open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic organism

. They gather at the top of the tube where its concentration is highest.  2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.  3: Facultative anaerobes can grow anywhere in tube, but they gather mostly at the top because they have more energy with oxygen.  4: Microaerophiles need oxygen: they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.  5: Aerotolerant organisms do not need oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. But, unlike obligate anaerobes, they are not poisoned by oxygen.  They are found evenly spread throughout the test tube]]

An **anaerobic organism** is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth. 

* **Obligate anaerobes** will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
* **Facultative anaerobes** can use oxygen when it is present. 
* **Aerotolerant** organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. 

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.

Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.

Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

## Related pages 
*Cellular respiration
*Anaerobic digestion
*Biogas
Tetanus

**Tetanus** (or **lockjaw**) is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that stay that way for some time.

Infection generally occurs through wound contamination, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The main symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium *Clostridium tetani*. As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This is usually followed by problems with swallowing. The disease leads to muscle stiffness and spasms in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.

## References
## Other websites 
* Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
* Tetanus Symptoms 
* Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)
Immunization

.]]

**Immunization** is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease.  This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it.  The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system. 

The material is known as an immunogen.  Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.
  
When the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again.  By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life.
Whipped cream

with Whipped cream.]]
**Whipped cream** is a dairy food used in many desserts. It is made with heavy cream, a type of cream that contains a large amount of fat.

## Preparation
To make whipped cream, a person whips or beats the heavy cream with a whisk or an electric mixer until it becomes fluffy and filled with air. For some desserts, icing sugar can be added as a sweetener. Some people also add flavourings to whipped cream, such as vanilla.

## Serving
Whipped cream is used in many types of desserts. Some desserts, such as apple pie or strawberry shortcake, are often served with whipped cream on top. Whipped cream is also served in milk shakes, Alex's coffee, and on ice cream sundaes. Some desserts have whipped cream inside them, such as cream puffs and eclairs.
Tetanospasmin

**Tetanospasmin** is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of *Clostridium tetani* in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT.
Neurotoxin

A **neurotoxin** is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels. 

Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels.

A man named Clairvius Narcisse was dead and came back to life again because the locals used neurotoxin on him to bring him back to life. He was buried in Haiti in 1964.
Paralysis

**Paralysis** is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is **paralysed** cannot move. 

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

## Types of paralysis 
### Hemiplegia 
In hemiplegia, one side of the person's body is paralysed.

### Monoplegia 
During monoplegia, only one limb is unable to move.

### Paraplegia 
In paraplegia, both legs are unable to move. The person is paralyzed from the waist down.

### Quadriplegia 
The most extreme form of paralysis. The whole body from the neck down can't move.

### Locked-in syndrome 
Paralysis of the whole body.
Membrane protein

Kv1.2/2.1 Chimera. Calculated hydrocarbon boundaries of the lipid bilayer are indicated by red and blue dots.]]

A **membrane protein** is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.

20–30% of all genes in genomes code for membrane proteins. They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs.

## Function
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:
* Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
* Membrane transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane.
* Membrane enzymes have many activities.
* Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in immune response.

## Related pages
* Ion channel

## References 
## Other websites 
* General principles of membrane protein folding and stability   from Stephen White laboratory
* Orientations of proteins in membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and amphitropic membrane proteins
Tampa Bay Buccaneers

The **Tampa Bay Buccaneers** are a professional American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976, and are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. Their head coach is Todd Bowles.

The name "Buccaneer" comes from certain pirates who would raid the western coast of Florida in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their logo is a illustrated football knockoff of the Jolly Roger logo.

The Buccaneers play in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa, Florida.

The Buccaneer's division rivals include the New Orleans Saints, the Carolina Panthers and the Atlanta Falcons. Their in state rivals include the Miami Dolphins and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

The Buccaneers have 5 players in the NFL Hall of fame: Lee Roy Selmon, Warren Sapp, Derrick Brooks, John Lynch & Ronde Barber.

They are the first team to play the Super Bowl on their homefield, as Super Bowl LV is hosted in Tampa, after defeating the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship game. Tampa played the Kansas City Chiefs in the Super Bowl. They won the game 31-9 against the Kansas City Chiefs.

## Other websites 
*Official Website
*Pro Football Hall of Fame
Obelus

An **obelus** (plural, **obeli**) is a symbol of a line with dots above and below, \div, and is used to represent the division operation in mathematics. Because of that, this symbol is also known as a **division sign**. 

The word "obelus" comes from the Greek word for a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar. This is the same root as that of the word "obelisk". The obelus was first used as a symbol for division in 1659, in the algebra book *Teutsche Algebra* by Johann Rahn. Today, the obelus is used occasionally, mostly as a standalone symbol for the division operation itself (as on a calculator), or as an operator in elementary arithmetic. In most cases, division is now represented using other ways, often by a forward slash (/), also known as "solidus". 

## Related pages 
* Slash (punctuation)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Jeff Miller: *Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols*
* Michael Quinion: *Where our arithmetic symbols come from*
Vinculum (symbol)

A **vinculum** is a  line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. (*Vinculum* is Latin for "chain".)

Examples are:

1. groups of digits  forever, for example,

:\frac{1}{3} = 0.333333\dots = 0.\overline{3}

2. fractions

:\frac{500}{10 \times 10} = \frac{5}{1} = 5

3. radicals (in the following example the quantity ab+2 is the radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it):

:\sqrt[n]{ab+2}

## Other websites 
*MathWorld Vinculum Entry with further (more complicated) examples
*Periodic Continued Fraction
Tomorrow Never Knows

**Tomorrow Never Knows** is a song from The Beatles's *Revolver* album, from 1966.

John Lennon wrote the song based on his readings of *The Psychedelic Experience*, which adapted the *Tibetan Book of the Dead* for use as an LSD "user's manual", intending to give users a kind of religious experience. The song's title came from his bandmate Ringo Starr, who was known for his  but insightful comments about life.

Lennon wanted the sound of monks , to complement the Beatles' recording of the song. It was not possible to do this, but Lennon's voice was played through a special speaker (called a Leslie speaker), to give it a  sound, like a voice calling from a hilltop. Other sounds on the record came from tape loops, playing over and over, and from a sitar.

The song has also been recorded by other artists. A dance cover version appeared in the 1990s.

## Sources
Colon

**Colon** could mean:

*Colon (anatomy)
*Colon (punctuation)
*Colon (rhetoric)
*Colon classification, a library classification system
*Colon, Michigan, a village within Colon Township
*Colon Township, Michigan
*Carlitos Colón, professional wrestler
**Carly "Carlito" Colón, his son, also a wrestler
**Eddie Colón, his son, also a wrestler
**Stacy Colón, his daughter, also a wrestler
*Fred Colon, a *Discworld* character
**Colon*, the French word referring to a French-Algerian colonist.
*Bartolo Colon, a pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
**Colon*, an alternative name use in France for wine made from the Gros Verdot grape.
Titanic (disambiguation)

**Titanic** can refer to
* RMS Titanic, the ship which sank on its first voyage in 1912
* *Titanic* (1997 movie) a movie about that voyage
* *Titanic* (1996 TV miniseries), a CBS miniseries
* *Titanic* (2012 TV series), an ITV network show
* Titanic, Oklahoma, a town in Oklahoma
Santino Marella

**Anthony Carelli** (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian professional wrestler and judoka. He currently works for TNA Wrestling as an authority figure. He appears under the ring name **Santino Marella**. He became famous in WWE, where he was a two-time Intercontinental Champion, one-time United States Champion, and one-time Tag Team Champion with Vladimir Kozlov. He played an Italian character. Outside of wrestling, Carelli owns his own judo dojo and is the official ambassador of Judo Canada.

## Career
Carelli was signed by World Wrestling Entertainment in 2005 for Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's farm territory. He made his WWE debut on the April 16, 2007 edition of WWE Raw in Milan, Italy under the name of **Santino Marella** (as a tribute to Robert "Gorilla Monsoon" Marella). As an Italian fan selected by Mr. McMahon, he won the Intercontinental Championship from Umaga with the help of Bobby Lashley. With this, Marella became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first main roster match. He was also involved in a storyline where he worked as Santina Marella, Santino's twin sister, who would become "Miss WrestleMania" at WrestleMania XXV.

On July 6, 2014, at a live event in Toronto, Ontario, Marella announced his retirement because of a third major injury to his neck. On May 6, 2016, Carelli was released from WWE because of an injury. He returned to wrestling in 2017.

## Personal life 
Carelli and his former wife Petrina have a daughter, Bianca Carelli, who won the Miss Teen Ontario-World pageant in 2013. Carelli married bikini fitness competitor Anna Babij, in November 2015. His daughter Bianca wrestled for the NWA and is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the NXT brand under the ring name "Arianna Grace".

## Championships and accomplishments 
...]]
]]
### Judo
*Ashai Annual Tournament (2017) - Bronze

### Professional wrestling
* ***The Baltimore Sun***
** Newcomer of the Year (2007)
* **DDT Pro-Wrestling**
** Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
* **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
** OVW Television Championship (2 times)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** PWI ranked him No. 60 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012
* **World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE**
** WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
** WWE United States Championship (1 time)
** WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Vladimir Kozlov
** Miss WrestleMania Battle Royal (2009)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Best Gimmick (2007, 2008)

## Filmography 
## References 
## Other websites
*
The Count of Monte Cristo

***The Count of Monte Cristo*** is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.  The story is about  and . The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison. There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dantès of a treasure. He escapes and finds the large treasure. He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison. The novel was well received by critics and readers. It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.

The novel was first published in the *Journal des Débats* in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. It was first published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes (1844-5). It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages. Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of *The Count of Monte Cristo*: *Monte Cristo* (1848), *Le Counte de Morcerf* (1851), and *Villefort* (1851). The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's  *Ben-Hur* (1880).

## Other websites 
* Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count 
* Sparknotes Literary Analysis of *The Count of Monte Cristo*

## References
Hallandale Beach, Florida

.]]

**Hallandale Beach** is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 41,217 at the 2020 census. Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there.

## References
Göppingen

**Göppingen** (, *Gebbeng*, or *Geppenge*) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living there. It is at the bottom of the  high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".

## History 
The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. In July 2017, they was hold the remembering cooke barracks festival, because the inhabitants in göppingen district loved and liked the US Army who was once stationed in Goppingen.

Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.

## Sport
Frisch Auf! Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* for people who served at Cooke Barracks
Unperson

In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an **Unperson** in Newspeak is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere – no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. 

This is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.

The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in *Expanded Universe*, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

## Other websites 
* A look at Orwell’s Newspeak
Düren

**Düren** (Ripuarian: *Düre*, Low Franconian: *Dürre* or *Dure*) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is between Cologne and Aachen. About 90,000 people live there. Düren is at the river Rur.

## References
## Other websites
Gütersloh

**Gütersloh** (, Low Franconian: *Gütersloh*)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there. It is home to the high-end appliance brand Miele. 

## References
## Other websites
Iserlohn

**Iserlohn** (Westphalian Low German: *Iserlaun*, *Iserliaun*, or *Iserlauhn*; Middle Low German: *Eisenwald*)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 93,000 people live there; it is one of the largest cities in that region.

## References
## Other websites
Velbert

**Velbert** is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 87,000 people live there.

## References
## Other websites
Lünen

**Lünen** is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. 88,000 people live there. Lünen has got two important football clubs: Lüner SV and BV Brambauer. Lüner SV is playing in the "Bezirksliga (8. league), but in 1963 the club achieved his greatest aim. They got Champion of Westphalia.

## References
## Other websites
Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia

**Marl** is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there.

## Twin towns 
*  Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
*  Creil, France
*  Herzliya, Israel
*  Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
*  Pendle, United Kingdom
*  Kuşadası, Turkey

## References
## Other websites
Bocholt

**Bocholt** () is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.

## Twin towns – sister cities
Bocholt is twinned with:
*  Akmenė, Lithuania
*  Arpajon-sur-Cère, France
*  Aurillac, France
*  Bocholt, Belgium
*  Rossendale, England, United Kingdom

## References
## Other websites
Roman Abramovich

**Roman Abramovich** (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian-British businessman. Roman Abramovich was born in Saratov, in the former Soviet Union (FSU) on October 24, 1966. He was orphaned at the age of three and raised by his uncle in Ukhta, in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. When he was eight, Abramovich went to live with his grandmother in Moscow.

## Wealth
He is one of the richest men in the world. As in 2019, his wealth was estimated at $12.9 billion by Forbes which made him the wealthiest person in Israel, where he resides, and the 140th wealthiest person in the world.
## Business
Abramovich is the owner of Millhouse, LLC, a private investment company, the owner of Evraz, a steel making and mining company, and major shareholder of Norilsk Nickel, a nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. He is also part owner or significant shareholder many international corporations, mainly in steel and mining, and private investment and was well known as owner for  club Chelsea Football Club, one of the most successful and popular football teams in the United Kingdom.

## Works in Russia
In 1999, Abramovich who was then 33 years old, was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka, and was subsequently elected for a second term, serving until 2008.

Abramovich has received the ‘Order of Honor’ by the President of Russia for his important contribution to helping himprove the economy of Chukotka. He was also given the ‘Order of Friendship’ by the President.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Roman-Abramovich.com
Morena Baccarin

**Morena Silva de Vaz Setta Baccarin** (born June 2, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Inara Serra in the sci-fi television series *Firefly* and the movie *Serenity*.

## Early life and education 
Baccarin was born on June 2, 1979 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. Her father is of Italian descent. Her mother is Brazilian stage and television actress Vera Setta.

When she was 10, Baccarin moved with her family to Greenwich Village, New York, in the United States. She later attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (the High School in the movie *Fame*) before she studied theater at Juilliard.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Video game
## Awards and nominations
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Robert Enke

**Robert Enke** (born 24 August 1977 in Jena, East Germany - died 10 November 2009, Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany) was a German football player. He was a goalkeeper for the German football team.

## Football career 
Enke started to play football at *BSG Jenapharm Jena*, a local club in his city. In 1985 he came to the youth teams of Jena's major football club, Carl Zeiss Jena. On 11 November 1995, at the age of 18, he played his first professional match for Jena in the German 2. Bundesliga. In 1996, he came to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the German Bundesliga.

From 1997 to 1999 he played in fifteen matches for the German under-21 national team. In 1999 he was nominated as one of three goalkeepers of the national team and he went to the FIFA Confederations Cup in the same year. After leaving Germany in 1999 and playing in Portugal, Spain and Turkey, he was not nominated.

In 2006, having played in Germany for two years, he was nominated as a stand-by goalkeeper for the world championships. After that he returned to the team, on 28 March 2007 he made his first match for the team (against Denmark). In May 2008 he became goalkeeper number two after Jens Lehmann who was already 38 years old. After UEFA Euro 2008, Jens Lehmann left the national team. On 8 October 2008, Enke broke his hand, so René Adler played his first match in the national team. Other goalkeepers who were tested were Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese.

Enke's last club was Hannover 96. He had a contract until the year 2010. In 2007 he became team captain for the club. He had played eight matches for the national team. His last match for the national team was on 12 August 2009 against Azerbaijan, his last club match was on 8 November 2009 against Hamburg.

## Private life 
Enke and his wife had a daughter who died in 2006. She was two years old. In 2009 they adopted another daughter. The next day, there was a press conference with Enke's widow and his psychiatrist. They said that Enke had had a major depressive disorder (depression) since the year 2003.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995–96||Carl Zeiss Jena||2. Bundesliga||4||0
|-
|1996–97||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|1997–98||0||0
|-
|1998–99||32||0

|-
|1999–2000||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||26||0
|-
|2000–01||26||0
|-
|2001–02||25||0

|-
|2002–03||Barcelona||La Liga||1||0

|-
|2003–04||Fenerbahçe||Süper Lig||1||0

|-
|2003–04||Tenerife||Segunda División||9||0

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="6"|Hannover||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||34||0
|-
|2005–06||32||0
|-
|2006–07||34||0
|-
|2007–08||34||0
|-
|2008–09||24||0
|-
|2009–10||6||0
200||0
57||0
10||0
1||0
268||0
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

## References 
## Other websites 
* Robert Enke
Concept album

A **concept album** is a kind of album in which all the songs are about the same thing. Most of the time, they tell a story.

## Examples
Examples of concept albums are:
* *Lemonade* by Beyoncé
* *American Idiot* by Green Day
* All of Coheed and Cambria's studio albums
* *Thick as a Brick* by Jethro Tull
* Most of Pink Floyd's albums
* *Clockwork Angels* by Rush
* *The Black Parade* by My Chemical Romance

## References
Zippo

A  **Zippo lighter** is a refillable metal lighter made by **Zippo Manufacturing Company** since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people  Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.

Zippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naphtha.
Convenience food

]]

**Convenience food** is a type of food. This kind of food has been made to save consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated, or can just be eaten from the package. They are made for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.

Many people criticise these products, because:
* They are made from products that would probably not be eaten in their raw form
* They are high in bad fat, sugar, and calories
* They are low in nutrients and fiber, but fast to prepare. Therefore, they are also blamed for obesity
* Their ingredients may come from genetically modified organisms
* Preservatives are almost always used
* Most of the foods end up wasted

## History 
Before modern times most men worked in the open, often in fields. Agriculture was, before the industrial revolution, the biggest employment for men in most countries. They usually took their midday meal with them, and ate where they worked.

Many kinds of food types were invented for this purpose. The Cornish pasty from the UK is one which survives to the present day. Other kinds have vanished, and their names forgotten. The Bedfordshire clanger was a baked suet dumpling, and there was also a Bedfordshire roll. This was savoury at one end and sweet at the other. It was eaten from the savoury end to the sweet end. There used to be many other varieties and version. Many have commented on the way convenience foods are heavy on calories. They were meant to be, for work then was usually manual labour, and men used their muscles continually as they worked.

The modern sandwich is a relatively recent invention, since it dates back only to the 18th century. It has become a standard way of taking food to the school or workplace.

## Related pages 
* Junk food

## References 
## Other websites 
* American women and the making of modern consumer culture

* Convenience foods: factors affecting their use where household diets are poor

* US Food facts & history
939

## Events 
* Edmund I of England became King of England
* July 14 – Pope Stephen VIII succeeds Pope Leo VII as the 127th pope.
* Arabs lose Madrid to the Kingdom of León.

## Births 
* Emperor Romanos II of the Byzantine Empire
* Emperor Taizong of Song

## Deaths 
* October 2 – Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
* October 27 – Æthelstan, King of the English
Water heating

**Water heating** is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.

## Solar water heaters 
 in Réunion]]

Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby.  Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.

## Geothermal heating 
In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

## References
## Other websites 
*How It Works - Water Heater 
*PATH Tech Inventory: Solar Water Heaters 
*Tankless Water Heaters are Brutal on the Grid When Popularized 
*Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters
*Water Heating for Dairies in NZ
*U.S. Department of Energy Water Heating Guidance
*Advantage and Disadvatage water heater
Room temperature

**Room temperature** does not have an exact scientific definition. It means a temperature that is normal in rooms used by human beings.

## Human comfort and health
A comfortable room temperature depends on individual needs and other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK),  is the recommended living room temperature, and  is a good bedroom temperature.

However, in hotter countries such as those near the equator room temperature can be as high as .

Room Temperature is the temperature that is comfortable and normal to be in.

## Science 
For scientific work, room temperature is taken to be in the range  with an average of . Scientists use kelvins (K) for temperature. The Rankine (°R) unit is no longer used.

## Condition for physical experiments
The progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes can sometimes depend on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In this case, if scientists mention temperature at all, they usually only mention "room temperature", which means that what is being measured has not been cooled or heated.

## References
Veliky Novgorod

**Veliky Novgorod** () is a city in the European part of Russia. It is the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is about  from St. Petersburg. In 2007, about 217,000 people lived there. "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city" and "Veliky" means "the Great". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century. Yaroslav the Wise ruled there in the 11th century. It was the only Russian province that was *not* captured by the Golden Horde.
Techno

**Techno** is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Frankfurt, Germany during the early 1980s. It was influenced by synthpop, house music, funk, post-disco and futuristic fiction ideas that were important during the end of the Cold War in the United States at that time. Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Detroit Techno music. Detroit Techno first became successful locally and then became popular around the world in the 1990s.

## Usage of the term
The word "techno" comes from "technology". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, trap). At the same time, the word "techno" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in Europe, the Americas and Australia. Despite the common usage of the term to refer to all electronic dance in general, techno is a specific genre with its own, distinguishable sound. By nature, techno tends to be highly repetitive, instrumentally-oriented music which follows a regular four-on-the-floor beat. The genre places a strong emphasis on rhythm, and techno tends to have a very beat-based sound.

## References
## Other websites 
* Sounds Like Techno – an online documentary
* , a video example of techno being performed live
* Techno songs  blog with regular updates of the newest techno beats and electro music
Kraftwerk

**Kraftwerk** is a electronic band from Germany that became famous in the late 1970s and 1980s for making electronic music. They used synthesizers and sequencers to make the rhythms and melodies in the song.

Kraftwerk made electronic music many years before other bands knew it would be popular. They paved the way for the MIDI and digital styles of music to become popular in the 1990s. Many of the sounds from songs such as "Computer Love", "The Robots", and "Trans Europe Express" can be heard sampled by a variety of bands on their current releases. Recently, some of Kraftwerk's original recording equipment was sold on eBay for astonishing amounts. Kraftwerk continues to have a faithful following. The band's name is German for power station.

## Main discography 
* 1970: Kraftwerk
* 1972: Kraftwerk 2
* 1973: Ralf and Florian
* 1974: Autobahn
* 1975: Radio-Activity
* 1977: Trans-Europe Express
* 1978: The Man Machine
* 1981: Computer World
* 1983: Tour de France (single)
* 1986: Electric Cafe
* 1991: The Mix
* 1999: Expo 2000 (single)
* 2000: Expo Remix (single)
* 2003: Tour de France Soundtracks
* 2005: Minimum-Maximum (live album)
* 2007: Aerodynamik/La Forme Remixes (single)
Multiset

:*The bags that can be used for shopping are at bag.*
A **multiset** (sometimes called a **bag**) is a concept from mathematics. In many ways, multisets are like sets. Certain items are either elements of that multiset, or they are not. However, multisets are different from sets: The same type of item can be in the multiset more than once. For this reason, mathematicians have defined a relation (function) that tells, how many copies of a certain type of item there are in a certain multiset. They call this *multiplicity*. For example, in the multiset { *a*, *a*, *b*, *b*, *b*, *c* }, the multiplicities of the members *a*, *b*, and *c* are 2, 3, and 1, respectively. From a set of *n* elements, the number of *r*-element multisets is written as \textstyle \left(\!\binom{n}{r}\!\right). This is sometimes called the multiset coefficient.

A multiset is illustrated by means of a histogram.

A multiset can also be considered an unordered tuple:
* The tuples (a,b) and (b,a) are not equal, and the tuples (a,a) and (a) are not equal either.
* The multisets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, but the multisets {a,a} and {a} are not equal.
* The sets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, and the sets {a,a} and {a} are equal too.

## Examples
One of the simplest examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number *n*. Here, the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of *n*. For example, the number *120* has the prime factorisation
:120 = 2^3 3^1 5^1
which gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}.

Another is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number. Thus the multiset of solutions of the equation could be { 3, 5 }, or it could be { 4, 4 }. In the latter case, it has a solution of multiplicity 2.

## Related pages 
* Combination

## References
### CItations 
### Sources 
* Stanley, Richard P. (1997, 1999). *Enumerative Combinatorics*, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. , 0-521-56069-1..
Tom Brokaw

**Thomas John Brokaw** (born February 6, 1940 in Webster, South Dakota) is a popular American television journalist and is the former anchorman (host) of *NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw*. His last appearance as anchorman was on December 1, 2004. In the later part of hosting *NBC Nightly News*, the program became the most-watched news program in the United States. Brokaw has received many awards and honors.

Brokaw was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in August 2013.

On April 26, 2018, Brokaw was accused of sexual harassment by two women.

## References
Tuple

In mathematics, a **tuple** is a finite sequence of objects. Sometimes, the finite sequence is also called an *ordered list*. This means that the order of the objects matter. In a tuple, the objects are either enclosed within parentheses (such as (1, 2)), or within angle brackets (such as \langle 1, 2 \rangle).  Each of the objects in the list has a certain type. A tuple consisting of *n* entries is called an **n-tuple**. Tuples are used to describe mathematical objects that are made of certain, well-defined components. They are also used very frequently with databases. 
Tuples are different from sets:
*A certain element can be in a tuple more than once.
*The order in which the elements appear in a tuple is important.

In other words, tuples are like ordered multisets.

## Related pages 
* Relation (mathematics)

## References
Histogram

random values]]A **histogram** is a concept from statistics. It is a graphical display that tells us about the distribution of the samples involved. They are commonly a picture made from a table with many categories. The table tells how many samples there are in each category.
The word *histogram* is derived from *histos* and *gramma* in Greek. *Histos* means *web* or *mast*. *Gramma* means *drawing*, *record* or *writing*. A histogram of something is therefore, etymologically speaking, a drawing of the web of this something. 

A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is a type of bar chart that shows the frequency or number of observations within different numerical ranges, called bins. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The histogram provides a visual representation of the distribution of the data, showing the number of observations that fall within each bin. 

## Similar ideas
The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also include the Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram. 

A population pyramid is two histograms.

A generalization of the histogram is kernel smoothing techniques. This will construct a smooth probability density function from the supplied data.

## References
Green manure

Typically, a **green manure** crop is grown for a specific period, and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil. Green manures usually perform several functions, that include soil improvement and soil protection:

* Leguminous green manures such as clover contain nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen in a form that plants can use.
* Green manures increase the percentage of organic matter (biomass) in the soil, thereby improving water retention, aeration, and other soil characteristics.
*The root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep in the soil and bring up nutrient resources unavailable to shallower-rooted crops.
* Common cover crop functions of weed suppression and prevention of soil erosion and compaction are often also taken into account when selecting and using green manures.
*Some green manure crops, when allowed to flower, provide forage for pollinating insects.

Historically, the practice of green manuring can be traced back to the fallow cycle of crop rotation, which was used to allow soils to recover.

## Green manure crops
*Winter cover crops such as oats or rye have long been used as green manures. 
*Mustard
*Clover
*Fenugreek 
*Lupin
*Sunn hemp
*Winter tares
*Winter field beans
*Ferns of the genus *Azolla* have been used as a green manure in southeast Asia.
*Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens) Common in the southern US during the early part of the 20th century, before being replaced by soybeans. Popular today in most tropical countries, especially in Central America where it is the main green manure used in Slash/Mulch farming practices.

## Green manures in organic farming
Organic farming relies on soil health and cycling of nutrients through the soil using natural processes, such as the addition of animal manures. If animal manures are not available, in a stockless rotation, green manures perform a vital function of fertilization.

## Related pages
*Fertilizer

## Other websites 
*Overview of cover crops and green manures 
*Using green manure to grow rice
Manure

**Manure** is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. Manures improve the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and lots of nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life.

The term "manure" was used for inorganic fertilizers in the past, but this usage is now very rare.  Manure from birds and bats is called guano.

## Etymology
The word **manure** came from Middle English "manuren" meaning "to cultivate land," and initially from French "main-oeuvre" = "hand work" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.

## Types
There are two classes of manures in soil management: green manures and animal manures. Compost is distinguished from manure in that it is the *decomposed* remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).

Most animal manure is feces–excrement of plant-eating mammals (herbivores) and plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces and urine.

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil. 

## Uses of manure 
Manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants.  Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which herbivores eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores–for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions.  Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.
, c. 1900]]

The dried manure of animals has been used as fuel throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of cows was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as India, while camel dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of "buffalo chips" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold desert nights.

Another use of manure is to make paper. This has been done with dung from elephants where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also horses, llamas, and kangaroos. Other than the llama, these animals are not ruminants and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung.

## Further reading
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Related pages
*Biomass

## Notes
Variance

In probability theory and statistics, the **variance** is a way to measure how far a set of numbers is spread out.
Variance describes how much a random variable differs from its expected value. The variance is defined as the average of the squares of the differences between the individual (observed) and the expected value. This means that it is always positive. A variance is often represented by the symbol \sigma^2, if the data is the entire population, and s^2, if the data is from a sample.

In practice, variance is a measure of how much something changes. For example, temperature has more variance in Moscow than in Hawaii.

The variance is not simply the average difference from the expected value. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance and comes closer to the average difference, is also not simply the average difference. Variance and standard deviation are used because it makes the mathematics easier—when adding two random variables together.

In accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.

## History 
Karl Pearson, the father of biometry, first used the term variance as follows:"*It is here attempted to (show) the biometrical properties of a population of a more general type that has (..) been examined, inheritance in which follows this scheme. It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to make a more exact analysis of the causes of human variability. The great body of available statistics shows us that the deviations of a human measurement from its mean follow very closely the Normal Law of Errors, and that  therefore, the variablility may be uniformly measured by the standard deviation, corresponding to the square root of the mean square error.*"

## Related pages 
* Normal distribution, with variance and mean as parameters

## References
Tarzan's Treehouse

'''Tarzan's Treehouse'* is a walk-through attraction in Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It was originally called the Swiss Family Treehouse. The treehouse explores the past of the Disney character Tarzan. The tree is fake, but is considered by Disney imagineers a real species or *Disneyodendron eximus'' which translates to "out of the ordinary Disney tree". The tree has 1,400 branches and 300,000 polyethlyne leaves. The tree is covered in live Spanish moss.
Adam Małysz

**Adam Henryk Małysz** (born 3 December 1977 in Wisła, Poland) is a Polish former ski jumper. He has four Olympic medals (3 silver, 1 bronze). His longest jump was 230,5 meters. Since 2011, he has been a rally driver.

## 1st places