open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Superstar – The Hits

***Superstar – The Hits*** is the first greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia, released by Parlophone Records on 24 September 2007.

## Information
Jamelia said about the album "It seems the right time to put out a Greatest Hits and have all the best tracks I've recorded from the past ten years on one album".

## Track listing
## References
Jamelia – The Collection

***Jamelia – The Collection*** is  the second greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. The album was released on July 27, 2009 on Parlophone Records.

## Track listing
## References
Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia

The **Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia** (Serbo-Croatian: *Wikipedia na srpskohrvatskom jeziku*, Википедија на српскохрватском језику) is the Serbo-Croatian version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

It is 19th largest edition by article count.

## See also 
*Croatian
*Serbian
*Bosnian

## References
Minangkabau Wikipedia

The **Minangkabau Wikipedia** is the Minangkabau version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.  See List of Wikipedias.

It is the 31st largest edition by article count.

## References
Gene family

A **gene family** is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics. 

One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.  These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago. 

The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group. 

Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals.

## References
2007 New England Patriots season

The **2007 New England Patriots season** was the 38th season for the New England Patriots in the NFL. It was their 48th season overall. The Patriots won the AFC East for the sixth time.

In 2007, the Patriots won all sixteen of their regular season games. They became the first team with sixteen wins and no losses after beating the New York Giants 38-35. They were the fourth team to do this.

Before the Super Bowl, the Patriots had 18 wins and no losses (18-0). They played the 5th-seeded New York Giants. They had beaten the Giants 38-35 in the last regular season game. However, the Giants won the Super Bowl 17-14.

In 2015, the Patriots started 10-0 before losing in overtime to the Denver Broncos.

## Roster 
## Schedule
### Preseason
### Regular season
: Simulcast on WCVB-TV and WMUR-TV.
: Simulcast on CBS, NBC, WMUR-TV, WWOR-TV, and WCVB-TV.

### Playoffs
The Patriots did not have to play in the wild card because of their undefeated season.

## Notes
Mane

**Mane** may refer to:
*Mane (horse), the line of hair along the spine of a horse's neck
*Mane (lion), the hair found around a male lion's neck
*Mane (surname)

## Places
*Mane Skerry, Antarctic island
*Mané Department, a department in the Sanmatenga Province of Burkina Faso
*French communes:
**Mane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence *département*
**Mane, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne *département*
*Mane Bhanjang, village in the state of West Bengal in India
Myrna Loy

**Myrna Loy** (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American movie, television and stage actress. She was known for her roles in *The Thin Man*, *The Best Years of Our Lives*, *After the Thin Man*, *Libeled Lady*, and in *Manhattan Melodrama*.

Loy devoted herself to acting after a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a *femme fatale* or a woman of Asian descent. Her career prospects improved greatly after her portrayal of Nora Charles in *The Thin Man* (1934).

Although Loy was never nominated for a competitive Academy Award, in March 1991 she was presented with an Honorary Academy Award.

Loy was born in Helena, Montana. She was raised in Radersburg, Montana. Loy studied at Harvard-Westlake School. Loy died at a hospital in New York City during surgery at the age of 88. She was buried in Forestvale Cemetery in Helena, Montana.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Obituary, nytimes.com
* Profile, virtual-history.com
Dick Bavetta

**Richard W.** "**Dick**" **Bavetta** (born December 10, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

Since starting in 1975, he had never missed an assigned game. He holds the league record for most officiated games. His game on April 12, 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official. He retired in 2014.

## References
## Other websites
* Professional Basketball Referees Association
Flip Saunders

**Philip Daniel "Flip" Saunders** (February 23, 1955 – October 25, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. During his career, he coached the Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He began his career as a coach in 1977. He retired in 2015, due to health reasons.

Saunders was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Saunders died of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minneapolis, Minnesota, aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
* NBA.com Profile
Roman Polák

**Roman Polák** (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He has also played for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, San Jose Sharks and Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Polák played parts of 1 season with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and half of 1 season with HC Vítkovice Steel of the Czech Extraliga. Polák played for Czech Republic during the 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships and the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He won a bronze medal at both tournaments. He was drafted 180th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

On October 9, 2006, Polák made his NHL debut in a 2-0 loss against the Anaheim Ducks. On December 20, 2008, he scored his first NHL goal against Niklas Bäckström of the Minnesota Wild in a 4-2 win. On June 2, 2011, the Blues resigned Polák to a five-year contract extension.

On June 28, 2014, the Blues traded Polák to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Carl Gunnarsson and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 15, 2020, Polák decided to sign a three-year contract and return to his old team, the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Evidence (law)

In law, **evidence** is an  of some kind, a document of some kind, or the  of a person in a court of law.  Evidence is used to show something is either true or false. They became the official rules that all forms of evidence must follow in federal courts.

A subpoena can be used to require a person or organization to provide documents used for evidence.

## Admissibility of evidence 
In most jurisdictions there are exclusionary rules that automatically  certain kinds of evidence. For example, in the US, this may be evidence that violates the constitutional rights of a defendant. To be  in most jurisdictions, evidence must be  and it must be . In most cases evidence that may prejudice a jury or judge against a defendant is inadmissible.
***Real evidence** (also called **Physical evidence**). Real evidence is a thing, an object of some kind, that can be ed. This may to be to see it actually exists or that it makes an ence of some kind. Generally, hearsay evidence is rarely admitted in court.
***Documentary evidence** is any document presented as evidence so it may be inspected in court.
***Eyewitness testimony** is an account given under oath to events the person witnessed. It depends on human memory and can be affected by a number of factors which may make the accounts inaccurate.
***Corroborating Evidence** is evidence used to strengthen other pieces of evidence already given.
***Expert testimony** is evidence given by experts in their fields. This may include "skilled witnesses" who by their experience may testify. Examples include bankers or landowners testifying to the value of a piece of land.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Presumption of innocence
Gourd

**Gourds** are from the pumpkin  family. They are about 15 to 12 inches long. Gourds are mostly found in the United States or in Mexico. Their shape is like a squash. Their color is orange, brown, or green. It is eaten in curries, spaghetti, tacos, and salad.

## Other websites
2007 New York Giants season

The 2007 New York Giants season was the team's 83rd season in the National Football League. They finished with 10 wins and 6 losses. They finished second in the NFC East. They earned the fifth seed in the playoffs.

This Giants got into the playoffs in this season. The first playoff game was against the 4th-seeded Tampa Bay Buccaneers. It was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Giants won that game 24-14. Neither team met in the regular season or preseason. The next 3 games were opponents they faced in the regular season.

The second playoff game was against the Dallas Cowboys. It was played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The Giants had lost their two previous games against the Cowboys, but this time they won 21-17. Tony Romo would throw an interception at the near end of the game.

The third playoff game was against the second-seeded Green Bay Packers. It was played at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Brett Favre threw an interception in overtime to Corey Webster. The interception is Favre's last pass as a Packer. The Giants won 23-20.

In Super Bowl XLII, the Giants played the New England Patriots. The Patriots had completed the regular season undefeated and were heavy favorites. The game is remembered for the Helmet Catch, when David Tyree caught the ball against his helmet in the fourth quarter. The Giants won the game 17-14. The game was an upset for the Patriots. It stopped the Patriots from becoming the NFL's first 19-0 team.

The team was the first NFL International Series participant to win a Super Bowl. They played the Miami Dolphins in the International Series. That was the first game to be played in London.

The 2007 Giants was the first NFC team to win three games on the road, followed by the Green Bay Packers 3 years later.

In two of their playoff games, the Giants wore blue jerseys against Tampa Bay and Dallas.

The 2007 Giants are remarked a cinderalla story. 
## Schedule
## References
Charles Russell

**Charles Russell** (1817-1892), known as "Black Douglas", was an Australian bushranger, who became famous for robbing miners on the road between Bendigo and Melbourne.

## Early life 
Russell was born in Bristol, England in 1817.

In 1860, Wilhelmine Guischard wrote a book called *Black Douglas: An Australian Romance*.

In 1926, his pistol was given to the police. Russell had forgotten it during a robbery in 1857. It was planned to be presented in the Castlemaine Art Gallery.

## References
Black Douglas

The **Black Douglas** may refer to:
* Charles Russell, an Australian bushranger.
* James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, a Scottish soldier and knight.
Vivian Dandridge

**Vivian Alferetta Dandridge** (April 26, 1921 – October 26, 1991) was an American singer, dancer and actress. She was the older sister of actress Dorothy Dandridge. She was a member of the Dandridge Sisters music group until it ended in 1940. She played Melisse in the movie *I Walked with a Zombie* (1943). She was in the 1940 movie *Irene*.

Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She died of a stroke at age 70 in Seattle, Washington.

## References
## Other websites
*
Impartiality

An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is **impartiality**. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States. 

Many believe Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin *judicium parium* does not mean a trial by jury. The word *judicium* in the language of the day meant a judge. The term *liber homo*, usually translated as *freeman*, at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person.

## References
John Barnes Wells

**John Barnes Wells** (October 17, 1880 - August 8, 1935) was "one of the best-known concert singers in New York." He was a  singer. He was on many 78-rpm recordings released in the early 1900s. He starred in the 1903 musical theater production of *The Wizard of Oz*. One of his last performances was in ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' (1933).

## Biography
He was born on October 17, 1880 in Ashley, Pennsylvania. He died on August 8, 1935 in Roxbury, New York.

## References
Andy Dalton

**Andrew Gregory Dalton** (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU).  In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory.  He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records.

Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract.  Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination.

Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four  Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals  record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season. 

Due to his red hair, Dalton has been nicknamed **"The Red Rifle"** by Bengals fans.

## References
Lisa Jardine

**Lisa Anne Jardine**, CBE FRS FRHistS (née **Bronowski**; 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015) was a British historian of the early modern period. 

## Early life
Jardine was born in Oxford, England. She studied at Cheltenham Ladies' College, Newnham College, Cambridge, and the University of Essex.

## Career
From 1990 to 2011, she was Centenary Professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London. From 2008 to January 2014 she was Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2013.

## Personal life
In 1969, she married scientist Nicholas Jardine, with whom she had a son and a daughter/ In 1982, she married the architect John Hare with whom she had one son.

## References
## Other websites
Ed Walker (radio personality)

**Ed Walker** (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was an American radio personality from Washington, D.C..  He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, *The Big Broadcast*, on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as *Gunsmoke*, *The Jack Benny Show*, *The Lone Ranger*, *Fibber McGee and Molly*, and *Superman*. 

Walker began hosting *The Big Broadcast* in 1990 when his friend John Hickman retired hosting due to illness. The show, which started in 1964 as *Recollections*, has been the longest running program on WAMU.  The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its audience is "remarkably young for a public radio crowd." Walker was blind. 

Walker died in Rockville, Maryland from cancer, aged 83.

## References
Marsha Hunt

**Marsha Virginia Hunt** (October 17, 1917 – September 7, 2022) was an American movie, theater, and television actress. She was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives in the 1950s. She was known for her roles in *Johnny Got His Gun*, *Raw Deal*, *Born to the West*, *Pilot No. 5*, and in *Pride and Prejudice*.

Hunt was born on October 17, 1917, in Chicago. She turned 100 in October 2017.

Hunt married producer Jerry "Jay" Hopper from 1938. They divorced in 1943. Hunt married her second husband, screenwriter and radio director Robert Presnell Jr. in 1946. She had a premature daughter who died in 1947. She and her second husband later became foster parents. They remained together until his death in 1986.

Hunt died on September 7, 2022 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 104.

## References
## Other websites
* Marsha Hunt documentary film 
*
*
* Interview with Glenn Lovell for *50 YEARS: SAG REMEMBERS THE BLACKLIST*
* Interview with Elizabeth Farnsworth on PBS's *"Newshour"* about Blacklisting 
* Attitude Toward Aging with Marsha Hunt, WebMD Live Events Transcript 
*Marsha Hunt on the cover of *Life* magazine ; March 6 1950
* Interview October, 2014 in the Indianapolis Star
Ann Blyth

**Ann Marie Blyth** (born August 16, 1928) is an American actress and singer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Veda Pierce in the 1945 movie *Mildred Pierce*.

Blyth also appeared in *Our Very Own* (with Farley Granger), *The Great Caruso* (with Mario Lanza), *One Minute to Zero* (with Robert Mitchum), *The World in His Arms* (with Gregory Peck), *Rose Marie*, *The Student Prince*, *Kismet*, *The Buster Keaton Story*, and *The Helen Morgan Story* (with Paul Newman).

## Other websites
*
*
*
*Ann Blyth "Women's International Centre" biography and more recent photograph 
*Photographs of Ann Blyth
Janis Paige

*, 1955]]
**Janis Paige** (born **Donna Mae Tjaden**; September 16, 1922 &ndash; June 2, 2024) was an American movie, musical theatre and television actress. She was born in Tacoma, Washington. Her career began in 1944. She retired in 2001. Paige made her live dramatic TV debut June 27, 1957, in "The Latch Key" on *Lux Video Theatre*. 

Paige appeared in many television shows during her career such as *87th Precinct (TV series)*,*The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom*, *Trapper John, M.D.*, *All in the Family*, *Columbo* and *Caroline in the City*, and in the 1975 television movie *John O'Hara's Gibbsville* (also known as *The Turning Point of Jim Malloy'').

Paige turned 100 on September 16, 2022. She died at her Los Angeles, California home on June 2, 2024, at the age of 101.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Barbara Hale

**Barbara Hale** (April 18, 1922 &ndash; January 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as legal secretary Della Street on more than 270 episodes of the long-running *Perry Mason* television series. She was also known for her roles in *The Window*, *The Giant Spider Invasion*, *Jolson Sings Again*, and in *Last of the Comanches*. She won an Emmy Award in 1959.

Hale died at her home in Sherman Oaks, California on January 26, 2017 of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
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*
*
*Barbara Hale Home Page 
*Barbara Hale Annex
Zwolle, Louisiana

**Zwolle** is a small town in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second most populous municipality in Sabine Parish (after Many)

## References
Gibsland, Louisiana

**Gibsland** is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia and Ringgold).

## References
Injunction

An **injunction** is a court order that either s or s a party from doing a specific act.

## US law 
Injunctions can be  or . A restraining order and a preliminary injunction are examples of temporary injunctions. Either may be issued early in a lawsuit to prevent either party from doing anything that might unfairly influence the outcome of the litigation. A permanent injunction is usually issued after a case is settled. It enforces the final decision of the court.

## Australian apprehended violence orders
In the state of New South Wales, an apprehended violence order (AVO) may be issued against a person from whom another person fears violence. They can be issued to prevent physical abuse, harassment or stalking. Any person who violates an AVO may be charged with a  . It also prevents them from reporting that the injunction itself has been issued. An anti-suit injunction may also be used to prevent a party from filing a second lawsuit in another jurisdiction at the same time as the first case. 

## Related pages 
* Burden of proof
* Civil litigation
* Equity (law)
* Equity court
* Lawsuit
* Peace bond
* Anti-social behaviour order

## References
Moda Domani Institute

**Moda Domani Institute** was a French higher studies establishment. The school was in Paris, France. It started in 2014. Moda Domani Institute was specialist in the fields of luxury, fashion and design.

The school closes in September 2020, replaced by ISG Luxury Management.

## References
## Other websites
* Official
Vivian, Louisiana

**Vivian** is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States and is home to the Red Bud Festival. The population was 3,073 at the 2020 census. it is the fourth most populous municipality in Caddo Parish (after Shreveport, Blanchard and Greenwood).
Scott Barr

**Harvey Scott Barr, Jr.** (August 21, 1916 &ndash; October 26, 2015) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Washington. Barr was born in Spokane. He served the 7th district in the Washington House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983, and the same district from 1983 to 1993 in the Washington State Senate. His term ended with his resignation in December 1993. He was a Republican.

Barr died in Colville, Washington on October 26, 2015 from natural causes, aged 99.

## References
Coushatta, Louisiana

**Coushatta** is the parish seat of Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the most populous municipality in Red River Parish.

## Suburbs 
### Incorporated 
* Edgefield, Louisiana
* Hall Summit, Louisiana
* Martin, Louisiana

### Unincorporated 
* Armistead, Louisiana
* Cross Roads, Louisiana
* East Point, Louisiana
* Fairview Alpha, Louisiana
* Grand Bayou, Louisiana
* Hanna, Louisiana
* Harmon, Louisiana
* Lake End, Louisiana
* Liberty, Louisiana
* Piermont, Louisiana
* Redoak, Louisiana
* Womack, Louisiana

## References
Judgment (law)

In law, a **judgment** is a decision of a court regarding the rights and  of parties in a legal action or . Judgments also generally provide the court's  of why it has chosen to make a particular decision. a judgement, whether by a court or a tribunal, is the final part of a court case. The judgement is also called a legal decision.

## References
Case law

**Case law** in a legal system are those laws based on previous judicial decisions. This is opposed to decisions based on existing statutes or s. In countries using common law, it is generally uncodified meaning there are no collections of legal rules, and laws to rely on. Instead they rely on legal precedent. Precedents are previous legal cases that are used as examples for deciding the present case. They are also binding on lower courts where the facts and issues are similar. In countries that use civil law, their laws are codified, and there is much less  on case law.

## Common law 
Judges make judicial decisions based on precedent, and their own  when there are few or no precedents. This is "judge-made law" as compared to statuary law, which is made by legislatures, and governments. The judiciary, and legislative branches are not coequal. Judges, however, have traditionally used one of three ways of  statutes: 
* They may be interpreted ly or simply as the law was written. Even with all the laws, not every situation is covered. The civil court will research everything it can on the subject, then make a decision. For this reason those who start a legal case never know for certain what the decision will be.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Case law (or Common law), Library of Congress
* Case Law in the United Kingdom
Colville, Washington

**Colville**  (Ktunaxa: *xapqǂinik̓*) is a city in Stevens County, Washington, United States. The population was 4,917 at the 2020 census.

## References
Lanfranc

**Lanfranc** (1005&nbsp; 1010 at Pavia&nbsp;— 24 May 1089 at Canterbury) was a cleric, teacher and jurist who became Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror.

This celebrated Italian jurist gave up his career to become a monk at Bec in Normandy.  In 1070 he became the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. This was the peak of an extraordinary life.

## Life 
Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia in Italy. His father, Hanbald, held a rank equivalent to a magistrate.  He was orphaned at an early age. Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts. He crossed the Alps, and took up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches. He taught for three years with much success. 

In 1042 he gave this up to become a monk in the newly founded Bec Abbey. He became the first prior of Bec Abbey in 1045. He became a friend of William, Duke of Normandy and by 1050 his counselor. 

In 1067, when Maurilius, Archbishop of Rouen, died, Lanfranc declined the position.  He would not have been able to do so without the consent of William I. It is likely William had something bigger in mind for Lanfranc. In 1070 Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by papal legates. William brought Lanfranc from Normandy to England to become the Archbishop of Canterbury.

## References
Security interest

A **security interest** is a legal  on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan. 

The er is the party who borrows the funds. The er is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan.
* **Consensual agreements** are entered into consensually between a borrower and a lender. For example, a borrower may want to purchase a car or house and the property purchased secures the buyer's obligation to pay for the property.
***Statutory liens** are security interests that may be secured by statutes. 
**'''Mechanic's Liens** are those that come about when a mechanic or contractor is not paid for work they performed. The owner may not sell the property (real or personal) until the debt is paid.
****Tax Liens''' are a type of lien that is placed against property by the local, state or federal government. They are authorized by statute, for delinquent taxes, including property, income and estate taxes. If the taxes remain unpaid for a specified period of time, the property may be sold by the government in what is called a tax sale.

## References
William Benjamin Carpenter

**William Benjamin Carpenter** MD MRCS CB FRS (29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885) was an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London.

Carpenter was born on 29 Oct 1813 in Exeter, the eldest son of Dr Lant Carpenter, an important Unitarian preacher who influenced a "rising generation of Unitarian intellectuals". From his father, Carpenter inherited a belief in the essential lawfulness of the creation: this meant that natural causes were the explanation of the world as we find it. William embraced this "naturalistic cosmogeny" as his starting point.
He also noticed that emotional reactions can occur outside of conscious until attention is drawn to them:
:"Our feelings towards persons and objects may undergo most important changes, without our being in the least degree aware, until we have our attention directed to our own mental state, of the alteration which has taken place in them".
He also asserted both the freedom of the will and the existence of the ego. for which he won a prize of 100 guineas. It was one of the first temperance books.

In 1856 Carpenter became Registrar of the University of London, and held the office for twenty-three years. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath.

## Works 
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1839. *Principles of general and comparative physiology*. London. 
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1842 [first edition]; 1843 [first American edition]. *Principles of human physiology*. London and Philadelphia. 
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1844. *Vegetable and systematic botany*. London: Orr.
*Carpenter W.B. 184445. *Zoology: being a systematic account of the general structure, habits, instincts and uses of the principal families of the animal kingdom*. 2 vols: London: Rees.
*Carpenter, William B. 1848. *Animal physiology*. 2nd ed, London: Wm. S. Orr, p.&nbsp;579. The first edition was 1843, dedicated to Sir James Clark.
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1850. Condie, David Francis, ed. *On the use and abuse of alcoholic liquors, in health and disease*. London: Churchill.
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1852. On the influence of suggestion in modifying and directing muscular movement, independently of volition. *Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain*: 147–153.
*Carpenter W.B. 1856. *The microscope and its revelations*. London: Churchill.
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1862. *Introduction to the study of Foraminifera*. London: Ray Society.
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1874. *Principles of mental physiology*. London: Henry S. King. (facsimile by Thoemmes Press 1998. ; reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009. ).
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1887. *Mesmerism, spiritualism, etc: historically and scientifically considered*. New York: Appleton.
*Carpenter, William Benjamin & Carpenter, J. Estlin 1888. *Nature and man: essays scientific and philosophical*. London: Kegan Paul & Trench. A posthumous collection of his writings in periodicals.

## References
One Fierce Beer Coaster

***One Fierce Beer Coaster*** is the second studio album by Bloodhound Gang. The album was released on August 5, 1996.

## Track listing
## References
Particle detector

A **particle detector**, also known as a **radiation detector**, is a device used to , , and/or  high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles.

## Description
Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called *counters* when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light).

### Examples and types
Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles.

### Applications
Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics.

Detectors have also been used in archaeology.  Muon detectors can "see" through solid material such as stone and concrete.  Used this way, archaeologists and physicists discovered a room (a burial chamber) behind a wall underground in Naples, Italy. 

 (short, thick: α-particles; long, thin: β-particles)]]

## Related pages
*Subatomic particle

## References
* 
* 
* 

## Further reading
;Movie instruction media:
* "*Radiation detectors*". H. M. Stone Productions, Schloat. Tarrytown, N.Y., Prentice-Hall Media, 1972.

;General Information:
*
Civil and political rights

In international law, **civil and political rights** are those rights a person has over their own autonomy (civil) and their right to have a part in their government (political). Civil and political rights are guaranteed to every person by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

## Civil rights 
Universal civil rights include: This means without a legal reason.
***The right to a fair trial** - Every person has a right to a fair trial. They have the right to be equal before courts and tribunals. They have the right to be free of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. An example is the US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. in the case Schenck v. United States (1919). The case was about limiting free speech during wartime to serve the greater good. He is famously quoted as saying: "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."
***The rights of liberty and security** - Article 9(1) of the ICCPR uses the expression "Liberty and security of the person." It says no one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained. No one may have their liberty taken away except by lawful process.
***The rights** were made in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

## Political rights 
Political rights include:
***The right to natural justice** - Includes the principals of a fair hearing. It is also called *Audi alteram partem*. Latin for "hear the other side". 
***The right to due process** - The right to due process in criminal proceedings under the law. Currently it is not a derogable right
***The right to assemble** - The right of assembly is provided by the UDHR. 
***The right of self-defense** - This applies to persons and is a right to defend themselves against immediate harm. It applies when a person is charged with a crime. It also applies to collective self-defense against attack.
***The right to vote** - This was first granted by the UDHR. The ICCPR expanded this right to include the rights to vote, to be elected, to vote by secret ballot and universal suffrage (the right for all adults to vote regardless of race or sex).

## References 
## Other page 
*Civil rights movement (worldwide)
*Civil Rights Movement (in case of United States)
*Fundamental rights
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen

**Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen** () is a district in Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities 
## References
Hugo Schnars-Alquist

**Carl Wilhelm Hugo Schnars-Alquist** (October 29, 1855 – August 20, 1939) was a German painter who painted scenes of the sea. His family were merchants and he started working as a merchant himself. Schnars-Alquist was a self-taught painter. In 1886 he was a student of Hans Gude at the Berlin Art Academy. In 1893 he was the German representative for the fine arts at the World's Columbian Exposition. Schnars-Alquist made many sea s which taught him how to paint the sea at different Latitudes and from rough sea to calm. He was a member of the jury at the Chicago and Melbourne art exhibitions. He received a Gold medal at Melbourne. He also belonged to the Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Berlin. 

## References 
## Other websites 

Hugo Schnars-Alquist (1855 - 1939)
Pleading

**Pleading** is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A *complaint* is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the  relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an *ad quod damnum* clause.  In some situations, a complaint is called a *petition*. In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent.  In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a *petition* or a *bill of complaint in chancery*.

## Other terms 
* When used in civil proceedings in England and Wales, the term "complaint" refers to how civil proceedings are started in the magistrates' court. The complaint may be either written or .

* A *demurrer* is a pleading (usually filed by a defendant). It objects to the legal  of the opponent's pleading and demands that the court rule immediately about whether the pleading is legally adequate. This is before the party must plead on the merits in response.  Since demurrer procedure required an immediate ruling like a motion, many common law jurisdictions therefore went to a narrower understanding of pleadings. They are seen as framing the issues in a case but not being motions in and of themselves. The demurrer is replaced with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action or the application to strike out particulars of claim.

* An *answer* is a pleading filed by a defendant. It admits or denies the specific s listed in a complaint. It also serves as a general appearance by a defendant.  In England and Wales, the equivalent pleading is called a *defence*.

* A defendant may also file a cross-complaint or *third-party complaint*. This is to bring other parties into a case by the process of impleader.

* A defendant may file a *counter-claim*. This raises a cause of action to defend, reduce or set off the claim of the plaintiff.

## References
Complaint

In legal terminology, a **complaint** is any formal legal document that es the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Usually this requires the help of an attorney.

## References
Vitamin B12

is 400 days]]

**Vitamin B12** (or vitamin B-12) is also called **cobalamin**. It has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and in the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. 

B12 is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Fungi, plants and animals (including humans) cannot produce vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have enzymes for its synthesis, although animals can convert it to the version they need. 

Many foods are a natural source of B12 because of bacterial symbiosis. It is produced by some of the gut flora of herbivores. Carnivores, of course, eat herbivores. Also algae and plants get it from symbiosis. So, by one route or another, animals must get vitamin B12 from bacteria (and archaea).

The vitamin is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only by bacterial fermentation-synthesis.

Vitamin B12 is a group of chemically related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt sitting in the center of a ring called a corrin ring. In the human body it is converted to the human physiological forms.

Vitamin B12 was discovered by its relationship to pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease. Because an "intrinsic factor" is needed for B12 to be absorbed, its lack causes a vitamin B12 deficiency. Many other kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency have since been found.

## References
Maps.me

**MAPS.ME** (formerly named **MapsWithMe**) is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014 it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015 the app was open sourced. MapsWithMe was created by Yury Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk and Viktor Govako.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Source code in GitHub
Cruachan Power Station

The **Cruachan Power Station** (also known as the **Cruachan Dam**) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The turbine hall is located inside Ben Cruachan. Water is pumped between Cruachan Reservoir to Loch Awe, a height difference of . It is one of only four pumped storage power stations in the UK. It is capable of providing a black start capability to the National Grid.

Construction began in 1959, at the same time as the Hunterston A nuclear power station in Ayrshire. It was completed in 1965. Cruachan uses cheap off-peak electricity generated at night to pump water to the higher reservoir. It can then be released during the day to provide power as necessary. The power station is open to visitors. Around 50,000 tourists visit it each year.

## References
Louis Agassiz

**Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz** (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born and European-trained biologist and geologist. His work on natural history in Europe and the Americas was important.

His reputation now is less good, because he fought against the theory of evolution, and held wrong ideas about human races. He thought the different human races were of different origins. This idea is called "polygenism". Darwin's comment at the end is interesting:
:"...when the principle of evolution is generally accepted, as it surely will be before long, the dispute between the monogenists and the polygenists will die a silent and unobserved death".

After visiting Harvard University in mid-career, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and became a professor of zoology and geology at Harvard. He founded its Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Agassiz made extensive contributions to the study of fish, called ichthyology (including extinct species). He founded glaciology, the study of ice fields and ice ages.

File:Agassiz, Louis – Nouvelles études et expériences sur les glaciers actuels, 1847 – BEIC 12025435.jpg|*Nouvelles études et expériences sur les glaciers actuels*, 1847

## References
Steppe Geoglyphs

The **Steppe Geoglyphs** are a number of Neolithic earth constructions in  the Turgay Trough area of Turgai in northern Kazakhstan.  There are at least 260 of these earthworks.

Many  or all of them are smaller earthworks  (mounds, trenches and ramparts) arranged with each other to make geometric and other shapes (composite figures).   These shapes are squares, rings and three others.
Besides being made of earth dug out and piled up, some of the geoglyphs are made by placing stones next to each other. 

Some of the large shapes have been given names, including Bestamskoe Ring, Ushtogaysky (*or* Ushtogay) Square, Turgay triradial swastika, Large cross Ashtasti, Ekedyn cross, Ashutasti ring, Kyzyloba line, Koga cross, and Shili square.

The earthworks were discovered in 2007 by Dimitriy Dey.

Road construction in 2013 damaged one of the structures. 

## References

## Additional sources
* Turgay Discovery Research project
* NASA photographs from space 
* Daily Gadget Gizmodo Reviews: Mystery of the ancient patterns in Kazakhstan: Space images reveal ‘remarkable’ structures including a cross and a swastika
* "The Steppe Geoglyphs in Kazakhstan". *The Ancient Connection*.
Right to a fair trial

The **right to  fair trial** is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is considered unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict thrown out. Some of the rights that make a trial fair are ly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are clearly stated in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are also stated in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and in Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial. For example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.

## Related pages
*Criminal procedure
*Due process
**Habeas corpus*
*Presumption of innocence

## References
Shigeru Yoshida

**Shigeru Yoshida** (22 September 1878 – 20 October 1967) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. By 1939 he had fallen out of favor with the government. He was against the military  Japan was engaged in at the time. All he felt he could do was retire. He was later imprisoned for these same views. When General Douglas MacArthur became the military governor of Japan, Yoshida was called to Tokyo to become the new foreign minister.

## References
Saskia Post

**Saskia Post** (1 January 1961 – 16 March 2020) was American-born Australian actress. She is best known for her leading role in the 1986 movie, *Dogs in Space*, with Michael Hutchence. The program was an Australian drama television series about a middle-class Melbourne family and the effect World War II had on their lives.  Post moved to Melbourne to work on the series for twelve months before leaving in 1984. That same year she had a role in the movie *One Night Stand*,
 
In 1985, Post appeared in the AFI Award winning movie *Bliss*, as Honey Barbara's daughter. Anna dies of a heroin overdose after trying the drug for a second time.

Post has also acted in many stage performances in Melbourne. These include *Endgrain*, *Train to Transcience*, *Could I Have this Dance?*, *In Angel Gear*, *Figures in Glass*, *Skin* and *Vincent in Brixton*.

## Death
Post died of cardiac arrest at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne on 16 March 2020, aged 59.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Official Michael Hutchence Memorial Website | Saskia Post
Roosevelt Island Bridge

The **Roosevelt Island Bridge** is a bridge in New York. It is a lift bridge. It connects Roosevelt Island in Manhattan to Astoria in Queens. It crosses the East Channel of the East River.  The bridge is the only route to the island for vehicles and foot traffic, except for public transportation.

## History 
Construction of the bridge began on March 17, 1952. The cost was $6.5 million. It opened on May 18, 1955, as the **Welfare Island Bridge**. The name was changed to the *Roosevelt Island Bridge* in 1973.

Before the bridge was built, the only way vehicles could access Roosevelt Island was by using an elevator on the Queensboro Bridge. The elevator was torn down in 1970.

In 2001, the New York City Department of Transportation considered converting the Roosevelt Island Bridge into a fixed bridge. This was to reduce the cost of its maintenance. The bridge is rarely opened (raised for ships to go underneath), because most ships passing by Roosevelt Island use the West Channel of the East River.

## Navigation 
When the bridge is raised for ships to go underneath, the distance between the water and the bridge is . The bridge is  wide. Its total length, including es, is . The main span (distance across) is  long.

The Roosevelt Island Bridge provides direct access to the 'Motorgate Parking Garage', which was designed to minimize vehicle traffic on the island. The garage was completed in 1974 and later expanded in 1990.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Top Ten New York City Bridges
* New York City Department of Transportation Bridges