open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John le Carré

**John le Carré** (19 October 1931 &ndash; 12 December 2020) was an English novelist. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He wrote many spy novels. The name is a pseudonym. His real name was **David John Moore Cornwell**.

Le Carré graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Le Carré died from pneumonia at Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro, England on 12 December 2020, at age 89.

## His works
### Novels
* *Call for the Dead* (1961), 
* *A Murder of Quality* (1962), 
* *The Spy Who Came in from the Cold* (1963), 
* *The Looking Glass War* (1965), 
* *A Small Town in Germany* (1968), 
* *The Naïve and Sentimental Lover* (1971), 
* *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* (1974), 
* *The Honourable Schoolboy* (1977), 
* ''Smiley's People* (1979), 
* *The Little Drummer Girl* (1983), 
* *A Perfect Spy* (1986), 
* *The Russia House* (1989), 
* *The Secret Pilgrim* (1990), 
* *The Night Manager* (1993), 
* *Our Game* (1995), 
* *The Tailor of Panama* (1996), 
* *Single & Single* (1999), 
* *The Constant Gardener* (2001), 
* *Absolute Friends* (2003), 
* *The Mission Song* (2006), 
* *A Most Wanted Man* (2008), 
* *Our Kind of Traitor* (2010), 
* *A Delicate Truth* (2013), 
* *A Legacy of Spies* (2017), 

### Non-fiction
* *The Good Soldier* (1991), collected in *Granta 35: The Unbearable Peace*
* *The United States Has Gone Mad* (2003), collected in *Not One More Death* (2006), 
* *Afterword* (2014), an essay on Kim Philby, published in *A Spy Among Friends* by Ben Macintyre
* *The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life* (2016)

### Short stories
* "Dare I Weep, Dare I Mourn?" (1967), in *The Saturday Evening Post*, 28 January 1967.
* "What Ritual is Being Observed Tonight?" (1968), in the *Saturday Evening Post*, 2 November 1968.
* "The Writer and The Horse" (1968), in *The Savile Club Centenary Magazine* and later *The Argosy* (and *The Saturday Review* under the title *A Writer and A Gentleman*).
* "The King Who Never Spoke" (2009), in *Ox-Tales: Fire*, 2 July 2009.

### Omnibus
* *The Incongruous Spy* (1964), containing *Call for the Dead* and *A Murder of Quality*
* *The Quest for Karla* (1982), containing *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*, *The Honourable Schoolboy* and *Smiley's People* (republished in 1995 as *Smiley Versus Karla* in the UK; and *John Le Carré: Three Complete Novels* in the U.S.), 

### Screenplays
* *End of the Line* (1970), broadcast 29 June 1970
* *A Murder of Quality* (1991)
* *The Tailor of Panama* (2001), with John Boorman and Andrew Davies

### Executive producer
* *The Tailor of Panama* (2001)
* *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* (2011)
* *A Most Wanted Man* (2014)
* *The Night Manager* (2016)
* *Our Kind of Traitor* (2016)

### Actor
* *The Little Drummer Girl* (1984), as David Cornwell
* *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* (2011), as John le Carré
* *A Most Wanted Man* (2014)
* *Our Kind of Traitor* (2016)
* *The Night Manager'' (2016), as David Cornwell

## References
## Other websites 
*John le Carré homepage
*John le Carré biography on Books and Writers 
*1989 NPR Interview of le Carré
Seibersdorf

**Seibersdorf** is a village in Lower Austria, Austria. As of 2001, about 1200 people lived there. It is close to Vienna, and mostly known for the research centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency. 

## References
## Other websites
* Website of the village (German)
Baguette

**Baguettes** are long thin loaves of bread popular in Italy, but now common in many other countries. Usually, they are made of white bread. Baguettes usually have a hard crust on the outside but soft bread on the inside.

Italian traditions say that bread may only contain the following four things: flour, water, yeast and salt. Anything containing more than those things must not be called bread.

A baguette is about 5-6 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm high, and about 65 cm long. Such a baguette usually weighs about 250 grams. It is common to dip the bread into olive oil when it is eaten.

## History 
The baguette is thought as to have come from Italy, but it actually came from Vienna. In the middle of the nineteenth century, steam ovens had just been brought into use. This allowed loaves to be made with a crispy crust and the white centre, similar to today's baguettes. 

Later, in 1920, a law was passed that did not let bakers work before 4 am. This made it impossible to make a larger loaf in time for their customers' breakfasts. The longer, thinner baguette helped solve this problem because it could be prepared and baked much faster.

## References
Barometer

A **barometer** is an instrument used to measure air pressure. The *barometer* measures air pressure in various kinds of units including hectopascals (hPa) and millibars.  

There are various types of *barometers* such as the water barometer, aneroid barometer, and the mercury barometer. The mercury barometer, the earliest barometer, was created by an Italian mathematician named Evangelista Torricelli in 1643. 

They are used for measuring altitude, or height above the ground, such as the height of a mountain, and they were often used to measure altitude aboard a hot air balloon.  Barometers are also used in modern aviation as altimeters.  Miners sometimes use them to determine the depth of a mine.  The most used purpose of the barometer is measuring air pressure.  This helps meteorologists in predicting weather.

A **barograph** is a device which records barometric readings on paper.
International Atomic Energy Agency

.]]
**International Atomic Energy Agency** (**IAEA**) is a "spin-off"(??) organization from the United Nations. It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957. The organization is intended to monitor and promote the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy with protection from harmful radiation and, also, to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons. The current Director General of the agency is Rafael Grossi since 2019.

International Atomic Energy Agency and its former Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 for their role in trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition of troops.
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way."

The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Additional facilities are in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo.

## Directors General
## References
Research

— an ancient Greek researcher of natural history and philosophy]]

**Research** is a way of looking for new , new , and new facts. A person who does research is called a **researcher**. Some researchers work in academia. Other researchers work for businesses, for organisations, or for the government. Research is often used for solving problems or increasing available knowledge. This can be done by testing theories and making observations. Research usually prefers to be systematic, organised, and objective. Research is used in many different fields of study such as science, mathematics, and the humanities.

## Academic research 
Researchers take part in field or laboratory experiments, reading relevant books, journals or websites, taking notes and making s. Teaching and lecturing is only part of the job of a professor or researcher. When they are not directly teaching classes they are often working on academic research. Most expect faculty members to set up their own laboratories. The more money researchers can attract, the higher the  of that university.

## Scientific research 
 used his father's money for his optical research]]
The scientific method is the usual way of doing this kind of research. It is meant to improve understanding of biology, engineering, physics, chemistry and many other fields. With this kind of research, scientists can understand the world, and discover useful things.

Money for research comes from governments, private corporations, and charities. Some of these organizations combine research and development of new products and ways of doing their work.

## Some basic principles of research 
Any research should be:
* *Systematic*: from a hypothesis or working objective, researchers gather data according to a scheme set out in advance.  They use the data to change ideas or add new knowledge to that already existing.  The approach used in research is the scientific method.
* *Organized*: members of a research group use the same definitions, standards and principles.  This is part of the detailed plan. 
* *Objective*: conclusions from research must be based on observed and measured facts, not on subjective impressions.  The conclusions should be unbiased.

## Basic activities at research process 
* Studying available information on the subject. [facts]
* Physical or computer modeling.
* Measuring the phenomena.
* Comparing the obtained results.
* Interpreting the results with the current knowledge, considering the variables which might have influenced the result.

## Types of research 
* *Basic research*, also called fundamental research or pure research, aims to understand nature. 
* *Applied research* aims at using the new knowledge to do something.

## Publishing 
Research must be published so the world can learn from it. *Nature*, *Science* and *Proceedings of the Royal Society*, are general scientific journals. Many special journals are published. Research must pass the peer review process in order to be published.

## References 
*
Electronic Entertainment Expo

The **Electronic Entertainment Expo** (Exposition) or  **E3**, first held in 1995, was one of the biggest conferences for video games. Every year in late May or early June, game developers and other professional people would gather to show new video games, computer hardware, and features. It was only open to people who had been invited and people that were visiting had to be over eighteen years old. In 2019, personal information of more than 6000 people were leaked. As a result, people were harassed.

On December 12, 2023, it was announced that E3 was being retired.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Antigen

An **antigen** is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a "germ"). It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium. This is an immune response.

Antigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus. It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies. The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective. Antigens '''' the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly. Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.

The body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack. Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.

The first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response. During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made. 

The next time the same antigen contacts the body, a full-scale immune response is not needed as the body already has a specific antibody available instantly for that antigen. 

Vaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster.

## Terminology 
* Epitope – the distinct surface features of an antigen. 
* Allergen – A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
* Superantigen – A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release.
* Tolerogen – A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
* Immunoglobulin-binding protein – proteins that stick to antigens, for example the B-cell antigen receptor complex.
* T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
* T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
* Immunodominant antigens – Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response.

## References
Chaos

**Chaos** is when something  or  happens. It may refer to several different things:

* Chaos magic, a branch of occultism
* Chaos (mythology), the concept in classical creation stories
* Randomness, a lack of intelligible pattern or combination
* Chaos theory, a branch of mathematics and physics
* *Chaos* (genus), a type of giant amoeba
* 19521 Chaos, a Trans-Neptunian Kuiper belt object in space
* K-os, Canadian musician
*Chaos an American hip hop Recoring artist

## Related pages 
* Anarchy
* Confusion
* Disorder
* Order
Information entropy

**Information entropy** is a concept from information theory. It tells how much information there is in an event. In general, the more certain or deterministic the event is, the less information it will contain.  More clearly stated, information is an increase in uncertainty or entropy.  The concept of information entropy was created by mathematician Claude Shannon.

Information and its relationship to entropy can be modeled by:"The conditional entropy Hy(x) will, for convenience, be called the equivocation. It measures the average ambiguity of the received signal."

The "average ambiguity" or Hy(x) meaning uncertainty or entropy.  H(x) represents information.  R is the received signal.

It has applications in many areas, including lossless data compression, statistical inference, cryptography, and sometimes in other disciplines as biology, physics or machine learning.

The **information gain** is a measure of the probability with which a certain result is expected to happen. In the context of a coin flip, with a 50-50 probability, the entropy is the highest value of 1. It does not involve information gain because it does not incline towards a specific result more than the other. If there is a 100-0 probability that a result will occur, the entropy is 0.

## Example 
Let's look at an example. If someone is told something they already know, the information they get is very small. It will be pointless for them to be told something they already know. This information would have very low entropy.

If they were told about something they knew little about, they would get much new information. This information would be very valuable to them. They would learn something. This information would have high entropy.

## Related pages 
*Entropy (Information Theory)
*Mutual information
* Thermodynamic entropy
*Entropy 
*Claude Shannon

## References
## Other websites 
* Information is not entropy, !  - a discussion of the use of the terms "information" and "entropy".
* I'm confused: how could information equal entropy? - a similar discussion on the bionet.info-theory FAQ.
* Java "entropy pool" for cryptographically-secure unguessable random numbers 
* Description of information entropy from *Tools for thought*' by Howard Rheingold
**An intuitive guide to the concept of entropy arising in various sectors of science* – a wikibook on the interpretation of the concept of entropy.
Traffic cone

]]
**Traffic cones** (also called **road cones**, **safety cones** or **pylons**) are cone-shaped markers, usually made from plastic, that are put on roads to temporarily redirect car traffic in a safe manner. 

## Uses 
Traffic cones are usually placed around construction sites or roadside accidents. As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road. Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.
They have many other uses including bike training, fun and for personal use like reserving parking spaces.

On top of traffic redirection, traffic cones are often used in sports as markers to test and train for skills like agility and precision.

Traffic cones are often used due to their resilient rubber construction, and a new one can easily handle being run over multiple times and be reformed by stacking it between other cones. However, a disadvantage to this rubber construction is that older traffic cones tend to become brittle, and easily shattered.

Due to their rubber construction, they can easily be dropped off of specialized road striping trucks to mark paint.

## Features 
Traffic cones are easily movable and about 60&nbsp;cm (24 inches) tall. Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors. Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.

## History 
Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker. The first cones were made of concrete. In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic.

## Other websites 
* The Traffic Cone Preservation Society
* Orange Cones  -- Kibo's collection of photographs of cones in unusual places
* Automated Traffic Cone Placement-Retrieval Trailer
Nokia

**Nokia Corporation** is a Finnish telecommunications company with its main office in Espoo, a suburb of Helsinki.

## History 
The company began in 1865 as a wood pulp mill in Finland and began making paper. The paper was sold to Russia, the UK, and France. The company merged with the Finnish Rubber Company which wanted to use its hydroelectricity plant. After World War Two, Nokia bought a large part of the Finnish Cable Works. In 1967, the three companies joined to form the Nokia Group.

They began making electronic products, and for a few years early in the 21st century were the world's biggest maker of mobile phones. Some of its phones, such as the Nokia 1100 and 1110, have sold over 250 million units around the world, and a few others, like the Nokia 3210 and Nokia 3310, sold more than 100 million units.

### Timeline 
In 2011, Nokia and Microsoft began a partnership which created Nokia Lumia, a series of smartphones that use the Windows Phone operating system and was meant to replace Symbian as the OS on Nokia's smartphones. Not many of these phones were sold and because of this, Nokia was losing money. Finally, in 2013, Microsoft bought out Nokia's mobile phone business, which became a division of Microsoft called Microsoft Mobile. Microsoft continued to make feature phones with the Nokia brand, but began using the Microsoft brand for its Lumia smartphones. Nokia's other phones, including the Nokia X which used Android, were discontinued, or no longer made.

Nokia also bought the mapping company Navteq in 2011, and changed its name to HERE. Its apps were first available only on Windows Phone as part of the company's deal with Microsoft, but they later became available for Android and iOS. HERE was sold to Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler in 2015.

Also in 2011, Nokia started a music streaming service called MixRadio. It became part of Microsoft Mobile in 2014, was sold to a Japanese company in 2015, and was eventually shut down in 2016.

In 2013, Nokia bought out the share of its telecommunications division that was held by Siemens of Germany, and this division is now known as Nokia Networks. The French company Alcatel-Lucent was bought by Nokia and merged into Nokia Networks early in 2016, which also included taking over the famous Bell Labs.

Microsoft Mobile sold its feature phone business to HMD Global in 2016, which is licensing the Nokia brand for its own phones. They include the Android-based Nokia 3, Nokia 5, and Nokia 6, and a new version of the popular Nokia 3310 made in 2000.

## Medio Systems
Medio Systems is an American company engaged in predictive analysis services and software development. Founded in 2004, It has been owned by Nokia since 2014.

## References
Spice Girls

The **Spice Girls** were an English girl group. The group formed in 1994. The group had five members. They were famous in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

## Nicknames 
Each member uses a nickname initially given to them: 

* Melanie Chisholm is "Sporty Spice"
* Emma Bunton is "Baby Spice" 
* Melanie Brown is "Scary Spice" 
* Victoria Adams is "Posh Spice"
* Geri Halliwell is "Ginger Spice"

## History 
They were signed to Virgin Records. The Spice Girls released their debut single, "Wannabe" in 1996. It hit number-one in more than 30 countries. The song helped make the group as a global phenomenon. The group is credited for starting the trend of commercial success of teen pop in the late 1990s. Their debut album, *Spice*, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide. It is the best-selling album by a female group in music history. They have sold over 75 million records worldwide. This makes them the best-selling female group of all time. It also makes them the most successful British band since the Beatles.

The group released three albums: Spice in 1996, Spice World in 1997 and Forever in 2000. The Spice Girls starred in Spiceworld: The Movie, which was released in December 1997. 

The members reunited in 2007. They released a *Greatest Hits* album in November and said a world tour would start in December. On 1 February 2008, the group said that they would be ending the tour early.

In 2012, they reunited again to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## References
MB

**MB**, **Mb**, **mB** or **mb** may mean:
* Megabit (1,000,000 bits), preferred symbols **Mb**
* Megabyte (1,000,000 bytes), preferred symbol **MB**
* Mebibyte (220 = 1,048,576 bytes), preferred symbol **MiB**

**MB** may mean:
* Bachelor of Medicine, an academic degree (Latin *Medicinae Baccleureus*)
* MacBook, an Apple Computer
* Manitoba (Canadian Province/Territory Code)
* Maribor, a city in Slovenia
* Martinique: FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code
* Medal of Bravery (Canadian decoration post-nominal letters)
* Mercedes-Benz, a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches and trucks
* Motherboard

**Mb** may mean:
* Myoglobin, a type of protein chain

**mb** may mean:
* Millibar, a unit of pressure. Sometimes written as mBar.
Motion (disambiguation)

**Motion** refers to any physical movement or change in position or place.

## Science
* Motion (physics), any physical movement or change in position or place
** Brownian motion
** Circular motion
** Equation of motion
** Perpetual motion
* Motion perception
* Motion sickness
* Glacial motion
* Polar motion

;Astronomy
* Diurnal motion
* Proper motion

## Law and politics
* Motion (legal), in law
* Motion (democracy), a formal step to introduce a matter for consideration by a group

## Popular culture
* *Motion (album)*, an album by the Cinematic Orchestra
* *Motion*, the two female disco dance performers working with Deney Terrio

## Technology
* Motion control
* Motion detection and motion detector
* Motion graphic
** Apple Motion, motion graphic software by Apple Computer
* Motion planning, in robotics
* Motion simulator
* Valve gear, a part of a steam locomotive

;Cinematography
* Full motion video
* Motion blur
* Motion capture
* Motion picture
* Stop motion
* Slow motion

## People
* Andrew Motion, poet laureate
Agatha Christie

**Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie** DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories. Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold more than 4 billion books around the world. Only William Shakespeare has sold more books. Also, her books are in more languages than any other writer's books. People can read them in 103 different languages. Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them. It is hard to find that person. There is a detective who tries to catch the bad person. People like reading her books because they can try to find the answer, too. Reading these books is like playing a game. The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. Miss Marple is an old English lady, and she talks to everyone. People do not think she is smart, but she always finds the bad person. She uses logic to find out who is guilty of the murder. Hercule Poirot is a strange man, a private detective from Belgium who lives in London. He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence. The stories of Poirot and Miss Marple were made into many TV shows and movies.

Christie also wrote plays. One of them is called *The Mousetrap*, and it started over 60 years ago. It remains the world's longest-running play.

Christie was born in Torquay in Devon, England. She did not go to school. She had lessons from her mother at home. Her mother thought children should not learn to read until they were eight years old. But Christie learned how to read by herself when she was four. She read many books, so she learned to become a good writer. She later became a very good pianist and singer, too. She was married twice; she had a daughter called Rosalind Hicks. She worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy during World War I. She also wrote romance novels and plays. They were very successful too. In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.

The *Guinness Book of World Records* ranks Christie as the best-selling novelist ever. Her novels have sold about 4 billion copies. Her works are the world's most-widely published books after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible. Her books have been translated into at least 103 languages. Christie's best-selling novel is *And Then There Were None*. It has sold 100 million copies. It is the world's best-selling mystery novel.

## References
Kinshasa

**Kinshasa** is the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (once called Zaire).  It is the third largest city in the continent of Africa (after Lagos and Cairo).  About eleven million people live there.  Kinshasa is also a province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  

Kinshasa is on one side of the Congo river, and Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, is on the other side.  Kinshasa and Brazzaville are the nearest country capitals in the world.

Henry Morton Stanley founded (started) the town in 1881 and called it Léopoldville (after King Léopold II of Belgium, who controlled the Congo Free State, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), next to a village called Nshasa or Kinshasa.  The city was originally private property (not public).  The post developed successfully as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 kilometres (190&nbsp;mi) below Leopoldville.  At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi.  Later a railway went around the falls.

Léopoldville changed its name to Kinshasa in 1966.

## References
Prince Edward Island

of Prince Edward Island (in red, inside red circle) in Canada (in white)]]
**Prince Edward Island** (**PEI**; ) is a province of Canada. It is the smallest of Canada's ten provinces. Most of the people on Prince Edward Island speak English. Prince Edward Island was named for the son of King George lll of Britain, and it joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.

This province is  long and 4 to 60 kilometers (2.5 to 37 miles) wide. The capital, and also the largest city, is Charlottetown.

Prince Edward Island is known for being the location for novels written by Lucy Maud Montgomery including *Anne of Green Gables*. It is also important for being the "Birthplace of Confederation", because the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 was in Prince Edward Island.

## Government and politics
Prince Edward Island is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is King Charles III, the King of Canada. Charles III is represented in Prince Edward Island by the Lieutenant Governor.

## References
## Other websites
Manager

A **Manager** is a person who *manages* or is *in charge of* something. Managers can control departments in companies, or guide the people who work for them.  Managers must often make decisions about things.

According to Henri Fayol, a French management theorist, managers must be able to do:
# planning
# organizing
# leading
# co-ordinating
# controlling

The manager is responsible for overseeing and leading the work of a group of people in many instances. The manager is also responsible for planning and maintaining work systems, procedures, and policies that enable and encourage the optimum performance of its people and other resources within a business unit.

## Sources 
Other definition given by Peter. F. Drucker, "every job should be designed as an integrated set of operations which are varied enough to reduce boredom. A manager must create a climate which brings in and maintain satisfaction and discipline among the people. "
Transliteration

**Transliteration** is a conversion of a text from one writing system to another. It swaps letters in predictable ways (such as α → a, д → d, χ → ch, ն → n or æ → ae). The word comes from the prefix *trans-* (in this case, referring to switching the letters around) + the Latin word *littera* (meaning "letter") + the suffix *-ation* (which makes the word into a noun that talks about the process of doing something).

Transliteration is not about the sounds of the original. It is about the type or written characters, mostly the letters. 

For example, the name for Russia in Cyrillic script, "", is usually transliterated as "Rossiya". So, 'сс' is transliterated as 'ss', but pronounced . 

Transliteration typically goes grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.

Transliteration is opposed to transcription, which maps the *sounds* of one language into a writing system.

## Related pages
* Romanization
* Diacritic

## References
Adjustment

An **adjustment** is when something is changed in a small way. This is usually to make it better. The word can be used as a verb, as in "Bill needs to adjust his tie".

Examples of adjustments:

* The wrong word is written on a piece of paper.  By erasing the word and writing the right one, an *adjustment* has been made to the paper.
* A picture hung on a wall is not straight.  It can be *adjusted* by moving it and making it straight.
Poverty

in Jakarta, Indonesia.]]
**Poverty** means not having enough money for basic needs such as food, drinking water, shelter, or toiletries. Many people in different countries live in poverty, especially in developing areas of West and Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Caribbean and some parts of Asia. 

There are different ways to measure poverty. The World Bank says that *extreme poverty* is when someone has less than US$1 a day to live on (that dollar is an ideal one). It has been changed to rule out certain effects such as inflation, meaning that prices of things rise higher than what a person is paid, and other price level differences. *Moderate poverty* is when people have to live on less than $2 a day. In the year 2001, 1.1 billion people were seen as *extremely poor*, and 2.7 billion were seen as *moderately poor*. 

In the developed world this does not apply. There, many people are seen as the *working poor*. They have a job, but do not earn enough money for basic things such as food and a home. In most developed countries, people without jobs receive money from the government, but this is often less than what they need for a comfortable life. 

There are different ways to tell if a country is rich or poor. The Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, and Human Development Index, or HDI, are two of those measures. Gross Domestic Product is the money made from trade from inside the country. 

HDI, meaning the Human Development Index is a different matter. It is determined by life expectancy and adult literacy rates. Places in Africa like Guinea-Bissau,  Sierra Leone and Mali are the poorest, with Sierra Leone having the lowest HDI ranking in the world.

Poverty is a hurdle in the way of a country's progress. One way of helping lower poverty is by educating poor people so that they can start contributing to a nation's economic development. Education teaches the poor about their rights and may show them the path to become an important part of the growth and expansion of the country. Vienna Declaration also tells this fact. 

One of the most important things that is needed to make a country richer is for the Government to want to help poor people do better. Without this, it is hard for people to become better off.

## Related pages
* Child poverty
* Corruption
* Constitution 
* Constitutional economics
* Economic inequality
* Feminization of poverty
* Homelessness
* Overpopulation
* Poverty line
* Poverty porn
* Make Poverty History
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* Social issue
* Marche mondiale des Femmes
* World Poverty and Human Rights
Course

A **course** could mean:
* A way or path, like in racing
* The direction a ship or other  is moving
* A class taught at a school
* Course (food)
Chimbote

**Chimbote** is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru.  The city has over 400,000 residents.

It is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.  Most of the people of Chimbote catch fish, or work with seafood in some way.  The city catches more fish than any other place in Peru. 

Chimbote is known for its good version of the national dish of Peru, ceviche.  Chimbote is also the hometown of the former president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo.
Fast food

**Fast food** is the term for a kind of food that people eat from a restaurant, cafe or take-out where food is prepared and served quickly. 

It is mass-produced food. It is often western pattern and pre-prepared and delivered to the shop ready for frying or boiling. There is a strong priority on "speed of service". 

The restaurants that sell fast food are called "fast food shops" or "fast-food restaurants". Some of the more common fast food restaurants are McDonald's, Wendy's, Burger King, Culver's, Pizza Hut, and KFC. All these chains have a limited short menu and serve the same kind of food in all their outlets. The shops are subcontracted by the supplying company and tied absolutely by contract to that single supplier. However, the same kind of criticism could be (and is) directed at some other kinds of restaurants. The problem is seen by many critics as being one of over-eating, rather than one of the specific food types.

## Criticism
Fast food is often considered unhealthy due to it being loaded with calories, sodium, and unhealthy fat—often enough in one meal for an entire day. It also tends to be low in nutrients and almost totally lacking in fruit, vegetables, and fiber. Eating too much fast food can cause a human to have poor quality health which is linked to a higher risk of obesity, depression, digestive issues, heart disease, and stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and early death. 

## References
Ford (disambiguation)

**Ford** (Ford Motor Company) can mean more than one thing:
*Henry Ford, U.S. inventor; or other members of his family
*Gerald Ford, former U.S. President
*Harrison Ford, U.S. actor
*ford, a safe, shallow place to get to the other side of a river
Scott Joplin

**Scott Joplin** was an American ragtime musician and composer.  He is widely considered the greatest ragtime composer of all time.

## Early life 
Joplin was African-American and born in the U.S. state of Texas sometime between June 1867 and January 1868 and grew up in Texarkana, Texas. His relatives were railroad workers. His father wanted him to find work that would pay. His mother said he should learn music. Even though he was from Texas, most of his pieces were written when he was in Missouri and New York City.

## Musical career 
Joplin is most well known for writing piano pieces called rags. His music became popular again in the 1970s, with the album *Scott Joplin: Piano Rags*, performed by Joshua Rifkin, from Nonesuch Records. He may be most commonly known now by the Marvin Hamlisch adaptation of his composition *The Entertainer* (1902) which was used in the 1973 movie *The Sting* starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. His best-known rag while he was alive was *Maple Leaf Rag* (1899). Other rags he wrote were *The Ragtime Dance* (1906) and *Magnetic Rag* (1914). Scott Joplin wrote more than 40 piano rags, but he also wrote two operas; *A Guest of Honor* and *Treemonisha*. *A Guest of Honor* was performed in Joplin's lifetime, but since then the music has been lost. *Treemonisha* was never performed while Joplin was alive, but it has been performed since then. Joplin also wrote a symphony, but the music has been lost.

## Death 
Joplin died of syphilis in New York City on April 1, 1917.

## References
## Bibliography
*Gildo De Stefano, *Ragtime, jazz & dintorni*. Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milano 2007
Propane

**Propane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with three carbon atoms. It is used in fuels.

It begins to burn very quickly. 
Its melting temperature is −187.7 °C; its boiling temperature is −42 °C; its density is 1.83 g/l.

Propane is extracted from natural gasoline or from petroleum.

## Sources
Karachi

**Karachi** (), () is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan. It is also called the City of Lights. It is also one of the world's biggest megacities. In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi. It is the largest port city in the Muslim world.

Karachi has many names including "Mai Kolachi Jo Goth" and "Karatishi". A native of Karachi is called a **Karachiite Sindhi**. Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi. Karachi has two important regional seaports. Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue. 

Karachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir. The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.

Karachi has 26 universities including the University of KarachiIt is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned. Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada. Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.

Karachi has a hot desert climate (*BWh* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Related pages
* Islamabad
* Lahore
* Peshawar
* Quetta

## References
Drought

, Mexico]]
**Drought** is a continuous period of dry weather, when an area gets less than its normal amount of rain, over months or even years.   Crops and other plants need water to grow, and animals need it to live.  Droughts can become dangerous to people and other land animals; causing famine and even creating deserts.

The word "drought" comes from the Old English drugað, drugoð "drought, dryness, desert," from Proto-Germanic *drugothaz, from Germanic root *dreug- "dry" (cf high/height) with *-itho, Germanic suffix for forming abstract nouns (see -th (2)).

A drought is a natural event, caused by other weather events like El Niño and high-pressure systems.  Drought can also be triggered by deforestation (people cutting down forests), by global warming, and by diverting rivers or emptying lakes.

Drought is a natural disaster which usually takes place slowly.  It is often difficult to decide when a drought started and sometimes when it ends too.  Its effects often build up slowly over a long period of time and may last from months to years after rain resumes.

Many people die every year in famines due to drought in subsistence farming areas. Conflict can result from drought conditions.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Water scarcity
Liver bird

The **Liver birds** are two large and famous bronze metal birds on top of a building - the Liver Building - in the city of Liverpool, England. The building has the offices of an insurance organization. The birds are symbol of the city, although no birds really look like this.   There are some other similar birds on buildings in Liverpool.

The sound of the end of the word "liver" in the name of the bird is like "driver" not "river". The start of the word Liverpool ("liver") sounds like the word "river". This is a funny play on words.

There is also a British television sitcom with the same name that is about two young women who share a flat in Liverpool. The play on words is increased by a second British slang meaning of the word "bird" to mean young woman.

Many people in Liverpool (known as *Liverpudlians*) are proud of their city and of the Liver birds. There is a story that the birds will come alive if a truly pure woman walks between them. This will never happen! This is an example of the humor of the local people.

## References
Chartist

]]
The **Chartists** were people who wanted to get more rights for working class people in the mid-19th century. They were called Chartists because they wrote their main aims down in the People's Charter of 1838.

Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in Yorkshire.

## Other websites 
* The-six-points from CHARTIST ANCESTORS
* Punch Series on "Great Chartest Demonstrations"
* Illustrated London News, April 15th, 1848 
* Spartacus index on Chartism
Demonstration

**demonstration** in Washington, D.C. in August 28, 1963 with people carrying placards]]

A **demonstration** can mean an  where people do something to let others know what they think and to try to change their point of view. It is one kind of protest. Examples of demonstrations include , where people walk together, and , where people gather in one place. During a demonstration, the people who are part of it, called *demonstrators*, may display placards or other symbols that are easy to see, especially when the protests are being shown on mass media such as news, television, or social networks.

Demonstrations are often made against a government if they do something the people do not want. Because they are meant for many people to be a part of, they are usually considered more successful if more people take part. Demonstration is permitted by international human rights law as the freedom of assembly if done peacefully (meaning there is no violence). However, demonstrations can get out of control and even turn into a riot.

## Another meaning 
A **demonstration** can also mean when someone shows how to do something, or in what ways a thing can be used. Salespeople often demonstrate things like computers, cars, and televisions to customers so they can make sure the customer sees all the features of the item. "*Demo*" is short for demonstration, and people often use it to describe this meaning of the word.

## References
Movie theatre

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A **movie theatre** or **movie theater** is a place where movies are shown on a big screen. People or "patrons" (the audience) watch movies, usually in chairs inside an auditorium, where the movie is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers. A movie theatre is sometimes called a **cinema**. A theatre with multiple screens commonly is called a "multi-plex" or "mega-plex" (if more than 10 screens). Movie theatres have comfortable chairs. There are different types of formats of a movie theatre.

The first movie theatre was opened to the public on April 23, 1896, in Koster and Bial's Music Hall on 34th Street in New York City. The oldest movie theatre in the world, which is still in action today is the *Kino Pionier* (opened 1907) in Szczecin, Poland. Movie theatres make money from not only movie tickets but from concessions which sell food and drinks (popcorn, candy, soft drinks, etc.). In recent years with the increase of movie rental costs, theatres have become more and more creative about how they make money. New theatres being built include restaurants, party rooms, conference rooms, arcades and more.
The KLF

**The KLF** were a band from England. They made music from the late 1980s until the early 1990s. A lot of the music they made was pop music or dance music. The band members were two men, Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Bill Drummond is a musician, singer, and writer from Scotland. Jimmy Cauty is a musician and artist from England. Sometimes they used the names **The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu**, **The JAMs** and **The Timelords** as their band name, instead.

The KLF adopted the philosophy based on the series of the esoteric novels *The Illuminatus! Trilogy*.
Monounsaturated fat

A **monounsaturated fat** is a kind of fat found in foods such as nuts, olives, and avocados. They are the main fat in olive oil. The group contrasts with, on the one hand, unsaturated fats. and on the other hand, polyunsaturated fats.

In general, these fats are considered to be healthier than others. They have the same amount of energy, but they reduce blood cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk to the heart.

## Types
### Omega 7 fatty acids
*Palmitoleic acid
*Vaccenic acid
*Rumenic acid
*Paullinic acid
### Omega 9 fatty acids
*Oleic acid
*Elaidic acid
*Mead acid
*Erucic acid

## References
1654

## Events 
* April 5 – Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War.
* June 3 – Louis XIV of France crowned at Rheims
* June 6 – Charles X succeeds his cousin Christina to the Swedish throne. After her abdication on June 5, Christina now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.
* September 3 – In the Rump Parliament, the republican party questions Cromwell's pre-eminence
* September 12 – Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of the members of Parliament who are hostile to him.
* October 12 – Carel Fabritius, the most promising student of Rembrandt, dies aged 32 in an explosion at the arsenal at Delft. The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100.
* October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, elector of Bavaria is crowned. His absolutistic style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany
* November 23 – French mathematician, scientist, and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.
* Death of An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn, last inaugurated King of Connacht (inaugurated 1643
* Twenty-three Jewish refugees from Brazil settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what would be the largest urban Jewish community in history, the Jewish community of New York City.
*The Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki renounces Ukrainian independence and swears allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia
*The Russian Army seizes Smolensk, and war starts between Russia and Poland over Ukraine
* Otto von Guericke proves the existence of atmospheric pressure
Polyunsaturated fat

**Polyunsaturated fats** are fats that are usually found in items like fatty fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. Such items are typically found to be liquid at room temperature.

## Chemistry
Polyunsaturated fats are long-chain organic compounds. Their molecules has more than one double bonds. The structure reduces the strength of the forces between molecules. This causes the items to have a lower melting point. This is why the items are usually liquid at room temperature.

## Types
### Omega 3 fatty acids
*Alpha linolenic acid
*Docosahexanoic acid
*Eicosapentaenoic acid

### Omega 6 fatty acids
*Linoleic acid
*Arachidonic Acid
*Gamma linoleic acid
*Conjugated linoleic acid

## Related pages
*Monounsaturated fat