open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Control Machete

**Control Machete** were an Mexican rap group from Monterrey, Nuevo León, and its members were Fermín IV, Pato Machete and DJ Toy Selectah.

The rap group started in 1996 and lasted until 2004.
Control Machete achieved in just 6 months to sell 500 thousand units from their disk Mucho Barato both in México as América. Their capacity of convocation were presented before the crowds of 10.000 people in Spain with great success performing concerts throughout South America presented an total audience estimated more than 458 thousand people. It has been such an impact that they have generated, that they have been in charge of several events of carving international as it is the concert of the multi-awarded alternative musician David Bowie in the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez before more than 40 thousand people.

Later, Control Machete would face a challenging challenge entering fully into the major leagues to be the official opening group of the most important tour of the year in Mexico: Pop Mart, of the Irish band U2. And if that were not enough, they were in charge of opening the 50 Cent's concert that was offered in Mexico at the Palacio de los Deportes in March 2004. They were invited to participate in several compilations, highlighting the album of José José's tribute (BMG, 1998), where they played Amnesia, and 2001 they were also in the tribute to the Argentine band Soda Stereo, playing the song Camaleón. They participated in Outlandos D'Americas (EMI, 1998), the album that pays homage to The Police.

The group participated in a national tour with Molotov, on tour Molochete, teniendo gran aceptación en México. In 2001 one of the members, Fermin IV left his career as solo of Christian music, becoming a Pastor of the Congregation "Semilla de Mostaza" in Mexico City, has been influence for many young people leave from gangs and follow the example, also is the vocalist of the group with the same name.

## Discography
### Albums
* Mucho Barato (1996)
* Artillería Pesada presenta (1999)
* Spanglish (2001)
* Sólo Para Fanáticos (2002)
* Uno, Dos:Bandera (2003)

### Collaborations
* Molochete with Molotov (2000)

## References
Kinto Sol

**Kinto Sol** is a hip-hop group from Irámuco, Guanajuato, México. The members are three brothers: DJ Payback García (Javier García), El Chivo (Eduardo García) and the leader of the group Skribe (Manuel García).

## Discography
### Albums
**Kinto Sol* (1999)
**Del Norte al Sur* (2001)
**Hecho En Mexico* (2003)
**La Sangre Nunca Muere* (2005)
**Los Hijos Del Maíz* (2007)
**15 Rayos* (2007)
**Cárcel De Sueños* (2009)
**El Ultimo Suspiro* (2010)
**Familia, Fe y Patria* (2012)
**La Tumba del Alma* (2013)
**Protegiendo el Penacho* (2014)
**Lo Que No Se Olvida* (2015)
**Somos Once* (2017)
**Lengua Universal* (2018)
Seigneur

***Seigneur*** (, ) was used during medieval times.  It was the name formerly given in France to someone who had been granted a fief by the ruling king or queen, with all its associated rights over people and property. This form of lordship was called seigneurie. The rights that the seigneur had were also called seigneurie, and the seigneur himself was the *seigneur justice* because he exercised jurisdiction over his fief. France repealed its feudal system August 4, 1789 in the wake of the French Revolution. Since then, the office of seigneur ceased to exist, and the title has only been used for sovereign princes and only by their families.

The part of Canada that was once called New France also used a seigneurial system from 1627 to 1854.

## References
Cartel de Santa

**Cartel de Santa** is a Mexican hip hop group from Santa Catarina, Nuevo León. The group began its activities in 1996 under different names and members before taking its final name and alignment. The group is composed of the main vocalist Eduardo Dávalos De Luna (Babo) el and Román Rodríguez, better known as "Rowan" Rabia", Monoplug or simply Mono, Dharius was part of the group but it was separated from it in mid 2013. Cartel de Santa continues to be one of the most popular Mexican rap groups worldwide, it is also one of the groups of Spanish speaking best sellers of all time, achieving different certifications for their high sales.

## History
The group rose to fame in 2003, releasing their first album titled "Cartel de Santa: Vol. I". The album included songs that became hits, such as: "Asesinos de Asesinos", "Cannabis Sativa", "La Pelotona", and "Todas mueren por mí". This album was produced by Jason Roberts, who has also produced for artists such as: Cypress Hill, Ice Cube, House of Pain, Control Machete and Plastilina Mosh That same year, Cartel de Santa, launched a musical video of the song "Perros", which was broadcast to Latin America by MTV. However, the most important album of his career was released a year later, in 2004, titled Cartel de Santa Vol. II, which included songs such as "Blah Blah Blah ", La Llamada", "Crónica Babilonia", "El Arte del Engaño" and "El Dolor del Micro" (featuring Julieta Venegas).

In 2006, Cartel de Santa recorded his third album, called Cartel de Santa, Vol. Prohibido that included the singles "Cheka Wey" (which also featured a music video); "Hey Si me Ven"; "Súbele A La Greibol"; "Mexico, Lindo Y Bandido" and "La Ranfla Del Cartel". A few months later, Babo was arrested for accidentally killing one of his friends, the state deemed him a qualified homicide. Because of this, the group released a compilation album Greatest Hits and some extra themes to raise funds and release the rapper from prison. Babo was released nine months later in January 2008.

In February of 2008, the band released their fourth album, which contains songs like "Babo Regresa", "Cosas de la vida", "De Mexico El Autentico", "Brillo Humillo", "Vato Sencillo", which narrate about the months that MC Babo was in prison, about how he killed his friend, and about the fact that they continued making music. The first single was "Hay Mamita"

## Discography
### Albums
*Cartel de Santa (2002)
*Vol.II (2004)
*Volumen Prohibido (2006)
*Vol.IV (2008)
*Sincopa (2010)
*Golpe Avisa (2014)
*Viejo Marihuano (2016)

### Compilations
*Cartel de Santa, Casa Babilonia presentan: Los Mixtapes (2006)
*Cartel de Santa, Greatest Hits (2007)
*Casa Babilonia Records: Compilado (2008)
*Casa Rifa: Demos (2009)
*Sincopa 5.1 (2011)
*Me Atizo Macizo Tour 2012, En vivo desde el D.F 
*Los Jefes (Soundtrack of the movie) (2015)
Brookfield, Connecticut

**Brookfield** is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut. It was founded in 1788. In 2020, 17,528 people lived in the town.

## References
Lynn Stout

**Lynn A. Stout** (September 14, 1957 – April 16, 2018) was an American corporate law scholar. She was the Distinguished Professor of Corporate & Business Law at the Cornell Law School. Before, she worked as Professor of Corporate and Securities Law at UCLA Law School. Her work was about researching, writing on, and teaching about corporate law, securities and derivatives regulation, law and economics, and prosocial behavior and law. 

Stout died on April 16, 2018 at the age of 61 of cancer. 

## References
## Other websites
*Webpage at Cornell University
Platonic crystal

**Platonic crystals** are periodic structures which are designed to guide flexural wave energy through thin elastic plates.

The study of platonic crystals is referred to as *platonics* and does not refer to the teachings of Plato or the Platonic solids. Platonic crystals are also named after plate, not Plato. The term is now used very commonly by many research groups in Australia, New Zealand, France, and the United Kingdom.
Cordyceps

***Cordyceps*** is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) with about 400 species. Most *Cordyceps* species are parasitoids. They live on and *in* insects and other arthropods. A few are parasitic on other fungi. The name *Cordyceps* is taken from the Greek word κορδύλη *kordýlē*, meaning "club", and the Latin stem *-ceps*, meaning "head".

The genus has a worldwide distribution. Most of the 400 species which have been described come from Asia Nepal, China, Japan, Bhutan, Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand. *Cordyceps* species are particularly abundant and diverse in humid temperate and tropical forests.

## References
Henk Schouten

**Henk Schouten** (16 April 1932 – 18 April 2018) was a Dutch footballer. He was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He was active as a midfielder. Schouten made his debut at Excelsior Rotterdam and also played for Holland Sport and Feijenoord.

Schouten died of pancreatic cancer on 18 April 2018 in Rotterdam at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile
Cornelius Jakobs

**Metropolitan Cornelius Jakobs** ( or secular name **Vjatšeslav Vassiljevitš Jakobs**, or **Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Yakobs**, ; 19 June 1924 – 19 April 2018) was the Metropolitan bishop of Tallinn and All Estonia, the head of the Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate from 1992 until his death in 2018. He was born in Tallinn. He became the oldest bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church and celebrated his 90th birthday in 2014.

Jakobs died on 19 April 2018 in Tallinn at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Корнилий, митрополит Таллинский и всея Эстонии (Якобс Вячеслав Васильевич) on Official site of the Russian Orthodox Church 
* Tallinna ja kogu Eesti metropoliit Kornelius  
* Message of Kornelius Mitropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia
* ESTONIA: MOSCOW ORTHODOX CHURCH FINALLY REGISTERED (Keston News Service, 19 April 2002)
Dharius

**Alán Alejandro Maldonado Tamez** (born September 24, 1984) better known by his stage name **Dharius** (previously MC Dharius) and also as DHA and El Tirano, is an MC and ex Mexican-member of the group of rap Cartel de Santa.

## Musical career 
It was not more than a year since the creation of "La Real Academia de La Rima" for Dharius to be invited (like Babo) to be part of "La Artillería Pesada", a group founded by Fermín IV, leader singer of Control Machete, the maximum rap exponent at that time. Dharius and Babo join Artilleria Pesada and record an album in which great international rappers like El Meswy (One of the best rappers in Spain) took part but in spite of all the production, the record never came out light due to reasons still unknown. In 2002, Dharius is invited by Babo as a supporter in the tour of the first album of Cartel de Santa. Dharius accepts and begins to travel throughout Mexico with this group. In 2003, Cartel de Santa is invited to participate with a song in the tribute to the great Mexican singer-songwriter José Alfredo Jiménez titled "XXX", the group accepts and Babo invites Dharius to collaborate with them in the reissue of the song "Ella". This would be the second recording of Dharius with Cartel de Santa (He had already collaborated with them in the song Super MC's, included in the first self-titled album of the group) and would also be the song with which, a few months later, the group would win his first gold record for its high sales.

## Albums 
### Cartel de Santa 
* Cartel de Santa (2002)
* Vol.II (2004)
* Volumen Prohibido (2006)
* Vol.IV (2008)
* Sincopa (2010)
* Me Atizo Macizo tour 2012 en vivo desde el D.F. 

### Solo 
* Directo Hasta Arriba (2014)
* Mala Fama, Buena Vidha (2018)

## References
T. V. R. Shenoy

**T. V. R Shenoy** (1941 &ndash; April 17, 2018) was an Indian journalist and columnist. Shenoy had served as the editor of the weekly news magazine *The Week* and *Sunday Mail* and held many posts in *The Indian Express* and *Malayala Manorama*. He was born in Kerala, India.

He was a  member of the Board of Trustees of  India First Foundation. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan award in 2003.

Shenoy died on April 17, 2018 at a hospital in Mangalore, India at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*India First Foundation 
*Kamat.com
*http://www.rediff.com/news/shenoy.html
A Murder of Quality

***A Murder of Quality*** is the second novel by John le Carré. The main character is George Smiley. This is the only book about Smiley that is not about spying. It is a murder mystery.

## Plot summary
George Smiley is a retired spy.  Ailsa Brimley was a spy with him during World War II. Brimley is the editor of a small Christian magazine. She tells Smiley that she got a letter from a reader, Stella Rode. Rode wrote that her husband wants to kill her. Stella Rode is murdered. Smiley travels to Carne to investigate.

## On television
John le Carré changed the novel to make a television program for Thames Television. *A Murder of Quality* was shown on ITV in 1991. It stars:
* Denholm Elliott as George Smiley
* Glenda Jackson as Ailsa Brimley
* Joss Ackland as Terence Fielding
* Billie Whitelaw as Mad Janie
* David Threlfall as Stanley Rode
* Christian Bale as the murdered student, Tim Perkins

## References 
## Other websites
*
Call for the Dead

***Call for the Dead*** is John le Carré's first novel. It introduces George Smiley. Smiley is the most famous character who appears often in  le Carré's books. The story is about East German spies in Great Britain. *Call for the Dead* was made into a movie called *The Deadly Affair* that came out in 1966.
Luis Montes Mieza

**Luis Montes Mieza** (1949 &ndash; 19 April 2018) was a Spanish anesthetist and pro-euthanasia activist. He was the Federal President of the association "Derecho a Morir Dignamente" from 2009 till his death in 2018.

Montes died on 19 April 2018, of a heart attack, while driving to Molina de Segura, Region of Murcia at the age of 68 or 69.

## References
Walter Moody

**Walter Leroy Moody, Jr.** (March 24, 1935 &ndash; April 19, 2018) was an American convicted murderer. He was sentenced to death in Alabama for the 1989 letter bomb murder of Robert S. Vance, a US federal judge serving on the Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit.

After an extensive investigation, Moody and his second wife, Susan McBride, were arrested on July 13, 1990. McBride was released on $250,000 bail within a week and later testified against Moody. He became the oldest death row inmate to be executed in modern United States history.

## References
Piccolo trumpet

The **Picolo trumpet** is a smaller version of the trumpet, that is also tuned an octave higher than the regular trumpet. Since the 19th century, regular trumpets have three valves. The piccolo usually has four valves. Note also that the piccolo trumpet is different from the pocket trumpet. A pocket trumpet has the same tonal range as a regular trumpet; it is just built differently (to be smaller). 

A piccolo trumpet has another characteristic tone, which can easily be distinguished from that of a regular trumpet. 

The piccolo was developed in the first quarter of the 20th century, mostly by Julius Kosleck. Kosleck used it to make it easier to play baroque music. Note however, that at the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, the trumpets had no valves; these were added in the 19th century. 

Piccolo trumpets could not establish themselves in Jazz music, but they are often used to play classical trumpet.   

The trumpet is a "noble instrument"; it is often used to play high-pitched notes. Such notes are easier to play with a Piccolo. Because of its construction, the piccolo cannot play the first octave of the classical trumpet.  

Like the regular trumpet, the piccolo is a transposing instrument.
Alex Janvier

**Alex Simeon Janvier** (February 28, 1935 &ndash; July 10, 2024) was an aboriginal artist from Canada. He was often called the "first Canadian aboriginal modernist". He was of Denesuline and Saulteaux descent.

## References
Robert L. Butler

**Robert L. Butler** (January 23, 1927 – April 22, 2019) was an American politician. He served as the Mayor of Marion, Illinois from May 1963 until he resigned on January 31, 2018 for health reasons. At the time of his resignation, he was the second longest serving mayor in the United States. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Butler was born in Marion.

## References
Jeanne Wilson

**Jeanne Elizabeth Wilson** (February 18, 1926 &ndash; April 18, 2018) was an American competition swimmer. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She represented the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.  She competed in the 200-meter breaststroke, recording a time of 3:18.3.

Wilson died on April 18, 2018 in Lafayette, Indiana at the age of 92.

## References
Roy Bentley

**Roy Thomas Frank Bentley** (17 May 1924 – 20 April 2018) was an English football player and manager. He was born in Bristol, England. Bentley was an England international for six years from 1950 to 1956. With his death in 2018, he was the last surviving player from England's 1950 World Cup squad.

Bentley played 367 games for Chelsea and captained the club to their first League Championship in the 1954–55 season. He also won 12 caps for the England national side.  He later became a manager.  Bentley was, for a time, one of England's top centre forwards.

Bentley died on 20 April 2018, in Reading, Berkshire at the age of 93.

## Career statistics
### Playing statistics
#### Club
Source:

#### International
### Managerial statistics
## References
Jim Halpert

**Jim Halpert** is a fictional character in the U.S. version of the television sitcom *The Office*.  He is played by actor John Krasinski. His character serves as the intelligent, mild-mannered straight man role to Michael Scott.

## Character 
Jim Halpert's personality is usually sarcastic and he is known for his quick-witted comments. He is 6 foot 3 inches and weighs 180 pounds. He develops a relationship with Pam Beesly and eventually gets married to her. Jim also develops a friendly rivalry with his co-worker Dwight Schrute.

## References
Rajinder Sachar

**Rajindar Sachar** (22 December 1923 – 20 April 2018) was a Pakistani-born Indian lawyer and political activist. He served as Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court in 1985. He was a member of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. He has served as a counsel for the People's Union for Civil Liberties.

On 16 August 2011 Sachar was arrested in New Delhi during protests over the detention of Anna Hazare and his supporters.

Sachar died in New Delhi on 20 April 2018 of pneumonia at the age of 94.

## References
Jaroslav Seifert

**Jaroslav Seifert** (; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize–winning Czechoslovak writer, poet and journalist. In 1984, Seifert won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

## References
## Other websites
* Timeline of Nobel Winners
Luisa Pastor Lillo

**Luisa Pastor Lillo** (10 October 1948 &ndash; 18 April 2018), was a Spanish politician. In the Spanish local elections, 2003,  Luisa Pastor obtained the absolute majority for the first time for her party in San Vicente, taking 11 of the 21 council members of the Plenary. In the 2015 municipal elections, Luisa Pastor was presenting her fifth term as mayor.

On 10 October 2014, a judge decided to investigate her for the possible relations with the corruption scandal "Brugal case". On 22 October 2015, after 5 months as a councilor in the opposition, she decided to renounce her councilor's act for personal reasons.

Luisa Pastor died on 18 April 2018, at the age of 69, of cancer.

## References
Pavel Šrut

**Pavel Šrut** (3 April 1940 – 20 April 2018) was a Czech poet, translator and children's writer. He was born in Prague. He studied at Charles University. He was known for his written works *Brožované básně* and *Šišatý švec a myšut*.

Apart from his celebrated poetry and books for children, he was also a translator from English and Spanish. His translations include books of Dylan Thomas, Robert Graves, D. H. Lawrence, Leonard Cohen, John Updike, Federico García Lorca, and others.

He was a frequent guest and worked at Western Michigan University in the summer.

Šrut died in Zdice, Czech Republic of a heart attack on 20 April 2018 at the age of 78.

## References
Shane Yarran

**Shane Yarran** (2 June 1989 – 20 April 2018) was a professional Australian rules footballer. He was raised in Midvale, Perth, Western Australia. He played for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted with the 61st selection in the 2015 national draft.

On 20 April 2018, Yarran committed suicide in his Seville Grove, near Perth, Western Australia home at the age of 28.

## References
## Other websites
*WAFL playing statistics
Jörg Schüttauf

in February 2018]]
**Jörg Schüttauf** (born 26 December 1961) is a German actor. He was born in Karl-Marx-Stadt, Germany. He studied at the Theaterhochschule Leipzig. He is known for his role in Hessischer Rundfunk version of the popular television crime series *Tatort*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jesper Christensen

**Jesper Christensen** (; born 16 May 1948) is a Danish actor. He was born in Copenhagen. He is known for his roles in *The Interpreter* and *Revelations*. He has also appeared as Mr. White in the James Bond movies *Casino Royale*, *Quantum of Solace*, and *Spectre*.

## Other websites
* 
*Official website
Udo Kier

**Udo Kier** (born **Udo Kierspe**; 14 October 1944 &ndash; 23 November 2025) was a German actor and voice actor. He had appeared in over 200 movies. He was born in Cologne, Germany.

Kier was known for his roles in Ron Camp in *Ace Ventura: Pet Detective* (1994), Curly in *Barb Wire*, Gitano Dragonetti the Vampire Elder in *Blade*, as a NASA flight psychologist in *Armageddon*, and as Ralfi in the movie *Johnny Mnemonic*. His last role was in the 2025 movie *The Secret Agent*, where he played Hans.

Kier moved to Palm Springs, California in 1991. He was openly gay.

Kier died at a hospital in Rancho Mirage, California on 23 November 2025, at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
No Tears Left to Cry

"**No Tears Left to Cry**" (written in lowercase) is a song by American singer Ariana Grande. It is the lead single from her fourth studio album, *Sweetener*.  The song and its music video were released on April 20, 2018.  

The song became Grande’s first chart-topper in Australia when it entered at the top of the ARIA Singles Chart.  It entered at number two in the UK and at three in her home country of the US.  With the song, she became the first act to have the first singles from four albums enter in the top ten of the *Billboard* Hot 100.

## Background
After taking a break from social media since New Year's Eve 2017, Grande promoted the release of the song on social media using upside-down, flipped font (ʎɹɔ oʇ ʇɟǝl sɹɐǝʇ ou). Meaghan Garvey from *Pitchfork* called the song "diva house" and the beat "UK garage-inspired," perhaps as a "nod to Manchester," referring to the May 2017 Manchester Arena bombing in England that occurred on Grande's Dangerous Woman Tour.

## Music video 
The video features Grande in a city with dancers and climbing up buildings and streets at right angles.  It was nominated at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Pop Video, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, and Video of the Year, winning the first of these.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Monthly charts
### Year-end charts
## References 
### Notes
Kevin Austin

**Kevin Levi Austin** (12 February 1973 &ndash; 23 November 2018) was an English-born Trinidadian professional footballer. He worked as a youth team coach for Scunthorpe United.

## Career 
As a player, he was a defender from 1992 until 2012. He played over 100 league matches each for Leyton Orient, Lincoln City and Swansea City. He also played in the Football League for Barnsley, Brentford, Cambridge United, Bristol Rovers and Chesterfield. 

Austin also played Non-League football for Saffron Walden Town, Kettering Town, Darlington and Boston United.

## Death 
Austin was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in April 2018. He died on 23 November 2018 from the disease at the age of 45.

## References
## Other websites
*Unofficial Kevin Austin Profile at The Forgotten Imp
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold

***The Spy Who Came in from the Cold*** is a 1963 Cold War spy novel by the British author John le Carré. Alec Leamas is a British agent. He is sent to East Germany as a part of trick to spread lies and confusion about a powerful East German spy. In 1965 Martin Ritt directed the movie of the novel, *The Spy Who Came in from the Cold*, with Richard Burton as Leamas.

## Characters
* Alec Leamas: A British field agent in charge of spying in East Germany.
* Hans-Dieter Mundt: Leader of the East German Secret Service, the Abteilung.
* Fiedler: East German spy, and Mundt's deputy. 
* Liz Gold: English librarian and member of the Communist Party.
* Control: Head of The Circus
* George Smiley: British spy
* Peter Guillam: British spy.
* Karl Riemeck: East German bureaucrat and British spy

## Awards and nominations
* 1963 Gold Dagger award from the Crime Writers' Association for "Best Crime Novel"
* 1965 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for "Best Mystery Novel"
* 1966 Edgar Award, "Best Motion Picture Screenplay", Screenwriters Paul Dehn and Guy Trosper changed the story of the book into the 1965 screenplay.
* 2005 "Dagger of Daggers" a one-time award given to the Golden Dagger winner on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dagger Awards,   for the best of the fifty winners

## Other websites
* Le Carré describes how he came to write the book (in an article published in *The Guardian* newspaper (April 2013) on the novel's 50th anniversary): "After a decade in the intelligence service, John le Carré's political disgust and personal confusion 'exploded' in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold."
*  Retrieved Saturday, 29 October 2016
Reg Smythe

**Reginald Smyth** (10 July 1917&nbsp;– 13 June 1998), known by his professional name **Reg Smythe**, was a British cartoonist. He created the popular, long-running *Andy Capp* comic strip.

## References
Pancreatitis

**Pancreatitis** is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and a number of hormones.

There are two main types, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting. The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe.

The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and heavy alcohol use.

## References 
## Other websites 
* GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PRSS1-Related Hereditary Pancreatitis
*
Democratic Governors Association

of New Jersey since 2019]]
The **Democratic Governors Association** (**DGA**) is a Washington, D.C. based 527 organization. It started  in 1983. Members are U.S. state and territorial governors who are also members of the Democratic Party. 

The mission of the organization is to create party support to the election and re-election of Democratic governors. There is a similar Republican organization called the Republican Governors Association. The DGA is not directly connected with the non-partisan National Governors Association.

42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, was leader of the DGA in 1988.

The current leader of the association is Governor of New Jersey Phil Murphy since 2019. 

These people have been leaders of the DGA: John Connally, Zell Miller, Marvin Mandel, Dale Bumpers, Wendell H. Ford, Wendell Anderson, Reubin Askew, Philip W. Noel, Patrick Lucey, Brendan Byrne, Jim Hunt, Jerry Brown, Richard Riley, Dick Celeste, Michael Dukakis, Evan Bayh, Howard Dean, Tom Vilsack, Bill Richardson, Kathleen Sebelius, Dannel Malloy, and Jay Inslee.

## Also see
* Republican Governors Association

## Other websites
* DGA Official Website
Michael Gross

**Michael Edward Gross** (born June 21, 1947) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Steven Keaton from the sitcom *Family Ties* (1982–1989) and the graboid hunter Burt Gummer from the *Tremors* movie franchise.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Michael Gross  at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Pedro Erquicia

**Pedro Erquicia López de Montenegro** (24 March 1943 – 20 April 2018) was a Spanish journalist and television producer. He was born in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain. His career began in 1956 when he began working for Televisión Española. He hosted the TVE's newscast *Telediario* (1972-1973).

In 1973 Erquicia created one of the longest running programs in Spanish television: *Informe Semanal*. In 1987 he was fired by TVE and later he joined the then recently created public broadcaster Telemadrid.

In April 2008, Erquicia announced his retirement. He died ten years later, on 20 April 2018 in Madrid of a long-illness at the age of 75.

## References
Mitzi Hoag

**Mitzi Hoag** (born **Margaret Hoag**; September 25, 1932 &ndash; February 26, 2019) was an American actress. She appeared in more than 73 different TV shows and movies. Her best known roles are in ''We'll Get By*, *Bonanza*, *Here Come the Brides*, *The Facts of Life* and *The Partridge Family''.

Hoag died on February 26, 2019 in Sherman Oaks, California, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Procoptodon

***Procoptodon*** is a genus of giant short-faced kangaroo living in Australia during the Pleistocene epoch.

*P. goliah*  was the largest kangaroo known to have  existed. It stood about  tall. They weighed about . Other members of the genus were smaller. *Procoptodon gilli* was the smallest of the genus, only about  tall.

They were browsers, not grazers like kangaroos today. They ate leaves from trees and shrubs. Their weight makes it likely that they did not hop as their relatives do today. A combination of climate change (cooling and shrinking of forest areas) would have reduced their natural habitat. Predation (hunting) by aboriginal humans probably happened.

Saltbushes were their main food source, so *Procoptodon goliah* relied on free-standing water to help process its salt-laden diet.

## References
Microatoll

A **microatoll** is a circular colony of corals, near the surface of the ocean. Because the top is not in the water all the time, the corals at the top are dead. The corals which are not exposed to fresh air are still alive. The atoll will only grow in the areas which are in the water all the time. Microatolls may be up to  in diameter.  They are named for their resemblance to island atolls formed during the subsidence of volcanic islands, as originally suggested by Darwin (1842).

They have been used to monitor sea levels, in response to global warming. They have also been used to quantify and date changes in sea level in seismically active areas. Using microatolls, scientists were able to provide information about the water temperature at the surface of the sea.

## References
Gabriel Byrne

**Gabriel James Byrne** (born 12 May 1950) is an Irish actor, movie director, movie producer, writer and audiobook narrator. In 2008, Byrne won a Golden Globe Award.

In movies, he is known for his roles in *Excalibur* (1981), ''Miller's Crossing* (1990), *The Usual Suspects* (1995), *Stigmata* (1999), *End of Days* (1999), *Spider* (2002), *Jindabyne* (2006), *Vampire Academy* (2014) and *The 33* (2015).

Byrne co-wrote *The Last of the High Kings* (1996). Byrne has also produced several movies, including the Academy Award–nominated *In the Name of the Father* (1993).

In television, Byrne is known for his role as Paul Weston in the HBO drama *In Treatment* (2008–2011).

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Gabriel Byrne profile, artforamnesty.org; accessed 11 August 2017
* Gabriel Byrne video interview, jewreview.net; accessed 11 August 2017
* Gabriel Byrne discusses his role on *In Treatment'' , npr.org, 30 May 2009
* Gabriel Byrne tells of childhood sexual abuse, Guardian.co.uk, 19 January 2010
Fang Bo

**Fang Bo** (; born 6 November 1992) is a Chinese table tennis player.

## Career 
In 2009 he took part in the Youth- worldchampionships, where he won all four titles (Singles, Doubles, Mixed and Team).

In 2015 he became vice-world champion. He beat amongst other things Xu Xin and Zhang Jike, but he lost in the final to Ma Long.

## Results from the ITTF-database 
## References
Westwood Memorial Park Cemetery

**Westwood Memorial Park Cemetery** is a cemetery in the Westwood Village of Los Angeles. It is located at 1218 Glendon Avenue in Westwood.

## History 
The cemetery was founded as Sunset Cemetery in 1905, but had been used for burials since the 1880s and was renamed with current name in 1926.

Although it is the resting place of some of the entertainment industry's greatest names, it also contains the graves of many uncelebrated people. For example, when Marilyn Monroe died in 1962, Joe DiMaggio, responsible for Monroe's arrangements, chose Westwood not because of its celebrities but because it was the resting place of Monroe's mother's friend, Grace Goddard, and Goddard's aunt, Ana Lower, both of whom had cared for Monroe as a child.
Bob Braden

**Robert Braden** (January 12, 1934 – April 15, 2018) was an American computer scientist. He played a role in the development of the Internet. His research interests included end-to-end network protocols, especially in the transport and internetwork layers.

Braden worked at the University of California, Los Angeles, Carnegie Mellon University and at the Internet Architecture Board (1981&ndash;1994). He retired in 2016.

Braden died on April 15, 2018 of myelodysplastic syndrome at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Carl Malamud interviews Bob Braden, Internet Talk Radio, 29 September 1993
* Oral history interview with Robert Braden, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota
* Obituary sent to the IETF mailing list
George I of Greece

**George I** (, *Geórgios I*; born **Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg**; ; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) also known as **Georgios I** was King of Greece from 1863 until his assassination in 1913.

George's reign of almost 50 years (the longest in modern Greek history) was characterized by territorial gains as Greece established its place in pre-World War I Europe. He was the grandfather of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and great-grandfather of Charles III.

While out on an afternoon walk near the White Tower on 18 March 1913, he was shot at close range in the back by Alexandros Schinas, who was "said to belong to a Socialist organization" and "declared when arrested that he had killed the King because he refused to give him money". George died instantly, the bullet having penetrated his heart.

## References
## Other websites
* Vilhelm (Georg I) at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle

**Eduardo Alfredo Juan Bernardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle**  (; born June 24, 1941) is a Chilean politician and civil engineer. He was President of Chile from 1994 to 2000. He was also a Senator and later served as President of the Senate from 2006 to 2008.

He ran again for President, but was narrowly defeated in 2009. His father was Eduardo Frei Montalva who was President of Chile from 1964 to 1970.

## References
## Other websites
*Senado's Personal profile
*Biography by CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)
*Genealogical chart of Frei-Montalva Family
Ricardo Lagos

**Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar** (; born 2 March 1936) is a Chilean lawyer, economist and social democrat politician. He served as The 34th President of Chile from 1990 to 1994.

Since May 2007 he has served as a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and António Guterres.

He teaches political and economic development at Brown University in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
* Democracy and Development Foundation  
* Extended biography by the CIDOB Foundation  
* BBC Profile: Ricardo Lagos (January 2000)
* Lagos's undergraduate thesis: "The Concentration of Economic Power" 
* The Lagos Legacy and Chile's Upcoming Elections  The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
* Ricardo Lagos  *Freedom Collection* interview
Rekawka

**Rekawka** - a Polish folk festival celebrated on the first Tuesday after Easter Sunday in Krakow, on the Krak Mound (also known as Krakus Mound). It is an ancient tumulus, not far from one of the oldest churches in Krakow –  St. Benedict’s church.

## History
Rekawka’s beginnings go back to the ancient Slavic springtime celebrations, called Dziady. For ancient Slavs, spring was a time of burning sacred fires to celebrate the dead, and of planting sacred groves. They also had the custom of leaving food for the dead. The Krak Mound might have been one of such places where they held their celebrations.

These ancient Slavic traditions evolved over time, and customs changed. In the 19th century, it was customary for rich citizens of Krakow to throw coins, apples, sweets and boiled eggs down the grassy slope of the Krak Mound to be picked up by poor local people. Some historians see it as a continuation of the Slavic traditions of leaving food for the dead.

## The name of the festival
The name of the festival, Rekawka, might go back to the times of a legendary Slavic prince, Krak (or, Krakus).  The legend says that Krak was the founder of the city of Kraków, and a great ruler. After his death, the people of Kraków built a high mound in his honour. To build the mound, they were carrying up the earth in their sleeves (Polish *rekaw* – *sleeve*) – and, that is why the festival is called Rekawka. These finds give evidence to the Old Slavic origin of the mound’s name.

## Rekawka in modern times
Nowadays, Rekawka has a popular, folk character. If the weather is warm and sunny, it can be an occasion for a pleasant family outing. There are stalls selling sweets and toys, merry-go-rounds, and street musicians. More recently, the festival has been featuring medieval knights fighting each other in mock duels,and medieval craftsmen at work. There is also an opportunity to taste traditional dishes such as kołacze.

## References
With Chronos’ Permit

**With Chronos’ Permit** ()  is a novel by Russian writer Andrei Gusev, published in 1995.
## Plot
Perestroika started in 1986. That was a period of restructuring in the Soviet Union. Hundreds of scientific workers are no longer needed. The main character of the novel is Ivan Zhuravlev and he is one of such unclaimed experts. He is looking for a new application. From the prestigious physics Zhuravlev goes in for journalism. Later, he uses journalistic contacts and comes in connection with an entrepreneur Boris Iossifovich Sytin. Zhuravlev calls him Ossi. Ossi is a chief of the “Chronos” company. Ossi convinces Zhuravlev to involve in the deal to resell to the West of rare metal osmium. This affair ends tragically for Ivan Zhuravlev – he dies because of the intentional air crash.   

Love to the girl was the best in the short life of Ivan Zhuravlev. Her name is Nastia. In their relationship something is from the famous movies by Claude Lelouch, who always glorifies man and woman created for each other.

## Features 
This novel is a mix of a thriller and crime story. Some parts of the novel have a mystical component.

## References
## Other websites
*Russian Wikiquote has the article  *С  мандатом Хроноса* *(With Chronos’ Permit).*

## Notes
1.  
2. НА ПОРОГЕ  ХХI ВЕКА, Всероссийский ежегодник, М., «Московский Парнас», 2002 (с.92) 
3. Всероссийский ежегодник НА ПОРОГЕ  ХХI ВЕКА, М., «Московский Парнас», 2006  (с.85) 
4. *И.С.Горюнова*  «Современная русская литература: знаковые имена (статьи, рецензии, интервью)»,  “Litres”, 2015. — 278 c. (М., «Вест-Консалтинг», 2012)  ISBN 5457199517, ISBN 9785457199514
Constantine II of Greece

**Constantine II** (, *Konstantínos II*; 2 June 1940 &ndash; 10 January 2023) reigned as the King of Greece, from 1964 until the end of the monarchy of Greece in 1973. Nevertheless, he accepted the results of the referendum.

## Olympic career
Constantine was also a good sailor. He competed at the 1960 Rome Olympics and won a gold medal in the Dragon class. Later he served on the International Olympic Committee. 

Along with his fellow crew members of the *Nireus* sailing vessel, he was named one of the 1960 Greek Athletes of the Year. When he won the medal, in 1960, he was twenty years old. This was the first medal in sailing for Greece, since the 1912 Summer Olympics.

## Death
When he aged, his health got worse. On 10 January 2023, he died of a stroke, in Athens.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the Greek Royal Family
Cation

A **cation** is a type of ion that has a positive electric charge. This means it has fewer electrons than protons. The opposite of a cation is an anion, which has a negative charge.

Cations can have only one atom (monatomic cations) or be made of multiple atoms together (polyatomic cations). Most metals form monatomic cations, while polyatomic cations are rarer.

## Examples 
Most metals make one or more monatomic cations. Alkali metals like sodium can lose one electron to make cations like . Alkaline earth metals like calcium lose two electrons to make cations like . These are the only ions these elements form, and so are just named after the element: the sodium cation  is just called "sodium" in compounds like sodium chloride.

Transition metals and post-transition metals can make more than one type of cation: iron forms two cations,  and . The charge on transition metal cations is usually between +1 (such as silver in silver iodide) and +4 (such as titanium in titanium tetrachloride).

Because transition metal cations can have more than one charge, the charge (formally, the oxidation state), is included in the name of the cation in compounds using Roman numerals. Pyrite is made of  and the sulfide anion , so it is called iron(II) sulfide. Magnetite is made of  and the oxide anion , so it is called iron(III) oxide. Sometimes in older sources these cations have specific names: another name for iron(II) is the "ferrous" cation, while iron(III) is the "ferric" cation.

Ammonium is an example of a polyatomic cation. It is made of a nitrogen atom connected to four hydrogen atoms. The formula for ammonium is written . Ammonium is made when an acid gives a hydrogen ion to a molecule of ammonia.
Fukaya Station

**Fukaya Station** (深谷駅, ふかやえき) is a railway station of JR East in Fukaya, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

## Adjacent stations 
; JR East
:  Takasaki Line
:: Urban Rapid, Local
::: Kagohara - **Fukaya** - Okabe

## Other websites 
* Fukaya Station (Official Site)
Kwame Raoul

**Kwame Raoul** (born September 30, 1964) is an American lawyer and politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Raoul is the 42nd Attorney General of Illinois since 2019.

Raoul was a member of the Illinois Senate.  He represented the 13th district from 2004 to 2019 after he was appointed to fill the seat left by Barack Obama, upon Obama's election to the U.S. Senate.

Raoul was the Democratic Party's nominee for Attorney General of Illinois in the 2018 election and won the general election.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography, bills and committees  at the 98th Illinois General Assembly
**By session: 98th , 97th , 96th , 95th , 94th , 93rd 
*Kwame Raoul for State Senator
* 
* Senator Kwame Raoul  at Illinois Senate Democrats
Al Swift

**Allan Byron Swift** (September 12, 1935 – April 20, 2018) was an American Emmy award-winning broadcaster and politician. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1995. He represented the Second Congressional District of Washington as a Democrat.

Swift died on April 20, 2018 in Alexandria, Virginia of pulmonary fibrosis at the age of 82. 

## References
## Other websites
* Stennis Center for Public Service profile of Al Swift
* Colling, Swift & Hynes bio of Al Swift
*
Firmin Le Bourhis

**Firmin Le Bourhis** (18 May 1950 – 21 April 2018) was a French detective writer. He authored 32 detective novels over the course of 18 years. He wrote many novels regarding romance and politics. He was born in Finistère, France.

Le Bourhis died of a heart attack on his way to the Envolée des livres, a book festival in Châteauroux, aged 68.

## References
Hedylidae

**Hedylidae** is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order, 
They are also called the "American moth-butterflies". Butterflies evolved from moths, and this group is rather moth-like.

They are living sister group to the butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. In 1986, Scoble combined all 35 species into a single genus ***Macrosoma***. They are all entirely neotropical species from central and southern America and the Caribbean.

DNA sequence analysis of this group continues.

## References
Ted Koppel

**Edward James Martin** "**Ted**" **Koppel** (born February 8, 1940) is a British-born American broadcast journalist. He is best known as the anchor for *Nightline*, from the program's beginning in 1980 until 2005. During his career, Koppel has won 25 Emmy Awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography from ABC
* Ted Koppel to Join 'NY Times' Editorial Page, Contribute to NPR, a January 2006 article from *Editor & Publisher*
* *Global National* anchor Kevin Newman recalls Ted Koppel on his blog
* ABC News' "Time Tunnel" page containing clips of numerous newscasts (including *Nightline*) on which Koppel appeared
* Memory and Imagination: New Pathways to the Library of Congress Documentary 
*
Harvey Levin

**Harvey Robert Levin** (born September 2, 1950) is an American military veteran, television producer, lawyer, legal analyst and celebrity reporter of Jewish descent.  He is the founder of TMZ and also the host of OBJECTified, which airs on the Fox News Channel.

In April 2010, Levin publicly came out as gay. He has been in a partnership with Andy Mauer since the 1990s.

In 2024, Levin became a father, using a surrogate in Arkansas to carry the baby.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Variety profile
James Rothman

**James Edward Rothman** (born November 3, 1950) is an American biochemist. He is the Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Yale University, the Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale School of Medicine, and the Director of the Nanobiology Institute at the Yale West Campus. 

Rothman worked at Columbia University and a research professor at the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London. 

Rothman was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on vesicle trafficking (shared with Randy Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof).

He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 2015.

## References
Randy Schekman

**Randy Wayne Schekman** (born December 30, 1948) is an American cell biologist. He works at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the editor-in-chief of *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* and *Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology*. 

He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992. He won the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with James Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof for their work on cell membrane vesicle trafficking.

## References
Edvard Moser

**Edvard Ingjald Moser** (; born 27 April 1962) is a Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist. He works at the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. In 2005, he and May-Britt Moser discovered grid cells. 

He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014 with May-Britt Moser and John O'Keefe for their work identifying the brain's positioning system.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2011.

## References
William C. Campbell

**William C. Campbell** may refer to:
* Wilburn C. Campbell (1910–1997), Episcopal bishop of West Virginia (common misspelling of first name)
* William C. Campbell (golfer) (1923–2013), American golfer
* William C. Campbell (scientist) (born 1930), Irish biochemist and Nobel laureate
Satoshi Ōmura

is a Japanese biochemist. He is known for the discovery and development of many pharmaceuticals. In 2015, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William C. Campbell and Tu Youyou.

## References
Michael Rosbash

**Michael Morris Rosbash** (born March 7, 1944) is an American geneticist and chronobiologist of Jewish descent. Rosbash is a professor at Brandeis University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Rosbash's research group cloned the *Drosophila* period gene in 1984 and proposed the Transcription Translation Negative Feedback Loop for circadian clocks in 1990. 

Along with Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".

## References