open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ryukyuan languages

The **Ryūkyūan languages** (Okinawan: 琉球口, *Duuchuuguchi*) are a group of Japonic languages spoken in the Ryūkyū Islands, the southernmost part of Japan. The languages are Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni.

Although Japan says the Ryukyuan languages are dialects of Japanese, most linguists see them as languages. This is because Japanese speakers would not be able to understand Ryukyuan without learning it.

In the past, the Ryukyuan languages were spoken all over Ryukyu. Due to the languages being discriminated against, they have become endangered languages. Most Ryukyuans now speak Japanese.

## History 
When a group people called the Yayoi came to Japan, they brought over a language called Proto-Japonic. This language diverged into Japanese and Ryukyuan over time.

## Sound Changes 
Japanese and Ryukyuan have different sound changes. For example, Japanese “o” becomes Okinawan “u”. This is why the Japanese word “t**o**” (and) is “t**u**” in Okinawan.

It’s also common for Japanese “k” to become Okinawan “ch”. This causes “O**k**inawa” to become “U**ch**inaa”.

In the Yonaguni language, Japanese “y” becomes “d”. Japanese “**y**ama” (mountain) is “**d**ama” in Yonaguni.

## Language Usage 
Most older Ryukyuans can speak a Ryukyuan language, while younger people speak Japanese. Ryukyuan languages are also spoken in Hawaii and South America as many Ryukyuans live there too.

## Further reading
*Sanseido (1997). *言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語* (*Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago*). "琉球列島の言語" (*The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands*).
*Ashworth, D. E. (1975). *A generative study of the inflectional morphophonemics of the Shuri dialect of Ryukyuan*. Thesis (Ph. D.)—Cornell University, 1973.
*Heinrich, Patrick (2004): *Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands*, in: Language Policy 3.2, (2004): 153
*Heinrich, Patrick, Shinsho Miyara, Michinori Shimoji, eds. 2014. *Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages.* Berlin: de Gruyter.
*Serafim, L. A. (1985). Shodon: the prehistory of a Northern Ryukyuan dialect of Japanese. [S.l: s.n.
*Shimabukuro, Moriyo. 2007. *The accentual history of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages: a reconstruction*. Languages of Asia series, v. 2. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. 
*Uemura, Yukio, and Wayne P. Lawrence. 2003. *The Ryukyuan language.* Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (Series), A4-018. Osaka, Japan: ELPR.

## Other websites
* Ryukyuan language phonetic database 

## References
Direct election

A **direct election** is an election in which people vote directly for the person, persons or political party that they want to see elected to a political position. The electorate casts their votes directly in an election for candidates of their choice that will represent them either in the executive or legislature without any problem. The opposite is an indirect election, in which the voters elect a group of people who in turn elects the officeholder in question.

Many countries use a mixed system, where some elements are directly elected, and some are not.For example, India where the president is elected indirectly whereas the prime ministr is elected directly

Lok Sabha are known as Members of parliament or members of lok sabha. Under the existing political system elections are held on party lines. The party or the combination of parties having the largest number of legislators elect their leader from amongst themselves, who is made the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister as the case may be.

## References
Sony Pictures Studios

The **Sony Pictures Studios** is a television and movie studio complex. It is in Culver City, California. The studio is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment. Many movies and television programs are taped there. They include the television game shows *Wheel of Fortune* and *Jeopardy!*. It is the home of the movie companies Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures.

## History 
The complex started in 1915 as the **Triangle Studios** (1915-1918). It was **Paramount Culver Studios**  from 1918 until 1921. Iy became **Goldwyn Studios** in 1921.  The studio was bought by American movie and television company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in 1924. It was renamed as **MGM Studios**. Many well known MGM movies such as *The Wizard of Oz* and ''Singin' in the Rain'' were made there. Between 1927 and 1963, 52 movies were made there each year.

In 1986, MGM sold the studio lot to Lorimar. Sony Pictures Entertainment bought the studio in 1989. They renamed it as the Sony Pictures Studios. 

In 2016, it was bought by Pinewood Group, They changed the name to the **Pinewood Studios Hollywood.** At this time, all Sony and Columbia titles are later named after TriStar, 

## Daily about Sony Pictures Studios 
The complex is open for daily studio tours. It has sixteen different sound stages. These are where the movies and television programs are filmed.

## Other websites
* Sony Pictures Studios website
* Studio Lot History
Starving Time

The **Starving Time** at Jamestown in Virginia Colony was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609–1610. During this time, all but 60 of the 500 colonists died. Lack of rain and access to water had crippled the agricultural production during the summer. Also, the water that the colonists drank was brackish and only drinkable half the year.  

According to historical accounts, the colonists ate dogs, snakes, cats, rats, horses, books and shoe leather through the winter. There is forensic evidence of at least one instance of cannibalism. The remains of a teenage girl ( 1595–1609), named "Jane" by researchers, showed signs of being butchered (cut up for eating). Examination of Jane's shin bone indicates she was probably 14 years old at the time of her death. Based on studies of the isotopes in a tooth, she was probably from southern England. She was possibly the daughter of a gentleman or a maid in a gentleman's home because she had consumed generous amounts of protein (meat). Jane likely arrived in Virginia in August 1609.

Only 10 percent of Jane's remains have been recovered by researchers. The remains were found about 2.5 feet (0.8 m) down in a trash pit in the cellar of a building built in 1608 inside the James Fort site. Historical accounts indicate cannibalism was widespread at Jamestown during the winter. Modern historians were reluctant to credit these accounts without other evidence. Jane however is the first forensic evidence that confirms the existence of the practice during that winter.  

## References 
## Other websites 
**New Discoveries at Jamestown* by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson, (1957) at Project Gutenberg
Robert Sacre

**Robert Sacre** (born June 6, 1989) is an American-Canadian former professional basketball player. He is the current assistant general manager for the Vancouver Bandits of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL). He played four seasons with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played the center position.

## College
Sacre played college basketball for Gonzaga University from 2007 to 2012.

## NBA career
He was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2nd round with the 60th overall pick in the 2012 NBA Draft.

He made his NBA debut with Lakers on October 31, 2012. He played 49 seconds in a 116-106 loss against the Portland Trail Blazers. He scored his first points for the Lakers on November 4, 2012 in a win against the Detroit Pistons. He made his first NBA start on January 8, 2013 in a loss against the Houston Rockets.

## Personal
He was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana but grew up and played high school basketball in North Vancouver, British Columbia. His father is Greg LaFleur, a former American football tight end that played for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Indianapolis Colts.

## References
## Other websites
*Robert Sacre at NBA.com
Nadia Hasnaoui

**Nadia Hasnaoui** (; born 10 June 1963) is a Norwegian television presenter.

Hasnaoui was born in Morocco to a Norwegian mother and Moroccan father. Her maternal grandfather was Nobel Prize winning economist Ragnar Frisch. When she was four years old her parents divorced and she moved to Norway with her mother. In Oslo she attended a strict Catholic French kindergarten and then later a French school until fourth grade. She became a Norwegian citizen at the age of eighteen. In 1991 she married actor Kim Haugen.

## Eurovision 
Hasnaoui first became associated with Eurovision in 1992, when she provided the NRK radio commentary for the 1992 Contest.

In 2004, Hasnaoui presented the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Lillehammer, Norway. Hasnaoui has also presented festivals in Norway such as Melodi Grand Prix Junior.

In 2005 Hasnaoui provided Norwegian commentary on the Fiftieth Anniversary Special alongside former veteran Jahn Teigen.

Hasnaoui presented the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Bærum in May 2010 with Haddy Jatou N'jie and Erik Solbakken. She also read out the Norwegian votes for the 2011 and 2012 contests.

## References
Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)

"**Human Nature**" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was written by Steve Porcaro and John Bettis. It was the fifth song from his sixth solo record *Thriller*. "Human Nature" was released on July 3, 1983. It was a moderate hit in America and other countries. This song has been covered, performed and sampled by other musicians.
Monty Woolley

**Monty Woolley** (**Edgar Montillion Woolley**; August 17, 1888 &ndash; May 6, 1963) was an American actor and entertainer. At the age of 50, he became famous for his best-known role in the stage play and 1942 movie *The Man Who Came to Dinner*. His well-known white beard was "his trademark" and he was later known as "The Beard."

Woolley was born on August 17, 1888 in New York City, New York. He studied at Yale University and at Harvard University. Woolley was a closeted gay man. Woolley died on May 6, 1963 from a heart attack and from complications of kidney failure in Albany, New York, aged 75. He is buried at the Greenridge Cemetery in Saratoga Springs, New York.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Funny Face

, Fred Astaire & Audrey Hepburn in a publicity photo 
.]]
***Funny Face*** is a 1957 American romantic comedy musical movie starring Audrey Hepburn, Fred Astaire and Robert Flemyng. Hepburn plays Jo Stockton, a shy bookshop clerk. The movie is based on a Broadway musical of the same name.

## Other websites 
*
Eublepharinae

The **Eublepharinae** are one of the five subfamilies of the Gekkonidae, or geckos. The Eublepharinae subfamily has 27 species in five genera. Also called **eyelid geckos**, the eublepharines have more simple features than other geckos. For example, they don't have the ability to climb surfaces. Unlike other geckos, they also have movable eyelids. They are generally active at night or at twilight. These lizards often eat insects and similar creatures. They lay a pair of leathery eggs, and, in most species, the gender of the young is determined by the temperature of the egg; just like crocodiles.

The subfamily contains the following genera:

**Coleonyx* (seven species)
**Eublepharis* (five species)
**Goniurosaurus* (11 species)
**Hemitheconyx* (two species)
**Holodactylus* (two species)

## References
Brunhilde

**Brunhilde** was a mighty female warrior, one of the Valkyries. She was also a heroine from the German epics, especially in the Nibelungen saga, in which she is an Icelandic princess.

She defied Odin and in punishment he imprisoned her within a ring of fire on earth. She had to stay there until someone rescued her. Siegfied (Sigurd) braved the fire, woke her, and fell in love with her.

He gave her the ring Andvarinaut, unaware of its curse. Eventually she killed herself when she learned that Sigurd had betrayed her with another woman (Gudrun), not knowing he had been bewitched into doing so by Grimhild.

## Sources
* http://www.pantheon.org/articles/b/brunhilde.html
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

, May 18, 1980.]]

On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted. The eruption was recorded as a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. 

For two months before the eruption, earthquake trembles and steam was vented from the mouth of the volcano. 57 people died in the eruption.

## References
Property management

**Property management** is the process of managing and taking care of property. Property management can be applied to personal, business and public properties. Property management is used in various situations, like building a home, where property manager looks over the process of construction, management of resources and security. The process of property management can be carried using both people (onsite management, security) and machines (cameras, detectors and alarms). An example of property management will be hiring security company. They might be allowed to enter property and check for any issues while the owners are not present. In business, property management is extremely important to achieve safety and improve work environment of employees.

## References
Richard LeParmentier

**Richard LeParmentier** (July 16, 1946 &ndash; April 15, 2013) was an American-British actor and scriptwriter who is best known for his role as Admiral Motti in *Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope* (1977) and as police officer Lt. Santino in *Who Framed Roger Rabbit* (1988).

LeParmentier was born on July 16, 1946 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to British-Irish parents. He studied at Wayne University. 

LeParmentier was married to Sarah Douglas from 1981 until they divorced in 1984. LeParmentier died on April 15, 2013 from a heart attack in Austin, Texas, aged 66.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Richard LeParmentier official website
Shontelle

**Shontelle Layne** (born October 4, 1985), or just **Shontelle**, is a Barbadian singer-songwriter. She mainly performs R&B, pop and reggae music. She released her debut album *Shontelligence* in 2008 and her second album *No Gravity* in September 2010. Some if her recent songs achieved only modest success. She co-wrote "Man Down" by R&B singer Rihanna in 2010.

## Discography
**Shontelligence* (2008)
**No Gravity* (2010)

## References
Alameda, California

**Alameda** is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is next to Oakland and the San Francisco Bay. In 2020, about 78,280 people lived in Alameda.

Most of the city is on an island, called Alameda Island. The other large part is Bay Farm Island, which is now connected to the mainland. The third part of Alameda is Coast Guard Island, which is a military base for the U.S. Coast Guard.

## History
The city was founded in 1853, as three smaller towns. The east end was Alameda, the middle was called Encinal, and the west end was called Woodstock. The east end was incorporated as a town in 1854. The three towns became one in 1872.  

When the town was built, Alameda was not an island. It was connected to Oakland at the east end. On the west end, there was an inlet of water called an estuary. People used the estuary for shipping, but it was not deep enough. To make it deeper, engineers planned to dig a canal going all the way around Alameda. In 1902, a canal was finished that separated it from Oakland. 

From 1917 to 1939, there was a popular amusement park called Neptune Beach. 

In the 1940s the land was filled to make Bay Farm Island. A U.S. Navy base called Naval Air Station Alameda was opened in 1940. It was closed down in 1997.

## Statistics about the people
In the 2020 census, there were 78,280 people living in Alameda, in 30,980 households. The population density was 7,491.6 people per square mile (2,892.5/km²). The racial makeup was 43.6% White, 32.5% Asian, 5.9% Black, 0.6% Native American, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 4.1% from one other race, and 12.9% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos were 12.1% of the people. 

The median age was 41.4 years. The age breakdown was 19.9% under age 18, 62.5% from 18 to 65, and 17.5% over 65. The gender breakdown was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

Of the households, 63.4% were families, 30.2% had children under age 18, 47.7% had a married couple, 6.6% had an unmarried couple, 28.7% had a woman with no partner, 17.0% had a man with no partner, and 28.3% had one person living alone. The average household size was 2.48 people.

There were 33,009 housing units in Alameda, and people lived in 93.9% of them. Of the households, 48.3% owned their home and 51.7% rented it.

## Transport
There are five ways to drive to or from Alameda island. These are the Posey and Webster Street Tubes; the Park Street Bridge, the Fruitvale Bridge; the High Street Bridge; and the Bay Farm Island Bridge. The Posey Tube is one-way into Oakland, and the Webster Street Tube is one way into Alameda. There is also a bicycle bridge next to the Bay Farm Island Bridge. All of these bridges are drawbridges: they rise into the air so boats can go under them.

There used to be a railroad in Alameda, but it shut down.

## Related pages
*Alameda High School

## References
Anke Engelke

**Anke Christina Fischer** (née **Engelke**; born 21 December 1965 in Montréal) is a German comedian, actress and voice-over actress.

## Life 
Engelke moved to Cologne in 1971 with her parents. Early on, she exhibited singing talent, and was discovered in 1978 by Georg Bossert at a performance of her school's choir.

In May 2011, she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf alongside Stefan Raab and Judith Rakers. 

The following year, Engelke served as the spokesperson for Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku, Azerbaijan. Before presenting the votes, she also gave a live statement on the human-rights issues in the hosting country, saying: "Tonight nobody could vote for their own country. But it is good to be able to vote. And it is good to have a choice. Good luck on your journey, Azerbaijan. Europe is watching you." She was the only spokesperson to articulately address human rights during the event. She had also served as one of Germany's national juries for the contest during that year.

In February 2013, her involvement with the Eurovision Song Contest continued as she hosted *Unser Song für Malmö*, the German national final.

## Filmography
### Movie
### Television
## References
This article is based on the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia (retrieved February 3, 2004).

## Other websites
* Brainpool's Anke Engelke page (in German)
* Article on sbznet.de: "Late-Night-Talk: Anke macht's für Harald"  (23 December 2003)  (in German)
* 
* Zeit (14/2004) Interview with Anke Engelke at the beginning of her Late-Night-Show  (in German)
* Zeit (01/2005) Interview with Anke Engelke near the end of her Late-Night-Show  (in German)
* *Anke Engelke:* Interview  (Germany)
Duck typing

In computer programming with object-oriented programming languages, **duck typing** is a way to write computer code. It doesn't demand that you know what types you are writing about. If it does what you thought it would do, it is good enough. The reason this is called "duck typing" is the duck test. 

It was invented by James Whitcomb Riley:
:When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck.

## References
Tiny Wings

***Tiny Wings*** is an iOS game developed by German game developer Andreas Illiger, released on February 18, 2011.

## Gameplay
In *Tiny Wings*, the player takes control of a bird whose wings are too small to fly. The goal of the game is to use hills in order to gain speed as long as possible. This is done by tapping and holding the screen in order to make the bird dive. The game play mainly revolves around timing your taps so that the bird goes down hills and flies up them. The game's day trip version is separated into several islands, which have different layouts and change every 24&nbsp;hours. The game features special goals that allow players to upgrade their nest, which adds a score multiplier usually X2. These challenges go around reaching specific islands or performing certain tricks a number of times in one game. The game's visuals change daily along with the islands' layouts.

## Flight School
Flight School, a new mode that came out in version 2.0, is similar to normal gameplay, but it instead features a race between 4 young birds (which are siblings). The player can choose to control one of the birds while the rest of the birds are controlled by the CPU. The birds are listed here with their colors and are ranked according to their typical finishing positions The player can also change the birds' names.
# Flami – pink
# Peck – blue
# Peli – orange
# Owell – green

The goal in flight school is to reach mama bird first.
If you are faster than the other birds you'll get the fattest fish. To unlock the next island players must finish in 3rd, 2nd, or 1st place.
In 3rd place you'll get a small Blue fish, in 2nd place a medium-sized Cyan fish, and in 1st place you'll get the fattest Yellow fish. When a set of islands is completed by a bird, its nest is upgraded. This mode includes 2 new features: rubber flowers birds can bounce on, and water holes that slow down the birds.
The mama bird is dark green and is from the day trip mode.
Not all levels are in daytime levels. Levels 1-3 2-3 3-4 are all nighttime levels. They have a different song then the daytime levels.

## Release
Tiny Wings was first released with one mode (called Day Trip after version 2). Version 2 was released as an update on July 12, 2012, and added a new mode, Flight School with of a race between 4 birds, one of which is used by the player. The levels in Flight School are divided into islands, with 5 tracks in each. There are 3 island tracks. They are Clown islands, Koi islands, and Orga islands. Also there will be more island tracks coming soon as updates. Flight School includes 2 new features on the islands. The July 2012 update also gives the ability to gift app.
The HD version (released at the same time as version 2) includes Hill Party as the 3rd chapter.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Apple App Store
Armin Meiwes

**Armin Meiwes** (born 1 December 1961) is a German man who is known for an act of cannibalism. 

In March 2001, Meiwes, a then 41-year-old bisexual computer technician, placed an advertisement online for a well-built male he could kill and eat. Forty-three year old Bernd-Jurgen Brandes answered the ad later that month. Meiwes took Brandes to his home in Rotenberg. Brandes had sex with Meiwes, then asked Meiwes to cut off his penis. Meiwes did so, then fried the penis, but burned it. Meiwes then killed Brandes with Brandes's consent by stabbing him repeatedly in the neck. He cut the body in pieces and froze pieces for later consumption. Meiwes was arrested in December 2002. He had consumed about 20 kg of Brandes' body. Cannibalism was not illegal in Germany until 2001 when Meiwes killed and ate Brandes. Meiwes was convicted of killing by request and defiling a corpse. The Meiwes case was the first cannibalism case in Germany.

In May 2006, a court sentenced Meiwes to life in prison. 

## References
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 6

'''''Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 6'''* is the sixth season of *Britain's Next Top Model*. This cycle includes 14 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Tiffany Pisani.

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A spread & cover in *Company* Magazine
* A £100,000 contract with Revlon Cosmetics

## Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
* Alisha White
* Amba Hudson-Skye
* Amelia Thomas
* Charlotte Holmes
* Delita Cole
* Hannah Goodeve
* Harleen Kaur Nottay
* Joy McLaren
* Kirsty Parsons
* Nicola Wright
* Olivia Oldham-Stevens
* Rachelle Harry
* Susan Loughnane
* Tiffany Pisani

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode''

2.
*Best: Joy McLaren
*Worst: Delita Cole & Hannah Goodeve
*Eliminated: Hannah Goodeve

3.
*Best: Nicola Wright
*Worst: Rachelle Harry & Olivia Oldham-Stevens
*Eliminated: Rachelle Harry

4.
*Eliminated Outside Of Judging Panel: Susan Loughnane
*Best: Alisha White
*Worst: Amelia Thomas & Harleen Kaur Nottay
*Eliminated: Harleen Kaur Nottay

5.
*Best: Nicola Wright
*Worst: Delita Cole & Tiffany Pisani
*Eliminated: Delita Cole

6.
*Best: Charlotte Holmes
*Worst: Amba Hudson-Skye & Nicola Wright
*Eliminated: Amba Hudson-Skye

7.
*Best: Olivia Oldham-Stevens
*Worst: Amelia Thomas & Nicola Wright
*Eliminated: Nicola Wright

8.
*Best: Charlotte Holmes
*Worst: Alisha White & Kirsty Parsons
*Eliminated: Kirsty Parsons

9.
*Best: Alisha White
*Worst: Olivia Oldham Stevens & Tiffany Pisani
*Eliminated: Olivia Oldham-Stevens

10.
*Best: Alisha White
*Worst: Charlotte Holmes & Joy McLaren
*Eliminated: None

11.
*Best: Joy McLaren
*Worst: Charlotte Holmes & Amelia Thomas
*Eliminated: Amelia Thomas

12.
*Best: Tiffany Pisani
*Worst: Charlotte Holmes & Alisha White
*Eliminated: Charlotte Holmes

13.
*Final Three: Alisha White, Joy McLaren & Tiffany Pisani
*Eliminated: Joy McLaren

*Final Two: Alisha White & Tiffany Pisani
*Winner: Tiffany Pisani
Alan Tacher

**Alan Tacher** (born March 28, 1968 in Mexico City) is a Mexican television presenter. He is part of the main cast of Univision's morning program *Despierta América*.

## Television
**Califa de Oro* (1995)
**Te caché* (1998)
**Tempranito* (1998)
**La Academia* (2000)
**Aplauso Aplauso* (2004)
**Levántate* (2008)
**Décadas* (2010)
**Hoy* (2011-2012)
**Despierta América* (2012–present)

## Other websites 
*
Ivan Urgant

**Ivan Andreevich Urgant** (, born 16 April 1978) is a Russian television personality, showman, and an actor.

## TV programs 
He is known for hosting various TV shows, including:
* Petersburg Courier (Petersburg - Channel 5, 1999)
* Cheerful Morning (MTV Russia, 2001–2002)
* People's Artist (RTR, 2003–2005)
* Pyramid (Russia, 2004)
* Great Première (2005)
* Spring with Ivan Urgant (Channel One, 2006)
* Relish (Channel One, since 2006)
* Smak (Channel One; since 2006)
* Circus With Stars (Channel One, 2007)
* Stenka na stenku (Showdown) (Channel One, 2007—2008)
* Big Difference (Channel One, since 2008)
* Single storey America (2008)
* Circus (2008)
* Prozhektorperiskhilton (Channel One, since 2008)
* Tour de France (2011)
* Evening Urgant (Channel One; since 2012)
* Their Italia (2012)
* Lere First TV (2012-present)

## References
## Other websites 
*
William Taylor Adams

**William Taylor Adams** (July 30, 1822 – March 27, 1897), was an American writer and children's magazine editor. He used the pen name "Oliver Optic".  Adams was born in Medway, Massachusetts. 

In 1853, he wrote his first novel, *Hatchie, the Guardian Slave*. Adams taught in the Boston public schools for many years. While teaching, he discovered what kinds of books boys liked best. In 1855, he wrote The Boat Club series for boys. This series was a great success. He wrote many more boys' series. 

In 1865, he stopped teaching. He wanted to  all his time to writing. He became editor of the children's magazines *The Student and Schoolmate*, *Our Little Ones*, and ''Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls''.  He served in the Massachusetts legislature for one year. Adams died at his home in Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1897.

Children's writer Louisa May Alcott did not like his books. She did not like the slang and settings such as saloons. Librarians did not like Adams's books either. They threw them away. They also threw away the books of other boys' writers. Adams kept writing boys' books though. He got good s from the critics. His books sold well. They were reprinted many times.

## Gallery 

File:Oliver Optic - All Adrift.jpg|*All Adrift* title page
File:466 oliver optic house.jpg|Adams's house in Dorchester, Massachusetts
File:1935 oliver optic magazine.jpg|*Our Boys and Girls* cover
File:Student and Schoolmate August 1867.jpg|*Student and Schoolmate*, August 1867
File:1872 OliverOptic OurBoys and Girls v11 no227.png|*Our Boys and Girls*
File:Titlehalfpage.jpg|Half page title for *The Birthday Party* 

## References
* William Taylor Adams  
* Dorchester Athenaeum 

## Other websites
* Biographical essay in PDF
* Biographical essay at the Dorchester Aethenaeum site 
* (plain text and HTML)
*Works by Oliver Optic at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions illustrated)
*Works by William Taylor Adams at Internet Archive
Judith Rakers

**Judith Rakers** (born 6 January 1976 in Paderborn, Germany) is a German journalist and television presenter.

## Biography
Rakers grew up in Bad Lippspringe with her single father. She graduated from the Pelizaeus-Gymnasium Paderborn. She studied journalism and communication studies, German philology and modern and contemporary history at the University of Münster. At the same time, Rakers worked as a radio presenter at the NRW-local radio stations; Radio Hochstift and Antenne Münster.

From January 2004 to 17 January 2010, Rakers presented the *Hamburg Journal* for local TV station Norddeutscher Rundfunk.

Since 2005, Rakers has presented the *Tagesschau* news programme on ARD, as well as reading the news in the *Tagesthemen*, *Nachtmagazin* and *Morgenmagazin*.

In addition to the *Tagesschau*, Rakers also presents Radio Bremen's talk show *3 nach 9*.

On 14 May 2011 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany together with Stefan Raab and Anke Engelke.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Judith Rakers' official website
Stian Barsnes-Simonsen

**Stian Barsnes-Simonsen** (born 20 April 1979 in Bergen) is a Norwegian actor and television presenter of *Amigo*, *Midt i smørøyet* and *Melodi Grand Prix*.

## As host 
**Smørøyet* (1998)
**MGP Nordic 2002 (with Camilla Ottesen, Josefine Sundström)
**Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2002* (with Thomas Numme) 
**Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2003*
**Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2004* (with Nadia Hasnaoui)
**Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004* (with Nadia Hasnaoui)
**Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2005* (with Nadia Hasnaoui)
**Gullruten* (2006)
*Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2006* (with Nadia Hasnaoui)
**Melodi Grand Prix 2006* (with Synnøve Svabø)
**Melodi Grand Prix 2007* (with Synnøve Svabø)
**Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2007*
**MGP Nordic 2007* (with Nadia Hasnaoui)
**Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2008*
**De ukjente* (2009)

## Filmography 
**Kysset som fikk snøen til å smelte* (English title: *A Kiss in the Snow*, 1997)
**Bølgene* (English title: *Waves*, 1998)
**Hotel Cæsar'' (1998-2000, television series)

## Other websites  
*
971

## Events 
* Kenneth II of Scotland succeeds Culen as King

## Births 
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Mahmud of Ghazni
* Emperor Shengzong of Liao
* Prince Shaif

## Deaths 
* Abu Jafar Khazeni
* Culen of Scotland
* Ziri ibn Manad
976

## Events 
* January 10 – Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor
* Brian Boru is inaugurated as King of Munster
* Samuil of Bulgaria becomes Tsar
* Yuelu Academy is founded in China

## Births 
* Emperor Sanjō of Japan

## Deaths 
* January 10 – John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine Emperor
* October 8 – Jelena of Zadar, Queen of Croatia
* November 14 – Emperor Taizu of Song
* Harald Greyhide, King of Norway
* Al-Hakam II, Caliph of Cordoba
977

## Events 
* Imam Ali Mosque is built at Najaf

## Births 
* Kōkei, Japanese Buddhist monk
* Saint Poppo of Deinze

## Deaths 
* Hunain ibn Ishaq, Egyptian physician
* Dubrawka, daughter of Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia
Haddy N'jie

'''Haddy Jatou N'jie''' (born 25 June 1979 in Oslo) is a Norwegian singer, songwriter, writer and journalist. Her father is Gambian and her mother is Norwegian. She grew up in Kolbotn near Oslo and is the eldest of five siblings.

N'jie has worked as a reporter for *Dagsrevyen* and columnist for *Dagbladet*.
**Welcome Home* (released 1 June 2009)
**World of the Free* (released 25 January 2010)

She is a contributor to
**Mitt lille land* (2011), with other artists

## References
978

## Events 
* The revolt of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria against Otto II ends
* England's royal mint is located at Guildford

## Births 
* Princess Zoe of Byzantium, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire
* Yaroslav I the Wise, prince of Novgorod and Kiev

## Deaths 
* March 18 – King Edward the Martyr of England
* Abraham of Alexandria, Coptic pope
* Li Houzhu, last Chinese emperor of the Southern Tang
974

## Events 
* The caliph al-Muti is overthrown from the Abbasid Caliphate and replaced by his son al-Ta'i who died shortly after his son's takeover.

* An earthquake happens in England which kills 600 people.

* The Liao dynasty switches ambassadors between the Song dynasty on New Year's Day.

* The city of Fuzhou starts to build new walls.

## References
970

## Events 
* A major volcano erupts in Mashu, Japan.
* A terrible famine begins in France.
* Eric the Victorious becomes the first king of Sweden.

## Births 
* Leif Ericson, Norse explorer
* Seyyed Razi, important Muslim scholar and writer
* Sitt al-Mulk
* Xu Daoning, Chinese artist

## Deaths 
* 30 January – Peter I of Bulgaria
* Magyar leader, Taksány
* Ferdinand II of Castile
* Fujiwara no Saneyori
* García III of Pamplona
* Hatto II, Archbishop of Mainz
* Menahem ben Saruq
* Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople
* Taksony of Hungary
Erik Solbakken

**Erik Solbakken** (born 17 November 1984 in Hemsedal) is a Norwegian television presenter. Solbakken hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 together with Haddy Jatou N'jie and Nadia Hasnaoui.

He has hosted multiple children's shows including *Barne-tv*, *Julemorgen*,*Krem Nasjonal*, and *Superkviss*, as well as *Barnetimen for de minste* on NRK P2.
## References
## Other websites 
*
960

## Events 
* Mieszko I becomes ruler in Poland
* Richard I of Normandy marries Emma of Paris
* The Aksumite Empire is destroyed

## Births 
* Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1028)
* Theophanu, princess who became Empress (d. 991)
* Sweyn I of Denmark (d. 1014)
* Gershom ben Judah
* Matsu, Taoist 'goddess' of the sea
* Olof of Sweden
* Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (d. 988)
* Bagrat III (d. 1014), king of Abkhazians and Georgians
* Seongjong of Goryeo (d. 997)

## Deaths 
* Saint Eadburga of Winchester
* Časlav Klonimirović, ruler of Serbia
973

## Events 
Caliph Al-Mu'izz moves the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate to Cairo in Egypt from Tunisia.

Pope Benedict VI becomes the 134th pope of the Catholic Church. He is put in Rome with the permission of Otto I and becomes the puppet ruler of the Roman Empire.

The emperor Otto I dies in Germany after ruling for 37 years. His son Otto II takes his place at 18 year old who makes the government of the Roman Empire into a autocracy.

## References
Tony's Cronies

'''Tony's Cronies''' was a name in British politics and media given to people who were viewed by them as being given places of power because they were friends with Prime Minister, Tony Blair during his premiership between 1997 and 2005.

## Sources
Rip Van Winkle

"**Rip Van Winkle**" is a short story by Washington Irving. It was first published in Irving's *The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.* in June 1819. Irving wrote the story one night while staying with his sister's family in Birmingham, England. He read it to his hosts at breakfast the next morning. It was one of the first stories Irving proposed for *The Sketch Book*. The story is similar to a German story called "Karl Katz". "Rip Van Winkle" has been adapted to theater, cartoons, television, and other media many times.

## Story
Rip Van Winkle is a lazy, happy Dutchman. He's a henpecked husband; a man who is being constantly nagged by his wife. He lives in a quiet village near the Catskill Mountains in North America. One day he wanders into the mountains with his dog Wolf.  In a lonely place, he meets the ghosts of Henry Hudson and his men.  They give him a strange drink. He falls asleep for 20 years. When he wakes, he learns that the American Revolution has been fought and won. His family and friends welcome him home to the village.

## Other websites
*"Rip Van Winkle", illustrated by N. C. Wyeth (1921).
*"Rip Van Winkle", e-text from Bartleby.
*"Rip Van Winkle" , audio version from 1946.
*"Rip Van Winkle", 1896 film.
*"Karl Katz", a comparison.
*1948 *Theatre Guild on the Air* radio adaptation at Internet Archive
*Rip Van Winkle Study Guide
*Irving in Birmingham 
*"Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" – Irving's Fictions of Revolution
Anaid Iplicjian

**Anaid Iplicjian** (born 24 October 1935 in Berlin) is a German actress. Her family is from Armenia. After studying at the Mozarteum Academy in Salzburg she has been a member of the Graz (Austria), Wiesbaden, the State Theatre Hannover and the Burgtheater (Vienna) companies. A free-lance actress since 1970, she has been working on Frankfurt/Main, Hamburg, Berlin, Munich and Vienna stages. Also appearing many times in German and Austrian television. She was the presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 1957. She is married to theater director Herbert Krneppel.

## Selected filmography
**Derrick* - Season 02, Episode 06: "Paddenberg" (1975)
**Derrick* - Season 07, Episode 10: "Eine unheimlich starke Persönlichkeit" (1980)
**Derrick* - Season 11, Episode 01: "Das Mädchen in Jeans" (1984)

## Other websites
*
*ZBF Agency Munich
Liseberg

**Liseberg** is an amusement park in Gothenburg, Sweden. Liseberg is one of the most visited amusement parks in Scandinavia.

## History
Liseberg opened on 8 May 1923. In 2005, Liseberg was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world by *Forbes Magazine*. In 2010 Liseberg was Sweden's most popular point of interest. Many famous people have been to Liseberg, including Michael Jackson in 1988.

## Season
Liseberg attracts about 3 million visitors each year. It is open for the summer season from April til the middle of October. In the winter it's open from November til the end of December.

## Attractions
The park has 41 attractions.

**Atmosfear** is the tallest free fall attraction in Europe. The tower is 116 metres high. The top is 146 meters above sea level. It takes about 90 seconds to reach the top. In the beginning it was an elevator that gave you a view of Gothenburg. In 2010 it was rebuilt to be a free fall attraction. There is only one other attraction in the world that can be compared with Atmosfear, the Giant drop in Australia.

**Balder** is the biggest and most famous roller coaster. Balder is built of wood. Many times it has been voted the world’s best wooden roller coaster. Balder is 36 meters high an 1070 meters long.

**FlumeRide** is another very popular ride. It’s a water ride and you go in logs. The ride opened in 1973. In the summer season of 2002 they had a contest to see who could go in the ride longest time. After 9 days, 7 hours and 42 minutes they had a winner. The ride is 610 meters long.

**Kanonen** is the only roller coaster on Liseberg with a loop. It was built in 2005. You reach the top speed 75&nbsp;km/h after 1.84 seconds. The ride is 50 seconds and 440 meters long.

**"Helix"** is a roller coaster coming for 2014. It will be 130 seconds and 1,381 meters long. The top speed is about .

Other attractions include:

## Slogan
:

:

## References
* http://liseberg.com/en/home/ 
* Official Liseberg
Nargiz Birk-Petersen

**Nargiz Birk-Petersen** (; née **Nargiz Abbaszadeh**, born 1976) is an Azerbaijani television presenter and commentator. On 22, 24 and 26 May 2012 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan together with Eldar Gasimov and Leyla Aliyeva.

Nargiz Birk-Petersen's mother is Maleyka Abbaszadeh, the head of the State Committee for Student Admission of Azerbaijan. She has a sister named Nigar. At the age of 16, Nargiz had her first experience in television. During her student years, Nargiz also worked for Student TV at her *alma mater* Khazar University, as a reporter of an English language news program for the company. Later Nargiz studied law in the United States, where she had a modelling career to provide financial support for her studies. She continued to practice law in the United States and Russia. She was head of the department of public relations for the Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

She is married to Ulrik Birk-Petersen. They live in Copenhagen, Denmark with their two children.

## References
## Other websites
* Məleykə Abbaszadənin qızı suallara aydınlıq gətirdi
Sabina Babayeva

**Sabina Babayeva** (, born 2 December 1979, Baku) is an Azerbaijani singer. She represented Azerbaijan in the grand final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, on 26 May 2012, with the song "When the Music Dies", as the 13th act, she came fourth overall.
Leyla Aliyeva

**Leyla Aliyeva** (, born July 3, 1985) is the first daughter of the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev. She is editor-in-chief of style magazine *Baku*.

## Personal life 
According to her personal website, Aliyeva was born in Moscow on 3 July 1985. However, her listing as a director at Companies House in London gives her date of birth as 1984. She studied at a private girls' school in London, Queens College; she left the school in 2000. She entered the European Business School.

From 2006 to 2008, Leyla Aliyeva pursued a master's degree at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). She was the Chairwoman of the Azerbaijan Club at MGIMO until 2010.

In July 2011, the *Taraggi* (Progress) Medal was conferred upon Leyla Aliyeva for her contributions to the development of Azerbaijan-Russian relations.

Leyla is married to businessman and singer Emin Agalarov. She has twin sons, Ali and Mikail, who were born in 2008.

In 2010 Washington Post reported that Leyla along with her sister Arzu and brother Heydar own real estate in Dubai that is worth about US$75 million.

## References
## Other websites
* Official channel of Leyla Aliyeva on YouTube
Leyla Aliyeva (presenter)

**Leyla Aliyeva** (, born 1986 in Baku) is an Azerbaijani television presenter. On 22, 24 and 26 May 2012 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan together with Eldar Gasimov and Nargiz Birk-Petersen.

Leyla Aliyeva graduated from the Baku Academy of Music with a degree in choral directing and has a master's degree in music. In 2004, while in her first year of undergraduate studies, she was hired by İTV to work for the channel's Department of Music, Arts and Entertainment. In 2007, she began covering Eurovision news and soon became a member of İTV's Eurovision organising committee. Aliyeva also served as the spokesperson of Azerbaijan announcing the country's first voting results in its debut at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. She hosted the Azerbaijani national Eurovision selection tours alongside Husniyya Maharramova in 2011 and 2012.

She is married to another İTV employee, who works there as a director and has a daughter.

## References
Hanne Sørvaag

**Hanne Margrethe Sørvaag** (December 27, 1979) is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She later moved to Stockholm, Sweden. She released her first studio record *You Know Me* under the name Paris in 2002. That gave her three hits in Norway. Her second record, *Talk of the Town*, was released in 2006 under her own name. She also writes songs for other musicians.

## References
Helga Guitton

**Helga Guitton** (born 18 December 1942) is a German radio and television presenter. She was a disc jockey on Radio Luxemburg. She was the presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 1973.

## References
* http://wn.com/Helga_Guitton
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 1

'''''Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 1'''* is the first season of *Britain's Next Top Model*. This cycle includes 12 contestants. The winner was 20-year-old Lucy Ratcliffe.

## Contestants
*(ages stated are at time of contest)*

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A contract with Ruby & Millie Cosmetics
* A spread & cover in *B Magazine''
In addition, the winner got another contract with Beatrice Models

## Episodes
1.
*Best: Marisa Heath
*Worst: Shauna Breen & Marina Fallahi
*Eliminated: Marina Fallahi

2.
*Best: Tashi Brown
*Worst: Anne Kent & Claire Hillier
*Eliminated: Claire Hillier

3.
*Best: Jenilee Harris
*Worst: Edwina Joseph & Shauna Breen
*Eliminated: Shauna Breen

4.
*Quit: Anne Kent
*Best: Edwina Joseph
*Worst: Lucy Ratcliffe & Stephanie Jones
*Eliminated: None

5.
*Best: Stephanie Jones
*Worst: Hayley Wilkins & Naomi Teal
*Eliminated: Hayley Wilkins

6.
*Best: Tashi Brown
*Worst: Marisa Heath & Jenilee Harris
*Eliminated: Marisa Heath

7.
*Best: Lucy Ratcliffe
*Worst: Tashi Brown & Stephanie Jones
*Eliminated: Stephanie Jones

8.
*Best: Lucy Ratcliffe
*Worst: Naomi Teal & Tashi Brown
*Eliminated: Naomi Teal

*Best: Jenilee Harris
*Worst: Edwina Joseph & Tashi Brown
*Eliminated: Tashi Brown

9.
*Best: Edwina Joseph
*Worst: Jenilee Harris & Lucy Ratcliffe
*Eliminated: Jenilee Harris

*Final Two: Edwina Joseph & Lucy Ratcliffe
*Winner: Lucy Ratcliffe
Shifting cultivation

**Shifting cultivation** is an agricultural system in which areas of land are deforested and used  for a short time. Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture.

Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of southeast Asia and northeast India. These are areas of heavy rainfall and quick regenerating of vegetation. Then they are left to grow back their natural vegetation, while the farmer moves to another area. It is practised in forested areas of the Amazon basin.It is one of the rudimentary forms of cultivation.

After cultivation a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil looses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.  

Because the soil is no longer protected by the large trees in the rainforest system, it can be ruined easily by heavy rains and too much sun. One of the main problems with shifting cultivation is that the land is ruined after being used 3 or 4 times. Areas of land are abandoned and not prepared to grow again, and the rainforest becomes smaller with each preparation for a new piece of land. The land loses its fertility and so this is not a reliable form of cultivation.
Álvaro Gómez

**Álvaro Gómez González** (born 24 December 1980) is a Chilean actor and theatre director.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
#### Telenovelas 
#### TV Series 
## Theatre 
## References 
## Sources 
*
Eduardo Barril

**Eduardo Andrés Barril Villalobos** (born July 7, 1941 in Puerto Montt) is a Chilean actor and theatre director.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
* *B-Happy* (2003) - Radomiro
* *Los 33 de Atacama* (2011) - Miner García

### Telenovelas 
## Sources 
*
Paulo Garcés

**Paulo Andrés Garcés Contreras** (born 2 August 1984 in Parral) is a Chilean footballer.

## Clubs 
## Sources 
* Data on the udechile.cl
Pablo Longueira

**Juan Pablo Longueira Montes** (born August 12, 1958) is a Chilean politician and industrial civil engineer. He has been the Minister of Economy, Development and Tourism of Chile since 2011. He is a member of the Independent Democratic Union (UDI), a right-wing political party. He was a Senator before being appointed by President Sebastián Piñera to serve in the Cabinet. He was a deputy from 1990 until 2006.

On March 30, 2007, Longueira began his candidacy for president in the 2009 presidential election. However, he cancelled that on May 3. On April 29, 2013, Longueira was nominated by the UDI as its candidate for the 2013 presidential election, replacing Laurence Golborne.

Longueira is married to Cecilia Brinkmann Estévez. He has seven children.

## Other websites 
* Pablo Longueira official site 
* Senate campaign site
The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson

**"The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson"** is the first episode of the ninth season of *The Simpsons*. It first aired on September 21, 1997. In this episode, the Simpson family travels to New York City to get back their family car, which had been taken by Homer's friend Barney Gumble after a night out and left in the World Trade Center plaza. While his family tours the city, Homer goes through problems while trying to get back the car.

After the September 11 attacks, the episode was taken off syndication because of the World Trade Center's role in the episode. It has come back in recent years.

## Other websites 
*
*
*