open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rachel Carson

**Rachel Louise Carson** (born May 27, 1907 – died April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist and nature writer. Carson worked for 15 years as a biologist, scientist and editor in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and then the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Her books were very important in helping the environmental movement grow. She was famous for writing *Silent Spring*. She also wrote a set of three books about the ocean and what lives in and around it.

*Silent Spring* caught the attention of many Americans. Before this not many worried about environmental problems and conservation. The book looked at problems with DDT and other pesticides (chemicals that kill pests, like mosquitoes and flies). It was thought these pesticides were safe, but they were actually causing many birds to die. DDT stayed in insects and fish which were eaten by birds. The birds then laid eggs with thin shells that would break. Some birds, like the Bald Eagle almost disappeared from the United States.  In her book Carson said that without changes in how we use pesticides, there may not be birds left at some time in the future. Instead of hearing birds sing in the spring, it would be quiet, and that is how the book got its title.

This book led to a change in the national pesticide policy and a ban on DDT and some other pesticides.  This new grassroots environmental movement, inspired by the book, led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. After her death, Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Jimmy Carter. There is a National Wildlife Refuge in Maine named after her.

## Life and work
]]

### Early life and education
Rachel Carson was born on May 27, 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania and grew up on a family farm. It was on the Allegheny River, near Pittsburgh. Carson liked to read, and was a talented writer from a young age. She also spent a lot of time exploring around her  farm. She began writing stories (often with animals in them) at age eight, and had her first story published at age eleven. She liked to read the *St. Nicholas Magazine*, which published her first stories. It also published stories by Beatrix Potter, and the books of Gene Stratton Porter, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson. The natural world, particularly the ocean, was a common part of her favorite books. Carson graduated high school in 1925, at the top of her class of forty-four students.

At the Pennsylvania College for Women (now known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was a bit of a loner. She originally studied English, but switched her major to biology in January 1928. She continued writing in the school's student newspaper. Though accepted to graduate school at Johns Hopkins University in 1928, she had to remain at the Pennsylvania College for Women for her senior year because of money problems. She graduated *magna cum laude* (highest honors) in 1929. After a summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, she continued her studies in zoology and genetics at Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929. 

## References
Asturias

The **Principality of Asturias** (, ) is a autonomous community in the kingdom of Spain.  Its area was the old Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is on the Spanish north coast facing the Cantabrian Sea. It is formed by only one province, Asturias, which is equal to the autonomous community. The capital of the autonomous community is Oviedo. Gijón is the biggest city. There is an airport in Asturias, from where you can fly to a few places in Spain and in Europe. The region has borders with Galicia (Lugo province), Castile and León (León province) and Cantabria.

## References
Gymnocalycium

***Gymnocalycium*** is a genus of plants in the family Cactaceae.

All of these plants are succulents without leaves. The plants grows in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay). In total, there are 50-80 species.
* with buds|thumb|left]]
Stems of these plants are round, their diameter is 7–30&nbsp;cm, their height is 3–25&nbsp;cm. The color of stems is grey-green or brown-green or grey-brown.

Plants of this genus are popular houseplants.

## References 
## Other websites 
* NCBI: *Gymnocalycium*
* CactiGuide: *Gymnocalycium''
Prayer of the Refugee

"**Prayer of the Refugee**" is the second single from the punk rock band Rise Against's album *The Sufferer & the Witness*. It was released worldwide in 2006. The song was first called "Diaspora", with advance copies of the album using that name instead of "Prayer of the Refugee." The song is shown as a re-recorded bonus track in the video game *Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock*. The song is also showed in "Slednecks 9" DVD. It's used in "The Compound" segment of the movie.

The album version of the song is available as DLC for the Rock Band series along with "Savior" and "Re-Education (Through Labor)".
Physical fitness

**Physical fitness** is the ability to be physically active, to move and respond to the environment. People can take various tests to measure their physical performance. Such tests are necessary for some occupations, such as soldiers and firefighters. 

Physical fitness has two components: **general fitness** (a state of health and well-being) and **specific fitness** (the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations).

## Components of physical fitness 
The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports — a study group sponsored by the United States Government — declines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness. Instead, it developed the following chart:

**Health-related components**: those factors that are related to how well the systems of your bodywork.

**Body composition** is the relative percentage of body fat compared to lean body mass (muscle, bone, water, etc)

**Cardiovascular fitness**: the ability of the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) to supply oxygen to working muscles during exercise.

**Flexibility**: the range of movement possible at various joints.

Accordingly, a general-purpose physical fitness program must address those issues.

## Ancient icons of physical fitness

File:Herakles and Telephos Louvre MR219.jpg|Heracles, the greatest hero of Greek mythology, and his child Telephos, Louvre.
File:SFEC BritMus Roman 021.JPG|Discus throwing, one of the original Ancient Greek Olympic sports. The statue is a Roman copy of a Greek original.
File:Nymph shell Louvre Ma18.jpg|Nymph with a shell. Marble, Roman copy of the 1st century CE. 
File:Hermes Logios Altemps 33.jpg|Hermes, an Olympian god and the patron of athletics and sports.

## Related pages
 
* Aerobics
* Calisthenics
* Equilibrioception
* Flexibility training
* Healthy lifestyle
* Jogging
* Strength training
* Physical education
* Bodybuilding 
* Swim
* Training
* Weight training
* Winter swimming
* Boxing
* Fitness types

## References
Ven Conmigo

***Ven Conmigo*** (English: *Come With Me*), was the third album released by rising Latina superstar Selena, on November 12, 1990, for the CAPITOL/EMI Latin label. This album, was the first to market Selena as a solo artist, no longer identifying her albums with "Selena Y Los Dinos," though they were still very much a part of the mix. The album itself, sold 50,000 units in America, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Another 242,802 copies were sold on Amazon.com, verifed from their sellers rank.

## Production 
The group re-recorded "La Tracalera", a cover version of a song by the original Dinos, as well as "Aunque No Salga El Sol," which they had originally recorded, in 1984. The song "Baila Esta Cumbia," was an instant hit in the U.S., and later crossed over to Mexico. Ven Conmigo, was the group's first Gold album.

## 20 Years Of Music 
A remastered version was released in 2002, with bonus tracks and spoken liner notes by the family and friends, who witnessed the entire production.

## Tracklisting 
### 2002 Bonus Tracks 
## Album Credits 
The album *Ven Conmigo* was recorded and mixed at *ZAZ Studios* in San Antiono, Texas. The engineer was *Gilbert Velasquez* who also mixed the album. The album's main photo was taken by *Robert Lopez*. The album was produced, arranged, and performaned by A.B. Quintanilla III. The co-arranged was *Ricky Vela* and *Jose C. Ojeda*. The midi and computer sequencing was made by *Ricky Vela*.

### Additional Credits 
A.B. Quintanilla, III, wrote and produced almost every song on Ven Conmigo. David Lee Garza, the accordion player for the title track, "Ven Conmigo, participated in the writing and production, as well.

* Selena Quintanilla-Perez (Lead Vocals)
* Suzette Quintanilla (Drummer)
* A.B. Quintanilla III (Bass & Vocals)
* Ricky Vela (Keyboard)
* Jose C. Ojeda (Keyboard)
* Peter "Pete" Astudillo (Back-up vocals)
* Mike Orosoco (Guitar)

## Singles 
* "Aunque No Salga El Sol"
* "Baila Esta Cumbia"
* "No Quiero Saber"
* "Enamorada De Ti"
* "Ya Ves/La Tracalera"

## Certifications
Pázmánd

**Pázmánd** is a village in Gárdony District of Fejér County. Its population in 2024 was 2280. 

## History 
Archaeological artefacts prove that the village was already been populated the in Iron Age. The name of the village comes from the period when the State was founded; the area was probably awarded as a gift to Knight Pázmány to function as a summer residence.
Little is known about the history of the settlement in the Middle Ages. One thing is sure: when the Turks were expelled from Hungary the fleeing troops slaughtered the families living here, destroyed the Romanesque church and set the village on fire.
At the beginning of the 18th century Tót people (Slovakians) were settled in the area, the village was even called Tót-Pázmánd for some time. The inhabitants of the village declared themselves Hungarians already in the 19th century but their Slovakian roots are still noticeable in their conventions (Sibálás - Easter lashing).

## Other websites 
* Pázmánd.hu
Victoria and Albert Museum

by Dale Chihuly was installed as a center point over the visitor's area in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance.]]
The **Victoria and Albert Museum** (often abbreviated as the **V&A**) in London is the world's largest museum of applied art (decorative arts and design). Named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, it was founded in 1852.

The V&A has a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It covers  and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, in virtually every medium, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculpture, prints and printmaking, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world.

The museum possesses the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, the holdings of Italian Renaissance items are the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the Islamic world. The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection, with the Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is amongst the largest in the world.

The V&A is in what is called London's "Albertopolis", an area of immense cultural, scientific and educational importance. Near it are the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, Imperial College, the Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial.

Since 2001, the Museum has embarked on a major £150m renovation program which has seen a major overhaul of the departments including the introduction of newer galleries, gardens, shops and visitor facilities. As with other national UK museums, admission to the museum is free.

## References
Socratis Kokkalis

**Socratis Kokkalis** (born May 27, 1939) is a Greek businessman who has been a member of the Forbes 500 list of the world's 500 richest people. He is the Chairman, CEO and majority shareholder of Intracom Holdings. Intracom is one of the largest multinational technology groups in South-Eastern Europe, and the Chairman and majority shareholder of Intralot S.A., the world's leading gaming technology supplier and lottery licensed operator. He was also the owner and president of Olympiacos CFP, until his retirement in 2010. CFP is the most successful and most supported Greek football club in Greece. He is the President of the Kokkalis Foundation. This is a non-profit organization that promotes education and training, culture and social welfare, medical research and information technology, and athletics, both in Greece and abroad.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Kokkalis Foundation
Abubakari Yakubu

**Abubakari Yakubu** (13 December 1981 – 31 October 2017) was a Ghanaian football player. He has played for the Ghanaian national team. He was born in Tema, Ghana.

Yakubu died on 31 October 2017 at the age of 35.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999–00||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||5||0
|-
|2000–01||13||0
|-
|2001–02||21||0
|-
|2002–03||15||0
|-
|2003–04||11||0
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="5"|Vitesse||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||31||0
|-
|2005–06||22||0
|-
|2006–07||4||0
|-
|2007–08||17||0
|-
|2008–09||6||0
145||0
145||0
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
!Total||16||0
|}

## References
Dreamworks Records

**DreamWorks Records** was an American record label. Started in 1996 by David Geffen, Steven Spielberg and Jeffrey Katzenberg as a split from DreamWorks SKG. The label worked until 2005 when it was shut down. The label itself also showed a Nashville, Tennessee based , DreamWorks Nashville, which worked specifically in country music and was also shut down in 2005. The company's logo was designed by Roy Lichtenstein and was his last commission before his death in 1997.
The Good Left Undone

"**The Good Left Undone**" is the third single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fourth album, *The Sufferer & the Witness*. In June 2007, they said that they would be holding a contest to see who could make the best video for the song. They released a bulletin board over their MySpace account giving information about the contest.

The song got to number six on the *Billboard* alternative rock chart, making it the band's second top 10 single (the first being the last single "Prayer of the Refugee") and highest charting single from the album. The song has spent 30 weeks on the chart before its peak, making it the band's slowest climb to the chart's Top 10.
Revolutions per Minute

***Revolutions per Minute*** is the second album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. It has the singles "Heaven Knows" and "Like the Angel" as well as a cover of Journey's single, "Any Way You Want It."

The album had a limited release on vinyl (217 of which were on red vinyl) which is now out of print. It was the band's last release under Fat Wreck Chords before to their move to Geffen Records. This is where they released *Siren Song of the Counter Culture* in 2004. It is interesting to note that inside the album cover, there is a copyright to Transistor Revolt, the band's name before they changed it to Rise Against.

## Track listing 
* All music was written by Rise Against; all lyrics were written by Tim McIlrath, unless stated
# "Black Masks and Gasoline" – 2:59
# "Heaven Knows"  – 3:23
# "Dead Ringer" – 1:31
# "Halfway There" – 3:41
# "Like the Angel" – 2:46
# "Voices off Camera" – 2:17
# "Blood-Red, White, and Blue" – 3:38
# "Broken English" – 3:25
# "Last Chance Blueprint" – 2:14
# "To the Core" – 1:33
# "Torches" – 3:41
# "Amber Changing" – 3:39
# "Any Way You Want It" (Journey cover)  – 2:57
* Track 13 is a hidden track
Hate speech

**Hate speech** is communicating in a way that is meant to offend and hurt somebody. It is usually based on a factor such as somebody's race, gender, ethnic group, orientation,  identity, disability or religion. Some places have laws that make it illegal to use hate speech. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." Countries such as Canada, France and Germany have stricter laws against hate speech than the United States, where hate speech is usually legal because its Constitution says that people have freedom of speech.

## Related pages 
* Ad hominem
* Divide and conquer
* Identity politics
* Psychological warfare
* Red herring
* Smear campaign

## References
Fat Wreck Chords

**Fat Wreck Chords** is a San Francisco, California based independent record label, made for punk rock. It was started by Fat Mike (lead singer and bassist of the punk rock band NOFX) and his wife, Erin, in 1990.

They have made material for bands such as Descendents, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Propagandhi, Rise Against, Lagwagon, Strung Out, No Use for a Name, Less Than Jake, Against Me!, Anti-Flag, Facing The Giants, Return To The Wars, Hallowed Ground, and his own band NOFX.
Beatification

beatified more people than many of the popes before him put together.]]

**Beatification** (from Latin *beatus*, blessed, Greek μακάριος, *makarios* and Latin *facere*, make) is a recognition given by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and power to help people who pray in his or her name. Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process.  A person who is beatified is given the title "Blessed".

## Other websites 
* List of all Blesseds in the Catholic Church by Giga-Catholic Information.
Reading railway station

**Reading railway station** (formerly **Reading General**) is a major rail junction and station in the English town of Reading. It is on the northern edge of the town centre, close to the main retail and commercial areas, and also the River Thames. Next to the railway station is a bus interchange, served by most of Reading's urban and rural bus services.

Reading was opened on 30 March 1840, by the Great Western Railway. It is a major junction point on the National Rail system, and as a consequence the railway station is a major transfer point as well as serving heavy  local traffic. The station is sponsored by the bank ING Direct and the University of Reading. There are many local buses, regional buses and a coach to Heathrow Airport. South West Trains, First Great Western and CrossCountry serve the station.

## Pictures

File:Reading station frontage.jpg|Reading station frontage, showing the old (1860) and new station buildings.
File:Reading station 1865.jpg|The Great Western Railway station (on right of picture) in 1865. The former Southern station is on the left.

## References
Wicked (musical)

***Wicked*** is a Broadway musical. It is loosely based on characters and concepts created by L. Frank Baum in his children's series of Wizard of Oz books, the 1939 MGM movie, *The Wizard of Oz*, and the 1995 novel, Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West. 

Winnie Holzman wrote the musical's book. Stephen Schwartz wrote the music and lyrics. *Wicked* premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in September 1997. It won several awards, including three Tonys. *Wicked (musical)*: is a soundtrack to the film *Wicked (musical)*, released on November 25, 1997, Distributed by *Columbia*. *Wicked (musical)* is released in theaters in the United States on December 26, 1997, by Columbia Pictures. *Wicked (musical)* is released on VHS in North America on March 17, 1998, by Columbia TriStar Home Video. *Wicked (musical)* is released on DVD in USA on September 18, 2001, by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment. A film of the same name will be released in two parts. The first part was released in November 2024, and the second part will be released a year later in November 2025.
Minato, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Minato City" in English.

## History
On 15 March 1947, the ward of Minato was formed by combining the wards of Akasaka, Azabu, and Shiba.

## Geography
Minato is on Toyko Bay. It borders Shinagawa on the south.  Meguro is southwest of the ward. Shibuya is on the ward's western border. Shinjuku, Chiyoda and Chūō are on the northern border.

## Related pages 
* List of special wards of Tokyo
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Minato website 
* Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards
Africanis

The **Africanis** is a group of rare South African dogs. They are not recognized as a breed. The Swahili name for the breed is ''*. This means *common* or *mixed-breed'' or "traditional dog".

## Description
The Africanis is a medium-sized dog. It is well-muscled and is a bit longer than it is tall. It has a short coat of fur that can be of any color. This dog can run very fast and also is trainable.

## References 
* 
* Africanis Society of Southern Africa

## Other websites 
* University of Johannesburg (scientific study)
* Breed standard (KUSA)
Nadap

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  "features": [
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The village of **Nadap** lies on the eastern slopes of Velencei Hills, it is a well oriented, self-contained settlement, with charming rural atmosphere. It is only two kilometers both from the recreation facilities of Lake Velencei and from the M7 motorway, therefore it is easily accessible from Budapest and from Székesfehérvár, too. Each house in the settlement has a great panorama.

## Local sights 
The settlements around Lake Velencei are overwhelmed with the spirit of Mihály Vörösmarty. Nadap is not different either, the poet was baptised in the village on 3 December 1800. The baptistery is still in the church today. The inhabitants of the village expressed their admiration for the memory of the poet with a sculpture erected in the Millenium Park.

Nadap also hosts a key cartographical and architectural specialty; it is the home of the etalon for measuring heights in Hungary, called Nadapi szintezési ősjegy (Levelling mark of Nadap).

## Other website 
* Nadap.hu
Paul Bunyan

.]]
**Paul Bunyan** is a fictional giant lumberjack.  James MacGillivray wrote about Bunyan in 1910, which is the earliest writing about Bunyan that we know about.  A few years later, in 1916, William Laughead was writing an advertisement, and decided to use Bunyan in what he was writing, and decided to make him a giant.

## Origin of Paul Bunyan 
 in Portland, Oregon.]]
James Stevens wrote a book called *Paul Bunyan* in 1925. This book said that French Canadians people made up the Paul Bunyan stories during the Papineau Rebellion of 1837, when they were fighting against England. This would explain why Paul Bunyan's last name is "Bunyan", because "Bunyan" sounds like the French-Canadian slang word "Bonyenne", which is something that they might say when they are surprised, like how people who speak English might say "Good Grief" or "My Goodness". People told other people stories about Bunyan, and the stories would change a little bit as they spread from person to person. Often, Paul Bunyan is shown in pictures with a giant blue ox named Babe. Historians think that Babe was not created until the 20th century for advertising.  Other theories is that the Paul Bunyan was based on the legendry "Big Joe Mufferaw" [aka French-Canadian lumberjack Joseph Montferrand [1802-1864].  or on a French-Canadain lumberjack in Michigan named Fabian "Joe" Fournier  [1845-1875]

## Legends about Paul Bunyan 
According to legend, when Bunyan was born, it took three storks to carry him. (In some stories storks carry babies and drop them off at their parents' houses.). When he became older, he broke every window in the house when he clapped or laughed. When he was seven months old, he sawed the legs off his parent's bed in the middle of the night. Paul and his friend, Babe the Blue Ox, dug the Grand Canyon when Paul was carrying his axe with a blade made from a locomotive and dragging it behind him. Babe, Bunyan's friend, was a large and very strong animal.

Many different towns say that they are the "home" of Bunyan. Some of these towns are in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, although there are towns in other states, too.

In the town of Kelliher, Minnesota, there is a park called Paul Bunyan Memorial Park, where there is a grave site that says that Paul Bunyan is buried there.

## References 
### Notes 
## Other websites 
* "The Story of Paul Bunyan", Paul Bunyan Trail
* *Paul Bunyan: How A Terrible Timber Feller Became the Legend* , History of the Paul Bunyan Legend
* Roadside statues and other tributes to the Great Tree-Biter, Paul Bunyan , Roadside America
* Animated stories of Paul Bunyan
Earthquake engineering

building Alto Río which overturned and collapsed at February 2010 Chile earthquake.]]
**Earthquake engineering** is the study of the behavior of building structures subject to earthquake impacts. It is a subset of civil engineering.

## Objectives of the earthquake engineering
The main goals of earthquake engineering are:
* Understand what happens between buildings and the ground.
* Understand what strong earthquakes or tsunamis might do to building structures.
* Design, build and maintain structures to last during an earthquake while following building codes.
 ready for testing at a shake-table.]]

## Tools
A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive.

The most powerful and affordable tools of earthquake engineering are vibration control technologies and, in particular, base isolation.

To test seismic performance of a building structure with experiments, it may be put on a shake-table that behaves like the earth shaking. The earliest shake-table experiments were performed more than a century ago. 

## Tsunami preparedness and protection
**Tsunami** or a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean caused, mostly, by powerful earthquakes is a very serious challenge for people's safety and for tsunami protection of buildings and civil infrastructure. Those waves can flood coastal areas, destroy houses and even swipe away whole towns.

Though tsunami can not be prevented, there are warning systems developed recently which warn the population before the big waves reach the land to let them enough time to rush to safety.

## Notes 
Ahmadi Maleki, M., Emami, M. Application of SVM for investigation of factors affecting compressive strength and consistency of geopolymer concretes. *Journal of civil Engineering and Materials Application*, 2019; 3(2): 95-101. doi: 10.22034/jcema.2019.92507

## Related pages
* Seismology
Numerical weather prediction

**Numerical weather prediction** is the way weather forecasts are made.  This is done using computer models of the atmosphere. Such models describe the current weather conditions, and how they change over time using equations. Using the current weather conditions, the equations can be solved, or approximated to tell what the weather will be like in the near future. The relevant physical parameters, such as pressure, temperature, the direction and the speed of the wind are taken to be functions of time. These are modelled with a system of partial differential equations. This is a dynamic system that is solved numerically. Most of these equations are implemented using FORTRAN. The equations are approximated. Since the number of calculations is huge, supercomputers usually do them, to finish before it's too late.

## Basic idea
The atmosphere is modelled as a fluid. The basic idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time. The equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics can then be used to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future.

## Local weather prediction
The results are usually too inaccurate to be used for predicting the weather at any place. For this reason, meteorologists check the values, and compare them to historical data. In other words, they use the data to help produce the weather forecast.

Model Output Statistics is a statistical model that was developed in the 1960s and 1970s. It uses regression analysis for a fully automated forecast. With it, historical data is analysed automatically. One of its applications is called Direct Model Output. MOS uses both historical data and statistical modeling. Predictions beyond about six hours are unreliable. 

Another well-known model is called Global Forecast System (GFS), which is run by the US weather service, NOAA. It gives a forecast four times a day. Since the information is free, the GFS is often used, especially by smaller weather stations.

## Ensembles
The atmosphere is a chaotic system. A small change of the input values does not necessarily lead to a small change of the output. This is due to the equations of fluid dynamics that are involved. These equations involved are solved or approximated once with the parameters that were observed. This is done several times more, with parameters that are based on the observed values, but which have been changed slightly. Because the computing power is limited, the "resolution" of such a model is more coarse. Once all the calculations are finished, they are compared to one another. Calculated results that are "similar" indicate that the prognosis is relatively good. In some cases, this means that it is possible to accurately predict the weather for a time of about ten days; in other cases a prediction over even a few days may be difficult.

## Related pages
*Met Office
*Tropical cyclone forecast model
Afghan Hound

The **Afghan Hound** is a dog from Afghanistan. Other names for them are *Kuchi Hound*, *Tāzī*, *Balkh Hound*, *Baluchi Hound*, *Barutzy Hound*, *Shalgar Hound*, *Kabul Hound*, *Galanday Hound*, or sometimes, incorrectly, *African Hound*. This is a very old dog breed, believed to have existed for thousands of years. It is a type of sighthound , a hunting dog which uses its eyes to spot and chase small animals, like rabbits. They are closely related to other sighthounds, like the Greyhound. Afghan Hounds can run very quickly, and can run short distances at up to 75&nbsp;kilometers per hour. Nowadays, they are kept as pets, compete as show dogs, and participate in a dog sport called lure coursing, which is similar to rabbit hunting.

## Appearance 
Their face is long and skinny, with ears that drop down on the sides of their head. The Afghan Hound is tall and thin, with a long tail that curls and is held high up in the air.

## Behavior 
The Afghan Hound is one of the most difficult types of dogs to train. Unlike many kinds of dogs, they do not like to listen to commands, and would rather make their own choices. In *The Intelligence of Dogs*, the Afghan Hound came in last place for "working intelligence." This does not mean that the Afghan Hound is stupid; it means that it is easier to encourage other dogs to follow instructions than the Afghan Hound.

They like to run, and because they can run very fast, they need to be kept on a leash or in a fenced area. Fences need to be very high to keep the Afghan Hound from escaping, because they can easily jump several meters in the air. Afghan Hounds cannot live in the same house as a cat or any other small animal, as they will try to chase or hunt it.

This is a quiet dog for indoors, but needs to have regular exercise and play time. They need to have the chance to run in a safe, fenced area at least once a week. If an Afghan gets bored, it can tear things up. This is a friendly dog that is not shy with people or other dogs. Many people who own Afghan Hounds say that they are "clownish" and silly, because they are very playful. Afghan Hounds are known to be very sensitive to injuries and complain a lot when they have them.

## Health 
Afghan Hounds are mostly very healthy dogs, but do get some diseases more often than others. Because their tails are very long and thin, they can hurt them quite easily. These dogs are very sensitive to anesthetic, so if they are getting an operation, the vet must be very careful with the amount of anesthetic given. Their eyes can develop cataracts, which will make the dog blind if they are not removed.

## References
Appomattox Court House

**Appomattox Court House** is a place in Virginia that is now called Appomattox. The American Civil War ended here on April 9, 1865, when General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant and the United States' Union Army. 

Though the place is called Appomattox Court House, the surrender took place at the McLean House, a private home.
Shōō (Kamakura period)

, also spelled as *Shō-ō*, was a  after *Kōan* and before *Einin*.  The period started in April 1288 and ended in August 1293.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Shōō* era
* **1288** (*Shōō 1*): The future Emperor Go-Fushimi was born.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Base isolation

testing of two building models at CSUN. The right one has a base isolation device.]]**Base isolation** is a collection of a building’s units resting on its foundation to provide separation of the building from shaking ground thus improving seismic performance.

## Basic parts of base isolation system
Base isolation system consists of *isolation units* with or without *isolation components*, where:

1. *Isolation units* are the basic elements of *base isolation system* which provide the mentioned separation effect to a building structure.

2. *Isolation components* are the connections between *isolation units* and other parts of the building having no separation effect of their own.

## Famous base-isolated buildings

File:2008-1226-Pasadena-003-CityHall.jpg|Pasadena City Hall, California
File:Sfcityhall.jpeg|San Francisco City Hall, California
File:Salt lake city county bldg.jpg|Salt Lake City and County Building, Utah

## History
From the very beginning, the theory of base isolation rested on two pillars: *heavy damping* and *frequency separation*. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a *substructure* and *superstructure*, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good. Anyway, to virtually test-drive any design concept of base isolation, some online help is available now.
Alexandra Kosteniuk

**Alexandra Kosteniuk** (born Perm, Volga, 23 April 1984) is a Russian chess Grandmaster and former Women's World Chess Champion. She lost her title in 2010.

Alexandra is married, and lives with her husband and daughter in Key Biscayne, Miami, Florida.

Kosteniuk is now ranked 31st in the current FIDE rating list for women. She is no longer playing regularly. The highest rated woman, Judit Polgar (Hungary), never plays in female events. The second highest rated woman is Humpy Koneru (India); she has never won the women's world championship.

## Some data 
### Notable games 
* Alexandra Kosteniuk vs Alexander Onischuk, Corus, Group B 2005, Spanish Game: Classical Variation (C65), 1–0
* Anna Ushenina vs Alexandra Kosteniuk, WWCh. 2008, Nimzo-Indian Defense: Classical, Noa Variation (E34), 0–1

### Other websites 
* Interview with Grandmaster Alexandra Kosteniuk on LatestChess site 
* Photo collection of Kosteniuk 
* ChessBase: Alexandra Kosteniuk is Women's World Champion
* The crowning of Kosteniuk as a World Champion 

## References 
*
Clapping

**Clapping** is when you hit your hands together which makes a sound. The harder you hit, the louder the sound, the softer you hit, less the sound.
If hitting by means of hand to hand contact it will make a different sound than if you were to clap against another object, say, your leg. 

When people clap quickly together, this is called applause.
Strung Out

**Strung Out** is a punk rock band from Simi Valley, California, United States. They formed in 1992. They are known mostly for their musical style, which has both aspects of punk rock and heavy metal to make their main sound. They have made seven albums on Fat Wreck Chords and appeared on many compilations and skate/surf videos. They have played on the Warped Tour and continue to tour around the world.
Reading and Leeds Festivals

The **Reading and Leeds Festivals** are two yearly music festivals. They take place in Reading and Leeds in the United Kingdom. They are run by Festival Republic (itself owned by Live Nation and MCD). The festivals take place one at a time on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday. They take place on the August of bank holiday weekend. They share the same bill. Between 1998 and 2007, the two festivals were known as the "Carling Weekend", until parting ways with their sponsor Carling in November 2007.

## Other websites
King's Sutton railway station

'''King's Sutton railway station''' serves the village of King's Sutton in Northamptonshire, England.  It is also the nearest railway station to the town of Brackley. It was opened on 1 December 1873 by the Great Western Railway. The station is managed by Chiltern Railways, who provide services along with First Great Western. It was heavily renovated in 2009, with new fencing, a new shelter and a bridge being added to it.

## References
Lahaul and Spiti district

The district of **Lahaul-Spiti** in the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul and Spiti.
The Blind Side (movie)

***The Blind Side*** is a 2009 American biographical drama sports movie written and directed by John Lee Hancock. It is based on the novel *The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game*, which was written by Michael Lewis. The movie stars Sandra Bullock, Tim McGraw, Quinton Aaron, and Kathy Bates.

The movie is based on a true story. The story follows football player Michael Oher's life, from growing up in a very poor neighborhood, to being adopted by a rich family, and then going to play for Ole Miss and eventually the Baltimore Ravens.

Bullock won an Academy Award for Best Actress, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role. The movie was released on November 20, 2009 in the United States. The movie is 128 minutes long. It is rated PG-13.

## Other websites 
*
Vibration control

In earthquake engineering, **vibration control** is a set of technical means for decreasing seismic loads and improving seismic performance of building structures. Temple of the Sun, Peru]], the world's second tallest skyscraper]]

## Types of vibration control devices 
All vibration control devices may be classified as *passive*, *active*  or *hybrid*. The first kind is the simplest one and, therefore, widespread. Passive control devices represent different types of *base isolators* and *seismic dampers*.

*Base isolators* restrict penetration of potentially damaging seismic waves into a building structure while *dampers* decrease destructive effect of those waves.

## Other websites
* 

## References
Circa Survive

**Circa Survive** is a rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They formed in 2004. The band has vocalist Anthony Green. He was a singer of Saosin and members of the now-defunct *This Day Forward*.

Their first album, *Juturna*, was released on April 19, 2005 by Equal Vision Records, which got mixed reviews. However their second album, *On Letting Go*, released on May 29, 2007, garnered big reviewer acclaim. Their upcoming album, *Blue Sky Noise*, will be released on April 20, 2010 on Atlantic Records as the band has finished their term with Equal Vision Records. 

## Studio albums 
* Juturna (2005)
* On Letting Go (2007)
* Blue Sky Noise (2010)
* Violent Waves (2012)
* Descensus (2014)
* The Amulet (2017)
Akbash

The **Akbash Dog** is a large breed (type) of dog which comes from Turkey. It has a white coat of fur. It was bred to protect sheep in the field from thieves and predators. While this dog has been used for this job in Turkey for many hundreds of years, it is not often found outside of Turkey. The Akbash Dog is closely related to other large, white dogs used to protect sheep, such as the Komondor and the Aidi.
Presidency division

**Presidency Division** is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It has 5 districts:

* Howrah district 
* Kolkata district 
* Nadia district 
* North 24 Parganas district 
* South 24 Parganas district

## References
Burdwan division

**Burdwan Division** is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It consists of 4 districts:

* Birbhum district
* Paschim Bardhaman district
* Purba Bardhaman district
* Hooghly district

## References
Jalpaiguri division

**Jalpaiguri Division** is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It consists of 5 districts:

* Jalpaiguri district 
* Darjeeling district 
* Cooch Behar district 
* Alipurduar district 
* Kalimpong district

## References
Japanese era name

The  also known as , is a traditional calendar system which began during the  of Emperor Kōtoku in the 7th century. This calendar has been in use in Japan since the beginning of the 8th century.

The historical Japanese calendar system  and  time in terms of .

## Usage 
Each new  was usually started soon after the beginning of the reign of a new emperor. Era names were also changed due to other events.  Starting in the reign of Emperor Yōzei, the tradition of naming eras because of good omens changed.  Instead, the name of an era might be chosen to ward off something bad.

The first day of the  started whenever the emperor decided. This first year continued until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the ''nengō's* second year.

To change a Japanese year to a Western or Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the *nengō* (see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Shōwa period (*Shōwa 23*) was 1948:

:::ILLUSTRATION: **1926 − 1 = 1925** ..., and then  **1925 + 23 = 1948** ... or *Shōwa'' 23.

;Timeline of Japanese era names

## Related pages 
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese Imperial year
* Japanese calendar

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
* NengoCalc
V sign

The **V sign** is a hand gesture that means victory or peace.  It is made by raising the first and second fingers on the hand, and putting down the other fingers.  

File:Churchill V sign HU 55521.jpg|Winston Churchill showing the V sign.
Image:Iraqi boys giving peace sign.jpg|Iraqi boys making the V sign in Baghdad.
Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm

"**My Native Land, My Joy and Delight**" is the national anthem of Estonia. It became the country's national anthem in 1920. This song has been around since the 19th century. The words of the song were written in 1869 by an Estonian poet named Johann Voldemar Jannsen, and the melody of the song was composed in 1848 by a German-born musician named Friedrich Pacius. This song's tune is the same one used in the national anthem of Finland.

## Lyrics
## References
Building code

A **building code** is a set of rules set to govern a building's design, construction, testing, inspections, and maintenance to protect public health, safety and welfare. Building codes are adopted and enforced by the government, who may inspect buildings to make sure they follow the rules.

A building code may provide rules for many different things and is influenced by materials manufacturers, firefighters, and building officials. The building may need to follow rules about providing parking or affecting traffic. There will be rules about making the building safe during disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, and tornadoes.

The rules used on a specific building may be very different depending on where the building is and what it is used for. For example, a house will have extra rules about making sure people can live there, while a hotel will have extra rules about fire exits. Many public buildings have a "maximum occupancy" for some rooms, which is how many people may be allowed into that room at once.

Building codes can also be accompanied by zoning ordinances that dictate style, building use, etc.

## Earthquakes
Any building code has either some minimum requirements for seismic loads (*prescriptive code*) or some seismic performance rules (*performance-based code*).

Seismic design is based on procedures meant to protect structures that may experience earthquake impact. However, a design which blindly follows seismic code rules does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.

## Related pages
* Building Code Reference Library 

## References
Supply-side economics

**Supply-side economics** or **trickle-down economics** is a theory that if taxes were cut on the richest people in society, rich people would use their extra money to invest in the economy, but if taxes were increased, the wealthy would leave the country and invest somewhere else where the tax rates are lower.  People who support supply-side economics believe that taxes punished productivity and if they were lowered, people would produce more goods and services.  Many supporters of supply-side economics also support things such as limited government spending, low inflation, and regulating the economy less.

Economist Arthur Laffer supported supply-side economics with a theory called a Laffer Curve.  The theory stated that government will get no money if taxes were too high—nobody would pay them—and that the government would not get enough money if taxes were too low.  The theory also stated that if taxes were too high, the economy would be less productive and it would give the government less money and that if taxes were low, the economy would be productive and the government would get more money. 

Supply-side economics was used while Ronald Reagan was president during the 1980's.  Income taxes on the wealthiest Americans were cut from 70% to 50% to 28% during his two terms.  Also, capital gains taxes were cut.  Supporters of supply-side economics mention that those tax cuts have resulted in economic recovery during the 1980's and the strong economic boom in the 1990's and first decade of the 21st century.

Critics of supply-side economics say that the wealthy gain a lot of money in the hope that a very small amount of it will trickle down to the poor, and they call it voodoo economics.  Many critics say that supply-side economic policies are bad because they result in a bigger gap between the rich and the poor.  They also criticize that the reduction in taxes results in the cutting of programs for the poor people who need it.  Other critics point out that large supply-cuts tax cuts,  in combination with increases in military spending, has resulted in the government being in a large amount of debt.
Vielle

The **vielle** is a bowed stringed instrument. It is a European instrument. It was used in the Medieval period. It is similar to a violin. It has a longer and deeper body than the violin. The vielle was also called a *fidel* or a *viuola*. *Vielle* is the French name for the instrument. It was one of the most popular instruments of the Medieval period. The vielle possibly came from the lira. The lira is a Byzantine bowed instrument. It is closely related to the Rebab. The Rebab is an Arab bowed instrument.

## References
Be (disambiguation)

**Be** could mean:

*Existence
*The symbol for Beryllium in chemistry
*Be (Cyrillic), the second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet

## Acronyms
*Basic English
*British English