open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pacific coast

]]
A **Pacific coast** is when a country is next to the Pacific Ocean.

## Geography
### The Americas
Countries on the western side of the Americas have a Pacific coast as their western border.

* Geography of Canada
* Geography of Chile
* Geography of Colombia
* Geography of Costa Rica
* Geography of Ecuador
* Geography of El Salvador
* Geography of Guatemala
* Geography of Honduras
* Geography of Mexico
* Geography of Nicaragua
* Geography of Panama
* Geography of Peru
* West Coast of the United States

### Asia
Countries on the eastern side of Asia have a Pacific coast as their eastern border.

* Geography of Russia
* Geography of Japan
* Geography of South Korea
* Geography of South Korea
* Geography of China
* Geography of the Philippines
* Geography of Taiwan

### Oceania
Countries in Oceania may have a Pacific coast anywhere, including their entire border
* Geography of Australia
* Geography of New Zealand
* Geography of Papua New Guinea

## Other websites
Chinese fire belly newt

The **Chinese fire belly newt** (*Cynops orientalis*) is a species of newts. They are small and will reach up to 2.2-4 inches (6-10 cm). They are black and have bright orange colors on their front side. They are commonly found in pet stores. They are sometimes confused with the Japanese fire belly newt. This is because of their small size and colors. However, the Chinese fire belly newt has smoother skin and a rounder tail than the Japanese Fire Belly Newt.

## References
*  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
*Chang, Mangven L. Y. 1936. Contribution à l'étude Morphologique, Biologique et systématique des Amphibiens urodèles de la Chine. Libraire Picart, Paris, 156 p.
*Brodie, Edmund D., Jr., John Hensel, Jr. and Judith Johnson. “Toxicity of the Urodele Amphibians Taricha, Notophthalmus, Cynops and Paramesotriton (Salamandridae)” Copeia. 1974. n2. p506-511.
Quarter (United States coin)

A **quarter dollar** or **quarter**, is a coin worth ¼ of a United States dollar. They are worth 25 cents. The quarter has been produced since 1796.

## List of designs
***Silver quarters**
**Draped Bust 1796–1807
***Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796
***Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807
**Capped Bust 1815–1838
***Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828
***Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838
**Seated Liberty 1838–1891
***Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865
***Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891
**Barber 1892–1916
**Standing Liberty 1916–1930
***Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917
***Standing Liberty (Type 2) 1917–1930
**Washington Quarter 1931–1964, 1992–1998 (Proof Only)
***Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976) (40% Silver-clad Proof, not intended for circulation)
***Washington statehood 1999–2008 (Proof Only)
***Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009 (Proof Only)
***Copper-nickel quarters**
**Washington Quarter 1965–1974, 1977–1998
***Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976).
***Washington statehood 1999–2008
***Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009
***Washington America the Beautiful Quarters 2010–2021

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official specifications 
*http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin
*http://www.acoin.com/regularissue/regular25c.htm 
*US Quarters by year and type. Histories, photos, and more.
Fax

fax machine]]

**Fax** (short for '***),  or **telecopying**, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. 

The original document is scanned with a **fax machine** (or a **telecopier*'), which turns the contents (text or images) into a bitmap, then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy. 

Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods. Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. However, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.

In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.

In many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically. The servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email. Such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.

## History 
### Wire transmission 
Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received the first fax patent in 1843.  Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli  He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones. 

In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the *scanning phototelegraph* that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the *Bildtelegraph*. It became widely used in continental Europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from Paris to London in 1908. Its main competitors were the *Bélinograf* by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the *Hellschreiber*, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.

Transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from  1960 by satellite transmission. Digital systems are now universal. Faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine. The technology is now world-wide.

## References
Lungless salamander

The **Plethodontidae** is a family of **lungless salamanders**. They are the largest groups of salamanders. They probably evolved in North America, where there are 14 genera and about 150 species. Only one species is in Europe: it is  *Speleomantes*, the cave salamander.

Most of them are terrestrial and are active in daytime. Lungless salamanders may communicate with their nose.p182 If touched, slender salamanders will  on the ground and then run away.

## References 
## Other websites 
* AmphibiaWeb - Plethodontidae
* Tree of Life: Plethodontidae 
* Caudata Culture Species Database - Plethodontidae
Common frog

The **Common frog** (*Rana temporaria*) is a species of frog. They are also known as the **European Common Frog** or the **European Common Brown Frog**. They live in Europe, the Arctic Circle, Scandinavia, Urals, Iberia, Italy, Balkans and Ireland. They are an introduced species in most countries.

## References
## Other websites 
*Amphibians of Europe
Quantum theory

**Quantum theory** may mean:

*Quantum mechanics, a branch of physics explaining the physical behaviours at the molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels
*Quantum field theory, a general type of quantum theory, which includes:
** Quantum electrodynamics
** Quantum chromodynamics
** Electroweak interaction
* Quantum gravity, a general term for theories intended to quantize general relativity

## Related pages 
*Planck constant
*Stefan–Boltzmann law
Neue Kirche, Berlin

The **Neue Kirche** (; colloquially , meaning "German Cathedral"), is in Berlin.  It is on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the *French Church*. The Lutheran and Calvinist congregants used German as their native language.  This is different than the French-speaking Calvinist congregation who owned the French Church on the opposite side of Gendarmenmarkt. The congregants' native language combined with the domed tower gave the church its colloquial naming.

## Famous parishioners
* E. T. A. Hoffmann

## References
* Ingrid Bartmann-Kompa, Horst Büttner, Horst Drescher, Joachim Fait, Marina Flügge, Gerda Herrmann, Ilse Schröder, Helmut Spielmann, Christa Stepansky, and Heinrich Trost, *Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR: Hauptstadt Berlin*: 2 parts, Institut für Denkmalpflege (ed.) (11983), Berlin: Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, 21984, part I, p.&nbsp;217. No ISBN.
* Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, *Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin* (11978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, 21986, pp.&nbsp;374seq. .

## Other websites
* German Bundestag Historic Exhibition 
* Congregation in the Friedrichstadt (German official website)
Bronzed frog

The **bronzed frog** or '''Günther's golden-backed frog'* (*Hylarana temporalis*) is a species of frog. They are found in forests of Western Ghats, India and Sri Lanka. They are an important prey for many snakes include the Malabar Pit Viper and the Vine Snake. The Malabar Pit Viper’s venom contains hemotoxins. These toxins target and damage blood cells and tissues. 

A bite can cause intense pain and swelling. In severe cases, the venom might cause more serious symptoms, which can be life-threatening.

## References
## Other websites 
*IUCN Red List  page on *H. temporalis''.
*Breeding call audio from YouTube [Contributed by Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut]
*Snakes World  A deep info related to snakes.
*Most Famous Ball Python Morphs  in the world.
California giant salamander

The **California giant salamander** (*Dicamptodon ensatus*) is a species of salamanders. They are part of the family Dicamptodontidae. They live in California and western United States. They are related to the Idaho giant salamander, Pacific giant salamander and the Coastal giant salamander. 

## Other websites
Tatsuya Fuji

, also known as **Tatsuya Itou**, is a Japanese actor. 

## Early life 
He was born in Beijing, China and grew up in Yokohama, Kanagawa. When he was a student of Nihon University College of Art, he was spotted and recruited as a fresh actor by Nikkatsu.   

## Career
Fuji made his debut on films from Nikkatsu(Japanese film distributing agency) in 1962. His first movie is "Bokyo-no-Umi". He is the first actor who trains his body for acting in Japan. Early in his career, he was often assigned the role of a villain, but ever since then, he has acted various kind of role. In the Nagisa Oshima's film "In the Realm of the Senses", he acted in a passionate and violent love scene, and the movie caused a lot of fuss. 

;Selected movies
**In the Realm of the Senses* (1976)
**KESHIN* (1986)
**Akarui mirai* (2003)
**Umizaru* (2004)
**Rikidosan* (2004)
**Midnight Eagle* (2007)
**Kansen Retto* (2008)
**Soup Opera* (2010)

## References
Bolitoglossa

***Bolitoglossa*** is a genus of salamanders. They are also called **tropical climbing salamanders** and **web-footed salamanders**. They are part of the Plethodontidae family. They live in Central America and South America. They are terrestrial amphibians.

## Species
117 species are currently assigned to this genus.

|style="width: 50%; "|

|}

## Other websites 
* . 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). *Bolitoglossa*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 29, 2008). 
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Bolitoglossa*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 29, 2008). 
* Tree of Life: Bolitoglossa
Green toad

**Green toad**  (*Anaxyrus debilis*) is a species of toads. They live in southwestern United States in states like Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas and Texas. They can also be found in northern Mexico in states like Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Durango and Zacatecas.

Green toads are green or yellow with black spots. They are not a large toad. They grow up to 2 inches. They are only active at night. They will breed in spring, summer and autumn. Males will  a female to lay her eggs in his territory.

## Subspecies 
*Eastern green toad, *Bufo debilis debilis*—Smith, 1950
*Western green toad, *Bufo debilis insidior*—Smith, 1950

## Other websites 
*  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (*Bufo*). *Evolution* *58*: 2517–2535.
*  Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
*Amphibian Species of the World: *Bufo debilis*
Smooth newt

The **Smooth Newt** is a species of newts. They are also known as the **Common Newt**. It is the most common newt species of the *Lissotriton* genus of amphibians. They live in Europe, southern France and the Iberian peninsula.

## References
## Other websites
*
Midwife toad

The **Midwife toad** (*Alytes*) is a genus of frogs. They part of the Discoglossidae family. They live in most of Europe and northwestern Africa. They look like toads because of their hard skin. They get their name because they take care of their young on their backs. They help them from not being eaten from hungry animals. When they hatch the frog will go back to the water and allow them to swim away. 

## Species
## Books 
* Carl Vogt: *Untersuchungen über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Geburtshelferkröte. (Alytes obstetricians)*, Solothurn: Jent und Gassman, (1842), pp 130
* Arthur Koestler, *The Case of the Midwife Toad*, London:  Hutchinson, 1971.
Van Dyke's salamander

'''Van Dyke's salamander'* (*Plethodon vandykei*) is a species of salamanders. They are part of the family Plethodontidae. These salamanders have been used in research studies. 

## Subspecies 
*Washington Salamander, *Plethodon vandykei vandykei''
*Coeur D'Alene Salamander, *Plethodon vandykei idahoensis*

## References
## Other websites 
*Pictures 
*Distribution Map
Ichthyophis beddomei

***Ichthyophis beddomei*** is a species of caecilians. They are sometimes called '''Beddome's caecilian'''. They are part of the family Inchthyophiidae. They have a dark violet-brown body. They have yellow stripes from their head to their tail. Their upper lip and lower jaw are yellow. They live in Western Ghats.

## References
Filter feeder

.]]
**Filter feeders** are animals that feed on matter and food particles from water. Some animals that do this are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales and many fish such as sharks. Some birds such as flamingos are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can help clear water.

## Books
* 
* Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia. 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 – 286

## Other websites
*Filter feeder of krill
Jefferson salamander

The **Jefferson salamander** (*Ambystoma jeffersonianum*) is a mole salamander. They live in northeastern United States, southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. It was named after Jefferson College in Pennsylvania.

It is usually dark gray, brown or black. Others can have silver or blue spots on their sides. These salamanders are very skinny with a wide nose and long toes. They can reach up to 11 to 18&nbsp;cm.

Like other mole salamanders, the Jefferson salamander burrows. They have lungs that helps them to dig. They are only active at night. They are only active in the day when its mating season. They will breed in early spring after snow has melted in their area.

## References
## Other websites 
* Environment Canada - Species at Risk: Jefferson Salamander 
* Amphibians of Canada: Jefferson salamander 
* US Geological Survey - Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Jefferson Salamander
* Ohio History Central: Jefferson Salamander 
* Jefferson Salamander species account and conservation status
Surinam horned frog

**Ceratophrys** is a genus of frogs. They are part of the family Leptodactylidae. They are also part of the subfamily Ceratophryinae. They are also known as **South American horned frogs** as well as **Pacman frogs**. This is because they look like the video game character Pac-Man.

## Diet 
These frogs eat a large amount of food. They will eat insects, small mammals (such as mice), fish, other frogs, and small reptiles. They are sit and wait predators. Since female frogs are normally larger than male frogs, an adult female Argentine Horned Frog can eat an adult rat. 

These frogs are also cannibals and sometimes eat their mates and other pacman frogs.

These frogs can swallow animals almost half their size, but they might try to eat things larger than them. Their teeth, as well as bones in the front of their jaw, can make it hard for them to release prey after it is already in their mouth. This can cause death by choking.

They have very sticky tongues that they use to catch prey and pull it into their mouth.

Large pacman frogs have bite forces that are close to some mammal predators.

## Lifespan 
The average lifespan of a *Ceratophrys* frog in the wild is about 1 to 4 years. In captivity and as pets, they may live up to 15 years if they are eating well and have good care.

A Pacman frog owner who gives their frog a good home, feeds their frog a good diet of live insects, and pays attention its health should expect their frog to live for a longer time.

## Images 

File:Argentine horned frog (Ceratophrys ornata).jpg|*Ceratophrys ornata*
File:FantasyCeratophrys.jpg|A Fantasy-coloured Pac-Man frog
Image:Chet_Pac_Man_toad.jpg|A young Pac-Man frog
Image:Ceratophrys ornata (Pacman Frog).JPG|This Albino Pac-Man frog is six months old
File:Cornuta_side_view_web.jpg|*Ceratophrys cornuta*skeleton
File:Ceratophrys_cornuta_skeleton_front.jpg|*Ceratophrys cornuta*skeleton

## References
Balgo, Western Australia

**Balgo** is a small community in Western Australia. It is surrounded by the Great Sandy Desert and the Tanami Desert. It is an Aboriginal community; the area is traditionally Kukatja country. There are also some Pintupi families living there, who were displaced in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of them came to live here from Papunya, including some of the original artists of the Papunya Tula movement. Many of them later left Balgo when Kintore and Kiwirrkurra were set up in the 1980s. In 2006, Balgo had about 460 people living there.

## Other websites
* Warlayirti Artists and Cultural Centre
* Luurnpa School Website
* Balgo Adult Education Centre Website 
* Kutjungka Parish Website
Kottabos (Kleophrades Painter)

player by an associate of the Kleophrades Painter]]
***Kottabos Player*** is an Attic red-figure terracotta kylix said to have been painted by someone close to the Kleophrades Painter. It dates to the Greek Archaic period, about 500 BC. The kylix's height with handles is 3 3/16 in. (8.1&nbsp;cm) and its width with handles is 10 1/16 in. (25.5&nbsp;cm). 

The diameter of the bowl is 7 5/8 in. (19.3&nbsp;cm).  The kylix is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The figure is a symposiast playing a party game called kottabos. He is about to fling the last of the wine in his cup at a lamp stand in an attempt to knock the lamp stand's finial off. The winner was he who did so.

## References 
*
Woomera Test Range

.]]
The **RAAF Woomera Test Range** is a weapons testing facility in South Australia. It is run by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land. The range is a restricted area, called the **Woomera Prohibited Area**. The  above it is also restricted, and is called the **Woomera Restricted Airspace**.

The range was originally set up as a place for the British to test missiles during World War II. The British asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of Australia), because not many people lived there.

It is named after the Dharuk word for a spear-thrower.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Kleophrades Painter

on an amphora]]

The **Kleophrades Painter** was a red-figure Athenian vase painter. His real name is unknown. His name is taken from a potter's signature on a vase. He was active from about 510470 BC. His work is considered some of the finest of the red figure style. He was probably the pupil of Euthymides, one of the red-figure Pioneers. His work is identified by its stylistic traits. He was very productive. More than 100 vases of his work have survived. He worked in both black- and red- figure styles and techniques. He was conservative, often using old-fashioned techniques. His subjects were traditional but with a emphasis on the Trojan War. He preferred painting large vessels such as amphores.

## Related pages 
* Kottabos (Kleophrades Painter)

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
*
Kottabos

, about 510 BC]]

**Kottabos** () was a party game played at symposia in Ancient Greece. It was popular in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. It was also popular with the Etruscans.   

The game is played by flinging a bit of wine from a cup towards a target. The player would utter the name of his lover.   

The game was probably of Sicilian origin but spread throughout the Greek world. Many Greek poets mention the game in their works.   

By the time of the Roman Empire and the Age of Alexander the Great, the game had died out. It is not mentioned in Latin literature.  

## References
Audrey Meadows

**Audrey Meadows** (born February 8 1922; died February 3 1996) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as Alice Kramden on the 1950s American television comedy *The Honeymooners*. She was born in New York City by the name **Audrey Cotter**. Meadows died as a result of lung cancer on February 3, 1996.

## Other websites
Clyde Holding

**Allan Clyde Holding** (27 April 1931 – 31 July 2011) was an Australian politician. He was Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for ten years, and was later a federal minister. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Holding was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Richmond in 1962. He was a strong supporter of indigenous Australian rights (including land rights) and national aid for schools. In 1977, he was elected to the House of Representatives as member for Melbourne Ports. When Bob Hawke became Prime Minister in 1983, he put Holding in charge of Aboriginal Affairs. During his term, Holding tried to make federal laws for Aboriginal land rights. But Brian Burke, the Labor Premier of Western Australia, did not want this, because it would have upset the mining and agricultural industries, which were very important to his state. Holding was forced by Hawke to drop the proposal. In 1987, he was moved to the Ministry of Employment Services and Youth Affairs. The next year, he was made Minister for Transport, and then later Minister for Immigration.

## References
Charles Perkins

**Charles Nelson Perkins**, AO, (16 June 1936 – 19 October 2000) was an Australian activist and Aboriginal leader. He was also a professional football player.

Perkins grew up in Alice Springs. His mother was Arrernte, and his father was Kalkadoon. He later moved to Sydney, and graduated from the University of Sydney in 1965. He was the first indigenous Australian to graduate from a university.

Perkins campaigned for Aboriginal land rights. In 1965, he was an important person in the Freedom Ride campaign, which aimed to raise public awareness of the standards of living, literacy and health conditions among the Aboriginal population. The group was famous for publicising acts of discrimination.

Perkins was also important in the campaign for the referendum in 1967, which allowed Aboriginal people to be counted in censuses, and parliament to make special laws specifically for Aboriginal people. From 1969, Perkins worked as a public servant in the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs. He was made permanent secretary of this department in 1981, which made him the first Aboriginal to become the permanent head of a federal government department. He served as secretary until 1988.

Perkins died in October 2000 of kidney failure.

## References
## Further reading
*
*

## Other websites
*
*
Foster Brooks

**Foster Brooks** (May 11, 1912 &ndash; December 20, 2001) was an American movie, television, radio, stage actor, singer, entertainer, television personality and comedian. He was known for playing a lovable drunken man in nightclubs and television shows. Brooks is also known for appearing in The Dean Martin celebrity roasts. 

Brooks was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Brooks was married twice. First to Loretta Brooks from 1933 until they divorced in 1950. And to Teri Brooks from 1950 until his death in 2001. Brooks died on December 20, 2001 from heart failure in his Encino, Los Angeles, California home, aged 89. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Charlie McMahon

**Charlie McMahon** (born in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales in 1951) is an Australian didgeridoo player. He was one of the first non-Aboriginal musicians to become a famous player of the instrument. He is probably one of the most famous players of the instrument around the world.

The band in which he became famous was called Gondwanaland. He has toured across Australia, often visiting  communities in the outback, and also in Europe and the United States. He often played gigs with Midnight Oil. McMahon's style became an influence for many well-known didgeridoo players. He is also the inventor of the "didjeribone", a sliding didgeridoo made of plastic, played in a similar way to the trombone.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Bob Knight

**Robert Montgomery "Bob" Knight** (October 25, 1940 – November 1, 2023) was an American basketball coach. He won over 900 NCAA Division I men's college basketball games. Knight was well known as the head coach of the Indiana Hoosiers from 1971 until 2000. He also coached for the Texas Tech from 2001 until 2008.

Knight was born in Orrville, Ohio. He studied at Ohio State University.

He was praised for having a clean program. None of his teams was ever sanctioned by the NCAA for any recruitment violations. He did, however, attracted some controversy for throwing a chair across the courts during a game. He was once arrested for assault. He was fired from Indiana in September 2000.

In April 2015, it was announced that ESPN would not sign Knight's contract for another season.

Knight died in Bloomington, Indiana on November 1, 2023, one week after his 83rd birthday.

## References
## Other websites
Choi Chang-ik

**Choi Chang-ik** (hangul:최창익, hanja:崔昌益, 1896-1957), also known as **Choe Chang Ik**, was a North Korean soldier and politician.

## Career
In the early North Korean government, Choi was Deputy Prime Minister from 1952 to 1956.  He was  from the Korean Workers' Party.

## Related pages 
* Kim Du-bong
* Kim Won-bong

## References
## Other websites 
* 최창익  at Naver Encyclopedia
James Michael Tyler

**James Michael Tyler** (May 28, 1961&ndash; October 24, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Gunther in the sitcom series *Friends*. Tyler was born in Greenwood, Mississippi and was raised in Winona, Mississippi.

## Personal life
In June 2021, Tyler said he was diagnosed with stage-4 prostate cancer back in 2018. He died from the disease at his Los Angeles, California home on October 24, 2021 at the age of 59.

## Filmography
* *The Disturbance at Dinner* (1998)
* *Foreign Correspondents* (1999)
* *Motel Blue* (1999)
* *Live With It* (2008)
* ''Jason's Big Problem* (2010)

## Television
* *Friends* (1994 &ndash; 2004)
* *Just Shoot Me!* (2000)
* *Sabrina, the Teenage Witch* (2001)
* *Scrubs* (2005)
* *Iron Chef America* 
* *ICarly* (2011) 
* *Episodes*

## Music videos
* *Come Tomorrow''

## References
## Other websites
*
Symposium

, and recline on couches and pillows while a female slave plays the aulos]] 

A **symposium** (plural: symposia) was a drinking party in Ancient Greece. Guests were males. Well bred women did not attend. Boys or slave girls served the food and drink, danced, juggled, played music, or otherwise entertained the assembly. These servers were usually nude. The symposium was an aristocratic institution often held to celebrate a young man's entry into adult society, an athletic victory, or a poetic achievement. It was an occasion for male conversation and debate. Party-goers reclined on couches and pillows. Guests played a game called kottabos, wrestled, and held song contests. A symposium is described in Plato's *The Symposium*. The party is attended by Socrates and the young, drunken, and nearly nude Alcibiades.
Agalychnis callidryas

:*For another frog called the red-eyed treefrog, see Litoria chloris*

***Agalychnis callidryas***, commonly known as the **red-eyed tree frog**, is a species of tree frogs.

Red-eyed tree frogs spend most of their time on large tropical leaves. They are not poisonous, and rely on camouflage to protect themselves. During the day, they stay still, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their stomachs, and shut their red eyes. So they look almost completely green, and are well hidden amongst the leaves. The large red eyes are a defensive adaptation called deimatic behaviour. When a red-eyed tree frog detects a predator, it abruptly opens its eyes and stares at the predator. The sudden appearance of the red eyes may startle the predator, giving the frog a chance to flee.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Red-eyed tree frog facts
Echis

**Echis** is a genus of venomous vipers found in dry regions of Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. The name "*Echis*" is a Greek word which means "*viper*". Echis is also known as the "*Saw-scaled Vipers*", or the "*Carpet Vipers*". They are responsible for most of the snakebites and deaths in the world. There is currently eight species found. 

## Description
The Saw-scaled Vipers are a small group of snakes, with adults growing up to the length of 90&nbsp;cm (36&nbsp;in). Its head is short, wide and pear-shaped, its snout is short and round, and it has large eyes.

## Where it lives
The Saw-scaled Viper is found in dry regions (like deserts) in Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka.

## Diet
Not much is known about what the Saw-scaled Vipers eat, but some say they eats beetles, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, other snakes, small mammals and birds.

## Reproduction
Most species of the Saw-scaled Viper, like the ones found in Africa, are oviparous meaning they lay eggs, while other species, like the ones found in India, are viviparous meaning they give live birth.

## Species
* Indian Saw-scaled Viper, *E. carinatus*
* Palestine Saw-scaled Viper, *E. coloratus*
* Hughes' Saw-scaled Viper, *E. hughesi*
* Jogers' Saw-scaled Viper, *E. jogeri*
* White-bellied Carpet Viper, *E. leucogaster*
* Cherlin's Saw-scaled Viper, *E. megalocephalus*
* African Saw-scaled Viper, *E. ocellatus*
* Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper, *E. pyramidum*
Atheris

**Atheris** is a genus of venomous vipers found only in rain forest areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. There are currently eight species found. Atheris are commonly known as "*Bush Vipers*". They are all arboreal (meaning they live in trees), but they can sometimes be seen on the ground.

## Description
Bush Vipers are small snakes, with adults growing to the size of around 40 to 78 cm. They all have broad, triangular heads with large eyes and a slender body.

## Where they live
The Bush Viper lives in rain forest areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, far from humans, but some Bush Vipers are threatened because of habitat loss. 

## Feeding
Bush Vipers eat small amphibians like frogs, and toads, reptiles like lizards and other snakes, rodents and birds. They ambush their prey by hanging on to a branch of a tree, waiting for a prey to come close, then jump on the prey and inject venom, and then swallow it. Some Bush Vipers in zoos only eat mice and small birds, but there have been reports on some eating each other.

## Reproduction
All Bush Vipers are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. They mate between September and November, and females give to their young in March or April. 

## Venom
The venom of Bush Vipers is hemotoxic, it causes pain, swelling, and stop blood clotting. There is no antivenom, but there has been reports on Echis antivenom working on some Bush Viper's bites.

## Species
* Atheris anisolepis
* Horned Bush Viper, *A. ceratophora*
* Western Bush Viper, *A. chlorechis*
* Mount Kenya Bush Viper, *A. desaixi*
* Spiny Bush Viper, *A. hispida*
* Upemba Bush Viper, *A. katangensis*
* Mount Mabu Bush Viper, *A. mabuensis*
* Matilda's Bush Viper, *A. matildae*
* Great Lakes Bush Viper, *A. nitschei*
* Variable Bush Viper, *A. squamigera*
Maristes Valldemia

The **Maristes Valldemia** school (aka: **Col·legi Maristes Valldemia**, **Col·legi Valldemia** or **Valldemia**), is in Mataró, Province of Barcelona - Catalonia (Spain). It is a Catholic school run by Marist Brothers. It is dedicated to Our Lady the Virgin of the Candle. *Fundació Champagnat, Fundació Privada* owns the school.

The school was founded in 1855 by three Piarists related persons: the priest Ermengol Coll de Valldemia, Pelegrí Ferrer and Ramon Cuspinera. Its first name was  «Colegio de Cataluña», and it was on the land of a traditional Catalan manor named *Can Miralpeix*. The school's aim was to provide a modern and Christian education. After 1858, the school was known as «» (in Catalan) or «» (in Spanish). In 1888 the school was given to the Marist Brothers to run. From 2012 the official name is **Maristes Valldemia**.

The school received its first international recognition at the Paris Exposition of 1900, a Gold Medal in recognition of quality education. During the years of the Spanish Civil War, Valldemia was converted into a hospital and blood bank.

## Alumni
* Josep Goday i Casals - Architect linked to Noucentisme

## References
## Other websites
*
Kim Tu-bong

**Kim Tu-bong** (March 16, 1886 – 1958) was a Korean linguist, politician, and the first North Korean head of state.

## Career
In 1946, Kim became Chairman of the Workers Party of North Korea.

From 1948 until 1958, he was Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.

## References
Slender salamander

**Slender salamander** is a common name given to lungless salamanders of the genus ***Batrachoseps***. They are different from other lungless salamanders. They have four toes on each foot. They live in Oregon, California and Baja California in Mexico.

## Species
19 species are recognized in this genus:

## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Batrachoseps*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 30, 2008). 
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Batrachoseps*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 30, 2008). 
* Tree of Life: Batrachoseps
* A slender salamanders page
Pedro Armendáriz Jr.

**Pedro Armendáriz, Jr.** (April 6, 1940 &ndash; December 26, 2011) was a Mexican actor and television actor.

## Early life
Armendáriz, Jr. was born on April 6, 1940 in Mexico City, Mexico, the son of actors Carmela (née Pardo) and to Pedro Armendáriz, Sr, both Mexican. His grandmother was from the United States. Armendáriz, Jr. was married to Mexican actress Ofelia Medina.

## Career
His career began in 1965 and is known for playing a small role with his father Armendáriz, Sr. in *Licence to Kill* (1989). His final role was in the 2012 movie *Casa de Mi Padre*.

## Death
In November 2011 Armendáriz, Jr. was diagnosed with lung cancer. On December 26, 2011 Armendáriz, Jr. died in a Memorial Hospital in New York City, New York from eye cancer, aged 71. He was later buried in Panteón Jardín, Mexico City.

## References
## Other websites
*
Phyllis Diller

**Phyllis Ada Driver** (July 17, 1917 &ndash; August 20, 2012) was an American voice, movie and stage actress and comedian who makes self deprecating jokes about her age and her terrible cooking. She has performed in many movies and television programs. 

## Early life
Diller was born on July 17, 1917 in Lima, Ohio. She was of German and Irish descent. She was educated at Bluffton College, she was the classmate of Hugh Downs. 

## Career
Diller's career would begin in 1952 and would later appear in almost 100 of movies and television programs, her movie include; *The Fat Spy*, *The Boneyard*, *Happily Ever After*, *Silence of the Hams*, and in ''A Bug's Life*. Her television programs appearances also include; *Alice Through the Looking Glass*, *The Pruitts of Southampton* aka *The Phyllis Diller Show*, *The Muppet Show*, *Hey Arnold!*, *The Powerpuff Girls'' and as Peter Griffin's mother in *Family Guy*.

## Personal life
Diller married Sherwood Anderson Diller from 1939 to 1965. Second and thirdly, she married Warde Donovan from 1965 to 1966, and again they married until they divorced again in 1974. She had a partner Robert P. Hastings from 1985 until his death in 1996. She had six children with her first husband.

### Death
Diller died of heart failure in Los Angeles, California on August 20, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Collide with the Sky

***Collide with the Sky*** is the third album by San Diego experimental rock group Pierce the Veil. It was released on July 27, 2012 under Fearless Records in the United States. The album's lead single "King for A Day" was released on June 5, 2012 for digital download and contemporary radio. The single features Sleeping With Sirens singer Kellin Quinn. The second single titled "Bulls in the Bronx" was released on June 25, 2012 for digital download. The band supported the album throughout the 2012 Van's Warped Tour in the summer.

## Track listing
# "May These Noises Startle You In Your Sleep"
# "Hell Above"
# "A Match Into Water"
# "King For A Day" (featuring Kellin Quinn of Sleeping with Sirens)
# "Bulls In The Bronx"
# "Props & Mayhem"
# "Tangled In The Great Escape" (featuring Jason Butler of Letlive.)
# "I'm Low On Gas and You Need A Jacket"
# "The First Punch"
# "One Hundred Sleepless Nights"
# "Stained Glass Eyes and Colorful Tears"
# "Hold On Till May" (featuring Oh No, Fiasco)

## Album artwork
According to Vic Fuentes, "the theme to the album artwork is 'jumping off of the ground that is breaking beneath you'. The idea is to inspire hope amongst the chaos that may be happening around you. If the ground was breaking beneath your feet, your first reaction may be to run and jump to safety, and it's that moment where you are suspended in the air that I am focusing on. A still frame where you're not sure if the person is falling or flying. It's about freeing yourself from the things that are breaking or falling apart in your life, and inspiring a sense of hope from the desperation".

## Reception
The album has been received rather well by critics. Alternative Press rated the album 4/5 stars saying "Collide with the Sky is PTV's best work to date". They praised the album for the power pop hooks on "Props & Mayhem", saying that you should download "Tangled in the Great Escape". AbsolutePunk commented that the album is "sure to continue Pierce the Veil's steady ascent to the top of their league", concluding that "[it] proves Pierce the Veil are seemingly still one step ahead of everyone else when it comes to concocting energetic slices of post-hardcore and that they won’t be dropping the ball any time soon."

## Personnel
### Pierce the Veil
* Vic Fuentes - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano
* Mike Fuentes - drums, percussion, backing vocals
* Jaime Preciado - bass guitar, unclean vocals
* Tony Perry - lead guitar

## Release history
The album was released in the United Kingdom on July 16, 2012. It was released in the United States on July 17, 2012 with the release of the bonus track "Hold On Till May", the acoustic version.
Sherman Hemsley

**Sherman Alexander Hemsley** (February 1, 1938 &ndash; July 24, 2012) was an American actor, singer and comedian.

## Early life
Hemsley was born on February 1, 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to and was raised in South Philadelphia by his mother, who was a factory worker. He left school to join the Air Force, where he served in for four years. Later he returned to Philadelphia where he worked in a post office during the day and at night he went to acting classes. Later he moved to New York still working for the post office during the day and at night he went to acting classes.

## Career
Hemsley's career began when he starred in a 1970 Broadway play in *Purlie* as Gitlow. Hemsley's television career began in 1970 in the television series *All in the Family*. And his first movie was in the 1979 movie *Love at First Bite*. Hemsley is mostly known as for his role as George Jefferson on the CBS in television series *The Jeffersons*, and as Deacon Ernest Frye on the NBC series *Amen*. He also played Earl Sinclair's horrifying boss, and a Triceratops in Jim Henson's ABC sitcom *Dinosaurs*.

## Personal life and death
Hemsley was a smoker and never married. Hemsley lived in El Paso, Texas and died there after he was found in his home on July 24, 2012. The cause of his death was a lung tumor caused by Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, aged 74. Hemsley was cremated.

## Filmography
* *Love at First Bite* (1979)
* *Stewardess School* (1986)
* *Ghost Fever* (1987)
* *Club Fed* (1990)
* *Mr. Nanny* (1993)
* *Home of Angels* (1994)
* *The Misery Brothers* (1995)
* *Sprung* (1997)
* *Senseless* (1998)
* ''Jane Austen's Mafia!* (1998)
* *Up, Up, and Away* (2000)
* *Screwed* (2000)
* *For the Love of a Dog* (2007)
* *Hanging in Hedo* (2008)
* *American Pie Presents: The Book of Love'' (2009)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Frontiers of the Roman Empire

**Frontiers of the Roman Empire** is a World Heritage Site. The site includes three walls in different parts of Europe. They were part of the frontiers of the Roman Empire.
*Hadrian's Wall
*Antonine Wall
*Limes Germanicus

## Limes 
**Limes** (plural: 'Limites') is the Latin name of walls at the border of the Roman empire. There were many such fortifications.

The Latin word has a number of meanings, but the most common one is border.

The term *limes* was used by Roman writers to describe paths, walls, boundary stones, rivers marking a boundary,
* *Limites Britannicus*  Hadrian's Wall; Antonine Wall
* *Limes Germanicus*  Upper Germanic & Rhaetian *Limes*

## Gallery

Image:Limes01.jpg|Reconstructed Limes
Image:Ostkastell Welzheim.jpg|A fortification on the Limes
Image:Holzwachturm am rätischen Limes (Rekonstruktion) - Wp12 77.jpg|Reconstructed wooden watchtower
Image:Limes in Britain, 122.gif|Hadrian's Wall

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* *Verein Deutsche Limes-Straße*  
* *Römische Militärbauten und -anlagen*  
* Frontiers of the Roman Empire : UNESCO Official Website
Phil Harris

**Wonga Philip Harris** (June 24, 1904 – August 11, 1995) was an American actor and comedian. As a voice actor he voiced: Baloo in *The Jungle Book*, Thomas O'Malley the Alley Cat in *The Aristocats*, Little John in *Robin Hood* and Patou in *Rock-a-Doodle*. In 1995, he had a heart attack and later died in Rancho Mirage, California at age 91.
Frank Ocean

**Christopher Francis Ocean** (born **Christopher Edwin Breaux**; October 28, 1987) known professionally as **Frank Ocean,** is an American singer, songwriter, and rapper. He was born in Long Beach, California and moved to New Orleans, Louisiana when he was five. Ocean made an early career as a ghostwriter for artists such as, Brandy, Justin Bieber, Beyonce, and John Legend. In 2010, he became a member of Odd Future.  His first mixtape, *Nostalgia, Ultra*, was released in 2011. 

In 2012, BBC said that Ocean finished second place in its Sound of 2012 poll. Ocean appeared at Coachella.  He was scheduled for Lollapalooza at the end of his 2012 summer tour. His first studio album, *channel ORANGE*, was a digital download only on iTunes for one week.  Then it was a full release on July 17, 2012. It was nominated for six Grammy Awards.

Ocean won the 2013 Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist.

In August 2016, Ocean released his second studio album, *Blonde*.

## Personal life 
Ocean was one of the first major hip-hop/R&B artists to say that he had a same-sex relationship.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *Channel Orange* (2012)
* *Endless* (2016)
* *Blonde* (2016)

### Awards and nominations
## Notes
## References
Chad Everett

(right) in 1975]]
**Raymon Lee Cramton** or **Chad Everett** (June 11, 1937 &ndash; July 24, 2012) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Dr. Joe Gannon in the television drama *Medical Center*.

## Early life
Everett was born **Raymon Lee Cramton** on June 11, 1937 in South Bend, Indiana, to Virdeen (née Hopper) and Harry Clyde "Ted" Everett. He was raised in Dearborn, Michigan. Everett was educated at Fordson High School and at Wayne State University.

## Career
Everett has appeared in shows including *Cold Case*, *Medical Center*, *Supernatural*, *Malibu*, and movies including: *Aiplane II: The Sequel*, *The Firechasers*, *Made in Paris*, and *The Impossible Years*.

## Personal life and death
Everett was married to actress Shelby Grant from 1966 until her death in 2011. Everett had 2 children. Everett died of lung cancer on July 24, 2012 in Los Angeles, California, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Luca Signorelli

]]
]]

**Luca Signorelli** (probably born in 1441 or 1445, died 16 October 1523 in Corona, Italy) was an Italian painter. He was also called '''Luca d'Egidio di Ventura** and **Luca da Cortona'*. He is one of the most important painters of the Renaissance in Italy. He was good at painting perspective. One of the techniques he used is called *foreshortening* - with it a distance appears shorter than it actually is, because the object painted is shown at an angle. From 1499 to 1503, he painted a series of frescoes in Orvieto Cathedral, called *the Last Judgement''. This is what he is remembered for most.
Gangster Squad

***Gangster Squad*** is a 2013 movie about the Mafia. It stars Emma Stone and Nick Nolte. This crime picture was to have been released in September, 2012.  After the 2012 Aurora shooting certain scenes had to be removed and this caused a delay. The movie has been released January 11, 2013 by Warner Bros.

## Other websites
*Roger Ebert Website review in Chicago Sun-Times
Dabry's sturgeon

'''Dabry's sturgeon**, also known as the **Yangtze sturgeon'* (*Acipenser dabryanus''), is a member of the family Acipenseridae and the order Acipenseriformes.

The fish is thought to have lived at the same time as dinosaurs.  It may have lived as long as 140&nbsp;million years ago. Because of that, it is sometimes called a living fossil. It is an animal carefully protected by the Chinese government.  It is named a "national treasure" much like the Giant Panda.

The fish can be between  in body length.  It can weigh  on average. A grown-up sturgeon measures up to  long, and weighs over .  This makes it the third biggest only to the White sturgeon and Atlantic sturgeon. 

Sturgeon are anadromous.  This means they spawn in fresh water and migrate to salt water to mature. 

It lives on the main streams of the Yangtze River and coastal regions of Qiantang River, Minjiang River and Pearl River. 

## References
## Other websites
* Fishbase
CGI

**CGI** is an abbreviation, that can stand for:
*Computer-generated imagery - using computer graphics in movies 
*Common Gateway Interface - a technology used on web servers