open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Enamorada de Ti

"**Enamorada de Ti**" () is a song recorded by American singer Selena. The song was written by Selena's brother who was the producer of her music A.B. Quintanilla III. The song was also written by a Selena y Los Dinos band member Pete Astudillo. It was for her second studio album *Ven Conmigo* (1990). The song is about a women who has strong emotions for a man. She exclaims that without him, she will have nothing.

The song was not an official single. However, it did peak at number 32 on the Mexican Singles Chart. The song also appealed to a younger crowd. This helped Tejano music to be liked by many young adults. Many LGBT Selena fans had done many cover versions of "Enamorada de Ti", who had been performed the song during many drag shows across America. "Enamorada de Ti" was given positive feedback from music critics. Many of them wrote about how the song was the first freestyle song to be mixed with Tejano. Selena had promoted the song on her Ven Conmigo Tour, which lasted from 1990-1992.

## Production and development 
"Enamorada de Ti" was recorded at JAG Records in San Antonio, Texas. The studio was rented for two days by EMI Latin for Selena to record several songs. Quintanilla III had help from Pete Astudillo, who once was a backup dancer for Selena y Los Dinos. By doing this, "Enamorada de Ti" became the second song by Selena to have this title. The first song that was titled "Enamorada de Ti" was on Selena's  album *Muñequito de Trapo* (1986), which had a different meaning. 

The song had became the first Tejano song to be in freestyle. Selena had wanted to sing songs that could appeal to younger audiences. This helped to attract younger people to Tejano, which was not liked before by young adults. Quintanilla III was credited and awarded for this at the Tejano Music Awards. It stood on the chart for only ten weeks. Selena promoted "Enamorada de Ti" during her Ven Conmigo Tour, which lasted from 1990-1992. She had first performed the song during the 1990 Tejano Music Awards. Javier Lopez, who is an editor for *TVyNovelas*, stated that Selena's performance of the song was one of best performed dance-moves that night. 

Selena had choreographed dance moves. Selena also was inspired by Micheal Jackson's moonwalk. She also took inspiration from Janet Jackson's "Rhythm Nation". She also had performed the song during the 1992 Lo Nuestro Awards in Miami, Florida. Her final performance was at her Los Angeles, California concert. She performed the song as her first number in November 1993.

The song has been covered by LGBT Selena fans. The song was also performed in many drag shows across the United States. Sebastian Rodriguez, who is an editor for *TVyNovelas*, wrote that "Enamorada de Ti" was one of the best songs composed for *Ven Conmigo*. He also stated that it showed people where Tejano music was heading into.

## Charts
### Album 
#### Weekly charts 
#### Year-end charts 
### Songs 
## Related pages
* List of Selena songs

## Notes 
## References 
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites 
*Official Website
Mac Miller

**Malcolm James McCormick** (January 19, 1992&nbsp;– September 7, 2018), known under the professional name **Mac Miller**, was an American rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer. He was also noted under the pseudonym **Larry Fisherman**.

In early 2010, Miller signed a record deal with Pittsburgh-based indie record label Rostrum Records. Later, he began recording his first studio album, *Blue Slide Park*, and released it on November 8, 2011. The album ed at number one on the U.S. *Billboard* 200, making it the first independently distributed debut album to top the chart since rap duo Tha Dogg Pound's album, *Dogg Food*, in 1995.

In early 2013, Miller launched REMember Music, his own record label imprint. It was named after a friend who died. 

Miller's second album, *Watching Movies with the Sound Off*, was released on June 18, 2013. In January 2014, Miller announced he was no longer signed to Rostrum Records. In October 2014, it was reported Miller signed a record deal for him and his label REMember (with Warner Bros. Records).

Miller died of an accidental drug overdose on September 7, 2018 at the age of 26. The cause of death was because Miller had mixed Fentanyl with Cocaine.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### Singles 
## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Mac Miller  on MTV
Alpha cleavage

**Alpha cleavage**, **(α-cleavage)** in organic chemistry, refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond, next to the carbon bearing a specified functional group.

## Mass spectrometry
In mass spectrometry, an α-cleavage s when molecules break apart within a mass spectrometer. A mass spectrum tells the size and elements found in each molecule fragment.  Chemists use their understanding of how molecules break apart to guess the structure of the original molecule.  Many different molecules break apart with α-cleavage inside the mass spectrometer. Many times, α-cleavage explains the resulting mass spectra.

As an example of a mechanism of alpha cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom (usually by electron collision) to form a radical cation. Electrons are most likely to be removed in the following order:  1) lone pair electrons, 2) pi bond electrons, 3) sigma bond electrons.

One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a pi bond with an electron from an  (alpha) bond.  The other electron from the bond moves to an adjacent atom (not one adjacent to the lone pair atom) creating a radical. This creates a double bond adjacent to the lone pair atom (oxygen is a good example) and breaks (cleaves) the bond that lost the two electrons that were removed.

In molecules containing carbonyl groups, alpha cleavage often competes with a McLafferty rearrangement.

## Photochemistry
In photochemistry, it is the homolytic cleavage of a bond close to a specified group.

## References
Maginot Line

The **Maginot Line** (, ) was a long line of walls, forts, and armed defenses that the French built after the First World War. It is named after André Maginot, who was the French Minister of war when it was built. The Maginot Line was made of a number of fortifications and bunkers, close to the French border to Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy. Today, the fortifications towards Italy are commonly called Alpin Line. The Maginot Line was built between 1930 and 1940.

During the First World War, the German Army had built the Hindenburg Line, which is similar. 

The plan was that the French army would have time to get ready and go north to Belgium and win any battle with the German army there. In the Second World War the German army and French army met in the Ardennes (forest) in Belgium.  The French army lost, opening the way to German victory in the Battle of France.  France fell under the control of the Germans.
Alcibiades

**Alcibiades**, son of Clinias, (c*.e.*450–404 BC), was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, which fell from power after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role later in that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.

During the course of the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades changed sides on several occasions. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC, he advocated an aggressive foreign policy, and spoke in favor of an invasion of Sicily. He fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him.

In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens. In Sparta too, however, Alcibiades soon made powerful enemies and was forced to defect to Persia. There he served as an adviser to the satrap Tissaphernes until his Athenian political allies brought about his recall. He then served as an Athenian general for several years, but his enemies eventually succeeded in exiling him a second time.

The Sicilian Expedition to Magna Graecia was Alcibiades' idea but his enemies prevented him from commanding. His rival Nicias took command, and the expedition failed disastrously. In the years that he served Sparta, Alcibiades played a role in Athens' undoing; the capture of Decelea and the revolts of several critical Athenian subjects occurred either at his suggestion or under his supervision.

Once restored to his native city, however, he played a crucial role in a string of Athenian victories that eventually brought Sparta to seek a peace with Athens. He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege.p151 Alcibiades' military and political talents frequently proved valuable to whichever state he worked for. His talent for making powerful enemies ensured that he never remained in one place for long. By the end of the war (which he had helped rekindle in the early 410s) his days of political power were a bygone memory.

In his youth Alcibiades had been a pupil of Socrates. This was something which told against Socrates at his trial.

## References
Thornicroft's giraffe

The '''Thornicroft's giraffe'* (*giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti''), also known as Thornicroft giraffe or Rhodesian giraffe, is a subspecies of giraffe. Thornicroft giraffes do not have any captive populations. Fewer than 1,500 remain in the wild. Rhodesian giraffes have star or leafy shaped spots that extend to their leg. These girrafes are restricted to eastern Zambia and the Luangwa Valley.The Luangwa national parks were declared game reserves because conservationist wanted to conserve the Thorncroft Giraffe,uniqui to the Luangwa valley of Zambia,Like all giraffes, Rhodesian giraffes share the same ancestors with deer and bovids.
Cold cathode

A **cold cathode** is a cathode (a type of electrode) that is not heated directly by a filament or element, although a cold cathode can heat up during use as a side effect of normal current flow. The term cold cathode is often used to refer to cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), which are often used where a long life is needed. Applications for cold cathode lamps include general lighting, backlights for LCD TVs and computer monitors, and artistic lighting such as computer case mods and automotive customization.
Antiknock agent

An **antiknock agent** is added to gasoline. It reduces engine knocking and increase the fuel's octane rating.

Gasoline is a fuel mixture. High compression internal combustion engines place gasoline under great pressure. The pressure can cause the gasoline to ignite early (*pre-ignition* or *detonation*) causing a damaging knocking sound, also called "pinging" or "pinking". 

Originally, organic compounds with lead were added to petrol to prevent knocking: *tetraethyllead* (TEL). This is now banned because the lead affects people's health. Various alternatives have been tried. 2,2,4-*trimethylpentane*, an isomer of octane, is one example.
In Too Deep (Sum 41 song)

"**In Too Deep**" is a 2001 pop punk song by the rock band Sum 41. It is the second single from their debut studio album *All Killer, No Filler*, which was released in 2001. The music video for "In Too Deep" is a parody of the diving scene from the movie *Back to School*.
Fat Lip

"**Fat Lip**" is a 2001 punk rock song by the Canadian pop punk band Sum 41 and is the first single from their debut studio album *All Killer, No Filler*, which was released in 2001. The song was written by Raine Maida and was produced by both Arnold Lanni and Raine Maida.  Fat Lip has been featured in several movies and video games, such as EA Sports' NHL 2002, American Pie 2, Guitar Hero, GuitarFreaks V4, DrumMania V4 and Guitar Hero 5 (downloadable track) and Smallville. The band has also performed Fat Lip on *Saturday Night Live*. The music video was ranked as #75 on "MuchMusic's 100 Best Videos".
Liberal Animation

***Liberal Animation*** is the debut studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.

It was self-released in 1988 and was later re-released in 1991 under their record label, Epitaph. The producers of the album were Brett Gurewitz and NOFX. The title of the album is a play on the phrase "animal liberation".

## Songs
## References
Fugues (magazine)

***Fugues*** is a French/English gay magazine. The monthly magazine has been published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada since April 1984. The magazine focuses on LGBT culture, nightlife, music, health, fashion, travel and local festivals.

## References
Río Alseseca

The **Alseseca River** is a short river in the interior part of Mexico. It is in the state of Tlaxcala. The Alseseca runs through the city of Puebla de Zaragoza. It is one of the many rivers that come from the dormant volcano La Malinche. The Alseseca river runs south-east until it enters the lake of Valsequillo.

Between 1960 and 1980, several companies set up factories in Puebla. With no protection of the river and the increasing urban growth, many companies and people threw waste into the river, which gradually became a stream of sewage. Today the pollution in the river has decreased considerably, and using it as a "garbage dump" is illegal.

Due to illegal logging in the area, deforestation has caused the river to flood in the rainy season. Since 2000, about 100 families have been affected by the overflowing of the river in villages like Aleseca and Lopez Portillo. In addition to the floods, the existing pollution in the water has caused cases of cholera and salmonella in some of the houses closest to river. Since 1995, the city government has taken action to reduce the flooding of the river. It has built barriers and dikes.

## Alseseca Race 
Every year on the 2nd Saturday in January, Aventurec and Its collaborators host an Extreme Whitewater Kayak Race, On the Section Known as Roadside. The Race attracts competitors from all over world and is slowly encouraging more and more locals to get involved in the sport.

This year in its 10th edition saw over 60 competitors from 14 different countries battling it out for number one, you can check out full race results here 

The Race was created in an attempt to raise awareness to keep rivers and the environment clean and free of trash and deposits.
North Arlington, New Jersey

**North Arlington** is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough population was 16,457.

## References
Holy Cross Cemetery, North Arlington

**Holy Cross Cemetery** is a cemetery in North Arlington, New Jersey, United States. Since its establishment in 1915, it has buried over 250,000 people. The cemetery operates under the  of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.
Harry Von der Horst

**Harry Von der Horst** (1850 or 1851, Baltimore, Maryland  - 1905) was an American businessman. He was an executive in Major League Baseball and a former owner of the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas. He was one of the  founders and owners of the old 19th century Baltimore Orioles. He eventually sold the team, but remained as the club secretary until his death in 1905.

## References
## Other websites
*Obituary
*
*Ned Hanlon biography mentioning Von der Horst
*Dodgers historical essay 
*
Diabetic ketoacidosis

**Diabetic ketoacidosis** (DKA) is a medical emergency that can happen in people with diabetes mellitus. DKA happens mostly in people with Type 1 diabetes, although it may happen in some people that have Type 2 diabetes

DKA can happen when a person does not have enough insulin in their body.  All of the cells in the body need glucose (sugar) to survive, because the body needs sugar to make energy.  Insulin breaks down glucose into a form that the body can use for energy.  Without insulin, sugar stays in the blood and cannot get into the cells.  This causes high blood sugar levels and makes it impossible for the cells to use glucose to make energy.

DKA can be caused by not having enough insulin, eating too many carbohydrates, and sometimes physical or mental stress.  DKA can also be a sign that a person has diabetes that has not been discovered, or is not being controlled well.

DKA is diagnosed through blood and urine testing.  These tests will show high blood sugar, which does not happen with other forms of ketoacidosis.

DKA was first discovered around 1886.  Before insulin therapy was first used in the 1920s, DKA almost always caused death.

## Symptoms 
Symptoms of DKA include:
* Nausea and vomiting
* dehydration
* The "3 polys" of DKA:
** Polydipsia (feeling very thirsty; this is caused by dehydration)
** Polyphagia (feeling very hungry; the brain realizes the body's cells are not getting enough sugar and triggers hunger, because normally eating would give the cells the sugar they need)
** Polyuria (urinating a lot; this is the body's way of trying to get rid of the extra glucose in the bloodstream)
* A "fruity" smell on the breath (acetone breath, caused by the body trying to blow off the acids and waste products created by DKA)
* Abdominal pain

As DKA gets worse, it can cause these symptoms:
* *Giving insulin*.  Insulin reverses all of the changes in the body that cause DKA.  It brings sugar out of the bloodstream and into the cells.  Once the cells have enough insulin, they can break down glucose to get energy.
* *Giving fluids.*  Because people with DKA can get so dehydrated, they are usually given fluids.  Fluids may be given by mouth or through a needle placed in a vein.  The extra fluid helps dilute all the sugar in the bloodstream.  It also replaces the fluids that people with DKA lose by urinating so much.
* *Giving electrolytes*.  Not having enough insulin can lower the amount of electrolytes in the blood (see "How Does DKA Happen?").  To fix this, electrolytes can be given through a needle placed in a vein.

## References
Tom Daly (infielder)

**Thomas Peter Daly** (February 7, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - October 29, 1938, in Brooklyn, New York) was a catcher and second baseman who played in the Major Leagues from 1887 to 1903. He played for the Chicago Cubs, Washington Nationals, Brooklyn Dodgers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds.
LP record

An **LP record** (or **long-play record**) is a type of gramophone record. It is a 33⅓ rpm vinyl disc with little lines called grooves that go around the center. It is generally either 10- or 12-inches in diameter. They are played by a turntable. A turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom. The needle goes in between the little grooves.  When this happens, music is played.

The LP record was introduced by Colombia Records in 1948. It then became the new way the music industry released recordings. In the 1960s, cassettes were introduced. This was a cheaper way to record music and not hear the noise that came from the LP record. However, the LP record continued to be more popular until the 1970s when the compact disc was introduced.

The long-playing record is an analog recording format. The digital recording of sound was only made practical by the technical advances in microprocessors and computing which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. LP's sound quality, it contains more distortion than many other modern music formats.
Simple aromatic rings

**Simple aromatic rings**, also known as **simple arenes** or **simple aromatics**, are aromatic organic compounds. They consist only of a conjugated planar ring system with delocalized pi electron clouds. Many simple aromatic rings have trivial names. They are usually found as substructures of more complex molecules ("substituted aromatics"). Typical simple aromatic compounds are benzene, indole, and pyridine.

Simple aromatic rings with non-carbon ring atoms are called "heterocyclic". For example, rings can include oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Molecules with one ring are called monocyclic as in benzene. Molecules with two rings are called bicyclic as in naphthalene. Molecules with more than two rings are called polycyclic as in anthracene. Simple monocyclic aromatic rings are usually five-membered rings like pyrrole or six-membered rings like pyridine. Fused aromatic rings consist of monocyclic rings that share their connecting bonds.

## Heterocyclic aromatic rings
|}

The nitrogen (N)-containing aromatic rings can be separated into basic aromatic rings that are easily protonated, and form aromatic cations and salts (e.g., pyridinium), and non-basic aromatic rings.

* In the **basic aromatic rings**, the lone pair of electrons is not part of the aromatic system and extends in the plane of the ring. This lone pair is responsible for the basicity of these nitrogenous bases, similar to the nitrogen atom in amines. In these compounds, the nitrogen atom is *not* connected to a hydrogen atom. Examples of basic aromatic rings are pyridine or quinoline. Several aromatic rings contain basic as well as non-basic nitrogen atoms, e.g., imidazole and purine.
* In the **non-basic rings**, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom is delocalized and contributes to the aromatic pi electron system. In these compounds, the nitrogen atom *is* connected to a hydrogen atom. Examples of non-basic nitrogen-containing aromatic rings are pyrrole and indole.

In the oxygen- and sulfur-containing aromatic rings, one of the electron pairs of the heteroatoms  contributes to the aromatic system (similar to the non-basic nitrogen-containing rings). The second lone pair extends in the plane of the ring (similar to the basic nitrogen-containing rings).

## Criteria for aromaticity
All of these molecules meet the following criteria:
* Molecule must be cyclic.
* Every atom in the ring must have a p orbital, which overlaps with p orbitals on either side (completely conjugated).
* Molecule must be planar.
* It must contain an odd number of pairs of pi electrons; must satisfy Huckel's rule: (4n+2) pi electrons, where n is an integer starting at zero.

In contrast, molecules with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic.

## Related pages
* Aromatic compound
* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)

## References
Center field

A **center fielder**, abbreviated *CF*, is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in **center field** – the baseball fielding position between left field and right field. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is  the number 8.
Texas Monthly

**Texas Monthly** is a monthly magazine that is published in Texas. Texas Monthly was founded in 1973 by Michael R. Levy. Texas Monthly talks about life, music, politics, environment, industry and education in Texas. The magazine has over 300,000 subscribers and is read by 2,500,000 people monthly. The magazine also won ten "National Magazine Awards".

## References
* . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.
* *Texas Monthly* Awards . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.

## Other websites
* TexasMonthly.com—Official site
* Texas Monthly Mobile 
* Texas Monthly Archives at The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX
Dulce Amor (song)

"**Dulce Amor**" () is a song by the American singer Selena. The song was nominated "Song of the Year" at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards. Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III had written the song. It was the lead single from *the album of the same name* (1988). The songs lyrics are about a girl  her emotions about a guy she really loves. The song was mixed with Cumbia music and Jazz fusion.

## References
Costumbres

"**Costumbres**" is a song by American singer Selena. The song was written by Juan Gabriel, a Mexican songwriter, who gave the rights to Selena to record. The song first appeared on *Dulce Amor* (1988). It became a single off of *Siempre Selena* (1996). The remix version is included in *Siempre Selena*.

## Chart performance
## La India version
"**Costumbres**" is a song by Puerto Rican singer La India. She recorded the song as a tribute for Selena. It was included as a cover version on her album *Sobre el Fuego*. It peaked on the Hot Latin Tracks chart at number eight. La India also performed the song during the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert in 2005.

### Chart performance
## References
Juan Gabriel

**Alberto Aguilera Valadez**, commonly known as **Juan Gabriel**, was a Mexican singer and songwriter. He was also regarded as the "most famous living representatives of Mexican music".

## Death
On August 28, 2016, it was reported that Gabriel died  at the age of 66 from a heart attack earlier that day in Santa Monica, California.

## Discography 
### Albums
* 2010: Boleros 
* 2003: Inocente de Ti
* 2001: Por Los Siglos
* 2000: Abrázame Muy Fuerte
* 1999: Todo Está Bien
* 1999: Romanticos!
* 1996: Del Otro Lado
* 1988: Debo Hacerlo
* 1986: Pensamientos
* 1983: Todo
* 1982: Cosas De Enamorados

* 1981: Con Tu Amor
* 1980: Ella
* 1979: Me Gusta Bailar Contigo
* 1978: Siempre Estoy Pensando en Ti
* 1977: Te Llegará Mi Olvido
* 1976: Juan Gabriel con, Mariachi Vol. II
* 1976: A Mi Guitarra
* 1974: Juan Gabriel Con El Mariachi Vargas De Tecalitlan
* 1973: El Alma Joven Vol. III
* 1972: El Alma Joven Vol. II
* 1971: El Alma Joven...

### Singles
* "No tengo dinero" ("I Have No Money") 1971
* "Se me olvidó otra vez" ("I've Forgotten Again") 1974
* "He venido a pedirte perdón" ("I Have Come To Ask for Forgiveness")
* "Siempre en mi mente" ("Always On My Mind") 1978
* " Te lo pido por favor" ("I'm asking you, please")
* "Querida" ("My Dear")
* "Mañana, mañana" ("Tomorrow, Tomorrow")
* "La diferencia" ("The Difference")
* "El Noa Noa"
* "Mis ojos tristes" ("My Sad Eyes")
* "Perdóname, olvídalo" ("Forgive me forget it")
* "Amor, amor es amor" (Love love is love")
* "El México que se nos fue" ("The Mexico That Got Away From Us")
* "Yo no nací para amar" ("I Wasn't Born To Love")
* "Insensible"  (Impervious)
* "Yo no sé que me paso" ("I don't Know What Happened to Me") 1986
* "Qué lástima" ("What a pitty") 1987
* "Hasta que te conocí" ("'Til I Met You") 1987
* "Debo hacerlo" ("I Have to Do It") 1988
* "Sólo sé que fue en marzo" ("I Only Know It Happened In March") 1988
* "No me vuelvo a enamorar" ("I Won't Fall In Love Again") 1988
* "Amor eterno" ("Eternal Love") 1991

* "Pero, ¿qué necesidad?" ("What's the Point") 1994
* "Lentamente" ("Slowly") 1994
* "El palo" ("The stick")1995
* "Canción 187" ("Song 187") 1995
* "Muriendo de amor" (Dying of Love")1995
* "Mi bendita tierra" ("My blessed land") 1996
* "Mi pueblo" (with Paul Anka) 1996
* "Te sigo amando" ("I Still Love You") 1997
* "El destino" ("Destiny") 1997
* "La incertidumbre" (with Rocío Dúrcal) 1997
* "Así fue" ("So It Was") 1998
* "Adorable mentirosa" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
* "Te doy las gracias" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
* "Infidelidad" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
* "El sinaloense" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
* "Todo está bien" ("Everything is fine") 1999
* "Abrázame muy fuerte" ("Embrace Me Very Tight") 2001
* "Inocente pobre amigo" ("My Poor Naive Friend") 2001
* "Inocente de ti" ("How Naive You Are") 2003
* "Yo te recuerdo" ("I Remember You") 2004
* "¿Por qué me haces llorar?" ("Why do you make me cry?") 2010

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Moshchena

**Moshchena** (, ) is a village in Volyn Oblast of eastern Ukraine. 

## History 
In 1542, Prince Vasyl Mykhailovych Sanghusko from Kovel gave a 'privilege charter' to Demyd Voytkevych for a home in the village of Moshchena, on the condition that he serves in the military.

On March 4, 1543, Polish King Sigismund I issued a royal charter that noted a land swap between Prince Vasyl Sanghusko and Queen Bona. The Sanghusko family got lands in the Mstsislaw area (now in Belarus), and Bona obtained the Kovel estate, which included:

“…the Kovel castle, with the town and manors serving and adjacent to it, namely: Moshchena, Dubne, Klevetsk, Tulychiv…”

In the mid-1500s, a special economic system appeared in the Kovel area. Craftsmen from different villages formed groups called voitivstvos. There were five of these groups: Moshchenske, Mylyanovytske, Zarytske, Vyzhivske, and Polishke. 

After Queen Bona died, the village returned to the royal treasury. In 1564, Prince Andriy Kurbsky gained ownership of the Kovel estate, including Moshchena. After he died in 1583, it went to his wife, Oleksandra Semashko. In 1590, the whole Kovel estate was given for life to Andriy Firlej, the son-in-law of former Princess Maria of Holshany. Later, it became royal property again. In the 1600s, Count Wacław Leszczyński, the Starosta of Kovel, received the village as a life estate and built a church there in 1671. 

The village was also affected by the volok reform of 1557. When the reform happened, there were 50 voloks (land units) in the village, which provided a yearly rent of 13 florins and 10 groschen. However, by the 1663 land audit, only 8 remained. The reason is clear: high land taxes forced many owners to give up their land.

After the third partition of Poland in 1795, these lands became part of Russia. The village became part of the newly formed Kovel County of the Volyn Oblast.

On November 7, 1894, the first school in the village was opened. Teaching there, as everywhere in the empire, was conducted in Russian. 

In 1921, according to the Treaty of Riga, the village, as part of Volhynia, was transferred to the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In September 1939, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet soldiers took over the village.

On June 27, 1941, German soldiers took over the village. Partisans from nearby forests did several sabotage attacks during the war, including on the Berestia-Kovel railroad. In March 1944, the village was completely burned after martyrs killed a German soldier, and some villagers were sent to Germany. Only the church was left standing.

On June 7, 1944, Soviet soldiers re-entered the village. About 130 villagers died during the war. In the post-war years, 148 residential buildings were built. By 1970, a medical and obstetrics station, a shop, a school, a library, a community center, and a kindergarten were already operating.

## Population 
According to the 1989 census of the Ukrainian SSR, the village's population was 545 people, of whom 256 were men and 289 were women.

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the village had a population of 540 people.

## Notes
Mariachi

**Mariachi** is a Latin music genre. It is popularized in Mexico and its culture. This type of music includes instruments such as the violin, trumpet, guitar, vihuela, guitarrón and sometimes a harp. Mariachi is sung and performed mostly in bands. However, some solo artists such as Selena and Alejandro Fernández have recorded and performed Mariachi songs.

## Mariachis and artists 
*José Alfredo Jiménez
*Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
*Jorge Negrete
*Pedro Infante
*Vicente Fernández
*Antonio Aguilar
*Pepe Aguilar
*Pedro Fernández
*Alejandro Fernández
*Ana Gabriel
*Chayito Valdez
*Miguel Aceves Mejía
*Tito Guízar
*Shaila Dúrcal
*Los Caballeros
*Selena
*Mariachi Mi Mexico 

## Other websites 
**A Brief History on the Mariachi Tradition* 
**Mariachimusic.com Online*
*''Tucson's Ronstadt Family'' 
*"Mariachi Women" 
*"Mariachi Directory"
Sony Music Latin

**Sony Music Latin** is a record company that specializes in Latin music. It is owned by Sony Music Entertainment.

## List of artists on Sony Music Latin
*Alexis & Fido
*Ana Gabriel
*Banda Machos
*Calle 13
*Camila
*Chayanne
*Cumbre Norteña
*Da' Zoo
*Daddy Yankee
*Draco Rosa
*Dyland & Lenny
*Ednita Nazario
*El Canto Del Loco
*El Compa Chuy
*El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico
*Fito Paez
*Fey

*Franco De Vita
*Gerardo Ortiz
*Gilberto Santa Rosa
*Gustavo Cerati
*Ha*Ash
*Ian Tresidder
*Intocable
*Julieta Venegas
*Kalimba
*Kany Garcia
*La Quinta Estacion
*Lila Downs
*Los Originales De San Juan
*Los Pikadientes de Caborca
*Los Reyes De Arranque
*Marc Anthony
*Mennores
*NG2
*NOTA

*Noel Schajris
*Oscar D'León
*Pedro Capo
*Pitbull
*Playa Limbo
*Raphael
*Reik
*Ricky Martin
*Rocio Durcal
*Shakira
*Thalía
*Toby Love
*Vicente Fernandez
*Vicentico
*Voltio
*Yanni
*Yuridia

## Other websites 
*Official website
*Official Facebook Page
*Official twitter
EMI Latin

**EMI Televisa Music** or *EMI Latin* and **EMI International** is a record company that specializes in Latin music. EMI Latin was founded in 1989, and Selena became the first artist to sign. Jose Behar was the former head of EMI Latin.

## Artists signed to this label 
*J Balvin
*A.B. Quintanilla III
*Alejandra Guzman
*Aleks Syntek
*Anahí
*Bebe
*Belinda
*Enrique Bunbury
*Christian Chavez
*Diana Reyes

*Eiza González
*Flex
*Grupo Bryndis
*Jaguares
*Joey Montana
*Jotdog
*Juan Luis Guerra
*Los Claxons
*Macaco

*Moderatto
*PXNDX
*Paty Cantu
*Ricardo Montaner
*Selena
*Shaila Durcal
*Vicente Garcia
*Vico C
*Zoé

## Related pages
* List of record labels

## References 
## Other websites
*
Fishmonger

a fish]]

A **fishmonger** is someone who sells fish and seafood. Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers. In many places there are fewer fishmongers than there used to be. Supermarkets have often replaced independent seafood sellers. Female fishmongers used to have a separate name, **fishwife**.

__TOC__

## Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
]]

The fishmongers guild was started in the City of London by a Royal Charter from Edward I soon after he became king in 1272. Guild members could not have foreign partners. Selling fish was tightly controlled to make sure it was fresh and to keep profits low. However, the guild grew rich. After Edward's victory over the Scots, they put on a great show, including one thousand mounted knights.

While Edward II was king, the fishmongers lost political power. Parliament made a rule that a fishmonger could not become mayor of the city.  This rule was soon canceled, though. The fishmongers guild became richer so that while Edward III was king the guild could give £40 to the war against the French. This was a large amount of money at that time.   

In the English translation of the Asterix series, the village fishmonger is called Unhygienix. 
In the film *The Beach*, the island's chef has only fish for meat, and is named Unhygienix after to the Asterix character.

Charles Fort included the story of the Mad Fishmonger or "St. Fishmonger" in his book *Lo!* According to the story St. Fishmonger made crabs and periwinkles fall from the sky. The story later appears in the ''Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy* by Robert Anton Wilson. 

Dr. Ahmed Fishmonger is a writer and artist active in the Church of the Subgenius.

In many countries, the fishwife had a reputation for speaking boldly. In Medieval France, fishwives in Paris were allowed to speak honestly and directly to the King himself when he went into the marketplace. They could be critical without fear of punishment.

## Historic fishmongers 
* Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian Anarchist executed in 1927 following a controversial American trial
* Dolly Peel
* Dolly Pentreath the last native speaker of Cornish
* Marretje Arents
* Molly Malone

File:Frans Snyders, The Fishmonger.JPG|*The Fishmonger*. By Frans Snyders (1579–1657). 
File:Joachim Beuckelaer - Fish Market.jpg |Fishmonger displaying cod steaks at a 16th century fish market.
File:J L Wouters Fishmonger.jpg|*The fishmonger*. By Jan Ludewick Wouters (1599-1663).
File:Henry Herbert La Thangue - Crying Fish In Spain.jpg|Crying fish in Spain. By Henry Herbert La Thangue (1859-1929).
File:Gyula Derkovits, fish seller, 1930.jpg|*Fish seller'', 1930. By Gyula Derkovits (1894-1934).

## Notes
Canadian Hot 100

The **Canadian Hot 100** is a music chart that ranks popular music. It is published on *Billboard* magazine weekly. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks songs that have gained popularity in radio airplay in Canada. The Canadian Hot 100 is similar to the US Hot 100 chart. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks rock, country, adult contemporary and Top 40 genres.

## References
Corruption Perceptions Index

The **Corruption Perceptions Index** is an list that ranks how corrupt certain countries are, using a score. The 2024 index lists Denmark as the least corrupt country with a score of 90, while South Sudan is listed as the most corrupt country with a score of 8. All the information on this page is from Transparency International.

## 2010 (Top 30)
### The Least Corrupt Country by Year 
** The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles.*

### The Most Corrupt Country by Year 
** The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles.*
Ranchera music

**Ranchera** is a Latin music genre. Ranchera is usually sung by one or more people with a guitar. It is popularized in Mexico. This type of music can be traced back to the Mexican Revolution. It is also similar to Mariachi music.

## Ranchera singers 
*Miguel Aceves Mejía
*Antonio Aguilar
*Pepe Aguilar
*Lola Beltrán
*Rocío Dúrcal
*Alejandro Fernández
*Pedro Fernández
*Vicente Fernández
*Pedro Infante
*José Alfredo Jiménez

*Lorenzo de Monteclaro
*Jorge Negrete
*Lucha Reyes
*Cuco Sánchez
*Javier Solís
*Chavela Vargas
*Lucha Villa
*Yolanda Del Rio
*Aida Cuevas
*Selena

## References
* Brenner, H. (1996). *Música ranchera. Das mexikanische Äquivalent zur Country and Western Music aus historischer, musikalischer und kommerzieller Sicht* (*Música ranchera: El equivalente mexicano de la música country y la música del Oeste*) (Musikethnologische Sammelbände 14). Foreword by Thomas Stanford. Tutzing: Verlag Hans Schneider, 1996 [].den suger balle

## Other websites
*Rancheras  - music
*Musical analysis 
*Northern ranchera lyrics
Newhall, California

**Newhall** is the southernmost district  of Santa Clarita, California. It is the oldest district of Santa Clarita. Before 1987, Newhall was an independent but unincorporated town.  It was the first permanent Anglo settlement in the valley.

It is named after businessman Henry Newhall. Newhall is home to the William S. Hart County Park. It has tours of the famous silent movie maker's mansion. Over the years, Newhall has been the location for many movies, including *Suddenly* (1954) and Disney's ''The World's Greatest Athlete'' (1973).

## Other websites 
*Santa Clarita Guide - An Official Guide to the Santa Clarita Valley
* (Photos, text, TV shows)
Mirador de la Flor

.]]

***Mirador de la Flor*** () is a life-sized statue that is in Corpus Christi, Texas. The statue is a memorial to American singer Selena. The statue was ordered by the Mayor of Corpus Christi as a tourist attraction in 1997. Hundreds of fans visit the statue weekly from all over the world. The statue faces Corpus Christi bay, where the gun that killed Selena was thrown. A second life-sized statue of Selena was made in Mexico in March 2011.

## References
Joseph Serchuk

**Joseph Serchuk** (1919 in Chełm - 6 November 1993) was the commander of the Jewish partisan unit in the Lublin area in Poland during the Holocaust. After the war, he testified at trials of Nazis and he received special recognition from the State of Israel.

## Biography
After his parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in 1941, Joseph and his brother David were taken to Sobibor extermination camp.  After one day in the camp, he fled with his brother to the nearest forest and together with others fleeing he founded the core of the partisan group.  During the war, the group led by Jews who had escaped from the ghettos caught nearby and from Sobibor. The group also included the writer Dov Freiberg.

After the war, Joseph took part in locating fleeing Nazi war criminals in Europe, and served as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. Then he returned to Poland and applied to emigrate to Israel, but was declined.

In 1950, Serchuk obtained a passport and went to Israel.  Immediately upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted as a soldier in the army. After service, he married, settled in Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv and began business industry and entrepreneurship.

Over the years, Serchuk went to Europe several times to testify in the trials of Nazi war criminals. In one, the trial of Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer, he was the only prosecution witness.  After Raschendorfer was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Serchuk was awarded a special award from Nazi Crimes Investigation Department of the Israel Police.

In 1967, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime Minister, gave him the Fighters against Nazis Medal, and in 1968 he received in addition the State Fighters Medal.

He saw the establishment and strengthening of the Israel Defense Forces and the State of Israel and the Jewish birthrate - his revenge against the Nazis who slaughtered all of his extended family.

Joseph Serchuk died in 1993 in Tel Aviv at age 74.  He was married, and left behind nine children and more than one hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

## Further reading 
* Dov Freiberg, To Survive Sobibor, New York, 2007.
* Dov Freiberg, A Journey To The Past With Dekel Shibolim, Ramla, 1993.
* Dov Freiberg, A Man as Any Other, Ramla, 1996.
* Mark Paul: *Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath*  PEFINA Press, Toronto 2008

## Other websites 
* About Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer and his sentence 
* Joseph Serchuk at Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels  (Hebrew)
Superacid

A **superacid** is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid. According to the modern definition, a superacid has a chemical potential of the proton higher than that of pure sulfuric acid.

Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules. Some molecules are so strong (held together with strong chemical bonds) that they resist attack by common acids. Superacids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids.

Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO3H). Both superacids are about a thousand times stronger (that is, have more negative *H*0 values) than sulfuric acid. The strongest superacids are prepared by the combination of two components, a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brønsted acid. The strongest known superacid is fluoroantimonic acid.

## Related pages
*Superbase

## References
Deep frying

**Deep frying** is a way of cooking food by putting it in hot oil or fat. Deep frying cooks food very quickly. Deep frying is popular in the United Kingdom - one dish popular in the United Kingdom is fish and chips.

## Technique 
]]
 intestines]]

If done well, deep-frying does not make food too greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water in the food, steaming it from the inside out. The water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface of the oil. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not in the oil for too long, oil will only enter the surface of the food. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but is usually between 175 and 190 °C (345–375 °F). 

Some fried foods are given a coating of batter or breading prior to frying. This makes the outside of the food crispy and browned, while the inside becomes tender, moist, and steamed. Some foods – such as potatoes or whole, skin-on poultry – have a natural coating and do not require breading or battering.

## Disadvantages 
Deep frying makes large amounts of waste oil. Getting rid of the oil properly may be a problem. Waste oil is increasingly being recycled into biodiesel.

Some deep fry shortenings have trans fat.

Cooking oil can burn well  and may catch fire if it is used at too high a temperature. Trying to put out an oil fire with water makes the fire worse. Instead, oil fires must be put out with a fire extinguisher or by smothering.

## Related pages
* French fried potatoes

## References
Andrea Libman

**Andrea Eva Libman** (born July 19, 1984 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress, television writer and singer who is best known for voicing Chi-Chi in *Dragon Ball*, Emmy in *Dragon Tales*, Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy in *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*, and Peppermint in ''Kate's Place*. She also made on-screen appearances in the television shows *Highlander: The Series*, *Susie Q*, *The Lotus Eaters*, and *Lyddie''.

## Other websites
*Andrea Libman at the Internet Movie Database
17 Again (movie)

***17 Again*** is a 2009 American comedy-drama fantasy movie that was produced by Adam Shankman, Richard S. Wright, Jennifer Gibgot, Tom Rosenberg and Gary Lucchesi and was directed by Burr Steers. *17 Again* is about a 37-year-old man who becomes 17 again. It was released on April 17, 2009 in North America. The movie received mixed to positive reviews with a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 48 out of 100 from Metacritic It marked the final theatrical appearance of Matthew Perry until his death in 2023.

## Cast 
* Zac Efron as Mike O'Donnell (17 years old)
* Matthew Perry as Mike O'Donnell (37 years old)
* Thomas Lennon as Ned Gold (37 years old)
* Michelle Trachtenberg as Margret "Maggie" O'Donnell
* Sterling Knight as Alex O'Donnell
* Leslie Mann as Scarlet O'Donnell (37 years old)
* Hunter Parrish as Stan
* Katerina Graham as Jamie
* Melora Hardin as Principal Jane Masterson
* Jim Gaffigan as Coach
* Drew Sidora as Cameron
* Tiya Sircar as Samantha
* Vanessa Lee Chester as Karla
* Nicole Sullivan as Naomi
* Adam Gregory as Dom
* Brian Doyle-Murray as The Janitor
* Margaret Cho as Health Teacher
* Allison Miller as Scarlet O'Donnell (17 years old)
* Tyler Steelman as Ned Gold (17 years old)
* Josie Loren as Nicole

## References
## Other websites 
*17 Again's official website
Input device

]]
In computing, an **input device** is computer hardware which is used to enter information for processing. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, image scanner, digital cameras and joysticks. A touchscreen is a combined input and output device.

## Related pages 
* Output device 

## References
Automatic firearm

machine gun. It is surrounded by empty cartridges that have been ed from the weapon.]]

An **automatic firearm** is a firearm which will keep firing as long as the trigger is being pulled and there is still ammunition in the magazine.

An automatic weapon works by firing, automatically removing the cartridge case from the chamber, ing it from the side of the gun, and then loads a new cartridge into the chamber.

## Uses 
An "automatic pistol" or "automatic shotgun" usually means that it has a semi-automatic design. However, fully automatic pistols (for example the Steyr TMP) and shotguns (such as the Daewoo USAS-12 and the AA-12) do exist. "Automatic rifle" usually means that the rifle has a fully automatic design, not semi-automatic.

In most countries, automatic firearms are usually only allowed for the military and police to use. In countries where automatic firearms can be used by the public, there are usually very  rules on their use.

A fully automatic weapon (a machine gun) is one that keeps firing bullets as long as the trigger is pulled. It stops when the trigger is let go or the ammunition is all gone. In some countries, any weapon that shoots more than one shot at a time when the trigger is pulled once is legally called a machine gun. Some firearms fire more than one bullet after each trigger pull, but only a limited number. This is called burst fire.

Submachine guns are fully automatic weapons that fire a pistol cartridge. They can also be used by only one person. Sometimes they are called machine pistols. 

## Patents 
* : * Automatic gun*

## Related pages
* Machine gun
* Submachine gun
* Assault rifle
* Automatic rifle

## Notes
Hitting for the cycle

hit for the cycle in 1989]]
In baseball, a player **hits for the cycle** when they hit a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. It does not have to be in that order. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a natural cycle.
Doubleheader (baseball)

In baseball, a **doubleheader** is when two teams play two games against each other on the same day. This usually happens because a game that was supposed to be played on a previous day had to be   because of bad weather.