open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Web hosting service

A **web hosting service** is a type of Internet hosting service. It allows people and companies to make their website available on the World Wide Web.  Web hosts are companies which provide space on a server which is owned or leased for use by clients. These clients store their Web site on the server. The server feeds the web pages to the Internet. 

Fandom, for example, is a hosting service. Many web hosting companies also provide other services including file hosting service.

## Classification of web hosting
### Shared web hosting 
For entry-level website hosting, shared web hosting is ideal. This is where your website will be housed alongside several other websites on the same server. All domains on a shared hosting plan share the same server resources, such as RAM (Random Access Memory) and CPU (Central Processing Unit) (Central Processing Unit). Shared hosting are relatively inexpensive because all resources are shared, making them a good choice for website owners in their early stages.

### Virtual Private Server (VPS Hosting) 
It's the perfect solution for website owners who want greater control but don't need a dedicated server. Each website on a VPS server is housed in its own space on the server, while it still shares a physical server with other customers. While VPS hosting gives website owners more customization and storage capacity, it can't withstand extremely high traffic or usage spikes, which means that the site's performance might still be influenced by other sites on the server.

### Dedicated Web Hosting 
Dedicated web hosting allows website owners to have the maximum control over the server on which their website is hosted. That's because you've rented the server solely, and your website is the only one on it. This means you have complete root and admin access, allowing you to manage anything from security to the operating system you use.

One of the most expensive web hosting solutions is dedicated servers. They are typically utilized by website owners who have a lot of traffic on their site and need complete control over their servers. In addition, the installation and continuing operation of the server necessitate a high level of technical competence.

### Managed Web Hosting 
The majority of hosting packages available online are likely to be managed. Hosting companies provide technical services such hardware and software setup and configuration, maintenance, hardware replacement, technical help, updating, and monitoring. The provider manages the hardware, operating systems, and standardized applications on a day-to-day basis using managed hosting. Each plan is tailored to the demands of various groups, so knowing what you need in a website will help you choose the best plan for you and your company.
## References
This sections needs to be filled in.
Brodus Clay

**George Murdoch** (born February 21, 1973) is an American cable news personality, actor, and former professional wrestler, better known by his ring names, **Brodus Clay** and **Tyrus**. He is best known for his time working with WWE, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance, where he won the Worlds Heavyweight Championshipand the World Television Championship once each. Before he became a wrestler he worked as a bodyguard for Snoop Dogg.

On June 12, 2014, Clay was released from his WWE contract. On September 16, Murdoch made his debut for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name Tyrus, as an ally of Ethan Carter III (EC3). On October 4, 2015, at Bound For Glory, Tyrus won a gauntlet for the gold match to become the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On April 18, 2018, Tyrus left the company. 

On March 21, 2021, Tyrus made his National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) debut at Back For The Attack. On August 6, Tyrus defeated The Pope to win the NWA World Television Championship. On November 12, 2022, Tyrus defeated Trevor Murdoch to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship, his only major world title. On August 27, at NWA 75th Anniversary Show, Tyrus lost the title in a Bullrope match to EC3 and retired from professional wrestling.

## Championships and accomplishments 
***National Wrestling Alliance**
**NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**NWA World Television Championship (1 time)
* **Pennsylvania Premiere Wrestling**
** PPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 58 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2023
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** Bound for Gold (2015)
* **WWE**
** Slammy Award (1 time)
*** Best Dancer of the Year (2012)

## Books
**Just Tyrus: A Memoir* (2022), Post Hill Press
**Nuff Said* (2023), Post Hill Press

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Ann M. Martin

**Ann Matthews Martin** (born August 12, 1955) is an American children's writer.

Ann Martin grew up in Princeton, New Jersey with her parents and her younger sister, Jane. She graduated from Smith College. After this, Martin became a teacher and then an editor of children's books. Now, she is a full-time writer.

Martin finds the ideas for her books from many different things. Some are based on what she has done herself. Others are based on childhood memories and feelings. All of the characters that Ann uses in her books, including the members of *The Baby-Sitters Club*, are fictional. However, many of her characters are based on real people. Sometimes Ann names her characters after people she knows, and other times she simply chooses names that she likes.

In 1990, she started the Ann M. Martin Foundation. This gives money to causes which help children, education/literacy programs, homeless people and animals.

## Books
* *The Baby-sitters Club* series
* *Baby-Sitters Little Sister* series
* ''The Kids in Ms. Colman's Class* series
* *California Diaries* series
* *P.S. Longer Letter Later* with Paula Danziger
* *Snail Mail No More* with Paula Danziger
* *Leo The Magnificent*
* *Rachel Parker, Kindergarten Showoff*
* *Ten Kids, No Pets*
* *Eleven Kids, One Summer*
* *Ma and Pa Dracula*
* *Yours Turly, Shirley*
* *Just a Summer Romance*
* *Missing Since Monday*
* *With and Without You*
* *Me and Katie (The Pest)*
* *Stage Fright*
* *Inside Out*
* *Just You and Me*
* *Bummer Summer*
* *A Dog's Life: The Autobiography of a Stray*
* *Everything for a Dog*
* *The Doll People* series
* *A Corner of the Universe*
* *Belle Teal*
* *Here Today*
* *Main Street*
* *Needle and Thread*
* *'Tis the Season*
* *Welcome to Camden Falls*
* *On Christmas Eve*
* *Ten Rules for Living with My Sister''

## References
## Other websites 
* Ann M. Martin page from Scholastic, her publisher
Naoto Kan

**Naoto Kan** (born 10 October 1946) is a Japanese politician and former Prime Minister of Japan. In June 2010 he was elected as prime minister. He was the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan. Naoto Kan studied law and is a patent attorney by profession. Kan resigned as prime minister on 26 August 2011 after many people were critical of his leadership following the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and nuclear crisis. Yoshihiko Noda was appointed as his successor.

## References
Im Sa-hong

**Im Sa-hong** (임사홍, 1445 - 1506) was a politician and writer and member of the royal family in Joseon Dynasty Korea.

## Related pages 
* Shin Su-geun
* Nam Gon

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=130494
* http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b18a1740a
Schoolhouse Rock!

***Schoolhouse Rock!*** is an American animated children's television series that aired from January 6, 1973 to March 31, 2009. The show is an educational-musical show that first aired on ABC. The topics the show taught children were grammar, science, economics, history, mathematics, and civics. Many of the songs were performed by Grady Tate.

## Other websites 
*
Ring-tailed lemur

The **ring-tailed lemur** (*Lemur catta*) is a primate from the group of lemurs (Lemuriformes). It lives in the dry regions of southwest Madagascar. 

This lemur weighs between . It can live up to 20 years.  It is a mid-sized lemur. The striped tail makes it easy to recognize. Its behaviour is somewhat unusual for lemurs: it is active during the day, and spends much time on the ground. Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups of 12 to 15 animals. Each group is led by a female. Ring-tailed lemurs eat both meat and plants, but they mainly eat fruit. They live only in Madagascar. The main threats to ring-tailed lemurs are destroying the places where it lives and hunting.

## References
**Notes**
The New York Times Company

**The New York Times Company** is an American media company. It is most known for publishing *The New York Times,* other publications related to it, and other media properties. Its headquarters are at the New York Times Building in Manhattan, New York City.

## History 
The company was started by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones in New York City. The first edition of the newspaper *The New York Times was* published on September 18, 1851.

In 2003, the company bought *The Washington Post* 50 percent ownership in the*International Herald Tribune* (*IHT*) for US$65 million.

In 2005, the company bought About.com, a company that provides consumer information, for US$410 million. In 2005, the company reported revenues of US$3.4 billion to its investors.

In 2013, the company sold *The Boston Globe* and other media properties to John W. Henry, the main owner of the Boston Red Sox.

They bought The Wirecutter in October 2016 for a $30 million.

In February 2022, the New York Times Company bought *The Athletic*, a sports news website, for $550 million.

Later in February 2022, the company bought acquired Wordle, an Internet word puzzle game.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* 
* *International New York Times*
* The New York Times Company records (1836–2000) – The New York Public Library
* New Yimes Times building
Radio edit

A **clean version** (also called **radio edit**) is a song that has its profanity taken away so it can be played on radio stations. Some songs that do not have profanity but are called "radio edit" can mean that their length have been shorten or have some of its lyrical content removed for legal purposes. For example, Michael Jackson's "They Don't Care About Us" have jew me replaced with do me.

## Other websites 
*Arcane Radio Trivia Radio Edit Article
Provinces of Mongolia

__NOTOC__
**Mongolia** is split up into 21 **provinces** (called **aimags**, ) and one provincial municipality. Each province is also split up into several districts.

## List of provinces
## References 
## Other websites 
* Provinces of Mongolia at statoids.com
1994 Northridge earthquake

The **1994 Northridge Earthquake** was a violent natural disaster that took place on Monday, January 17, 1994 at 0430 Pacific Standard Time around the Los Angeles area. The earthquake had a strong moment magnitude at around 6.7, although ground acceleration was one of the highest ever recorded in an urban region of North America. Almost 60 people died and property damage totaled between $20 billion and $23 billion, making this earthquake one of the costliest disasters in the history of the United States. The productions for movies and television programs were shut down, a number of highways and roads were damaged and several Hollywood studios (including Warner Bros., Disney and Universal Pictures) were closed off as a result of this disaster.

## References
Blue (group)

**Blue** are a British pop-R&B boy band quartet. The members are Antony Costa (born 1981), Duncan James (born 1978), Lee Ryan (born 1983) and Simon Webbe (born 1979). The group formed in London in 2000. They released their first single and album in 2001. They split in 2005 and reformed in 2011 . They were the UK entry in the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Liberal National Party of Queensland

The **Liberal National Party of Queensland** (**LNP**) is a liberal conservative political party in Queensland, Australia. It is the merger of the Liberal and National parties in Queensland. It was formed in 2008.

It is currently in government. Its current leader is David Crisafulli, the deputy leader is Jarrod Bleijie and the president is Lawrence Springborg.

Since the Liberals and Nationals merged in 2008, the LNP has only ever formed the state government once, when Campbell Newman defeated the incumbent Labor government of Anna Bligh at the 2012 state election in a landslide. He won a record 78 seats in Parliament (which had 89 seats at the time, but now has 93), therefore making Newman the first LNP Premier of Queensland. In 2015, the Labor Party under Annastacia Palaszczuk defeated the LNP and formed a minority government (which has since become a majority government). Despite this, Queensland is a conservative state on the federal level (Labor has only won the two-party-preferred vote in Queensland three times since 1949) and the LNP also holds the majority of wards on the Brisbane City Council.

## References
Midnight blue

**Midnight blue** is a very dark shade of blue, like navy blue. While they are both dark shades of blue, midnight blue is not the same as navy blue. This color is darker than navy blue and is generally considered to be the deepest shade of blue, one so dark that it might be mistaken for black. Navy blue is a comparatively lighter hue.

Midnight blue projects sophistication and elegance. Its link with formal occasions and royalty means it conveys confidence, power and authority, while its deep hue can also come across as dark and mysterious.

According to color psychology, blue is associated with trustworthiness and reliability. Dark shades of blue in particular are linked with authority and intelligence; midnight blue’s deep appearance is particularly likely to make this impression.

But because it is very close in appearance to black, midnight blue might also project qualities associated with that color. Black can be used to convey power, strength and formality—but it can also signify mourning and fear.

## History of midnight blue 
The name “midnight blue” was first used in 1915. It is named for its resemblance to the very dark blue shade of a night sky around the Moon. While the color name is relatively recent, midnight blue skies can be seen in Vincent van Gogh artworks from the 1800s like *Starry Night*. Crayola named a crayon “midnight blue” in 1958, replacing the shade that had previously been known as “Prussian blue”.

## Color codes 
* In hex:  #191970

## Related pages 
* Baby blue
* Light pink
Magical thinking

**Magical thinking** is a kind of thinking that looks for relationships between actions and events that can not be proved by reason and observation. Examples of magical thinking include some forms of prayer, some religious or magical rituals, superstitions, and taboos. The rain dance is a form of magical thinking. The dancers believe that the actions and songs used in the rain dance will cause rain to fall. Faith healing is a form of magical thinking where the healer says prayers, puts their hands on the sick person in the belief that the healer's actions will cure the person. Explanations for magical thinking include coincidence, the placebo effect, self-deception, staged events, and natural causes. See materialism. 

In psychology, magical thinking may lead people to believe that their thoughts by themselves can cause effects in the world or that thinking something is the same as doing it. It is a type of incorrect reasoning that looks for meaningful relationships between coincidences. 

However many people believe supernatural things do happen sometimes. To believe all explainable events are simply due to magical thinking is a form of scepticism.

## Related pages
*Parapsychology

## Other websites
*Connecting with Coincidence
Neilsen rating

**Nielsen ratings** is an audience measurement system that was developed by the Nielsen Company. They created the system in an effort to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States. The Nielsen Media Research was founded by Arthur Nielsen. Nielsen was a market analyst and began his career in the 1920s. He expanded his career into the radio market analysis during the 1930s. This helped give ratings of radio programing which was meant to provide statistics as to the markets of radio shows. In 1950, Nielsen moved to television and developed ratings systems using the methods he and his company had developed for radios.

## Other websites 
* Nielsen Media Research website
** Nielsen Media: FAQs – About the "Sweeps"
* Slate: How Does "Sweeps" Week Work? (February 16, 2004)
* Nielsen Global Technology and Information Center website 
* Information on Nielsen's Anytime Anywhere Media Measurement Initiative.
Christina Milian

**Christina Marie Milian** (born September 26, 1981), is an Afro-Cuban - American singer-songwriter, actress and dancer. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Cuban parents Don Flores and Carmen Milian and moved to Waldorf, Maryland soon after her birth. She began her music career in 2000 and has released three studio albums.

## Discography
* *Christina Milian* (2001)
* ''It's About Time* (2004)
* *So Amazin''' (2006)

## Filmography
## Other websites 
* Official website 
*
Eastern black rhinoceros

The **Eastern black rhinoceros** (*Diceros bicornis michaeli*) is also known as the **East African black rhinoceros**. It is a critically endangered subspecies of black rhino that lives in woodland and scrubland biome. It lives in countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Black rhinos typically weigh up to 2,090 to 2,870 lbs and get up to 4.7 to 5.2 ft tall and live up to 40 years.

## References
Fujiidera

is a city in the middle region of Osaka Prefecture in Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Fujidera City" in English.

## History
According to the Imperial Household Agency, Emperor Chūai and Emperor Ingyō are buried in an  tumulus (*kofun*) at Fujiidera. Chūai and Ingyō are  at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) at this site.

The present city was established in 1966.

## References
## Other websites
* Fujideara website
Condé-sur-Sarthe

**Condé sur Sarthe** is a village near Alençon, in the Orne department in northwestern France. The name "Conde" comes from the Celtic term Condate. There are 2,164 people in 2009. It is . The highest point in the commune is . The river which is called "la Sarthe" flows through the village.

The Rustic cheese is made in the town of Condé-sur-Sarthe.

The church of Saint Martin is of Romanesque architecture and was partly renovated during the Gothic period. Therefore, one can observe arches on one side of the nave, and pointed arches on the other side. The bell tower dates from the 18th century. There is a 19th-century painting of the Assumption and polychrome wooden statues. The stained glass dates from the 16th century.

The "Monument of the Firing Squad Galochère", dating from 1944, honors the soldiers shot here during the Second World War.
Takahagi, Ibaraki

is a city in northern Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Fujidera City" in English.

## History 
The city of Takahagi was founded on November 23, 1954.

## References
## Other websites
* Takahagi website
Boric acid

**Boric acid** is an acid of boron.  Its salts are called borates.  Boric acid is used as a disinfectant. It can also be used as a preservative, it has the E number 284. Boric acid is a by-product of the production of certain forms of glass, porcelain and vitreous enamel. It is also used as a Flame retardant. Dissolved in water, it acts as a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants. 

Boric acid is toxic. Damage is done from absorbing or ingesting about 50&nbsp;mg, per kg of body weight.

Boric acid is one of the chemicals on the REACH list of the European Union. In 2010, the European Chemicals Agency listed it as a Substance of very high concern. Boric acid causes birth defects; it is a teratogen. This is also true for mixtures that contain boric acid in a concentration of at least 5.5%.
Robin Givens

**Robin Simone Givens** (born November 27, 1964 New York City) is an American stage, television and movie actress. Her acting began in 1985 beginning with sitcoms *The Cosby Show* and ''Diff'rent Strokes''.

## References
Kodaira, Tokyo

is a Japanese city in the western part of the greater metropolis of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Kodaira City" in English.

## References
## Other websites
* http://kodaira.web.transer.com/bb_url_ej.php?ctw_=sT,eCR-JE,bF,hT,uaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jaXR5LmtvZGFpcmEudG9reW8uanAv,f20110620093131-0,cdXRmLTg=,,
Robin Thicke

**Robin Charles Thicke** (born March 10, 1977) is an American-Canadian R&B singer and songwriter. 

## Early life
Thicke was born in Los Angeles to American mother Gloria Loring and Canadian father Alan Thicke.

## Career
Thicke's earlier records were put out under his last name. He has written the songs of many musicians, including though not limited to Jennifer Hudson, Usher and many more. He was signed to Interscope Records at the age of 16. His first album was released in 2003. His second album was released in 2006. It was much more successful and sold 1.5 million copies. Thicke's single "Blurred Lines" sold more than any other song in 2013.

### Blurred Lines
In March 2013 his song "Blurred Lines", featuring T.I. and Pharrell, was released through Star Trak Recordings. It was a worldwide hit, reaching number one in the UK, the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. It and its video has been criticized for being misogynistic and promoting rape culture. It was later banned at Leeds Student Union, Edinburgh Student Union, University of Derby, Kingston University, University of Bolton, and The University of West Scotland for these reasons. "The song hugely objectifies women and excuses rape culture,” Hollie O’Connor, president of the University of Derby Students’ Union, told NBC News. “It is a man suggesting that there are ‘blurred lines’ when it comes to sexual consent and that is unacceptable. We felt we needed to take a stand.” Numerous parodies of the video were released online. Thicke responded to criticism by calling it 'ridiculous'. He said the lyrics are about  "blurring the lines between men and women and how much we're the same" and "blurred lines between a good girl and a bad girl."

On July 30 the album *Blurred Lines* was released in the US. It entered the Billboard chart at #1.

In August the song was performed at the MTV Video Music Awards with Miley Cyrus. The performance was the most Tweeted-about event in history. Thicke also performed Give It 2 U with Kendrick Lamar and 2 Chainz.

Give It 2 U, Blurred Lines' second single, was officially released August 27. It features rappers Kendrick Lamar and 2 Chainz. will.i.am was one of the writers. Like Blurred Lines, the video is directed by Diane Martel. It reached 25 in the Billboard Hot 100. The third single is to be '4 the Rest of My Life'.

## Personal life
Thicke was married to Paula Patton until October 2014. He has a three-year-old son, Julian Fuego.

## References
## Other websites
*
Provinces of Oman

The regions and governorates of Oman are divided into provinces.

## Ad Dakhiliyah Region
*Nizwa
*Samail
*Bahla
*Adam
*Al Hamra
*Manah
*Izki
*Bidbid

## Al Batinah Region
*Sohar
*Ar Rustaq
*Shinas
*Liwa
*Saham
*Al Khaburah
*As Suwayq
*Nakhal
*Wadi Al Maawil
*Al Awabi
*Al Musanaah
*Barka

## Al Wusta Region
*Haima
*Duqm
*Mahout
*Al Jazer

## Ash Sharqiyah Region
*Sur
*Ibra
*Mudhaibi
*Al Kamil Wal Wafi
*Jalan Bani Bu Hassan
*Jalan Bani Bu Ali
*Wadi Bani Khaled
*Dema Wa Thaieen
*Bidiya
*Al Qabil
*Masirah
*Syaifa (New Capital)

## Ad Dhahirah Region
*Ibri
*Yanqul
*Dank
*Shurrahim(New Capital since August 2011)

## Muscat Governorate
*Muscat
*Muttrah
*Bawshar
*Seeb
*Al Amerat
*Qurayyat
*Al Khuwair

## Musandam Governorate
*Khasab
*Bukha
*Daba Al Bayah
*Madha

## Dhofar Governorate
*Salalah
*Taqa
*Mirbat
*Thumrait
*Sadah
*Rakhyut
*Dhalkut
*Muqshin
*Shalim and the Hallaniyat Islands

## Al Buraimi Governorate
*Al Buraimi
*Mahdah
*Al Sinaihah
Ranzan, Saitama

is a town in the middle of Saitama Prefecture in Japan.

Ranzan Keikoku Gorge is a forested area near Mount Ohira.  The  Tsukigawa River runs through it.

## References
## Other websites
* Ranzan website 
* Sugaya Yakata Castle
Scream 3

***Scream 3*** is a 2000 American horror movie. It stars Courteney Cox and Neve Campbell. It was released via Dimension, which was a division of Miramax at that time. 

It is the third in the *Scream* franchise. It came after *Scream 2* and was followed by *Scream 4*. The movie is rated R .

## Plot 
The story takes place three and a half years after the Woodsboro massacre in the first movie. *Scream* . it takes place during the making of *Stab 3.*  The three survivors of the movie series so far, Gale, Dewey and Sidney, want to catch the new killer. They work with detective Mark Kincaid to learn who the killer is and stop them.

During the search for the killer. Gale finds out, that Sidney's mother. Maureen Prescott, wanted to be an actress.

## Cast
* Neve Campbell as Sidney Prescott
* Matthew Lillard as Jerry Prescott
* Steve Burns as Steve Prescott
* David Arquette as Dewey Riley
* Courteney Cox as Gale Weathers
* Owen Wilson as Nigel Green
* Heather Matarazzo as Martha Meeks
* Patrick Dempsey as Detective Mark Kincaid 
* Scott Foley as Roman Bridger
* Parker Posey as Jennifer Jolie 
* Emily Mortimer as Angelina Tyler
* Matt Keeslar as Tom Prinze 
* Jenny McCarthy as Sarah Darling
* Deon Richmond as Tyson Fox 
* Lance Henriksen as John Milton
* Patrick Warburton as Steven Stone
* Liev Schreiber as Cotton Weary
* Kelly Rutherford as Christine Hamilton
The movie includes cameos from several well known people. They include directors Wes Craven and Kevin Smith (as Silent  Bob) as well as actor Jason Mewes (as Jay)

## Production 
The movie was rewritten due to the Columbine High School massacre.

## Other websites 
*
Provinces of Panama

Panama is divided into ten provinces (). There are three provincial-level indigenous regions (, often shortened to *comarcas*). 

There are also two indigenous *comarcas* within provinces that are considered equivalent to a *corregimiento* (municipality).

## Provinces 
### Sub-Provinces
## Related pages 
*ISO 3166-2:PA

## Notes 
## References
Public holidays in Thailand

Public holidays in Thailand are controlled by the government. Most holidays are observed by both the public and private sectors.

## Public holidays
*Parts of the private sector may not observe these days as holidays.
*Months in which the dates usually fall.

## National observances
These observances are controlled by the government, but are not observed as holidays.

## Other observances
*Months in which the dates usually fall.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Thai Calendar; for children.
* Thailand Holidays 2010 , Thailand Holidays 2011 
*Public Holidays and Bar Closures in Thailand ;
Hitachi, Ibaraki

is Japanese port city on the Pacific coast of Ibaraki Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

## History
Hitachi became a city in the year 1939.

### Industry
In 1910, Namihei Odaira established a machine repair shop in the city.  The business grew into the international company which is named after the city -- Hitachi.

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/
Victoria Tolstoganova

**Victoria Victorovna Tolstoganova** (Russian: Виктория Викторовна Толстоганова; born Moscow, 24 March 1972) is a Russian actress. She is best known for acting in Russian TV series in the 2000s.

Tolstoganova is divorced from Andrei Kuzichyov. They have two children. She is currently dating Aleksei Agranovich, with whom she has one child.

## Other websites 
*
Cranberry

A **cranberry** is a fruit. It grows on an evergreen dwarf shrub. Cranberries are in the genus *Vaccinium*, and its subgenus *Oxycoccus*. In some classification methods, they are regarded as a genus in their own right.

Cranberry plants grow in acidic bogs in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere.  They are low creeping shrubs up to seven feet (3 m) long, from two to eight inches (5-20 cm) high.  They have slender and wiry stems with small leaves which are evergreen with dark pink flowers. Cranberries are traditionally eaten during Christmas and Thanksgiving in the United States. They are also eaten in Europe and some parts of South America.  

Cranberries are important cash crops for certain northern U.S. states, Canada, and Chile.  They are turned into juice, sauce or jam. Since 2005, cranberries have been marketed as superfruit for their antioxidant and nutrient qualities.
Nakano, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Nakano City" in English.

## History
### Timeline
* **1889** (*Meiji 22*): Nakano becomes a village
* **1923** (*Taishō 12*): Great Kanto earthquake causes big increase in Nakano's population  
* **1932** (*Shōwa 7*): Nakano established as a city
* **1943**: (*Shōwa 18*):  Nakano becomes part of *Tokyo-to*
* **1947**: (*Shōwa 23*):  Nakano becomes a special wards 
* **1961**: (*Shōwa 36*):  Tokyo subway system extends to Nakano

## Geography
Nakano is a west-central ward. It borders Shibuya on the south.  Suginami is on the ward's western border. Nerima is on the northern border. Shinjuku is on the west.

## Related pages 
* List of special wards of Tokyo
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Nakano website  ,  
* Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards
Assembly line

An **assembly line** is a manufacturing process which is a very important part of industry.

In an assembly line, parts are added to a product in a sequence. Each worker and machine does one part, and the parts are put together to make the finished object. This makes a product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods, where one person made the whole object. 

The division of labour was discussed by Adam Smith in his book *The Wealth of Nations* (1776). He used the manufacture of pins as an example of increasing productive efficiency.

## Ford
The assembly line developed by Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1915 made assembly lines famous as an example of mass production. The result was a cheaper car, the Ford Model T, and higher wages for Ford workers. Henry Ford was the first to master the moving assembly line, and was able to reduce labor hours needed to make a car, and increased numbers of cars and parts. Ford was the first company to build large factories around the assembly line concept. 

Mass production by assembly lines was the catalyst which started the modern consumer culture by making possible low unit cost for manufactured goods. It is often said that Ford's production system was ingenious because it turned Ford's own workers into new customers. The lower prices turned a huge potential market into a reality. The greater demand allowed further economies of scale to be exploited. This bootstrapping quality of growth made Ford famous and set an example for other industries.

The idea was not invented by Ford. Its use in America may have started with the production of cars by Ransom E. Olds in 1901.

## History
The earliest example of an assembly system is the Terracotta Army of the 3rd century BC. The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added. 

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

## References
Ōta, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Ōta City" in English.

## History
Ōta Dōkan was the founder of Edo (now known as Tokyo).

On 15 March 1947, the ward of Ōta was formed by combining the wards of Kamata and Ōmori.

## Geography
Ōta is a southern ward of Tokyo.  Its southern border is the Tama River and the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture.  On the north, Ōta borders the special wards of Shinagawa, Meguro and Setagaya. Tokyo Bay is on the east.

## Related pages
* Tokyo International Airport

## References
## Other websites
* Ōta website 
*Toho University website ,
Hypothyroidism

**Hypothyroidism** is a medical condition. If a person has hypothyroidism, their thyroid gland does not make enough hormones. This condition is also called underactive thyroid. It can be caused by many factors, but it is more common when a person has insufficient iodine. Severe hypothyroidism in infants can result in cretinism.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include the following: tiredness, headaches, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and poor concentration.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ōsumi (satellite)

, also known as **Ohsumi**, is the name of the first Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.  It was named after Ōsumi Province in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 11, 1970.  

Japan became the fourth nation to send satellite into orbit.  Satellites launched by the USSR, the USA and France were put into orbit before Ōsumi. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ohsumi mission profile
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

campus]]
 or **ISAS**, is a Japanese national research organization. ISAS studies astrophysics using rockets and satellites.  ISAS is part of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

## History 
The ISAS began at the University of Tokyo in the 1955.

In 1994, Japan launched its first large rocket built solely with its own technology.  According to Shigebumi Saito, former head of Japan's Space Activities Commission, "If we have no vehicle, it is like a navy without ships," 

ISAS was merged with two other space agencies in 2003 when JAXA was established.

## List of Satellites by ISAS 
### Before establishment of JAXA 
### After establishment of JAXA 
## Related pages
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, ISAS site map
Charnia

***Charnia*** is the genus name of a frond-like Ediacaran lifeform. It has segmented ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a midline. The genus *Charnia* was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found.

## Significance
*Charnia* is a highly significant fossil for several reasons. It is the first fossil ever described from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Until then the Precambrian was thought to have no fossils. Similar fossils found in the 1930s (Namibia) and the 1940s (Australia) but were thought to be of Cambrian age.

Secondly, *Charnia* has become an enduring image of Precambrian animals. Originally interpreted as an alga (Ford), it was recast as a sea pen, a sister group to the modern soft corals, from 1966 onwards (Glaessner). The sea pen interpretation has recently been discredited. The current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".

## Ecology 
Little is known of the ecology of *Charnia*. It was benthic, anchored to the sea floor. It probably lived in deep waters, below the waves (perhaps a great deal below the wave base). This means it did not photosynthesise. Further, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) and so its lifestyle is somewhat of an . Some think it survived by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients.

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also important. It was used to discredit the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to the sea pens (that grow by new buds at the base), *Charnia* grew by new buds at the apex. The greatest abundance of specimens, which are also the oldest reliably dated Ediacaran fossils, are found at Mistaken Point on Newfoundland.

*Charnia masoni* was found by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology, in 1957.  Tina Negus, a 15 year old schoolgirl at the time, had seen this fossil a year previously, but her geography schoolteacher flatly denied the possibility of Precambrian fossils.

*Charnia wardi*, later discovered in 1978 in southeast Newfoundland, was first described in 2003. This is the longest surviving Ediacaran age fossil, lasting over 2 million years. The holotype is a fragmentary specimen with a *C. masoni* like structure. It was defined as a new species on the basis of long and narrow shape. It was split off from *Charnia* in 2009, and was moved to the new genus *Trepassia*. 

*Charnia antecedens* has more irregular and higher angles of branching than *C. masoni*. This species was also split off into a new genus, *Vinlandia*, in 2012.

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent *Charnia* (or *Charniodiscus*) at varying levels of decay.

## References
Paul Eddington

**Paul Eddington** CBE (18 June 1927 &ndash; 4 November 1995) was a British actor. He was born in Paddington, London. He is best known for his roles as Jerry Leadbetter in *The Good Life* and Jim Hacker in *Yes Minister*. He died of skin cancer in Southwark, London.

## Other websites 
*
List of Glee episodes

This is a list of ***Glee*** episodes. Note that Seasons 3,4,5 and 6 are missing.

## Show overview 
## Episode list 
### Season 1: 2009–2010
### Season 2: 2010–2011
## References
Kingsway, London

**Kingsway** is a major road in central London in the United Kingdom, designated as part of the A4200. It runs from High Holborn, at its north end in the London Borough of Camden, and meets Aldwych in the south in the City of Westminster at Bush House. It was built in the 1900s. Together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north-south routes through central London linking the ancient east-west routes of High Holborn and Strand.

## History
The road was built as part of a redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of small streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street and the surrounding dwellings. However Holy Trinity Church, which was built in Little Queen Street was spared. Whereas the Sardinian Embassy Chapel, an important Roman Catholic church attached to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Sardinia, was demolished to make way for the new street.

Plans were published by London County Council in 1898 and the road was formally opened in 1905. It is one of the broadest streets in central London at  wide.

It was unique in containing below it a tunnel for a tramway, which started just north of Southampton Row, passed beneath Aldwych and continued to the Thames Embankment: this Kingsway tramway subway joined the North and South London tram systems.  In 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway on order to reduce congestion.  Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to Aldwych. It is now closed with no service but the platform at Holborn used for the branch is used for TV and film sets that require underground scenes.  During WW2 the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum, including the Elgin Marbles.

## References
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

The , also known as **JAXA**, is Japan's national space agency.

]]
JAXA is an Independent Administrative Institution.

JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit.  JAXA is involved in advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon.

## History 
In 2003, three organizations were merged to form the new JAXA.  
* Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)

## Related pages 
* Independent Administrative Institution (IAI), 2001
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## References 
## Other websites 
* JAXA 
* Twitter
* "JAXA 2025" Presentation 
* "JAXA Channel" Official YouTube channel
* International Space Station (ISS) and "Kibo" Information center
* JAXA -  Space Environment Utilization and  Space Experiment
* RAND Report on Japan's Space Program, 2005
* CSIS Report on US-Japan Space Policy Cooperation, 2003
* GOSAT satellite 
*Japan's Evolving Space Program
Provinces of the Philippines

The **Provinces of the Philippines** are the main political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 82 provinces at present.  The provinces are divided into cities and municipalities. The National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are separate from any provincial government. Each province has a governor.

The provinces are grouped into seventeen regions based on geographical, cultural, and ethnological characteristics. Fourteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The National Capital Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao do not have numerical designations.

Each province is member to the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations.

## List of provinces
**NOTES:**
* All population and land area figures include cities independent from provinces. In this table, they are counted as part of the province to which they are often grouped for statistical purposes, but in actuality they are first-level entities on their own right.
* Metro Manila is included for comparison although it is *not* a province but an administrative region.
* Land area figures taken from 2009 IRA computation factors .
* Population figures taken from 

## References
Nursery

]] 
A **nursery** is a school for children between the ages of one and five years. It is a preschool education institution, part of a child's education.

Nurseries take care of young children during the day while providing a safe, fun and educational environment. Most nurseries provide toys and a outdoor playground with equipment. 

## Names
Nursery *kindergarten* (children's garden), is a name given by Friedrich Fröbel, who created the Nurseru in Germany, in 1837. Other common names are *pre-school*, *playschool* and *playgroup*. The German word Kindergarten is also used in many non-English-speaking countries to denote a form of pre-school education. However, in the United States, Canada, and some parts of Australia, *kindergarten* is instead the term used to describe the first year of compulsory schooling. The word *kindergarten* is not generally used in the UK.

## United Kingdom 
In the UK, most children start nursery at two or three years old and move on to primary school the academic year they turn five. Some nurseries can take care of babies as young as 3-6 months old. These nurseries are often called day nurseries or daycares. Some nurseries are called children’s centres. Some nurseries have separate rooms for different age groups. Preschools in the UK are mainly designed for children from toddler age to five years.

Increasing the number of nurseries in England is part of the plan of the Government to get more women to get jobs. Working parents of three and four-year-olds in England are eligible for 30 hours of free childcare per week.  Parents of 2-year-olds can get 15 hours free childcare if they get means-tested benefits or if the child is disabled. The rules are slightly different in Wales and Scotland.    Jeremy Hunt announced plans to let more parents get free places in March 2023, but since then nurseries have found it difficult to get people to work for them and more than 3000 have closed. It may cost £2,000 a month for a full-time place. 

## References
Outer planet

, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter to approximate scale and color.]]

The **outer planets** are planets in the Solar System that are beyond the asteroid belt. The four planets; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gas giants. All four of these planets have planetary rings which are made up of dust and other particles.

## Related pages 
* Moons of Jupiter - Rings of Jupiter 
* Moons of Saturn - Rings of Saturn 
* Moons of Uranus - Rings of Uranus 
* Moons of Neptune - Rings of Neptune 
* Inner planet

## References 
## More reading 
*Scott W. Benson – **Solar Power for Outer Planets Study** (2007) – NASA Glenn Research Center
*Trautman and Bethke – **Human Outer Planet Exploration** (2003) – NASA Langley Research Center and Princeton University 

## Other websites 
*Outer Planets Assessment Group (NASA)
**October 2011 OPAG Presentations
*Planetary Science Decadal Survey Mission & Technology Studies 
*Dwayne Day – **Exploration of the Outer Planets** – U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission  ~2003
Akebono (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite put into orbit.
 
The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 22, 1989. 

Akebono was designed to study auroras and the magnetosphere of earth.  The satellite remained operational for 20+ years.

## References
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Akebono (Exos-D) mission profile
Kowloon West (1998 constituency)

**Kowloon West** was a geographical constituency of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was created in 1998.

## Boundaries 
The constituency loosely corresponds to the today's districts of Yau Tsim Mong, Sham Shui Po, and Kowloon City.

## History 
The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Kowloon West and parts of Kowloon Central in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Kowloon Southwest, Kowloon West, Kowloon South, and Kowloon Central in the 1995 election.

## Related pages
* List of constituencies of Hong Kong

## References
Hong Kong Island (constituency)

**Hong Kong Island** was a constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2021.

The constituency covered all the four districts on the Hong Kong Island, namely, Central and Western, Eastern, Southern and Wan Chai.

The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Island West and Island East in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Island East, Island West, Island Central, and Island South in the 1995 election.

## References
* http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/index.htm
A Visit from St. Nicholas

"**A Visit from St. Nicholas**" is a poem by Clement Clarke Moore. It was first published anonymously on December 23, 1823 in the *Troy Sentinel*, an American newspaper. It is also known as "The Night Before Christmas" and "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" from its first line. 

The poem is largely responsible for the way many people think of Santa Claus. It describes his physical appearance, the night of his visit, his sleigh, the number and names of his reindeer, and the tradition that he brings toys to children.
Hiten (spacecraft)

is the name of the first Japanese space probe sent to the moon.   It was  the first lunar probe launched by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent toward the moon on January 24, 1990.  

On the first lunar approach, Hiten released a small orbiter.  This was called   

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hiten (MUSES-C) mission profile
Sleeping with the Enemy

***Sleeping with the Enemy*** is a 1991 American psychological thriller movie. It is based on the novel of the same name. It stars Julia Roberts as Laura Burney, a victim of domestic violence. She moves from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Cedar Falls, Iowa to escape her violent, controlling husband. This movie was released during February of 1991.

## Other websites 
*