open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Family Ties (song)

"**Family Ties**" (wrote in all lowercase) is a song by American rappers Baby Keem and Kendrick Lamar. The song was released on August 27, 2021, by Columbia Records and PGLang. The song was the fourth single from Keem's first album, *The Melodic Blue*. The song was also Lamar’s first song under PGLang, a production company he co-founded in March 2020.

"Family Ties" was Lamar's first single and new music since "Pray for Me" with Canadian singer The Weeknd, released in 2018. The song also was the first official collaboration between Keem and Lamar, who are real-life cousins, as well as the single’s cover art putting them in a family portrait, which pays homage to the album cover of Lamar's 2012 album *good kid, m.A.A.d city*. The  music video has a cameo from singer Normani and won the 2022 BET Award for Video of the Year.

## Accolades 
The song was given two nominations at the 2022 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, winning Best Rap Performance. It also was given two nominations for Song of the Year and Video of the Year at the 2022 XXL Awards.

In the first scene, the music video begins with a moshpit of black men, who are wearing black bombers and sunglasses around Keem and Lamar, with the two artists wearing orange clothes. Black ballerinas are also in the scene. In the second scene, Lamar raps about still being big in hip-hop despite taking a break. Near the end of the music video, Normani appears in a stretch limo SUV with the two rappers, before the rappers make their last lines. Throughout the video, clips of different sizes and themes are placed on top of the video, being above the ones below them. The video is put into two "scenes", with scene 1 having Keem's section, and scene 2 having Lamar's section.

## Critical reception 
In a review for the song, *Pitchfork* wrote that "Kendrick's oddball (weird) raps and nonsensical flow switches express a newfound (new) creative freedom. His future is his own."

## Charts 
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts 
## Certifications 
## References
Kata'ib Hezbollah

'''Kata'ib Hezbollah''' () is a radical Iraqi Shia paramilitary group. Kata'ib Hezbollah's allegiance is to the government of Iran. The group is controlled by the Quds Force, which is a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which is a branch of the Iranian Armed Forces.

Kata'ib Hezbollah is officially listed as a terrorist organization by the governments of Japan, United Arab Emirates, and the United States.

## History
The group attacked the United States military and Iraqi military on 20 January 2024. In retaliation for the attack, the United States launched airstrikes against the group four days later.

## Related pages 
* Red Sea Crisis

## References
Philautus juliandringi

***Philautus juliandringi*** is a frog.  It lives in Malaysia in Gunung Mulu National Park.  People have seen it between 700 and 2000 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in trees that grow where thereis limestone in the ground. Scientists believe this frog lays eggs in pitcher plants but they are not sure.

Scientists say this frog is in a small amount of danger of dying out, but only small because one of the places it lives is a protected park, where human beings do not cut down the forest.

## First paper
*

## References
Southampton Old Bowling Green

**Southampton Old Bowling Green** is a bowls ground. It is in Southampton, England. It is the world's oldest surviving bowls pitch. It was first used in 1297.

## References
Tim Mason

**Timothy Mason** (born September 16, 1974) is a Canadian bowls player. He was born in Penetanguishene, Ontario.

## Career
Mason found bowls when he moved to West Vancouver. He had played hockey, tennis and golf. He won the Canadian bowls championship twice.

## References
Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone

'''Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone'* (*Hugh the Great O'Neill*; c. 1550 – 20 July 1616) was an Irish Gaelic lord, Earl of Tyrone (known as the Great Earl) and led a famous rebellion against English rule from *1595 to 1603'', known as the Nine Years’ War, or Tyrone’s Rebellion. O'Neill's career was played out against the background of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, and he is best known for leading a coalition of Irish clans during the Nine Years' War, the strongest threat to the House of Tudor in Ireland since the uprising of Silken Thomas against King Henry VIII.

## Early life and rise 
Hugh was born around 1550. As a young boy, he was raised by an English settler, which helped him learn English ways. Later, he inherited the title of Earl of Tyrone and used both Gaelic and English connections to expand his influence.

## Rebellion begins 
From 1595, Hugh led a rebellion against English control in Ulster, Ireland’s north. He worked with other Irish leaders and used clever tactics to fight English forces. At one point, he won a major battle at Yellow Ford by defeating a large English army.

## End of the war 
Despite his successes, the rebellion failed. In 1603, Hugh surrendered and made peace with the English crown. After this, new laws and settlements gradually ended the traditional Gaelic rule in Ireland.

## Flight of the Earls 
In 1607, Hugh left Ireland with other Irish nobles and went to continental Europe—a move known as the Flight of the Earls. He died in Rome in 1616.
Junghans Mega

**Junghans Mega** is the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands. It was made in 1991 by the German watchmaker Junghans.

## Description 
The watch has a part gold-plated steel case. It has a white face with two gold hands and a rectangular LCD. It is protected by a circular, scratch-resistant glass. The brown leather band holds the antenna for getting time signals. The watch is equipped with time zone adjustment, a calendar (day, date, month), digital seconds, internal time memory, signal reception indicator and a transmitter call button.

## Technical Specifications 
The MEGA has a radio receiver and wrist antenna for getting time signals on 77.5 kHz (longwave). 

The watch syncs with the time signal at 2:00 and 3:00 AM. If there are problems, it tries again every hour until 6:00 AM. In 1991, they made the analog version MEGA with hands.

## References
Turlough Lynagh O'Neill

'''Sir Turlough Lynagh O'Neill'* (1532 – September, 1595) was an Irish Gaelic lord of Tír Eoghain in early modern Ireland. He was inauguratedupon Shane O’Neill’s death, becoming *The O'Neill''. From 1567 to 1595, Sir Turlough Luineach O'Neill was leader of the O'Neill clan, the most powerful family in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. He was knighted in 1578. And lord of Ireland
Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme

'''Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme''' is a candy bar made by The Hershey Company and was introduced in 1994.  It is a flat, white chocolate bar, shaped cookie bits. The standard-sized bar has 12 rectangular blocks arranged in a 3X4 grid.
Some Guys Have All the Luck

"**Some Guys Have All the Luck**" is a 1973 song by American R&B group The Persuaders and made number 39 in the United States and number 64 in Canada. It was covered by Robert Palmer in 1982 and Rod Stewart in 1984 and went to number 10 in the United States. It was taken from Stewart's 13th studio album *Camouflage*.
Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way

"**Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way**" is a 1975 song by Waylon Jennings. It was taken from his 22nd studio album *Dreaming My Dreams*. It went to number 60 in the United States. It topped the single charts on the country charts. In 2010 it was covered by country band Alabama for the tribute album *The Music Inside: A Collaboration Dedicated to Waylon Jennings, Volume One*.

## References
Loosen Up My Strings

"**Loosen Up My Strings**" is a 1998 song by country singer Clint Black and is the fifth single from his seventh studio album ''Nothin' But the Taillights''. It went to number 12 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts and number 6 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks charts.

## References
A Really Haunted Loud House

**A Really Haunted Loud House** is a 2023 comedy TV movie.
## Cast
* Wolfgang Schaeffer as Lincoln Loud
* Jahzir Bruno as Clyde McBride
* Lexi DiBenedetto as Lori Loud
* Eva Carlton as Leni Loud
* Sophia Woodward as Luna Loud
* Catherine Ashmore Bradley as Luan Loud
* Annaka Fourneret as Lynn Loud Jr.
* Aubin Bradley as Lucy Loud
* Mia Allan as Lana Loud
* Ella Allan as Lola Loud
* Lexi Janicek as Lisa Loud
* Brian Stepanek as Lynn Loud Sr.
* August Michael Peterson as Lily Loud
Aulorhamphus

***Aulorhamphus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene. It's assigned to the Gasterosteoidei in the order Scorpaeniformes.

## Related pages 
* Aspidorhynchus
* Balistomorphus
* List of prehistoric bony fish genera

## References 
# "Gasterosteiformes". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved November 11, 2012.

## Further reading 
* Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". *Bulletins of American Paleontology*. **364**: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
Guido Burgstaller

**Guido Burgstaller** (29 April  1989 in Villach) is an Austrian football player. The forward plays for SK Rapid Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
 in 2016]]

:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Burgstaller goal''.

## Honours
**Individual**
*Austrian Bundesliga top scorer: 2022–23

## References
Control-V

**Control-V** is a computer shortcut. In most operating systems, it is used to paste (insert) text or other content from the clipboard.

## References
C. H. Greenblatt

**C.H. Greenblatt** (born June 17, 1972) is an American animator who has worked on a few episodes of *SpongeBob SquarePants*, he created three cartoons, *Chowder* for Cartoon Network and *Harvey Beaks* for Nickelodeon.

## References 
## Other websites
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

**Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi**, also known as **Ala Hazrat**, (Urdu: أَعْلَىٰ حَضْرَتِ إِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ رَضَـا خَانٍ بَرِيلَوِيٍّ) was an Indian Islamic scholar, theologian, jurist, preacher, and poet from Bareilly, British India. He is revered as the founder of the Barelvi movement and the Razvi branch of the Qadiri Sufi order. Considered a polymath, he wrote extensively on law, religion, philosophy, and sciences, mastering both rational and religious subjects. He was a reformer who defended Prophet Muhammad and popular Sufi practices, influencing millions of people. Today, the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers in the region.

## References
Needful Things (movie)

***Needful Things*** is a 1993 American horror movie directed by Fraser Clarke Heston and was based on the 1991 novel of the same name by Stephen King. It stars Ed Harris, Max von Sydow, Bonnie Bedelia, Amanda Plummer, J. T. Walsh, Shane Meier, Don S. Davis and W. Morgan Sheppard.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Parallel Lives

**Parallel Lives**, also known as '''Plutarch's Lives**, **Comparative Lives**, **Lives of Illustrious Men**, and the **Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''' is a book written by the famous writer, philosopher, and priest Plutarch in ancient Rome. The book is made of pairs of biographies (stories of people's lives) each comparing one Greek man and one Roman man of a similar life. These pairs are set to show moral quality and moral motivation in the people Plutarch writes about. 

There are 23 pairs of stories, and 4 biographies that are unpaired, but that Plutarch still wrote. Some of the pairs include Demosthenes and Cicero, Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great, and Theseus and Romulus. The surviving biographies mention another dozen. The many biographies are often grouped in many volumes.

## Content 
A pair of Biographies, originally about Epaminondas and either Scipio Africanus or Scipio Aemilianus has been lost to history. Other lives have been shortened and have large lacunae (gaps), and/or have been messed with by writers of later times.

An example of Plutarch's Lives being important is Plutarch's life of Alexander the Great, which is one of the few writings about Alexander the Great, despite being a secondary or tertiary source. It has parts of Alexander's life that no other source has. The same is true of the life of Numa Pompilius, which has unique details on the early ancient Roman calendar. Plutarch has been celebrated for the liveliness and warmth of his Parallel Lives that have attracted many readers throughout its existence.

## Other websites 
* University of Chicago English text of Plutarch's *Parallel Lives*.
*
Tom Sawyer (song)

"**Tom Sawyer**" is a 1981 song by Canadian progressive rock band Rush and is the third single from their eighth studio album *Moving Pictures*. It went to number 44 in the United States, number 25 in the United Kingdom, number 24 in Canada and did not chart anywhere in the world. It is based on the book *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer* by Mark Twain.

## References
Prabhat Kumar

**Prabhat Kumar** is an Indian politician and retired civil servant. He was the Cabinet Secretary of India from 1998 to 2000. He is the first governor of the State of Jharkhand.

## References
Roland Kollmann

**Roland Kollmann** (8 October 1976 in Villach) is a former Austrian football player. He played as striker mainly for GAK. He also played for the Austrian national football team. In 2004 he was top scorer of the league with 27 goals.
## Career 
Kollmann started his football career at his hometown club SC Landskron. He moved to FC Tirol Innsbruck. After a serious injury he moved to   FC Kärnten in the Second league.He was an important player there for the promotion. 2001 he went to Twente Enschede but due to injuries he was not successful. In the 2001/02 winter break he came back to Austria and played for  Grazer AK. There he celebrated his greatest successes. He became top scorer in the 2003/04 season and champion and cup winner in the same year. 2007 he went to SK Austria Kärnten. 2008 he came back to GAK. 2011 he left GAK and went to SVG Bleiburg in the Kärntner Landesliga (4th tier)  In January 2013, Roland Kollmann moved to Klagenfurter AC in the fifth-class Unterliga Ost. He was not used in any championship games there. So he ended his career as a football player.
## Interntional 
Kollmann made eleven appearances for the Austrian national football team, in which he scored four goals. He debuted on 26 March 2003 in a 2-2 draw versus Greece. His last match was on 9 February 2005 versus Latvia. 
## International statistics
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kollmann goal.''

## Manager career 
2010 he was assistance coach with GAK. On April 3, 2012, Kollmann took over the position of head coach at Bleiburg . He then moved to Florida, where he accepted the position of Director of Coaching at the Schulz Academy. He also was  a junior coach there. From 2017 onwards he was coach of two clubs from lower classes.

## References
Lonely Street (Carl Belew song)

"**Lonely Street**" is a 1959 song by Andy Wiliams and is the title track to fifth studio album *Lonely Street*. It was written by Carl Belew and Kenny Sowder. It has been covered by a number of artists since its release.

## References
One Armed Scissor

"**One Armed Scissor**" is a 2000 song by American post-hardcore band At the Drive-In. It was taken from their third studio album *Relationship of Command*. It went to number 64 in the United Kingdom, number 85 in Australia and number 26 on the *Billboard* Alternative Airplay chart.

## Track listing
# "One Armed Scissor" – 3:45
# "Pattern Against User" – 3:18
# "Incetardis" – 3:26

## References
Gasterosteoidei

**Gasterosteoidei** is a suborder of ray-finned fishes that includes the sticklebacks and relatives. It is currently classified in the order Scorpaeniformes.

## Systematics 
Gasterosteoidei is treated as a suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes in the 5th edition of *Fishes of the World*, but in other classifications it is treated as the infraorder Gasterosteales.

Historically, Gasterosteoidei was called the **Gasterosteiformes**. Recent studies show that the more typical members of that group (like scorpionfishes) arecloser to the "true" Gasterosteiformes, so we can see why it was changed.

## Families and genera 
* Family Hypoptychidae Steindachner, 1880 (Korean sandlance)
** *Hypoptychus* Steindachner, 1880
* Family Aulorhynchidae Gill, 1861 (Tubesnouts)
** *Aulichthys* Brevoort 1862
** *Aulorhynchus* Gill, 1861
* Family Gasterosteidae Bonaparte, 1831 (Sticklebacks)
** *Apeltes* DeKay, 1842
** *Culaea* Whitley, 1950
** *Gasterosteus* Linnaeus, 1758
** *Pungitius* d'Annone, 1760
** *Spinachia* Cuvier, 1816
* Family Indostomidae Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 (Armoured sticklebacks)
** *Indostomus* Prashad & Mukerji, 1929
 (*Aulorhynchus flavidus*)]]

## Characteristics 
These fish have the possession of an upper jaw and a well developed upward pointing process on the premaxilla. They have small mouths. The body usually has dermal plates.

## Extinct genera 
Here are two of the extinct genera of the Gasterosteoidei:

* *Aulostomoides*
* *Paramphisile*

## Related pages 
* Gabanellia
* Scorpaeniformes

## References 
# "Gasterosteoidei". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
# Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2022). "Gasterosteidae" in FishBase. June 2022 version.

## Other websites 
* Gasterosteiformes on Animal Diversity Web
New Market, Alabama

**New Market** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP). It is located in Madison County, Alabama, United States.
## References
## Other websites
*
McMurdo Dry Valleys

and the Dry Valleys]]
The **McMurdo Dry Valleys** are valleys in Antarctica that have no snow. The Valleys have very low humidity and surrounding mountains stop the flow of ice from nearby glaciers. The rocks here are granites and gneisses. It is one of the driest places on Earth.

## References
Qatari passport

The **Qatari passport** (Arabic: جواز السفر القطري) is a passport document issued to citizens of Qatar for international travel.

## Visa requirements
## Electronic passport
On April 20, 2008, the issuance of the Qatari electronic passport began, making the State of Qatar the first Arab country to use the electronic passport.
## References
Short mat bowls

**Short mat bowls** is a sport. It is a version of bowls. Players roll balls down a carpet to get closer to a smaller ball, called a jack. The game is played on a rollable carpet. It is much shorter than other types of bowls. The carpet is 40-45 feet long and 6 feet wide.

## References
New Market

**New Market** may refer to:
## In India
* New Market in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
* New Market in Kolkata, West Bengal
## In Jamaica
* New Market in Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica
## In United States
* New Market, Alabama
* New Market, Iowa
* New Market, Maryland
* New Market, Tennessee
* New Market, Virginia

## Other uses
* Newmarket, Suffolk
* Novi Pazar, a city in Serbia
Al Jazeera America

**Al Jazeera America** was an American pay television news channel. It was owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network. It was launched on August 20, 2013. It was headquartered and run from studios on the first floor of the Manhattan Center in New York City. In January 2016, the channel announced that it would close on 12 April 2016, citing the "economic landscape".
Airtight Games

**Airtight Games** was an American independent video game developer based in Redmond founded in 2004. It was made up of former members of FASA Studio, Will Vinton Studios and Microsoft, as well as several other studios, with key members included president and creative director Jim Deal, art director Matt Brunner, and co-founder Ed Fries.

## History 
Airtight Games was formed in 2004 by the core team that shipped the Xbox title *Crimson Skies: High Road to Revenge*. Their first title was the 2010 action game *Dark Void*, published by Capcom and released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms.

In 2012 they released a puzzle-platform game with Square Enix as publisher, titled *Quantum Conundrum*. They followed this up with two mobile games for iOS in 2012 and 2013, and *Soul Fjord*, a hybrid roguelike/rhythm game developed as an exclusive title for the short-lived Ouya console and released in 2014.

In June 2014 they released the adventure-mystery game *Murdered: Soul Suspect*, published by Square Enix and released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Earlier that year the studio had laid off 14 employees, and its creative director Kim Swift joining Amazon Game Studios. A month later Airtight Games closed in July 2014.

## Games developed
## References
## Other websites
*
Stephanie D'Abruzzo

'''Stephanie D'Abruzzo'* (born December 7, 1971) is an American voice actress and puppeteer who is best known for her role as Uma in *Oobi*.

## Filmography 
**The Varsity Cafe (TV, 1990)* – Frieda
**Sesame Street* (1993–present) – Prairie Dawn (Since 2016), Elizabeth, Mrs. Crustworthy (Since 2016), Lulu, Curly Bear, Googel, Additional Muppets
**The Puzzle Place* (1995) – Jody Silver and Pink Piece Police (Season 2)
**The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss* (TV, 1996) – Little Cat B, Annie DeLoo, Max the Dog, Jane Kangaroo, Pam-I-Am, Sue Snue, Sarah Hall-Small, Additional Muppets
**Elmo's World'' (1998) – Curly Bear, Elizabeth, Pillow, Diva D'Abruzzo, Additional Muppets
**The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland* (1999) – Grizzy, Pestie
*''Elmo's World: The Wild Wild West* (2001) – Googel (Monster Clubhouse segment only)
**Scrubs* (2001) – Patti (6.06, 8.19), AM Muppet (Ex Ray- 8.05)
**The Book of Pooh* (TV, 2001–2003) – Kessie
**Jack's Big Music Show'' (2005) – Gertrude the Groundhog, Scat Cat
Volume (bibliography)

A **volume** in bibliography is a single book in a series of many books of the same topic. These may be hand-written or printed. most volumes are labeled in order of sequence, labeled in either Roman numerals or Arabic numerals. 

Volumes may be published by the intent of the author, or they may be created from many bound issues (A single publishing of a numbered arranged publication). For an example of the latter, a library might bind the issues of a periodical newspaper or periodical journal into volumes. the word volume could also be used for an issue of a single periodical newspaper, journal, or magazine.

A publisher may on its own publish a volume out of earlier published issues; common in graphic novels. A volume may be made up of entries, as in an encyclopedia, or chapters, as in a monograph.
Donnchad mac Briain

**Donnchadh mac Briain**, also spelled **Donnchad mac Briain** (died 1064), was a King of the Munster Kingdom in Ireland. Brian Bóruma was the first man to establish himself as High King of Ireland by the force of arms in many centuries.

## References
Muirchertach Ua Briain

**Muircheartach Ua Briain** (anglicised as '''Murtaugh O'Brien'''; c. 1050 – c. 10 March 1119), son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain and great-grandson of Brian Boru, was King of Munster and later self-declared High King of Ireland.
Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill

**Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill**, also called **Máel Sechnaill Mór** or **Máel Sechnaill II** (949 – 2 September 1022), was a King of Mide and High King of Ireland. His great victory at the Battle of Tara against Olaf Cuaran in 980 resulted in Gaelic Irish control of the Kingdom of Dublin.

## References
Battery swapping

**Battery swapping** is an electric vehicle technology that enables the rapid exchange of a depleted battery with a fully charged one. This method provides a swift alternative to traditional charging, commonly applied in electric forklifts. It offers an efficient solution for maintaining electric vehicle functionality without prolonged charging delays.

## History 
As far back as 1896, people were talking about a service where you could swap out a used-up battery for a fully charged one. The Hartford Electric Light Company actually started offering this service between 1910 and 1924. They did this through the GeVeCo battery service, mainly for electric trucks. If you owned a vehicle, you'd buy it without a battery and then get one separately from the General Vehicle Company (GeVeCo), which was partly owned by General Electric.

Beginning in 1917, a similar service operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Electric cars. A rapid battery replacement system was implemented to service 50 electric buses at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## References
Kings of Ireland

This page serves as an index of lists of kings of the Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland of the Early Medieval 

* List of High Kings of Ireland
* Kings of Ailech
* Kings of Airgíalla
* Kings of Brega
* Kings of Breifne
* Kings of Connacht
* Kings of Dál nAraidi
* Kings of Dál Riata
* Kings of Déisi Muman
* Kings of Desmond
* Kings of Dublin
* Kings of East Breifne
* Kings of Fer Manach
* Kings of Leinster
* Kings of Magh Luirg
* Kings of Mide
* Kings of Munster
* Kings of Osraige
* Kings of Síol Anmchadha
* Kings of Tara
* Kings of Thomond
* Kings of Tír Chonaill
* Kings of Tír Eoghain
* Kings of Uí Cheinnselaig
* Kings of Uí Failghe
* Kings of Uí Maine
* Kings of Uisnech
* Kings of Ulster
* Kings of West Breifne
Lacunae

**Lacuna** (plural lacunas or lacunae) can be:

## Related to the meaning "gap"
* Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work
**Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves in the *Codex Regius* where there was heroic Old Norse poetry
* Lacuna (music), an intentional, extended passage in a musical work during which no notes are played
* Scientific lacuna, an area of science that has not been studied but has potential to be studied
* Lacuna or accidental gap, in linguistics, a word that does not exist but which would be permitted by the rules of a language
* Lacuna, in law, largely overlapping a *non liquet* ("it is not clear"), a gap (in the law)
### In medicine
* Lacuna (histology), a small space containing an osteocyte in bone, or chondrocyte in cartilage
* Muscular lacuna, a lateral compartment of the thigh 
* Vascular lacuna, a medial compartment beneath the inguinal ligament
* Lacuna magna, the largest of several recesses in the urethra

## Other uses
* Lacuna (comics), a fictional Marvel Comics character
* *Lacuna* (film), a 2012 Chinese romantic comedy film 
* *Lacuna* (gastropod), a genus of sea snails in the family Littorinidae
* *Helcogramma lacuna* (*H. lacuna*), a species of fish in the genus *Helcogramma*
* *Mallomonas lacuna* (*M. lacuna*), a species of heterokont algae
* Lacuna Island, Antarctica
* Jessie Lacuna (born 1993), a Filipino swimmer
* *The Lacuna*, a 2009 novel by Barbara Kingsolver
* Lacuna, Inc., a fictional company in the 2004 film *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind*
* Lacuna, the name of several lakes of Titan, the moon of Saturn
99 Cents Only Stores

**99 Cents Only Stores** was an American price-point retailer chain. It is based in Commerce, California. There are stores located in California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. It offers "a combination of closeout branded merchandise, general merchandise and fresh foods." It was founded in 1982. In September 2023, 99 Cents Only Stores announced that they sold their Los Angeles County warehouse. In October 2023, Fitch Ratings reported that 99 Cents Only Stores was nearing a potential Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.

On March 28, 2024, the company warned that it may be forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy within weeks as it faces a liquidity shortfall and a stalled-asset sale. It also began talks referring to liquidation.

On April 4, 2024, 99 Cents Only Stores announced that it would permanently close all of its remaining 371 locations and lay off its 14,000 employees within the coming months, with liquidation sales to be held by Hilco Global. "Going out of business" sales began at all locations on April 5. The company blamed the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing inflation, and shifting consumer demand.

## History 
In 1960, David Gold thought of a liquor store. He decided that making the liquor 99 Cents to stand out was perfect.

In 1982, David made the first 99 Cents Only Stores in Inglewood, California.

In 1992, the company went public. To celebrate, David made all television sets 99 cents.

## References
HD 221170

**HD 221170** is a very metal-poor red giant star in the constellation Pegasus, located 1,810 light-years from Earth. This star has a spectral type of CEMP-R. It has 76% the Sun's mass but, as a giant star, is 35 times wider and 3,600 times more luminous than the Sun, while its effective surface temperature is cooler, at 4,248 K (3,975 °C).

The name HD 221170 is because it is the 221,170th stars in the Henry Draper catalogue, however, the star does not have HR number, because it is too faint to visible by naked eye.

The name HIP 115949 is because it is the 115,949th star in the Hipparcos catalogue, and the name SAO 73293 is because it is the 73,293rd star in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star catalogue.

## References
Ferrari F40

]]

The **Ferrari F40** is a sports car produced by Ferrari from 1987 to 1992. Starting at approximately $400,000, it has a twin-turbo V8 engine that made it one of the fastest cars of its time, reaching a top speed of about 367 km/h (228 mph). Designed to celebrate Ferrari's 40th anniversary, the F40 was the last car approved by Enzo Ferrari himself and remains a highly prized collector's car today.
Lynnwood, Washington

**Lynnwood** is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is part of the Seattle metropolitan area. 38,568 people lived here at the 2020 census. It is the headquarters of Zumiez.

## References
Positions (song)

**"Positions"**  (stylized in as "**positions**") is a song by Ariana Grande from her album *Positions (album)*. It was released on October 23, 2020, by Republic Records. It reached the top of the *Billboard* Hot 100. It is Grande's fifth US number-one single.

(C) 2020 Republic Records Inc.

## References
Thanaleng

**Thanaleng** is a railway station in Laos. In 2024, Thai authorities said that (some) trains had traveled from Nong Khai station (in Thailand), to Thanaleng station.

## References
Loppa

**Loppa** is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. In 2022, 859 people lived there. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Øksfjord.

The mayor, Cato Kristiansen, is elected until late 2027.
## Related pages 
* List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027
Uthmaniyya

The **Uthmaniyya** () were adherents of an early Islamic doctrinal stance which originated in the aftermath of Caliph Uthman's assassination in 656 CE. The Uthmaniyya continued to support the deceased caliph and sought revenge for his murder. The Battle of the Camel (656 CE) and the Battle of Siffin (657 CE) occurred while ʿUthmāniyyas fought ʿAlīds.

According to Isma'ili Shi'as, the Uthmaniyya had accepted the verdict of the arbitrators appointed at Siffin and held that Uthman had been murdered unjustly. Consequently, they repudiated the rebellion against Uthman and the resulting caliphate of Ali. In addition to the partisans of Mu'awiya I, the Uthmaniyya included the upholders of the principles of the early caliphate, the rights of the non-Hashemid early companions of the Prophet Muhammad to the caliphate. The Uthmaniyya adopted their own anti-Shi'a policies such as the cursing of Ali from the pulpits after Friday prayers, a policy instituted by Mu'awiya.

Amr ibn al-As, Mu'awiya bin Hudayj, the Egyptian Uthmaniyya, and a bulk of the Syrians were responsible for the killing of Kinana ibn Bishr, the assassin of Uthman, and his men, which comprised the vanguard of Muhammad bin Abi Bakr, at al-Musannat.

In Yemen, the Uthmaniyya withheld their alms tax to Ali and joined the rebels of Sana'a. They also protested Ali’s appointing of Ubayd Allah bin al-'Abbas and Sa’id bin Nimran.

## Related pages
* Arabs
* History of Islam
* Muslims
* Ummah
* Non-denominational Muslims
* Umayyad Caliphate
* Islamic state
* Caliphate
* Islamic golden age

## References
Medieval philosophy

instructs a pupil in the "Kitab na‘t al-hayawan" (On the Characteristics of Animals) from Baghdad.]]

**Medieval philosophy** was the thinking or philosophy that happened during the Middle Ages, a time from around the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries. It started in Baghdad, now the capital of Iraq, in the 8th century and later in France in the court of Charlemagne. During this time, people rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman cultures and tried to connect religious teachings with worldly knowledge, especially focusing on understanding God.
 
The history of medieval philosophy is usually divided into two parts: the time in the Latin West until the 12th century, marked by the rediscovery of Aristotle and Plato, and the "golden age" of the 12th to 14th centuries in the Latin West. This period saw a revival of ancient philosophy, including the works of Arabic commentators. It also brought significant developments in the philosophy of religion, logic, and metaphysics.

## Features 
 from Hamadan.|left]]
Medieval philosophy focused a lot on theology. Most medieval thinkers, except for a few like Avicenna and Averroes, didn't see themselves as philosophers but admired writers like Plato and Aristotle. However, they used philosophical methods to explore challenging theological questions. Medieval thinkers like Augustine and Thomas Aquinas made significant contributions to the philosophy of time and metaphysics.

The key principles guiding medieval philosophers were using logic and analysis to find the truth (ratio), respecting the ideas of ancient philosophers and aligning philosophical insights with theological teachings (concordia).

A major debate during this time was about faith versus reason. Avicenna and Averroes leaned towards reason, while Augustine emphasized the authority of God over philosophical investigations. Anselm tried to reconcile faith and reason, proposing an approach that allows for both. The Augustinian solution to the faith/reason problem was to believe first and then seek understanding (fides quaerens intellectum), a perspective followed by Christian thinkers, especially the scholastic philosophers like Albert the Great, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Medieval philosophy". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
*Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Literary forms of Medieval Philosophy". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1931 Lublin tornado

On **July 20, 1931**, at ok. **19:00** a violent tornado struck the city of Lublin in Poland. The damage from the tornado was rated high **F4**/low end **F5** on the Fujita scale by the European Severe Storms Laboratory. The tornado killed six people and injured at least **100** others.

## Related pages
*List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes

## References
Aulorhynchus

***Aulorhynchus flavidus***, the **tubesnout** or **pipe fish**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish that is found off the western coast of North America. It is a member of its family, Aulorhynchidae. It is also part of its suborder, the Gasterosteoidei.

## Etymology 
*Aulorhynchus*, the genus name, is a combination of *aulos*, meaning "flute", and *rhynchus*, which means "snout", a reference to the flexible tubular snout of this species The specific name, *flavidus* means "yellowish".

## Description 
*Aulorhynchus flavidus* is an elongated fish that is small in size. It looks like a stickleback, but has a thinner, longer body, with 24 to 27 small spines in front of the dorsal fin.

### Length 
The tubesnout grows to 18 cm (7.1 in) in total length.

### Snout 
*Aulorhynchus flavidus* possesses a long snout, hence its common name.

## Its diet 
*Aulorhynchus* likes to feed on small planktonic crustaceans, including amphipods, mysids, and crab larvae.

## Biology 
Like sticklebacks, these little fish produce a sticky secretion from their kidneys when breeding. *Aulorhynchus* attaches its eggs to kelp. Spawning occurs throughout the year, and males protect nest sites by defending them from predators. This species is also found in public aquariums.

## Habitat 
The tubesnout lives in shallow marine waters off the Pacific coast of North America to a depth of 30 m (98 ft). It inhabits rocky crevices, kelp beds, eelgrass, and areas with a sandy bottom substrate.

## Status 
Accodring to the IUCN Red List, this fish is a least-concern species.

## Gallery 
## References 
# Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Aulorhynchidae" in FishBase. October 2012 version.
# Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "*Aulorhynchus flavidus*" in FishBase. October 2012 version.
# Pollom, R. (2017). "Aulorhynchus flavidus". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
A Tear Fell

"**A Tear Fell**" is a 1956 song by Teresa Brewer and went to number 2 in the United Kingdom and number 5 in the United States. Its B-side to her single *Bo Weevil* and was covered by Billy "Crash" Craddock and Ivory Joe Hunter.

## References
Kawakawa, New Zealand

**Kawakawa** is a small town in the Far North District and in the Bay of Islands. It once had coal mining until the early 20th century and focuses its economy on farming. It has a primary school, a high school and hospital situated in the town. It has State Highway 1 and State Highway 11 intersecting in the town.

## References
Kenneth Eugene Smith

**Kenneth Eugene Smith** (July 4, 1965 – January 25, 2024) was an American murderer who became the first person in the world to be executed by inert gas asphyxiation.

## Murder of Elizabeth Sennett 
Smith was sentenced to death for the murder of Elisabeth Sennett in 1988, he and another man accepted $1,000 to end her life, the order was carried out by Sennett's husband who intended to collect the life insurance–to pay off some debts. Smith's partner in crime, a man named John Forrest Parker, was also sentenced to death and executed in 2010.

## Attempted execution and final execution 
In November 2022, Smith was scheduled to be executed by lethal injection, but the execution was stayed after the execution team was unable to connect the intravenous lines to Smith in the time available before the expiration of the death warrant issued by the Alabama Supreme Court. As part of a settlement between the state and Smith, the state agreed not to continue Smith's execution by lethal injection (the default primary method of execution in Alabama) and instead make use of a secondary novel method of execution, nitrogen hypoxia.

## References
List of rulers of Gwynedd

This is a **list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Gwynedd**. Many of them were also acclaimed "King of the Britons" or "Prince of Wales".
## List of Kings or Princes of Gwynedd
Cunedda Wledig ap Edern (Cunedda the Imperator) (c. 450–c. 460).

Maelgwn *Hir* ap Cadwallon (Maelgwn Gwynedd) (c. 520–c. 547).

Cadwallon ap Cadfan (c. 625–634).

Cadwaladr *Fendigaid* ap Cadwallon (Cadwallader the Blessed) (c. 655–c. 682).

**Rhodri Mawr** (Rhodri the Great) ap Merfyn (844–878).

Anarawd ap Rhodri (878–916)

Hywel *Dda* ap Cadell (Howell the Good) (942–950)

Gruffydd ap Cynan (1081–1137)

Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd (1137–1170).

Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd r. 1170; 

**Llywelyn Fawr** (Llywelyn the Great) ap Iorwerth (1195–1240),

**Dafydd ap Llywelyn** (1240–1246).

**Llywelyn the Last** ap Gruffydd (1246–1282).

**Madog ap Llywelyn** (1294–1295)

**Owain Lawgoch** (Owain Redhand) ap Tomas ap Rhodri (1372–1378),
Eobard Thawne

**Professor Eobard Thawne**, also known as **Professor Zoom** and the **Reverse-Flash**, is one of the main antagonists of the DC Comics universe, specifically serving as one of the two main antagonists (alongside Gorilla Grodd) of *The Flash* franchise and media.

## Publication history 
Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, the character first appeared in *The Flash* #139 (September 1963).

## Fictional character biography 
He is a scientist from the 25th century obsessed with Barry Allen, the speedster hero known as The Flash, who developed the means to channel the Speed Force in order to replicate the Flash's powers, eventually creating his own Negative Speed Force. After encountering his idol and discovering that he was destined to become the Flash's archenemy, Thawne dedicated himself to destroying Flash's allies and making his life miserable; most notably, killing his mother Nora and framing his father Henry for the crime.

Following the events of Flashpoint, he became a "living paradox"—a being completely disconnected from the timeline—allowing him to use his abilities without consequence, and return from death indefinitely. He is one of the three arch-nemeses (alongside Gorilla Grodd and Captain Cold) of Barry Allen, being his most personal adversary, He also appears as an enemy towards Batman and the Justice League.

## In other media 
The character has been adapted in various media incarnations, having been portrayed in live-action by Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher in The CW's Arrowverse franchise, most notably in the television series *The Flash*.
Province of East Prussia

What is East Prussia called today?

Kaliningrad

The northern part of East Prussia is the region of **Kaliningrad, Russia**. The city of Kaliningrad was originally known as Königsberg. The southern part is the voivodeship of Warmia-Masuria, Poland.

East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878; following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg. East Prussia was the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast. 

King William I appointed **Otto von Bismarck** as the new Minister President of  in 1862. The Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria from the federation's affairs and ended the previous German Confederation
Lukas Weißhaidinger

**Lukas Weißhaidinger** (born 20 February 1992) is an Austrian discus thrower and shot putter. He won bronze medals at the 2018 European Championships, 2019 World Athletics Championships and 2020 Summer Olympics.

## References
One Summer (song)

"**One Summer**" is a 1989 song by Australian singer Daryl Braithwaite and is the third single from his second studio album *Edge*. It went to number 8 in Australia, number 4 in Sweden and number 5 in Norway.

## Track listing 
*Side A "One Summer" – 3:42
*Side B "Pretending to Care" – 3:39
Brunnenthal, Austria

**Brunnenthal** is a municipality in Schärding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ohoka

**Ohoka** is a small township in the Waimakariri District, New Zealand on the northern outskirts of Christchurch. It has a school in the township and in 2022 a new subdivision proposed would include 1,000 houses, ships and retirement village.

## References
Aubilly

**Aubilly** is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Marne department

## References
Uarbryichthys

*]]
***Uarbryichthys*** is an extinct genus of macrosemiiform fish from fossil beds near the Talbragar River Bed. It is a lake-dwelling fish that lived during the Upper Jurassic of Australia. It has the following species:

* *Uarbryichthys latus* Wade, 1941 (type)
* *Uarbryichthys incertus* Wade, 1953

## Description 
*Uarbyichthys* is the largest of the macrosemiids. It is characterized by a large head, with a pointed snout and a small mouth placed in a terminal position, and cartouche-shaped bones. The body is laterally compressed. The dorsal fin is big and high, especially in the front.

The anal and pelvic fins were small, while the pectoral fins were large and fan-shaped. It had a forked caudal fin. 

## Classification 
*Uarbryichthys'' is a representative of the Macrosemiidae, a group of ginglymodian fishes. It is also the only known macrosemiid in Australia.

## Some images 
## Related pages 
* Ichthyodectes
* Gasterosteoidei

## References 
# Bartram, A. W. H. 1977. The Macrosemiidae, a Mesozoic family of holostean fishes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology series 29:137-234. p. 82.
# Bartram, A. W. H. 1977. The Macrosemiidae, a Mesozoic family of holostean fishes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology series 29:137-234. p. 71.
Paging

In computing, **paging** is the name of a technology that allows virtual memory. Sometimes, it is called **swapping**. It means that the operating system has a table, where it maps virtual adresses to real adresses. As the  virtual address space is usually larger than the computer memory, a page is loaded when it is first accessed. In that context, *page* means a small part of memory, with data in it. Processors also do this, in a part of the processor called the memory-management unit, or MMU. Most of the time, the page that is loaded needs to replace anoher page, which is written to disk. There are different stragegies what page to replace. Among them are FIFO Buffers, and LRU.
Data warehouse

A **data warehouse** is a centralized place where data from many different sources can be stored.

An ETL model separates data in the warehouse based on whether they have already been extracted, transformed or loaded.
-based data warehouse architecture]]
An ELT model first loads the data into the warehouse and transforms the data after it's been loaded.

## Why it is useful 
A data warehouse needs effort to be created alongside the source storage. 

* Allows to view data from multiple sources in one place
* It doesn't slow down the source storage while running queries
* Allows to check data history

As opposed to a datamart, a data warehouse stores data for the whole company, not just for a given topic in the company.

## Information storage 
### Facts 
A fact is a value.

### Dimensional versus normalized approach for storage of data 
There are three or more leading approaches to storing data in a data warehouse&nbsp;– the most important approaches are the dimensional approach and the normalized approach.

#### Dimensional approach 
A fact is concrete piece of data. Dimensions are the metadata about the fact.

Separation between data (facts) and contextual metadata (dimensions) makes the data warehouse simpler. 

Some disadvantages of the dimensional approach are the following:

# When loading data from different systems some dimensions may be missing.
# If organization changes its business, both facts and dimensions may change . Changing to new structure requires either supporting reading from both old and new structure or converting old structure to the new structure.

#### Normalized approach 
In the normalized approach, the data in the data warehouse are stored partially according to database normalization rules. Normalization removes data duplication by splitting each piece of data into entities. Each entity (e.g. customer, product, sale) relates to other entities. Reading a piece of data requires joining these entities together making reads slower.

## References
Montcabrier, Tarn

**Montcabrier** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Gallery 

Montcabrier (Tarn) Aerial view .jpg|Montcabrier

## References
Boscov's

'''Boscov's'''  is a family-owned department store. It has 50 locations in the Northeastern United States.  Its headquarters are in Exeter Township, Pennsylvania, near Reading. Twenty-six of these stores are located in Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1914.
It Takes Two (Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song)

"**It Takes Two**" is a 1966 song by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston. It was taken from their duet album *Take Two* and went to number 16 in the United Kingdom and number 14 in the United States and Canada.

## Rod Stewart and Tina Turner version
In 1990 Rod Stewart and Tina Turner covered *It Takes Two* for the Pepsi television commercial. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom and topped the single charts in Denmark.

## References