open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Irish Americans

, Mother Jones, George M. Cohan
James Braddock, Michael J. McGivney, J.M. Curley
Victor Herbert, Eugene O'Neill, Ed Sullivan.]]
**Irish Americans** () are an North American ethnic group. They are American citizens whose ancestors were Irish.

## Who they are
People are called Irish Americans if: 
* Their ancestors lived in any part of Ireland including the area of nowadays Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
* They came to the United States  and became American citizens

## History 
Most Irish people came to the United States between the 17th to mid-19th centuries.  Between 1820 and 1930, about 4.5 million Irish people moved to the United States.

### Where they lived 
Most Irish people who came to the United States during the 1800s lived in big cities where there were many other Irish people.  They did this so they could help and protect each other.  Many stayed near the ports where they arrived, like Boston, New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.  Many Irish people also lived in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore.

### Discrimination 
Most of the Irish immigrants who came to America in the 1800s were Catholic.  At that time, most of the United States was controlled by Protestants who were ethnically English, Anglo-Saxon, and Germanic.
* Newspapers often described Irish people using stereotypes (for example, saying they were violent alcoholics)
* Many Americans believed that Irish people were racially inferior, not as smart as other Americans, and did not deserve to be true citizens

In the mid-1950s, a political group called the Know-Nothing Movement tried to get Catholic politicians fired from their jobs.

Stereotypes about Irish Americans did not go away.  For example, President Richard Nixon once said: 
''''

## Irish Americans today 
In 2013, about 33.3 million Americans - about one in every 10 - reported having some Irish ancestry.  This is about seven times the number of people who actually live in Ireland.

## References
Suthan Suthersan

**Suthan Suthersan** (10 June 1956 – 20 February 2017) was a Sri Lankan-American environmental engineer. He served as the Chief Technical Officer and Executive Vice President of Arcadis North America.

Suthersan was born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. He studied at the University of Peradeniya and at the University of Toronto.

Suthersan died on 20 February 2017 in Hopewell Township, New Jersey, aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
* Suthan Suthersan: A Journey from Jaffna  (Dr. Suthersan's Blog)
* Arcadis Mourns Loss of Chief Technical Officer Dr. Suthan S. Suthersan
* NGWA mourns passing of Suthan Suthersan
Oliver E. Williamson

**Oliver Eaton Williamson** (September 27, 1932 &ndash; May 21, 2020) is an American economist. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a laureate of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Williamson died on May 21, 2020 in Oakland, California of pneumonia-related problems at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Oliver E. Williamson  at University of California, Berkeley
* Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression, 2009 lecture at NobelPrize.org
* Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
Jiří Lanský

**Jiří Lanský** (17 September 1933 &ndash; 14 February 2017) was a Czech high jumper. He won silver medals at the 1954 and 1958 European Championships. He finished seventh at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
 
## References
Preben Hertoft

**Preben Hertoft** (5 January 1928 – February 2017) was a Danish psychiatrist and professor in medical sexology, senior doctorate in medicine.

Hertoft worked over 40 years as a sexologist doing research, treatment, counseling and education. 

In 1986, he founded the first medical centre for sexology in Denmark. Most of the time he had heterosexual and homosexual patients with sexual problems in therapy, but he also treated and counselled transvestites and pedophiles.

## References
## Other websites
* The Society for the Scientific Study of Sex
Eugene Garfield

**Eugene Garfield** (September 16, 1925 – February 26, 2017) was an American linguist and businessman, one of the founders of bibliometrics and scientometrics. Garfield's work led to the development of several Information Retrieval algorithms, like HITS and Pagerank.

Garfield was born in New York City. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. Garfield died on February 26, 2017 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from a heart attack, aged 91.

## Biography 
Garfield was born in 1925 in New York City as Eugene Eli Garfinkle,-Italian Jewish family.

He studied at the University of Colorado and University of California, Berkeley before getting a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Columbia University in 1949. Garfield also received a degree in Library Science from Columbia University in 1953.

Working as a laboratory assistant at Columbia University after his graduation, Garfield indexed all previously synthesized compounds so that not to remake them, which helped him understand that his inclination to information towards science was bigger than towards chemistry.

In 1951, he got a position at the Welch Medical Library at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where most of the National Library of Medicine information systems were developed.

In 1956, Garfield founded the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), which was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ISI formed a major part of the science division of Thomson Reuters.

## Personal life 
Garfield is survived by a wife, three sons, a daughter, a step-daughter, two granddaughters, and two great-grandchildren.

## References
## Other websites
* Eugene Garfield's home page 
* 
* Eugene Garfield tells his life story (video)
*
Tania Dalton

**Tania Dalton** (née **Nicolson**; 26 November 1971 &ndash; 1 March 2017) was a New Zealand international netball player. She was part of the  2003 Netball World Championships winning Silver Ferns squad. She made 12 caps for the Silver Ferns in total, playing in the positions of goal shooter (GS) and goal attack (GA). 

## Career
Dalton was a member of the New Zealand national netball team, the Silver Ferns from 1996–2004 and 2006–07; she was also named in 2005 but was forced out through injury. She played domestic netball for the Northern Force from 1998 until 2000, and the championship-winning Southern Sting from 2002–2006.

## Retirement
After retiring from playing professional netball, she worked as a netball commentator on SKY Sports for international tests, the ANZ Championship and National Championships, alongside former internationals Anna Stanley, Natalie Avellino, Kathryn Harby-Williams and Bernice Mene. 

Dalton is also a part owner of the franchise food outlet chain, Pita Pit New Zealand Limited.

## Death
Dalton collapsed on 23 February 2017 while playing a regular game of social touch rugby in her home town of Takapuna, Auckland. She was running at the time and was not injured in the game. She was immediately hospitalised in a critical condition with a ruptured internal carotid artery aneurysm.

## References
Robin Stenuit

**Robin Stenuit** (born June 16, 1990 in Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve) is a Belgian road bicycle racer. His speciality is sprinting.

Participating in professional teams since 2011, Stenuit has been riding for Wanty-Groupe Gobert since 2016.

He achieved several victories, among others the Grand Prix de la ville de Nogent-sur-Oise and the Memorial Van Coningsloo, both in 2015.

## References 
* French Wikipedia

## Other websites 
* www.procyclingstats.com
Bloomery

A **bloomery** is a type of furnace that was once widely used for smelting oxides. Bloomeries were the first smelters that could smelt iron.  

The result of using a bloomery is a mass of iron and slag called a bloom. This is called sponge iron, because it is porous like a sponge. Sponge iron is usually refined into wrought iron. 

Bloomeries are no longer used in smelting because blast furnaces are better.

## History 
Humans first began to use iron around 1200 BC.

People were using bloomeries in Sub-Saharan Africa before 500 BC.

China appeared not to use bloomeries, seemingly skipping to blast furnaces. Some bloomeries have been found in China, but these were likely brought from other locations, and not built in China.

European bloomeries started very small, smelting about 1kg of iron with each use, but got larger over time. By the 14th century, bloomeries smelted about 14kg per use on average.
## Process 
A bloomery consists of a chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. Near the bottom, pipes made of clay or metal enter through the side walls. These pipes allow air to enter.

To use a bloomery, charcoal is inserted into the chimney, then heated. Then roughly the same volume of iron is inserted. A common byproduct of this process is fayalite, which is created when iron mixes with slag.
Bog iron

**Bog iron** is a form of iron found in swamps. Bog iron is generally found in a spring.

## Europe and the North 
Smelting bog iron has existed since pre-Roman times. Most iron smelted during the Viking era came from bog iron. In Russia, bog iron was the main source of iron until the sixteenth century.

## North America 
Iron was produced by Vikings around 1000&nbsp;AD.

Mining bog iron had been done in Virginia as early as 1608, and more bog iron has been mined in New Jersey and Maryland.
Moshe Katsav

**Moshe Katsav**, Hebrew: משה קצב , (born 5 December 1945 in Yazd, Iran) is a former Israeli politician of Likud.

He was mayor of Kiryat Malakhi, a Member of Knesset and a (deputy) government minister. He was also President of Israel from 2000 to 2007.

From 2011 to 2016 he was in prison because of a conviction of sexual offences (like rape). Katsav denied the accusations.

## Other websites 
* Bio at Knesset Website
WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship

The **WWE Tag Team Championship**, formerly known as the **WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship**, is a professional wrestling tag team championship in WWE. It is wrestled for on the SmackDown brand since the return of the brand extension in 2016. From May 20, 2022 to April 6, 2024 it was defended as one with the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship as the **Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship**. The first champions were Heath Slater and Rhyno. a draft took place in July 19. The WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods) was drafted to *Raw*. As a result, *SmackDown Live* was left without a tag team title. On the August 23, 2016 episode of *SmackDown Live*, Shane McMahon introduced the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. A tournament was created for determined the first champions. Thirteen days later on *SmackDown*, the championship was renamed to **WWE Tag Team Championship** and was also redesigned.

## Reigns 
## Combined reigns 
As of  , .

### By team 
### By wrestler 
 has the longest combined reign at 1,011 days (1,010 days as listed by WWE).]]

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official WWE Tag Team Title History
Capital Punishment (album)

**Capital Punishment** is the first studio album by American rapper, Big Punisher. It was released on April 28, 1998 through Loud Records and Terror Squad Entertainment. The album received critical acclaim, peaking at #1 on the Top R&B Albums and #2 on the Billboard 200 charts.

## Songs 
1.	"Intro"	
0:33
2.	"Beware"	
Christopher Rios Jerry Tineo
JuJu
3:15
3.	"Super Lyrical" (featuring Black Thought)	
Rios Dana Stinson Tariq Trotter Sean Combs Christopher Wallace Norman Glover Chucky Thompson Reginald Elis
Rockwilder
3:28
4.	"Taster's Choice" (skit)	
1:20
5.	"Still Not a Player" (featuring Joe)	
Rios Jerome Foster
Knobody Dahoud (co.) Nomad (co.)
3:56
6.	"Intermission"	
Mike Zulu
0:21
7.	"The Dream Shatterer"	
Rios
Domingo
3:33
8.	"Punish Me" (featuring Miss Jones)	
Rios Frank Pimentel
Frank Nitty
4:15
9.	"Pakinamac Pt. I" (skit)	
1:35
10.	"You Ain't a Killer"	
Rios Richard Frierson
Young Lord
4:14
11.	"Pakinamac Pt. II" (skit)	
0:57
12.	"Caribbean Connection" (featuring Wyclef)	
Rios Frierson Wyclef Jean
Young Lord
3:24
13.	"Glamour Life" (featuring Fat Joe and Terror Squad)	
Rios Leshan Lewis
L.E.S.
4:43
14.	"Capital Punishment" (featuring Prospect)	
Rios Michael Dewar Collin Dewar
The Infinite Arkatechz
4:20
15.	"Uncensored" (skit) (featuring Funkmaster Flex)	
2:12
16.	"I'm Not a Player"	
Rios Kenny Gamble Leon Huff
Minnesota
3:41
17.	"Twinz (Deep Cover 98)" (featuring Fat Joe)	
Rios Joseph Cartagena Calvin Broadus Andre Young Collin Wolfe
Big Punisher Fat Joe
3:49
18.	"The Rain & the Sun" (Interlude) (featuring dead prez)	
Rios Clayton Gavin Lavonne Alford
dead prez
1:49
19.	"Boomerang"	
Rios Cartagena Vic Padilla
V.I.C.
3:35
20.	"You Came Up"	
Rios Stinson
Rockwilder
3:54
21.	"Tres Leches (Triboro Trilogy)" (featuring Prodigy and Rebel-INS)	
Rios Albert Johnson Jason Hunter Robert Diggs Eric Barrier William Griffin, Jr.
RZA DJ Roc Raida (scratches)
4:19
22.	"Charlie Rock Shout" (skit)	
0:26
23.	"Fast Money"	
Rios
Danny O & EQ
3:48
24.	"Parental Discretion" (featuring Busta Rhymes)	
Rios Rodney Lemay

## References 
* http://allhiphop.com/2006/11/17/capital-punishment-classic-review/
* http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=1110918
* http://www.allmusic.com/album/capital-punishment-mw0000030622
Ned Garver

**Ned Franklin Garver** (December 25, 1925 – February 26, 2017) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1948 to 1961. He played for St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Athletics and Los Angeles Angels. He was born in Ney, Ohio.

Garver died on February 26, 2017 in Bryan, Ohio, at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
Vladimir Petrov (ice hockey)

**Vladimir Vladimirovich Petrov** (; 30 June 1947 &ndash; 28 February 2017) was a Russian Soviet ice hockey player. He was an Olympic gold medalist twice (1972, 1976) and silver medalist (1980). He was born in Krasnogorsk.

Petrov died on 28 February 2017 in Moscow, at the age of 69.

## References
## Other websites
WWE Cruiserweight Championship

The **WWE Cruiserweight Championship**, later known as the **NXT Cruiserweight Championship** was a wrestling title owned by WWE. Only wrestlers under  could compete for it. The first champion was T.J. Perkins. On January 4, 2022, at New Year's Evil, the title was made into one with the NXT North American Championship and retired. Carmelo Hayes was the last champion.

The title did not continue the history of WWE's old Cruiserweight Championship.

## History 
In 2016, WWE created the Cruiserweight Classic, a 32-man tournament for cruiserweights. When T.J. Perkins beat Gran Metalik in the final, Triple H gave him the new WWE Cruiserweight Championship for the new cruiserweight division on the Raw brand.

After the show *205 Live* was created, the Cruiserweight Championship also could be defended in this program. When WWE fired the champion at the time, Enzo Amore in January 2018, there was an announcement that there would be a general manager on *205 Live* who would decide what would happen to the championship. Drake Maverick was chosen to be the general manager and he decided that there would be a 16-man tournament to decide a new WWE Cruiserweight Champion and that the final would happen at WrestleMania 34. In the final, Cedric Alexander beat Ali to win the title. After WrestleMania 34, *205 Live* separated from *Raw* so the title was only defended on that show.
 
On October 3, 2019, the title was renamed to "NXT Cruiserweight Championship", became part of the NXT brand, and started being defended on the *NXT* TV show. On October 18, Drake Maverick announced that NXT's cruiserweight wrestlers could also wrestle on *205 Live*. After Jordan Devlin won the title at Worlds Collide on January 25, 2020, the title could also be competed fot on the NXT UK brand.

At NXT WarGames on December 5, 2021, Joe Gacy, who weighed 245 lbs, became the only man above the weight limit to challenge for the championship. Reigning NXT Cruiserweight Champion Roderick Strong allowed Gacy to challenge for the title at WarGames. Gacy said that if he won the title, he would make it an all-inclusive championship. At the event, Strong won and remained champion.

At the special New Year's Evil episode of *NXT 2.0* on January 4, 2022, North American Champion Carmelo Hayes defeated Cruiserweight Champion Roderick Strong to make the titles into one. Hayes became the last champion and went on as North American Champion. The Cruiserweight title was then retired. The final episode of *205 Live* aired on February 11, 2022, and it was replaced by *NXT Level Up* the following week on February 18.

## Reigns 
## Combined reigns 
 with the second championship design (2017–2020)]]

## Related pages 
* WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007)

## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official WWE Cruiserweight Title History
Leone di Lernia

**Leone di Lernia** (born **Leonardo di Lernia**; 18 April 1938 &ndash; 28 February 2017) was an Italian radio host, singer, actor and composer. He gained popularity in early 1990s, thanks to the cover of parody or comedic songs of dance music. He has been for almost fifteen years (1999 to 2008 and again, even if partially, from 2011 to 2016) the host of the radio program Lo Zoo di 105 on Radio 105 Network.

Lernia died in Milan on 28 February 2017 from liver cancer, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
Toshio Nakanishi

, also known by the pseudonyms **Tycoon To$h** or **Typhoom Tosh**, was a Japanese musician and graphic designer. He was best known as the founding member of new wave band Plastics in 1976. 

He was at first a part of the technopop fever in Japan and later acted as a pioneer of the Japanese hip hop scene with his label Major Force.

Nakanishi died in Tokyo from esophageal cancer on February 25, 2017, aged 61.

## References
## Other websites
* Toshio Nakanishi Discography
Elisabeth Waldheim

**Elisabeth "Sissy" Waldheim** (née **Ritschel**; 13 April 1922 &ndash; 28 February 2017) was an Austrian businesswoman. She was the wife of Kurt Waldheim, the United Nations Secretary-General and President of Austria. She was the First Lady of Austria from 1986 to 1992. She applied for Nazi Party membership as soon as she was old enough, and was accepted in 1941". She was born in Vienna.

She died on 28 February 2017 in Vienna at the age of 94.

## References
Taarak Mehta

**Taarak Mehta** (26 December 1929 &ndash; 1 March 2017) was an Indian columnist, humourist, writer and playwright. He was best known for the column *Duniya Ne Undha Chasma* in the Gujarati language. He translated and adapted many comedies into Gujarati. He was also a well-known figure in the Gujarati theatre. He was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Mehta died after a long illness on 1 March 2017, at the age of 87.

## References
Mahershala Ali

**Mahershala Ali** (born **Mahershalalhashbaz Gilmore**; February 16, 1974) is an American actor and rapper. He is best known for his roles in *The 4400* (2004&ndash;2007), *Predators* (2010), *House of Cards* (2013–2016), *The Hunger Games: Mockingjay* – Part 1* (2014) and *Part 2* (2015), *Moonlight* (2016) and *Green Book* (2018). He has won two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor for *Moonlight* and *Green Book''. He was the first Muslim actor to win an Oscar.

Ali was born in Oakland, California. He is the son of Willicia and Phillip Gilmore. He grew up in Hayward, California. He is an Ahmadi Muslim. He is married to Amatus Sami-Karim. They have a daughter, Bari Najma (born February 22, 2017).

## References
## Other websites
*
Ugrić

**Ugrić** is a right tributary of the Ugar river in Central Bosnia. It is about  in length, and its source is Vlašić's Mountain slopes.  It is an essential body of water for surrounding wildlife.

Ugrić springs from the fountain of the same named Osmanovac stream; altitude 940 m, in the region of the elevation Krčevine. Above Krčevina regional there is communications Skender Vakuf – Turbe – Travnik, which marks a watershed between the basins of Ugar and Vrbanja rivers. It runs to the southwest, between Ćelehovsko hill (909 m) and by Barišića strane (Glavica, 897 m).

## Related pages
*Ugar (river)
*Skender Vakuf

## References
John Harlan (announcer)

, c. 1948]]
**John Henry Harlan** (December 21, 1925 &ndash; February 27, 2017) was an American television and radio announcer. He has worked on many television projects for over 40 years, mainly game and variety shows. He was born in Sonoma County, California.

Perhaps his best-known work was for the Bob Hope specials aired on NBC during the 1960s through the 1990s and for *Name That Tune* produced between 1974 and 1985.

Harlan studied at California State University, Fresno, graduating in 1948.

Harlan died in Los Angeles, California on February 27, 2017, aged 91.

## References
Betty Okino

**Elizabeth Anne "Betty" Okino** (born June 4, 1975 in Entebbe, Uganda) was one of the first African-American gymnasts. 

Along with being a former Olympic bronze medalist in gymnastics, Okino is also an actress today. She retired in 1992 with 3 silver medals, 2 bronze medals, and 1 gold medal. She represented the U.S. She has been in movies like Æon Flux and Creature Unknown.
Peter Mathews (politician)

**Peter Mathews** (7 August 1951 – 28 February 2017) was an Irish politician. He was a member of Fine Gael before becoming independent in 2013. He served as Teachta Dála (TD) from February 2011 to February 2016 for the Dublin South constituency. He was born in Dublin.

Mathews died from oesophageal cancer on 28 February 2017, at the age of 65.

## References
Peter A. Diamond

**Peter Arthur Diamond** (born April 29, 1940) is an American economist. Diamond is known for his analysis of U.S. Social Security policy and his work as an advisor to the Advisory Council on Social Security in the late 1980s and 1990s.

He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2010, along with Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides. He won the Prize for studying what happens when trading in markets is difficult. For example, because buyers and sellers need to find another before they can trade.

He is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. On June 6, 2011 he withdrew his nomination to serve on the Federal Reserve’s board of governors, citing intractable Republican opposition for 14 months.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Peter A. Diamond  at MIT
* Unemployment, Vacancies, Wages 2010 lecture at NobelPrize.org
* 
* 
* 
* 
* An interview with Peter A. Diamond , July 12, 2006
* Documentary films on Peter A. Diamond, with critiques of his work, as part of the Nobel Perspectives project
Radu Gabrea

**Radu Gabrea** (20 June 1937 &ndash; 9 February 2017) was a Romanian movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Bucharest, Romania. He directed more than twenty movies between 1969 and 2016. He was known for directing the movie ''Gruber's Journey'' (2008).

Gabrea died in Bucharest on 9 February 2017, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
*
Spanair Flight 5022

**Spanair Flight 5022** was a passenger flight from Barcelona, Spain to Gran Canaria via Madrid. On 20 August 2008 the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating this route crashed after take-off from runway 36L at Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport. All 6 crew members and 148 of 166 passengers aboard were killed.

The main cause of the crash was the failure to configure the flaps and slats properly for take-off.

## Victims
Gustav Metzger

**Gustav Metzger** (10 April 1926 &ndash; 1 March 2017) was a British artist and political activist. He was best known for developing the concept of auto-destructive art (ADA) and the Art Strike. He was also one of the starters of the Destruction in Art Symposium in September 1966.

Metzger was born in Nuremberg, Germany. He was the son of Polish Jews. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1939 as a refugee.

Metzger died on 1 March 2017 in London, at the age of 90.

## References
Neil Fingleton

**Neil Fingleton** (18 December 1980 – 25 February 2017) was an English actor and basketball player. He was the tallest British-born man and the tallest man in the European Union at 7&nbsp;ft 7.56 in (232.6&nbsp;cm) in height and among the 25 tallest men in the world.

This title has been confirmed by the *Guinness Book of Records* in the summer of 2007; Fingleton took over from Christopher Greener who stood at 7&nbsp;ft 6 ¼ in (229.2&nbsp;cm) in height.

Fingleton died on 25 February 2017 from a heart attack in Durham, England, aged 36.

## References
Amnon Krauz

**Amnon Krauz**, Hebrew: אמנון קראו , (born August 10, 1952 in Petah Tikva) is a former Israeli swimmer.

Krauz participated in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City but wasn't able to obtain a medal.

## Other websites 
* www.sports-reference.com
Joe Jackson (musician)

**David Ian "Joe" Jackson**  (born 11 August 1954) is an English musician and singer-songwriter. Jackson's first and second releases, "Sunday Papers" and "Is She Really Going Out With Him?" became a hit in 1979. This was followed by many new wave singles before he started creating more jazz type pop music. He had a Top 10 hit in 1982 with "Steppin' Out". He has also composed classical music. He has recorded 19 studio albums and earned 5 Grammy Award nominations in a career extending from 1978 to today.

## References
Sabra

, widow of general and Defense minister Moshe Dayan, was born in Haifa in March 1917.]]

A **sabra**, Hebrew: צבר - tzabar, is a Jew who is born in Ottoman Palestine, Mandatory Palestine or in the State of Israel. As of 2015, about three quarters of the Israeli Jews are sabras.

The term "sabra" is derived from the prickly pear. Like this cactus a sabra is supposed to be hard on the outside but soft on the inside.
Tommy Gemmell

**Thomas** "**Tommy**" **Gemmell** (16 October 1943 &ndash; 2 March 2017) was a Scottish football player and manager. 

He served as a left-sided fullback and had powerful shooting ability. 

Gemmell is best known as one of the Celtic side who won the 1966&ndash;67 European Cup; he scored the first Celtic goal in the final. Gemmell played 18 times for Scotland, and also played for Nottingham Forest, Miami Toros and Dundee.  After retiring as a player in 1977, Gemmell managed Dundee and Albion Rovers.

Gemmell died on 2 March 2017, aged 73, after a long illness.

## References
## Other websites
* Newcastle Fans profile
John Hampshire

**John Harry Hampshire** (10 February 1941 &ndash; 1 March 2017), also known as **Jack Hampshire**, was an English cricketer and umpire. He played eight Tests and three One Day Internationals (ODIs) for England between 1969 and 1975. 

He played first-class cricket for Yorkshire from 1961 to 1981, and for Derbyshire from 1982 to 1984. Overseas, he was a successful captain of Tasmania in the period before the state was included in the Sheffield Shield. He was also appointed President of Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 2016, serving until his death.

## References
Jins Shamsuddin

Tan Sri **Mohamed Zain bin Shamsuddin** (5 November 1935 – 1 March 2017), known professionally as **Jins Shamsuddin**, was a Malaysian movie actor, director and politician. He is known for his role in *Bukit Kepong* (1981). 

On 13 October 2004, he became the first actor-politician in Malaysia following his appointment as a member of the Dewan Negara in the 11th Parliament of Malaysia. He continued to be a Senator for two terms until 11 February 2011.

He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in February 2011, causing him unable to speak and unable to recognising anybody else, including his family. Shamsuddin's second son Putera Hang Nadim confirmed on his father's death.

## References
David Rubinger

**David Rubinger** (; 24 June 1924 – 2 March 2017) was an Israeli photographer. His famous photo of three Israeli paratroopers after the recapture the Western Wall in the Six-Day War has become a defining image of the conflict. Shimon Peres called Rubinger "the photographer of the nation in the making".

## References
Simon Hobday

**Simon Forbes Newbold Hobday** (23 June 1940 – 2 March 2017) was a South African professional golfer who won tournaments on three continents.

## Personal life
Hobday was born in Mafikeng. He represented the country in the 1966 Eisenhower Trophy. He also lived in Rhodesia.

## Career
Hobday turned professional in 1969. He spent his regular career mainly on the Southern Africa Tour, where he won six times and the European Tour, where he won the 1976 German Open and the 1979 Madrid Open. As a senior, he played mainly in the United States on the Senior PGA Tour (now Champions Tour), where he claimed five titles between 1993 and 1995 including one senior major, the 1994 U.S. Senior Open.

## References
Dardic languages

**Dardic** is a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the Dardistan region of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India.

## List of Dardic languages 
#Shina
#Kashmiri
#Chitrali language
#Pashayi
#Torwali
#Palula
#Indus Kohistani
#Gawar-Bati
#Ushoji
#Kalami
#Kalasha
#Sawi
#Dameli
#Kalkoti
#Chilisso
#Kohistani Shina
#Shumashti
#Dardiarya/Brokskat
#Gowro
#Domaaki
#Bateri
Alternanthera philoxeroides

***Alternanthera philoxeroides*** is "alligator weed", an invasive species. It is an aquatic plant species and can be found in waterways.

## References
Canadian Pacific Railway

descending from Rogers Pass]]

The **Canadian Pacific Railway** (**CPR**), also known as **CP Rail** (**CP**) was a railway in North America with track in both Canada and the United States. It owns more than  of track from Montreal in the east to Vancouver in the west and Edmonton to the north. CP also has track in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, and New York City in the United States. 

The logo of the CPR company is a beaver, the national animal of Canada, and it has its headquarters in Calgary, Alberta and its U.S. operations are in Kansas City Missouri. It trades on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP. In 2023, CP merged with KCS and became CPKC

## References 
## Further reading
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* The Premier's Funeral (11 June 1891). *The Woodstock Evening Sentinel Review*, p.&nbsp;1.

## Other websites
* Canadian Pacific Railway official website
* Canadian Railway history and stories
* CPR, from Sea to Sea: The Scottish Connection  — Historical essay, illustrated with photographs from the CPR Archives and the McCord Museum's Notman Photographic Archives
* 
* The Canadian Pacific Railway inception - A rich digital set of unique artifacts, archival and graphic material from the UBC Library Digital Collections
* The Early Chinese Canadians: Working in B.C.: Gold, Railway, Mining, and Salmon
* Royal Canadian Pacific
* , illustrated account of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Evin Prison

**Evin Prison** is Iran's most notorious prison.  It is in the foothills of the Alborz Mountains above Tehran.  Some of Iran’s most respected activists and lawyers are imprisoned at Evin.

The prison opened in 1971 to hold political prisoners during the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The building has space for 320 prisoners. Since the 1979 revolution, it has had 15,000 prisoners.  

The prison has a reputation for brutality and torture. It is believed that many people died in this prison from torture.

## References
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup

The **FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup** is an international beach soccer competition. It is played by the men's national teams of the members of FIFA, the sport's global body of the sport. 

The tournament was created in 1995 as the Beach Soccer World Championship. It took place every year for the next decade controlled by Beach Soccer Worldwide. Because the sport was increasing rapidly in popularity and growth, FIFA was interested in controlling the tournament,  they took over and also changed the name to make it a official FIFA tournament. Since 2009, the tournament has taken place every two years.

The most recent edition was held in Espinho, Portugal. Portugal were crowned as  champions for the second time, the first under being controlled by FIFA, after defeating Tahiti 5–3 in the final.
Joseph Vũ Duy Thống

**Joseph Vũ Duy Thống** (July 2, 1952 – March 1, 2017) was a Vietnamese prelate, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phan Thiet from July 2009 to his death and the Head of the Episcopal Committee on Cultural Affairs. He was Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh city from 2001 to 2009.

## References
Arash Sadeghi

**Arash Sadeghi** (Farsi: آرش صادقی) is an Iranian activist and political prisoner. He started a hunger strike on October 24, 2016 after his wife, Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee went to prison for an unpublished story on her computer about a woman watching a movie about a stoning. the government promised to let her out of prison until her case was reviewed, but after Sadeghi ended his hunger strike, they took her back to prison.

## References
Paul Kangas

**Paul Henry Kangas** (April 14, 1937 – February 28, 2017) was an American broadcaster. He was born in Houghton, Michigan. He was the co-anchor of the PBS television program *Nightly Business Report*, a role he held since 1979 through December 31, 2009. He is best known for signing off each NBR broadcast with "I'm Paul Kangas, wishing all of you the best of good buys!" (a pun on "the best of goodbyes").

Kangas died on February 28, 2017 in Miami, Florida from complications of Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, aged 79.

## References
Michael Bennet

**Michael Farrand Bennet** (born November 28, 1964) is an American businessman, lawyer, and Democratic politician. He is the senior United States Senator from Colorado. He became a senator when Ken Salazar was appointed Secretary of the Interior.

## Early career
Bennet worked as managing director for the Anschutz Investment Company, chief of staff to then-Denver mayor (and former Colorado Governor) John Hickenlooper, and superintendent of Denver Public Schools.

## Health
On April 3, 2019, Bennet announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. He had surgery and was later announced cancer-free.

## 2020 presidential campaign
In May 2019, Bennet launched his 2020 campaign for President of the United States. He announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for president during an interview on *CBS This Morning*. He ended his campaign on February 11, 2020 after a poor performance in the New Hampshire primaries.

## 2026 gubernatorial election
On April 11, 2025, Bennet announced his candidacy for governor of Colorado in the 2026 election.

## References
## Other websites
* Senator Michael F. Bennet official U.S. Senate site
* Michael Bennet for Senator 
* 
* 

* Collected news and commentary at *The Denver Post*
EgyptAir

**EgyptAir** is the flag carrier of Egypt. It began in 1933. Originally, it was named "Misr Airwork". The name was finally changed to EgyptAir in October 1971. The airline was the first from the Middle east to have jet aircraft. In 2008, it joined Star Alliance. EgyptAir suffered heavy losses during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.

## Gallery 

|The EgyptAir logo is a Horus.
File:Egyptair Comet Groves.jpg|EgyptAir plane in 1976.
File:Airbus A320-231, EgyptAir AN0413336.jpg|An EgyptAir Airbus A320 at Frankfurt Airport.
File:EgyptAir Boeing 777-300ER SU-GDM London Heathrow Airport.jpg|EgyptAir plane with the current paint job in 2011.

## References
Pau Donés

**Pau Donés Cirera** (11 October 1966 &ndash; 9 June 2020) was a Catalan songwriter, guitarist and vocalist of the musical group Jarabe de Palo.

## Biography 
### Early years 
Born in Barcelona, Spain, Donés grew up in Barcelona. He got his first guitar when he was 12 years old.

Along with his brother Marc, they set up their first group: J. & Co. Band, and afterwards Dentaduras Postizas. For a while, he combined locals concerts in Barcelona with his job for an advertising agency.

In 1996 he formed Jarabe de Palo, being *La Flaca* his first album.

### Health 
On 1 September 2015 he had to cancel all his concerts after having an operation for colorectal cancer. On 5 April 2016 he announced via Twitter that he had recovered from his illness. However, he had a relapse a year later. He announced in October 2018 that he was to leave the music world indefinitely from January 2019. A year later, in April 2020, it was reported that Jarabe de Palo was recording a new album, *Tragas o escupes*, to be launched in September. However, its launch was moved forward to May 2020. He died from the disease on 9 June 2020, aged 53.

## Discography 
* 1996 - *La flaca*
* 1998 - *Depende*
* 2001 - *De vuelta y vuelta*
* 2003 - *Bonito*
* 2004 - *1 m²*
* 2007 - *Adelantando*
* 2009 - *Orquesta reciclando*
* 2011 - *¿Y ahora qué hacemos?*
* 2014 - *Somos*
* 2015 - *Tour Americano 14-15 (CD/DVD)*
*2017 - *50 palos* (10-03-2017)
*2020 - *Tragas o escupes*

### Compiling 
* 2003 - *¿Grandes éxitos?*
* 2004 - *Colección "Grandes"*
* 2005 - *Completo, incompleto*
* 2006 - *Edición 10º aniversario "La Flaca"*

## References 
## Other websites
* Jarabe de Palo's official website
SummerSlam (2016)

**SummerSlam (2016)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network livestreaming show made by WWE for the Raw and SmackDown brands. It took place on August 21, 2016 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. It was the twenty-ninth SummerSlam event held by WWE, the second SummerSlam in a row to happen at the Barclays Center, and the first WWE PPV since the brand split started again.

Twelve matches happened at the event, including three on the pre-show. In the most important match, Brock Lesnar beat Randy Orton by technical knockout while in another important match, Finn Bálor beat Seth Rollins to become the first Universal Champion. 

## Background
### Dean Ambrose vs. Dolph Ziggler
This match was for the WWE World Championship. *SmackDown* wrestler and WWE World Champion Dean Ambrose put his title on the line in a Triple Threat match at Battleground on July 25 against *Raw* wrestlers Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins, who were Ambrose's partners in The Shield. Ambrose won the match, so *SmackDown* needed to find a challenger for him at *SummerSlam* and they had a six-pack challenge to find the challenger. The first five spots were given to John Cena, Bray Wyatt, AJ Styles, Baron Corbin and Dolph Ziggler. Apollo Crews took the sixth spot when he won a battle royal, but Ziggler won the six-pack challenge.

### Finn Bálor vs. Seth Rollins
Because the WWE World Championship was on *SmackDown*, *Raw* had to create their own world championship. They called it the WWE Universal Championship. *Raw* commissioner Stephanie McMahon felt that Rollins had a chance to pin Ambrose at *Battleground* and bring the World Championship to *Raw* but Reigns was selfish and broke up the pin. Because of that, Stephanie gave Seth the first spot in the match to crown the champion. Then, Finn Bálor beat Cesaro, Kevin Owens and Rusev in a Fatal 4-way match and Reigns beat Chris Jericho, Sami Zayn and Sheamus in another Fatal 4-way. Finally, Bálor and Reigns fought in a singles match where the winner would face Rollins at SummerSlam and Bálor won this match.

## Matches 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Anna J. Cooper

**Anna Julia Haywood Cooper** (August 10, 1858 – February 27, 1964) was an American author and educator. She was one of the most prominent African-American scholars in United States history. She was the fourth Black American woman to earn a Ph.D. She was a mathematician and a Classics scholar. She had two brothers, Rufus and Andrew. Her grandfather was a carpenter that was sent to help build the capital of North Carolina. Her writing showed that slavery and bad treatment of Black peoples were a big part of revolutions in the France and Haiti. She was the fourth Black American woman to reach that level.

## Career
Cooper had a varied career.

### Teaching 
In 1887 she became part of the M Street High school faculty. She taught mathematics, science, and Latin.

In 1902 she became the principal of M Street High School. When Cooper was Principle she enhanced the academic reputation, plus lots of her graduates entered Ivy leagued schools. The District of Columbia did not renew her contract. They did not think that Black students needed to be prepared to go to college. Cooper was not scared. After she continued her career by teaching in Lincoln University for four years. In 1910 Cooper was rehired by M Street High School.

In 1930, Cooper retired from teaching to assume the presidency of Frelinghuysen University, a school for black adults. She served as the school’s registrar after it was reorganized into the Frelinghuysen Group of Schools for Colored People. Cooper remained in that position until the school closed in 1950.

### Writing 
*A Voice from the South by a Black Woman of the South* was Cooper's first book. She published it in 1892. She argued that women should be educated. She especially wanted Black women to be educated. Cooper's book made her a popular public speaker. She spoke to a wide variety of groups, which included the National Conference of Colored Women in 1895. She was also at the first Pan African Conference in 1900.

In the 1890s Cooper was also involved in the black women's club. Middle class black women would help the less fortunate black women.

At the age of 67 Cooper received her doctorate from Paris.

## Death
Cooper died at the age 105 in 1964. Anna J. Cooper was a fighter for what is right and hopefully her legacy reigns on.

## References
Nyctibatrachus

***Nyctibatrachus*** is a genus of frogs endemic to the Western Ghats of southwestern India. Their common name is **night frogs**. Their scientific name also means "night frog". 

These frogs are quite common, and researchers think this has been overlooked because of their small size. They are indeed extremely small, and can sit on a coin or a fingernail. However, they are not so small as *Paedophryne*, which is the smallest land vertebrate.

## References
Anne Kristin Sydnes

**Anne Kristin Sydnes** (13 May 1956 – 3 March 2017) was a Norwegian politician. She was a member of the Labour Party. She served as the Minister of International Development from 2000 to 2001. She was married to Jan Egeland.

Sydnes died after a long illness on 3 March 2017, at the age of 60.

## References
Jhulelal (Hinduism)

**Jhulelal** (Sindhi:جهوللال), Kutchi: ઝૂલેલાલ) is the *Ishta Dev* (community God) of Sindhi people. His birthday *Cheti Chand* falls on the second day of the Chaitra month. It is auspicious for Sindhis and celebrated all over the world. 

## Notes
Hallopus

***Hallopus*** was a prehistoric crocodylomorph that was classified as a dinosaur in 1881 by Othniel Charles Marsh.

## References
Religious Zionism

**Religious Zionism** (Hebrew: ציונות דתית - *Tziyonut Datit*) is a branch of Zionism. It is a combination of Zionism and Judaism.

## Ideas
Religious Zionists are in favour of a State of Israel, that is mainly populated by Jews and dominated by Judaism. In their view, the State of Israel should encompass the entire Land of Israel (*Eretz Yisrael*). This includes the so-called Palestinian territories (West Bank, Gaza Strip) and also the Golan Heights.

## Influence
Religious Zionism dominates Modern Orthodox Judaism in Israel. Politically Religious Zionists can especially be found in HaBayit HaYehudi (The Jewish Home) but also in HaLikud.
Yesh Atid

**Yesh Atid** () is an Israeli political party.

## Background 
The Yesh Atid was founded in 2012.

## Ideology 
The party is centrist, Zionist, secular and social liberal. The party's leader is Yair Lapid, who was the Prime Minister of Israel from July 2022 to December 2022.

## Today 
The party's number of seats in the 25th Knesset: 24 (+7). It was part of the Bennett-Lapid Government.

## Other websites 
*
World Tamil Badminton Federation

The **World Tamil Badminton Federation (WTBF)** (Tamil: அகில உலக தமிழர் பூப்பந்தாட்ட பேரவை) is the international governing body of Badminton for the world Tamils. It conducts the annual international competition. The first ever tournament was held on 2013 in Switzerland. 

## Tournament Winners
### Men's Singles Open
### Ladies Single Open
### Men's Doubles Open
### Ladies Double Open
## Victories by nationality (First Place, All Time)
## Related pages
* Tamil Eelam national football team

## References
## Other websites
*
Toll-free telephone number

A **toll-free telephone number** is a telephone number in which the person who owns that telephone number is charged for calls that come to them, rather than the person making the call to that number being charged. These numbers usually begin with "1-800" in North America (800 being the area code under the North American Numbering Plan), but are different around the rest of the world.

They are not to be confused with "collect calls", which are made when the person making the call does not want to have to pay their telephone company to make it. In this case, the person receiving the call has to agree to be charged for that call, while those owning toll-free numbers already agree to being charged for incoming calls.

## References
Coronium

**Coronium** was thought to be a chemical element  in 1882. The evidence was a thin green spectrometry line in the solar corona. In 1930, it was proved that it did not exist. The green line was just highly ionized iron, (Fe13+), which is now called coronium.
Continental margin

The **continental margin** is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called the continental margin. Continental margins are about 28% of the oceanic area.

## References
HaBayit HaYehudi

**HaBayit HaYehudi**, Hebrew: הבית היהודי , meaning *The Jewish Home* (often called like that), is an Israeli political party.

Its ideology is (far) right-wing conservative liberal, nationalist, Modern Orthodox Jewish, and Religious Zionist.

Political leader is Rafi Peretz.

HaBayit HaYehudi was founded in 2008 as a result of a merger of three parties but in fact it is the successor of Mafdal (National Religious Party).

Number of seats in the 23rd Knesset: 1 (-1).

Participating in the Fourth Netanyahu Government and the Netanyahu-Gantz Government.

## Other websites 
*
Igor Sychev

**Igor Sychev** is a Kazakh blogger and a political prisoner.  He received international attention when he went to prison over an online poll about whether Kazakhstan should join Russia in the same way as Crimea in Ukraine.

Sychev is an ethnic Russian from a former Russian area in the east of Kazakhstan.  It has a majority of ethnic Russian people.  Sychev was the administrator of VKontakte, a popular Russian social networking site. On November 18, 2015, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Sychev said he did not put up the poll, and he took it down after he received complaints.

Synchev was convicted under a new law, passed in 2015, that prohibits calling for separatism. In January 2017, Sychev's sentence was upheld on appeal.

The International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR) and Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law (KIBHR) asked the EU to support Sychev and other victims of free speech violations.

## References
Elisabeth Lichtenberger

**Elisabeth Lichtenberger** (17 February 1925 &ndash; 14 February 2017) was an Austrian geographer. She taught at the University of Vienna. She was born in Vienna. She was awarded the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art in 1999.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

Lichtenberger died on 14 February 2017 in Vienna, aged 91.

## References
Boaz Vaadia

**Boaz Vaadia** (November 13, 1951 &ndash; February 25, 2017) was an Israeli-American artist and sculptor. He was born in Gat Rimon, Israel. He worked primarily in stone and later by casting in bronze. He said that his work is based on the power of natural materials and the relation of human beings to that power.

Vaadia died in Brooklyn, New York from pancreatic cancer on February 25, 2017, aged 65. He was survived by his wife Kim and two daughters.

## References
## Other websites
*New York Times - Neighborhood Report
*DeCordova Sculpture Park
*International Sculpture Center
*ArtNews Biography