open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mond process

s of nickel metal were made with the Mond process.]]

The **Mond process** is a way to make pure nickel metal. It works because nickel easily reacts with carbon monoxide to make a volatile compound, while most other metals do not. It is an important example of a chemical transport reaction.

## Process 
The Mond process starts with impure nickel or nickel(II) oxide. This solid is treated with syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hydrogen is a reducing agent that chanegs the oxide to the metal:
:
The metal reacts with the carbon monoxide, making a coordination complex called nickel tetracarbonyl:
:
Nickel tetracarbonyl is volatile: it easily becomes a gas. When the carbonyl sublimes, impurities like cobalt or iron are left behind.

After it is separated from the impurities, the carbonyl gas is heated. At around , it breaks down back into the nickel metal and carbon monoxide:
:
The purified nickel metal crystallises onto a prepared surface. This surface can be an object to be plated with nickel, or a small piece of nickel that grows to make a larger, purer ingot.

## History 
The Mond process is named for Ludwig Mond, who discovered nickel carbonyl in 1890. This was the first metal carbonyl discovered. Mond developed his discovery into the process that is now named after him. Mond patented it in 1898, and started the Mond Nickel Company to commercialise it.

## Safety 
The nickel tetracarbonyl made during the Mond process is very toxic. It is known to cause cancer and can be deadly if breathed in.

## References
Yang Yuelou

**Yang Yuelou** (1844–17 July 1890) was a Qing dynasty Peking opera artist. Yang Yeulou was from Beijing. He played as many *sheng* roles. He is best known for being arrested in Shanghai and being put under torture. He was arrested for kidnapping a wealthy comprador's daughter. This case was famous at the time. Later movies were about this case.

Yang Yuelou's third son, Yang Xiaolou, was also a famous Peking opera performer.

## In popular culture
Several actors have starred as Yang Yuelou in dramatizations of his 1873 case: Henry Lo in the 1986 Hong Kong TV series *Four Strange Cases of the Late Qing Dynasty* (), Xu Xiaojian in the 1996 Chinese TV series *The Incredible Injustice to an Opera Actor* (), and Mark Cheng in the 1999 Chinese martial arts film *Tragedy On and Off the Stage* ().

## References
*
Mei Qiaoling

**Mei Qiaoling** (25 September 1842 – 16 December 1882), born **Mei Fang**, courtesy name **Xiaobo** and art name **Huixian**, was an artist and actor. He was from the Qing dynasty. He acted in Peking opera. He acted in Beijing. He mostly played in *dan* roles. This meant that he mostly played in women roles. Mei Qiaoling was born in Taizhou, Jiangsu. He was sold to a man in Suzhou at age 8. Mei was later sold to a theatrical troupe. He was then trained to become a performer. He was known to be fat. He earned the nickname "Fat Qiaoling" (). When he was 30, he became the leader of the Four Happiness Troupe (). This was one of the most famous troupes in Beijing.

His son Mei Yutian was also a performer. His grandson Mei Lanfang was the most accomplished Peking opera artist.

## In popular culture
In the 2002 comedy TV series *The Best Clown Under Heaven* (), Mei Qiaoling is portrayed by Peking opera actor Song Xiaochuan ().

## References
*
Tan Xinpei

**Tan Xinpei** (23 April 1847 – 10 May 1917) was a Chinese Peking opera artist. Tan Xinpei played in many *sheng* roles. Tan Xinpei was thought to be the most important Peking opera performer in his generation. He was also the only actor in China's first movie. This movie was *Dingjun Mountain* (1905).

Over 40 of Tan Xinpei's family members were Peking opera performers. His grandson Tan Fuying was a famous opera performer.

There are audio recordings of Tan Xinpei that still exist.

## Movies
## References
*
*
*

## Other websites
*
Show Me Your Love

***Show Me Your Love***  is the debut studio album by Ukrainian singer Tina Karol, released on May 16, 2006 by Lavina Music.  

## References
Pole of attraction

**"Pole of Attraction"** is the second studio album by Ukrainian singer Tina Karol, released on December 25, 2007 by Astra Records.  The album is the third in the singer’s discography.

## References
Bai Renfu

]]

**Bai Renfu** (, c. 1226−1306), also called **Bai Pu** (), was a Chinese playwright. Bai Renfu was from the Yuan dynasty.

He wrote 16 plays. 3 of these plays still exist.
* *Over the Wall* (裴少俊牆頭馬上 *Péi Shǎo Jùn Qiáng Tóu Mǎ Shàng*)
* *Rain on the Paulownia Tree* (唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨 *Táng Míng Huáng Qiū Yè Wú Tóng Yǔ*) about  Emperor Xuanzong and Lady Yang Guifei:
* *Romance of the East Wall* (董秀英花月東牆記 *Dǒng Xiù Yīng Huā Yuè Dōng Qiáng Jì*)

## References
*Crump, J. I. (1990). *Chinese Theater in the Days of Kublai Khan*. (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan) .
Club Paradise Tour

The **Club Paradise Tour** was Canadian rapper Drake's second concert tour as a headlining act. It was for his 2011 studio album *Take Care*. The tour began on February 14, 2012 in Coral Gables, Florida. It ended on June 17, 2012 in Mansfield, Massachusetts.

## Background 
In October 2011, Drake announced the Club Paradise Tour.

From February to April 2012, American rapper Kendrick Lamar opened for Drake on the tour. Also in February, rapper A$AP Rocky joined Lamar as the opening act for the tour.

The tour was very successful. It was the highest-grossing hip-hop tour of 2012, earning around $42 million. After seeing the popularity of the tour and ticket sales, Drake decided to add a second leg for the tour across North America.

## Set list 
These are the songs that Drake performed during the tour. He did not always perform the same songs at every show and also played some songs where he was a featured artist.

#"Lord Knows"
#"Under Ground Kings"
#"I'm On One"
#"Over"
#"Crew Love" (in some venues)
#"The Zone"
#"She Will"
#"Shot For Me"
#"We'll Be Fine"
#"Forever"
#"Marvins Room"
#"Take Care"
#"Cameras"
#"Uptown"
#"Miss Me"
#Medley: "Look What You've Done" / "Fancy" / "Make Me Proud"
#"Practice"
#"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
Encore 
#"The Motto"
#"Headlines"

## Shows 
### Leg #1 
## References
Walkers

**Walkers** is a British snack food company owned by PepsiCo most known for making many potato chips.

## References
Luo Guanzhong

**Luo Ben** (c. 1330–1400, or c.1280–1360), also called **Guanzhong** (Mandarin pronunciation:&nbsp;), was a Chinese novelist. He lived during the Ming dynasty. He is also known by his pseudonym **Huhai Sanren** ().  Luo Guanzhong wrote the *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*. This book is one fo the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

## Images 
## Related pages 
* *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, text that he probably wrote

## Bibliography
**Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan* (残唐五代史演義, "The End of Tang Dynasty and the Period of the Five Dynasties")
**Fenzhuang Lou* (粉妝樓, "Cosmetical Building")
**Romance of the Three Kingdoms*
**Sui Tang Zhizhuan* (隋唐志傳)
**Sui Tang Liangchao Zhizhuan* (隋唐兩朝志傳, "The Chronicle of the Sui and Tang Dynasties)
*''The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt* (attributed)
**Water Margin'' (editing)

## References 
### Citations 
### Sources 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Andrew West, The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi - Authorship
Slave (James Reyne song)

"**Slave**" is a 1991 song by Australian singer James Reyne and is the leading single from his third studio album *Electric Digger Dandy*. It went to number 10 in Australia.

## Track listings
; CD Single/ 7”
# "Slave" (James Reyne, Jim Vallance) - 4:13
# "Outback Woman" - 3:38

; 12"
*A1 "Slave"	
*B1 "Outback Woman" (Reyne, Tony Joe White)
*B2 "I Will Walk Beside You" (Reyne, Simon Hussey)

## References
Ai Weiwei

**Ai Weiwei** ( ; , IPA: ; born 28 August 1957) is a Chinese contemporary artist, documentarian, and activist. Ai grew up in northwest China. He lived in harsh conditions because his father was exiled. Ai Weiwei was an activist. He was critical Chinese Government's human rights and democracy. He made many investigations on government corruption in China. He investigated the Sichuan schools corruption scandal after the end of "tofu-dreg schools" in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. In April 2011, Ai Weiwei was arrested at Beijing Capital International Airport for "economic crimes." He was in jail for 81 days. After he was arrested, Ai Weiwei became a very important architect, cultural instigator, and political commentator.

Ai Weiwei has made lots of poetry, sculptures, photographs, and public works. He was allowed to leave China in 2015. He has since lived in Portugal, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Medium, *Artists on the Cutting Edge*, by Addison Fach, 1 December 2017
* *WideWalls* magazine, Excessivism – A Phenomenon Every Art Collector Should Know, by Angie Kordic
* *Gallereo* magazine, The Newest Art Movement You've Never Heard of, 20 November 2015
* The Huffington Post, Excessivism: Irony, *Imbalance and a New Rococo, by Shana Nys Dambrot, art critic, curator, 23 September 2015
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Spalding, David. *@large: Ai Weiwei on Alcatraz*, 2014. Print. @Large: Ai Weiwei on Alcatraz
* 
* 
* Ai, Weiwei; Anthony Pins. *Ai Weiwei: Spatial Matters : Art Architecture and Activism*, 2014. Print. Ai Weiwei: spatial matters : art architecture and activism

## Other websites 
* 
* Ai Weiwei exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts London
* 
* Ai Weiwei  at De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art
* Ai Weiwei. *Study of Perspective.* Photographic series produced 1995–2011. *Public Delivery*
Aspergillus fumigatus

***Aspergillus fumigatus*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Aspergillus*.  It is one of the most common *Aspergillus* species to cause disease in people that have an immunodeficiency.
Mashadakhel

**Mashadeakhel** (also **Mashadakhel**) was a Nubian king who probably ruled in the second or third century C.E. He’s so far known only from the Pyramid Beg W113 in Meroe. His name is recorded there in Meroitic script on a fragment of an offering tablet. It is doubtful that this is his pyramid. The tablet may have been stolen in ancient times.

## Biography 
His origin is uncertain, and his name is unusual for a Kushite king. He is mentioned only in an inscription on a sacrificial tablet in pyramid W113 at Meroe. There is considerable doubt among scholars as to whether this burial was of Mashadeahel.

He was probably a usurper who overthrew King Ariesebohe (a female relative) around the C.E.220s and was able to hold on to the throne for almost 20 years. He was overthrown around C.E.246. Tekerideamani became the successor.

## Literature 
* Inge Hofmann: "Contributions to Meroitic Chronology", St. Augustin near Bonn 1978, p. 155, ISBN 3921389801 
* László Török, in: "Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. III", Bergen 1998, pp. 954–955, ISBN 8291626073
Thanks for Coming

***Thanks for Coming*** (Spanish: ***Gracias por venir***) is a 2023 Chilean drama movie directed by first time director Taiyo Yamazaki and starring Daniel Candia, Alejandro Trejo, Alejandra Yáñez, América Navarro and Roberto Villena.

## Other websites
*
Natural slavery

**Natural slavery** is the idea that saome people are slaves by nature, while others are slaves by convention or by law. Aristotle first wrote about this, in his book politics. In this book, he defines a natural slave as "*anyone who, while being human, is by nature not his own but of someone else*"; he also writes  "he is of someone else when, while being human, he is a piece of property; and a piece of property is a tool for action separate from its owner." From this, Aristotle defines natural slavery in two phases. The first is the natural slave's existence and characteristics. The second is the natural slave in society and in interaction with their master. According to Aristotle, natural slaves' main features include being pieces of property, tools for actions, and belonging to others.

## References
The French Connection (movie)

***The French Connection*** is a 1971 American neo-noir action thriller movie directed by William Friedkin. It stars Gene Hackman, Roy Scheider, and Fernando Rey. The screenplay, by Ernest Tidyman, is based on Robin Moore's 1969 book of the same name.

At the 44th Academy Awards, the movie earned eight nominations and won five, for Best Picture, Best Actor (Hackman), Best Director, Best Film Editing, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor (Scheider), Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing. 

In 2005, the Library of Congress picked the movie for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".

## References
Interglossa

**Interglossa** is a simple, made-up language created in 1943 by British scientist Lancelot Hogben. He designed it to help people from different countries communicate easily, especially in science and technology.

## Key features 
* No word changes: In Interglossa, words don't change form. This means the same word can be used in different ways without adding endings or changing spelling.
* Simple grammar: The language uses word order and a few helper words to show meaning, similar to how Chinese works.
* Small vocabulary: It has about 880 basic words, mostly from Greek and Latin, which are common in science.
* Easy spelling: Each letter represents one sound, and spelling is regular and phonetic.

## Purpose 
Hogben wanted to create a language that was easy to learn and use, helping people from different backgrounds talk to each other, especially in scientific fields.

## Evolution 
Later, in the 1970s, Interglossa was updated and renamed Glosa by Ron Clark and Wendy Ashby. They added more words and made some changes to improve it.
Li Jie (Song dynasty)

**Li Jie** (李誡; 1065–1110) was an ancient Chinese architect and writer. He lived in the Northern Song dynasty. He wrote the *Yingzao Fashi*. The *Yingzao Fashi* was a book about technical architecture and craftmanship.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual by Qinghua Guo
Natalia (singer)

**Natalia Rodríguez Gallego** (Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz, December 11, 1982), known simply as **Natalia**, is a Spanish singer, songwriter and presenter.

He became known in the first edition of the Spanish talent show *Operación Triunfo*.
March of Friuli

The **March of Friuli** was a Carolingian march. The March was in the historical region of Friuli. This area is now in the modern province of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in north-eastern Italy.

In 776, the Franks conquested the Lombard Kingdom. This meant that Frankist dukes would rule the Duchy of Friuli. They slowly expanded to the east of this area to where the Slavs and Avars were. In 828, the area controlled by the Franks was reorganized. The central area (Friuli) would be ruled by local counts. These local counts were later margraves. In 843, the region was added to the Middle Francia. The area was ruled by margraves (sometimes also called dukes) from the house of Unruochings. The region was part of post-Carolingian Italy until 952. In 952, the area was given to the Duchy of Bavaria as the March of Verona. The March of Verona had parts of modern Italy and Slovenia.

## Governors
### Dukes
* 776&ndash;787 Marcarius
* 789&ndash;799 Eric
* 799&ndash;808 Hunfrid
* 808&ndash;817 Aio
* 817&ndash;819 Cadalaus
* 819&ndash;828 Balderic

### Margraves
* 830&ndash;866 Eberhard (also *dux Foroiuli*)
* 866&ndash;874 Unroch (III)
* 874&ndash;890 Berengar, also Holy Roman Emperor
* 891&ndash;896 Walfred
* 896&ndash;924 Berengar, also Holy Roman Emperor
* 924&ndash;952 Berengar II

## References
## Sources
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Kithure Kindiki

**Abraham Kithure Kindiki** (born 17 July 1972) is a Kenyan politician, lawyer and a former law professor who is the 3rd and current deputy President of Kenya since 1 November 2024. He was the Cabinet Secretary for Interior and National Administration from 2022 to 2024. He was the Senator for Tharaka-Nithi County from 2013 to 2022.

## References
Hylorina sylvatica

The **emerald forest frog**  (*Hylorina sylvatica*) is a frog.  It lives in Chile and Argentina on the east side of the Andes Mountains.

## Body
The adult male frog is 53-56 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 60-66 mm long. The male frog has brighter color than the female frog does. All adult frogs change color.  At night, the frogs are dark green in color. During the day, they are bright emerald green with two bright copper-colored band stripes. The adult male frog has some yellow color on the vocal sac that he uses to call.  The pupil of the eye is narrow and opens side to side in an oval shape.

## Home
People find this frog under logs and rocks in wet places in forests with Nothofagus plants. Scientists saw this frog as high as 1000 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside at least ten protected parks.

## Reproduction
This frog needs wetlands with many plants around them to lay its eggs. The female frog lays eggs in the water. This animal stays a tadpoles for a long time. It spends one whole winter as a tadpoles. So this frog cannot use temporary pools or ponds that dry up for part of the year.

The tadpoles are light brown on top and dark brown on the belly. They have a dark ring on the nose and a four-sided spot between the eyes.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to get wood and make pine tree farms. Fish from other parts of the world might eat this frog.

## References
Adis Duderija

**Dr. Adis Duderija** is a contemporary Islamic scholar and a Muslim academic known for his work on combating Wahhabism. He is currently serving as an associate professor and chair of Islamic studies at Griffith University.

## Works 
* Constructing a Religiously Ideal', Believer', and', Woman', in Islam: Neo-traditional Salafi and Progressive Muslims' Methods of Interpretation
* Literature Review: Identity Construction in the Context of Being a Minority Immigrant Religion: The Case of Western-born Muslims

## Other websites 
*Adis Dudreija 's profile on Google Scholar

## References
My Life as a Vlog

"**My Life as a Vlog**" is the twelfth episode of the thirty-fourth season of ***The Simpsons***. It first aired on January 1, 2023.

## Other websites 
*
Guan Daosheng

, Taipei]]

**Guan Daosheng**, also called Guan Zhongji or Lady Zhongji (her courtesy name) (; 字仲姬；1262–1319), was a Chinese painter and poet. She wrote and drew during the early Yuan dynasty. She is said to be "the most famous female painter and calligrapher in the Chinese history." She was also a popular poet from the Yuan dynasty.

## References
## Other websites
*For a translation of Zhao Mengfu's poem, and Guan Daosheng's response entitled "Song of You and Me", see Classical Chinese Poems in English: 管道昇 Guan Daosheng: 我儂詞 Song of Me and You/ Clay Figures
*Ink Bamboo by Guan Daosheng
*For a translation of Guan Daosheng's poem titled "Married Love" Married Love by Guan Daosheng - Your Daily Poem
Kern arc

The **Kern arc** is a rare sky phenomena.

This phenomenon is so rare that it has been reported six times. It has been photographed only once by Finnish astrophotographer Marko Mikkilä.

## Name 
The Kern arc got its name from the Dutch scientist H.F.A. Kern, who was the first to see and report it on 8 October, 1895.  

## Appearance 
It looks like a white ring around the zenith, the point straight up from you. It belongs to the family of ice crystal halos, and although it looks different than the more common circumzenithal arc which is only half of an arc, they often appear at the same time. 

## Cause 
The Kern arc is created by the scattering of sunlight through specific ice crystal shapes, specifically triangles. 

## References
List of reptiles

lizard. An example of a reptile.]]
Reptiles are animals in the class Reptilia. This page is a list of reptiles. This page only includes extant reptiles. Extinct reptiles like the  T Rex Won't be included.           

## infraorder Lepidosauromorpha/superorder Lepidosauria 
*Sphenodontia (the tuatara)
**Tuatara
*Squamata (snakes and lizards)
**Toxicofera
**Gekkota
**Dibamidae
**Laterata
**Scinciformata

## Division Archosauria (arachosaurs)  
*Avemetatarsalia
**dinosauria (dinos)
***Aves (cladistically)
*Suchia
**Crocodilia

## Pan-Testinudines (turtles an their extinct relatives.) 
Testinudines (turtles)
Hemipristis plicatilis

***Hemipristis plicatilis*** is an extinct species of wealsel sharks that lived in Cretaceous period. The species was been describried by Kiprijanoff V. in 1854.

## References
Duc Phuc

**Nguyen Duc Phuc** (born October 15, 1996), commonly known by his stage name **Duc Phuc**, is a Vietnamese male singer. He is widely known to the audience as the champion of the third season of the show *The Voice Vietnam*. In 2025 he won the show "Intervision".

## References
Hemipristis serra

found in U.S.]]
***Hemipristis serra*** is an extinct species of weasel shark that lived in Oligocene to Miocene epochs*.* It estimates in 7 meters (22.9 ft) in lenght of maximum body size. He hunted small cetaceans and extinct sirenians, as the *Metaxytherium*. It's lived in South Florida, Mexico. The species was originaly named as *Hemipristis paucidens* by Louis Agassiz in 1835, but It synomized in 1902 a junior synonym of this species by Hay.

## References
Bythos

**Bythos** is a conception in the gnostic philosophy. It corresponds to the concept of Monad. It is named that way, to correspond the concept of father, as the father of the autogenes and also the emanator of the first pure emanation barbelo. Bythos itself described as having perfection, and innefability, and all regards corresponding to the concept of monad. He is described as not the creator of the known world, but rather the emanator of the aeons, on which the last and youngest aeon created the abominable one. 

Bythos itself mentioned in Apocryphon of John. However, Bythos is unclear whether it is personal or not, perhaps it is a personified concept.

## References
Hemipristis

***Hemipristis*** is a genus of weasel shark that lived in Late Jurassic to recent. It contains one living species: Weasel Shark (*Hemipristis elongata*).

The genus was much more abundant in the past, containing several species in the same genus, now all extinct.

## Species 
* Weasel shark (*Hemipristis elongata*) Klunzinger, 1871
* †*Hemipristis curvatus* Dames, 1883
* †*Hemipristis serra* Agassiz, 1835
* †*Hemipristis plicatilis* Klunzinger, 1871
* †*Hemipristis tanakai* Tomita et al., 2023
* †*Hemipristis intermedia* Cicimurri, Ebersole, Stringer, Starnes & Phillips, 2025
* †*Hemipristis liui* Tao & Hu, 2008
* †*Hemipristis* sp. Antunes, M.T. & Jonet, S. & Nascimento, A. (1981)

## References
2025 Blatten landslide

, near Blatten on May 30, 2025 after the landslide]]

The **Blatten landslide**, sometimes called a rock-fall or ice-avalanche, or **glacier collapse**, is a natural disaster that occurred on May 28, 2025. The landslide destroyed most of the village of Blatten in the Lötschental in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The landslide was an avalanche, made of debris and ice. A glacier in the area of the Bietschhorn had collapsed and  caused the landslide. Monitoring equipment was in place, which allowed to evacuate the village on May 19, about 10 days before the event. A shepherd was first reported missing, but he likely died.

## Related pages 
*Rock-fall

## References
* Theodor Hügi, Hugo Ledermann, Ernst Schläppi: *Sheet 1268 Lötschental (Atlas Sheet 82) – Explanations.* In: Swiss Geological Commission, National Hydrology and Geology (ed.) : *Geological Atlas of Switzerland 1:25 000*, 1988 ( online ).

## Other websites 
* *Landslide in the Lötschental: Blatten VS before and after the landslide – the pictures* . In: *srf.ch* .
Marek Jan Chodakiewicz

**Marek Jan Chodakiewicz** (born July 15, 1962) is an American historian. He has been described as nationalist by mainstream historians.

## Early life
Chodakiewicz was born in Warsaw, Poland.

## Controversies
### Holocaust revisionism
Chodakiewicz has promoted controversial views about the Holocaust, including: was "not antisemitic" He also accused Holocaust victims of being "Jewish Communists". Other historians, including David Engel, Joanna Michlic and Laurence Weinbaum, shared the same opinion as Grabowski. In particularly, Weinbaum wrote,

referring to the Polish nationalists being upset with the revelation of the Jedwabne pogrom.

## Related pages
* Jan Żaryn
* David Irving
* Louis Farrakhan
* Richard C. Lukas
* Polish Memory Law

## Footnotes
## References
Pink Pony Club

"**Pink Pony Club**" is a song recorded by American singer Chappell Roan. It was released April 23, 2022, from her debut album, *The Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess* (2023). The song details Roan's move from the Midwest and Tennessee to California to achieve her dreams. It has also been described as a queer anthem.

In 2025, after going viral, the song matched the success of Roan's song, "Good Luck, Babe!" (2024) by reaching number four on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 and topping the Pop Airplay chart. It also became Roan's first UK number-one. Roan has covered the song with English entertainer Elton John.

## Charts 
## References
Rockfall

A **rockfall** or **rock-fall** is a quantity of rock that has fallen freely from a cliff face. The word is also used for collapse of rock from roof or walls of mine or quarry workings. A rockfall is "a fragment of rock (a block) detached by sliding, toppling, or falling, that falls along a vertical or sub-vertical cliff, proceeds down slope by bouncing and flying along ballistic trajectories or by rolling on talus or debris slopes".

A  rockfall can also be "the natural downward motion of a detached block or series of blocks with a small volume involving free falling, bouncing, rolling, and sliding". The mode of failure differs  from that of a rockslide. In contrast, lower altitude mountains with warmer climates rockfalls may be caused by weathering being enhanced by non-freezing conditions.

* With passive mitigation, the rockfall is not preventted, but the effects it has are kept small. The rocks may be caught by nets, rockfall catchment fences, galeries, ditches, embankments etc The rockfall still takes place but an attempt is made to control the outcome.
* With active mitigation, the rockfall is prevened. Some examples of these measures are rock bolting, slope retention systems, shotcrete, etc. Other active measures might be by changing the geographic or climatic characteristics in the initiation zone, e.g. altering slope geometry, dewatering the slope, revegetation

Design guides of passive measures with respect to the block trajectory control have been proposed by several authors.

## Effects on trees 
The effect of rockfalls on trees can be seen in several ways. The tree roots may rotate, via the rotational energy of the rockfall. The tree may move via the application of translational energy. And lastly deformation may occur, either elastic or plastic. Dendrochronology can reveal a past impact, with missing tree rings, as the tree rings grow around and close over a gap; the callus tissue can be seen microscopically. A macroscopic section can be used for dating of avalanche and rockfall events.

## References
Atelognathus

***Atelognathus*** is a group of frogs in the family Batrachylidae. People call them **Patagonia frogs** in English. They live in Patagonia, which is a place in Argentina and Chile.

## Species
There are seven species in the genus:

## References
Seal of the vice president of the United States

The **Seal of the Vice President of the United States** is used to mark correspondence from the Vice President to other members of the Government, and is also used as a symbol of the Vice Presidency.
## Uses of the seal
 in 2021, with the vice presidential seal on the podium]]
The only official seal of the U.S. vice president is a brass die in their office, used to make wax impressions on official documents. It measures 1¾ inches (4.4 cm) across. Other versions, called facsimiles, are made by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing for things like stationery and invitations, when requested.

These other seals are often used as symbols to represent the vice president. They appear on podiums during speeches and on vehicles like Air Force Two, Marine Two, and limousines. The coat of arms, without the words around it, is also used on the Vice Presidential Service Badge and the vice president’s flag.

### Regulated use
In general, commercial use of the seal is prohibited by 18 USC 713 of the United States Code, and further defined by Executive Orders 11916 and 11649, the same statutes which protect the seal of the president of the United States.

## References
Bietschhorn

The **Bietschhorn** is a mountain in the Bernese Alps, on the border between the cantons of Berne and Valais. It has a height of  which makes it one of the highest peaks in the region. In the Lötschen valley (Lötschental) it is also called "Nesthorn". There's a glacier which is called "Nestgletscher" (Nest glacier). There's another mountain called Nesthorn, in Valais, nearby. A part of the Bietschhorn is called Kleines Nesthorn. This part rose to fame, because it was what started the 2025 Blatten landslide.

## References
Chaltenobatrachus grandisonae

The **Puerto Eden frog**  (*Chaltenobatrachus grandisonae*) is a frog.  It lives in Patagonia, which is in Chile and Argentina.

## Body
The adult male frog is 32.47 - 38.77 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 26.22 - 38.42 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is bright green in color with brown or reddish warts.  There are dark band stripes on the tops of the back legs. Younger frogs have more warts and brighter colors than adult frogs.  The bottoms of the legs are brown and partly clear. There is a dark brown band strope from the nose to the ear.  There is a dark mark under the eye to the mouth.  The iris of the eye is orange in color with gold spots and a dark line under the pupil. The pupil of the eye is shaped like a diamond.

## Home
People find this frog in forests, sometimes forests with bogs in them. Scientists saw this frog as high as 942 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog in one protected place: Laguna Caiquenes Protected Area in Chile.

## Reproduction
The female frog lays her eggs on branches or rocks just under the water in ponds. She lays 14-30 eggs at a time. The animals are tadpoles for about 10-12 weeks.  The tadpoles' skin is clear. Their bodies are brown with gold spots. Their eyes are gold with black spots. The tadpoles swim and grow in streams, ponds that stay all year, and ponds that dry up for part of the year.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  Because human beings do not go to the frog's home, they do not make too many changes to the places where the frog lives.

## References
List of 18th-century religious leaders

This is a list of the most important leaders in religious groups with at least 50,000 followers. These leaders would have led at any time from January 1, 1701, to December 31, 1800.

## Buddhism
*Dalai Lama of the Gelug (Yellow Hat sect)
## Christianity
### Catholicism
*Roman Catholic Church (complete list)
**Clement XI, Pope (1700–1721)
**Innocent XIII, Pope (1721–1724)
**Benedict XIII, Pope (1724–1730)
**Clement XII, Pope (1730–1740)
**Benedict XIV, Pope (1740–1758)
**Clement XIII, Pope (1758–1769)
**Clement XIV, Pope (1769–1774)
**Pius VI, Pope (1775–1799)
**Pius VII, Pope (1800–1823)

### Eastern Orthodoxy
*Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the first among equals in Eastern Orthodoxy
### Protestantism
#### Lutheran
*Swedish Church -
**Henric Benzelius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1747–1758)
**Samuel Troilius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1758–1764)
**Magnus Beronius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1764–1775)
**Carl Fredrik Mennander, Archbishop of Uppsala (1775–1786)
**Uno von Troil, Archbishop of Uppsala (1786–1803)

#### Anglicanism
*Church of England
**Formal leadership: Supreme Governor of the Church of England (complete list) –
***William III, co-Supreme Governor (1689–1694), Supreme Governor (1694–1702)
***Anne, Supreme Governor (1702–1714)
***George I, Supreme Governor (1714–1727)
***George II, Supreme Governor (1727–1760)
***George III, Supreme Governor (1760–1820)

## Islam
### Sunni
*Ottoman Empire-
**Mahmud I, Caliph (1730–1754)

## Other websites
* http://www.rulers.org/relig.html
Ciudad BBVA

**Ciudad BBVA** () is a complex of seven buildings that houses the current operational headquarters of the Spanish banking institution Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria. The main building, known as **La Vela**, stands in the center of the complex and is 93 meters tall and has 19 floors.

It is located in the Las Tablas neighborhood of Madrid and is accessible from the A-1 (Autovía del Norte) and the M-40 ring road.

## Overview
It is a complex of eight horizontal buildings of three heights. Each of the horizontal buildings is named after a continent: Oceania, Asia, Antarctica, North America, Europe, Africa, South America and Zealandia. 

The streets that separate them are named after the seas and oceans that unite the continents: Pacific, Indian, Mediterranean, Atlantic and Caribbean streets. In the center is a circular plaza of 100 meters in diameter where the main building stands, an irregular elliptical tower called The Sail. It is a building of 93 meters high and 19 floors, with 82 meters in diameter and only 16 meters wide.

In order to achieve the sail shape, a total of 35 different radii of curvature were designed, distributed on the exterior of the 19 floors. The name was chosen among its employees through an ideas competition. The complex consists of a total of 114,000 square meters of office space and its construction cost approximately 620 million euros, although other sources put the final investment at 900 million.

## Design
The complex was designed by the Pritzker Prize-winning Swiss architecture firm **Herzog & De Meuron** and earned LEED Gold certification from the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), one of the world's most demanding sustainable building standards. 

In 2014, it received ISO 14001 environmental management certification. A double layer of two glass panes separated by argon gas was used for soundproofing against the exterior.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Rolls-Royce Ghost

The **Rolls-Royce Ghost** is a full-sized luxury saloon(sedan) made by British automobile manufacturer, Rolls-Royce. It is the 2nd longest Rolls-Royce sedan, after the Rolls-Royce Phantom VIII. The current price of Rolls-Royce Ghost starts from 380000 to 440000 USD.
## Generations
There are two generations of this sedan. 
### 1st generation
Rolls-Royce introduced the 1st generation Rolls-Royce Ghost Series I in 2010. And in 2014, the Ghost Series II has introduced. In 2020, the production of Rolls-Royce Ghost(1st generation) had stopped.
### 2nd generation
In 2020, Rolls-Royce introduced the 2nd generation Rolls-Royce Ghost as 2021 model. In the end of 2024, Rolls-Royce showed the Series II Ghost as a 2025 model.

## Variants
There are three variants of Rolls-Royce Ghost. They're Ghost, Ghost Extended and Black Badge Ghost.
### Ghost
This variant is the original model.
### Ghost Extended
This variant is also called Ghost Extended Wheelbase or Ghost EWB. It is a little bit longer than the original variant.
### Black Badge Ghost
The Rolls-Royce Black Badge Ghost is the same size with the original variant. But, there are some differences between those two variants. For example, some of the things like the Rolls-Royce in Black Badge Ghost are black.
Opal (disambiguation)

**Opal** is a gemstone.

**Opal** or **OPAL** can also be

*Opal, or Suchata Chuangsri, winner of Miss World 2025

## Places
### Canada
* Opal, Alberta
* Opal Hills, Jasper National Park, Alberta
* Opal Cone, a volcano in British Columbia

### United States
* Opal, Missouri, an unincorporated community
* Opal, South Dakota, an unincorporated community
* Opal, Virginia, a census-designated place
* Opal, Wyoming, a town

## Science and technology
### Biology and medicine
* Opal (apple), a variety of apple 
* Opal (butterfly), common name for the butterfly genus *Chrysoritis*
* Omeprazole or Opal, a drug

* Opal, a stop codon

* Upal, a town in Xinjiang, China
* Opals (disambiguation)
Motor's Too Fast

"'''Motor's Too Fast'*" is a 1988 song by Australian singer James Reyne and was taken from his debut studio album *James Reyne''. It went to number 6 in Australia and number 26 in New Zealand.

## Track listings
; CD Single/ 7”
# "Motor's Too Fast" - 3:34
# "Counting on Me" -

; Vinyl / 12" 
* A1	Motor's Too Fast	
* A2	Mr. Sandman  (Live)
* B1	Heaven On A Stick (Live)
* B2	Counting On Me (Live)

## References
2025 UEFA Super Cup

The **2025 UEFA Super Cup** will be played at the Stadio Friuli in Udine, Italy on the 13th of August 2025. It will be contested by French club Paris Saint-Germain, winners of the 2024–25 UEFA Champions League, and English club Tottenham Hotspur, winners of the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League.

## References
Adin Ross

**Adin David Ross** (born October 11, 2000) is an American online star and streamer. He plays *NBA 2K* and *Grand Theft Auto V* and often works with celebrities. He used to stream on Twitch but was banned in 2023. In March 2025, Twitch removed the ban, and he returned to the platform. A few days before his ban, he had signed with the streaming service Kick.

## Awards and nominations 
## References 
## Other websites
*
Ali Sajad Hamraz

**Ali Sajad Hamraz** (born January 9, 2000) is a para taekwondo athlete from Afghanistan. He is the captain of the Afghanistan national para taekwondo team. Hamraz has represented his country in several national and international competitions.

He won the bronze medal at the 2021 Asian Para Taekwondo Championships in Lebanon. In 2022, he was ranked as the 8th best para taekwondo athlete in the world. He has also won gold medals in various national tournaments.

## Career highlights 
* Gold medal – Afghanistan National Team Trials, 2019
* Gold medal – Kabul Open, 2020
* Best Para Taekwondo Player of Afghanistan, 2020
* Gold medal – Afghanistan Taekwondo League, 2018
* Bronze medal – Asian Para Taekwondo Championships, 2021
* 8th place in world para taekwondo ranking, 2022

## References 
* Pajhwok – Interview with Hamrazzada (2025)
* آواپرس – معرفی پنج پارا تکواندوکار برتر
* Azadi Radio – Afghan para taekwondo athletes honored
* Didpress – Afghan para athletes win medals
* Anadolu Agency – Afghanistan ranked 7th in Asia
* BBC Persian – Afghanistan’s performance in para sports
* Bakhtar News – Afghan para athletes travel abroad
* Sputnik – National para team returns
* Pajhwok – Hard work leads to success: Hamrazzada
John Little

**John Little** may refer to:

## Politics
*John Little (congressman) (1837–1900), U.S. Representative from Ohio
*John Sebastian Little (1851–1916), U.S. Representative from Arkansas
*John William Little, Canadian politician
*John Fletcher Little (1843–1914), Irish physician and politician
*John Little (MP) for City of London

## Sports
*John Little (American football) (1947–1997), American football player
*John Little (basketball) (born 1984), American basketball player
*John Little (cricketer) (1927–2004), New Zealand cricketer
*John Little (footballer) (1930–2017), Canadian-born Scottish footballer

## Other people
*John Little (academic) (1928–2024), American academic and operations researcher
*John C. Little (1874–1957), British trade unionist
*John H. Little (born 1941), superintendent of Wentworth Military Academy
*John N. Little, president and co-founder of The MathWorks
*John R. Little (born 1955), dark fiction writer
*John Little (painter) (born 1928), Canadian artist
*John Little (writer) (born 1960), Bruce Lee scholar, bodybuilding/conditioning author, head of the film company JJL Enterprises LLC
*John B. Little (radiobiologist) (1929–2020), American radiobiologist
*John B. Little (mathematician) (born 1956), American mathematician and historian of mathematics

## Commercial
*John Little (department store), a retail chain in Singapore
Out of Our Heads

***Out of Our Heads*** is the fourth studio album by English rock band The Rolling Stones. The album was released on July 30, 1965.

## Track listing
Bernheim petition

The **Bernheim petition** was a petition made by Franz Bernheim, to the League of Nations in 1933. His petition opposed the Nazi anti-Jewish laws. Bernheim (a Jewish resident of Gleiwitz, German Upper Silesia) had been dismissed from his job as a manager at Gleiwitz Deutsches Familien-Kaufhaus in April 1933 due to those Nazi anti-Jewish laws.

## Basis
The petition was made based on the 1922 German–Polish Accord on East Silesia. It included provisions for the protection of minority rights and the set-up of a mixed German-Polish Commission for Upper Silesia. 

## Content
The petition dealt with not only Bernheim's dismissal but also racism in Upper Silesia as a whole, quoting the provisions for firing "non-Aryan" public employees, notaries, lawyers, teachers, and medical professionals. 

## Aftermath
The petition was accepted by the League. It led to compensations for Bernheim, but also to the cancellation of most racial provisions of the laws in Upper Silesia. However, when article 147 of the accord on East Silesia expired on July 15, 1937, racial provisions in German laws were applied in Upper Silesia as well.

## References
Spanish Renaissance literature

**Spanish Renaissance literature** developed during the 15th and 16th centuries, influenced by Italy's cultural movements. This period emphasized humanism, focusing on human experiences and the revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas.

## Poetry 
Spanish Renaissance poetry was shaped by two main traditions:
* Traditional poetry: Continued medieval forms like short verses and popular songs.
* Italian-influenced poetry: Introduced by poets such as Juan Boscán and Garcilaso de la Vega, this style adopted Italian forms like the sonnet and eleven-syllable lines. Themes included idealized love, nature, and classical mythology.

Two notable poetic schools emerged:
* Salmantine School: Represented by Fray Luis de León, known for concise language and philosophical themes.
* Sevillian School: Led by Fernando de Herrera, characterized by elaborate style and extensive compositions.

## Religious literature 
The era also saw significant religious writings:
* Asceticism: Focused on self-discipline and moral improvement.
* Mysticism: Explored personal experiences of divine union.

Key figures include:
* Santa Teresa de Jesús: Wrote about her spiritual journey in works like The Interior Castle.
* San Juan de la Cruz: Known for poems like Dark Night of the Soul, expressing the soul's longing for God.

## Prose 
Prose literature expanded with works such as:
* *La Celestina* by Fernando de Rojas: A blend of drama and narrative, depicting complex characters and social critique.
* *Lazarillo de Tormes*: An anonymous novel introducing the picaresque genre, portraying a young man's adventures and societal observations.

## Theater 
Theater evolved from religious plays to more secular themes. Early works included moral and allegorical plays, setting the stage for the flourishing of Spanish drama in the Golden Age.

This period laid the foundation for Spain's literary achievements, blending traditional forms with new humanist ideas.
Tau (Disambiguation)

**Tau** (Τ or τ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet.

**Tau** may also refer to:

## Mathematics
* Tau (mathematical constant), a constant equal to  (6.28318...)

## Science and technology
* TAU (spacecraft), a proposal to send a space probe to a thousand units from the Earth
* Tau (particle), also called Tau lepton, an elementary particle
* Tau emerald, a species of dragonfly
* Tau neutrino a particle
* Tau protein, a biochemical protein
* Tau, the standard astronomical abbreviation for Taurus (constellation)

## Other
* Tau Day
Upper Nubia

**Upper Nubia** is the southernmost part of Nubia, upstream on the Nile from Lower Nubia. It is so called because the Nile flows north, so it is further upstream and of higher elevation in relation to Lower Nubia.

The extension of *Upper Nubia* is rather ill-defined and depends on the researchers’ approach.

## History 
Historically speaking *Upper Nubia* comprises the areas of influence of the Nubian part of New Kingdom of Egypt or the kingdom of Kush or Meroe. Connecting the Mediterranean world with inner Africa, *Upper Nubia* was crisscrossed by important trade routes and has been the cradle of diverse cultures.

## References
Gabry Ponte

**Gabriele** "**Gabry**" **Ponte** (born 20 April 1973) is an Italian musician, DJ and producer, best known as a member of Eiffel 65. He represented San Marino at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with his song "Tutta l'Italia", where he finished 26th in the grand final with 27 points.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Other albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
### Other releases
## Notes
## References
El Salto del Hanabanilla

**El Salto del Hanabanilla**, also called **Hanabanilla**, is a Cuban village. The village is in the municipality of Manicaragua, Villa Clara Province. The town has 137 homes. There are 436 people in this town. El Salto del Hanabanilla is also a famous mountain resort for its homonym lake.

## Gallery
## Related pages
*List of cities in Cuba

## References
## Other websites
2025 Somerset–London tornado

During the late-night hours of May 16, 2025, a devastating tornado hit Eastern Kentucky. Also known as the **London tornado**, or the **Somerset-London tornado**, it caused severe-to-catastrophic damage in cities of Somerset and London. It killed 19 people, 17 of which were in London, and injured many more. This was the deadliest tornado since the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado. It was also the worst tornado to ever strike the area, which rarely sees strong tornadoes, and especially violent and deadly ones. Many homes and businesses were destroyed, and emergency workers helped people throughout the night.

## References
The Big Valley

***The Big Valley*** is an American Western drama of 4 seasons and 112 episodes that aired on ABC from September 15, 1965 until May 19, 1969. The series begins about 6 years after the death of the family patriarch, Thomas Barkley. Although he is never shown in the series (other than a painting and a statue), the character of Thomas Barkley is referred to as a major plot point many times.

## Cast
*Richard Long - Jarrod Barkley
*Peter Breck - Nick Barkley
*Lee Majors - Heath Barkley
*Linda Evans - Audra Barkley
*Barbara Stanwyck - Victoria Barkley

## Production
While *The Big Valley* is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California. It was partially filmed in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California.

Wilfred M. Cline, Technicolor associate cinematographer on Gone with the Wind (1939), was director of photography for several Big Valley episodes, together with Chas E. Burke. Due to similarities in appearance, it is sometimes believed that the Tara set from Gone with the Wind was repurposed for use as the Barkley family home in The Big Valley, but it was actually the set constructed for The Kentuckian that was used.

## Series overview
## Episodes
* The production code refers to the code assigned to the episode by the production team. The first season is 63xx (except "Palms of Glory"), the second season is 70xx, the third season is 71xx, and the fourth season is 72xx.
* All episodes are presented in the correct production order season count.
### Season 1
### Season 2
### Season 3
### Season 4
## Other websites
*
Juriquilla

**Juriquilla** is a town in the state of Querétaro in Mexico. About 39 244 people live there.

## References
Kiana (singer)

**Kiana** (born **Anika Bostelaar**) (Etten-Leur, Netherlands, June 5, 1981) is a Dutch singer, best known from the (former) British pop group Girl Thing. Before joining this group, she appeared in commercials on Dutch television.

The only single she has released so far is called *King of the Dancefloor*, composed and written by Joachim Vemeulen Windsant and Maarten Ten Hove, and produced/remixed in Italy by Paolo Sandrini, known for his collaborations with Gigi d'Agostino among others.