open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Russell Means

**Russell Charles Means** (November 10, 1939 &ndash; October 22, 2012) was an American Oglala Sioux activist, writer, politician, musician, television and movie actor who is known for his activisim to the American Indian Movement. He is also known for his roles in *Pathfinder*, *Thomas and the Magic Railroad* and in *Pocahontas*.

In 1983 he agreed to become running mate to Larry Flynt in his unsuccessful run for U.S. President.

Means was born on November 10, 1939 in Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. He studied at San Leandro High School. Means was married five times, the first four ended in divorce. He has ten children. Means died on October 22, 2012 in Rapid City, South Dakota from esophageal cancer, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*Russell Means official website
*
Aaron Hunt

**Aaron Hunt** (born 4 September 1986, in Goslar, Germany) is a German football player. He plays as midfielder for Werder Bremen since 2004.

## Club career 
Hunt started playing football at the age of 7 and played for two local clubs in the Harz area during his childhood. In 2002 he joined the youth team of Werder Bremen. Two years late he debuted in the Bundesliga as a substitute against Hannover 96. He shot his first goal against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 12th February 2005, when he also debuted in the first squad.

On 28 November 2007 he shot in first goal in the Champions League against Real Madrid. Before that game he has been injured for 7 months. Bremen won that match 3-2.

In the 2008/09 season he won the DFB-Pokal with Werder, after winning 1-0 in the final against Bayer Leverkusen. His team was also in the final match of the UEFA CUP, but lost against Shakhtar Donetsk 1-2 in the extra time.

In 2010 he renewed his contract until 2014. In 2012 he was made vice captain of his team by his coach Thomas Schaaf. He is the most loyal player in the squad of Werder Bremen.

## International career 
His mother is from England, so he would have been allowed to play for the national team of England. He played for Germany at the Under-16, Under-17 and Under-21 level, so he refused English offers and decided to play for Germany. In November 2009 he debuted against the Côte d'Ivoire for the a-squad in a friendly. This game was the memorial game for the goalkeeper Robert Enke, who committed suicide. He also made a secound match against Denmark in August 2010. In 2013 has was nominated by national coach Joachim Löw for two matches. In the match against Ecuador has was brought on in minute 59.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="9"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||10||1||2||0||1||0||13||1
|-
|2005/06||7||0||3||2||6||0||16||2
|-
|2006/07||28||9||1||0||12||0||41||9
|-
|2007/08||14||1||1||0||5||1||20||2
|-
|2008/09||18||2||2||0||8||0||28||2
|-
|2009/10||32||9||6||1||10||1||48||11
|-
|2010/11||29||3||2||0||7||0||38||3
|-
|2011/12||18||3||1||0|| || ||19||3
|-
|2012/13||28||11||1||0|| || ||29||11
184||39||20||3||49||2||253||44 
184||39||20||3||49||2||253||44 

## International career statistics 
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2013||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Honours 
* DFB-Ligapokal: 2006
* DFB-Pokal: 2009

## References 
## Other websites 
* Profile  at werder.de 
* Profile at fussballdaten.de 
* Profile at transfermarkt.de
Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory

**Haasts Bluff** (Pintupi&ndash;Luritja: *Ikuntji*), is an Aboriginal Australian community in the Northern Territory. The town is about  west of Alice Springs. The closest neighbouring town is Papunya, about  north. In the 2006 census, 207 people were recorded to live in the town and in nearby outstations.

The town is named after the nearby rocky outcrop. The outcrop was given this name in 1872 by the explorer Ernest Giles, who named it after the New Zealand geologist, Julius von Haast. The name in the local Aboriginal language is **Ikuntji**, which means "where the creeks cross".

The town was established as a Lutheran mission in 1946. It is home to Western Arrernte, Pintupi and Pitjantjatjara people. Many of these people work as artists in the local artist co-operative, Ikuntji Artists.

## References
Muhammad Ismail Khan

Nawab **Muhammad Ismail Khan** (1886&ndash;1958) was a senior All India Muslim League leader, a former Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a member of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in British India.
Shut Up and Drive

"**Shut Up and Drive**" is a 2007 song by Rihanna and is the second single from her third studio album *Good Girl Gone Bad*. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Greece, number 15 in the United States, number 12 in New Zealand, number 4 in Australia, number 7 in the Netherlands and Scotland and number 6 in Canada.

## Track listings
* **German CD single**
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)&nbsp; – 3:32
# "Haunted"&nbsp; – 4:08

* **UK CD single**
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)&nbsp; – 3:32
# "Shut Up and Drive" (The Wideboys Club Mix)&nbsp; – 6:36

* **Japanese CD single**
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)&nbsp; – 3:37
# "Hate That I Love You" (featuring Ne-Yo)&nbsp; – 3:40

* **European maxi single**
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)&nbsp; – 3:32
# "Shut Up and Drive" (The Wideboys Club Mix)&nbsp; – 6:34
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Instrumental)&nbsp; – 3:32
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Video)

* **12-inch picture disc**
# "Shut Up and Drive" (The Wideboys Club Mix)&nbsp; – 6:34
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)&nbsp; – 3:32
# "Shut Up and Drive" (Instrumental)&nbsp; – 3:32

## References
Jimmy James

**Jimmy James** OAM (1913 &ndash; 1991) was an Aboriginal Australian tracker. He helped the police of South Australia in tracking criminals. He worked with the police for 40 years.

James was born near Ernabella (now Pukatja) in central Australia, and was a member of the Pitjantjatjara people. He went to school at the Ooldea Mission. In 1945, he was wrongfully arrested and left the mission. James began his career as a tracker for police in 1948. He became well known for tracking criminals (including arsonists, poachers and escapees) and lost persons. After his death, a memorial to Jimmy James was erected in Berri, South Australia.

## References
MacDonnell Shire

The **MacDonnell Shire** is a local government area of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created on 1 July 2008 as part of the restructuring of the Territory's local government areas. It was created by merging over a dozen smaller community council areas and a large zone of unincorporated area. The most recent elections for the shire council were in March 2012. The current President of the MacDonnell Shire is Sid Anderson.

The shire has an area of over 268,784 square kilometres. It covers the south of the Territory, bordering with South Australia. Alice Springs and Yulara are enclaves within the shire (they are not part of it, but are surrounded by it).

There were about 7,142 people living there in 2009.

## Wards and towns
The MacDonnell Shire Council is divided into four wards. There are 12 council members. Below each ward is listed the towns that fall within those wards. Population figures are as they were recorded on 30 June 2007.

# Rodinga (4 councillors)
#* Amoonguna (362)
#* Aputula (Finke; 240)
#* Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte; 652 in 2006)
#* Titjikala (Tapatjatjaka; 265)
# Ljirapinta (3 councillors)
#* Hermannsburg (Ntaria; 600)
#* Wallace Rockhole (Ulana; 107)
# Luritja Pintubi (3 councillors)
#* Haasts Bluff (Ikuntji; 165)
#* Kintore (Walungurru; 350)
#* Mount Liebig (Watijawanu; 252)
#* Papunya (Warumpi; 342)
# Iyarrka (2 councillors)
#* Kaltukatjara (Docker River; 311)
#* Imanpa (217)
#* Areyonga (Utju; 245)

## References
Aputula

**Aputula** is a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs, near the border with South Australia. It is  east of the Stuart Highway. About 250 people live there. They are Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Luritja, and Lower Southern Arrernte people. The Finke River passes nearby the town, but it is dry for most of the year, except during floods.

The town was called **Finke** until the 1980s. It began as a trading stop on the Central Australian Railway. Local Aborigines traded dingo scalps, artefacts and tools for European goods. In the 1950s and 1960s, White farmers set up cattle stations around the town. Most of the Europeans left Finke when the railway line was moved westwards in the late 1970s. This was done because the track was damaged during huge floods in 1973 and 1974, so it was moved away from the river. The Aboriginal people living in the town did not move, and the town came to be known as Aputula. The name comes from a place called Putula near the town, which used to be the site of a water soak. Putula is an Arrernte word. Arrernte people used to get their water there, before the white people and the railway line came to the area.

Aputula holds the record of having the hottest day ever recorded in the Northern Territory— on 1 and 2 January 1960.

## References
Ngarutjaranya

**Ngarutjaranya**, also known as **Mount Woodroffe,** is South Australia's highest peak. It is  above sea level. The word *Ngarutjaranya* comes from the Pitjantjatjara language. In their Dreaming, the mountain represents the spirit being Ngintaka.

Ngarutjaranya is in the far northwest of South Australia, in the Musgrave Ranges. The mountain range rises about 700–800 metres above the plains around it. The rock is mostly granite and gneiss.

Ngarutjaranya was given its European name by William Gosse, who first saw it on 20 July 1873. He named it after George Woodroffe Goyder, another early explorer of South Australia and the Northern Territory. Access to the mountain is restricted. Permission is needed to enter the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands.

## References
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

The **Legislative Assembly of Azad Jammu and Kashmir**, also known as **AJK Legislative Assembly**, is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the Pakistan administered state of Azad Kashmir.

The assembly has 41 elected Members and 8 co-opted members of which 5 are woman, one member from Ulama community, while one is from amongst Jammu & Kashmir technocrats and other professionals.

## References
Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest

The **Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest** (in English Paris Île-de-France West Medical Research and Training Departement; also called **PIFO** or **Paris Ouest**) is a department of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines focus on research and training activities in medicine.

## Further reading 
* Official website

## References
Bubbly

**"Bubbly"** is a single by the singer Colbie Caillat. It was released to radio on May 15, 2007. "Bubbly" was the biggest song so far by Caillat. The song is from her first record *Coco*.
Qazi Muhammad Isa

**Qazi Muhammad Essa** (17 July 1914 &ndash; 19 June 1976) was a leader of the All India Muslim League party in British India and later a senior governmental official in Pakistan. 

Qazi Isa was born in Pishin, Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province). He joined the League in 1939 and was nominated to represent his province at the League's Lahore session in March 1940. 

After the creation of Pakistan, he served the new country in various positions, and for a time was also its ambassador to Brazil (1951-54). 

He died in 1976. 
## Source 
1. Kausar. Prof. Dr. Inamul Haq. "Tehreek-e-Pakistan Balochistan Main". Lahore. 1988. Maktaba-e-Aaliya. p.21
Sundanese Wikipedia

**Sundanese Wikipedia** (Sundanese *Wikipedia basa Sunda*) is the edition of Wikipedia in the Sundanese language. The article count of the wiki is 60,650 articles (as of 08 March 2021)

## Other websites
*  Sundanese Wikipedia
*  Sundanese Wikipedia mobile version
William Somerset Maugham

**William Somerset Maugham** (25 January 1874– 16 December 1965) was an English novelist, short story writer and playwright. He was born at the British Embassy in Paris. He was the highest paid author of the 1930s.

Maugham trained as a medical doctor at St. Thomas's hospital's medical school, London, but then decided to become a full-time writer. He wrote many works including such well-known ones as *Liza of Lambeth* (1897), *The Magician* (1908), *Of Human Bondage* (1915), *The Moon and Sixpence* (1919), *Cakes and Ale* (1930) and ''The Razor's Edge'' (1944).

Maugham died on 16 December 1965 in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France from pneumonia at the age of 91.

## References
Peter Ackroyd

**Peter Ackroyd** CBE (born 5 October 1949) is an English novelist, critic, poet, television writer, historian and scholar. 

Ackroyd was born in East Acton, London.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Aboriginal Provisional Government

The **Aboriginal Provisional Government** (APG) is an Indigenous Australian activist group. It campaigns for indigenous sovereignty over Australia. It was formed by  from several communities across Australia, including the Pitjantjatjara, Wiradjuri, Yolngu and Eora. The founders of the APG were Bob Weatherall, Geoff Clark, Josie Crawshaw, Michael Mansell, Kathy Craigie and other representatives from all states of Australia.

It was officially created on 16 July 1990. Its stated purpose is to establish its own government and an Aboriginal nation state. The APG argues that the indigenous people of Australia never gave up their sovereignty and therefore Australian law and title over the country is void (means nothing).

## Related pages
*Aboriginal land rights in Australia

## References
Ramna Kali Mandir

The **Ramna Kali Temple**  (), also known as the **Ramna Kalibari** (house of the Hindu goddess Kali) was one of the most famous Hindu temples of the Indian subcontinent. It was believed to be over a thousand years old. The temple was in Dhaka (the capital of present day Bangladesh) near the Ramna Park (now renamed as Suhrawardy Udyan).

The temple was bulldozed by the Pakistan Army on 27 March 1971 during the genocide of the Bangladesh Liberation War 

## References
Private prison

A **private prison** is a prison run by a private company instead of the government. The government hires the private prison company to perform all the services needed to keep the convicts locked up while they serve out their sentences.

In the twenty-first century, many industries that were government-run before have become more privatized.

The countries that have private prisons are Australia, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, United States and the United Kingdom. Private prisons are only common in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Israel used to have private prisons, until the Israeli Supreme Court, declared them illegal (against the law) in 2005. Canada also used to have private prisons, but due to widespread protests against them, the last private prison went to government control in 2006.

Reasons why some governments allow private prisons are:
*It may save money.
*Private prisons may come up with new ideas on how to run prisons better.
*If a prison is poorly run, someone new can run it.
 
However, many people do not like the idea of private prisons. The main reasons for this are:
*The company may spend less on caring for the prisons so they can keep more money for themselves.
*Companies end up making money if more people go to prison.
*Some people think that (like the police), prisons should only be run by the government.

## References
Robert Ripley

**LeRoy Robert Ripley** (February 22, 1890 – May 27, 1949) or **Mr. Ripley** was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist, who created the world famous ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'' newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd 'facts' from around the world.

Ripley was born on December 26, 1890 in Santa Rosa, California. He was married to Beatrice Roberts from 1919 until they divorced in 1926. Ripley lived in New York City, New York, Los Angeles, California, Chicago, Illinois, Miami, Florida, Bedford, Iowa, and in Santa Rosa, California. Ripley died on May 27, 1949, in New York City, New York from a heart attack, aged 58.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Robert Leroy Ripley's grave
*Ripley biography 
*Ripley Entertainment
John Walsh

**John Edward Walsh** (born December 26, 1945) is an American television personality, criminal investigator, human and victim rights advocate and the host of ''America's Most Wanted*. He began his crime investigation career when his son, Adam Walsh was murdered by Ottis Toole in 1981.

Walsh was born on December 26, 1945 in Auburn, New York. He studied at the University of Buffalo. He has been married to Revé Drew since 1971. He had four children; Adam, Meghan, Callahan, and Hayden Walsh. In 2008, Walsh was awarded the Operation Kids Lifetime Achievement Award.

## References
## Other websites
**America's Most Wanted''  Profile of John Walsh
*
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The **Rhind papyrus** in the British Museum is the best example of Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian. He bought the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt. It was found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It was written about 1650 BC.

The papyrus has work and writing on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and fractions. It, and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, are the main sources of knowledge about mathematics in Ancient Egypt. The Rhind papyrus dates to about 1550 BC. The museum bought both the Rhind papyrus and the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll from Rhind. The Rhind papyrus is larger than the Moscow mathematical papyrus, but the Moscow papyrus is older.

The Rhind papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe *Ahmose* from a now-lost text from the reign of Amenemhat III (12th dynasty).  Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is made up of parts that are each 33&nbsp;cm tall. In total it is over  long. It was transliterated and the mathematics was translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation is still incomplete in some respects. The document is dated to year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later Year 11 on its verso likely from his successor, Khamudi.

In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmose presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries... all secrets". He continues with: 
This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre (?). The scribe Ahmose writes this copy. Chase published a compendium in 1927/29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.

## Other websites
*Allen, Don.  April 2001.  *The Ahmes Papyrus*  and *Summary of Egyptian Mathematics* .
*
*British Museum webpage on the Papyrus. 
*O'Connor and Robertson, 2000. *Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri*.
*Truman State University, Math and Computer Science Division.  **Mathematics and the Liberal Arts:** *The Rhind/Ahmes Papyrus*.
*
*Williams, Scott W. *Mathematicians of the African Diaspora*, containing a page on *Egyptian Mathematics Papyri*.
*BBC audio file *A History of the World in 100 Objects*. (15 mins)

## References
Jonathan Goldsmith

**Jonathan Goldsmith** (born September 26, 1938) or **Jonathan Lippe** is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for playing "The Most Interesting Man in the World" in the Dos Equis commercials starting in 2007.

Goldsmith was born in September 26, 1938 in New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He studied at Boston University. He was married to Barbara Goldsmith since 2006. He now lives in Marina del Rey, California and in Manchester, Vermont.

## References
## Other websites
*
Abdul Matin Chowdhury

**Abdul Mateen Chowdhury** (1895-1948) was a lawyer and Bengali political leader, who was active in the All India Muslim Leagues Pakistan Movement. 

He died in 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan, a year after the achievement of Pakistan.
Gordon Briscoe

Dr **Gordon Briscoe** OAM (1938–2023) was an Aboriginal Australian activist and a retired football player. He was a member of the Stolen Generations.

Briscoe was born in Alice Springs. He was descended from the Marduntjara and Pitjantjatjara nations of Central Australia. He was taken away from his mother as a child and was taught at a Christian mission in Adelaide. Briscoe played football (soccer) for Adelaide in the South Australian league. He played alongside his schoolmate Charles Perkins. In 1958, he moved to England with the hope of playing professional football. He had small jobs with Barnet and Preston North End, but he did not make a first team appearance. He went back to Australia at the suggestion of Perkins. The two of them later played recreational football with the Australian National University from 1968 to about 1972.

Briscoe began studying at ANU in 1981. His focus was on the indigenous history of Australia. He was involved in the production of the SBS documentary *First Australians*.

## References
Synodontis courteti

***Synodontis courteti*** is a species of upside-down catfish. It lives in the countries of the Niger and Chad Basins.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

## References
*
Pig-nosed turtle

The **pig-nosed turtle** (*Carettochelys insculpta*), also known as the **pitted-shelled turtle** or **Fly River turtle**, is a species of turtle native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.

## Description 
The pig-nosed turtle is a very large freshwater turtle, with a shell length of 60-70 centimetres. It is grey to greyish brown in colour on the upper surface, and white to yellow in colour on the lower surface. It has broad paddle-like flippers, each with two claws. Its shell is covered by a soft-pitted skin, instead of the hard scutes that cover the shells of most turtles.
John Buchan

**John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir** (1875-1940) was a British statesman and writer, today mostly remembered for his fine adventure stories. 

Buchan was educated at the University of Glasgow and Oxford, and began to write and publish stories from his college days. He later qualified as a lawyer and went to South Africa to work there in a government (colonial) job. He later served in many countries as a representative of the British government and was later made Governor-General of Canada. In 1935 the British government honoured him by making him a lord. He died in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1940.

Some of his famous adventure thrillers include *Prester John* (1910), *The Thirty Nine Steps* (1915) and *Greenmantle* (1916). He also wrote some fine historical biographies like *Montrose* (1928) and *Sir Walter Scott* (1932).  

## Honours
;Appointments
*  **1 January 1932 11 February 1940**: Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH)
*  **23 May 1935 11 February 1940**: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)
*  **2 November 1935 11 February 1940**: Chief Scout for Canada
*  **2 November 1935 11 February 1940**: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club
*  **28 May 1937 11 February 1940**: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC)
*  **15 June 1939 11 February 1940**: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
*  **1936**: University of Toronto, Doctor of Divinity (DD)
*  **1937**: Yale University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
* : Tweedsmuir Avenue, Ottawa
* : Tweedsmuir Avenue, Toronto
* : Tweedsmuir Avenue, London
* : Tweedsmuir Place, Deep River
* : Tweedsmuir Place, Pinawa
* : Tweedsmuir Road, Winnipeg
* : Buchan Street, Montreal
* : Tweedsmuir
* : John Buchan Way, Broughton

;Schools
* : Strathcona-Tweedsmuir School, Okotoks
* : Lord Tweedsmuir Elementary School, New Westminster
* : Lord Tweedsmuir Secondary School, Surrey
* : Tweedsmuir Hall (student residence), University of British Columbia
* : John Buchan Senior Public School, Toronto
* : Tweedsmuir Public School, North Bay
* : Tweedsmuir Public School, London

;Organisations
* : John Buchan Centre, Broughton

## References
T. E. Lawrence

Colonel **T.E. Lawrence** (in full **Thomas Edward Lawrence**), better known in history as **Lawrence of Arabia** (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935), was a British Army officer, explorer, scholar, writer, military strategist and linguist. He was born in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales. He studied history at University of Oxford. He joined the Army by taking part in the Officers' Training Corps at Oxford. He is best known for having helped the Arabs organize themselves against the Turks during the First World War.

His memoirs of the time spent with the Arabs, *The Seven Pillars of Wisdom* (1926), is a well-known work of literature. He died in 1935 in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.
Richard Lovelace

**Richard Lovelace** (1618-1657) was an English writer, poet, soldier and Royalist, who is considered by many to be the 'perfect Cavalier'. 

Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford University, he took part in expeditions by the troops of King Charles I against various rebels from 1639 to 1642. In 1642, returning to his estates, he was nominated to present a Royalist petition to a hostile Parliament, for which he was ordered to prison by this elected body. During his short term in prison, he wrote one of his most famous poems, 'To Althea, from Prison'. He later spent many years fighting in France and Spain.
Thomas Moore

**Thomas Moore** (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish writer, poet and music composer. 

His most famous works in include *Irish Melodies* and *Lalla Rookh*. He also edited a volume of the *Letters and Journals of Lord Byron* in 1830.
Henry Lawrence

Sir **Henry Lawrence** (in full Henry Montgomery Lawrence) (28 June 1806-4 July 1857) was a senior British officer and administrator of British India. He was the first Chief Commissioner of the Punjab after its annexation by the British, following the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He died whilst defending Lucknow against a force of rebels, during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) in July 1857. 

His younger brother, Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, later succeeded Sir Henry in the Punjab and became the province's first Lieutenant-Governor.
Edward James Corbett

**Jim Corbett**   (25 July 1875 – 19 April 1955) was a British hunter, author and naturalist. He is famous for his hunting exploits in British India, which he recorded in his books. 

Edward James Corbett was born of Irish ancestry in the town of Nainital in the Kumaon of the Himalaya (now in the Indian state of Uttarakhand). Jim grew up in a large family of 13 children and was the eighth child of Willam Christopher and Mary Jane Corbett. His parents had moved to Nainital in 1862, after Christopher Corbett had been appointed postmaster of the town.
Campervan

campervan]]

**Campervans** are self-propelled vehicles that can provide transport and sleeping accommodation. The term *campervan* mainly represents vans which are fitted out, with a custom built body for use as accommodation. In the United States, the vans are also known as *recreational vehicles* or RVs and are larger than in Europe.

## Things in a campervan 
A  campervan may have the following things:
* Propane gas or electric-powered refrigerator
* Propane gas or electric cooktop, grill, or both
* Microwave oven
* Oven
* Propane gas- or electric-powered water heater
* Bed (some can be folded up and made into seating)
* Built-in toilet or a toilet that can be moved.
* Shower
* Television
* Water tank
* An awning.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Campervans
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

**Filippo Tommaso Marinetti** (Alexandria 21 December 1876 – Bellagio 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet and writer. He is famous as the founder of Futurism.

## Partial Bibliography
* ''Les Dieux s'en vont, D'Annunzio reste* (prose, 1908).
* *Manifesto del futurismo*, 1909.
* *Poupées Électriques*, Sansot, Paris, 1909 (dramma). 
* *Enquête internationale sur le Vers libre*, 1909.
* *Tuons le Clair de Lune!* (1909; trad. it. Uccidiamo il chiaro di luna!, Edizioni futuriste di poesia, Milano 1911).
* *Mafarka le Futuriste. Roman africain*, Sansot, Parigi, 1910 (romanzo); trad. it Mafarka il Futurista, Edizioni Futuriste di poesia, Milano, 1910). 
* *La Bataille de Tripoli'' (prosa, 1912; trad. it. La battaglia di Tripoli, Edizioni Futuriste di Poesia, Milano, 1912).

## Other websites
*Books by F. T. Marinetti at Project Gutenberg
John Nicholson

Brigadier-General **John Nicholson** (1822-1857) was a British officer of the East India Company, who served and died in British India. He is especially famous today and remembered as the 'Saviour of Delhi' who gave his life and died at Delhi, in September 1857 during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence), so that the British empire might be saved. 

Nicholson was a very strict and honest administrator, and always took stern action to check crime and dishonesty. Because of this, he was deified (made into  a deity, or god) by some Indian people in his lifetime. The people who worshiped him were called *Nikal Saynis*. 

Nicholson was buried near Delhi when he died but there is a famous monument, the Nicholson Memorial (also called Nicholson's Obelisk) near Taxila in Pakistan. This was made here by the British people ruling here many years ago, because Nicholson had spent a lot of time in that area. 

## Related pages
* East India Company
* Indian Rebellion of 1857
* Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa

**Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa** (Palermo, 23 December 1896 – Rome, 23 July 1957) was an Italian writer. He is most famous for his only historical novel, *The Leopard* (*Il Gattopardo*), which is set in Sicily during the Risorgimento.

## Sources 
* Giuseppe Leone, "Il Gattopardo" orgoglio di un'isola, pregiudizio di una cultura – Il romanzo di Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa fra caso letterario e revisionismo storico", Il Punto Stampa, Lecco, gennaio 1997.
* Loup Odoevsky Maslov, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa - une biographie, Séguier, Paris, 2025. ISBN 978-2-38636-033-6
Endothelium

**Endothelium** is a layer of cells that line the walls of the circulatory system which carries blood around the body. The cells form a membrane so that certain substances, such as nutrients, can move through the walls. In an adult human there is about 1 kg of endothelium cells, which would cover an area of about  7m2. The endothelium plays an important part in controlling the flow of blood around the body.

## References
Mute swan

The **mute swan** (*Cygnus olor*) is a species of swan, and thus a member of the duck, goose and swan family Anatidae. It is native to much of Europe and Asia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is also an introduced species in North America, Australasia and southern Africa.

## Description 
Measuring 125 to 170 centimetres (49 to 67 in) in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage with an orange bill bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the bill.

When swimming, the mute swan holds its neck in a graceful "S" curve with its bill pointing downward. The whooper swans usually carry their bill level with their neck erect. The male frequently arches his secondary wing feathers over his back in an aggressive display posture.
 
## Gallery 

File:Cygnus_olor_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.11.2.jpg|Egg of mute swan.
File:Schwanenpaar_(1)_beim_Gründeln_mit_Jungen_im_Sonnensee,_Binsfeld.JPG|Swan couple in eaten by aquatic plants.
File:Knölsvan_(Cygnus_olor)_Ystad-2016.jpg|Scared mute swans take off. 
File:Knölsvan_-_(Cygnus_olor)_-_Ystad-2020.jpg|A pair of mute swans grooming.
File:Mute_swans_(Cygnus_olor)_and_cygnets.jpg|Mute swans with cygnets.
File:Cygnus_olor_-_Mute_Swan_XC434964.mp3| Sound from wingbeats.
Musgrave Ranges

**Musgrave Ranges** is a mountain range in Central Australia. It covers the boundary of South Australia (Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara) and the Northern Territory (MacDonnell Shire). It separates the Great Victoria Desert to the south and the Gibson Desert to the north. The range has a length of . Many of its peaks have a height of more than . The highest peak is Mount Woodroffe at . The first European to find them was the English explorer William Gosse in the 1870s. He named them after Anthony Musgrave, the Governor of South Australia at the time. At the start of the 20th century, Yankunytjatjara people began migrating east, setting up camps along the Alberga River and moving into the mission at Ernabella. From 1917, they also began a movement southward to Ooldea. Groups of Pitjantjatjara were forced to move to the Musgrave region because of a long drought in their territory, the Mann and Tomkinson Ranges in the west. Today, most of the families in the communities of Amata and Kaltjiti identify as Pitjantjatjara.

The South Australian part of the Musgrave Ranges was granted to the Pitjantjatjara people in the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1980. Since then, most people have moved into settlements in more hospitable areas.

## References
Muhammad Hayat Khan

**Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan**, CSI (1833&ndash;1901), Khattar was an Indian Muslim administrator who had a distinguished career in British India. He belonged to Wah area of Northern Punjab. 
## Early life and career
Muhammad Hayat Khan was a son of Karam Khan, a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Khattar tribe who was against Sikh rule in his area and wished to remove it. 

He thus sided with the British East India Company and was killed in 1848. His sons, including Muhammad Hayat, were raised and educated by the British Indian officers like John Nicholson and James Abbott. 

He was eventually selected to become Nicholson's orderly and Persian language interpreter. In 1857, when the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) broke out, he accompanied Nicholson and his military force to Delhi to counter the rebels there, who were trying to win over the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, to their cause.

## Career
In September 1857, when John Nicholson was mortally wounded on an assault on Delhi by the British, Muhammad Hayat looked after him until he died. Before dying, Nicholson recommended him to Sir John Lawrence, Chief Commissioner of the Punjab and later its first Governor. Muhammad Hayat was thus given a series of important civil appointments in the Punjab province by the grateful British, and after serving as an Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and then Sessions Judge, he eventually became the first Muslim native to be appointed as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council.

In 1899 he was given a CSI award and given the title of 'Nawab' in recognition of his long and meritorious services to the British Raj. He was also a close friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and a firm supporter of the Aligarh Movement for Muslim education, which resulted in the foundation of the MAO College (later Aligarh Muslim University) in India.

## Death and legacy
He died in December 1901, at his native village Wah, North Punjab, British India. Two of his sons, Sir Liaqat Hayat and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan went on to be famous in their own right.

## References
Mir Masjidi Khan

Sahibzada **Mir Masjidi Khan** (died 1841) was a leader in the Kohistan region of Afghanistan. He opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by the Government of British India during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Leaders in the Kohistan region including Mir Masjidi Khan, refused to pay taxes to the British, and began to organize their soldiers in July 1840. After attacks by British soldiers he and Sultan Muhammad Khan joined forces with Dost Muhammad Khan and fought a major battle with British at Parwan on November 2nd, 1840. truck driver Adam Khan, Olympic games coach Bashir Taraki and teacher Attaullah Wahidyar.

## References
Mafdet

**Mafdet** was a goddess in early Egyptian mythology. She protected against snakes and scorpions and was often shown as either some sort of feline or mongoose.

In art, Mafdet was shown as a feline, a woman with a feline head, or a feline with the head of a woman.

## References
Two wrongs make a right

"**Two wrongs make a right**" and "'''two wrongs don't make a right'''" are English phrases that denote philosophical norms. 

The key idea is based on "two wrongs", a phrase that consider two things as wrong.

“Two wrongs don't make a right”, is a proverb used to rebuke or renounce wrongful conduct as a response to another's assumed transgression.

“Two wrongs make a right” has an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation. In English, that might be considered as a fallacy of relevance.

## “Two wrongs make a right”
“Two wrongs make a right” might be considered as a fallacy of relevance since it assumes that if one wrong is committed, another wrong cancels it out. 

This phrase considers the two actions are wrong. For that reason, it is not used by a wrongdoer who does not consider its action as wrong.

This phrase considers breaking the law (or the wrong) is justified as long as the other party also does so. 

## Two wrongs do not make one right 
''''* is a proverb and means that a wrongful action is not an appropriate way to correct or cancel a previous wrongful action regarding to a norm.

Additionally, it alleges the first action is also wrong.

## Relationship 
When both actions are considered wrong, the two phrases might be opposed to each other.

## Criticism
Common use of the term is criticized by scholar Gregory S. Kavka in *Journal of Business Ethics''. Kavka refers to philosophical concepts of retribution by Thomas Hobbes. He states that if something supposedly held up as a moral standard or common social rule is violated enough in society, an individual or group within society can break that standard or rule as well by being being unfairly disadvantaged. As well, in specific circumstances violations of social rules can be defensible if done as direct responses to other violations.

For example, Kavka states that it is wrong to deprive someone of their property but it is right to take property back from a criminal who took  another's property in the first place. He also states that one should be careful not to use this ambiguity as an excuse to violate ethical rules recklessly.

Conservative journalist Victor Lasky wrote in his book ''It Didn't Start With Watergate'' that while "two wrongs don't make a right." if a set of immoral things are done and not prosecuted, that creates a legal precedent. People who do the same wrongs in the future should thus rationally expect to get away as well. Lasky analogizes the situation between John F. Kennedy's wiretapping of Martin Luther King, Jr., which led to nothing, and Richard Nixon's actions in Watergate, which Nixon thought would also lead to nothing.

## History
The phrase "two wrongs infer one right" appears in a poem dated to 1734 that was published in *The London Magazine*.

## Related pages
* Norm (philosophy)
*An eye for an eye
*Tit for tat
*Punishment
*Retributive justice

## References
## Other websites
*The Fallacy Files: Two Wrongs Make a Right
*Nizkor: two wrongs make a right
Siegfried Sassoon

**Siegfried Sassoon** (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English poet and novelist, who became widely known as a result of a protest against the First World War that he made in 1917.

## Background
Sassoon's father, Alfred, came from a very rich family, but they did not approve of his marriage and as a result he did not inherit any of the family fortune. Sassoon's mother, Theresa, came from a family of artists.  She and Alfred had three sons: Michael, Siegfried and Hamo, but Alfred left her when the children were still very young.  Alfred himself died not long afterwards, leaving Theresa to bring up the three boys. Although they were not as wealthy as Alfred's family, they were able to live comfortably in a large house near the village of Matfield in Kent.

## Early life
As a young man, Siegfried could afford to keep a horse and became a very inspiring and a very good professional  rider, but his greatest ambition was to be a millionaire and a poet. He did not succeed in finding a publisher for any of his work until just before the First World War broke out. At that point, he joined the army. He chose the Sussex Yeomanry, in order that his horse could go with him rather than being taken by the authorities for other uses. As a result of a riding accident during training, he was out of action for a while, and he then decided to join an infantry regiment and become an officer. The regiment he joined was the Royal Welch Fusiliers,

By 1917, many of Sassoon's friends, and his brother,  Sassoon and Owen were separated after a few months, when Sassoon came to the end of his time at the hospital and agreed to go back to his regiment.

Sassoon was not sent back to France immediately, but fought for a few months in Palestine, where the troops were in less danger of being killed. After that, he returned to France, but after only a short time he was wounded again, and this time it was serious enough to stop him from being sent back.  He stayed in touch with Wilfred Owen. While Sassoon was away fighting, Owen had also been released from hospital, and was being sent back to his regiment in France. Several days before the end of the war, Owen was killed.

During the war, Sassoon's poetry had become very successful. After the war, however, he went through a period of great unhappiness.  His friend Rivers died suddenly, and he felt he had nothing left to write about. He realised that he was homosexual,

He continued to be a respected writer until his death, and had many friends in the world of literature, including another poet, Edmund Blunden, whom he had met during the 1920s. In 1951, he was awarded the CBE and in 1957 the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry.

Sassoon had been brought up by his mother in the Church of England, although his father was Jewish. His war experiences made him doubt the existence of God, and he was not interested in religion until towards the end of his life. In 1957, after much heart-searching, he became a Roman Catholic, and remained so until his death at the age of eighty. He was buried in the churchyard at Mells in Somerset.

## References
Evelyn Underhill

**Evelyn Underhill** (married name *Evelyn Moore*) (1875&ndash;1941) was an English mystical poet and writer, who is best known for her several mystical theological works.
Majed Abdullah

**Majed Ahmed Abdullah Al-Mohammed** (; born 1 November 1959  in Jeddah) is a retired Saudi Arabian footballer. He played as a striker. He has scored more goals for the Saudi national team than any other player. He was nicknamed the Arabian Pelé. Abdullah was voted as the best football player in the history of Saudi Arabia in a poll by IBOPE Zogby International.

## References
## Other websites 
*
G. K. Chesterton

**G. K. Chesterton** (in full **Gilbert Keith Chesterton**; 1874&ndash;1936) was an English author and critic who wrote a large and varied number of works, including essays, poems, novels, short stories and more. He is perhaps best remembered today for his delightfully mysterious yet humorous Father Brown stories, based on his very popular, imaginary priest-detective.
Maki Kureishi

**Maki Kureishi** (1927–1995) was a Pakistani poet writing in English, known for her delicate and highly sensitive poetry. She taught for many years at the University of Karachi in Karachi, Pakistan. She was the aunt of English writer Hanif Kureishi. 

## References
Anna Molka Ahmed

**Anna Molka Ahmed** (13 August 1917 &ndash; 20 April 1994) was a Pakistani artist, art writer and poet who played a major role in starting the Department of Fine Arts at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

## References
Tariq Rahman

Dr **Tariq Rahman** (born 4 February 1949), is a Pakistani linguist, academic, writer and journalist. He taught for many years at the Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 

## References
Zulfikar Ghose

**Zulfikar Ghose** (born March 1935) is a writer and novelist of Pakistani origin, settled and teaching in Texas, USA. Among his better known works are *The Murder of Aziz Khan* (1967), *The Incredible Brazilian* (trilogy, 1972-78), *Don Bueno* (1983) and *The Triple Mirror of the Self* (1992).
National Liberation Front of Tripura

The **National Liberation Front of Tripura** (or NLFT) is an Tripuri nationalist militant organization based in Tripura, in North-east India.  The NLFT seeks to separate from the Republic of India and set up an independent Tripuri state, and has actively participated in the Tripura Rebellion.

## References
We Have Survived

"**We Have Survived**" is a song by the Australian band No Fixed Address. It was written by Bart Willoughby when he was 18. It first appeared in the movie *Wrong Side of the Road*, and was released on its soundtrack in 1980. It was later included on the band's first album *From My Eyes* from 1982.

"We Have Survived" is often sung as a kind of anthem by Indigenous Australians. It is often performed by cover bands in pubs and festivals. In 2008, it was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry.

## References
## Other websites
* Listen to "We Have Survived"
Taklamakan Desert

The **Taklamakan Desert**, also known as **Taklimakan** and **Teklimakan**, is a desert in Northwest China, in the southwest part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan to the west and north. The **Taklamakan Desert Ecoregion** is a Chinese ecoregion of the Deserts and xeric shrublands Biome. 

There is very little water in the desert and it is dangerous to cross. Merchant caravans on the Silk Road stopped for relief at the thriving oasis towns. The key oasis towns, watered by rainfall from the mountains, were Kashgar, Marin, Niya, Yarkand and Khotan to the south, Kuqa and Turpan in the north and Loulan and Dunhuang in the east. Some of these are now ruined cities in sparsely inhabited areas in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The present population consists largely of Turkic Uyghur people.

## References
Rapid plant movement

is one of a small group of plants that are capable of rapid movement]]

**Rapid plant movement** means quick movement of plant structures, usually under a second. 

For example, the Venus Flytrap closes its trap in about 100 milliseconds. Some other carnivorous plants, such as the bladderworts, also have a rapid response to insects.

The Dogwood Bunchberry, *Cornus canadensis*, has a flower which opens its petals and fires pollen in less than 0.5 milliseconds. The record is currently held by the White Mulberry tree, *Morus alba*, whose leaves are used to cultivate silkworms. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. The stamens act as catapults, releasing stored elastic energy in just 25 µs. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".

The very widespread genus *Impatiens* gets its common name, "touch-me-not", from its seed capsules. When the capsules mature, they "explode" when touched, shooting seeds several metres away.
A comparatively slow-moving  plant is *Mimosa pudica*, which closes its leaflets in a graceful sequence.

These rapid plant movements contrast with the more common, and much slower "growth-movements" of plants. They are called *tropisms*. 

Charles Darwin in 1880 published his last work before his death, *The Power of Movement in Plants*.

## Related pages 
*Charles Darwin's books

## References
Morus alba

***Morus alba*** (the white mulberry, common mulberry, or the silkworm mulberry), is a genus of 10–16 species of trees. They are native to warm regions of Central Asia, and South-central Asia, with most of the species native to Asia. 

Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, *Morus alba*, are important as the food of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk. *Morus alba* is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".

## References