open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Subic Bay

**Subic Bay**, is a bay on the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is about 100 kilometers (62 mi) northwest of Manila Bay. The bay is 35 miles (55 km) northwest of the mouth of Manila Bay and extends northward along the Luzon coastline. From 1901 to 1992 the United States operated a naval base, *Subic Bay Naval Station*, on the southeast coast of the bay. 

 

Following the U.S. turnover of the base to the Philippines in 1992, the area was redeveloped as a free-enterprise zone that included establishing a free port and technopark; and converted the naval air base there to an international airport. 

## Subic Bay International Airport
**Subic Bay International Airport** serves as a secondary and diversion airport for the *Ninoy Aquino International Airport* in Metro Manila and the *Clark International Airport* in Pampanga. 

## References
## Other websites
*Map of Subic Bay*
*Subic Bay Port Facilities*
*Exploring the Philippines: Freeports and Special Economic Zones*
Malatya

**Malatya** is a big city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the capital of Malatya Province. The city has been a human settlement for thousands of years.

The name "Malatya" might come from the Hittite word "melid" or "milit," which means "honey." The city has been known by different names over time, like "Malidiya" in Hittite and "Meliddu" in Akkadian.

The ancient Greek historian Strabo said that the city was called "Melitene" in ancient times. The Romans used this name after they expanded into the east. Strabo also said that the people of Melitene shared the same language and culture with people from nearby areas like Cappadocia and Cataonia.

The ancient city of Melitene was located a few kilometers away from the modern city, in the village of Arslantepe near Battalgazi. Battalgazi, which was called "Eskimalatya" (Old Malatya), used to be the center of the city until the 19th century, when the city moved to its current location.

Malatya is famous for its apricots. About 80% of Turkey's apricot production comes from Malatya, which is called "kayısı diyarı" (apricot land).

In February 2023, the city was severely damaged as a result of the Turkey–Syria earthquake.

## References
Allobates velocicantus

The **fast singer frog** (*Allobates velocicantus*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home
Scientists saw the frog in forest that had never been cut down and forest that was growing back. They found it near streams. They saw it between 181 and 211 meters above sea level.

The frog lives in a protected place Área De Relevante Interesse Ecológico Japiim Pentecoste.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on small, woody plant leaves. After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the frogs to water.

## Danger
Scientists do not know if this frog is in danger of dying out.  Scientists found the frog in two places, and one of them is protected. But people cut down too many trees in both places to get wood to build with and make room for farms and places for cows to eat grass, even where this is against the law.

## References
Jo Simons

**J. J. M. "Jo" Simons** (1938 – January 2025) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and later Christian Democratic Appeal.

Simons was born in Pey in 1938. He started working in 1955 at the age of 17 at the town hall in Linne and became a municipal secretary. In September 1976 he was appointed mayor of Broekhuizen. He was mayor there until 1985 and was replaced by . In 1985 he was appointed mayor of Heel en Panheel and from 1986 he was also mayor of Beegden. After the merger of the municipalities of Heel and Panheel, Beegden and Wessem into the municipality of Heel, Simons became mayor of this merged municipality, which he would remain until his early retirement in 1995. Upon his retirement, Simons was appointed Knight in the Order of Orange Nassau. Simons died in 2025 at the age of 86.

Simons died in January 2025, at the age of 86.

## References
Routing

**Routing** is the process of selecting paths in a network to send data packets from a source to a destination. It is essential for communication in Computer Networks, the Internet, and Telecommunication systems. Routers, which are specialized Network Devices, determine the best path for data transmission using algorithms and protocols such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Effective routing ensures efficient data delivery, reducing latency and optimizing network performance.  

There are various types of routing, including Static Routing, Dynamic Routing, and Default Routing. Static Routing requires manual configuration of fixed paths, making it simple but less adaptable. Dynamic Routing, used in large networks like ISPs (Internet Service Providers), relies on protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) to adjust routes automatically. Default Routing is used when a router forwards packets to a default path when no specific route is known. These routing methods collectively ensure smooth data flow across LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), and Cloud Networks.  

Routing plays a crucial role in modern Cybersecurity, as malicious actors can exploit vulnerabilities in Network Routing to launch Man-in-the-Middle Attacks, DDoS Attacks, and IP Spoofing. Secure routing protocols, such as IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) and SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security), help encrypt data and protect sensitive information. As network infrastructures evolve with advancements in 5G Technology, Edge Computing, and AI-driven Networking, routing strategies continue to improve, ensuring seamless global connectivity.  

----
Tarbiat Modares University

**Tarbiat Modares University** is a public graduate university in Tehran, Iran. Its name means "Professor Training University" in Persian. Tarbiat Modares University is the 7th best university in Iran according to usnews.

## Overview 
Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) was founded in 1982 and is a leading graduate school in Iran. It offers Ph.D. programs in science and engineering. Currently, TMU has 171 master’s programs and 132 Ph.D. programs, with over 8,000 students and 775 faculty members.

### Faculty of Agriculture 
Established in 1983, this faculty focuses on solving agricultural challenges through seminars and coursework.

### Faculty of Art and Architecture 
This faculty offers programs in painting, animation, art studies, theatre, graphic design, visual arts, architecture, urban planning, construction, and building management.

### Faculty of Basic Sciences 
Originally, this faculty included Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, and Physics. As student numbers grew, Biology and Mathematics became separate faculties. Now, it focuses on Chemistry, Geology, and Physics.

* **Chemistry**: Covers Analytical, Inorganic, Organic, and Physical Chemistry.
* **Geology**: Focuses on Economic Geology, Engineering Geology, Petrology, and Tectonics.
* **Physics**: Specializes in Atomic and Molecular Physics, Condensed Matter, and Particle Physics.

### Faculty of Biological Sciences 
Started with Plant Sciences and Genetics, later adding Biochemistry and Biophysics. It now includes Nanobiotechnology and broader biology fields.

### Faculty of Chemical Engineering 
Founded in 1983, this faculty has six departments: Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Polymer Engineering, Polymerization Processes, Biotechnology Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering.

### Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering 
This faculty provides master’s and Ph.D. programs in civil and environmental engineering.

### Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) 
Offers M.Sc. and Ph.D. programs in biomedical engineering, computer engineering, communications, control, electronics, power systems, and IT engineering. The faculty also conducts research in optoelectronics, VLSI, satellite communications, power electronics, and power systems.

## References
Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland

The **inauguration of Grover Cleveland** as the 24th president of the United States happened on March 4, 1893. It was the start of the second and final four-year term of Grover Cleveland as president and the only term of Adlai Stevenson I as vice president. 

The ceremony was held at the East Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This event was the 27th inauguration. Cleveland had previously been the 22nd president, and was the first president to serve two non-consecutive terms. 

Chief Justice Melville Fuller administered the presidential oath of office. Levi P. Morton administered the vice presidential oath to Stevenson.
This was the first inauguration in which a former president was re-inaugurated to a non-consecutive term. This did not happen again until the swearing-in of Donald Trump in 2025, following his victory in the 2024 presidential election.

## References
## Other websites
Text of Cleveland's Second Inaugural Address
Switch Metrodecker

The **Switch Metrodecker** (previously called the Optare MetroDecker) is a double-decker bus. It has a low-floor. It has been made from 2014 to the present day by Switch Mobility.

In 2020, Optare changed its name to Switch Mobility.

## Metrodecker 
From 2014 to the present day, Switch Mobility make a diesel bus called the Metrodecker.

### Operators 
Three demonstrators were made by Optare for bus operators to trial around the United Kingdom. These entered service with First South Yorkshire, Go North East, NAT Group, and Go-Ahead London. After the trials ended, no operators ordered any diesel Metrodeckers.

In 2018, Reading Buses ordered five diesel Metrodeckers for use on Green Line route 702. In 2020, Reading Buses cancelled the order because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Metrodecker EV 
 Optare MetroDecker EV on route 23 at Marble Arch in September 2022]]
From 2015 to the present day, Switch Mobility make a battery electric bus called the Metrodecker EV.

In 2020, Tower Transit ordered 37 Metrodecker EVs for use on routes 23 and C3, 

In 2021, Go-Ahead London ordered 17 Metrodecker EVs for use on route 200.

##### United Kingdom 
In 2019, First York ordered 21 Metrodecker EVs for use on York Park & Ride services.

## MetroDecker H2 
In 2020, Optare made a hydrogen fuel cell bus bus called the MetroDecker H2. It was made for countries that have a humid subtropical climate and would need air conditioning. As of July 2025, no operators have ordered any Metrodecker H2s.

## Incidents 
In May 2022, a fire destroyed six buses at Metroline's Potters Bar garage, two buses were Metrodecker EVs. Switch Mobility told all operators to stop using Metrodecker EVs. An investigation into the Potters Bar fire found that a conductive coolant had been added to the battery system of a Metrodecker EV instead of a non-conductive one, the buses returned to service in May. the cause of fire isn't known and was being investigated by Go-Ahead London.

## References
## Other websites
Metal-halide lamp

## Operation 
A Metal Halide lamp is a gas discharge lamp, like a mercury vapor lamp, with metal halide salts added to improve luminous efficacy and CRI. The arc tube emits harmful UV light, but this light is blocked by the outer envelope. They are more efficient than an incandescent bulb. Metal halide lamps can be probe start or pulse start.

## Starting methods 
### Pulse start 
Pulse start metal halide (PSMH) lamps start the lamp with a high voltage pulse, doing so by an igniter, or an electronic ballast. This is generally more efficient than probe start and allows for faster warm up times

### Probe start 
Probe start metal halide lamps came first, and start in a way similar to a mercury vapor lamp. There is a ‘starting electrode’ run in series with a resistor, next to the main electrode to form a small arc which ignites the large arc. This means the lamp is slower to start, and less efficient than PSMH.

## Ballast 
All gas-discharge lamps require a ballast to function. These can either be magnetic or electronic ballasts.

### Magnetic 
Magnetic ballasts make use of an inductor to limit current flow, which is often paired with an igniter in a PSMH lamp. These ballasts waste some energy and may cause a poor power factor. A capacitor is often connected across the input terminals to correct power factor. Magnetic ballasts cause the lamp to pulse at 60 hz.

### Electronic 
Electronic ballasts first rectify the incoming AC power to DC power then, this DC power is converted to high frequency AC, at 20 - 100 KHz. This reduces the pulsing of the lamp.
Islamic Republic News Agency

**The Islamic Republic News Agency** (**IRNA**) is the official news agency of Iran. It was first started on November 13, 1934, as Pars News Agency during the rule of Reza Shah. The Iranian government funds and controls it through the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. IRNA also publishes a newspaper called Iran. As of September 2024, its Managing Director is Hossein Jaberi-Ansari. IRNA has 60 offices inside Iran and 30 more in different countries around the world.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*official instagram
*official telegram
*official twitter 
*official youtube
*official jahan Irna instagram
*official irna images
Switch Metrocity

The **Switch Metrocity** (previously called the Optare MetroCity) is a single-decker midibus. It has a low-floor. It has been made from 2013 to the present day by Switch Mobility.

## MetroCity 
From 2013 to the present day, Switch Mobility make a diesel model called the Metrocity.

The MetroCity is made in different lengths, these lengths are , , ,

In 2023, Optare Metrocity was replaced with Switch Metrocity, the bus interior and exterior stayed the same.

## Metrocity EV 
 Metrocity EV with dual-doors (doors in the middle) on route 312 in December 2014]]
From 2014 to the present day, Switch Mobility make an electric model called the Metrocity EV.

In 2020, Optare changed its name to Switch Mobility.

In 2023, Optare Metrocity EV was replaced with Switch Metrocity EV, the bus interior and exterior stayed the same.

## References
## Other websites
JAC Heyue Tongyue

The **JAC Heyue Tongyue** also known as the **JAC J3** is a Subcompact car made by JAC Motors from 2008 to 2017.

## History and Features 
The JAC Heyue Tongyue (or the J3) was first shown as two prototypes at the Auto China in 2008. shortly after being shown it started being made and was later launched the cars were developed by Pinninfarina a famous Italian design house the Heyue Tongyue (or the J3) has both Hatchback and Sedan versions and a Crossover version called JAC Tongyue RS Cross.

It has a 1.3 liter petrol engine supplied by Mitsubishi (due to a agreement between JAC and Mitsubishi) with a 5-speed both manual and CVT automatic transmissions it waa improved in 2014. the car has a electric version called JAC iEV4 (previously Tongyue EV) this version launched in 2011 has a range of 150 km (93 mi).

## Markets 
The JAC Heyue Tongyue (or the J3) was mainly sold in the Chinese market during its production but also it was sold in Brazil, Latin America and other countries.

## Discontinuation 
The production of The JAC Heyue Tongyue (or the J3) ended in 2017 and it was discontinued without a sucessor.

## References
Dafydd Elis-Thomas

**Dafydd Elis Elis-Thomas, Baron Elis-Thomas**,  (; 18 October 1946 – 7 February 2025) was a Welsh politician. He was the leader of Plaid Cymru from 1984 to 1991. He represented the Dwyfor Meirionnydd constituency in the Senedd from 1999 to 2021.

Elis-Thomas died after a short illness at home, on 7 February 2025, at the age of 78.

## References
Bering Air Flight 445

**Bering Air Flight 445** was a scheduled domestic flight in Alaska, United States, from Unalakeet Airport to Nome Airport. On February 6, 2025, the Cessna 208B Grand Caravan operating the flight crashed in the Bering Sea. Of the 10 people on board, there were no survivors.

A search is being done by the United States Coast Guard and is currently ongoing.

## References
Mohammad Mustafa (politician)

**Mohammad Abdullah Mohammad Mustafa** (born August 26, 1954) is a Palestinian economist and politician. He has been the prime minister of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority since 2024. 

Mustafa was the Chairman of the Board of the Palestine Investment Fund (PIF), Senior Economic Advisor to President Mahmoud Abbas and an Independent member of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization before becoming prime minister. 

He was also deputy prime minister and Minister of National Economy of Palestine.

## References
Mohammad Mustafa

**Mohammad Mustafa** may refer to:

* Mohamed Musthaffa (1952–2023), Sri Lankan politician
* Mohammad Mustafa (politician) (born 1954), Prime Minister of Palestine
* Mohammad Mustafa (footballer, born 1989), Jordanian footballer
* Mohammad Mustafa (footballer, born 2000), Iraqi footballer
* Mohammad Musthafa Shaik aka Mohammad Mustafa, Andhra Pradesh politician of India
* Mohammad Mustafa (alias), the purported Norwegian author of a controversial 1987 letter, the Mustafa Letter
*Mohamed Mustafa, Sudanese footballer
*Muhammad Mustafá Baghdádí, Iraqi adherent of the Baháʼí faith

## Related pages
* Mustafa Mohammad (born 1968) bodybuilder
* Muhammad (disambiguation)
* Mustafa (disambiguation)
Blaubeuren

**Blaubeuren** is a town in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the home to the former Blaubeuren Abbey.

## References
Dietenheim

**Dietenheim** is a town in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is on the left bank of the Iller,  south of Ulm.

## References
Erbach an der Donau

**Erbach an der Donau** is a town in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is on the river Danube.

## References
Occupational therapy

**Occupational therapy** (**OT**) is a healthcare profession. Its goal is help clients participate in important daily activities (called occupations). Some OT clients receive occupational therapy to help them recover or adapt to injuries or medical events (like strokes). Others have chronic pain, physical disabilities, developmental disabilities, or other chronic conditions (like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease).

Occupational therapists help clients by teaching, educating, and supporting participation in daily activities. For example, an OT might teach a client new ways to do daily tasks; teach how to use assistive technology; or show stretching and strengthening exercises.

## Job requirements 
Occupational therapists are university-educated professionals and must pass a licensing exam to practice. Currently, entry level occupational therapists must have a master's degree while certified occupational therapy assistants require a two-year associate degree to practice in the United States. Individuals must pass a national board certification and apply for a state license in most states. 

## References
Switch E1

The **Switch E1** is a single-decker electric bus. It has a low-floor. It has been made from 2022 to the present day by Switch Mobility.

In 2022, It replaced the Optare Tempo SR and Optare Versa.

## References
Amstetten (Württemberg)

**Amstetten** is a municipality in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
John Paul Tremblay

**John Paul Tremblay** (born May 17, 1968) is a Canadian actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Julian in the mockumentary *Trailer Park Boys*. He has acted in movies, television, and voice acting.

Tremblay knew his *Trailer Park Boys* co-star since before they started acting. They were both in business together, starting a pizza chain in Prince Edward Island called J.R. Capone's with Patrick Roach also as a partner. Tremblay and Wells acted in the One Last Shot about two friends that have one last night out together in Halifax before one of them moved to Vancouver.

On July 4, 2013, Tremblay, Robb Wells, and Mike Smith bought the rights to *Trailer Park Boys* and revived the series through their website SwearNet. Seasons 8 to 12 were broadcast exclusively on Netflix.

Tremblay is an avid car collector and owns a 2005 Porsche 911 Turbo, 2010 Porsche Cayenne Turbo, and 1967 Camaro RS.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mike Smith (actor)

**Mike Smith** is a Canadian actor, comedian,  screenwriter, and singer-songwriter. He is best known for his role as Bubbles in the mockumentary *Trailer Park Boys*. He has acted in movies, television, and voice acting.

Before acting, Smith started playing music. Early on, he was a member of Sandbox. The band was signed to EMI and Nettwerk. They saw success in Canada, having their songs played multiple times on MuchMusic and were nominated for Best New Group at the 1997 Juno Awards.

Smith has also played in the band Bubbles & the Shit Rockers as his character Bubbles. He played with the likes of Alex Lifeson of Rush and Tom Wilson, as well as, American rock band Guns N' Roses during their Chinese Democracy Tour.

Smith said that he made up the character Bubbles while he was goofing off in the locker room when he was playing ice hockey to entertain his teammates. He showed television producer Mike Clattenburg who he said loved it and gave the character the name Bubbles. Smith appeared as the character in the short film *The Cart Boy* but the character's name was Darren. *The Cart Boy* served as the pitch for Showcase who picked up the *Trailer Park Boys* for their first season and renamed his character Bubbles.

Smith has also appeared in the season 3 episode of *Archer* titled "The Limited" along with his *Trailer Park Boys* castmates.

On July 4, 2013, Smith, John Paul Tremblay, and Robb Wells bought the rights to *Trailer Park Boys* and revived the series through their website SwearNet. Seasons 8 to 12 were broadcast exclusively on Netflix.

## References
## Other websites
*
JAC Refine S5

The **JAC Refine S5** is a compact CUV made by JAC Motors from 2013 to 2019 it replaced the JAC Rein.

## History and Features 
The JAC Refine S5 was previewed by the JAC Eagle SII concept at the Beijing Auto Show in 2012 in the same year at the Guangzhou Auto Show it was launched originally it was the Eagle S5 the car was renamed to JAC Refine S5 shortly after the improvement to fit the JAC Refine sub-brand.  

It uses a new plataform instead of the Hyundai plataform that the JAC Rein used due to the end of JAC Motors making under licence Hyundai's cars and is slightly positioned above the JAC Refine S3.

The JAC Refine S5 has a controversial design mainly because the front-end is similar to the Hyundai Veracruz the rear is simillar to the third gen Hyundai Santa Fe with the rear lights similar to Audi and the side is similar to the Hyundai ix35/Tucson the car has a 1.5 liter turbo petrol engine with a 6-speed both manual and Dual-clutch transmissions it was later improved.

## Markets 
The JAC Refine S5 was sold mainly in the Chinese market during its entire production.

## Discontinuation 
The production of The JAC Refine S5 ended in 2019 and was replaced by the Sehol X6.

## References
Darwen Group

The **Darwen Group** was a bus builder. They were founded in Blackburn, Lancashire, England.

The company was created from the purchase of East Lancashire Coachbuilders who went into administration (law) in August 2007.

In June 2008 Darwen performed a reverse takeover with the then bus builder Optare (now Switch Mobility). After the reverse takeover, the Darwen name was changed to Optare UK Ltd.

## Products
 run by Preston Bus.]]
 run by Delaine.]]
 run by The Original Tour.]]

### Single-decker
***Darwen Esteem**
Built for the Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart, Scania N94UB Alexander Dennis Enviro300 and MAN 12.240 chassis. It used to be a East Lancs product, it was called the East Lancs Esteem.

***Darwen Panaire**
This is a open-top Esteem. It is the only open-top single-decker bus offered in the UK although no orders were taken.

### Double-decker
***Darwen OmniDekka**
Built for the Scania N230UD/N270UD chassis. It used to be a East Lancs product, it was called the East Lancs Omnidekka. It replaced the ELC Scania N94UD.

***Darwen Olympus**
Built for the Volvo B9TL, Alexander Dennis Enviro400 and Scania N230UD/N270UD chassis. It used to be a East Lancs product, it was called the East Lancs Olympus.

***Darwen Visionaire**
Built so far on the Volvo B9TL chassis. It used to be a East Lancs product, it was called the East Lancs Visionaire.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Desni Sektor UNA

Desni Sektor UNA (Right Sector UNA) is a far-right nationalist political movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is known for its ultra-nationalist and ethnocentric views, with a strong focus on protecting the perceived cultural and national identity of the Bosniak populations. The movement is active in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and aligns with broader far-right trends in the region, which often include opposition to Serbs and support for strict nationalist ideologies.

Desni Sektor UNA advocates for ethnically homogenous communities and frequently engages in anti-Serb, anti-Roma rhetoric. The group's ideology promotes a defensive stance against what they perceive as threats to Bosnian identity, especially in light of the socio-political environment post-Bosnian War,they believe that Bosnia should be a single state, without Serbs or Croats.

The ideologies of Desni Sektor UNA are the same as in the older Bosnian Neo-Nazi group Bosnian Movement of National Pride which promote a nationalistic type of a "Bosniak only" state without Jews, Serbs, Croats and other minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
JAC Refine S7

The **JAC Refine S7** is a compact Crossover SUV made by JAC Motors from 2017 to 2020.

## History and Features 
The JAC Refine S7 was launched in 2017 its positioned above the JAC Refine S5. it has both five and seven seats versions. the SUV shares its plataform with the JAC Refine A60 and has a 1.5 and 2.0 liter both turbo petrol engines (that are the same engines of the JAC Refine A60) with a 6-speed both manual and Dual-clutch transmissions it was later improved one year later in 2018.

## Markets 
The JAC Refine S7 was sold mainly in the Chinese market but in Mexico it was made locally through kits CKD and was sold as the JAC Sei 7 in Latin America it was sold as the JAC T80.

## Discontinuation 
The production of The JAC Refine S7 ended in 2020 and was replaced by the Sehol X7.

## References
Holzkirch

**Holzkirch** is a municipality in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It belongs to the municipal administration Langenau. It has a church called St. Barbara.

## References
Laichingen

**Laichingen** is a town in Alb-Donau near Ulm in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Lonsee

**Lonsee** is a municipality in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It has seven villages of Ettlenschieß, Halzhausen, Lonsee, Luizhausen, Radelstetten, Sinabronn, and Urspring.

## References
JAC Refine S4

The **JAC Refine S4** is a compact Crossover SUV made by JAC Motors from 2018 to 2022.

## History and Features 
The JAC Refine S4 was launched in October 2018 its slightly positioned above the JAC Refine S3 and below the JAC Refine S5. the Refine S4 has a 1.5 liter turbo and 1.6 liter petrol engines with a 6-speed manual or CVT transmissions.

It has a electric version called JAC iEVS4 this version has three versions:one with a 55 kWh battery with a range of 355 km (221 mi) other with a 61 kWh battery with a range of 402 km (249 mi) and a version with a 66 kWh battery with a range of 470 km (292 mi).

## Markets 
The JAC Refine S4 was sold mainly in the Chinese market but in some places outside China it was sold as the JAC T60 and in Mexico it was made through kits CKD in Ciudad Sahagún and was sold as the JAC Sei 4.

## Discontinuation 
The production of The Refine S4 ended in 2022 and was eventually discontinued without a sucessor.

## References
Near-close vowel

A **near-close vowel** (or **near-high vowel**)  is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The meaning of a near-close vowel is that the tongue is positioned the same as an close vowel, but slightly less narrow.

## List
The near-close vowels with these symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
* near-close near-front unrounded vowel 
* near-close near-front rounded vowel 
* near-close near-back rounded vowel 

Other near-close vowels can have marks on letters of relative articulation applied to neighboring vowels, such as  and  for near-close, near-back, rounded and unrounded vowels.

## References
Banana chip

A **banana chip** is a slice of banana that has been dried or deep-fried. It can be covered in sugar, honey, or syrup. Banana chips are usually crispy and taste sweet.

## References
Subic Bay International Airport

**Subic Bay International Airport** (SBIA) serves as a secondary and diversion airport for both the *Ninoy Aquino International Airport* in Metro Manila and the *Clark International Airport* in Pampanga.

SBIA also directly serves the *Subic Bay Freeport Zone*. Its airport codes are . The airport was once known as **Cubi Point**, naval air station of the Subic Naval Base of the United States Navy before the eruption of Mount Pinatubo and its closure.

## Subic Bay Airfield 
The restoration of the Subic Bay Airfield (U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay) as a new "forward operating base" will host the maritime patrol assets for maritime and territorial disputes in the South China Sea, in line with the Philippines' and United States *Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept* (CADC). Situated along the former **Naval Air Station Cubi Point** at Naval Base Subic Bay edge, the project is aimed to enhance the surveillance and deployment capacities serving both countries.

## References
Karadia Koli

The **Karadia Koli** (**કરાડિયા કોલી** also spelled as **Karadiya Koli**) is a clan (Gotra) of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union Territory of Daman and Diu and nearby areas.

Karadia Kolis of Gujarat ruled over Karadi village in Jalalpore taluka of Navsari district during the time of Gujarat Sultanate and because of this, Karadia Kolis now called as Karadia.

## References
Nightcrawler (character)

**Nightcrawler** is a Marvel Comics superhero and mutant created by Len Wein in 1975. He can teleport through fog.

## Fictional character biography
Kurt Wagner was a circus performer known as Nightcrawler until he became a member of the X-Men.

## Powers and abilities 
Nightcrawler possesses superhuman agility, the ability to teleport, and adhesive hands and feet. His physical mutations include indigo-colored velvety fur which allows him to become nearly invisible in shadows, two-toed feet and three-fingered hands, yellow eyes, pointed ears, and a prehensile tail.

## In other media 
Nightcrawler has been played by Alan Cumming and Kodi-Smitt McPhee in the movie series.
Bahlul Khan Lodi

**Bahlul Khan Lodi** () was the Afghan king of the Lodi kingdom and founder of its ruling Lodi dynasty from the Delhi Sultanate. Bahlul became Sultan of the dynasty on 19 April 1451

## Reign 
 (Sharqis dynasty) in 1479.]]
In 1448, when Alam Shah retired to Badaun, a minister of Alam Shah, Hamid Khan invited him to occupy the throne of Delhi. After the voluntary abdication of the throne by Alam Shah, Bahlul Shah ascended the throne of Delhi on 19 April 1451 and adopted the title of *Bahlul Shah Ghazi*. Alam Shah continued to live in Badaun until his death in July 1478. 

## References
Wim van den Dungen

**Wim van den Dungen** (11 May 1944 – February 2025) was a Dutch footballer. 

Van den Dungen stated playing football with Rood-Wit '67. In 1965 he played for SV Budel. From 1966 he played with PSV. Van den Dungen was a striker, but moved during his time at PSV from midfield to right back. He played eight seasons for PSV, and won the KNVB Cup in 1974. He played a total of 247 matches for the club and scored 17 times. In the European Cup, Van den Dungen played 17 matches in which he scored twice. He scored one of these goals in 1971 in the semi-final of the European Cup 2, scoring the 1-1 against Real Madrid. Van den Dungen remained semi-professional his entire career and moved to the Belgian KFC Diest in 1974.

Van den Dungen died in February 2025 at the age of 80.

## References
Tomb of Bahlol Lodi

'''Bahlol Lodi's tomb''' is a building situated in Delhi, India, which is allegedly the tomb of an emperor of the Delhi Sultanate and the founder of the Lodi Dynasty, Bahlul Khan Lodi (). It was built by Sikandar Khan, the son and successor of Bahlul Lodi after the demise of his father in July 1489 A.D. 

The label of the building Chirag Delhi as Bahlul's tomb is debated by historians, some of them suggest the *Sheesh Gumbad* in the Lodi Gardens as the site of Bahlol Lodi's grave.

## Architecture
The tomb is constructed in rubble masonry.

## References
Tehran Times

The **Tehran Times** is a daily newspaper in English, published in Iran since 1979. It calls itself the "voice of the Islamic Revolution." Although it is not owned by the government, it is controlled by the state and linked to strict political groups in Iran.

Experts, diplomats, and policymakers often write for the newspaper. 

## References
## Othre websites
* 
* The History and Impact of the Tehran Times
Jaliya Koli

The **Jaliya Koli** (also spelled as **Jalia Koli**, **Jolia Koli** and **Joliya Koli**) is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat and the Union Territory of Daman and Diu and nearby areas. Jalia Kolis ruled over Dahewan village in Gujarat and last Koli ruler from Jalia Kolis was Jalim Jalia.

## Related pages 
*Koli rebellion
*Koli clans and titles
*Koli clans of Gujarat
*Koli dance
*Koli pirates

## References
Luqman

Luqman was a man after whom a chapter (*surah)* of the Qur'an is named after.

He is also known as Luqman the Wise or Luqman al-Hakim. Sometimes his name is spelled Lokman or Lukman.
Lodi (Pashtun tribe)

**Lodi** () is a historical Pashtun tribe and a prominent confederation of Afghans.

The Lodi clans were nomadic for most of their existence and migrated to their present-day locations by crossing the Gomal Pass throughout different times in history.

Two tribes among the Lodi ended up establishing their own empires, the Sur tribe established the Sur Empire and the Prangi tribe established the Lodi Dynasty.

## Bibliography
Sasaram

**Sasaram,** also spelled as **Shahasaram**, is a historical city in the Rohtas district of Bihar state in eastern India. The city served as the capital of the Sur Empire during Sher Shah Suri's rule over India in the 16th century, and was residence place sub capital of epic monarch Sahastrabahu (Kartivirya Arjuna).

## References
Meghani Koli

The **Meghani Koli** (Gujarati: મેઘાણી, Hindi: मेघाणी) is a clan of Koli caste in the Indian state of Gujarat.

## References
Mewasi Kolis of Gujarat

The **Mewasi Koli**, or **Mevasi Koli**, **Mehwasi Koli** is a Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste found in Indian state of Gujarat. The Koli chieftains who ruled over villages populated by turbulent Mehvasi Kolis often revolts against Maratha and Mughal rulers.

In those days, Mewasi word was used to describe the unruly, turbulent and violent Kolis who were native to Mehvas taluka but during British Raj, Mewasi Koli chieftains often rebellions against British rule as a hero.

Mewasi Kolis liked the independent rule of self so they always fought against their Rajas, Maharajas and other rulers. Mewasi Kolis often plundered the villages to collect the revenue.

In the fifteenth century , the early Sultans of Ahmedabad attempted to subjugate the Mehwasi Kolis; but they were met with such a sturdy resistance from those chiefs, who were naturally helped by the wild nature of their Koli chiefs.

Firozkhan II ruled at Palanpur from 1707-1719, during which period he attacked and took Tharad which was ruled by Koli chieftain, subdued the Mewasi Kolis of Sur Bhakhri, Kidotar and Dabhela and extended his territory.

The Rewakantha settlements were made during the regime of Sayajirao. these areas were constantly disturbed by the depredations of the Mehwasi Kolis, and the maintenance of law and order in these areas became a challenge for Baroda government.

## Clans 
Prominent subclans of Mewasi clan of Kolis include:
* Baria

## Mewasi villages 
The villages which were ruled or controlled by rebellious Koli chieftains and inhabited by turbulent Kolis were called ***Mewasi** Villages* by Mughal rulers.

The Barmuvada, Chhapra, Khumarwad were most notable Mewasi Koli villages and their Koli chieftains were receiving *Giras* dues from Radhvanaj rulers.

The British government always faced the trouble in Mehwas (Pandu Mehvas) areas and used the troops to collect the annual revenue.

## References
Munderkingen

**Munderkingen** is a town in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Munderkingen is on the Danube. It is about 30&nbsp;km southwest of Ulm.

## References
Schelklingen

**Schelklingen** is a town in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is 10&nbsp;km north of Ehingen, and 20&nbsp;km west of Ulm.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Oberstadion

**Oberstadion** is a municipality in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It has the following districts: Oberstadion, Hundersingen, Mundeldingen, Moosbeuren, Mühlhausen and Rettighofen.

## References
Setzingen

**Setzingen** is a municipality in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Schnürpflingen

**Schnürpflingen** is a municipality in Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Mayors 
* 1945-1976:	Alfred Jans
* 1976-1986:	Jürgen Guse
* 1986–2010: Manfred Häberle
* 2010–current: Michael Knoll (independent)

## References
Iranian Students' News Agency

The '''Iranian Students' News Agency** (**ISNA''') is a news group started by Iranian university students in December 1999.

## History
The Iranian Students' News Agency (ISNA) is based in Tehran and was started in 1999 by Abolfazl Fateh, who once worked with Iranian politician Mir Hossein Mousavi. ISNA is often mentioned by major international news agencies and is seen as a moderate news source in Iran. It was created during a time of big changes in Iranian media, especially during the presidency of reformist Mohammad Khatami (1997-2005).

ISNA reports on national and international news. Its editors and reporters are mostly students from different fields, and many work as volunteers (around 1,000 people). Abolfazl Fateh, who led ISNA from 1999 to 2005, said the agency quickly became known for covering political, cultural, scientific, and social issues in a fair way. Western media considered ISNA one of the most independent and moderate news sources in Iran, and it was often quoted. It also played a role in bringing attention to social issues and shaping public discussions.

Even though ISNA is mostly independent, it gets some financial support from the Iranian government and the Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), a student organization. Abolfazl Fateh, ISNA's first director, resigned in 2005 and was taken to court several times, including for a report on Nobel Peace Prize winner and human rights activist Shirin Ebadi. In 2003, police attacked him while he was helping ISNA reporters cover a student protest. According to The Guardian, an Iranian newspaper, Aftab-e Yazd, wrote that Fateh worked hard to ensure fair reporting and prevent false information from spreading.

## References 
## Other websites
*  
*
Saeid Seif

**Saeid Seif** is an Iranian journalist born on August 15, 1984, in Kermanshah. He founded the news website Didban Iran in 2015 in Tehran.

## Detention by the government 
Throughout his career, Seif has faced challenges, including pressure from government authorities. On January 7, 2023, he was summoned to Evin Court, detained, and released on bail after eight days. He was arrested again on April 11, 2024, during a court appearance related to his case.

## References
Ebersbach an der Fils

**Ebersbach an der Fils** is a town in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg, in southern Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Ammerbuch

**Ammerbuch** is a municipality in Tübingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Sorani Koli

The **Sorani Koli** (also spelled as **Saurani Koli** and **Sourani Koli**) is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat and the Union Territory of Daman and Diu and nearby areas.

## See more 
*Koli rebellion
*Koli clans and titles
*Koli clans of Gujarat
*Koli dance
*Koli pirates

## References
Ropczyce

**Ropczyce** is a town in Subcarpathian Voivodeship in southeastern Poland. It is in the valley of the Wielopolka River (a tributary of the Wisłoka River). It is the capital of Ropczyce-Sędziszów County. About 15,000 people live there. Its area is about 47&nbsp;km².

## Twin towns 
Ropczyce is twinned with:
*  Busk, Ukraine
*  Lokeren, Belgium
*  Ochsenfurt, Germany
*  Stropkov, Slovakia
Flow Argentina

**Flow** is an Argentine company that provided cable television and internet services in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, as of 2018 integrated into DF Entertainment and Telecom Argentina S.A.
## References
Telecom Argentina

**Telecom Argentina S.A.** operating commercially under the brand name **Personal** is the major local telephone company for the northern part of Argentina, including the whole of the city of Buenos Aires.

In December 2025, the company announced that it would unify its brand and operate as Personal, while maintaining its corporate name as Telecom Argentina S.A.

## Notes
## References
Rottenburg am Neckar

**Rottenburg am Neckar** is a town in Tübingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is about  southwest of the state capital Stuttgart and about  southwest of Tübingen. Rottenburg is the second-largest town in the district, after Tübingen. Since 1 May 1972, Rottenburg am Neckar has been a district town (*Große Kreisstadt*). It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart.

Rottenburg was founded as a Roman town called *Sumelocenna*, around the year 98, and was one of the most important Roman towns in the southwest of Germany.

## Districts 
Rottenburg is divided into a core town and 17 districts:
* Bad Niedernau
* Baisingen
* Bieringen
* Dettingen
* Eckenweiler
* Ergenzingen
* Frommenhausen
* Hailfingen
* Hemmendorf
* Kiebingen
* Obernau
* Oberndorf
* Schwalldorf
* Seebronn
* Weiler
* Wendelsheim
* Wurmlingen

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Personal Argentina

**Personal** is a telecommunications company that operates throughout Argentina through Telecom. It is currently the second largest mobile phone service provider in Argentina, after Movistar.

## Overview
Personal was launched in 1995 as the mobile phone brand for parent company Telecom, and provided mobile services in the northern part of the country (where its parent company also provided fixed telephony services). In the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, instead, Telecom provided mobile phone services since 1993 under the brand Miniphone, in a joint venture together with Telefónica. However, in 1999, legal provisions determine the division of Miniphone, as well as of all those companies whose shareholders were Telecom and Telefónica. It is from there that Telecom Personal also begins to provide service in Greater Buenos Aires independently (keeping part of the clients of the divided Miniphone).
## References
Claro (disambiguation)

**Claro** may mean:

* Claro toolkit
* Claro (wapentake), the former district of Yorkshire
* Claro (mobile phone network)
* Claro, Ticino, a municipality of Switzerland
* Claromentis, Web-based collaboration and business software
* Clarion (instrument), a medieval brass instrument also called a Claro
* CLARO (political party), a political party in Orihuela, Spain
* A light-colored cigar wrapper
Schwalldorf

**Schwalldorf** is a district of Rottenburg am Neckar in Tübingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 7&nbsp;km southwest of Rottenburg am Neckar.

## References
Siryn

**Siryn** (**Theresa Maeve Rourke Cassidy**) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is a mutant superheroine and a member of the X-Men universe. 

## Fictional character biography 
Siryn is the daughter of the mutant Banshee (Sean Cassidy) and possesses similar abilities, including the power to create powerful sonic screams. She often operates as a member of teams like the X-Men and X-Factor.

Her character has been portrayed as a strong, independent woman with a complicated personal history, including struggles with her powers and relationships with her father and other characters. 

## Powers and abilities 
Siryn has the ability to manipulate vibrations through her voice and body. She can generate sonic screams, shockwaves, and even manipulate the molecular structure of materials.  

Siryn can use her powers to create a sort of echolocation, allowing her to navigate and locate objects in her environment. 

Her vibrations powers also grant her enhanced hearing, making her sensitive to sounds that are inaudible to humans. 

Siryn can unleash powerful sonic screeches that can knock enemies off balance or disorient them. 

She can use her powers to deliver forceful blows that can stun or knock enemies off their feet. 

Siryn is an athletic and agile individual with peak physical conditioning, allowing her to perform acrobatic feats and hand-to-hand combat. 

She is a skilled martial artist, making her a formidable opponent in close combat. 

Siryn is agile and stealthy, able to move quickly and quietly when needed. 

## In other media 
Siryn has appeared in various comic storylines, animated series, and video games.
JAC Refine S2

The **JAC Refine S2** is a subcompact Crossover SUV made by JAC Motors since 2015.

## History and Features 
The JAC Refine S2 was revealed at the Shanghai Auto Show in 2015. and was launched in China in August. its positioned above the JAC Refine S2 Mini and below the JAC Refine S3 it has a 1.5 and 1.6 liter petrol engines with a 5-speed manual or CVT transmissions.

It also has a electric version called JAC iEV7S this version has a electric motor of 116 hp and a range of 280 km it was the base vehicle for the Sehol E20X the first ever vehicle from the Sehol brand (previously Sol).

## Markets 
The JAC Refine S2 is sold mainly in the Chinese market but its also sold in Mexico as the JAC Sei 2 and in Italy, France, Spain and Bulgaria, as the EVO3,  JAC iEV7S is sold in China and Brazil, and as the JAC iEV40 in Netherlands. In Italy, it is known as the EVO 3 Electric and Switzerland as the JAC e-S2.

## References
Cablevisión

**Cablevisión S.A.** was an Argentine company that provided cable television and internet services in its country of origin, Paraguay and Uruguay.
## References
JAC Rein

The **JAC Rein** is a compact SUV made by JAC Motors from 2007 to 2013.

## History and Features 
The JAC Rein was launched in 2007 it was originally the JAC Eagle and was renamed to JAC Rein the name in Chinese is 瑞鹰 (Ruiying) that means Lucky Eagle in some countries the Rein was sold as Eagle the Eagle name later was used to rebadge a series of Crossovers and SUVS from the JAC Refine series in some countries.

The SUV has a similar design to the First-Generation Hyundai Santa Fe due to a joint venture between JAC Motors and Hyundai with JAC making locally the Santa Fe the rear lights have a similar design to second-generation Lexus RX rear lights. the Rein has 2.0 standard and turbo and 2.4 liter petrol engines and a 1.9 liter diesel engine with a 5-speed manual transmission and a 4 and 5-speed automatic transmissions.

## Markets 
The JAC Rein was sold mainly in the Chinese market during its production but it was sold in some countries as the JAC Eagle.

## Discontinuation 
The production of The JAC Rein ended in 2013 alongside the joint-venture between JAC and Hyundai and was replaced by the JAC Refine S5 the latter has a similar design to 3 Hyundai SUVS which are:Hyundai Veracruz the Hyundai Santa Fe and the Hyundai/ix35 Tucson.

## References