open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rapids

]]

**Rapids** are found on rivers. Rapids are formed by one or more of the following:  constriction, obstruction, gradient, and flow rate.  For instance, when water is flowing swiftly over a rocky river bed, rapids can be formed.  Rapids are typically found in or near the mountains, due to the element of gradient.  Formally, the word "rapids" is always plural, (like "scissors" and "trousers"), but is often used in the singular when speaking of a specific rapid or when it would be grammatically awkward; e.g., "Sweet's Falls Rapids vs. Sweet's Falls Rapid).  The word "rapid" means "very fast."

Because of the splash made by the water going over rocks, rapids are also called "whitewater". Some people enjoying whitewater canoeing or whitewater rafting as a sport. 

 
File:Sellők.JPG|Rapids at Erdely, Romania 
File:Rhone bei steinhaus.jpg|Rapids on the Rhone River, Switzerland
File:North Platte River Northgate Canyon Canoers.jpg|Canoing on the North Platte River, Colorado, USA 
File:Ottawa River Raft 2005.JPG|Whitewater rafting on the Ottawa River, Canada

## Related pages 
* Waterfall
Bernard Frénicle de Bessy

**Bernard Frénicle de Bessy** (about 1605–1675), was a French mathematician.  He was born in Paris.  He wrote many papers about mathematics,  number theory and combinatorics. The Frénicle standard form, a standard representation of magic squares, is named after him. He solved many problems created by Fermat. He also discovered a taxicab number and in 1693, he described all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4.

Like Fermat, Frénicle was an amateur mathematician, but he wrote letters to famous people such as Descartes, Christiaan Huygens, Mersenne and also Fermat, who was his friend. He is mainly remembered for his discoveries about number theory.

## Other websites
*
Płońsk

**Płońsk** is a city in Central Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. It has a population of 23,000 and has an area of 12&nbsp;km². It is the birthplace of the Zionist leader and first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion.

## Other websites 
* Map of the City of Płońsk 
* Official website of the City of Płońsk
J.E.B. Stuart

**James Ewell Brown Stuart** (1833-1864) was a general in the Confederate army during the American Civil War.  He was from Virginia.  During the war, he was known for dangerous things he did while riding a horse.  He was killed at the Battle of Yellow Tavern in 1864.

## Sources
Lake Placid, New York

**Lake Placid** is a village in northern New York State.  It has a population of 2,205. It was founded in the early 1880s to look for iron.  Today it is a ski resort.  It has hosted the Winter Olympics twice, in 1932 and 1980.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Web site of the Lake Placid/Essex County Visitors Bureau
* Web site of the Lake Placid News
* Lake Placid information  
* Lake Placid Olympic Authority
Taxicab number

A **taxicab number** is the name given by mathematicians to a sequence of special numbers: 2, 1729 etc.  A taxicab number is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two positive cubes in *n* distinct ways.  It has nothing to do with taxis, but the name comes from a well-known conversation that took place between two famous mathematicians: Godfrey Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan.

## The story about Godfrey Hardy’s taxi
Godfrey Hardy was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.  One day he went to visit a friend, the brilliant young Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was ill.  Both men were mathematicians and liked to think about numbers. 

When Ramanujan heard that Hardy had come in a taxi he asked him what the number of the taxi was.  Hardy said that it was just a boring number: 1729.  Ramanujan replied that 1729 was not a boring number at all: it was a very interesting one.  He explained that it was the smallest number that could be expressed by the sum of two cubes in two different ways.

This story is very famous among mathematicians.  1729 is sometimes called the “Hardy-Ramanujan number”.

## Explanation of the Hardy-Ramanujan's number
*When a particular number is multiplied by itself the answer is called a “square”, e.g. 3x3=9, so the number 9 is a square.
*When a particular number is multiplied thrice by itself the answer is called a “cube”, e.g. 3x3x3=27, so the number 27 is a cube.
*Another example of a cube is 8, because it is 2x2x2.
*27+8=35, so 35 is the “sum of two cubes” (“sum” in this sense means “numbers that are added together”).

There are two ways to say that 1729 is the sum of two cubes.
1x1x1=1;  12x12x12=1728.  So 1+1728=1729
But also:  9x9x9=729;  10x10x10=1000.  So 729+1000=1729
There are other numbers that can be shown to be the sum of two cubes in more than one way, but 1729 is the smallest of them.

## Known taxicab numbers
Since the famous conversation between Hardy and Ramanujan, mathematicians have tried to find other interesting numbers that are the smallest number that can be expressed by the sum of two cubes in three/four/five etc. different ways.  These numbers are very, very big, and have been found by computers.

So far, the following six taxicab numbers are known :

:\operatorname{Ta}(1) = 2 = 1^3 + 1^3

:\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Ta}(2)&=&1729&=&1^3 + 12^3 \\&&&=&9^3 + 10^3\end{matrix}

:\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Ta}(3)&=&87539319&=&167^3 + 436^3 \\&&&=&228^3 + 423^3 \\&&&=&255^3 + 414^3\end{matrix}

:\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Ta}(4)&=&6963472309248&=&2421^3 + 19083^3 \\&&&=&5436^3 + 18948^3 \\&&&=&10200^3 + 18072^3 \\&&&=&13322^3 + 16630^3\end{matrix}

:\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Ta}(5)&=&48988659276962496&=&38787^3 + 365757^3 \\&&&=&107839^3 + 362753^3 \\&&&=&205292^3 + 342952^3 \\&&&=&221424^3 + 336588^3 \\&&&=&231518^3 + 331954^3\end{matrix}

:\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Ta}(6)&=&24153319581254312065344&=&582162^3 + 28906206^3 \\&&&=&3064173^3 + 28894803^3 \\&&&=&8519281^3 + 28657487^3 \\&&&=&16218068^3 + 27093208^3 \\&&&=&17492496^3 + 26590452^3 \\&&&=&18289922^3 + 26224366^3\end{matrix}
Grebe

A **grebe** is a medium sized bird. They are in the family **Podicipedidae**. There are 22 species of grebe.

## Genera and species
*Genus *Tachybaptus*
**Little Grebe, *Tachybaptus  ruficollis*
**Australasian Grebe *Tachybaptus novaehollandiae*
**Madagascar Grebe, *Tachybaptus pelzelnii *
**Alaotra Grebe, *Tachybaptus rufolavatus* — probably extinct (late 1980s)
**Least Grebe, *Tachybaptus dominicus*

*Genus *Podilymbus*
**Pied-billed Grebe, *Podilymbus podiceps*
**Atitlán Grebe, *Podilymbus gigas* — extinct (1989)

*Genus *Rollandia*
**White-tufted Grebe, *Rollandia rolland *
**Titicaca Flightless Grebe, *Rollandia microptera *

*Genus *Poliocephalus*
**Hoary-headed Grebe, *Poliocephalus poliocephalus *
**New Zealand Dabchick, *Poliocephalus rufopectus *

*Genus *Podiceps*
**Red-necked Grebe, *Podiceps grisegena*
**Great Crested Grebe, *Podiceps cristatus*
**Slavonian Grebe or Horned Grebe, *Podiceps auritus*
**Black-necked Grebe or Eared Grebe, *Podiceps nigricollis*
**Colombian Grebe, *Podiceps andinus* — extinct (1977)
**Great Grebe, *Podiceps major *
**Silvery Grebe, *Podiceps occipitalis *
**Junin Flightless Grebe, *Podiceps taczanowskii *
**Hooded Grebe, *Podiceps gallardoi*

*Genus *Aechmophorus*
**Western Grebe, *Aechmophorus occidentalis*
**Clark's Grebe, *Aechmophorus clarkii*

## Description, color and shape 
Most grebes are a medium or large size. Some grebes, such as the Little Grebe are smaller. All Grebes have large feet with lobed toes. This means that each toe is separate on the foot (the opposite of this is webbed feet which is seen in ducks and geese). Some grebes find it difficult to walk on land because their feet are so big. They are much better at swimming and diving in water.

'' - Breeding plumage in Hyderabad, India. ]]

Grebes have narrow wings. Some grebes find it difficult to fly. There are two species of grebe that cannot fly at all. This means that if grebes are in danger, they will dive under water instead of flying away like other birds do. 

Grebes can have long or short bills. If they eat insects in the water, they will have a short bills. If they eat crustaceans (for example, crabs) they will have a long, sharp bill. 

Most grebes are brown, white and red/orange. They have many, waterproof feathers. This means they can easily float on water and dive into water without getting cold or wet. In spring and summer, grebes have orange crests on their heads. This is so they can attract a mate. Some grebes do a mating ritual. This is when they "dance" in the water.

Grebes make their nest from plants found in the water. The nests float on top of the water. Baby grebes can swim when they are born. They are usually brown and white and do not get their orange crests until they are adults.

## Habitat 
Grebes live in freshwater (lakes or rivers). Some species of grebe will go to saltwater (sea/ocean) when they are migrating. This is when birds fly to live in a different place in summer or winter. Grebes only migrate if they live in North America, Europe or Asia. Grebes in South America, Africa and Asia do not migrate. They are found in every continent on earth.
Riodinidae

**Riodinidae** is a family of butterflies.  They are commonly known as **riodinids** or **metalmarks**. Metalmarks get their name from the bright, metallic (looking like metal) markings found on the wings of most species. The family has nearly 2,000 species in it. The metalmarks are mostly found in the Neotropical region. Most metalmarks are small. Their wingspan ranges from 20mm to 65mm. Metalmarks vary greatly in wing shape, pattern, and color.

Riodinidae was formerly known as the family Nemeobiidae and as the family Erycinidae. It was also once thought to be a subfamily of Lycaenidae.

## Subfamilies
* Euselasiinae
* Nemeobiinae - This subfamily is sometimes treated as a tribe.
* Riodininae

## Some species
* *Hamearis lucina* - Duke of Burgundy
* *Apodemia mormo* - Mormon Metalmark
* *Lasaia sula* - Blue Metalmark
* *Melanis pixe* - Red-bordered Pixie

## Image gallery

File:Apodemia mormo langei-02.JPG|Mormon Metalmark (*Apodemia mormo*)
File:Blue metalmark, male dorsal.jpg|Blue Metalmark (*Lasaia sula*)
File:Red-bordered Pixie (Melanis pixe) dorsal.jpg|Red-bordered Pixie (*Melanis pixe*)

## References
Mangrove

s.]]
 mangrove roots from Wadi Al-Hitan]]

**Mangroves** are trees or shrubs that grow in salty water in hot places like the tropics.

Mangroves make a special saltwater woodland or shrubland habitat, called a *mangrove swamp*, *mangrove forest*, *mangrove* or *mangal*. Mangroves grow on 1/3 of tropical shores. They are also found in sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and the southwest Pacific. 

Their twisted, tangled roots collect sediment. Over time, the sediment may become islands, or extend the shoreline.

## Description 
Mangroves live right in the sea, or at the sea edge. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch any kind of soil. During low tide, they may fall in soil rather than water and start growing where they fall. If the water level is high, they may be carried far away from where they fell. 

Mangrove trees are often the beginning of what will one day be a small island. As soil and other things collect in their roots, little bodies of land are formed – just the right place for other island vegetation to grow.

## References
Swift

The **swift** is a bird in the family **Apodidae**. It is in the order Apodiformes with treeswifts and hummingbirds. The swift is very good at flying. It spends all of its time in the air.

The scientific name for the swift (*apus*) comes from the Ancient Greek word απους, *apous* which means "without feet". This is because swifts have very small, weak feet. Swifts use their feet to hold on to vertical places (for example, the wall of a house, or a cliff). Swifts do not want to land on the ground. It is often thought that if they land on ground, they cannot fly up again, but that is not true. They can take off but with difficulty.

## Description 
Swifts are small birds. They can fly very well and very fast. Some swifts can fly at 514m per second. If a swift needs to fly very fast, it can fly at 60m per second for a short amount of time. When catching insects, they fly in a series of swoops, changing direction rapidly as they pursue the prey. 

Swifts have long, curved wings. The wings are in the shape of a sickle or boomerang. They have a forked tail. This means it looks like a V shape. 

Swifts can be seen all over the world. They like to live in warmer places and they migrate every year. For example, Swifts fly to Europe in the spring and summer. When it gets cold at the start of autumn, the Swifts fly to Africa where it is warmer.

## Nests 
Swifts make their nests in a corner between two walls. For example, near the roof of a house, or in an area between rocks in a cave. They use mud and saliva (spit) to make a cup-shaped nest. 

There are some swifts which only use saliva to make their nests. These swifts are in the genus *Aerodramus*. In Asia, people take the nests and use them to make bird's nest soup. This soup is very popular in China.
News release

A **press release**, **news release**, **media release**, or **press statement** is a written or recorded communication for news reporters. Its purpose is to let them know about something that is news. These are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to editors at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television stations, and television networks. There are companies whose job is to send out this information. 

The use of a press release is common in public relations. People use this to get the media to take notice of them, or get publicity for a product, or event that they might be holding. A press release gives reporters the basic information they need to write a news story. Press releases can announce a range of news items such as: events, promotions, awards, new products and services, sales and other financial data, accomplishments, etc. 

A *press statement* is information given to reporters. This is an official statement or account of a news story that is specially written for newspapers and other news media for them to make known to the public.
Flag of Utah

The **Flag of the State of Utah** was adopted in 2024 and has three unequal horizontal bands of blue, white and red, with a navy blue hexagon containing a beehive and five-pointed star inside a yellow hexagon. The five peaks of the white stripe (shaped like a mountain) represent the five original tribes of the state, those being the Navajo, Shoshone, Goshute, Paiute and Ute.

## Historic Flag 
In 1912, the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers ordered a custom made copy of the newly adopted state flag to be showed off to the battleship USS Utah, which was  on August 31, 1911. When the flag came, the group found out that the coat of arms on the flag was in full color instead of white, and the manufacturer had added a gold ring around the shield. Rather than have the flag remade, the Utah legislature changed the law to match the battleship flag, and the flag was showed off to the USS Utah.

A bald eagle, the national bird of the United States  the safety of America. The arrows in the talons of the eagle represent courage in war. The sego lily, the Utah state flower, represents peace. The state motto "industry" represents progress, hard work, and community as does the emblem of the beehive, which is also a traditional Mormon symbol. Crossed Union flags show Utah's support and commitment to the United States. The name, Utah, appears underneath the beehive. The date 1847 represents the year Brigham Young led the first Mormons into the state. The year listed below that, 1896, represents the year that Utah was admitted to the Union. The gold circle around the state seal represents eternal order. The shield underneath the bald eagle represents common defense (military). Today, this flag is the historic flag of the state.

The  of the seal was adopted in 1850 by the Territory of Utah and changed by the artist "Harry Edwards" when Utah became a state in 1896.

## Historical flags 

File:Flag of the Utah Territory.svg|Flag of the Utah Territory 
File:Flag of Utah (1903–1904).svg|Flag of Utah (1903-04; unofficial)
File:Flag of Utah (1904–1911).svg|Flag of Utah (1904-11, unofficial)
File:Flag of Utah (1911–1913).svg|Flag of Utah (1911-13)
File:Flag of Utah (1913–1922).png|Flag of Utah (1913-22)
File:Flag of Utah (1922–2011).svg|Flag of Utah (1922-2011)
File:Flag of Utah (2011–2024).svg|Flag of Utah (2011-24)
File:Flag of the State of Utah (2011–2024).svg|Flag of Utah (2011-24; enhanced)
]]

## Flag of the State of Deseret
According to most , the flag of the State of Deseret, a state proposed by the Mormons, was almost the same to the flag of the State of Utah.

## References
Dawson City, Yukon

**Dawson City** is a place in Yukon.  It used to be a city, but is not one anymore.  It is the second-largest place in Yukon, after Whitehorse, and has 1,577 people.   

Dawson was at its biggest during the Klondike Gold Rush of 1898, and served as a base for mining.  Many people became rich not from finding gold, but from running boarding houses/general stores because of good business from all of the miners.  It was the capital of Yukon from 1898 to 1952.
Seal of Utah

The **Great Seal of the State of Utah** was adopted on April 3, 1896 at the first regular session of the Legislature (January, February, March, April 1896). The first seal was made by Harry Edwards and cost $65.00.

## The meanings of the symbols
## Related pages
*Flag of Utah
Wangaratta, Victoria

**Wangaratta** is a city in the northeast of Victoria, Australia. About 19,000 people live there. It is about  from Melbourne along the Hume Highway. The city of Benalla   is to the south west, and Albury and Wodonga  to the north east. The Ovens and King Rivers which flow from the Victorian Alps meet at Wangaratta. It is in the local government area of the Rural City of Wangaratta.

## History
Gold was found in the area during the 1850s.  A Post Office opened on 1 February 1843, as Ovens, and moved to the town and was renamed Wangaratta in 1854. The Ovens office, and the Kilmore office which opened the same day, were the fifth and sixth to open in the Port Phillip District (Victoria). They were also the first two inland offices.
 
The small town of Glenrowan about 10&nbsp;km away is known as the site of the final shootout that led to the capture of Australia's most famous bushranger, Ned Kelly.

## References
Wynton Marsalis

**Wynton Learson Marsalis** (born October 18, 1961) is an American jazz and classical trumpeter. He has won nine Grammy Awards for his music. His father was Ellis Marsalis Jr..

## References
Americas

The **Americas** (or **America**) are lands in the Western Hemisphere that are also known as the New World. Comprising the continents of North America and South America, along with their associated islands, they cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area).

Most people consider the countries in Central America to be part of North America instead of South America.

While the word *American* is usually used to mean a person or a thing from the United States, the most populated country in the Americas, sometimes people and things from anywhere in the Americas are called "American".

The Americas, or America, were discovered by Europeans in the late 15th century during the Age of Exploration. Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, reached the Caribbean islands in 1492, starting the connection between the Old World and the New World. After that, Europeans explored and settled in the Americas.

In the 16th century, powerful empires existed in the Americas. The Aztec Empire ruled central Mexico, and the Inca Empire controlled much of western South America. But when European colonizers arrived, conflicts happened, and these empires eventually fell.

During the next centuries, countries like Spain, Portugal, France, and England created colonies in different parts of the Americas. This led to changes in cultures, introduction of new diseases, and negative effects on native people.

In the 19th century, many American countries became independent from European rule. The American Revolution (1775-1783) led to the United States forming, and leaders like Simón Bolívar helped South American countries gain independence.

Over time, the Americas experienced important events like westward expansion in the U.S., the Mexican-American War, the Mexican Revolution, and the Cuban Revolution. The continent played a big role in World Wars and the Cold War too.

Today, the Americas have diverse cultures, languages, and traditions due to their history of interactions between indigenous people, European settlers, and immigrants from around the world.

## Related pages 
* History of the Americas

## References 
## Other websites 
* Organization of American States
Ilan Ramon

Colonel **Ilan Ramon** (, born **Ilan Wolferman**; June 20, 1954 - February 1, 2003) was an Israeli air force pilot and the only Israeli astronaut. He was a member of the STS-107 mission crew and he died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003. 

His mother was a Holocaust survivor (at Auschwitz concentration camp) and his father fought for Israeli independence. Ramon was married to activist Rona Ramon.

## Other websites
* Official biography at NASA
* Photo of Ilan Ramon with Chabad Rabbi Zvi Konikov 
* Ilan Ramon STS-107 Crew Memorial 
* Ilan Ramon Memorial pages in the Israel Science and Technology Directory
* Spacefacts biography of Ilan Ramon
* Excerpts from Ilan Ramon's diary 
*
Alice (song)

"**Alice**" is an alternative rock song written and performed by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne for the soundtrack to the 2010 movie *Alice in Wonderland*, entitled *Almost Alice*. The song is a mid-tempo ballad sung from the perspective of the film's lead character, Alice. According to Lavigne, she wrote the song after asking Disney executives and director Tim Burton for a role on the soundtrack. The song was produced by Butch Walker and mixed by Lavigne's former husband Deryck Whibley.

## Concept 
While designing clothes inspired by *Alice in Wonderland* for her Abbey Dawn line, Lavigne told Disney executives she could write a song for the film's soundtrack. Director Tim Burton agreed, and Lavigne "wrote the song immediately" on her piano.  Lavigne described the song as "a little darker" and confirmed the lyrics, "trippin' out, spinnin' around, I'm underground, I fell down."

## Charts
## References
Treepie

The **treepies** are a type of bird. They are a member of the crow family (*Corvidae*). There are four different genus of treepie. They are *Dendrocitta*, *Crypsirina*, *Temnurus* and *Platysmurus*. There are 11 species of treepie.

Treepies are similar to magpies. They have long tails. Most treepies are black, white, gray or brown. They are found in Southeast Asia. They live in tropical forests. They spend a lot of time in the tops of trees. They do not come to feed on the ground very often.
Chiltern, Victoria

**Chiltern** is a town in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It is between Wangaratta and Wodonga, in the Shire of Indigo. In 2006 there were 1063 people living in Chiltern. The town is close to the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park. Chiltern was once on the main road between Melbourne and Sydney but is now by-passed by the Hume Freeway a few kilometres to the east.

## History 
The area of Chiltern was on the Wahgunyah cattle run and was called Black Dog Creek. The township was named after the Chiltern Hills in England. It was surveyed in 1853 but not started until gold was found in 1858—59 during the great Victorian Gold Rush period. The Post Office opened on September 1, 1859.

Many of Chiltern's old buildings are protected by the National Trust. In 1859, many shop-keepers and miners from around Beechworth and the Ovens Valley followed the gold rush and moved into Chiltern.

The Grape Vine Hotel, on the corners of Main St and Conness St, has the largest grapevine in Australia, planted in 1867.

## References
Mamane

**Māmane** (Hawaiian language) is a shrub of Hawai'i in the *Sophora* genus. It is suitable for gardens.

It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of  in tree form. It is grow fast in every island of Hawaiian archipelago, so botanists describe many local forms including *S.unifoliolata*
Hawaiian honeycreeper visits mamane sucking nectar,
If mamane were to disappear from Hawai'i it would take with it the palila bird, which is also endangered due to the lack of enough māmane trees. *Loxoides bauilleui*, palila, feeds on unripe seeds of the māmane

## References
## Other websites
*Plant of Hawaii

## Gallery

File:Starr 030419-0050 Sophora chrysophylla.jpg
File:14 2 2010 Sophora chrysophylla 38.jpg
File:Starr 030419-0129 Sophora chrysophylla.jpg
Mortality rate

**Mortality rate** is a measurement.  It measures the number of deaths in a population.  

The World Bank calculated the death rate for the whole world was 8 deaths per 1,000 people in 2020.  The mortality rate has been going down during the last hundred years, but the COVID-19 pandemic increased mortality rates globally. More than 6.8 million deaths were directly due to COVID-19.  The number of people dying of some causes has increased. 

The rate is often reported as a number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year. For example, a mortality rate of 9 in a population of 1,000 would mean 9 deaths per year in that entire population. Some rare or deadly causes of death are reported as percentages (of the world, countries, demographics). It can also be shown as a ratio (genders for example).  

Excess (more than expected) mortality rates across the European Union rose by 19% in December 2022, compared to the average number of deaths in the same period between 2016 and 2019.  In Germany, 37.3% more people died in December 2022 than average for December.  This is thought to be partly because of weakened immune systems and partly because healthcare systems have been badly affected.  There are also effects of climate change. People are becoming more unhealthy. 

## Why keep track of how people die? 
Counting and tracking the causes of death helps know more about how people are dying. This is done globally by governments or organisations, to know more about what's causing people to die. Some are relevant to a specfic country or area. Fatal diseases and hazards are often related to certain jobs. More specific or rarer causes can be tracked to learn from the small amount of information there is there, or other deadly (more dangerous, frequent, or unavoidable) causes as another example, can use high or low numbers or percentages to know the facts and track trends.  

It is important to know why people die to improve how people live. Measuring how many people die each year helps to learn about our health systems and direct resources to where they are needed most. For example, mortality data can help focus activities and resource allocation among different parts of life such as transportation, food and agriculture, and the environment as well as health.

## Related pages 
* Life expectancy
* Birth rate

## References
Ricotta

**Ricotta** is an Italian fresh whey cheese made from the whey of sheep's milk or cow's milk. Whey is a watery liquid that separates from curds when cheese is made. Ricotta is soft, grainy and white. It can be used in Italian desserts like cheesecake or cannoli or in dishes like lasagna. It contains protein and is a dairy product.

## References
Whey

**Whey** is a watery liquid that comes out of milk when it has been curdled and strained. It is also called **milk plasma**. It is a by-product of cheese making. *Sweet whey* is made during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like Cheddar or Swiss. *Acid whey* (also known as "sour whey") is made during the making of acid types of cheese such as cottage cheese. Whey also forms as a liquid on the top of yoghurt.

## Uses
Whey can be used to make whey cheeses like ricotta. It can be added to processed foods like bread, pastry or crackers. It can also be used to feed animals.

## References
Curd

**Curds** are a dairy product made by *curdling* milk with rennet or yeast so that it separates, and taking away the liquid part (called whey). Milk that has been left to go sour will also naturally separate into curds and whey. Curds are used to make cheese. Curds and whey can be eaten together as a dish.

## References
Pokhara

**Pokhara** is the second largest city of Nepal and the capital of Gandaki Province. The name Pokhara comes from the Nepali word "*Pokhari* " (Nepali: पोखरी) which translate into "pond". It is the main tourism centre of Nepal. It is  away from the capital, Kathmandu. The altitude of Pokhara ranges between  to  above the sea level.Pokhara Municipality is the capital of Gandaki Province of Nepal. As per the National Census of 2011, Pokhara is Nepal's second highest populated nation with  inhabitants. The city is also named as "City of Lakes" for it's 7 freshwater lakes that comes from Nearby Himalaya Ranges.

Pokhara-02-Taxi-2013-gje.jpg|Modern city
Pokhara-Altstadt-02-Geschaeftshaus-2013-gje.jpg|Old city
Pokhara-Altstadt-04-Laeden-2013-gje.jpg|Shop in old city
Pokhara-Altstadt-08-Cola-Transporter-2013-gje.jpg|Transport
Pokhara-Altstadt-20-Baustelle-Bambusstuetzen-2013-gje.jpg|Constructing with bamboo
Pokhara-Phewasee-50-Boote-Berge-2015-gje.jpg|Phewa lake
Pokhara-Shanti Stupa-04-2013-gje.jpg|Shanti Stupa

## References
Seal of Colorado

.]]
The **Seal of the State of Colorado** is an  of the "Territorial Seal" which was adopted by the "First Territorial Assembly" on November 6, 1861. The only changes made in the Territorial Seal design being the changing of the words, "State of Colorado" and the figures "1876" for the  words on the territorial seal. The first "General Assembly" of the State of Colorado approved the adoption of the state seal on March 15, 1877. The "Colorado Secretary of State" alone is  to  the Great Seal of Colorado to any document.
Flag of Maine

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The **flag of the State of Maine** has the State coat of arms on a blue field. In the center of the shield a moose rests under a tall pine tree. A farmer and seaman  the normal  on agriculture and the sea by the State. The "North Star" represents the state motto: Dirigo ("I Lead").

## Old flag 
Before the introduction of today’s flag, there was one introduced in 1901.

It featured a green pine tree in the center and a blue star at the hoist, both on a beige background.

Some people think it is a good alternative to the current flag because it is simpler.
File:Flag of Maine (1901–1909).svg|Flag of Maine (1901-1909)
File:Unofficial flag of Maine.svg|A version with a simple tree
File:2024 Design of the 1901 Maine Flag.svg|Version by Adam Lemire, winner of a state flag redesign contest
Doctorate

A **doctorate** is a higher degree earned by passing a doctoral dissertation at a university. Usually, it refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, but it can also be an Doctor of Medicine or an Juris Doctor. There are different levels of doctorate including professional doctorates such as Doctor of Pharmacy, Juris Doctor (professional degree in law) and higher doctorates that require unique, independent research such as Doctor of Laws, Ph.Ds and Doctor of Science. Colleges often give honorary doctorates to famous people who speak there.

## References
Cluster (computing)

]]
In computing, a **cluster** is made of many individual computers that work together to solve a problem at hand. Clusters can have different forms: They can be whole computers working together, or only CPUs. These CPUs can communicate over a fast network, but they share the same hard disks, for example. Depending on the problem, solving it with a cluster of cheaper components can be less expensive that investing in better hardware that costs more.

Grid computing is different in that the individual computers work on separate tasks that are part of a large problem. They are usually more different from one another and geographically further apart than cluster computers are.
Daniel Johnston

**Daniel Johnston** (January 22, 1961 &ndash; September 11, 2019) was an American songwriter, singer, and artist who lived in Texas. Johnston has bipolar disorder. The movie *The Devil and Daniel Johnston* is about his life and music career.

Born in Sacramento, California, Johnston grew up in West Virginia in a Christian family. He became a Beatles fan when he was young, then went off to college but did not finish. He moved to Texas to live with his brother, and ended up joining a circus. He left the circus after another worker beat him up for taking too long in a restroom, and found a church in Austin, Texas that helped him find somewhere to live. Johnston's religious beliefs are mentioned in many of his songs, especially on his album *1990*.

Johnston's music career started in Austin in the 1980s. He made cassette tapes of songs he performed on a chord organ and gave many of them out for free to people he met. He started playing concerts and became very popular with music fans in Texas. Johnston appeared on MTV, and became even more popular when Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain wore a T-shirt with the cover art of one of Johnston's CDs.

Johnston released one album on Atlantic Records, a major record label (a big company that helps make albums and sells them around the world) called *Fun* in 1994. However, he was not able to make any more albums with Atlantic Records because not enough people bought *Fun*. However, Johnston kept writing songs, and his drawings appeared on the covers of his albums. His last album was *Space Ducks:Soundtrack*, which came out in 2012.

Johnston died of a suspected heart attack at his home in Waller, Texas on September 11, 2019. He was 58.

## Albums released on CD
**Yip/Jump Music* (1983)
**Hi, How Are You* (1983)
**Continued Story with Texas Instruments* (1985)
**A Texas Trip* (1987)
**1990* (1990)
**Artistic Vice* (1991)
**Fun* (1994)
**Why Me?* (2000)
**Rejected Unknown* (2001)
**Fear Yourself* (2003)
**Freak Brain* (2005)
**Lost and Found* (2006)
**Is and Always Was* (2009)

## Other websites 
Johnston's official website

## References
Garry Kasparov

**Garry Kasparov** (born 13 April 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster and political activist. He was born with the name *Garry Weinstein*, and is partly of Jewish descent. He was the World Chess Champion from 1985 to 2000. In 1993 he broke away from FIDE to make a rival organization (the PCA), because he felt FIDE had failed to raise enough money for world title matches. There is  about that period. By any measure, he is one of the greatest chess players of all time. He was the highest-rated player even after his retirement until Magnus Carlsen took him over.

Kasparov became the youngest non-disputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when an argument with FIDE led him to set up a  company, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his  by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Kasparov lost a match (a series of chess games) against *Deep Blue*, a computer made by IBM, in 1997. Lately, retired from competition, he has been coaching Magnus Carlsen, the young player from Norway who is the current world #1.

## Politics
After retiring from chess, Kasparov became involved in Russian politics. In 2005, he traveled around Russia, speaking against Vladimir Putin, who was President of Russia at that time. The same year he created the United Civil Front, a political movement whose main goal is to dismantle Putin's regime and restore democracy in Russia.

Kasparov was also one of the founders of The Other Russia, an opposition coalition which unites many left and nationalist politicians. He helped organize marches of dissenters involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and governors of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency. In November 2007, he was detained by police at a rally in Moscow and given a jail sentence of five days. On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a hall where at least 500 of his supporters could meet to endorse his candidacy, as is legally required. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to discourage anyone from renting a hall for the gathering. In 2008 Kasparov and his United Civil Front joined the Solidarity movement.

Kasparov is among the first 34 signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign Putin must go started in March 2010.

## References
Royal College of Organists

The **Royal College of Organists** or **RCO**, is an organisation based in the United Kingdom, but with members around the world. Its job is to support organ playing and choral music.  People who learn the organ can go there to take professional organ examinations.

There is a large library with more than 60,000 books about organ playing and organ music.

When the RCO started in 1864 by Richard Limpus it was called the *College of Organists*.  It was given a Royal Charter in 1893.  In 1903 it was offered an extremely cheap 99-year lease on a beautiful  building in Kensington, West London.  The college was there until 1991 when it moved to a church in the City of London.  In 2003 it moved again to Birmingham.

## Examinations
The RCO offers five qualifications or diplomas.

*The **Colleague Diploma (CRCO)** is a qualification for people who are good organists, but not necessarily at a professional level.
*The **Associateship Diploma (ARCO)** is a professional qualification.  The candidate has to play the organ very well and do a music theory examination.
*The **Fellowship Diploma (FRCO)** is for people who already have ARCO.  It is harder than ARCO.
*The **Choral Directing Diploma (Dip CHD)** demonstrates professional choral conducting.
*The **Licentiateship in Teaching (LTRCO)** is a professional qualification for organ teachers who already have either the ARCO or FRCO.

## Other websites 
*Royal College of Organists Official Website
ARCO

, California]]

**ARCO** (short for **A**tlantic **R**ichfield **Co**mpany, the original name) is a United States oil company. It has  in the United States, Indonesia, the North Sea, and the South China Sea.  As of July 2011, it had more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the United States.

ARCO's original parent companies included:
*Atlantic Petroleum, which opened its first gas station in 1915 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
*Richfield Oil Company, which opened its first gas station in 1917 in Los Angeles, California.
The two companies  in 1966, and bought Sinclair Oil Corporation in 1969. In 1978, ARCO opened its first ampm convenience store.

Between 1970 and 2000, ARCO had a complicated corporate history. By 1985, it sold its Eastern US business to a new Atlantic Petroleum. In 2000, the remaining Western US business was bought by British Petroleum (BP). Finally, in 2013, BP sold ARCO and the Carson Refinery to Tesoro for $2.5 billion.

## Oil discovery 
In 1957, Richfield was the first to drill for oil in Alaska. On July 15 of that year they struck oil with their first well. It was the first major oil discovery in Alaska and tested at 900 barrels a day. In 1968 they partnered with Exxon for Alaska North Slope oil production. In 1980, they were the seventh largest oil company in the United States.

## Related pages 
* Petroleum
* Oil field
* Alaska North Slope
* North Sea oil

## References
## Other websites
*ARCO Official Website
*Tesoro Official Website
Skating

**Skating** refers and involves any sport or recreational activity that involves traveling on dry surface or ice using skates.

There are many varieties of skating, such as:

*Roller skating
**Rollerblading
**Inline skating
**Skateboarding
*Ice skating
**Figure skating
**Ice dancing
**Speed skating
Stanley Vann

**Stanley Vann** (born Leicester, 15 February 1910 – 27 March 2010) was an English composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer. He contributed a great deal to music in the Anglican church tradition. He was Director of Music at Peterborough Cathedral from 1953 to 1977.  On 15 February 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday. He died the following month.

## Early life
Vann was born in Leicester.  He started to learn the piano when he was about six years old.  At the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his  ARCM, ARCO and FRCO organ diplomas.

## The start of a musical career
In 1931 he became Assistant Organist at Leicester Cathedral. In 1933 he became Organist at Gainsborough Parish Church, then went to Leamington Spa as Organist of Holy Trinity church in 1939. He started a choir and an orchestra there: the Leamington Spa Bach Choir and the Warwickshire Symphony Orchestra.

Between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the Second World War.

In 1949 he got the jobs of Organist at Chelmsford Cathedral and Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint at Trinity College, London.  In Chelmsford he started the Essex Symphony Orchestra.

He also trained the Leicester Philharmonic choir for the famous conductors Henry Wood and Malcolm Sargent.

## Peterborough
In 1909 Vann became Master of the Music in Peterborough Cathedral.  He stayed in this job until he retired in 1977. The choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir. They made many recordings. In 1971 he was given a Lambeth doctorate by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his services to music.

When he retired he first moved to Wansford in Cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in Yorkshire) and his daughter (in Berkshire). He continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing. Later he moved to Yorkshire to be nearer to family. He died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.

## Compositions
Stanley Vann composed a great deal of music, mostly for the Anglican church service. His compositions include hymn tunes, anthems, motets, chants, organ music and many other pieces. One of his largest pieces is the Billingshurst Mass, for large chorus and orchestra. It was first performed in Chichester Cathedral in 2000.

In 2000, a concert was given in All Saints Church, Peterborough to celebrate his 90th birthday. On Sunday, 14 February 2010 many cathedrals and churches in England arranged special concerts and services to celebrate his 100th birthday
. The BBC  broadcast a special choral evensong on Radio 3 on Wednesday 24 February from Peterborough Cathedral (Wednesday 17 February is Ash Wednesday, so that a lot of his music would not have been suitable.).

There is a scholarship in his name for young choir trainers and directors in the Anglican tradition.

## References
Population without double counting

**Population sans doubles comptes** is a phrase in French that means **population without double counting** in English.

In France, because of the census, the INSEE has allowed people who live in one place and study in a different place to be counted twice, so as to show how the population moves. Because of this, each commune in France has many numbers of how many people live in it. For example, students may be counted where they study and where they live but do not study (the place they were born in). It is just like allowing students in the United States to vote in the town election of the place they are studying in and the town election where they were born.

## Types of population counts
* *Population municipale*: people that live in that place
* *Population comptée à part*: people are there for a while, but not forever (soldiers, prisoners)
* *Population totale*: *population municipale* + *population comptée à part*
* *Doubles comptes*: part of Population comptée à part, which are people working or studying (students, soldiers) there and are counted in another town's Population municipale
* *Population sans doubles comptes*: *population totale* - *doubles comptes*

## Notes and references
## More reading 
*  The official meanings on the INSEE site
*  Understanding the census.
*  The history of the census 
*  Glossary.
*  The results of the 1999 census.
*  Population, a page per view.
*  Population of French communes of more than 2000 inhabitants.
Jamie McMurray

**James Christopher "Jamie" McMurray** (born June 3, 1976) is an American racecar driver. McMurray drove full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series from 2003 until 2018. Since 2018, McMurray has been a Sports analyst for FOX Sports. McMurray won the 2010 Daytona 500 while driving for Chip Ganassi Racing.

## References
Phil Wachsmann

**Phil Wachsmann** (born August 5, 1944) is an African *avant-garde* jazz/jazz fusion violinist born in Kampala, Uganda, probably better known for having founded his own group Chamberpot. He has worked with many musicians in the free jazz idiom, including Tony Oxley, Fred van Hove, Barry Guy, Derek Bailey and Paul Rutherford, among many others. Wachsmann is especially known for playing within the electronica idiom.

## References
National Autonomous University of Mexico

The **National Autonomous University of México** (UNAM) a university in Mexico City. It is one of the biggest universities in Mexico and Latin America. UNAM was started on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra.UNAM's main campus in Mexico City, known as *Ciudad Universitaria* (University City), is a **UNESCO World Heritage** site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros. In 2016, it had an acceptance rate of only 8%. UNAM generates a number of strong research publications and patents in diverse areas, such as robotics, computer science, mathematics, physics,  human-computer interaction, history, philosophy, among others. All Mexican Nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of UNAM.
## Sources
## Other websites
*Official website
*Mexico Diplomat
*News in Spanish about UNAM
1985 Santiago earthquake

The **1985 Santiago earthquake** was registered the Sunday March 3, 1985 at 22:47 UTC (19:47 local time). Its epicenter was on the coastline of the Valparaiso Region, Chile, near Algarrobo. It had a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale.
Jethro Tull

**Jethro Tull** may refer to:

* Jethro Tull (agriculturist), British agriculturist
* Jethro Tull (band), rock band
Glass transition

The **glass transition** is the  of amorphous solids from a hard and brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. An amorphous solid that goes through a glass transition is called a glass. Supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state is called vitrification.

The **glass transition temperature** *T*g is always lower than the melting temperature, *T*m, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists. Above a glass transition temperature, a plastic is rubbery. Below the glass transition temperature, a plastic is solid. Thermosets, or thermo-setting plastics, burn up before they reach their melt temperature, but most thermosets also undergo glass transition.

## Other websites
Rodrigo

**Rodrigo** (English: **Ruderic**, **Roderic**, **Roderik**, **Roderich**, or **Roderick**,  ; died 711 or 712) was the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths." In history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered the entire peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.

## References