open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth Shepherd

**Elizabeth Shepherd** (born 12 August 1936) is an English character actress whose long career has encompassed the stage and both the big and small screens. Her television work has been especially prolific. Shepherd's surname has been variously rendered as **"Shephard"** and **"Sheppard".**

## Career
Shepherd began acting in television series in 1959. In 1960, she appeared in an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel, *The Citadel*. She was the original choice to play Emma Peel in the 1960s television series *The Avengers*. However, after filming nearly two episodes, Shepherd left the production and was replaced by Diana Rigg.

In 1970 she appeared on Broadway in Barry England's *Conduct Unbecoming*, a story of the British Army in Kipling's India, as Mrs Hasseltine. She was praised for her performance in *Time* magazine. Shepherd was pictured in *Time* along with her co-stars, the pop singers Jeremy Clyde and Paul Jones, who began their roles as British subalterns in London during 1969.

In film she appeared as both Lady Rowena and Ligeia in Roger Corman's *The Tomb of Ligeia* (1964), as well as in *Damien: Omen II* as the ill-fated reporter Joan Hart, *The Kidnapping of the President*, *Deadly Companion* and *Amelia*. Her TV work includes the cult series *The Corridor People* (1966), the 1978 miniseries *The Bastard*, and *The Cleopatras*, a BBC historical drama.

Elizabeth Shepherd has acted in numerous stage plays in both Shakespearean and contemporary dramas. As well as teaching drama at the Stella Adler school, she starred in "December Fools" in 2006 at the Abingdon Theater in New York. In 2014, she starred in a Canadian production of *Driving Miss Daisy*.

An article in the *Toronto Star* reported an incident of Shepherd being a victim of identity theft and mortgage fraud in 2006.

In 2019 she released an audiobook of Edgar Allan Poe's *Ligeia* along with other Poe tales. The CD has been met with critical acclaim.

## Filmography
* ''The Queen's Guards* (1961) - Susan
* *What Every Woman Wants* (1962) - Sue Goodwin
* *Blind Corner* (1964) - Joan Marshall
* *The Tomb of Ligeia* (1964) - The Lady Rowena Trevanion / The Lady Ligeia
* *Hell Boats* (1970) - Alison
* *The Duchess of Duke Street* (1976) - Series 1, episode 7 - Diana Strickland
* *Damien: Omen II* (1978) - Joan Hart
* *Deadly Companion* (1980) - Frances
* *The Kidnapping of the President* (1980) - Joan Scott
* *Love* (1982) - Mrs Wiseman (segment "Julia")
* *Invitation to the Wedding* (1985) - Lady Caroline
* *Head Office* (1985) - Mrs Issel
* *Criminal Law* (1988) - Dr Sybil Thiel
* *Mustard Bath'' (1993) - Matthew's mother
* *Time to Say Goodbye?* (1997) - Teresa Rodriguez
* *The White Raven* (1998) - Hannah Rothschild
* *The Spreading Ground* (2000) - Mayor Hackett
* *Desire* (2000) - Mrs Waterson
* *Amelia* (2009) - Frances Putnam

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
List of characters in the Khamba Thoibi

being tortured by the elephant, under the evil plans of Nongban and Chingkhu Akhuba, but Moirang Thoibi rescued him in time.]]
 hunting the Khoirentak tiger.]]
Khamba Thoibi is one of the longest epic poems in the world. It was composed by Hijam Anganghal. The characters are mostly historical, along with the addition of mythological features. The most important characters of the Khamba Thoibi can be said to include: Thangching, Khuman Khamba, Moirang Thoibi and Nongban. Other significant characters include Khamnu, Kabui Salang Maiba, Iwang Puriklai Chingkhu Telheiba, Chingkhu Akhuba, Puremba, Ngangkha Leima, Senu and Soura. Deities mentioned in the epic include Koiren Leima, Panthoibi, Khuman Apokpa.

## List 
### Ayangleima 
**Ayangleima** (ꯑꯌꯥꯡꯂꯩꯃ) is the name identifying three goddesses, who are the two Koiren Leimas and Panthoibi. All these goddesses are said to play significant role in appearing at the dreams of both Khuman Khamba as well as Moirang Thoibi at appropriate timing to save something from destruction.

### Kabui Salang Maiba 
**Kabui Salang Maiba** (ꯀꯕꯨꯏ ꯁꯂꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯕ) is an old experienced high priest and a king of the Kabul village. He is an old friend of Khuman Puremba. So, after the death of Khuman Puremba, he willingly brought up Khuman Khamba and Khamnu, the children of his friend. He taught several skills and training to Khuman Khamba during the later's stay at his village.

### Khamnu 
**Khamnu** (ꯈꯝꯅꯨ) is the daughter of Ngangkhaleima, the wood nymph and Chingkhu Telheiba, the king of Ancient Moirang. But she was born in the house of Khuman Puremba, as her mother got a second marriage to the later. After the demise of her parents, she brought up her younger brother, Khuman Khamba, bearing every sufferings right from her childhood.

### Khuman Apokpa 
Little is mentioned about **Khuman Apokpa** (ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯑꯄꯣꯛꯄ), the progenitor of the Khuman dynasty in the epic. The cult of Khuman Apokpa is mainly worshipped by the people of Khuman blood. Once when Moirang Thoibi visited him, unable to think what should be done, Khuman Khamba wear an elongated basket and hide himself in a corner of the house. When the princess saw him, she asked Khamnu what is the object. At this, Khamnu replied that it is the Khuman Apokpa. Though witty Thoibi knew the truth, she willingly bow down to Khamba.

### Khuman Khamba 
**Khuman Khamba** (ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯈꯝꯕ) is the son of Khuman Puremba, a brave warrior and Ngangkhaleima, a wood nymph. He is best known for being a paragon of far reaching adventures and masculinity. He is a lover of Moirang Thoibi and after killing the Khoirentak tiger, he got married to the princess.

The term "Thoibi" means perfection or completion of beauty and accomplishments.

## References
Hkakabo Razi

**Hkakabo Razi** is a  mountain in Asia. It is in the Burmese Himalayas range of the Kachin State in northern Myanmar. This mountain is in 3 countries: Myanmar , India, and China. It is the highest mountain in Myanmar. It has been protected as a national park since 1998. The mountain is in Kachin State, the northernmost state of Myanmar.

Takashi Ozaki (Japan, 1951 – May 14, 2011) and Nyima Gyaltsen (aka "Aung Tse"; Myanmar) made the first ascent in 1996. The route to basecamp is long (four weeks). A dense rain forest needs to be traversed, with many unbridged stream crossings. Before 1993, foreigners were not allowed travel to the area. This may be one of the reasons why the first successful climb was only done recently.

In 2013, the nearby peak of Gamlang Razi was climbed and measured at  using an advanced version of GPS, making it possibly the highest in Myanmar. Ozaki had confirmed Hkakabo's height as 5881 m, but he did not yet have the GPS equipment to measure the exact height of Hkakabo Razi.

A team was sent out, to measure the exact height, in 2014. They had to turn back at a height of . They estimated that the summit was  higher. Therefore, its exact height is unknown.

## References
## Other websites
Red-skirted tree frog

The **red-skirted tree frog** (*Dendropsophus rhodopeplus*) is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil.  Scientists have seen it as high as 1200 meters above sea level.

This frog is yellow and dark red in color. The adult male frog is 15.34 to 25.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is  26.8 to 27.7 mm long.  It lays eggs whenever the weather is good for laying eggs.

## References
Quadruple whole note

The **quadruple whole note** (also called a **longa**, **long**, or **quadruple note**) is a note that is 4 times the value of a whole note which is where it gets its name. In the \frac 4 4 time signature it has a value of 16 beats or 4 measures.

For more information about this note, go to the Wikipedia article "Longa (music)".
Octuple whole note

or half note rest and the height of a quadruple whole note rest.]]
The **octuple whole note** (also called a **maxima**, **duplex longa**, or **larga**) is a note that has a value of 8 times a whole note, which is where it gets its name. In the \frac 4 4 time signature it has a value of 32 beats or 8 measures.

## References
*
* 
*
*
*
C (musical note)

**C** or **Do** is the first note of the C major scale.
## Designation by octave
### Middle C 
**Middle C** is the musical note C that is in the middle of the piano keyboard.  It is not perfectly in the middle of the keyboard, but very nearly. When you compare all the Cs in the piano, it is the one nearest to the middle.

When writing Middle C in music notation, it is below the stave when using the treble clef and just above the stave when using the bass clef.  This is shown in the first and last notes of the musical example below.  The Middle C sits on a ledger line (an extension of the stave written just for one note).

## References
Maikei Ngaakpa Lai

A **Maikei Ngaakpa Lai** is a member of the Guardian deities ("Ngaakpa Lai"s) of the ten directions ("Maikei"s) in Meitei mythology and religion. The foremost of them are Marjing (Malching), Thangjing (Thangching), Koubru (Koupalu) and Wangbren (Wangpulel).

## Four Major Directions 
The deities who guard the four directions are as follows:
### Awang koubru 
**Koupalu** (ꯀꯧꯄꯂꯨ) or **Koubru** (ꯀꯧꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ) is the Guardian of the North West direction. He is the patron of the Mount Koubru in Northern Manipur.

### Marjing 
**Marjing** (ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ) or **Malching** (ꯃꯥꯜꯆꯤꯡ) is the Guardian of the North East direction. Besides, he is the inventor of the Sagol Kangjei, a primitive form of modern polo, and Meitei horse. He rides on Samadon Ayangba, a mythical winged horse.
### Thangching 
**Thangjing** (ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ) or **Thangching** (ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ) is the Guardian of the South West direction. Besides, he is the patron deity of the Ancient Moirang.
### Wangpulel 
**Wangpulel** (ꯋꯥꯡꯄꯨꯂꯦꯜ) or **Wangbren** (ꯋꯥꯡꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ) is the Guardian of the South East direction. Besides, he is the deity of underwater world and disaster.

## Four Cardinal Directions 
### Kounu 
**Kounu** (ꯀꯧꯅꯨ) is the Guardian of the Northern direction. She is the goddess who dwells in the snows of far north. She is the consort of Koupalu and the mother of Loyalakpa.

### Lok Ningthou 
**Lok Ningthou** (ꯂꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ) is the Guardian of the Southern direction. Little is known or mentioned about him in the legends.
### Loyalakpa 
**Loyalakpa** (ꯂꯣꯌꯥꯂꯥꯛꯄ) or **Loyarakpa** (ꯂꯣꯌꯥꯔꯥꯛꯄ) is the Guardian of the Western direction. He is the only son of Koupalu and Kounu. He is best known for having a divine wrestling match with Khoriphaba.
### Nongpok Ningthou 
**Nongpok Ningthou** (ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ) is the Guardian of the Eastern direction. He is the patron of the Nongmaiching Hill in Eastern Manipur.

## Two Extra directions 
There are two extra directions, which are zenith (upwards) and nadir (downwards).
The two deities are:
### Salailen 
Salailen Sitapa (ꯁꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯟ ꯁꯤꯇꯄ) is the Guardian of the upward direction. Besides, he is the king of gods and the ruler of heaven.

### Thongalel 
**Thongalel** (ꯊꯣꯡꯉꯥꯂꯦꯜ) is the Guardian of the downwards direction. Besides, he is the god of the death and the ruler of the underworld kingdom.

## References
Squishy toys

**Squishy toys** are common in most toy stores, and can help people with anxiety and ADHD. at the moment, squishy toys are popular and are becoming a trend. 

The stores that you can find them in are DAISO, Target, Fred Meyer, Ross, and HOBBY LOBBY. You can find many types of squishy toys in the listed stores.

Many people create videos about them. Many have different varieties of names such as "funky egg", "marble mesh", and "mochi".
Milbertshofen-Am Hart

**Milbertshofen-Am Hart** (Central Bavarian: *Muibatshofa-Am Hoart*) is a borough in the north of Munich in Germany. The three boroughs **Milbertshofen**, **Am Riesenfeld** and **Am-Hart** formed to create **Milbertshofen-Am Hart**. As of January 2020 it had a population of 76,670.

## References
Schwabing

**Schwabing** is a borough in the north of Munich, Bavaria.

## Maps 

File:München - Stadtbezirk 04 (Karte) - Schwabing-West.png|Borough 4 Schwabing-West: position in Munich
File:München - Stadtbezirk 12 (Karte) - Schwabing - Freimann.png|Borough 12 Schwabing-Freimann: position in Munich

## References
Ugarit

**Ugarit** (; , *ʼUgart*;  *Ūġārīt* or  *Ūǧārīt*) was an ancient port city in northern Syria. It is in the outskirts of modern Latakia. It was discovered by accident in 1928 together with the Ugaritic texts. Its ruins are often called **Ras Shamra** due to the headland on which they are found.

Ugarit had close connections to the Hittite Empire. It also sent tribute to Egypt at times and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (then called Alashiya). This is documented in the archives recovered from the site. It is confirmed by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from c. 1450 BCE until its destruction in c. 1200 BCE. This destruction was possibly caused by the mysterious Sea Peoples or internal struggle. The kingdom would be one of the many that fell apart during the Bronze Age Collapse.

## References
Exit sign

An **exit sign** is a pictogram in a public place that shows where the nearest emergency exit is, in case of an emergency that requires people to evacuate.

Exit signs are designed to be very understandable and clear to anyone. In the past, exit signs usually showed the word "EXIT" (or the equivalent in the local language), but increasingly exit signs around the world are pictograms, with or without additional text.

## References
Sri Lankan rupee

The **Sri Lankan rupee** is the currency of Sri Lanka. It is divided into 100 cents. It is issued by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.
Carving

famous for its extraordinary marble stone carvings and architectural design.]] 
 wood carving]]

**Carving** is the act of using tools to shape  a material by scraping away portions of that material. It can be done on any material solid enough to hold a shape, yet soft enough for portions to be scraped away with tools. 

Examples of material with potential for carving: 
# Wood
# Stone
# Brick
# Plaster (when dry; but usually moulded when moist)
# Bone

Carving is different from methods using soft and malleable materials like clay and melted glass.  Carving needs more work.

* Stone carving
* Wood carving

## References
Kunja Bojji

**Kunja Bojji** (10 February 1926 – 12 April 2021) was an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He represented the Bhadrachalam seat in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly between 1985 and 1999. He belonged to the Koya community.

## References
Yang Xiong (politician)

**Yang Xiong** (; November 1953 – 12 April 2021) was a Chinese politician and business executive. He was Mayor of Shanghai.

On 17 January 2017, Yang resigned as mayor. He was replaced by Ying Yong.

Yang died surprisingly on 12 April 2021 at Huashan Hospital from heart failure.  He was 67.

## References
Hada Samaton Ayangba

**Hada Samaton Ayangba** is a Meitei language theme song of the 8th Manipur Polo International 2014, sung by Mangka Mayanglambam and composed by M. Mangangsana. The song writer was B. Jayantakumar Sharma and presented by the Laihui Ensemble of Manipur. The theme of the song is dedicated to Samadon Ayangba, the winged mythical flying horse used by Marjing, the ancient Meitei deity of Sagol Kangjei, the traditional form of modern polo.

## Lyrics 
## References
Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association

The **Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association** (MHRPA) is a non profit organization established in 1977. It primarily works in the domain of Sports, Food and Nutrition and Animal and Wildlife. Its primary office is in Imphal, Manipur. The association organises the annual Manipur International Polo Tournament in the Imphal Polo Ground.

## References
Nokia N93i

**Nokia N93i** was a version of the Nokia N93 that was considered "better". It was told and released on November 11, 2006 and then discontinued in 2012. It was also the first of Nokia Nseries.

## History 
Nokia N93 was a new version of **N93i**. It was told by Nokia Nseries on November 11, 2006 at "The Verge" in West Hollywood, California. 

On November 19, 2006, Google had said that the YouTube app had been added to the new Nokia N93i. Nokia N93i was shown at The Verge on November 22 and November 23 at Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida. 

In January 8, 2007, Nokia had announced the Nokia N93i has partnered the news version like Nokia N93, after release on July 11, 2006, The N93i was developed  and the news version was released. On January 16 and January 17, 2007 it was launched for sales. Nokia N93i had been released on January 26, 2007 as it was being developed. People working at Nokia had been connecting to people and had reached the public on January 30 and February 1, 2007.

## Reception 
Nokia N93i has showing for performance  reach on July 7, 2007. Nokia N93i has public reach at St. Louis Hotel in Santa Monica, California. Nokia N93i had legacies for sales that had next expired on August 8, 2007. In September 2007, Nokia N93 had expired and was no longer for sale, and it stopped selling before September 30. 

Nokia N93i had stopped being available in February 8, 2012, Nokia N93i was also no longer available including Nokia N93, that the Nokia Corporation had stopped. It was based as discontinued, because it had expired its support lifecycles.

## Functions and design 
### Camera and connecting 
The camera in Nokia N93i had released for its news version partner, with 24cm for 80cm, the Nokia N93i camera has small features in camera for connecting Tube of World, Nokia N93i had features for the public.

## Other websites 
* https://nokia.com/family/nokian93i
International humanitarian law

**International humanitarian law** is a set of laws recognised by most countries that tries to limit the destructive effects of war, such as the Geneva conventions.

## Related pages 
*Humanitarianism
*Laws of war
Lagaan

***Lagaan*** (), released internationally as ***Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India***, is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language musical sports film written and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, and produced by and starring Aamir Khan, along with debutant Gracy Singh and British actors Rachel Shelley and Paul Blackthorne in supporting roles.

The film is set in 1893, during the late Victorian period of India's colonial British Raj. The story takes place in a small village in Central India, whose settlers, overloaded by high taxes, and several years of drought, find themselves in an bizarre situation as an arrogant British army officer challenges them to a game of cricket, as a wager to avoid paying the taxes they owe. The narrative spins around this situation as the villagers face the extremely difficult task of learning a game that is strange and new to them and playing for a result that will change their village's destiny.

*Lagaan* released on 15 June 2001, clashing with *Gadar: Ek Prem Katha* starring Sunny Deol and Ameesha Patel. *Lagaan* received worldwide critical acclaim and awards at international film festivals, and many Indian film awards and it became a blockbuster. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Made on a very expensive of  the movie was a humongous project from Aamir Khan Productions and was filmed in villages near Bhuj.

## Cast 
* Aamir Khan as Bhuvan Latha
* Gracy Singh as Gauri
* Rachel Shelley as Elizabeth Russell
* Paul Blackthorne as Captain Andrew Russell
* Suhasini Mulay as Yashoda Maa, Bhuvan's mother
* Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Raja Puran Singh
* Rajendra Gupta as Mukhiya Ji
* Raghubir Yadav as Bhura (fielder)
* Rajesh Vivek as Guran (seamer)
* Raj Zutshi as Ismail (batsman)
* Pradeep Rawat as Deva Singh Sodhi (all-rounder)
* Akhilendra Mishra as Arjan (batsman), the blacksmith.
* Daya Shankar Pandey as Goli (seamer), the man with the largest piece of land.
* Shrivallabh Vyas as Ishwar (wicket-keeper), the *vaidya* (doctor) in the village and Gauri's father.
* Yashpal Sharma as Lakha (batsman), the woodcutter.
* Amin Hajee as Bagha (batsman), the mute drummer.
* Aditya Lakhia as Kachra (spinner), the untouchable.
* Javed Khan as Ram Singh, Indian who works with British and helps Elizabeth in translating villagers language.
* A. K. Hangal as Shambu Kaka
* Amin Gazi as Tipu
* John Rowe as Colonel Boyer
* David Gant as Major Warren
* Thor Halland as Captain Roberts
* Jeremy Child as Major Cotton

## References
Manipur International Polo

**Manipur International Polo** or **Manipur Polo International** is an annual international polo sports competition organised in Imphal, the capital city of Manipur. The main venue is Mapal Kangjeibung, the oldest pologround in the world. It is organized under the aegis of the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association (MHRPA) in the aim to popularize the game across India and the world. Several nations including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Haiti, India, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom, Uruguay and United States participate in the championship competing with the team of players from Manipur. Notably, team for India is named "INDIA-A" team (represented by Indian Polo Association) and team for Manipur is named "INDIA-B" team (represented by MHRPA).

## References
Arctic Council

The **Arctic Council** is a high-level forum between governments. It addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic. The Council is formed of eight countries: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. All of these countries have sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle. There are also some observer states. 

The Council was formed in 1996 by the Ottawa Declaration. It is designed to encourage cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states. The Council meets every six months for a Senior Arctic Officials (SAO) meeting. Senior Arctic Officials are representatives of the member states. Every two years a Ministerial Meeting is held. A "Declaration" is produced at this meeting. It sums up the past work of the Council and its future plans.

## Membership 
The Council is made up of member and observer states, as well as Indigenous "permanent participants" and observer organizations.

### States 
#### Member states 
To be a member, a state must have territory in the Arctic. The member states are:

* Canada
* Denmark; representing Greenland
* Finland
* Iceland
* Norway
* Russia
* Sweden
* United States

#### Observer states 
Observer status is open to non-Arctic states. They must be approved by the Council at the Ministerial Meetings. Observers have no voting rights in the Council. Currently, thirteen non-Arctic states have observer status.

Current observer states are (2019):

* Germany, 1998
* Netherlands, 1998
* Poland, 1998
* United Kingdom, 1998
* France, 2000
* Spain, 2006
* China, 2013
* India, 2013
* Italy, 2013
* Japan, 2013
* South Korea, 2013
* Singapore, 2013
* Switzerland, 2017

## References 
## Other websites 
* www.arctic-council.org – Arctic Council
* Arctic nations meet as tensions and temperatures run high (2021) Bangkok Post
The Rubbish World of Dave Spud

***Dave Spud*** is a  British animated children's television series featuring the surreal adventures of the eponymous Dave Spud of Grimsby, his friends and tower block-dwelling family. It was created and directed by Edward Foster, inspired by his 2003 NFTS student short 'Anna Spud'. It was developed into a pilot in 2010 produced by  The Illuminated Film Company. 26 11-minute installments were commissioned, whilst the soundtrack was composed by electronic group Basement Jaxx.

## Voice cast
* Johnny Vegas as Dave Spud
* Lisa Hammond as Anna Spud
* Philip Glenister as Betty Spud (Mum)
* Arthur Smith as George Spud (Dad)
* Jane Horrocks as Gran Spud 
* Gina Yashere as Gareth
* Akiya Henry as Little Sue
* Adam Gillen as Robert Robot
* Additional voices: David Holt, Roger Griffiths, Dave Peacock, Edward Foster

## Series overview 

## Episodes
### Season 1 (2019)
### Season 2 (2020-2021)
### Shorts (2022)
### Season 3 (2023-2024)
## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Kiko, Crown Princess of Japan

, born ; 11 September 1966), is the wife of Fumihito, Prince Akishino, the brother of the current emperor of Japan, Naruhito.

## References
E (musical note)

**E** or **Mi** is the first note of the E major scale. 
## Designation by octave
## F flat
**F** is a enharmonic equivalent of **E**, but is not usually seen as the same note. It is used in places where there is an E♭ that would come before an **E**. The **F** would then replace the **E** which would help avoid confusion in the notation.
Fetal viability

**Fetal viability** is a medical and a legal term. It describes the ability of an unborn child to survive outside the womb. For the first three months of pregnancy, the unborn child is called embryo, after that it is called fetus. Usually, children are born after 40 weeks of pregnancy. Very few children are born before the mother reaches 24 weeks of pregnancy. If they are born alive, very few will survive. About 50 to 70 percent of children born from the 25th week of pregnancy will survive. In the 24th week, the survival chance is 30 to 50 percent. The point at which the child has a 50 percent chance of surviving is called **limit of viability**.

## Related pages 
* Miscarriage 
* Abortion 
* Parental danger and pregnancy
Cuffs

***Cuffs*** are a layer of fabric put at the wrists. It can either be separate or as a part of long sleeves.

## References
Swift (programming language)

Swift is a general-purpose programming language made by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2014, Swift has been known to be used for making iOS applications.

## History 
The development of Swift started in July 2010 by Chris Latner, with many other software programmers at Apple. Swift was made as a replacement for another programming language called Objective-C. 

On June 2, 2014 the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference(WWDC) application became the first application written in Swift. A beta version of the app was released to the registered Apple developers.

In 2016, during the WWDC 2016, Apple announced an iPad only app called Swift Playgrounds, made to teach people how to code with Swift.

During WWDC 2019, Apple announced SwiftUI with Xcode 11.

## Examples 
Here is a Hello world program written in swift.

```swift
// Swift "Hello world!" Program

print("Hello world!")
```

## Platforms 
Swift supports operating systems like: Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, and Apple's operating systems (Darwin,iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, watchOS)

## References
2015 Wimbledon Championships

The **2015 Wimbledon Championships** was a Grand Slam tennis tournament. It took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, England, from 29 June to 12 July 2015.

## Point and prize money distribution 
### Point distribution 
Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event.

#### Senior points 
#### Wheelchair points 
#### Junior points 
### Prize money 
The total prize money for the 2015 Wimbledon Championships was £26.75m. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £1.88m. The figures for doubles events are per pair.

## Singles players 
;2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

;2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

## References
Socialist Republic of Serbia

The **Socialist Republic of Serbia** (), known as the '''People's Republic of Serbia''' () until 1963, was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It became a federated republic of Yugoslavia in 1944. It included what is now Serbia and Kosovo.
Pure, White and Deadly

***Pure, White and Deadly*** is a 1972 book by John Yudkin, a British nutritionist and former Chair of Nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College, London. The book is mainly about speaking out against sugars and its harmful effects, such as obesity and heart disease. The book and other research done by Yudkin has been mocked by the sugar industry despite the proof from other studies.

## References
Perseverance (rover)

**Perseverance** is a Mars rover launched July 30, 2020. It arrived in the Jezero Crater on Mars February 18, 2021. On the same day, it captured its first picture of Mars. The rover carried, among other things, an oxygen generator, 17 different cameras and the first ever helicopter to be flown on Mars, *Ingenuity*.

In April 2021, the oxygen generator in the *Perseverance* created oxygen from carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere.

On August 6, 2021, the first sample-collection experiment was attempted, and failed. The drill hole was successful,  but later data revealed that the rock had crumbled, leaving no core to collect. 

## References
Longest word in Romanian

The **longest word in Romanian** is , the long name of  (silicosis), at 44 letters long. It is a chronic respiratory disease. Its name in English is *pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis* and it is the longest English word in a major English dictionary. However, the *Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române* ("Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language", DEX)

The longest Romanian words are:

*  − 44 letters, a silicosis disease. It is not in the DEX.

## Related pages
* Longest words
* Longest word in English
* Longest word in French
* Longest word in Spanish
* Longest word in Turkish

## References
Pena (musical instrument)

A **Pena** is a mono string musical instrument falling in the lute category. It is a traditional music instrument of Manipur and is usually used by the folk singers of Meitei ethnicity, while performing folk music. It is commonly seen in performance during the Lai Haraoba festival also. Pena performance is a dying art form in Manipur as there are only 145 active artists reported in the state. Several organizations including the Laihui Ensemble, are trying their best to preserve the endangered form of traditional art from extinction.

## References
## Other websites
* http://manipuronline.com/culture-society/manipuri-shamanistic-music-reaching-out-to-gen-next/2010/12/23
A High Wind in Jamaica (movie)

***A High Wind in Jamaica*** is a 1965 British adventure movie directed by Alexander Mackendrick and was based on the 1929 novel of the same name by Richard Hughes. It stars Anthony Quinn, James Coburn, Deborah Baxter, Dennis Price, Lila Kedrova, Nigel Davenport, Isabel Dean, Trader Faulkner, Gert Fröbe and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

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Western Ghats

The **Western Ghats** is a mountain range in India. It is also called, "Sahyadri." The Western Ghats run north to south. It is about  long, by  wide. It is between the Deccan Plateau and the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats have mountains, hills, and plateaus. The tallest mountain in the Western Ghats is called Anai Mudi. Anai Mudi is 2,695 m tall.  

The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hot spot. A biodiversity hot spot is a place with many plants and animals. Some of the plants and animals only live in one place. Also, a biodiversity hot spot is in danger because of human activities. This hurts the plants and animals that live there. So, the Western Ghats are important for plants and animals, but there are also many humans there too. The Western Ghats have 17% of the world's tigers. The Western Ghats have 30% of the world's elephants.

There are three important rivers that start in the Western Ghats. The Krishna, Godavari, and Kaveri rivers all have their source in the Western Ghats.

The Western Ghats have monsoons. Monsoons are seasonal storms. Monsoons cause flooding.

## References
Betania tree frog

The **Betania tree frog** (*Dendropsophus pelidna*) is a frog that lives in the Andes Mountains in Venezuela. Scientists have seen it between 1200 and 2400 meters above sea level.

## References
Kagemusha

is a 1980 Japanese American war drama movie directed by Akira Kurosawa and starring Tatsuya Nakadai, Tsutomu Yamazaki, Kenichi Hagiwara, Jinpachi Nezu, Hideji Ōtaki, Daisuke Ryu, Kaori Momoi, Mitsuko Baisho, Hideo Murota, Kōji Shimizu. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1981.

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The Pawnbroker

***The Pawnbroker*** is a 1964 American psychological drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Edward Lewis Wallant. It stars Rod Steiger (in his Oscar nominated role), Geraldine Fitzgerald, Brock Peters, Thelma Oliver, Jaime Sánchez, Juano Hernández and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

## Other websites
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Gynecomastia

***Gynecomastia*** is when the breast in male humans are bigger than normal. It can happen to any male.

## Types of gynecomastia 
* True Gynecomastia / Glandular Hypertrophy
* Pseudogynecomastia
* Mixed

## References 
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Laihui Ensemble

The **Laihui Ensemble** is a centre for research on traditional and indigenous performing arts, based on Imphal, Manipur. It was established in 1985.
The association is performing different art shows at different venues across different nations in the world. Mangka Mayanglambam is one of the most active artists of the ensemble, and is trying her best to revive the dying art forms of Manipur including the Moirang Sai.

## Repertoires 
### Selected performances 
* Uraolol, an ode to the tree - 2005
* Harao Seigonna Jagoi (Divine dances of love from the Lai Haraoba) - 2005-06
* Ode to the Yaiphabi (Mothers' daughter) Manipuri Music Esplanade - 2006
* Lai Haraoba - 2006
* Lei Langba, Moirang Parva, Traditional musical play - 2006-07
* Songs and Shaman dances of Manipur - 2007
* Ithanglen O! Athouba, Heroes, Heroines and Warriors - 2007-08
* Leishem Thanghai - 2008
* Phou-oibi, the rice goddess - 2009
### Other works 
* Pena Phamshak - Men's Ballad
* Moirang Sai - Women's Ballad

## References
## Other websites
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.Profile_on_laihui
Minecraft Multiplayer Fun

"**Minecraft Multiplayer Fun**" is a video made by Felix Kjellberg. He put it on his YouTube channel (named PewDiePie) on 2 October 2010. It is the oldest video on his channel that people can still watch. The video shows Kjellberg and his friend playing the video game *Minecraft*. 

## History 
Kjellberg made his YouTube channel on 29 April 2010. He made one before, called PewDie, but he forgot the password to it. The first video he put on the old channel was a different video about *Minecraft*. He removed the video and does not have it again. "Minecraft Multiplayer Fun" has been said by some mass media to be the first video Kjellberg put on the newer channel. Kjellberg said he was "so shy back then". He said that sitting in a room and talking to a microphone was "so ". The video has Kjellberg and his friend Xebaz talking in Swedish and English. The next videos he put on his channel are all in English.

## Reception 
As of April 2021, "Minecraft Multiplayer Fun" has been seen more than 18 million times. *Business Insider* said that the video helped Kjellberg become a "huge YouTube star" (celebrity).

## References 
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Pamela Melroy

**Pamela Ann Melroy** (born September 17, 1961) is a retired United States Air Force officer and a former NASA astronaut. She was the Deputy Administrator of NASA from 2021 until 2025 during the Joe Biden administration. She served as pilot on Space Shuttle missions STS-92 and STS-112 and commanded mission STS-120 before leaving the agency in August 2009. 

Melroy will be inducted into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.

## References
Channel 4 News

***Channel 4 News*** is the main daily news programme on British TV channel, Channel 4. It is produced by ITN and has been running since Channel 4 started on 2 November 1982. It is broadcast Monday to Friday between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. On weekends, it is broadcast at different times that can change each week. Its editor has been Ben de Pear since 2021.

## On-air team
### Current newscasters
*Krishnan Guru-Murthy (1998–present)
*Matt Frei (2011–present)
*Cathy Newman (2011–present)
*Jackie Long (2015–present)
*Fatima Manji (2016–present)

### Former newscasters
*Godfrey Hodgson (1982–85)
*Sarah Hogg (1982–85)
*Trevor McDonald (1982–89)
*Gavin Scott (1982–86)
*Peter Sissons (Lead presenter 1982–89)
*John Suchet (1982–1988)
*Sandy Gall (1983–84)
*Alastair Stewart (1983–87)
*Sue Turton (1983–2010)
*Carol Barnes (1984–92)
*Sonia Ruseler (1984–92)
*Nicholas Owen (1985–91)
*Norman Rees (1985–87)
*Brenda Rowe (1985–87)
*Tristana Moore (1986–99)
*Sue Carpenter (1988–90)
*Zeinab Badawi (1989–98)

*Jon Snow  (Lead presenter 1989–2021)
*Fiona Armstrong (1990–91)
*Fiona Murch (1991–94)
*Shahnaz Pakravan (1991–95)
*Dermot Murnaghan (1992–95)
*Sarah Spiller (1992–93)
*Alex Thomson (1999–2004)
*Samira Ahmed (2000–11)
*Kirsty Young (2000–2002)
*Katie Razzall (2005–2015)
*Sheena McDonald

## References
#
Allstate

The **Allstate Corporation** is an American insurance company, headquartered in Northfield Township, Illinois.

Allstate is a large corporation, it ranked 79th in the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total income.

## History 
The idea for Allstate Insurance Company came during a bridge game in 1930. Insurance broker Carl L. Odell proposed to Wood, his neighbor, the idea of selling auto insurance by direct mail. *Allstate Insurance Company*, named after Sears’ tire brand, went into business on April 17, 1931, offering auto insurance by direct mail and through the Sears catalog.

In 1934, Allstate opened its first sales office in a Chicago Sears store.

Allstate added products throughout the 1950s, including fire insurance in 1954 and homeowners and life insurance in 1957. 

Allstate began selling insurance to Canadians in 1953. Allstate Insurance Company of Canada was registered in 1964.

In 1991, the company went public before becoming completely independent in 1995.

In 1996, their website www.allstate.com was launched.

In 2012 *Allstate Solutions Private Limited* (also called Allstate India) was opened in Bangalore which is a technology and operations centre to provides software development and business process outsourcing services to its US parent.

In 2018 — 2019, Allstate collaborated with Red Cross helped in liquidation of consequences of natural disasters in Hawaii and California.

In July 2020, Allstate announced bought of company National General Insurance for $4 billion.

## References
André Benoît François Hyacinthe Le Berthon

**André Benoît François Hyacinthe Le Berthon** was a French politician. He was born on January 7, 1713 in Bordeaux (Gironde) and died April 17, 1800 in Paris.

He was the first president of the Parliament of Bordeaux on the death of his father in August 1766.

Simon-Antoine Delphin de Lamothe, admitted to the Parliament of Bordeaux at the age of 18. The pleasure of munching on his colleagues from the Palace arouses strong protests to bring the first President André-Benoît-François-Hyacinthe Le Berthon to intervene.

He was received at the Bordeaux Masonic Lodge La Française in 1773 and was its perpetual venerable from 1779.

In August 1787, the Parliament of Bordeaux, having taken up the defense of the tax-burdened people, was again exiled to Libourne. King Louis XVI again fearing riots agreed to return to Parliament in August 1788.

He was a member of the nobility at the Estates General of 1789, showing himself open to reforms. 

## References
Hardly Working

***Hardly Working*** is a 1980 American comedy movie directed by Jerry Lewis (who also stars) and also starring Susan Oliver, Roger C. Carmel, Deanna Lund, Harold J. Stone, Steve Franken, Buddy Lester, Leonard Stone.

## Other websites
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Heinz

The **H. J. Heinz Company** is an American food processing company headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## History 
Heinz was founded by and is named for Henry J. Heinz, who was born in the United States to German immigrants.

Henry J. Heinz began packing food at Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1869. There he founded Heinz Noble & Company with a friend, L. Clarence Noble, and began marketing horseradish.

The company went bankrupt in 1875. The following year Heinz founded another company, F & J Heinz, with his brother John Heinz and a cousin, Frederick Heinz. One of this company's first products was Heinz Tomato Ketchup.    

In 1888, Heinz bought out his two partners and reorganized the company as the H. J. Heinz Company.   

In 1905, H. J. Heinz was registered, and Heinz became its first president, holding that position for the rest of his life. Under his leadership, the company pioneered processes for sanitary food preparation.

In 1930, Howard Heinz, son of Henry Heinz, helped to fight the downturn of the Great Depression by selling ready-to-serve soups and baby food. They became top sellers.      

During World War II, Heinz helped the UK with food shortages. In the postwar years, factories of the company were built in other countries.     

In 2001, Heinz bought the pasta sauce, dry bouillon and soup business of Borden Foods.     

On February 14, 2013, it was announced that Heinz will be bought by Berkshire Hathaway and 3G Capital for $23 billion. Berkshire Hathaway and 3G would each own half of Heinz, with 3G manage the company. The acquisition was completed in June of that year.

On October 25, 2013, fast-food chain McDonald's announced it would end its 40-year relationship with Heinz, after the former Burger King chief Hees became its CEO.

On March 25, 2015, Kraft Foods Group Inc. announced that it would merge with the H. J. Heinz Company, owned by 3G Capital and Berkshire Hathaway Inc., to form the world's fifth-largest food and beverage company. The companies completed the merger on July 2, 2015.      

## Products 
The company produces beans, dressings, pastas, sauces, soups.

## References
Alain Chastagnol

Alain Chastagnol, born February 15, 1945 in Paris, died January 15, 2010 in the same city, is a media manager and a French politician, deputy mayor of Souillac.

he was in charge of mission in Seychelles for the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs then chief of staff at the Ministry of Foreign Trade.

In 1977, at the age of 32, he took the previously communist town hall of Souillac, and remained so until 2008. As such, he supported the development of the Souillac jazz festival, he participated in access to the A20 motorway ( France) with Jacques Chirac, and the creation of the Souillac exit, the Brive-Souillac Airport project. He sometimes stays in Paris, sometimes in his house in Calès.

Elected deputy of Lot (RPR) from March 1986 to May 1988, he was also general councilor of the Lot from 1985 to 2004 and regional councilor of Midi-Pyrénées from 1992 to 1998.

Among his friendly relations he counted Philippine de Rothschild. He organized the twinning of the town of Souillac with the village of Souillac in Mauritius.

In 2005, Alain Chastagnol, mayor of the city, receives from the hands of Jean-Louis Debré, the Marianne d'Or 2005. The national competition of “Marianne d'Or” rewards each year action, creativity, rigor, dedication and passion for local democracy in villages and towns in France.

In 2007, he was made an officer of the Legion of Honor.

It will take 6 years to see a UMP mayor win the municipal elections of Souillac in the person of Jean-Michel Sanfourche. An absolute majority obtained in the first round against three other candidates that only Alain Chastagnol had managed to obtain with a similar score in 1977, during his first election

In 2015, the municipality of Jean-Michel Sanfourche, honors the one who was mayor of the city Alain-Chastagnol, with an esplanade.

## References
Mysore curse

The **Mysore curse** is a legend about the kings of the Mysore Kingdom, a princely state that ruled what is now Karnataka, which is today in India. The Mysore state was ruled by the Wodeyars or Wadiyars. The queen of the Vijayanagara dynasty, Alamelamma, wife of King Tirumalaraja, put the curse on them.

When the Mysore state took over the Vijayanagara empire in 1612, Queen Alamelamma of the Vijayanagara Empire tried to run away with some treasure that belonged to her but was stolen by the Mysore army during the invasion. When she escaped, The Mysore king ordered the soldiers to catch her. She jumped into a river and before committing suicide, shouted the curse: "*May* *the land at Talakadu would be barren, May the river at Malangi turn into a whirlpool and may the Mysore kings never beget children*."

Since then, Talakadu has been buried underneath sand dunes, with only some areas successfully excavated. The Kaveri river at Malangi always turns into a whirlpool and the Mysore kings had male children only once every two generations. The heir, Aadyaveer Narasimharaja Wadiyar, was greatly anticipated by the public as it was believed that Aadyaveer will end the 400-year old curse.

## References
Post box

, England.]]

A **post box**, also known as **pillar box**, also known as a **collection box**, mailbox, letter box or drop box (American English) is a box where people can put mail for sending. The mail is collected by the agents of the postal service. 

The term post box can also refer to a private letter box for incoming mail.
Black Monday (1987)

**Black Monday** is the name commonly attached to the global, sudden and largely unexpected stock market crash on October 19, 1987. In Australia and New Zealand it is called *Black Tuesday* because of time zone differences from the United States. 

All the twenty-three major world markets had sharp declines in October 1987. Under the United States dollar, eight markets declined by 20% to 29%, three by 30% to 39% (Malaysia, Mexico and New Zealand and another three by 40% or more (Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore).

It was the sharpest market downturn in the United States since the Great Depression.

This Black Monday was called the worst in history at the time.

Circuit breakers were put up for stopping another 1987-like crash. It took two years for the Dow Jones to recover.

## References
Videodrome

***Videodrome*** is a 1983 Canadian American science fiction horror movie directed by David Cronenberg and starring James Woods, Debbie Harry, Sonja Smits, Leslie Carlson, Jack Creley. It was distributed by Universal Pictures and is a cult classic.

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Visiting Hours

***Visiting Hours*** is a 1982 Canadian horror movie directed by Jean-Claude Lord and starring Lee Grant, Michael Ironside, Linda Purl, William Shatner, Harvey Atkin, Lenore Zann. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

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Mobile game

.]]
A **mobile game** is a video game designed to be played on mobile phones or tablets. The first game ever played on a mobile phone was a version of *Tetris*, which was available on the Hagenuk MT-2000 device in 1994.

In 1997, Nokia introduced a game called *Snake*. It was already installed on many Nokia mobile devices and has become one of the most popular games. The Nokia 6110 had a version of *Snake* that allowed two players to play using the infrared port, making it the first of many two-player games for mobile phones.

Nowadays, mobile games are typically downloaded from an app store. However, there are also instances where games come pre-installed on handheld devices by the manufacturer or mobile operator. This can be done through an infrared connection, Bluetooth, memory card, or by directly transferring the game to the device using a cable.

Examples of popular mobile games include Angry Birds, Candy Crush, COC, Clash Royale, Roblox, Subway Surfers, Talking Tom and Temple Run (written in ABC order). 

## References
National Lampoon's Class Reunion

'''''National Lampoon's Class Reunion''''' is a 1982 American horror comedy movie directed by Michael Miller and starring Gerrit Graham, Michael Lerner, Misty Rowe, Blackie Dammett, Fred McCarren, Miriam Flynn, Stephen Furst, Mews Small, Randy Powell, Zane Buzby. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

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The Chosen (1981 movie)

***The Chosen*** is a 1981 American drama movie directed by Jeremy Kagan and was based on the novel of the same name by Chaim Potok. It stars Rod Steiger, Maximilian Schell, Robby Benson, Barry Miller, Ron Rifkin, Lonny Price, Jeff Marcus, John Pankow and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
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