open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Uber

**Uber** traded on the  NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and  a ridesharing  network. “Shared rides” are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online.

Passengers who want Uber rides “sign-up” with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber. Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app.

Uber drivers use the Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they log-on to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app looks for passengers who want a ride to a particular place. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they pick up the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they drop-off the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver.

Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver.

Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates.

In September 2018, Uber introduced a new logo.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Mail art

, 1981]]

**Mail art** (also known as **postal art** and **correspondence art**) is a  form of art. It involves sending small scale art works of art through the mail. Media commonly used in mail art includes postcards, paper, rubber stamps, and logos. It can also include anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via postal service.

## Related pages 
* Contemporary art
* Mail

## References
Columbia County, New York

**Columbia County, New York** is a mostly rural county along the eastern side of the Hudson River. In 2020, the population was 61,570. The county seat is Hudson.
## References
Cluses

**Cluses** is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department.

## Sister cities
Cluses is a twin town with:
*  Trossingen since 1974
*  Beaverton since 1999
Gol Transportes Aéreos

**Gol Transportes Aéreos**, also known as *Gol Airlines*, is a low-cost carrier of Brazil. It began in 2000. Its headquarters are in São Paulo.

## History
Gol began flights on January 15, 2000. In 2004, it began to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.  In September 2011, Aerolíneas Argentinas began an agreement.  After Varig Brazilian Airlines declared bankruptcy in 2006, Gol bought some of their possessions. Varig's airport lounge was also acquired by Gol in 2013.  Gol currently owns the *Varig* name.  It used to painted some airplanes with that name. In 2006, a Gol airplane hit a private jet.  No one was hurt or killed on the private jet. But, all 154 people on the Gol airplane died. 

File:PR-GTT Boeing 737 GOL (8181568287).jpg|A Gol Boeing 737.
File:PR-VBE Boeing 737 Varig (7319382108).jpg|A Gol aircraft with the *Varig* paint job.
File:GOL Transportes Aéreos B737-76N (PR-GOH).jpg|GOL aircraft in flight.
File:Boeing 737-700-Afonso Pena-Curitiba-Gol.JPG|A Gol Boeing 737-700.

## References
Garden fork

A **garden fork**, also called a **spading fork** or **digging fork**, is a tool for digging. It is used for loosening soil in gardening and farming.  It is used similarly to a spade, but it can be pushed more easily into the ground. It does not cut through plant roots. Garden forks were made of wood, but now most are made of steel.  

Garden forks are slightly different from pitchforks. Their  are usually shorter and thicker and closer together.
Canadian Airlines

**Canadian Airlines** used to be the second largest airline of Canada.  It flew to all five continents. Calgary, Alberta used to be their headquarters and hub. Canadian was also a founding member of Oneworld alongside American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific and Qantas, but left the alliance in 2000.  Air Canada bought the airline in 2000. 

 airplane.]]

## References
Grigoriy Bronza

**Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza** (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union.

## World War II 
During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations:
* Order of the Patriotic War,
* Medal for Battle Merit,
* Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
* Medal "For the Victory over Japan".

## Postage stamps 
Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Moldavian postage stamps
* Moldova rare postage stamps
Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra

**Julieta Montaño** (born 16 August 1946) is a Bolivian lawyer, a human rights defender, and a writer.  In 2015 she won the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra was born 16 August 1946 in Quillacoll, Bolivia. She finished her Bachelor's degree in Humanities at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in 1965. She finished her law degree at the same university in 1972.  She finished Master's degrees in human rights and political science at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón and University of Huelva in Huelva, Spain. She finished her doctorate degree in human rights at the Universidad Pablo de Olavide in Seville, Spain. 

## Work 
Montaño was the Vice President of the Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia and the Comptroller of Cochabamba, Bolivia. From 1997 to 2002 she was in the Chamber of Deputies representing the Cochabamba Department.  Montaño returned to her work in 1981, after the end of the dictatorship.

On 11 April 1985 Montaño started the *Oficina Jurídica para la Mujer* (Legal Office for Women) to promote women’s rights and fight violence against women.  The organization has helped more than 30,000 women.  It has also worked with the Bolivian legislature to make laws to protect women.

## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
Levelland, Texas

**Levelland** is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Hockley County. About 12,652 people lived there in 2020.

## References
Out of Africa

and back into the continent, as well as the locations of major ancient human remains and archeological sites.]]
The **Out of Africa** theory says that modern humans first appeared in Africa, then migrated out of Africa to other parts of the world.

Since the 1980s this theory has been supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, and other sequence analysis. There is also evidence based on the physical anthropology of archaic fossil remains. The idea is very well supported. 

There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

## Timeline 
### Appearance of modern humans 
Genetic studies and fossil evidence show that archaic *Homo sapiens* evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago.

Members of one branch of *Homo sapiens* left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago. Over time these humans replaced earlier populations of the genus *Homo,* such as Neanderthals and *Homo erectus*.

### Migrations out of Africa 
By about 90,000 years ago early humans had moved into Eurasia. Earlier species of humans like the Neanderthals had already been living in this area for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe).

By about 42,000 to 44,000 years ago *Homo sapiens* had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, *Homo sapiens* replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. (Scientists do not know the details of how this occurred.) At roughly the same time, *Homo sapiens* arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers.

### First successful out of Africa migration 
The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (the earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago based on genetics, but migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeological finds of tools in the region.

## Related pages 
*Early human migrations for how archaic as well as modern humans moved out of Africa.

## References
Quitman

**Quitman** is the name of six cities and a county in the United States, named for John A. Quitman, Governor of Mississippi:
*Quitman, Arkansas
*Quitman, Georgia
*Quitman, Louisiana
*Quitman, Mississippi
*Quitman, Missouri
*Quitman, Texas
*Quitman County, Georgia
Alexander Bulgakov

**Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov** (15 November 178117 April 1863) was a Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator.

## Biography 
Alexander Bulgakov was born in 1781 in Constantinople in the family of a Russian diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). At the beginning of his career, Bulgakov worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as an official with special duties attached to the Governor General of Moscow in 1809–1832.

In 1832, Bulgakov stopped his diplomatic career and was appointed to Director of Posts in Moscow. He served in this position in 1832–1856. His younger brother Konstantin Bulgakov  (1782–1835) was the Director of the Saint Petersburg Post Office at that time. Because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service, they could freely correspond with each other. Both brothers were much respected by their staff for their effort to improve working conditions for postal workers.

## Related pages 
* Konstantin Bulgakov

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Volvic

**Volvic** is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is internationally known for its mineral water.
May Sabai Phyu

**May Sabai Phyu** (also **May Sabe Phyu**, born 5 August 1976) is an activist from Kachin state in Burma (Myanmar). She works for human rights, freedom of speech, peace, justice for Myanmar’s ethnic people. She works to stop violence against women. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

## Work 
In 2008, May Sabai Phyu started the Women’s Protection Technical Working Group during Cyclone Nargis. After the , 14 out of every 100 families were  by , many of them widows.  Because of this, more women were in the sex trade for money or food. The Working Group helped women to find housing, sex education, and jobs.

After the problems of the storm were ended, the Working Group became the Gender Equality Network.  May Sabai Phyu was the  . In 2012, this group helped the government write the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women. The organization also works for gender equality and makes plans to stop violence against women and girls.

May Sabai Phyu is a leader of the Kachin Peace Network. She led a protest against the civil war between Myanmar Government s and the Kachin Independence Army. She spoke at Human Rights Workshops in Myanmar for human rights and for the rights of people with disabilities.

## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
David Defiagbon

**David Dejiro Defiagbon** (12 June 1970 &ndash; 24 November 2018) was a Nigerian-Canadian boxer. He competed for Canada at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## History
Defiagbon competed at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand. He won gold after defeating Greg Johnson. He fought for Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He was defeated in the first round of the light middleweight division by Raúl Márquez 7 to 8.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, Defiagbon competed for Canada and was able to win a silver medal after he defeated Nate Jones. He was defeated by Félix Savón.

Defiagbon died of a heart attack in Las Vegas, Nevada on 28 November 2018 at the age of 48.

## References
## Other websites
*Canadian Olympic team profile
2015 Philadelphia train derailment

workers look at the train]]
The **2015 Philadelphia train derailment** happened on May 12, 2015. An Amtrak *Northeast Regional* train derailed in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Amtrak *Northeast Regional* No. 188 was on its way from Washington, D.C. to New York City. It derailed at 9:23 pm. The train went off the track. Some cars fell onto their sides.

The accident killed eight people and injured more than 200 people.

## Investigation 
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that there were no signs which suggested that the derailment was related to terrorism. A team from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also investigated.

The driver of the train, Amtrak engineer Brandon Bostian, suffered wounds to the legs and head, including a concussion, and was said to be unable to remember the incident.

## References
Thonon-les-Bains

**Thonon-les-Bains** is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. It is a famous spa town, also known for its mineral water.
Konstantin Bulgakov

**Konstantin Yakovlevich Bulgakov** (31 December 178229 October 1835) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator.

Konstantin Bulgakov served as the Director of the Moscow Post Office. Since 1819 he was the Director of Saint Petersburg Post Office. Bulgakov later became the Director of the Postal Department of the Russian Empire. He and his brother Alexander Bulgakov, Director of the Moscow Post Office, could freely correspond with each other because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service.

## Biography 
Konstantin Bulgakov was the son of a diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). He was born in Constantinople in 1782. Bulgakov began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1797.  Thanks to his linguistic skills, he served in a diplomatic capacity during Russia's wars with Turkey and France. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bulgakov assisted the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Foreign Minister. The Tsar offered him an ambassador position in Copenhagen. However, Bulgakov asked the Tsar for his appointment as Director of Posts in Moscow in February 1816. He soon succeeded in this post and was transferred to Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1819. As Director of Saint Petersburg Posts, Bulgakov worked there with Prince Golitsyn, who was in charge of the Russian Postal Department.

In 1831, Bulgakov was promoted to the Director of the Postal Department and decorated. However, he suffered two strokes in 1835. That was a consequence
of overwork. Bulgakov died the same year.

## Postal reforms 
Among Bulgakov's innovations was the establishment of passenger-carrying mail-coaches between the major towns of Russia and the Baltic provinces. These services started in 1821 and worked, until they were replaced with the railway in 1868.

In 1825, the first survey of post-roads in Russia was published. Begun in 1817, construction of paved roads continued and reached over 1,500 miles by the 1850s. This progress enabled Bulgakov to introduce a system of express posts ("extra" posts) between major cities.

Bulgakov also concluded a postal treaty with Prussia. In 1832, he set up  a steamship service between Saint Petersburg and Lübeck.

All these improvements reduced the delivery times for mail. For example, mail from Berlin to Saint Petersburg came in five days instead of nine. The Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, the widow of Paul I and a former German princess, praised the better postal service.

Bulgakov paid much attention to improve working conditions for postal workers.

## Related pages 
* Alexander Bulgakov

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bill Guthridge

**William Wallace "Bill" Guthridge** (July 27, 1937 – May 12, 2015) was an American college basketball coach.  Guthridge is known for serving for 30 years as Dean Smith's assistant at the University of North Carolina.  Following Dean Smith's retirement in 1997, Guthridge served as head coach of the Tar Heels for three seasons.

Guthridge died at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on May 12, 2015 after a long-illness, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* North Carolina profile
Derek Davis

**Derek Davis** (26 April 1948 – 13 May 2015) was an Irish broadcaster. He co-hosted *Live at 3*. He also presented *Out of the Blue* and won *Celebrity Bainisteoir*.

Davis died on 13 May 2015 after a short illness, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
* 4fm profile
* Today with Derek Davis
*
Atari, Inc.

**Atari, Inc.** is an American video game and home computer company. It was ed in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was the first company to make a video arcade game in a cabinet. The company made famous games, such as Pong. Atari helped define the gaming entertainment industry and home computers from the 1970s to the mid-1980s.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Atari History Museum - Atari historical archive site.
* Atari Times, supporting all Atari consoles.
* AtariAge.com
* Atari Gaming Headquarters - Atari historical archive site.
* Atari On Film - List of Atari products in films.
* History of Atari from 1978 to 1981
* A History of Syzygy / Atari  / Atari Games  / Atari Holdings
* http://atari.com - Company that manages intellectual property of games and franchises.
Island dwarfism

from Crete]]

**Island dwarfism**, or insular dwarfism, is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations. 

The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is *Cebuella pygmaea*. 

The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like *Europasaurus*, and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives. 

This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "**island rule**": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may  evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited.

## Possible causes of island dwarfism 
There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.

One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish.  Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times.

### Naming 
The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973. 

## References
Hateg Island

''. This dinosaur's fossils, dating from Upper Cretaceous, were found in the region of Haţeg]]

**Hațeg Island** was a large offshore island in the Tethys Sea during the late Cretaceous. It was in an area now around modern-day Hațeg, Hunedoara County, Romania. Upper Cretaceous fossils of small-sized dinosaurs have been found in the former island's rocks.

The island was formed mainly by tectonic uplift during the early Alpine orogeny towards the end of the Cretaceous. There is no real present-day analog, but the island of Hainan (off the coast of China) is perhaps closest as regards climate, geology and topography, though still not a particularly good match. The vegetation, for example, was quite distinct from today, as was the fauna.

Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa (1877–1933) had the idea that "limited resources" found on the island often have an effect of "reducing the size of animals" over the generations, producing a localized form of dwarfism. Nopcsa's theory of island dwarfism – also known as the "island rule" – is today widely accepted.

## References
Gallows letter

In postal history, a **gallows letter** was a letter with a "gallows" mark meaning "very quickly".

Gallows letters were  letters or es used by the Privy Council of Elizabeth I of England. To  an extreme degree of  of y, the letter had on the address panel a rough drawing of a gallows. Sometimes the picture included a hanging body.  These drawings could also have repeated written directions as *"haste haste"*, *"post haste"*, *"haste for life"*, *"for life haste"*, etc.

There are also modern forgeries of such letters. This is when counterfeit gallows marks have been applied onto original letters.

## Related pages 
* Envelope
* Letter (paper)

## References
Chevrolet Trax

**Chevrolet Trax** is a subcompact CUV/mini SUV (Europe) sold by the Chevrolet division by General Motors. It was introduced in 2013. It replaced both the Chevrolet HHR station wagon and the Suzuki based Tracker subcompact SUV. It is a mere rebadged version of Opel Mokka, which is also offered in the U.S. as Buick Encore. It is built on GM's Gamma platform. The Gamma platform is also used to built the Sonic and the Spark. In 2014 it replaced the Chevrolet Captiva Sport as GM's fleet car. The car is sold under the name Tracker in Russia due to the word trax loosely. translating to a sexual connotation. GM has thought of selling a GMC version of this vehicle due to sales success in the U.S.

## References
Jon Castañares

**Jon Mirena Bitor Castañares Larreategui** (1925 &ndash; 5 May 2015) was a Spanish politician and economist. He was born in Bilbao. He was known for being a strong supporter of Basque nationalism. He served as mayor of Bilbao from 1979 through 1983.

Castañares died in Bilbao at the age of 90.

## References
Victor Fleming

**Victor Lonzo Fleming** (February 23, 1889 – January 6, 1949) was an American movie director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular movie were *The Wizard of Oz* (1939), and *Gone with the Wind* (1939). He won an Academy Award for Best Directing in 1939.

Fleming died of a heart attack while on his way to the hospital in Cottonwood, Arizona, aged 59.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* The Real Rhett Butler – David Denby on Victor Fleming (*The New Yorker*)
Europasaurus

***Europasaurus*** is a basal sauropod from the titanosaur clade, but very much smaller than usual.

This quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur lived during the Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian, about 154 million years ago). It was found in northern Germany. It is an example of insular dwarfism. This means it probably came from an isolated sauropod population on an island in the Lower Saxony basin.

Small sauroopods with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are rare, and small sauropod bones usually come from juveniles. This species was a small adult, based on its bone histology. It was a dwarf species. 

There are fossils from more than 11 individuals of 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. These size differences between the specimens are due to growth stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin. 

A similar discovery was made in Transylvania at the start of the 20th century. A local aristocrat, Franz Nopcsa, found the fossils on his estate. He realised they might have lived on an island, because he knew that dwarf elephants had lived on islands in the Ice Age. Nopsca's estate was ruined by World War I, but his find was recorded as *Magyarosaurus*.

## Reference
Quitman, Texas

**Quitman** is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Wood County. About 1,942 people lived there in 2020.  It was named for John A. Quitman, a governor of Mississippi.  Sissy Spacek was born in Quitman.

## References 
## Other websites
War tax due stamp

**War tax due stamp** is a kind of war tax and postage due stamps that was used for mail when the war tax has not been paid by the sender. They were issued in Romania between 1915 and 1921.

During war the sender of a letter paid a war tax. Then they placed a war tax stamp on the letter showing the tax was paid. If the sender did not do that, a war tax due stamp was applied by the postal service. When the letter was delivered the person receiving the letter paid double the normal rate.

## Related pages 
* Postage stamp
* Stamp Act
* Tax

## References
Évian-les-Bains

**Évian-les-Bains** is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. It is a famous spa town, widely known for its mineral water.
Marie Claire Tchecola

**Marie Claire Tchecola** is a nurse from Guinea. She got Ebola, but she lived. She is an activist who teaches about disease. In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave Tchecola the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Tchecola is from a small village in Guinea, near Senegal. She was the first woman in her family to get an education. She studied to be a nurse. She worked as a nurse at Donka Hospital in Conakry, Guinea.  In July 2014, she worked with a very sick patient. She got Ebola from that patient.  She went to a center for treatment. She got better. 

After Tchecola got well, she went back to her job as a nurse at Donka Hospital. She had more problems.  She lost her housing, because her landlord did not understand Ebola.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Marie Claire Tchecola - I Survived Ebola

* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Emilie Béatrice Epaye

**Emilie Béatrice Epaye** is a politician and teacher from the Central African Republic. She was a minister in the government and she was in the National Assembly.  Epaye works for better government, economic development, freedom, human rights, and peace.  In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Emilie Béatrice Epaye was born about 1956.  She studied to be a teacher. She worked in her family transportation business. 

## Work 
### La Fondation la Voix du Coeur 
In 2000, Epaye became the new director of the *La Fondation la Voix du Coeur* (The Voice of the Heart Foundation) organization.   Lucienne Patassé, the wife of president Ange-Félix Patassé started the organization in 1994 to help street children. She started a home for the children in the city of Bangui,  The children received food, education, medical care, and training, in a place that was safe and free from violence. 

### Politics 
In 2003, General François Bozizé led a coup and became the new leader of the Central African Republic.  He formed a transition council to help with the change in government.  The council wrote the 2004 constitution.  Epaye was in the transition council.  

From 2003 to 2005, Epaye was president of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and was a member of the National Transitional Council.   In 2005 she became the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises.  She was in that position for five years. In 2008 she became the Minister of Trade and Industry.  She was in that position through 2011.

In 2013 there was a new coup by a group called *Séléka*. Michel Djotodia became president, but there was much violence.  The United Nations, the African Union, and the French government sent soldiers to stop the fighting. New elections were scheduled for 2015, and Catherine Samba-Panza was elected leader of the country for the transition.  Epaye was in the new council to help with the transition. 

### Pan African organizations 
From 2003-2005, Epaye was a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). Beginning in 2008, she was the leader of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI. She also was on the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU). 

## Awards 
In 2010, the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU), gave Epaye the Medal of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit from the CEMAC Community.  In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave her the International Women of Courage Award. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Tainted Love

**"Tainted Love"** is a pop rock single. It was first sung by Gloria Jones. The lyrics are about leaving a relationship due to being abused.

The song was first released in May 1965. In 1981, Soft Cell covered the song. Their version hit #1 on some charts. In summer 1982, it reached #8 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

There are many versions of the song. It has been covered by many musicians.

## References
Gloria Jones

**Gloria Jones** (born October 19, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. She recorded the 1965 song "Tainted Love". She also had other songs.

On September 16, 1977, Jones was driving a car. Marc Bolan of the group T. Rex was a passenger. The car crashed and killed Bolan.

Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She later moved to Los Angeles, California.

## References
Gainan Saidkhuzhin

**Gainan Rakhmatovich Saidkhuzhin** (; 30 June 1937 &ndash; 13 May 2015) was a Soviet cyclist. He was a ten-time cycling champion of the Soviet Union. He competed in the road race at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics and finished in 34th and 41st places, respectively. He was born in Novosibirsk to a Tatar family.

Saidkhuzhin died from a heart attack on 13 May 2015 in Miami, Florida, United States. He was 77.

## References
Luxeuil-les-Bains

**Luxeuil-les-Bains** is a spa town located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.
Millerites

**Millerites** was the name for the followers of the teachings of William Miller. In 1833, Miller said that he had done some calculations, and that the second coming of Christ would happen about the year 1844. This turned out to be false, and there was a great disappointment. Miller had documented how he did Bible interpretation, so anyone could do it. After the disappointment, some movements emerged that were generally called *Adventist*.
First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition

The **First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition** was held in Moscow in 1924–1925. Its full name was the **First All-Union Philatelic, Scripophilic and Numismatic Exhibition**. This was because it combined the objects of philately, scripophily (collecting stock and bond certificates), and numismatics (of coins, money).

The exhibition was organised from 15 December 1924 to 15 February 1925. This was done by the Presidium of the All-Union Philatelic Association and Board of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists. The combined exhibition was meant to prepare formation of the *All-Union Society of Collectors*. The society was to be under the direction of Feodor Chuchin, the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily.

## Related pages 
* All-Russian Society of Philatelists
* Leniniana
* Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
* Philatelic International
* Philately
* Soviet Philatelic Association
* Soviet Philatelist
 sent from the exhibition to Leningrad, with the USSR stamp from the Lenin Mourning Issue, 1924, and exhibition's special cancellation]]

## References
## Further reading 
*  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

## Other websites 
*
WOW air

airplane.]]

**WOW air** was a budget airline from Iceland.

## History
WOW air began in November 2011. Its first flight was on 1 June 2012. The airline flew 11 airplanes from the Airbus A320 family to destinations in Europe, North America and the Middle East.

Wow air stopped operations on 28 March 2019. All flights were cancelled and thousands of stranded passengers were told to book with other airliners.

## References
All-Russian Society of Philatelists

**All-Russian Society of Philatelists** was a national philatelic organisation in Soviet Russia established in 1923. Later on, it was subsequently renamed and reorganised into the **All-Union Society of Philatelists** and the **All-Union Society of Collectors**.

## History 
The idea of a new countrywide philatelic society was supported by the Russian Bureau of Philately at the RSFSR National Commissariat of Post and Telegraphs in 1922. On 15 March 1923, the charter of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists was approved. On 6 April 1923 its first meeting took place in Moscow. The society's branches worked in Yerevan, Tiflis, Tashkent, Ashgabat, Baku, and other cities. In 1924–1925, the First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition was held. The All-Russian Society of Philatelists published the *Soviet Philatelist* journal (1922–1932). It existed till the late 1930s.

## Related pages 
* First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
* Leniniana
* Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
* Philatelic International
* Philately
* Soviet Philatelic Association
* Soviet Philatelist

## Notes 
## References
## Further reading 
*  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

## Other websites 
*
Chevrolet Tracker

The **Chevrolet Tracker** was a subcompact SUV made in Canada. It is sold by General Motors. It was introduced in 1989 as a Geo model. It derives from Suzuki's Escudo model. The Tracker was built at CAMI Automotive which was jointly owned by GM and Suzuki til 2010.

In Canada, it was sold under various names such as GMC Tracker and Asüna/Pontiac Sunrunner. The Sunrunner was replaced in 2001 by the minivan-based Aztek CUV.  In 1998 the Tracker became an official Chevrolet brand due to GM consolidating the Geo brand. The United States/Canadian version of the Tracker continued until 2004 where it was discontinued and replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox. The Tracker was still made in Mexico and Brazil until the late 2000s where it was replaced by the Chevrolet Captiva and the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In 2015 Chevrolet introduced Trax model to the U.S. and it serves as a secondary replacement for the Tracker.

## References
Kelly Olynyk

**Kelly Tyler Olynyk** (born April 19, 1991) is a Canadian professional basketball player. He is a power forward-center for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Toronto, Ontario and moved to Kamloops, British Columbia when he was in grade 7.

## Career
### College
Olynyk played college basketball at Gonzaga University. During his freshman and sophomore years there, Olynyk averaged 12 to 13 minutes per game and was mainly a bench player. During his junior year, Olynyk and Gonzaga both agreed that he would redshirt. He played in the 2012–13 season and was selected for both the Consensus First-Team All-American and the 2012–13 Academic All-America first team.

## NBA
Olynyk was selected 13th overall by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft. The same day, the Mavericks traded Olynyk to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Lucas Nogueira and two future second round picks. During his first summer league game, he scored 25 points with 9-of-13 shooting. He signed his rookie scale contract with the Celtics on July 7, 2013.

On October 29, 2014, the Celtics extended Olynyk's rookie scale contract through the 2015–16 season after exercising their third-year team option. On December 15, 2014, Olynyk scored a career-high 30 points in a 105-87 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.

During the first quarter of Game 4 of the 2015 NBA Playoffs, Olynyk got tangled with Cleveland Cavaliers player Kevin Love while battling for a loose ball and dislocated Love's left shoulder. Love called it a "bush-league play" and Olynyk said that he would "never intentionally hurt someone." The league suspended Olynyk for one game without pay and ruled that he had "yanked [Love's] arm down".

On September 26, 2022, Olynyk was traded to the Utah Jazz.

On February 8, 2024, Olynyk was traded along with Ochai Agbaji to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kira Lewis Jr., Otto Porter Jr., and a first-round draft pick. On March 4, Olynyk signed a multi-year contract to stay with the Raptors.

On February 6, 2025, the Raptors traded Olynyk along with Bruce Brown and draft picks to the New Orleans Pelicans in exchange for Brandon Ingram.

## National team
Olynyk plays for the Canada men's national basketball team. He was the captain of the Canadian team during the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2023. During the tournament, he helped Canada defeat France, Germany, and World champions Spain to help Canada clinch a spot in the Olympics for the first time since 2000. Canada would defeat the United States to win the bronze medal. It was Canada's first international medal since 1936.

## References
## Other websites
*
Spy (2015 movie)

***Spy*** is a 2015 American action comedy spy movie directed by Paul Feig. This movie is about a CIA analyst, Susan Cooper. She goes undercover in the world of a deadly arms dealer to prevent a global disaster. Melissa McCarthy plays Susan Cooper. Allison Janney plays Elaine Crocker.

The movie was released on June 5, 2015 in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tamerlan Tsarnaev

**Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnaev** (Тамерла́н Анзо́рович Царна́ев ; October 21, 1986 &ndash; April 19, 2013) and his brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many as 264 others.

## Death
Shortly after the Federal Bureau of Investigation declared them suspects in the bombings and released images of them, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT police officer, carjacked an SUV. They soon engaged in a shootout with the police in the Boston suburb of Watertown. 

According to the police, during the shootout Tamerlan was captured, but died partly as a result of his brother driving over him. He was 26 years old.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Tsarnaev Family (*Wall Street Journal*)
*
Pat Hitchcock

'''Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell'* (7 July 1928 &ndash; 9 August 2021) was an English actress and producer. She appeared in small roles in some of her fathers well known works most notable as Carolina in *Psycho'' (1960). Her father was legendary director Alfred Hitchcock.

Hitchcock died on 9 August 2021 in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 93.
## Filmography
### Film 
### Television 
## References
## Other websites
*
Wood County

**Wood County** is the name of four counties in the United States:

* Wood County, Ohio
* Wood County, Texas
* Wood County, West Virginia
* Wood County, Wisconsin
Wood County, Texas

**Wood County** is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2020, 44,843 people lived there.  The county seat is Quitman.  The county was named for George T. Wood, governor of Texas from 1847 to 1849.

## References
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

**Dzhokhar Anzorovich** "**Jahar**" **Tsarnaev** (Cyrillic: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев ; born July 22, 1993) and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many 264 others. On May 15, 2015, a Boston U.S. federal court jury verdict resulted in a death-sentence verdict for Tsarnaev for his crimes.

## Early life
He and his family immigrated to the United States as refugees in 2002. Tsarnaev was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He had become a naturalized U.S. citizen on  September 11, 2012.

## Capture
During the bombings, on April 19, there was a shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers. MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev's escape in the SUV Tsarnaev was injured but escaped. On the evening of April 19, the heavily wounded Tsarnaev was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter. He was arrested and taken to a hospital. It was later reported that he was persuaded to surrender when the FBI negotiators mentioned a public plea from his former wrestling coach.

Tsarnaev was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with destruction of property resulting in death.

## Conviction
He was convicted on April 8, 2015, and was sentenced to death on May 15, 2015. Tsarnaev allegedly later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City. Tsarnaev reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching Anwar al-Awlaki lectures.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Tsarnaev Family (*Wall Street Journal*)
Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily

**Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily** was established in Moscow in 1922 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) for matters concerned with philately and bonds. An old Bolshevik Feodor Chuchin headed this organisation.

## History 
To help finance the Central Famine Relief Committee (POMGOL), VTsIK decided to sell abroad postage stamps of Imperial Russia and the newly formed governments of the Civil War period. The idea was to obtain hard currency for them. Feodor Chuchin was named in 1921 the POMGOL commissioner for matters pertaining to stamp donations. The sale of stamps and paper money was profitable:

The Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily  existed till 1926 and was superseded by the Soviet Philatelic Association.

File:The Soviet Union 1923 CPA K3 stamp (Obligatory tax. Insurance stamps. Exchange Control stamps).jpg|1923
File:StampFarEastern1923.jpg|1923
File:Foreign exchangeUSSR1925.jpg|1925

## Related pages 
* All-Russian Society of Philatelists
* First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
* Leniniana
* Philatelic International
* Philately
* Soviet Philatelic Association
* Soviet Philatelist

## Notes 
## References 
## Further reading 
*  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

## Other websites 
*
Hinge teeth

**Hinge teeth** are part of the inner surface of the shell of a bivalve mollusc. Bivalves by definition have two valves (parts of the shell). They are joined together by a strong and flexible ligament on the hinge line at the dorsal (top) edge of the shell.

In life, the shell needs to be able to open slightly to allow the foot and siphons to protrude, and then close again, *without the valves moving out of alignment with one another*. To make this possible, the two valves usually have hinge teeth (the "dentition"). Like the ligament, the hinge teeth are along the hinge line of the shell.

In most families, the two valves of the shell are almost perfectly symmetrical with one another along the hinge line, though the placement and shape of the teeth may differ slightly in the left valve and right valve so the two valves fit together properly.

Each group of bivalves tends to have distinctive hinge teeth. Because of this, examining the arrangement of the hinge teeth in a bivalve shell is often essential for identification and classification.

## Brachiopods 
The other great shelled phylum, the brachiopods, also has a group with hinge teeth. In the traditional classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves. In the Inarticulata the two parts of the shell are held together only by muscles.87–93

## References
Michelle (song)

**"Michelle"** is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was first released on the band's 1965 album *Rubber Soul*. It was mainly written by Paul McCartney, with some parts written by John Lennon. It is a love ballad and some of the words are in French.

## Personnel 
According to Walter Everett:

*Paul McCartney – lead vocal, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, bass guitar
*John Lennon – backing vocal, classical guitar
*George Harrison – backing vocal, acoustic guitar, lead guitar
*Ringo Starr – drums

## Notes
## References
## Sources
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Stotting

stotting]]
 stotting]]

**Stotting** (or **pronking**) is a behaviour of some bovines, particularly gazelles. They spring into the air, and lift all four feet off the ground simultaneously. Usually, the legs are held in a relatively stiff position and the back may be arched with the head pointing downward.  Many explanations of stotting have been proposed. At least in some cases it is an honest signal to predators that the stotting animal is not worth pursuing.

## Some possible explanations 
Stotting makes a prey animal more visible and uses up energy and time that could be spent escaping. Therefore, it is assumed that it must bring some benefit to the stotting animal. A number of possible explanations have been proposed. Stotting may be:

# A good means of rapid escape or jumping over obstructions. This cannot be true in Thomson's gazelles because they do not stot when a predator is less than about 40 m away. 
# An anti-ambush behaviour: animals in tall grass may leap into the air to detect potential predators.
# A predator detection signal: the animal signals to the predator that it has been seen and therefore does not have the advantage of surprise. Many such signals exist in different groups of animals. Again, this would be an honest pursuit deterrence signal, benefiting the prey by not being chased and benefitting the predator by not wasting time stalking prey when it has already been seen. Evidence for this hypothesis is that cheetahs abandon more hunts when their gazelle prey stots, and when they do give chase to a stotting gazelle, they are far less likely to make a kill.
# Play, especially in young animals, may help to prepare them for adult life. Stotting is sometimes observed in immature animals, but stotting is generally seen in adult prey responding to predators.

The English evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith concludes that "the natural explanation is that stotting is an index of condition and of escape capability", used as a signal especially to coursing predators. He also observes that "it is hard to see how it could be a handicap", unless perhaps it is a signal to other gazelles of the same species.

File:Look Ma, I can Jump!.jpg|A lamb stotting
File:Impala-stotting.jpg|Adult male black-faced impala stotting

## References
Vera Miles

**Vera Miles** (born August 23, 1930) is an American actress, now retired. She worked closely with both John Ford and Alfred Hitchcock. She is known for her role as Lila Crane in the Hitchcock classic *Psycho*, and in the sequel *Psycho II*. Her other popular movies include *The Wrong Man*, *The Searchers*, *Follow Me Boys!*, and *The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance*.

## Other websites
*
Héricourt (Haute-Saône)

**Héricourt** is a commune located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

On 1 January 2019, Tavey was merged into the commune of Héricourt.

## References