open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fractional distillation

is used as a receiving flask.  Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece.]]
**Fractional distillation** is a process of separating a mixture of chemical compounds. This means that each part (called a "fraction") of the mixture can be kept apart from the other chemicals. Different chemicals have different boiling points. Fractional distillation is done by heating the mixture so that it evaporates and then each fraction condenses in its own separate compartment. The reason we don't use simple distillation is because for liquids that boil at less than 25&nbsp;°C from each other, some of the other liquid(s) may evaporate and so part of the separated liquid may have part of the other liquid(s).

It is a special type of distillation. Generally, the component parts boil at less than 25&nbsp;°C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere. If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25&nbsp;°C, a simple distillation is used.

Fractionation is done by boiling a mixture in a fractionating column. The mixture evaporates at different times and is caught in a container as a pure compound.

Fractional distillation is the main activity of oil refineries, and is done in a large fractionating column known as a "fractionation tower".

Industrially, crude oil is heated and sent up along the fractionating column that has decreasing temperatures with height and several platforms at different levels to collect the condensate. Different components of crude oil have different boiling points. High molecular weight components have higher boiling points and condense at lower portions of the column while fractions with lower boiling points rise to the top of the column to condense.
    
The main fractions include refinery gases, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, and a residue that contains bitumen. These fractions are mainly used as fuels, although they do have other uses too. Hydrocarbons with small molecules make better fuels than those with large molecules because they are volatile, flow easily and are easily ignited

## References 
## Other websites 
* Continuous distillation -Citizendium
Monte Alto solar power plant

The **Monte Alto photovoltaic power plant** in Spain has a generating capacity of 9.55 megawatts peak (MWp) and will generate 14 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year.  It cost 65 million Euros [US$87 million]. 

The plant covers an area of 51 hectares on agricultural land near the  of Milagro (Navarre) and contains 889 solar structures, of which 864 have automated solar tracking. The rest are fixed structures adapted to the terrain. 

## Related pages
*Photovoltaics
*Renewable energy
*Solar power in Spain
*Solar cell

## References
Andasol Solar Power Station

**Andasol Solar Power Station** is a large solar thermal power plant, near Guadix in Andalusia, in the province of Granada, one of the sunniest regions in Spain. The plant will cost 310 million euros and is currently under construction.

Andasol will have a generating capacity of 50 megawatts and liquid salt heat storage will allow for electricity to be generated for seven hours after the sun has gone down. Annual electricity production will be 179 gigawatt hours which will cover the electricity demands of 50,000 households or 200,000 people.

Andasol should be completed in mid-2008 and a second plant, Andasol 2, is planned.

## Related pages
* List of Solar thermal power stations
* Renewable energy
* Solar power in Spain

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pictures
European ash

The **European ash** (*Fraxinus excelsior*) is a kind of ash tree. It is found throughout Europe and not just Scandinavia. It is a deciduous tree that grows to a height of 20–35 metres.

## Uses
Ash wood is very easy to bend. It is therefore the material of choice to make bows. Tennis rackets, and the long poles used for snooker are sometimes made from it. 

### Religion
In Norse mythology, the tree Yggdrasil was a European ash. The tree linked all the nine world, Niflheim and Asgard, amongst others. Below the tree resides Hel as well as the Well of Urd.

## Gallery

Fraxinus excelsior - Ardenne 1b.JPG
File:Fraxinus excelsior MHNT.BOT.2007.40.58.jpg|Fraxinus excelsior - Museum specimen
Solar power in Spain

Spain is the fourth largest manufacturer in the world of solar power technology and exports 80 percent of this output to Germany. Spain is one of the most attractive countries with regard to the development of solar energy, as it has the greatest amount of available sunshine of any country in Europe.

The Spanish government wants to produce 12 percent of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010. That would mean a solar generating capacity of 400 megawatts.
Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to grid-connection of renewable energy. The widely applauded Royal Decree 436/2004 equalises conditions for large-scale thermal and photovoltaic plants and guarantees feed-in tariffs.

## Solar thermal power plants
In March 2007, Europe's first commercial concentrating solar power tower plant was opened near the sunny southern Spanish city of Seville. The 11 megawatt plant, known as the PS10 solar power tower, produces electricity with 624 large heliostats. Each of these mirrors has a surface measuring 120 square meters (1,290 square feet) that concentrates the Sun's rays to the top of a 115-meter (377&nbsp;foot) high tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity. PS10 is the first of a set of solar electric power generation plants to be constructed in the same area that will total more than 300MW by 2013. This power generation will be accomplished using a variety of technologies.

BP Solar has begun constructing a new solar photovoltaic (PV) solar cell manufacturing plant at its European headquarters in Tres Cantos, Madrid.
For phase one of the Madrid expansion, BP Solar is aiming to expand its annual cell capacity from 55 megawatts (MW) to around 300 MW. Construction of this facility is underway, with the first manufacturing line expected to be fully operational this year.

## Research and Development
The Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in Spain, part of the Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research (CIEMAT), is the largest center for research, development, and testing of concentrating solar technologies in Europe.

## Related pages
* Andasol 1 solar power station
* List of Solar thermal power stations

## References
## Other websites
* Spain pioneers grid-connected solar-tower thermal power
Instant soup

**Instant soups** are a kind of soup. They are produced on an industrial scale. Later they are treated in different ways to preserve them. Usually they are dried, canned, or treated by freezing.

Packaged instant soups come in two varieties:
* A packet of dry soup (like the ramen image below). These do not contain water. They are prepared by adding water and heating, or by adding hot water.
* A tin (or can) containing cold soup. To prepare those need to only be heated (for 3–5 minutes usually). There is another type of canned soup where the liquid is condensed and needs water added to it to make an edible soup.

File:Instant miso soup.jpg|Instant Miso soup
File:RAMEN de SKY.jpg|Instant ramen
File:Campbells.jpg|Some instant soup come in tins (or cans). They are basically like cold soups that just need to be heated.
File:Singapore Curry Flavoured Noodles, -Mar. 2011 a.jpg|prepared instant noodle soup
Sensation (disambiguation)

**Sensation** may refer to any of the following:

*Sensation, psychological term relating to perception
*Sensation and perception psychology
*Sensation (song), by The Who
*The Sensations, an American musical R&B/pop quartet of the 1950s and early 1960s
*The Sensations (television), a popular television show of the Philippines
*Sensations of 1945, American film
*Sensation (ship), Carnival Cruise Line ship
*Sensation Comics, comic book series
*Sensation (event), indoor dance event which includes:
**Sensation Black
**Sensation White
*Sensation exhibition, controversial British art exhibition
*Sensation novel, British literary genre
*Sensation Animation, subsidiary group of the Walt Disney Corporation
*Sensation play (BDSM), BDSM term
*Walkers Sensations, Type of potato crisp

## Related pages
*Sense
Odor

**odor** or **odour** is a volatilized chemical compound, usually at a very low concentration, which humans and other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction.

Odors are also called **smells**, which can be used to describe both pleasant and unpleasant odors. The words **fragrance**, **scent**, or **aroma** are used mostly by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and is sometimes used to refer to perfumes. On the other hand, the words **stench**, **reek**, and **stink** are used specifically to describe unpleasant odors.

## Basics 
Odor is a sensation caused by molecules dissolved in air.
The widest range of odors are made up of organic compounds although some inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, are also odorants.
The perception of an odor effect is a two step process.
First, there is the physiological part; the sense of the stimulus by receptors in the nose.
After that the psychological part follows. The stimuli are processed by the region of the human brain which is responsible for smelling.

Because of this, an objective and analytical measure of odor is impossible.
While odor feelings are very personal perceptions, individual reactions are related to gender, age, state of health and private affectations. Common odors that people are used to, such as their own body odor, are less noticeable to individuals than external or uncommon odors.

For most people, the process of smelling gives little information concerning the ingredients of a substance. It only offers information related to the emotional impact. However, experienced people, such as flavorists and perfumers can pick out individual chemicals in complex mixes through smell alone.

## Odor analysis 
The concentrations of odorant in Germany are defined by the “Olfaktometrie” since the 1870s. In this connection it's about the standard method to define the sense barrier of odors on basis the thinner of concentrated odor loaded assays. Following parameters are defined: odor substance concentration, intensity of odor and hedonism assessment.

## Pheromones 
Pheromones are odors that are deliberately used for communication. A female moth may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers away. Honeybee queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the hive. Workers can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves in or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened.

In mammals, some pathway of pheromones identification are in the vomeronasal organ and some in olfactory receptors.

## Related pages
* Incense
* Olfaction

## Other websites 
* Odors categorized by main chemical constituent and organized by odor class, percept, etc.
Carmen Basilio

**Carmen Basilio** (born April 2, 1927 &ndash; November 7, 2012) was an American boxer who held the welterweight and middleweight world championship. He won the welterweight title from Tony DeMarco in 1955. He then fought Sugar Ray Robinson for the middleweight title. He won the belt from Robinson in 1957, but lost it when they fought again.

He is the uncle of former welterweight boxing champion Billy Backus.

## Other websites
* Boxing record
Hollywood Pictures

**Hollywood Pictures** was one of Walt Disney Studios movie companies. It makes movies for a more adult audience than Walt Disney Pictures.  It is similar to Disney's Touchstone Pictures brand. The studio was launched in 1989, but was closed in 2009.

## List of films released by Hollywood Pictures
### 1990s
### 2000s
Johnny Saxton

**Johnny Saxton** (July 4, 1930, Newark, New Jersey &ndash; October 4, 2008) was an American boxer who won the welterweight championship.
## Life
### Career
Saxton beat Kid Gavilan in 1954 to become the welterweight champion. The lost the title the following year to Tony DeMarco. In 1956, he won the title again by beating Carmen Basilio, but lost the title in a rematch with Basilio later in the year. He retired in 1958.

## Other websites
* Boxing record
Weber-Fechner law

The **Weber–Fechner law** is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel. 

## The case of weight 
In one of his classic experiments, Weber gradually increased the weight that a blindfolded man was holding and asked him to respond when he first felt the increase. Weber found that the response was proportional to a relative increase in the weight. That is to say, if the weight is 1&nbsp;kg, an increase of a few grams will not be noticed. Rather, when the mass is increased by a certain factor, an increase in weight is perceived. If the mass is doubled, the threshold is also doubled. 

The relationship between stimulus and perception is logarithmic. This logarithmic relationship means that if a stimulus varies as a geometric progression (i.e. multiplied by a fixed factor), the corresponding perception is altered in an arithmetic progression (i.e. in additive constant amounts). For example, if a stimulus is tripled in strength (i.e., 3 x 1), the corresponding perception may be two times as strong as its original value (i.e., 1 + 1). If the stimulus is again tripled in strength (i.e., 3 x 3 x 1), the corresponding perception will be three times as strong as its original value (i.e., 1 + 1 + 1). Hence, for multiplications in stimulus strength, the strength of perception only adds.

This logarithmic relationship is valid, not just for the sensation of weight, but for other stimuli and our sensory perceptions as well.

## Related pages
* Stevens' power law
* Nervous system

## References
Noodle soup

**Noodle soup** is a kind of soup. It contains the normal soup stock, together with noodles, and sometimes other ingredients. This kind of soup is very popular in Asia, where it originally came from.  There are also many instant soups of this kind.

Some of the varieties are:

**Beef noodle soup* - popular in China; noodles in a beef soup
**Ban mian* - popular in China, Malaysia and Singapore; a noodle soup with flat noodles, egg, and usually vegetables.
**Soba* - popular in Japan; noodles are made of buckwheat
**Udon* - popular in Japan; noodles are made of wheat, toppings can be added, broth is usually dashi
**Mie ayam* - popular in Indonesia; a chicken noodle soup.
**Ramen*
Scale (ratio)

with two scales]]

The scale of a map shows the ratio between the distances on the map and the corresponding distances in reality. For example, a map of scale 1:50,000 shows a distance of 50,000 cm (or 500 m) as 1&nbsp;cm on a map. A 1:25 scale model of a building with a height of 30 m has a model height of 1.20 m.

When a drawing or model or photograph of an object is larger or smaller than the original, the **scale** represents how much the object has been "grown" or "shrunk".
 of nonbiting midge larvae, prepared and stained]]

## Scale bars 
**Scale bars** for microscopic or unusual objects are necessary. They help readers  to understand the diagram.

## Related pages
* Proportionality
* Scale (map)
Scale (map)

A map **scale** is the size of an object compared to the size of the object's smaller representative on a map. This can be shown by a scale bar and a ratio 1:*n*. The reader can measure a distance on the map to know what is the distance on the ground. 

People sometimes speak of a map as one with a "large scale" or "small scale".  A "large scale" map makes things look large, and a "small scale" map makes things look small.  For example, an island displayed on a 1:10,000 map will appear larger than if it were displayed on a 1:25,000 map.  Thus, the former is "large scale". What can be confusing is that for a map of a given physical size, say 11 by 17 inches, a "large scale" map will have a smaller geographic extent than a "small scale" map centred on the same point. 

Maps with a ratio of 1:50 000 or larger (for example, 1:40 000 would be larger) are considered large scale. Maps with a ratio of 1:50 000 to 1:250 000 are considered intermediate scale. Any maps with a smaller scale (for example 1:300 000) are considered small scale. 

## Related pages
* Scale (ratio)

## References
Eight Below

***Eight Below*** is a 2006 Walt Disney Pictures movie. It was directed by Frank Marshall and written by David DiGilio. The movie was released on February 17, 2006 in the United States.

## Other websites
*
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

General **Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono** (born 9 September 1949), is an Indonesian retired military general and politician. He was the sixth President of Indonesia from 2004 to 2014. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is the first president to be elected directly by voters. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the presidency on 20 September 2004. He defeated President Megawati Soekarnoputri.

## Life
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was born on 9 September 1949, in Tremas, a village in Arjosari, Pacitan Regency, East Java, to a lower-middle-class family. His father was a Javanese man named Raden Soekotjo (1925 – 4 August 2001), whose lineage can be traced to Hamengkubuwono II, while his mother was a Javanese woman named Siti Habibah (30 June 1932 – 30 August 2019).

He service in military 1973 to 2000, Yudhoyono ended his military career with the rank of lieutenant general, although he would be made honorary general in 2000.
### Political
Yudhoyono was appointed mining and energy minister in the cabinet of President Abdurrahman Wahid in 1999. According to General Wiranto, who assisted Wahid in the formation of the Cabinet, he had recommended to the president that Yudhoyono would do better as Army chief of staff. In August 2000, after a Cabinet reshuffle, Yudhoyono became the coordinating minister for politic and security affairs. One of his tasks was to separate the army from politics. This was in line with his reformist ideas on the future of Indonesian military, and is a view he has held since his days in an army policy center.

Yudhoyono's supporters saw Yudhoyono's participation in the vice-presidential election as a sign of his popularity and recognised Yudhoyono's potential as a possible leader for Indonesia. One of these supporters, Vence Rumangkang approached Yudhoyono with the idea of forming a political party to help shore up support for the 2004 presidential elections. Yudhoyono approved of the idea and after going through the basic concepts, left Rumangkang in charge of forming the Party.

From 12 to 19 August 2001, Rumangkang began holding a series of meetings to discuss the formation of the party while holding consultations with Yudhoyono. Yudhoyono personally led the meetings on 19 and 20 August 2001, and the basic outline of the Democratic Party was finalised.

On 9 September 2001, the formation of the party was officially declared and on 10 September it was registered at the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights.

The organizers behind Democratic Party's formation went to extreme lengths to make sure that PD was Yudhoyono's personal political party. The declaration of its formation was 9 September 2001, which was Yudhoyono's birthday and to start off with, the Party had 99 members.

In 2004 presidential election, with 69,266,350 popular vote	he replace Megawati Sukarnoputri. He re-elected in 2009 presidential election.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
HD DVD

**HD DVD**, also known as **High-Definition DVD** or **High Density Digital Versatile Disc**, is an optical disc that is able to store large amounts of data, such as high-definition videos. Now, the HD DVD type is now considered dead.
The disc was released in 2006 and fought a format war with rival Blu-ray. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer make HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28, 2008.

## Related pages
* DVD
* Blu-ray Disc

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official HD DVD site (for the US)
* CDfreaks Article On HD DVD vs Blu-ray 
* Projector Central article comparing HD DVD to Blu-ray
* Volume Unique Keys for Released HD DVD titles

;News
* HD-DVD Winning the European Race at Next Generation - Interactive Entertainment Today (Tuesday, 10 April 2007)
* HD DVD goes beyond 50GB with new disc  at DVD Town
* Next-generation DVD battle begins at BBC
* ProjectorCentral first impressions on HD DVD at Projector Central
* Microsoft and Intel Supporting HD DVD at Beta News
* HD DVD Ships 1.5 Million Movie Titles as of November 16, 2006 at Beta News
Logarithmic scale

A **logarithmic scale** is a scale used when there is a large range of quantities. Common uses include earthquake strength, sound loudness, light intensity, spreading rates of epidemics, and pH of solutions.

It is based on orders of magnitude, rather than a standard linear scale. The value of each mark on the scale is the value at the previous mark multiplied by a constant.

Logarithmic scales are also used in slide rules for multiplying or dividing numbers by adding or subtracting lengths on the scales.

The logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data cover a large range of values – the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range. 

Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (multiplying the actual input strength adds a constant to the perceived signal strength, see: Stevens' power law). That makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular, our sense of hearing perceives equal *multiples* of frequencies as equal *differences* in pitch.

On most logarithmic scales, *small* multiples (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to *small* (possibly negative) values of the logarithmic measure.

## Examples 
Well-known examples of such scales are:

* Richter magnitude scale and moment magnitude scale (MMS) for strength of earthquakes and movement in the earth.
* bel and decibel and neper for acoustic power (loudness) and electric power;
* counting f-stops for ratios of photographic exposure;
* rating low probabilities by the number of 'nines' in the decimal expansion of the probability of their not happening: for example, a system which will fail with a probability of 10−5 is 99.999% reliable: "five nines".
* Entropy in thermodynamics.
* Information in information theory.
* Particle size distribution curves of soil

Some logarithmic scales were designed such that *large* values (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to *small*  values of the logarithmic measure. Examples of such scales are:

* pH for acidity;
* stellar magnitude scale for brightness of stars;

A logarithmic scale is also a graphical scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number *x* is printed at a distance *c*·log(*x*)  from the point marked with the number 1. A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. On a logarithmic scale an equal difference in order of magnitude is represented by an equal distance. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers. 

**Logarithmic graph paper**, before the advent of computer graphics, was a basic scientific tool. Plots on paper with one log scale can show up exponential laws, and on log-log paper power laws, as straight lines (see semilog graph, log-log graph).
Bruges

**Bruges** (Dutch: *Brugge*) is a city in the northwest of Belgium. 

It is the capital and largest city of West Flanders. In 2007, 116,982 people lived there.

Bruges is at 51° 12 North, 03° 13 East.

It is a centre of tourism because of its historic medieval city centre. The centre was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is a center of commerce because of its port, Zeebrugge. The movie *In Bruges* with Colin Farrell, Brendan Gleeson and Ralph Fiennes was made there in 2008.

## References
Wittingen

**Wittingen** is a small town in the north of the district of Gifhorn, Lower Saxony, Germany. It has 12.268 inhabitants (2005). Wittingen's postal codes are 29378 and 29379.

## Divisions 
Around Wittingen, there are 26 villages:

## History 
Wittingen was first mentioned in a document of 781.

## Democracy 
According to the Lower Saxony State Department for Statistics, 12,291 people lived in the town of Wittingen in 2005 in 3,745 buildings with a total of 5,399 homes.

## Infrastructure 
### Health and medicine 
Wittingen has one hospital (Städtisches Krankenhaus), four pharmacies and six dentists.

## References
## Other websites
* www.wittingen.de
Buckwheat

**Buckwheat** (or **common buckwheat**) is a plant whose seeds may be used as a cereal. Buckwheat is not a true grass. It is not related to wheat, because wheat *is* a true grass, and buckwheat is not. 

Buckwheat seeds look like small beech tree seeds. Both seeds have three sides. *Beech* is also called *buck*, which is how buckwheat got its name. 

Instead, buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. Buckwheat is referred to as a *pseudocereal* because its seeds are used in cooking the same as cereals, because they have complex carbohydrates.

The cultivation of buckwheat grain declined sharply in the 20th century with the adoption of nitrogen fertilizer which increased the productivity of other staples.

## References
Order of the Garter

**The Most Noble Order of the Garter** is an English order of chivalry. It was started in 1348, by King Edward III of England. The Order is the highest level of knighthood that can be given by the English monarch. It is the world's oldest national order of knighthood. Membership in the Order is limited to those people who have done many great things for the United Kingdom.
 in robe of Order of the Garter]]
]]
The Order of the Garter is made up of a very small number of people. This group includes the Sovereign (the King or Queen of Britain) and no more than 25 full members. These members are called "Companions". Male companions are called "Knight Companions". Female members are called "Lady Companions". There are also a number of extra members known as "Supernumerary" Knights and Ladies. These members are usually members of the British royal family, and monarchs of other countries. 

The monarch alone can grant membership to the order. He or she is known as the *Sovereign of the Garter*, and the Prince of Wales is known as a *Knight Companion of the Garter*.

Knights of the Order use the post-nominal letters (KG) and Ladies of the Order (LG). Knights Companion can use the title "Sir" before their first name, and their wives can use the title "Lady" before their surnames. Ladies Companion can use the title "Lady" before their first name, but their husbands cannot use any title.

## Current Members 
* **Sovereign:** Charles III
* **Royal Knight:** The Prince of Wales KG KT GCB PC

**Knights and Ladies Companion:**

# The Duke of Abercorn KG
# The Lord Butler of Brockwell KG GCB CVO PC
# Sir John Major KG CH PC
# The Lord Luce KG GCVO PC
# Sir Thomas Dunne KG KCVO
# The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers KG PC
# The Lord Stirrup KG GCB
# The Baroness Manningham-Buller LG DCB
# The Lord King of Lothbury KG GBE
# The Lord Shuttleworth KG KCVO
# Sir David Brewer KG CMG CVO
# Lady Mary Fagan LG DCVO
# The Viscount Brookeborough KG
# Lady Mary Peters LG CH DBE
# The Marquess of Salisbury KG KCVO PC
# The Baroness Amos LG CH PC
# Sir Tony Blair KG
# The Baroness Ashton of Upholland LG GCMG PC
# The Lord Patten of Barnes KG CH PC
# The Lord Lloyd-Webber KG
# The Lord Kakkar KG KBE PC
# The Lord Peach KG GBE KCB

**Royal Knights and Ladies Companion:**

# The Duke of Kent KG GCMG GCVO
# The Princess Royal KG KT GCVO QSO
# The Duke of Gloucester KG GCVO
# Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy KG GCVO
# The Duke of Edinburgh KG KT GCVO
# The Queen LG LT GCVO GBE PC
# The Duchess of Gloucester LG GCVO

## References
Kinston Indians

The **Kinston Indians** were a Minor league baseball team in Kinston, North Carolina.  The team played in the Carolina League from (1956–1957, 1962–1974 and 1978–2011). Professional baseball in Kinston started in 1908, and there have been many teams since then. 2007 was the twenty-first season the Kinston team had been known as the Indians. Before that they were known as the Eagles and the Blue Jays. The Indians, or K-Tribe as they were nicknamed, played their home games in Grainger Stadium. The Indians' mascot was a dog named Scout.

The Kinston Indians won their league championship in 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004 and 2006.

For the 2012 season the Indians moved to Zebulon, North Carolina to become the Carolina Mudcats. The team still plays in the Carolina League.

## Source Materials
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  - Over the years, this publication has also been known as *Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book* and *Carolina League Directory and Record Book*
Ragusa

:*Ragusa is also the Italian name for the city of Dubrovnik*
]]

**Ragusa** is the capital of the Province of Ragusa in Italy, with 72,808 inhabitants in the city and more than 310,000 in the province area. 

## Other websites 
* ItalianVisits.com
* Pictures of Ragusa 
* Ragusa. All about the town of Ragusa
* Ragusa on lne
Columbia University

**Columbia University** (officially **Columbia University in the City of New York**) is a research university in the United States. It is an Ivy League university and often considered one of the best in the world. It is the fifth oldest college in the United States.

It was ranked 2nd best college in the United States by Times Higher Education in 2017. It was ranked 8th best university in the world by U.S. News & World Report.

The university was founded as ''King's College'' by royal charter from King George II of Great Britain. It was the first college in New York, and the fifth college in the Thirteen Colonies. A lot of the money that paid for the school came from slavery. After the American Revolution it was renamed "Columbia College" in 1784 and renamed once again to "Columbia University" in 1896 when it moved to its current location in Morningside Heights.

Ninety-Six Nobel Prize winners have been at Columbia, the second most in the United States after Harvard University. Five Founding Fathers attended Columbia: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert Livingston, Gouverneur Morris and Egbert Benson. Three U.S. Presidents have attended Columbia: Barack Obama, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt. Ten Supreme Court Justices have attended Columbia including the most recent Associate Justice, Neil Gorsuch, and the first Chief Justice, John Jay. Other famous alumni include: Warren Buffett, Madeline Albright, and Lou Gehrig.

Columbia is home to the Pulitzer Prize for good work in journalism, literature and music.  FM radio was created at Columbia. The school is where the foundation of modern genetics was discovered. Its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split.

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and College of Dental Medicine are in Washington Heights in Northern Manhattan.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Columbia's homepage
* Columbia School of General Studies
* Columbia Daily Spectator - second oldest student newspaper in the nation
Sonny Liston

**Charles L. "Sonny" Liston** (May 8, 1932 – December 30, 1970) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1962 to 1964. 

Liston was disliked by much of the public because of his criminal history and rumored association with organized crime characters. Liston served prison sentences for armed robbery and assaulting a police officer. 

However, he was a skilled boxer and gained a shot at the heavyweight title held by Floyd Patterson. He knocked Patterson out in the first round to gain the title in 1962. He defeated Patterson by another first-round knockout in their rematch in 1963.

He lost the championship to Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round in their 1964 fight. He was then knocked out in the first round during their second fight, which happened in 1965.

Liston continued to box, but died from congestive heart failure in 1970 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Boxing record
Columbian Exchange

-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean food, such as potatoes, with wheat from Europe.]]

The **Columbian Exchange**, sometimes called the **Grand Exchange** was the exchange of goods, ideas, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (the Americas). It started in 1492 when Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies (the Caribbean).

## Impact 
The Columbian Exchange drastically changed American, African, European, and Asian ways of life.

### Foods 
The Columbian Exchange greatly impacted the diets of people around the world. For example, before 1492, no potatoes were grown outside of South America.  By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. 

Italy became famous for its tomato sauce, made from New World tomatoes, while coffee from Africa and sugarcane from Asia became the main crops of very large Latin American plantations. Chili and paprika from South America were introduced in India by the Portuguese; today, these are an important part of modern Indian cuisine.

Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no zucchini in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no chili peppers in Thailand and India, and no chocolate in Switzerland.  Even the dandelion was brought to the Americas by Europeans for use as an herb.

### Animals 
The first European import to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains, letting them change to a nomadic lifestyle based on hunting bison on horseback. The Columbian Exchange also brought cattle to the New World.

Before there was regular communication between the two hemispheres, the different types of domesticated animals and diseases were more numerous in the Old World than in the New.  This partly led to the horrible effects of Old World diseases on Native American tribes. Smallpox probably caused in the highest death toll for Native Americans.   

### Other goods 
Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no rubber trees in Africa and no cigarettes in France.

## Table of comparison
## References 
*
Hamo Beknazarian

**Hamo Beknazarian**, also known as **Hamo Bek Nazarov** (born May 19, 1891 in Yerevan, died April 27, 1965 in Moscow) was an Armenian movie director. His career in cinema started in 1914, when a friend offered him a part in a movie. Between 1914 and 1918, he played about 70 parts, becoming a popular actor in pre-Revolutionary Russian movie. In 1920, instead of going to Armenia as he planned, he went to Tbilisi, where he developed a movie department for Georgian Commissioner's office of Public Education. Many of his movies were filmed in Tbilisi, including *The Father Murderer* and *Lost Treasures*. In 1925, he filmed his first Armenian movie and moved to Armenia. In 1933, he made the first Armenian movie to have sound, *Pepo*.
* *Namus* (1926), Director. This was the first Armenian movie. It was a tragic love story.
* *Pepo* (1935), director
* *Zangezur* (1938), director
* *David-Bek* (1943), co-scriptwriter, director. A movie about an 18th-century Armenian hero, David Bek (died 1728) who fought to free Armenia from the Ottoman Empire.
* *Anahit* (1947), director

## References
Antiparticle

There is an **antiparticle** corresponding to most kinds of particle. It has the same mass and opposite electric charge.

Even electrically neutral particles, such as the neutron, are not identical to their antiparticle. In the example of the neutron, the 'ordinary' particle is made out of quarks, and the antiparticle out of antiquarks.

Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other if they are in appropriate quantum states. They can also be produced in various processes. These processes are used in  particle accelerators to create new particles and to test theories of particle physics. High energy processes in nature can create antiparticles. These are visible in cosmic rays and in certain nuclear reactions. The word antimatter properly refers to (elementary) antiparticles, composite antiparticles made with them (such as antihydrogen), and larger assemblies of either.

## History 
In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber  a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas.

The antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerators. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Feynman, Richard P. The reason for antiparticles, in *The 1986 Dirac memorial lectures*, R.P. Feynman and S. Weinberg. Cambridge University Press, 1987. .
* Weinberg, Steven. *The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1: Foundations*. Cambridge University Press, 1995. .
Henrik Malyan

**Henrik Malyan** (Armenian language:Հենրիկ Մալյան; 30 September 1925 in Telavi, Georgia – 14 March 1988 in Yerevan, Armenia) was an Armenian movie director.

His 1977 movie *Life Triumphs* (*Nahapet*) is considered to be one of the most important Armenian movies to deal with the Armenian Genocide. It was exhibited in the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.

## Filmography
*1977: Nahapet - Sos Sargsyan
*1968: Yerankyunin
*1980: Hayrik - Mher Mkrtchyan
*1969: Menk enk mer sarare
*1978: Ktor me yerkink

## References
Katharine McPhee

**Katharine Hope McPhee** (born March 25, 1984) is an American Pop/R&B singer. She was the runner-up to Taylor Hicks on the fifth season of the television show American Idol in 2006. Her first album, named *Katharine McPhee*, was released January 30, 2007.

## Other websites 
*Official Website 
*
*Katharine McPhee on American Idol  at American Idol Watch
Town privileges

, of 1284]]
**Town privileges** were important things. They were special treaties or royal charters used in the Middle Ages. In such a charter, a sovereign, a monarch granted the town or city special rights. These usually included
*The right to have a market, to form guilds
*Some freedoms, like to determine the government of the town or city, or to judge criminals.
*Some people who permanently lived in the town or city (called Burghers) had special rights. Getting these rights was a special privilege (and not granted to everyone).
Many of those charters were very similar. In the end, only few charters remained in use. Notable ones in the territory of modern-day Germany  include the  Lübeck law, the Magdeburg rights and the Kulm law.
Afternoon

in New York City during the late afternoon]]
**Afternoon** is period between midday until sunset.

It is considered the period with many urban activities, noisy streets, many people working, kids at school and open businesses.

## References
Dubrovnik

**Dubrovnik** is a city in Croatia on the Dalmatian coast. More than 500 years ago it was called "**Ragusa**". The Italian name of the city is still "Ragusa". This sometimes leads to confusion because there is also a city named Ragusa on Sicily. It is on the Adriatic Sea. About 50,000 people lived there in 2001. Because of its age and unique buildings, the old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History 
The old city of Ragusa was started by Greeks who left Illirya after their home was invaded in the sixth century. They had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Ragusa in Dalmatia grew to be an important country on the sea, called the *Republic of Ragusa*. This republic lasted until Napoleonic times.

Ragusa was once the only city in Dalmatia with Roman influence not controlled by the Republic of Venice. After the Middle Ages more and more Croats and Serbs from inland areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina moved to the area. They had started the neighbouring town of Dubrovnik, which eventually joined Ragusa. The original population (the Dalmatian Italians) was reduced to the few people of the ruling class: in the 19th century nearly all the people living in Ragusa were Croats and Serbs. Ragusa officially changed its name to "Dubrovnik" (a Croatian name) after 1918, when the city became part of the newly created country of Yugoslavia.

Today Dubrovnik is one of the main tourist sites in Croatia. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with large stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik keep its freedom for many centuries. There was a major earthquake in 1667 that destroyed many buildings, but the people living there were able to rebuild the town.

Dubrovnik has been used as a filming location for Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi, where it was used as the city Canto Bight, on the planet Cantonica.

## Related pages
* Venice and Dalmatia
* Dalmatian Italians
* List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
* Croatia

## Other websites 
* Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
* Flags of Ragusa
* Storia e monetazione di Ragusa, oggi Dubrovnik (in Italian)
* *Dalmatia and Montenegro* by John Gardner Wilkinson, on Google Books

## Further reading 
* Harris, Robin. *Dubrovnik, A History*. London: Saqi Books, 2003. 
* Scotti, Giacomo. *Ragusa, la quinta repubblica marinara*. LINT Editoriale, Trieste, 

## References
Neolithic

in the Middle Neolithic]]The **Neolithic** period is the last part of the Stone Age. The word "Neolithic" means “new Stone Age.” It comes from two words in Greek meaning "new" and "lithic" ("stone"). It started when humans began farming, and ended when they began using copper.

## Timeline 
The Neolithic period started at different times in different places, since not everyone started farming at the same time. The earliest Neolithic period started around 10,000 BC in the Middle East. Scientists call this the Neolithic Revolution. It was a gradual change from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture and settlement. These eight Neolithic founder crops were emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax. They buried their dead in tombs and left jewelry and pottery inside, suggesting that they had a concept of the afterlife.

## Related pages
* Neolithic Revolution
* Palaeolithic
* Mesolithic
* Stone Age

## References
## Other websites 
* Neolithic Stone Tools and Artifacts—World Museum of Man 
* Brutal lives of Stone Age Britons
* Vincha Neolithic Script
World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)

The **World Heavyweight Championship** was one of the top professional wrestling championships in WWE, along with the WWE Championship. It was created on *Raw* to match ''SmackDown's'' WWE Championship in August 2002. Some of the past champions include Edge, Triple H, The Undertaker, Booker T, Batista, and Kurt Angle.

The World Heavyweight Championship was brought to Raw by then-General Manager Eric Bischoff after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar became exclusive to SmackDown. Bischoff awarded the championship to Triple H, but he had to defend it against his then-best friend, Ric Flair. Triple H was successful and has held the championship on five different occasions. Other holders of this prestigious championship include John Cena, Randy Orton, CM Punk, Shawn Michaels, Rey Mysterio, and more.

The last champion was Randy Orton. He beat then-champion John Cena on December 15, 2013 at TLC: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs. He was already WWE Champion when he won the championship and unified the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship to make the "WWE World Heavyweight Championship". The World Heavyweight Championship was retired the next day.

In 2023, a new World Heavyweight Championship was made, but it does not continue the history of the old title.

## Reigns
## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*WWE World Heavyweight Title History
44 BC

Year **44 BC** was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Antony**.

## Events
*March 15 Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators. This date is known as *The Ides of March*.
*March 20 — Caesar's funeral.
*Early April — Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to become ruler of Rome, against advice from his mother and stepfather Phillipus.
*June — Mark Antony promised five years of being governor of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy). 
*September 2 — Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt makes her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
*Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia.

## Deaths 
* March 15 — Julius Caesar assassinated in the Senate
* July 26 — Pharaoh Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (last date mentioned alive)
* Burebista, King of Dacia
* Antipater the Idumaean, procurator of Judaea and father of Herod the Great
Burzum

**Burzum** was a black metal/dark ambient one man band from Bergen, Norway. The band was formed in 1991 by Varg Vikernes.

The word "Burzum" means "darkness" in the Black Speech, a fictional language created by J. R. R. Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings novels.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *Burzum* (1992)
* *Det som engang var* (1993)
* *Hvis lyset tar oss* (1994)
* *Filosofem* (1996)
* *Dauði Baldrs* (1997)
* *Hliðskjálf* (1999)
* *Belus* (2010)
* *Fallen* (2011)
* *Umskiptar* (2012)
* *Sôl austan, Mâni vestan* (2013)
* *The Ways of Yore* (2014)
* *Thulêan Mysteries* (2020)

### EPs 
* Aske (1993)

## Other websites 
* Burzum

## References
John Collins

**John Collins** (born January 31, 1968 in Galashiels, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer. He is currently the manager of Charleroi. Collins played for Celtic in the early 1990s. 

## Other websites 
*John Collins career stats  at Soccerbase.com

## References
Crotchet

A **crotchet** or **quarter note** is a note played for one fourth of a whole note (or *semibreve*). Quarter notes are written as a filled-in oval (or round) note head and a straight, flagless stem (the line). The stem usually points up (like a d) if it is below the middle line of the stave or down (like a p) if it is on or above the middle line.

When beginners start to learn to play an instrument they are often taught that one crotchet lasts for one beat (one count). That is because they are learning pieces with simple time signatures. It is, however, important to remember that other note lengths (minims, dotted crotchets etc.) can also be treated as one beat, depending on the time signature.
Mom at Sixteen

***Mom at Sixteen*** is a 2005 American made-for-TV movie. It is about a sixteen year old mother, Jacey Jeffries (Danielle Panabaker) in high school.

## The story 
Jeffries is hiding the fact that she is the mother of Charley, the baby. Charley is the teen's mother's responsibility. When Jeffries goes to swimming practice and takes her migrane medicine, she faints because of the side effects of the medicine. While thinking she is being taken to the delivery room, she asks if her baby is okay while other students are around. Her classmates and teacher soon find out about Charley. Jeffries is teased by the other students. She decides give up the baby to the foster home at the end, and Charley finds a new home.

## Cast 
## Other websites 
*
Danielle Panabaker

**Danielle Nicole Panabaker** (born September 19, 1987) is an American actress. She is known for acting in many movies. These include *Sky High* and *Mom at Sixteen*. She has also acted on the television series including *Shark* and *The Flash*. In 2021, she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her role as Caitlin Snow / Frost in *The Flash*.

Panabaker is the older sister of child actress Kay. Both girls act in Disney Channel programs.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site of Danielle Panabaker
*