open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Staffa

columns: Am Buchaille on Staffa]]
]]

**Staffa** is an island in the Inner Hebrides off the north-west of Scotland. It is famous for Fingal's Cave and other examples of basalt columns. No-one lives there.

The islands became part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles, the *Suðreyjar* kingdom of the Norse. The Norsemen ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. The islands were then held by the Clans MacLeod and MacDonald, but Staffa was not regularly inhabited.

## Geology 
This small island is entirely of volcanic origin. It consists of a basement of tuff, underneath colonnades of a black fine-grained Tertiary basalt, overlying which is a third layer of basalt lava. Slow cooling of the second layer of basalt resulted in an extraordinary pattern of hexagonal columns which form the faces and walls of the principal caves. The lava contracted as it cooled and solidified into columns, a process known as columnar jointing.

The columns have three to eight sides, six being most common. The columns are also divided horizontally by cross joints. Similar formations are found at the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, on the island of Ulva and Ardmeanach on the Isle of Mull. The 'Staffa Group' is the name given to the series of olivine basalts found in and around Mull. The volcanic eruptions took place 55–58&nbsp;million years ago.

## References
Mud bogging

**Mud bogging** (sometimes called **mud racing**, **mud running**, **mud drags**, or **mudding**) is a type of off-road motorsport. It is popular in Canada and the United States. The goal of mud bogging is to drive a vehicle through a pit of mud.  Winners are decided by the distance they get through the pit.  However, if several vehicles are able to travel the entire length, the time taken to go through the pit will decide the winner. Usually, vehicles competing in mud bogs are four-wheel drives. The motor sport is managed by groups like the *American Mud Racing Association*.  and the *National Mud Racing Organization (NMRO)*. 

## References
Snow White

"**Snow White**" is a fairy tale about a young princess who meets a group of dwarfs  after running away from her evil stepmother who is jealous of her beauty. 

## Story 
A Queen gives birth to a daughter. She names her Snow White. The queen dies. Snow White's father, the King marries an evil woman. This new Evil Queen has a Magic Mirror that tells her she is the fairest (most beautiful) in the land. One day the mirror says Snow White is the fairest. The queen is jealous. She decides to kill Snow White. The queen's huntsman takes the child into the woods to kill her. The huntsman is too kind to kill her so he lets her escape.

Snow White comes to a cottage in the forest. It belongs to seven dwarfs. They allow her to live with them. She does the housework. The evil queen learns Snow White is still alive. She decides to kill Snow White herself and disguises herself as an old woman. She tries to kill Snow White first with a bodice lace and then with a poisoned comb.  When the first two attempts fail, she disguises herself a third time, this time disguised as a farmer's wife, and tries to kill Snow White with a poisoned apple. This time, the girl falls down as if dead.  

The dwarfs place her in a glass coffin on a mountain top. One day a prince rides by. He falls in love with her. The dwarfs give him permission to take the coffin to his castle. The prince's friends lift the coffin. The bit of poisoned apple in Snow White's throat is loosened. She wakes up. The prince is happy. He marries Snow White. At the wedding, the evil queen is forced to dance in red-hot iron shoes until she dies. Snow White and the Prince then live happily ever after.

## History 
Early printed versions are found in Giambattista Basile's *Pentamerone* (1634) and in J. K. Musäus's *German Folktales* (1782).  

The Brothers Grimm wrote about a version called "Little Snow White" () in 1812 in their ''Children's and Household Tales''. The Grimms' story is the best-known version of "Snow White" today.  

## Adaptations 
"Snow White" has been adapted many times to plays, movies, and television programs. Walt Disney adapted the Grimms version to an animated movie in 1937 called *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs*. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Annotated Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, including variants from other countries 
* Text of "Little Snow-white" from "Household Tales by Brothers Grimm" on Project Gutenberg
Moonshine

**Moonshine** (also called **white lightning**, **mountain dew**, **hooch**, "Tennessee white whiskey", and many other names) is an alcoholic drink that is made illegally. But is usually hidden well from the law.

## In movies 
In 1958 Robert Mitchum made a film "Thunder Road"  about a moonshine "runner" who makes one last-and fatal run.

The part of the "runner" being killed was loosely based on the death of a actual runner named Rufus Gunther of Cocke County Tennessee in January 1953

The movie part of the burning car going over the cliff was reused in the  1963 Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Bouncing Boomerang"

## References
Timothy Spall

**Timothy Spall** OBE (born 27 February 1957) is a British character actor. He was born in Battersea, London and lives in Forest Hill, London. He played one the main characters in drama series *Auf Wiedersehen, Pet*. He played major characters in *Secrets & Lies*, *Shooting the Past* as well as the title role in *Pierrepoint*. 

He presents *Timothy Spall: Back at Sea* in which he and his wife travel around the coast of the United Kingdom in a Dutch barge.

His son Rafe Spall is an actor.

## Other websites 
*
Gran Premio Latinoamericano

The **Gran Premio Latinoamericano** also named *Gran Premio Asociación Latinoamericana de Jockey Clubes e Hipódromos* is a horse-race for thoroughbreds of the South American hypodromes. This is the main competition of the *OSAF* - South American Organization for the Promotion of the Thoruoughbred. At present, OSAF is made up of the most important South American Jockey Clubs, Horseracing Institutions, Breeders’ Associations, and Stud Books. Panama in 2009 and Mexico in 2011 was admitted to the Asociación Latinoamericana de Jockey Clubes e Hipódromos and their hypodromes can feature these races in the next years.

This race is for 3 years old or more thoroughbreds. The distance is 2000 metres, but in 2012 is 2100 metres.  In the year of 2012 the race will be on 10 March at Hipódromo de Palermo, Buenos Aires.

## Winners
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* 2008 Edition, at Monterrico, Peru
The Fall of the House of Usher

***The Fall of the House of Usher*** is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in September 1839 in ''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine''. It was slightly revised in 1840 and published in a collection of Poe's stories called *Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque*. The poem "The Haunted Palace" is part of the story. Vincent Price and Myrna Fahey starred in a 1960 Roger Corman movie based on the story.

## Story 
This story is by an unnamed narrator who is a friend of Roderick Usher-who believes he is sick and dying.  His house is crumbling. Usher has a sister, Madeleine. She falls into a catatonic state. She appears dead.

Roderick knows she is not dead. He places her in the family tomb. On a stormy night, she rises from the tomb. She falls upon her brother. She is dead. Her brother dies from terror. The house crumbles and falls. The narrator flees and sees the spot where the house was has been covered by water.

## Other websites 
* 
*  (audiobook)
* Full text as reprinted in *The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe* (1850)
* Full text at Bartelby.com
* "The Fall of the House of Usher" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
* Full text  at American Literature
* Study guide
* Analysis by Martha Womack
Rumer Willis

**Rumer Glenn Willis** (born August 16, 1988 She would separate from her partner Derek Richard Thomas in 2024.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Rochelle Humes

**Rochelle Eulah Eileen Humes** (née **Wiseman**; born 21 March 1989) is a British pop singer and actress. She was born in Barking, London to a British mother and Sierra Leonean father. She was a member of S Club 8. Since 2007, she is a member of girl group The Saturdays.

She is married to Marvin Humes of JLS. The couple have a daughter.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Good Charlotte (album)

***Good Charlotte*** is the debut studio album by American pop punk band Good Charlotte. *Good Charlotte* was released on September 26, 2000. It was the first and last album to feature Aaron Escolopio on the drums. All of the songs except for "Let Me Go" and "Seasons" were written by Benji and Joel Madden. "Let Me Go" and "Seasons" were written by Benji Madden, Joel Madden and Josh Ian.

## Songs
### 2000 original release
### Japanese release
### 2003 rerelease
## References
Antonio del Pollaiuolo

**Antonio del Pollaiuolo** (17 January 1429 – 4 February 1498), also known as **Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo** or **Antonio Pollaiolo** was an Italian 15th century painter. He painted *The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian* (1475, oil on poplar). The painting is at The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, London.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters
Kevin McDonald

**Kevin Hamilton McDonald** (born May 16, 1961) is a Canadian actor, voice artist, and comedian. He's the voice of Agent Pleakley in the *Lilo & Stitch* series, Waffle in *Catscratch* and the Almighty Tallest Purple in *Invader Zim*.

McDonald founded *The Kids in the Hall* with his best friend and actor Dave Foley.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Jamal Woolard

**Jamal Woolard** (born July 8, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, rapper, and comedian. He is best known for portraying The Notorious B.I.G. in *Notorious*.

## Awards and nominations
* BET Awards
** 2009: Best Actor, Nominated

* Black Reel Awards
** 2010: Best Breakthrough Performance (*Notorious*), Nominated
** 2010: Best Ensemble (*Notorious*), Nominated

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Thursday (band)

**Thursday** was an American emo band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, at 1997. The group has released six full-length albums, one compilation album, four EPs and one slipt. The band separates in November 22, 2011.

## Discography 
; Studio albums
* ''Waiting' (November 1999, Eyeball Records)
* *Full Collapse* (April 10, 2001, Victory Records) US #178 / US Indie #9 / US Heat #10
* *War All the Time* (September 16, 2003, Island Records) US #7 / UK #62
* *A City by the Light Divided* (May 2, 2006, Island Records) US #20 / UK #112
* *Common Existence* (February 17, 2009, Epitaph Records) US #56 / US Indie #4
* *No Devolución* (April 12, 2011, Epitaph Records) US #63 / US Indie #11

; Compilation albums
* *Kill the House Lights* (October 30, 2007, Victory Records) US #113 / US Indie #10

; EPs
* *1999 Summer Tour EP* (July 1999, Self-released)
* *Five Stories Falling* (October 22, 2002, Victory Records) US #197 / US Indie #10 / US Heat #6
* *Live from the SoHo & Santa Monica Stores* (November 11, 2003, Island Records)
* *Live in Detroit* (December 2003, Island Records)

; Slipts
* *Thursday / Envy* (November 4, 2008, Temporary Residence Records)

; Singles
**Understanding in a Car Crash* (2001, Full Collapse)
**Cross Out the Eyes* (2002, Full Collapse)
**Standing on the Edge of Summer* (2002, Full Collapse)
**For the Workforce, Drowning* (2003, War All the Time) UK #83
**Signals Over the Air* (2003, War All the Time) UK #62 / US Alt. #30
**War All the Time* (2004, War All the Time)
**Counting 5-4-3-2-1* (2006, A City by the Light Divided)
**At This Velocity* (2007, A City by the Light Divided)
**Ladies and Gentlemen: My Brother, the Failure* (2007, Kill the House Lights)
**Dead Songs* (2007, Kill the House Lights)
**Resuscitation of a Dead Man* (2009, Common Existence)
**Past and Future Ruins / Paper Lung* (2011, No Devolución

## Members 
;Current members
*Geoff Rickly – lead vocals (since 1997)
*Tim Payne – bass (since 1997)
*Tom Keeley – lead guitar, backing vocals (since 1997)
*Steve Pedulla – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2000)
*Tucker Rule – drums, percussion (since 1997)
*Andrew Everding – keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals (since 2002)

; Former members
*Bill Henderson – rhythm guitar (1997–2000)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Lincoln Home National Historic Site

**Lincoln Home National Historic Site** preserves the home of Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois. The Lincolns bought the house in 1844. They lived there until 1861 when Lincoln became the 16th President of the United Sates. The site includes a four-block historic district and a visitor's center. Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln donated the family home to the State of Illinois in 1887. He wanted the house to be well-maintained forever. He also wanted the house to be open to the public at no charge. The home and the historic district became a National Historic Site on August 18, 1971. The house has two floors and 12 rooms. It was the only house Lincoln ever owned. 

## Other websites 
* Official NPS website: Lincoln Home National Historic Site
* National Historic Landmark information 
* *Lincoln Home National Historic Site:A Place of Growth and Memory,* a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
*"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln", broadcast from Lincoln Home National Historic Site
The Young and the Hopeless

***The Young and the Hopeless*** is the second studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. *The Young and the Hopeless* was released on October 1, 2002 and was re-released in 2004. It was the first album by Good Charlotte to feature an intro song. The album featured the singles "Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous", "The Anthem", "Girls & Boys", "The Young & the Hopeless" and "Hold On".

## Songs
The Chronicles of Life and Death

***The Chronicles of Life and Death*** is the third studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. *The Chronicles of Life and Death* was released on October 5, 2004. It was released with both a "Life" and a "Death" version. The life version contained a bonus track called "Falling Away" which also featured the hidden track "Wounded". It was the first and last album to feature Chris Wilson on the drums.

## Songs
Good Morning Revival

***Good Morning Revival*** is the fourth studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. *Good Morning Revival* was released on March 27, 2007. It was the first Good Charlotte album to feature Dean Butterworth on the drums after Chris Wilson left the band in 2005. Benji Madden came up with the name of the album. It was the last album to be released on the Daylight Records due to Good Charlotte signing with Capitol Records. The Japanese edition featured two bonus tracks; "Keep Your Hands Off My Girl (Broken Spindles Remix)" and "Face the Strange".

## Songs
## References
Cardiology (album)

***Cardiology*** is the fifth studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. *Cardiology* was released on October 27, 2010. Benji Madden came up with the name of the album saying that the lyrical content of the album is "all is connected to the heart". The album has sold over 52,000 copies as of September 2011.

## Songs
## References
Evangeline

***Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie*** is a long poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1847. The poem is about a girl named Evangeline. She searches for her lost love Gabriel. Longfellow got the idea for the poem from his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. He modelled the poem on the Greek and Roman classics. *Evangeline* is one of Longfellow's most popular works.

## Story 
Evangeline is a girl of Acadie, a place in Canada. She is engaged to Gabriel. They are separated when the British deport the Acadians from Acadie in the Great Upheaval. She searches for him across America. This takes many years. Sometimes she is close to him without knowing he is near. Finally she settles in Philadelphia. She grows old. She works as a Sister of Mercy among the poor. She tends the dying during an epidemic. She finds Gabriel among the sick. He dies in her arms.

## Gallery 

File:Henry W Longfellow with signature-crop.jpg|Longfellow about 1850 
File:Evangeline statue St Martinville Louisiana closeup trim.jpg|Statue in St Martinville, Louisiana
File:Grand Pré.JPG|Evangeline statue in Grand-Pré

## Other websites 
*
*1850 edition of *Evangeline* at Google Book Search
*Longfellow-Evangeline State Park  in Louisiana
*Grand-Pré National Historic Site of Canada
*Audio excerpt read by Layne Longfellow; music by Michael Hoppé
The Wreck of the Hesperus

"**The Wreck of the Hesperus**" is a poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1842 in Longfellow's book, *Ballads and Other Poems*. His inspiration for the poem was a bad storm in 1839. The storm destroyed 20 ships and killed 40 people. A dead woman was found in the sea tied to a mast.

## Story 
A proud sea captain takes his little daughter aboard his ship to keep him company. A seaman warns him a storm is approaching. He does not pay attention to this seaman. The storm hits. The captain ties his daughter to the mast. He does not want her to be swept overboard. She calls out to her dying father. She hears the waves beating on the shore. She prays to Christ to calm the seas. The ship crashes onto a reef and sinks. The next morning a fisherman finds the daughter's dead body in the sea. It is still tied to the mast. 

## Other websites 
*Famus Igbo People
*Roger McGough official website 
*"The Wreck of the Hesperus" (Project Gutenberg Text)
The Village Blacksmith

"**The Village Blacksmith**" is a poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1841 in Longfellow's book, *Ballads and Other Poems*. 

The real  blacksmith of the poem was Dexter Pratt. He was Longfellow's neighbor. The first lines of the poem are well-known: "Under a spreading chestnut tree / The village smithy stands." 

In 1879, children in Cambridge, Massachusetts gave Longfellow a chair. It was made from the chestnut tree of the poem. 

## Other websites 
*
Monticello

**Monticello** was the home of President Thomas Jefferson. It is near Charlottesville, Virginia. It is now a National Historic Landmark. 

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 

## History
Jefferson designed the house based on the principles of Andrea Palladio. Construction began in 1768. Jefferson moved in two years later. He remodelled the house after picking up ideas in Europe. The house is located on a peak in the Southwest Mountains. Its name is Italian for "Little Mountain". Slave quarters were located 300 feet south of the house on Mulberry Row. These quarters were occupied by slaves working in the house. The slaves working in the fields lived in another place. A cabin on Mulberry Row was once the home of Sally Hemings. She was a slave who had a long relationship with Jefferson after his wife died. She gave birth to six of his children. An image of the house has appeared on the United States nickel and on the two-dollar bill. Monticello became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It has been owned and operated by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation since 1923.

## Gallery 

File:Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg|Jefferson, 1800
File:Monticello 2010-10-29.jpg|Monticello
File:Monticellofromgardens.jpg|Monticello from the gardens
File:Montcello 1956 Issue-20c.jpg|Postage stamp, 1956

## Panoramas 
## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

## References
## Other websites
*Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, official site
*The Monticello Explorer, an interactive multimedia look at the house
*Thomas Jefferson Wiki 
*Monticello Association, private lineage society of Jefferson descendants
*Tour Experience of Monticello
*Jefferson's Dome at Monticello
*A photographic collection of Thomas Jefferson's architecture 
*"Thomas Jefferson Lived Here." *Popular Mechanics*, August 1954, pp.&nbsp;97–103/212.
*"Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson", broadcast from Monticello
Yulara, Northern Territory

**Yulara** is a town in the southern region of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is very isolated, being just outside the border of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. In the 2006 census, Yulara had a population of 1,606. Most of the people who live at Yulara work in the tourist industry, emergency services or the national park. The name comes from local Aboriginal words for " dingos". Yulara is  by road from Uluru (Ayers Rock) and 55&nbsp;km from Kata Tjuta (the Olgas).

Facilities in Yulara include a supermarket, post office, library, post office, bank, child care centre, health clinic and a hairdresser.

## References
Kata Tjuta

**Kata Tjuta**, sometimes written **Tjuṯa** (Kata Joota), and also known as **Mount Olga** or **The Olgas**), is a group of large rock formations in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located about  southwest of Alice Springs. Kata Tjuta and Uluru,  to the east, make up the two focus points of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. The rock is conglomerate, a sedimentary rock made up of clusters of different types of rock (including granite and basalt), covered in sandstone. There are 36 domes covering an area of . The highest point, Mount Olga, is  above sea level. It is about  above the ground around it. It is about  higher than Uluru.

## References
Lymphogranuloma venereum

**Lymphogranuloma venereum** (LGV) is a chronic (long-term) infection of the lymphatic system caused by three different types of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The bacteria spread through sexual contact. The infection is not caused by the same bacteria that cause genital chlamydia.

LGV is more common in Central and South America than in North America. Every year, a few hundred cases of LGV are diagnosed in the United States. However, the actual number of infections is unknown.

LGV is more common in men than women. The main risk factor is being HIV-positive.

Symptoms of LGV can begin a few days to a month after coming in contact with the bacteria. Symptoms include:

* Blood or pus from the rectum (blood in the stools)

* Drainage through the skin from lymph nodes in the groin

* Painful bowel movements (tenesmus)

* Small painless sore on the male genitals or in the female genital tract

* Swelling and redness of the skin in the groin area

* Swelling of the labia

* Swollen groin lymph nodes on one or both sides; it may also affect lymph nodes around the rectum in people who have anal intercourse

* Diarrhea and lower abdominal pain.
Common pipistrelle

The **common pipistrelle** (*Pipistrellus pipistrellus*) is a small  bat with a very large range across most of Europe, North Africa, southwestern Asia, and possibly into Korea. It is one of the most common bat species in the British Isles.

It is 3.5&ndash;4.5 cm long with a wingspan of 19–25 cm, with brown fur. It is common in woodland and farmland but is also found in towns, where it roosts in lofts and buildings.

In 1999 the common pipistrelle was split into two species on the basis of different-frequency echolocation calls. The common pipistrelle uses a call of 45 kHz, while the soprano pipistrelle echo-locates at 55 kHz. Since then other differences, in appearance, habitat and food, have also been found.

## Echolocation 
The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 45–76 kHz, have most energy at 47 kHz and have an average duration of 5.6 ms.

## References 
*  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.

## Other websites 
*ARKive  *Pipistrellus pipistrellus* and *Pipistrellus pygmaeus* Photographs and videos.
Geoffrey Howe

**Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon**, CH, QC, PC (20 December 1926 &ndash; 9 October 2015) was a British Conservative politician. 

Howe was born in Port Talbot, Wales. He read Law at Trinity Hall, Cambridge and had a career as a lawyer before becoming a Member of Parliament. In 1953, he married Elspeth Howe.

He was MP for Bebington from 1964-1966, for Reigate from 1970-1974 and for East Surrey from 1974-1992. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1979-1983 and was Foreign Secretary from 1983-1989. He was made a life peer in 1992. He was close friends with Denis Healey. Healey died a few days before Howe.

Howe died of a heart attack in Warwickshire, England at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites 
*Hansard
Greatest Hits: My Prerogative

***Greatest Hits: My Prerogative*** is the first greatest hits album by Britney Spears. 
It was released on November 1, 2004. The album has all of her hit songs to that point. It also includes a cover of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" and two songs from the "In The Zone" recording sessions which did not make it on to that album. Singles released in this album include "My Prerogative" and, outside of the United States, "Do Somethin'".
The Singles Collection

***The Singles Collection*** is the second compilation album by Britney Spears. 
It was released in late 2009. It features the biggest hits of her career to that point plus one new song, "3", which was her first to debut at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Track listings
Dragon fruit

**Pitaya fruit**, **pitahaya fruit**, commonly known as the **dragon fruit**, is a fruit from Central America, South America, and Asia. It has a light sweet taste, a distinctive shape and color, and a texture close to a kiwi. In addition to being tasty and refreshing, it contains a lot of water and other important minerals and nutrients.

*Pitaya* usually refers to fruit of the genus *Stenocereus*, while *pitahaya* or **dragon fruit** refers to fruit of the genus *Selenicereus* (formerly *Hylocereus*), both in the family Cactaceae. The common name in English  dragon fruit  derives from the leather-like skin and scaly spikes on the fruit exterior. Depending on the variety, pitaya fruits may have sweet- or sour-tasting flesh that can be red, white, or yellow in color.

## Occurrence 
It is also known as “pitaya” if it comes from the very closely related Stenographers genus. The actual dragon fruit is the fruit of the cactus genus *Hylocereus*. Occuring in Mexico, South America, as well as Central America. It is possible it was introduced to Southeast Asian nations through Vietnam, alongside trade with the French during the 1800s. Cambodia, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, where it still holds as an important part of their diet.

As of 2024, the countries where most of these are grown commercially for their fruit are Nicaragua, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam, and Israel.

## Yellow Pitaya 
The yellow dragon fruit has yellow skin and has white flesh. It has the highest sugar content among dragon fruits. In Chinese, it is called giraffe family and is commonly found in Hong Kong. The ripe ones are really sweet like sugar.      

## Gallery 

File:Dragonfruit tree.jpg|Pitaya "tree"
File:Naozhou - P1570863 - dragon fruit.JPG|Plantation in Naozhou Island
File:Hylocereus undatus in bloom in Kona.jpg|Flowering, at night
File:Yellow dragon fruit (50831s).jpg|Yellow *S. megalanthus*
File:Hylocereus polyrhizus.jpg|Red *S. costaricensis*
File:Jus buah naga.jpg|*Jus buah naga*, purple pitaya juice, Indonesia
File:Pitaya Colors.jpg|Red, yellow and white fruits
File:MAPElNorte025.JPG|Dress for a folk dance called *Flor de Pitahaya* "Pitahaya Flower" from Baja California Sur displayed at the Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City
File:Dragon fruit (Pitaya).jpg|Dissected pitaya

## References 
https://www.producebluebook.com/know-your-commodity/dragon-fruit/
Toxic (song)

"**Toxic**" is a song by American singer Britney Spears, taken as the second single from her fourth studio album *In the Zone*. The song is written in C Minor, according to MusicNotes.com. The song was written with  Janet Jackson in mind before being offered to Australian singer Kylie Minogue, who turned down recording it. It reached number nine on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and went to #1 in the UK, Canada, Australia, Norway, and on *Billboard*’s Hot Dance/Club Play and Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs airplay charts.

In 2006, the song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

## Charts 
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts 
## References
Angry Kid

***Angry Kid*** is a British adult comedy web series that uses hybrid with live action and animation. The series about a redheaded teenager named Angry Kid, created by Darren Walsh.

## Synopsis
The show centers around teenage schoolboy Angry Kid (voiced by Darren Walsh) and his crazy adventures of being chased by dogs, making prank phone calls, and annoying his friends and family.

## References
## Other websites
* *Angry Kid* home page
* 
* Watch *Angry Kid* Series 1 & 2  Exclusively on AtomFilms
* Angry Kid & the Flaming Choppers Handbags World Cup Single
Bundaberg

**Bundaberg** is a city in Queensland, Australia. It is famous for Bundaberg Rum, which is made there. Bundaberg was affected by the 2010–2011 Queensland floods.

## References
Old North Church

**Old North Church** (officially, **Christ Church in the City of Boston**) is a church in Boston, Massachusetts at 193 Salem Street. It was built in 1723. Its design was inspired by the works of Christopher Wren. The church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. It is the oldest standing church building in Boston. Inside the church is a bust of George Washington that the Marquis de Lafayette thought the best likeness of Washington he had ever seen.

The church is known to most Americans because it was here that a lantern signal was sent by sexton Robert Newman from the church steeple on the evening of April 18, 1775 to warn American patriots that British soldiers were approaching Lexington and Concord by sea and not by land. "Paul Revere's Ride", a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, remembers this event. 

The church steeple was damaged by storms in 1804 and 1954. It was rebuilt. It is now 175 feet (53 m) tall. The original weathervane is on top. There are 1100 bodies buried in the basement. Many of these are patriots who were killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Old North Church is a National Historic Landmark. Queen Elizabeth II visited the church in 1976 and was given a silver chalice (a cup) modelled on one made by Paul Revere.

## Gallery

Old North Church Boston 1882.jpg|Old North Church in 1882
PaulRevereStatue.jpg|Statue of Paul Revere outside the Old North Church
OldNorthChurchSteeple.JPG|Steeple of the Old North Church
2011 GeorgeWashington OldNorth BostonMA 3156.jpg|Bust of Washington

## References
## Other websites
* Old North Church
* Mayo family history 
* Boston National Historical Park Official Website
*Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
*Old North Church (Christ Church) at Find a Grave
From the Bottom of My Broken Heart

**"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart"** is a song released off of Britney Spears' first studio album *...Baby One More Time*. It was released as a single in December 1999 in the United States, Latin America, and Oceania. It reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the year 2000.
Aṉangu

**Anangu**, **Aṉaŋu** or **Arnangu** (), is a word used to refer to Aboriginal people in Australia. It is found in some dialects of the Western Desert Language (WDL) of western and central Australia.

Before European people arrived in central Australia, the word probably meant 'human being', or 'person'. But now it is used to mean 'Aboriginal person' only. Because other Aboriginal languages have their own words for '(Aboriginal) person' the word *anangu* is mostly used in English to refer to the WDL-speaking people. Used in this way, it is not used to refer to any traditional grouping (or tribe), but to the WDL people as a whole. The correct term for "black person" in Pitjantjatjara is ''*, literally "dark/black person".

## Equivalents in other languages and dialects 
Other Western Desert Language dialects have different words with a similar meaning and many uses. In the far west of the WDL (i.e. amongst Manyjilyjarra, Kartujarra, Putijarra and Warnman) the word *martu* is used, and in the central Western Desert (i.e. amongst the western Pintupi) the word *purntu*, although this seems to be rarely used now.

There are a number of other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography:
*Koori (or Koorie) in New South Wales and Victoria
*Murri in southern Queensland
*Nyoongar in southern Western Australia and South Australia
*Nunga in southern South Australia
*Palawah (or Pallawah) in Tasmania

## References 
*Goddard, Cliff. (1992). *Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary*. IAD Press, Alice Springs Australia. ()
*Glass, Amee and Dorothy Hackett. (2003). *Ngaanyatjarra & Ngaatjatjarra to English Dictionary*. IAD Press, Alice Springs Australia. ()
*Goddard, Cliff. (1985). *A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara*. IAD Press, Alice Springs Australia.
*Eckert, Paul and Joyce Hudson. (1988). *Wangka Wiru: A handbook for the Pitjantjatjara language learner*. SACAE, Underdale SA. ()
*Hansen, KC & LE Hansen. (1992). *Pintupi/Luritja Dictionary 3rd Edition*. IAD Press, Alice Springs, Australia. ()
* Valiquette, Hilaire (ed.). (1993). *A Basic Kukatja to English Dictionary*. Luurnpa Catholic School, Balgo WA. ()

## Other websites 
*Web portal for Anangu Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, communities and organisations 
*Description of *Tjukurpa'' - the foundation of Anangu life at Department of Environment and Heritage
Tales of a Wayside Inn

***Tales of a Wayside Inn*** is a book of poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1863.  The book is set in a real place. That place was a tavern in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Longfellow lived 20 miles away in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The inn was a favorite place for the people of Cambridge to go.  The people in the book were real people, too. They were friends of Longfellow. In the book, they tell stories to each other while visitng the Wayside Inn. The best known poem is "Paul Revere's Ride". It begins: "Listen my children and you shall hear / Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere."

Longfellow wrote the book to help him cope with his wife's death. She died at home. She was standing in front of a fireplace. Her skirt caught fire. Longfellow visited the real tavern in 1862. It was called the Red Horse Tavern at that time. It was closed because the owner had died the year before. Longfellow said it was "a rambling, tumble-down building". Two more books about the Wayside Inn were published. One book was published in 1870, and other in 1872.

## References
## Other websites 
*Tales of a Wayside Inn - complete text (Project Gutenberg)
*Tales of a Wayside Inn - complete text (scan of 1864 edition)
House of the Seven Gables

The **House of the Seven Gables** (also known as the **Turner House** or **Turner-Ingersoll Mansion**) is a historic house in Salem, Massachusetts. It was built for Captain John Turner. It remained in the Turner family for three generations. The earliest section of the house was built in 1668. It faced south towards Salem Harbor. It was a two-room, 2 1⁄2-story house. It had cross-gables and a huge central chimney. This portion now forms the middle of the house. The house was remodelled over the years. It was eventually acquired by the Ingersoll family. Nathaniel Hawthorne often visited his cousin Susannah at the house. He wrote a novel called *The House of the Seven Gables*. The book uses the house as background. The house was restored between 1908 and 1910. A "cent-shop" and a secret staircase were added. This was done to please visitors who expected the house to resemble the one in Hawthorne's book.  The House of the Seven Gables is the oldest *surviving* mansion house in continental North America. It has 17 rooms and over 8,000 square feet. The house is now a non-profit museum.

## Other websites 
* House of the Seven Gables
* Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
A Few Good Men

***A Few Good Men*** is a 1992 American military drama movie about the corruption of the US Navy in the American Naval Base of Guantanamo in Cuba and Washington, D.C.. It starred Jack Nicholson, Tom Cruise and Demi Moore. It was directed by Rob Reiner.

## Other websites 
*
Pitjantjatjara language

**Pitjantjatjara** ( or ) is one of the Western Desert languages of Australia. It is often considered a dialect. It is spoken by the Pitjantjatjara people of central Australia. It is mutually intelligible with other languages of the Western Desert and is very closely related to the Yankunytjatjara language.

The name of the people comes from their word for coming/going: ''''.

## References
## Other websites
*Ethnologue
*Languages and dialects associated with Uluru
Sublime (philosophy)

. British writers, taking the Grand Tour in the 17th and 18th centuries, first used the sublime to describe objects of nature.]]
In philosophy, the term **sublime** refers to something that is *great*. This greatness can be physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual or artistic. Very often, the term refers to something that is so great that it cannot be calculated, measured or imitated. Special skills are often needed to fully perceive or understand the sublime. 

As a category in aesthetics, the main property is that its beauty is bigger than something that is merely beautiful. Sometimes, the sublime may be sacred and causes .

It is only western philosophy that makes a distinction between the beautiful and the sublime; there is no such distinction in eastern philosophy.The first known work in philosophy treating the sublime is called *On the Sublime*, and was written by an otherwise unknown writer who lived in the first or third century. This writer is often called Longinus. Longinus was a teacher of rhetoric, and used the sublime to describe great language in this context. According to Longinus, the sublime inspires awe and veneration, with greater persuasive powers. Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux translated this work into French, in the 16th century; in the 18th century the text was translated into English as well.

Philosophers who wrote about the sublime include Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Theodor W. Adorno, and Jean-François Lyotard. Writers include Friedrich Schiller and Victor Hugo.
Shōnan

*, woodblock print by Hokusai, c. 1830.]]
: *This article is about a region of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. For the former town in Chiba Prefecture, see Shōnan, Chiba.''

 is the name of a local Japanese region along the coast of Sagami Bay which is about 50 kilometres southwest of Tokyo.  

Shōnan is centered on Enoshima, which is a small island near the coast.

## Related pages
* Shonan Bellmare

## References
## Other websites
* JR Shonan Shinjuku Line
* Michelin, Shonan region
Madama Butterfly

***Madama Butterfly*** is an Italian opera in three acts with music by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica. It was based on a play by David Belasco. The opera was first performed in Milan, Italy, on February 17, 1904. Its revised version was performed in Brescia, on May 28, 1904. Although a fiasco at its premiere, it soon established itself in its revised version as one of the most beloved of operas. 

## Principal characters
* Cio-Cio-San - soprano
* Pinkerton - tenor
* Suzuki - mezzo-soprano
* Sharpless - baritone

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1989.
Wayside Inn

The **Wayside Inn** is an inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts, United States. It is the setting for Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's *Tales of a Wayside Inn*. The inn was founded in 1716 by David Howe. It was called Howe's Tavern. It is thought to be the oldest inn in the United States. Howe's granddaughter, Lydia Howe, was born in the inn. The inn is still open. It has a restaurant and guest rooms.

## Other websites 
* Official Wayside Inn Web Page
* Official Sterling, Massachusetts Web Page
La Gioconda

***La Gioconda*** is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Amilcare Ponchielli and libretto by Arrigo Boito, after Victor Hugo's play *Angelo, Tyran de Padoue*. It was first performed in Milan, on April 8, 1876. By far Ponchielli's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed. 

## Principal characters
* Gioconda - soprano
* La cieca - contralto
* Enzo - tenor
* Barnaba - baritone
* Laura - mezzo-soprano
* Alvise - bass

## Discography
* 1931: Giannina Arangi-Lombardi (Gioconda), Camilla Rota (La cieca), Alessandro Granda (Enzo), Gaetano Viviani (Barnaba), Ebe Stignani (Laura), Corrado Zambelli (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, Lorenzo Molajoli - (EMI Classics)
* 1952: Maria Callas (Gioconda), Maria Amadini (La cieca), Gianni Poggi (Enzo), Paolo Silveri (Barnaba), Fedora Barbieri (Laura), Giulio Neri (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra della RAI Torino, Antonino Votto - (Cetra)
* 1957: Anita Cerquetti (Gioconda), Franca Sacchi (La cieca), Mario del Monaco (Enzo), Ettore Bastianini (Barnaba), Giulietta Simionato (Laura), Cesare Siepi (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra della Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
* 1957: Zinka Milanov (Gioconda), Belen Amparan (La cieca), Giuseppe di Stefano (Enzo), Leonard Warren (Barnaba), Rosalind Elias (Laura), Plinio Clabassi (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Fernando Previtali - (RCA Victor, later Decca/London)
* 1959: Maria Callas (Gioconda), Irene Companeez (La cieca), Pier Miranda Ferraro (Enzo), Piero Cappuccilli (Barnaba), Fiorenza Cossotto (Laura), Ivo Vinco (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
* 1967: Renata Tebaldi (Gioconda), Oralia Dominguez (La cieca), Carlo Bergonzi (Enzo), Robert Merrill (Barnaba), Marilyn Horne (Laura), Nicola Ghiuselev (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Lamberto Gardelli - (Decca)
* 1980: Montserrat Caballé (Gioconda), Alfreda Hodgson (La cieca), Luciano Pavarotti (Enzo), Sherrill Milnes (Barnaba), Agnes Baltsa (Laura), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Alvise); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Bruno Bartoletti - (Decca)

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Europa (mythology)

-group from Athens, around 470 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen in Munich]]
**Europa** is a figure from Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Phoenician king Agenor and of Telephassa. Zeus falls in love with her. Because of his wife Hera, he has to take the shape of a bull. Hermes makes the herd of cattle with the bull Zeus graze near the beach near Sidon, where Europa is playing. That way, Zeus is able to abduct Europa on his back. He swims to Matala on Crete where he shows himself. The children of Europa and Zeus are Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon. Because of a prophecy of Aphrodite, the new continent Europe is named after Europa.

The oldest telling of the story can be found in the Illiad by Homer. There, she is the daughter of Phoinix. Other ancient tellings include "Europa" by Moschos, and the Metamorphoses by Ovid.

Agenor sent his sons to search for Europa, but they could not find her. Cadmus asks the Oracle at Delphi and is told to give up the search, and found Thebes in Boetia instead.

According to other sources, Europa remained on Crete, were she married Asterion, and became queen. Asterion did not have any children, so he adopted her sons.

The oldest known paintings which clearly show Europa date from the 7th century BC. 
## References
Communic

**Communic** is a Norwegian progressive metal band from Kristiansand, Norway. Communic has three members in the band; the current band members are Oddleif Stensland, Erik Mortensen and Tor Atle Andersen. The band formed in March 2003 as a side project for the band, Scariot. They are currently signed to Nuclear Blast Records and have released 4 albums and a demo.

## Band members 
;Current
* Oddleif Stensland - vocals & guitars
* Erik Mortensen - bass
* Tor Atle Andersen - drums

## Discography 
### Albums
Communic has released 5 albums:
* *Conspiracy in Mind* (demo) (2004)
* *Conspiracy in Mind* (2005)
* *Waves of Visual Decay* (2006)
* *Payment of Existence* (2008)
* *The Bottom Deep* (2011)
* *Where Echoes Gather* (2017)
* *Hiding from the World* (2020)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Paul Revere's Ride (poem)

"'''Paul Revere's Ride'*" is a poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1860 in the magazine *The Atlantic Monthly''. It was published again in Longfellow's book *Tales of a Wayside Inn*. The poem is about Paul Revere's midnight ride through the Massachusetts countryside. He wanted to warn the patriots that the British were on their way to fight them. Longfellow was inspired to write the poem after visiting the Old North Church in Boston.  

## Other websites 
*Original text of "Paul Revere's Ride" by *The Atlantic Online*
*Discussion of "Paul Revere's Ride" by the Maine Historical Society
*"Paul Revere's Ride" lesson plan  by the National Endowment for the Humanities
**The True Story of Paul Revere – The Midnight Ride* 
*Wall Street Journal on "Paul Revere's Ride"
*150 Years of "Paul Revere's Ride": About the Poem
Renata Scotto

**Renata Scotto** (February 24, 1934 &ndash; August 16, 2023) was an Italian operatic soprano who enjoyed a long and distinguished international career.

## Life and Career
Born in Savona, Italy, she studied at the Milan Conservatory of Music, under Ghirardini and Merlini, and later in Rome with Mercedes Llopart. She made her stage debut in her hometown on Christmas Eve 1952, as Violetta in *La traviata*. After winning first place in a singing competition, she was invited to sing Violetta at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan on July 2, 1953, which led to her debut at La Scala, the following December, as Walter in Catalani's *La Wally*, opposite Renata Tebaldi and Mario Del Monaco. She quickly appeared in several other cities throughout Italy.

She sang in Cairo in 1956 and at The Stoll Theatre in London in 1957. That same year, she replaced Maria Callas in *La sonnambula* at the Edimburg Festival to considerable acclaim. This was the start of long and distinguished international career, with appearances in Chicago, San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, Moscow, Tokyo, etc. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, on October 13, 1965, as Cio-Cio-San in *Madama Butterfly* and sang there regularly until 1987.

Scotto was mostly known for the Italian repertoire of which she sang a wide range of roles from bel canto to verismo. Although essentially a lyric soprano, as the years went on she tackled more dramatic roles in operas such as *Norma*, *Macbeth*, *La Gioconda*, *Tosca*, etc. 

After retiring from the stage, she turned to teaching, coaching and stage directing. She married violinist Lorenzo Anselmi in 1960 and had two children.

Scotto died in her home town of Savona, Italy on August 16, 2023, at the age of 89.

## Notable Recordings
* *La traviata* - (DG, 1962)
* *Rigoletto* - (DG, 1964)
* *Turandot* - (EMI, 1965) 
* *Madama Butterfly* - (EMI, 1966)
* *Andrea Chenier* - (RCA, 1976)
* *Otello* - (RCA, 1978)

## References
* ''Guide de l'opéra'', Roland Mancini and Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1987.