open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sumgait

**Sumgayit** (also, **Sumgait** and **Sumqayyt**) is one of the largest cities in Azerbaijan.  It is near the Caspian Sea and about 31 kilometres away from the capital, Baku. There were 308,700 people in 2009. It was started on November 22, 1949. It is home to Sumqayit State University.

Sumgayit City F.C. plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League.

## Notable people from Sumgayit
* Ilham Zakiyev,  judoka, twice Paralympic, twice World & four times European Champion.
* Rafael Aghayev, karate
* Shahin Imranov, boxer, Beijing Olympic Games 2008 bronze medalist
* Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, chess player
* Zeinab Mamedyarova, chess player
* Mehman Huseynzade, football player

## References
Aghjabadi District

**Aghjabadi District** () is a raion in central Azerbaijan. The capital is Aghjabadi. Aghjabadi District was started in 1930. In 1963 it was ended and connected to Agdam District. In 1965, it became separate again. There are 46 settlements and 1 town in the district. There were 122,649 people in 2010.

## Notable people
*Uzeyir Hajibeyov – composer
*Afrasiyab Badalbeyli – composer and conductor
*Shamsi Badalbeyli – composer
*Tofik Bahramov – football referee
*Zulfu Adigozalov – khananda
*Vasif Adigozalov – composer
*Isi Malikzade – writer
*Sabir Novruzov – mugam singer
Barda District

**Barda** (Bərdə) is a raion of Azerbaijan.  The capital city is Barda. There are 109 villages.

## References
Agdash District

**Agdash District** () is a raion in central Azerbaijan. Agdash District has Leki settlement and 72 villages. This raion has a good economic and geographic location. Turyan River and Kura River go through the raion. This area is surrounded by Tugay forests along Kura river bank, and Turyanchay State Preservation to the north.

Agdash city was started in 16th century.  It is the capital.
Oligochaete

**Oligochaetes** are a subclass of worms in the phylum Annelida.

With around 10,000 species the Oligochaetes make up about a half of the phylum Annelida. These worms usually have few chaetae or "bristles" on the outer body surface, unlike polychaetes. The best known is the garden earthworm.

Oligochaetes are segmented worms and most have a spacious body cavity (coelom) which is used as a hydroskeleton. They range in length from less than 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) up to 2 to 3 metres (6.6 to 9.8 ft) in the 'giant' species such as the Giant Gippsland Earthworm and the Mekong Worm *Amynthas mekongianus*.
Goychay District

**Goychay** (Göyçay) is a raion of Azerbaijan.  It is in the central part of the county, in the Shirvan valley. The capital is Goychay. There is one city and 55 villages. The region is famous for its pomegranate growing industry.

It is at the foot of Greater Caucasus mountain range.

## References
Imishli District

**Imishli** (İmişli) is a rayon (district) of Azerbaijan.  Imishli and Sabirabad Rayon share the largest lake of Azerbaijan, Lake Sarysu.
Hajigabul District

**Hajigabul** (Hacıqabul) is a raion of Azerbaijan.  There are 31 populated areas. The Pirsaat River and valley is in this raion.
Kurdamir District

**Kurdamir** (also **Kürdəmir**) is a district (raion) in Azerbaijan. The capital of the district is Kürdəmir.

## References
Special forces

with *M4* assault rifles]]
 operator]]
**Special forces**, or **special operations forces** are military units used to trained to perform unconventional (not ordinary), difficult, often high-risk missions. They are highly-trained and are the most important units in the world. Because of the hard training and the high risk, there are not many special forces units. Those elite units are often used to operate deep behind enemy lines. In a war they are also used for unconventional warfare.

## Military special forces 
 unit abseiling from a chopper]]
Because special forces are really rare, they mostly have to do unusual, difficult things like:
* Gathering intelligence
* Destroying targets (for example bunkers, ports, missiles etc.)
* Protecting and rescueing important people
* Commando
* Reconnaissance
* Military diving (frogmen or combat divers)
* Paratrooper (airborne forces)
* Unconventional warfare

## History 
 Spetsnaz preparing for mission, Afghanistan 1988]]
 GROM in Iraq, 2003]]
Special forces were very important in the history of warfare where war is more defined as "hit and run" and sabotage, and not traditional army combat where quantity was more important than quality.

The Chinese strategist *Jiang Ziya* said about 1,000 B.C. ago that such elite units had many advantages, recruiting talented and motivated men to be serving in specialised units should be more important than other things.

Special forces were formed in the early 20th century, during World War I. In this "big" war, military operations inside enemy territory showed tactical benefits.  They were often used to sabotage enemy infrastructure like radio stations, which are important for communication between the troops.

Special forces units gained more importance during World War II, when technology became more important. The Special Forces of the United States Army, formed at that time, specialize in helping local guerilla forces and training them.

## Criticism 
## Examples 
* the British Special Air Service (SAS), ~500 men
* the American Delta Force unit, ~1.100 men
* the United States Navy SEALs, ~2.400 men
* the Polish GROM, ~300 men

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Neftchala District

**Neftchala** (Neftçala) is a raion in Azerbaijan.  It is on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Its name is Persian *Naft-Chala* and means oil trench.

## Famous people from Neftchala
*Tabriz Abdullayev, painter
*Khalil Rza Uluturk, writer
Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan

Map of the **administrative divisions of Azerbaijan**. Note that the divisions of the Nakhchivan exclave are listed in the next section.

## Administrative divisions 
### Contiguous Azerbaijan 
The list below represents the districts of contiguous Azerbaijan. For those of the Nakhchivan exclave, see further below.

### Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic 
The seven districts and one municipality of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic are listed below.

## Economic regions 
## Related pages
*Economic regions of Azerbaijan
*Administrative division
*ISO 3166-2:AZ
*Azerbaijan

## References
Mingachevir

**Mingachevir**, sometimes spelled **Mingecevir**, is the fourth-biggest city in Azerbaijan.  There are about 100,000 people. It is known as the "city of lights" because of its hydroelectric power station on the Kur River.

Mingechevir is home to Mingechevir Polytechnic Institute. 

## Notable natives 
* Dilgam Nagiyev — National Hero of Azerbaijan.
* Eugene Rindin — Hero of Russia.
* Ruslan Muradov — National Hero of Azerbaijan.

## References
Sabirabad District

**Sabirabad** is a rayon (district) of Azerbaijan.  The capital, Sabirabad, is on the Araz and Kura rivers.

## References
Ujar District

**Ujar District** () is a raion of Azerbaijan. It is in the centre of the country. There are 32 villages and 1 city in Ucar. The largest communities are Gazyan, Mususlu and Garabork. There were about 77,900 people in 2009.The name is from the Turkic word "Ucqar" meaning "remote".

## References
Şirvan, Azerbaijan

**Shirvan** is a city in Azerbaijan.  Before 1938 it was named Zubovka.  From 1938 to 2008 it was named Ali Bayramli, Azerbaijani. It is on the Kura River.

## Notable natives 
* Anatoly Kuleshov — Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus (2009).
* Enver Bariev — Minister for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus (since 2005).
* Nofal Guliyev — National Hero of Azerbaijan.
* Rafael Habibov — National Hero of Azerbaijan.
* Shirin Shukurov — Hero of the Soviet Union.

## References
Jecheon AIDS scandal

**Jecheon AIDS scandal** or **Jecheon AIDS crime** was a well-known sex crime that happened in Jecheon, South Korea. A male taxi driver was arrested by the police on 13 March 2009 for knowingly spreading HIV/AIDS to dozens of women in Jecheon between 2003 and 2009.

The offender was Mr. Jeon, a 27-year-old taxi driver who has HIV. He had sex with many women over five to six years, despite knowing his condition. The police said that his partners included drunken taxi passengers as well as bar girls he came to know while working as a driver. Many of the women were married women, housewives, or divorcees. Jeon rarely used condoms, according to local media.

Jeon said that he had had sex with ten women, but a survey estimated the number at between 70 and 400. His mobile phone, which had been confiscated by police, contained the phone numbers of about seventy women.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2009 AIDS-infected taxi driver gets 18 months
* Arrested Taxi Driver Knowingly Spread AIDS in Korea 
* AIDS Fear Spreads in Jecheon County
* S. Korea's AIDS-infected taxi driver arrested
* AIDS flag as cabbie held as sex fiend
Yevlakh

**Yevlakh** is a small city in Azerbaijan.  It is  west of capital Baku. It is in the Yevlakh Rayon but is separate. The name is from an Old Turkic word meaning 'swampy place.' It was the birthplace of Pavel Florensky.

## References 
*
*World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com
Raven paradox

The **Raven paradox** is a paradox first presented by the German logician Carl Gustav Hempel in the 1940s.  The paradox stems from two intuitive principles for inductive reasoning: (i) logically-equivalent claims are interchangeable and (ii) particular instances confirm the corresponding universal generalization.  Hempel showed that (i) and (ii) together entail the unintuitive conclusion that claims of the form "All As are Bs" can be confirmed by observing non-A, non-B objects.

## The paradox
Saying:
: (1) All ravens are black.

is logically equivalent to saying:
: (2) If something is not black then it is not a raven.

Whenever (2) is true, (1) is too; likewise in all circumstances where (2) is false (i.e. if a world with white ravens is imagined), (1) is also false.  Accordingly, (1) and (2) can be safely interchanged with one another.

Next, a particular object which is both A and B intuitively constitutes evidence for the claim "All As are Bs".  Thus,

: (3) *Nevermore, my pet raven, is black.*

is evidence supporting the hypothesis that 

: (4) *All ravens are black*.

Following the same reasoning, a green apple (a non-black and non-raven object) is evidence supporting the hypothesis that all non-black things are non-ravens.    

The paradox appears when these two principles are combined.  If a green apple is evidence for "all non-black things are non-ravens" and "all non-black things are non-ravens" is equivalent to "all ravens are black", then green apples are also evidence for the hypothesis that "all ravens are black"!  This conclusion is highly unintuitive despite the appeal of both starting principles.  

## References
Zardab District

**Zardab** (Zərdab) is a raion in Azerbaijan.  It is in central Azerbaijan. The capital is Zardab.

## Notable people
*Hasan bey Zardabi, Azerbaijani publicist
Gobustan District

**Gobustan** is a raion of Azerbaijan. There are 37,137 people. The capital is Qobustan.  It was called Maraza until 2009.  It is about 50 miles west of Baku. 

## Other websites
* Official District Website
Agsu District

**Agsu** (Ağsu) is a raion in central Azerbaijan.  The name is from “Agsuchay",a river that goes through the raion.  There is one city (Agsu city) and 78 villages.
Ismayilli District

**Ismayilli District** () is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qabala, Quba, Goychay, Kurdamir, Agsu, and Shamakhi. Its capital and largest city is Ismayilli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 87,400. It is believed that this district was named after a highly respected elder and philanthropist in the community, Ismayil Baghiyev.

## References
Dashkasan District

**Dashkasan** is a raion of Azerbaijan. The district was called **Dastafur** until 1956.

The district is in northwestern Azerbaijan.  It is 33–41&nbsp;km away from Ganja.  The capital of the raion is Dashkasan city.

## References
The Big C

***The Big C*** is an American comedy-drama television program by Darlene Hunt. It began on August 16, 2010 and is shown on Showtime. It ended on May 20, 2013. The show is set in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It stars Laura Linney as Cathy Jamison, a suburban teacher who is diagnosed with melanoma. Her husband Paul Jamison is played by Oliver Platt. Their teenage son Adam Jamison is played by Gabriel Basso. Her brother Sean Tolke, who is bipolar, is played by John Benjamin Hickey.

## Other websites 
*
Shamakhi District

**Shamakhi** or **Shamakhy** is a raion of Azerbaijan.  It is the historical center of the region of Shirvan. 

## Famous people
* Falaki Shirvani,poet, (1107 Shamakhi - 1157 Shamakhi)
* Khagani Shirvani, poet, (1121/1122 Shamakhi) - 1190 Tabriz
* Imadaddin Nasimi, poet, (1369 Shamakhi) –1417 skinned alive in Aleppo)
* Seyid Azim Shirvani, poet, (10 July 1835 - 1 Iyun 1888)
* Muhammed hadi,  poet,  (1879 Shamakhi - 1920 Ganja)
* Abbas Sahhat, poet, (1874, Shamakhi – 11 July 1918, Ganja)
* Ziver bey Ahmedbeyov, architect, (1873 Shamakhi - 1925 Bakı)
* Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, historian, ethnographer, philosopher and poet,(16 August 1780, Shamakhy — 1838, near Jeddah),
* Sultan Mejid Qanizade, enlighter, teacher, writer
* Mirza Alakbar Sabir, poet, (30 May 1862, Shamakhy – 12 July 1911, Shamakhy).
We Came as Romans

**We Came as Romans** is an American metalcore band from Troy, Michigan. We Came as Romans has six members in the band; the current band members are Joshua Moore, David Stephens, Eric Choi, Brian "Lou" Cotton, Andrew Glass and Kyle Pavone. The band was originally named This Emergency but was later changed to We Came as Romans in the summer of 2006.

## Band members
;Current members
*Joshua Moore – guitar (2005–present)
*David Stephens – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizer, guitar, backing vocals (2008–present)
*Brian "Lou" Cotton - guitar (2006-present)
*Andrew Glass – Bass guitar (2006–present)
*David Puckett – drums (2017–present)

;Former members
*Kyle Pavone - clean vocals, keyboards, synthesizer (2008–2018)
*Chris Moore – clean vocals, keyboards, piano (2007–2008)
*Mark Myatt – lead vocals (2005)
*Larry Clark – lead vocals (2005–2008)
*Jonny Nabors – bass guitar (2005)
*Sean E. Daly – bass guitar (2005–2006)
*Sean N. Zelda - drums (2005–2006)
*Eric Choi – drums (2006–2016)

## Discography
So far as of 2015, We Came as Romans have released 4 studio albums:

### Albums
* *To Plant a Seed* (2009)
* ''Understanding What We've Grown to Be* (2011)
* *Tracing Back Roots* (2013)
* *We Came as Romans'' (2015)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Tenryaku

was a  after *Tengyō* and before *Tentoku.*  This period started in April 947 and ended in October 957. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Tenryaku* era
* **947** (*Tenryaku 1, 9th month*): Construction began on the Kitano Shrine.
* **947** (*Tenryaku 1, 11th month*): The emperor went hunting at Uji.
* **9 September 949** (*Tenryaku 3, 9th month*): Former-Emperor Yōzei died at the age of 82.
* **950** (*Tenryaku 4, 7th month*): Murakami causes a proclamation that his infant son, Norihira, will be his official heir and Crown Prince.

## Related pages 
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Overfishing

stocks were severely overfished in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1993]]
, another species of fish suffering from overfishing]]

 is only caught to make fertilizer and pet food. ]]
**Overfishing** is catching too much fish. It is a type of overexploitation where fish stocks are reduced to low levels. It is a good example of what is good for the short term is not good for the long term. Also, what is good for some fishermen is not good for all of them (tragedy of the commons). The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated in a 2018 report that 33.1% of world fish stocks are subject to overfishing.

So much fish is caught that there are too few adults of  certain species left.  With cod, for example, the greatest production of eggs is from large females. But these are caught, the average size of spawning females goes down. Eventually this gets so that the production of eggs is significantly reduced. The artificial selection of large fish has gradually reduced the size of mature females.

The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s. Sometimes, the fishing industry can ruin itself by overfishing. The collapse of the herring industry in Monterey, California is a good example. 

Consumers can get information about the conservation status of the seafood available to them.
## Examples of overfishing 
Examples of overfishing can be found in places like the North Sea, the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and the East China Sea.

* Tuna has been caught by people in the upper Adriatic for many years. Increasing fishing has stopped the large schools of little tuna fish from migrating into the Gulf of Trieste. The last major tuna catch was made in 1954.
* The anchovy fisheries in Peru crashed in the 1970s after overfishing and an El Niño season reduced the number of anchovies from its waters.
* The fish in the Irish Sea, the west English Channel, and other places have become overfished so much that it has almost collapsed.
* Blue walleye became extinct in the Great Lakes in the 1980s. The number of blue walleyes collapsed, because of a combination of overfishing, eutrophication, and competition with introduced rainbow smelt.
* Sharks and rays: The global amount of sharks and rays has reduced by 71% since 1970. Because of this made sharks and Ray's are almost extinct.
## Preventive measures
There are many ways that have been suggested to stop overfishing. They are:
* Governments from around the world should make and enforce laws that prevents overfishing
* Subsidies should be removed from deep sea fishries to discourage deep sea fishing
* Aquaculture should be encouraged because it is sustainable
* Better fishing techniques like using different gear types depending on the type of fish and habitat.
* Avoiding fishing in places where fish lay eggs may allow fish stocks to grow by giving adults a chance to reproduce.
* People should be taught about the dangers of overfishing.

## Related pages 
*Over-harvesting

## References
Alexisonfire

**Alexisonfire** is a Canadian post-hardcore band from St. Catharines, Ontario. Alexisonfire has six members in the band; they are George Pettit, Chris Steele, Wade MacNeil, Dallas Green, Jesse Ingelevics and Jordan "Ratbeard" Hastings. The band was formed in 2001 by the band members from Condemning Salemn, Helicon Blue and Plan 9. They released their self-titled first album on September 9, 2002. Alexisonfire split up in 2011. But returned in 2022 with the album otherness, which they won a Juno for that year. 

## Band members 
*George Pettit – lead vocals (2001–2011)
*Dallas Green – guitar, piano, vocals (2001–2010)
*Wade MacNeil – guitar, vocals (2001–2011)
*Chris Steele – bass guitar (2001–2011)
*Jordan "Ratbeard" Hastings – drums, percussion (2005–2011)
*Jesse Ingelevics - drums, percussion (2001–2005)

## Discography 
Alexisonfire released 4 studio albums:

### Albums
**Alexisonfire* (2002)
**Watch Out!* (2004)
**Crisis* (2006)
**Old Crows / Young Cardinals* (2009) 
Otherness (2022)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Bilasuvar District

**Bilasuvar** (Biləsuvar) is a raion of Azerbaijan. The name in Turkic means *pure water falls*.  There are many rivers in this area.

## References
Tentoku

was a  after *Tenryaku* and before *Ōwa.*  This period started in October 957 and ended in February 961.  The reigning emperors was .

## Events of the *Tentoku* era
* **957** (*Tentoku 1, 4th month*): The emperor celebrated the 50th birthday of Fujiwara Morosuke.
* **958** (*Tentoku 2, 3rd month*): Fujiwara Saneyori is honored with the privilege of traveling by cart.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Gadabay District

**Gadabay** is a raion of Azerbaijan.  It is known for its potatoes and its gold fields. The famous Siemens company worked here in the Tsarist era.
Ganja, Azerbaijan

**Ganja** is Azerbaijan's second-largest city.  There are around 313,300 people. It was named **Yelizavetpol** in the Russian Empire period. The name is from the New Persian *ganj* which means treasure.  It was likely started in the 5th century A.D.

Ganja International Airport is the only airport in the city.

## Education
Ganja has four places for post-secondary education.
* Ganja State University
* Azerbaijan State Agricultural Academy
* Azerbaijan Technological University
* Azerbaijan Teachers Institute, Ganja Branch

## References
Gary Kildall

**Gary Arlen Kildall** (May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was a computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur. Born to parents Joseph and Emma Kildal, Gary studied math at the University of Washington (UW) because he wanted to become a math teacher. However, he began getting in computer technology. Joseph was the creator of the CP/M operating system and the founder of Digital Research, Inc. (DRI). Kildall was one of the first people to see microprocessors as fully capable computers rather than equipment controllers and to organize a company around this concept.
He also co-hosted the PBS TV show *The Computer Chronicles*. Although his career in computing spanned for more than 20 years, he is most known in connection with IBM's unsuccessful attempt in 1980 to license CP/M for the IBM PC. Gary died from alcoholism and hitting his head in 1994 at the age of 52.

## References
* Kildall, Gary (1973). "A Unified Approach to Global Program Optimization". *Proceedings of the 1st Annual ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages*.
* Manes, Stephen; Paul Andrews (1992). ''Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry&mdash;and Made Himself the Richest Man in America* Doubleday. .
* Akass, Clive. Interview: Gordon Eubanks, Former Student & CEO of Oblix, Inc., Recollections of Gary Kildall. DigitalResearch.biz.
* Wallace, James; Jim Erickson (1993), *Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire'', .
* Andrews, Paul. "A Career Spent in Gates' Shadow — Computer Pioneer Dies at 52", *Seattle Times*, July 14, 1994.
* Rolander, Tom (July 15, 1994). Eulogy. Tom Rolander's Website and Album.
* Markoff, John. "Gary Kildall, 52, Crucial Player In Computer Development, Dies", *New York Times*, July 13, 1994, p. D19.
* "Special Edition: Gary Kildall". *The Computer Chronicles* TV show, 1995.
* Swaine, Michael (April 1, 1997). "Gary Kildall and Collegial Entrepreneurship". ''Dr. Dobb's Journal*.
* Wendy Goldman Rohm (1998), *The Microsoft File*, .
* Kirkpatrick, Don (January 12, 1999). comp.os.cpm Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).
* Eubanks, Gordon. Interview with Daniel S. Morrow. "Gordon Eubanks Oral History (Computerworld Honors Program International Archives).", Cupertino, CA. November 8, 2000.
* Freiberger, Paul; Michael Swaine [1984] (2000). *Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer*, 2nd edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. .
* Evans, Harold; Gail Buckland; David Lefer (2004). *They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators*. Little, Brown and Co. .
* Hamm, Steve; Jay Greene (October 25, 2004). "The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates," *BusinessWeek*.

## Other websites 
* Computer Chronicles - Gary Kildall Special. Documentary Video Originally broadcast in 1995.
* Digital Research tribute to Dr. Kildall
* "Kildall, Industry Pioneer"  in *Microprocessor Report'' vol 8, no. 10, August 1, 1994 (pdf format)
* Internet archive of defunct Digital Research website
* The Gary Kildall Legacy  by Sol Libes
* The man who could have been richer than Bill Gates 
* Gary Kildall and Collegial Entrepreneurship by Michael Swaine
Qazax District

**Gazakh** (also known as **Kazakh** or **Gazakh**) is a raion of Azerbaijan. It has two exclaves inside Armenia, Yukhari Askipara and Barkhudarli.  They both came under Armenian occupation during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## References
Goranboy District

**Goranboy** is a raion of Azerbaijan.  Following fighting during the 1991–1992 some land in the south of the rayon is controlled by Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. The southern half of the rayon is claimed by the self-declared Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.
Goygol District

**Goygol** is a raion (district) in northwestern Azerbaijan. It used to be named **Khanlar**.  It was named "Goygol" after Lake Goygol on April 25, 2008. The capital is the city of Goygol.

There are 54,000 people. The city of Goygol is the largest town, followed by Hajimelik. Important villages are: Balchili, Gushgara, Chayli, Mollajalilli, and Topalhasanli.

## References
School holiday

**School holidays** are the periods when schools close for a break. The dates and length of school holidays are very different throughout the world. Governments often pass laws on the total number of school days for public schools. Private schools usually decide their own holidays.

## Popular Holidays
### Christmas Holidays
In all Christan countries and some countries with different religions there are holidays called Christmas Holidays where people don't have to go to school and they can spend time with their families. Usually in the Northern Hemisphere Christmas holidays last for about 2 weeks. But in the Southern Hemisphere, it is summer holidays so the Christmas Holidays usually last from about 6-14 weeks depending on the country.

### Easter Holidays
Christan countries also celebrate the Easter holidays which can last for about a week or two weeks. In the Northern Hemisphere this is also known as Spring break because it is Spring during Easter in the Northern Hemisphere while in the Southern Hemisphere these are just known as the Easter holidays because it is Autunm over there.

### Summer Vacation
In places like America, summer vacation usually lasts from June until September (14 weeks) while in other places like England, summer vacation (or known as summer holidays over there) last for about 6 weeks from late July until the begining of September because they have a 2 week holiday for Christmas and a 2 week holiday for Easter and several 1 week holidays. In places like Australia, because they're in the Southern Hemisphere, they have their holidays for about 6 weeks like England but have their holidays from about mid December to late January because they have the two-week holidays like England and, an extra two-week holidays in October without having the extra one-week holidays.
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines

**Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines** is a French city. It is in the western suburbs of Paris. About 146,598 people lived here in 2007.

## Education 
* Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Carnivoramorpha

**Carnivoramorpha** are a clade of mammals that includes the modern order Carnivora. It is basal to the Carnivora but does not include the Creodonts, which are a separate order.

## Classification & phylogeny 
*Superfamily †Miacoidea
**Family †Miacidae 
***genera: *Chailicyon*, *Eostictis*, *Miacis*, *Miocyon*, *Oodectes*, *Palaearctonyx*, *Paramiacis*, *Paroodectes*, *Prodaphaemus*, *Quercygale*, *Tapocyon*, *Uintacyon*, *Vassacyon*, *Vulpavus*, *Xinyuictis*, *Ziphacodon*
**Family †Viverravidae 
***genera: *Bryanictis*, *Didymictis*, *Ictidopappus*, *Pristinictis*, *Protictis*, *Raphictis*, *Simpsonictis*, *Viverravus*
*Order Carnivora
**Superfamily Caniformia or Canoidea
**Superfamily Feliformia or Feloidea

## References
Sleeping with Sirens

**Sleeping with Sirens** is an American rock band from Orlando, Florida. The band has five members. As of 2015, they were Gabe Barham, Jack Fowler, Justin Hills, Nick Martin and Kellin Quinn. The band was formed in 2009 by the band members from For All We Know, Broadway and We Are Defiance. They released their first album, *With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear*, on March 23, 2010. It started at #7 on the Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart and at #36 on Top Independent Albums.

## Band members
;Current
* Gabe Barham – drums (2009–present)
* Jack Fowler – rhythm guitar (2011–present)
* Justin Hills – bass guitar (2009–present)
* Nick Martin - rythm guitar, backing vocals (2013–present)
* Kellin Quinn - lead vocals, keyboards, programming (2009-present)

;Former
* Jesse Lawson -  rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2010-2013)
* Brandon McMaster – lead guitar, backing vocals (2009–2010)
* Nick Trombino – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2009-2010)
* Paul Russell – bass guitar (2009)
* Dave Aguliar – rhythm guitar (2009)
* Alex Kaladjian – drums (2009)

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear* (2010)
* ''Let's Cheers to This* (2011)
* *Feel* (2013)
* *Madness* (2015)
* *Gossip'' (2017)

## References
## Other websites
* Official blog
Rambouillet

**Rambouillet** is a French commune. It is in the western suburbs of Paris 44.3&nbsp;km (27.5&nbsp;mi) from the center. About 26,454 people lived here in 2006.

## Education 
* Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Mantes-la-Ville

**Mantes-la-Ville** is a French commune. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, which is about 48.6&nbsp;km (30.2&nbsp;mi) from the center. About 18,710 people lived here in 2006. The mayor is Cyril Nauth since March 2014.

## Education 
* Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines
* Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The **Gulf of Tonkin Resolution** (August 1964) was a joint resolution by the United States Congress for the United States to begin the Vietnam War. For a decade, the CIA had been sending in South Vietnamese teams on sabotage missions to the North. American ships such as the *Maddox* went on espionage missions in the North's coastal waters. U.S. President Johnson claimed that the North Vietnamese had made two attacks on the *Maddox* and the *Turner Joy* in the Gulf of Tonkin. On the 4th of August, he asked for congressional support to return the attacks.

## Background
 as he signs the resolution on April 20, 1964]]
The government had written up a resolution in June 1964. Believing that the lives of American sailors were in danger from the North Vietnamese, Congress willingly passed the resolution. The resolution gave the president the power to start war in Vietnam. As Johnson said, it was "like grandma's night shirt - it covered everything." The resolution would end when the president believed that the situation in Southeast Asia was safe or when Congress decided to terminate it. Senator Mansfield was unconvinced that the U.S. was acting correctly.

## Results and significance
With the resolution, Johnson appeared to have the nation behind him. Now the war could really be taken to the North. This escalation for the U.S. in the Vietnam War made Johnson look tough. His public approval rating rose from 42 to 72 percent, helping him to win the presidential election. The resolution and the presidential election suggested a nation united behind its president in his Vietnam policy.

## Other websites
*Original document
Call of Duty: Black Ops II

***Call of Duty: Black Ops II*** is first-person shooter video game which was released on November 13, 2012. It is known for its great graphics and realistic gameplay. It was developed by the developer studio Treyarch and published by Activision.

It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360. In this future setting, militaries use robotic weaponry, cyberwarfare, unmanned vehicles and futuristic technology. Militaries on both sides are concerned that the unmanned weaponry can be hacked. Players take the role of a military CIA commander David Mason, who is the son of the main protagonist from the previous game, Alex Mason. The antagonist of the game, Raul Menendez is trying to carry out a massive cyber attack to hack unmanned weaponry used by the United States. Mason and his team desperately try to capture Menendez and uncover his plans. They succeed in capturing him, only to find out that he had planned to be captured so that he could launch the cyber attack directly from the CIA military base. Menendez succeeds in doing this, and the city of Los Angeles comes under attack by hacked unmanned weaponry. Mason is able to stop Menendez, and the player has the choice to kill or capture him.

Throughout the story mode the player has to go through multiple missions, and many of them are difficult. There is also a multiplayer mode, and a zombies game mode. 
The popularity of the multiplayer mode has decreased with the arrival of newer games, though it still has a dedicated fan base.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Carnassial

wolf]]

**Carnassials** are large teeth used for shearing flesh and bone in a scissor- or shear-like way. They are found in many carnivorous mammals, 

In the Carnivora, the carnassials are the modified last upper premolar and the first molar. In the Creodonta, the carnassials were further back in the jaw–first upper and second lower or second upper and third lower molars.

Wear and cracking of the carnassial teeth in a wild carnivore (e.g. wolves, lions) may result in the death of the individual due to starvation.

## References
Great fire of Meireki

)]]
The  was a major event in the history of Tokyo, which was called Edo before 1868.  

The fire destroyed more than half of the city of Edo in March 1657.

## History
The fire lasted for more than one day:
* **March 2–3, 1657** (*Meireki 3, 18th-19th days of the 1st month*): The city of Edo was  by the "Great Fire of Meireki".

An estimated 100,000 lives were lost.

## References
## Other websites
Poltergeist (1982 movie)

***Poltergeist*** is a 1982 American horror movie set in Orange County, California, released on June 4, 1982. It was directed by Tobe Hooper. It stars Craig T. Nelson, JoBeth Williams, Beatrice Straight, Dominique Dunne, Oliver Robins, Richard Lawson and Heather O'Rourke.

It was followed by two sequels: *Poltergeist II: The Other Side* and *Poltergeist III*. It was remade in 2015.

## Other websites 
*
Dying Fetus

**Dying Fetus** is an American death metal band from Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Dying Fetus has three members in the band; the current band members are John Gallagher, Sean Beasley and Trey Williams. The band was formed in 1991 by the band member John Gallagher and former band member Jason Netherton. They released their debut album, *Purification Through Violence*, in 1996 and shortly afterwards left Pulverizer Records. They are currently signed to Relapse Records.

## Band members 
;Current
* John Gallagher - vocals, guitar (1991–present), drums (1991-1993)
* Sean Beasley - vocals, bass guitar (2001–present)
* Trey Williams - drums (2007-present)

;Former
* Jason Netherton - bass, vocals (1991-2000)
* Nick Speleos - guitar, vocals (1991-1993)
* Rob Belton - drums (1993-1996)
* Brian Latta - guitar (1994-1998)
* Casey Buckler - drums (1995-1996)
* Eric Sayenga - drums (1996-1997, 2001-2005)
* Kevin Talley - drums (1997-2001)
* John "Sparky" Voyles - guitar (1999-2001)
* Vince Matthews - vocals (2001-2005)
* Duane Timlin - drums (2006-2007)
* Mike Kimball- guitar (2003-2007)

## Discography 
### Albums
* *Purification Through Violence* (1996)
* *Killing on Adrenaline* (1998)
* *Destroy the Opposition* (2000)
* *Stop at Nothing* (2003)
* *War of Attrition* (2007)
* *Descend into Depravity* (2009)
* *Reign Supreme* (2012)
* *Wrong One to Fuck With* (2017)
* *Make Them Beg for Death* (2023)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Certificat de formation à la sécurité

The **Certificat de formation à la sécurité** (**CFS**) (in English **Safety training certificate**) is the French national degree required to be flight attendant in France. It replaces the *Certificat de Sécurité Sauvetage* (CSS) since the 16th of July 2008. It consists of a theoretical and a practical part, each of them contains teaching in aviation safety and first aid.

## References
Naftalan, Azerbaijan

**Naftalan** is a city in Azerbaijan.  It is surrounded by the rayon of Goranboy. It is on an agricultural plain near the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The word *naftalan* also means a petroleum product which can be got there.

Archaeological findings in the region date to the 12th century AD.

## References
Jackie Mason

**Jackie Mason** (born **Yacov Moshe Maza**; June 9, 1928 &ndash; July 24, 2021) was an American stand-up comedian and actor. 

His 1986 one-man show *The World According to Me* won a Special Tony Award, an Outer Critics Circle Award, an Ace Award, an Emmy Award, and a Grammy nomination. Later, his 1988 special *Jackie Mason on Broadway* won another Emmy Award. He was known for his voice role as Rabbi Hyman Krustofski in *The Simpsons*, which won Mason a third Emmy Award.

## Personal life
Mason was born in Sheboygan, Wisconsin and grew up in New York City.

Mason died on July 24, 2021 at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City after being hospitalized for over two weeks, aged 93.

## Works
### Selected TV, film and radio roles
**The Ed Sullivan Show* (1961–1968) frequent guest appearances
**The Stoolie* (1972) - Roger Pitman
**Sleeper* (1973) - Voice of robot tailor (uncredited)
* *The Jerk* (1979) - Harry Hartounian
* *History of the World: Part I* (1981) - Jew #2
* *Jackie Mason Radio Show live from Rum Runner Bay, Miami Beach (1982) produced by John L.Woolley
* *Caddyshack II* (1988) - Jack Hartounian
* *Chicken Soup* (1989) - Jackie Fisher
* *The Simpsons* - Rabbi Hyman Krustofski in five episodes:
**"Like Father, Like Clown" (1991)
**"Today I Am a Clown" (2003)
**"Once Upon a Time in Springfield" (2009)
**"Treehouse of Horror XXII" (2011)
**"The Ten-Per-Cent Solution" (2011)
* *The Fairly OddParents* episode "Beddy Bye/The Grass Is Greener" (2003) - Harvey Sandman a.k.a. The Sandman, a.k.a. The Mattress King
* *The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* - The Quandary Phase (2005) - The East River Lifeform
* *30 Rock* episode The Collection (2007) - Himself (small guest appearance)
* *The Drinky Crow Show* episode "Aspire" (2009) -  Mort Cooper
* *Jackie Goldberg: Private Dick* (2010) - Jackie Goldberg
* *Answer Me This!* Episode 206 (2012) - Jackie Mason
* *Graham Norton BBC Radio 4 Show!* (2012) - Jackie Mason

### Television specials
**Jackie Mason's The World According to Me!* (1988)
**An Audience with Jackie Mason* (1990)
**Jackie Mason on Campus* (1992)
**Jackie Mason at the London Palladium* (1996)
**Jackie Mason: A Night at the Opera* (2002)

### Discography
**I'm the Greatest Comedian in the World, Only Nobody Knows it Yet!* (1962)
**I Want to Leave You with the Words of a Great Comedian* (1963)
**The World According to Me!* (1987)
**Brand New* (1991)
**Politically Incorrect*
**In Israel*
**Live at the London Palladium* (1997)
**All New! Much Ado About Everything* (2003)
**Prune Danish*
**The Unholy Tour*
**Freshly Squeezed*
**The Ultimate Jew* (2008)

### One-man shows
**Jackie Mason's the World According to Me!* (1986–1988)
**Jackie Mason: Brand New* (1990–1991)
**Jackie Mason: Politically Incorrect* (1994–1995)
**Love Thy Neighbor* (1996–1997)
**Much Ado About Everything* (1999–2000)
**Jackie Mason: Prune Danish* (2002–2003)
**Jackie Mason: Freshly Squeezed* (2005–2006)
**Jackie Mason: The Ultimate Jew'' (2008)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Vidal Sassoon

**Vidal Sassoon** (17 January 1928 - 9 May 2012) was a British hairdresser. Sassoon was married four times. The first three marriages ended in divorce. His second marriage was to Canadian actress Beverly Adams (born 1940). The couple had three children together and adopted another. Sassoon was diagnosed with leukemia in 2009 and died at his Bel Air, Los Angeles home. His fourth marriage lasted until his death. 

## References
Vélizy-Villacoublay

**Vélizy-Villacoublay** is a French commune. It is in the southwestern suburbs of Paris 13.9&nbsp;km (8.6&nbsp;mi) from the center and 3.2&nbsp;km (2.0&nbsp;mi) east of Versailles. About 20,030 people lived here in 2006.

## Education 
* Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines
* Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Samukh District

**Samukh** () is a raion of Azerbaijan. The term *Samukh* is from a Caucasian Albanian word for 'Forest Hunting Place'.
There are Bronze Age burial mounds around Nəbiağalı, the raion's administrative center.

## References
Brian De Palma

**Brian Russell De Palma** (born September 11, 1940) is an American movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Newark, New Jersey to Italian American Roman Catholic parents Anthony De Palma (1904-2005) and Vivienne (née Muti). He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in New Hampshire. 

De Palma directed *Carrie*, *The Fury*, *Dressed to Kill*, *Blow Out*, *Scarface*, *Body Double*, *Wise Guys*, *The Untouchables*, *Casualties of War*, *The Bonfire of the Vanities*, *Raising Cain*, ''Carlito's Way*, *Mission: Impossible*, *Snake Eyes*, *Mission to Mars*, *Femme Fatale* and *The Black Dahlia''.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tovuz Rayon

**Tovuz** is a raion of Azerbaijan.  It is  from Baku. A major train line runs through the center, stopping at Tovuz Stansiya.  Tovuz also borders Armenia near the village of Eli Beli.  The town of Tovuz is the capital of this raion.  There are 113 settlements.

## Notable residents
* Ganira Pashayeva, Member (MP) of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan for Tovuz Raion and journalist

## References
Quba District

**Quba District** () is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qusar, Qabala, Ismayilli, Shamakhi, Shabran, and Khachmaz. Its capital and largest city is Quba. As of 2020, the district had a population of 173,400.

The fertile region surrounding Quba is best known for its production of apples and the city area of Quba is known for its fine carpets.

## Notable residents 
* Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (also spelt Bakixanov or Bakikhanli), a 19th-century writer, historian and philosopher, is one of the most well known men in Azerbaijan and lived in town Amsar. His museum is in Quba city.
* Sakina Akhundzadeh, playwright, was born here in 1865

## References
Qubadli District

**Qubadli District** () is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojavend, Jabrayil, Zangilan, and the Syunik Province of Armenia.

Its capital and largest city is Qubadli. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 41,600.

## References
Zangilan District

]]

**Zangilan District** () is a raion of Azerbaijan. It was occupied by the unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh Republic from October 1993 until October 2020.
Siyazan District

**Siazan** () is a raion in Azerbaijan.  The capital is Siyəzən. The region has many Tats who speak the Tat language. The word *Siyazan* means "black female" in Tat. In 2010 there were 37,900 people.

## References
Church of Saint-Céneri-le-Gerei

The **Church of Saint-Céneri-le-Gerei** () is a Roman Catholic church in the commune of Saint-Cénéri-le-Gérei in north-western France.  It was built in the late-11th and early-12th centuries.

## History
The building of the Church of Saint-Cénéri-le-Gérei was started in 1089 and ended in 1125.

The church is made up of a nave and a  with small chapels.  It has a choir with a curved apse.  The central tower has a roof with two sides.

The old church was restored in 2006.

## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
*
Notre-Dame-d'Auteuil

'''Notre-Dame-d'Auteuil'* is a church in the Orne department. It was built around 1100. It is noticeable by its very well-kept Romanesque structure and an important carved decoration,which shows the multiple inspiration of the sculptors between Normandy, Ile-de-France and Val-de-Loire.

## References
*Gérard Bourdin, Jean-Marie Foubert, Jean-Pascal Foucher. (2012). *L'Orne, des territoires, une histoire.'' Alençon: Conseil général de l'Orne.
Ōwa

was a  after *Tentoku* and before *Kōhō.*  This period started in February 961 and ended in July 964.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Ōwa* era
* **961** (*Ōwa 1, 11th month*): Emperor Murakami moved to a new palace which had to be re-built after the fire of *Tentoku* 5 (960).

* **962** (*Ōwa 2, 2nd month*):  The emperor sent deputies to make offerings at number of Shinto shrines—at Ise, at Kamo, at Mizunoo, at Hirano, and at Kasuga.

* **962** (*Ōwa 2, 8th month*): Fujiwara no Saneyori went to offer prayers at the Iwashimizu Shrine; and many from the Fujiwara clan followed his example.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain

The **Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain** is the Hawaiian Islands and the Emperor Seamounts: together they form a vast underwater mountain region of islands, seamounts, atolls, shallows, banks and reefs. The line goes southeast to northwest beneath the northern Pacific Ocean; and many of the underwater mountains are guyots.

The seamount chain, with over 80 identified undersea volcanoes, stretches over  from the Aleutian Trench in the far northwest Pacific to the Loʻihi seamount, the youngest volcano in the chain, which lies about  southeast of the Island of Hawaiʻi. 

The oldest age for the Emperor Seamounts is 81 million years, and comes from Detroit Seamount. However, Meiji Guyot, located to the north of Detroit Seamount, is likely somewhat older.

In 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson explained that the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain was created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that stood as the Pacific tectonic plate moved over it. This left a trail of volcanic islands and seamounts. A "" or "V" in the chain marks a shift in the movement of the Pacific plate some 47 million years ago, from a northward to a more northwesterly direction. The bend shows how a tectonic plate can shift direction suddenly. A look at the USGS map on the origin of the Hawaiian Islands clearly shows this "spearpoint".

Recent research shows that the hotspot itself may have moved with time. Some evidence comes from analysis of the orientation of the ancient magnetic field preserved by magnetite in ancient lava flows sampled at four seamounts.

## Hawaiian Islands and Seamounts 
## North-western Hawaiian  islands
## Emperor seamounts table
## Related pages 
* List of volcanos
* Active volcano
* Dormant volcano

## References
Chambois

**Chambois** is a commune in north-western France. It is in the Orne department.

## Donjon
The Donjon of Chambois is a small castle, or keep located on the road from Exmes to Falaise. It was built in the second part of 12th century, by William de Mandeville, vassal of Henri Plantagenêt. The height of the rectangular structure is about 26 metres. It was framed by an extension in the southeast angle and by rectangular turrets in every corner. The central volume contained three levels of rooms, each of them with windows, a chimney and, in the angled turrets, annexes. These arrangements illustrated the residential function of the Donjon.

## Related pages
* Communes of the Orne department

## References
## Other websites
* INSEE 
* Les Comptes des Communes, http://alize22.finances.gouv.fr/communes/eneuro/tableau.php?icom=083&dep=061&type=BPS&param=0
* Memorial-montormel.org, History of the Falaise pocket 
* Gérard Bourdin, Jean-Marie Foubert, Jean-Pascal Foucher. (2012). ''L'Orne des territoires, une histoire.''   Alençon: Conseil général de l'Orne.
*  Patrimonie de France.com, château fort