open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
GNU General Public License

The **GNU General Public License** (**GPL**) is a computer software copyleft license. This license lets the user of the software use a program in many of the same ways as if it were public domain. They can use it, change it, and copy it. They can also sell or give away copies of the program with or without any changes they made to it. The license lets them do this as long as they agree to follow the terms of the license. The GPL was created by Richard Stallman. The current version is version 3, created in 2007, although some software still uses version 2, created in 1991.

There are two main terms to the license. Both apply to giving the program away or selling it. 
*A copy of the source code or written instructions about how to get a copy must be included with the software. If the software is able to be downloaded from the internet, the source code must also be available for downloading.
*The license of the software can not be changed or removed. It must always use the GPL.

If the user does not agree to follow the GPL, they can still use the software under copyright laws. They can use it and make copies or changes to it for themselves, but they cannot give it away or sell it. They also can not change the license.

## Related pages
* List of software licenses

## Other websites 
* GNU General Public License v1.0
* GNU General Public License v2.0
* GNU General Public License v3.0
* GNU website
Java

**Java** () is one of the Sunda Islands of Indonesia.  

The area is 132,000 square km. It is the world's 13th largest island. Around 140 million people live there, which is half the people in Indonesia and more than on any other island in the world. Most of them speak the Javanese language and many also speak other languages. 

The Java Sea is to the north, the Indian Ocean south. The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is in Java. The center is an east-west chain of volcanic mountains.

## Climate 
Most of Java has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Koeppen climate classification). The northern coast of the island is low-lying. The soil is fertile, because the island was made by volcanoes. It is an important area for growing crops in Indonesia.

## Religion 
The majority religion in Java island is Islam. Majority of the Javanese are Muslim and they follow the branch of Sunni Islam.

## Gallery 

Straat van soenda.jpg|Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra
Mount Bromo at sunrise, showing its volcanoes and Mount Semeru (background).jpg|Mount Bromo is a volcano
Old harbour of Jakarta, 2005.jpg|The old harbour in Jakarta

## Related pages 
* List of Javanese people

## Sources 
*
1844

## Events 
* February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.

## New Books 
* *The Luck of Barry Lyndon* by William Makepeace Thackeray

## Births 
*May 22 – Mary Cassatt, American artist (d. 1926)
*July 4 – Edmonia Lewis, American sculptor (d. 1907)
*August 6 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1900)

## Deaths 
* June 27 – Joseph Smith, Jr, founder of Mormonismhe was raped and murderd
1902

**1902** (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* July 11 – Arthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
* September 1 – A Trip to the Moon, the first science fiction movie, premières.
* Marie and Pierre Curie discover radium
* The Real Madrid football club starts in Spain
* Statue of Boudica unveiled in Westminster, London

## Births 
### January 
]]
* January 8 – Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician (d. 1988)

### February 
]]
* February 1 – Langston Hughes, American writer (d. 1967)
* February 4 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
* February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist (d. 1987)
* February 27 – John Steinbeck, American writer (d. 1968)

### March 
]]
* March 24 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician (d. 1971)

### April 
### May 
### June 
]]
* June 16 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist (d. 1992)

### July 
* July 10 – Kurt Alder, German chemist (d. 1958)

### August 
]]
* August 8 – Paul Dirac, English physicist (d. 1984)

### September 
]]
* September 21 – Ruhollah Khomeini, revolutionary leader (d. 1989)

### October 
]]
* October 5 – Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur (d. 1984)

### November 
* November 9 - Anthony Asquith, British director (d. 1968)

### December 
]]
* December 5 – Strom Thurmond, American politician (d. 2003)
* December 9 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress (d. 1985)

## Deaths 
* April 30 - Swami Vivekananda - Indian social reformer (b. 1863)
* December 14 – Julia Grant – former First Lady of the United States (b. 1826)
* September 16 – Levi Strauss, American business person (b. 1829)

## Hits songs 
* "The Entertainer" m. Scott Joplin
1895

## Events 
* Roentgen discovers X-rays
* Marconi invents the wireless telegraph
* China and Japan sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki
* José Paulino Gomes was born on 4 August

## Births 
### January 
### February 
### March 
in march of 1895 the english invaded the Australian indigeonous

### April 
### May 
### June 
### July 
### August 
* August 4  José Paulino Gomes, Brazilian supercentenarian (d. 2023)

* August 24 – Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong (d. 1960)

### September 
### October 
* October 8 – Juan Perón, President of Argentina (d. 1974)
* October 25 – Levi Eshkol, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)

### November 
### December
1796

## Events 
* An English doctor invents a vaccination against smallpox.

## Births 
*January 7-Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales
*July 26 - George Catlin, American painter
*December 27 – Mirza Ghalib, poet of Urdu
1879

**1879** (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* Thomas Edison invents the light bulb.
* Rutherford B. Hayes State of the Union Address.
* The Anglo-Zulu War took place.

## Births 
* March 14 &ndash; Albert Einstein, German scientist (died 1955)
* August 8 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary
* August 15 &ndash; Ethel Barrymore, American actress (died 1959)
* November 7 – Leon Trotsky, Ukrainian revolutionary and Marxist (died  1940)
* December 22 &ndash; Sydney Greenstreet, British actor (died 1958)
* Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer
* Simon Rodia, creator of the Watts Towers

## Deaths 
* January 26 - Julia Margaret Cameron, British Indian photographer (b. 1815)
* February 11 – Honoré Daumier, French caricaturist and painter (b. 1808)
* February 23 – Albrecht Graf von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (b. 1803)
* February 25 – Charles Peace, British criminal (executed) (b. 1832)
* March 1 – Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (b. 1825)
* March 30 – Thomas Couture, French painter and teacher (b. 1815)
* April 30 – Sarah Josepha Hale, American writer (b. 1788)
* June 1 – Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial, son of French Emperor Napoleon III (b. 1856)
* June 27 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator (b. 1811)
* August 30 – John Bell Hood, America Confederate general (b. 1831)
* November 5 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (b. 1831)
* August 11 – George Willison Adams, Ohio abolitionist (b.1799)
1769

**1769** (MDCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* James Watt invents an engine driven by steam

## Births 
* August 15 – Napoleon
1837

## Events 
* Samuel Morse invents the electric telegraph.
* Michigan becomes the 26th state.
Births

March 18 - Grover Cleveland, twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States (d. 1908)
1885

## Events 
* Benz builds the first single-cylinder engine for car.
* John K Starley creates the first genuine bicycle, the Rover.
* John Boyd Dunlop invents the pneumatic tire.
* W.S. Gilbert & Arthur Sullivan's *The Mikado*
* *The Times* reports that "A lady well known in literary and scientific circles" has been cremated by the Cremation Society in Woking, Surrey. She is the first person to be officially cremated in the United Kingdom.
* Cholera epidemic in Spain – one of the victims is the king Alfonso XII.
* Third Burmese War begins.
* Clint Eastwood defeats Mad Dog Tannen.
* Sitting Bull joins Buffalo Bill.
* Randolph Churchill becomes a viceroy of India.
* Nikola Tesla sells a number of his patents to George Westinghouse.
* William Stanley, Jr. builds the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil.
* Local anesthetic.
* First skyscraper – Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois, USA (10 floors) is built.
* Bicycle Playing Cards are first produced.
* Grover Cleveland replaces Chester A. Arthur as President of the United States

## Births 
* January 8 – John Curtin, Australia's 14th Prime Minister
* September 17 – George Cleveland, Canadian actor

## Deaths 
* March 31 – Charlotte Brontë, British writer
Platinum

**Platinum** is a chemical element. It has symbol **Pt** and atomic number 78. Platinum is a , heavy, white metal. It is a precious metal and a transition metal. Its name comes from the Spanish word  meaning "little silver".

Platinum is part of the platinum group of elements. It is on group 10 in the periodic table of elements. Its atoms have an atomic weight of 195 atomic mass units. It has 6 isotopes that is found in nature. Platinum can be found in some nickel and copper ores. 90% of platinum is found in the Ural Mountains, Colombia, the Sudbury basin of Canada, and a large reserve in South Africa.

In the past, it was worth more than gold. Since the late 2010s, gold cost more. The element is hard to find in the Earth's crust. It has an average abundance of about 5&nbsp;μg/kg. There, it is used to change molten glass. Elemental platinum is not found to be dangerous to human health. Compounds that have platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are used in chemotherapy against some types of cancer.

## Related pages 
Platinum group

## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
* Platinum at *The Periodic Table of Videos* (University of Nottingham)
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Platinum Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
* 
* 
* 
*
Craft

**Craft** or **handicraft** is about making things with one's own hands and skills. The different types of crafts can be put in groups according to the material being used. In the Middle Ages the most common materials were metal, wood or clay.

A craftsman is a person who has the knowledge and skills of a craft.  When they have a lot of experience they may be called a *master craftsman*.  If they are young people learning a craft they are called an *apprentice*.
San Andreas Fault

earthquake]]

The **San Andreas Fault** is a right-moving ('dextral') strike-slip fault. It marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. The fault was the cause of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It first appeared about 20 million years ago. 

The San Andreas Fault is a zone several miles wide with multiple strands. The main active strand runs both on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay. Then it goes southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula. Crystal cum reservoir is formed by the fault itself. 

In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward. This is the site of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression. Strands of the fault snake under the Los Angeles Basin. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez.

The San Andreas fault was discovered by Professor Andrew Lawson in 1895, who climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to support his conclusion: the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.

## References
Void (astronomy)

In astronomy, **voids** are the empty spaces between filaments. Filaments and voids are the largest-scale structures in the Universe. There are no or few galaxies in voids. Most voids have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc. 
Especially large voids are the empty spaces without many superclusters. 
These voids are sometimes called **supervoids**.

A 1994 official counting lists a total of 27 supervoids with a distance of up to 740 Mpc.

## References 
#
Victoria, British Columbia

**Victoria** is the capital city of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is named after Queen Victoria. Around 400,000 people live in the Victoria area. Many people work for the government or in tourism. It is warmer than other Canadian cities in the winter and so many Canadians move there when they retire.

Victoria is on Vancouver Island. Most people travel there by ferry from Vancouver or from Washington State. Victoria has three ferry docks and an airport, Victoria International Airport.

Victoria has one of the mildest climates in Canada, with gardens blooming year-round.

Some tourist attractions are the Butchart Gardens and the Royal British Columbia Museum.  SOME OF THE BEST-known buildings are the government buildings and the Empress Hotel; both are by the Inner Harbour.

The first people to live in the area were the Coast Salish native people. People from England built Fort Victoria in 1843. Victoria became a city in 1862.

There are 18,000 students who study at the University of Victoria. Other people study at Camosun College, Royal Roads University, University Canada West, Victoria College of Art, and the Canadian College of Performing Arts. Students from all over the world study at Pearson College, near Victoria.

The Canadian navy has ships in the part of the city called Esquimalt.

Some of the parks include Beacon Hill Park, East Sooke Park, Mount Work Park, and Mount Douglas Park.

There are many flowers in Victoria, which is called the "city of gardens." It is much drier than places nearby, and has little snow.

These well-known people from are Victoria:
* Jamie Benn (hockey)
* Emily Carr (art)
* Steve Nash (basketball)
* David Foster (music)
* Nelly Furtado (singer)
* Kyle Germaine Johnson (Pro Biker)

## Regions 
The Victoria area is made up of 13 parts. Four of them make up Greater Victoria:
* Victoria
* Saanich
* Esquimalt
* Oak Bay

Three of them make up the Saanich Peninsula:
* Sidney
* Central Saanich
* North Saanich

The others make up the Western Communities:
* Colwood
* Langford
* View Royal
* Metchosin
* Sooke
* Highlands
Canal

warship in the Suez Canal.]]A **canal** is a waterway made by humans. For many centuries, canals have been built as a way of transporting heavy goods in barges or boats. Canals often connect lakes, rivers, or oceans. The Panama Canal is a famous canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Many canals are reinforced with clay or concrete on the sides and have locks. Other canals are used for irrigation or hydropower.

## Related pages 
* 

## References
Mars (mythology)

**Mars** is the god of war in Roman mythology. Mars is the son of Juno and Jupiter. Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus, and also Cupid. The planet Mars and the month March are named after him. He was the god of war, murder, and bloodshed. His Greek name is Ares. He tried many times to start wars between the gods.

## Related pages
* Ares - Greek mythology version of Mars
* Tyr - Norse mythology version of Mars
Suez Canal

view of the Suez Canal]]
The **Suez Canal** (Arabic: قناة السويس, *Qanā al-Suways*, French: *Le Canal de Suez*) is a canal in Egypt. It lies west of the Sinai Peninsula. The canal is 163 km long (101 miles) and, at its narrowest point, 200 m wide (656 ft). It runs between Port Said (''Būr Sa'īd*) on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez (*al-Suways*) on the Red Sea. It was built by a French company. The canal was started in 1859 and finished in 1869.

The canal allows ships to travel between Europe and Asia without having to go the way around Africa. This saves time and fuel. It was built for Europeans to go to and from the Indian Ocean.

## History 
In 1859, Egyptian workers and European engineers, working for Ferdinand de Lesseps of the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company, began digging under a contract with the Khedive of Ottoman Egypt. It took ten years to build. The first ship passed through the canal 17 November, 1869; Giuseppe Verdi wrote the famous opera Aida for this ceremony.

The canal made it possible to easily transport goods across the world. The canal also allowed Europeans to travel to East Africa, and soon to take control of it. The British tried to stop the canal, fearing that it would increase French power in the Indian Ocean. Later, they bought shares in the company.

The success of the Suez Canal encouraged the French to try to build the Panama Canal. But they did not finish it. The Panama Canal was finished later.

The canal was a central point during the Six Day War in 1967. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974, to avoid more wars. The canal reopened in 1975.

About 15,000 ships pass through the canal each year, which is about 14% of world shipping. Each ship takes up to 16 hours to cross the canal. In 2015 a central part of the canal was expanded so more ships can go through and go faster.

The canal was blocked for part of late March 2021 by the *Ever Given'', a container ship, which became stuck diagonally.

## References
Cessna

**Cessna** is a company that makes airplanes. The company is named for their founder, Clyde Cessna.  They are in Wichita, Kansas in the United States. They make small aircraft that can hold 2 to 4 people and in the last decades, they have built several models of business jets.

## Cessna aircraft 
* Cessna 172
* Cessna 152
* Cessna 182
* Cessna T-37 Tweet
* Cessna Citation X
* Cessna 210
* Cessna 620
* Cessna 402

## Other websites 
* Cessna website
Shoe

A **shoe** is a type of footwear. It is an item of clothing. You can wear them outside. Shoes come in pairs, with one shoe for each foot. People usually wear shoes in public. They are worn for hygiene, style, and comfort. While there are some shoes that don't need socks to wear, shoes are usually worn with socks.

Shoes are a type of foot protection.  For example, many shoes can protect a person's foot from sand; others do not.

## Types of shoes 
There are many different types of shoes. Athletic shoes, for example, are lightweight to make running, walking or jogging easier. The sole of the shoe is also softer.  Slippers are a kind of indoor shoe.  They often serve to keep feet warm.  Tall shoes are boots.  Rubber boots are used in wet places.

Shoes are also worn for fashion.  Shoes with a high heel are called high heels.  Shoes for formal wear are made of leather.  They are worn for business and ceremonial functions.

## Other websites 
*
Clothing

1860]]
)]]
 (Furisode)]]
**Clothing** are items used to cover the human body. Humans are the only animals that wear clothing. During the many thousands of years between losing body hair and learning to make clothes, humans were naked. 

Some estimates come from studying the biology of lice. The body louse lives in clothing, and the last ancestor that it and head lice both had lived about 107,000 years ago. This suggests that clothing existed at that time. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 44,000–74,000 years ago. In September 2021, scientists reported evidence of clothes being made 120,000 years ago based on findings in deposits in Morocco, a country in the northwestern part of Africa.

Some archeologists think Neanderthals became extinct because they never invented the sewing needle, and were then unable to make fitted clothing or footwear to survive the extreme cold of the last ice age.

## Biblical Story of Clothing 
In the Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve are created naked but don't know it until they eat a fruit that they're not supposed to eat so they cover themselves with leaves. Then God, sends them out of the Garden of Eden and He gives them clothing to wear.

## Things that are not clothing 
People often decorate their bodies with makeup or perfume, and they also cut or change the hair on their heads and faces. They might also go in for body modification: tattoos, scarifications, and body piercings. But makeup and tattoos are not kinds of clothing.

Things that are carried and not worn, like wallets, purses, canes, and umbrellas, are called accessories, but they are not kinds of clothing, either. Jewelry and eyeglasses are also accessories that are put on the body. Nail polish is also put on the fingertips and can be interpreted as makeup.

## What clothing is made of 
Clothing is often made of:
* Cloth
**Natural fibres, such as cotton, flax, wool, hemp, ramie, silk  
**Synthetic fabric, such as nylon, polyester, acrylic 
* Fur
* Leather

## Needed to make clothing 
* Cloth
* Scissors or knives.
* Needles and thread.
* Sewing machine or weaving wheel

## Related pages 
* Fashion
* Fashion design
* Human timeline

## References
Café

A **café** is a type of restaurant which typically serves coffee and tea, in addition to light refreshments such as baked goods or snacks. The term "café" comes from the French word meaning "coffee".

A café setting is known as a casual social environment where you can find people reading the provided newspapers and magazines or their own, playing board games, studying or chatting with others about current events.  It is also regarded as a place where information can be exchanged.

A café is sometimes called a coffeehouse or a coffee shop or tea shop in English, a café in French and a bar in Italian (cafe, a misspelling due to the difficulty of typing the accented "é", and café are the common spellings used in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese et al. However, the word is spelled "caffè" in Italian). Café can be misspelled as caffe, although the correct spelling is café. It shares some characteristics of a bar and some characteristics of a restaurant given its selection of foods and beverages served, but is distinct from a cafeteria which is a type of restaurant where customers can choose from many dishes displayed on a serving line. In some countries, cafés are designed to more closely resemble restaurants whereby offering a range of hot meals and possibly licensed to serve alcohol. Most British cafés however, do not sell alcohol likely due to the prominent pub culture.

## Café variations 
In the Netherlands, cannabis-selling cafés face an uncertain future under a planned new law banning smoking in public places. The cafés, which attract millions of tourists each year, allow customers to buy marijuana over the counter and openly smoke it. The acronym CAFE, Cannabis and Fine Edibles is used in Canada to represent the largest retail chain in the country, post-legalization.

Another type of café, known as the Internet café, was introduced in the 1990s and went hand in hand with the rising prevalence of computers in society. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary atmosphere created a youthful, modern public space compared to existing locales including traditional bars and old-fashioned diners.  Many cafés offer public wireless Internet or even computers and telephones. Further integrating internet usage to the café atmosphere, some stores like Starbucks allow you to order directly from your smartphone, tablet, or other devices through their free store app or websites online.

More recently alongside the growing popularity of geek and gaming culture, gaming cafés have also begun to open in cities worldwide. These cafés offer a library of board games and tabletop games, from childhood classics such as Monopoly to indie games, for customers to play at their leisure for a nominal fee.

hatdog
Aircraft

is a kind of aircraft.]]
An **aircraft** is a flying machine. 

The word *aircraft* originally meant airships and balloons. It comes from the words *air* and *craft*,  a term from boating as were many early aviation words.

There are many different kinds of aircraft.

Some aircraft keep in the sky by moving air over their wings. Examples are aeroplanes, helicopters, and gliders. Some aircraft keep in the sky by floating.  Examples are balloons and airships.

Most aircraft use engine power. Examples are aeroplanes, helicopter, and airships. Gliders and balloons use no power.  A few aircraft use muscle power. A parachute, whilst flying, is also considered an aircraft.

Big aeroplanes for transporting people are called *airliners*. Airliners are the quickest way to travel.  Airliners can fly over mountains and bad weather.  Airliners have complex technology to make them fly quickly, safely and for less money. 

A few fighter aircraft can fly at 3,200&nbsp;km/h (2,000&nbsp;mph). 

The person who drives an aircraft is called the aviator or pilot.

## Largest aircraft 
These are the largest aircrafts. They are:
*The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume is the British Airlander 10.
*The largest aircraft by weight and largest regularly used fixed-wing aircraft is the Antonov An-225 *Mriya**.*
*The largest military aircraft and the second largest airplane is the Antonov An-124 *Ruslan**.*

## Related pages 
*Aerodynamics
*Evacuation slide
*Flight recorder

## References
Beef

**Beef** is a type of meat that comes from cattle. Beef can be cooked in many ways; cuts are usually used for steak, which can be cooked to many levels of doneness. Trimmings are usually ground or minced, like most hamburgers. Beef has protein, iron, and vitamin B12. High consumption of beef or other kinds of meat is linked to a higher risk of colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease, more so when processed. Beef has a high impact on the environment and is a main cause of deforestation. Beef makes the most greenhouse gasses of any farmed product. Beef is very popular in Argentina, where it is a national dish and icon.

## Types of beef 
* Ground beef
* Steak
* Corned beef
* Steak rump
Beef can also be in different types of grading such as:

* Prime
* Choice
* Select
Jazz

with his orchestra and vocalist Ethel Waters, in the movie *Stage Door Canteen*, 1943]]

**Jazz** is a type of music which was invented in the United States. Jazz music combines African-American music with European music. Jazz first became popular in the 1910s. Some common jazz instruments include the saxophone, trumpet, guitar, piano, double bass, and drums.

## Definition
It is difficult to give an exact definition for "jazz". A singer Nina Simone said, "Jazz is not just music, it is a way of life, it is a way of being, a way of thinking". Blue notes are notes that are played at a slightly different pitch from normal.

## History 
, one of the first swing big band leaders to become widely popular.]] 
Jazz began in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music was first based on the music of African slaves who were forced to work in the plantations of the southern United States. This included call and response songs, spirituals, chants and blue notes. These characteristics are what developed blues, a sad song that slaves sung during their labor. These influences were indirect, through earlier musical forms such as ragtime. 

Jazz also has musical styles from European music, as well as the brass and stringed instruments and (sometimes) the use of musical notation.

There have been different types of jazz through time. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s.  Dixieland jazz was also popular. In the 1930s, there was swing jazz, which was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s, bebop became a major type of jazz, with fast songs and  harmony.

Large jazz bands, which are called big bands, were also popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have 5 saxophone players, 4 or 5 trumpet players, 4 trombone players, a piano player or guitar player, an acoustic bass player, a drummer, and sometimes a singer. 

In the 1950s, there was hard bop jazz. In the 1960s, there was modern jazz and free jazz. In the 1970s, jazz fusion began to blend jazz music with rock music. Some jazz is still played with the same improv methods as it did at its beginning, except with modern electronic instruments.

## International Jazz Day 
April 30 is an "International Jazz Day". Each year jazz concerts and educational events take place around the world. This is the day to increase understanding to jazz. The United Nations Education and Science Organization (UNESCO) also take part in this event. People celebrate the day, because they believe the history of jazz has something to do with peace, freedom and equality.

## References
## Other websites 
* *Jazz*  — A documentary movie by Ken Burns on PBS
* Free 1920s Jazz Collection available for downloading at Archive.org
* Jazz Foundation of America
* Jazz at the Smithsonian Museum 
* Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame website
* Smithsonian Jazz Oral History Program | National Museum of American History
Silk

(1885-1892)]]

**Silk** is a natural fibre made by the silk worm to form their cocoon. Silk fibres are very strong, yet soft, and so are often used to make cloth.

The cloth from silk can be made into  rugs, bedding, or can be used to write or paint on. In the past, silk was used to make parachutes. The practice of growing silkworms for silk production is called *sericulture*.

Most spiders make a natural fibre of their own that is also called silk to create spider webs.

## History 
The practice of breeding silkworms, known as sericulture, dates back to around 5000 BC during the time of the Yellow Emperor, Huang Di. Legend says that his wife, Lei Zu, introduced silkworm rearing and invented the loom, earning her the title "Goddess of Silk". The Chinese began producing silk cloth by 3000 B.C., and traded it across the world throughout Asia and into Europe along the Silk Road because it was very valuable and costly. They were the only ones producing it and selling it to the world until the second century, when the silk industry spread into India and Persia. In the sixth century, Christian monks stole silkworms from China. The silk from these monks played an important role in the economy of the Byzantine Empire. China and India produce the most silk in modern times.

## Chemical properties
Silk that is made by the silk worm is made up of two main proteins, sericin and fibroin.

Fibroin is the structural center of the silk and gives it its strength. It is made up of amino acids, which make the fibers strong and hard to break. The tensile strength is there because of hydrogen bonds. When silk is stretched, there is a strong force on these many bonds, so they do not break.

Serecin is the sticky material which surrounds the fibroin and gives it protection from the outside. Silk is resistant to most mineral acids, except for sulfuric acid, which dissolves it. Perspiration gives the silk a yellowish colour.

## Ethics
Silk worm cocoons are boiled to separate the fibers. This kills the pupa inside, raising ethical concerns. In response, the process of making "peace silk" was created. This process allows the pupa to hatch as adult moths before the broken cocoons are boiled. However, the moths then suffer greatly in the commercial setting, discarded to starve to death after mating or killed by grinding to analyze their remains for disease insted of being cared for, and since the nervous system of animals breaks down in the cocoon stage, negating senses such as pain, there is far more suffering in the current "peace silk" process than in the regular silkmaking process.

## Related pages
* Silk Road

## References
1267

## Events 
### By topic 
#### War and politics 
* February 16 &ndash; King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, figuring out the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Leon, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.
* May 27 &ndash; Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.
* The Second Barons' War in England ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
* Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.
* The city of Ostrava is founded.

#### Culture 
* Roger Bacon completes his work *Opus Majus* and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes *Opus Minus*, a summary of *Opus Majus*, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the *Opus Tertium*, written in 1267, that *"forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet"*. The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.
* The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear *Pileum cornutum*,a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.
* In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

### By place 
#### Asia and Africa 
* The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.
* Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.
* Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended against the invasion and drive out Spanish forces.

## Births 
* February 3 &ndash; Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (d. 1302)
* August 10 &ndash; King James II of Aragon (d. 1327)
* December 17 &ndash; Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)
* Giotto di Bondone, Italian artist (d. 1337)
* Roger de Flor

## Deaths 
* March 3 or March 4 &ndash; Lars, Archbishop of Uppsala
* John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (b. 1223)
* Hugh II of Cyprus (b. 1253)
EBay

**eBay** is a website. It is a place for online auctions. Anybody can sell almost anything they want there. People can buy many things there as well.

People have to send what they sell themselves, usually using mail. Some items may be collected by the buyer such as items to large or heavy to post. Buyers can transfer the money in any way they want as long as the sellers accept payments made that way. A lot of people use PayPal to transfer the money. PayPal was owned by the same people as eBay until 2015. Margaret Whitman was the CEO of eBay from 1995 to 2008.

## History 
eBay was started in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. It was first called *Auctionweb*. The name 'eBay' came later when he tried to register a domain name for his planned name *EchoBay*. It was already taken so he shortened the name to 'eBay'.

## Statistics 
Millions of items are bought on eBay every day. It is often very cheap to list an item on eBay. Total costs are usually below ordinary auction house costs. Many people look at others' items because they are interested in them.

## References 
## Other websites 
* eBay site
Reincarnation

**Reincarnation** is the name of the idea that people are born again  in another body after they die and this cycle continues over many lifetimes. Rebirth or "transmigration" is the preferred term for those believers who do not believe in eternal souls. Many Hindus, Jainists, Celtic pagans, Buddhists, and people who follow some African religions believe in reincarnation or rebirth/ transmigration. Carnate means “of flesh”, and reincarnate means to “reenter the flesh".

## Belief in reincarnation or rebirth/transmigration
The belief is held in many religions except Islam and Christianity, although 20 to 30 percent of Christians in western countries also believe in reincarnation.

## Reincarnation in Hinduism 
Hindus believe in reincarnation, the process where the soul repeatedly takes on a physical body through being born on Earth. Ancient scriptures of Hinduism starting around 700&nbsp;BC teach that the soul, or immortal “self”, takes birth time and time again. The soul survives and continues its long journey until it is one with God. Hindus believe that the soul never dies, but inhabits one body after another during its evolutionary journey guided by karma. Karma (literally: action) is the sum of one's actions, and the force that determines one's next reincarnation.

The soul evolves from immaturity to spiritual illumination. Therefore, each reincarnating soul chooses a home and a family which can best fulfill its next step of learning and maturation. Each life on Earth is similar to a class in school. Maturation of the soul on Earth means fulfilling its worldly desires, which can only be experienced through a body.

At death the soul leaves the physical body. But the soul does not die. It lives on in a subtle body called the astral body. The astral body exists in a nonphysical dimension called the astral plane. Here the soul continues to have experiences until it is born again in another physical body as a baby.

After many lifetimes of following dharma (right way of living), the soul is fully matured in love, wisdom and knowledge of God. There is no longer a need for physical birth, for all lessons have been learned, all karmas fulfilled. When all desire has vanished, the person will not be born again anymore.

## Reincarnation research
Ian Stevenson found that the best research evidence supporting the belief in reincarnation comes from the cases of young children who, typically between the ages of 2 and 5, make statements about a previous life they claim to have had before being born. Some 35 per cent of the children also have birthmarks or birth defects which often correspond to injuries or illness experienced by the deceased person who the subject remembers. Medical documents have confirmed this correspondence in more than forty cases.

## Related pages
* Resurrection
* Life Before Life
* Ian Stevenson

## References 
## Other websites
*Criticisms of Reincarnation Case Studies PSI Encyclopedia
Gerhard Schröder

**Gerhard Schröder** was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005.

He was born on 7 April 1944 in Mossenberg, North Rhine-Westphalia.
After school he learned retail sales in a Lemgo from 1958 to 1961.
After that he made his abitur (highest school exam in Germany) in Bielefeld. Then he studied law in Göttingen. After that he worked as a lawyer.

He joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1963 and became chairman of its youth organisation in 1978.
In 1986 he became a member of the State Parliament of Lower Saxony.
In 1990 he was elected as Prime-Minister of Lower Saxony.

He became the chancellor of Germany in 1998. After elections in 2005, he was replaced by Angela Merkel. He is a member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany).

## Other websites
Victoria

**Victoria** might mean:
* Victoria (name), a female name
* Victoria (state), a state in Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, capital city of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria, Seychelles, capital of Seychelles
* Queen Victoria, a former Queen of the United Kingdom.
* Roman version of the Greek goddess Nike (mythology)
Table salt

**Table salt** is a mineral composed mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl). This is a chemical compound, one of many salts. Salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.

When salt (sodium chloride) is mixed with water, the salt dissolves into the water, creating a saline solution. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about  of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%.

Salt can be made by either evaporation or can be mined. To get sea salt, man-made holes are built then filled with sea water. The water evaporates and leaves salt behind.

Table salt is one of the few minerals that are eaten a lot by humans, but it can be used for other things besides giving food its flavor. Both sodium and chlorine are needed for all living creatures, including humans, but they are not always eaten in the form of salt, where they are found together in large amounts. Some peoples, like the Yanomami tribe in South America, eat very little salt. Salt is used to control the amount of water in the body. Salty flavor is also one of the basic tastes. Salt cravings may be caused by not having enough minerals, such as sodium chloride, in the body.

Eating too much or too little salt can make health problems more likely to happen, for example hypertension. When food is made, salt was often used as a preservative, to make the food last longer, and as a seasoning, for flavor.   Salt is less used as a preservative now as refrigeration is used instead and people are worried that too much salt will make them ill.

There are different ways to get table salt:

* From the sea, using salt evaporation ponds or desalinisation plants.
* From a mountain, or underground, using salt mines.
* From natural brine.
* From the supermarket.

## Related pages 
*Salt

## References
Canberra

**Canberra** is the capital city of Australia. There are 403,468 people who live there. It does not belong to a state but it is in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

Canberra was started in 1913 and in the middle of the city is Lake Burley-Griffin. This lake was created especially for the city. There was a competition to design the new capital city of Australia. The competition was won by an architect from Chicago in the United States of America. His name was Walter Burley Griffin. Griffin designed his triangular town as a garden town, so its size expanded over a big area. But as Canberra grew larger and larger, the lake was no longer in the middle of the town, but the people who are in charge of planning the city make sure Canberra is as close to Griffin's original plan as possible. Canberra has a size in area nearly as big as Berlin, but the number of people who live there is much smaller.

Before Canberra was founded, Australia’s two most important cities, Sydney and Melbourne, were arguing which city should be the capital of the continent. First, Melbourne was elected the capital, but in 1908 there was a vote. The result: an area of 2400 square kilometers was given to the country by New South Wales to build Canberra in. This was the place, 300 kilometers away from Sydney and with a distance of 650 kilometers to Melbourne, where a few years later Canberra was built.

The name Canberra is pronounced in various ways and most commonly now as "CAN-brugh" making it sound almost an English name - Canborough !  Some say "CAN-buh-ruh" ; a small number of people may pronounce it "can-BEAR-ruh" ; at an earlier time "can-BERR-a" was very common and that form is still heard although often looked down upon as ignorant and incorrect. But while now an uncommon pronunciation it may be closest to the original name and pronunciation. In the 19th century a farming property on the Limestone Plains was named "Canberry" (or "Camberry") and some think this name is derived in turn from the name of the local tribe - the Ngambri or Kamberra or Camberri people.  (Others have suggested the name is derived from an Aboriginal word meaning "meeting place").

Canberra has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Köppen climate classification). Due to Canberra's inland location and fairly high altitude, summers are warm to hot with frequent heat waves and droughts and winters are fairly cold with frequent frosts during the nights. Snow is only common on the mountains.

Tourists who visit Canberra come to see the many national monuments and other famous sights. Some places to visit are the Government House, Parliament House, the High Court of Australia, the Australian War Memorial, the National Gallery of Australia, the Royal Australian Mint, Telstra Tower, the National Library of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia.

## References 
## Other websites
European

**European** may mean:
*A person or attribute of the continent of Europe 
*A person or attribute of the European Union 
*A person descended from a European ethnic group
*A Citizen of the European Union
*European windstorm, an extratropical cyclone that affects Europe

## Biology 
*European ash, a tree. It is a kind of ash. It can be found throughout Europe. It is a deciduous tree that grows to a height of 20–35 metres
*European magpie, a bird that lives in Europe, much of Asia, and Northwest Africa. It is one of several birds in the crow family named as magpies
*European robin, a small bird that is found in many parts of Europe

*European badger, a species of badger. Its genus is *Meles*. It is native to almost all of Europe. 
*European honey bee, a species of bee
*European sprat, a kind of fish
Greenhouse effect

The **greenhouse effect** occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere (the air around the Earth) trap infrared radiation. This makes the planet become warmer, similar to the way a greenhouse becomes warmer. 

The most important greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapor, carbon dioxide(CO2), and methane. When there is more greenhouse gas in the air, the air holds more heat. This is why more greenhouse gases cause climate change and global warming.

The greenhouse effect is natural. It is important for life on Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average temperature would be around 18 or –19 degrees Celsius (0 or 1 degree Fahrenheit). Earth would be locked in an ice age. Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth's actual average temperature is 14 degrees Celsius (57 degrees Fahrenheit). 

The problem is that recently, the greenhouse effect has become stronger. This is because humans have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has caused the planet to warm over the past 150 years.
* article.]]

About 10,000 years ago, before people started burning large amounts of fossil fuels, there were 260 to 280 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, but now there is over 400&nbsp;ppm. Most scientists say that having 350&nbsp;ppm or less is safe for the environment and that species on the planet can adapt to this level.  Higher levels can make severe problems for animal and marine life that are already being seen today, such as ocean acidification.

The greenhouse effect was first proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824. Mars, Venus and other planets with atmospheres also have greenhouse effects. The effect on Venus is especially strong because Venus has so much CO2. This is why Venus is hotter than Mercury, even though Mercury is closer to the sun. The first person to predict that carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels (and other combustion processes) could cause global warming was Nobel Prize winner Svante Arrhenius.

## Related pages
* Greenhouse gas
* Greenhouse gas emissions
*Global warming

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the greenhouse effect
* *Study of Ice Age bolsters carbon and warming link'' February 28, 2013 The New York Times
* Rutgers University: Earth Radiation Budget 
* Greenhouse effect -Citizendium
Click

**Click** is an .
* Some languages, such as Xhosa language use click consonants.
* Pressing the button on a computer mouse sometimes is called a "mouse click".