open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
DNA (newspaper)

**Daily News and Analysis** (DNA) was an English-language daily newspaper in India. It started in 2005 and later became a digital-only news platform.  

## History and Development 
DNA launched in Mumbai on 30 July 2005. It was started by a joint venture of media groups under Diligent Media Corporation Ltd (DMCL).

The newspaper aimed to attract young readers. It offered an all-colour broadsheet format and tried to compete with established newspapers in major cities. 

Over time, DNA expanded to publish editions from different cities including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jaipur, Bengaluru and others. 

## Challenges and Decline 
Despite early ambitions, DNA struggled financially. It ran losses in several years before 2019.  

Because of these problems and changing reader habits, DMCL announced that print editions of DNA would stop. The Mumbai and Ahmedabad editions ended on 10 October 2019.   

## Digital Transition 
After the closure of print editions, DNA continued as an online news portal containing news, analysis, and features.   

The company said it would focus on its digital platform and planned to launch a mobile application and include video-based content. 

## Editions and Readership 
At its peak, in 2011, DNA’s Mumbai edition had a large readership. It was one of the top English broadsheet newspapers in Mumbai then.   

However, the competition from other newspapers and the shift in advertising income contributed to its decline. 

## Legacy 
Though its print run ended, DNA remains as a digital news outlet. It is remembered as one of the newer newspapers that tried to challenge older media giants in the 2000s in India.  

Through its online portal, it continues to provide news and analysis to its readers nationwide.

## References
Dreamlinux

**Dreamlinux** was a Linux distribution, a collection of computer programs that is designed for the use of the Linux operating system on a computer.  The Dreamlinux distribution was made in Brazil, and is based on Debian, another commonly-used Linux distribution.  Dreamlinux can be used in Portuguese.

## Methods of booting
There are several ways to use Dreamlinux to run the Linux operating system on a computer.
* Using a compact disc called a live CD, the computer user can start up (or boot) the operating system straight from the disc without installing anything on the computer.
* The user can boot Dreamlinux in the same way from an external flash drive containing the programs, connected to the computer through a USB port.
* The user can install the programs in Dreamlinux on a computer's internal hard drive and run them from there.

## Graphical User Interface
Most operating systems have a graphical user interface, or GUI, which allows the user to interact with the programs using a graphical display.  The GUI which Dreamlinux uses looks similar to the one used by Apple's Mac OS X operating system, with a toolbar in the center.  The user can also download the "Engage" theme, which gives the toolbar some animated aspects.

## Related pages
*List of Linux distributions
* Xfce

## Other websites 
* Official Dreamlinux site 
* Official English forum
Cluniac Reforms

The **Cluniac (Clunian) Reform** was a series of changes within medieval monasticism. The reforms focused on restoring the traditional life in the monasteries. Monasteries should encourage the production of artworks. They should also care for the poor. 

The reform is named after the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy. It started in the Benedictine order there. The reform was largely carried out by Saint Odo. It spread through France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), England and much of Italy and Spain.  

The reform was stated, because there was corruption in the Benedictine order. People thought this corruption came because people that were not priests and that came from outside the monasteries interfered with them. A Benetictine monastery needed land. This land was given by a Feudal lord. By giving the land, the lord would become the patron of the monastery.  However, he would often demand the right to interfere in the business of the monastery. The Cluny reform was an attempt to change this practice. A more independent abbot would have better success at enforcing the Rule of the order, it was thought.  William of Aquitaine formed the first Cluny monastery in 910 with the novel stipulation that the monastery would report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. This meant essentially that the monastery would be independent, since the pope's authority was largely theoretical at that distance.   
    
During its height (about 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. Among the most notable reform supporters were Pope Urban II, Lambert of Hersfeld and Abbot Richard of Saint Vannes at Verdun. The Cluniacs were supporters of the  Peace of God concept, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Lands.
## Notes 
## References 
Southern, R.W., *Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages*, London: Penguin Books, 1970.
Baltix

***Baltix GNU/Linux*** is a Linux distribution aimed to be a complete, user-friendly operating system for Lithuanian and Latvian people, based on Debian and Ubuntu. Supported languages include Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, English, Norwegian and others near and around the Baltic region. The main language is Lithuanian.

It uses the GNOME desktop environment and is distributed as an installable Live CD.

The first public versions of Baltix GNU/Linux were released in 2003 and were based on Knoppix Live CD and Debian software packages, and later, on the Ubuntu operating system.

## Additional software 
Baltix has software packages not present in Ubuntu:

* Educational software for kids and adults, including GCompris, TuxPaint, Atomix, etc.
* Interesting and funny games, including *Pingus*, Chess, PlanetPenguin Racer
* Vector graphic, CAD and diagram drawing software, including Inkscape, QCAD and Dia
* Support for most video and audio formats, including DVD, DivX, AVI, MPEG, Xvid, Theora, Ogg Vorbis, MP3
* Lightweight Desktop Environment - LXDE + PCManFM (older versions had IceWM as lightweight Window Manager)
* Possibility to run lots of software, compiled for MS Windows OS (through Wine compatibility layer)
* Clipart, CAD and office documents templates
* Lots of other packages, which are useful for Lithuanians and other Baltic people, including 
** universal dictionary software OpenDict
** various spelling and hyphenation dictionaries, etc.

Baltix can run directly from its live-usb, without installation to a computer's permanent storage (hard disk, solid state drive, etc.), but also can be installed into a computer's Linux or Windows partition(s).

## Baltix Goals 
* Easy and right away ready for majority of Lithuanian, Latvian and Russian home/office users (no need to install additional software for multimedia support or office work, e.g. spelling dictionaries or templates)
* Possibility to run software, compiled for most popular operating systems, like Windows
* Possibility to work comfortably on older computers (starting from 64 MB RAM and 200 MHz CPU), little resources consuming desktop environment is included (currently LXDE)
* Comfortable for computer manufacturers (Baltix 0.8.x, 1.x and 20.04) has a noninteractive automatic installation (autoinstall) feature - OS can be installed into computer in about 10 minutes without user intervention.

## Related pages
* GNU/Linux
* Debian
*List of Linux distributions

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Developers project
Y chromosome

The **Y chromosome** is a chromosome that decides the sex of most mammals, including humans. It contains the gene *SRY*, which triggers testis development, making an animal male or female.

Normal females have two X chromosomes, and normal males have one X and one Y. An egg always carries a single X, while sperms carry either an X or a Y. That is how sex is determined in humans. 

## Related pages 
*Sex determination 
*Karyotype
*Chromosome
*J1 (Y-DNA)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Genetic Genealogy: About the use of mtDNA and Y chromosome analysis in ancestry testing 
* Human Genome Project Information  — Human Chromosome Y Launchpad
* On Topic  — The Y Chromosome - From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
* Nature — focus on the Y chomosome
* National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) — Use of Novel Mechanism Preserves Y Chromosome Genes
* Ysearch.org - Public Y-DNA database 
* Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC)
Feather Linux

**Feather Linux**, created by Robert Sullivan, is a Knoppix-based Linux distribution which  fits in under 128 MB (while older versions were made to fit within 64 MB). It boots from either a CD or a USB Flash Drive, into a Fluxbox desktop environment. It has a wide range of desktop and rescue software, and can load entirely into RAM  or be installed to a hard drive. Feather Linux contains many GTK+ applications, such as AbiWord and Pidgin. Feather linux has tried to include software that people would frequently be using on their desktop.

With its most recent release being on 2005-07-04, Feather Linux is now not under development. This distribution is partly inspired by Damn Small Linux.

## Related pages
*Damn Small Linux
*List of Linux distributions

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Rose window

]]
**Rose window** is a word used to describe a round window design, which  is similar to the many petals of a rose. Most often the term is used to describe the round windows of some churches, especially those built in Gothic style.

Image:Strasburg muenster rosette westfassade.jpg|Architectural drawing of the rose window of Strasbourg Cathedral, France
Image:Strassburg Rose exterior.jpg|Outside view of the rose at Strasbourg Cathedral
Ageing

**Ageing** or **aging** is the many changes that happen in an individual over time. In living things, ageing includes most physical and psychological changes which happen after adulthood.

**Senescence** is the biological process which leads to ageing. There have been many attempts to answer the question: why do animals (especially humans) age?

In one way, ageing begins at birth, because cell division and growth is fastest then, and gradually slows down as time goes on.

In another way, ageing starts when the likelihood of death increases. Actuarial tables show the likelihood of death at each stage of life. These tables are used by insurance companies to assess the rates of insurance on life policies and pensions. It turns out that we are least likely to die when we are adolescents and young adults. The reason suggested by biologists (such as Peter Medawar and George C. Williams) is that this is the time most significant for reproduction, or was in mankind's past. The assumption is that the peak age of reproduction in mankind's history was lower than today. A gene can be expressed at various stages of life. Any allele of a gene which interfered with reproduction would have less chance of passing on to the next generation. The number of such genes in the population would automatically be reduced. Thus natural selection would virtually eliminate any inherited effect which reduced fertility.

However, later in life, inherited defects would have little or no effect on the population as a whole. In fact, during life our cells collect damage to their DNA which is random, but causes us to become gradually less fit as we age. And we have some cell types which never, or rarely, divide during adult life. Muscle cells and most neurons never divide in adult life. Obviously, they collect damage, and not just to the DNA. Also, we inherit various genetic conditions which have effect later in life, like Huntington's chorea. The twin effects of delayed heredity and buildup of damage is what makes us age. Protists do not age: they divide, and the next generation is just as good as the last. Why do even our dividing cells collect damage? The answer to that question is not known, but may be connected to a cell division phenomenon.

## An article 
Ageing is not a popular topic in general publication. One recent work is worth noting. It goes over the ground well.

## Related pages
*Apoptosis
*Gerontology
*Hayflick limit
*Death
*Old age
*Supercentenarian

## References
Souvenir

, New York; Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy; Queen's Guards, London; Eiffel Tower, Paris.]]
 as souvenir from Chefchaouen]]

A **souvenir** (from French, for *memory*), **memento** or **keepsake** is an object a traveler brings home for the memories created during a trip. It can be a postcard, statue, magnet or little things that represent the place. Often bought as a gift for family or friends to share the memory with them.

## Online gift shops
Online gift shops are websites that sell products online that will be given to other people.

## Related pages 
*Retail
*Online shopping
Panel

**Panel** could mean:

*A committee or jury used to decide some matter, such as in a court
*Control panel (engineering), a flat area with controls and indicators. Commonly found in aircraft but may be on the operation of any machinery
*Panel painting, in art, either one element of a multi-element piece of art, such as a triptych, a piece of sequential art such as a graphic novel or comic strip, or a wooden panel used to paint a picture on
*breaker panel, a flat area with electrical circuit breakers
*panel data, a longitudinal statistical study in which one group of individuals are interviewed at intervals over a given period of time
*Panel (comics), a single image in a comic book, comic strip or cartoon; also, a comic strip containing one such image
*A flat or sculptured area that is part of a larger structure such as a piece of furniture or one element of a multi-panel screen.
*Panel (computer software), a widget or a control panel
*Panel Switch, a type of electromechanical telephone switching system made by the Bell System in the 1920s
*Structural insulated panel, a building system for construction
**The Panel*, an Australian talk show
**The Panel (Ireland)*, an Irish talk show
*A committee in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong that does specific areas, known elsewhere as select committee or standing committee
Jammu

**Jammu** is a city in Jammu and Kashmir, India.  It is on the banks of the Tawi River which is a tributary of the Chenab River. The Dogri language is spoken here alongside Hindi. The city is mostly populated by Hindus with a smaller minority of Sikhs and Muslims.

There is an archeological site called Manda in Jammu.

## References 
## Other websites
St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau

:''St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna is also called Stephansdom*

*'St. Stephan's Cathedral'''  is a baroque Cathedral. It was finished in 1688 in Passau, Germany.  It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.
Physical attractiveness

**Physical attractiveness** means the different characteristics of someone's physical appearance that different humans consider beautiful in others. Physical attractiveness can also include sexual attractiveness; ideas about beauty, proportions, muscular development, and appearance.

, Pushkin Museum, Moscow.]] 

Physical attractiveness can mean differently to different individuals and in different cultures. There is no single definition of physical attractiveness. In men, physical attractiveness may include slim waist and height. Meanwhile, female physical attractiveness can include youth, waist-hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference, body mass proportion and facial symmetry.  

## References
Pashto

**Pashto** (also known as **Pushto** or **Pukhto**) is an Eastern Iranic language in the Indo-European language family, natively spoken by ethnic Pashtuns in northwestern Pakistan and  southern and eastern Afghanistan. It is the official language of Afghanistan, and an official language of Pakistan's  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pashtuns, its speakers, make up majority of the population in Afghanistan. They are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and second largest ethnic group in Pakistan, where it is the official provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is known in historical Persian literature as **Afghani** ().

Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. It has two main dialects, northern dialect and southern dialect. The small difference between these two dialects is in the use of sounds. Pashto is mainly descended from both the Bactrian and Sogdian languages.

## Related pages
*Languages of Afghanistan
*Languages of Pakistan

## References
## Further reading
*Morgenstierne, Georg. "The Place of Pashto among the Iranic Languages and the Problem of the Constitution of Pashtun Linguistic and Ethnic Unity." Paṣto Quarterly 1.4 (1978): 43-55.
*Cheung, Johnny. "Pashto Problems III Ancient Loanwords from Early New Persian and Indo-Aryan and the Historical Contacts of Pashto & its Speakers."
Shina language

**Shina** (also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language spoken by the Shina people of Pakistan and India.

## Alphabet
## References
Salogo Department

**Salogo** is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Salogo. According 2006 estimates, it has a population of 21,405.

## References
Thomas & Friends

***Thomas & Friends*** is a British animated television series which was first broadcast on CITV on 9 October 1984. It is based on *The Railway Series* books by Wilbert Awdry and his son, Christopher. The main character is Thomas, a tank engine that is painted blue. The show takes place on the made-up island of Sodor. There are some route systems there. One of them is a standard-gauge heritage railway run by Sir Topham Hatt known as the North Western Railway. Thomas is the leader of the steam team.

## Episodes
## Characters 
The show is mainly about the locomotives, other machines, humans and other animals who populate the fictional Island of Sodor in the United Kingdom. Since 2004, the show has had eight main characters are Thomas, Edward, Henry, Gordon, James, Percy, Toby, and Emily.

## History
The first attempt to adapt Awdry's stories for television came in 1953, when the editor of the *Railway Series* books, Eric Marriott, was approached by the BBC, who wished to use live-action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry's first book, *The Three Railway Engines*. 00 gauge Hornby Dublo models appeared on sets that reflected the style of the original illustrations. The first episode (based on "The Sad Story of Henry") was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from Lime Grove Studios. The live broadcast did not fare well: a failure to switch the points caused the model of Henry to derail and it had to be replaced on the rails by one of the operators. The models moved jerkily, and all effects and music had to be superimposed.

News of the broadcast hit the front pages of *The Daily Telegraph* and the *Daily Mail*. Awdry branded the episode "unprofessional", and the point-switching debacle an "elementary mistake". As a result, the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold, and then later cancelled. The BBC offered Awdry and the *Railway Series* publishers greater creative control over the production, but the publishers declined, preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series.

Nearly twenty years later, the BBC featured Awdry's stories in the television story-telling show *Jackanory*. Fourteen years before *Thomas and Friends* was aired, Ted Ray (sitting in a stationmaster's office) read five *Railway Series* books in episodes that aired between 20 September to 2 October 1970.

## Cast
### Voices
### Narrators
#### United Kingdom
* **Ringo Starr** (series 1-2, 1984-1986)
* **Michael Angelis** (series 3-16, 1991-2012)
* **John Hasler** (series 22-24, in-character as Thomas, 2018-2021)

#### United States
* **George Carlin** (series 1–4, 1984-1995)
* **Alec Baldwin** (series 5–6, 1998-2002)
* **Michael Brandon** (series 7-16, 2003-2012)
* **Joseph May** (series 22-24, in-character as Thomas, 2018-2021)

#### Both
* **Pierce Brosnan** (series 8-18, 2004-2015)
* **Mark Moraghan** (series 17-21, 2013-2017)

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Srinagar

**Srinagar** (, ) is a city and the capital of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Kashmir valley. Majority of the population are ethnic Kashmiris who speak the Kashmiri language (*Koshur*). The majority of people are Muslim.

## References
Anantnag

**ISLAMABAD/ANANTNAG**(Kashmiri: اننت ناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), is a city and a municipality located in the Anantnag District in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. About 180,000 people live in Anantnag.

Anantnag is the third largest city of the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by population and largest according to area. It is also regarded as the commercial and financial capital of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the largest business and trading center of the valley. it is also known as Islamabad. 

## References
Zoungou Department

**Zoungou** is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Zoungou.
Fate (opera)

***Fate*** (in Czech: *Osud*), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček. 

Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera *Jenůfa* which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.

The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in *Jenůfa*, so the people in the story of *Fate* belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.

The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.

Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.

## Story of the opera 
The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it. 

In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.

Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.

Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished.
Social network service

A **social network** is a website or service where people talk to or connect with other people. A Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends. 

Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web.

The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks.

A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections. 

Many social networks are available on phones and smartphones. 

A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service. Hispanics and African Americans are more likely to use social media.

Nigerians are more likely to spend more time on social media.

African Americans often use social media more than any other ethnicity or racial group.
## List of popular social networks 
*Facebook
*Flickr
*Google+ 
*Instagram 
*Kik 
*LinkedIn
*MySpace
*Twitter
*Pinterest
*Reddit
*Snapchat
*Tumblr
*WhatsApp
*Yahoo! Groups
*YouTube
*TikTok
*Threads

## References
Spa town

A **spa town**, or simply **spa**, is a town that many people go to for health reasons.  There is usually a spring there, or several springs.  The water that comes from these springs is good for curing many illnesses.  When people go to a spa town to get better we say that they go to "take the waters".

The word "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa. In continental Europe a spa was called a ''ville d'eau* (town of water). The term *spa'' is used for towns or resorts which offer hydrotherapy (making people better with water).  This can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot spring baths.
List of Major League Baseball players

This is a **list of Major League Baseball players** by last name.

## A 
*David Aardsma
*Hank Aaron

## B 
*Josh Beckett
*Barry Bonds
*Ron Brand
*George Brett

## C 
*Roger Clemens
*Ty Cobb
*Billy Cox

## D 
*Joe DiMaggio
*Adam Dunn

## G 
*Eddie Gaedel
*Lou Gehrig

## H 
*Josh Hamilton

## J 
*Derek Jeter

## L 
*Denny Lemaster

## M 
*Mark McGwire
*Manny Ramirez

## O 
*Magglio Ordóñez
*David Ortiz

## R 
*J. R. Richard
*Cal Ripken, Jr.
*Jackie Robinson
*Alex Rodriguez
*Babe Ruth

## S 
*Johan Santana
*Curt Schilling
*Grady Sizemore
*Alfonso Soriano
*Casey Stengel
*Billy Sunday

## T 
*Frank Thomas

## W 
*Walt Walsh
*Ted Williams

## Y 
*Cy Young
*Pete Young
Creston, Iowa

**Creston** is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,536 at the 2020 census.

## Population
## References
## Other websites 
*City website 
*County website
Gap

**Gap** or **The Gap** may refer to:

## General 
* Gap (clothing retailer), a chain of clothing stores
* Gap (ecology), a spacing between large trees in a forest
* Gap (landform), a mountain pass, often carved by a river
* Gap year, a prolonged period between a life stage
* Gäp, the Tatar-based cant language
* Gaap, a mighty Prince and Great President of Hell in demonology
* Gap coverage, a type of vehicle insurance
* Band gap or *energy gap*, the energy interval in which particles cannot propagate

## Places 
* Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France
* Gap, Pennsylvania, United States
* The Gap, Brecon Beacons, an ancient mountain trail in the Brecon Beacons, Wales
* The Gap, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
* The Gap, New South Wales, an ocean cliff at Watsons Bay, New South Wales, Australia
* Darién Gap, a large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama and Colombia
* Loughborough Gap, a disused section of the Great Central Railway in England
* Fulda Gap, an area in Germany of strategic importance during the cold war
* Mid-Atlantic Gap, in World War II, an area in the Atlantic Ocean with no air coverage

## Entertainment 
* The Gap Band, an American music group
* Gap Mangione, jazz pianist and bandleader
* *The Gap* (album), a 2000 album by Joan of Arc
* The Gap Cycle, a science fiction novel series by Stephen Donaldson
* *El Boquete* (The Gap), a 2006 Argentine film
* Gap FC, a French football club

## Acronym 
* .45 GAP, the "Glock Automatic Pistol" cartridge
* GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, standard guidelines for financial accounting
* GAP, Good Agricultural Practices, any collection of value-based agricultural practices
* GAP, Generic access profile, an interoperability protocol used in wireless telephony
* GAP, Genocide Awareness Project, a movable pro-life display
* GAP, Government Accountability Project, a nonprofit organization
* GAP, Great Ape Project, an international organization advocating legal rights for great apes
* GAP computer algebra system (Groups, Algorithms and Programming), a software package
* GAP, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolia Project), a land reform project in Turkey
* GAP, the license plate code for Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
* GAP, Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (Partisan Action Group), an Italian terrorist group founded by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
* Graph automorphism problem
* Air Philippines (ICAO designator)

## Chemistry 
* GaP, Gallium(III) phosphide, a semiconductor material
* GAPs, GTPase activating proteins, a biochemical compound
* GAP, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a 3-carbon molecule metabolite important in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle
PSV Eindhoven

**Philips Sport Vereniging** (English: *Philips Sports Union*), widely known either as **PSV** or **PSV Eindhoven**, is a sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional football (soccer) section.

## Honours
### National
***Eredivisie: 25**
** **Winners:** 1928–29, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1962–63, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2023/24
***KNVB Cup: 11**
** **Winners:** 1949–50, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1995–96, 2004–05, 2011–12, 2021/22, 2022/23
***Johan Cruyff Shield: 11**
** **Winners:** 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2016 **(Record)**

### International
***European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1**
** **Winners:** 1987–88
***UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League: 1**
** **Winners:** 1977–78

## Current players
### First-team squad
#### Players out on loan
## League position
### Former position
## References
Tautavel man

**Tautavel man** is the name of an extinct hominin who lived about 300.000-450.000 years ago.,, "Tautavel man" is the name given to fossils found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel, France. The first fossils were found there in 1971. 

They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull (pictured) belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighed around 45–55&nbsp;kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man around 20–25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. 

Bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (which resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave.

There is an ongoing debate if this hominid is directly related to the Neanderthal. If they are not, they would belong to the species *Homo erectus*. If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis. It has been proposed to classify them as *Homo erectus Tautavelensis*.

## References
Baseball glove

, and outfielders.]]

A **baseball glove**, or **mitt**, is a leather glove that baseball players use to catch a baseball that are hit by a batter or thrown by a fielder.

## History 
Catcher Doug Allison in 1870 was the first ever to wear baseball gloves. Doug's hands were split and cracked open from catching in other games earlier in the week.  He chose to wear something that would protect his hands so that they wouldn't be  more, so he wore baseball gloves, but he was laughed at and  by his teammates.

Five years later in 1875, Charlie Waitt, a St. Louis outfielder and first baseman who in 1875 used a pair of flesh-colored gloves, but he was also laughed by his teammates. Although baseball gloves were not used very much at first when they were first made, more and more baseball players started to use baseball gloves over time, probably when baseball star Albert Spalding began playing first base with a baseball glove. When he started to wear them, more infielders started to use gloves also because he was . Before the mid  1890s, baseball gloves were worn normally by baseball players. Soon, all baseball players started to wear baseball gloves.

In , Bill Doak, a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, suggested that a web be placed between the first finger and the thumb in order to create a pocket. This design soon became added to baseball gloves and webbed gloves were starting to be used by all baseball players.

Since the baseball glove was invented, they have grown to what they look like today. While catching in baseball was two handed, gloves grew to a size that made it easier to catch the ball in the webbing of the glove, and use the off-hand to keep it from falling out. A glove is worn on the non-dominant hand, leaving the dominant hand for throwing the ball; for example, a right-handed player would wear a glove on the left hand. By convention, the type of glove that fits on the left hand is called a "right-handed" or "RH" glove.

The shape and size of the baseball glove is decided by official baseball rules; Section 1.00, Objectives of the Game, defines limits of catcher's, first baseman's and fielder's glove in parts 1.12, 1.13 and 1.14.

## Major glove manufacturers
* Louisville Slugger
* Nokona
* Rawlings
* Spalding
* Kelley Athletic
* Wilson
* Nike, Inc
* Easton
* Mizuno
* Akadema
* 44 Pro

## References 
## Other websites
* "Playing The Field." *Popular Mechanics*. May 2001.
* "Glove History." *Baseball Glove.net*. 
* "How Products Are Made: Baseball Glove." *www.science.enotes.com* 
* "Baseball Glove Leather" 
* "MLB Rules 1.0".
Product (chemistry)

In chemistry, the **products** are the final result of a chemical reaction. The reaction changes reactants into products. In more complex processes in the chemical industry, "product" usually means the main chemical that people want to make, while other products are called byproducts.

For example, glucose and oxygen are the products of photosynthesis:
:
The reactants are water and carbon dioxide. Generally, plants release the oxygen and use the glucose, so oxygen is a byproduct.

## References
Cy Young Award

In baseball, the **Cy Young Award** is an honor given to the best pitcher in the Major League Baseball.  The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955.  The award was given to the best pitcher in the major leagues. In 1967, the year after Frick retired as Commissioner, the practice began of honoring one pitcher in each league, the American League, and the National League. The 2023 American League Cy Young Award winner was Gerrit Cole of the New York Yankees, and the 2023 National League Cy Young Award winner was Blake Snell of the San Diego Padres. 

Each league's award is voted on by two members of the Baseball Writers Association of America in each league city, meaning 28 ballots are cast for the American League winner, and 32 for the National League.  Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the pitchers of each league.  The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes: Score = 5F + 3S + T, where *F* is the number of first place votes, *S* is second place votes, and *T* is third place votes.  The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award. If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared between the two.

The current formula started with the 1970 season.  Prior to that, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.

## Other websites
* Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac
* Full Voting Results for the Cy Young Award
Ke Huy Quan

**Ke Huy Quan** (born August 20, 1971) is a Vietnamese-American actor, stunt choreographer and former child actor. In 2023, he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in *Everything Everywhere All at Once* (2022).

## Early life
Quan Kế Huy was born in August 20, 1970 in Saigon, South Vietnam. Three years after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, Quan left Vietnam with his family. Some of his family fled to Hong Kong, while Quan's mother and three other siblings went to Malaysia. After staying at a refugee camp in Hong Kong, Quan's entire family were allowed to enter the United States as part of the Refugee Admissions Program in 1979. Quan grew up in California.

## Career
In the 1980s, he appeared in several movies. His best known roles were as Short Round in *Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom* (1984) and Data in *The Goonies* (1985). After he stopped acting, he worked as a stunt coordinator on many movies, for example *X-Men*. 

He became well known for his role in the 2022 movie *Everything Everywhere All at Once*, which won him multiple awards such as the Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor the following year. He is the first Vietnam-born actor to win an Academy Award.

In September 2022, Quan was announced to have joined the cast for the second season of the Marvel Cinematic Universe series *Loki* for Disney+. For this role, he received a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series nomination. 

In June 2023, it was announced that he had been invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as an actor. 

In December 2023, he joined the voice cast for *Kung Fu Panda 4.*

## Personal life
Quan is married to Echo Quan, who was the on-set translator for *Everything Everywhere All at Once*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Live CD

A **Live CD**, **Live DVD**, or **Live Distro** is a special way of creating a computer operating system so that it is able to run without installing anything on the computer first. This special operating system is used when the computer is booting up, and runs all its programs off the object it is put on. The name of the operating system usually has something to do with the object, such as "*Live CD*" for CDs, "*Live DVD*" for DVDs, or "*Live USB*" for USB flash drives.

"*Distro*" is short for Distribution, and is used because different types of Linux operating systems are called Linux Distributions, and Linux Distros were the first operating systems to be made into Live CDs. A "*Live Distro*" is used to refer to all different kinds of these special operating systems, instead of just the ones on a certain object.

The word "*live*" is used to describe the special way that the operating system is set up so that it can run on a computer without needing to install anything first.

## History 
The first Linux-based Live CD was Yggdrasil Linux (it stopped being made in 1995), but it did not work well because back then CD drives could not read CDs fast enough. in 2003, a Live CD based on Debian called Knoppix was released. Many people liked to use Knoppix, both as an operating system, and as a way of fixing a computer. Many more people have started using Live CDs since then, because of programs like Linux Live scripts and remastersys which make it very easy to make your own personalized Live CD.

## Uses 
Some Live Distros are made to demonstrate how an operating system would work on a computer, without making you install it first.

Other Live Distros come with a variety of software which help fix different problems that can happen with a computer, such as if they get a computer virus, or if a person forgets their password.

People also create Live Distros to demonstrate new ways of making operating systems, or proving that an operating system can run on a new type of computer.

## Screenshots 
Here are some images/screenshots of live CDs:

Image:Fedora 11 GNOME.png|Live CD of Fedora 11
File:Super OS.png|Live DVD of Super OS
Image:ubuntu 8.04 Live CD.png|Live CD of Ubuntu, running Firefox, OpenOffice.org
Image:DebianLenny.png|Live CD of Debian

## Related pages
* remastersys, a simple tool to create a customized ubuntu Live CD/DVD
* List of Linux distributions

## Other websites 
* FreeBSD LiveCD 
* Linux Live scripts
* Build your own Custom Live CD 
* Bootable CDROM HowTo
* LiveDistro.org : Extensive build/remaster howtos, tools and release announcements.
* Guide: Howto remaster a sidux live CD
* The Live CD List links & information on over 300 Live CDs
* Long list of LiveCDs at the Knoppix Wiki
* The magic of live CDs  Article published on Free Software Magazine about LiveDistros
* Live CD News
* Live CD Build Scripts 
* Pondering Live CDs - A BSD perspective on the concept of Live CDs 
* Darknet 10 Best Security Live CD Distros for pen-test, forensics, and recovery
Finnix

**Finnix** is a Debian based Live CD Linux distribution, developed by Ryan Finnie and intended for system administrators for tasks such as filesystem recovery, network monitoring and OS installation. Finnix is a small Linux Distribution, with an ISO download size of approximately 100 MiB.

## History 
Finnix was created in 1999, making it one of the oldest Linux distributions with the intent of being run completely from a bootable CD (the other Live CD around at the time was the Linuxcare Bootable Business Card CD, first released in 1999). Finnix 0.01 was based on Red Hat Linux 6.1, and was created to help with administration and recovery of other Linux workstations around Finnie's office..

On 23 October 2005, Finnix 86.0 was released. Earlier unreleased versions (84, and 85.0 through 85.3) were "Knoppix remasters", with support for Linux LVM and dm-crypt being the main reason for creation. However, 86.0 was a departure from Knoppix, and was derived directly from the Debian "testing" tree.

## Usage 
Finnix is released as a small bootable CD ISO. A user can download the ISO, burn the image to CD, and boot into a text mode Linux environment. Finnix requires at least 32MiB RAM to run properly, but can use more if present. Most hardware devices are detected and dealt with automatically, such as hard drives, network cards and USB devices. A user can modify files nearly anywhere on the running CD via UnionFS, a filesystem that can stack a read-write filesystem (in this case, a dynamic ramdisk) on top of a read-only filesystem (the CD media). Any changes made during the Finnix session are transparently written to RAM and discarded upon shutdown. In addition, Finnix uses SquashFS to keep distribution size low.

Finnix can be run completely within RAM, provided the system has at least 192 MiB RAM available.

**Notes:**
* "Code names" in Finnix refer to the development cycle leading up to the release, and not the release itself. Releases are signified by version number.
* Versions with two package counts in the table above represent x86 and PowerPC package counts, respectively.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Finnix homepage
Pendulum

A **pendulum** is a mass (any object usually metal) on an arm. The arm is attached to a *pivot*, which is a point to swing from. The mass will naturally hang down because of gravity, but if it is pushed to one side it will *oscillate*, which means that it will swing from side to side.  The frequency of the swinging pendulum stays the same.

We can work out the time taken for one full oscillation (for example, swinging from left to right and back to left). We shall call this time T the period. If the pendulum length is L, and the acceleration due to gravity is g, then:

T \approx 2\pi \sqrt\frac{L}{g}

where π (a Greek letter pronounced 'pi') is a mathematical constant. This equation gives a good approximation for the period when the mass does not swing far from the middle. The period of a pendulum does not depend on the mass of the object.

The mechanical energy of a pendulum is constant and is the sum of the kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.   

The regular motion of the pendulum can be used for timekeeping, and pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks.

## Related pages 
*Foucault pendulum
*Pendulum clock
Mandible

The **mandible** is a bone found in all jawed vertebrates. The name comes from Latin *mandibula*. 

In bony fish the lower jaw is made of a number of bones, but these were gradually reduced in evolution. 

In humans and other mammals the mandible is simply the **jawbone** or **dentary**, which is the largest and strongest bone of the face. 

In mammals bones formerly in the lower jaw have become the ear ossicles.

## References
Tabasco (state)

**Tabasco** is a state in southeast Mexico, on the Gulf of Mexico. About 2,000,000 people live there. Its capital is called Villahermosa.
Silent trade

**Silent trade**, or barter, is when traders (who do not speak each other's language) trade without talking to each other. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D. and probably had a much longer history.

To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain place, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in ancient Ghana.       The popular things they sold were gold and salt. Another system was face-to-face trading using hand signals.

Gold mined south of the Sahel was traded, pound for pound, for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and gold has always had value for adornment (wearing). Because of this trade, cities grew and flourished and parts of West Africa became commercial centers. West Africa produced gold until about 1500 AD.

## References
Petal

has many petals (*yellow*)]]

A **petal** is a coloured part of a flower. With bright colours and scent, they often bring insects and birds to pollinate the flowers. Petals are made of cellulose and other organic matter. 

Petals are modified leaves which surround the reproductive parts of flowers. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a **corolla**. 

The role of petals and the evolution of flowers is an important part of botany. It has been studied from the 18th century to the present day.

The most common types of pollination are:
#Wind pollination: flowers are small and dull, with little or no scent, and often no petals at all. They produce large amounts of pollen which is  by the wind.
#Insect pollination: flowers show well in the ultraviolet range, and often have honey guides. These are lines leading from the petal to the nectar. Use of scent is also common.
#Bird pollination: large, colourful flowers with nectar.

## References
Zacatecas

**Zacatecas** is a state in north central Mexico. About 1,360,000 people live there. The capital is also called Zacatecas.
Tamaulipas

**Tamaulipas** is a state in the northeast of Mexico. About 3,025,000 people live there. Its capital is called Ciudad Victoria.
Vidalia onions

**Vidalia onions** are a variety of onions. They are native to Toombs County, Georgia. They are different from other onions because they are more sweet in taste. Southeast Georgia's mild climate, the area's sandy, low sulfur soil, exclusive seedvarieties, and precise farming practices make this original sweet onion, mild and flavorful.

## Other websites 
*Vidalia Onion Committee, the official website
Straw

**Straw **is the stems of cereal grains like oats or wheat, after the seeds have been removed. It is often used as bedding for animals (hay is used to feed animals). It can also be used as fuel, to make baskets, and many other things.  In older times, it was used for thatch roofs, or mixed with clay and sand for the cob and adobe used in building houses.

## Related pages 
* Drinking straw
* Hay
* Thatching

## Other websites