open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Intelligence agency

building, headquarters of the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)]]
 
An **intelligence agency** or **intelligence service** is a government agency. Its job is to collect, analyse, and use information to support its government. 

There are two parts to this, and usually they are done by separate agencies. The first part is to collect information (to "spy") on other countries. The other side is to watch people in the home country who might cause problems. A third activity is to defend against foreign intelligence agencies in the home country. This is called counter-intelligence, and is often done by a separate agency.

What the agencies discover is called "intelligence". It may be used to help law enforcement, security, defence and foreign policy.  

The methods of information gathering are sometimes covert (hidden) and sometimes quite open. A covert method might be to steal and copy secret documents. An open method would be to read all published work on some important matter, and analyse it. Much important material is published openly in democratic countries.

To get hold of secret information, these organisations use espionage, intercept signals (tap phones, hack computers), cryptanalysis (break codes), and think about what the information means. Putting together and communicating information is known as intelligence analysis and assessment.

Some agencies have been involved in assassination, arms trafficking, coups d'état, and the placement of misinformation (propaganda) as well as other covert operations, in order to support their own or their governments' interests.

## Examples 
### British 
***SIS** The Secret Intelligence Service, usually called **MI6**. Collects intelligence ("spies on") from other countries.
*The Security Service, usually called **MI5**. Does counter-intelligence against foreign threats.
*GCHQ Government Communication Headquarters. Intercepts signals, decodes them, passes the information on to other agencies. The home of cryptanalysis, the successor to Bletchley Park. 
*Joint Intelligence Committee. Informs government as to what is going on.

### Japan 
*Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office 
*Defense Intelligence Headquarters 
*Public Security Intelligence Agency

### U.S.A. 
United States Intelligence Community coordinates government intelligence agencies, headed by the Director of National Intelligence.  The United States has about 17 major intelligence groups, and many other smaller groups. These are the most important:
*CIA: The Central Intelligence Agency. Spies on foreign countries, and takes covert action against enemies of the U.S. abroad.
*Defense Intelligence Agency
*National Security Agency. Interception and Cryptanalysis of foreign communication, and protecting US communication from same.

## References
Neil deGrasse Tyson

**Neil deGrasse Tyson** ( or ; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. He is currently the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space and a research associate in the department of astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History.

Tyson was born in the borough Manhattan of New York City, New York. He graduated from The Bronx High School of Science. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics from Harvard University.

In the early 2010s, Tyson wrote a book about NASA, outer space, exploration of Mars, et cetera.

## Personal life
In December 2018, Tyson was accused on sexual misconduct by many female former students. He said that the allegations were not true, but Fox and National Geographic announced that they would launch an investigation into the matter.

## Related pages
*List of astrophysicists

## References
## Other websites
*
Huber Matos

**Huber Matos Benítez** (26 November 1918 &ndash; 27 February 2014) was a Cuban dissident activist and writer from Yara, Granma Province.

He was best known as a revolutionary who assisted Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other members of the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) in removing the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista as part of the Cuban Revolution. He was against Batista since the general's effective coup in 1952, which he called unconstitutional, but became more critical of the movement's shift towards Marxist principles, and closing ties with leaders of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). He was convicted of "treason and sedition" by the new Castro regime. He would spend 20 years in prison (1959&ndash;1979) before being released in 1979.

After his release, he spent his time between Miami, Florida, United States and Costa Rica. He was politically active in speaking out against the Cuban government.

Matos died from a heart attack on 27 February 2014 in Miami, Florida. He was aged 95.

## References
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Elmer Bernstein

**Elmer Bernstein** (April 4, 1922&nbsp;– August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor. He is best known for his many movie soundtracks.

His musical career last for fifty years, he composed music for over one hundred movies and television shows. His most popular works include the scores to *The Magnificent Seven*, *The Ten Commandments*, *The Great Escape*, *To Kill a Mockingbird*, *Ghostbusters*, *The Black Cauldron* and *The Rookies*.

Bernstein died of cancer on August 18, 2004.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
*Fan website
*BernsteinWest.com
*Meatballs Movie Website
Atlantic salmon

The **Atlantic salmon** (*Salmo salar*) is a fish in the family Salmonidae. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into the north Atlantic. They have also been successfully transplanted into the north Pacific Ocean. Other names for Atlantic salmon are: bay salmon, black salmon, caplin-scull salmon, Sebago salmon, silver salmon, fiddler, or outside salmon. Atlantic salmon that do not reach the sea are known as landlocked salmon or ouananiche. This can be due to human interference or natural disasters.

## Life cycle 
Most Atlantic salmon follow an anadromous life cycle. They live off the nutrients in the yolk sac they were born with. Once they start feeding they are called fry. They grow into juveniles or parr and remain in fresh water for a number of years while growing. When they leave fresh water they are called smolts. Smolts leave the streams and move into the ocean for feeding and growth. The post-smolts change from territorial behavior to that of open ocean, possibly shoaling, fish. Fresh water Atlantic salmon are smaller than the anadromous (ocean-dwelling) Atlantic salmon.

## Related pages 
* Salmon
* Tana River (Norway)

## Notes 
## References
Ghostbusters

***Ghostbusters*** is an American supernatural comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It is about people fighting ghosts in New York City. It was written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. It stars Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis, Sigourney Weaver, Annie Potts, William Atherton, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. The music was composed by Elmer Bernstein. It was released on June 8, 1984. The movie earned $229 million at the box office and received mostly positive reviews. It was followed by *Ghostbusters II*.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Sorel Etrog

**Sorel Etrog**, CM (August 29, 1933 &ndash; February 26, 2014) was a Romanian-born Canadian artist, writer and philosopher. He is best known for his work as a sculptor. In 1966, works by Etrog, Alex Colville and Yves Gaucher represented Canada at the Venice Biennale.

He died from prostate cancer in Toronto. He was aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Sorel Etrog  at Gallery Moos Toronto
* "Etrog", *Artnet*
* Sorel Etrog at the Tate Gallery
Ali Hassan Mwinyi

**Ali Hassan Mwinyi** (8 May 1925 &ndash; 29 February 2024) was a Tanzanian politician. He was the second President of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995.

## References
## Other websites
Nicholas Brathwaite

**Sir** **Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite** PC (8 July 1925 &ndash; 28 October 2016) was a Grenadian politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of Grenada from 1983 to 1984. He then served as the 5th Prime Minister of Grenada from 1990 to 1995. He resigned from his duties as prime minister in 1995. He was knighted the same year.

## References
Jim Lange

**Jim Lange** (August 15, 1932 &ndash; February 25, 2014) was an American game show host and disc jockey. He was best known to radio listeners for his work as an announcer on stations in California. He was best known to television viewers as the host of *The Dating Game*. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Lange died from a heart attack on February 25, 2014 at his home in Mill Valley, California. He was aged 81. He was survived by his wife of over 35 years, Nancy Fleming, who won the Miss America crown in 1961.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ernie Hudson

**Earnest Lee** "**Ernie**" **Hudson** (born December 17, 1945) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Winston Zeddemore in the *Ghostbusters* movie series, Sergeant Albrecht in *The Crow*, and Warden Leo Glynn on HBO's *Oz*.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
*Interview (March 2008) with Ernie Hudson, by Matthew Waldram
Quett Masire

**Quett Ketumile Joni Masire**, GCMG (23 July 1925 &ndash; 22 June 2017) was a Botswana politician. He was the second President of Botswana for the Botswana Democratic Party from 1980 to 1998 serving for 17 years. He was born in Kanye.

Masire died in Gaborone, Botswana on 22 June 2017 from surgical complications at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
Shehu Shagari

**Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari**, *Turakin Sakkwato* (25 February 1925 &ndash; 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician. He served as the President of Nigeria's Second Republic from 1979 to 1983. His government was given power by General Olusegun Obasanjo's military government.

Shagari died on 28 December 2018 at a hospital in Abuja, Nigeria from a short-illness at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
Ali Bozer

**Ali Husrev Bozer** (28 July 1925 &ndash; 30 September 2020) was a Turkish politician and professor of commercial law.

He was originally a member of the Nationalist Democracy Party (MDP). He then joined the Motherland Party (ANAP). He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Turgut Özal and Yıldırım Akbulut. He was also Minister of Foreign Affairs.

He was born in Ankara. Bozer died on 30 September 2020 in Ankara from COVID-19, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Prime Ministry website
Yang Hyong-sop

**Yang Hyong-sop** (1 October 1925 – 13 May 2022) was a North Korean politician.  He was elected chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1983, and served until 1998. He was vice president of the Presidium of the Spa (1998–2019).

Yang was born in Hamhung. He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il-sung University. He was married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il-Sung.

Yang Hyong-sop died of a stroke on 13 May 2022, at the age of 96.

## References
Antoine Gizenga

**Antoine Gizenga** (5 October 1916 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He is the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumumbist Party (*Parti Lumumbiste Unifié*, PALU).

Gizenga was born in Mushiko, Bandundu. He died on 24 February 2019 in Kinshasa, aged 102.

## References
## Other websites
Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

**Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino** (November 26, 1925 – December 28, 2016) was a Uruguayan general and former dictator. He served as the *de facto* president of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985.

On October 22, 2009, he was convicted for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. However, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill.

He was born in Montevideo.

## References
Julio María Sanguinetti

**Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo** (born 6 January 1936) is a Uruguayan politician, lawyer and journalist. He served as President of Uruguay twice: from March 1985 until March 1990, and from March 1995 until March 2000. He was from the Colorado Party.

He supports same-sex marriage and a bill that recently approved same-sex marriages by the Uruguayan legislature.

Sanguinetti was born in Montevideo.

## References
## Other websites
Arnaldo Forlani

**Arnaldo Forlani** (; 8 December 1925 &ndash; 6 July 2023) was an Italian politician. He served as the 44th Prime Minister of Italy from 18 October 1980 to 28 June 1981. He was previously a member of the right-wing of the Italian Christian Democratic Party.

Forlani died on 6 July 2023 in Rome, Italy at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
Gérard Kango Ouédraogo

**Gérard Kango Ouédraogo** (19 September 1925 &ndash; 1 July 2014) was Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 13 February 1971 to 8 February 1974. He was President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 1978 to 25 November 1980. 

He was born in Ouahigouya.  

He served in the French National Assembly from 1956-1959.

## Biography 
Gérard Ouédraogo was born on September 19, 1925, in Ouahigouya, at the entrance of an ancestral site, Naaba Kango Cave. His name Kango was originally Kaongo, that is to say the field that surrounds a palace or a concession.

Founder of the MRV (Voltaic regroupment movement), he was deputy of Upper Volta under the Fourth Republic,  in the first National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. He was ambassador of the new independent state of Upper Volta in Great Britain from 1960 to 1966. Subsequently, he continued to play an important role in the political life of the country, notably by sitting in the National Assembly for the constituency of Ouahigouya and being one of the leaders of the UDV / RDA (Democratic Union Voltaic, member of the African Democratic Rally). He was Prime Minister of Upper Volta from 1971 to 1974, under the presidency of Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana.

President of the National Assembly during the coup d'état of Saye Zerbo on November 25, 1980, he was imprisoned several times under the dictatorships of Saye Zerbo, Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore. Since the easing of the regime presided over by the latter head of state in the early 1990s, he was elected twice as MP under the Fourth Republic, before resigning on May 27, 1998. Shortly thereafter, the African Democratic Rally appointed honorary president for life.

## References
Czesław Kiszczak

**Czesław Jan Kiszczak** (; 19 October 1925 &ndash; 5 November 2015) was a Polish politician. He was active during the Polish People's Republic, the Communist period in Poland.

Kiszczak was a member of the Polish Workers' Party and later the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). He served as a high-ranking officer of the Polish Army, a chief of secret services and Minister of Internal Affairs (MSW) between 1981 and 1990.

He served during the years of Martial Law in Poland. He was an assistant of Wojciech Jaruzelski. He was also the last Communist Prime Minister of Poland, serving briefly in 1989.

## References
## Other websites
Trần Thiện Khiêm

General **Trần Thiện Khiêm** (15 December 1925 &ndash; 24 June 2021) was a Vietnamese military officer. He was an officer in the army of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. 

During the 1960s he was involved in several coups d'état. He helped President Ngô Đình Diệm put down a coup attempt in November 1960. He was rewarded with promotion. In 1963 he was involved in the coup that deposed and assassinated Ngo Dinh Diem. From 1969 until 1975, he was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam.

Khiêm died on 24 June 2021 in San Jose, California at the age of 95.

## References
Rachid Solh

**Rachid Solh** (1 January 1926 &ndash; 27 June 2014) was a Lebanese politician. He served as the Prime Minister. He was part of one of the most powerful Sunni Muslim families in the country.

Solh was elected as a member of the Lebanese Parliament for the first time in 1960. He was appointed prime minister by president Suleiman Franjieh in 1974.

Solh resigned from office on 15 May 1975, a few weeks after the start of the Lebanese Civil War.

He died on 27 June 2014, aged 88.

## References
Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili

**Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili** (; January 28, 1926 - November 23, 2016) was an Iranian politician and Muslim leader. He served as the head of legal system of Iran for about 8 years after terror of Dr. Beheshti until death of Khomeini. He was a marja of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

He was born in Ardabil. He died in Tehran on 23 November 2016.

## References
Luis Alberto Monge

**Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez** (29 December 1925 &ndash; 29 November 2016) was a Costa Rican politician, diplomat and lawyer. He was the President of Costa Rica from 8 May 1982 to 8 May 1986. Before being President, he was the country's ambassador to Israel.

He was born in Palmares, Alajuela Province. Monge died of cardiac arrest on 29 November 2016 in San José, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*  Biography by CIDOB Foundation
Mohammad Hasan Sharq

**Mohammad Hasan Sharq** (born 17 July 1925) is an Afghan politician during the communist regime of Afghanistan. Sharq became Prime Minister of Afghanistan or Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet-backed government, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

He was selected as a back-up candidate after the Loya Jirga ratified a new constitution in 1987. However, the power of his office was relatively small compared with the ones of the Presidency.

## References
Abdelsalam Majali

**Abdelsalam Atalla al-Majali** (   ; 18 February 1925 – 3 January 2023) was a Jordanian medical doctor and politician. He served twice as the Prime Minister of Jordan.

## References
Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum

**Chau Sen Cocsal** (; 1 September 1905 – 22 January 2009), also known as "**Chhum**" (), was a Cambodian civil servant and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Cambodia for a short period of time in 1962. Chhum was  old at the time of his death. This makes him the oldest lived former Prime Minister.

## References 
## Other websites
* De Lopez, T.T. (2009). "A final goodbye to Cambodia's last great civil servant", *Phnom Penh Post*, 28 January
* Norodom Sihamoni (2009). "Lettre de SM Norodom Sihamoni du Cambodge à Lok Chumtiev Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum", 22 January.
* 
* Pomonti, J.C (2009). "Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum Mémoire d'un siècle". *Cambodge Soir*, 68, 29 January - 4 February
* Royal Palace (2009). "Biographie de Samdech Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum", Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Willem Drees

**Willem Drees** (; July 5, 1886 – May 14, 1988) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and its predecessor the SDAP. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from August 7, 1948 until December 22, 1958.

Before entering national politics Drees was a member of the municipal council and also an alderman of The Hague. During this time he was also a member of the Provincial States of South Holland.

Drees was an active performer of Esperanto.

## Other websites
*  Biography at Parlement.com
Martin E. Sullivan

**Martin E. Sullivan** (February 9, 1944 – February 25, 2014) was an American museum director. He served as Director of the United States National Portrait Gallery from 2008 to 2012. This gallery is administered by the Smithsonian Institution.   

Sullivan died of kidney failure. He was aged 70.

## References
Rick Moranis

**Frederick Allan** "**Rick**" **Moranis** (born April 18, 1953) is a Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter and songwriter. He was nominated for a Grammy Award twice. He was known for his role in the movie, *Honey, I Shrunk the Kids* and in *Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show*. He is also known for appearing in *Ghostbusters*, *The Flintstones*, *Spaceballs*, and in *Little Shop of Horrors*.

## Filmography
## Other websites
* rickmoranis.com 
* 
* Rick Moranis, Singing 'Cowboy', a December 2005 story from *Weekend Edition*
* OpEd Piece by Moranis from the *NY Times* website
* Rick Moranis Interview  Proton Charging May 27, 2006
* Radio Interview Rick Moranis 2006
Tim Wilson (comedian)

**Timothy Collins** "**Tim**" **Wilson** (August 5, 1961 – February 26, 2014) was an American stand-up comedian and country musician. He released many comedy albums. He worked with Capitol Records in Nashville. He made many appearances on the *John Boy and Billy*, *Big D and Bubba* and *Bob and Tom Show*.

Wilson died from a heart attack. He was aged 52.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Tim Wilson at MySpace
* CMT profile
Antoine Pinay

**Antoine Pinay** (; 30 December 1891 – 13 December 1994) was a French conservative politician. He served as Prime Minister of France from March 1952 through March 1953.

He was also Minister of Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Finance, Economic and Foreign Affairs.

He died in Saint-Chamond, Loire, at the age of 102. He is the third longest-lived national head of government or head of state in history, behind Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum and Celâl Bayar.

## References
Country-western dance

The **country-western dance** (also **country dance** or **cowboy**) is dancing that is performed mostly to country music. It is also called **kicker dancing** in Texas. There are several forms of it.

The western couple dance is social dancing that involves several people. Other dances include line dance and square dancing.

Other versions of the dance include:

*The East Coast Swing
*The West Coast Swing

The dance dates back to the late 18th century.
Anjem Choudary

**Anjem Choudary** (; born 1967) is a British former solicitor and Islam preacher. He was the leader and spokesman for the Islamist group Islam4UK until it was banned under the Terrorism Act 2000.

Choudary was born in Welling, London to Pakistani parents. He is married to Rubana Akhtar. As of 2006, the couple have three children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Aaron Allston

**Aaron Allston** (December 8, 1960 &ndash; February 27, 2014) was an American game designer and writer of many science fiction books. He was best known for his *Star Wars* novels. His works as a game designer include mostly role-playing games (RPGs). He several of the RPGs served to create the basis for products and following development of TSR's *Dungeons & Dragons* game setting Mystara. He was born in Corsicana, Texas.

Allston collapsed after having a massive heart failure on February 27, 2014 during a VisionCon in Springfield, Missouri. He died later that day at the age of 53.

## References
## Other websites
* Aaron Allston at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Hugo Brandt Corstius

**Hugo Brandt Corstius** (29 August 1935 &ndash; 28 February 2014) was a Dutch journalist, columnist and writer. He known for his success in both literature and science. He was born in Eindhoven, North Brabant.

Brandt Corstius died after a long illness on 28 February 2014 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He was 78 years old. He was outlived by his children, journalists Aaf (born 1975) and Jelle (born 1978).

## References
## Other websites
*
Kolari

**Kolari** is a municipality in Finnish Lapland. It had almost 3,900 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kittilä, Muonio, Pello and Rovaniemi. Ilpo Väisänen planned the railway station building. Ylläs is the popular ski resort in Finland, which is in Kolari.

## Other websites 
* The official page
Pudasjärvi

**Pudasjärvi** is a town and municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 8,510 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Ii, Oulu, Posio, Puolanka, Ranua, Suomussalmi, Taivalkoski and Utajärvi.

## Other websites 
* The official Pudasjärvi page
Bark bread

**Bark bread** is a form of bread used during a famine. It made by adding ground phloem to the flour as an extender to make it last longer.

During the 18th and early 19th century Northern Europe had several very bad years of crop failure. This was  particularly during the Little Ice Age of the mid 18th century. The grain harvest was badly affected. The introduction of the potato as a staple crop gave the farmers other crops when grain production failed. So that bark bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern Sweden, traces of Sami harvest of bark from Scots pine are known from the 1890s. In Finland *pettuleipä* (literally "pinewood-bark bread") was produced as a substitute for bread during the Finnish Civil War of 1918.

## References
Raul Soares Square

The **Praça Raul Soares** is a large public square in the city of Belo Horizonte, in Brazil. It is built in the French style. It is located where four major roads meet. The roads are Amazonas, Augusto de Lima, Bias Fortes and Olegário Maciel. The square is named in honor of the former governor of Minas Gerais, Raul Soares de Moura. 

In 2008, the square was renovated. The flowerbeds, sidewalks and fountains were fixed up. Some trees were replaced, lamp posts were resized, and advertisements were removed or adjusted. The walks were improved to provide easier access for disabled and blind people. This was paid for by the city's government. It cost about $2,600,000 U.S. dollars. The project aimed to make the square safer and easier for pedestrians.
List of Docklands Light Railway stations

This **List of Docklands Light Railway stations** shows the stations for each Docklands Light Railway route. It also shows the distance of the station from the start of the line.

:Route 1: Bank to Lewisham
:Route 2: Bank to Woolwich Arsenal
:Route 3: Tower Gateway to Beckton
:Route 4: Stratford International to Woolwich Arsenal
:Route 5: Stratford International to Beckton
:Route 6: Stratford to Lewisham
::**Note** - These route numbers are Wikipedia route numbers. 
## References
Ruokolahti

**Ruokolahti** () is a municipality in South Karelia, Finland. It had almost 5,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Imatra, Lappeenranta, Parikkala, Puumala, Rautjärvi, Savonlinna, Sulkava and Taipalsaari.

## Sights 
Nearby is the Kummakivi rock. It is a large rock balanced on top of another.

## Distances 
* Imatra – 17&nbsp;km
* Lappeenranta – 53&nbsp;km
* Savonlinna – 104&nbsp;km
* Mikkeli – 119&nbsp;km
* Kouvola – 141&nbsp;km
* Helsinki – 274&nbsp;km

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official Ruokolahti page
Vaala

**Vaala** is a municipality in North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 3,195 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kajaani, Liminka, Muhos, Paltamo, Puolanka, Siikalatva and Utajärvi.

Previously, Vaala was part of the Kainuu region but was changed to Northern Ostrobothnia on 1 January 2016.

## Other websites 
* Municipality
Sete de Setembro Square

**Praça Sete de Setembro** (in English: **Sete de Setembro Square**, and normally called **Praça Sete**) is a public square in the center of the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

It is located at the intersection of two major roads, *Afonso Pena* and *Amazonas*, and by the streets Rio de Janeiro and Carijós. 

## References
Nikki DeLoach

**Ashlee Nicole DeLoach** (or **Nikki**; born September 9, 1979) is an American actress and former singer. She was on *The Mickey Mouse Club* in the 1990s. She also played Lily in the 2008 version of *An American Carol*.

DeLoach was born in Waycross, Georgia.

## References
Paltamo

**Paltamo** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had about 3,600 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kajaani, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo and Vaala.

## Other websites 
* Municipality
Luby's shooting

The '''Luby's massacre''' was a mass murder on October 16, 1991, which took place at a Luby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas, United States.

George Hennard, a thirty-five year old man, drove his blue 1987 Ford Ranger pickup truck through the front window of a Luby's restaurant. He yelled "This is what Bell County did to me!" and started shooting customers and staff members with a Glock 17 and a Ruger P89. He shot and killed 23 people, ten of them with a single shot to the head. He also wounded 20 other people. Hennard had a dislike of women and survivors of the shooting said that he went by men to shoot the women. He also announced that "All women of Killeen and Belton are vipers!" He exchanged gunfire with police officers, hid in a bathroom and committed suicide.

One of the survivors of the massacre was former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives Suzanna Hupp. Both her parents were killed in the shooting.

Until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, it was the deadliest shooting rampage in American history. It is now the sixth deadliest in the United States.

After the massacre, the Texas Legislature passed a shall-issue gun law in 1995, which required all qualifying applicants be issued a Concealed Handgun License (which is Texas' required permit to carry concealed weapons). To qualify for a license, the person must be free-and-clear of crimes, attend a minimum 10-hour class which is taught by a state-certified instructor, pass a 50-question test, show a high amount of skill in a 50-round shooting test, and must pass two background tests, one shallow and one deep. The license costs $140 for a four year license and applicants have to pay $10 for fingerprinting as well as instructor costs which vary. The law was campaigned by shooting survivor Suzanna Hupp and was signed by then-Governor George W. Bush.

The restaurant closed down on September 9, 2000. A Chinese-American buffet called Yank Sing is now located where the Luby's used to be.

## References
Edward J. Walsh

**Edward Joseph Walsh** (March 5, 1942 – February 14, 2014) was an American journalist. He reported on politics. He made news reports from foreign countries. He worked for *The Washington Post* and *The Oregonian*.

Walsh was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the College of St. Thomas.

He died in Portland, Oregon, from lung cancer. He was aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
* Obituary in *The Oregonian*
* Walsh recaps career for *The Oregonian* (2009)
* "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"
Lambada

in 2009]]
The **Lambada** is a dance from Brazil. It is sometimes called the "forbidden dance". It started in the late 1970s. It became most popular in the 1980s. Its popularity was mostly in Latin American and Caribbean countries.

The Lambada is a dance for two people. The dance is done with bent legs. Steps are usually side to side, with turns. There are pronounced movements for the hips. Around the time the Lambada became popular, the women often wore short skirts. These skirts swirl up when the woman turns. Sometimes the woman's thong underwear is seen during the turns.
Lesterville, South Dakota

**Lesterville** is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Yankton County, and 115 people lived there at the 2020 census. Lesterville became a city in 1883.

## References
Sonny Rollins

**Theodore Walter** "**Sonny**" **Rollins** (born September 7, 1930) is an American jazz tenor saxophonist. Rollins is widely known as one of the most important and influential jazz musicians. A number of his compositions, such as "St. Thomas", "Oleo", "Doxy", and "Airegin", have become jazz standards.

Rollins was born in New York City.

## References
## Other websites
*Sonny Rollins Official Website
Lee Konitz

**Lee Konitz** (October 13, 1927 – April 15, 2020) was an American jazz composer and alto saxophonist. He was thought to be one of the main people involved in the cool jazz movement. Konitz has also performed successfully in bebop and experimental jazz.

Konitz was born in Chicago.

Konitz died in New York City on April 15, 2020 of COVID-19.

## References
## Other websites
* A 1985 interview 
* Lee Konitz: 12 Memorable Duets  by Thierry Quénum (Jazz.com)
* Lee Konitz Trio: Live At The Village Vanguard by *NPR*
First inauguration of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th president of the United States on January 20, 1981. This inauguration was the beginning of Reagan's eight years as President. George H. W. Bush was inaugurated as Vice President.

Reagan took the oath of office at the inauguration ceremony. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger gave the oath.

On the same day, hostages from the Iran hostage crisis are released as Reagan is sworn in as President.

## Related pages
*United States presidential election, 1980
*Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan

## References
## Other websites
* Full text of the speech 
* Full text, video, and audio of the speech
* New York Times coverage of the 1981 presidential inauguration
Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th president of the United States in January 1985. This was the beginning of Reagan's second term as President. George H. W. Bush was also inaugurated as Vice President for the second time.

There were two separate ceremonies. A private ceremony was held on January 20, and another was held publicly on January 21. This was done because the normal day for a Presidential inauguration, January 20, was a Sunday. 

Reagan was sworn in as President during the private ceremony. It was held in the Grand Foyer of the White House. It was broadcast on television. The next day, Reagan took the oath in public under Chief Justice Warren E. Burger.

## Related pages
*First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
*1984 United States presidential election

## References
First inauguration of Bill Clinton

The **first inauguration of Bill Clinton** as the 42nd president of the United States was held on January 20, 1993. This was the beginning of the first term of Bill Clinton as President and Al Gore as Vice President.

The ceremony took place at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Clinton was the first president elected after the Cold War period. He was the first Democrat elected in 16 years.

Clinton and Gore took over from outgoing President George H. W. Bush and outgoing Vice President Dan Quayle.

## References
Anika Noni Rose

]]

**Anika Noni Rose** (born September 6, 1972) is an American singer and actress. She is best known for her Tony Award-winning role in the Broadway production of *Caroline, or Change*. She is also known for her starring roles in movies such as *Dreamgirls* (2006), *The Princess and the Frog* (2009) and *For Colored Girls* (2010).

Rose was born in Bloomfield, Connecticut.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
First inauguration of George W. Bush

The **first inauguration of George W. Bush** as the 43rd president of the United States happened on January 20, 2001. This was the beginning of the first term of George W. Bush as president and Dick Cheney as vice president.

Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the oath of office at 12:01 p.m. An estimated 300,000 people attended the swearing-in ceremony.

## References
Joseph Estrada

**Joseph** "**Erap**" **Ejército Estrada** (born **José Marcelo Ejército**; April 19, 1937) is a Filipino politician. He served as the thirteenth President of the Philippines from 1998 until 2001.

Estrada was the first person in the present Fifth Republican period to be elected both President and Vice-President. He is currently the Mayor of Manila, the country's capital. He was elected as mayor in the mid-term elections in 2013.

## References
## Other websites
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy

The **inauguration of John F. Kennedy** as the 35th president of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1961. It was held in the eastern section of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.. 

This 44th inauguration was the beginning of the term of John F. Kennedy as President and Lyndon B. Johnson as Vice President.

Kennedy's address at the inauguration talked about the major themes of his campaign. It defined his presidency during a time of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges.

## References
Inauguration of George H. W. Bush

The **inauguration of George H. W. Bush** as the 41st president of the United States was held on January 20, 1989. The inauguration was the beginning of the four-year term of George H. W. Bush as President and Dan Quayle as Vice President. 

Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the Oath of office.

## References
Inauguration of Jimmy Carter

The **inauguration of Jimmy Carter** as the 39th president of the United States was held on January 20, 1977. The inauguration was the beginning of the four-year term of Jimmy Carter as President and Walter Mondale as Vice President. It was also the end of Gerald Ford's presidency. 

Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administered the oath of office to Jimmy Carter, and House Speaker Tip O'Neill administered the Oath of office to Walter Mondale. This was the last inauguration that was set up on the East section of the U. S. Capitol.

## References
First inauguration of George Washington

The **first inauguration of George Washington** as the president of the United States took place on April 30, 1789. 

The inauguration was the beginning of the first term of George Washington as president. John Adams had already taken office as vice president on April 21. Washington was sworn in by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston. 

Washington became the first president of the United States following the ratification of the Constitution.
First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt

The **first inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt** as the 26th president of the United States, took place on September 14, 1901 in Buffalo, New York. It took place after the assassination of President William McKinley.

John R. Hazel, U.S. District Judge for the Western District of New York, administered the oath of office. While some people called it an inauguration, others called it a swearing-in ceremony.

## References
Phil Woods

**Philip Wells Woods** (November 2, 1931 &ndash; September 29, 2015) was an American jazz bebop alto saxophonist, clarinetist, bandleader and composer. Woods was born in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Woods died from emphysema on September 29, 2015 in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. He was 83.

## References
* Gonzalez, Henry (1990). *The Armadillo Years: A Visual History*
* Nisenson, Eric (1996).  *Round About Midnight &mdash; A Portrait of Miles Davis* (2nd ed.). Da Capo: Printing Press.  .

## Other websites
*Official site
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson

next to him, November 22, 1963]]
The **first inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson** as the 36th president of the United States occurred on November 22, 1963. 

The inauguration was the beginning of the first term of Lyndon B. Johnson. That term lasted a year and two months instead of the usual four years. That was because Johnson was finishing the term of John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated. This was the only presidential inauguration to be held on Air Force One.
Bob Weir

**Robert Hall "Bob" Weir** (October 16, 1947 – January 10, 2026) was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is best known for being a member of the band *Grateful Dead*.

Weir was born in San Francisco, California. He studied at Menlo Atherton High School.

In the summer of 2025, Weir was diagnosed with cancer. He died from lung problems caused by cancer on January 10, 2026, at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
First inauguration of Harry S. Truman

The **first inauguration of Harry S. Truman** as the 33rd president of the United States happened on April 12, 1945. This was the beginning of Harry S. Truman's first term as president.

This inauguration happened after the sudden death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 

## References
First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson

The **first inauguration of Woodrow Wilson** took place on March 4, 1913. It was the beginning of his position as the 28th president of the United States and Thomas R. Marshall's tenure as Vice President. 

Chief Justice Edward D. White administered the oath of office. Wilson wanted and asked that the inaugural ball to be canceled. He found it inappropriate for the occasion because of women's suffrage and women's rights protesting.

## References
Philip Levine (poet)

**Philip Levine** (January 10, 1928 – February 14, 2015) was an American poet and teacher. He was best known for his poems about working-class Detroit. 

He taught for more than thirty years at California State University, Fresno. He also taught at other different schools. He was appointed Poet Laureate of the United States for 2011–2012. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1995.

Levine died of pancreatic cancer on February 14, 2015 in Fresno, California, aged 87.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant

The **first inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant** as the 18th president of the United States took place on March 4, 1869. The inauguration was the beginning of the first four-year term of Ulysses S. Grant as President and the only term of Schuyler Colfax as Vice President. 

This inauguration was the first that both living parents of the president attended.

Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the oath of office. Andrew Johnson did not attend the inaugural ceremonies, as President-elect Grant refused to sit with him in the carriage going to it. Instead, he was in the White House signing last-minute legislation.

## References
First inauguration of Richard Nixon

The **first inauguration of Richard Nixon** as the 37th president of the United States was held on January 20, 1969. 

The inauguration was the beginning of the term of Richard Nixon as President and Spiro Agnew as Vice President. 

Chief Justice Earl Warren gave the oath of office to Nixon. Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen gave the oath to Spiro Agnew as Vice President.

## References
Munich massacre

The **Munich massacre** was an attack that happened on September 5th and 6th during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. 11 members of the Israel Olympic team were murdered after being taken hostage. A German police officer was also killed.

The militants demanded the Israeli government to release 234 prisoners held in Israeli jails. Of the eight attackers, five were killed by the police and three were arrested. The three were released from jail.

## List of fatalities
; Shot during the initial break-in
* Moshe Weinberg, wrestling coach
* Yossef Romano, weightlifter

; Shot and killed by grenade in eastern-side helicopter D-HAQO
: According to the order in which they were seated, from left to right:
* Ze'ev Friedman, weightlifter
* David Berger, weightlifter (survived grenade but died of smoke inhalation)
* Yakov Springer, weightlifting judge
* Eliezer Halfin, wrestler

; Shot in western-side helicopter D-HAQU
: According to the order in which they were seated, from left to right:
* Yossef Gutfreund, wrestling referee
* Kehat Shorr, shooting coach
* Mark Slavin, wrestler
* Andre Spitzer, fencing coach
* Amitzur Shapira, track coach

; Shot in control tower during gunfight
* Anton Fliegerbauer, West German police officer

; Palestinian militants shot dead by West German police
* Luttif Afif ("Issa")
* Yusuf Nazzal ("Tony")
* Afif Ahmed Hamid ("Paolo")
* Khalid Jawad ("Salah")
* Ahmed Chic Thaa ("Abu Halla")

## References
## Other websites
* The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Massacre &nbsp;– Includes an extensive overview of the Munich massacre
* A Tribute to the 1972 Israeli Olympic Athletes&nbsp;– Includes biographies and photographs for each of the 11 Israeli athletes killed
* *Time Magazine* , 4 December 2005
* Special Publication of Israel State Archives: The Fortieth Anniversary of the Massacre of the Israeli Athletes in Munich
Long-term memory

**Long-term memory** (LTM) is our memory of past events. It follows from short-term memory, and involves the growth of nerve synapses which are very long-lasting.

## Types of LTM 
The brain does not store memories in one unified structure, as might be seen in a computer's hard disk drive. Instead, different types of memory are stored in different regions of the brain.  Long term memory is typically divided up into two major headings:  memory and  memory.

### Explicit memory 
Explicit or 'declarative' memory refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge.  These are partly encoded by the hippocampus, stored elsewhere. Exactly where is unknown, but the temporal cortex has been proposed as a likely candidate. Research shows that amnesiac patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe performed more poorly on explicit learning tests than did healthy controls. However, the same patients performed at the same rate as healthy controls on *implicit* learning tests.  This implies that the medial temporal lobe is heavily involved in explicit learning, but not in implicit learning.

### Implicit Memory
Implicit or procedural memory refers to the use of objects or movements of the body, such as how exactly to use a pencil, drive a car, or ride a bicycle.  This type of memory is encoded and it is presumed stored by the striatum and other parts of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia is believed to mediate procedural memory and other brain structures and is largely independent of the hippocampus.  The parietal and occipital regions are associated with implicit memory.

### Emotional memory 
The memory for events that evoke a particularly strong emotion may involve both declarative and procedural memory processes.  Emotional memories are consciously available, but elicit a powerful, unconscious physiological reaction.  Research indicates that the amygdala is extremely active during emotional situations, and acts with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the encoding and consolidation of emotional events.

## Working memory 
Working memory (STM) is not part of long term memory, but is important for long term memory to work. Working memory holds and works on information for a short period before it is either forgotten or put into long term memory. Then, to remember something from long term memory, it must come back into working memory. If working memory is overloaded it can affect the encoding of long term memory. 

## References
Fidel V. Ramos

**Fidel** "**Eddie**" **Valdez Ramos** (March 18, 1928 – July 31, 2022), popularly known as **FVR**, was a Filipino politician. He was the twelfth President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. He played an important role in removing Ferdinand Marcos from power. Ramos was also a general. During his time as president, he helped make the economy strong.

Before becoming president, he was in the cabinet of President Corazon Aquino. He was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and later as Secretary of National Defense from 1986 to 1991. 

He helped create the Philippine Army's Special Forces and the Philippine National Police Special Action Force.

Ramos died on July 31, 2022 at a hospital in Makati, Philippines from problems caused by COVID-19, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
Natalie Appleton

**Natalie Jane Appleton Howlett** (born 14 May, 1973) is a Canadian pop singer and actress. She became famous as a member of the band All Saints. During part of All Saints' five years of inactivity, she was a member of Appleton with her younger sister Nicole Appleton. The sisters starred in the movie *Honest* in 2000.

Appleton was born in Mississauga, Ontario. Her daughter was born in 1992. She married her daughter's father, Carl Robinson, in New York in 1993. The couple divorced in 1995. She married Liam Howlett of The Prodigy in 2002. The couple's son was born in 2004.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Sensory memory

**Sensory memory** (**SM**) is an automatic response, not under conscious control. It deals with the input from the senses. The information people received which is stored in sensory memory is just long enough to be transferred to short-term memory.

The information in SM is the "raw data" of a person's overall sensory experience. There are four common features to all forms of SM: 
#The formation of a SM trace is independent of  to the stimulus.
#The information stored in SM is modality specific. This means for example, that echoic memory is only for storing auditory information, and haptic memory is only for storing tactile information.
#Each SM store has an immense amount of detail.
#Each SM trace is very brief and lasts a very short period of time. Once the SM trace has decayed or is replaced by a new memory, the information stored is no longer accessible and is ultimately lost.

The SM is made up of stores of different kinds of information. Each has different rates of information processing and decay. Genetics also plays a role in SM capacity.

## References