open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Columbus Circle

**Columbus Circle** is a traffic circle named for Christopher Columbus. The circle is in Manhattan, New York City. It is at the southwest corner of Central Park. This is where Eighth Avenue, Broadway, Central Park South, and Central Park West all meet. Hell's Kitchen is next to the circle on the south. The Upper West Side is to the north.

## Circle
The circle opened in 1905. William P. Eno was the designer. Eno was a businessman who made road safety and traffic control better. The circle was supposed to be part of the plan for Central Park. This was to be a very important entrance to the park.

There is a statue at the center of Columbus Circle. It was made by Italian sculptor Gaetano Russo, The statue was built in 1892. It is a marble statue of Columbus on top a  granite column. The pedestal has an angel holding a globe. The circle was rebuilt in 2005. There are new water fountains, wooden benches; and plants around the statue. The inner circle is about  wide. The outer circle is about  wide. The rebuilding was honored with an award.

There is also a New York City Subway station under the circle.

## Around the circle
The headquarters of Time Warner is to the west of Columbus Circle. The building is called Time Warner Center. Time Warner Center has the Shops at Columbus Circle, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the Mandarin Oriental New York hotel.

The Trump International Hotel and Tower is to the circle's north. This building was an office tower, but now has restaurants and a hotel.

The Merchant's Gate to Central Park is to the northeast. It has the *USS Maine National Monument*. The *USS Maine National Monument* was built in 1913 to honor sailors killed on the battleship USS *Maine* in 1898.

2 Columbus Circle is to the south. This is a tower built in 1964 by Edward Durell Stone. It used to hold an art museum. It was rebuilt in 2005. People argued over the rebuilding because they wanted to landmark it.

240 Central Park South is on the southeast side of the circle. It was built in 1941. It is a landmark.

## References
## Other websites
*
Duke of Nemours

The  of **Duke of Nemours** was originally given to a French family of minor nobility. It was originally a small lordship. It was later made a county in 1364. It is most famous for being held by a branch of the House of Savoy that eventually settled in France. Following the death of the last Savoyard duke (1659) the title went back to the crown of France. It was eventually passed on to the only brother of Louis XIV in 1672. It remained with his s. A son of King Louis Philippe of the French was given the title in 1850.

## House of Savoy (1524-1672) 
* Louise of Savoy (1524–1531), Duchess of Angoulême, Francis I of France's mother.
She received the duchy of Nemours in 1524 with the duchy of Anjou. It was later transferred to her half-brother in 1528. She received the duchy of Touraine in exchange. She also received later the Duchy of Auvergne.

# Philip of Savoy (1528–1533)
# Jacques of Savoy (1531–1585)
# Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1567–1595) also the father of the Duchess of Savoy. 
#  Henri of Savoy (1572–1632)
#  Louis of Savoy (1615–1641)
# Charles Amadeus of Savoy (1624–1652)
# Henri of Savoy (1625–1659)

## Bibliography 
* Levy-Saint-Nom, France. Notre-Dame de la Roche (abbaye augustinienne), Auguste Moutié, Honoré Théodoric Paul Joseph d'Albert duc de Luynes, '' "Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Notre-Dame de la Roche" '', Diocese of Paris, the original manuscripts, 1862

## References
Strahler number

In mathematics, the **Strahler number** or **Horton–Strahler** number of any tree shape measures its complexity. It can be applied to any tree shape including real trees, lungs, human relationships and blood flow systems. These numbers allow these shapes to be handled in computer programming languages. These numbers were created to study the flow of liquids by Robert E. Horton and Arthur Newell Strahler.

## References
Tomie Ohtake

was a Japanese-born Brazilian artist. Her work includes paintings, prints and sculptures. She was one of the main representatives of informal abstractionism in Brazil. Her son, Ruy Ohtake, was also an architect.

Ohtake died in São Paulo, Brazil at the age of 101 from heart failure.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
David Carr (journalist)

**David Michael Carr** (September 8, 1956&nbsp;– February 12, 2015) was an American columnist and author. He wrote the Media Equation column and covered culture for *The New York Times*. In 2014, he was named the Lack Professor of Media Studies at Boston University, a part-time position.

Carr died on February 12, 2015 following a collapse in the *New York Times* newsroom at the age of 58. His cause of death was lung cancer and heart disease.

## References
## Other websites
*The Carpetbagger blog
*Interview with Stephen Elliott 
*Interview with the Washington Post's Express 
*The Night of the Gun official website
*Page One: Inside The New York Times 
*
Big Eyes

***Big Eyes*** is a 2014 American biographical drama movie directed by Tim Burton and produced by Burton and Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski.

It is based on the careers of American artists Margaret and her husband Walter Keane. It is set in San Francisco, California during the 1950s. They are played by Amy Adams and Christoph Waltz. It also stars Krysten Ritter, Jason Schwartzman, Danny Huston, Jon Polito and Terence Stamp. The music was composed by Danny Elfman.

It was released to very positive reviews on December 25, 2014.

## References 
## Other websites
*
La sombra del pasado

***La sombra del pasado*** is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa.  started on August 18, 2014.

## Cast 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Assis

**Assis** is a Brazilian city in the southwestern part of the state of São Paulo. Its population, in 2013, was 100,911 inhabitants. It has an area of  462 km². It was named for the city's  Captain Francisco Nogueira Acis.
 The spelling was later changed to add another 's'.

## References 
## Other websites
* Assis, São Paulo State (Brazil)
Greenville, Ohio

**Greenville** is a city in and county seat of Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 12,786 at the 2020 census.

## References
Eloise Mumford

**Eloise Mumford** (born September 24, 1986) is an American actress. She played Sue Lawson in *Drones*. She played Kate Kavanagh in *Fifty Shades of Grey*.

The actress was born in Olympia, Washington.

## References
San Andreas (movie)

***San Andreas*** is a 2015 adventure and disaster movie. It is about an earthquake hitting California, when the San Andreas Fault shakes. Dwayne Johnson plays Ray. Carla Gugino plays Emma, his ex-wife. Ioan Gruffudd plays Emma's boyfriend Daniel Riddick. Kylie Minogue plays Daniel's sister Beth Riddick.  Paul Giamatti plays Caltech seismologist Lawrence Hayes.

The movie was released on May 29, 2015.

## References
Tone

A **musical tone** is a repeating sound. Musical tones are different in duration, loudness, and timbre. The Musical notes have complex forms, such as short bursts, changes in pitch, and shifts in noise. A simple tone has a steady noise. A complex tone is a musical tone that is not steady. Simple tones are added together to make complex tones.

## Footnotes
## References
Jordyn Wieber

**Jordyn Marie Wieber** (born July 12, 1995) is an American artistic gymnast. She was a member of the gold medal-winning US women's gymnastics teams at the 2011 World Championships. Wieber was a team gold medalist at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was also the 2011 world women's all-around champion.

## References
Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat

Tuan Guru Dato' Bentara Setia Haji **Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat** (10 January 1931 – 12 February 2015) was a Malaysian politician and Muslim cleric.

He was the Menteri Besar of Kelantan from 1990 to 2013 and the *Mursyidul Am* or Spiritual Leader of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1991 until his death in 2015.

Overall, career as an elected politician lasted for some 48 years following his election to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1967.

Nik Mat died of prostate cancer in Kota Bharu, Malaysia at the age of 84.

## References
Squamosal bone

The **squamosal** is a bone of the head of higher vertebrates. It is the main part of the cheek region in the skull, towards the back and lower part of the skull.

In mammals, including humans, it fuses with other bones to form the temporal bone. It is then called the 'squama temporalis'. 

In therapsids (including mammal ancestors) the lower jaw is simplified into just the dentary. This hinges against the squamous part of the temporal bone. It is referred to as a 'dentary-squamosal jaw'.

## References
Kallinge

**Kallinge** is a locality in Ronneby Municipality in Blekinge County in Sweden. In 2010, 4,561 people lived there.

## References
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug

***The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug*** is a 2013 epic fantasy and adventure movie. The movie is about Bilbo Baggins going with Thorin Oakenshield and his dwarves to reclaim Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug. Benedict Cumberbatch plays Smaug. Evangeline Lilly plays the elf Tauriel.

Ed Sheeran's "I See Fire" plays during the movie's end credits.

The movie took in over $960 million overall. This is more than both *The Fellowship of the Ring* and *The Two Towers*. It is the fourth highest-grossing film of 2013 and the 34th highest-grossing film of all time. The film stars Martin Freeman, Ian McKellen, Lee Pace, and other casts while Luke Evans, Orlando Bloom and Stephen Fry have first appeared.

## Reception worldwide 
Outside North America, *The Desolation of Smaug* was released  internationally on 16,405 screens. The film earned $135.4 million in its opening weekend. Its largest openings occurred in China ($33.0 million), Germany ($19.0 million) and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($15.2 million). It topped the box office outside North America on four consecutive weekends and five in total. It is the highest-grossing film of 2013 in many European countries.

## Cast
* Ian McKellen as Gandalf
* Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
* Richard Armitage as Thorin
* Ken Stott as Balin
* Graham McTavish as Dwalin
* William Kircher as Bifur
* James Nesbitt as Bofur
* Stephen Hunter as Bombur
* Dean O'Gorman as Fili
* Aidan Turner as Kili
* John Callen as Oin
* Peter Hambleton as Gloin
* Jed Brophy as Nori
* Mark Hadlow as Dori
* Adam Brown as Ori
* Orlando Bloom as Legolas
* Evangeline Lilly as Tauriel
* Lee Pace as Thranduil
* Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
* Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug/Necromancer
* Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn
* Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
* Antony Sher as Thrain
* Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman
* Stephen Fry as Master of Lake-town
* Ryan Gage as Alfrid
* John Bell as Bain
* Peggy Nesbitt as Sigrid
* Mary Nesbitt as Tilda
* Manu Bennett as Azog
* Lawrence Makoare as Bolg
* Ben Mitchell as Narzog
* Stephen Ure as Fimbul
* Craig Hall as Galion
* Robin Kerr as Elros
* Eli Kent as Lethuin
* Simon London as Feren

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Docodonta

**Docodonta** is an order or suborder of extinct mammaliaforms. They lived during the mid- to late-Mesozoic era.  

They had sophisticated molars, from which the suborder gets its name. In the fossil record, isolated teeth and bits of jawbones are found.  

Docodonts are not quite as closely related to the placentals and marsupials as the monotremes are, so they are not included among the crown-group mammals. 

Because of their molars and their lower jaw being a single bone (the dentary), they are generally regarded as mammals. However, those authors who limit the term "Mammalia" to the (living) crown group exclude docodonts. They use the term mammaliaformes instead.

Docodonts were primarily herbivorous or insectivorous. However, *Castorocauda*, adapted to a semi-aquatic life, has teeth which suggest it ate fish.

*Castorocauda* is important because the first find was an almost complete skeleton (a real luxury in paleontology). It breaks the "small nocturnal insectivore" stereotype.
It was noticeably larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils, and gives absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur. Of course, this strongly suggests mammalian-type temperature regulation.

## Related pages 
*Agilodocodon
*Castorocauda

## References
I See Fire

**"I See Fire"** is a song from the movie *The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug*. It is played during the end credits. It was performed by Ed Sheeran. The song hit #1 in New Zealand.

The song was released in November 2013.

## References
Antoine of Navarre

**Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme**, also called **Antoine of Navarre** (22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (*jure uxoris*) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death. He was the  of the  House of Bourbon. Antoine was the father of Henry IV of France.

## References
Anne Cuneo

**Anne Cuneo** (September 1936 – 11 February 2015) was a French-born Swiss journalist, novelist, theatre and movie director and screenwriter.

She was born in Paris. She studied in Lausanne. Her first novel came in 1967 and was called *Gravé au diamant.* In 1979 she received the lesser prize of the **Schweizerische Schillerstiftung** and by 1987 she worked for Télévision Suisse Romande.

## References
Kesava Reddy

**Kesava Reddy** () (10 March 1946 &ndash; 13 February 2015) was a Telugu novelist. He was from Andhra Pradesh state in India. In his writings, he talked about many of the important social problems in India like poverty, prejudices, and superstitions, and encourages people to be socially responsible.

## References
Stan Chambers

**Stanley Holroyd "Stan" Chambers** (August 11, 1923 – February 13, 2015) was an American television reporter. He worked for KTLA in Los Angeles from 1947 to 2010. Chambers has earned several Emmy Awards, Golden Mike Awards, LA City and County Proclamations, an LA Press Club Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

He retired on August 11, 2010 on his 87th birthday, marking 63 years as a reporter at KTLA. Chambers died on February 13, 2015 in Los Angeles, at the age of 91.

## References
Wim Ruska

**Willem "Wim" Ruska** (29 August 1940 – 14 February 2015) was a Dutch judoka. He was the only athlete to win two judo medals in one Olympics – in the heavyweight and absolute categories in 1972.

Ruska was admitted to a nursing home in 2014, he died on 14 February 2015, aged 74.

## References
Steve Strange

**Steve Strange** (born **Stephen John Harrington**, 28 May 1959 – 12 February 2015) was a Welsh pop singer. He was born in Newbridge, Caerphilly. He was best known as the lead singer and frontman of the 1980s pop group Visage. From the late 1970s he was also a very well known nightclub host and promoter. He died of a heart attack in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt.

## References
Cornelis Pieter van den Hoek

in The Hague, May 2009]]

**Cornelis Pieter van den Hoek** (June 7, 1921 in Leerdam – February 12, 2015 in Werkendam) was a Dutch resistance fighter during World War II. He was born in Leerdam. Van den Hoek was one of the few knights of the Dutch Military William Order.

On October 30, 1948, by Royal Decree, Van den Hoek was knighted by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, receiving the fourth class (Knight) of the Military William Order.

## Other websites
Kingdom of Navarre

The **Kingdom of Navarre** was a small kingdom in Europe. It was independent from 841 to 1820. The kingdom was roughly in the Basque Country on both sides of the Pyrenees mountains. In 1512, it was split into two parts:  a Spanish part and a French part. In 1620, the French part, called Lower Navarre, became part of France. The Spanish part was independent until 1820. The capital of the kingdom was Pamplona.

## References
Åkarp

**Åkarp** is a locality in Burlöv Municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. In 2010, 5,617 people lived there.

## References
Sanitation

**Sanitation** means dealing with human waste (feces and urine) safely . It also includes ways to maintain hygiene by  of garbage, treating wastewater and managing hazardous waste. Sanitation is important because it helps prevent the spread of germs and diseases. In past centuries it meant "health" and later "cleanliness". 

In poor countries, many people have poor sanitation because they do not have good toilets. They also do not have good sewage systems. In developed countries, people usually have good sanitation because they have a sewage system to filter disease and toxins from the water. The use of toilets protects the health of a community by keeping germs out of the environment.

There are also other types of toilets that are more economical, better for the environment, and do not need big sewer systems or wastewater treatment plants. Examples are dry toilets and twin-pit pour-flush toilets (of which many have been installed in India).

## References
Vint Cerf

**Vinton Gray** "**Vinton**" **Cerf** "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with American engineer Bob Kahn. 

In March 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic, Cerf had tested positive for COVID-19.

## References
## Other websites
* Internet Pioneers&nbsp;– Vint Cerf
* ICANNWiki on Vint Cerf
* A Protocol For Packet Network Intercommunication – The May 1974 *IEEE Transactions on Communications* paper Cerf co-wrote with Bob Kahn that describes TCP.
* Archive of 'Cerf's Up' web pages while at MCI, Inc., 1982-1986.
Agilodocodon

***Agilodocodon*** was a shrew-sized docodont from the Middle Jurassic. It is the earliest known tree-climbing mammal-like therapsid.

*Agilodocodon scansorius* was about 13 centimeters from head to tail, and weighed about 27 grams.

## References
Bob Kahn

**Robert Elliot "Bob" Kahn** (born December 23, 1938) is an American electrical engineer. Along with Vint Cerf, he invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), the fundamental communication protocols at the heart of the Internet.

## Other websites
* DBLP Listing of some of Kahn's works 
* Biography of Kahn  from IEEE
* Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written, his decision to become active in its implementation, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
Oliver Rackham

**Oliver Rackham** (17 October 1939 – 12 February 2015) was a British academic. He studied the British countryside, especially trees, woodlands and wood pasture, Rackham wrote a number of books, including *The History of the Countryside* (1986) and one on Hatfield Forest.

He died on 12 February 2015 at the age of 75.

## References
Bess Myerson

**Bess Myerson** (July 16, 1924 – December 14, 2014) was an American model and television actress. She was also a former Miss America 1945. She was the only Jewish Miss America.

She was seen often on television in the 1950s and 1960s.

She became a city commissioner in 1969. Her career, however, stalled in the late 1980s due to scandal.

Myerson was born in The Bronx, New York City. She had ovarian cancer in th 1970s and dementia at the end of her life. She died in Santa Monica, California, aged ninety.

## References
Eryops

***Eryops***  is a genus of extinct, semi-aquatic temnospondyl.

They are found mostly in the Lower Permian-aged (about 295&nbsp;million years ago) red beds of Texas. Fossils are also found in New Mexico and parts of the eastern United States. *Eryops* also occurs in older Pennsylvanian strata of the Conemaugh Group in West Virginia.

*Eryops* averaged a little over 1.5-2.0&nbsp;meters (5–6.5&nbsp;ft) long, so it was one of the largest land animals of its time.  It weighed about 90&nbsp;kilograms (200&nbsp;lb). It probably had few predators, although the apex predator of the time was the synapsid *Dimetrodon*, which was even larger. Several complete skeletons of *Eryops* have been found in the Lower Permian, but skull bones and teeth are the most common fossils.

*Eryops* was better adapted to a terrestrial environment than its ancestors. Sturdy limbs and a strong spine supported the body while out of water.

## References
Marko Brainović

**Marko Brainović** (17 July 192016 October 2010) is a Croatian water polo player. He competed for Yugoslavia in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in 1952.

## References
## Other websites
*profile
Assistant secretary

**Assistant Secretary** is a title used by politicians or government officials in certain countries. These are often junior ministers assigned to a specific cabinet minister.

## Australia
The level of **Assistant Secretary** is a position in the Government of Australia (also referred to as the Australian Government, Commonwealth Government or the Australian Federal Government). The position falls under the Australian Public Service Act 1999, and holds the level of Senior Executive Service (SES) Level Band 1. The position also holds several other titles such as: Branch Head, National Manager, Group Manager, and Executive Director.

## Ireland
The grade of **Assistant Secretary** is a position in the Irish Civil Service. It is very similar to its British counterpart. It may now be called a different name, depending on the department or office.

## The Netherlands
An **Assistant Secretary** (in Dutch: *"staatssecretaris"*) assists a specific minister. Each assistant secretary works in a particular department of the government, and helps the minister of that department.

## United States
In the United States, the rank of **Assistant Secretary** is a high level  official within the United States federal government. They are an official of sub-Cabinet rank. Assistant Secretaries are appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate. They are assigned to assist a specific cabinet secretary.

## References
David Walker (journalist)

**David Edward Walker** (born on May 21, 1941 in Edgewater, New Jersey) is an award-winning former television news anchor at KCRA in Sacramento, California. Walker first worked at WESH-TV in Orlando, Florida. He then moved to Sacramento in the 1970s with KOVR and KCRA. In 1980, Walker and co-anchor (and wife) Lois Hart left Sacramento to join CNN. They co-anchored CNN's first news broadcast on June 1, 1980. 

In 1989, he joined NBC's cable news channel Consumer News and Business Channel and anchored its first news program. In 1990, Walker and Hart decided to return to Sacramento, where they anchored evening news broadcasts until 2008. In November 2008 he retired from KCRA. 

## References
2015 Copenhagen shootings

The **2015 Copenhagen attacks** were two spree shootings in Copenhagen, Denmark, starting in the afternoon of 14 February 2015.

## References
## Other websites
Lou Dobbs

**Louis Carl "Lou" Dobbs** (September 24, 1945 &ndash; July 18, 2024) was an American television journalist, business writer and news anchor. He was the host of the program *Lou Dobbs Tonight* on the Fox Business Network. The show was cancelled in February 2021.

Dobbs was born in Childress County, Texas. He was raised in Rupert, Idaho. Dobbs studied at Harvard University.

Before Fox, Dobbs was an anchor, managing editor, an executive vice president at CNN. 

He won an Emmy, a Peabody Award and a Luminary Award (from the Business Journalism Review).

Dobbs died on July 18, 2024 in West Palm Beach, Florida at the age of 78.

## References
Västra Husby

**Västra Husby** is a locality in Söderköping Municipality in Östergötland County in Sweden. In 2010, 486 people lived there.

## References
Hoyt Wilhelm

**James Hoyt Wilhelm** (July 26, 1922 – August 23, 2002), nicknamed "**Old Sarge**", was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. Wilhelm played with the New York Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, Cleveland Indians, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, California Angels, Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He played between 1952 and 1972. He was the first relief pitcher in the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Wilhelm did not enter the major leagues until his late twenties. He fought in World War II before playing Major League Baseball. He was known to throw a knuckleball. He sometimes played as a starting pitcher but most of the time played as a relief pitcher. Wilhem won 124 games which is more than any other relief pitcher. He was also the first pitcher to reach 200 saves and play in 1,000 games.  

He pitched until he was almost 50 years old. Wilhelm retired with one of the lowest career earned run averages in baseball history. Wilhelm coached the New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves many years after his retirement. He was a resident of Sarasota, Florida for a long time and died in a nursing home of heart failure in 2002.

## Early Life
Wilhem was born on July 26, 1922, in Huntersville, North Carolina. His parents, John and Ethel (née Stanley) Wilhelm, were tenant farmers and had eleven children. He played baseball at Cornelius High School in Cornelius, North Carolina. There he started trying to throw the knuckleball. Because he could not throw very fast, he thought that being able to throw a knuckleball would make him successful. He used a tennis ball to practice. In the military, Wilhem reached the rank of staff sergeant. He was nicknamed "Old Sarge" because he served in the military.

After serving in the military, he returned to playing minor league baseball in 1946. The New York Giants drafted Wilhem in the 1947 minor league draft. This is when he started playing in the major leagues.
## References
Vätterstads IK

**Vätterstads IK** was an ice hockey club in Jönköping-Huskvarna in Sweden. The club was established in-mid 1967 whenIK Stefa and Vättersnäs IF merged. The club played its home games in Rosenlundshallen. The club played in the Swedish second division during the seasons of 1967-1968 and 1968-1969

In 1971, the club merged with Husqvarna IF's ice hockey section. This led to the establishment of HV71.

## References
Söderhamns UIF

**Söderhamns UIF** is a sports club in the town of Söderhamn in Sweden. The club was established in 1960. The club won the Swedish national men's table tennis team championship in the years of 1978, 1982, 1985, 2001 and 2010.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies

***The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies*** is a 2014 action fantasy adventure movie. It is about the dwarves and Bilbo having accidentally released the dragon Smaug. Bard the Bowman breaks out of prison and fights Smaug. Lee Pace plays Thranduil. Orlando Bloom plays Legolas. Evangeline Lilly plays Tauriel. Christopher Lee plays Saruman. Hugo Weaving plays Elrond. Cate Blanchett plays Galadriel.

The movie took in over $962 million overall. It got mostly positive reviews from critics.

## Cast
* Ian McKellen as Gandalf
* Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
* Richard Armitage as Thorin
* Ken Stott as Balin
* Graham McTavish as Dwalin
* William Kircher as Bifur
* James Nesbitt as Bofur
* Stephen Hunter as Bombur
* Dean O'Gorman as Fili
* Aidan Turner as Kili
* John Callen as Oin
* Peter Hambleton as Gloin
* Jed Brophy as Nori
* Mark Hadlow as Dori
* Adam Brown as Ori
* Orlando Bloom as Legolas
* Evangeline Lilly as Tauriel
* Lee Pace as Thranduil
* Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
* Hugo Weaving as Elrond
* Christopher Lee as Saruman
* Ian Holm as Old Bilbo
* Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug/Necromancer
* Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn
* Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
* Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman
* Stephen Fry as Master of Lake-town
* Ryan Gage as Alfrid
* John Bell as Bain
* Peggy Nesbitt as Sigrid
* Mary Nesbitt as Tilda
* Manu Bennett as Azog
* John Tui as Bolg
* Billy Connolly as Dain
* Simon London as Feren
* Conan Stevens as Keeper of the Dungeons
* Allan Smith as Ragash

## Other websites
*
*
VietJet Air

**VietJet Air** is a Vietnamese budget airline. The headquarters are in Hanoi. The center of activity is from Tan Son Nhat International Airport in Ho Chi Minh City. The company was ed in 2007. VietJet Air began operation in 2011. It has s to most of airports in Vietnam and some  airports. From its first flight to 31 December 2014, the airline has served 10 million passenger. In February 2014, it signed a purchase order with Airbus to buy 63 aircraft. It has plans to purchase 30 more and to lease seven more.

## References
Kalmar BTK

**Kalmar BTK** is a table tennis club in the town of Kalmar in Sweden. It was established on 14 June 1960. The club won the Swedish national men's team championship in the years of 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2002. Jan-Ove Waldner played for the club between 1996 and 2006.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Ängby SK

**Ängby SK** is a sports club in Vällingby in Sweden. It was established in 1956. The club won the Swedish national men's table tennis team championship in the years of 1992 and 1995. The women's team won the Swedish national championship during the season of 2014-2015. Jan-Ove Waldner and Mikael Appelgren have played for the club.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Lyckeby BTK

**Lyckeby BTK** is a table tennis club in Lyckeby in the town of Karlskrona in Sweden. it was established on 16 December 1946. The club won the Swedish national women's team championship in the years of 1994 and 1997. The club was known as Lösens BTK up to 1995.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Relief pitcher

.]]
In baseball and softball, a **relief pitcher** or **reliever** is a pitcher who enters the game after the starting pitcher is removed. There are different kinds of relief pitchers such as closers, set-up relief pitchers, middle relief pitchers, left/right-handed specialists, and long relievers. Relief pitchers are expected to pitch many games but in fewer innings than starters.
Putty

**Putty** is a squeezy dough-like material used for filling small spaces. It is often used for woodwork repair. Painters use it to fill holes and cracks in wood. Fireproof putties can be used round electrical boxes in drywall setups. 

Plumber's putty is waterproof, used to make watertight seals in plumbing. Putty is always used for traditional glazing. It fixes and seal panes of glass into wooden frames (or sashes). PVC and metal window frames use synthetic sealants such as silicone. 

Glazing putty is traditionally made by mixing a base of whiting (finely ground chalk) with linseed oil in various proportions. In woodworking, water-based putties are more often used: they have no odour, and are easy to clean up. They work just as well with water-based and latex sealers. There are now synthetic putties of various types. There are epoxy (two-part) putties which dry hard as iron, and holes can be drilled in if needed.
Ärtemarks IF

**Ärtemarks IF** is a sports club in Ärtemark in Sweden. The club's table tennis section won the Swedish women's national championships during the seasons of 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. The men's team qualified for the 2007-2008 Elitserien. The men's table tennis team also played som home games in the People's Republic of China. The club's table tennis activity was transfered  over to Dals BTK in 2014.

## References
## Other websites
* Ärtemarks IF
Norrköpings BTK

**Norrköpings BTK** was a table tennis club in the town of Norrköping in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national women's team championship during the season of 1997-1998.

## References
Öråns SK

**Öråns SK** is a sports club in the town of Lycksele in Sweden. It was established in 1970, The club won the Swedish national women's team table tennis championship during the season of 1998-1999.

## References
Naseer Aruri

**Naseer H. Aruri** (7 January 1934 – 10 February 2015) was a Palestinian scholar-activist. He was an expert on Middle East politics, U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and human rights. He was born in Jerusalem. 

Aruri was a Chancellor Professor (Emeritus) of Political Science, having served on the faculty of the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth from 1965-1998. 

Aruri died of Parkinson's disease at the age of 81.

## Other websites
* Profile of Naseer Aruri at the Institute for Middle East Understanding 
* "Naseer Aruri to speak at UW-Eau Claire forum", *University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire*, 29 October 2001 
* "Personality: Naseer Aruri", *The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs*, June 1987
* Biography of Naseer Aruri at Selves and Others
Leonard Kleinrock

**Leonard Kleinrock** (born June 13, 1934) is an American engineer and computer scientist. He played an influential role in the creation of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, at UCLA.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
*   Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
Stone Forest

**Stone Forest** (*Shilin*) is a remarkable region of limestone columns. It is in Yunnan Province, China. Two parts of the site, the Naigu Stone Forest and Suogeyi Village are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. They are part of the South China Karst. The site is classified as a AAAAA-class tourist site. This is the highest rating in the Chinese tourist system.

## Formation 
The stone forests formed some 270 million years ago in what was a shallow sea. They are mostly limestone, with some sandstone. Horizontal strata were laid down in the basin, and later was pushed up into the air. The limestone in the rocks was then eroded by wind and water to create these spectacular stone pillars. There is a very similar "forest" in Melarky, Madagascar, known as the Tsingy.

## References
Donald Hall

**Donald Andrew Hall, Jr.** (September 20, 1928 &ndash; June 23, 2018), known as **Donald Hall** was an American poet, writer, editor and literary critic. He became the first poetry editor of *The Paris Review* (1953–1961). On June 14, 2006, Hall was appointed as the Library of Congress's 14th Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry (commonly known as "Poet Laureate of the United States"). Hall served as poet laureate for one year.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*Resources on Donald Hall from the Library of Congress
*Donald Hall's page at Poets.org
*"Donald Hall, Poet Laureate of the United States, talks with Robert Birnbaum" on *Identity Theory* website, posted December 18, 2006
*Donald Hall, an interview with Pat Gage and Caitlin McKenna. Narrative Magazine (Spring 2010).
*Judith Moore interviews Donald Hall
Jonathan Klein

**Jonathan Klein** was president of Cable News Network (CNN) for 6 years. He was fired in 2010. He was replaced by Ken Jautz, leader of CNN's sister network, CNN Headline News. Klein hired Eliot Spitzer as a talk show host. He fired Larry King and replaced him with Piers Morgan. While at CNN, he tried to hire Keith Olbermann away from NBC's cable news channel MSNBC. CNN exceutive Jim Walton did not want that, and it did not happen.

## References
Aaron Brown

**Aaron Brown ** (November 10, 1948 &ndash; December 29, 2024) was an American broadcast journalist. He anchored *Newsnight with Aaron Brown*, CNN's main newscast. He was known for his reporting of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Before, he worked at ABC News as a weekend news anchor. He was a local television reporter in Seattle before this. Brown was a professor of journalism at Arizona State University. Brown was born in Hopkins, Minnesota.

Brown died on December 29, 2024 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 76.

## References
Michele Ferrero

**Michele Ferrero** () (26 April 1925 – 14 February 2015) was an Italian businessman.

He was born in Dogliani, Piedmont, the son of Pietro Ferrero. He had two sons: Pietro Ferrero Jr. and Giovanni Ferrero.

He was the owner of the chocolate maker Ferrero SpA, one of Europe's largest with estimated 2012 sales of $19 billion. This made Ferrero the richest man in Italy and one of the richest in Europe. He ran it for 66 years, with some products he launched being Nutella, Kinder treats, Tic Tacs, and Ferrero-Rocher chocolate candies. He also got a reputation as the real-life Willy Wonka, because he made as much effort as he could to keep his process secret. Ironically, he died on Valentine's Day 2015 (being 89 years old at the time).
Halmstad BTK

**Halmstad BTK** is a table tennis club in Halmstad, Sweden. It was established on 27 October 1937. The club won the Swedish national men's team championship in 1993 and 2003 and the Swedish women's national team championship in 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996. Jörgen Persson and Åsa Svensson have played for the club.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
MFF Bordtennis

**MFF Bordtennis** was the table tennis section of Malmö FF. The section was set up in 1975. The club won the Swedish national men's team championship during the seasons of 1988/1989, 1989-1990, 1990-1991, 1993-1994, 1996-1997, 1997-1998 and 2003-2004. The men's team became silver medalists at the Swedish national men's team championship during the season of 2004-2005. Jörgen Persson and Thomas von Scheele have both played for the club.

The table tennis section applied for bankruptcy on 3 July 2006. The table tennis section was then closed. Some attempts to keep the youth activity were done.

## References
Johan Jüngling

**Johan Jüngling**, born 1977, is a Swedish former squash player. He represented Växjö SK and lived in the town of Jönköping. He represented Sweden at several European championships and world championships.

He played for the Swedish national team for 10 years and was ranked number-one in Sweden. He won the Swedish national championship eight times as a junior. As a senior he bcame Swedish national champion four times. He also won the Andalucian team championship in 2005.

## References
Chocolate Hills

]]

The **Chocolate Hills ** are a geological formation in Bohol Province, Philippines. There are at least 1,260 hills (and maybe more) spread over an area of more than . They are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate) during the dry season, hence the name.

The Chocolate Hills a famous tourist attraction of the state Bohol. They are on the provincial flag and seal as natural attractions of the province. They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines.

The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills similar to those seen in the limestone regions of Slovenia, Croatia, northern Puerto Rico, Enugu and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. They probably started as corals growing in a warm, shallow sea about two million years ago. The hills consist of sandy to rubbly marine limestones. These limestones contain abundant fossils of foraminifera, coral, molluscs, and algae. These conical hills were created by limestone dissolving in rainfall and groundwater. There was erosion by rivers and streams after they were lifted above sea level. The hills are separated by flat plains and have numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are a remarkable example of conical karst topography.

## References
Uri Orbach

**Uri Shraga Orbach**, Hebrew: אורי שרגא אורבך , (28 March 1960 – 16 February 2015) was an Israeli Religious Zionist writer, journalist and politician. He served as a Member of Knesset for The Jewish Home party and as Pensioner Affairs Minister.

Orbach was born in Petah Tikva and died of blood disease in Jerusalem, aged 54.

## References
## Other websites 
*  Bio at the Knesset Website
Haron Amin

**Haron Amin** (Dari: هارون امین&lrm;; June 19, 1969 – February 15, 2015) was the Afghan ambassador to Japan and non-resident ambassador to Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore from 2004 to 2009. Amin was born in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Amin died of cancer at a U.S. hospital, aged 47.

## References
John Davies (historian)

**John Davies** (25 April 1938 – 16 February 2015) was  a Welsh historian, and a television and radio broadcaster. He worked for the BBC during his entire career.

Davies died at the age of 76.

## Books
**Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute, (Writers of Wales)*, University of Wales Press, January 1980, 
**A History of Wales*, Penguin, 1994,  (Revised edition 2007, )
**Broadcasting and the BBC in Wales*, University of Wales Press, 1994, 
**The Making of Wales*, The History Press, 2nd edition printing: Oct 1, 2009, 
**The Celts*, Cassell & Co, 2000  
**The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales*, University of Wales Press, April 17, 2008, 
**Wales: 100 Places to See Before You Die* (with Marian Delyth), Y Lolfa, 2010, 

## References
Bill Kristol

**William Kristol** (born December 23, 1952) is an American political analyst and . He was the editor and publisher of the political magazine *The Weekly Standard* until it closed. Kristol was a Fox News political analyst until friction with Fox News Chief Executive Officer Roger Ailes caused him to switch to the news division of ABC, where he is a political analyst.

## Personal life
Since 1975, he has been married to Susan Scheinberg. They met while they were both graduate students at Harvard. Scheinberg is a Ph.D. in classics. They have three children. Their daughter Anne is married to writer Matthew Continetti. Continetti is editor-in-chief of The Washington Free Beacon. Their son Joseph served in the U.S. Marine Corps in Afghanistan and worked for the management consulting company McKinsey & Company. He started working as legislative director for Senator Tom Cotton in 2018. Kristol lives in Northern Virginia.

His father was neoconservative icon Irving Kristol and his mother was political historian Gertrude Himmelfarb.

## References
Margaret Keane

**Margaret D. H. Keane** (born **Peggy Doris Hawkins**; September 15, 1927 &ndash; June 26, 2022) was an American artist. She mainly painted women, children, and animals in oil or mixed media. 

Keane's works are recognizable by the big, doll-like eyes of the people she painted.

In the 1960s, her artwork was sold under the name of her husband, Walter Keane, who claimed credit for it. They went to court and Margaret won the case.

Keane died on June 26, 2022 in Napa, California from heart failure, aged 94.

## References
Richie Pratt

**Richie Pratt** (March 11, 1943 – February 12, 2015, born **Richard Dean Tyree**) was an American jazz drummer. He began his career as a professional musician on the New York scene in the early 1970s. He was born in Olathe, Kansas.

Pratt died in Leavenworth, Kansas, aged 71.

## References
Managing editor

A **Managing Editor** is a  member of a Mass media management team. In radio and television networks the managing editor is the top executive. At local stations, a managing editor works directly under the news director. At the Fox News Channel, Brit Hume was an anchor and the Washington DC division's managing editor.

## References
Walter Keane

**Walter Stanley Keane** (October 7, 1915 – December 27, 2000) was an American painter and plagiarist. He became famous in the 1950s for claiming he had painted a series of widely-reproduced paintings depicting vulnerable waifs with enormous eyes. The paintings were in fact painted by his wife Margaret Keane.

## References
R. R. Patil

**Raosaheb Ramrao Patil**, better known as **R. R. Patil** () (16 August 1957 &ndash; 16 February 2015), was an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra. He was a leader of the Nationalist Congress Party. He became Home Minister of Maharashtra. He was also the former Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He won assembly election from Tasgaon Constituency.
Movita Castaneda

**Maria "Movita" Castaneda** (April 12, 1916 – February 12, 2015), was an American actress. She was known for being the second wife of actor Marlon Brando. She was known for her roles in *Flying Down to Rio* (1933) and *Mutiny on the Bounty*.

Castaneda died in Los Angeles, California from complications of a neck injury, aged 98.

## References
## Other websites
*
Frank Lloyd

**Frank Lloyd** (2 February 1886 – 10 August 1960) was a Scottish-American movie director, scriptwriter and producer. Lloyd was among the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and its president between 1934 and 1935.

## References
Saqqara

at Saqqara]]

**Saqqara** (), or **Sakkara**, is a vast ancient burial ground in Egypt,   in area.  It was the necropolis for the Ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis.  Saqqara has numerous pyramids, including the world famous Pyramid of Djoser. This is sometimes referred to as the Step Tomb due to its rectangular base, and its 'steps' (mastabas: the Arabic word for 'bench'). It is about  south of Cairo.

Djoser's pyramid is the oldest complete stone building complex known. It was built in the Third Dynasty. Another 16 Egyptian kings built pyramids at Saqqara: these pyramids are now in various states of preservation. High officials added private funeral monuments to this necropolis during the whole pharaonic period. It was an important complex for non-royal burials and cult ceremonies for more than 3,000&nbsp;years, well into Ptolemaic and Roman times.

In 2018, an undisturbed tomb was discovered. It is believed to be the tomb of the royal priest Wahtye. The intact interior includes figures with colors on sculptures and wall carvings.

The area from Giza to Dahshur was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979. The official name is "Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur". 

Some scholars think the name 'Saqqara' is not taken from the ancient Egyptian funerary god Sokar, but from a supposed local Berber Tribe called Beni Saqqar.

## Photo gallery 

Sakkara-04-Djoser-Pyramide-3.Dyn 27.JH-Palmen-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-08-Djoser-Pyramide-Festhof-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-12-Djoser-Pyramide-Ecke-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-16-kleine Pyramide-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-18-Mastaba of Mereruka-Statue-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-20-Mastaba of Mereruka-Stiere-Voegel-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-26-Mastaba of Mereruka-Schwein-1982-gje.jpg
Sakkara-32-Blick auf die Pyramiden von Abusir (5. Dyn)-1982-gje.jpg|View to Abusir
Sakkara-36-Blick auf die Pyramiden von Dahschur (4. Dyn)-1982-gje.jpg|View to Dahschur

## References
Bramble Cay melomys

The **Bramble Cay melomys**, or **Bramble Cay mosaic-tailed rat** (*Melomys rubicola*), is an extinct species of rodent in the family Muridae.  While it was similar to the Cape York melomys it had some protein differences and a coarser tail. It was genetically different to species from Australia and New Guinea. It lived in burrows it had dug among plants, or under branches and leaves on the ground. The cay is in the eastern part of Torres Strait, off the northern tip of Australia. It is only 50&nbsp;km from New Guinea. The melomys were probably trapped on the island by rising sea levels after the last ice age. It is possible that the species may be found on nearby islands as many of these have never been searched. However, in June 2016, researchers from  Queensland's Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, and the University of Queensland reported that the species had indeed become extinct.

## References
Aleksandr Melentyev

**Aleksandr Remmovich Melentyev** (, born June 27, 1954 in Penza, died Feb 16, 2015 in Bishkek) was a Soviet/Kyrgyz sport shooter. He competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics (where he won a gold medal) and in the 1988 Summer Olympics. 

## Other websites