open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Promethium

**Promethium** is a synthetic radioactive chemical element that has the symbol Pm on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 61 which means it has 61 protons in its atom. It is the only synthetic element in the Lanthanide group as all its isotopes are radioactive. Together with Technetium, these are the only two radioactive elements below lead. Most Promethium is artificially produced. The longest-living  isotope of promethium is 145Pm, with a half-life of 17.7 years. 

## Uses 
Promethium is used in the illuminated digits of some clocks, its Beta Radiation may be used to measure thickness. 

## Related pages
* Periodic table
* List of common elements
Praseodymium

**Praseodymium** is a chemical element that has the symbol **Pr** on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 59 which means it has 59 protons in an atom. It is a soft silvery metal that can be used to make yellow-green salts. It is mixed with magnesium to produce strong metal used in aircraft engines. It can also be used to color green glass, and is in electrodes in lights. Praseodymium was first isolated (separated from other elements) in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is found in sands, called monazite sands, of Florida, California, India, and Brazil.

## Estimates of Praseodymium that can be mined
"Praseodymium [can be found in, or is] a companion in the ... minerals Cerit, Monazit and Bastnäsit. The worldwide reserves are estimated at 4 million tons", according to media (in 2024's second quarter).

## Sources
Neptunium

, which neptunium is named after]]
**Neptunium** is a chemical element that has the symbol **Np** on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 93 which means it has 93 protons and electrons in its atoms. It is named after the planet Neptune in the same way as Uranium is named after the planet Uranus. 

## History 
Neptunium was discovered in the year of 1940 by two men named Edwin McMillan and Phillip H. Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Center of the University of California. It was created by fusing Hydrogen nuclei called protons into the element Uranium.

## Chemistry 
Neptunium is a radioactive silvery-metallic element that is part of a group of elements called the Actinides, which it shares many similarities to. Its melting point is 637 degrees Celsius, its boiling point is 4000 degrees Celsius, and its atomic mass is 237.

It oxidizes very quickly with multiple different oxidation states. It also bonds with halides and even alkali metals. 

## Occurence 
Since all isotopes of neptunium have half-lives that are many times shorter than the age of the Earth, any neptunium that was made when the earth was formed should have decayed by now. After only about 80 million years, the concentration of even the longest-lived isotope, 237Np, would have been reduced to less than one-trillionth (10−12) of its original amount.

## References
Neodymium

**Neodymium** is a chemical element that has the symbol **Nd** on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 60 which means it has 60 protons in an atom. Neodymium can be combined with other elements like iron and boron to create the very strong neodymium magnet, these magnets can lift up to 1000 times their own weight. Neodymium is a metal that forms a coating of oxide around itself when it is placed in air. It is usually used as neodymium magnets for hard disk drives.

## Properties 
Though neodymium is called a rare earth metal, it is quite common, as common as nickel, cobalt or copper. Like every metal, neodymium is very shiny. It is a solid that melts at 1,024 degrees Celsius, or 1,875 degrees Fahrenheit. Neodymium is in a group of other elements called lanthanides, which are like each other in how they behave. When neodymium is dropped into water, it slowly changes into neodymium hydroxide, if the water or the neodymium itself is hot enough, the change is much faster, and the neodymium may explode. In the air, if the neodymium is hot enough, it can catch fire. Like every other metal, neodymium usually wants to get rid of its electrons, so the compounds it forms are usually with elements that want electrons, as oxygen does.

## Uses
The neodymium magnets used to make hard disk drives do not weaken over time: they are permanent magnets. They can also be used in microphones or speakers. Electric guitars may use these magnets inside their pickups.

## Estimates of neodymium that can be mined
"China is the largest neodymium supplier and exporter in the world—dominating the neodymium industrial chain. The global neodymium reserve is estimated to be 11.6 million tons ... — a 13.6 million tons of neodymium oxide equivalent", according to media.

## Sources
Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche

''' Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche '* is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.

## History
Saint-Maurice was built around a Benedictine convent in the 11th century. The commune changed its name many times. Before the French Revolution the name was *Saint-Maurice-Terlin* (contraction of *Terre à lin* - Land of Flax) because the inhabitants grew flax. The village then became *Saint Maurice Torsinet* in 1793. Eight years later, in 1801, the name was changed again, first to *Saint-Maurice-en-Lanas* then
*Saint-Maurice-et-Lanas*. In 1846 it was simply *Saint-Maurice*. The current name, *Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche* appeared between 1846 and 1861. It is because the commune is close to the river *Ardèche*.

## Geography
The village is between the communes of Aubenas and Ruoms. It is close to the river *Ardèche''. There are many vineyards there.

## Demography
## References
Sainte-Marguerite-Lafigère

** Sainte-Marguerite-Lafigère  ** is a village and commune in the Ardèche *département* of southern-central France.
Uesugi Harunori

was a Japanese daimyo. He was the 9th leader of the Yonezawa domain. This domain the area that today is the Yonezawa and Okitama region. Uesugi was born in Edo. He was the second son of a daimyo of the Akizuki clan. His father controlled part of Hyuga province. His mother was a granddaughter of the fourth head of Yonezawa. As a child, he was called "Matsusaburō" (松三郎) and "Naomatsu" (直松). He was adopted by the daimyo of Yonezawa, Uesugi Shigesada. In 1767 he replaced Shigesada as diamyo. After retirement, he began to use the *gō*, or pen name, Yozan (鷹山).

Today, Uesugi is best remembered for his financial changes in his domain. He is often used as an example of a good governor of a domain. Yonezawa had been in debt for about a hundred years when Uesugi took over. Shigesada had thought about returning the domain to the shogunate because of the debt. His father-in-law, the daimyo of Owari province, told him he should resign as daimyo instead of this. This is how Uesugi came to be daimyo of Yonezawa. He created strict disciplinary measures. Several of his *karō* (advisers) did not think his plans were good. He had these people killed. Because of many of the changes he caused, Yonezawa became prosperous. It also did not suffer much from the famine in Japan in the Tenmei era (1781-9). In 1830, less than a decade after Harunori's death, the shogunate said that Yonezawa was a paragon of a well-governed domain.

Uesugi's beliefs about governance and how a feudal lord show act were written in a letter to his son Haruhiro:

This means:
*The person who rules the state get the state from the people that ruled it before him and will give it to those that rule after him. The ruler should not rule in a way which is bad for the state.
*The people are a part of the state. The ruler should rule them in the way that is best for them. He should not rule in the way that is best for him.
*The job of the ruler is make things better for the people and the state. It is not the job of the people and the state to make things better for the ruler.

## References
Dornas

:*Dornas also refers to a small fishing vessel, known to have derived from the viking fishing vessels. Note the shape and construction to be able to break ocean waves near and away from shore.*

**Dornas** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.
Glun

** Glun ** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Ardèche department
Intres

** Intres ** is a former commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Julien-d'Intres.

## References
Étables

**Étables** is a commune in the Ardèche department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southern France.
Siachen Glacier

The **Siachen Glacier** is in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan interim border at approximately . Siachen Glacier was the Land of Wild Roses before it became a battle field. It is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second longest in the world's non-polar areas. It ranges from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875&nbsp;ft) above sea level at its source at Indira Col (pass) on the China border to its snout at 3,620 m (11,875&nbsp;ft)

## The Siachen War 
The Siachen War started on April 13, 1984. It has shown that the climatic conditions has killed the soldiers more than the enemy's attack. It is in the northern part of Kashmir. Muslim-majority Kashmir is at the heart of this hostility between India and Pakistan and was the cause of two of their three wars (the third was over the founding of Bangladesh). Indian and Pakistani forces, estimated to number between 10,000 and 20,000 troops combined, have faced off against each other ever since in these treacherous mountains above the Siachen glacier in the Karakoram range since 1984. The no-man's-land of Siachen is 20,000 feet (6,000 metres) above sea level. Military experts say the inhospitable climate and avalanche-prone terrain have claimed more lives than gunfire. The strategic importance of the glacier is debatable, military experts say. Until 1984, neither side had troops there. Both countries agree on a need to demilitarise the glacier, but neither side wants to take the first step. India controls the heights and is loath to withdraw for fear Pakistan might walk in. India says it is unwilling to bring its forces down until Pakistan officially authenticates the positions they hold. Pakistan has said it is willing to do so on the condition that it is not a final endorsement of India's claim over the glacier, a source of melt water for Pakistan's rivers.

## Reference
Bengal monitor

**Bengal monitor** (*Varanus bengalensis*), also known as the **Indian monitor**, is a monitor lizard found throughout Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, And Sri Lanka. It measures up to 75&nbsp;cm in body length with the tail about 100&nbsp;cm in length. It feeds on small terrestrial vertebrates, ground birds and their eggs, arthropods and fish.

## References
Chamaeleo zeylanicus

The **Indian Chameleon**, *Chamaeleo zeylanicus* is a species of chameleon found in Sri Lanka, India and other parts of South Asia. Like other chameleons, this species has a long tongue, feet that are shaped into bifid claspers and a prehensile tail. Its two eyes can move in different directions at the same time. It also can change the colour of its skin. They move slowly with a bobbing or swaying movement and are usually arboreal. Strangely, although they can change color, they may not be able to see differences in colour. They are usually in shades of green or brown or with bands. They can change colour quickly. The main reason for colour change is for communication with other chameleons and for controlling body temperature. By changing to dark colours, their bodies absorb heat.
Roiffieux

**Roiffieux ** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France. The commune is located in the Ardèche department and is part of the Canton of Annonay-Sud. It belongs to the arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône. 

The INSEE code of the commune is 07197. The commune is situated approximately 440 km southeast of Paris, 65 km south of Lyon, and 55 km north of Privas.

**Attractions**

Brogieux Castle (14th century) 

Japperenard Castle Laca 

Castle Church of Saint Martin of Tours, with an octagonal 12th-century bell tower
Petanque

, France]]
**Petanque** is a game played by many people, especially in France. It is played on a level surface which can be covered with gravel of varying sizes. Boules [metal balls] are thrown along this terrain. The game is played between two teams. Each team has three players [triples] with 2 boules each. At the start of the game, a small ball [coche or jack] is thrown. Each player stands in a circle and tries to throw a larger ball [boule] so that it lands close to the coche.The team having their boule or boules closest to the coche at the first end takes the points. Play continues until one team reaches 13.
In a doubles game each player has 3 boules.
Biblical canon

of P-46, an early Christian collection of Pauline Epistles]]
The Bible is a collection of texts. These texts are usually called *books*. There are different versions of the Bible. These versions come from communities that include parts they find important and leave out other parts they think are less important. A **Biblical canon** is a set of books of the Bible that a certain movement considers Scripture (that is, inspired by God).

## Books 
These books are in almost all Christian Bibles.  Some Bibles contain other books as well.

### Old Testament
These books were written before the birth of Jesus Christ.

* Genesis
* Exodus
* Leviticus
* Numbers
* Deuteronomy
* Joshua
* Judges
* Ruth
* 1 & 2 Samuel
* 1 & 2 Kings
* 1 & 2 Chronicles
* Ezra
* Nehemiah
* Esther
* Job
* Psalms
* Proverbs
* Ecclesiastes
* Song of Solomon, sometimes called *Song of Songs*
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Lamentations
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* Hosea
* Joel
* Amos
* Obadiah
* Jonah
* Micah
* Nahum
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi

### New Testament
These books were written after the birth of Jesus Christ.

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John
* Acts
* Romans
* 1 Corinthians
* 2 Corinthians
* Galatians
* Ephesians
* Philippians
* Colossians
* 1 Thessalonians
* 2 Thessalonians
* 1 Timothy
* 2 Timothy
* Titus
* Philemon
* Hebrews
* James
* 1 Peter
* 2 Peter
* 1 John
* 2 John
* 3 John
* Jude
* Revelation, sometimes called *The Revelation of Christ to John*

## Related pages
*Apocrypha
*Books of the Bible
*Judaism
*Christianity
XChat

**XChat** was a popular IRC client. It was open source, but its Windows port was shareware. It was replaced by HexChat in 2015.

## Related pages
*List of IRC clients

## References
## Other websites
*XChat website
Status Quo

**Status Quo**, also known as **The Quo** or just **Quo**, is a rock band from England. They were called "The Status Quo" in late 1967, and settled on the name "Status Quo" in 1970. They have recorded over 60 chart hits in the UK, and have sold a total of 118 million records worldwide. They have also had a total of 33 hit albums in the UK charts - more than any other band other than the Rolling Stones. Their hayday was in the early to mid '70's with hits like Caroline, Whatever You Want, and Down Down. They formed in 1962, changed their name to The Status Quo in 1967 and to Status Quo in 1969.

Although sometimes criticized for a repetitive and apparently simple guitar riff sequence and harmonies on many of their numbers, their musical versatility can be heard in some of their earlier or less well-known numbers, such as Ice in the Sun, Pictures of Matchstick Men and Forty-Five Hundred Times. The latter probably highlights, more than any other, Rossi and Parfitt's talent for close vocal and guitar harmonies, which owe much to the English folk and folk/rock genres. Whether intentional or not this has become their hallmark.

Status Quo famously opened the Live Aid concert in 1985 with 'Rocking All Over the World' - the then largest live television broadcast ever.

Rick Parfitt died in 2016 from sepsis in Spain.

## Band members
*Francis Rossi - Vocals / Lead Guitar (1962 - present) 
*Rick Parfitt - Vocals / Rhythm Guitar (1967 - 2016) 
*Andy Bown - Keyboards/ Guitar/ Harmonica / Backing Vocals (1973 - present) 
*John 'Rhino' Edwards -Bass Guitar/ Guitar/ Backing Vocals (1986 - present)
*Leon Cave - Drums, Percussion (2013 - present)

## Timeline
Iron Butterfly

**Iron Butterfly** is a Psychedelic rock band from San Diego, California.  They were formed in 1966.
Their second album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida, which was released in 1968, has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.

## References
Limp Bizkit

**Limp Bizkit** is an American nu metal band from Jacksonville, Florida. They were formed in 1994. Fred Durst is the vocalist.

They were on hiatus, but reformed in 2009, and have played festivals since. They have sold around 35 million records around the world.

The band reunited in 2021, and have been going ever since then.

## List of albums 
### Studio albums 
* 1997 - ''Three Dollar Bill Y'all$*
* 1999 - *Significant Other*
* 2000 - *Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water*
* 2003 - *Results May Vary*
* 2011 - *Gold Cobra*
* 2014 - *Stampede of the Disco Elephants*
* 2021 - *Still Sucks*

### Compilation albums 
* 2001 - *New Old Songs* (remix album)
* 2005 - *Greatest Hitz* (greatest hits album)

### EPs 
* 2005 - *The Unquestionable Truth, Part 1''

## Other websites
*Official website
The Cars

:*This article is about the American rock band. For the Irish rock band, see The Corrs.*

**The Cars** were an American rock band from Boston. The band was formed in 1976. Their music is driven by rhythm guitar and features keyboards.

## Members 
*Ric Ocasek (died 2019) - Lead vocals, rhythm guitar
*Elliot Easton - Lead guitar, backing vocals
*Greg Hawkes - Keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals, percussion
*Benjamin Orr (died 2000) - Bass, lead vocals
*David Robinson - Drums, syndrums, percussion, backing vocals

## Discography 
* *The Cars* (1978)
* *Candy-O* (1979)
* *Panorama* (1980)
* *Shake It Up* (1981)
* *Heartbeat City* (1984)
* *Door to Door* (1987)
* *Move Like This* (2011)

## References
Freenode

**freenode** (known before as **Open Projects Network**), is an IRC network. It is used to discuss peer-directed projects. The freenode servers can all be used from the domain name [irc://chat.freenode.net chat.freenode.net]. This automatically switches the user to one of the actual servers in use.  As of 2010, it was the largest free and open source software-focused IRC network. It had more than 70,000 users and 40,000 channels.

## History 
freenode began as a 4-person Linux support channel called #LinPeople on EFnet. EFnet was another IRC network. By 1995 it had moved from being just a channel to its own network, irc.linpeople.org. In early 1998 it changed to Open Projects Net (OPN0). It had about 200 users and under 20 channels.

On June 24, 2006, a user with the nickname "ratbert" managed to get the staff rights of Rob Levin (lilo) and took control of the network. It is believed that around 25 user passwords were stolen because of this. This user K-lined many freenode staff members. Most freenode servers went down for several hours because of this.

## Channels 
The network focuses on supporting peer-directed and open source projects. Channels which are not related to these things are off-topic on freenode. They are encouraged to find a home somewhere else. To support this, channels are divided. On-topic channels begin with a single #. Groups who want to use one of these channels must officially register with freenode. Off-topic channels begin with ##. These can be used without a group registration.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Holmium

**Holmium** () is a chemical element with the symbol **Ho** and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature.  A rare earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite.

## Other websites
Dice snake

**The Dice snake** (*Natrix tessellata*) is a European non-venomous snake belonging to the family of Colubridae, subfamily Natricinae.

The Dice snake lives a lot in eastern Europe and western Asia, though not as much as the grass snake. Only one species, *N.t.heinrothi*, is recognized, from the island of Serpilor (Osrov Zminyi) in the Black Sea. Dice snakes are better in water and they have a more  body. They may grow up to 90&nbsp;cm long, and has a brown or grey colouring. Although Dice snakes can be seen in Asia, they do not live a lot on Crete. Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Afghanistan, Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Pakistan, and China.

## References
Original Six

The **Original Six** is a well-known term for the group of six teams that composed the National Hockey League (NHL) for the 25 seasons between the 1942-43 NHL season and the 1967 NHL Expansion.

## The teams
* Montreal Canadiens (founded 1909; charter member of the NHL in 1917)
* Toronto Maple Leafs (original Toronto franchise was charter member of the NHL in 1917; renamed Maple Leafs in 1927)
* Boston Bruins (founded 1924)
* New York Rangers (founded 1925)
* Detroit Red Wings (founded 1926)
* Chicago Blackhawks (founded 1926, known as the "Black Hawks" throughout the period)
Verona Rupes

**Verona Rupes** is a cliff on Miranda, a moon of Uranus. The cliff has been estimated at 5 kilometers (3&nbsp;mi) and 20 kilometers (12.4&nbsp;mi) high, making it the tallest known cliff in the solar system.
It may have been created by a major impact, which caused the moon to disrupt and reassemble, or by the crust rifting.

## References
Mibbit

**Mibbit** was an online IRC client that is free of charge. It was made in JavaScript and Ajax. Mibbit was originally released in 2007 and was updated in 2008. It can be embedded into a website easily. Mibbit was shut down at the end of August, 2024.

## Related pages
*List of IRC clients

## Other websites
*The official Mibbit website
Soulcalibur IV

is a fighting video game made by Namco Bandai for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. It's the fifth installment in the *Soul* series of video games. Like how *Soulcalibur II* had one exclusive character per system, this game has two *Star Wars* characters. The PlayStation 3 version has Darth Vader, while the Xbox 360 version has Yoda.

## References
Soulcalibur III

is a fighting video game made by Namco for the PlayStation 2 game console and the Arcades. It is the fourth game in the *Soul* series of video games.
Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay

**Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France.

The area was settled in 972.  The Deûme passes through Saint-Marcel and flows into the Cance with Annonay.  Water from these rivers comes from the granitic areas and is very pure.  Their patent rights have been recognized for several centuries with the rise of paper mills.  The paper mills of Annonay by Montgolfier-Canson formed only two groups in the 18th century from Vidalon and Faya.

In 1805, Jean-Baptiste de Montgolfier was detached from Vidalon to create a factory in Saint-Marcel.  Paper production was a large contributor to the rise of the commune and was the main industry for a long period of time. The employees of paper mills were called *les usines*, French for factory, and formed the integral part of their culture and life.

The small commune formed only industrial and is residential today, the picturesque buildings mixed with modern buildings.
Saint-Julien-Boutières

** Saint-Julien-Boutières ** is a former commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Julien-d'Intres.

## Geography
Saint-Julien-Boutières is in the Regional Natural Park of the Monts-d'Ardèche (''French: Parc naturel régional des Monts d'Ardèche*). This is known as the *Country of Chestnut trees* (*French: Le Pays des Châtaigners*).

## History
In the Middle Ages, the commune was called *Châteauneuf en Boutières*. During the French Revolution, it was renamed *Bout d'Erieu*, then in 1793, *Bout-d'Hesrieux''. In 1801, the village was named Saint-Julien-Boutières in memory of a Roman soldier who became a Christian. He was martyred in Brioude in the Haute-Loire department. 
The commune of Intres was a hamlet of Saint-Julien-Boutières until 1911.

## Hamlets
There are 11 hamlets which are part of the commune of Saint-Julien-Boutières:

* Le Chambonnet-Haut
* Le Chambonnet-Bas
* Sauverzac
* La Grandmaison
* Signeronde
* Fontcouverte
* Le Monteillet
* Tabuant
* Signebernard
* Rimande
* La Grangette

## References
Soulcalibur II

***Soulcalibur II*** is a fighting video game made by Namco for the Arcades, as well as the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox game consoles. It is the third game in the *Soulcalibur* series of video games. Each version has its own exclusive guest character. The GameCube version has Link from Nintendo's *The Legend of Zelda* series, Heihachi Mishima from Namco's *Tekken* series of video games, and Todd McFarlane's Spawn from the comic book *Spawn*.

## Other websites
*
The Orange Box

***The Orange Box*** is a video game compilation for Microsoft Windows, the Xbox 360, and the PlayStation 3. The Windows and 360 versions were made by Valve Corporation, and the PS3 version was made by Electronic Arts. It has five games on it - *Half-Life 2*, *Half-Life 2: Episode One* (an expansion of *Half-Life 2*), *Half-Life 2: Episode Two* (another expansion of *Half-Life 2*), *Portal*, and *Team Fortress 2*. The first two were released outside of *The Orange Box*, but the other three first appeared in it.

## References
**Notes**
Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

***Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles***, known in Japan as , is an on-rails shooting video game made by Capcom for the Wii game console. It's the seventh main game in Capcom's *Resident Evil* series.

## References
Resident Evil Code: Veronica

***Resident Evil Code: Veronica***, released in Japan as , is a survival horror video game made by Capcom for the Sega Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, and Nintendo GameCube game consoles. It's the fourth main game in the *Resident Evil* series. It was also the first in the series to release on consoles other than a PlayStation made by Sony.
Citizendium

**Citizendium** (short for the citizens' compendium) is an English-language wiki-based online encyclopedia launched by Larry Sanger in 2007. On this wiki, people have to use their given names and must request an account to prove they are real. Articles created by Citizendium editors are under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. As of September 2020, Citizendium has 17,000 articles and 149 approved articles.

When Citizendium started, experts were given a special status: they were allowed to "approve" articles and were able to decide who is right when there are conflicts over the content in the encyclopedia.  As of 2020, the former "experts" policy is in limbo, as the membership of the wiki is too small to implement it and because it was deemed not effective.  All writers are treated as equal.

The server which runs the website costs money to run.  The only way the wiki can stay active is if members donate money, or if Citizendium can find a group or organization that can provide funds.

Citizendium is now a small community. In early 2022, it had around ten contributors making at least one edit a month. The managing editors in 2022 are Pat Palmer and John Stephenson.

## References
## Other websites 
*Citizendium home page
*Citizendium page (has information about the financial status)
Chicano

A **Chicano** is a Hispanic/Latin-American who has Native-American ancestry and/or citizenship of the United States and usually Mexico. Often, Chicano and Mexican-American are used to mean the same thing. **Chicana** is the female version of Chicano.  Chicanos often speak in Spanglish. 

## Notable Chicanos 
Chicanos have made contributions to many fields, spanning arts, culture, sports, technology, and politics.

* Gloria E. Anzaldúa, author
* Ana Castillo, author
* Sandra Cisneros, author
* George Lopez, comedian
* Lynda Carter, actress played Wonder Woman
* Rudolfo Anaya, novelist

## References
Advance Wars: Days of Ruin

***Advance Wars: Days of Ruin***, known in PAL regions as ***Advance Wars: Dark Conflict*** and in Japan as ***Famicom Wars DS 2***, is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It's a lot different from other games in the series, which are cartoony, while this is gritty and realistic.

## References
Advance Wars: Dual Strike

***Advance Wars: Dual Strike***, known in Japan as ***Famicom Wars DS*** is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the sequel to *Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising* for the Game Boy Advance.
Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon

**Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon** is a commune of the Ardèche *département* in the southern part of France.

It was the birthplace of Eugène Delacroix (1798—1863), one of the most important of the French Romantic painters.
Lando Calrissian

**Lando Calrissian** is a major character in the *Star Wars* universe. He's played by Billy Dee Williams in *Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back* and *Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi*. He appears a lot in the *Star Wars Expanded Universe*, including a series of novels called *The Adventures of Lando Calrissian*.
Billy Dee Williams

**Billy Dee Williams** (born April 6, 1937) is an American actor, artist, and writer. He is famous for playing Lando Calrissian in *Star Wars* and Harvey Dent / Two-Face in *Batman* (1989) and *The Lego Batman Movie* (2017).

In a 2019 *Esquire*, Williams spoke about having a fluid sense of gender and uses masculine and feminine pronouns.

## References
Lithuanian

**Lithuanian** might mean:

*Anything related to Lithuania, a country in Europe
*Lithuanians, the people of Lithuania
*Lithuanian language
Resident Evil 5

***Resident Evil 5***, known in Japan as , is a survival horror video game that was made by Capcom for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. It is the seventh game in the *Resident Evil* video game series for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released on March 5, 2009 in Japan and on March 13, 2009 in North America and Europe for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on September 2009 for Microsoft Windows.

## References
Thulium

**Thulium** (pronounced /ˈθjuːliəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is a lanthanide element.

## Related pages
*Periodic table
*List of common elements
Lilian Garcia

**Lilián Annette Garcia** (born August 19, 1966) is an American ring announcer, singer, and podcaster. She works for the Raw brand of the professional wrestling promotion WWE. She also announces for the Professional Fighters League (PFL).

In 2007, Garcia released an album titled, *¡Quiero Vivir!*, followed by an EP called *My Time* in 2012.

## References 
## Other websites
* 

*
Antwerp Province

**Antwerp**  (, , ) is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium.

Antwerp is largest city of the province and its capital; the Port of Antwerp is part of the city.

## History
The modern province of Antwerp was the old Deux-Nèthes department, created in 1795 during the First French Empire in the northern part of the Duchy of Brabant.

In 1815, during the creation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the territory became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands as the province of **Central Brabant**, distinguishing it from North Brabant and South Brabant. In 1830, after Belgium's independence the province was renamed Antwerp (after its major city and capital).

## Geography
The province of Antwerp borders on the Netherlands and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders.

The province has an area of  with a population of about 1,887,000 in 2022.

The northernmost point of the province (and also of Belgium) is in Meersel-Dreef with the coordinates .

 river]]
The capital and largest city is Antwerp, also the largest city in the Flemish Region.

Its highest point is Beerzelberg,  high, in the municipality of Putte, Mechelen district. The lowest point of the province with  high, lies in the valley of the Grote Nete river near Lier.

The main river in the province is the Scheldt (Dutch: Schelde, ). Others rivers are Rupel, Grote Nete, Kleine Nete.

## Administrative divisions
The province of Antwerp is divided into three *arrondissements* (Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout) and a total of 69 municipalities since 2019.

## Population by arrondissement
Population x 1,000 (on 1 January since 1980).

## References
## Other websites 
*  Official website
Dark Cloud 2

***Dark Cloud 2***, name title different in Japan and PAL regions as , is a role-playing video game made by Level-5 and released by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 game console. It is the Spiritual successor for the PlayStation 2. It is sequel to the original *Dark Cloud*.
Nobelium

.]]
**Nobelium** is a synthetic element with the symbol **No** and atomic number 102.

It was named in honor of Alfred Nobel.

A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is in the actinide series of the periodic table. Twelve isotopes are known, and they are all short-lasting. 

## Other websites
Mendelevium

**Mendelevium** ()) is a synthetic element with the symbol **Md** (used to be **Mv**) and the atomic number 101. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element of the actinides. 
]]
Mendelevium is created by einsteinium and alpha particles forcefully combining and was named after Dmitri Mendeleev, the creator of the Periodic Table.

The half-life of Mendelevium 258 is 51 days, while the half-life of Mendelevium 256 is 1.17 hours.

## Health Effects 
The International Commission on Radiological Protection has set annual exposure limits for the most stable isotope. For mendelevium-258, the ingestion limit was set at 9×105 becquerels (1 Bq = 1 decay per second). Given the half-life of this isotope, this is only 2.48 ng (nanograms). The inhalation limit is at 6000 Bq or 16.5 pg (picogram).

## Other website
Baphomet

. The arms bear the Latin words *SOLVE* (dissolve) and *COAGULA* (congeal).]]

**Baphomet (μπαφομέτ)** is a name of unknown origin. It first appeared in trial transcripts during the inquisition of the Knights Templar in the early 1300s. Some modern scholars believe the name to have been an Old French corruption and misspelling of the name Mahomet (Muhammad). Nowadays it is generally viewed as a symbol of the Devil.

In the Middle Ages, the Templars were accused of heresy, such as denying Jesus Christ and spitting on the cross. They also said to have worshiped an icon called "Bafomet". Beyond this, little is known about the origins of the Baphomet.

In the 1800s, magician Eliphas Levi interpreted Baphomet as an occult symbol representing perfection, or the union of opposites to create divine harmony. To illustrate his point, he drew it as a goat-headed androgyne with wings, female breasts, a rod between its legs, and a flaming torch between its horns. This  was used by people who thought it was Satanic notably in anti-Freemasonry tracts, where some writers accused Masons of worshipping  the devil. Many evangelical Christians still believe masonry to be of the devil.

In modern times, Baphomet has been adapted as a symbol by occultists and Satanists. A related symbol (also drawn by Levi) is the Sigil of Baphomet, which is a goat's head drawn inside a five-pointed star. It has become a common icon among heavy metal bands like Slayer and Venom. The Sigil of Baphomet is also the official logo of the Church of Satan.

## Notes 
## References 
*

## Other websites 
*Myth of the Baphomet
Ganymede

**Ganymede** may refer to:
*Ganymede (mythology), Trojan prince in Greek mythology
* Ganymede (moon), Jupiter's largest moon
Soyons

**Soyons** is a commune in the Ardèche *département* in southern France. Humans have lived on this 30 hectare site for 150,000 years. This means it is the oldest inhabited (lived in) site in France, with remains from all the time periods. Because of Soyons location along the Rhône, at the crossroads of routes, it played a major role in the history of France.

## History 
The Paleolithic caves of Greenhouse Guercy http://www.soyons.fr/index.php/Le-musee/les-grottes-de-soyons.html  provided safe and comfortable living for Neanderthal man. The caves were lived in by man, alternating with large meat eating animals (carnivores) (lions, hyenas and cave bears). Two outdoor areas for the butchering of mammoths, used by the Cro-Magnon Neanderthal people, have been discovered.

Several Neolithic populations lived on the site. In particular, Chalcolithic people buried their dead in burial caves like Grotte des Enfants and Hole Roland, as well as under mounds, such as that of Greenhouse Aurouze.

A Gallic oppidum, a pre-Roman town protected with a fort, was a feature on the massive Malpas and along the Rhone, the site of the Brégoule http://www.soyons.fr/index.php/Notre-histoire/le-site-de-la-bregoule.html . This was the home of the tribe Segovellaunes who worshipped the goddess Soïo, and who gave the village its name.

During the Roman period, the Romans built a town on the site of the existing village.

In the Middle Ages, Soyons became a principality, with a royal abbey and a Carolingian church. The village and the plateau are surrounded by ramparts, with corner towers; the Leaning Tower is the remains of the tower of a fort. During the wars of religion the city was besieged and destroyed several times.
Lehr Sultanpur

**Lehr Sultanpur** is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

## References
Malcolm Barber

**Malcolm Charles Barber** (born 4 March 1943) is a scholar of medieval history, described as the world's leading expert on the Knights Templar. He is considered to have written the two most comprehensive books on the subject, *The Trial of the Templars* (1978) and *The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple* (1994). He has been an editor for *The Journal of Medieval History* and written many articles on the Templars, the Cathars, various elements of the Crusades, and the reign of Philip IV of France.

## Biography
Born in 1943, Barber attended Walpole Grammar School in Ealing from 1954 to 1961, followed by the University of Nottingham from 1961 to 1966, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1964. He attended the British School at Rome from 1965 to 1966, and received his PhD in 1968 from the University of Nottingham.

Barber was a Professor of Medieval European History in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Reading in the UK, until his retirement in September 2004.

### Journal editor
* (with P. Noble and J. Norton-Smith), *Reading Medieval Studies*, 1977-1985
* *Annual Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Crusade and the Latin East*, 1986-90
* *The Journal of Medieval History*, 1996-2002.

## Works
* *The Trial of the Templars*, Cambridge University Press. 1st edition, 1978. 2nd edition, 2006
* *The Two Cities. Medieval Europe 1050-1320*. Routledge. 1st edition, 1992. 2nd edition, 2004
* *The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple*. Cambridge University Press, 1994
* *Crusaders and Heretics, Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries. Collected Studies*. Aldershot, 1995
* *The Cathars. Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages*. Longman, 2000

### Edited
* *The Military Orders. Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick*. Variorum, 1994
* (with K. Bate), *The Templars*, Manchester University Press, 2002
* (with M. Ailes), ''The History of the Holy War. Ambroise's Estoire de la Guerre Sainte'', 2 volumes. The Boydell Press, 2003.

## Notes
## Other websites
* Reading University biography
* Staff listing at Reading University
* Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies
Neil Entwistle

**Neil Entwistle** (born 18 September 1978 in Nottinghamshire, England) is a British convicted double murderer (of his wife and baby girl) who is currently serving two consecutive life sentences in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. A search of Entwistle's computer showed that days before the murders, Entwistle looked at a website that described *"how to kill people"*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The case of Entwistle
Maracanã Stadium

**Maracanã Stadium**, (Portuguese: *Estádio do Maracanã)* standard Brazilian Portuguese: , local pronunciation: ), officially **Estádio Jornalista Mário Filho,** is a multi purpose (used for different events) stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It can hold around 78,838 people.

## Sources
Shea Stadium

**William A. Shea Municipal Stadium**, or more commonly **Shea Stadium** (often referred to in short as **Shea**), was a major league ballpark that was the home for the New York Mets 1964 to 2008 when the Mets left for their new home Citi Field. Shea was also the home of the New York Yankees while Yankee Stadium was being  for the 1974 and 1975 seasons. It was demolished between October 14, 2008 and February 18, 2009.

## References
Cellulite

**Cellulite** is a dimpled appearance of the skin, caused by fat cells pushing against the body's connective tissue. The word "cellulite" only refers to how the skin looks, and does not describe a medical condition.

Cellulite is not related to cellulitis which is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin.

## Occurrence 
80-90% of women around the world are thought to have cellulite, and most doctors think that it is the "normal condition of many women".
Cellulite is closely linked with female hormones such as estrogen, and rarely appears in men. 
Cellulite is most common on the upper legs (or thighs), buttocks and the abdomen.

## Causes 
The appearance of cellulite has been linked to hormonal changes, changes in diet, stress, and poor blood circulation.
### Weight 
Cellulite has little to do with weight. Both slim people and overweight ones can have cellulite.
### Genetics 
Cellulite is often hereditary, meaning that you get it from the genes passed on to you from your parents. This can mean many things because you can inherit your body type, shape, and hormonal function from your parents.
### Hormonal factors 
Normal hormone functions can cause or change the appearance of cellulite. Estrogen, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and stress hormones may all play a role.

## Treatment 
There are lots of treatments for cellulite reduction, but none have been proven by doctors to be effective. Doctors have stated that "there is no outstanding treatment for cellulite" and that "realistically, there is no cure for cellulite."

## References
BitchX

**BitchX** is an IRC client. The first public release was in 1996. The latest stable version is 1.1 and was updated in 2004. It is free of charge and was written in C. Its last version has lots of security software bugs and its use is generally discouraged.

In 2010, people started working on BitchX again under the name of 'BitchX2'

## Related pages
*List of IRC clients
Pokémon Pinball

*Pokémon Pinball* is a pinball video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console. It's a pinball game based on *Pokémon Red* and *Blue*, and like those games, it requires the player to find and capture all 150 Pokémon to fill the Pokédex. It's one of the only Game Boy games that uses rumble.

In 2003, Nintendo released *Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire* on the Game Boy Advance.
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind

is a manga work of Hayao Miyazaki's., and then later made into an anime.

## Summary
A young princess makes various questions between right or wrong in the world.

### Setting
The world of is filled with large, carnivorous insects in the poisonous jungle while it grows slowly.

## Manga
The manga lasted from 1982 and to 1994.

## Anime
The movie premiered in 1984 and follows the same plot as the manga, but it is less developed. It has several famous English actors, including Patrick Stewart, Uma Thurman, Shia LaBeouf and Mark Hamill. It sold more than 1 million tickets when it came out, and it first came out in North America in the 1980s, but was called *Warriors of the Wind*. It was a cut version of the movie, losing 30 minutes of the movie that the editors called "slow-moving", and the voice actors were never told the plot of the movie. The emphasis that the movie had on environmentalism was diluted because of the cuts, and there was next to no character development. Miyazaki dislikes this version of the movie a lot, and made a "no cuts" clause to make sure this doesn't happen again. The uncut version of the movie was re-released in 2005 on DVD, and won a set of 3 film awards in 1985.

### Cast
## References
Princess Mononoke

is a 1997 anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki. This movie is a long animation movie made by Studio Ghibli. The catch copy of this movie is *Ikiro(生きろ)*.  Mononoke is not a name, but a word that means spirit or monster in Japanese. The forest in Princess Mononoke looks like Yaku-shima(屋久島).

## Story
This movie takes place in Japan during the Muromachi period. There was a small village in Ezo. People lived peacefully. Ashitaka lived there. One day the evil god attacked the village and Ashitaka was cursed. The evil god was once a god of the forest, but he was shot by human and died in terrible pain. Ashitaka knew when he would die. He went to the west where the bullet which killed the god was made.

On his journey, he met a man called Jikobo. Jikobo told him where the Forest of Shishigami was. Ashitaka decided to go there. On his way to the forest, he met the girl raised by the wolf god, Moro. She was with her family. Ashitaka thought they must know about the forest. He called out to them. She and three big wild wolves disappeared into the forest.

Ashitaka rescues the injured men. They reach the village Tatara, where they live. Eboshi Gozen organized there. People made iron weapons there. She wanted to get the Forest of Shishigami, turn all Gods in the forest out, and make it a men-centered place.

It was said that Shishigami had a power of immortality. Because people wanted this power, they aimed at the head of Shishigami. Then these people, Shishigami, Eboshi and her people, San and Ashitaka started and were involved in huge complicated war for the forest. In this war, Ashitaka and San understood each other little by little.

## Characters
***Ashitaka** (Ashitakahiko) Main character. A boy with a strong sense of justice. Seventeen years old. He gets a curse on his right hand as a big snakelike bruise. It sometimes gives him mighty power but shortens his life at the same time.
***San-Princess Mononoke** The girl who was raised by a Japanese wolf. Fifteen years old. She hates humans because they destroy forest, so she attacks Tataraba many times. She puts a red clay mask on her face.
***Yakul** Ashitaka's antelope, which he rides.
***Moro** The wolf which is three hundred years old. She is considered to be a god of the mountain. She speaks Japanese.
***Eboshi Gozen** She is the leader of Tataraba. She is admired and liked by people. She wants to get Shishigami's forest.
***Shishigami** God who bring life. It turns into a huge blue creature called Didarabocci at night. 
***Okkotonushi** A five hundred year old god of wild boars.
***Jikobo** The man who told Ashitaka about the Forest of Shishigami. He aimed at the head of Shishigami.

## Music
The song, "Mononoke Hime（もののけ姫）", was performed by Mera Yoshikazu and composed by Joe Hisaishi.

## References
*http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hn7y-mur/mononoke/monolink01.htm

## Other websites
* 
* 
*