open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Miranda (moon)

**Miranda** is one of Uranus' moons. It is the smallest, and the one which has the least rotation time. Gerard Kuiper discovered it in 1948, February 16th and named it after Miranda, Prospero's daughter in William Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*. Sometimes it is also called **Uranus V**. 

It's one of Uranus' strangest moons. Its complex surface may indicate partial melting of its interior, with icy material drifting to the surface. 

The probe Voyager 2 made some photos in 1986. These are the only images that exist, so far. Geologically, it is the most active body in the Uranus system. The grooves and troughs reach depths of a few kilometers (or miles) and expose materials of different albedos (reflectivity). The features suggest a long, complex geologic evolution of this satellite. 

## Gallery 

Image:Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png|A picture of Miranda
Image:Miranda scarp.jpg|Verona Rupes, the highest known cliff in the Solar System
Image:PIA00140 Miranda Fractures, Grooves and Craters.jpg|An array of fractures, grooves and craters. This clear-filter, narrow-angle view shows areas of older, heavily cratered terrain with a wide variety of forms. 
Image:Miranda5.jpg
130s

The **130s** was the decade that started on January 1, 130 and ended on December 31, 139.

## Events
*130 - The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.
* 131 - The Temple of Baalshamin is built in Palmyra.
*132 - Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer.
* 136 - Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.
* 138 February 25 &ndash; Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, if Pius adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
*139 - Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar.

## Important people 
* Hadrian, Roman Emperor

## References
Trombone

The **trombone** is a brass horn musical instrument. It is similar to a large trumpet, except the player pushes and pulls on its slide to change the length of the tube.

Together with vibrations from the player's lips, the trombone can play a wide range of notes. It is deeper than a trumpet and is usually one of the bass clef instruments.  Music is normally written in the bass clef, but some high parts can be written in tenor clef. Some players have the music transposed into the treble clef, although infrequently.  The trombone is the loudest instrument in the symphony orchestra. 

A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist. Some trombones have a valve which increases the range of available notes. Trombones are nearly always made out of brass but can also be made out of plastic: the "P-bone".

## History 
The forerunner to today's trombone was called the sackbut.
* Edward ‘Kid’ Ory 
* Bill Watrous 
* Carl Fontana 
* Jim Robinson
* Jack Teagarden
* Al Grey
* Glenn Miller
* Tommy Dorsey
* Pete Ramberg
* Lawrence Brown
* Curtis Fuller
* Slide Hampton
* Fred Wesley
* Trombone Shorty
*Martin Schippers
* Christian Lindberg
*Joseph Alessi
*Christopher Bill
*Wycliffe Gordon

## References
## Other websites 
* International Trombone Association
* Trombone Page of the World
* TrombonesOnline   - Trombone Portal and Trombonist Directory
* British Trombone Society
* Finnish Trombone and Tuba Association 
* Online Trombone Journal
Saint Margaret

There are several saints named Margaret:
* Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (see Marie Alacoque)
* Saint Margaret of Cortona
* Saint Margaret of England
* Saint Margaret of Scotland
* Saint Margaret the Virgin
* Saint Margaret the Widow
* Saint Margaret of Hungary (1242–1270)
Saint Thomas

**Saint Thomas** or **St. Thomas** may refer to:

## People 
* Thomas the Apostle (died AD 72), Jewish-Christian Apostle and Saint of the 1st century
* Thomas Becket (died 1170), also called Saint Thomas of Canterbury and Saint Thomas the Martyr
* Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Catholic philosopher and theologian
* Thomas More (1478–1535), English lawyer, philosopher, author, statesman

## Places 
### France
* Saint-Thomas, Aisne, France
* Saint-Thomas, Haute-Garonne, France

### United States
* St. Thomas, Minnesota
* St. Thomas, Missouri
* Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, an island in the Caribbean Sea

### West Indies region
* Saint Thomas, Barbados
* Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
* Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

### Africa
* São Tomé (St. Thomas), an island in São Tomé and Príncipe
Brother (disambiguation)

**Brother** may refer to:

*Monk, the male version of a nun
*A fraternity member
*A member of a peer group who is male
*A male family member with the same parents (sibling). Also see 
*An African-American male
100s

The **100s** lasted from 100 to 109.

## Events 
* In the first century Dio Chrysostom writes that Lions are extinct in Europe.
* Trajan leads a military campaign against the Dacians, 101-106.
* Tacitus writes his work Historiae.
* In the more northern cities of the Roman Empire, rich people start to use central heating.

## References
Konrad Adenauer

**Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer** (born 5 January 1876 in Cologne; died 19 April 1967 in Rhöndorf (part of Bad Honnef)). From 1949 to 1963 he was the first Bundeskanzler (chancellor) of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1951 to 1955 was foreign secretary the same time.

Adenauer was the third of five children of a court secretary in Cologne. His family was Catholic. Konrad Adenauer started his political career in 1906 in the city assembly of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933 and again in 1945 he was mayor of Cologne.
Adenauer was a member of the Catholic Zentrum Party. When the Nazi Party took power he lost his job. At first he worked with the Nazis, but after the conspiracy to kill Hitler failed in 1944 he hid for his own safety.

After the war he became mayor of Cologne again, but lost the job after a few months.

In the Parlamentarischer Rat of West Germany, he was one of the top politicians and the President. He founded the CDU at the same time.
He was important in making Bonn the West German capital instead of Frankfurt am Main.

In 1949 he was elected as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He made sure West Germany joined the side of the western capitalist countries in the Cold War. He also helped West Germany join NATO. He was reelected three times.

In 1964 he stopped being chancellor. He was a member of the Bundestag until his death at 91 years old.

## Other websites 
*
*(
Miri Ben-Ari

, 2005.]]
**Miri Ben-Ari** is a hip-hop violinist.  She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist.  She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern.  

At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States.  She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her.  She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean.  Later that year her TV performances on *Showtime at the Apollo* added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled *Song of The Promised Land* features the dance single *Peace in the Middle East* as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis.  She has now sold millions of records, and is known as “the hip-hop violinist”.  This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single “Sunshine to the Rain” featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton.  In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West.   She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music.  She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing “Jesus Walks” which received a trophy for the “Best Rap Song” in 2005.
Alderaan

**Alderaan** is a fictional planet found in the *Star Wars *series of movies created by George Lucas. It is the home of the characters Princess Leia Organa and Senator Bail Organa. The surface of Alderaan is only seen for a short time at the end of *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith* (2005). The entire planet is destroyed in *Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope* (1977) when the Death Star fires a laser beam at the planet, which then explodes, killing everyone on it.
Cartilage

**Cartilage** is a  connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists .

Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton.

There are several types of cartilage, or gristle in the body.

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which causes pain.

There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection.

## Parts 
Cartilage is made of special cells that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of 
#collagen fibres, 
#a ground substance rich in proteoglycan. This is a protein linked to glycans. 
#different types of  fibres. These are collagen , elastin and reticulate fibers.

## Related pages 
* muscoskeletal system
* white blood cells

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial 
* 
*I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?
Hamburger

. ]]
A **hamburger** or **burger** is a type of sandwich with a patty of meat which is usually beef. Tomatos, onions, cheese, salad dressings, sauces and relishes may also be added. The hamburger may be eaten without a knife and fork. It can be eaten anywhere. 

Hamburgers were originally made in Germany. They are popular around the world. What we now know as a hamburger was created in the United States in the 19th century. Hamburgers appeared on menus in England and the United States in the 19th century, and became a popular food after the 1904 World's Fair.  What is called a hamburger throughout the world today was different than the first German hamburgers. German dishes often involved a steak or sausage between pieces of bread instead of ground meat.

Many American fast food restaurants, such as 

Wendy's, Burger King and McDonald's, serve hamburgers.
 while using a Spatula.]]
A cheeseburger is a hamburger that also has cheese.  Hamburgers can be served with other things besides cheese, such as chili, or even guacamole.

Even though the name has the word ham in it, it does not usually have ham, and is usually made of beef. 

## References
Dokkyo University

**Dokkyo University** is a university in Soka city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan.  This university is well known for its Foreign Language Department.

## History 
Dokkyo University started in 1883.
Helmut Schmidt

**Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt** (23 December 1918 &ndash; 10 November 2015) was a German politician. He was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1974 to 1982.

Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg in 1918. He finished school in 1937 with the Abitur. Afterwards he had to join the working service and later the army. At the end of World War II, he was a First Lieutenant. He became a prisoner of war in 1945.

After he was set free, he started to study macro economy. He finished his studies in 1949. Then he started to work for the administration of Hamburg.

Schmidt joined into the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1949. In 1953, he became a member of the Bundestag first time. From 1961 to 1965, he was Senator in the state government of Hamburg.

From 1969 to 1972, he was Minister of Defence of West Germany. From 1972 to 1974 he was Minister of Finance.

After Willy Brandt gave up his job as *Bundeskanzler*, Helmut Schmidt was elected as new chancellor.

In July 2013, it was discovered that Schmidt bought 38,000 cigarettes due to a fear of them being banned in Europe.

Schmidt died in Hamburg on 10 November 2015 from complications of surgery he had to cure a blood clot in his left leg. He was 96 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography at the German Historic Museum (German)
* Chancellor Site (German) 
* Helmut Schmidt University (English)
* Talks:
** Die Selbstbehauptung Europas im neuen Jahrhundert (German, 2000)
** Kröten und Paragrafenwahn (German, 2006)
** Schmidt's talk on the occasion of China's Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visiting Hamburg (English, 2006)
** Interview on nuclear strategy in Europe  for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
** *Booknotes* interview with Schmidt on *Men and Powers*, 15 April 1990. 
****Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective* on Google Books.
San Francisco Municipal Railway

**San Francisco Municipal Railway** (or **MUNI**) is the public transit agency that runs buses, cable car, and subway service in the city of San Francisco, California. MUNI runs diesel and trolleybuses that run throughout San Francisco, three Cable Car lines that run through the Financial District and Chinatown (with service to Fisherman's Wharf) and the Market Street surface, seven light rail lines that run below Market Street and two Historic Streetcar lines.

Muni operates 365 days a year and connects with other transportation services, such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain commuter trains, along with AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit and SamTrans buses and ferries from Golden Gate Ferries and San Francisco Bay Ferry.

## Services
### Bus
Muni operates forty-four local bus routes; two are operated during weekday peak hours. A number of routes have different terminals during evenings and/or weekends. Some routes also operate short turn route services during peak hours to deal with crowding on buses.

Rapid lines have an R following their route number. Muni operates five Rapid bus routes. The Rapid routes largely follow the route of the local buses but have fewer stops on the corridor.

Express lines have an X, AX, or BX following their route number. Muni operates twelve express bus routes. Most of the express routes run on highways and on one-way traffic. These express routes also operate during peak hours.

Muni operates fourteen owl routes. Owl routes are operated at midnight. Some local daytime routes are shortened during owl service. And some owl routes also cover big or small parts of daytime bus routes.

### Muni Metro
Muni operates seven light rail lines and has its own subway tunnel underneath Market Street. Each of these routes is named with a letter instead of a number.

#### Heritage streetcars
Muni operates two historic streetcar lines, these routes are operated by streetcars and are mostly treated as tourist attractions by tourists.

### Cable Cars
Muni operates three cable car lines, these routes are based out of the cable car barn at Mason and Washington streets.

## Gallery

Muni 7201 on first day of service, August 2015.jpg|A trolleybus on the 14 Mission line.
6408-SFOCableCarTurntable.jpg|A cable car being turned around at the end of the line, August 1964.

## References
## Other websites
*NextBus for Muni, a GPS system that predicts vehicle arrival times.
*Market Street Railway
Glinde

**Glinde** is a town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, about 20 km away from Hamburg.

## History 
The name Glinde is found in a document from March 25 1229 for the first time. In the document, Earl Adolf IV. of Schauenburg and Holstein gave the village to a Cistercian convent. (The convent moved to today's town of Reinbek.) The King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Frederick I of Denmark, got all the convent had during the Protestant Reformation. In 1544 his son Christian III gave a part of it to each of his brothers. The owner changed again several times.

In 1948, the town administration of Glinde, Oststeinbek, Havighorst and Schönningstedt were brought together to the Amt Glinde. Schönningstedt left that combination in 1949 and Havighorst left it in 1973. So Glinde und Oststeinbek became independent villages.

On June 24, 1979, (on the 750th anniversary of the village), Glinde became a town.

## Politics 
### Partnerships with other towns 
* Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire (near Nantes in the west French Département Loire-Atlantique)
* Kaposvár (Main town from the province of Somogy south of Lake Balaton in Hungary).

### Population 
*1803: 220
*1933: 544
*1939: 2.173
*1948: 5.059
*2002: 16.124

## Literature 
* Wolfgang Bachhofer: *Glinde. 1929 bis 1979. Eine junge Stadt stellt sich vor*. Glinde 1979.

## Other websites 
*www.glinde.de
Provost

In the United States, the **Provost** is the chief academic officer of a college or university.  Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with  about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school.  In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or  university.
Heather McCartney

**Heather McCartney** (born **Heather See** on December 31, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is the daughter of Linda McCartney, and the adopted daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney.

When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton. When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family. 

Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie *Let it Be*, visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work. She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone.

Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married. McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970. Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney. A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician.
Jan Kerouac

**Jan-Michelle Kerouac** (born February 16, 1952 - died June 7, 1996) was the daughter of writer Jack Kerouac, by his second wife Joan Haverty. A writer herself, Jan's books included *Baby Driver* and *Trainsong*. She also appeared in some documentary programs about her father, giving her side of his life story.

## Death
On June 5, 1996, Kerouac died in Albuquerque, New Mexico a day after her spleen was removed. She had suffered kidney failure five years earlier and was on dialysis. She is buried in Nashua, New Hampshire, next to her father's parents.

## References
## Other websites
*Jan Kerouac Obituary
**New York Times* story
Survivor

A **survivor** is a person or an animal which continues to live after something happens which might have killed them. They might be one person who lives when ten persons die in a car crash. The meaning of *survivor* varies across contexts.

## Games
* *Resident Evil: Survivor*, a arcade game released in 2000
* *Survivor* (board game), a board game based on the show
* *Survivor* (video game), an action game released in 1987 by the Spanish software house Topo Soft

## Literature
* *Survivor*, a novel by Chuck Palahniuk
* *Survivor*, a novel by Christina Crawford
* *Survivor*, a 1978 novel by Octavia Butler
* *Survivor*, the last novella in *Accelerando* by Charles Stross

## Music
* *Survivor*, an album by Funker Vogt
* *Survivor*, an album by ''Destiny's Child*
** *Survivor'', the second single from Destiny's Child's third album, *Survivor*
** *Survivor*, an album by the band Survivor
* *Survivor Records*, a British Christian Music record label
* *Survivor*, a rock band whose hits include *Eye of the Tiger* and *Burning Heart*

## Television
* *Survivor*, a reality television show
* *Survivor*, the British version of the American reality show *Survivor*
* *Australian Survivor*, a television series based on the popular American reality show *Survivor*
* *Celebrity Survivor*, an Australian television series based on the popular reality television show *Survivor*
* *Survivor Series*, an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event held in November by World Wrestling Entertainment

## Others
* Survivor, a series of writing tournaments held three times a year
* Survivor, a racehorse which won the first Preakness Stakes in 1873
* Survivor: The Ride!, a roller coaster in Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, California
Exclusive disjunction

**Exclusive disjunction** (also called **exclusive or**, **XOR**) is a logic operation on two values. It is often represented by the symbol \veebar (or \oplus). It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true. Otherwise, it will be false. This also means that the result of 'XOR' will be true precisely both the values are different. Same values will result in a false.

The best way to remember a XOR operation is: "One or the other, but not both".

Because of that, this is  from inclusive disjunction.

## Truth table 
The truth table of p\, \mathrm{XOR}\, q (also written as p \oplus q, p \veebar q, or p \neq q) is as follows:

## Related pages 
* Boolean algebra
* Logical conjunction
* XOR gate

## References
Forchheim

**Forchheim** (; East Franconian: *Forchham*) is a German town in Upper Franconia. Next bigger cities are Nürnberg, Bamberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Coburg. There live is about 32.000 people.

Forchheim is  high and has an area of .

## Photo gallery 

Forchheim-St Martin-02-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-St Martin-08-rechtes Seitenschiff-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-08-Rathausplatz-Brunnen-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-20-barockes Haus-Lokal-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-30-Salzmagazin-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-Marienkapelle-02-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-70-Wiesent-Fischkaesten-2015-gje.jpg
Forchheim-60-Stoerche-2015-gje.jpg

## References 
## Other websites 
* www.forchheim.de (official Webpage in German)
Permit

A **permit** is a written document that has been given by a government source. Permits let a person do something that he could not do without the permit. Permits are commonly gotten for these reasons:
#To work at a job
#To drive a car
#To build something. This includes digging.

## Related pages
*Licence
Alexander Borodin

'''Alexander Porfir'yevich Borodin'* (born St. Petersburg October 12th 1833; died St. Petersburg February 27 1887) was a Russian composer. Like many Russian composers of the 19th century he was an  musician. His main job was Professor of Chemistry at the University of St Petersburg. He had to compose in his spare time. When he was ill he had more time to write music. He used to tell his friends: “Please do not say: ‘I hope you are well’, please say: ‘I hope you are ill’”. 

Borodin’s most famous opera is called *Prince Igor*. He wrote many songs, chamber music and orchestral music, including two symphonies and the symphonic poem *In the Steppes of Central Asia''. The Nocturne from his String quartet no 2 is also very well-known. Borodin was one of five very important Russian composers during the 1800s, who were called The Five. The Five wanted to write classical music in a Russian style.

Borodin worked as a doctor and a chemist and went to medical school. He did a lot of important work in organic chemistry. He also founded the first medical school for women to train to become doctors in Russia, the School of Medicine for Women in Saint Petersburg. He taught there until 1885.

Borodin died of a heart attack.

## References
Corrosion

; Some of the corrosion seems to be rust. (The picture is from outside UCSD's Powell Structural Systems Laboratory.]]
**Corrosion** is the breakdown of materials due to chemical reactions. It is usually oxidation with air molecules and often in the presence of water. Corrosion also occurs when an acidic/basic corrosive substance touches another material. When a material corrodes, its physical properties change. Problems with corrosion are mostly with metal, though other materials can corrode. Corrosion is a form of erosion. Some materials, such as stainless steel, are highly resistant to corrosion. Metals that may corrode can be protected by plating, painting, and other means.

One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of compacted oxide layer glazes, which under certain circumstances reduces wear. 

Iron corrosion is called rusting.
Rust

**Rust** is a type of corrosion. It happens to iron and its alloys when it is  to air or water for a long time. Rust slowly  iron into other chemicals, because of a reaction with the oxygen molecules. Both air and water are needed for rust. Almost all metals corrode but they can be protected by covering with paint, a coating of oil or grease or even plastic.  Sacrificial protection or industrial galvanizing can also work.  Alloys (mixes of metals) such as stainless steel, rust more slowly than pure iron.  When iron rusts, it becomes red or brown, and the metal eventually .

Rust appears on metal if it is left outside in the damp air. For example, rust occurs mostly in cracks of alloys or metals.  Rain water can enter the cracks and stay in the cracks, and cause the metal to corrode.  Eventually it becomes rust.  Iron is not strong after it rusts.

Some metals, such as aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel form a very thin  of tough corrosion on the metal. The metal cannot continue corroding because the coating isolates the rest of the metal from the source of oxygen. This is why aluminium keeps its . It also makes aluminium seem very unreactive, even though it can react with water. Rusting iron makes iron oxides that are not tough, so air and water continue to get in and the iron continues to rust.
 on a plant]]
Some types of basidiomycete fungi can be  for rust because they are similar to rust in color and texture and sometimes are on metals.

## Related pages
* Iron(III) oxide
* Hematite
* Corrosion

## Other websites
*
350s

The **350s** was a decade that began on 1 January 350 and ended on 31 December 359.

## Significant people
*Constantius II, Roman Emperor 
*Magnentius, Roman usurper 
*Julian, Roman Emperor
980s

The **980s** was a decade that began on 1 January 980 and ended on 31 December 989. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***99th decade*** which began on January 1, 981 and ended on December 31, 990.

## Events
* 983 pagan West Slavs revolt, temporarily ending attempts at conversion and forcing abandonment of German sees and monasteries east of the Elbe
* Kievan Rus' accepts Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Suhl

**Suhl** is a town in Thuringia, Germany. Its population in 2003 was 43,610.

According to a local joke, "Suhl is so close to the edge of the world you can see Zella-Mehlis".

## References 
## Other websites
Jamestown, Virginia

**Jamestown** is a town in the United States. It was founded on May 13, 1607, by about 100 men and boys and women who came to Virginia from London, England. They named the town Jamestown after King James. These men hoped to find gold and silver in order to become rich. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. The town was built on **Jamestown Island** along the James River. This location was selected because the local Native American tribes did not live on the island. Built on a peninsula, it was a good place to defend themselves from other European colonists.

## Background 
Before Jamestown, fourteen colonies had been attempted in North America by Spain, France and England. Out of these, only two Spanish colonies survived making Jamestown the third European colony that succeeded for any period of time. He left about 27 men there while he returned to France. James I of England issued a charter in 1606 to set up a settlement in North America. At the time the English called the entire coast (above Florida) Virginia after Elizabeth I of England, the "virgin queen". One of the purposes of the new colony were to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean to establish trade with the Orient. Onboard there were 106 settlers (4 were boys) and 39 crew members. However, it is not known how many may have died during the Voyage. They arrived on April 26, 1607.

## Museum 
There is a museum in Jamestown.

### Inside 
The museum includes the museum with historical tools and figures like Pocahontas, daughter of the Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh) and English people. It has a trivia about the cultures, government, and more, and some movies to watch about the history. Another is a movie about how the people in the settlement were living and the Native tribes.

### Outside 
The outside has a replica of a city in the Native tribe. If you go a little further, you see another replica of James Fort, where the crew built and lived including houses. If you go more further, you see a replica of *Godspeed*, one of the three ships that came to the settlement (it is the photo).

### We are done with the tour, what do I do? 
There is a café and a gift shop. Just walk all the way to the exit.

## Related pages 
* Roanoke Colony
* Starving Time
* Powhatan People (Native tribe from Viriginia)
* Jamestown Settlement

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Eisenach

**Eisenach** is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Erfurt and Kassel. Its population is about 43,000.

## References
## Other websites
GameFAQs

**GameFAQs** is a website with help and information for video games. It was started in November 1995 by Jeff "CJayC" Veasey. It has an active message board community.

## Other websites 
*GameFAQs
César Cui

**César Cui** (18 January 1835, Vilnius &ndash; 26 March 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian composer. He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the "Moguchaya Kuchka" ("Mighty Handful"), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin. Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania. 

Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer. His main job was as an expert on military fortifications. He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences. He became a general.

Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff. This may have been because he was jealous of their success. He did not find orchestration easy. Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions. He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces. He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character. Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called "Orientale".
Islamophobia

against Islamophobia and right-wing nationalism in Germany.]] saying that Islamic Law threatens America.]], United States.]]
**Islamophobia** (Arabic: اِسْلَامُو فُوبَىا) is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or hatred against the religion of Islam or Muslim people in general. Muslim women are more likely to experience Islamophobia in their lifetime compared to Muslim men, especially if they are wearing some kind of veil.
## Examples
### Eastern Europe
During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of Islamophobia.
### Western Europe
In France, it has been illegal since 2013 for Muslim women to wear veils, particularly burqas and niqabs, covering their faces in public.

## Criticism
After the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls refused to use *Islamophobia* due to his perception that many were using it to silence criticism of Islamism.

In a December 2019 article in *The Jewish Chronicle*, British Jewish journalist Melanie Phillips criticized the concept by claiming that it was invented by the Islamist group Muslim Brotherhood to  the prejudice as equivalent to antisemitism and silence criticism of Islamic teachings.

In a November 2023 article, researcher Jonathan S. Tobin echoed the view of Melanie Phillips, expressing concern over the potential of the word minimizing the Jewish historical suffering.
## Related pages
* Antiziganism
* Antisemitism
* Discrimination
* Antisemitism in Europe
## References
Thomas Mann

**Paul Thomas Mann** (born 6 June 1875 in Lübeck; died 12 August 1955 in Zürich) was a German author.

Mann was born in 1875, in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family. In 1891, his father died. In 1894 Mann left school. He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893. He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose.

In 1898, he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks influenced by work of Arthur Schopenhauer, published in 1901. In 1906 he married, although he was not clear about his sexual orientation. In World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically. In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas.

In 1929 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1933 the Nazis burned books of his brother Heinrich Mann. Because of this both Thomas and Heinrich and their family moved to the United States in 1934. He lost his German citizenship, but got Czechoslovakian citizenship in the United States. In 1944, he became a US citizen.

He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II. In 1952, he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953. In the 1950s he visited Germany sometimes. He died of atherosclerosis in Zürich, Switzerland.

## Works 
### Novels 
* Buddenbrooks - Verfall einer Familie (1901)
* Königliche Hoheit (1909)
* Der Zauberberg (1924)
* Joseph und seine Brüder – Tetralogie (1933-1943)
** Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933)
** Der junge Joseph (1934)
** Joseph in Ägypten (1936)
** Joseph der Ernährer (1943)
* Lotte in Weimar (1939)
* Doktor Faustus (1947)
* Der Erwählte (1951)
* Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (1954)

### Short stories and short novels 
* Vision. Prosa-Skizze, 1893
* Gefallen, 1894
* Der Wille zum Glück, 1896
* Enttäuschung, 1896
* Der Tod, 1897
* Der kleine Herr Friedemann, 1897
* Der Bajazzo, 1897
* Tobias Mindernickel, 1898
* Der Kleiderschrank, 1899
* Gerächt. Novellistische Studie, 1899
* Luischen, 1900
* Der Weg zum Friedhof, 1900
* Gladius Dei, Novelle 1902
* Tonio Kröger, Novelle 1903
* Tristan, Novelle 1903
* Die Hungernden, 1903
* Das Wunderkind, 1903
* Ein Glück, 1904
* Beim Propheten, 1904
* Schwere Stunde, 1905
* Anekdote, 1908
* Das Eisenbahnunglück, 1909
* Wie Jappe und Do Escobar sich prügelten, 1911
* Der Tod in Venedig, 1912
* Herr und Hund. Ein Idyll, 1918
* Gesang vom Kindchen. Ein Idyll, 1919
* Wälsungenblut, 1921
* Unordnung und frühes Leid, 1926
* Mario und der Zauberer, 1930
* Die vertauschten Köpfe - Eine indische Legende, 1940
* Das Gesetz, 1944
* Die Betrogene, 1953

### Dramas 
* Fiorenza

### Essays 
* Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, 1918
* Das Problem der Freiheit, 1937
* Versuch über Schiller, 1955
* Über Goethe

## Related pages
* Death in Venice (opera)
Werner Heisenberg

**Werner Karl Heisenberg** (5 December 1901  1 February 1976) was a German physicist. He won the  Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of quantum mechanics. He discovered the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which shows there is a limit on how well position and velocity of a particle can be measured.
## Early life
Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg, Germany, the son of a professor of Byzantine history. He went to university to study physics in Munich. Arnold Sommerfeld was one of his teachers. 

Heisenberg was a very good student and needed only three years to finish his studies. He then wrote a doctoral thesis about movements in the flows of liquids ("Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmen"—"On the stability and turbulence of liquid streams"). In 1924 he became assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen. In June 1925 he was recovering from hay fever on the island Helgoland, and while working alone made the decisive breakthrough to Quantum mechanics. Back in Göttingen, together with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, they wrote the basic paper which founded Quantum mechanics. 

In 1926/ 1927 Heisenberg worked with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. In February 1927, while Bohr was on extended skiing holidays, he invented the uncertainty principle and published the paper “Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik”—“On the Visualizable Contents of the Quantum-theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics”.

At the age of 26 Heisenberg became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize when he was 31 years old.

In 1937 he married Elisabeth Schumacher. They had seven children, one of their sons is well known as a neurobiologist and geneticist, Martin Heisenberg.

## War and later 
During the Second World War, from 1939 to 1945 Werner Heisenberg was drafted to work on the German Uranium Project . This was aiming at a nuclear reactor, and did not result in any nuclear weapons, possibly because Heisenberg did not want it to. Some historians assume that there was a race between the tiny German Uranium project and the huge American Manhattan project. Hans A. Bethe, the director of the theory division of the Manhattan project at Los Alamos, said this was not true. Edward Teller, the father of the American hydrogen bomb, said that Heisenberg sabotaged the German project.

After the war, he was held as a prisoner at Farm Hall in England from May 1945 to January, 1946, where the British and Americans kept ten German nuclear scientists.

Later he worked in elementary particle physics, mainly in West Germany and he helped the foundation of the European Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. In April 1957, he signed a declaration , together with 17 German physicists, that they would never participate in the construction of nuclear weapons. In 1958, his Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was transferred from Göttingen to München.

He died in Munich Germany, in 1976 at the age of 74.
Call of Duty 3

***Call of Duty 3*** is a first person shooter video game. It is available on many gaming systems such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and PC. It is a sequel to *Call of Duty 2*, and is part of the Call of Duty series.

*Call of Duty 3* is set in France, during the time of World War II. The player is part of the allied forces placing charges, firing mortars, driving jeeps, and killing Nazis. The player moves by using the movement of his own hands. The game also features online play, which allows you to choose the side of allies or axis and play on a team against opposing players.

## Differences
While the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions support online headset, the PlayStation 3 does not support headset due to the game being rushed to be ported at the time and is ironic because the PS2 was released before the PlayStation 3. The Wii version does not support online play.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
Brian Johnson

**Brian Johnson** (born 5 October 1947 in Dunston, Gateshead, England) is an English singer and songwriter. He is best known as the singer for Australian hard rock band AC/DC.

## Biography 
Johnson's father, Allan, was in the British Army's Light Infantry. His mother, Esther, came from Italy. Johnson has two children from his first marriage. That marriage ended in divorce just before he joined AC/DC in 1980.

### Before AC/DC 
Johnson was in the Newcastle glam-rock band Geordie in 1972. The band split up in 1978 but Johnson put it back together in 1980. Just after a record contract had been signed, Johnson was asked to audition for AC/DC.

### Joining AC/DC 
Johnson joined AC/DC in 1980, after the death of the band's former lead singer Bon Scott. He was the band's first choice. A fan in Cleveland, Ohio had sent a Geordie album to AC/DC after Bon Scott's death. The fan had asked them to consider Johnson. Years earlier, Bon Scott had also praised Johnson's singing and performance style.

Johnson co-wrote all of AC/DC's songs with the Young brothers for ten years.

## Other websites 
* AC/DC profile page by Albert Music 
* AC/DC profile page by Atlantic Records 
* AC/DC profile page by Epic Records 
* AC/DC Fan Page
Centipede

A **centipede** is a type of myriapod with many legs. Centipedes are predators. They hunt during the night; they are nocturnal.  Some centipedes are venomous, but none can kill a person unless they are allergic. Centipedes are in the class **Chilopoda**, and related to millipedes, which are not poisonous. As the millipedes, they are segmented. They have between 5 and 173 segments, but only one pair of legs per segment. There may be 8,000 species in the world.

The house centipede is a carnivore that feeds on cockroaches, house flies and other domestic pests. It is therefore beneficial. But because it has a scary appearance it is often exterminated.

## References
Ludwig Erhard

**Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard** (4 February 1897 in Fürth – 5 May 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician.

## Life 
Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg.

After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bankrupt.
From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he could not get a promotion because he did not want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research.

Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963.
From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany.

In 1949, he became Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer.
From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor.
After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor.
In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeeded him.

Erhard died in 1977, aged 80.
900s

The **900s** was a decade that began on 1 January 900 and ended on 31 December 909. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***91st decade*** which began on January 1, 901 and ended on December 31, 910.

## Events
* Accession of Sergius III.
* Destruction of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty and the largest city in the ancient world.
* Founding of the Royal Mint in England.
* Capture of Thessalonica by Saracens.
Bronllys

**Bronllys** is a village in the Powys region of Wales. A Norman castle was built there in the 11th century.

## Other websites
*CastleWales on Bronllys Castle
Natural language processing

**Natural Language Processing** (NLP) is a field in Artificial Intelligence, and is also related to linguistics. On a high level, the goal of NLP is to program computers to automatically understand human languages, and also to automatically write/speak in human languages. We say "Natural Language" to mean human language, and to indicate that we are not talking about computer (programming) languages.

## References
1034

## Events 
* April 11 – Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV.
* Free County becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire.

## Births 
* September 3 – Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan (d. 1073)

## Deaths 
* November &ndash; King Malcolm II of Scotland, Scottish royal (b. 954)
* Fulbert de Falaise, Norman Tanner (weaver) and businessman (b. c. 973)
Pomerania

line.]] *(Darss)*.]]
**Pomerania** (*Pommern* in German, *Pomorze* in Polish) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland.
## Prehistoric tribes
20,000 years ago, the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Paleolithic, or Upper Stone Age, some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
## Classical antiquity
Since around 500 BC and before 500 AD, Pomerania had been dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who, as per archeological evidence of the Wielbark culture and their own tradition, originated from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians were recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Vistula Veneti, a non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, were recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century, Slavic tribes including the Wends and Pomeranians settled the area.
## Polish conquest
Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independence for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish *seniorat*, which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156. The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168 / 1186–1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806. 1000 years of history of areas between river Elbe, Oder and Vistula.

## Related pages
* Lithuania
* Eastern Europe
* Slavic languages
* Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

## References
Würzburg

**Würzburg** (; Main-Franconian: ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria. About 124,000 people live there. There is a university there.

Würzburg is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop.

In about 1000 BC there was a Celtic settlement in that place. In 698 AD Würzburg became Christianised. The first mention was in 704 AD. In 742 Würzburg became the seat of a bishop. From 1168 the bishops of Würzburg had the title Herzog (Duke), given by the emperor.

In 1402 Würzburg got a university. It later closed and then reopened in 1582. In 1631 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden conquered Würzburg in the 30-year war. In 1803 the Duchy of Würzburg became part of Bavaria, in 1938 the city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for the first time. In 1945 the city was nearly completely destroyed.

Its football team is Würzburger Kickers.

## Gallery 

Wuerzburg-von Festung-10-Mainufer-Turm der Marienkapelle-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-von Festung-16-Residenz-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Residenz-Westfassade-18-2014-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Residenz-Westfassade-30-Brunnen-2014-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Residenz-Treppenhaus-18-Totale-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Kiliansdom-02-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Kiliansdom-20-Kreuzgang-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Festung Marienberg-10-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Festung Marienberg-Brunnentempel-04-2014-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Festung Marienberg-Fuerstengarten-04-2007-gje.jpg

## References 
## Other websites
Anus language

The **Anus language** is a tribal language spoken in the Irian Jaya province of Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language.

As of 2005, there are almost 70 speakers of the language all of whom are members of a tribal group living on an island in the Sarmi-Jayapura Bay in West Papua.

## References