open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Humberto Maturana

**Humberto Maturana** (September 14, 1928 &ndash; May 6, 2021) was a Chilean biologist and philosopher. He was one of the second-wave systems scientists and cyberneticians. Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile.

Maturana, with Francisco Varela, was known for creating the term autopoiesis about the nature of life. His work has been influential in many fields, mainly the field of systems thinking and cybernetics. Overall, his work is concerned with the biology of cognition.

Maturana died on May 6, 2021 in Santiago from pneumonia at the age of 92.

## Publications
Books, a selection: 
* 1980. *Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living*, with Francisco Varela. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science.
* 1984. *The tree of knowledge: biological basis of human understanding*, with Francisco Varela. Revised edition 1992.
* 1990. *Biology of cognition and epistemology*. Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
* 1992 *Conversations with Humberto Maturana: questions to biologist psychotherapist*, with K. Ludewig.  Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
* 1994. *Reflections and conversations*, with Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Institute. FUPALI Ed. Cordova.
* 1994. *Democracy is a work of art*. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Ed Bogota Bolivar y Cia. 
* 1997 *Objectivity: an argument to force*. Santiago de Chile: Dolmen.
* 1997 *Machines and living things: autopoiese to do organização vivo*. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Medical Arts.
* 2004. *From being to doing: the origins of the biology of cognition*, with Bernhard Poerksen.
* 2009. *The Origins of humanness in the biology of love*, with Gerda Verden-Zoller and Pille Brunnel.
* 2004. *From biology to psychology*. 
* 2009. *Sense of humanity*.

## References
Eustace I, Count of Boulogne

**Eustace I**, of Boulogne, was a Frankish nobleman and Count of Boulogne. He held the county of Boulogne from 1042 until his death.

## Career 
He was the oldest son of Count Baldwin II of Boulogne and Adelina of Holland. Eustace became count in 1042. Eustace I was also the count of Lens.

During the minority of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, Eustace's grandfather, Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne, broke free of control by the count of Flanders. Both Eustace's father and Eustace himself remained independent.

Eustace I was allied to the house of Normandy. This was through the marriage of his son Eustace II to Goda, niece of Richard II. Under Eustace I the counts of Boulogne rose to great prominence in Northern France. He was apparently a patron of Samer Abbey near Calais and he is said to have been buried there. In 1028 Eustace I confirmed the foundation of a college of canons at his castle at Lens
* Gerberga, married Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine.

## Notes
## References
2012 Delhi gang rape

The **2012 Delhi gang rape case** involved a gang rape and murder that happened on 16 December 2012 in Delhi, India. A 23-year-old female physiotherapy intern was beaten and gang raped on a bus that had been stolen by the gang. The woman died from her injuries. Four men were accused. They were found guilty. They received the death penalty. A minor was accused. He was sentenced to three years in prison. Rest of other accused got the death penalty on 20 March 2020.

## References
La Cambre Abbey

**La Cambre Abbey** (French: **Abbaye de la Cambre**) is a former abbey in Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium. It is between Bois de la Cambre and the Ixelles Ponds. It was founded in 1201 by a noble woman of Brussels, Gisèle. The abbey church is a Catholic church. The monastery also has the headquarters of the Belgian National Geographic Institute and a visual arts school. It has a small park in the front and a larger one in the back.

## References
## Other websites
* Abbaye de la Cambre  on the Visitbrussels web site
Tony! Toni! Toné!

**Tony! Toni! Toné!** are an American rhythm and blues group. They started in Oakland, California. They were very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Their first record, *Who?*, was released in 1988. Their hit singles included "Little Walter" and "Let's Get Down". They disbanded around 1997, although they returned six years later.

## albums 
* Who? (1988)
* The Revival (1990)
* Sons of Soul (1993)
* House of Music (1996)

## Other websites
*
*
Altered state of consciousness

An **altered state of consciousness** (ASC), or **altered state of mind**, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. The expression was used in 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig, and brought into common usage by Charles Tart. It describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "altered state of awareness".

Altered states of consciousness can be associated with artistic creativity, or different focus levels. They also can be shared between people and studied as a subject of sociological research.

## States of consciousness
During an altered state of consciousness, brain waves occupy different frequencies (i.e. Epsilon, Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma). These waves can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Also, subjective reports and observer reports of behaviour are used to identify the altered state.

## Related pages 
*Tonic immobility

## References
Autopoiesis

, example of an autopoietic system.]]

**Autopoiesis** refers to life and other self-organising systems. The word means "self creation or self-production". It refers to a system which can reproduce and sustain itself. 

The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has also been applied to systems theory and sociology. 

## What is life? 
Autopoiesis was a modern definition for life, plus any other systems with lifelike properties. To qualify for the name *autopoiesis* a system would need to show three main features:
#The production of their own components
#The correct assembly of these components
#Continuous repair and maintenance of their own existence.
Roth commented that "In short, organisms are self-reproducing and self-maintaining, or 'autopoietic', systems". This approach makes use of molecular biology ideas and systems science ideas, but it does not refer to the particular way life is organised on Earth. This is because the authors thought it was possible for machines to have those features, and for other types of life to exist.

## References
Aloe

s, such as this aloe, store water in their enlarged fleshy leaves, stems, or roots, as shown in this split aloe leaf. This allows them to survive in  environments.]]
*]]

***Aloe*** is a genus of succulent plants, with over 500 species. The best-known of these is probably *Aloe vera*, which is widely cultivated. *Aloe vera* is probably extinct in the wild.

The species *Aloe vera* is a great natural moisturizer and can help to soothe dry skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to reduce the appearance of blemishes and wrinkles. Plus, *Aloe vera'' is non-irritating and can be used on any type of skin.
Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders

**Baldwin VI of Flanders** (–1070), called **Baldwin de Mons** was a Frankish nobleman.  He was the ruling Count of Hainaut (*jure uxoris*) from 1051 to 1070 (as **Baldwin I**) and succeeded his father as Count of Flanders from 1067 to 1070.

## Career 
Baldwin was the oldest son of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and Adela of France. Adela was a daughter of king Robert II of France. and Constance of Arles. He was also the brother of Matilda of Flanders, Queen consort of England and wife of William the Conqueror, King of England.

His father arranged his marriage, under threat of arms, to Richilde, Countess of Hainaut. She was the widow of Herman of Mons and heiress of Hainaut. Lambert was killed at the battle of Lille in 1054. Others fighting for the Counts of Flanders against Henry III included the lords of Alost.

Richilde son Roger, from her first marriage, was thought by her not fit to be the next count of Hainaut.

Baldwin rebuilt the monastery of Hasnon and gave gifts of his own properties to support it.

## Family 
Baldwin and Richilde were the parents of:

*Arnulf III, Count of Flanders (–1071).
*Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut (–1098).

## Notes
## References
Taliesin West

**Taliesin West** was architect Frank Lloyd Wright's winter home and school in the desert from 1937 until his death in 1959 at the age of 91.  Today it is the main campus of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture and houses the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation.

Open to the public for tours, Taliesin West is located on Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard in Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.  The complex drew its name from Wright's summer home, Taliesin, in Spring Green, Wisconsin.

## References
## Other websites
*Taliesin West Official Site 
*Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation established at Taliesin West
*The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture , the official website of the school
Words with Friends

***Words with Friends*** is a multi-player word game by Zynga. Players take turns to place words like crosswords on a board, similar to Scrabble. Up to 30 games can be played at the same time. Notifications are used to tell users when it is their turn. Players can find friends by their username, or by Facebook.

The game was released in July 2009. It can be played across the operating systems operating systems Android, Windows Phone and iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch).  It can also be played on Facebook, Kindle Fire, and Nook Tablet. In the game is an unreliable chat feature, which allows opponents to send messages to each other. From 2010 to 2011 Words with Friends was one of the top games in the iOS app store. It can be played as a free version with advertisements, or a paid version without ads.

## Gameplay 
The rules of the game are essentially the same as Scrabble. Some features are different, such as where bonus tiles are, and the points scored by some letters. Players have 7 randomly picked tiles. These tiles are filled whenever some are played on the board until all of the tiles have been used. Players take turns putting words on the board. If they do not play a word, they can swap tiles with ones not yet used, or pass their turn. Words can be placed up and down, or left and right. Players want to score as many points as they can.

The game ends when a player has no more tiles, and there are no more tiles in the bag. After the last tile is played, the other player will lose points for the total score of their tiles. These points are given to the person who played the final move. The player with the highest score wins.

Players can move their tiles around. They can also reorder them by pressing a button or shaking the device. Players can quit games if they want to. The game has two more features, "tile bag" and "word-o-meter", both can be used for free. 

173,000 words can be played. The list of words used is based on the Enhanced North American Benchmark Lexicon (ENABLE).

## Origin 
The game was made by brothers David and Paul Bettner. They were the owners of Newtoy Inc. at the time.

## Board game 
In 2012, Zynga produced many physical board games of *Words with Friends* in association with Hasbro. There is a normal version, a "Luxe" version with a board that turns, and a "To Go" travel version

## References
Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District

The **Frank Lloyd Wright/Prairie School of Architecture Historic District** is a residential neighborhood in the village of Oak Park, Illinois. The Frank Lloyd Wright Historic District is both a federally designated historic district listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and a local historic district within the village of Oak Park. 

The districts have differing boundaries and contributing properties, over 80 of which were designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, widely regarded as the greatest American architect to have ever lived.

## References
## Other websites
*Frank Lloyd Wright in Oak Park: Oak Park River Forest Historical Society.
David Frost

**Sir David Paradine Frost** OBE (7 April 1939 &ndash; 31 August 2013) was an English journalist, comedian, writer, media personality and daytime TV game show host.

He became famous when he hosted *That Was The Week That Was* in 1962. This was a political satire in a period of change. During the later part of his career, he became known for his television interviews with senior political figures. One of his interviews included The Nixon Interviews with former United States President Richard Nixon in 1977. These events were later made into a stage play and movie.

Frost was born on 7 April 1939 in Tenterden, Kent, England. He was raised in Gillingham, Kent, Kent. Frost studied at Gillingham Grammar School and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Diana, Princess of Wales was the godmother of Frost's youngest son. He was once briefly engaged to American actress Diahann Carroll.

Frost died on 31 August 2013 while giving a speech on board the cruise ship MS Queen Elizabeth from a heart attack caused by cardiomyopathy. He was 74 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*BBC News Profile of David Frost
*https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23920336 Clips of Frost interviews on BBC TV
*TV Cream on Paradine Productions 
*
Charlestown, Rhode Island

**Charlestown** is a coastal town in Washington County in southwestern Rhode Island. It is near Westerly. The town was officially incorporated in 1738. The population was 7,997 at the 2020 Census.

## References
Mort Walker

**Addison Morton Walker** (September 3, 1923 &ndash; January 27, 2018), popularly known as **Mort Walker**, was an American comic artist. Walker was best known for creating the newspaper comic strips *Beetle Bailey* in 1950 and *Hi and Lois* in 1954. He has signed **Addison** to some of his strips.

Walker was born on September 3, 1923 in El Dorado, Kansas. He was raised in Kansas City, Kansas. Walker studied at Northeast High School and at the University of Missouri. 

Walker died from complications of pneumonia on January 27, 2018 at his home in Stamford, Connecticut. He was 94 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
*National Cartoonists Society: Mort Walker 
*Mort Walker Papers 1950-1968 at Syracuse University (primary source material)
*Mort Walker Collection  at University of Missouri (primary source material)
Orson Bean

**Orson Bean** (July 22, 1928 &ndash; February 7, 2020) was an American actor. He appeared on televised game shows in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, including being a long-time panelist on the television game show *To Tell the Truth*. He was also known for his role as Roy Bender on *Desperate Housewives*. He was also known for his role as the Mercantile Shop Owner Loren Bray in Dr Quinn "Medicine Woman" which ran for 6 seasons.

## Early life
Bean was born on July 22, 1928 in Burlington, Vermont. He studied at Harvard College and at Cambridge Rindge and Latin School.

## Personal life
Bean was married to Jacqueline deSibour from 1956 until they divorced in 1962. They had one child. Then he was married to Carolyn Maxwell from 1965 until they divorced in 1981. They had three children. Then he was married to Alley Mills from 1993 to 2020.

Bean was hit and killed by two cars in Los Angeles on February 7, 2020 at the age of 91.

## Books
* *Me and the Orgone* (1972) 
* *Too Much Is Not Enough* (1988) 
* *25 Ways to Cook a Mouse for the Gourmet Cat* (1994) 
* *M@il for Mikey* (2007)

## Recordings
* *At the Hungry i* (1959 Fantasy UFAN 7009), comedy
* *I Ate the Baloney* (1969 Columbia CS 9743), comedy

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*RootsWeb: Dowling Family Genealogy: Orson BEAN
*Geni: Dallas Frederick Burrows
Shahid Afridi

**Shahid Afridi** (), born on 1 March 1975) is a Pakistani cricketer. He played 27&nbsp;Tests, 350&nbsp;One Day Internationals, and 59&nbsp;Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) for the Pakistani national team between 1996 and 2012. He first played a ODI match on 2 October 1996 against Kenya. He played his first Test match on 22 October 1998 against Australia.

On 4 October 1996, Afridi scored the fastest ODI century in just 37 balls. He held this record for 12 years, until Corey Anderson broke it in 2013. He scored 32 runs in a single over, the sixth highest scoring over ever in an ODI. He has also hit the most number of sixes in the history of ODI cricket. He holds the record of most wickets in T20 from Pakistan. Indian former cricketer Ravi Shastari gave him the title of "Boom Boom".

## References
## Other websites
* Shahid Afridi  Profile on Cricket.com.pk
* Sports News Live
So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright

**"So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright"** is a song written by Paul Simon that was originally released on Simon & Garfunkel's 1970 album *Bridge over Troubled Water*. It was released on several Simon & Garfunkel compilation albums. It has also been recorded by the London Pops Orchestra and Joe Chindamo trio. Simon has stated that he wrote the song despite not knowing who Frank Lloyd Wright was.

## References
Unity Chapel

The **Unity Chapel** is in the town of Wyoming in Iowa County, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## History
The Unitarian chapel was designed for Jenkin Lloyd Jones, a Unitarian minister from Wales. Jones' nephew, Frank Lloyd Wright, worked on the project.

## References
Battle of Cassel (1071)

The **Battle of Cassel** was fought on 22 February 1071 between Robert the Frisian and his nephew, Arnulf III (son of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders). The battle was a victory for Robert the Frisian; Arnulf III was killed in the battle. This battle severely weakened the countship of Flanders.

## Events 
Arnulf succeeded his father Baldwin in 1070. His mother Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut was his regent. Arnulf's ranks contained individuals such as Count Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, his son Eustace III, and Godfrey of Bouillon (future king of Jerusalem). Arnulf was also supported by King Philip I of France who knighted Arnulf at the time. His uncle, William the Conqueror sent Arnulf ten Norman knights led by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford.

Robert's forces attacked Arnulf's larger army before it could organize. Arnulf himself was killed. Also killed in the battle was William FitzOsborn. Captured were Richilde (by Robert's forces) and Robert (by Arnulf III's force). Richilde was exchanged for Robert's freedom. Robert kept the countship of Flanders and ruled a much smaller county until 1093. He gained the friendship of King Philip I of France, by offering him the hand in marriage of his stepdaughter, Bertha of Holland.

## Notes 
## References
American Institute of Architects

The **American Institute of Architects** or the **AIA** is an organization for architects in the United States. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.. 

The AIA offers education, government advice, community redevelopment, and public outreach to support the architecture profession and improve its public image. The AIA also works with other members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry.

## Other websites
* American Institute of Architects official website
* American Institute of Architects Records at Syracuse University (60 years of primary source material)
* *Florida Institute of Architects* Publications Digital Collection', including the American Institute of Architects' Florida Association's *Florida Architect*
Taliesin (studio)

**Taliesin** (/ˌtæliˈɛsɪn/), sometimes known as **Taliesin East**, **Taliesin Spring Green**, or **Taliesin North** after 1937,  near Spring Green, Wisconsin, was the summer home of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright began the building in 1911 after leaving his first wife, Catherine Tobin, and his Oak Park, Illinois, home and studio in 1909. 

The impetus behind Wright's departure was his affair with Mamah Borthwick Cheney, who had been his client, along with her husband, Edwin Cheney. His winter home, Taliesin West, is located in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Some of the buildings designed at Taliesin were Fallingwater, the Guggenheim Museum, the Johnson Wax Headquarters, and the first Usonian home, the first Herbert and Katherine Jacobs house, in Madison, Wisconsin (1936).

## Other websites
*The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Information on the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, his archives, the Taliesin Fellowship, and tours
*The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture , the official website of the school
*Taliesin Preservation, Inc. Restoration and tours of Taliesin
*http://www.bolender.com/Frank%20Lloyd%20Wright/The_Taliesin_Fellowship_Publication_Volume_1_Number_2_February_1941
Antony Costa

**Antony Daniel Costa** (born 23 June 1981) is a British singer-songwriter and actor. He was born in Edgware, London to a Jewish mother and Greek father. He is best known as a member of boy band Blue. In 2006 he released a solo album, *Heart Full of Soul*.

## References
## Other websites
*
With Blood Comes Cleansing

**With Blood Comes Cleansing** is an American deathcore band. They formed in February 2005. is an American Christian deathcore band from Albany, Georgia, known for their intense blend of brutal deathcore and overtly Christian lyrical themes. The band originally formed in 2005, released two influential albums (Golgotha in 2006 and Horror in 2008), and disbanded in 2010 before reuniting in 2022.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Golgotha* (2006)
* *Horror* (2008)
* *With Blood Comes Cleansing* (2025)

## References
Murray Gershenz

**Murray Gershenz** (May 12, 1922 – August 28, 2013) was an American entrepreneur and actor. Gershenz's acting career did not begin until he was 79 years old, when he starred in a 2001 episode of *Will & Grace*. As an entrepreneur, he operated the *Music Man Murray* record store.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Larkin Administration Building

The **Larkin Building** was designed in 1904 by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1906 for the Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York.  The five story dark red brick building used pink tinted mortar and utilized steel frame construction. It was noted for many innovations, including air conditioning, stained glass windows, built-in desk furniture, and suspended toilet bowls. Though this was an office building, it still caught the essence of Frank Lloyd Wright's type of architecture. Sculptor Richard Bock provided ornamentation for the building.

It was located at 680 Seneca Street, the Larkin Building was demolished in 1950.

## References
## Other websites
*The Larkin Building, Buffalo, NY: History of the Demolition by Jerome Puma, 1978
*Work of Art: Demolition of Larkin Building was Key Loss for Preservation Advocates
*Great Buildings: Larkin Building
*Larkin Company: The People, Products and Premiums
Johnson Wax Headquarters

**Johnson Wax Headquarters** is the world headquarters and administration building of S. C. Johnson & Son. It is in Racine, Wisconsin. It was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for the company's president, Herbert F. "Hib" Johnson. The building was constructed from 1936 to 1939. Also known as the **Johnson Wax Administration Building**, it and the nearby 14-story Johnson Wax Research Tower (built 1944–1950) were designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 as **Administration Building and Research Tower, S.C. Johnson and Son**.

## References
## Other websites
*S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. official website.
*SC Johnson: The Golden Rondelle  website includes links to tour information for the Johnson Wax building.
*Johnson Wax Building, at a independent directory for architecture
Nintendo 2DS

The **Nintendo 2DS** is a handheld game console made by Nintendo. It is a new version of Nintendo's Nintendo 3DS console that has a flat design like the Game Boy consoles (instead of the flip design (a design where two or more sections fold by a hinge) of the 3DS), and does not play 3DS games in 3D. It was announced on August 27, 2013. It was released on October 12, 2013 in North America, Europe, Australia, It is aimed at children under the age of seven, whom Nintendo had said should not use the 3D mode on the 3DS due to possible health problems that it could cause. It costs less than the 3DS. In North America, it costs $129.99 (£109.99 in the UK), compared to the $169.99 (£134.99 in the UK) price of the 3DS.

The Nintendo 2DS was discontinued in 2019 in Japan and worldwide in 2020.

It could also play both DS and 3DS games

## References
## Other websites
*
Xhosa people

The **Xhosa** (Xhosa: **amaXhosa**) are an ethnic group living in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho. About 22% of people in South Africa are Xhosa. The Xhosa language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup, like Zulus.
The amaXhosa tribe consists of many different tribes within the culture of amaXhosa; such as amaMpondo. The tribes are of different chiefs and kings and have no single ruler due to their diverse tribes which also practice cultural customs differently from tribe to tribe. The closer tribes consists of various clan names which have been in existence for centuries. The notable ones are, amaTshawe, amaCirha, amaQwathi, amaGcina, ooRhadebe, ooJola, amaSukwini, to name a few.

## Related pages
* Nguni languages
* Bantu people
* Zulu people
Giuseppina Bozzacchi

**Giuseppina Bozzacchi** (November 23, 1853 – November 23, 1870) was a ballerina. She was born in Milan, Italy and died in Paris, France. She was the first to dance the part of Swanhilda in *Coppélia* in May 1870. She was a great success. She died a few months later from cholera on her birthday in November 1870.
Mental state

**Mental state**, a general term, might mean:
*Mood
*Mental health
*Flow (psychology)
*Altered state of mind
*Consciousness
Shoemaking

.]]

**Shoemaking** is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made by handicraft. Few people buy shoes made by old-fashioned methods anymore, preferring cheaper ones made by industrial mass production. The old methods are still used for buyers who want unusually high quality. Shoemakers may produce a range of footwear items, including shoes, boots, sandals, clogs and moccasins. Such items are generally made of leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other plant material.

A **cordwainer** is a **shoemaker** who makes very fine soft leather shoes. A **cobbler** is someone who repairs shoes.

## References
## Other websites
Comanche (disambiguation)

The **Comanche** are a Native American tribe from the United States.

**Comanche** might also mean:

*Comanche language, the language of the Comanche people
*Comanche, Oklahoma, a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma
*Comanche County, Kansas, a county in the U.S. state of Kansas
*Comanche County, Oklahoma, a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

**Gonadotropin-releasing hormone** (**GnRH**), or **Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone** (**LHRH**), is a hormone synthesized and released from neurons in the hypothalamus.

GnRH occurs in all vertebrates. This single hormone controls all the complex processes which prepare the male and female for successful reproduction.

GnRH releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. 

GnRH activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty or adolescence. During the reproductive years, it is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. However, once a pregnancy is established, GnRH activity is not required. 

## Related pages 
* Luteinizing hormone
* Follicle-stimulating hormone
Motivation

**Motivation** is an important part of psychology. It is the driving force by which people (or animals) get what they want. A **motive** is the reason for an action taken.

Motivation arouses a person to act towards a desired goal. It is a driving force which promotes action. For example, hunger is a motivation which causes a desire to eat. "Motivation is an energizer of behavior".

Drives may arise inside or outside an organism. External drives for humans are rewards and punishments, and can be quite subtle: a  or a smile may be sufficient for a young person.

Drives often occur *within* the individual and may not need external stimuli to encourage the behaviour. An example is the sexual drive which is driven by our hormone system. The desire for sex is wired deep into the brain of all human beings as glands secrete hormones that travel through the blood to the brain and stimulates the onset of sexual desire.

Not all motivated behaviour is the result of conscious decisions. Freudian psychology suggests that much behaviour is motivated by "unconscious factors, working through a network of defence mechanisms, symbolic disguises and psychological cloaks".

## References
Valérie Benguigui

**Valérie Benguigui** (6 November 1965 &ndash; 2 September 2013) was a French actress and theater director. She took acting classes at the Cours Florent and the National Chaillot Theatre School. Her first movie role was in Francis Huster's *On a volé Charlie Spencer* (1986).

Benguigui was born on 6 November 1965 in Paris, France. She was married to Eric Wapler until her death in 2013. They had two children. Benguigui died on 2 September 2013 from breast cancer in her Paris home, aged 47.

## References
## Other websites
*
Soteriology

**Soteriology** is the branch of theology dealing with salvation
## Related pages
*History of salvation
*Salvation (Christianity)
*Arminianism
*Calvinism
*Catholicism

## Other websites
*Bible.org on Soteriology
Remy

**Remy** or **Rémy** is a French name. It might mean:

* Pont-Remy, a French commune in Picardie
* Rémy, a French commune in Pas-de-Calais
* Remy, Oise
* Remy, Oklahoma
* Remy Zero, a musical group
* Remy, the main character from the movie *Ratatouille*
* Remy hair, a type of hair exensions

Remy is a name of an annoying boy he is totally not french Go on to simple Isabelle it will be a bad report but it is all fake sorry about this little dushbag he has a weird name od not name your child this or yourself
Frederik Pohl

**Frederik George Pohl, Jr.** (November 26, 1919 &ndash; September 2, 2013) was an American science fiction writer, editor and fan. His career has spanned over seventy-five years — from his first published work, the 1937 poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna", through the 2011 novel *All the Lives He Led* and articles and essays published in 2012.

Pohl was born on November 26, 1919, in New York City, New York. His family moved to Brooklyn when Pohl was around seven.

Pohl studied at Brooklyn Technical High School, but dropped out at the age of 17. Pohl was married to Judith Merril from 1949 until they divorced in 1953. They had one child. He married Carol Metallica in 1952; they divorced in 1982. He was married to Elizabeth Ann Hull from 1984 until his death in 2013.

Pohl died on September 2, 2013, in Palatine, Illinois from respiratory failure, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Frederik Pohl entry at NNDB
* Frederik Pohl Papers
* Locus Interview with Pohl, 2000
Ole Ernst

**Ole Ernst** (16 May 1940 &ndash; 1 September 2013) was a Danish actor. He appeared on many movies and television shows from 1967 to 2013. He starred in the 1983 movie *Der er et yndigt land*. It won an Honourable Mention at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Ernst died on 1 September 2013, aged 73, from undisclosed causes.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ronald Coase

**Ronald Harry Coase** (29 December 1910 &ndash; 2 September 2013) was a British economist. He was a Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. Coase won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991. 

## Early life
**Ronald Harry Coase** was born in Willesden, Middlesex, on 29 December 1910. As a child, Coase had a weakness in his legs, which is why he had to wear leg-irons.

### Education
Due to this problem, he attended the school for physical defectives. At the age of 12, he was able to enter at the Kilburn Grammar School on scholarship. Coase attended the London School of Economics, where he received a bachelor of commerce degree in 1932.

## Career
After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927–29, Coase entered the London School of Economics, where he took courses with Arnold Plant. He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991.

Coase became the oldest living Nobel laureate before his death in 2013.

## Personal life
Coase was married to Marian Hartung from 1937 until his death in 2013. They had no children. 

### Death
Coase died in Chicago, Illinois on 2 September 2013 from natural causes. He was 102 years old.

## Works in economics
Coase studied how businesses and people solve problems. His key insight was that of transaction costs. Transaction costs are costs of negotiating, making deals, and enforcing agreements. In *The Problem of Social Cost* (1960), he believed that if it’s easy for people to talk and make deals, they can figure out a fair solution on their own, even if government laws do not tell them exactly what to do. His theory would later be known as the *Coase theorem*.

In *The Nature of the Firm* (1937), he used the idea of transaction costs to explain why companies exists.

He other wrote books and academic papers such as *The Firm, the Market, and the Law* (1988); and *How China Became Capitalist* (2012) with Ning Wang.

## References
## Other websites
* Coase Institute
* "Looking for Results" , interview in *Reason* by Thomas W. Hazlett
* 2003 Coase Centennial Speech delivered by Coase (500MB QuickTime file, recommend downloading video before watching)
* Schumpeter "Why do Firms Exist?",  *Economist*, 16 December 2010.
* Russ Roberts's "Coase on Externalities, the Firm, and the State of Economics" from the Library of Economics and Liberty
Southern hip hop

**Southern hip hop** (also known as **Southern rap**, **South Coast hip hop**, or **dirty south**) is a type of hip hop music that comes from the Southern United States. 

Many early Southern rap artists released their music independently or on mixtapes after finding it difficult to obtain record-label contracts in the 1990s. By the early 2000s, many Southern artists had achieved national success. Over the decade, Southern hip-hop varieties, both mainstream and underground, have become among the most popular and influential of the entire genre.

In 2003 a documentary movie called *Dirty States of America: The Untold Story of Southern Hip-Hop* was released.

## Notable Southern hip hop artists 
* Outkast
* Ludacris
* Master P
* Birdman
* Lil Wayne
* 2 Chainz
* Gucci Mane
* Megan Thee Stallion
* Latto
* Trina
* Trick Daddy
* Juvenile
* YoungBoy Never Broke Again
* Vanilla Ice
* GloRilla
* T.I.
* Young Buck
* Migos
* Three 6 Mafia
* Killer Mike
* UGK
* Scarface
* Flo Rida
* Chamillionaire
* Jeezy
* Rick Ross

## References
Developmental coordination disorder

**Developmental coordination disorder** is a chronic disability that affects coordination. It is also known as **developmental motor coordination disorder**, **developmental dyspraxia** or **dyspraxia**. Around 2-6% of people have dyspraxia. Four times as many males than females have it. It is sometimes called 'clumsy child syndrome', but adults have it too. Most people with dyspraxia have other disabilities such as ADHD or autism and Hypermobility.  

There is no single cause of dyspraxia. It may not appear until later in childhood or sometimes even in adolescence. It cannot be cured: people who have it will live with it for life, however people are able to overcome it and find alternative ways to accomplish tasks which may usually be difficult without support.

## Signs
*Difficulty tying shoelaces
*Difficulty running, crouching and climbing stairs   
*Poor coordination
*Untidiness
*Incorrect way of running
*Self-care difficulties
*Messy eating
*Not doing well in Physical Education classes
*Inability to ride a bike, jump rope and spin a hoop
*Not alternating feet when going on stairs

## Associated disorders 
People who have developmental coordination disorder may also have one or more of these conditions:
*Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsive behaviour).
*Autism spectrum disorder
*Dyscalculia (difficulty with mathematics),
*Dysgraphia (an inability to write neatly and/or draw),
*Dyslexia (difficulty with reading and spelling),
*Hypotonia (low muscle tone)
*Sensory processing disorder
*Specific language impairment (SLI)
*Visual perception deficits

## Famous people with dyspraxia
Daniel Radcliffe has dyspraxia.

## References 
## Other websites
*Dyspraxia Foundation website 
*Dyspraxia Yahoo Group
Lance Bass

**Lance Bass** (born **James Lance Bass**; May 4, 1979) is an American pop singer, dancer, actor, film and television producer, and author. He grew up in Mississippi and became famous as a singer in the American pop boy band NSYNC. NSYNC's success led Bass to work in film and television. He starred in the 2001 film *On the Line*, which his company, Bacon & Eggs, also produced. Bass later formed a second production company, Lance Bass Productions, as well as a now-defunct music management company, Free Lance Entertainment, with Mercury Records. In 2006 he came out as gay. Bass has Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A book that Bass wrote about his life so far, *Out of Sync*, was published in 2007. In September 2013 Bass became engaged to Michael Turchin.

## Discography 
***NSYNC* (1998)
**No Strings Attached* (2000)
**Celebrity* (2001)

## References
Ian "H" Watkins

**Ian "H" Watkins** (born 8 May 1976) is a Welsh singer, dancer and actor. He was born in Cwmparc. He is best known for being a member of the British pop group Steps. He has said that "H" stands for "hyperactive", describing his character.

After Steps broke up in 2001, he formed a singing duo with Claire Richards, who was also a Steps member. They released their music under the name H & Claire.

In January 2007 he came out as gay. In the same month, he was a housemate in *Celebrity Big Brother*.

## References
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

**Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter** is a NASA spacecraft. It launched on August 12, 2005 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. It arrived at Mars on March 10, 2006. It went into orbit around Mars, and has been studying the planet since then. Its main goal is to find water on Mars, below the surface, and in the air. To do this, it has the largest telescope ever sent to another planet. The orbiter also works as a communications satellite. Its powerful antennas send and receive messages between NASA on Earth, and rovers on the surface of Mars.

## References
Cherokee (disambiguation)

The **Cherokee** are a Native American tribe from the United States.

**Cherokee** might also mean:

*Cherokee, Iowa
*Cherokee, Oklahoma
*Cherokee County, Alabama
*Cherokee County, North Carolina
*Cherokee County, Oklahoma
*Cherokee Village, Arkansas
Centaurus A

**Centaurus A** or **NGC 5128** is a prominent galaxy in the constellation  of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop at his home in  New South Wales, Australia. 

NGC 5128 is either a Hubble type lenticular galaxy or a elliptical galaxy. It is 1016 million light-years away.

NGC 5128 is one of the closest radio galaxies to Earth. Its active center has been well studied. The galaxy is the fifth brightest in the sky, The galaxy is only visible from low northern latitudes and the southern hemisphere.

Spitzer Space Telescope studies have confirmed that Centaurus A is colliding with, and devouring, a smaller spiral galaxy. Like other starburst galaxies, the collision produced the intense burst of star formation. 

The center of the galaxy has a supermassive black hole. Its mass is about 55 million solar masses. This ejects a relativistic jet with emissions in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. Astronomers have taken radio observations of the jet ten years apart. They found that the inner parts of the jet are moving at about half the speed of light. X-rays are produced further out as the jet collides with surrounding gas. This produces highly energetic particles. The radio jets of Centaurus A are over a million light years long.

## References
Marble Arch

in Hyde Park]]

**Marble Arch** is a white Carrara marble monument which is on a large traffic island. It is at the junction of Oxford Street, Park Lane, and Edgware Road, almost directly opposite Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park in the City of Westminster, London.

Historically, only members of the royal family and the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, have been allowed to pass through the arch in ceremonial procession.

The name "Marble Arch" today usually refers to the area in West London where the arch is, at the southern end of Edgware Road. There is also a Marble Arch underground station nearby.

## History
.]]

Until 1851 it stood in front of Buckingham Palace. The arch was designed in 1825 by John Nash as a ceremonial entrance to the courtyard of the new Buckingham Palace. He was rebuilding the palace from the former Buckingham House. The palace, as designed by Nash, was laid out around three sides of the courtyard, with the Marble Arch placed on its open eastern side.

## References
Black Eye galaxy

The **Black Eye Galaxy** (or **Sleeping Beauty Galaxy**; **Messier 64**, **M64**, **Evil Eye Galaxy** or **NGC 4826**) was discovered in 1779. It is a fairly close galaxy, just over 24 million light years away.

It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of its bright nucleus. This is why it is called the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy. M64 is well known among amateur astronomers because it can be seen in small telescopes. It is a spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices constellation.

## Galactic collision 
The gas in the outer areas of M64 rotates in the opposite direction to the gas and stars in the inner areas. The inner area has a radius of only about 3,000 light-years, while the outer area extends another 40,000 light-years  Many new stars are near the edges between the two areas.

Astronomers think the oppositely rotating gas happened when M64 took in a galaxy that  with it. This happened over a billion years ago. New stars are forming in the shear region. The shear region is where the oppositely rotating gases collide, are pushed together, and get smaller. 

The image shows hot, blue young stars that have just been made. There are pink clouds of glowing hydrogen gas that fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light from newly made stars. The small galaxy that collided with M64 has now been almost completely destroyed. Its stars are either in the main galaxy or scattered into intergalactic space. The motion of gas at the outer edge of M64 is a sign of the ancient collision.

## Reference
Thou (unit)

The **thou** (abbreviation **th**) or **mil** (mainly United States) is a unit of length in the Imperial System and the United States Customary Units. It is equal to  of an inch. This is not to be confused with the old form of "you".

## Etymology 
Thou comes from the Germanic languages, a shortening of *thousandth*.

Mil comes from the Romance languages, a shortening of *mille*.

## History 
The thou was introduced in 1844 by Joseph Whitworth as a substitute to traditional fractions such as     which cannot be defined simply in hundredths unlike  (0.25) or  (0.5). Traditional fractions continued to be used, as they were a substantial part of other units of length.

## Length 
## Usage 
The thou is used in engineering and manufacturing mostly.
Knock Madness

**Knock Madness** is the third studio album by American rapper Hopsin. It was released on November 24, 2013 through Funk Volume. A week after it was released, the album rose to #76 on the Billboard 200 and sold 12,000 more copies.

## References
Yard

The **yard** (symbol: **yd**)  is a unit of length in the Imperial System and United States Customary Units.

The word "yard" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for a straight rod.

## History 
A yard has always been 3 feet, although the length of a foot has changed frequently throughout history. In 1959, the International Yard and Pound Agreement was signed between the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, the United States, New Zealand and Canada. It was defined as 0.9144 metres. The United States continued to use the old yard under the name 'Survey Yard'

## Length 
## Usage 
Roadsigns in the United Kingdom are in miles and yards, rarely in Canada and the Republic of Ireland. It can also be used as a measure of area (square yard) and as a measure of volume (cubic yard). It is also used to measure pitches and fields for a number of sports that originated from English speaking countries. It finds seldom use in other metricated Commonwealth Nations.
Shohreh Solati

**Shohreh Solati** (, born Fatemeh Solati on January 4, 1959, in Tehran) is an Iranian singer. She is among the most active and prolific Iranian female singers. Since the Iranian Revolution, she has continued her music career outside the country.

She is divorced with a daughter and lives in Los Angeles, California.

## Discography
|width="30%" align="right" valign="bottom"|

|}

## Videography
*Shohreh Live in Canada
*Best of Shohreh and Shahram
*Best of Shohreh #1
*Best of Shohreh #2
*Zan Album Videos (Selected Videos)
*Ghesseh Goo Album Videos (Selected Videos)
*Nemizaram Beri Album Videos (Selected Videos)
*Atr Album Videos (Selected Videos)
*Safar Album Videos (Selected Videos)
*Pishooni Album Videos (Selected Videos)
*Havas Album Videos (Selected Videos)

## References
## Other websites
*Shohreh's official website
*Iran Song discography
Anguirus

*.]]
**Anguirus** is a fictional monster who appears in movies in the *Godzilla* series. He is a very large, mutated ankylosaurus. He first appeared in *Godzilla Raids Again'', a 1955 kaiju movie from Toho Studios. He was the first monster that Godzilla fought against. Since then, he has fought with Godzilla against stronger monsters who put the Earth in danger. This makes him one of Godzilla's most trusted allies.

## Movie appearances 
* *Godzilla Raids Again* (1955)
* *Destroy All Monsters* (1968)
* *All Monsters Attack* (1969) (stock footage)
* *Godzilla vs. Gigan* (1972)
* *Godzilla vs. Megalon* (1973)
* *Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla* (1974)
* *Godzilla Island* (1997)
* *Godzilla: Final Wars* (2004)
University of New Haven

The **University of New Haven** is a private and nonsectarian university within West Haven, Connecticut, which borders the much larger city of New Haven. The university was established in 1920 and given the name *University of New Haven* in 1970.
Godzilla (2014 movie)

***Godzilla*** is a 2014 action adventure science fiction monster movie. It is based on the Japanese movie monster of the same name. It is the second *Godzilla* movie to be made by an American movie studio, after the 1998 movie of the same name. It retells how Godzilla got started in the modern day as a "terrifying force of nature". It was produced by Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures, and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures worldwide (except in Japan, where it was distributed by Toho). It was released on May 16, 2014.

## Plot
The movie has Godzilla fight against giant monsters called M.U.T.O.s who put the Earth in danger.

## Cast
* Aaron Taylor-Johnson as Lieutenant Ford Brody 
* Bryan Cranston as Joe Brody
* Elizabeth Olsen as Elle Brody
* Victor Rasuk as Tre Morales
* Akira Takarada (unknown role)
* Sally Hawkins as a scientist
* Yuki Morita as Akio
* CJ Adams as Young Ford
* Jared Keeso as Jump Master
* Patrick Sabongui as Master Sergeant Marcus Waltz
* Al Sapienza as Huddleston
* Brian Markinson as Whalen

## Future
The movie's success prompted Toho to produce a reboot of its own and Legendary to proceed with sequels and a shared cinematic franchise, with *Godzilla: King of the Monsters* set to be released in 2019 and *Godzilla vs. Kong* to be released in 2020 with Godzilla set to battle with King Kong from *Kong: Skull Island* (2017).

## References
## Other websites
* Godzilla Encounter 
* Godzilla (2014) Movie News
*