open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jackson County, Iowa

**Jackson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,485. The county seat is Maquoketa. The county was founded on December 21, 1837 and named after U.S. President Andrew Jackson.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of .

### Bordering counties 
* Dubuque County (north)
* Jo Daviess County, Illinois (northeast)
* Carroll County, Illinois (east)
* Clinton County (south)
* Jones County (west)

## Communities 
### Cities 
*Andrew
*Baldwin
*Bellevue
*La Motte
*Maquoketa
*Miles
*Monmouth
*Preston
*Sabula
*St. Donatus
*Spragueville
*Springbrook

### Unincorporated communities 
* Canton‡
* Cottonville
* Garryowen
* Green Island
* Nashville
* Otter Creek
* South Garry Owen

### Ghost towns 
*Alma
*Amoy
*America
*Bridgeport
*Brookfield
*Buckhorn
*Canton
*Carrollport
*Centerville
*Charleston
*Charkstown
*Cobb
*Coloma
*Copper Creek
*Cottonville
*Crabb
*Crabb's Mill
*Crabbtown
*Deventersville
*Duggan
*Duke
*Emeline
*Fremont
*Fulton
*Gordon's Ferry
*Hickory Grove
*Higginsport
*Hugo
*Hurstville
*Fairfield
*Farmers Creek
*Franklin
*Iron Hill
*East Iron Hills
*Isabel
*Lainsville
*Lowell
*Millrock
*Mount Algor
*Nashville
*New Castle
*New Rochester
*North Maquoketa
*Otter Creek
*Ozark
*Pass
*Prairie Springs
*Rolley
*Silsbee
*Smiths Ferry
*Springfield
*Spruce Mills
*Sterling
*Sullivan
*Summer Hill
*Sylva
*Tetes des Morts
*Union Center
*Van Buren
*Wagonersburgh
*Waterford
*Wickliffe

### Townships 
Jackson County is divided into 18 townships:

* Bellevue
* Brandon
* Butler
* Fairfield
* Farmers Creek
* Iowa
* Jackson
* Maquoketa
* Monmouth
* Otter Creek
* Perry
* Prairie Springs
* Richland
* South Fork
* Tete Des Morts
* Union
* Van Buren
* Washington

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Jackson County Government Website
*Jackson County Economic Development Council's website 
*Jackson County Government Overview Webpages 
*Jackson County Historical Society
Jones County, Iowa

**Jones County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,646. The county seat is Anamosa. The county was founded in 1837 and named after George Wallace Jones, a United States Senator and member of Congress.

## References
Armstrong County

**Armstrong County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Armstrong County, Pennsylvania
* Armstrong County, Texas
Allen County

**Allen County** is the name of five counties in the United States:
* Allen County, Indiana
* Allen County, Kansas
* Allen County, Kentucky
* Allen County, Ohio
* Allen Parish, Louisiana
Kossuth County, Iowa

**Kossuth County** (pronounced kuh-SOOTH) is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 14,828 people lived there. The county seat is Algona.

## References
Riki Lindhome

**Erika** "**Riki**" **Lindhome** (born March 5, 1979) is an American actress, comedian, and musician. She is best known for roles in television shows including *Garfunkel and Oates*, *Gilmore Girls*, *House*, *The Big Bang Theory*, and *United States of Tara*. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*Official website
Coudersport, Pennsylvania

**Coudersport** is a borough in and the county seat of Potter County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located about  east by south of Erie on the Allegheny River.  The population was 2,381 at the 2020 census.

## References
Lee County, Iowa

**Lee County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. It was founded in 1838. In the 2020 census, 33,555 people lived there. Its county seats are Fort Madison and Keokuk. It has 539 square miles (1,400 km2) of land.

## References
Rachid Taha

**Rachid Taha** (Arabic: رشيد طه) (18 September 1958 – 12 September 2018) was an Algerian singer-songwriter and activist. His career was based in Paris. He was described as "sonically adventurous". His music was inspired by many different styles such as rock, electronic, punk and raï. raï,

Taha was born in Sig (Mascara Province), Algeria. He was known for his songs "Voilà, Voilà", "Ya Rayah", and "It's Now or Never". Taha was also a known political activist and critic of the George W. Bush and Donald Trump administrations for their nuclear weapons stance.

Taha suffered a heart attack in his sleep on 12 September 2018 in Paris, aged 59.

## References
## Other websites
*Rachid Taha Official Site
*Rachid Taha Bio, Pictures and Photos
*Read an album review of Diwân 2 at Allaboutjazz.com
*Rachid Taha "Rock El Casbah" on Youtube
*Rachid Taha song appears on Saturday Night Live, ArabMp3.Site
Allegheny River

The **Allegheny River** ( ) is a principal tributary of the Ohio River. It is located in the Eastern United States.

The Allegheny River joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River at the "Point" of Point State Park in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny River is, by volume, the main headstream of both the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

## References
Monongahela River

The **Monongahela River** ( ,  ) — often referred to locally as **the Mon** () — is a  river on the Allegheny Plateau in north-central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, which flows from south to north. The Monongahela joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh.

## References
Linn County, Iowa

**Linn County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 230,299, making it the second-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Cedar Rapids. The county was founded on January 15, 1839 and named in honor of Senator Lewis F. Linn of Missouri.

## References
Adams County

**Adams County** is the name of twelve counties in the United States:
* Adams County, Colorado
* Adams County, Idaho
* Adams County, Illinois
* Adams County, Indiana
* Adams County, Iowa
* Adams County, Mississippi
* Adams County, Nebraska
* Adams County, North Dakota
* Adams County, Ohio
* Adams County, Pennsylvania
* Adams County, Washington
* Adams County, Wisconsin
Andre Martel

**Andre A. "Andy" Martel** (December 16, 1946 – December 22, 2016) was an American businessman and politician. Martel served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1998 to 2002 and from 2012 until his death and served in the New Hampshire State Senate from 2002 to 2006. He was a Republican.

Martel was born in Manchester, New Hampshire on December 16, 1946 and died at Catholic Medical Center in Manchester, New Hampshire on December 22, 2016, aged 70.

## References
Kurt Helmudt

**Kurt Helmudt** (7 December 1943 &ndash; 7 September 2018) was a retired Danish rower. Together with Bjørn Hasløv, Erik Petersen and John Hansen he won a gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1964 European Championships in the coxless fours event. He also won a bronze medal at the 1970 World Rowing Championships with another team.

## References
## Other websites
*
Frederick Chien

**Fredrick Chien**, or **Chien Foo** (; born 17 February 1935) is a Chinese politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China on Taiwan from 1990 to 1996 and president of the Control Yuan from 1999 to 2005. 

Chien was born in Hangzhou, Chekiang.

## References
Cass County

**Cass County** is the name of nine counties in the United States, each named for Michigan governor, senator and presidential candidate Lewis Cass:
*Cass County, Illinois
*Cass County, Indiana
*Cass County, Iowa
*Cass County, Michigan
*Cass County, Minnesota
*Cass County, Missouri
*Cass County, Nebraska
*Cass County, North Dakota
*Cass County, Texas
Lars Onsager Prize

The **Lars Onsager Prize** is a prize in theoretical statistical physics. It is awarded annually by the American Physical Society. It was established in 1993 by Drs. Russell and Marian Donnelly in memory of Lars Onsager.

## Winners
* 1995:	Michael E. Fisher
* 1997:	Robert Kraichnan
* 1998:	Leo Kadanoff
* 1999:	Chen Ning Yang
* 2000:	David J. Thouless, John M. Kosterlitz
* 2001:	Bertrand Halperin
* 2002:	Anatoly Larkin
* 2003:	Pierre Hohenberg
* 2004:	John Cardy
* 2005:	Valery Pokrovsky
* 2006:	Rodney Baxter
* 2007:	A. Brooks Harris
* 2008:	Christopher Pethick, Gordon Baym, Tin-Lun Ho
* 2009:	B. Sriram Shastry
* 2012: Ian Affleck	
* 2013: Daniel S. Fisher
* 2014: Grigory E. Volovik and Vladimir P. Mineev
* 2015: Franz Wegner
* 2016: Marc Mézard, Giorgio Parisi and Riccardo Zecchina
* 2017: Natan Andrei and Paul Wiegmann
* 2018: Subir Sachdev 

## References
Don Newman (basketball)

**Donald David Newman** (November 22, 1957 &ndash; September 11, 2018) was an American basketball coach and player and Canadian football wide receiver and an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards and San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Newman was head coach of the Arizona State Sun Devils for the 1997–98 season, and the Sacramento State from 1992 to 1997. 

Newman played Canadian football for the Saskatchewan Roughriders from 1981 to 1983. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Newman died of cancer on September 11, 2018 in New Orleans at the age of 60.

## References
## Other websites
*Sports reference  – Playing stats (college basketball) 
*Sports Reference  – Coaching stats (college basketball)
*NBA.com – Don Newman
Chen Li-an

**Chen Li-an** (; born 22 June 1937), sometimes spelled **Chen Lu-an**, is a Taiwanese electrical engineer, mathematician and retired politician. He was born in Qingtian, Zhejiang, Republic of China. From 1993 to 1995, he was the President of Control Yuan.

Chen was Minister of Economic Affairs of the Republic of China from 1988 to 1990. He was Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China from 1991 to 1993.

## References
Pete Davidson

**Peter Michael "Pete" Davidson** (born November 16, 1993) is an American comedian and actor. He was a cast member on *Saturday Night Live*. He was born in Staten Island, New York City.

Davidson has also appeared on the MTV shows *Guy Code*, ''Wild 'n Out*, and *Failosophy*. He has performed stand-up comedy on *Adam DeVine's House Party*, *Jimmy Kimmel Live!*, and *Comedy Underground with Dave Attell*, and guest-starred in *Brooklyn Nine-Nine''.

Davidson's father was one of the many firefighters who were killed in the September 11 attacks while last seen at the Marriott World Trade Center.

Davidson has borderline personality disorder and Crohn's disease. On June 20, 2018, Davidson confirmed that he and singer and actress Ariana Grande were married.

## References
## Other websites
*
1967 Chicago blizzard

The **Chicago blizzard of 1967** struck northeast Illinois and northwest Indiana on January 26–27, 1967, with a record-setting  snow fall in Chicago and its suburbs before the storm abated the next morning. 

As of 2017, it remains the greatest snowfall in one storm in Chicago history. 

As the blizzard was a surprise during the day with people already at work or school, it stopped the city for a few days as people dug out. "The storm was a full-blown blizzard, with 50 mph-plus northeast wind gusts creating drifts as high as 15 feet."

## References
1979 Chicago blizzard

The **Chicago blizzard of 1979** was a major blizzard that affected northern Illinois and northwest Indiana, United States on January 13&ndash;14, 1979. It was one of the largest Chicago snowstorms in history at the time, with 21 inches of snowfall in the two-day period. 

Only two to four inches of snow was expected but by the end of January 14, the depth of snow on the ground peaked at 29 inches. The blizzard lasted for a total of 38 hours. 

At its peak, wind gusts reached speeds of 39 miles per hour.  Five people died during the blizzard, with about 15 others seriously injured. One of the five deaths came when a snowplow driver attacked 34 cars and a man.

## References
Greenland halibut

The **Greenland halibut** or **Greenland turbot** (*Reinhardtius hippoglossoides*) is part of the Pleuronectidae family and is the only species of the genus ***Reinhardtius***.

It is a deep water fish, ranging between about , and is found in the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific Ocean.

The Greenland halibut is a flatfish, and the left eye has migrated during the fish's development so that it is on the right side of the head.

This fish is used for food and is caught mostly by trawling. Greenpeace thinks the fishery is unsustainable and has added the Greenland halibut to its seafood red list. This designation is widely considered to be based upon limited and unverifiable data.

## References
Alleghany County

**Alleghany County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Alleghany County, North Carolina
* Alleghany County, Virginia

## Other 
* Allegany County
Marriott World Trade Center

The **Marriott World Trade Center** was a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. It opened in July 1981 as the **Vista International Hotel** and was located at 3 World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City, with the World Trade Center complex.

The hotel was destroyed as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, after the collapse of the Twin Towers. The hotel was not replaced as part of the new World Trade Center complex, but will rather share its name with the new office tower.

The Vista International was the first hotel to open in Lower Manhattan since 1836. The building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

## References
Perry King

**Perry Firestone King** (born April 30, 1948) is an American actor. He was born in Alliance, Ohio. King played the role of Cody Allen on the detective series *Riptide* from 1984 to 1986.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hal Williams

**Halroy Candis "Hal" Williams** (born December 14, 1938) is an American actor. He was born in Columbus, Ohio. Williams is best known for his role as Police Officer Smith on *Sanford and Son* (1972–76) and as Lester Jenkins, the husband of Marla Gibbs's character, on the NBC sitcom *227* (1985–90).

## References
## Other websites
*
Joey Diaz

**José Antonio Díaz** (born February 19, 1963), better known as **Joey** "**CoCo**" **Diaz**, is a Cuban-born American stand-up comedian and actor. He has appeared in movies and television shows such as *The Longest Yard*, *My Name Is Earl*, *Grudge Match*,  *The Dog Who Saved Christmas* and *Spider-Man 2*. He is also well known for his appearances on podcasts such as his own that he hosts, ''The Church of What's Happening Now* (2012–present), and as a guest on *The Joe Rogan Experience*. He also voiced Roman "The Butcher" Barbieri in the video game *Mafia III'' (2016).

Diaz was born in Havana. He moved to the United States with his parents in the 1970s, living in North Bergen, New Jersey. He was a heavy cocaine user until 2007. He has been married to Terrie Clark since 2009. He also has a daughter with his ex-wife.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Allegany County

**Allegany County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Allegany County, Maryland
* Allegany County, New York

## Other 
* Alleghany County
Japan Victor Company

**Japan Victor Company** (Japanese: 日本ビクター株式会社, *Nihon Bikutā Kabushiki-gaisha?*) is known as **JVC**. It is a Japanese company making electronic devices for the domestic and professional markets. They make many products, such as camcorders, VCRs and DVD players, CD-R and DVD-R discs, and televisions.

Its headquarters are in the city of Yokohama, Japan. It was founded in 1927. JVC's two big milestones are being the first Japanese company to make televisions, and the invention of a system of the domestic video VHS.

## Slogans 
* Bintang Andalan Masa Depan (English: The Mainstay Star of the future, Indonesia only, 2000-2004)
* The Perfect Experience (2004–present)

## Other websites 
* Official page of JVC 
* JVC Professional 
* JVC Europe
* JVC Latin America
IPhone XS

The **iPhone X** and **iPhone X Max** (pronounced "ten S" and "ten S Max") are smartphones sold by Apple Inc. The two phone models were announced on September 12, 2018, at the Steve Jobs Theater in Cupertino, California.  Along with the lower-cost iPhone X, they are succeeding the iPhone X that was released in 2017.  The X and X Max are available in silver, space gray, and gold, with 64, 256, or 512 GB storage options. The X has a 5.8″ OLED screen, while the Max has a 6.5″ OLED screen, the biggest on any iPhone ever.  The X sells starting at US $999, while the X Max starts at US $1,099.

Both models contain a notch that holds the front camera into place and also lack a home button, like the previous iPhone X.

The X, X Max, and XR are the first iPhones to not include a Lightning-to-3.5 mm audio adapter. Lightning-to-3.5 mm audio adapters can only be bought separately.

Pre-orders for the phones began on September 14, 2018, with the phones available to the public on September 21.

## Meme 
An Internet meme about this series of iPhone originated in dcinside.com which has since became a copypasta to the DCinside community.

## Software 
The iPhone XS and XS Max used iOS 12 for the first time. They can upgrade to other versions like iOS 13, iOS 14, iOS 15, iOS 16, iOS 17 or iOS 18 when they came out. iPhone XS and XS Max cannot install iOS 26 because of old hardware. On December 12, 2025, Apple released iOS 18 security updates quickly to stop attackers hacking these phones.

## References
## Other websites
Jay O. Sanders

**Jay Olcutt Sanders** (born April 16, 1953) is an American actor and playwright. He was born in Austin, Texas. Sanders is known for his roles in *JFK* (1991) and *The Day After Tomorrow* (2004). He appears in plays at The Public Theatre in New York City.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Jay O. Sanders Audiography
*eBooks and/or Audio Books by Jay O. Sanders
Michael Fisher

**Michael Ellis Fisher** (3 September 1931 – 26 November 2021) was an English physicist, chemist and mathematician. He is known for his work on statistical physics, including the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena.

## Academic background 
Michael E. Fisher studied science at King's College London in 1951, and a PhD in physics in 1957. He began teaching at the college in 1958 and became a full professor in 1965. In 1966 he moved to Cornell University as professor of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. In 1971, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1983, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, chemistry section. Since 1987 he has been at the Institute for Physical Science and Technology, at the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences.

Fisher lived in Maryland with his wife Sorrel. They have four children. Two of them are also theoretical physicists: Daniel S. Fisher is professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, while Matthew P. A. Fisher is professor of Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He died on 26 November 2021, at the age of 90.

## Awards 
Fisher together with Kenneth G. Wilson and Leo Kadanoff won the Wolf Prize in 1980. In 1983, Fisher was awarded the Boltzmann Medal for his work on phase transitions and critical phenomena. He won the Lars Onsager Prize in 1995 for his work on statistical mechanics. Other awards include:
* Irving Langmuir Prize of the American Physical Society (1971)
* Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1979)
* Wolf Prize (1980)
* Boltzmann Medal of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1983)
* NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing of the National Academy of Sciences (1983)
* Lars Onsager Prize of American Physical Society (1995)
* Royal Medal in physics (2005):
* 2009 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Sciences (co-winner with Richard Zare); see
* 2015 Rudranath Capildeo Prize for Applied Sciences and Technology-Gold, awarded by the Trinidad and Tobago's National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology (NIHERST)

## References 
## Sources 
* N. David Mermin, "My Life with Fisher", *J. Stat. Phys.* 110, 467–473 (2003); .

## Other websites 
* Homepage at University of Maryland
* Wolf prize citation 
* Boltzmann medal citation 
* Lars Onsager prize citation
* BBVA award citation
Rory Bushfield

**Rory Bushfield** (born May 30, 1983) is a Canadian professional skier, filmmaker, and  reality show star.

Bushfield is a former member of Canada's World Cup team, skiing moguls. He has also competed in slopestyle skiing before focusing on backcountry skiing and filmmaking.

Bushfield was a contestant on the reality diving competition *Splash* beginning in March 2013. He won the competition, defeating Nicole Eggert, on May 7, 2013.

## Personal life
Bushfield and fellow freeskier Sarah Burke were married in Pemberton, British Columbia on September 25, 2010. Burke was a four-time gold medalist at the Winter X Games and won the world championship in halfpipe in 2005. She
died after a training accident in Utah on January 19, 2012. He started the Sarah Burke Foundation in her memory.

Bushfield lives in Squamish, British Columbia. He is also a single-engine pilot.

## Filmography
* *Strike Three* - Level 1 2002
* *Forward* - Level 1 2003
* *Yearbook* - Matchstick Productions 2004
* *The Hit List* - Matchstick Productions 2005
* *Push* - Matchstick Productions 2006
* *Seven Sunny Days* - Matchstick Productions 2007
* *Claim* - Matchstick Productions 2008
* *In Deep* - Matchstick Productions 2009
* *The Way I See It* - Matchstick Productions 2010
* *One for the Road* – Teton Gravity Research 2011
* *Attack of La Niña* – Matchstick Productions 2011
* *All.I.Can.* – Sherpa 2011
* *Super Heroes of Stoke* - Matchstick Productions 2012
* *The Dream Factory* - Teton Gravity Research 2012
* *Into The Mind* - Sherpas Cinema 2013

## References
## Other websites
*
Coös County, New Hampshire

**Coös County** (, with two syllables), frequently spelled **Coos County**, is a county in the state of New Hampshire, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31,268, the least of any New Hampshire county. The county seat is Lancaster.

Coös County was founded	in 1803.

## References
Hillsborough County, New Hampshire

**Hillsborough County** is the most populous county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 422,937. Its county seats are Manchester and Nashua. Hillsborough is northern New England's most populous county as well as its most densely populated.

## References
Cheshire County, New Hampshire

**Cheshire County** is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. In the 2020 census, 76,458 people lived there. Its county seat is Keene.

## References
Hillsborough County

**Hillsborough County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Hillsborough County, Florida
* Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Sullivan County, New Hampshire

**Sullivan County** is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,063, making it the second-least populous county in New Hampshire. The county seat is Newport.

Sullivan County was founded in 1827 named for John Sullivan (1740–1795), the Revolutionary War hero and a former governor. It was formed from the northern part of Cheshire County.

## References
Carroll County, New Hampshire

**Carroll County** is a county located in the state of New Hampshire, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,107, making it the third-least populous county in New Hampshire. The county seat is Ossipee. The county was founded in 1840 and named in honor of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who had died in 1832, the last surviving signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

## References
Lucas County, Iowa

**Lucas County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,634. The county seat is Chariton.
The county was founded in 1846 and named for Robert Lucas, a governor of the territory.

## References
Mahaska County, Iowa

**Mahaska County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 22,190 people lived there. The county seat is Oskaloosa.

## References
Marion County, Iowa

**Marion County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,414. The county seat is Knoxville. It was founded in 1845 and named for Francis Marion, a brigadier general from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Marion County, Iowa Website
Marion County

**Marion County** is the name of seventeen counties in the United States of America, mostly named for General Francis Marion:
* Marion County, Alabama
* Marion County, Arkansas
* Marion County, Florida
* Marion County, Georgia
* Marion County, Illinois
* Marion County, Indiana, most populous county with this name. Consolidated with Indianapolis
* Marion County, Iowa
* Marion County, Kansas
* Marion County, Kentucky
* Marion County, Mississippi
* Marion County, Missouri
* Marion County, Ohio
* Marion County, Oregon
* Marion County, South Carolina
* Marion County, Tennessee
* Marion County, Texas
* Marion County, West Virginia
Mills County

**Mills County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Mills County, Iowa
* Mills County, Texas

## Other 
* Roger Mills County, Oklahoma
Mills County, Iowa

**Mills County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,484. The county seat is Glenwood. The county was founded in 1851 and named for Major Frederick Mills of Burlington, Iowa who was killed at the Battle of Churubusco during the Mexican–American War.

## References
Monona County, Iowa

**Monona County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,751. The county seat is Onawa. It was founded in 1851 and named for an Indian word meaning "beautiful valley."

## References
Merrimack County, New Hampshire

**Merrimack County** is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 153,808, making it the third-most populous county in New Hampshire. Its county seat is Concord, the capital of New Hampshire. The county was founded in 1823 from parts of Hillsborough and Rockingham counties, and is named for the Merrimack River.

## References
Haider al-Abadi

**Haider Jawad Kadhim al-Abadi** (or '''al-'Ibadi'''; , born 25 April 1952) is an Iraqi politician. He was the Prime Minister of Iraq from September 2014 through October 2018.

## Other websites
Monroe County, Iowa

**Monroe County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 7,577 people lived there. Its county seat is Albia. The county was founded in 1843 and named for James Monroe, fifth President of the United States.

## References
Y, Somme

**Y** () is a commune. It is in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France. This is in the north of France. In 2015, 93 people lived there.

Y has the shortest place name in France. It is one of the shortest in the world. The inhabitants call themselves *Ypsilonien(ne)s*, from the Greek letter Upsilon which looks like the letter Y.

## History 
The village was largely destroyed in the First World War. It was rebuilt after the war.  The village is in a rural setting. In 2020, local farmers invested 6 million euros in building a plant for biogas.
Whitmire, South Carolina

**Whitmire** is a town in Newberry County, South Carolina, United States. It is located along the Enoree River. The population was 1,390 at the 2020 census. 

Whitmire is located at  (34.502227, -81.614162).

## References
Billy O'Dell

'''William Oliver O'Dell''' (February 10, 1933 – September 12, 2018) was an American professional baseball player. He pitched in the Major Leagues in thirteen seasons: 1954 and from 1956–1967. He was signed by the Baltimore Orioles in 1954. He also played for the San Francisco Giants, Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves and Pittsburgh Pirates.

O'Dell was born in Whitmire, South Carolina. He studied at Clemson University. O'Dell died at a hospital in Newberry, South Carolina on September 12, 2018 from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*Retrosheet
Victor Stănculescu

**Victor Atanasie Stănculescu** (May 10, 1928 – June 19, 2016) was a Romanian general, political, political activist and convicted murderer. He was had an important role in the overthrow of the dictatorship by refusing to carry out the orders of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu during the Romanian Revolution of 1989. He was a defense minister on 25 December 1989, when he organized the trial and execution of Nicolae Ceauşescu and Elena Ceauşescu. 

Stănculescu was born in Tecuci, Romania. He died in Ghermănești, Ilfov on June 19, 2016, aged 88.

In 2008, Stănculescu were found guilty of aggravated manslaughter by the Supreme Court for the shooting deaths of pro-democracy protesters in Timişoara. He was sentenced to fifteen years in jail, but was freed in 2014. 

## References
Newberry, South Carolina

**Newberry** is a city in Newberry County, South Carolina, United States. It is northwest of Columbia. The population was 10,691 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Newberry County. 

## References
Marin Mazzie

**Marin Joy Mazzie** (October 9, 1960 – September 13, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her work in musical theater. Mazzie was born in Rockford, Illinois. 

Mazzie was a three-time Tony Award nominee. She was known for her roles as Clara in *Passion* (1994), Mother in *Ragtime* (1998), and Lilli Vanessi/Katherine in *Kiss Me, Kate* (2000).

For her work in *Kiss Me, Kate*, Mazzie was also nominated for the Drama Desk Award and Olivier Award, and won the Outer Critics Circle Award.

Mazzie died on September 13, 2018 from ovarian cancer in New York City, aged 57.

## References
## Other websites
*Marin Mazzie official website
*
Jonathan Frakes

**Jonathan Scott Frakes** (born August 19, 1952) is an American actor and director. Frakes played Commander William T. Riker in the television series *Star Trek: The Next Generation* and movies. He was the voice for David Xanatos in the Disney television series *Gargoyles*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Jonathan Frakes profile at NNDB
* Jonathan Frakes in-depth interview  at
Ojai, California

**Ojai** ( ) is a city in Ventura County in the U.S. state of California. It is northwest of Los Angeles and east of Santa Barbara. It is about  long by  wide, surrounded by hills and mountains. The population was 7,637 at the 2020 census.

## References
Bellefonte, Pennsylvania

**Bellefonte** is a borough and the county seat of Centre County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

It is about twelve miles northeast of State College and is part of the State College, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The borough population was 6,105 at the 2020 Census.

## References
John Wilcock

**John Wilcock** (4 August 1927 – 13 September 2018) was a British journalist. He was known for his work in the underground press, as well as his travel guide books. He was born in Sheffield, England.

He was one of the co-founders of the New York *Village Voice*. Wilcock was also a travel editor at *The New York Times* for three years. Wilcock began working for newspapers in his home country, the *Daily Mail* and the *Daily Mirror*, as well as magazines in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Wilcock died in Ojai, California on 13 September 2018 from a stroke at the age of 91.

## References
Jesse Tyler Ferguson

**Jesse Tyler Ferguson** (born October 22, 1975) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Mitchell Pritchett in the ABC mockumentary sitcom *Modern Family* from 2009–2020. He has also had roles in the CBS sitcom *The Class*, the ABC comedy *Ugly Betty* and the 2016 animated movie *Ice Age: Collision Course*.

Ferguson was born in Missoula, Montana. He is openly gay, and married his husband Justin Mikita in 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*
Page County, Iowa

**Page County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 15,211 people lived there. The county seat is Clarinda.

## References
Amorites

The **Amorites** were an ancient people from Syria who used to speak Semitic languages. They also occupied large parts of southern Mesopotamia from the 21st century BC to the end of the 17th century BC. They established several famous city states like Babylon. Babylon was raised from a small town to an independent state and a major city. The term *Amurru* in Akkadian and Sumerian texts refers to both them and to their main god. They are also mentioned in Bible as resident of Canaan.

## References
Plymouth County, Iowa

**Plymouth County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,698. The county seat is Le Mars. Plymouth County was founded on January 15, 1851 and named after Plymouth, Massachusetts.

## References
Eric Stonestreet

**Eric Allen Stonestreet** (born September 9, 1971) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Cameron Tucker in the ABC mockumentary sitcom *Modern Family* (since 2009). The role has earned him two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He first became known for his role as Ronnie Litre in the CBS crime-drama *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*. He has also appeared in the movies *Bad Teacher* (2011), *Identity Thief* (2013) and *The Secret Life of Pets* (2016).

Stonestreet was born in Kansas City, Kansas. Although known for his role as Cameron Tucker, a gay character, Stonestreet is heterosexual. He has jokingly called himself "openly straight". In August 2021, Stonestreet announced his engagement to longtime girlfriend Lindsay Schweitzer.

## References
## Other websites
*
Biofilm

A **biofilm** is any group of microorganisms which stick to cell surfaces.

These sticky cells create a slimy layer outside the cells of the body. The cells in the biofilm produce  extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have three-dimensional structure they are a community lifestyle for microorganisms. They have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes".

The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in their local environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and the host's immune system. The film of bacteria which live on your teeth are an example. Biofilms also form on inorganic objects like stones in water.

## References
Ringgold County, Iowa

**Ringgold County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,663, making it the second-smallest population county in Iowa. The county seat is Mount Ayr. The county was founded in February 24, 1847 and named after Maj. Samuel Ringgold, a hero of the Battle of Palo Alto fought in May 1846, during the Mexican–American War. It is one of the 26 Iowa counties with a name that is unique across the nation.

## References
Statistical physics

**Statistical physics** is a branch of physics. It uses probability theory, statistics, and mathematical tools  to solve certain physical problems. It can describe fields where objects or events seem to be random. It can be used for problems in physics, biology, chemistry, neurology, and even some social sciences, such as sociology. 

Its main purpose is to explain the properties of matter in total, by physical laws governing atomic motion. It was first used in physics to study how particles or objects moved when subjected to a force.

Examples of its use include explaining and quantitatively describing superconductivity, superfluidity, turbulence, and plasma, and the structural features of a liquid. It is widely used in modern astrophysics.

## References
Wayne County, Iowa

**Wayne County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,497, making it the sixth-least populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Corydon. Wayne County was founded in 1846 and named after General Anthony Wayne.

## References
Humboldt County

**Humboldt County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Humboldt County, California
* Humboldt County, Iowa
* Humboldt County, Nevada
Worth County, Iowa

**Worth County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,443. The county seat is Northwood. The county was founded in 1851 and named for Major General William Jenkins Worth (1794–1849), an officer in both the Seminole War and the Mexican–American War.

## References
Humboldt County, California

**Humboldt County** is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 136,463. The county seat is Eureka. A lot of the land is coast redwood forests. These are the tallest trees in the world.

## References
Welwyn Garden City

**Welwyn Garden City** is a town in Hertfordshire, England. It is about 20 miles north of Charing Cross. Welwyn Garden City was the second garden city in England (founded in 1920) and one of the first 'new towns'.

## History 
In 1948 Welwyn Garden City was designated as a New Town under a 1946 Act.

Welwyn Garden City was designed by the same person who also founded Letchworth Garden City. The creator (Sir Ebenezer Howard) wanted to make towns that had the good things that towns had but also good things that countryside areas also have. The company that planned and built the city was created on the 29th April 1920. The first person to live in a house in Welwyn was in before Christmas 1920.

Welwyn shares its area of control with Hatfield, under the Welwyn Hatfield Borough. The local hospital is the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital.

## Population 
Welwyn Garden City had a population of 46,619 in 2011 according to the national census, and 51,735 (estimated) in 2016.

## Transport links 
Welwyn has easy access to London and the Midlands area. The M1 motorway and the A1 trunk road are near. The railway station is in the town centre. Trains run south to London King's Cross and Moorgate stations and north to Stevenage, Hitchin, Cambridge and Peterborough. Welwyn is a car-drive away from fast trains to St Pancras station in London.

## References
IPhone XR

The **iPhone X** (pronounced "ten R") is a smartphone sold by Apple Inc. announced on September 12, 2018, at the Steve Jobs Theater in Cupertino, California.  It is succeeding the iPhone X that was released in 2017, like the X and X Max.  The XR is the most budget-friendly of the iPhones released in 2018 and is available in white, coral, yellow, blue, space gray, and PRODUCT(RED) color options, with 64, 128, or 256 GB storage options. The iPhone X has a 6.1″ LCD screen and sells starting at US $749.

The X, along with the X and X Max, are the first iPhones to not ship with a Lightning-to-3.5 mm audio adapter. Lightning-to-3.5 mm audio adapters can only be bought separately.

Like the iPhone X before it, the X contains no home button, with a notch on the front that holds the front camera in place.

Pre-orders for the phones began on October 19, 2018, with the phones available to the public on October 26.

## References 
## Other websites
Monopoly (game show)

**Monopoly** is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. It was aired on ABC from June 16 to September 1, 1990 and had twelve episodes.

## Other websites 
*
El Dorado County, California

**El Dorado County**, officially the **County of El Dorado**, is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 191,185. The county seat is Placerville.

## References
Hardstyle

in 2008]]
**Hardstyle** is a kind of electronic dance music (EDM). It mixes Hard trance and hardcore styles of EDM. Hardstyle started in the late 1990s to early 2000s in the Netherlands. It has developed new kinds of hardstyle over the years. "Euphoric hardstyle" contains melodies and often vocals tell stories. Famous hardstyle artists include The Prophet, Headhunterz, Brennan Heart and D-Block & S-te-Fan.

In the beginning, Hardstyle had a tempo of 140 BPM though this would go up to 150 BPM later.

There are many hardstyle festivals around the world. Defqon.1 is held every year in the Netherlands and Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Qlimax is also held in the Netherlands yearly.

## References
Desublimation

from humid winter-air deposits directly into a solid, crystalline frost pattern on a window, without ever being liquid in the process.]]

**Desublimation** is a phase transition in which gas turns into solid without passing through the liquid state. It is the reverse of sublimation.

It is how snow forms in clouds, and how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or on windows. 

Another example is the soot on walls of chimneys. Soot molecules rise from the fire in a hot and gaseous state. When they come into contact with the walls they cool, and change to the solid state, without forming the liquid state.

The process is sometimes known as **deposition (phase transition)**.
Liam Hemsworth

**Liam Hemsworth** (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor. He first became known on Australian television for his roles in *Neighbours* and *The Elephant Princess*. He is perhaps best known for his role as Gale Hawthorne in *The Hunger Games* movie series (2012–15). He also has starred in movies such as *The Last Song* (2010), *The Expendables 2* (2012), *Paranoia* (2013), *Empire State* (2013) and *Independence Day: Resurgence* (2016).

Hemsworth's older brothers, Luke and Chris, are also actors.

Hemsworth was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He grew up on Phillip Island, Victoria. He married American singer and actress Miley Cyrus in December 2018. The couple's divorce was finalised in January 2020. He is vegan.

## References
## Other websites
*
Royal Medal

The **Royal Medal** is a silver-gilt medal, of which three are awarded each year by the Royal Society. It is also known as The King's Medal and The Queen's Medal (depending on the  monarch at the time of the award),

The awards are for work done within the Commonwealth of Nations. The award was created by George IV and awarded first in 1826.

At present, three medals are awarded each year. Two are for fundamental research ("the advancement of natural knowledge") in the physical and biological sciences). One is for applied research ("distinguished contributions in the applied sciences").

## References
Nik Kershaw

, June 2014]]
**Nicholas David Kershaw** (born 1 March 1958) is a British singer-songwriter, composer, musician and record producer. He became more known to the public in the mid-1980s as a pop and new wave solo artist. He has released eight studio albums. His eight singles that entered the Top 40 charts in the UK during the 1980s were "Wouldn't It Be Good", "Dancing Girls", "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me", "Human Racing", "The Riddle", "Wide Boy", "Don Quixote" and "When a Heart Beats". He spent 62 weeks on the UK Singles Chart between 1984 and 1985, more than any other artist.

Kershaw was born in Bristol. He grew up in Ipswich, Suffolk. He was married to Canadian musician Sheri Hamill from 1983 until their divorce in 2003. The couple have three children. He later remarried, and has a daughter with his second wife, Sarah.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Van Allen radiation belt

A **Van Allen radiation belt** is a zone of charged particles which come from the Sun as the solar wind. They are captured and held by the Earth's magnetic field.

Earth has two such belts and sometimes others. 
The belts were discovered by James Van Allen. Earth's two main belts extend from the altitude of about  

Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the atmosphere from destruction.

The belts are in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere. The belts trap energetic electrons and protons. The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend much time in that zone. In 2013, NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a third radiation belt, which was observed for four weeks. It was destroyed by a powerful, interplanetary shock wave from the Sun.

## References
Darwin Medal

, for whom the award is named]]

The **Darwin Medal** is awarded by the Royal Society once every two years. It is for work in the areas of biology in which Charles Darwin worked. This means evolution, population biology, organismal biology and biological diversity. It was first awarded in 1890. It comes with a £2000 prize.

The award is open to candidates from the Commonwealth of Nations or of the Republic of Ireland, with the requirement that they be either a citizen of such a nation or have lived in such a nation for at least three years before the nomination. 

Since its creation the medal has been awarded over 60 times. The medal was first awarded to Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

## List of recipients 
Source: Royal Society

## References
Achernar

Eridanus. Arrow = the position of Achernar (lower right)]]

**Achernar** is the name of the primary (or 'A') component of the binary system designated **Alpha Eridani** (**α Eridani**).

Of the ten apparent brightest stars in the night-time sky, **Alpha Eridani** is the hottest and bluest in color, due to **Achernar** being of spectral type B. Achernar has an unusually rapid rotational velocity, causing it to become oblate in shape. 

The secondary is smaller, of spectral type A, and orbits Achernar at a distance of about 12&nbsp;astronomical units (AU).

## References 
## Related pages 
*List of brightest stars
Contra Costa County, California

**Contra Costa County** is a county in the state of California. It is in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,165,927. The county seat is Martinez. It is in the eastern part of the San Francisco Bay Area region.

## References
Stephanie Rice

**Stephanie Louise** "**Steph**" **Rice**  (born 17 June 1988) is a former Australian swimmer. She won three gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She confirmed her retirement from competitive swimming on 9 April 2014.

Rice was born in Brisbane, Queensland. In 2013, she won the third season of *The Celebrity Apprentice Australia*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Stephanie Rice  at Sports-Reference.com
Del Norte County, California

**Del Norte County** is a county at the far northwest corner of the U.S. state of California, along the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Oregon border. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,743. The county seat and only incorporated city is Crescent City.

Del Norte County was founded in March 2, 1857.

## References
Madera County, California

**Madera County** is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, 156,255 people lived there. The county seat is Madera. It is in the eastern San Joaquin Valley and the central Sierra Nevada.

## References
Fresno County, California

**Fresno County**, officially the **County of Fresno**, is a county located in the northern part of the U.S. state of California. As of 2020, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-largest city in California. It is in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield.

## References