open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Armenian alphabet

The **Armenian alphabet** is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA: , or WA: ), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

, Cyprus]]

## Related pages
*Armenian language

## Other websites 
* theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
* Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
* stnersess.edu : Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish
Unicode Support for Armenian
* Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
* transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)
William Saroyan

**William Saroyan** () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).

Asked how to say his name, he told *The Literary Digest* "In Armenian it is ''sor-row'yan*, accent on *row''. In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'" 

## Life 
Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.

## Quotations 
* "The writer is a spiritual anarchist, as in the depth of his soul every man is. He is discontented with everything and everybody. The writer is everybody's best friend and only true enemy - the good and great enemy. He neither walks with the multitude nor cheers with them. The writer who is a writer is a rebel who never stops." (from *The William Saroyan Reader*, 1958)

* "I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, literature is unread, music is unheard, and prayers are no more answered. Go ahead, destroy Armenia. See if you can do it. Send them into the desert without bread or water. Burn their homes and churches. Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again. For when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a New Armenia."

## References 
## Other websites 
* The William Saroyan Society 
* William Saroyan article on Armeniapedia.org
* The William Saroyan Literary Foundation Intl.  on WilliamSaroyan.org
Conquistador

, Conquistador of the Aztec Empire.]]
A **Conquistador** (English: *Conqueror*; : *Conquistadores*, or *Conquistadors*) was a Spanish or Portuguese soldier, explorer, and adventurer. The *Conquistadors* invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands, as well as other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were *hidalgos* (low-status noblemen).

Their conquests brought these lands under Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas. They created what is now called Latin America.

The first successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés. Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés and the native enemies of the Aztecs conquered the mighty Aztec Empire. Present-day Mexico became New Spain, a colony of the Spanish Empire. Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire.

## List of Conquistadors 
* Alonso Dávila (México, 1520-1533)
* Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
* Alonso de Ojeda (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Aruba)
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527-1536, 1540-1542)
* Antonio de Aragón, Tucumán (Argentina)
* Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523-1524)
* Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524-1535, Chile, 1535-1537)
* Diego de Nicuesa (Panamá, 1506-1511)
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511-1519)
* Domingo Martínez de Irala
* Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, México, 1527-1546)
* Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541-1543)
* Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, México, 1517)
* Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509-1535)
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (United States, 1540-1542)
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536-1537, Venezuela, 1569-1572)
* Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532-1542)
* Hernán Cortés (México, 1518-1522, Honduras, 1524, Baja California, 1532-1536)
* Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539-1542)
* Hernando Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1560)
* Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
* Juan de Esquivel, (Jamaica, 1509-1512)
* Juan de Salcedo, (North of Philippines, 1570-1576)
* Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, México, 1518)
* Juan Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1536)
* Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513 and 1521)
* Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
* Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524-1527)
* Martín de Goiti, (Manila, Philippines, 1570-1571)
* Martín de Ursúa, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696-1697)
* Miguel López de Legazpi, (Philippines, 1565-1571)
* Nicolás de Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537-1539)
* Pánfilo de Narváez (Florida, 1527-1528)
* Pedro de Alvarado (México, 1519-1521, Guatemala, 1523-1527, Perú, 1533-1535, México, 1540-1541)
* Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540-1552)
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565-1567)
* Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533-1536)
* Sebastián Vizcaíno
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510-1519)

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Conquistadors - Start the Adventure (PBS): https://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm
Armenian Quarter

The **Armenian Quarter** is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter.

## Other websites 
* Jerusalem Photos Portal - Armenian Quarter
* Armenians in Israel
Orontid dynasty

The **Orontid dynasty**, also known by their native name **Eruandid** or **Yervanduni**, was an Armenian dynasty that ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 321 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC.

## Origins 
The origins of the dynasty are a matter of debate, it has been described as an "Iranian" or "Armenian" dynasty. Some historians claim that the Orontids had a lineage relationship with the Achaemenid dynasty.

Panossian states the following about the Orontids (Yervandunis);"*It is not known whether the Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia.*"

## Culture and language 
During the Orontids, despite the Hellenistic invasion; Persian and local Armenian culture remained the most powerful element in society and elites. The Orontid dynasty spoke Armenian.  Some have suggested a continuity with the Hittite name Arnuwanda. 

## References 
## Other websites
*The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture 
*The Orontid (Ervanduni) dynasty
Lina Hahne

**Lina Hahne** (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26. She represented the country in Miss Universe 2008.

## Other websites
*Miss Sweden official homepage
*Interview with Lina Hahne on TV4 morning news
Tinga (footballer)

**Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento** (born 13 January 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
### Club
**Internacional**
* Copa Libertadores: 2006, 2010
* Campeonato Gaúcho: 2011, 2012
* Recopa Sudamericana: 2011

**Cruzeiro**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2013, 2014
* Campeonato Mineiro: 2014

### Individual
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2005

## References
Northwest

with Northwest highlighted]]
**Northwest** (also written **north west**) is one of the eight main compass directions. It is the direction that is exactly halfway between **north** and **west**. On a compass, northwest is at **315 degrees**. If you face directly north (0°) and turn 45 degrees to the left (counter-clockwise), you are facing northwest. The opposite direction is **southeast**, which is **135 degrees**—exactly **180 degrees** from northwest.
Frank Thomas

**Frank Thomas** (born May 27, 1968) is a former American Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox. Near the end of his career, he also played with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays. He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007. He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.

Thomas was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014, and will officially enter the Hall on July 27.
Southeast

with Southeast highlighted]]
**Southeast** or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It is the opposite of northwest.
Silvia Night

**Silvia Night** is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in *Greece*. She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.

## Other websites
Silvia Night homepage
Northeast

with Northeast highlighted in black.]]
**Northeast** or north east is the direction halfway between north and east.  It is the opposite of southwest.
Armenian highlands

]]
The **Armenian Highland** (also known as the **Armenian Upland** or **Armenian Plateau**) is part of the Anatolian plateau and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.

The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name ''''.

Many scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.
Others believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.

Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.

## Related pages
* Greater Armenia (political concept)
* Armenian Genocide

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Armenian empire 
* History of Armenia
Swedish Social Democratic Party

The **Swedish Social Democratic Party** () was established on 23 April 1889, and is Sweden's biggest political party of social democracy. The party has been in the lead with a Prime Minister for the longest and most amount of time in Sweden. Stefan Löfven is the current leader for the party. The party lost to the Moderate Party in the 2006 and 2010 elections. However, in 2014 The Swedish Social Democratic Party won with 31% of the votes.

Olof Palme, one of Sweden's most famous politicians, was the party leader from October many years before he was murdered in February 1986.

## Years in power 
* Cabinet Branting I, 1920,
* Cabinet Branting II, 1921-1923,
* Cabinet Branting III, 1924-1925,
* Cabinet Sandler, 1925-1926,
* Cabinet Hansson I, 1932-1936,
* Cabinet Hansson II, 1936-1940,
* SamlingsCabinet (Cabinet Hansson III), 1940-1945,
* Cabinet Hansson IV, 1945-1946,
* Cabinet Erlander I, 1946-1951,
* Cabinet Erlander II, 1951-1957 (With Bondeförbundet),
* Cabinet Erlander III, 1957-1969,
* Cabinet Palme I, 1969-1976,
* Cabinet Palme II, 1982-1986,
* Cabinet Carlsson I, 1986-1990,
* Cabinet Carlsson II, 1990-1991,
* Cabinet Carlsson III, 1994-1996,
* Cabinet Persson, 1996-2006,

## Election results 
* 1911 - 28.5%
* 1914 - 30.1%
* 1914 - 36.4%
* 1917 - 39.2%
* 1920 - 36.1%
* 1921 - 39.4%
* 1924 - 41.1%
* 1928 - 37.0%
* 1932 - 41.1%
* 1936 - 45.9%
* 1940 - 53.8%
* 1944 - 46.7%
* 1948 - 46.1%
* 1952 - 46.1%
* 1956 - 44.6%
* 1958 - 46.2%

* 1960 - 47.8%
* 1964 - 47.3%
* 1968 - 50.1%
* 1970 - 45.3%
* 1973 - 43.8%
* 1976 - 42.7%
* 1979 - 43.2%
* 1982 - 45.6%
* 1985 - 44.7%
* 1988 - 43.2%
* 1991 - 37.7%
* 1994 - 45.3%
* 1998 - 36.4%
* 2002 - 39.9%
* 2006 - 35.0%
* 2010 - 30.7%

## References 
## Other websites
*Socialdemokraterna
Miss Universe

**Miss Universe** is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part. About one billion people watch it on television every year.

The competition was first shown on American national television in 1955. In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida. Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country. 

The pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television. Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump. In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US. NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.

## History 
After winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition. Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.

Sponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California. At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products. 

The first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland. She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty. The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries.

## Recent Winners
## References
## Other websites 
* Miss Universe official homepage
Miss World

**Miss World** is an international beauty pageant that started in 1951. It is the oldest surviving major international beauty pageant. The contest was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley, and run as part of the Mecca Leisure Group. Since his death in 2000, Morley's wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the pageant.

With its rivals Miss Universe and Miss Earth, this is one of the most publicised beauty contests in the world.

The winner spends a year travelling to represent the Miss World Organization and its various causes. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on December 14, 2019, in London, England, United Kingdom. She is the fourth Jamaican woman to win Miss World. Traditionally, Miss World lives in London during her reign.

## Recent Winners 
## References
Helena Paparizou

**Helena Paparizou** (born 31 January 1982) is a Swedish-Greek singer. Paparizou became known while being a member of the band Antique. She is one of the most popular singers in Greece.

## Career 
In 2001, Paparizou represented Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 as a member of the eurodance duo Antique alongside Nikos Panagiotidis. The duo's song, "Die For You", placed 3rd in the contest. In 2003, the duo split up until their reunion in 2022.

Paparizou returned to represent Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "My Number One", which won the competition. She has almost returned to Eurovision on two occasions: in 2014, where she attempted to represent Sweden but placed 4th in their national selection and in 2018, when she was offered the opportunity to represent Cyprus at Eurovision 2018 with the song "Fuego", but she declined. She has since performed at various Eurovision-related events.

Following her Eurovision win, she became a big star in Greece and Cyprus. Her most successful song is *An Me Dis Na Kleo* featuring Anastasios Rammos which has gained over 30 million views on YouTube. Paparizou has appeared on several Greek television shows. She was a judge on *Dancing on Ice Greece* in 2011 and 2012 and a judge on *The Voice of Greece* from 2016 to 2023. 

## Personal life 
Paparizou was born in Sweden in 1982 to Greek parents. Her family moved back to Greece when she was young because she had developed asthma and could not handle the Scandinavian air. They moved back to Sweden after her asthma had improved. Paparizou is a follower of the Eastern Orthodox Church. 

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *Protereotita* (2004)
* *My Number One* (2005)
* *Iparhi Logos* (2006)
* *The Game of Love* (2006)
* *Vrisko To Logo Na Zo* (2008)
* ''Giro Apo T' Oneiro* (2010)
* *Ti Ora Tha Vgoume?* (2013)
* *One Life* (2014)
* *Ouranio Toxo* (2017)
* *Apohrosis'' (2021)

## Filmography 
### Television 
## References
## Other websites 
* Elena Paparizou website
Gregory the Illuminator

**Saint Gregory the Illuminator** or **Saint Gregory the Enlightener**, the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church, he was born about 257. He belonged to the royal line of the Arsacid Dynasty, being the son of a Parthian named Anak, who assassinated Chosroes I of Armenia, and thus brought ruin on himself and his family.

## Footnotes
John Cage

**John Milton Cage, Jr.** usually known as just **John Cage**, (September 5, 1912 - August 12, 1992) was an American composer, writer, philosopher, and visual artist. He was one of the first composers (or *musicians*) to introduce different styles of music to popular culture. He made mostly avant-garde music and electronic music, and was very well known for making the piece 4'33", which challenged what music is. He also wrote music for pianos that had been "prepared" by having screws and nails placed in them. He was gay. His life partner from 1943 until his death was choreographer Merce Cunningham (1919-2009). Cage died of a stroke in New York City.

## 4'33" 
This piece is in 3 movements (sections), and is special in that all of the movements are silent, the score having the Latin word for silence three times (tacit, tacit, tacit). Some people think that it is just a joke because of this, as there is nothing to listen to. It was written in 1952, and is 4&nbsp;minutes and thirty three seconds long. Cage got the idea from being in a soundless chamber, but realising that even here there was no true silence because he could hear his heart beating.

## References 
## Other websites 
* John Cage's former record label
* John Cage's "Water Walk" video
4′33″

**4′33″** is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is "tacet", or "it is silent". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York.

## Other websites 
* John Cage's ''4'33"''
* Classical Notes
Olof Palme

**Olof Palme** (30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1969 until his assassination and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969 to 1976 and 1982 to 1986.

## Death 
Palme was shot and killed in Stockholm after going to the cinema on 28 February 1986. He was 59 years old. His wife was also shot but she survived. The gunman has never been identified, and the gun has never been found. His murder is still a mystery for Swedish police, even though people have been arrested in connection with it.

He was a pacifist and against *apartheid*, The Vietnam War, and nuclear weapons. He made efforts to improve welfare and economic, social and cultural rights for workers.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Olofpalme.org Official page of the Olof Palme Archives with various documents.
* Selected Speeches by Olof Palme  - Speeches on Africa in English.
* Olof Palme's visit to Cuba - Speech by Fidel Castro on the Swedish-Cuban friendship, 1975.
Bow Wow (rapper)

**Shad Gregory Moss** (born March 9, 1987 in Columbus, Ohio) better known as **Bow Wow** (formerly '''Lil' Bow Wow''' ) is an American rapper and actor. His career began when he was discovered by rapper Snoop Dogg in the late 1990s. He finally got introduced to producer Jermaine Dupri and was signed to Dupri's label, So So Def Recordings. He released his first album, Beware of Dog, in 2000 (as Lil' Bow Wow). The album was followed by Doggy Bag a year later. 

He won a Billboard Music Award for Single of the Year for his song "Bow Wow (That's My Name)". Moss started alongside Crispin Glover in the sports movie *Like Mike*, released in 2002.

## Personal life 
He has two children: a daughter named Shai (born April 2012) and a son (born September 2020). 

## Studio albums 
* 2000 - *Beware of Dog*
* 2001 - *Doggy Bag* 
* 2003 - *Unleashed*
* 2005 - *Wanted*
* 2006 - *Price of Fame*
* 2009 - *New Jack City II*

## Collaboration albums 
* 2007 - *Face Off* (with Omarion)

## Filmography 
### Film 
### Television 
## Awards and nominations 
**BET Awards**
*'''2001, Viewer's Choice "Bow Wow (That's My Name)" (Won)'''
*2006, Best Collaboration "Like You" (with Ciara) (Nominated)
*2007, Viewer's Choice "Shortie Like Mine" (with Chris Brown) (Nominated)

**Billboard Music Awards**
*'''2001, Rap Single of the Year "Bow Wow (That's My Name)" (Won)**

**Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards'''
*2004, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles – Sales "Let's Get Down" (with Baby) (Nominated)
*2006, Hot Rap Track "Like You" (with Ciara) (Nominated)

**Black Reel Awards**
*2003, Best Breakthrough Performance – Viewer's Choice: Like Mike (Nominated)

**MTV Video Music Awards Japan**
*2006, Best Collaboration "Let Me Hold You" (with Omarion) (Nominated)

**NAACP Image Awards**
*2008, Outstanding Duo or Group (with Omarion) (Nominated)

'''Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards**
***2001, Favorite Male Singer (Won)**
*2006, Favorite Male Singer (Nominated)
*2008, Favorite Male Singer (Nominated)

**Soul Train Music Awards**
*2001, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist "Bounce with Me" (with Xscape) (Nominated)

**Teen Choice Awards**
*2007, Choice Music: Male Artist (Nominated)
*2008, Choice Music: R&B Track "Hey Baby (Jump Off)" (with Omarion) (Nominated)
*2009, Choice Music: Rap Artist (Nominated)

**Vibe Awards**
*2005, Coolest Collabo "Like You" (with Ciara) (Nominated)

**Young Artist Awards'''
*2003, Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor: Like Mike (Nominated)

## References
Mona Sahlin

**Mona Ingeborg Sahlin** (born Andersson on 9 March 1957 in Sollefteå, Sweden) is a former leader for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, when she replaced Göran Persson after his ten years as leader, she was the first woman to do so. She was the minister responsible for the handling of the Heart 2 Art Exhibition in Stockholm 2002. Toblerone Scandal or Sahlin Scandal is the name of a Swedish scandal, in which there in October 1995 came to public attention that the Socialist politician Mona Sahlin during her time as Minister for Employment, 1990-1991, on several occasions used its credit cards for private expenses.

## Other websites
*Social democratic homepage
Dicotyledon

showing its prominent two embryonic leaves (cotyledons). They differ from the adult leaves.]]

The **dicotyledons**, also known as **dicots**, are one of the two groups of flowering plants (angiosperms). The name refers to their seeds having two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species in this group. 

The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, with one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.

Sequence analysis showed what botanists already suspected: dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group. They are a number of lines, such as the magnoliids, and groups now known as basal angiosperms. They diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are a paraphyletic group. 

The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are definitely monophyletic. They differ from all other flowering plants in the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have an older type of pollen, whereas eudicots have derived pollen.

## Compared to monocotyledons 
Apart from cotyledon number, there are other differences between monocots and dicots. These are differences mainly between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and old-type pollen. Also, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.

## Related pages 
*Magnoliopsida
*Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

## References
Agos

***Agos*** (, "Furrow") established 5 April 1996 is an Armenian weekly newspaper published in Turkey. It is published in Istanbul and has a circulation of around 5,000. It has both Armenian and Turkish pages as well as an on-line English edition. Hrant Dink was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007. 

Hrant Dink's son Arat Dink who worked as the executive editor of the weekly was named as a co-defendant in the dispute brought against Hrant Dink for insulting Turkishness. After Hrant Dink's murder, the editor-in-chief of the weekly became Etyen Mahçupyan and Arat Dink continued to work as the executive editor. The present editor-in-chief is Rober Koptaş.

## Other websites 
* Agos official web site, Istanbul
Ingvar Carlsson

**Ingvar Carlsson** (born 9 November 1934), is a Swedish politician, former Prime Minister of Sweden (March 1986–October 1991; October 1994–March 1996) and leader of the Social Democratic Party (March 1986–March 1996). He became Prime Minister in 1986 when Olof Palme was assassinated. He was born in Borås, Västra Götaland County (then Älvsborg County), Sweden.

## References 
## References 
*Ingvar Carlsson
Shilpa Shetty

**Shilpa Shetty** (Tulu: ಶಿಲ್ಪ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ) (born 8 June 1975) in Mangalore is a four-time Filmfare Award-nominated Indian movie actress and model. Since making her debut in the movie *Baazigar* (1993), she has appeared in nearly 50 more movies and made her first lead role in 1994's *Aag*. She currently resides at the centre of the Hindi-language movie industry in Mumbai, India. Her younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood movie actress. 

Shilpa was announced as the winner of *Celebrity Big Brother UK* on 28 January 2007 with 63% of the final votes, after an international reported racism controversy involving her and fellow contestants Jade Goody, Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd. She is also a yoga practitioner, particularly interested in the Ashtanga vinyasa form of yoga and power yoga.

## References
Hrant Dink

**Hrant Dink** (, IPA: [həɹɑnt diːnk]) (15 September 1954 – 19 January 2007) was a Turkish-Armenian editor, journalist and columnist.

## History 
As editor-in-chief of the bilingual Turkish-Armenian newspaper *Agos* (Ակօս), Dink was a prominent member of the Armenian minority in Turkey.

## Death 
On 19 January 2007, Dink was shot three times in Istanbul by Ogün Samast, a 17 year old ultra-nationalist Turk. He was pronounced dead at the scene. He was 52 years old.

## Related pages
*Minorities in Turkey

## References 
## Other websites
*Hrank Dink Foundation
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

The **F-15 Eagle** is a fighter jet that was originally made by McDonnell-Douglas (later Boeing). It is known around the world for its toughness and *undefeated* record, meaning that it has never been shot down by an enemy plane. It is used primarily by the United States Air Force, but it is also used in Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. It usually carries missiles and an M61 Vulcan gun to shoot down enemy fighter jet planes. More than a thousand have been made.

## Redesign 
In 1981, the F-15 was redesigned to include the ability to carry bombs, allowing the F-15 to do the job of attack aircraft. This means it can also destroy things on the ground. This new variant of the aircraft was called the *** McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle***.

Another redesign, the F-15EX, is expected to enter service in the Summer of 2024 with mainly better equipment for electronic warfare.

## Related pages
*F-14 Tomcat
*F-16 Fighting Falcon
*F-4 Phantom II
Third party

**Third party** is often used in the English language to refer to a person or group that has some connection to a relationship between two parties. Here, a "party" is a person or group of people who act together. If two parties share a close relationship, a third party is farther away or more different from them. It could more directly mean:

* Third party (politics), in any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two dominant ones
* Third-party developer, a hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using
* Third party (civil litigation), a party brought into a civil legal proceeding by a defendant or by another third party
** Third party beneficiary, a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been a party to the contract; see also, Privity of contract
** Third party insurance
Canton of Fribourg

of Fribourg]]

**Fribourg** is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland.  About 250,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 100,000 live in the urban area of the capital of this canton: Fribourg City.

## Geography 
The canton of Fribourg is found in the west of Switzerland. The river Saane (Sarine) flows from the south to the north of the canton. It borders the cantons of Vaud, Bern and Neuchâtel.

## Municipalities 
There are 168 municipalities in the canton of Fribourg:

## Other websites 
* Official Site
Fribourg

**Fribourg** can mean one of two areas in Switzerland

*Fribourg (canton), one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland
*Fribourg (city), capital city of the canton
Compass rose

A **compass rose** is a drawing on a map that shows the cardinal directions.

## In other media
* Ursula K. Le Guin, *The Compass Rose*, collection of short stories, 1982 ISBN 0-06-014988-4
* *"La Rosa de los Vientos"*, Spanish film written and directed by Patricio Guzman, 1983

## References
Paula DeAnda

**Paula DeAnda** (born 1989 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is an American singer. She is best known for her 2007 hit songs "Doing Too Much", "Walk Away (Remember Me)" and "Easy". DeAnda is of Mexican descent.

## Easy
"Easy" is a song by DeAnda. It also has a remix with Bow Wow. This version is used in the PC video game, *Bratz Babyz*.
Social Democratic Party

: *This disambiguation page describes parties whose names are the "Social Democratic Party" or something similar. For a list of parties considered to follow the principles of social democracy, see List of social democratic parties.*

The name **Social Democratic Party** has been used by many parties in various countries around the world.

Note: Country names and dates in parentheses are not part of official party names.
Knight (chess)

A **knight** is a chess piece. It is represented by a horse's head and neck. Each player starts the game with two knights. It moves in an L pattern, two squares in one direction then one square in another. It is the only piece in chess that can jump over other pieces. It is also the only piece that can be in position to attack a king, queen, bishop, or rook without also being attacked by that piece. 

'Knight' is shortened to Kt or N when recording games. In printed game scores, it is represented by a figurine.
Queen (chess)

The **queen** is a chess piece that stands next to the king at the start of a game.The queen starts on the d1 square for white and the d8 square for black. It can move any number of unoccupied squares diagonally, vertically, or horizontally. When recording games, it is shortened to Q.

## The queen's movement 
The queen moves like both the bishop and rook. Both players start with one queen. A player may promote a pawn to a queen when the pawn reaches the end of the board.

## History of the queen in chess 
The Indo-Persian game lasted for nearly a thousand years, until the end of the 15th century. In it, the piece next to the Shah was the Firzān or Visier, who was a counsellor. This piece had a movement even more limited than the king.  It moved just one square at a time, on the diagonal. Not surprising, then, that when the move changed into its modern form, the Italians called the new game *schacci alla rabioso* (~furious chess).

## References 
## Related pages
Republican

**Republican** could mean:
* The form of government known as a republic
* Groups wanting to abolish a monarchy, for example, the Australian Republican Movement and the British republican movement (see Republicanism)
* A political party such as:
** Republican Party (United States) sometimes referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party)
** Republican Party (France)
** Republican Party (Liberia)
** Republican Party (Malawi) part of the Mgwirizano Coalition
** The Republicans (Germany)
** Republican Party of São Paulo
** Fianna Fáil in Ireland–also called the Republican Party
** Vanuatu Republican Party
* Supporters of Irish Republicanism
* Institutions or supporters of particular historical republics, including:
** the ancient Roman Republic
** the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War
** various French Republics, most notably the French First Republic established during the French Revolution
* The Republican River of Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, USA
* In the USA the Republican party is mostly known by President Donald Trump
5 BC

Year **5 BC** was a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday of the Julian calendar.  At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Sulla**.

## Births 
* Emperor Guangwu of Han, ruler of China (d. AD 57)
* Lucius Vitellius the Elder, Roman consul and Governor of Syria (d. AD 51)
* John the Baptist (possible date)
* Jesus (possible date)

## References
St Kilda Football Club

**St Kilda Football Club** (nicknamed **The Saints**) is an Australian rules football club. They play in the Australian Football League. The club first played in 1873. Their home ground is the Marvel Stadium in Melbourne. Their current captain is Jarryn Geary and their current coach is Brett Ratten. They wear a guernsey that is red, white and black, in vertical stripes.
## History
The first mention of a football team in St Kilda was made in 1859. The current club was started in 1873. It was based on the South Yarra Football Club which had closed the year before. The club colours were formed when the red and white of the South Yarra Football Club merged with the black and white of the new St. Kilda Football Club. The first guernsey worn by the club was red and black striped horizontally, with a white neckerchief. The club joined the new Victorian Football League in 1897, and lost its first 48 games. Their home ground was the Junction Oval, in the Melbourne suburb of St. Kilda. In 1964, the team moved from St Kilda to Moorabbin, where they now train.

The team won their first and only premiership in 1966, beating Collingwood. In recent years they have been more competitive, playing in the 1997 Grand Final, losing to Adelaide.  Between 2004 and 2011, St. Kilda established a period of dominance, playing in all but the 2007 finals series, and playing in the Preliminary Finals in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2009, St. Kilda went the first 19 games of the season without being beaten, only to lose to Geelong in the Grand Final by 12 points. In 2010 they played in the Grand Final and drew with Collingwood. A moment etched in the memories of St. Kilda supporters was the moment Stephen Milne opted to let the ball bounce through for a behind in the dying minutes, when he had the opportunity to secure St. Kilda's second premiership with a goal. They were defeated in a replay the next week. They have also placed last on the ladder 26 times since their establishment, the most of any team. 

St. Kilda has featured a number of star players, with 10 Brownlow Medalists, including Ian Stewart and Robert Harvey, who won the award twice. In 1987, Tony Lockett won the Brownlow Medal as well as the Coleman Medal kicking 117 goals.
## Medalists
St Kilda Brownlow Medalists:

* Colin Watson, 1925
* Brian Gleeson, 1957
* Neil Roberts, 1958
* Verdun Howell, 1959 
* Ian Stewart, 1965, 1966
* Ross Smith, 1967 
* Tony Lockett, 1987
* Robert Harvey, 1997, 1998

St Kilda Coleman Medalists:

* Charlie Baker, 1925 (30 goals)
* Bill Mohr, 1936 (101 goals)
* Bill Young, 1956 (56 goals)
* Tony Lockett, 1987 (117 goals), 1991 (118 goals)
* Fraser Gehrig, 2004 (90 goals), 2005 (74 goals)

## Club song

*Oh when the Saints, go marching in,*
*Oh when the Saints go marching in,*
*Oh how I want to be with St Kilda.*
*When the Saints go marching in.*
 
*Oh when the Saints, go marching in,*
*Oh when the Saints go marching in,*
*Oh how I want to be with St Kilda.*
*When the Saints go marching in.*

## References
## Other websites
* St Kilda Football Club website
Taner Akçam

**Altuğ Taner Akçam** or **Tanner Aktscham** is a German sociologist and author.

Taner Akçam was born in Ardahan, Turkey in 1953. He graduated from the department of administrative sciences of . After 1973, he joined left-wing political groups such as ODTÜ-DER and ADYÖD. In 1975, he was tried for spreading communist and Kurdish nationalist propaganda. He was arrested in 1976 and convicted with 9 years prison sentence. On 12 May 1977, he escaped from the prison and moved to Germany. He lived in Germany between 1978 and 1995. He received his PhD in 1995 at . After he became a professor, Akçam worked in  and  in United States.

Akçam is known for his research on the Armenian—Turkish history of 1915. His work is funded by the , a think-tank that serves Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Taner Akçam uses old Turkish documents in his books but critics state that he cannot read Ottoman Turkish.

## Research
Taner Akçam worked on the history of Ottoman Armenians. He researched  and 1919 Istanbul trials. According to him, what happened to Armenians meets the legal definition of genocide. However, he ignores that many Turks died during First World War. Therefore, his research shows pro-Armenian bias.

Akçam worked in the Ottoman archives and found many documents. However, experts showed that he wrongly translated some documents and that some other documents were fake. Examples of those documents are the Andonian documents, the memoirs of Sarkis Torosyan, a telegram from Talat Pasha, and the court documents of 1919.

### Memoirs of Sarkis Torossian 
Between 2013 and 2017, Taner Akçam published disputed articles about the memoirs of Sarkis Torosyan. 

Ayhan Aktar, a Turkish academician, published in Turkish the memoirs of Sarkis Torossian in 2012. The memoir is about the story of an Ottoman Armenian soldier. In the story, the soldier fights for the Ottoman Empire during First World War. He is brilliant and earns a military reward. However, he changes sides when his family is killed by the government. Historians Halil Berktay and Hakan Erdem

## References
Cardinal direction

showing the cardinal directions]]
**Cardinal directions** or **cardinal points** are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as **N**, **E**, **S** and **W**.

North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.

If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.

## Cardinal directions in world cultures 
Through history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:

* **East**: Green or Blue
* **South**: Red
* **West**: White
* **North**: Black

## Related pages
* Latitude 
* Longitude
* Compass
Circle of latitude

.]]
On the Earth, a **circle of latitude** is an imaginary east-west circle that connects all locations with a given latitude. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are often called **parallels** because they are parallel to each other. It is measured in absolute location.

The five major circles of latitude are, from north to south:
* The Arctic Circle (66.5°N)
* The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)
* The Equator (0°)
* The Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
* The Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)
J-pop

**J-pop** is popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Sometimes the word *kayōkyoku* (歌謡曲) is used for older Japanese popular music. The term ‘J-pop' was coined in the 1990s. From around the 1940s until recently, J-pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and . The music has changed over time, and J-pop nowadays sounds different from older J-pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.

## History 
There are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been important in Japanese pop music. Such musicians include: 

* **Kyōhei Tsutsumi** (筒美京平) - He was a well-known songwriter in Japan for a long period of time. He was a pianist and also known as Jack Diamond, born on May 28, 1940 in Tokyo. He made many hits such as "Blue Light Yokohama" (ブルー・ライト・ヨコハマ), "Mata Au Hi Made" (また逢う日まで), "Watashi no Kare wa Hidari-kiki" (わたしの彼は左きき), Sentimental (センチメンタル) and so on. He was awarded for his works with an official Medal of Honor (Purple Ribbon) from the Japanese government in 2003.

* **Yumi Matsutoya** - Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai or Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters of the twentieth century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one on the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached the top 10 since her first album, ***Hikōki-gumo*** in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles. "NO SIDE" was made from a rugby game "Ooita Maiduru vs Tennri high school".

## Related pages
* List of J-pop artists
Boredom

**Boredom** is an emotional state that comes when a person has nothing to do, and is not interested in anything. To stop boredom, most people do something to occupy or  themselves. 

The first known use of the word *boredom* is in the novel *Bleak House* by Charles Dickens, written in 1852, but the saying *to be a bore* had been used to mean "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.

When referring to the mind, boredom is a bad state in which the person feels a deep lack of interest in what is going on around them, and where it is hard to focus.

## References
Puffy AmiYumi

**Puffy AmiYumi** was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in December 1995.

They had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived (November 19, 2004 – June 27, 2006; 118 episodes) cartoon series on Cartoon Network called Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi.  It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network.
Mika Nakashima

is a Japanese singer, model, and actress. She's 160&nbsp;cm tall and her weight is 39&nbsp;kg.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *True* (2002)
* *Love* (2003)
* *Music* (2005)
* *The End* (2006)
* *Yes* (2007)
* *Voice* (2008)
* *Star* (2010)
* *Real* (2013)
* *Tough* (2017)
* *Joker* (2020)
* *I* (2022)

## References
Yui (singer)

:For other meanings of Yui, see Yui.
**YUI** (born 26 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan), is a Japanese musician. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She started in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiyō no Uta' (A Song to the Sun). She is popular with young girls,but she decided to stop her music activity as YUI in 2012. It means she carry on her music work but not YUI.

## History 
### Before debut 
She dropped out high school because she want to live with music.Then she started taking music lesson at ongakujyuku.It is famous music private night-school.She practiced playing the guitar and making songs. She participated in music contest and got first prize.By that winning, she can get right to major debut. 

### 2005~2007
She made a debut with "feel my soul". This is her first major song. Afterthat she made many hit songs.Especially,her fifth single goodbye days was hit.And she appeared in "taiyou no uta" that is the movie her song was used.
### 2008~2012
## Songs 
YUI has released seven albums:

* *From Me To You* (2006)
* ''Can't Buy My Love*(2007)
* *I Loved Yesterday* (2008)
* *My Short Stories*(2008)
* *Holidays In The Sun*(2010)
* *How Crazy Your Love*(2011)
* *She Loves You*(2012)
* *Green Garden Pop*(2012)
* *Orange Garden Pop''(2012)

And she makes many new single CD.

## References
Third party (politics)

In any two-party system of politics, a **third party** is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.

The term "third parties" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.

Countries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party.  Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called *minor parties* or *fringe parties*.

Third parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties.  Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain.

## Notable examples 
### United Kingdom 
* Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
* Democratic Unionist Party
* Green Party of England and Wales
* Liberal Democrats
* Plaid Cymru
* Scottish National Party
* Sinn Féin
* Social Democratic and Labour Party

### United States 
* Alliance Party
* American Independent Party
* Communist Party USA
* Green Party of the United States
* Libertarian Party
* Party for Socialism and Liberation
* People's Party

## Related pages
*Independent politician

## References
* McGaughey, William (2003). The Independence Party and the Future of Third-Party Politics. Minneapolis: Thistlerose Publications. .  Personal odyssey of unsuccessful candidate for U.S. Senate in Minnesota's 2000 Independence Party primary.
Wyolica

**Wyolica** is a two-person band from Japan. The members are Azumi (vocals) and So-to (guitar). The group is not well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.

Their first album, "Who Said La La?" was released in 2000. Since then they have released a number of albums and singles, including a six-song EP of acoustic songs.

## Other websites 
* Official website