open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
15 February 2003 anti-war protests

On February 15, 2003, there was a day of protests across the world. The protests were to express people's opposition to the imminent invasion of Iraq. They were held in more than 600 cities. It was part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place. Social movement researchers have described the 15&nbsp;February protest as "the largest protest event in human history."

Sources vary in their estimations of the number of participants involved. According to BBC News, between six and eleven million people took part in protests in up to sixty countries over the weekend of the 15th and 16th. Other estimates range from eight million to thirty million.

Some of the largest protests took place in Europe. The protest in Rome involved around three million people, and is listed in the 2004 *Guinness Book of World Records* as the largest anti-war rally in history. Madrid hosted the second largest rally with more than 1.5 million people protesting the invasion of Iraq; Mainland China was the only major region not to see any protests on that day, but small demonstrations, attended mainly by foreign students, were seen later.

## References
Iraq Inquiry

]]
The **Iraq Inquiry** is a public inquiry into the United Kingdom's role in the Iraq War. It is also called the **Chilcot Inquiry** after its chairman, Sir John Chilcot.

The inquiry was announced on 15 June 2009 by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The original announcement was that the inquiry would take place in private. This decision was later reversed after receiving criticism in the media and the House of Commons.

On 6 July 2016, Sir John Chilcot announced the report's publication, more than seven years after the inquiry was announced. It referred to as the Chilcot report by the news media, the document stated that Saddam Hussein was not an urgent threat and that the Iraq War was not necessary. 

## References
Andrew Murray (trade unionist)

**Andrew Murray** (born 1958) is a British campaigner and journalist. He was Chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until September 2011, and again from September 2015 after Jeremy Corbyn resigned.

Murray has been a senior official for several trade unions over many years.

## References
All-party parliamentary group

An **all-party parliamentary group** (**APPG**) is a grouping in the British Parliament that is made up of politicians from all political parties.

If a parliament consists of both a lower house and an upper house, all-party parliamentary groups can usually include members of both houses. In the British Parliament, for example, APPGs include members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

In the British Parliament, an **associate parliamentary group** is similar to an all-party parliamentary group except that it is made up of not only members of the House of Commons or Lords but can also include members from outside Parliament.

## References
Department for Social Security

The **Department of Social Security** (DSS) was a government department in the United Kingdom.  

The department was created in 1988. The Department of Health and Social Security was divided into two departments, one of which was the DSS. During 2001, the department was largely replaced by the Department for Work and Pensions. The other responsibilities of the department were assumed by the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence. 

## References
Senegambia

**Senegambia** was a region of West Africa occupying the area of present day Senegal and Gambia. The 20th century 
**Senegambia Confederation**, was a loose confederation between Senegal and Gambia. The term Senegambia was used by the British as early as 1765. They used it to refer to their settlements on the islands off the coast of present day Senegal.  The Toucouleur people were settled in east and central Senegal. The Africans from Senegambia were found nearly everywhere in the United States before the American Civil War, both in the North and South.Senegambia was strongly Muslim. In the Senegambia region due to the high demand by buyers, men and boys were taken from all over the region. Women, however, being in less demand, were taken from the easily accessed coastal areas. Most of them belonged to the Jolof people and so, unlike the men, they had a common language. Due to the fear of slaves revolting, men were kept below decks and in s. Women were usually kept on deck and were sometimes allowed to move around. Some historians say that it was the women who organized many of the slave uprisings at sea. 

## Notes 
## References
Chagossians

The **Chagossians** (also **Îlois** or **Chagos Islanders**) are people who previously lived on the Chagos Islands. They are of African, Indian and Malay ancestry. They lived on Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos and the Salomon island chain, as well as other islands. They were forcibly removed from the islands by the British government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This was done at the request of the United States government, so that Diego Garcia could become a military base. Most Chagossians now live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom. No Chagossians live in the Chagos Islands anymore, as it is now the site of the military base Camp Justice.

The Chagossians are mostly descended from African people, particularly from Madagascar, Mozambique and Mauritius. There is also a significant proportion of Indian and Malay ancestry. The French brought some to the Chagos islands as slaves from Mauritius in 1786. Others arrived as fishermen, farmers, and coconut plantation workers during the 19th century.

The Chagossians speak Chagossian Creole, a creole language based on French. It has words that come from various African and Asian languages. It is part of the Bourbonnais Creole family. Chagossian Creole is still spoken by some of their descendants in Mauritius and Seychelles. Chagossian people living in the UK speak English.

The British government separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, creating a new colony in Africa, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). To avoid accountability to the United Nations for its continued colonial rule, the UK falsely claimed that the Chagos had no permanent population.

resettlement, and the identity of the Chagossian people remains an unresolved issue 

On 22 May 2019, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution [86] asking the United Kingdom to surrender the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius within six months.

A Chagossian resettlement plan, supervised by international experts, will be discussed in June 2025

In June 2025, UN experts called for the suspension of a recently signed agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, warning that it failed to protect the rights of the displaced Chagossian people. “By maintaining a foreign military presence of the United Kingdom and the United States on Diego Garcia and preventing the Chagossian people from returning… the agreement appears to be in contradiction with the Chagossian right of return,” according to the experts. The experts criticized the lack of provisions allowing access to cultural sites or the preservation of the Chagossian heritage. They called on the two countries to renegotiate the restitution agreement, stating, “We call for the suspension of ratification of the agreement and the negotiation of a new agreement that fully guarantees the rights of the Chagossian people”.
## References
Brighton hotel bombing

The **Brighton hotel bombing** was an attack at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England. It happened on 12 October 1984. A time bomb was planted in the hotel by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) member Patrick Magee. The purpose was to kill Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her ministers, who were staying at the hotel for the Conservative Party conference. Patrick Magee, an IRA volunteer, stayed in the hotel under the pseudonym "Roy Walsh" on the weekend of 14–17 September. During his stay, he planted the bomb under the bath in his room.

The bomb brought down a five-ton chimney stack, which crashed down through the floors into the basement.

Thatcher narrowly escaped injury. Five people were killed, including the Deputy Chief Whip Sir Anthony Berry, and 31 were injured.   Margaret Tebbit, wife of Norman Tebbit had to use a wheelchair for the rest of her life.

At 4am Thatcher  gave an impromptu interview to the BBC saying that the conference would go on as usual.   Marks & Spencer opened early at 8:00 am so those who had lost their clothes in the bombing could purchase replacements.

The bombing was called "the most audacious attack on a British government since the Gunpowder Plot".  It "marked the end of an age of comparative innocence. From that day forward, all party conferences in this country have become heavily defended citadels".

## References
Labour Briefing

***Labour Briefing*** is a monthly political magazine made by members of the British Labour Party. The magazine was started in 1980 as ***London Labour Briefing***.

Throughout the 1990s, *London Labour Briefing* lost supporters and influence as New Labour's hold over the Labour Party increased. This was also because control inside the Labour Party was centralised, and the role played by activists was reduced.

*London Labour Briefing* was renamed *Labour Briefing* and was then known as *Labour Left Briefing*. In 2008 it was changed back to *Labour Briefing* on merging with *Voice of the Unions*. It supports the Socialist Campaign Group of Members of Parliament, and aims to promote and build the network of local Campaign Groups.

## References
Flexagon

In geometry, a **flexagon** is a flat model, usually made by folding a piece of paper, so that when 'flexed' (), one or more hidden faces will be revealed (shown) from within the model.

Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (**tetraflexagons**) or hexagonal (**hexaflexagons**).  A prefix can be added to the name to show the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing.  For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

## History 
### Discovery and introduction 
Arthur H. Stone, a British man, is said to have first discovered the flexagon in 1939. At the time, he was a student at Princeton University in the United States. His new American paper would not fit in his English binder so he cut off the ends of the paper and began folding them into different shapes. One of these formed a trihexaflexagon. 

Other students became interested in these shapes. They included Bryant Tuckerman, Richard Feynman, and John Tukey. Together, they formed the Princeton Flexagon Committee. Tuckerman worked out a topological method, called the "Tuckerman traverse", for revealing all the faces of a flexagon.

Flexagons were introduced to the general public by the recreational mathematician Martin Gardner in 1956. He wrote about in the first *Mathematical Games* column that he wrote for *Scientific American* magazine.  A few such novelties were produced by the Herbick & Held Printing Company in Pittsburgh. The device, marketed as the "Hexmo", were not very successful.

## References
London Regional Select Committee

The **London Regional Select Committee** was one of nine regional select committees of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The House of Commons agreed to create the committee on 25 June 2009, after committees for the eight other regions of England were created in November 2008. 'Regional ministers' were appointed by Gordon Brown when he was made Prime Minister in June 2007. The committee was created on 1 January 2009. It ceased to exist upon the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010.

## References
Bill Nelson

**Clarence William** "**Bill**" **Nelson II** (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and astronaut. Nelson was the 14th Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from 2021 to 2025. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019. He lost his re-election campaign in 2018 to Republican Governor Rick Scott.

He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, he became the second sitting member of Congress to fly in space, after Jake Garn. He was a payload specialist on the Space Shuttle *Columbia*.

Nelson retired from Congress in 1990 to run for Governor of Florida, but was lost the Democratic nomination to Lawton Chiles.

In March 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Nelson to be Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in his administration. Nelson supported same-sex marriage, lowering taxes on lower and middle income families, expanding environmental programs and regulation, protecting the Affordable Care Act and expanding Medicaid.

Nelson chaired the Senate Aging Committee from 2013 to 2015, and was Ranking Member of the Senate Commerce Committee from 2015 to 2019.

Nelson lost re-election in 2018 to Republican Rick Scott by 0.1%.

## Administrator to NASA
On February 22, 2021, reports emerged that President Joe Biden was considering nominating Nelson to be the NASA Administrator. Biden officially nominated Nelson on March 19, 2021 to the position.

His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 29, 2021 by a unanimous voice vote.

## Personal life
In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert.  The couple have two adult children: Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson, and Nan Ellen Nelson. He has suffered from prostate cancer.

## References
## Other websites
Chagos Archipelago

The **Chagos Archipelago** ( or ) or **Chagos Islands** (formerly the **Bassas de Chagas**, and later the **Oil Islands**) is a group of seven atolls in the Indian Ocean. The atolls are made up of more than 60 individual islands. The islands are located about  south of Maldives.  

The British government separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, creating a new colony in Africa, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). To avoid accountability to the United Nations for its continued colonial rule, the UK falsely claimed that the Chagos had no permanent population.

On 25 February 2019, in an advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice found that the United Kingdom illegally separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius after its independence in 1968. 

The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on May 22, 2019, commanding Great Britain to return the Chagos Archipelago to the Republic of Mauritius within six months, which would allow Chagossians to recover their land, but Great Britain refused to comply.

On 3 October 2024, the UK Government made a joint statement with the Mauritian government that they had negotiated for the sovereignty of the Chagos Islands following two years of negotiation whilst still enabling the running of the American military base in occupied Diego Garcia. Chagossians weren’t directly involved in the negotiations.

Following resumed negotiations a treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that will formally transfer the sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once it comes into effect, while the Diego Garcia military base remains under British control during a 99-year lease. On May 23, 2025, India welcomed the agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius for the transfer of sovereignty over the Chagos Islands, describing it as an important step in completing the decolonization of the island nation "in the spirit of international law and a rules-based order".

The agreement may be renewed for an additional 40 years after the initial 99-year period, and for an additional period thereafter.

In June 2025, UN experts called for the suspension of a recently signed agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, warning that it failed to protect the rights of the displaced Chagossian people. “By maintaining a foreign military presence of the United Kingdom and the United States on Diego Garcia and preventing the Chagossian people from returning… the agreement appears to be in contradiction with the Chagossian right of return,” according to the experts. The experts criticized the lack of provisions allowing access to cultural sites or the preservation of the Chagossian heritage. They called on the two countries to renegotiate the restitution agreement, stating, “We call for the suspension of ratification of the agreement and the negotiation of a new agreement that fully guarantees the rights of the Chagossian people”.

## Related pages
*Chagossians

## References
Serotonin syndrome

**Serotonin syndrome**, also known as **serotonin poisoning**, **serotonin sickness**, and many other names, is a medical condition that can happen if there is too much serotonin in your brain or other parts of your nervous system. Serotonin syndrome can be mild (doesn't make you very sick), but in rare situations, it can kill you. Serotonin syndrome can happen if you use some drugs that can increase the amount of serotonin in your nervous system. Some examples of drugs that can make you have serotonin syndrome are antidepressants, opioids, CNS stimulants, 5-HT1 agonists (a drug that changes the receptors of serotonin), psychedelics, herbs, and many others.

## Signs and symptoms 
When someone has too much serotonin in their body, they can start to feel sick very quickly. This sickness can show up in many different ways, like having a fast heartbeat, shivering, sweating, big pupils, and jerking or twitching muscles.

The symptoms often come in three groups:

# **Thinking Problems**: Headache, feeling very agitated, confused, seeing things that aren't there, or even going into a coma.
# **Body Problems**: Shivering, sweating, feeling very hot, fast heartbeat, feeling sick, and diarrhea.
# **Muscle Problems**: Muscle twitching and shaking.

## References
Władysław Szpilman

**Władysław "Wladek" Szpilman** (; 5 December 19116 July 2000) was a Polish pianist and classical composer.

Szpilman is known as the main character of the Roman Polanski movie *The Pianist* (2002). This movie is based on the book of the same name. It recounts Polanski's survival of the German occupation of Warsaw and the Holocaust.

Szpilman died in Warsaw, Poland on 6 July 2000 at the age of 88.

## Other websites 
*Władysław Szpilman information and biography
*In Loving Memory Of Władysław Szpilman 
*Information on Szpilman's works at Boosey & Hawkes
*"Szpilman's Warsaw: The History behind *The Pianist*" at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 
*Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska-Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, first part
*Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, second part 
*Władysław Szpilman  at culture.pl
*Information on Wladyslaw Szpilman at Polish Biographical Dictionary by Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2013 
*Uri Caine – performance of songs by Władisław Szpilman
Dewlap

A **dewlap** is a flap of skin that hangs beneath the neck of many animals. 
It can also be used to mean other things such as a double chin on a person or the vocal sac of a frog. The term dewlap can also be used to mean a *caruncle*, defined as "a small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy". At times the appearance of a dewlap indicates a stage in an animal's development. For example, the appearance of a dewlap on a female rabbit indicates she is of breeding age.

## References
Radio galaxy

. It shows radio (red), 24-micrometre infrared (green) and 0.5-5 keV X-ray emission (blue). The jet emits synchrotron radiation in all three wavebands:  The red lobes only emit in the radio frequency range  Gas and dust in the galaxy emits thermal radiation in the infrared  Thermal X-ray radiation from hot gas relativistic electrons causes the blue 'shells' around the lobes to the south (bottom)]]

**Radio galaxies** and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths. They have luminosities up to 1039 W between 10&nbsp;MHz and 100&nbsp;GHz. 

The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. Radio galaxies are almost exclusively large elliptical galaxies. *Radio-loud* active galaxies can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for observation. Recently, much work has been done on the effects of these objects on the intergalactic medium, particularly in galaxy groups and clusters.

## References
Tony Skyrme

**Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme** (; 5 December 1922, Lewisham – 25 June 1987) was a British scientist who worked on the atom.
## Birth
He was born in Lewisham , a suburb of London. His father was a bank clerk. He first went to a school in Lewisham, but was so good at maths that he was given a scholarship (free place) to Eton college.

## Education
There he was also good at math and won prizes in the subject. He got a place at Cambridge University and again was better than his fellow students leaving with the best degree, a first class degree.

## Works
When he left Cambridge in 1943 World War Two was at its height and he was told by the government to work on atomic energy under another scientist Rudolf Peierls to help win the war.

When America began to secretly build the atomic bomb these two men and a few other Britons went to America to help them achieve their goal. Tony Skyrme did important work towards the two atomic bombs that ended the war.

He then worked back in Britain on studying atoms. He used a way of understanding how atoms work by inventing an atom sized thing called a skyrmion. It is still used today to understand atoms.

## References
Marvel

**Marvel** may refer to:

## Places
*Marvel, Colorado, an unincorporated community
*Marvel, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
*Marvel Cave, Missouri
*Mount Marvel, Oates Land, Antarctica

## People
*Marvel (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the surname or given name

## Business
*Marvel Comics, a comic book publisher
*Marvel Entertainment, an American entertainment company
**Marvel Studios a motion picture studio based in Burbank, California
***Marvel Television, a television and film studio subsidiary
***Marvel Animation Studios, an animation production company
***Marvel Music, a music publishing arm
Biggin Hill

**Biggin Hill** is a small town, just on the edge of Greater London.

Biggin Hill has an airport that is famous for being used during World War 2, as well as it's yearly air show.

## Other websites 
* Biggin Hill Local News, Information and Forum
Skyrmion

A **skyrmion** is an quantum entity in atomic physics that can occur in some materials like solids and Bose–Einstein condensates. They are made up from a persistent vortex that is a quantum superposition of baryons and resonance states. These vortices behave like particles but are not. They are called quasiparticles and have mass just like a real particle.  

They were first though of mathematically by the British scientist  Tony Skyrme in 1962 and named after him in 1982. In 2009 physicists from the Technical University of Munich were able to create and see skyrmions for the first time in a very cold magnetic solid.

Skyrmions are important in  the emerging solid state technology of spintronics where they promise data storage at much higher densities than ever before.

## References
Chrono (series)

The ***Chrono*** is a series of video games by Square Enix. The original game, *Chrono Trigger*, was released in 1995. The games are role-playing games. The other major game in the series is *Chrono Cross*. As of March 2011, the two games have sold over 5.3 million units.

## References
Texas Instruments

**Texas Instruments Inc.** (**TI**) is a electronics company that makes semiconductors and other electronics, such as calculators. The company started in 1924 in Tulsa, Oklahoma as "Geophysical Research Corporation", a subsidiary of Amerada Petroleum. In 1930, they started a new independent company called Geophysical Service, Incorporated. The same year the name was changed to Texas Instruments (TI). after Intel and Samsung. It is the second largest supplier of chips for cellular handsets after Qualcomm. TI is the largest producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors. They also make a wide range of other semiconductor products.

## References
Shah Alam II

**Shah Alam II**, (25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806) was the eighteenth Mughal Emperor and the son of Alamgir II. He became the emperor of the Mughal Empire; his power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language, *Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam*, meaning, 'The kingdom of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam', Palam being a suburb of Delhi.

## References 
## Other websites
Battle rap

**Battle rap** (or **rap battling**) is a type of rapping that includes  and . Rap battles are often performed as live contests in front of an audience. Two or more rappers compete to see who has the better verses. The raps can be  or freestyled. A freestyle battle is where the rappers use improvised lyrics. Battling can also occur on recorded songs.

Each competitor's goal is to insult their opponent through clever lyrics. They must also convince the audience that they are the better rapper. Judges have been used in formal contests. Without judges, the rapper who receives the best response from the audience is viewed as the winner.

## ERB
The YouTube channel Epic Rap Battles of History is based on the idea of famous people from history and well-known fictional characters battle rapping

## References
Raid at Cabanatuan

The **Raid at Cabanatuan**, also known as **The Great Raid**, was a rescue of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese prisoner of war camp near Cabanatuan City, in the Philippines. With the  and advance of General Douglas MacArthur in late 1944, it was feared the Japanese would move the prisoners to Japan or kill them. On January 30, 1945, during World War II, United States Army Rangers, Alamo Scouts, and Filipino guerrillas liberated 511 prisoners from the camp. The daring raid is still studied by Army Rangers today as a classic example.

## Background 
After the Attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan and its allies. At the same time the Japanese also attacked the American bases at Guam, Wake Island and the Philippines. While Guam and Wake Island soon fell, Filipino and U.S. forces resisted in the Philippines until early May 1942.  By this time, the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia. The Bataan peninsula and the island of Corregidor were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region. On April 9, 1942 about 11,800 American, 66,000 Filipino and 1,000 Chinese-Filipinos surrendered to the Japanese. They were starving, sick and fatigued, yet were forced to march 60 miles (97 km) with many dying along the way. The camp measured about  by  and was enclosed by 3 barbed wire fences, each  high. Many prisoners were murdered by the guards. Local Filipinos smuggled in food and money to bribe the guards. But by 1944 the conditions became worse. The Japanese cut s and cut down on the smuggling of food to prisoners. A few months earlier, Japan had issued a "kill-all" order. Any camp that was in danger of being taken by American forces was to kill all the prisoners. The 11 managed to escape the  by . MacArthur did not want this happening at Cabanatuan. As the Americans came to within  from the camp, the prisoners were now in immediate danger. They were commanded by Lieutenant colonel Henry Mucci. Mucci arranged to have 50 oxcarts ready near the river to carry the prisoners too weak to walk. They then blocked the two roads passing the camp to prevent other Japanese units from helping the camp guards. It was based on the book *The Great Raid on Cabanatuan*. The movie had a number of factual errors in it. The plane that flew overhead was a Lockheed Hudson and not a P-61 "Black Widow", which was the actual plane. The camp was not lit up with electric lights as in the movie. No prisoners were executed during the raid. Also many of Rangers, Alamo Scouts and Filipinos were given fictitious names.  

## References 
## Other websites
* Real Footage taking after the raid at Cabanatuan, Philippines
* Leader of WWII's 'Great Raid' looks back at real-life POW rescue
Benoît Violier

**Benoît Violier** (22 August 1971 &ndash; 31 January 2016) was a French-Swiss chef. He owned the three Michelin star Restaurant de l'hôtel de Ville from 2012 until his death. The restaurant was first on La Liste in December 2015.

Violier was born in Saintes, Charente-Maritime. He studied in Paris. He moved to Switzerland in 1996 to work for Philippe Rochat. He became a Swiss citizen in 2014.

Violier was found dead from a gunshot wound on 31 January 2016 in Crissier. He was 44. His death was reported as a suicide.

## Food gallery

Créations du Chef Benoît Violier a.JPG|Composition verte.
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier b.JPG|Composition maritime (homard et rouget).
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier d.JPG|Symphonie papillaire.
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier e.JPG|Sonate printanière.
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier f.JPG|Asperges sauvageonnes sur émulsion.
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier c.JPG|Structure en équilibre.
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier g.JPG|Éclat de joies.
Créations du Chef Benoît Violier h.JPG|Bouquet d'amour.

## References
Schlager music

was  known for signing Schlager music. This image is from 1987.]]
**Schlager music** is a kind of pop music, where the text often talks about sentiments. Schlager started with operetta music, at the end of the 19th century. In the 1920s, Jazz music influenced it. Musically, Schlager music often has simple structures. Very often, Schlager songs are commercially successful.
Lewis V. Baldwin

**Lewis V. Baldwin**  (born 1949) is a professor of religious studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He is an award-winning historian and author of a number of books on Martin Luther King, Jr.

## Education 
He was born and raised in Camden, Alabama. In 1971 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History. He received his Master of Arts degree in 1973.
* *The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr.* (2010)
* *Never to Leave Us Alone: The Prayer Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.* (2010)
* *"Thou, dear God" : prayers that open hearts and spirits*, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)
* *"In a single garment of destiny" : a global vision of justice*, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)

## Awards 
He received the "American Theological Library Association Award" for his book *"Invisible" Strands*.  Baldwin won the "Midwest Book Achievement Award" of the Midwest Independent Publishers Association. This was for his book *A Balm in Gilead*.

## References 
## Other websites
*Vanderbilt's webpage about Dr. Baldwin
UBS

**UBS AG** is a Swiss finance company. It is an investment bank. 60,000 people work with them in total around the world. The headquarters are in Zürich.

## References
## Other websites
*
Little owl

The **little owl** (*Athene noctua*) is a bird that lives in  the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Asia (east to Korea), and North Africa. It was introduced into Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, and into the South Island of New Zealand in the early twentieth century.

This owl is a member of the Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The other group is the barn owls, Tytonidae. 

The little owl is a small, mainly nocturnal species. It is found in a range of habitats such as farmland, woodland fringes, steppes and semi-deserts. It is camouflaged, and especially hard to see if the background is wood or stone covered with lichen. It feeds on insects, earthworms, other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as mice and shrews. 

Males have territories which they defend against intruders. This owl is a cavity nester and a clutch of about four eggs is laid in spring. The female does the incubation and the male brings food to the nest, first for the female and later for the newly hatched young. As the chicks grow, both parents hunt and bring them food, and the chicks leave the nest at about seven weeks of age.

There are thirteen recognized subspecies of little owl spread across Europe and Asia.

## References
Stop consonant

**Stops** or **plosives** are consonant sounds that are formed by completely stopping airflow. 

Stop sounds can be voiceless, like the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/, or voiced, like /b/, /d/, and /g/. In phonetics, a plosive consonant is  made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through. Pressure builds up behind the  block, and when the air is allowed to pass through again, a sound is created. This sound is the plosive consonant. The blocking is usually done using the tongue, the lips or the throat. Plosives can be voiced or voiceless. 

## IPA 
, ,  are voiceless plosives.

, ,  are voiced plosives. 

,  are a glottal stop and a null initial which are made in the throat.

## Related pages 
*Glottal stop
George P. Bush

**George Prescott Bush** (born April 24, 1976) is an American attorney, United States Navy Reserve officer, real estate investor and politician. He serves as the Commissioner of the Texas Land General Office. He is the oldest child of Florida Governor Jeb Bush.

## References
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf

**Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf** (born 16 March 1956) is a Swiss politician. She was in office from 1985 to 2015. She was the President of the Swiss Confederation in 2012. She studied law at the University of Zürich.

## Other websites
*Profile of Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf 
*Official biography
Richard Riordan

**Richard Joseph "Dick" Riordan** (May 1, 1930 &ndash; April 19, 2023) was an American investment banker, businessman, investor and politician. He served as the 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California from 1993 to 2001. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Riordan was born in New York City. He died at his Brentwood home on April 19, 2023, at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gail Halvorsen

, 1983]]
Colonel **Gail Seymour "Hal" Halvorsen** (October 10, 1920 &ndash; February 16, 2022) was an American career officer and command pilot in the United States Air Force.  He was well known as the original Candy Bomber or the "Rosinenbomber" in Germany and a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal. He piloted C-47s and C-54s during the Berlin airlift ("Operation Vittles") from 1948–1949.

Halvorsen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. In October 2020, he turned 100. Halvoersen died at a hospital in Provo, Utah on February 16, 2022 from respiratory failure at the age of 101.

## References
## Other websites
* "Candy Bomber" Gail Halvorsen launches his memoirs in Berlin
Tom Bradley

**Thomas J. "Tom" Bradley** (December 29, 1917September 29, 1998) was an American politician. He was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles. He served from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of that city. His 20 years in office mark the longest time by any mayor in the city's history.

He became mayor after an election in 1973. It made him the second African-American mayor of a major U.S. city. Bradley retired in 1993. His approval ratings had begun dropping because of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

Bradley ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986. He was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.

Bradley died on September 29, 1998 in Los Angeles. He died from a stroke caused by a heart attack. He was aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*Tribute to Bradley by Dianne Feinstein, with biographical information 
*Tom Bradley on the Internet Movie Database
*The Bradley Effect by Raphael Sonenshein
*Bridging the Divide: Tom Bradley and the Politics of Race documentary
Alley Mills

]]
**Alley Mills** (born May 9, 1951) is an American actress. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 9. Mills has appeared in the television shows *Yes, Dear*, *Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman*, *Strong Medicine* and *Sabrina the Teenage Witch*. She has appeared in theater productions.  Mills plays the character Pam Douglas in *The Bold And The Beautiful*. 

## Personal life
She met her husband, Orson Bean, at a reading of a play in Los Angeles. They married on April 18, 1993.  

## References
**The Bold and the Beautiful*, CBS, 2016.
**Live with Regis and Kathie Lee*, episode #173, aired 5-9-1990

## Other websites
Roman Gribbs

**Roman Stanley Gribbs** (December 29, 1925 &ndash; April 5, 2016) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Detroit from 1970 to 1974.  Later, Gribbs served as a judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals.

## References
Dave Bing

**David Bing** (born November 24, 1943) is an American businessman, retired basketball player, and former mayor. He was mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 2009 to 2013.

After starring at Syracuse University, Bing played 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a guard for the Detroit Pistons (1966 to 1975), Washington Bullets (1975 to 1977) and Boston Celtics (1977–78). He is now in the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Bing entered Detroit politics as a Democrat in 2008. He announced his intentions to run for mayor in Detroit's non-partisan primary to finish the term of Kwame Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick had resigned during a corruption investigation. After winning the primary, Bing then defeated interim Mayor Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. and was sworn in as mayor in May 2009. Later that year, Bing was re-elected to a full term.

## References
Mike Duggan

**Michael Edward ** "**Mike**" **Duggan** (born July 15, 1958) is an American lawyer, prosecutor and businessman. He is serving as mayor of Detroit, Michigan. He was elected mayor in 2013.

He received attention from across the country in part because he is the first white mayor of the city since Roman Gribbs in the early 1970s. Currently, most of the people living in Detroit are African American. This was not the case at the time when Gribbs was mayor.

In November 2024, Duggan announced that he would not seek reelection as mayor. The following month, Duggan announced his independent campaign for governor of Michigan in the 2026 election.

## Notes
## References
Paul Pholeros

**Paul Pholeros** AM (1953 – 1 February 2016) was an Australian architect. He was born in Sydney. He received his Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the University of Sydney in 1974 and Bachelor of Architecture (Hons 1) in 1976. Pholeros created his own architectural practice, Paul Pholeros Architects, in 1984. He was also a director of Healthabitat Pty Ltd.

Pholeros died in Sydney on 1 February 2016 from cancer at the age of 62.

## References
Mohammad Salimi

**Mohammad Salimi** (; February 2, 1937 – January 30, 2016) was an Iranian military person. He was born in Mashhad, Iran. He was the commander-in-chief of the Iranian Army. He served in the Iran-Iraq War. He began his career in 1955 and resigned in 2005. Salimi was the defense minister in the cabinet of Mir-Hossein Mousavi, replacing Javad Fakoori. He was in office from 1981 to August 1984.

## References
Graphing calculator

A **graphing calculator** is a calculator that is specially made to draw graphs. Also, graphing calculators can do many advanced tasks, such as solving equations with one or more variables. Graphing calculators are usually bigger and more expensive than a basic calculator, but can do more. Another feature of most graphing calculators is programmability. This lets anyone program the calculator to do whatever he or she wants.

## References
## Related pages
*Computer Algebra System
Alejandro Jodorowsky

, July 2008]]
**Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky** (; 17 February 1929) is a Chilean movie and theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, actor, author, poet, producer, composer, musician, comic book writer. He also gives spiritual advice. He was known for his movies *El Topo* (1970), *The Holy Mountain* (1973), *Tusk* (1980), the horror *Santa Sangre* (1989) and the failed blockbuster *The Rainbow Thief* (1990).

He is best known for his avant-garde movies. He is popular among cult cinema fans for his work. His movies are "filled with violently surreal images" and a mix of "mysticism and religious provocation".

He was born in Tocopilla, Chile.

## References
Jimmy Wales Foundation

2015 in Mexico City.]]
The **Jimmy Wales Foundation** is a non-profit organization started by Jimmy Wales to promote internet freedom. The organization was established with prize money from the “Knowledge Award”, which was presented to Jimmy and Tim Berners-Lee at the first Knowledge Conference in Dubai.

The organization talks about individual human rights cases of real people who were persecuted.  One of the people featured is Bassel Khartabil, formerly from Creative Commons Syria. Bassel was imprisoned in Syria in 2012, and disappeared completely a few years later. Bassel Khartabil has been killed in 2015. Another featured case is Roya Saberinejad, who went to visit her family in Iran, and never returned.

## Goals 
The purpose of the Jimmy Wales Foundation is to stop government censorship and promote freedom of expression on the internet.

The goals of the Jimmy Wales Foundation are to:
# Research the problem of freedom of expression and provide public information about the international problem
# Put political pressure on governments that control freedom of speech
# Use technology to promote free speech in countries with restrictive governments
# Pressure governments to make laws that promote freedom of expression
# Help individual people who are in trouble with repressive governments that restrict free speech

## Other websites 
* Jimmy Wales Foundation official website
* Jimmy Wales Foundation on Twitter
* Jimmy Wales Foundation on LinkedIn

## References
Keith Morrison

**Keith Morrison** (born July 2, 1947) is a Canadian broadcast journalist. He has been a writer for *Dateline NBC* since 1995. In 1988 he joined NBC News as a west coast writer for the *NBC Nightly News* and *Today Show*.

## References
## Other websites
*NBC News biography 
*
*Anchor away: Journalist Keith Morrison has found success south of the border  from the *Saskatoon Star-Phoenix*, July 2, 2003
Word of mouth

**Word of mouth** is the passing of information from a person to one or more people in conversation. In the past, it referred only to speech, but now, it can sometimes include online communication. It can be as simple as telling someone what time it is, or it can involve longer stories and news. It is a good way to share information about things that are of interest to a local community, such as businesses, other people, and things that happened in the past.

## Oral tradition
Oral tradition (also called "oral culture" or "oral lore") is when cultural material is transmitted orally from older people to younger people. This material may include folktales, sayings, songs, or chants. It is a way for things like history, literature, and law to be passed down from generation to generation without a writing system.

## Oral history
Oral history is history that is given by people who lived through historical eras or events. Often, they are interviewed, and it is recorded. Usually, they talk about things that are not part of written history, such as what everyday life was like.

## Marketing
Consumers often talk to their friends about their experiences with a product or a service. This is important for businesses because people are more likely to trust someone they know well.

"Word-of-mouth marketing" happens when a business tries to encourage people to talk about their product. For example, they can offer rewards or suggest that they make posts on social media.

A lot of people think that a lot of word of mouth now happens on the internet. However, studies show that most word of mouth actually happens in spoken conversation.

## References
PlusLiga

**PlusLiga** () is the highest level of men's volleyball in Poland. It is a professional league competition for volleyball clubs located in Poland. It is overseen by Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej S.A. (PLPS S.A.). There are currently 14 teams in the league. They play a schedule of 26 games from September to March. The regular season is followed by playoffs. The winner earns the Polish Championship () It is one of the best volleyball leagues in Europe. According to the latest rankings of European volleyball leagues, compiled by the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball, the Polish league is ranked second-best.

## Other websites
* PLUSLiga official site
* PZPS (Polish Volleyball Union) official site
* BGVolley (Site in which the Polish Championship is covered)
Italian Volleyball League

.]]
The **Italian Male Volleyball League** is the league that governs professional men's volleyball in Italy. It is structured with several levels of importance; the highest of them is the *SuperLega* (formerly *Serie A1*). Since early 1980s, many among the best volleyball players in the world play in SuperLega and the level of competition is considerably high.

## Other websites
* FIPAV
* Lega Pallavolo Serie A
École Centrale Paris

**École Centrale Paris** (**ECP**; also known as **École Centrale** or **Centrale**) was a French grande école in engineering and science. It is in a campus of Chatenay-Malabry.

Its courses can lead to the following French and European degrees:
* *Ingénieur Centralien de Paris* (Centralien Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
* Master of Science & PhD doctorate studies ;
* *Mastères Spécialisés* (MS) ;
* Massive Online Open Courses.

Courses are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students at the school come from more than 50 countries.

Most of the 2000 students at École Centrale de Paris live in dedicated housing buildings near to the research labs and metro public transport.

## Admission 
Admission to the "Centralien engineering Programme" at École Centrale de Paris is possible after two or three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success in either: 
* an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences (2-year curriculum)
* a French nationwide selective exam with *numerus clausus* : concours Centrale-Supelec (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
* a selective application as per *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The *Centralien Programme* usually lasts three years and results in a Master's degree. It involves doing work in other countries. Thus undergraduate studies plus the Centralien Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system. Graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two years at École Centrale de Paris and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.
## References 
## More reading 
* Official website