open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Anglesey

of Anglesey]]
]]
**Anglesey** () is an island and county in Wales. There is a village there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.

## Culture and people 
Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.

## Places and sights 
Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.

The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

## Other websites 
* Anglesey Community Forums - All Welcome 
* Anglesey Tourist Information
* Anglesey Today
* Anglesey History
* Isle of Anglesey County Council / Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn 
* The Anglesey Edge - local and tourist information
Peerage

A **peer** is a member of the nobility.  It is sometimes used instead of 'Lord'. In formal or old British , the House of Lords is called the House of Peers.

## Ranks 
In the United Kingdom there are five ranks of the peerage:

* Baron is the lowest. In Scotland this is called a Lord, short for *Lord in Parliament*.
* Viscount
* Earl - this is an old Saxon word. In Continental Europe this rank is called 'count', the lord in charge of a county. An earl's wife is called a *countess*
* Marquess - A special rank higher than an earl because a marquess's land was in the Marches, the border areas that must be defended. A marquess's wife is called a *marchioness*.  There were not many marquesses in Scotland, and they usually spelled the title 'marquis' like the French
* Duke - the highest rank.

Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term 'my lord' is used. A Duke is never called a lord. 'Your grace' is used for a Duke.

Since 2004 a list of peers has been kept by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice. This list, called the Roll of Peerage had to be kept to prove who was a peer.  The list of members of the House of Lords used to be the same until the  peers were excluded. Official documents can only call someone a peer if their name is on the Peerage Roll.

## Precedence 
Sorting out which peer should precede (*come in front of*) in a procession or other event depends on three different things:
#The rank.  All dukes come before all marquesses, then earls, then viscounts and finally barons.
#Country the peerage was created in.  All Dukes first created by the King of England come before those created by the King of Scotland.  After this come *Dukes of Great Britain* whose titles were created between 1707 and 1801 (during the existence of the United Kingdom of Great Britain). In 1801, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, so *Dukes of Ireland* come next, followed by *Dukes of the United Kingdom*. The other types of peer follow in the same order.
##England
##Scotland
##Great Britain
##Ireland
##United Kingdom
#Finally the order is decided on the year the title was created.

## Exceptions 
The only exceptions are the royal dukes, and the Duke of Abercorn.
*The dukes of Gloucester, Kent, Edinburgh, York, Cambridge, and Sussex are the most junior dukes, but because they are princes they rank ahead of all other dukes.  In 1952 the Queen ordered that her husband, the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, would be second only to her. The Duke of Edinburgh is now Elizabeth II's son, Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh.
*The Duke of Abercorn.  When the Irish Marquess of Abercorn was "promoted" in 1868 the duke was listed as a duke of the kingdom of Ireland, but was given precedence as if it was a peerage in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Irish peers cannot attend the House of Lords.

## References
Utopia

) from Hieronymus Bosch's *The Garden of Earthly Delights*.]]

**Utopia**  is a name for an imaginary community or society with a perfect system of laws and politics. 

Sir Thomas More invented the word for his 1516 book *Utopia*. The book was about a fictional island in the southern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Brazil. The word has been used to describe both a perfect society, and societies in literature. A related idea is dystopia, the opposite of a dystopia.

There have been many utopias based on politics, economics, religion, ecology. Some of these have been propagated in books and pamphlets, some as actual communities. In practice, attempts to create utopias seem doomed, as good intentions run against problems. Most of the literary utopias are actually satires of existing societies. There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (they did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.

*Utopia* is Greek for *no place*; related words include *eutopia*, meaning *good place* in Greek, paradise, Shangra La and Xanadu.

## Religious utopias 
The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias.

## Literature examples 
*''Plato's Republic* by Plato (~380 BCE) is one of the earliest conceptions of a utopia.
**The City of God* by Augustine of Hippo, (413–426 AD) describes an ideal city, the "eternal" Jerusalem, the archetype of all Christian utopias.
**New Atlantis* by Francis Bacon (1627).
**Gulliver's Travels'' by Jonathan Swift (1726), a satire on human nature and on 'travellers tales'.
**Erewhon* by Samuel Butler (1872), a satirical utopia.
**News from Nowhere* by William Morris (1892). Nowhere: a place without politics, a future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
**A Modern Utopia* by H. G. Wells (1905)

## References
Bantu peoples

languages and peoples (medium brown).]]

**Bantu** is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, that have a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.

Image:Bantu Phillipson.png|Bantu migration
Image:East&southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|Early Iron Age findings in eastern and southern Africa.
Image:Africa ethnic groups 1996.png

## Bibliography 
* J. Desmond Clark, The Prehistory of Africa, Thames and Hudson, 1970
* April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa, Lynne Riener, London, 1996
* Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995 (1989)
Hans Christian Ørsted

]]

**Hans Christian Oersted** (14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for discovering a relationship between electricity and magnetism, a field now known as electromagnetism.*Oersted* discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted (Oe) are named after him. He also discovered that aluminium was an element.

*Oersted* was also a writer and poet. His poetry series *Luftskibet* ("Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of his physicist friend, Étienne-Gaspard Robert.

## References
Ammeter

An **ammeter** is a measuring tool used to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit. The electric current is measured in amperes; for this reason, some people call the ammeters as *ampmeters*, by mistake. It can measure 'resistance' of a current, speed of a current and force of a current (the units used are ohms, amperes, and volts) Ammeters are connected in series in a circuit with two connections.

## Related pages
* Voltmeter
Digital

A **digital system** is a something that represents information by using digits. Each digit represents a small amount of information because each digit comes from a small set of choices. A digit can be decimal (one of the ten choices from *0* through *9*), as in the display of a digital clock. A digit can be binary (either *0* or *1*).  A binary digit is called a *bit*. Digital computers and digital communication like the internet usually use binary. The meaning of each *bit* depends on the place where it is used. For example, a *bit* can represent 'Yes' or 'No', or it can represent 'True' or 'False'. A large amount of information, like a picture, can be represented by using a list of many *bits*. 

A digital system is different than an analogue (US- analog) system, which represents information in a continuous way. 

The word *digital* is most commonly used in computing and electronics.

Blu-ray On Digital Copy And Digital HD

## Usage
* Digital electronics
* Computer
English Heritage

]]**English Heritage** is an organisation of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport). It manages many monuments of the historic environment of England. It was set up under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983. Before the Department of the Environment had had these functions. 

English Heritage takes care of many important historical and archaeological sites, from Stonehenge to the world's first iron bridge. But it has responsibilities in conservation, giving advice, registering and protecting the historic environment as well.  It also maintains a public archive, the National Monuments Record (NMR).

## Equivalent organisations
* Wales — Cadw
* Scotland — Historic Scotland
* Northern Ireland — Environment and Heritage Service
* Republic of Ireland — Office of Public Works

## Other websites
*English Heritage website
*Images of England website 
*Chief Executive website
Durban

**Durban** (Zulu: *eThekwini*; IPA: ) has the third largest population of a city in South Africa. It is in the province KwaZulu-Natal.

## History 
It is thought that the first known inhabitants of the Durban area arrived from the north around 100,000 BC, according to carbon dating of rock art found in caves in the Drakensberg. These people lived in the central plains of KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of Bantu people from the north during the last millennium.

## Sister cities 
Durban's sister cities are:
*  Alexandria, Egypt
*  Chicago, Illinois, United States
*  Eilat, Israel
*  Leeds, England (United Kingdom)
*  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*  Guangzhou, China

## Partner cities 
* Rotterdam, The Netherlands

## References 
* Municipal Demarcation Board 
* http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/P03022006/html/P03022006.html 
* Independent Electoral Commission 2004 election results 

## Other websites 
* Official Durban city website 
* Durban Art Deco Directory 
* Accommodation in Durban 
* Durban harbour
* Google Maps
* durbanscouts.za.net Events, culture, news and information from Durban 
* Business in Durban 
* Durban Shack Dwellers' Organisation
* South Africa Today A YouTube Channel giving news updates on SA's high crime situation for tourists, business and media. Based in Durban, South Africa.
Filioque clause

The **Filioque clause** is a part of the Nicene Creed that not all Christians accept. In the context of the Nicene Creed, *filioque* is Latin for "*and from the Son*".

The main parties involved are the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects the change, but the Catholic Church and most Protestant churches accept it, including the Anglican Church.

The Latin text is given below, and the change is in **bold** and was added to the Catholic version:

This is usually translated into English as:

Many Eastern Catholic churches have the same version as the Eastern Orthodox Churches, but they believe what the added words say.

## References
Krokus

**Krokus** is a hard rock band from Switzerland.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Krokus* (1976)
* *To You All* (1977)
* *Painkiller / Play It In Metal* (1978)
* *Metal Rendez-vous* (1980)
* *Hardware* (1981)
* *One Vice at a Time* (1982)
* *Headhunter* (1983)
* *The Blitz* (1984)
* *Change of Address* (1986)
* *Heart Attack* (1988)
* *Stampede* (1990)
* *To Rock or Not to Be* (1995)
* *Round 13* (1999)
* *Rock the Block* (2003)
* *Hellraiser* (2006)
* *Hoodoo* (2010)
* *Dirty Dynamite* (2013)
* *TBA* (2015)
Knight Bachelor

In the United Kingdom, a **Knight Bachelor** is a man who is a knight, (has the title *Sir*) but who is neither a:
* senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
* a baronet.

In the 1920s, the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.

The title is not hereditary, so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.

Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)

Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc., or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.

The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul". They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney". The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").
Historic Scotland

**Historic Scotland** was an agency of the Scottish Executive responsible for historic monuments in Scotland.  It was closed in 2015 and its job was given to Historic Environment Scotland.

Its website stated: 
:"Historic Scotland was created as an agency in 1991 and was attached to the Scottish Executive Education Department, which embraces all aspects of the cultural heritage, in May 1999. As part of the Scottish Executive Historic Scotland is directly accountable to Scottish Ministers for safeguarding the nation's built heritage, and promoting its understanding and enjoyment."

It has direct responsibility for maintaining and running over 200 monuments.

As an arm of government, Historic Scotland had similar functions to its counterparts in other parts of the United Kingdom:

*English Heritage in England
*Cadw in Wales,
*Environment and Heritage Service in Northern Ireland.

## Other website
*Official website 

## References
Loudness (band)

**Loudness** is a heavy metal band from Japan. The band was founded in 1981 by singer Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi. Loudness was the first Japanese heavy metal band to be signed to a recording contract in the United States.

## References
## Other websites 
*Loudness Official Homepage 
*Takasaki.net Loudness 
*Loudness' page on MySpace
Multimeter

A **multimeter** or a **multitester** is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit. It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters are sometimes called **DMM** too.

Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage. For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance, transistors Hfe and temperature.

The multimeter can make many tests, so it is often called "multitester".  When measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms.  For volts it would be a Voltmeter.  Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like  Volt/ohm meter or VOM. Most meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.

## How it can be measured
The multimeter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery. It can also be used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit. The Voltmeter is placed in parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. It can also be used to measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Amperage".

## References 
## Other websites 
* Multimeter Tutorial - Lots of useful information on Digital multimeter usage.
Gulag

The **Gulag** was a vast network of "slave labor" camps run by the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. Ever since the Soviet Union was founded in 1917, it imprisoned people who spoke out against it or were otherwise dangerous. Imperial Russia in previous decades had a similar system of prison camps. But the Soviet Union camp system grew to be one of the largest prison systems in existence. The Soviet camp-system was set up under Vladimir Lenin.
It  reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. 

The Gulag was run at first by the GPU (State Political Directorate), later by the NKVD and in the last years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s. According to Nicolas Werth, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) and dropped in the post-war years to about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s.

Soviet leaders believed it was right to put these people to work and make their labor and goods part of the national economy. In fact, two out of every hundred workers in the Soviet Union were gulag prisoners. By 1936, there were 5,000,000 prisoners in the gulags.

## Location 
Even though the Gulag is often associated with Siberia, labor camps were built across the Soviet Union. Siberian camps greatly simplified the problem of keeping prisoners from running away, though it was harder to feed these camps and move goods in and out because the camps were so far away.

## Decline and legacy 
The Gulag system declined during the 1950s after the death of Joseph Stalin, and many people were released starting in 1954.  The Gulag program was ended with a government decree in 1960.

According to the Gulag administration, 10 million people were sent to the gulags between 1934 and 1947.  However, Western scholars estimate that between 1918 and 1956, 15 to 30 million died in the gulags. 

Former prisoner and Nobel Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote two books about the Gulag: *One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich * and *The Gulag Archipelago*.

When Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began a "De-Stalinization" process. He made a secret speech, in which he denounced Stalin as having committed many murders of innocent people in Gulags and elsewhere, including Katyn massacre and slaughter of Poles in Ukraine & Belarus in 1937 and 1938. 

## References
Invitee

In tort law, an **invitee** is a member of the public who has been invited to do business with the owner of a property.  For example, if someone owns a store and invites someone else to come into the store to buy something, the person who is invited is an *invitee*.

In some places (or jurisdictions), tort law asks whether a person is an invitee when it decides what duty the owner of land has to keep that person safe from harm.
Negligence

In law, **negligence** is a kind of legal claim that people and organizations can bring if they are hurt. It is a kind of tort. The law calls someone **negligent** if he hurts someone else, or someone else's property, because he was not careful enough. In a legal case about negligence, the person who brings the lawsuit is called the plaintiff and the person who is being sued is called the defendant.

## Negligence case 
The law about negligence is different in many places (or jurisdictions), but for the plaintiff to win, he or she usually has to prove at least four things:

* the defendant had a  to behave in a certain way;
* the defendant  that duty;
* the plaintiff was *damaged*, or harmed as a result; and
* the breach of duty was the  reasonably predictable cause of the plaintiff's harm.

### Duty 
The defendant's *duty* is what the law says that he or she has to do. Usually, the law says that people have to be *reasonable*. That means they have to be careful, use good judgment, and not be unfair to other people. In some cases, the law tells people that they have special duties. In other cases, the law says that people have no duties at all. For example, in most places that use the common law, a person has no legal duty to rescue another person from harm, even if the rescue is very easy and does not cost anything or put anyone else in danger.

### Breach 
When people do not follow their duty, the law says that they *breach* their duty.

### Harm 
A plaintiff can usually bring a lawsuit only if he or she has been hurt, or has some other legal harm. The law tells people what kinds of injuries people can sue about.

### Cause 
A plaintiff can usually sue a defendant only if that defendant was the one who hurt the plaintiff. In many cases, it is easy to figure out who hurt someone. But sometimes people get hurt in ways that nobody expects. For example, a defendant might be driving while drunk, and he might hit an electric pole. The electric pole could fall down and cause a neighborhood to lose electric power. As a result, a person two miles away might trip and fall in the dark. The law will decide whether the drunk driver *caused* the person to trip and fall.

## Outside the law 
The word *negligence* is sometimes used outside the law in a similar way. It means that someone has not been careful enough.

## References
Masculinity

**Masculinity** (also called **manhood** or **manliness**) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. There is evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural and biological factors. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.

The colour blue is associated with masculinity in western culture.

## References
Femininity

are associated with femininity.]]

**Femininity** (also called **womanhood** or **womanliness**) is a set of traits, behaviors, and roles associated with females. Femininity is made up of both social and biological factors. This makes it different from the female sex, as women, men, and transgender people can all exhibit feminine traits.

The colour pink is associated with femininity in western culture.

Femininity is also present through certain natural instincts and traits like the widening of the hips in females to support the baby in the womb during pregnancy. Reproduction, development of breasts, and higher-pitched voice are examples of feminine biology in human beings.
Assault

An **assault** is when a person  another. In law, it is considered a crime or tort. In common law, it is when somebody threatens or tries to physically  someone else.  In order to be considered *assault*, the act must involve the ability to cause the harm. It does not necessarily have to involve touching the other person; that is called *battery*. In criminal law, an assault can be an attempted but unsuccessful battery. In some states or legal codes, the words "assault" and "battery" may mean the same thing.

There are several different kinds of assault. Each legal system has their own definitions.

A stronger form of assault is *aggravated assault*. This usually involves using a weapon that could easily be used to kill someone.

## References
Megaloblastic anemia

**Megaloblastic anemia** is a type of anemia. It can be caused by a lack of B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 or folic acid (vitamin B9).

 smear of a patient with megaloblastic anemia. The red arrow points out a hypersegmented neutrophil.]]
Legal code

A **legal code** is a *written* system of laws.  To *codify* the law is to write it down in a systematic manner.

Legal codes are typically written by legislatures.

## Related pages 
*Code of Hammurabi
Code (disambiguation)

**Code** can mean:

* a way to show information in another form, for example, a cipher
* the commands given to a computer in a computer program
* a legal code
Peer

**Peer** may refer to:

* Peerage, a system of nobility in various countries
* Peer group, a group of people of the same age, ability, etc.
* Peer-to-peer computer network, in which users act as both client and server
* Peer (Belgium)
Gulf of Oman

The **Gulf of Oman** is an arm of the Arabian Sea that borders Iran and south-western Pakistan to the north and Oman and the United Arab Emirates to the south. The Gulf of Oman used to be called *The Sea of Oman* on old maps.

## References
José Carreras

**Josep Carreras i Coll** (born 5 December 1946 in Barcelona, Spain), better known as **José Carreras**, is a tenor opera singer.

He was born in Sants, which is in neighborhood of Barcelona, Catalonia. His family moved to Argentina when he was very young. He started singing at the age of 6, and his first public performance happened when he was 8 years old.

Many years later, when he was in Paris, it turned out that he has leukemia. The long-term medications where successful and he survived from the disease. He established José Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation in Barcelona on July 14, 1988.

Carreras has received many awards both because of his musical and humanitarian work.

## Related pages
* Luciano Pavarotti
* Plácido Domingo
* Andrea Bocelli

## References
Cytokinesis

being clearly visible.]]

*Cytokinesis* is the division of cells after either mitosis or meiosis I and II.

During cytokinesis, the *cytoplasm* (the liquid center of the cell that holds the *organelles* into place) splits into two equal halves, and the cell becomes two daughter cells. This occurs right after the beginning of anaphase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II).

Cell division continues during telophase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II) until the cell has completely divided. mitosis and meiosis II starts again after cytokinesis. A new and complete nucleus has been formed in each of the two cells.

## Cytokinesis in plants 
 and cytokinesis]]

In plants cytokinesis is slightly different. As plant cells cannot move apart because of their cell wall, a cell plate begins to form during late anaphase and throughout telophase. 

When the cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the two new cells, the plate then becomes less flimsy and soon becomes another cell wall separating the daughter cells. Cytokinesis splits the cell wall, unlike animal cells, where it splits the cytoplasm. The cell wall grows later as the two new cells expand. 

## References
Tavern

in Lincoln, Massachusetts]]
A **tavern**, also known as a **saloon** or **bar**, is a place where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or spirits) are served. While the word "tavern" used to be common in England, in the 19th century the word began to be seen as old fashioned. The current term today in England is "pub" which comes from *public house*. However, taverns remain a popular part of fantasy stories and games. The term is still commonly used in the United States.

## Related pages
*Public house (pub)
*Bar (business)
Battery (tort)

**Battery** is the crime or tort of intentionally touching someone else without permission (literally, the act of "" somebody). So, to start a fight would be to commit **battery**. In some states, the crime of battery is referred to as assault, or it may be referred to as "assault and battery."

## Related pages
* Assault
Flag of Tunisia

The **flag of Tunisia** is a national flag.  It is red and white in colour with a star inside a moon.  It was created for the first time in 1831 by the Tunisian *bey* Hassine I. Since then, it has had some small changes.
Gaucho

.]]

***Gaucho*** () or ***Gaúcho*** () is the term commonly used for people who live in the south regions of Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul. It can also be used for people from Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile. They are similar to the North American cowboys, and, like them, gauchos of Argentina have become a symbol of freedom.

## History 
Working with his horse, a laço, *boleodoros*, and a knife, gauchos rode around the Pampas, killing wild cattle whose hides he sold secretly. They were usually outlaws, and did not become respectable until they fought with San Martin for Argentine freedom. After some time, many gauchos began working for *hacendados* and spent their lives helping huge herds of cattle over the Pampas. They liked to choose where they worked and traveled from place to place.

## Description 
Like cowboys, gauchos had a traditional outfit: a big hat, a collared shirt (mainly red), and baggy pants called *bombachas*, which were tucked into leather boots. Colorful pieces of cloth or a wide leather belt decorated with silver went around his waist, and silver spurs were on his boots. When working, gauchos often wore a big leather apron.

Today, though, most gauchos are disappearing. Trucks, roads, and fences are changing gauchos into farmers and assistants. Traditional dress is usually worn only on festival days, when they can remember their exciting old days.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Movimento Tradicionalista Gaucho  
*Pagina do Gaucho
Humat al-Hima

"**Humat Al-Hima**" (, ; "Defenders of the Homeland") is the national anthem of Tunisia since November 1987.

The text (words) of this anthem was written by two men, Mustapha Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Abul-Qacem Ech-Chebbi. And the Egyptian musician Mohamad Abdul-Wahab made its music.

## Words 
## References
Plácido Domingo

**Plácido Domingo** KBE (born 21 January 1941) is an Spanish operatic tenor and conductor. He is often regarded as one of the leading tenors of his generation. 

## Life and career
Born **José Plácido Domingo Embil** in Madrid, Spain, the son of singers who later moved to Mexico, where he made his vocal study. He began his career as a baritone singing in operettas but quickly retrained as a tenor. He made his official operatic debut in Mexico City in 1961, as Alfredo in *La traviata*. 

He sang in Tel Aviv from 1962 to 1965 in a wide variety of roles often in Hebrew. He made his American debut at the New York City Opera in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968. This was followed by La Scala in Milan (1969), the Royal Opera House in London (1971), the Paris Opéra (1973), and most of the great opera houses of the world. 

Although mostly associated with the Italian and French repertoire, he has in recent years sung several Wagner roles, and turned to conducting. He is the General Director of the Washington National Opera and the Los Angeles Opera. 

He was one of "The Three Tenors", alongside Luciano Pavarotti and José Carreras, and got 1.5 million dollars each time they sang.

In August 2019, Domingo was accused by nine women of sexual harassment.

In March 2020, Dominago was diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized in Mexico.

## References
Scelidosaurus

***Scelidosaurus*** was an early type of herbivorous dinosaur. It was a thyreophoran, a lightly plated, herbivorous dinosaur about 4 metres long. It lived during the early  Jurassic, 196 to 183 million years ago. Its fossils were found in Charmouth, Dorset, England. 

*Scelidosaurus* has been called the earliest complete dinosaur. 

It is one of the earliest and most basal of the armoured dinosaurs. A review by Serano had *Scelidosaurus* as the sister group (closest relative) to both the Stegosauria and Ankylosauria.

This genus lived on the supercontinent Laurasia. 
Its  length was about 4&nbsp;metres (13&nbsp;ft). *Scelidosaurus* was quadrupedal, with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs. It *may* have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its forefeet were as large as its hind feet. This suggests a mostly quadrupedal posture.

*Scelidosaurus* and its Jurassic relatives were herbivorous. Other ornithischians had teeth capable of grinding plant material, but *Scelidosaurus* had smaller, less complex teeth. Its jaw could only do simple up-and-down movements. Also, like stegosaurs, they may have swallowed gastroliths to aid processing of food (because of the lack of chewing ability). This is also done by modern birds and crocodiles. The diet of *Scelidosaurus* was low-lying plants like ferns and cycads. Seaweed has also been suggested as a food. Grass did not evolve until the Cretaceous period.

## References
Inheritance (disambiguation)

**Inheritance** is when people pass on property and debts when they die.

**Inheritance** or **inheritor** may also be:

In literature:
* *The Inheritors* by Nobel Prize winner William Golding
* *Inheritor* (novel), a 1996 science fiction novel by C. J. Cherryh
* *Inheritance* (novel), a 2011 book part of the Inheritance Cycle

In other fields:
* Heredity, the genetic information passed on by the father and mother
* Inheritance (computer science), a way to make new classes using others that are already made
Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)

The **Nissan Stadium** (previously called the **International Stadium of Yokohama**) is a sports stadium in Yokohama, Japan. It was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final.

## Events 
* 2002 FIFA World Cup Final
* FIFA Club World Cup

## Other websites 
*Official Site
Tonks

**Tonks** may mean: 

*Henry Tonks, artist
*Lewi Tonks, American quantum physicist known for the discovery of the Tonks-Girardeau gas
*Nymphadora Tonks, a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's *Harry Potter* novels
*Andromeda Tonks or Ted Tonks, Nymphadora's parents
*Rosemary Tonks, a British poet
*Tonks Avenue in Wellington, New Zealand
Leukemia

**Leukemia** or **leukaemia** is a cancer of white blood cells and bone marrow. When a person has leukemia, the body creates too many white blood cells (*leukocytes*).

There are many kinds of leukemia. Leukemia is part of a bigger group of diseases, the blood cancers (hematological neoplasms).  Without treatment, leukemia may lead to death within weeks, months, or years. The life of the person depends upon the type of leukemia.

In 2000, about 256,000 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it.  About 90% of all leukemias are seen in adults.

Solide Traitement à l'Arginine Stéphane Schmutz Médecin Oncologue (Aminothérapie)

## Four major types of leukemia 
Leukemia can be either *acute* or *chronic*.  Acute leukemia usually grows quickly.  Chronic leukemia grows slowly.

Leukemia can also affect two different types of white blood cells. These are lymphoid cells and young granulocyte cells (which are called *myelocytes*).

For this reason, all of the different forms of leukemia are divided into four main types:
* Acute lymphocytic leukemia (**ALL**) is the most common type of leukemia. It is common in young children but can also be seen in old people.
* Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (**CLL**) is usually seen in people over the age of 55. Children almost never have this.
* Acute myelogenous leukemia (**AML**) is seen more commonly in adults than in children.
* Chronic myelogenous leukemia (**CML**) happens mostly in adults.

## Causes and risk factors 
The causes of most types of leukemia are not known. In general, all cancers have a breakdown in the normal way cell division is controlled. Most likely, the different kinds of leukemias have different causes. The known causes account for relatively few cases. Most of the causes are outside our control.

Researchers believe that some things may influence whether a person develops leukemia:
* Exposure to Ionizing radiation
* Exposure to certain chemicals, for example benzene.
* Certain viruses
* Treatment with certain drugs that influence how cells develop; e.g. treatment of a tumor; Chemotherapy
* Certain genetic factors.

Viruses that are believed to cause leukemia include:
* Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
* Human T-lymphotropic virus

Fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia.

## Treatment
Most cases of leukemia are treated with many drugs, which are usually combined into a chemotherapy program. In some cases, radiation therapies or bone marrow transplants are done.

## Leukemia inhibitory factor 
**Leukemia inhibitory factor**, or **LIF**, is an interleukin 6 class cytokin. It affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate.

## References
Genome (disambiguation)

**Genome** may refer to:

*Genome — all genetic material carried by an organism
**Human genome
**Mitochondrial DNA
** Genome editing — a type of genetic engineering

* Genome (book) — a 1999 popular science book by Matt Ridley
* G-Nome — a mech PC game created by 7th Level
* Genome — a superior humanoid race in Square's console role-playing game *Final Fantasy IX*
* Genome (novel) - science fiction novel by Sergey Lukyanenko
Genome

The **genome** of an organism is the whole of its hereditary information encoded in its DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
Professor Hans Winkler coined the term in 1920.

Winkler's definition, in translation, runs:
:"I propose the expression ***genome*** for the haploid chromosome set, which, together with the pertinent protoplasm, specifies the material foundations of the species ...." p165

However, no single haploid chromosome set defines even the DNA of a species. Because of the huge variety of alleles carried by a population, every individual is genetically different. Even a diploid individual carries genetic variety. For that reason Dobzhansky preferred "set of chromosomes", and the definition now must be broader than Winklers' definition. The genome of a haploid chromosome set is merely a *sample* of the total genetic variety of a species.

The term 'genome' can be applied specifically to mean the complete set of nuclear DNA (the 'nuclear genome') but can also be used of organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the mitochondrial genome or the chloroplast genome.

## Genome sizes 
*Note:* The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers).

## Related pages
*Bioinformatics
*Gene
*Sequence analysis
*Human genome
*ENCODE: the complete analysis of the human genome

## References 

* Benfey P. and Protopapas A.D. 2004. *Essentials of genomics*. Prentice Hall.
* Brown T.A. 2002. *Genomes 2*. Bios Scientific Publishers.
* Gibson G. and Muse S.V. 2004. *A primer of genome science*. 2nd ed. Sinauer Assoc.
* Gregory T.R. (ed) 2005. *The evolution of the genome*. Elsevier.
* Reece R.J. 2004. *Analysis of genes and genomes*. Wiley.
* Saccone C. and Pesole G. 2003. *Handbook of comparative genomics*. Wiley. 
* Werner E. 2003. In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes. *Drug Discov Today*. **8**(24):1121-7. PubMed
* Witzany G. 2007. Natural genome editing competences of viruses. *Acta Biotheoretica*. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17347785&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

## Other websites 
* DNA Interactive: the history of DNA science
* DNA from the beginning
* All about the human genome project from Genome.gov
* Animal genome size database
* Plant genome size database 
* GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
* The Genome News Network
* NCBI Entrez Genome Project database
* NCBI Genome Primer
* BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published
* Software that maps an Artificial Genome sequence to a Network and to a Lineage tree
* IMG The integrated microbial genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

**Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali** (September 3, 1936 &ndash; September 19, 2019) was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011.

On January 14, 2011, he was forced to leave Tunisia and go to Saudi Arabia with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their three children after a month of protests against his rule. The Arab Spring started in Tunisia.

## Birth
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali was born in Hammam Sousse on September 3, 1936.

## Work before Presidency
He was assigned to manage (direct and take care) the Defense Military Security in 1964, and worked there until 1974. He was then promoted (his grade was changed to a superior one) to director-general of National Security at the Ministry of Interior in 1977. After that, he was assigned to take care of relations between Tunisia and the Kingdom of Morocco.

After being the ambassador of Tunisia in Poland, he returned to National Security.

Right before becoming the President of Tunisian Republic, Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has been promoted to Prime Minister and the constitutional successor on October 1, 1987.

Five weeks after his promotion he, officially, became the Second President of Tunisia.

## Controversy
The way that Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali governs had cause some problems with groups including the Al-Jazeera channel. Al-Jazeera does not believe it is correct for Ben Ali to say that Muslim women wearing headscarves (religious clothes) in public places must take then off and say that they will not wear them in public again.

## Death
Ben Ali died at a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia of prostate cancer on September 19, 2019 at the age of 83.

## References
Baronet

, depicting the Red Hand of Ulster.]]
In the United Kingdom, a **baronet** is a man who has the title *Sir*, like a knight, but who is neither:
* a senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
* a Knight Bachelor.

Unlike the members of the orders of chivalry, and a knight bachelor, a baronet can pass his title to his children.

Baronets rank higher than knights, but below barons. They are the highest rank of minor nobility.

## History 
Some baronets were created in the 1300s, but the modern Order of Baronets dates from King James I of England.

On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in   England. He made 200 *gentlemen of good birth* baronets.  He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron.  The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland.  Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for   three years.

In 1619 James I set up the Baronetage of Ireland, to raise more money.

To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada, King James I of England was going a create  the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year.  His son King Charles I  set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625.   The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years. 

Today over a hundred  *baronets of Nova Scotia* still exist. The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the *Premier Baronet of Scotland*  because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotland.  It was created in 1625.

## Insignia 
The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629. The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia

Baronets of England, of Ireland, of Great Britain or of the United Kingdom had no badge until 1929.

 

## References
Armiger

A person who has a coat of arms is sometimes called an *armiger*.  They are **armigerous**.

Originally an armiger was an Armour-Bearer or Esquire, who helped a Knight, but who had his own coat of arms.

The term "armiger" is well-defined only in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Spain where there is a state or other heraldic body.  These bodies include the College of Arms in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the Office of the Chief Herald in the Republic of Ireland or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland).

Someone can have a coat of arms either because they are descended from a person with a right to bear a coat of arms, or by having a new *grant of arms*  to him or herself.

## References
Heraldry

heralds from the year 1594|231x231px]]
**Heraldry** is the art and science of designing and using a coat of arms.  The study of coats of arms is also called *armory*.  The practice of using   on a person's shield started in the Middle Ages, when a knight's helmet covered his face, making everybody look the same in battle.  At first, only knights and nobility had coats of arms, but in the Middle Ages, some cities started using heraldry too.  By the end of the Middle Ages, other people began using coats of arms, now called *burgher arms*, which means they belong to a commoner and not a member of the nobility.  An  in charge of approving and recording coats of arms is called a *herald*.  The related study of flags is called *vexillology*.

Heraldry is described in English using a specialised  called *Blazon* which is based on French words.  Heraldry uses only bold, bright colors, called *tinctures*, with special names.  Gold, for instance, is called *Or*.  This word is often capitalised to distinguish it from the  *or*.  Silver and white are sometimes treated as different colors, but in English Blazon both are called *argent*.  Some combinations of colors represent furs, and these have names that are only used in heraldry.  There are a number of geometric shapes, called *ordinaries*, that are used in heraldry, and each of these has a special name too.  The shield may be divided in a number of ways, usually following the lines of the ordinaries.
Berkelium

**Berkelium** (IPA: ) is a synthetic, radioactive, chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol **Bk** and atomic number 97. It is a metallic element and part of the actinide series. Berkelium was invented by scientists and does not exist in nature. Berkelium was first made by hitting americium with alpha particles or helium ions. It is named after Berkeley, California and the University of California, Berkeley.

## Uses 
Its only uses are to create bigger elements and research.

## References 
*Los Alamos National Laboratory - Berkelium 
*It's Elemental - Berkelium 

## Other websites 
*WebElements.com - Berkelium
BBC Learning English

**BBC Learning English** is a website hosted by the BBC World Service since 1996. It provides free learning materials for people who speak English as a second language and want to improve their English Language skills.

## References