open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Scottish Fold

The **Scottish Fold** (sometimes called **Coupari** by Canadian breeders) is a  breed of cat. Its distinctive ear fold is caused by a particular gene.

First known as **Flops**, for their "floppy" ears, Scottish Fold became the breed's name in 1966. Scottish Folds with long hair are known by a number of names. For example, it is called the **Highland Fold** by the ACFA, AACE, and UFO; the **Scottish Fold Longhair** by the TICA, NCFA, ACA, CCA, and CFA; and the **Longhair Fold** by the CFF.

Susie's only fertile offspring was a female Fold named Sans, also white like her mother. A second kitten was neutered shortly after birth. Three months after Sans' birth, Susie was killed by a car. All Scottish Fold cats are related to Susie and Sans. This kind of ancestry is very rare, even among pedigreed animals.

### Coat
Scottish Folds can be either long- or short-haired. They may have nearly any coat colour or mix of colours (including white) except pointed colours. osteochondritis, and cardiomyopathy.

### Breeding
Because the ears fold nearly a month after birth, Fold kittens cannot be judged immediately as to their type or value, as the animal website PetFinder.com  says:

### Ethics
One special medical problem comes in the Scottish Fold if both parents have folded ears. In such a case, their kittens will be very likely (1:4 ratio, or usually at least one per litter) to have a painful joint disease that can fuse the tail, ankles and/or knees. Scientists think the disease is caused by the dominant (folded-ear) gene. It is more likely to affect Folds with the gene twice, than mixed single with one recessive (unfolded-ear) gene. or the Fédération Internationale Féline. This is the reasoning behind the widely-held belief that the only ethical manner of breeding Folds is Fold/nonfold and not Fold/Fold (in the same way Munchkins are bred). The book and its two sequels, *A Cat Abroad* and ''The Cat Who'll Live Forever: The Final Adventures of Norton, the Perfect Cat, and His Imperfect Human'', talk about the life of Gethers and his Fold, Norton. It starts with their first meeting and ends with Norton's death and Gether's life after the loss. Also adding to the cat's popularity is that the cat appears in such some notable movies and TV-media, such as *Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring*, and the opening of *Hey Arnold!* in every episode features a few pets that storm out of Arnold Shortman's house, one of them being a black Scottish Fold.

### How-to
Cat guides about the Scottish Fold breed can be found. For example ''Scottish Fold Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual* (), *Guide to Owning a Scottish Fold Cat* (), and *Scottish Fold Cats (Cats Set III)'' ().

## References
Out (baseball)

An **out** in baseball happens to the batter or his teammates on the field in a game. When a player is out, they leave the field, and when there are 3 outs, the other team goes up to bat. One way to get an out is if a baseball is caught while in the air and before it touches the ground after being hit by the batter. Another way is to strike out. To strike out you have to either miss the ball or not swing at good pitches three times while batting. Tag outs and force outs are the other main ways players get out. 

## Related pages 
* Out (cricket)

## References
Brad Delson

**Bradford Phillip "Brad" Delson** (born December 1, 1977 in Agoura Hills, California) is the lead guitarist of alternative rock band Linkin Park.

## Early life
Brad went to Agoura High School with fellow member of Linkin Park Mike Shinoda.
Trumpet Concerto (Arutiunian)

**Arutunian Trumpet Concerto** is Armenian composer Alexander Arutunian’s sixth major composition. It was written for the Soviet trumpet player Timofei Dokschitzer, who moved to the USA and represented the concerto there. According to J. Sundram, "it is an energetic powerhouse of Eastern European lyricism and harmonic textures". According to Philip Smith, the principal trumpet of the New York Philharmonic, Arutunian's Trumpet Concerto is too much popular among the trumpet players.

## Movements
Arutiunian's Trumpet Concerto consists of the following movements:

* Andante—Allegro energico 
* Meno mosso 
* Tempo I 

## Discography
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. Bernar Sustro, trumpet. Philharmonic Orchestra "Des Pays de la Loire". Conductor: Mark Sustro. PierreVerani. PV. 78801. France, 1987 
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. Timofey Dokshitser. The Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra. Conductor: Gennady Rozhdestvensky. TD - 950101- AT 2000. Bulgaria 
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. Jucko Kharyane, trumpet. Symphony orchestra "Kuopio". 
Conductor: Pekka Savidtsuki. Finland 
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. (Cadence by A. Sandoval). Arturo Sandoval, trumpet. 
The London Symphony orchestra. Conductor: Luis Has. RCA Victor 09026-62661-2. USA, 1994 
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. (Arrangement for trumpet and wind orchestra by Roger Harvey). James Watson, trumpet. "The Black Dyke Mills" Orchestra. Conductor: Roger Harvey. Doy CD 036. USA, 1994 
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. Bebe Black, trumpet. The Moscow Chamber Orchestra. 
Conductor: Konstantin Orbelyan, Jr. CHAN 9668 England, 2000 
* Concerto of trumpet and orchestra. Harry Lidsle, trumpet. The Oulu Symphony orchestra. 
Conductor: Atso Almila. Mils 9651 Finland, 1996 

### LP
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. Timofey Dokshitser, trumpet. The Orchestra of the Bolshoy Theatre. Conductor: Gennady Rojdestvenskiy. "Melodia"-Veb Deutsche Schall-platten, Berlin, DDR 
S. VI-02273 
* Concert for trumpet with orchestra. Same performance. "Melodia", Angel, SR-1-40149
* Concert for trumpet with orchestra. Same performance. "Melodia", C10-06785
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. Performer: Vatslav Yunek. Prague Symphony orchestra De l'Office de Radiodifffusion Television Francaise. Conductor: Moris Suzan. STU 70714 A, France . 
* Concert for trumpet with orchestra. Same performance. STU 70915 B, France 
* Concert for trumpet with orchestra. Same performance. Victor (vic-2015), Japan 
* Concerto for trumpet and orchestra. S. Leonchik, trumpet. The Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra. Conductor: Boris Haykin. "Melodia", 33D-015506

## Other websites 
* Arutunian Trumpet Concerto at YouTube
* Comparison between J. Haydn Trumpet Concerto in Eb and A. Arutiunian Trumpet Concerto in Ab 
* Arutunian Trumpet Concerto at YouTube

## References
Charlton Heston

**Charlton Heston** (October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor and political activist. He had many big roles, such as playing Moses in the movie *The Ten Commandments*, astronaut Colonel George Taylor in *Planet of the Apes* (1968) and *Beneath the Planet of the Apes* (1970), the dystopian *The Omega Man* (1971), and *Soylent Green* (1973). Heston played Judah Ben-Hur in the Academy Award-winning *Ben-Hur*.

## Early life
He was born in Wilmette, Illinois on October 4, 1923. He was raised in St. Helen, Michigan. Heston studied at New Trier High School and at Northwestern University.

## Political views
Heston was also known for his politics. When he was young he held liberal views and marched with people such as Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights in the 1960s.

It was rare for a Hollywood actor to be for such causes at that time. Later in his life, he was for conservative causes such as gun rights. He was president of the National Rifle Association of America, a group that is for the rights of gun owners, from 1998 to 2003.

In July 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House from President George W. Bush.

## Death
Late in his life, Heston had Alzheimer's disease. He died of pneumonia, aged 84, in Beverly Hills, California.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
*Hollywood.com entry
*Reel Classics
*BBC News Obituary
*Obituary and public tribute 
*'From Our Files: An Interview with Charlton Heston' by Phil Elderkin, *The Christian Science Monitor*, November 4, 1959
Al-Mustansir II

**Al-Mustansir II of Cairo** was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt, for the Mamluk Sultans between 1261 and 1262.

## References
*

}
University of Texas at El Paso

The **University of Texas at El Paso** is a public university in El Paso, Texas, United States.  It has about 20,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1914.
## References
*
## Other websites
*The University of Texas at El Paso
Ambush marketing

**Ambush marketing** is a form of marketing. Many events, especially in sports have sponsors. These sponsors pay money, which makes it possible to hold the event. In return for this, they get publicity and media coverage. Ambush marketing is a name given to marketing campaigns that are also done around the event, but where no money is paid for the event.

There are many major events where one company will pay money to become the *exclusive sponsor* of the event (or in a category of the event).  This blocks other brands or companies.  These other brands then seek to promote themselves in connection with the same event.  They do not pay the sponsorship fee.  Even if they wanted to, they could not, because one brand is the exclusive sponsor. 

Ambush marketing is not illegal, and many people do it.  Examples in sport include FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games, and the Super Bowl.

Anti-ambush marketing regulations have become controversial for restricting freedom of speech and self-promotion.

## Famous "ambush marketing" 
* 1984 Summer Olympics; Kodak sponsors TV broadcasts of the games as well as the US track team even though Fujifilm is the official sponsor.
* 1988 Summer Olympics; Fujifilm sponsors the games, but Kodak is the official sponsor.
* 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona; Nike sponsors press conferences with the US basketball team despite Reebok being the official sponsor. During ceremonies, the players covered their Reebok logos.
* 1994 Winter Olympics; American Express sponsors the games despite Visa being the official sponsor.
* 1996 Atlanta Olympics; sprinter Linford Christie wore contact lenses embossed with the Puma AG logo at the press conference preceding the 100 metres final, despite Reebok being the official sponsor.
* 1996 Atlanta Olympics; Messages On Hold strategically infiltrates a banner within the camera frame as US runner Jon Drummond prepares for the opening leg of 4x100 relay final. The moment is broadcast live across the world.
* 1996 Cricket World Cup; Pepsi ran a series of advertisements titled "Nothing official about it" targeting the official sponsor Coca Cola.
* 1998 World Cup; Nike sponsored a number of teams competing in the Cup despite Adidas being the official sponsor.
* 2000 Sydney Olympics; Qantas Airlines’ slogan "The Spirit of Australia" sounds strikingly similar to the games’ slogan "Share the Spirit." despite Ansett Air being the official sponsor.
* 2002 Boston Marathon; as Adidas-sponsored runners come off the course Nike are treated to spray-painted messages honoring the day of the race, but not the race itself.
* 2003 Cricket World Cup; Indian players threatened to strike over concerns that the anti-ambush marketing rules were too strict. Of particular concern was the length of time before and after the cup that players were not allowed to endorse a rival to one of the official sponsors. Players argued that if they had pre-existing contracts that they would be in breach of them if they were to accept the ICC's rules.
* 2006 FIFA World Cup; fans of the Netherlands had to disrobe Bavaria Brewery's leeuwenhosen because Budweiser was the official beer sponsor.

## References
Vexilloid

was emblazoned with initials S·P·Q·R (*senātus populusque Rōmānus*), which in Latin means "the senate and the people of Rome".]]

A **vexilloid** has the same functions as a flag but it looks different. Vexilloids are characteristic of traditional societies and ancient empires (Flags did not come into general use until medieval times.).  A *vexilloid* consists of a staff held upright with a cloth banner that hangs down vertically on the staff and on top of the staff is an emblem, such as a carved animal.

## Literature 
Whitney Smith, *Flags Through the Ages and Across the World*,
Gorgon

from Pompeii, 1st century AD.]]

In Greek mythology, the **Gorgons** were female monsters that had fangs and serpents for hair with bronze claws. They were the daughters of Phorkys and Keto. The serpents in their hair were special: Everyone who looked at them was turned to stone. There were three Gorgons, named Stheno, Euryale and Medusa. Only Medusa was mortal. She was beheaded by Perseus. Medusa's head was brought to Athena. There are many motives showing Athena with an aegis, and a Gorgon's head on her chest. 

Homer only talks about one Gorgon. Hesiod names all three, Stheno, the powerful one, Euryale,who could jump far, and trouble-ridden Medusa, the queen. According to Hesiod, they lived at the edge of the known world, in the Atlas Mountains. At a later time, Libya is also named as their home.

With Hellenism came the myth that the Gorgo was a sister of Alexander the Great. In this myth, she is a neck, a water spirit. The sailors of each passing boat are asked whether he is still alive. If they answer no, she takes the boat and the sailors into the water. The answer that saves the lives of the seamen is "Yes, and he reigns as a king" (). 

The heads of the Gorgons are often found on shields, capes and amulets. These were believed to be magic. The magic that is used against bad spirits and bad luck is known as apotropaic magic.

## References
As the World Turns

***As the World Turns*** (***ATWT***) is an American television soap opera that airs each weekday on CBS.

Set in the made-up town of Oakdale, Illinois, the show first went on TV on Monday, April 2, 1956 at 1:30pm EST. Before this show, all soaps were fifteen minutes in length; ATWT was the first half-hour soap opera.

At first, viewers were not excited about it, but ratings picked up in its second year, and reached the top spot in the daytime Nielsen Ratings by the fall of 1958. *As the World Turns* was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978, with ten million people watching each day. At its height, the main actors such as Helen Wagner, Don MacLaughlin, Don Hastings, and Eileen Fulton became very well known in the United States.

The show went from black-and-white to color in the mid-1960s, with the final black-and-white episode shown on February 10, 1967. The show went from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1, 1975. Also in 1975, they stopped doing the show live, and decided to tape it instead - that way, more than one episode could be taped in a day, and the actors would not have to work every day.

April 2, 2006 was the 50th anniversary of the soap opera on CBS. The show aired its 13,000th episode April 23, 2007; the 10,000th episode aired on May 12, 1995.  *As the World Turns* is well known for having been taped in New York City for all of its 52 years on television (43 years in Manhattan and nine years in Brooklyn).
On December 8, 2009, CBS announced that *As the World Turns* would air its last episode in September 2010. The series concluded on September 17, 2010.

## References 
## Other websites 
*ATWT Website 
*Procter & Gamble Productions Forum 
*CBS-TV: ATWT 
* "As the World Turns"  at Yahoo! TV
*Soapdom: ATWT 
*ATWT Information & Message Board 
*
*
*Soap Opera Network: ATWT
*Soap Opera Network: ATWT Previews
*ATWT Storyline Suggestions 
*As the World Turns (Dutch)  at RTL 4, Netherlands
*Daytime Soap Operas As The World Turns- news, rumors, cast updates, polls
*Official ATWT Dutch Fanclub
*Full episodes of As the World Turns
Mexican wolf

The **Mexican wolf** (*Canis lupus baileyi*), also known as the **lobo**, is a species of wolf. It is one of the rarest subspecies of the grey wolf. It was once native to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas and northern Mexico. It is the smallest of North America's gray wolves.
Gary Bettman

**Gary Bruce Bettman** (born June 2, 1952) is the current commissioner of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has held this post since February 1, 1993. 

Bettman is unpopular among many hockey fans, who are still angry over the lockout a few years ago. He has become even more unpopular for leading the league into another lockout in September 2012.

In May 2014, Bettman was named "sports executive of the year" by the *SportsBusiness Journal* and *SportsBusiness Daily*. In 2016, Bettman was inducted as a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

## References
Malden, Massachusetts

**Malden** is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 66,263 at the 2020 census.

## Geography 
Malden is located at . It is bordered by Melrose on the North, Everett on the south, Medford on the west, Revere on the east, and Saugus on the northeast.

## Neighborhoods 
Like many communities in New England, many towns and neighborhoods are organized around "Squares" which are locations of crossroads and town commons dating from the colonial and early 19th century years. Many of the neighborhoods in Malden take their name and identity from the Square they are centered around.

Malden's squares include Malden Square (formerly Converse Square, and the location of downtown Malden), Oak Grove Square (at Oak Grove T Station, Bellrock Square (at the intersections of Cross, Main and Medford Sts.), Judson Square (near Ferryway Green/School), former Suffolk Square (at Cross and Bryant Streets, and the location of a thriving Jewish community until being claimed by urban renewal in the 1960s), Maplewood Square (at Lebanon, Maplewood and Salem Streets) and Linden Square.

Some of the neighborhoods in Malden include Faulkner (location of the former Suffolk Square) West End, Edgeworth, Linden, Ferryway, Forestdale, Maplewood, Bellrock, and Belmont Hill (located between Bellrock and Ferryway).

## References 
## Other websites
Australian Recording Industry Association

The **Australian Recording Industry Association** (ARIA) is a group that  the music industry in Australia. It is in charge of music licenses and royalties. ARIA has more than 100 members, and is run by a Board of Directors. ARIA holds annual award ceremonies called the "ARIA Music Awards" where prizes are given for Australian music. It also runs the "ARIA" which are music charts which list the most popular songs and albums in Australia each week.

## 2009 ARIA award winners
* Album of the year - *Walking on a Dream* - by Empire of the Sun
* Single of the year - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
* Best Group - Empire of the Sun
* Best pop release - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
* Breakthrough artist album - *Ladyhawke* - by Ladyhawke
* Breakthrough artist single - "My Delirium" - by Ladyhawke
* Best female artist - Sarah Blasko, for "As Day Follow Night"
* Best male artist - Daniel Merriweather, for "Love & War"
* Best rock album - *Black Ice* by AC/DC
* Best urban release - "State of the Art" by Hilltop Hoods
* Best dance release - "Talk Like That" by the Presets
* Best blues and roots album - *Jungle Blues* by C.W. Stoneking
* Best country album - *I Love This Place* by Troy Cassar-Daley
* Best independent release - Secrets and Lies by Bertie Blackman
* Best adult contemporary album - ''Chimney's Afire'' by Josh Pyke
* Best DVD - "TV Is My Parent" by Sia
* Best children's album - *Go Bananas!* by the Wiggles
* Best comedy release - *Unessential Listening* by Hamish and Andy
* Highest selling single - "Running Back" by Jessica Mauboy
* Highest selling album - *Black Ice* by AC/DC

## 2010 Aria Award winners
*Album of the Year - Down the Way by Angus and Julia Stone
*Single of the Year - "Big Jet Plane" by Angus and Julia Stone
*Best group - The Temper Trap

## References
Microsoft Excel

**Microsoft Excel** (full name **Microsoft Office Excel**)  is a part of Microsoft Office. It is also available on Mac. It is made by Microsoft and it is proprietary software. It is used on the operating systems Microsoft Windows and macOS. It can do calculations and graphics. For example, it can make charts and other pictures from data tables. It also has a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel is part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2021 for Windows and 2021 for Mac.
Villeneuve-de-Berg

**Villeneuve-de-Berg** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Astro Nusantara

**Astro** **Nusantara** was a satellite television service in Indonesia. Astro Nusantara is operated by PT Direct Vision (found on 28 February 2006), a joint venture company between Astro All Asia Networks plc and PT First Media Tbk. subsidiary PT. Direct Vision. Currently, the service consists of 48 channels including 5 locally produced Indonesia exclusive channels were launched under the Astro brand.

## Related pages
* Astro Malaysia
* List of TV Stations in Indonesia

## Other websites
Live USB

USB flash drive|link=Windows To Go]]
A **Live USB** is a USB flash drive that contains a full operating system so it can serve as a boot device.

## Related pages
*List of tools to create Live USB systems
*Windows To Go
List of tools to create Live USB systems

Here is a list of tools that can make Live USBs:
*UNetbootin (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, and many others)
*LinuxLive USB Creator (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Damn Small Linux and many others)
*Ubuntu Live USB creator (Ubuntu)
*Live USB system creator (Ubuntu)
*Fedora Live USB creator (Fedora)
*Portable Workspace Creator, for Windows 8
Real Madrid Baloncesto

**Real Madrid** is a Spanish basketball team. It was founded in 1932 as a division of the Real Madrid club.

**2011-2020**

The team secured the club's 10th European Cup crown in May 2018, before clinching a 34th league title in June of the same year. Three seasons earlier, in the 2014/15 campaign, the Whites enjoyed a historic year in which the team captured five titles, including a ninth continental crown. The success of that season was followed up in the 2015/16 campaign, which ended with the team winning the league and Copa del Rey double. The side also lifted this latter title in the tournament's 2017 edition.

## Major Trophies 
* **European Champions** : **8** *(Record)*
** 1963/64 1964/65 1966/67 1967/68 1973/74 1977/78 1979/80 1994/95
* **Spanish League ** : **30** *(Record)*
** 1956/57 1957/58 1959/60 1960/61 1961/62 1962/63 1963/64 1964/65 1965/66 196768 1968/69 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1978/79 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 1992/93 1993/94 1999/2000 2004/05 2006/07
* **Copa del Rey de Baloncesto** : **22** *(Record)*
** 1950/51 1951/52 1953/54 1955/56 1956/57 1959/60 1960/61 1961/62 1964/65 1965/66 1966/67 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1976/77 1984/85 1985/86 1988/89 1992/93
* '''European Cup Winner's Cup** : **4'*  *(Record)*
** 1983/84 1988/89 1991/92 1996/97
* **ULEB Cup** :  **1**
** 2006/2007
* **Korac Cup** : **1**
** 1987/88
* **World basketball clubs championship** : **1**
** 1980/81
* **Intercontinental Cups** : **5**  *(Record)*
** 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 2015
* **Copa Latina de Baloncesto** : **1**
** 1966/67
* **Spanish Supercup**: **1**
** 1984/85
* **International Christmas tournaments (Campeón Torneo de Navidad)**: **26**   *(Record)*
** 1967/68, 1968/69, 1969/70, 1970/71, 1972/73, 1973/74, 1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77, 1977/78, 1978/79, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1985/86, 1986/87, 1987/88, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1995/96, 1996/,97 1997/98, 2000/01, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06.

## Current Squad 
*The numbers are established according to the official website: www.realmadrid.com

* **Head of Operations:**
**  Antonio Martín Espina
* **General Manager:**
**  Alberto Herreros
* **Councillor:**
**  Vlade Divac

## Famous Players 
* Clifford Luyk
* Wayne Brabender
* Walter Szczerbiak
* Rickey Brown
* Joe Arlauckas
* Charles Smith
* Luka Doncic

## Famous Coaches 
* Joaquín Hernández
* Pedro Ferrándiz
* Lolo Sainz
* Željko Obradoviz

## References
Chomérac

**Chomérac** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France. It is 8&nbsp;km (5 miles) from Ardèche's capital Privas at the centre of the Ardèche.
Traffic collision

.]]

A **traffic collision**, also known as a **car accident**, **motor vehicle collision** or **car crash**, is when a vehicle hits another vehicle, person or object. Pedestrians, animals, road debris or other objects may be involved.  Sometimes a trial occurs, in order to determine fault in a traffic collision.

Traffic collisions often result in injury, death, and property damage. They injure tens of millions of people every year, and kill usually a little more than a million.  

Road safety is partly a matter of design. Ideally, roads should be designed for the safety of all road users. This would mean providing adequate facilities for pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Infrastructure measures such as footpaths, cycling lanes, safe crossing points, and other traffic calming measures can help reduce the risk of injury.

## References
## Other websites
*US car deaths
Oxnard, California

**Oxnard** is the largest city in Ventura County, California. Over 200,000 people live there. Founded in 1903. It is at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, and is one of the world's most important agricultural places, that has the strawberry and lima bean capital.

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Oxnard website
* Oxnard @ The Official Conejo Valley Website, a website with local history, events, and community information.
Duane Allman

**Howard Duane Allman** (November 20, 1946 – October 29, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead guitarist of the southern rock group, the Allman Brothers Band.  He is often thought of as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, and is widely considered the greatest slide guitarist of all time.

## References
Saint-Étienne

**Saint-Étienne** is a city in France, located southwest of Lyon. It is the prefecture of the Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It was first mentioned in 1258 as *Sancti Stephani de Furanum*. From about the 14th century, the importance of the city grew due to the arms that were made there. Jules Massenet was born near Saint-Étienne.

A.S. Saint-Étienne is a famous football club.

## Education
* EMLYON Business School

## Sister cities
Saint-Étienne is twinned with:
* Annaba (عنّابة), Algeria — since 1981
* Banska Bystrica, Slovakia — since 2006
* Ben Arous (بن عروس), Tunisia — since 1994
* Coventry, United Kingdom — since 1955
* Des Moines, Iowa, United States — since 1984
* Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy — since 1960
* Fes, Morocco — since 2006
* Geltendorf, Bavaria, Germany — since 1966
* Granby, Quebec, Canada — since 1960
* Katowice, Poland — since 1994
* Luhansk (Луга́нськ), Ukraine — since 1959
* Nazareth Illit (), Israel — since 1974
* Oeiras, Portugal — since 1995
* Patras, Greece — since 1990
* Toamasina, Madagascar — since 1967
*Warsaw, Poland — since 1995
* Windsor, Ontario, Canada — since 1963
* Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany — since 1960
* Xúzhōu (徐州市), Jiāngsū (江苏省), China — since 1984

## Other websites 
* City council website
* Tourist board official website
Darbres

** Darbres  ** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Saint-Julien-Labrousse

** Saint-Julien-Labrousse ** is a former commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Belsentes.

## References
Transport in Melbourne

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia has lots of transport contentions by air, sea, and on land. It has the largest tram network in the world, the most extensive freeway network of any Australian city, the busiest container port in the country, the second busiest airport and the second largest suburban rail network.

## Other websites 
* Public Transport in Melbourne, Australia (RailPage Australia)
* Metlink Melbourne 

## References
Dunière-sur-Eyrieux

** Dunière-sur-Eyrieux  ** is a commune Ardèche in southern France.

The commune's name was changed from *Dunières-sur-Eyrieux* to *Dunière-sur-Eyrieux* (without "s") on 1st of January 2001.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department

## References
Nomenclature

**Nomenclature** may mean a set or system of names or terms used by one person or by a community. This community will often be used in one or more areas of science (**scientific nomenclature**) or art.

Nomenclature may refer to one of the following:

## Biology
* Biological nomenclature, *see* Biological classification
** Linnaean nomenclature, *see* Biological classification
*** Binomial nomenclature
*** Trinomial nomenclature
** Phylogenetic nomenclature
** Nomenclature Codes
*** International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, *see* Botanical nomenclature
*** International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
*** International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
*** International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, *see* PhyloCode
*** International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
*** Virus nomenclature, *see* Virus classification
* Gene nomenclature

## Astronomy
* Astronomical naming conventions
* Planetary nomenclature
* Meteorite nomenclature
* International Astronomical Union

## Chemistry
* Chemical nomenclature, for chemical compounds
* International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

## Notes
History of the National Hockey League

The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional sports organization. It contains ice hockey teams in Canada and the United States. It began in 1917 and is still running.

## Founding 
The National Hockey League began in 1917 in Montreal. It happened because of a series of problems within the Canadian National Hockey Association (NHA). The NHA suspend operations and the new NHL started instead.

## Timeline
Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

***Destroy All Humans!*** is a video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ. It was released for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 game consoles. The game is set in 1950s U.S. and parodies the lifestyles, pop culture, and politics of this time period. The player controls Cryptosporidium 137, a member of the Furon race of aliens, who has come to Earth to harvest DNA from humans to continue the cloning process of his species. Destroy All Humans has gameplay similar to the *Grand Theft Auto* series.

## Sequels
A sequel called *Destroy All Humans! 2* was released in October 17, 2006, and also *Destroy All Humans! Big Willy Unleashed* has released on February 25, 2008. Exclusive on Nintendo Wii.
Thylacinidae

The **Thylacinidae** are a family of mammals that were all carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia. They are now extinct, which means we never get to see them again.

## Species
**Family †Thylacinidae**
*Genus †*Badjcinus*
**†*Badjcinus turnbulli* (Early Oligocene)
*Genus †*Maximucinus*
**†*Maximucinus muirheadae* (Middle Miocene)
*Genus †*Muribacinus*
**†*Muribacinus gadiyuli* (Middle Miocene)
*Genus †*Mutpuracinus*
**†*Mutpuracinus archiboldi* (Middle Miocene)
*Genus †*Ngamalacinus*
**†*Ngamalacinus timmulvaneyi* (Lower Miocene)
*Genus †*Nimbacinus*
**†*Nimbacinus dicksoni* (Late Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
**†*Nimbacinus richi* (Middle Miocene)
*Genus †*Thylacinus*
**†*Thylacinus cynocephalus*, also known as the Thylacine (Early Pliocene - 1936) 
**†*Thylacinus macnessi* (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
**†*Thylacinus megiriani* (Upper Miocene)
**†*Thylacinus potens* (Lower Miocene)
**†*Thylacinus rostralis*
*Genus †*Tjarrpecinus*
**†*Tjarrpecinus rothi* (Upper Miocene)
*Genus †*Wabulacinus*
**†*Wabulacinus ridei* (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
Thylacinus

***Thylacinus*** is a genus of extinct carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia.

## Species
*Genus ***Thylacinus***
***Thylacinus cynocephalus*, also known as the Thylacine (Early Pliocene to 1936) 
***Thylacinus macnessi* (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
***Thylacinus megiriani* (Upper Miocene)
***Thylacinus potens* (Lower Miocene)
***Thylacinus rostralis*
Fire blight

**Fire blight** is a contagious disease of rosaceous plants
 The pathogen is *Erwinia amylovora*, a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. If the conditions are right, it can destroy an entire orchard in a single growing season.

Infections get into open blossoms and tender new shoots and leaves in the spring when blossoms are open. There is no known cure; prevention is the key.
Spraying plants with streptomycin or injecting plants with oxytetracycline can prevent new infections. That leads to antibiotic resistance. Spraying beneficial bacteria or yeast may also prevent fire blight from infecting new trees. The only effective treatment for plants already infected is to cut off the affected branches and dispose of them. 

## References
Michael E. DeBakey

**Michael Ellis DeBakey** (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was an [Lebanese] heart surgeon who was considered to be a very important name in his area. He was also among the early names of heart surgery.

DeBakey was born as **Michel Dabaghi** in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7, 1908. His parents were born in Lebanon, but moved to America before he was born.

DeBakey was involved with medicine from a young age and went to Tulane University. He held many medicine-related positions during his lifetime.

During World War II, DeBakey made wartime medicine much better than it used to be. He was for the idea of having doctors closer to the areas of battle in war, which worked very well and due to that, more badly hurt soldiers survived. Because of this, Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (also known as MASH units) were made, and they were used during the Korean War.

In addition to MASH units, DeBakey made many important aspects to surgery, one of which was the roller pump, which DeBakey made at age 23 while still at Tulane University. This would later on make open-heart surgery able to be done, as roller pumps can make blood flow during surgery.

DeBakey worked with another important heart surgeon, Denton Cooley, but they had a disagreement related to the first artificial heart(a manmade heart) put in a human. They did not get along for a long time, but they went on good terms in 2007.

DeBakey did something rare by still practicing medicine in old age. People that he operated on included world leaders, such as Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

In 2005, a serious heart problem happened to DeBakey. Despite him having made the surgery for this problem, he, at first, did not want any surgery. As he got in worse condition, the surgical team had made the decision to perform surgery anyway. Once the surgery was done and he got in better health, DeBakey said that he was glad the surgery happened after all.

On July 11, 2008, DeBakey died of natural causes at age 99. His first wife, two of his sons, and a brother died before him, while his second wife, a daughter, two sons, and two sisters outlive him.

## References 
## Other websites 
* DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine
* Methodist DeBakey Heart Center at The Methodist Hospital 
* Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
* Michael E. DeBakey International Surgical Society 
* DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices at Texas A&M University  
* Lasker Luminary Dr. Michael DeBakey 
* The Man on the Table Was 97, but He Devised the Surgery -- *The New York Times*
* In Moscow in 1996, a Doctor's Visit Changed History -- *The New York Times*
Caitlin

**Caitlin**[ keyt-lin ] is a female given name. It is a name of exquisite beauty that has enjoyed immense popularity for several decades. Its rich historical and cultural roots imbue it with great significance. The name Caitlin originates from Ireland and is derived from the Gaelic name Caitlín, which in turn is a variant of the name Catherine, meaning "pure" or "clear." This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Caitlin Clark, American basketball player
* Caitlin Foord, Australian soccer player
* Caitlin Gerard, American actress
* Caitlin Lopes Da Silva, New Zealand water polo player
* Caitlin McHugh, American actress and writer
* Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress

## References
Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards

***Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards***, known in Japan as , is a Nintendo 64 platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo. It was later released on the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008 and the Wii U's Virtual Console in 2015. In the game, Kirby helps Ribbon use the power of the crystal to defeat Dark Matter. It introduces the concept of combining abilities. Kirby can combine two abilities to make a new one.

## Levels
* Planet Popstar
* Rock Star
* Aqua Star
* Neo Star
* Shiver Star
* Ripple Star
* Dark Star
12 Angry Men

***12 Angry Men*** is an American drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and written by Reginald Rose. It is set in New York City and stars Henry Fonda. It was produced in 1957, and is based on a play by the same name also written by Reginald Rose. It's about 12 jurors having to decide whether a defendant is guilty or not, with only one person saying not guilty in the beginning and trying to convince everyone to vote the same.

## Plot 
The story is about 12 jurors having to vote on whether the defendant being tried for the murder of his father. The crime carries the death penalty, so they are deciding whether he lives or dies. At the beginning, only Juror #8 votes not guilty, and he tries to get everyone else to do the same. After a while, Juror #8 agrees to vote guilty if everyone votes guilty again, but Juror #9 votes not guilty, and they keep talking. Slowly, Juror #8 convinces more and more people to vote not guilty, with a few people fighting him strongly. In the end Juror #3 cracks under the pressure of the other jurors and they all end up voting not guilty.

## Cast
Dilemma

A **dilemma** (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition") is when two solutions or possibilities are present. If both solutions are undesirable or impossible, this may put a person **on the horns of a dilemma**, neither outcome is comfortable.

The dilemma is sometimes put as a choice "you must accept either A, or B". Here A and B are each leading to some undesirable conclusion. 

In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs from everyday usage.  Two options are still present, but choosing between them is immaterial because they both imply the same conclusion.  Symbolically expressed thus:

A \vee B, A \Rightarrow C, B \Rightarrow C \vdash C

This can be translated informally as "one (or both) of A or B is known to be true, but they both imply C, so regardless of the truth values of A and B we can conclude C."

Horned dilemmas can present more than two choices.  The number of choices of horned dilemmas can be used in their alternative names, such as two-pronged (two-horned) or dilemma proper, or three-pronged (three-horned) or trilemma, and so on.

Constructive dilemmas

:1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
:2. X or W.
:3. Therefore, Y or Z.

Destructive dilemmas

:1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
:2. Not Y or not Z.
:3. Therefore, not X or not W.

## Responses to a dilemma 
In *Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance,* Robert Pirsig outlines possible responses to a dilemma. The classical responses are to either choose one of the two horns and refute the other or alternatively to refute both horns by showing that there are additional choices. Pirsig then mentions three illogical or rhetorical responses. One can "throw sand in the bull's eyes" by, for example, questioning the competence of the questioner. One can "sing the bull to sleep" by, for example, stating that the answer to the question is beyond one's own humble powers and asking the questioner for help. Finally one can "refuse to enter the arena" by, for example, stating that the question is unanswerable.

## Related pages 
* Prisoner's dilemma
* False dilemma
* Contradiction
* Paradox
* Trilemma
Dilemma (disambiguation)

**Dilemma** has several meanings:
*A certain group of problems from mathematics and logic where several solutions are possible, but where none of the solutions are good, see dilemma
*A song, see Dilemma (song)
Royal Society (disambiguation)

The **Royal Society** may mean:

* Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, United Kingdom
* Royal Society for Asian Affairs, United Kingdom
* Royal Society for Protection of Nature, Bhutan
* Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, Jordan
* Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, United Kingdom
* Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, United Kingdom
* Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, United Kingdom
* Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
* Royal Society of Arts, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of British Artists, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Canada
* Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland
* Royal Society of Literature, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Marine Artists, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Medicine, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Miniature Painters Sculptors and Gravers, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Musicians, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of New South Wales, Australia
* Royal Society of New Zealand
* Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Portrait Painters, United Kingdom
* Royal Society of Queensland, Australia
* Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg, Sweden
* Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden
* Royal Society of South Australia
* Royal Society of St George, England
* Royal Society of Tasmania, Australia
* Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
* Royal Society of Ulster Architects, Northern Ireland
* Royal Society of Victoria, Australia
* Royal Society of Western Australia
* Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, United Kingdom

**Royal Society** may also refer to :
*The Royal Society (album), the second studio album by the dark psychobilly band The Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster
*The Royal Society Range, a mountain range in Antarctica named after the original Royal Society
Hapkido

**Hapkido** () is a Korean martial art.

To simple sight it is a combination of techniques of taekwondo with others of aikibudo. Its teaching is very much focused to the self-defence.

## History 
The history of hapkido is enough confused, but many resources believe it to be the work of two Koreans: Choi Yong Sul (1904-1986) and Ji Han Jae (1936-). When was child, Choi had been in Japan, where it seems that he worked as servant for the master of Daito ryu Aiki jutsu, Sokaku Takeda.

Choi had demonstrated qualities in Daito-ryu Aiki-jutsu and often in Takeda they sent him in order to face with other persons who performed martial arts. From his return to Korea, Choi had begun to give classes of martial arts. One of his students, Ji Han Jae, had made Korean traditional techniques of kicks and punches (obtained from taekkyon and from hwarangdo) a part of the collection of techniques and in result he gave it the name of hapkido in the 1959.

Besides of Choi and Ji, many schools of Korean martial arts have taken part in the development of several techniques that have helped in causing such hapkido as it is known it.

## Other websites 
*  Sin Moo Hapkido in Spain
* Official Website
*  Spanish Association Yang Hum Kwan Hapkido 
*  Official Website Sin Moo Hapkido in France 
*  Site of the Hapki Yu Kwon Sul of Land of Basques 
* Official Website of the Cheong Kyum Association
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

The **Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics**, (**NUTS**) for the French '''nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques'*, is a geocode standard that shows the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. It was made by the European Union, so it only covers the member states of that union in detail. 

A NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing the country, and is identical to the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (the only difference is *UK* instead of *GB'' for the United Kingdom). The subdivision of the country is then displayed by one number. A second or third subdivision level is referred to with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1, as 0 is used for the upper level. In case the subdivision has more than 9 entities, capital letters are used to continue the numbering.

In addition to the full three levels for the European Union countries, all countries have a NUTS code with a two-letter code for a continent and two numbers for the country, and for the USA, Canada and Australia the states, provinces, and territories are numbered separately.

Some are not easily classified: for example, Gibraltar is listed as being outside the EU with the code EO21; while French Guiana is listed twice, once in France as FR930 and once in South America as AS13.

NUTS, in some ways are similar to the ISO 3166-2 standard, as well as the FIPS standard of the United States.

## Levels 
There are three levels of NUTS. Some with two levels of local administrative units (LAUs) below. These were called NUTS levels 4 and 5 until July 2003, but were changed due to official regulations  although they are sometimes still described as such. Note that not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. One of the most extreme cases is Luxembourg, which has only LAUs; the three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself.
West Midlands

**West Midlands** may mean either:

*West Midlands (region), a region of England
*West Midlands (county), a county in the West Midlands region
Genestelle

** Genestelle ** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
You Am I

**You Am I** is a band from Sydney, Australia. It started in 1989 and plays alternative rock music. You Am I is famous for its lead singer Tim Rogers, for having lots of albums at number one on the ARIA Charts, and for their live music.

## References
Badjcinus

***Badjcinus*** ("expert hunter dog") was an animal that belonged to the extinct marsupial family Thylacinidae.

It was one of the most primitive members of its group, living 33 to 32 million years ago in the early Oligocene. It was quite small, averaging 5.2 lbs (2.4 kg) in weight.

Its diet probably consisted of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and insects.

Although *Badjcinus* was successful in its period, it probably was pushed out by other, better developed thylacinids. The fossils were found at Riversleigh in north-west Queensland, Australia.
Vodafone

**Vodafone** is a mobile phone network operator. Its headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It is the largest mobile phone network company in the world; it has a market value of about £75 billion (June 2008).

## Other websites 
*