open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
First London

**First London** was a bus company operating services in Greater London. It was part of FirstGroup and operated buses under for Transport for London. It was formed in the late 1990s through the purchase of three London bus operators. First London's garages were sold off between December 2007 and July 2013 with the last closing in September 2013.
Communes of the Somme department

This is a list of **communes of the Somme department** in France. There are 782 communes in the department.
Bourdon, Somme

**Bourdon, Somme** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## References
Arquèves

**Arquèves** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In 2006, 151 people lived there.
Contoire

**Contoire** is a former commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Trois-Rivières.

## References
Le Crotoy

**Le Crotoy** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.

File:0 Le Crotoy - Panorama (1).JPG|Panorama
File:Le_Crotoy_04,_Baie_de_la_Somme_(3509426915).jpg|Baie de Somme
Hotel Les Tourelles, Le Crotoy-2172.jpg|Les Tourelles
File:Le Crotoy-Caudron-5.JPG|Monument, Caudron brothers
Levenshtein distance

**Levenshtein distance** is a way to  how different two words (or longer chains of symbols, like sentences or paragraphs) are from one another.

The simple way this works is by counting how many times you need to change one word to turn it into another word.

The three atomic 'changes' considered in this measure are: inserting a single symbol (usually a character, like letter, digit etc.), deleting a single character, and replacing (substitution) a single character with another one. Moving a character to another position in the text, swapping two characters, as well as adding, deleting or replacing longer blocks of characters (like words in a sentence) are not counted as single changes in this measure.

For example, the Levenshtein distance between "kitten" and "sitting" is 3, since the following three edits change one into the other, and there is no way to do it with fewer than three edits:

# **k**itten → **s**itten (substitution of 's' for 'k')
# sitt**e**n → sitt**i**n (substitution of 'i' for 'e')
# sittin → sittin**g** (insertion of 'g' at the end).

This can be used by various websites when you change your password to make sure you're not using a similar password that can decrease the security of the website. The given minimum distance between two passwords is recommended to be 5, so that means that 5 changes need to take place between your old password and your new password for certain websites to accept your new password.

This can also be used to estimate if one text is a plagiarism from the other one.

## References
It ain't over 'til the fat lady sings

'''It ain't over 'til the fat lady sings''' is an English expression with a meaning similar to "Don't count your chickens before they hatch."  It is commonly used in sports journalism, most famously by Dan Cook. This happened on April 1978 after the first game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Washington Bullets (later renamed the Washington Wizards) during the National Basketball Association playoffs.  The Spurs had won the first game, but he pointed out that the series was not over yet, saying, "The opera ain't over till the fat lady sings."  (The Bullets won the series, and later the NBA title).

The "fat lady" means the fat "Brünnhilde," singing the final tragic song, wearing a Viking helmet.  It can also refer to any female opera singer in general. The saying also means that "it's all over" when the fat lady sings.

## References
Ralph Darling

General Sir **Ralph Darling** (1772—1858) was an officer in the British Army and the Governor of New South Wales from 1825—1831. Darling was the first governor to work with an Executive Council, made up of the lieutenant-governor, chief justice, colonial secretary and the archdeacon. These four people and another three people that Darling could select would make up the Legislative Council. Darling was expected to follow their advice in governing New South Wales.

## References
Communauté de communes à l'Ouest d'Amiens

The '''Communauté de communes à l'Ouest d'Amiens '* is a *communauté de communes* in the Somme department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

## Made up of 
This *Communauté de communes'' is made of 18 communes:
#Ailly-sur-Somme
#Argœuves
#Belloy-sur-Somme
#Bourdon
#Breilly
#Cavillon
#Crouy-Saint-Pierre
#Ferrières
#Fourdrinoy
#Hangest-sur-Somme
#La Chaussée-Tirancourt
#Le Mesge
#Picquigny
#Saint-Sauveur
#Saisseval
#Seux
#Soues
#Yzeux

## Related pages
*Communes of the Somme department

## References 
*le splaf 
*la base aspic
Right to petition

The **right to petition** is when a country allows people to gather — electronically or not — and voice an opinion or problem they think should be corrected without arrest or punishment by the government.

## Related pages
* Civil and political rights
* Petition
Albanian

**Albanian** may mean:

*Someone or something from Albania
*Albanians, people of Albania
*Albanian language
Ishinomaki Line

The  is a railroad line in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is part of the JR East system. The line runs from Kogota Station in Misato to Onagawa Station in Onagawa. It connects the Tōhoku Main Line to the central coast of Miyagi Prefecture. It connects with the Rikuu East Line and Tōhoku Main Line at Kogota Station, the Kesennuma Line at Maeyachi Station and the Senseki Line at Ishinomaki Station, both in Ishinomaki, Miyagi.

The line color is pink. 

The line is outside the area where Suica cards can be used. Riders should only use Suica between Kogata and Ishinomaki stations. Past those stations, there may be a special way to pay the fare using Suica.

The line was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## About the line
*Gauge (distance between rails): 1067mm
*Stations: 14
*Two-track line section: None, all single track line
*Electrified line section: None
*Maximum speed: 85km

## Station list
Ishinomaki

is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the city has an estimated population of 138,538, and a population density of 250 persons per km2 in 61,919 households. The total area of the city is . Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people left Ishinomaki. 6,500 fewer people, or 4%, lived there.

## References
Ibrahim Sekagya

**Ibrahim Sekagya** (born 19 December 1980 in Kampala) is a Ugandan football player. He plays plays for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He is a defender.
## Career
He started playing football with Kampala City Council in 1998. He went to Argentina, where he played for Atletico Rafaela (2nd division) and for Ferro Carril Oeste (3rd division). His last club in Argentina was Arsenal de Sarandí(Primera División) where he played two seasons. 2007 he was transferred to Europe for 1 million €, what made him the most expensive player from Uganda. He signed for three years and soon became a regular player for FC Red Bull Salzburg. After his contract in Salzburg was not extended, he signed a contract with the New York Red Bulls in July 2013 . He played there with, among others, Thierry Henry, Tim Cahill and  Juninho  . After two seasons in the MLS, Sekagya ended his active professional career in December 2014.  He moved to the coaching staff of the Red Bulls from New York.

Sekagya also played for the Ugandan national football team and was the team's captain.

### International statistics
:''Scores and results list Uganda's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sekagya goal.''

## Honours
***Argentinia**:Champion (3rd division) with Ferro Carril Oeste
***Austria**:Champion 2009 ,2010 and 2012 with Red Bull Salzburg
***Austria**:Cup 2012

## Other websites
*Guardian football stats 
*Players profile Red Bull Salzburg Official page (German)
Robert Cormier

**Robert Edmund Cormier** (January 17, 1925 – November 2, 2000) was an American author, columnist, and reporter. His literature includes negative feelings and ideas. His most popular books include *I Am the Cheese*, *After the First Death*, *We All Fall Down* and *The Chocolate War*. All of those novels won awards. Many people tried to keep his first book, *The Chocolate War* out of libraries because they thought it was bad for children. His books often show abuse, mental illness, violence, revenge, betrayal and conspiracy. In most of his novels, the good characters fail.

## Biography 
Robert Cormier was born in Leominster, Massachusetts, United States, Cormier studied at St. Cecilia's Parochial School. It was a private Catholic school. He began writing when he was in the first grade. He was praised at school for his poetry. He first decided to become a writer in 7th grade. He was encouraged by a nun to write a poem. He went Leominster High School and graduated as the president of his class. As a freshman at Fitchburg State College, he had his first short story published. A college professor, Florence Conlon, sent one of his stories to a national Catholic magazine called *The Sign*.  She did not ask Cormier before she sent the story to the magazine. He was paid $75. Cormier early work was writing advertisements for radio. Later, he became an award-winning journalist. Even though he became widely known, he never stopped writing for his local newspaper, the *Fitchburg Sentinel*.

## Writing 
Cormier became a full-time writer after his first novel for teenagers, *The Chocolate War*, became successful. Then he wrote other books such as *I Am the Cheese* and *After the First Death*. He thought young people in modern society experienced many problems. He put his thoughts and worries into his novels. Soon he became known as a very good writer. Cormier would not change his way of thinking to please other people. He won the Margaret A. Edwards Award from the Young Adult Services Division of the American Library Association. This award is for writers who give young adults a new way to see the world understand their place in society.

## Published works
*Listed by publication date*

**Novels**
* *Now and At the Hour* (1960)
* *Mrs. Riley is a Bad Teacher* (1962) (unpublished? manuscript only?)
* *A Little Raw on Monday Mornings* (1963)
* *Take Me Where the Good Times Are* (1965)
* *The Chocolate War* (1974)
* *I Am the Cheese* (1977)
* *After the First Death* (1979)
* *The Bumblebee Flies Anyway* (1983)
* *Beyond The Chocolate War* (1985)
* *Fade* (1988)
* *Other Bells for Us to Ring* (1990) (Published in U.K. in 1991 under the title *Darcy*)
* *We All Fall Down* (1991)
* *Tunes for Bears to Dance To* (1992)
* *In the Middle of the Night* (1995)
* *Tenderness* (1998)
* *Heroes* (1998)
* *The Rag and Bone Shop* (2001)

***Collections**
* *Eight Plus One* (1980)
* *The Moustache* (1974)
* *Frenchtown Summer* (1999)

**Nonfiction**
* *I Have Words to Spend'' (1991)

## References 
## Other websites
* Author's Page at Random House Publishing
* Meet the Writer  page on Barnes & Noble Website
Southgate tube station

**Southgate** is a London Underground Piccadilly Line station. It is in Southgate, between Arnos Grove and Oakwood stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 4. There is also a bus station.

## References
## Other websites
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
*Charles Holden.com 
** Southgate station, external 
** Southgate station, internal 
** Southgate station, at night
Bounds Green tube station

**Bounds Green tube station** is a London Underground station. It is at the junction of Bounds Green Road and Brownlow Road, in North London.

## Background 
The station is on the Piccadilly Line, between Wood Green and Arnos Grove stations. It is on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 3 and Zone 4.

## References
## Other websites
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
** 
**
Wood Green tube station

**Wood Green** is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly Line. The station is between Turnpike Lane and Bounds Green stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3. It is located at junction of Wood Green High Road and Lordship Lane. It serves Wood Green Shopping City and the nearby Haringey Council on Palmers Green Green Lanes in the administrative complex as well as a densely populated residential area.

## Related pages
*List of London Underground stations

## References
## Other websites
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
**
Liberty Mutual

**Liberty Mutual Group**, normally known as **Liberty Mutual**, is a worldwide insurance company. It was started in 1912. The head office is based in Boston, Massachusetts. It employs over 45,000 people in over 900 offices around the world.
They are the third largest property and casualty insurer in the United States based on 2010 written premium. home insurance and business insurance. It also owns other insurance companies (completely or partly) in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China (including Hong Kong), Colombia, India, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela, and Vietnam.

The current head of the business (CEO) is Edmund (Ted) F. Kelly.  He was appointed CEO in 1998.

## History 
Liberty Mutual started in 1912 under the name "Massachusetts Employees’ Insurance Association" (MEIA). The name was changed in 1917 to the Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, and through partnerships with other companies, they started to sell full cover car policies.

In 1964 Liberty Mutual began offering life insurance through its Liberty Life Assurance part of the business.

Over the years, Liberty Mutual has bought a number of other large companies. As an example, in 2008 they bought the Safeco Corporation. Liberty Mutual agreed to buy all outstanding shares of Safeco for $68.25 per share, for a total price of approximately $6.2 billion.

## Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety 
In 1954, the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety was started. It studies safety and health of people at work. Its work has helped to  specify machine safeguarding guidelines (how to work safely with machines), the Cornell-Liberty Survival Car, and ergonomic guidelines. They helped to form the basis for national and international safety standards.

The Institute's scientists do field and laboratory experiments on the main causes of work-related injury and disability. They publish their findings in scientific literature. The findings are the basis for safety programs, advice and software. They are used by Liberty Mutual loss control consultants to help policyholders improve worker safety. The Institute’s work is available to the public.

## References
## Other websites 
* LibertyMutual.com 
* LibertyMutualGroup.com
Oakwood tube station

**Oakwood** is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly Line. It is the second most northerly station on the line, between Southgate and Cockfosters stations, the northern terminus, and is in Travelcard Zone 5.  The station is on the edge of the Oakwood area of Enfield (N14) and is at the junction of Bramley Road (A110) and Chase Road (the other end of Chase Road is close to Southgate tube station).

## Related pages
*List of London Underground stations

## References
## Other websites
*London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
**
**
**
**
**
**
Turnpike Lane tube station

**Turnpike Lane tube station** is a station at Turnpike Lane, north London. It is on the Piccadilly Line’s Cockfosters branch of the London Underground, between Manor House and Wood Green stations, and in Travelcard Zone 3.

## References
## Other websites
*Architectural history and photograph of Turnpike Lane in 1932  from the Royal Institute of British Architects
Manor House tube station

**Manor House tube station** is a station on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground, on the Transport for Londons   boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3. It straddles the border between the London Boroughs of Hackney and Haringey, the postal address and three of the entrances being in the former, and one entrance in the latter.

## Plans for Victoria line 
From 2018, Victoria line between Seven Sisters tube station and Finsbury Park tube station will call at Manor House (although you can see on the northbound platform).

## References
Patpong

**Patpong** is an entertainment district and a red light district in Bangkok, Thailand. A busy night market aimed at tourists is also located in Patpong. 

## Other websites
*Thailand.com article on Patpong.
Onagawa, Miyagi

is a town in Miyagi Prefecture. Fishing is an important business in this town. The JR East Ishinomaki Line stops here at Onagawa Station. The town was badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
The tsunami reached a maximum of 15 metres in height and went as much as one kilometer in from the coast. According to some accounts the wave was even higher in places. It destroyed the town center. At least 1,300 people died.

### Gallery of photos of tsunami damage and rescue efforts

Image:Carried cars.JPG|Cars washed up on the roofs of buildings: 30 March 2011.
Image:Rescue team from India.JPG|Rescue team from India searches for survivors in Onagawa.
Image:Damage of Tsunami at Onagawa 01.JPG|View from Onagawa Public Hospital towards higher ground where Onagawa Station had been.
Image:Broken medical equipment.JPG|Evacuees were sent to the Onagawa Public Hospital. Remains of medical equipment there.
Image:Vanished Onagawa Station.JPG|Tsunami damage around Onagawa Station.
Image:Carried train in Ishinomaki Line .JPG|Trains carried 200m from the line by the tsunami.

## Transportation
### Train stations
* Ishinomaki Line: Urashuku - Onagawa

### Major roads
* Route 398

## Energy
There are three nuclear reactors in Onagawa. They can produce up to 2,174 megawatts of electricity. The plants automatically shut down after the March 11 earthquake without any accidents. There is no plan to start the plants again during 2011.

## Education 
### High schools 
* Miyagi Onagawa High School is a prefectural high school.

### Junior High Schools 
* Onagawa Public Junior High School Number 1
* Onagawa Public Junior High School Number 2

### Elementary Schools 
* Onagawa Public Elementary School Number 1
* Onagawa Public Elementary School Number 2
: After severe tsunami damage to the town hall, the Emergency Response Office moved to this school.

* Onagawa Public Elementary School Number 4

## References
King Duncan

standing beside King Duncan.]]
**King Duncan** was the King of Scotland in William Shakespeare's play  Macbeth. He was seen as a nice king. He was friends with Macbeth.  He was murdered by Macbeth so that Macbeth can become king.

## References
Fairuz Fauzy

**Mohamed Fairuz Fauzy** (born October 24, 1982 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) is a race car driver.

## Early career
Fauzy started competing in karting in 1994. In 1999, he moved to British Formula Ford. He moved to British Formula Renault in 2000, and to British Formula Three in 2002.

He moved to the GP2 Series for 2005 and 2006. He did not score any point in GP2. Fauzy raced in the A1 Grand Prix series for Team Malaysia. He then raced  in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series in 2007.

Fauzy returned to GP2 in 2008, driving for the Super Nova team in the GP2 Asia Series. In 2009, he raced in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series for Mofaz Racing. He finish in second place in the championship standings.

## Formula One 
.]]

Fauzy was one of Spyker F1's test and reserve drivers for , He was announced as the third driver for Lotus for the 2010 season.

Fauzy drove in the first free practice sessions at the Malaysian Grand Prix, the British Grand Prix, the German Grand Prix and the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.

At the end of the 2010 season, Fauzy left Lotus Racing. He joined Renault as a test driver for the 2011 season.

## Other racing 
Fauzy returned to full-time racing in 2011.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Team standings
 Season in progress

### Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress

### Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

## References 
*Career statistics from *driverdb.com*.  Retrieved on July 12, 2008.

## Other websites
*Official website
Dirac equation

The **Dirac equation** is an equation from quantum mechanics. Paul Dirac formulated the equation in 1928. The equation describes the behaviour of fermions (e.g. electrons and quarks), and takes special relativity into account. The equation showed the existence of antimatter. 
*It does not change in Lorentz transformation. This means it is a differential equation of the same order in space and time.
*The Pauli equation can be derived from a special case of the equation.
*It predicts the existence of antimatter particles, with the same mass and spin, but with the opposite charge. In 1931, Dirac predicted the existence of positrons, one year before the particles were found in an experiment.
*It explains why the spin of the electrons in the Stern–Gerlach experiment acts like a magnet, which splits the silver atoms according to their spin.
*The differential operator used in a special form of the equation is very important for differential geometry.
*Dirac Equation also explains the behaviour of electron in two-dimensional Graphene sheet where the electron is set free due to the lack of interaction between elections thus making the electron behave massless.
Bloody Sunday (1920)

** Bloody Sunday** was a day of violence in Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom, on 21 November 1920. It happened during the Irish War of Independence. In total, 31 people were killed. This included fourteen British people, fourteen Irish civilians and three republican prisoners.

There are quite a lot of events known as Bloody Sunday.

## Other websites
*
Bloody Sunday

**Bloody Sunday** can refer to several events:

* Bloody Sunday (1887), a protest against the British government in London by Irish nationalists and social democrats
* Bloody Sunday (1900), a day in the Second Boer War, South Africa
* Bloody Sunday (1905), a massacre in Saint Petersburg that led to the Russian Revolution of 1905
* Bloody Sunday (1920), a day of violence in Dublin during the Irish War of Independence
* Bloody Sunday (1921), a day of violence in Belfast during the Irish War of Independence
* Bloody Sunday (1926), a day of violence in Alsace
* Bloody Sunday (1938), a day of violence against protesters in Vancouver
* Bloody Sunday (1939), a massacre in Bydgoszcz, Poland, at the start of World War II
* Bloody Sunday (1965), a violent attack in Alabama, United States
* Bloody Sunday (1969), violence after a protest in Istanbul
* Bloody Sunday (1972), shooting of protesters by the British Army in Londonderry/Derry, Northern Ireland
Max Cavalera

** Massimiliano Antonio "Max" Cavalera** (born August 4, 1969) is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for Sepultura until 1996. He would form Soulfly in 1997, which he's still part of. Cavalera was also involved in a short-lived side project, Nailbomb. He is currently part of another side project, Cavalera Conspiracy.

## Discography
;Sepultura
**Bestial Devastation* EP (1985)
**Morbid Visions* (1986)
**Schizophrenia* (1987)
**Beneath the Remains* (1989)
**Arise* (1991)
**Third World Posse* EP (1993)
**Chaos A.D.* (1993) 
**Refuse/Resist* EP (1994)
**Roots* (1996)
**The Roots of Sepultura* (1996)
**Blood-Rooted* (1997)
**Under a Pale Grey Sky* (2002)

;Nailbomb
**Point Blank* (1994)
**Proud to Commit Commercial Suicide* (1995)

;Soulfly
**Soulfly* (1998)
**Tribe* EP (1999)
**Primitive* (2000) 
**3* (2002) 
**Prophecy* (2004) 
**Dark Ages* (2005) 
**Conquer* (2008) 
**Omen* (2010)
**Enslaved* (2012) 
**Savages* (2013) 
**Archangel* (2015) 
**Ritual* (2018)
**Totem* (2022)

;Cavalera Conspiracy
**Inflikted* (2008) 
**Blunt Force Trauma* (2011) 
**Pandemonium* (2014) 
**Psychosis* (2017)
**Bestial Devastation (re-recorded)* EP (2023)
**Morbid Visions (re-recorded)* (2023)

;Killer Be Killed
**Killer Be Killed* (2014)
**Reluctant Hero* (2020) 

;Go Ahead and Die
**Go Ahead and Die* (2021)
**Unhealthy Mechanisms* (2023)

## Related pages
* Sepultura

## Other websites
* Soulfly Official Site 
* Cavalera Conspiracy 
* Roadrunner Records' Soulfly site 
* Roadrunner Records' Cavalera Conspiracy site 
* Phoenix New Times article on Max 
* NY Rock interview 
* Asice.net interview
Derrick Green

**Derrick Leon Green** (born January 20, 1971) is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura. Allmusic said about him: "There was a time when the idea of Sepultura recording without Max Cavalera seemed unthinkable. But the incendiary Green turned out to be a fine replacement."
## Discography 
### Outface 
*1992 - *Friendly Green*
### Sepultura 
* *Against* (1998)
* *Nation* (2001)
* *Roorback* (2003)
* *Dante XXI* (2006)
* *A-Lex* (2009)
* *Kairos* (2011)
* *The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart* (2013)
* *Machine Messiah* (2017)
* *Quadra* (2020)
Khattak Dance

**Khattak** ( , ) is a swift martial sword-dance performed by professional dancers of tribes of Pashtuns in Pakistan and some eastern parts of Afghanistan. It It was performed by warriors before going to wars as a war-preparation exercise and is known to be the only dance with swordplay. 

## References
Acetone

**Acetone**, or **propanone**, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . This clear, mobile, easy-to-burn liquid is the simplest example of the ketones. Acetone can be mixed with water. It is an important solvent, often to clean things in the laboratory. Common uses of acetone in the home are as the active ingredient in nail polish remover and as paint thinner. It is a common building block in organic chemistry.

## Sources
Binghamton, New York

**Binghamton** is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is near Pennsylvania, and sits along the Susquehanna River. In 2020, 47,969 people lived in the city, while 247,138 people lived in the metropolitan area. In the past, Binghamton was known for making cigars, shoes, and computers.  IBM started in the Binghamton area. The area is home to Binghamton University.

In 2009, a man shot 13 people and himself dead. 

Binghamton is home to the Binghamton Senators hockey team and the Binghamton Mets baseball team.

## References
Classification of Indian cities

The **Status of Indian cities** has two  Government of India ranking systems used to pay workers more in some cities. There are two allowances; Compensatory City Allowance (CCA) to pay more because it is more expensive to buy things in cities. CCA is divided into categories *A-1*, *A*, *B-1* and *B-2*. House Rent Allowance (HRA) is the second additional payment. It is divided into categories *A-1*, *A*, *B-1*, *B-2* and *C*. This plan was first based on the recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission of India (1997). City statuses were later changed based on the results of the 2001 Census of India.

The following list classifies several Indian cities based on their CCA and HRA statuses. 

__NOTOC__

## References
Fufu

**Fufu** (pounded yam or cassava) is a food dish which first came from West Africancountries but is also enjoyed by many people across the world. The main ingredients are boiled cassava, plantains, and yams. Fufu is a soft dish that does not require chewing.  

## History 
Fufu comes from Western African countries like Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Cote D'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Gabon.

It is also found in Caribbean cuisines, particularly in Belize, Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.

## Ingredients 
Different cultures have different ways of making fufu.

### Ghana, Ivory Coast, & Liberia 
In Ghana, Ivory Coast and Liberia, they separately mix and pound equal portions of boiled cassava with green plantain or cocoyam. Its thickness is then adjusted to personal preference.

It is eaten with broth-like soups with goat, beef, fish, roasted turkey and sometimes pork. There are different types of these soups, including palm oil soup, peanut butter soup, and light soup. 

### Nigeria 
In Nigeria, fufu is made just from fermented cassava. This gives it a unique thickness compared to fufu from other west African countries. It is eaten with a variety of soups with vegetables and lots of beef and fish. 

Other flours, such as semolina, maize flour, or mashed plantains, may take the place of cassava flour. However, families in rural areas with access to farmland still maintain the original recipe of using cassava. 

Fufu is traditionally eaten with the fingers and dipped into an accompanying soup or sauce.

## References
Tom Prichard

**Thomas Prichard** (born August 8, 1959 in Pasadena, Texas) is an American professional wrestler who once worked for WWE. He is probably best known for his tag teams: The Heavenly Bodies and The Bodydonnas (under the name **Zip**). He was managed by Jim Cornette and Sunny. His brother is Bruce Prichard, better known as Brother Love.

He was fired by WWE in 2012.

## References
Srbosjek

The **Srbosjek (**) is a wheat sheaf knife that was originally manufactured in Germany for agricultural purposes. for the killing of prisoners in the concentration camps of the Nazi-ultranationalist Independent State of Croatia, most notably the Jasenovac concentration camp]]

## History
The knife gained notoriety in the former Yugoslavian countries because it was used by the Croatian Ustashas during World War II for the killing of prisoners in the concentration camps of the Nazi-ultranationalist Independent State of Croatia, most notably the Jasenovac concentration camp. 

## Description
The upper part of the knife was made of leather, as a sort of a glove, designed to be worn with the thumb going through the hole, so that only the blade protruded from the hand. It was a curved, 12&nbsp;cm long knife with the edge on its concave side. The knife was fastened to a bowed oval copper plate, while the plate was fastened to a thick leather bangle. The knife was fixed on the glove plate in order to prevent injuries and to avoid taking care of a separate knife in order to improve the work speed.

Such a type of wheat sheaf knife was manufactured prior to and during World War II by German factory Gebrüder Gräfrath from Solingen under the trademark "Gräwiso". 
Gebrüder Gräfrath was taken over in 1961 by Hubertus Solingen.

## Related pages
* Jasenovac concentration camp

## References
## Bibliography
*Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, 1964
*Dave Hunt: Die Frau und das Tier Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft der römischen Kirche © 1994 by Dave Hunt, Herausgegeben von Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, Oregon - Das Abschlachten der Serben Chapter, pages 289-301
*Egon Berger: 44 mjeseca u Jasenovcu, Graficki Zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb 1966

## Other websites
* The Vatican's Holocaust by Avro Manhattan  
* Jasenovac Research Institute 
* Blood and Ashes of Jasenovac by Lordan Zafranovic
Holloway Road tube station

**Holloway Road** is a station on the London Underground. It is on the Piccadilly Line between Caledonian Road and Arsenal stations, and in Travelcard Zone 2. It opened on 15 December 1906.

## References
## Other websites
* London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
** 
** 
** 
* Pictures of the disused staircase
* More photographs of Holloway Road station
Biological process

Biology is the science that deals with living things. In general:
#Living organisms respond to the stimuli
#
#Living organisms interact with their environment, which includes members of the same and other species.
#Living organisms have a metabolism: they take in food which they then convert as energy to perform their daily or day to day activities.
#Living organisms reproduce: they give birth to others of the same species, in order to continue their ancestral living. This is not true of all *individual* organisms. In eusocial organisms, some castes cannot reproduce. But, since the sterile workers are all the products of a single queen, they are one collective.

Many things that appear to be one organism are in fact several living together. An example is lichen. Lichen is a symbiosis between a blue-green algae and fungi. Organisms that live together may not reproduce together, but their life processes are bound up together. They help each other to live.

## Examples of biological processes 
* Physiological process, those processes specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, limbs, and organisms.
* Reproduction
* Digestion
* Response to stimulus: (in terms of movement impulses, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc). In animals, this is mainly the function of the nervous system.
* Other processes: cell growth, cellular differentiation, fermentation, fertilisation, germination, tropism, hybridisation, metamorphosis, morphogenesis, photosynthesis, transpiration.

## Modern ideas 
Modern ideas from molecular biology, cell biology and cybernetics give us more ways of describing biological processes.

### Cells and macro-molecules 
All life processes on Earth use the chemistry of carbon compounds. In particular, all life uses long-chain molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. With water, which is essential, the long molecules are wrapped inside membranes to form cells. This is true of all known life.

### Systems theory 
Living organisms are open systems. The main idea is that the processes serve to keep them alive by homeostasis. They are always changing, but always staying within certain limits as long as they live. 

They do this by exchanging materials and information with their environment. They undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli and reproduce. All of this preserves the individual and its race or species.

## Related pages 
*Biology	
*Life	
*Senses
*Sex

## References
Cinco de Mayo

**Cinco de Mayo ** (Spanish for "fifth of May"), also known as the **Day of the Battle of Puebla** (Spanish: *El Día de la Batalla de Puebla*), is a holiday celebrating Mexican heritage inkling
and pride, and is held on May 5. It is celebrated in the United States and in some parts of Mexico, mostly in the state of Puebla. Cinco de Mayo  is not Mexico's Independence Day, the most important national holiday in Mexico.

In the Mexican state of Puebla, Cinco de Mayo  is celebrated because the Mexican army won the Battle of Puebla from the French army on May 5, 1862. This was a surprising victory. The army was under the leadership of  General Ignacio Zaragoza Seguín.

## United States
]]
]] 

In the United States Cinco de Mayo is more important than in Mexico. It is a day to celebrate the culture and experiences of Americans of Mexican ancestry. This is in the same way as other holidays like Saint Patrick's Day, Oktoberfest, and the Chinese New Year are used to celebrate those of Irish, German, and Chinese ancestry. Cinco de Mayo is celebrated by many Americans, not only by Americans of Mexican origin. Celebrations use both traditional Mexican symbols, like the Virgen de Guadalupe, and prominent figures with Mexican roots in the United States, including César Chávez. Many people display Cinco de Mayo banners while schools organize events to educate pupils about Mexico. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially its music and regional dancing. Examples include *baile folklórico* and *mariachi* demonstrations held every year at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Angeles, near Olvera Street. Businesses advertise Mexican products and services, especially Mexican drinks, foods, and music.

## Mexico
Cinco de Mayo is a regional holiday limited mostly to the state of Puebla.

## Elsewhere
Cinco de Mayo is also celebrated outside Mexico and the United States. For example, a sky-diving club near Vancouver, Canada, holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event. In the Cayman Islands, in the Caribbean, there is a yearly Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition. As far away as the island of Malta, in the Mediterranean Sea, revelers are encouraged to drink Mexican beer on May 5.

## Related pages
* History of Mexico
* Napoleon III

## References
## Other websites
* Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel
Caledonian Road tube station

**Caledonian Road** is a station on the Piccadilly Line of the London Underground, between King's Cross St. Pancras and Holloway Road, and in Travelcard Zone 2.

## History 
It was opened on 15 December 1906 by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway.

## References
Patriot Day

**Patriot Day** is a day of remembrance in the United States. It happens on September 11 of each year. It remembers the 2,977 killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks. Most Americans call this day "Nine-Eleven (9/11)," "September Eleventh," or something similar.

The day was officially created on October 25, 2001. The U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 71 was approved by a vote of 407–0. The Resolution asked that the President would designate September 11 of each year as "Patriot Day."  President George W. Bush signed the resolution into law on December 18, 2001 (as Public Law 107-89). On September 4, 2002, President Bush proclaimed September 11, 2002 as Patriot Day. 

On this day, the American flag is to be flown at half-staff at individual American homes, at the White House, and on all U.S. government buildings, home and abroad. The President also asks Americans to observe a moment of silence beginning at 8:46 A.M. (Eastern Daylight Time). This is the time the first plane struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

## Other websites
* Text of the statute
** Public Law 107-89
* Archived version of 2001 proclamation
* 2002 proclamation, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 , 2010 
* The September 11 Digital Archive
*Detailed information on the bill from THOMAS
Mérida State Symphony Orchestra

The **Mérida State Symphony Orchestra** (Spanish: **Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado Mérida** or **OSEM**) is a symphony orchestra based in the Venezuelan city of Mérida. A non-profit organization, it was founded in 1991 by the Venezuelan pianist and educator José Antonio Abreu.

## History 
The orchestra was established on June 21, 1991 and evolved from the Mérida State Youth Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1978 as part of the System of Youth Orchestras of Venezuela (FESNOJIV) and led by José Antonio Abreu.

Its co-founder and first artistic director was Amílcar Rivas. Between 1994 and 1997, its Music Director was Sergio Bernal who extended the orchestra's repertoire  of European and Latin American symphonic music. Between 1998 and 2001, the OSEM was led by Felipe Izcaray who initiated major programs of community outreach and education which became a fundamental part of the orchestra's activities.  César Iván Lara has been the orchestra's Music Director since January 2004.

In the 2006 season, the orchestra participated in many official events of the Mérida State Government, University of the Andes, the FESNOJIV, and various municipalities, giving 39 symphony concerts and 108 teaching and chamber concerts in 21 municipalities in the State of Mérida. In 1999 the OSEM was designated a *Patrimonio Cultural del Estado Mérida* (Cultural Patrimony of the State of Mérida).

The orchestra began its 20th anniversary year on January 15, 2011 with a performance of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 2 for the second annual Festival de Música de Mérida.

## Related pages
*Venezuelan music

## References 
## Other websites 
*Mérida State Symphony Orchestra Official Website
Senegal bushbaby

The **Senegal bushbaby** (*Galago senegalensis*), also known as the **Senegal galago**, **lesser galago**, or **lesser bushbaby** is a small, nocturnal primate which lives in trees. They prefer  dry woodland regions and savannah regions. At the end of the night, group members use a special rallying call and gather to sleep in a nest made of leaves, in a group of branches, or in a hole in a tree.

They are small primates (130mm and 95-300 grams) with woolly thick fur that ranges from silvery gray to dark brown. They are good jumpers.

Bush babies have 1-2 babies per litter, with gestation period being 110—120 days.

## References
Eichstätt

- view into the western choir]]

**Eichstätt** () is a town in the federal state of Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Eichstätt. It is on the Altmühl river and has a population of around 13,000. Eichstätt is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt.

## Geography
### Location
Eichstätt is on both sides of the river Altmühl in the district of Eichstätt of the Oberbayern region of Bavaria, in the heart of Altmühl Valley Nature Park.

### Geology
Eichstätt is in a valley of the Franconian Jura and is famous for the quarries of Solnhofen Plattenkalk (Jurassic limestone). On the Blumenberg the Berlin specimen of Archaeopteryx was found by Jakob Niemeyer.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Lar gibbon

The **lar gibbon** (*Hylobates lar*) is also known as the **white-handed gibbon**. It is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. It is one of the better-known gibbons. It is often seen in zoos.

The fur coloring of the lar gibbon is not fixed. It can range from black and dark-brown to light brown sandy colors.

 
Lar gibbons are diurnal (they are active during the day).  They are arboreal, living in rainforests. Family groups live in a firm territory. They protect it from other gibbons by their calls.

In the wild, lar gibbons live about 25 years.

## References
## Other websites
*Lar Gibbon photos 
*Lar Gibbon songs
*Gibbon Conservation Center
*Lar Gibbon at *Animal Diversity Web*
*Thomas Geissmann's Gibbon Research Lab and Gibbon Network
*
Saint Walburga

church]]
**Saint Walpurga** or **Walburga** (; c. 710 – February 25, 777 or 779), also spelled **Valderburg** or **Guibor**, was an English missionary to the Frankish Empire. She was canonized (*confirmed as a saint*) on 1 May ca. 870 by Pope Adrian II.

Walpurga's feast day is on 25 February. The day of her canonization, 1 May, was also celebrated during the high medieval period. Especially in the 11th century under Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne. Walpurgis Night is the eve of May Day, celebrated in folklore in Europe with dancing.

## Life
 church of Bruges.]]

Together with her brothers, Saint Willibald and Saint Winibald, she travelled to Francia (now Württemberg and Franconia) to help her uncle, Saint Boniface, in evangelizing among the Germans. She was educated by the nuns of Winborne Abbey, Dorset, where she spent twenty-six years. Thanks to her rigorous training, she was later able to write St. Winibald's *biography* and an account in Latin of St. Willibald's travels in Palestine. She is often credited with being the first female author of both England and Germany.

She became a nun and lived in the double monastery of Heidenheim am Hahnenkamm near Eichstätt, which was founded by her brother, Willibald. After his death in 751, she became abbess. Walburga died on 25 February 777 or 779 and was buried at Heidenheim. In the 870s, her remains were brought to Eichstätt.

At Eichstätt, her bones were placed in a rocky hole in the wall. The bones began to produce, it was said, a miraculously therapeutic oil. This made people come to her shrine.

The earliest picture of Walpurga is from the early 11th century. It comes from the Hitda Codex, which was made in Cologne. It shows her holding stylized stalks of grain. The grain can be seen as an example of where a Christian saint (Walpurga) took over from an older pagan concept, in this case of the Grain Mother.

Walpurga is the patroness of Eichstätt, Antwerp, Oudenaarde, Veurne, Groningen, Zutphen and other towns in the Low Countries.

## References
Lion-tailed macaque

The **lion-tailed macaque** (*Macaca silenus*) is an Old World monkey.
It lives in the Western Ghats mountains of India.

The hair of the Lion-tailed macaque is dark-brown or black.
There is a black tuft at the end of the tail, similar to a lion's tail. 
With a head-to-tail length of 45 to 60&nbsp;cm and a weight of 3 to 10&nbsp;kg, it is one of the smaller macaques.

It is a diurnal animal, active during the day.
It lives in the rainforest dweller.
It is a good climber and spends most of its life in the upper branches.
Unlike other macaques, it avoids humans.

The lion-tailed macaque is one of the rarest primates.
Many zoos take part in breeding programs to help this species survive. 
368 of these Macaque are reported to live in zoos.

## References
## Other websites
*The Knights of the Forest - Photo-essay of Lion-tailed macaque
*
Sadie Frost

**Sadie Frost** (born 19 June 1965) is an English actress. She runs fashionlabel Frost French.

Frost starred in a Jelly Tots advertisement at the age of 3. She won a scholarship to the Italia Conti Academy.
But after an early eating disorder, she gave up acting at 13. She attended Hampstead School.

As an actress, Frost has acted in: *Press Gang* and *Casualty*. Frost and her first husband Gary Kemp starred together in the 1990s film *The Krays*. Frost and Kemp were married for 5 years. They divorced on 19 August 1995.

In 2004, she wrote and presented a short lived series *What Sadie did next...* for E4. In 2005, she appeared in *Eating with...Sadie Frost* on BBC2. In March 2006, Frost flew to South Africa to part-fund an orphanage for the Homes of Hope project.

She met Jude Law when they were both working on the film *Shopping*. They married on 2 September 1997 and had three children.
Frost and Law divorced on 29 October 2003.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Sadie Frost Charity Information
*http://www.streamlighte14.co.uk/index.php/streamlight/penthouses/
Leif Erikson Day

**Leif Erikson Day** is a holiday that happens on October 9. It honors Leif Ericson, the Norse explorer who brought the first Europeans known to be in North America.

## History
*America Not Discovered by Columbus* by Rasmus B. Anderson was published in 1874. This book helped make popular the idea that Vikings were the first Europeans in the New World. In 1925, American President Calvin Coolidge recognised Leif Erikson as the Discoverer of America. This was due to research by Norwegian-American scholars such as Knut Gjerset and Ludvig Hektoen. 

In 1930, Wisconsin became the first state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday. A year later, the state of Minnesota did the same. By 1956, Leif Erikson Day was an official holiday seven states (Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Illinois, Colorado, Washington, and California) and one Canadian province (Saskatchewan). 

In 1963, the U.S. Representative from Duluth, John Blatnik, introduced a bill to observe Leif Erikson Day in the rest of the United States. In 1964, the United States Congress authorized and requested the President to create the observance through a yearly proclamation. Lyndon B. Johnson and each President since have done so. Presidents have used the proclamation to praise the spirit of discovery and the contributions of Americans of Nordic descent generally. Some states officially commemorate Leif Erikson Day, particularly in the Upper Midwest, where large numbers of people from the Nordic countries settled.

## Date
October 9th is not related with any event in Leif Erikson's life. The date was chosen because the ship *Restauration* coming from Stavanger, Norway, arrived in New York Harbor on October 9, 1825. This was the start of the first organized immigration from Norway to the United States.

## References
## Further reading
*

## Other websites
*Leif Erikson Day - October 9th 
*Leif Ericson Viking Ship, Inc.  
*Brief History of Leif Erikson's Life & Voyages

Sample proclamations:

*1998
*2005
*2007
*2009