open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
How to Grow a Woman from the Ground

***How to Grow a Woman from the Ground*** is a 2006 album by Chris Thile, who made the album with the How to Grow a Band, credited to Chris Thile. It was released on September 12, 2006. The album is named after a song on the album; a cover of a song by American singer Tom Brosseau.

The album got mostly good reviews from important music critics, with some critics saying that the album was “, ”, and “genius”. The album got Thile a Grammy Award-nomination in 2007.

## Early planning and creation
For a side project away from his band Nickel Creek, Chris Thile knew he wanted to form a five-piece string band that featured mandolin, violin, banjo, acoustic guitar, and double bass. Thile also wanted the band to feature his friend and fiddle player Gabe Witcher, but didn’t know what kind of band he wanted it to be. At the Telluride Bluegrass Festival in Colorado, Thile met banjo player Noam Pikelny and later said that “every note he played was something I wish I’d played”. At that time, Thile decided that he wanted “put [his] stamp” on the normal bluegrass band. Thile wanted to find five people to make the five-piece band he planned. He had already found fiddle, banjo, and mandolin players, so he just had to find double bass and acoustic guitar players. The bass player Thile was looking for turned out to be Greg Garrison, a friend of Noam Pikelny. Before this, Pikelny had played with Garrison in the band Leftover Salmon. The guitar player Thile needed became Chris Eldridge, famous as a member of the Infamous Stringdusters. The five people met up in Nashville on one day in 2005 and decided to “do something musical together”. A few days later, the group met again “to drop a ton of money, drink too much wine, eat steaks, and [talk] about our failed relationships”.

## Musical style
*How to Grow a Woman from the Ground* takes  from several musical genres, “drawing equally from traditional bluegrass, progressive acoustic, and singer-songwriter traditions”. Bluegrass mandolin player Ronnie McCoury became the album’s official “bluegrass guru” to make sure that there was “someone who could make sure we didn’t do anything clichéd or ”. When discussing the album’s musical style, Chris Thile said that “All in all, *How to Grow a Woman from the Ground* is a bluegrass record. There are definitely some musical things that are out of the , but it sounds like a bluegrass record to me.”

## Track listing
## Personnel
*Chris Thile - mandolin, lead vocals, producer
*Noam Pikelny - banjo, vocals
*Greg Garrison - bass, vocals
*Chris Eldridge - acoustic guitar, vocals
*Gabe Witcher - fiddle, vocals
*Ronnie McCoury - "bluegrass guru"
*Loren Witcher - artwork
*Gary Paczosa - mastering
*Fred Forsell - mastering engineer
*Matthew Gephart - engineer
*Ethan Donaldson - assistant engineer

## Charts
## Notes
## References
**How to Grow a Woman from the Ground* liner notes

## Other websites
*Official websites
*Chris Thile's MySpace page
Tulku

A **tulku** (also **tülku**, **trulku**) is a Tibetan Buddhist lama who has achieved the ability to consciously determine to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow. The most famous example is the lineage of Dalai Lamas, who are said to be reincarnations of the previous thirteen Dalai Lamas, beginning with Gendun Drup (1391 – 1474). It is held in the Vajrayana tradition that the oldest lineage of tulkus is that of the Karmapas (spiritual head of the Karma Kagyu lineage), which began with Düsum Khyenpa (1110-1193).

In addition to Tibetans and related peoples, Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional religion of the Mongols and their relatives. The Mongolian word for a tulku is *qubilγan*, though such persons may also be called by the honorific title *qutuγtu* (Tib: '*phags-pa* / Skt: *ārya*), or *hutagt* in the standard Khalkha dialect.

A recent Chinese word for tulku is *huófó* (活佛), which literally means "living Buddha". Thus the term **Living Buddha** is used to mean *tulku*. 

## References 
* Logan, Pamela (2004). "Tulkus in Tibet" . *Harvard Asia Quarterly* **8** (1) 15-23.
Yeshe Tsogyal

**Yeshe  Tsogyel** (, rhymes with "may she so well") is also known in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism as the **Great Bliss Queen**. She is both a woman and a female deity called a *dakini*.

She lived from 757 to 817, and was the wife of Emperor Trisong Detsen (740 - c. 798) who invited Padmasambhava to Tibet:
:From the mouth of a lotus was born
:The swift goddess, heroic liberator
:Who went forth in human form
:Amid the snowy mountains of Tibet.

Among Tibetans she is seen as a Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be seen by the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity." In fact,
:She displays whatever emanation form will tame
:Any given [person], just as, for example, the full moon in the sky
:Emerges as [various] reflections in different water vessels.

According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother.  Her name ("Primordial (*ye*) Wisdom (*shes*) Queen (*rgyal mo*) of the Lake (*tso*)") derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.

As a young girl, she is said to have prayed for the happiness of all sentient beings. At the age of sixteen, she was initiated into Buddhism by Guru Padmasambhava. Although she was originally one of the Queen consorts of Trisong Detsen, he gave her to Padmasambhava and she became his main spiritual consort. After many years of study she became enlightened. Yeshey Tsogyal was the main person who wrote down and collected Padmasambhava's teachings. She also terma most of the hidden teachings called *termas*.

As the wife of Tri-song-day-tsen and the consort of Padmasambhava, given to him at her request by the king, she also stands historically at the beginning of Buddhism's eclipse of Bön in Tibet.  She is also considered a manifestation of Sarasvati and sometimes identified with the Bodhisattva Tara.

## Notes
## References
*Klein, Anne Carolyn (1995). *Meeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the Self*. Beacon Press: Boston. .
Urho Kekkonen

**Urho Kaleva Kekkonen** (; 3 September 1900 – 31 August 1986), often referred to by his initials **UKK**, was the President of Finland between 1956 and 1982. He was also the Prime Minister of Finland before that.

Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi. He took part of the Finnish Civil War. He was anti-Communist and later anti-Fascist.

Kekkonen became the Interior Minister in 1937, and he then attempted to ban the fascist party known as the Patriotic People's Movement (commonly abbreviated to IKL).

In the year 1950, after the Second World War, Kekkonen became the Prime Minister of Finland.

The "Passikivi-Kekkonen line" was a foreign policy doctrine established by, Kekkonen and Juho Kusti Paasikivi, aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union.

Kekkonen was elected the President of Finland in 1956, after president Paasikivi. He attempted to keep Finland a neutral country, which means it was not affiliated with any military alliance such as NATO or the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.

Urho Kekkonen led the underwriting of the Helsinki Accords of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe between European countries, the United States and the Soviet Union in 1975.

Kekkonen became sick in 1981 and resigned from presidency.

He died in 1986, three days before his 86th birthday.

## References
Albert Hofmann

**Albert Hofmann** (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss scientist. He invented Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann wrote more than 100 scientific articles and a number of books, including *LSD: My Problem Child* (1979).

## Life 
Hofmann was born in Baden, Switzerland. He studied chemistry at the University of Zürich. His main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he studied about the chemical structure of the common animal substance chitin. Hofmann worked at the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.

Five years after its first synthesis, he discovered by accident the psychedelic effects of LSD, after absorbing some through his fingertips on 16 April 1943. Three days later, he deliberately consumed 250 micrograms of LSD, and experienced far more intense effects. This was followed by a series of self-experiments. He first wrote about these experiments on 22 April of the same year.

He became director of the natural products department at Sandoz and went on studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican mushrooms and other plants used by the indigenous peoples. This led to the synthesis of psilocybin, the active agent of many magic mushrooms.

Hofmann called LSD "medicine for the soul".

He had a heart attack in his home in Burg im Leimental on 29 April 2008, and died at the age of 102.

## Other websites 
* Albert Hofmann (NNDB)
* Erowid: Albert Hofmann Vault
* Albert Hofmann Foundation
* MAPS ("Stanislav Grof interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann")
Mahasiddha

A **mahasiddha** (Sanskrit: *maha* - great, *siddha* - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment.  They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve buddhahood.

The Mahasiddhas are actual people who acquired magical powers from their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is a bodhisattva, someone who can enter *nirvana* whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in *samsara* to help others.

In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are **85 Mahasiddhas**. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a *thanka*.

## Important Mahasiddhas
Each Mahasiddha has come to be known for certain things.  One of the most loved Mahasiddhas is Virupa, who is a saint of the Sakyapa sect.  He lived in 9th century India and was known for his great attainments. Other important Mahasiddhas include:

*Marpa, the great translator and first native-born guru in Tibet who brought Buddhist teachings from India.
*Milarepa, Marpa's student . In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings *(dharma)*. 
*Karmapa, the first consciously incarnating lama of Tibet.
*Gorakhnath
*Matsyendranath
*Nagarjuna
*Naropa
*Saraha
*Shantideva
*Tilopa

## Complete list of Mahasiddhas
In Buddhism there are 89 Mahasiddhas: 
Acinta,
Ajogi,
Anangapa,
Aryadeva,
Babhaha,
Bhadrapa,
Bhandepa,
Bhiksanapa,
Bhusuku,
Camaripa,
Campaka,
Carbaripa,
Catrapa,
Caurangipa,
Celukapa,
Dan,
Darikapa,
Dengipa,
Dhahulipa,
Dharmapa,
Dhilipa,
Dhobipa,
Dhokaripa
Dombipa,
Dukhandi,
Ghantapa,
Gharbari,
Godhuripa,
Goraksa,
Indrabhuti,
Jalandhara,
Jayananda,
Jogipa,
Kalapa,
Kamparipa,
Kambala,
Kanakhala,
Kanhapa,
Kankana,
Kankaripa,
Kantalipa,
Kapalapa,
Khadgapa,
Kilakilapa,
Kirapalapa,
Kokilipa,
Kotalipa,
Kucipa,
Kukkuripa,
Kumbharipa,
Laksminkara,
Lilapa,
Lucikapa,
Luipa,
Mahipa,
Manibhadra,
Medhini,
Mekhala,
Mekopa,
Minapa,
Nagabodhi,
Nagarjuna,
Nalinapa,
Naropa,
Nirgunapa,
Pacaripa,
Pankajapa,
Putalipa,
Rahula,
Saraha,
Sakara,
Samudra,
Santipa,
Sarvabhaksa,
Savaripa,
Syalipa,
Tantepa,
Tantipa,
Thaganapa,
Tilopa,
Udhilipa,
Upanaha,
Vinapa,
Virupa,
Vyalipa,
Lokesh

## References
*Dowman, Keith (1986). *Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas*. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 

## Other websites
*Murals of mahasiddhas in the Lukhang hidden temple
*Names of the 84 Mahasiddha (with brief explanation of their meaning).
*The Mahasiddha Linedrawings of H.R.Downs (in Dowman (1986)).
*MahaSiddha Dharma website
Red Hat sect

In Tibetan Buddhism, the "Red Hat" sects or schools include the three oldest of the four main schools, to wit:

*Nyingma
*Sakya
*Kagyu

The newer Gelug school is known as the "Yellow Hat Sect".
Drugs

**Drugs** change the way the body works. It could mean:

*Medicine - Special chemicals or herbs given to people by a doctor when they are sick
*Illegal drugs - Chemicals, pills, liquids, or parts of plants that people take to make them feel a certain way
Olfactory system

The **olfactory system** is also known as our sense of smell. It is the sensory system used for olfaction. It is the most sensitive of our senses and helps us to identify many different (millions of) aromas around us, in the atmosphere. 

Most mammals and reptiles have two parts to their olfactory system. 
#There is a main olfactory system, which detects volatile, airborne substances. 
#There is secondary, or accessory, system. The accessory olfactory system senses fluid-based stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones.

The olfactory system is often spoken as being similar to the gustatory system (taste system). Both are chemosensory senses. They change chemical signals into nerve impulses, which are translated into perceptions in the brain.

The part of the brain which deals with olfaction is the rhinencephalon, a small part in the human brain, but much more important in other vertebrates. The piriform cortex is probably the area most closely associated with identifying the odor. The medial amygdala is involved in social functions such as mating and recognising animals of the same species. The entorhinal cortex pairs odors with memories.  

These systems give us advanced warnings about the environment and also plays a very important role in how we recognise and successively communicate with each other. Smell is closely linked to memory and experience and the subtle connection between a smell and an object or person adds to the memory.  By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were about one thousand different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome. 

## Damage 
Damage to the olfactory system can happen through brain injury, cancer or toxic gases. The damage is usually measured by doctors giving the  something to smell and having the patient try to guess what it is.

## Related pages 
*Olfaction
*Gustatory system
*Memory 
*Learning and fear based learning, learned helplessness 

## References
Bricostore

**Bricostore** is a type of French hypermarket. They sell do-it-yourself (DIY) goods.

## Bricostore in Europe
## Other websites 
* Bricostore Romania
* Bricostore Hungary 
* Bricostore Croatia
Pharaoh's Island

'''Pharaoh's Island''' is an island on the River Thames, in Surrey, England. 

## Location 
The island is above Shepperton Lock. It can only be reached by boats.

## History 
The island was given to Admiral Nelson as a reward for winning Battle of the Nile, and he used it as a place to fish.

## Other websites 
* The River Thames Guide — Shepperton Lock
Ky Ebright

**Carroll M. Ebright** (March 20, 1894 - November 1979), sometimes known as **Ky Ebright** was a  coach for the University of California, Berkeley crew team. He is the only man to coach three Olympic gold medal winning eight oared boats. Ky Ebright died in Berkeley, California at the age of 85.

## Wins 
### Olympic wins 
* 1928 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
* 1932 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
* 1948 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal

### IRA Championships 
*1928
*1932
*1934
*1935
*1939
*1949

## References
## Other websites 
*Rowing Hall of Fame Link 
*IRA Championships Link 
*History Cal Crew
Gustatory system

The **gustatory system** is the sensory system for the sense of taste.

## Function 
The human body can be stimulated by certain things. This stimuli is measured by sensory receptors and the energy is converted to something our brain can understand. There are receptors in our tongue which can measure four main things.

### Salt 
This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth.

### Sour 
Sour tastes are usually received from acidic compounds.

### Bitter 
Bitter tastes are important, since poisons are usually bitter and therefore we need to know whether or not to spit a bitter food out. This is the most complicated receptor found in the mouth.

### Sweet 
Food which has a lot of carbohydrates such as glucose are sweet.
Ishman Bracey

**Ishmon Bracey** (January 9, 1899 or 1901 &ndash; February 12, 1970), was a blues singer and guitarist from Mississippi.

## Life 
### Early Life 
Bracey was born in Byram, Mississippi. He started playing at local dances and parties in about 1917. He also worked as a waterboy on the Illinois Central Railroad. His first recorded song was in Memphis in 1928. He played as lead guitar with Charlie McCoy on rhythm guitar.

### Songs performed 
In the 1920s, Bracey had not yet started playing delta blues and each of his songs were different. However, he was one of the only Mississippi blues musicians to sing with a nasal voice. He often sang about skin creams and powders which would lighten dark skin.

### Later life 
When he recorded in 1930, his voice had become deeper. This meant that he could not sing high enough for some of his songs and the songs had to be changed. He recorded after in 1931 for Paramount Records with a group called *The New Orleans Nehi Boys*, which had a guitarist called Charles Taylor. 

## Songs 
Bracey has recorded 16 songs in all, the original copies of his 78-rpm records are some of the most valuable things in blues collecting history. "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his best known songs.

## References
Robert Johnson (musician)

**Robert Johnson**, born **Robert Leroy Johnson** (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) is one of the most famous Delta blues musicians.

He is known worldwide as the "King of the Delta Blues." He has also been called the "Grandfather of rock and roll."

## Life 
He was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He was the 11th child of his mother Julia Dodds, and 10th child of his father Charles Dodds. When he was born, his father had left his mother. He was brought up by a field worker named Noah Johnson. That is why he chose "Johnson" for his family name.

## Career 
Johnson began playing guitar when he was a child. In February 1929, he married Virginia Travis and became serious about playing the guitar. His wife died in childbirth at the age of 16 in April 1930. Johnson began traveling up and down the Delta. Around 1936, he was introduced to other blues players through a friend.

He had a remarkable combination of talent for singing, playing the guitar and composing songs. His vocals, the originality of his songs and his style of playing guitar have influenced many musicians. These include: John Fogerty, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, The Yardbirds, The Black Keys, and The White Stripes. Eric Clapton said Johnson is "the greatest blues musician ever to live."

Johnson was ranked 71st on Rolling Stone magazine list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time." In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

## Death
Johnson died on August 16, 1938. He died at the age of 27 from poisoning. Johnson's death was not reported publicly. Almost 30 years later, Gayle Dean Wardlow, a Mississippi-based musicologist researching Johnson's life, found Johnson's death certificate, which listed only the date and location, with no official cause of death. No formal autopsy had been done. Instead, a pro forma examination was done to file the death certificate, and no immediate cause of death was determined. It is likely he had congenital syphilis and it was suspected later by medical professionals that this may have been a contributing factor in his death. However, 30 years of local oral tradition had, like the rest of his life story, built a legend which has filled in gaps in the scant historical record. His early death and unknown early life have led to the spread of many legends, such as going down to the crossroads near Dockery Plantation and making a deal with the devil, which cursed the musician and leading to the creation of the 27 Club.

## Songs 
Eleven records were made by Robert Johnson with Vocalion during his lifetime, and a twelfth record was made once he had died.

All following songs were released after 1939:

## References
Bundesfinanzhof

The **Bundesfinanzhof** or *Federal Finance Court*  is one of the federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the final court of appeals for cases about tax and customs law.  It hears cases from the *Finanzgerichte* (Finance Courts).

The *Federal Finance Court*  was first created in 1918.  It has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria.

## Other websites
*Official homepage
Willie Brown

The name **Willie Brown** may mean:

*Willie Brown (politician) (born 1934), Mayor of San Francisco (1996–2004), Speaker of the California State Assembly (1980–1995)
*Willie Brown (football player) (born 1940), American football Hall-of-Fame cornerback
*Willie Brown (musician) (1900–1952), American delta blues guitarist and singer
*Willie Brown (cartoon character), fictional owner of Felix the Cat
*Willie Brown (footballer born 1900), Scottish footballer
*Willie Brown (footballer born 1950), Scottish footballer
*Willie Brown (footballer born 1974), Ghanaian footballer
*Willy Brown, victim of the Omaha Race Riot of 1919

## Related pages
*William Brown, for people known as William/Bill Brown
Hot Club de Paris

**Hot Club de Paris** are a band which came from Liverpool, United Kingdom. They are signed to the London-based Moshi Moshi Records, a record company, and released their debut album ''Drop It 'Til It Pops* in October 2006. Their second album, *Live at Dead Lake'', was released in June 2008.

## History 
The band formed in early 2004 after band members Matthew and Paul met in 2003 working at Chester racecourse. It's other members were playing in different bands in the Liverpool music scene including street punkers Down and Outs and new wave popsters Victor FME. 

They both loved American punk rock bands (Minutemen, Firehose, SST Records bands etc.) and they became interested in math rock and experimental indie bands which influenced their music a lot. They signed to Moshi Moshi Records in 2005, and have since toured around the world to support the release of their debut record. 

They have been shown on a number of music-based TV shows in the UK and their record played airplay on a number of radio stations including BBC Radio1, BBC 6 Music and XFM, whose DJ John Kennedy has championed the band. Kennedy claimed that their debut album is 'one of the best of 2006'.

They have toured with a number of bands including Jamie T, Maxïmo Park and The Who. 

They played at the 2007 SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas and have toured in the UK, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, France, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Holland and India.

They recorded their second album (*Live at Dead Lake*) in Chicago with Brian Deck. Brian Deck has previously produced Iron and Wine and Modest Mouse. It was released in 2008.

They released two EPs in 2010: *With Days Like This As Cheap As Chewing Gum, Why Would Anyone Want To Work?* and *The Rise And Inevitable Fall Of The High School Suicide Cluster Band*. Tracks from these EPs were released on the album *Free The Pterodactyl Three* in 2011.

### Singles 
* "Sometimesitsbetternottostickbitsofeachotherineachotherforeachother" (2006) UK #57
* "Everyeveryeverything" (2006) UK #67
* "Shipwreck" (2007) UK #38
* "Clockwork Toy/You can call me Al" (2007) UK #88
* "Will You Still Be In Love With Me Next Year?" (2007)
* "Hey! Housebrick" (2008) UK #81
* "My Little Haunting" (2008)

### Compilation contributions
Hot Club De Paris have released several tracks on compilation albums, including *Can You Hear Me Clearly?*, on Moshi Moshi records, and a rare CDR release *Munkyfest v7.0*, released by the organisers of the *Munkyfest* festival. 

## Sources 
*Interview 
*BBC gig review 
*Article on gigwise

## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Interview on www.krugermagazine.com 
*Official hotclubdeparis myspace
*HCdP page  on Moshi Moshi Records web site
*album review on This is Fake DIY
Robert Johnson

**Robert Johnson** may mean:

; In politics:
*Robert Johnson (governor), South Carolina
*Robert Johnson (Texas) (1929–1995), member of Texas state legislature 1956–63
*Robert D. Johnson (1883–1961), U.S. Congressman from Missouri
*Robert Edward Johnson, Congressional candidate in Florida in 2004 and in Texas in 2006
*Robert J. Johnson, U.S. Congressional candidate from New York in 2004 and 2006
*Robert Ward Johnson (1814–1879), U.S. Senator from Arkansas
*Robert Johnson, Louisiana State Representative

; In business:
*Robert E. Johnson, magazine editor
*Robert L. Johnson (born 1946), American media entrepreneur, founder of Black Entertainment Television
*Robert M. Johnson, Publisher of *Newsday*
*Robert Wood Johnson I (died 1910), founded Johnson & Johnson
*Robert Wood Johnson II (1893–1968), 3rd president of Johnson & Johnson
*Robert Wood Johnson III (1920–1970), 3rd generation president of Johnson & Johnson
*Robert Wood Johnson IV, American businessman

; In the arts:
*Robert Johnson (drummer), former drummer for KC and the Sunshine Band
*Robert Johnson (musician) (Robert Leroy Johnson) (1911–1938), blues singer and guitarist
*Robert Johnson (actor), voice actor noted for *Mission: Impossible* mission messages
*Robert Johnson (Scottish composer) (c. 1470 - after 1554)
*Robert Johnson (composer) (c. 1580–1634) English lutenist and composer
*Robert Johnson (conductor), orchestral conductor
*Robert Johnson (screenwriter), writer for films such as The Temptations
*Robert Sherlaw Johnson, British composer, pianist and music scholar
*Robert Johnson, British comic entertainer known under the stage name Bob Carolgees

; In the military:
*Robert Johnson (Civil War) (1834–1869), Civil War Brigadier General, son of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President
*Robert S. Johnson, American World War II flying ace

; In religion:
*Robert Johnson (martyr) (died 1581), Catholic priest
*Robert Johnson (rector), Puritan rector

; Others:
*Robert Johnson (American football), NFL tight end
*Robert Johnson (explorer), explorer of the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, in 1821
*Robert Johnson (handball), a Canadian handball player who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics
*Robert Johnson (terrorist), on the U.S. No Fly List
*Robert A. Johnson, Jungian analyst
*Robert Underwood Johnson, U.S. writer and diplomat

## Other
;First name variations:
*Bob Johnson
*Rob Johnson
*Bobby Johnson
*Robb Johnson
*For all other first names see Johnson

;Surname variations:
*Robert Johnston

;Middle name Robert:
*Lacey Robert Johnson
*Jeremy Robert Johnson

;Other:
*Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
*Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
*Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
*The Robert Johnson Songbook (album)
Sid Wilson

**Sidney George "Sid" Wilson** (born January 20, 1977) is an American musician and member of Slipknot. In Slipknot he is known as **#0**. He is known as the craziest member of Slipknot because of his over-the-top antics, such as jumping into the audience and moshing along with them, hitting himself with the custom percussion instruments, and walking on top of the crowd. He also performs as **DJ Starscream**.

His injuries include breaking both of his heels. He likes the television series *Transformers* and takes his DJ name "Starscream" from one of its characters. He also has tattoos of the characters. In Slipknot he wears a metallic style mask with lighting up eyes and moving eyebrows and mouth.
Mahamudra

**Mahamudra** (Sanskrit: *great seal*) is an advanced form of meditation in Buddhism. It is practiced by the Kagyu, Gelug and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Bön and Nyingma schools practice a different advanced form of meditation called Dzogchen.
Discount store

discount department store.]]
A **discount store** is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, or electrical appliances. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries.  Discount stores, usually smaller than Neighborhood markets and supercenters, usually offer the essentials, like groceries. Some iconic brands that own these establishments are those like Walmart, and Target.
 
## Related pages
* Department store
* Supermarket
* Grocery store
* Walmart
Second Temple

]]The **Second Temple** (Hebrew: בית המקדש, *Holy House*) was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BC and 70 AD. It is also known as the '''Herod's Temple'''. Back then, it was the center of Jewish worship. The Romans burned down Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4, 70 AD after crushing a Jewish revolt against their colonial rule.
## Related pages
*Jerusalem
*Western Wall
*History of Jews
*Haredi Judaism
*Orthodox Judaism
*Conservative Judaism
## Other websites
*About the Temple of Jerusalem
*Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second
*Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

## References
Temple in Jerusalem

The **Temple in Jerusalem** or **Holy Temple** (, transliterated *Bet HaMikdash*, which means literally "The Holy House") stood on the Temple Mount *(Har HaBayit)* in the old city of Jerusalem. According to classical Jewish belief, it was the "footstool" of God's presence in the physical world.  It was the place where Jews brought all the offerings described in the Torah.

The First Temple, also called Solomon's Temple, was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE and has been dated astronomically to 957 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. This first Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. A new temple was built from 535 BCE to 516 BCE. That was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed.
 
The Islamic Dome of the Rock has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE. The al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard.

## Related pages
* Al-Aqsa Mosque
* Second Temple

## References
## Other websites
* About the Temple of Jerusalem
* visit of the Temple Institute Museum in Jerusalem conducted by Rav Israel Ariel
Willie Brown (musician)

**Willie Brown** (August 6, 1900 – December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson.

## Life 
### Birth 
Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

### Music 
He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".

Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played *M & O Blues* and *Future Blues*. He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.

Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called *Make Me a Pallet on the Floor*.

#### Possible songs 
A song called *Rowdy blues* was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song (*Future Blues*) on the same album (*Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers*).

## Death 
He died of heart disease in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

## Other websites
* "Cross Road Blues" lyrics
French Open

The **French Open** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.

The French Open is known for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called *clay-court specialists*.

The tournament is played for four weeks. It starts in late May and finishes in early June.

Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.

The singles winners in 2016 were **Novak Djokovic** and Garbiñe Muguruza. The singles winners in 2015 were Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams.

## Records 
* Men - Rafael Nadal has won 9 times: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
* Women - Chris Evert won 7 times: 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1986.

## Sources
Sami

**Sami** might mean:

*Sámi, an ethnic group from Lapland
*Sámi languages, the languages spoken by the Sámi people

## Given name
*Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi Arabian footballer
*Sami Helenius, Finnish ice hockey player
*Sami Hyypiä, Finnish footballer
*Sami Khedira, German footballer
*Sami Lepistö, Finnish ice hockey player
*Sami Salo, Finnish ice hockey player
Medicine wheel

A **medicine wheel** is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.

They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat.  They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.

Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

## Other websites
*What is a Medicine Wheel?
Stone structure

**Stone structures**, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).

Some of the better known ones are:

*Easter Island
*Egyptian pyramids
*Medicine wheels
*Stone circle
*Stone circle (Iron Age)
*Stonehenge, which is in England.
*Stone ship
*Ziggurats
Mean Girls

***Mean Girls*** is a 2004 American teen comedy movie starring Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Tim Meadows, Ana Gasteyer, Amy Poehler, and Tina Fey. It was written by Fey and directed by Mark Waters.

## Plot 
*Mean Girls* is about a teenage girl, Cady Heron, who used to be home schooled in Africa but moves to the United States and has to go to a normal high school in Evanston, Illinois. On her first day at school, she hates it. She thinks it is a bit weird because she cannot go to the toilet when she wants, cannot write in green ink and has to stay in the same seat every time she goes into a lesson. 

On the second day it becomes more successful as she makes new friends, Janis and Damian. When they skip a lesson, Janis and Damian give her a map of the school eating area. It is arranged into different sorts of people and their personalities. At lunch time Cady is on her way to sit with her new friends but is interrupted, then Regina, Gretchen and Karen ("The Plastics") ask her to sit with them and so she sits with them.

Soon, Cady joins the Plastics, and Janis devises a plan to shatter them.  Cady convinces Regina to eat these bars that will make her gain weight instead of lose weight. However, Cady becomes too much like the Plastics, and throws a party at her parents' house without their permission. She tries to hook up with Regina's boyfriend, but he rejects her because she's "just like a clone of Regina now".  Janis tells Cady that she's just like one of the Plastics now.  

Janis reveals to the entire school about her and Cady's plan to ruin Regina's reputation. Regina is upset and leaves the school but is hit by a bus. Low grades in calculus class force Cady to rethink her plans.  She joins the math team, and works on getting her grades up. She manages to help the math team win a championship.

## Cast
*Lindsay Lohan as Cady Heron
*Rachel McAdams as Regina George
*Lizzy Caplan as Janis Ian
*Daniel Franzese as Damian
*Lacey Chabert as Gretchen Wieners
*Amanda Seyfried as Karen Smith
*Tina Fey as Ms. Sharon Norbury
*Tim Meadows as Mr. Ron Duvall
*Amy Poehler as Mrs. George
*Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Heron
*Neil Flynn as Mr. Heron
*Jonathan Bennett as Aaron Samuels

## Sequel
*Mean Girls 2* was released in 2011 on DVD. None of the actors from *Mean Girls* were in it apart from Tim Meadows.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Megalith

, Brittany]]

A **megalith** is a large stone used to build a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. ***Megalithic*** means structures made of such large stones, put together without the use of mortar or cement. 

The word *megalith* comes from the Ancient Greek ''* *megas* meaning *great*, and ** *lithos* meaning *stone*. It has been used to describe stone structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different times.  Many megaliths were used to figure out the dates of the solstices and equinoxes.

These structures were built mainly in the Neolithic period. They continued to be built into the Bronze Age. Some were built even earlier in the Mesolithic period.

A famous example of a megalith is Stonehenge.

## Notes
## References
* Johnson, W. (1908). *Folk-memory''. Oxford: Clarendon press.
Sam Chatmon

**Sam Chatmon** (January 10 1897 - February 2 1983), was a guitarist and singer.

## Life and career 
Chatmon was born in Bolton, Mississippi.

### Early life 
Chatmon had a very musical family, all of them lived in Mississippi. Two of Sam's brothers, fiddler Lonnie Chatmon and guitarist Bo Carter, performed with guitarist Walter Vinson as the Mississippi Sheiks. Chatmon himself was a member of the family's string band when he was young. He performed all the time for white audiences in the 1900s.

### Music style 
The Chatmon band played:
* Ragtime
* Ballads
* Popular dance tunes.

### Instruments played 
Chatmon played the banjo, mandolin, harmonica and the guitar. He played at parties and on street corners in Mississippi for money and tips. In the 1930s he recorded songs with his brothers.

### Later life 
Chatmon moved to Hollandale, Mississippi in the early 1940s and worked on plantations in Hollandale. He started playing again in 1960, playing mostly blues music. In the same year, he recorded songs for Arhoolie Records. He went on tours in the 1960s and 1970s and played for many festivals such as the Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. in 1972, the Mariposa Fest in Toronto in 1974, and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1976.

## Timeline
* 1897 - Born in Bolton, Mississippi
* 1900 - Played for white audiences
* 1930 - Recorded with the Sheiks, Lonnie and the Chatman Brothers
* 1940 - Moved to Hollandale, Mississippi, to work on plantations
* 1960 - Rediscovered as a folk-blues artist, he also recorded for the Arhoolie Label
* 1970 - Performed with Fingers Taylor on The Blues Caravan
* 1972 - Played many of his largest and best-known folk festivals
* 1974 - Played the Mariposa Fest in Toronto
* 1976 - Played the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
* 1983 - Died

## References
## Other websites 
* Illustrated Sam Chatmon discography
* Sam Chatmon biography at the All Music Guide website
Moshi Moshi Records

**Moshi Moshi Records** is a small London-based independent record label that has released music by the bands such as The Rakes, Bloc Party, Hot Chip, Hot Club De Paris, Kate Nash, Junkboy, Architecture in Helsinki, Tilly and the Wall, Yeti, and its newest release is from a group called Au Revoir Simone. Mates Of State is the Moshi Moshi's 50th release.

It is named after the Japanese telephone greeting "Moshi Moshi" ().

## Artists
*Alterkicks (band)
*Architecture in Helsinki (band)
*Au Revoir Simone (band)
*Best Fwends (band)
*Bloc Party (band)
*Blue Foundation (band)
*Break bot (band)
*Dananananaykroyd (band)
*Dntel (band)
*Fans of Kate (band)
*Foreign Born (band)
*Friendly Fires (band)
*The Grates (band)
*Hot Chip (band)
*Hot Club de Paris (band)
*Ingo Star Cruiser (band)
*J Xaverre (band)
*Junk Boy (band)
*Kate Nash
*Late of the Pier (band)
*Lo-Fi-Fnk (band)
*The Mae Shi (band)
*Mates of State (band)
*Matt and Kim (band)
*Matt Harding (band)
*Metronomy (band)
*New Rhodes (band)
*Pedro v Kathryn Williams (band)
*The Rakes (band)
*Rat:att:agg (band)
*Roland Shanks (band)
*Slow Club (band)
*Sukpatch (band)
*Tilly and the Wall (band)
*Unsound (band)
*Yeti (band)
*Zan Lyons (band)

## Related pages
*List of record labels
*A side project of the Disco Biscuits

## Other websites
*Official Moshi Moshi Records web site
Joey Jordison

**Nathan Jonas "Joey" Jordison** (April 26, 1975 &ndash; July 26, 2021) was an American musician. He was the drummer for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as **#1**. He was also the guitarist for Murderdolls.

Jordison died on July 26, 2021 at the age of 46. He was suffering from transverse myelitis when he died.

## References
Richard Cromwell

**Richard Cromwell** (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 to 25 May 1659. His enemies called him "Hickory Dick" and "Queen Dick"*.*

He  was not suited to ruling the country. He followed his father only because he was Oliver's oldest living son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him.  After a short time, Richard gave up power and knew that many people wanted King Charles II to come back from the Netherlands and rule the country.  When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while.

He changed his name to "John Clarke", travelled around Europe and did not return home for 20 years. After he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.

The nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell. One of Richard's nicknames was "Hickory Dick". The mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one, and Cromwell ruled for only one year.

## References 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* BBC Bio of Richard Cromwell
* BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell 
* Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell
Illuminati

is often said to be a symbol of the Illuminati. It is on top of the pyramid on the back of the US $1 bill, the back of the Great Seal of the United States, and other official documents.]]

The **Illuminati** (the “enlightened ones”) was a late-18th century German political secret society. Adam Weishaupt and Benton Oseko, two Bavarian philosophers and lawyers, started the secret society on 1 May 1776 at the University of Ingolstadt. In 1785, it was outlawed in Bavaria.

Originally, the Illuminati opposed superstition, prejudice, religious influence over public life, and abuses of government power. They supported education and gender equality for women.

The Illuminati has been the subject of many conspiracy theories.

## Other organizations 
Later, many other groups formed using the same name. There is no evidence that these present-day groups have any significant power or influence. They promote themselves using the Bavarian Illuminati to attract membership.  

## References
Cipriano de Rore

**Cipriano de Rore** (born in Ronse, Flanders, 1515 or 1516; died  Parma, September 1565) was a composer who lived in the Renaissance period.  He was Flemish, but spent all his adult life in Italy.  The name de Rore is a proper Flemish name, not a name that has been changed to look Italian.  He was one of the most important composer of madrigals in the 16th century.

## Life 
There is very little known about Rore's early life.  He was born in a small town called Ronse (Renaix) in what is now Belgium.  It is possible that he had music lessons in Antwerp.  We think that he was taken to Italy by Margaret of Parma in 1533 as one of her servants.  Margaret, who was an illegitimate daughter of Charles V, was very wealthy and she married into the Medici family.  Rore probably continued to learn about music in Italy.

In his music publications de Rore is called a “disciple” of Adrian Willaert.  We do not know whether this means that he had lessons from Willaert, or just that he learned to compose by studying Willaert’s music.  His first book of madrigals was published in 1542, and then two books of motets were published.

In 1546 Rore went to Ferrara, where he was *maestro di cappella* (choirmaster) He wrote a great deal of music in Ferrara.  He worked for the Duke Ercole II d'Este.  He composed masses, motets, chansons, and lots of madrigals, some of which were about things that happened in the court at Ferrara.  The duke awarded him an important honour.  Rore also wrote music for Albrecht V of Bavaria who lived in Munich.

He left his job in Ferrara and went back to Flanders where he found his home town Ronse had been destroyed in a war.  He went back to Ferrara, but could not get his old job back.  After another visit to Flanders he returned to Italy and got a job in Parma, but the music in that town was not very good.  For a short time he had a very important job of
*maestro di cappella* at St. Mark's.  Adrian Willaert had just died.  However, Rore only kept this job for a year, returning to Parma in  1564 and dying there the next year.

## Works and influence 
Rore is best known for his Italian madrigals, but he also wrote a lot of church music, including masses and motets.  He learned from studying the music of Josquin. His madrigals are based on the style of Willaert.  He enjoyed writing thick counterpoint and making the voices imitate one another a lot.  Most of the words he set were serious words, not lighthearted and amusing.  He often used chromaticism.  He developed his musical style a lot during his lifetime.  His music was very important in the development of the Italian madrigal, and it led the way to the madrigals of Monteverdi.

## References
* Reese, Gustave. *Music in the Renaissance*.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  
*[*http://www.grovemusic.com/Groves Online]
Flemish language

**Flemish** is a cluster of Dutch dialects spoken by people in the Flanders region of Belgium. Dutch became the official language of the northern part of Belgium in 1938.

## Related pages 
*Dutch language

## References
1965 Yerevan demonstrations

The **1965 Yerevan Demonstrations** were a 24-hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the 1915 genocide.

On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.

Many committed intellectuals, such as Silva Kaputikyan, had made impassioned pleas to the authorities in Moscow. The memorial, on Tsitsernakaberd hill, was completed in 1967.

Following the example of this high-profile demonstration, similar protests were made throughout the world, in whichever country the Armenian Diaspora exists. Since the day of the protests, Armenians to this day visit the memorial and make protests around the world to gain acceptance of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey.

## Related pages
*Armenian Genocide

## References
## Other websites 
*Armenian Genocide time line
*24th of April in Armenia