José S Carrión

**José S Carrión** (Jumilla 1962) is a Spanish scientist, editor, science and cultural columnist and poet. His main research interest deals with the relationships between hominins and plants from a palaeoecological perspective. He has conducted and co-ordinated a number of research projects on the palaeoflora and palaeovegetation of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, ecological changes linked to patterns and processes of human and cultural evolution, eco-cultural collapses, extinctions in plants, palaeoecology and biodiversity conservation and forest management, palaeoenvironments of arid regions, pollen analysis of biogenic materials and archaeological sites, pollen analyses of honeys, aerobiological monitoring (Burkard filters), forensic palynology, and spore and pollen-morphological studies.  He is full professor of Evolutionary Botany at University of Murcia, where he leads the Research Group ECCE HOMO (Evolution, Cenozoic, Quaternary, Ecology, Homo). He is currently editor in chief of Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, and Associate Editor of Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier.

## Education 
University of Murcia: 1985. BSc Biology. *Special Distinction.* 1986: MSc Botany, Palynology. 1990: PhD Palynology. *Cum Laude and Special Distinction.*

He has been manager at the National Research Plan, Biodiversity Program in the Spanish Ministry of Economy, and participated in a number of international committees of evaluation of research activities.

## Publications 
### Articles 
Carrión,s publications
* 1992
# Carrión JS. 1992. Late Quaternary pollen sequence from Carihuela Cave, Southeastern Spain. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 71, 37-77
# Carrión JS. 1992. A palaeoecological study in the Western Mediterranean area. The Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Cova Beneito (Alicante, Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 92, 1-14
# Carrión JS, Sánchez-Gómez P. 1992. Palynological data in support of the survival of walnut (*Juglans regia* L.) in the western Mediterranean area during last glacial times. Journal of Biogeography 19, 623-630
* 1993
# Carrión JS, Delgado MJ, García M.1993. Pollen grain morphology of *Coris* (Primulaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 184, 89-100
* 1995
# Carrión JS., Dupré M, Fumanal MP, Montes R. 1995. A palaeoenvironmental study in the semiarid southeastern Spain: the palynological and sedimentological sequence at Perneras Cave (Lorca, Murcia). Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 355-367
* 1996
# Carrión JS, Dupré M.1996. Late Quaternary vegetational history at Navarrés, eastern Spain. A two core approach. New Phytologist 134, 177-191
* 1997
# Carrión JS, Munuera M. 1997. Upper Pleistocene paleoenvironmental change in eastern Spain: new pollen-analytical data from Cova Beneito (Alicante). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 128, 287-299
* 1998
# Carrión JS, Munuera M, Navarro C. 1998. The palaeoenvironment of Carihuela Cave (Granada, Spain): a reconstruction on the basis of palynological investigations of cave sediments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 99, 117-144
* 1999
# Carrión JS, Munuera M, Navarro C, Burjachs F, Dupré M, Walker M.1999. Palaeoecological potential of pollen records in caves: the case of Mediterranean Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 67-78
# Carrión JS, Scott L, Vogel J.1999. Twentieth century changes in montane vegetation in the eastern Free State, South Africa, derived from palynology of hyrax dung middens. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 1-16
# Carrión JS, Scott L.1999. The challenge of pollen analysis in palaeoenvironmental studies of hominid beds. the record from Sterkfontein Caves. Journal of Human Evolution 36, 401-408
# Carrión JS, van Geel B. 1999. Fine-resolution Upper Weichselian and Holocene palynological record from Navarrés (Valencia, Spain) and a discussion about factors of Mediterranean forest succession. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 106, 209-236
# Carrión JS, van Geel B, Navarro C, Munuera M. 1999. Evidence of an unexpected abrupt event in eastern Spain challenges existing concepts of vegetation change. South African Journal of Science 95, 44-46
* 2000
# Carrión JS, Navarro C, Navarro J, Munuera M. 2000. The interpretation of cluster pine (*Pinus pinaster*) in floristic-phytosociological classifications from a palaeoecological perspectiva. The Holocene 10, 243-252
# Carrión JS, Parra I, Navarro C, Munuera M. 2000. The past distribution and ecology of the cork oak (*Quercus suber*) in the Iberian Peninsula: a pollen-analytical approach. Diversity and Distributions 6, 29-44
# Carrión JS, Brink JS, Scott L, Binneman JNF. 2000. Palynology of Pleistocene hyena coprolites from Oyster Bay, southeastern Cape coast, South Africa: the palaeo-environment of an open-air Howieson´s Poort occurrence. South African Journal of Science 96, 449-453
# Carrión JS, Scott L, Huffman T, Dreyer C. 2000. Pollen analysis of Iron Age cow dung in southern Africa. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 9, 239-249
# Carrión JS, Andrade A, Bennett KD, Munuera M, Navarro C. 2001. Crossing forest thresholds: inertia and collapse in a Holocene pollen sequence from south-central Spain. The Holocene 11, 635-653
* 2001
# Carrión JS, Munuera M, Dupré M, Andrade A. 2001. Abrupt vegetation changes in the Segura Mountains of southern Spain during the Holocene. Journal of Ecology 89, 783-797
* 2002
# Carrión JS, Riquelme JA, Navarro C, Munuera M. 2002. Pollen in hyaena coprolites reflects late glacial landscape in southern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 176, 193- 205
# Carrión JS. 2002. A taphonomic study of modern pollen assemblages from dung and surface sediments in arid environments of Spain. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 120, 217-232
# Carrión JS. 2002. Patterns and processes of Late Quaternary environmental change in a montane region of southwestern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 2047-2066
* 2003
# Carrión JS, Sánchez-Gómez P, Mota J, Chaín C. 2003. Fire and grazing are contingent on the Holocene vegetation dynamics of Sierra de Gádor, southern Spain. The Holocene 13, 839-849
# Carrión JS, Yll, EI, Walker MJ, Legaz A, Chaín C, López A. 2003. Glacial refugia of temperate, Mediterranean and Ibero-North African flora in southeastern Spain: new evidence from cave pollen at two Neanderthal man sites. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12, 119-129
# Carrión JS. 2003. Sobresaltos en el bosque mediterráneo: Incidencia de las perturbaciones observables en una escala paleoecológica. Ecosistemas
* 2004
# Carrión JS, Yll EI, Willis KJ, Sánchez-Gómez P. 2004. Holocene forest history of the eastern plateaux in the Segura Mountains (Murcia, southeastern Spain). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 132, 219-236
* 2005
# Carrión JS, Gil-Romera G, Arribas A, Rodríguez E, García-Antón M. 2005. Palynology of badger coprolites from Central Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 226, 259-271
* 2006
# Carrión JS, Scott L, Marais E. 2006. Environmental implications of pollen spectra in bat droppings from south-eastern Spain and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 140, 175-186

# Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Fa D, Gutiérrez JM, Santiago A, Finlayson G, Allué E, Baena J, Cáceres I, Carrión JS, Fernández Jalvo Y, Gleed Owen CP, Jiménez Espejo F, López P, López Sáez JA, Riquelme JA, Sánchez Marco A, Giles Guzmán F, Brown K, Fuentes N, Valarino C, Villalpando A, Stringer CB, Martínez Ruíz F, Sakamoto T. 2006. Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 443, 850-853
* 2007
# Carrión JS, Scott L, Arribas A, Montoya E, Gil G. 2007. Pleistocene landscapes in central Iberia inferred from pollen analysis of hyena coprolitos. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 191-202

# Fernández S, Carrión JS, Fuentes N, González-Sampériz P, Montoya E, Gil Romera G, Vega Toscano LG, Riquelme JA. 2007. Palynology of Carihuela Cave, southern Spain: completing the record. Geobios 40: 75-90
# López de Heredia U, Carrión JS, Jiménez P, Collada C, Gil L. 2007. Molecular and palaeobotanical evidences of multiple glacial refugia for evergreen oaks in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Biogeography 34, 1505-1517
# Finlayson C, Carrión JS. 2007. Rapid ecological turnover and its impact on Neanderthal and other human populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (Review) 22, 213-222
# Carrión JS, Fuentes N, González Sampériz P, Sánchez Quirante L, Finlayson JC, Fernández S, Andrade A. 2007. Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 1455-1475
# Carrión JS, Finlayson C, Finlayson G, Fernández S, Allué E, López-Sáez A, López-García P, Fuentes N, Gil G, González-Sampériz P. 2008. A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 2118-2135.
* 2008
# Carrión JS, Fernández S, González-Sampériz P, Leroy SAG, López-Sáez JA, Burjachs F, Gil-Romera G, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, García-Antón M, Gil-García MJ, Parra I, Santos L, López-García P, Yll EI, Dupré M. 2009. Sterility cases and causes in Quaternary pollen analysis in the Iberian Peninsula: the advantages of reporting bad luck. Internet Archaeology. 
# López-Merino L, López-Sáez JA, Alba-Sánchez F, Pérez-Díaz S, Carrión JS. 2009. 2000 years of pastoralism and fire shaping high-altitude vegetation of Sierra de Gredos in central Spain. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 158, 42-51
* 2009
# Carrión JS, Fernández S. 2009. Taxonomic depletions and ecological disruption of the Iberian flora over 65 million years. Journal of Biogeography 36, 2023-2024
# Carrión JS, Fernández S. 2009. The survival of the ‘natural potential vegetation’ concept (or the power of tradition). Journal of Biogeography 36, 2202-2203
# Arribas A, Garrido G, Viseras C, Soria JM, Pla S, Solano JG, Garcés M, Beamud E, Carrión JS. 2009. A mammalian Lost World in southwest Europe during the Late Pliocene. PLOS ONE 4 (9): e7127. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007127
* 2010
# Carrión JS, Fernández S, Jiménez-Moreno G, Fauquette S, Gil-Romera G, González-Sampériz P, Finlayson C. 2010. The origin of the “Near West” dry lands. Journal of Arid Environments 74, 731-736
# Gil-Romera G, Carrión JS, Pausas J, Fernández S, Burjachs F. 2010. Holocene fire activity and vegetation response in South-Eastern Iberia. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1082-1092
# Carrión JS, Leroy S. 2010. Iberian floras through time: land of diversity and survival. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162: 227-230. Special issue: Carrión JS, Leroy S (Eds), Iberian Floras through Time: Land of Diversity and Survival.
# González-Sampériz P, Leroy S, Carrión JS, García-Antón M, Gil-García MJ, Figueiral I. 2010. Steppes, savannahs and botanic gardens during the Pleistocene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162: 427-457. Special issue: Carrión JS, Leroy S (Eds), Iberian Floras through Time: Land of Diversity and Survival
# Carrión JS, Fernández S, González-Sampériz P, Gil-Romera G, Badal E, Carrión-Marco Y, López-Merino L, López-Sáez JA, Fierro E, Burjachs F. 2010. Expected trends and surprises in the Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation history of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162: 458-475. Special issue: Carrión JS, Leroy S (Eds), Iberian Floras through Time: Land of Diversity and Survival
# Carrión JS. 2010. The concepts of potential natural vegetation and other abstractions (trying to pick up fish with wet hands). Journal of Biogeography 37: 2209-2215. 
* 2011
# Carrión JS, Rose J, Stringer C. 2011. Early human evolution in the western Palaearctic: ecological scenarios. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1281-1295.
# Anderson S, Jiménez-Moreno G, Carrión JS, Pérez-Martínez C. 2011. Postglacial history of alpine vegetation, fire, and climate from Laguna de Río Seco, Sierra Nevada, southern Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 13-14, 1615-1629
# Finlayson C, Carrión JS, Brown K, Finlayson G, Sánchez-Marco A, Fa D, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Giles-Pacheco F, Fernández S, Fierro E, Bernal-Gómez M. 2011. The Homo habitat niche: using the avian fossil record to depict ecological characteristics of Palaeolithic Eurasian hominins. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1525-1532.
# Finlayson C, Monclova A, Carrión JS, Fa D, Finlayson G, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Fierro E, Fernández S, Bernal-Gómez M, Giles-Pacheco, F. 2012. Ecological transitions– but for whom? A perspective from the Pleistocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 330, 1-9
* 2012
# Cortés M, Jiménez-Espejo F, Simón Vallejo MD, Gibaja JF, Carvalho AF, Martínez Ruiz F, Rodrigo Gamiz M, Flores JA, López JA, Peña Chocarro L, Carrión JS, Morales A, Roselló E, Riquelme JA, Dean RM, Salgueiro E, Martínez Sánchez RM, De la Rubia JJ, Lozano MC, Vera JL, Bicho NF. 2012. The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in southern Iberia. Quaternary Research 77, 221-234
# Finlayson C, Brown K, Blasco R, Rosell J, Negro JJ, Bortolotti GR, Finlayson G, Sánchez-Marco A, Giles Pacheco F, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Carrión JS, Fa DA, Rodríguez-Llanes JM. 2012. Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids. PLoS ONE 7 (9) e45927
# Daura J, Sanz M, García N, Allué E, Vaquero M, Fierro E, Carrión JS, López-García JM, Blain HA, Sánchez-Marco A, Valls C, Albert RM, Fornós JJ, Julià R, Fullola JM, Zilhao J. 2012. Terrases de la Riera dels Canyars (Barcelona, Spain): the landscape of Heinrich Stadial 4 north of the “Ebro Frontier” and implications for modern human dispersal into Iberia. Quaternary Science Reviews 60, 26-48
* 2013
# Jiménez-Espejo F, Rodríguez Vidal J, Finlayson C, Martínez Ruiz F, Carrión JS, Cortés M, Rodrigo M, González Donoso JM, Cáceres LM, Fernández S, Iijima K, Martínez Aguirre A. 2013. Environmental conditions and geomorphologic changes during the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Geomorphology 181, 205-216
# Blain H-A, Gleed-Owen CP, López-García JM, Carrión JS, Jennings R, Finlayson G, Finlayson C, Giles-Pacheco F. 2013. Climatic conditions for the last Neanderthals: herpetofaunal record of Gorham´s Cave at Gibraltar. Journal of Human Evolution 64, 289-299
# Rodríguez-Vidal J., Finlayson G, Finlayson CJ, Negro JJ, Fa D, Carrión JS. 2013. Undrowning a lost world. The Marine Isotope Stage 3 landscape of Gibraltar. Geomorphology 203, 105-114
# Aranbarri J, González-Sampériz P, Valero-Garcés B, Moreno A, Gil-Romera G, Sevilla M, García Prieto E, Di Rita F, Mata P, Morellón M, Magri D, Rodríguez Lázaro J, Carrión JS, 2014. Rapid climatic changes and resilient vegetation during the Lateglacial and Holocene in a continental region of south-western Europe. Global and Planetary Change 114, 50-65
* 2014
# Navarro-Hervás F, Ros-Salas M, Rodríguez-Estrella T, Fierro E, Carrión JS, García-Veigas J, Flores JA, Bárcena MA, García MS. 2014. Evaporite evidence of a mid-Holocene (c. 4550-4400 cal BP) aridity crisis in southwestern Europe and palaeoenvironmental consequences. The Holocene 24, 489-502
# Gil-Romera G, González-Sampériz P, Lasheras L, Sevilla M, Moreno A, Valero-Garcés B, López-Merino L, Carrión JS, Pérez Sanz A, Aranbarri J, García-Prieto E. 2014. Biomass-modulated fire dynamics during the last glacial-interglacial transition at the Central Pyrenees (Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 402, 113-124
# Rodríguez Vidal J, d`Errico F, Giles F, Blasco R, Rosell J, Jennings R, Queffelec A, Finlayson G, Fa D, Gutiérrez JM, Carrión JS, Negro JJ, Finlayson S, Cáceres LM, Bernal MA, Fernández S, Finlayson C. 2014. A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 111, 13301-13306
# Tarroso P, Carrión JS, Dorado-Valiño M, Queiroz P, Santos L, Valdeolmillos A, Célio P, Cheddadi R. 2014. Spatial climate dynamics in the Iberian Peninsula since 15000 yr BP. Climate Dynamics 10, 3901-3930
* 2015
# Jiménez-Moreno G, Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Pérez-Asensio N, Carrión JS, López-Sáez JA. 2015. Late Holocene aridification trend and climate variability in the Western Mediterranean Area. The Holocene 25, 607-627
# Marais E, Scott L, Gil-Romera G, Carrión JS. 2015. The potential of palynology in fossil bat-dung in southern Africa: a historical perspective. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 70, 103-109
# Monge G, Jiménez Espejo, García Alix A, Martínez Ruiz F, Mattielli N, Finlayson C, Ohkouchi N, Cortés M, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Blasco R, Rosell J, Carrión JS, Rodríguez Vidal J, Finlayson G, Carbonell E. 2015. Earliest evidence of pollution by heavy metals in archaeological sites. Scientific Reports 5, article number 14252
# Carrión JS. 2015. El poder de movimiento y supervivencia de las plantas: un enfoque paleobotánico. MATADOR. Revista de Cultura, Ideas y Tendencias 1995-2022 (diciembre)
* 2016
# Manzano S, Carrión JS, López-Merino L, González-Sampériz P, Munuera M, Fernández S, Martín-Lerma I, Gómez Ferreras MC. 2016. Mountain strongholds for woody angiosperms during the Late Pleistocene in SE Iberia. Catena 701-712.
# Ramos-Román MJ, Jiménez-Moreno G, Anderson RS, García-Alix A, Toney JL, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Carrión JS. 2016. Centennial-scale vegetation and North Atlantic Oscillation changes during the Late Holocene in the western Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews 143, 84-95
# Munuera M, Carrión JS. 2016. Forensic palynology: checking value of pollen analysis as a tool to identify crime scene in semiarid environments. In: Kars H, van den Eijkel L (eds.), Soil in criminal and environmental forensics, Springer Nature, Amsterdam, p.&nbsp;15-24
# Tarroso P, Carrión JS, Dorado-Valiño M, Queiroz P, Santos L, Valdeolmillos A, Célio P, Cheddadi R. 2016. Spatial climate dynamics in the Iberian Peninsula since 15000 yr BP. Climate of the Past 12, 1137-1149
# Uzquiano P, Ruiz-Zapata MB, Gil García MJ, Fernández S, Carrión JS. 2016. Late Quaternary developments of Mediterranean oaks in the Atlantic domain of the Iberian Peninsula: the case of the Cantabrian region (N Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 153, 63-77
* 2017
# Morales C, Colombaroli D, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Tinner W, Salomón R, Carrión JS, Gil L. 2017. Land-use history as a major driver for long-term forest dynamics in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (central Spain) during the last millennia: implications for forest conservation and management. Global and Planetary Change 152, 64-75
# Daura J, Sanz M, Allué E, Vaquero M, López-García JM, Julià R, Ortiz E, Sánchez Marco A, Skinner AR, Domenech R, Martinell J, Arnold LJ, Carrión JS. 2017. Cova del Coll Verdaguer (Cervelló, Barcelona): the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the MIS 3 based on a terrestrial archive and the implications for the last Neanderthals´s landscape in the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary Science Reviews 177, 34-56
# Carrión JS. 2017. Los Neandertales en el estuario de la evolución humana. Contar la ciencia. Fundación Séneca. ? utm_medium=email&utm_source=fsplus_newsletter& utm_campaign =N%C3%BAmero+5&utm_content=articulo_titulo  

### Books 
# Carrión JS, Navarro C, Munuera M, Sáez F, Guerra J, Cano MJ. 1997. Manual descriptivo de cormófitos. Diego Marín Editor, Murcia
# Munuera M, Carrión JS, Navarro C, Orts L, Espín A, Sáez F, García-Sellés J. 2001. Polen y alergias. Guía de las plantas de polen alergógeno de la Región de Murcia y España. Diego Marín Editor, Murcia
# Carrión JS. 2003. Evolución Vegetal. Diego Marín Editor, Murcia
# Carrión JS, Fernández S, Fuentes N (Eds). 2006. Paleoambientes y Cambio Climático. Quaderna. Fundación Séneca, Agencia Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Murcia
# Devesa JA, Carrión JS. Angiospermas. Apuntes sobre su origen, clasificación y diversidad. 2012. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Servicio Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba.
# Carrión JS (coord.). Autores: Carrión JS, Fernández S, González-Sampériz P, López-Merino L, Peña L, Burjachs F, López-Sáez JA, García-Antón M, Carrión Marco Y, Uzquiano P, Postigo JM, Barrón E, Allué E, Badal E, Dupré M, Fierro E, Munuera M, Rubiales JM, García Amorena I, Jiménez Moreno G, Gil Romera G, Leroy S, García-Martínez MS, Montoya E, Fletcher W, Yll E, Vieira M, Rodríguez-Ariza MO, Anderson S, Peñalba C, Gil García MJ, Pérez Sanz, A, Albert RM, Díez MJ, Morales C, Gómez Manzaneque F, Parra I, Ruiz Zapata B, Riera S, Zapata L, Ejarque A, Vegas T, Rull V, Scott L, Andrade A, Pérez Díaz S, Abel Schaad D, Moreno E, Hernández-Mateo L, Sánchez Baena JJ, Riquelme JA, Iglesias R, Franco F, Chaín C, Figueiral I, Grau E, Matos M, Jiménez Espejo F, Arribas A, Garrido G, Finlayson G, Finlayson C, Ruiz M, Pérez Jordá G, Miras Y. 2012. Paleoflora y Paleovegetación de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares: Plioceno-Cuaternario. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid.  
# Carrión JS. 2015. Extinciones y excepciones: el poder de la rareza en evolución. Servicio de Publicaciones, University of Murcia.
# Carrión JS. 2016. Planeta Universidad. Editum, Especial Centenario Universidad de Murcia. .
# Carrión JS. 2017. Hipocampo. Poemas. Lulu.Com. 
# Devesa JA, Carrión JS. Angiospermas. Apuntes sobre su origen, clasificación y diversidad. 2017 (segunda edición). Servicio Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba.

## Poetry 
Author of the book Hipocampo (Poemas).

## Dystonia 
José S Carrión has been known in the neurological community for his success to deal with dystonia, a rare neurological disorder. He was treated through the Dr. Joaquín Farias technique.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq0W0ROuORGH-4ZgHHCDb4A?view_as=subscriber

Dissertation to the King of Spain on the occasion of the opening of the university course(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPyy7c0czao)