13 December 1980 in Sławno) is a Polish actress and singer, who won the Polish version of "Soapstar Superstar" ("Jak oni śpiewają") in 2007. She first rose to fame for her role as Agnieszka in the Polish sitcom "13 Posterunek", which was directed by Maciej Slesicki. In addition to series, she has also appeared in a number of other famous Polish sitcoms and movies, including "Świat według Kiepskich", "Nastroje" and in Waldemar Dziki's movie "Pierwszy Milion" (2000r.). In the TV series "Zostac Miss", she plays a student of philosophy, and in "Plebania" she plays Wiki, the sister of a vicar. In 2002, she had a role in Olaf Lubaszenko's comedy "E=MC2". Since 2003, she has had a role in the series “Czego sie boją faceci, czyli seks w mniejszym miescie”. In 2004, she took part in "Nigdy w Życiu!" as Jola. She also performed in the series "Dziki" (2004r.) and in its sequel "Dziki 2. Pojedynek" (2005r.). She has recently signed a contract with the Polish publishing-house My Music.

## Discography 
### Albums 
*2007 Jak Oni Śpiewają
*2007 Nie dla oka
*2008 Poza kontrolą

### Singles
## Filmography
*2009-: *Pierwsza miłość* – Anna Bilewska
*2006: *My Baby* – Zosia
*2006: *Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka* – Karolina
*2005: *Dziki 2. Pojedynek* – Magda
*2004: *Talki z resztą* – fiancée of Kazik
*2004: *Dziki* – Magda
*2004–2007: *Kryminalni* – Litycka (guest star)
*2004: *Nigdy w życiu!* – Jola
*2003–2005: *Czego się boją faceci, czyli seks w mniejszym mieście* – Olga Wojnowska "Wenus" (guest star)
*2003–2004: *Rodzinka* –  Agata Krupa, wife of Wiesiek (guest star)
*2003: *Zostać miss 2* – Tekla Kaczmarek
*2002: *Komedia Więzienna*
*2002: *E=mc²* – Stella
*2002: *Rób swoje ryzyko jest twoje* – Telimana
*2001: *Zostać miss* – Tekla Kaczmarek
*2001: *Poranek kojota* – nurse
*2000: *13 Posterunek 2* – Agnieszka Cezary
*2000: *Chłopaki nie płaczą* – nurse
*2000-: *Plebania* – Weronika "Wiki" Potoczny
*1999–2007: *Świat według Kiepskich* – Cousin (guest star)
*2000: *Na dobre i na złe* – Basia, girlfriend of Mirek (guest star)
*1999: *Pierwszy milion* – prostitute
*1997: *Sara* – Sara
*1997–1998: *13 Posterunek* – Agnieszka

## Other websites 
*
Nutrition

**Nutrition** provides the cells of an organism with food, in a form they can use. Organisms need food to be able to keep their bodies working properly. They also need food to be able to do certain things. Malnutrition can happen when a person does not eat the right amount of nutrients. They can get better by changing their diet to have the right amount of the various nutrients.
## Overview
Different organisms have different food requirements and eat different food in order to meet those requirements. Animals that do not eat meat. For example, will have to get certain nutrients like protein from other foods. A nutrition expert is called a dietician. Nutritionists are different because they do not need the government to recognize them as experts. Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist.

## Types
The six main types of nutrient are carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins, vitamins and water. A macronutrient is a nutrient that needs to be eaten a lot. A micronutrient, such as a vitamin, is needed in smaller amounts, but it is still important. Carbohydrates are not needed by the body but most people eat a lot of them. Complex carbohydrates are more nutritious than simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are found in vegetables while simple carbohydrates are found in processed foods. They take longer to digest because they have more fiber. Because they stay in the stomach for longer they leave the person who has eaten them feeling fuller for longer. Protein is needed for building cells. It is found in milk, meat, fish, beans, eggs and other foods like quinoa. Proteins are made of amino acids.
### Fats
Fat is found naturally in some foods. People often eat it in processed foods, such as cakes and chocolate, which are high in energy. Omega 3 and omega 6 fats are needed by the body. There are saturated fats and unsaturated fats. It is recommended that people avoid the saturated type. It has been linked with heart disease. Trans fats is also a fat people should avoid. A lot of people think that fat is bad in general, but it is still controversial. People are also advised not to eat too much sugar or salt. Most people eat three meals a day. Eating every few hours keeps blood sugar . Some foods are good for us and some foods are bad.

## Related pages
* Enzyme
* Diabetes
* Digestion
* Starvation
* Food group
* Malnutrition
## Notes
## References
Lei

**Lei** could mean:

* Lei, the plural form of *Leu*, the name of two currencies
** Romanian leu
** Moldovan leu
* Lei (Hawaii), a Hawaiian flower necklace
* Lei (surname), a Chinese name
* Lei (Italy), a town in Sardinia
* Lei Fang, a character in the *Dead or Alive* game series
* Lei Wulong, a character in the *Tekken* game series
* Lei (magazine), an Italian magazine
* Lei, the Portuguese language word meaning "law"
* L.E.I., an American fashion brand for girls

**LEI** could mean:
* LEI, the ATA Airport Code for the Spanish city Almería

**LEIS** might mean:
*Low-energy ion scattering
Steve Buscemi

**Steven Vincent Buscemi** (born December 13, 1957) is an American actor, director, producer, writer and former firefighter. He is best known for his roles as Mr. Pink in *Reservoir Dogs*, Carl Showalter in *Fargo*, and Seymour in *Ghost World*. With a long career, he has worked in several movies and television shows like *The Sopranos* and *The Simpsons*. He was married to Jo Andres from 1987 until her death in 2019. They have a son, Lucian Buscemi.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* The Illustrious Steve Buscemi 
* Steve Buscemi: IndieKing 
*
Coconut water

**Coconut water** is the liquid inside young coconuts. Coconut water is a popular drink in tropical islands especially in tropical Asia, Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean. It is packaged and sold. It is sometimes sold as a sports drink, but not everyone agrees that it should be called a sports drink. Coconuts hold the most water when they are young and green. Coconuts in different parts of the world do not taste the same. Pakistani Coconuts are salty, and Brazilian Coconuts have sweeter water. The water inside dark brown rotted coconuts is bitter.

## References
FreeDOS

**FreeDOS** is a free and open source operating system. It is made to work just like MS-DOS. Almost all programs that will run on MS-DOS will run on FreeDOS too. It was created because Microsoft did not want to make MS-DOS anymore. FreeDOS can be installed with a floppy or with a CD.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website ; Official blog 
* Official download site
* Official Facebook group
* Official SourceForge page
*
List of The Buzz on Maggie Episodes

This article contains information on every episode in Disney's *The Buzz on Maggie*.

## 2005 Aired Episodes
### Episode 1A: The Flyinator
Maggie wants to see an FM-rated movie called The Flyinator 3, but she gets frightened from seeing it. And when she comes home, her entire family, even Bella, turn into a bunch of Flyinators, but that's only in Maggie's imagination.

### Episode 1B: Ladybugged
A ladybug comes to Buzzdale Academy and bosses other students, and lies about what a superior life she had in Beverly Gardens, but Maggie unveils the lies.

### Episode 2A: Funball
When Maggie realizes that her older brother, Aldrin, can beat Pupert, Maggie's younger brother, at everyething, she devises a new game called "funball" so that Pupert can beat Aldrin at something. But Aldrin gets the hang of things and eventually wins.

### Episode 2B: The Science Watchamacallit
Coahoma County, Mississippi

**Coahoma County** is a county in the northwestern part of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 21,390 people lived there. Its capital is Clarksdale. It was started on February 9, 1836. "Coahoma" is a Choctaw word that means "red panther."

## References
Province of Trento

The **Province of Trento** (), also called **Trentino**, is an autonomous province of Italy.

Trentino is an alpine region of northern Italy. The population has been neolatin since the fall of the Roman empire. Trentino and Trento are famous tourist destinations.

## History
During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church controlled Trento, while Austria controlled the area since the beginning of the Renaissance.

In the 16th century Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which started the Counter-Reformation. The introduction of the Counter-Reformation in Trentino brought also a general recovery of Italian language over German, as the Protestant ideas had found more followers in the small German-speaking population.

During WWI, Trentino was at the center of bloody battles between Italians and Austrians: Trentino was united to Italy in 1918. Italian irredentism welcomed the union. It was followed by fascist improvements of the Italian nationalism in Trentino.

In the 1960s and 1970s Trentino witnessed strong economic development, spurred mainly by tourism and by the new autonomy. It is currently one of the richest and most developed Italian provinces.

Its capital is the town of Trento, historically known in English as *Trent*. The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of about 0.5 million.

In 1996, the "Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino" was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of Alto Adige/South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common office to the European Union in Brussels.

## Related pages
* Trento
* Italy

## Notes
## Other websites
*
Botoșani

**Botoşani** (pronunciation in Romanian:  is the capital city of Botoşani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania.  It has a population of 115,609 people as of the year 2002

Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu and Nicolae Iorga.

## Sport 
Football is represented in Botoşani by the team FC Botoşani.

## References
Michael Morgan

**Michael Morgan** is the name of several people:

* Michael Dennis Morgan is an Olympic-level rower. He has competed for Australia, 2004. He was born December 19, 1946.
* Michael Morgan is a German singer of simple popular songs. He was born March 10, 1968, as Michael Lamboley in Merzig in West-Germany.
Survey

**Survey** could mean:

## Geography
*Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth
*Aerial survey, a method of collecting information using aerial photography
*Cadastral survey, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
*Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
*Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels 
*Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System

## Statistics
*Statistical survey, a collection of quantitative information about members of a population
**Census, a collection of information about every member of a population
**Sampling (statistics), collecting information on only a sample of a population
*Opinion poll, an informal collection of opinions using sampling
*Quantitative marketing research, the use of surveys to collect data for marketing purposes
*Paid survey, statistical survey which rewards the participant, often used to collect information for marketing purposes
*Questionnaire, a series of questions used to gather information
* Information Technology, a collection of surveys on IT

## Earth Sciences
*Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model
*Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
*Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area
*Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation
*Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels
*Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the resulting map is also referred to as a survey

## Astronomy
*Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky
*Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy
*Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth

## Academia
*Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research

## Organizations
*The Institut Géographique National, a French state establishment which produces and maintains geographical information for France and its territories
*The Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
*The Zoological Survey of India studies the fauna of India
*The British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological survey and monitoring of the UK landmass
*The Ordnance Survey, national mapping agency for Great Britain
*The British Antarctic Survey, conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica for the United Kingdom
*The United States Geological Survey, government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States
*The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performs geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
Zircon

**Zircon** is a silicate mineral. It is found in many different places in almost all kinds of rock. The chemical it is made up of is called  *zirconium silicate*:  ZrSiO4. Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond.  It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made zirconium dioxide.  In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.

## Long lasting zircons 
Zircon is very durable. It is hard and has a high melting point of around . Therefore it has survived for a very long time, even through metamorphic very warm processes deep underground, which otherwise melts or converts normal rocks.

Zircons from the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U–Pb (uranium–lead radioactive dating) ages up to 4.404 billion years. This is judged to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data, but is also the subject of debate.

## References
Beryl

**Beryl** is a cyclosilicate, and is the second main ore of beryllium metal. It is sometimes found as very, very large crystals, as much as 18 m. (59&nbsp;ft.) long. Colored clear beryl is often used for jewelry, including emerald (green), aquamarine (bluegreen), bixbite (red), morganite (pink), and heliodor (golden).

Image:Aigue-marine sur mica (Pakistan).jpg|Aquamarine
Image:Béryl Rouge.jpg|Bixbite
Image:Béryl_var._émeraude_sur_gangue_(Muzo_Mine_Boyaca_-_Colombie)_15.jpg|Emerald

## Related pages
*Chrysoberyl
Hallstatt

**Hallstatt** is a village in Upper Austria. Currently, a little over 900 people live there. It is in the Salzkammergut, a mountain regionin Austria. It lies on a lake. 

Because of its position, Hallstatt could only be reached by boat (or by using narrow, difficult mountain trails) for a long time. At the end of the 19th century a road was built. Despite this, even in the Neolithic people might have lived there. This is because there is a lot of natural salt there. In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (a salt miner) found a cemetery from the neolithic age just above the village. A cultural epoch in Europe is named after this. It is called Hallstatt culture. Other finds in the region include a Shoe-last celt (a special kind of wedge, probably used to treat wood). A blacksmith site has also been excavatzed. 

Today, the village lives mainly on tourism. There is a copy of the village in China.

## References 
*
John Piper

**John Piper** could mean:
* John Piper (author) (born 1953), English author and market analyst
* John Piper (artist) (1903–1992), English painter and printmaker
* John Piper (broadcaster), BBC radio host
* John Piper (military officer) (1773–1851), lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island
* John Piper (theologian) (born 1946), Reformed pastor and author
Mayflower Compact

The **Mayflower Compact** was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic on the *Mayflower*, looking for the freedom to believe in Christianity according to their own beliefs in God. It was signed on 11 November 1620 (OS) by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, where they first landed.  According to the customs of the time, the signers were all male. Of the 41 men who signed the Compact, 21 died during the first year in United States of America.

## List of men who signed 
This is a list of names of the 41 men who signed the Compact.
* John Carver
* William Bradford 
* Edward Winslow 
* William Brewster 
* Isaac Allerton 
* Myles Standish 
* John Alden 
* John Turner
* Francis Eaton 
* James Chilton
* John Crackston
* John Billington 
* Moses Fletcher
* John Goodman
* Samuel Fuller 
* Christopher Martin 
* William Mullins
* William White 
* Richard Warren 
* John Howland
* Stephen Hopkins 
* Degory Priest
* Thomas Williams
* Gilbert Winslow 
* Edmund Margeson 
* Peter Browne 
* Richard Britteridge
* George Soule 
* Edward Tilley
* John Tilley
* Francis Cooke 
* Thomas Rogers
* Thomas Tinker 
* John Ridgdale
* Edward Fuller
* Richard Clarke
* Richard Gardiner 
* John Allerton 
* Thomas English
* Edward Doty 
* Edward Leister

## References
Fibula (brooch)

A **Fibula** is an ancient brooch.  (Plural: fibulae).  Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world.  Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks.  Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age.  In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons.  Their descendent, the modern safety pin, remains in use today.

There are hundreds of different types and variations of fibulae.  They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping.  Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.

## Further reading 
* Hattatt, Richard.  ''A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.''  Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000.
United States Supreme Court building

The **Supreme Court building** is home of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is in Washington, D.C. It was designed in the neoclassical style by an architect named Cass Gilbert.

## References
Bethlehem Baptist Church

**Bethlehem Baptist Church** can mean:
:Note: Some of these are on the National Register of Historic Places
* Bethlehem Baptist Church (Phoenix, Arizona)
* Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis), Minnesota
* Bethlehem Baptist Church (Barnwell, South Carolina)
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis)

The **Bethlehem Baptist Church** (**BBC**) is a megachurch in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The church was started in 1871 as the **First Swedish Baptist Church of Minneapolis**. Since 1980, their pastor has been John Piper.

## Other websites 
*Bethlehem Baptist Church
Megachurch

of the late reverend Robert H. Schuller]]

A **megachurch** is a large church. It usually has around 2,000 or more people come every week. About 1,300 Protestant churches are megachurches.

## Other websites 
* Database of Megachurches in the U.S.
T.N.T. (song)

"**T.N.T.**" is a 1976 song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was taken from their second studio album of the same name. It went to number 19 in Australia. It was covered by American heavy metal band Anthrax in 2013.
Draco Malfoy

**Draco Lucius Malfoy** is a fictional character from the *Harry Potter* series written by J. K. Rowling. Malfoy is an antagonist, a Slytherin student in Harry Potter's year and Harry's main rival in school. In the *Harry Potter* movies, he is played by Tom Felton. He will be portrayed by Lox Pratt in the upcoming television series *Harry Potter* for the streaming service HBO Max.

## Appearance
The fictional Draco Malfoy is described as having a pale, pointed face, sleek white-blond hair and light icy gray eyes that seem cold.

## Character
Draco Malfoy is depicted as a manipulative villain, exhibiting cunning use of magic and an ambitious attitude to get what he wants in the stories. 

## Family
Draco Malfoy is the only child of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy, a member of the Black family, whose cousin is Harry Potter's godfather. Draco’s family was “one of the first to come back to the good side after the Wizarding War ended and Voldemort was defeated.” In a stage play towards the end of *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2,* Malfoy married Astoria Greengrass, a fellow housemate and had an only child, Scorpius Malfoy, who is identical to Draco. Astoria later died from blood malediction in 2017, which leaves Draco devastated.

## Story
Draco Malfoy's father taught Draco Malfoy to bully Harry and his friends Ron, Hermione and Neville Longbottom. In the second book, he mocks Hermione by calling her "Mudblood", insulting her for her Muggle origins. In the sixth book of the Harry Potter series, Draco becomes a Death Eater, thinking it will make his father proud.  But, he realizes his mistake and when asked by Voldemort to murder Professor Dumbledore, he is unable to do so. Severus Snape commits the murder after he took the unbreakable vow to protect Malfoy. With Dumbledore's death, Malfoy becomes the master of the powerful Elder Wand.  He disarms Dumbledore and he is later disarmed by Harry Potter.
Medieval Warm Period

were regional phenomena, and were not experienced worldwide.]]
The **Medieval Warm Period (MWP)** or **Medieval Climate Optimum** was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region. It was not a planet-wide phenomena. It lasted from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. In discussions of global warming this period is often mentioned.

Some refer to the event as the **Medieval Climatic Anomaly** because this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important.

## Related pages
*Little Ice Age

## References 
## Further reading 
* M.K. Hughes and H.F. Diaz, "Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period?", *Climatic Change* 26: 109–142, March 1994

## Other websites 
*The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period
Niagara IceDogs

The **Niagara IceDogs** are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1998. The team currently plays in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). They play their home games in St. Catharines, Ontario at the Meridian Centre.

## Other websites
*Official website
Motor sports

**Motor sports** are sports where the people taking part use a motor vehicle. The usual vehicles are a car, motorcycle or boat. Some motor sports use aircraft or snowmobiles.

Motor sports can be based either on speed (the first one to reach the finish line wins) or on skill (the one with the least amount of penalty points wins). Speed-based motor sports are often called *races*. Motor sports based on skill are often called *trials*.

Well known motor sports are rally, Formula 1 and Nascar.
Haan

**Haan** is a town of the district of Mettmann in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Since 1975, Gruiten belongs to Haan.

## Population 
## Twin towns 
Haan is twinned with:
*  Eu, France, since 1967
*  Berwick-upon-Tweed, United Kingdom, since 1982
*  Bad Lauchstädt, Germany, since 1990
*  Dobrodzień, Poland, since 2004

The local Gymnasium is also twinned with Liceo Scientifico of  Forte dei Marmi, Italy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Trade route

cantonment during the British Raj.]]

A **trade route** is a series of paths or roads that is used for the commercial transport of cargo.

Historically, the period from 1500 BC–1 AD saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major networks for trade, such as the silk road. Europe's early trading routes included the amber road, which served as a network for long distance trade. Maritime trade along the spice route became prominent during the Middle Ages; nations tried to control this influential route. During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.

In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines. In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.

## Other websites 
* Trade routes: the growth of global trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. 
* Ancient trade routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

## Notes 
## References 
*
*
*
*
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

**Total Nonstop Action (TNA) Wrestling** is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down. Along with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Ring of Honor (ROH), they are the main rivals for WWE.  They made a video game called TNA iMPACT! and a sequel to it called TNA Impact! 2011 after it's weekly program of the same name before it was renamed Impact Wrestling. The Impact name lasted until 2024 when they went back to using the TNA name.

Jeff Jarrett left the company in December 2013 and announced that he was starting his own professional wrestling promotion called Global Force Wrestling. It was later clarified that he still remains an "investor" of TNA.

On November 19, 2014, it was announced that TNA would be ending their relationship with Spike, and that they would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute their shows beginning in January 2015. In the United States, TNA programs, which include Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America. Discovery will also hold rights in selected international markets. Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was only estimated to reach 59 million households.

On October 21, 2023 during Bound for Glory, it was announced that the company would be rebranding and would be going back to their previous name Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), starting at the Hard To Kill event on January 13, 2024.

## Champions 
### Men's division 
**Singles**

**Tag team**

### Knockouts (women's) division 
**Singles**

**Tag team**

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Captivity (animal)

Animals who live under human control or care are in **captivity**. Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or  animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos. Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity. If there is a species that only exist in captivity, it is known by the ICUN Red List as extinct in the wild
Choctaw

The **Choctaw** are a Native American people originally from the southeastern United States, also called the Southeastern Woodlands. This is today in Mississippi and Alabama. Their language is the Choctaw language. It is part of the Muskogean family. It is also similar to Chickasaw. Three tribes are recognized today. They are the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, and Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in Louisiana.

## History 
The people were originally mound builders. Early Choctaw lived in thatched-roof cabins of logs in communities. Agriculture was the main supply of food, such as the Three Sisters. There was also fishing and hunting. Sports were also important and often replaced war. 

The tribe supported the Americans during the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the Creek War. Europeans thought the tribe was civilized. It was part of the so-called  "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeast. 

Most of the tribe was forced out of their land from 1831 to 1833. This was part of the Indian Removal. The remaining Choctaw became citizens. The tribe supported the Confederates in the U.S. Civil War. Several chiefs of the Choctaw were at the US Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Choctaw worked as codetalkers during World War I. They used their own Choctaw language.  The Choctaw reorganized after the Indian Reorganization Act. 

## References
Bill Gates

**William Henry Gates III** (born October 28, 1955) is an American businessman, as the co-founder and former chairman of Microsoft. 

He is the thirteenth-richest person in the world, with his net worth stood at US$115.1 billion, as of May 2025.

## Early life 
William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955 at Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, U.S.  He has British and German ancestry. His father William H. Gates, Sr. was a lawyer. His mother Mary Maxwell Gates served on the board of directors for First Interstate Banksystem and the United Way. His parents wanted him to be a lawyer. At the age of 13, Bill went to Lakeside High School.

## Career 
### College career and the Founding of Microsoft 
He was a freshman at Harvard University in 1973. He left Harvard to make software.  Bill Gates saw an opportunity to transform the personal computer, which was expensive and difficult to use.  He decided that computers could be made less expensive and easier to use.  Gates started Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen in the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Gates then went on to develop the Windows operating system, which at first wasn't well-received but with time became the most used system in the world. On June 16, 2007, Microsoft said that Gates, the chairman of Microsoft, will come in on a day-to-day schedule to continue working with his charity organization full-time for the years to come. On 2014, Satya Nadella became the new CEO of Microsoft and Bill Gates came back as the Chief Technology Adviser. On March 13, 2020, Bill Gates completely left Microsoft so that he can focus on charity work. He is now focusing on charity work for climate change, global health and development, and education. As an American citizen, he cannot be called "Sir Bill Gates", but can use the letters "KBE" after his name.

Melinda French divorced with Bill Gates since May 3, 2021. Even though they divorced, they stated that they will keep working on charity events. As of January 2021, Gates had an estimated net worth of US$163&nbsp;billion, making him the third-richest person in the world. And now, he is the third-richest person in the world behind Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in net worth as of January 2021. He owns a large home library, and its ceiling is decorated with a quote from *The Great Gatsby*. He also enjoys playing bridge, tennis and golf. Every day, he writes down a daily schedule for every minute of the day, similarly to the U.S. president's schedule. Even though Gates is rich and frequently travels to work, he formerly flew in an economy class aircraft until 1997. Since 1997, the year when he bought a private jet, he travels in his private jet instead.

On May 10, 2022, Gates said that he tested positive for COVID-19. He was experiencing mild symptoms of COVID-19. Gates has received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.

## Related pages 
* Steve Jobs, founder of Apple
* Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook
* Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Will Ryan

**William Frank Ryan** (May 21, 1949 – November 19, 2021) was an American actor, singer and musician.

## Career
His music career first began when he was in high school. He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.

He got back into music and after moving to California. He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney. He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's *Welcome to Pooh Corner*. Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.) for the Focus on the Family radio series *Adventures in Odyssey*. 

He also voiced Rabbit in *Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore*. He was also the original voice of Petrie in *The Land Before Time*.

## Death
Ryan died from cancer in Santa Monica, California on November 19, 2021, at the age of 72.

## Some movies
*''Mickey's Christmas Carol* - Mole, Willie the Giant, Pete, Big Bad Wolf, Weasel #2 (1983)
**Welcome to Pooh Corner* - Rabbit, Tigger (1983)
**Dumbo's Circus* - Barnaby (1985)
**Frog and Toad Are Friends* (1985)
**An American Tail* - Digit (1986)
**Mother Goose's Treasury* - Bertram the Goose (1987)
**Frog and Toad Together* (1987)
**DuckTales* - Pete, Dangerous Dan (1987)
**The Land Before Time* - Petrie (1988)
**Stanley and the Dinosaurs* - (1989)
**The Little Mermaid* - Seahorse (1989)
**Rock-a-Doodle* - Stuey (1991)
**Garfield and Friends* (episode 88 *Ghost of a Chance*, as McKraven (or McCraven) The Ghost) (1992)
**Thumbelina* - Hero, Reverend Rat (1994)
**A Troll in Central Park* - Boss (1994)
**The Pebble and the Penguin* - Royal, Tika (1995)
**Disney's House of Mouse* - Willie the Giant (2001–2003)
**Looney Tunes: Back in Action* (2003) - Papa Bear
**Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi* (2004)
**Mickey Mouse Clubhouse* - Willie the Giant (2006–present)
**Family Guy* (episode *Road to the North Pole*, as Winnie The Pooh) (2010)
**It's A Frame-Up!* - Shooster (2013)
**Get a Horse!* - Peg-Leg Pete (2013)

## Discography
**Eugene Sings!*
**Eugene Sings! Christmas*
**Am I Cool or What?*
**Goin' Quackers*
**Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective!*
**Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Sound Tracks*
**Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks*
**Classic Songs for Leonard Reed's Shim Sham Shimmy*
**Adventures in Odyssey'' (Eugene Meltsner/Harlow Doyle)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Web chat

A **web chat** is a chat system to exchange information via the Web. People use a web browser to communicate with others. Apart from the browser you do not need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.

On the technical side web chats are often written with Java, Flash or Ajax.

## Related pages
* Chat room
* Webcam
Brian Cowen

**Brian Cowen** (born 10 January 1960) was the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland. He became the Taoiseach on 7 May 2008, after Bertie Ahern, resigned after losing a general election on 9 March 2011. He was the leader of a political party called Fianna Fáil. They were in a coalition government with the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats. Independent TDs (Irish members of parliament) also support his government. 

During his time as Taoiseach and after leaving office, Cowen was called by multiple media outlets as the worst Taoiseach in the country's history. 

His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows, and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling, at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent. In January 2011, following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle, and facing growing political pressure, Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil, but remained as Taoiseach until after the general election.

On 14 September 2010, after having an interview on RTÉ's *Morning Ireland,* Cowen was accused of doing the interview while drunk.

*The Sunday Times* called Cowen's time as Taoiseach as "a failure".

## Personal life
Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family, in Tullamore, County Offaly, on 10 January 1960. He was raised in Clara by his parents, May and Bernard Cowen, a Fianna Fáil TD and Senator. He studied law at University College Dublin.

Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters.

### Health
On 5 July 2019, Cowen was hospitalized after suffering a major brain haemorrhage. He spent five months in a hospital before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility. Cowen returned home in 2021, however was left paralyzed and needed the help of a wheelchair.

## References
## Other websites
* Brian Cowen feature from the Offaly Express
* What Brian and Mary did next
*
Ob (river)

of the Ob, shown in yellow]]
The **Ob** is a river in Siberia. Together with the Lena and the Yenisei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia. Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long. Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard. The Irtysh is the Ob river's main tributary. Other tributaries include the Omsk, Parabel, Chaya, Tobol and Ishim.

The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.

## Names
The name Ob is based on the Russian name of *Обь*. The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the *As*, *Yag*, *Kolta* and *Yema*; to the Nenets people as the *Kolta* or *Kuay*; and to the Siberian Tatars as the *Umar* or *Omass*.
Inductive reasoning

**Induction** is one of the main forms of logical reasoning.  The other is deduction.  In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases.  For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.

Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.  

Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was a hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.

Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”. Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?”  Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known *As* are *B*, then *probably* all *As* whatever are *B*". 

## Criticism 
Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:

1. Humans exist.2. Birds also exist.3. Therefore, birds are human.  

This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.

## References 
## Other websites 
Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:
*Vickers, John 2014. The problem of induction. *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/
Marin-Epagnier

**Marin-Epagnier** was a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.

It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.

The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. *(See also La Tène culture.)* La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland. La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
*Marin-Epagnier