open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fiberglass

**Fiberglass** (also called **fibreglass** and **glass fibre**) is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. 

Fibreglass is cheaper and more flexible than carbon fibre. It is stronger than many metals (when compared by weight), and can be moulded into complex shapes. The plastic matrix is usually a thermoset polymer – such as epoxy or polyester resin,  or it may be a thermoplastic.

It is used as a reinforcing material for many polymer products. The composite material, that is produced by this method is called "fiberglass" in popular usage. The proper names are fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).

Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible when finer tools for machines were produced. The first major use was in "glass wool" for insulation, starting in the 1930s.  

Glass fiber is formed when silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters that are suitable for textile processing.  Glass is unlike other polymers because, even as a fiber, it has little crystalline structure (see amorphous solid).  The properties of the structure of glass in its soft stage are very much like its properties when spun into fiber.  

## Uses 
Fiberglass is used in sail planes, sport cars, and wind turbine blades. It is also used in buildings where a lightweight material is needed. It is used to protect RF antennas and electric circuits.

## Safety 
Bare fiberglass can cause skin irritation and cuts when handled without gloves. There have been concerns that fiberglass can be accidentally inhaled into the lungs, where it might cause cancer and other lung problems, similar to asbestos. Fiberglass has been called "man-made asbestos". Substitutes for fiberglass building insulation, such as cellulose and aerogel, have started to appear.

## Related pages
*Optical fiber

## References 
## Other websites
*https://www.facebook.com/OEMfibreglass/
*OEM Fibreglass 
*Owens-Corning
*Fiberglass and health 
*UC Davis PDF on Fiberglass Health Effects
*FULLTECH Fiber Glass Corp.
*SORG GmbH & Co KG
*National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fibrous Glass Page
Fibre-reinforced polymer

A **fibre-reinforced polymer** (also fibre-reinforced plastic (*FRP*)) is a composite material that consists of a polymer matrix that is reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually fibreglass, carbon, or aramid, the polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic. FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automobile, marine, and construction industries.

## Related pages
* Glass-reinforced plastic

## Other websites
* *Business Week* story about FRPs used to construct bridges
Cyllene (moon)

**Cyllene** or '***, is a moon of Jupiter. A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 found it. Its designation is ***'.

Cyllene is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,396,000&nbsp;km in 731.099 days, at an inclination of 140° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4116.

It was named in March 2005 after Cyllene, a naiad (stream nymph) or oread (mountain nymph) associated with Mount Kyllini, Greece. She was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Cyllene belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000&nbsp;km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## References
Carbon fiber

**Carbon fiber** (British English: **carbon fibre**) is a type of fiber that is made of carbon atoms. It is also sometimes called **graphite fiber**. It has the highest compressive strength of all the reinforcing materials (composites), and it has a high strength to weight ratio and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The density of carbon fiber is also much lower than the density of steel. Carbon fiber is in the form of several thousand long, thin strands of material that is composed of mostly carbon atoms.

## Applications 
]]

Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC)  is used structurally in high-temperature applications. The fiber is also used to filter high-temperature gases.

Molding a thin layer of carbon fibers significantly improves fire resistance of polymers or thermoset composites. This works because a dense, compact layer of carbon fibers efficiently reflects heat.

The increasing use of carbon fiber composites is displacing aluminum from aerospace applications in favor of other metals.

## Related pages
* Carbon fiber reinforced plastic

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* The Chemistry of Carbon Fiber 
* Making Carbon Fiber 
* Bacon's breakthrough  at ACS.org
* Carbon Fiber at pslc.ws
Coefficient (disambiguation)

**Coefficient** could have one of the following meanings: 
*In mathematics, a **coefficient** is a constant multiplication of a function was once called its **differential coefficient**, a usage now mostly displaced by the modern term.
*In physics, a **physical coefficient** is an important number that characterizes some physical property of an object.

Also,
*The **Coefficients** were an Edwardian London dining club.
Coefficient

In mathematics, a **coefficient** is a constant multiplicative factor of a certain object. For example, the coefficient in *9x**2* is *9*. A coefficient can also be a variable such as a, b and c. 

The object can be such things as a variable, a vector, a function, etc. In some cases, the objects and the coefficients are indexed similarly, leading to expressions such as:
:a_1 x_1 + a_2 x_2 + a_3 x_3 + \cdots 
where *a**n* is the coefficient of the variable *x**n* for each *n* = 1, 2, 3, …

## Related pages 
* Polynomial

## References
Physical coefficient

A **physical coefficient** is an important number that characterizes some physical property of a technical or scientific object.

## Examples of Physical Coefficients
# *Coefficient of Thermal Expansion* (thermodynamics) (dimensionless) - Relates the change in temperature to the change in a material's dimensions.  
# *Partition Coefficient* (*KD*) (chemistry) - The ratio of concentrations of a compound in two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.
# *Hall coefficient* (electrical physics) - Relates a magnetic field applied to an element to the voltage created, the amount of current and the element thickness. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made.
# *Lift Coefficient* (*CL* or *CZ*) (Aerodynamics) (dimensionless) -  Relates the lift generated by an airfoil with the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil. 
# *Ballistic coefficient* (BC) (Aerodynamics) (units of kg/m²) - A measure of a body's ability to overcome air resistance in flight. BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient. 
# *Transmission Coefficient* (quantum mechanics) (dimensionless) - Represents the probability flux of a transmitted wave relative to that of an incident wave.  It is often used to describe the probability of a particle tunnelling through a barrier.  
# *Damping Factor* a.k.a. *viscous damping coefficient* (Physical Engineering) (units of Newton-seconds per meter) - relates a damping force with the velocity of the object whose motion is being dampened.
# *Coefficient of friction* (dimensionless) which could be *static* or *dynamic* - it relates friction, a force resisting motion between things touching each other, to a *normal force*, a force pushing the things together.  
# ''Diffusion coefficient - relates concentration differences in a medium with how much or how fast diffusion occurs in Fick's Law.
Coefficient of thermal expansion

Solids substances mostly expand in response to heating and contract on cooling. This response to temperature change is expressed as its **coefficient of thermal expansion**.

The **coefficient of thermal expansion** is used:
*in linear thermal expansion
*in area thermal expansion
*in volumetric thermal expansion

These characteristics are closely related. The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient can be measured for all substances of condensed matter (liquids and solid state). The linear thermal expansion can only be measured in the solid state and is common in engineering applications.

## Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials
The expansion and contraction of material must be considered when designing large structures, when using tape or chain to measure distances for land surveys, when designing molds for casting hot material, and in other engineering applications when large changes in dimension due to temperature are expected. The range for α is from 10-7 for hard solids to 10-3 for organic liquids. α varies with the temperature and some materials have a very high variation. Some values for common materials, given in parts per million per Celsius degree: (NOTE: This can also be in kelvins as the changes in temperature are a 1:1 ratio)

## Applications
For applications using the thermal expansion property, see bi-metal and mercury thermometer

Thermal expansion is also used in mechanical applications to fit parts over one another, e.g. a bushing can be fitted over a shaft by making its inner diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the shaft, then heating it until it fits over the shaft, and allowing it to cool after it has been pushed over the shaft, thus achieving a 'shrink fit'

There exist some alloys with a very small CTE, used in applications that demand very small changes in physical dimension over a range of temperatures.  One of these is Invar 36, with a coefficient in the 0.6x10-6 range.  These alloys are useful in aerospace applications where wide temperature swings may occur.

## Other websites
*MatWeb: Free database of engineering properties for over 64,000 materials
*Clemson University Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion 
*USA NIST Website - Temperature and Dimensional Measurement workshop 
*Hyperphysics: Thermal expansion

## References
Jorge Manrique

**Jorge Manrique** (c. 1440 – 24 April 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the *Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father)*, is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.

Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent. See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333. Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, *corregidor* of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.

## References 
* Domínguez, Frank A. *Love and Remembrance: The Poetry of Jorge Manrique.* Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1989.
* Domínguez, Frank A. "Jorge Manrique" in *Castilian Writers, 1400-1500* Vol. 286. Detroit: Gale, c2004. (The article can be accessed as well in electronic format through the database *Literature Resource Center* at Gale in participating libraries.)
* Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. *Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique.* Boston: Allen & Ticknor, 1833.
* Marino, Nancy. Jorge Manrique's *Coplas por la muerte de su padre: A History of the Poem and Its Reception.*(Colección Támesis, A/298.) Woodbridge, UK: Tamesis, 2011
* Serrano de Haro, Antonio. *Personalidad y destino de Jorge Manrique.* Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1966.
* Salinas, Pedro. *Tradición y originalidad* Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana 1947
* Brenan, Gerald. *The Literature of the Spanish people*, Cambridge, 1951.
Minutes to Midnight

***Minutes to Midnight*** is third studio album by American nu metal band, Linkin Park. Production on the album started as early as late 2003, and initially had a projected release date of sometime in late 2004 or early 2005, but was scrapped due to touring and support of their previous album, Meteora, then prouduction started back up in 2006. It was released on May 10, 2007 all over the world and on May 11, 2007 in North America. Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda produced the album.

The name "Minutes to Midnight" comes from the Doomsday Clock.

## List of songs 
# "Wake" – 1:41
# "Given Up" – 3:09
# "Leave Out All the Rest" – 3:29
# "Bleed It Out" – 2:44
# "Shadow of the Day" – 4:50
# "What I've Done" – 3:25
# "Hands Held High" – 3:53
# "No More Sorrow" – 3:42
# "Valentine's Day" – 3:17
# "In Between" – 3:17
# "In Pieces" – 3:38
# "The Little Things Give You Away" – 6:22

### B-sides 
* "No Roads Left" – 3:59

### List of singles 
* "What I've Done"
* "Bleed It Out"
* "Shadow of the Day"
* "Given Up"
* "Leave Out All the Rest"

## Other websites 
* Minutes to Midnight album website
* Linkin Park website
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic

**Carbon fiber reinforced plastic** (**CFRP** or **CRP**), is a very strong, light and expensive composite material or fiber-reinforced plastic. Similar to glass-reinforced plastic, one uses commonly the name of its reinforcing fibers (carbon fiber) for the composite material. The plastic is most often epoxy, but other plastics, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are also sometimes used. Some composites contain both carbon fiber and other fibres such as kevlar, aluminium and fiberglass reinforcement. Less commonly, the terms **graphite-reinforced plastic** or **graphite fiber reinforced plastic** (**GFRP**) are also used.

It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields, as well as in sailboats, and notably in modern bicycles and motorcycles, where these qualities are of importance. It is becoming increasingly common in small consumer goods as well, such as laptop computers, tripods, fishing rods, paintball equipment, racquet sports frames, stringed instrument bodies, classical guitar strings, and drum shells.

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic is not always an appropriate substitute for steel or other metals. For example, the implosion of the *Titan* submersible was caused by inappropriate use of carbon fiber where steel or titanium should have been used instead.

## Related pages
*Carbon fiber
*Graphite
*Aramid
*Fiberglass

## Other websites 
*Japan Carbon Fibre Manufacturers Association (English)
*Carbon fibre page from the Department of Polymer Science at USM
*Engineers design composite bracing system for injured Hokie running back Cedric Humes
Enrico Fermi

**Enrico Fernando Fermi** (September 29, 1901 — November 28, 1954) was an Italian-American physicist who worked on the first nuclear reactor and helped make quantum theory. He also was important to particle physics, and statistical mechanics. Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on induced radioactivity. He built the world's first nuclear reactor. Fermi also worked on the Manhattan Project.https://www.nationalww2museum.org/about-us/notes-museum/pope-physics-enrico-fermi-and-manhattan-project#:~:text=A%20brilliant%2C%20colorful%20and%20deeply,end%20to%20World%20War%20II. Fermi was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.

## Early life 
Fermi was born in Rome and went to a local grammar school. He was very good at maths and science and won a prize from Scuola Normale   Superiore of Pisa. He went to the University of Pisa where he studied physics. In 1923 he was given a scholarship from the Italian government and went to Göttingen for more study. He was given a Rockefeller scholarship in 1924 and studied in Leyden. He came back to Italy at the end of 1924 and became Lecturer in Mathematical Physics and Mechanics at the University of Florence.

## Scientist in Italy 
In 1926, Fermi discovered the statistical laws, now called Fermi statistics.

## Fermi Paradox 
In the 1950s, Fermi and Dr. Edward Teller, Dr. Herbert York and Dr. Emil Konopinski talked about how according to statistics it makes no sense for Extraterrestrial life not to exist. So Fermi asked “Where is everybody?” This is called the Fermi paradox, the idea that if aliens exist then we should have seen them but it doesn't make sense for aliens not to exist either. Scientists today still wonder and argue about what the answer to the Fermi Paradox is. 

## References
Group (periodic table)

A **group** is any column on the periodic table. Elements in the same group usually have similar properties, because they have the same number of electrons in the outermost electron shell. There are eight main groups of elements, numbered 1, 2, and 13-18. The other ten groups are transition metals:

*Group 1: the alkali metals (lithium family) *not including hydrogen
*Group 2: the alkaline earth metals (beryllium family)
*Groups 3-12: the transition metals
*Group 13: the triels (boron family)
*Group 14: the tetrels (carbon family)
*Group 15: the pnictogens (nitrogen family) 
*Group 16: the chalcogens (oxygen family)
*Group 17: the halogens (fluorine family)
*Group 18: the noble gases (helium/neon family)

## Alkali Metals 
See Alkali metal

The most reactive metals are Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr) 
* never include hydrogen.

## Alkaline Earth Metals 
See Alkaline earth metal. They are Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)

## Transition groups 
See Transition metals. Transition Metals are the most number of elements in the periodic table. They are Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Cadmium (Cd), Tungsten (W), Platinum (Pt), Yttrium (Y), Molybdenum (Mo) and others.

## The noble gases 
The noble gases are the 18th group in the periodic table. They are Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rn). They were previously called Inert gases.
Differential coefficient

In mathematics, **differential coefficient** is a term out of use now. The former *differential coefficient* of a function *f*(*x*) is now called its derivative *df*(*x*)/*dx*. It is the (not necessarily constant) multiplicative factor or *coefficient* of the differential *dx* in the differential *df*(*x*).  

The differential coefficient of *f* is a constant function only if *f* is a linear function.

Early editions of Silvanus P. Thompson's *Calculus Made Easy* use the older term.  In his 1998 update of this text, Martin Gardner puts "derivative" instead of "differential coefficient".  He speaks of it only in context with Thompson's criticism of the term.
Atomic orbital

**Atomic orbitals** are the places surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are most likely to be at any given time. It is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.

The word 'orbital' is used because it was thought that electrons behaved similarly to the solar system, where the nucleus is like the sun and the electrons orbit like the planets. 

The number of atomic orbitals in an element is defined by the period the element is in. Electrons move between orbitals depending on how much energy they have and how many other electrons there are.

In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a quantum number. Each such orbital can be occupied by one or two electrons. The way orbitals are arranged is related to the electron configurations of atoms. They were derived from descriptions provided by early spectroscopists of certain alkali metal spectroscopic lines as being **s**harp, **p**rincipal, **d**iffuse, and **f**undamental.

## Related pages
*Electron cloud
*Electron shell
*Molecular orbital

## References
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

**Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf** is a borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by joining together the old boroughs of Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.
It has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 315,200 inhabitants.
Its current mayor is Monika Thiemen (SPD). The Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin), the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste), the opera (Deutsche Oper Berlin), the Charlottenburg Palace and the Olympic Stadium are located in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.

## Related pages
* Wilmersdorf
* Charlottenburg
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg

**Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg** is a borough of Berlin. It is a new borough, only made in 2001 by joining the old boroughs of Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg.
It occupies  and has a population of about 255,200 as of 2003.

Its current mayor is Franz Schulz (Green Party).

## Other websites 
* Official Homepage 
* Xhain.info - Private Portal (in German)
Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen

**Lichtenberg** is a borough of Berlin, Germany. In 2001 it took over the old borough of Hohenschönhausen. Lichtenberg now has an area of  and a population (as of 2003) of about 260,200 inhabitants.

The present mayor of the borough is Christina Emmrich (Die Linke).

Lichtenberg contains the Tierpark Berlin, the larger of Berlin's two zoological parks. Lichtenberg was also the site of the headquarters of the Stasi, the East German intelligence service. The complex is now a museum.

The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is on the site of the main prison of the Stasi.

## Other websites
* Official Homepage (in German)
Thelxinoe (moon)

**Thelxinoe** or '*** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003, and originally got the designation ***'.

Thelxinoe is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,454,000&nbsp;km in 597.607 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (153° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2685.

It was named in March 2005 after Thelxinoe, one of the four original Muses according to some Greek writers, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.

Thelxinoe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Marzahn-Hellersdorf

**Marzahn-Hellersdorf** is one of the 12 new boroughs of Berlin. It was created in 2001 when the old boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf were merged (joined together).

Marzahn-Hellersdorf is in northeast Berlin. It has borders with Lichtenberg in the west, Treptow-Köpenick in the south and the state of Brandenburg in the east and north.

The borough contains of five former villages: Biesdorf, Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf, Mahlsdorf and Marzahn, which became part of Berlin in 1920.

## Twinnings 
Marzahn-Hellersdorf has several twin towns:
*  Tychy
*  Halton
*  Lauingen
*  Minsk
*  Budapest IVth borough and XVth borough

## Other websites
* Official Homepage (in German)
* Marzahn-Hellersdorf Website (in German)
* Photo essay
Neukölln

**Neukölln** is a borough of Berlin. It has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 307,400 inhabitants and one of the highest percentage of foreigners in Berlin.
Its current mayor is Heinz Buschkowsky (SPD).

## History
When it was first mentioned in 1360, the village was called *Richardsdorf* and owned by the Order of St. John

The coat of arms of the borough has a Maltese cross to remember this part of its history.

In 1737, Frederick William I of Prussia let Moravians from Bohemia settle in the area. They built their own church and houses off the village centre along the road to Berlin, which is now called *Richardstraße*. The new Bohemian village was granted its own constitution in 1797.

When both parts of the village were reunited in 1874, the population was 8,000 inhabitants. It had nearly doubled, to 15,000 by the next year.

On 1 May 1899 the area, then the largest village of Prussia, became an independent city and got its current name in 1912. Its independence ended in 1920, when it was made part of Greater Berlin . Between 1966 and 1975, the "Gropiusstadt" was built. This city-within-a-city  was designed by architect Walter Gropius. Gropius was the last director of the Bauhaus school of arts and architecture, which set up in Berlin when it moved from Dessau. Gropiusstadt has over 60,000 inhabitants.

## Individuals associated with Neukölln
Actress Mady Rahl and Lotte Ulbricht, wife of East German leader Walter Ulbricht, were born in Neukölln.

## References in popular culture
* "Neuköln" (deliberately spelt with one 'l') is an instrumental piece by David Bowie, the ninth track on his 1977 album *"Heroes"*.
* The last track of Miss Kittin's first solo album *I Com* is called "Neukölln 2".

## Twin cities
*  Cologne
*  Wetzlar
*  Leonberg
*  Marino
*  Bat Yam

## Other websites
**  Official Homepage
*  WebTV from Berlin, Neukoelln
Proteaceae

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 a street tree]]
**Proteaceae** is a family of flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family, with around 80 genera but fewer than 2000 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales.

## Subfamilies 
Traditionally divided in two subfamilies:Persoonioideae and Grevilleoideae. Recently, workers have recognized seven subfamilies: 
*Persoonioideae,
*Bellendenoideae, 
*Eidotheoideae, 
*Proteoideae, 
*Sphalmioideae,
*Carnarvonioideae
*Grevilleoideae

## Other websites 
**Protea* family 
*toxicosis in dogs
*Phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of life-history traits in Leucadendron (Proteaceae)
Reinickendorf

**Reinickendorf** is a borough of Berlin. It has an area of  and has, as of December 31 2003, 246,577 inhabitants.

Reinickendorf was created in 1920 by the Greater Berlin Act, and was not changed in the borough reforms of 2001.

Its current mayor is Marlies Wanjura (CDU).

## Parts of town 
Reinickendorf is split in ten parts:
* Reinickendorf (73,847)
* Märkisches Viertel (35,833)
* Tegel (33,873)
* Wittenau (29,597)
* Heiligensee (17,800)
* Frohnau (17,309)
* Hermsdorf (16,950)
* Waidmannslust (10,316)
* Konradshöhe/Tegelort (6,031)
* Lübars (5,021).

## Politics 
The last elections for the BVV (elections for the representatives in the boroughs parliament) were in October 2001.

## Twinning 
*  - Greenwich, London, United Kingdom

## Other websites
* Official Homepage
Surveying

.]]
*]]
 in 1918.]]
**Surveying** is the technique and science of accurately finding out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not always, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth. They are often used to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. A person who does the surveying is called a surveyor. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, geology and law.

Surveying has been very important in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement planning of nearly every form of construction. Its most common uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the making of legal boundaries for land ownership.

## Origins 
Surveying has existed throughout much of our history.  In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, the boundaries were recreated by surveyors using simple geometry. The construction of the pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza (built c. 2700 BC) show us that the Ancient Egyptians used surveying efficiently.

## Surveyor
A **surveyor** is a person who has the skills to accurately find out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, positions on the surface of the Earth. Finding these points is called "surveying". Surveyors are needed to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

There are different types of surveyor. A construction or building surveyor is the person who has to make sure that buildings are being put up in the correct place and fit in with planning and building laws. A quantity surveyor is the person who keeps track of costs on a building project.  A hydrographic surveyor measures features to do with water, such as rivers, lakes and oceans.  A marine surveyor inspects ships.  A mine surveyor is the person who finds out the position of underground mines, for example gold mines or coal mines.

## Related pages
* Architecture
* Cartography
* Topography
* Trigonometry

## Notes 
## References 
* Keay J (2000), *The Great Arc: the dramatic tale of how India was mapped and Everest was named*, Harper Collins, 182pp, .
* Pugh J C (1975), *Surveying for Field Scientists'', Methuen, 230pp, 

## Other websites 
* National Society of Professional Surveyors 
* The Irish Institution of Surveyors 
* National Geodetic Survey
* National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
* UK Ordnance Survey
* U.S. Geological Survey
* International Federation of Surveyors
* The Institution of Surveyors, Australia 
* The Survey Association (UK)
* Survey of India
* New Zealand Institute of Surveyors
Pasithee (moon)

]]

**Pasithee** or '***, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Pasithee is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,307,000 km in 726.933 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3289.

It was named in August 2003 after Pasithee, one of the Charites, goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility, daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) by Eurynome. Pasithee, better known as Aglaea, is the spouse of Hypnos (Sleep) and presides to hallucinations and hallucinogens.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Steglitz-Zehlendorf

**Steglitz-Zehlendorf** is a borough of Berlin. It was formed in 2001 when the former boroughs of Steglitz and Zehlendorf were joined together.

Steglitz-Zehlendorf has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 288,300 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Norbert Kopp (CDU).

## Landmarks 
* The Bierpinsel (literally, "Beer Brush"), a 1970s style tower in Steglitz
* The Botanical Garden in Berlin
* The Library of the Philological Faculty at the Free University of Berlin in Dahlem, by Norman Foster
* The Wannsee lake and villa, home to the notorious Wannsee Conference
* Lichterfelde West Villen Kolonie - exclusive residential area of 1860 with tree lined and cobbled streets

## Other websites 
* Official Homepage (in German)
Tempelhof-Schöneberg

**Tempelhof-Schöneberg** is one of the new borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the old boroughs of Tempelhof and Schöneberg.

Tempelhof-Schöneberg has an area of  and has, as of November 2004, about 335.000 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Ekkehard Band (SPD).

## Other websites 
* Official Homepage
Thrillville

***Thrillville*** is a PlayStation 2, Xbox and PlayStation Portable video game. It was made by LucasArts and Frontier Developments. Players make their own theme park. They make roller coasters, game stalls, rides, race tracks and food and drink shops. 

## Story 
Uncle Mortimer, a strange scientist, puts the player in charge of Thrillville. It is a large theme park with roller coasters, games, rides, and racetracks. The player then picks a character. The character can be moved through each theme park. He must try to finish missions in the theme park before he can move on to the next one.

Garrison, another theme park owner, has his own theme park called Globo-joy. Globo-joy competes against Thrillville. The player must do difficult tasks to make Thrillville the best theme park.

## Minigames 
Thrillville has many minigames that can be played in the theme park, or with up to four other players.

* Entertainer: Players must hit the right button at the right time to make the cheerleaders dance to the music
* RC wars: Players must drive remote-control cars into each other, to try to make the other car explode.
* Event Horizon: Players can pick between four space ships. Each ship has a different weapon. The goal is to destroy the other ships.
* Robot Invasion, Hauntings, Pirate Raiders, and Wild Frontier: Players move around in a battle arena. They can shoot either the other players or robot enemies.
* Star Sniper, Ghoul Gunner, Blackbeard's Booty, and Prospect Stakeout: Players shoot targets that pop out of certain areas.
* Dune Buggy, Anti-Grav Racer, Go-karts, Monster Truck, and Formula Thrills: Players race to the finish on a race track.
* Trojan Quest: Players can pick between four heroes. Playes must kill skeletons and evil monsters.
* Luftwaffe 109: Players can pick between four airplanes. They must shoot down enemy airplanes.
* Trampolines: Players bounce on a trampoline, doing tricks in the air.
* Saucer Sumo: Players control a flying saucer and try to bump the other players off the edge of the ring.
* Saucer Soccer: Players control a flying car and try to get the soccer ball and shoot it into the goal.
* Minigolf: Players play a game of miniature golf.
* Sparkle Island: Players play as a cat-like hero and shoot blobs.
* Mechanic: Players arrange tubes to fit on a board. They have to connect one part of the board to another.
* Groundskeeper: Players suck up the trash and wash the vomit that has collected in the theme parks.

## Thrillville: Off the Rails
Thrillville: Off the Rails was the second game of the series. It came out in 2007 for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows. "Off the Rails" allows roller coasters to crash. It also added more minigames, characters with conversation skills amd more options. Off the Rails also added many songs including  "Parklife" by Blur and "Smile (Lily Allen song)" by Lily Allen.

### Thrillville third game in the series
a unnamed Thrillville game is in the works for Xbox one, PlayStation 6 and Nintendo switch, set to be released in 2025.
Treptow-Köpenick

**Treptow-Köpenick** is a borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former boroughs of Treptow and Köpenick.

Treptow-Köpenick has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 233,700 inhabitants. It's current mayor is Gabriele Schöttler (SPD).

## Other websites
*
Platanaceae

**Platanaceae** is a family of flowering plants. The family has only one genus *platanus*. This genus has six to ten species of tall trees. The trees grow naturally in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In all species, the flowers grow in dense groups of small flowers. The fruits are small achenes with hairs near the base.
Visual Studio Tools for Office

**Visual Studio Tools for Office** (Sometime written as *VSTO*) is an add-on product for Microsoft's Visual Studio product that enables developers to create applications using Microsoft Office. 

## Other websites 
*Visual Studio Tools for Office page
Microsoft Office Online

**Microsoft Office Online** is the website of Microsoft Office. It has images, articles, templates, downloads and other attractions.

## Trivia 
By November 2004, Microsoft Office Online received over 52 million visitors, with over 746 million page views, ranking it in the top 100 sites worldwide.

## Other websites
*Official website
*Office Live
Period (periodic table)

A **period** in the periodic table is any horizontal row of elements. 

Each elements in the same period has one more proton than the one to its left.  This means its atomic number is one number higher. The elements in the same period are very metallic on the left and nonmetallic on the right. The smaller atoms are on the left and the larger ones are on the right because the atoms have more protons and electrons.

The first period has 2 elements, hydrogen and helium. The second period and third period each have 8 elements. The fourth period and fifth period each have 18 elements. The sixth period and seventh period each have 32 elements. F-block elements are counted in the sixth and seventh periods. Hence, each one has 32 elements in it.

## Standard periodic table 

;Chemical Series of the Periodic Table

* Alkali metals
* Alkaline earths
* Lanthanides
* Actinides
* Superactinides
* Eka-superactinides
* Transition metals
* Poor metals
* Metalloids/Semi metals/Half metals
* Nonmetals
* Halogens
* Noble gases

;State at standard temperature and pressure. The color of the number (atomic number) above the element symbol shows the state of the element at normal conditions.
* those in blue are gases
* those in green are liquids
* those in black are solid

;Radioactivity

* Those with solid borders have stable isotopes (Primordial elements)
* Those with dashed borders have only radioactive naturally occurring isotopes
* Those with dotted borders do not occur naturally (Synthetic Elements)
* those without borders are too radioactive to have been discovered yet.
Callirrhoe (moon)

**Callirrhoe** or '''''', is one of Jupiter's farthest named moons. It was found by Spacewatch on October 6, 1999 and originally designated as an asteroid (). It was found to be in orbit around Jupiter by Tim Spahr on July 18, 2000, and then given the designation ''''''.

Callirrhoe is about 8.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,356,000&nbsp;km in 776.543 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.264.

It was named in October 2002 after Callirhoe, daughter of the river god Achelous, one of Zeus' (Jupiter's) many conquests.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000&nbsp;km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

As a navigation exercise, the New Horizons spacecraft imaged it on January 10, 2007.

## References
Lift coefficient

The **lift coefficient** (*CL* or *CZ*) is coefficient without a dimension that relates the lift generated by an airfoil, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.  It may also be described as the ratio of lift pressure to dynamic pressure.
*Lift coefficient may be used to relate the total lift generated by an aircraft to the total area of the wing of the aircraft.  
*Lift coefficent may also be used as a characteristic of a particular shape (or cross-section) of an airfoil.  

The lift coefficient is a dimensionless number.
Mneme (moon)

**Mneme** or '***, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003, and was designated **S/2003 J 21*'.
 
Mneme is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,427,000 km in 640.769 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2214.

It was named in March 2005 after Mneme, one of the three original Muses. She is sometimes confused with Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses (the three or the nine, depending on the author) by Zeus (Jupiter).

Mneme belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Helike (moon)

**Helike** or '***, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation ***'.

Helike is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,540,000&nbsp;km in 601.402 Earth days, at an inclination of 155° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1375.

It was named in March 2005 after Helike, one of the nymphs that nurtured Zeus (Jupiter) in his infancy on Crete.

Helike belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Karl Dönitz

**Karl Dönitz** ( ; 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval leader. He commanded the German Navy (*Kriegsmarine*) during the second half of World War II. Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).

Dönitz was born in Berlin. He entered the Imperial German Navy (*Kaiserliche Marine*) in 1911. During World War I, he served on surface ships. Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats). He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic (*Reichsmarine*) and the German Navy of the Third Reich (*Kriegsmarine*). He became a *Großadmiral*. He served as Commander of Submarines (*Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote*, *B.d.U.*). Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy (*Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine*). He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party. Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Second Battle of The Atlantic. He also served as *Reichspräsident* for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.

After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials. He served ten years in prison. He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic. With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.
At his trial, evidence was shown that the Allies had acted similarly. For this reason, this breach of international law had no impact on his sentence. After his release from prison, Dönitz moved to Aumühle, a small village near Hamburg. During his later years, he wrote two autobiographies. In them, he covered different periods in his life. He died of a heart attack on Christmas Eve, 1980.

## References
Volvo

]]
**Volvo** is a Swedish car and truck maker founded in 1927. It has two parts:

* **Volvo Cars** (Swedish: *Volvo personvagnar*), which produces standard size cars, and was owned by the Ford Motor Company 1999 to 2010.
* **Volvo Group**, which produces trucks, boat engines, buses and more.

Volvo is now the leading producer in what most people would call safe family cars.

One of the Volvo's cars, the Volvo S60 is used by police departments in some parts of Europe and the United Kingdom.

In March 2010, Ford signed a deal to sell *Volvo Cars* to the Chinese automaker Geely for $1.8 billion. Volvo cars has is making all of it's cars zero emission by the year 2030.

## Models
* Volvo C30
* Volvo S60
* Volvo S80
* Volvo V70
*Volvo S60
*Volvo S40
*Volvo V50
*Volvo V40
*Volvo FH
*Volvo XC40
*Volvo XC90

## Notes 
## References
Small Dark Spot

The **Small Dark Spot**, sometimes also called **Dark Spot 2** or '''The Wizard's Eye''', was a southern cyclonic storm on the planet Neptune. It was the second strongest storm on the planet in 1989, when Voyager 2 flew by the planet. When first discovered, it was  a dark cyclonic storm.  As Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core of cloud activity developed. It disappeared in 1994.

## References
Praxidike (moon)

**Praxidike** or '***, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Praxidike orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,824,000&nbsp;km in 613.904 days, at an inclination of 144° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1840.

It was named in August 2003 after Praxidike, the Greek goddess of punishment.

Praxidike belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid. With an estimated diameter of 7&nbsp;km, Praxidike is the second biggest member of the group after Ananke itself (assumed albedo of 0.04)

The moon appears grey similar to C-type asteroids.

## References 
# Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
# Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
William Lassell

**William Lassell** (18 June 1799 – 5 October 1880) was a British astronomer, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England. He died in Maidenhead in 1880. He is known as discoverer of Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, and for his improvements to the reflecting telescope.
Supersonic

Navy F/A-18E/F Super Hornet in transonic flight.]]

The term **supersonic** is used to describe a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1).  At a normal temperature like 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 °C), the speed needed for something to be traveling at a faster than sound speed is about 344 m/s, 1,129 ft/s, 770 mph or 1,238 km/h. Speeds faster than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes called hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (like the propeller) reach supersonic speeds are called transonic (normally somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).

Whips have operated supersonically for many centuries. Artillery became supersonic in the 19th century.

It can be very hard to reach supersonic speeds, because drag increases a lot near these speeds. This slows a plane, and for years made control difficult. These problems were called the "sound barrier". Jet engines and other developments solved the problems in the middle 20th century.

## References
## Related pages
*Shock wave
Aitne (moon)

**Aitne** or ''''*, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, *et al.* in 2001, and given the designation *''''.

Aitne is about 3&nbsp;kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,285,000&nbsp;km in 679.641 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.393.

It was named in August 2003 after Aitna or Aitne, the divine personification of Mount Etna, whose sons by Zeus (Jupiter) are the Palici, the twin sicilian gods of geysers (other authors have them descend from Thalia and/or Hephaistos).

Aitne belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
François Arago

**François Jean Dominique Arago** (Catalan: **Francesc Joan Dominic Aragó**; February 26, 1786 – October 2, 1853) was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.
Roche limit

The **Roche limit** (), or **Roche radius**, is a planetary distance. 

Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material will form planetary rings. Outside the limit, material sticks together and forms satellites.  

The term is named after Édouard Roche, the French astronomer who first stated it in 1848.

## References 
## Sources 
* Édouard Roche: ''La figure d'une masse fluide soumise à l'attraction d'un point éloigné'', Acad. des sciences de Montpellier, Vol. 1 (1847–50) p.&nbsp;243

## Other websites 
* Detailed derivation of formulae for calculating the Roche limit
* Discussion of the Roche Limit
S/2003 J 2

'''''' is an unnamed non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt and was announced on March 4, 2003  As of 2006, it is Jupiter's farthest known moon.

 is about two kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 29,540,000&nbsp;km in 980 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (152° to Jupiter's equator) and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2255.

It seems to belong to a group all of its own, with a distant and retrograde orbit.

## References