1852

## Events 
### January&ndash;March 
* January 14 &ndash; President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte makes a new constitution for the French Second Republic.
* January 15 &ndash; Nine men from various Hebrew charitable organizations come together to form what will become the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.
* January 17 &ndash; The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.
* February 3 &ndash; Battle of Caseros or Battle of Monte Caseros, Argentina
* February 11 &ndash; The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street, London.
* February 15 &ndash; The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.
* February 16 &ndash; The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company is started.
* February 19 &ndash; The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.
* February 25 &ndash; The *HMS Birkenhead* sinks near Cape Town, South Africa. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive.
* March 1 &ndash; Archibald William Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton is made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
* March 2 &ndash; The first American steam fire engine was tested.
* March 4 &ndash; Phi Mu Sorority is founded in Macon Georgia 
* March 20 &ndash; ''Uncle Tom's Cabin* by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published.

### April&ndash;June 
* April 1 &ndash; The Second Burmese War begins.
* April 18 &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.
* May 19 &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.
* June 12 &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.

### July&ndash;September 
* July 1 &ndash; United States statesman Henry Clay is the first to have the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.
* July 4 &ndash; Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester, New York.
* July 28 &ndash; *Henry Clay'' steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, with several deaths including Stephen Allen.
* August 3 &ndash; The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held.
* September 24 &ndash; French engineer Henri Giffard makes the first airship trip from Paris to Trappes.

### October&ndash;December 
* November 2 &ndash; U.S. presidential election, 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.
* November 4 &ndash; Count Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.
* November 11 &ndash; The new Palace of Westminster opens in Britain.
* November 21&ndash;November 22 &ndash; The New French Empire is confirmed 
* December 2 &ndash; Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.
* December 23 &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.
* December 29 &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.

### Date unknown 
* Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary, makes the first translation of the Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.
* The Devil's Island penal colony opens.
* In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts.
* Queen Victoria embarks on a worldwide tour of the British Empire.
* Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland.
* Germans are encouraged to move to Chile
* Antioch College is started. Its first president is Horace Mann.
* Mills College is started.
* Leo Tolstoy's first novel, *Childhood*, is published in book form.

## Births 
### January&ndash;June 
* January 8 &ndash; James Milton Carroll, Baptist pastor, leader, historian, and writer (d. 1931)
* January 11 &ndash; Konstantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1926)
* February 16 &ndash; Charles Taze Russell (Pastor Russell), prominent Protestant reformer and evangelist (d. 1916)
* March 1 &ndash; Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (d. 1923)
* April 1 &ndash; Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (d. 1911)
* April 13 &ndash; F.W. Woolworth, American merchant and businessman (d. 1919)
* April 22 &ndash; Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912)
* May 1 &ndash; Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
* May 4 &ndash; Alice Pleasance Liddell, inspiration for the children's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (d. 1934)
* May 31 &ndash; Julius Richard Petri, German scientist (d. 1921)
* June 25 &ndash; Antoni Gaudi, Spanish modernist architect (d. 1926)

### July&ndash;December 
* July 12 &ndash; Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (d. 1933)
* August 23 &ndash; Clímaco Calderón, President of Colombia (d. 1913)
* August 30 &ndash; Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
* September 10 &ndash; Hans Niels Andersen, Danish businessman, founder of the East Asiatic Company (d. 1937)
* September 12 &ndash; Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1928)
* September 15 &ndash; Edward Bouchet, American physicist (d. 1918)
* September 28
** John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British general, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in World War I (d. 1925)
** Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
* September 30 &ndash; Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in England (d. 1924)
* October 2 &ndash; William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
* October 9 &ndash; Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
* November 1 &ndash; Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (d. 1920)
* November 3 &ndash; Prince Mutsuhito of Japan, the future Emperor Meiji (d. 1912)
* November 11 &ndash; Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1925)
* November 22 &ndash; Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924)
* November 26 &ndash; Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, the 16th and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan, an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
* December 15 &ndash; Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908)
* December 19 &ndash; Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
* December 21 &ndash; George Callaghan, British admiral (d. 1920)

## Deaths 
### January&ndash;June 
* January 1 &ndash; John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (b. 1777)
* January 6 &ndash; Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind and inventor of braille (b. 1809)
* May 3 &ndash; Sara Coleridge, English writer and translator (b. 1802)
* March 4 &ndash; Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (b. 1809)
* April 17 &ndash; Étienne Maurice Gérard, Marshal of France and Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)
* June 7 &ndash; José Joaquín Estudillo, second alcalde of Yerba Buena (b. 1800)
* June 29 &ndash; Henry Clay, American statesman (b. 1777)

### July&ndash;December 
* July 20 &ndash; José Antonio Estudillo, early California settler (b. 1805)
* July 22 &ndash; Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)
* September 4 &ndash; William MacGillivray, Scottish naturalist and ornithologist (b. 1796)
* September 14
** Augustus Pugin, English architect (b. 1812)
** Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British general and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1769)
* September 20 &ndash; Philander Chase, American founder of Kenyon College (b. 1775)
* October 13 &ndash; John Lloyd Stephens, American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (b. 1805)
* October 24 &ndash; Daniel Webster, American statesman (b. 1782)
* October 25 &ndash; John C. Clark, American politician (b. 1793)
* October 26 &ndash; Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher (b. 1801)
* November 2 &ndash; Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, Russian military hero (b. 1782)
* November 27 &ndash; Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace, early English computer pioneer (b. 1815)
* November 29 &ndash; Nicolae Bălcescu, Wallachian revolutionary (b. 1819)
* November 30 &ndash; Junius Brutus Booth, English-born actor (b. 1796)
* December 16 &ndash; Andries Hendrik Potgieter, Voortrekker leader (b. 1792)

## References