open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ildikó Pécsi

**Ildikó Pécsi** (21 May 1940 – 5 December 2020) was a Hungarian actress and politician. She appeared in more than one hundred movies from 1961 until 2008. She was a member of the National Assembly between 1994 and 1998. Pécsi was known for her roles in *Tales of a Long Journey*, *A Strange Role* and in *Just like Home*.

Pécsi died on 5 December 2020 in Budapest at the age of 80.

## References
Martin Sandoval

**Martin A. Sandoval** (January 12, 1964 – December 5, 2020) was a Democratic politician. He admitted guilt to corruption charges in 2020.  He was a member of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2020. Sandoval was born in Chicago.

On December 5, 2020, Sandoval died at a hospital in Maywood, Illinois of COVID-19 at the age of 56.

## References
Viktor Ponedelnik

**Viktor Vladimirovich Ponedelnik** (, 22 May 1937 in Rostov-on-Don – 5 December 2020) was a Russian footballer and manager. He played for the Soviet Union national team.

## Honours
### International
;USSR
* UEFA European Championship: 1960, runner-up: 1964

### Individual
*The best 33 football players of the Soviet Union (5): No. 1 (1960-1963); No. 3 (1959) 
* UEFA European Championship: Golden Boot / Team of the Tournament 1960
* Honored Master of Sports
* Order of the Badge of Honour: 1980 
* Order of Friendship: 1997
* Cavalier of the Order of the Ruby League For Merit: 2009
* Order For Services to the Rostov Oblast: 2013

## References
## Other websites
*Biography from the official website of the Russian national team  
*Unofficial biography
Tumen River

The **Tumen River** (Korean: 두만강; Chinese: 图们江) one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into the Sea of Japan. The river also makes up the Russia-North Korea border. The name comes from the Mongolian word *tümen,* which means "ten thousand".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. Some have even escaped into Russia. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.
Rattan

.]]

, Indonesia]]
]]
**Rattan** (from the Indonesia/Malay *rotan*) is the name for about 600 species of old world climbing palms. They belong to the subfamily Calamoideae. 

Rattan is also known as *manila*, or *malacca*, after the ports of Manila and Malacca City, and as *manau* (from the Indonesia/Malay *rotan manau*, the trade name for *Calamus manan* canes in Southeast Asia). 

The climbing habit comes with a flexible woody stem, got from a secondary growth. This makes rattan a liana rather than a normal or true wood. It grows much faster than most tropical wood. Rattan canes are one of the world's most valuable non-timber forest products. 

'Dragon's blood' is a red resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense. It can come from the fruit of a rattan. Furniture is probably the most widespread use. Many types of weapons and cane for caning have been made from rattan.

## References
Group 7 element

**Group 7** is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 7 has manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re) and bohrium (Bh).

Group 7 is in the transition metals section.
Group 7 elements are Halogens.
Property Is No Longer a Theft

***Property Is No Longer a Theft*** () is a 1973 Italian French comedy movie directed by Elio Petri and starring Ugo Tognazzi, Flavio Bucci, Daria Nicolodi, Salvo Randone, Mario Scaccia, Julien Guiomar, Jacques Herlin, Gigi Proietti.

## Other websites
*
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

The **Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series** is an award which is given every year by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television drama series for the primetime network season.

The award was first given at the 6th Primetime Emmy Awards on February 11, 1954. Zendaya is the current and youngest recipient of the award. She received an award for her work on *Euphoria*.
Ron Irwin

**Ronald A. Irwin**,  (October 29, 1936 – December 5, 2020) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was a member of the Canadian Parliament between 1980 to 1984 and again from 1993 to 1997. 

Irwin died on December 5, 2020 in Sault Ste. Marie at the age of 84.

## References
Peter Alliss

**Peter Alliss** (28 February 1931 – 5 December 2020) was an English former professional golfer, television presenter, commentator, author and golf course designer. He was born in Berlin. In 2012 he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category.

Between 1952 and 1969, Alliss won 20 professional tournaments, including three British PGA Championships, in 1957, 1962 and 1965. He had five top-10 finishes in the Open Championship.

Alliss played on eight Ryder Cup teams between 1953 and 1969 with a record of 10 wins, 15 losses and 5 halved matches. 

Allis died on 5 December 2020 at the age of 89.

## References
French Second Republic

The **French Second Republic** was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and started the Second Empire.

## References
Government of National Defense

The **Government of National Defense** () was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was formed after the Emperor Napoleon III was captured by the Prussian Army.

## Members
*General Louis Jules Trochu, President of the Government
*Léon Gambetta, Minister of the Interior
*Jules Favre, Vice-President, Minister of Foreign Affairs
*Adolphe Le Flô, Minister of War
*Léon Martin Fourichon, Minister of the Navy and the Colonies
*Ernest Picard, Minister of Finance
*Jules Ferry, Secretary of the Government
*Jules Simon, Minister of Education, Religion, and Arts
*Adolphe Crémieux, Minister of Justice
*Emmanuel Arago, Minister of the Interior
*Pierre Frédéric Dorian, Minister of Public Works
*Henri Rochefort, Minister without Portfolio 
*Alexandre Glais-Bizoin, Minister without Portfolio
*Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Minister without Portfolio
*Eugène Pelletan, Minister without Portfolio

## References
French Third Republic

The **French Third Republic** (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government created in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the creation of the Vichy government in France.

It was formed in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War from 1870-1871. After France was defeated Napoleon III was exiled from France. In 1914 France declared war on the German Empire led by Kaiser Wilhelm II until Germany became the Weimar Republic Era in 1918 after World War 1. 

In 1940 after Nazi Germany started World War 2 the French surrendered. Southern France became Vichy France and France’s Colonies in North Africa surrendered while the Empire of Japan took French Indochina before Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 .

## References
Provisional Government of the French Republic

The **Provisional Government of the French Republic** (**PGFR**;  (*GPRF*) was an interim government of France between 1944 and 1946 after the liberation of continental France after Operations *Overlord* and *Dragoon*, and lasted until the creation of the French Fourth Republic.

## List of Chairmen of the Provisional Government
## References
French Fourth Republic

The **French Fourth Republic** () was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. 

It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.

## Notes
## References
French Fifth Republic

The **Fifth Republic** (), France's current republican system of government, was created by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. 

The Fifth Republic was created after the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state.

## Notes
## References
French Directory

The **Directory** (also called **Directorate**, ) was a five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate. 

## Notes
French Consulate

**The Consulate** (French: *Le Consulat*) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. 

During this time, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul (*Premier consul*), created himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler.  

Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.

## References
Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure

'''Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure''' (; 27 February 17673 March 1855) was a  French lawyer and statesman. He is best known as the first head of state of the Second Republic.

## References
French Executive Commission (1848)

The **Executive Commission of 1848** was a short-lived government during the French Second Republic. It was chaired by François Arago. It lasted from 9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848. It replaced the Provisional Government of 1848 and was in turn replaced by the Cabinet of General Cavaignac.

The members of the Commission acted as joint head of state.

## References
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac

**Louis-Eugène Cavaignac** (; 15 October 1802 in Paris – 28 October 1857) was a French general. He was Chief of the Executive Power between June 1848 to December 1848. He also was Prime Minister of France at the same time.

Cavaignac was notorious for his brutal suppression of a workers’ uprising in 1848, which led to the deaths and executions of thousands of people. Ironically, despite his crushing of the worker insurgents, and his hostility to the socialists, Cavaignac nevertheless understood the plight of the workers. Under his government numerous interventionist economic measures and social reforms were carried out.

## References
Louis-Jules Trochu

**Louis-Jules Trochu** (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's *de facto* head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871.

## References
Patrice de MacMahon

**Patrice de MacMahon, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta** (; born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician. He was Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as President of France, from 1875 to 1879.

## References
Jules Grévy

**François Judith Paul Grévy** (; 15 August 1807 &ndash; 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.

## References
Félix Faure

**Félix François Faure** (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

## References
Émile Loubet

**Émile François Loubet** (; 30 December 183820 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France. He was involved in the 1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion and was President of France from 1899-1906 .

## References
Armand Fallières

**Clément Armand Fallières** (; 6 November 1841&nbsp;– 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913.

## References
Paul Deschanel

**Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel** (; 13 February 1855 28 April 1922) was a French statesman. He was President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920.

## References
Alexandre Millerand

**Alexandre Millerand** (;  – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924.

## References
Gaston Doumergue

**Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue** (; 1 August 1863 18 June 1937) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1924 to 1931.

## References
Paul Doumer

**Joseph Athanase Doumer**, commonly known as **Paul Doumer** (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. At the age of 74, he is the oldest person elected president.

## References
Albert Lebrun

**Albert François Lebrun** (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic.

## References
Félix Gouin

**Félix Gouin** (; 4 October 1884 &ndash; 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

## Honours and awards
* Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
* Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria

## References
Georges Bidault

**Georges-Augustin Bidault** (; 5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. From 1949 to 1950, he was the Prime Minister of France.

## References
Vincent Auriol

**Vincent Jules Auriol** (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician. He was President of France from 1947 to 1954.

## References
Léon Blum

**André Léon Blum** (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister.

## References
René Coty

**Jules Gustave René Coty** (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

## References
Pierre Werner

**Pierre Werner** (29 December 1913 – 24 June 2002) was a Luxembourgian politician in the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) who was the 18th Prime Minister from 1959 to 1974 and from 1979 to 1984.

## References
OnlyFans

**OnlyFans** is a website for posting videos and pictures online. It is used for making money or for buying those things. The website is British. It is based in London.

People who create videos or other things on the site can earn money from users who subscribe to their content. These people who subscribe and pay money to see what people make are known as the "fans". The company charges a 20% fee for all transactions made on the site. 

It is popular with people who sell sexual videos or images but also has other types of videos and images. For example sports experts, musicians and other people who make things who post regularly online. 

The people who post things can get money directly from their fans on a monthly basis as well as from one time payments called "tips" from video views.

Famous people with OnlyFans accounts include Cardi B, Tyga, Blac Chyna, Bella Thorne and more.

OnlyFans has been criticised for hosting hurtful material including sexual videos of children. The National Center on Sexual Exploitation reports fewer numbers of hurtful sexual videos of children than are posted to Facebook, which is a site with more people using it. Facebook having more people on it and more hurtful videos is talked about to show that the problem of hurtful videos is not just on OnlyFans but on many websites online. A campaign to investigate OnlyFans began in the US Congress in August 2021. 

People disagree about how safe it is to be someone who makes things and posts them on OnlyFans. People who make and post things have been stalked and hurt by fans, sometimes resulting in the leaking of the person's private information.

In July 2020, Sky News in the United Kingdom reported that OnlyFans had not paid a UK tax called the "value-added tax" for three years before the news story, and could face paying the taxes and extra as punishment by the UK government.
## References
Paavo Lipponen

**Paavo Tapio Lipponen** () (born 23 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005.

## References
Mirek Topolánek

**Mirek Topolánek** (, born 15 May 1956) is a Czech politician and business manager. He was Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2009 and Leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) from 2002 to 2010.

## References
Prime Minister of the Czech Republic

The **Chairman of the Government of the Czech Republic** (Czech: *Předseda vlády České republiky*, normally referred to in English as the **Prime Minister**), is the head of the Government of the Czech Republic.

## List
## Notes
List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic

This is a **list of prime ministers of the Czech Republic**, a political office that was created in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

## List
; Parties

## References
Order of the Elephant

The **Order of the Elephant** () is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour. It has officially existed since 1693. The honor is usually given to presidents and heads of state.

## References
Order of Isabella the Catholic

]]
The **Order of Isabella the Catholic** () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country. 

The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.

## References
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

The **Military Order of Saint James of the Sword** () is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

## Other websites
*Homepage of the order, with pictures of the badges and explanation of the several grades 
*The Cross of Saint James, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of St James of the Sword
Lactic acid bacteria

**Lactic acid bacteria** are bacteria which make lactic acid. This is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation. The bacteria change carbohydrates to lactic acid and energy. 

The bacteria are the order *Lactobacillales.*  Most of them are anaerobic: they do not need oxygen. Usually, they can live well in acidic environments. They are either rod-shaped, or spherical. They are found in decomposing plants and milk products. 

Lactic acid bacteria are important, and they are common. There are about 40 genera. Some species occur in the gut of animals, including humans. Several lactic acid bacteria are pathogens: they cause infectious diseases.

Lactic acid fermentation has been used since the Stone Age. It makes food last longer, and be easier to digest. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt.

Adult humans originally could not digest milk products. Then, all humans were lactose intolerant (as, for example, cats are after weaning). *Lactase persistence* is the phenotype where genes prolonging the activity of lactase beyond infancy. Humans are unusual in having lactase persistence. We know it evolved fairly recently (in the last 10,000 years) among some populations. Still, *most people worldwide are lactase nonpersistent*. They cannot digest lactose products after weaning. The evidence is that lactose persistence grew in human groups who herded cattle. To them it was a great advantage: they could digest milk throughout life.

## References
Viktor Klima

**Viktor Klima** (born 4 June 1947) is an Austrian Social Democrat politician and businessman. He was chancellor of Austria from 1997 to 2000.

## References
List of presidents of France

This is a **list of presidents of France**.

## List of presidents
### French First Republic (1792–1804)
### Directory
The Directory was officially led by a president, as stipulated by Article 141 of the Constitution of the Year III. An entirely ceremonial post, the first president was Jean-François Rewbell, who was chosen by lot on 2 November 1795. The Directors conducted their elections privately, with the presidency rotating every three months. The last President was Louis-Jérôme Gohier.

The leading figure of the Directory was Paul Barras, the only director to serve throughout the Directory.

;Political parties

After the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Barras, Ducos, and Sieyès resigned.Moulin and Gohier, refusing to resign, were arrested by General Moreau.

### French Second Republic (1848–1852)
### French Third Republic (1870–1940)
;Political parties

### French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
**Political Party:**

### French Fifth Republic (1958–present)
## References
Muslihan DS

**Muslihan Diding Sutrisno** (4 August 1946 &ndash; 6 December 2020) was an Indonesian military official and politician. He was born in Bengkulu, Indonesia. He was a member of the People's Conscience Party. DS was Regent of Rejang Lebong from 1994 to 1999 and of North Bengkulu from 2001 to 2006.

DS died on 6 December 2020 in Bengkulu of COVID-19 at the age of 74.

## References
Raymond Barre

**Raymond Octave Joseph Barre** (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.
 
## References
President of the Regional Council (France)

The following is a list of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly.

## List
## Other websites
* *Rulers.org*
* *Worldstatesmen.org*
Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)

The **Ministry of the Economy and Finance** (, pronounced ), informally referred to as **Bercy**, is one of the most important ministries in the Government of France. 

## List
## Other websites
* Composition of Government
* Common site of the two ministries
* French taxation site
Pierre Messmer

**Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer** (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He was Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974.

## References
Union for French Democracy

The **Union for French Democracy** (, **UDF**) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France. 

This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, *Démocratie française*. The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals. 

## References
Democratic Convention (France)

**Democratic Convention** (*Convention démocrate*, CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the **Popular Party for French Democracy**, started in 1995.

The Popular Party for French Democracy (*Parti populaire pour la démocratie française*, PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).

## References
Jean-Pierre Fourcade

**Jean-Pierre Fourcade** (born 18 October 1929) is a French politician. He was a member of the Senate of France. He represented the Hauts-de-Seine and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party.

## References
Jacques Chaban-Delmas

**Jacques Chaban-Delmas** (; 7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1969 to 1972.

## References
National Centre of Independents and Peasants

The **National Centre of Independents and Peasants** (*Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans*, **CNIP** or **CNI**) is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1949.

## Other websites
*Official website
Independent Republicans

The **Independent Republicans** (, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962. It became a political party in 1966 known as the **National Federation of the Independent Republicans** (*Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants*, FNRI). Its leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

In 1977 it became the Republican Party which joined the Union for French Democracy (UDF) the following year.

## References
Republican Party (France)

The **Republican Party** (, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977. It replaced the National Federation of the Independent Republicans that was founded in 1966.  It was created by future President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was known to be conservative in domestic, social and economic policies, pro-NATO, and pro-European.

## References
Liberal Democracy (France)

**Liberal Democracy** (, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France from 1997 to 2002. 

## References
1974 French presidential election

**Presidential elections** were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.

## Other websites
* Radio-TV debate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing/François Mitterrand
Trente Glorieuses

***Les Trente Glorieuses*** (, 'The Glorious Thirty') was the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France.

The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié. Fourastié created the term in 1979 with the publication of his book *Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975* ('The Glorious Thirty, or the Invisible Revolution from 1946 to 1975'). 

The term is comes from *Les Trois Glorieuses* ('The Glorious Three'), the three days of revolution on 27–29 July 1830 in France.

## References
Henri Giscard d'Estaing

'''Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing''' (born 17&nbsp;October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris.

Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.

## References
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The **Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe** (**TCE**; commonly referred to as the **European Constitution** or as the **Constitutional Treaty**) was an unapproved international treaty meant to create a constitution for the European Union (EU). 

It would have replaced the European Union treaties with a single text.

The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union. It was later ratified by 18 member states.

However French and Dutch voters did not approve the treaty thus not passing it.

## References
1981 French presidential election

The **French presidential election of 1981** took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

## References
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing

'''Olivier Giscard d'Estaing''' (30 December 1927 &ndash; 13 September 2021) was a French politician. He was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. He was the brother of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Giscard d'Estaing died in Vierzon, France on 13 September 2021, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* World Parliament 
* INSEAD Business
Alexandre Parodi

**Alexandre Parodi** (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat. He was the first ambassador of France to the United Nations.

Parodi was a member of the State Council.

From 1944 to 1945, Parodi was the Minister of Work and Social Security. From 1945 to 1960, Parodi worked as a French diplomat.

## References
1st Army (France)

The **First Army** () was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II. It was also active during the Cold War.

## References
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945

The ***Croix de guerre 1939–1945*** (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the *Croix de guerre* created on September 26, 1939. It honors people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.

## References
Lycée Louis-le-Grand

The **Lycée Louis-le-Grand** () is a secondary school located in Paris. Founded in 1563 by the Jesuits as the *Collège de Clermont*, it was renamed in King Louis XIV of France's honor.

## References
Inspection générale des finances (France)

The Inspectorate General of Finances or ***Inspection générale des finances*** (IGF) is a supervisory body in France. In the recent years, the IGF has been at the head of the movement of modernization of the state.

It is currently run by Marie-Christine Lepetit. It is placed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry for Economy, Finance, and Industry and the Ministry for Budget, Public Accounts and State Reform.

## Other websites
*
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly

**Lycée Janson de Sailly** is a *lycée* located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The *lycéens* of Janson are called *les jansoniens* and they usually refer to their high school as Janson, or JdS. It is the biggest academic institution in the region: 3,200 boys and girls from 11 to 20 attend classes ranging from junior high school to *Classes Préparatoires*.

## References
Edgar Faure

**Edgar Faure** (; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French politician, essayist, historian, and memoirist. From 1973 to 1978, he was President of the French National Assembly. He was also Prime Minister of France in 1952 and again from 1955 to 1956.

## References
1969 French constitutional referendum

A **constitutional referendum** was held in France on 27 April 1969. The reforms would have led to government changes to the Senate. It was rejected by 52.4% of voters. This led to President Charles de Gaulle's resignation.

## References
1969 French presidential election

**The 1969 French presidential election** took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969. It happened after the resignation of President Charles de Gaulle on 28 April 1969. 

## More readings
* 
* Penniman, Howard. "French Elections, 1969." *World Affairs* 132.2 (1969): 101–117. online
Élysée Palace

The **Élysée Palace** (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848.

## Other websites
* Official website
European Monetary System

The **European Monetary System** (EMS) was a system where most of the nations of the European Economic Community (EEC) would have their currencies merged together. It was created in 1979 under then President of the European Commission Roy Jenkins.

## References
Opération Lamantin

**Opération Lamantin** (French for manatee) was a December 1977 – July 1978 military operation by France with the help of the Mauritanian government, in its war against Sahrawi guerrilla fighters of the Polisario Front. It supported independence for Western Sahara. 

Airstrikes were launched in the provinces, but the results of the operation were not significant. France used Jaguar combat aircraft from Dakar Airbase. The bombings were targeted in the rail mines in Zouérat to the coast of Nouadhibou, which were blocked by Polisario.

## References
Jean-Bédel Bokassa

**Jean-Bédel Bokassa** (; 22 February 1921&nbsp;– 3 November 1996), also known as **Bokassa I**, was a Central African political and military leader. He was the second president of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of the Central African Empire, from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a coup in 1979.

## References
Operation Caban

**Operation Caban** was a military operation that happened in September 1979, to put former president, David Dacko back into power, and restore the Central African Empire to the Central African Republic by removing Emperor Bokassa I.

## References
David Dacko

**David Dacko** (; 24 March 1930 – 20 November 2003) was a Central African politician who served as the 1st President of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981.

## References
Diamonds Affair

**The diamonds affair**, known in France as '''"l'affaire des diamants'''", was a major political scandal in the 5th French Republic. 

In 1973, the Minister of Finance, future president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, was offered two diamonds from the Emperor of the Central African Empire Bokassa I. The affair was revealed by satiric newspaper *Le Canard Enchaîné* on October 10, 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency.

Many believe this was the reason for Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.

## References
Francisco Suárez

**Francisco Suárez of Toledo Vázquez of Utiel** and **González of the Tower**, known like **Doctor Eximius** (Granada, 5 January 1548-Lisbon, 25 September 1617), went a theologian, philosopher and jurist jesuita Spanish. One of the main figures of the movement of the Philosofic School of Salamanca, was considered one of the best scholastic

His work considers  a turning point in the history of Segundo escolasticismo, that marks the transition of the Renaissance to the modern philosophy. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures so distinct between yes in the place, the time and the philosophical orientation like Leibniz, Grocio, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger found reasons to quote it like source of inspiration and influence

## References
Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou

The **Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP)** (*Georges Pompidou European Hospital*) is a French hospital located in Paris. It opened in 2001.

In 2013, French Professor Alain Carpentier created the first 100% artificial heart, using biomaterials and electronic sensors. The device was successfully implanted by a team at the hospital on 18 December 2013.

## References
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group

The **Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party** (, **ELDR**) was a liberal political group of the European Parliament between 1976 and 2004. 

The group made up of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.

## References
Louis Giscard d'Estaing

'''Louis Joachim Marie François Giscard d'Estaing''' (born 20 October 1958) is a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France. He is the son of the late President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926-2020) and Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (née Sauvage de Brantes). He is mayor of Chamalières since 2005.

## References
Atomium - European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy

**Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy (EISMD)** – formerly known as **Atomium Culture AISBL** - is an international non-profit organisation based in Brussels. 

The Institute meets at European universities.

## References
Council of European Municipalities and Regions

The **Council of European Municipalities and Regions** (**CEMR**) is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe. Its members are 60 national groups of towns, municipalities and regions from 41 countries that are part of the Council of Europe. Together these associations represent about 130,000 local and regional authorities.

## Other websites 
* 
* United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)
* Local Government in Europe
* The Archives of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions are consultable at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
* European elections: local and regional governments' manifesto
AEI World Forum

The **AEI World Forum** is an annual meeting of business and financial executives, heads of government, government officials, and educators. It happens every spring in Sea Island, Georgia. It is supported by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the Vail Valley Foundation, and it features a number of AEI scholars and fellows.

In 1976, U.S. president Gerald Ford hosted the second G7 summit in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 

During his presidency, Ford became close friends with three of the other heads of government present at the summit: British prime minister James Callaghan, French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and German chancellor Helmut Schmidt. 

Ford and Giscard d'Estaing started the forum.

## References
Trilateral Commission

The **Trilateral Commission** is a non-governmental, nonpartisan discussion group. David Rockefeller started the commission in July 1973. It was created to improve cooperation between Japan, Western Europe and North America.

## References
1995 French presidential election

Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic happened on 23 April and 7 May 1995.

## Other websites
*http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=tl__ogp_int_parcours&num_notice=5&id_notice=CAB95028272 Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/Lionel Jospin
*http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=tl__ogp_int_parcours&num_notice=7&id_notice=CAB05011287 Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV
Constitutional Council (France)

The **Constitutional Council** (;  ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was created by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to make that constitutional ideas and rules are seen through. It is located in the Palais-Royal, Paris.

## References
Convention on the Future of Europe

The **Convention on the Future of the European Union**, also known as the **European Convention**, was a body created by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. 

It was inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the creation of the United States federal Constitution. The goal was to create a constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt. 

The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. 

## References
1988 French presidential election

**Presidential elections** happened in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988.

In 1981, the Socialist Party leader, François Mitterrand, was elected President of France and the Left won the legislative election. 

However, in 1986, the right regained a parliamentary majority. 

## Other websites
*http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=d%E9bat+chirac+mitterrand&num_notice=1&total_notices=65  Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/François Mitterrand
*http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=tl__ogp_int_parcours&num_notice=2&id_notice=I04160051  Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV
École nationale d'administration

The '''École nationale d'administration** (often called **ENA'*; ; ) is a French *grande école'', created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle.

## References
Nansen Refugee Award

The **UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award** is given each year by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to an individual, group, or organization in honor of great service to refugees. It was created in 1954.

## References
Gaullism

in his general's uniform ca. 1942.]]
**Gaullism** () is a French political term of people who support the ideas and presidency of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle.

Gaullism cannot be seen within a political ideology, meaning it is not left or right. It is more of how the President of France should use their power.

"Neo-Gaullism" has been used to describe a movement after the death of de Gaulle in 1970 from people who are economic liberal than both traditional and social Gaullism.

## Gaullist political parties 
The following is a list of Gaullist political parties and their successors:
* 1947–1955: Rally of the French People (RPF)
* 1955–1958: National Centre of Social Republicans (CNRS)
* 1958–1962: Union for the New Republic (UNR) *and* Democratic Union of Labour (UDT)
* 1962–1967: Union for the New Republic – Democratic Union of Labour (UNR – UDT)
* 1967–1968: Democratic Union for the Fifth Republic (UD-Ve)
* 1968–1971: Union for the Defence of the Republic (UDR)
* 1971–1976: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR)
* 1976–2002: Rally for the Republic (RPR)
* 1994-2018: Movement for France  (MPF)
* 1999–2014: Debout la République (DLR)
* 2002–2015: Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)
* 2014–present: Debout la France (DLF)
* 2015–present: The Republicans (LR)

## References
Ordre national du Mérite

The **Ordre national du Mérite** (; ) is a French order of merit with membership given by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle. It is usually only for French citizens. 

## References
Order of the Southern Cross

**The National Order of the Southern Cross** () is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. This order was created to honor the independence of Brazil and the coronation of Pedro I. 

## Notes
Order of Charles III

The **Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III**, originally **Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III** (, originally ) was created by the King of Spain Carlos III with the motto *Virtuti et mérito*. 

It honors people for their actions benefiting Spain and the Crown. Since its creation, and second to the Order of the Golden Fleece, it has been the most distinguished civil award that can be given in Spain.

## References
Giscard d'Estaing (surname)

'''Giscard d'Estaing''' is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (born 1933), former First Lady of France
*Aurore Giscard d'Estaing, illustrator and wife of Timothy Hutton
*Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing (born 1958), French businessman
*Henri Giscard d'Estaing (born 1956), French businessman
*Louis Giscard d'Estaing (born 1958), French politician
*Olivier Giscard d'Estaing (born 1927), French politician
*Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926–2020), former President of France
SAARC Literary Award

**SAARC Literary Award** is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001 Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra,  Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the recipients of this award. 
Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is only writer to get this award twice.

## Award Recipients
The year wise list of the award recipients are as follows:

 

## References
## Other websites
*Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature
*FOSWAL Advisory Committee 
*Related News on OneIndia
*Related News on Hindustan Times
*Related News on NDTV
*Related News on Afgan Embassy 
*Related News on The Kathmandu Post 
*Related News on Outlook India
*Related News on Greater Kashmir
Sofema

**Sofema** (**Société française d’exportation de matériel militaire et aéronautique**) is a French company which works in the renovation, marketing and maintenance of first generation land, sea and air equipment for the French Armed Forces. The company is based in Paris.

Technical facilities are in La Teste (Gironde - in the south west of France) and Châteauroux (Indre). 

## References
Sindhi Cultural Day

**Sindhi Cultural Day** (, ), also known as 'Aekta jo ddihaarro', is widely celebrated day by Sindhi people in whole world, with enthusiasm to spotlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh, its traditions and history. 

The day is celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora around the world.  Cultural day is the celebration, demonstration of culture of Sindh, Sindhis in Sindh and Sindhi diaspora all over the world celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and to show their culture to world. On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at Press Clubs, Schools, College and in universities and other places and arrange various activities of literary (poetic) gatherings, Mach Katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies, everyone wearing Sindhi traditional clothes, the Ajrak, Sindhi topi and Sindhi patko (turban) are very popular among Sindhi men, and for women and girls clothes with Sindhi embroideries, mirrorwork and local made fabrics like Bandhanis, Soossi, Maleers etc. It is also a symbol of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. 
## References
Tropical Storm Bertha (2020)

**Tropical Storm Bertha** was a unusual tropical storm that did not last very long. It hit South Carolina on the same day it formed, and dissipated the day after that. However, it was unusual because of the time it formed. It formed very near to the coast, and on May 27.
The Champ

***The Champ*** is a 1931 American drama movie directed by King Vidor and starring Wallace Beery, Jackie Cooper, Irene Rich, Roscoe Ates, Edward Brophy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1931. It was remade twice in 1953 as *The Clown* and in 1979 as *The Champ*.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Agamy

**Agamy** is a relational model consisting of the non-pair formation, where there is no partner. It's the status of not engaging in relationships or marriages, sometimes not even in sexual reproduction.

## References
Casus belli

**Casus belli** is a Latin phrase for an event or a situation that directly provokes a war. The plural of the phrase is the same as its singular.

In an aggression in the sense of international law, a country is allowed to start a war in self-defence. It is common to provoke an aggressor to  be able to start a war legally.

Suspected examples are the *Arrow* incident, which started the Second Opium War, and the *Maine* incident, which led the United States to take Puerto Rico and the Philippinesand to occupy Cuba from the Spanish Empire. The Iraq War was started by the US and its allies on the pretext that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Years after the war, it turned out that there were none in Iraq.

Another example is the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria starting World War I.

## Related pages 
*Declaration of war
Seventh Heaven (1927 movie)

***Seventh Heaven*** is a 1927 American silent romantic drama movie directed by Frank Borzage and was the first adaption of the 1922 play of the same name by Austin Strong. It stars Janet Gaynor, Charles Farrell, Ben Bard, Albert Gran, David Butler, Gladys Brockwell and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 3 Academy Awards in 1929 and was remade in 1937.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Aromanticism

**Aromanticism** or **aromanticity** is a romantic orientation in which a person does not experience romantic attraction, whether entirely, partially or circumstantially. They may not feel romantic love, and may not feel the need to be in romantic relationships. It doesn't mean they are agamous. and it's also an spectrum of identities that do not feel the "standard" amount of romantic attraction or don't feel it in the "standard" way, that alloromantic individuals do. for example, greyromantic  and demiromantic. Individuals that are on the aromantic spectrum/umbrella are often referred to as "aro-spec" for short.

Theso on the aromantic umbrella may engage in queerplatonic relationships(QPR for short), And experience alterous attraction. Aro-spec individuals may additionally experience tertiary attraction, which are attractions outside of sexual and romantic, to specify their aromanticism. Examples include aesthetic, platonic, or sensual attraction 

## References
Polysexuality

**Polysexuality** is a sexual orientation in which the person feels attraction to many, but not necessarily all genders. Polysexuality, not to be confused with pansexuality or omnisexuality, is under what some people would call the bisexual umbrella, sometimes seen as non-monosexual spectrum.
## References