open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Clotilde of France

**Marie Clotilde of France** (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) was Queen of Sardinia as wife of Charles Emmanuel IV. She was the sister of Louis XVI. On 10 April 1808, Pope Pius VII, declared Queen Clodile a Venerable the causes of her beatification and canonization continue.

## Life
Baptied as *Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière*, she was born at Versailles and known as **Madame Clotilde**. She was a daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, only son of Louis XV with the popular Queen Marie Leczinska, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. Because she was overweight, Marie Clotilde was nicknamed *Gros-Madame*. She was raised with her sister Élisabeth.

## Marriage
On 27 August 1775, Louis XVI had his sister Marie Clotilde married in Versailles to Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, eldest son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and of his wife Maria Antonia of Spain. Marie Clotilde had been taught Italian while at Versailles. In Savoy, jokes were made about her weight. Although the union was political, Marie Clotilde and Charles Emmanuel were devoted to each other. However they had no children.

In 1796, her husband became king. Marie Clotilde and her husband fled to Naples and lived as guests of the wealthy Colonna. Marie Clotilde died on 7 March 1802. Charles Emmanuel later abdicated on 4 June 1802 in favour of his younger brother, Victor Emmanuel. Marie Clotilde was buried in the Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia in Naples.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms 
### Titles and styles 
***23 September 1759 – 27 August 1775** *Her Royal Highness* Madame Clotilde, *Grand daughter of France*.
***27 August 1775 – 16 October 1796** *Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Piedmont.
***16 October 1796 – 7 March 1802** *Her Majesty* The Queen.

## References
## Other websites
Köpenick

**Köpenick** part of the German capital city of Berlin.  It is at the meeting place of two rivers, the Dahme and Spree.

It is known for the famous  Wilhelm Voigt, the *Captain of Köpenick*.

Köpenick was an independent town until 1920. It then became a borough of Berlin, with an area of , making it Berlin's largest borough. In 2001, the borough of Köpenick was merged with that of Treptow to create the current borough of Treptow-Köpenick.

## Geography 
### Overview
A lot of Köpenick's area is covered with forests and water, such as the Müggelsee lake.

The Spree connects Köpenick with the Müggelsee and the Berlin city centre. The Oder-Spree Canal links the Dahme, at nearby Schmöckwitz, with the Oder river, at Eisenhüttenstadt, thus providing a navigable connection between Köpenick and the Oder.

There are so many forests and parks in Köpenick is sometimes called the "green lungs" of Berlin. The Müggelberge hills in the south-east of Köpenick reach , making them the highest natural point of Berlin.

### Subdivision
Köpenick is divided into 8 zones:
*Altstadt
*Kietzer Vorstadt
*Dammvorstadt
*Köpenick-Nord
**Siedlung Dammfeld
**Elsengrund
**Uhlenhorst
**Wolfsgarten
*Amtsfeld-Kämmereiheide
**Salvador-Allende-Viertel
*Köllnische Vorstadt
*Spindlersfeld
*Wendenschloß
**Siedlung Kietzer Feld

### Panorama
## History
]]
For many years Köpenick was an independent town. Its was first mentioned as a stronghold in 1209.  This means Köpenick is older than Berlin-Cölln, which was first mentioned in a 1237 deed. For the most part of Köpenick's history, the town was known as *Cöpenick*.

In 1631, during the Thirty Years' War, the emissaries of George William, Elector of Brandenburg went to Köpenick to meet the approaching army of Gustav Adolph, King of Sweden, to try to stop the  devastation of Brandenburg.

In 1906, a shoemaker called Wilhelm Voigt pretended to be a Prussian officer and took over the town hall of Köpenick. A play was made about the event, and later several films and television shows.

## Sport
The Stadion An der Alten Försterei is home of the 1. FC Union Berlin football club.

## References
## Other websites
* Köpenick official site
* Köpenick page on www.berlin.de
Brooks Orpik

**Richard Brooks Orpik** (born September 26, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He most recently played for the Washington Capitals where he was an alternate captain. He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Orpik played 3 years of college hockey at Boston College with the Eagles.

He was drafted with the 18th overall pick by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. His made his NHL debut with the Penguins during the 2002–03 NHL season, playing in 6 games and recording no points. On July 2, 2008, the Penguins signed Orpik to a six-year, $22.5 million contract. On June 12, 2009, Orpik was able to win the Stanley Cup with the Penguins when they defeated the Detroit Red Wings in Game 7.

On July 1, 2014, Orpik was signed to a 5-year, $27.5 million contract by the Washington Capitals.

On June 25, 2019, Orpik announced his retirement from professional hockey following 15 NHL seasons.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Zhuyin

***Zhuyin Fuhao***, often shortened as **zhuyin** and commonly called ***bopomofo***, is a type of sound-based writing for the Chinese language. In Chinese, "bo", "po", "mo" and "fo" are the first four of the conventional ordering of available syllables. As a result, the four syllables together have been used to refer to many different phonetic systems. For Chinese speakers who were first introduced to the Zhuyin system, "bopomofo" means *zhuyin fuhao*.

The zhuyin characters are represented in typographic fonts as if drawn with an ink brush (as in Regular Script). They are encoded in Unicode in the bopomofo block, in the range U+3105 ... U+312D.

## History 
## History 
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China established the *Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation* in 1913 to promote a standardized national language. In 1918, the government officially introduced **Zhuyin Fuhao** (commonly known as *Bopomofo*) as a phonetic notation system designed to help the public learn Mandarin pronunciation and literacy.

After the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the **People’s Republic of China** was founded on the mainland, while the **Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan**, continuing its governance there. In the 1950s, the PRC introduced the **Hanyu Pinyin** system, which used the Latin alphabet to represent Mandarin pronunciation and gradually replaced Zhuyin in mainland China.

However, **Zhuyin Fuhao** remained in use in Taiwan, where it continues to serve as an essential tool for teaching Mandarin pronunciation and for typing Chinese characters on computers and mobile devices.

## Features 
Zhuyin was made to closely represent the sounds of Mandarin Chinese. Symbols are divided into two categories, the initials (the first sounds in a syllable) and the finals (the main vowel, the glide consonants ([y/i; IPA:/j/] and [w/u; IPA:/w/]) that come before the main vowel and all the sound that comes after it). There are 4 tone marks to represent the 5 Mandarin tones.

## References
Theo Ratliff

**Theophilus Curtis Ratliff** (born April 17, 1973 in Demopolis, Alabama) is a retired American basketball player that played a total of 20 seasons in the NBA.

He went to University of Wyoming for college where he played basketball with the Cowboys. During his NBA career, Ratliff played for the Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, Boston Celtics, Minnesota Timberwolves, San Antonio Spurs, Charlotte Bobcats and the Los Angeles Lakers.

## Other websites
*Theo Ratliff at NBA.com
Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)

**Louis of France** (Louis Ferdinand; 4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, the popular Queen Marie Leszczyńska. He was the Dauphin of France all his life. He was the father of three kings of France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

## Early life and education
.]]
Louis was born at the Palace of Versailles. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

Louis' governess was Madame de Ventadour. From an early age Louis took a great interest in the military arts. He was very close to his three oldest sisters.

## Marriages
In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen-year-old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744 and the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745. Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter Princess Marie Thérèse who died before reaching adulthood and killed her mother. 

On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Maria Josepha of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.

Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six. Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens his heart being buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis.

## Children
#Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died young. 
#Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in young. 
#Louis Joseph of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died young.
#Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754_
#Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had children.
#Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no children.
#Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had children
#Marie Clotilde de France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no children.
#Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried.
Ball-jointed doll

A **ball-jointed doll** is a doll that is can have its arms and legs moved because of a ball joint. During the 1930, artist Hans Bellmer, made dolls that had ball-joints and used them in photography. In 1980, Japanese traditional doll artists used ball joints with dolls. In 1999, Japanese doll company, Volks, popularized the ball-jointed doll made of polyurethane resin and assembled with elastic string.

The main feature of the ball-jointed doll is its joints. These joints are round and can be taken apart. So you can assemble the joints and body parts to make a doll. There are single-joints and double-joints that can make doll more delicate.

The eyes, wigs, clothes and make-up on the dolls can be changed and people can design their 'own' doll. 

Volks is the most popular company. There is also U-noa (Japan), D.O.D (Dream of Doll)(Korea), Luts (Korea), Blue Fairy (Korea), Iple House (Korea) and DZdoll (China) and there are many other companies and artists around the world.
NMR spectroscopy

**NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy** is a type of spectroscopy that allows chemists to see the structure of a molecule. Certain atoms' nuclei have certain magnetic properties when placed in a strong magnetic field. Atoms like carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine can be detected in this way.

## How an NMR works
A chemical sample is prepared by placing a tiny amount of the sample in an NMR tube. It is dissolved in a special solvent like heavy water (see deuterium) or chloroform-d, then the tube is placed into the NMR machine. The machine is a large magnet, like an MRI. Some atoms in the sample will become excited when it is in the magnet, and when the sample is removed, the atoms will go back to a lower energy state. A computer connected to the NMR can detect this change in excitement and it will cause different peaks and bumps to appear on the NMR diagram. A chemist can print this diagram and study the various peaks. 

Most NMR machines can only detect excitement from one type of atom. For example, an 1H NMR can only "see" hydrogen atoms. A 13C NMR can only see activity from carbon atoms.

## NMR Diagram
An NMR diagram displays an x-axis with units of parts per million, or "shift." Peaks that occur farther to the left in the diagram (these peaks are said to be shifted downfield) represent hydrogen atoms that are closer to electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, or connected to an aromatic (benzene) ring. Hydrogen atoms that are adjacent to other hydrogen atoms can split peaks as well. If there are n hydrogen atoms "next door" to a single one, that single one's peak will be split into n+1 peaks. For example, if a hydrogen atom is adjacent to three others, that hydrogen atom will be split into 4 smaller peaks, called a quartet. Hydrogen atoms that are part of O-H or N-H bonds won't be split, but they will appear on the diagram as a rounded lump, called a broad peak. By looking at all these factors in a diagram, a chemist can figure out what compounds are in their sample, and they can determine if the compound they have made is pure.
Mercury(I) sulfate

**Mercury(I) sulfate**, also known as **mercurous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2SO4. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Mercury(I) sulfate is a whitish-yellow solid. It is not soluble in water. It does dissolve in dilute nitric acid.

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving a large amount of mercury in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with any sulfate or sulfuric acid.

## Related pages
*Mercury(II) sulfate
*Mercury(I) chloride
Cunard Line

**Cunard Line** is a shipping company that was founded in 1840 and runs cruise ships all over the world.
, founder of Cunard.]]
## History
Cunard was formed in 1840 by Samuel Cunard after he decided to start a company that would carry mail from England to the United States. England paid for the costs of this service, since the country wanted a more regular service than the sailing ships of the time could do.  Cunard started with four steam ships that made crossings of the Atlantic Ocean once a week.  The company became known for its record of good safety–while ships of other companies often sank, killing many people, these sorts of things rarely happened to Cunard.

By the early 1900s, though, Cunard was faced with many other ships from several countries also competing with it for passengers going across the Atlantic.  This caused the company to build three new ships, larger and faster than the ones before them.  They were named RMS *Mauretania*, RMS *Lusitania* and RMS *Aquitania*.  Theses ships made Cunard back into a leading shipping line, even though *Lusitania* was sunk during World War I by a German submarine, killing 1,200 people.

In 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship would join its fleet. The new ship, named *Queen Anne*, was originally going to enter the fleet in 2022, but will now join in 2024 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## References
N Seoul Tower

The **N Seoul Tower** (), officially the **YTN Seoul Tower** and commonly known as **Namsan Tower** or **Seoul Tower**, is a large tower in South Korea. It is part of Seoul. The country can be viewed from the tower, making it a tourist attaction. It is  tall. It has cafes and observatories in it.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Emulsifier

An **emulsifier** is an additive which helps two liquids mix. For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together. Some examples of emulsifiers are egg yolks and mustard. An emulsifier consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail. The hydrophilic head is directed to the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic tail to the oil phase. The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.

## Operation 
Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts. Grease and water repel each other, making an emulsion without emulsifier easily fall apart. An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat. The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance). A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water. Substances with a low HLB (3 to 8) are lipophilic and suitable for water-in-oil emulsions.

Emulgators are used in cosmetics for example in creams and bath oils. A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water. Without an emulsifier, the oil would float on the water. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.

Emulsifiers are often used in food technology, for example to keep products moist or greasy (such as cakes and bread) or to mix fat-soluble substances with water, such as margarine.

An example of an emulsifier in food is lecithin. Lecithin is in egg yolk and is used for example in making mayonnaise. It ensures a good connection between fats and vinegar. In european food, various E-numbers are used in the series from E400 to E499.

## References
System administrator

A **system administrator** is a person hired by a company or organization to control, manage, and maintain a technical system. For example, a system administrator takes care of servers to ensure they always stay online.

A system administrator also takes care of any technical products that the company or organisation purchases. They do maintenance on computers of the company that break.

## Related pages 
* System operator
Utopia (disambiguation)

**Utopia** is an idea in philosophy. The name comes from a book by Sir Thomas More called *Utopia*.

**Utopia** may also be:

In **literature**:
**Utopia* (book), a book by Thomas More
*''Isaac Asimov's Utopia*, a science fiction novel by Roger MacBride Allen
**Utopia* (German science fiction), a German science fiction series

In **computer and video gaming**:
**Utopia* (online game), a browser strategy game

In **technology**:
*Utopia (typeface), a style of letters by Robert Slimbach
*UTOPIA (Bioinformatics tools)

In **movie and television**:
**Utopia* (movie) or *Atoll K*, a Laurel and Hardy movie 
**Utopia* (1983 movie), a German film
*"Utopia" (*Doctor Who*), an episode of *Doctor Who*

In **music**:
*Utopia (rock band), a progressive rock group
**Utopia* (Unexpect album)
**Utopia* (Utopia album)
**Utopía*, an album by Belinda
*"Utopia" (Goldfrapp song)
*"Utopia" (Alanis Morissette song)
*"Utopia" (Within Temptation song)

In **places**:
*Utopia, Northern Territory, Australia
*Utopia, Florida, U.S.
*Utopia, Queens, New York, U.S.
*Utopia, Ohio, a former anarchistic community 
*Utopia, Texas, U.S.

## Related pages
**Utopia, Limited'', a Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera
Marie Leszczyńska

:*This is the correct spelling of the surname in modern Polish; various other spellings are also used in English and French.*

**Marie Leszczyńska** (Trzebnica, 23 June 1703 – Versailles, 24 June 1768) was a queen of France as wife of Louis XV. In France, she was referred to as **Marie Leczinska**. She was the longest serving Queen consort of France.

## Background
Born **Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa**, she was the second daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński and his wife Katarzyna Opalińska.

## Marriage
Maria was on a list of 99 eligible European princesses to marry the young king. The marriage by proxy took place on 15 August 1725 in the cathedral of Strasbourg, Louis XV being represented by his cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans. She had nine children. Marie had a very close relationship to her children.

## Issue
On 4 September 1725, she married Louis XV of France. They had eleven children:

*Louise Élisabeth of France (14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) married Philip, Duke of Parma and had issue.
*Henriette of France (14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) died unmarried.
*Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) died in childhood.
*Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) married Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain; had issue then married Marie Josèphe of Saxony and had issue.
*Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 17 April 1733) died in childhood.
*Marie Adélaïde of France (23 March 1732 – 27 February 1800) died unmarried.
*Victoire of France (11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) died unmarried.
*Sophie of France (17 July 1734 – 3 March 1782) died unmarried.
*Stillborn Child  (28 March 1735 – 28 March 1735).
*Thérèse of France (16 May 1736 – 28 September 1744) died in childhood.
*Louise Marie of France (5 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a nun.

## Queen
Queen Marie never managed to acquire any political influence. Marie was a devout Roman Catholic. She was also a great lover of music and painting and the protector of many artists. Marie died at Versailles on 24 June 1768, six years before her husband. Her family sincerely grieved her death. She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis, and her heart was deposed at the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy (Lorraine).
Mercury sulfate

**Mercury sulfate** can mean either of these chemical compounds:

*Mercury(I) sulfate, Hg2SO4, mercurous sulfate
*Mercury(II) sulfate, HgSO4, mercuric sulfate
Upper Jurassic

, Dorset, UK.]]

The **Upper Jurassic** is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya. It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.

## Paleogeography
During the Upper Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.

Sea level was high, though not so high as during the Upper Cretaceous. The Laurasian landmass was broken up by the rising sea into large islands. The rocks were carbonate limestones and clays. The epoch included the famous Solnhofen limestone lagerstätte, where *Archaeopteryx* was found.

## Organic productivity 
The Upper Jurassic of England and Europe bears a huge amount of the products of life. The Kimmeridge clay is the main source for the huge North Sea oil reserves, and the whole epoch is stuffed full of marine fossils. Many dinosaur remains have also been found. The epoch starts with the Oxford Clay deposited in a shallow seaway of 10 to 50 metres depth.

The first fossils which show small dinosaurs with feathers are found: *Anchiornis*.

## Related pages 
*Blue Lias
*Lower Jurassic
*Middle Jurassic
*Jurassic

## References
Alois Hitler

**Alois Hitler** (born **Alois Schicklgruber**, 7 June 1837  3 January 1903) was the father of Adolf Hitler. He was born in Waldviertel. His third marriage, from 1883 until his death, was to Adolf's mother, Klara who was also his niece. He was an Austrian customs official.

## Personal life 
He retired to a farm in 1895 and he was a beekeeper. He died of a stroke in Linz aged 65. In 1879 he changed his name from Alois Schicklgruber to Alois Hitler.

## References
Ethiopian Empire

The **Ethiopian Empire**, or simply **Ethiopia**, also known as **Abyssinia** by foreigners, was an empire in East Africa. It used to include modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea. When it was biggest, it controlled some parts of Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. The official state religion of the empire was Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

Abyssinia was mentioned in Egyptian records in 980&nbsp;BC. Its king made the country Christian in the 4th century. The Solomonid dynasty ruled from 1270 to 1974 A.D., when it was overthrown by communists. 

At the time of its overthrow, it was the longest-lasting government in the world and one of the only two nations that did not get fully colonized in Africa (but during five years -from 1935 to 1941- it was conquered & temporarily colonized by the kingdom of Italy, being called Italian Ethiopia).

## In other languages
### Ethiopian Empire: 
*Ge'ez Script: መንግሥተ ፡ ኢትዮጵያ, *Mängəśtä ʾItyop̣p̣ya*
*የኢትዮጵያ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ መንግሥት, *Yäʾityop̣p̣ya Nägusä Nägäst Mängəśt*

### *Ethiopia* 
*,  , , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ

## Notes
## References
Mark Zuckerberg

**Mark Elliot Zuckerberg** (born May 14, 1984) is an American businessman, who co-founded Facebook when he was still studying computer science.  The founding of Facebook made Zuckerberg a billionaire, and one of the youngest and richest billionaires of all time according to Forbes.

Besides computer programming, Zuckerberg is also interested in foreign languages, especially Mandarin Chinese. His founding of Facebook was portrayed in the movie *The Social Network* starring actor Jesse Eisenberg in the leading role. 

In 2010, he said that he was going to give most of his money to charity. That same year, he was also named ''Time's'' Person of the Year. 

He was raised Jewish, became an atheist, but thinks differently about religion nowadays. In a public Facebook post, Zuckerberg launched the Internet.org project in late August 2013.

He is married to Priscilla Chan.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Mark Zuckerberg - Forbes
Anne Christine of Sulzbach

**Anne Christine of Sulzbach** (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 – 12 March 1723), also called **Anne of the Palatinate**, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. She died as a result of giving birth.

## Biography
Anne Christine was born a daughter of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Eleonore of Hesse-Rheinfels, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg. 

On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III. He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orléans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne. The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta. She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin. Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she has no descendants. She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786. 

## Issue
**Vittorio Amedeo* Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 – 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***5 February 1704 – 15 March 1722** *Her Serene Highness* Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach
***15 March 1722 – 12 March 1723** *Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Piedmont
Mercury(II) sulfate

**Mercury(II) sulfate**, also known as **mercuric sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgSO4. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Mercury(II) sulfate is a colorless solid. It reacts with hot water to make sulfuric acid and a mercury oxysulfate that does not dissolve. It is an oxidizing agent.

## Preparation
Mercury(II) sulfate is made by dissolving a small amount of mercury metal in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with sulfuric acid.

## Uses
Mercury(II) sulfate is used as a catalyst in making acetaldehyde. Some byproducts of this reaction that have mercury in them are thought to have poisoned many people in Japan (Minamata disease).

## Related pages
*Mercury(I) sulfate
*Mercury(II) chloride
X-ray crystallography

. The pattern of spots (*reflections*) and the relative strength of each spot (*intensities*) is used to work out the structure of the enzyme]]

**X-ray crystallography** is a way to see the three-dimensional structure of a molecule. The electron cloud of an atom bends the X-rays slightly. This makes a "picture" of the molecule that can be seen on a screen. It can be used for both organic and inorganic molecules. The sample is not destroyed in the process.

Science writer Maggie Koerth (Maggie Koerth's page on regular Wikipedia) provides an analogy: 

X-ray crystallography was jointly invented by Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971). They won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. Lawrence Bragg is the youngest to be made a Nobel Laureate. He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson , Francis Crick , Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin in February 1953.

The oldest method of X-ray crystallography is X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-rays are fired at a single crystal and the way they are scattered produces a pattern.  These patterns are used to work out the arrangement of atoms inside the crystal.

## X-ray analysis of crystals 
) to re-radiate a part of its energy as a spherical wave. If atoms are arranged symmetrically with a separation *d*, these spherical waves will add up only where their path-length difference 2*d* sin θ equals a multiple of the wavelength λ. In that case, a *reflection* spot occurs in the diffraction pattern]]

Crystals are regular arrays of atoms, meaning that the atoms are repeated over and over in all three dimensions. X-rays are waves of electromagnetic radiation. When X-rays meet atoms, the electrons in the atoms cause the X-rays to scatter in all directions. Because the X-rays are emitted in all directions, an X-ray striking an electron produces secondary spherical waves emanating from the electron. The electron  is known as the *scatterer*. A regular array of scatterers (here the repeating pattern of atoms in the crystal) produces a regular array of spherical waves. Although these waves cancel one another out in most directions, they add up in a few specific directions, determined by '''Bragg's law'*:

:2d \sin \theta = n \lambda

Here *d* is the spacing between diffracting planes, \theta is the incident angle, *n* is any integer, and λ is the wavelength of the beam. These specific directions appear as spots on the diffraction pattern called *reflections''. Thus, X-ray diffraction results from an electromagnetic wave (the X-ray) hitting a regular array of scatterers (the repeating arrangement of atoms within the crystal).

## Related pages
*Crystallography
*Electron crystallography
*Spectroscopy

## References
Point guard

**Point guard** is a position in basketball. It is one of the most important positions. A point guard should maintain his/her team's offense by controlling the ball safely and pass the ball to the right teammate at the right time. Because of his/her role in the play, a point guard is usually called **a commander on the court**.  Steve Nash, Chris Paul, Stephen Curry and John Stockton are famous point guards in the NBA. Diana Taurasi, Tamika Catchings, Cynthia Cooper, Maya Moore, and Lisa Leslie are famous point guards in the WNBA.

## Required abilities to play as a point guard
First of all, **right pass** is the most important requirement to be a good point guard.  A point guard's first thought should be being an excellent passer and getting the ball to his/her teammates for easy shots. Because the offense is usually started from a point guard who handles the ball, he/she should be able to find the open man/woman, and when to pass and not pass to avoid costly turnovers and score easily.
 
Second, **safe dribbling and ball handling** are necessary. Before a point guard passes the ball to his/her teammates, he/she should carry the ball from back court to front court. To carry the ball safely without turnovers, it is important to know how to control the ball safely. And by controlling the ball safely, a point guard also can control the tempo of the game. The ability, controlling the tempo, make a point guard choose right way to offense, a fast-break or a slow-attack. Through choosing right strategy, a point guard can make chance at the right time and also save his/her teammate's stamina effectively. 
 
Third, a point guard is **a coach on the court**. To command proper strategy to his teammates, a point guard should understand all strategies which are commanded by his coach. This ability may help a point guard to play the game well with the right strategy at right time.
 
Lastly, a point guard should be **a good shooter**. Sometimes the game can be unfavorable, even a point guard pass well and play the game with right strategy. At this time his/her accurate shooting can be an escapeway from this situation. By announcing his/her ability to shooting accurately, a point guard can plant an awareness to opponents that they should defense him/her well. And it cause the decreasing of pressure to other teammates to offense. Like this, a point guard's shooting ability can be the option to offense effectively.
Mercury(II) bromide

**Mercury(II) bromide**, also known as **mercuric bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgBr2. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Mercury(II) bromide is a colorless solid. It is very toxic and similar to mercury(II) chloride. It can form explosive mixtures with potassium. It also reacts violently with indium at high temperatures. It is corrosive. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrobromic acid or by disproportionation of mercury(I) bromide.

## Uses
It is used as a reagent in a reaction in organic chemistry. It is also used to test for arsenic. The arsenic is reacted with hydrogen to make arsine, which reacts with mercury(II) bromide to turn it yellow or brown.

## Related pages
*Sodium bromide
*Mercury(II) sulfate
Mercury(II) fluoride

**Mercury(II) fluoride**, also known as **mercuric fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgF2. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Mercury(II) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid. It breaks down when heated strongly. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid.

## Related pages
*Mercury(I) fluoride
*Mercury(II) chloride
Babirusa

The **babirusas** are a genus ***Babyrousa***, in the pig family (Suidae). They live in Wallacea, or the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru. 

They are often called **deer pigs**. All members of this genus were part of a single species. After the split into several species, *Babyrousa* is restricted to the Buru babirusa from Buru and Sula, whereas the best-known species, the north Sulawesi babirusa is named *B. celebensis*. 

The name "pig-deer" has sometimes also been used in English, and is a direct translation of the Indonesian babi-rusa.
Mercury(I) bromide

**Mercury(I) bromide**, also known as **mercurous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2Br2. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Mercury(I) bromide is a white crystalline solid. It is highly toxic. It easily disproportionates to mercury(II) bromide and mercury metal. 

## Occurrence
It is found very rarely as kuzminite, a mercury(I) bromide and chloride.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide like potassium bromide or sodium bromide with mercury(I) nitrate. It can also be made by reacting mercury and bromine.

## Related pages
*Mercury(II) chloride
*Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) fluoride

**Mercury(I) fluoride**, also known as **mercurous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2F2. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Mercury(I) fluoride is a light yellow solid. It evaporates at 240°C. It turns black when light is shined on it. It reacts with water to make mercury metal, mercury(II) oxide, and hydrofluoric acid. It is highly toxic.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

## Related pages
*Mercury(II) fluoride
*Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(II) sulfide

**Mercury(II) sulfide**, also known as **cinnabar**, **mercuric sulfide**, and **mercury sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgS. It has mercury and sulfide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties 
Mercury(II) sulfide is a red or black solid. It is found in two forms; cinnabar (alpha form) and metacinnabar (beta form). The alpha form is more common. The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with only the strongest acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a mercury(II) salt again. It does not dissolve in water. It breaks down to sulfur dioxide and mercury metal when heated.

## Occurrence 
Mercury(II) sulfide is found as the mineral cinnabar. It is the most common mercury mineral and mercury ore. It is a bright red mineral. It is soft and heavy.

## Uses 
Mercury(II) sulfide is what makes the pigment vermilion. It has been used as a pigment and as a mercury ore. It was used to make lacquerware, containers covered with lacquer. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

## Related pages 
*Mercury(II) oxide
*Mercury(I) chloride
Yousuf Karsh

**Yousuf Karsh**  (December 23, 1908 – July 13, 2002) was a Canadian photographer. He had Armenian heritage. He was a portrait painter. His work includes portraits of statesmen, artists, authors, musicians, film directors, scientists, and other people that do important things. He was celebrated by a festival in 2009. 

## References 
willy

## Other websites 
*
Hermannsdenkmal

The **Statue of Herman** () is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest,  in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

The monument commemorates the Cherusci war chief Hermann or Armin (Latin: Arminius) and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD when the Germanic tribes under Arminius fought three Roman legions and other troops under Varus. 

The sword has the following inscription:

:''*
:*German unity (is) my strength - my strength (is) Germany's might.''

## History
The monument is 53.46&nbsp;m (173.39&nbsp;ft) tall and was built according to plans by the sculptor Ernst von Bandel.

Building for the  statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia. 

When building was started Germany was made up of lots of small countries.  Most of these were united into the Second German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War.  The monument was seen as one of those helping to remind people of Germany's history and  national pride.

## Tourism
The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year. It is possible to climb up onto the base of the statue to look around the countryside

A similar Hermann Heights Monument exists in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants.

## Related pages
* Walhalla (Hall of the Slain, Regensburg, Germany)
* Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
* Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelkheim, Germany)
* Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

'''Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans** (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 &ndash; 2 December 1723), was a member of the royal family of France and served as **Regent of the Kingdom''' from 1715 to 1723. Born at his father's palace at Saint-Cloud, he was known from birth under the title of Duke of Chartres. His father was Louis XIV's younger brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, known as *Monsieur*; his mother was Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. 

In 1692, Philippe married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon - the youngest legitimised daughter (*légitimée de France*) of Philippe's uncle Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. Named regent of France for Louis XV until Louis attained his majority in February 1723, the era of his *de facto* rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723). He died at Versailles in 1723. He is referred to historically as *le Régent*.

## Issue
#Mademoiselle de Valois (17 December 1693 - 17 October 1694) died in infancy.
#Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had issue.
#Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried.
#Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena and had issue.
#Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had issue.
#Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married King Louis I of Spain, no issue.
#Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) married Infante Carlos of Spain, no issue.
#Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon and has issue.

Philippe also had several illegitimate children with several women, three of whom he acknowledged.

*By Florence Pellerin:
#Charles de Saint-Albin (1698–1764);
*By Marie Louise Le Bel de La Boissière:
#Jean Philippe *bâtard* d'Orléans (1702–1748);
*By Christine Charlotte Desmares:
#Angélique de Froissy (1702–1785).

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***2 August 1674 – 9 June 1701** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Chartres, Grandson of France.
***9 June 1701 – 2 September 1715** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.
***2 September 1715 – 15 February 1723** *His Royal Highness* The Regent [of France], Grandson of France.
***15 February 1723 – 2 December 1723** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon

'*Françoise Marie de Bourbon, *Légitimée de France*, Granddaughter of France by marriage*' (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest legitimised daughter (*fille légitimée de France*) of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. She was famed for her arrogance and belief that she was above most other people.

## Biography
Originally known as the second *Mademoiselle de Blois*,

Proud, lazy and attractive, she successfully intrigued to have her daughters marry well to the Prince of Conti, Duke of Berry, Duke of Modena and King of Spain, mostly to spite her sister Louise Françoise de Bourbon, the Duchess of Bourbon. However, she welded little political influence considering her proximity to the political circle of the era. She was involved in the Cellamare Conspiracy in 1718 which was supposed to overthrow her own husband Philippe d'Orléans as Regent of the Kingdom and replace him with her favourite brother the Duke of Maine. The ''marquis d'Argenson'' said she was very like her mother, Madame de Montespan, but also had Louis XIV's orderly mind with his failings of injustice and harshness. Françoise Marie de Bourbon, *Legitimée de France*, "Mademoiselle de Blois".
***18 February 1692 – 9 June 1701** *Her Royal Highness* the Duchess of Chartres.
*** 9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723** *Her Royal Highness* the Duchess of Orléans.
***2 December 1723 – 1 February 1749** *Her Royal Highness* the Dowager Duchess of Orléans.

## References
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

**Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans** (21 September 1640&nbsp;– 9 June 1701), was the youngest son of Louis XIII of France and his queen consort Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous Louis XIV, *le roi soleil*. He was known as ***Monsieur*** at his brother's court. 

## Biography
Philippe was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans. During the reign of his brother he was known simply as *Monsieur*. Openly homosexual, he married twice: firstly to Henrietta of England, *Minette*, sister of Charles II of England. During their marriage, Philippe met and began a relationship with the Chevalier de Lorraine who was the great love of Philippe's life, their long relationship beginning in 1668. After the alleged poisoning of Minette, Philippe married again in 1671 to Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, *Liselotte*. 

He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy. Through the children of both of his marriages Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royals, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe". Philippe's other legacies include his decisive victory at the Battle of Cassel in 1677. Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented his fortune and thus the fortune of the House of Orléans.

## Issue
### First marriage
Married Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The couple had three children:

#Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662&nbsp;– 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no children;
#Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664&nbsp;– 8 December 1666) died in infancy;
#Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665);
#Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669&nbsp;– 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and had children;

### Second marriage
Married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Elector Palatine Charles I Louis and Princess Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons. The couple had three children:

#Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673&nbsp;– 16 March 1676) died in infancy;
#Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (2 August 1674&nbsp;– 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, *Légitimée de France* and had children;
#Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676&nbsp;– 24 December 1744) married Léopold I, Duke of Lorraine and had children.

### Titles and styles
***21 September 1640 – 14 May 1643** The Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
***14 May 1643 – 2 February 1660**  Monsieur, Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
***2 February 1660 – 9 June 1701** Monsieur, Duke of Orléans, Son of France.