open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Drone (disambiguation)

**Drone** can mean:

In **nature**:
* Drone (bee), a male bee
* A male wasp
* A male ant

As *aircraft*, **vehicles** and boats:
* A **drone (aircraft)** or unmanned aerial vehicle
** Combat drone
***Suicide drone or kamikaze drone
* Observation drone, used by police and the military
* A remotely operated vehicle (ROV), used for mine clearing or underwater exploration
* An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), a robotic land vehicle often used to replace humans in hazardous situations
* Sea drones and Land drones, used by the military

In **fiction**:
* Drone (2017 film)
* A member of the Drones Club in P. G. Wodehouse's novels
* A humanoid that has been assimilated by the Borg in the fictional *Star Trek* universe
* "Drone" (*Voyager* episode), an episode of *Star Trek: Voyager*
* Drone Weapon, similar to a guided missile, in the Stargate universe 
* Three robotic helpers in the movie *Silent Running*, named Huey, Dewey and Louie
* In the novel *The Traveller*, the term *drones* describes a class of citizens that have become exhausted 
* Detective Drone, the hero of Victorian crime stories
* A Zerg worker unit in Starcraft

In **music**:
* Drone (music), a continuous note or chord
* The part of various musical instruments (such as the bagpipe) that produce the drone sound
* A bumbass, a folk instrument sometimes called a *drone*
* Drone music, a music style or genre related to background music and ambient music
* Drone Records, a record label
* "Drones," a song by Rise Against
* The Drones, a rock group from Melbourne, Australia
Estates Theatre

The **Estates Theatre** or **Stavovské divadlo** in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.

The Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (Národní divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).

## History 
The Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz’s Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy *Emilia Galotti* by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. On 29 October 1787, *Don Giovanni* by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was first performed. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.

Although the building is almost the same it always was, the organisation of the Estates Theatre has changed several times in its history. In 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl). In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.

## Productions and artistes 
Many of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera *Don Giovanni*. Mozart's opera *La Clemenza di Tito* was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler. 

Czech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.

Today the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre.

## Other websites 
* Estates Theatre web site
János Bolyai

, (Czech Republic).]]
**János Bolyai** (December 15, 1802 – January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his work in non-Euclidean geometry.

## References 

* 
* M. J. Greenberg, *Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History*, 3rd edition, W. H. Freeman, 1994
* Elemér Kiss: ''Mathematical gems from the Bolyai chests. János Bolyai's discoveries in number theory and algebra as recently deciphered from his manuscripts''. Translated by Anikó Csirmaz and Gábor Oláh. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest; TypoTeX, Budapest, 1999. 200 pp. .
*
Euclidean geometry

**Euclidean geometry** is a system in mathematics. People think Euclid was the first person who described it; therefore, it bears his name. He first described it in his textbook *Elements*. The book was the first systematic discussion of geometry as it was known at the time. In the book, Euclid first assumes a few axioms. These form the base for later work. They are intuitively clear. Starting from those axioms, other theorems can be . 

In the 19th century, other forms of geometry were discovered. These are usually dubbed non-Euclidean geometries. Carl Friedrich Gauss, János Bolyai, and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky were a few people that (independently of eachother) developed such geometries. Very often, these do not use the parallel postulate, but the other four axioms.

## The axioms
Euclid makes the following assumptions. These are axioms, and need not be proved.
#Any two points can be joined by a straight line.
#Any straight line segment can be made longer (extended) to infinity, so it becomes a straight line.
#With a straight line segment it is possible to draw a circle, so that one endpoint of the segment is the center of the circle, and the other endpoint lies on the circle. The line segment becomes the radius of the circle.
#All right angles are congruent.
# Parallel postulate. If two lines intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough.

## Status
Euclidean geometry is a first-order theory. With it, statements like *For all triangles...* can be made, and be proven. Statements like *For all sets of triangles...* are outside the scope of the theory.
Diana (mythology)

of Diana that is now in the Louvre in Paris. This statue dates from the first or second century. It may have been modelled on an older statue of the Greek period.]]

**Diana** was the goddess of hunting (and in later times, the moon and chastity) in Roman mythology. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.

According to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can not marry.

## Other websites 
* *Landscape with Diana and Callisto* painting
* *Diana and her Nymphs* painting
List of Germanic deities

This is a **list of Germanic deities** that are in Norse mythology.
Divided between the *Æsir* and the *Vanir*, and sometimes including the *jötnar* (giants), the dividing line between these groups is less than clear. However, it is usually accepted that the Æsir (including Óðinn, Þór and Týr) were warrior gods, while the Vanir (mainly Njörður, Freyja and Freyr) were fertility gods. Various other groups of beings, including elves, dwarves and jötnar were probably minor gods, and might have had small cults and sacred places devoted to them.       
## Gods
## Goddesses
|Skadi, goddess of snow, and archery

## References
Cross of Gold speech

The **Cross of Gold** speech was a famous speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois by William Jennings Bryan. He wanted silver and not gold to be America's bullion standard. It was his goal to create inflation to help those in debt. The end of the speech gives it its name when he says;

:*Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon **a cross of gold**.*
Pedal point

A **pedal point** (or **pedal note**) is a note which keeps sounding for several bars, usually in the bass (the lowest notes).  They are often used towards the end of a piece of music to help to drive the music to a climax.  They are called "pedal" notes because they are often heard in organ music where the player puts one of his feet on a pedal note and holds it there.

Pedal points are usually on either the tonic (main key note) (tonic pedal) or the dominant (5th note of the scale) (dominant pedal) tones.

A good example of a dominant pedal can be seen in the *Prelude in C major* from Book I of the *Well-Tempered Clavier* by Bach.

An example of a tonic pedal can be seen in the third movement of Brahms's *German Requiem*, where the double basses play continuous D's in the last section.  Because this lasts for the whole section some people might prefer to call this a drone.

A **double pedal** is two pedal tones played at the same time.

An **inverted pedal** is a pedal that is not in the bass.  It is often in the highest part.

## Related pages
*Ostinato
*Drone (music)
*Pedal (music)
Fallen Leaves

"**Fallen Leaves**" is a song by the Canadian music group Billy Talent. It is the sixth track on the album *Billy Talent II* and is their third single to be released.
Sumer Is Icumen In

"**Sumer Is Icumen In**" is a very old English song that can be sung as a round.  It is the oldest known example of a round. Its composer is unknown. It was written down around the mid-13th century by a monk in Reading Abbey, but we do not know whether that monk composed it or whether it was older.

The title means "Summer has arrived". The round can be sung in six parts. There are also two parts that can be repeated again and again (an ostinato) throughout the piece. The language is Middle English and is based on the dialect spoken in Wessex, England. at the time.

## Music
This is the manuscript that the monk wrote:
[[Image:SumerIsIcumenIn-line.png|none|First line of the manuscript ]]

To sing as a round, one singer (or group of singers) would begin at the beginning, a second singer would start at the beginning as the first got to the point marked with the red cross, the third would join in when the second singer got to the red cross, and so on until all six were singing. The repeated pattern is marked "Pes". The instructions are written in Latin.

  
Here is the song in modern notation:

## English lyrics (secular)
Here are the words with a Modern English translation:
Brown dwarf

. It is in the constellation Lepus, about 19 light years from Earth.]]

A **brown dwarf** is an object which is made of the same stuff as stars, but does not have enough mass for hydrogen fusion (combining hydrogen atoms into helium atoms). Hydrogen fusion is what makes stars glow. Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to do this, so they are not stars. On the other hand, they are not regular giant planets, because they do glow. There are probably lots of them, but few have been found because they have only a very dim glow.

Their mass is between the heaviest gas giants and the lightest stars, with an upper limit around 75 to 80 times the mass of Jupiter (*MJ*). Brown dwarfs more massive than 13 *MJ* are thought to fuse deuterium and those above ~65 *MJ*, fuse lithium as well.

Despite their name, most brown dwarfs would appear magenta to the human eye. The nearest known brown dwarf is WISE 1049-5319 about 6.5 light years away, a binary system of brown dwarves discovered in 2013.

## Discovery 
People first guessed that brown dwarfs might exist in the 1960s, before they were discovered. They called this object Teide 1 and it was found in the Pleiades open cluster. *Nature* highlighted "Brown dwarfs discovered, official" in the front page of that issue. The distance, chemical composition, and age of Teide 1 was established because it is in the young Pleiades star cluster. Teide 1's  mass is 55 times that of Jupiter, and clearly below the stellar-mass limit. 

More notable was Gliese 229B, which was found to have a temperature and luminosity well below the stellar range. Remarkably, its near-infrared spectrum clearly exhibited a methane absorption band at 2 micrometres, a feature that had previously only been observed in the atmospheres of giant planets and that of Saturn's moon Titan. This discovery helped to establish yet another spectral class even cooler than L dwarfs, known as "T dwarfs", for which Gliese 229B is the prototype.

A brown dwarf below 65 Jupiter masses is unable to burn lithium by thermonuclear fusion at any time during its evolution. High-quality spectral data showed that Teide 1 had kept the initial lithium amount of the original molecular cloud from which Pleiades stars formed. This proved the lack of thermonuclear fusion in its core. 

Teide 1 was considered for some time the smallest object out of the Solar System that had been identified by direct observation. Since then over 1800 brown dwarfs have been identified. Some are very close to Earth such as Epsilon Indi Ba and Bb, a pair of brown dwarfs gravitationally bound to a sunlike star around 12 light-years from the Sun, and WISE 1049-5319 a binary system of brown dwarfs about 6.5 light-years away.

## Issues 
For some years now there has been debate concerning what criterion to use for defining the separation between a very-low-mass brown dwarf and a giant planet (~13 Jupiter masses). One school of thought is based on formation, and another on interior physics.

## References
Italian Plague of 1629-1631

The **Italian Plague of 1629-1631** was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the **Great Plague of Milan**, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.

German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people.  

In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people.  It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. 

Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657.
   
## References
* Cipolla, Carlo M. *Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy*.  Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
* Prinzing, Freidrich. *Epidemics Resulting from Wars*.  Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1916.
Baunach

**Baunach** is a town in the German state (bundesland) of Bavaria. It is in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia. About 3,950 people lived there in 2005.

## References
## Other websites
Ostinato

In music, an **ostinato** is a short pattern of notes which is repeated several times throughout a song or piece of music.  The word "ostinato" is related to the word *obstinate*.  It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away.  The plural can be either "ostinati" or "ostinatos".

An ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.

An ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm.  It is similar to a riff in jazz.  Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, boogie-woogie and African music.

A ground bass, or *basso ostinato*, is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes, which keeps playing while the melodies in the higher notes change.  This was often used in baroque musical works. An example is the famous *Canon in D* by Pachelbel.

An example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the *Planets Suite* by Gustav Holst.  This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars.  *Boléro* by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.

An example from popular music is Pink Floyd's  *Money*.

## Related pages
*Pedal point
*Riff
*Tubular bells
1492 Pictures

**1492 Pictures** is an American movie production company founded by director Chris Columbus in 1995. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous  , Christopher Columbus. 	

In addition to various Columbus movies, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant (*Jingle All the Way*), Henry Selick (*Monkeybone*), Alfonso Cuarón (*Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban*), Joe Roth (*Christmas with the Kranks*), Tim Story (the *Fantastic Four* films), and Shawn Levy (the *Night at the Museum* films). The logo music was composed by Academy award winner Hans Zimmer.

## Movies 
**Nine Months* (1995)
**Jingle All the Way* (1996)
**Stepmom* (1998)
**Bicentennial Man* (1999)
**Monkeybone* (2001)
*''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone* (2001)
**Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets* (2002)
**Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* (2004)
**Christmas with the Kranks* (2004)
**Rent* (2005)
**Fantastic Four* (2005)
**Night at the Museum* (2006)
**Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer* (2007)
**Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian* (2009)
**I Love You, Beth Cooper* (2009)
**Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief* (2010)

### Upcoming movies 
* *Fantastic Four* (TBA)
* *Night at the Museum 3* (TBA)
* *Dilbert'' (2012)

## Other websites 
*1492 Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
Life in Hell

**Life in Hell** is a comic strip made by Matt Groening. Its characters are human-like rabbits and a pair of gay lovers named Akbar and Jeff. The comic was released in April 1980. The last comic ended in 2012.
Kumquat

The **kumquats** or **cumquats** in Australian are a group of small fruit-bearing trees. The edible fruit (which is also called "kumquat") is similar to other *Citrus* but is smaller.

Kumquats are slow-growing, evergreen shrubs or small trees, from 2.5 to 4.5 m tall, with dense branches. Sometimes they have small thorns. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers pure white, similar to citrus flowers.

Kumquats came from China (they are known in literature of the 12th century), and have long been cultivated there and in Japan. They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, who was collector for the *London Horticultural Society*, and a short time later into North America.

They are much hardier than citrus plants as oranges. The 'Nagami' kumquat needs a hot summer, ranging from 25&nbsp;°C(77°F) to 38&nbsp;°C(100.4&nbsp;°F), but can withstand frost down to about -10&nbsp;°C(14&nbsp;°F). It grows in the tea regions of China where the climate is too cold for other citrus fruits, even the Mikan (also known as the Satsuma) orange.

## Etymology
The English name "kumquat" derives from the Cantonese pronunciation *gam1 gwat1* (given in Jyutping romanization). The alternate name 柑橘, also pronounced *gam gwat* in Cantonese (*gān jú* in Mandarin, literally "large tangerine orange") is now more commonly written by Cantonese speakers.

Names in other Asian languages include:
* Japanese: *kinkan* (金柑)
* Korean: *geumgyul* (금귤)
* Mandarin: *jīnjú* (金橘)
* Thai: *somchíd* (ส้มจี๊ด)
* Vietnamese: *cam quất* (from the Cantonese) or, less commonly, *(quả) kim quất* (if transliterated from the characters 金橘 into Sino-Vietnamese; "quả" (果) is the Sino-Vietnamese prefix for "fruit")

## Notes 
## References and other websites
* Fruits of warm climates
* Burkill, I. H. (1931). An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya. *Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem*. 5: 212–220.
* Mabberley, D. J. (1998). Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). *Telopea* 7 (4): 333-344. Available online  (pdf).
Feijoa

The **feijoa** is the fruit of ***Acca sellowiana***, an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1–7 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are also grown throughout Azerbaijan, Iran (Ramsar), Georgia, Russia (Sochi), New Zealand and, (Tasmania) Australia.

The fruit is also called the 'pineapple guava' or 'guavasteen'.

## Description of fruit and plant 
The fruit matures in autumn and is green, and about the size and shape of an egg. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The chemical methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related chemicals.

## Growing conditions 
It is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -11&nbsp;°C will kill the flower buds. A lot of feijoa are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season.

## Eating 
The fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. It is popular in New Zealand to stew them in a pot with sugar and serve hot with vanilla ice cream in the wintertime . The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavor is aromatic and sweet. The skin itself is tart and sour but also edible. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed.

Fruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are over mature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and should not be eaten.

## Other websites 
* Fruits of Warm Climates: Feijoa
* California Rare Fruit Growers: Feijoa Fruit Facts 
* New Zealand Feijoa Growers Association Inc.
Wessex

**Wessex** was an old Anglo-Saxon kingdom before England became one country. It was one of seven kingdoms in England. It was named after the West Saxons. It was in the south and southwest of England. Wessex was a kingdom from the 6th century until the English state was made in the 9th century. It was an earldom between 1016 and 1066. Then "Wessex" was not an official place name. The 19th century novelist Thomas Hardy wrote about Wessex in his books which tell stories set in that area.

His Royal Highness The Prince Edward was given the title "Earl of Wessex" when he married Sophie who became the Countess of Wessex. The title Earl of Wessex had not been used since the last earl, King Harold Godwinson, was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
Clover

**Clover** (***Trifolium***) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. It grows worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.

They are small herbaceous plants. It has three sections to each leave, which looks like three leaves. This is called trifoliate.

Clover is often associated with Ireland.

## References
Clover (disambiguation)

**Clover** could mean:
## Plants
* Clover, a genus of plants
## Places
* Clover, South Carolina, a town in York County
* Clover, Virginia, a place in Halifax County
## Companies
* Clover Studio, the now defunct Capcom funded game developer
* Clover (toy company), a Japanese toy company
* Clover (dairy), a South African dairy company
* Clover (basses), a German company manufacturing bass guitars
* Clover Records, a record label
* Clover G Records, a record label

**Clover** was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania.

## Rivers
* Clover Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River
* Clover Creek (Washington)

## Other things
* Clover (telescope), an astronomical telescope
* Clover (detector), a gamma ray detector
* Clover (manga), a manga by CLAMP
* Clover may also refer to the symbol on the Command key for official Apple Computer keyboards (⌘, U+2318)
* The Clovers, an American R&B band
* Clover (software tool), a Java code coverage tool
* Clover, one of the three spies in the cartoon Totally Spies!.
* CLOVER, a family of modulation techniques, mainly used for data communication over HF radio links.
* Clover (Cloverfield), a fictional giant monster from the 2008 film Cloverfield
Iraq War

The **Iraq War** was an armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein.

The conflict continued for much of the next ten years as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The United States officially withdrew from the country in 2011 but left private security contractors in its place to continue the war. In 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant conquered much of northern Iraq. An American-led new coalition sent troops to help the government of Iraq.

Australia, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Poland were also involved in the war with support from the Kurdish Peshmerga.

## Background 
After the Gulf War of 1990-1991 during which a US-led coalition retook Kuwait after the Iraqi invasion, Iraq was severely damaged both economically and socially. Numerous penalties were imposed on the crumbling state of Iraq, including a no-fly zone (essentially barring any civilian and military planes from flying over Iraq), along with UN weapon inspections to ensure that Saddam was not stockpiling WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction). In 1998, the Iraqi government stopped allowing these inspections to continue after allegations that the inspectors were spying for the US.

## Notes
## References
Discus throw

of a discus thrower, Copenhagen.]]

The **discus throw** is an event in athletics, where a heavy disc is thrown for distance. It was invented in 708 BC in Ancient Greece. The goal is to throw the discus farther than your opponents.

The discus throw is the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies of them. US thrower Al Oerter is one of only two athletes to win the same individual event at four consecutive Olympic Games. 
  

## Related pages
*Hammer throw
*Javelin throw
*Shot put

## References
Athletics

**Athletics** may mean:
* Track and field athletics, a group of sport events that involves either running, walking, throwing or jumping on a running track or the field inside a running track
* Sport in general
* Oakland Athletics, Major League Baseball team based in Oakland, California
* Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876), a former baseball team
* Philadelphia Athletics (American Association), a former baseball team from 1882 through 1890
* Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891), a former baseball team
* Philadelphia Athletics (American football), a former American football team
William Baillie

Captain **William Baillie** (5 June 1723 – 22 December 1810) was an Irish military man and artist. 
         
Baillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden the Battle of Minden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.

While he continued as an artist, what he is most famous for was his skill repairing and printing etching plates. He worked on plates by many artists, including Gerard Dou, Nicolas Poussin, and most notably Rembrandt. Apparently he got a number of Rembrandt's worn-out plates. The three best known:

*The Goldweigher: He did a really fine job on this. The prints from it are at least as good as those done personally by Rembrandt.
*The Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Preaching): He changed it in a rather bad way. He then cut it up, and sold the pieces separately.
*The Three Trees: The lower portion of this had been destroyed. Baillie redid that part of the plate by copying an old print. It is not bad, but does not have the feeling that was in the original Rembrandt.

A book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions.

## Other websites
*Artist profile on Artoftheprint.com
HLS

**HLS** has a number of meanings:
*Harvard Law School
*Homeland Security
**Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz*, a Swiss encyclopedia
*Hue, Saturation, Lightness color space (can be referred to as either HLS or HSL)
*Huntingdon Life Sciences, a contract animal-testing company based in Huntingdon, England, and New Jersey.
Handshake

, commemorating friendship of Samos (left) and Athens (right)]]

A **handshake** is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go.  It is often used like a greeting (like saying "Hello, Hi" or "goodbye" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something. Handshakes are also used between romantic partners.

The action is ancient, and occurs (or occurred) in many cultures. There are, however, many slight differences. In some cultures, the handshake is firm, in others it is gentle. In some cultures the senior person leads the handshake. The length of time also varies between cultures. One thing is almost universal: hand shaking is done with bare hands.

Another aspect is: do men shake hands with women? In the past, in many societies, they did not. Today, in western society, handshakes are allowed if the female offers her hand. It is not done between family members, when hugs and kisses are more usual.

Some secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group.

## Related pages 
*Greeting

## References
Wave (gesture)

waving]]
A **wave** is a movement of the hand that people use to greet each other or say goodbye. People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. They can also wave by moving their hand up and down. The way that people wave generally depends on their culture.
Baseball bat

A **baseball bat** is a smooth wooden or metal rod used in the game of baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher.  It is not more than 2⅔ inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) in length. It usually weighs no greater than four pounds (1.8&nbsp;kg). The batter uses the bat to try to hit a pitched ball so that he may run around the bases and score points.

Bats are sometimes used as a weapon in fights or attacks. When a bat is used this way, it can be called a *club*.

Major League Baseball is using bats of pink color by players who agree during games played on Mother's Day as an event to support the pink ribbon campaign (breast cancer extermination movement).
Bat (disambiguation)

**Bat** or **Bats** may mean:
* Bat, the flying mammal

**Sports:**
* The Louisville Bats, a AAA minor league baseball team related to the Cincinnati Reds, based in Louisville, Kentucky
* Bat, a club or broad, blunt and/or club-like object
* Bat, a piece of sports equipment such as a baseball bat or cricket bat

**Entertainment:**
* *The Bat (1926 movie)*, a silent movie based on a play by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood
* *The Bat (1959 movie)*, based on the same Rinehart/Hopwood play
* *Bats (movie)* (1999), starring Lou Diamond Phillips and Bob Gunton
* The Bats, a New Zealand rock band
* The Bats (American band), a short-lived American rock band
* *The Bat*, the English name for the 1874 comic operetta *Die Fledermaus*
* "Bats" and "The Bat", nicknames of Batman

**Science:**

* The Broadly Applicable Tracking System, a tool scientists use to study small animals.

**Computing:**
* The Bat!, an email client by RitLabs for Microsoft Windows
* ".bat", the filetype extension for Microsoft Windows batch files
* Bat, metasyntactic variable

**Military:**
* Bat (guided bomb), a radar-guided, air-to-surface glide bomb
* HMS Bat, two Royal Navy ships

**Roller coasters:**
* The Bat (Canada's Wonderland), a roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland
* The Bat (Kings Island), a roller coaster at Kings Island
* Bat (Lagoon) a roller coaster at Lagoon

**Other languages:**
* Bat, an alternative transliteration of *Bata (goddess)*
* *Bat*, a Hebrew word, meaning "daughter" or "daughter of." It is also used in Jewish names such as "Rachel bat Moshe," meaning "Rachel, daughter of Moshe"
* Bats language, a Caucasian people and their language
* Bats, Landes, a commune of the Landes *département* of France

## Related pages
* The acronym form: BAT
Rusty Anderson

**Rusty Anderson** (born January 20, 1959) is an American guitarist from La Habra, California. He has played lead guitar for Paul McCartney since 2001. He has played for many famous musicians, for example, Elton John, The Bangles, Courtney Love and Belinda Carlisle. He also has a band called Rusty Anderson Afternoon whose first single "Effortless" hit Number One on American radio  and whose first full-length record *RAA* debuted in the Top Ten Alt Chart on iTunes.  
 
## Discography 
* 2004 CD *Undressing Underwater* 
* 2009 CD *Born On Earth*
* 2014 *EP II* 
* 2016 *RAA*

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
* maccareport page of Rusty 
*facebook
*twitter
*instagram
*
Database normalisation

**Database normalisation** is an approach to designing databases which was introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. Certain databases, known as *relational databases*, allow data to be stored in separate groups. Each group is commonly called a *table*.  To provide useful information, these groups are connected to each other. For example, students could be stored in one group, and classes in another group. To show that a student is enrolled in a class, a "relationship" is established from one group to the other. A student could have a relationship to many classes, each of which he or she would be enrolled in, while a class would have a relationship to many students.

A traditional alternative is the "flat file database", where all of the data is grouped together like in a spreadsheet. The problem with flat file databases is that they can have a lot of blank spaces and there is a lot of information that has to be repeated for each entry. This means that the database is bigger than it has to be, and it makes it more likely that the database will contain mistakes. Relational databases, by breaking the data into groups, reduce the chance of mistakes happening and does not take up any more space than necessary. But for it to work it needs to be well designed. 

Database normalization is a method of designing good relational databases, e.g. by eliminating redundancies. There are several "normal forms", each of which have rules which the database should be designed to meet. Codd originally specified three sets of criteria that different databases must meet: first, second and third normal form.

If a relation (or "database table") meets a certain normal form, it is not vulnerable to certain modifications, that will affect data integrity. The drawback of meeting such a set of criteria is usually that querying certain data from the database will become more difficult.

* First normal form
* Second normal form
* Third normal form
* Fourth normal form
* Fifth normal form

## References
Third World

The "**Third World**" describes the developing countries.

The term *Third World* was introduced during the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.  At that time, there were three "worlds".  The term is now considered outdated, but until the late 20th century, it reflected economic and political divisions among nations.
* 
* 
* 

## References 
## Related pages 
*North-South divide
Ugliness

, ca. 1513)]]

**Ugliness** is a property of physical things that are not nice to look at. This word is commonly used in when talking about someone's appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty. Someone who discriminates against ugly is called a  lookist or cacophobe.

Ugliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase *Beauty is in the eye of the beholder*. 

Although *ugly* usually means "a lack of physical beauty", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior. The word can also be used as an insult, even if the person does not think the person they are talking about is ugly.

## Ugliness in popular culture
*One of the most well-known examples of "ugly" in popular culture is the story *The Ugly Duckling* by Hans Christian Andersen. The moral of this story is that ugliness is a matter of opinion.
*Movies with ugly in the title include *Coyote Ugly* (based on New York's Coyote Ugly Saloon), and *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*.
*Ugly dolls and troll dolls are unique because of their ugliness.
* The *Star Trek* episode "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" had an alien race called the Medusans, who were so ugly that any human who sees one without protection would be driven insane.
* *Ugly Betty* is the name of a television series on ABC that started in 2006.

## Related pages
*Aesthetics
Texture

The word **texture** means: what things are made of and how they feel.  

Textures can be described as “rough”, “smooth”, “hard”, “soft”,  “liquid”, “solid”, “lumpy”, “gritty” etc.  The word “texture” is used for many different things.  It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.

## Food
People like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice). Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.

## Architecture
In architecture we often talk about “texture”.  This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of.  It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space.  This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.

## Painting
Painters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.

## Music
In music, we can talk about the texture of a piece of music.  If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a “thick” texture.  If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly, we could call this a “thin” or “clear” texture.  Music may have a “polyphonic” texture or a “chordal” texture.  The word “texture”, this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel.
Outlook Express

**Microsoft Outlook Express**, also known as **Microsoft Internet Mail and News**, is an email program and newsreader program made by Microsoft. It is a free version of Outlook, also made by Microsoft. Microsoft's Outlook Express was discontinued in 2006 with the release of its new operating system, Windows Vista, which has Windows Mail instead.

## Problems
Outlook Express needs a database to work, sometimes this database gets damaged when there are too many emails or when the database gets compacted. Compaction is needed when its size gets too large to handle well. Also, sometimes emails or attachments are infected with viruses.

## Other websites
*Moving emails from Outlook Express to Windows 8.1 - Microsoft, the company that created Outlook Express, tells how to move your old emails to a new version of Windows
*Outlook Express Help - Tips and Tricks - How to use Outlook Express
* UnDBX  online -  an open-source program that lets you save easily emails from a damaged database. The very complicated source code is at sourceforge.net
Michael Spinks

**Michael Spinks** (born on July 13, 1956) is a retired American boxer. He was the light heavyweight and heavyweight champion of the world. 

Spinks was a member of the 1976 United States Olympics team and won a gold medal in the boxing competition. He became a professional boxer in 1977 and won the light heavyweight championship in 1981. In 1985 he fought heavyweight champion Larry Holmes and beat him for the title. It was the first time a light heavyweight champion had become heavyweight champion. He beat Holmes again in a rematch and defended his title another two times before losing to Mike Tyson in 1988. He never fought again.

Michael Spinks is the brother of heavyweight champion Leon Spinks.

## References
## Other websites
*Boxing Record
Goodbye

**Goodbye** is a word used to express good wishes when parting. The phrase is respectful and should be used when parting another. It may originate from the phrase "God be with you".

Goodbye can also mean:

## Music
**Goodbye* (Cream album), an album by Cream
**Goodbye* (Ben & Jason album), an album by Ben & Jason
**Goodbye* (Dubstar album), an album by Dubstar
**Goodbye* (Ulrich Schnauss album), an upcoming album by Ulrich Schnauss
*"Goodbye", a song written by Lennon-McCartney in 1968 and recorded by Mary Hopkin on the Apple Records label
*"Goodbye" (Elton John song), a song written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin
*"Goodbye" (Spice Girls song), a 1998 single by Spice Girls
*"Goodbye", a 2002 song by Mudvayne from their album *The End of All Things to Come*
*"Goodbye?", a 2005 song by Grandaddy
*"Goodbye" (Def Leppard song), a single by Def Leppard
*"Goodbye", a song by Gravity Kills from their album *Gravity Kills*
*"Good Bye", a song by Japanese musician hide from the album *Psyence*
*"Goodbye", a song by Night Ranger from their 1985 album *Seven Wishes*
*"Goodbye" (Tevin Campbell song), a 1992 single by Tevin Campbell
*"Goodbye" (The Corrs song), a 2006 single by The Corrs
*"Goodbye", a 2006 single by Army of Anyone from their album *Army of Anyone*
*"Goodbye" (Everlife song), a 2007 single by Everlife
*"Goodbye" (Eurovision song), the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, performed by Alma Čardžić.
Candy cane

A **candy cane** is a hard cane-shaped candy stick. It is usually white with red  and tastes like peppermint. It is also made in many other flavors and colors.  The candy cane is a traditional candy of the Christmas holiday in the United States, but you can find them during the rest of the year. It is a symbolic figure in the Christmas season.

In the 17th century, white sticks of candy were popular, but they were not colorful. According to legend, a choir leader in Germany asked the people that made the candy to bend the sticks so that they looked like shepherd's staffs. He then gave the candy canes to the children to keep them quiet during church services. The colors are also said to be symbolic. The white part represents purity, and the red represents the blood of Jesus.

## References
Clipboard

:''For the clipboard in computers, see Clipboard (computing).

A **clipboard** is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.

Clipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, which is a type of plastic. 

## Police and EMT clipboards
Many police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports.
Cruiserweight

**Cruiserweight**, also referred to as **junior heavyweight**, is a weight class in professional boxing. It is between light heavyweight and heavyweight. "Light heavyweight" and "cruiserweight" used to be used interchangeably in the United Kingdom.

## Current World Champions 
### Current world rankings
#### *The Ring*
Ranking done by Ring magazine, as of  , .

#### BoxRec
As of  , .

### Longest reigning world cruiserweight champions
The table below is a list of **longest reigning cruiserweight champions** in boxing. It is measured by the individual's longest reign. Career total time as champion (for multiple time champions) does not apply.

: Active reign
: Reign has ended

## References
Botanic

**Botanic** is a district of South Belfast, in the country of Ireland. It is named after Botanic Gardens, a local park dedicated to the science of botany.

## Geography 
Botanic has a total area of 28 acres.
Buxtehude

:*For the German Baroque composer, see Dieterich Buxtehude*.

**Buxtehude** () is a town in Northern Germany. It has 39,000 inhabitants. It is by the Este river which joins the city to the important river Elbe just  away.

Buxtehude is known as "The Fairytale Capital" of the world. The tale of "The Bunny and the Hedgehog" by the Brothers Grimm is set in this town.

The *Pistennacht* is an event where bars, restaurants and clubs in the old part of town are open all night long. The *Pfingstmarkt* is a big fair which is held at Whitsun (Pfingsten). There is a lot to do including rides on a Ferris Wheel. On the first weekend of June there is a big feast in the old part of the town, which also has a wine festival every year.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Dookie

***Dookie*** is the 3rd album by the band Green Day. It was released in 1994.

## List of songs
# "Burnout"
# "Having a Blast"
# "Chump"
# "Longview"
# "Welcome to Paradise"
# "Pulling Teeth"
# "Basket Case"
# "She"
# "Sassafras Roots"
# "When I Come Around"
# "Emenius Sleepus"
# "Coming Clean"
# "In The End"
# "F.O.D."
# "All By Myself" (secret song)
Minimum wage

The **minimum wage** is the least amount of salary that employees of a business can be paid. Around the world, the minimum wage is enforced as a law that every company must follow. If companies do not give their employees at least the minimum wage, the companies will be forced to pay an expensive fine for breaking the law.

Minimum wage is a relative term. Different countries have different minimum wages. Nunavut in Canada has a minimum wage of $11.00 per hour. Ontario, another place in Canada has a minimum wage of $10.25 per hour. 

Some people think the minimum wage should be raised, so poor working people will have more money and enjoy more human rights. Others think it is worse because the government will not have enough money to pay all the employees, so they will raise the taxes or raise the inflation. Some people think that the minimum will drastically hurt employees because companies only hire employees whose labor is worth the price they are required to pay. They think that if the minimum wage is raised, then employees will lose their job because companies cannot afford to pay them the raised minimum wage.

New Zealand was the first country to start minimum wage in 1894.

## Related pages
* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
* Economic, social and cultural rights