open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Berlin Crisis of 1961

The **Berlin Crisis of 1961** () was an event in the Cold War. It was between United States, West Germany, and the rest of NATO against the Soviet Union, East Germany, and the rest of the Warsaw Pact. It led to the city being divided into two parts and to to the Berlin Wall being built.

## Related pages
* Nikita Khrushchev
* Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Presidency of John F. Kennedy
* Berlin Wall

## Further reading
* Barker, Elisabeth. “The Berlin Crisis 1958–1962.” *International Affairs* 39#1 (1963), pp. 59–73. online. 
* Beschloss, Michael. *The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963* (1991) online
* Carmichael, Neil. "A Brief History of the Berlin Crisis of 1961" (US National Archives. 2011); short essay; no copyright
* 
* 
*
* Freedman, Lawrence. ''Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam* (Oxford UP, 2000) pp 45–120. online
* Gearson, John PS, and Kori N. Schake, eds. *The Berlin Wall Crisis: Perspectives on Cold War Alliances* (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
*
* 
*
*
* Lunak, Petr. "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis: Soviet brinkmanship seen from inside." *Cold War History* 3.2 (2003): 53–82.
*
* Newman, Kitty. *Macmillan, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1960* (Routledge, 2007).
*
* Rasmussen, Kasper Grotle. "In search of a negotiated settlement: McGeorge Bundy and the 1961 Berlin crisis." *Journal of Transatlantic Studies* 14.1 (2016): 47–64.
* Schick, Jack M. *The Berlin crisis, 1958–1962* (1971) online
* Sergunin, Alexander. "The role of the Executive Office of the President in the US decision-making on the Berlin crisis of 1961." *Americana* 15 (2017): 64–95.
* Slusser, Robert M. *The Berlin Crisis of 1961: Soviet-American Relations and the Struggle for Power in the Kremlin, June–November, 1961* (Johns Hopkins UP, 1973) excerpt
* Smith, Jean Edward. *The defense of Berlin* (1963).
* Taubman, William. *Khrushchev: The Man and his Era* (WW Norton & Company, 2003). pp 480–506.online
* 
* Tompson, William. *Khrushchev: A political life* (Springer, 2016). online
* Trachtenberg, Marc. *A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement 1945‒1963* (Princeton UP, 1999) pp. 283–402. excerpt
* Voorhees, Theodore. *The Silent Guns of Two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev Play the Double Game* (U of Michigan Press, 2020).
* Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises" *History Today'' (June 1962) Vol. 6, pp. 375–384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online.
* Zubok, Vladislav. "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958‒1962)" (CWIHP, 1993) online, primary sources

## Other websites
*The Wall, 1958–1963 
*Forty Years Crisis
*First strike options and the Berlin Crisis
*The Berlin Crisis of 1961: Documents at the National Archives
*Khrushchev's Secret Speech on the Berlin Crisis, August 1961 
*Conference: "From Vienna to Checkpoint Charlie: The Berlin Crisis of 1961"
*
GitLab

**Gitlab** is a software package to develop and operate software. GitLab includes a version control system based on Git. Gitlab has features including access control, bug tracking, feature requests, task management, and wikis for projects.

GitLab has over 30 million registered users, including 1 million active users. There are more than 3,300 code contributors and team members in 60+ countries.

## Overview 
GitLab Inc. was founded in 2014 to continue the development of an older code-sharing platform.

GitLab offers its platform using a freemium model. Since its founding, GitLab has became one of the largest only remote work companies. The company employs more than 1300 people over 65 countries.

## Adoption 
GitLab Forge was adopted in 2023 by the French Ministry for Education as an educational resource.

## Acquisitions 
In March 2015, GitLab Inc. acquired Gitorious, a competitor which had over 800,000 users. These users were moved to GitLab was shutdown in June 2015. Instead of merging, GitLab Inc. announced it would continue as its own service. Additionally, the code would become open-source no later than June.

In January 2018, GitLab Inc. acquired Gemnasium, a service that helped scan for issues with libraries.  The features were merged into GitLab in May.

In June 2020, GitLab Inc. acquired Peach Tech, specializing in "fuzz testing", a security testing solution. 

In June 2021, GitLab Inc. acquired UnReview, A software automation tool.

In December 2021, GitLab Inc. acquired Opstrace, Inc. Creators of a software monitoring platform.

## References
Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning

***Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning*** is an American action spy movie. It was released on May 23, 2025 in North America. It was directed by Christopher McQuarrie and produced by Tom Cruise and McQuarrie. It is the eighth movie in the *Mission: Impossible* series and the back-to-back sequel to the 2023 movie *Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One*.

The movie follows IMF agent Ethan Hunt as he goes on a mission with his team to try and stop a man named Gabriel before he can obtain an AI program that can weaken the world's stability.

Principal photography for the movie started in March 2022 and ended in November 2024. It has a budget of $400 million and is one of the most expensive movies ever made.

## Cast 
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Jésus et Israël

***Jésus et Israël*** (1948) is a book published by French historian Jules Isaac (1877–1963) – three years after the end of WWII and his survival in the Holocaust as an Auschwitz prisoner. The book was translated into English in 1971.

## Overview
The book has 600 pages, analyzing the history of antisemitism and Christianity by comparing the New Testament to Catholic and Protestant commentaries, some of which were considered by Isaac as having distorted the relationship between Jesus and the Jews and led to antisemitism among European Christians. which ultimately caused the Holocaust,

At the Seelisberg Conference of Christians and Jews in 1947, his Eighteen Points became part of the *Ten Points of Seelisberg* adopted by the Conference. The Conference was followed by Isaac's formation of the L’Amitié Judéo-Chrétienne in 1948 for "the promotion of Christian-Jewish understanding."

## Reception
Some critics pointed out that antisemitism existed in pre-Christian times, i.e. not unique to Christianity, – translated into English as *Has Anti-Semitism Roots in Christianity?* in 1961 In the book's final chapter, Isaac stated two principles:

#### Reviews
In his review, theologian Ray Summers (1910 – 1992) summarized Isaac's last book as such:

## Related pages
* Jewish deicide
* Antisemitism in Europe
* Secondary antisemitism

## References
Karate Kid: Legends

***Karate Kid: Legends*** is an American martial arts drama movie. It was released on May 30, 2025 in North America. It was directed by Jonathan Entwistle and produced by Karen Rosenfelt. It is the sixth main movie in *The Karate Kid*.

The movie follows Li Fong, a kung fu prodigy. After a family tragedy take place, Li moves from Beijing to New York City with his mother. He trains under Mr. Han and Daniel LaRusso to try and win a karate competition.

Principal photography for the movie started in Montreal on April 1, 2024 and ended in June 3.

## Cast 
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Chrysoberyl

The gem commonly known as chrysoberyl is a yellowish-green, brownish-yellow, or colorless transparent to translucent mineral that is usually faceted into gems and generally considered a collector's stone. While not often set in jewelry, its characteristics make it ideal for such use.

Chemically, it is a mixed oxide of beryllium and aluminium. It has the chemical formula . Chrysoberyl is not a type of beryl, which is a beryllium silicate.

## Sources
F1 (movie)

***F1*** is an American sports action drama movie. It is expected to be released on June 25, 2025 in Worldwide and on June 27, 2025 in the United States and Canada. It was directed by Joseph Kosinski and stars Brad Pitt, Damson Idris, Kerry Condon, Tobias Menzies, Kim Bodnia, and Javier Bardem. It was made with help from Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).

The movie follows Sonny Hayes, an-ex Formula 1 driver who suffers an accident while racing and attempts to get back into racing.

Principal photography for the movie started in Silverstone, United Kingdom on July 8, 2023 and ended on December 8, 2024 in Abu Dhabi.

*F1* was released in the United States by Warner Bros. Pictures and Apple Original Films on June 27, 2025. The movie received positive reviews from critics. The movie is the highest-grossing auto racing movie of all time. The National Board of Review named it as one of the top ten movies of the year. At the 98th Academy Awards, it earned four nominations, including Best Picture.

## Cast 
### Real life drivers
## References
## Other websites
*
Jurassic World Rebirth

***Jurassic World Rebirth*** is an American science fiction action movie. It was released on July 2, 2025. It was directed by Gareth Edwards and produced by Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley. It is the seventh main movie in the *Jurassic Park* series and is the sequel to the 2022 movie *Jurassic World Dominion*.

## Plot 
The movie takes place five years after the events of *Jurassic World Dominion*. It follows Zora Bennett, an ex-military woman who gets sent on a top-secret mission along with a paleontologist Dr. Henry Loomis and Duncan Kincaid. They are sent to find the first research laboratory used for the Jurassic Park theme park on an abandoned island so they can create a drug from the DNA of the three largest dinosaurs.

## Production 
Principal photography for the movie started in Thailand on June 13, 2024 and ended on September 27, 2024.

## Cast 
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Ya-Sin

**Yā Sīn** (also pronounced as Yaseen; Arabic: يٰسٓ, yāsīn; the letters 'Yā and 'Sīn') is the 36th chapter of the Quran. It has 83 verses (āyāt). It is considered an earlier "Meccan surah". Some scholars sustain that verse 12 is from the Medinan period. While the surah begins in Juz' 22, most of it is in Juz' 23. The surah starts with the eponymous (muqatta'at) Arabic letters: يس (yā sīn). The meaning of the letters yā sīn, while being primarily unknown, is discussed amongst Muslim religious academics.

## References
Maguindanao people

The Maguindanao people, called **Maguindanaon**, are an Austronesian ethnic group from the Philippines. The Maguindanaon are part of wider political identity of Muslims known as Moro, who constitute the third largest ethnic group of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. 

The Maguindanaons historically had an independent sultanate known as the *Sultanate of Maguindanao* which comprises modern day Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Zamboanga Peninsula, Davao Region and Soccsksargen. The name *"Maguindanao/Magindanaw"* itself was corrupted by Spanish sources into "Mindanao", which became the name for the entire island of Mindanao and its surrounding islets.

## Etymology 
The word *Maguindanao or Magindanaw* means "people of the flood plains", from the word ''Magi'inged* that means "people or citizen" and *danaw* that means "lake or marsh". Thus *Maguindanao or Magindanaw* can also be translated as "people of the lake", identical to their close neighbors, the Maranao and Iranun. These three groups speak related languages belonging to the **Danao language family**. Aside from this, most are able to speak Filipino, and English in varying levels of fluency. Arabic is also used among madrasah-educated Maguindanaons, being the liturgical language of Islam, a religion of most Maguindanaons, though it is rarely used beyond its religious environment except by Maguindanaons in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia, who are fluent in that language.

### Musical and performing arts 
*, the traditional lute]]
The Maguindanaon have a culture that revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines.

## References
Elio (movie)

***Elio*** is an American animated science fiction adventure movie. It is expected to be released on June 20, 2025. It was directed by Domee Shi and Madeline Sharafian, with help from Adrian Molina. It was produced by Mary Alice Drumm. America Ferrera was supposed to be in the movie but had to leave because of scheduling differences.

The movie follows an eleven-year-old boy named Elio Solis. He is sent into space after aliens believe he is the ambassador for Earth. He tries to work with the aliens and restore order in the galaxy.

Disney first revealed the movie during their D23 Expo event on September 9, 2022.

## Cast 
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Claro

**Claro** is a Mexican conglomerate of telecommunications, entertainment, cloud services, streaming and electronic commerce present in Latin America.

Claro has a presence in 15 countries on the continent, with nearly 262 million wireless customers, 30 million fixed lines, 17 million broadband accesses and 16 million cable television subscribers.

## References
1977-78 Austrian football championship

The **1977-78 Austrian Football Championship** was organized by the Austrian Football Association. The single-track 2nd Division served as a substructure to the 1st Division. The Regionalliga East (Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland), the Alpenliga  (Salzburg, Tyrol) and the regional leagues of Vorarlberg, Carinthia, Upper Austria and Styria served as the third level.

FK Austria Wien  became Austrian football champions for the 12th time. SV Austria Salzburg was promoted.

Due to the fact that the national team had qualified for the World Championships in Argentina, the original schedule was changed. It was played in winter, starting on January 14th (20th round). This was extremely unusual for Austria. Austria and Rapid played their home games in Vienna's most modern stadium, the Weststadion, (opened in spring 1977).  The stadium was closed in November 1977 due to serious construction defects. They had to play  in the Horrstadion (Austria) and the old Rapid home ground (Pfarrwiese).

## Final table
## Matches 
## References
Languages of Papua New Guinea

Languages of Papua New Guinea:
* Australian English
* Tok Pisin
* Hiri Motu
* Papuan languages
* and many others

## Related pages 
* Languages of Papua New Guinea
* Languages of New Zealand
* Languages of Australia
Naken-tha

**Naakenthaa** (), also spelled as **Nakentha** (/nā-ken-thā/), refers to the autumn season or fall season in Meitei language. It is one of the seasons in the Meitei calendar of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). It plays an important role in different elements of the Meitei culture, including but not limited to Meitei festivals, Meitei folklore, Meitei folktales, Meitei history, Meitei literature, Meitei mythology, Meitei proverbs, traditional Meitei religion (Sanamahism), etc.
, a festival during the autumn season]]

### A day of married women 
Ningol Chakouba (), a traditional Meitei festival, in which the married daughters and sisters are invited by their parents and brothers, to dine together in their parental homes, falls during the autumn season. Aheibam Shyam Singh described the beauty of the autumn season, with relation to the festival, in the following lines:

The origins of this lamp-lighting tradition are steeped in an ancient narrative about two brothers. One brother stayed in the hills, while the other traveled down to the valley (Imphal), referring to the Meitei people. The light served as a means of communication across distances and time. Long after the brothers' departure, their descendants continued this custom, and it is believed that the practice of lighting the lamp is deeply rooted in this historical memory.

## In Meitei mythology and folklore 
In Meitei mythology and Meitei folklore, autumn season is related to a special lamp for lighting ceremony. It is called as the "Autumn lamp".
The story of the Autumn Lamp signifies the ancient brotherhood of the Meitei ethnicity with a hill tribesmen community called the Tangkhul people, which primarily live in the hills of Manipur.

## In Meitei literature 
In Meitei literature, naakenthaa may depict the sad days of a person's life, where there is little or no joy and no beauty, and more about sorrows and melancholy.

## References
Broadway Through a Keyhole

***Broadway Through a Keyhole*** is a 1933 American musical movie directed by Lowell Sherman and starring Constance Cummings, Russ Columbo, Paul Kelly, Blossom Seeley, Gregory Ratoff, Texas Guinan, Abe Lyman. It was distributed by United Artists.

## Other websites 
*
Massacre at Marble City

***Massacre at Marble City*** (; ; ) is a 1964 German French Italian western movie directed by Paul Martin and is loosely based on the 1845 novel *Die Regulatoren von Arkansas* by Friedrich Gerstäcker. It stars Brad Harris, Mario Adorf, Horst Frank, Ralf Wolter, Dorothee Parker and was distributed by Constantin Film.

## Other websites 
*
Montarlot-lès-Rioz

**Montarlot-lès-Rioz** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France.

## References
Montcourt

**Montcourt** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France. The commune is part of the arrondissement of Vesoul and the canton of Dampierre-sur-Salon.

## References
Thomas Parits

**Thomas Parits** (born October 7, 1946 in Siegendorf, Austria) is a former Austrian football player and coach.
## Career 
In the summer of 1964 Thomas Parits got his first professional contract with FK Austria Wien. He scored his first official goal in a friendly against Slavia Prague in September 1964. However, Parits scored his first competitive goal in his thirteenth league appearance as an Austrian (in March 1965 against the Wiener Sportclub) 

Brought from Austria to 1. FC Köln by coach Ernst Ocwirk at the beginning of the 1970/71 season, he left the club a year later for Eintracht Frankfurt. He played there until 1974 and played a total of 103 Bundesliga games in which he scored 23 goals. In his last year he won the German Cup with Eintracht.

After his time in the German Bundesliga, he played for the Spanish club Granada CF, again for Austria Vienna (1977–79) and finally ended his active career at VOEST Linz. Parits scored 100 goals in 258 competitive games for Austria Wien.

## International 
Parits played 27 times for the Austrian national team. There he scored five goals. His first match was on 24 April 1966 versus USSR. His last match was on 10 October 1973 versus Germany. 
## International statistics
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Parits  goal.''

## Manager 
As a coach, he worked for SC Neusiedl am See, Austria Wien, VSE St. Pölten and Admira Wacker.
## Honours 
;as player

̽Austrian Cupː 1967

Austrian championː 1969, 1970, 1978, 1979

DFB-Cupː1974
;as manager
Austrian championː 1985 with FK Austria Wien

Champion 2nd leagueː 1988 with VSE St. Pölten

## References
Oy, pri luzhku

**"Oy, pri luzhku, pri luzhke"** (lit. , ) — a Russian and Ukrainian Cossack folk song. Its versions were published in both languages. Some of them are well-known today.
## History 
As wrote an author, literature romances began to replace true folk and old songs from the Russian countryside. That process started in 19 century and still continues. One of such "newborn" folk songs was "On the meadow". It is often sung during the weddings and sometimes is called as a "wedding song".
  
### In the Russian Far East and Siberia 
The song is well-known in Siberia among the Ukrainians,the Russians and other Russian-speaking folks (e.g., the settlers from Udmurtia), both in the cities and in the countryside. In 2010-s, some folklorists wrote several samples of its text from the village dwellers in the Russian Far East.

## Plot 
A young man catches his horse in the field and then rides the animal to his bride. There he meets her mother who invites him into the house. He looks for his bride and, when they two meet, the girl hugs and kisses him.
## Performance 
The song became a part of the Soviet operetta "Wedding in Malinovka" where the soldiers sang that several times. It also sounds in the Soviet movie based on that opera. Other prominent performers include the ,  and her band , . The song became well-known among the Russian soldiers during the WWII.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Loučovice

**Loučovice** () is a municipality and village in Český Krumlov District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Blue Ghost Mission 1

**Blue Ghost Mission 1** [was] a Moon landing mission. There were no astronauts on the flight. It landed on the Moon on March 2, 2025.  The mission's name is Ghost Riders in the Sky.  This was the second Moon landing by a private company. The Blue Ghost mission is run by Firefly Aerospace.

Background: The first private landing was Athena by the company Intuitive. However, that lander fell over and many of its functions were not possible.

## References
Cooler Heads Coalition

The **Cooler Heads Coalition** is a group in the United States that reject the idea of climate change. The group is politically conservative. IThe Competitive Entrerpirse Instituite runs and finances the group. The group tried to stop the govenrment from adressing climate change.   

The Coalition operates a website, and published a blog and e-newsletter *Cooler Heads Digest* (last issued in 2012). It was founded by Consumer Alert.

The Cooler Heads Coalition describes itself as "an informal and ad-hoc group focused on dispelling the myths of global warming by exposing flawed economic, scientific, and risk analysis".

## Reception 
*The Washington Post* described the group as "in the vanguard of efforts to cast doubt on the gravity of climate change and thwart government efforts to address it."{*The New Yorker* has described the Cooler Heads Coalition as "an umbrella organization operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a nonprofit that prides itself on its opposition to environmentalists."

According to *The Washington Post*, the group was for "long dismissed as cranks by mainstream scientists and politicians in both parties" until the group was embraced by Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.
The Cooler Heads Coalition has been criticized for ties to energy industries that would be affected if the United States enacted any legislation targeted at reducing CO2 emissions.

## References
Codine

***Codine*** is a 1963 French Romanian crime movie directed by Henri Colpi and starring Alexandru Virgil Platon, Françoise Brion, Nelly Borgeaud, Răzvan Petrescu. At the 1963 Cannes Film Festival, it won the award for Best Screenplay.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
18th district of Budapest

**18th district of Budapest** (Hungarian: **Budapest XVIII. kerülete**) was formed on January 1, 1950, when the towns of **Pestszentlőrinc** and **Pestszentimre** were joined to Budapest. The district is mostly a residential suburb with many single-family houses spread out, some densely built housing estates, and a few industrial sites. It is home to Budapest International Airport, as well as the Central Forecasting Office of the National Meteorological Service and the Central Atmospheric Physics Institute.

## History 
The district was created in 1950 by merging Pestszentimre and Pestszentlőrinc, which had existed as two separate cities until then and were annexed to Budapest.

## Politics 
The current mayor of the district is Sándor Szaniszló (DK).

## Population 
On October 1, 2022, the population of the 18th district was 99,400 people, which was 5.9% of Budapest’s total population. Since the 2011 census, the district’s population grew by 901 people. In 2022, the average number of people per square kilometer was 2,575. The age structure of the district is quite unfavorable. That year, 14% of the residents were under 14 years old, while 21% were over 65. In 2021, life expectancy at birth was 73 years for men and 78.3 years for women. The largest group by highest completed education is people with high school diplomas, numbering 34,208, followed by those with university degrees, totaling 23,821. In 2022, 88.2% of people over 6 years old had internet access. According to the census, 10.8% of the district’s population, about 10,743 people, identified as belonging to a minority. The most common minorities were German, Roma, and Chinese.

## Sister cities 
* , Dąbrowa Tarnowska
* , Izvoru Crișului
* , Băile Tușnad
* , Roding
* , San Nicola la Strada
* , Artashat
* , Nin
* , Nesebar
* , Obzor

## References
List of country musicians from Carolina

:*Pages appear in :Category:Country musicians from Carolina*
This is a list of famous country musicians from Carolina, USA.

* Kellie Pickler (born 1986)
* Aaron Tippin (born 1958)

## Sources
Leading Lady Parts

***Leading Lady Parts*** is a 2018 British comedy short movie written and directed by Jessica Swale. The title has a double meaning. It can both refer to women in leading roles and the main female gentials.  It is inspired by the Time's Up movement. The movie stars several A-list actresses auditioning for a leading lady role, offering a critique of the casting process.  Gemma Arterton had the idea for the movie.  It premiered on BBC Four in 2018 and is available for free on YouTube.

## Synopsis 
Several A-list actresses are auditioning for the "leading lady part" in an untitled movie. The casting directors have a very specific idea of what a "leading lady" should be. They have increasingly ridiculous and insulting requests of the actresses, including comments on their minds, bodies, ages, and skin colors. They interrupt any actress during their audition, and two women aren't allowed to read for the part at all. Finally, Tom Hiddleston enters the room, and he is immediately cast upon introducing himself. In the last scene, Gemma Chan is speaking with someone on her phone after her audition, while walking by parody movie posters in which each lead actress is Hiddleston.

## Cast 
## Production 
The idea for a movie inspired by the Time's Up movement was put forth by British actress Gemma Arterton after she had attended several meetings as part of the movement. Jessica Swale wrote the script and within three weeks the cast and funding had been secured. It was filmed over the span of a few days at Warner Bros. Studio, Leavesden. The film was produced by Arterton's production company Rebel Park Productions, with Arterton crediting Felicity Jones for the idea of the film as a collaboration.

Actresses who appear as themselves in the film include Gemma Chan, Emilia Clarke, Lena Headey, Felicity Jones, Wunmi Mosaku, Katie Leung, Stacy Martin, and Florence Pugh. While the film was originally to be produced by an all-female crew, this proved impossible for the filmmakers. The film is the first in a planned series of short films that address similar issues relating to the Time's Up and Me Too movements.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
2025 Trump–Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting

On 28 February 2025, the President of the United States, Donald Trump and the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy had a tense meeting at the White House in Washington, D.C. The meeting was supposed to end with an agreement on Ukraine's rare earth minerals. Trump and the Vice President of the United States, JD Vance loudly criticized Zelenskyy, often interrupting him. It was the first time a U.S. president had publicly criticized a visiting leader this way. Zelenskyy was asked to leave, and talks were cut off.

Before the meeting, the United States wanted Ukraine to compromise with Russia to end the war quickly, but Ukraine didn't trust Russia without the United States security guarantees.

The meeting was tense and drew heavy criticism. Most of the United States' allies and global leaders supported Zelenskyy, while Russia praised the outcome and criticized him. In the United States, Republicans mostly backed Trump, while Democrats condemned him.

## References
Kienberg

**Kienberg** is the name of several places in Europe:
* Kienberg (Gärten der Welt) (Berlin U-Bahn), a railway station
* Kienberg, Bavaria, Germany
* Kienberg, Switzerland
* Loučovice, a village in South Bohemia, Czech Republic, also known as "Kienberg" in German
Serednie

**Serednie** (Ukrainian: *Середнє*, Hungarian: *Szerednye*, Russian: *Среднее*) is a town in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine.

## History 
The village was first mentioned in 1417 as *Zerednye*. Near its border, at the entrance to a valley, lie the ruins of its old castle. The Serednie Castle was built in the 12th century by the Knights Templar, later owned by the Pauline monks, and then by the Drugeth Family. The village is known as a famous wine-producing center, noted in a document from 1417.

## References
501(c)(3) organization

## Definition 
A 501(c)(3) organization is a non-profit organization based in the United States who doesn't have to pay taxes because it falls under Section 501(c)(3) of the United States code.

Entities that are formed and run solely for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, for public safety testing, to promote amateur sports competition on a national or international level, or to stop cruelty to children or animals are exempt from taxes under Section 501(c)(3).  

Additionally, any non-incorporated communal chest, fund, cooperating association, or foundation established and run specifically for such purposes is included under the 501(c)(3) exemption.  Supporting groups are also available; these are frequently abbreviated as "Friends of" groups.

## References
Solovka

**Solovka** (Hungarian: *Szalóka*, Ukrainian: *Соловка*) is a village in Uzhhorodskyi Raion, Transcarpathia, Ukraine. It is located 11 km southeast of Chop, 3 km from Lónya, 46 km from Uzhhorod, on the right bank of the Tisza River, next to the Hungarian border.

## History 
Solovka, first noted as *Zalók* in the 1240s and later as *Zalóka* in 1464, is an old Árpád-era village. Back in 1240, it was royal land given by King Stephen V to Mihály I of the Rosd family. By 1464, it was owned by the Lelesz provostry, which kept lands here into the early 20th century, though the Betke and Lónyay families also held property in the area. 

Most villagers turned to the Reformed faith during the Reformation. In 1910, all 791 residents were Hungarian -11 Greek Catholic, 762 Reformed, and 11 Jewish, and it belonged to Szabolcs County’s Tiszahát district until the Treaty of Trianon. 

Kálmán Soós (1962-2011), a historian and past rector of the Ferenc Rákóczi II Hungarian College in Berehove, was born here.

## Population 
Now, it has 896 people, with 97% Hungarian.

## Landmarks 
Its Reformed church, built in 1783 in Baroque-Classical style to replace an old stone one, stands out with a cassette ceiling where each panel shows a unique Hungarian flower design. In 2009, the church was renovated—getting a new roof to stop leaks that threatened the ceiling, a cleaned exterior, and restored text on three panels. 

## References
Mannophryne vulcano

The **Caracas collared frog** (*Mannophryne vulcano*) is a frog.  It lives in the Sierra de Portuguesa in Lara, Venezuela.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day and lives near streams.

Scientists do not know if this frog lives in any protected places, but the place where the frog lives has part of one park in it: Waraira Repano National Park.

## Young
The male frogs call to the female frogs. The female frogs lay eggs on wet leaves or in dirt that has water in it. They lay 12-16 eggs at a time. The male frogs watch the eggs. After the eggs hatch, the male frogs carry the tadpoles to water.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Bad chemicals in the water, fires, visitors, farms, and new towns can hurt the frog or change the places where it lives.
Scientists have seen the dangerous fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on this frog, but they do not always die from the disease chytridiomycosis.

## First paper
*

## References
Begendyatska Pastil

**Begendyatska Pastil** (Ukrainian: *Бегендяцька Пастіль*, Hungarian: *Alsópásztély* or *Begengyátpásztély*) is a village in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine.

## History 
The name of the village was first mentioned in a document in 1602 as *Begengyát Pasztely*. Between 1782-1784 it was written as *Begengyátpásztél*y, in 1808 as *Begengyat-Pásztély*, and in 1913 as *Alsópásztély*.

## Population 
Its population in 2001 was 190 people, 99.07% were Ukrainian and 0.97% were Russian.
Nizhnye Solotvyno

**Nizhnye Solotvyno** (Ukrainian: *Нижнє Солотвино*, Hungarian: *Alsószlatina* or *Nagyszlatina*) is a village in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine.

## History 
It was settled in the second half of the 14th century. Its first written mention dates back to 1398 under the name *Slatina*. From the 17th century it was mentioned under the name *Nagyszlatina*.

## Notes
Andriyivka

**Andriyivka** (Ukrainian: *Андріївка*; Hungarian: *Andrásháza*) is a village in the Zakarpattia Oblast of western Ukraine. 

## History 
Before the Treaty of Trianon it belonged to Hungary. 

In 1910, out of 452 inhabitants, 43 were Germans and 409 were Rusyns. Of these, 8 were Roman Catholics, 401 were Greek Catholics, and 43 were Israelites.

## More information 
* Topographic map of the Soviet Union
* Place-name directories of Hungary, 1873–1913
Firefly Aerospace

**Firefly Aerospace** is an American private aerospace company.  It develops small- and medium-lift launch vehicles for commercial launches to orbit.  Firefly Aerospance is based in Cedar Park, Texas. The company was formed when the assets of the former company **Firefly Space Systems** were bought by EOS Launcher in March 2017.  It was then renamed *Firefly Aerospace*. Firefly's stated purpose is to increase access to space.

## History 
Firefly Space Systems began as a startup in January 2014. In November 2014, Firefly moved  from Hawthorne, California to  Cedar Park, Texas.

In March 2017, the company went bankrupt.  Then it started again as Firefly Aerospace by Noosphere Ventures, who bought out the assets of former Firefly Space Systems. 

On May 17, 2018, Firefly Aerospace opened a Research and development (R&D) center in the city of Dnipro, Ukraine.  Even before the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the future of the Firefly R&D center in Ukraine was uncertain; after the invasion started, the Dnipro factory was bombed and many of the Ukrainian engineers either joined the army or fled the country.  The United States government asked Noosphere to sell its part of ownership in the company.  In February,  2022 Noosphere said it would do so.

In August 2022, Northrop Grumman announced that it had contracted Firefly Aerospace to build the first stage for its Antares rocket. Northrop Grumman states that the new first stage substantially increases the mass capability of Antares.

On September 14, 2023, Firefly successfully launched the Alpha rocket on its first mission for the United States Department of Defense, placing a spacecraft for Millenium Space into orbit and demonstrating rapid response launch for the United States Armed Forces.

In 2024, it was announced that Firefly would compete for small satellite launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense.

*Blue Ghost* is a class of lunar landers designed at Firefly's Cedar Park facility to meet the updated NASA requirements for a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) lunar lander. 

On 15 January 2025, Blue Ghost Mission 1, the first Firefly lander, launched on a Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle. It landed successfully  on the Moon on 2 March 2025. 

## References
Armed Forces of Uruguay

The **Armed Forces of Uruguay** ( or *FF.AA. del Uruguay*)  are the entity belonging to the Ministry of Defense that groups the National Army, the Navy and the Air Force. According to the Uruguayan constitution, they have the mission of fulfilling the requirements of National Defense, in order to safeguard the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the country, as well as to take care of strategic resources and contribute to the maintenance of internal peace.

These three branches are constitutionally subordinate to the President of Uruguay, who exercises supreme command through the Minister of National Defense. The operational command of the forces falls to the Chief of the Defense Staff. 

As of 2003, Uruguay has more than 3,000 Uruguayan soldiers in twelve United Nations peacekeeping missions. The largest contingents are stationed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Haiti. In the Sinai Peninsula, there is a detachment of 85 men. By 2020, almost 50,000 Uruguayan soldiers have participated in United Nations Peacekeeping missions in places such as the Congo, the Golan Heights, India-Pakistan, Lebanon, the Central African Republic and Colombia, among others. There are also Uruguayan forces commanded by the UN in the Sinai. Since 1993, 35 Uruguayan soldiers have died in Peacekeeping missions.

## References
Kundiman

**Kundiman** is a genre of traditional Filipino folk ballads, predominantly with romantic themes. The lyrics of the kundiman are written in classic Tagalog language. The melody is characterized by a smooth, flowing and gentle rhythm with dramatic intervals.

## Pamulinawen
The song *"Pamulinawen"* is perhaps the most well-known song in the Philippines Ilocos region, that pre-dates the year 1521 of Spanish colonization; possibly the oldest Philippine folk song still known. It is described as the "Regional Song of the *Ilocandia*". which, besides treating grammar, also enumerates the characteristics of the Tagalog language, and discusses its lyrical poetry. In the book, Coria listed the most important songs of the Tagalog people, which were Kundiman ballads and folk songs. 

*  *Diona* and *Talingdao* (songs in the homes and in ordinary work)
*  *Indolanin* and *Dolayin* (songs in the streets)
*  *Soliranin* (boat songs)
*  *Haloharin*, *Oyayi*, and *Hele-hele* (lullabies)
*  *Sambotani* (songs for festivals and social reunions)
*  *Tagumpay* (songs to commemorate victory in war)
*  *Hiliraw* and *Balicungcung* (sweet songs)
*  *Dopayinin* (similar to *Tagumpay*; more serious and sincere)
*  *Kumintang* (love song; also a pantomimic "dance song")
*  *Cundiman* (love song; used especially in serenading)

## Harana
Kundiman became a traditional mode of *harana*, or serenade in the Philippines.

## Structure 
The kundiman emerged as an *art song* at the end of the 19th century and by the early 20th century, its musical structure was formalised by Filipino classical composers as they sought poetry for their lyrics, blending verse and music in equal parts. The formalized art song structure of the kundiman is characterized by moderate 3/4 time, with the piece beginning in a minor key and ending in the parallel major.

## References
Harana (serenade)

**Harana** is a practice of serenade rendered in rural areas of the Philippines. The songs usually sung in harana are *Kundiman* or *dansas*.

## Etymology
The name, *"harana"*, is derived from the **jarana**, a guitar-like string instrument from Mexico; which in turn is an adaptation of the Spanish *vihuela*. 

## History
The harana was widely practiced in the early part of the Spanish Philippines period, derived from Mexican mariachi strains, and the folk music of Spain. It became a traditional form of nocturnal courtship music, by men singing beneath the window of their beloved. 

It in many parts of the Philippines with a set of protocols, a code of conduct, and a specific style of music. The main instrument used for harana is the guitar, either accompanied for the singing courter, or played by him. Other instruments such as the bandurya and, infrequently a violin and clarinet, are also employed to enhance the accompaniment.

## References
Montdoré

**Montdoré** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France.

## References
Gregory of Nazianzus

**Gregory of Nazianzus** (329 – January 25, 389 or 390), also known as **Gregory the Theologian** or **Gregory Nazianzen** or **Gregory Nazianzen** ( - *Grēgorios Nazianzēnos* ) was the Archbishop of Constantinople in the 4th century. He was considered one of the typical Church Fathers in terms of eloquence. Being classically trained philosopher and preacher, he infused Hellenism into the early Church and was well-known among Byzantine prelates and theologians.

Gregory had an crucial impact on the model of Trinitarian theology, for both Greek and Latin church. Many of his theological works still continue to influence theologians today, especially on the issue of the relationship between Trinity.

Gregory was venerated in both Eastern and Western Christianity. Together with Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, he was known as the Fathers of Cappadocia . In Roman Catholicism, he was considered as Doctor of the Church. Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism honored him as one of Three Holy Hierarchs along with Basil the Great and John Chrysostom.

## References
Christianity in the 4th century

In the 4th century, Christianity went through important changes following three centuries of persecution within the Roman Empire. Christianity turned from a persecuted sect of Judaism into the state religion of the Roman Empire. who ruled from 337 ‒ 361. who held the heretical view that "Jesus is not God [...] but a creature with a beginning". Under Julian's brief rule, he rejected Christianity and promoted Neoplatonic Hellenism, a form of Greek philosophy. succeeded Julian in 379. such as salvation and sanctification.) i.e. everyone is merely guilty of his or her own sins. The Orthodox Church in America (OCA) gave an example to explain it:

If one of your close relatvies was a convicted serial killer, you might bear the consequences of his or her action as others might avoid you. However, you are not guilty of his or her sin.

## Related pages
* Protestantism
** Baptist
** Calvinism
** Anglicanism
** Lutheranism
* Eastern Christianity
** East–West Schism
** Oriental Orthodoxy
* Protestant Reformation
* Roman Catholic Church

## References
Jewish deicide

In Christian theology, **Jewish deicide** is the theological view that the Jews as a people are responsible for the Crucifixion of Jesus.

## Overview
The view is said to have spread in the early days of Christianity when early Christian theologians (Church Fathers) wrote about it. Since the end of the Holocaust, during which at least 6,000,000 Jews were killed, Now, Jewish deicide is considered an antisemitic trope and no longer agreed by mainstream churches.

### Gospel of John
The view is also said to have been based on John 5:16–18, where John referred to the Jews directly:

In the *Greek Bible* (The New Testament's original Greek text), Ἰουδαῖοι (*Ioudaios*) was used,

### First Epistle to the Thessalonians
In the First Epistle to the Thessalonians, Paul wrote,

## Church Fathers' views
### Ignatius of Antioch
In the early decades of Christianity, Ignatius of Antioch (c. 50–117) claimed that those who followed Jewish custom were "partakers with those who killed Jesus".

### Justin Martyr
Justin Martyr (100–165) claimed that God's covenant (also known as the Old Covenant or Mosaic Covenant) with the Jews was no longer valid and that Christians had replaced them because the Jews "[had] slain the Just One [Jesus]", 

Since there were only two other ordained individuals in Antioch legally recognized as Christian preachers, Chrysostom managed to promote his ideas to most local Christians.

## Academic views
Notably, John Chrysostom's *Adversus Judaeos* is seen by many historians as having inspired antisemites in the following 1,600 years to justify pogroms, expulsions and discriminatory policies against Jews. Such antisemites include Nazi Germany's ruler Adolf Hitler,

### James Parkes
Anglican priest James Parkes called Chrysostom's antisemitic homilies further mentioned the issue in his 1956 book *Génése de l’Anti-Sémitisme* ("Has Anti-Semitism Roots in Christianity?"):

### Steven Katz
American philosopher Steven Katz (1944 – ), the founding director of the Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies at Boston University in Massachusetts, wrote about: The three centuries of persecution of Christians did not end until the late 4th century,

### Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) held the view until 1965, when the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) passed the *Nostra aetate.* It includes the declaration that

Since then, the Catholic Church has become divided because of the rise of radical traditionalist Catholics, who are active in current American politics. Vatican II's position was supported by Pope John Paul II,

## Related pages
* *Jésus et Israël*
* Antisemitic stereotypes
* Dual-covenant theology
* Secondary antisemitism
* Holocaust uniqueness debate

## Footnotes
## References
National Geographic Brazil

**National Geographic Brazil** was a Brazilian pay television channel owned by Disney Media Networks Latin America, a division of **The Walt Disney Company Latin America**. The channel aimed to present documentaries, series and educational programs on science, technology, history and the environment.

On February 5, 2017, the Fox channels were removed from Sky's schedule due to a lack of agreement in negotiations between the two companies. The Nat Geo channel was replaced by the Discovery Civilization channel. The two companies reached an agreement on the renewal of the contract on February 10 and the Nat Geo channel was again broadcast on Sky's schedule instead of Discovery Civilization.

## Overview
Being the first Latin American country to receive the channel, the channel's broadcasts in Brazil replaced the independent channel The Superstation on November 1, 2000, launched by Fox Networks Group Latin America. According to people close to the channel, its launch in the country was due to the sales success of the National Geographic Magazine.
## Closing
On December 2, 2024, it was announced that its programming would end in Brazil, which would occur on February 28, 2025. The main reason is due to a strategy by The Walt Disney Company to focus only on its Disney+ streaming service, in addition to the constant drop in the number of pay TV subscribers, drastically affecting its audience. Although the end in Brazil was announced for the 28th, the channel only had its signal closed at 7 am on March 1, after the broadcast of the series The Food Factory: United States. The poster was replaced by an informative slide, despite having been released the day before by pay-TV and streaming operators.

## References
Vince Micone

**Vince Micone** is U.S. deputy assistant Secretary of Labor for operations.  He served as the acting United States Secretary of Labor from January 20 to March 11, 2025.

## References
Lilo & Stitch (2025 movie)

***Lilo & Stitch*** is an American science fiction comedy movie. It is released on May 23, 2025. It was directed by Dean Fleischer Camp and produced by Dan Lin and Jonathan Eirich. It is a live-action remake of the 2002 movie *Lilo & Stitch*. A sequel is in development. It is the second highest grossing movie of 2025 after Ne Zha 2

The movie follows a six-year-old girl named Lilo Pelekai who adopts an alien named Stitch that crash landed on Earth. Most of the movie follows the plot of the 2002 movie.

Principal photography for the movie started in Oahu, Hawaii on May 1, 2023 and ended on March 2024.

## Cast 
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
How to Train Your Dragon (2025 movie)

***How to Train Your Dragon*** is an American fantasy movie. It was first shown at CinemaCon on April 2, 2025 and then released on June 13, 2025. It was directed by Dean DeBlois. He also wrote and co-produced the movie with Marc Platt and Adam Siegel. It is a live-action remake of the 2010 movie of the same name.

The movie follows a boy named Hiccup as he makes friends with a dragon named Toothless and trains him, going against viking traditions. Most of the movie follows the plot of the 2010 movie.

Principal photography for the movie started in Belfast, Northern Ireland on January 15, 2024 and ended on May 16. The film has gained a IMDb ranking of 8.1/10, which is the exact same as the original [original film](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(2010_film))

## Cast 
## References
## Other websites
*
Oyer and Terminer

A commission authorizing a British judge to hear and determine a criminal case at the assizes.

## References