open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Musa Ibrahim

**Musa Ibrahim** () is a Bangladeshi mountaineer and a journalist. He reached the summit around 5:05am BST on May 23, 2010. He put up the flag of Bangladesh on the summit at around 5:16am BST. From then, Bangladesh became the 67th country to have one of its citizens reach the top of Mount Everest.

Musa Ibrahim is the General Secretary of North Alpine Club Bangladesh, a Bangladeshi mountaineering club. He also serves as Senior Correspondent at Channel 24. He also served as the sub-editor of *The Daily Star*. 
He founded "Everest Academy" on 2011 to get more young people to participate in mountaineering and adventure activities.

Musa reached the top of Mount Kilimanjaro on 13 September 2011, with his team member Niaz Morshed Patwary.

## Education 
Musa Ibrahim attained his Bachelor of Education(B.Ed) degree on Science Education and Master of Education(M.Ed)* degree on Educational Evaluation and Research from *'Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka. He also attained a degree on Disaster Management from BRAC University. Musa Ibrahim was a student of Thakurgaon Sugar Mills High School during 1983 to 1994.

## Family 
Musa Ibrahim is the second child of his parents. His father's name is Ansar Ali and mother's name is Bilkis Begum. His elder sister is Noor Ayesha, UN employee and younger brother is Shoeb Harun, studying in Sydney, Australia. He got married in January 2007 to Ummey Sharaban Tahura, Assistant Judge. Their only son is Wasi Ibrahim Raiid. http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-05-26/news/66023 

## Mountaineering timeline
*September 13, 2011: Mount Kilimanjaro (5,885 m/19,308&nbsp;ft) Summit
*May 23, 2010: Everest(8848m/29,029&nbsp;ft) Summit
*June 14, 2009: Annapurna IV (7525m/24682&nbsp;ft) Summit
*December 1, 2008: Langsisa Ri (6310m/20700&nbsp;ft) Summit
*May, 2007: Chullu West(6419m/21054&nbsp;ft)Ascent up to  18500&nbsp;ft
*May, 2006: Frey Peak(5831m/19125&nbsp;ft) Summit
*September, 2005: Advanced Mountaineering Training(5335m/17500&nbsp;ft) Finished training successfully
*May, 2005: Mera Peak(6654m/21825&nbsp;ft) Ascent up to  18500&nbsp;ft
*May 10–23, 2004: EBC Trail(5335m/17500&nbsp;ft) Trekked successfully
*April, 2004: Basic Mountaineering Training(4878m/16000&nbsp;ft) Finished training successfully
*April 8–16, 2002: Annapurna Trail(3800m/12464&nbsp;ft) Ascent Muktinath
*September 2000: Keocradong Hill(967m/3172&nbsp;ft) Trekked to the top successfully

## References
* thedailystar.net

## Other websites
*Musa's official website
*http://jugantor.info/enews/issue/2010/05/25/news0454.php 
*http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-05-25/news/65859 
*http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=162247&hb=top
CEU Cardinal Herrera University

**CEU Cardenal Herrera University** (in Spanish language *Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera*) is a prestigious private university in Valencia, Spain. The university gained its current name in 1999. The Foundation inaugurated its work in Valencia in 1971 and in Elche in 1994. Since then, their academic offers have increased.

The university has three schools: Social Sciences, Health and Experimental Sciences, and Technical. It has three campuses in Moncada and Elche (Alicante). UCH-CEU currently has over 10,000 students from all over Spain, especially the regions of Valencia, Murcia, Majorca, Ibiza. Every year, it also welcomes more international students with programs like European Erasmus Programme.

## References
* Cardenal Herrera-CEU University (Spain)
* http://www.uchceu.es/
* http://www.infinitecourses.com/SADetails.aspx?University=Universidad-CEU-Cardenal-Herrera&UniversityID=11953 
* http://www.universidad.es/universities/spains_universities/universidad_cardenal_herrera_ceu_en 
* http://internacional.universia.net/espanya/uch.ceu/inf_general_ing.htm 

## Other websites
* Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera
Ricki Lake (1993 talk show)

***The Ricki Lake Show*** was an American talk show which had Ricki Lake as the host. It began on September 11, 1993 and ended on May 25, 2004. The show was similar to *The Oprah Winfrey Show*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Valentinian III

**Valentinian III** (; 2 July 419 – 16 March 455), was Roman emperor in the western Roman Empire from 425 to 455. After Attila the Hun was defeated, Valentinian feared that his general Aetius would overthrow him. So, Valentinian killed Aetius, whose guards then killed Valentinian. 

## References
Government of Bangladesh

(2014)]]
 (2014)]]
Bangladesh has a parliamentary representative democratic republic.  The Prime Minister of Bangladesh is the head of government.

The Constitution of Bangladesh was written in 1972.  There have been fifteen amendments.

All citizens are able to vote after they turn 18.  There are 300 members of the legislature.  They are elected at least every 5 years.

## References
Pakistan men's cricket team

The **Pakistan** men's cricket team (), nicknamed the **Green Shirts** or the **Shaheens (Eagles)**, has been active since 1948. The team is governed by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). Pakistan play in all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

Pakistan played their first Test match in October 1952. It was against India at Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. India won by an innings and 70 runs. 

Pakistan won the 1992 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup under the captaincy of Imran Khan, and were runners-up in the 1999 edition.

## References
Shotokan

is a school or style of karate.  It is a  martial art which was developed in Japan by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957).

In the past, people practiced this martial art in many countries. Shotokan is still popular in modern culture. Karate is primarily a combat sport done with bare hands. That is the meaning of *Kara-te*: *empty hand*. So then the only weapons that can be used against a fighter are parts of the body. 

## History 
There are many styles of karate in different parts of the world. Shotokan is a style of karate that comes mainly from a small island south of Japan named Okinawa Island.  The person who began this martial art was Gichin Funakoshi. This master practised karate all his life.  He taught for many years and he wrote a book about his art.

In 1939, Funakoshi  the first *Shotokan* *dojo*.
 
## Practise 
To exercise you must wear a karate uniform and a belt that tells what your level of experience is.
The order of karate belts is as follows for beginner to advanced levels: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown and black. (The order of the belts may vary depending on the style of karate). After the black belt, there are nine more levels before finishing all notions of karate. 

In a fight, you must wear shin guards, gloves, a chest protector and a mouth piece. 
* The heart of karate:  In this sport, people must learn the Japanese language to understand all technic. 
* The very foundation of karate Shotokan is the expression OSS. This means: heart, courage, patience, spirit and never give up.
* For welcome and to thank the Sensei (Master) this way, say OSS!

## Benefits 
Karate is beneficial to maintain good physical and mental shape.  First, this discipline allows us to maintain good muscle tone. This is good for succeed as the strikes in karate take strength.
Flexibility is also developed as karate requires that one performs high kicks and jumps. In addition, better endurance is necessarily because in the fight, fighters always need a good breath.

For mental well-being, karate promotes greater self-esteem, because it is an individual sport. The students progress at their own pace and one learns to overcome. In fact, it is a physical activity, so it helps to release stress and feel less pressure. In addition, Karate improves concentration because the fighter must be more attentive to his mind and his body. Having good concentration is an advantage. When someone is hurting during a fight, with his concentration he can no longer feel pain. Also, the fighter has to watch the eyes of his opponent and thinki about what he can do to catch him off guard.
 
## Related pages
* Shotokai

## References
## Other websites
* Japan Karate Association website 
* 
* *Association de karaté japonais du Québec*
* Kreimers-karate institute 
* Shokosato.com
* *France Shotokan*
Atakora Department

**Atakora** is the northwestern department of Benin. It borders Togo to the west and Burkina Faso to the north. It is the most mountainous area of Benin.  It is where the president, Mathieu Kérékou, was born.

It is a much drier area of the country than the south.  There are 3 major seasons, a rainy season that runs from May or June to September or October, a Harmattan season of cool, dry winds that runs from October or November to February, and a hot, Famine season that runs from February to April.

Atakora is divided into the communes of Boukoumbé, Cobly, Kérou, Kouandé, Matéri, Natitingou, Pehonko, Tanguiéta, and Toucountouna.

In 1999 the southern part of Atakora was split off to form the new Donga Department.

## References
Borgou Department

**Borgou** is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The total area is 25,310&nbsp;km.².
## Communities
Borgou is divided into the communes of Bembèrèkè, Kalalé, N’Dali, Nikki, Parakou, Pèrèrè, Sinendé, and Tchaourou.
Sidney Altman

**Sidney Altman** (May 7, 1939 &ndash; April 5, 2022) was a Canadian-American molecular biologist. He was a Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University. In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA. Altman was of Jewish descent.

## Works
Altman's Nobel Prize work came with the analysis of the catalytic properties of the ribozyme RNase P. RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein particle, part RNA and part protein. Originally it was thought that, in the bacterial RNase P complex, the protein subunit was responsible for the catalytic activity of the complex.

During experiments in which the complex was taken apart and put together in test tubes, Altman and his group discovered a remarkable thing.  The RNA component, in isolation, was enough for the observed catalytic activity of the enzyme. This was remarkable because, previously, it was thought that only enzymes could catalyse reactions in living cells. Altman's research showed that RNA itself had catalytic properties. This was the discovery that earned him the Nobel prize.

## Death
Altman died on April 5, 2022 in Rockleigh, New Jersey after a long illness at the age of 82.

## References 
## Other websites
*Sidney Altman Nobel Lecture: Enzymatic cleavage of RNA by RNA
*Altman S Author Profile Page on Pubget
Atlantique Department

leaving for Ganvié]]
**Atlantique** is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

Atlantique is divided into the communes of Abomey-Calavi, Allada, Kpomassè, Ouidah, Sô-Ava, Toffo, Tori-Bossito, and Zè.

In 1999 the Littoral Department was split off from Atlantique.

## References
Collines Department

**Collines** is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Collines was formed in 1999. Since 2008, the capital is Savalou. 

## Communities
Collines is divided into the communes of Bantè, Dassa-Zoumè, Glazoué, Ouèssè, Savalou, and Savé.
Alibori Department

**Alibori** is the largest and northernmost département of Benin.  It has an area of 25,683&nbsp;km².  In 2003 the population was 355,950.

The department is divided into 6 communes.  Each commune is centered at one of the main towns: Banikoara, Gogounou, Kandi, Karimama, Malanville, and Ségbana. The department borders the countries of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria.

The département was made in 1999 when it was split off from Borgou. Since 2008, the capital has been Kandi.

## References
Donga Department

**Donga** is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

## History
Donga was formed in 1999 when Donga was split from Atakora. The capital of Donga is Djougou.
Desmond Llewelyn

**Desmond Wilkinson Llewelyn** (12 September 1914 &ndash; 19 December 1999) was a Welsh movie, television, stage, radio and voice actor. He was best known for his role as Q in 17 of the *James Bond* movies from 1963 through 1999.

Llewelyn was born on 12 September 1914 in Newport, Monmouthshire. He studied at Radley College. Llewelyn was married to Pamela Mary Pantlin from 1938 until his death in 1999. He died on 19 December 1999 in Firle, East Sussex, England due to being injured in a road accident. He was 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Littoral Department

**Littoral** is one of the twelve departments of Benin. It has just one commune/city, Cotonou.  It is the largest city in the country and the economic capital. Littoral is the smallest department of the twelve. Littoral was split from the Atlantique Department in 1999.
Kouffo Department

**Kouffo** is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Kouffo borders the country of Togo. Since 2008, the capital is Aplahoué. This department was formed in 1999 when it split from the department of Mono.

Kouffo is divided into the communes of Aplahoué, Djakotomey, Klouékanmè, Lalo, Toviklin and Dogbo.
Mono Department

**Mono** is one of the twelve departments of Benin. The capital of this department is Lokossa. Kouffo Department was part of Mono until 1999.  

The Gen language is only spoken in this department in Benin. Other languages spoken in this area are Ewe and some of the Phla–Pherá languages

Mono is divided into the communes of Bopa, Comé, Grand-Popo, and Houéyogbé.
Ouémé Department

**Ouémé** is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

In 1999 the northern part of the department was split off to form the new Plateau Department.

The department is divided into 9 communes: Adjarra, Adjohoun, Aguégués, Akpro-Missérété, Avrankou, Bonou, Dangbo, Porto Novo, and Sèmè-Kpodji.
Matthew Lillard

**Matthew Lyn Lillard** (born January 24, 1970) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for portraying the roles of Chip Sutphin in *Serial Mom* (1994), Emmanuel "Cereal Killer" Goldstein in *Hackers* (1995), Stevo in *SLC Punk!* (1998),Tim LaFlour in *Senseless* (1998), Billy Brubaker in *Summer Catch* (2001), Jerry Conlaine in *Without a Paddle* (2004), Dez Howard in *The Groomsmen* (2006), Joey in *Home Run Showdown* (2012), Jack Rusoe in ''Return to Nim's Island* (2013) and Shaggy Rogers in both *Scooby-Doo* (2002) and *Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed'' (2004). In animation, he has been the voice of Shaggy since Casey Kasem retired from the role in 2009.

Lillard was born January 24, 1970 in Lansing, Michigan. His father is of English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Native American and Welsh descent and his mother is of Danish, English and Portuguese descent. He was raised Christian. He studied at Foothill High School and at American Academy of Dramatic Arts with fellow actor Paul Rudd. He dated Neve Campbell from 1996 to 1998, the two remained friends. And he married Heather Helm since 2000. They have three children.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Video games
## References
## Other websites
*
Plateau Department

**Plateau** is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

Plateau is divided into the communes of Ifangni, Adja-Ouèrè, Kétou, Pobè and Sakété.
Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad

The **Old Christian Cemetery, Abbottabad** (also known as the **OCC**, or the ***Gora Qabristan***, White-people's cemetery), is a cemetery in Abbottabad, Pakistan. It dates from British Indian colonial times. 

The cemetery was established in 1853 when James Abbott founded Abbottabad. It was later attached to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad when it was completed in 1864.
Thomas Boni Yayi

Dr. **Thomas Boni Yayi** (born 1 July 1951) is a Beninese politician and banker. He served as the President of Benin from 6 April 2006 to 6 April 2016. He was re-elected to a second term in March 2011. From 29 January 2012 to 27 January 2013, he was the Chairperson of the African Union.

On 15 March 2007, Boni Yayi survived an assassination attempt.  Several of the people travelling with the president were wounded in gunfire between the presidential guard and the would-be assassins.

On 23 October 2012, the BBC said that his doctor, niece, and former commerce minister had been arrested in a plot to poison the president. The niece changed his medicine to a "toxic substance" while he was on a state visit to Brussels.

In September 2021, Patrice Talon and Thomas Boni Yayi, political allies who have become intimate enemies, met at the Marina Palace in Cotonou. During this tête-à-tête, Thomas Boni Yayi presented Patrice Talon with a series of proposals and requests, relating in particular to the release of “political detainees”.'

## References
## Other websites
Zou Department

**Zou** is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

Zou is divided into the communes of Abomey, Agbangnizoun, Bohicon, Cové, Djidja, Ouinhi, Za-Kpota, Zangnanado, and Zogbodomey.

## References
Pascal Koupaki

**Pascal Irénée Koupaki** (born 18 May 1951) is a Beninese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Benin from May 2011 to August 2013. He was Director of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998. 

He was a member of the Board of Directors for African Development Bank.

## References
Silver-haired bat

The **silver-haired bat** (*Lasionycteris noctivagans*) is a species of bat.  It is the only member of the genus *Lasionycteris*.

The bat is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. They are the most common bat in forested areas in the United States. Silver-haired bats are also called Silverwings.

## Description 
Silver-haired bats are nearly black.  They have silvery-tipped hairs on their back. It's a medium-sized, heavily furred bat. It weighs around 8-12 grams.  Its total length is around 100 mm on average, its tail being 40 mm.

## Distribution and Habitat 
Silver-haired bat is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is found from southeastern Alaska in summer to northeastern Mexico in winter. It lives in dry habitats at low elevations during seasonal migrations. They often roost in tree cavities or in bark crevices on tree trunks, especially during migration.

## Feeding 
Silver-haired bats mainly eat insects with soft bodies, such as moths, but will also eat spiders and harvestmen. It will forage low, over both still and running water, and also in forest openings. Silver-haired bats are slow but can turn quickly. They can use echolocation to find prey that is a short distance away.

## In Fiction
Shade is the name of the main character in the novel Silverwing by Kenneth Oppel.  He is a young silver-haired bat runt.

## References
Bush rat

The **bush rat** (*Rattus fuscipes*) is a small Australian nocturnal animal.  It is an omnivore. It is one of the most common species of rats.

The bush rat is found most in the coastal regions of southwestern Australia.  It is mostly in the lowlands, but the bush rat can also be found in parts of the Australian Alps and on some offshore islands.

It is a pest species because it can destroy cane fields.  It is also host to more parasites than any other Australian rodent.  

## References
Meshech

**Meshech** is a person mentioned in the Bible, described in Genesis 10 as the son of Japheth, son of Noah. 

Meshech in the Bible can also mean the tribe that came from his children, or the country where they lived, for example in Psalm 120:5. Many Bible Atlases such as IVP and Zondervan  state it was in Asia Minor, while others say the Caucasus.

## Related pages
For Gog, 'the chief ruler of the nations of Meshech and Tubal' (Book of Ezekiel 39:1) see Armageddon

## References
*Prophezine.com 
*Topical Bible.org
Thetford Hoard

The **Thetford Hoard**, or **Thetford Treasure**, is a hoard of Romano-British metalwork found at Gallows Hill, near Thetford in Norfolk, in November 1979. It is now in the British Museum.

## Contents 
Dating from the mid- to late 4th century AD, this hoard is a collection of:

* Thirty-three silver spoons
* Three silver strainers
* Twenty-two gold finger rings
* Four gold bracelets
* Four necklace pendants
* Five gold chain necklaces
* Two pairs of necklace clasps
* A gold amulet designed as a pendant
* An unmounted engraved gem
* Four beads (one made of emerald and three of glass)
* A gold belt buckle decorated with a dancing satyr
* A small cylindrical lidded box made from shale

## Discovery 
The find was made under unfortunate circumstances. The site had been recently cleared for building work. The person who found the hoard was using a metal detector without the knowledge or permission of the owners of the site. 

The discovery was made late on a November day, in failing light. The finder recovered the material in great haste, probably overlooking some small items, because he knew he had no legal right to search in that area. He did not, as the law requires, report his discovery to the authorities. Instead, he attempted to sell the objects he had found to private buyers.

By the time archaeologists learned of the find several months later, the place had been built over, which made proper archaeological investigation impossible. It was not even possible to question the finder about the circumstances: by the time the material arrived at the British Museum for study, he was terminally ill. He died about a month later, in July 1980.

There were persistent rumours that the treasure is incomplete and originally included coins. The standard catalogue gives a full account of the circumstances of the discovery.

## References
Mukti Bahini

**Mukti Bahini** () was a Bengali military force in East Pakistan. It fought against the Pakistan Army in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The war was fought in 1971, and the group was formed during the war. This organisation was also known as the **Liberation Army of Bengal**. Together with India it fought against the forces of West Pakistan. After the war, East Pakistan became independent from West Pakistan, and is known as Bangladesh today.

## References
Cretan hieroglyphs

**Cretan hieroglyphs** is a writing system, used in Crete from about the 20th to the 15th century BC. It is undeciphered, so it cannot be read today. For most of its history, it was used together with Linear A. Most symbols are pictograms, for some symbols, experts do not agree on what they represent. Most of the corpus consists of short inscriptions on seal stones, and clay tablets.  The texts are usually very short, they are inscriptions on seals, and markers on clay tablets. There are three items that are noticeably different: A stone called Malia altar stone, the Phaistos Disc and the Arkalochori Axe. The exact relation of these items to the rest of the corpus is unknown.

In total, there are 137 symbols. 96 seem to be words, or part of words. 32 are probably Logograms. 9 seem to represent fractions. There are four numerals, standing for 1, 10, 100 and 1000. One symbol is  used to separate words, like a hyphen, another looks like a  cross, and probably stands for the beginning of the text. The writing is probably syllabic.

## References
*J. G. Younger: The Cretan Hieroglyphic Script: A Review Article; Minos 31–32 (1996–1997), pp 379–400.
Lewis chessmen

" (as a rook), bites his shield. National Museum of Scotland]]

The **Lewis Chessmen**, or **Uig Chessmen**, are 78 12th-century chess pieces, most of which are carved in walrus ivory. The hoard was discovered in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. 

They may be some of the few complete, surviving medieval chess sets. They are owned and exhibited by the British Museum in London, which has 67 of the original pieces, and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, which has the other 11 pieces.

A newly identified piece, a "warder", the equivalent of a castle or rook, was sold at auction for £735,000 in July 2019. It was also bought by the British Museum. Four other major pieces, and many pawns, are still missing from the chess sets.

The pieces are figurative, like modern sets, and unlike the abstract Arabic pieces. The set has made the transition to European figures, which lasts to the present day. In particular, the arrival of a female figure is a departure from the Indo-Arabic game, and the figure of a bishop is also significant.

## Origin
The chessmen were probably made in Norway, perhaps by craftsmen in Trondheim, in the 12th century, although some scholars have suggested other sources in the Nordic countries.

Another suggestion is that the chessmen originated in Iceland. It is not possible to decide between Norway and Iceland on the evidence available, and the date of the set is also somewhat uncertain. 

Some historians believe that the Lewis chessmen were hidden (or lost) after some mishap occurred during their carriage from Norway to rich Norse towns on the east coast of Ireland, like Dublin.  The large number of pieces and their lack of wear may suggest they were the stock of a trader or dealer in such pieces.

## Exhibition and ownership
After their discovery by  Malcolm Macleod in 1831 they were sold on, and shown at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. The chessmen were soon after split up, with 10 being purchased by Kirkpatrick Sharpe and the rest (67 chessmen and 14 tablemen) were purchased on behalf of the British Museum in London.

Kirkpatrick Sharpe later found another bishop to take his collection up to eleven, all of which were later sold. Eventually they were bought by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, who donated them to the Royal Museum in Edinburgh. The eleven are now on display in the National Museum of Scotland.

The pieces given to the British Museum still exist, and most can be found in Room 42 with the registration numbers M&ME 1831, 11–1.78–159.  Some have been lent to Scottish museums and temporary exhibitions.

An exhibition entitled "The Game of Kings: medieval ivory chessmen from the Isle of Lewis" at The Cloisters in New York City included 34 of the chess pieces, all on loan from the British Museum. The exhibit ended April 22, 2012.

## Related pages 
*History of chess

## References
Clay tablet

. This is a copy of the inscription on the obelisk. It lists the victories of Rimush, king of Akkad, upon Abalgamash, king of Marhashi, and upon Elamite cities.]]

**Clay tablets** were a medium used for writing. They were common in the Fertile Crescent, from about the 5th millennium BC. 

A **clay tablet** is a more or less flat surface made of clay. Using a stylus, symbols were pressed into the soft clay. It is possible to correct errors on the tablet. The tablet was then baked until dry and hard, either by leaving it out in the sun, or in a fire. Sun-baked tablets could be moistened and recycled. The ones that survived thousands of years were baked in fire.
They were used by the Sumerian civilisation in Mesopotamia.

Cuneiform was the first writing used on clay tablets. The system was used by several civilizations who spoke several different languages.
Linear A

]]

**Linear A** is an ancient script used on Crete. No one has been able to translate this script yet.  It was one of the writing systems used in Minoan Crete. Another script, about a century older, is called Cretan hieroglyphs. For some time, both methods of writing were used. Probably, each system was used for a special purpose.

Linear A was used from about the 17th century BC to the 15th century BC. Linear B is a script based on Linear A and has been translated. The archaeologist Arthur Evans found both Linear A and B.

Linear A has about fifty signs that are similar to those in Linear B. About 80% of the signs in Linear A are unique. Using the knowledge from Linear B to read Linear A produces text that cannot be read. The language used has been called *Eteocretan*. It does not seem to be related to any known language. Today, about 70 characters (probably representing syllables) are known. The meaning of about 100 ideographic characters is known. These are combined with the syllables. Also, there are a few numerals whose value is known.

Most texts seem to be lists. A few are probably short dedications, as they are found on libations. So far, no long texts have been found. Straight lines, such as those used for Linear A, are not very practical to use on clay tables. For this reasons, most writing was probably done on other things such as papyrus or parchment. The problem with those materials is that they do not last as long as clay. For that reason, most writing on papyrus and parchment has probably been lost.

## References
Khalistan Movement

The **Khalistan Movement** is a Sikh secessionist movement for the creation of an independent Sikh state, **Khālistān** ("Land of the Khalsa") by seceding Punjab state from India. The geographical area of *Khalistan* has not been well defined, with several proposed maps from different groups that mainly include Punjab, Chandigarh, and punjabi speaking parts of the neighboring states of India.

The Khalistan movement reached its peak in India in the 1980s and 1990s. After 1990s, the Khalistan insurgency petered out, and the movement failed to reach its objectives due to multiple reasons including a heavy police crackdown on separatists, factional infighting, and disillusionment from the Sikh population.

The 1980s and 1990s' are often called *dark days* in Punjab due to widespread violence from both the Punjab Police and the pro-Khalistan militants, as the Police took a heavy-handed approach in dealing with the armed insurgency, while the militants were also involved in large-scale murders. In October 1983, following the murder of several Hindu bus passengers by the Sikh militants, an "Emergency rule" was imposed in Punjab, which continued for a decade.

In June 1984, Operation Blue Star, an Indian military operation was ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to remove pro-Khalistan militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by her two Sikh security guards in retaliation for *Operation Blue Star*. The assassination triggered the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in New Delhi, in which large number of Sikhs were killed. In June 1985, *Air India Flight 182*, which was operating from Montréal, Canada was bombed in route to London over the Atlantic Ocean, as a result of explosives planted by pro-Khalistan Sikh militants; and all on-board passengers were killed. 

Further, in August 1995, Chief Minister of Punjab, Beant Singh was killed in a suicide bombing, for which the pro-Khalistan group *Babbar Khalsa* claimed responsibility. While the pro-Khalistan militants enjoyed some support among Punjab's Sikh community in the earlier period, this support gradually disappeared. With a weakening economy, dwindling support, and increasing operations from the Indian security forces, the militancy in Punjab effectively ended by the mid 1990s.

## References
Boro people

The **Bodos** (pronounced bo-ros) are an ethnic and linguistic community, early settlers of Assam in the northeast part of the Republic of India. 

## Bad
In the culture of the Bodo people, a **bad** (बाद) is a social crime or offense. There are five different types of bad:

*Agarbad: incest, hitting parents or grandparents, or killing a cow 

*Phongslothbad: touching the  body  of  young  girl  or touching someone of a different caste

*Dhaokibad: eating meat left by a vulture or tiger

*Khaoalibad: using coins or utensils which were offered to dead bodies

*Khoulwbwd bad: talking badly about a person with no reason or proof

## References
## Related pages 
* Bodo nationalism
Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)

"**Born to Run**" is a rock music song by Bruce Springsteen. The song is on Springsteen's 1975 album, *Born to Run*. The song was recorded on August 1974.  It became one of the biggest hits of his career. Rolling Stone ranked the song 21st on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

## Other websites 
* Lyrics
Liam Payne

**Liam James Payne** (29 August 1993 – 16 October 2024) was an English singer and songwriter. He became famous as a member of the band One Direction. In 2016, Payne signed a recording deal with Capitol Records as a solo artist, and with Republic Records in the United States.

After One Direction's hiatus, Payne signed a recording deal with Republic Records in North America. In May 2017, Payne released "Strip That Down" as the lead single from his debut album. It peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number ten on the US *Billboard* Hot 100.

His debut album, *LP1*, was released in December 2019. He sold over 18 million singles in under three years after One Direction's hiatus.

## Death 
Payne died on 16 October 2024 after falling from the third floor of a hotel in Buenos Aires, Argentina, at the age of 31.

He died after using pink cocaine.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hypostatic model of personality

show that a person has many faces, because there are many people inside her, so to speak.]]
The **hypostatic model of personality** is a way of viewing the many sides of a person's character. The model says that a person can behave and appear to others in many ways, depending on how that person is, but also on how someone looks at that person. It says that people are not one-sided, but are a little bit of everything. For example, today someone can be mean, and tomorrow he can be good. How someone appears also depends on things and people around him or her. For example, sometimes the most coward person may become the greatest hero, if he is called to save someone's life. All these "sides" of a person have to be known by scientists so they can change them for the better.

## References
Hogtying

**Hogtie** is a way of tying all limbs together, to prevent an animal from . It was originally used with pigs and cattle. In BDSM, hogtie refers to the practice of tying up the submissive, so that they cannot move. This is dangerous, because the tied person or animal will have trouble breathing and blood circulation problems, so precautions need to be taken while doing this.
Linear B

**Linear B** is an ancient script that was used to write Mycenaean Greek, the oldest known form of Ancient Greek, as has been proved by Michael Ventris in the early 1950s. Linear B came before the Greek alphabet by several centuries.

The script is based on Linear A, a script that cannot be read today. The oldest texts written in Linear B date from about 1450 BC. Linear B was found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos, Cydonia, Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae. The writing of Linear B language disappeared with the fall of the Mycenaean civilization.

There are about 87 signs in Linear B that represent syllables. In addition, there are many ideographic signs that represent objects or commodities. They do not represent sounds and are never used as word signs in writing a sentence.

Linear B seems to have been used only for administration. In the thousands of clay tablets, a relatively small number of different "hands" (or writers) have been detected: 45 in Pylos (on west coast of the Peloponnese, in southern Greece) and 66 in Knossos (Crete). The script may have been used only by a guild of professional scribes, who worked at the different palaces. When the palaces were destroyed, the script was forgotten.

## References
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

, Chicago, Illinois.]]

**Ludwig Mies van der Rohe** (born as **Maria Ludwig Michael Mies**; March 27, 1886, Aachen – August 19, 1969, Chicago) was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to, and was addressed, as **Mies**, his surname. Along with Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the first masters of modern architecture at Bauhaus.

## Significant buildings 
*Barcelona Pavilion
*Tugendhat House
*Crown Hall
*Farnsworth House
*860–880 Lake Shore Drive
*Seagram Building
*New National Gallery
*Toronto-Dominion Centre
*Westmount Square

## References
## Other websites
* Mies van der Rohe Society
* Mies van der Rohe Foundation 
* 
* Mies in Berlin-Mies in America
* Great Buildings Architects
* Elmhurst Art Museum, featuring McCormick House
* Richard King Mellon Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
* Travel guide to Mies Buildings
Stickney (crater)

**Stickney** is the largest crater on Phobos, the larger of the moons of Mars. It is  in diameter and makes a large part of the moon's surface. It is named after Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, the wife of Phobos's discoverer, Asaph Hall. 

## References
## Other websites
* Flight around Phobos (animated movie)
* Stickney in High Resolution
Gao (surname)

**Gao** is a Chinese family name that can be literally translated as "high" or "tall". There are about 16 million living people with this surname. Some places, such as Taiwan, usually romanize this family name into **Kao**. In Hong Kong, it is romanized to **Ko**. In Macau, it is romanized to **Kou**.

## Romanization and pronunciation
Matsukata Kojiro

was a Japanese businessman and art collector. His collection of French art is the core of Japan's National Museum of Western Art (NMWA) in Ueno, central Tokyo.

## Background 
Matsukata was the son of Matsukata Masayoshi who was a Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Period.

## Career
Matsukata became  president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company (*Kawasaki Shōzō*) in 1896.

## Art collecting 
Masukata bought thousands of Western paintings and sculpture including Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" and "Gates of Hell." The Rodin sculptures in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original casting as at the Rodin Museum in France.  In fact, Matsukata actually paid for the best Rodin castings in France today.

Some works collected by Matsukata are today in the French national collection of art.

Matsukata's art collection was first seen by the Japanese public in 1959.

## References 
## Other websites
* National Museum of Western Art website
Aleph one

**Aleph one**, written as \aleph_1, is an infinite cardinal number following aleph null (\aleph_0). It is the cardinality (size) of the set of numbers of possible arrangements for all countably infinite sets. Under the continuum hypothesis, it is also the cardinality of the real numbers. Aleph one is followed by aleph two, \aleph_2, even with an infinite amount of time you could simply never list every single element or number in any uncountable set.

## Related pages 
* Infinity
* Uncountable set

## References
Game Show Network

**GSN** (formerly **Game Show Network**) is an American cable television game network. It shows game show episodes. It airs in the United States. 

The company is jointly owned by DirecTV and Sony Pictures Television.  The channel was launched on December 1, 1994.   

## Shows that air on GSN
*Wheel of Fortune
*Jeopardy!
*Match Game
*Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
*Whammy
*Card Sharks
*Press Your Luck
*Lingo 
*Family Feud 
*Minute To Win It 
*Friend or Foe 
*Deal or No Deal 
*The Pyramid 

### Originals 
*America Says
*The Chase
*Get a Clue
*Catch 21
*Master Minds
*Cash Cab
*People Puzzler
*Chain Reaction(2005/2016/2021)
*Emogenius
*Common Knowledge
*Winsanity
*Caroline & Friends
*Idiotest

& More

## Other websites
*
Harry Styles

**Harry Edward Styles** (born 1 February 1994) is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Louis Tomlinson, Liam Payne,  Niall Horan and Zayn Malik (2010–2016).

## Career
Styles made his debut as a singer with his band White Eskimo, who performed locally in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. In 2010, Styles auditioned as a solo artist for the British television series *The X Factor*. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Styles was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form One Direction. The group landed the title of being 3rd place through the season.

Styles and his One Direction colleagues have released the albums *Up All Night* (2011), *Take Me Home* (2012), *Midnight Memories* (2013), *Four* (2014), and *Made in the A.M.* (2015). They have also performed on four worldwide tours, one featured on concert film *One Direction: This Is Us*, and won several awards, including five Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards. Second album, *Fine Line*, (2019) was listed among Rolling Stone's 500 Greats Albums of All Time in 2020. The most popular songs of this album were *Watermelon Sugar* and *Adore You*

In 2017, Styles had a movie role as a British soldier named "Alex" in Christopher Nolan's war movie *Dunkirk.*

In 2022, Styles starred as Jack Chambers in Don't Worry Darling. The same year he also starred as Tom Burgess in My Policeman.

In 2018, Styles and his fellow executive producer, Ben Winston, created a new television series called "Happy Together.

In 2019, Styles performed double duty, hosting and performing as the musical guest on *Saturday Night Live. Saturday Night Live*

He has now collaborated with artist Mick Fleetwood.

Harry also created a brand called Pleasing, in which he promotes sustainability and products such as skincare, nail polishes and lounge wear.  He created this brand in 2021 and initially only sold nail polishes.

## Discography
### Studio albums
;Solo
* *Harry Styles* (2017)
* *Fine Line* (2019)
* ''Harry's House* (2022)
* *Kiss All the Time. Disco, Occasionally.* (2026)

;With One Direction
* *Up All Night* (2011)
* *Take Me Home* (2012)
* *Midnight Memories* (2013)
* *Four* (2014)
* *Made in the A.M.'' (2015)

## References
Zayn Malik

**Zain Javadd Malik** (; born 12 January 1993), known professionally as **Zayn Malik** or simply **Zayn**, is a British singer and songwriter. He was born and raised in Bradford to a Pakistani father and a white English and Irish mother. He attended St Stephens Primary School and Tong High School.

Malik wanted to pursue a career in music from a young age leading him to audition as a solo artist for the British reality television music competition *The X Factor* in 2010. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Malik was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form the boy band that would become known as  One Direction.

During his time in the group, they released the albums *Up All Night* (2011), *Take Me Home* (2012), *Midnight Memories* (2013), and *Four* (2014).

Malik split from the boy band in March 2015 and signed a solo recording contract with RCA Records.

He has been in a relationship with American model Gigi Hadid since late 2015. In September 2020, Hadid gave birth to their daughter in New Hope, Pennsylvania.They broke up in 2021

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Louis Tomlinson

**Louis William Tomlinson** (born **Louis Troy Austin**; 24 December 1991) is an English singer and songwriter. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Liam Payne, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik and Harry Styles.

Tomlinson began his career as an actor appearing in his high school's drama Grease as Danny Zuko, then in an ITV drama *Fat Friends* as an extra. He also went on to appear in another ITV drama movie *If I Had You* and the BBC drama *Waterloo Road*. In 2010, he auditioned in the TV series *The X Factor*, he met his bandmates. His band One Direction released their first album on November 18, 2011. They release 4 more albums, one of which became the most sold album of 2013. They went on a supposed "18 month hiatus", which has turned into 9 years. He was one of the main songwriters of the group. 

Following the band's hiatus , Tomlinson released the singles "Just Hold On", "Back to You", "Miss You", and "Just Like You". In 2020 Louis released his debut album walls with 12 new tracks. In his album he has 3 singles, Kill my Mind, Two Of Us, and Walls. His first single kill my mind, was played at Wembley stadium for the 2020 euro after his fans voted him in. His second single Two Of Us was written from Louis to his mother after her death in 2016.

In 2013, he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis. The same year he also formed his own record label, Triple Strings Ltd.

## References
Honda Ridgeline

The **Honda Ridgeline** is a mid sized pickup truck produced by Honda. The first model year for this truck was 2005; it has undergone several changes in design since being introduced. Unlike a traditional body-on-frame truck, the Ridgeline uses a closed box unibody frame similar to the one used on the Accord, Pilot and Odyssey. Despite good sales Honda pulled the truck in 2015. A second generation model was introduced in 2017. It shares much of its platform with the Honda Pilot three-row SUV, suitably beefed up for work and play. 

For the 2020 model year, a nine-speed transmission replaced the outgoing six-speed. Also, thanks to independent rear suspension, it provides superior ride quality and handling. The spacious crew cab is comfortable and handsomely finished. Besides, it has a unique two-way tailgate and a large lockable in-bed trunk. For now, Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and Honda Sensing safety features are packed as standard. The manufacturer suggested price for the new 2020 Honda Ridgeline varies from $33,900 to $43,520 depending on the trim. 
## Sources
G. D. Spradlin

**Gervase Duan "G.D." Spradlin** (August 31, 1920 &ndash; July 24, 2011) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He was known for his roles as Senator Pat Geary in *The Godfather II* and as the General in *Apocalypse Now*.

Spradlin was born on August 31, 1920 in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. He studied at the University of Oklahoma. Spradlin was married to Nell Spradlin from 1944 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Frances Hendrickson from 2002 until his death in 2011. He had two children with Nell. Spradlin died on July 24, 2011 from natural causes in San Luis Obispo, California, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Anna Faris

**Anna Kay Faris** (born November 29, 1976) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress, comedian and singer who is known for her roles in all four *Scary Movie*s, *Lost in Translation*, *Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs*, *The House Bunny* and *Overboard*.

Faris was born on November 29, 1976 in Baltimore, Maryland. She was raised in Edmonds, Washington. She studied at Edmonds-Woodway High School and at the University of Washington. 

She was married to Ben Indra from 2004 until they divorced in 2008. She was married to Chris Pratt from 2009 to 2018. She has a son, Jack Pratt by her second husband Chris Pratt. In 2017, Faris and Pratt legally separated and divorced the following year. In 2021, she married Michael Barrett.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hollywood Records

**Hollywood Records** is an American record label. They focus on pop, rock, alternative and teen pop genres. It was founded in 1989. It is one of the major DMG labels. 

Its current roster includes artists such as: Coco Jones, China Anne McClain,  Demi Lovato, Queen, Sara Urban, Plain White T's, Jesse McCartney, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Astrid McGee, Breaking Benjamin, Britney Maye, Jessica Sutta, Lucy Hale, Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez & the Scene, Valora, Feather Maye, Cherri Bomb, Stefano Langone, Bridgit Mendler, and Zendaya Coleman.

## Other websites
*
Mush March

**Harold "Mush" March** (18 October 1908 – 9 January 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 17 seasons in the NHL for the Chicago Black Hawks.

March was best known for scoring the game-winning second overtime goal in Game 4 of the 1934 Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was also the first recorded player to win the Stanley Cup on an overtime goal. March won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks again in 1938. He scored the very first goal in Maple Leaf Gardens on November 12, 1931 and also dropped the very same puck that he used to score the first goal during the ceremonial opening faceoff as part of the final game played at the Gardens. March was the last surviving member of Black Hawks 1934 Stanley Cup team.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
World IPv6 Day

**World IPv6 day** was an event on January 12, 2011.  On World IPv6 day, many websites tested IPv6, the new version of the "Internet protocol".  There was another event on June 6, 2012 called "World IPv6 Launch Day".  On World IPv6 Launch Day, the Internet Society hoped that IPv6 would really be d and work on many websites.