open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mount Meager

**Mount Meager** is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1&nbsp;km).

The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called *Cathedral Mountain*.

## Geologic history
Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta.

## Volcanic hazards
Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.

The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50&nbsp;km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

## Other websites
*Global Volcanism Program: Meager
*Volcanology of the 2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada
Kingdom of Great Britain

The **United Kingdom of Great Britain** was a state in the British Isles. The kingdom came into existence because of the Acts of Union 1707. These acts of parliament joined (unified) the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. The kingdom's lands were Great Britain (an island in the Atlantic Ocean near Continental Europe) and some other islands in the British Isles. Throughout its existence, the kingdom was in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) with the Kingdom of Ireland. Outside the British Isles, Great Britain governed other lands and started colonies in North America.

When the kingdom began, the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England joined into one legislature, the Parliament of Great Britain. The parliament met in the old Palace of Westminster in London. London was the capital city and the British government was there. The two earlier kingdoms of Scotland and England had been in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) since the reign of James VI and I. King James was a King of Scots who became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 because he inherited the kingdoms of Elizabeth I.

In 1801, by the Act of Union 1800, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland joined into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the putting down of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

## Monarchs 
Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scotland, and Queen of Ireland in 1702. She became Queen of Great Britain when the new kingdom started in 1707. (Ireland was a separate kingdom, so Anne was Queen of Ireland and the later kings of Great Britain were each themselves King of Ireland.) From the start of 1801, during the reign of George III, the two kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

### House of Stuart 
* Anne (1707–1714)

### House of Hanover 
* George I (1714–1727)
* George II (1727–1760)
* George III (1760–1801), continued as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1820.

## Related pages
* British Armed Forces
* Metropolitan Police

## References
Nuuk

**Nuuk** (Danish: **Godthaab** or **Godthåb**) is the capital and most populous city of Greenland. 

It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240&nbsp;km (150&nbsp;mi) south of the Arctic Circle. 

The city has a population of 17,635 people.

It was  in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means *Good Hope*. Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.

Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland.

## References
René Descartes

**René Descartes** (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist. He wrote books that are very important in the fields of maths, physics and especially philosophy. His dualism statement combined soul, mind, body theories and elements into one concept; a dualistic theory of mind and matter.

In younger years he was a mercenary soldier.

## Descartes and physics (the study of the world) 
In his *Rules for the Direction of the Mind* (1628) and his *Discourse on Method* (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method that deals with scientific approach, thinking, a method which he had invented. He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (optics), and the weather (Meteorology). He then invented a way of describing shapes now called the Cartesian coordinate system, and a theory of what a rainbow is. Descartes' physics was important for a later famous thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, who said about him and so did James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!"

## Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas) 
In his *Meditations on First Philosophy* (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions. He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist).

He found that he himself must be real (exist), because he felt that he was thinking; and if he was thinking, then he must be real. This is because if he were not real, then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking. He shortened this view, saying in Latin, "Cogito ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."

He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking. Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object. Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, since God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it was not real.

Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must be made up of two things: the mind that thinks and the body that is independent of thinking, yet they are united together. This is called "Cartesian Dualism".

Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle. He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions. Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him.
Lumberjack

A **lumberjack** is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws.

## Related pages
*Paul Bunyan
Toyota

(TYO: 7203.T) (NYSE: TM) (LSE: TYT) is an Japanese automobile manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi. Japan. It was founded by Eiji Toyoda. It is based in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture. Toyota provides financial services and works with many other kinds of business as well. It makes cars and trucks under the brand names Toyota, Hino Truck, Scion and Lexus. The company owns most of Daihatsu. Toyota automobiles are well known for lasting a very long time. Their North American headquarters are in Plano, Texas. The Calty Design Center, a place where Toyota cars are designed is in Newport Beach, California and there is a factory in Georgetown, Kentucky. 1935

Another factory that was run by both Toyota and General Motors is in Fremont, California. It was called "NUMMI," or New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated, but is now owned by Tesla Motors to make their electric vehicles.

Toyota was started in 1933 as "Toyoda," a maker of textile-weaving machines. 

Founder Eiji Toyoda died on September 17, 2013 from natural causes at the age of 100.

## Scion 
Toyota operated Scion. It founded Scion in 2003. Toyota decided to close down Scion in August 2016.

## Lexus 
Toyota founded Lexus in 1989 as its luxury division.

## Models
### Current production vehicles 
#### Passenger cars 
### Commercial vehicles 
## References
## Other websites
*
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The **Canadian Broadcasting Corporation** (), (branded as CBC), is the Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television. It broadcasts in English and French. The company was founded on 2 November 1936 in Ottawa, Canada.

On November 2, 1936, CBC-Radio Canada was launched.

## CBC Stations
* CBCT Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
* CBLT Toronto, Ontario
* CBWT Winnipeg, Manitoba
* CBXT Edmonton, Alberta

## Related pages
* CBC Kids

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Buenos Aires Province

The **Buenos Aires Province** is the largest, richest, and most populated province of Argentina. The province has a population of 13,827,203 (2001) and its capital is La Plata (850,000 inhabitants).

## Geography 
The Buenos Aires Province has an area of 307,571 km². Most of it is flat, and its weather is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean winds.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Buenos Aires Herald - Local English newspaper
Baz Luhrmann

**Mark Anthony Luhrmann** or **Baz Luhrmann** (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies (*The Red Curtain Trilogy*) which have made him famous: *Strictly Ballroom* (1992), *Romeo + Juliet* (1996), and *Moulin Rouge!* (2001). He also directed the 2022 movie *Elvis*.
Interpreter

An **interpreter** is a person who receives a non-recorded message spoken in one language, the source language, and repeats the same message in a different language, the target language.
Horseshoe

**Horseshoes** are things worn by horses to protect their hooves (feet) when they walk - like a shoe. Most horseshoes are made of iron or steel. Some are aluminum, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of materials.

A farrier is someone who makes horseshoes and nails or glues them on the horse's hooves.  Using nails does not hurt the horse, as the outer part of the hoof cannot sense pain.

People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits. Horseshoes are also used in a game where one tries to throw them on a pole.

## Different types of horseshoes 
* The regular horseshoe is what the vast majority of horses wear. This shoe helps and protects the normal hoof under standard riding conditions.
* The trailer shoe reduces pressure on the heels and posterior tendon of a horse’s foot. It also supports the lateral side of the horse’s leg. This is not suitable for horses who kick because the trailer can become dangerous.
* The rim shoes are popular for sports that involve fast turns and speed. It has a deep, wide groove through the middle that allows the horse to get a little more traction.
* The bar shoe consists of some sort of extra “bar” on the back part of the shoe. It is generally to increase support in the back of the hoof, heel, or leg. It can also help hold the hoof together. Excessive hoof movement is counter-indicated, which might be the case in a hoof injury.
* The heart bar shoes are often used for horses with laminitis. It offer the same advantages of the other bar shoes, only with the addition of frog support, as well.
* The egg bar shoe is often used for horses with navicular disease. It provides even more support to the back part of the hoof and leg by extending beyond the heel.
* The square shoe helps shift the break over point without affecting the coffin bone.

## References
Carlos Menem

**Carlos Saúl Menem** (July 2, 1930 &ndash; February 14, 2021) was an Argentine politician and writer. He was the President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999. From 1973 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1989, Menem was Governor of La Rioja.

Menem was the first Argentine president to visit Israel. He was a supporter of Peronist ideas.
 
After he moved to Chile, Argentina tried to extradite him. In 2005, he became Senator for La Rioja.

In 2003, he ran for president again and narrowly won the first round of the election. However he dropped out of the race after seeing that Néstor Kirchner would beat him in the second round.

Some Argentines believe that his name brings bad luck, something that Menem also believed.

On 15 December 2020, he was hospitalized in Buenos Aires for a urinary tract infection. On 24 December, he suffered from kidney failure and was in a coma. Menem died on 14 February 2021 from problems caused by the infection, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation 
*Launch of new faction (from the BBC)
*Chile declines extradition request (from the BBC)
*Menem arrives on Argentine soil (from the BBC)
Tanzania

**Tanzania** is a country in East Africa. The official languages are Kiswahili and English. It is next to Africa's biggest lake, Lake Victoria.

In 2017, there were about 54,000,000 people living in Tanzania. They are divided into 120 tribes; none have more than 10% of the population. Tanzania is a multicultural society. There are many languages and religions in Tanzania; the main religions being Christianity and Islam.

The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is Samia Suluhu Hassan. Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, UNIDO, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, SADC, PTA, and the ADB. It is also signatory to the Lome Convention.

Mainland Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) received independence in December 1961, while Zanzibar gained her independence in January 1964, through a revolution. The two countries joined to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964. Until July 1992, Tanzania was a one-party state. Following a Presidential Commission, the country has started a multi-party political system. It has held successful general elections in 1995 and 2000.
"

Tanzania is home to the Serengeti. Many animals such as lions and cheetahs live there.

## Regions 
Tanzania is divided into 31 Regions. 26 are on the mainland and five in Zanzibar.

Tanzania's regions are: Arusha Dar&nbsp;es&nbsp;Salaam Dodoma Geita Iringa Kagera Katavi Kigoma Kilimanjaro Lindi Manyara Mara Mbeya Morogoro Mtwara Mwanza Njombe Pemba&nbsp;North Pemba&nbsp;South Pwani Rukwa Ruvuma Shinyanga Simiyu Singida Songwe Tabora Tanga Zanzibar&nbsp;Central/South Zanzibar&nbsp;North Zanzibar&nbsp;Urban/West

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Tanzania
* Tanzania at the Olympics
* Tanzania national football team

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* New map of Tanzania
18th century

The **18th century** was the century from 1701 to 1800.

## Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

## People 
* James Watt, Scottish Engineer
* Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
* Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
* George Washington, Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States
* James Cook, English explorer
* Blackbeard, English pirate
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
Diabetes

A person with  is called a **diabetic**.

**Diabetes** could be: 

* Type 1 diabetes
** Diabetes mellitus (type 1) - autoimmune disease affecting the pancreas, hormones, which usually requires insulin injections
* Type 2 diabetes
** Diabetes mellitus (type 2) - usually caused by diet or obesity 
* Diabetes insipidus - caused by the hormone vasopressin, insipidus meaning "not-" and "nice tasting" in Greek because the urine does not taste nice. It causes increased thirst and urination

### Other Types of diabetes 
* Latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA)
* Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Jakarta

**Jakarta**, officially the **Special Capital Region of Jakarta** (), is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020. Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17&nbsp;cm (6.7 inches) per year. It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In 2019, President Joko Widodo said that the capital would be moved to East Kalimantan, an Indonesian province on the island of Borneo. On 18 January 2022, the Parliament of Indonesia approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Jakarta Official Travel Website 
* An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle 
*
1643

## Events 
*January 21 – Abel Tasman discovers Tonga
*February 6 – Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.
* May 19 – Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France.
* July 13 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
* An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Connacht
* Austro-Bavarian army defeats French at Duttlingen.
*The Royalist forces supporting Charles I in the English Civil War win the Battle of Adwalton Moor and gain control of Yorkshire.
*End of the reign of Empress Meisho of Japan
*Emperor Go-Komyo ascends to the throne of Japan
*Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer
*New England Confederation is formed
*Battle of Tüttlingen fought
*Baden-Baden pillaged by the French
*John Colgan published the first two volumes of the *Acta Sanctorum*
*Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal
*Åmål is granted its city charter
*Miyamoto Musashi dictates *The Book of Five Rings* (*Go Rin No Sho*) to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death
* Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.
* Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes *A Key Into the Language of America*
* Evangelista Torricelli invented the Barometer.
## Births 
* January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
*

## Deaths 
*
*
Apron

wearing a black apron]]

An **apron** is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the  of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.

The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women. 

There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with  chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives.  Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required  to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.  

## Other websites
Comedy Central

**Comedy Central** is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up. Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy. It was launched on June 1, 1991. Its headquarters are in New York City, New York. It is a merger between MTV Networks' **HA!** and HBO's **Comedy Channel**.

The station's programs include *South Park*, The Colbert Report, *The Daily Show* with Trevor Noah, *Tosh.0* *Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)* *Awkward* with Daniel Tosh, and *Futurama.*

Comedy Central also features a *Secret Stash* program. Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy. The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out. Sometimes nudity is shown.

## Other websites 
* The official site
Andy Gibb

**Andrew Roy Gibb** (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees. He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland. He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Pearl Jam

**Pearl Jam** is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington. They formed in 1990. They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains. Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.

After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, died in 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band. They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed. He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew to Seattle and joined the band.

The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron. Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members. The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons. Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.

## List of albums
### Studio albums
* 1991 - *Ten*
* 1993 - *Vs.*
* 1994 - *Vitalogy*
* 1996 - *No Code*
* 1998 - *Yield*
* 2000 - *Binaural*
* 2002 - *Riot Act*
*2006 - *Pearl Jam*
* 2009 - *Backspacer*
* 2013 - *Lightning Bolt*
*2020 - *Gigaton*
*2024 - *Dark Matter*

### Compilation albums
* 2003 - *Lost Dogs*
* 2004 - *Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003*
* 2011 - *Pearl Jam Twenty*

### Live albums
* 1998 - *Live on Two Legs*
* 2004 - *Live at Benaroya Hall*
* 2006 - *Live in NYC 12/31/92*
* 2006 - *Live at Easy Street*
* 2007 - *Live at the Gorge 05/06*
* 2007 - *Live at Lollapalooza 2007*
* 2011 - *Live on Ten Legs*
* 2011 - *9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada*
* 2011 - *Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992*
* 2012 - *Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007*
* 2013 - *Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998*
* 2015 - *Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
* 2015 - *Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
* 2016 - *Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
* 2016 - *Live at Third Man Records*
* 2017 - *Let's Play Two*
* 2023 - *Give Way''
FIFA World Cup

The **FIFA World Cup** is the most watched tournament in football (soccer). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organises the World Cup every four years. More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world—even more people than the Olympic Games. Brazil is the most successful country in World Cup history, having won the tournament five times 

The *finals tournament* is held every four years. In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions. These amazing games help to decide which teams will move on. Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games. The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams. Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals. Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.

## Results 
## Wins by team 
## Related pages
* Ranking of clubs for number of world champion players with national football teams
* National teams world champions (football)

## References
The Turtles

**The Turtles** were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as **Flo and Eddie**. 

The Turtles are known for their songs Happy Together and She'd Rather Be With Me. 

They were originally active from the years 1965 to 1970, and split up for thirteen years before Kaylan and Volman made the band again in 1983.

## Albums 
* It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
* You Baby (1966)
* Happy Together (1967)
* The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
* Turtle Soup (1969)
* Wooden Head (1970)
* Chalon Road (1986)
* Shell Shock (1986)
Strawberry Alarm Clock

**Strawberry Alarm Clock** was an American psychedelic pop band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their most famous song is *Incense and Peppermints*.
Psychedelic pop

**Psychedelic pop** is a musical movement which started in California in the 1960s. Psychedelic rock, also called psychedelia, is a style of rock music that materialized in the late 1960s that was influenced by the experience of taking hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. Psychedelic rock incorporated elements of blues and folk rock and eventually contributed to the evolution of hard rock and progressive rock.

It was partly inspired by Garage rock, British pop, bubblegum music and new hippie and Eastern ideas. 

Some important Psychedelic pop artists are:
* Donovan
* The Left Banke
* The Monkees
* The Move
* Sagittarius 
* Tomorrow 
* The Zombies 
* The Beach Boys 
* The Flower Pot Men 
* The Flying Machine
* It's a Beautiful Day 
* John's Children 
* Klaatu 
* The Lemon Pipers 
* The Millennium
* The Neon Philharmonic 
* Harry Nilsson 
* Strawberry Alarm Clock 
* Thunderclap Newman 
* Yellow Balloon

## References
Donovan

**Donovan Phillips Leitch** (born 10 May 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".

Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to  the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album *A Gift From a Flower to a Garden* called upon young people to "stop the use of *all* drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He  an , *The Hurdy Gurdy Man*, in 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

## Other websites
* Official Site
* Donovan Unofficial Site 
* Complete discography
* Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
17th century

The **17th century** was the century from 1601 to 1700.  

## Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 17th century are in *italics*.
Chicago (band)

**Chicago** is an American jazz rock band, from Chicago, Illinois. They formed on February 15, 1967. They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys. Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Chicago Transit Authority* (1969)
**Chicago* (1970)
**Chicago III* (1971)
**Chicago V* (1972)
**Chicago VI* (1973)
**Chicago VII* (1974)
**Chicago VIII* (1975)
**Chicago X* (1976)
**Chicago XI* (1977)
**Hot Streets* (1978)
**Chicago 13* (1979)
**Chicago XIV* (1980)
**Chicago 16* (1982)
**Chicago 17* (1984)
**Chicago 18* (1986)
**Chicago 19* (1988)
**Twenty 1* (1991)
**Night & Day Big Band* (1995)
**Chicago XXX* (2006)
**Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus* (2008)
**Chicago XXXVI: Now* (2014)
**Chicago XXXVIII: Born for This Moment* (2022)

## References
Frisian languages

**Frisian** refers to three languages that come from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands. They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark. It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.

They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English. All of them have been spoken since Roman times.

The Frisian languages are:
*West Frisian
*North Frisian
*Saterland Frisian

## References
Radio control

**Radio control** is controlling vehicles by radio wave signals. It is often used for making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones. For controlling models, an operator uses a transmitter that has the model's controls on it.  When a control is moved, the radio signal changes. The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver.  The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model.

On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering.  Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device.  On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch.  If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine.  A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an **electronic speed control** or "ESC" to control its speed.  

Unmanned aerial vehicles controlled by radio are used for many purposes, including war.
Smashing Pumpkins

**The** **Smashing Pumpkins** (or simply **Smashing Pumpkins**) are an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois. Formed in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums). They are set to release an album in 2024 or 2025, produced by Howard Willing. Billy Corgan has stated that the lead single might come out in summer 2024. It will contain 12 songs, according to Corgan. Contrary to this statement, the ten-song album, *Aghori Mhori Mei*, dropped on August 2, 2024. It received acclaim from critics.

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

## Discography
* *Gish* (1991)
* *Siamese Dream* (1993)
* *Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness* (1995)
* *Adore* (1998)
* *Machina/The Machines of God* (2000)
* *Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music* (2000)
* *Zeitgeist* (2007)
* *Teargarden by Kaleidyscope* (released beginning in 2009)
* *Oceania* (2012)
* *Monuments to an Elegy* (2014)
* *Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun.* (2018)
* *Cyr* (2020)
* *Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts* (2023)
* *Aghori Mhori Mei* (2024)

## References
Duran Duran

**Duran Duran** are  a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the  1980s.

## Discography 
* *Duran Duran* (1981)
* *Rio* (1982)
* *Seven and the Ragged Tiger* (1983)
* *Arena* (1984)
* *Notorious* (1986)
* *Big Thing* (1988)
* *Decade (1989)*
* *Liberty* (1990)
* *Duran Duran (The Wedding Album)* (1993)
* *Thank You* (1995)
* *Medazzaland* (1997)
* *Pop Trash* (2000)
* *Astronaut* (2004)
* *Red Carpet Massacre* (2007)
* *All You Need Is Now* (2010)
* *Paper Gods* (2015)
* Future Past (2021)
* Danse Macabre (2023)
Peter Tosh

**Peter Tosh** (born **Winston McIntosh**, October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musician. He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs.  His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream. He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger. He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987. His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize It" in relation to marijuana laws.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Negril* (1975)
* *Legalize It* (1976)
* *Equal Rights* (1977)
* *Bush Doctor* (1978)
* *Mystic Man* (1979)
* *Wanted Dread And Alive* (1981)
* *Mama Africa* (1983)
* *No Nuclear War* (1987)
* *I Am That I Am* (2001)

### Live albums
* *Captured Live* (1984)
* *Live at the One Love Peace Concert* (2000)
* *Live & Dangerous: Boston 1976* (2001)
* *Live At The Jamaica World Music Festival 1982* (2002)
* *Complete Captured Live* (2004)

### Compilations
These are the highest rated compilation albums on Allmusic.

* *Collection Gold* (1994)
* *The Toughest* (1996)
* ''The Best of Peter Tosh - Dread Don't Die* (1996)
* *Honorary Citizen* (1997)
* *Scrolls Of The Prophet: The Best of Peter Tosh* (1999)
* *Arise Black Man* (1999)
* *The Essential Peter Tosh - the Columbia Years* (2003)
* *Talking Revolution (2005)

## References
## Other websites
* Peter Tosh on Allmusic
* Discography
* Peter Tosh - Jamaicapage.com Feature 
* VitalSpot - Peter Tosh
Billy Joel

**William Martin "Billy" Joel** (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter. He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's *Piano Man* to 1993's *River of Dreams* which marked his retirement. As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John.

Joel was born in the Bronx, New York City. He grew up in Hicksville, New York. He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles. The Hassles when on to release two albums. In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two-man duo Attila. In 1971 his solo debut, *Cold Spring Harbor*, was released. (The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)

He is good friends with both Donald trump and Hilary Clinton. However, Joel is a Democrat. He kept his political views private for many years but became more vocal during Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, even performing at events to support him. However, he generally prefers not to mix his music career with politics, believing that fans come to his shows for the music, not political opinions  

## Health
In May 2025, Joel was diagnosed with normal pressure hydrocephalus, leading to problems with his hearing, vision, and balance.

## Acting
In 1988, Mr Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated movie, *Oliver & Company*.

Joel has been married four times. The first three ended in divorce. His first marriage was from 1973 to 1982. His second marriage, from 1985 to 1994, was to supermodel Christie Brinkley. Their daughter, Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) is one of his three children. His daughter's middle name is taken from one of his musical influences, Ray Charles. His third marriage began in 2004. His fourth marriage with Alexis Roderick began in 2015. They had one child; Della Rose Joel, who was born on the 12th of August 2015. Baby Remy was born 2017. He released his first song in years, called Turn the Lights Back On.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Cold Spring Harbor* (1971)
* *Piano Man* (1973)
* *Streetlife Serenade* (1974)
* *Turnstiles* (1976)
* *The Stranger* (1977)
* *52nd Street* (1978)
* *Glass Houses* (1980)
* *The Nylon Curtain* (1982)
* *An Innocent Man* (1983)
* *The Bridge* (1986)
* *Storm Front* (1989)
* *River of Dreams* (1993)
* *Fantasies & Delusions* (2001)

## References
## Other websites
* The official site
The Republic

***The Republic*** is a book by Plato. It was finished in 375 BC. 
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?' and also the question 'are people punished for doing bad things?'. 
Plato said that people should not do bad things because people who do bad things end up unhappy.
However, people who do good things end up happy.

He also said that if people who do bad things get power in a society then that society will become an unhappy one.
Plato believed that philosophers are best able to do good things and so they should be given power in a society. 
He thought that non-philosophers should allow themselves to be ruled by philosophers and that if they do this then they will be happy, because the rule of peoples (democracy) often fall because of unreasonable confusion.
However, in order not to be tempted to do bad things, the philosophers who have power must not be able to have things or feel love.

Plato also talked about many other things while discussing these questions including metaphysics, psychology, religion and most branches of philosophy.
He introduced the philosophy called Platonism.

## Plato's argument (Less Simple) 
Plato thought that people and societies are very much alike.

Plato thought that people are made of three things:
* A mind that  and s
* A spirit or a self that looks after the person
* A body that does things, likes things, hates things and wants things (such as food, drink and sex).
He said that a good person will listen to all these things, but will let the mind control the other two.

Somebody who does not listen to all three parts, or who does not let the mind control the other two will be unhappy.
They might go mad because they do not let the mind control them.
Or they might do things that they later regret.
They will also be disliked by other people and will suffer because of that.
He said that they will be like a country in anarchy.

Plato also thought society should be made up of three things (types of people)
* Philosophers who think for the society
* Soldiers who look after the society
* Workers who do things in the society, who make food, drink and more workers.
He said that society needs all three things (types of people) but that only the philosophers will be good people.
The others will be dominated by their souls or bodies, not their minds.
The soldiers will not even listen to their minds, and the workers will not listen to their minds or their souls.
This is why the philosophers should rule and the other types of people should be soldiers and workers.

## References
Aesthetics

**Aesthetics** is a branch of philosophy. It is the study of art and beauty. Together with ethics, it is part of axiology which is the philosophy of what people like. Aesthetic philosophers ask what people like to see, hear, feel, smell or taste, and why they like these things. Aesthetic philosophers also ask if art has any value. For example, they may ask if some art that nobody likes and that nobody wants is art at all or if it is something else. Plato, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant are some important philosophers of aesthetics.

## Subjectivism 
One theory in aesthetics is called subjectivism. Subjectivism says that each person has a sense of beauty. So, the only way of judging something's beauty is if people say it is beautiful. A common way of describing this is *"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"*. Subjectivism also says, for the same reason, that something is art simply because someone says it is art. This is backed up by the experience. Even though people feel that something is beautiful, they may not be able to explain why.

## Objectivism 
Many objectivist theories of beauty have been offered, going from the ancient ideas of Plato and Aristotle (e.g., the golden mean,) which still have great appeal in their way to neuroscience research into the brain's response to images and other sensitive information. At the moment, even though we do not know what people are thinking, brain-scan technology can identify when people are responding pleasurably to images, providing some clue as to how certain images affect some people.

## Some questions 
* What is beauty? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?
* Are true things beautiful?
* Are good things beautiful?
* What is art? We commonly think that a sculpture in a museum is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?

* What has value?
* Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?

## Other websites 
* Aesthetics -Citizendium
Earth, Wind & Fire

**Earth, Wind & Fire** are an American funk group that formed in Chicago in 1969. The band members are: Maurice White, Philip Bailey, Ralph Johnson and Verdine White. They are were very successful and popular in the 1970s into the 2010s.

## Albums
* 1970 - *Earth, Wind & Fire* 
* 1971 - *The Need of Love* 
* 1972 - *Last Days And Time* 
* 1973 - *Head To The Sky*
* 1974 - *Open Our Eyes* 
* 1975 - ''That's The Way Of The World* 
* 1976 - *Spirit* 
* 1977 - *All 'N All*
* 1979 - *I Am* 
* 1980 - *Faces*
* 1981 - *Raise!*
* 1983 - *Powerlight*
* 1983 - *Electric Universe*
* 1987 - *Touch The World* 
* 1990 - *Heritage*
* 1993 - *Millennium*
* 1997 - *In The Name Of Love*
* 2003 - *The Promise*
* 2005 - *Illumination*
* 2005 - *That's The Way Of The World*
* 2013 - *Yesterday, Today & Forever*
* 2014 - *Holiday''
Fifth Dimension

**Fifth Dimension** was a singing group popular in the 1960s and 1970s, some of the songs they sang include:
*"Up, Up, and Away"
*"One Less Bell to Answer"
*"Wedding Bell Blues"
*"Aquarius/Let the Sun Shine In"
*"California Soul"
*"Stone Soul Picnic"
*"Workin' on a Groovy Thing"
Lake Constance

**Lake Constace** or **Lake of Constance** (German: *Bodensee*) is a large lake on the river Rhine. It is on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria. It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is made of two smaller lakes (called *Obersee* and *Untersee* (Upper and lower lake) respectively). These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about  of total area. 

There are three big islands in the lake. The islands Lindau and Mainau are in the *Obersee*. Reichenau is in the *Untersee*. The Obersee is about  long, from Bregenz to Bodman-Ludwigshafen. It is about  wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen. The deepest point is  deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance). 

The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland. On much of its length, this border has not been defined. Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake. Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries. A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it. Germany has no clear view.

Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties. About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.

In 1963, the whole lake froze. This has not happened since then.

*German towns:
**Konstanz
**Radolfzell
**Meersburg
**Überlingen
**Friedrichshafen
**Lindau

*Swiss towns:
**Stein am Rhein
**Kreuzlingen
**Rorschach
**Romanshorn
**Arbon

*Austrian towns:
**Bregenz
Diesel engine

The name **diesel** is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel in the late 19th century. It is one of the most used kinds of internal combustion engine.

Most other internal combustion engines need an ignition system that uses an electric spark to burn the mix of fuel and air and make power.  Some other types of ignition systems use compressed air from an outside source, such as an air compressor.  A diesel does not.  It burns a diesel fuel (similar to heating oil) through very high compression or pressing together of the mix. A tiny bit of fuel is injected, or forced, into the engine's cylinders at just the right moment. Since gases heat when they are pressed together, the compression of the air and fuel mix cause the mix to explode within the cylinder.   

Diesel engines make very good use of the fuel they burn. They also make lots of torque (pronounced "tork"), or twisting power. An engine with a lot of torque will be able to spin its shaft even if it is very hard to do so. This makes a diesel engine a good choice in heavy equipment like trucks, trains and construction machines. The very big trucks on the road have diesel engines in them. So do train locomotives, unless they are electric or the old steam-powered kind. 

Sometimes, even the torque of a diesel engine is not enough to run such big machines. To boost power, large diesels often have a device called a turbocharger attached. A turbocharger is a type of turbine – something used to move a lot of air very quickly. Jet engines also contain a turbine. In the diesel, pressure from the exhaust spins the turbocharger at a very high speed. Fresh air is then forced back into the engine. Since the engine works by pumping air, the more air you can put through it, the more power it makes. That is where the turbocharger helps. A diesel engine that has a turbocharger is called a **turbodiesel**. The whistling sound sometimes heard near one of these engines is caused by the turbocharger, or "turbo" for short.  

A diesel engine can also be made to run on canola oil made from old cooking oil. This type of fuel is called biodiesel. Running a diesel engine on biodiesel fuel makes the exhaust smell like food. Vegetable oil as fuel is not a new idea. The engine that Rudolf Diesel used to demonstrate his new idea ran on canola oil.