open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tok Pisin

**Tok Pisin** (pronounced: ) is a market language used in parts of the South Pacific, mainly Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, but also in areas of Vanuatu, where a second language known as Bislama is also spoken.  A market language is one which is used as an everyday language between people who don't speak a common language.

Tok Pisin is a Creole language, meaning that it's a mixture of other languages, mainly English, German and Tahitian.    

## Related pages 
* Languages of Papua New Guinea
* Languages of New Zealand
* Languages of Australia
Emmanuel Sanders

**Emmanuel Sanders** (born March 17, 1987) is an American football wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Steelers in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. Sanders played college football at Southern Methodist University. He also played for the Denver Broncos from 2014 to 2019.

## College
Sanders spent his college football career at Southern Methodist University.

## Professional career
### Pittsburgh Steelers
Sanders was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 3rd round (#82 overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. With the Steelers, Sanders played as a solid backup behind Hines Ward, Antonio Brown, and Mike Wallace. Sanders missed a Week 9 game on November 6, 2011 against the Baltimore Ravens because his mother died. For his career, Sanders has a total of 50 catches for 664 yards and 4 touchdowns.

## References
Bean queen

**Bean queen** (sometimes **rice and bean queen**) is a derogatory slang term. The term refers to a white gay man who is chiefly attracted to Hispanic and Latino men.

One source describes these white gay males as "Gay men who are attracted to gentlemen of the Latino flava." "Bean queen" is probably derived from "rice queen". This term refers to a gay white male who is attracted to Asian men. In this case, the word rice (the food that forms the basis of the Asian diet) has been substituted with the word bean or rice and bean, foods popular throughout Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Other food-based variations include *taco queen* and *salsa queen*. *Refried beans* refers to Hispanic and Latino men who prefer other Hispanic and Latino men. Much less frequently, these terms are used to describe gay Latino men themselves.

## References
Television producer

A television producer is a person who oversees one or more aspects of video production on a television program. Some producers take more of an executive role, in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks, but upon acceptance they focus on business matters, such as budgets and contracts. Other producers are more involved with the day-to-day workings, participating in activities such as screenwriting, set design, casting, and directing.

There are a variety of different producers on a television show. A traditional producer is one who manages a show's budget and maintains a schedule, but this is no longer the case in modern television.
## Related pages
* Television director
* Television presenter
French kiss

**French kisses** are kisses in which tongues touch. These kisses are usually romantic. French kisses are usually reserved for those in love.

The Petit Robert 2014 French dictionary, released in 2013, added the French verb "se galocher" as slang for kissing with tongues. The informal English term "frenching" also means French kissing, as does the Quebec French term "frencher".

## References
List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska

The U.S. state of Alaska is not divided into counties, like the other 48  states (Louisiana has parishes), but instead is divided into boroughs. Many of the more densely populated parts of the state are in Alaska's 19 organized boroughs, which are somewhat similar to counties in other states. Unlike in the other states, the organized boroughs do not completely cover all of the land in the state. The areas that are not part of any organized borough are called the *unorganized borough.*

For the 1970 census, the US and state divided the unorganized borough into 11 census areas. Each is roughly the same as an election district. However, these areas are solely for statistical analysis and presentation, and have no government of their own. Boroughs and census areas are both treated as county-level equivalents by the Census Bureau.

Some areas in the unorganized borough receive limited public services directly from the Alaska state government, usually law enforcement from the Alaska State Troopers and educational funding. 

Six consolidated city-county governments exist &mdash;the City and Borough of Juneau, City and Borough of Skagway, Sitka City and Borough, Yakutat City and Borough, Wrangell City and Borough, and the state's largest city, Anchorage. Though its legal name is the *Municipality of Anchorage,* it is considered a consolidated city-borough under state law. 

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 55-2,3,4 codes, used by the United States Census Bureau to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. Alaska's code is 02, which when combined with any county code would be written as 02XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

## List of boroughs
|} 

## Census areas in the Unorganized Borough
The Unorganized Borough is part of the U.S. state of Alaska not in any of its 19 organized boroughs. It is over half of Alaska's area, 837,700&nbsp;km² (323,440&nbsp;mi²), an area larger than any other US state. 

Unique among the United States, Alaska is not entirely subdivided into organized county equivalents. In 1970, the United States Census Bureau divided the unorganized borough into 12 census areas to facilitate census taking in the large unorganized area. With later changes due to the creation of new boroughs, there are now 11 such areas.

|}

## References 
*Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development - maps and profiles of boroughs and census areas, including those that have changed since the 2000 census.

### General References 
*Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development
*Local Government On-Line, Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development
*
*
*
*
RuPaul

**RuPaul** (born **RuPaul Andre Charles** on November 17, 1960 in San Diego) is an African-American actor, drag queen, model, author, and singer-songwriter. 

He first became widely known in the 1990s, when he appeared in a wide variety of television programs, films, and musical albums. He was a fixture on the Atlanta and New York City gay club scenes during the 1980s and early 1990s. 

On occasion, RuPaul has performed as a man in a number of roles. He is usually billed as RuPaul Charles. 

RuPaul is noted among famous drag queens for his indifference towards the gender-specific pronouns used to address him. He said: "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call me Regis and Kathie Lee; I don't care! Just as long as you call me."  

He hosted a short-running talk show on VH1. He has hosted reality television shows called ''RuPaul's Drag Race* and *RuPaul's Drag U*.

In 2020, he learned that he and New Jersey Senator Cory Booker are cousins; they discovered it by appearing on the TV show *Finding Your Roots''.

## References
I Hate My Teenage Daughter

***I Hate My Teenage Daughter*** is an American sitcom first aired on November 30, 2011 on Fox.

On March 15, 2012, Fox announced they were removing *I Hate My Teenage Daughter* from the Tuesday night schedule, and that *I Hate My Teenage Daughter* would be replaced by reruns of *Raising Hope*, and that the remaining episodes would air in the Summer.

## References
List of counties in Hawaii

There are five **counties of Hawaii** on the Hawaiian Islands in the United States. Counties are the only lower governments in the State of Hawaii. This is unusual in the United States. Most states include city governments, township governments, or other local authorities. The Hawaii State Department of Education is in charge of Hawaii's public education, because there are no local school boards to operate schools.  People in Hawaii pay property taxes and user fees to the county they live in to help pay for road maintenance, community activities, parks, garbage disposal, police, ambulances, and fire departments. All the counties in Hawaii were formed in 1905 from unorganized territory, seven years after the Territory of Hawaii was created. The county of Kalawao is very small because it used to be a leper colony, so it does not as have many elected officials as the other counties do.

## County information
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code below is a code which is used by the United States government to keep track of all the counties. It can be used to find more information on that county. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county. The county seat is the city, town or village where the county government is actually located.

|}

## References
List of counties in Connecticut

This is a **list of counties in Connecticut**. There are eight counties in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Four of them were formed in 1666, when the colony of Connecticut was made from a number of smaller colonies. Two counties were made during colonial times, and two counties, Middlesex and Tolland, were formed after American independence (both in 1785). Six of the counties are named for locations in England, where many early Connecticut settlers were from. Although Connecticut is comprised of counties, after their abolishment in 1960, the roles of local government have been performed individually by Connecticut's 169 cities and towns. 

The U.S. Census Bureau no longer uses the counties as statistical entities. In 2022, the state's nine planning regions replaced the counties as official county-equivalents, with this change fully implemented in 2024. 
## Alphabetical listing
|}

## Former counties
*Trumbull County, Ohio - The Connecticut Western Reserve, given to Ohio in 1800.
*Westmoreland County, Connecticut - An area around Wilkes-Barre, given to Pennsylvania in 1784.

## References
Drag queen

is a famous drag queen]]
**Drag queen** is a gay slang term. It refers to a person who dresses up and portrays a woman for entertainment purposes. Although men dressed as women are the most common type of drag queen, trans women, female impersonators, and many other people can also be considered a drag queen. Drag queens exaggerate certain characteristics (such as make-up and eyelashes) for comic, dramatic, or satirical effect. Drag queens perform in gay bars. They participate in gay pride parades and drag pageants. They may make appearances at events such as gay rodeos. They generally do not want to pass as women. RuPaul is a drag queen well known through his many television appearances in the 1990s. He is the host of one of, if not the most, famous television show about drag, RuPaul's Drag Race. Movies about drag queens include *The Birdcage* and *The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert*.

## Related pages
*Drag king
*Queen Harish
*Cross-dressing
Chi Chi LaRue

**Chi Chi LaRue** (born Larry David Paciotti on November 8, 1959) is an American movie director of gay, bisexual, and straight pornography. He was born in Hibbing, Minnesota. He is best known in his drag name, Chi Chi LaRue. He has also directed under the names Lawrence David and Taylor Hudson.

## References
John Epperson

**Lypsinka** (born John Epperson on 24 April 1955) is an American drag queen, actor, pianist, vocalist, and writer. Epperson was born in Hazelhurst, Mississippi. He moved to New York City in 1978. He did drag gigs on the side at various nightspots. "Lypsinka" first appeared in 1988 in New York as a late-night addition to Charles Busch's *Vampire Lesbians of Sodom*. Lypsinka has appeared in solo shows Off-Broadway. Epperson says Lypsinka was modelled on Dolores Gray. For his show *Lypsinka! The Boxed Set*, Epperson won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Sound Design, the LA Weekly Theater Award for Best Solo Performance, and the Helen Hayes Award for Best Non-resident Production in 2003.

## References
Kuch Toh Log Kahenge

***Kuch Toh Log Kahenge*** is an Indian soap opera television program.  It airs on Sony TV. It first appeared on TV on October 3, 2011. It is a remake of the Pakistani classical TV drama *Dhoop Kinare*. *Kuch Toh Log Kahenge* is a love story between two people who have a substantial age gap. It last appeared on TV on March 28, 2013.

At first, actors Kritika Kamra and Mohnish Behl played the two main characters. Mohnish Behl was later replaced by Sharad Kelkar.

## Plot
*Kuch Toh Log Kahenge* takes places in a hospital in Lucknow.

*Kuch Toh Log Kahenge* is a love story between people from two different generations: a young, spirited Dr. Nidhi Verma (age 24) and a brooding and handsome Dr. Ashutosh (age 42). These two people do not know that they have a connection from their past.

## Awards
KTLK's entire cast and crew won an award at the 18th Lion Gold Awards.

## Cast
* Kritika Kamra as Dr. Nidhi Verma (female protagonist)
* Mohnish Behl/Sharad Kelkar as Dr. Ashutosh (male protagonist)
* Karan Wahi as Rohan, a friend of Nidhi
* Rukhsar Rehman as Dr. Malika, an old friend of Dr. Ashutosh
* Ishita Sharma as Anji Solanki, a childhood friend of Nidhi
* Vishal Malhotra as Dr. Rangnath
* Puneet Tejwani as Aditya, Brother of Malika
* Nitesh Pandey as Armaan, a childhood friend of Aashutosh
* Vijay Kashyap as Yograj Verma
* Nandita Puri as Shyama Solanki
* Kavita Vaid as Dadi Bua
* Lekha Tiwari as Suhasini
* Mansi Parekh as Mandira

## References
## Other websites
* Kuch Toh Log Kahenge Official Website
* Kuch To Log Kahenge – The Biggest Romance on Indian Television  
* Kuch To Log Kahenge – Daily Episodes 
* Watch Episodes
* Website (apni.tv)
* *KTLK* at the Internet Movie Database
*
Elisabeth Shue

**Elisabeth Judson Shue** (born October 6, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her work in the movies *The Karate Kid*, *Adventures in Babysitting*, *Cocktail*, *Back to the Future Parts II* and *III* and *Leaving Las Vegas*.

## Early life
Shue was born in Wilmington, Delaware. Shue's mother was a descendant of Pilgrim religious leader William Brewster. Her father's family moved from Germany to Pennsylvania in the early 19th century. Shue's younger brother, Andrew, is also an actor.

Shue grew up in Bergen and Essex counties in New Jersey. Her parents divorced when she was young. Shue  from Columbia High School, in Maplewood, New Jersey. She later studied at Wellesley College and Harvard University. Shue left Harvard early because of her acting career. She returned to Harvard to finish her degree in Government in 2000.
## Career
### 1980s and early 1990s
While in high school, Shue acted in television commercials. She did ads for Burger King, DeBeers diamonds, and Hellman's mayonnaise.

Her first movie role was in 1984. She acted in *The Karate Kid*. She played the girlfriend of Ralph Macchio. In 1986, she acted with Terrance Stamp in the British horror movie *Link*. *Adventures in Babysitting* was her first acting job where she was the main character.

In 1995, Shue played a prostitute in *Leaving Las Vegas*, alongside Nicolas Cage. Her role in the film got her nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress, but Susan Sarandon won instead.

## Personal life
Shue is married to movie director Davis Guggenheim. Their son, Miles William, was born on November 11, 1997. She gave birth to her first daughter, Stella Street, on March 19, 2001. Her third child, Agnes Charles, was born on June 18, 2006. Her son's middle name is in honor of her second brother, William. This brother died in 1988 at the age of 26 in a swimming accident.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Elisabeth Shue at FEARnet
Jo Sik

**Jo Sik** (or Cho Shik) (, 1501–1572) was a politician and Confucianist scholar of Korea. His nickname was **Nammyung**, rival of Twaegye Yi Hwang.

## Work book 
* Nammyungjip (남명집 南冥集)
* Nammyunghakgi (남명학기 南冥學記)
* Shinmyungshado (신명사도 神明舍圖)
* Phahanjapgi (파한잡기 破閑雜記)
* Nammyunghakgiyupyun (남명학기유편 南冥學記類編)
* Nammyungga (남명가)
* Gwonseonjirogha (권선지로가 勸善指路歌)

## Related pages 
* Yi Hwang
* Yi I

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=138990
* Nammyung Cho Shik's memorial  
* Cho Shik:Navercast
Natalie West

**Natalie Marla West** (born January 23, 1956) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Crystal Anderson Conner on the television series *Rosanne on ABC.

West has been in some movies. These include *Life Sentence* (2004) and *The Poker House'' (2007).

## Other websites 
*
Yi See-young

**Yi See-young** (, 3 December 1868 - 19 April 1953) was a politician and independence activist, politicians and Neo-confucian scholars of South Korea. He was first Vice President of South Korea 1948 to 1952. His pen name was Seongjae (성재, 省齋), Seerimshanin(시림산인, 始林山人).

## Work book 
* Gamseemanuh(감시만어, 感時漫語)

## Related pages 
* Rhee Syng-man
* Kim Gu
* Kim Kyu-sik
* Chang Myon

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=126966
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=542586
Daniel Levy

**Daniel Philip Levy**  (born 8 February 1962) is an English businessman, who was executive chairman of Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur FC from February 2001 until September 2025, as the league’s longest-serving executive in that role.

## Career
He is managing director of ENIC International Ltd. (ENIC), which is an investment company. He replaced Alan Sugar as chairman of Tottenham in February 2001. This happened after ENIC bought a controlling stake in the club. 

ENIC is controlled by Joseph Lewis. Levy was before this a director of the Scottish football club Rangers, in which ENIC held a significant stake.  Before that, ENIC had also controlled many other European football clubs including AEK Athens, Slavia Prague and Vicenza. ENIC has also had power in non-football companies such as Warner Bros. and Autonomy.

### Tottenham Hotspur
As executive chairman, Levy fired many managers like George Graham, Glenn Hoddle, David Pleat, Jacques Santini and Jose Mourinho. 

When Martin Jol was manager, the team finished fifth in the Premier League and they qualified for the UEFA Cup also.

In 2011, Chelsea tried to sign then-Tottenham player Luka Modric, however Levy refused.

On 4 September 2025, Levy stepped down as the executive chairman of Tottenham Hotspur as part of a broader management shake-up. He was succeeded by Peter Charrington.

## Personal life
His father Barry Levy was the owner of a clothing retail business Mr Byrite (later rebranded as Blue Inc). 

He is a lifelong Tottenham Hotspur supporter, and went to his first match at White Hart Lane against Queens Park Rangers when he was aged seven or eight in the 1960s. 

He studied Economics and Land Economy at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1985 with a First Class Honours Degree.
## References
Voiced alveolar approximant

The **alveolar approximant** is a consonant. It is used in some languages. It is used in English where the letter "r" is used for the sound, as in run or brick. The International Phonetic Alphabet represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants as . International Phonetic Alphabet represents it as a lowercase letter *r* rotated 180 degrees, or in broad transcription ; the X-SAMPA symbol of this is ⟨r\⟩.

Many times the symbol is written as ⟨⟩ instead of  because typing ⟨⟩ is easier.

## Features 
## Examples 
## Notes
## References
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Sodom and Gomorrah

**Sodom and Gomorrah** are two ancient cities mentioned in the *Book of Genesis*. Both cities were destroyed by fire from God because of their gluttony and wickedness as shown in the passage “Behold, this was the guilt of your sister Sodom, she and her daughters had pride, excess of food, and prosperous ease, but did not aid the poor and needy. They were haughty and did an abomination before me. So I removed them, when I saw it.” Ezekiel 16:49-50

Some scholars believe that the cities were in Moab, east of the southern edge of the Dead Sea. The word *sodomy* (anal sex) is derived from Sodom. The story of Sodom and Gomorrah was made into a movie in 1963.

## In Genesis 18-19
God tells Abraham He plans to destroy Sodom because of its wickedness. Abraham gets God to promise to spare it if ten good men can be found.

Lot, Abraham's relative, lives in Sodom. He is visited by two angels who appeared to Lot as human men. An interpretation by some scholars is that the men of Sodom want to have anal sex with these visitors. Lot refuses to allow this. He offers the Sodomites his two virgin daughters instead. The men decline the offer. They storm Lot's door. The angels rescue Lot. They tell Lot that God has sent them to destroy Sodom for its wickness and self interest. They order Lot to gather his family, and leave the city. They forbid Lot or any of his family to look upon the city during its destruction. Lot and his family flee. Lot's wife looks back at the city. She is turned into a pillar of salt.

## References
Municipalities in Japan

are the local governments and sub-divisions of the island nation.
 
There are three main types of municipalities in Japan: 
*cities, 
*towns, 
*villages 

There is a fourth type of municipality &mdash; the 23 special wards of Tokyo. 

## History
In 1878, the national government enacted the "Municipalities Formation Law", the "Prefectural Assemblies Act", and the "Local Tax Ordinance".  Japan was organized into three levels of government: 
# the national government of Japan
# the mid-level Prefectures of Japan
# the local municipality governments

In 1889, the ''*shikuchōson* was  to create 39 cities and 15,820 towns and villages. The "Municipal Government Act" was a blend of Japanese customs and Prussia’s local government system.  

After 1898, local officials were elected in municipal elections.

Since the 19th century, Japan has been divided into 47 prefectures; and each prefecture has many districts and municipalities.

In 1947, the "Local Autonomy Law" (LAL) further refined Japan's municipalities.

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan
* Provinces of Japan
* Districts of Japan

## References
## Other websites
*  graphic shows municipalities in context (PDF 7 of 40)
Vampire Lesbians of Sodom

***Vampire Lesbians of Sodom*** is a satirical play by Charles Busch. It is about two immortal vampire lesbians.  They are locked in eternal antagonism after surviving the downfall of the Biblical city of Sodom. Both women arrive in Jazz Age Broadway and Hollywood. They pretend to be silent movie stars. They reach a truce in a final scene set in Las Vegas in the 1980s. *The New York Times* described the show as having "costumes flashier than pinball machines, outrageous lines, awful puns, sinister innocence, [and] harmless depravity". It was first performed at the Limbo Lounge in Manhattan's East Village in 1984. It moved Off Broadway in June 1985 to the Provincetown Playhouse. It had a five year run.

## References
Saint Sebastian

**Saint Sebastian** (died c. 268) was a Christian saint and martyr. He is said to have been killed during the Roman emperor Diocletian's persecution of Christians.  He is usually depicted in art and literature tied to a post or tree and shot with arrows. This is the most common artistic depiction of Sebastian. However, he was rescued and healed by Irene of Rome. He then criticized the emperor, and was clubbed to death. He is venerated in both the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox churches.

## References
Aurelius and Natalia

**Aurelius and Natalia** (died 852) were Christian martyrs who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir of Córdoba. They are counted among the Martyrs of Córdoba. Aurelius and his wife Natalia were both the offspring of Muslim fathers. They were secretly Christians.  Aurelius's cousin Felix and his wife Liliosa were also Christians. Under Sharia Law, all four of them were required to profess Islam. In time though all four began to openly profess the Christian faith. The two women would go about in public with their faces unveiled. They were all swiftly arrested as apostates from Islam. They were given four days to recant. They refused, and were beheaded. They were martyred with a local monk, George. He had openly spoken out against the Islamic prophet Mohammed. He had been offered a pardon as a foreigner. He chose instead to denounce Islam again and die with the others. They are considered saints in the Roman Catholic Church. Their feast day is July 27.

## References 
* Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. *The Penguin Dictionary of Saints*. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
Menace II Society

**Menace II Society**, released May 26, 1993 by New Line Cinema, is an American urban crime drama movie set in and around South Central Los Angeles. It is rated R by the MPAA for violence, intense language and drug use. Several different versions exist for this motion picture. The character Caine was originally supposed to be played by Spice-1, but he was replaced by Tyrin Turner. The character Sharif was originally supposed to be played by Tupac Shakur, although Shakur was later fired due to a dispute in which he wanted to play the character O-Dog. Larenz Tate later played O-Dog. A prison riot scene was cut from this motion picture to avoid receiving an NC-17. *Menace II Society* received positive reviews by critics.

## Other websites 
*
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

**Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, KG** (10 November 1565 – 25 February 1601) was an English nobleman and a favourite of Elizabeth I. He was politically ambitious, and a committed general. He was placed under house arrest following a poor campaign in Ireland during the Nine Years' War in 1599. In 1601 he led an abortive ''coup d'état* against the government and was executed for treason. His story has been told in art and literature. Two well known examples are the opera *Roberto Devereux* by Gaetano Donizetti and the movie *The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex'' starring Bette Davis and Errol Flynn. 

Robert Devereux was one of Elizabeth I’s suitors, meaning he wanted to marry her.
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex

]]
***The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex*** is a 1939 historical romantic drama movie. It is about the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. The movie stars Bette Davis and Errol Flynn. The movie was directed by Michael Curtiz. It was based on the Maxwell Anderson play, *Elizabeth the Queen*.

The play had been a Broadway success with Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt in the lead roles. The supporting cast in the movie included Olivia de Havilland, Donald Crisp, Henry Daniell, Henry Stephenson and Vincent Price. The score was composed by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. He later used a theme from the movie in his *Symphony in F sharp major*.

The Technicolor cinematography was by Sol Polito. The elaborate costumes were designed by Orry-Kelly. The movie was a Warner Brothers production. The movie was a hit. It received five Academy Award nominations including Best Color Cinematography. Bette Davis was expected to receive a nomination. She was nominated instead for *Dark Victory*.
Tradeston Bridge

The **Tradeston Bridge**, also known as the **Squiggly Bridge**, is a pedestrian bridge that opened on May 14, 2009. It crosses the River Clyde in Glasgow to the districts of Anderston on the north bank with Tradeston on the south bank.

## References
## Other websites
* Dissing+Weitling, Tradeston Bridge
Windsor Railway Bridge

**Windsor Railway Bridge** is a wrought iron 'tied arch'  bridge in Windsor, Berkshire. It was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and carried Brunel's Great Western Railway (GWR) branch line from Slough to Windsor (Windsor and Eton Central station). It crosses the River Thames between Romney Lock and Boveney Lock.

The bridge is a single-span structure with three bowstring trusses which created two bays for the original two GWR tracks. The bridge is the world's oldest wrought iron bridge still in regular service. It is a forerunner for Brunel's last masterpiece, the Royal Albert Bridge, Saltash. The bridge was Grade II* listed in 1975.

The line opened in 1849. The construction of the line was delayed and could not be included in the original Parliamentary Act because of objections from the Provost of Eton College.
The brick viaduct was constructed between 1861&ndash;65 to replace the original wooden trestle viaduct.

Although the bridge was built to take two tracks, the track on the upstream side was removed when the line was rationalised in the 1960s.  The trackbed on this side now carries a sewage or water main pipe.

## References
Mena Suvari

**Mena Alexandra Suvari** (born February 13, 1979) is an American actress, fashion designer, and model. She began acting in guest roles on 1990s television programs such as *Boy Meets World* and *High Incident*. She made her movie debut in the 1997 drama movie *Nowhere*.

Her first major movie roles were in *American Beauty* and *American Pie*. Both of these moves were in 1999. She was  for a BAFTA Award for *American Beauty*. Next she was in *Loser* (2000), with her *American Pie* co-star, Jason Biggs. In 2001, she played the main character in the comedy movie *Sugar & Spice*. She was in the 2002 drama *Spun* and the 2004 thriller *Trauma*. She was also in the HBO's drama series *Six Feet Under* in 2004. While working on this series, she was nominated as a member of cast by the Screen Actors Guild for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" in 2005.  In 2008, she was cast in a many movies. These incude *Day of the Dead*, *The Mysteries of Pittsburgh*, and the movie version of *The Garden of Eden*.

Suvari is a model for Lancôme cosmetics. She has been in many fashion blogs and magazines such as *Vogue*. She is an activist for the African relief organization, the African Medical and Research Foundation. Feminist issues are also important to her.  She works with charities whose cause is breast cancer, and "End Violence Against Women" campaign.

## Early life
Suvari was born in Newport, Rhode Island. She is the daughter of Candice, a nurse, and Ando Süvari, a psychiatrist. Her mother is half Greek and her father is part Estonian. She has three older brothers.

Her family moved Charleston, South Carolina. Growing up, Mena wanted to be an archaeologist, astronaut or doctor. A modeling agency came to her all-girls school, Ashley Hall, to offer classes. By the time she started acting, she had been modeling for the New York-based Wilhelmina agency for five years.

After moving to the Los Angeles area, Suvari studied at Providence High School in Burbank. She  in 1997.

## Personal life
Suvari married German-born cinematographer Robert Brinkmann on March 4, 2000. Brinkmann was seventeen years older than her. They divorced in May 2005.

In 2007, Suvari began dating Italian-Canadian concert promoter Simone Sestito. She met him at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. They were married on June 26, 2010 in Rome. They chose Rome because most of Sestito's family lives near the city. On January 13, 2012, Suvari said she wanted a divorce from Sestito. The divorce became final in October 2012.

In late 2017, Suvari became a vegan for ethical reasons. Since then she only uses cruelty-free and environmentally friendly products.

## Filmography 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Crown group

A **crown group** is a group of living species and their ancestors back to the most recent common ancestor. It is a term in cladistics and phylogenetics. It is a clade with at least some members that have survived to the present day. How a crown group is defined depends on which living species are chosen. One definition stresses the need for members of the crown group to have the clade's characteristic synapomorphy.

The idea was developed by Willi Hennig, the founder of phylogenetic systematics, but he did not use this term. The terms "crown group" and "stem group" were invented by R.P.S. Jefferies in 1979. Though invented in the 1970s, the term was not often used until it was reintroduced in the 2000s.

One very simplified cladogram for birds is shown below:

*Aves&nbsp;
**†*Archaeopteryx* and its extinct relatives
**†*Avisaurus* and its extinct relatives
**†*Hesperornis* and its extinct relatives
**†*Ichthyornis*
**Crown group, Neornithes includes all living birds
***Neoaves (most modern birds and their extinct ancestors)
***Paleognathae (ratites and some others)
***Galloanserae (ducks, chickens and some others)

*Archaeopteryx* and some other extinct groups are not included in the crown group Neornithes. They fall outside the clade, as they diverged earlier. Neoaves can also be considered a crown group, as can Paleognathae, the ratites clade, and Galloanserae, the ducks and chickens clade. Bigger crown groups can also be defined, such as the phylum Chordata.

## Stem group 
The **stem group** of birds would be all the earlier Aves minus the crown group Neornithes.

## References
West Gate Bridge

The **West Gate Bridge** is a bridge across the Yarra River, near Melbourne, Victoria in Australia. It is the third longest bridge in Australia. The bridge's length, including the approaches is .

## Collapse
Problems were first noticed on the West Gate Bridge in May 1970 when several steel girders did not fit into position by about . Engineers proposed putting ten concrete blocks, each weighing about 8 tons, onto the girders to bend them into the correct position. In September 1970 it was noticed that this had caused part of the girder to buckle. Workers both on and under the bridge were killed when the 2,000 ton section fell  to the ground. In the end, 35 men were killed and 18 were injured.

## References
Batman Bridge

The **Batman Bridge** crosses the Tamar River in northern Tasmania, about 30&nbsp;km north of Launceston. It was opened on 18 May 1968 by the Premier of Tasmania, Eric Reece. When it was built it was one of the first cable-stayed truss bridges in the world. It provides access between the north east and north west of Tasmania. It was named after John Batman, a Tasmanian pioneer and the founder of the city of Melbourne. 

## Details
The bridge is held up by cables connected to a  high A frame tower on the west bank.  This tower is not straight, but leans  out over the river.  The bridge is  in length.  The main span over the river is  and with a span on the western shore of . The eastern side is approached by four continuous viaduct spans. The bridge is  above the high water level.  The steel deck has room for two lanes of traffic and a walk way for people on both sides.

## A frame
The bridge is built at the narrowest point on the Tamar River, at Whirlpool Reach. However, the east bank was found to be soft clay which would not support the bridge. The A frame tower on the west bank is built into the bedrock  below the surface and supported by steel cables concreted into tunnels in the bedrock. The tower supports the whole weight of the river span of the bridge. 

## References
## Other websites
* Photos of Spidertech checking the cables
The Helix Bridge

**The Helix Bridge** (before called the **Double Helix Bridge**) is a pedestrian bridge across the opening to Marina Bay in Singapore. It links the new Marina Centre with Marina South. It is located beside the Benjamin Sheares Bridge and the Bayfront Bridge, which are for vehicles (cars, etc.). It was first opened on 24 April 2010, but part of it stayed closed because of nearby construction. The whole bridge was opened on 18 July 2010. It was the last link in the pedestrian walkway that goes all the way around Marina Bay. The bridge is also used as an art gallery where children's paintings and drawings are shown to the public.

The bridge was built as part of a major development plan in the area. Other projects included the huge modern-style Marina Bay Sands hotel and casino, the Singapore Flyer, the Gardens by the Bay, and a  business and financial zone. All of it was to be finished by 2012.

## Design and architecture
The team who designed the bridge included Australian and Singaporean architects. The main design idea is based on the double helix model of DNA. This can be seen best at night, when the bridge is lit up by a series of lights that show the double helix structure. Pairs of coloured letters (*c* and *g*, as well as *a* and *t*) on the bridge which are lit up in red and green. They represent cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine, the four bases of DNA.

The bridge has four viewing platforms that give views over the Singapore skyline and events happening within Marina Bay.

The bridge is made of about 650 tonnes of stainless steel and 1000 tonnes of carbon steel. The construction of the bridge was done by two local engineering and construction companies.
Type of bridge 
The Helix Bridge is a temporary Truss bridge. As you probably already know the Helix Bridge can only support living beings. The support is by triangle beams. The Helix Bridge has triangle beams because the triangle is the strongest shape for building and so they made triangle beams to support the bridge. Now it is

## References
## Other websites
* 360° Interactive VR image of the Helix Bridge 
* New Bridge at Marina Bay 
* New landmark bridge for Marina Bay
Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)

The **Richmond Bridge** is a historic bridge in Richmond,  north of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia. It is the oldest bridge still in use in Australia.

## History
The foundation stone for the Richmond Bridge was laid on 11 December 1823 and the bridge was built by convicts. It was  completed in 1825. The bridge was originally named Bigge's Bridge after Royal Commissioner, John Thomas Bigge, who recognised the need for the bridge in 1820.

In 2005, the bridge was recognised as an outstanding historic place and added to the Australian National Heritage List.

### Murder of George Grover
In 1832 a guard from the Richmond Gaol was murdered at Richmond bridge.  George Grover work including flogging (whipping) the prisoners. He was hated by the convicts. He died after being pushed off the edge of Richmond Bridge while drunk. No one was convicted of his murder.

## Construction
The Richmond Bridge is made from sandstone dug at Butchers Hill, and carried by convicts using hand carts. It has four main arches, with spans of , , , ,  and . These arches rise from sloping fins with angular leading edges pointed to the flow of the river.

## References
## Other websites
* Discover Tasmania Website , Accessed May 2006.
* Tasmanian Communities Online , Accessed May 2006.
* Australian National Heritage listing for Richmond Bridge, last accessed 9 July 2008.
* *Historic Richmond Bridge a National Heritage jewel* , Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, press release, 2005
Ross Bridge

**Ross Bridge** is an historic bridge in the town of Ross in central Tasmania, Australia, completed in July 1836. It crosses the Macquarie River. It replaced an earlier bridge built in 1822 made of uncemented stone piers, with a road surface of logs and clay. This bridge was repaired after several piers fell down in 1828, and the bridge finally collapsed in 1831.
 The bridge was opened by the Governor of Tasmania, George Arthur, on 21 October, 1836. The bridge was registered on the Register of the National Estate in 1978.

## References
*

## Further reading about the Bridge
* R Smith, Early Tasmanian bridges, Launceston, 1969; 
* L Newitt, Convicts & carriageways, Hobart, 1988. 

## Other websites
* Tasmanian Times stories focusing on the likenesses of Jorgen Jorgenson
* Sydney Morning Herald Travel article about Ross
* Tasmanian visitors' guide tourism article about Ross 
* Ross Bridge on the Australian Heritage Database
Spean Praptos

**Spean Praptos** (Khmer: ស្ពានប្រាប់ទិស) is an ancient stone bridge in Cambodia. It is on the road from Angkor to Phnom Chisor, near the village of Kampong Kdei. It used to be the longest stone-arch bridge in the world. It has more than 20 arches spanning 285&nbsp;ft (87m). The bridge was built in the 12th century during the reign of the Khmer emperor Jayavarman VII.

## References
Carly Rae Jepsen

**Carly Rae Jepsen** (born November 21, 1985) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and actress.  She was born in Mission, British Columbia to Alexandra Lanzarotta and Larry Jepsen. 

She first came to public attention in 2007 by being a contestant on the fifth season of *Canadian Idol*, where she came third. Her debut album *Tug of War* was released on 30 September 2008. In 2011 her single "Call Me Maybe" was released. It is the best selling single by a female artist of the 21st century, and topped the charts not only in her home country of Canada, but also in the United States. 

Her first EP *Curiosity* and her second album *Kiss* were both released in 2012. In 2015, she released *Emotion*, a pop album inspired by the music of the 1980s, which gained a cult following as well as very positive critical reviews. The album's first single "I Really Like You" charted in several countries such as the United Kingdom, where it reached number 3. She released her second EP *Emotion: Side B* in 2016 featuring eight tracks that were cut from *Emotion*.

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**Tug of War* (2008)
**Kiss* (2012)
**Emotion* (2015)
*Dedicated(2019)
*Dedicated Side B(2020)
*The Loneliest Time(2022)

### Popular songs
**Call Me Maybe* (2012)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cable-stayed bridge

A **cable-stayed bridge** is a bridge that has one or more columns (called *towers* or *pylons*), with cables directly supporting the bridge deck.

There are two main types of cable-stayed bridges. In the *harp* design, the cables are nearly parallel. This is done by attaching them to various points on the tower(s). The height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a *fan* design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).

Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is best for longer spans than used for cantilever bridges, and shorter than those needing a suspension bridge. Cantilever spans become too heavy if they were made longer. A cable-stay bridge is cheaper to build than a suspension bridge over a short distance.

File:Bridge-suspension.svg|Suspension bridge
File:Bridge-fan-cable-stayed.svg|Cable-stayed bridge, fan design
File:Bridge-harp-cable-stayed.svg|Cable-stayed bridge, harp design
Pontoon bridge

A **pontoon bridge** is a bridge that floats on water. It is a **floating bridge** with barges or boats ('pontoons') to support the bridge deck. 

Pontoon bridges are usually temporary structures, but some are used for long periods. Permanent floating bridges are useful for sheltered (quiet)  water-crossings. It may be too  to suspend a bridge from anchored piers. Pontoon bridges may need a section that is elevated, or can be raised or removed, to allow ships to pass.

Pontoon bridges are often used in wartime as river crossings. They are usually temporary, and are sometimes destroyed after crossing (to keep the enemy from using them), or collapsed and carried (if on a long march). They were used to great advantage in many battles. Pontoon bridges have been in use since ancient times. It is thought that the first London Bridge was a Roman pontoon bridge. Roman legions had men and equipment to build pontoon bridges, and often made them. The first pontoon bridge was made by the Zhou Dynasty. 

## References
Red Bridge (Tasmania)

The **Red Bridge** in Tasmania crosses the Elizabeth River at Campbell Town. It was built between 1836 and 1838 by convicts using red clay bricks made on site. It has a solid stone base with sandstone piers and cappings. as well as the oldest bridge anywhere on an Australian National Highway. The bridge has three arches with spans of  each. It is wide enough for two lanes of traffic as well as pedestrian walkways. It is on the Midland Highway, about halfway between Hobart and Launceston, and carries over two million vehicles per year.

It is said to have been designed by James Blackburn, an architect and a convict who had been sent to Tasmania for the crime of forgery. It was made from 1,250,000 hand-made bricks on dry land. After it was finished the course of the river was changed to flow under the bridge.

The Red Bridge is registered on the Register of the National Estate since 1978.

## References
## Other websites
* Bridge on the Australian Heritage Database
Dallas Clark

**Dallas Dean Clark** (born June 12, 1979) is an American former professional football tight end. He played a total of 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Indianapolis Colts, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Baltimore Ravens. He played college football for the University of Iowa. He was drafted 24th overall in the 2003 NFL Draft, and played his entire nine-year professional career for the Colts.  He has been called a "hybrid" tight end due to his rare ability to play both the wide receiver and tight end positions well. However, injuries have made his career more difficult.

## College Career
Clark played college football for the University of Iowa. Clark played for the Hawkeyes from 1999 through 2002. Clark was a first-team All-Big Ten selection, a first-team All-American, a John Mackey Award winner (2002, is given to the best tight end in college football. He won the Kenny Yana Award at the end of the 2002 season as well, as he helped lead Iowa to the Big Ten title and 11-2 record.

## Professional Career
### Indianapolis Colts
Clark was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL in the 1st round (24th overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft. In Indianapolis, Clark wore #44. As a rookie, Clark started 10 games and had 340 receiving yards before his season ended with an injury. Clark continued his solid production over the next couple years, and in 2004 had an 80&nbsp;yard touchdown, which is *extremely* rare for a tight end.

In 2006, Clark earned a Super Bowl ring when the Colts beat the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. That season, Clark had 30 catches for 367&nbsp;yards and four touchdowns.

Clark had his best statistical season yet in 2007, with 58 catches, 616&nbsp;yards, and 11 scores. Clark followed that up with 848&nbsp;yards and six scores in the 2008 season.

2009 was Clark's best year. He had another 80&nbsp;yard score, 100 catches, 1,106&nbsp;yards, and 10 touchdowns and helped the Colts to another Super Bowl appearance.

Clark mist all but 6 games in 2010 because of anothe injury. This one was suffered against the Washington Redskins. Clark had 37 catches, 347&nbsp;yards, and 3 scores in 2010 before the injury. Clark also suffered from injuries in 2011, with 34 catches, 352&nbsp;yards, and two touchdowns before injury.

After a horrible 2011 season, the Colts were in a rebuilding mode. As well as releasing the legendary Peyton Manning, the team also released Clark on March 10, 2012.

On June 18, 2014, Clark signed a one-day contract with the Colts and announced that he was retiring from playing professional football.

## Personal
Clark and his wife, Karen, live with their son, Dane, in Livermore, Iowa, USA and Zionsville, Indiana.
 Clark is a fan of the New York Mets.

## References
## Other websites
*  Hawkeyes bio 
* Colts bio 
* Dallas Clark cut by Colts
Districts of Japan

were areas of  traditional local government in Japan before the Meiji period.  The function of districts has changed over time, but they continue to exist in contemporary Japan.

Districts are not all the same size.  They are roughly equivalent to a county in the United Kingdom or the United States.  They are smaller than prefectures and larger than towns and villages.

## History
Districts were established in the 8th century.

Until the 10th century, the chief government official of a district (*gun*) was called the *gunji*.

Between 1878 and 1921, the Meiji period and Taishō period, districts were given specific powers and responsibilities which are now diffused.

## Related pages
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Municipalities in Japan

## References