open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Terni

**Terni** () is a *comune* and city in the Umbria region, in central Italy. Terni is the capital of the province of Terni. It is one of the most important industrial towns of Umbria.

The **University of Perugia** () is a university based in Perugia that offers its main courses in Perugia and Terni.

## Geography
The *comune* of Terni is in the valley of the Nera river; it has an area of  and its altitude is .

### *Frazioni*
The following *frazioni* (hamlets) are part of Terniː Acquapalombo, Appecano, Battiferro, Cecalocco, Cesi, Collegiacone, Collescipoli, Collestatte, Giuncano Alto, Giuncano Scalo, Marmore, Miranda, Papigno, Piediluco, Poggio Lavarino, Polenaco, Porzano, Pracchia, Rocca San Zenone, San Carlo, San Liberatore, Titurano, Torreorsina.

## Population
, there are 112,133 persons (52,703 males and 59,430 females) living in the *comune*, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

## Gallery

Terni - Palazzo Spada.jpg|The *Palazzo Spada*
Terni Piazza del Popolo.jpg|*Piazza del Popolo*
Saint-Valentine Terni.jpg|San Valentino Vescovo e Martire Sanctuary

## People from Terni
* Saint Valentine, bishop and martyred saint

## Twinned and partner towns
Terni is twinned with:
* Cartagena, Spain
* Saint-Ouen, France
* Prague 8, Czech Republic
*  Dunaújváros, Hungary

Terni is also partner withː
*  Kobe, Japan
*  Aousserd, Western Sahara

## Related pages
*List of comuni of the Province of Terni

## References
## Other websites
*Terni official website
Truman Capote

**Truman Garcia Capote** (born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 – August 25, 1984) was an American author. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and grew up in Monroeville, Alabama, New York City and Greenwich, Connecticut. He is best known for writing the half-true novel, *In Cold Blood*. The novel is based on a murder that happened in Kansas in the 1950s. He became good friends with the man accused of the murder.

Capote was openly gay. He died of liver cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 59.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Pavia

**Pavia** (; Lombard: *Pavia*;  ) is a city in northern Italy. Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it. It is a very old, historical city. It is 30 km south of Milan.

## History of Pavia 
The town of Pavia (then known as Ticinum) was a big city and a special military area for the Romans.

Here, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war. To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus. This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.

A late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia. Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.

After the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom. During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban. It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom. In the reign of Desiderius Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) and became the king of the Lombards. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.

In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

In the time after that, Pavia was an important and busy town. Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV gave the Palatinate to his brother during his stay in Italy. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359; under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre. In 1361  the University of Pavia was founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries.

The Battle of Pavia (1525) was important, since by that time, the former division between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V.  During the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle started a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713. Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.

In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later.

## References
The Second Coming (TV)

***The Second Coming*** was a television drama shown by ITV, starring Christopher Eccleston and Annabelle Apsion.

The story is about a man named Steve who goes away for 40 days and 40 nights (like Jesus). When he comes back he is convinced he is the Son of God but nobody believes him. He turns day into night and everyone believes him then. He has a message from God to find the "Third Message". He finds from his friend July that the Third Message is her writings and one of her writings demands that he die. When Steve dies, he does not go to Heaven as it is destroyed, along with God, Satan and Hell. This is so humanity can work things out for itself.

## Other websites 
*
Eid festival

In Islam, **Eid** is the name of two Islamic festivals:
* Eid ul-Fitr, after fasting the month of Ramadan, on the first day of Shawwal.
* Eid ul-Adha, remembering Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son to Allah, on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, for those not on pilgrimage.

The Eids are celebrated by Muslims all around the world.

## Other websites
*Are the two Eids pagan? Quranaloneislam.org
Asti

**Asti** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 74,392 people living in it.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Biella

**Biella** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 45,822 people.

A.S.D. Junior Biellese Libertas is the football club of the town.

## References
Novara

**Novara** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. There are 102,630 people living there.

## References 
## Other websites
Lake Tahoe

**Lake Tahoe** or **Tahoe** is a fresh water lake in the Sierra Nevada. It is on the borders of the states of California and Nevada, in the United States of America.

Lake Tahoe is one of the deepest (1645 feet/501 m), largest (192 sq. mi./497&nbsp;km²), and highest elevation (6229 feet/1898 m) lakes in the United States. Of the lakes in the United States, only Oregon's Crater Lake is deeper at 1930 feet (588 m).

Some visitors experience altitude sickness, because there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. To fight this, experts recommend avoiding heavy exercise or drinking alcohol until the body adjusts to the lower oxygen level.

## References
## Other websites
Dull, Perth and Kinross

:*"Dull" redirects here. For information on the word *dull*, please see .*
**Dull** is a village located in the county of Perth & Kinross in Scotland.  It is in the Highland part of the county. There is only one street of houses in Dull, on the north side of the valley of the River Tay.  The place-name means 'meadow' in Gaelic.  The parish church, unused since the 1970s, is on the site of an early Christian monastery founded by St. Adomnán, Abbot of Iona.
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

***Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde*** is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. The book has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

## Story 
Dr Henry Jekyll is a respected doctor. He believes that man has both good and evil sides. He creates a serum of a special drug. It is supposed to separate the two different sides. He tests it on himself. The experiment succeeds all too well. Dr Jekyll changes into his evil self, Edward Hyde. Hyde commits horrible crimes in London, and changes back into Dr Jekyll. Eventually, Jekyll turns into Hyde without wishing to, resulting in Jekyll committing suicide.

## Themes 
The novel is based on the Victorian English idea of pretending to be someone else, and acting a different way around other people to look more respectable. This is shown by Jekyll changing into Hyde. It is also a variation on the theme of "scientist meddling with nature comes to grief".

## References
Hafez al-Assad

**Hafez al-Assad** (; 6 October 1930 – 10 June 2000) served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death of a heart attack in 2000. He was also the general of Syrian Air Force from 1955 - 1972. He was born in Qardaha and died in Damascus. He had four sons and a daughter. His eldest son Bassel al-Assad died in 1994. He was succeeded as president by his second-oldest son Bashar al-Assad (born 1965).

## References
Eroticism

**Eroticism** is the quality of sexual excitement. In other words, if something is sexually exciting, then it is said to be *erotic*. Eroticism is an *erotic* feeling. It is named after Eros, the Ancient Greek god of love.

Many types of things can be part of *eroticism*. Things that make a person feel erotic (sexually aroused or excited) include the sight, touch, smell, and sound of another person. A person may feel erotic when they see or touch or smell, or hear someone that they love in a sexual way. 

Sometimes *eroticism* has nothing to do with another person. A person might feel erotic from watching a movie, looking at pictures in a magazine, listening to a piece of music, reading a story or article, or just thinking their own thoughts, or being aware of their own body. In fact, everything can be eroticism for someone.

## What makes eroticism?
Some things are designed and made especially to make people feel erotic. Things that are designed to make people feel erotic are called "erotica". This word is most often used for art, books and magazines.

**Art* - Sometimes artists create erotic works of art such as drawings, paintings and sculpture. They might do this because they want to make a record of a person or a relationship that is special to them. But more often, artists make erotic art for people who would like to buy it. 
**Books* - Many books have been written that tell erotic stories, or which give advice about how to make love in an erotic way.
**Movies* - Many people enjoy watching erotic movies. 
**Magazines* - Many magazines have lots of photos of people naked or in sexy clothing, and with erotic expressions and gestures (actions). 
**Avertising* - Erotic photos are often used for advertising. For example, a beautiful young woman with an erotic expression on her face might be used to advertise hair products, clothes, chocolates, cars, and all sorts of other things. 
**Clothing* - Some clothing is designed to look erotic. Some underwear, in particular, is especially designed to look erotic. 
**Food* - Some food is said to make people feel erotic. Food can also be used as an erotic sign or be eaten in an erotic way.
**Perfume* - Many perfumes have substances in them that effect the human brain in a way that makes a person feel erotic.

## Eroticism and pornography
 made a picture of the Maja clothed and this picture of her naked. It was against the law in Spain to paint a naked woman.]]

Most people believe there is a difference between *erotica* and *pornography*, but some people have argued that all *erotica* is "pornographic". (In other words, some people believe that all pictures, movies or writing which are sexually exciting are rude and wrong, and should not be made.)

People who have studied this subject say that erotica is not harmful to anyone, and may be helpful with people's loving relationships. The same writers say that pornography, which generally shows a person being treated without respect or love, is not helpful with people's loving relationships.

## Related pages
* Sex 
* Pornography
* Romance (love)
* Ecchi
* Sexual attraction
* Physical attractiveness

## References
Tarantella

A **Tarantella** is a very fast dance in 6/8 time. The name comes from the town of Taranto in Italy. People used to believe that if someone was bitten by a tarantula spider they needed to do this dance in order to drive out the poison. The dancer would get more and more excited until he (or she) seemed mad.

Some people think that maybe these people never really believed this, but that it was an excuse to dance at a time when the church said that dancing was not allowed. The spider is, in fact, only a little bit poisonous.

Some composers enjoyed writing fast pieces in 6/8 time which they called "Tarantella". Mendelssohn wrote one as the last movement of his Symphony no 4 (the Italian). Chopin and Liszt also wrote Tarantellas.

## Related pages
*Arachnophobia
Kate Moss

function in Cape Town, 29 December 2005, photo by Deon Maritz]]

**Katherine Moss** (born 16 January 1974), better known as **Kate Moss**, is an English model.

Moss rose to fame in the early 1990s. She is known for her waifish figure, and her role in size zero fashion. She is also famous for her controversial private life, high-profile relationships, party lifestyle, and drug use. In 2007, she came 2nd on the *Forbes* top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $9&nbsp;million in one year. Aside from modelling, Moss has started several ventures, including her own clothing line and various musical projects.

## Career 
She was found at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukes of the Storm Modeling Agency in 1988 while in an airport. Moss' career began when Corinne Day shot black and white photographs of her for British magazine *The Face*, in a photo shoot titled "The Third Summer of Love".

Moss starred in a series of Calvin Klein in the 1990s, spurring a period of waify "heroin chic" in the modelling world. She was photographed with a blank face, as if affected by drugs or exhausted.

Moss charmed the fashion industry and has modelled for such elite houses including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Chanel, Missoni and Dior.

## Charity work 
Moss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target T-shirt campaigns. She also supported War Child. Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said "I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease".

She has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's Samantha Archer Fayet and her 6 month old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand. Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope which her close friend Sadie Frost also supports.

## Problems 
Moss checked herself into a psychiatric centre in 1998, claiming she was suffering from "exhaustion." She was suffering from depression over her separation from longtime boyfriend, actor Johnny Depp who was with her from 1994 to 1998.

### Drug abuse 
On 15 September 2005, photos were shown in newspapers that seemed to show Moss snorting several lines of cocaine. Moss lost major modeling contracts with several international companies. She was able to continue her career after a detoxication and was on both the 2005 and 2006 list of Forbes The Celebrity 100.
* On 29 September 2002, Lila Grace, her daughter was born. The father is *Dazed & Confused* editor Jefferson Hack.

## References
Ban

:*For the policy on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Blocks and bans.*
A **ban** is an action used to stop people from doing something, either bad or dangerous. Ban can also be made on products. For example, Singapore, a country, bans chewing gum. Ban may sometimes be made on the Internet, where an administrator or a moderator with higher powers than other members can stop vandals from causing harm to others. Sometimes, users of a website say that moderators or administrators have banhammers that they use to ban bad users.
Neurology

**Neurology** is a medical specialty that deals with the disorders of the nervous system. Neurology is about the medical diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illnesses of the nervous system. This can include both the physical condition of the brain, nerves, and brain messages between the body and the nervous system. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neurobiology, which is the scientific study of the nervous system.

World Federation of Neurology coordinates neurology researches.

Neurology also references to animals, not only to humans.

## Some common neurological conditions 
These conditions are usually treated by a neurologist.
* Dementia. There are many different kinds of dementia. The most common kinds of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia.
* Epilepsy
* Parkinson's disease
* Stroke
* Cerebral palsy
* Migraine

## Other websites 
* BrainTalk Support Groups for all Neurological conditions and diseases 
* European Federation of Neurological Societies
Macerata

**Macerata**  is a city and *comune* in the Marche region, central Italy. It is the capital of the province of Macerata.

The football team is A.C. Maceratese.  They play in the D League.

## Geography
The historical city centre is on a hill between the Chienti and Potenza rivers. The *comune* of Macerata has an area of  and its altitude is .

### *Frazioni*
The following *frazioni* (hamlets) are part of Macerataː Acquesalate, Acquevive, Botonto San Giacomo, Botonto Sant'Isidoro, Cervare, Cimarella, Cincinelli, Collevario, Colleverde, Consalvi, Corneto, Helvia Recina, Isola, Madonna del Monte, Montanello, Piediripa, Sforzacosta, Valle, Vallebona, Valteia, Villa Potenza.

## Population
There are 42,209 persons living in the *comune* in 2017,
* Sheffield, UK, since 2013

## Gallery

PanoramaMaceraty2010g.jpg|Panorama of Macerata
Macerata Piazza della Liberta 2010a.JPG|Piazza della Liberta
CattedraleMacerata.JPG|Cathedral of Macerata

## References
## Other websites
*Macerata official website
Karlstad

**Karlstad** is a city in Värmland, Sweden. About 58,544 people live there. Karlstad has a University and a Cathedral.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Impulse (physics)

In classical mechanics, an **impulse** is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time:

:\mathbf{I} = \int \mathbf{F}\, dt 
where
:**I** is impulse (sometimes marked **J**),
:**F** is the force, and
: *dt* shows it is with respect to time.

Impulse is also described as the change in momentum. If the force and the mass of the object do not change, impulse can be simply expressed as:
:\mathbf{I} = \mathbf{F}\,\Delta t = m \,\Delta \mathbf{v} = \Delta\mathbf{p}
where
: **F** is the *constant* total net force applied,
: Δ*t* is the time over which the force is applied,
: *m* is the *constant* mass of the object,
: Δ**v** is the change in velocity produced by the force in the time that passed, and
: Δ**p** is the change in linear momentum.

## Related pages 
* Specific impulse
Ruler

A **ruler** (or 'rule') is an instrument of measurement. Rulers measure length. Length is how long or short something is. Most rulers work by having numbers (parallel to the measuring edge) and little lines (perpendicular to the measuring edge). Rulers can also be used as a straight edge to draw lines with.

Rulers come in many different forms. They can be made of plastic, wood and metal, and other materials. Rulers also come in a variety of lengths. For example, there are 1 metre rulers, 30 centimetre rulers, 20 centimetre rulers and 15 centimetre rulers. These are examples of metric rulers. You can also get 1 yard rulers, 18 inch rulers and 6 inch rulers, etc. These are examples of imperial rulers.

## Notes
Dalarna

**Dalarna**, **Dalercarlia** or the **Dales** is a province in Sweden. The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century.

## Other websites
Stingray

The **stingrays** are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are in the suborder **Myliobatoidei** of the order Myliobatiformes, which consists of nine families.

Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used *only* for self-defence. The sting may reach about 35&nbsp;cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.

Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.

## Lifestyle 
Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.

The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides. Stingrays  use smell and electro-receptors (like those of sharks) to find their prey.

Stingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths have two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species have sucking mouthparts that bring in the plankton.

### Reproduction 
Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.

At the Sea Life London Aquarium two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".

Like all fish, stingrays get little  parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating the parasites it can get at.

## Families 
There are eight families in the stingray group. They are:
#Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray),
#Plesiobatidae (deep water stingray),
#Urolophidae (stingarees),
#Urotrygonidae (round rays),
#Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays),
#Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays),
#Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and
#Myliobatidae (eagle rays).

## References
Mutation

In biology, a **mutation** is a change in the genetic . This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have  effects.

Mutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of  when *meiosis* produces the gametes (eggs & sperms).  by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.

Also, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a **mutant** or a *mutation*. So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.

## Types of mutation 
 duplication causes different lengths at a single locus (allele). Shows variation in one gene in six individuals.]]

### DNA mutations 
When DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made – these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:
* *Deletion*, where one or more DNA bases are left out.
* *Insertion*, where one or more extra base is put in.
* *Substitution*, where one or more bases are changed for another base in the sequence.
* *Duplication*, where whole genes are copied.

### Chromosome mutations 
These terms are explained in the third diagram.
* *Deletion*: a piece of chromosome is lost, together with any genes which may be on it.
* *Duplication*: part of a chromosome is repeated
* *Inversion*: part of a chromosome is reversed end to end
* *Insertion*: a smaller chromosome is added into a longer chromosome
* *Translocation*: part of a chromosome gets moved onto another chromosome

## Results of mutation 
Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.

Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which *natural selection* acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the  of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Bioethics
* Variation
Biological weapon

A **biological weapon** is a weapon that delivers toxins or pathogens (like bacteria or viruses), with the goal of making people sick or killing them. Biological weapons are also called **bio-weapons**. Their use in war is called biological warfare.

## Parts of a biological weapon
A biological weapon usually has two parts.

As of 2016, there are more than 1,200 different kinds of bio-agents that could be made into weapons.

## Examples of biological agents
Examples of some biological agents and toxins are listed below. Experts have said that these pathogens could be used as biological weapons. A few already have been used, including anthrax, bubonic plague, smallpox, and ricin.

### Bacterial agents
### Viral agents
### Biological toxins
## Examples of delivery systems
In the past, countries have designed many different delivery systems for exposing people to biological agents. These systems have included:
* Bombs, missiles, hand grenades, and rockets, with the biological agent inside
* Tanks that could spray bio-agents from airplanes, cars, trucks, and boats
* Aerosol sprayers
* Brushes to contaminate surfaces with bio-agents
* Ways of contaminating food and clothing

## Examples of biological weapons
A biological agent by itself is not enough to make a biological weapon. Neither is a delivery system by itself. A biological weapon has to have both: the bio-agent that is meant to make people sick, and a system to deliver that agent.

Here are a few examples of biological weapons that have been used throughout history.

## Related pages
* Biological warfare
* 1925 Geneva Protocol
* 2001 anthrax attacks
* Terrorism
** Bioterrorism
* Weapon of mass destruction
## Other websites 
* Biological weapon -Citizendium

## References
William Gallas

**William Gallas** (born 17 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a Defender.

Before joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Olympique Marseille of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006, he turned to join Arsenal.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Caen||Division 2||16||0||||||||||||||16||0
|-
|1996/97||Division 1||18||0||||||||||||||18||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="4"|Division 1||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|1998/99||30||0||||||||||||||30||0
|-
|1999/00||22||0||||||||||||||22||0
|-
|2000/01||29||2||||||||||||||29||2

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Chelsea||rowspan="5"|Premier League||30||1||||||||||||||30||1
|-
|2002/03||38||4||||||||||||||38||4
|-
|2003/04||29||0||||||||||||||29||0
|-
|2004/05||28||2||||||||||||||28||2
|-
|2005/06||34||5||||||||||||||34||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||21||3||2||0||0||0||6||0||29||3
|-
|2007/08||31||4||2||0||1||0||8||0||42||4
|-
|2008/09||23||2||4||1||0||0||9||3||36||6
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
118||2||||||||||||||118||2
234||21||8||1||1||0||23||3||266||25
351||23||8||1||1||0||23||3||383||27
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||15||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||2
|-
|2010||6||0
|-
!Total||84||4
|}

## References
Turbot

The **turbot** (*Scophthalmus maximus*) is a relatively large flatfish found in the Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

Turbot are fished for food, and have a delicate flavour. They are farmed in a number of countries, and are quite expensive in restaurants.

When caught, professional fishermen often make small cuts through the bone near the tailfin. This lets the blood out and keeps the meat white. Storing the Turbot upside down also helps in keeping the underside of the fish white.
Euler's identity

'''Euler's identity**, sometimes called **Euler's equation''', is this equation:

e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0

It features the following mathematical constants:

*\pi, pi
*:\pi \approx 3.14159
*e, Euler's Number
*:e \approx 2.71828
*i,  imaginary unit
*:i = \sqrt{-1}

It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

Respondents to a *Physics World* poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

## Mathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series 
Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

The exponential function e ^{x} can be written as the Taylor series

e ^{x} = 1 + x + {x^{2}\over{2!}} + {x^{3}\over{3!}} + {x^{4}\over{4!}} \cdots = \sum_{k=0}^\infty {x^{n}\over n!}

As well, the sine function can be written as

\sin{x} = x - {x^{3} \over 3!} + {x^5 \over 5!} - {x^{7} \over 7!} \cdots = \sum_{k=0}^\infty {(-1)^{n}\over (2n+1)!} {x^{2n+1}} 

and cosine as

\cos{x} = 1 - {x^{2} \over 2!} + {x^4 \over 4!} - {x^{6} \over 6!} \cdots = 
\sum_{k=0}^\infty {(-1)^{n}\over (2n)!} {x^{2n}} 

Here, we see a pattern take form. e^{x}  seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is e^{ix} = \cos(x) + i \sin(x).

So, on the left side is e^{ix}, whose Taylor series is  1 + ix - {x^{2} \over 2!} - {ix^{3} \over 3!} + {x^{4} \over 4!} + {ix^{5} \over 5!} \cdots

We can see a pattern here, that every second term is *i* times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

On the right side is \cos(x) + i \sin(x), whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus *i* times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

( 1  - {x^{2} \over 2!}  + {x^{4} \over 4!}  \cdots) + (ix - {ix^{3} \over 3!} + {ix^{5} \over 5!}\cdots)

if we add these together, we have

1 + ix - {x^{2} \over 2!} - {ix^{3} \over 3!} + {x^{4} \over 4!} + {ix^{5} \over 5!} \cdots

Therefore,

e^{ix} = \cos(x) + i \sin(x)

Now, if we replace x with \pi, we have:

e^{i\pi} = \cos(\pi) + i \sin(\pi)

Since we know that \cos(\pi) = -1 and \sin(\pi) = 0, we have:
*e^{i\pi} = -1
*e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0
which is the statement of Euler's identity.

## Related pages 
* −1 (number)
* Euler's formula

## References
SuSE Linux

**SUSE** is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version "10.2 Alpha 3" its official name is **openSUSE**. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called "Geeko".

## History
The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0." Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name "SUSE Linux" came in September 2003.

On 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop  environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were "open"&mdash;not completely, but more than before. The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the "10.0" Linux distribution for download. They are "OSS" (completely open source), with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).

## Versions
## Official website
* SUSE
Walter Moers

**Walter Moers** (born 24 May 1957 in Mönchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors.

## Works available in English translation
**Little asshole*, 1991 (English Edn)
**The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear*, 2000 (UK) / 2005 (US)
**A Wild Ride Through the Night*, 2004
**Rumo and His Miraculous Adventures*, 2004
**The City of Dreaming Books*, 2006. 
**The Alchemaster’s Apprentice*, 2009 (English Edn).  978-1-846-55222-9
**The Labyrinth of Dreaming Books*, 2012 (English Edn)

## References
## Other websites
*Official page
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger

**Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger** (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.

She is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.

## NASA experience 
Metcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. 

She successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut.

## Education 
* Fort Collins High School, Fort Collins, Colorado.
* Bachelor of Arts, Geology with honors and cum laude, Whitman College, Washington, 1997.

## Organization 
* Phi Beta Kappa
* National Education Association

## Honors 
* 1999 Outstanding Teacher Preparation Candidate at Central Washington University.
* 1997 Whitman College Leed's Geology Award
* 1997 Whitman College Order of the Waiilaptu
* 1996 GSA Field Camp Award
* 1995-1996 NAIA Academic All-American in Cross Country and Track
* 1996 NAIA Conference Champion in the 10K.

## References
Laissez-faire

***Laissez-faire*** is an economic and political philosophy. It is from a French phrase that means to "allow to do". It means that government does not interfere (to take part in something) with business and economy. - for example, a person might sell for gaining money. A person may buy for their gain of a product. It is an idea that  competition in business is the best path to  - that the government should not interfere with the economy. People who support laissez-faire believe that a free and unregulated market creates a natural balance between supply and demand. The phrase may have come from the 18th century.

## History 
### Ancient China - The Beginning 
In Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism was the idea that the government should not interfere with the economy. Legalism included the belief that the state should be in control.This led to people favouring protectionism. In Britain, the Corn Laws of 1815 placed high tariffs on imported corn. This made it harder for people to buy corn from other countries, and want to buy corn from their own country. This protected British farmers and land owners. Socially, it was believed that the government interfering to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically, there was a argument at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs was better for economic growth.

#### 19th-20th Century 
In the late 1800s, laissez faire lost popularity. Industries were growing quickly, so laissez faire was not useful. In the early 1900s, the Great Depression happened. The economist John Maynard Keynes said that the government had to interfere with the economy for the economy to recover - this opposed laissez faire. However, in the late 1900s, the American economist Milton Friedman made laissez faire popular again.  

## Related pages 
* Economic liberalism
* Anarcho-capitalism
* Libertarianism
* Neoliberalism
* Economy
* Adam Smith
* Francois Quesnay
* Mercantilism
* Physiocracy
* John Maynard Keynes
* Milton Friedman

## References 
## Other websites 
* What is Laissez faire; YouTube
Worker

.]]
A **worker** is a person who does a job. This usually means a person who does manual labour( such as manufacturing goods,farming,etc). In economics,there are three factors of production. These are *labour* (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).

People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken). 

May Day is an international holiday for workers' rights.

## Related pages 
*Working class
*Workers of the world, unite!
Actinium

**Actinium** is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Ac**. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol. 

Actinium is a silver radioactive, solid metal in actinide group. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.

## History
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist.  In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.

## Properties 
Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Because its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light.

Actinium reacts quickly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that stops the actinium from oxidizing.

## Uses 
225Ac is now being studied for use in cancer treatments. 227Ac is studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators. 225Ac is used in medicine to make 213Bi in a reusable generator. It can be used in radiation therapy.

## References
Alyson Michalka

**Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka** (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.

## Early life
Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.

## Later life 
She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on *Phil of the Future*, then began her singing career. She says on *Disney 411* that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.

## Musical career
Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie *Now You See It...* her sister and she started a band and created a music video called *Do You Believe In Magic?*. The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.

## Acting career 
Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show *Phil of the Future*, which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing *Keely Teslow* in *Phil of the Future* on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like *Now You See It...* and *Cow Belles*. She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.

### Filmography 
* *Phil of the Future* (2004-2006)-- *Keely Teslow*
* *Now You See It...* (2005 movie)-- *Allyson Miller*
* *Cow Belles* (2006 movie)-- *Taylor Callum*
* *Bandslam* (2009 movie) -- *Charlotte Barnes*
* *Hellcats* (2010 movie)--

### Discography 
* *Do You Believe In Magic?*–2005
* *No One*–*Ice Princess*, 2005
* *Walking on Sunshine*–*Herby: Fully Loaded*, 2005
* *Into the Rush*–*Twitches*, 2005
* *Chemicals React*–2006
* *Pontential Break Up Song*–2007

## Other websites 
* 
* Hollywood Records's Aly & AJ Bio
Racket

**Racket** might mean:

*A loud noise
*A scheme to cheat people
*A racquet, a tool used in sports like tennis, badminton and squash
Brenda Song

**Brenda Song** (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress and model.  She is also a former child model. Song was first famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She was a regular part on *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody*. Her character was noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters. In 2010, she moved into mainstream movies and TV. These included *Changeland*, *Angry Angel*, and *Station 19*.

## Biography 
### Early years 
Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. Brenda Song holds a black belt in Taekwondo and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.

### Career 
Brenda Song began acting and modeling at age 6. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.

One of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody* (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She later continued this role in the spin-off *The Suite Life on Deck*. She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series *Phil of the Future*. Song had minor guest appearances on both ''That's So Raven* and *American Dragon: Jake Long*.

Song had her first starring role in 2006 in the movie *Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior*.

In 2010, Song was part of the main cast of *The Social Network*. This marked her entry into mainstream movies and TV.

In 2012, Song starred in the short film *First Kiss* along with her *Social Network'' costar Joseph Mazzello.

In 2017, Song was cast in Freeform's movie, *Angry Angel*.

In January 2019, Song was cast in a starring role in the Hulu television series *Dollface* alongside Kat Dennings.

### Personal 
She has received a black belt in one martial arts and had used her skills in the Disney Channel movie, *Wendy Wu:Homecoming Warrior*.

In 2017, Song began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin. They have a son together named Dakota, born in 2021.

## Filmography 
'' premiere on August 12, 2008]]
### Film
### Television
### Web
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites 
* Brenda Song - Official Website
*
Keelung City

**Keelung** (; Hokkien POJ: '**), officially known as **Keelung City'*, is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China. It is in the northeastern part of the island. It is next to Taipei County. Nicknamed the *Rainy Port'' for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung). 

## History
### Early History
Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies. The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control. The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad.

## International relations
### Twin towns – Sister cities
Keelung is twinned with:
* Bacolod and Davao City, Philippines
* Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
* Campbell, California, U.S.
* Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
* East London, South Africa
* Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia
* Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan
* Rosemead, California, U.S.
* Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
* Sangju, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
* Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
* Yakima, Washington, U.S.

## References
{{Reflist|

}}

## Other websites
*  
*  
* WorldStatesmen.org — Taiwan
*
Ten Who Dared

***Ten Who Dared*** is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.

Some people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Ten Who Dared* at Rotten Tomatoes
* 
* *Ten Who Dared* at AllMovieGuide
**Ten Who Dared* at Yahoo! Movies
Phycology

**Phycology** (or **algology**), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and *Sargassum*.

Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.

A ***phycologist*** is a person who studies phycology...
Ruud van Nistelrooy

**Ruud Van Nistelrooy** (born 1 July 1976) is a Dutch retired professional football player who has played for the Netherlands national team. He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in UEFA Champions League history with 56 goals. He played for Manchester United until 2006, where he has the record for being the club's top scorer in European competition. Van Nistelrooy last played for Hamburger SV. He retired on 13 May 2012

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each van Nistelrooy goal.''

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**PSV**
*Eredivisie: 1999–2000, 2000–01
*Johan Cruyff Shield: 1998

**Manchester United**
*FA Cup: 2003–04
*Football League Cup: 2005–06
*FA Community Shield: 2003

**Real Madrid**
*Eredivisie top goalscorer: 1998–99, 1999–2000
*Premier League Player of the Month: December 2001, February 2002, April 2003
*ESM Team of the Year: 2001–02
*UEFA Champions League top goalscorer: 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05
*UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2001–02
*FA Cup top goalscorer: 2002–03, 2003–04
*PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2001–02
*PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2001–02
*PFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 Premier League, 2003–04 Premier League 
*IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year: 2002
*BBC Goal of the Month: March 2003
*Premier League Player of the Season: 2002–03
*ESPN World Team of the Decade: 2009
*IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Last Decade: 2012

### Manager
**PSV**
*KNVB Cup: 2022–23
*Johan Cruyff Shield: 2022

## References