open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fore-and-aft rig

A **fore-and-aft rig** is a sailing  that mainly has sails that are set along the line of the keel instead of  to it. Such sails are described as **fore-and-aft rigged**.

## History 
Two of the earliest fore-and-aft rigged sailing designs were the Chinese junk and the triangular lateen sails of the Egyptian Feluccas and dhows. The lateen sail was used by Greek ships as early as the 9th century. By the 11th century the fore-and-aft rig began to be used in the Italian city-states and the Mediterranean Sea. The square rigged sails came first in the North. The Vikings used square rigged sails which became popular in Britain and Northern Europe. They certainly had seen its use in the course of trade and during the Crusades. The Renaissance changed this. Slowly the fore-and-aft rig came into common use on rivers and in estuaries in Britain, Northern France, and the Low Countries. The square rig remained standard for the harsher conditions of the open North Sea as well as for transatlantic sailing. The lateen sail was more  and , while the square rig was  but seaworthy.

## Related pages 
* Square rig

## References
## Other websites 
* The Rigging of a Sailing Ship
* fore and aft; YouTube
* The Physics of Sailing; YouTube
Sloop

A **sloop** is a sailboat usually with one mast and fore-and-aft rigged sails. It can also describe a square rigged sailing ship of two or more masts which is sometimes called a **sloop of war**. Originally the definition of a sloop was . A 1750 book said sloops "are sailed and masted as men's fancies lead them, sometimes with one mast, with two, and with three." Their simple layout makes them popular with amateur sailors. It was designed to be fast and could sail in both directions. A gaff rig design allows more sail on a mast. Another advantage is the gaff rig and other early designs can spill wind faster in a blow (heavy wind). Yet very little has been written about them or their French counterpart, the Corvettes. Later, the United States used sloops of war. The Royal Navy used the class of "sloop" right up until the end of World War II. The sailing sloop, like its larger cousin the frigate, were fast and used in a variety of roles. They were not usually used in battle, but were more often used for support in reconnaissance and for carrying messages. They were probably the best of the Royal Navy sailing ships for maneuverability and could function in all but the roughest sea conditions.
 

## Related pages 
* Frigate
* Schooner
* Brig
* Brigantine
* Cutter (boat)
* J-class yacht
* Lugger
* Keelboat
* Yacht
* Skerry cruiser
* Smack (ship)
* Yawl
* Thames sailing barge
* Pocket cruiser

## Reference 
## Other websites 
* Class B Bahamian Racing Sloop "Tari Anne"; YouTube
* 19th century Sloop of War U.S.S Constellation; YouTube
East Croydon station

**East Croydon station** is a railway station and tram stop located on the Croydon Tramlink. It is in zone 5.

## Platforms
Platform 1 serves fast London-bound trains to Victoria station and platforms 2 and 3 serve fast south-bound trains to Brighton, Eastbourne and Southampton Central railway station. Platform 4 serves fast trains towards London Bridge station. Platform 6 is used for fast trains towards Oxted, Uckfield and East Grinstead and for stopping services towards Tattenham Corner and Caterham. Platform 5 is for slow services that stop in many places.

## Buses
London buses  traveling routes 64, 119, 194, 197, 198, 312, 367, 410, 433, 466, 689 and X26 all serve this station.

## Departures
## References
## Other websites
* http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/ECR.aspx
Bonus

**Bonus** may mean:
* an extra payment in addition to wage
* Performance-related pay for how well someone works

Bonus may also refer to:
* Bonus, Pennsylvania
* Bonus, Texas
* A type of question in Quiz Bowl
1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision

The 1956 Grand Canyon was a mid-air collision that happened on Saturday, 30 June 1956 at 10:32 am Mountain Standard Time. A United Airlines plane running as United Airlines Flight 718 hit another airplane owned by Trans World Airlines *(TWA)*, operating as Trans World Airlines Flight 2. The aircraft involved were a Douglas DC-7 and a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. The crash happened over the Grand Canyon within the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park. All 128 passengers and crew on board both flights died in the collision. The crash was the first commercial airline crash with over 100 deaths, and led to many changes in flight safety in the United States. The crash site today is considered a National Historic Landmark.

**Trans World Airlines Flight 2** - nicknamed *Star of the Seine*, the aircraft was a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. The aircraft had an aircraft registration of . The aircraft carried 70 people *(64 passengers and 6 crew members)*. The aircraft was flying under the orders of pilot Jack S. Gandy, co-pilot James H. Ritner, and flight engineer Forrest D. Breyfogle.

## Gallery

UAL DC-7.jpg|A United Airlines DC-7, similar to the one in the accident.
Severed tail of TWA Flight 2.jpg|An airplane part from TWA Flight 2 that broke off during the collision. The image was taken by park rangers. as part of the collision investigation.
TWAGrandCanyonCrashMemorial2.jpg|The burial site and memorial for the civilians on board TWA Flight 2. The memorial site is located in Flagstaff, Arizona.

## References
## other websites
A photograph of the TWA funeral by Life Magazine in 1956
Glyfada

**Glyfada** is a district in southern Athens and a famous coastal resort.
The area developed as a tourist destination through the 1970s and 1980s and has a large number of hotels, shops, restaurants and clubs. It is situated close to the old international airport.

## References
Shelby County, Tennessee

**Shelby County** is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The population for 2020 was 929,744. Memphis is its county seat.

## References
Cutter (boat)

jib set]]
A **cutter** is typically a small, but in some cases a medium-sized, watercraft designed for speed rather than for capacity.  Traditionally a cutter is a smaller sailing ship with a single mast. It is fore-and-aft rigged, with two or more headsails and often has a bowsprit.

In modern usage, a cutter can be either a small- or medium-sized ship whose occupants exercise official authority. Examples are harbor pilots' cutters and cutters of the U.S. Coast Guard or UK Border Force.

Cutters can also be a small boat serving a larger one to  passengers or light cargo between larger ships and the shore. This type of cutter may be powered by oars, sails or a motor.

## References
Plastic wrap

**Plastic wrap** (also **cling wrap**, **food wrap**, or **clingfilm**) is a thin plastic material. It is used for sealing food in containers. It keeps food fresh over a long period of time without spoiling. It is usually sold on rolls in boxes with a cutting edge.

Plastic wrap was first made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A common, cheaper alternative to PVC is low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE doesn't stick to itself as well as PVC.

In the United States and Japan, Plastic wrap has sometimes been made of polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC). PVdC was the main ingredient in Saran Wrap, a popular brand of plastic wrap. Now, Saran Wrap is made with polyethylene.

Research shows that plastic wrapping of food is often not wasteful, because the food lasts longer. A study showed that only 3% of wrapped food was wasted in the UK, but up to 50% of food was wasted in an African country, where it was sold unwrapped.

## References
## Related pages 
*Cellophane
*Polyethylene

## Other websites
*
Bad Moms

***Bad Moms*** is a 2016 American comedy movie. It was released in July 2016.

## Plot
Amy Mitchell is a married woman with two children, Dylan and Jane. Amy feels overworked and over-committed. She works as a sales representative for a "hip" coffee company. She is active in her school's Parent-Teacher Association or PTA. The PTA is run by Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate), Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky.

## Cast 
* Mila Kunis as Amy Mitchell
* Kristen Bell as Kiki
* Kathryn Hahn as Carla Dunkler
* Christina Applegate as Gwendolyn James
* Jada Pinkett Smith as Stacy
* Annie Mumolo as Vicky
* Jay Hernandez as Jessie Harkness
* Lilly Singh as Cathy
* Oona Laurence as Jane Mitchell
* Emjay Anthony as Dylan Mitchell
* Billy Slaughter as Veterinarian
* Wendell Pierce as Principal Daryl Burr
* David Walton as Mike Mitchell
* Megan Ferguson as Tessa
* Wanda Sykes as Dr. Elizabeth Karl
* J. J. Watt as Coach Craig
* Clark Duke as Dale Kipler
* Martha Stewart as herself

## Reception
*Bad Moms* took in over $179 million at the box office.

The movie's reviews were mixed. It scored a 60 on Metacritic's reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a 60% rating.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Wiler

**Wiler (Lötschen)** is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Carshalton railway station

**Carshalton railway station** is a railway station at Carshalton in the London Borough of Sutton in Greater London. It is located between Sutton and Hackbridge.

The station opened on 1st October 1868. The two main trains that run in this station is Southern and Thameslink. This station is in fare zone 5.

## Platforms
There are two station in this station. Platform 1 is for trains towards Central London and Bedfordshire. This includes trains towards Victoria station, St Albans and Luton. Platform 2 is for southbound trains. This includes trains to Sutton (Surrey) and Epsom.

## Frequency
This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

### Up (northbound)
* 2 to Victoria Station via Balham station
* 1 to St Albans via St Pancras station
* 1 to Luton via St Pancras station

### Down (southbound)
* 2 to Sutton (Surrey) (*last stop*)
* 2 to Epsom via Sutton (Surrey)

## Buses
London buses routes 127, 157 and S3 operate at this station.

## Departures
This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to get to the end of the line.

## Other websites
* Live Departure Boards - National Rail Enquiries
Beah Richards

**Beah Richards** (July 12, 1920 – September 14, 2000) was an American actress. She performed on stage, in movies and on television. During her career, she received two Primetime Emmy Awards for her performances on television.

Richards made many guest television appearances in shows, like *The Bill Cosby Show*, *Designing Women* and *ER*.

Richards was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Emphysema took her life in September 2000. She was age 80.

## References
ER (TV series)

***ER*** is an American medical drama television series that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994 to April 2, 2009. Novelist Michael Crichton was the creator of the show.

## Overview 
The show is about the fictional County General Hospital in Chicago. It showed stories from the emergency room. 

*ER* won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards. It won 116 awards overall, including the Peabody Award. The show was nominated for 124 Emmys.

## References
ZooParc de Beauval

The **ZooParc de Beauval** (or **Beauval zoo**) is a zoo in Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher. It has nearly 35,000 animals, including two giant pandas, found nowhere else in France. It was created in 1980 by Françoise Delord. It is considered to be one of the largest zoos in Europe.

## References
Jib

*Alexander von Humboldt*, with four jibs set and a fifth furled (folded or packed up) on the bowsprit]]
A **jib** is a triangular sail that sets ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel. Its tack (lower leading edge) is ed to the bowsprit, to the bow, or to the deck between the bowsprit and the foremost mast. Jibs and spinnakers are the two main types of headsails on a modern boat.

## Traditional vessels 
Schooners typically have up to three jibs. The foremost one sets on the topmast forestay and is generally called the *jib topsail*. A second jib on the main forestay is called *the jib*. The innermost jib is called *the staysail*. Actually, all three sails are both jibs and staysails, in a general sense. A large square-rigged ship typically has four jibs, but could have as many as six. 

From forward () to the back of the boat (), these sails are called:
* Jib of jibs
* Spindle jib
* Flying jib
* Outer jib
* Inner jib
* Fore (topmast) staysail.
 
On boats with only one jib, it is common for the clew of the jib to be further aft than the mast, meaning the jib and mainsail overlap. An overlapping jib is called a *genoa jib* or simply a genoa (see illustration). These are efficiently used when reaching more broadly than a close reach. Alternatively, a boat may carry smaller jibs, to compensate aerodynamics when the mainsail is reefed; these more rugged sails are called *storm jibs* or *spitfires*.

On a boat with two staysails the inner sail is called the *staysail*, and the outer (foremost) is called the jib. This combination of two staysails is called a *cutter rig* (or in North America a *yankee pair*) and a boat with one mast rigged with two staysails and a mainsail is called a cutter.

On cruising yachts, and nearly all racing sailboats, the jib needs to be worked when ing. On these yachts, there are two s (ropes) attached to the clew of the jib. As the yacht comes head to wind during a tack, the active sheet is released. At the same time the other sheet (the *lazy sheet*) on the other side of the boat is pulled in. This sheet becomes the new *active sheet* until the next tack.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Beginners Guide to Sailing - An Introduction; YouTube
Brian

**Brian** [brahy-uhn](sometimes spelled as Bryan) is a common name in the English language. This name was ranked #288 on the US Popular Names in 2021. The name came from Irish and Breton origins. The name is also a surname of Occitan origins.The exact meaning of Brian is not known. However, it is possible the  name is from Old Celtic, meaning "high" or "noble".

## People named Brian
*Brian Blessed (born 1937), English actor
*Brian Clough (1935–2004), British football manager
*Brian Cowen (born 1960), former Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of the Republic of Ireland
*Brian Cox (born 1946), Scottish actor
*Brian De Palma (born 1940), American film director
*Brian Eno (born 1948), English electronic musician, music theorist and record producer
*Brian Epstein (1934–1967), English businessperson, manager of The Beatles
*Brian Johnson (born 1947), member and lead vocalist of the hard rock band AC/DC
*Brian Jones (1942–1969), founding member, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist in the English rock group The Rolling Stones
*Brian Jossie (born 1977), American professional wrestler performing under the ring name of *Abraham Washington*
*Brian Joubert (born 1984), French figure skater and 2007 World Champion
*Brian Lara (born 1969), former West Indian cricketer
*Brian Laudrup (born 1969), former Danish international soccer player
*Brian Littrell (born 1975), member of the boy band, The Backstreet Boys
*Brian May (born 1947), famous guitarist from the band, Queen
*Brian Molko (born 1972), lead vocalist of the band Placebo
*Brian Mulroney (born 1939), former Canadian prime minister (1984–1993)
*Brian Williams (born 1959), anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News on the NBC Television Network
*Brian Wilson (born 1942), member of American music group, The Beach Boys
*Brian Wilson (born 1982), pitcher for the San Francisco Giants
*Brian Condenanza (born 1999), is an Argentine entrepreneur and investor

## References
LaMia Airlines Flight 2933

**LaMia Airlines Flight 2933** was a flight operated by LaMia that ed near the city of Medellín in Colombia. The airplane was carrying s from the Chapecoense football team. The airplane had an aircraft registration of . The airplane crashed on 28 November 2016, at around 22:00 local time. The crash killed 71 people. Seven people originally survived the crash. However, one of the survivors, a goalkeeper known as Danilo, died a few hours after the plane crashed. The three Chapecoense players that survived were Alan Ruschel, Jakson Follmann, and Neto.

It crashed on November 28, 2016 at approximately 21:58 (UTC-5: 00).  Among the passengers were players from the Brazilian soccer team Chapecoense, who were on their way to play the 2016 Copa Sudamericana final against Atlético Nacional. Six people survived the accident. The Colombian Civil Aeronautics Special Administrative Unit investigated the accident with the support of the British Air Accidents Investigation Branch.

The preliminary Colombian report indicated that the plane was traveling overweight and with fuel at the limit, and that the pilots mistakenly decided not to make stopovers to refuel at the Alfredo Vásquez Cobo de Leticia or El Dorado of Bogotá airports.  In addition, they did not inform air control of the fuel shortage until the last moment.  They did not comply with the flight plan, which should not have been approved by the airport authorities.

The final report of Aeronáutica Civil de Colombia, released on April 27, 2018, highlights that the LaMia company "did not comply with the minimum quantity of fuel requirements demanded in international standards, since it did not take into account the fuel required for fly to an alternate airport, the contingency airport, the reserve airport, or the minimum landing fuel"

## Aircraft
 for Northwest Airlink]]
The aircraft was an Avro RJ85, registration CP-2933, which made its first flight on March 26, 1999. After being in service with other airlines and going through a storage period between 2010 and 2013, it was acquired by LaMia. The company had a fleet of three RJ85s, but at the time of the accident, the CP-2933 was the only aircraft of the company that could fly.
## In popular culture 
The United States cable TV network ESPN produced an hour long story about the crash for its E:60 news magazine TV show.  It focused on how one of the pilots was also a co-owner of the airline company and the effects on the survivors and on family members of the people killed in the accident.

The crash of LaMia Flight 2933 was covered in "Football Tragedy", a Season 19 (2019) episode of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series *Air Crash Investigation*.  The show premiered in the United States on the Smithsonian Channel's Air Disasters as "Soccer Tragedy" in November 2019.

## Gallery

Rescate de Policía al vuelo 2933 - 05.jpg|A rescue worker looking at the destroyed airplane.
Rescate de Policía al vuelo 2933 - 06.jpg|Rescue workers at the crash site.
File:Rescate de Policía al vuelo 2933 - 02.jpg|Rescue workers finding the people aboard the plane.

## References
Riham El Hour

**Riham El Hour** (Arabic: ريهام الحر, born March 8, 1977), is a cartoonist from Morocco.  She was first woman to join the Union of Moroccan Professional Caricaturists. She was named one of BBC's 100 women of 2016. She uses her cartoons to speak for women and against male guardianship laws. 

## Life 
Riham was born in Kenitra in Morocco.  Her family is Palestinian.  She received a bachelor's degree in Arabic language and literature from the Faculty of Arts in Kenitra.

## Work 
In 2000 Riham won UNESCO's Palestine Prize in an international competition.  In 2002, she participated in the national days of Moroccan caricature, as the first woman caricaturist of Morocco. In 2005 and 2006 she received a prize at caricatures exhibitions in Damascus, Syria. In 2007, she represented Morocco at the Santomera exhibition in Spain.

After she won the UNESCO competition, Riham met Larbi Sebbone, a well-known Moroccan caricaturist.  Larbi encouraged her to draw more. Her first drawings were in *Al Alam*, a Moroccan newspaper in the Arabic language, and in *Al Mintaka*, a local Kenitra newspaper. Then she drew for the women's magazine *Citadines*.  In 2006 she worked in the national press.  She worked with newspapers, magazines and women's magazines.  In October 2011, she started work with the Arabic version of *Likolli Nissae*. Finally she went to work for *Rissalat Al Ouma*, a newspaper in Casablanca.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Riham El Hour on Facebook
Morton Sobell

**Morton Sobell** (born April 11, 1917 in New York City, died December 26, 2018) was an American engineer with General Electric and Reeves Electronics. He worked on military and government contracts. He was found guilty of spying for the Soviets as a part of a ring that included Julius Rosenberg and others. Sobell was tried and convicted of espionage in 1951 and sentenced to 30 years in prison. He was released in 1969 after spending 17 years and 9 months in prison.

In 2008, at the age of 91, he told *The New York Times* that he did turn over military secrets to the Soviets during World War II. This was the first time he publicly admitted guilt.

Sobell died on December 26, 2018. He was 101 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive 
*Morton Sobell de-classified FBI records
Sumner Redstone

**Sumner Murray Redstone** (born **Sumner Murray Rothstein**; May 27, 1923 &ndash; August 11, 2020) was an American businessman and media magnate. He was the majority owner and chairman of the board of the National Amusements theater chain. Redstone and his family are majority owners of CBS Corporation and Viacom (itself the parent company of Viacom Media Networks, BET Networks, and the movie studio Paramount Pictures).

According to *Forbes*, as of September 2015, he was worth US$5 billion.

Redstone was formerly the executive chairman of both CBS and Viacom. In February 2016, at the age of 92, a week after a court-ordered examination by a geriatric psychiatrist, Redstone resigned both chairmanships, replaced by Leslie Moonves at CBS and Philippe Dauman at Viacom. Redstone then became chairman emeritus.

Redstone was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard College and at Georgetown University. He was married to Phyllis Raphael from 1947 until they divorced in 1999. He then was married to Paula Fortunato from 2002 until they divorced in 2009. He had two children: Brent and Shari.

Redstone died on August 11, 2020 at his mansion in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Sumner Redstone  at Viacom, Inc.
* Sumner Redstone Foundation
Sid Hartman

**Sid  Hartman** (March 15, 1920 – October 18, 2020) was an American sports journalist for the Minneapolis *Star Tribune* and the WCCO 830 AM radio station. He was also a 20-year panelist on the weekly Sports Show with Mike Max, which aired Sunday nights at 9:30&nbsp;p.m. on WUCW 23 in the Twin Cities metro area.

Hartman died on October 18, 2020 in Minneapolis at the age of 100.

## References
Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman

**Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman** (), also **Shtainman** or **Steinman** (November 3, 1914&nbsp;– December 12, 2017), was a well-known Haredi rabbi and posek (halakhic authority) in Bnei Brak, Israel. Following the death of Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv in 2012, he was widely regarded as the Gadol Hador (Leader of the Generation), the leader of the non-Hasidic Lithuanian world.

## References
Bob Dold

**Robert James "Bob" Dold Jr.** (born June 23, 1969) is an American politician. He was the U.S. representative for the 10th congressional district of Illinois. Dold served from 2011-2013, as well as 2015-2017. In the 2016 election, he lost to Congressman Brad Schneider. Robert is a member of the Republican Party.

## References
Jonas Mekas

**Jonas Mekas** (December 24, 1922 &ndash; January 23, 2019) was a Lithuanian-American filmmaker, poet and artist. He was often called "the godfather of American avant-garde cinema." His work were exhibited in museums and festivals worldwide.

His best known works were *Walden*, *Reminiscences of a Journey to Lithuania* and *As I Was Moving Ahead Occasionally I Saw Brief Glimpses of Beauty*.

Mekas died on January 23, 2019 at his home in New York City at the age of 96.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
## References
Camren Bicondova

**Camren Renee Bicondova** (born May 22, 1999) is an American actress, dancer and model. Bicondova is best known for her role as young Selina Kyle/Catwoman on the Fox television series *Gotham*.

## References
Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research

**Institut national universitaire Jean-François Champollion** is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* *Ingénieur ISIS* (ISIS Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Bachelor's degree
* Master of Science.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Univ JFC.

## Research labs 
Research activities at Univ JFC relate to the following topics:
* Education Physical Activity Intervention
* Albi Research and Legal Studies Group
* Computer science and information systems for health
* Public Policy, Environment and Societies
* Serious Game Research Lab
* Texts, contexts and borders

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Hurricane Otto

**Hurricane Otto** was a strong tropical cyclone in November 2016. The storm was the southernmost hurricane on record to hit Central America. It was also the first Atlantic storm to survive the crossover into the Pacific Ocean since Hurricane Cesar-Douglas in 1996.

Otto started late on November 21 in the southwest Caribbean Sea.

Costa Rica, southern Nicaragua and Panama had heavy damage from the storm.

At least 23 people died because of Hurricane Otto.
Nestlé Bear Brand

**Bear Brand** is a powdered milk. It was introduced in 1976. It was owned by Nestlé. It is a sterilized milk brand. The sterilized milk was introduced in 1906. The powdered milk was introduced in 1976. It is #6 among the top 50 "most popular fast-moving consumer goods" in the Philippines.

## References 
## Other websites 
*https://www.nestle.com.ph/brands/dhns/bearbrand
Carshalton Beeches railway station

**Carshalton Beeches railway station** is a railway station in south Carshalton in the London Borough of Sutton in south London. It opened on the 1st October 1906. The train operator on this station is Southern (train operating company). This station is in fare zone 5.

## Platforms
There are two platforms on this station. Platform 1 is for northbound trains towards Victoria Station only. Platform 2 is for southbound trains towards, Sutton (Surrey), Epsom and Epsom Downs.

## Frequency
This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

### Up (Northbound)
* 6 trains to Victoria station including 4 trains via Norbury and 2 trains via Crystal Palace.
* 1 train to London Bridge (*until 9:00am* and again at the *evening*)

### Down (Southbound)
* 4 trains to Sutton (Surrey) (*last stop*)
* 1 train to Epsom
* 1 train to Epsom Downs
* 1 train to Dorking (*until 7:00am* and again at the *evening*)

## Buses
London buses routes 154 operate at this station.

## Routes
## Departures
This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to  get to the end of the line.

## Other websites
* National Rail Enquiries - Station facilities for Carshalton Beeches
* Live Departure Boards - National Rail Enquiries
* Carshalton Beeches Rail Station - Transport for London
Clarel (poem)

, the only existing part of the Temple of Solomon]]
**Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land** is an epic poem by American writer and poet Herman Melville. The work was published in New York by G. P. Putnam & Company in 1876. It was author's last big book. The poem is really huge. It is composed of four parts. It consists of 150 cantos and comprises almost 18, 000 lines. It is written in rhymed verse. All the poem is written in iambic tetrameter, only final section is written in iambic pentameter. In some places the poet uses alliteration. The poem tells about a young man, named Clarel, who went on a trip to the Holy Land. The journey became for him a pilgrimage. The main theme of the poem is the seeking for faith. The main hero had lost his faith during his studies and wanted it back. One of his companions, named Vine, is believed to be a portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne. The poem ends with some words of hope for the hero.

*Then keep thy heart, though yet but ill-resigned --*
*Clarel, thy heart, the issues there but mind;*
*That like the crocus budding through the snow --*
*That like a swimmer rising from the deep --*
*That like a burning secret which doth go*
*Even from the bosom that would hoard and keep;*
*Emerge thou mayst from the last whelming sea,*
*And prove that death but routs life into victory.*

Melville's poem was not much appreciated in 19th century. In 20th century, however, it was called by Robert Penn Warren a precursor of *The Waste Land*. In fact, T.S. Eliot's poem is about seeking for faith, too.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Herman Melville, Clarel, a poem and pilgrimage in the Holy Land. Edited by Walter E. Bezanson.
Mauisaurus

***Mauisaurus*** ("Maui reptile") is a genus of plesiosaur that lived during the Upper Cretaceous about 80 to 69 million years ago. It was the largest plesiosaur, and perhaps the largest marine reptile in New Zealand waters at the time. *Mauisaurus haasti* is the only known species of the genus. A handful of specimens have been found, although only a few are well preserved and mostly complete. 

With 68 cervical vertebrae, *Mauisaurus* had one of the longest necks of any plesiosaur. It was large, over  in length. Like other plesiosaurs, it had a long slender body, with numerous vertebrae, allowing flexible movement. On its underside, *Mauisaurus* had two sets of large flippers. These aided in swimming at high speeds, but may have also allowed the plesiosaur to venture onto shorelines for short amounts of time. *Mauisaurus* was a carnivore, with sharp jagged teeth that would have been used to grip fish or squid.

## References
Dapedium

***Dapedium*** is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Triassic and Jurassic.
]]

## Species
*Dapedium caelatum

*Dapedium granulatum

*Dapedium noricum

*Dapedium pholidotum

*Dapedium punctatum

 at the American Museum of Natural History]]
Parts of a sail

In sailing the **parts of a sail** have certain s that clearly describe them.

There are two types of common mainsails. The Three Sided Mainsail and the Four sided Mainsail. Each of these Mainsail types have many different names according to exact location and relationship of supporting spars.

## Parts of the three sided mainsail 
* The **head** is the very top of the sail.
* The **foot** is the bottom edge of the sail from the tack to the clew. The foot of a sail attaches to the boom.
* The **luff** is the forward or leading edge of a sail. The corresponding parts are the same relative to the front of the boat.  (Note: The **headsail** **tack** is the name for the lower corner of the headsail -- the sail closest to the front of the boat.)

## Associated parts 
* The **boom** is a  spar (pole) that runs along the foot of a fore-and-aft rigged sail.
* The jib is the next most common sail on a sailboat. It is always forward of the mainmast.
* A **sheet** is a rope used to control a sail.

## References
Pterygotus

***Pterygotus*** is an extinct eurypterid, related to arachnids and commonly called as the famous sea scorpions. It lived in the Silurian and Devonian periods.

Fossils have been found in North America, South America, Europe and Australia. It is related to the larger eurypterid *Jaekelopterus,* which also lived during the Silurian and Devonian. It is similar to the freshwater creature *Slimonia*.

*Pterygotus* could reach a body length of 16 meters long. It had a pair of large compound eyes. It also had another pair of smaller eyes in the center of its head. It had 4 pairs of walking legs. A fifth pair of legs were swimming paddles. It also had a pair of large pincers.

## References
American Airlines Flight 96

**American Airlines Flight 96** was a flight operated by American Airlines. The flight was operated with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. On 12 June 1972, the flight went into explosive decompression after a cargo door was blown out from the airplane. This incident occurred near the city of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Because the incident occurred near the city, this incident is sometimes referred to as the **Windsor Incident**.

The incident was caused because of the cargo door. The cargo door was blown out of the plane because the locks of the cargo door failed. When the locks failed, the cargo door blew out and caused rapid decompression in the cargo area of the airplane. This caused the collapse of part of the passenger section of the airplane, which in turn led to some problems with the controls of the plane. The rudder of the airplane was jammed to the right, and cable controls to the second engine were separated. Luckily, no hydraulics were broken. Despite having little control of the airplane, Captain Bryce McCormick was successful in landing the airplane at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. After the incident, McDonnell Douglas, the maker of the aircraft, made minor changes to the locks of the cargo door. These changes would prove to be not successful with the crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981. The crash was caused by exactly the same reason as this incident.

## Related pages
*Turkish Airlines Flight 981

## References
NES Classic Edition

The **NES Classic Edition** (also known as **NES Mini**) is a smaller version of the Nintendo Entertainment System with 30 games pre-installed. It is also known as the Famicom Mini in Japan. It was released in North America and Europe on November 11, 2016, in Japan and Australia on November 10, 2016,
and November 23, 2016 in Russia. The console comes with one controller. The cable of the controller is 0.7 meter long.

The Super NES Classic Edition, released in 2017, is the successor to the NES Classic Edition.

## Hardware
The console features a 720p HDMI display output and controllers that are similar to the original NES controller. The console also includes an emulation engine developed by Nintendo European Research and Development.

## Games
The NES Mini comes with 30 games. Each game can be saved. There are 4 save states for each game.

All versions of the console (no matter what region) include the following games:
*Balloon Fight
*Castlevania
*Donkey Kong
*Double Dragon II: The Revenge
*Dr. Mario
*Excitebike
*Galaga
*Ghosts 'n Goblins
*Gradius
*Ice Climber
*Kirby's Adventure
*Mario Bros.
*Mega Man 2
*Metroid
*Ninja Gaiden
*Pac-Man
*Super C
*Super Mario Bros.
*Super Mario Bros. 2
*Super Mario Bros. 3
*The Legend of Zelda
*Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

The North American, European, and Australian versions have the following exclusive games:
*Bubble Bobble
*Castlevania II: Simon's Quest
*Donkey Kong Jr.
*Final Fantasy
*Kid Icarus
*Punch-Out!! Featuring Mr. Dream
*StarTropics
*Tecmo Bowl

The Japanese "Famicom" version has the following exclusive games:
*Atlantis no Nazo
*Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku: Soreyuke Daiundōkai
*Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari
*Final Fantasy III
*NES Open Tournament Golf
*Solomon's Key
*Tsuppari Ōzumō
*Yie Ar Kung-Fu
## Reception 
Some people think that the cables of the controllers of the NES Mini are too short.
## Gallery 

File:NCM Lieferumfang.jpg|Box content
File:NCM Konsole.jpg|Front side
File:NCM Konsole Rückseite.jpg|Backside
File:NCM-Controller Detail.jpg|Controller
File:Zusatzbehör für die NCM.jpg|Socket adapter and extra cable for the controller
File:NCM-Controller.jpg|Controller with its cable

## References
## Other websites 
*
Lariniscotes

*Lariniscotes* is a trace fossil attributed to sea scorpions. The tracks were probably made by *Pterygotus* or *Eurypterus*.
Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ

"**Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ**" () is a poem by 17th century Polish poet Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. It is one of the finest examples of sonnet form in Old Polish literature. The poem is a part of *The Poems of Lent* (in Polish *Poezje postu świętego*). It was translated into English by Michael J. Mikoś (Michael J. Mikos).

## The author 
Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski was a Polish nobleman. He was born in 1642. He travelled a lot in his youth. He visited France, Spain, Italy and Austria. in Italy, when Polish poets started writing such poems. The first poet to write sonnets in Polish was Jan Kochanowski. After him two notable poets wrote such poems. They were Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki.

## The form 
*Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ* is one of the best poems of the genre in 17th century Polish poetry. It follows the rules of Italian sonnet. It is made up of 11-syllable lines. All Italian sonnets were written in *endecasillabo* that is 11-syllable metre. The rhyme scheme is the most classical. There are only four rhymes. The scheme is abba abba cdc dcd.

An unusual feature of the poem is a long enumeration in the 5th line and in the 8th line. It is composed of 1-syllable words. In Polish language such words are very rare. Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski was not the only poet to use such a poetic device. Daniel Naborowski used it earlier in the poem *The Brevity of Life* (in Polish *Krótkość żywota*). This poem was put into English by Michael J. Mikoś, too.

## References
Eurypterus

***Eurypterus*** is an extinct genus of sea scorpion. It is the most famous type of sea scorpion, although it was far from the largest. It lived during the Silurian era and out has been found in the United States, Canada and Europe. The first *Eurypterus* fossil was discovered in 1818. 

## References
Crackdown

Crackdown has multiple meanings.

## Games
**Crackdown,* a 2007 game
**Crackdown 2*, a 2009 game
**Crackdown 3*, a 2019 game
Desmond Morris

**Desmond John Morris** (born 24 January 1928) is an English zoologist, educator, ethologist and surrealist painter. He is a popular author in human sociobiology. He was known for writing *The Naked Ape* (1967). 

Morris was born in Purton, Wiltshire, England. He studied at Dauntsey's School in West Lavington, Wiltshire. 

## Related pages
*List of biologists

## References
## Other websites
* Official website including a complete biography
* 
* 
* Dinjet il-Qattus/Catlore by Desmond Morris , translated into Maltese by Toni Aquilina, D es Litt.
64-bit computing

Opteron processor, the first 64-bit x86 CPU]]
, one of the first consumer products with a 64-bit CPU]]

In computer science, **64-bit computing** refers to a microprocessor's data stream. It means an operating system can use more computer memory at one time. This makes a 64-bit system much faster than a 32-bit system. A 32-bit system can only use up to 3.56 gigabytes of random-access memory (called RAM or memory). A 64-bit system can use much more memory making it  faster. If each bit were a car, it means 64 of them can move at the same time. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 32-bit vs 64-bit Computers & Phones as Fast As Possible; YouTube
Sutton Common railway station

**Sutton Common railway station** opened in 1930. The only train that operates at this station is Thameslink. This station is in fare zone 4.

## Platforms
There are two platforms at this station. Platform 1 is for trains towards Luton via Wimbledon station. Platform 2 is for trains towards Sutton (Surrey).

## Frequency
This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

### Up (northbound)
* 2 trains to Luton via Wimbledon station

### Down (southbound)
* 2 trains to Sutton (Surrey)

## Buses
London buses routes 470 and S3 operates at this station.

## Departures
This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to get to the end of the line.

## Other websites
* http://ojp.nationalrail.co.uk/service/ldbboard/dep/SUC
* http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/SUC.aspx
* https://tfl.gov.uk/national-rail/stop/910GSUTTONC/sutton-common-rail-station
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16

**LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16** a Boeing 767 was a regular flight from Newark to Warsaw, that made a belly landing at Warsaw Chopin Airport on November 1, 2011 without any loss of life to the 231 passengers and crew on board.
Singapore Airlines Flight 006

On October 31, 2000 **Singapore Airlines Flight 006** crashed after taking off on the wrong runway at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taiwan, caused by pilot error in bad weather. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-400 with 179 people on-board. 83 people were killed in the crash while 96 survived.

## Causalities
79 passengers and four crew members died in the crash. 24 Americans, 26 Taiwanese, 11 Indians, 12 Singaporeans, 4 Malaysians, 2 Koreans, 2 British, 1 Vietnamese, 1 Chinese, 1 Hong Konger, 1 Indonesian, 1 Japanese, 1 Dutch, 1 Macaoan, 1 Kazakhstani, and 1 Filipino were among the dead.
Forestay

On a sailing vessel, a **forestay**, sometimes called a **jibstay**, or a **headstay**, is a piece of standing rigging. It keeps a mast from falling backwards. The other end of the forestay is attached to the bow of the boat. A forestay might be made from stainless steel wire or rod.

## References
Buriolestes

***Buriolestes*** (meaning "Buriol's robber") is a genus of early sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Late Triassic of Brazil. It contains one species, ***B. schultzi***, named in 2016. The type specimen was found alongside a specimen of the lagerpetid dinosauromorph *Ixalerpeton*.

## References
Kotor Varoš

**Kotor Varoš** or **Kotor-Varoš** (Котор Варош) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 2013, 22,001 people lived in Kotor Varoš.

The elevation of Kotor Varoš is .  Total municipality area is .

Kotor Varoš is on the Vrbanja river, on its southeastern upstream line of the Banja Luka, about  and to Šiprage  also,.

## History
The first settlement of  the medieval town Kotor, existed certainly before the 9th century, because, according to credible sources, it was previously "destroyed several times."  It  was named as Vasekatro „near Banja Luka“.

### Kotor Varoš settlement by Census years
## Related pages
*Vrbanja river
*Banja Luka

## References
Vrbanja (river)

The **Vrbanja** (Врбањa) is a river in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Along with the Ugar, it is the largest right tributary of the Vrbas. Its drainage basin covers an area of approximately 703.5&nbsp;km2. It has significant hydropower potential. The estimations of the Vrbanja's length vary from 84&nbsp;km to 95.4&nbsp;km.

## Tributaries 
The river is fed by numerous tributaries from Vlašić, Čemernica, Borja and Uzlomac mountains. The most significant right-side tributaries are the Bobovica, Lopača, Trnovac,  Crkvenica, Stopanska rijeka, Kruševica, Jezerka, Bosanka, and Jošavka, and the most significant left-side tributaries, the Čudnić, Kovačevića potok, Ćorkovac, Demićka, Sadika, Grabovička rijeka, Duboka river, Vigošća/Vigošta, Cvrcka and Jakotina.

## Related pages
* Šiprage
* Kotor-Varoš
* Čelinac
## References
Wole Soyinka

**Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Babatunde Soyinka** (Yoruba: *Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká*; born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian playwright and poet. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first African to be honored in that category.

## References
Vrbas (river)

The **Vrbas** (Врбас)  is a river in the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the larger tributaries of river Sava. The Vrbas is about 250&nbsp;km long. The drainage basin is around 6273&nbsp;km2. The average flow at the mouth is 114 m3/s.
  
Vrbas starts from two springs on Ze Mountain (branch of Vranica), at 1715 m above sea level. Vrbas River cuts a composite valley, passing through Skopljanska valley, Vinačka klisura (gorge), Jajce valley, canyon valley Tijesno, Banja Luka valley, and a lower flow through  Lijevče polja (field).

The main left tributaries of the Vrbas are: Semešnica, Pliva, Black River and Krupa. The main right tributaries are Bistrica, Ugar, Svrakava, Vrbanja river, and Turjanica.

Its mouth is in Bosanska Gradiška.

## References
Banja Luka

) ]]

**Banja Luka** (Бања Лука), or **Banjaluka** is a city in the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located on the Vrbas river. It is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and many people say it is one of the country's most beautiful cities. It is the administrative center of the Republika Srpska and the economic and cultural center of this part of Bosnian Krajina.

Its elevation is 163 m, and its total area is 1,238.91&nbsp;km2. According to the 2013 census, the City of Banja Luka has 185,042 inhabitants.

In the first century AD, Romans won the area of Banja Luka, which was then inhabited mainly members of Mezeji, an Illyrian tribe. This area was completely within the Roman province called Illyricum. Today, the city of Banja Luka is located on the road that led from Dalmatia to Pannonia, or from Salona to today's Bosanska Gradiška. Today's citadel Kastel, which is in what was the center of the city at the time, was a Roman military fortress.

Slavs settled Balkans and all of the current Banja Luka are in the sixth and seventh centuries, and they built several fortresses in the valley of the river Vrbas.  There are not many written records from that time.  The earliest Slavic settlement is also called "Vrbas," and it was first mentioned in 1320. The name of the town Banja Luka first appears in writing in 1494, in a work by Croatian-Hungarian King Vladislav. The name comes from *banjaluk* that is the Turkish-Bosnian slang for "spaing." This is because of the natural hot water suitable for baths that still exist in today's oldest settlement, Gornji Šeher/Upper Seher. The city came under Ottoman rule in 1537.

## References
Arrondissements of the Bas-Rhin department

There are 5 **arrondissements in the Bas-Rhin department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Bas-Rhin are:

## History
Bas-Rhin is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in four districts: Haguenau, Benfeld, Strasbourg and Wissembourg, with Strasbourg as is capital. Soon, the district of Sarre-Union was created and the name of the district of Benfeld was changed to Sélestat (in its origins, Schlestadt).

In 1800, with the creation of the *arrondissements* in France, the five districts were changed into four *arrondissements*: Strasbourg, Barr, Saverne and Wissembourg. The subprefecture of Barr was moved to Schlestadt (Sélestat) in 1806. and only 5 were kept: Haguenau-Wissembourg, Molsheim, Saverne, Sélestat-Erstein and Strasbourg.

## Related pages
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Vlašić (mountain)

**Vlašić** (Влашић) is a mountain  in Dinaric Alps. It is in the very center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its highest peak is Paljenik with an elevation of 1,943 m. It is famous for its pastures, cattle-breeding and cheese. It s the town of Travnik.

The mountain is named for the Vlassi people (called Vlachs in Bosnia). They tended their sheep there since the end of the Roman Empire. They brought one of the trademarks to the area, Vlašić cheese, about the year 1,000.

## References
Travnik

**Travnik**  (*Травник*) is a town in central Bosnia and Herzegovina,  west of Sarajevo. It is the capital of the Central Bosnia Canton. It is in the Travnik Municipality. In 2013, the town of Travnik had 16,534 residents.

Travnik is close to the geographic center of Bosnia and Herzegovina at . The river Lašva flows from west to east through the city.

Travnik is  above sea level. The Vilenica and Vlašić mountains are two of the geographical features found near Travnik. Vlašić mountain is at the very center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its highest peak is Paljenik with an elevation of .

## References
## Other websites 
*