open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Game Boy Advance Video

**Game Boy Advance Video** is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Nintendo customer service for GBA video
*GBA-Video.com
1872

**1872** (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar, the 1872nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, . 

## Events 
* Levi Strauss invents jeans.
* American department store Montgomery Ward opens for business.
* Huntington's disease is defined for the first time.
* University of Toledo founded in Toledo, Ohio

## Births 
* January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
* May 18 – Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and logician (d. 1970)
* July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, thirtieth President of the United States (d. 1933)
* June 6 – Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (d. 1918)
* July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
* August 21 – Aubrey Beardsley, English artist (d. 1898)
* October 12 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
* October 15 – Edith Bolling Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson (d. 1961)
* November 30 – John McCrae, Canadian poet and soldier in World War I
* December 28 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)

## Deaths 
* January 21 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer and poet (b. 1791)
* April 27 – Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian writer and politician (b. 1802)
* June 4 – Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
* November 29 – Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1811)
* December 23 - George Catlin, American painter (b. 1796)

;Date unknown
* Karolina Bock, Swedish dancer, actress and singer (b. 1792)
* Petros Duryan, Armenian poet (b. 1851)
Pork

**Pork** is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.

A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.

## References
Mike Farrell

**Mike Farrell** (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor, writer and producer. He played BJ Hunnicutt on the television series *M*A*S*H*. He played Michael "Mike" Hawks in the television movie *Battered* in 1978. He played Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin in the limited crime series *The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story*.

Farrell was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was raised in Hollywood, California. He was part of the United States Marine Corps. Farrell was married to Judy Hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983. Then, he married Shelley Fabares in 1984. He has two children with Hayden.

Farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace. He was Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
David Ogden Stiers

**David Allen Ogden Stiers** (October 31, 1942 &ndash; March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in *M*A*S*H*. He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies. This included playing Cogsworth in *Beauty and the Beast*, John Radcliffe in *Pocahontas*, and Jumba Jookiba in the *Lilo & Stitch* franchise.

He also played the voice of Escher in the *Myst V* (End of Ages) video game.

## Early life
Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942. He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert. He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon.

## Personal life
Stiers was openly gay. He was a Democrat.

## Death
On March 3, 2018, Stiers died at his home in Newport, Oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75.

## Filmography
### Animated Roles
* *House of Mouse* - Cogsworth
* *Lilo & Stitch: The Series* - Dr. Jumba
* ''Teacher's Pet* - Mr. Jolly

### Movie Roles
* *Atlantis: The Lost Empire* - Fenton Q. Harcourt
* *Beauty and the Beast* - Cogsworth, Narrator
* *Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas* - Cogsworth
* *Belle's Magical World* - Cogsworth
* *Hoodwinked!* - Nicky Flippers
* *Leroy & Stitch* - Dr. Jumba
* *Lilo & Stitch* - Dr. Jumba
* *Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch* - Dr. Jumba
* *Pocahontas* - Governor Ratcliffe, Wiggins
* *Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World* - Governor Ratcliffe
* *Porco Rosso* - Grandpa Piccolo
* *Spirited Away* - Kamaji
* *Stitch! The Movie* - Dr. Jumba
* *Teacher's Pet* - Mr. Jolly
* *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* - Archdeacon

### Video Game Roles
* *Icewind Dale* - Narrator
* *Kingdom Hearts II* - Cogsworth
* *Toonstruck'' - King Hugh

## References
## Other websites
* The Stiers Place Website  - David Ogden Stiers Fansite
*
Beauty and the Beast

***Beauty and the Beast*** is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.

The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.

It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

## Other websites 
*  Beauty and the Beast, audio version
McLean Stevenson

**McLean Stevenson** (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, *M*A*S*H*. He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.

Stevenson was born in Normal, Illinois.

His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.

Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68. Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of *M*A*S*H*, died the day after Stevenson did.

## Other websites 
*
Wayne Rogers

**William Wayne McMillan Rogers III** (April 7, 1933 &ndash; December 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series *M*A*S*H*. (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, *Trapper John MD*). He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt. He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor. 

Since retiring from acting, Rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows.

Rogers died from complications of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 at the age of 82.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*
Mario Party

***Mario Party*** is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. The winner generally gets 10 coins.

## Titles in the series
### Home console games
### Handheld games
## Playable characters
*Mario
*Luigi
*Princess Peach
*Yoshi
*Wario
*Donkey Kong
*Princess Daisy
*Waluigi
*Toad
*Boo
*Koopa Kid
*Toadette
*Birdo
*Dry Bones
*Blooper
*Hammer Bro
*Shy Guy
*Koopa
*Kamek
*Rosalina
*Bowser Jr.
*Spike
*Diddy Kong
*Bowser
*Goomba
*Monty Mole
*Pom Pom

## References
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

**Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve** (15 April 1793 – 23 November 1864 (Julian calendar: 11 November)) was a German-born Russian astronomer.  He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia. He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel).

While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote *Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum* (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (One of the others being Bessel)

In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma. In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.

His son, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the Pulkovo Observatory.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Helsinki

**Helsinki** () is the capital city of Finland. Helsinki is the largest city in Finland. 604,380 (31.12.2012) people live in Helsinki, and 1,360,000 live in the Helsinki metropolitan area.

Helsinki is in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The city is in the Uusimaa region. When one looks from Helsinki, Tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see. A poetic name for Helsinki is "the daughter of the Baltic Sea".

## History 
In 1550, Swedish king Gustav Vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there. His idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than Tallinn. The idea did not work well, and many people returned from Helsinki to their homes. Later Sweden built the fortress Suomenlinna in Helsinki. After Russia had taken Finland from Sweden in several wars, they started developing Helsinki. Helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of Finland. When Finland became independent in 1917, Helsinki stayed as the capital city.

## Geography 
Helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands. Some famous islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg).

The metropolitan area of Greater Helsinki also includes two of Finland's biggest cities, Espoo to the west of Helsinki, and Vantaa to the north. These two cities, along with Helsinki itself and the small town of Kauniainen (which is in fact surrounded by Espoo), make up the Capital Region (*Pääkaupunkiseutu* in Finnish or *Huvudstadsregionen* in Swedish). There are other towns nearby that are part of Greater Helsinki, including Järvenpää, Kerava, Tuusula, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä and Vihti. They have become popular places for Helsinki commuters to live.

## Transport 
The public transportation network in Helsinki and its area consists of
*many bus routes serving most of the region. They are operated by different companies under contract to HSL.
*one metro line (with two branches) between Helsinki and its eastern suburbs. The line first opened in 1982 and was extended to Espoo in 2017. The line was extended with five new stations in 2022, continuing the Espoo metro.
*eleven tram lines, located mostly in the city centre. A light rail line serving the northern suburbs has been completed in 2023.
*several commuter trains between Helsinki and nearby cities. Some lines go as far as Lahti, Riihimäki and Hanko.

Helsinki Airport is located in Vantaa about 20 kilometers north of Helsinki city center. The airport offers both domestic flights within Finland and international flights to Europe, Asia and North America.

Helsinki offers several boat services to Tallinn and Stockholm every day, along with ferries to places including the island of Suomenlinna.

## Gallery
## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Helsinki web site - English version 
* City portal of Helsinki - English version
* Finland Travel Community 
* WorldFlicks in Helsinki: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
Wife

A **wife** is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the **bride**.

In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).

There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king. 

A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.

## Related pages
* Marriage
* Husband
* Homemaker
* Divorce
Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who became famous in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.

Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).

The band broke up in 1970.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.* (1964)
* *Sounds of Silence* (1966)
* *Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme* (1966)
* *Bookends* (1968)
* *Bridge over Troubled Water* (1970)

## References
Madagascar

**Madagascar** is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the East coast of Africa and its capital is Antananarivo. Twenty-two million people live there. It is the world's fourth-largest island. 

The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and French.

## Pre-human history 
About two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a huge supercontinent called Pangaea. When this broke up, Madagascar was attached to what is now the Indian subcontinent. Madagascar broke away from India and moved closer to Africa. 

The long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Many of its animals came from Africa, because the island is closer to Africa than to India. Many of these endemic Malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, particularly the megafauna.

Despite this, and massive deforestation, Madagascar is still home to an incredible array of wildlife. Most of the wildlife is unique.

## Environment 
Madagascar is home to many species that were not known to Europeans about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. 

Many species in Madagascar are in danger because much of the forest has been cut down. Forests are cut down, so the land can grow crops such as coffee, which is an important export crop for Madagascar.

## Economy 
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.

## Provinces 
In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions.  It used to be divided into 6 provinces.

## Human history 
People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.

France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent on 26 June, 1960.
## Since independence 
In June 2025, the Franco-Malagasy Joint Commission will meet. This commission is responsible for deciding on the return of the Scattered Islands to Madagascar.

In regard to being a member of the African Union: As of October 2025, its membership has been suspended.

## Related pages
*Madagascar at the Olympics
*Madagascar national football team

## References 
## Other websites
*Photos of Madagascar  
*
Board game

A **board game** is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.  

Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards.  There are many board games with a long history in some cultures.  Examples of these games are  chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. Among these games are Scrabble, Monopoly and Sorry!. 

Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.

Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.

## References
## Other websites
*Information about thousands of different board games
Brighton

, 2013]]
**Brighton** is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of **Brighton & Hove**. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.

## History 
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians. ==

* Dora Bryan - English actress
* Henry Thrale - English politician. Lived in West Street. His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
* Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
* Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
* Nick Cave - Australian musician,  been living in the city since the 1980s
* Rudyard Kipling - classical books author

## References
Aerosmith

**Aerosmith** is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.

## List of albums 
### Studio albums 
* 1973 - *Aerosmith*
* 1974 - *Get Your Wings*
* 1975 - *Toys in the Attic*
* 1976 - *Rocks*
* 1977 - *Draw the Line*
* 1979 - *Night in the Ruts*
* 1982 - *Rock in a Hard Place*
* 1985 - *Done with Mirrors*
* 1987 - *Permanent Vacation*
* 1989 - *Pump*
* 1993 - *Get a Grip*
* 1997 - *Nine Lives*
* 2001 - *Just Push Play*
* 2012 - *Music from Another Dimension!*

### Compilation and live albums 
* 1980 - ''Aerosmith's Greatest Hits*
* 1994 - *Big Ones*
* 1998 - *A Little South of Sanity (Live)''

## References
## Other websites 
* Aerosmith's official YouTube channel
Rainbow

, Russia]]
 in the bloom]]A **rainbow** is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.

A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun. Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures. 

## Cause 
The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).

While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.

The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
* Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
* The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
* at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
* as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.

An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.

## Actual shape 
Rainbows are actually circular in shape, and this is usually shown when seeing water droplets below your observable horizon.

## Colours of the rainbow 
The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colours in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colours that look similar. (Each colour shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the colour.)  

 Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) 
 Orange (Colour wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0) 
 Yellow (web colour) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0) 
 Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Colour wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) 
 Blue (web colour) (Hex: #1555E3) (RGB: 0, 0, 255) 
 Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
 Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255) 

## Rainbow colours 
 Red 
 Orange 
 Yellow 
 Green 
 Blue 
 Violet 

## References
## Other websites
Central Intelligence Agency

The **Central Intelligence Agency** (**CIA**) is a department of the United States government that is responsible for intelligence. Its headquarters are at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia.

]]

## History 
The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage networks.    

The CIA was formed in 1947, after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA, including General John K. Singlaub, had been part of the Office of Strategic Services. This was the United States' main spy agency during the war. 

In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill former United States President George H. W. Bush, who was once Director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. President Bill Clinton reacted by firing cruise missiles at Iraq's main intelligence headquarters. However, the missiles were fired at night, so the people who had planned the assassination were not killed; the building's cleaners were.    

Since March 19, 2021, William Joseph Burns has been Director of the CIA.   

## Operations 
CIA has many clandestine, (secret) operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is inaccurate on purpose. 

The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.

The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence.

## Portrayals 
The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including:

* The American television show "The Agency"
* The American television mini-series "The Company"
* The film "Spy Game" (starring Robert Redford and Brad Pitt)
* "Night Flight to Moscow" (starring Yul Brenner)
* "Scorpio" (starring Burt Lancaster) 
* "Clear and Present Danger" (starring Harrison Ford)
* "The Recruit" (starring Colin Farrell and Al Pacino)
* "Ice Station Zebra"
* Several James Bond films (featuring the CIA agent Felix Leiter)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Central Intelligence Agency website
Catherine Parr

**Catherine Parr** (alternatively **Katherine** or **Kateryn**)  (26 August 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47). She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII.  She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year.  She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands. She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland.

Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children. She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs. She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed. This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the English throne.

Henry died on 28 January 1547. Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. 

Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour. She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548. She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions. 

Many years later, in 1782, the coffin of Queen Catherine was found in the ruins of the Sudeley Castle chapel. 

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 
*
Thomas Dolby

**Thomas Dolby** (born **Thomas Morgan Robertson**; 14 October 1958) is a British musician and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".

He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.

## Discography
### Singles
*A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".

### Albums
#### Studio albums
#### EPs
## References
Seismic retrofit

**Seismic retrofitting** is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. Seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms. retrofitted with base isolation.]]

## Seismic retrofit performance objectives 
Main levels of retrofitted building structure performance  objectives may vary, namely:
* To protect human lives.
* To protect a structure from total failure. 
* To preserve a structure's functionality after a strong earthquake. 
* To make a structure, practically, unaffected by any earthquake.

## References
Company (disambiguation)

The word **company** has several meanings:

* company, the people who own or manage a business
* - in the military, a **company** is usually three groups called platoons along with the people who support them
* - in the navy, a '''ship's company''' is everyone on a certain ship.
1890

## Births 
* March 3 – Norman Bethune
* May 19 - Ho Chi Minh leader of Viet Nam
* August 24 – Duke Kahanamoku, American athlete
* October 14 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, thirty-fourth President of the United States (b. 1969)
* December 5 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director

## Deaths
* April 11 – Joseph Merrick, English man who was known as the 'Elephant Man'

## Events
* January 15 – Premiere of Tchaikovsky's ballet *The Sleeping Beauty*

;Unknown date
*The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is built in the city of Philadelphia.
Rio de Janeiro

**Rio de Janeiro** is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960, it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2022 Census, the city had 6,211,223 people, and an area of over 1,000&nbsp;km2.  In 2021 Eduardo Paes became Mayor, having been mayor before in 2009 to 2017. 

## History and geography
The city was started in 1565. It is named for a river that does not exist after Portuguese explorers mistook an oceanic bay for a river.

Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, *Pão de Açúcar*), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, *Cristo Redentor*), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.

Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.

The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.

## Geography
The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as *Via Dutra*). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.

In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33&nbsp;km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, *bairro*) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, *bonde*) from central Rio de Janeiro (near *Largo da Carioca* subway station), crossing over the *Arcos da Lapa*, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.

## Operation Containment 
**Operation Containment** (Portuguese: *Operação Contenção*) was a large-scale joint police and military action conducted on 28 October 2025 in the Complexo do Alemão and Penha favela complexes in northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aimed to weaken the Comando Vermelho (Red Command) criminal faction and reassert state control over areas dominated by organized crime. The operation became one of the deadliest security actions in the city’s history.

## Sister cities 
*Warsaw, Poland

## References
## Other websites 
* Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with **www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com** 
* Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws. 
* Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage
Pillow

A **pillow** is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. 

A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.

The word *pillow* comes from Middle English *pilwe*, from Old English *pyle* (akin to Old High German *pfuliwi*) and from Latin *pulvinus*. The word *pillow* was first known to be used before the 12th century.

## History 
There is no clear inventor of the pillow. Millions of years ago, animals learned to use pillows. An early example is monkeys resting their heads on their arm. Many animals, including birds, use wood and stone nests as pillows. Early pillows were rectangular and had grooves shaped for the head. Pillows showed the wealth of a person — the more a person owned the wealthier they were.

## References
Whaler

A **whaler** is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called *blubber*, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.

## Related pages
* Whaling
Crayon

A **crayon** (or **wax pastel**) is a stick of pigmented wax used for writing or drawing. Wax crayons differ from pastels, in which the pigment is mixed with a dry binder such as gum arabic, and from oil pastels, where the binder is a mixture of wax and oil.

Crayons are available in a range of prices, and are easy to work with. They are less messy than most paints and markers, blunt (removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen), typically non-toxic, and available in a wide variety of colors. These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists.

## Other websites
Self-defence

**Self-defence** means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence.

## Defence of others 
The law of self-defence is the same when you protect others. Generally, you must have a good reason or belief that you needed to defend yourself in self-defence. However, in many places, if the court decides that the defence may have been too extreme, the person may face criminal and civil charges.

## References 
## Other websites 
* No Nonsense Self Defense - Reliable information for dangerous situations Articles by Marc MacYoung
1153

## Deaths 
* May 24 – King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
* July 8 – Pope Eugenius III
* August 17 – Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
* August 21 – Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
* Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
* Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
* Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
* Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon
1913

**1913** (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* First and Second Balkan Wars
* Mexican Revolution
* March 4 - Woodrow Wilson becomes the 28th President of the United States, succeeding William Howard Taft.
* March 12 - Building work begins on the new capital city of Canberra in Australia.
* May 29 - *Rite of Spring* performance in Paris.
* July 10 - A temperature of  is recorded in Death Valley, California.
* October 14 - The Senghenydd colliery disaster in Wales kills 439 people, in the United Kingdom's deadliest mining tragedy.
* November 7 to November 11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250 people. Nineteen ships are lost.
* December 12 - The *Mona Lisa* is recovered in Florence.
* George Herriman's comic strip *Krazy Kat* is launched in American newspapers

## Births 
### January 
]]
]]
* January 9 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
* January 10 – Gustáv Husák, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1991)

### February 
* February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)

### March 
]]
* March 18 - René Clément, French movie director (d. 1996)
* March 26 – Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)

### April 
### May 
]]
* May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (d. 1996)

### June 
### July 
]]
* July 14 – Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)

### August 
]]
* August 26 – Boris Pahor, Slovenian-Italian writer and Holocaust survivor (d. 2022)

### September 
* September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (d. 2007)

### October 
### November 
* November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer (d. 1960)

### December 
## Deaths 
* March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
* March 31 – J.P. Morgan, American businessperson (banking) (b. 1837)
* April 15 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
* September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (b. 1858)

## Nobel Prizes 
, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.]]
* Physiology or Medicine - Charles Robert Richet (French physiologist)
* Physics - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
* Chemistry - Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
* Literature - Rabindranath Tagore (India, then-British India)
* Peace - Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)

## References
Local area network

A **local area network** (**LAN**) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school.  Many computers can be  to share information and Internet connections. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together.
## Topology
LAN topologies tell you how ROM devices are organised. Five common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. These topologies are logical architectures.  This means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. For example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star. 

* A bus ROM means that the signal is put onto the medium and every device on the bus receives the signal.  If more than one device tries to send a signal at the same time, they can interfere with each other.  A long copper wire with other wires tapped into it is an example of a bus topology.
* A ring ROM means that each device talks to two other devices in the network and the devices all talk in a circle. If a computer sends data out one of its interfaces, it could get an answer back on the other one.  Some rings send traffic in only one direction, other ring networks send traffic in both directions.  Token Ring and FDDI are examples of ring topologies.
* A star ROM means that one device (the middle of the star) connects to several other devices. The only way devices on the points of the star can talk to each other is through the device in the middle.  A ROM is an example of a star topology.  Computers on the ROM need to go through the switch to talk to each other.
* A tree (or hybrid) topology is named because when you draw a picture of how the devices in this topology are connected, it starts off narrow with few devices at the bottom, then branches out at the top.  Large networks are an example of a tree topology.  There are switches and servers near the bottom of the tree, then all the user's computers "branch out" at the top of the tree.
* A mesh network topology means that every device can talk to every other device, and they will not interfere with each other.  You can also have a partial mesh, where some devices do not talk to all of the others.  There are not many simple examples of a mesh network.  A wireless data network where all of the devices use ROM READING or different frequencies to avoid interfering with each other would be one example.
Dodgeball

**Dodgeball** is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.

Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools.

Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film *Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story* (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, *Extreme Dodgeball*.
Mork & Mindy

***Mork and Mindy*** is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978 to 1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. *Mork and Mindy* is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, *Happy Days*. The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado.

## Other websites 
*
Gilligan's Island

'''''Gilligan's Island'''* is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. *Minnow''. An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.

## Castaways
*Willy Gilligan (Bob Denver) - Dimwitted sailor; title character; wears trademark hat.
*Jonas "The Skipper" Grumby (Alan Hale, Jr.) - The skipper of the boat; calls Gilligan his "little buddy"
*Thurston Howell III (Jim Backus) - Eccentric millionaire
*Eunice "Lovey" Howell (Natalie Shaffer) - Thurston's wife
*Ginger Grant (Tina Louise) - A sexy movie actress
*Roy "The Professor" Hinkly (Russell Johnson) - High school teacher/inventor
*Mary Anne Summers (Dawn Wells) - Kansas farm girl
1469

## Events 
* March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last battle fought between the private armies of feudal lords.
* July 26 – War of the Roses – Battle of Edgecote Moor: the House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.
* October 17 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon weds Princess Isabella of Castile. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
* Sigismund of Austria sells upper-Elsass (Alsace) to the Charles the Bold in exchange for help in a war against the Swiss.
* Uzun Hassa wins in Persia and defeats Abu Said.
* Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.
* Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
* James III of Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.

## Births 
* April 15 – Nanak Dev
* May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli

## Deaths 
* December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
* Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
American Samoa

**American Samoa**  (; , ; also '** or **') is a territory of the United States.  It is part of the Samoan Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean.

In 1899, Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan group of islands. The U.S. got the smaller group of islands on the east side.  These islands had a good harbor near the capital city, Pago Pago.  The western islands were run by Germany and then by New Zealand and are now the independent country Samoa.

Officially, American Samoa is an "unorganized" territory.  This means that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act.  But the people who live in American Samoa rule themselves.  Their constitution became effective on July 1, 1967.

The capital of American Samoa is Pago Pago, but the seat of government is Fagatogo.

## Citizenship
People who are born in American Samoa are called U.S. nationals, not U.S. citizens.  This means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them.  Unlike people who are not Americans at all, American Samoans can go to any other part of the United States they want and live there for as long as they want.  But they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold.  For contrast, someone born in Puerto Rico or Guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections.

Some American Samoans like that they are not American citizens and others do not.  Some American Samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a Samoa, the Samoan way of life.  

### Court cases 
In 2019, three American Samoans living in Utah sued the U.S. government to say they are citizens.  The judge agreed with them.  The judge said that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that anyone born in any part of the United States is a citizen, and that should mean American Samoans too.  But the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case.

In 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided they did not want to look at a case about whether American Samoans are citizens.

## References 
**Notes**

## Other websites 
* 
* Government of American Samoa
* 
* NOAA's National Weather Service - American Samoa
Oven

s in an oven.]] 

**Ovens** are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.

## History 
The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece. 

File:Toaster oven.jpg
File:Lehmbackofen.jpg
File:Tatakua.jpg
File:PompeiiOven.JPG

## References