open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tuskegee Airmen

The **Tuskegee Airmen**  is the popular name for a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II. Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces. The name also applies to the crew members and supportpersonnel. Their units were all black and all segregated. They had an outstanding record. As fighter escorts they had the reputation that not a single bomber was lost to enemy action while being escorted by Tuskegee airmen. Most Tuskegee pilots were trained at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama. Training bomber crews took longer than training fighter pilots and the war was won before they finished. Navigators and other crew members trained at various army based in the US.

## References
East London

**East London** is the northeastern part of London. It is east of the City of London.

It does not have an official definition. The idea has its origins in 1720 as "That part beyond the Tower". By 1950 it was called East London and included all of Greater London east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. This area now makes up the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. It includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country, mostly families of South Asian origin.

The East End of London is a subset of East London, corresponding to areas closer to the ancient City. 

The early development of London eastward was caused by shipping on the River Thames. There were docks and shipbuilding. These industries declined after World War II. Felixstowe is now used as the main container port of southern England. East London is now an area of regeneration. 

Areas further such as Hackney developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras following the expansion of the railways in the 19th century. In Bethnal Green and Stepney, the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population had peaked in every borough and the entire area was experiencing population decline. By the time of the 2011 census this had reversed and every borough had some growth in population.

Many famous places like Whitechapel, Stratford and Shoreditch are in East London.

## References
David Usher

**David Usher** (born April 24, 1966) is an British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter. He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Moist.

Usher was born in Oxford, England. He lived in many different places such as Malaysia, New York City, California and Thailand before his family decided to finally settle in Kingston, Ontario. Usher attended high school at Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute and he attended Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He majored in political science. While attending Simon Fraser, Usher formed Moist with guitarist Mark Makowy and keyboardist Kevin Young.

Usher is also a humanist, and he has been involved in causes like War Child Canada, White Ribbon Campaign and Amnesty International. He was featured in the 2001 MuchMusic special *Musicians in the WarZone*, a humanitarian documentary which was produced by War Child Canada and was directed by filmmaker Liz Marshall.

## Discography
### Studio albums
**with Moist**
* *Silver* (1994)
* *Creature* (1996)
* *Mercedes Five and Dime* (2000)
* *Machine Punch Through: The Singles Collection* (2001)
* *Glory Under Dangerous Skies* (2014)

**solo**
* *Little Songs* (1998)
* *Morning Orbit* (2001)
* *Hallucinations* (2003)
* *If God Had Curves* (2005)
* *Strange Birds* (2007)
* *Wake Up and Say Goodbye* (2008)
* *The Mile End Sessions* (2010)
* *Songs from the Last Day on Earth*
* *Let It Play* (2016)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
AIDS (MS-DOS)

**AIDS** is a computer virus that infects .COM and .EXE files. In MS-DOS, the .COM and .EXE files run programs including the operating system. When a computer is ed with this virus, it loads the virus into the computer memory. There, the AIDS virus may infect another .COM or .EXE file each time it is run. AIDS writes on the first 13,952 bytes of an infected executable file. These corrupted files have to be deleted and replaced by non-corrupted backups to remove the virus.  

This virus is also known as the "Hahaha virus" in Europe. IBM calls it the "Taunt virus". When an infected computer starts up, it displays a message, with AIDS covering about half of the screen. The system is then halted. It is impossible to recover the original information of the file on the rewritten part.

## References
Gilles Corey

**Giles Corey** ( August 1611 – September 19, 1692) was d of witchcraft along with his wife Martha Corey during the Salem Witch Trials. After being arrested for witchcraft, Corey refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. As a result he was pressed to death.

## References
Bio-Dome

***Bio-Dome*** is a 1996 American stoner comedy movie. It was directed by Jason Bloom. It was produced by Bradley Jenkel, Brad Krevoy, and Steven Stabler. *Bio-Dome* was released on January 12, 1996.

The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Shore co-won a Razzie Award for Worst Actor and was tied with Tom Arnold who had won for *Big Bully*, *Carpool* and *The Stupids*.

## Cast 
* Pauly Shore as Bud "Squirrel" Macintosh
** Adam Weisman as young Bud
* Stephen Baldwin as Doyle "Stubs" Johnson
** Robbie Thibault, Jr. as young Doyle
* William Atherton as Dr. Noah Faulkner
* Joey Lauren Adams as Monique
* Teresa Hill as Jen
* Rose McGowan as Denise
* Kylie Minogue as Dr. Petra von Kant
* Dara Tomanovich as Mimi Simkins
* Henry Gibson as Dr. William Leaky
* Patricia Hearst as Mrs. Johnson
* Roger Clinton as Professor Bloom
* Taylor Negron as Russell
* Jeremy Jordan as Trent
* Channon Roe as Roach
* Trevor St. John as Parker
* Butch McCain as reporter Joachim West
* Ben McCain as news anchor Aries West
* Jack Black and Kyle Gass as Tenacious D
* Phil LaMarr and Paul Eiding as Assistants
* Phil Proctor as Axl
* Rodger Bumpass as Narrator

## References
## Other websites 
*
Swept Away (2002 movie)

***Swept Away*** is a 2002 romantic comedy movie. Madonna plays Amber Leighton. Elizabeth Banks plays Debi. Jeanne Tripplehorn plays Marina.

The movie received negative reviews from the movie critics. It was a box office bomb. It made only $1,036,000, compared to the ten million dollars it cost to make. It received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture of 2002.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Maha Al Muneef

**Maha Al Muneef** (Arabic:  مها عبدالله المنيف) is a pediatrician from Saudi Arabia. She specializing in infectious diseases in children. Al-Muneef won an International Women of Courage Award in 2014.

## Work 
### Shura Council 
From 2009 to 2013, Al Muneef was a member of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council. 

### The National Family Safety Program 
 Maha Al Muneef is the executive director of the National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in Saudi Arabia.  Al Muneef worked to spread knowledge about domestic violence and child abuse. The NFSP was created in 2005 in order to combat domestic violence and child abuse in Saudi Arabia. The NFSP started support programs, gave information about the numbers of attacks on women and children in Saudi Arabia, and worked to help people who were attacked or hurt. Al Muneef and the NFSP helped to write the "Protection from Abuse" law. The law describes and explains the meaning of domestic violence and makes it illegal in Saudi Arabia for the first time.

## Awards 
In 2014, Maha Al Muneef received the International Women of Courage Award.

### U.S. President Obama presents award in Riyadh 
The US President Barack Obama presented the award to Al Muneef during his visit to Riyadh on March 29, 2014. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/culture/2014/04/saudi-physician-international-women-courage-award.html# Al-Muneer could not be at the March 4 ceremony in the United States for family health reasons. She received the award in a private ceremony at the Ritz Carlton hotel, where Obama stayed. Obama spoke about the importance of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, and the importance of helping the Saudi king understand this importance.  Obama told Al-Muneef he was “so very, very proud of you and grateful for all the work you’re doing here." He added, “I’m looking forward to seeing you do even more wonderful things in the future.” https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/world/middleeast/obama-saudi-arabia.html?_r=0

## References
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Merino Muster

The **Merino Muster** is a cross-country skiing marathon on the South Island of New Zealand. It was held for first time in 1995 and is part of Worldloppet since 2014.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Demino Ski Marathon

The **Demino Ski Marathon** is a cross-country skiing marathon in Russia. It was held for first time on 2007 and was appointed as a Worldloppet event in June 2012.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Maureen Dowd

**Maureen Brigid Dowd** (born January 14, 1952) is an American columnist for *The New York Times*. She is also a best-selling author. She worked for *Time* magazine in the 1970s and 1980s. She worked for the *Washington Star*. She first joined *The New York Times* in 1983.

In 1999, Dowd received a Pulitzer Prize. It was for her series of columns on the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the Clinton administration.

She was born in Washington, D.C..

## References
Chayanne es mi Nombre

***Chayanne es Mi Nombre*** is the solo album debut from Puerto Rican artist Chayanne, after he left Los Chicos. It was released on RCA Ariola in July 1984.

## Track listing
## Music videos
#Chayanne es mi Nombre
#¿...Y Qué Culpa Tengo Yo?
#De Dos en Dos
#Chicos Malos
## References
Ricardo Montaner (album)

***Ricardo Montaner*** is the first studio album recorded by Argentine-Venezuelan singer-songwriter Ricardo Montaner. It was released by TH-Rodven in early 1987 (see 1987 in music). It reached #1 on the *Billboard* Latin Pop Albums chart.

## Track listing
© MCMLXXXVI. TH-Rodven Records. Inc.

## Chart performance
## References
Allister

**Allister** is an American punk rock band from Chicago, Illinois. 

## Career
The band was formed in 1995 under the name Phineas Gage by high school classmates Tim Rogner and John "Johnny" Hamada. Eric "Skippy" Mueller later joined the band in 1996. In 1996, the band changed their name to Allister, to pay tribute to Alasdair Gillis from the Canadian TV show ''You Can't Do That on Television*. The band released their debut studio album, *Dead Ends and Girlfriends* in 1999 through Drive-Thru Records.

Their second studio album *Last Stop Suburbia* was released on October 1, 2002. Their song "Somewhere On Fullerton" from *Last Stop Suburbia* was featured in the 2003 video game *Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure*.

## Band members 
;Current
*Tim Rogner — Drums, percussion, lead and backing vocals (1995—2000); rhythm and lead guitar, lead and backing vocals (2000—2007, 2010—present)
*Scott Murphy — Bass guitar, lead and backing vocals (1998—2007, 2010—present)
*Kyle Lewis — lead guitar, backing vocals (2003—2007, 2010—present)
*Buddy "Goldfinger" Schaub — Tenor trombone and backing vocals (1993—present)

;Former
*John Hamada — lead guitar, backing and lead vocals (1995—2002); backing vocals (July 20, 2007)
*Eric "Skippy" Mueller — bass guitar, backing vocals (1996—1998); rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1998—2000)
*David Rossi — drums, percussion (2000—2003)
*Chris Rogner — lead guitar, backing vocals (2002—2003); rhythm guitar, lead and backing vocals (2007)

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**Dead Ends and Girlfriends* (1999)
**Last Stop Suburbia* (2002)
**Before the Blackout* (2005)
**Countdown to Nowhere* (2010)
**Life Behind Machines'' (2012)

## References
County Tyrone

**County Tyrone** is a county of Northern Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster. Tyrone is the eighth largest county by area on the island of Ireland. It is the largest county by area in Northern Ireland. Tyrone is the eleventh largest county by population on the island of Ireland. It is the fifth-largest county by population in Northern Ireland.

## Name
The name *Tyrone* come from the Irish *Tír Eoghain*, which means "*land of Eoghan*".

## Demographics
County Tyrone is one of the four counties in Northern Ireland to have more people from a Catholic community background. In the year 1900 the population of Tyrone was 197,719. According to the 2021 census, it was 188,383.

## References
Stock (food)

]]

**Stock** in cooking (cuisine) is a liquid flavoring base for soups and sauces. It is a flavoured liquid preparation, and is the basis of many dishes. 

The ideas go back to Carême, and were simplified by Escoffier. 

A stock is made by simmering  animal bones and/or meat, fish, or vegetables in water and/or wine. mirepoix or other aromatics are added for more flavour. Mirepoix is a mixture of onions, carrots, celery, and sometimes other vegetables. Many use ready-made ingredients like Oxo cubes or bouillon cubes. It is possible to make stock more quickly with a pressure cooker.

Fish stock, however, is cooked for only twenty minutes or so. 

Stock lasts for three or four days in the fridge, but can be boiled again, and stored again.

## Notes
Nada Se Compara Contigo

***Nada Se Compara Contigo*** (*Nothing Compares to You*) is the tenth studio album released by Salvadoran performer Álvaro Torres. It was released on November 19, 1991. The album received a nomination for Latin Pop Album of the Year at the 5th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards.

## Tracklist
## Chart performance
Lily Serna

**Lily Serna** (born 5 July 1986) is an Australian mathematician and television presenter. She is best known for co-presenting the SBS game show *Letters and Numbers* from 2010 until 2012 and the cooking show *Destination Flavour* since later 2012.

Serna was born in Jerusalem. She moved to Sydney with her family when she was eight years old. Serna graduated from the University of Technology Sydney in 2009

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Allegiant Air

**Allegiant Air** is an American low-cost airline. Owned by **Allegiant Travel Company**, it operates scheduled and charter flights. Allegiant Travel Company is a publicly traded company with 1,693 employees and over $2 billion USD in market capitalization. The corporate headquarters are in Enterprise, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas. Allegiant and the Las Vegas Raiders co-own the Allegiant Stadium, scheduled to host Super Bowl LVIII in February 2024.

## Gallery 

File:N127NK DC-9-21 Allegiant Air LAS 19JAN99 (5589399899).jpg|An Allegiant Air DC-9 in 2011
File:ALLEGIANT AIR (2322593217).jpg|An Allegiant Air McDonnell Douglas MD-90
File:Allegiant N220NV FLL 8x12 JTPI 496 (25388854584).jpg|Allegiant Air owns 16 Airbus A320s
File:Allegiant air 757! (7032160257).jpg|An Allegiant Air Boeing 757.

## References
The Half Sisters

***The Half Sisters*** is a Philippine drama television series. It is broadcast by GMA Network.

## Cast 
* Barbie Forteza as  Diana Mercado Valdicañas
* Thea Tolentino as Ashley Mercado Alcantara
* Derrick Monasterio as Sebastian 'Baste' David
* Andre Paras as Bradley 'Brad' Castillo
* Jean Garcia as Karina 'Rina' Mercado / Alexa Robbins
* Jomari Yllana as Benjamin 'Benjie' Valdicañas / Mang Tonyo and Noli de Santos
* Ryan Eigenmann as Alfred Alcantara
* Eula Valdez as Isabel dela Rhea / Ysabela Zuñiga-Valdicañas

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Currying

**Currying** is a technique used in mathematics and computer science that consists of changing a function that takes several arguments into a number of functions that each take one argument. Mathematicians Moses Schönfinkel and Gottlob Frege laid the groundwork for this technique, which is named after Haskell Brooks Curry. Currying is used in Lambda calculus. Some programming languages, such as ML and Haskell say that functions can only have one argument.

## References
Joko Widodo

**Joko Widodo** (born 21 June 1961), also known as **Jokowi**, is an Indonesian politician and former businessperson. He was the 7th President of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024.

Jokowi is a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). He started his career as Mayor of Surakarta from 28 July 2005 until 1 October 2012. Then, he was Governor of Jakarta from 15 October 2012 until 16 October 2014. Jokowi was re-elected president in the April 2019 presidential election. He is a Islam. He has been married to Iriana since 1986. They have three children, including Vice President Gibran Rakabuming Raka. He is also a Heavy metal music fan. He graduated from the Faculty of Forestry at the Gadjah Mada University.

## References
## Other websites
* 

|-

|-
Dialetheism

**Dialetheism** is the view that some statements can be both true and false at the same time. It is the opposite of the law of noncontradiction (LNC). Because of this dialetheism is completely opposite of what most philosophers call common sense. Priest gives as an example the liar paradox (or liar's paradox). If someone says "everything I say is a lie", then is the statement true or false? In this paradox it can be both.

## References
Villa Vizcaya

from the garden Casino.]]

**Villa Vizcaya**, now named the **Vizcaya Museum and Gardens**, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering. The house is on Biscayne Bay in Coconut Grove Miami, Florida. Deering made the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune,

The estate is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a National Historic Landmark.

The estate property was originally 180 acres (730,000 m2) of shoreline mangrove swamps and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. The villa was built mostly between 1914 and 1922. The building of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and the village continued into 1923. 

The Vizcaya estate includes the gardens, native woodland landscape and a historic village compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. Paul Chalfin was the design director.

Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the **Vizcaya Museum and Gardens**, which is open to the public. 'Villa Vizcaya' is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail.

## References
Law of noncontradiction

The **law of non-contradiction** is a rule of logic. It states that if something is true, then the opposite of it is false. For example, if an animal is a cat, the same animal cannot be not a cat. Or, stated in logic, if +p, then not -p, +p cannot be -p at the same time and in the same sense. The law was stated as a principle of mathematical logic by Russell and Whitehead in *Principia Mathematica*.  

Ravi Zacharias has said most eastern philosophies reject the law of noncontradiction. The law of non-contradiction is found in ancient Indian logic as a rule in the *Shrauta Sutras*, the writing of Pāṇini, and the *Brahma Sutras* attributed to Vyasa. It was later elaborated on by medieval commentators such as Madhvacharya. The idea of noncontradiction is rejected in some strands of Buddhism. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Diana DeGarmo

**Diana DeGarmo** (born June 16, 1987) is an American singer, songwriter and Broadway actress. She became known in 2004 on *American Idol*. She began a career in musical theater. She played Angelina in *The Young and the Restless*.

DeGarmo was born in Birmingham, Alabama.

## References
NKVD prisoner massacres

Before the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviets were holding hundreds of thousands of political prisoners in NKVD prisons across their occupied territories in Eastern Europe. Right after the invasion began, the NKVD was ordered to kill or evacuate 140,000 prisoners from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. They were targeted for mass murder over their Polish or Ukrainian identity.

 murdered at a Ternopil GPU prison as German troops approached are being identified by their relatives on July 10, 1941.]]

## Academic views
Historian Yury Boshyk wrote:

## Related pages
* Holodomor
* Great Purge
* Genocides by the Soviet Union

## References
Gave de Pau

The **Gave de Pau** is a river of south-western France. It is a left tributary of the Adour river.

It takes its name from the city Pau, through which it flows. The word **gave** is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees; so, Gave de Pau means "the river of Pau" or "the river that flows through Pau". Many other rivers in the region have the word *gave* as part of their names.

## Geography
The Gave de Pau has a length of about , including the *Gave de Gavarnie*, and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Bérenx, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. The upper part of the river is known as *Gave de Gavarnie*; the name *Gave de Pau* is given to the river after the Gave de Gavarnie joins the Bastan river at Luz-Saint-Sauveur.

The Gave de Pau receives its main tributary, the Gave d'Oloron, in Peyrehorade and, from there, it is named as *Gaves Réunis* (United Gaves). Finally, it flows, as a left tributary, into the river Adour in the Landes department, at about  of altitude.
 
The Gave de Pau flows through 90 *communes*.
** Baïse - 40.6&nbsp;km;
** Gave d'Azun - 29.1&nbsp;km;
** Laâ - 29.5&nbsp;km;
* Right tributaries
** Ousse - 42.4&nbsp;km;
** Ousse des Bois - 32.3&nbsp;km;
** Gave d'Oloron - 148.2&nbsp;km;

## Gallery

File:Gave à Nay (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).JPG|Gave de Pau near Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
File:Lourdes with Sanctuaries, Castle and Gave de Pau.JPG|Gave de Pau at Lourdes, Hautes-Pyrénées
File:Gave de Gavarnie amont (Gavarnie) (1).JPG|Gave de Gavarnie, several kilometres from the Cirque de Gavarnie
File:Orthez (Gave de Pau).JPG|Orthez, bridge over the Gave de Pau

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References 
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - Station Q5501010 - Le Gave de Pau à Berenx
Atlit Yam

**Atlit Yam** is an ancient neolithic village off of the coast of Atlit, Israel.

A study by Maria Pareschi of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Pisa says that a volcanic collapse of Mount Etna's Eastern flank which happened 8,500 years ago likely caused a 10-storey (40 m or 131 ft) megatsunami that hit and engulfed some of the Mediterranean coastal cities within hours. Scientists point to the sudden abandonment of the village around the same time as more evidence that the tsunami happened.

A stone semicircle was found which contains seven 600-kilogram (1,320 lb) megaliths. There are cup marks carved into the stones and the stones are around a freshwater spring. It is suggested that it was used for a water ritual. In 2008, there were skeletons of a woman and child found, which revealed the earliest known cases of tuberculosis.

## References
Red Red Wine

"**Red Red Wine**" is a pop ballad. It was originally recorded by Neil Diamond. His version reached #62 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in 1968. The single is about a person drinking red wine to forget his problems. 

The song was covered by UB40 in August 1983. It peaked at #1 in 1984 in United Kingdom and at #34 in the United States.

It was released again in 1988 in the United States. That time, it hit #1.

## References
Aer Lingus

**Aer Lingus** is Ireland's national airline. It is the second largest Irish airline after its main competitor, Ryanair. *Aer Lingus* means *Air Fleet* in the Celtic languages.

The airline began flying in April 1936. At that time, it had only one aircraft. It flew between Dublin and Bristol. As of 2015, the airline has almost 50 airplanes. It flies to about 70 airports in Europe and North America.

## Gallery 

File:EI-CPG A321 Aer Lingus SCQ.jpg|An Aer Lingus Airbus A321. These usually fly from Ireland across the Atlantic to the US.
File:Dublin Airport - Arrival by Aer Lingus - geograph.org.uk - 3103083.jpg|An Aer Lingus Airbus A330

## References
Mace Windu

**Mace Windu**  is a fictional character in the Star Wars series. 
He was  portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson as a Jedi Master in the prequel movies. He was Master of the High Council of the Jedi in episodes I to III. He appears in *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace*, *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones*, and *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith*. He also appears in the computer and television versions of the movies. 

In  *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith*, Windu is betrayed by Anakin Skywalker, and killed by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine.
Maiduguri

**Maiduguri**, also called **Yerwa**, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. As of 2007, 1,197,497 people live in the city. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British. The Islamist group Boko Haram was founded in Maiduguri in 2002. Since it began its insurgency in 2009, the city has been target of many terrorist attacks by the group.

## References
Austrian Airlines

**Austrian Airlines** is the largest airline of Austria. Its main hub is the Vienna International Airport. It was founded on May 3, 1923.  Austrian bought its first jet aircraft in 1963. Austrian joined the Star Alliance on March 26, 2000.  The Government of Austria sold the airline in 2008. Lufthansa bought Austrian Airlines in 2009.  In April 2015, Austrian Airlines was combined with Tyrolean Airways. 

On 17 March 2020, the airline temporarily blocks work as a result of the COVID-19.

## Gallery

File:McDonnell Douglas MD-81 (DC-9-81), Austrian Airlines AN1009413.jpg|An Austrian Airlines MD-80 in 1990. Austrian retired the MD-80s in 2005. 
File:Austrian Airlines B777-2Z9ER (OE-LPA) taxiing at Sydney Airport.jpg|An Austrian Airlines Boeing 777 at Sydney Airport.
File:Fokker 70 (F-28-0070), Tyrolean Airways AN1618526.jpg|A Tyrolean Airways Fokker 70 plane, Tyrolean Airways and Austrian Airlines merged in 2015.

## References
Miami International Airport

**Miami International Airport** (MIA) is the largest airport in passenger and size terms in the US state of Florida. It's historic name was **Wilcox Field**.

The airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. This is mainly because of Miami's closeness to all of Florida's tourist attractions, the city's economic activity, and its large Latin American and European population.

## Airlines
These airlines fly to and from Miami:  
*Aeroflot
*Aerolíneas Argentinas
*Aeroméxico
*Air Canada
*Air Europa
*Air France
*Alitalia
*American Airlines
*Aruba Airlines
*Austrian Airlines
*Avianca
*Avior Airlines
*Bahamasair
*Boliviana de Aviacion
*British Airways
*Canadian North
*Caribbean Airlines
*Cayman Airlines
*Copa Airlines
*Delta Air Lines
*Delta Connection
*Eastern Air Lines
*Finnair
*Frontier Airlines
*Gol Airlines
*Iberia Airlines
*Insel Air
*Interjet
*Jetairfly
*LAN Airlines
*LATAM Airlines Brasil
*Lufthansa
*Qatar Airways
*SBA Airlines
*Scandinavian Airlines 
*Sun Country Airlines
*Surinam Airways
*SWISS
*TAP Portugal
*Thomas Cook Airlines
*TUI Airlines
*Turkish Airlines 
*United Airlines
*Virgin Atlantic Airways
*VivaColombia 
*WestJet
*XL Airways France

## Gallery

File:Pan Am 707 (6060657324).jpg|A Pan Am plane about to land at Miami in 1971. Pan Am used to be the largest airline at the airport before it stopped flying in 1991.
File:Boeing 737-2H6-Adv, Aviateca AN0198207.jpg|An Aviateca Boeing 737-200 at Miami airport. 
File:Airbus A320-211, Air Canada JP6475200.jpg|An Air Canada Airbus A320 at Miami in 1994. 
File:MIA - Miami International Airport FAA diagram.svg|A map of Miami International Airport.

## References
Chandra X-ray Observatory

The **Chandra X-ray Observatory** (**CXO**)  is a space telescope launched by NASA on July 23, 1999. 

Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope. This is done by the high angular resolution of its mirrors. Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X-rays, Earth-based telescopes cannot detect them. Space-based telescopes are needed to make these observations. Chandra is an Earth satellite in a 64-hour orbit, and its mission is ongoing as of 2024.

Chandra is one of the Great Observatories, with the Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), and the Spitzer Space Telescope.  The telescope is named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

## References
Joint State Political Directorate

The **Joint State Political Directorate** (**OGPU**; ) was the secret police of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1934. It was after the Cheka and before the NKVD. Its official name was  the Joint State Political Directorate. 

The OGPU was theoretically supposed to operate with more restraint than the original Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka. The OGPU's powers were greatly increased in 1926, when the Soviet criminal code was amended to include a section on "anti-state terrorism". The law were vaguely written and very broadly interpreted. Even before then, it set up tribunals to try the most exceptional cases of terrorism, usually without calling any witnesses. In time, the OGPU's powers grew even greater than those of the Cheka.

Perhaps its most spectacular success was the Trust Operation of 1924–1925. OGPU agents contacted émigrés in western Europe and pretended to be on a large group working to overthrow the communist regime, known as the "Trust". Exiled Russians gave the Trust large sums of money and supplies, as did foreign intelligence agencies. The Trust finally succeeded in luring one of the leading anti-Communist operators, Sidney Reilly, into Russia to meet with the Trust. Once he was in Russia, he was captured and killed. It was a great propaganda success.

From 1927 to 1929, the OGPU engaged in intensive investigations of an opposition coup.  Stalin soon made a public decree that any and all opposition views should be considered dangerous and gave the GPU the authority to seek out hostile elements. There were many trials during Stalin's Five Year Plan.   

The OGPU was responsible for the creation of the Gulag system. It also became the Soviet government's arm for the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Greek Catholics, the Latin Catholics, Islam and other religious organizations. The OGPU was also the main secret police agency for the detection, arrest, and liquidation of anarchists and other dissident left-wing factions in the early Soviet Union.

The OGPU was merged into the newly created all-union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in July 1934. Its last change was into the more widely known Committee for State Security (KGB).

## References
Copa Airlines

.]]

**Copa Airlines** is the national airline of Panama. 

## History
Copa Airlines was founded in 1947. Its first international flights began in the 1970s. They went to airports in Colombia, Costa Rica and Jamaica. 

In 1998, Copa Airlines began an agreement with Continental Airlines. Copa Airlines also changed its logo.

As of March 2015, the airline was flying almost 100 airplanes to 69 cities in the Americas.
Aeroflot

of Aeroflot]]

**Aeroflot** is the national airline of the Russian Federation. It's one of the oldest airlines in the world. It has been flying for over a century.

## History
Aeroflot began in 1923 in the Soviet Union. Much of Aeroflot's history was kept secret once the Cold War began and Aeroflot had to stop flying to the United States.

Throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s, Aeroflot and many Eastern Bloc airlines suffered many air crashes due to old and poor Russian airplanes. Those were the only ones Aeroflot and those airlines could use. However, Aeroflot was the world's largest airline until the 1980s. After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, Aeroflot began modernizing its fleet and buying more Western airplanes, like the Airbus A300 and Boeing 767. By 1991, Aeroflot again started flying to the United States. Aeroflot is member of aviation alliance SkyTeam. As of 2021, Aeroflot was flying to 146 cities in 52 countries.

## Fleet 
## References
Interjet

**Interjet** was a low-cost airline based in Mexico begun in 2005. Mexico City International Airport is Interjet's hub. Interjet mainly flies Airbus A320 and Sukhoi Superjet airplanes from Mexico to the USA, Central America and South America.

.]]
In 2014, Interjet began an agreement with American Airlines and Iberia. As of December 2020 the CFO Erick Peña Bonola announced the suspension of all operations and from the IATA for its non-payment of debt, primarily from fuel costs. The airline's website is currently inactive, as reported by sources.

## References
Avianca

]]
**Avianca** is the national and largest airline of Colombia. It is the second oldest airline in the world. It began flying in 1919. Avianca has grown to become one of the largest airlines in the Americas. It flies to 121 cities with over 140 airplanes. In 2009, TACA Airlines and Avianca were combined to create a single airline.

## References
## Other websites
*
Trans World Airlines

**Trans World Airlines** (**TWA**) was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It stopped flying after it was bought by American Airlines in 2001, after many financial problems.

## References
## Gallery 

File:TWA Sunken lounge (Quintin Soloviev).jpg|The TWA Hotel
File:Wreckage TWA 800.jpg|The wreckage of TWA Flight 800
File:Boeing 707-331, Trans World Airlines - TWA AN0575882.jpg|A Boeing 707
File:McDonnell Douglas MD-82, Trans World Airlines (TWA) JP6356069.jpg|A McDonnell Douglas MD-90
File:Lockheed L-1011-385-1-15 TriStar 100, Trans World Airlines - TWA AN0792126.jpg|A Lockheed Tristar
File:TWA Boeing 747-100 N93119 Marmet.jpg|A Boeing 747
File:Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation, Trans World Airlines (TWA) JP5935356.jpg|A Lockheed Constellation

## Other Information
Eastern Air Lines

**Eastern Air Lines** was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It was founded by Eddie Rickenbacker in 1929. It stopped flying in 1991. Eastern was one of the *Big Four* airlines of the USA, along with American Airlines, United Airlines and TWA.

In ***2015***, ***Eastern*** relaunched flights.  The company merged with Swift Air in 2017 stating that, "the transaction is not a purchase of one certificate or merger of two certificates." Eastern's last flight was in September of 2017. Swift completed its asset purchase and all remaining Eastern aircraft were transferred to the Swift certificate. In September 2017 Eastern surrendered its certificate to the FAA. The Eastern name will be transferred to Dynamic International Airways, an airline co-owned by Swift ownership.

## References
## Gallery 

File:Eastern Air Lines Airbus A300 at St Maarten December 1986.jpg|An Airbus A300
File:Eastern Airlines DC-9-51; N411EA@LGA, June 1987 AYG (5127232628).jpg|A McDonnell Douglas DC-9
File:Lockheed L-1011-1 Tristar, Eastern Air Lines JP7713944.jpg|A Lockheed L-1011 Tristar
File:N8158G Boeing 727-25C Eastern Air Lines JFK 09JUL70.jpg|A Boeing 727
File:Eastern Air Lines Boeing 757 Quackenbush.jpg|A Boeing 757
File:Boeing 747-121 N735PA EAL lsd MIA 07.02.71 edited-2.jpg|A Boeing 747

Possibly could be added to
Black Sabbath (song)

"**Black Sabbath**" is a song by the English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, written in 1969 and released on their self-titled first album. In 1970, the song appeared as an A-side on a four-track 12-inch single, with "The Wizard" also on the A-side and "Evil Woman" and "Sleeping Village" on the B-side, on the Philips Records label Vertigo. In Japan and the Philippines, a 7-inch single on the Philips label was released with "Evil Woman, Don't Play Your Games with Me" on the A-side and "Black Sabbath" on the B-side.
Ice-T sampled the song on his 1989 song "Shut Up, Be Happy" and his 1991 song "Midnight". Other musicians have done covers of this song. One of them was Beth Gibbons of Portishead.

## History
According to the band, the song was inspired by an experience that bassist Geezer Butler had in the days of Earth. Butler had recently become obsessed with the occult,so he painted his apartment matte black and placed several inverted crucifixes and pictures of Satan on the walls. Ozzy Osbourne gave Butler a black occult book as a gift. It was written in Latin and decorated with numerous pictures of Satan. Butler read the book and then placed it on a shelf beside his bed before going to sleep. When he woke up, he claims he saw a large black figure standing at the end of his bed, staring at him. The figure vanished and Butler ran to the shelf where he had placed the book earlier, but the book was gone. Butler related this story to Osbourne, who then wrote the lyrics to the song based on Butler's experience. The song starts with the lyrics:

*What is this that stands before me?"

"Figure in black which points at me.*

A version of this song from Black Sabbath's first demo exists on the Ozzy Osbourne compilation album *The Ozzman Cometh*. The song has an extra verse with additional vocals before the bridge. The guitar and bass are tuned down one whole step, resulting in the key position of A being played on the fretboard, but having the pitch as G (octave - D flat) to the listener.  It's one of the band's most frequently performed tracks, being featured on every single tour of their career.

## References
Malayo-Polynesian languages

The **Malayo-Polynesian languages** are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages. There are about 385.5 million people who speak these languages. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian people of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. There are a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy is spoken on the island of Madagascar. Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic as the western part of the region has many s of Buddhism, Hinduism, and, since the 10th century, Islam.

## References
Ohio Players

The **Ohio Players** were a funk and R&B band from the United States. The group formed in 1959. They were best known for the songs "Fire", "Funky Worm" and "Love Rollercoaster". This group was most popular in the 1970s. They were from Dayton, Ohio.

The group's first big song was "Funky Worm". The song hit the Top 20 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It also hit #1 on the *Billboard* R&B chart.

They had seven Top 40 songs between 1973 and 1976. The songs included "Fire" in 1975 and "Love Rollercoaster" in 1976.

## References
Legislative Assembly of Ontario

The **Legislative Assembly of Ontario** is the legislature of the province of Ontario, Canada. It has the second largest number of members out of the provincial legislatures of Canada. It meets at the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, the provincial capital.

The Assembly was created in 1867 by the British North America Act. The Assembly is unicameral, meaning there is no upper house. There are 124 members of the assembly, who are called Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Each member is elected from one electoral district. The party with the most members gets to choose the Premier of Ontario, who leads the government, and the Executive Council of Ontario, which is the cabinet. The leader of the second largest party in the assembly becomes the Leader of the Opposition.

The current assembly was elected in the 2018 Ontario general election. The members that were elected are part of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario.

## Seat distribution
The following table shows how many seats each political party has in the legislature. 

## References
Virgin Australia

**Virgin Australia** is a large Australian airline. It started in 2000. From 2000 until 2011, the airline was called *Virgin Blue*. Virgin Australia flies as both a full-service airline and a low-cost airline, like Ryanair or Southwest Airlines. As of 2016, the airline has a fleet of 108 airplanes and flies to Australia, Fiji, Indonesia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, the United States, the United Arab Emirates and Vanuatu. Virgin Australia is Australia's second largest airline. It is the main competitor for Jetstar Airways and Qantas. In 2014, Virgin Australia bought Tigerair Australia. Virgin Australia became bankrupt in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic and was bought by Bain Capital in June 2020.

## Gallery

File:VH-FVI 'Mission Beach' ATR 72-500 Virgin Australia (Skywest Airlines) (9867526104).jpg|A Virgin Australia ATR-72.
File:VH-VBY 'Virginia Blue' Boeing 737-7FE Virgin Blue (9046045849).jpg|An old Virgin Blue plane in 2006
File:Virgin Australia Boeing 777-300ER; VH-VPH@SYD;31.07.2012 666hv (7863477030).jpg|Virgin Australia owns 5 Boeing 777s, just like this one.

## References
**Notes**
TACA Airlines

**TACA Airlines** (**Transportes Aereos del Continente Americano**) is an airline from El Salvador. In 2009 it was merged with Avianca. The two airlines continued to operate separately. TACA has had two major air crashes since 1970.

## Gallery 

File:Logo AviancaTaca.jpeg|Logo of the AviancaTaca Air Holdings
File:TACAHQSanSalvador0.jpg|The old TACA headquarters in El Salvador
File:N769TA B767-3S1ER TACA LAX 18JAN99 (6759745481).jpg|A TACA Boeing 767 with the final paint-job used.
File:168bg - TACA Airbus A320-233; N463TA@UIO;01.03.2002 (4790089767).jpg|A TACA A320 in 2010.
File:TACA BAC One-Eleven 407AW Volpati-1.jpg|A TACA BAC 1-11 at Guatemala City.

## References
Seguridad Social

**Seguridad Social** is a Spanish rock music band from Benetússer, Valencia. It was ed in 1982 by José Manuel Casany (also Casañ) (vocalist) and Santiago Serrano (guitar).

Casany met him when he was a member of Paranoicos. After that Serrano left his former band and joined to his friend's group. However they stopped their music career due their military services. Before leaving to go into the armed forces, they signed a contract with Citra label. One year later both returned to the band.

In 1984 Seguridad Social released its first LP: *El desconcierto*.

The 90's were a big change for the band. Most of its members left Seguridad Social. They were replaced by Javi Vela (guitar/vocalist), Alex Olías (bass/vocalist) and Rafa Villalba (drummer). ==
### Studio albums 
* 1985 - Solo para locos
* 1987 - La explosión de los pastelitos de merengue
* 1988 - Vino, tabaco y caramelos
* 1990 - Introglicerina
* 1991 - ¡Que no se extinga la llama!
* 1993 - Furia latina
* 1995 - Un beso y una flor
* 1997 - En la boca del volcán
* 1999 - Camino vertical
* 2000 - Va por ti
* 2003 - Otros mares
* 2005 - Puerto escondido
* 2009 - Clásicos del futuro. 2 CD
* 2011 - El mundo al día en 80 vueltas

### Compilation albums 
* 2002 - Grandes éxitos. Gracias por las molestias. CD + DVD
* 2007 - 25 años de Rock & Roll. 2 CD + DVD

### In live 
* 1984 - En desconcierto
* 1994 - Compromiso de amor. 2 CD
* 2013-  Por siempre jamás (30 años de Seguridad Social). CD + DVD

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Prisoner's dilemma

The '''prisoner's dilemma''' is a paradox about co-operation. It shows why a fully rational individual might not act in ways that seem in their best interests. It is studied in game theory.

## Game structure 
### Setup 
The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells, so the two prisoners cannot talk to each other in any way. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray the other by blaming the crime on them. 

If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 2 years. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 5 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.

Both prisoners are very logical, and will choose the option that gives them the shortest prison sentence.

### Strategies 
If you are a prisoner in this situation and you want the shortest prison sentence, the ideal choice is to betray the other prisoner.

If the other prisoner stays silent, also staying silent will put you in jail for two years, while betraying them will set you free. If the other prisoner betrays you, staying silent will put you in jail for ten years, while betraying them back will only put you in jail for five. 

The other prisoner realizes this too, and will also choose to betray you, giving you both a five year prison sentence. But this is not the best outcome; if both of you cooperated, you both could've gotten away with only two years. Betrayal benefits each prisoner individually, but harms the group as a whole.

Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.

## References
Kingsville, Texas

**Kingsville** is a city in Texas. It is the county seat of Kleberg County in Texas. It was founded in 1904. The population was 25,402 in 2020. Kingsville has an area of .

## Notes
## Other websites
* City of Kingsville
* Kingsville Visitors Center 
* Kingsville Chamber of Commerce
* The King Ranch
* Texas A&M University Kingsville
* Kleberg County Airport
Cædmon's Hymn

'''Cædmon's *Hymn*'* is a short Old English poem originally composed by Cædmon. It was about God. It survives in a Latin translation by Bede in his *Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum'' and in other dialects written down in several manuscripts of Bede's *Historia*. Bede wrote about the poet and his work in the fourth book of his *Historia*. 

## Cædmon 
Bede told the story of Cædmon who was an illiterate cow-herder who was suddenly able to recite a Christian song of creation in Old English verse. This miracle happened after Cædmon left a feast when they were passing a harp around for all to sing a song. He left the hall after feeling ashamed that he could not contribute a song. Later in a dream he said a man appeared to him and asked him to sing a song. Cædmon responded that he could not sing. But the man told him that he could and asked him to “Sing to me the beginning of all things.”  Cædmon was then able to sing verses and words that he had not heard of before. Cædmon then reported his experience first to a steward then to Hild the . She invited scholars to evaluate Cædmon’s gift. Cædmon was sent home to turn more divine doctrine into song.
: nu scylun hergan  hefaenricaes uard
: metudæs maecti  end his modgidanc
: uerc uuldurfadur  swe he uundra gihwaes
: eci dryctin  or astelidæ
: he aerist scop  aelda barnu*m*
: heben til hrofe  haleg scepen.
: tha middungeard  moncynnæs uard
: eci dryctin   æfter tiadæ
: firum fold*u*  frea allmectig

; Latin (Bede)
: Nunc laudare debemus auctorem regni caelestis,
: potentiam creatoris, et consilium illius
: facta Patris gloriae: quomodo ille,
: cum sit aeternus Deus, omnium miraculorum auctor exstitit;
: qui primo filiis hominum
: caelum pro culmine tecti
: dehinc terram custos humani generis
: creavit.
: omnipotens

; Modern English translation
: Now [we] must honour the guardian of heaven,
: the might of the architect, and his purpose,
: the work of the father of glory
: as he, the eternal lord, established the beginning of wonders;
: he first created for the children of men
: heaven as a roof, the holy creator
: Then the guardian of mankind,
: the eternal lord, afterwards appointed the middle earth,
: the lands for men, the Lord almighty.

## References 
## Other websites 
* CAEDMON'S HYMN, Washington State University