open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kirkkonummi

**Kirkkonummi** () is a municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 38,000 people lived in Kirkkonummi. It has an area of . 

Most people speak Finnish, almost 80%.

Kirkkonummi is close to the capital city, Helsinki. Other neighbouring municipalies are Espoo, Vihti and Siuntio.

Kirkkonummi was established in 1330.

Buildings and structures: Finland's tallest structure is a tower that is 185 m tall.

## References
## Other websites
* Community website
Land (economics)

In economics, **land** means all natural resources that cannot be produced in a larger quantity if prices go up, such as geographical locations and mineral deposits. 

In classical economics it is considered one of three factors of production, the other two being capital and labor; income that one gets because of ownership or control of natural resources is often referred to as rent.
Christian Klein

**Christian Klein** is a German manager who is the current chief executive officer at SAP SE.

## References
Publishing

**Publishing** is  making information available for public view. A publisher makes and sells literature or information. Publishers can pay their authors, or authors who want to be published can pay the publisher. Sometimes authors are their own publishers.

Traditionally, publishing means the creation and distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. Since the late 20th century it can also mean internet publishing.

A **publication** is the product of publishing.

Publications can be in various forms, including digital media, magazines, journals, and e-books, reaching audiences through both physical and online platforms.

## Academic publishers
* Cambridge University Press
* Elsevier
* Oxford University Press
* University of Tokyo Press

## Other websites 
;Books
*Association of American Publishers
*Book-Busters: Corporate Consolidation in Book Publishing and Selling and the Decline of Diversity by William Petrocelli (1999)
*The British Library - finding information on the book publishing & retailing industry 
*Piers Anthony's Internet publishing survey 
*Publishers Weekly, for book publishers
*A Report to the Authors Guild which reveals a "Crisis in Midlist Publishing" : Study (PDF file)
*Society of Young Publishers
*The Young Publishers Network 
*International Publishers Association
*A list of Publishers of genre fiction such as thrillers, suspense and mystery

;Miscellaneous
 
*Writing and Publishing Program : Online courses on writing and publishing from Simon Fraser University
*Editor and Publisher magazine and information on the newspaper industry 
*Magazine Publishing Startup Resource Web Site for Publishers
Song dynasty

The **Song dynasty** ruled in China from 960&ndash;1279. It was started by Emperor Taizu of Song who forced the state of Later Zhou out of power before reuniting China. This ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.   

There are two periods of Song dynasty history: Northern Song and Southern Song. The Northern Song lasted from 960 to 1127 and controlled most of China while the Southern Song was formed after Northern Song had lost control of North China to the Jin dynasty. Southern Song's capital was in Hangzhou and lasted from 1127 to 1279. Southern Song was conquered by the Mongols.  

## History 
The Northern Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960 to 1127. The first emperor, Emperor Taizu of Song, set the capital in Bianliang (now we call this city Kaifeng) in northern China. The Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed the highest economic and cultural prosperity during the ancient Chinese history.

The Battle of Yamen effectively ended the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279, as the battle resulted in the death of the last emperor Zhao Bing.

## Other websites
Great Red Spot

The **Great Red Spot** is a hurricane on the surface of the planet Jupiter. It is so big that two or three Earths could fit inside it. It has been going on for at least 340 years.

## Formation 
Scientists do not know why or how it formed, some researchers think because of the chemicals like ammonia in the upper part of the Great Red Spot. Scientists also notice that the spot is getting smaller which they also do not understand.

## Other websites 
*Jupiter simulations

## References
Part (music)

In music, a **part** is a line of music which is played by one player or group of players (or sung by one or more singers).  This is the usual meaning of the word “part” when talking about musical compositions.  

When a group of instruments are all playing the same notes together - like the first violins in an orchestra, they are all playing the same part.  The second violins are playing another part, the violas are playing yet another part, etc.

In a string quartet each of the four instruments plays a different part.

A group of singers who are all singing the tune together are singing in *unison*.  If they divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, they are singing in four parts.  The sopranos may be singing the tune and the altos, tenors and basses are providing the harmony underneath.  This is called “4 part harmony”.  If each of the four parts has its own share of the melody (or its own melody) it is polyphonic music.  Polyphonic music is always in several parts.

Sometimes music for the piano or organ may be written in a strict number of parts, e.g. a 5 part fugue for the piano could also be performed on five different instruments because there are always exactly five different lines of music (although sometimes a part will have a rest, but this is always shown by rests in the music).  Although written on two staves for the pianist (or three staves for an organist) it could be written on five staves: one stave for each part.

Another word for a musical *part* is *voice*.  In most other European languages the word for *part* in this musical sense is the same as the normal word for  *voice* e.g. in German: *Stimme* or French *voix*.

In general, the more parts there are in a musical composition the harder it is to compose because they all have to fit together to sound nice.  The 16th century composer Thomas Tallis wrote a motet called *Spem in alium* which is in 40 parts.  A choir of at least 40 people is needed to sing it, and even then each person will be singing something different to all the others.

## Orchestral parts
A slightly different (but related) meaning of “part” can be the actual printed music that a player in an orchestra or band puts on the music stand to play from.  The oboe part, for example, will just have the notes that the oboe plays.  In contrast, the conductor has a musical score in which all the instrumental parts are written underneath one another.

## ”Part” meaning “section”
The word *part* can also be used in its normal meaning of  *section* (i.e. a bit of something). We can say: “the first part of the movement is played just by the woodwind instruments”.  

Sometimes a large work like an oratorio will be split into two or three “Parts” (in opera these would be called “Acts”).
The Left Party.PDS

**The Left Party.PDS** (in German: **Die Linkspartei** or **Linkspartei.PDS**) was a left-winged political party in Germany.  After joining with another political party, it became "Die Linke", or "The Left" in 2007.

## History
After the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany *Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands* (SED) changed to the **SED-PDS** and later to the **Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus** (PDS).
In the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.

In the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.

Some people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice *Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit* (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.
They - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they decided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.

In the last federal elections they joined the parliament; in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.

## Programme 
Die Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament which views jobs and people as being more important than letting companies make as much money as they want. 

They want to have more people employed directly by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes on the rich and those who make all or most of their money from the capital market and deals using their money instead of working at actual jobs.

They are against study fees and want to have only a comprehensive school (*gesamtschule*) instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.

Their foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party *Bündnis 90/Die Grüne* and are strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.

In the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, as well.
Storage

**Storage** means the *act of keeping things* and the *place* where you keep them.

That may be:

* Furniture designed to hold small objects:
** Bookcase, Cabinet (furniture), Chest (furniture), Cupboard, Desk, Sideboard (hutch), Refrigerator, etc.

* Small, mobile containers designed to hold food or other goods:
** boxes, bottles, and cans
** Food storage, containers such as Tupperware and Rubbermaid brands
** Container (cargo), a shipping container, storage for cargo transport
** Magazine (artillery), an item or place within which ammunition is stored

* Larger containers typically designed to store special kinds of objects or substances:
** Reservoir (water), an artificial lake
** Storage tank
** Dry cask storage, storing high-level radioactive waste

* Special rooms, or parts of buildings, designed for storage:
** Storage room, Closet, Cellar, Attic

* Special buildings, or collections of buildings, designed to hold large objects, or a great many objects of a particular type:
** Shed, Depot, Garage (house)
** Warehouse, a commercial building for storage of goods
** Self storage, public storage facility
** Ammunition dump, a military storage facility for live ammunition and explosives

* Devices designed to store and release electrical charge or energy:
** Capacitor, stores electric charge
** battery, a store of electricity

* Devices designed for information storage and retrieval:
** storage medium
** Computer storage, Hard drive, Computer memory
** *See also* Store and forward, relaying information through one or more intermediate stations which temporarily store the information

* Collections of stored information:
** Archive, or archives – a collection of records
** Books store the wisdom of the ages
** Memory stores the record of experience

## Related pages
*Store
*Hoarding
*Storativity – a measure of *storage*
Notebook

:*This article is talking about the **notebook** made of paper. If you are looking for the hand-carry computer, see Laptop.*

A **notebook** is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.
DVD player

A **DVD player** is a home media device that plays DVDs (also called *digital versatile discs*). The first DVD player was the Toshiba SD-3000, released in Japan in November 1996. 

## Related pages
*CD player
Christian Social Union of Bavaria

The **Christian Social Union of Bavaria** or **Christlich Soziale Union** (short **CSU**) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.

In the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU join together in a political alliance to form the main centre-right group in Germany.

Its chief is Horst Seehofer.

## History 
In 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in Würzburg and the other in Munich.

In January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.

All state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.

In the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.

The CSU is more conservative than the CDU.

One very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strauß. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.

## Programme 
The CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.

Traditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.

Currently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care.
Christian Democratic Union of Germany

The **Christian Democratic Union of Germany** or *Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)* is one of the two main right of centre political parties in Germany. It describes itself as a Christian democratic and conservative party.

In November 2005 the Federal leader of the CDU Angela Merkel became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; she left office in December 2021. It is currently led by General Secretary Carsten Linnemann, who was given his position in July 2023. The party's president is Friedrich Merz.

## History 
The CDU was founded after World War II. The first German Chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, a member of the CDU. He ruled from 1949 to 1963. During the Government of Helmut Kohl (1982-1998), Germany was reunited.

The CDU was the Government Party for most of the younger German history, only from 1969 to 1982 and from 1998 to 2005 there have been Chancellors from different parties.

## Members 
The CDU has more than 400,000 members. It has 255 of 631 Members of Parliament in the German Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag) and 34 of 99 Members of European Parliament of Germany.

## References
Theory of computation

The **theory of computation** is a branch of mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way. 

There are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.

Once it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do.
InuYasha

:*This article is about the series InuYasha. For the character Inuyasha from the series see: List of InuYasha characters.*

**Inuyasha** is a manga and anime series created by Rumiko Takahashi.

## Plot 
Fifty years ago, a priestess named Kikyo had a relationship with a half–demon named Inuyasha. When they oppose each other, Inuyasha becomes unconscious and Kikyo dies from her injury while keeping the Shikon Jewel (Shikon no Tama), she leaves her sister (Kaede) alive. Kagome is a teenage student, who discovers a well in her house and ends up traveling to the past. She meets and rescues Inuyasha, who slept in a sacred tree for fifty years. Kagome learns that she is Kikyo's reincarnation and had the jewel inside her body, which the demon extracted it. The magical necklace allows Inuyasha to control his behaviour. Kagome inadvertently shatters the jewel into pieces, which Naraku uses one of them to summon the army of incarnations. Inuyasha recruits a few allies on his journey. As Kikyo dies again, Inuyasha defeats Naraku, making the jewel vanished from the world and Kagome is sent back to the present day. Three years later, Miroku and Sango have three children, Rin lives with Kaede, and Kagome returns to the feudal era after graduating from high school.

## References
Income

**Income** is the money that someone gets for business activities. For individuals income usually means their wages or salary before any tax and other deductions have been made by their employer. Overall it is the amount you earn after all outstanding deductions have been made. **Gross income** is the income from all sources including wages or salary.

For business, there is a difference between the US, where it most often means the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs, and the world outside the U.S., where the term is usually profit or earnings.

## Related pages
* Per capita income
* Household income in the United States
* Income tax

## Other websites 
* Markets & Stocks: Investor Research Center - Earnings Warnings
* http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/
* CBSalary—Careerbuilder's Free Salary Calculator 
* US Corporate Earnings Calendar
Link (unit)

A **link**, also called a **Gunter’s link**, was a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems. Links were commonly used in measuring land in the English-speaking world before the twentieth century, but are never used. *Link* is abbreviated as *ln*. It was invented by Edmund Gunter, a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, the same man who made the chain. He made the link as a low-technology piece of equipment that could survey small areas of land very accurately, whereas the chain could measure towns and large areas of land.
Algebraic structure

In mathematics an **algebraic structure** is a set with one, two, or more binary operations on it. The binary operation takes two elements of the set as inputs, and gives one element of the set as an output.

The basic algebraic structures with **one binary operation** are the following:
*Magma (mathematics)
:: A set with a binary operation.
*Semigroup
:: A set with an operation which is associative
*Monoid
:: A semigroup with an identity element
*Group
:: A monoid where each element has a corresponding inverse element
*Commutative group
:: A group with a commutative operation

The basic algebraic structures with **two binary operations** are the following:
*Ring
:: A set with two operations, often called addition and multiplication. The set with the operation of addition forms a commutative group, and with the operation of multiplication it forms a semigroup (many people define a ring so that the set with multiplication is actually a monoid). Addition and multiplication in a ring satisfy the distributive property
*Commutative ring
:: A ring whose multiplication is commutative
*Field
:: A commutative ring where the set with multiplication is a group.

Examples are

*The whole numbers (natural numbers together with zero) with addition (or multiplication) is a monoid, but is not a group

*The integers with addition is a commutative group, but with multiplication is just a monoid

*The integers with addition and multiplication is a commutative ring, but not a field

*The rational numbers, the real numbers and the complex numbers with the ordinary addition and ordinary multiplication are fields.

## Related pages 
*Abstract algebra
*Data structure
Chain (unit)

The **chain** (symbol: **ch**) is a unit of length. It is part of the imperial and United States customary systems. It was used for measuring land. The short way of writing chains is **ch**.

There are a number of different definitions of the chain, from 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 metres) long. In the imperial system, one chain is equal to 66 feet or 20.1168 metres. This is also called a ''Gunter's chain*, *surveyor's chain* or *land chain''.

## History and usage
The chain was originally called an "acre's breadth", because it was the width of a acre, while a furlong was the length.

Edmund Gunter, a clergyman and mathematician, invented a measuring device called a chain. The chain was  long. It was divided by 100 in small metal links. The links were made of thick wire with a loop at each end. The links were connected to each other by three rings. There were brass handles at each end. People folded the chain up, link by link, and carried it in their hand. The name *chain* comes from these devices.

The unit was once important in everyday life in the United Kingdom and its colonies and in the United States. People used it when they made maps and planned out cities and towns. Land was surveyed and measured using these chains. Even after more accurate ways of measuring land were invented, many people continued to use the chain as a unit because land had already been surveyed in this method for so long.

In England, it is still used in old railways, along with miles. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain.

## Gunter's chain
The Gunter's chain is the standard unit.

## Other websites
* Math Words 
* How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement 
* How to make a Gunter's Chain
Rod (unit)

, Germany noting that the bar shown is one "Prussian Half Rod" long]]
A **rod**, a **perch** or a **pole** is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems.

In medieval times English ploughmen used a wooden stick with a pointed tip to spur or guide their oxen.  The rod was the length of this stick.  In use from the 6th century, its modern value was standardized in the 12th century with Composito Ulnarum et Perticarum.

The rod is still in use as a unit of measure in certain specialised fields.  In recreational canoeing, overland paths where canoes must be carried are measured in rods. This is probably because the length of a typical canoe is about one rod.

## Popular culture and trivia 
In the episode of *The Simpsons* entitled *A Star is Burns*, Grampa Simpson said "My car gets forty rods to the hogshead, and that's the way I likes it!" That's about 1 litres per 447 metres, 2,112 feet per imperial gallon or 1,760 feet per U.S. gallon.

## Related pages
* acre
* furlong

## Notes 
#  A perch is also a unit of area of land = 1 square rod, and a unit of cubic measure of stonework, usually = 16.5 feet by 1 foot by 1.5 feet = 24.75 cubic feet.
Furlong

The **furlong** is a unit for measuring distance. It is part of the imperial and US customary systems. It is equal to . There are eight furlongs in a mile.

## History
The unit was first used in the ninth century at the latest. The word "furlong" comes from Old English words *furh* ("furrow") and *lang* ("long"). Originally it was the length of the  in one acre of a ploughed field. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an ''acre's length*. Around the year 1300, England standardized the furlong as 40 rods or 660 feet.

The length of the furlong was standardized between South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada , New Zealand and the United States in the International Pound and Yard Agreement.

The furlong was abolished for official use in the UK in 1985. It is still occasionally seen on road signs in Myanmar.

Distances for horse racing in the UK, Ireland, and Canada are still given in miles and furlongs. The unit is not used otherwise. It is considered to be an *archaic* unit.

The proverb *one furlong per fortnight'' means to express something in as obscure and little-used units as possible. (A fortnight is two weeks, or fourteen days). The proverb itself means speed, and is the same as 0.000166309524 m/s or 0.17 mm/s.

## Length
Stefan Zweig

**Stefan Zweig** (; November 28, 1881 – February 22, 1942) was an Austrian writer of Jewish descent. He was born in Vienna. He volunteered to be a soldier in the First World War, and got the post as a military commentator. This made him an enemy of war. The Nazis gained power in Germany in 1933, and their influence could be felt in Austria as well. 1934, Stefan Zweig emigrated, first to London, then to South America. That way he lost much of his audience. He committed suicide (together with his second wife) by barbiturate overdose in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro in 1942.

He has written many books and poems. One of his best-known works is called '*Schachnovelle* (*The Royal Game*, in English. In it, he describes a Chess player, that is forced to play against himself (while imprisoned). He explores the theme of madness. This book inspired the movie Geri's Game, made by Pixar in 1997.

## Further reading 
* Elizabeth Allday, *Stefan Zweig: A Critical Biography*, J. Philip O'Hara, Inc., Chicago, 1972
* 
* Alberto Dines, *Morte no Paraíso, a Tragédia de Stefan Zweig*, Editora Nova Fronteira 1981, (rev. ed.) Editora Rocco 2004
* Alberto Dines, *Tod im Paradies. Die Tragödie des Stefan Zweig*, Edition Büchergilde, 2006
* Randolph J. Klawiter, *Stefan Zweig. An International Bibliography*, Ariadne Press, Riverside, 1991
* Donald A. Prater, *European of Yesterday: A Biography of Stefan Zweig*, Holes and Meier Publ., (rev. ed.) 2003
* George Prochnik, *The Impossible Exile: Stefan Zweig at the End of the World*, Random House, 2014, 
* Marion Sonnenfeld (editor), ''The World of Yesterday's Humanist Today. Proceedings of the Stafan Zweig Symposium*, texts by Alberto Dines, Randolph J. Klawiter, Leo Spitzer and Harry Zohn, State University of New York Press, 1983
* Friderike Zweig, *Stefan Zweig*, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1946 (An account of his life by his first wife)
* Martin Mauthner, German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940, Vallentine Mitchell, London 2007, 

## Other websites 
* Zweig Music Collection at the British Library 
* Stefan Zweig Collection at the Daniel A. Reed Library, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 
* Stefan Zweig Centre Salzburg 
* *Beware of Pity*, review by Joan Acocella in *The New York Review of Books'', July 13, 2006
* Stefan Zweig at Project Gutenberg
* Zweig's foreword to *The World of Yesterday*
Kubuntu

**Kubuntu** is a version of the free Linux distribution Ubuntu. It uses the desktop environment KDE instead of GNOME. Most of the software used in Kubuntu, is part of the KDE project, but all other software used in Ubuntu can also be used.

Because the only difference of Kubuntu and Ubuntu is the default software, an Ubuntu system can turn into a Kubuntu system, or a Kubuntu system into an Ubuntu system, only by installing some software.

Some examples of changes in software:
*Adept is used instead of Synaptic
*Konqueror is used instead of Firefox
*Kopete is used instead of Gaim
*KTorrent is used instead of Transmission

## Related pages
*List of Linux distributions

## Other websites 
* Official site

## References
Xubuntu

**Xubuntu** is a free Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It uses the Xfce desktop environment.

## Related pages
List of Linux distributions

## Other websites 
* Xubuntu Official Website
* Xubuntu Community Website (Unofficial) 
* Xubuntu at the Ubuntu Wiki
* Xubuntu Tips & Tricks Blog

## Sources
Binary operation

In mathematics, a **binary operation**, often shown as *, on a set is a way of combining a pair of elements in that set that results in another element of the set. For example, if we take a pair of natural numbers and let the operation * be addition, then their sum is also a natural number, and is the result of applying this particular binary operation. Another example of an operation on the natural numbers is multiplication. For instance, take the natural numbers 2 and 3. When multiplied together they give 6, another natural number.

Others: The sum between matrices. The composition of functions. The union and the intersection of sets are also two different binary operations on the set of all sets, or on subsets in a power set.

## References
Edubuntu

**Edubuntu** is the version of Linux distribution Ubuntu. It is used for education. It uses GNOME and is designed for use in classrooms.

Edubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6–18 years age group.

## Characteristics 
Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called *Breezy Badger* on 2005. Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service.

## Project goals 
The principal design  of Edubuntu are easier configuration, users and processes, together with ways for working together in classrooms. Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education.

## Related pages 
* List of Linux distributions

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Wilhelm Hauff

**Wilhelm Hauff** (29 November 1802 – 18 November 1827) was a German poet and novelist.

Some of his works are very popular in German speaking countries to this day, such as Der kleine Muck, Kalif Storch and Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff — all set in the Orient and Der Zwerg Nase, Das kalte Herz and Das Wirtshaus im Spessart, the three are set in Germany.
## Other websites 
* Collection of links with commentary (German) 
* Sound samples to download 
* Many fairy tales (Märchen) available (German) 
* 

;Poems
* Steh ich in finstrer Mitternacht 
* Reiters Morgenlied

;Links to Hauff's Work by Projekt Gutenberg-DE:
* Overview of Hauff with many of his texts online (German)
Zucchini

**Zucchini** (British English: **courgette**) are a type of squash. Usually, they are served cooked. They can also be used as an ingredient in a sweet bread. They look similar to cucumbers.

## Naming and Etymology 
The plant has three names in English, all of them meaning 'small marrow':  (an Italian loanword),  (a French loanword), and  (South African English). *Zucchini* and *courgette* are doublets, both descending from the Latin .

Zoodles refer to spiraled Zucchini "noodles" used as an alternative to pasta.

### Baby marrow
The name *baby marrow* is used in South Africa to name a zucchini harvested when extremely young, as small as a finger.

### Maarroo
Maarroo is used in Urdu, Pushtu and Punjabi for *Zucchini* in Pakistan. It is probably a distorted form of Marrow or baby marrow.

## References
Civil service

A **civil servant** or **public servant** is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Who is a civil servant and who is not is different in different countries.

Workers in non-departmental public bodies, (called Quangos in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's **Civil Service** or **Public Service**.

## References 
* Bodde, D.  *Chinese Ideas in the West*
* Brownlow, Louis, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick, ''Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management.* (1937) U.S. Government Printing Office. 
* P. N. Mathur. *The Civil Service of India, 1731-1894: a study of the history, evolution and demand for reform* (1977)
* Kevin Theakston. *The Civil Service Since 1945* (Institute of Contemporary British History, 1995)
* Ari Hoogenboom. *Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883.* (1961)
* Schiesl, Martin. *The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America, 1880-1920.* (1977)
* Van Riper, Paul. *History of the United States Civil Service* (1958). 
* White, Leonard D., *Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.* (1955)
* Leonard D. White, Charles H. Bland, Walter R. Sharp, and Fritz Morstein Marx; *Civil Service Abroad, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany'' (1935) online
Employer

An **employer** is a person or institution that hires employees.  Employers pay wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.

If the employee is paid by the hour, then the money the employee earns is called their wage. If the employee is paid a set rate for a month, then the money they earn is called their salary. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime. People with a salary are typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum.  Some people are paid piece work - a sum of money for each bit of work. 

Employers include everything from people hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees.  In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.

## Other websites 
*NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
*UK gov Local Business Link
Employee

An **employee** is a term for workers and managers working for a company, organization or community. These people are the **staff** of the organization. In general, any person hired by an employer to do a particular job in exchange for payment is an employee, but there are different kinds of employees. In some countries, employers are required by law to do certain things, like obey minimum wage laws, provide a safe workplace, and sometimes pay a tax. Employers also have to give their official employees benefits, like paying for health insurance. Because of this, some employers like to hire independent contractors to do work instead of regular employees. In the United States, a worker is an employee if their employer gets to tell them what to do, how to do it, and when to do it in a material way and an independent contractor if they get to make their own decisions about how to do what the employer wants.

The relationship between employer and employee is different from that between the firm and a customer or client.

An employee usually has to provide a resume and have an interview before being offered a job.

## Independent contractors
Some employers like to hire independent contractors, or workers who are technically running their own businesses, because they do not have to follow all of the same laws. For example, in the United States, an employer has to some of the employee's social security taxes and the employee pays the rest. A self-employed person pays for all of his or her own social security taxes.

For example, if a company hires a plumber every time they need a leak or pipe fixed in their building, that plumber is an independent contractor. If a company hires a plumber to be part of their company, then that plumber is an employee. They must pay the employee plumber whether there are leaks to fix or not. They must obey any minimum wage laws that the country has. They must provide other things. But the employer gets to tell the employee plumber what to do and how to do it much more than an independent contractor plumber. They can make the employee plumber follow a dress code, while the independent plumber gets to wear what he or she wants. They can make the employee plumber come in or leave on a set schedule like other employees. The independent contractor plumber gets to decide when to come to work, usually by making an appointment with the employer.

Some companies like to hire independent contractors and then tell them exactly what to do and when to do it, like regular employees. They can get in trouble for this. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service can sue companies that lie about whether their employees really are independent contractors.

## Other websites 
* NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
* UK gov Local Business Link

## References
Public sector

The **public sector** is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by civil service and for the government, whether national, regional or /municipal. Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social welfare, administering infrastructure and urban planning and organising national defences.

## References
Administration

**Administration** may refer to:

## Business
* Administration of business, the management of a business
* Management, the act of directing people towards achieving a goal
* Academic administration, a branch of a place of learning (e.g., a school) that maintains and supervises how it works
* Central Administration, the highest administrative department of an organisation
* Administration (law), whereby an insolvent company can continue trading under supervision

## Government
*The executive branch of government under a specific head of government
*Public administration, the act of administering public policy as determined by a government

## Other 
* Drug administration, giving someone medication
* Military administration, the techniques and systems used in the management of the armed forces

## Related pages
* Administrator
Free Democratic Party (Germany)

The **Free Democratic Party** or **Freie Demokratische Partei**, short **FDP** (from 1968 to 2001 **F.D.P.**) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.

## History 
Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.
The FDP was founded in West Germany in 1948 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.
Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.
In 1947, on March 17th, the *Demokratische Partei Deutschlands* (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.

On 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.
Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss. The next important man was Thomas Dehler.

In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.
But in every state it had its own way.

The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.

In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.

The party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like
civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).

It changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.
It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tariff - especially for high incomes.
It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".

In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the parliamentary opposition.

In some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.

The party's unofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"

### Chairmen of the Free Democratic Party 
* Theodor Heuss 1948–1949
* Franz Blücher 1949–1954
* Thomas Dehler 1954–1957
* Reinhold Maier 1957–1960
* Erich Mende 1960–1968
* Walter Scheel 1968–1974
* Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1974–1985
* Martin Bangemann 1985–1988
* Otto Graf Lambsdorff 1988–1993
* Klaus Kinkel 1993–1995
* Wolfgang Gerhardt 1995–2001
* Guido Westerwelle 2001–2011
* Philipp Roesler 2011–2013
* Christian Lindner since 2013

## References 
## Other websites 
* Free Democratic Party (FDP) official site
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children

***Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children*** is a computer animated movie. It was released in 2005 by Square Enix.

## Story
The movie is set two years after *Final Fantasy VII* . A mysterious illness has spread against humanity, Cloud Strife and the children are infected. He does not tell anyone he is infected. The villains included Kadaj, Loz, and Yazoo, are trying to find the "Cells of JENOVA". The Cells are a lifeform which fell to the planet hundreds of years ago and tried to destroy it.

## Other websites 
*Official *Advent Children* English site
*Official *Advent Children* Japanese site
*
**Advent Children*.net - news, information, profiles, images, fan submissions and more 
*The Making of *Advent Children* with interview translations and images
Shaw and Crompton

**Shaw and Crompton** is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. Shaw and Crompton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s, but is now part of Greater Manchester. Shaw and Crompton is near to Oldham.

Shaw and Crompton grew during the Industrial Revolution because of its large cotton factories which sent fabric across the world.

## Other websites 
*Crompton  articles at Gen UKI
*Crompton: from the Normans to the Tudors  A comprehensive historical reference site.
Mithril

***Mithril*** is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe. 

## Properties 
*Mithril* is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. *Mithril* is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor. 

The name "*mithril*" comes from the Sindarin words *mith*, meaning "grey", and *ril* meaning "glitter". In Quenya, its name is *mistarille*. *Mithril* was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver". 

The most well known object made of *mithril* is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.

## Influence on other fiction 
*Mithril* is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, *mithril* is also sometimes written differently, for example as *mythril* or *mithral*.
Gill (unit)

The **gill** (pronounced like the girl's name *Jill*) is a unit for measuring volume. It is equal to a quarter of a pint. People do not use it much now apart from old spirit measures in the United Kingdom: usually a fifth or a sixth of a gill.
.
Quart

A **quart** is a unit of measurement for volume.  It is a quarter of a gallon or two pints.  Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons, their quarts are different.

## Variants
In the American system, there are two different quarts. There is a wet quart and a dry quart. There is only one imperial quart. One U.S. dry quart is smaller than one imperial quart.

## Guide
League (unit)

A **league** is an old unit of length. It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour. The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.

In English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles (5.556&nbsp;km) at sea. However, in writing the word *league* often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.

## Ancient Rome
The league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being  Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22&nbsp;km). The origin is the "leuga gallica" * (also: leu**c**a Gallica)*, the league of Gaul. The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.

## Argentina
In Argentina a league is a distance of 5&nbsp;km.

## Brazil
In Brazil the league was 6&nbsp;km but it is not used anymore.

## France
The French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25&nbsp;km to about 4.68&nbsp;km. It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now. The French league was three nautical miles.

## Mexico
In the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour. So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.

## Spain
The Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2&nbsp;km. In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league. However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries).

## References
Newton (unit)

The **newton** (symbol: **N**) is the SI unit of force. It is named after Sir Isaac Newton because of his work on classical mechanics. A *newton* is how much force is required to make a mass of one kilogram accelerate at a rate of one metre per second squared. 
:1\, \mathrm{N}=1\, \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}

* 1 N is the force of Earth's gravity on a mass of about 102&nbsp;g.
* On the Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg pushes on its support with an average force of 9.8&nbsp;N.
* 1 Newton is equal to the amount of force required to accelerate an object (with a mass of one kilogram) at a rate of 1 meter per second, per second. 
* The US Customary Unit of force is the **pound** (symbol: **lbf**). 1 pound is equal to 4.44822 newtons.  

In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) set the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second each second.  In 1948, the CGPM adopted the name "newton" for this force.  The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI International System of Units.  That made the newton the standard unit of force.

This SI unit is named after Isaac Newton. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (N). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (newton)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

Newton's second law of motion states that F = m•a, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object receiving the force, and a is the acceleration of the object. The newton is therefore:[2]
Natural person

In jurisprudence, a **natural person** is a real human being in contrast to an artificial person, meaning an organization that the law treats for some purposes as if it were a person distinct from its members or owner.

For example, the right to vote is given to natural persons only. That is the case for most of the human rights. Therefore, obviously a corporation cannot hold public office, but it can file a lawsuit.

Although science fiction has long fantasized about the possibility of sentient robots (e.g. androids) living among humans (such as Robin Williams *Bicentennial Man*), no court has yet dealt with the question of whether such a being would be considered a *natural person*.

## Other websites
* Natural Person
Greater Manchester

**Greater Manchester** is a county in North West England. It has 2.7 million people living there. It was created on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. It is made up of ten Metropolitan boroughs: the cities of Manchester and Salford and the large towns of Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stockport, Wigan and Bolton.

It has had a combined authority since 1 April 2011. The Greater Manchester Combined Authority has the political leaders from each of the ten metropolitan borough councils, plus a directly elected mayor, with responsibility for economic development, regeneration and transport. Andy Burnham is the first Mayor of Greater Manchester, elected in 2017.

## References