open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Temperature record of the past 1000 years

and Little Ice Age were regional phenomena, and were not experienced worldwide.]]

People measure modern temperature records using instruments. Such records were rare until the middle 19th century. The **temperature record of the past 1000 years** or more is found by using data from what are called "climate proxy" records. 

Proxies can be anything which relates to climate. Historical documents such as autobiographies often talk about the weather in their time, and we do have some such documents from 2000 years ago. There are also tree rings and other methods which go back about 20,000 years. Further back still, there is evidence from geology, the record of the rocks. However, this article is about the last 1000 years.

We are fairly sure there was a warm period about 1000 years ago, and a cold period about the 17th century. Even in the 19th century people skated on the Thames in wintertime.

Although people today talk about climate change as if it were entirely man-made, this is not the complete picture. It is quite certain that climate has always been changing on Earth. Man-made changes are on top of changes which occur naturally. The Milankovich cycle is an important factor in these changes, and there are also changes in the heat put out by the Sun.

## Related pages 
*Orbital forcing
*Little Ice Age
*Global warming

## References
Visual Basic .NET

***Visual Basic .NET*** is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series.  It is sometimes shortened to ***VB.NET***. It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface. It can make complete programs for Windows very easily.

## Background
### Visual Basic
It was first released in 1992 by Microsoft. Visual Basic is a simple way to make programs for Windows. It started as *Project Ruby* by Alan Cooper and then was sold to Microsoft. The system is built loosely on the original BASIC programming language released in 1963 and it can 'Test' programs in real-time, error checking them in a user-friendly way.

### .NET Framework
This package is the 'backbone' of Visual Basic .NET. When applications are created, the Windows Installer includes the framework with it. It includes all the items needed to run the VB.NET applications that have been made.

## Editions
Visual Basic was first released in May 1991 for Windows. Many versions have been released since then. These are listed below:

### Visual Basic 2010 Express Edition
This is a free version of Visual Basic 2010 released officially from Microsoft. It is aimed at encouraging more newbie programmers to try the series. The program can be downloaded from Microsoft's Website.

## Controls
Visual Basic .NET uses many controls which can be added to the forms or windows in the application. Other developers can create controls for applications, not just the ones that Microsoft include.

## Examples
The following example makes a program window pop up that says "Hello World" and has a button that says "OK" used to close the window:

```vbnet
Public Sub button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles button1.Click
    MsgBox("Hello World")
End Sub
```

## Other websites 
* VB.NET Step by Step Tutorial 
* Visual Studio .NET Homepage
* Visual Studio Express Homepage
Grease

**Grease** refers to a number of things:

* *Grease* (musical) - a musical play
* *Grease* (movie) - a movie based on the play starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
* Petroleum, used to make things smoother, by lubrication
Camelid

**Camelids** are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family **Camelidae**. There are six living species of camelids.

## Taxonomy
***Camelidae**
**Genus *Lamma*
*** Llama, *Lama glama*
*** Guanaco, *Lama guanicoe*
** Genus: *Vicugna* 
*** Vicuña, *Vicugna vicugna*
*** Alpaca, *Vicugna pacos*, formerly *Lama pacos*
** Genus *Camelus*
*** Dromedary, *Camelus dromedarius*
*** Bactrian Camel, *Camelus bactrianus*

The animals of the genus *Camelus* are also called *Afro-Asiatic Camelids*. The animals of the genus *Lama* and genus *Vicugna* are also called *South American Camelids*. 

### Hybrid
There also exists a camelid hybrid called a *Cama*. It is the child of a female Llama and a male Dromedary Camel. The Cama does not exist in nature, but is "made" by humans through artificial insemination (that means the sperm is artificially put into the female).

## Habitat
The two *Camelus* species originally lived in northern Africa, south-west and eastern Asia. The other four camelids lived in South America.

## Camelids and humans
Camelids have been domesticated by humans for about 5000 years. They have been important for transport, but were also kept for wool, meat and milk. The llama and alpaca were very important for the South American cultures, like the Inca. The camels were used by people in north Africa and Asia, especially in deserts.
Wallis and Futuna

**Wallis and Futuna**, officially called the **Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands** ( or *Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna*), is a group of three volcanic tropical islands Wallis (Uvea), Futuna, and Alofi with fringing reefs. They are in the South Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa. One of the islands in the group is named after Cornish explorer Samuel Wallis.

## References
Honda

is one of the largest engineering company from Japan created on 24 September 1948. It is well known for making automobiles and motorcycles. Although Honda started in Japan, it now has many factories in other countries that includes the United States, Canada, Brazil, Thailand and China. Honda sells a luxury line of cars in the United States with the Acura name. 1961
## Current models
## Former models 
Honda also makes ATVs. Honda is also known for participating in a very wide range of motorsport events, including Formula One , MotoGP, LeMans, IRL and others.

Honda also makes small engines for chainsaws, lawnmowers and leaf blowers.

Honda does a lot of research on humanlike robots. Honda built Asimo, a robot that can walk, talk, dance, carry things and answer questions. These are not yet for sale in the United States.

Honda also creates a jet, known as the HondaJet. It is not often seen in the United States.

## Related pages
* Acura

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
* Honda Canada 
* Information on the Honda Prelude
New Guinea

**New Guinea** is a big island north of Australia. It is the second largest island in the world. Geologically and biologically it is related to Australia. It was first surveyed by Alfred Russel Wallace
in the 19th century, who noted that it was, like Australia, on the eastern side of the Wallace line. That means it is closer to Australia than to Indonesia in its flora and fauna.

On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea. On the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. These provinces together are called Western New Guinea. The Indonesian "capture" of western Papua New Guinea was a modern act by dictator Suharto of Indonesia. The Australian "capture" of the eastern half was meant to make sure the peoples of this part of Indonesia were left alone.

An early BBC David Attenborough program showed that the country was wooded with many groups of humans speaking many languages. The most notable animals still alive were the birds of paradise. Of marsupials, the quolls are notable. They are small, solitary carnivores. There are six species surviving, two in New Guinea and four in Australia. Echidnas are mammals also known as spiny anteaters.

The number of people on New Guinea is unknown. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea estimated the number around 2020. They say there are about 15 million people. However, the real number could be 23 million or more.

New Guinea is important for its nature and biology. Its largest marsupial, the Diprotodon, is now extinct. Native humans live in sparsely wooded, hilly ground in small groups which speak different languages. New Guinea has over 1000 languages. This is more languages than anywhere else in the world.

Still surviving are the birds of paradise, with marsupials, including wallabies and possums, and the egg-laying monotreme, the echidna. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodents, there are no pre-human indigenous placental mammals. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the New Guinea singing dog were introduced with human colonization.

]]

## References
Camping

**Camping** is a leisure activity, usually during summer when school children are on holiday, where people leave their homes and spend one or more nights outdoors. They may be tourists seeking nature, adventure, or a different environment. They may sleep in a campervan or trailer, a tent, or in the open air in good weather. Winter camping is less common but in some parts of the world, tents are people's homes year around. Rich people began camping for fun in the early 20th century. When more people could afford it, many more did it.

When camping, people usually prepare food to eat that is easy to make.  If they were hunting or fishing, they may cook the animal or fish they caught over a campfire.  

Dangers can arise, such as wild animals or illness from drinking unclean water.
Delphi

**Delphi** can mean:
* Delphi, Greece, an archaeologic site and modern town in Greece
* Delphi programming language, based on Pascal
Night of the Living Dead

***Night of the Living Dead*** is a 1968 American horror movie. It was directed by George A. Romero. The movie stars Duane Jones, Judith O'Dea and Karl Hardman. It premiered on October 1, 1968. It was completed on a US$114,000 budget. The movie was a financial success, grossing $12 million domestically and $18 million worldwide.

*Night of the Living Dead* was heavily criticized because of it explicit content. It eventually got critical acclaim. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as a movie deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. The movie is in the public domain due to an error by the distributor.

The story follows characters Ben (Duane Jones), Barbra (Judith O'Dea) and five others trapped in a farmhouse in Pennsylvania which is attacked by "living dead" monsters. These monsters became known in popular culture as zombies. *Night of the Living Dead* was the basis of five *Living Dead* movies (1978–2010). They were also directed by Romero. Many remakes have also been made.
## Plot 
On a summer night, seven people get trapped in a farmhouse in rural Pennsylvania, which is under assault by reanimated corpses.
The farmhouse later gets under assault by even more reanimated corpses, throughout the night. The film eventually ends with the reanimated corpses breaking in into the farmhouse and the unfortunate deaths of all of the people who are trapped inside the farmhouse.

## Other websites 
* 

## References
El Niño–Southern Oscillation

**El Niño-Southern Oscillation** (**ENSO** in short) is a term for a natural event that takes place in the Pacific Ocean. It is also called ***El Niño*** and ***La Niña***. In Spanish, they mean "The boy" and "The girl."  

El Niño happens when the sea water temperature rises in surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Every two to five years, the Pacific Ocean has this event. A weak, warm current starts around Christmas along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. It lasts for only a few weeks to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event may last for many months. This can change the weather and have important effects around the world. Australia and Southeast Asia can have drought, but the deserts of Peru can have very heavy rainfall. East Africa can have both. In a La Niña event, the weather patterns are reversed.

The Southern Oscillation was discovered by Sir Gilbert Walker in 1923. It is a "seesaw" of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. There is an inverse relationship between the air pressure measured at two sites: Darwin, Australia, in the Indian Ocean and the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is the difference in sea-level pressure measured at Tahiti and Darwin. The Cold Tongue (CT) Index measures how much the average sea-surface temperature in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator varies from the annual cycle. The two measurements are anti-correlated, so that a negative SOI is usually together with an unusual warm ocean wind known as El Niño.

By the early 1980s, it was clear that El Niño and the Southern Oscillation were related, and the acronym ENSO is used to describe this large-scale event.

The 2010–2011 Queensland floods were caused by a La Niña event which brought very heavy rain to the east coast of Australia. Other big floods in Australia have also happened during a La Niña, 1916, 1917, 1950, 1954-1956, and 1973-1975. The cost of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods has been worked out to A$30 billion.

## Central Pacific El Niño
Not all El Niños happen in the Eastern Pacific. During recent decades, Central Pacific El Niños have been discovered. When these happen, the effects from Central Pacific El Niños are very different from traditional El Niños. Central Pacific El Niños took place in 1986–88, 1991–94, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10 and 2015–16. In fact, multiple pieces of information say that the moderate-to-strong El Niño events began in January 1991 and lasted until about the mid-summer in 1992, a similar El Niño between spring and fall 1993 and the final Central Pacific El Niño from spring to late summer 1994, after which there was a neutral 1994–1995 season and then the 1995–1996 La Niña period. In other words: There was not one single extended Central Pacific El Niño between the 1991 through 1994 period. Rather, it was several such El Niños over the Central to Western Pacific.

## References
Pescozada

**Pescozada** is a hip-hop group from El Salvador. Their members are two men named Debil Estar and Fat Lui. They rap about gangs, politics, and the future of El Salvador. Their songs include "Primer Acto" and "I Could Fly". They rap in Spanish.
Rhyme

**Rhyme** means words that sound the same or similar in their endings. Poems and popular song lyrics often use rhyme. A simple poem can also be called a rhyme.

Many examples of rhyme are in folk songs, children's songs, and of course in nursery rhymes. Rhymes at the ends of the lines in a song or poem are normal:

:Roses are red, violets are *blue*,
:Sugar is sweet, and so are *you*.

:Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was white as *snow*,
:And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to *go*.

The counting song

:One, *two*, buckle my *shoe*,
:Three, *four*, shut the *door*,
:Five, *six*, pick up *sticks*,
:Seven, *eight*, lay them *straight*...

uses "internal rhymes," rhymes that fall within a single line instead of at the end of lines. In another children's poem,

:With a knick-*knack*, paddy-*whack*, give the dog a *bone*,
:This old man came rolling *home*...

*knack* and *whack* give another example of internal rhyme. Also, the rhymes at the ends of the lines, *bone* and *home*, are not "exact rhymes."  Exact rhymes are the same in everything but the first sound. Exact rhymes are the most common type of rhyme and can be formed easily with common sounds in English:

**pay / day / way / say / may / bay / play / pray / stay* ...
**me / we / be / see / tree / knee* ...

Other rhymes are not exact but only similar:

:Goosey goosey *gander*, whither will you *wander*,
:Upstairs, downstairs, in my lady's *chamber*...

Here, the rhymes are not exact rhymes. Also, *gander* and *wander* are "sight rhymes," words that look like rhymes when printed but do not sound quite alike. Sight rhymes are more common in poetry meant to be read, than in songs or verse meant to be sung or spoken aloud and heard by listeners.

Rhymes can be made up of more than one word, as in the short poem *Rondeau* by James Henry Leigh Hunt:

:Jenny kissed me when we met,
::Jumping from the chair she *sat in*;
:Time, you thief, who love to get
::Sweets into your book, put *that in*:
:Say I'm weary, say I'm sad,
::Say that health and wealth have *missed me*,
:Say I'm growing old, but add,
::Jenny *kissed me*.

Along with simple normal rhymes, *met* and *get*, *sad* and *add*, and one internal rhyme, *health* and *wealth*, Hunt creates sets of clever two-word rhymes.

Some poets and writers use very unusual rhymes. Well-known examples are in the song lyrics to the 1939 MGM film version of L. Frank Baum's *The Wizard of Oz*. The lyrics, written by E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, use many odd rhymes, plus internal rhymes, complex rhyme patterns, and other tricks of language. W. S. Gilbert, the lyricist for the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas, wrote the same way. The books of Dr. Seuss are also famous for their many strange rhymes.

Poets who choose to avoid rhyme write in blank verse or free verse.

## Related pages
*Rhyme scheme
*rhythm
*verse
*sonnet

## Other websites
*Orange Rhyming Words 
*Rhyming Dictionary 
*French Rhyme Dictionary : Rimes.fr
Lock

:*For  locks on a river or canal, see Lock (water transport)*

]]
es on a trunk]]

A **lock** keeps things closed. It keeps people from opening something, such as a door or a box. Keys open locks. Sometimes an electronic card or secret numbers will open a lock. The verb ***to lock*** means to set the lock so the door or object is closed. A person who works on locks is called a locksmith.

## Types of lock mechanisms 
A **key lock** is a lock that uses a key (a piece of metal with teeth like a little saw) to open it. Someone must put the key in the lock and turn it to open the lock. This lock is used in doors and locks for boxes. Key locks can be defeated by picking them.

A **combination lock** is a lock that uses a dial (a knob with numbers all around it) to open it. Someone must turn the dial to the right numbers in the right order. This is called the "combination." This lock is used on safes and locks for bicycles.

An **electronic lock** is a special lock that can only be opened with a message from a computer. This message can be stored in a computer chip on a card (called a "key card" or " card"). Or it can be made by a computer looking at someone's fingerprint or eye.

Time locks are used in banks. They prevent anyone opening the vault until a preset time. This defeats burglary attempts when the bank is closed.

## Types of lock 
Padlocks are probably the most common type of lock. They are opened either with a key or a combination. The best way to break them is to snap the hoop with a long-handled bolt cutter.

Pin tumbler locks, commonly called 'Yale locks', are very common for fastening doors. They were indeed invented by Linus Yale Jnr in the 1860s.

Deadbolts are locks which cannot be moved to the open position except by rotating the cylinder.

Spring latch lock. The common door latch which locks when you pull the door closed. It is much less secure than a deadbolt lock, but more convenient.

## Security 
No lock is completely safe, though some are safer than others. Locks can be defeated by brute force or by lock picking. The most common brute force tool is the crowbar, commonly called (UK) a jimmy or jerry or (US) a wrecking bar.

Picking involve tools such as pin-tumbler lock picks, skeleton keys, bump keys, pick guns etc. Carrying these tools, especially after dark, is an arrestable offence in most countries except if the owner is a registered locksmith.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Restoration of Antique Lock and Key by Abha Vardhan (2019)
* Picking Locks *Popular Mechanics*
Knob

room]]

A **knob** is a round handle that can be turned or pulled. A **doorknob** is a round handle that is turned to open a door. A **cabinet knob** is a small handle that is pulled to open a cabinet door or drawer. A **control knob** can turn a lamp on and off or make the volume on a radio go up or down.

A "knob" can also be any small, round thing that sticks out.
The Sims 2

***The Sims 2*** is a 2004 video game and the sequel to *The Sims*. It is a simulation game made by Maxis and EA Games.

The game features a full 3D graphics engine. Like the first *The Sims* game, it has many expansion packs.

EA released a sequel, *The Sims 3*, in June 2009.

## Changes
There are now six life stages: baby, toddler, child, teenager, adult, and elder. An additional young adult stage is added when you get the university expansion pack. Sims can now grow up and eventually die. In the first game, Sims would stay children forever and adults would stay adults forever. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school.

Careers have gone under many changes. There is now a schedule; there are seven days in a week, and Sims at school are off on Saturday and Sunday. Sims can now get paid vacation days and start working 4–5 days a week. A meter measures job performance (their mood when they get to work). A new thing called "chance cards" lets the player pick what to do in a situation. Sims can gain/lose skill points, gain/lose money, or be promoted, demoted, or even fired.

Children and teenagers now bring homework home and their grades rise or fall depending on whether they finish it or not. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school, but if their grades drop too low they can lose their job.

Other new things are wants and fears. These change when a want or fear is done or when the Sim wakes up from sleep.

Also, Sims can have aspirations (big things they want to do) like to have a family, to have many friends, to fall in love, to learn a lot, or to have a lot of money. A player can choose which aspiration they want their Sim to have, and the aspirations will affect their wants and fears. For example, a Sim with the family aspiration might want to have a child, but a Sim with the money aspiration might want to get a job instead.

Like in the first Sims game, a mother Sim and a father Sim can have a child. Also, children can be made at the start of the game or got from the adoption service.

One of the biggest changes in Sims 2 is that a Sim can go to a community lot (a place in the town like a store or a park). They can go there by using the phone to call a taxi.

## Expansion packs
These are addons to the game which add new items, new places and new features. They are listed in the order that they came out in the shops. They are meant to come out 2 times a year.

There are eight expansion packs in total.

## Stuff packs
These are packages that add only items to the game. They are less expensive than the regular expansion packs.
Eintracht Frankfurt

**Eintracht Frankfurt** is a German sports club from Frankfurt am Main, best known for the football section.

The club plays in the Bundesliga. They have won the German Championship once and German Cup (DFB-Pokal) 5 times (last time in 2018) and the UEFA Europa League twice.

They were founded in 1899. The team colours are red, black and white. They play at Deutsche Bank Park (former Waldstadion). The current captain of the side is goalkeeper Kevin Trapp from Germany.
The coach of Eintracht Frankfurt is Dino Toppmöller.

Eintracht has also 18 other sections such as athletics, basketball and ice hockey.

## The players in the season 2025–26 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Interpol (disambiguation)

*Interpol is the name of an International organization. This organization tries to solve crimes. 
*Interpol (band) is a famous band.
Zoroaster

**Zoroaster** was an ancient prophet who lived in Persia. He founded a religion named Zoroastrianism. This religion has a long history. It was the national religion of Sassanid Empire of ancient Persia. In Persian language, the name takes the form of *Zartosht*.

Most scholars agree that Zoroaster was a real person who lived long ago. No one is certain about the time when he lived. One estimate is that he lived and died about 6th century BC.  

## Other websites 
* Zoroaster -Citizendium
Commonwealth of Nations

:

]]
The **Commonwealth of Nations** (also known only as "Commonwealth") is a voluntary organisation of countries. Originally, it was called the  **British Commonwealth**  which was founded in 1926 when the British Empire began to break up. Now, there are 56 member countries of the Commonwealth. 

Only countries which were part of the British Empire are allowed to become members of the Commonwealth (although an exception was made for Rwanda, Mozambique and Gabon which were never colonised by Britain, when they were allowed to become members). Members are free to leave and rejoin the Commonwealth. However, joining or rejoining the Commonwealth can become difficult, when the candidate country has serious human rights violations.

## Origin 
The term the Commonwealth of Nations originated in 1884. Lord Rosebery was on a visit to Australia in 1884. At Adelaide he said that over a period of time a number of colonies of the British Empire will become free and many may become more independent. He further said that all of these countries would then become the Commonwealth of Nations.

## Purpose 
The Commonwealth of Nations is not a political organization. King Charles III is also head of state of 15 Commonwealth countries, referred to as Commonwealth realms. Canada and Australia are two of the largest realms.  A Secretary General manages the day-to-day matters of the Commonwealth of Nations. Patricia Scotland is the Secretary General since 2015. However, the United Kingdom or the Secretary General does not have any direct or indirect control over these countries. In fact, almost all the 53 members are independent countries with their own governments and hold Commonwealth Games. These countries have come together to form an association with some common aims. Such common aims include:
* To increase economic cooperation among the member countries.
* To encourage democracy in the member countries.
* To ensure that member countries follow human rights.

## Some information 
* The total population of all the 56 countries of the Commonwealth is about 2.245&nbsp;billion. This is almost a third of the population of the whole world. About half of these live in India.
* The four largest Commonwealth nations by population are India at 1.37 billion, Pakistan at 230 million, Nigeria at 174 million, and Bangladesh at 166 million.
* Tuvalu and Nauru are the smallest members, each with less than 11,000 people.
* These 53 countries cover an area of . This is about 21 % of the total land area of the world.
* The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at , Australia at , and India at .
* The economy of these countries is about 16 % of the world economy.
* Based on the purchasing power parity, the four largest economies are India at 2,600 billion US dollars, the United Kingdom at 1,500 billion US dollars, Canada at 930 billion US dollars, and Australia at 520 billion US dollars.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Commonwealth of Nations -Citizendium
Nuclear meltdown

A **nuclear meltdown** describes a malfunction of a nuclear reactor. The term "nuclear meltdown" is commonly used by the public and by news media, but nuclear engineers usually refer to it as a **core melt accident**. A nuclear meltdown occurs when the middle portion of the nuclear reactor containing the fuel rods (its "core") is not properly cooled.   This can occur when the cooling system fails or is otherwise defective.  If this happens, uranium or plutonium or similar materials inside the nuclear reactor become hot and may start melting or dissolving.   It is this melting that is a nuclear meltdown. Due to decay heat, a nuclear meltdown can occur even in a reactor that is shut down. The uranium and plutonium liquified in a nuclear meltdown, mixed with fission products, melted zirconium from the fuel rod cladding, and other materials, is called corium. Corium is highly radioactive and remains hazardous for many centuries after a meltdown. The zirconium is a hazard because at high temperatures, it can react with the cooling water and make flammable hydrogen gas.

## Meltdowns 
Around the world, some nuclear meltdowns have occurred.  Some of them were mild, but few of them were very serious. Nuclear meltdowns can kill people from radiation poisoning.

The very last accident was the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. Four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had cooling problems after back-up diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami.

In 1986, a nuclear meltdown occurred in a place named Chernobyl (Ukraine). In this case, all the people living in the towns and the villages (near the defective nuclear reactor) had to move to far away places. The Chernobyl meltdown created a mass of corium which has been nicknamed "the Elephant's Foot" and is one of the most radioactive objects in the world.

Most large submarines get power from nuclear reactors inside them.  These are nuclear submarines. Some Russian nuclear submarines have faced nuclear meltdown.

Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may happen immediately. For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen. For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen.

A nuclear meltdown is sometimes called the "China syndrome", which refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the Earth "all the way to China". The movie *The China Syndrome* is named after this scenario. There is no way such an event could happen in the real world. A reactor core could not melt through the Earth's crust, and even if it did melt to the center of the Earth, it would not go back up to the surface against gravity.

## Notes
Russian Empire

The **Russian Empire**, also known as the **Tsarist Russia**, **Tsarist Empire** or **Imperial Russia,** and sometimes simply as **Russia**, was a country in Europe and Asia from November 1721 until its collapse in March 1917. It later became the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or **Russian SFSR**, as part of the Soviet Union. By the late 19th century, it covered about , making it the third-largest empire in history.
## Notes
## References
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The **International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement** is a movement to save human life and health. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

Although it is a big international organisation, it is privately run. No government controls the Red Cross.

The Red Cross has a special job, given by international law. It is the only private group to have its jobs set out by international law.

Three things make up the movement:
]]
* The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was created in 1863 in Geneva. Its job, under international law, is to protect the life and dignity of the victims of war.
* The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919. It tries to make sure the national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies can work together and organise relief assistance missions in case of large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is also based in Geneva, Switzerland.
* There is a Red Cross and Red Crescent society in nearly every country in the world. 186 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. Each one works in its home country, following the ideas of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement. If possible National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement. The British Red Cross Society, for example, organises volunteer ambulances at public events. The German Red Cross operates a blood bank and a professional full-time ambulance service for hospitals.

The **Red Cross**, the **Red Crescent** and the **Red Crystal**,the three international symbols of the Red Cross

## Goals
According to the Geneva conventions, there are five goals for International red cross and red crescent movements;
*To monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions
*To organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield
*To supervise the treatment of prisoners of war and treat them
*To help with the search for missing persons in a war (tracing service)
*To organize protection and care for normal people
*To make peace between groups in war

## Other websites
*International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Official Website
Bandar Seri Begawan

**Bandar Seri Begawan** is the capital city of Brunei and the largest city. It has a population of 140,000 (2010 estimate). The city is the home of producers of furniture, textiles, handcrafts, and timber. It is the site of the Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau, Royal Regalia Building, the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Malay Technology Museum, and the Brunei History Center.

]]
Thimphu

**Thimphu** (ཐིམ་ཕུ་) is the capital city of Bhutan. It is the name of the surrounding valley and dzongkhag, the Thimphu District. It has a population of 50,000 (2003), it is the largest population center in the country. Thimphu is located at 27°28′00″N, 89°38′30″E.

Thimphu-08-vom Buddha Dordenma-Stadion-2015-gje.jpg|Thimphu
Thimphu-32-Muellabfuhr-2015-gje.jpg|Downtown Thimphu
Thimphu-Buddha Dordenma-20-Geleit fuer 68. Erzabt-2015-gje.jpg|Buddhist festival
Thimphu-Dzong-40-2015-gje.jpg|Dzong
Thimphu-Markt-36-2015-gje.jpg|Market
Thimphu-Papiermanufaktur-10-2015-gje.jpg|Making paper
Thimphu-Weberei-10-2015-gje.jpg|Weaving
Thimphu-Thanka-Atelier-01-2015-gje.jpg|Painting Thanakas
Thimphu-Bogenschiessen-02-2015-gje.jpg|Archery
Thimphu-Takin-Reservat-04-2015-gje.jpg|National animal called Takin
Colombo

**Colombo** (; ) is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is the city which is economically most important to the country. It has 642,163 people. It is on the west coast close to the capital city of Kotte.

The name Colombo is borrowed from Sinhala language name Kola-amba-thota which means "harbor with leafy mango trees". Traveller Ibn Batuta in the 14th century referred to it as *Kalanpu*.

## Related pages
* 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings

## References
Malé

:*The article about one of two sexes can be found at Male*
]]
**Malé** (Dhivehi: މާލެ) is the capital city of the Maldives. It has a population of 133,412 (2014). The city is on Malé Island in the Kaafu Atoll. Although Malé is in Kaafu Atoll, administratively it is not considered part of it. There is a commercial harbor in the Island. It is the center of all commercial activities in the country. Many government buildings and agencies are on the waterfront. Malé International Airport is close to Hulhule Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation.
and male' has the most beautiful reefs on earth. Male's current president is Ibrahim Solih and it is known as the smallest city on earth. It is quite a dense city.

## History 
The Maldives are named after the capital city Malé. The city used to be called *Mahal*, and it had walls and defences around it. Recently, the island has become much bigger due to filling the ocean beside it with land.

## References
Islamabad

**Islamabad** (, *abode of Islam*) is the Federal capital city of Pakistan. The city is located on the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. It is in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the Pothohar region on the crossroads of the Punjab region and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (the Margalla Pass being a historic gateway to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region).
This city is rich in nature. It is surrounded by the Margalla Hills. It has a humid subtropical climate (*Cwa* in the Köppen climate classification). Islamabad is an expensive city to live in as the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the years 2015-2025.

## Places worth seeing
The places that attract the tourists include:
*Shah Faisal Mosque
*Daman-e-Koh
*Gurdwara Baba Dyall Singh
*Peer Sohawa
*Gurdwara Guru Ravidas 
*Fateh Tower
*Vishnu temple
*Shakar Parian
*Fatimah Jinnah Park
*Rose and Jasmine Garden
*Pakistan National Monument 
*Rawal Lake (and Rawal Dam)
*Japanese Park
*Marghazar Zoo
*National Archives of Pakistan

## Educational institutions
Islamabad has a large number of educational institutions including colleges, universities and technical education and training bodies.Some of them are:

*Allama Iqbal Open University
*National University of Modern Languages
*COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
*Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology
*International Islamic University
*National Defence University
*National University of Sciences and Technology
*National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
*National University of Modern Languages
*Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences
*Guru Nanak College of Computer Science
*Guru Gobind Singh College of Arts,Science & Tecnology
*Pakistan Institute of Medical Science 
*Quaid-i-Azam University
*Shifa College of Medicine
*The Sophia Institute

## Gallery

File:Faisal Mosque (in cloudy weather).jpg|The Faisal Mosque (Masjid) at the foothills of Margalla Hills
File:Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|alt=Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani
File:Islamabad- Under dark clouds.jpeg|Islamabad- Under dark clouds
File:Front Door-National Art Gallery Islamabad.JPG|Main Entrance National Art Gallery, Islamabad
File:Tilla Charouni.JPG|Tilla Charouni, the highest peak beside Islamabad

## References
Khyber Pass

The **Khyber Pass** (also called the **Khaiber Pass** or **Khaybar Pass**) () is a pass between Pakistan and Afghanistan; '*National *Border* Pass*' (International). It is the *National Pass* of **Pakistan**, and connects the frontiers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to Afghanistan.

Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia, and a strategic military pass. The actual summit of the pass is 5 kilometers inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal. The pass cuts through the Safed Koh mountains which are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.the height of the khyber pass is 1,070m and width is 140m.

The area around the Pass is inhabited by a number of Pashtun tribes, especially the Afridis. 

## Things to see around Khyber Pass 
* Michni Post at the Pak-Afghan border
* Landikotal FC Mess
* Torkham Car Market
* Haji Ayub Afridi Compound
* Ali Masjid Fort
* Sphola Stupa
* Shagai Fort
* Khyber Steam Safari

## References
Anne Rice

**Anne Rice** (born '''Howard Allen O'Brien'*, October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of horror/fantasy novels. *Interview with the Vampire* and *The Queen of the Damned* are among her best-known works. She wrote four series, including *The Vampire Chronicles* and *Christ the Lord''.

Rice was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Irish Roman Catholic parents. One of her sisters was novelist Alice Borchardt (1939–2007). Rice was married to poet Stan Rice (1942–2002) from 1961 his death. They had a daughter, Michele (1966–1972) and a son, novelist Christopher (born 1978).

Rice died on December 11, 2021, of complications from a stroke. She was 80.

## References
## Other websites 

* 
* Anne Rice's spiritual journey site
*
Interpol

**Interpol** is the short form of **International Criminal Police Organization**. It began in 1923. Now, Interpol is the biggest international organization; the United Nations is the second biggest. Some important information about Interpol:

* Present Headquarters: Lyon, France
* Previous Headquarters: Saint Cloud, a town near Paris 
* Total members: 195 countries
* Annual expenses: more than 30 million Euros - all member countries share the expenses

## History 
In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was *International Criminal Police Commission* (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form.

In October 2018, then-President of Interpol Meng Hongwei was arrested by Chinese authorities after being accused of taking bribes.

## Office 
The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5 o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals.

## Method 
Interpol does not take any political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are note below:

* Terrorism
* Organized crime
* Illicit drug production 
* Drug trafficking
* Weapons smuggling
* People smuggling
* Money laundering
* Child pornography
* Financial crime
* High-tech crime
* Political corruption

Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance.

Interpol also has collected a large amount of  data about perpetrators and crimes. Such data includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country.

## Interpol in culture 
* Interpol has attracted attention of writers and movie directors. The organization has been depicted in many books, movies, and TV serials.
* There is a band called Interpol

## References
## Other websites 
* Interpol's official website
Maluku Islands

The **Maluku Islands** (also called the **Moluccas**, **Moluccan Islands** or simply **Maluku**) are an archipelago in Indonesia. They are part of the larger Malay Archipelago. They are on the Australian Plate, lying east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also called the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans. Other islands have also been called the Spice Islands.

Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanos. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, with their wet climate, is very luxuriant. It includes rainforests, sago, rice, and the famous spices; including nutmeg, cloves, and mace. Though originally Melanesian, the people of many island clans, especially in the Banda Islands, died in the 17th century. A second group of Malay people arrived in the early 20th century under the Dutch and this has continued in the Indonesian era.

Politically, the Maluku Islands formed a single province of Indonesia from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the North Maluku (*Maluku Utara*) and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) regency were split off as a separate province. The islands are now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Most of the people of these islands follow Islam. There is also a Christian minority because of Western European Christian Protestant missionaries in this region. Between 1999 and 2002 there was deadly fighting between the Muslim population and the Christians. Both groups had been peaceful before. The capital of North Maluku island is Ternate.
Necktie

with white bow tie]]
 on the left, Winston Churchill on the right, 1907]]

A **necktie** (or a **tie**) is an article of clothing worn by men. A tie is part of an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing called the "suit and tie." This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics.

A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it. Men tie a knot in neckties and wear them with dress shirts in order to make them look more formal.

## Bow ties 
The **bow tie** is a type of necktie. It is a ribbon of fabric tied around the collar in a symmetrical manner such that the two opposite ends form loops. 

Ready-tied bow ties are available, in which the distinctive bow is sewn and a band goes around the neck and clips to secure. Some "clip-ons" dispense with the band altogether, instead clipping to the collar.
Sister-in-law

Someone's **sister-in-law** is the wife of his or her brother or sister. Someone's sister-in-law is also his or her spouse's sister.

## Related pages
*Affinity (law)
*Brother-in-law
Brother-in-law

A **brother-in-law** is the brother of someone's wife or husband. A brother-in-law is also someone's brother's or sister's husband.

## Related pages
*Affinity (law)
*Sister-in-law
Experience points

'*Experience points*, commonly known as ‘xp’ or 'exp', are numbers used in certain role-playing games. Gaining enough experience points usually leads to the player "leveling up." Each "level up" means that the player is more powerful than before. They can use better weapons, armor, and magic. Most games have a maximum level that the player can achieve, which means they can not get any more experience points.

## References
Joke

A **joke** is something said, written or done to make people laugh. There are many kinds of jokes; they can be questions with surprising answers or  with unexpected endings. The humour of a joke comes from the surprise. 

Jokes can be about anything. Jokes can be found anywhere: on the Internet, in books or heard from friends. Some jokes are about groups of people and can hurt people's feelings, for example if they are racist, homophobic or sexist. Some very offensive jokes can sometimes be seen as hate speech, and can get you into prison. This is because hate speech is known as a felony in the US.

Jokes are used in comedy, plays and movies.

Jokes could take the form of sarcasm or even try to poke fun at something to get a point across. People sometimes get hurt by jokes at them. If a joke is used to show a problem in someone's thought, it is normally called satire.

There are also practical jokes.

An example of a regular joke is: Why did the chicken cross the road? To go to KFC.

## Related pages 
*April Fools' Day
*Lie
*Humor
*Laughter

## Other websites 
*
Tuxedo

A **tuxedo** is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a white dress shirt, a bow tie, dress pants, a tuxedo suit jacket (sometimes called a dinner jacket), leather  shoes, and sometimes a vest or cummerbund, top hat and gloves.  In European countries, this outfit is called **black tie**. Many men wear this outfit in Western countries on formal occasions like a marriage ceremony or a fancy party or dance.

The white shirt is usually made of cotton or linen. A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn. A bow tie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it is usually black or white. Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn. A tuxedo suit jacket is usually made of wool or polyester. Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished. Sometimes, a person wearing a tuxedo will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front, a black top hat, and white gloves.

Some men wear a tuxedo for their jobs, such as symphony orchestra musicians or waiters in expensive restaurants.

Since most men do not wear tuxedos very often, they may rent them when needed instead of buying them.  Sometimes, men's tuxedo vests and ties match the dress of the woman he is with. They are mainly worn to big events such as weddings, dinner parties or some sort of smart event. 

## Related pages 
*Dress code