open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nadir Afonso

**Nadir Afonso**, GOSE (December 4, 1920 – December 11, 2013) was a Portuguese geometric painter. He painted abstract art. He wanted to be in architecture, which he practiced early in his career with Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer. Afonso later studied painting in Paris and became one of the experts in Kinetic art. He worked alongside Victor Vasarely, Fernand Léger, Auguste Herbin, and André Bloc.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Nadir Afonso Foundation website
Tirol-Choco

**Tirol-Choco** () is a type of chocolate made in Japan. It has been made since 2004. Tyrol is an area of Austria. When Tirol-Choco's president visited Austria, he decided to use the name to give his brand a fresh image.

Tirol-Choco is cheap. It costs about 10&nbsp;yen (10&nbsp;cents) to 30&nbsp;yen (30&nbsp;cents).

## References
Siege of Odessa (1941)

The **Siege of Odessa** was a siege battle during World War II.  It was part of the Eastern Front area of operations in 1941.  It was done by Romanian forces and the German Army's (*Wehrmacht Heer*) 11th Army (*11. Armee*).  They attacked the city of Odessa in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union.

Due to the strong fighting of the 9th Independent Army (initially) and the Separate Coastal Army, and the Black Sea Fleet forces in Odessa, it took the Romanian army 73 days of siege and four attacks to capture the city. They had 93,000 casualties. The Red Army had 41,000 casualties. Some historians say the Red Army had 60,000 casualties.

## Before the battle
 from 22 December 1942.]]
On 27 July 1941, Hitler sent a letter to General Antonescu asking for Romanian troops.

On 8 August, the Romanians ordered the 4th Army to capture Odessa.
They thought the city would surrender quickly. However, Odessa was a heavily fortified city. It had trenches, anti-tank ditches, pillboxes and other defences.

Overall, the Red Army had some 34,500 men and 240 artillery pieces in the area. Airplanes included two seaplane squadrons and one bomber squadron.

The Romanian 4th Army planned to attack Odessa. The 5th Corps would go north then turn south.

## Battle
On 9 August, the 4th Dorobanti Regiment defeated the Soviet forces in the Bakalovy area. The 30th Dorobanţi Regiment captured the village of Ponyatovka.

The 1st Armored Division defeated the Soviet forces at Bolschaya Buzhalyk, breaking through Odessa's first line of defense.

The 10th Dorobanţi Regiment beat the Soviet forces at Lozovaya. The 4th Army surrounded Odessa.

On 17 August, Romanian troops capturing Odessa's water reservoirs. The Soviet forces fought hard. There were many losses on both sides.

By 24 August, the Romanians were stopped at the Soviets' main line of defense. The 4th Army already 
had 27,307 casualties, including 5,329 killed.

On 28 August, the Romanians attacked again. They had help from a German assault battalion and ten heavy artillery battalions.

A German force came to help the Romanians. The Soviets also received 15,000 men and ammunition. 
Then the 157th Rifle Division arrived with 12,600 troops. Also, 18 Soviet companies were brought in from Novorossiysk.

In September  the German army finished encircling the city.

## Footnotes
## References
* 
*Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995), *When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler*, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,
WWE Day of Reckoning 2

***WWE Day of Reckoning 2*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ.

It was released on August 29, 2005 in North America,

GameSpot gave the game a 8.1 out of 10 and stated "Though some may be disappointed by the fact that it isn't a huge leap past what Day of Reckoning put forth, fans of the first game are certain to have a great time with the sequel."	

## References
Renée Asherson

**Dorothy Renée Ascherson** (19 May 1915 &ndash; 30 October 2014), known professionally as **Renée Asherson**, was an English actress. Much of her theatrical career was spent in Shakespearean plays, appearing at such venues as the Old Vic, the Liverpool Playhouse, and the Westminster Theatre. Her first stage appearance was on 17 October 1935, aged 20, and her first major film appearance was in *The Way Ahead* (1944). Her last film appearance was in *The Others* (2001).

Her first stage appearance was in 1935. Her first feature movie was the 1944 movie *The Way Ahead*. Her most recent motion picture was in 2001's *The Others*.

Asherson was married to fellow actor Robert Donat from 1953 until his death in 1958. His severe asthma led to their separation, although a reconciliation had seemed possible just before the end of his life. Although Donat had three children from his previous marriage, they had no children together.

She never remarried. She died on 30 October 2014, aged 99. Among her surviving relatives is her nephew, the journalist Neal Ascherson.
## References
## Other websites
*
Air raid on Bari

The **air raid on Bari** was an air attack by German bombers on Allied forces and shipping in Bari, Italy. 

It occurred on 2 December 1943 during World War II. In the attack, 105 German Junkers Ju 88 bombers of *Luftflotte* 2  bombed ships from the Allied Italian campaign. They sunk 27 cargo and transport ships and a schooner in Bari harbour.

The attack, which lasted one hour, destroyed the port. Not It was not fixed until February 1944. The attack was called the "Little Pearl Harbor". 

The release of mustard gas from one of the cargo ships added to the deaths. The British and American governments hid the news about mustard gas and its effects on victims.

## Background
In 1943, during the Italian campaign, the port of Bari in southern Italy was important for Allied forces.  Ammunition, supplies, and provisions were unloaded from ships at the port, then moved to Allied forces. 

Bari did not have good air defences. No RAF fighters were based there. There was not good anti-aircraft defences.

Thirty ships of American, British, Polish, Norwegian and Dutch registry were in Bari Harbour on 2 December. The port was lit on the night of the raid to help the unloading of supplies.

## Raid
On the afternoon of 2 December, a *Luftwaffe* pilot flew over Bari. His report made Albert Kesselring order the raid. 

The Germans thought that destroying the port might slow the advance of the British Eighth Army. Only 105 Ju&nbsp;88 bombers were available.

The attack started at 19:25, when two or three German aircraft circled the harbour at . They dropped *Düppel*  (foil strips) to confuse Allied radar. 

The German bomber force surprised the Allies. They bombed the harbour and its ships and many of the bombs hit targets. Two ammunition ships were bombed. A petrol pipeline was cut and the fuel caught fire. The fire spread to many of the ships. 

The destruction of *John Harvey* caused liquid sulfur mustard from the bombs to spill into waters. The many sailors who had jumped into the water became covered with the chemical. 

Within a day, symptoms of mustard poisoning had appeared in 628 patients and medical staff. Symptoms included blindness and chemical burns. 

Hundreds of Italian civilians also seeking treatment, who had been poisoned by sulfur mustard gas. By the end of the month, 83 of the 628 hospitalized military victims had died. 

### Cover-up
The Allies tried to hide the disaster. 
There were too many witnesses to keep the secret. In February 1944, the U.S. admitted to the accident. They said they did not plan to use chemical weapons unless Germany used them first.

## References
## Bibliography
*
*
*
Danuta Szaflarska

**Danuta Szaflarska** (6 February 1915 in Kosarzyska, Piwniczna-Zdrój, Poland &ndash; 19 February 2017 in Warsaw) was a Polish movie and stage actress. She is sometimes called the legend of Polish cinema. In 2008, she was awarded the Złota Kaczka for the best Polish actress of the century.

## Other websites
*
John Dobson

**John Lowry Dobson** (September 14, 1915 &ndash; January 15, 2014) was an American astronomer. He known for creating a design for a popular Newtonian telescope, named after him, the Dobsonian telescope.

Dobson died at Burbank, California on January 15, 2014. He was 98.

## References
## Other websites
* Sidewalk Astronomers – This website includes John Dobson's official schedule.
* The San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers 
* John Dobson of The Sidewalk Astronomers – Papers and articles written by John Dobson
* Dobson Space Telescope
* A Sidewalk Astronomer A film about Astronomy, Cosmology and John Dobson
Mohammed Burhanuddin

Syedna **Mohammed Burhanuddin** () (**Abul-Qaid Johar Mohammed Burhanuddin**) (6&nbsp;March&nbsp;1915 &ndash; 17&nbsp;January&nbsp;2014) was an Indian Islamic religious leader. He is the 52nd Dai of the Dawoodi Bohras. The Dawoodi Bohras are a sub group within the Mustaali, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam.

Burhanuddin died on 17 January 2014 at the age of 98 due to a heart attack in Mumbai.

## References
Patricia Morison

**Patricia Morison** (born **Eileen Patricia Augusta Fraser Morison**; March 19, 1915 &ndash; May 20, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her role as the lead in the original production of Cole Porter's *Kiss Me, Kate*. 

Morison died on May 20, 2018 in Los Angeles at the age of 103.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 2010 interview  with the Park La Brea News
* Norwegian Actresses in Hollywood
* YouTube: Alfred Drake and Patricia Morison singing "Wunderbar" from the 1958 television production "Kiss, Me Kate" on *Hallmark Hall of Fame*
Nasi goreng

**Nasi goreng** is a traditional dish from Indonesia, a place in South East Asia. It is a style of fried rice. The name is Malay; *nasi* means "rice" and *goreng* means "fried or to fry". It is also popular for late-night supper sold from street vendors. It can be found almost anywhere in Indonesia. It is also popular in Malaysia and Singapore.

In 2011, CNN International announced that nasi goreng is the number two of their "World's 50 Most Delicious Foods" list.

## Ingredients
There is no single recipe for nasi goreng, as there are various types. The basic ingredients generally include: cooked rice, *kecap manis* (sweet soy sauce), salt, garlic, chilli pepper, fried onions, carrot, egg and chicken. Slices of cucumber, tomato, and lettuce are included for garnishing. Eggs can be either mixed into fried rice in the beginning as scrambled eggs or served separately as fried eggs. In general, *acar* – pickle made from vinegar preserved cucumber, carrot, shallots, and small chilli pepper – and *krupuk* – deep fried prawn crackers – are provided as side dishs.

The flavor of nasi goreng can vary depending on the region. There are some variations, such as *nasi goreng Bali* which is cooked in Bali; *nasi goreng seafood* which includes shrimp, fish and squid, or *nasi goreng satay* which includes *satay* (seasoned and grilled skewered meat chunks with peanut sauce). When cooking it, one may put anything that can harmonize with the taste.

Even though any ingredient can be added in nasi goreng, what cannot be taken out is the *kecap manis*. *Kecap manis* is very crucial in the dish which gives the flavor to the nasi goreng. It is what makes the taste of nasi goreng different from other Asian styles of fried rice. Other sauces such as *ikan asin* (salted dried fish) and *saus tiram* (oyster sauce) can be added as well. The spiciness of nasi goreng is decided by the amount of *sambal* (chilli sauce). The sambal can be added during the cooking process or added individually while eating, depending on the preference.

## References
John Freeman (British politician)

Major **John Freeman** (19 February 1915 &ndash; 20 December 2014) was a British politician, diplomat and broadcaster. He was the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Watford from 1945 to 1955. 

Following the death of Morgan Morgan-Giles on 4 May 2013, Freeman was the oldest surviving former MP. He was the last survivor of those elected to Parliament in 1945, and the former MP with the earliest date of first election.

Freeman died on 20 December 2014 in London, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
*Entry in the *Dictionary of Labour Biography* 
*John Freeman: Face to face with an enigma, *The New Statesman*, 7 March 2013
WWE All Stars

***WWE All-Stars*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by THQ San Diego and published by THQ.

It was released on March 29, 2011 in North America,

As of April 28, 2013, the online multiplayer servers are shut down.

## Reception
IGN rated the game a 7 out of 10

GameSpot gave the game a 6 out of 10 and stated "Weak sound effects hamstring the beefed-up action of WWE All Stars, though there is still some entertainment to be had here."

The game was nominated in the "Best Fighting Game" category at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards.

## References
Ronald Hunter

**Ronald Lee** "**Ron**" **Hunter** ( – December 3, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared in many movies and television shows. He is known for appearing on *The Big Bang Theory* and *Law & Order*.

Ronald Hunter died of heart and kidney failure on December 3, 2013, aged 70, at the Woodland Hills Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his three children, two grandchildren, and sister.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mansions of the Lord

**"Mansions of the Lord"** is a hymn. The words are written by Randall Wallace. It is set to music by Nick Glennie-Smith. It was originally written for the 2002 movie *We Were Soldiers*. The hymn was also used for Ronald Reagan's funeral. It is about mothers and children losing their loved ones, serving in war, in battle.

## Lyrics 
To fallen soldiers let us singWhere no rockets fly nor bullets wingOur broken brothers let us bringTo the Mansions of the Lord

No more bleeding, no more fightNo prayers pleading through the nightJust divine embrace, Eternal lightIn the Mansions of the Lord

Where no mothers cry and no children weepWe will stand and guard though the angels sleepAll through the ages safely keepThe Mansions of the Lord

## References
* Reagan Services's 'Mansions of the Lord' &mdash; National Public Radio, June 14, 2004. With lyrics and audio.
Robert Evans

**Robert Evans** (June 29, 1930 &ndash; October 26, 2019) was an American movie producer and studio executive. He was best known for his work on ''Rosemary's Baby*, *Love Story*, *The Godfather*, and *Chinatown''.

Evans died on October 26, 2019 at his home in Beverly Hills, California from stroke-related problems at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Robert Evans web show  on JumpBoxTV
* Life Magazine profile on Robert Evans, published March 7, 1969
* Robert Evans Official Site  The official site of legendary Hollywood producer Robert Evans
Santa Fe University of Art and Design

The **Santa Fe University of Art and Design** (sometimes called **SFUAD**) is a private 4-year university in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was founded in 1859 with the name '''St. Michael's College**. The government gave it a charter for higher education in 1874. This meant that the college had the right to give degrees. In 1966 it was renamed **College of Santa Fe'''. In 2010 it was renamed again to Santa Fe University of Art and Design.

The school has a large movie studio where many movies have been made. In 2013 tuition was $27,996 a year.

## References
Southern Alps

The **Southern Alps** is a mountain range in New Zealand. The mountain range runs along the entire length of the South Island.

The tallest peak of the Southern Alps is Aoraki / Mount Cook which stands at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft). The mountain range was named on March 23, 1770 by Captain James Cook. He described the Southern Alps as being very high.

## References
Hastings Banda

**Hastings Kamuzu Banda** (15 February 1898 or 14 May 1898 – 25 November 1997), was the leader of Malawi from 1961 to 1994.

## Education
Banda attended school in the United States.  In 1928 he graduated from the school that is now Central State University in Ohio.  Next he attended Indiana University as a premedical student. After four semesters he transferred to the University of Chicago.  He graduated in 1931.  Banda then studied medicine at Meharry Medical College in Tennessee.

Banda was required to get a second medical degree in order to practice medicine in the British Empire. He attended the University of Edinburgh. Between 1941 and 1945, he worked as a doctor in North Shields.

## Malawi
In 1946 he represented the Nyasaland African Congress at the fifth Pan African Congress in Manchester.  He began to take more interest in home country.

Banda was against the efforts of Sir Roy Welensky.  Welensky wanted to form a federation between Southern and Northern Rhodesia with Nyasaland (Malawi).

In 1951 he moved to the Gold Coast in West Africa. Banda finally returned to Nyasaland on 6 July 1958.  In August he was named as the leader of the Congress.  He spoke against colonialism and for independence. In 1963, he was formally made Nyasaland’s prime minister.   On 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became the independent Commonwealth of Malawi. When he swept to power as the first President of Malawi in 1966 he called himself "Ngwazi", which means conqueror, and after a few years declared himself "Life President".

Malawi became a one-party state under the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1970, the MCP made him the party’s President for Life. In 1971, he became President for Life of Malawi itself.

## References
Lost (Frank Ocean song)

"**Lost**" is a song by Frank Ocean, from his album *Channel Orange*. It is about a girl who takes drugs and feels lost. It is an R&B and pop song.
Bob Backlund

**Robert Lee "Bob" Backlund** (born August 14, 1949) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working for the World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation from 1977 to 1984. He is known for holding the record for the second longest reign as WWE Champion in history which is ahead of Hulk Hogan's first reign and behind Bruno Sammartino's first. Signature move known as the cross face chicken wing was said to be inescapable once fully applied.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, Backlund started as an accomplished amateur wrestler and wrestled for the North Dakota State University Bison during the late 1960s to early 1970s. He also ran for a Connecticut seat in Congress on a Republican ticket in 2000 but was unsuccessful. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Maria Menounos on April 6, 2013.

## Championships
***Championship Wrestling from Florida**
**NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Steve Keirn)

***Georgia Championship Wrestling**
**NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jerry Brisco)

***NWA Western States Sports**
**NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (three times)

***Northeast Wrestling Federation**
**NEWF Heavyweight Championship (one time, first)

***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**PWI Match of the Year (1978) (vs. Billy Graham on February 20)
**PWI Match of the Year (1982) (vs. Jimmy Snuka in a cage match on June 28)
**PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1994)
**PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1977)
**PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1981)
**PWI Rookie of the Year (1976)
**PWI Wrestler of the Year (1980)
**PWI Wrestler of the Year (1982)
**He was ranked him **#7** of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

***Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum**
**Modern Era (Class of 2008)

***St. Louis Wrestling Club**
**NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (one time)

***World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation/WWE
**WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Pedro Morales)
**WWWF/WWF Championship (two time)
**WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2013)

***Wrestle Association R**
**WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Scott Putski and The Warlord)

***Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards'''
**Best Technical Wrestler (1980)
**Match of the Year (1980) (vs. Ken Patera in a Texas Death match on May 19 in New York City, New York)
**Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (1982) (Being WWF Champion)
**Most Overrated Wrestler (1983)
**Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)

## References
## Other websites
*WWE profile
Harisu

**Harisu** (, born February 17, 1975) is a South Korean model, actor, and entertainer. Harisu (or **Ha Ri-soo**) is her stage name. Her real name is **Lee Kyung-eun** ().

She was born male, as **Lee Kyung-yeop** (). She had a sex change operation in Japan in 1999.

## Related pages 
* Lee Si-yeon
* Hong Seok-cheon

## References 
## Other websites 
* Harisu at HanCinema 
* Harisu  
* Harisu discography  at FormulaRecordings 
* Facebook Fan Page
Choco pie

A **choco pie** is a small snack pie made up of two small round layers of pie with marshmallow filling and a chocolate covering.

## History 
The origin of Choco Pie goes back to 1917 in the American South. Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee created the Moon pie with Graham crackers and marshmallow filling which is similar to the Choco Pie of nowadays.

Tongyang R&D, the snack company of South Korea, began selling a similar type of chocolate cake with marshmallow filling named 'Orion Choco Pie' in 1974. A member of the company was inspired by a chocolate-coated cake in a restaurant in a hotel in the U.S. state of Georgia on a business trip. After he got back to Korea, he made many experiment to make that kind of chocolate cake. Finally, he created the Choco Pie as it is known to Koreans now. Later, Tongyang R&D changed its name to Orion Confectionery because of the success of 'Orion Choco Pie'. In addition, similar versions of Choco Pie were produced by Lotte Confectionary and Crown Confectionery.

## Export 
From the 2000s, Orion Choco Pie has been exported all over the world. A third of Orion’s profits is from outside Korea. Orion has four major share markets- South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Russia. Also it is exported to North Korea, and it is sometimes used as bonuses for North Korean workers.

## Legal controversy 
Although Orion firstly began to produce 'Choco Pie', Lotte Confectionary also named its product with the same name 'Choco Pie'. Orion filed a lawsuit claiming ‘Choco Pie’ is its property, but it failed. The court had them allow 'Choco Pie' as a common noun. So there are three types of 'Choco Pie' from different companies, Orion, Lotte, and Crown.
Nguyen Ngoc Tho

**Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ** (26 May 1908 &ndash; 1976) was a Vietnamese politician. He was the first Prime Minister of South Vietnam, serving from November 1963 to late January 1964.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Michael (archangel)

**Michael** is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans call him "Saint Michael the Archangel" or simply "Saint Michael". Orthodox Christians call him the "Taxiarch Archangel Michael" or simply "Archangel Michael".

In English, *Michael* means "who is like God?". The Book of Daniel speaks of Michael three times. One time, it says he is a "great prince who stands up for the children of your people". Jews saw Michael as their supporter. They are normally not allowed to  to angels as a link between God and his people. However, Michael became important in Jewish liturgy.

In the New Testament Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation. During the war in heaven he defeats (*wins against*) Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is called "the archangel Michael". Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century. He was first seen as a healing angel. Later, Christians saw him as a protector (*someone who defends and helps*) and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil. By the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were common both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to change among Christians.

The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel, also called the Rosary of the Angels, is a Catholic devotion approved by Pope Pius IX. It includes prayers to Saint Michael with specific invocations for each of the nine choirs of Angels as indicated in a private revelation of the Archangel to a nun. Included among the prayers to the Archangel is the prayer to St. Michael the Archangel by Pope Leo XIII:

## References
Lee Si-yeon

**Lee Si-yeon** (, born July 24, 1980, is a South Korean model and actress.  Lee Si-yeon is transgender, meaning she was raised as a boy but later decided to live as a woman.

Lee's birth name was **Lee Dae-hak** ().  She changed it to Lee Si-yeon when she did *gender transition* to live as a woman.  In 2007, Lee decided to use sexual reassignment surgery to change her body to be more like other women's bodies and less like men's bodies. Her uncle is Seo Jae-hyok, a member of the South Korean musical band Buhwal.

In 1999, Lee participated in the Anti-Miss Korea competition.(안티 미스코리아 대회) In 2010 she did her first performance as a singer.

## Related pages 
* Transgender
* Harisu
* Hong Seok-cheon

## References 
## Other websites 
* 이시연 싸이월드 미니홈피 
* 이시연 "남자로 산 27년, 행동과 표정 모두 거짓"(인터뷰) 
* 트랜스젠더 가수 이시연, 부활 서재혁과 5촌 당숙지간  스포츠투데이 2011.04.21 
* 트렌스젠더 배우 이시연 가수 변신···“난 여자가 됐어” 강원일보 2010.04.13
Couesnon

The **Couesnon River** () is a river. It starts in the *département* of Mayenne in north-western France. It forms an estuary at Mont-Saint-Michel. Its last stretch is the border between the historical duchies of Normandy and Brittany. In the past, its course changed often between two beds. They are on the north and south of the Mont Saint-Michel. In the end, it settled to the south bed. This created (*made*) the saying "The Couesnon's madness placed Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy" (*in french*, "*le couesnon en sa folie mit le Mont en Normandie*"), as the mount is just to the Norman side of the river's mouth, now.  However, the administrative boundary which separates the two regions does not depend on the course of the river. The border is about six kilometres west of the mount.

## Geography 
The Couesnon, the Sée and the Sélune form part of the complex water system of the bay of Mont Saint-Michel. On one side, the tide brings lots of sediment. This causes large sandbars within the river. On the other side, the three rivers bring the sediment back to sea.

In the 20th century, the Couesnon was made into a canal. This to reduced the erosion of its banks. In 1969, a dam was built. These changes, and the causeway linking Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, have made mudflats. The French built a bridge to replace the causeway. It was finished in 2013. This helped to remove the silt.

During spring tides, a tidal bore — a wave caused by the tide rising — can be seen going up the river.

The Couesnon flows through the following departments and towns:
*Ille-et-Vilaine: Fougères, Antrain
*Manche: Pontorson

## Hydrology and water quality
In the summer, the water flow is typically in the range of . The pH has been measured at 8.26 (Hogan, 2006). The temperature of the water is 19 degrees Celsius in summer, in the area of the mouth.  Water turbidity is moderate with a Secchi disc reading of 14 centimetres.  Electrical conductivity at the mouth is high.

## Gallery

Mont Saint-Michel Couesnon.jpg|The mouth of the Couesnon, at Mont Saint-Michel
Mont Saint-Michel Couenon Causeway.jpg|The causeway connecting Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, responsible for the massive buildup of mud and sediment in the area
Couesnon mud.jpg|The muddy edges of the Couesnon are almost like quicksand

## References
* Hogan, C Michael, *Water quality of freshwater bodies in France*, Lumina Tech. Press, Aberdeen (2006)
*http://www.geoportail.fr 
*The Couesnon at the Sandre database

## Other websites 
* The public works project
* The Couesnon on the site sandre.eaufrance.fr
Avranches

**Avranches** is a commune in the Manche department. It is in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. The inhabitants are called *Avranchinais*.

## Geography
Avranches is at the south of the Cotentin Peninsula.

The town was built on high ground. It overlooks the dunes and coastal marshes along the bay. From Avranches, it is possible to see the Mont-Saint-Michel.

Image:Avranches Église Notre-Dame-des-Champs.jpg|Notre Dame des Champs
File:Normandie Manche Avranches3 tango7174.jpg|Notre-Dame-des-Champs,Stations of the Cross
File:Normandie Manche Avranches4 tango7174.jpg|Saint-Gervais Basilica
File:Normandie Manche Avranches5 tango7174.jpg|Saint-Gervais Basilica,Skull of Saint Aubert

## Twin towns
*  Saint-Gaudens, France, since 1944.
* Korbach, Germany, since 1963
* Saint Helier, Jersey, since 1982
* Crediton, United Kingdom, since 1993

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*INSEE commune file
*
Pokémon Rumble

***Pokémon Rumble*** is a *Pokémon* video game for the Wii. It was released for the Wii's WiiWare service. It is a spin-off game in the *Pokémon* series. It was released in Japan on June 16, 2009, in North America on November 16, 2009, and in Europe on November 20, 2009.

## Gameplay
The player controls Pokémon, battling other Pokémon in a series of dungeons and closed arenas. The player starts off with a low-level Pokémon that has only one attack. As the player battles other Pokémon, the player can collect coins which can be used to buy new attacks and get new Pokémon. When the player gets a Pokémon of a high enough level, the Battle Royale room opens, where the player battles many Pokémon at a time in a closed arena. The player has to beat all of the Pokémon to get a higher rank. As the player gets higher ranks, they can battle stronger Pokémon, including Legendary Pokémon.

The player controls the game by holding the Wii Remote sideways. Up to four players can play the game at once. There is a password system which allows the player to get certain Pokémon.

## Sequels
Four sequels to the game have been released: *Pokémon Rumble Blast*, which was released for the Nintendo 3DS on August 11, 2011, *Pokémon Rumble U*, which was released for the Wii U in 2013, *Pokémon Rumble World*, which was released for the 3DS in 2015, and *Pokémon Rumble Rush*, which released for mobile devices in 2019.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Amygdala

The **amygdala** is an almond-shaped group of neurons. These groups of neurons in the brain are called "nuclei". 

The word amygdala comes from the Greek word for almond. The group of neurons is positioned in the temporal lobe of the brain. The amygdala is divided into three different groups: the *basolateral nuclei*, the *corticomedial nuclei*, and the *central nucleus*. The amygdala is related to the processing of emotions, especially fear. It is connected to many other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. Information from the sensory systems is also fed into the amygdala. This information is fed mostly to the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala.
Schwarzschild radius

The **Schwarzschild radius** (sometimes erroneously referred to as the **gravitational radius**), is the radius of a sphere that has certain properties: If all the mass of an object is compressed within this sphere, the escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. An example of an object smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole. Once a stellar remnant collapses below this radius, light can no longer escape and the object is no longer visible. It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. The *Schwarzschild radius* was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916. 

This radius can be calculated using the equation:

r_{s} = \frac{2 G M}{c^2}

where the gravitational constant G is  N⋅m2/kg2, M is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 m/s.

## Derivation 
The Schwarzschild radius is found within the Schwarzschild metric, and originally was used to describe the gravitational field around a black hole, given the assumptions that it is spherical, non-rotating, without a magnetic field, and that the cosmological constant is zero; (it describes the path of a particle moving through this spacetime) however, this radius can be calculated for any object.

## References
## Relatted pages
*Event horizon
Hong Seok-cheon

**Hong Seok-cheon** (, born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean model and movie actor. In 1994, he was a reporter of KBS broadcast.

in 1994, he was a repoter of KBS broadcast, next years he was enter a 1995 student's gag contest, prize third-class and debut actor. In September 2000, he was public coming out, that times he was more broadcasters and drama, film casting.

so assault of more Koeran mass communication, but in 2002, he was comebacks success.

## Related pages 
* Lee Si-yeon
* Harisu

## Other websites 
* The Chosun Ilbo
* The Chosun Ilbo
* Cineseoul profile 
* 
* The Korea Herald 
* Hong Suk-chun talks about coming out of the closet The Korea Herald-2013.02.04.

## References
University of al-Karaouine

The **University of al-Karaouine** (or **al-Qarawiyyin**, ) is a university in Fes, Morocco. It was originally founded as a mosque. The mosque was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859. It had a school, or madrasa, that taught students about Islam. This school later became one of the most important centres of learning in the Muslim world. It was made a part of Morocco's modern university system in 1963. It is the longest continually operating school in the world. It is sometimes also called the oldest university

## References
Battle of Cisterna

The **Battle of Cisterna** was a battle during World War II. It happened on 30 January-2 February 1944 near Cisterna, Italy. It was part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle.

The battle was a clear German victory. It really affected the US Rangers.
During this battle, many US Ranger groups were ordered to support an attack by the 3rd Infantry Division on Cisterna. The 3rd Infantry Division  had tried to capture Cisterna on 25–27 January.

The 3rd Division's attack was part of a large attack by the U.S. VI Corps to move out of the Anzio beach. The US VI Corps wanted to get off the Anzio beaches before new German troops could arrive and attack.

## Background
On 22 January 1944, the Allies launched Operation Shingle. This was a sea landing of 
U.S. and British troops near Anzio and Nettuno. They wanted to attack the  German Gustav Line defences  to the southeast.

The Allies had been attacking from the south since 16 January in the first Battle of Monte Cassino. Following the landings, the Allies built up their forces on the beach. This also gave the Germans to strengthen their defensive positions. By 29 January, there were 69,000 men in the beach. The Germans had 71,500 troops to stop them.

On 30 January, the Allies attacked, going northeast toward Campoleone and the Alban Hills. A Ranger force tried to sneak into Cisterna.

The Rangers expected to encounter few German troops. In fact, they were moving towards a large enemy force.

The Rangers had had many dead and wounded. New troops sent to replace the dead and wounded did not have experience or much training.

## Battle
Many Ranger troops and the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry tried to sneak behind German lines into the town of Cisterna. They wanted to attack and capture the town until the main attack came.

As the two battalions tried to sneak into German territory, they were attacked by strong German forces. They included the 715th Motorized Infantry Division and Herman Göring Panzer Division, including seventeen German Panzer IV tanks.

The 1st Battalion commander—Major Dobson—attacked one tank by shooting the commander with his pistol, and dropping a white phosphorus grenade into the tank. Two other tanks were captured by Rangers.

In the end, the Germans won. About 803 Allied troops did not return. About 400 Rangers became POWs. The Germans also had many losses.

## Attempted relief of the Rangers
The main attack tried to rescue the trapped battalions. The Allies captured some territory, but they could not get past the Germans and capture Cisterna. Cisterna remained held by the German until May 1944.

German attacks on 1–2 February did not recapture any of the ground from the Allies. The Germans had heavy losses in these attacks.

## Afterwards
Using the lightly armed Rangers to lead the attack was criticized. The weakened Ranger forces within Italy stopped operating. Ranger units continued to fight in northern Europe (leading D-Day) and in the Pacific War.

## Footnotes
## References
*
*
*
Battle of Troina

The **Battle of Troina** was a battle that happened between 31 July and 6 August 1943. It was part of the Allied invasion of Sicily during World War II. Forces of the United States II Corps, part of the U.S. Seventh Army, had violent battles around the town of Troina. It is in the central portion of Sicily along the Caronie Mountains.

The battle was in the hills and mountains surrounding Troina. The Germans had fortified positions. They hid in these positions and fired weapons at the Allies

## Background
On 29 July 1943, after 20 days of fighting in Sicily, the Germans realized that the Allies would capture Sicily. The Germans also realized that 80,000-100,000 American and British troops would break through the Etna Line.

The U.S. 7th Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr, had ordered the U.S. 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions to attack the city of Troina. Troina was one of the main parts of the Etna Line. It was defended by the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division commanded by Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt.

It was also defended by four battalions of General di Divisione Giacomo Romano's 28 Infantry Division Aosta. The Axis forces were in deep trenches.

## The battle
The Battle of Troina began on 31 July, when the 39th Infantry Regiment advanced towards the Germans. The Germans fought off the attack. The Allies planned a bigger attack. The 1st Infantry Division was put with troops from the 9th Division and a French Moroccan infantry battalion. The Allies used 165 artillery pieces and Allied aircraft.

Over six days, the important hilltops were captured by the Allies, then recaptured by the Axis troops. The 26th Infantry Regiment was ordered to capture Monte Basilio two miles north of the town. From here, the regiment could stop the Axis troops from retreating. For the next two days the men on Monte Basilio had to hide from Axis artillery fire.

The Germans left Troina later that night. General Hube withdrew the damaged 15th Panzer Grenadier Division to Randazzo.

## Afterwards
The Allies had broken through the Etna Line. But the roads were filled with mines, so it was hard for the Allies to advance. General Hube withdrew his XIV Panzer Corps toward Messina.

Patton tried to attack the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division again on 11 August. He ordered Colonel Bernard to land his troops by sea at Brolo. Bernard's men surprised the Germans. However, Bernard did not have enough troops to beat the Germans. Most of the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division escaped.

## References
Atifete Jahjaga

**Atifete Jahjaga** (born 20 April 1975) is the fourth President of Kosovo. She was the first female President of the Republic of Kosovo.

## References
## Other websites
*Facebook
*Twitter
Barbara Branden

**Barbara Branden** (born **Barbara Weidman**, 14 May 1929 – 11 December 2013) was a Canadian writer, editor, and lecturer. She was known for her relationship and subsequent break with novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jang Sung-taek

**Jang Sung-taek** (alternatively **Jang Song Thaek** or **Chang Sung-taek**; 2 February 1946 - 13 December 2013) was a leading figure in the government of North Korea. He was married to Kim Kyong-hui, aunt of Kim Jong-un, the supreme leader of North Korea.

On 13 December, North Korean state media announced he had been executed.

## References
## Other websites
*North Korean Leadership Watch
Robert Schwarz Strauss

**Robert Schwarz Strauss** (October 19, 1918 &ndash; March 19, 2014) was an American politician and diplomat. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U.S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East.

Strauss was selected by President George H. W. Bush to be the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1991 and after the USSR's collapse, he served as the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 1991 until 1993.  Strauss has advised and represented U.S. presidents over three administrations and for both major U.S. political parties.

Strauss died from natural causes in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Strauss profile and bio at the Academy of Achievement 
* Strauss bio at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP 
* Strauss bio at Answers.com
* Strauss bio at U.S.-Russia Business Council 
* McGarr, Kathryn J. *The Whole Damn Deal: Robert Strauss and the Art of Politics*. PublicAffairs, 2011.
Oriel College, Oxford

**Oriel College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It claims to be the oldest college at the University. University College, Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest.  Oriel College traces its origins to 1324. 

The full name of the college is "The Provost and Scholars of the House of the Blessed Mary the Virgin in Oxford, commonly called Oriel College, of the Foundation of Edward the Second of famous memory, sometime King of England". 

The common name of the college refers to one of its earliest buildings That building, which no longer exists, featured a prominent bay window, known as an oriel.
Hijra (South Asia)

.]]
In the culture of South Asia, **hijras** are people who were born male who have a feminine gender identity and wear women's clothing. Hijras do not feel male or female. There are hijras in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The word 'hijra' is often translated into 'eunuch' or 'hermaphrodite'. Some hijras are eunuchs or hermaphrodites. Many are not.

## Social status
Hijras are discriminated against a lot. Many hijras do sex work because people will not give them jobs. Since November 2013, hijras in Bangladesh have been allowed to choose 'hijra' as a gender on their passports. Before this they had to choose 'male' or 'female'. Hijras have their own language called Hijra Farsi. It is also known as Koti. In 2000, Shabnam Mausi was the first hijra to be elected into Indian parliament. 

## References
Cha Tae-hyun

**Cha Tae-hyun** is a South Korean actor. He was born on March 25, 1976. He is also a singer, radio DJ and entertainer in variety programs.

## Drama 
His start was in the KBS Talent Contest. In this contest, he got silver medal. His first drama was *Our Sunny Days of Youth*. He played minor roles at first. Then starting with the other dramas, he became a big star. He became popular and appeared in TV commercials. He has acted in 18 dramas. In 2013, he appeared in the TV drama *Jeon Woo-chi*.

## Movies 
After *Jeon Woo-chi*, he focused on movies and TV variety programs. He appeared in 22 movies. From *Hallelujah* (1997) to *The Grand Heist* (2012), he performed various characters in the movies. In 2013, he prepared the movie *Slow Video*. 

## TV programs 
He appears on a TV variety program every Sunday. This program is called *1 night & 2 days*.

## References 
*Cha Tae-hyun's official website
Nicole Beharie

**Nicole Beharie** (born January 3, 1985) is an American actress. The first movie Beharie acted in was *American Violet*. Beharie was nominated for Best Actress at the 2010 Black Reel Awards for her acting in *American Violet*. Beharie played Rachel Robinson in the 2013 movie *42*. In 2013, Beharie started playing Lt. Abbie Mills in the television series *Sleepy Hollow*.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Face Reader

***The Face Reader*** is a South Korean historical movie released on September 11, 2013.  It was made by director Han Jae-rim and actor Song Kang-ho (who has also acted in the movie Snowpiercer) appears in the title role of the movie. It won six awards at the 50th Grand Bell Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Han Jae-rim, and Best Actor for Song Kang-ho. Also, at The 33rd annual Korean Association of Film Critics Awards held on November 29, The Face Reader also won three awards for Best Male Actor, Best New Actor, and Best Music Score. 

## Historic background 
King Munjong (1414–1452), the fifth King of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeded King Sejong in 1450 as his first son.Two years later because of disease he died and was followed by his young son King Danjong. King Danjong ascended the throne at the age of 12 and was forced to abdicate by his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang who became Sejo of Joseon, and exiled to Yeongwol County. Sejo produced a coup d'état and became the seventh king himself in 1455

## Plot 
The main character, Nae-gyeong, could not run for public office as the son of a disgraced yangban living in seclusion and works as a physiognomist. He is able to assess the personality, mental state and habits of a person by looking at his or her face. One day, Yeon-hong who is a famous gisaeng in Joseon dynasty visits him to suggest a partnership reading the faces of Yeon-hong’s guest and receiving money. As becoming famous at Hanyang, a capital city of Joseon dynasty, he was called from the royal courts where he seeks out the talented person who can do work well. Meanwhile, King Munjong who has feeling of danger as his condition gets worse orders Nae-gyeong to identify the potential traitors who threaten his reign. After the death of Munjong, Nae-gyeong tries to keep his loyalty to the late King and help Kim Jongseo protect the young King which forces him into the biggest power struggle in the history of the Joseon dynasty.

## References 
*http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/2328/critics-awards-snowpiercer-face-reader-both-win-3-awards-korean-film-critics-awards 
*http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/films/index/filmsMore.jsp?strMenuId=010401&movieCd=20126091
Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship

The **Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship** was a treaty between Morocco and the United States. It was signed in 1786. By signing it, King Mohammed III began diplomatic relations with the newly independent United States.

## References 
## Other websites 
*English text of the treaty from Yale University's Lillian Goldman Law Library
Gumi

**Gumi** is the second largest city in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It is in the mid central part of Gyeongsangbuk-do. The Nakdong River runs through the city. Gumi is well known for its National Industrial Complex which was built in the 1970s. Manufacturing is the major industry of Gumi now, but agriculture was the main one before the complex was built. 

## Tourist attractions 
Gumi is famous because Geumo Mountain (Geumo San) is there.  Geumo San, designated as a provincial park in 1970, is 976 meters above sea level. It attracts many tourists because of its beautiful scenery; such as oddly formed rocks and strangely shaped stones, forests, and valleys. The mountain is best known for its unique shape.  Seeing  the mountain from a distance, it resembles the profile of a giant lying on the ground. It has become one of the favorite sites among photographers because it looks most spectacular at sunset. There are a variety of post cards with pictures of its side face of a giant.

## People 
Park Chung-hee is one of the former presidents of South Korea and he was born in Gumi in 1917. Gumi became prosperous during his presidential term.  The Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway, which are the principal traffic routes of the country, were built to pass through the city. The routes could have been connected directly from Daejeon to Daegu. The rapid economic growth of Gumi resulted from the president’s care for his hometown. 

## Other websites 
Gumi
Gravitropism

**Gravitropism** (also known as **Geotropism**) is a turning or growth movement by a plant, fungus, or animal in response to gravity. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants and also in other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first people to say that roots grow  and stems grow  in response to gravity.