open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Frisian people

The **Frisians** are a group of people of northwestern Europe. They live in an area known as Frisia, mainly in Friesland and Groningen, in the Netherlands, and in East Frisia and North Frisia, in Germany. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.

## History
The Frisians were made an agreement with the Romans at the Rhine River in 28 AD. Sixteen years later, the Frisians defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood and were known and respected by the Romans, who made several writings about them. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 AD and described their habits. He listed many Frisian groups by name; Of the many groups that he listed, the Frisians are the only ones to have kept their old name.

The Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Great Britain to eastern Denmark was then called *Mare Frisia*. On lands around them, small groups of Frisians settled. Their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and the Netherlands.

Their lands followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine River up to that of the Ems River, which was their eastern limit according to Ptolemy's *Geographica*.

In the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory in northern Germany and the Netherlands to invade Britain, and many Frisians moved with them.  The Frisians who stayed in Continental Europe moved to the lands in which the Anglo-Saxons had lived.

## Famous Frisians
* Mata Hari
* Wijerd Jelckama
* M.C. Escher
* Pier Gerlofs Donia
* Doutzen Kroes

## References
Vampire bat

**Vampire bats** is a subfamily of bats. Unlike other bats, vampire bats feed on blood. Currently, there are three species of bats known to do this. All of them live in the Americas, in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Of the three known species, one feeds on the blood of mammals, the other two on the blood of birds.

The common vampire bat lives in large groups, of up to 100 animals. They have developed complex social behaviour. 

Vampire bats commonly spread diseases, most notably rabies. The saliva of the vampire bats contain chemicals that prevent the clotting of the blood of the victim; this has been used to develop drugs to help the patients of strokes and heart attacks.

The false vampire bats are not vampire bats; they do not feed on blood, some eat fruits, others devour small animals.

Vampires may be modelled on bats.

## Scientific studies
Vampire bats were some of the first animals studied using the broadly applicable tracking system, or BATS.  Scientists glued very small backpacks with sensors onto vampire bats and used GPS to tell when they looked for food, rested, or met each other.  The study, which was printed for people to read on October 31, 2019 (Halloween), said that vampire bats formed social bonds when being held by humans that they remembered after being released back into the wild.
## References
Domesday Book

The **Domesday Book** is the record of the great survey of much of England, and parts of Wales, completed in 1086, done for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.  

The Domesday Book (also known as *Domesday*, or *Book of Winchester*) was a record of all taxable land in England, together with such information as would indicate its worth. 

As the scribes went round England, they were protected by William's armed men. Each group was led by a Royal Commissioner, who took a list of standard questions. A 'jury' of local nobility and citizens answered the questions. All answers were written down in Latin. In effect, it listed only people he could get rent from, and who might supply men to fight in his army.

## Volumes
The Domesday Book is two volumes. One of the books was called *Great Domesday*, and the other was called *Little Domesday*. The draft of the second volume, Little Domesday, was never worked up, but no doubt was used for tax collection just the same.

## Name
The Domesday book got its name because its lists were so complete that it reminded people of the Last Judgment (which people also call Doomsday, or Domesday) in Christianity, when lists of what people have done go before God for people to be judged.

## References
## Other websites 
* Domesday Book, from *The National Archives (UK)*. Searchable text and page scans (complete).
* Focus on Domesday , from Learning Curve . Annotated sample page.
* Domesday Book , an article from *History Magazine*.
* www.domesdaybook.co.uk
Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne

**Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne  DSO & Bar PC** (29 March 1880-6 November 1944) was a British politician. Guinness was born in Dublin, Ireland. 

From 1907 to 1931 he was Conservative MP for Bury St Edmunds, and saw service in World War I at Passchendaele, earning a medal and bar (second award).

He was killed in 1944 in Cairo, Egypt by the Jewish terrorist group Lehi. His assassination was said to be a message to the British government against British imperialism. Guinness was selected because he was believed to be anti Jewish and made statements supporting sending all Jews in Europe to the African island of Madagascar.
Modern Talking

**Modern Talking** was a German dance pop duo consisting of Thomas Anders and Dieter Bohlen. Their music was often classified as Europop. Modern Talking is, by sales, the most successful and popular group in Germany, and they a number of hit singles reaching the top-5 in many countries. Some of their most popular and widely known singles are "You're My Heart, You're My Soul", "You Can Win If You Want", "Cheri Cheri Lady", "Brother Louie", "Atlantis Is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)" and "Geronimo's Cadillac". 

Modern Talking's first period of activity was from 1984 to 1987. The duo reunified in 1998 and made a successful comeback, releasing more music from 1998 to 2003. Modern Talking's sound, however, was rather different from its original 1980s sound after its reunion. The duo came back in 1998 recording their materials based on what the demand was in central European music markets at the time in the late 1990s, which required their original 1980s mellow Europop sound to switch into 1990s up-tempo Eurodance. The duo released singles which again entered the top-10 not only in their home country but also abroad. Some of those singles were "You're My Heart, You're My Soul '98", "Brother Louie '98", and "You Are Not Alone".

## References
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

The **2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami**, also called the **Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (known by the scientific community)**, was a great underwater earthquake. It happened at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004. 

The epicenter of the earthquake was off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. At first, the earthquake was measured as a 9.0 on the Richter scale. It was the longest ever recorded ocean earthquake. It lasted between 500 (8.3 minutes) and 600 (10 minutes) seconds. It was so powerful that it caused the entire Earth to vibrate. It started other earthquakes as far away as Iceland.

## The Asian tsunami 
The large movement of earth under the water caused a very large and powerful tsunami. The tsunami was called the *Asian tsunami*, or the *Boxing Day tsunami* in Australia, Canada, England, and South Africa because it happened on the 26th of December 2004 (Boxing Day). It spread all over the Indian Ocean. The tsunami caused heavy  to countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It also devastated the eastern coast of India, such as the states of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Waves as high as 30m (100ft) killed many people and damaged or destroyed a lot of buildings and other property. Over 225,000 people died or were not found after the tsunami. The wave did damage in East Africa as far away as South Africa (8000km/ 5000mi) where as many as 8 people died because of high water caused by the wave. Because of how much damage was caused and the number of people the earthquake affected, over $7 billion (USD) was donated to help rebuild the areas damaged. This was extremely helpful in rebuilding their respective economies.

UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, US Secretary of State Colin Powell, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and Australian Prime Minister John Howard all visited Aceh to see the disaster aftermath.

## Other websites 
### News collections 
* BBC News - In-Depth Report: Tsunami Disaster
* Channel News Asia - One Year On, Memorial & Updates to the Asian Tsunami Disaster
* CNN - Tsunami, One Year After 
* Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster
* New York Times
* Sydney Morning Herald - Waves of Devastation 

### Photos and video 
* Yahoo! Slideshows — Asian Tsunami Disaster
* Satellite images of tsunami-affected areas (National University of Singapore)
* Tsunamis.com - 2004 Asian Tsunami Pictures
* *After the Tsunami* Danish writer and photographer Thorsten Overgaard's documentary on the relief work after the December 26, 2004 tsunami.

## References
LD50

The name **LD50** is an abbreviation for "Lethal Dose, 50%" or median lethal dose. It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population.

The test was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927 but has been phased out. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve non-animal alternatives to LD50, in response to research cruelty concerns and the lack of validity/sensitivity of animal tests as they relate to humans.

## Examples
* Oral LD50 of grain alcohol: 10.6 g/kg in young rats, 7.06 g/kg in aged rats.
* Oral LD50 of nicotine: 50&nbsp;mg/kg in rats.
* Oral LD50 of Table Salt: 3000&nbsp;mg/kg in rats 
* LD50 of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (active ingredient found in Cannabis): Fischer rat, oral 1,270 mg/kg
* LD50 of smoked and inhaled Cannabis or Marijuana: Unknown. At present it is estimated that marijuana's therapeutic index is around 1:20,000 or 1:40,000 (the "1" in the prior estimate is based on an "effective dose" of the .9 grams contained in NIDA-supplied marijuana cigarettes, although the potency of Cannabis changes based on the genetics of the source plant) placing its LD50 around at least 18,000g.

* LD50 of Batrachotoxin: estimated at 1 to 2 µg/kg in humans.
* LD50 of Polonium 210: estimated at 10 (inhaled) to 50 (ingested) nanograms in humans makes this one of the most toxic substances known.  One gram in theory could poison 100 million people of which 50 million would die.

## References
Alba Iulia

**Alba Iulia** (Latin: *Apulum*, German: *Karlsburg*/*Weißenburg*, Hungarian: *Gyulafehérvár*, former ) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania.  It has a population of 66,369 people. It is found on the Mureş River. In the center of the city there is Alba Carolina citadel built in three historical periods: Roman, Medieval and Habsburg.

## Sister cities 
* Arnsberg, Germany
* Székesfehérvár, Hungary
* Aeghio, Greece
* Alcalá de Henares, Spain
* Sliven, Bulgaria
* Düzce, Turkey
* San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
Balance

**Balance** may mean:
## General terms
*Balance in stereophonic sound
*Balance (accounting)
*Balance beam, gymnastics equipment
*Balance disorder, a medical disorder
*Balance (metaphysics), a desirable point between opposite forces
*Balance wheel in a watch
*Balancing or hard balancing in international relations
*Engine balance
*Tire balance
*Equilibrioception, the sense of balance, or spacial equilibrium, in humans and animals
*Homeostasis, a biological balance within a living organism
*Media balance, media coverage of politics
*Balance, a scale for weighing
*Game balance, a concept in game design describing fairness or balance of power in a game

## Specific terms
*BALANCE Act {H.R. 1066}, Benefit Authors without Limiting Advancement or Net Consumer Expectations
**Balance (animation)*, a 1989 Academy Award-winning short film
**Ballance*, a 2004 puzzle computer game
**Balance* (In Urdu: Mizan or ) is a comprehensive treatise on Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar.
**Balance Bar*, a popular nutritional energy bar

### Music
*Balance (band), a 1980s pop/rock group
*Balance (album), an album by Van Halen
*Balance (Kim-Lian album), an album by Kim-Lian

## Similar terms
*Balanced line (electronics)
*Rebalancing (investment), an action to bring investments in line with target asset allocation
Fret

A **fret** is a thin strip of varying materials (most commonly metal, but occasionally gut or nylon) found on string instruments. Guitars, mandolins, and banjos have frets.

Frets are mounted on the long necks of the instrument. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument.

On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck are frets.
 
Frets divide the neck into sections related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret marks one semitone in the standard western system where one octave is divided into twelve semitones.

## Other websites
Peter Lorre

**Peter Lorre** (born was **Ladislav (László) Löwenstein**, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor. 

## Biography
Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie called "M". Lorre played the role of a serial killer who murders children. This was Lorre's first big role that brought him lots of attention.

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called *The Man Who Knew Too Much*. When Lorre was hired for this role, he only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.

In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA), where he acted in many movies. He usually played foreign characters. Some of Lorre's most famous movie roles are Joel Cairo in *The Maltese Falcon* (1941), Ugarte in *Casablanca* (1942), and Dr. Einstein in *Arsenic and Old Lace* (1944).

Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934–13 March 1945, divorced), Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945–1950, divorced), and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953–23 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953–1985).

He died of a stroke in Los Angeles on March 23, 1964.

## Related pages
* Film noir

## Other websites 
* 
* The Peter Lorre Library of Sound 
* The Peter Lorre Companion
Ruda Śląska

**Ruda Śląska** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 147 000 inhabitants and 77 km².
Leo Fender

**Clarence Leonidas Fender** (August 10, 1909 – March 21, 1991) also known as **Leo Fender**, was an American instrument maker.

He founded a company called Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company. It makes electric guitars, electric bass guitars, and electric guitar amplifiers. Leo Fender designed electric guitars which he called the * Telecaster* and the *Stratocaster.* Fender also designed the first bass guitar, which he called the *Precision Bass*. In the 1960s, Fender designed another bass guitar, which he called the *Jazz Bass*.

All of these instruments (the *Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass,* and the *Jazz Bass*) became popular. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company sold thousands and thousands of these instruments. Many rock and pop music bands from the 1960s to the 2000s use these electric guitars and electric bass guitars.
Rybnik

]

**Rybnik** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 141,000 people live there. The city is about 148 km². Since 2014, the mayor of the city is Piotr Kuczera.

## References
Amplifier

The word **amplifier** (sometimes called an **amp**) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.

Amplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.

Classification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.

There is also several distortion types. 

## How it works
Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.

When an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a "clean" sound (without distortion).

## History
From the  1920s until the  1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot. 

Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable.
Płock

**Płock** is a city in Eastern Poland in the Masovia Voivodship. About 128,000 people live there and it is 88&nbsp;km² big.
Wałbrzych

**Wałbrzych** (pronounce:  ['vawbʒix], German: *Waldenburg*) is a town in southwestern Poland in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. About 126 000 people live there and the area is 84&nbsp;km². The city belonged to Germany until 1945. The original German population was expelled after WW II.
Loudspeaker

A **loudspeaker**, which is also called a **loud-speaker** or **speaker**, is an item that is used to create the sound in radios, television sets, and electric musical instrument amplifier systems.

## How it works 
Loudspeakers use both electric and mechanical principles to convert an electrical signal from a radio, television set or electric musical instrument into sound. For a loudspeaker to produce sound, the signal from the radio, television set, or electric musical instrument needs to be connected to an electronic amplifier. 

Loudspeakers are usually built by using a stiff paper cone, a coil of thin copper wire, and a circular magnet. The cone, copper wire, and magnet are usually mounted in a rectangle-shaped wood cabinet. The coil of copper wire moves back and forth when an electrical signal is passed through it. The coil of copper wire and the magnet cause the rigid paper cone to vibrate and reproduce sounds.

Inside the loudspeaker can be a audio crossover.

## Types of loudspeakers 
Some loudspeakers are designed for lower-pitched sounds, such as *woofer* loudspeakers or *subwoofer* loudspeakers. Other loudspeakers, which are called *tweeters*, are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing).

Loudspeakers for electric musical instruments are usually much stronger and heavier than loudspeakers for radios or television sets. Their main function is to convert electrical signals given to it into sound signals.

## History 
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first audible loudspeaker in 1876. Bell invented the loudspeaker because he needed a device that would amplify sound for the telephone. In 1878, the inventor Werner von Siemens from Germany patented an improved type of electrodynamic loudspeaker which did not yet include an amplifier.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
James Callaghan

**Leonard James** "**Jim**" **Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff**,  (; 27 March 1912&nbsp;– 26 March 2005) was a British Labour politician who served as the 48th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1976 to 1979.

Born in the 1910s, Callaghan was an old-style socialist, lacking any higher education, and served as Member of Parliament (MP) for a Cardiff constituency. He is the only person to have held all three leading UK Cabinet positions (Chancellor, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary), prior to their premiership. He was never expected to reach the premiership, having taken a back seat to the younger and more charismatic Harold Wilson for many years. However, when Wilson unexpectedly announced his retirement in 1976, Callaghan was the most experienced candidate to replace him. His time as prime minister was one of more open government but the electorate was dissatisfied with his relaxed response to high inflation and more industrial unrest, and replaced Labour with a Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher.

Callaghan resigned as Leader of the Labour Party 17 monthslater, but remained an MP for some years before being sent to the House of Lords as Baron Callaghan of Cardiff.

## References
## Other websites
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Fulgencio Batista

**Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar** (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940. He was a farm worker from eastern Cuba, and moved to Havana where he became a stenographer and a sergeant in the Army. He became a leader of a group of sergeants who wanted better pay. With others they overthrew President Gerardo Machado in 1933 and Batista ended up commanding the Army.

In 1940 Batista won election and was President of Cuba until 1944. In 1952 he made his own coup and ruled the country until 1959. His authoritarian government during this time caused opposition despite his attempt to placate critics with a 'show' election in 1954 where he ran without opposition. The opposition included the entire coalition that had overthrown Gerardo Machado. 

Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrew Batista. This is known as the Cuban Revolution. Batista fled Cuba on January 1, 1959 and went to the Dominican Republic before moving on to Portugal, and finally to Spain where he died of a heart attack in 1973.

## References
Sock puppet

A **Sock puppet** is a simple type of hand puppet made with a sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Some sock puppets may also have accessories such as a hat or clothing. Sock puppets are operated by putting a person's hand inside the sock.

## Uses of sock puppets
Sock puppets are often used for entertaining people, especially children. People often present them on special stages that show sock puppets without showing the puppeteers (the people who use sock puppets) themselves.

## Well-known sock puppets
In Canada, Ed the Sock is a sock puppet who has appeared on Canadian television shows since 1987. Ed the Sock appears in a weekly Toronto television series called ''Ed's Night Party!''. In the 1950s, comedian Soupy Sales made two sock puppets famous; 'White Fang' and 'Black Tooth'. Ventriloquist and puppeteer Shari Lewis delighted children with her lovable sock puppets 'Lamb Chop', 'Charlie Horse' and 'Hush Puppy'. They appeared on TV and in person for over four decades. 1950s TV sock puppets 'Kukla' and 'Ollie' appeared with a real person, Fran, who appeared in front of the stage in the long-running program Kukla, Fran and Ollie.

## References
Lindisfarne

**Lindisfarne** (often called **Holy Island**), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is connected to the mainland of Northumberland by a causeway and is cut off twice a day by tides – something well described by Sir Walter Scott:

:For with the flow and ebb, its style
:Varies from continent to isle;
:Dry shod o'er sands, twice every day,
:The pilgrims to the shrine find way;
:Twice every day the waves efface
:Of staves and sandalled feet the trace.

As of 27 March 2011, the island had a population of 180

## Nature reserve
Large parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as **Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve** to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations. 
Grey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.

### Lindisfarne Priory
The monastery of **Lindisfarne** was founded by Irish-born Saint Aidan. He was brought from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria around AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island.

Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne.

In the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels (an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) was made, probably at Lindisfarne.

Later, a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon translation to the Latin text. This made (late 10th century) the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.

## History 
In 793 a Viking raid on Lindisfarne scared many people throughout the Christian West. The year 793 is often called the beginning of the age of Viking raids. A very famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads:

"In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne."

Eventually the monks fled the island. They took with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at Durham Cathedral. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its dissolution in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.

Lindisfarne also has the small castle, based on a Tudor fort and open to visitors.

J.M.W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island.

## Other websites 
*The island's own web site
*Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2006 
*Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2007 
*Photographs and Description
1996 Summer Olympics

The **1996 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXVI Olympiad**, were held in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4.

## Centennial Olympic Park bombing 
Eric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, bombed the Centennial Olympic Park on July 27. Alice Hawthorne was killed in the explosion when a nail from the bomb penetrated her skull. Melih Uzunyol, a Turkish cameraman, had a fatal heart attack while running to the scene.  The bomb wounded 111 others.
## Medal table 
These were the top 10 teams at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
;Key
 Host nation (United States)

## References
Hegemony

**Hegemony** (pronounced with a soft or hard '**g**') is the power of one group over other groups. Hegemony is mostly used to refer to relationships between different nations (or countries). This might be direct dominance, such as through military might, but may be indirect dominance, such as when a nation can dictate the terms of trade to its .

Hegemony often describes the relationship of a great power to nearby less powerful countries.  The term is Greek, and was first used about the influence of a great city over the cities which were allied to it.  Examples are the  Peloponnesian League of Sparta (6th to 4th centuries BC); the short-lived Delian League of Classical Athens.  The later League of Corinth was headed not by a state, but by Philip II of Macedon.  Such a hegemon is a king or ruler with personal power.

A hegemonic relationship is usually described as less than an empire, but more than a regional power. This means a hegemon may not actually take control of other nations, but has the power to greatly influence what they do.  On the other hand, a global hegemon is more powerful than, say, Iran is in the Middle East.

## Cultural Hegemony 
A term made by Antonio Gramsci.It is a form of social control by the elites over the lower classes.  Here, ideas and opinions are enforced by them, so that the lower classes accept only the elite’s opinions and not their own.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Stuart Hainsworth, "Gramsci's hegemony theory and the ideological role of the mass media"
*Mike Dorsher, Ph.D., "Hegemony Online: The Quiet Convergence of Power, Culture and Computers" 
*Hegemonic Pundit, a neo-con blog 
*Hegemony and the hidden persuaders - the power of un-common sense
1932 Summer Olympics

became notable when he won an equestrian gold medal at the 1932 games]]
The **1932 Summer Olympics**, officially known as **Games of the X Olympiad**, were held in Los Angeles, United States.

U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the games. Despite this snub, the games were thought to be a success because the LA Olympics did not end up in debt.

Los Angeles was the first to provide an athletes' "village".
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## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
* IOC page for the 1932 Summer Olympics
Organ trio

An **organ trio** is a type of jazz band with three musicians. Usually a jazz organ trio consists of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone player. 

Organ trios popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. Organ trios usually performed jazz music that had influences from blues music. Organ trios are usually led by the organ player, who is called the leader of the trio.

## History
Important organ trio leaders from the 1950s were organists such as  Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff. In the late 1960s, organist Larry Young had a jazz fusion style organ trio. In the 1970s, Tony Williams had a jazz fusion band called *Lifetime* which was an organ trio. In the 1990s and 2000s, organist Joey DeFrancesco is an organ trio leader. 

## Other meanings
The word "organ trio" is also used to refer to the type (or "genre") of music played by organ trios from the 1950s and 1960s. For example, a person might say "I want to listen to some organ trio music." This would usually mean that they want to listen to music by Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, or other well-known organ trio leaders.
1992 Summer Olympics

The **1992 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXV Olympiad**, were held in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July to 9 August.

## References
## Other websites 
* IOC site for the Barcelona 1992 Olympics
Charles Aznavour

**Charles Aznavour** (22 May 1924 &ndash; 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.

## Career
He appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).

He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour" which he was know by for the rest of his career.

His big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.

## Death
On 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouriès in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.

## Film 
*1989: *Charles Aznavour Armenia 1989* Armenfilm ( Gyumri, Leninakan,Nostradamus, General Andranik, Sumgayit, Karabagh)
movie director Levon Mkrtchyan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEd5L1i6gg

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Official site 
* Original discography, catalogue and discussion group
Smoke

**Smoke** is a cloud of very small, solid particles that is made when something is burned with a flame, such as wood or paper. Smoke can be bad because if it goes into the lungs of a person, it can hurt their lungs or even kill them (for example, in a house fire). Most people think that they are always able to see smoke, but people cannot see some types of smoke: they are . 

People sometimes deliberately make smoke, for example as insecticide or smoke signals, or smoke screen to hide themselves in war, or as food flavoring and preservative. Some smoke is used to transmit drugs, as when tobacco or marijuana is smoked. Incense is smoke that is made for religious ceremonies or to smell good.

Smoke removal systems redistribute gas flows and reduce the temperature and concentration of smoke during a fire. This helps in evacuating people, limiting the spread of fire; and extinguishing the fire.

File:Defense.gov photo essay 100506-N-6070S-346.jpg|Oil fire
File:2017-365-91 Smoking Candle (33401913500).jpg|Candle smoke
Image:Smoke 123.jpg|Campfire in Africa
Image:Ognisko ubt 0126.jpeg|Bonfire smoking

## Smoke from tobacco 
When people smoke tobacco in cigars or cigarettes, they are burning the tobacco and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoke can hurt the mouth, throat, and lungs. It can cause mouth, throat, or lung cancer. It can also cause emphysema and bronchitis (trouble breathing). They continue doing it because the smoke also has a nicotine.

## Smoke from factories 
Factories and power plants produce large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere which pollutes the air. Eventually the toxic chemicals in smoke fall to the ground, and then they pollute the soil and the water. When the air, soil and water are polluted with toxic chemicals, the chemicals also get absorbed by plants and animals (including humans).

## Related pages
*Dry ice
* Pollution

## References
1988 Summer Olympics

The **1988 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXIV Olympiad**, were held in Seoul, South Korea from September 17 to October 2.

## References
## Other websites 
* IOC page on the Seoul 1988 Olympics
Pandya dynasty

The **Pandyan kingdom** பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai.

## References
Blu-ray Disc

**Blu-ray Disc** is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for such movies, such as the HD DVD format. Blu-ray won what is called the *format war* between 2006 and 2008.

A dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is over five times the capacity of a DVD, and over 70 times more than a CD or VCD.

The disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, and released in 2006. The format was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.

Older optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM used a red laser to read and write data. The new format used a blu laser instead. This is where the name is from.

## Related pages 
* DVD
* HD DVD
* Compact disc (CD)

## Other websites 
* Blu-ray Disc Association 
* The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ by Hugh Bennett
* Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD
Stray Cats

The **Stray Cats** were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were "Runaway Boys," "Rock This Town," and "Stray Cat Strut."

The Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name "Lee Rocker") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name "Slim Jim Phantom"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.

The Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer.

## Albums 
* Stray Cats (1981)
* Gonna Ball (1981)
* Built For Speed (1982)
* Rant N' Rave With The Stray Cats (1983)
* Rock Therapy (1986)
* Blast Off! (1989)
* Let's Go Faster! (1990)
* Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992)
* Original Cool (1993)
* Stray Cats: The Definite Greatest Hits (2000)
* Stray Cats: Rumble In Brixton(2004)
* 40 (2019)
1984 Summer Olympics

The **1984 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXIII Olympiad**, were held in Los Angeles, California, United States from July 28 to August 12.

## Boycotting countries
Fifteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics:
*Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order.*
* 
*  Bulgaria
* 
*  Mongolia
* 
* 
*  Czechoslovakia
*  Afghanistan
*  Hungary
*  Poland
* 
* 
*  Ethiopia
* 
*  Angola

All the Asian countries above also boycotted at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, South Korea.

Four other countries also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not part of the Soviet-led boycott:
*  Albania
* 
* / Upper Volta/Burkina Faso
*  Libya

Further to this, Kampuchea was largely unrecognized, and in any case would not have been allowed to compete.

## References
## Other websites 
* IOC page for the Los Angeles 1984 Los Summer Olympics
Chera dynasty

The **Chera dynasty** (Tamil: சேரர் Malayalam: േചര ) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE.  The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala  and Tamil Nadu states of India.
National Security Advisor (United States)

The **National Security Advisor**, officially known as the **Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs**, serves as the top advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. This person serves on the National Security Council within the President's Executive Office.

The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President, and does not have to be approved by the United States Senate. The current acting National Security Advisor is U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio.

## List of National Security Advisors

## References
Alexander Litvinenko

**Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko** (30 August  or 4 December  1962 – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.

## Background
Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.

While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.

On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.

## How the poison works 
Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.

An alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.p327 Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death.

## Related pages
* Boris Berezovsky

## References
Rockabilly

**Rockabilly** is an early type of rock and roll music. It developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because it had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.

## Rockabilly music
Rockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a "slap" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like “go man go” and "yeah!"

## Rockabilly musicians
One of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song *Blue Suede Shoes*. Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet, elbows and butt.

Gene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is “Be-Bop-A-Lula”. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like “Summertime Blues” and “C’mon Everybody.”

## Rockabilly revival
Rockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army.

## Sources
Kalabhra dynasty

The **Kalabhra dynasty** ruled over entire Tamil country in South Indian between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E..

They won over the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties and replaced them. There is a little information available about their origin and about their reign. They did not leave any monuments. The only source of information on them are to be found in Buddhist and Jain literature. They were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.

Hindu scholars and authors who wrote in the 7th and 8th century C.E. when Pandya and Pallava had taken over again have written very little about the Kalabhra dynasty in their texts. Perhaps therefore the period of their rule is known as a ‘Dark Age’ – an interregnum.
Coprophilia

**Coprophilia** is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest, And also by inserting the finger of the male hand into the anus of the female, or inserting the finger of the female hand into the anus of the male.

Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with  hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces.  There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.

There are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as ***Hungry Bitches***, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as *Two Girls One Cup.* Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch *Two Girls One Cup* and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film.
Monument

, commissioned by the Muslim Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, as a mausoleum for his wife, Arjumand Banu Begum.]]

A **monument** is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event.  They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place.  

Image:Nelson On His Column - Trafalgar Square - London - 240404.jpg|Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square, London, commemorates Admiral Horatio Nelson.
Image:Corcovado_statue01_2005-03-14.jpg|Corcovado Hill in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with Jesus Christ the Redeemer statue
Image:Lisbon monument.jpg|The "Monument to the Discoveries" in Lisbon, Portugal, commemorating famous Portuguese explorers.

Image:Geographical Center of Europe.jpg|A monument in Lithuania at the Geographical Center of Europe
File:PolandSzczecinMonumentFlora.JPG|Monument of Flora in Szczecin, Poland
File:Recoleta Cemetery - Mausoleums 37.jpg|Monument of Argentina

## Related pages 
*Memorial

## Other websites 
* Website of Monuments and Sculptures in UK