open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
World peace

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**World peace** is an idea of freedom, peace, and happiness among everyone. World peace is an idea of a world without violence, where nations try to work with each other. World peace could mean equal human rights, technology, free education for everyone, engineering, availability of medicine, diplomats and/or an end to all forms of fighting.

A report in May 2011 on the Global Peace Index, found that if the world had been 25% more peaceful in the previous year, the global economy would have had an additional $2 trillion. This amount would have covered 2% of the GDP per year required  to avoid the worst effects of global warming, cover all costs to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, cancel the public debt held by Greece, Ireland and Portugal, and cover the one-time rebuilding costs for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

Many religions believe in world peace. The League of Nations and the United Nations were created to make world peace. Many theorists, however, believe that humans were born to be violent and preventing it would not be possible because it is human nature. Others have said that criminals do not believe in peace and will continue to commit crimes.

## References 
## Other websites 
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Carotid artery

The **carotid artery** is one of the major arteries of the human body. It helps blood flow to and from a human's heart. 
In human anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries are arteries which give the head and neck the fresh oxygenated blood part of their blood supply.
Turnip

The **turnip** or **white turnip** (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable. It is found in temperate climates worldwide. Smaller kinds of turnip are grown for human food. Larger ones are grown to feed livestock.

Turnips have glucosinolates -- plant-based chemicals that may help prevent all kinds of cancer, from breast to prostate. Eye health. Turnips are rich in the antioxidant lutein. This keeps your eyes healthy and wards off problems like macular degeneration and cataracts.

In the north of England and Scotland, the name turnip, or neeps, are given to the larger turnips such as the yellow rutabagas. They are called swedes father south.

## Other websites 
* Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
* Alternative Field Crop Manual: Turnip
* Nutritional Facts
1,112 and Counting

**1,112 and Counting** is an essay that was written by novelist and playwright Larry Kramer in 1983. It was published in the *New York Native*. The newspaper is a gay daily newspaper for the LGBT community. It was believed to be one of the first major essays to be written about the AIDS crisis. The essay begins with the HIV death toll at the time. Many homosexuals did not like the essay. This was because the essay blamed them for the wide spread of the disease. Many others did not like it because Kramer was accused of being a 'self-hating gay man'. This was because of his novel *Faggots* which gave negative views on casual and anonymous sex.

The essay helped influence much of queer writing. It also helped Kramer's reputation as a gay rights advocate.

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
* The full text of "1,112 and Counting"
Adam and Steve

"**Adam and Steve**" is a phrase that was created from a conservative Christian slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve". It was created to summarize Christian bible-based arguments against homosexual practices or homosexuality. The slogan also expresses that heterosexuality is the natural way of life for humanity. 

The phrase appeared on a protest sign as early as 1977. It was mentioned in a *New York Times* report about a November 19 rally in Houston, Texas that year. In 1979, Jerry Falwell helped the phrase to become popular. This happened after a press conference he held for *Christianity Today*. Many LGBT people have made movies and plays based on the phrase. Paul Rudnick wrote the play *The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told*, which has a gay couple named Adam and Steve. In 2005, a gay movie was released with the title *Adam & Steve*.

## References
## Books
* Katha Pollitt, Adam and Steve — Together at Last, *The Nation*, 15 December 2003.
Usher (album)

***Usher*** is the debut album by American singer Usher. It was released on August 30, 1994 on LaFace Records.

## History 
The album reached number 167 on the *Billboard* 200 chart. It was given positive reviews from music critics.

## Track listing
**Sample credits**
*"Think of You" is a sample of "Tidal Wave" recorded by Ronnie Laws.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* *Usher* at Discogs
My Way (Usher album)

***My Way*** is the second studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records on September 16, 1997. The album had three singles "Nice & Slow", "My Way" and "You Make Me Wanna...".

## History 
The album debuted at number 15 on the *Billboard* 200 chart. It sold 66,000 copies the first week. It also debuted at number four on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It reached number one for three weeks. *My Way* was then certified 6x Platinum for shipping 6,000,000 copies in the United States. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award. It also became his "breakthrough album". Many music critics gave positive reviews for the album.

## Track listing
;Sample credits
* "Come Back" has a sample of "Funky" by the Ultramagnetic MCs.
* "One Day You'll Be Mine" has a sample of "Footsteps in the Dark" by The Isley Brothers.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://www.mtv.com/bands/az/usher/89863/album.jhtml  mtv.com page on *My Way*
8701

***8701*** is the third studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by Arista Records on July 9, 2001.

## History 
Recording the album took place in 2000 and 2001. The album debuted at number four on the *Billboard* 200 chart. It sold 210,000 copies the first week. In 18 weeks it sold 1,940,000 copies.

It has sold 4,700,000 copies in the United States. The album has sold over 8,000,000 copies worldwide. It was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Canadian Albums Chart. In Australia, it was certified 2x Platinum and Platinum by the BPI.

The album was given positive reviews from music critics. Many liked Usher's "matured voice" and the instruments Usher used to record the songs.

## Track listing 
## Personnel
Credits for *8701* from Allmusic.

* David Ashton&nbsp;– Assistant engineer
* Producer, Instrumentation&nbsp;– Bryan-Michael Cox
* Brian Garten&nbsp;– Engineer
* Kevin Guarnieri&nbsp;– Engineer, Assistant Engineer
* Performer&nbsp;– Puff Daddy
* David Rideau&nbsp;– Engineer
* Usher&nbsp;– Vocals

## Charts
### Chart positions
### Certifications
### Decade-end charts
## Release history
## References
Pyramid of the Sun

The **Pyramid of the Sun** is the largest pyramid in the ancient city of Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán is about  north of the modern-day Mexico City. The Aztecs named the building Pyramid of the Sun, when they entered the abandoned city of Teotihuacán. The original name of the building is unknown.

## Description 
The pyramid has a base length of about , and its current height is .  This makes it the second largest pyramid in pre-Columbian America, after the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Inside Teotihuacán, the pyramid is located between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, on what is called the *Avenue of the Dead*. It is near a mountain called Cerro Gordo. The pyramid is part of large complex, which is in the middle of the city.

## Construction 
The pyramid was constructed in two phases. After completion of the first phase, about 100 AD, the pyramid had reached almost its current height. The second phase consisted in adding an altar and a big statue at the top. Neither the altar nor the statue survive. 

Originally, the pyramid was covered with plates made of calcite, which showed images of animals, such as jaguars, but these plates did not survive. 

The pyramid probably served as a temple to one of the deities of Teotihuacán; but the name of the deity, and the nature of the cult are unknown today. 

Graves of children have been found in the pyramid. It is believed that the children were sacrificed to consecrate the building.
List of people executed for homosexuality

Many people have been killed for being a homosexual. Killings of homosexuals are only practice in the Middle East and North Africa, where homosexuals are believed to be the reason for famines and other disastrous events. In other parts of the world, homosexuals can be charged to life in prison to a warning from local police. In some countries, homosexuals are given the right to be who they are and are protected by law.

## List 
* John Atherton (1598-1640), Bishop of Waterford and Lismore
* Jacopo Bonfadio (c1508-1550), Italian humanist and historian
* Francesco Calcagno (1528-1550), Venician Franciscan friar.
* Giovanni di Giovanni (1350-1365), 15 year old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite"
* Lisbetha Olsdotter (died 1679), Swedish cross-dresser and early female soldier (disguised as a man).
* Dominique Phinot (c1510-c1556), French composer of the Renaissance

## References
Gérard Philipe

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**Gérard Philipe** (4 December 1922 – 25 November 1959) was a French actor who appeared in 34 movies between 1944 and 1959.

## Career 
Gérard Philipe was born in Cannes, France. He had Czech ancestry from his maternal grandmother. When Philipe was a teenager, he took acting lessons. He done this before going to Paris to study at the Conservatoire of Dramatic Art. When Philipe was 19, he made his stage debut at a theater in Nice. The following year, he performed in the Albert Camus play, *Caligula*.

Philipe made his movie debut in *Les Petites du Quai aux Fleurs* (1943). After a few other minor roles, he became famous in his performance in Claude Autant-Lara's *Devil in the Flesh* (1947). Philipe was popular among women because of his looks. He was also liked by his friends.

In 1951, Philipe married Nicole Fourcade (1917-1990). She was an actress and writer. They had two children. Fourcade was given the name Anne Philipe. She had also wrote about Philipe in two books. The first called *Souvenirs* (1960) and a second biography titled ''Le Temps d'un soupir* (*No Longer Than a Sign'', 1963).

Philipe was recognized worldwide for his talent. At the time of his death, he was at his peak in his career. Philipe died of liver cancer while working on a movie project in Paris. It was several days before his 37th birthday. He was buried in the village cemetery in Ramatuelle, Var near the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1995, the celebrate 100 years of the cinema, the French government issued a series of limited edition coins. One of which included a 100 franc coin with Philipe's picture. In France, Philipe is known as an important person in that country. In 1986, he was given a postage stamp with his picture on it. There is also a movie festival named after him. There are also a number of school's in France that were named after Philipe. In Germany, he is less respected as an actor. However, a cultural center is named after him in Berlin.

## Selected works
**Film**
**Les Petites du Quai aux Fleurs* (1944)
*''L'Idiot* (1946)
**Devil in the Flesh* (1947)
**La chartreuse de Parme* (1948)
**Une si jolie petite plage* (1949)
**La Ronde*  (1950)
**Juliette ou La clef des songes* (1951)
**Fanfan la Tulipe*  (1952)
**The Seven Deadly Sins* (1952)
**Les Belles de nuit* (1952)
**It Happened in the Park* (1953)
**Si Versailles m'était conté* (1953)
**Les Orgueilleux* (1953)
**The Red and the Black* (1954)
**Monsieur Ripois* (1954)
**Les Grandes Manœuvres* (1955)
**Si Paris nous était conté* (1956)
**Montparnasse 19* (1957)
**Le Joueur* (1958)
**La Vie à deux* (1958)
**Les Liaisons dangereuses* (1959)
**La fièvre monte à El Pao* (1959)

**Voice**
**Le Petite Prince'' (1954)

## References 
## Books 
*
*
*
*

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Gérard Philipe  at filmsdefrance.com
* Gérard Philipe at Film Reference
* Gérard Philipe A fan-maintained website
*
Nastassja Kinski

**Nastassja Kinski** (born January 24, 1961)is a German-born American movie actress who has been in more than 60 movies. She is the daughter of German actor Klaus Kinski. Her movie debut was in *The Wrong Move* in 1975 at the age of 13. She starred in 1976 in *To the Devil a Daughter*. She was also in a television episode of *Tatort* called *Reifezeugnis* in 1976. That show was about a teenage girl in love with her teacher. She was then in *Boarding School* in 1976. She was also in *Così come sei*, also called *Stay as You Are* in 1978. She won a Golden Globe Award for her role in *Tess*.  The most recent movie she was in was *Inland Empire* (2006).

## Personal life
At one point she dated Polish movie director Roman Polanski, who she met on the set of *Tess*.  She had a son with actor Vincent Spano. In the mid-1980s, Kinski met Egyptian movie maker Ibrahim Moussa. They married on September 10, 1984. They had two children. The marriage ended in 1992. From 1992 until 1995, Kinski lived with musician Quincy Jones. In 1993, their daughter was born.

## References
## Other websites
* Kinski's French language website 
*
Sharon Tate

**Sharon Marie Tate** (January 23, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress. She was married to movie director Roman Polanski.

## Early life
Sharon Marie Tate was born in Dallas, Texas on January 23, 1943. She was the eldest daughter of a career army officer. So, her family had to move through various parts of the United States and Europe. As a child, her parents placed her in a beauty contest and she won.

## Movies
Tate made her movie debut in *Eye of the Devil* in 1965. The movie producer, Martin Ransohoff, made a ten-minute documentary promoting her, called *All Eyes on Sharon Tate*.

Tate met Polanski while acting in his movie, *The Fearless Vampire Killers*. That movie was a comedy mocking Hammer Horror movies. Polanski married her in 1968. She was also in the comedy ''Don't Make Waves* in 1967. In 1967, she was also in the movie *Valley of the Dolls*. In 1969, she was in the spy comedy *The Wrecking Crew*. Her last movie was an Italian slapstick comedy called *12+1''.

## Related pages 
* Tate murders

## References
Can U Get wit It

"**Can U Get wit It**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was the lead single from his debut album *Usher* (1994). It reached at number 59 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It also reached number 91 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was produced by Jodeci's DeVante Swing.

## Track listings
**US Vinyl, 12"**
# Can U Get Wit It [Extended Edit] 6:58
# Can U Get Wit It [Album Version] 4:56
# Can U Get Wit It [Instrumental - Album Version] 4:58
# Can U Get Wit It TV track 5:00

**UK Vinyl, 12", Promo**
# "Can U Get Wit It" [Radio Edit] 4:15
# "Can U Get Wit It" [Alternate Radio Edit] 4:14
# "Can U Get Wit It" [Gangsta Lean Edit] 5:49
# "Can U Get Wit It" [Extended Edit]  6:58

## Charts
The Many Ways

"**The Many Ways**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the last single from his debut album *Usher* (1994).

The song did not do so well on the music charts. It reached at number 42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. It did not chart on the Hot 100.

## Track listing
;US Single
*1. Many Ways [Album Version]
*2. Many Ways [Radio Version]
*3. Many Ways [Album Instrumental]

## Charts
You Make Me Wanna...

"**You Make Me Wanna...**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records and Arista Records on August 5, 1997. It became the lead single from Usher's second album *My Way* (1997). The song was written by Usher and Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal. Dupri and Seal produced the song. The song is written in the key of E major. It is an R&B, soul, and pop ballad song. The song's instruments are the acoustic guitar, hi-hat, and bells. 

The song is about a relationship between Usher, his girlfriend, and her best friend, who Usher really likes. Usher uses a pick-up line "You make me wanna leave the one I'm with and start a new relationship with you". The line is the song's hook. The song was given positive reviews. It won a *Billboard* Music Award, a Soul Train Music Award, a WQHT Hip Hop Award, and a nomination for a Grammy Award.

"You Make Me Wanna..." reached several music charts. It was number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Hot R&B Singles chart. It also reached the top ten on the *Billboard* Hot 100, Pop Songs, Canadian Singles Chart, Dutch Top 40, and the ARIA Singles Chart. The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff. It shows Usher dancing in several colored rooms and backgrounds. It also uses an effect which created several clones of Usher.

## Track listings
;Maxi single
# "You Make Me Wanna..." - 3:39
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (JD remix) - 3:39
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil' Jon's Eastside Remix) - 4:26
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Timbaland Remix) - 3:58
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental) - 3:17
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil Jon's Eastside remix instrumental) - 3:57

;CD single
# "You Make Me Wanna..."
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam Classic Garage Mix)
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam Classic Garage instrumental)
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam UVM Dub Mix)
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental Dub Mix)

;12-inch vinyl
# "You Make Me Wanna..." - 3:39
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (JD's Remix) - 3:39
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil' Jon's Eastside Remix) - 3:58
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (Timbaland's Remix) - 4:26
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (a cappella) - 3:39
# "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental) -3:17

## Certifications
## References
Think of You

"**Think of You**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was the second single from his debut album *Usher* (1994). Usher co-wrote the song along with Donell Jones and Faith Evans. It is a sample of jazz singer Ronnie Law's song "Tidal Wave".

The song did better than the single "Can U Get wit It". It reached number seven on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It also reached number 58 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. "Think of You" also got to number 70 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video features Taral Hicks, who Usher is singing to.

## Track listing
**US Vinyl, 12"**
#Think Of You [So So Def Extended Mix] 5:10
#Think Of You [Album Instrumental] 3:48
#Think Of You [Album Mix] 3:48
#Think Of You [Bad Boy Remix] 4:16
#Think Of You [Bad Boy Instrumental] 4:16
#Think Of You [So So Def Acapella] 3:38

***UK CD single**
#"Think of You" [Album Version]
#"Think of You" [So So Def Remix]
#"Think of You" [So So Def Extended Mix]
#"Think of You" [Album Instrumental]
#"Think of You" [Bad Boy Remix]

## Charts
Live (album)

***Live*** is a live album by American singer Usher. It was recorded on October 15 and 16, 1998 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was released on March 23, 1999 on LaFace Records. The album was released in audio-only and video versions. It was released because Usher's last album *My Way* was released in 1997. *Live* was filling the gap between his albums.

*Live* was given mixed to negative reviews. Many critics did not like the "poor live sound" of Usher's voice. *Live* reached number 73 on the *Billboard* 200. It also reached number 30 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On the Top Music Videos chart, *Live* reached number 3. The album has sold over 200,000 copies in the United States. Both the audio ans video versions were gold by the RIAA. This means that 500,000 copies of the album were shipped in the United States.

## Track listing
## Charts and certifications
### Chart positions
### Certifications
## References
Bedtime (song)

"**Bedtime**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album *My Way* (1997) in 1998. It became the fourth and last single to be released from that album. "Bedtime" was released as a promotional recording. It reached number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

## Track listing
#"Bed Time" [Album Version] - 4:45
#"Bed Time" [Live Version] - 7:06

## Charts
## References
Pop Ya Collar

"**Pop Ya Collar**" is a song by American singer Usher. It became a lead single from *8701* (2001). The song was leaked on the Internet as part of *All About U*, an unreleased album by Usher.

The song reached number 60 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It was more successful in the United Kingdom where it reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was about an upturned collar. It then became a popular culture "buzzword" at the time.

The catchphrase (or slang) helped the song to be released by other artists. These include "Pop Yo Collar" by MC Hammer (2000) and "Poppin' My Collar" by Three 6 Mafia (2006). However, the word originally came from the Bay Area artist E-40. Hammer's version (featuring Wee Wee) helped make "The Phat Daddy Pop", "In Pop Nito", "River Pop", "Deliver The Pop" and "Pop'n It Up" dance moves.

## Track listing
**UK CD**

# "Pop Ya Collar" [Radio Version] 3:34
# "Pop Ya Collar" [GForce Jazz Step Vocal Mix] 6:16
# "My Way" [Remix With JD]

## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Certifications
## References
My Way (Usher song)

"**My Way**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from the album of the same name in 1998. It features Jermaine Dupri as backing vocalist. The song peaked at number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart for 2 consecutive weeks, from August 22 to August 29, 1998. The song did not reach number one because of Brandy Norwood and Monica's single "The Boy Is Mine". Because "Nice & Slow" was not successful in the UK, "My Way" was not released as a single there.

## Track listing
;US Vinyl, 12"
# My Way [Remix W/J.D.] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
# My Way [Remix Instrumental] 3:37
# My Way [Remix Acappella] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
# My Way [Album Version] 3:38
# My Way [Instrumental] 3:36
# My Way [Acapella]

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
## References
Raymond v. Raymond

***Raymond v. Raymond*** is the sixth studio album by American singer Usher. It was released on March 26, 2010. Recording the album happened between 2008 and 2010. It was produced by Jermaine Dupri, The Runners, Ester Dean, Polow da Don, RedOne, Jim Jonsin, Danja, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Bangladesh, and Tricky Stewart.

The album debuted at number one on the *Billboard* 200 chart. It sold 329,000 copies the first week. It sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. This means that the album shipped 1,000,000 copies in the United States. *Raymond v. Raymond* released five singles. These include the hit single "Hey Daddy (Daddy's Home)", "Lil Freak", "There Goes My Baby", "OMG", and "More".

After the album was released, it was given mixed reviews from music critics. Many music critics did not like the lyrics and the themes of the songs. Others liked it. The album won several awards. It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. Usher went on his OMG Tour in 2011 to promote the album worldwide.

## Track listing 
## Personnel 
Credits for *Raymond v. Raymond* from Allmusic.

* Kory Aaron – assistant
* Marcella Araica – engineer
* Alex Barajas – assistant
* Tom Coyne – mastering
* Ian Cross – engineer, mixing, vocal engineer
* Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine – engineer
* Dylan "3-D" Dresdow – mixing
* Jermaine Dupri – mixing
* Joe Gallagher – assistant
* Conor Gilligan – assistant
* Matty Green – assistant
* Blake Harden – assistant
* Kemal Harris – stylist
* Patrick Hewlett – assistant
* Gordon Hogan – assistant
* Sam Holland – assistant
* John Horesco IV – engineer
* Bob Horn – mixing
* Jaycen Joshua – mixing
* Damien Lewis – assistant
* Giancarlo Lino – assistant
* Erik Madrid – assistant
* Michael Makowski – assistant
* Anthony Mandler – photography
* Rob Marks – engineer
* Frank Romano – guitar

* Matt Marrin – engineer, mixing
* Manny Marroquin – mixing
* Thurston McCrea – assistant
* Andrew Mezzi – assistant
* Brandon Middleton – assistant
* Vernon Mungo – engineer
* Brandon Parks – assistant
* Nicole Patterson – make-up
* Jonetta Patton – artist development
* Karl Peterson – assistant
* Mark Pitts – executive producer, A&R
* Shawn Porter – groomer
* Usher Raymond – executive producer
* Rob Skipworth – engineer
* Tim Sonnefeld – mixing
* Brian Stanley – mixing
* Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
* Jay Stevenson – engineer
* Phil Tan – mixing
* Matt Taylor – art direction, design
* Miles Walker – engineer
* Jason Wilkie – assistant
* will.i.am – engineer
* Tre Williams – engineer
* James Wisner – engineer
* Lauren Evans - background vocals

## Charts 
### Chart positions 
### Year-end charts 
### Certifications 
## Release history 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* *Raymond v. Raymond* at Discogs
* *Raymond v. Raymond* at Metacritic
Complex plane

, and *bi* is the imaginary number]]

In mathematics, the **complex plane** is used to help visualize complex numbers. The vertical line is called the *imaginary axis*, and the horizontal line is called the *real axis*. Any complex number can be written as *a+bi*, where *a* and b are real numbers, and *i* is the principal square root of -1. In the complex plane, you go *a* spaces on the real axis, and *b* spaces on the imaginary axis. The complex plane can also be expressed in the form of polar coordinates, where the size of the line is equal to the square root of *a squared* plus *b squared*, and the direction is an angle.

The complex plane can be used to draw the graphs of some functions, called *complex functions*, that can be used to study all kinds of things, like cars, airplanes, atoms and electricity.   

## Complex conjugates 
Every complex number *z=a+bi* has a **complex conjugate**. It is written as \overline{z} and is equal to *a-bi*. The complex number and its conjugate can be represented on the complex plane—as mirror opposites about the real axis.

## Related pages 
* Riemann sphere

## References
U-Turn (song)

"**U-Turn**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album *8701* (2001). It was released as an international single. This means that it was not released in the United States, where Usher lives. It was produced by Jermaine Dupri. The song reached the top ten in Australia, top 20 in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. It was a top 40 hit in the Netherlands. 

The song was written by Usher, Dupri, and Brian Michael Cox. Cox had co-wrote four of Usher's songs, including hit single "U Got It Bad". The song mentions Michael Jackson and Bobby Brown. It also talks about crunk. This made it one of the first R&B songs to talk about that music genre.

## Track listings
**UK CD**
*Limited Edition Enhanced 4 Track CD with Poster*
# "U-Turn" (Album Version)
# "U-Turn" (The Almighty Mix) 
# "U-Turn" (The Almighty Dub) 
# "U-Turn" (Video - Plus 'Behind The Scenes' Footage)

**Europe Maxi-CD**
# U-Turn [Album Version] 3:12
# U-Turn [The Almighty Mix] 7:22
# U-Turn [The Almighty Dub] 7:24
# U R The One 3:56
# Video U-Turn 3:05

**Germany CD**
# U-Turn (Album Version) 3:12
# U-Turn (The Almighty Mix) 7:22

## Charts
## References
* NME U-Turn review
* [ Allmusic.com *8701* article]
* Top 40 charts "U-Turn" entry
U Got It Bad

"**U Got It Bad**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from the album *8701* in (2001). It was the second single from the album. It reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It reached the top 5 in the United Kingdom and Australia.

The song was produced by Jermaine Dupri. It was co-produced by Bryan-Michael Cox. The Soulpower remix had more airplay in some countries than the original version. The song is ranked at number 99 on the *Billboard* All-Time Hot 100 Top Songs. It was named the 15th most successful song from 2000 to 2009 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.

## Track listings
**UK CD: 1**

# "U Got It Bad" (Radio Mix)
# "U Remind Me" (Remix - Featuring Method Man & Blu Cantrell)
# "U R the One" (Radio Mix)
# "U Got It Bad" (CD-Rom Video)

**UK CD: 2**

# "U Got It Bad" (Soulpower Remix)
# "U Got It Bad" (Tee's UK R&B Remix)
# "U Got It Bad" (Tee's Latin Radio Remix)
# "U Got It Bad" (Tee's Dub Remix)

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time chart
## References
Nice & Slow

"**Nice & Slow**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the second single from his second album *My Way* (1997). It became his first number one single on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It also reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. Because of this, "Nice & Slow" was not a success in that country since his single "You Make Me Wanna..." reached number one.

It also became the last single from Usher's *My Way* album. It was written by Brian & Brandon Casey of Jagged Edge, Manuel Seal, Jermaine Dupri, and Usher. The music video for the song featured Kimora Lee Simmons.

## Track listings
**UK CD: 1**

# "Nice & Slow"
# "Nice & Slow" (CD-Rom Video Element)
# "You Make Me Wanna..." / "Just Like Me" / "My Way" (Snippets)

**US CD:2**
# "Nice & Slow" (Album Version)
# "Nice & Slow" (Album Instrumental)

**UK CD: 2**

# "Nice & Slow" (Radio Version)
# "Nice & Slow" (Live Version)
# "Nice & Slow" (B-Rock's Basement Mix)
# "Nice & Slow" (Suli & Stef's Club Class Mix - UK Mix)

## Charts
### End of decade charts
## References
U Remind Me

"**U Remind Me**" is a song by American singer Usher. It is from the album *8701* (2001). The song reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It reached the top five in the United Kingdom and Australia.

The song talks about a man who meets a woman. He really likes her, however, he does not want a relationship with her. This is because she looks just like an ex-girlfriend who he had a bad breakup with. The music video features Chilli from TLC. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002. This was Usher's first Grammy win. 

## Track listings
;Cassette and US and Europe CD
#"U Remind Me" (radio edit)
#"U Remind Me" (instrumental)
#"I Don't Know" (featuring P Diddy)
#"TTP"

;UK CD
# "U Remind Me"
# "I Don't Know" (featuring P. Diddy)
# "TTP"
# "U Remind Me" (music video)

;12" Vinyl
:;A-side
#"U Remind Me" (Illicit Club Mix)
#"U Remind Me" (Illicit Acappella)
:;B-side
#"U Remind Me" (Pete & Vincent's Club Mix)
#"U Remind Me" (Pete & Vincent's Dub Mix)

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
## References
I Need a Girl (Part One)

"**I Need a Girl (Part One)**" is a song by American rapper P. Diddy. It features Usher and Loon. It was released from the album *We Invented the Remix* (2002). It reached number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It reached number one on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. It also reached number four on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listings
**CD-Maxi**

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## References
U Don't Have to Call

"'''U Don't Have to Call'*" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album *8701* (2001). It was the third single. It reached number three on the *Billboard'' Hot 100 chart. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart.

The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2003. This became his second Grammy win. "U Don't Have to Call" became the last single from *8701*. The song sold 4 million copies in the United States. The music video was filmed in Los Angeles at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel. Kelis is the backing vocalist.

## Track listings
**UK CD**

# "I Need a Girl" (Part 1) (P. Diddy featuring Usher & Loon)
# "U Don't Have to Call" (Remix) (featuring Ludacris)
# "I Need a Girl" (Part 2) (P. Diddy featuring Ginuwine, Loon, Mario Winans & Tammy Ruggeri)
# "I Need a Girl" (Part 1)" (video)
# "U Don't Have to Call" (video)

## Charts
;"I Need a Girl (Part One)" / "U Don't Have to Call"

## References
Yeah!

"**Yeah!**" is a song by American singer Usher, featuring rappers Lil Jon and Ludacris. It was released in January 2004 as the lead single from *Confessions* (2004). It was written by Lil Jon, Sean Garrett, Patrick J. Que Smith, Ludacris, Robert McDowell, and LRoc. It was produced by Lil Jon. The song is an R&B and crunk song. 

The song was remixed by Tengo Calderón. "Yeah!" reached number one on 20 different charts in 15 countries. It also was given platinum certifications from different countries, including by the RIAA and RIANZ. The song reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart for 12 weeks. It became the longest-running number one song in 2004. The single sold 2 million copies worldwide. It became one of the fastest-selling hip hop songs ever.

It was ranked number two on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade for 2000-2009. Usher performed "Yeah!" at the Victoria's Secret fashion show in 2008. The song won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards. It has also been used in the 2005 movie *Hitch* and in the 2009 movie *The Hangover*.

## Track listings
;UK CD 1
# "Yeah!" (featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris) – 4:10
# "Red Light" (Smith, Patrick J Que/Smith, Jonathan/Hilson, Keri/McDowell, Robert/Garrett, Sean) – 4:48
# "Yeah!" (Reggaeton remix)

;UK CD 2
# "Yeah!" – 4:10
# "Red Light" – 4:48
# "Sweet Lies" (Williams, Pharrell/Hugo, Chad) – 4:09
# "Yeah!" (Instrumental) – 4:09

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## References
Lovers & Friends

"**Lovers and Friends**" is a song by American hip hop group Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz. It was released in November 2004. It was released as the last single from their album *Crunk Juice*. It features Usher and Ludacris. The song reached number three on the Hot 100 chart. "Lovers & Friends" was a sample of Michael Sterling's song. 

## Chart positions
## References
Confessions Part II

"**Confessions Part II**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox. It was released for his album, *Confessions* (2004). It was written by Usher, Dupri and Cox. The song is about a confession of a man to his woman. His girlfriend told him that she is three months pregnant and that she is keeping the child. This gives stress to the guy because he does not want a child at the moment. 

Music critics started rumors that Usher might become a father. However, he told the press that the inspiration for the song came from friends who went through similar experiences. Music critics gave mixed reviews on the song. It was released as the third single from the album. It reached number one on the Hot 100 for two weeks. It became Usher's third number one single.

## CD Single Track Listings 
;UK CD 1
# "Confessions Part II"
# "My Boo" (Duet with Alicia Keys)

;UK CD 2
# "Confessions Part II"
# "My Boo"
# "Confessions Part II" (Remix featuring Shyne, Kanye West & Twista)
# "Confessions Part II" (Video)
# "My Boo" (Video)

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## References
Keith Sweat

**Keith Sweat** (born 22 July 1961) is an American rhythm & blues singer and actor. Many of his songs came out during the new jack swing era (1984 – 1996). He is from New York City. His songs include "I Want Her", "Make it Last Forever", "Merry Go Round", "Nobody" and "Twisted".

## References
My Boo

"**My Boo**" is a duet by American singers Usher and Alicia Keys. It was written by Usher, Keys, Jermaine Dupri, Adonis Shropshire, and Manuel Seal. It was produced by Dupri. The song is a hip hop track. It was included in the re-release of *Confessions* (2004). It was given positive reviews and won several awards.

The song was released as the album's fourth single in 2004. The single stayed on top of the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks. This became the third most-successful single from the album after "Yeah!" and "Burn". It was also ranked as the 36th biggest song of the 2000-2009 decade in the US.

## Track listing
*;UK CD 1
#"My Boo"
#"Confessions Part II"
#"Confessions Part II

## Charts
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts 
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## References 
## Other websites 
*My Boo at Discogs
Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired

***Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired*** is a movie documentary about movie maker Roman Polanski and his 1977 trial where he admitted to having unlawful sexual relations with a 13 year old girl in California. The movie questions whether or not Polanski received a fair trial. It was produced by Marina Zenovich.

## References
Church of Saint Michael, Vienna

'''St. Michael's Church''' () is a church in Vienna, Austria. It is a Roman Catholic church and is one of the oldest churches in the city. The church is named after Saint Michael, an important angel for Roman Catholics. It was built between 1220 and 1240 in the Romanesque style. 

Many changes have been made to the church over the years, both inside and outside. The steeple was added in the 16th century.  The church's  facade (the outside front of the building) was changed to a neo-classical style in 1792. The facade has not changed since then. 

## Notable items 
There is a large statue of St. Michael on top of the front door of the church. Inside the church, the altarpiece has a large sculpture by Lorenzo Mattielli (1688 – 1748). The sculpture shows Saint Michael sending the bad angels out of Heaven. Below the sculpture, there are statues of two angels holding a picture of the Virgin Mary. 

This church is very near to the Hofburg Palace, the palace of the Holy Roman Emperors. St. Michael's was the parish church of the Emperors and their families. Many famous people are buried in the church. One of them is the Italian poet, Pietro Metastasio. The church has a very large pipe organ. Parts of the organ are covered with gilt (thin sheets of gold). The famous composer, Joseph Haydn, played this organ when he was a very young man. In 1791, parts of Mozart's *Requiem* (music set to the words of the Requiem Mass) were performed for the very first time in St. Michael's Church. They were performed in memory of Mozart by the singers and musicians who worked with him in Vienna.  
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Burn (song)

"**Burn**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album *Confessions* (2004). It was written by Usher and Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox. It was produced by Dupri and Cox. The song talks about a breakup in a relationship. Many music critics believed that it was Usher's "personal struggles". The song won the 2005 Kids Choice Award for Favorite Song.

"Burn" was supposed to be the album's lead single. However, because many critics liked the song "Yeah!", it was released second. It was released in July 2004 as the second single. It reached a lot of music charts worldwide. It reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. At the time, "Yeah!" was still at number one. "Burn" replaced it. It stayed on the chart for eight weeks. 

"Burn" was certified platinum in Australia and gold in New Zealand and the United States. The song was given positive reviews. It won several awards. In 2009, it was named the 21st most successful song of the 2000s. It was included on the *Billboard* Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## References
High-functioning autism

**High-functioning autism** (**HFA**) is an informal term given to autistic people who do not have an intellectual disability, but may exhibit difficulties in communication, recognising emotions, and social interaction. The overlap between HFA and Asperger syndrome is subject to controversy; both are autism spectrum conditions.

Many medical professionals, autistic people, and supporters of autistic rights disagree with the use of "functioning" labels, as many "high-" or "low-functioning" autistic people may be able to  differently at different times. "Autism with/without intellectual disability" is preferred.

## References
Second Alcibiades

**Second Alcibiades** (also called **Alcibiades II** or **Alcibiades minor**) is a text in Ancient Greek. It is a dialogue. Originally, it was attributed to Plato, but today it is thought Plato was not the author. In the dialogue, Socrates talks to the young Alcibiades. Alcibiades later became a successful statesman and general. The two people talk about philosophical aspects of prayer. The starting point of the question is how prayer should be performed correctly, and what to pray for.

## References
Rett syndrome

**Rett syndrome** (**RTT**) is a genetic disorder that affects how the brain develops. Children born with this condition are almost always girls. Symptoms usually appear around 6–18 months of age and include problems with language and , as well as repeating the same movements. Complications of Rett syndrome can include seizures, scoliosis (curved spine), and sleeping problems. Before the genetic cause for Rett Syndrome was found, the condition was put into the category of a pervasive developmental disorder by the *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM), together with the autism spectrum disorders. In 2013, the DSM-5 stopped classifying the syndrome as a mental disorder.

Rett Syndrome was named after Andreas Rett, a pediatrician in Vienna, Austria, who first described the condition in 1966.

## References
Caught Up

"**Caught Up**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was written by Ryan Toby, Andre Harris, Vidal Davis and Jason Boyd. The song was produced by Dre & Vidal. It was released from his album called *Confessions* (2004).

## Track listing 
;Germany CD single
# "Caught Up" (Album version) – 3:48  	
# "Caught Up" (Official Remix) (Feat. Fabolous) – 4:39 	
# "Caught Up" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 3:33 	
# "Caught Up" (Delinquent "Whistle Crew" Re-Fix) – 7:55 	
# "Caught Up" video

## Charts 
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts
## References
Moving Mountains (song)

"**Moving Mountains**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released on May 23, 2008. It became the third single from his album *Here I Stand* (2008). It was written by Usher, Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, Kuk Harrell and The-Dream. It was produced by Stewart and The-Dream. "Moving Mountains" is a slow tempo ballad. The song is about relationship problems. The song was given positive reviews from music critics. Many compared it to his 2004 single "Burn".

The song reached number 67 on the US Hot 100 chart. The music video was filmed in front of a green screen. It was a sequel to the video for "Love in This Club".

## Credits
*Kuk Harrell – writing, recording
*The-Dream – writing, production
*Christy Hall – assistant production
*Jaycen Joshua – mixing

*Dave Pensado – mixing
*Christopher "Tricky" Stewart – writing, production
*Usher – writing, vocals
*Andrew Wuepper – assistant mixing

:Source:

## Track listings
;CD single
# "Moving Mountains" (radio edit) – 4:00
# "Moving Mountains" (FP Remix) – 3:05
# "Moving Mountains" (J Remy & BobbyBass Remix) – 4:33
# "Moving Mountains" (Pokerface Remix) – 5:07
# "Moving Mountains" (23 Deluxe) – 5:58

;UK CD Single
# "Moving Mountains" – 5:01
# "Love in This Club Part II" (featuring Beyoncé) – 4:19
;Digital EP
# "Moving Mountains" – 4:57
# "Moving Mountains" (Full Phatt Remix) – 3:06
# "Moving Mountains" (Pokerface Remix) – 5:09
# "Moving Mountains" (23 Deluxe Remix) – 5:58

;Finnish Digital EP
#"Moving Mountains" – 4:57
#"Moving Mountains" (instrumental) – 4:57
#"Moving Mountains" (FP Remix) – 3:05
# "Moving Mountains" (Pokerface Remix) – 4:33

## Charts and certifications
### Charts
### Year-end charts
### Certifications
## Release history
### Purchase dates
### Radio add dates
## References
Same Girl

"**Same Girl**" is a song by American singer R. Kelly. It was written by R. Kelly, Ronnie Jackson and J. Smith. It was produced by Lil' Ronnie and R. Kelly. The song was released on May 29, 2007. However, it was leaked onto the Internet on May 2. The song was released as a single from his album *Double Up* (2007). The song features Usher. *Rolling Stone* magazine ranked the song number 26 on their list of 100 Best Songs of 2007.

## Credits
*R. Kelly - vocals, songwriter, producer, arranger, mixing
*Ronnie Jackson (Lil' Ronnie) - songwriter, producer
*J. Smith - songwriter
*Serban Ghenea - mixing
*Abel Garibaldi, Ian Mereness, Jeff Edwards - Recording engineer
*Jeff Meeks, Tim Roberts - Assistant
*John Hanes - Digital editing
*Usher - Vocals

 Credits from Amazon.com - R. Kelly & Usher - Same Girl - Single 

## Charts
Love in This Club

"**Love in This Club**" is a song by American singer Usher. It features rapper Young Jeezy. It was released as a lead single from Usher's album *Here I Stand* (2008). It was written by Usher, Polow da Don, Young Jeezy, Darnell Dalton, Ryon Lovett, Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas. It was produced by da Don. The song's beat is synthpop. The song is about wanting to have sex in a nightclub.

The song was given mixed reviews. Many liked the song's production. However, others did not like that it was a "slow song". Some believed that the song was not "original". "Love in This Club" reached number one on the US Hot 100 chart. The music video was nominated at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. R&B singer Keri Hilson is featured on the video. She is Usher's crush in the nightclub. A remix of the song called "Love in This Club Part II", features Beyoncé and Lil Wayne.

## Track listings
;CD Single and 7" Vinyl
# "Love in This Club" – 4:19
# "Love in This Club" (Instrumental) – 4:19

;Maxi-single
# "Love in This Club" (clean version)
# "Love in This Club" (clean version without rap)
# "Love in This Club" (instrumental)

;Digital EP
# "Love in This Club" – 4:19
# "Love in This Club" (Reavers Remix) – 4:20
# "Love in This Club" (StoneBridge Remix) – 9:04
# "Love in This Club" (J Sweet Remix) – 5:08

## Credits
* The Ambassadorz – keyboards
* Marcella Araica – mixing
* Miguel Bustamante – assistant mixing
* Darnell Dalton – writing
* Ryon Lovett – writing
* Polow da Don – writing, production

* Jeremy Stevenson – recording
* Lamar Taylor – writing
* Tony Terrebonne – recording
* Keith Thomas – writing
* Usher – writing, vocals
* Young Jeezy – writing

:Source: 

## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts 
### Certifications
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
## References
What's Your Name

"'''What's Your Name'*" is a song by American singer Usher. It features will.i.am. It was written by Usher, will.i.am and Toby Gad. It was produced by Gad. It was released on August 18, 2008. It was the fourth single from the album, *Here I Stand'' (2008).

"What's Your Name" is a mid-tempo song. It is a electronic dance, New Wave, and snythpop song. The song was given mixed reviews from music critics. Many liked the song's beat. Other believed it was the worst song from *Here I Stand*. The song reached the Australian Singles Chart and the Canadian Hot 100.

## Track listing
#"What's Your Name" – 3:58
#"What's Your Name" (instrumental) – 3:58

## Credits
*Dylan Dresdow – mixing
*Kuk Harrell – vocal production
*Padraic Kerin – recording
*Joe Peluso – assistant mixing
*Jeremy Stevenson – recording
*Ryan Toby – writing
*will.i.am – writing, production, recording, drum programming, synths, rhodes
*Usher – writing

:Source:

## References
Trading Places (song)

"**Trading Places**" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released on October 17, 2008. It became the fifth and prev_title from his album *Here I Stand* (2008). Usher wrote the song with The-Dream and Carlos "Los Da Mystro" McKinney. It was produced by McKinney. The song is a slow-tempo song. It is an R&B and hip-hop song. The song talks about men trading roles with women in a relationship.

## Track listings
;Digital EP
#"Trading Places" – 4:29
#"Trading Places" (FP Remix) – 3:51
#"Trading Places" (Monk & Prof Remix) – 4:55

;Spanish digital download
#"Trading Places" – 4:28
#"Trading Places" (music video) – 4:27

## Credits
*The-Dream – writing
*Kuk Harrell – vocal production, recording
*Carlos "Los Da Mystro" McKinney – writing, production
*Scott Naughton – recording

*Jaycen Joshua – mixing
*Dave Pensado – mixing
*Usher – writing, vocals
*Andrew Wuepper – assistant mixing

:Source:

## Charts
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Spotlight (Gucci Mane song)

"**Spotlight**" is a song by American rapper Gucci Mane. It was the second single from his album *The State vs. Radric Davis* (2009). The song features Usher. It was released on October 19, 2009. It was produced by Polow Da Don.

## Charts 
## References 
## Other websites 
*http://showhype.com/music/gucci_mane/
*http://www.mediafire.com/?nwygzyny2di
Fed Up

"**Fed Up**" is a song by DJ Khaled. It was released on March 2, 2010. It became his first single from his album *Victory* (2010). The song features Usher, Young Jeezy, Rick Ross and Drake.

## Charts