open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Greater Los Angeles Area

The **Greater Los Angeles Area**, or the **Southland**, is a term used for the group of metropolitan areas over five counties in the southern part of California. It includes Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County, Riverside County and Ventura County. It has been one of the fastest growing regions in the United States for decades. The growth started in Los Angeles County, then Orange County, and now in the Inland Empire. As of 2020, the population of the Greater Los Angeles area was 18.6 million. It is the second-largest statistical area in the country. Only the New York metropolitan area is larger. 

The Greater Los Angeles area is centered on the county of Los Angeles, California. The term is defined to refer to the area from Ventura to the southern border of Orange County, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Inland Empire. The Greater Los Angeles area includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Inland Empire, and Ventura County. The term "Greater Los Angeles" does not include San Diego and Imperial counties. 

The United States Census Bureau has named the five county region as the *Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA* combined statistical area. The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a total area of . The wider combined statistical area covers . More than half of this is the thinly populated eastern areas of Riverside and San Bernardino counties.

## Main cities 
The following is a list of main cities in the Greater Los Angeles Area with their population in 2020.

### Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana MSA 
### Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario MSA 
### Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura MSA 
* Oxnard (202,063)
* Thousand Oaks (126,966)
* Simi Valley  (126,356)
* Ventura (110,763)
* Camarillo (70,741)

## References
Pentamerone

The ***Pentamerone*** or ***Lo cunto de li cunti overo lo trattenemiento de peccerille*** (*The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones*) is a seventeenth-century collection of fairy tales by Giambattista Basile. The collection consists of a frame story and 49 fairy tales. Ten old women tell the tales over five days. The collection contains many famous fairy tale types such as "Cinderella" and "Puss in Boots". 

## References 
* Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. *The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales*. Oxford UP. pp. 377-8.

## Other websites 
* "La vita di Giambattista Basile"  (in Italian)
* The complete text of *Lo cunto de li cunti*  (in Neapolitan)
* 
* SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Il Pentamerone by Giambattista Basile
* Illustrations  by George Cruikshank
* Professor S. Cicciotti's page about G. B. Basile (in Italian)
* Online text of some stories, in English (from Taylor translation)
Tania Khalill

**Tania Khalill** (stage name **Tânia Calil Padis Campos**, July 8, 1977 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian actress.

## Biography 
Emiliano is the daughter of a pediatrician and psychologist Terezinha Campos Campos Calil.  The Calil name, she turned into Khalill.  She was born  in the São Paulo neighborhood of Partridges. She is the second of three daughters, descendants of Spaniards and Lebanese.

As a teenager she studied Brazilian Baptist College. In 2000, Tania graduated in psychology at the Mackenzie University, but has never been a psychologist.

Tania practiced ballet for 16 years, from when she was 6 until she was 22.  She danced professionally for five years in the Paulista Dance Company, formed by the classical ballet dancer Paula Castro.  She lived for five months in Cuba to study at the National School Ballet of Cuba. She also starred in advertising campaigns in the Elite modeling agency.

She moved from dancing into the theater. She studied drama for seven years and graduated from the Carmina Actors School and did courses Beto Silveira, Theatre-Macunaíma school, also attended the course in television and theater professionals in the studio for Wolf Maya and the Theatre Workshop of Interpretation for Oswaldo Boaretto for five years.  Tania also studied speech and presentation with SENAC TV.

Her first stage performance was in 1995 in a play by  Naum Alves. Since then she has been in plays by Nelson Rodrigues, Short Comedy by Luís Fernando Veríssimo and  The Suitcase, by Larry Shue, directed by Isser Koriki. In 2002, she was in an SCYSD short film. In 2005 she was in another short, The Opposite Sex, under the direction of Hudson Glauber In 2009 she was  in the short *Innocent* directed by Thiago Luciano and Bob Shultz at the 13th International Film Festival Latino.

In 2002 she appeared on television for the first time in the supporting cast of the soap opera, *Sabor da Paixão*. In 2004 she was in the show *Galera*, TV Cultura.  In 2009, she played the passionate Duda in *Caminho das Índias*.

She was on the  cover of Sensual held for VIP magazine in September 2004. She was on their list of one hundred sexiest women in the world. She was also one of the 25 sexiest women in the annual rankings of  This is People in 2004 and 2009. She refused the invitation of men's magazine Playboy to pose nude.

She was nominated for a Grammy Latino in 2009. 

In 2010 she was involved with a children's project *Acampamento de Férias 2 - A Arvore da Vida*, where she played Debora. The movie is directed by Gerson Sanginitto Halder Gomes and production of the recordings take place in Ceará and Los Angeles.

In 2011 she was in the telenovela *Fina Estampa*, playing the teacher Letícia. In 2012 she was the turquoise Ayla in the telenovela *Salve Jorge* of Glória Perez.

## Personal life 
On December 10, 2005, she married the singer Jair Oliveira, who in childhood was part of the group Turma do Balão Mágico, in the church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in São Paulo. The couple have two daughters, Isabella, born July 10, 2007 in São Luiz hospital, and Laura born March 5, 2011 in São Luiz hospital,

## References
## Other websites 
*
Peter Serafinowicz

**Peter Szymon Serafinowicz** ( /sɛrəˈfɪnəwɪtʃ/; born 10 July 1972) is an English actor, comedian, writer, composer, voice artist, television producer and writer. He was born in Liverpool. He is married to Sarah Alexander; the couple have a son and daughter together.

## Other websites 
*
Bret McKenzie

**Bret Peter Tarrant McKenzie**  (born 26 June 1976) is a New Zealand comedian, actor, musician and producer. He is best known as one half of the Grammy Award-winning comedy duo Flight of the Conchords with Jemaine Clement. For *The Muppets* (2011), he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. He also played Lindir in Peter Jackson's *The Lord of the Rings* and *The Hobbit* movie trilogy.

McKenzie was born in Wellington. He has two children with his wife, ist Hannah Clarke.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pease 1

**Pease 1** is a planetary nebula. It is in the globular cluster Messier 15 in the constellation of Pegasus. It is the first planetary nebula discovered within a globular cluster. Three more have been discovered in other clusters.

## References
Oops!... I Did It Again

***Oops!... I Did It Again*** is the second album released by American pop music singer Britney Spears on Jive Records. 
Four singles were released from the album, the title track, "Lucky", "Stronger", and "Don't Let Me Be The Last To Know". 
It also features the first song Britney had a hand in writing, titled "Dear Diary".
Jive Records

**Jive Records** was an American recording imprint known for rap and pop music artists and albums. 
The label itself along with LaFace, Arista and J were absorbed into RCA Records in 2011.

## References
Nutcracker Suite

***The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a*** is a selection of 8 musical numbers Tchaikovsky made from *The Nutcracker* ballet for a concert performance before the St. Petersburg branch of the Musical Society on March 19, 1892.  Every number was acclaimed and repeated, and the suite became an instant hit. The complete ballet was first performed on December 17, 1892.  It was not a success. It did not gain any popularity until George Balanchine staged a production in New York City. The suite however was very popular in concert. It was featured in Disney's *Fantasia.* *The Nutcracker Suite* should not be mistaken for the complete ballet. 

The numbers chosen by Tchaikovsky for *The Nutcracker Suite* and their sequence within the suite are as follows:
:I. Miniature Overture
:II. Danses caractéristiques
::a. Marche
::b. Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy *[ending altered from ballet-version]*
::c. Russian Dance (Trepak)
::d. Arabian Dance
::e. Chinese Dance
::f. Reed-Flutes
:III. Waltz of the Flowers
## References
Ned Beatty

**Edward Thomas Beatty** (July 6, 1937 &ndash; June 13, 2021) was an American actor. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Beatty died of natural causes on June 13, 2021 in Los Angeles, California, aged 83.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
The Million Pound Drop Live

***The Million Pound Drop Live*** is a British quiz show. It began on 24 May 2010 and is shown on Channel 4. It is presented by Davina McCall.

## International versions
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
We Belong Together

"**We Belong Together**" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Mariah Carey from her album *The Emancipation of Mimi*. The song is available in several versions. It reached #1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and stayed there for 14 weeks. With the song, Carey holds the record for having the longest-running and second-longest running songs at #1 in the US (her song "One Sweet Day" with Boyz II Men stayed on top for 16 weeks).

It was also No.1 in Australia and the Netherlands. It was the best-selling song in the US of 2005 and later became *Billboard*'s Song of the Decade for the 2000s (2000–09). It won two Grammy Awards.

## References
Touch My Body

"**Touch My Body**" is a song co-written by American singer Mariah Carey,  Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, Crystal "Cri$tyle" Johnson  Carey stated that the group "decided to just go with the mid-tempo and everybody kinda liked the song 'cause it's just fun and cute and sexy and sweet". The single went for adds on radio station playlists on February 19."Touch My Body" premiered on Chicago's hit rhythmic radio station, B96, ahead of schedule at 4:00pm.

### Reviews
Reviews of the song by critics were mostly good.  *Blender* said that it was a "pop genius making genius pop".  Bill Lamb from About.com gave "Touch My Body" 4 out of 5 stars.  Newsday named it as the "Song of the Week", saying that it was her best first single on an album since "Heartbreaker".

Rolling Stone gave it 3.5 stars in its March 6, 2008 issue.

## Music video 
Brett Ratner is the director of the video. Ratner also directed Carey's videos for "I Still Believe", "Heartbreaker", "Thank God I Found You", "It's like That", and "We Belong Together".  The video also stars Jack McBrayer from *30 Rock*, a show that Carey is a fan of.

Carey appeared on MTV's *TRL* and BET's *106 & Park* on Wednesday, February 27, 2008, to premiere the video for "Touch My Body"; BET also played the video all day, every hour on the hour, until *106 & Park*.  VH1 posted a 45-second sneak peek on their blog on February 26, and subsequently posted the video in its entirety at midnight on February 27, 2008; the video was also posted on the Island Records website.

On March 5 the "Touch My Body" music video debuted at #1 on MTV's TRL countdown.

## Chart performance
Following the song's February 12 digital transmission, after only a day's worth of airplay, "Touch My Body" entered the *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart at #78 the chart week of February 23, 2008.  It is currently at #15 in its fourth chart week.  It also debuted on airplay alone at #57 on the Billboard Hot 100 as the "Hot Shot" debut of the week, and is currently #24. and has since risen to #59.

### Charts
## References
Jessie J

**Jessica Ellen Cornish** (born 27 March 1988), better known by her stage name **Jessie J**, is an English singer and songwriter. She was born and raised in London where she studied at the BRIT School before signing with Gut Records. At age 11, she was cast in the West End production of the musical *Whistle Down the Wind* by Andrew Lloyd Webber.

Jessie J became better known after the release of her debut single "Do It Like a Dude" which peaked at number two in the UK. She achieved her first number one in the UK, France, Ireland and New Zealand with the song "Price Tag". After those two singles, she released her debut album *Who You Are* in 2011. The album charted at number two in the UK. Other singles from the album included "Nobody's Perfect", "Who's Laughing Now" and "Who You Are" which charted within the top 20 in the UK but the release of fifth single "Domino" became international chart success, peaking at number 6 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and becoming her second UK number one. She is the first British female artist to have six top ten singles on one album.

Jessie J has written songs for other singers such as Chris Brown and Miley Cyrus.

Jessie J is recognized for an unconventional musical and performing style. It mixes her soul voice with contemporary R&B, pop music and hip-hop influences. She has several awards and nominations. These include the 2011 Critics' Choice BRIT Award and the BBC's Sound of 2011. As of April 2012, Jessie has sold over 11 million singles and 2.5 million albums worldwide.

On 4 October 2011, Jessie said that she will be one of four coaches for new BBC program, *The Voice UK*. The other coaches are will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), Tom Jones and Danny O'Donoghue (of The Script).

## Personal life
Asked about her bisexuality in an interview on the "In Demand" radio show on 3 March 2011, Jessie J stated, "I've never denied it. Whoopie doo guys, yes, I've dated girls and I've dated boys – get over it." According to *The Guardian*, Jessie J's sexuality is valuable to young teens, especially for young girls unsure of themselves because of their sexuality and identity, to feel "that this does happen and this is normal." In April 2014, Jessie J renounced her bisexuality in an interview with *Daily Mirror*'s "3am" celebrity tabloid; "For me, it was a phase. But I'm not saying bisexuality is a phase for everybody", she said.

On 12 June 2011, at the Capital Radio Summertime Ball, Jessie ruptured several tendons in her foot during rehearsals. She performed for several weeks while sitting on a gilded throne.

She has a son, Sky Safir Cornish Colman (born 12 May 2023) with her current boyfriend, Danish-Israeli basketball player, Chanan Colman.

## Discography 
* *Who You Are* (2011)
* *Alive* (2013)
* *Sweet Talker* (2014)
* *R.O.S.E.* (2018)

## References
## Other websites
* **Jessie J** – official website
Vision of Love

"**Vision of Love**" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was Carey's first single and the first from her self-titled debut album. Written by Carey and Ben Margulies, "Vision of Love" was released on May 15, 1990, by Columbia Records. After being featured on Carey's demo tape for Columbia, the song was re-recorded and produced by Rhett Lawrence and Narada Michael Walden. It was Carey's first Billboard Hot 100 number one.

## Formats and track listings
* **Worldwide 7" single**
# "Vision of Love"
# Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/Someday"
* **UK 7" single**
# "Vision of Love"
# "Sent from Up Above"

* **UK CD maxi-single**
# "Vision of Love"
# "Sent from Up Above"
# Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/Someday"

## Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the *Mariah Carey* linear notes.
* Songwriting – Mariah Carey, Ben Margulies
* Production – Rhett Lawrence, Narada Michael Walden
* Instruments and programming – Rhett Lawrence, Jimmy Ripp
* Recording – Rhett Lawrence
* Audio engineering – Narada Michael Walden
* Background vocals – Mariah Carey
* Programming – Ben Margulies, Marcus Miller, Ren Klyce
* Mixing – Rhett Lawrence, Narada Michael Walden

## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts
### Decade-end charts
### Year-end charts
### Certifications and sales
## Related pages
* List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990
* List of number-one R&B singles of 1990 (U.S.)
* List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1990 (U.S.)
* List of number-one singles of 1990 (Canada)
* List of number-one singles in 1990 (New Zealand)

## References
## Further reading
* 
* 
*
Kansai region

The  is one of Japan's traditional regions  The area is also known as the  or as the .  The Japanese  of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Kansai region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison. and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a  of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".  The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

## History
In the late 7th century, the *Kinki* region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (*ritsuryo seido*).

*Gokishichidō* is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including *Kinki* or *Kansai*.  *Kansai* covers the area around the capital city of Kyoto on the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional *Kinki*.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (*chihō *), including the Kinki region. A regional council  (*chihō gyōsei kyōgisai*) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional .  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

### Table: Kansai region 
Over time, Kansai has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
### Places named with Kansai
* Kansai Airport Station
* Kansai International Airport
* Kansai Ki-in (Organization for Go)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix

, 1615]]
"'''Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix'''" is a mezzo-soprano aria from Camille Saint-Saëns's opera *Samson and Delilah*. It is known in English as "Softly awakes my heart", or "My heart opens itself to your voice". It is sung by Delilah in act 2 as she tries to get Samson to reveal the secret of his great  strength.

## Music
In the opera, Delilah is responding to Samson's words "''Dalila! Dalila! Je t'aime!*" (Delilah! Delilah! I love you!) which he repeats between the first and second verses of her aria. These interjections are omitted in recital performances or sometimes sung to the changed words "*Samson! Samson! Je t'aime!''". Samson's part in the final 22 bars of the stage aria where he joins Delilah in a duet is also omitted in a recital, although some performers, notably Marilyn Horne, have sung Samson's final words – changed as above, rising to a high B-flat. A performance takes between 5&nbsp;1/2 and 6&nbsp;1/2 minutes.

The aria is written in D-flat major. The verse has a time signatures of 3/4 but the refrain ("*Ah! réponds*") has a time signature of 4/4. The tempo indication is *andantino* (=66) for the verse and *un poco più lento* (a little slower) for the refrain. The vocal range extends from B-flat4 to G-flat5, with a tessitura from E-flat4 to E-flat5.

The instrumentation calls for flute, oboe, clarinet, horns, harp and strings. All instrument lines, except the harp, make intensive use of divisi (cellos play in four divisi). The orchestral accompaniment consists mainly of reiterated notes for the first verse and of falling chromatic lines for the second verse. The refrain is accompanied by ascending broken chords.

The melismatic setting of the lyrics present a particular challenge for the performance of this aria as it requires legato singing over a wide range.

## References
## Other websites 
*Audio file: "Mon coeur s'ouvre a ta voix" sung by Louise Homer. Recorded October 11, 1909.
Se vuol ballare

]]

The cavatina "**Se vuol ballare**" is an aria from *The Marriage of Figaro* by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The lyrics are by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It portrays Figaro's intent to foil Count Almaviva's womanizing, but can also be read as a political attack on the power-wielding nobility of the time.
 
The song is sung in act 1.  Figaro discovers Count Almaviva intends to exercise his feudal right to sleep with Figaro's wife Susanna before they consummate their marriage.  Figaro sings of how he will unravel the Count's schemes and thwart him.

## Lyrics 
## Variations 
Beethoven wrote a series of 12 variations on the theme of *Se vuol ballare*. It bears the Number WoO 40 (=Werk ohne Opuszahl, work without opus number)
Queen of the Night aria

"**Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen**" ("Hell's vengeance boils in my heart") is an aria for the Queen of the Night in Mozart's opera *The Magic Flute* ().  Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder wrote the words. The aria is written in D minor. The voice ranges over two octaves. It is known for being difficult to perform well. Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer was the first to sing the aria on stage.

This rage aria is often referred to as the **Queen of the Night aria**, although the Queen sings another distinguished aria earlier in the opera, "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn".

## Music 
The Queen of the Night is a role for a coloratura soprano. She has two arias in the opera. The other is "Oh, tremble not, my beloved son" (''''). Both arias are famous. "Hell's vengeance" is highly memorable, fast paced and menacingly grandiose.

The aria is written in D minor. It is scored for pairs of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, and the string section. It is a larger orchestra than that for "''''". It comprises all the players from the opera as a whole, except the clarinets and trombones.

The aria is sung in act 2. It is famous for being difficult to perform well. The Queen of the Night is in a fit of rage. She gives a knife to her daughter Pamina. She tells her to kill the priest Sarastro. If she refuses, the Queen will curse her. The aria's range is two octaves, from F4 to F6 and requires a very high tessitura.

## First performance 
The first singer to perform the aria onstage was Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer. She was 33. Mozart wrote the two *Magic Flute* arias to showcase her voice. He was very impressed with Hofer's performance. In the fifth week of the opera's run, Mozart lay dying. He whispered to his wife Constanze on December 4, 1791: "Quiet, quiet! Hofer is just taking her top F; – now my sister-in-law is singing her second aria, "Der Hölle Rache"; how strongly she strikes and holds the B-flat: ''"

## Lyrics 
The words were written (in German) by Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder, who also played Papageno in the first performances. 

## References
Lorenzo da Ponte

**Lorenzo da Ponte** (10 March 1749 – 17 August 1838) was an opera librettist and poet. He is best known for having written the libretti for three of Mozart's operas, *The Marriage of Figaro*, *Don Giovanni*,  and *Così fan tutte*.

## Biography 
Da Ponte was born Emanuele Conegliano to Jewish parents near Venice, Italy. He became a Christian, and took the name Lorenzo da Ponte from the bishop who baptized him. He became a priest at the church of San Luca in Venice. He took Anzoletta Bellaudi as his mistress. They ran a brothel. Da Ponte was  from Venice for 15 years. He went to Austria where he became court librettist to Emperor Joseph II.

About 1792, da Ponte married Ann Celestine Grahl. They had four children. When Joseph II died, da Ponte lost his job. He went to London. He got into debt, and went to the United States.  He ran a grocery store in Pennsylvania for a short time. He moved to New York City and opened a bookstore. He became the first professor of Italian literature at Columbia College. He produced *Don Giovanni* in New York in 1826. In 1828, da Ponte became a naturalized US citizen.

Da Ponte died in 1838 in New York. His funeral was held in New York's old St. Patrick's Cathedral. His final resting place is uncertain. All of da Ponte's libretti were adaptations of pre-existing plots, except ''L'arbore di Diana* and *Così fan tutte''. His adaptations are of the highest order. The Don Giovanni character was given new life in da Ponte's hands. The character is now considered the archetypical .

## References 
* Acocella, Joan, "Nights At The Opera: The Life of the Man who put Words to Mozart", *The New Yorker*, 8 January 2007
* Holden, Anthony, “The phoenix”, ‘’The Guardian’’ (London), 7 January 2007
*Keats, Jonathan, "Lorenzo's Toil: How the Son of an Impoverished Leatherworker Came to Write Mozart's Libretti", *Washington Post*, 16 July 2006 — book review
*
Amahl and the Night Visitors

***Amahl and the Night Visitors*** is a one-act opera. The words and music were written by Gian Carlo Menotti. Menotti took inspiration from Hieronymus Bosch's *The Adoration of the Magi*, a painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 

## Career 
It was the first opera written for television. Its first performance was on Christmas Eve 1951 on NBC. It was the first show in the famous *Hallmark Hall of Fame* series. About five million people watched the program. It was the largest audience to ever see an opera on television. *Amahl* was shown every year until 1966. 

Menotti wanted Amahl to always be performed by a boy. He wrote, "It is the express wish of the composer that the role of Amahl should always be performed by a boy. Neither the musical nor the dramatic concept of the opera permits the substitution of a woman costumed as a child."

## Story 
Amahl is a crippled shepherd boy who uses a crutch. He sees a huge star in the night sky. His mother thinks he is lying and sends him to bed. She worries that they will become beggars. 

There is a knock at the door. Three kings ask for a place to rest. They are on their way to Bethlehem to find a newborn child. Amahl pesters them with many questions. Shepherds arrive to dance for the kings. The kings grow sleepy and the shepherds go home. 

The room is dark and everyone is asleep. The mother tries to steal a piece of gold from the kings. She is caught by their servant. Amahl wakes and beats the servant. He falls exhausted. The kings tell the mother to keep the gold. They tell her the wonderful baby they are seeking has no need for gold because his kingdom is Heaven. 

Amahl offers his crutch to this wonderful baby. He takes a few stumbling steps. A miracle has occurred. He can walk. He leaves with the kings to give his crutch to the baby himself. His mother waves good-bye.
Magnetic pendulum

with an iron ball is influenced by three magnets. When the pendulum is swung, it will stop over one of the three magnets.]]
A **magnetic pendulum** is an experiment where a metal ball on a thread (a pendulum) can be influenced by a number of magnets on the ground. The length of the rope is such that the ball cannot touch the magnets, but is still influenced by them. If the ball is moved, its movement will be influenced by both gravitation and the fields the magnets generate. If the movement is so large that the ball can get outside the influence of the magnets, the resulting movement will look irregular.
Ancient philosophy

on the Akropolis in Athens]]
**Ancient philosophy** refers to the philosophies of Ancient China, Greece, Rome, India, Iran, etc. These places had large empires before 200 BC. This time is sometimes called the Axial Age of thought. In the western world it is the birthtime of western philosophy. Many ideas from ancient philosophy are still studied in modern universities.

## Greece and Rome 
Ancient philosophy in Europe refers mainly to that of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Diogenes Laërtius, a 3rd-century scholar wrote Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, which summarized the position of many Ancient Greek philosophers. This work was translated into Latin and meant that Ancient Greek philosophy remained known even after Library of Alexandria lost its influence. Most of Ancient philosophy was forgotten after the 6th century. After this, it was mainly through Islamic thinkers such as Avicenna (11th century), Averroës (12th century), or the Jewish philosopher Maimonides (12th century) that Ancient philosophy became known again. Medieval philosophy, such as that of Albertus Magnus (13th century) or Thomas Aquinas meant that the works of thinkers such as Aristotle were well known.

## Other websites 
* Western philosophy -Citizendium

## Citations
Serenade for Strings

***Serenade for Strings in C major, Op. 48*** is a work for string orchestra by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It premiered in 1880. The serenade consists of four movements:
# Pezzo in forma di sonatina: Andante non troppo — Allegro moderato
# Valse: Moderato — Tempo di valse
# Élégie: Larghetto elegiaco
# Finale (Tema russo): Andante — Allegro con spirito

Tchaikovsky intended the first movement to be an imitation of Mozart's style. It was based on the form of the classical sonatina, with a slow introduction. The 36-bar *Andante* introduction is marked "sempre marcatissimo". It is littered with double-stopping in the violins and violas. This introduction returns at the end of the movement. It reappears, transformed, in the coda of the fourth movement. Tchaikovsky intended the work for a large string orchestra. On the second page of the score, he  wrote, "The larger the string orchestra, the better will the composer's desires be fulfilled." George Balanchine used the work for his ballet *Serenade* in 1934Excerpts from the score were used in the 2005 ballet *Anna Karenina*, choreographed by Boris Eifman. The waltz was arranged for soprano and full orchestra for the 1945 MGM movie *Anchors Aweigh*. It was performed by Kathryn Grayson with José Iturbi conducting the MGM studio orchestra.

## References
Shin Don

**Sin Don** (신돈, 辛旽; 21 January 1322 – 21 August 1371) was a Korean Goryeo Dynasty scholar, politician, and Buddhist monk. His  first name was **Pyeonjo** (편조, 遍照). a penname was Chunghangeosa (청한거사, 淸閑居士). His Chinese style name was Yogong (요공, 耀空). He was a teacher and advisor of king Gongmin of Goryeo.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=101518
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=2692
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=560043
W (magazine)

***W*** is a monthly American fashion magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. It was started in 1972 by the publisher of sister magazine Woman's Wear Daily, James Brady. The magazine is an oversize set – ten inches wide and thirteen inches tall. W magazine has nearly half a million, 469,000 subscribers. 80 percent of the magazine's readers are girls and women. 

## references
Subtitle (captioning)

**Subtitles** are text-like versions of the dialog in movies. Subtitles are also used in television programmes and video games.  The text is usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. Subtitles can also be a form of written translation of a dialog in an unfamiliar language, or a written text version of the spoken words in the same language, with or without added information to help watchers who are not able to hear or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue.

## References
The River (American TV series)

***The River*** is an American television series. The series uses many different genres. These include paranormal, action/adventure,  and horror. The series was first broadcast during the 2011–12 winter season on ABC. Eight episodes will be made for the first season. The series was first shown on Tuesday February 7, 2012 at 9pm EST.

## Plot
Explorer Dr. Emmet Cole (Bruce Greenwood) went looking for magic in the Amazon. He never came back. To the millions of kids who grew up watching his nature show, Dr. Cole was a hero. To his son, Lincoln (Joe Anderson), he was more of mystery. Six months after Cole was lost, Lincoln was ready to accept that his father was dead. This changes when Dr. Cole's emergency beacon goes off. Lincoln and his mother, Tess (Leslie Hope), begin a search for his father. To pay for the rescue, they let Dr. Cole's  ex-producer, Clark (Paul Blackthorne), film the mission as a documentary. They and a group of others go to the Amazon to try and find Dr. Cole.

## Production
Oren Peli and Michael R. Perry created this series about a documentary crew searching the Amazon for a scientist-explorer-television host.

In September, 2010, ABC bought the rights to make the series. NBC also wanted to make it, but ABC offered more money. The show will broadcast on CTV in Canada.

## Critical reception
The show has been well liked by the critics. It has a score of 65/100 from Metacritic.

## Broadcast
*The River* was first broadcast in the United States and Canada on February 7, 2012. It is not being broadcast the United Kingdom but was on iTunes on February 8, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Iraj Eskandari

**Iraj Eskandari** (; 1907 – 1985) was an Persian Qajar politician. He was active in the Persian Revolution. He was killed in prison during the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.  

## References
Béatrice Vialle

**Béatrice Vialle** (born 4 August 1961 at Bourges) is a French pilot. She is one of the two female Concorde pilots. She was the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.

She graduated from École nationale de l'aviation civile (promotion 1981).

## References
Sandal Bar

**Sandal Bar** (), is a large and ancient region of Punjab. It is between the river Ravi and river Chenab. It spreads over almost 80&nbsp;km from east to west and 40&nbsp;km north to south. "Bar", in the local language, means a forested area where there are no resources for cultivation, like water.

## Language
Punjabi is the main language of the region. Many people also speak Urdu. Some who came from Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh States of India during the Partition of India of 1947 speak Haryanvi or Mewati.

## Major Cities and towns in Sandal Bar
*Gujranwala
*Sialkot
*Faisalabad
*Shiekhupura
*Narang Mandi
*Muridkay
*Nankana Sahib
*Warburton
*Rasul Nagar

*Qila Didar Singh
*Jaranwala
*Nowshera Virkan
*Sambrial
*Zafarwal
*Shakargarh
*Siranwali
*Eminabad

*Hafizabad
*Shahkot
*Ghakhar Mandi
*Kamoke
*Daska
*Pasrur
*Toba Tek Singh
*Wazirabad
*Manawala
Nankana Sahib

**Nankana Sahib**, (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: ) is a city in the Nankana Sahib district. This new district formed in 2005. The city used to be called **Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi** and was part of the old Sheikhupura District. Nankana Sahib is in the region of Punjab. It is about 75 kilometres west of Lahore and about 55 kilometres east of Faisalabad. Nankana is the holiest city for Sikhs and Hindus.

## History
The village of Nankana Sahib was founded by Rai Boi. He was a Muslim Rajput of Bhatti Clan, and a retainer of the Delhi Sultanate rulers of the early 15th Century. His descendants were Chaudhary Rai Bular (died 1515), who was a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539), the founder of the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak's parents were from Amritsar District area, as his father Mehta Kalu got a new job as a patwari of the village of Rai Bhoi Di Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib), in the Sandal Bar region of Punjab.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

, where he is buried]]
**Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit** (1686-1736) was a German physicist who worked in the Netherlands. He became known for the precise instruments he made. The degree Fahrenheit is named after him. He was the first to be able to determine the temperature with precision. His thermometers used Ethyl alcohol at first. When he read an article by Guillaume Amontons about using mercury in barometers, he got the idea of using that substance for his thermometers. 

Low Temperature.  

He calibrated his mercury thermometers to a cold temperature he could produce easily, the freezing point of salt water.  This was set at zero degrees on the Fahrenheit scale  

In 1724 he discovered that water can be supercooled below its freezing point without turning into ice. 

Higher Temperature

Human blood temperature was set at 100 degrees Fahrenheit  (but as later research showed it was slightly lower at about 98.4 F)

Fahrenheit also developed a hydrometer, a pycnometer and a hypsobarometer
## References
Detour (1945 movie)

***Detour*** (1945) is a crime movie. It was directed by Edgar G. Ulmer. Critics liked the movie. It has received a lot of praise over the years. The movie is regarded as a good example of film noir.

*Detour* was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. The movie was remade in 1992 with Tom Neal's son Tom Neal Jr. in his father's role.

## Cast 
* Tom Neal as Al Roberts
* Ann Savage as Vera
* Claudia Drake as Sue Harvey
* Edmund MacDonald as Charles Haskell Jr
* Tim Ryan as Nevada Diner Proprietor
* Esther Howard as Holly, Diner Waitress
* Pat Gleason as Joe, Trucker at Diner
* Don Brodie as the Used Car Salesman

## Story 
Al is hitchhiking to Hollywood. A man named Haskell picks him up. Haskell accidentally dies on the road that night. Al believes the police will think he killed Haskell. He dumps Haskell's body on the side of the road. He runs away with Haskell's money and car.

The next day Al picks up Vera at a gas station. She is a drifter. She knows Al is not Haskell. She threatens to turn him over to the police if he does not obey her orders. She reads in a newspaper that Haskell's rich father wants to find his son.

Vera orders Al to pretend to be Haskell. She wants to get the man's money. Al refuses. Vera gets drunk. They argue. Al accidentally kills her. He hits the road again, but the police nab him.
Gangyō

was a  after *Jōgan* and before *Ninna.*  This period spanned the years from April 877 through February 885.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Gangyō* era
* **20 January 877** (*Gangyō 1, 3rd day of the 1st month*): Yōzei was formally enthroned at age 8.

* **877** (*Gangyō 1, 2nd month*): Ambassadors from Korea arrived in the Izumo province; but they were turned back.

* **4 March 884** (*Gangyō 8, 4th day of the 2nd month*):  In the 8th year of Yōzei's reign, the emperor was deposed; and the succession (*senso*) was received by the third son of former Emperor Ninmyō.

* **23 March, 884** (*Gangyō 8, 23rd day of the 2nd month*): Kōkō accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Brian Williams

**Brian Douglas Williams** (born May 5, 1959) is the anchor of *NBC Nightly News*, the evening newscast of NBC. He used to anchor the NBC News broadcast *The News with Brian Williams* on NBC's sister networks CNBC and MSNBC. 

On February 10, 2015, Williams was suspended for six months without pay. That was done because he reported false stories regarding his trips to Iraq in 2003 and to New Orleans during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

## References
The Nutty Professor

***The Nutty Professor*** may refer to 

**The Nutty Professor* (1963 movie), starring Jerry Lewis
**The Nutty Professor* (1996 movie), starring Eddie Murphy
Kantō region

The  is one of Japan's regions.  The Japanese  of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Kantō region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a  of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".  The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

## History
In the late 7th century, the *Tōkaidō* region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (*ritsuryo seido*).

*Gokishichidō* is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including *Tōkaidō*.  *Kantō* covers an east-central area of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional *Tōkaidō*.

The region of Kantō covers the east-central part of the island of Honshū.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (*chihō *), including the Kantō region. A regional council  (*chihō gyōsei kyōgisai*) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional .  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

### Table: Kanto Region 
Over time, Kantō developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

### Timeline
* **1923** (*Taishō 12*): Great Kantō earthquake has its epicenter near Tokyo and Yokohama.

## Geography
The region includes the Greater Tokyo Area.  The Kantō covers seven prefectures: Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tokyo, Chiba, and Kanagawa.
 
### Subdivisions
North and South s are sometimes used: 
*  covering Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Gunma. 
*  covering Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo and Kanagawa. South Kantō is often used as synonymous with the Greater Tokyo Area.

East and West subdivisions are sometimes used: 
* : Ibaraki, Tochigi and Chiba.
* : Gunma, Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa (and Yamanashi Prefecture may be included).

Inland and Coastal subdivisions are sometimes used:
* : Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama (and Yamanashi may be included).
* : Ibaraki, Chiba, Tokyo and Kanagawa.

### Greater Kantō 
The Japanese national government defines the  as the Kantō region plus Yamanashi Prefecture.

Japan's national public broadcaster NHK defines the  which includes Yamanashi, Nagano and Niigata Prefectures for regional programming.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References 
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Queen of Outer Space

***Queen of Outer Space*** is a 1958 science fiction movie. The screenplay was written by Charles Beaumont and Edward Bernds (uncredited). It was based on an outline by Ben Hecht. The movie was directed by Edward Bernds. It was shot in CinemaScope.

Cast member Lisa Davis said that Gabor's costumes were custom-made while those for the rest of the cast were "retreads" from *Forbidden Planet*. Davis and co-star Patrick Waltz fell in love at first sight on the set. The two married in June 1958.

## Cast 
* Eric Fleming as Captain Patterson, an astronaut
* Dave Willock as Lt. Mike Cruze, an astronaut 
* Patrick Waltz as Lt. Larry Turner, an astronaut 
* Paul Birch as Prof. Konrad, an astronaut
* Laurie Mitchell as Queen Yllana, the ruler of Venus
* Zsa Zsa Gabor as Talleah, a scientist and member of the Queen's court
* Lisa Davis as Motiya, a member of the Queen's court
* Barbara Darrow, Kaeel, Talleah's friend

## Story 
Captain Patterson and his crew crash-land on Venus. They are captured by Venusians. The planet is ruled by cruel Queen Yllana. She wears a mask. She has banished men from the planet. The women long for the love of men again. The astronauts are helped by the beautiful Talleah and her friends.

They plot to overthrow the evil Queen. Patterson removes the Queen's mask. She is scarred by radiation burns caused by men and their wars. In a rage, the Queen tries to destroy Earth and its warlike peoples. She dies in the attempt. The Venusians are free to enjoy the love of men again.

## References
Hopsin

**Marcus Jamal Hopson** (born July 18, 1985 in Los Angeles, California), known professionally as **Hopsin**, is an American rapper, hip hop producer, actor and music video director.

Hopsin was signed to Ruthless Records in 2007. He left later due to lack of support and financial compensation. Hopsin was angry at the owner Tomica Wright and claimed that she didn't know what she was doing. He stated that his first studio album Gazing at the Moonlight was released without his consent and that he wasn't even able to listen to the mastered version before it was released. He left the label when Tomica said "He doesn't do his job as an artist". In 2009, Hopsin founded an independent label called Funk Volume with business partner Dame Ritter. He also acted as a minor character in an episode of That's So Raven, made a guest appearance in the movie Fame and starred in the independent movie Bomb the World.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
Hopsin has released 6 studio albums:

## Filmography
### Films
### Television
## References
## Other websites
* Funk Volume
* Hopsin's Official Facebook page
* Hopsin's Official Twitter
*
Mandingo (movie)

***Mandingo*** is a 1975 movie based on the book *Mandingo* by Kyle Onstott and upon the play based thereon by Jack Kirkland. The movie was directed by Richard Fleischer. The movie tells the story of a plantation family and their slaves. The movie was a box office hit, but critical reviews were mixed.

## Main cast
* Warren Maxwell, a plantation owner - James Mason
* Hammond Maxwell, his son - Perry King
* Blanche, Hammond's wife - Susan George
* Mede, Hammond's slave - Ken Norton
* Ellen, Hammond's slave - Brenda Sykes

## Story
The movie is set on Falconhurst, a run-down plantation owned by widower Warren Maxwell and his son Hammond. Hammond's Mandingo slave Ganymede, or Mede is trained to fight other slaves. Hammond neglects his wife Blanche whom he rejects on their wedding night after discovering she was not a virgin. Hammond instead rapes his slave Ellen while Blanche forces Mede to lay with her. These various, conflicting infidelities all eventually come together causing the movie to end tragically with the deaths of most of the main characters.

## Response
Upon its release in 1975, critical response was mixed although box office was strong. Roger Ebert despised the film and gave it a "zero star" rating. Richard Schickel of *TIME* found the film boring and cliché-ridden. Movie critic Robin Wood was enthusiastic about the movie, calling it “the greatest film about race ever made in Hollywood”. In Leonard Maltin's annual publication ''Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide* the movie is ranked as a "BOMB" and dismissed with the word "Stinko!"

Some prominent critics hail the film, including the *New York Times* columnist Dave Kehr, who called it "a thinly veiled Holocaust film that spares none of its protagonists," further describing it as "Fleischer’s last great crime film, in which the role of the faceless killer is played by an entire social system." Director Quentin Tarantino has cited *Mandingo* as one of only two instances "in the last twenty years [that] a major studio made a full-on, gigantic, big-budget exploitation movie", comparing it to *Showgirls''.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Trailer at Trailers From Hell
Learner's permit

A '''learner's permit** can also be called a **driver's permit**, **learner's license**, or **provisional license'''.  It is given to those who are learning to drive a car but do not meet the requirements for a driver's license.  Many countries require drivers to have a learner's permit for some time before they can be given a driver's license.

Getting a learner's permit usually means a person has to take a written test about the rules of the road, such as traffic signs and road safety.  There is also a minimum age.  Depending on the area, the minimum age can range from 14 to 19 years. 

For example, in Victoria, Australia, a person must be 16 years old and pass a written road rules test to get a Learner's permit. The written test consists of 32 questions on road rules; and 25 must be answered correctly. The person must also pass an eyesight test. There are restrictions on what a person with a Victorian learner's permit can do. They must have a sign with the letter "L" (called an L plate) on both the front and back of the car. They must have a fully licenced driver with them at all times. They are not allowed to drive if they have drunk any alcohol. They are not allowed to tow anything behind the car. They must have the learner's permit for 12 months, and completed 120 hours before they allowed to be tested for a full licence.

## References