open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
English numerals

Here are some words for small numbers. Words in **bold** are irregular.

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When writing other numbers between 21 and 99, you must use a hyphen, like a minus sign (-).
* 21: twenty-one
* 22: twenty-two
* 23: twenty-three
* 24: twenty-four 
* 25: twenty-five
* 26: twenty-six
* 27: twenty-seven
* 28: twenty-eight
* 29: twenty-nine
* 30: thirty
* 31: thirty-one
* 60: sixty
* 61: sixty-one
* 62: sixty-two
* 63: sixty-three
* 64: sixty-four
* 65: sixty-five
* 66: sixty-six
* 67: sixty-seven
* 68: sixty-eight
* 69: sixty-nine
* 70: seventy
* 98: ninety-eight
* 99: ninety-nine
* 100: one hundred
The number 100 is written as "one hundred", but in general, sometimes people can say "a hundred".

The way numbers are written and spoken differs between American English and other forms of English, such as British English and Australian English, as follows.

## American English 
To write a whole number from 100 to 999 in American English:
*  First write how many hundreds.
*  Then write the word "hundred".
*  Then write the name of the two-digit number after the digit in the hundreds place.

In standard, written, American English, the word "and" is *not* in the word-name of any whole number even though many speakers insert it.

Examples:

* 101: one hundred one
* 102: one hundred two
* 175: one hundred seventy-five
* 200: two hundred
* 300: three hundred
* 400: four hundred
* 512: five hundred twelve
* 513: five hundred thirteen
* 600: six hundred 
* 987: nine hundred eighty-seven

## British and Commonwealth English 
To write a whole number from 100 to 999 in British and Commonwealth English:
*  First write how many hundreds.
*  Then write the words "hundred and".
*  Then write the name of the two-digit number after the digit in the hundreds place.

In standard, written, British English (and the English spoken in many other places), the word "and" *is* in the word-name of many whole numbers.

Examples:

* 101: one hundred and one (NOT: one hundred one)
* 102: one hundred and two (NOT: one hundred two)
* 175: one hundred and seventy-five (NOT: one hundred seventy-five)
* 200: two hundred
* 300: three hundred
* 400: four hundred 
* 500: five hundred
* 512: five hundred and twelve (NOT: five hundred twelve)
* 900: nine hundred 
* 987: nine hundred and eighty-seven (NOT: nine hundred eighty-seven)

## Related pages
* Names of ordinal numbers in English
* Names for large numbers
* Names for small numbers
Kami

**Kami** (神) is a Japanese word for the spirits that are worshipped in the Shinto religion. Not all of Kami are gods of the personified type. Instead, they have to do with phenomena and events like the growth of trees, or rain, or wind, or rock called Iwakura, or other aspects of Nature; it is believed that these kami live in those natural things. 

It is usually said that there are . In Japanese the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity.

Though the word *kami* can be translated multiple ways into English, no English word expresses its full meaning.

## Some important kami 
* Amaterasu, the sun goddess 
* Inari, god of foxes
* Kotoamatsukami, the primary kami trinity
* Izanagi, the first man 
* Izanami, the first woman 
* Shinigami, kami of death
* Ryūjin, god of the sea
* Susanoo, god of storms
* Sarutahiko, kami of Earth
* Tsukuyomi, kami of moon

## Related pages
* Shinto 
* Shinto shrine
* Inugami
* Japanese divinities

## Other websites 
* *Kami* at Onmark database
Cardboard

**Cardboard** is a  type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. It was first invented in China some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes. One of its more common uses is as a packaging material.

Cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until 20 December 1871. The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City, New York for single-sided corrugated cardboard. Jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides. This was now cardboard as we know it today.

American Robert Gair was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons. Extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available. By the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade.

The Kellogg brothers first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of *Waxtite* was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. This marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside.

Cardboard packaging has undergone minor changes in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism. It is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.
Miracle

A **miracle** is an amazing, beneficial event that goes (or at least seems to go) against natural laws.  Some people say that a miracle is always an act brought about by God or other supernatural force (such as an angel). Others say that there can always be another explanation for it. And thirdly, some say the event is myth and never actually even happened in the first place.

## According to the Bible
In the Bible a miracle is an act by God, where God's presence is shown. They can be an act that affects one person, or a gigantic disturbance of nature that changes the world.

### Examples in the Bible
Here are seven types that can be found. These are just some of the many miracles in the Bible.

;God's authority
*Moses parts the Red Sea so that the people of Israel could escape from Egypt
*Jesus commands the storm winds to stop blowing
;Healing
*A man crippled since birth gets up and walks after Jesus heals him
*Jesus makes a man who was born blind to see
;Judgment for evil
*People became so evil that God destroys them with a flood; Noah and his family are saved
*Two members of the Jerusalem church are struck dead for lying
;Provision
*God gives manna to the Israelites as they traveled through the desert
;Raising the dead
*By the power of God, Elijah raises a widow’s dead son back to life
*Jesus raises his friend, Lazarus, to life
;Safety
*King Nebuchadnezzar tries to burn Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to death in a fiery furnace, but God keeps them from burning
;Visions
*The prophet Isaiah has a vision of God seated on his throne surrounded by angels
*Saul has a vision of Jesus that changed his life

## In other books
Other religious books, like the Quran, Mahabharata and the Avesta, contains many references to this definition of miracle. An example of a miracle in the Quran is when Muhammad splits the moon into halves.

## References
Trier

**Trier** is a city at the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. The population is about 100,000.

Trier is famous for some Roman buildings like the Porta Nigra and others. It is famous as the birthplace of Karl Marx. Trier is also famous for the wine of the wine-growing-region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer.

## Districts 
The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (July 2007):

## References
## Other websites 
* www.trier.de 
* History of Trier  (German and English)
* Another Trier Daily Photo
Thomm

**Thomm** is a village near Trier (at the Moselle River) in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

Thomm is famous for an old Celtic stone, called *Hinkelstein* near the village and a big Celtic grave.

In further times there was a slate minor industry near Thomm.

Thomm is also famous for its cider, an apple-wine.

The FIA European Hill Climb Championship came to Thomm until 2011 and the FIA World Rally Championship until 2015.

## Other websites 
*Gemeinde Thomm bei Trier an der Mosel - Willkommen - Welcome - Bienvenue - Welkom
Moselle

The **Moselle River** (German: *Mosel*)  is a river which flows through  France and Luxembourg, then becomes part of the Rhine River after it flows into Germany. It is  long.

Important cities at the Moselle river are Metz, Thionville, Trier, Bernkastel-Kues and Koblenz.

The valley of the Moselle river is famous for the wine of Elbling, Riesling, and Müller-Thurgau - grapes in the wine growing region Moselle-Saar-Ruwer.

## Tributaries 
From the left:
Madon,
Terrouin,
Esch,
Rupt de Mad,
Orne,
Fensch,
Gander,
Syre,
Sauer,
Kyll,
Salm,
Lieser,
Alf,
Endert,
Brohlbach,
Elz.

From the right:
Moselotte,
Vologne,
Meurthe,
Seille,
Saar,
Olewiger Bach,
Avelsbach,
Ruwer,
Feller Bach,
Dhron,
Ahringsbach,
Kautenbach,
Lützbach,
Flaumbach,
Altlayer Bach,
Baybach,
Ehrbach.

## Other websites 
* German page
Bavaria

**Bavaria** (; , ), officially the **Free State of Bavaria** (, ; ), is a State (*Bundesland*) of Germany. The territory of this state is the largest of the 16 German states. The state capital is Munich with 1.5 million people. About 13.1 million people live in Bavaria.  

Like many German states, Bavaria was once independent. Ludwig II of Bavaria was its last independent king. Bavaria joined the German Empire in 1871.

## Structure 
Bavaria has seven parts: *Oberbayern* (Upper Bavaria), *Niederbayern* (Lower Bavaria), *Schwaben* (Swabia), *Mittelfranken* (Middle Franconia), *Unterfranken* (Lower Franconia), *Oberfranken* (Upper Franconia) and *Oberpfalz* (Upper Palatinate). Bavaria has 71 districts and 25 free cities.

The highest point is the Zugspitze, which is also the highest mountain in Germany. Munich is the largest city, the second biggest city is Nuremberg (*Nürnberg*), which is famous for its gingerbread, a kind of Christmas bread that is often shaped like a Christmas tree, a snowman or Santa Claus.

Pope Benedict XVI was born in Bavaria.

## Administrative divisions
### Administrative regions
Bavaria is divided into seven administrative regions called '** (singular **'). For every Administrative region there is a state agency called '** (district government).
***Altbayern**:
# Upper Palatinate
# Upper Bavaria
# Lower Bavaria
***Franconia**:
# Upper Franconia
# Middle Franconia
# Lower Franconia
***Swabia'*:
# Swabia

### Districts *(Bezirke)*
Bavaria has "*Bezirke''" or districts; the others are the '** and the **' or '**. The **' in Bavaria are identical with the '**. In the other larger states of Germany, there are only **' as administrative divisions and no self-governing entities at the level of the '** as the **' in Bavaria.

#### Population and area
### Districts
Bavaria is made up of 71 rural districts that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities, both of which share the same administrative responsibilities and duties.

Rural districts:

Independent cities:

### Municipalities
The 71 rural districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities. Together with the 25 independent cities, there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.

 city center with Frauenkirche (left) and Rathaus (town hall) ]]
]] 
]]
 with the Danube (foreground) and Regensburg Cathedral]]

In 44 of the 71 rural districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005), not belonging to any municipality, all unsettled and unpopulated, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without islands, , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).

#### Major cities and towns
Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung

## Notes
### References
### Sources
* 

## Other websites
* Official government website
* Official website of Bayern Tourismus Marketing GmbH 
* Bavarian Studies in History and Culture
* Außenwirtschaftsportal Bayern
* Statistics
*
Carnivore

A **carnivore** is an animal, or less commonly a plant, which eats only meat.  Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey. Scavengers are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores. Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called **piscivores**.

The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora. However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few, for example pandas, do not.

## List of living carnivores 
s don't need teeth and claws to be carnivores. They feed on crustaceans, fish, squid, and other small marine life.]]
 with a snake]]
;Mammals
* All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
* Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
* All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
* All bats except fruitbats
* The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil

;Birds
* All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
* All vultures, both old world and new
* Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons

;Reptiles
* All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
* All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
* Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
* Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles

;Fish and amphibians
* All frogs and toads
* Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
* Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass

;Invertebrates
* Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
* Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
* All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
* Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
* All jellyfish and sea stars

;Plants
* Venus flytrap
* Pitcher plant

## Related pages 
* Insectivore
* Herbivore
* Omnivore
* Theropod (carnivorous dinosaurs)

## References
Communication

**Communication** is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient using a medium. There are different media that can be used:
*Visual communication (using body language or gestures)
*Communicating with sounds (like human language, but may also be the barking of a dog)
*Communication using touch
*Using smell
*Using writing

Communication can be  (a word) or non-spoken (a smile). Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture.

Communication that tries to change somebody's mind may be called persuasion or propaganda.

## How communication works 
Communication works by exchanging information or messages. In very basic terms
#The sender makes a message, from an idea. This is usually called *encoding*
#The sender transmits the message through the medium.
#The recipient receives the message and *decodes* it.

Besides the content of the message, there are other things that are important. These are not part of the message itself, but rather of its context
*Who is communicating, and what status does the communicator have?
*Communication messages usually do not come alone, but are accompanied by other messages. These are also interpreted.

For a message exchange to be successful, the sender and the recipient must have agreed on a vocabulary that avoids ambiguity. For example, the word *hedge* can mean completely different things based on the context. In botany a hedge is a row of shrubs or trees that make a barrier or form a border. In finance, a hedge is an investment made to reduce the risk of another investment. In linguistics a hedge is a word or set of words that make other words less important. Without information it is therefore very difficult to know which *hedge* is really meant by the speaker.

Key elements of effective communication include clarity, correctness, conciseness, active listening, empathy, feedback, and the appropriate choice of medium or channel.

## References
## Related pages 
* Broadcasting
* Communication protocol
* Cross-cultural communication
* Dialogue
* Language
* Sign language
* Telecommunication
Senegal

The **Republic of Senegal** (French *République da Sénégal*) is a country in West Africa. The capital is Dakar. 
Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres. It has population of about 18 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy cold  season. Senegal was given independence by France in 1960.

Major industries are fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship construction and repair. Peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, green beans, industrial tomato, cherry tomato, melon, and mango are important cash crops.

French is the official language. Since April 2012, Senegal's president has been Macky Sall.

## History
In the 15th century, Portuguese people came to Gorée Island off the coast of Dakar. In the 17th century, French people and Dutch people came there, too. These European countries used the island as a trading post in slaves from the mainland, and was controlled by the Muslim Wolof Empires. Slavery was later made illegal by France, but soon after, around 1850, the French started to conquer the Wolof. By 1902 Senegal was a part of the French colony French West Africa.

In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan became one to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20, 1960, as a result of the independence and transfer of power agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960. This did not last long and Senegal and Mali broke apart into separate nations. Between 1982 and 1989, Senegal and The Gambia joined together to make Senegambia.

## Geography
In the north of Senegal is the Senegal River. To the north of the river is Mauritania. The nation borders Mali in the east, Guinea-Bissau in the south, and Guinea in the south-east. The Gambia is another country inside of Senegal, along the Gambia River. It is about 300 km long.

The north of Senegal is part of the Sahel. The highest mountain is 581 m high. The rainy season is between June and October. The average temperature on the coast is about 24° C, and inland about 27° C.

### Regions
* Dakar
* Diourbel
* Fatick
* Kaffrine
* Kaolack
* Kédougou
* Kolda
* Louga
* Matam
* Saint-Louis
* Sédhiou
* Tambacounda
* Thiès
* Ziguinchor

## Notes
## References
Developmental biology

, ca. 1510-1512. The subject of prenatal development is a major subset of developmental biology.]]

**Developmental biology** is the study of how organisms grow and develop. 

Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis. These are the processes which turn a zygote into an adult animal.

## Cell differentiation 
Differentiation is the formation of cell types, from what is originally one cell – the zygote or spore. The formation of cell types like nerve cells occurs with a number of intermediary, less differentiated cell types. A cell stays a certain cell type by maintaining a particular pattern of gene expression.293-5 This depends on regulatory genes.

## Embryonic development 
Embryogenesis is the step in the life cycle after fertilisation – the development of the embryo, starting from the zygote (fertilised egg). Organisms can differ drastically in the how embryo develops, especially when they belong to different phyla.

## Growth 
Growth is the enlargement of a tissue or organism. Growth continues after the embryonic stage, and occurs through cell division, enlargement of cells or accumulation of extracellular material. In plants, growth results in an adult organism that is strikingly different from the embryo. The dividing cells tend to be distinct from differentiated cells (see stem cell). 

In some tissues dividing cells are restricted to special areas, such as the growth plates of bones.

## Metamorphosis 
 lifecycle]]

Many animals have a larval stage, with a body plan different from that of the adult organism. The larva abrubtly develops into an adult in a process called metamorphosis. For example, caterpillars (butterfly larvae) are specialized for feeding whereas adult butterflies (imagos) are specialised for flight and reproduction. When the caterpillar has grown enough, it turns into an immobile pupa. Here, the imago develops from imaginal discs found inside the larva.575-585

## Regeneration 
Regeneration is the reactivation of development so that a missing body part grows back. This phenomenon has been studied particularly in salamanders, where the adults can reconstruct a whole limb after it has been amputated. There is little spontaneous regeneration in adult humans, although the liver is a notable exception. Like for salamanders, the regeneration of the liver involves reversing some cells to an earlier state.592-601

## Related pages 
*Evolutionary developmental biology

## References
Solidarity

**Solidarity** can refer to:
* Solidarity (Polish trade union), a Polish trade union originally led by Lech Wałęsa;
* Solidarity, a United States political party from the fusion of the International Socialists, Socialist Unity, and Workers' Power;
* Solidarity, a newspaper published by the Alliance for Workers Liberty in the UK.

* Solidarity = feeling of unity based on respect, support, equality, common values, welcoming actions, diversity, community, etc.
Centripetal force

work properly]]

**Centripetal acceleration** is a force that acts on a body that revolves around a centre of a circular path. This force keeps the body in circular motion.  Newton's first law is that a moving object will continue in its motion in a straight path unless acted on by an external force.  

When you hold a rope with an object attached to it, and spin it in a circular motion around the hand of the person holding the rope, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away. This force acts towards the center of motion, not away from it. 

An object changes direction, but may maintain a constant speed, if acted upon by a centripetal acceleration.  In such a case, we know from its  angular frequency that v = \omega r. From Newton's second law we know that force equals mass times acceleration. Here acceleration is the negative of the radius coming from the centre of the circular motion. F_r = ma_r =-mv^2 \frac{\vec{\mathbf{r}}}{r^2} = -\frac{mv^2}{r} \hat\mathbf{r} 

In this formula, think that the centripetal force and the centripetal momentum are the same thing because they are both measured in Newtons. 

If, however, the angular frequency is not constant (as might be the case in a roller-coaster ride) then \omega does vary with respect to time. Here 

\frac{d \omega}{dt} = \frac{d^2 \theta}{d \theta^2} =\frac{1}{r} \frac{dv}{dt} 

Thus 

r = \frac{s}{\theta} = \frac{dv}{d\omega} 

as  \omega = \frac{d \theta}{d t} and s = r \theta , which we know from the angular frequency.

## Geometric proof for uniform circular motion
In the figure to the right we define the displacement vector \vec s to represent motion in a circle.  The magnitude of \vec s is denoted as R\equiv ||\vec s|| and represents the radius of the particle's orbit.
1920s

The **1920s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1920 and ended on December 31, 1929. It is distinct from the decade known as the 1*93st decade*', which began on January 1, 1921 and ended on December 31, 1930. This decade was known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age.

## The most important events 
* 1920 –  The League of Nations was founded.
* 1920 – Prohibition began in the United States. Criminal activity associated with alcohol.
* 1922 – The Soviet Union was founded as a dictatorship.
* 1922 – Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Egyptian King Tutankhamun.
* 1922 – Southern Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom.
* 1929 – Black Tuesday, which led to the Great Depression and stimulates the career of Adolf Hitler in Germany.

## Important people 
### World leaders 
* Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Australia)
* Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada)
* President Sun Yat-sen (Republic of China)
* President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)
* President Friedrich Ebert (Germany)
* President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany), later replaced by Adolf Hitler.
* Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia/Iran)
* Reza Shah Pahlavi of Pahlavi Dynasty (Iran)
* King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
* Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
* President W.T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)
* President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) (Turkey)
* Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
* Pope Pius XI
* Józef Piłsudski (Poland)
* Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
* Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
* King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
* King George V (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
* President Woodrow Wilson (United States)
* President Warren G. Harding (United States)
* President Calvin Coolidge (United States)
* President Herbert Hoover (United States)
* Albert Einstein (German physicist)
* Paul von Hindenburg (president of Germany)
* King George V (King of the United Kingdom)
* Vladimir Lenin (leader of the USSR)
* Pope Pius XI (Pope in the 1920s)
* Joseph Stalin (leader of the USSR)
* King Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy)
Luxembourg

**Luxembourg** (officially called the **Grand Duchy of Luxembourg** (, , ) is a landlocked country in Western Europe.  

It is a small country by land area. In 2025, its population was 681,973, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.  

It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. The main language is Luxembourgish but French and German is also spoken there.

## History
In 963, Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier. In 1354, the emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy. In 1443, Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.

In, 1795, after the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France. It became a département of France.

Between 1914 to 1918, Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I. In 1940, the Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich. In 1944, Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived. In 1945, Luxembourg joined the United Nations.

In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community. In 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.

## Politics
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.

## Climate
Luxembourg has a continental climate.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was , on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was  on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.

### Top 5 warmest days 
## Districts, cantons, and communes
Luxembourg is divided into twelve cantons. These twelve cantons are divided into 102 communes (towns or cities), which have local governments.

### Districts
Until 2015, Luxembourg's cantons were sorted into three districts. These are not to be confused with the electoral districts of Luxembourg, which are used to elect members of the parliament.

The districts were:
#Diekirch
#Grevenmacher
#Luxembourg

## Related pages
*List of rivers of Luxembourg
*Luxembourg at the Olympics
*Luxembourg national football team

## References
Treaty

A **treaty** is a written agreement between two or more parties, which may be countries or other important groups, about any subject. Treaties usually settle or avoid disputes.

Countries may agree to end a war or to declare war on a common enemy by promising  to come to the aid of another country if it is attacked. They may allow allow each other's citizens or merchandise to cross borders freely, such as the European Union, which is the result of treaties between most countries in Europe.

In general, treaties are usually used to settle disputes, or to avoid disputes.

## Famous treaties 
* 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas
* 1783 - Treaty of Paris
* 1814 - Congress of Vienna
* 1840 - Treaty of Waitangi
* 1919 - Treaty of Versailles
* 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact
* 1935 - Roerich Pact
* 1938 - Munich Agreement
* 1944 - Bretton Woods Agreement
* 1945 - United Nations Charter (not strictly a treaty)
* 1947 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
* 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty
* 1955 - Warsaw Pact
* 1957 - Treaty of Rome
* 1968 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* 1992 - Treaty of Maastricht
* 1993 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
* 1998 - Good Friday Agreement

## Related pages
* Peace treaty
* Ratification
* Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Cologne

**Cologne** (, ) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It is on the Rhine River. About 1,060,000 people live there, making Cologne the biggest city in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southern part of the 'Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration' of cities with a combined total population of about 10 million people. This is one of the most densely populated areas of the world.

Cologne has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## History
The city was founded by the Romans in the year 50 AD. Before that, it was a Roman castle ("castellum") and a town inhabited by a local German tribe named *Ubier* at least for 100 years. Archaeologists have found out that the surrounding area was populated already during the Stone Age.

Traditionally, the city was always Roman Catholic. That changed only recently after the Second World War, as a result of massive immigration of Protestants from the East of Germany. Still the largest number of people, 41.6%, are Roman Catholic, compared to 17% Protestant. 10% of the people are Muslim.

## Sights
The most interesting thing to see there is Cologne Cathedral. This church was built from about 1248 to about 1550, but completed only in 1880. The United Nations list it as 'World Cultural Heritage'. Cologne's archbishop Rainald von Dassel brought the relics of the biblical Three Wise Men there in 1164. They are kept in a very beautiful golden shrine in the cathedral. Three golden crowns in the coat of arms of the city symbolize them. They made Cologne a major place of pilgrimage.

The University of Cologne alone has more than 50,000 students. It was founded 1919 and is one of the biggest universities in Germany. There are several specialized Schools in addition to the university. The *Hochschule für Musik* is the biggest academy of music in Europe. Cologne has two colleges of arts and the sports college again is one of the biggest institutions of its kind worldwide.

Cologne has 31 museums. It has one of the busiest train stations in Europe. It is the only train station next to a big cathedral.

## Culture
People in Cologne and nearby have their own dialect. They call it Kölsch. During Carnival time it even appears on nationwide broadcasts.

Cologne has a handful of broadcasting stations. The Westdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the network ARD, is the biggest producer of television and radio programs in Germany.

Cologne is also famous for Eau de Cologne (*Kölnisch Wasser*).

## Related pages
* Berlin
* Bonn (nearby city)
* Düsseldorf (nearby city)
* Frankfurt/Main
* Hamburg
* Leverkusen (nearby city)
* Munich

## References 
## Other websites 
* German page on the city
* German page of the University
* German page of the cathedral
* German page of the broadcasting station *Westdeutscher Rundfunk*
Baden-Württemberg

**Baden-Württemberg** (, ; Alemannic German: *Baade-Wiirdebäärg*) is a federal state (*Bundesland*) in the southwestern region of Germany. It is the third largest German state by total area (after Bavaria and Lower Saxony) with a size of nearly 35,752&nbsp;km² and population (after North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria) with over 11 million people as of 2017. It shares borders to the east with the state of Bavaria, to the north with the states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, to the west with the country of France (along the river Rhine), and to the south with the countries of Switzerland and Austria. Its biggest cities are Stuttgart, the capital, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe. The Minister President is Winfried Kretschmann of the party ''Alliance '90/The Greens''.

In 2017, Baden-Württemberg ranked 2 on the Human Development Index (HDI) among all states in Germany.

## History 
In 1952, the three states of Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern joined to found Baden-Württemberg.

## Politics 
The Minister President is the chief of the government of Baden-Württemberg. The government is made up of ministers and state secretaries.

The CDU was the main political party in the state between 1953 and 2011, the Ministers President have all been members of the CDU. Between the years 1972 and 1992, the members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg were mostly members of the CDU. But the state is also a stronghold of the "Grünen" which were  in the early 1980s in Karlsruhe. The election results of the Grünen in Baden-Württemberg have always been above the election average for the party in Germany.

Since 2016 there have been 5 parties represented in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg:
* Greens
* Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
* Alternative for Germany (AfD)
* Social Democratic Party (SPD)
* Free Democratic Party (FDP/DVP)

List of Ministers President since 1952:

## Tourism 
The Black forest, the Swabian Alb and the Lake Constance are world famous holiday regions. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).

Other important cities for tourism in Baden-Württemberg besides the capital city of Stuttgart are: Freiburg, Heidelberg, Rastatt, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Ulm, Ravensburg and Heilbronn.

The Danube, the Neckar and the Rhine are important rivers which are in the state.

## Economy 
Baden-Württemberg has the third largest economy in Germany after the economies of North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria. It had a gross regional product (GRP) of €524.33 billion in 2019.

## Religion 
In the northern part of Württemberg and the Kurpfalz the majority are Protestants. But the other parts of the state, especially the south, the majority are Roman Catholics.

Statistics for Baden-Württemberg:

## Sports 
Football is the most popular sport in Baden-Württemberg. The best clubs are the VfB Stuttgart and the SC Freiburg. In former times also Karlsruher SC (Karlsruher SC or KSC). Another popular sport is handball.

## References
## Other websites 
* www.baden-württemberg.de
* www.baden-württemberg.de/en/home
* Webportal Baden-Württemberg. .
Homonym

A **homonym** is a word that has more than one meaning. For example, *right* means moral, the opposite of left, and a personal freedom.

Definition: one of a group of words that share the same spelling and/or pronunciation but have different meanings.

The point is that homonyms are either homophones (they sound the same) or homographs (they look the same) or both.

## Related pages
* Synonym

## References
Principal

:*Not to be confused with principle.*

A **principal** is a person who is in charge of something.  The person is usually in charge of a school, or a research project, or a business.

*see also headmaster
States of Germany

The **Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has 16 states** (). The biggest is Bavaria and the smallest is Bremen. Most of them were created after the Second World War. Some states have historical roots from the early Middle Ages.

State creation since 1949:
* 1952: Three small states (Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, part of Germany since 1949) joined to form Baden-Württemberg.
* 1957: The Saar, which was put under French administration after World War II, joined the Federal Republic of Germany as the Saarland.
* 1990: On German reunification, the reunited city of Berlin and the territory of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as six new states.

Population and area in km² as of November 2014:
Telescope

]]

A **telescope** (from the Ancient Greek τῆλε, tele "far" and σκοπεῖν, skopein "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, teleskopos) makes astronomical objects appear closer to the naked eye. It is an important tool for astronomy that gathers light and directs it to a single point. Some do this with curved mirrors, some with curved lenses, and some with both. Telescopes make distant things look bigger, brighter and closer. Galileo was the first person to use a telescope for astronomy, but he did not invent them. The first telescope was invented in the Netherlands in 1608. Some telescopes, not mainly used for astronomy, are *binoculars,* *camera lenses*, or *spyglasses*.

When telescopes are used with just your eye, an eyepiece has to be used. These use two or more smaller lenses to magnify an image. Without an eyepiece, an eye cannot focus the image. When a telescope is used with a camera or other special scientific tools, eyepiece lenses are not needed. The bigger the aperture (mirror) the more light the telescope collects. It makes faint objects appear clearer.

Most big telescopes for astronomy are made to study very carefully things that are already known.  A few are made for searching, such as for unknown asteroids or extrasolar planets.  Most big telescopes are made to be used with a CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) camera instead of just the eye.  This is called "Astrophotography".  A Go-to telescope is needed to track Deep Sky objects and is placed on an Equatorial Mount for the axis to point towards Polaris, this is called polar alignment.

Telescopes can be used by normal people too, not just scientists.  These are amateur telescopes, and they are usually smaller, and they don't cost too much for an amateur to buy.  Some of the most popular amateur telescopes are Dobsonians, a type of Newtonian telescope.

The word *telescope* is usually used for light human eyes can see, but there are telescopes for wavelengths we cannot see. Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since all warm things give off infrared light. Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes.

X-ray and Gamma ray telescopes have a problem because the rays go through most metals and glasses.  To solve this problem, the mirrors are shaped as many rings inside each other so the rays strike them at a shallow angle and are reflected.  These telescopes are space telescopes because little of this radiation reaches the Earth.  Other space telescopes are put in orbit so the Earth's atmosphere does not interfere.

Telescopes are mostly used for looking at celestial objects such as, the stars, planets, moons, exoplanets, etc.

## Related pages
* List of telescope types
* Space observatory

## Other websites 
* European Southern Observatory - OWL
* The Resolution of a Telescope 
* Image of a Telescope
* Telescope -Citizendium
Hamburg

**Hamburg**, or in full **Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg** (, Low German: *Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg*), is a city in the north of Germany on the banks of the River Elbe, 18&nbsp;km away from the North Sea. It is also one of the States of Germany.

With a population of about 1.85 million (1850000), it is the biggest German city after Berlin and the sixth largest city of the European Union. The religion is about 37% Protestant, 10% Catholic, 8% Muslim, 38% agnostic, 2% Pagan.

Since it was an important member of the Hanseatic League, the city's official name still includes *Hansestadt* (Hanseatic city). Other German cities that do the same today are: Lübeck, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin. The membership in this trade alliance has influenced the architecture of the city to a great extent. It has also left some marks in the region around the city. Strategic bombing in World War II devastated the city.

In 2017 a consulting company ranked it 17th for best place to live in the world.

The area of Hamburg is . It has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## Economy 
Hamburg's harbour is, by shipments, the second largest harbour in Europe (after Rotterdam) and among the ten largest in the world. It is a very important gate to the countries along the Baltic Sea and Eastern Europe.

There are about 120,000 businesses in Hamburg. The company Airbus has an assembly plant for large civil aircraft in Hamburg. 30,000 people are employed in Hamburg's aircraft industries.  Only two other places in the world have so many:  Seattle in the United States and Toulouse in France.

About half of Germany's nationwide newspapers and magazines are made in Hamburg. Germany's most-viewed television news *Tagesschau* is broadcast from Hamburg.  Another nationwide famous newspaper in Germany that is made in Hamburg is "Vilde winther gillar men"

Hamburg's red-light district (in Sankt Pauli) is the largest in Europe.

 Ahmad Nasser Hamdam amido

## Sister cities 
* , Saint Petersburg, since 1957 founded by Ahmad Nasser
* , Marseille, since 1958
* , Shanghai, since 1986
* , Dresden, since 1987
* , León, since 1989
* , Ōsaka, since 1989
* , Prague, since 1990
* , Chicago, since 1994

## Related pages
* Berlin
* Munich
* Cologne
* Frankfurt/Main
* Düsseldorf

## References
## Other websites
Emphysema

that have expanded and become filed with black carbon that is from smoking]]
 X-ray of a person with emphysema. At the arrow in the left lung (right side of picture) can be seen a faint bubbly section that looks like a ghostly bunch of grapes. This is emphysema]]
 image shows the very large expanded sections of lung tissue. These "holes" should be tiny and there should be thousands of them, instead of only hundreds|218x218px]]

**Emphysema** is an obstructive disease of the lungs. 

It is one of the diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a set of diseases where the flow of air in the lungs is obstructed. Emphysema is most often caused by smoking but can be caused by other diseases or have no known cause at all.

It occurs when the very small air sacs (called the alveoli) at the ends of the airways in the lungs start to break down from many sacs to form much bigger sacs. The alveoli are the areas of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into and out of the blood. Emphysema makes it hard for people to blow air out of the lungs because air gets trapped inside the broken alveoli due to the collapse of the walls. The trapped air in the lungs creates the characteristic "barrel chest" of emphysema.

There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment includes stopping smoking and taking medicines ('broncho-dilators' and sometimes corticosteroids). Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest. It decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day, and may improve people's ability to exercise. In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels, oxygen supplementation may improve shortness of breath. There is a risk of fires and little benefit when those on oxygen continue to smoke.
 

## Associations
Emphysema is commonly associated with chronic bronchitis. As it is rather difficult to delineate "pure" cases of emphysema or chronic bronchitis they are classed together into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

## Other websites 
* Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease
1930s

The **1930s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1930 and ended on December 31, 1939. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1931 and ended on December 31, 1940. 

## Events 
* Great Depression
* Dust Bowl in the United States
* 1930-1933 famine in Soviet Union kills millions
* 1930 - Nancy Drew books debut
* 1930 - The first FIFA World Cup held in Uruguay.
* 1933 – Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany 
* 1933 – Prohibition ends in the United States
* 1939 – World War II starts in Poland

## Important people 
### Actor 
* Actor Cary Grant (United States)
* Actor Charles Boyer (France)
* Actor Fred Astaire (United States)
* Actor Fred MacMurray (United States)
* Actor Gene Reynolds (United States)
* Actor Humphrey Bogart (United States)
* Actor James Stewart (United States)
* Actor Lionel Barrymore (United States)
* Actor Melvyn Douglas (United States)
* Actor Robert Taylor (United States)
* Actor Spencer Tracy (United States)
* Actor William Holden (United States)

### Actress 
* Actress Barbara Stanwyck (United States)
* Actress Deborah Kerr (United States)
* Actress Doris Day (United States)
* Actress Fay McKenzie (United States)
* Actress Gene Tierney (United States)
* Actress Ginger Rogers (United States)
* Actress Gloria Swanson (United States)
* Actress Greta Garbo (United States)
* Actress Peggy Stewart (United States)

### World Leaders 
* President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
* Führer Adolf Hitler (Germany)
* King Faisal I (Iraq)
* President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave (Ireland)
* President of the Executive Council Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
* Taoiseach Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
* King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
* Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
* Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
* Sultan Mohammed V (Morocco)
* President Manuel L. Quezon (Philippines)
* Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal)
* King Ananda Mahidol (Siam)
* General Secretary Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
* President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkey)
* King George V (United Kingdom)
* King Edward VIII (United Kingdom)
* King George VI (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (United Kingdom)
* President Herbert Hoover (United States)
* Vice President Charles Curtis (United States)
* President Franklin D. Roosevelt (United States)
* Vice President John Nance Garner (United States)
* Holy Father Pope Pius XI (Vatican)
* Holy Father Pope Pius XII (Vatican)
North Rhine-Westphalia

**North Rhine-Westpalia** (, Low Fanconian: *Noordrie-Wesfale*, Low German: *Niggrdrhien-Westfalen*, Kölsch: *Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale*) is the federal state (Bundesland) with the highest population in Germany. It is in the western part of Germany and has 18,033,000 inhabitants. The capital is Düsseldorf, and the city with the most inhabitants is Cologne.

## Districts 
North Rhine-Westphalia is divided into five government regions:
* Arnsberg
* Cologne
* Detmold
* Düsseldorf
* Münster

## History 
* 1807-1813 — Westphalia is a kingdom.
* 1817 — Westphalia became a province of Prussia.
* 1824 — Jülich, Kleve, Berg and Niederrhein united to Rhine Province.
* 1919 — Belgium took Eupen and Malmedy.
* 1946 — Rhine Province, Westphalia and Lippe-Detmold united to North Rhine-Westphalia.

## Cities 
* Aachen
* Bergisch Gladbach
* Bielefeld
* Bocholt
* Bochum
* Bonn
* Bottrop
* Castrop-Rauxel
* Cologne
* Dinslaken
* Dortmund
* Düren
* Düsseldorf
* Duisburg
* Essen
* Geldern
* Gelsenkirchen
* Gütersloh
* Hagen
* Hamm
* Hattingen
* Heinsberg
* Herne
* Iserlohn
* Köln
* Krefeld
* Leverkusen
* Lippstadt
* Lünen
* Marl
* Moers
* Mönchengladbach
* Mülheim an der Ruhr
* Münster
* Neuss
* Oberhausen
* Paderborn
* Ratingen
* Recklinghausen
* Remscheid
* Siegen
* Solingen
* Unna
* Velbert
* Wesel
* Wuppertal
* Witten
* Xanten