open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Denison Dam

**Denison Dam**, also known as **Lake Texoma Dam**, is a dam on the Red River between Texas and Oklahoma. The job of the dam is to control flood waters. It also makes a water supply and energy from hydroelectricity. The dam controls the Red River and provides a place where people can have fun in the water.

## History
Denison Dam was finished in 1943. At that time, it was the largest "rolled-earth fill dam" (a kind of dirt) in the world. The dam is named for Denison, Texas which is not far away. The dam's spillway is  above sea level. Water has gotten high enough go into the spillway five times.

Denison Dam is made from  of rolled-earth fill. It also produces 250,000 megawatt hours of electricity per year. The dam holds the Red River back to make Lake Texoma which has  of water. The lake is used to give water to local towns and cities. The dam has 47 areas for people to have fun. The area around the lake has  of land people can hunt on.

Oklahoma State Highway 91 and Texas State Highway 91 cross over the dam.

## References
## Other websites
*Army Corp on floodstage , Retrieved July 6, 2007
Acre foot

An **acre-foot** is a unit of volume used in the United States to measure large amounts of water resources. It makes measuring water in reservoirs, lakes, and rivers.

An acre-foot is the amount of water it would take to cover an acre of land with water  deep. One acre-foot of water is the same as  of water. It is about the same amount of water as a 8-lane, 25 m long competition swimming pool.

## Uses
The typical American family uses about 1 acre-foot of water in a year or about  per day. In some places in the deserts of the Southwestern United States, water conservation is a rule. In these areas, a normal family only uses 0.25 acre-feet of water per year.

Large amounts of water can also be in **thousands of acre-feet** or **TAF**.

## References
Andropause

**Andropause** is when a man's sperm count gets lower in his 40s. This condition is also called **penopause** and **late-onset hypogonadism**. Other changes that happen are fewer erections and a lower libido.

## References
Adam Laxalt

**Adam Paul Laxalt** (born August 31, 1978) is an American politician. He was the Attorney General of Nevada from 2015 until 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party.

His father was New Mexico U.S. Senator Pete Domenici, but took his mother's last name Laxalt. Nevada Senator Paul Laxalt was his grandfather.

Laxalt was born in Reno, Nevada. He studied at Tulane University and at Georgetown University. He is a former Navy prosecutor.

In November 2017, Laxalt announced his candidacy for Governor of Nevada. He won the Republican nomination, but lost the general election to Democrat Steve Sisolak by nearly 5%.

In August 2021, Laxalt announced his candidacy for the United States Senate in the 2022 election. He won the Republican nomination in June 2022. He narrowly lost the election to incumbent Senator Catherine Cortez Masto in November 2022.

## References
## Other websites
*Nevada Attorney General's Office
*Laxalt for Governor
Patna Junction railway station

**Patna Junction**, station code *PNBE*, is a major railway station in the capital city of Patna  in the Indian state of Bihar. Located in heart of the city, it is the main railway station serving Patna. It falls under the Danapur division of the East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Patna Junction is one of the busiest railway stations of the country.

The Patna Junction railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network.
Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata which is one of the busiest rail routes in India. Patna has trains running frequently to Delhi and Kolkata. The city is a major railway hub and has six major stations: Patna Junction, Rajendranagar Terminal, Gulzarbagh Station, Danapur railway station, Patliputra Junction and Patna Sahib Station. Patna is well connected with Gaya, Jehanabad Biharsharif, Rajgir, Islampur through daily passenger and express train services.

## References
Donaueschingen

**Donaueschingen** is a German town in the Black Forest in the southwest of the state of Baden-Württemberg in the Schwarzwald-Baar district.

As of 2003, it has about 21,300 people.

It stands near the confluence of the two sources of the river Danube (in ; the town's name is an eponym).

Donaueschingen stands in a basin within low mountainous terrain. It is about  south of Villingen-Schwenningen,  west of Tuttlingen, and about  north of the Swiss town of Schaffhausen. It is the second largest town in the district (*Kreis*) of Schwarzwald-Baar. The location of the town is favourable for its role as a regional rail hub.

## Partner cities 
Donaueschingen has partnerships with the following cities:
*  Kaminoyama, Yamagata, Japan (since 1995)
*  Saverne, France (since 1964)
*  Vác, Hungary (since 1993)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Homepage for Donaueschingen
* Information about the Donaueschingen region  
* Sport in Donaueschingen
Open set

.]]
In set theory an open set is a set where all elements have the same properties. Simply put, an open set is a set that does not include its edges or endpoints. For each point in the set, you can make a bubble around that point, such that all points in the bubble are also in the set.

On the other hand, a closed set includes all its edges or endpoints. A set that includes some of its edges or endpoints is neither open nor closed. 

An open set is very similar to an open interval.

## Examples 
The set **(0,1)** is open. If we choose a very small value, there will always be a small bubble which are all in the set **(0,1)**.

If we choose a very small value h ∈ (0,1), we can make a bubble \left [ \frac{h}{2},\frac{3h}{2} \right ], in which all the values are in **(0,1)**.

However, **[0,1]** is closed. If we choose the value 0, and choose a very small value k, 0-k ∉ **[0,1]**, which means that it's closed.

## References
Messier 32

**Messier 32** (also known as **NGC 221**) is a dwarf "early-type" galaxy about 2.65 million light-years from Earth. It is seen in the constellation Andromeda.

M32 is a satellite galaxy of the large Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It was discovered by Guillaume Le Gentil in 1749. M32 measures 6.5 ± 0.2 thousand light-years in diameter at the widest point.

The galaxy is a compact elliptical galaxy type. Compact ellipticals are rather rare.
Half the stars are inside an effective radius of only 100&nbsp;parsecs.

Densities in the central area increase steeply, over 3×107 M⊙ pc−3 as seen by the HST. The half-light radius of this central star cluster is around 6 parsec.  In other words, this small centre of the galaxy emits half the light of the central 100 parsecs.

Like more ordinary elliptical galaxies, M32 contains mostly older faint red and yellow stars with practically no dust or gas and consequently no current star formation. It does, however, show hints of star formation in the relatively recent past.

M32 contains a supermassive black hole.
Its mass is between 1.5 and 5 million solar masses.

It is believed by astronomers that Messier 32 is the remnant of the former galaxy in the local group called M32p.

## References
Barnard's galaxy

'''Barnard's galaxy**  (also known as **NGC 6822**, **IC 4895**, or **Caldwell 57'*) is an irregular barred spiral galaxy. It is about 1.6 million light-years away, in the constellation Sagittarius.  
The galaxy is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It was discovered by E.E. Barnard in 1884 with a six-inch refractor telescope.  

The galaxy is one of the closest to the Milky Way.  It is similar in structure and makeup to the Small Magellanic Cloud. It is about 7,000 light-years in diameter.

The galaxy is famous because it is where cepheid variables were used to find out how far away the galaxy was. Edwin Hubble found 11 cepheid variable stars, and used them to find the distance to the galaxy. This settled a great debate in the 1920s about the scale of the universe and the nature of spiral galaxies. It became clear that all "spiral nebulae" were in fact spiral *galaxies''. They are far outside our own Milky Way. 

## References
Sushil Kumar Modi

**Sushil Kumar Modi** (5 January 1952 – 13 May 2024) was an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party who is serving as Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar since 27 July 2017. Previously he was Deputy CM along with Finance Minister of Bihar from 2005 to 2013. He is a lifelong member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. He was appointed the Chairman of the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers for the Implementation of Goods and Service Tax in July 2011.

## Early life
Sushil Modi was born on 5 January 1952 in a Marwari (Vaishya Bania) family. His father was Moti Lal Modi and his mother was Ratna Devi. He has done BSc from B N College, Patna. He graduated Patna Science College and did Botany Hons in 1973. Later he left MSc Botany Course in Patna University, to join social movement started by Jai Prakash Narayan.
## Political career
, Sonpur in 2015]]
In 1990, he joined active politics and successfully contested from Patna Central Assembly (now known as Kumhrar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)). He was re-elected in 1995 & 2000. In 1990, he was made the Chief Whip of the BJP Bihar Legislature Party. From 1996 till 2004 he was the Leader of Opposition in the State Assembly. He filed the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Patna High Court against Lalu Prasad Yadav, which was later known as Fodder Scam. He became a member of Lok Sabha in 2004 representing the constituency of Bhagalpur.

He was the Minister for Parliamentary Affairs in a short lived Nitish Kumar government in 2000. He supported the formation of the State of Jharkhand.

In 2005 Bihar election, NDA came to power and Modi was elected the leader of Bihar BJP Legislature Party. He subsequently resigned from the Lok Sabha and took over as the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar. He was given the Finance Portfolio along with a number of other departments. After NDA victory in 2010 Bihar elections, he continued to be the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar. Modi did not contest the 2005 and 2010 Bihar Assembly elections to be able to campaign for BJP.

## Death
In November 2023, Modi was diagnosed with cancer. He died from the disease on 13 May 2024 in New Delhi, India at the age of 72.

## Positions held
## References
## Other websites
* 
*Official Contact Details of Sushil Modi
Stanislav Govorukhin

**Stanislav Sergeyevich Govorukhin** PAR (; 29 March 1936 – 14 June 2018) was a Russian movie director, screenwriter, politician and actor. He was born in Berezniki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. For directing, he was known for the movie *The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed*. In screenwriting, he was known for *Voroshilov Sharpshooter*. In acting, he was known for his roles as Commander in *Encore, Once More Encore!* and as Zosima in *Heads and Tails*.

Govorukhin was a member of the State Duma from 1993 until his death in 2018 serving as a conservative member of the Democratic Party of Russia. He ran for President of Russia as an Independent in the 2000 presidential election, but lost to Vladimir Putin. In the 2000s, he worked for the Putin administration and election campaigns. He was a supporter of Putin.

Govorukhin died on 14 June 2018 in Barvikha, Russia of a heart attack at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* Stanislav Govorukhin's Official site 
* Stanislav Govorukhin's Bio 
*
Louis Sachar

**Louis Sachar** ( ; born March 20, 1954) is an American children's book author. His best known books are the *Wayside School* series and the award-winner, *Holes* novel.

*Holes* won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". In 2013, it was ranked number six among all-time children's novels in a survey published by *School Library Journal*.

Louis Sachar was born in East Meadow, New York United States

## Works 
;*Wayside School*
* *Sideways Stories from Wayside School* (1978)
* *Wayside School is Falling Down* (1989)
* *Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School* (1989)
* *More Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School* (1994)
* *Wayside School Gets A Little Stranger* (1995)

;*Marvin Redpost*
* *Kidnapped at Birth?* (1992)
* *Why Pick on Me?* (1993)
* *Is He a Girl?* (1993)
* ''Alone In His Teacher's House* (1994)
* *Class President* (1999)
* *A Flying Birthday Cake?* (1999)
* *Super Fast Out of Control!* (2000)
* *A Magic Crystal?* (2000)

;*Holes* series**
**
* *Holes* (1998) — winner of the National Book Award)
* *There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom* (1987)
* *The Boy Who Lost His Face* (1989)
* *Dogs Don't Tell Jokes* (1991)
* *The Cardturner* (2010)
* *Fuzzy Mud'' (2015)

## References
Alexander Rutskoy

**Alexander Vladimirovich Rutskoi** (; born 16 September 1947) is a Russian politician and a former Soviet military officer.

Rutskoy served as the only Vice President of Russia from 10 July 1991 to 4 October 1993, and as the Governor of Kursk Oblast from 1996 to 2000. In the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, he was made acting President of Russia, in opposition to President Boris Yeltsin.

## References
Wheeler Winston Dixon

**Wheeler Winston Dixon** (born March 12, 1950) is an American movie director, critic, screenwriter, historian and scholar. He is an expert on movie history.  

From 1999 to 2014, he was co-editor, along with Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, of the *Quarterly Review of Film and Video.* In addition, he is known as a filmmaker, and the *Museum of Modern Art* exhibited his works in 2003. 

Dixon taught at Rutgers University, The New School in New York, the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, and is currently the James E. Ryan professor emeritus professor of movie studies and English at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Pedro Pascal

**José Pedro Balmaceda Pascal** (born April 2, 1975), known professionally as **Pedro Pascal**, is a Chilean-American actor. He is best known for playing the roles of Oberyn Martell in the HBO series *Game of Thrones*, Javier Peña in the Netflix series *Narcos,* Din Djarin in *The Mandalorian*, and Joel Miller in *The Last of Us*.

He played Maxwell Lord in the 2020 DC Extended Universe movie *Wonder Woman 1984*. He also played Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic in the 2025 MCU movie *The Fantastic Four: First Steps*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Robert Downey Sr.

**Robert John Downey Sr.** (born **Robert Elias Jr.**; June 24, 1936 - July 7, 2021) was an American movie director, screenwriter and actor. He was the father of actor Robert Downey Jr.. Downey Sr. was best known for writing and directing the underground movie *Putney Swope*. He retired in 2013. Downey Sr. was born in New York City. Downey Sr. starred in *Johnny Be Good*, *Hail Caesar* and *Tower Heist*.

Downey Sr. died in his sleep at his home in New York City on July 7, 2021 from problems caused by Parkinson's disease, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bilat Paswan Vihangam

**Bilat Paswan**, who writes under the nome de plume, **Vihangam**, was an Indian writer and politician, known for his writings in Hindi & Maithili literature. He is a former chairman of Bihar Public Service Commission & former chairman of Bihar Inter University Board. Born in 1940 to Bhutai Paswan in Bihar, he represented Rajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) at the Bihar Legislative Assembly for two terms in 1968 and 1972 & Khajauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency) at the Bihar Legislative Assembly for two terms in 1985 and 1990, running under Indian National Congress candidature, defeating Ram Lakhan Ram of the Communist Party of India on both the elections. He also ran in two elections unsuccessfully, in 1980 and 2000. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2005, for his contributions to literature.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Reinhard Hardegen

*Korvettenkapitän* **Reinhard Hardegen** (18 March 1913 – 9 June 2018) was a German U-boat commander during World War II, oil businessman and politician. He was born in Bremen, Germany. He was the last surviving **Ace of the Deep** member. He was the 24th-most-successful commander of the war, known for sinking 22 ships. 

After the war, he spent a year and a half in British captivity before starting a successful oil trading business and serving as a member of Bremen's city council (the *Bürgerschaft*) from 1959 to 1979.

Hardegen turned 100 in March 2013. He died in Bremen on 9 June 2018 of respiratory failure at the age of 105.

## References
Cheerleader effect

The **Cheerleader effect**, or **group attractiveness effect** is a kind of cognitive bias: People who are part of a group are seen as more attractive, than those who are not. This observation is valid for both men and women. The effect was coined by Barney Stinson (played by Neil Patrick Harris) in American sitcom How I Met Your Mother. It was first academically described in a study done 2013, and the result is backed up by another in 2015.

Showing the effect may be difficult: The study done in 2015 was repeated, but did not show the same result. According to the research team, this may be due to cultural differences, since the new study was performed in Japan.

## References
Charles Vinci

**Charles Thomas Vinci Jr.** (February 28, 1933 – June 13, 2018) was an American weightlifter and Olympic champion.
He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He won gold medals at the 1955 and 1959 Pan American games. He won a gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, with a world-record three-lift (snatch, clean and jerk, overhead press) total of . He won gold again at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

## References
Alpine County, California

**Alpine County** is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,204, making it California's least populous county. The county seat is the census-designated place of Markleeville. There are no incorporated cities in the county.

Alpine County is in the Sierra Nevada, between Lake Tahoe and Yosemite National Park.

The county was founded on March 16, 1864.

## References
Citigroup Centre, London

**Citigroup Centre** is a building complex in London. It houses Citigroup's EMEA headquarters and is located in Canary Wharf in the city's Docklands. The centre provides  of floor space across two merged buildings - **33 Canada Square** (known as "CGC1") and **25 Canada Square** (known as "CGC2"), and houses the bulk of Citi's UK employee base. Together, both buildings form the Citigroup Centre complex.

25 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 2, stands at  and, alongside HSBC Tower (with which it was built in tandem), is the joint 4th-tallest building in the United Kingdom (behind The Shard, One Canada Square and Heron Tower). Designed by César Pelli & Associates, construction of the 45-storey tower - undertaken by Canary Wharf Contractors - began in 1998 and was completed in 2001, with Citigroup leasing the building from the outset. The building was bought by RBS in 2004 along with 5 Canada Square (leased to Bank of America) for $1.12 billion. Subsequently, on 2 July 2007, CGC2 was individually sold to a joint venture between Quinlan Private and PropInvest for £1 billion (US$2 billion). The building is owned by Citigroup, and was built before the completion of the Jubilee line extension in late 1999.

In addition to main entrances from both Canada Square and Upper Bank Street, Citigroup Centre is also accessible via underground walkways from Canada Place shopping mall and Canary Wharf London Underground station - served by the Jubilee line. The centre is also close to DLR stations Canary Wharf and Heron Quays, which provide connections with the City, London City Airport and surrounding areas.
## References
Janny Sikazwe

**Janny Sikazwe** (born 26 May 1979) is a Zambian teacher and also an international football referee. He was one of the referees for the AFCON 2015, and he was the referee at the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final in Japan and also at 2017 AFCON final in Gabon.

## References
## Other websites
*Janny Sikazwe , WorldReferee.com
*Profile on RateTheRef.net
Deinococcus–Thermus

**Deinococcus–Thermus** is a phylum of extremophile bacteria that are highly resistant to environmental hazards.

These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, and they have a second membrane. They are closer in structure to that of gram-negative bacteria.
Cavalier-Smith calls this clade **Hadobacteria** (from Hades, the Greek underworld).

## References
Radioresistance

**Radioresistance** is a property of some living things. It means they can resist the effects of gamma radiation, ultra-violet radiation, and similar types of radiation. A good example is the bacterium *Deinococcus radiodurans*. It has enzymes which repair the DNA strands which have been split by the radiation.

## References
Andaman Islands

The **Andaman Islands** are an archipelago and form a part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The archipelago is located in the Bay of Bengal, off the eastern coast of the country. The closest landmass to these islands is the country of Myanmar to the north of it. There are 572 islands, about 36 of which are inhabited. Andaman islands is a prime location for tourism.

## Economy
The economy of Andaman is based on fishing and agriculture. Andaman also has other natural resources. Handicrafts, timber, wildlife and the tourism are important.

### Fishing
Being an island region, the major part of Andaman’s economy is fishing industry. Varieties used include Ocellaris Clownfish, mackerels, barracuda, mullets, tuna, sardines and flying fishes, and seashells. Havelock Island and Jolly Buoy are two places famous for their pristine patches of coral, making these one of the best dive spots in the region. Havelock Island is considered a heaven for beach lovers. The Radhanagar beach on Havelock was ranked as Asia’s best by the TimeTM, and was placed amongst the top seven beaches of the world as well.

### Activities
* Scuba diving
* Snorkelling
* Sea walking
* Volcano tour
* Glass bottom boating
* Parasailing
* Sea plane ride

## Demographics 
The total population of Andaman, as per the census of 2011, was 356,152. Of the total population 53.25% were male, and 46.75% were the female. Major languages spoken here are Hindi, Nicobarese, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu. The variety of languages may have been caused by the establishment of a penal colony here during british rule. The British brought in slaves and forced labourers, as well as prisoners here. These people stayed to make this place their home, resulting in such a divere population.

The aboriginal Andamanese people are a small minority of the population, less than 1000 people. Out of the original ten tribes who inhabited the islands, only about four are still in existence. These are:
* Great Andamanese - The original tribe of the Andamans, once with a population over 5,000, are just 52 people. They mostly speak Hindi and live in harmony with all the other residents of the islands.
* Onge - A smaller tribe, now less than 100 people.
* Jarawa- An old tribe that maintains their sovereign existence in the Andamans, with numbers unknown and refusal to any attempt to contact from the outside world.
* Sentinelese - similar to the Jarawa tribe, but much more hostile in their nature and approach.

## References
Kiyonori Kikutake

, designed by Kiyonori Kikutake]]
 (April 1, 1928 &ndash; December 26, 2011) was an important Japanese architect. He start the Japanese Metabolist group of architects. He also taught several important Japanese architects, such as Toyo Ito, Shōzō Uchii and Itsuko Hasegawa.

## Early life
Kikutake was born in 1928 in Kurume, Japan. He graduated from Waseda University in 1950.

## Career
Kikutake's most important work is his "Marine City" project in 1958. This project became part of the Metabolist Manifesto at the World Design Conference in Tokyo in 1960. Kenzo Tange and Kisho Kurokawa were asked to show work at the "Visionary Architecture" exhibition in New York of 1961. This made the Metabolists known internationally.

He became assistant professor at Waseda University in 1959 in the Faculty of Science and Engineering. He became a professor at Chiba Institute of Technology in 1989. He returned to Waseda from 1993-1998 as a visiting professor in the Research Institute for Science and Engineering.

Kikutake worked until he died in 2011. He designed several important public buildings in Japan. He also taught internationally. He was President and then Honorary President of the Japan Institute of Architects.

## Awards
Kikutake won many awards both in Japan and internationally. These include the Japan Academy of Architecture Prize (1970) and the UIA (Union Internationale des Architectes) Auguste Perret Prize (1978).

## List of works
*Sky House, Tokyo, 1958
*Marine City, 1958
*Tatebayashi Civic Centre, 1963
*Administrative building of Izumo Shrine,  1963
*Pacific Hotel, Chigasaki, 1966
*Miyakonojo Civic Hall, 1966
*Expo Tower, Expo '70, Osaka, 1969
*Matsumi Tower, 1976
*Tanabe Art Museum, 1979
*Hotel Seiyo, Ginza, Tokyo, 1987
*Edo-Tokyo Museum, 1993
*Hotel Sofitel, Tokyo, 1994
*Shimane Art Museum, 1999
*National Showa Memorial Museum, 1999
*Kyushu National Museum, 2005

File:Tatebayashi Civic Center 2009.jpg|Tatebayashi Civic Centre, 1963
File:Kikutake Izumo-1979.jpg|Administrative building of Izumo Shrine,  1963
File:Kikutake Miyakonojo-1979.jpg|Miyakonojo Civic Hall, 1966
File:EXPO TOWER.JPG|Osaka Expo Tower, 1970
File:Matsumi Tower.jpg|Matsumi Tower, 1976
File:Ginza Theatres Building.jpg|Hotel Seiyo, Ginza, Tokyo, 1987
File:Sofitel Tokyo.jpg|Hotel Sofitel, Tokyo, 1994
File:Showa kan.jpg|National Showa Memorial Museum, 1999

## References
*Kisho Kurokawa, "The Origin and History of the Metabolist Movement" - Charles Jencks, Kisho Kurokawa. Studio Vista, 1976
*Botond Bognar, "Beyond the Bubble: Contemporary Japanese Architecture" ; Phaidon, 2008

## Other websites
*K. Kikutake Architects
* Marine City, 1958
Jan Mayensfield

**Jan Mayensfield** () is an aerodrome or airfield in Jan Mayen, Norway. It is run by the Norwegian Armed Forces. The aerodrome serves both the civilians and the military on the island. The airfield was opened in 1960. The runway is made of dirt and is  long. The runway is labeled 06-24.

Eight times a year, a Lockheed C-130 Hercules from the 335 Squadron from Bodø Main Air Station The airfield was named after movie star Jayne Mansfield as a joke, but the name stuck.

In 1970, the volcano called Beerenberg erupted and all the people were evacuated. A C-130 was sent to the island to get the people and was able to land on the dirt runway. More and more supplies were delivered by aircraft after that. Most supplies were delivered by ship. The runway is not open for regular commercial use. The runway can be used for research and search and rescue.

The Jan Mayensfield airdrome's weather can change a lot. It is often foggy.  Kármán vortexes can make the winds quickly change direction.

## Accidents 
IN 1991, a C-130 aircraft almost crashed after take off due to the wind shifting.

## References
Vincent R. Gray

**Vincent Richard Gray** (24 March 1922 – 14 June 2018) was a British-born New Zealand chemist. He was a founder of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition. He was born in London. He was known for being a critic of global warming. 

Gray was featured on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation program Counterpoint in a debate entitled "Nine Lies about Global Warming". In 2002, Gray also published a book, *The Greenhouse Delusion: A Critique of "Climate Change 2001"*.

Gray died in Petone, New Zealand of pneumonia on 14 June 2018, aged 96.

## Publications
* *The Global Warming Scam* (2015), ISBN 9781941071236

## References
## Other websites
* The New Zealand Climate Science Coalition 
* IPCC too blinkered and corrupt to save
* Support for call for review of UN IPCC
Frank Bresee

**Frank Bresee** (August 20, 1929 – June 5, 2018) was an American radio personality and historian. Bresee was born in Los Angeles, California. He hosted the "Golden Days Of Radio" program which began in 1949 and aired on the Armed Forces Radio Network from 1967 to 1995.

Bresee died on June 5, 2018 of complications from dementia at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Hadlee

**Sir Richard John Hadlee**  (born 3 July 1951) is a New Zealand former cricketer. He is thought to be one of the greatest fast bowlers and all-rounders in cricketing history. He was born in St Albans, New Zealand.

Hadlee was appointed MBE in 1980 and knighted in 1990 for services to cricket. In December 2002, he was chosen by Wisden as the second greatest Test bowler of all time. 

On 3 April 2009, Sir Richard Hadlee was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. 

In June 2018, Hadlee was diagnosed with bowel cancer and underwent tumour removal surgery.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jerry Butler

**Jerry "Iceman" Butler, Jr.** (December 8, 1939 &ndash; February 20, 2025) was an American Hall of Fame singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, television presenter and politician. He was born in Sunflower, Mississippi. He is a guitarist, pianist, drummer and saxophonist. His genres include funk, soul and R&B. He was raised in Cabrini–Green, Chicago.

He was known as being the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group The Impressions. He served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, having first been elected in 1985 as a Democrat. He chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee, and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee.

In 1991, Butler was added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with other The Impressions' members.

In his last election, Butler won reelection in March 2014 with over 80 percent of the vote. Butler retired from the board in 2018.

In recent years, he was host of PBS TV music specials such as *Doo Wop 50* and *51*, *Rock Rhythm and Doo Wop*, and *Soul Spectacular: 40 years of R&B*, among others. He has was chairman of the board of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation.

Butler died from problems caused by Parkinson's disease at his home in Chicago, on February 20, 2025, at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*Mississippi musicians: Jerry Butler.  Erica Covin
*Jerry Butler Biography on VH1.com 
*Jerry Butler on Philly Soul Classics
Mu Cephei

.]]
**Mu Cephei**, also known as '''Herschel's Garnet Star''' due to its red, garnet-like color, is a red hypergiant star in the Cepheus constellation. With a radius between 1,260 and 1,420 solar radii, or a diameter between 1.7 and 2 billion kilometers, it is one of the largest stars known. This means Mu Cephei is twice the size of the more famous star Betelgeuse. Mu Cephei is also 269,000 times brighter than the Sun. Mu Cephei is also the "prototype" of the semiregular variable star type.
File:Erakis (Garnet Sidus).jpg
File:Mu cephei.jpg|Artist's picture

## Related pages
* 119 Tauri
* Pi1 Gruis
* Antares
* Betelgeuse
* VV Cephei
* VY Canis Majoris

## References
Sunflower, Mississippi

**Sunflower** is a town in Sunflower County, Mississippi. As of the census of 2020, there were 964 people, 354 households, and 248 families residing in the town.

As of 2022, the median income for a household in the town was near $23,295, and the median income for a family was near $44,750.

Musicians Matt Murphy and Jerry Butler were born here.

## References
Bose gas

**Bose gas** is a concept in quantum mechanics.

Classical mechanics has a concept called ideal gas. This concept describes how a gas usually behaves, in different settings. A **bose gas** is the analogous concept in quantum mechanics. 

A bose gas is made of bosons with a positive spin value. These bosons also follow the Bose-Einstein statistics. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for photons.  Albert Einstein extended the theory, when he realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate at a low enough temperature. This condensate is known as a Bose–Einstein condensate. This is not the case with  a classical ideal gas.
Enoch zu Guttenberg

**Enoch zu Guttenberg**, (29 July 1946 – 15 June 2018) was a German conductor. He also owned the large winery estate Weingut Reichsrat von Buhl. He was born in Guttenberg, Bavaria, Germany. He was a member of the House of Guttenberg.

Guttenberg died on 15 June 2018 at the age of 71.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Georg Etschelt: Abendzeitung-Muenchen.de Ein Nachruf /	Enoch zu Guttenberg (†71): Ein inbrünstiger Überzeugungstäter Abendzeitung Munich, 16 June 2018
* Enoch zu Guttenberg (Conductor) Bach Cantatas Website
* Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) / Die Schöpfung (The Creation) musicweb-international.com
Aram Shah

**Aram Shah** was the second king of the Mamluk dynasty. The Mamluk dynasty was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. He ruled the dynasty from 1210 to 1211. 
## Succession
Aram Shah was not a good ruler. The forty nobles group, *Chahalgani* called Iltutmish to rule over the dynasty. Iltutmish defeated Aram Shah in the war. He also became the next king of the dynasty.
## Reference
Katie Harman

**Katie Marie Harman** (born August 18, 1980) is an American classical vocalist and actress. She was Miss America 2002. Before that, she was Miss Oregon 2001.

After her pageant career, Harman worked as a singer and actress. She appeared in various stage productions in the United States. In 2001, on the Saturday after the September 11 attacks, Harman was chosen as Miss America.

Harman was born in Portland, Oregon.

## References
Markleeville, California

**Markleeville** (formerly, **Markleville**) is a census-designated place (CDP) in California, United States. It is the county seat of Alpine County. The population was 191 at the 2020 census.

## References
Amador County, California

**Amador County**, officially the **County of Amador**, is a county in the U.S. state of California, in the Sierra Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,474. The county seat is Jackson.

## References
Norma Bessouet

**Norma Bessouet** (October 15, 1940 &ndash; June 11, 2018) was an Argentine painter and sculptor. Bessouet's work was mainly about around portraits, domesticity and the female nude. Her paintings were abstract in their style and she also created equally as abstract wooden dolls. She was born in Buenos Aires.

Bessouet lived and worked in New York City. She died of breast cancer in Buenos Aires on June 11, 2018 at the age of 77.

## References
2019 Chicago mayoral election

An election for Mayor of Chicago in which the first round was held on February 26, 2019. Since no candidate received a majority of votes, a runoff election will be held on April 2, 2019. Incumbent Rahm Emanuel was able to run for a third term, as there are no term limits for the office of Mayor of Chicago, but on September 4, 2018 declined to seek a third term.

Emanuel was first elected in 2011, when he took 55.19% of the vote in a four candidate field. He was reelected in 2015, receiving 55.7% of the vote in the runoff election.

The total of fourteen candidates on the mayoral ballot is record-setting for Chicago mayoral elections.

In the first round election, Lori Lightfoot and Toni Preckwinkle advanced to the runoff election. Lightfoot was elected in a victory landslide, becoming the first African-American woman mayor of Chicago, Lori Lightfoot will also be the first openly LGBT Mayor of Chicago. Lightfoot won all fifty of the city's wards.

## Candidates
### Second round
### Eliminated in first round
### Rejected
* Dorothy A. Brown, Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County since 2000

### Withdrawn
* Rahm Emanuel, incumbent Mayor. Withdrew on September 4, 2018
* Ja'Mal Green, Executive director of the Majostee Allstars Community Center. Withdrew on December 31, 2018
* John Kass, columnist for the *Chicago Tribune*. Withdrew on September 24, 2018
* Troy LaRaviere, President of the Chicago Principals and Administrators Association. Withdrew on November 13, 2018

## Polling
### Early polling
### Mendoza vs. Preckwinkle
## References
Beavis and Butt-Head Do America

***Beavis and Butt-Head Do America*** is an American 1996 comedy and adventure movie. Beavis and Butt-head are the main characters in the movie. They're played by Mike Judge. The teenage boys are from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.

## Cast
* Mike Judge as:
** Beavis
** Butt-Head
** Tom Anderson
** Principal McVicker
** Mr. Van Driessen
* Demi Moore as Dallas Grimes
* Bruce Willis as Muddy Grimes
* Robert Stack as ATF Agent Flemming
* Cloris Leachman as Old woman
* Richard Linklater as Tour bus driver
* Dale Reeves as President Bill Clinton
* Greg Kinnear as ATF Agent Bork
* David Letterman and Tony Darling as Mötley Crüe roadies
* Kristofor Brown as Man on plane / Man in confession booth / Old guy / Jim
* Eric Bogosian as Old Faithful ranger / White House press secretary / Strategic Air Command lieutenant
* Jacqueline Barba as Agent Hurly
* Pamela Blair as Flight attendant / White House tour guide

## Reception
### Box office
The movie went to theaters in North America on December 20, 1996. It made over $63.1 million at the U.S. box office. It opened at #1 with $20 million. The budget was $12 million.

### Critic reviews
As of September 2015, the movie had a 72% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 reviews. On Metacritic, the movie has a 64 out of 100 rating, meaning "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel gave the movie "two thumbs up".

### Awards and nominations
## Home Media
The movie was released on VHS on June 10, 1997. It was released on DVD on November 23, 1999.

## References
Liberation (Christina Aguilera album)

***Liberation*** is the eighth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera.  It was released on June 15, 2018, by RCA Records.  The album is Aguilera's first in nearly six years and her last one with RCA Records before leaving in 2024.

She started working on it in 2014 and worked  with different music producers and songwriters to create the sound she wanted. Some artists who helped with the album included Anderson .Paak, Kanye West, and Tayla Parx. She also sang with Demi Lovato, Keida, Shenseea, GoldLink, Ty Dolla Sign, 2 Chainz, and Lewis Hamilton (who used the name “XNDA”).

The album had three singles: “Accelerate,” “Fall in Line,” and “Like I Do”. People liked the album, especially Christina’s voice and the mix of different sounds. It was a success in many countries, reaching the top 10 in nine places, including the U.S., where it was number six on the Billboard charts. It was also number one in Spain, number three in Switzerland, and number five in Canada.

Two songs, “Fall in Line” (with Demi Lovato) and “Like I Do” (with GoldLink), were considered for Grammy Awards. To promote the album, Christina went on The Liberation Tour in September 2018, her first tour in almost ten years. Liberation was also considered for International Album of the Year at the GAFFA Awards in 2018.

## Track listing 
## References 
### Notes
Nova Odessa

**Nova Odessa** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2010 was 55.321 inhabitants. Its area is 73,3 km².

## Other websites 
* Official site of Nova Odessa
2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record

In the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which is taking place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, the main disciplinary actions taken against players come in the form of red and yellow cards.

## Disciplinary statistics

## Sanctions
### By match
Source: 

### By referee
### By team
### By player
Source: 

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Tekka Raja Badsha

***Tekka Raja Badsha*** () is a Bengali television comedy drama that will begin streaming soon. It will air on the television channel called STAR Jalsha. The show will star Yuvraj Chowdhury, Somraj Maity, and Soumik Saha in lead roles. The show is similar to the Hindi movie Amar Akbar Anthony which was directed by Manmohan Desai.

## Cast
*Yuvraj Chowdhury as Tekka
*Somraj Maity as Raja
*Soumik Saha as Badsha

## References
Inyo County, California

**Inyo County** is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,016. The county seat is Independence.

Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada. It is southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California.

## References
Sonia Scurfield

**Sonia Scurfield**, B.A (née **Onishenko**; September 19, 1928 – June 14, 2018) was a Canadian businesswoman. She was a co-owner of the Calgary Flames hockey team from 1985 to 1994. She became only the second  woman, and the only Canadian woman, to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup when the Calgary Flames won the National Hockey League championship in 1989. She was born in Hafford, Saskatchewan.

Scurfield died from stomach cancer on June 14, 2018 in Calgary, Alberta at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Photo of Sonia Scurfield with the Stanley Cup
*Stanley Cup Engraving Facts
*"Calgary Flames" . *Canadian Encyclopaedia*.
*Calgary Flames Team History
*The Ultimate Canadian Sports Trivia Book by Edward Zawadzki, page 82
The Kaze

**The Kaze** (popularly known as **Killa Klan Kaze**) is an American hip hop group, formed in 1990 in the city of Memphis, Tennessee.

The group began in the early 1990s, along with members of Scan Man and K-Rock, who were later to be replaced by Project Pat (recently incarcerated at the time). The band shortened their name to The Kaze and released their first and only album, "Kamakazie Timez Up". The Kaze sold about 50,000 units independently since its release in 1998.

Collectively known as The Kaze, the three artists released the album with the production of Three 6 Mafia. The album was to be the only project the group released together. After its release, MC Mack and Scan Man released their KamiKaze label and broke ties with Prophet Entertainment.

Tennessee's first great hip-hop artists, released their first album in 1998. After their second album sold well regionally, they signed with Lourd Records, which re-released All About My Hustle nationally in 2001. Their second album Universal was 2002's KamiKaze Up. At that point, they signed with DJ Paul's Scale-A-Ton, and also created their own label entitled Kami Kaze Inc. In 2003 they released their upcoming mixtape, Remastered, at Prophet Posse . In 2009, the group decided to leave the label on good terms.

## Discografia 
### Studio albums 
* *Kamakazie Timez Up* (1998)
* *Kami Kaze* (2001)
* *E.P.* (2018)

## References
## Other websites 
* The Kaze/ Biography, Jason Birchmeier, AllMusic, 1998
* The Kaze Albums
Abu Huzaifa al-Kanadi

**Abu Huzaifa al-Kanadi** is a self-described member of the Islamic State. He left Toronto in 2014 to join them before eventually returning in 2016. It is unknown as to what his real name is, as he agreed to not reveal it on CBC. He sparked outrage after admitting on The New York Times that he murdered people while fighting for them. Numerous conservatives, such as Candice Bergen, called for action against him, as well as criticizing Justin Trudeau and the liberal government for refusing to arrest him. 
## References
Independence, California

**Independence** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California. It is the county seat of the county. The population was 593 at the 2020 census.

Independence is  south-southeast of Bishop. It is at an elevation of .

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Eastern California Museum website 
*Friends of the Eastern California Museum website 
*Attractions in and near Independence 
*Annual Community Events in Independence 
*Independence Chamber of Commerce website
Kingston, Washington

**Kingston** (formerly Appletree Cove) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,515 at the 2020 census.

Kingston is near the shores of Appletree Cove and the Puget Sound. It is home to a major Washington State Ferry linking it to Edmonds.

## References
Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne

**Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne** (December 31, 1918 – June 3, 2018) was a Russian-born American author. She was a sniper during World War II and a survivor of the Siege of Leningrad. She was the author of 14 books. She was a survivor of the Siege of Leningrad.

Wayne died in Kingston, Washington of respiratory failure on June 3, 2018 at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
* Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne official website 
* Interview with Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne , Silver Star Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne, 26 June 2008.
* Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne Silver Planet Photo Gallery , June 2008.
* Detailed Bibliography of Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne
Edmonds, Washington

**Edmonds** is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is located in the southwest corner of the county, facing Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains to the west. 

The city is part of the Seattle metropolitan area and is located  north of Seattle and  southwest of Everett. It has a population of 42,853 residents in 2020 U.S. census. Edmonds is the third most populous city in the county. 

## References
## Other websites
* City of Edmonds
Mongi Kooli

**Mongi Kooli** (March 15, 1930 – June 14, 2018) was a Tunisian politician and diplomat. He joined the Socialist Destourian Party. He was the governor of the Jendouba Governorate and the Bizerte Governorate. He was the Tunisian Health Minister in 1976–1977. Kooli was born in Ksar Hellal, Tunisia.

Kooli died on June 14, 2018 in Gammarth, Tunisia from complications of gallbladder cancer at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
Nabil Fekir

**Nabil Fekir** (born 18 July 1993) is a French professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for and captains La Liga club Real Betis.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
**France**
* FIFA World Cup: 2018

**Individual**
* UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year: 2014–15
* UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2014–15, 2017–18
* UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: October 2017
* La Liga Team of the Season: 2021–22

**Orders**
* Knight of the Legion of Honour: 2018

## References
## Other websites
*
Wayne Flynt

**James Wayne Flynt** (born October 4, 1940) is an American educator, editor and historian. He was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of History at Auburn University. He has won many teaching awards and been a Distinguished University Professor for many years.  

His research focuses on Southern culture, Alabama politics, Southern religion, education reform, and poverty.  He is Editor-in-Chief of the Online *Encyclopedia of Alabama*.

Flynt had two sons with his late wife Dorothy - they were named Sean and David. 

He was a longtime friend of Harper Lee, the author of *To Kill a Mockingbird* and gave the eulogy at her funeral.

## References
## Other websites
* *Mockingbird Songs: My Friendship with Harper Lee,* 2017, published by HarperCollins.
* *Keeping the Faith: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Lives,*  2011, published by the University of Alabama Press
* *Alabama: The History of a Deep South State,*  2010, published by the University of Alabama Press
* *Alabama in the Twentieth Century,*  2006, published by the University of Alabama Press
* Alabama Academy of Honor, Flynt bio on web page (as of 2/2011)
Olympic Mountains

The **Olympic Mountains** are a mountain range on the Olympic Peninsula of western Washington in the United States.  The mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges. 

The eastern slopes rise out of Puget Sound from sea level and the western slopes are separated from the Pacific Ocean by the low-lying  wide Pacific Ocean coastal plain. The western slopes are the wettest place in the contiguous United States (outside Hawaii and Alaska). 

Most of the mountains are protected within the bounds of the Olympic National Park. A large portion of the range is contained within the Olympic National Park. Of this 95% is part of the Olympic Wilderness.

## References
## Other websites 
* Park History 
* ONP Info