open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lorem ipsum

**Lorem ipsum** is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example. It can be used in publishing and graphic design. It is used to demonstrate the graphics elements of a document, such as font, typography, and layout.

## Background 
The lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a Latin text by Cicero with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical. Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called **greeking**. The text is derived from Cicero's *De finibus bonorum et malorum* (*On the Ends of Goods and Evils*, sometimes the title is translated as *[About] The Purposes of Good and Evil* ). The words "Lorem ipsum..." make no sense. 

The text was frequently used in desktop publishing templates. To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out. The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in English language. This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format.

## Text 
There are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites.  The algorithm and source files for some versions are in the public domain.  Most generators will start the first paragraph with "L*orem ipsum dolor sit amet,* " and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths. 

## Related pages
* List of Latin phrases

## References 
## Other websites 
* The original *De finibus bonorum et malorum* (Book 1) from Cicero, on Latin WikiSource.
Defense of Van (1915)

The **Siege of Van**, **Resistance at Van**, ( *Vani Herosamart*, ) or **Van Rebellion**, **Van Revolt** (), **Armenian Revolution at Van** () was a resistance during the World War I against Ottoman Empire.

## Related pages
* Armenian Genocide

## Sources
100 (number)

**100** (also written as **one hundred** or simply **hundred**) is the natural number after 99 and before 101. It is the first three-digit number above zero. The number 100 is an abundant number. The letter C is the old Roman numeral for 100.

## Usage
*It is used as hecto- in metric systems.
*In binary and bcd -code, 100 means number four.
1021

## Events 
* The Moorish *taifa* (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
* Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, king of Vaspurakan (Greater Armenia), surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire. He receives in return Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia.

## References
Wasabi

**Wasabi** is a spice traditionally prepared from a plant from the cabbage family. Its root is used as a spice and has a very strong flavor. The root is smashed up into paste and used as a condiment. Its hotness is more like hot mustard or horseradish than chili pepper, because it irritates the nose more than the tongue. Eating too much wasabi can cause a very painful feeling in the nose. The plant grows naturally in Japan. It is often eaten with sushi.

Wasabi needs clean water and a cool climate. It is difficult to grow wasabi. There are two ways to grow wasabi. One way is to grow wasabi in water. The other way is to grow wasabi in a field.
 
Major sources of wasabi are Shizuoka, Nagano, Shimane, Yamanashi, and Iwate prefectures in Japan. Other source of wasabi include China, New Zealand, Taiwan.

Because the wasabi plant is so hard to grow, real wasabi is very rare and expensive, most wasabi is a green paste that is really made from horseradish, mustard and food coloring. 

Wasabi is also known for how spicy, or hot it is.

File:山葵田 Wasabi Fields - panoramio.jpg|Wasabi plants (Azumino, Nagano, Japan)
File:Wasabi 002.jpg|Wasabi paste on a plate

## References
1332

## Events 
* February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1329).
* August 10-11 – Battle of Dupplin Moor in Scotland
* November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
* December 16 – Battle of Annan in Scotland.
* The city of Târgu Mureş (Romania) was first documented in the papal registry under the name Novum Forum Siculorum.
Please Please Me

***Please Please Me*** is the first studio album by the English band The Beatles. It was produced by George Martin and was released in the United Kingdom on 22 March 1963 on EMI's Parlophone record label. Eight of the fourteen songs were written by Lennon–McCartney. *Please Please Me* was voted 39th on *Rolling Stone*s list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2012.

## Track listing
## References
Help!

***Help!*** is a 1965 movie starring The Beatles, and also the name of the movie's theme song, and of its soundtrack album. The movie was directed by Richard Lester, the same as their first movie, ''A Hard Day's Night*. While *A Hard Day's Night* was filmed in black-and-white, *Help!'' was in color. George Martin produced the Beatles's songs for the album, and all their recordings for the movie.

## Movie 
*Help!* is a fantasy story, that makes fun of spy movies, which were popular at the time. A religious cult has lost a special ring, worn by people they plan to sacrifice to their goddess, Kaili. It turns out one of their members sent the ring to Ringo Starr (drummer for the Beatles, who loved to wear rings). When the cult finds out, they try to capture Ringo, and either sacrifice him to Kaili or get their ring back. He tries to give it back, but the ring will not come off his finger. The other Beatles try to help, but also end up in danger. A  (quitter) from the cult tries different ways to remove the ring, and a scientist also tries to steal it. Scotland Yard hides the Beatles at Buckingham Palace, but the cult even sneaks in there. The band escapes to the Bahamas in disguise, but are followed. Tired of running, the Beatles finally face down the cultists.

The movie's co-stars were Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Roy Kinnear, and Victor Spinetti. Spinetti also appeared in ''A Hard Day's Night*, and later in *Magical Mystery Tour*. The movie was going to be called *Eight Arms to Hold You'', but the title was changed when John Lennon wrote a song titled "Help!" that suited the movie's theme.

*Help!* was filmed partly in England, partly in Austria, and partly in the Bahamas. The Beatles started a company in the Bahamas, as a tax shelter, but it did not work out. While they were filming, a Hindu believer gave each Beatle a book about reincarnation. George Harrison resonated very strongly with Hindu ideas and beliefs, and ended up becoming a follower of Hinduism. He also enjoyed the Indian classical music featured in *Help!*, bought a sitar, and took music lessons with Ravi Shankar.

## Soundtrack album 
*Help!* was the fifth album by The Beatles. The first seven songs appeared in the movie. The album includes the title song, "Ticket To Ride", George Harrison's "I Need You", and Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", the song with the most versions by other artists of all time. *Help!* was the last Beatles album with songs written by other people.

## Songs on the album 
The album is ranked number 332 in *Rolling Stone* magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney unless noted otherwise.

## References
;General

* 
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* 
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*
Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen

The **Musée Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen** (English: **Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen**) is a museum in France. It is about the history of the port of Rouen, which is one the greatest ports of France. The main themes are:
* the history of the port with photos
* the infrastructures of the port
* the greatest sail ships of Rouen
* the merchant navy
* river navigation
* ship building
* whale hunting
* the history of the submarines, with a reproduction of the interior of the Nautilus from Robert Fulton

It is possible to see a 38 meter long barge which can be visited, trawler and barge motors and a whale skeleton.

The museum is in a former hangar of the port, not far from the new bridge.

## Other websites 
* '*Musée Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen*  Official site.
Echternach

**Echternach** () is a commune in eastern Luxembourg, capital of the Echternach canton.  It is the oldest town with city rights in Luxembourg.

## History
 of Echternach]]
The town grew around the walls of the Abbey of Echternach, which was founded in  698  by St. Willibrord, an English monk from Ripon, Northumbria (in present-day North Yorkshire, England), who became the first bishop of Utrecht and worked to Christianize the Frisians.

The abbey were closed during the French revolution in 1797. Echternach was given city rights in the year 1236.

## Geography
Echternach is in the east of the country near the border with Germany, on the banks of the Saar River.

The *commune* has an area of .

Echternach is surrounded by four *communes* of Luxembourg: Rosport to the east and south, Bech to the southwest, and Berdorf and Consdorf to the west. To the north, the *commune* borders the Echternacherbrück municipality of the  Bitburg-Prüm district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the northwest the Bollendorf municipality, also in the Bitburg-Prüm district of the Rhineland-Palatinate.

## Population
There were 5,530 persons living in the *commune* in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population in Echternach**

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 bar:f at: 4960 fontsize:S text: 4,960 shift:(-14,5)
 bar:g at: 5530 fontsize:S text: 5,530 shift:(-14,5)

## Gallery 

File:EchternachRomanVilla.jpg|Roman villa
File:Echternach justizkreuz.jpg|Justice cross
File:Echternach mairie.jpg|Town hall
File:Echternach Innenstadt 2.jpg|Downtown Echternach

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Communes of Luxembourg
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*Tourist attractions in Echternach 
*Surroundings of Echternach
*Harmonie Municipale Echternach
*Intramuros asbl. - For the development of the historical center of Echternach 
*Everything about Echternach
Prion disease

A **prion disease** (also called **transmissible spongiform encephalopathy**) is a disease which is caused by prions. Prions are structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells.  Unlike diseases that are caused by gene mutations resulting in the expression of a mutant protein, prions are able to replicate and transmit diseases through physical contact with normal proteins. This causes a protein's structure to change from the normal state to the prion state. 

Unlike bacteria, prions are not considered to be alive because they do not have their own metabolism, they do not possess genes and cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell.  Prion diseases are very rare, and no treatment is available for most of them. There is no cure for prion diseases, and they will always result in death.

Almost all of the known prion diseases are neurologic diseases. There are two common signs which are seen in typical prion diseases:
* Ataxia or disequilibrium, is when a patient cannot stand or walk well because they cannot maintain their equilibrium or balance. This is usually because of a disease or damage in the cerebellum.
* Dementia or loss of mentality, is a progressive loss of cognitive functions.

## Prion diseases 
Few types of prion diseases are known. The most important ones are:
* **Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease** - A person can get the disease by eating beef infected with BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), having a blood tranfusion from a person with the disease, injection of Human Growth Hormone extracted from bodies with the disease, or through infected surgical instruments. Patients suffer from ataxia and dementia and usually die after one year.
* **Kuru disease** - This disease is seen in people living in New Guinea who eat the brains of dead people. Patients present with ataxia, dementia and inability in moving their eyes. Patients will usually die within two years.
* **Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome** - This is a very rare syndrome which presents with ataxia and dementia. The patients usually die after one year.
***Fatal familial insomnia** is a very rare syndrome. It is 100% fatal. Victims will suffer from a severe case of insomnia before eventual death.

Prion diseases are very rare. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease makes up about 85% of the cases, but there are about 1 to 1.5 cases per one million people per year.

## Related pages
* Prion
* Encephalopathy
Breast cancer

**Breast cancer** is cancer in the breast.
## Statistics
Breast cancer is the fifth-most common cause of cancer death in the world. The first four are lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths) in the world. Among all women in the world, breast cancer is the most common cancer. Women in the United States have a 1 in 8 chance of getting breast cancer in their lives. They have a 1 in 33 chance of death from breast cancer. Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males, though it is less common.
## Treatment
When a person gets breast cancer, they can try to  it in three ways. Doctors can cut out the cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy). They can give the person drugs (chemotherapy). They can also try to kill the cancer with energy (radiation), immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. If one cure does not work, they may need to try another.

## Who is mainly affected by breast cancer? 
The most common cancer among women is breast cancer, followed by skin cancer. It’s most likely to affect women over the age of 50. Breast cancer can also occur in men, although it is rare. Approximately 2,600 men are diagnosed with male breast cancer every year in the United States, making up less than 1% of all cases. Breast cancer is more prevalent in transgender women than in cisgender men. Furthermore, transgender men are less likely to develop breast cancer than cisgender women.

## Risk breast cancer 
* Age
* Consuming alcohol
* Dense breast tissue
* Gender
* Having a baby at a later age
* Hormone therapy
* Menopause begins late
* History of breast cancer

## Other websites 
* 
## References
Frunzik Mkrtchyan

**Frunzik (Mher) Mkrtchyan** (July 4, 1930 – December 29, 1993) was a popular Soviet Armenian actor who was named a People's Artist of the Soviet Union in 1984.

## Life 
Even though he was a comedian, Frunzik's personal life was very sad. His first wife, Donara Mkrtchyan, became mentally ill and was sent to a mental institution for the rest of her life and Frunzik became a single parent of two young kids.

His son inherited his mother’s mental illness and, according to people close to Frunzik, he suffered from severe depression in the last few years of his life, and became a heavy alcoholic. In 1993, his brother found him lying dead in his home in Yerevan. Thousands of people attended his funeral.

## Other websites 
* 
*  Biography
Pest

**Pest** could mean:
*Pest, an archaic term for pestilence, specifically the Black death
*Pest (hockey), an ice hockey player specialising in aggravating opponents
*Pest (music), a British music group
*Pest (biology), a characteristically  undesirable animal or insect
**The Pest*, a 1997 film starring John Leguizamo
*PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological), a framework for analysis of macroenvironmental factor

Places with the name **Pest**:
*Pest, Hungary
*Pest county
Pestilence

**Pestilence** is a word that is used for any highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic. It is commonly used for parasites too, but only when they cause large scale sickness or death, such as the Guinea worm.

The word meant the disease plague, which is called *pestis* in Latin.
It was used for the Black Death as well, an epidemic of the 14th century that killed Millions of people in Europe.

## Related pages
*Disease
*Epidemic
*Pandemic
*List of historical plagues

## Other websites
*Article in International Herald Tribune 22 March 2006, describing Guinea worm as a pestilence  (Linked 23 April 2006)
Cue sports

**Cue sports** are games played with balls on a table. The table has rubber around the sides (called "cushions") around it to keep the balls on the table. It has cloth on it. Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls. There are lots of different cue sports. These include billiards, pool and snooker.

*Pool* is also sometimes called *pocket billiards*. The aim is to use the cue ball to knock other balls into "pockets" (called "potting"). These pockets are holes cut into the rubber cushions. When balls go into the pockets they drop down into nets. There are many different pool games. In "eight-ball", players must pot their eight balls before their opponent. In "nine-ball" the balls are numbered. They must be potted in numbered order. In "straight pool" players must pot a certain amount of balls. 

*Billiards* is usually played with three balls, uses a table without pockets.  The goal is to use the cue ball to hit one of the other two balls, then hit one or more of the cushions, and finally hit the second other ball. This is called a "carom". There are different billiards games. *English Billiards* is similar to the carom game, but the table has pockets.

*Snooker*, which is similar to pool, is played on a large (6 foot wide by 12 foot long) table, with small balls and small pockets, making the game very challenging.  Snooker also uses more balls than pool.
Pandemic

of plague victims in Tournai. Fragment of a miniature from "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272-1352), abbot of the monastery of St. Martin of the Righteous. Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.]]
A **pandemic** (from Greek παν *pan* all + δήμος *demos* people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (like a continent), or even worldwide.

## Common killers and pandemics 
According to the World Health Organization, a pandemic exists when three conditions have been met:

* A disease emerges that is new to a population.
* The agent that causes the disease infects humans, causing serious illness.
* The agent spreads easily and sustainably among humans.

A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people. It must also be infectious. For example, cancer causes many deaths, but it is not a pandemic because it is usually not infectious.

## World Health Organization pandemic phases 
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a plan to prepare the global fight against influenza. It defines the stages of a pandemic and makes recommendations about what countries should do before and during a pandemic. The phases are:

Interpandemic period:
* Phase 1: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. 
* Phase 2: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. However, a variant of the virus causes disease in animals. This means there is a threat of human disease.
Pandemic alert period:
* Phase 3: Humans get infected with a new subtype of the flu virus. However, the virus is not spreading from person to person.
* Phase 4: There are small cluster(s) of flu infection. Person-to-person spread is limited and localized.
* Phase 5: There are larger cluster(s) of flu infection. Person-to-person spread is still localized.
Pandemic period:
* Phase 6: Pandemic: The flu has spread throughout the general population. Person-to-person spread is increased and .

## Related pages
* Epidemic
* List of epidemics

## References 
* Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza".

## Other websites 
* WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues
* Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
* CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases
* U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site
Demi Moore

**Demi Moore** (born November 11, 1962 as **Demi Gene Guynes**) is an American actress. She became well known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood. She is best known for her roles in *Ghost*, *A Few Good Men*, *Disclosure*, *Indecent Proposal*, and *G.I. Jane*. In 2025, Moore won a Golden Globe Award for her role as Elisabeth Sparkle in *The Substance*.

She has been married to musician Freddy Moore and actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. All her marriages ended in divorce. She has three daughters by Willis: Rumer, Scout, and Tallulah. She dated Tobey Maguire in 2002 to 2003. She has French origins.

## Other websites 
*
Yuzu (band)

**Yuzu** () is a Japanese popular music duo.  Its members are Kitagawa Yujin () and Iwasawa Kouji (). Both of the band members come from Yokohama in the Kanagawa Prefecture. At first, they sung on the street in Yokohama. They have known each other since they were small children.

They are famous for their concerts in front of the department store, *Matsuzakaya* in Isezakicyo in Yokohama. They officially debuted in 1997. The first CD was '**Yuzu no Moto**'.

## Singles
## Albums
* *Yuzu no Moto* (1997)
* *Yuzuman* (1998)
* *Yuzu Ikka* (1998)
* *Utajiki -Sakura Saku Hen-* (1999)
* *Yuzuen* (1999)
* *Yuzuman no Natsu* (2000)
* *Tobira* (2000)
* *Utajiki -Futari no Biggu (Eggu) Sho Hen-* (2001)
* *Yuzumoa* (2002)
* *Sumire* (2003)
* *Yuzu Sumairu* (2003)
* *1 -ONE-* (2004)
* *Home [1997-2000]*
* *Going [2001-2005]*
* *Ribon* (2006)
* *Yuzunone*(2007)
* *Wonderful World*(2008)

## VHS
* *Futari* (March 17, 1999)
* *Rokkasen Kin* (February 16, 2000)
* *Rokkasen Gin* (February 16, 2000)
* *Futari Akiaji* (April 12, 2000)
* *TOBIRA TOUR 2000-2001* (April 4, 2001)
* *Futari no Biggu (Eggu) Sho -2jikan 53fun TOKYO DOME Kanzen Nokattoban-* (December 26, 2001)
* *Sutajiamu Manin On(raku)satsu -Netto! Bomb Odori-* (January 23, 2002)
* *Koi no Kayobi* (August 7, 2002)
* *Rokkasen Kurenai* (January 22, 2003)
* *Rokkasen Sumire* (May 21, 2003)
* *Sumire* (October 22, 2003)

## Other websites
* Yuzu Net  - An official website
* Yuzu Official Website
Zuleyka Rivera

**Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza** (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006.
Fergie

**Fergie Duhamel** (born **Stacy Ann Ferguson**; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, and former dancer. She is a former member of the kids' TV series *Kids Incorporated*, and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series *Great Pretenders*. She was also in the movie *Nine.* She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist. She released her debut solo album, *The Dutchess*, in 2006. Her second solo album, *Double Dutchess*, was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.

She has achieved three number-one singles on the *Billboard* Hot 100: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry".
## Early life
Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California. She is the daughter of  Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (née Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson. Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American. She was raised Roman Catholic. She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion,

Her great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry. Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.

## Personal life
On January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel. Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic. Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013. In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.

In 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career. 
## Discography
* *The Dutchess* (2006)
* *Double Dutchess* (2017)

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Amanda Peet

**Amanda Peet** (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress. She has acted in television commercials and several movies. She recently appeared at the television series *Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip*, where her character *Jordan McDeere* is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS).

## Other websites 
*
List of historical plagues

This list contains famous or well documented outbreaks of plagues or disease. They are examined in individual entries.

## Before 1000 A.D.
* Great Plague of Athens (430–427 BC) 
** May have been caused by: Bubonic plague, smallpox, measles, typhus, anthrax, or typhoid
* Antonine Plague (165–180)
** Cause: Probably smallpox
* Plague of Cyprian (250)
** Cause: Probably smallpox
* Plague of Emmaus (18 A.H./639 A.D.)
** Cause: Unknown (possibly bubonic plague)
* Plague of Constantinople (747–748)
** Cause: Bubonic plague

## The "Black Death" of 13471353
* Great Plague of England (1348–1350)
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of Ireland (1348–1351) 
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of Scotland (1348–1350)
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of Russia (1349–1353)
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of Asia and Middle East

## The 1400s and 1500s
* Great Plague of Iceland (1402–1404) 
** Caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague (not bubonic plague, as there were no rats in Iceland)
* Plague of 1575, Italy, Sicily, and parts of Northern Europe (1571–1576)
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* London Plague (1592–1594)
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague

## The 1600s
* Italian Plague of 1629-1631 or Great Plague of Milan (1629–1631) 
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of Seville (1649) 
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of London (1664–1665) 
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
* Great Plague of Vienna (1679–1680s) 
** May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague

## 1700 and after
* Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1722)
** May have been caused by: Bubonic plague
* Plague Riot in Moscow (1771)
** May have been caused by: Bubonic plague
* The Third Pandemic (started in China; 1855–1950s)
** Caused by: Bubonic plague

## Related pages
* Bubonic plague
* Epidemic
* List of epidemics
* Pandemic
* Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Spanish flu)

## References
Tom Selleck

**Tom Selleck** (born January 29, 1945) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, best known for his role on the long-running television show *Magnum, P.I.* and Peter Mitchell in *Three Men and a Baby* and *Three Men and a Little Lady*. He stars on *Blue Bloods*. He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as Dr. Richard Burke on *Friends*, who was a love interest to the character of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox).

## Other websites 
* 
* Selleck's Political Views 
* TRANSCRIPT: Tom Selleck at "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" 
* Selleck! The Movie
* Selleck! The Fan club
Training

s training https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=an5BYK9Etac.]]

**Training** means learning to *do* something. It includes practicing skills. The term is used for learning to do jobs, or play games.

Examples:
 
* training for the armed forces
* apprenticeships
* learning how to play a game, such as contract bridge or chess
** or a sport such as football. Such trainers are often called coaches.
* professional development in law, medicine, management, etc.

Training means changing behavior through learning new requirements and methods. Its effect is measured by testing to see if the behavior has been successfully changed. Follow-up sessions may be repeated until the desired behavior has been achieved.

Exercise may or may not be part of training. When it is, it is called physical training. It is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance; see, e.g., strength training or flexibility training.

## Related pages 
* Training camp

## Other websites 
* Training Within Industry  - A national conference for those interested in deploying the TWI training methodology.
* Fitness training for kids
* Fitness training for seniors
Rupert Everett

**Rupert Everett** (Rupert James Hector Everett, born 29 May 1959) is an English actor, singer and writer. He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie *Another Country* playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s.  He has since appeared in many other works, including ''My Best Friend's Wedding*, *The Next Best Thing* and the *Shrek* sequels.

Everett left school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor. In order to support himself, he worked as a prostitute for drugs and money—he disclosed this information in an interview for *US* magazine in 1997. After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.

In the 21st century, Everett has been writing. He has been a *Vanity Fair* contributing editor, has written for *The Guardian'' and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years.

In 2006 Everett published a memoir, *Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins*, in which he reveals his six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates. Although he is sometimes described as bisexual, as opposed to homosexual, he described his heterosexual affairs during a radio show with Jonathan Ross as the result of adventurousness: "I was basically adventurous, I think I wanted to try everything".

Everett criticised the introduction of same-sex marriage, claiming, "I find it personally beyond tragic that we want to ape this institution that is so clearly a disaster".

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites
*
*In-depth biography with many quotes from Everett and friends
*Interview and review of Everett's memoir
*Rupert fires himself on Celebrity Apprentice
Jonas Björkman

**Jonas Lars Björkman** (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No. 4 in singles and World No. 1 in doubles. He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles). He has also played in numerous Wimbledon tournaments.

## Other websites
*jonasbjorkman.com  - official website
Växjö

**Växjö** (Swedish IPA: []) is a city in Småland in southern Sweden. It has a population of 55,600 (2005).  Växjö is the seat of Växjö Municipality and is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County.  Furthermore, it is the seat of the Diocese of Växjö.

## Famous people from Växjö 
*Karl-Birger Blomdahl, 20th century music composer
*Carolina Klüft, track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist in Athens 2004
*Pär Lagerkvist, author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1951
*Otto Lindblad, 19th century music composer
*Christina Nilsson, 19th century soprano celebrity
*Joachim Björklund, Footballer
*Carolus Linnaeus, Botanist, physician and zoologist
*Mats Wilander, tennis player with seven Grand slam victories 1982-1988
*Jonas Björkman, tennis player with 50 doubles titles including Grand Slams

## References
Do As Infinity

**Do As Infinity** is a Japanese pop / rock band.  They had their first song on September 29, 1999, "Tangerine Dream". Their name is sometimes shortened to **D.A.I.** The band was named after the their guitarist and composer, Dai Nagao. The singer was  Van Tomiko. The group ended on September 29, 2005. They started again 3 years later.

## References
Rob Schneider

**Robert Michael Schneider** (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director.

## Early life 
Schneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica. He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mother's side of the family was a European American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was a Filipina. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.

## Career 
After becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch comedy series *Saturday Night Live*, Schneider now has a career in movies, including main roles in the comedies *Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo*, *Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo*, *The Animal* and *The Hot Chick*.

## Other websites 
* Official website
* 
* The Rob Schneider Music Foundation 
* Environmental Media Awards 

## References
Mackenzie Rosman

**Mackenzie Ryann Rosman** (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress.  She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's *7th Heaven*.

## References
Myleene Klass

**Myleene Angela Klass** (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say. She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, *Popstars* and *Everybody*. 

Almost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz.  Klass's album, called *Moving On*, was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London.  It was nominated as ''Peoples' Album Of The Year* in the Classical BRIT Awards.  On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.

Klass was a contestant in the 2006 series of *I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!''.  She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. Klass returned to the show in 2023 during the All-Stars series. She won the show. 

Her net worth was about £11&nbsp;million in April 2012.

## References
Kym Marsh

**Kimberley Gail "Kym" Ratcliff**  (née **Marsh**; formerly **Ryder**, and **Lomas** born 13 June 1976) is an English actress, singer and television presenter. She grew up in Garswood, Merseyside.

Marsh rose to fame when she and four other contestants won reality TV show *Popstars* and formed manufactured pop quintet Hear'Say. She is most recognised however for her role as Michelle Connor on the long-running ITV soap opera *Coronation Street*, which she played from 2006 to 2019. Marsh was one of the contenders to represent the UK in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest; she was third place and as such did not take part in the ESC. In 2022, she competed in BBC's dance contest *Strictly Come Dancing*. From January 2023, she began portraying Nicky Walters in the revived BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road*. 

## Personal life
Marsh has two children, David Ryan (born April 1995) and Emily May (born November 1997). They are from a relationship with Dave Cunliffe. 

Marsh married former *EastEnders* actor Jack Ryder in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 10 August 2002. On 20 March 2008 the couple said they would separate and may divorce. On 26 March 2009, Marsh said she had committed adultery during her marriage. Marsh and Ryder decided to divorce on 12 August 2009. 

Marsh began dating *Hollyoaks* actor Jamie Lomas in July 2008. She and Lomas said they were expecting a baby due in the summer of 2009. On 12 February 2009, Marsh said their son, Archie Jay Lomas, was born 18 weeks early on 11 February. He died moments after birth. Marsh and Lomas ended their relationship on 9 October 2009. The couple got back together the following month as Marsh won Mother of the Year 2009. On Christmas Day 2009 Lomas proposed to Marsh and she accepted.

Marsh announced that she was three months pregnant on 26 October 2010. On 23 March 2011, Marsh gave birth to her and Lomas' daughter, Polly. She was delivered five weeks early and weighed just over 4lb. Marsh married Lomas in 2012. The couple divorced in 2014.

## Discography
### Albums
**Studio albums**

**Extended plays**

### Singles
'''As part of Hear'Say**

## Awards and nominations
**2007**: 
* Won Best Newcomer at The British Soap Awards
* Won Best Newcomer at the TV Quick Awards
* Won Favourite Newcomer at the TV Now Awards
* Won Most Popular Newcomer at the National Television Awards

**2008**:
* Won Best TV Soap Personality at the TRIC Awards
* Won Best Celeb Mum at the Tesco Awards
* Won Favourite Actress at the TV Now Awards
* Won Best Dressed Soap Star at the Inside Soap Awards

**2009'*:
*Won Bounty Celebrity Mum of the Year

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Morning Live'' (BBC One)
Beverley Mitchell

**Beverley Ann Mitchell** (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series *7th Heaven*.

## Movies and television
Jessica Biel

**Jessica Claire Biel** (born March 3, 1982) is an American actress, Vocalist and former fashion model. 

Biel became known for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family drama series *7th Heaven*. She is perhaps best known for appearing in several Hollywood movies. These include *Summer Catch*, the remake of *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre* and *The Illusionist*. 

Biel is also known for her beauty and is considered a sex symbol. In 2005 Esquire magazine declared her the "Sexiest Woman Alive". In 2007 she was voted number 1 in a poll by Stuff magazine.

In 2012, she married singer Justin Timberlake. They have two sons together, Silas Randall (born 2015) and Phineas (born 2020).

## Movies 
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
David Gallagher

**David Lee Gallagher** (born February 9, 1985) is an American actor. He began his career as a child actor and model when he was two years old and is best known for his role as Simon Camden on the television series *7th Heaven*.  He is also known for his feature film roles; as Mikey Ubriacco in ''Look Who's Talking Now*, as Kevin Harper in *Angels in the Endzone* and as Ri¢hie Ri¢h in *Ri¢hie Ri¢h's Christmas Wish*.  During his career as a child and teen star, he was nominated for five Young Artist Awards and won a Teen Choice Award. He is also known for voicing the character Riku in the *Kingdom Hearts'' video game series.

## Filmography 
## Other websites 
*
Human biology

**Human biology** is part of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine. It looks at humans. It is related to primate biology, and some other areas.

Human biology research includes:
* Genetic differences across human populations, present and past
* Biological differences related to climate and other elements of the natural environment
* Finding the risk of degenerative disease and infectious disease for different populations of people
* Human growth and development

It deals with human evolution, adaptation, and population genetics.

## Other websites
*Human Biology Association
*Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series 

-
Flavor Flav

**William Jonathan Drayton Jr.** (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name **Flavor Flav**, is an American rapper and television personality. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy. He raps about politics.  After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television. He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the *Flavor of Love* series.

Flav was born in Roosevelt, New York and grew up in Freeport, New York.

## References
7th Heaven

***7th Heaven*** was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California. It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton. The series premiered on Monday, August 26, 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming. The series finale was scheduled for May 8, 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings. The 11th and final season premiered on September 25, 2006 and ended on May 13, 2007. Reruns of *7th Heaven* can now be seen on the UP channel weekdays from noon-4 p.m. ET.

## Cast 
*Stephen Collins as Reverend Eric Camden
*Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden
*Barry Watson as Dr. Matt Camden (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
*David Gallagher  as Simon Camden (1996-2003; 2004-2006)
*Jessica Biel as Mary Camden-Rivera (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
*Beverley Mitchell as Reverend Lucy Camden-Kinkirk
*Mackenzie Rosman as Ruthie Camden
*Adam LaVorgna as Robbie Palmer (1999-2000; starring 2000-2002)
*Nikolas Brino as Sam Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
*Lorenzo Brino as David Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
*Geoff Stults as Ben Kinkirk (2001-2006; starring 2002-2003)
*George Stults as (former) Officer Kevin Kinkirk (starring 2002-2007)
*Ashlee Simpson as Cecilia Smith (starring 2002-2004)
*Rachel Blanchard as Roxanne Richardson (starring 2002-2004)
*Jeremy London as Chandler Hampton (starring 2002-2004)
*Scotty Leavenworth as Peter Petrowski (2002-2006; starring 2003-2004)
*Tyler Hoechlin as Martin Brewer (starring 2003-2007)
*Sarah Thompson as Rose (starring 2005-2006)
*Haylie Duff as Sandy Jameson (starring 2005-2007)
*Megan Henning as Meredith Davis (2004-2005; starring 2005)
*Happy as Happy
*Chaz Lamar Shepherd as John Hamilton (1996-1999; starring 1999-2001)
*Maureen Flannigan as Shana Sullivan (1998-2002; starring 1999-2000)
Schapelle Corby

**Schapelle Leigh Corby** (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling. She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.

Corby served a twenty-year sentence for the importation of 4.1kg (9lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia. She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and was serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali. On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.

She says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. Corby was released on parole on 10 February 2014 after serving nine years in prison. In her parole conditions, Corby cannot leave Indonesia until July 2017.

## Controversy 
On 3 March 2008 Australian television show "Current Affairs" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant. This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison.

## References
## Other websites 
* Schapelle Corby official homepage
* Corby's final appeal rejected
Shell

**Shell** may refer to:
* Animal shell, which includes sea shells
* Shell (projectile), an object fired out of a weapon
* Eggshell, the outer part of an egg
* Shell (computing), a type of user interface in computer programs and operating systems
* Shell Oil Company, an oil company
Autogenic training

**Autogenic training** is a  technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.

The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (*e.g.* lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, *etc.*). 

Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism.  It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system. 

## Example of an autogenic training session
# sit in the meditative posture and scan the body
# "my left arm is heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
# "my arms and legs are heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
# "my heartbeat is calm and regular" (repeat 3 times)
# "my solar plexus is warm" (repeat 3 times) 
# ...
# finish part one by cancelling
# start part two by repeating from steps 2 to cancelling
# part three repeat steps 2 to cancelling

## Counter-indications
Autogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy.

## References
* 

* Luthe Dr W & Schultz Dr JH, *"Autogenic Therapy"*, first published by Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York, (1969). Republished in (2001) by The British Autogenic Society. 
:In six volumes.
:Vol. 1 Autogenic Methods 
:Vol. 2 Medical Applications 
:Vol. 3 Applications in Psychotherapy 
:Vol. 4 Research and Theory 
:Vol. 5 Dynamics of Autogenic Neutralisation 
:Vol. 6 Treatment with Autogenic Neutralisation

## Other websites
*The British Autogenic Society 
*Spanish Society of Psychotherapy and the Institute for Autogenic Psychotherapy (in Spanish)
*An audio version of the Autogenic Training 
*Autogenics: A self-help training schedule.
Laboratory equipment

**Laboratory equipment** are tools and equipment used by scientists who work in a laboratory.  These can include tools such as:

*Bunsen burners
*burettes
*calorimeters 
*microscopes  
*pipettes
*spectrophotometers 

Laboratory equipment is used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data.

## Other websites 
*A List of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses