open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Knot (disambiguation)

**Knot** could mean:

* knot – a fastening or securing of linear material such as rope, by tying or interweaving
** List of knots
** Knotted rope or *quipu*, an Incan record-keeping device
** Decorative knotwork in East Asia, including Chinese and Korean knots
** Knots per sq cm, a measure of quality in hand-knotted carpets
** Celtic knot, a decorative graphic representation of a knot

* knot (mathematics), an abstract representation of an interwoven linear object
** knot theory, the study of mathematical knots
** list of mathematical knots and links
** In the theory of splines, a knot is an interpolating point on the spline.

* knot (speed), a unit of water or air speed ideally equaling 1 nautical mile per hour, depending on the relative motion of the medium

* knot (wood), a mark left in timber by the origin of branches; the knot's grain travels in a different direction to the trunk of the tree

* Knotwork, a neofolk musical duo comprising journalist Michael Moynihan and Annabel Lee.

In **biology**:
* Red Knot, a wading bird (simply called "Knot" in Europe)
* Great Knot, a wading bird 
* Knotted Marjoram, an alternative name for the herb Marjoram
* Knotted wrack, a seaweed
* Knotgrass or *knotweed*, a member of the buckwheat family

**Knot** could also mean:
* the *bulbus glandis*, a part of the penis of a canine, in animal anatomy
* a knot garden, an elaborate interlace of tightly-clipped low hedging 
* a tight cluster or group, in statistics
* a type of join, in figurative language, as in a marriage
* a small, hard, tender spot in a muscle referred to as a kink or trigger point
* Cramp, a strong muscle contraction resulting in pain

**Knots** could mean:
**Knots* (film), a 2004 film starring Scott Cohen and Annabeth Gish
*Knots, a 1970 book on psychology by R. D. Laing.

## Related pages
* Knott
* *Knots Landing*, an American soap opera
* Gordian Knot (disambiguation)
* In some languages, the words for "node" and "knot" are the same.
Royal Philharmonic Orchestra

The **Royal Philharmonic Orchestra** (**RPO**) is a British orchestra based in London. It travels around to give concerts in many places.

## History 
The RPO was started just after World War II, in 1946, by the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham. Beecham did not start to get his players together until three weeks before the first concert which took place in Croydon on September 15, 1946. Beecham was principal conductor until his death in 1961.

When the orchestra toured the United States in 1950 they were the first British orchestra to visit America since the London Symphony Orchestra in 1912.

Beecham controlled all the organization of the orchestra. After Beecham’s death, the orchestra was made into a self-governing group, like the other London orchestras. They went through some difficult years. In 1963 the Royal Philharmonic Society decided they would stop asking the RPO to play for their concerts, and in Glyndebourne, where the RPO had played for the opera since 1948, the London Philharmonic Orchestra became the resident orchestra instead. Sir Malcolm Sargent helped the orchestra to put on its own concerts at a cinema in north London.

The orchestra had made an agreement with the Royal Philharmonic Society about the concerts it would play. This meant it could call itself “Royal”. In the 1960s the work they were doing no longer allowed them to call themselves “Royal”, so in 1966 the Queen officially gave them the title “Royal”.

In 1992 the orchestra appointed Peter Maxwell Davies as associate conductor and composer of the RPO.

On April 7, 1994, the Royal Philharmonic had the honour of performing at the Vatican in the historic "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust" with Sir Gilbert Levine.

The RPO give a series of concerts in the Cadogan Hall, London, and in the Royal Albert Hall. They tour all over Britain and also abroad. In the period 2002-2007 they played in 30 different countries.

## Recordings 
The orchestra made many recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham. In 1964 Igor Stravinsky recorded his opera "The Rake's Progress" with the RPO. From 1964 to 1979 they recorded many Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company.

## Non-classical work 
The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra is part of the same organization. They spend their time playing lighter classical music. The RPO have also worked with pop music groups and has given its own series of children’s concerts. In 2007 they announced a series of free educational workshops for the local community.

## Conducting leadership 
* Thomas Beecham (1946-1961)
* Rudolf Kempe (1962-1975)
* Antal Doráti (1975-1978)
* Walter Weller (1980-1985)
* André Previn (1985-1992)
* Vladimir Ashkenazy (1987-1994)
* Yuri Temirkanov (1992-1998)
* Daniele Gatti (1996-2009)
*Charles Dutoit (2009-present)

## Other websites 
* Royal Philharmonic Orchestra official website
Franz Lehár

**Franz Lehár** (born 30 April 1870; died 24 October 1948) was an Austrian composer of Hungarian descent. He was the leading composer of operettas in the 20th century. He is still one of the most popular composers of light music.

## His life
Lehár was born in Komáron in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Today the town is called Komárno and it is in Slovakia. He was the eldest son of a bandmaster in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied violin and composition at the Prague Conservatory. Antonín Dvořák told him he should be a composer. After graduation in 1899, he joined his father's band in Vienna, as assistant bandmaster. In 1902 he became conductor at the historic Vienna Theater an der Wien, where his first opera *Wiener Frauen* was performed in November of that year.

He is most famous for his operettas. The best known one is *The Merry Widow* (in German: *Die lustige Witwe*) which is probably the most popular of all operettas. He also wrote sonatas, symphonic poems, marches, and a number of waltzes, some of which come from his famous operettas. Some of the songs from his operettas have become very well-known, especially "Vilja" from *The Merry Widow* and "You Are My Heart's Delight" ("Dein ist mein ganzes Herz") from *The Land of Smiles*.

The tenor Richard Tauber sang in many of his operettas. Six of them had parts especially written for him.

Lehár died in 1948 in Bad Ischl, near Salzburg where he was also buried. His villa in Bad Ischl is now a museum in his memory.
Baudouin I of Belgium

**Baudouin I** ( or ; 7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) was the King of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993. 

The king was the oldest son of King Leopold III (1901-1983) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905-1935). 

On 15 December 1960, Baudouin was married in Brussels to Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragón. The King and Queen had no children. All of the Queen's five pregnancies ended in miscarriage. Badouin died of heart failure. Having had no children, the crown passed on to his brother, Albert II of Belgium, following his death.

During Baudouin's reign the colony of Belgian Congo became independent.

## Titles and styles
***7 September 1930 &ndash; 17 February 1934:** *His Royal Highness* The Count of Hainaut
***17 February 1934 &ndash; 10 August 1950:** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Brabant
***10 August 1950 &ndash; 17 July 1951:** *His Royal Highness* The Prince Royal, Duke of Brabant
***17 July 1951 &ndash; 31 July 1993:** *His Majesty* The King of the Belgians

## References
Epic poetry

**Epic poetry** tells a dramatic story in a poem. It is usually long, has characters, and takes place in different settings. Epic poems started in prehistoric times as part of oral tradition. 

*Beowulf* is a famous example, written in Old English. Well-known people who wrote epics were Homer, Virgil, Ovid, Dante, Edmund Spenser and Milton. William Wordsworth's Prelude plays with epic ideas, though the poem is autobiographical. The Kyrgyz Epic of Manas is one of the longest written epics in history.

## Characteristics 
Epic poems have seven main characteristics: 
# The hero is outstanding. They might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.
# The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.
# The hero's actions require great or superhuman courage.
# Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.
# The poem is written in a very special style (verse as opposed to prose).
# The poet tries to remain objective.
# Epic poems are believed to be supernatural and real by the hero and the villain.
 
Usually, in epic poems: 
# The poem starts with the theme or subject of the story.
# In epics inspired from Western civilization, the writer invokes a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus.  The poet prays to the Muse for divine inspiration to tell the great story.
# The narrative opens *in medias res*, or in the middle of things, usually with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story.
# Catalogues and genealogies are given. Often, the poet is honoring audience members' ancestors.
# Main characters give extended formal speeches.
# The poem uses the epic simile.
# Repetition or stock phrases are used frequently.
# The poem presents heroic ideals like courage, honour, sacrifice, patriotism and kindness.
# The poem gives a clear window of the social and cultural patterns of the contemporary life. (For example, Beowulf shows how people at the time loved wine, wild celebration, war, adventure and sea voyages.)

## Examples 
### Ancient 
*20th to 10th century BC:
***Epic of Gilgamesh*  (Mesopotamia)
*8th century BC to 3rd century AD:
***Mahābhārata*  (Indian mythology)
*8th to 6th century BC:
***Iliad and* *Odyssey,* ascribed to Homer  (Greek mythology)
*1st century BC:
***Aeneid*, Vergil (Latin)

### Medieval 
*Song of Roland
*8th to 10th century AD
***Beowulf* (Old English)
*12th to 13th century AD
****Sirat Bani Hilal** (Arabic)    *[*10th to 12th century AD
**''Njál's saga(https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%A1l%27s_saga)* (Old Norse)
*14th century AD
***Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' (dialect of middle English)

### Contemporary 
Omeros (1990), Derek Walcott

Empire of Dreams (1988), Giannina Braschi

## Related pages 
*Lyric poetry - contrary notion
*Narrative poetry

## References
Thomas Midgley

**Thomas Midgley** (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944), was an American inventor. His two most famous inventions are both now banned because they are dangerous for the world environment: the use of lead in petrol (gasoline)  and the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerators.  Midgley was accidentally killed by something he was inventing.

## Early life
Midgley was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.  His father was also an inventor.  He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering.

## Discovery of Leaded Gasoline/Petrol
Midgley began working at General Motors in 1916. In December 1921 Midgley discovered that the addition of Tetraethyllead to gasoline prevented "knocking" in internal combustion engines.

## Discovery of Freon
In the 1930s Midgley  developed a non-poisonous substance called CFC (chlorinated fluorocarbon) for use in refrigerators, inhalers and aerosol spray cans.  He was given many high awards for his work and in 1944 he became president and chairman of the American Chemical Society.

## His death
In 1940, at the age of 51, Midgley became ill with polio which left him disabled. It was to the point where it was hard to do every day tasks; like getting  out of bed.  He decided to invent a complicated  system of strings and pulleys to lift him from his bed. However, this plan backfired, and he got caught up in the ropes and died of strangulation.

## After his death
Midgley died before the days when people realized that CFCs were destroying the ozone layer which prevents harmful rays from the sun reaching the earth.  They are now banned in refrigerators, but are still used in some countries.

In the United States it was not until 1973 that people started to produce gasoline without lead and, in 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles.  However it was still legal in the U.S. for aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines until 2008. Leaded gasoline is still common in South America, Africa, and some parts of Asia and the Middle East.
Pericles

**Pericles** or **Perikles** (ca. 495–429 BC, , meaning "*surrounded by glory*") was a prominent and influential statesman. He also was an orator, and general of Athens. He lived between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the Alcmaeonid family.

Pericles had great influence on Athenian society. Thucydides, a contemporary historian, described him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles,". This period though can include times as early as the Persian Wars, or as late as the next century.

In Pericles late 20’s he sponsored a major dramatic production for the festival of Dionysus, and he also entertained the whole city. Pericles also got married and had 2 sons. His wife's name is unknown. He associated with a courtesan named Aspasia. A decade later the people started to like him more and more. He got involved with the politics called Ephialtes. Pericles and Ephialtes took away the noble's powers. Ephialtes was later assassinated.
 
Pericles promoted the arts and literature. This was a chief reason Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural centre of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that built most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project made the city more beautiful., It also showed its glory, and gave work to the people. Furthermore, Pericles fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.

## Related pages 
* Pericles' Funeral Oration

## References 
### Works about Pericles 

* Aristophanes, *The Acharnians*. See original text in Perseus program.
* . See original text in Perseus program.
* Aristotle, *Politika (Politics)*. See original text in Perseus program.
* Cicero, *De Oratore*. See original text in Perseus program.
* Diodorus Siculus, *Library*, 12th Book. See original text in Perseus program.
* Herodotus, *The Histories*, VI. See original text in Perseus program.
* Plato, *Alcibiades I*. See original text in Perseus program, from 
* Plato, *Gorgias*. See original text in Perseus program, from 
* Plato, *Menexenus*. See original text in Perseus program, from 
* Plato, *Phaedrus*, See original text in Perseus program, from 
* Plutarch, *Cimon*. See original text in Perseus program.
*  Plutarch, Pericles. See original text in Perseus program.
* Quintilian, *Institutiones*. See original text in The Latin Library.
*, I-III. See original text in Perseus program.
* Xenophon (?), *Constitution of Athens*. See original text in Perseus program

*
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**Gore Vidal, Creation (novel) for a fictional account of Pericles and a Persian view of the wars.
Elegance

**Elegance** is an attribute. It means something is unusually effective and simple, or in other words; very useful and easy.

### Example 
Visual stimuli are considered elegant if a small number of colors and stimuli are used. The color white is often associated with elegance, usually along with blue or black.

## Use 
It is often used as a standard of  or how likeable something is, mostly in fashion and decoration.

## Common conceptions 
Some associate elegance with simplicity of design. Others understand the word in an opulent light as in tasteful  of design or ornamentation, like in "the *elegance* of clothings."

## Related pages 
* Aesthetics
* Beauty
* Design
* Simplicity
Courtesan

, famous Venetian poet and courtesan. Portrait by Paolo Veronese.]]

A **courtesan**  was often a high-class prostitute or mistress, especially one associated with , powerful, or noble men who gave 
luxuries and status in exchange for her services. In Renaissance Europe, courtesans had an important role in high class society, sometimes taking the place of wives at social roles requiring diplomacy. Courtesans usually enjoyed more freedom than was typical of women at the time. For example, they did not have money problems, and were more independent. Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), the famous mistress and favorite of King Louis XV of France, was a courtesan. Courtesans also existed in many countries outside Europe, such as India and Japan.

## Related pages
*Geisha
*Oiran
*Geji

## References
* Freundschuh, Aaron.  The Courtesan and the Gigolo:  The Murders in the Rue Montaigne and the Dark Side of Empire in Nineteenth-Century Paris.  Stanford University Press, 2017.

*Griffin, Susan. *The Book of the Courtesans: A Catalogue of Their Virtues*. New York: Broadway Books, 2001.
*Hickman, Katie. *Courtesans: Money, Sex, and Fame in the Nineteenth Century*. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
*Lawner, Lynne. *Lives of the Courtesans: Portraits of the Renaissance.* New York: Rizzoli, 1987.
*Rounding, Virginia. *Grandes Horizontales: The Lives and Legends of Four Nineteenth-Century Courtesans*. London: Bloomsbury, 2003.

## Other websites
*Defining the Courtesan  (Mt. Holyoke College)
Jester

A **jester**, **joker**, **fool**, or **buffoon**, is a type of entertainer mostly (but not always) associated with the Middle Ages. Jesters typically wore brightly colored clothing. Their hats, sometimes called the *cap ’n bells* or *cockscomb*, were special; made of cloth, they were floppy with three points (liripipes) each of which had a jingle bell at the end. 

The three points of the hat represent the asses' ears and tail worn by jesters when they first appeared. Other typical things about the jester were his constant laughter and his mock scepter, known as a *bauble* or *maharoof.*

## Other websites
* BBC News site story about the Tongaon Royal Jester's involvement in financial scandal 2003
* Royal decree proclaiming the Jester title by the Tongan Royal 1999 
* BBC News site story about Kester the Jester's appointment to English Heritage 2004
* University of California, Berkeley Online Medieval and Classical Library (OMACL) & links for medieval studies 
* Picture of Will Somers with Henry the Eighth 
* Mulla Nasruddin 
* Gesundheit! Institute
* Shakespeare search engine - A keyword search such as "fool", "folly", "jester" or "clown" reveals every reference in Shakespeare 
*
* Rumpelstiltskin - A rare modern day jester with an impressive resumé 
* Fooling Around the World (A history of the court jester)
* Foolish Clothing: Depictions of Jesters and Fools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance What 14th-16th century jesters wore and carried, as seen in illustrations and museum collections
*
Joker

**Joker** may refer to:

* Jester, a person employed to tell jokes and provide entertainment
* Joker (comics), a DC Comics character
** Joker (*The Dark Knight*), the character in the 2008 movie *The Dark Knight*
** *Joker* (2016 movie), an Indian Tamil movie by Raju Murugan
** *Joker* (2019 movie), an American movie starring Joaquin Phoenix
Fool

**Fool** can mean several different things:
* A jester or a clown 
* Foolishness, having poor judgement
* The Fool (Tarot card), a Tarot card
* The meaning of *fou*, French term for the piece which in English is called "bishop". See chess.
Etiquette

caricatured  "A widow and her suitors, who seem to have forgot their manners in the intensity of their admiration."]]

**Etiquette**, one aspect of decorum, is a code that rules how everyone is expected to behave, according to the social conventions and norms, in society, in a social class, or group. It is usually unwritten, but it may be put in written form. Because they are a product of the society's culture and history, the rules of etiquette are very different from time to time, and from one place and social group to another.

## References
## Other websites 
* Debrett's 
* Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home, by Emily Post (1922)
* Global Guide to Etiquette and Customs  by Kwintessential
* Are Paris Waiters Rude Or Is It You? , by Michel Endene. A web article on cultural differences and etiquette.
* Cellphone Etiquettes 
* Email Etiquette
* Etiquette & Dress
* Wiki Etiquette  Wiki about etiquette from Wikia
Hairstyle

Film Festival.]]

A **hairstyle** is the way hair is cut and styled. A **haircut** may be just practical, but a **hairdo** suggests professional styling. The fashioning of hair is an aspect of fashion, and cosmetics, especially for females. Practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence hairstyles.

People in many cultures cut their hair, rather than letting it grow naturally. Hair styles are often used to signal cultural, social, and ethnic identity and can be used to show social status or get attention.  

Generally, hairstyles are influenced by gender.  Women's styles are often longer than men's.  Fashion trends may have a great influence depending on the person.

## Galleria 
There is a great variety of hairstyles. This can best be explained by examples:

### Men 

File:Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC).JPG|Haircut from history: Julius Caesar
File:H R Haldeman, 1971 portrait.png|*Flattop*
File:User-Ich with Mohawk.jpg|*Mohawk*
File:Dreadlocked rasta.jpg|*Dreadlocks*. Neater version is *cornrows*.
File:Hi-top fade.jpg|*Hi-top fade*
File:John F. Kennedy, White House photo portrait, looking up.jpg|Jack Kennedy: 1961
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S92193, Wolfgang Kohlhaase.jpg|A standard male hair style.
File:Nazemkadri.png|A haircut using only hair clippers is a *buzz cut*
File:Charlie Carver by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Most standard male haircuts have shaved hair on the back and sides and short hair on top

### Women 

File:Afro 2 cropped by David Shankbone.jpg|1970s *Afro*
File:San lady botswana.jpg|Short African hair
File:Anna Wintour.jpg|Anna Wintour, editor of Vogue (magazine), with a classic *bob* .
File:Circumbraided Donut Bun.JPG|Another classic: the *bun*, *donut bun*, and *braided bun*
File:Portrait of Hannah Fry (by Andrew Geddes).jpg|*Ringlets*
File:Cardiff Mardi Gras 2010 MMB 42 G2L.jpg| Jazmin Boland: hair as part of an overall style
File:Alice Liddell.jpg|Alice of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', photo by Lewis Carroll
File:Dress (Klashorst)-cropped.jpg|Mini-braids and highlights
File:Mini sandrine-riviere.jpg|Long hair
File:YuliaTymoshenkohead.jpg|Yulia Tymoshenko in 'up' braids
File:Lady from Shanghai trailer hayworth2.JPG|Rita Hayworth in film trailer; dyed blond.

## References 
## Other websites 
* History of Hairdressing
Patronage

**Patronage** is the support, encouragement,  and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. It can also refer to the business given by a regular customer, and the guardianship of saints.

In some countries the term is often used to describe the corrupt use of state money and goods to benefit groups, families, ethnicities or races in exchange for votes. These **patronage systems** are different depending on the area in which they are practiced.

The term comes from the Latin *patronatus*.

## Sources and other websites
*Johannes Baptist Sägmüller. Patron and Patronage, *The Catholic Encyclopedia*, Volume XI, 1911, Robert Appleton Company. This is the reference for the Canon law section.
* The role of patrons in the Renaissance
Willow

**Willows** are a group of trees and shrubs which may be called sallows or osiers. Their Latin name is *Salix*.

Willows have many differences in size and type of growth, but are very much alike in other respects. There are about 350 species of this plant, usually found on moist soils in cooler zones in the Northern Hemisphere. Many hybrids are known, both naturally occurring and in cultivation, because willows are very fertile.

Willows have watery bark sap, charged with salicylic acid (defence against herbivory). They have soft, usually pliant (bendy), tough wood, slender branches, and large, fibrous, often stoloniferous roots. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and are hard to kill. Roots readily sprout from aerial parts of the plant.

Willows are dioecious, with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on separate plants. The catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves.

## Pictures

Image:Weeping Willow.jpg|Weeping Willow in Auckland, New Zealand
Image:Salix herbacea.jpg|Salix herbacea, Dwarf Willow, Sweden
Image:Willow catkin 1 aka.jpg|Willow catkin(Salix discolor)
Image:Young-catkin.jpg|Young male catkin

## Other websites
* Salix alba at plants for a future
* *Salix purpurea* at plants for a future
* 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
* *Salix caroliniana* images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
* *Salix nigra* images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
* *Salix humboldtiana* or Chilean willow images
Reputation

**Reputation** is the opinion of the public towards a person, a group of , or an organization. It is an important factor in many fields, such as business, online communities or social status.

## Other websites 
* Reputation by Roger Dingledine, Michael J Freedman, David Molnar, David Parkes, Paul Syverson
Warwick Estevam Kerr

**Warwick Estevam Kerr** (born September 9, 1922, Santana do Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil- 15 September 2018) is a Brazilian engineer, geneticist, entomologist, and professor. He made many discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. He is also responsible for the spread of africanized bees across the world. 

## Other websites 
*Warwick Estevam Kerr Biography . Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
Appointment

**Appointment** can mean:

*An **appointment** is a time reserved for something such as a doctor visit, much like a .
*An **appointment**, in government also refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform a duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court.  This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy.  A person appointed but not yet in office is a **designate**.
*The **power of appointment**, in law, is the ability of a testator to select another person to dispose of the testator's property.
*An **appointment of clergy**, in Christianity, is made by a bishop to a particular ministry setting, particularly in denominations which practice episcopal forms of church government and polity (such as Anglicanism and United Methodist Church.) Typically, a pastor is appointed to a particular church or parish.
*Appointment is used to describe a system of selecting candidates in which the choice is made by an individual or panel rather than by a poll of the populace in general (election), or through random selection (allotment/sortition) as used to select juries.
Florida International University

**Florida International University** (FIU) is a public research university in Miami-Dade County, Florida, west of the Miami city limits in the United States. (The campus has a Miami mailing address.) The university is the largest university in South Florida and also the fifth-largest university in Florida, and the thirteenth-largest university in the country. FIU's programs in law, architecture and business are amongst its most well-ranked and most known programs. The mascot of FIU is a panther, named Roary, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Panthers".

On March 15, 2018, a pedestrian bridge at the university collapsed and killed six people.

## References
Mesocyclone

images]]
A **mesocyclone** is a vortex of air, about 2&nbsp;to&nbsp;10&nbsp;km in diameter (the mesoscale of meteorology), inside a convective storm.
That is, it is air that rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low pressure systems in a given hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is, related with a localized low pressure area inside a severe thunderstorm. Such storms can create strong surface winds and a lot of hail. Mesocyclones often happen together with updrafts in supercells, where tornadoes may form. 

The word mesocyclone originated around 1970–75; meso- + cyclone] This word is first recorded in the period 1970–75. meso- is a combining form meaning “middle,” used in the formation of compound words.

Mesocyclones are normally relatively very small in size; they lie between the synoptic scale (hundreds of kilometers) and small scale (hundreds of meters).

## References

## Other websites
* Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
Sash

A **sash** is of a cloth belt used to hold a robe together, and usually tied about the waist. The Japanese equivalent of a sash, called an *obi*, serves to hold a kimono together. Decorative sashes may pass from the shoulder to the hip rather than around the waist. Sashes traditionally form part of formal military uniform and the royal attire.

The meaning "strip of cloth worn about the waist or over the shoulder" was first recorded in 1681. 

## References
Core

**Core** generally is the heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince.

Core could mean:

In **media**:
* *Core* (album), an album by Stone Temple Pilots
* *Core* (Persefone album)
* Core (radio station), a digital radio station in the United Kingdom
* *The Core*, a 2003 science fiction film
* Core Design, a videogame developer best known for the *Tomb Raider* series
* C.O.R.E., a computer animation studio

In **science and academics**:
* Core (group), in mathematics, an object in group theory
* Core (functional analysis), in mathematics, a subset of the domain of a closable operator
* core (graph theory), in mathematics, the homomorphically minimal subgraph of a graph
* core of a triangulated category in mathematics. 
* Core (economics), the collection of stable allocations that no coalition can improve upon
* Planetary core, in planetary science, the center of a planet
** Earth's core
* Solar core, the region of the Sun where nuclear fusion takes place
* Lithic core, in archaeology, a stone artifact left over from toolmaking
* Core curriculum, in education, an essential part of the curriculum
* Core sample, in Earth science, a sample obtained by coring
* Core countries, in dependency theory, an industrialized country on which peripheral countries depend
* Core (anatomy), in anatomy is everything except the appendages.

In **computers and technology**:
*Semiconductor intellectual property core, part of a CPU design
*Multi-core (computing), a type of microprocessor design in which multiple processors coexist on the same chip
* Intel Core, in processors, a brand of computer processor
* Magnetic core memory, in computing, the primary memory
* Core dump, in computing, a record of the core memory
* Nuclear reactor core, a portion containing the fuel components
* Magnetic core, in electricity and electronics, ferromagnetic material around which wires are wound
* the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber

**Acronyms**:
* Central Organization For Railway Electrification, an organization in India
* Congress of Racial Equality, United States civil rights organization 
* Coordinated Online Register of Electors, central database in the United Kingdom
* Challenge of Reverse Engineering, a warez group
* Comment on Reproductive Ethics, a Christian pressure group in the United Kingdom
Indian national calendar

The **Indian national calendar** (sometimes called **Saka calendar**) is the official civil calendar in India. It is used by the Gazette of India, news broadcasts by All India Radio, and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India.

## Calendar structure 
The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days. This was done to take in account for the slower movement of the sun across the sky during that time.

In leap years, Chaitra has 31 days and starts on March 21. 

## Other websites 
* Calendars and their History (by L.E. Doggett) 
* Indian Calendars (by Leow Choon Lian, pdf, 1.22mb)
* Positional astronomy in India
* India Image website 
* Hindu Panchang
Style

**Style** may refer to:

* Genre, design, format, or looks
* Fashion, applies to a mode of expression, i.e. clothing.
* Carpel, in Botany: part of the pistil of a flower
* The artistic characteristics that make an artist's work special or unique
* Painting style, in art and painting style can refer either to the aesthetic values followed in choosing what to paint (and how) or to the physical techniques employed
* Music genre, category (or genre) of pieces of music that share a certain **style** or "basic musical language"
* Cascading Style Sheets, in web design
* Style guide and literary genre, in writing
* Stylistics (linguistics), in Linguistics: Variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style.
* Style (band), pop music group from Sweden
* Style (address), how you address a person; titles, honorifics or courtesy names
Banquet

painting of a banquet, from the era of the Song Dynasty (960-1279).]]
 by Leonardo da Vinci]]
A **banquet** is a large public meal or feast, complete with main dishes and desserts. It usually serves a purpose, such as a ceremony, or a celebration. Sometimes a banquet is made only of desserts.

## Related pages
* Festival

## Other websites 
* Banquet Preparation  and keeping things organized
Eccentricity

**Eccentricity** or **extravagance** is a word used to describe unusual behaviour in a person. People who have habits which many people think are very strange may be called **eccentric**. Eccentric behaviour is not necessarily good or bad in itself.

Some clever people (geniuses) have behaviour which might be described as eccentric. It is not always clear whether behaviour is just eccentric or whether it is madness. 

Famous people who were eccentric in their different ways include Albert Einstein, Nero, Alan Turing, Howard Hughes, Ludwig II of Bavaria and Lord Berners.
Estimation

**Estimation** is the approximation of a result that one can use with information that is not clear or is incomplete. It is like making an educated, reasonable guess based on the information given.

If an estimate is more than the actual amount, then it is called an **overestimate**. If the estimate was less than the actual result, then it is called an **underestimate**. This is different from a prediction.

## References
## Other websites
* Estimation chapter from "Applied Software Project Management" (PDF)
FK Viktoria Žižkov

**FK Viktoria Žižkov** is a football club in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1903 in the city of Prague. Viktoria Žižkov won Czechoslovak championship in 1928 and won the National cup in 1994 and 2001.

## Historical names 
* 1903 - Sportovni kroužek Viktoria Žižkov
* 1904 - SK Viktoria Žižkov
* 1950 - Sokol Viktoria Žižkov
* 1951 - Sokol ČSAD Žižkov
* 1952 - Club was merged with Avia Čakovice
* 1952 - TJ Slavoj Žižkov
* 1965 - TJ Viktoria Žižkov
* 1973 - TJ Viktoria Žižkov Strojimport
* 1982 - TJ Viktoria Žižkov PSO
* 1992 - FK Viktoria Žižkov

## Other websites
* Official site
* Official site Fans
Wit

uses word play and double entendre in this speech from *Animal Crackers*.]]
**Wit** is a form of intellectual humour. A wit is someone skilled in making witty remarks. A witty remark is a smart observation, put with humor and said in the perfect moment. Forms of wit include: the **quip** and the **repartee**.

Witty remarks may be intentionally , and may be more ingenious than funny. 

A **quip** is an observation or saying that has some wit but perhaps descends into sarcasm, or otherwise is short of point; a witticism also suggests the diminutive. **Repartee** is the wit of the quick answer. (Wilde: "I wish I'd said that." Whistler: "You will, Oscar, you will".)
Fee

A **fee** is the price someone pays for services, especially the honorarium paid to a doctor, lawyer, consultant or member of a learned profession. Traditionally, a fee is different to a *payment*, salary, or wage, because the fee usually is paid only once for the professional's services.
Maid

, 1906]]

A **maid**, **housemaid** or, formerly, **maidservant** is a female employed as a domestic worker. Maids perform typical domestic chores such as cooking, ironing, washing, cleaning the house, grocery shopping, caring for pets, and taking care of children like a nanny. In many places in some poor countries, maids often take on the role of a nurse in taking care of the elderly and people with disabilities. Many maids are required by their employers to wear a uniform.

In June 2011, International Labour Organization has made its Convention No.189 for domestic workers including maids.

## References
AFK Union Žižkov

**AFK Union Žižkov** is a football club in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1907 in the city of Prague.

## Historical names 
* AFK Union Žižkov (1907–?)
* ASK Union Žižkov (?–1948)
* Sokol Union Žižkov (1948–1950)
* Sokol Žižkov B (1950–1952)
* ZSJ Pošta Žižkov (1952–1953)
* TJ Dynamo Žižkov Spoje (1953–?)
* TJ Spoje Žižkov
* TJ Union Žižkov
* AFK Union Žižkov

## Other websites 
* Official site
Embroidery

, Belgium]]

**Embroidery** is the art of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery.

## Qualifications 
City and Guilds qualification in Embroidery allows embroiderers to become recognized for their skill. This qualification also gives them the credibility to teach. For example, the notable textiles artist, Kathleen Laurel Sage, began her teaching career by getting the City and Guilds Embroidery 1 and 2 qualifications. She has now gone on to write a book on the subject.

## References
## Other websites
* The *Crimson Thread of Kinship*  at the National Museum of Australia
Conversation

and Maxim Gorky in conversation (1931).]]

A **conversation** is two or more people talking about something. It is , usually unplanned, though the people may have interests in common. 

Conversations are one of the basic types of human communication. They can be about any subject, and do not necessarily have any fixed purpose. They allow people with different views of a topic to learn from each other. A conversation may be contrasted with formal presentations. A talk or speech, for example is an oral presentation by one person directed at a group. It is basically a one-way communication.

Conversations do not have to happen in person, they can happen over the telephone or on the Internet.

## Banter 
Banter is short witty sentences that bounce back and forth between individuals. Often banter uses clever put-downs and witty insults. It can contain misunderstandings (often intentional), zippy wisecracks, zingers, flirtation, and puns. The idea is each line of banter should "top" the one before it. It is a verbal war of wit without any physical contact.

## Related pages 
* Conversation analysis
* Consensus
* Intensity of preference

## References 
## Other websites 
* Advice  on initiating conversations and links to conversational organizations 
* Article on developing basic communication skills 
* Conversation Cafè, devoted to creating a "culture of conversation."
* Empathic listening skills 
* Lifehack howto on Small Talk 
* "The art of conversation", *Economist*, 19th December 2006
Flirting

**Flirting** is a form of human behavior from one person toward another person, or between two people, usually showing a sexual or romantic interest in the other person. It can include conversation, body language (such as winking), or short physical contact. 

## Other websites
*SIRC Guide to Flirting 
*Nonverbal Courtship Patterns In Women: Context and Consequences 
*Psychology Today - Flirting Fascination  –Reviews several studies on flirting
Crane (bird)

]]
. This can change colour or even expand in area when the bird is excited]]

A **crane** is a type of tall  birds from the family **Gruidae** (order Gruiformes). There are 15 species in 4 genera. The tallest is the sarus crane, *Grus antigone*, which can grow to a height of up to 1.8&nbsp;m (5.9&nbsp;ft),

Cranes look a lot like herons but they are usually larger, and have a partly naked head, and a more heavy bill. When they are flying, their long neck is stretched out in front, and the legs trail out behind.

The earliest fossils of cranes were discovered in North America. Living forms are living everywhere all over the world except in Antarctica and South America. Many populations are endangered by hunting and habitat destruction. Adults stand 5 feet tall and have a wingspan of up to 7 feet.

## Life 
Cranes are omnivores. They eat many kinds of plants, reptiles, small mammals, and other birds. The average life time of a crane is from 20 to 25 years. Cranes are highly social birds that live in large flocks. Some species of cranes are thought as holy in Asia, especially in Japan.

### Reproduction 
Cranes usually build their nests in marshy areas and lay two eggs at a time. Cranes can make sounds that are heard from far away. Cranes dance special dances when they mate, and they include stepping quickly, high leaps, stretching, and bowing. Crane chicks grow very quickly and at two to four months, they develop their flight feathers. Cranes are very vocal. They use several different types of calls. They also communicate with their bodies.

### Behaviour 
All cranes are able to defend themselves quite well. They are mostly quite large, and peck, kick and batter opponents with their wings. They are territorial, and males will fight even more vigorously than usual at mating seasons. Zookeepers use acrylic riot shields to protect themselves against crane attacks.

## Evolution 
Cranes are an ancient type of wading bird. Their first definite fossils are in the Eocene epoch, The rails (family Rallidae) are their nearest relatives in the order Gruiformes. Most of the other groups in the Gruiformes are flightless birds. These lived in forests, and left little or no fossil record.

## Threatened 
The biggest threats to cranes are hunting and habitat destruction. Cranes need large  habitats. All cranes are protected by international agreement.

## Related pages 
**Grus*
*Black-necked crane
*Common crane
*Grey crowned crane
*Red-crowned crane
*Sandhill crane
*Sarus crane	
*Siberian crane

## References 
## Other websites 
* Saving Cranes website (ICF)
* Craneworld website 
* Gruidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
* Origami crane
Shamisen

playing the shamisen, 1800]]
The **shamisen** or **samisen** (Japanese: 三味線, literally "three taste strings"), also called **sangen** (literally "three strings") is a Japanese musical instrument with three strings, that is played with a big plectrum called a *bachi*. The pronunciation in Japanese is usually "shamisen".

## Other websites
* Buy shamisen and other traditional Japanese instruments 
* God of Shamisen is a progressive/metal band that has implemented the acoustic and amplified sound of the tsugaru-jamisen.
* About the shamisen 
* Buy shamisens and shamisen accessories 

### Audio
* Play with a shamisen 
* Listen to a shamisen (in modern times)
* Listen to arrangements with shamisen of nagauta pieces Kokaji, Tsurukame, Echigo Jishi and Musume Dojoji 

### Video
* Shamisen Player - Public Performance #2 
* Shamisen Player - Public Performance
Trustworthiness

**Trustworthiness** or **honesty** is mainly a moral value. A trustworthy person is someone in whom we can place our trust and be sure that the trust will not be betrayed. Examples could be 
*Do we trust this person to look after our children when we are not present?
*Do we trust this person to carry out a complicated repair to a piece of machinery?

The first example is moral. It depends on what we know about the person, their family and upbringing.

The second example is technical. We would need to know what kind of jobs the person had done before and, perhaps, what kind of training he had.

In order for one to trust another,their worth and integrity must be proven over time. That applies especially to the first (moral) case.
Trustworthiness in technical matters may be identified by attributes such as reliability, dependability and qualifications.

## Related pages
*Sincerity
*Virtue
*Loyalty
Obi

]]
 obi|200px]]

**Obi** (帯, おび) is a Japanese word meaning "belt" or "band". Mostly, it is used to describe the types of sash worn with kimono and keikogi.

Obi are worn by both men and women. They can be very simple, made of one layer of lightweight fabric, or decorated heavily, made of stiff, woven material, embroidered and dyed with different designs.

Obi for men are less wide and shorter than obi for women. Men mostly wear *kaku* obi, but sometimes wear *heko* obi, which are made of much softer material. *Heko* obi are worn casually, but *kaku* obi can be worn casually and formally.

Obi for women are much wider and longer. Most women usually wear a *nagoya* obi, which is wider at one end. In summer, women wear *hanhaba* obi with *yukata*. Formal obi for women can be woven from metallic yarns, covered in embroidery, or dyed in an elegant design.

Obi for women are usually the most expensive part of a kimono outfit. However, obi for men can be expensive as well. Expensive obi are usually made by very skilled artists. Some of these people are called National Living Treasures because they are so skilled.

Obi worn for practicing martial arts are a lot thinner and shorter than other kinds of obi. They come in different colours, and the colours show how skilled someone is in practicing martial arts. When someone becomes skilled enough, they wear a new colour of obi. Both men and women wear the same size and length of obi in martial arts, and they are not decorated with embroidery or dyes designs.
Joss stick

ese market.]]
**Joss sticks** are a type of incense. They are traditionally burned before an Asian religious image, idol, buddha statue, or shrine. But some joss stick burning rituals (and the prayers that come with it) do not need to be done in front of religious images. They can be burned before anything without limits; like in front of a door, or open window as an offering. In modern days, the burning of joss sticks can be used for any reason, like making the smell of a room better or lighting fireworks up.
Britské listy

**Britské listy** is an Internet cultural and political daily published in the Czech Republic. It specialises in critical analysis of Czech politics; some Czech commentators consider this as "left-wing views".  It is editorially open and will publish stimulating pieces by authors from any part of the political spectrum

## Other websites 
* Britské listy
* Focus on the Czech Republic (The best of Czech daily Britské listy)
Boarding school

A **boarding school** is a school where students live and sleep. Some boarding schools have day students who go home at the end of the school day. If the school costs money, they don't have to pay as much money. A person who stays at a boarding school is called a "boarder". In the UK 1% of children go to boarding schools and 13% of private school pupils are boarders. Most boarding schools are private. This means that as well as having to pay to sleep there, students have to pay for their education.  

In Ghana most secondary schools are boarding.

Famous private boarding schools include Eton College, Rugby School and Harrow School in the United Kingdom, Phillips Exeter Academy in the United States and Cornway College in Zimbabwe.

There are therapeutic boarding schools which offer treatment for psychological difficulties. Special needs education for children are catered for in some boarding schools. Some boarding schools offer 'democratic education', such as Summerhill School (where pupils make many of the decisions). Others are determinedly international, such as the United World Colleges. Military schools or academies provide discipline and may offer a way into military service. Gordonstoun in Scotland is a co-educational school for both day and boarding pupils.

Some famous novels use boarding schools as their setting. Examples include the* Harry Potter* series by J.K. Rowling;* A Little Princess* by Frances Hodgson Burnett; *The Catcher in the Rye *by J.D. Salinger;'' the Malory Towers, St. Clare's *and *The Naughtiest Girl *series* *by Enid Blyton; and *Nicholas Nickleby ''by Charles Dickens.  

## References