open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Port Talbot

**Port Talbot** is a town and community in the principal area of Neath Port Talbot, Wales. It is located 7 miles (11 km) to the east of Swansea across the Swansea Bay.

In 2011, the town had a population of 37,276.

The town is best known for Port Talbot Steelworks, one of the biggest steelworks in the world. However, for many years, the steelworks has been under threat of closure.

Arguably Port Talbot's most famous son is actor, director and film producer Sir Anthony Hopkins, who was born in the Margam suburb of the town.

## Gallery

File:Port-Talbot-Steelworks-part.jpg|Port Talbot Steelworks
File:Port_Talbot_&_the_M4_Corridor_-_geograph-3685831-by-Kevin-Corcoran_(1).jpg|The elevated section of the M4 above Port Talbot and the steelworks in the distance
File:Margamabbey-wyrdlight-7458.jpg|Margam Abbey
PSR B1257+12 B

**PSR B1257+12 B** is an extrasolar planet in the constellation of Virgo. It is around 980 light years away from Earth. It was the first planet ever discovered outside of the Solar System.

## References
## Other websites
* extrasolarplanet.net data 
* Pulsar Planets
Metropolis (comics)

'' (2025).]]
**Metropolis** is a fictional city appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is where Superman lives. The city is based on New York City, Chicago and Toronto. It became Superman's home in 1939. Within the DC Universe, Metropolis is one of the largest and richest cities on Earth. It has a population of nearly 11 million people.

## In other media 
The city has appeared in different forms of media, including television shows, movies, video games, and more.  

## References
It's My Party

'''''It's My Party''''' is a romance and drama movie. It was released March 1996. The story is about a two-day-long party given by Nick Stark, a man with AIDS. Instead of dying slowly, he decides to kill himself using Seconal. Eric Roberts plays Nick, Marlee Matlin plays Daphne, Margaret Cho plays Charlene Lee, Sally Kellerman plays Sara, Olivia Newton-John plays Lina.

The movie had mixed to positive reviews. Its running time was 110 minutes.
Daily Planet

The ***Daily Planet*** is a fictional newspaper in the universe of DC Comics. Superman's alter-ego Clark Kent works here with Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen and Perry White.

The *Daily Planet* office building has a large globe on its roof. Jerry Siegel said that the design of the building was based on the Old Toronto Star Building. Future appearances of the building were soon inspired by the Chicago Board of Trade Building and the Empire State Building.

## In other media 
The newspaper has been adapted to different forms of media, including movies, television series, and video games as well.
Cutthroat Kitchen

***Cutthroat Kitchen*** is an American reality cooking television show that airs on Food Network from August 11, 2013 to July 19, 2017. It is hosted by Alton Brown.

## Format
Four chefs are given three cooking challenges. Each challenge has a type of dish that the chefs have to make in 30 minutes. Before then, the chefs have one minute to get ingredients out of a pantry. After 30 minutes, a judge tastes each dish, and the chef with the worst dish is eliminated.

At the start of the game, the chefs are each given $25,000. In the first two challenges, Brown shows items that are put up to auction for the chefs to buy using their money. The chefs can use these items on other chefs to change their ingredients, what cooking tools they can use, and other things. For example, an item may force a chef to cook using canned ingredients instead of fresh ones. The chef who is eliminated has to give back the money that they have. In the last challenge, no items are shown at first, but during the first minutes of the challenge, Brown will put items up for auction. This makes it so the person who gets the item has to change their dish based on what the item does. The chef that wins keeps the money that they have left.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
*
Simon Blackburn

**Simon Blackburn** (born 12 July 1944) is a British philosopher. He went to Clifton College. He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge.  He is also a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He wrote *The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy*.

## References
Florrie

**Florence Arnold** (or **Florrie**; born 28 December 1988) is a British singer-songwriter and a model. She began singing around 2008. Her debut EP record, *Introduction*, came out in 2010. She has released two albums since then, in 2011 and 2012.

Florrie was born in Bristol, England.

## Reference
It's My Party (song)

"'''It's My Party'''" is a song by Lesley Gore from 1963. The song is about a teenage girl during a party on her birthday. Her boyfriend, Johnny, goes missing during the party. He comes back with another girl, Judy, who is wearing his ring. The girl Johnny left becomes so unhappy that she cries.

The song was written in 1962. The single peaked near #1 for the pop and rhythm and blues musical charts. Other musicians have recorded the song.
Jura, Scotland

**Jura**  is an island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, just north-east of Islay. Compared with its fertile and more populous neighbour, Jura is mountainous, bare and infertile. It is covered largely by vast areas of blanket bog,  hence its small population. In a list of the islands of Scotland ranked by size, Jura comes eighth, whereas ranked by population it comes thirty-first. It is in the council area of Argyll and Bute.

## References
Rob Gonsalves

**Robert "Rob" Gonsalves** (July 10, 1959 – June 14, 2017) is a Canadian painter of magic and surreal events.

## Recognition
Gonsalves's art was not recognized until several years after he started, in the Toronto Outdoor Art Exhibit. He was given a small spot there to show off his most recent art. During the exhibit, he received a large amount of encouragement.

## Distribution
Gonsalves currently sells his latest work at exhibits and multiple websites. His most visited exhibits include the Art Expo in New York and Los Angeles, Decor Atlanta and Las Vegas, Fine Art Forum, as well as one-man shows at Discovery Galleries, Ltd., Marcus Ashley Gallery, and the Hudson River Art Gallery.

## Books
In June 2003, Simon & Schuster produced Gonsalves's first book, *Imagine a Night*. A second book, *Imagine a Day*, was produced in 2004. That book received the 2005 Governor General's Award. In 2008, Gonsalves produced another book, *Imagine a Place*.

## References
## Other websites
*Huckleberry Fine Art Gallery 
*The Magic Realism of Rob Gonsalves
Sasheer Zamata

**Sasheer Zamata Moore** (; born May 6, 1986) is an American actress and comedienne. In 2014, she started appearing on *Saturday Night Live*. She was the first black woman on the show since 2007. 

Zamamta was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana.  She lives in New York City.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Sasheer Zamata on Twitter
Krip Hop

**Krip-Hop** is a movement that draws attention to hip-hop artists with disabilities. Leroy Moore's Krip Hop Nation has released two mix tape CDs. The 'Krip' in Krip Hop is short for 'cripple'. The word is used by some disabled people to describe themselves. Moore chose to change the 'c' in 'crip' to a 'k' because there is a gang called the Crips. Krip Hop Nation performed at the Happening Weekend at DaDaFest 2010.

## Musicians
Krip-Hop musicians include Miss Money and Kalyn Heffernan. Heffernan has brittle bone disease. She is the frontwoman of a group called Wheelchair Sports Camp. 

## References
Lupita Nyong'o

'''Lupita Nyong'o'* (born 1983) is a Kenyan-Mexican actress, model and filmmaker. The first American movie she acted in was *12 Years a Slave*. Nyong’o won several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in *12 Years a Slave''. The family moved back in 1987 but they were still harassed by Daniel arap Moi's government, which was supported by the United States and United Kingdom. 

Nyong'o was raised mostly in Kenya, but returned to Mexico as a teenager and attended university in the United States. After graduating, she played a role in the 2009 Nigerian television show *Shuga*. She went back to school and got a Master's degree from Yale's School of Drama in 2012. 

In 2014, Nyong’o won several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in *12 Years a Slave*. She said her acting in *12 Years a Slave* was inspired by Michael Jackson and Whoopi Goldberg. Nyong'o was nominated for the British Film Academy’s Rising Star Award and on the cover of *Dazed & Confused* and *W* magazine's February 2014 issues. She was named the most beautiful in the world by PEOPLE magazine in April 2014.

Nyong'o continued to act in major Hollywood movies including *Star Wars: The Force Awakens* (2015), *The Jungle Book* (2016), *Black Panther*, and *Us*. As well as acting, in 2019 and 2020 she wrote a children's book, *Sulwe*, which was released in English, Swahili, and Luo.

She also won a Daytime Emmy Award for an episode in “Bookmarks: Celebrating Black Voices,” in which she read from her children’s book *Sulwe*. 

## References
Bryan Loren

**Bryan Loren Hudson** (May 5, 1966 – January 2026), also nicknamed **The Wiz**, was an American singer-songwriter and record producer.

Loren started writing music when he was 12 years old. In 1984 Loren's first album, *Bryan Loren*, was released. "Lollipop Luv" was released as a single from it. It reached number 23 in the R&B chart. In 1992 he released his second album, *Music From The New World*. He was a member of Fat Larry's Band.  He wrote "Feels so Good" for Whitney Houston.

## Work with Michael Jackson
Loren wrote the number one single "Do the Bartman" with Michael Jackson. He made a song with Jackson called "Satisfy You" in 1990, but it was never released. He wrote "Superfly Sister" with Michael Jackson. It was on Jackson's 1997 album *Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix*.
Loren's death on January 28, 2026, was confirmed by Shana Mangatal, a close friend, and Loren's brother, Geno.
## References
Pedro Richter Prada

**Pedro Richter Prada** (January 4, 1921 &ndash; July 14, 2017) was a Peruvian politician. Prada was the Prime Minister of Peru from 31 January 1979 to 28 July 1980. On December 28, 2007, the Italian government arrested Prada for the disappearance of 25 Italian citizens in the 1970s.

In February 2015 a trial started in Italy related to Operation Condor, there were indictments against 32 people, including Richter Prada. He was charged with aggravated murder.

Prada died in Lima, Peru on July 14, 2017 at the age of 96.

## References
Another Brick in the Wall

"**Another Brick in the Wall**" is a rock and roll song by Pink Floyd. It is divided into three parts. It was released on their album *The Wall* in 1979. Part 1 is a song about the sadness of a child (later to become a rockstar). Part 2 continues from "The Happiest Days of Our Lives". It is a rock opera protest song against the cruelty of teachers in Britain. Part 3 is the loudest and shortest part of *Another Brick in the Wall*. It is about the rockstar's anger and the completion of his "Metaphorical Wall". It cross-fades to "Goodbye Cruel World". In 2004, Korn made a studio version of "Another Brick in the Wall". The Pink Floyd version reached 57 on the disco chart.

The tunes of all three parts are exactly the same, but one part will be louder than the previous part. It starts off with the tragedy of Part 1 to the protesting of Part 2 to the fury of Part 3.
Numerical integration

]]
**Numerical integration** is the term used for a number of methods to find an approximation for an integral. Numerical integration has also been called **quadrature**. Very often, it is not possible to solve integration analytically, for example when the data consists of a number of distinct measurements, or when the antiderivative is not known, and it is difficult, impractical or impossible to find it. In such cases, the integral can be written as a mathematical function defined over the interval in question, plus a function giving the error. 

One way to find a numerical integral is using interpolation. Very often these interpolating functions are polynomials.

Various formulas have been studied for many years and become famous.  For example, there is the Gaussian quadrature (named after Gauss), the Newton-Cotes formula (named after Isaac Newton), and the Euler-Maclaurin formula (named after Leonhard Euler).

## Numerical errors 
Numerical errors can occur in any kind of numerical computation including numerical integration. Errors in numerical integration are considered in another area called "validated numerics".

## People who studied about numerical integration
* Masaaki Sugihara
* Masao Iri
* Masatake Mori

## References 
## Numerical integration software
* MATLAB, INTLAB
** GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
* Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research
The 20/20 Experience

***The 20/20 Experience*** (also known as The 20/20 Experience – 1 of 2) is the third studio album by Justin Timberlake. It was released on March 15, 2013, by RCA Records Three singles were released from the album. It was the best selling album of 2013 in the US.

## References
Division of Richmond

The **Division of Richmond** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up for the first Australian federal election in 1901.  It is  named after its local area, the Richmond Valley and Richmond River. These were named for Charles, the fifth Duke of Richmond.
 
Richmond is in the north-east corner of NSW, next to the Queensland border. The main towns are Bangalow, Brunswick Heads, Byron Bay, Kingscliff, Lennox Head, Mullumbimby, Murwillumbah, Nimbin, Ocean Shores, Pottsville, Suffolk Park and Tweed Heads. 

## Members
Richmond was held for 55 years by three generations of the Anthony family -- Hubert Lawrence Anthony (a minister in the Fadden and Menzies governments), Doug Anthony (leader of the National Party from 1971 to 1984 and Deputy Prime Minister in the Gorton, McMahon and Fraser governments) and Larry Anthony (a minister in the Howard government) -- the first three-generation dynasty in the Australian House of Representatives. Charles Blunt was the leader of the Nationals and one of only three major party leaders to lose their own seat in an election. 

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Richmond – Australian Electoral Commission
Euromaidan

**Euromaidan** () was a popular movement in Ukraine between autumn 2013 and spring 2014. It began on the night of 21 November 2013 with protests demanding that Ukraine become part of the European Union.  On 30 November 2013 riot police attacked protestors, violently putting a stop to the protests.  The protesters then demanded the resignation of President Viktor Yanukovych.  Many people were killed in the riots.

Many people in Ukraine, particularly in the western part of the country, wanted to be part of the European Union. But President Yanukovych wanted to maintain close relationships with Russia.  This angered pro-EU civilians.  They started Euromaidan.  On 30 November, the police intervened, sometimes violently.  As a result, more people came out to protest.  Many people blocked the streets with their cars in a protest called *Automaidan*.

The President fled in February 2014 but protests continued.  In March 2014 the Russian Federation captured Crimea which angered many other nations.  Some people feared this might lead to a global war. 

## Riots/revolution 
As the riots continued, the protesters were attacked.  Hundreds were killed or injured.  Ukrainians got the freedom they wanted and a new government, although they have not yet entered into the European Union.  Meanwhile, Ukraine lost Crimea to Russia.

Russia did not like that the Ukrainian government was overthrown as the new more nationalist and anti-Russian government did not favor them. Some of the people in the east, in the Donbas, preferred the old President, and declared independence and wanted to join Russia. Many people in Ukraine, particularly in the east, suffered in fighting.

## Related pages 
* Orange Revolution
* *The Long Breakup*, award-winning documentary about Ukraine after the end of the Soviet Union 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Euromaidan on Facebook
Michael Jackson's Ghosts

'''''Michael Jackson's Ghosts'''* is a 52-minute short movie starring Michael Jackson. It was written by Stephen King and Mick Garris. Stan Winston directed it. Jackson plays three roles in it. There are four songs in the movie. These are "Ghosts", "2 Bad", and "Is It Scary". Mos Def plays Seth in the movie. *Ghosts'' was shown at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.

The movie tells the story of a scary maestro who is being invited to a party by its mayor at his mansion. The mayor looks like Thomas W. Sneddon, the main prosecutor in Jackson's child sexual abuse case twenty-three years before the movie will be made. Jackson will play both the maestro and the mayor.
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland

***The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland*** is a 1999 American children's film that was directed by Gary Halvorson. It made $11,683,047. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Jim Henson Pictures and Children's Television Workshop, the film was released on October 1, 1999. The movie's soundtrack was released by Michael Jackson's record label MJJ Music.

## Plot
?

## Cast
* Mandy Patinkin as Huxley
* Vanessa L. Williams as the Queen of Trash

### Humans of Sesame Street
* Alison Bartlett-O'Reilly as Gina
* Ruth Buzzi as Ruthie
* Emilio Delgado as Luis
* Loretta Long as Susan
* Sonia Manzano as Maria
* Bob McGrath as Bob
* Roscoe Orman as Gordon

### Muppet performers
* Kevin Clash as Elmo, Pestie, Grouch Jailer, Grouch Taxicab Driver
* Fran Brill as Zoe, Pestie, Prairie Dawn
* Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Grizzy, Pestie
* Dave Goelz as Humongous Chicken
* Steve Whitmire as Ernie, Stuckweed, Sharon Groan, Football Stenchman, Bad Humor Man, Parrot
* Frank Oz as Bert, Grover, Cookie Monster
* Jerry Nelson as Count von Count, Pestie, Grouch Mayor, Grouch Police Officer, Voice of Mr. Johnson
* Caroll Spinney as Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch
* Martin P. Robinson as Laundromat Manager, Pestie, Telly Monster
* Matt Vogel as Big Bird (puppetry in some scenes)
* David Rudman as Baby Bear, Alarm Clock Bird, Fat Blue Anything Muppet, Caterpillar, Pestie, Collander Stenchman, Grouch Ice Cream Customer, Puppeteer of Mr. Johnson, Various Grouches
* Joey Mazzarino as Bug
* Carmen Osbahr as Rosita
Issa Rae

**Issa Rae** is an American actress, model, businesswoman, director, producer and writer. In 2011 she started a YouTube comedy series called *Awkward Black Girl*. In 2013 it won the Shorty Award for Best Web Show. Forbes put her in their 30 Under 30 list in 2013 and 2014. She also owns a series of businesses including restaurants.

## Early life and career
Rae was born Jo-Issa Diop.
In the third grade, Rae entered a program for gifted and talented students. She went to Stanford University.

## References
Harry Benjamin

**Harry Benjamin** (January 12, 1885 – August 24, 1986) was an American sexologist and endocrinology. A book he wrote about transsexualism called *The Transsexual Phenomenon* was published in 1966. He died when he was 101. He made the Sex Orientation Scale. It is also known as the Benjamin scale.

## Early life
Benjamin was born in Berlin. He was raised in an Ashkenazi Jewish home.

## Personal life
Benjamin was married to a woman called Gretchen.

## References
Barkhad Abdi

**Barkhad Abdi** (born 10 April 1985) is an actor from Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was born in Somalia. He has a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. He also has an Oscar nomination for his role in the movie *Captain Phillips*.

## References
Streptomyces

***Streptomyces*** is the largest genus of Actinobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria. *Streptomyces* is often found in soil and is very much similar to fungi by its shape. They form long thin threads called hyphae that can differentiate into a chain of spores for reproduction. Almost all of the bioactive compounds produced by *Streptomyces* are made while the hyphae are forming from the substrate mycelium.

## Use in medicine and science 
Streptomyces are medically important, as they produce antifungals, antiparasitic drugs, antivirals, antitumorals, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressants and antibiotics. Different species of streptomyces are used to produce different antibiotics. Over 500 species of *Streptomyces* bacteria have been described. For example, widely studied *S. griseus* was the first to be used in production of an antibiotic streptomycin, while *S. avermitilis* as a source of avermictin. Another well-studied species, *S coelicolor*, is widely used in genetic studies due to its relative ease of handling and distinct morphological stages. Overall, Streptomyces produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin, such as tetracycline, neomycin and chloramphenicol.

## Antibiotic mechanism 
Antibiotics target essential proteins for pathogens’ growth and survival, inhibiting essential functions. For example, streptomycin, which is made from *S. griseus,* irreversibly binds to bacterial genetic material and causes errors in the production of new proteins, which leads to cell death. It can be used for treating severe infections, such as tuberculosis and plague. Another example is avermectin, made from *S. avermitili.* It causes invertebrate paralysis (inability to make and pass nerve impulses), which is used as a drug and pesticide against parasitic worms and insects. Avermectin enhances glutamate (neurotransmitter) at the glutamate-gated chloride channels that mammals don’t possess. It causes the excess of chloride ions inside the cell (hyperpolarisation), so the action potential cannot be further induced, ultimately leading to paralysis.

## Antibiotic resistance 
Genetic changes in bacteria might result in antibiotic resistance. They might be acquired through spontaneous mutations (vertical gene transfer) or through other bacteria passing their genes (horizontal gene transfer). Self-medications or improper medication use can result in the emergence of resistant bacteria. It is difficult to obtain new antibiotics, that is why researchers seek to improve existing ones, as well as working to discover new drugs.

## References
Rosie the Riveter

into an airplane in 1943. Rosie the Riveter was an icon for women who worked during World War II.]]
**Rosie the Riveter** is a cultural icon in the United States. She was an icon of women that worked in factories and shipyards during World War II. She was in a World War II poster titled "We Can Do It!". She is often used as a symbol of feminism in this image. Pictures of working women were used many times during World War II. The US government wanted women to work during the war. In 1944 a movie called *Rosie the Riveter* was released. 

Rosie the Riveter became associated with a real woman called Naomi Parker, who inspired the icon. Rosie the Riveter was named after Rosalind P. Walter.

In 1997, the Rosie the Riveter Memorial Committee was started.

## References
Carbapenem

**Carbapenems** are a class of antibiotics which act against a wide range of bacteria. Their structure is difficult for bacterial enzymes to break down. They were originally developed from a product of *Streptomyces cattleya*.

Carbapenems are one of the "antibiotics of last resort" for many bacterial infections, such as *Escherichia coli* (*E. coli*) and *Klebsiella pneumoniae*.

Recently, alarm has been raised about an "Indian superbug". This is a strain resistant to Carapenems, which was discovered in Delhi. This strain produces an enzyme which chops up the antibiotic molecule.

At present there are no new antibiotics in development to replace carbapenems. However, some older antibiotics may treat bacteria that are resistant to carbapenems.

## References
10 Things I Hate About You

***10 Things I Hate About You*** is a 1999 American teen movie. It is directed by Gil Junger. It was the first movie he directed. The movie is a modern version of William Shakespeare's play *The Taming of the Shrew*. The main character is Katarina "Kat" Stratford. She is played by Julia Stiles. Heath Ledger plays her love interest Patrick Verona. Kat is a feminist. Her sister Bianca is trying to find Kat a boyfriend. She decides that Patrick would suit Kat because he is also an outcast. The Scholastic Corporation published a novel of the story in June 1999. It was written by David Levithan.
The Net

***The Net*** is a 1995 American melodramatic thriller movie. It was released on July 28, 1995. The story is about a computer systems analyst, Angela Bennett, who becomes a victim of identity theft. She is also framed for murder. Sandra Bullock plays Angela Bennett.

Reviews for *The Net* were very mixed. The movie, however, made over US$110 million worldwide. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars.

## References
Robyn Lawley

**Robyn Lawley** (born 13 June 1989) is an Australian plus-size model and fashion designer. Robyn was born in Girraween, New South Wales. She started modelling when she was sixteen years old. She was on the covers of French Elle and Vogue Italia.    She was the first model for Mango's plus-size line, Violeta by Mango. She designed a swimwear line. 

## References
Iran–Contra affair

(left), Reagan (center), and Edmund Muskie (right) talking about the affair, 1987]]

The **Iran-Contra affair** was a scandal that happened from August 1985 to March 1987. It happened under President Ronald Reagan's administration. The scandal involved the United States government selling weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages held by Hezbollah and money. The money was secretly given to the Nicaraguan Contras. This was illegal, because Congress banned giving money to the Contras before the deals with Iran and the Contras happened. When 1,500 missiles were shipped three hostages were released but those three hostages were soon replaced with three more hostages. Secretary of State George Shultz called it “a hostage Bazaar”.

Oliver North was tried in court for the affair because he took the blame instead of Reagan. The court found North to be not guilty.

On March 4, 1987, Reagan himself apologized to the American people and said it was all his fault. George H. W. Bush later pardoned anyone who was involved in the affair.

While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause, the evidence is unclear as to whether he knew about the scandal.

On November 25, 1986, President Reagan announced the creation of a Special Review Board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former Senator John Tower, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft to serve as members. This commission was called the Tower Commission. Towards the end, the committee said that there was no evidence to say that Reagan had anything to do with the affair.

## References
## Other websites
*Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs, a comprehensive website
Maureen Reagan

**Maureen Elizabeth Reagan** (January 4, 1941 &ndash; August 8, 2001) was an American television and movie actress. She was the first child of Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman. Her brother was Michael Reagan (adopted). She also had a sister, Christine, who died shortly after birth. She also has a brother and sister from her father's second marriage, to Nancy Davis: Patti Davis and Ron Reagan.

Maureen Reagan died from melanoma in Granite Bay, California. She was aged 60.

## References
Patti Davis

**Patti Davis** (born October 21, 1952) is an American actress, model and author.

David was born at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, She is youngest daughter of late U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Reagan's second wife, Nancy Reagan.

Davis In 2013, she published a book called *Till Human Voices Wake Us*.

## References
Michael Reagan

**Michael Edward Reagan** (born **John Flaugher**; March 18, 1945 &ndash; January 4, 2026) was an American radio show host. He was the adopted son of Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman. He hosted the radio show *The Michael Reagan Talk Show*.

## Early life and career 
He was born at Queen of Angels - Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles, California to Irene Flaugher. 

He studied at Loyola High School and Judson School,  and Arizona State University and Los Angeles Valley College. He had small roles in movies and television shows, including *Falcon Crest* which starred his mother, Jane Wyman. 

In 1971 Reagan married Pamela Gail Putnam (born 1952). She is the daughter of Duane Putnam, who was then the Atlanta Falcons football line coach. The couple divorced in 1972.

In 1975, Reagan remarried to Colleen Sterns. They had two children.

Reagan died in Los Angeles from cancer on January 4, 2026 at the age of 80.

## References
Ron Reagan

**Ronald Prescott "Ron" Reagan** (born May 20, 1958) is an American political commentator. He presents his commentary on the radio. He currently works for MSNBC as a political analyst.

Reagan was born at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, He is youngest son of Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan, He had one sister Patti Davis.

Reagan is a Democrat and an atheist despite being the son of Republican President Ronald Reagan. His mother was Nancy Reagan. He is often incorrectly called Ronald Reagan Jr. or Ronald Reagan II. In 2011 he wrote a book on his father called *My Father at 100*.

## References
Prince of Conti

The title of **Prince of Conti** was an old title at the old French court. The prince held the prestigious rank of *Prince of the blood* at the court and was also entitled to the style of **Serene Highness**. The eldest son of the prince usually used the title of *Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon* and at other times used the title *Count of La Marche*

## Marquess and Princes of Conti
* 1558-1614: marquis, from 1581 onwards 1st prince François, Prince of Conti.

*At his death, the title was not passed on, because of the lack of direct descendants.  The title was bestowed in 1629 upon:*

* 1629-1666 : 2nd prince Armand 
* 1666-1685 : 3rd prince Louis Armand 
* 1685-1709 : 4th prince François Louis called *Le Grand Conti*.
* 1709-1727 : 5th prince Louis Armand 
* 1727-1776 : 6th prince Louis François
* 1776-1814 : 7th prince Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti

*At his death, the title was not passed on, because of the lack of legitimate descendants.*
Eureka College

**Eureka College** is a Christian liberal arts college in the United States. It is in Eureka, Illinois. It was established in 1855. Abraham Lincoln once spoke on the campus of the college in 1856. Ronald Reagan graduated from the college in 1932. In 2010, Eureka College was made a national historic district by the National Park Service.

## References
Edwin Reinecke

**Edwin** "**Ed**" **Reinecke** (January 7, 1924 &ndash; December 24, 2016) was an American politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives. He also served under Ronald Reagan as the 39th Lieutenant Governor of California from 1969 to 1974.

Reinecke was born on January 7, 1924 in Medford, Oregon. He died on December 24, 2016 in Laguna Hills, California of natural causes, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*Congressional biography
*Video: Reinecke discusses drug trafficking
Howard Keel

**Howard Clifford Keel** (April 13, 1919 – November 7, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He was born in 1919. He starred in many movies, including *Man of La Mancha* and *Kiss Me, Kate*. He died of colon cancer in 2004.

## Other websites
*
Pat Brown

**Edmund Gerald** "**Pat**" **Brown, Sr.** (April 21, 1905 – February 16, 1996) was an American politician. Brown served as the 32nd Governor of California from 1959 to 1967. He is the father of the 34th and 39th Governor of California, Jerry Brown. He was succeeded by Ronald Reagan as Governor, but Reagan was soon succeeded by Brown's son Jerry. Brown ran for President of the United States three times; in 1976, 1980 and in 1992.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Biography and portrait from State of California 
*California State of Mind: The Legacy of Pat Brown
*Brown family of California at The Political Graveyard 
*Shows off his custom license plate https://books.google.com/books?id=7FQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA99
* Find a grave Edmund Brown
George Chandler

**George Chandler** (June 30, 1898 – June 10, 1985) was an American actor. He starred in many movies, including *The Fatal Glass of Bear* and in *Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?*. He also starred in the 1954 television series *Lassie*.

Chandler was born in Waukegan, Illinois. He served in the United States Army during World War II. In his early career, he was a vaudeville performer.

Chandler's first movie appearance was in 1928. In 1960, Chandler was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild.

## References
## Other websites
*
Century City

**Century City** is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, in the United States. It is west of downtown and next to Beverly Hills. About 5,900 people live here.

## References
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer

**Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar** (, born 1958) is an Iraqi politician. He was the Vice President of Iraq from 2005 to 2006. He then served as President of Iraq from 2004 to 2005.

## References
Lesley Stahl

**Lesley Rene Stahl** She was raised in Swampscott, Massachusetts.

## References
## Other websites
*CBS biography
*
*NNDb entry for Lesley Stahl
*Lesley Stahl  at wowOwow
Flag of Ecuador

The national flag of Ecuador was created in September 1860.

## Appearance 
It has three horizontal bands in light yellow, blue and red. In the center it features an eagle over the Seal of Ecuador.
Edith Windsor

**Edith "Edie" Windsor**  (née **Schlain**; June 20, 1929 – September 12, 2017) was an American lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights activist and a former technology manager at IBM.

Windsor was the lead plaintiff in the Supreme Court of the United States case *United States v. Windsor*, which successfully overturned Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act and was considered a landmark legal victory for the same-sex marriage movement in the United States.

Windsor died in Manhattan, New York on September 12, 2017 at the age of 88.

## Early life and education 
Windsor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to James and Celia Schlain, a Russian Jewish immigrant family of modest means. She was the youngest of three children. During her childhood, her family suffered as a result of the Great Depression, and her father lost both his candy-and-ice-cream store and their home above it. In school, she at times experienced anti-Semitism. Throughout school, she dated boys her age, but said later she recalls having crushes on girls.

Windsor received her bachelor's degree from Temple University in 1950. In 1955, she began pursuing a master's degree in mathematics, which she obtained from New York University in 1957. She then joined IBM, where she worked for the next sixteen years. During this time, she spent two semesters studying applied mathematics at Harvard University on an IBM fellowship.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Flag of Chicago

The **flag of Chicago** was created in 1917 by Wallace Rice. Stars were added to the flag in 1933 and in 1939.

## Appearance 
It has five horizontal bands. The first, third and last are white and the second and fourth are light blue. There are four stars in the middle in which each represents an important event in the city's history.

## Ranking 
In a review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 American city flags, the Chicago city flag was ranked second best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10, behind only the flag of Washington, D.C.

## Related pages
* Flags of cities of the United States
* Chicago
* Flag of Illinois

## References 
## Other websites 
*Municipal Code of Chicago (sections pertaining to Municipal Flag)
*NAVA city flag survey
John L. Harmer

**John Loren Harmer** (April 28, 1934 &ndash; December 6, 2019) was an American politician. Harmer served in the California State Senate from 1966 to 1974. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as the 40th Lieutenant Governor of California from 1974 to 1975. He was given the job by Governor Ronald Reagan, who was leaving office at the time.

Harmer wrote the book *Reagan: Man of Principle*.

Harmer died on December 6, 2019 in Bountiful, Utah at the age of 85.

## References
Lieutenant Governor of California

The **lieutenant governor of California** is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the U.S. state of California. It is the second highest-ranking official in the state government. The lieutenant governor ranks first in the gubernatorial line of succession and is also the officer of the legislative branch, president of the California State Senate and the presiding officer of the California State Senate.

Eleni Kounalakis is the 50th and current lieutenant governor of California, in office since January 2019.

## Constitutional roles and duties 
The lieutenant governor presides as the president of the California State Senate and has all the powers of the governor to perform when the governor is out of the state. 

The lieutenant governor often signing or vetoing legislation, or making political appointments, whenever the governor leaves the state. The lieutenant governor only presides over the Senate when needed by the president pro tempore or in order to **cast a tie-breaking vote**.

The lieutenant governor also is in charge of duties such as higher education, natural resources, economic development.

## Eligibility and requirements 
Section 5 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:

* be at least eighteen years old.
* be a permanent resident in California and the United States for at least five years.

## Election process 
The lieutenant governor is elected by the people through the popular election to a four-year term, along with the gubernatorial candidate or the incumbent governor as their running mate. The gubernatorial candidate or incumbent governor must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

## Line of succession 
The lieutenant governor is first in the line of succession to become governor if the governor dies resigns, or is impeached from office.

## List of lieutenant governors 
## Notes 
## References
Robert Montgomery

**Robert Montgomery** (May 21, 1904 – September 27, 1981) was an American actor and director. He was born in Beacon, New York. He starred in many movies, including *Night Must Fall*. He died in New York City from cancer. He was cremated.

## Other websites
*
Somerville College, Oxford

**Somerville College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1879 as a women's college. The college was named after Mary Somerville, a prominent scientist, mathematician and astronomer. Somerville supported women's suffrage and education. The college first admitted male students in 1994.

Famous graduates of the college include Anthea Bell, Indira Gandhi, Sam Gyimah, Dorothy Hodgkin, Iris Murdoch and Margaret Thatcher.

## References
St Peter's College, Oxford

'''St Peter's College''' is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The college was founded in 1929. It became a full college of the University in 1961.

The college is located on the site of the former New Hall Inn. Its oldest buildings are Linden House (1794) and Canal House (1828). Both were former headquarters of the Oxford Canal Company.

## References
Robert Finch (American politician)

**Robert Hutchison Finch** (October 9, 1925 - October 10, 1995) was an American politician. He was a Republican politician from La Canada Flintridge, California. He served as the Lieutenant Governor of California under the term of Ronald Reagan from 1967 to 1969.

## References
Flag of Vatican City

The national flag of the Vatican City is also the flag of the Holy See. It was created in 1929 as a direct order from Pope Pius XI.

## Appearance 
It has two vertical stripes in light yellow and white. The original flag had yellow and red stripes. The flag also features the Vatican City's coat of arms.
PopMatters

***PopMatters*** is an online magazine about popular culture. It was started in 1999 by Sarah Zupko. *PopMatters* publishes reviews, interviews, and essays about music, television, movies, books, video games, comics, sports, and the internet.

## References
Rachel Lloyd

**Rachel Lloyd** (born 1975) is an English activist against sex trafficking. Lloyd moved to the United States in 1997. In 1998 she started the Girls Educational and Mentoring Services. A documentary was made about it called *Very Young Girls*. It was released in 2007. In 2011 her book * Girls Like Us: Fighting for a World Where Girls Are Not for Sale, an Activist Finds Her Calling and Heals Herself* was published.

## Early life
Lloyd was born in Portsmouth. She left school when she was 13 to work. She tried to kill herself three times. When she was 17 years old, she moved to Germany. She worked there as a prostitute for two years. When her pimp tried to kill her, she went to a church to live. Lloyd moved to the United States in 1997. She went back to school and got a General Educational Diploma. Then she went to university. There she got a Master’s degree in urban anthropology. 

## References
Ezra Miller

**Ezra Matthew Miller** (born September 30, 1992) is an American actor of Jewish descent. They played Patrick in the 2012 movie *The Perks of Being a Wallflower*. For the role they won the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Miller appeared in the 2016 movie *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* as The Flash. They played the role again on *Suicide Squad*, the 2017 movie *Justice League* and in their own 2023 movie.

Miller portrayed Credence Barebone in the 2016 movie *Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them*.

Miller came out as queer in 2012.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
*
5 Tracks

***5 Tracks*** is second EP by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in May 2003. It was his first album on EMI Records label. Song called "Wilderness Approaching" features in the Ramin Niami movie *Paris* (2003).

## Track listing
All songs written by John Cale.

## Personnel
* John Cale − vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, piano
* Eden Cale − background vocals on "Verses"

## References
École Polytechnique massacre

The **École Polytechnique Massacre**, known also as the **Montreal massacre** was a school shooting on December 6, 1989. It took place at the École Polytechnique de Montréal, an engineering school and faculty that is affiliated with the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Marc Lépine, a twenty-five year old, shot 28 people and killed 15 people as well as himself (suicide). The shooter targeted women in the attack and said that he was "fighting feminism" and called the women "a bunch of feminists".

## The attack
He entered the building sometime at 4 p.m. on December 6, 1989 with a Ruger Mini-14 rifle and hunting knife. Nobody moved at first, believing it to be a joke until he fired a shot into the ceiling. He asked the women whether they knew why they were but some asked who he was. He answered that he was fighting feminism. One of the students, Nathalie Provost, protested that they were women studying engineering, not feminists fighting against men. He responded by opening fire on the students from left to right, killing six—Hélène Colgan, Nathalie Croteau, Barbara Daigneault, Anne-Marie Lemay, Sonia Pelletier, and Annie St-Arneault—and wounding three others, including Provost. He killed six women and wounded three others there.

After that, he moved to the second floor corridor and wounded three other students before he entered another room where he tried to shoot a female student twice but failed. He reloaded the gun in the emergency staircase and tried to enter the room that he left but the students locked the door. He attempted to unlock it with three gunshots but failed. He moved through the corridor where he shot and wounded a student. He went to the financial services office and shot and killed a woman through the window of a door she had locked.

He went down the stairs to the first floor cafeteria which had around a hundred people in it. He shot a woman standing near the kitchens and wounded another student. After hearing the gunshots, everyone scattered. He killed two more women after finding them hiding. 

He went up the escalator to the third floor shooting and wounding three students in the corridor. After entering a classroom where a presentation was being held, he shot at the front row and killed two women who were trying to escape. He shot three more female students and killed another. After hearing Maryse Leclair, a student he had shot, ask for help, he took out his hunting knife and stabbed her three times, killing her. He then took off his hat, wrapped his jacket around the gun and killed himself.

## References
Christina Onassis

**Christina Onassis** (December 11, 1950 – November 19, 1988) was a Greek-Argentine businesswoman and socialite. She was the heiress to the Onassis family fortune. She was the only daughter of Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy shipping businessman, and Athina Livanos.

Onassis was born at LeRoy Sanitarium in New York City, United States, but she gave up her American citizenship. She had a brother, Alexander Onassis. Her daughter, by Thierry Roussel, is Athina Onassis Roussel (named after Christina's mother). Christina died in Buenos Aires from a heart attack. She was aged 37. Her heart attack was caused by pulmonary edema.

## References
Prince of Condé

The title of **Prince of Condé** was a title used in France while the country was a monarchy For example prior to 1793. The holder of the title was a member of the extended royal family and therefore held the rank and further title of prince of the blood and the style of **Serene Highness** but the style was only used when in writing. The holder of the title also held the important further rank of First Prince of the blood. The heir was usually given the title of Duke of Bourbon and at other times the Duke of Enghien.  The title was *only* to be inherited by the male line as females were expelled from to succeeding to titles. The title existed for almost two centuries and during that time the prince was one of the highest ranking prince behind that of the actual royal family.

Over the years the princes were used to make political and financial marriages with member of the wealthy French nobility as well as princesses of other European ruling houses. The prince was a member of the French House of Bourbon.

# Louis de Bourbon *(1546-1569)* Founder of the line and a younger son of a Queen of Navarre and from which the Count of Soissons line descends. 
# Henri de Bourbon *(1569–1588)* A Lieutenant General of New France (Modern day Canada)
# Henri de Bourbon *(1588–1646)* It is from him that the Princes of Conti descend. 
# Louis, Grand Condé *(1646–1686)* famous military man during the reign of Louis XIV.
# Henri Jules de Bourbon *(1686–1709)* famous for his madness. 
# Louis de Bourbon *(1709–1710)* forced to make a marriage with an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV.
# Louis Henri de Bourbon *(1710–1740)* known better as the **Duke of Bourbon**. He was also a Prime Minister of France during the reign of Louis XV 
# Louis Joseph *(1740–1818)*
# Louis Henri *(1818–1830)*. Last Bourbon Prince of Condé
# Prince Louis of Orléans *(1845–1866)*. A son of Louis Philippe I and given the title by courtesy. Not due to male line descent.

## Small note
Princes and princesses of this line of the House of Bourbon are often *incorrectly* surnamed as "Bourbon-Condé". Which is **incorrect**. Their surname was just "de Bourbon".

## Related pages
*Princes of Conti another cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, itself descending from the Condé line. 
*The title was similar to the Savoyard title of Prince of Carignan.