open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dalel Singh Ror

**Dalel Singh Ror** is an Indian volleyball player who received one of the country's highest sporting honours, the Arjuna Award, in 1990. Dalel Singh was born on 10 June 1956 in Amin village near Kurukshetra, in Haryana.

## References
Balwant Singh (volleyball)

**Balwant Singh** (1945 – 14 November 2010), popularly known as **Ballu**, was an Indian volleyball player, considered a star of the India men's national volleyball team. His son Narender is a professional  volleyball player who plays for the Indian volleyball Team. Kaul village panchayat also organised Balwant Singh Memorial tournament after his death in the village.

## Biography 
Balwant Singh was born in 1945 in the Kaul village of Haryana state's Kaithal district. He belonged to Ror Community.

## References
Sandeep Gollen

**Sandeep Gollen** (born May 27, 1972) is an Indian boxer. He competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## References
Aaron Clauset

**Aaron Clauset** is an American computer scientist. He studies networks, machine learning, and complex systems. He teaches computer science at the University of Colorado Boulder.

## Education
Clauset studied physics and computer science at Haverford College, finishing in 2001. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science in 2006 from the University of New Mexico with honors. Subsequently, he held a prestigious research fellowship at the Santa Fe Institute until 2010.

## Career
In 2010, Clauset joined the faculty as a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder in the Computer Science Department. There, he was also core faculty in the BioFrontiers Institute, whose goal is to improve global health and welfare. In 2014, he joined the editorial board of the journal Science Advances as one of their first Associate Editors. In 2017, he became Deputy Editor for social and interdisciplinary science. At the University of Colorado Boulder, he has promoted to Associate Professor in 2017 and to Full Professor in 2022. In 2016, he was awarded the Erdos-Renyi Prize in Network Science, and in 2021 he was named a Fellow of the Network Science Society.

Clauset is best known for his 2009 work with Cosma Shalizi, a statistician at Carnegie Mellon University, and Mark Newman, a physicist at the University of Michigan, on evaluating whether data plausibly follow a power law distribution (a kind of mathematical pattern). This question was particularly interesting to scientists studying complex social and biological systems, where observing a power law would give hints about what processes shaped the behavior of those systems. Clauset's work on this topic showed, to many scientist's surprise, that many data sets that scientists had thought followed the pattern did not, in fact, follow it. In 2019, Clauset used these techniques to show that real-world networks were much more complicated and interesting than predicted by a very popular model of networks, called the scale-free network model. Clauset is also well known for his contributions in network science to finding groups (sometimes called community structure) in networks, which is the network equivalent of cluster analysis. Since 2015, he has been active in the metascience community, for a number of studies of scientific careers, and the role of prestige in shaping productivity, prominence, attrition, and the spread of ideas.

## References
Keb Cuevas

**Keb Cuevas** (born October 6, 1995) is a Filipino agriculturist, data scientist, and journalist. He is notable for founding the multi-awarded agri-tech startup Agriculturist PH (formerly Tagani), as well as for his science education and public interest content on TikTok. Dubbed as *The Digital Agriculturist*,

Cuevas was former Chief for Innovation Policy at Department of Economy, Planning, and Development (DEPDev). Cuevas was awarded as a Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI) Fellow for Economic Development in 2018 for his work in agribusiness entrepreneurship.

## Early Life and Education 
Cuevas was born in Las Piñas, Philippines. He grew up in an informal settlers area and working-class family. He helped with their small business while joining singing contests to support his studies. He finished elementary at Almanza Elementary School and high school at Saint Anthony School of Las Piñas. He started college at Adamson University before transferring to the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), where he earned a degree in agribusiness management and became a licensed agriculturist.

He also studied economics at Brown University as a U.S. State Department scholar. Later, he studied for a master's degree in data science from the Technological Institute of the Philippines. In 2023, he was admitted to a PhD program at the University of the Philippines Diliman. In 2023, he co-founded Taxikel, a ride-hailing app for rural areas.

### Journalism and Public Education 
Cuevas worked at Rappler, focusing on stories about fake news, disaster preparedness, and public engagement. He made TikTok videos about science, economics, food, and urban agriculture to reach younger audiences.

### Research and Teaching 
Cuevas worked as a data scientist and analytics manager in both government and private companies. He also taught data science at CIIT College of Arts and Technology and joined the National Institute of Physics for PhD research in network science. He supported urban gardening for mental wellness and climate-resilient agriculture.

He is also an advocate for LGBT rights, gender equality, and cultural respect. He supports same-sex marriage, anti-discrimination laws, and HIV/AIDS prevention. Cuevas joined public conversations about cultural appropriation during the Nas Daily-Whang-od controversy.

## Television 
* 2021: *Project GO* (AXN Asia) - Contestant

## References 
## Other websites 
* MuckRack Biography
Agricultural science

**Agricultural science** is a field of biology. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.

Names: **Agriscience** is a short name for *agricultural science*.

## Fields or related disciplines
## Occupations in Agricultural science
The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, lists the following jobs,

## Related pages
*Agriculture
**Farming

## References
Luis Caputo

**Luis Andrés Caputo** (Born, April 21, 1965) known as **Toto Caputo**, is an economist who serves as Minister of Economy of Argentina, since December 10, 2023, under the Presidency of Javier Milei.

## Biography
Born in 1965 in Buenos Aires, he is the cousin of Nicolás Caputo, a construction entrepreneur close to former president Mauricio Macri. He completed his primary and secondary education at Colegio La Salle in Buenos Aires.

After studying at the University of Buenos Aires, he earned a bachelor's degree in economics. He was a professor of economics and finance in the postgraduate program at the **Catholic University of Argentina**.

## Notes
## References
3rd arrondissement of Paris

The **3rd arrondissement of Paris** (*3^e arrondissement*) is an administrative district in the city of Paris, France, located on the right bank of the River Seine. Known as the *le troisième,* it covers an area of 1.17 square kilometers and is home to approximately 32,772 residents.

It houses the Musée des arts et métiers created in 1794.

## Related pages 
* Arrondissements of Paris

## References 
## Other websites 
* Paris City Official Site
Touch Me Not (TV series)

***Touch Me Not*** is an 2025 Indian Telugu-language mystery thriller television series directed by Ramana Teja and written by Chaarvi Murari with dialogues by Venkatesh Nimmalapudi, based on the tvN series *He Is Psychometric*. Produced by Sunitha Tati under Guru Films, it stars Navdeep and Dheekshith Shetty. The series premiered on JioHotstar on 4 April 2025.

## Cast 
* Navdeep
* Dheekshith Shetty
* Babloo Prithiveeraj
* Komalee Prasad
* Sanchitha Poonacha
* Harsha Vardhan

## Production 
The series was announced on Guru Films. It is the remake of South Korean drama *He Is Psychometric* (2019). The trailer of the series was released on 19 March 2025.

## Release 
The series was made available to stream on JioHotstar on 4 April 2025.

## Reception 
*Eenadu* critic appreciated the performances while criticizing the execution. Nelki Naresh Kumar from Hindustan Times seem unimpressed with the dialogue.

## Other websites 
* 
* *Touch Me Not* on JioHotstar

## References
William Adams Dawson

Representative **William Adams Dawson** represented Utah in the US Congress. 

Dawson, who was born in Layton, Utah, went to public schools.  In 1926, he received his law degree from the University of Utah.  He began practicing law in Salt Lake City the same year he was licensed to the bar. From 1926 to 1934, he served as the county attorney of Davis County, and from 1935 to 1939, he served as mayor of Layton.  From 1940 to 1944, he was a member of the Utah State Senate.

Dawson was chosen to serve in the Eighty-third, Eighty-fourth, and Eighty-fifth Congresses, which took place from January 3, 1953, to January 3, 1959.  Dawson supported the 1957 Civil Rights Act by casting his vote. [1]  He ran unsuccessfully for reelection to the Eighty-sixth Congress in 1958.  From 1959 to 1969, he was Zions First National Bank's vice president.  Until his passing on November 7, 1981, he lived in Salt Lake City, Utah.  He was laid to rest at Kaysville, Utah's Kaysville Cemetery.
Rachel Zulu Mazombwe

**Rachel Patience Mazombwe-Zulu** is a politician from Malawi. She has represented the Mchinji North area in the National Assembly since 2009. She is a member of the Malawi Congress Party.

## Career 
Rachel Zulu was born in Lilongwe. She worked as a teacher and later as a data clerk for the Ministry of Education. She studied business administration and worked for the Malawi Union of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (MUSCCO).

She was first elected to parliament in 2009 as an independent. She was later re-elected in 2014 and 2019 as a Malawi Congress Party member. Zulu has served as Minister for Local Government and Minister for Tourism.

She is part of the Malawi Parliamentary Women's Caucus and has worked on the Public Appointments Committee. In 2019, she and her husband George Zulu were one of the few married couples both serving as Members of Parliament.

## References
Raquel Tamarit

**Raquel Tamarit i Iranzo** (born 1978 in Sueca) is a Spanish teacher and politician. Since May 2022, she has been the Minister of Education, Culture and Sports of the Generalitat Valenciana, the regional government of Valencia. Before this, she worked as the Regional Secretary for Culture and Sports from 2019 to 2022. She was the mayor of Sueca from 2015 to 2019.

## Life 
Tamarit studied teaching and started working as a teacher in 2000. She worked in schools in both Catalonia and the Valencian Community. In 2005, she joined the public school system in Valencia, and in 2010, she became a permanent teacher at a school in Sueca. She taught English.

Tamarit started in politics as a student in the group called Bloc d'Estudiants Agermanats. In 1997, she joined the political party Unitat del Poble Valencià, which is now part of the Més–Compromís coalition. In 2007, she was elected to the Sueca town council. In 2015, she became mayor of Sueca.

In 2019, she left the town council to join the regional government. In May 2022, she became Minister of Education, Culture and Sports, replacing Vicent Marzà.

## References
Hierarchy of victimhood (identity politics)

In the context of identity politics, the **hierarchy of victimhood** is a jargon used by American conservative critic Ben Shapiro (born 1984) to describe the phenomenon where Western leftists reportedly show stronger belief in claims made by members of certain persecuted groups, e.g. LGBT.

## Academic views
Some scholars share similar views about the concept of "hierarchy of victimhood" when studying geopolitical issues.

### Shalom Lappin
British linguist Shalom Lappin shared similar views about the concept in one of his articles:

Lappin also argues that scholars who believe in such a hierarchy of victimhood have hugely influenced academia since the 1960s, including those who are sympathetic to pro-Soviet Black nationalists with antisemitic views. they reportedly mainstreamed Soviet antisemitic tropes, which were normalized in American society over the decades and engendered a form of new antisemitism, where Jews are accused of being the "beneficiaries" of "White privilege" that "controlled" Western governments to "support Israel at the expense of Palestinians" and "colonise oppressed peoples".

## References
Archibald Cochrane

**Sir Archibald Cochrane** (8 January 1885 – 16 April 1958) was a Scottish politician, Royal Navy officer, and colonial governor. He served as Governor of Burma from 1936 to 1941.

## Early life 
Cochrane was born in Springfield, Fife, Scotland. He was the second son of Thomas Cochrane, 1st Baron Cochrane of Cults. He joined the Royal Navy in 1901 and served during the First World War. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and was mentioned in dispatches three times.

## Political career 
Cochrane was a member of the Unionist Party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for East Fife from 1924 to 1929, and later for Dunbartonshire from 1932 to 1936.

In 1936, he became Governor of British Burma, serving until 1941. He was knighted during his time as governor. He also worked as a director of the insurance company Standard Life.

## Personal life 
In 1926, he married Julia Dorothy Cornwallis. They had a son and a daughter.

Cochrane died in 1958 at the age of 73.

## References
Joyce Temple-Savage

**Joyce Temple-Savage** is a fictional character in the British sitcom television series *Benidorm*, portrayed by Sherrie Hewson.
James Fullerton (courtier)

**Sir James Fullerton** (about 1563 – 7 January 1631) was a Scottish courtier and politician. He served during the reigns of King James I and King Charles I of England.

## Early life 
Fullerton was probably the son of John Fullerton. He may have studied at the University of St Andrews or Glasgow University.

## Career 
In 1587, Fullerton helped establish a free school in Dublin, Ireland, with James Hamilton. One of their students was James Ussher, who later became Archbishop of Armagh.

Fullerton became an agent for King James VI of Scotland. When James became King of England in 1603, Fullerton gained favor at the English court.

He held several positions in the royal household, including:

* Gentleman of the Bedchamber
* Keeper of the Privy Purse
* Surveyor of the Prince's Lands
* Groom of the Stool

In 1625, Fullerton was elected as a Member of Parliament for St Mawes. In 1626, he represented Portsmouth in Parliament.

He was also one of the first Fellows of Trinity College Dublin.

## Personal life 
In 1616, Fullerton married Magdalene Clerk Bruce, the widow of Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss.

He died in late 1630 or early 1631 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

## References
Wink Martindale

**Winston Conrad** "**Wink**" **Martindale** (December 4, 1933 – April 15, 2025) was an American disc jockey, radio personality, game show host, and television producer. He was best known as the host of Gambit from 1972 to 1976 (and again from 1980 to 1981), Tic-Tac-Dough from 1978 to 1985, High Rollers from 1987 to 1988, and Debt from 1996 to 1998. He died from lymphoma at a hospital in Rancho Mirage, California, on April 15, 2025, at the age of 91.
Fermat's theorem (stationary points)

In calculus, '''Fermat's theorem''' states that if a function has a local maximum or minimum at some point, then the derivative at that point must be zero if it exists.

## Proof 
Suppose f(x) is a function that has a local maximum at x=x_0. 

The definition of a local maximum says there is some range a such that f(x) \leq f(x_0) if a. From this, we know that when a,
:\frac{f(x_0)-f(x)}{x_0-x} \ge 0
and when x_0,
:\frac{f(x_0)-f(x)}{x_0-x} \le 0
The definition of the derivative says
:\frac{df}{dx} = \lim_{x\to x_0^+} \frac{f(x_0)-f(x)}{x_0-x} = \lim_{x\to x_0^-} \frac{f(x_0)-f(x)}{x_0-x}
By the above, these difference quotients can only be equal if they are both 0. This is Fermat's theorem.

If f(x) has a minimum at x=x_0, then -f(x) has a maximum at x_0. Then by the above,
\frac{d}{dx} (-f(x)) = - \frac{df}{dx} = 0
so the derivative of f(x) must also be 0.
Raychelle Omamo

**Raychelle Omamo** (born July 1962) is a Kenyan lawyer, diplomat, and former government minister. She was Kenya’s Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2020 to 2022, and the Minister for Defence from 2013 to 2020. She was the first woman to serve as Defence Minister in Kenya.

## Early life and education 
Omamo was born in Bondo, Kenya. She is the daughter of former minister William Odongo Omamo. She studied law at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom.

## Career 
Omamo started her career as a lawyer. She was the first woman to lead the Law Society of Kenya from 2001 to 2003. In 2012, she became a Senior Counsel. She also helped form Kenya’s Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission.

She served as Kenya's first female ambassador to France, and was also accredited to Spain, Portugal, Serbia, and the Holy See. She was also Kenya’s representative to UNESCO.

From 2013 to 2020, she was the Cabinet Secretary for Defence. In 2020, she became Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs, a position she held until 2022. That year, she ran to become the head of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), but did not win.

## References
Butch

**Butch** is a term use to describe a Lesbian, who expresses masculine features in appearance, behavior, or identity. It is also used by some gay, nonbinary, and other queer individuals to describe a hard or traditional masculine style.

## History
The word "butch" entered mainstream culture in the 1940s with American working-class lesbians, particularly in bars and subcultures that rejected the gender roles.  Before this, similar identities were described using terms such as "bull dagger" in Black lesbian subcultures during the 1920s.  Butch culture developed with "femme" identities to form the "butch-femme dynamic", in which butches were often protective in relationships.

During the mid-20th century, butch lesbians were discriminated against, with police raids and brutality against them. Butch lesbians participated in protests such as the 1969 Stonewall Riots, which initiated the contemporary LGBTQ+ rights movement.

## Criticism
The word has been criticized. In the 1970s, some feminist communities felt that butch-femme relationships were merely copying straight norms, while others reclaimed it as something powerful.  

## Cultural Influence
*Such novels as "Stone Butch Blues" (1993) by Leslie Feinberg have explored butch identity and its intersection with transgender experience.

## References
Fermat's theorem (disambiguation)

The mathematician Pierre de Fermat made many important discoveries in his career. Multiple theorems are named after him.

## Theorems named after Fermat 
In number theory:
* Fermat's Last Theorem, a conjecture on integers a^n + b^n = c^n
* Fermat's little theorem, on prime numbers in modular arithmetic
* Fermat's theorem on prime sums of squares, on what prime numbers can or can't be written as sums of perfects quares
* Fermat's polygonal number theorem, on integers as sum of polygonal numbers
* Fermat's right triangle theorem, on squares not being the difference of fourth powers

In calculus:
* Fermat's theorem (stationary points), on the value of the derivative at maximum and minimum points

In optics:
* Fermat's principle, an explanation of refraction
Anomaloglossus parkerae

***Anomaloglossus parkerae*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in Venezuela.

## Body
The adult male frog can be 19.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog can be 24.2 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is gray in color with light brown or olive brown marks. It does not have stripes or marks on its sides, chest, or belly. There is orange-yellow color on its throat. The male frog's male organs are white in color. The iris of the eye is bronze in color.

## Food
The adult frogs eat ants, termites, beetles, and other animals with no bones. Scientists believe this frog will eat whatever it can catch.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the ground in rainfrests. Scientists saw them on mud in ditches near roads in Sierra de Lema. Scientists saw the frog between 850 and 1300 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog inside a protected park, Canaima National Park.

## Young
The tadpoles swim in slow-moving streams where the water is 5–10 cm deep and under rocks in small pools.

## Danger
Scientists do not know exactly how much danger this frog is in. Too many visitors come to its forests. People cut down too many trees in the frog's home to make roads and power lines for electricity. Gold mines put bad chemicals in the streams that the frogs need.

## References
Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW)

is a popular, non-copyrighted symbol of the social phenomenon known as "Men Going Their Own Way".]]

**Men Going Their Own Way** (**MGTOW**) is a movement that forms the so-called manosphere. 
The MGTOW movement is seen by many scholars as misogynist, anti-feminist and male supremacist,

## Origin
The MGTOW reportedly started online in the early 2000s when some bloggers wrote about their desire to avoid women and form a single-gendered society. and 2024.

## Beliefs
Scholars claimed that the MGTOW held the following beliefs:]]

Scholars claimed that some men supported the MGTOW ideas because of rejection by women, perceived discrimination, unrealistic beauty standards or changing cultural norms. However, many believe that those criticizing the incel or MGTOW movement ignore the cause and effect of their existence. a British counter-extremism programme, were "incels" in the year ending March 2021. Among the small percentage of the referred, a small number of them were seen as potential terrorists, many of whom were neurodivergent, 

## References
Embassy of Ukraine in Warsaw

The Ukrainian diplomatic mission in Poland is represented by the **Embassy of Ukraine in Warsaw**. 

On December 2, 1991, Poland recognized Ukraine's independence.  The establishment of diplomatic relations took place on January 4, 1992.  When Ukraine gained its independence in 1991, it established diplomatic ties with Poland by sending a diplomat with the title of "Special Envoy of the government" and opening an office there.  It was promoted to diplomatic status in 1992.  Its current address is 7 Szucha, 00-580 Warsaw, the former USSR Trade Representation building.
Viraj Khanna

**Viraj Khanna** (born 1995) is an Indian visual artist known for his work in textile art, mixed media, and sculpture. He is the son of renowned fashion designer Anamika Khanna.

## Early life and education
Khanna was born in Kolkata, India, in 1995. He completed a degree in Business Administration from the University of Southern California in 2018.

## Artistic career
### Beginnings
Khanna’s journey into art began during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. He started making collages from fashion magazines, posting them on social media, which eventually led to his debut exhibition.

### Style and themes
Khanna’s art incorporates hand embroidery, textile collages, and digital commentary. His themes explore societal behavior, curated identities, and emotional vulnerability, often with satire and surrealism.

### Notable exhibitions
* **What My Mother Didn’t Teach Me** (2021) – Gallery Art Exposure, Kolkata
* **In My Fever Dream** (2022) – Bikaner House, New Delhi
* **India Art Fair** (2023) – Tao Art Gallery booth
* **BRAIN ROT: The Life You Live?** (2025) – Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai He frequently uses “khakha,” a stencil material used in embroidery tracing, to create distinctive visual effects.

## Recognition
In 2024, Khanna was named in the *Forbes India 30 Under 30* list in the Art category. His works have been featured in various Indian and international publications including *Vogue India*, *Elle India*, *Architectural Digest*, and *Hindustan Times*.

## Personal life
Khanna is currently pursuing an MFA at the Art Institute of Chicago.

## References
Huawei P50

**Huawei P50**, **Huawei P50 Pro** and **Huawei P50 Pocket** are smartphones developed and made by Huawei. They were released on July 29, 2021. They also launched to Huawei P50 Pocket for foldable smartphone. There are does not have a 5G.

## Features 
### Huawei P50 
Huawei P50 has 6.5 inch 1 billion colors 90hz OLED display, 4100mAh battery capacity, 8GB RAM, 13MP wide selfie camera, Qualcomm Snapdragon 884 4G chipset and 50MP wide back camera.
### Huawei P50 Pro 
Huawei P50 Pro has 6.6 inch 1 billion colors 120hz OLED display, 8GB and 12GB RAM, 4360mAh battery capacity, 50MP wide back camera, 13MP wide selfie camera and Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 4G chipset.

## Software 
### Global 
They are runs EMUI 12 for the first launch, they can upgrade to other versions like EMUI 13 and EMUI 14 when they came out.
### China 
They are runs Harmony OS 2 for the first launch, they can upgrade to other versions like Harmony OS 3 and Harmony OS 4 when they came out.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Love & Hip Hop: Miami

***Love & Hip Hop: Miami*** is an American reality television series that premiered January 1, 2018 on VH1.

## Main cast members 
* Trina
* Joseline Hernandez
* Veronica Vega
* Bobby Lytes
* Shay Johnson
* Trick Daddy
* Sukihana
* Blac Chyna
* Amara La Negra
* Hood Brat
* Brisco
* Ray J
* Princess Love
* Fabo
* Sapphire Blaze
* Safaree Samuels
Vinyl polymer

is the simplest vinyl polymer.]]

A **vinyl polymer** (also called a **polyolefin**) is a type of polymer used to make plastic. Vinyl polymers are the most common plastics in the world: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene account for more than 60% of world plastic production.

## References
Repeating unit

is .]]
 have more complicated repeating units.]]
 is a three-dimensional crystal with the repeating unit . This visualisation shows sodium as a blue ball and chlorine as a green ball.]]
s have very complicated crystal structures, but still have visible repeating units. Muscovite has the repeating unit .]]

In chemistry, a **repeating unit** or more properly **constitutional repeating unit**, is a small piece of a large molecule like a polymer or crystal that connects to itself over and over to build the bigger structure. The elements and chemical bonds in the repeating unit are responsible for the chemical and physical properties of the larger molecules.

By convention, polymers and ionic compounds are represented by their smallest repeating unit. One notable exception is polyethylene, which has a smallest repeating unit of {{chem2|(CH2)_{n}|}} but is frequently represented by {{chem2|(C2H4)_{n}|}} which looks more like the repeating unit of the other vinyl polymers.

## References
Empirical formula

An **empirical formula** is a type of chemical formula that describes the ratios between chemical elements, rather than counting exact numbers of atoms or describing anything about the molecule's structure. Empirical formulas are considered the simplest way of writing what a compound is made of.

Empirical formulas were the only chemical formulas available in early chemistry and are still used today for ionic compounds and large molecules like polymers. Simpler compounds are usually written with other molecular formulas that also describe parts of their structure.

## Example 
The common name of phosphorus pentoxide is taken from its empirical formula of . The actual molecular formula for this chemical is , which is used in most contexts in modern chemistry. The ratio of phosphorus to oxygen in both formulas is 2:5.

Table salt is written with the formula , but the actual structure of salt (an ionic compound) is a cubic crystal where every sodium cation is surrounded by six chlorine anions, and every chlorine anion is surrounded by six sodium cations. A single gram of salt contains more than ten sextillion interconnected atoms of both sodium and chlorine, and because all the chemical bonds are identical, there's no way to break the larger crystals into smaller molecules. A molecular formula for a salt crystal would have different numbers based on its mass, but an empirical formula is always the same: for every sodium ion there is exactly one chlorine ion, so we use the formula .

Individual molecules of polyethylene are alkanes that can contain thousands or even millions of carbon atoms. However, the difference in chemistry between for example  and  is very small, and there's no way to guarantee exact length of any molecule. When a formula is needed, polyethylene is written 
{{chem2|C_{n}H_{n+2}|}} - and as the length gets very large, that approaches the empirical formula {{chem2|(CH2)_{n}|}}.

## References
Marrano

in Spain during the times of Inquisition*.]]
***Marranos*** is a term for Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted to Christianity, either voluntarily or by Spanish or Portuguese royal coercion, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but who continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it. They are also called crypto-Jews, the term increasingly preferred in scholarly works over *Marranos*.

The term specifically refers to the charge of crypto-Judaism, whereas the term *converso'' was used for the wider population of Jewish converts to Catholicism, whether or not they secretly still practised Jewish rites. Converts from either Judaism or Islam were referred to by the broader term of "New Christians".

## Related pages
* Sephardi Jews

## References
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome

active benzodiazepine.]]

The **benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome** refers to set of symptoms that occurs when someone on benzodiazepine suddenly stops taking it.

## Symptoms
Those suffering from the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome tend to have at least one of the following symptoms:]]

## Related pages
* Toxicology
* Barbiturate overdose
* Paracetamol poisoning

## References
Banco Comafi

**Banco Comafi** is an Argentine private commercial bank. Its headquarters are located in Buenos Aires and it has 65 branches throughout the city.

It has no branches or subsidiaries abroad. As a commercial bank, it operates in all sectors: individuals, microenterprises, small and medium-sized businesses, corporate, foreign trade, investment, trading, private banking, and trust business.

## History
Comafi began operating in 1985 as a market broker specializing in trading government securities, repurchase agreements, and other financial transactions. 

In 1992, it acquired the Argentine subsidiary of Banco di Napoli, one of the oldest banks in the world, becoming a wholesale banking institution actively involved in the purchase and sale of bonds and shares, corporate and investment banking, and capital markets operations. 

It also became a leader in fiduciary administration and the development of trust-based financial products for companies.

In December 2013, Banco Comafi acquired the **Diners Club International** credit card portfolio in Argentina. It also obtained the exclusive license to issue Diners in the country from Discover, the current owner of the brand worldwide.
## References
## Other websites
*
The Arizona Ranger

***The Arizona Ranger*** is a 1948 American western movie directed by John Rawlins and starring Tim Holt, Jack Holt, Nan Leslie, Richard Martin, Steve Brodie, Paul Hurst, James Nolan. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.

## Other websites
*
*
Canlubang Golf & Country Club

**Canlubang Golf & Country Club**, shortly known as **Can Golf**, is located in barrio Casile, Cabuyao, Laguna.

The history of the area was part of a large sugarcane plantation owned by José Yulo, a known politician and landowner in the mid-20th century. The club occupies part of this land, later transforming it into a golfing venue.

## Features
Canlubang Golf & Country Club features two 18-hole courses, these courses offer a total of 36 holes. It is one of the gold courses along with Santa Elena Golf Course in Cabuyao city.

## References
Cabuyao Mansion

The **Cabuyao Mansion** (formerly known as  **Marcos Twin Mansion**), is an abandoned mansion owned by the Marcoses family to the late Philippine president, Ferdinand Marcos.

## Location
The golfcourse is situated along the Canlubang Golf & Country Club and Matang Tubig, It was established since 1987 and stretches to the "Imelda Marcos Mansion" in People's Park in the Sky in Tagaytay city, It is also under by the Presidential Commission on Good Government.

## References
Hysteria (Def Leppard song)

"**Hysteria**" is a 1987 song by English heavy metal band Def Leppard and is the title track to their fourth studio album *Hysteria*. It went to number 26 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in the United States, number 19 in Ireland and number 13 in Canada.

## Track listing 
### 7": Bludgeon Riffola / Mercury / 870 004-7 (US) 
# "Hysteria"
# "Ride into the Sun"

### 12": Bludgeon Riffola / Phonogram (UK) 
# "Hysteria"
# "Ride into the Sun"
# "Love and Affection" (live)

### CD: Bludgeon Riffola / Phonogram / U.K. LEPCD3 / INT. 870 004-2 (UK) 
# "Hysteria"
# "Ride into the Sun"
# "Love and Affection" (live)
# "I Wanna Be Your Hero"

## References
List of chancellors of the Queen's University Belfast

The Chancellor position at Queen's University Belfast has been held by 11 people as of 2025. The current Chancellor is Hillary Clinton who has served as Chancellor since January 2020 and is the universities' first female Chancellor.
Love Bites (Def Leppard song)

"**Love Bites**" is a 1988 song by English heavy metal band Def Leppard and is the sixth single from their fourth studio album *Hysteria*. It went to number 1 in the United States, number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 2 in New Zealand, number 3 in Canada, number 7 in Ireland, number 23 in the Netherlands and number 21 in Australia.

## Track listings
"Billy's Got a Gun" was recorded at Tilburg, Netherlands, in 1987.

**7-inch: Bludgeon Riffola / Vertigo / Polygram / 830 675-1 (US)**
# "Love Bites"
# "Billy's Got a Gun" (live)

**12-inch and CD: Bludgeon Riffola / Vertigo / Polygram (US, UK)**
# "Love Bites"
# "Billy's Got a Gun" (live)
# "Excitable" (Orgasmic mix)

## References
Forever Young (Alphaville song)

"**Forever Young**" is a 1984 song by German band Alphaville and is the title track to their debut studio album *Forever Young*. It went to number 1 in Sweden and was very popular in German language countries. It has been covered by numerous artists since its release.

## References
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five

"**Nineteen Hundred and Five**" (sometimes known as **1985**) is a 1974 song by Wings and is the final track from their third studio album *Band on the Run*. It is the A-side to the single *Band on the Run*.

## References
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood

***Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood*** is the third installment of the *Love & Hip Hop* reality television franchise. It premiered on September 15, 2014 on VH1 and chronicles the lives of several people in the Hollywood area, involved with hip hop music.

## Main cast members 
* Moniece Slaughter
* Brooke Valentine
* Hazel-E
* Apryl Jones
* Masika Kalysha
* Princess Love
* Lyrica Anderson
* K. Michelle
* Omarion
* Lil' Fizz
* Soulja Boy
* Keyshia Cole
* Teairra Mari
* Safaree Samuels
* Nikki Mudarris 
* Ray J

## Guest cast members 
* Tanisha Thomas
* Brandy Norwood
Temple prostitution

in a temple to Lakshmi in India. ]]
**Temple prostitution** (or **sacred prostitution**, **cult prostitution**, or **religious prostitution**) is the name for a number of rites involving paid sexual intercourse in the context of religious rites.  It is possible that this was done in the context of a fertility rite.  When there is no direct payment, scholars speak about *sacred sex*. Usually, priests or servants of a goddess of sexual love had sex with worshippers, against payment. 

Even though, scholars used to argue that this existed, they are no longer sure it did. There are different ancient texts that talk about it. The bible also does. It looks like there were slaves in the temple of Aphrodite in Korinth, that also engaged in this.
Redmi Note 8

**Redmi Note 8** and **Redmi Note 8 Pro** are smartphones developed and made by Redmi. They were announced on 29 August 2019. Later, they were released Redmi Note 8T and Redmi Note 8 2021.

## Features 
### Redmi Note 8 
Redmi Note 8 has 6.3 inch IPS LCD display, Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 chipset, 4000mAh battery capacity, 48MP wide back camera, 8MP ultrawide back camera, 2MP marco and depth back camera, 13MP wide selfie camera, 3GB and 6GB RAM, 18W wired charger and run Android 9 for the first time.

### Redmi Note 8 Pro 
Redmi Note 8 Pro has 6.53 inch IPS LCD display, Mediatek Helio G90T chipset, 4500mAh battery capacity, 64MP wide back camera, 8MP ultrawide back camera, 2MP marco and depth back camera, 18W wired charger, 20MP HDR wide selfie camera, 4GB and 8GB RAM and run Android 9 for the first time.

### Redmi Note 8T 
Redmi Note 8T has 6.3 inch IPS LCD display, 4000mAh battery capacity, 3GB and 4GB RAM, 48MP wide back camera, 8MP ultrawide back camera, 2MP marco and depth back camera, 13MP HDR wide selfie camera and run Android 9 for the first time.
### Redmi Note 8 2021 
Redmi Note 8 2021 has 6.3 inch IPS LCD display, 4000mAh battery capacity, 48MP wide back camera, 8MP ultrawide back camera, 2MP marco and depth back camera, 13MP HDR wide selfie camera, 3GB and 4GB RAM and run Android 11.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Systems biology

**Systems biology** is a field of biology. It uses computers, math, and models to study how parts of living systems work together. It does not focus on individual parts like in traditional biology. It looks at the whole system and how everything interacts.

Since around 2000, systems biology has become common in biology. For example, the Human Genome Project used systems thinking. It encouraged teamwork in genetics research. One major goal of systems biology is to understand "emergent properties". These are features of cells or organisms that only show up when you look at how all the parts work together.

## References
Flocking

s]]
**Flocking** is a type of behavior. It is shown when a group of birds, called a flock, are looking for food or in flight. Sheep and goats also show flocking behavior.

Computer simulations and mathematical models have been built to copy the flocking behaviours of birds. The term "flocking" is sometimes used, in computer science, for living things that are not birds. Here, it means a group of organisms moving together. This can be seen in many living beings such as fish, bacteria, and insects.

Flocking is considered an emergent behaviour. It appears from simple rules that each organism follows. No one organisms in the group controls everything.

## References
Khauf

***Khauf*** () is an 2025 Indian horror television series written by Smita Singh and directed by Pankaj Kumar and Surya Balakrishnan. Produced under Matchbox Shots, starring Monika Panwar, Rajat Kapoor, Abhishek Chauhan, Geetanjali Kulkarni and Shilpa Shukla. The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 18 April 2025.

## Cast 
* Monika Panwar
* Rajat Kapoor
* Abhishek Chauhan
* Geetanjali Kulkarni
* Shilpa Shukla

## Production 
On 19 March 2024, the series was announced by Amazon Prime Video. The post-production was completed in 2024.

## Release 
The teaser was released on 20 March 2024 and the trailer was released on 11 April 2025.

The series was made available to stream on Amazon Prime Video on 18 April 2025.

## Reception 
Abhimanyu Mathur writing for *Hindustan Times* gave the series 3 out of 5 stars. Shubhra Gupta from *The Indian Express* rated the series 3/5 stars.

## Other websites 
* 
* *Khauf* on Amazon Prime Video

## References
I'm Not So Tough

'''''I'm Not So Tough''''' is the third studio album by American country music artist Mindy McCready. The album was released on September 14, 1999.

## Track listing
## References
Lashari

**Lashari** () is one of the major Baloch tribes, primarily residing in Pakistan's provinces of Balochistan, Sindh, Punjab, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The tribe also has a significant diaspora in Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, the United Arab Emirates, and other Gulf countries. The Lashari people are known for their rich cultural heritage, tribal history, and growing role in modern education and digital innovation.

## Etymology 
The tribe takes its name from **Mir Lashar Khan**, one of the sons of Mir Jalal Khan, the legendary patriarch of the Baloch people. Some oral traditions also trace their ancestry to Hazrat Ameer Hamza, linking them to early Islamic history and valor.

## History 
The Lashari tribe has played a central role in Baloch history, most notably during the 15th century in the famous **Rind-Lashari War**. This internal tribal conflict between the Lasharis, led by **Mir Gwahram Khan Lashari**, and the Rinds, led by **Mir Chakar Khan Rind**, lasted nearly 27 years. It resulted in the dispersion of both tribes across different regions of modern-day Pakistan.

After the war, many Lasharis settled in Sindh and parts of southern Punjab, while the Rinds migrated toward central Punjab.

## Geographic Distribution 
The Lashari tribe is widely distributed across:
* **Balochistan**: Including areas like Gajan, Khuzdar, and Lasbela
* **Sindh**: Districts such as Ghotki, Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Larkana, Sukkur, Dadu, and Khairpur
* **Punjab**: Particularly in Muzaffargarh, Layyah, Multan, Rajanpur, and Faisalabad
* **Khyber Pakhtunkhwa**: Especially in Dera Ismail Khan

## Sub-tribes 
The Lashari tribe consists of numerous sub-tribes and clans, including:
* Magsi
* Gurchani
* Justkani
* Alkani
* Akhundani
* Mirwadani
* Kamalani
* Shahidani
* Rashidani
* Gohramzai
* Noorzai
* Dilawarzai
* Haibtani
* Sawerani
* Tawaklani
And many others.

## Culture 
The Lasharis follow traditional Baloch cultural customs. They are known for their:
* Balochi music and poetry
* Tribal honor code
* Strong family systems
* Oral history traditions
* Hospitality

Their language varies by region, with many speaking Balochi, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Urdu.

## Religion 
The majority of Lasharis follow Islam, predominantly Sunni, with Shia communities present in some regions. Religious leaders and scholars from the tribe have historically played important roles in their communities.

## Notable Figures 
* **Mir Gwahram Khan Lashari** – Chief during the Rind-Lashari War
* **Mai Bakhtawar Lashari** – Peasant leader and martyr in Sindh

## Related pages 
* Baloch people

## References 
* https://thelashari.blogspot.com/2010/05/history-of-lashari-tribe.html
* https://humhainlashar.blogspot.com/2019/09/history-of-lashari-baloch-tribe.html
* https://thebalochistanpoint.com/revisiting-history-war-between-the-rind-and-lashari-tribes-of-balochistan 
* Oral histories from tribal elders in Sindh and Balochistan
Barbiturate overdose

diagram of phenobarbital, the active ingredient of barbiturates.]]

**Barbiturate overdose** is a form of poisoning caused by someone taking too many barbiturates within a short time.

## Symptoms
Those who have overdosed on barbiturates can show some of the following symptoms:

* Difficulty thinking
* Poor coordination
* Lowered effort to breathe
* Lowered level of consciousness

## Complications
In serious cases, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema can occur. The patient can die from a lack of breathing. The amount of barbiturates that can cause death depends on how much someone's body can break down the drug.

## Treatment
Barbiturate overdose can be treated by activated charcoal. Hemodialysis is also sometimes performed. In cases where the poisoned person is not breathing, mechanical ventilation is required while detoxication is performed. 

## Related pages
* Toxicology
* Paracetamol poisoning
* Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome

## References
Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus

***Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the dead leaves on the ground in forests that have never been cut down and forests that are growing back. Scientists see it near water. Scientists saw the frog between 10 and 800 meters above sea level.

## Young
The male frogs sit in groups on branches a little above the dead leaves on the ground and call to the female frogs. The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves. The tadpoles grow in the nest.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Its home is big and human beings do not go there much.

## First paper
*

## References
Peroxy acid

is one of the most important peroxy acids.]]

A **peroxy acid**, also written **peroxyacid** or shortened to **peracid**, 
:

Organic peracids can be made from carboxylic acids or their derivatives, like acid anhydrides or acyl chlorides.

## Uses 
A major use for peroxy acids and their salts is the oxidation of alkenes into epoxides. If an organic peroxy acid is used, this is a name reaction called the Prilezhaev reaction. Potassium peroxymonosulfate, sold commercially in a mix of salts called Oxone, is an inorganic peroxy acid salt used in a similar reaction.

## References
FBG Duck

**Carlton Dequan Weekly-Williams** (December 6, 1993 – August 4, 2020) was an American rapper and songwriter. He used the name **FBG Duck** when he wrote music. He was affiliated with the Gangster Disciples. He was very popular around Chicago because of his music. Weekly had many conflicts with the Black Disciples, another gang in Chicago.

FBG Duck released his first mixtape that was called Look At Me in 2013, when he was 19 years old. FBG Duck released more songs until he released "Slide" in 2017. This song became very popular. On August 4, 2020, Williams was shot in Chicago’s Gold Coast neighborhood.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Peroxymonosulfuric acid

of peroxymonosulfuric acid.]]

**Peroxymonosulfuric acid** is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a peroxy acid closely related to sulfuric acid. It was discovered by the German chemist Heinrich Caro, so it is sometimes called '''Caro's acid**. Salts of peroxymonosulfuric acid are called **peroxymonosulfates'''.

Peroxymonosulfuric acid is a strong oxidizer. It is one of the active chemical species in piranha solution.
Siege of Nishapur (1221)

## War
The Mongol horde of Tolui Khan besieged the Khwarazmian city of Nishapur in present-day Iran

### First siege of Nishapur (1221)
Mongols stormed the city with siege engines after a three-day siege. During the assault, Genghis Khan's son-in-law Tuqachar was killed. In 1221, after the death of Tuqachar, the husband of Genghis Khan's daughter, the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days.

### Second siege of Nishapur (1221)
Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to become sure that no wounded would survive the massacre, the Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the Mongols. Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among the beheaded. It is estimated that potentially up to 1,747,000 people were slaughtered.

## References
National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary

The **National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary** (German: *Landesselbstverwaltung der Ungarndeutschen*, **LdU**; Hungarian: *Magyarországi Németek Országos Önkormányzata*, **MNOÖ**) is the organization representing the interests of the German minority in Hungary. The German minority is Hungary’s second-largest ethnic group, making up over 2.5% of the population.

The LdU aims to protect and promote the German language, culture, traditions, and identity in Hungary. It supports keeping the German language alive through cultural activities, encourages German language teaching in Hungarian schools, and builds international connections, especially with Germany, through exchanges and partnerships. 

The LdU seeks cultural autonomy by managing German institutions in Hungary, which is its main focus. It also promotes cooperation between Hungary and neighboring countries, especially German-speaking ones.

## References