open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
IPS panel

**In-Plane Switching** (**IPS**) is a technology for liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) that aligns liquid crystal molecules parallel to the display panel to improve color and viewing angles compared to traditional TN panels. This design was developed to address the viewing angle limitations and low color quality of early LCDs in the late 1980s.

## History 
Initially developed for improved grayscale and viewing angles, IPS technology became viable for active matrix TFT LCDs in the 1990s, resolving limitations like grayscale inversion. Key developments were patented by Fraunhofer Society in Germany and later refined by Hitachi, which improved pixel control and reduced color shifting at different angles.

Hitachi and later LG Display advanced IPS technology, creating variations such as Super IPS (S-IPS) and Advanced High-Performance IPS (AH-IPS) with enhanced color and contrast. These improvements led to the technology’s wide adoption in high-quality computer monitors, smartphones, and TV displays.

IPS remains popular for devices requiring superior color accuracy and wide viewing angles, including professional monitors and high-end consumer displays.

## Related pages 
* Computer monitor

## References
Mexican Repatriation

The **Mexican Repatriation** Acts were repatriations, deportations and removals of Mexicans or Mexican Americans from the United States. They took place during the two final years of the 1920s and the entire 1930s. Estimates of how many people were affected go from 300,000 to more than two million people. Between forty and sixty percent of them (perhaps more) were United States citizens.

The Mexican people remaining inside the United States were classified U.S. citizens and counted as White people before 1930. In that year, a growing number of immigrants and local racism led to new racial or ethnic categories being created.

## References
Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan

At the end of the Chinese Civil War, in December 1949 the  moved the capital (Headquarters) from the city of Nanjing to Taipei, in the island of Taiwan.

* Nanjing is a city in Mainland China. It was the headquarters of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1949.
* The Communist Party of China and the Nationalist Party of China were fighting the Chinese Civil War from 1927 to early 1950s
* In December 1949, the Republic of China, ruled by the Nationalist Party, moved the government to Taipei, Taiwan.

After the retreat, the Chinese Communist Party founded the modern , also known as "People's Republic of China".

## References
Overlay network

Overlay networking (aka SDN overlay) is a method of using software to create layers of network abstraction that can be used to run multiple separate, discrete virtualized network layers on top of the physical network, often providing new applications or security benefits.

## References
Colostethus ucumari

***Colostethus ucumari*** is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Body
This frog has a light stripe on the side of its body. It has almost no webbed skin on its feet. The frog has bright yellow color near where the front legs meet the body, where the back legs meet the body. Its belly is blue-white in color.

This frog makes some poison chemicals in its skin.

## Home
This frog lives near streams in cloud forests in the Cordillera Central (middle mountains) in Colombia. Scientists saw the frog between 2100 and 2500 meters above sea level. They find the frogs on grassy plants or under rocks.

Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks: Parque Nacional Ucumarí and Parque Natural Regional La Pastora.

## Young
After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to water, where they swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in big danger of dying out. Humans cut down the forests to make places for cows to eat grass, and rainbow trout fish eat the frogs. Scientists have seen the dangerous fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis*, which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, where the frog lives, but they do not know if this disease is killing the frogs.

## References
Ectopoglossus

**Ectopoglossus** is a group of frogs in the subfamily Hyloxalinae, in family Dendrobatidae.

## Species 
* *Ectopoglossus absconditus* Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado & Rueda-Almonacid, 2017
* *Ectopoglossus astralogaster* (Myers, Ibáñez, Grant & Jaramillo, 2012)
* *Ectopoglossus atopoglossus* (Grant, Humphrey & Myers, 1997)
* *Ectopoglossus confusus* (Myers & Grant, 2009)
* *Ectopoglossus isthminus* (Myers, Ibáñez, Grant & Jaramillo, 2012)
* *Ectopoglossus lacrimosus* (Myers, 1991)
* *Ectopoglossus saxatilis* Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado & Rueda-Almonacid, 2017

## References
Tehran Stock Exchange

**Tehran Stock Exchange** (TSE) is Iran's largest stock market, located in Tehran. It first opened in 1967. As of October 2024, six hundred and sixty-three companies were listed on the TSE, with a total market value of about $94 billion USD (1 US dollar equals 693,000 Iranian rials).

The TSE is a founding member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges and was one of the best-performing stock markets globally between 2002 and 2013. It is considered an "emerging" or "frontier" market.

Iran’s stock market includes companies from many industries, such as car manufacturing, telecommunications, farming, petrochemicals, mining, steel, copper, banking, and insurance. Many of these companies were originally state-owned but have since been privatized.

On Saturday, December 14, 2024, the main stock index went up by more than 16,000 points, breaking its all-time high and reaching 2,559,000 points.

## History 
The idea of a stock exchange in Iran began in 1936, but was delayed by World War II. It was finally implemented in 1967 with the Stock Exchange Act, starting as a small market for corporate and government bonds. 

In the 1970s, Iran’s economic growth and public interest in investing led to increased activity. The government encouraged participation by giving shares to employees of large companies, boosting the Tehran Stock Exchange.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
**TSE Indexes 
**TSE Annual Report 2010
*Sukuk (Islamic Financial Instruments)
*Tehran Securities Exchange Technology Management Company (TSETMC)  
*Securities and Exchange Brokers Association - Self-regulatory organization of TSE
*Financial Tribune - (Iranian English newspaper) Offers daily reports on the TSE
*Iran Securities and Exchange Organization (SEO)  – Offers Quarterly Bulletin of Iran Islamic Capital Market
*Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges  – TSE statistics/regulations/operations/international comparisons/calendar and latest news
*Iran's Capital Markets – Comprehensive 2003-Study
*Turquoise Partners – Monthly report on the Tehran Stock Exchange and Iran's economy
*Iran CSD Company  – Clearing and settlement of trading, central registry
Communications in Iran

special certificate for providing telecom services to rural areas.]]
'''Iran's telecommunications industry''' is mostly state-owned, with the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI) being the main provider. In 2004, Iran had 22 landlines for every 100 people, which was more than Egypt (14) and Saudi Arabia (15) but less than the UAE (27). By 2012, Iran had more than one mobile phone per person.

Iran’s population is 80 million, with about 56% under the age of 25. In 2008, there were over 52,000 rural offices offering telecom services to villages across Iran. There are more than 24 million landlines, covering 33.66% of the population, and by 2012, Iran had 43 million internet users—the highest in the Middle East. By 2020, 70 million Iranians were using high-speed mobile internet.

Iran is one of the top five countries with high growth and development in telecommunications and has received a UNESCO award for rural telecom services. By 2009, Iran’s telecom market was worth $9.2 billion, expected to reach $12.9 billion by 2014.

In 2002, the information and communications technology (ICT) sector made up 1.1–1.3% of Iran’s GDP and employed about 150,000 people, including 20,000 in software. There were 1,200 registered IT companies, with 200 focused on software. Software exports reached $50 million in 2008, and the telecom market doubled between 2009 and 2020.

## References
## Other Websites
* Ministry of Information & Communication Technology of Iran
*  – Australian Trade
* Information Technology Company – affiliated with the Ministry of Communication & Information Technology (ICT) of Iran
* GSM Coverage in Iran
* Information Technology in Iran (1997)
* Internet Traffic Report – Iran Routers
* CIA FactBook  (Iran Communications statistics)
*Iran and Space Communications – Globalsecurity.org
*Overview of e-commerce in Iran – Economist Intelligence Unit (2006)
*definition of consumer behavior/ – Economist behavior (2010)
Vignale Monferrato

**Vignale Monferrato** is a *comune* in the Province of Alessandria in the Piedmont region in Italy.

## References
Mastaba of Ti

The **Mastaba of Ti** is an important tomb, in Saqqara, on the outskirts of Cairo. It was built for Ti. **Ti** (also spelled **Ty**) was a senior official and royal architect in the Fifth Dynasty who served under several kings. He oversaw the sun temples of Neferirkare and Niuserre. His wife was Neferhetepes. Today, thre mastaba is mostly known for its reliefs, showing scenes form everyday life

## Gallery 

File:Mastaba_of_Ti_05_b.jpg|Depiction of ceramic production in the Old Kingdom
File:Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg|Boat building
File:V_dinastia,_mastaba_di_ti,_2400_ac_ca._17_pesci_02.JPG|Hippopotami hunting scene
File:Electric_catfish_in_Mastaba_of_Ti_bas-relief_detail.jpg|Electric catfish (center) in bas-relief
.

## References
Marsh Arabs

]]
The **Marsh Arabs** (Arabic: عرب الأهوار *ʻArab al-Ahwār*), also called the **Ahwaris** or **Ma’dān**, are the people who live in the Mesopotamian Marshes, as well as the Hawizeh Marshes.

## History 
### Origin theories 
The origin of the Marsh Arabs is unclear, yet people have made theories about it. For example, an Iraqi scholar named Ali Al-Wardi claimed that they're descended from the Nabataeans of Iraq and others.

### 1950s-2003 
In the '50s, the Mesopotamian Marshes were drained, which made the wetlands look like a desert. The Ahwaris' population decreased to around 20,000, thanks to Saddam's retaliations.

## Culture 
 in the marshes]]

### Agriculture 
The Marsh Arabs' agriculture is split into two groups. The first one raises water buffaloes, while the other group cultivates rice, wheat, and other grains.

### Mashoofs 
The Marsh Arabs use a special type of canoe called a mashoof. It is used as a fishing vessel, water taxi, and transport for people and goods.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Iraq's Marsh Arabs facing threats of climate change, YouTube
Display device

A **display device** is an output device that shows information in a visual form. Some displays show information for people with vision problems through touch, like Braille displays for blind people. 

Common uses for electronic displays are television sets and computer monitors.

## Types of electronic displays 
### Common types 
The following are the most common types of display devices:

* **Liquid-crystal display (LCD)** – Common in TVs, monitors, and smartphones.
** **LED** – A type of LCD that uses LED backlighting.
** **QLED** – An LCD with quantum dots for better colors.
  
* **OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)** – Used in high-quality TVs and phones; each pixel lights up independently.

### Segment displays 
Some displays can show only numbers or alphanumeric characters. They are called **segment displays** because they have parts (segments) that turn on and off to make the needed shapes. Segment displays are commonly used in digital watches and pocket calculators.

## Other display types 
* Plasma displays – Older technology once used in large TVs.
* CRT – Old type used in traditional TVs and monitors.
* E-paper – Used in e-readers like the Kindle.

## Related pages 
* Graphical user interface
* User interface

## References
Peyronie's disease

with Peyronie's Disease.]]
'''Peyronie's Disease''' is a condition that causes scar tissue to form within the penis. It can make the penis bend or curve during an erection. This can cause pain. In some cases, it can cause difficulties with sexual intercourse.

The exact cause of Peyronie's Disease is not fully understood. It is believed to be associated with injury to the penis that does not heal properly.

About 10% of men have Peyronie's disease.

## References
Nickelodeon (India)

**Nickelodeon** is a kids' TV channel in India. It started on October 16, 1999, and has its headquarters in Mumbai. It is similar to the American Nickelodeon but shows different programs to suit Indian audiences.

## History 
Nick India is the most viewed kids' channel in India since October 2020. First of all, it started using Hindi in 2004, and within a few years, it added Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, etc. In 2010, Nick India got a new look and logo similar to that of Nickelodeon in the US.The channel launched Nick Jr. for younger kids in 2012, running a TeenNick block in the evening up until 2017. 
Nick India held its first Kids Choice Awards in 2013. In 2015, it launched Nickelodeon HD+. The channel kept adding new shows and language tracks, like Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Malayalam in 2019.

## Programming
In the first years, Nickelodeon India mostly showed American cartoons like Rugrats, SpongeBob SquarePants, Hey Arnold!, The Fairly OddParents, and Danny Phantom. They also did broadcast live-action shows such as Kenan & Kel, Drake & Josh, and Legends of the Hidden Temple.

Nick India created two local game shows called Dum Dama Dum and Gilli Gilli Gappa. and *Gilli Gilli Gappa*. 

In 2011, Nick India began creating its own local animated series. First was Keymon Ache. 

## Sister channels 
### Nickelodeon HD+ 
Nickelodeon HD+ started on 5 December 2015. Only original U.S. Nickelodeon shows are on this channel.

### Nick Jr. 
Viacom18 launched the channel on 21 November 2012. But on 1 February 2017, TeenNick stopped airing, and Nick Jr. became a 24-hour channel.

### Nickelodeon Sonic 
Nickelodeon Sonic was launched on 20 December 2011 and targeted teens and action shows.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Official Facebook page
*Nick HD+ Facebook page
*Official YouTube channel
Milton, West Dunbartonshire

**Milton** is a village in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is one mile from Dumbarton.

The North Clyde Line goes through the village. However, the village does not have a station.

Jackie Stewart, a former racing driver, was born in Milton.

## References
HSBC Bank USA

**HSBC Bank USA**, an American subsidiary of the British banking group HSBC, is a bank with its operational head office in New York City and its nominal head office in Tysons, Virginia (as designated on its charter). The company has 22 branch locations.

## History
In 1980, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation acquired a 51% controlling interest in Marine Midland Bank, headquartered in Buffalo, New York. HSBC acquired the remaining interest in 1987. The banks continued to operate under the Marine Midland name until 1998, when the offices were re-branded as HSBC Bank.

In 1994, Marine Midland acquired Spectrum Home Mortgage, which operated in eight states. In 1995, Marine Midland acquired United Northern Federal Savings Bank, with branches in Watertown and Lowville, New York. Marine Midland also acquired The HSBC's 6 New York City retail branches, and the next year Hang Seng Bank's two branches in New York City.

## References
Kavi Kalash

Kavi Kalash was initially a poet later became a close friend of Sambhaji I . He was killed along with Sambahji in 1689.
## Early Life
Kalash Dev, a Kanyakubja Brahmin from Unnao, was a skilled administrator, warrior, salt and poet. He defeated Shahabuddin Khan near Raigad in 1684 and played a crucial role in the Agra escape plan. Sambhaji Maharaj honored him with the title Chandogamatya (Pinnacle of Poets).

## Death
In March 1689, Kavi Kalash was captured alongside King Sambhaji by the Mughal army under Aurangzeb in Sangameshwar. While Aurangzeb prayed in thanks for his victory, Kalash composed a defiant poem, comparing Sambhaji’s capture to Hanuman’s restraint in Ravan’s court and mocking Aurangzeb’s loss of power. Enraged, Aurangzeb ordered Kalash’s tongue to be cut out. Both were then paraded and allegedly killed in a gruesome manner using tiger claws.

## References
Ectopoglossus lacrimosus

The **lowland rocket frog** (*Ectopoglossus lacrimosus*) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Home
This frog lives in forests in low places and on hills. Scientists saw the frog between 100 and 640 meters above sea level.

One of the places this frog lives is a protected park: Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali.

## Young
Scientists think the tadpoles swim in streams.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Humans cut down the forests to make farms, to get wood to build with, and to make places for people to live. Some of the farms are against the law. Bad chemicals from farms, can also kill this frog

## References
Itaú Unibanco

**Banco Itaú Unibanco S.A.** is a Brazilian financial services company headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil. 
Itaú Unibanco was formed through the merger of Banco Itaú and Unibanco in 2008. It is the largest banking institution in Brazil, as well as the largest in Latin America, and the seventy-third largest bank in the world. The bank is listed on the B3 in São Paulo and in NYSE in New York.

## References
I'll Get You

"'''I'll Get You'''" is a 1963 song by the Beatles and written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It was released as the B-side to the 1963 single "She Loves You".

## References
Battle of Ghujduwan

After Ubaid Khan, the Uzbek leader, defeated the Timurid ruler Babur near Samarkand at Kul-i-Malik, Shah Ismail of Persia sent General Najm-i Thani to help Babur. However, at Ghujduwan, the Timurid and Persian forces were badly beaten. After this defeat, Babur decided to focus on his plans to conquer India, starting on November 12, 1512.

## References
Central European studies

**Central European studies** is a subfield of European studies, focusing on the languages, cultures, histories, economies, societies, politics, international relations, and other aspects of the region of Central Europe. 

Its subfields include Austrian studies (German studies), Czech studies, Slovak studies, Polish studies, Hungarian studies, Slovenian studies, Croatian studies, among others.

## Education programs 
Some academic institutions offer degrees, majors, minors, certificates, specializations, or other forms of educational qualifications to students.

* BA in Central European Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
* BA in Central European Studies, Comenius University
* BA in Central European Studies, University of Southern California
* BA in Central European Studies, University of Manitoba
* BA in Eastern European and East Central European Studies, Heidelberg University
* BA and MA in Central European Studies, Masaryk University
* MA in Central European Studies, University of Hradec Králové
* MA in Central European Studies,  Eötvös Loránd University
* MA in East and Central European Studies, Lund University
* MA(SocSci)/MA in Central & East European Studies, University of Glasgow
* MA in Balkan, Eurasian and Central European Studies (BECES), Charles University
* MA in Central and South-East European Studies, University College London

## References
European studies

**European studies** is a field of study that focuses on the history of Europe and European integration. These programmes usually include a combination of political science, EU public policy, European history, European law, economics and sociology. Others include topics like European culture, European literature and European languages.

## References
John Ruuka

**John Ruuka** (born 13 August 1995) is an I-Kiribati sprinter. Ruuka competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Alb

wearing an **alb** and stole]]
The **alb** is a simple, white robe worn by clergy in Christian services. It is a long piece of clothing that covers the body from the neck to the feet. The alb is usually tied at the waist with a rope belt called a cincture.

## History 
The alb began as a long white tunic. In the 6th century, it became a clergy vestment. In the 10th century, people added embroidery to the hem and cuffs. In the 16th century, lace covered much of the alb. In the 20th century, the simple white alb returned after the Second Vatican Council.

## Related pages 
* Stole
* Dalmatic
* Chasuble

## References
Sack of Burhanpur

The sacking of Burhanpur (31 January - 2 February 1681) occurred when Maratha ruler Sambhaji, along with Sersenapati Hambirrao Mohite, led an attack on the wealthy city of Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh. The Maratha forces plundered the city for three days, gaining a large loot before evading Mughal forces and returning to Raigad. Following this, they also sacked Aurangabad. This event prompted Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to shift his focus to the Deccan, leading to the eventual capture and execution of Sambhaji.
## The Sack
In 1680, Prince Mu'azzam (Shah Alam), the eldest son of Emperor Aurangzeb, was recalled from his post as Viceroy of the Deccan to assist his father in the campaign against the Rajputs. To replace him, Kha-i-Jahan (Bahadur Shah) was appointed Subahdar of the Deccan for the second time, arriving in May 1680. In July, he laid siege to Ahivant, a fort controlled by the Marathas, but his attempt to capture it failed as the Marathas mounted a strong defense.

In August 1680, the Marathas dealt a significant blow to the Mughals by seizing twenty-five guns near Sholapur that were being transported under Khan-i-Jahan’s orders. These guns were captured, and as a result, the officers in charge of the transport—Ali Aqa Rumi, Jagat Singh Hada, and Raja Jaswant Singh Bundela—lost their mansabs and were ordered to compensate for the loss.

The residents of Burhanpur, devastated by the plundering, appealed to the Emperor, demanding assurances for their safety and security. In response to these events, the local Muslim population threatened to stop attending Friday prayers unless their lives and honor were guaranteed in the future. To prevent further attacks, a protective wall was erected around the city's old quarter (Kuhna), a section built by the Mughal government, distinct from the suburbs (puras) built by local nobles.
## References
Lataisi Mwea

**Lataisi Mwea** (born 26 July 2000) is an I-Kiribati sprinter. Mwea competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
BMW 5 Series

**BMW 5 Series** is a car produced by BMW since 1972. It is currently in its eighth generation. The 5 Series has an M version in the form of the M5.

The 5 Series has come in multiple body styles and engine types. The 5 Series has been sold as saloon and estate. 
File:Bmw e12 v sst.jpg|First generation (E12)
File:BMW 5 Series (E28) (9482966965).jpg|Second generation (E28)
File:BMW 5 Series E34 (7719228556).jpg|Third generation (E34)
File:BMW E39 5 Series Sedan.JPG|Fourth generation (E39)
File:BMW 5 SERIES (E60) China (3).jpg|Fifth generation (E60)
File:BMW 5 SERIES LWB SEDAN (F10) China (15).jpg|Sixth generation (F10)
File:BMW 5 SERIES LWB SEDAN (BMW G38) China (90).jpg|Seventh generation (G30)
File:2024 BMW 5-Series 520d M Sport Pro.jpg|Eighth generation (G60)
BMW XM

The **BMW XM** is a SUV produced by BMW since 2022. 

## Overview 
For November 2024, the car is produced at the Spartanburg plant in Greer, South Carolina, USA. 

The XM is available with 6 or 8-cylinder petrol engines.
Battle of Odžak

The **Battle of Odžak**, was the last battle of the European theatre of World War II, it was fought from April 19 - May 25 1945. The battle ended 17 days after the official end of the war in Europe. The participants were the NDH, (the armed forces of Croatia) and the Yugoslav People's Army (the armed forces of Yugoslavia) the battle took place in the Bosnian town of Odžak and the battle was a victory for the Yugoslav partisans. This marked the end of fighting in Europe and the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia.
Stellantis

**Stellantis N.V.** is a car manufacturing company formed from the merger in 2021 of the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the PSA Group. Stellantis designs, manufactures and sells cars of 14 brands: Opel, Peugeot, Citroën, Alfa Romeo, Jeep, Dodge, Fiat, Chrysler, Maserati, Lancia, Vauxhall, DS, Ram Trucks and Abarth.

## Other websites 
*
Veronica Maya

**Veronica Maya** (born Veronica Maya Russo in Paris, 14 July 1977) is an Italian actress. She performs mostly on television. She acted also in movies.

## Film 
* *Italian Business*, dir. Mario Chiavalin (2017)
* *Passpartù - Operazione Doppiozero*, dir. Lucio Bastolla (2019)
* *Magari resto*, dir. Mario Parruccini (2020)
* *Ed è subito commedia*, dir. Brando Improta (2023)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Veronica Maya inCineDataBase
Andrea Piribauer

**Andrea Piribauer** is an Austrian para-alpine skier. She skied for Austria at the 1992 Winter Paralympics and won a bronze medal. She was in the Women's Giant Slalom B1-3 event. She was fourth place.

## References
Ethan Nwaneri

**Ethan Chidiebere Nwaneri** (born 21 March 2007) is an English professional footballer. He plays as an attacking midfielder for Premier League club Arsenal.

## Club career
Nwaneri was born in London and joined Arsenal as an eight years old.

He played his first Premier League match on 18 September 2022, against Brentford, at the age of 15 years and 181 days. This made him the youngest ever Arsenal player, and the youngest person to play in the Premier League, breaking Harvey Elliott's record.

## References
## Other websites 
* Profile at the Arsenal F.C. website
Betty Bausch-Polak

**Betty Bausch-Polak** (4 November 1919 – 8 November 2024) was a Dutch Jewish Holocaust survivor and resistance member. She gave lectures worldwide on the dangers of racial discrimination and prejudice. 

At a young age she saw the danger of Adolf Hitler and protested against it. In 1939 she married the Jewish economist . During World War II they tried in vain to reach England by ship. Later in the war De Leeuw was executed as a reprisal. Her parents, parents-in-law and sister died in various camps.

Bausch-Polak died in Israel on 8 November 2024, at the age of 105.

## References
No Minor Vices

***No More Vices*** is a 1948 American comedy movie directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Dana Andrews, Norman Lloyd, Jane Wyatt, Louis Jourdan, Roy Roberts, Bernard Gorcey, Beau Bridges, Fay Baker. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was a box office flop.

## Other websites
* *No Minor Vices* at the Internet Movie Database
* *No Minor Vices* at Allmovie
Treaty of Indus

It is a treaty between Chandragupta and Seleucus. Ancient Greek historians Justin, Appian, and Strabo described the key points of the Treaty of the Indus between Seleucus and Chandragupta Maurya:1. Seleucus gave Chandragupta control of the eastern provinces of his empire, including Gandhara, Paropamisadae, and parts of Gedrosia, Arachosia, and Aria up to Herat.2. In return, Chandragupta provided Seleucus with 500 Indian war elephants.3. The treaty included a marriage alliance, likely involving Chandragupta marrying a relative of Seleucus.

## Treaty 
## Exchange of presents 
Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus:

## Note
* 
## References
The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking

***The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking*** is a 1988 American Swedish German musical adventure movie written and directed by Ken Annakin and is based on the Pippi Longstocking book series by Astrid Lindgren. It stars Tami Erin, David Seaman, Jr., Cory Crow, Eileen Brennan, Dennis Dugan, Dianne Hull, George DiCenzo, John Schuck, Dick Van Patten and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for two Razzie Awards in 1989.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
*
Great Sankey, Warrington

**Great Sankey** is a civil parish in the Borough of Warrington, Cheshire, England. It is  west of Warrington town centre and had a population of 24,211 in 2001 Census.

## References
## Other websites
BMW 4 Series

The **BMW 4 Series** is a range of compact executive cars produced by the German automaker BMW. It was first introduced in 2014 as a coupe and sportier version of the BMW 3 Series, The 4 Series is available in the traditional two-door coupe, a convertible version, and a four-door Gran Coupe variant.

## First generation (F32/F33/F36; 2013-2020) 

File:BMW 4-Series F32 Shishi 01 2022-09-20.jpg|Coupe (F32)
File:2018 BMW 420i M Sport Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|Convertible (F33)
File:2018 BMW 420i xDrive Gran Coupe Sport 2.0 Front.jpg|Gran Coupe (F36)

## Second generation (G22/G23/G26; 2020-present) 

File:2025 BMW G22 M440i IMG 2604.jpg|Coupe (G22; facelift)
File:BMW G23 1X7A6485.jpg|Convertible (G23)
File:BMW G26 IMG 6150.jpg|Gran Coupe (G26)
Certificate of Advanced Study

A **Certificate of Advanced Study** (CAS), also called an **Advanced Certificate** (AC), or **Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study** (CAGS), is a post-Master's academic certificate for professional and students, as well as practitioners. 

The study fields include liberal arts, education, library science, software engineering, area studies, data science,

## References
FC Agricola Borcea

**Agricola Borcea** is a Romanian football team from Borcea, Călărași County, which plays in Liga III since 2017. The club was founded in 1980 and also plays in the Romanian Cup after they beated CSM Slatina on penalties.
## History
Agricola Borcea was founded in 1980.

## References
## Other websites
BMW M

The **BMW M** is a subsidiary of BMW, that produces performance cars. The headquarters is located in Munich, Bavaria.

## List of M cars 

File:BMW G87 M2 Motorworld Munich 1X7A0071.jpg|BMW M2
File:BMW M3 Competition (G80) IMG 1176.jpg|BMW M3
File:2024 BMW M4 (G82) Competition IMG 9367.jpg|BMW M4
File:BMW M5 (G90) Auto Zuerich 2024 DSC 6680.jpg|BMW M5
File:BMW M8 Competition IMG 3364.jpg|BMW M8
File:BMW X3 M (G01) FL IMG 2069.jpg|BMW X3 M
File:BMW X4 M (G02) FL 1X7A0310.jpg|BMW X4 M
File:2023 BMW X5 M (G05) 1X7A0891.jpg|BMW X5 M
File:2023 BMW X6 M (G06) IMG 8293.jpg|BMW X6 M
File:BMW XM Label Red IMG 0154.jpg|BMW XM
Mahadi Che Ngah

Datuk Seri **Mahadi bin Che Ngah** is a retired Malaysian civil servant who was the 13th Mayor of Kuala Lumpur from October 2020 until his retirement in March 2023.

## References
Audi Sport GmbH

**Audi Sport GmbH** is a high-performance cars subsidiary of Audi. 

## List of S/RS cars 

File:Audi S3 8Y IMG 5285.jpg|Audi S3
File:Audi RS3 8Y Sedan IMG 6030.jpg|Audi RS 3
File:2020 Audi S5 Edition 1 Coupe facelift Front.jpg|Audi S5
File:Audi RS5 Coupe (F5).jpg|Audi RS 5
File:Audi S6 C8 IMG 7266.jpg|Audi S6
File:2021 Audi RS6 Avant in Nardo Grey, Front Right, 09-04-2022.jpg|Audi RS 6
File:Audi S7 C8 1X7A6224.jpg|Audi S7
File:Audi RS7 C8 IMG 2068.jpg|Audi RS 7
File:2020 Audi S8 (2).jpg|Audi S8
File:Audi SQ2 IAA 2019 JM 0584.jpg|Audi SQ2
File:Audi RS Q3 F3 1X7A7091.jpg|Audi RS Q3
File:Audi SQ6 e-tron IMG 0510.jpg|Audi SQ6 e-tron
File:Audi SQ8 Facelift Auto Zuerich 2023 1X7A1108.jpg|Audi SQ8
File:2020 Audi RS Q8 Front (1).jpg|Audi RS Q8
File:Audi SQ8 Sportback e-tron (ZAA-GEEAV) front.jpg|Audi SQ8 e-tron
Rohana Yusuf

**Rohana binti Yusuf** (Jawi: روحانا بنت يوسف; born 9 May 1956) is the eleventh President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia (PCA). She is the first woman to be appointed to the office since it was created in 1994.
Malaysia University of Science & Technology

The **Malaysia University of Science and Technology** (**MUST**) was founded in January 1997. It was created after Malaysia's Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and a group from Malaysia visited the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and decided to start a similar university. MUST focuses on science, technology, and engineering.

MUST offers degree programs in fields like engineering, computer science, business, and law. It is an independent university and is not connected to Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) or Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).

## References
Colostethus mertensi

'''Mertens' rocket frog'* (*Colostethus mertensi'') is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Home
This frog lives on the ground near cloud forests. Scientists saw the frog between 2100 and 2350 meters above sea level.

One of the places this frog lives is a protected park: Munchique National Park.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to ponds of water that dry up for part of the year, where they swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Humans cut down the forests to make farms, for example eucalyptus farms and illegal farms, to get wood to build with, and to make places for people to live.

## References
Flag of San Jose, California

The **flag of San Jose, California** has three horizontal stripes of yellow, white an with the seal of Miami. It was adopted 4 May 2021.

## References
Flag of Strasbourg

The **flag of Strasbourg** () has one diagonal stripe of red, a white camp with the coat of arms of Galicia. It was adopted 4 May 2021.

## References
Alexandre Reis

**Alexandre Essanda Francisco,** born on 22 August, 2004, better known by his stage name **Alexandre Réis** is an Angolan businessman, investor and author, known for the Deebs Magazine, a business magazine.

## Biography 
Alexandre Reis is originally from Luanda, Angola. He began his entrepreneurial journey in late 2022, at the age of 18, while still pursuing his music career. In 2023 con-founded Deebs Magazine one of the most well-known magazines in Angola and 2024, he co-founded Delby Express, a company specializing in fast delivery services within Angola and other Southern African countries, aiming to improve logistics and delivery operations in the region.

Raised in a musical family, Alee was influenced by his grandfather, a talented multi-instrumentalist, and his uncle, a member of the famous band **Timbalada**. His early music was primarily in the sertanejo style, but after discovering an album by rapper 50 Cent, he shifted his focus to hip-hop, which became his primary genre.

In addition to his work in music and entrepreneurship, Alexandre has experience in management and digital marketing. He made his acting debut in the suspense film *Offline* and later appeared in the 2012 film *Like Someone in Love*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Flag of Gijón

The **flag of Gijón** () is colored white and the coat of arms in the center there is a red mark. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## References
Coat of arms of Medellín, Antioquia

The **coat of arms of Medellín** (*Escudo de Armas de Medellín*, lit. "municipal shield of Medellín") is a symbol of the City of Medellín in Colombia.

## References
## Other websites
The Sound of Revenge

***The Sound of Revenge*** is the first studio album by American rapper Chamillionaire. It was made in November 22, 2005.

The album has singles like "Ridin'", "Turn It Up", "Grown and Sexy".

The album has been certified Platinum by the RIAA and Gold by the BPI.

## Track listing
## Samples credits
'''Think I'm Crazy'''
* "Everything for Free" by K's Choice

**Picture Perfect**
* "Ain't I Been Good to You (Part 1 & 2)" by The Isley Brothers

**Void in My Life**
* "Do What You Do" by Jermaine Jackson

## Personnel
### Musicians 
* The Beat Bullies – keyboards (6, 7, 9), programming (1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14)
* Sean Blaze – drums, keyboard, and programming (16)
* Terrence Brown – keyboards (6, 7, 9), Rhodes Hammond organ (10, 14)
* Bun B – background vocals (5)
* Cool & Dre – all instruments (5)
* Preston Crump – bass (11)
* Harley Davidson – all instruments (2)
* Marvin "Chippeo" Jackson – background vocals (1, 7)
* Avery Jones – drums, keyboard, programming, bass, and guitar (16)
* Debra Killings – bass (9)
* Steve Lake – guitar (11, 12), bass (12)
* Tami Latrell – background vocals (14)
* Fitzgerald Lingard – bass (10, 14)
* "Thunda" Dan Marshall – guitar (1, 7, 9, 10, 14)
* Sol Messiah – drums, keyboards, and programming (11, 12)
* Natalie – background vocals (10)
* Happy Perez – additional keyboards (2)
* Deone Rhodes – background vocals (1)
* Rock D The Legend – flute (14)
* Jen Rose – opera vocals (1)
* Rhemario "Rio Beats" Webber – Hammond organ (12)

### Technical personnel and design 
* Wayne Allison – engineer (3)
* The Beat Bullies – engineer (1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14)
* Sean Blaze – engineer and mixing (16)
* Robert "Big Brizz" Brisbane – engineer (5)
* Chris Carmouch – engineer (6)
* Tony Cavasin – assistant engineer (1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14)
* Rick DeVarona – assistant engineer (1, 7, 10, 14)
* Kathryn Diehl – mixing assistant (2, 5, 8)
* Blake Douglas – engineer (10), mixing assistant (9, 10, 14)
* Taylor Dow – assistant engineer (2, 15)
* Gary Fly – assistant engineer (6)
* Mike Frost – art direction
* Chris Gehringer – mastering
* Conrad Golding – engineer (3)
* Jason Goldstein – mixing (3)
* Mark "Exit" Goodchild – engineer (13)
* Michael Guidatti – assistant engineer (1, 7, 10, 14)
* James Hoover – engineer (1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16), mixing (1, 4, 6, 15, 16)
* Eric Jensen – mixing assistant (13)
* Jonathan Mannion – photography
* "Thunda" Dan Marshall – engineer (1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14)
* Rodney Maspoch – engineer (13)
* Play-N-Skillz – mixing (4)
* Gregg Rominiecki – engineer (2, 15)
* Brian Stanley – engineer (12), mixing (2, 5, 7–14)
* Matt Still – engineer (1, 14)
* Bram Tobey – mixing assistant (13)

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## References
1942-43 Austrian football championship

The **Gauliga Donau-Alpenland 1942-43** (also  Fußball-Sportbereichsklasse Donau-Alpenland 1942-43) was the fifth season of the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland in annexed Austria. First Vienna FC 1894 was able to defend the district championship title and became Austrian football champions for the fourth time. With this victory, Vienna qualified for the 1942-43 German football championship. They reached the semi-finals. This was lost against FV Saarbrücken 1:2. In the match for the 3rd place they lost 1:4 against Holstein Kiel.

This season eleven teams were represented. Sturm Graz stopped playing last season, but was allowed to take part in the Gauliga. Since the number of clubs in the league was reduced to ten again for the coming season, there were three relegated teams: SK Admira Wien, SK Sturm Graz and  SG Reichsbahn Wien. Since the eighth and ninth places in the table were tied on points at the end, a playoff for 8th place had to be played. SC Wacker Wien won and remained in the league.

## Table
## Matches 
## Top scorer
## References
Ultimate Victory

***Ultimate Victory*** is the second studio album by American rapper Chamillionaire. It was made in September 14, 2007.

The album has singles like "Hip Hop Police". It is notable for not containing any profanity.

## Track listing
### Bonus DVD
Chamillionaire released his Bonus DVD to Ultimate Victory. This DVD is only in exclusive double-pack in BET Edition available at Wal-Mart.

**DVD features are:**
*Access Granted: "Turn It Up", "Ridin'", "Grown & Sexy", "Hip-Hop Police"/"Evening News"
**106 & Park*: Chamillionaire Interview
*BET Spring Bling 2007 Performance
*BET Black Collage Tour
*Fly Rydes

**Music videos:**
*"Hip Hop Police"
*"The Evening News"

### Samples
*"The Morning News"
**"Segue II" by New Power Generation
*"Hip Hop Police
**"Gin and Juice" by Snoop Dogg
**"Murder Was the Case" by Snoop Dogg
*"Standing Ovation"
**"Reign" by Kurt Carr
*"Industry Groupie"
**"The Final Countdown" by Europe
*"The Ultimate Victory"
**"Pollution" by Baby Bash

## Personnel
* Issiah Abolin – engineer (2)
* Aaron Dahl – engineer (7), additional engineering (4, 13)
* James Hoover – engineer (1, 4, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19), mixing (1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19)
* Josh Houghkirk – engineer (10–12), additional engineering (2, 5, 7, 10–12, 15)
* Rob Montes – engineer (9, 15), mixing (9)
* Greg Ogan – engineer (2, 5)
* Jonathan Rotem – all instruments (2)
* Phil Tan – mixing (2, 5, 7, 10–12, 15)
* Nick Taylor – engineer (3)

## Charts
## Release history
## References
Amicable numbers

Amicable numbers are two numbers that are friends in a special way. If you take all the proper divisors (numbers that divide evenly into another number, excluding the number itself) of each number and add them up, you will find that each number's divisors add up to the other number. The smallest pair of amicable numbers is 220 and 284. Other pairs of amicable numbers include (1184, 1210), (2620, 2924), (5020, 5564), (6232, 6368), (10744, 10856), (12285, 14595), (17296, 18416), (63020, 76084), and (66928, 66992).

## Example of Amicable Numbers: 220 and 284 (The Smallest Pair) 
* **Number 220**: The divisors of 220 (not counting 220 itself) are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, and 110. Adding these divisors gives us: 1+2+4+5+10+11+20+22+44+55+110=284
* **Number 284**: The divisors of 284 (not counting 284) are 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142. Adding these divisors gives us: 1+2+4+71+142=220

Since the divisors of 220 add up to 284 and the divisors of 284 add up to 220, these two numbers are amicable.
Microsoft Certified Partner

A **Microsoft Certified Partner** (**MCP**) is a company that offers Microsoft-related products, services, or support. MCPs are part of the Microsoft Partner Network and are verified by Microsoft as reliable providers for customers’ technology needs.

MCPs provide support for Microsoft products in various fields, including education, software services, and technical support. They have 24-hour access to Microsoft Support, allowing them to offer dependable customer service. MCPs have been in business for at least five years, have passed tests, and demonstrate expertise in their field. Microsoft rewards these partners with discounted tools and software licenses, such as Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office.

## Microsoft Gold Certified Partner
A **Microsoft Gold Certified Partner** is the highest level in the Microsoft Partner Network. These partners must specialize in data management and software development and use Microsoft products as their main platform. Gold partners receive enhanced support and access to Microsoft resources.

## Microsoft Certified Training Partner
A **Microsoft Certified Training Partner** is a certified IT training provider for Microsoft products. These companies are independent from Microsoft but are authorized to deliver technical training. Instructors in these programs must have real-world expertise and hold current Microsoft IT certifications.

### Levels of certification
***Microsoft Certified Training Partner**: Basic level with access to Microsoft tools and support.
***Microsoft Gold Certified Partner**: Highest level, with enhanced access to Microsoft resources and support.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Flag of Antioquia

The **flag of Antioquia Department** () has two horizontal stripes of white and green. It was adopted 10 dicember 1962.

## Design and symbolism
The flag has two equal horizontal stripes. The top white stripe symbolizes purity, integrity, obedience, eloquence and triumph. The lower green stripe is a symbol of mountains, hope, wealth, faith, service and respect. 

## History
The flag originated in the University of Antioquia but it was not officially established as symbol of Antioquia until 1962 by ordinance of the Government of Antioquia Department.

### Historical flags

File:Flag of Federal State of Antioquia.svg| Flag of Soverain State of Antioquia in 1856.
File:Co antioquia1858.png| Flag of Soverain State of Antioquia in 1858.
File:Flag of Sovereign State of Antioquia.svg| Flag of Soverain State of Antioquia in 1863.

## References
2024 Cuba earthquake

On 10 November 2024, at 11:49 EST (16:49 UTC), a  6.8 earthquake hit southern Cuba. It was located offshore, with an epicenter  south-southwest of Bartolomé Masó, and happened at a depth of .

## Tectonic setting 
The southern coast of Cuba is next to the North American plate. There was a big fault line called the Septentrional-Oriente fault. The North American plate moves west compared to the Gonâve Microplate at 6 to 11 mm per year. This area is where most earthquakes in Cuba happen, with major ones in 1766, 1917, 1932, 1947, 1992, and 2020.

## Earthquake 
The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (*Severe*). About 2.1 million people felt moderate shaking or stronger. Light shaking was also felt in Jamaica and western Haiti, with reports from Florida and the Cayman Islands. The quake happened along a fault moving sideways, with the fault line running east-west and slanting steeply to the north.

## Impact 
Ten people were injured from the earthquake. Seventy-eight homes were destroyed, while 5,116 others, along with 474 public buildings, a dock, and the Faro Vargas lighthouse were damaged.

The earthquake struck just four days after Hurricane Rafael, which caused a power outage across the island. This outage was still ongoing during the earthquake, making it hard for officials to give updates. The shaking was felt across eastern Cuba, including big cities like Santiago de Cuba.

## References
Flag of Jaén

The **flag of Jaén** () is colored purple and the coat of arms in the center. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## References
Équevilley

**Équevilley** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France.

## References
Flag of Castropol

The **flag of Castropol** () has three horizontal stripes of green, white and green, this flag there is a Spanish fess design. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## References
Lukas Graham

**Lukas Graham** is a Danish pop band from Copenhagen. It was founded in 2011. The band released their debut studio album *Lukas Graham* through Copenhagen Records in 2012. The band is best known for their songs "Mama Said" and "7 Years".

The current members are lead vocalist Lukas Forchhammer and drummer Mark Falgren. The former members are bassist Magnus Larsson and keyboardists Anders Kirk, Kasper Daugaard and Morten Ristorp.

They have been nominated for three Grammy Awards in 2017.
Flag of Saxony

The **flag of Saxony** () has two horizontal stripes of white and green with the coat of arms of Saxony. It was adopted on 4 May 2021.

## Design and symbolism
## References
Auto-B-Good

***Auto-B-Good*** is an American preschool animated series. It was shown on certain PBS stations on PBS Kids before moving to Smile of a Child/TBN until early 2019.

## References
Bed sheet

A **bed sheet** is a rectangular piece of cloth that is put on top of a mattress. This is done for reasons of hygiene, and to protect it from wear. If bed sheets are used, they are put under blankets.

The term *bed sheet* was first used in the 15th century. Bed sheets were traditionally white and made of cotton, linen or silk, however, now various colors and patterns are used.

## References
Old Hindi

**Old Hindi** (Old Hindi:  *Ḍhillaī*) was the earliest formstage of Hindustani language, and so the ancestor of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu.

It was spoken by the peoples of the Hindi belt, especially around Delhi, in roughly the 13th–15th centuries. It is attested in only a handful of literature, including some works by the poet Amir Khusrau, verses by the poet-saint Namdev, and some verses by the Sufi saint Baba Farid in the *Adi Granth*. The works of Kabir also may be included, as they use a Khariboli-like dialect. Old Hindi was originally written in Devanagari and later in Nastaliq as well.
 
Old Hindi poetry can be found as early as 769 AD.

## References