open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Crystal Kay

**Crystal Kay Williams** (born 26 February 1986 in Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese-born singer, songwriter, actress and radio host. She is also known as "Kuri" by her . She is well known for her songs "Koi ni Ochitara" and "Boyfriend -part II-".  As of April 2021, she has released thirteen albums. 

Born and raised in Yokohama to an African-American father and a Japanese mother of Korean descent, Crystal Kay speaks English and Japanese fluently and records music in both languages. In 2003 she released an English compilation album called *Natural: World Premiere Album*. She started singing on television commercials when she was four years old. When she was twelve she was signed to Epic Records. Kay's first album *C.L.L Crystal Lover Light* was released on March 23, 2000 when Kay was fourteen. 

## Albums
*2000: *C.L.L Crystal Lover Light*
*2001: *637 -Always and Forever-*
*2002: *Almost Seventeen*
*2003: *4 Real*
*2005: *Crystal Style*
*2006: *Call me Miss...*
*2007: *All Yours*
*2008: *Color Change!*
*2010: *Spin the Music*
*2012: *Vivid*
*2015: *Shine*
*2018: *For You*
*2021: *I Sing*

## References
Dennis the Menace

**Dennis the Menace** is the name of two different comic strips, which both debuted in 1951. One is a British comic strip, that is featured in the UK comic magazine, The Beano. The other is a daily newspaper comic strip from the United States. This daily strip was a single panel, but the Sunday strip was longer. The single panels were sometimes collected into small paperbacks. Dennis also had a comic book.

In Britain, Dennis is usually drawn as wearing a red and black striped jumper, and spikey black hair. He is normally with his black dog called Gnasher. 

In the United States, Dennis the Menace (Dennis Mitchell)  wore a red and white striped tee-shirt and bib overalls. He had blond hair and a large cowlick. His dog was a sheepdog called Ruff. Dennis'  parents are Henry and Alice. His neighbors are George and Martha Wilson. Dennis wants to be helpful but his attempts often end in disaster. Dennis' friends are Tommy Anderson, Joey McDonald, and Margaret Wade. In 1959, the comic strip was developed into a CBS television sitcom called *Dennis the Menace*. It stars Jay North as Dennis and Joseph Kearns as George Wilson. The series aired for four years and has been released to DVD.
Glay

**Glay** is a Japanese rock band. There are 4 men in the band. The member's names are Takuro (guitar & piano), Teru (vocals), Hisashi (guitar), and Jiro (bass). They are one of the most popular rock bands in Japan. They are from Hakodate in Hokkaido.  "HOWEVER" is their most famous song. This song made them famous. Many of their CDs and albums have sold millions of copies .

Since 2007, Teru has been in ads shown on television and in theaters to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS.

## Studio albums
*
**Speed Pop* (1995)
**Beat Out!* (1996)
**Beloved* (1996)
**Pure Soul* (1998)
**Heavy Gauge* (1999)
**One Love* (2001)
**Unity Roots and Family, Away* (2002)
**The Frustrated* (2004)
**Love Is Beautiful* (2007)
**Glay* (2010)
**Justice* (2013)
**Guilty* (2013)
Aiko (singer)

**Aiko** (born November 22, 1975) is a Japanese singer and guitar player. She has a high popularity among young people. Her most famous song is "Kabutomushi". Aiko has won several Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Aiko debuted in 1998. She sings songs about love and girls' feelings. Her famous songs are "Hanabi", "Boyfriend", "Kabutomushi", "Kirakira", and so on. "milk/Nageki no Kisu", her *mukaiawase*　double A-side single, was her first single to hit #1 on Oricon since her debut..She do many concerts at everywhere in Japan.

## References
Ringo Shiina

**Yumiko Shiina** (born November 25, 1978) known as **Ringo Sheena**, is a Japanese singer and guitarist. She is a member of Tokyo Jihen. Shiina is from Fukuoka. 

She was the creative supervisor and music director of the Flag Handover Ceremony at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics / Paralympics.

She stayed in the UK from January to March 1997.

**Career** 

1998
Debut 

1999
Released the fourth single Honno(instinct). This single has become a million seller

2004-2012
in TOKYO JIHEN(INCIDENTS TOKYO)

2018
Participated in the 69th NHK Red vs. White Song Battle
Porno Graffitti

**Porno Graffitti** is a Japanese J-Pop band. The members of the band are Akihito Okano (vocals) and Haruichi Shindo (guitar). The band is from Innoshima in Hiroshima. The band first started playing in 1999 with three members. The third member, Tama, left the band in 2004. The band has become one of the duos leading the music in Japan.
Yuki (singer)

**Yuki Isoya** (born February 17, 1972) is a Japanese singer. Isoya debuted as a singer of the group Judy and Mary in 1993. Judy and Mary broke up in 1999. She began her solo singing career in February, 2002. Isoya has released four albums.
Zard

**Zard** was a J-pop girl group. Zard's music did not often appear on television. The group had many famous songs, for example "Makenaide". One of Zard's members was **Izumi Sakai**. Her true name was Sachiko Kamachi. She was a vocalist. Other Zard's members changed many times. Izumi Sakai was born in Fukuoka on February 6, 1967. She fought illness in Keiougijyuku University hospital. She had cervical cancer. Izumi Sakai died on May 27, 2007. When she died, she was 40 years old.
List of J-pop artists

A list of Japanese pop musicians and bands.

__NOTOC__

## Numbers and symbols
## A
## B
## C
## D
## E
## F
## G
## H
## I
## J
## K
## L
## M
## N
## O
## P
## R
## S
## T
## U
## V
## W
## X
## Y
## Z
3B Lab

**3B LAB.*** is a Japanese punk band. They are all men. The vocalist also sang in the folk-rock band 19. Their most popular song is "Ichigo Ichi". They're now called 3B Lab.☆S. Tamakoshi Masahiro left this group in 2009.

Members :

Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan

Jepang

Jepang

Korea Selatan

Amerika

Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan

Indonesia
Ellegarden

**Ellegarden** is a Japanese band formed in 1998 by four young men.Their activity pauses now.

## Members
Hosomi Takeshi(Guiter&Vocal)
Ubukata Shinichi(Guiter)
Takada yuichi(Bass)
Takahashi Hirotaka(Drums)

## References
Def Tech

**Def Tech** is a Japanese group. The band has three members: Shen, Micro and Playa T. They have sold more than 2.8 million copies of their albums *Def Tech* and *Lokahi Lani*. The band took a break in September 2007 and have since reunited as of June 2010.

## References
Ai Otsuka

**Ai Otsuka** (born September 9, 1982) is a Japanese pop female singer-songwriter and pianist from Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Her music is famous because it varies a lot in style but is mainly happy pop. Her first single was called Momo No Hanbira, but it was not until her second single, which was called Sakuranbo, that people really noticed her music.
Ayaka

**Ayaka Iida** (born December 18, 1987 in Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese female singer signed and songwriter. 
Ayaka is married to Hiro Mizushima. Her favorite singer is the Beatles, DREAMS COME TRUE, Mr.Children and so on. She started musical activities when she was 1st high school student.She released "I believe" and she made her debut in 2006. She sufferd from Basedow's disease and she stopped musical activity in 2009 in order to concentrate on getting well. But she started activities again in 2011 and announced that she made her own record company.

## Discography
### Singles
* *I believe* (2006)
* *melody〜SOUNDS REAL〜* (2006)
* *Real voice* (2006)
* ''* (2006)
* *Jewelry day* (2007)
* *CLAP&LOVE/Why'' (2007)
* '** (2008)
* **' (2008)
* '** (2009)
* **' (2009)

### Albums
original album
* *First Message* (2006)
* * Sing to the Sky* (2008)
* * The beginning* (2012)

best album
* ''ayaka's History 2006-2009* (2009)
* *ayaka's BEST -Ballad Collection-'' (2012)

## References
Speed (band)

**SPEED** is a Japanese music group that is has four female singers from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers.

When the group debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. It made its debut single, “Body & Soul”, in 1996. The group has many songs, which sold million records.

It broke up on March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, it broke up and came back together several times. The group made its latest comeback in 2008.

## Members
* Hiroko Shimabukuro (島袋寛子 born April 7, 1984)
* Eriko Imai (今井絵理子 born September 22, 1983)
* Takako Uehara (上原多香子 born January 14, 1983)
* Hitoe Arakaki (新垣仁絵 born April 7, 1981)

## Discography
### Singles
* *Body & soul* (1996)
* *STEADY* (1996)
* *Go! Go! Heaven* (1997)
* *Wake Me Up!* (1997)
* *White Love* (1997)
* *my graduation* (1998)
* *ALIVE* (1998)
* *ALL MY TRUE LOVE* (1998)
* *Precious Time* (1999)
* *Breakin’ out to the morning* (1999)
* *Long Way Home* (1999)
* *One More Dream* (2001)
* *Be My Love* (2003)
* *Walking in the rain/Stars to shine again* (2003)
* *あしたの空* (2008)
* *S.P.D* (2009)

### Albums
* *Starting Over* (1997)
* *RISE* (1998)
* *MOMENT* (1998)
* *Carry On my way* (1999)
* *SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear Friends 1* (2000)
* *SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear Friends 2* (2000)
* *BRIDGE* (2003)

## Other websites
* http://www.avexnet.or.jp/speed/index.html 
* http://avexnet.or.jp/hiro/index.html 
* http://www.avexnet.or.jp/eriko/index.htm 
* http://www.avexnet.or.jp/uehara/index.html 
* http://www.avexnet.or.jp/hitoe/index.htm
Bump of Chicken

**Bump of Chicken** is a Japanese rock music group. The members are four men. All members in this group were born in 1979. The vocalist of the group is Fujiwara Motoo. The bassist of the group is Naoi Yoshifumi. The guitarist of the group is Masukawa Hiroaki. The drummer of the group is Masu Hideo. They have been friends since they started school at a young age. The voice of Fujiwara Motoo and the words of their music, which he writes, are popular. They released the debut album “FLAME VEIN” in 1999.

## Members
*Motoo Fujiwara (Vocal&Guitar)
*Hiroaki Masukawa (Guitar)
*Yoshifumi Naoi (Base)
*Hideo Masu (Drums)

## Singles
* 1999: *LAMP*
* 2000: *Daiamond*

## Other websites
* Bump of Chicken Official Website
Orange Range

is a Japanese rock band from Okinawa signed to Sony Music. They are a group of 5, and they were all born in the mid-80s.

## History
On March, 2001, the present members were composed of the classmates from the preschool and YOH’s younger brother, RYO. When they were indies, they did lots of their concerts on the street, and the audience was surely increased. On July 4, 2003, they debuted and became major by their 1st single, “Kirikirimai”. Their 2nd single, “Shanghai Honey” was appreciated by the mass media and became a hit. On February 25,2004, they released their 5th single, “Michishirube～a road home～” came in 1st place in the Japanese single charts for the first time in themselves, and since then, their singe continued to come in 1st place to their 13th single, “Champione”.

## Members 
*Naoto Hiroyama - guitar (born May 8, 1983)
Also, a member of other bands, including "Soy-sauce" and "Pechuniarokkusu". He writes more than half of all Orange Range songs.

*Ryo Miyamori - low vocals (bass) (born October 1, 1985)
Before joining the group Orange Range, he was a member of another band, "Ruse". He and Yoh are brothers.

*Yamato Ganeko - high vocals (alto) (born January 14, 1984)
He has not cut his hair since releasing the song "Hana".

*Yoh Miyamori - bass (born December 11, 1983) 
He usually plays bass, but uses a guitar when he makes songs.

*Hiroki Hokama - mid-range vocals (born June 29, 1983)
It is said that he has a screwdriver when he records music because it makes him relaxed, but sometimes its sound is also recorded and they have to record again.

## Discography
### Singles
### Albums
## References
## Other websites
*Orange Range's official website (in Japanese)
*Okinawan Music web radio (Brazil)  (in Portuguese)
Kumi Koda

is a Japanese pop singer from the city Kyoto who started in the year 2000 with the album  *Take Back*. Her most well known song is *Butterfly*, and this song made her well known. She got Japanese record grand prix, an award. Her new album *Kingdom* was released on January 30, 2008, and her new single was released on January 23, 2008. Her young sister is misono who is J-pop singer.

## Other websites
*

*
Dreams Come True

**Dreams Come True** is a Japanese J-Pop music group.

The group is made up of a woman and a man. The vocalist is Miwa Yoshida and the bassist is Masato Namamura. They made their debut in 1988. The group tends to use humorous and ambiguous language in their songs.
Zeebra

**Zeebra** ( '''', born 2 April 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a famous Japanese hip hop artist, who is known as the first rapper in Japan. He was born and raised in Tokyo. He made his first appearance in 1995. Zeebra was a member of the hip-hop group King Giddra, which also included DJ Oasis and K Dub Shine. He became a solo artist in 1997. Because he has been in many TV commercials, started hip-hop television programs, and produced songs for upcoming rappers, Zeebra could be called the father of the Japanese rap scene. His daughter is Rima Yokoi, a rapper as a member of the girl group NiziU.
GO!GO!7188

**GO!GO!7188** was a band from Japan with three members. One plays guitar, one plays drums, and one plays bass. The main vocalist is a woman. One of their famous songs is "Koinouta".

**GO!GO!7188** formed in 1998 by YUU (singer/guitarist) and AKKO (singer/bassist); high school classmates in Kagoshima prefecture. In 1999, they headed to Tokyo where they meet drummer TURKEY.

Ever since they have released 9 full-length albums, 12 singles and 3 DVDs.

When they made their debut in the Japanese music scene, they were quoted to be one of the leading girl's punk band which mixes rock'n roll music with Japanese pop.

They have raised their evaluation as one of most important Japanese rock bands, making performances in live houses events to Nippon Budokan hall, with songs rich and full of originality and high performance ability.

## Members
*Yu (Yumi Nakashima)
*Akko (Akiko Noma)
*Tacky (Takayuki Hosokawa)

## Discography
**single**

## Other websites
* Official site 
* Polish unofficial site
BoA

**Kwon Bo-ah** (born 5 November 1986 in Guri, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) is a South Korean singer. She is commonly known by her stage name **BoA**. She has been active in both South Korea and Japan. Aside from Korean, BoA also speaks Japanese and English and has released songs in those languages. She also released some Chinese songs, but she does not know Chinese. BoA succeeded not only in Korea, but in all of East Asia as well.

BoA was born and raised in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. She was discovered by SM Entertainment talent agents when she accompanied her older brother to a talent search. In 2000, after two years of training, she released ID; Peace B, her debut Korean album. Two years later, she released her debut Japanese album, Listen to My Heart.
On October 21, 2008, BoA debuted in the United States with the single "Eat You Up", and released her debut English-language album, BoA on March 17, 2009.

## Discography 
### Korean albums
* *ID; Peace B* (2000)
* *No. 1* (2002)
* *Atlantis Princess* (2003)
* *My Name* (2004)
* *Girls on Top* (2005)
* *Hurricane Venus* (2010)
* *Only One* (2012)
* *Kiss My Lips* (2015)
* *Woman* (2018)
* *Better* (2020)

### Japanese albums
* *Listen to My Heart* (2002)
* *Valenti* (2003)
* *Love & Honesty* (2004)
* *Outgrow* (2006)
* *Made in Twenty (20)* (2007)
* *The Face* (2008)
* *Identity* (2010)
* ''Who's Back?* (2014)
* *Watashi Kono Mama de Ii no Kana* (2018)

### English albums
* *BoA'' (2009)

## References 
## Other websites 
* BoA Kwon Toplist
Mr. Children

***Mr. Children***, usually called , is a Japanese rock band made in 1988. They belong to Oorong-sha (). Their record company is Toy's Factory.

## Members
* Kazutoshi Sakurai (; Vo&G)
* Kenichi Tahara (; G)
* Keisuke Nakagawa (; B)
* Hideya Suzuki (; Dr)

### Supporting members
;Current
*Takeshi Kobayasi (Keyboard)

;Past
*Naoto Inti Raymi (G&chorus)
*Sunny (; Keyboard & chorus)

## Success 
They are one of the most successful Japanese bands, selling over 50 million records. 

## Fan Club 
The official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother.  The fan club was started in 1994. The fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3.500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. And there are concert ticket only for the members.

## Albums 
As of 2007, Mr. Children has published twelve original studio albums and 30 singles, three compilation albums, a live album, and ten home video releases.
* *Everything* (1992)
* *Kind of Love* (1992)
* *Versus* (1993)
* *Atomic Heart* (1994)
* ''* (1996)
* *Bolero* (1997)
* *Discovery* (1999)
* *Q* (2000)
* *It's a Wonderful World* (2002)
* *Shifuku no Oto* () (2004)
* *I Love U* (I♥U) (2005)
* *Home* (2007)
* *Supermarket Fantasy* (2008)
* *SENCE* (2010)
* *Mr.Children 2001-2005 * (2012)
* *Mr.Children 2005-2010 * (2012)
* *［(an imitation) blood orange］* (2012)

### Compilations 
* *Mr. Children 1992-1995* (2001)
* *Mr. Children 1996-2000* (2001)
* *B-side* (2007)

### Live albums 
* *1/42'' (1999)

## Singles 
* ""
* ""
* "Replay"
* "CROSS ROAD"
* "innocent world"
* "Tomorrow Never Knows"
* ""
* "【es】 ~Theme of es~"
* ""
* ""
* ""
* ""
* "Everything (It's You)"
* ""
* ""
* ""
* "I'LL BE"
* ""
* "NOT FOUND"
* ""
* "youthful days"
* ""
* "Any"
* "HERO"
* ""
* "Sign"
* ""
* ""
* ""
* ""
* ""
* "GIFT"
* "HANABI"
* ""

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Mr. Children at Toy's Factory
Namie Amuro

**Namie Amuro** is a Japanese singer, born September 20, 1977 in Naha, Okinawa. She was the top J-Pop star of the 1990s, with a long string of number-one hits.

When she had a baby in the late 1990s her popularity went down, but her albums became popular again when she released *Queen of Hip-Hop*. Her next album *Play* became #1. Her 2008 hit single, 60s 70s 80s, sold about 293,000 copies and came #1. That was her first #1 single since 1999.

In July 2008, Namie released her third greatest hits album BEST FICTION, which sold over 1.500,000 copies. It was the year's the most selling female album in Japan and second most selling album.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### Compilation albums 
### Singles 
## Awards 
## Other websites 
* Namie Amuro Official Site 
* Namie Amuro Official Management Site
Saturn (mythology)

of Saturn by Rubens.]] 

**Saturn** (Latin: *Sāturnus*) is a Roman god of agriculture. In Roman mythology, Saturn is the father of Ceres, Jupiter, Veritas, and others. He is associated with time, wealth, and liberation. He is also identified with the Greek titan Kronos, whose rule, often called the Golden Age, is seen as a time of peace and abundance.

## Temple of Saturn
The Temple of Saturn located at the Roman Forum housed the state treasury. In December, the festival of Saturnalia, perhaps the most famous of all the Roman festivals, was held in his honor — it had a public banquet, role reversals, private gift-giving and revelry. The planet Saturn is named after him and the modern English weekday Saturday bears his name.

## More Detailed Info 
Saturn (Sāturnus) was a major Roman god of agriculture, wealth, time, and liberation, identified with the Greek Titan Cronus; his rule was seen as a mythical "Golden Age" of peace and abundance, teaching humanity farming and civilization. He was married to Ops, fathered key gods like Jupiter and Juno, and his major cult centered around the lively December festival of Saturnalia, a time of feasting, gift-giving, and temporary social reversals, symbolizing the freedom of his golden age. Romans honored him with a temple on the Capitoline Hill, which housed the state treasury, solidifying his importance. 

Key Aspects of Saturn

Role: God of agriculture, harvest, abundance, wealth, time, generation, and liberation.

Greek Counterpart: Cronus, though the Roman version integrated more aspects of a benevolent king.

Family: Son of Caelus (Heaven) and Terra (Earth); husband of Ops (Abundance); father of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, Ceres, and Vesta.

Mythology: Fled to Italy after being overthrown by his son, Zeus (Jupiter), and ruled Latium in a utopian Golden Age, teaching people farming and civilization.

Symbolism: Often depicted with a sickle or scythe, representing agriculture.

Cult Center: The Temple of Saturn on the Roman Forum, which also served as the state treasury. 

The Saturnalia Festival

When: A major December festival, initially a single day but extended.

Activities: Feasting, merriment, gift-giving, role reversals (masters serving slaves), and free speech.

Significance: Recreated the spirit of the Golden Age, temporarily suspending normal social rules and restrictions. 

Saturn's Dual Nature

Saturn embodies contrasts: a benevolent culture hero who brought civilization but was also a violent Titan.

He was seen as both a source of prosperity (with Ops) and linked to destruction (with Lua, goddess of war spoils). 

## Related pages
* Greek mythology
* Classical antiquity

## Footnotes
Kyu Sakamoto

**Kyu Sakamoto** "坂本九" (real name "Hisasi Osima") was a singer and actor, born on December 10, 1941 in Kanagawa, Japan.

## Musical career 
Sakamoto's song "Sukiyaki" became the first Japanese song in the United States to sell a million copies and reached No.1 on a music chart on June 15, 1963. Its original (Japanese) title is "上を向いて歩こう" which means "I look up as I walk".

## Death 
On August 12, 1985, Sakamoto is one of 509 passengers on Japan Air Lines Flight 123 aboard from Kanagawa crashed into the Mount Takamagahara in Gunma Prefecture caused by in-flight structural failure due to improper maintenance leading to explosive decompression. He, along with 519 others were killed, including all 15 crew member on board and leaving 4 female passengers survived with their serious injuries. He is survived by his wife and their two daughters.

## His hit songs 
His major hit songs were as follows.

*何もいらない俺だけど (1959)
*悲しき六十才 (1960)
*ステキなタイミング (Good Timi`n) (1960)
*月夜に歩けば (Walkin' in The Moonlight) (1961)
*カレンダーガール (Calendar Girl) (1961)
*見上げてごらん夜の星を (1963)
*上を向いて歩こう (Sukiyaki) (1963)
*幸せなら手をたたこう (1964)
*涙くんさよなら (1965)

## Notes 
## Outer links 
*Kyu Sakamoto Official Web Site
*Sukiyaki (上を向いて歩こう) with English translation and lyrics at YouTube
Cuvette

is included to compare size.]]

A **cuvette** is a kind of laboratory glassware, usually a small tube of circular or square cross shape, closed at one end and open at the other, made of plastic, glass, or optical grade quartz and made to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments.  The best cuvettes are as clear as possible, without impurities that might affect a spectroscopic reading.  Like a test tube, a cuvette may be open to the air on top or have a glass or other material to close it.
Lemuel Abbott

**Lemuel Abbott** (c. 1730 – April 1776) was an English priest and poet. Little is known of his background, but he worked as a priest in Ansty, Leicestershire and Thornton. He is known mostly for his collection of poems called *Poems on Various Subjects, whereto is Prefixed a Short Essay on the Structure of English Verse*, published in 1765. Abbott and his wife Mary were probably the parents of the artist Lemuel Francis Abbott.
John Abbot

**John Abbot** (1587/1588 – c. 1650) was an English Roman Catholic priest and poet. Nobody knows where he was born, he might have been from either London or Leicester. Abbot was from a strongly Protestant family because he was the nephew of George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, but after being educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he travelled to the European continent where he was converted to Roman Catholicism. On returning to England he was in Jesuit orders for a while, before working as a priest. In 1635 he was put in jail. He was released within a year, but in 1637 he was again arrested, and spent the rest of his life in prison.

His best known work is his poem *Devout Rhapsodies* (2 vols., 1647), about the war between Good and Evil and the temptation and fall of man.

## Selected works 
**Jesus Praefigured* (1623)
**The Sad Condition of a Distracted Kingdome* (1645)
**Devout Rhapsodies* (2 vols., 1647)

## References
* Jordan, Richard D., "Abbot, John", *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, (Oxford, 2004)
KAT-TUN

**KAT-TUN** is a Japanese J-Pop band.

## History
The group is made up of six young Japanese men. Their debut was announced January 29, 2006. The debut was accompanied by a concert tour of Japan. They released a single ("Real Face"), an album ("Best of KAT-TUN"), and a DVD (*Real Face Film*) on the same day, March 22, 2006.　

KAT-TUN is now made up of three members:
* Kamenashi Kazuya (born February 23, 1986)
* Ueda Tatsuya (born October 4, 1983)
* Nakamaru Yuichi (born September 4, 1983)
Members who left the group:

*Akanishi Jin (born July 4, 1984)
* Tanaka Koki (born November 5, 1985)
* Taguchi Junnosuke (born November 29, 1985)

KAT-TUN not only sings and dances.  KAT-TUN also acts.

They will disband on 31 March 2025.

## References
Division of labour

In ancient history, a **division of labour** (or **specialisation**) was when some people in a city stopped growing crops and took other jobs. This usually happened because of a surplus of food. This means that there was more than enough food for everyone, so some people did not have to grow crops anymore.

Xenophon was a philosopher of the 4th century BC. In his book Cryopedia (*The Education of Cyrus*) he writes about the division of labour: 

"Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities, however, because many make demands on each trade, one alone is enough to support a man, and often less than one: for instance one man makes shoes for men, another for women, there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes, another by cutting them out, another just by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts, Of necessity, he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Summary of Smith's example of pin-making
Euphrates

The **Euphrates** is the western of the two rivers that define the borders of Mesopotamia. The other is the Tigris, which joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt-al-Arab and flow into the Persian Gulf. Several dams have been built since the 1970s. As a result, less water flows down the river into the sea. 
The Euphrates, along with the Tigris, were very important to ancient Mesopotamians because they would provide water and irrigation. It is 1,728 miles long and is one of the longest rivers in all of Mesopotamia. It is slower than the Tigris river but at the same time longer.
Surplus

**Surplus** is when there is more of something  than is needed. Therefore:
*If there is more budget than needed, there is a budget surplus. If there is too little, there is a budget deficit
*If a business has more of a product available than its customers want to buy at a particular price, an economist would describe the situation by saying the supply is greater than the demand and there would be a "surplus" of the product at that particular price
*In Marxian economics, there are surplus product and surplus value.
* *Surplus* (movie), a 2003 Swedish documentary movie about consumerism
JC Chasez

**JC Chasez** (born **Joshua Scott Chasez** on August 8, 1976 in Washington, D.C.), is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and producer. He is best known as one of the lead singers in the boy band NSYNC. On February 24, 2004 Chasez's solo album *Schizophrenic* was released. Three singles were released from the album. Chasez made a girl group called Girl Radical with Jimmy Harry.

## Discography
**NSYNC**
***NSYNC* (1998)
**No Strings Attached* (2000)
**Celebrity* (2001)

**Solo Career**
*Schizophrenia (2004)

## References
Herl

**Herl** is a municipality and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 253 people lived there.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Fiefdom

In feudalism, a **fiefdom** (also called a **fief**, **feud**, **feoff**, or **fee**) was a property or right that an overlord gave a vassal in exchange for military service. This property, of whatever size, could be inherited by the man's heirs.  However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including a political office, hunting or fishing rights or monopolies in trade. A fief included the right of possession of something but with conditions.

## References
Nicky Hilton Rothschild

**Nicholai "Nicky" Olivia Hilton** (born October 5, 1983, in New York City, New York) is an American fashion model, socialite, and fashion designer. Hilton is also an heiress to a part of the Hilton Hotels chain, as well as to about 5–15% of her father's real estate fortune and investments. She shares her nickname with her grandfather's brother, Conrad "Nicky" Hilton, who died 14 years before she was born. She is the sister of celebrity Paris Hilton.

## References
Thomas Eastoe Abbott

**Thomas Eastoe Abbott** (1786/1787|7 – 18 February 1854) was an English poet. He was born in East Dereham, Norfolk. He lived in Darlington, where he worked at the Royal Free Grammar School. He wrote many books like *Peace, a Lyric Poem* (1814); *Resignation* (1817); *The Triumph of Christianity* (1819); and ''The Soldier's Friend* (1828). Abbott died in Darlington, County Durham in 1854.

## Other websites 
* Thompson Cooper, *Abbott, Thomas Eastoe (1786/7–1854)'', rev. Megan A. Stephan, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 21 March 2007)
Linda Bengtzing

**Linda Bengtzing** (born March 13, 1974 in Gullspang, Sweden) is a singer and television host. She has sung three times in the Swedish Melodifestivalen.

## Gallery 

File:Linda Bengtzing - Diggilo - Ystad-2021.jpg|Linda Bengtzing in Ystad 28 August 2021.
File:Bengtzinghysen.jpg|Linda Bengtzing and Glenn Hysén.

## References
* Linda Bengtzing official homepage

## Other websites
Linda Thelenius

**Linda Thelenius** (born **Linda Maria Elisabeth Gedin** later *Linda Rosing* 21 January 1974 in Västerås, Sweden) is a model and was a participant in the 2003 edition of *Big Brother* in Sweden. In the Big Brother house, she and another participant, Micke, became involved in a relationship which was followed closely by the producers. During the show, she had sex on live TV, making her an instant tabloid celebrity.

Thelenius released her debut single, "Summer Love", in 2004. In 2006, she released her autobiography, *Den nakna sanningen* ("The naked truth"), written together with journalist and television host Daniel Nyhlén.

In the summer of 2006, Thelenius became the leader of a new political party, 'Unika Partiet', or 'The Unique Party'. This is a so-called non-registered party, meaning that there is no official record of the party. Thelenius was listed as the only candidate for the party, listed as an author on the party ballot. She received 222 votes out of more than 5.6 million votes cast in the election. Thelenius is also famous for her many plastic surgery operations. She has breast implants, has had a facelift, and uses botox injections.

## References 
*the local introducing Linda Rosing
*Linda Rosing
Ricky Martin

**Enrique Martin Morales** (born on December 24, 1971), also most commonly or better known by his stage name as **Ricky Martin**, is a two-time Grammy Award and 4 Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican-American pop singer, dancer, musician, recording artist and actor. He has since then rose up to fame, first as an elite member of the Latin boy band Menudo, and then as a prominent solo musical pop artist ever since then from 1991-present. And throughout over his entire singing career he has annually recorded, released and sold out over 95 million singing albums and groundbreaking records all over around the world, while charting up with nearly and about up to 27 top 10 greatest hits as of on the US Latin Charts, and with over and about 11 breaking records of which have overly reached up with number one and a total of over 40 hit released singles.

## Discography 
**Studio Albums**
* 1991: *Ricky Martin*
* 1993: *Me Amarás*
* 1995: *A Medio Vivir*
* 1998: *Vuelve*
* 1999: *Ricky Martin*
* 2000: *Sound Loaded*
* 2003: *Almas del Silencio*
* 2005: *Life*
* 2011: *Música + Alma + Sexo*
* 2015: *A Quien Quiera Escuchar*

**Extended Plays**
* 2020: *PAUSA*

**Live Albums**
* 2006: *MTV Unplugged*
* 2007: *Black & White Tour*

**Compilation Albums**
* 2001: *La Historia*
* 2001: *The Best of Ricky Martin*
* 2008: *Ricky Martin 17*

**DVDs**
* 1999: *One Night Only*
* 1999: *Ricky Martin: The Video Collection*
* 2001: *Ricky Martin: The European Tour*
* 2001: *La Historia"*
* 2006: *MTV Unplugged*
* 2007: *Black & White Tour*
* 2008: *Ricky Martin 17*
Katie Price

**Katrina Amy Alexandra Alexis Infield Price** (born 22 May 1978), also known as **Katie Price** and her pseudonym **Jordan**, is an English socialite, media personality and glamour model. 

She was born in Brighton, East Sussex, England.

She first became known as a topless female glamour model in a pictorial *Page 3* tabloid newspaper *The Sun*. Later, her life in the public spotlight allowed her to develop a variety of different activities including television, books, fashion and music.

Her singles include "A Whole New World" with Peter Andre. It peaked at number 12. A solo "Free To Love Again" peaked at number 60.

She won *Celebrity Big Brother* in 2015 and was also a contestant twice on ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!''.

## Personal life
Price has had many plastic surgeries on her breasts and her face. In 2002, Price had a leiomyosarcoma (a type of cancer) removed from her finger. Although estimates of her net worth were approximately £40 million, on November 26th 2019 she was declared bankrupt.

### Relationships
She married Peter Andre in September 2005; they divorced in 2009. She married Alex Reid in February 2010; they divorced in 2011. In January 2013, she married Kieran Hayler. Price has a son, Harvey (born in May 2002), by footballer Dwight Yorke. He is blind, has ADHD and Prader-Willi syndrome and is autistic. She has a son Junior (born June 2005), and daughter, Princess (born June 2007), by Andre. She has a son, Jett (born August 2013), by Hayler. The couple separated in May 2014. Their daughter was born in August 2014.

She got engaged to Kris Boyson in July 2019.

## References
Comanche

**Comanche peoples** are Native Americans who lived in an area called the *Comancheria*. This is where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, most in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton) and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called *Uto-Aztecan language family*.

The name Comanche was given by the Mexicans and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, *kleptomania* (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves *Numinous*, meaning "human being" or "the People". They were very good warriors and fought the white settlers and army for many years until they gave up in 1875.

The woman in the family made the teepees. They gathered wild potatoes, fruits, nuts and berries. The woman in the family cooked, cleaned and made their clothing. The clothing was made out either bear, deer, bison, buffalo, wolves or coyotes.

## Notes
### Further reading
*Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1940) *The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751-1778: A collection of documents illustrative of the history of the eastern frontier of New Mexico.* University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, OCLC 3626655
*Wolff, Gerald W., and Cash, Joseph W. (1976) *The Comanche People* Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series.

## Other websites
*Comanche Nation
*The Comanche Language and Cultural Perservation Committee
Disappearance of Madeleine McCann

**Madeleine McCann** (born 12 May 2003) was reported missing on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in the Algarve, Portugal. One newspaper said it was "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history". It is still not known where she is or what happened to her.

Madeleine was on holiday with her parents, her two-year-old twin brother and sister, and family friends. She and the twins had been left asleep at 20:30 in a ground floor apartment, while the McCanns and friends had dinner in a restaurant  away. The parents checked on the children every so often, until it was discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the next few weeks, the Portuguese police started to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and the parents had covered it up.

There was a lot of news coverage around the world about the case. Rumours that Madeleine has been taken to countries such as Morocco and Malta have all turned out to be untrue.

Madeleine's parents have started a website in their daughter's name where people can keep up to date on events and write to the family. They have also started ''Madeleine's Fund'' to which people can give money.

Robert Murat was the first official suspect. On 8 September 2007, Madeleine's mother, Kate McCann, and her father, Gerry McCann, were declared official suspects as well, after the finding of blood and fluids in their apartment. Murat stopped being an official suspect in July 2008, Kate and Gerry in August 2008.

The case remains unsolved. However, in June 2020 a possible suspect who is yet to be named is being held in custody for question by German authorities. The person being held is known to have committed other sexual assaults on children.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Miki Ando

is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a figure skater.

Ando was born in Nagoya.

## Career
Ando won the 2004-2005 Japanese National Championship; and she placed first again in 2011.

She won the World Championships in 2007 and 2011.

She was a member of the Japanese team at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin in Italy.  She also competed at Vancouver in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.miki-ando.jp/ 
* Miki Ando at International Skating Union (ISU)
Serena Williams

**Serena Jameka Williams** (born September 26, 1981) is an American professional tennis player. She won 23 Grand Slam singles titles in her career, the most all-time among women in the Open era. She is the younger sister of another former world no. 1 professional female tennis player, Venus Williams.

## Personal life
The Williams sisters grew up in Los Angeles. She lives in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, United States with her husband Alexis Ohanian and daughter. She is a Jehovah's witness.

## References
Faith Ford

**Faith Alexis Ford** (born September 14, 1964, in Alexandria, Louisiana) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on *Murphy Brown* and as Hope in the television series, *Hope & Faith*.

## Other websites 
*Official web site
*
*
Kelly Ripa

**Kelly Maria Ripa** (born October 2, 1970) is an American actress, talk show host, and television producer. Ripa, who played Hayley Vaughan on the television soap opera *All My Children* from 1990&ndash;2002, is best known as co-host of the popular syndicated morning talk show *Live! with Kelly and Ryan*. She is also known for her role as Faith Fairfield on *Hope & Faith*. Additionally, Ripa and her husband Mark Consuelos own a New York based production company, Milojo.

In 2012, *The Hollywood Reporter* named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media.

## Early life
Ripa was born in Stratford, New Jersey. She is the daughter of Esther, a homemaker, and Joseph Ripa, a labor-union president and bus driver. She has a younger sister, Linda, who is a children's book author. She is of Italian and Irish ancestry. Her father has been the Democratic County Clerk for Camden County, New Jersey since June 2009. She is the first in her family to enter the acting profession. She has studied ballet since age three, plays the piano, and, in her words, is "no Barbra Streisand," but can carry a tune.

Ripa graduated from Eastern High School in Voorhees Township, New Jersey, where she became a cheerleader and was later encouraged by her drama teacher to pursue acting. "I owe so much of my career to Jim Beckley," she said. "He thought I was a natural performer and so he gave me the lead in the next show." She starred in local theatre productions and was discovered while performing in the comedy play *The Ugly Duckling* (c. 1941), by A.A. Milne, during her senior year.

## Television and movie roles
## References
## Other websites
*Kelly Ripa
*Kelly Ripa Biography
Hope & Faith

***Hope & Faith*** was an American television series. It was a sitcom that aired for three seasons on ABC from 2003 to 2006. For its first two seasons the series was part of a revived TGIF comedy block.

The series starred Faith Ford as Hope and Kelly Ripa as Faith. Ford plays a homemaker with a husband (played by Ted McGinley) and three children. Ripa plays her sister, a soap opera star whose character is killed off, leading her to move in with her sister's family. The series is based in part on the life of its creator, Joanna Johnson, a former cast member of *The Bold and the Beautiful*. The series featured guest stars such as Tony Curtis, Dean Cain, Robert Wagner, Regis Philbin (Ripa's co-host on *Live with Regis and Kelly*), Kathie Lee Gifford, and Mark Consuelos (Ripa's husband).

The series was primarily filmed at New York City's Silvercup East, a sister studio to Silvercup Studios, to accommodate Ripa's schedule with *Live with Regis and Kelly*.

All 73 episodes were picked up by the American television network WE: Women's Entertainment, as the total number of produced episodes was short of what was required for American television syndication.
Live! with Kelly

***Live! with Kelly and Mark*** is a syndicated American television talk show, hosted by Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos.

The show began in 1983 as a local New York City program called *The Morning Show*, hosted by Regis Philbin and Cyndy Garvey (then the wife of Major League Baseball player Steve Garvey). A year later, Garvey left the show and was replaced by Ann Abernathy. In 1985, after Abernathy married and moved to Los Angeles, Kathie Lee Gifford became Philbin's co-host. The show went into national syndication in 1988 as ***Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee***. Gifford left the show in 2000; the show continued as *Live! with Regis* while Philbin and the show's producers teamed him with several potential co-hosts.

In 2001, Ripa was named as Philbin's co-host, with the show then being renamed ***Live! with Regis and Kelly***. Philbin and Ripa remained a team until 2011; in January of that year, he announced he was leaving the show, with his last show airing on November 18. The show then became ***Live! with Kelly***, with Ripa appearing with a wide array of guest co-hosts. Former New York Giants star defensive lineman Strahan became the new full-time co-host effective with the 2012–13 season premiere. At that point the show became ***Live! with Kelly and Michael.***

''Live!'s'' mixture of A-list guests and the interaction between co-hosts have made it one of daytime's most popular and venerable talk shows.

In 2016, Strahan announced he was leaving the show to join Good Morning America. Ryan Seacrest began hosting in 2017, prompting the show's name change to "Live! with Kelly and Ryan". Seacrest left in April of 2023 and was  replaced by Ripa's husband, Mark Consuelos, soon afterward.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Jade Goody

**Jade Goody** (5 June 1981 – 22 March 2009) was a British television personality. 

She became famous when she was in the third series of the reality television show Big Brother in 2002. She had been a dental nurse before she went into the Big Brother house. 

Goody starred in fitness DVDs, got somebody to write a book about her, had her own beauty salon and line of perfume. 

Goody was a housemate once again in Celebrity Big Brother 2007. While in the show, there was a lot of controversy because people said that she was racist towards Shilpa Shetty. 

She had two sons by Jeff Brazier. She married Jack Tweed on 22 February 2009 and died from metastatic cervical cancer a month later (on the 22 of March). She was 27 years old.

## References
Sara Rue

**Sara Rue** (born January 26, 1979 in New York City, New York) is an American actress.  She played the roles of "Carmen Ferrara" on the drama *Popular* and "Claudia Casey" on the sitcom *Less Than Perfect*. 

## Other websites
*
*Sara's Bio @ abc.com
Less Than Perfect

***Less Than Perfect*** was an American television series. It was a sitcom that began airing on ABC on October 1, 2002 and ended on June 6, 2006. The series is about a young female office employee (played by Sara Rue) and her co-workers  The series was directed by Skip Collector and Ted Wass, among others.

## Other websites 
*
Melodifestivalen

**Melodifestivalen** (translated as the "**Melody Festival**") is a Swedish annual music competition held to decide Sweden's song and performer at the Eurovision Song Contest. It is organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and Sveriges Radio (SR).

## History 
It has been staged under various formats almost every year since Sweden first participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1958. The first year, no TV or radio broadcasted event was held, but in 1959, the first public competition was held. The competition is the most popular television programme in Sweden, a title it has held since 2000, at times eclipsing even Eurovision itself. In 2007, an estimated four million Swedes—almost 44% of the country's population—watched the final, while the semifinals averaged around 3.1 million viewers.

The winner is chosen by a number of regional juries and a national televote. Until 2001 the competition was normally limited to between eight and twelve songs (in 1981, only five songs), but since the introduction of semifinals in 2002 that number has risen to thirty-two.

The Melodifestival has produced five Eurovision-winning songs and fifteen placings in the top five for Sweden at the Contest. The event is often seen as being dominated by light orchestrated pop songs, known locally as Schlager. music—so much so that it is sometimes referred to as "Schlagerfestivalen" (the "Schlager Festival") or "Schlager-SM" ("Swedish schlager championship") by the Swedish media but other styles of music such as rap, reggae and glam rock have made an appearance since the competition's expansion. 

The competition makes a significant impact on music charts in Sweden; twenty-three participants reached the domestic singles chart in 2006 and twenty-one in 2007. There would have been more people taking part, but Agnes Carlsson was disqualified because she discussed her song in an interview with the Aftonblad newspaper.

## Format 
Created in 1958, Melodifestivalen has been the competition which all but one of the Swedish Eurovision entries had to go through. There are typically four "heats" of around seven entries each. From each heat, the two most voted-for entries go through to the final while the 3rd and 4th placed entries from each heat go to the "Second Chance Round". From this round, four more finalists are chosen. 

In 2022, the second-chance round was replaced with a semi-final where the eight winners of the heats were taken down to four finalists. In 2024, the semi-final will be scrapped and a new fifth heat will be added.

## Winners 
There have been fifty-six winners of Melodifestivalen. 

## Other websites