open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Philosophy of mathematics

The **philosophy of mathematics** is a kind of philosophy that tries to study what mathematics really is. Philosophers of math ask themselves questions like:
* Does math really make sense?
* Do numbers really exist, or are they just made up?
* Can math explain everything?
* Why do people do math?
* Why do some people think math is "beautiful"?
* Is mathematics really true, or just something that we think is true?

## Some ways to think about math 
None of those questions has a clear answer, so mathematicians are free to choose which answers they like. For example:

### Platonism 
Mathematicians who believe in Platonism think that numbers are real, just like rocks and trees. We can't see them, but we can represent them with symbols, and use them to study the world.

### Fictionalism 
Mathematicians who believe in Fictionalism think that math is just made up. Numbers, shapes and other things in math are just ways that we use to make science possible, but they don't really exist.

### Logicism 
Mathematicians who believe in Logicism believe that math is true because it is based on true sentences (called axioms). It does not matter if numbers and shapes exist, or not, just that they represent true things.

### Finitism 
Mathematicians who believe in Finitism think that everything that makes sense has a beginning and an end. Things like infinity don't exist.

## Some related topics 
* Gödel's incompleteness theorems
* Mathematical logic
* Metaphilosophy
* Philosophy of science
Jack Davis

**John Burton** "**Jack**" **Davis, Jr.** (2 December 1924 – 
27 July 2016) was an American cartoonist and illustrator. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was known for his advertising art, magazine covers, movie posters, record album art and numerous comic book stories. He was one of the founding cartoonists for *Mad* in 1952. His cartoon characters are characterized by extremely distorted anatomy, including big heads, skinny legs and extremely large feet.

Davis contributed to other Kurtzman magazines—*Trump*, *Humbug* and *Help!*—eventually expanding into illustrations for record jackets, movie posters, books and magazines, including *Time* and *TV Guide*. He completed an 88-card set of humorous cartoons called Wacky Plaks, which Topps Chewing Gum Co. released in 1959.

After graduation, he was a cartoonist intern at *The Atlanta Journal*, and he worked one summer inking Ed Dodd's *Mark Trail* comic strip, a strip which he later parodied in *Mad* as *Mark Trade*.

Davis died in St. Simons Island, Georgia on July 27, 2016 from complications of the stroke, aged 91.

## References
Mittlach

**Mittlach** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

## Related pages
* Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

## References
*INSEE commune file
Departments of Colombia

**Colombia** has 32 **departments** (Spanish: *departamentos*, sing. *departamento*) and 1 **Capital District** (*Distrito Capital*).

Each department has a Governor (*gobernador*) and a Department Assembly (*Asamblea Departamental*), elected by popular vote for a four-year period.

The governor cannot be re-elected in consecutive periods. Departments are country subdivisions and are granted a certain degree of autonomy.

 

## Related pages 
* ISO 3166-2:CO

## References
## Other websites 
* Statoids - Departments of Colombia
Saransk

**Saransk** (; ) is the capital city of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. In 2010 there were 297,415 people living there.

## Twin towns − Sister cities 
Saransk is twinned with:
* Botevgrad, Bulgaria
* Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
* Sieradz, Poland

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website of the city of Saransk
Mathon

**Mathon** () was a municipality in Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Casti-Wergenstein, Donat, Lohn and Mathon merged to form the new municipality of Muntogna da Schons.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Krampus

In folklore, **Krampus** is a horned, anthropomorphic figure. It is described as being half-goat and half-demon. 

During the Christmas season, Krampus punishes children who have misbehaved. The is the opposite of Saint Nicholas, who rewards the well-behaved with gifts. 

Krampus is one of the companions of Saint Nicholas in several regions including Austria, Bavaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, South Tyrol and parts of Northern Italy. 

The origin of Krampus is not known, but some folklorists and anthropologists believe it has pre-Christian origins.
Yu Kwang-chung

**Yu Guangzhong** (; 21 October 1928 – 14 December 2017), also spelled **Yu Kwang-chung**, was a Taiwanese writer, poet, educator, and critic. He was born in Nanjing, Taiwan. 

His best known works were *Lanse de yumao* [Blue feather], *Zai lengzhan de niandai* [Cold war years] and *Yu yongheng bahe* [Tug-of-war with eternity]. He was known for his collaboration with fellow poet Luo Fu. He was Professor Emeritus at National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung.  He taught in the United States, including at Gettysburg College.

Yu died on 14 December 2017 from pneumonia in Kaohsiung, Taiwan at the age of 89. He was married to Fan Wo-tsun 1956 until his death.

## References
Dan Johnson (Kentucky politician)

**Danny Ray "Dan" Johnson** (October 18, 1960&nbsp;– December 13, 2017) was an American evangelical pastor and Republican politician. He was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives, representing the 49th District serving from January 2017 until his death in December. He was born and raised in Bastrop, Louisiana.

In December 2017, Johnson was accused of having molested a member of his church in 2012 when she was 17 years old. The Republican Party of Kentucky called on Johnson to resign the same day the allegations were published. The following day, Johnson held a news conference at his church where he claimed the allegations were untrue and were politically motivated.

Johnson shot himself in the head on December 13, 2017 near the Salt River in Mt. Washington, Kentucky. He was 57 years old.

## References
Tina Smith

**Tina Flint Smith** (born March 4, 1958) is an American politician. She is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota upon being appointed by Governor Mark Dayton and office on January 3, 2018. 

Smith was the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota from 2015 to 2018. She has been a high-profile member of Governor Mark Dayton's administration and a key participant in legislative negotiations. She is a former Chief of Staff to Dayton. She is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. 

Dayton appointed her to replace U.S. Senator Al Franken upon his resignation, to serve until a special election is held in November 2018.

## References
Conservative Democrat

In American politics, a **Conservative Democrat** is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party who has conservative views.

The term "Democrat In Name Only" is sometimes used by Democrats on the left to refer to conservative Democrats.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democratic Party ran moderate Democrats and a few conservative Democrats for at-risk Republican seats.

## References
R. C. Sproul

**Robert Charles Sproul** ( ; February 13, 1939 – December 14, 2017) was an American apologist, author, and pastor. He was the founder and chairman of Ligonier Ministries.

Sproul was heard daily on the *Renewing Your Mind* radio broadcast in the United States and internationally.  *Renewing Your Mind with Dr. R. C. Sproul* was also broadcast on Sirius and XM satellite radio.

In late July 2012, a new Christian internet radio station called RefNet (Reformation Network) was also announced by Ligonier Ministries in an effort to reach "as many people as possible" where Internet access is available.

Sproul died at a hospital in Altamonte Springs, Florida on December 14, 2017 of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the age of 78.

## References
Mark Takai

**Kyle Mark Takai** (July 1, 1967 – July 20, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii's 1st district from January 3, 2015 until his death. He was also a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1994 to 2014. He became a lieutenant colonel in the Hawaii Army National Guard in 2013.

Takai was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He was of Japanese ancestry. He was married to Sami and had two children.

Takai was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in October 2015. He died on July 20, 2016 in Aiea, Hawaii. He was 49.

## References
## Other websites
Bill Hudson (American football)

**William Alex** "**Bill**" **Hudson** (July 9, 1935 – December 13, 2017) was an American football player. He played as a defensive tackle. He played professionally in the American Football League for the San Diego Chargers and the Boston Patriots. He also played in the Canadian Football League for the Montreal Alouettes. He was a member of the South Carolina Sports Hall of Fame. He was born in Hartsville, South Carolina.

Hudson died on December 13, 2017 in Spartanburg, South Carolina. He was 82.

## References
Karl-Erik Nilsson

**Karl-Erik Nilsson** (4 January 1922 – 14 December 2017) was a Swedish light-heawyweight (-87&nbsp;kg) Greco-Roman wrestler. He competed at the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Olympics and won one gold and two bronze medals. He won another bronze medal at the 1955 World Wrestling Championships. He was born in Stehag, Sweden.

Nilsson died at the age of 95 in Stockholm on 14 December 2017.

## References
## Other websites
*Karl-Erik Nilsson's profile at databaseOlympics
*Karl-Erik Nilsson's profile at Sports Reference.com
Rod (Slavic religion)

**Rod** (Cyrillic: Род) is the supreme God of the universe in the Slavic Native Faith. Old Church Slavonic sources about pre-Christian religion, say that Rod represents divinity and ancestrality.

Among the South Slavs, the concept is also known as *Sud* (Judge) or *Prabog* (First God).

## References
Jarilo

**Jarilo** (Cyrillic: Ярило, Ярила or Јарило) is a Slavic god of vegetation, fertility and springtime.

The only historical source that mentions Jarilo was from a German bishop who encountered pagans celebrating a festival called Gerovit (likely a German way of saying, *Jarovit*). Until the 19th century in Russia, Belarus and Serbia, folk festivals called *Jarilo* were celebrated in late spring. In these festivals, they worshiped a springtime god. Similar festivals occurred in Croatia and Slovenia.

## References
Eric the Victorious

before the Battle of Fýrisvellir.]]
**Eric the Victorious** (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn sigrsæli; Swedish: Erik Segersäll) was the first Kingdom of Sweden. There is debate about whether or not he was actually the first king.

He is sometimes called **Eric V** or **Eric VI**. He is called this by people who count back from Eric XIV (1560–68).

Eric the Victorious originally controlled the area around Uppland. His kingdom may have extended down to Blekinge. He got the name "victorious," because of his victory in the Battle of Fýrisvellir.

According to Adam of Bremen, he was also the King of Denmark after the defeat of Sweyn Forkbeard. He probably also founded the town of Sigtuna, 38 km northeast from downtown Stockholm.

Adam also dated Eric the Victorious's death as between 992 and 995. He is remembered as a war-like and successful ruler.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Carl L. Thunberg (2012): Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning (The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation)*
Rian Johnson

**Rian Craig Johnson** (born December 17, 1973) is an American movie director, screenwriter, editor and actor. He is best known for directing the movies *Brick* (2005), *The Brothers Bloom* (2008), *Looper* (2012), *Star Wars: The Last Jedi* (2017) and *Knives Out* (2019). He has directed three episodes of the AMC series *Breaking Bad*. He has also had small roles in *Rogue One: A Star Wars Story* (2016) and *BoJack Horseman*.

Johnson was born in Silver Spring, Maryland. He has been dating movie writer Karina Longworth since 2011.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Frank Lary

**Frank Strong Lary** (April 10, 1930 &ndash; December 13, 2017) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Detroit Tigers (1954–1964), New York Mets (1964, 1965), Milwaukee Braves (1964), and Chicago White Sox (1965).  

Lary led the American League with 21 wins in 1956  and ranked second in the same category with 23 wins in 1961.  

Lary was selected to the American League All-Star team in 1960 and 1961 and won the Gold Glove Award in 1961.  He was known as "Taters", "Mule", and the "Yankee Killer."  The latter nickname was won due to his 27-10  record against the New York Yankees from 1955 to 1961.

Lary died on December 13, 2017 in Northport, Alabama of pneumonia at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Retrosheet
*Frank Lary, by Jim Sargent, The Baseball Biography Project, SABR
Gwendoline Christie

**Gwendoline Tracey Philippa Christie** (born 28 October 1978) is a British actress and model. She is known for playing Brienne of Tarth in the HBO fantasy-drama series *Game of Thrones* and Captain Phasma in the *Star Wars* movies *The Force Awakens* (2015) and *The Last Jedi* (2017).

Gwendoline Christie was born in Worthing, West Sussex, England. She has been dating fashion design Giles Deacon since 2013. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Byron Dorgan

**Byron Dorgan** (born May 14, 1942) is a former United States Senator and United States Congressman. He was a congressman for twelve years and a U.S. Senator for eighteen.

Dorgan was a member of the Senate Democratic leadership for sixteen years. He was first an Assistant Democratic Floor Leader. He was later a Chairman of the Democratic Policy Committee. Then, he was Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs.

In 2010, Dorgan said he wasn't seeking re-election in the 2010 North Dakota Senate election.

Dorgan later worked at the Washington, D.C. law firm Arent Fox LLP. He was a senior policy advisor there.

Furthermore, Dorgan is a New York Times writer of four books: two on economic and political issues, two as eco-thrillers.

Dorgan was born in Dickinson, North Dakota.

## References
Dillon, Read & Co.

**Dillon, Read & Co.** was an investment bank based in New York City. In 1997, it was acquired by Swiss Bank Corporation, which was in turn acquired by UBS in 1998.

The Dillon Read name was dropped by 2000. In June 2005, UBS established **Dillon Read Capital Management** (**DRCM**), led by former UBS Investment Bank head John P. Costas.

On May 3, 2007, UBS announced the closure of Dillon Read Capital Management. The division lost 150 million Swiss Francs in the first quarter of 2007, primarily due to bets on the sub-prime mortgage industry in the United States. The assets under management were transferred into UBS's main asset management business.
Kannauj district

**Kannauj district** is an administrative district in Uttar Pradesh, India. The capital of this district is the historically famous Kannauj city. This district was formed from Farrukhabad district in September 18, 1997.

According to the 2011 census of India Kannauj district has a population of 1,658,005,

It is very much famous for Kannauj Perfume. This is the reason for Kannauj city is called as City of Perfumes. There are many temples in Kannauj which are very spiritual (divine) and historical.
## References
Morgan Stanley Wealth Management

**Morgan Stanley Wealth Management** is an American multinational financial services corporation specializing in retail brokerage. It is the wealth & asset management division of Morgan Stanley.

In the late 1980s the retail brokerage firm Smith Barney was owned by Primerica Financial Services. Commercial Credit purchased Primerica in 1988, for $1.5 billion. In 1992, they paid $722 million to buy a 27 percent share of Travelers Insurance. By the end of 1993, the merged company was known as Travelers Group Inc. In September 1997, Travelers acquired Salomon Inc. (parent company of Salomon Brothers Inc.), for over $9 billion in stock, and merged it with its own investment arm to create **Salomon Smith Barney**.

In April 1998 Travelers Group announced an agreement to undertake a $76 billion merger between Travelers and Citicorp, creating the largest single financial services company in the world.

On January 13, 2009, Morgan Stanley and Citigroup announced that Citigroup would sell 51% of Smith Barney to Morgan Stanley, creating Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, which was formerly a division of Citi Global Wealth Management. The combined brokerage house has 17,649 financial advisors and manages $2 trillion in client assets.

## References
## Other websites
*Morgan Stanley Wealth Management website
*Smith Barney
Charles Grodin

**Charles Sidney Grodin** (April 21, 1935 &ndash; May 18, 2021) was an American actor, comedian, author and television talk show host. He won an Emmy Award for writing in 1978.

Grodin is best known for his appearances on *The Tonight Show* and *The Late Show*. Grodin's movie roles include *Catch-22* (1970), *The Heartbreak Kid* (1972), *Midnight Run* and *The Couch Trip* (both 1988), *Beethoven* (1992) and ''Beethoven's 2nd*, *Dave* and *Heart and Souls'' (all 1993).

Grodin was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to an Orthodox Jewish family. He had a daughter with his first wife, Julie Ferguson. He married Elissa Durwood in 1983. They had a son.

Grodin died of bone marrow cancer at his home in Wilton, Connecticut, on May 18, 2021. He was 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Georges Loinger

**Georges Loinger** (29 August 1910 &ndash; 28 December 2018) was a French resistance fighter during World War II. He began fighting against Nazi Germany in 1939 but was captured in 1940. He escaped soon after, and rescued hundreds of Jewish children over then next few years. Until September 1943, that part of frontier was guarded by Italian army: Loinger remembers one day Italian high officer secretly told him he approved what Loinger did, that's his rescue activity. After September, there was German invasion and the activity became harder.

He was awarded the medal of honorary citizen of the city of Strasbourg in 2014. In July 2016, he was made an officer in the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Loinger was born in Strasbourg. He was Jewish. He turned 100 in August 2010. Loinger died in Paris on 28 December 2018 at the age of 108.

## References
A. B. M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury

**A. B. M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury** (1 December 1944 – 15 December 2017) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a member of the Bangladesh Awami League (BAL). He served as the mayor of Chittagong, the second-largest city in Bangladesh, from 1994 to 2009. He was born in Chittagong District.

Chowdhury died on 15 December 2017 in Chittagong, at the age of 73.

## References
List of Chief Military Rabbis

This is the **list of Chief Military Rabbis**.

The Chief Military Rabbi presides over the *Military Rabbinate* of the Israel Defense Forces, and holds the rank of brigadier general.

* Shlomo Goren (1948–1968) 
* Mordechai Peron (1968–1977)
* Gad Navon (1977–2000)
* Yisrael Weiss (2000–2006)
* Avichai Rontzki (2006–2010)
* Rafi Peretz (2010–2016)
* Eyal Karim (2016–present)

## Related pages 
* List of Chief Rabbis of Israel

## References
Military Rabbinate

The **Military Rabbinate** (of Israel), Hebrew: חיל הרבנות הצבאית - *Heil HaRabanut HaTzvait*, is a unit of the Israel Defense Forces, which takes care of the religious needs of the Israeli soldiers, especially the Jewish soldiers among them.

The Chief Military Rabbi presides the Military Rabbinate, and has the rank of brigadier general.

## Related pages 
* List of Chief Military Rabbis

## References 
* Military Rabbinate
2017 eruption of Mount Agung

Mount Agung, a volcano on the island of Bali in Indonesia, erupted in 2017. Thousands of people had to leave the area. Air travel was affected. As of 27 November 2017, the alert level was at its highest and evacuation orders were in place.

Tectonic earthquakes from the volcano had been detected since early August. Volcanic activity increased for several weeks. It decreased significantly in late October. A second, more violent period of major activity began in late November. 

Forty thousand people had to leave 22 villages around Mount Agung. Airports had to be closed. More than 400 flights were canceled. About 59,000 passengers could not get on their flights.

## References
OS X El Capitan

**OS X El Capitan** ( ) (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. It was released after OS X Yosemite and focuses mainly on performance, stability and security. Starting with OS X Mavericks, future operating systems of OS X were named after regions of Northern California. El Capitan was named after a rock formation in Yosemite National Park, to highlight a refined version of its predecessory, OS X Yosemite. 

El Capitan is the final version to be released under the name OS X. Its successor, Sierra, was announced as macOS Sierra. El Capitan received much better reviews when compared to Yosemite.

The first beta of OS X El Capitan was released to developers shortly following the WWDC keynote on June 8, 2015. The first public beta was made available on July 9, 2015. There were multiple betas released after the keynote. OS X El Capitan was released to end users on September 30, 2015, as a free upgrade through the Mac App Store.

## References
Gerald O'Brien

**John Gerald O’Brien** (2 December 1924 – 13 December 2017), known as '''Gerald O'Brien''', was a New Zealand soldier and politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was born in Wellington, New Zealand. He represented the Island Bay electorate from 1969 to 1978.

O'Brien died in Wellington on 13 December 2017 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*O'Brien and his wife Fausta in 1978
Yurizan Beltran

**Yurizan Beltrán Lebanue** (November 2, 1986 – December 13, 2017), known as **Yurizan Beltran**, was an American pornographic actress. She was born in Los Angeles on November 2, 1986 of Mexican descent. Her mother was Brazilian and her father was Canadian.

Beltran was nominated for a total of six AVN Awards. Her career began in 2005.

Beltran died on December 13, 2017 in Los Angeles from a suspected drug overdose at the age of 31.

## References
## Other websites
*
Marilyn Ware

**Marilyn Ware** (November 4, 1943 &ndash; December 14, 2017) was an American politician, businesswoman and philanthropist. She was the United States Ambassador to Finland from March 2006 to March 2008 after being nominated by George W. Bush. She was a member of the Republican Party. Ware was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ware died on December 14, 2017 in Denver, Colorado of complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
* 
*
*
*
Heinz Wolff

**Heinz Siegfried Wolff** (29 April 1928 – 15 December 2017) was a German-born British scientist, and television and radio presenter. He was best known for the BBC television series *The Great Egg Race*. He was born in Berlin, Germany.

Because they were of Jewish descent, he and his family fled to the United Kingdom in September 1939.

He studied physiology and physics at University College London. He specialized in biological engineering, and was  a professor at Brunel University.

A familiar face in the 1970s and early 1980s, well known to British television audiences with his memorable bow tie and pronounced German accent.

Wolff died in London of heart failure on 15 December 2017 at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official 'Heinz Wolff Gravity' game site
The Prophet (book)

***The Prophet*** is a book of 26 prose poetry fables by the Lebanese-American artist, philosopher and writer Kahlil Gibran. It was first published in 1923 by Alfred A. Knopf. It is Gibran's best known work. The book has been translated into over 40 different languages and has never been out of print.

## References
## Other websites
**The Prophet* audiobook at Archive.org
**The Garden of the Prophet* audiobook at Archive.org
**The Prophet* audiobook from Legamus
*Project Gutenberg Australia (e-text) (public domain in Australia, Canada, EU, Russia and South Africa)
**The Prophet eBook* free ebook (Public Domain in U.K) in pdf, ePub and kindle format from Obooko
*
**The Prophet*  on WikiSummaries
Bruce Gray

**Bruce Gray** (September 7, 1936 – December 13, 2017) was a Puerto Rican-born Canadian actor.

Gray was probably best known as investment banker Adam Cunningham on the Global series *Traders*, the father of the groom in *My Big Fat Greek Wedding*, as Judge J.E. Reilly on the soap opera *Passions* and the ghost of Joe's father on the hit television show *Medium*.

Gray died on December 13, 2017 of brain cancer in Los Angeles, California at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Bruce Gray Website: http://www.bruce-gray.com 
* 
* Bruce Gray at the American Film Institute Catalog
* Bruce Gray at AllMovie
Tu An

**Jiang Bihou** (; 22 November 1923 – 16 December 2017), better known by his pen name **Tu An** (), is a Chinese poet and translator. He was a member of China Writers Association.

Jiang was the first person from China to write sonnet in Chinese and he was the first few in China who translated the works of John Keats's into Chinese language.

His translation, *Poetry of John Keats*, which had won the 2nd Lu Xun Literary Prize in 2000.

Jiang died on 16 December 2017 in Aarhus, Denmark of complications from Parkinson's disease at the age of 94.

## References
Sharon Laws

**Sharon Laws** (7 July 1974 – 16 December 2017) was a British professional cyclist and environmental consultant. She gained support in conservation and worked both before and during her cycling career as an environmental consultant to organisations including the British Government, the United Nations and for mining company Rio Tinto in Australia.

## Early life
Laws was born in Nairobi, Kenya, but was raised in Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire.

## Career
Her first victory with the team was the Cheshire Classic stage race, which she won after coming second on the first and second stages. Her addition to the British team, which included Cooke and Emma Pooley, was expected to improve chances of a medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing but Laws crashed twice and came 35th of 62 finishers. 

Laws retired in August 2016 and was diagnosed with cervical cancer one month later.

## Death
Laws died on 16 December 2017 of cervical cancer, aged 43.

## References
## Other websites
* *Sharon Laws signs for Team Halfords Bikehut*  (15 April 2008) British Cycling (Palmarès)
Lones Wigger

**Lones Wesley Wigger Jr.** (August 25, 1937 – December 14, 2017) was an American sports shooter. In his shooting career, he won 111 medals, including three Olympic medals. He won a gold and silver medal at the 1964 Olympics and a gold medal at the 1972 Olympics. He was also a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. He was born in Great Falls, Montana.

Wigger died of pancreatic cancer on December 14, 2017 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He was 80.

## References
## Other websites
* Lones Wigger  at Sports-Reference.com
Arrondissements of the Haut-Rhin department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Haut-Rhin department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Haut-Rhin are:

## History
Haut-Rhin is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in three districts: Altkirch, Belfort and Colmar, with Colmar as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the *arrondissements* in France, the three districts were changed into five *arrondissements*: Colmar, Altkirch, Belfort, Delémont and Porrentruy. The *arrondissements* Delémont and Porrentruy were eliminated in 1814 and transferred to Switzerland.

## Related pages
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Taramani

**Taramani** is an area in the metropolitan area of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is known for the IT parks and research institutions.
## IT Parks in Taramani
Famous Tidel Park, an information technology (IT) industrial park is situated here . It is South India's first IT park. The area is also known for its other IT parks including Ascendas IT Park, Ramanujam IT Park, Elnet Software City and TICEL Biotech Park.
## MGR Film city
The MGR Film City was constructed in Tharamani in 1996.  The Film City was a major project of Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa. This was made during her first term in office as Chief minister. Recently, there have been news reports that it is being made into a "Knowledge Park".

## Reference
Heavy Vehicles Factory

The **Heavy Vehicles Factory** is located in Avadi locality, Chennai metropolitan city. It was set up in the year 1961. It was set up by Ordanance Factories Board , Government of India. The function of this factory is to manufacture battlefield equipment. These include Vijayantas, T-79 Tanks. At present it manufactures India's main battle tank Arjun and T-90 tanks.

## References
Garfield Heights, Ohio

**Garfield Heights** is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. At the 2020 census, 29,781 people lived there.

## References
Pratval

**Pratval** used to be a Swiss municipality. It is now part of the new municipality of Domleschg and the district Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Flag of Slovakia

The **Flag of Slovakia** is the flag of the European country, Slovakia. It has three horizontal Slavic tricolour of white, blue and red. It has a white double cross on a red background.
Avadi

**Avadi** is a residential locality. It is located in the Western part of the metropolitan city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. it is a Special Grade Municipal Corporation of Chennai Metropolitan Area.

The neighbourhood has its own railway station, Avadi Railway Station of the Chennai Suburban Railway. The Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) is located in Avadi. Avadi has a lake with the same name.

Major military establishments having divisions in **Avadi** are the Indian Air Force, Indian Army, Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF), EFA-Engine Factory, Avadi, Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indian Navy, Central Vehicle Depot (CVD), The Ordnance Depot [OD], Unfit Vehicles Park [UVP] and the Ordnance Clothing Factory (OCF).

According to the 2011 census of India, Avadi had a population of 345,996.

## References
Pangasinan language

**Pangasinan language** or **Salitan Pangasinan** is one of the main languages of the Philippines. It is the language spoken in the province of Pangasinan.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bansa Pangasinan-English Dictionary 
* Pangasinan Wiktionary
* Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database 
* Sunday Punch
* Sun Star Pangasinan
* Pangasinan Star 
* Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature 
* Globalization killing Pangasinan language 
* Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007) 
* Dying languages 
* Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary, by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865.
Alaska Thunderfuck

**Justin Andrew Honard** (born May 6, 1985), known by his drag name **Alaska Thunderfuck**, is an American drag queen,  rapper, singer, and songwriter. Thunderfuck moved to Erie, Pennsylvania at age 10. In early 2013, She then joined the cast of fifth season of ''RuPaul's Drag Race*, where she was a runner-up. In October 2013, Thunderfuck signed to Producer Entertainment Group with distribution from Sidecar Records. Her debut album, *Anus*, was released on June 23, 2015.  It produced the singles "Your Makeup Is Terrible", "Nails", "Hieeee", "This Is My Hair" and "Anus".  "Your Makeup Is Terrible" managed to peak at number four on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 and peaked in the top ten around the world.  She released a single, "Puppet", on 16th of September 2016, before releasing her second studio album, *Poundcake*, on October 14, 2016. She has recently been featured as a contestant on *Scared Famous'' alongside American reality TV personalities Don Benjamin, Sky Days, Erica Mena, Safaree Samuels, Eva Marcille, Tiffany "New York" Pollard, Drita D'Avanzo, Yung Joc and Nikki Mudarris.  In 2016, she returned for the second season of ''RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars*, where she was crowned the winner. On the 24th of May 2019, Thunderfuck released her third studio album *Vagina*.

Thunderfuck is the first and only drag queen to be on Scared Famous. She is known for her funny voices and weird styles.

## Music Records 
; Mixtapes
* *Glamtron* (2010)

;Extended plays
* *The William Show Presents Alaska 5000* (2012)

; Studio albums
* *Anus* (2015)
* *Poundcake* (2016)
**Vagina* (2019)

; Collaboration albums
* *Access All Areas'' (2017)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Takeshi Kitano

, March 2017]]
**Takeshi Kitano** (*北野 武 Kitano Takeshi*; born 18 January 1947), also known as **Beat Takeshi**, is a Japanese comedian, television personality, director, actor, author, and screenwriter. He was born in Tokyo, Japan.

Kitano is known for his roles as *Outrage* (2010) as Otomo and as Chief Daisuke Aramaki *Ghost in the Shell* (2017). He directed *Violent Cop* (1989) and *Sonatine* (1993). He won a Golden Lion in 1998.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Office Kitano – Kitano's Production Company 
*
Adam Darius

**Adam Darius** (May 10, 1930 &ndash; December 3, 2017) was an American dancer, mime artist, writer and choreographer. As a performer, he appeared in over 85 countries across six continents. As a writer, he published 19 books and wrote 22 plays.
 He was born in New York City. He was known for creating plays based on the lives of Marilyn Monroe and Anne Frank.

In Britain he has taught, among others, mime artist, dancer and director, Kazimir Kolesnik, rock star Kate Bush, and Hollywood movie star Kate Beckinsale.

Darius retired in October 2016.

Darius died on December 3, 2017 in Espoo, Finland of a heart attack at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Adam Darius at the mimecentre.com
* Adam Darius on Facebook
* Dansmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
Jo Baer

**Josephine Gail "Jo" Baer** (August 7, 1929 &ndash; January 21, 2025) was an American painter. She was born in Seattle, Washington. Baer is known for her works which are minimalist art. She began showing her work at the Fischbach Gallery, New York, and other venues for contemporary art in the mid-1960s.

In the late 1960s, Baer was experimenting with color and shifting the visual focus of her work. While working on the series *The Stations of the Spectrum* (1967-1969), Baer painted over their white surfaces to make them gray. In 1975 Baer was the subject of a retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, showcasing her Minimalist work.

Baer died in Amsterdam, Netherlands on January 21, 2025 from bladder cancer at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* artforum
* bombsite 
* contemporary art daily
* Galerie Barbara Thumm 
* Oral history interview with Jo Baer, 2010 Oct. 5-7 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
* Official website http://www.jobaer.net
E. Hunter Harrison

**Ewing Hunter Harrison** (November 7, 1944 – December 16, 2017) was an American railway executive. He served as the CEO of Illinois Central Railroad (IC), Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and served as CEO of CSX from January 2017 until his death 12 months later.

Harrison died on December 16, 2017, two days after taking medical leave from CSX, in Wellington, Florida of a suspected heart attack.  He was 73 years old.

## References
Len Ceglarski

**Leonard Stanley "Len" Ceglarski** (June 27, 1926 – December 16, 2017) was an American ice hockey player. He was an All-American left wing on Boston College's 1949 NCAA championship team, and was captain of the 1950–51 squad. He was also a member of the U.S. Olympic hockey team that won the silver medal at the 1952 Winter Olympic Games in Oslo, Norway. He was born in East Walpole, Massachusetts.

Ceglarski died on December 16, 2017 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

## References
Rodels

**Rodels** () was a municipality of the district Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

In 2015, Rodels became a part of the new municipality of Domleschg.

## Other websites
* Official website
Rothenbrunnen

**Rothenbrunnen** () is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Turco-Mongol

, a Turco-Mongol king]]
**Turco-Mongol**, or **Turko-Mongol**, tradition was a cultural synthesis that emerged between the Mongol and Turkic rulers in the 13th century. The countries that followed the Central Asia Turko-Mongol traditions included the Timurid Empire, the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Nogai Horde, the Crimean Khanate, and the Mughal Empire.

## Related pages 
* Mongols
* Turkic peoples
* Timurid Empire
* Tamerlane
* Mughal Empire

## References
Gorno-Altaysk

**Gorno-Altaysk** (; , *Tuulu Altay*) is the capital city of the Altai Republic, Russia. In 2020, 64,478 people lived in the city. It was founded in 1824.
Collapse of Hotel New World

On 15 March 1986, in one of Singapore’s worst civil disasters, the Lian Yak Building (better known as Hotel New World) collapsed. 33 people died and 17 were rescued alive from the rubble.

The Singapore Fire Service (SFS) (present-day Civil Defence Force), the Armed Forces and the police all assisted in the rescue operation. Passers-by and nearby residents also joined in, helping to clear the rubble and pull out survivors. SAF medical officers and MOH doctors present took turns to crawl through narrow spaces inside the rubble to try and provide assistance to trapped survivors, giving glucose and saline drips to them. At first, power saws and drills were used to cut through the rubble and reach survivors; however the use of heavy machinery posed a risk to people trapped under the rubble. 

This led to concern among tunnelling experts from Britain, Ireland and Japan who were involved in nearby construction for the Mass Rapid Transit, which included Thomas Gallagher, Thomas Mulleary, Patrick Gallagher, Michael Prendergast, and Michael Scott; as well as Tan Jin Thong, Deputy Director (Operations) SFS.

They volunteered to dig 4 tunnels under the rubble, which resulted in the rescue of another eight survivors. They later received the Pingat Gagah Perkasa (Conspicuous Gallantry Medal) for their actions.

The investigation found that during the calculation of the building’s structural load, only the LIVE LOAD (weight of people in the building, and additional fixtures and fittings, such as furniture) was factored in. The DEAD LOAD (weight of the building itself) was completely omitted from the calculation. This meant the building was not designed to support its own weight. It was later discovered that an unqualified draftsman, instead of a professional structural engineer, did the calculations for the building. The owner (which died in the collapse) also requested to use inferior materials in construction, in order to reduce the cost.

After the incident, Singapore’s building safety regulations were updated. Since 1989, all structural designs/calculations must not only be prepared by a Professional Engineer, but also counter-checked by an independent Accredited Checker.
Byrsonima crassifolia

***Byrsonima crassifolia*** is a slow growing tree native to the Tropical America. Common names include **changunga**, **muruci**, **murici**, **nanche**, **nance**, **nancite**, **chacunga**, **craboo**, **kraabu**, **savanna serrette** (or **savanna serret**) and **golden spoon**. In Jamaica it is called hogberry (plural hogberries). It is primarily cultivated in Peru, Southern Mexico, Pacific side of Central America, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Brazil, St. Martin, Cuba, Haiti, Trinidad, Curacao, Isle of Pines, Puerto Rico, Dominica and The Dominican Republic. It belongs to the acerola family of Malpighiaceae.
It is suitable to the tropical and subtropical climates. The tree bears yellow to dull orange or red flowers during spring to fall and fruits on August and September. The white and juicy flesh of yellow fruit has pungent and distinct flavor. It attracts butterflies, bees and birds.

## Plant 
Byrsonima crassifolia is the slow growing, large shrub or tree which grows up to 33 feet high. The leaves are opposite, ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic; 3.2–17&nbsp;cm long and 4–7&nbsp;cm wide. The flowers are 10–20&nbsp;cm long and 1.25–2&nbsp;cm wide; yellow or dull orange, red with five petals. Fruit is small ball shaped, round, ovate to globose; 8–12&nbsp;cm wide and 0.8-1.5&nbsp;cm in diameter. The fruit has white and juicy flesh, pungent, distinct aroma and thin skin. The fruit include 1 to 3 white seeds which is 0.5-1.2&nbsp;cm in diameter. The tree has dark brown, fissured and rough bark. The inner bark is pinkish. It has tall or short and straight or crooked trunk

## Nutritional value 
The serving size of 112 grams of Nance fruit grants 90.32 g of water, 82 calories, 0.74 g of protein, 1.3 g of fat, 0.64 g of ash, 19.01 g of carbohydrate, 8.4 g of dietary fiber, 9.31 g of total sugars, 4.01 g of glucose and 5.3 g of fructose. It offers 115.11% of Vitamin C, 12.09% of manganese, 11.08% of Vitamin K, 9.33% of Vitamin E, 5.81% of potassium, 5.38% of iron, 5.24% of magnesium, 5.20% of calcium and 5.11% of copper.

## References
Minster-in-Thanet

**Minster-in-Thanet**, also known as **Minster**, is a village and civil parish in Kent in the United Kingdom.

## References
List of political parties in Malaysia

The following is the list of **political parties in Malaysia**.

* Barisan Nasional *The National Front* (BN)

** UMNO
** MCA
** MIC 
** PBRS 

** PCM 
** KIMMA 
** MPP 
** MSMP 
** Mira 
** ppp 
** pbm 
** mcc
----
* Pakatan Harapan *The Alliance of Hope* (PH)

** Parti Keadilan Rakyat ''The People's Justice Party* (PKR) 
** Parti Tindakan Demokratik *The Democratic Action Party* (DAP)
** Parti Amanah Negara *The National Trust Party* (AMANAH)
** Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu *The United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation* (UPKO)
----
* Perikatan Nasional *The National Alliance* (PN) 

** Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia *Malaysian United Indigenous Party* (PPBM / BERSATU / MUIP)
** Parti Islam Se-Malaysia *The Malaysian Islamic Party* (PAS / MIP)
** Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia *Malaysian People's Movement Party* (GERAKAN / PGRM / MPMP)
** *Parti Rakyat India Malaysia  ''The Malaysian Indian People's Party* (PRIM / MIPP)
----
* Gerakan Tanah Air * The Homeland Movement* (GTA)

** (PUTRA) 
** (BERJASA)
** (M
----
* Gabungan Bersama Rakyat Bersatu Malaysia **

** (MUDA) 
** Parti Sosialis Malaysia *Socialist Party of Malaysia* (PSM)
----
* Gabungan Parti Sarawak *Sarawak Parties Alliance* (GPS)

** PPBB
** SUPP
** PDP 
** PRS 
----
* Perikanan Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak *Sarawak United p Alliance (perkasa)*

** p 
** PKS 
----
* Gabungan Rakyat Sabah 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 

** PCS
** KDM 
**

----

* Parti Warisan *Heritage Party* (WARISAN)
* Parti Solidariti Tanah Airku *Homeland Solidarity Party'' (STAR)
Djembe

]]

The **djembe** (pronounced ZHEM-bey) is one of the best-known African drums. It originally came from West Africa.
It is shaped like a large goblet and played with the bare hands. The drum's body is carved from a hollowed trunk. The drum head is made of goatskin.
Walter Mafli

**Walter Mafli** (May 10, 1915 &ndash; December 11, 2017) was a Swiss painter. He was born in Rebstein, Canton of St. Gallen. He was known for his work *Le chant de la matière* (1985) which hangs in Lausanne. In 2010, Mafli was accused of tax fraud. He was the student of well known French painters Casimir Reymond and Marcel Poncet.

Mafli died on December 11, 2017 in Lutry, Vaud at the age of 102.

## References
Ye Zhengda

in 1954]]
**Ye Zhengda** (; 22 August 1927 – 14 December 2017) was a Chinese aircraft designer. He was a professor and senior engineer at Northwestern Polytechnical University. In 1988, he was awarded the military rank of lieutenant general (Zhongjiang) by the Chinese government. 

He was a member of the 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a delegate to the 5th National People's Congress. He was born in Guangdong, China.

On December 14, 2017, Ye died in Beijing at the age of 90.

## References
Barry Sherman

**Bernard Charles "Barry" Sherman**,  (February 25, 1942&nbsp;– December 13, 2017) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He was born in Toronto. He was the chairman and CEO of Apotex Inc. With an estimated net worth of US$3.2 billion at the time of his death, according to *Forbes*, Sherman was the 12th-wealthiest Canadian. Another publication, Canadian Business, said his fortune at $4.77 billion (CAD), ranking him the 15th richest in Canada.

On December 15, 2017, police officers entered Sherman's home in North York, Toronto, where they discovered the bodies of Sherman and his wife Honey hanging side by side next to their indoor pool. Sherman was 75 years old. Post-mortem examinations showed the cause of death for both deceased was "ligature neck compression".

In response, the couple's four children said their deaths may be murder–suicide theory.

## References
Richard Dobson

**Richard Dobson** (March 19, 1942 – December 16, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter. Some of his songs were recorded by famous artists such as David Allan Coe ("Piece of Wood and Steel"), Guy Clark ("Forever, for Always, for Certain"; "Old Friends"), Lacy J. Dalton ("Old Friends"), Nanci Griffith ("Ballad of Robin Winter-Smith"), and Kelly Willis ("Hole in My Heart"). His song "Baby Ride Easy" was recorded as a duet by Carlene Carter and Dave Edmunds as well as by Billie Jo Spears and Del Reeves.

Dobson died on December 16, 2017 of esophageal cancer in Diessenhofen, Switzerland at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Guide to the Richard J. Dobson collection, 1962-2014 (Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA)