open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
President of Palau

The **President of the Republic of Palau** is the head of government and head of state of Palau. The president is directly elected to a four-year term, and can be reelected once.

## List
All officeholders are political independents. 

## References
Deepak Obhrai

**Deepak Obhrai**  (July 5, 1950 – August 2, 2019) was a Tanzania-born Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Calgary East (until 2015) and Forest Lawn (from 2015) for the Reform Party of Canada and then the Conservative Party of Canada from 1997 until his death in 2019.

Obhrai was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was the first and only Hindu to become an MP in Canada, and at the time of his death was the longest continuously-serving Conservative MP.

He ran in the 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, but was defeated in the first round of voting.

Obhrai died in Calgary on August 2, 2019 from liver cancer, aged 69.

## References
## Other website
*
Kuniwo Nakamura

**Kuniwo Nakamura** (; November 24, 1943 &ndash; October 14, 2020) was a Palauan politician. He was the President of Palau from 1993 to 2001. He earlier was Vice President of Palau from 1989 to 1993.

Nakamura died on October 14, 2020 at the age of 76.

## References
John Philip Saklil

**John Philip Saklil** (20 March 1960 – 3 August 2019) was an Indonesian prelate of the  Catholic Church who was Bishop of Timika from 2004 until his death in 2019.

Saklil died on 3 August 2019 in Timika at the age of 59.

## References
Mike Troy

**Michael Francis Troy** (October 3, 1940 – August 3, 2019) was an American swimmer. He was a two-time Olympic champion, and world record-holder in three events.

Troy broke the world record in the 200-meter butterfly six consecutive times before it was taken over by fellow American swimmer Carl Robie in 1961. In 1971 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

Troy died on August 3, 2019 in Arizona at the age of 78.

## References
Ernie Bowman

**Ernest Ferrell Bowman** (July 28, 1935 – August 4, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He was an infielder who appeared in 165 games in Major League Baseball for the San Francisco Giants from 1961 to 1963.

He retired in 1969. Bowman died at his home in Johnson City, Tennessee on August 4, 2019 at the age of 84.

## References
Kar98 rifle

The **Kar98** (Kar98k) is a German bolt-action rifle and it was the German military's main gun during World War II. It is a carbine version of the G98. The Kar98k was made because the G98 was too long to be used well in small spaces.
 of the rifle. Notice that it is tilted down, unlike the G98 which is tilted to the side.]]
Other Differences were that the Kar98k had its bolt turned down, so the troops can keep aiming while they cycle the bolt. This was helpful, yet they did not put more ammunition into it, only having 5 rounds still.

At the end of World War II, many German soldiers had to give up their weapons, including the Kar98k. Despite it being the main gun used by Nazi Germany, it was often used by Israeli soldiers in the 1947-1949 Palestine War.
André Goosse

**André Goosse** (16 April 1926 &ndash; 4 August 2019) was a Belgian grammarian. He was known for his works on *Le Bon Usage*. In 1988, he married the Belgian writer France Bastia. He was a professor at the Université Catholique de Louvain. He was also the president of the Conseil international de la langue française.

Groosse died on 4 August 2019, at the age of 93.

## References
Willi Tokarev

**Vilen Tokarev** (11 November 1934 – 4 August 2019), known professionally as **Willi Tokarev**, was a Russian-American singer-songwriter. He was known for his 80s music about life as a Russian immigrant in New York. In 1973, Tokarev's song "Murmanchanochka" ("Murmansk Girl") became a huge local hit.

Tokarev died on August 4, 2019 from cancer in Moscow, aged 84.

## References
Prime Minister of Cambodia

The **Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia** (, ) is the head of government  of Cambodia.

The prime minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet and leads the executive branch of the Royal Cambodian Government.

The prime minister is required to be a member of parliament, and is appointed by the monarch for a term of five years.

Since 1945, 36 individuals have served as prime minister; 32 as official prime ministers, and 4 in acting capacities.

The incumbent prime minister, since 2023, is Hun Manet of the Cambodian People's Party.

## History
King Norodom Sihanouk held the position in March 1945 during the time when Cambodia was a French protectorate. Sihanouk worked with Imperial Japan and declared independence from France on March 12, 1945. On 18 March, he said that he was the Prime Minister of Cambodia and formed the first government. It lasted until August 1945, when Sun Ngoc Thanh took the position.

The CPP-FUNCINPEC coalition of 1993 made it so that Hun Sen and Prince Norodom Ranariddh were both Prime Minister.

## References
Bob Wilber

**Robert Sage Wilber** (March 15, 1928 – August 4, 2019) was an American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, and band leader. He was popular in the 1950s and 1960s, including Bobby Hackett, Benny Goodman, Sidney Bechet, Jack Teagarden and Eddie Condon. 

In the late 1960s, he was an original member of the World's Greatest Jazz Band, and in the early 70s of Soprano Summit, a band which gained wide attention. In the late 1970s, he formed the Bechet Legacy Band.

Wilber died at the age of 91 in Chipping Campden, England on August 4, 2019.

## References
Josef Kadraba

**Josef Kadraba** (29 September 1933 – 5 August 2019) was a Czech football player. He played for Czechoslovakia, playing 17 matches and scoring 9 goals. He attended the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Czechoslovakia won the silver medal.

## References
## Other websites
* Article at iDnes.cz
Cliff Branch

**Clifford Branch Jr.** (August 1, 1948 – August 3, 2019) was an American professional football player. He was a wide receiver with the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders during his entire 14-year National Football League (NFL) career. 

He won three NFL championships with the Raiders in Super Bowl XI, XV and XVIII. He was selected by the Raiders in the fourth round of the 1972 NFL Draft after playing college football for the Colorado Buffaloes.  

Branch was born in Houston, Texas. He died in Bullhead City, Arizona on August 3, 2019 at the age of 71. 

## References
Alejandro Serrano

**Nicanor Alejandro Serrano Aguilar** (13 January 1933 – 6 August 2019) was an Ecuadorian politician and sports leader.  He was born in Cuenca, Ecuador. Serrano was Vice President of Ecuador from 5 May 2005 to 15 January 2007. National Congress of Ecuador elected him to fill vacancy of Vicepresidency when Alfredo Palacio became President of Ecuador. Serrano has been a mayor, councilman, sports leader and civil engineer.

Serrano died on 6 August 2019 at a hospital in Cuenca from surgery-related problems, aged 86.

## References
Bjorg Lambrecht

**Bjorg Lambrecht** (2 April 1997 – 5 August 2019) was a Belgian cyclist. He rode for UCI WorldTeam . In August 2018, he was named in the startlist for the 2018 Vuelta a España. 

Lambrecht died on 5 August 2019 after crashing into a concrete tunnel during the third stage of the 2019 Tour de Pologne, at age 22.

## References
Vice President of Ecuador

The **Vice President of Ecuador** is the second highest political position in Ecuador. In many instances, the vice president succeeded the president in turbulent political situations. The last time was in 2005 after the resignation of president Lucio Gutiérrez. According to the current constitution, the vice president is elected on the same ticket as the president.

## History
In November 2024, Vice President Verónica Abad Rojas was temporarily suspended by the Ecuadorian government after failing to leave Israel and travel to Turkey while also serving as ambassador. On 23 December 2024, Abad Rojas was ordered reinstated as Vice President after a judge ruled her suspension unconstitutional.

## List
## Notes
## References
Asif Mohseni

Grand Ayatollah **Muhammad Asif Mohseni** () (Sheik Mohseni) (26 April 1935 – 5 August 2019) was an Afghan politician and religious leader. He was seen as the most powerful Twelver shia Marja' in Afghanistan. He was the founder of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (*Harakat-I Islami-yi Afghanistan*). He was a Shia Pashtun. He was born in the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan. 

Mohseni died on 2 August 2019 in Kabul at the age of 84.

## References
Sushma Swaraj

** Sushma Swaraj ** () (14 February 1952 – 6 August 2019) was an Indian politician and lawyer. She was a senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party.

Swaraj was the Minister of External Affairs of India in the first Narendra Modi government (2014 – 2019). She was the second woman to hold the office, after Indira Gandhi.

She was elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly.

At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister of Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister of Delhi for a short duration in 1998.

On 6 August 2019, Swaraj died of a heart attack at a hospital in New Delhi, aged 67.

She said in Februrary 2016, that the Romani people are children from India.

## References
Molar heat capacity

The **molar heat capacity** of a substance is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one mole of it by one degree Celsius.

When using SI units, it can be calculated with the equation c_n = \frac Q {\Delta T}
where c_n refers to the molar heat capcity (in joules per Kelvin), Q to the heat supplied (in joules) and \Delta T (in Kelvin) to the temperature change in the substance.

The molar heat capacity of a given substance can be found by heating the substance by releasing a known amount of energy into the substance and measuring the temperature change.

For example, a common school experiment to find the molar heat capacity of water involves heating a beaker of water with an immersion heater (that can display the heat released in joules on a display) and stirring the water, while checking the temperature at specific intervals.

For more accurate results, a bomb calorimeter can be used; these contain a chamber of fuel (in this case, a compound that will release heat when needed) inside a chamber of water, with the water chamber protected by heat-proof walls (to ensure minimal heat loss, which would affect the final heat capacity recorded).

## References
Immobilized enzyme

An **immobilized enzyme** is an enzyme that is attached to an inert, insoluble material. This can provide a higher resistance to changes in condition such as pH or temperature.

## Commercial use 
Immobilised enzymes can be important for commercial uses as they have many benefits to the cost and processes of the reaction such as:
* Convenience: small amounts of protein dissolve in the reaction so purification of the product is easier.
* Economy: The immobilized enzyme is easily removed from the reaction so it can be recycled. This is useful in the production of lactose-free milk as the milk can be drained from a container leaving the enzyme (lactase) inside for the next batch.
* Stability: Immobilised enzymes normally have a higher thermal and operational stability than the soluble form of the enzyme.
* Safety: In the past, biological washing powders contained proteases and lipases that would break down dirt but also irritate the skin if it was touched - immobilization prevents this from happening

## Methods 
* Adsorption on glass: The enzyme is attached to a glass bead.
* Covalent bond: The enzyme is bound covalently to a support (such as silica gel).
* Cross-linkage: Multiple enzymes are bound together to create a matrix.
* Affinity-tag binding: Enzymes attached to a surface with protein tags.

## References
U.S. Route 56

**U.S. Route 56** (**US 56**) is an east&ndash;west United States highway. It goes for  in the Midwestern United States. The highway's eastern endpoint is at U.S. Route 71 in Kansas City, Missouri. Its western endpoint is at Interstate 25 Business in Springer, New Mexico. Much of it follows the Santa Fe Trail.

## Route description
The highway goes through New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri. It also touches a corner of Texas at a small road junction near the New Mexico/Oklahoma border.

## References
## Other websites
* Endpoints of U.S. Highway 56 
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
U.S. Route 160

**U.S. Route 160** (**US&nbsp;160**) is a 1,465&nbsp;mile (2,358&nbsp;km) long east&ndash;west United States highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western endpoint of the route is at US 89, five miles (8&nbsp;km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern endpoint is at US 67 and Missouri 158, southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.

Its route was made famous in song in 1975. This is because the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song "Wolf Creek Pass".

## Related routes 
* U.S. Route 60
* U.S. Route 260
* U.S. Route 360
* U.S. Route 460

## References
## Other websites
* Endpoints of US 160 
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
U.S. Route 166

**U.S. Route 166** (**US&nbsp;166**) is a  west–east United States highway. This route and US-266 are the only two remaining parts of historic U.S. Route 66 (which was decommissioned in 1985), since US-666 was renumbered to US-491 in 2003.

US-166 meets the old route of US-66, now designated US-69 Alternate, in Baxter Springs in the southeast corner of Kansas.

## Route description
|-
|KS||
|-
|MO||
|-style="border-top:2px solid #666; background-color:#eaecf0;"
|Total||
|}

## Major intersections
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Endpoints of US highway 166
U.S. Route 69

**U.S. Route 69** (**US&nbsp;69**) is a major north&ndash;south United States highway.  When it was first created, it was only  long. It has been expanded into a Minnesota to Texas cross-country route. The highway's southern endpoint (as well as those of US 287 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern endpoint is in Albert Lea, Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13.

## References
## Other websites
* Endpoints of U.S. Highway 69
U.S. Route 73

**U.S. Route 73** (**US 73**) is a north&ndash;south United States highway. it goes for  from northeast Kansas to southeast Nebraska. The highway's southern endpoint is Bonner Springs, Kansas at I-70. Its northern endpoint is near Dawson, Nebraska at US 75.

## Route description
### Kansas
U.S. Route 73 starts at I-70 in Kansas City. It goes along with U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 40, and K-7. Two miles north of its endpoint, US 24 and US 40 turn west; US 73 continues north with K-7. It goes north with K-7 through Lansing, where it intersects K-5. US 73 and K-7 then go through Leavenworth. It goes northwestern from Leavenworth. It meets K-192 near Easton. At Atchison, it turns west. At Atchison, K-7 ends. US 73 goes along with U.S. Route 59. It goes west. It then turns northwest near Lancaster at its intersection with K-9. It goes through Huron. It goes along with K-20 near Everest. It goes west into Horton, and it intersects U.S. Route 159. The two highways go north together, and they meet U.S. Route 36 at Hiawatha. After going northwest through Reserve, US-73 and US-159 turn north and enter Nebraska.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Endpoints of U.S. Highway 73
Lyon County, Kansas

**Lyon County** (standard abbreviation: **LY**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 32,179 people lived there. The county seat Emporia. Emporia is also the biggest city in Lyon County. The county was named after General Nathaniel Lyon, who was killed at the Battle of Wilson's Creek in the American Civil War.

## History
### 19th century
In 1806, Zebulon Pike led the Pike expedition west from St Louis, Missouri. Part of their journey followed the Cottonwood River through Lyon County.

In 1862, **Lyon County** was created from the county formerly known as Breckinridge County.

In 1871, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway extended a railroad from Emporia to Newton.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.9%) is water.

## People
Lyon County comprises the Emporia, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Emporia County has been very Republican for most of its history. The last time a Democrat won the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* North Lyon County USD 251
* Southern Lyon County USD 252
* Emporia USD 253

### Colleges and universities
* Emporia State University
* Flint Hills Technical College

## Communities
 Map of Lyon County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Admire
* Allen
* Americus
* Bushong
* Emporia
* Hartford
* Neosho Rapids
* Olpe
* Reading

## Famous people
R. Lee Ermey was born in Emporia on March 24, 1944. He died on April 15, 2018. He was a retired United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant, Drill Instructor and actor.  Ermey was often best known for his roles of authority figures, such as his  performance as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in *Full Metal Jacket*.

William Allen White was an American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death White became the spokesman for middle America. He won a 1923 Pulitzer Prize for his editorial "To an Anxious Friend," published July 27, 1922. This was after being arrested in a disagreement over free speech. This was after there were objections to the way the state of Kansas handled the men who took part in the Great Railroad Strike of 1922.

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Lyon County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 84 pages; 1918.
* *Standard Atlas of Lyon County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 60 pages; 1901.
* *An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Lyon County, Kansas*; Edwards Brothers; 58 pages; 1878.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Lyon County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Lyon County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
U.S. Route 270

**U.S. Route&nbsp;270** (**US&nbsp;270**) is a spur of US&nbsp;70. It goes for  from Liberal, Kansas at US&nbsp;54 to White Hall, Arkansas at Interstate 530 (I-530) and US&nbsp;65. It goes through the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It goes through the cities of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hot Springs, Arkansas, and McAlester, Oklahoma.

## Route description
### Kansas
US 270 starts in the southeast part of Liberal, Kansas. It is at an intersection with US 83 (running north–south through the intersection) and US 54. US 270 follows the south partg of this intersection, following US 83 south. US 270 only goes  in Kansas before it goes into Oklahoma. Seward County is the only Kansas county that US-270 is in.

## References
## Other website
* Endpoints of U.S. Highway 270
U.S. Route 75

**U.S. Route 75** is a major north&ndash;south U.S. Highway. It goes  in the central United States. The highway's northern endpoint is in Noyes, Minnesota, at the Canada–US border. Its southern endpoint is at Interstate 30 and Interstate 45 in Dallas, where it is called North Central Expressway.

U.S. 75 was a cross-country route. It went from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico at Galveston, Texas. However, the entire part south of Dallas has not been used in favor of Interstate 45. That part became Texas State Highway 75.

## Related roads
* U.S. Route 175
* U.S. Route 275

## References
## Other websites
*Endpoints of US highway 75  - at usends.com
Roberto Totaro

**Roberto Totaro** (born 1957 in Belluno) is an Italian cartoonist. He is famous for the comic *Nirvana*, also translated into Spanish.

## Biography 
Roberto Totaro was born in 1957 in Belluno, in northern Italy, and studied at Artistic Liceo (High School) and L'accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia (University of Art in Venice). He started his career during the 80's, learning from the Disney author Luciano Gatto, and drawing comics for the italian magazine Topolino (italian for Mickey Mouse).
U.S. Route 77

**U.S. Route 77** (**US 77**) is a major north&ndash;south United States highway. It goes for 1305 miles in the central United States. As of 2005, the highway's northern endpoint is in Sioux City, Iowa, at an interchange with Interstate 29. Its southern endpoint is in Brownsville, Texas, at Veteran's International Bridge on the U.S.-Mexico border.

The road does not have signs in and around Dallas, Texas. The route has major freeway parts in Oklahoma City. It includes the Broadway Extension part, which connects suburban Edmond to downtown Oklahoma City.

## Route description
### Kansas
US-77 goes for  in Kansas. It is a Blue Star Memorial Highway between the U.S. 40 junction and the Cowley County line. In Cowley County, it is called the Robert B. Docking Memorial Highway. Near Arkansas City, it is called the Walnut Valley Greenway.

From Nebraska to U.S. 24 and from K-15 to Arkansas City, it is part of the National Highway System.

## References
## Other websites
* Endpoints of U.S. Highway 77 
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
Spontaneity (chemistry)

The **spontaneity** of a process refers to whether or not the reaction would occur without an input of energy, because of the value of the reaction's Gibbs free energy.

The Gibbs free energy is given by:

: \Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S \,

where \Delta G refers to the Gibbs free energy, \Delta Hto the enthalpy change, T to the temperature (in Kelvin) and \Delta S to the entropy change.

If the Gibbs free energy change is 0 or negative, the reaction is said to be spontaneous and can occur without an input of energy into the system. If the Gibbs free energy were above 0, the reaction would not be spontaneous and would require an input of energy in order for it to proceed.

In equilibrium reactions, a reaction one way will be spontaneous, while the reverse reaction will be non-spontaneous. Therefore, using a general formula for equilibria:

A  B + C

If the formation of compounds B and C from A were spontaneous, the formation of compound A from B and C would be non-spontaneous.

An example of a spontaneous process is the conversion of diamond into graphite, because graphite has a more thermodynamically stable structure. An example of a non-spontaneous process would be the combustion of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, as this requires an input of energy.

## References
Sio (cartoonist)

**Simone Albrigi** (born 8 October 1988, Verona, Italy) better known as *Sio* is an Italian cartoonist and youtuber.

## Biography 
He was educated at Ca' Foscari University of Venice.

In 2006 he joined the group Shockdom and he pubblished his first Comic ''L'uomo scottecs*. The English version of the comic was released in 2012.

Sio became a father in 2019, and on 30th May, he published his first videogame *Super Cane Magic ZERO - Legend of the Cane Cane''.
U.S. Route 81

**U.S. Route 81** or **U.S. Highway 81** (**US&nbsp;81**) is a major north–south U.S. highway. It goes for  in the central United States. It is one of the original United States Numbered Highways created in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials.

The route of US&nbsp;81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway which dates back as early as 1911. The highway has alternately (and unofficially) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway. In the part in the state of Oklahoma, the highway closely follows the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s.

As of 2004, the highway's northern endpoint is just north of Pembina, North Dakota, at the Canadian border.

Its southern endpoint is in Fort Worth, Texas, at an intersection with I-35W and US 287. Between 1926 and 1991, US 81's southern endpoint was at the Mexican border in Laredo, Texas. In 1991, the endpoint was moved to San Antonio.

## References
## Other websites
*Endpoints of US 81
U.S. Route 400

**U.S. Route 400** (**US 400**) is a  mostly east–west U.S. Highway. It was created in 1994. The highway's western endpoint is in Granada, Colorado, at an intersection with US&nbsp;385. The highway's eastern endpoint is southwest of Joplin, Missouri, near Loma Linda, at an interchange with Interstate 44. It originally ended in Garden City, Kansas; in 1996 it was made longer to its current western endpoint. Its route number does not follow the usual AASHTO numbering scheme, as there is no "parent" US&nbsp;0.

## Route description
### Colorado
US 400 begins in Granada at an intersection with US 385. It then goes along with US 50 through Holly east to the Kansas border.

### Kansas
US-400 and US-50 enter Kansas west of Coolidge. They go together through Garden City, where it intersects US-83. They separate at Dodge City. This is where it intersects US-56 and US-283. It goes southeast from Dodge City and first intersects US-54 at Mullinville.

US-400 and US-54 start going together at Mullinville. This goes through Greensburg, Pratt and Kingman before going into Wichita. While in Wichita, US-400 and US-54 intersect Interstate 235. It goes along with US-81 and Interstate 135. K-96 provides a short freeway connection to Interstate 35, which is also the Kansas Turnpike. At Augusta, US-400 and US-54 goes along with US-77. US-400 separates at Haverhill.
 a few miles west of Pratt, Kansas.]]

US-400 goes east through several small towns before turning southeast to go through the Fredonia area. It intersect US-75 at Neodesha. After going along with US-75, it turns east. It intersects U.S. Route 169 near Morehead and then US-59 near Parsons. Then it intersects US-69 south of Pittsburg. It then turns south with US-69. At Crestline, it follows US-69A south to Riverton. US-400 then turns east with US-166 at Baxter Springs. The two highways go eastward into Missouri.

### Missouri
US 400, along with US 166, ends at I-44 about one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) east of the Kansas-Missouri state line. It is three miles (5&nbsp;km) west of Joplin.

## Major intersections
## Notes 
## References
## Other websites
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
*Sanderson, Dale End of U.S. Highway 400  (with maps of US 400 and related routes)
U.S. Route 83

in Uvalde County, Texas]]

**U.S. Route&nbsp;83** (**US&nbsp;83**) is a major north–south U.S. Highway. It goes  in the central United States. Only four other north–south routes are longer: U.S. Routes&nbsp;1, 41, 59, and 87. The highway's northern endpoint is north of Westhope, North Dakota, at the Canada–United States border. The southern endpoint is in Harlingen, Texas.

## References
## More reading 
* Reynolds, David. *Slow Road to Brownsville: A Journey Through the Heart of the Old West*. New York: Greystone Books, 2014. Narrative of a journey along U.S. Route 83 from Swan River, Manitoba to Brownsville, Texas
* Magnuson, Stew. *The Last American Highway: A Journey Through Time Down U.S. Route 83: The Dakotas: Volume 1 *. Court Bridge Publishing, 2014. 
* Magnuson, Stew. *The Last American Highway: A Journey Through Time Down U.S Route 83 Nebraska Kansas Oklahoma: Volume 2*. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. 
* Magnuson, Stew. *The Last American Highway: A Journey Through Time Down U.S. Route 83 in Texas: Volume 3*. Court Bridge Publishing, 2017. 

## Other websites
*
*Endpoints of U.S. Highway 83
Tyson Foods

**Tyson Foods, Inc.** is an American multinational corporation based in Springdale, Arkansas. It is in the food industry. The company is the world's second biggest processor and marketer of chicken, beef, and pork after JBS S.A.. Every year, it exports the biggest percentage of beef out of the United States. It operates major food brands, including Jimmy Dean, Hillshire Farm, Sara Lee, Ball Park, Wright Brand, Aidells, and State Fair. Tyson Foods ranked No. 80 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

## Profile
The company was created by John W. Tyson in 1935. As of 2014, the company has 115,000 employees. They have more than 300 facilities, over 100 of which are in the US.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Consumer web site for Tyson Foods
* Corporate web site for Tyson Foods
National Beef

**National Beef** is an American food company. They are a beef processor. The company is headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. They make fresh, chilled, and further processed beef and beef by-products for customers worldwide. The company’s main focuses include branded box beef, consumer ready beef, portion control beef and wet blue leather.

## Sales & Operations
National Beef is the United States’s fourth biggest beef processor. They make more than $7 billion every year.

## Controversies
Between 1991 and 1994, several accidental and unrelated employee deaths happened. The company faced legal prosecution. The cases ended with settlements.

## References
Wilson Lake (Kansas)

**Wilson Lake** is a reservoir in the U.S. state of Kansas. It is on the border of Russell County and Lincoln County.

## Geography
Wilson Lake is at  (38.9401464, -98.5567638) at an elevation of .

The reservoir is impounded at its northeastern end by **Wilson Dam**. The dam is at  (38.9666777, -98.4947876) at an elevation of . The Saline River is the reservoir's main inflow of water from the west. It is also the reservoir's main outflow to the east. Smaller tributaries include Elm Creek, which flows from the south into the western part of the reservoir, and Hell Creek, which feeds the reservoir's southeastern arm. When the reservoir is full, it has a surface area of , a surface elevation of , and a volume of .

## Infrastructure
Wilson Dam is a dam that has a floor made of rock and soil. It is  tall and  long.

## References
## Other websites
*Wilson Lake, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
*Wilson State Park, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
*Wilson Wildlife Area, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
Miriam Butterworth

**Miriam Butterworth** (April 14, 1918 – July 9, 2019) was an American educator, activist, and politician. She was a Democrat. In the 1940s, she helped equalize representation in the Connecticut General Assembly. 

She was involved in the international peace movement and worked for peace to end the Vietnam War and later as a monitor for voting in Nicaragua. After teaching at independent schools, Butterworth was chair of the Public Utilities Control Authority. She was president of Hartford College for Women and was on the Town Council of West Hartford.

Butterworth died from heart disease on July 9, 2019 in Bloomfield, Connecticut, aged 101.

## References
Inger Berggren

**Inger Berggren** (23 February 1934 – 19 July 2019) was a Swedish singer. Her biggest hits were "Sol och vår" and "Elisabeth serenad", both in 1962. She participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1962. She was the mother of the actress Gunilla Röör. Berggren was born in Stockholm.

Berggren died on 19 July 2019 in Stockholm at the age of 85.

## References
Chaser (dog)

**Chaser** (April 28, 2004 – July 23, 2019) was a Border Collie with the largest tested memory of any non-human animal. Chaser worked with Professor John W. Pilley, at his home in Spartanburg, South Carolina, from eight weeks old, until Pilley's death in June 2018. She was trained in a formal research project. Chaser could identify and retrieve 1,022 toys by name.

On July 23, 2019, Chaser died from natural causes, at the age of 15 years, in her home in Spartanburg, South Carolina.

## References
Redding Municipal Airport

**Redding Municipal Airport** (IATA:**RDD** IACO:**KRDD** FAA:**RDD**) is a public airport that lies 11 kilometers southeast of Redding, California. The airport was first used by the United States Army Air Force in 1942, but the military use for the airport was ended 1949.

The airport is now used for both general and commercial flights with United Express, a small branch of United Airlines, having flights to San Francisco and Los Angeles. 

## Airline destinations
## References
Michael Roth

**Michael Roth** (18 June 1936  – 23 July 2019) was a German engineer. He was professor of automation, specializing in microprocessor technology,  computer science and sociology as well as philosophy of science. He was one of the founders of computer engineering in Germany.

## References
Insular area

**Insular area** is the name for one of the territories of the United States which are not a state of the union. People that live in these areas usually have no right to vote in US elections. Sometimes, they take part in preliminary elections. 

There are three areas in the Pacific Ocean: 

*Guam
*Northern Mariana Islands
*American Samoa

The following areas are in the Caribbean:

*Puerto Rico
*US Virgin Islands

## Uninhabited islands 
The term is also used for many uninhabited islands, which the US claims as its territory. Most of these are in the Pacific:

*Palmyra Atoll
*Baker Island
*Howland Island
*Jarvis Island
*Johnston Atoll
*Kingman Reef
*Midway Atoll
*Wake Island (disputed with Marshall Islands)

Only a few are in the Caribbean:

*Navassa Island (disputed with Haiti)
*Serranilla Bank (*disputed with Colombia, Jamaica and Nicaragua)*
*Bajo Nuevo Bank or Petrel Islands *(disputed with Colombia, Honduras and Jamaica)*
Godfried Toussaint

**Godfried Theodore Patrick Toussaint** (1944 – July 2019) was a Canadian computer scientist. He was a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Computer Science Program at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD). He did research on many aspects of computational geometry and discrete geometry.

He was a co-founder of the Annual ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry, and the annual Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry.

## References
Container garden

A **container garden** or **pot garden** is a garden that is in  instead of in the ground.
A container in gardening may be of various sizes. It may or may not be easily portable. and is used for showing live flowers or plants. It may take the form of a pot, flower box, tub, pot, basket, tin, barrel or hanging basket.

## Methods 
Pots, made of terracotta or sometimes plastic, and window boxes have been the most common containers. Terracotta containers are usual for long-term use in back yards. The reason is that they are porous, and water evaporates through the pores. This keeps the contents aerated. Plastic pots are usually for short-term use, and often sold complete with flowers and earth. Window boxes are shallow and open, and may be used for above-ground windows. 

Small pots are commonly called flowerpots.

## References
Anders P. Ravn

Professor **Anders Peter Ravn** (29 October 1947 – 1 August 2019) was a Danish computer scientist.

Between 1969–73, Anders Ravn was a teaching assistant in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Copenhagen (DIKU). From 1972–76, he was a systems programmer on minicomputers at the early Danish computer company A/S Regnecentralen. 

He returned to academia and rose from assistant professor (1976–80) to associate professor (1980–84) at DIKU.

Ravn died on 1 August 2019 in Copenhagen at the age of 71.

## References
Green roof

in Ljungris, Sweden ]]
s can be seen in many places in the Faroe Islands.]]
 headquarters]]
]]

A **green roof** or **living roof** is a roof of a building that is partially or totally covered with plants. It may also include layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are in pots, are not generally true green roofs. Although, this is debated. Rooftop  ponds are another kind of green roof which are used to treat greywater. Vegetation, soil, drainage layer, roof barrier and irrigation system make up a green roof.

There are reasons why a building may have a green roof. The reasons include absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and go against the heat island effect. Green roofs are able to be added on old buildings as well as new buildings. They can be put on small garages or larger industrial, commercial and municipal buildings.

There are two types of green roof:
* **intensive roofs**: thicker, with a minimum depth of . They can support many different kinds of plants, but they are heavier and require more maintenance.
* **extensive roofs**: shallow, ranging in depth from  to . They are lighter than intensive green roofs, and they don't need as much maintenance.

## References
Nakai

**Nakai** (Japanese: 中井, 中居) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

*Takenoshin Nakai - botanist
*Hiroe Nakai - professional Shogi player
*Rin Nakai - mixed martial artist
*Yoshiki Nakai - footballer
Jorma Kinnunen

**Jorma Vilho Paavali Kinnunen** (15 December 1941 – 25 July 2019) was a Finnish athlete. He competed mainly in the javelin throw. He was born in Pihtipudas. He competed for Finland in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City where he won the silver medal.

Kinnunen died after a long illness on 25 July 2019, aged 77.

## References
David Berman (musician)

**David Cloud Berman** (born **David Craig Berman**; January 4, 1967 – August 7, 2019) was an American poet, cartoonist and singer-songwriter. He was best known for his work with indie-rock band the Silver Jews. 

In January 2009, Berman announced his retirement from music in hopes of finding a meaningful way of undoing the damage that his estranged father Richard (drug lobbyist) had done to society.

Berman had written and recorded with the Silver Jews, he has also released two books: *Actual Air* (1999) and *The Portable February* (2009). In early 2019, Berman returned to music under the new band name Purple Mountains, releasing an eponymous debut album in July 2019.

Berman lived in Chicago, Illinois. He was found dead at his Brooklyn apartment on August 7, 2019 at the age of 52. The cause of death was suicide by hanging.

## Related pages
* List of poets from North America

## References
Gergely Kulcsár

**Gergely Kulcsár** (10 March 1934 &ndash; 12 August 2020) a Hungarian javelin thrower. He competed at the 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympics and won two bronze medals, in 1960 and 1968, and a silver medal in 1964.

He was the Olympic flag bearer for Hungary in 1964, 1968 and 1972.

## References
Arnie Brown

**Stewart Arnold Brown** (January 28, 1942 – July 26, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, New York Islanders, and Atlanta Flames.

After one season in the World Hockey Association (WHA), Brown retired in 1975.

Brown died on July 26, 2019 in North Kawartha, Ontario at the age of 77.

## References
Patton Brothers

**The Patton Brothers**, comprising **Jimmy Elliott** (20 August 1931 – 25 July 2019) and **Brian Elliott** (born 13 December 1933), were an English comedy double act and the two older brothers of Barry and Paul Elliott, the Chuckle Brothers. They began their career as a double act in 1954.

Both Jimmy and Brian made appearances in the children's television series *ChuckleVision,* alongside their younger brothers Paul and Barry. Jimmy is known as *No Slacking* due to the catchphrase.

For three months, all four brothers appeared together on the game show *3-2-1* with Ted Rogers on 17 April 1982 (Season 4, Episode 13), and also on *New Faces*. Afterwards, Jimmy and Brian returned to being the Patton Brothers.

On 25 July 2019, Jimmy died of cancer at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Kevin Roster

**Kevin "Racks" Gene Roster Jr.** (March 9, 1983 – July 26, 2019) was an American poker player and activist. He had terminal cancer who moved to California where he fought to protect the state's right-to-die legislation. He supports medical aid in dying.
 

He played in the 2019 World Series of Poker in the summer of 2019, and used the event as a platform to raise awareness about sarcoma and to encourage people to push for early detection and diagnosis.

Roster died via medical aid in dying in Rancho Cordova, California on July 26, 2019 at the age of 36.

## References
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino

**Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino** ( 18 October 1936 – 26 July 2019) was a Cuban prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Havana from 1981 to 2016. He was appointed to the College of Cardinals in 1994, the second Cuban to hold that job.

During negotiations to renew diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba, Cardinal Ortega, without public announcement, visited the White House and hand-delivered a letter from Pope Francis to President Barack Obama.

Ortega was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2018. He died on 26 July 2019 in El Cobre, Cuba at the age of 82.

## References
Carlos Cruz-Diez

**Carlos Cruz-Diez** (17 August 1923 – 27 July 2019) was a Venezuelan artist. He was thought to be one of the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was best known for his kinetic and op art.

His teaching and art career was based between both Paris and Caracas. His work was represented in museums and public art sites internationally, such as Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; Tate Modern, London; Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Centre Pompidou, París; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Colonia, and others.

Cruz-Diez died on 27 July 2019 in Paris at the age of 95.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Webpage
Toy & Wing

**Toy & Wing** were an Asian-American tap dance duo. The duo were known as **Dorothy Toy** (real name **Shigeko Takahashi**, May 28, 1917 – July 10, 2019) and **Paul Wing** (real name **Paul Wing Jew**, October 14, 1912 – April 27, 1997). They were known as the "Chinese Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers". 

They were active in the 1930s and 1940s. They were the first Asian-Americans to enter the American tap dance scene.

Dorothy Toy was born on May 28, 1917 in San Francisco. She died on July 10, 2019 in Oakland, California at the age of 102. Paul Wing was born in Menlo Park, California on October 14, 1912 and died on April 27, 1997 at the Veterans Home of California located in Yountville, California. He was 85 years old. 

## References
Saline River (Kansas)

The **Saline River** is a  tributary of the Smoky Hill River in the central Great Plains of North America. The entire river is in the U.S. state of Kansas in the northwest part of the state. The river got its name from the French translation of its Native name **Ne Miskua**. It refers to how salty the river is.

## Geography
The Saline River starts in the High Plains of northwestern Kansas. The south tributary of the river rises near the Sherman County-Thomas County line. The north tributary rises in central Thomas County. The confluence of the two rivers are in Sheridan County roughly  northwest of Grinnell, Kansas. The Saline is slow and can't be used for transportation. It has no major tributaries. It has a riverbed of sand and mud.

The Saline River goes through these counties:
* Thomas County, Kansas
* Sheridan County, Kansas
* Graham County, Kansas
* Trego County, Kansas
* Ellis County, Kansas
* Russell County, Kansas
* Lincoln County, Kansas
* Ottawa County, Kansas
* Saline County, Kansas

## History
The first recorded reference to the Saline River was on October 18, 1724, by French explorer Etienne Venyard de Bourgmont. He wrote that he found a "small river where the water was briny." In 1806, an American journey led by Zebulon Pike crossed the river on its way to visit the Pawnee. By 1817, the river was called the "Grand Saline."

The Saline River flooded sometimes during the late 19th century. Particularly bad floods happening in 1858, 1867, and 1903.

## Related pages
*Smoky Hill River
*Smoky Hills
*Wilson Lake (Kansas)

## References
Gerry Fairhead

**Arthur Gerald "Gerry" Fairhead** (March 23, 1923 – July 5, 2019) was a Canadian sailor. He placed eighth in the Star class at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Fairhead died on July 5, 2019 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Humphrey Mijnals

**Humphrey Mijnals** (21 December 1930 – 27 July 2019) was a Surinamese-Dutch footballer. He played international football for both the Netherlands and Suriname.

He also played 45 times in the Suriname national football team. In 1999, he was elected Surinamese footballer of the century. On 24 August 2008, Mijnals also received Sports Medal of the city of Utrecht.

Mijnals died on 27 July 2019 in Utrecht at the age of 88.

## References
John Robert Schrieffer

**John Robert Schrieffer** (; May 31, 1931&nbsp;– July 27, 2019) was an American physicist. With John Bardeen and Leon Cooper, he was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was known for developing the BCS theory. It was the first successful quantum theory of superconductivity. 

In 2005, Schrieffer fell asleep while driving and received a sentence of two years in prison for vehicular manslaughter which killed one, and injured seven other people.

Schrieffer died on July 27, 2019 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 88.

## References
Leon Cooper

**Leon N Cooper** (February 28, 1930 &ndash; October 23, 2024) was an American physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics  with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer in 1972. He helped developed the BCS theory of superconductivity. 

He was also the namesake of the Cooper pair and co-developer of the BCM theory of synaptic plasticity.

Cooper died at his home in Providence, Rhode Island, on October 23, 2024, at the age of 94.

## References
Eduardo Gómez

**Eduardo Gómez Manzano** (27 July 1951 – 28 July 2019) was a Spanish actor and comedian. He was born in Madrid, Spain. He was known for his roles in *Aquí no hay quien viva*, *La que se avecina* and ''Butterfly's Tongue''.

Gómez died from laryngeal cancer in Madrid on 28 July 2019 at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Aqui No Hay Quien Viva Web Portal at Antena 3
*Interview with Eduardo Gómez
Mike Roarke

**Michael Thomas Roarke** (November 8, 1930 – July 27, 2019) was an American catcher and coach in Major League Baseball. He threw and batted right-handed. He stood  tall and weighed . Roarke played for the Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Cardinals and the San Diego Padres.

Roarke died on July 27, 2019 in West Warwick, Rhode Island at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
, or Retrosheet, or SABR Biography Project
Vladimir Kara-Murza Sr.

**Vladimir Alexeyevich Kara-Murza** (; 24 October 1959 – 28 July  2019)  was a Russian journalist and television host. He was born in Moscow. 

Kara-Murza died on 28 July 2019 in Moscow at the age of 59.

In 1992, with the onset of President Boris Yeltsin's democratic reforms, he joined the weekly *Itogi* programme on Channel One of Russian TV—first as editor, then as correspondent. 

In 1993, along with his colleagues, joined the newly created NTV, Russia's first independent television channel founded by Vladimir Gusinsky. In April 1995, Kara-Murza became the anchor of NTV's news programme *Today at Midnight*.

He was the father of opposition politician Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza.

## References
Biljana Plavšić

**Biljana Plavšić** (; born 7 July 1930) is a Serbian politician. She was the President of Republika Srpska between 1996 and 1998, who was later indicted in 2001 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for war crimes committed in the Bosnian War. 

She plea-bargained with the ICTY and was sentenced to 11 years in prison in 2003. She was released on October 27, 2009 after serving two-thirds of her sentence. Plavšić is, together with Radovan Karadžić, the highest ranking Bosnian Serb politician to be sentenced.

## References
West Warwick, Rhode Island

**West Warwick** is a town in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 31,012 at the 2020 census.

## References
Egil Danielsen

in 1953.]]
**Egil Danielsen**  (9 November 1933 – 29 July 2019) was a Norwegian javelin thrower. He was born in Hamar, Norway. He competed at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics. He won the gold medal in 1956. Danielsen set a new world record at 85.71&nbsp;m and won the gold medal. He could never reproduce that throw. For his Olympic victory and world record Danielsen was selected Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year in 1956.

He retired after the 1960 Olympics and focused on his family and work at the Hamar Fire Brigade.

## References