open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Khunjerab National Park

, a rare endangered species, is found in the Khunjerab National Park]]
**Khunjerab National Park** is a National park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is one of the highest altitude parks in the world.
Carmen Lawrence

Dr **Carmen Mary Lawrence** (born 2 March 1948) was the 25th Premier of Western Australia from 12 February 1990 to 16 February 1993. She was from the Labor Party. She became Premier after Peter Dowding resigned. She was the first woman to become Premier of an Australian state and she is Western Australia's only woman Premier. After she was Premier she became of member of the Australian parliament. She served as federal Health Minister from 1994 to 1996, under Paul Keating.

## References
Cholistan desert

**Cholistan Desert** (, also locally known as Rohi) sprawls thirty kilometers from Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan and covers an area of . It is next to the Thar Desert extending over to Sindh and into the Republic of India.
 in Cholistan.]]
Peter Dowding

'''Peter M'Callum Dowding''' SC (born 6 October 1943) was the 24th Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1988 to 12 February 1990. He was from the Labor Party. He became Premier when Brian Burke resigned. He had a difficult time as Premier because some people in his government broke the law. He is now a lawyer. He got a Centenary Medal in 2001.

## References
Chitral National Park

**Chitral National Park** is one of the national parks of Pakistan. It is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan at the side of Chitral River, just at a distance of two hours drive from the Chitral city.  The word, Gol in local language means ' the valley'. This park has many valleys thereby the name, Chitral Gol National Park.

## Wildlife 
This park has three valleys. There are several galciers in the park . The park has cedar trees and endangered wild goat species Markhor. The snow leopard is sometimes seen there. The Tibetan wold, red fox, are also found in the park. Common birds are the bearded vulture, golden eagle, demoiselle crane, peregrine falcon,  snow partridge and rock partridge.

## Related pages 
* Chitral District
Thal desert

The **Thal desert** is in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a large area mainly between the Jhelum River and Sindh rivers near the Pothohar Plateau. It has little vegetation — mostly thorny bushes — over a breadth of 70 miles. In Thal the people are very poor because the whole land is arid and depends upon the weather conditions. They cultivate grains only. It is the most illiterate area in Punjab Province. 

Noor Pur Thal has ten Union councils.
Benny Benson

, which he is known for.]]
**John Ben** "**Benny**" **Benson Jr.** (October 12, 1913&nbsp;– July 2, 1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was three years old, his mother died. His father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.

## Alaska Flag 
Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest run for Alaska students in grades seven to twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.

## References
Bowling for Soup

**Bowling for Soup** is an American pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas.  

The band was formed in 1994 by Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler and Lance Morrill. The name of the band is from one of Steve Martin's comedy acts. They released their self-title debut album, *Bowling for Soup*, in September 1994.

## Band members 
;Current
*Jaret Reddick – lead vocals, guitars (1994–*present*)
*Chris Burney – guitars, backing vocals (1994–*present*)
*Rob Felicetti – bass guitar, backing vocals (2018 –*present*)
*Gary Wiseman – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1998–*present*)

;Former
Erik Chandler - bass guitar, backing vocals (1994 - 2018)
*Lance Morrill – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1994–1998)

## Discography 
### Albums
**Bowling for Soup* (1994)
**Rock on Honorable Ones!!* (1997)
*''Let's Do It for Johnny!* (2000)
**Drunk Enough to Dance* (2002)
**A Hangover You Don't Deserve* (2004)
**The Great Burrito Extortion Case* (2006)
**Sorry for Partyin'* (2009)
**Fishin' for Woos* (2011)
**Lunch. Drunk. Love* (2013)
**Drunk Dynasty'' (2016)

## Other websites
*Official website
Richard Court

**Richard Fairfax Court** (born 27 September 1947) was the 26th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 1993 to 16 February 2001. He was from the Liberal Party. His father, Charles Court, was also a Premier of Western Australia.

## References
Flag of Alaska

The **Flag of Alaska** has eight gold stars on dark blue. These stars form the Big Dipper and the North Star.

## Creation 
The flag was created in 1927 by Benny Benson, a 13-year-old Alaska native. Up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag. Benson's design was chosen over 700 other submissions from school-children in grades 7–12. Most other entries showed the seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. The Alaska Legislature adopted the flag on May 2, 1927. It was kept as the state flag upon statehood in 1959.

## Alaska's Flag Song Lyrics 
This song was made for the flag.

## Related pages
*Alaska

## Other websites
*Catalog of the "Eight Stars" exhibit  at the Alaska State Museum, in PDF format; requires Adobe Reader
Vantage Point

***Vantage Point*** is a 2008 mystery thriller movie from Columbia Pictures, written by Barry Levy and directed by Pete Travis. It stars Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker with Sigourney Weaver, Édgar Ramírez and William Hurt. It was released on February 22, 2008.

## Plot 
United States President Henry Ashton (William Hurt) is participating in an anti-terrorism summit in Salamanca. Over a twenty-three-minute period, an assassination attempt on the President unfolds. The movie loops through this period over and over, each time from the perspective of a different participant, adding a new piece to the larger puzzle with each loop.

## Cast 
* Dennis Quaid as Thomas Barnes
* Matthew Fox as Kent Taylor
* Forest Whitaker as Howard Lewis
* Bruce McGill as Phil McCullough
* Edgar Ramirez as Javier
* Said Taghmaoui as Suarez
* Ayelet Zurer as Veronica
* Zoe Saldana as Angie Jones
* Sigourney Weaver as Rex Brooks
* William Hurt as President Ashton
* James LeGros as Ted Heinkin
* Eduardo Noriega as Enrique
* Richard T. Jones as Holden
* Holt McCallanyas Ron Matthews
* Leonardo Nam as Kevin Cross
* Dolores Heredia as Marie

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Vantage Point*  at The Numbers
* Mosaic  at SonyPictures.com
* Official world wide release dates  with links to different national sites.
* Vantage Point  Full Production Notes
2005 French riots

|right]]
The **2005 civil unrest in France** was a series of riots in October and November. Many cars and public buildings, for example schools were burnt. The riots started on October 25, 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois, a suburb of Paris. Afterwards they spread to other parts of France. Together they lasted for about 3 weeks. The riots were a reaction to the accidental deaths of two teenage boys and the serious injuries of another. The three boys hid in a power substation and got an electric shock, after being chased by police. However the boys did not commit a crime.

## The event starting the riots
*The New York Times* said the event started at 17:20 on 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois. They said they know this from a police report. The police were called to a construction site, because of a burglary. Three teenagers thought they were being chased by the police, so they climed a fence of a power substation. This was because the feared long questioning by the police. Another 6 teenagers were caught by the police for questioning by 17:50. At 18:12 at the local police station in Livry-Gargan the lights went out because of a blackout. This black-out was caused by the death of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré in the power station and the injury of the third boy.

There is a controversy, if the boys were chased by police. The local prosecutor and Nicholas Sarkozy, who was minister of interior at that time said no. But the newspaper *The Australian*, who asked some of his friends, said yes.

Before this event there had been in issues with unemployment and police brutality in this town. But after this event  of protesters gathered. The *Associated Press* quoted a protester with "People are joining together to say we've had enough. We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."

## Statistics
* Started: 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois.
* Towns with riots: 274 (on November 7)
* Property damage: 8,973 vehicles (Not including buildings).
* Costs: Estimated at €200 million.

* Arrests: 2,888
* Deaths: 1 (Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec)
* Police and firefighters injured: 126

### Statistics by night
## References
Flag of Hawaii

The **Flag of Hawaii** (Hawaiian: *Ka Hae Hawaiʻi*), or **Hawaiian flag**, is the official flag of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The flag has been in use since 1845. It is the only state flag of the United States to have the Union Flag of the United Kingdom on it.

## Design
Most of the flag is a field of eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major islands. The color of the stripes, from the top down, are: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, but other combinations are occasionally still used.

## Origins
The design of the flag of Hawaii is based on the state's early history. King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver after agreeing that the Kingdom of Hawaii would be united and ruled by Kamehameha under the protection or control of the United Kingdom. Other visitors to the islands reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. People say that King Kamehameha learned during the War of 1812 that flying the flag of a country like the United Kingdom could lead to conflict with other countries, but no one knows for sure if this is true. To avoid taking a side, Kamehameha designed a flag that combined parts from the British and United States flags.

There is debate as to the name of the officer: some traditions credit Alexander Adams, others George Beckley. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order: red-white-blue. However, some have argued that the stripes were influenced by the flag of the United States. The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order: white-red-blue. The number of stripes also changed. Originally, the flag was designed with seven horizontal stripes. At one point, a ninth stripe was symbolized the island of Nīhoa. The current design was made official in 1845.
Deuce (wrestler)

**James William Reiher, Jr.**,
***International Wrestling Association**
**IWA Hardcore Championship (1 time)
***Ohio Valley Wrestling**
**OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Domino
**OVW Television Championship (1 time)
****Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
**Ranked No. 150 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2009
***World Wrestling Entertainment**
**WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Domino

## References
Jim Duggan

**James Edward Duggan Jr.** (born January 14, 1954), better known by his ring name **"Hacksaw" Jim Duggan**, is an American former professional wrestler, who is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E). Duggan was the winner of the first ever Royal Rumble in 1988. He is known for entering the arena with a 2x4 piece of lumber and yelling *"Hooo!"* while the fans chant *"U-S-A!"*. Duggan was also inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011 by Ted DiBiase.

In November 2018, Duggan was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for an unknown reason.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Heroes And Legends Wrestling**
** HLW Midwestern Championship
* **Imperial Wrestling Revolution**
** Danny Hodge Trophy (2016)
* **International Wrestling Association of Japan**
** IWA World Heavyweight Championship
* **International Wrestling Cartel**
** IWC Tag Team Championship, with Scottie Gash
* **Pro Wrestling Alabama**
** PWA Southern Tag Team Championship, with Nigel Sherrod
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** PWI ranked him #**66** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993
** PWI ranked him #**157** of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
* **Pro Wrestling This Week**
** Wrestler of the Week (March 22–28, 1987)
* **Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2018
* **River City Wrestling**
** RCW Legends Championship
* **Texas All-Star Wrestling**
** TASW Heavyweight Championship
* **Mid-South Wrestling Association/Universal Wrestling Federation**
** Mid-South Louisiana Heavyweight Championship
** Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship
** Mid-South/UWF World Tag Team Championship (2 times), with Magnum T. A. and Terry Taylor
* **World Championship Wrestling**
** WCW World Television Championship (1 time, last)
** WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** WWE Hall of Fame (2011)
** Slammy Award (2 times)
*** Best Vocal Performance (1987)
*** Greatest Hit (1987)
* **Wrestling Observer Newsletter**
** Most Improved (1982)
** Feud of the Year (1985) vs. Ted DiBiase
** Most Unimproved (1989)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* GFW profile
*
JTG

**Jayson Anthony Paul** (born December 10, 1984) He is best known for his time working with the WWE. On June 12, 2014, JTG was released from his WWE contract.

## Championships
***NWA Wildside**
**NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
***Fighting Evolution Wrestling**
**FEW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
***Hoodslam**
**Best Athlete In The East Bay Championship (1 time)
***Ohio Valley Wrestling**
**OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times)  – with Shad Gaspard
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#84** of the top 500 singles wrestlers by PWI in the PWI 500 in 2010.
***Superstars of Wrestling Federation**
** SWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) &ndash; with Shad Gaspard
***VIP Wrestling**
**VIP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
**VIP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Waco Association of Wrestling**
** WAW Lonestar Championship (1 time, current)
***World Wrestling Alliance**
** WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Shad Gaspard

## References
## Other websites
*
Sicko

***Sicko*** was a 2007 documentary movie made by Michael Moore. It explores the American health care system, and compares it to the United Kingdom's, Canada's, France's and Cuba's. It made $24.5 million, making it the third-highest grossing documentary of all time.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Flag of Alabama

The **flag of Alabama** was adopted by the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895.

## Origin
It's believed that the crimson saltire of the Flag of Alabama was designed to look like the blue saltire of the Confederate battle flag. The Battle Flag was square-shaped, and Alabama's flag is sometimes shown as a square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square. In 1987, Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.

However, the saltire design of the Alabama state flag also looks like several other flags. It is identical to the saltire of St. Patrick, incorporated into the British Union Flag to represent the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland. This has led to other origins being put forth as possibilities.
Union Jack

**Union Flag** or **Union Jack** is the national flag of the United Kingdom. It has had the same design since the Act of Union 1800. The flag is made from the flags of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The common ratio that used by the government and other institutions are 1:2. There are no official ratios for the flag many from of the flag are correct. The college of arms recommends 2 versions of the flag's ratios: 1:2 and 3:5.

The use of the flag started (with a different design) in 1606, after James VI and I became the first king of the whole of Great Britain in 1603. Between 1606 and 1801, the Union Flag's design was different to the present flag. Saint Patrick's Cross was a flag representative of Ireland because Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick's Cross is a red saltire (a diagonal cross) with a white background. The flag of Scotland is blue with a white saltire. The flag of England is white with a red horizontal cross. Together they make the Union Flag. some provinces of Canada, and etc.

## References
Tommy Tynan

**Thomas Edward Tynan** (born 17 November 1955) is an English retired professional footballer.

## References
Lance Cade

**Lance Kurtis McNaught** (March 2, 1981 – August 13, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he wrestled under the ring names **Garrison Cade** and **Lance Cade**. Cade was trained by Shawn Michaels and made his professional wrestling debut along with Bryan Danielson in 1999 for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in Japan.

Cade signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001 and began working for their developmental territory Memphis Championship Wrestling (MCW). In the summer, he was sent to Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA). When the WWF dropped HWA as their developmental territory, Cade moved the then-renamed WWE's main developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). In 2003, he debuted on an episode of Sunday Night Heat in a match against Lance Storm who forced him to submit to the sharpshooter. During his WWE career, he was known to team with Mark Jindrak and then later Trevor Murdoch. Cade was released from the company on October 14, 2008. Jim Ross stated on his blog that Cade "made a major league mistake while utilizing bad judgment" and that it was a factor in his departure. Ross also mentioned Cade having a seizure on a plane and him needing emergency medical care as a part of this.

He was a three-time World Tag Team Champion with Trevor Murdoch.

On August 13, 2010, Cade died at the age of 29 of apparent heart failure in San Antonio, Texas.

## Championships
***Heartland Wrestling Association**
**HWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
**HWA Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Steve Bradley (2) and Mike Sanders (1))

***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#80** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2008.

***Texas Wrestling Alliance**
**TWA Television Championship (1 time)

***World Wrestling Entertainment**
**World Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Trevor Murdoch)

## References 
## Other websites
*WWE profile
Lennie Lawrence

**Lennie Lawrence** (his real name is **Robin Michael Lawrence**) is an English former football manager.

## Other websites 
* http://www.soccerbase.com/managers2.sd?managerid=901
Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1941)

**Bob Wilson** (born 30 October 1941) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
**Arsenal**
*First Division: 1970–71
*FA Cup: 1970–71
*Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1969–70

**Individual**
*Arsenal Player of the Year: 1971

## Notes
## References
Sepp Maier

**Sepp Maier** (born 28 February 1944) is a former German football player. He played for Bayern Munich and the German national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References
Bob Stokoe

**Bob Stokoe** (21 September 1930 – 1 February 2004) was an English footballer and football manager.

In 1955, he won an FA Cup winner's medal with Newcastle United.

## Honours
### As a player
**Newcastle United**
***FA Cup winner:** 1955

### As manager
**Blackpool**
***Anglo-Italian Cup winners:** 1971

**Sunderland**
***FA Cup winners:** 1973
***Second Division championship:** 1975–76

## References
John Gregory

**John Gregory** (born 11 May 1954) is an English footballer turned manager. He has played for the England national team.

## Career statistics
### As a player
### As a manager
## Honours
### Manager
**Aston Villa**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

**Chennaiyin FC**
*Indian Super League: 2017–18

**Individual**
*Indian Super League Coach of the Year: 2017-18
*Premier League Manager of the Month: September 1998, September 2001

## References
Roberto Carlos

**Roberto Carlos** (born 10 April 1973) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He often plays left back.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||20||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|-
|1994||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|-
|1995||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2

|-
|1995–96||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||30||5||2||1||2||1||34||7

|-
|1996–97||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||37||5||5||0||colspan="2"|-||42||5
|-
|1997–98||35||4||1||1||9||2||45||7
|-
|1998–99||35||5||4||0||8||0||47||5
|-
|1999–00||35||4||3||0||17||3||55||7
|-
|2000–01||36||5||0||0||14||4||50||9
|-
|2001–02||31||2||6||1||13||2||50||5
|-
|2002–03||36||5||1||0||18||2||55||7
|-
|2003–04||33||6||7||1||8||2||48||9
|-
|2004–05||34||3||2||0||9||1||45||4
|-
|2005–06||35||5||3||1||7||0||45||6
|-
|2006–07||23||3||1||0||8||0||32||3

|-
|2007–08||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="3"|Süper Lig||22||2||3||0||9||0||34||2
|-
|2008–09||33||3||6||2||10||1||49||6
|-
|2009–10||11||0||0||0||8||1||19||1

|-
|2010||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||||||||||||||||
68||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||68||5
30||5||2||1||2||1||34||7
370||47||33||4||111||16||514||67
66||5||9||2||27||2||102||9
534||62||44||7||140||19||718||88
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||5||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||13||1
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||18||2
|-
|1998||10||0
|-
|1999||13||2
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||11||1
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||12||0
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
!Total||125||11
|}

## References
Lothar Matthäus

**Lothar Herbert Matthäus** (born 21 March 1961) is a former German football player. He has played for the German national team. He currently holds a record for the most appearances for the German team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list West Germany's and Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Matthäus goal''
* Bundesliga: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000
* DFB-Pokal: 1985–86, 1997–98
* DFB-Ligapokal: 1997, 1998, 1999
* DFB-Supercup: 1987
* UEFA Cup: 1995–96
*UEFA Champions League runner up: 1986–87, 1998–99

**Inter Milan**
* U.S. Cup: 1993

**Individual**
* Ballon d'Or: 1990
* World Soccer Awards Player of the Year: 1990
* FIFA World Player of the Year: 1991
* FIFA World Cup Silver Ball: 1990
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1990
* UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1988
* Onze d'Or: 1990
* Onze de bronze: 1991
* Onze de Onze: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1990, 1999
* Goal of the Year (Germany): 1990, 1992
* *kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1982–83, 1984–85, 1987–88, 1992–93, 1993–94
* Pirata d'Oro (Inter Milan Player of the Year): 1991
* MLS All-Star: 2000
* FIFA XI: 1996, 1997, 2001
* FIFA 100
* Golden Foot legends award: 2012
* IFFHS Legends
* Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2018
* Bayern Munich All-time XI
* Ballon d'Or Dream Team: 2020
* IFFHS All-time Men's B Dream Team: 2021
* IFFHS World Team of the Century: 1901-2000
* IFFHS European Team of the Century: 1901-2000

## References 
## Other websites
*
ASCII

).]]

**ASCII** (pronounced "**az**-kee", "**ask**-key"), is a table of characters for computers.

## Overview
ASCII is binary code used by electronic equipment to handle text using the English alphabet, numbers, and other common symbols. ASCII is an abbreviation for *American Standard Code for Information Interchange*.
ASCII was developed in the 1960s and was based on earlier codes used by telegraph systems.

## Definitions
The code includes definitions for 128 characters, which are assigned numbers from 0 to 127. Numbers 32 to 126 stand for letters, numbers and symbols such as abc, ABC, 123, and ?&!. Numbers 0 to 31 and the number 127 stand for characters that control how text is processed and are not printed.

## Characters
ASCII uses 7 binary digits (bits) to represent characters. The bits 1000001 (65 in normal base-10 numbers) represent the upper-case letter A, 1000010 represents B, 1000011 represents C, and so on. Using the table below, you can look up a number in the Decimal column and see the character it represents in the Char column. Programmers often use hexadecimal (base-16 numbers), and you can look that up in the Hex column.

## Files
An ASCII computer file uses one byte for each character. A byte has 8 bits, so can hold an ASCII character with one bit spare. In the past, the spare bit was sometimes used as a *parity bit* to help check if the data had been corrupted. ASCII has no formatting control (for **bold** or *Italics*, etc.)  Sometimes someone talks about a file or document in ASCII, meaning it is in plain text.

## Applications
Standard ASCII is still commonly used, particularly in computer software and HTML files. Until 2010, it was the standard for URLs. Often a web site that has fields for entering text will only take ASCII text. Any special markups for bold or centered text, etc. will show up incorrectly.

## Extended ASCII
ASCII does not have diacritics (marks that are added to a letter, like the dots (umlauts) above vowels in German, or the tilde (~) above the 'n' for the 'ñ' used in Spanish). It was only meant for English and doesn't work well for most other languages. Some English words borrowed from other languages use these marks as well, like *resumé* (see ).

This led to some systems using 8 bit (a full byte) instead of 7 bits. The proper name for systems that use 8 bits is called *extended ASCII*. Eight bits allows for 256 characters. The first 128 characters must be the same as for ASCII and the rest are usually used for alphabetic letters with accents, for example like É, È, Î and Ü. This solves the problem for a few languages that are based on the Latin alphabet, although not all extended ASCII systems are the same. Other alphabets, like the Greek alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet need a different set of characters. And some systems like those using Chinese characters still do not work, as they use thousands of characters. So Unicode was created to have one common system for all languages.

## References
## Other websites
* Make ASCII art Convert a graphic into ASCII
* ASCII Table with explanations
Dmitri Sychev

**Dmitri Sychev** is a Russian football player. He is currently playing for Lokomotiv-Kazanka Moscow. He has been called the "Russian Michael Owen" because of his fast pace and brilliant agility.

## Club career statistics 
## International career statistics 
## References
John Charles

**John Charles** (27 December 1931 - 21 February 2004) was a Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.

## Career statistics 
::a.  Includes FA Cup and Coppa Italia

## Honours
**Leeds United**
*Second Division runners-up: 1955–56

**Juventus**
*Serie A: 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61
*Coppa Italia: 1958–59, 1959–60

**Cardiff City**
*Welsh Cup: 1963–64, 1964–65

**Wales**
*British Home Championship: 1959–60; runners-up: 1960–61, 1961–62
*FIFA World Cup quarter-finalist: 1958

**Individual**
* English First Division Top Scorer: 1956–57
* Serie A Top Goal-scorer: 1957–58
* Ballon d'Or – Third place: 1959
* UEFA Golden Player: Wales

## References
Iker Casillas

**Iker Casillas** (born 20 May 1981) is a retired Spanish football player. He used to play for F.C. Porto and Spain national team.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||27||0||5||0||12||0||46||0
|-
|2000/01||34||0||0||0||11||0||45||0
|-
|2001/02||25||0||5||0||9||0||39||0
|-
|2002/03||38||0||0||0||15||0||53||0
|-
|2003/04||37||0||2||0||9||0||48||0
|-
|2004/05||37||0||0||0||10||0||47||0
|-
|2005/06||37||0||4||0||7||0||48||0
|-
|2006/07||38||0||0||0||7||0||45||0
|-
|2007/08||36||0||0||0||8||0||44||0
|-
|2008/09||38||0||0||0||7||0||45||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||

|}

## International career statistics 
|}

## References
Jamie Murphy

**James Murphy** (born 25 February 1973) is an English physiotherapist and former professional footballer. He played as a left-back.

## Honours
**Blackpool**
***Division Four play-off winner:** 1991-92
Martin Peters

**Martin Stanford Peters**  (8 November 1943 – 21 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager. He played for England national team.

In 2016, it was announced that Peters had Alzheimer's disease. Peters died on 21 December 2019 in London from the disease  at the age of 76.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Peters goal.''

## Honours
### Football
**West Ham United**
*European Cup Winners' Cup: 1964–65
*Football League Cup runner-up: 1965–66

**Tottenham Hotspur**
**Rothmans Golden Boots Awards*: 1971

### Orders and special awards
*MBE for services to football, (1978).

## References
### Books
*

### Internet
José Eulogio Gárate

**José Eulogio Gárate** is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1966-67||rowspan="11"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||14||9
|-
|1967-68||23||8
|-
|1968-69||20||14
|-
|1969-70||30||16
|-
|1970-71||28||17
|-
|1971-72||16||5
|-
|1972-73||24||5
|-
|1973-74||29||11
|-
|1974-75||32||17
|-
|1975-76||24||7
|-
|1976-77||1||0
241||109
241||109

## International career statistics 
|-
!Total||18||5
|}

## References
Neil Warnock

**Neil Warnock** (born 1 December 1948) is an English football manager and former player who was most recently the manager of Championship club Huddersfield Town.

## Honours
; Burton Albion
* NPL Challenge Cup: 1984–85

;Scarborough
*Football Conference: 1986–87

;Notts County
*Football League Second Division play-offs: 1991
*Football Conference Manager of the Month: November 1986, December 1986 August 2005, September 2005, December 2008, August 2010, September 2010, March 2016, August 2017, February 2018, March 2018, October 2020
*BBC London Sports Personality of the Year: 2011
*LMA Special Achievement Award: 2017-18

## Managerial statistics
## References
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig

Field Marshal ** Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig** KT GCB OM GCVO KCIE ADC (born in Edinburgh on 19 June 1861, died in London on 29 January 1928) was a British Army general during World War I.

He was the senior commander of the British forces in France from 1915 until the end of the war. Most notably, he led it during the Battle of the Somme, the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), the Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive.

Historians have often argued over whether Haig was a good general. In the years after the war, he was popular. After his death, some historians and politicians wrote books criticising Haig. They argued he made mistakes that led to a lot of casualties among British troops, especially at the Somme and Passchendaele. He has been nicknamed 'Butcher Haig' or 'the Butcher of the Somme'. David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister during the later years of the war, also did not agree with Haig. One of the best known books criticising Haig was Alan Clark's book *The Donkeys* (1961). Thatis known as the 'lions led by donkeys' view: the idea that Britain had great soldiers but bad generals.

However, some veterans, and academic historians have argued that Haig was a great general. For example, John Bourne notes that Haig helped the army use new weapons and technology. John Terraine argues that while the British Army lost many men, that is not surprising because of the size of the fighting, and other countries lost far more. Likewise, Gordon Corrigan argues that as a percentage of the population, Britain lost half as many people in the war as France and Germany.

## References
List of presidents of Turkey

This is a complete **list of presidents of Turkey**. The list includes all eleven heads of state that led the country after the Turkish War of Independence. For a list of rulers of its predecessor, the Ottoman Empire, see the article on the Ottoman dynasty.

## List of presidents (1923–present) 
;Political Party

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
;Status

## Acting presidents 
* Cemal Gürsel (May 27, 1960 - October 10, 1961) Served with the title "head of state" following the May 1960 military coup.
* Tekin Arıburun (March 29, 1973 - April 6, 1973) Parliament speaker. Served as acting president ahead of Fahri Korutürk's election.
* İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (April 6, 1980 - September 12, 1980) Parliament speaker. Served as acting president in the absence of a firm presidential candidate.
* Kenan Evren (September 12, 1980 - November 9, 1982) Served with the title "head of state" following the September 1980 military coup.
* Hüsamettin Cindoruk (April 17, 1993 - May 16, 1993) Parliament speaker. Served as acting president following Turgut Özal's death.

## Other websites 
* Past presidents , Presidency of the Republic of Turkey.
Weightlifting

**Weightlifting** first started in the so-called Dark Ages of the human history. It was usually done by the strongest men in villages all over Europe. It was considered to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into the sport for other people as well.  It has been in the Olympic Games since 1896.
## Competition events in Olympic weightlifting
As a competitive sport, Weightlifting is controlled by the *International Weightlifting Federation* (IWF). Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.
 weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]

### Snatch
The *snatch* is one of the two olympic weightlifting events. The essence of the event is to lift a barbell from the platform to locked arms overhead in a smooth continuous movement. The lift requires not only great strength, but mastery of technical skills, a high degree of shoulder flexibility, excellent balance, and speed.

### Clean and jerk
The *clean and jerk* is another olympic weightlifting events. It is a highly technical lift that is known as "the king of lifts" because more weight can be lifted above one's head as compared to any other known weightlifting technique.

## Related pages
* Weight training

## Other websites
* International Weightlifting Federation
Mullet

**Mullet**, **mullets**, **The Mullet** or **The Mullets** may refer to:

* Mullet (fish)
* Goatfish
* *Mullet* (film)
* Mullet River
* Boggy Bayou Mullet Festival
* Henri Mulet
Flag semaphore

(red/yellow flags)]]
**Flag semaphore** is a system of spreading information at a distance by using two flags. Information is told by the positions of the flags. Each set of positions has a meaning. 

## Signalling
Signalling uses two flags. The person signalling would often stand on a platform about 6-10ft (1.8 - 3m) above the ground. They would use a bright orange, red and white flag. This was a problem because it made it easier for the enemy to see them and shoot them. The newer system uses two short poles with square flags. The signalman holds one pole in each hand. The poles are held in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the "rest position", the flags do not cross over each other. Flags of different colours are used based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are coloured red and yellow. On land, they are white and blue. There is also a 'flag alphabet' which consists of many different coloured flags with different symbols on them. Japan has their own flag alphabet.

## Related pages
* Semaphore line

## Other websites
* Images of different codes
Bay leaf

*]]
*]]
**Bay leaf** (plural **bay leaves**), (Greek *Daphni*, Romanian *Foi de Dafin*) is the aromatic leaf of several species of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. 
**Laurus nobilis*, is a culinary herb often used to flavor soups, stews, and braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying.
  
*California bay leaf
:The leaf of the California bay tree (*Umbellularia californica*), also known as 'California laurel', 'Oregon myrtle', and 'pepperwood', is similar to the Mediterranean bay but has a stronger flavor.

*"Indian bay leaf" (also *tej pat*, *tejpat*, *tejpata* तेजपत्ता or *Tamalpatra* तमालपत्र)
:The leaf of the *Cinnamomum tejpata* (malabathrum) tree is similar in fragrance and taste to cinnamon bark, but milder. In appearance, it is similar to the other bay leaves but is culinarily quite different, having an aroma and flavor more similar to that of Cassia. It is inaccurately called a bay leaf as it is of a different genus (though the same family) as the bay laurel.
Ginger

**Ginger** is a flowering plant whose rhizome, **ginger root** or ginger, is used as a spice and a folk medicine.

It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems. These are false stems made of rolled leaves: about one meter tall with narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences come directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.

Ginger is used as a cooking spice throughout the world. The ginger plant has long been cultivated. It came from China and spread to India, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the Caribbean.

Ginger is also a term used to describe a red-brown colour, as in ginger hair.

## References
Hesperocallis

***Hesperocallis*** is a genus of flowering plants that includes a single species, ***Hesperocallis undulata***, the **desert lily**, found in the desert areas of the southwest of North America.

*Hesperocallis* has traditionally been classified in Liliaceae but until recently its relationships have been unclear. Other classifications have included it in Hemerocallidaceae or Funkiaceae.  In 1972, Hamilton Traub created the family Hesperocallidaceae with *Hesperocallis* as the sole included genus.  The APG II system includes it in the family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales in the monocots clade but allows for the optional segregation of Hesperocallidaceae as a monophyletic family when several other families are likewise segregated.  Recent molecular systematic studies have confirmed a close relationship with *Agave* and its inclusion in family Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).
Laurales

The **Laurales** are an order of flowering plants. They are a basal group of dicots. They are related to, and sometimes included in, the Magnoliales.

The order includes 85-90 genera from seven families of trees and shrubs. Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate zone. The best known species in this order are those of the Lauraceae (for example bay laurel or *Laurus*, cinnamon or *Cinnamomum*, avocado or *Persea*, and *Sassafras*), and the spice bush or *Calycanthus* of the Calycanthaceae.

The earliest lauraceous fossils are from the Cretaceous. It is possible that the ancient origin of this order is one of the reasons for its highly diverged morphology. Indeed, at present no one trait is known which would unify all the members of Laurales. This used to cause much argument among botanists about the correct limits of the order. The presently classification is based on recent molecular and genetic analysis.

## References
Revenue

**Revenue** (or **revenues**) is income that an organization receives from its normal business activities. In the case of a corporation this is usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In the case of a government, revenue usually comes from various taxes. In addition to sale of goods and services, some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.

First and foremost, it's important to note that revenue isn't the same thing as profit. Profit represents what is left over after all expenses are subtracted from revenues (gross margin). It would be possible for a company to generate high levels of revenue without earning any profit at all. For example, if Company A makes $1 million in sales but incurs $2 million in costs, then Company A will have zero net profit (or alternatively negative net profits).

## References
Real time (media)

**Real time** in a narrative is where the events in the story take the same amount of time to happen as they do for the audience to experience them. If a movie told in real time is two hours long, as in *Rope*, then the plot of that movie covers two hours of fictional time. For example, in the TV series *24*, an hour long episode represents an hour of events on the program.
Mercury-in-glass thermometer

The **mercury-in-glass thermometer** was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It is a bulb containing Mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter. The volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature. The small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.  

Mercury cannot be used to measure temperatures lower than -39˚C (as mercury freezes at that point) or temperature higher than 356.7˚C (the boiling point of mercury). Mercury has been replaced largely by alcohol for use in thermometers. Ethanol is cheaper and safer than mercury and can be used as low as -80˚C. However, ethanol boils at 78°C (172.4°F), which means its upper limit is much lower than mercury thermometers.
Robert Esche

**Robert Esche** (born January 22, 1978) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Phoenix Coyotes and Philadelphia Flyers. He also played for Ak Bars Kazan of the Russian Superleague (RSL), SKA Saint Petersburg and Dinamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and SCL Tigers of the National League A (NLA).

In 2012, he retired from playing professional ice hockey. After retiring, Esche took a job to become the President of the Utica Comets of the American Hockey League (AHL) and co-owner of Utica City FC of the Major Arena Soccer League (MASL).

## Awards
***1997–98**: Second All-Star Team (OHL)
***1998–99**: All-Rookie Team (AHL)
***2002–03**: William M. Jennings Trophy *shared with Roman Cechmanek, PHI and Martin Brodeur, NJ* (NHL)
***2002–03**: Yanick Dupre Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
***2003–04**: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Post season
## International play
Played for the United States in:

*1997 World Junior Championships
*1998 World Junior Championships
*2000 World Championships
*2001 World Championships
*2004 World Cup of Hockey
*2006 Olympic Games
*2008 World Championships

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bob Esche's U.S. Olympic Team bio 
*Save of the Day Foundation - Robert Esche Charity Foundation
Beaufort scale

The **Beaufort scale** is a scale for measuring wind speeds. It is based on observation rather than accurate measurement. It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today. The scale was developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy and first officially used by HMS Beagle.

There are twelve levels, including 0 for "no wind". From 1946 to 1970, there were also Beaufort levels 13 to 17. All of them were labelled as *Hurricane*. Because they were only used in special cases, they are no longer in use internationally. China and Taiwan still use them, however, due to their frequent typhoons.

The wave heights given are for waves on the open ocean, not near the shore.

The Douglas Sea Scale and Douglas Wind Scale are similar, but they separate the sea conditions from the wind measurements.

## The scale 
### Images 

File:Beaufort scale 1.jpg|1 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 2.jpg|2 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 3.jpg|3 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 4.jpg|4 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 5.jpg|5 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 6.jpg|6 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 7.jpg|7 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 8.jpg|8 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 9.jpg|9 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 10.jpg|10 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 11.jpg|11 Beaufort
File:Beaufort scale 12.jpg|12 Beaufort

## Other websites 
* UK Meteorological Office: The Beaufort Scale
* Investigating Clouds   a lesson plan from the National Science Digital Library that uses the Beaufort Scale.
* Radio interview with Scott Huler.
* OceanWeather.com gives current graphics for wind, waves and temperature
* Open Source Textbook at Oceanworld.tamu.edu  [broken link] cites the original definition formula in chapter 4  
* Howtoon Poster   showing effects on land/sea effects at each step.
Concussion

, the arrows show places where bleeding occurred.]]
 deliver more rotational force to the head than impacts in sports such as American football; boxing carries a higher risk of concussion than football.]]

**Concussion** is an injury to the brain caused by being hit on the head, as often happens in motor vehicle collisions, fights or contact sports such as football. It is the most common form of traumatic brain injury. Related terms include **mild brain injury**, **mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)**, **mild head injury (MHI)**,  and **minor head trauma**. Patients with severe concussion are occasionally monitored in hospital. The main reason for this is the risk of bleeding in the brain, which can be life-threatening. 

Common symptoms of concussion include: headache, dizziness, fatigue, problems with vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. A person with a mild concussion may have nothing more than a headache or confusion for a while. In more severe cases, symptoms tend to last longer, and may include loss of consciousness. Other associated symptoms are: worsening headache, inability to wake, dilation of the eyes, vomiting, nausea, loss of coordination and weakness of extremities (for example the arms). 

Symptoms may last less than a week in minor cases, but recovery from more severe concussions can take up to 4 weeks. The most common causes of concussions are accidents; in some cases, wearing a helmet can help prevent major damage.

## Concussion and Aphasia 
One often underreported symptom of concussion is aphasia.  Aphasia is the loss of ability to produce or understand speech; it is caused by brain damage.  Most of the important areas for speech and language are located in the left hemisphere. As such, patients who have concussions due to injury on the left side of the head could be more at risk for these symptoms. 

The most common kinds of aphasia associated with traumatic brain injury are amnestic aphasia and verbal paraphasia.  Amnesic aphasia, also known as anomia, is an issue with word finding where patients struggle to find words for objects that they once knew.  There is no impairment of comprehension associated with anomia. This can be especially challenging for students trying to return to school and professionals returning to work.  The second kind of aphasia associated with concussion is verbal paraphasia, the substitution of one word for another.  Typically, the substituted word will have a similar meaning as the word it replaces; e.g. substituting sock with shoe. 

As with most concussion symptoms, aphasia symptoms correlated with concussion typically get progressively better, as evidenced by a study done by Inger Vibeke Thomsen. Of the concussion patients studied that showed aphasia symptoms, only one patient had long term aphasia.  The others showed almost full recovery.

## References