open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kilmainham

**Kilmainham** (In Irish: *Cill Mhaighneann*, "St Maighnenn's church") is an area of Dublin. It lies south of the River Liffey and west of the city centre in the Dublin 8 postal district. 

## History
In the Viking era, there was a monastery here. The monastery was home to the first Norse base (*longphort*) in Ireland.

In the 12th century the lands on the banks of the Liffey belonged to the Knights Templars. Strongbow built a castle for them, about a mile away from the Danish wall of old Dublin. Here the Templars lived for nearly a century and a half. In 1308, Edward II ruled that they were no longer allowed to practice their religion. Thirty members of the Templars were imprisoned in Dublin. Their lands and rights were given to the priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. They were there until the monasteries were closed in the 16th century. 

The Manor of Kilmainham was a liberty. This means it had special rights. "The manor" was an area that included parts of James's Street and side-streets and went as far as Lucan and Chapelizod. 

Until the time of Queen Elizabeth, the lord lieutenants used the manor of Kilmainham. In 1559, the earl of Sussex, found that the building at Kilmainham was damaged by a storm. The following year Elizabeth ordered that Dublin Castle be improved so the lord lieutenant could live there. From that time, Kilmainham was no longer used much.

## Things to see 
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is in Kilmainham. It was built on the site where the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem had their priory in Dublin. It is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art. Nearby is also Kilmainham Gaol, where the executions of the leaders of the Easter Rising took place. 

Kilmainham also has one of a small number of Viking era burial sites (Old Norse *haugr* meaning barrow or mound), within Dublin.

## References
Alnico

''.  Placed across the poles when the magnet was not in use, it helped preserve the magnetization.]]

**Alnico** is an alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The name "Alnico" is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.

Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets). Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets. Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, alnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet. The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and  aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted). 

## Properties 
Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields. Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets. Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.

Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions. Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation. Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.

Alnico magnets are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot. 

In 2008, the cost of Alnico magnets was about $44/kg ($20/pound).

## References (67)
Yamaguchi (city)

**Yamaguchi** is a city in western Japan. It is the capital of Yamaguchi Prefecture. The city had a population of 198,971 people in 2010. Yamaguchi was made when 40 towns were merged on April 1, 1889.

## Other websites 
* Yamaguchi's Official city website (Japanese)
Random mating

**Random mating** is a term in population genetics. It describes an ideal situation in which  all individuals on one sex are equally potential partners of all members of the opposite sex. The technical term for it is **panmixia**. 

Random mating is one of the requirements for the Hardy–Weinberg law to hold. This is the foundation equation of population genetics.

There are a number of types of non-random mating, such as mate choice (selection by females from a small group of males), mating type (in microorganisms like *Paramecium*), selfing in some flowering plants, and in general, inbreeding. Mechanical or geographical differences within a species will often prevent a whole species being panmictic.

The opposite of random mating is *assortative mating*.

## References
CMUNE

**Cmune** is a software development company. It is the maker of **UberStrike**, a popular web-based video game. Cmune was started in 2007 by Shaun Lelacheur Sales and Ludovic Bodin.

UberStrike was originally developed under the name Paradise Paintball. It is a free, multiplayer first-person shooter browser game. There are over 10 million registered players. As of November 2012, it was still the largest FPS inside Facebook.

## References
Ernest Tubb

**Ernest Dale Tubb** (February 9, 1914 – September 6, 1984) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Tubb was nicknamed *The Texas Troubadour*. He is probably best known for his hit song "Walking the Floor Over You" in 1941. He joined the Grand Ole Opry as a member in 1943. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1965.

## Other websites 
*Ernest Tubb at the Country Music Hall of Fame
Photomultiplier tubes

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.

An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts. Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted. This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons. This process can generate 106 to 107 electrons for each individual photon. These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured. 
	
Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times. The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise. Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components. 
	
Photomultiplier tubes are commonly used for analysis techniques as well as medical and research purposes.

## References
Ernst-Happel-Stadion

The **Ernst-Happel-Stadion** is a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. The Ernst Happel Stadium is the largest football stadium in Austria. It is the home of the Austrian national football team. Club football matches are limited to the Austrian cup final and international competitions with one of Vienna's top clubs, FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien, as their homegrounds are too small for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. Local derbies between FK Austria and SK Rapid have also been played in the stadium. In 2014, it became the official homeground of SK Rapid Wien because their stadium was being rebuilt.

## History
The stadium was built between 1929 and 1931. It was used and opend for the second Workers' Olympiad 1931. The capacity of the stadium was approximately 60,000 people. The first match in the new stadium was a match between a selection from workers sportclubs from Lower Austria and Vienna. (2:3). 

During the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany it was used as barracks and also as collecting point for Viennese Jews. In 2003 a private plaque was created in the VIP area to remind on this incidents. In 1944 the stadium was bombed and heavily demaged.

After the Second World war  the stadium was reconstructed. 1956 the capacity was extended to 92,708 people.The record was 91,000 visitors on October 30, 1960 at the football match between Spain and Austria (3-0). After the death of former Austrian top player and coach Ernst Happel, the Prater Stadium was renamed after him in 1992.

## UEFA Euro 2008
The Ernst-Happel-Stadion hosted 7 games of Euro 2008: 3 group games of the Austrian team, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final.

## Other  matches
*   ** 1995 UEFA Champions League final:** Ajax 1 – 0 Milan
*    **1994 UEFA Cup final:** Internazionale 1– 0 Austria Salzburg
*    **1990 European Cup final:** Milan 1 – 0 Benfica
*    **1987 European Cup final:** Porto 2 – 1 Bayern Munich
*    **1970 European Cup Winners Cup final:** Manchester City 2 – 1 Górnik Zabrze
*    **1964 European Cup final:** Internazionale 3 – 1 Real Madrid

## Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including AC/DC, Bon Jovi, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Guns N' Roses, Michael Jackson, Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Rihanna, The Rolling Stones, U2, Kanye West and Robbie Williams, among others.
2011–12 Juventus F.C. season

The **2011–12 season** is '''Juventus Football Club's''' 114th in Serie A. Juventus starts the season with a new Manager, Antonio Conte.

On June 15, Former Juventus director manager Luciano Moggi has been banned for life from all Italian football.

On July 8, Juventus start pre-season training in Turin.

On October, President Andrea Agnelli said that Alessandro Del Piero will leave Juventus at the end of the season.

## Transfers 
|

|}

## Pre-season 
## Squad 
|

|

|

|}

## Serie A
## References
Grand Tour

, by Pompeo Batoni, 1778]]

The **Grand Tour** was the name of travel through Europe by rich European (mostly British) young men between 1660 until about 1840. It was done to learn about European society and art. The idea was that what they learned on their travels could be used to help those that stayed at home. Italy was often the final country to visit. They would mostly travel with servants and a teacher called a *bear-leader*.

## Example Grand Tour
Which places the Grand Tour would visit  changed through the years. An example would be a British tourist would go from  Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Ostend, in the Spanish Netherlands/Belgium, or Calais, or Le Havre in France.

There they could rent or buy a carriage and travel to Paris. Or they could make the trip by boat, traveling up the Seine to Paris, or up the Rhine to Basel.

In Paris, the traveler could take lessons in French, dancing, fencing, and horse riding. Paris was popular because of the language and fashion of French high society.

From Paris he would go to Switzerland for a while, often to Geneva. From there the traveler would make a difficult crossing over the Alps into northern Italy.

Once in Italy the tourist would visit Turin, then might spend a few months in Florence. Other Grand Tourists would be in Florence to welcome him. A trip to Pisa then on to Padua, Bologna, and Venice.

Venice was seen as the most important place for Italian architecture, and was very important place to visit.

From Venice the traveler went to Rome to study the ruins of ancient Rome. Some travelers also visited Naples to study music. Naples was often the final destination before turning back.

From here the traveler went north through the Alps to the German-speaking parts of Europe. From there travelers visited Holland and Flanders before returning across the Channel to England.
## References
## Other websites
* The Grand Tour 
* Grand Tour online at the Getty Museum
* In Our Time: The Grand Tour: Jeremy Black, Edward Chaney and Chloe Chard. 
* "Grand Tour" an exhibition project of the Swedish artist Matts Leiderstam 
* Voyagers and Voyeurs - Travellers in 19th century France, an anthology 
* Contemporary Grand Tour in Italy, Pictures and quotes
* Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth Century Rome
Chun Kuk Do

**Chun Kuk Do** (, commonly abbreviated as CKD) is a martial art (or type of fighting style) that Chuck Norris created. It is said to be based upon Tang Soo Do, another martial art.

Chun Kuk Do mainly means "The Universal Way," but has other meanings, such as, "The Way of 1000 Lands," or "The Way of Many Lands."

Chun Kuk Do has undergone many name changes, becoming known as Chun Kuk Do in the 1990s and most currently being called the Chuck Norris System.

Chun Kuk Do is an American hybrid martial arts style based on Traditional Taekwondo styles such as Tang Soo Do/Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo. Chun Kuk Do was established in 1990. It is also known as the art of Chuck Norris as he was the most famous user of this martial art.

Chunk Kuk Do is not an ad hoc collection of various techniques from different systems. Rather, it is a style with a deeply-rooted traditional foundation of its own – now unique and different from its Tang Soo Do predecessor – to which various other elements that complement its fundamentals have been added. Chun Kuk Do has come to emphasize self defense, competition, weapons, grappling, fitness, and more.”   

Currently there aren't any other widely renowned fighters after the death of actor and martial artist Chuck Norris.
Wild type

**Wild type** is a term in genetics for the most common type in a natural population. It is applied to alleles of a gene, or the genotypes or phenotypes of a species.

The term is used in genetics to contrast normal alleles with mutant alleles.

With *Drosophila melanogaster*, wild type usually means the standard version of the famous laboratory population used in the T.H. Morgan laboratory, and since used around the world. This was, of course, only a small sample of the natural populations.

Actually, we propbably know more about *Drosophila pseudoobscura* in the wild than *Drosophila melanogaster*, because of a huge series of studies done by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues after World War II.

## References
Tábor

**Tábor** is a municipality in the Czech Republic. It is in the South Bohemian Region. At the 2021 census, 33,360 people lived there. The municipality was started in 1420. The current mayor is Štěpán Pavlík. The municipality is named after Mount Tabor.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Beauvais

.]]

.]]

**Beauvais** is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Oise department in the north of France. In 2012, 54,289 people lived there.

Beauvais_1.JPG|Cathedral
Beauvais_fontaine_(angle_rue_Carnot_et_rue_des_Jacobins)_1.jpg|Town center
Médiathèque_du_centre-ville_de_Beauvais.png|Médiathèque

## International relations
### Twin towns – Sister cities
Beauvais is twinned with:
*  Maidstone, United Kingdom, since 1961
*  Witten, Germany, since 1975
*  Setúbal, Portugal, since 1982.

### Partnerships
There are also partnerships with:
*  Dej, Romania, since 2003
*  Tczew, Poland, since 2003
Andrea Moda Formula

**Andrea Moda Formula,** also known as **Andrea Moda**, was a Formula One team. It raced in the 1992 Formula One season. It was made by Andrea Sassetti. He was a shoe maker in Italy. 

## Issues 
The team was taken out from the opening race in South Africa. This is because they did not pay the one hundred thousand fee for new teams. 

The team was put in the next race in Brazil. Roberto Moreno and Perry McCarthy would drive. The cars were still not ready.  

At the race in San Marino, the car was finally ready. McCarthy did not get his Super License, which is needed to race a F1 car. The car later had to be retired. This was because it was having an engine problem.

In Canada, the team did not have engines because Sassetti did not pay the engine supplier, Judd, the money. The team also missed France due to their car being stuck in a blockade by French truck drivers.

In August of 1992, the FIA warned the team that they might be excluded (disqualified, does not count) from the championship. It was a known fact that McCarthy was barely given a chance, since the team could not afford to properly run two cars, so they mainly worked on Moreno's car while McCarthy was only there to meet the rules of having two cars in the race.

Finally, at the Belgian Grand Prix, Sassetti was arrested for forging invoices. The team was not allowed in the field at the Italian Grand Prix.

## Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position)
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department

The following is a list of the 470 '*communes of the Puy-de-Dôme *département''''', in France.

(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération Clermont Communauté, created in 2000.
(CCHL) Communauté de communes of Haut-Livradois.
Alençon

**Alençon** is a commune. It is found in the Orne department in the north western of France.

## Social Housing
The Champ Perrier social housing complex, with its four high-rise buildings, was inaugurated in 1962 and is now facing significant social challenges.
## Sister cities
Alençon is twinned with:
* Basingstoke, United Kingdom, since 1968
* Quakenbrück, Germany, since 1969
* Koutiala, Mali, since 1970

## References
Communes of the Oise department

The following is a list of the 693 '*communes of the Oise *département''''', in France.

(CAB) Communauté d'agglomération of Beauvaisis, created in 2004.
Communes of the Nièvre department

The following is a list of the 312 '*communes of the Nièvre *département'''*, in France.

(CAN) *Communauté d'agglomération'' (unitary authority) of Val de Loire - Val de Nièvre, created in 2003.
Thin layer chromatography

**Thin layer chromatography** (or TLC) is a method by which mixtures are separated into their individual components. 

TLC is performed on a TLC plate.  These plates consist of a layer of silica and are usually backed by a thin piece of glass, although other materials like plastic may be used.  The silica coating on the front of the TLC plate is called the stationary phase. 
 
## Performing TLC
The process of running a TLC experiment starts with placing a small droplet of liquid analyte near the bottom of the TLC plate.  This is called “spotting” the TLC plate.  Very thin glass tubes are commonly used as spotters.

Once a plate has been spotted, it is placed into a glass container with a small amount of solvent.  This solvent is called the mobile phase.  It is important that the height of the solvent is below the height that the compound was spotted on the plate.  As the solvent moves up the TLC plate by capillary action, the compound will also move.  The compound will be separated into its components based upon each component’s attraction for the stationary phase versus the mobile phase.  Components that are attracted to the mobile phase more than they are attracted to the stationary phase will move further up the column.  Attractive forces are based on polarity differences.  

The TLC plate should be removed before the solvent reaches the top of the plate.  Separated compounds will sometimes be colored, but further work is often required for analysis.  Many compounds will be illuminated when the TLC plate is placed under an ultraviolet lamp.  TLC plates are also commonly dipped in stains (such as anisaldehyde, potassium permanganate, or iodine) to force a compound to appear on the plate.

## Application 
TLC is commonly used by organic chemists to monitor the progress of reactions.  The presence of starting material and products may be monitored using a single TLC plate.

Based on the results of a TLC experiment, a larger volume of mixture may be separated by another technique (like column chromatography) using a similar solvent system.  Or, a TLC experiment may be repeated using a different solvent.  Mixtures of solvents may also be used.  Use of different solvents will affect how well individual components are separated on the TLC plate.
Billiard Congress of America

**Billiard Congress of America** (**BCA**) is a group that organizes for cue sports in the United States. It started in 1948 as a non-profit trade organization The BCA headquarters is in Broomfield, Colorado.  The voting members of the organization are mostly equipment manufacturers.

## References
Reichshofstadion

The **Reichshofstadion** is a football stadium in Vorarlbergs city Lustenau. It is the largest stadium in this federal state of Austria. The stadium is the homeground of SC Austria Lustenau. From 2007 till 2014 it was also used by FC Lustenau 07, the second club from Lustenau. The stadium is now called Planet Pure Stadium named after a sponsor of Austria Lustenau. 

## History
The stadium was built from 1952 till 1953 and was in the beginning a multipurpose stadium with a running track. During the construction of new stands the track was used so today the stadium is de facto a pure football stadium. It is the homeground of both Lustenau clubs in Austrias First league. Originally it was the homeground of Austria Lustenau, but after the promotion of FC Lustenau to the first league their stadium was not good enough for the league. The stadium offers 8 800 places, 2.126 roofed seats, 2.390 roofed and 4.284 unroofed  standing room.

On 3 August 2007 the chapel of the stadium was consecrate, where fans of Austria Lustenau can merry. It is named after Hugo Kleinbrod, who cared after the 2. World War for children and orphans.

In May 2011 supporters of FC Lustenau coloured the main stand and a cash desk in their club colour blue, although they were originally green, which is Austrias colour.

## References
Flame ionization detector

**Flame Ionization Detectors** (shortened FID) is a common type detector used in gas chromatography. These detectors are best at detecting organic compounds. The first flame ionization detector was developed in simultaneously and independently in 1957 by Harley and Pretorius at the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa and by McWilliam and Dewar at Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand (ICIANZ, see Orica history) Central Research Laboratory, Ascot Vale, Melbourne, Australia.

The purpose of a FID is to detect compounds as they exit the gas chromatography column. The compounds that are exiting the column are in a gaseous state. Detection is done by first turning the gas compounds into ions and electrons and then collecting the charged molecules. The FID turns compounds into ions and electrons by putting them into a flame. The fuel used to make the flame in FIDs is usually made of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.  As these charged materials are collected, they make a current which is measured. The larger the current the more charged compounds are being collected. Currents for FIDs are usually about 10-12 amps and are measured by a high-impedance picoammeter.

Flame ionization detectors are used most often for organic compounds. This is because organic compounds contain lot of carbon atoms which easily turn into ions. Reduced carbons (carbons with no oxygen bonds) make the most ions. Other carbons such as alcohols (C-O-H) and carbonyls (C=O) do not make as many ions.

Many times organic samples being tested are not pure. The samples often contain impurities such as water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NO), and noble gases. The FID does not detect these impurities because they do not burn. This makes the FID a very useful detector because the samples being tested do not have to be purified before being tested.

FID can be used to detect very small amounts of material, as small as 10-13 g/s. It is also accurate over a large range of molecule amounts (a range of over 107). One problem with FID is that it destroys the sample being tested. Any sample used in gas chromatography with an FID cannot be used for other measurements afterwards. Also, a lot of fuel is required as well as very exact equipment to get exact results.
Little Wing

"**Little Wing**" is a 1967 psychedelic rock song by the English band The Jimi Hendrix Experience and was featured on their album *Axis: Bold as Love*. The song was written by lead vocalist and guitarist Jimi Hendrix. The song was ranked #357 on *Rolling Stone* magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The song has been covered by many other musical artists.
Bill Nighy

**William Francis Nighy** (born 12 December 1949) is a British actor. He starred in the films *Love Actually*, ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest* and *Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End* as Davy Jones.

During his career, he has won a BAFTA  Award and a Golden Globe Award. In 2023, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the film *Living''.

He was partners with actress Diana Quick from 1982 until they separated in 2008. Their daughter is actress Mary Nighy.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Edam, Netherlands

**Edam** is a city in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. About 7,380 people live there. The town is part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam. It is famous for Edam cheese which was first made in the town. The town has a little pub and a young population.

## Other websites
Cashpoint Arena Altach

The **Cashpoint Arena** is a football stadium in Altach, Vorarlberg, Austria. It is the homeground of SCR Rheindorf Altach, a football club playing in Austrian Football First League, which is the second level in Austrias football.

## History
The stadium was built 1989/90 and was opened on 1 June 1990 under the name Schnabelholz. 1998 the main stand of the stadium was completely roofed. After the promotion to the First league a  floodlighting was installed. After the promotion to the Bundesliga a new stand  with 1 800 seats was built because the Bundesliga regulates 3000 seats at least. The stadium now offers over 3000 roofed seats. 2006 the match versus SK Rapid Wien was visited by 8 900 people which is the record till today. 

The stadium offers a unique athmosphere because the visitors are near to the playing field. But the stadium is not only used for football but also for open air concerts and other events.
Medal of Honor (2010 video game)

***Medal of Honor*** is a first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Danger Close and EA Digital Illusions CE (DICE). It is the twelfth game in the *Medal of Honor* series. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 12, 2010. The game is set in the ongoing War in Afghanistan.
Gut flora

'', one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut]]
**Gut flora** consists of microorganisms that live in the digestive system of animals. It is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human microbiome.

The human body, consisting of about 100 trillion cells, carries about ten times as many microorganisms in the intestines. The metabolic activities performed by these bacteria resemble those of an organ, leading some to call gut flora a 'forgotten organ'.

Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of faeces. However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species.  Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.

Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a symbiotic relationship.

Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut are anaerobic, but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities. This is important because cellulose is the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose content of cotton is 90% and that of wood is 40–50%). Recently, evidence has emerged that some animals do produce their own cellulase. The question is not yet quite settled.

## Related pages 
*human microbiome
*appendix

## References
Ultraviolet–visible absorption

**Ultraviolet-visible absorption** is a process where a molecule absorbs ultraviolet or visible light that excites electrons (makes them high energy). This energy causes an electronic transition from a ground state (non excited) to an excited state.

This is used in a technique of absorption spectroscopy known as **ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy**.

## Energy absorption 
Different molecules will absorb different wavelengths of light.  The wavelengths of light for UV-visible absorption are from about 200 nanometers to 800 nanometers.   This is a section of the electromagnetic spectrum pictured.

Absorption of light starts with energy of a certain wavelength in this UV-visible region being exposed to a molecule.  The light/energy then excites the ground state (non excited) outer or valence electrons to an excited state (high energy).  The outcome of this can be measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer.  The data is shown as a spectrum with absorption versus wavelength.  This pattern can be used to learn properties of the molecule.  Only certain molecules can absorb light in this region.

## Chromophores 
 of litmus components]]

Molecules that absorb light at these wavelengths are called chromophores.  Chromophores are functional groups of a molecule that absorb light in this UV-Visible region.  They are most of the time characterized by delocalized pi electrons.  Pi electrons refer to a type of bond that occurs between electron orbitals called pi orbitals.  When many of these pi bonds exist in a molecule this allows electrons to be delocalized or spread out across a molecule.  An example of this type of molecule is pictured below. Many dyes (colored molecules) are characterized by these delocalized pi electrons and their color.  These molecules can be used for pH indicators to determine if a solution is acidic or basic.  The addition of acid or base disrupts the delocalized pi electrons.  This disruption causes a color change.  

The components of Beer’s Law can be determined by tests. They can also be referenced in literature.  If the absorption is measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer (instrument to measure absorption and wavelength of molecules), pathlength (b) is related to the sample container used in the test.  The sample container (named a cuvette) is made of a material that does not absorb light in this region.  The thickness of this cuvette is a known value. This is the pathlength the light will travel through to reach the sample.

## References
Alexander Tolmer

**Alexander Tolmer** (1815—1890) was the man in charge of the South Australian police force. Born in England to French parents, he studied to be a teacher of languages. He joined the army and saw action in Portugal from 1826—1833 during the civil war. Tolmer moved to South Australia in 1836, where Governor George Gawler thought his background in the cavalry would make him the right person to set up a group of mounted police.

In 1852 Tolmer became the police commissioner. He led a group of police from South Australia to the Victorian gold fields and escorted a load of gold back to Adelaide.

In 1856 after a number of small arguments with his offices, Tolmer was removed as commissioner. He tried farming, but this was unsuccessful. He tried to lead an exploring group to cross Australia from south to north, but this also failed before it left Adelaide. He became a ranger for crown lands in 1862 and retired in 1885. He died at Mitcham, South Australia, on 7 March 1890.

## References
## Other websites
* Photograph of Alexander Tolmer
William John Wills

**William John Wills** (1834—1861) was an English surveyor. He was born in Totnes, Devon. He became one of the first explorers to cross Australia from the south to the north. The expedition became known as the Burke and Wills expedition. It ended in disaster, when both Wills and the leader, Robert O'Hara Burke, died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.

## References
Battlefield 3

***Battlefield 3*** (***BF3***) is a first-person shooter video game. It was made by EA Digital Illusions CE and it was published by Electronic Arts. The game was released in October 2011. It is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Battlefield 3 is the 11th game in the *Battlefield* video games series, and it is next part of *Battlefield 2* (2005). On 29 June 2012, EA revealed that the game has sold 15 million copies.

## References
Debre Zebit

**Debre Zebit** is a village in northern Ethiopia. It is about 45&nbsp;km south of Addis Ababa. Debre Zebit is in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. 132,000 people live in Debre Zebit.

The Battle of Anchem which killed Ras Gugsa Welle was in Debre Zebit.

## References
Conversion of units

The term **conversion of units** refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit. There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex. Most conversions involve a *conversion factor* (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit *x* into a unit *y* by the general equation: y = m''''*x + b. That type of conversion is known as a *linear transform* or a mathematical *translation''.

A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount. When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do. Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1. For example, a  conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.

One of the most common conversions is to change meters (or "metres") into feet, by multiplying the amount in meters by about 3.28 feet per meter (ft/m):
* Convert 10 meters: 10 meters × 3.28 ft/m = 32.8 feet.
Typically, conversion amounts are rounded to the same precision as the original input amount, such as 10 meters being 33&nbsp;feet (when 32.8 feet is rounded to 2 digits as "33").

## References
Robert O'Hara Burke

'''Robert O'Hara Burke''' (1821—1861) was an Irish policeman, who led the Burke and Wills expedition. This was the largest and best equipped expedition to explore Australia. They successfully crossed the country, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861. The expedition ended in disaster when Burke and his second in command, William John Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their way back to Melbourne.

## References
Super 8 (movie)

***Super 8*** is a 2011 American science fiction movie that was produced by Steven Spielberg, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk and was directed by J. J. Abrams. *Super 8* was released on June 10, 2011 in North America. The movie has received positive reviews in early reviews.

## Cast 
* Kyle Chandler as Jackson Lamb
* Ron Eldard as Louis Dainard
* Noah Emmerich as Colonel Nelec
* Joel Courtney as Joe Lamb
* Riley Griffiths as Charles Kaznyk
* Elle Fanning as Alice Dainard
* Ryan Lee as Carey
* Zach Mills as Preston
* Josh McFarland as Tom Ashton
* Gabriel Basso as Martin
* Amanda Michalka as Jen Kaznyk
* Glynn Turman as Dr. Woodward
* Michael Hitchcock as Deputy Rosko

## Story line 
In the summer of 1979, a group of friends in a small Ohio town witness a catastrophic train crash while making a super 8 movie and soon suspect that it was not an accident. Shortly after, unusual disappearances and inexplicable events begin to take place in town, and the local Deputy tries to uncover the truth - something more terrifying than any of them could have imagined.

## Other websites 
*Super 8's Official website 
*
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

***Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides*** is a 2011 American fantasy comedy adventure movie that was directed by Rob Marshall and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. *Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides* was released on May 18 and May 20, 2011 in North America. The movie was the fourth movie in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* francise by Disney and the first and currently the only to be directed by Rob Marshall. It is the sequel to the 2007 film ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End*. It is based on the novel *On Stranger Tides'' by Tim Powers. The movie was shot in Hawaii, California and Puerto Rico.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, the film was well welcomed from audiences and fans which praised its story, humor, directing, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Rush), Zimmer's musical score, emotional weight and the action scenes, but it was criticizied for being really inferior to the first three movies and the character of Angelica Teach.

## Cast
*Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow
*Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
*Penélope Cruz as Angelica
*Ian McShane as Blackbeard/Edward Teach
*Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs
*Sam Claflin as Philip Swift
*Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey as Syrena
*Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves
*Damian O'Hare as Lieutenant Gillette
*Stephen Graham as Scrum
*Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard
*Gemma Ward as Tamara
*Richard Griffiths as King George II
*Bryson Carvalho as Kales Kamen
*Keith Richards as Captain Teague
*Judi Dench as a noblewoman
*Derek Mears as the Master-at-Arms
*Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand VI
*Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret.
*Roger Allam as Henry Pelham
*Paul Bazely as Salaman
*Gerard Monaco as Spanish Captain

## References
## Other websites
**Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides* official website
*
*
Jimma

**Jimma**, also known as *Jima* in Italian Gimma is a city found on the southwest of Ethiopia and is also the largest city found in southwestern Ethiopia. The population of Jimma was 159,009 as of the 2005 census. Jimma is found in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The city also has a university named Jimma University and an airport.

## Other websites 
*Archive of the Jimma website
Merle Haggard

**Merle Ronald Haggard** (April 6, 1937 &ndash; April 6, 2016) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He was known for his song "Okie from Muskogee". He was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame. He was involved with the growing outlaw country movement in the 1970s. Haggard won three Grammy Awards.

On April 6, 2016, Haggard died at his home in Palo Cedro, California from complications from pneumonia. He was 79 years old.

## Discography
### Singles
*"Okie from Muskogee" (1969)

### Studio albums
**Strangers* (1965)
**Just Between the Two of Us*  (1966)
**Swinging Doors*  (1966)
*''I'm a Lonesome Fugitive*  (1967)
**Branded Man*  (1967)
**Sing Me Back Home*  (1968)
**The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde*  (1968)
**Mama Tried*  (1968)
**Pride in What I Am*  (1969)
**Same Train, A Different Time*   (1969)
**A Portrait of Merle Haggard*  (1969)
**A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World (or, My Salute to Bob Wills)*   (1970)
**Hag*  (1971)
**Someday We'll Look Back*  (1971)
**Let Me Tell You About a Song*  (1972)
**It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad)*  (1972)
**Merle Haggard's Christmas Present (Something Old, Something New)* (1973)
**If We Make It Through December*  (1974)
**Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album*  (1974)
**Keep Movin' On*  (1975)
**It's All in the Movies*  (1976)
**My Love Affair with Trains*  (1976)
**The Roots of My Raising*  (1976)
**Ramblin' Fever* (1977)
**A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today*  (1977)
**My Farewell to Elvis* (1977)
**I'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall* (1978)
**Serving 190 Proof* (1979)
**The Way I Am* (1980)
**Back to the Barrooms* (1980)
**Songs for the Mama That Tried* (1981)
**Big City* (1981)
**A Taste of Yesterday's Wine*  (1982)
**Going Where the Lonely Go* (1982)
**Goin' Home for Christmas* (1982)
**Pancho & Lefty*  (1983)
**Heart to Heart*  (1983)
**That's the Way Love Goes* (1983)
**It's All in the Game* (1984)
**Kern River* (1985)
**A Friend in California* (1986)
**Out Among the Stars* (1986)
**Seashores of Old Mexico*  (1987)
**Chill Factor* (1987)
**5:01 Blues* (1989)
**Blue Jungle* (1990)
**1994* (1994)
**1996* (1996)
**Two Old Friends*  (1999)
**If I Could Only Fly* (2000)
**Cabin in the Hills* (2001)
**Roots, Volume 1* (2001)
**The Peer Sessions* (2002)
**Like Never Before* (2003)
**I Wish I Was Santa Claus* (2004)
**Unforgettable* (2004)
**Chicago Wind* (2005)
**Kickin' Out the Footlights...Again*  (2006)
**Last of the Breed*  (2007)
**The Bluegrass Sessions* (2007)
**I Am What I Am* (2010)
**Working in Tennessee* (2011)
**Django and Jimmie*  (2015)
**Timeless''  (2015)

## Related pages
*List of country musicians from California

## References
## Other websites
* Merle Haggard's Official website
Cowboys & Aliens (movie)

***Cowboys & Aliens*** is a 2011 science fiction-western movie that was produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Alex Kurtzman, Damon Lindelof, Roberto Orci, Scott Mitchell Rosenberg and Steven Spielberg and was directed by Jon Favreau. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg.

## Cast 
* Daniel Craig as Jake Lonergan
* Harrison Ford as Colonel Woodrow Dolarhyde
* Olivia Wilde as Ella
* Sam Rockwell as Doc
* Noah Ringer as Emmett
* Paul Dano as Percy Dolarhyde
* Clancy Brown as Meacham
* Keith Carradine as Sheriff Taggart
* Adam Beach as Nat Colorado
* Abigail Spencer as Alice
* Ana de la Reguera as María
* Walton Goggins as Hunt

## Other websites 
*Cowboys & Aliens Official website 
*
*
Like a Boss

"**Like a Boss**" is a 2009 comedy hip hop song by the American comedy trio The Lonely Island. It was featured on their album *Incredibad*. The song is a parody of Slim Thug's first single off his debut album, *Already Platinum*, which was also called "Like a Boss". The song is about a man (played by Andy Samberg) who is having a performance review at a law firm. The person who is reviewing Samberg is played by Canadian actor Seth Rogen.
Ride wit Me

"**Ride wit Me**" is a 2001 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the third single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song features rapper City Spud. It reached #3 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100, #34 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the movies Soul Plane, Scary Movie 2, Are We There Yet?, Bride and Prejudice and Ted 2 ] Osmosis Jones. It was also featured in the television shows *Scrubs*, *Friends*, *King of the Hill* and *Glee*.
Batter Up

"**Batter Up**" is a 2001 hip hop song by American hip hop group St. Lunatics featuring rapper Nelly. The song was the fourth and last single from Nelly's first album, *Country Grammar*. It was also included on the group's album, *Free City*. The song was released on September 11, 2001 in the United States and on November 21, 2001 in Germany. It uses the beat from The Jeffersons theme song.
Country Grammar (Hot Shit)

"**Country Grammar (Hot Shit)**" is a 2000 midwestern hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the debut single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on February 29, 2000. The song was parodied on MADtv where it was turned into a rap-duet which was titled "Country Slammer" and was done by 2000 presidential and vice presidential candidates George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.
E.I.

"**E.I.**" is a 2000 song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the second single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on October 28, 2000. The song reached #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #11 on the UK Singles Chart.
Tiptree

**Tiptree** is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 8,305 people living in Tiptree.

## References
Wattisham

**Wattisham** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Wattisham has a church called Church of St Nicholas.

## References
Shimpling

**Shimpling** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 395 people living in Shimpling.

## References
Fenugreek

**Fenugreek** is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Fenugreek is often used as a herb (the leaves) and spice (the seeds, also called *methi*).

## Medicinal uses 
Fenugreek said to stop the uncomfortable feeling of arthritis.

## References
Hot in Herre

"**Hot in Herre**" is a 2002 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the first single from his second album *Nellyville*. The song was released on May 7, 2002. It is very popular. It reached #1 on the Canadian Singles Chart, the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 and the U.S. *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs.
Work It

"**Work It**" is a song by American rapper Nelly featuring singer Justin Timberlake. It was the fifth single from Nelly's second album *Nellyville*. The song was released on February 25, 2003. The song reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart and 68 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100.
Air Force Ones (song)

"**Air Force Ones**'" is a 2002 pop-rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song features the hip hop group St. Lunatics. It was the fourth single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on November 7, 2002. The song reached number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks charts.
Stanton

**Stanton** is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. In 2001 there were 2,683 people living in Stanton.

## References
Caistor

**Caistor** is a town and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 there were 2,601 people living in Caistor.

## References
Burke and Wills expedition

The **Burke and Wills expedition**, officially called the Victorian Exploring Expedition, was the largest and best equipped in Australian history. Led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, they crossed the continent of **Australia** from south to north. The group left Melbourne on 20 August 1860 and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria on 9 February 1861. However, because of poor planning and leadership, Burke and Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.

## References
Communes of the Nord department

The following is a list of the 652 '*communes of the Nord *département'''*, in France.

*(CUDL) *Communauté urbaine de Lille Métropole*, created in 1966.
*(CUD) *Communauté urbaine de Dunkerque Grand Littoral*, created in 1968.
*(CAC) *Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai*, created in 2000.
*(CAD) *Communauté d'agglomération du Douaisis*, created in 2002.
*(CAM) *Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de la Sambre*, created in 2001.
*(CAS) *Communauté d'agglomération de la Porte du Hainaut*, created in 2001.
*(CAV) *Communauté d'agglomération de Valenciennes Métropole'', created in 2001.

## Communes from A to K 
## Communes from L to W
MJ

**MJ** may refer to:
*Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter
*Michael Jordan, American professional basketball player
Greater Concepción

**Greater Concepción** is a metropolitan Area that surrounds the city of Concepción, with another 9 cities being the primary commercial center in the VIII region, Chile.

## Communes 
* Concepción
* Talcahuano
* San Pedro de la Paz
* Tomé
* Penco
* Lota
* Coronel
* Hualpén
* Hualqui
* Chiguayante

## Education 
### Universities 
* Universidad de Concepción (Concepción)
* Universidad del Bío-Bío (Concepción)
* Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (Concepción)
* Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (Hualpén)
* Universidad de Los Lagos (Concepción)
* Universidad del Desarrollo (Concepción)
* Universidad San Sebastián (Concepción)
* Universidad Andrés Bello (Talcahuano)
* Universidad Santo Tomás (Concepción)
* Universidad Tecnológica de Chile (Talcahuano)
* Universidad de las Américas (Concepción)
* Universidad La República (Concepción)
* Universidad ARCIS (Concepción)
* Universidad Bolivariana (Concepción)
* Universidad de Pedro de Valdivia (Concepción)
* Universidad del Pacífico (Concepción)

### Institutes 
* Instituto Profesional INACAP (Talcahuano)
* Instituto Profesional DuocUC (Concepción)
* Instituto Profesional Santo Tomás (Concepción)
* Instituto Profesional AIEP (Concepción)
* Instituto Profesional Providencia (Concepción)
* Instituto de Estudios Bancarios Guillermo Subercaseaux (Concepción)
* Instituto Profesional Virginio Gómez (Concepción)
* Instituto Profesional Diego Portales (Concepción)
* Instituto Tecnológico UCSC (Talcahuano)
* Instituto Profesional La Araucana (Concepción)
* Instituto Profesional Valle Central (Concepción)

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Infome del INE, *Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos*. 2005 (PDF & ZIP) (Spanish)