open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Protectionism

**Protectionism** means that a country has laws or other rules that make it easier for their own products and brands to sell by making goods from foreign countries more expensive or harder to get.

The idea of protectionism is to stop imports (when people buy goods from other countries instead of from their own). Mercantilism is one kind of protectionism.

For example, if farmers from Argentina are selling wheat at a lower price than French farmers are, French people would buy more wheat from Argentine farmers than from French farmers, and French farmers would not get so much money.

The benefits to protectionism is that some people in a country would make more money because they would be able to sell things at higher prices, but on the other hand, other people would lose money because they wouldn't be able to buy the things from other countries that sell them cheaper.

Many protectionists (people who believe in protectionism) support big tariffs (taxes on a trade involving a foreign country) because the government can get a lot of money from the tariffs.

When a country raises a tariff on another country, usually the other country raises their tariffs on that country to get even.  This is called a trade war.

Tariffs were popular in the United States during the 1800s, but when the United States made the Hawley-Smoot Tariff a law in 1930, it raised tariffs very high on Europe.  In response, Europe raised its tariffs on the United States, which resulted in a trade war.  Many economists and historians believe that the tariffs made the Great Depression worse.

Trade-protectionism is favoured by economic nationalists and left-wing parties.

Protectionism is no longer popular now. Instead, people support free trade (the opposite of protectionism where the government makes it easier for the country to trade with other countries).

## Related pages 
* Developmentalism

## Other websites 
* What is protectionism? at wisegeek.com
Catarina Pereira

**Catarina Pereira** (born June 13, 1990) is a Portuguese singer and actress. She competed with her song, "Canta por mim" (Sing for me), for the chance to sing for Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. She had the lead role in the Portuguese production of "High School Musical".

## Recordings
* On the album *The Best of the World* (iplay), Catarina Pereira and Filipa Azevedo sang "Carousel Paper."
* From the soundtrack album for *Love Spell* (BSO) (Lighthouse Music), Catarina Pereira sang "Mais que Perfeito"
* On the album *Feelings* (BSO) (Lighthouse Music) Catarina Pereira sang "Believe Me".
Zach Blair

**Zach Blair** (born December 26, 1974) is the lead guitarist and co-composer for Chicago-based hardcore punk band Rise Against. Before joining Rise Against in early 2007, Blair was a member of hardcore punk group called Only Crime along with his brother, Doni Blair who currently plays with the Toadies. He has also been a 2nd touring guitarist for The Loved Ones and was the 2nd guitarist on the instrumental band "The Mag Seven's" album "The Future Is Ours, If You Can Count".

Blair is a vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with the other members of Rise Against. Their newest release, *Appeal to Reason* is Rise Againsts' first album with Blair.

## References
Captain Planet and the Planeteers

***Captain Planet and the Planeteers***, also known as simply ***Captain Planet***, is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer. The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until May 11, 1996. A second series, *The New Adventures of Captain Planet*, ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions. Both programs continue today in syndication.

## Related pages
*Captain Planet
Led Zeppelin (album)

***Led Zeppelin*** is the first album from English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on 12 January 1969. The album was recorded in 1968 and is notable for being one of the most influential albums of all time, especially inspiring future heavy metal and hard rock bands. The album did not get good reviews by critics in 1969 but the album still sold many copies, today, the album is generally seen as a rock classic. 
On the album, guitarist and producer Jimmy Page used many different techniques to get a unique sound. For example, he recorded the instruments from far away instead of putting the microphone right in front of the amplifier or drum set, this gives a different sound, like it sounds in the room when it was played. https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print 

## Song listing
## Other websites 
Official website
Early Christianity

**Early Christianity** is known as the Christianity of around the three centuries (1st, 2nd, 3rd, early 4th) between the time of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c.26-36) and  the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

Since the 19th century, historians have learned more about the early Christian community. Books written early in the time period, such as the Didache (in second-millennium copies) and the Gospel of Thomas (in two manuscripts dated as early as about 200 and 340) as well as parts from the Jewish-Christian Gospels have been found again in the last 200 years

## History
At the beginning of Christian history, the church was in Jerusalem, in an "upper room" perhaps where the Cenacle is today, and leaders included James, Peter, and John. The major source for the Apostolic Age (c.30-c.100) is the *Acts of the Apostles*. Following the Great Commission, the missionary actions of the Apostles, including Paul of Tarsus who said the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles", spread Christianity to cities in the Hellenistic world, such as Alexandria and Antioch, and also to Rome and even beyond the Roman Empire. The term "Christian" was first applied to members of the church at Antioch according to . The New Testament includes letters written by Paul to churches, such as those in Thessalonica and Corinth, during the years 50-62, see also Seven Churches of Asia. Early Christians continued the Jewish practice of respect for the Jewish Scriptures, using the Septuagint translation of Hellenistic Judaism that was in general use among Greek-speakers, or the Targums in use among Aramaic-speakers, but added to it their own writings.

## References
Sawfly

A **sawfly** is an insect belonging to suborder **Symphyta** of the order Hymenoptera. The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.

Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause  economic damage to forests and cultivated plants. 

As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.

## Xyelidae 
The **Xyelidae** is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record. They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago. 

Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. *Pinus* and *Abies*), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.

## References
Hops

**Hops** are the flowers of the hop plant, which are in the humulus genus. Hops look like little cones, and are used to make beer. They give the beer a  flavor. They have been used to make beer for many centuries, and were used by the Romans in the Roman Empire. 

## References
White Australia policy

The **White Australia Policy** was the name given to laws that stopped non-white immigrants from living or working in Australia. The laws were put in place in 1901 and were repealed between 1949 and 1973.

White people are ugly and have no culture.
## Overview
In the 1850s, many Chinese people, mainly men, came to Australia to search for gold. This led to anti-Chinese riots on the goldfields at Lambing Flat in New South Wales and at the Buckland River diggings in Victoria. 

The Victorian government tried to stop more Chinese people from arriving by charging a special tax of £10 for every Chinese person who came on a ship to Victoria. In 1861, New South Wales passed laws to stop Chinese people coming, followed by Queensland in 1877 and Western Australia in 1886. 

Later, mostly Melanesian men from the Pacific Islands called "kanakas", were "blackbirded" to Australia to work on the sugarcane farms in Queensland. That also caused problems because they worked for much lower wages than other people. The government wanted to keep Australia that way, which influenced on the type of people living in Australia. 

By 2001, about 6% of people in Australia were Asian, and about 2% were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Many Australians claimed to have fathers from Europe.  In 2018, overall, about 76% of Australians and 95% of the country's leaders were of European descent.

## Immigration Restriction Act   
The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) listed who could come into to Australia and who could not. Anyone who wanted to come to Australia had to be literate (able to read and write). They had to pass a diction test to prove that they were literate. This required them to write down something that a government official read to them in a European language. It did not have to be in a language that they understood. 

For example, to keep out people from Malta, they were given the test in Dutch. 

The laws allowed the government to give this dictation test to any immigrant during their first year living in Australia. In 1932, that was changed to the first five years, and the test could be given many times. It was a very difficult test. From 1902 to 1909, it was given to 1359 people, and only 52 (3.8%) passed. 

In 1973, Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam finally passed a law that said Australian immigration officers should "totally disregard race" in considering migrants. However, Whitlam took in less migrants in total, and the number of migrants from outside Europe did not increase until Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser came to power.

## Related pages
*Racism
*Racism in Australia
*White people in Australia

## Other websites
* Scanned copy of the Immigration Restriction Act (1901) 

## References
Alberto Núñez Feijoo

**Alberto Núñez Feijoo** (born September 10, 1961) is a Spanish politician. He was elected President of the People's Party and Leader of the Opposition in 2022. He was the 7th and current President of the Regional Government of Galicia since 2009 until 2022. He was the leader of the Galician People's Party, the main conservative political party which defeated the socialists in the elections of 2009 and again in the elections of 2012.

Feijoo is a strong admirer of Manuel Fraga, although he does not govern Galicia in the same manner.

Núñez Feijoo studied law in Santiago de Compostela. He is married to the journalist Carmen Gámir.

His party had the most votes on the 2023 Spanish general election, but could not find enough allies to form a government. His rival Pedro Sánchez could form a government on November.

## References
Swastika

The **Swastika** is a cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either left-facing or right-facing forms. It is a widely-used religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The symbol was also used in pre-Christian Europe. The word "Swastika" became part of the English language in the nineteenth century with the British conquest of India. In the 1920s, the Nazi party chose the swastika as its symbol and it is for this association that it is best known in the Western world.

## Religious use
The Swastika is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It is also a sign of spiritual purity. The swastika was a letter in the ancient Sanskrit language. It meant luck or  well being.

## In Nazi Germany
The swastika was a symbol used by the Nazi Party in Germany, and later by the Third Reich.  Adolf Hitler chose it as the symbol of the German Workers Party after he joined.  Before Hitler, members had already worn swastika armbands. (They believed they were adopting an ancient European symbol; they were seemingly unaware of its continued use in the East.)  Hitler was responsible for its red, white and black coloring. From 1935 – 1945 it was used on the German flag.

## Naming dispute
Since at least the early 2000s, Hindus, Buddhists and Jains have become more and more upset and annoyed to see their holy symbol being used as a badge of hatred by racists and neo-Nazis. One way that they have tried to  their symbol as one of peace and good fortune is to try to encourage use its name in German, *Hakenkreuz* (hooked cross), when writing about the Nazis' version of it. (Although the Asian religions usually show the symbol in vertical/horizontal  and the Nazis usually showed it diagonally, neither group, especially the Nazis, did so .) As of 2022, it does not seem that this campaign has achieved success. The Western media continue to use the name "swastika" when writing about neo-Nazi use of the symbol.
## Gallery

Image:HinduSwastika.svg|The Hindu Swastika
File:Treu Deutsch Nr. 11 12 10. September 1918 Nachrichten des Deutschen Volksrates Einheit völkischer Verbände Herausgegeben von Dr. Heinrich Pudor. Hakenkreuz early swastika Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig (City Museum) 2015 adjusted.jpg|Heinrich Pudor's *völkisch* *Treu Deutsch* ('True German') 1918 with a swastika. From the collections of Leipzig City Museum.
File:ParteiabzeichenGold.jpeg|Golden Party Badge of the Nazi Party with a black swastika rotated 45 degrees on a white disc. 
Image:Swastik4.svg|The Jain Swastika
Image:Swastika solarsymbol.svg|The Solar Swastika
File:Thule-Gesellschaft.svg |Adapted "Sun Cross", official symbol of the *völkisch* German Faith Movement (19341945)
File:Buddhist Swastika with 24 Beads.svg|Swastika with 24 beads, primarily used in Malaysian Buddhism
File:Mosaic_with_geometric_patterns,_Roman_Ruins_of_Milreu,_a_luxurious_rural_villa,_transformed_into_a_prosperous_farm_in_the_3rd_century,_Portugal_(12742293813).jpg|Meandering swastika has been used for thousands of years

## References 
## Other websites 
* The History of the Swastika
Led Zeppelin II

***Led Zeppelin II*** is the second album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on October 22, 1969, it was recorded in 1969 in many different studios. The album sounds a lot like the first album with a few hard rock songs and blues covers, but they also did some new things with the love song "Thank You" and the drum solo "Moby Dick". The most famous song from the album is "Whole Lotta Love", the riff is one of the most well known in the rock genre. Guitarist and producer Jimmy Page worked with engineer Eddie Kramer to create many unusual sounds, for example, on "Whole Lotta Love", they used a technique known as backward echoing.

## Song listing
## Sources 
*Jimmy Page's recording techniques 

## Other websites 
Official website
Priscilla Ahn

**Priscilla Ahn** (born March 9, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter. 

In 2008, Blue Note Reco.rds released her first full-length album, *A Good Day*.  Ahn went on a national tour that June.  Ahn has toured with Willie Nelson, Amos Lee, Ray LaMontagne, Devotchka and Joshua Radin.  Ahn's songs have been on television shows and movies.  She has made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dancing with the Stars and NPR. 

## Discography
### Albums
### EPs
* Priscilla Ahn (2007, self-released)
* Live Session (2008, iTunes)
* In A Tree (2009)
* Sweet Hearts (2012, With Charlie Wadhams)
* Waiting (2021)

### Singles
*"Dream" (2008, Blue Note)
*"I'll Never Smile Again" (2009)
*"I Am Strong" by Tiësto featuring vocals by Priscilla Ahn (2009)
*"Where The Leaf Starts To Fall" featuring Taiwanese music band Sodagreen (2013)
*"從一片落葉開始 (It Began With A Fallen Leaf)" by Sodagreen featuring vocals by Priscilla Ahn (2013)

### Music videos
*"Dream"
*"Red Cape"
*"Vibe So Hot"
*"I Don't Have Time To Love"
*"When You Grow Up"
*"Torch Song"
*"Home"
*"Remember How I Broke Your Heart"
*"Leave It Open"

### Compilation appearances
**His Way, Our Way (Sinatra Tribute)*
**The Hotel Café presents Winter Songs- Silent Night*  featured on *ER *

### Contributions
*Vocals and Piano on Joshua Radin's *We Were Here*, Columbia, 2006 (as Priscilla Hartranft)
*Vocals on Amos Lee's *Supply and Demand*, Blue Note Records, 2006
*Vocals on Joshua Radin's EP *Unclear Sky*: "The Fear You Won't Fall", 2006
*Vocals on Joshua Radin's *Underwater*: "Let It Go", "The Greenest Grass", 2012.
*Vocals on William Fitzsimmons' *The Sparrow and the Crow*, Mercer Street, 2008
*Vocals on Cary Brothers' Vol. 1 EP  *Maps*, 2012
*Vocals on Ashtar Command *American Sunshine*: "The Breakup Song", "Rosa", "All the Stars in Heaven", 2011
*Vocals on TV on the Radio's *Nine Types of Light*: "Will Do", 2011
*Vocals on Amos Lee's *Mission Bell*: "Stay With Me", 2011

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Led Zeppelin III

***Led Zeppelin III*** is the third album from the band Led Zeppelin, released on October 22, 1970. Many of the songs were written while Jimmy Page and Robert Plant visited a cottage in Wales, in a place called Bron-Yr-Aur. The musicians were inspired by the Welsh countryside, and because of this, many songs on the album are written in the style of folk and country. This upset many fans at the time who said that the band should focus on making more rock music, but there were still some rock songs on the album, such as "Immigrant Song" and "Celebration Day”.

## Song listing
## Sources 
*Jimmy Page interview on Led Zeppelin III 

## Other websites 
*Official website
Phoney War

, Poland, celebrate at the British embassy there just after the British declared war on Nazi Germany.]]

The **Phoney War** was a name for the eight months during World War II from the invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the invasion of France in May 1940. 

During that time, there were no major military operations in Europe. The United Kingdom and France declared war after Poland was invaded and started blockade against Nazi Germany, which did likewise by declaring war and blockade. The Battle of the Atlantic had begun in which German submarines destroyed many British ships. The British Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain. 

In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. Both the Allies and the Axis restarted large-scale fighting against each other. Britain and France needed many weapons quickly and so they began to buy them from American weapon companies. The Americans remained neutral but helped Britain and France by selling weapons cheaply and then by the Lend-Lease program of military equipment and supplies.
Squeeze (band)

**Squeeze** are a British rock/new wave band from London.  They were active from 1974 to 1982 and 1985 to 1999. They reunited in 2007.
Jason Bonham

**Jason John Bonham** (born 15 July 1966) is an English rock drummer who is noted for being the son of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, as well for his own music. He has played with bands like Foreigner and UFO, and he has also played with the surviving members Led Zeppelin on several band reunions, such as the reunion in 2007 at the London 02 Arena. He has a close relationship with former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, and they have toured together in the 80's when Page released his solo album, Outrider. In 2010, Bonham will be working with his new band, Black Country.

## Other websites 
*Official website

## Sources 
*Bonham in Black Country
Houses of the Holy

***Houses of the Holy*** is the fifth album from rock band Led Zeppelin, released on March 28 1973, but recorded in 1972. This album has many different music styles on it, like reggae, funk, acoustic songs and folk-like rock songs. Many fans and critics thought when the album was released, that it was not as good as the album they made two years earlier, Led Zeppelin IV, but today it is seen as one of their best albums. Songs like "The Song Remains the Same", "No Quarter", "Over the Hills and Far Away" and "The Rain Song" were performed for almost all tours after the release of the album. "The Song Remains the Same" is also the title of their 1976 movie, but recorded in 1973 and 1974.

## Song listing
## Other websites 
official website 
## Sources 
Houses of the Holy info
Avalon (song)

"**Avalon**" is a popular jazz song. It was written by Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose in 1920. It was first recorded by Jolson and used in the musicals *Sinbad* and *Bombo*. Jolson's version became #2 on the American singles chart. It is possible that Rose wrote the song alone, and that Jolson's name was used in the credits because he was a popular artist and helped make the song popular.

The melody at the beginning of the song was taken from Giacomo Puccini's opera *Tosca*, and Rose changed it only a little. Because of this, a court later decided that Jolson and Rose had to pay Puccini's publishers $25,000 and all later profits from the song.

## Notes
Radiolaria

**Radiolaria** are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO2), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called *endoplasm* and *ectoplasm*. 

Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as **radiolarian ooze**. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

## Structure 
The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or *test*. Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.

|Radiolaria skeletons, artificial colouring.
File:Haeckel Cyrtoidea.jpg|Radiolarian shells are extremely varied. This is just one family, the Cyrtoidea.
File:Radiolaria.jpg|Shows the cells inside the shells (Report of the Challenger Expedition 1873-76)
File:Marine-microfossils-major hg.jpg|Important fossils in marine sediments are the hard parts of single celled organisms. Their shells are made out of silica (**radiolaria** (a, 350µm) and diatoms (b, 50µm); or out of calcium carbonate (foraminifera (c, 400µm) and coccoliths (d, 15µm).

## Other websites 
* NHM rotating glass model

## References
Bobby Dodd

**Robert "Bobby" Lee Dodd** (November 11, 1908 – June 21, 1988) was an American college football coach at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). He was  to the College Football Hall of Fame as a player and coach. He is one of only three people to have done this. In the games that Dodd started at Tennessee, they had a record of 27–1–2.

Dodd played a major role in one famous game. During his  year, in a game against Alabama, "Dodd threw a touchdown pass in that game to tie Alabama, 13–13. Then he punted out of bounds inside the Alabama 1-yard line and Tennessee got a safety on the next play to win, 15–13."

Another time in Dodd's playing career showed the thinking he would use in his coaching career. "Against Florida in 1930 he got his teammates in a huddle and told them about a play he had used in high school. When the ball was snapped, it was placed on the ground unattended. The players ran in one direction. Then the center returned, picked up the ball, and waltzed to the winning touchdown." He was elected in the same year as teammate Herman Hickman.

## Coach
Dodd had a 165–64–8 record as head coach at Georgia Tech. He led Georgia Tech to two Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships (1951 and 1952) and one national championship in 1952. While he was coach, Tech played in 13 major bowl games. The school won 9 of these games, including six in a row from 1951 to 1956. His team had a 31-game winning  from 1951 to 1953. He did not believe in hard physical practices. Instead, he liked practices that were about the small s of football. Dodd's ideas led to winning. He set the record for career wins at Tech at 165 career coaching wins including a 31-game winning streak from 1951–1953.  This 8–game winning streak is still the longest winning streak for either side in the series. The feud began when Tech was visiting the Tide at Denny Stadium in 1961. After a Georgia Tech punt, Alabama fair-caught the ball. Chick Granning of Georgia Tech was running down to tackle the  of the punt, but relaxed after the signal for the fair catch. Darwin Holt of Alabama continued play and hit his elbow into Granning's face. This caused severe breaks in Granning's face, a broken nose, and blood-filled sinuses. Granning became unconscious and suffered a severe concussion. These injuries left him unable to play football ever again. Dodd sent Bryant a letter asking Bryant to  Holt. Dodd felt that Holt injured Granning . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1959 and as a coach in 1993. The Bobby Dodd Institute is a group that helps people with disabilities; it is named in honor of Dodd for his help to the disabled.

## References
Walnut Hills High School

**Walnut Hills High School** is a high school in Cincinnati, Ohio. According to Newsweek, Walnut Hills is the best school in Ohio. It helps prepare you for college. The school colors are blue and gold. The motto is "*Sursum ad summum*", which is Latin for "Rise to the Highest". The mascot is the eagle, and the sports teams are known as "The Eagles". They have a newspaper that comes out every month and have a magazine that comes out every year. 

They hold Over 50 State championships in varying sports and 2 national Championships.  

{US-geo-stub}}
Winnipeg Jets

The **Winnipeg Jets** are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. The team plays in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada at Canada Life Centre. They were founded in 2011 when the Atlanta Thrashers were bought by Winnipeg-based company, True North Sports and Entertainment and were moved back to Winnipeg. The team announced the *Winnipeg Jets* as their name when they selected 7th in the first round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft on June 25, 2011. Kevin Cheveldayoff was named its first General Manager on June 8, 2011 and Claude Noel was named the new head coach of the Jets on June 23, 2011.

The original Winnipeg Jets played in the NHL from 1972 to 1996. This team is now known as the Arizona Coyotes.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Intensity (physics)

In Physics, **intensity** can usually be understood as the strength of something like a beam of light while Intensity in general refers to the amount of light that is falling at a point. To figure out (i.e., compute) the exact intensity of a beam of light or a fire hose spraying water, we need to know how many units of light or water are coming to some area in some period of time. A factory might have an "intensity" of 100 cars per day delivered to the loading dock. A fire hose might have an intensity of 100 buckets of water per minute per open window of a certain size in a burning building. 

Usually, when talking about intensity, you are talking about the amount of energy of particles or radiation per unit area. Since each particle spreads out from the source in a sphere, the area is measured as the surface area of this sphere, or 4 \pi r^2, where r is the distance from the source to the observer.
Wrongful life

**Wrongful life** is a legal action in which someone is sued for not stopping the birth of a  disabled child.  In this type of lawsuit a child and the parents will sue a doctor or a hospital.  The doctor or hospital is sued for not giving information about the disability during the pregnancy.  The doctor or hospital may have not provided all the information on a genetic case before the pregnancy.  The parents argue that if the mother had known this information, she would have had an abortion, or chosen not to become pregnant at all.

In the past, only parents could sue for their *own* damages the occurred as a result of the birth of a disabled child (e.g., the mother's own pregnancy medical bills and cost of psychiatric treatment for both parents' emotional  resulting from becoming aware that their child was disabled).  This cause of action is known as wrongful birth.  But the child could not sue for his or her own damages, which were often much more in terms of money and harm.

In four U.S. states, the child is allowed to start a wrongful life cause of action for damages.  In 1982, the Supreme Court of California was the first state supreme court to permit the child's right to sue for wrongful life, but in the same decision, limited the child's recovery to special damages.  

Most other jurisdictions, including England and Ontario, have not allowed the wrongful life cause of action.

## Related pages
*Wrongful birth
*Wrongful abortion
*Bioethics

## References 
## Further reading 
* Appel, Jacob M.  Physicians, Wrongful Life and the Constitution, *Medicine & Health, Rhode Island* Volume 87, Number 2.  February 2004.  Retrieved October 28, 2008.

## Other websites 
*Sydney Morning Herald article from May 2004
*Article on wrongful life in the Cornell Law Review.
Led Zeppelin IV

***Led Zeppelin IV*** is the fourth album from the rock band Led Zeppelin. The real title of the album is , but since it's impossible to say these symbols, it is normal just to say Led Zeppelin IV. Some people also say ***The fourth album***, '***Zoso****, ***Symbols*** or simply call it ***Untitled'''''. It was released on November 8, 1971 and recorded at a big house called Headley Grange in 1971. The album received widespread acclaim, and is considered the band's most famous and most successful album. It also has their best known song, "Stairway to Heaven". For this album, the band used many different genres and recording techniques, they had rock and roll songs, acoustic songs and heavy blues songs. Many fans and critics considered "Stairway to Heaven" to be one of the best songs of all time, if not the greatest, as well as the album itself. There are also many other notable songs on the album, "Rock and Roll" was played in almost every concert the band did after the release of the album, while songs such as "Black Dog and "Going to California" were played for most of the shows. All of the songs have become regulars on American rock radio.

## The four symbols 
For this album, the band chose to not have a normal name for their album, so that people would just listen to the music without caring about the title and get wrong expectations. Jimmy Page got the idea that each member of the band should choose their own symbol to represent them on the album title. Each band member have been closely associated with their symbol during and after the career of Led Zeppelin, and they have all used them after the release of the album. For example, John Bonham used to have the three rings on his bass drum and Jimmy Page has used the Zoso symbol on his amplifier as recent as the reunion concert in 2007 at the London 02 Arena.

## Track listing
### Original release
### Deluxe edition (2014)
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV
Baked Alaska

**Baked Alaska** is a dessert made of ice cream on top of slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding and covered with meringue. The whole dessert is then baked in a very hot oven for just long enough to cook the meringue.  The meringue is a good insulator, and the short cooking time prevents the heat from getting through to the ice cream.

Its name, but not the recipe, was made at Delmonico's Restaurant in 1867 to honour the new American territory of Alaska.

## Variations
A slightly changed dessert called **Bombe Alaska** came from Noel, Alaska. Some dark rum is splashed over the Baked Alaska, and the whole dessert is flambéed while being served.

## References
Dean Koontz

**Dean Koontz** (born July 9, 1945 in Everett, Pennsylvania) is a writer from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. He is known for writing in the suspense thriller genre. Many of his books have been New York Times Bestsellers.

## Other websites
*
Everett, Pennsylvania

**Everett** is a borough in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The population is 1,765 as of the 2020 census.

Writer Dean Koontz was born here.

## References
Christmas pudding

**Christmas pudding** or **plum pudding** is a steamed dessert that originated in the 1420s and is served on Christmas Day (December 25). It tastes like steamed pudding, with lots of dried fruits and nuts, and made with suet (animal fat). It is eaten in large amounts during the Christmas holidays. It is a traditional food to have at Christmas.

## Other websites
*Christmas pudding Nutrition facts
Nordic skiing

**Nordic skiing** is a sport in the Winter Olympics.  It is called that because it comes from the Nordic countries.  It includes cross-country skiing, which involves skiing over very long distances.  It also involves ski jumping.
Anna Bergendahl

**Anna Henrietta Bergendahl** (born December 11, 1991) in Katrineholm, Sweden is a singer. She was a contestant on *Swedish Idol 2008.* Bergendahl won Melodifestivalen 2010 and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo.  However, her song did not qualify.

## References 
## Other websites
United States Football League

The **United States Football League** was a football league in the 1980s. The spring and summer is when the USFL would play football. Entrepreneur Donald Trump owned some parts of the league. John Bassett was the late owner of the Tampa Bay Bandits, of the USFL.

## Other websites 
* History
Gene McEver

**Eugene T. "Gene" McEver** (September 15, 1908 - July 12, 1985) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee. He was born in Bristol, Virginia in 1908. 

## Playing career 
McEver was the first ever All American for the Tennessee Volunteers football team. He played for them in 1928, 1929, and 1931 for coach Robert Neyland. McEver missed the 1930 season with a knee injury. McEver scored 130 points for the Volunteers in 1929, helping them to a 9-0-1 record. The total led the NCAA in scoring that year. That total is still the record for most points in one year at Tennessee. McEver also holds the record for career scoring at Tennessee among non-kickers.

McEver finished his career with 44 touchdowns and 12 points after touchdown for 276 points. He was named to the All-Southern team in 1928, 1929, and 1931, with teammates Bobby Dodd and Herman Hickman. McEver was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.

## Coaching career 
McEver coached at Davidson College in North Carolina from 1937 through 1943. His record there was 16-43-4. McEver also coached the University of North Carolina to a 1-7-1 record in 1944. He was an assistant coach at Virginia Tech from 1944 to 47.

## Sources 
* College Football Hall of Fame Bio 
* 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide
Whistler, British Columbia

**Whistler** is a village in the British Columbian province of Canada. The population as of 2021 is 13,982 and the mayor of Whistler is Jack Crompton. It is located on the Sea to Sky Highway (Highway 99), which goes from the Peace Arch Border Crossing in Surrey, British Columbia to the Cariboo Highway (Highway 97) 10 kilometres north of Cache Creek, British Columbia. Over two million people visit Whistler annually, and it is usually for alpine skiing and mountain biking at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort. Whistler was the host Mountain Resort of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympic Games.

## Other websites
*Whistler's Official website
*Whistler Tourism
Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award

The **Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award** is a college football award given every year to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision head coach whose team does well on the field, in the classroom, and in the community.  The award is named for Bobby Dodd.  Dodd was head football coach at Georgia Tech.  The award was made in 1976 to honor the values that Dodd held.  Coaches who win the award are chosen by a committee of college football experts and all previous winners.  The winner is announced during half-time of the Chick-fil-A Bowl on December 31 in Atlanta, Georgia.   A formal presentation is held later, usually on the university campus of the winner.

## Winners
Only Joe Paterno of Penn State has received the award twice, in 1981 and in 2005.  Four schools have had two different coaches given the award: Michigan with Bo Schembechler in 1977 and Lloyd Carr in 2007; Air Force with Ken Hatfield in 1983 and Fisher DeBerry in 1985, Georgia Tech with Bobby Ross in 1990 and George O'Leary in 2000 and TCU with Jim Wacker in 1984 and Gary Patterson in 2009.
 

## Other websites
* Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation official website
Bundeswehr

The **Bundeswehr** (German for "Federal Defence Force"; ) are the military of Germany. The Bundeswehr has a military part (Streitkräfte) and a civil part, with the military part having the Army, Navy, Air Force, Joint Support Service, Joint Medical Service and Cyber and Information Domain Service.

The Heer (Army), Marine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) form one unified force, not three separate fighting forces. And two smaller ones: *Joint Support Service* (Streitkräftebasis) and *Joint Medical Service* (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst).

In peace-time the commander-in-chief is the Federal Minister of Defence, and in wartime the Chancellor of Germany. This is unlike most countries where the head of state is commander in chief.

In March 2012, there were about 207,000 soldiers serving in the Bundeswehr; there are another 200,000 in reserve. Conscription for the Bundeswehr has been abolished in July 2011.

## Related pages
* NATO
* Luftwaffe
* Wehrmacht

## Sources
Shane Mosley

**Shane Andre Mosley** (born September 7, 1971) is a retired American professional boxer from Pomona, California. Mosley has held world titles in three weight divisions.  He held the IBF Lightweight Championship, WBC & WBA (Super) Welterweight Championships and WBC, WBA (Super) & *The Ring* Light Middleweight Championships.

## References 
* official website 
* Sugar Shane Mosley record
Craftsman

**Craftsman** may refer to:

* Someone who practices a craft
* Craftsman architecture, a style of architecture
* Craftsman Truck Series, a race for trucks
Penalty shoot-out

A **penalty shootout** in association football is a way of deciding who wins match if both teams have scored the same number of goals.

If the score is a draw after 90 minutes, usually the teams will play an extra 30 minutes of extra time. If the score is still equal, then a penalty shootout takes place. Usually each team takes five penalties each, and the team who scores the most wins. If both teams are equal after these penalties, then each team will take one more penalty until one team is ahead.

Penalty shootouts are normally only used in cup matches, and not league matches. If nobody wins in a league match, both teams get one point for the draw. In a cup match often a winner is needed to go to the next round.

Many famous cup finals have been won by penalty shootouts, like the 2006 World Cup final, the 2005 UEFA Champions League final and the 1994 World Cup final.

## Sources 
FIFA laws of the game
University of Mississippi

The **University of Mississippi** (also called **Ole Miss**) is a university with its main campus in Lafayette County, Mississippi, just outside the city limits of Oxford. Most of its academic programs in the health sciences are housed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in the state capital of Jackson. The college was founded in 1848.  Its sports teams, called the Rebels, play in the Southeastern Conference.

## History
In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi. He attempted to enter campus on September 20, on September 25, and again on September 26.  He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, who said, "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor."  The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson, Jr. in contempt, with fines of more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll.

Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent U.S. Marshals. On September 30, 1962, Meredith entered the campus under their escort. Students and other whites began rioting that evening, throwing rocks and then shooting guns at the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith. Two people were killed; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds; and 160 others were injured. After the Mississippi Highway Patrol withdrew from the campus, President John F. Kennedy sent regular US Army forces to the campus to quell the riot.  Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived.

## References
## Other websites
* Ole Miss website
Bloodhound Gang

**Bloodhound Gang** is a comedy rock band from Pennsylvania. Many of their songs have humorous rap and sexual innuendo. They are best known for their hit singles "Fire Water Burn" and "The Bad Touch". Formed in 1992, their music style slowly changed from rap to alternative rock. The Bloodhound Gang has sold more than 6 million albums.

## Members 
### Final line-up 
Jimmy Pop – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, songwriter (1991-2015)

Evil Jared Hasselhoff – bass guitar (1995-2015)

Q-Ball – turntables, keyboard, backing vocals (1995-2015)

The Yin – drums, percussion (2006-2015)

Daniel P. Carter - lead guitar (2009-2015)

### Former members 
Foof – vocals (1992)

Bubba K. Love – drums (1992-1993)

Daddy Long Legs – vocals, bass guitar (1992-1995)

M.S.G. – turntables (1993-1995)

Skip O'Pot2Mus – drums (1993-1995)

Tard-E-Tard – turntables (1995)

Spanky G – drums (1995-1998)

Lupus Thunder - lead guitar (1994-2008)

Willie The New Guy – drums (1999-2006)

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References
Jersey Shore (TV series)

***Jersey Shore*** is an MTV reality series that features eight housemates who spend their summers in New Jersey and partying in their beach house and working at a store. Season 1 was shot in Seaside Heights, New Jersey and season 2 was shot in Miami, Florida. The cast later returned to Seaside Heights for Season 3 with a new cast member Deena. MTV has later reported that Season 4 of *Jersey Shore* will be filmed in Italy during spring and summer 2011. Also, cast members Snooki and JWoww have a spinoff show. The show has brought a lot of controversy about its use of the slang word "guido/guidette" and how they portray Italian American stereotypes. Despite this, the show has brought record high ratings for MTV, making it the network's most viewed reality show ever. MTV announced that they were going to cancel the series after 6 seasons.
 
## Cast members
* **Angelina "Jolie" Pivarnick** (Season 1–2), a New York City bartender
* **Jenni "JWoww" Farley** (Season 1–6), graphic designer and club promoter from Franklin Square, New York
* **Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino** (Season 1–6), assistant manager of a fitness center in Staten Island, New York
* **Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi** (Season 1–6), aspiring veterinary technician from Marlboro, New York
* **Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio** (Season 1–6), disc jockey from Johnston, Rhode Island
* **Ronnie Ortiz-Magro** (Season 1–6), tries not to fall in love at the Jersey Shore
* **Sammi "Sweetheart" Giancola** (Season 1–6), entered for the sole intent of having fun
* **Vinny Guadagnino** (Season 1–6), entered to enjoy his first summer as a 21-year-old
* **Deena Nicole Cortese** (Season 3–6), a friend of Polizzi's from New Egypt, New Jersey, who auditioned for Season 1 and was cast but had to leave before filming due to personal issues. She was going to be part of season 3 if Angelina left or not. There is a common misconception that she was a replacement.

## References
## Other websites
*Jersey Shore's Official MTV website 
*
The Unraveling

***The Unraveling*** is the  album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. Released on April 24, 2001 and produced by punk producer Mass Giorgini. It is the only Rise Against studio album where frontman Tim McIlrath does only lead vocals and does not play guitar. Two songs, "My Life Inside Your Heart" and "The Art of Losing" were used for the unreleased Dreamcast game Propeller Arena.

## Track listing 
# "Alive and Well" – 2:06
# "My Life Inside Your Heart" – 3:02
# "Great Awakening" – 1:35
# "Six Ways 'Till Sunday" – 2:36
# "401 Kill" – 3:19
# "The Art of Losing" – 1:50
# "Remains of Summer Memories" – 1:17
# "The Unraveling" – 3:12
# "Reception Fades" – 2:10
# "Stained Glass and Marble" – 1:36
# "Everchanging" – 3:47
# "Sometimes Selling Out Is Giving Up" – 1:09
# "3 Day Weekend" – 1:03
# "1000 Good Intentions" – 3:07
# "Weight of Time" – 2:00
# "Faint Resemblance" – 2:51

### Bonus tracks 
# "Join the Ranks"* – 1:26
# "Gethsemane"* – 2:30
Targovishte

**Targovishte** is a town in the northeastern part of Bulgaria. It is a capital of Targovishte Province. It is 125&nbsp;km to the west of the Black Sea. About 37,000 people live in the town.
Mississippi State University

**Mississippi State University** is a university in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, just outside the city limits of Starkville.  It has 22,649 students and has the largest single-campus enrollment of any college in the state of Mississippi. (The University of Mississippi has more total students, but almost all of its health science programs are housed in its medical center in Jackson instead of its main campus near Oxford.)

The college was opened in 1878 as a land-grant university.  Its sports teams, nicknamed Bulldogs, play in the Southeastern Conference.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Official sports website
The Gits

**The Gits** was a punk rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1986 and disbanded in 1993 after the mysterious murder of their lead singer Mia Zapata. Joan Jett who is a long time fan of The Gits wrote a song entitled "Go Home" which was inspired by the death of Mia Zapata.

The band's original name was *"Snivelling Little Rat Faced Gits"* which was named after a Monty Python skit but they later shortened it to *The Gits*.

## Discography
* *Frenching the Bully* (C/Z Records) (1992). 
** (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003) 
* *Enter: The Conquering Chicken* (C/Z Records) (1993). 
** (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003) 
* *Kings & Queens* (Broken Rekids) (1996) 
* *Seafish Louisville* (Broken Rekids) (2000) 
* *Best of The Gits* (Liberation) (2008)

## Other websites 
*The Gits Official Site 
*The Gits Site (Spanish)