open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sequel

A **sequel** is a type of new creation, like a movie, book, video game, or song, that follows or expands on a story from an earlier work. It is made because people liked the original and want more of it. Sequels let people see their favorite characters and settings again while adding new things to the story to make it interesting.

## Types of sequels
Sequels can be different depending on the medium and the original work. In movies, sequels can continue the same story, go back in time, or focus on different parts of the original. In books, sequels can start where the last book ended or tell what happened before. Some sequels are spin-offs, which means they focus on other characters or explore different parts of the original world.

## Purpose and significance 
Sequels can be made to give fans what they want. They let people explore more of the world, learn more about the characters, and discover new ideas. Sequels are important because they build on the success of the original and keep the story going.

## Audience reception
People have different opinions about sequels. Some sequels become very popular, while others don't live up to the original. People are excited to see sequels, but they also want them to be as good as the original. The success of a sequel depends on things like how well the story is told and how the characters develop.

## Impact on pop culture
Sequels have had a big impact on popular culture. They have changed the way stories are continued and expanded in movies, books, and other forms of entertainment. Sequels create excitement and make fans want to talk about the story and buy related things. They also help create bigger worlds and universes.
Estonian language

The **Estonian language** () is a Uralic language. It is mainly spoken in Estonia. The Estonian language is similar to Finnish and is one of the few national languages of Europe not to be an Indo-European language. 

The Estonian alphabet uses the Latin alphabet. It has many vowels, including Ö, Ä, Õ and Ü.

It has been influenced by and adopted many words from German and Swedish.  The Estonian language also has different dialects. 

## Sample words 
## References
Chicago Fire FC

**Chicago Fire FC** (officially **Chicago Fire Football Club**, and before 2020 **Chicago Fire Soccer Club**) is a soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Chicago.  They started in 1998 and won an MLS Cup in that year. The club is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.

## League title 
* Major League Soccer : 1
** 1998

## League position 
## References
Major League Soccer

**Major League Soccer** (MLS) is an American soccer league that started in 1996. As of the most recent 2025 season, 30 teams play in the league. The commissioner of the league (the person in charge) is Don Garber.

MLS, founded in the United States, is a fully professional league with 30 teams, three of which are based in Canada. The United States Soccer Federation (USSF or U.S. Soccer), which runs soccer in that country, considers MLS to be the country's top men's league. The Canadian Soccer Association (CSA), which runs soccer in Canada, considers the Canadian Premier League as its top men's league, but MLS has much greater Canadian media coverage and is seen as having a higher level of play. Referees are approved by U.S. Soccer and the CSA. In turn, both national governing bodies are members of FIFA, which governs all play between national teams and sets the rules for the sport along with the national governing bodies of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

MLS was formed in 1993 as a professional league, with play starting with 10 teams in 1996. The MLS regular season starts in late February and ends in November, with each team playing 34 games. The regular season is followed by a playoff tournament to decide the league champion. The championship game is known as the MLS Cup.

In November 2025, MLS announced that it would change to a summer-to-spring season spanning two calendar years, aligning its season with that of most European leagues, starting in July 2027. With the change, the season will start in July and take a winter break between December and February, with no league matches at all in January. The season resumes in late February and runs through April, with the MLS Cup playoffs in May. A shortened transitional season will be held from February to May 2027.

## Teams 
### Current 
### Former teams
## MLS Cup winners 
## Related pages
* USL Championship

## References 
* Best Players in Major league Soccer (MLS) in 2012. hub, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.
* Major League Soccer.  Princeton, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.
* An Overview of American Soccer History.  Dave Litterer, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.
* Soccer Politics / The Politics of Football. Duke University, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.
New England Revolution

The **New England Revolution** are a United States football (soccer) team from Foxborough, Massachusetts that plays in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer. They share the Gillette Stadium with the New England Patriots, a football team in the NFL.

The team is owned by Robert Kraft, who also owns the New England Patriots.

## History 
The team won their first major trophy when they won the U.S. Open Cup in 2007. They won the North American SuperLiga in 2008.

## Related pages
* List of United States soccer teams
Sporting Kansas City

**Sporting Kansas City** are an American football (soccer) team that plays in Major League Soccer in Kansas City, Kansas.

They started out as the Kansas City Wiz, before changing their name to the Kansas City Wizards in 1997. Later, in November 2010, they changed their name again to Sporting Kansas City, as the team was moving into a new stadium in the 2011 season. The stadium has been known by several names, first Livestrong Sporting Park, then Sporting Park, and now Children's Mercy Park.

## Honors
* MLS Cup (league champions): 2 (2000, 2013)
* Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 1 (2000)
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2 (2004, 2012)

## League position
## References
## Other websites
* Official Homepage
* Official Website of Supporters Section: The Cauldron
* Official Wizards board, courtesy of BigSoccer
Oxbow lake

]]
An **oxbow lake** is a lake, or area of water, in a U-shape. It is made by special bends in a river, called meanders, getting farther away from the river until they become separate. The river becomes straight and the bend becomes a lake. This happens due to floods or when a meander's neck gets too thin.

## Why does this happen? 
Water flows at different speeds at different parts of the river. In the middle, farthest away from the sides (or banks), the water flows fastest. At the banks, the water flows slowest. When the river bends, water flows faster on the outside of the bend than the inside. The fast water on the outside 'erodes' the outside of the bend. This means it breaks bits of the bank off. At the same time, the slow water on the inside of the bend leaves behind mud, sand and parts of plants (deposition). Together, these make the bend move in the direction of the outside of the bend. 

The bend moves farther and farther along until it leaves the river. The river becomes straight and the bend is left as an oxbow lake.
Houston Dynamo

The **Houston Dynamo** are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Houston, Texas.  In late 2005, the San Jose Earthquakes moved to the city because of financial problems in San Jose, California.

The Dynamo opened a new stadium, which opened as BBVA Compass Stadium and is now known as Shell Energy Stadium, in downtown Houston in May 2012, after playing their first seven games of the season on the road.

## League title
*Major League Soccer : 2
**2006, 2007

## League position
## References
San Jose Earthquakes

The **San Jose Earthquakes** are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in San Jose, California.  In December 2005, they moved to Houston, Texas to become the Houston Dynamo. Failure to secure funding for a new stadium caused the team to move. In July 2007, they were granted an expansion team, which would bring them back in 2008.  From 1994 to 1999 they were known as the **San Jose Clash**. By agreement between MLS, the Dynamo, and the Earthquakes, the history of the original San Jose franchise belongs to the current Earthquakes.

## Name 
* 1994-1999 **San Jose Clash**
* 1999-present **San Jose Earthquakes**

## League title 
* Major League Soccer : 2
** 2001, 2003

## League position 
## References
New York Red Bulls

The **New York Red Bulls** are an American soccer team. They play in Major League Soccer in Harrison, New Jersey. Until 2006, they were known as the **MetroStars**. Their home ground is Sports Illustrated Stadium in Harrison.

## History
The club was founded in 1995 by John Werner Kluge  and  Stuart Subotnick, two managers for MetroMedia, under the name MetroStars. The club was a founding member of Major League Soccer. In 2006 the team was sold to the Austrian company Red Bull and renamed the New York Red Bulls. The team is the only one in the MLS which never reached a major title. There were a lot of well-known soccer players on the team from all over the world such as Roberto Donadoni, Lothar Matthäus (FIFA World Cup 1990, UEFA Champion 1980), Adolfo Valencia, Youri Djorkaeff, Amado Guevara, Juan Pablo Angel,Daniel Rodriguez, Thierry Henry, and  Rafael Márquez.

## Current squad
## Captains 
|align="left"| Aaron Long||2021–2022
|}
|align="left"| Sean Nealis||2022–Present
|}

## International players 
Former players Tony Meola, Tab Ramos, Tim Howard, Alexi Lalas, Clint Mathis, Jozy Altidore, Michael Bradley, Claudio Reyna, Eddie Pope, and Tim Ream have all played for the U.S. national team. Current players Juan Agudelo,Daniel Rodriguez, Dax McCarty, and Kenny Cooper have also played for the USMNT.

## Achievements
***MLS Cup**
****Runners-up** (2): 2008, 2024
*'''Supporters' Shield** (Champions of the Regular Season)
****Winners** (3): 2013, 2015, 2018
***MLS Eastern Conference**
****Winners (Regular Season)** (2): 2000, 2010
****Winners (Playoff)** (1): 2024
***MLS Western Conference**
****Winners (Playoff)** (1): 2008
***Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup**
****Runners-up** (2): 2003, 2017
***Minor Trophies**
****Atlantic Cup** (2): 2003, 2010, 2024
****Walt Disney World Pro Soccer Classic'* (1): 2010

## Head coaches
* Eddie Firmani (1996)
* Carlos Queiroz (1996)
* Carlos Alberto Parreira (1997)
* Alfonso Mondelo (1998)
*Bora Milutinović (1998–99)
* Octavio Zambrano (2000–02)
* Bob Bradley (2003–05)
* Mo Johnston (2005–06)
* Richie Williams (2006), *(Interim)*
* Bruce Arena (2006–07)
* Juan Carlos Osorio (2008–09)
* Richie Williams (2009), *(Interim)''
* Hans Backe (2010–2012)
* Mike Petke (2013-2014)
* Jesse Marsch (2015-2017)
* Chris Armas (2018-2020)
* Bradley Carnell (2020)
* Gerhard Struber (2020- present)

## Gallery

File:Red Bull Arena Harrison behind goal.jpg|Red Bull Arena, Harrison
File:Redbull stadium.jpg|Red Bull Arena, Harrison
File:Thierry Henry control New York Red Bulls 2010.jpg|Thierry Henry
File:Hansredbulls.jpg|Former headcoach Hans Backe
File:FC Liefering vs. Manchester United (U23)-Testspiel 11. Juli 2017 14.jpg|Headcoach Gerhard Struber
File:BruceArena 20060511.jpg|Former headcoach Bruce Arena

## References
## Other websites
Toronto FC

**Toronto Football Club,** usually known as **Toronto FC**, is a soccer club based in Toronto, Ontario. They have played in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS) since the 2007 season. They were the first Canadian soccer team to join MLS. They play their home games at BMO Field in Downtown Toronto. The team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment.

## History 
Toronto FC has won the Canadian Championship five times, most recently in 2016. They also made it to the 2016 MLS Cup but lost to Seattle Sounders 4-5 in penalties. They were also semi-finalists of the 2011-2012 CONCACAF Champions League.

## References
President of Germany

The **President of Germany** (German: *Bundespräsident*, literally: *federal president*) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. His functions are mostly supervising and representative, because of the negative experiences with the office of its predecessor the Reich President (*Reichskanzler*), who had more power than the current Federal President.
The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.

The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.

## List of presidents 
# Theodor Heuss (FDP), 1949 – 1959
# Heinrich Lübke (CDU), 1959 – 1969
# Gustav Heinemann (SPD), 1969 – 1974
# Walter Scheel (FDP), 1974 – 1979
# Karl Carstens (CDU), 1979 – 1984
# Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), 1984 – 1994
# Roman Herzog (CDU), 1994 – 1999
# Johannes Rau (SPD), 1999 – 2004
# Horst Köhler (CDU), 2004 – 2010
# Christian Wulff (CDU), 2010 – 2012
# Joachim Gauck (Independent), 2012 – 2017
# Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD), since 2017

## References
The Gillette Company

**Global Gillette** (formerly **The Gillette Company**) is an American company famous for making shaving products. It has been merged recently into Procter & Gamble's operations.

## References
Los Angeles Galaxy

The **Los Angeles Galaxy**, branded as the **LA Galaxy**,  are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Carson, California. They shared their home field, Dignity Health Sports Park, with Chivas USA before that team folded at the end of the 2014 season.

Until he left when his contract ended after the 2012 season, the team's best-known player was English icon David Beckham, signed from Real Madrid in 2007. Landon Donovan, the joint all-time leading goal scorer for the US national team, played with the Galaxy from 2005 until his first retirement in 2014, and briefly returned to the team in the last part of the 2016 season. Robbie Keane, the Republic of Ireland's captain, leading scorer, and most-capped (most games) player, was a Galaxy captain. The team also included longtime Liverpool and England star Steven Gerrard. Currently, the Galaxy's best-known player is Sweden all-time leading scorer Zlatan Ibrahimović.

## Honors 
* MLS Cup (Major League Soccer champion): 5
** 2002, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2014
* MLS Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 4
** 1998, 2002, 2010, 2011
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2
** 2001, 2005
## Players
### Current Players 
### Notable Former Players
* Juan Pablo Ángel
* David Beckham
* Jorge Campos
* Ashley Cole
* Carlo Cudicini
* Landon Donovan
* Giovani dos Santos
* Steven Gerrard
* Luis Hernández
* Zlatan Ibrahimović
* Cobi Jones
* Nigel de Jong
* Robbie Keane
* Gyasi Zardes

## League position 
## References
Real Salt Lake

**Real Salt Lake** (RSL) is an American soccer team. It plays in Major League Soccer in the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy, Utah at America First Field. RSL began playing in 2005, with its main rival being the Colorado Rapids. Its current head coach is Pablo Mastroeni.

## Current Roster 
*As of January 15, 2009.* 

 

                     

 

                     
                     

## Head coaches 
*  John Ellinger (2005–2007)
*  Jason Kreis (2007—)

## Team records 
* Games:  Andy Williams, 55
* Goals:  Jeff Cunningham, 18
* Assists:  Javier Morales, 17
* Shutouts:  Nick Rimando 7
* Single Season Goals:  Jeff Cunningham, 16 (2006)
* Single Season Assists:  Javier Morales, 15 (2008)
*MLS regular season only, through 2006 season*

* All-Time regular season record:  21-50-23 (*Through Oct. 21, 2007*)

## Year-by-year 
## Average attendance 
*regular season/playoffs*
* 2005: 18,037/missed playoffs
* 2006: 16,366/missed playoffs
* 2007: 15,960/missed playoffs
* 2008: 16,179/19,632

## References
Heinrich Schütz

**Heinrich Schütz** (born Köstritz, Saxony, 8 October 1585; died Dresden, Germany, 6 November 1672) was a German baroque composer. As a young man he travelled to Italy to learn the art of composition from the great Italian composers.  He had lessons from Giovanni Gabrieli.  When Gabrieli died in 1612 Schütz returned to Germany.  He visited Italy a second time in 1628 to learn from the music of Claudio Monteverdi.  He also visited Copenhagen.  For much of his life he was a court composer at the Electoral Chapel in Dresden.  Most of his work consists of choral works especially motets and madrigals.  He was very good at writing counterpoint and his music has some very striking effects.  His  *Christmas Oratorio * is particularly famous.
Abkhazia

**Abkhazia** (Georgian: აფხაზეთი – *Apkhazeti*, Abkhaz: Аҧсны – *Apsny*, Russian: Абха́зия – *Abkhaziya*) is an unrecognized country in the Caucasus.

## History
### 1990s
The country fought a war with Georgia for its independence in 1991, the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict. Since its declaration of independence from Georgia in 1991, it has been ruled by the partially recognized **Republic of Abkhazia**.
### 2000s
Georgia believes Abkhazia is part of its territory and has listed the province in its official subdivisions as an autonomous republic. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory". The Republic of Abkhazia, with Sokhumi as its capital, is formally recognized by Russia and by Nicaragua, and the *de facto* independent republics of South Ossetia and Transnistria. The European Union, OSCE and NATO recognize Abkhazia as an integral part of the territory of Georgia.

The secessionist movement of the Abkhaz minority led to the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict. The War in Abkhazia resulted in a Georgian military defeat and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. There was a 1994 ceasefire agreement. There is a UN-monitored and Russian-dominated CIS peacekeeping operation. The sovereignty dispute has not been resolved. The dispute is a source of conflict between Georgia and Russia.

## Related pages
* Gagra
* Sokhumi
* Pitsunda
## References
Domenico Scarlatti

(1738)]]
**Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti** (born Naples, Italy, on 26 October 1685; died Madrid, Spain, on 23 July 1757) was an Italian baroque composer and harpsichordist. He was the son of the famous composer Alessandro Scarlatti. Part of his life he spent in Venice and Rome. His father Alessandro was a famous composer who wrote many operas. Domenico became famous for his sonatas for harpsichord. He wrote over 550 of them. They are mostly quite short pieces in one movement, most written in an early Classical style, which influenced many future Classical composers. He had some unusual effects in his music such as the crossing of hands as they leap wildly from one end of the keyboard to another. He also liked crunchy chords which sound like the strumming of Spanish guitars. He gave harpsichord lessons to the Infanta Maria Barbara at the Royal Court in Lisbon in Portugal. When she married she took Scarlatti, her harpsichord teacher, with her to Madrid in Spain where he spent the rest of his life.
Colorado Rapids

The **Colorado Rapids** are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. They are one of the founding clubs of the MLS. The hometown  of Rapids is Denver, Colorado. The club was formed in 1996.

## Stadium
* Mile High Stadium; Denver, Colorado (1996–2001)
* Invesco Field at Mile High; Denver, Colorado (2002–2006)
* North Area Athletic Complex; Arvada, Colorado (2003) 1 game in US Open Cup
* Dick's Sporting Goods Park; Commerce City, Colorado (2007–present)

The Rapids play their home games at Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Colorado (ca. 8 miles north of the center of Denver). The stadium capacity is 19,680 and cost $131 million to construct. It is a stadium for football only. The soccer stadium opened on April 7, 2007. Before moving to DSG Park in 2007, Colorado Rapids shared Mile High Stadium and then Invesco Field at Mile High with the Denver Broncos an American football team.
## Honors
***MLS Cup**
****Winners** (1): 2010
****Runners-up** (1): 1997
***MLS Eastern Conference**
****Winners (Playoff)** (1): 2010
***MLS Western Conference**
****Winners (Playoff)** (1): 1997
***Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup**
****Runners-up** (1): 1999
***Minor Trophies**
****MLS Reserve Division (2)** 2006, 2007
****Rocky Mountain Cup (2)** 2005, 2006

## Team records
### Year-by-year results
### Year-by-year stats
*Sources:* 

Note: MLS did not allow ties prior to the 2000 season as games were decided by shootout when tied at full-time.

### By opponent
# Dissolved after 2001 season.
# Dissolved after 2014 season.

### International tournaments
* '''1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup**
::Qualifying Play-off v.  Club León&nbsp;– 1:0, 2:4 (León advances 4:3 on aggregate)
* **2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League:**
** Group Stage v.  Isidro Metapán&nbsp;– 3:2
** Group Stage v.  Real España&nbsp;– 1:1
** Group Stage v.  Santos Laguna&nbsp;– 1:4
** Group Stage v.  Real España&nbsp;– 1:2
** Group Stage v.  Isidro Metapán&nbsp;– 1:3
** Group Stage v.  Santos Laguna&nbsp;– 2:0
* **2018 CONCACAF Champions League:'''
** TBD

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.coloradorapids.com Official Homepage
Fantasy

and the Questing Beast.]]
**Fantasy** is a genre of fiction (make believe) that shows some form of magic or supernatural elements.

Often fantasy also means that the story happens in a fictional place, a world different from our own (e.g. Middle-earth or Narnia). Although the word fantasy is most often applied to low-tech worlds, it also can depict high tech worlds, overlapping with science fiction (science fantasy). Or it is used for historical fiction, if it is magical in some way.

## Related pages
*Fairy tale
*Folklore

## Other websites
*[Fantasy (storytelling)](https://citizendium.org/wiki/Fantasy_(storytelling)) -Citizendium
Indiana Jones (character)

* (2008)]]
**Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr.**, often called **"Indy"** for short, is a fictional American professor, archaeologist, and adventurer.

He originally appeared in a series of movies produced by George Lucas and directed by Steven Spielberg in the 1980s, 2008, and 2023, in which he was played by actor Harrison Ford.

Indiana Jones is noted for his trademark bullwhip, his fedora hat, and his great fear of snakes.

*Indiana Jones* is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has five movies, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.

## Movies
**Raiders of the Lost Ark* (1981)
**Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom* (1984) 
**Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade* (1989)
**Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull* (2008)
**Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny* (2023)

## Video games
**Raiders of the Lost Ark -* (Atari 2600)
**Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom* arcade - (Atari System 1)
**Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game -* (C64, NES, Amiga, Macintosh, PC)
**Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures* - (SNES)
**Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis: The Graphic Adventure* - (PC, Amiga, Macintosh)
**Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine* - (PC, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game Boy Color)
**Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb* - (PC, PlayStation 2, Microsoft Xbox)
**Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings* - (Wii, Nintendo DS, PSP, PlayStation 2)
**Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine* - (PC, Nintendo 64, Gameboy Color)
**Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures* - (PC, Macintosh)
**The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles* - (NES)
**LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures* (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Macintosh)
**LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventures Continues* (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii)
**Indiana Jones Adventure World* - (Facebook)
**Indiana Jones and the Great Circle'' - (PC, Xbox Series X/S)

## Other websites 
*Official Indiana Jones site
*
Materialism

**Materialism** is the philosophical belief that the world is made of material, and that there are no other types of  (things). Everything is composed of material. Things that are not made of material, such as consciousness, are the result of actions by material. In other words, matter is the only real substance. *Physicalism* is a related term.

Especially, a materialist does not believe in supernatural entities. Many of history's materialists thinkers have found the idea of a spirit either meaningless or not scientifically proven. By definition, these thinkers are therefore also atheists, though not all atheists are materialists, and there have even been some historically important Materialist thinkers who believe in a Pantheist idea of God (such as Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Engels).

Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition to include other basic entities proven by science, such as energy, forces, and the curvature of space. Matter and energy are known to be interchangeable, and much else, such as gravity, is caused by matter. However, the concept of matter is itself not entirely clear. 

There are other types of materialism that of philosophers have shared. Some examples are reductionism, logical positivism and empiricism.

The origin of materialism is in a type of Ancient Greek philosophy. Thales, Epicurus, and Lucretius are early materialist philosophers. The idea also appeared in other ancient cultures.

## References
New Caledonia

**New Caledonia** (; popular name: *Le caillou*) () is a "*sui generis* collectivity" (in practice an overseas territory) of France, made up of a main island (*Grande Terre*) and several smaller islands. It is in the region of Melanesia in the southwest Pacific. At about half the size of Taiwan, it has a land area of 18,575.5 square kilometres (7,172&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi). At the 2004 census, 230,789 people lived there. It has an internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of .nc. The capital and largest city of the territory is Nouméa. The currency is the CFP franc. The inflation rate is -0.6%. The unemployment rate is 17.1%

A referendum was held in November 2018 to see if New Caledonia should declare independence from France. The results were more people wanted to stay in France than leave. There have been referendums later. The president of France came.

In July 2025, the Elysée Palace will sign an institutional development agreement for New Caledonia between French and Caledonian elected officials.

Kanak people are an indigenous people.

## References
Northern Cyprus

**Northern Cyprus** (), officially the **Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus** (**TRNC**; , *KKTC*), is a *de facto* state in the northern half of the island of Cyprus. It is internationally recognized as part of the Republic of Cyprus and only Turkey recognizes it as a separate state. Three hundred thousand Muslim Turkish Cypriots live in its 3,335&nbsp;km². Turkey is the only country which recognizes the territory as an independent republic despite the international sanctions and embargoes in place.

Cyprus was conquered and became part of the Ottoman Empire from 1570 to 1914. Many Ottoman Turkish people became settlers. As the Ottoman Empire sided against the British empire in World War I, the British annexed Cyprus. In 1923, by the Treaty of Lausanne Turkey gave up the island to the British Empire which in 1925 converted it to a crown colony. The British administered it from 1878 until 1960. Cypriot Turk males are circumcised, because Sunni Islam is the main religion.

In 1974, Turkish Cypriots were killed at the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre, in response to a growing conflict with Greece, the Turkish army invaded and occupied Cyprus. Many settlers from mainland Turkey came from Turkey into the northern part of the island. The move drew international condemnation and Northern Cyprus remains unrecognized by the United Nations.

Since 1974, the United Nations has established a ceasefire line between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. The  was formed in 1983 and Rauf Denktash became the first president. Negotiations for a unified island have been held several times without success.

Northern Cyprus, despite its international pariah status, stands out amongst other "frozen conflict" zones as having a relatively stable and democratic form of government with high levels of political freedom and civic engagement in the political process.

The Gurbeti-Roma are a Xoraxane Roma Muslim subgroup, who settled in Cyprus since it was part of Ottoman Empire. They speak Gurbetca an own Romani dialect and Cypriot Turkish.

## References
## Other websites 
* Government of the TRNC
* Zypern Times 
* Nordzypern Almanac 
* North Cyprus Information Map  - A directory and information source for Northern Cyprus. Company information including location maps. General and specific questions for residences and tourists
*
Sonata

A **sonata** is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying.  The word comes from the Italian “sonare” which means “to sound”.

A composer could call any solo instrumental piece “sonata” if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements.  A **sonatina** is a simple and short sonata.

## History
The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.

In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements.  There were two types: “sonata da camera” (“room sonata” i.e. “chamber sonata”) which were for playing in people’s homes, and “sonata da chiesa” (“church sonata”) which were for being played in churches.  The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment.  There would also be a cello playing the bass line.  The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.

At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord.  These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).

By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements.  They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end.  If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement.  The first movement would be in sonata form.  The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.

In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.

## Related pages
*Piano sonata
*Sonata form
The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)

__NOTOC__
***The Lord of the Rings*** is an epic high fantasy novel by J. R. R. Tolkien.

**The Lord of the Rings** may also refer to:

## Movies 
There have been several movies based on the book by J. R. R. Tolkien:
* *The Lord of the Rings* (1978 movie), an animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi
* *The Return of the King* (1980 movie)
* *The Lord of the Rings* (movie series), a trilogy of movied directed by Peter Jackson
** *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)
** *The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002)
** *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (2003)

## Music and theatre 
* *The Lord of the Rings* (musical) (2006-2007)
* *The Lord of the Rings* (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 1978 movie by Ralph Bakshi

## Astronomy 
* A euphemism for the planet Saturn
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

**Wilhelm Friedemann Bach** (22 November 1710 – 1 July 1784) was a famous German composer and organist.

He was born in Weimar. He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, who taught him to play the harpsichord and organ. Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces and put them in a book called *Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach*. Although they are in order of increasing difficulty, it is not known if these were used to teach him to play, or how to write music. The book does contain two allemandes and four preludes written by Wilhelm Friedemann. He also learned to play the violin.

Wilhelm Friedemann was an excellent organist, and took over teaching some of his father's students. In 1733 he was appointed as the organist at the Dresden Sophienkirche (St. Sophia's Church). While living in Dresden he continued to write music including harpsichord concertos, sinfonias, trio sonatas, harpsichord sonatas, and other smaller works for keyboard. He published his first music in 1745.

In 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle. This was an important position and he was paid twice as much as he had earned at Dresden. He was expected to provide music for feast days, and so he began to compose cantatas which could be reused each year. He still visited his father, and often used parts of his music. After his father's death in 1750, Wilhelm Friedemann inherited as lot of his father's music, and tried to make people think they were his compositions. He was in trouble with the church when he went to Leipzig to sort out his father's estate. They felt that he was away for too long and was not fulfilling his proper duties.

In 1764, after arguing with a lot of people, he left the job in Halle, remaining unemployed and living a life of poverty until his death.

He had a lot of talent which he did not use. He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.

## References
Lord Protector

A **Lord Protector** is a British title for heads of state. It has two different meanings at different times in history.

The title of *Lord Protector* was first used by royal princes or other nobles who ruled as regent while the English monarch was still too young to rule or was not able to rule for some other reason, in this case the Lord Protector would make all the decisions for the country, and the young monarch would decide whether they agree or not.

The **Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland** was the title of the head of state during the Interregnum, following the first period of the Commonwealth under Council of State government. It was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653 – September 1658), leader of the roundheads and his son Richard Cromwell (September 1658 – May 1659) during what is now known as the Protectorate. 

## List of Lord Protectors
Gandalf

**Gandalf** is a Middle-earth wizard from the books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

## Fictional biography
Gandalf the Grey wanted Bilbo Baggins to let him go an adventure with him and the Company of Thorin Oakenshield to take back Erebor from Smaug. Decades later, he would help Bilbo's nephew Frodo bring the One Ring back to the fires of Mount Doom.

## Peter Jackson adaptations (2001–2003, 2012–2014)
In the Peter Jackson movie adaptations of both books, Gandalf was played by Ian McKellen. In The Hobbit movies, which were written as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings movies, he figures out that the Necromancer happens to be Sauron.

## Reception
His notable quote "You shall not pass" is known for fantasy and literary fans.
Elijah Wood

, New Zealand for the 2003 world premiere of *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King*]]
**Elijah Jordan Wood** (born January 28, 1981, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American actor.

He has been a professional actor since he was nine years old. Wood is best known for his role of Frodo Baggins in the *Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy.

## Films 
* *Back to the Future Part II* (1989)
* *North* (1994)
* *Oliver Twist* (1997)
* *The Ice Storm* (1997)
* *Deep Impact* (1998)
* *The Faculty* (1998)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002)
* *All I Want* (2003)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (2003)
* *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* (2004)
* *Everything Is Illuminated* (2005)
* *Green Street Hooligans* (2005)
* *Sin City* (2005)
* *Happy Feet* (2006)
* *Day Zero* (2007)
* *The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night* (2007)
* *The Oxford Murders* (2008)
* *The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon* (2008)
* *9* (2009/I)
* *Beyond All Boundaries *(2009)
* *The Romantics* (2010)

## Other websites 
* Elijah Wood at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Viggo Mortensen

**Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr.** (born October 20, 1958, in New York City) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter. He is best known for his role as Aragorn in Peter Jackson's *Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy.

## Movies 
**Witness* (1985)
**G.I. Jane* (1997)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (2003)
**Hidalgo* (2004)
**A History of Violence* (2005)

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
## Other websites
Ian Holm

**Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert** CBE (12 September 1931 – 19 June 2020), known professionally as **Ian Holm** was a  retired English actor. 

Ian Holm was born at Goodmayes Hospital in Goodmayes, Essex, He was son of James Harvey Cuthbert and his wife Jean Wilson (née Holm), The hospital was his father working there .

He married to four times, He had five children in his life. 

He died in a London hospital on 19 June 2020 from Parkinson's disease-related problems, at the age of 88.

## Movies 
* *Alien* (1979)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (2003)
* *Ratatouille* (2007)
* ‘’Chariots Of Fire’’ (1981)

## References-
## Other websites
*Sir Ian Holm (inoffiziell)
Ian McKellen

**Sir Ian Murray McKellen**  (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He has had a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.

## Life
McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire. In 1939, he moved to Wigan. In 1951, he moved to Bolton.

His work has spanned genres from serious Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction movies.

In a television movie role in 1970 titled *Edward II*, he and his co-star, James Laurenson kissed in British television's first gay kiss.

Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 *Lord of the Rings* movie trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in *The Da Vinci Code*, and as Magneto in the *X-Men* series of movies. He appeared in *The Hobbit* (trilogy).

He is openly gay and is a prominent activist for the rights of LGBT people. He said that the reason why he took the role in the *X-Men* movies was because of his sexuality. He said: "Mutants are like gays. They’re cast out by society for no good reason".

McKellen once signed an autograph to a fan stating "Fuck off, I’m gay." The person given the autograph was politician Michael Howard.

## Movies
**Apt Pupil* (1998)
**Gods and Monsters* (1998)
**X-Men* (2000)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (2003)
**X2: X-Men United* (2003)
**Emile* (2005)
**Asylum* (2005)
**The Magic Roundabout* (2005)
**Flushed Away* (2006)
**The Da Vinci Code* (2006)
**X-Men: The Last Stand* (2006)
**The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey* (2012)
**The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug* (2013)
**The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies* (2014)
**The Good Liar* (2019)
**Cats* (2019)

## References 
## Other websites 
*The papers of Sir Ian McKellen, actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
* 
* 
* Biography of Sir Ian McKellen, CH, CBE, Debrett's
Sean Astin

**Sean Astin** (born February 25, 1971 in Santa Monica, California, U.S.) is an American movie actor. Astin is also a director and Oscar nominated producer. He is the son of Patty Duke and he is the adoptive son of John Astin.

On September 12, 2025, it was announced that Astin was elected president of SAG-AFTRA for a two-year term. Astin's mother, Patty Duke, was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild forty years earlier.

## Personal life 
Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992. They have three daughters, Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002) and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all with the same middle name of Louise.

## Movies
**The Goonies* (1985)
**Toy Soldiers* (1991)
**Encino Man* (1992)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* (2002)
**The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* (2003)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sean Astin's official home page
*
George Frideric Handel

**George Frideric Handel** (German: **Georg Friedrich Händel**) (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was an German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later became a naturalised Briton. Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year. They were the greatest composers of their time, but they never met. Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British; he removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling of Georg and Friedrich. The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.

Although they both lived in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently. Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous. He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition. Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well known by the general public.

Handel wrote over 42 operas. Later he wrote oratorios. His most famous oratorio is the *Messiah*. He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including *the Water Music* and *Music for the Royal Fireworks*.

## Life 
### Early years 
Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt. His father was a barber and a surgeon. He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young. He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him. At the age of nine he was already composing. He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow who was the organist of the big church, the Marienkirche, in Halle. He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.

Handel’s father did not want him to study music; he wanted him to be a lawyer. Although Handel's father died in 1697, Handel enrolled at the University of Halle in 1703. He studied law for a year because his father wanted him to do so. After that year, Handel was unhappy studying law. He decided to stop studying law and become a musician. He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle. The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house. Here his first two operas, *Almira* and *Nero*, were produced early in 1705. Two other early operas, *Daphne* and *Florindo*, were produced at Hamburg in 1708.

Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1707. He spent four years there. His opera *Rodrigo* was produced in Florence in 1707, and his *Agrippina* at Venice in 1709. *Agrippina* was very popular and had 26 performances. It made Handel famous. He also had three oratorios produced in Rome. He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. *Dixit Dominus* (1707).

### Move to England 
]]
In 1710, Handel became *Kapellmeister* (music director) to George, Elector of Hanover,

## References
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

'''''A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court''''' is a novel. It was written by Mark Twain. It was published in 1889. It is one of the first stories about time travel. 

## Story 
Hank Morgan is an American from late 19th-century Connecticut. He travels back in time to King Arthur's Camelot. He has a lot of knowledge of science and technology. He becomes very powerful. People call him "The Boss". He tries to improve medieval society according to the morals and technologies of his time. In the end, Merlin puts Hank in a magic sleep. Hank wakes in his own time.
Juno (mythology)

**Juno** (), in Roman mythology, is the wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods. Her father was Saturn.  She was later identified with the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was called **Juno Regina** ("Queen"). She was the patron goddess of Rome and a protector of the state. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was part of the Capitoline triad of gods.

Juno, Roman goddess and Hera, Greek goddess, are the same person just believed to be different.

## References
Aria

An **aria** is a long song accompanying a solo voice. An aria is usually in an opera. It is an Italian word of the 18th century meaning “air” (i.e. a tune).
A small amount of text is used in an aria. Characteristics include the use of melismas, repetition and sequences. Typically there would be full accompaniment to the solo voice in the aria although this is not the case in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas where the majority of its arias are only accompanied by the continuo part.

In operas of the Baroque period most of the music was either “recitative” or “aria”. Recitative (from a word meaning: “to recite” i.e. “to tell”) was sung quickly, almost as if it were being spoken. The singer was accompanied just by a few supporting chords, usually on a harpsichord. The story was being told in the recitative.
Once the situation in the story had changed there would be an aria. The singer would sing a song which expressed his or her feelings. The aria had more musical interest than the recitative. Arias were usually in what we call “ABA” form or “Da Capo” form. There was a main section, then a middle part, then the main section was repeated (“Da Capo” means: “back to the beginning”). In the Da Capo section the singer usually improvised, adding many embellishments and ornaments. The aria gave performers the opportunity to show off their virtuosity.

The word “aria” is not just used in opera. Arias can be found in cantatas or just by themselves. Sometimes pieces for instruments are called “aria”. These are often a tune with variations, such as Handel's famous "Air with Variations" for harpsichord, also known as The Harmonious Blacksmith.

In the 19th century the difference between recitative and aria in opera started to disappear. Composers like Richard Wagner made the music much more continuous. He did not want audiences clapping in the middle of his operas. He wanted the music to develop dramatically and continuously.

## References