open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The **Twelfth Amendment** (**Amendment XII**) to the United States Constitution was proposed in Congress on December 9, 1803.  It was ratified by the state legislatures on June 15, 1804. It provided new s for electing the President and Vice President. Before the amendment, each member of the Electoral College cast a single vote. The  who received the largest number of votes became the President.

## Text 
## Background 
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 went over several different proposals for electing the President. Some wanted Congress to choose the President. Other suggestions included selection by the state legislatures, by the state governors or by a congressional committee. Alexander Hamilton tried to use his influence to get Pinckney more votes, making Adams the Vice President again. Both had running mates. Pinckney was again the running mate of Adams for the Federalist Party. Under the Constitution, the matter was to be decided by the House of Representatives. In the House, the two tied again in 35 votes. Only on the 36th ballot was the deadlock broken and Jefferson was elected president. 

The solution to the problem became the Twelfth Amendment. It was proposed by Congress on December 9, 1803. Three days later it was submitted to the states for ratification. Fourteen of the seventeen states (at the time) ratified it and the amendment was added to the Constitution on September 25, 1804.

## Provisions 
The Electoral College remained much the same under the Twelfth Amendment. But the process for choosing a president and vice president changed. Under the Twelfth Amendment an elector must cast separate votes for the President and Vice President. If nobody gets the majority of the votes, the process remains the same as before; the House of Representatives decides.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Transformative Twelfth Amendment, William & Mary Law Review
* How the Presidency Changed Forever, Mizzou Magazine
Two-body problem

The **two-body problem** is a problem from classical mechanics: there are two bodies which influence each other.  Very often they attract or repel each other. In many cases they rotate. The problem uses bodies which are circles, or spheres. Solving the problem is possible for many situations, but it usually involves higher level mathematics.

## Simplification: One body has a mass that is much smaller 
When one of the two bodies has a mass that is much smaller, the influence of this smaller body on the larger one is very small, and can be disregarded. In such a case, the problem can be reformulated as a one-centre problem, where there is a stationary big body in the centre, and a small body orbiting around the big one. This setting is very comon. Johannes Kepler was the first person to formulate and solve it. For this reason, it is also known as **Kepler problem**.

## General solution for the two-body problem 
Isaac Newton was the first person to solve to the general two-body problem.

## Three or more bodies 
Looking at the generalizations, there are two other problems which are related:
* The three-body problem (three bodies influence each other): This problem can only be solved exactly for few very special cases. It needs to be approximated for the other ones.
* The n-body problem: n bodies inflience each other: No solutions exist for the general case.
Optimization (disambiguation)

**Optimization** or **optimisation** may refer to:
* Mathematical optimization, finding the best solution to a problem
* Engineering optimization
* Optimality, in economics
**Profit
**Utility
**Economic efficiency
** Pareto efficiency
* Optimization (computer science), improving software to make it work more efficiently
* Search engine optimization, improving the ranking of a website in search engine listings
Janusz Bolonek

**Januariusz Mikołaj** "**Janusz**" **Bolonek** (6 December 1938 &ndash; 2 March 2016) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Huta Dłutowska, Poland. He worked in diplomacy for the Pope. Among other positions, has served as nuntius in Uruguay, Bulgaria, Romania, and in North Macedonia.

Bolonek was made a priest in 1961 in Łódź, Poland. He retired as Apostolic Nuncio in 2013. He died in Łódź on 2 March 2016 of cancer. He was aged 77.

## References
Benoît Lacroix

**Benoît Lacroix** (8 September 1915 &ndash; 2 March 2016) was a Canadian theologian, philosopher, and Dominican priest. He was a professor in Medieval studies and historian of the Mediaeval period at the Université de Montréal. He was the author of almost 50 works and a great number of articles. He was born in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Quebec.

Lacroix died in Quebec on 2 March 2016 from problems caused by pneumonia. He was 100 years old.

## References
Ashok Ghosh

**Ashok Ghosh** (2 July 1921 &ndash; 3 March 2016) was an Indian Bengali politician. He was the senior leader of All India Forward Bloc political party. He held the position of the state general secretary of Forward Bloc in West Bengal from 1946 until his death in 2016.

Ghosh died in Kolkata from multiple organ failure on 3 March 2016. He was 94 years old.

## References
Natalia Krachkovskaya

**Natalia Leonidovna Krachkovskaya** (, maiden name - Belogortseva, 24 November 1938 – 3 March 2016) was a Soviet and Russian actress. She was awarded the Meritorious Artist in 1998. She was born in Moscow. She became famous during the 1970s with roles in the movies *The Twelve Chairs* and *Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future*.

Krachkovskaya died on 3 March 2016 in a hospital in Moscow from a heart attack. She was aged 77.

## References
South by Southwest

**South by Southwest** (**SXSW**) is a set of festivals and conferences. They are about movies, interactive media, and music. It takes place every year in March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987. It has continued to grow in both scope and size every year.

South by Southwest is run by the company SXSW, Inc.

## Overview
 in downtown Austin, Texas, during SXSW 2013]]

### SXSW Music 
SXSW Music is the largest music festival in the world. It had more than 2,000 performances in 2014.

In 1987, 700 people attended the music event. In 2009, there were over 32,000 registrants.

Bands must pay for their own travel and lodging at the event. All performers get a cash payment ($100 for solo musicians or $250 for bands) or a wristband that gives them access to all music events.

### SXSW Film 
#### Conference
SXSW Film Conference lasts for five days. There are speakers, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders.

In 2015, there were over 250 sessions with 735 speakers. Important speakers in the past include Lena Dunham, Jon Favreau, Mark Duplass, Ava DuVernay, Ryan Gosling, Nicolas Cage, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Tilda Swinton, Amy Schumer, Sally Field, Joss Whedon, Christine Vachon, RZA, Matthew McConaughey, Danny Boyle, Seth MacFarlane, Catherine Hardwicke, Richard Linklater, David Gordon Green, Harmony Korine, Henry Rollins, Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez.

#### Festival
The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days. The SXSW Film Awards is on the last day of the Film Conference.

In 2015, the SXSW Film Festival showed 150 feature movies and 106 short movies. They were selected from 7,361 submissions. Past movies that premiered at SXSW include *Furious 7*, *Neighbors*, *Chef*, *21 Jump Street*, *The Cabin in the Woods*, *Bridesmaids* and *Insidious*, and the TV series *Girls*, *Silicon Valley* and *Penny Dreadful*.

Although the film festival often shows independently produced movies, studios have often shown their comedies there before they are released. They do this to get an idea of how popular the movie will be in theaters.

### SXSW Interactive 
SXSW Interactive is about new technology. The festival includes a trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator.  According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive "has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world" since 2007.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Best of America – South By Southwest Interactive, *CounterPunch*, March 14, 2014
Arjun Bijlani

**Arjun Bijlani** (born 31 October 1982) is an Indian television actor. He played Aalekh in *Right Left* and Mayank Sharma in *Miley Jab Hum Tum*.  His other work includes *Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar*. In April 2015, Bijlani played Shikhar Mehra in *Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi*. He plays the lead role of Hritikh in the television drama *Naagin*.

## History 
Bijlani was born on 31 October 1982. He has appeared in many advertisements, including LG, Samsung and BPL Mobile. He has been in many music videos. He was in *Kartika*, a Disney Channel show, with Jennifer Winget. He has been in many serials, including *Miley Jab Hum Tum,Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna*. He also hosted a show named *Road Diaries*.

## Personal life
He is married to Neha Swami and they have one children Ayaan Bijlani.

## Filmography
### Television
### Movies
## References 
## Other websites 
*
* Arjun Bijlani Official website
Torres Strait Islands

]]

The **Torres Strait Islands** are a group of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait. Most of the islands are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. A small number are part of Papua New Guinea. 

The indigenous people of the islands are Torres Strait Islanders. In 2011, the population was 4,248. The island with the most people is Thursday Island.

## References
Solar eclipses on Mars

of the Sun by Phobos as viewed on Mars (August 20, 2013).]]

The two moons of Mars—Phobos and Deimos—are much smaller than the Moon, greatly reducing solar eclipses on that planet.

## Eclipses 
### Phobos 
Phobos is only 20 by 25 km (12 by 16 mi) and has a rapid orbital motion, so someone on Mars would only see the solar eclipse for no longer than about thirty seconds. Phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit Mars, while a Martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that Phobos can create two eclipses per Martian day. 

### Deimos 
Deimos is too small, 15 by 10 km (9.3 by 6.2 mi), to cause an eclipse. The best someone on Mars would see would be a small object passing the Sun.

## View from Earth 
Both moons are too small to cast a shadow on Mars that can be seen from Earth. However, since the creation of artificial satellites, the shadow of Phobos on Mars has been seen.

## References
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

on March 30, 1870, the **Fifteenth Amendment** (**Amendment XV**) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments.

## Text 
## Background 
Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens. He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election. Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans. But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful. As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Impact of the 13th, 14th & 15th amendment
* U.S. Constitution's Fifteenth Amendment: Removing Race Qualifications for Voting
War of the Oranges

The **War of the Oranges**,  or the **War of the lemon** was a brief conflict in Alentejo in 1801. French and Spanish troops invaded Portugal.   Portugal was the last British ally in Europe. Napoleon and the Spanish prime minister and Generalissimo Manuel de Godoy demanded that she break her alliance with Britain. When the Portuguese refused they invaded. While laying siege to Elvas Godoy picked oranges from the outside of Elvas and sent them to the Queen of Spain, Maria Luisa, possibly his lover, with the message that he would go on to Lisbon. Thus, the conflict became known as the "War of the Oranges". 

On 6 June 1801 Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal agreed to close its ports to English ships, to give commercial concessions to France, to cede Olivenza to Spain and to pay an indemnity.

## References
École nationale supérieure de Bordeaux

The '''École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux'* (ENSEIRB - MATMECA) is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus at Talence (West France).

It awards the following French & European degree :
* *Ingénieur ENSEIRB - MATMECA'' (ENSEIRB - MATMECA Graduate engineer Masters level program)

Classes are mainly in French and English. The school has 1200 students from a dozen nationalities. Most of the first year students at ENSEIRB-MATMECA live in dedicated housing buildings nearby research labs.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ENSEIRB - MATMECA relate to the following topics:
*Mechanical engineering (I2M);
*Mathematics (IMB);
*Computer Science (LaBRI);
*Electrical & Electronic Engineering (IMS).

## References 
## More reading 
* Official website
Sophie Dessus

**Sophie Dessus** (24 September 1955 &ndash; 3 March 2016) was a French Socialist politician. She was born in Suresnes, France. She represented Corrèze's First Constituency in the National Assembly, the first woman to represent Corrèze in the National Assembly. She served from 20 June 2012 until her death in 3 March 2016.

Dessus died in Limoges, France of cancer on 3 March 2016. She was aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
*Dessus's official website
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi

Ayatollah **Abbas Vaez Tabasi** (, 25 June 1935 – 4 March 2016) was an Iranian cleric. He holds memberships at different institutions. He was the Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board from 1979 until his death in 2016. He was born in Tabas, Mashhad.

Tabasi died from respiratory failure in Mashhad, Iran on 4 March 2016. He had lung cancer. Tabasi was aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
* BBC article about Naser Vaez-Tabasi
P. A. Sangma

**Purno Agitok (P. A.) Sangma** (1 September 1947 – 4 March 2016) was an Indian politician. He was born in Assam, India. He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998 and Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990.

Sangma died on 4 March 2016 in New Delhi, India from a heart attack. He was aged 68.

## References
Hayabusa (wrestler)

(29 November 1968 – 3 March 2016) was a Japanese professional wrestler. He was better known for wrestling under a mask as **Hayabusa**. He mainly worked for the Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) promotion. He also wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) and in North America for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and one match with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW).

## Career
Ezaki debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) at the 1994 Super J Cup, losing in the first round to Jushin Thunder Liger. He started wrestling under the Hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in Mexico.

In October 2001, Ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed. In 2015, Ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane.

On 3 April 2015, Hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of FMW. He had served as the executive producer of the promotion.

## Death
On 3 March 2016, Ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47.

## References
Drupal

**Drupal**  is a free and open source software application that is installed on servers.   When installed and configured, Drupal helps people make websites that are secure, safe, and stable.   Drupal also allows users to share modules with each other.  Modules are like building blocks that when installed make new features available.

As of February 2016, more than 1.3 million websites use Drupal.
Drupal is well supported, and many high level websites are built with it including whitehouse.gov.

## References
Act of Congress

An **Act of Congress** is a statute  by the United States Congress according to the powers granted to it by the Constitution of the United States. The term can be used in other countries with a legislature called a "Congress," such as the Congress of the Philippines. But most often the term is associated with the United States Congress. In the US, there are several steps from a  or  becoming a law. It must first be passed by a majority of both of the houses of Congress. Called bills, only a few ever make it all the way through the process to become a law. The Constitution requires only three steps: passing the House, passing the Senate and approval by the President. A bill may be introduced in both the Senate and House at the same time. In theory, this saves time over sending it though one house, then the other. In each house of Congress, a bill is sent to a . If the bill passes through a committee it is sent to the floor for debate and a vote. A bill may either be passed by be defeated. If passed, it is sent to the other house of Congress to follow the same procedures.

### Simple resolutions 
These are resolutions concerning the operation of either house of Congress. They are not sent to the President for his approval. Resolutions by the House of Representatives which affect that house are designated "H.Res." followed by a number. Simple resolutions in the Senate are designated "S. Res." followed by a number.

### Joint resolutions 
A joint resolution may start either in the House or Senate. They are essentially the same as a bill. The only difference is a joint resolution that proposes an amendment to the US Constitution. They require a two-thirds majority vote in each house. Like a simple resolution, they are not sent to the President for his signature. They become effective when they are ratified by three-quarters of the states. A joint resolution that began in the House of Representatives is designated "H.J.Res." followed by the number. A joint resolution started in the Senate is designated "S.J.Res.", followed by the number. Joint resolutions become law the same as bills.

### Concurrent resolutions 
Concurrent resolutions start with either "S.Con.Res." (Senate) or "H.Con.Res." (House). They are numbered consecutively as they are d. Concurrent resolutions are those that affect the operations of both the House and Senate. They can also be used to create a temporary joint committee. Concurrent resolutions are not sent to the president for his signature and do not have the force of law.

## References 
## Other websites 
* First Act of Congress, March 4, 1789
* The First Congressional Override of a Presidential Veto, March 3, 1845
Bud Collins

**Arthur Worth "Bud" Collins, Jr.** (June 17, 1929 – March 4, 2016) was an American journalist and television sportscaster. He was best known for his tennis commentary. Collins was born in Lima, Ohio. For several years with the *Boston Globe*, he was a general and political columnist. In 1967, he was a candidate for mayor of Boston.

Collins died on March 4, 2016 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bud Collins WGBH Alumni Profile               
*Interview with Tennis-Prose spanning the life and career of Bud Collins
Deadpool (movie)

***Deadpool*** is a 2016 American superhero comedy movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics's character Deadpool. The movie was directed by Tim Miller and it was produced by Simon Kinberg, Ryan Reynolds, and Lauren Shuler Donner. It was Miller's first movie as a director. A sequel movie titled *Deadpool 2* was released in 2018.

*Deadpool* was first premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016. It was released in North America on February 12, 2016. Principal photography for the movie started in Vancouver on March 23, 2015 and ended on May 29, 2015.

## Plot
Wade Wilson (Ryan Reynolds) is a former Special Forces operative who now works as a mercenary. His world comes crashing down when evil scientist Ajax (Ed Skrein) tortures, disfigures and transforms him into Deadpool. The rogue experiment leaves Deadpool with accelerated healing powers and a twisted sense of humor. With help from mutant allies Colossus and Negasonic Teenage Warhead (Brianna Hildebrand), Deadpool uses his new skills to hunt down the man who nearly destroyed his life.

## Cast 
* Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool
* Morena Baccarin as Vanessa Wilson (the wife of Wade Wilson / Deadpool)
* Ed Skrein as Francis Freeman / Ajax
* T. J. Miller as Weasel
* Gina Carano as Angel Dust
* Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead
* Stefan Kapičić as Pietr Rasputin / Colossus
* Karan Soni as Dopinder

## Reception
The movie got positive reviews from critics and audiences. It has a 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Peter Travers of *Rolling Stone* said that the movie was "party time for action junkies" and also that Reynolds may have found the role that defines his career.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
Tasmanian oak

**Tasmanian oak** (or **Australian oak**) is hardwood timber. It is a light-colored, medium-density wood, used for building, furniture, flooring and paper.

It is not an oak, and not related to oak, but is yielded by some species of *Eucalyptus* trees in Tasmania. These trees belong to *Eucalyptus regnans*, *Eucalyptus obliqua* or *Eucalyptus delegatensis*. Wood from the same species of trees in Victoria is called "Victorian ash". 

## References
Stuffed animal fetishism

**Stuffed animal fetishism** (or *plushophilia*) is a sexual attraction to stuffed animals. People who have this fetish are sometimes called *plushies*. People who have a stuffed animal fetish are sometimes thought of as furries.

## References
Def Jam Vendetta

***Def Jam Vendetta*** is a 2003 professional wrestling video game published by Electronic Arts and developed by AKI Corporation and EA Canada. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube. *Def Jam Vendetta* was released on March 31, 2003 in North America, May 23, 2003 in PAL regions, and on August 21, 2003 in Japan. It featured hip hop musicians from the Def Jam Records label as fighters. The engine for the game was first designed for a sequel to EA's *WCW Mayhem*, but EA lost their WCW license when WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001.

## Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10. Jon Robinson of IGN said that the multiplayer was "smooth" and "slick". GameSpot rated the game 8.4 out of 10. Alex Navarro of GameSpot said "As a wrestling game, Def Jam Vendetta manages to succeed on most every level, providing surprisingly deep gameplay, quality graphics and sound, and a distinctive atmosphere".

## References
## Other websites
*
Hassan al-Turabi

'''Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi''' (c.1932 &ndash; 5 March 2016) was a Sudanese religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan. He has been called "one of the most important figures in modern Sudanese politics". He was born in Kassala, Sudan. Al-Turabi was leader of what was called the National Islamic Front (NIF). He served as Speaker of the National Assembly serving from 1996 through 1999. He later served as Secretary General of the Popular Congress Party from 1999 until his death in 2016.

Al-Turabi died in Khartoum, Sudan on 5 March 2016. He was aged 84.

## References
Berta Cáceres

**Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores** (4 March 1971 – 2 March 2016) was a Honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader of the Lenca people. 

She was co-founder and coordinator of the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH). She won the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2015.

## Assassination 
On March 2, 2016, two armed intruders shot Cáceres to death in her home in La Esperanza, Honduras, after years of threats against her life. She was 44 years old.

## References
Asta Nielsen

**Asta Sofie Amalie Nielsen** (11 September 1881&nbsp;– 24 May 1972) was a Danish silent movie actress. She was very popular in the 1910s. She was one of the first international movie stars. Nielsen was in 74 movies. 70 were in Germany where she was known simply as *Die Asta* (*The Asta*). She had large dark eyes, a face like a mask and a figure like a boy. Nielsen most often played strong and passionate women trapped by tragic lives. Her performances were erotic so Nielsen's movies were heavily censored in the United States. Therefore, she was not very famous there. Nielsen started her own movie studio in Berlin in the 1920s. She went back to Denmark in 1937 after Nazism became a problem. Later in life, Nielsen became a collage artist and an author.

## Movies
Albert Einstein Square

in the garden of Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
**Albert Einstein Square**  (, *Kikar Albert Einstein*) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. it is located in the entrance of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities at the Talbiya neighborhood in Jerusalem.

Albert Einstein visited Palestine in 1923 for 12 days. He gave the first lecture at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 

Einstein was in favor of the Hebrew University, as well as Zionism and education in general. This is the reason the square is named for him. Also, a statue of Einstein is nearby in the gardens of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

## References 
## Other websites
F. Lee Bailey

**Francis Lee Bailey Jr.**, commonly referred to as **F. Lee Bailey**, (June 10, 1933 &ndash; June 3, 2021) was an American criminal-defense lawyer. Bailey was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He worked in Massachusetts and Florida.

Bailey represented Doctor Sam Sheppard on appeal after Sheppard was convicted of murdering his wife. Bailey managed to get Sheppard a retrial, in which Bailey was successful in getting Sheppard acquitted. Bailey was the lead lawyer in successfully defending Captain Ernest Medina in the court martial for the My Lai Massacre. Bailey, along with others, successfully defended O. J. Simpson in the trial where Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown.

In 2014, the Maine State Bar Association and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court denied Bailey's petition to have his law license reinstated.

Bailey died in Atlanta, Georgia on June 3, 2021, one week before his 88th birthday.

## References
Jeff Weaver (political staffer)

**Jeffrey "Jeff" P. Weaver** (born 1966) is an American political adviser. He was the campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign in 2016. Weaver served as the campaign manager during Bernie Sanders' successful Senate run in 2006. Weaver also served as chief of staff in Sanders’ House and Senate offices.

Weaver was born in St. Albans, Vermont. He studied at Boston University, the University of Vermont, and Georgetown University.

## References
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on February 3, 1913, the **Sixteenth Amendment** (**Amendment XVI**) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to  a  federal income tax. This allows the federal government to collect a tax on personal income, no matter where that income came from. The Sixteenth Amendment overturned the 1895 Supreme Court landmark decision in ''Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co*. In *Pollock'', the Court ruled that a 2 percent tax on incomes over $4,000 was unconstitutional. In the Constitution, Article one, Sections 2 and 9 created the "rule of apportionment". On a  basis this required Congress to tax the states based on each state's population instead of a tax on each person's income or property.

Before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods. These include tariffs on goods imported into the country. Congress had passed the Revenue Act of 1861 during the Civil War to help pay for the war. A 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount. It was then sent to the state legislatures for ratification.

## Effects of the Sixteenth Amendment 
The largest and most direct effect of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment was it shifted power from the states to the national government. States had income taxes before the national government did. This kept the national government weaker due to having less revenue than the states. Without the Sixteenth Amendment, the national  government would find it far more difficult to extend its military power to other parts of the world.

## Notes 
## References
Alcohol by volume

.]]
**Alcohol by volume**  (often shortened to **ABV**)  tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. The quantity is measured at a temperature  of .
Common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine. Distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits)  contain more than twenty percent ethanol.

A directive of the European Union of 1976 says that the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks must be measured using the ABV measurement described above.

## Other ways of measuring alcohol content
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1777-1850) and Johann Georg Tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content. These units are usually measured in degrees, noted °GL, or °GT. The scale Gay-Lussac developed is almost equal to the ABV scale described above. There may be slight different, because Gay-Lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.

## Related pages
*Alcoholic proof

## References
Yakutia Airlines

**Yakutia Airlines** ("Авиакомпания Якутия") is a Russian airline. It started in 1992 with the name "Sakha Avia". In 2002, the name was changed to "Yakutia Airlines". Today, Yakutia goes from Russia to Asia, Europe and the USA.

## Gallery

File:Sakha Avia Tupolev Tu-154B-2 Pashnin.jpg|An old plane of the former Sakha Avia.
File:Yakutia Airlines Tupolev Tu-154M Faerberg.jpg|A Yakutia Tupolev Tu-154M. This plane has now been retired.
File:Boeing 737-76Q Yakutia Airlines VQ-BEO.jpg|A Yakutia Boeing 737-700 in 2010.
File:Sukhoi Superjet 100-95B, Yakutia Airlines AN2301406.jpg|A new Yakutia Sukhoi Superjet in Japan.

## References
Model airplane

A **model airplane** is a small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. It may be a replica of an existing airplane or an imaginary aircraft.

Model aircraft are generally divided into two basic types, flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also called static, display, or shelf models. Flying models range from simple toy gliders to powered scale models. Some can be very large, especially when used to simulate the conditions of a real flight. Static models range from mass-produced toys to highly accurate models used for museum display.

Aircraft manufacturers and researchers use wind tunnel models. They are used for testing new designs and development of new ones. Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modeled.

## Related pages
* Glow fuel
Aleksis Kivi

**Aleksis Kivi** , born Alexis Stenvall, (10 October 1834 – 31 December 1872) was a Finnish writer. He wrote plays and poems and the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä). He is considered one of the greatest authors in Finland.

Kivi was born in Nurmijärvi. He lived in time when all educated people in Finland spoke Swedish. He was the first professional writer who published his works in Finnish. Kivi, Mikael Agricola and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

## References
Kalabhavan Mani

**Mani Raman** (1 January 1971 &ndash; 6 March 2016), commonly referred to by his stage name **Kalabhavan Mani**, was an Indian movie actor and singer. Mani started his career as a mimicry artist with the Kalabhavan troupe. 

Mani was in over 200 movies. He was known for his character and villain roles.  He won the National Film Award and Kerala State Film Award in 1999 for his role as Ramu in *Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum*.He also acted in many Tamil films starring villain role.

Mani died in Kochi, Kerala on 6 March 2016. He had liver disease. Mani was aged 45.

## References
Heidi Cruz

**Heidi Suzanne Cruz** (née **Nelson**; born on August 7, 1972) is an American investment manager at Goldman Sachs. She is the spouse of Republican Texas senator and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Ted Cruz.

## Personal life 
Heidi Suzanne Cruz was born on August 7, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, California, and grew up in a Seventh-day Adventist family. Cruz's interest in politics began when she traveled to Washington, D.C. with her parents when she was 8.

She graduated with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations from Claremont McKenna College in 1994. She was active in Claremont McKenna's Republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on Bill Clinton's campaign for reelection.

Heidi married Ted Cruz on May 27, 2001. Heidi met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign. In April 2008, Cruz gave birth to her first child, Caroline Camille Cruz. Her second daughter, Catherine Christiane Cruz, was born in 2011.

## Career 
In 2003, she worked for the Bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council under National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in 2003. She left Washington DC in 2004 to support Ted Cruz's run for elective office in Texas.

Cruz has worked for three investment banks, JP Morgan Chase, Merrill Lynch, and Goldman Sachs.

In 2005, she joined Goldman Sachs, serving as a private wealth manager and is currently the Region Head for the Southwest Region in the Investment Management Division of Goldman Sachs in Houston.

### 2016 presidential election 
Ted Cruz said that the decision for him to run for president was difficult for his wife, because she was busy with her business career and raising their 2 children. She changed her mind after listening to a CD from her sister-in-law. She also ran a lunch for Republican women in Reno, Nevada a few days before the Nevada primary.

## References
Ray Tomlinson

**Raymond Samuel Tomlinson** (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was an American programmer. He created the first email system on the ARPANET system in 1971. He used the @ sign to separate the user from their machine, which has been used in email addresses ever since. He was added into the Internet Hall of Fame. He was born in Amsterdam, New York.

Tomlinson died of a heart attack in Lincoln, Massachusetts. He was aged 74.

## References
Probability density function

and probability density function of a normal distribution .]]
In probability and statistics, a **probability density function** is a function that characterizes any continuous probability distribution. For a random variable *X*, the probability density function of X is sometimes written as f_X(x). The integral of the probability density function in the interval [a,b] yields the probability that a given random variable with the given density is contained in the interval provided. By definition, the probability density function is non-negative throughout its domain, on which the integral sums up to 1. 

## Probability density versus probability mass function 
The probability mass function is to a discrete probability distribution what the probability density function is to a continuous probability distribution. The probability density function is necessary to be able to work with continuous distributions. 

A random variable with a continuous probability distribution can take on any value within that distribution. Casting a dice will give the numbers 1 to 6, with a probability of \tfrac 1 6, but this is not a continuous function, as only the numbers 1 to 6 are possible. 

In contrast, two people will not have the same height or the same weight. Using a probability density function, it is possible to determine the probability for people between  and , or between  and , even though there are infinitely many values between these two bounds.

## References
Aki Kaurismäki

**Aki Kaurismäki**  (born 4 April 1957 Orimattila, Finland) is a movie director and a screenwriter from Finland. In his movies he shows understanding of people who are not very successful in life. He writes in the style of black comedy.

Kaurismäki made his first movie in 1983. It was based on *Crime and Punishment* by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

*The Man Without a Past* won the Grand Prix award in the  Cannes Film Festival in 2002. It was also an Academy Award nominee for best foreign language movie. The plot is about a man who lost his memory, but gets help from many people whom he meets.

Other Kaurismäki movies include *Leningrad Cowboys Go America* (1989), about a rock and roll band, and *Drifting Clouds* (1996) about how an unemployed couple manages in life.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Aki Kaurismäki by Orimattila Town Library.
*
*Aki Kaurismaki on Eurochannel with *A Film and Its Era: Le Havre*
Albert Edelfelt

**Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt** (21 July 1854 – 18 August 1905) was a Finnish painter. He painted a lot of history subjects and portraits.

Edelfelt studied and exhibited in Paris. He was invited to paint portraits of many famous people abroad. This way culture of Finland became famous many years before the country became independent.

Edelfelt was above all a painter, but he also worked as a graphic artist and illustrator. His famous works include the illustrations for Johan Ludvig Runeberg's  partiotic collection of poems, the 'Ensign Stål' stories (1894 - 1900).

## Gallery

File:Albert Edelfelt - Louis Pasteur - 1885.jpg|*Portrait of Louis Pasteur*
File:Albert Edelfelt - Kaukola Ridge at Sunset - Google Art Project.jpg |*Kaukola Ridge at Sunset*
Image:Edelfelt Larin Paraske.jpg |*Larin Paraske*
Image:Drottning Blanka, målning av Albert Edelfelt från 1877.jpg|*Queen Blanka*
File:Björneborgarnas marsch, akvarell av Albert Edelfelt från 1900.jpg|*Porilaisten marssi* 
Image:Hertig Karl skymfande svartvit.jpg|*Duke Karl *Insulting the Corpse of Klaus Fleming*
File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Boys_Playing_on_the_Shore_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|*Boys Playing on the Shore''

## References
Reince Priebus

**Reinhold Richard "Reince" Priebus** ( ; born March 18, 1972) is an American attorney and politician. He was the 27th White House Chief of Staff from January 20, 2017 through July 31, 2017. He has been the chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from January 20, 2011 to January 20, 2017.

On November 13, 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump announced that Priebus would serve as his White House Chief of Staff. Since the position does not need a full senate confirmation vote, Priebus became Chief of Staff on January 20, 2017.

On July 28, 2017, Trump fired Priebus with John F. Kelly as White House Chief of Staff, making him the shortest serving Chief of Staff in White House history.

## Early life
Priebus was born in Dover, New Jersey. He was raised in Netcong, New Jersey and in Wisconsin. Priebus studied at the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater and at the University of Miami.

## Chair of the Republican National Committee (2011&ndash;2017)
On December 5, 2010, Priebus stepped down as general counsel for the Republican National Committee (RNC). The next day he sent a letter to all 168&nbsp;voting members of the RNC announcing his candidacy for chairman. On January 14, 2011, after seven rounds of voting, Priebus was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.

### Criticisms of Donald Trump
In December 2015, Priebus publicly criticized then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposal to temporarily suspend Muslim immigration in response to terrorist attacks. "I don't agree", Priebus told *The Washington Examiner*.

## White House Chief of Staff (2017)
On November 13, 2016, Trump announced his choice of Priebus for White House Chief of Staff. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on January 20, 2017. On July 31, 2017, Priebus was replaced as Chief of Staff by President Trump with John F. Kelly.

## Possible 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In February 2021, it was reported that Priebus was thinking about running for Governor of Wisconsin against Democratic Governor Tony Evers in the 2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.

## Personal life
In 1999, Priebus married Sally L. Sherrow, whom he met in church when they were teenagers. They have two children. Priebus is a Greek Orthodox Christian.

## References
Finnhorse

**The Finnhorse** or **Finnish Horse**  is a horse breed developed in Finland. The Finnhorse is the national horse breed of Finland. It is suitable both for riding and to pull vehicles in races and as a workhorse.

Studbook of Finnhorses was founded 1907.  The horse is 156 cm high. It has many colours, but the main colours are brown and black. The Finnhorse has often white markings on the face and the legs.

## References
## Other websites
Kenneth M. Curtis

**Kenneth Merwin Curtis** (born February 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and former politician. He was born in Leeds, Maine.

Curtis, a member of the Democratic Party. He was the Secretary of State of Maine serving from 1965–1966. He became the 68th Governor in 1967. He held that office until 1975. Curtis served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1977 to 1978. He was the Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981.

Curtis now lives in Florida. He is a superdelegate.

## References
## Other websites
* curtisthaxter.com  Kenneth Curtis biography
*
Excise

An** excise** or **excise tax** is an indirect tax charged on certain goods. As an indirect tax, they are charged by the producer or the merchant who then has to pay the government. Excise taxes may be charged by both state and federal governments. First, excise is charged only on specific goods. Some states in the United States have different names for excise taxes. For example, in the state of Massachusetts the excise tax charged on automobiles is called an "ad valorem tax".

## References 
## Other websites 
* Difference Between Tax and Duty
* Seven ways Americans pay taxes
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on April 8, 1913, the **Seventeenth Amendment** (**Amendment XVII**) to the United States Constitution 
changed the method by which United States Senators were elected. For the first 125 years Article 1, section 3 of the Constitution required US Senators to be elected by the state legislatures. A number of problems in the United States Senate created the need to change how Senators were elected from indirect to direct elections by the people of the United States.

## Text 
## Background 
When the Constitution was adopted in 1788, Senators were to be elected by the state legislatures. In the  language of the Constitution this was written in such a way to allow for states having different qualifications for persons eligible to vote for their Senator.

### Clause 2 
The vacancies clause. Previously, when vacancies occurred, several state legislatures were not able to agree on who would fill the position. Before the Seventeenth Amendment, vacancies could last for months and even years in some cases. 

### Clause 3 
This is a simple addition to prevent the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment from interrupting the election or term of any Senator chosen before the amendment was passed. The United States Senate elections, 1914 were the first nationwide popular elections for Senators.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* A Century Later: The Adoption of the 17th Amendment on Direct Election of Senators
* Thanks To The 17Th Amendment, Every Vote Will Count In Undecided Senate Races
WWE 2K16

***WWE 2K16*** is a 2015 professional wrestling video game published by 2K Sports and developed by Yuke's and Visual Concepts. It was released for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. It is the seventeenth game in the *WWE games* series. *WWE 2K16* was released on October 27, 2015 in North America, October 30, 2015 in Europe, and on October 29, 2015 in Australasia. It will be released for Windows on March 11, 2016. Stone Cold Steve Austin is featured on the cover of the game.

It was announced by 2k that *WWE 2K16* would have the "largest roster in the game's history", featuring over 120 playable characters, and almost double the 67 that were in *2K15*.

## Reception
The game received mixed reviews. IGN rated the game a 8.8 out of 10. Vince Ingenito of IGN said that the game was a "step in the right direction" for the series. He said that he liked the gameplay and the roster features, but did not like the overall inconsistency with the game. GameSpot rated the game a 4 out of 10. Don Saas of GameSpot said that he liked the 2K Showcase mode and the Jim Ross returning on commentary but also said that "Little else in the game makes much of a positive impression."

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Resolution

**Resolution** may refer to:

## General topics 
* Resolution (debate), the statement which is debated in policy debate
* Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body
* Resolution (logic), a rule of inference used for automated theorem proving
* Resolution (music), the move of a note or chord from dissonance to consonance
* New Year's resolution, a commitment that an individual makes at New Year's Day
* *Resolution* (beam engine), an early steam engine at Coalbrookdale
* Dispute resolution, the settlement of a disagreement

## Measurement resolution 
* Display resolution, the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed on a display device
* Resolution (audio), a measure of digital audio quality
* Spectral resolution, the capability of an optical system to distinguish different frequencies
* Sensor resolution, the smallest change a sensor can detect in the quantity that it is measuring
* Resolution of a spectrometer, the ability to distinguish two close-lying energies (or wavelengths, or frequencies, or masses) 
** Resolution (mass spectrometry), the ability to distinguish peaks in a mass spectrum
* Image resolution, a measure of the amount of detail in an image
* Printing resolution, the number of individual dots a printer can produce within a unit of distance (e.g., dots per inch)

## Business or organization 
* Corporate resolution, a legal document defining which individuals are authorized to act on behalf of a corporation

## Places 
* Resolution Island (Nunavut), in the Arctic region of Canada
* Resolution Island, New Zealand, the largest (uninhabited) island in Fiordland, in the southwest of New Zealand
* Resolution, United States Virgin Islands

## Vessels 
* HMS *Resolution*, any of several Royal Navy ships
* HMNZS *Resolution* (A14), Royal New Zealand Navy surveillance ship
* *Resolution*-class submarine, British Royal Navy
* *Resolution* (1793 ship), an American trading vessel whose crew were massacred in 1794

## Mathematics 
* Resolution (algebra), an exact sequence in homological algebra
* Standard resolution, the bar construction of resolutions in homological algebra
* Resolution (logic), an inference rule for refutation-based theorem proving
* Resolution of singularities in algebraic geometry

## Music 
* "Resolution", a John Coltrane (1926–1967) song from *A Love Supreme*
* "Resolution", by Romantic Mode, the second opening theme for the anime After War Gundam X
* "Resolution", a poem by Bertolt Brecht
* "Resolution", a Mahavishnu Orchestra song from the album *Birds of Fire*
LaWanda Page

**LaWanda Page** (October 19, 1920September 14, 2002), born **Alberta Peal**, was an American actress and comedienne best known for her role as Aunt Esther in the 1970s NBC TV sitcom *Sanford and Son*. She later reprised the role in *Sanford Arms* and *Sanford*. She is interred in an outdoor crypt at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

Her daughter, the evangelist Clara Estella Roberta Johnson, died on June 4, 2006, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 69.

## Discography
**Mutha Is Half a Word* (1971)
**Watch It, Sucker!* (1972)
**Back Door Daddy* (1972; featuring Skillet & Leroy)
**Preach On Sister, Preach On!* (1973)
*''Pipe Layin' Dan* (1973)
**Sane Advice'' (1979)

## References
## Other websites
*
*