open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tetration

**Tetration** is the hyperoperation which comes after exponentiation. ^{x}{y} means y exponentiated by itself, (x-1) times. List of first 4 natural number hyperoperations, the inverse operations of tetration are the super root and the super logarithm.
#Addition
#:a + n = a + \underbrace{1 + 1 + \cdots + 1}_n
#:: copies of 1 added to .
#Multiplication
#:a \times n = \underbrace{a + a + \cdots + a}_n
#::'** copies of **' combined by addition.
#Exponentiation
#:a^n = \underbrace{a \times a \times \cdots \times a}_n
#::'** copies of **' combined by multiplication.
#Tetration
#:{^{n}a} = \underbrace{a^{a^{\cdot^{\cdot^{a}}}}}_n
::'** copies of **' combined by exponentiation, right-to-left.

The above example is read as "the nth tetration of a".

## Examples 
*  ^{2}3 = 3^3 = 27 
*  ^{3}3 = 3^{({3^3})} = 3^{27} = 7,625,597,484,987 

:

## References
Joe Strummer

**John Graham Mellor** (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), better known by his stage name, **Joe Strummer**, was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of the British punk rock band The Clash.

He was also member of The 101ers, Latino Rockabilly War, The Mescaleros and The Pogues, in addition to his own solo music career. Strummer's work included acting, creating film scores, songwriting, radio broadcasting, and a position as a radio host. He is one of the most iconic figures of the British punk movement.

He died of heart disease at his home in Broomfield, Somerset, England.
Pope Paul IV

**Pope Paul IV** (; 28 June 1476&nbsp;– 18 August 1559), born **Giovanni Pietro Carafa**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 23 May 1555 until his death.

## Early life
Giovanni Pietro Carafa was born in Capriglia Irpina in a noble family of Naples.

### Bishop
Pope Leo X sent Carafa as ambassador to England and then as papal nuncio in Spain.

He reorganized the Roman Inquisition.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

### After his death
He was buried in St. Peter's Basilica but was later transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul IV
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Carafa
Arturo Vidal

**Arturo Erasmo Vidal Pardo** (born 22 May 1987) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Athletico Paranaense and the Chile national team.

## References
Quill

A **quill pen** is a tool used for writing, made from a flight feather of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before other pens were invented. They are still used in calligraphy sometimes. Today, most paper is made from wood plulp. Such papers use the quill rather rapidly.  The hollow shaft of the feather (the *calamus*) acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action.
Premise

A **premise** is a statement which an argument claims will justify a . The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument.

## Aristotelian logic 
Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to three premises and a conclusion. Premises are sometimes left unstated in which case they are called missing premises, for example:

::Socrates is mortal, since all men are mortal.

It is understood that Socrates is a man.  The fully expressed reasoning is thus:

::Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal.

In this example, the first two independent clauses before the comma (namely, "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion.

## Mathematical logic 
In logic, an argument requires a set of two declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises, with another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion. This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure.

More complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises. An example of this is the use of the rules of inference found within symbolic logic.

## Related pages
* Apples and oranges
* False dilemma
* Falsifiability

## References
Flag of Kentucky

The **flag of Kentucky** was first used on March 26, 1918. It has a blue background, with Kentucky's seal in the middle. The seal shows a picture of two men hugging each other. Legend says that the two men were Daniel Boone and Henry Clay. Above their heads says "United We Stand". By their toes says "Divided We Fall". The phrase "United We Stand, Divided We Fall" is Kentucky's motto.

## References
## Other websites
*Kentucky's State Flag
Illustrissimi

***Illustrissimi*** (*To the Illustrious Ones*) is a book written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice. 

The book is a collection of letters which were first published in the Italian Christian paper *Messaggero di S. Antonio* between 1972 and 1975.  They were reprinted in book form in Italy in 1976. 

The work was first published in English in 1978 when Cardinal Luciani was elected Pope, but it only reached the public after the death of John Paul I.

## The letters
The 40 letters in all are addressed to people in Italian history and fiction, including

**Charles Dickens*
**Mark Twain*
**G. K. Chesterton*
**Maria Theresa of Austria*
**Charles Peguy*
**Trilussa*
**St Bernard of Clairvaux*
**Johann Wolfgang von Goethe*
**King David*
**Penelope*
**Figaro*
**The Pickwick Club*
**Pinocchio*
**Paolo Diacono*
**Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova*
**St Bernardino of Siena*
**St Francis de Sales*
*''St Romedio's Bear*
**P.I. Chichikov*
**King Lemuel*
**Sir Walter Scott*
*The Unknown Painter at the Castle
**Hippocrates*
**St Thérèse de Lisieux*
**Alessandro Manzoni*
**Casella*
**Luigi Cornaro*
**St Bonaventure*
**Christopher Marlowe*
**St Luke*
**Quintilian*
**Guglielmo Marconi*
**Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli*
**Félix Dupanloup*
**Petrarch*
**St Theresa of Avila*
**Carlo Goldoni*
**Andreas Hofer*
**Jesus''

## References
Space Launch System

's picture of the Space Launch System flying]]
The **Space Launch System** (**SLS**) is a NASA rocket. It is a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. It is the second most powerful rocket ever built, less powerful than Starship. The SLS is a replacement for the retired Space Shuttle.  Many parts are modified versions of parts designed for the Space Shuttle. Others are new designs.

The first flight with astronauts will be no earlier than 2026. The planned flight is Artemis 2.

## Types 
The Space Launch System comes in many different types meant to launch different kinds of missions.
### Block 1 
The least powerful kind of the SLS is the Block 1. The core stage will use the parts of the Space Shuttle External Tank. It will also use four Space Shuttle Main Engines. The rocket boosters are connected to the sides are the 5-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The top stage will use is the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS).

### Block 1B 
Block 1B is similar to the Block 1. The top stage will change with Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). A crew version and a cargo version will be made.

### Block 2 
Block 2 is similar to Block 1B. The 5-segment SRBs will be changed with advanced boosters.

## Related pages 
* Artemis program
* NASA
* Orion (spacecraft)

## References
Marry the Night

"**Marry the Night**" is the fifth and final single off Lady Gaga's second studio album *Born This Way*. It was written and produced by Gaga. "Marry the Night" is a dance-pop song influenced by house and electropop. It additionally combines elements of disco and rock, with a funk rock-inspired breakdown. The song's lyrics are an homage to New York City and to the city's nightlife.  The song reached number 29 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.  On March 27, 2012, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Gold for sales and shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US.

## Music video 
The music video for the song has autobiographical elements, showing Gaga after she was dropped from Def Jam Records. The video starts off in a hospital, and shows scenes of the singer dancing on top of a car and with a dance troupe.

## References
Who Knew

**"Who Knew"** is a single from American pop rock singer Pink, off her fourth album ''I'm Not Dead''. It's about losing a friend due to abusing drugs. The song was released in 2006, although it was not until 2007 that the single became a hit after being released again following success of Pink's other song *U + Ur Hand*
Knuth's up-arrow notation

'''Knuth's up-arrow notation'* is a way of expressing very big numbers.  It was made by Donald Knuth in 1976.
#Exponentiation
#:a \uparrow^{1} b = a^b = \underbrace{a \times a \times \cdots \times a}_{b \ times}
#::*a* multiplied by itself, *b* times.
#Tetration
#:a \uparrow^{2} b = a \uparrow \uparrow b = {^{b}a} =  \underbrace{(a^{(a^{(\cdot^{\cdot^{(a)...)}}}}}_{b \ times} = \underbrace{(a \uparrow^1 (a \uparrow^1 (... \uparrow^1 a)...)}_{b \ times}
#::*a* exponentiated by itself, *b'' times. 
#Third level 
#:a \uparrow^{3} b = a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b = \underbrace{a \uparrow \uparrow (a \uparrow \uparrow (a \uparrow \uparrow \ldots a) \ldots ) )}_{b \ times}
#etc.
#:a \uparrow^{n} b = a \underbrace{\uparrow \uparrow \dots \uparrow  \uparrow}_{n \ times} b = \underbrace{a \uparrow^{n-1} (a \uparrow^{n-1} (a \uparrow^{n-1} \ldots a) \ldots ) )}_{b \ times}

This notation is used to describe the incredibly large Graham's Number.

## References
Self-similarity

in the Mandelbrot set]]
 shows fractal structures and fibonacci-spirals.]]
Something is **self-similar** if it is similar (or very close) to a part of itself.  For example, the Mandelbrot set is self-similar as it contains an infinite number of almost exact copies of itself.

## References
Rick Santorum

**Richard John "Rick" Santorum** (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

## Early life
Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent.  He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.  He went to college and to law school at Penn State University.  Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.

## U.S. senate (1995-2007)
Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995.  With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate.  He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007.  In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage.  Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II.  After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

## 2012 presidential campaign
In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

## 2016 presidential campaign
Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

## Personal life
Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.

## References
## Other websites
* Rick Santorum for President
* Column archives at *Townhall.com*
Bernie Madoff

**Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff** (; April 29, 1938 &ndash; April 14, 2021) was an American former investor, former stockbroker and former non-executive chairman for NASDAQ Stock Market. He was the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in United States history.

## Ponzi scheme
In March 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. Thousands of investors lost billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the 1970s. The people who are hunting for the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate. The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion. The court-appointed trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion.

## Personal life
Madoff was of Jewish descent. He was married to Ruth. The elder of their two sons committed suicide by hanging in 2010. The younger son died of lymphoma in 2014. 

## Health
In December 2013, Madoff suffered from a heart attack. In January 2014, he said he had stage 4 kidney cancer.

## Death
Madoff died on April 14, 2021 at a prison medical center in Butner, North Carolina after suffering from kidney disease for many years, at the age of 82. His cause of death was hypertension caused by heart and kidney disease.

## References
## Other websites
*Criminal complaint, transcripts of hearings and other documents from the United States Department of Justice
*Archive of the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities website
*Madoff's current location within the Bureau of Prisons system 
*The Independent: Madoff reveals his suffering
Duckboards

**Duckboards** are wooden walkways. They are usually put over muddy ground. Doing this means that people can walk on the dry duckboards instead of the muddy ground.

## Hiking 
Duckboards are used to allow hikers to walk over wet and/or muddy ground, like a swamp or shores of a lake. Very wide duckboards are used sometimes so that wheelchair users can use them. Duckboards can be nailed into logs with wooden stakes.

## World War I 
During World War I, duckboards were put along the ground of trenches on the Western Front. This is because the trenches usually flooded. Mud and water would stay in the trenches for months. The boards helped to keep the soldiers' feet dry. It also helped stop soldiers get a disease called trench foot. Trench foot is caused by standing on wet, muddy ground for a long time. They also helped soldiers move along the trenches faster. Sometimes, falling from duckboards could be deadly. Some unlucky soldiers drowned in mud because of their heavy .

## Other websites
Twenty Questions

**20Q** is a game where somebody thinks of an object and the goal is to figure out what it is in 20 questions or fewer.  It is available as a handheld game, a website, and a game show.  It usually starts out by asking whether the object is an "animal, vegetable, mineral, or other".

## Related pages 
* Akinator

## Other websites 
20Q website
I'll Be Home for Christmas

'''"I'll Be Home for Christmas"''' is a holiday song written via Buck Ram, Walter Kent and Kim Gannon. It was first sung by Bing Crosby beginning in 1943. It's been covered by many other artists, such as The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant and Jordin Sparks throughout the years.

## References
Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree

"'''Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree'*" is an extremely popular christmas song written by  and recorded by Brenda Lee in 1958. It was released on  24 November 1958, and has sold over 15 million copies worldwide. Other artists have covered the song through the years, including, however not limited to Justin Bieber, Amy Grant, Jessica Simpson, LeAnn Rimes and Miley Cyrus. In November 2023, a music video was released, and in December, the song topped the US *Billboard'' Hot 100 chart for the first time, making Lee the oldest artist ever to top the Hot 100 at age 78, later breaking the record once again one week later at the age of 79. The song also set the record for the longest period of time between an original release and its topping the US Charts at 65 years, as well as the longest time between number-one singles by an artist at 63 years, one month and two weeks.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Certifications
## References
Jingle Bells

"**Jingle Bells**" is a popular American winter song about riding through the snow in a sleigh. It was written by James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) of Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857. It was written to be sung for Thanksgiving. It is also sung at Christmas. It is sung at Christmas so much that most people believe it is a Christmas song, but it is not.

## Jingle Bells piano 
## Song lyrics 
## Gallery

File:Jingle Bells refrain vector.svg|Chorus of "Jingle Bells"
File:Jingle Bells 19 High St Medford MA-2010.jpg|Plaque at 19 High Street, Medford, Massachusetts
File:Pierpont Jingle Bells Savannah.jpg|Historical marker in Savannah, Georgia
File:Uphill Sleigh Ride.jpg|One horse sleigh
Jingle Bell Rock

"**Jingle Bell Rock**" is a popular Christmas song. It was first sung by Bobby Helms in 1957. It is often played on the radio during the Christmas season. "Jingle Bell Rock" was composed (written) by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).

Since 1957, other singers have recorded their own versions of this song including, Jessica Simpson, Hilary Duff, Johnny Mathis, Hall & Oates and Brenda Lee.  Many others have done so as well.

## In popular culture
* It is the opening song from the 1987 film *Lethal Weapon*.
* Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed the song in the 1987 Christmas television special *A Muppet Family Christmas*.
* Helms' original recording is featured in the film *Cookie* (1989).
* The song was featured in the 1992 film *Home Alone 2: Lost in New York*.
* *Jingle Bell Rock* is an animated (cartoon) Christmas special first seen in 1995 on ABC, which featured Milton Berle as one of the voice actors.
* In the 2004 teen comedy film *Mean Girls*, the song is performed by several characters in their annual Christmas talent show.

## References
Seydou Keita

**Seydou Keïta** (; anglicised to **Keita**; born 16 January 1980) is a Malian former professional footballer.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Sources:

### International
:Source:

:''Scores and results list Mali's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mali goal''.

## Honours
**Lorient**
*Coupe de France: 2001–02

**Lens**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005

**Sevilla**
*Supercopa de España: 2007

**Barcelona**
*La Liga: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
*Copa del Rey: 2008–09, 2011–12; runner-up 2010–11
*Supercopa de España: 2009, 2010, 2011
*UEFA Champions League: 2008–09, 2010–11
*UEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011

**Mali**
*FIFA U-20 World Cup third place: 1999
*Africa Cup of Nations third place: 2012, 2013

**Individual**
*FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball: 1999
*CAF Team of the Year: 2009, 2011
*Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year: 2006–07
*Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2002, 2010, 2012, 2013

## References
Pope Paul

**Pope Paul** may mean:
*Pope Paul I (757–767)
*Pope Paul II (1464–1471)
*Pope Paul III (1534–1549)
*Pope Paul IV (1555–1559)
*Pope Paul V (1605–1621)
*Pope Paul VI (1963–1978)

*See also:*
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
Pope Pius III

**Pope Pius III** (; 29 May 1439 – 18 October 1503), born Franchesco Todeschini and also known as **Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 216th Pope  from 22 September to 18 October 1503.

## Early life
Francesco Todeschini was born in Siena.  He was the nephew of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who would become Pope Pius II.  He was allowed by uncle to take his mother's maiden name of Piccolomini.  His studies in law at the University of Perugia led to a doctorate degree.

## Pope
Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope on September 22, 1503, His choice of name honors his uncle Pius II.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius III
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Piccolomini 
* "The Piccolomini Library"
Tidal stream power

-type (centre).]]
**Tidal stream power** is the hydropower of the tidal movement of water.  A tidal stream generator is a machine that extracts energy from moving water in tides.  Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents.

Tidal stream power is the cheapest and the least ecologically damaging among the three main forms of tidal power generation.

Tidal stream power is a relatively new technology. It was first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.

The potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of similarly rated wind energy turbine. Water is about 800 times the density of air. So, water pushing against a turbine can provide much more power than air pushing against a similar turbine at the same speed. Also, the lowest water speeds needed for an economic power project is lower than the wind speed needed for a wind turbine project. In practice, the tide must move at speeds of at least 2&nbsp;knots (1&nbsp;m/s) even close to neap tides to be a source of power. 

As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between islands or other land masses. 
## Environmental impact
The main concern has been whether the turbines kill fish. Very little direct environmental research or observation of tidal stream systems exists. Most direct observations consist of releasing tagged fish upstream of the device(s) and direct observation of mortality or impact on the fish.

One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), had 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (scientific echosounder) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.

Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.

## References
Patty Smyth

**Patty Smyth** (born June 26, 1957 in New York City) is an American rock and roll singer. She first had success as lead singer of the group Scandal. Her solo hit songs include "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough".
Ohio County, West Virginia

**Ohio County** is a county in West Virginia. It was created in 1776. It was named for the Ohio River which forms its western border.  West Liberty (formerly Black's Cabin) was the county seat from 1777 to 1797.  The city of Wheeling, West Virginia has been the county seat since then. As of 2020, 42,425 people lived there.

Ohio County is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia metropolitan area.

## Bordering counties
*Brooke County (north)
*Washington County, Pennsylvania (east)
*Marshall County (south)
*Belmont County, Ohio (west)
*Jefferson County, Ohio (northwest)

Ohio County is one of four US counties to border the state with whom it shares its name (the others are Nevada County, California, Texas County, Oklahoma, and Delaware County, Pennsylvania).

## References
Pope Pius

**Pope Pius** may mean:
*Pope Pius I (c. 140–154, but Vatican lists 142/146 – 157/161)
*Pope Pius II (1458–1464)
*Pope Pius III (1503–1503)
*Pope Pius IV (1559–1565)
*Pope Pius V (1566–1572)
*Pope Pius VI (1775–1799)
*Pope Pius VII (1800–1823)
*Pope Pius VIII (1829–1830)
*Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
*Pope Pius X (1903–1914)
*Pope Pius XI (1922–1939)
*Pope Pius XII (1939–1958)
Pope Pius IV

**Pope Pius IV** (; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born **Giovanni Angelo Medici**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 225th Pope from 1559 to 1565.

## Early life
Giovanni Angelo Medici was born in Milan. He was not closely related to the Medicis of Florence.

He studied at University of Pavia and the University of Bologna where he earned a law degree.

During the reign of Pope Paul IV, Cardinal Medici was out of favor.

### Council of Trent
Pope Paul III presided over the last session of the Council of Trent

In part, the Tridentine Creed reflects the thinking of church leaders at the Council of Trent.

### After his death
After his death in 1565, the body of Pope Pius IV was entombed at the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Medici family

## References
 popes]]

## Other websites
* 
* "Pius," *Encyclopædia Britannica,* 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IV
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Medici
Functional programming

**Functional programming** is a programming paradigm where values are passed around into functions, and those functions are themselves values. Functional programmers often try to make large parts of their code referentially transparent.

## Related pages
* Filter (functional programming)
* Map (functional programming)
* Monad (functional programming)

## References
Darlene Love

**Darlene Wright**, better known as **Darlene Love**, (born July 26, 1941) is an American pop rock singer and actress. She was born in Los Angeles. She became well known in the 1960s with many hit songs. She has also acted in movies and many television programs.

## References
JSON

**JSON** (**JavaScript Object **) is a way of ing information.  JSON is usually easy to understand.  It can express information like XML.  It is based on JavaScript's notation for object literals.  However, JSON is stricter. Even though JSON is named after JavaScript, it can be used in other programming languages, such as Python (PHP, etc.)

## Example 
This is an example of JSON:

```javascript
{
     "firstName": "John",
     "lastName" : "Smith",
     "age"      : 25,
     "address"  :
     {
         "streetAddress": "21 2nd Street",
         "city"         : "New York",
         "state"        : "NY",
         "postalCode"   : "10021"
     },
     "phoneNumber":
     [
         {
           "type"  : "",
           "number": "212 555-1234"
         },
         {
           "type"  : "fax",
           "number": "646 555-4567"
         }
     ]
 }
```

**JSON Encoding and Decoding in Python**

Encoding:

```python
import json

sampleDict = {
  "firstName": "John",
  "lastName" : "Smith"
}

sampleJson = json.dumps(sampleDict, indent=4)
```

Decoding:

```python
import json

# A JSON string or can be a JSON response
sampleJson = """{ "firstName": "John", "lastName" : "Smith"}"""

sampleDict = json.loads(sampleJson)
print(sampleDict['firstName'])
print(sampleDict['lastName'])
```

## References 
## Other websites 
* JSON website
Baby, It's Cold Outside

'''"Baby, It's Cold Outside"''' is a 1944 song. Frank Loesser wrote the words. This song was sold to MGM. The song does not mention any holiday, but it is regarded as a Christmas song because of the lyrics' depiction of a snowy backdrop. The song is often heard on radio at Christmas time. It has been recorded by multiple musicians, including Dean Martin, Ray Charles and Barry Manilow.
U.S. Route 250

**U.S. Route 250** (**US 250**) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System.  It is a spur of U.S. Route 50.  It runs for  from Sandusky, Ohio to Richmond, Virginia.  It passes through the states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio.  The road goes through the cities of Richmond, Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Staunton, Virginia, and Wheeling, West Virginia. US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50  west of Pruntytown, West Virginia. In West Virginia, the route is signed north–south. In Ohio and Virginia, the route is signed east–west.
Sam P. Chelladurai

**Sam Chelladurai** () (born 7 December 1952) is the Senior Pastor of the Apostolic Fellowship Tabernacle, a church in Chennai, India. His sermons at the church are televised in Tamil, English, and Hindi. Also, all his church services are "webcast" live on his website, www.revsam.org. He also leads the Full Gospel Bible Institute and an Evangelistic Outreach Program (Campaign India). He prints a Monthly Magazine in Tamil (Vettriyum Vaazhvum). He speaks at Teaching Seminars throughout South India.

## Sermon Titles
Sam Chelladurai taught on many different topics, including the following:
* The Law of Faith** (Continues)**
* ''God's Kingdom*
* *Amazing Grace*
* *Who we are, What we have and What we can do* 
* *Authority of the Believer*
* *Abundant Life*
* *Establishing your heart on God's word*
* *The Book of Ephesians* (A verse-by-verse Exposition) **(Continues)**
* *Prayer*
* *The God-Kind of Faith* 
* *Living Under an Open Heaven*
* *Biblical Parenting*
* *Fatherhood*
* *God's laws of Increase*
* *God's laws of Success*
* *Divine Healing*
* *Faith To Change Your Circumstances*
* *Elijah*
* *The Glory Of The Cross*
* *Husbands and Fathers*
* *The Innerman*
* *Believer's Prosperity*
* *The Blessing of the Lord*
* *Sermon on the mount* 
* *Renewing of the Mind*
* *Righteousness*
* *Joy*
* *Knowing Jesus Christ*
* *Knowing the Heavenly Father*
* *Guidance of the Holy Spirit*
* *Life of Excellence*
* *Long Life*
* *Meditation*
* *Nature of Man*
* *Paul's Prayer*
* *Potential*
* *Importance of God's word*
* *Power of Purpose*
* *God's Will*
* *Family*
* *God Is Good*
* *Psalm 23*
* *Psalm 91*
* *Knowing the Holy Spirit*
* *Principles from the Beginnings*
* *Rapture*
* *Revelation*
* *Spiritual Depression*
* *The blood of Jesus*
* *The Cross*
* *The Doctrine of Man*
* *Who we are in Christ*
* *The Winning Husband*
* *Word of God* 
* *The Book of Romans (A verse-by-verse Exposition)*
* *Prosperity: God's will for you''

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
Ibrahim Afellay

**Ibrahim Afellay** (born 2 April 1986 in Utrecht, Netherlands) is a Moroccan-Dutch former footballer. He made 53 appearances for the Netherlands.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Afellay goal.''

## Honours
**PSV**
* Eredivisie: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08
* KNVB Cup: 2004–05
* Johan Cruyff Shield: 2008

**Barcelona**
* La Liga: 2010–11
* Copa del Rey: 2011–12
* UEFA Champions League: 2010–11

**Olympiacos**
* Superleague Greece: 2014–15

**Netherlands**
* FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2010

**Individual**
* Johan Cruyff Trophy: 2007

## References
Pope Pius II

**Pope Pius II** (; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), born **Enea Silvio Piccolomini** ,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 211th Pope from August 19, 1458 until his death in 1464.

## Early life
Pius II was born at Corsignano, which is near Siena.  He was the oldest of 18 children.

He studied at the University of Siena.  The pope chose to be called "Pius" because of the adjective pious which recurs in the phrase "pius Aeneas" in Virgil's  *Aeneid*.

St. Catherine of Siena was canonized during his reign.
* *De miseria curialium* (1485)
* *Epistolæ in pontificatu editæ* (1487)
* *Aeneas Siluius in Europam* (1490)
* *Eneas siluius de remedio amoris Somniu fortune eiusdem* (1490)
* *Epistolae familiares* (1492)
* *Lystoire de Eurialus et Lucresse, vrays amoureux* (1493)
* *Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae temporibus suis contigerunt* (1584)

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Tomb of Pius II 
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius II
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Piccolomini 
* "The Piccolomini Library"
Mario Kart 7

***Mario Kart 7*** (also called ***MK7*** and originally called ***Mario Kart 3DS***) is a Nintendo 3DS racing game released on December 1, 2011. It is the seventh main game in the series. The game has additions, including hang-gliding attachments on karts and driving underwater. The player is able to customize their karts. Mario, Luigi, Peach, Toad, Yoshi, DK, Koopa Troopa, Bowser, Daisy, Rosalina, Metal Mario, Lakitu, Wiggler, Shy Guy, Wario, Waluigi, and Mii appeared as playable characters.
## List of Characters 
## Starters 
* Mario
* Luigi
* Peach
* Yoshi
* Bowser
* Donkey Kong
* Toad
* Koopa Troopa
## Unlockables 
* Daisy
* Wario
* Rosalina
* Metal Mario
* Shy Guy
* Waluigi
* Wiggler
* Lakitu
* Mii
## Voice Cast 
* Mario/Luigi/Wario/Metal Mario/Waluigi-Charles Martinet
* Peach/Toad-Sam Kelly
* Bowser-Kenny James
* Daisy-Deanna Mustard
* Rosalina-Kerri Kane
* Lakitu-Tadd Morgan

## References
The Ronettes

**The Ronettes** were an American girl group. They were based in New York City and were popular in the 1960s. The girls began singing as adolescents around Spanish Harlem in 1959.

They were originally a five-member group, **Ronnie and the Relatives**, who became a permanent act at the *Peppermint Lounge*, earning $10 a night per girl to dance *The Twist* and sing a song during the show. Later, Ronnie and the Relatives became 'The Ronettes'. She and Spector separated in 1973 and divorced one year later. In August 2011, Spector admitted that she went to rehab in order to escape living with Phil.

## Top hits 
The first top hit credited to the Ronettes was *Be My Baby* in 1963. They had already recorded several hits which were issued and credited to another group, the Crystals. *Walking in the Rain* (Ronette version) won a Grammy Award in 1965, and *Be My Baby* went into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. Other hits were *Silhouettes*, ''Baby, I Love You', ''(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up*.

## Albums
### Studio albums
**Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes featuring Veronica'' (1964)

## References
I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus

**"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"** is a Christmas song with words and music by British songwriter Tommie Connor. The original recording by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd rose to #1 on the *Billboard* charts in December 1952. The words tell of a child who sees Mommy kissing Santa Claus underneath the mistletoe.

The Roman Catholic Church in Boston hated the song because it is a Christmas song that also mentions sex. Radio stations in several markets banned it. Boyd went to church leaders to talk about the words. The ban on the song was lifted.

The song has been performed by various musicians, including but not limited to the Ronettes, Jackson 5, Jessica Simpson, John Mellencamp, Amy Winehouse and other singers throughout the years.

## References
Yahoo! Search

**Yahoo! Search** is an Internet search engine. It is owned by Yahoo! Inc. In December 2009, it was the 2nd most used search engine- 6.42% of internet searches were done on Yahoo! Search. Google was the most used with 85.35% and Baidu was 3rd with 3.67%, according to Net Applications.

Yahoo! Search started as a web directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy. Then, in the late 1990s, Yahoo! changed into a portal with a search interface and, by 2007, a limited version of selection-based search.

Yahoo! Search used to be called "Yahoo! provided Search interface". It would send queries to a searchable index of pages and its directory of sites. The results were shown on the screen under the Yahoo! brand. Originally, none of the actual web searching and storage/retrieval of data was done by Yahoo! itself. In 2001 the searchable index was run by Inktomi and later was run by Google until 2004, when Yahoo! Search became independent.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would run Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search customers and partners were moved to Bing by early 2012.

## References
## Other websites 
* Yahoo! Search 
* Search Engines: costs vs. benefits
Flag of Ireland

The national **flag of the Republic of Ireland** () is a tricolour vertical flag of green, white, and orange. It is also known as the **Irish tricolour**. The flag proportion is 1:2 (length twice the width). To unionists it is frequently seen as antagonistic to their history and culture.

Its meaning is not explained in the Irish Constitution, but the Irish government has stated that:
* the green represents the Gaelic (catholic) tradition of Ireland;
* the orange represents the followers of William of Orange in Ireland who were supporters of the Protestant Anglo-Irish loyalist tradition.
* and the white represents the hope of peace, or a truce, between them.

## References
Gallipoli

The **Gallipoli** peninsula (; ; ) is in Turkish East Thrace, the European part of Turkey.  To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.

## History
After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by the Ottoman Turks from northwestern Anatolia.  This made it the first Turkish position in Europe.

The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century.  By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians, Jews and Xoraxane Roma.

It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854).  It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.

In World War I, Gallipoli was the site of the Gallipoli Campaign launched by British and French forces against the Turkish Empire.

## Etymology
The name is from Greek "Καλλίπολις" (*Kallipolis*), meaning "Beautiful City".
In antiquity, it was called the **Thracian Chersonese** (, ).

## References
God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)

***God Save the Queen*** is a song by English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was the band's second single, and featured on their only album, ''Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols''.  The lyrics, as well as the cover, were controversial at the time.  The BBC banned the song.

It has been covered by various bands, including Motorhead.

## References
Dryosauridae

**Dryosaurids** were primitive iguanodonts from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous. They are found in what is now Africa, Europe, and North America.

There are 11 genera, of which *Dryosaurus* is the best known.

## References
Royal Irish Constabulary

The **Royal Irish Constabulary** (Irish: Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann) was the police force of Ireland when it was part of the United Kingdom. It was made by legislation, which was sponsored by Sir Robert Peel in 1814. It was given its name by Queen Victoria for its loyalty during an Irish rebellion in 1867. It was made up mainly of Irish Roman Catholics. In 1870 the RIC took over the police forces of Londonderry and Belfast. The RIC worked together with the Dublin Metropolitan Police. It is headed by Enrique Peña Nieto since 2019.

It was shut down when Ireland left the UK in 1922. The Irish Free State Civic Guard has taken its place in Ireland, and in Northern Ireland it was replaced by the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

## References
Sicel language

, around 11th century BC]]
**Sicel** was an ancient language. It was spoken by the Sicels, a tribe that lived on Sicily. Sicel is an Indo-European language. Not much is known about Sicel because only few inscriptions have been found.

## References
Poynings' Law

'''Poynings' Law''' (official title 10 Henry 7.c22) was a law passed by the Irish Parliament in 1495 during the reign of Henry VII of England, King of England and Lord of Ireland sponsored by his Lord Deputy Sir Edward Poynings at a session in Drogheda. It limited the power of the Irish Parliament and gave the English Parliament and monarch veto power over its legislation. The overall points of the law were:
#no Parliament in Ireland would convene until the King of England and the English Parliament had been informed of its reasons for meeting and its legislation and its laws would have to then be approved by both King and the English Parliament to become.
#All previous English Parliament laws would also become law in Ireland, although new English Parliament laws would not
#the Statute of Kilkenny was restored, except for the ban on using the Irish language
#it was a felony to allow anti-government rebels on march lands
#coyne and livery were outlawed
#Irish war cries were now outlawed. 

The primary reason for its passage was because the Wars of the Roses had weakened England's stance in Ireland and Sir Edward wanted to restore order and English control to Ireland. It was repealed in 1782. 

## References
Pope Pius V

**Pope Pius V** (; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born **Antonio Ghislieri** and from 1518 called **Michele Ghislieri**, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 226th Pope from 1566 to 1572.  He is a saint of the Catholic Church.

## Early life 
Antonio Ghislieri was born at Bosco in what is now the province of Alessandria, Piedmont), Italy. As a youth, he entered the Dominican Order, and he took the name Michele.

## Priest
Ghislieri was ordained as a priest in 1528.

## Cardinal
Paul IV raised Ghislieri to the rank of cardinal.

## Pope
Cardinal Ghislieri was elected pope on 7 January 1566; and he chose to be called Pius V.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Pius excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England.

### After his death
Pius V died on 1 May 1572.  His tomb is located in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore; and the pope's body was placed in it in 1698.

## Saint
Pius V was beatified by Pope Clement X in the year 1672.

Pope Clement XI made Pius a saint on 24 May 1712.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius V
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Ghislieri
Congo Free State

The **Congo Free State** () was a large area in Central Africa. It was privately owned by Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Leopold convinced the international community that he was involved in humanitarian work. He attracted scientific and humanitarian backing for the International African Association (), which he formed during a Brussels Geographic Conference of geographic societies, explorers, and leaders he hosted in 1876. Leopold used the Association and the defunct "Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo" () as a way to claim most of the Congo Basin. 

Leopold created the International Association of the Congo () as a new organization. The entity was officially recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 and various governments. On May 29, 1885, the king named his new colony the Congo Free State () and ruled it as a despot (even though he never visited his colony and Africa).

The Congo Free State under Leopold II used forced labor and mutilation of their hands, in order to get full control and force the natives to work at extracting natural resources, mainly rubber and ivory, for Leopold II's personal profit.

His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. The Belgian government took control in 1908 and created the Belgian Congo.

## References
Pellegrino Ernetti

**Pellegrino Ernetti** (1925-1994) was a Roman Catholic priest. He joined the Benedictine order at the age of 16. He later became the most famous exorcist from Venice. He was also a musician and a physicist who wrote books on music theory. He claimed to have invented a time machine called the Chronovisor, but he would later go back on this. In 1994, he died at age 68. He has been referenced as sighting a great few mythological beast with the Chronovisor like a Centaur.

He was one of the worlds leading authorities on Archaic music.

## References
Wilhelm Fliess

**Wilhelm Fliess** (, born 24 October 1858, Arnswalde, Province of Brandenburg–died 13 October 1928, Berlin) was a German Jewish otolaryngologist in Berlin. Fliess became friends with Sigmund Freud in 1887 after they attended a conference together. Fliess researched psychoanalysis with Freud.
British South Africa Company

The **British South Africa Company** was founded by Cecil Rhodes and chartered by the UK government in 1889 to administer British colonies in southern Africa that later became Rhodesia.

## References
Pope Pius VII

**Pope Pius VII** (; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), born **Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 252nd Pope from 14 March 1800 to 20 August 1823.

## Early life
Chiaramonti was born at Cesena, the son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti.  His mother, Giovanna was related to the Braschi family.

At the age of 16, he joined the Benedictine Order in 1756; and he was called Brother Gregory.

## Cardinal
Pius VI raised Bishop Chiaramonte to the rank of Cardinal in 1785.

## Pope
Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected pope on March 14 1800; and he chose to be called Pius VII.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.  He was not put in prison; and he did not abdicate.

## After his death
Pius VII's monument (1831) in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius VII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Chiaramonti
Zell Miller

**Zell Bryan Miller** (February 24, 1932 – March 23, 2018) was a former United States Senator from Georgia.  Miller was Lieutenant Governor from 1975 to 1991, 79th Governor of Georgia from 1991 to 1999, and as United States Senator from 2000 to 2005.

He wrote a book *A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat*.  The book spent nine weeks in the New York Times Best Seller list for hardback non-fiction.

Miller died on March 23, 2018, at his home in Young Harris, Georgia from Parkinson's disease, aged 86.

## Books
By Zell Miller:
*1975: *Mountains Within Me*
*1983: *Great Georgians*
*1985: *They Heard Georgia Singing*
*1997: *Corps Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned In the Marines*
*1999: *The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-By-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, With Complete Muster Rolls*, also by Robert E. Allen
*2003: *A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat*
*2003: foreword to ''What'll Ya Have: A History of the Varsity* by Dick Parker
*2005: *A Deficit Of Decency*
*2005: foreword to "Indivisible: Uniting Values for a Divided America" by Martha Zoller
*2007: "The Miracle of Brasstown Valley"
*2009: "Purt Nigh Gone: The Old Mountain Ways"

About Zell Miller:
*1998: *"Listen to this Voice" Selected Speeches of Governor Zell Miller*
*1999: *Zell, The Governor Who Gave Georgia HOPE* by Richard Hyatt
*1999: *Signed, Sealed, and Delivered: The Miller Record*

## References
*Miller, Zell (1997). *Corps Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned in the Marines''. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. .
Jay Rockefeller

**John D. Rockefeller IV** (born June 18, 1937) is a retired American  Democratic politician. He served as a United States senator of West Virginia from 1985 to 2015. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of West Virginia from 1977 to 1985.

In April 1992, he was the Democratic Party's finance chairman. He considered running for president, but decided not to after asking friends and advisors. He went on to strongly endorse Bill Clinton as the Democratic candidate.

He is the great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. He is the only member of the Rockefeller family who was a government official to not be a Republican as the family dynasty are mostly left-wing Republicans.

He accused President Obama's critics of racism.

On January 11, 2013, Rockefeller announced that he would not seek reelection for the United States Senate in 2014.

## References