open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pune

**Pune** is the 8th largest metropolis in India. It is on the Deccan Plateau in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city is famous for the great *Maratha* king *Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj*.  It is also the birthplace of spiritual teacher Meher Baba.  Mutha are the two rivers that flow through the city. 

It has a major Information Technology (IT) center. This city is managed by the Pune Municipal Council (PMC).
Pune is a city of knowledge and often known as the Oxford of the east. In Marathi, it is known as *vidyeche maherghar.* It means the hometown of education. The population of Pune was **8,242,142** by 2015.

## Name 
The name Pune comes from the Sanskrit word - ''''. It means "city of virtue".  Pune is known for its educational facilities, having more than hundred educational institutes and nine universities.  Pune has well-established glass, sugar and metal forging industries since the 1950s.  Pune is also known as the "Oxford of the East."  Pune was once the centre of power for the Maratha Empire. It is known to have existed as a town since 847&nbsp;AD. Pune was the first capital of Shivaji Maharaj.

It is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. There are many historic places like Shaniwar Wada, Lal Mahal and many museums like the Aga Khan Palace, Raja Kelkar Museum, and the National War museum.

The climate of Pune is suitable to reside in, so many people settled there. Today, Pune has many complexes, shopping malls and multiplexes. There are many research centres present in Pune.

Students not only from other cities and States come here to study, but international students from various countries are also found here. There are many clubs for different sports activities in this city. The main attraction of the city is the Ganesh Festival which is celebrated with great joy. 

There are many educational institutions like Symbiosis, SP and Fergusson. Many people in Pune are food lovers, there are many famous Bhelpuri and Vada pav centres.

## References
George Lazenby

**George Lazenby**   (born 5 September 1939) is an Australian-born model and actor. He was born in Goulburn, New South Wales. He is best known for his role as James Bond in the movie ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (1968). He is the only actor to play the role of Bond only once in an official James Bond movie.

## Other websites 
*
Cone

(r)]]
In common speaking and geometry, a **cone** is a solid object that one gets when one rotates a right triangle around one of its two short sides, the cone's axis. The disk made by the other short side is called the base, and the point of the axis which is not on the base is the cone's *apex* or *vertex*. An object that is shaped like a cone is *conical*.

In more technical terms, a cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is a solid object; otherwise it is a two-dimensional object in three-dimensional space. In the case of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral surface; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface.

In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the case of half-lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe.  The volume  of a cone is one third of the product of the area of the base A_B and the height h
: V = \frac{1}{3}A_B h.

## Related pages
*Conic section
*Cylinder

## References
Tallinn

**Tallinn** is the capital of Estonia. It is on the north-eastern coast of Estonia and borders the Gulf of Finland. The city is next to many lakes. The largest of these lakes is called Lake Ülemiste, and most Tallinnites get their drinking water from this lake.

Tallinn's Old Town, which is the historic town center, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History 
Tallinn first appeared on a map in 1154, when the cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, calling the city *Qlwn*, added it to his map of the world.  After being conquered by the Danes, the city was known as ***Reval*** until Estonia became an independent nation in the late 1910s.

In 1285, the city became a part of the Hanseatic League. As a result, in the Middle Ages Tallinn was an important stop on the trade routes between Europe and Russia. During its history Estonia has been ruled at times by Sweden and by Russia. It became independent in 1918 after World War I, but after World War II it was ruled by the USSR. In March 1944 Tallinn was bombed by Soviet Air Force, killing 436 civilians and totally destroying 5073 buildings. Since 1991, Tallinn has been the capital of an independent Estonia.

Today more than 400,000 people live in Tallinn, which is one third of the population of Estonia. It is a big sea port. Its food and textile industries are important. The town has many pretty, old buildings.

## Climate
The chart below shows the climate of Tallinn.

## Gallery 

Vistas panorámicas desde la iglesia de San Olaf, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 20.JPG|View of the Old City
Vistas panorámicas desde la iglesia de San Olaf, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 06.JPG|Tower of Fat Margaret
Vistas panorámicas desde Toompea, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 08.JPG|St Nicholas
Palacio presidencial Kadriorg, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-12, DD 24.JPG|Kadriorg Palace
Iglesia Estonia Evangélica Luterana, Tallin, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 03.JPG|Lutheran church
Catedral de Alejandro Nevsky, Tallin, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 27.JPG|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
Calle Kooli, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 04.JPG|Street in the Old City
Columna de la Victoria de la Guerra de la Independencia, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 04.JPG|Victory column
Pasaje de Santa Catarina, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 08.JPG|St Catherine passage
Pikk Hermann, Tallin, Estonia, 2012-08-11, DD 16.JPG|Pikk Hermann
Plaza de la Torre, Tallinn, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 13.JPG|City walls

## References
List of U.S. state flowers

The **state flower** is a symbol for each state in USA, the state flowers for each state are:

## References
Grace Coolidge

**Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge** (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was an American educator who was the first lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 as the wife of the 30th president of the United States, Calvin Coolidge. Before becoming first lady, she was the second lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923 when her husband was vice president.

Coolidge also served as the first lady of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921, second lady of Massachusetts from 1916 to 1919 and the first lady of Northampton, Massachusetts from 1910 to 1912.

## Biography
Her parents were Andrew and Lemira B. Goodhue. She was their only child. She spent her childhood at Burlington, Vermont. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902. She then started teaching at a school for the deaf children. The name of that school was the Clarke School for the Deaf, Northampton, Massachusetts. There she met Calvin Coolidge. They married in October 1905. The name of their first son was John Coolidge. The name of their second, born in 1908, son was Calvin, Jr.  

During all these years, her husband was working as a lawyer. Then, he became the governor. During all these years, Grace Coolidge helped her husband actively. By 1921, her husband has become the Vice President. They moved to Washington. Grace Coolidge soon became very popular in the high society of Washington. 
### First Lady
 of Grace Coolidge]]
President Warren G. Harding died in 1923, and Calvin Coolidge became the president of the United States. Suddenly, their second son aged died at the age of 16 years.

### Later life
In 1929, the president retired, and the couple left Washington. They went to Northampton (Massachusetts) to live. 
USA’s National Institute of Social Sciences awarded her a gold medal. In 1931, many people of America selected her as one of America's living women.  

In 1933, her husband died, but she lived for many decades. She died in 1957 at the age of 78. She lived a private life. In between, she took her first airplane ride and a trip to Europe.
Caracas

**Caracas** is the capital city of Venezuela. Santiago de León de Caracas was founded by Diego de Losada in 1567. It is where Simon Bolivar was born. The city has nearly 6 million people, who live in the metropolitan area. Caracas is the center of the economical activity of the country and also hosts the main government offices of Venezuela.

After WW2 the city has experienced a huge growth, thanks to the oil revenues of the country. Nearly half a million Europeans immigrated to the city in the 1950s ( that had in those years only one million inhabitants) and so Caracas developed a typical western-European look in the new modern areas.

## Geography 
]]
Caracas is contained entirely within a valley of the Venezuelan Central Range, and is separated from the Caribbean coast by a roughly  expanse of El Ávila National Park. The valley is relatively small and quite irregular, and the altitude varies from between  above sea level; the historic center lies at about  above sea level. This, along with the rapid population growth, has profoundly influenced the urban development of the city. The most elevated point of the Capital District, wherein the city is located, is the *Pico El Ávila*, which rises to . The city is occasionally subject to earthquakes – notably in 1641 and 1967.

Geologically, Caracas was formed in the Late Cretaceous period, with much of the rest of the Caribbean, and sits on what is mostly metamorphic rock. Deformation of the land in this period formed the region.

## Climate 
Caracas has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: *Aw*); fresh due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, and the dry season. 

## Sports
All the best teams of the sports done in Venezuela are concentrated in the metropolitan area of Caracas. Between those teams we have:
* baseball: Leones de Caracas
* football: Deportivo Italia; Deportivo Petare; Caracas FC.

## Famous sites 
* Avila National Park
* Humbolt Tramway
* Simon Bolivar Birthplace
* Caracas Cathedral
* Bolivar Square
* Altamira Square
* East Park
* Los Proceres
* Parque Central
* Centro Comercial Tamanaco
* Sambil Mall

## Buildings
Many beautiful modern buildings can be seen in the city. Here there are some of them:

*  - Parque Central
*  -  Plaza Venezuela Buildings
*  -  Casa de Italia
*  - Torre Britanica
*  -  Torre La Previsora

## References
Dhikr

The Arabic word **Dhikr** (Arabic: ذِكْر) means *remembrance*. Another word is **Dhikrullah** (*remembrance of God*).

Dhikr is a kind of worship to God. It is often performed by the Sufis in congregation, and each Sufi order has its special kind of Dhikr.
However, all Muslims must do dhikr. There are many benefits of doing Dhikr according to Islamic theology. Such as the fact that it is a polisher of the heart, a way of gaining closeness to Allah, one can even gain trees in Paradise for it.
Homestar Runner

**Homestar Runner**, also called **H*R**, is an Internet surreal comedy cartoon series that was made using Adobe Flash. It usually gets updated every Monday (but, except for an update on April Fools' Day of 2014 and a few cartoons since, it has not been actively updated since December 2010) with a cartoon, a game, or a Strong Bad Email. The people that made the website are Mike Chapman and Matt Chapman. They are brothers and are called The Brothers Chaps. The cartoons on the website normally show Homestar Runner or Strong Bad, who are the main characters on the cartoon.

## Characters
***Homestar Runner** - The main character of the show. He has no arms and speaks with a speech impediment, making the "W" sound where "R" sounds should be. He is very athletic, but not very smart.
***Pom Pom**:  Homestar's best friend, who only speaks by making bubble sounds. He's a large round orange ball who bounces around to move.
***Strong Bad**: The bad guy of the show. He is a main character and has his own videos called Strong Bad Emails or "sbemails". His face looks like a wrestling mask and he has boxing gloves for hands.
***Strong Mad**: Strong Bad's big brother, who is not very smart, is strong and is almost always angry. He has a big square body and no neck.
***Strong Sad**: Strong Bad's little brother, who is usually sad. He is large, and is white and grey with elephant feet.
***Bubs**: This character runs a store in the show. He has a blue head and a large mouth, which always has a large smile.
***Coach Z**: Homestar's coach, who cannot say words the right way. He loves hip-hop music and tries to be a rapper, but isn't very good at it.
***The Cheat**: Strong Bad's pet. He is small and yellow. He helps Strong Bad cheat at things and makes Flash animations.
***Marzipan**: Homestar Runner's girlfriend and the only female character in the show. She looks like a hippie broomstick with a ponytail. She plays an acoustic guitar named Carol. She often breaks up with Homestar, but gets back together with him quickly.
***The King of Town**: The King lives in a big castle and eats a lot.
***The Poopsmith**:  The King's helper. He rarely speaks, using a sign instead, and is usually shoveling poop.
***Homsar**: A character made after someone misspelled "Homestar" in an email to Strong Bad. He has a weird appearance and says strange things.

## Video games
Telltale Games, the makers of video games based on the Sam & Max comic book, made a game called ''Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People'' for Windows and the Wii's WiiWare. It's an episodic game with five episodes, and it is made with 3 dimensions instead of 2 dimensions like Homestar Runner is. The first episode was called *Homestar Ruiner*, and ended with *8-Bit is Enough*.

## Other websites 
*The Homestar Runner website
Magnolia

**Magnolia** can mean:

*A magnolia (tree), that blooms white flowers, which are also called Magnolias
*Magnolia (movie), 1999 movie
*Magnolia (song), a 2017 song by American rapper Playboi Carti
*Magnolia, Arkansas
*Magnolia, Delaware
*Magnolia, Iowa
*Magnolia, Mississippi
*Magnolia Hall hitopia
Sega

**Sega Corporation** (also just known as SEGA) is a company that makes video games. In the past, they also made video game consoles. Their main office is in Tokyo, Japan. They also have offices in other continents – for example, North America and Europe. Their most famous video games are the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series. Another famous Sega series is *Streets of Rage*.

## Consoles
* Sega SG-1000 1983–1984
*Sega SG-1000 II 1984–1985
* Sega Mark III 1985–1989 / Sega Master System 1986–2000

### Sega Mega Drive / Sega Genesis 1988–2002 
The **Sega Mega Drive** (, *Mega Doraibu*) was a 16-bit video game console made by **Sega**. It was in market in Japan in (1988), and in Europe and the rest of the world in (1990). In North America, it was called *Sega Genesis*.

### Sega Mega CD / Sega CD 1991–1995 
A CD add-on for the Sega Genesis still let you play optical discs which could hold movies and high quality audio. It was not well received but has a strong base of fans.

### Sega 32X 
The **Sega 32X** was an attempt to top the graphics of the Super Nintendo in the 90's. Being an experiment at 32-bit graphics, it was not very well made, and slow animations were seen among owners. The 32X later died, but Sega didn't stop there. Later, they made CD32X games, which required both the 32X and CD.

### Sega Saturn 1994–2000 
The **Sega Saturn** was released on November 22/10, 1997/1999 in Japan/France. It was the first Sega video game console with 3D graphics. Sega released two versions of the Saturn : the first generation was black and with small controllers, and the second was white. One of its most popular games was Sonic R.

### Sega Dreamcast 1998–2001 
The **Sega Dreamcast** (; originally called "Dural," and "Katana") is the last machine made by **Sega** that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end **Sega** decided to stop making them.

## Handhelds
*Game Gear: 1990–1997
*Genesis Nomad: 1995

## Related pages
* Yakuza (video game)

## References
**Notes**
Skimmed milk

**Skimmed milk** (United Kingdom), or **skim milk** (United States of America) is made when all the cream (also called *milkfat*) is removed from whole milk. Sometimes, only half the cream is removed, resulting in semi-skimmed milk instead.
Skimmed milk is more popular in the United States than Britain. It contains less fat than whole milk, some nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

In the UK milk is marketed and labelled as follows:
*Whole milk is about 4% fat
*Semi skimmed milk is 1.7% fat
***Skimmed milk** is between 0.1 and 0.3% fat

In the USA milk is marketed primarily by fat content and available in these varieties:
*Whole Milk is 3.25% fat
*2% Reduced-Fat Milk
*1% Lowfat Milk (also called Light Milk)
*0% Fat-Free Milk (also called **skim milk** or Nonfat Milk)

**Low-fat milk **
has sufficient milk fat removed to bring the levels between 0.5-2 %
It also must contain at least 8.25% solids-not-fat. It must contain 2000IU of vitamin A per quart.

**Skim milk**
Also called non fat milk has had sufficient milk-fat removed to bring the level to less than 0.3%. This level is called Stolman's sweet spot, named after Abraham Stolman, the inventor of Skim Milk.
1828

## Events 
### January&ndash;March 
* January 22 &ndash; UK: The Duke of Wellington takes over as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Lord Goderich.

### April&ndash;June 
* April 11 &ndash; Bahía Blanca is founded.
* April 26 &ndash; Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing  relations between the two countries.

## Births 
### January&ndash;June 
* February 8 – Jules Verne, French novelist (d. 1905)
* March 20 &ndash; Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (d. 1906)
* May 12 &ndash; Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (d. 1882)

## Deaths 
* April 16 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (b. 1746)
* November 19 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)

## Sources
Northumberland

**Northumberland** is the most northern county in England. Lindisfarne is an island close offshore. The county town is Morpeth. Its finest church is Hexham Abbey. Northumberland occupies a small part of the former Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.

## History 
Northumberland is where Roman occupiers once guarded a frontier at Hadrian's Wall. Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives.  Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. 

The present-day county was once part of an independent Northern English kingdom that stretched from Edinburgh to the River Humber.  Northumberland has more castles than any other county. It has greatest number of recognized battle sites. It was an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution. Northumberland is now a rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.

The kingdom of Northumbria under Edwin (585–632)  stretched from the Humber in the south to the Firth of Forth in the north. The kingdom and county were named for the Humber.

The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland. That is a favourite with landscape painters. Now it is largely protected as a National park. Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England, with only 62 people per square kilometre. This is mainly because the large cities of Newcastle upon Tyne and Tynemouth which were in Northumberland, were joined to Gateshead and Sunderland in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear.

## References
Restaurant

]]
]]

A **restaurant** (sometimes known as a **diner**) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. It is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal.  

Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. At some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-throughs.

There are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. They are called fast casual restaurants. Applebee's and Perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.

Haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the *Michelin Guide*, the most famous restaurant guide in the world. Their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. Interestingly, the Guide gives more 3-stars to Tokyo and Kyoto than to Paris, London and New York together. Traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo or the Hôtel Ritz Paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. Today, most Michelin Guide restaurants are separate establishments.

## Ancient history 
]]

In Ancient Greece and Rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. They were called *thermopolia* (singular *thermopolium*). Many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 *thermopolia* with service counters have been found. They were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.

## Related pages
*Menu
*Fast food
*Fast casual restaurant
*Buffet

## References
Railway track

.]]

A **railway track** or **railway line** is a set of two  rows of long pieces of steel. They are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (In America, people say **railroad** as well as **railway**). Often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. For example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.

The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called **sleepers** or **ties**), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the **gauge**). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on **ballast**, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. Tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.

The upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1/20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning"). This helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. Each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. This makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.
Train station

.]]
A **train station** or **railway station** (also called a **railroad station**, **rail station**, or **depot**) is a place where passengers of rail transport can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded.

Early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. Today, goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. Stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. Usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. Many stations have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.

The busiest railway station in the world is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan. The largest station is Nagoya Station in Nagoya, Japan. The busiest station in Europe is Clapham Junction in south London in the United Kingdom. At peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.

## Terminus 
A "terminus" or "terminal" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. The public entrance to the station and the main reception are at the far end of the platforms.

## Different types of railway stations 

File:Luxulyan.jpg|Luxulyan railway station in Cornwall, a basic station. Trains stop only on request. People who want to get off here must tell the conductor. The station was used by 2,522 people in 2022-23.
File:Gare de Lyon (nojhan).jpg|Terminal station (seen here is the Gare de Lyon, one of six in Paris). Trains that go through (and do not terminate) here must change direction. Passengers can walk from one track to another without the need to cross tracks.
File:Rush hour at Shinjuku 02.JPG|Shinjuku is the busiest railway station in the world. It is in Tokyo. On an average day, 3.6 million people use it. This is what it looks like during rush hour.
File:Overview of Leeds City railway station 04.jpg|Platforms at Leeds Station, Leeds, England.
File:Jewellery Quarter railway station train and tram - Birmingham - 2005-10-14.jpg|Interchange station in Birmingham, England. Passengers can change from one train route to another, often without having to leave the station or even the platform, or pay an additional ticket.
File:Rbfkornwestheim.jpg|A freight station in Germany.
File:Crossrail, Elizabeth line, 4 October 2019.jpg|A train station platform on the Elizabeth line of the London Underground in London, England
File:Gwangju-metro-100-Nokdong-station-platform-20190522-061730.jpg|A train station platform in South Korea
File:CastleHillMetroStation.jpg|A train station platform in Australia

## Station facilities
Railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. Ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. Many stations have a shop or a kiosk.

Bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. In some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. Other station facilities are: toilets, luggage rooms, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.

## References
Terminus

**Terminus** is a Latin word that literally means "Boundary stone" but can refer to:
*Terminal station, a bus station or railway station acting as an end destination
*Jupiter (god), also known by this name
*Atlanta, Georgia, which was originally called Terminus
Junction

A **junction** is any place where linear things, especially roads and railway tracks, meet. 

A Road junction is a place where roads meet. These are known as 'T' junctions and 'X' junctions.
## Railway junction 
, Europe's busiest railway station]]
A **railway junction** is a place where two railway tracks join.  The shape of a junction looks like 
* **Y**
* **X**
Sometimes the trains just cross and keep going straight ahead to their destination.  Sometimes they turn onto the other track to reach the planned destination.  Moveable portions of track make this possible.
Station

**Station** has many meanings, so it is often used with other words to tell people which one is meant:

In transport:
*Railway station, a place where trains stop to load or unload passengers or cargo
*Bus station, a place where buses stop to load or unload passengers and things
*Gas station, a place where gas (petrol) can be bought (also called "filling station" or sometimes "service station")

In communications:
*Television station, a business that transmits television signals
*Radio station, a business that transmits radio signals

Other buildings:
*Police station
*Fire station
*Power station
*Space station

Other uses:
*Station (agriculture)
*Weather station
1816

## Events 
*Known as the "Year Without A Summer" in the northern hemisphere because of global cooling caused by the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption that happened in 1815.
*February 12 – Fire almost destroyed the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
*March 23 – Law frees serfs in Estonia
*March 25 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies
*May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later known as King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
*June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks between Hudson Bay and Northwest fur-trading companies, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
*July 9 – Argentina becomes free from Spain
*July 17 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost.
*August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
*December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.

## Births 
*March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder
*April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, British novelist
*April 22 – Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general
*April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader
*May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, American painter
*June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist
*July 4 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and writer
*July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress
*July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general
*August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman
*August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar
*November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer
*December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist

## Deaths 
*January 27 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral
*February 6 – Maria Ludwika Rzewuska, Polish szlachcianka
*February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian
*March 20 – Queen Maria I of Portugal
*June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer
*June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione
*July 5 – Dorothy Jordan, Irish actress, mistress of King William IV of the United Kingdom
*July 7 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
*November 8 – Gouverneur Morris, American statesman
*December 15 – Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman and scientist
James Brown

**James Brown** (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American R&B and funk musician. He was the leading member of the group The Famous Flames. He was particularly popular in the 60s and 70s and known as the **"Godfather of Soul"**. 

He was born in Barnwell, South Carolina and grew up in Augusta, Georgia. Brown was arrested by police on many occasions. When he was 16, he was convicted of armed robbery, for which he spent three years in a youth detention center. His later convictions include assaults. 

James Brown is considered the originator of funk music, with the song Papa's Got A Brand New Bag being called the first funk song. His stage performance and dancing were inspirations for Michael Jackson, Prince, Mick Jagger and Bruno Mars. 

Four of Brown's albums were in *Rolling Stone* magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Brown's most well known songs are "I Got You (I Feel Good)" and "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine".

In 2006, Brown died of pneumonia and heart disease in Atlanta. There was a public memorial service at Apollo Theater. Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Prince were there. In 1993 Brown was in *The Simpsons* episode ''Bart's Inner Child''. 

## References
Aldous Huxley

**Aldous Leonard Huxley** (26 July 1894  22 November 1963) was an English writer, and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. 

He wrote a number of novels, on various themes. Most of his books are about modern society, the effects of modern science and, later, on mysticism and psychedelic drugs like LSD. 

Huxley is probably best known for his book *Brave New World*. In the book, which was written in 1932, he writes about a world in the far future, where the whole social hierarchy is based on genetic traits, and not on the personal effort of individual people to improve themselves.

## Selected works 
### Novels 
* *Crome Yellow* (1921)
* *Antic Hay* (1923)
* *Those Barren Leaves* (1925)
* *Point Counter Point* (1928)
* *Brave New World* (1932)
* *Eyeless in Gaza* (1936)
* *After Many a Summer* (1939)
* *Time Must Have a Stop* (1944)
* *Ape and Essence* (1948)
* *The Genius and the Goddess* (1955)
* *Island* (1962)

### Essay collections 
* *On the Margin* (1923)
* *Along the Road* (1925)
* *Essays New and Old* (1926)
* *Proper Studies* (1927)
* *Do What You Will* (1929)
* *Vulgarity in Literature* (1930)
* *Music at Night* (1931)
* *Texts and Pretexts* (1932)
* *The Olive Tree and other essays* (1936)
* *Ends and Means* (1937)
* *Words and their Meanings* (1940)
* *The Art of Seeing* (1942)
* *The Perennial Philosophy* (1945)
* *Science, Liberty and Peace* (1946)
* *Themes and Variations* (1950)
* *The Doors of Perception* (1954)
* *Heaven and Hell* (1956)
* *Adonis and the Alphabet* (U.S. title: *Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow*) (1956)
* *Collected Essays* (1958)
* *Brave New World Revisited* (1958)
* *Literature and Science* (1963)
* *Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience 1931–63* (1977)
* *The Human Situation: Lectures at Santa Barbara, 1959* (1977)

### Screenplays
* *Brave New World*
* *Ape and Essence*
* *Pride and Prejudice* (Collaboration. 1940)
* *Madame Curie* (Collaboration. 1943)
* *Jane Eyre* (Collaboration with John Houseman. 1944)
* ''A Woman's Vengeance* 1947
* *Eyeless in Gaza* (BBC Mini-series 1971)

### Audio Recordings on CD 
* *Knowledge and Understanding* (1955) 
* *Who Are We?* (1955) 

### Other 
* *Pacifism and Philosophy* (1936)
* *An Encyclopedia of Pacifism* (editor, 1937)
* *Grey Eminence* (1941)
* *The Devils of Loudun* (1953)
* *The Politics of Ecology* (1962)
* *Selected Letters* (2007)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Video interviews of Huxley from the 1950s, exploring *Brave New World*, *Island'', and psychedelics
* 
* Aldous Huxley on the Internet Movie Database
* LitWeb.net: Aldous Huxley Biography
Dylan Thomas

**Dylan Marlais Thomas** (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet. He was born in the town of Swansea. He published his first book of poetry in 1932. In addition to writing poetry, he was an excellent speaker. He toured the United Kingdom and the United States reciting his poems. He wrote works for radio including "''A Child's Christmas in Wales*" and "*Under Milk Wood''"
Thomas is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

## References
Leo Gorcey

**Leo Bernard Gorcey** (June 3, 1917 – June 2, 1969) was an American actor. He is most famous for appearing the *Dead End Kids* series.

Gorcey was one of the famous people who appeared on The Beatles' ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' album, but he asked to have his picture removed.
1750

## Births 
* May 31 – Karl August of Hardenberg, statesman and reformer (d. 1822)
* September 5 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (d. 1774)
* December 23 – King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony

## Deaths 
* July 28 – Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1685)
* September 15 – Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1690)
Indiana

**Indiana** is a U.S. state in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Other cities and towns include Bloomington, Gary, Fort Wayne, South Bend, Evansville, Muncie, Lafayette, and Marion. People who live in Indiana are sometimes called *Hoosiers*.

Indiana's state bird is the cardinal. Indiana's state flower is the peony. Indiana's state tree is a tulip tree.

Indiana has borders with four other states: Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio. It also touches Lake Michigan, which is the only one of the Great Lakes that is completely inside the United States.

## History
Before it was called Indiana, most people who lived there were indigenous. France colonized the area, renaming it New France. They enslaved the indigenous peoples, and introduced black slaves. In the 18th century, the United States took the area from France. Many slave owners from Kentucky and Virginia moved into the area. By 1820, it had become a state called Indiana. The government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the 1830s.

## Attractions
One attraction of Indiana is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, where the Indianapolis 500 is held every year. The Indianapolis 500 is one of the biggest car races in the United States. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is not actually in Indianapolis. It is in a town called Speedway, which is completely surrounded by Indianapolis.

## Sports
The Indianapolis 500 car race is based in Indianapolis. Professional sports teams include the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Colleges and universities in Indiana with well-known sports teams include Purdue University, the University of Notre Dame, and Indiana University.

## State Capitol
The Indiana Statehouse is the official State Capitol Complex of the State of Indiana

## Related pages
* List of law enforcement agencies in Indiana
* List of counties in Indiana
* List of rivers of Indiana

## References
## Other websites
* The Official website of the State of Indiana
* Official Indianapolis city government website
Rail transport

. Railways in India carry about 17 million passengers every year and are one of the busiest in the world]]

**Rail transport** is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles called trains, made to run on railway tracks. In most countries, this transportation method helps trade and economic growth. Railways (British English) or railroads (American English) provide an energy-efficient  way to transport material over land.  The railway tracks are a large part of the system and provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train roll with a little friction.   Also, the track spreads the weight of the train which means larger loads can be carried than with trucks on roads.

Rail transport started to be important in the Industrial Revolution. In France the areas that adopted steam-power quicker in the mid-1800s got more jobs (122% more) and  higher wages than other areas which were slower. 

The first railroads were built in England.

Rolling stock on rails generally encounters lower frictional resistance than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer trains. Power is usually provided by diesel or electrical locomotives. While railway transport is capital-intensive and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety.

Modern rail transport began with the invention of the steam locomotive in Great Britain around 1800. The first passenger railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the 1830 opening of the first intercity connection in England, between Liverpool and Manchester, was a key part of the Industrial Revolution. Rail transport lowered shipping costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city. 

In the 1880s, railway electrification began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by diesel locomotives. The first high-speed railway system was introduced in Japan in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities in Europe, East Asia, and the eastern United States. Following some decline due to competition from cars and fixed-wing aircrafts, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices, as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO2 emissions.

## Related pages 
* Level crossing
* Railway station
* Train

## References
Eswatini

**Eswatini** (or **Swaziland**) is a country in Africa. It is officially the **Kingdom of eSwatini** (*Umbuso weSwatini*). It was called **Swaziland** until April 2018.
## Overview
The capital of Eswatini is Mbabane. The country is named after the 19th-century king Mswati II. ESwatini was colonized by the British and the Boers at the end of the 19th century. 
Eswatini is a small country. It is no more than  north to south and  east to west. It is completely surrounded by land. ESwatini does not touch the sea. The two countries that touch it are Mozambique and South Africa. The country's two largest cities are the administrative capital Mbabane and the economic center Manzini. The seat of government is Lobamba. 

On 19 April 2018, the King of eSwatini Mswati III announced that the Kingdom of Swaziland had renamed itself the Kingdom of eSwatini. Part of the reason was that the old name sounded too similar to Switzerland.

## Health 
ESwatini is strongly affected by HIV and AIDS. The 2012 CIA World Factbook showed Swaziland with the highest HIV infection rate in the world. Life expectancy is 50 years.

## Education 
Education in eSwatini is free at primary level, mainly 1st and 2nd grades.  It is also free for orphaned and vulnerable children.  Children are not required to attend. In 1996, the primary school enrollment rate was 90.8%. Girls and boys both attended at the primary level.  SiSwati has 2.5&nbsp;million speakers and is taught in schools.  It is also one of the official languages of South Africa.

About 76,000&nbsp;people in the country speak Zulu. Tsonga is spoken by about 19,000&nbsp;people in Swaziland. Afrikaans is also spoken by some residents of Afrikaner descent.

## Districts 
ESwatini is divided into four districts:
* Hhohho
* Lubombo
* Manzini
* Shiselweni

## Cities
The cities in eSwatini are:

## References 
## Other websites 
* Online Information about Swaziland
Liberia

The **Republic of Liberia** is a small country on the coast of West Africa. It has common borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast. The country has a size of about  by . As of 2021,  there are about 5,000,000 people in Liberia. The capital city of Liberia is Monrovia. For ships, Liberia is a flag of convenience.

## Geography 
Liberia is a country in Southwest Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Except for the coast, most of Liberia is low mountains, with an altitude of  to  above sea level. The coastal region is full of swamps, and reaches  to  inland. After that, there's a plateau at an altitude of about . About 60% of the country is covered with rainforest. To the north, there are higher mountains. There are nine big plantations of rubber trees, which are important for the economy. There are mangrove swamps near the coast. In 2019, estimates are that close to 5 million people live in Liberia. About half of them live in the capital, Monrovia. There are 15 administrative divisions, called counties. The main environmental issues in Liberia are that endangered species are hunted and eaten. This kind of meat is called bushmeat. Some of the poached animals are also sold to neighbouring countries. A big part of Liberia is rainforest. Like in other rainforest countries, Slash-and-burn agriculture is a problem. Illegal logging also is. In Monrovia, there is a lot of pollution. 

## History 
In 1822, White Americans created the American Colonization Society and bought the land in Africa that would become Liberia. They did not want black people who were not slaves to be in the United States. Because of this, they took some of them to Liberia. At the start of the American Civil War (in the 1860s) about 12,000 freed slaves lived in Liberia. 

The name of the country means "Land of the Free" in Latin. Liberia gained its independence on July 26, 1847. Joseph Jenkins Roberts was the first president of Liberia. European countries were quick to recognize Liberia as a country. The United States did not recognize it as a country until 1862. Many of the black people who were sent to Liberia were missionaries. Its official language today is English .

In the 1990s and in the early 2000s, two civil wars badly affected the country. 

The country's constitution is similar to that of the United States. In the 2017 elections, George Weah became the twenty-fifth President of Liberia. The President before Weah was Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first African female president.

## References
Kim Jong-nam

**Kim Jong-nam** (May 10, 1971 - February 13, 2017) was the eldest son of Kim Jong-il, the former leader of North Korea. 

He tried to enter Japan using a fake passport in May 2001.  This was to visit Disneyland.  This caused his father to not approve of him. Kim Jong-nam's younger half-brother Kim Jong-un was made the heir in September 2010.

In June 2010, Kim Jong-nam gave a brief interview to the *Associated Press* in Macau. He told the reporter that he had "no plans" to defect to Europe. The press had recently said this.

He was assassinated in Malaysia on February 13, 2017, which is believed to be ordered by his half-brother Kim Jong-un.

## Personal life
The South Korean newspaper *The Chosun Ilbo* said that Kim Jong-nam has two wives, at least one mistress, and several children. His first wife Shin Jong-hui (born c. 1980) and their son Kum-sol (born c. 1996) live at a home called Dragon Villa on the northern outskirts of Beijing.

## References
Tunis

**Tunis** (, *Tūnis*) is the capital city of Tunisia. As of 2004, 728,463 people lived in the city. About 1.6 million live in the metropolitan area.

## Other websites
Western Sahara

**Western Sahara** (Arabic: **الصحراء الغربية**; Amazigh: **Tanẓṛuft Tutrimt**; )  is a territory in north Africa. To the north is Morocco, to the east is Algeria, to the south is Mauritania, and to the west is the Atlantic Ocean. Its surface is . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world. Most of the territory is made of desert flatlands. The largest city is Laâyoune. More than half the population live there. The territory has a population estimated at just more than 500,000. The Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front, with its Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) government, both claim control over the territory.

Since 1975, most of the territory has been part of Morocco. In 1973, some Sahrawis claimed the Moroccans and Mauritanians were occupying their land and started a movement. The movement turned violent, and the United Nations brokered a ceasefire in 1991. Many Polisario members and their families became refugees in camps in Algeria.  The rest of Western Sahara is controlled by the Polisario/SADR, backed by Algeria. Many important countries have pressed both parties to agree to a peaceful solution. Both Morocco and Polisario have tried to get recognition from other countries. Polisario has won formal recognition for SADR from 81 states, and was extended membership in the African Union, while Morocco has won recognition for its position from the Arab League. In both instances, recognitions have over the past two decades been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends.

Some countries (such as the United States) recognizes Morocco's sovereignty on Western Sahara, others claim that the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic are the legitimate government in Western Sahara. Most nations remain neutral on the subject. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was made by the Polisario Front an armed militia fighting under Sahrawi nationalism.

## References 
## Other websites