open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Duke of Normandy

The title **Duke of Normandy** was given to the rulers of the duchy of Normandy. This fief was created in 911 by Charles the Simple King of France for Rollo, a leader of Northmen. In 1066 the seventh duke, William II, became King William I of England. The title of Duke of Normandy was held by the Kings of England until Henry III gave up the title by  in 1259. King John had lost mainland Normandy in 1204, and kept only the Channel Islands.  Today the Channel Islands are a British Crown dependency.

In 1660 when King Charles II was restored to the throne, the King of France, Louis XIV, created Charles' brother James Duke of Normandy, probably as a show of support for monarchy and to stop Charles claiming the title himself.

## Early Dukes of Normandy (911-1204)
### House of Normandy 
*Rollo (911–928)
*William I Longsword (928–942)
*Richard I (942–996)
*Richard II the Good (996–1026)
*Richard III (1026–1027)
*Robert I The Magnificent (1027–1035)
*William the Conqueror* (1035–1087) (William II as Duke of Normandy, William I as King of England)
*Robert II Curthose (1087–1106)
**William Rufus* as regent (1096–1100)
**William Clito as claimant (1106–1134)
*Henry I Beauclerk* (1106–1135)
**William III Atheling (Under his father, Henry I)

### House of Blois 
*Stephen of Blois* (1135–1144) (usurped from Empress Matilda)

### House of Plantagenet 
*Geoffrey Plantagenet (1144–1150) (*jure uxoris*)
*Henry II* (1150–1189)
**Henry the Young King* as junior duke (1170–1183)
*Richard IV Lionheart* (1189–1199)
*John Lackland* (1199–1216), lost mainland Normandy in 1204.
*Henry III* (1216–1259), renounced mainland Normandy and the ducal title by Treaty of Paris (1259).

## Notes 
## References
Hall & Oates

**Hall & Oates** is an American musical group. The members are Daryl Hall and John Oates. They came from Philadelphia. Their greatest fame was from the late 1970s to mid 1980s. During this time they had many hit songs. They faded from view in 1990, but the duo are still performing together.

## Albums
* *Whole Oats* (1972)
* *Abandoned Luncheonette* (1973)
* *War Babies* (1974)
* *Daryl Hall & John Oates* (1975)
* *Bigger Than Both of Us* (1976)
* *Beauty on a Back Street* (1977)
* *Along the Red Ledge* (1978)
* *X-Static* (1979)
* *Voices* (1980)
* *Private Eyes* (1981)
* *H2O* (1982)
* *Big Bam Boom* (1984)
* *Ooh Yeah!* (1988)
* *Change of Season* (1990)
* *Marigold Sky* (1997)
* *Do It for Love* (2003)
* *Our Kind of Soul* (2004)
* *Home for Christmas* (2006)

## References
## Other websites
*
America's Got Talent

'''''America's Got Talent*** (sometimes abbreviated as ***AGT'''*) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network, and part of the global British **Got Talent* series'' franchise. It began in June 21, 2006. It features singers, dancers, magicians and other talents from America to compete for a contract and $1,000,000 and as a headliner on the Las Vegas Strip since season 3.

## Format 
Artists compete for the judges votes. Before appearing, Applicants must audition to impress the crew who works on the show. This is how people get a chance to impress the judges. 

Note: Certain seasons may have different variations of rounds.

### Auditions 
Once applicants have made the show, they go on stage with the judges. Before the act, they introduce themselves("Who are you and where are you from?") is a common line. They perform their act with added help from the crew that helps the contestants with playing music, and props. The coaches have a big red X button they can press if the act starts performing and they get bored, don't like the act, or think the act isn't "talent" material or just plain stupid. If an act receives all of the Judges X's, they must stop performing, however, some have ignored the unofficial rule. After the act is complete, the judges make comments make positive and/or negative about it. Each judge then votes. If an act received 3 Yes's(75%) or more, they move on to the next round of competition. If an act received 2 yes's(50%) or less, they are eliminated from the competition. X's do not determine a judge's yes or no decision. Even if an act received four X's, they can still go through if they can convince the judges to give them 3 yes's, they still go through.

### Judge Cuts 
The second round of the competition features the contestants performing an act again(usually better and bigger) than the last time. The Judges decide on a certain number of acts moving to the live shows. The contestants are usually split into a certain number of groups as well. The judges decide who moves on as a group, instead of individually. The judges can still X a performance, but all performances are eligible to move on when the judges X a performance, even with four X's.

### Live Shows 
## Overview 
## References
## Other websites
*
Ford Expedition

The **Ford Expedition** is a full sized SUV that can carry up to nine people. This SUV debuted around 1997 as a replacement for Ford Bronco. The vehicle is used by EMS, by law enforcement and by fire department agencies.

## First Generation (1997-2002)   
The First generation Expedition, also known as the UN93 was manufactured on July 22, 1996 in Wayne, Michigan  and Revealed on October 2 ,1996. Its front end is identical to the 10th gen Ford F-150. It has 3 variants, XLT, Eddie Bauer, and SVT (Which was discontinued days later). The engines can be a 4.6, 5.4, and 5.6. 

## Second Generation (2003-2006) 
The Second generation Expedition was manufactured on March 2002 under the U222 chassis code in Wayne, Michigan and revealed at the 2002 North American International Auto Show.
Chironex fleckeri

***Chironex fleckeri***, commonly known as **sea wasp**, is a well-known, lethal,  venomous species of Box jellyfish. It lives in coastal waters from northern Australia and New Guinea north to the Philippines and Vietnam. Humans can easily be killed by its sting. It is considered the most lethal jellyfish in the world because of the numerous incidents resulting in injury or death to humans.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Distribution of Box Jellyfish in Australia
Ford Flex

The **Ford Flex** was a full size crossover SUV. It was made by Ford Motor Company. Its styling was based on the concept of the Ford Fairlane. The vehicle was launched in 2007 at the New York International Auto Show. 

In 2008, it replaced the Ford Taurus X/Ford Freestyle, the Ford Freestar and its sibling, the Mercury Monterey. 

In 2013, it was improved. It had a new bonnet, new grille, new headlights, new rear lights and new front and rear bumpers

In 2018, Ford discontinued the Flex after the 2019 year model without a replacement.

File:Ford_Fairlane_Concept.jpg|2005 Ford Fairlane concept at the 2005 Chicago Auto Show
File:Ford_Flex_(15868584338).jpg|2009–2012 Ford Flex rear (before improvements)
File:2013 Ford Flex -- 07-11-2012.JPG|Ford Flex (after improvements)
File:2013 Ford Flex 3.5 V6 Ecoboost SEL (49192208451).jpg|Ford Flex (after improvements)

## Sales in the United States
## References
Fernando Wood

**Fernando Wood** (14 June 1812 – 14 February, 1881) was an American politician of the Democratic Party from Pennsylvania. He served as the Mayor of New York City twice (1855 – 1857, 1860 – 1862), United States Representative three times (1841–1843, 1863–1865, and 1867–1881) and as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in both the 45th and 46th United States Congress (1877–1881). He was head of the political machine Tammany Hall. In 1854 he was elected Mayor of New York City and took office in 1855. He ran again in 1856, but lost to Daniel F. Tiemann, who was mayor from 1857 to 1859.  Wood was re-elected in 1860 and took office again that year, for the last time. After being a mayor, Wood returned to the United States Congress. He died at the age of 68.
Lincoln Town Car

The **Lincoln Town Car** was a full-size luxury sedan produced by Ford's Lincoln division from 1980 to 2011. Initially introduced in 1980 as a 1981 model, the Town Car name had been used previously on the Lincoln Continental from 1959 to 1979. The Town Car became its own model starting in 1980, that gained popularity, especially in the limousine and funeral vehicle industries.

## First Generation (1981-1989) 
The first generation of the Lincoln Town Car was produced from 1981 to 1989. It was based on the Ford Panther platform and featured a traditional sedan design, characteristic of luxury vehicles of the time. The first-generation Town Car was a popular choice for chauffeur-driven transportation, with many used as limousines and funeral cars.

## Second Generation (1990-1997) 
The second generation of the Lincoln Town Car was introduced in 1990 with a complete redesign. It featured updated styling with rounded edges and new technology. The interior was redesigned and The second generation also had A facelift in 1995 that included a refreshed front end.

## Third Generation (1998-2011) 
The third generation of the Town Car debuted in 1998, featuring a more rounded and sleek design. This generation had upgrades to the suspension and interior quality. The Town Car continued to be used as a limousine, taxi, and hearse. In 2003, the model received a mild redesign that introduced rack-and-pinion steering and other updates to the exterior and interior. The Third generation was sold until the production ended in 2011.

## Discontinuation 
The Lincoln Town Car was discontinued in 2011 after over three decades of production. The decision was part of Lincoln's transition to newer vehicle platforms, such as the front-wheel-drive-based Lincoln MKS and Lincoln Continental. Although production ceased, the Town Car continued to be used as a limousine and funeral vehicle for some time.
## Licensed Production in China 
In China, a licensed version of the Lincoln Town Car was produced by FAW and rebadged as the Hongqi CA7460 and Hongqi Qijian from November 10, 1998, until 2005. The limousine versions are now known as the Hongqi Limousine L1, L2, and L3. In 1998, the price was 690,000 RMB (approximately US$109,710). The L3, introduced in 2001, had a wheelbase of 3,190 mm. The L1, introduced in 2002, had a wheelbase of 3,990 mm, while the L2, introduced in 2003, had the longest wheelbase at 5,339 mm. The limousine variant was priced at 1,350,000 RMB (approximately US$214,650).

## References
The Prodigy

**The Prodigy** are an English electronic dance music group. It was formed by Liam Howlett in 1990 in Braintree, Essex.. They have sold over 25 million records worldwide. They named the band after the  synthesizer, Moog Prodigy. They describe their sound as Electronic Punk. 

## Studio albums 
* *Experience* (1992)
* *Music for the Jilted Generation* (1994)
* *The Fat of the Land* (1997)
* *Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned* (2004)
* *Invaders Must Die* (2009)
* *The Day Is My Enemy* (2015)
* *No Tourists* (2018)

## References
Rotes Rathaus

The **Red City Hall** () is the town hall of Berlin, in the Mitte borough on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz. It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the Federal state of Berlin. The landmark building got its name from the red clinker bricks with which it is covered.

## History
]]
The Rathaus was built between 1861 and 1869 in the style of the north Italian High Renaissance by Hermann Friedrich Waesemann. It was modelled on the Old Town Hall of Toruń, now in Poland, while the architecture of the tower is reminiscent of the cathedral tower of Notre-Dame of Laon in France.  It replaced several individual buildings dating from the Middle Ages and now fills an entire city block.

The building was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II and rebuilt to the original plans between 1951 and 1956. The *Neues Stadthaus*, which survived the bombing and had been the head office of the Berlin city fire insurance company  in Parochialstraße was the temporary city hall for the post-war city government for all four sectors of Berlin until September 1948.  Following that time, it housed only those of the Soviet sector. The reconstructed Rotes Rathaus, then in the Soviet sector, served as the town hall of East Berlin, while the Rathaus Schöneberg in Schöneberg borough was seat of the West Berlin Senate.  After German reunification, the administration of reunified Berlin officially moved into the Rotes Rathaus on 1 October 1991.

## Related pages
*Senate of Berlin
*Mayor of Berlin
*List of mayors of Berlin
*Alexanderplatz
*Nikolaiviertel
*Fernsehturm Berlin
*Marienkirche
*Marx-Engels-Forum

## Other websites
* CityMayors feature
* Red Town Hall 360° Panorama
List of mayors of Berlin

The following **list of mayors of Berlin** shows all the mayors () of Berlin, Germany since 1809:

## 1809–1948
''* (generally "Lord Mayor")
*Leopold von Gerlach (1809–1813)
*Johann Büsching (1814–1832)
*Friedrich von Bärensprung (1832–1834)
*Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1834–1848)
*Franz Christian Naunyn (1848–1851)
*Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1851–1862)
*Karl Theodor Seydel (1863–1872)
*Arthur Hobrecht (1872–1878)
*Max von Forckenbeck (1878–1892)
*Robert Zelle (1892–1898)
*Martin Kirschner (1899–1912)
*Adolph Wermuth (1912–1920)
*Gustav Böß (1921–1929)
*Arthur Scholz (1929–1931)
*Heinrich Sahm (1931–1935)
*Oskar Maretzky (1935–1937)
*Julius Lippert (1937–1940)
*Ludwig Steeg (1940–1945)
*Arthur Werner (1945–1946)
*Otto Ostrowski (1946–1947)
*Louise Schroeder (1947–1948)
*Ferdinand Friedensburg (1948)

## 1948–1991 (East Berlin)
Mayors () of East Berlin, capital in the socialist state of German Democratic Republic.

*Friedrich Ebert, Jr. (1948–1967)
*Herbert Fechner (1967–1974)
*Erhard Krack (1974–1990)
*Dr. Ingrid Pankraz (1990)
*Dr. Christian Hartenauer (1990)
*Tino Schwierzina (1990–1991)
*Thomas Krüger (1991) provisional
The Mayor of Berlin (*Regierender Bürgermeister von Berlin'') was democratically elected in January 1991.

## 1948–1991 (West Berlin) 
Governing Mayors () of West Berlin (1949–90), and Berlin, capital of Germany since 1990.

## After reunification
Rod Blagojevich

**Rod R. Blagojevich** (born December 10, 1956) was 40th Governor of Illinois beginning January 13, 2003 and ending January 29, 2009. He succeeded George Ryan, who would also be arrested for non-related charges. Blagojevich was the first Governor of Illinois to be impeached while in office and the first Democratic politician in over 25 years to face such charges. In February 2020, President Donald Trump ended Blagojevich's prison sentence four years earlier.

## Early life
Blagojevich was born in Chicago, Illinois, the second of four children. His father, Radislav, was an immigrant steel plant laborer from a village near Kragujevac, Serbia. Blagojevich graduated from Chicago's Foreman High School after transferring from Lane Technical High School. He began boxing at a young age.

## Governor of Illinois
During 2002, Blagojevich campaigned for his party's nomination to become governor. Blagojevich won a close primary campaign against former Illinois Attorney General Roland Burris and Chicago Public Schools Superintendent Paul Vallas, who ran well in the suburban collar counties of Chicago. Blagojevich finished strongly in Southern Illinois, winning 55% of the primary vote downstate, enough to win a primary victory by a thin margin.

In the general election, Blagojevich defeated Topinka and the Green Party's Rich Whitney, outspending Topinka $27 million to $6 million. He attempted to tie Topinka to former Republican governor George Ryan's corruption. Blagojevich won re-election.

## Arrest and conviction
He was arrested in December 2008 on federal corruption charges, including conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. Blagojevich was later impeached during January 2009, convicted and removed from office on January 29, 2009. On December 7, 2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison. He is held at Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood in Jefferson County, Colorado.

On May 31, 2018, President Donald Trump, soon after having pardoned commentator Dinesh D'Souza, told reporters that he was considering reducing Blagojevich's sentence (without pardoning him). Trump called Blagojevich's 14-year sentence "unfair", saying that Blagojevich's statements about enriching himself were "stupid", but also the sort of thing "that many other politicians say".

President Donald Trump commuted his sentence on February 18, 2020, ending his sentence four years early.

On February 10, 2025, President Donald Trump issued a full and unconditional pardon to Blagojevich using the power given to presidents in the Constitution. While Blagojevich had already been walking free since Trump’s 2020 commutation of his sentence, the pardon cleared Blagojevich’s criminal record.

## Personal life
Blagojevich has been married to Patricia Mell Blagojevich. They have two children. His family owns a home in Ravenswood, Chicago, but live in Jefferson County, Colorado because of Blagojevich's prison stay.

## References
Gondwana Rainforests

The **Gondwana Rainforests** of Australia, formerly the 'Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves', are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The area includes 50 separate reserves covering . It is around the New South Wales–Queensland border.

The Gondwana Rainforests are so-called because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. The number of visitors to the reserve is about two million per year.

The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park.

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
* Numinbah Nature Reserve

## References
Chihuahua Municipality

**Chihuahua** is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat is the state capital, the city of Chihuahua.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 758,791, with 748,551 in the municipal seat. It covers an area of .

## References
*Municipio de Chihuahua  *Enciclopedia de los municipios de México*, INAFED
Chihuahua

**Chihuahua** usually refers to:

*Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state
*Chihuahua (state), a state in Mexico
*Chihuahua (city), capital city of that state

**Chihuahua** may also refer to:

## Food 
*Queso Chihuahua, a type of cheese originating in the state

## Music 
*"Chihuahua" (song), a song by Louis Oliveira and His Bandodalua Boys, covered and made famous by DJ BoBo

## Places 
*Chihuahua City, the capital city of the Mexican state
*Chihuahua Municipality, the municipality surrounding the city
Chihuahua City

The city of **Chihuahua** is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is also the seat of Chihuahua Municipality. It has a population of about 825,327. The predominant activity is industry, including domestic heavy, light industries, consumer goods production, and to a smaller extent *maquiladoras*.
King in Prussia

**King in Prussia** was the title used by the rulers of Prussia from 1702 to 1772.

The rulers, who were also Princes and Margraves of Brandenberg wanted to be Kings, but knew that the Holy Roman Emperor would not allow them the title.  

In return for support in the War of the Spanish Succession Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to call himself King in Prussia.  The Duchy of Prussia was outside the Empire, and he was only regarded as King outside the Empire.

In 1772 Frederick II annexed most of Poland and decided to call himself King of Prussia.  The Holy Roman Emperor was not as strong as they had been, and in 1806 the Empire ceased to exist.
Tabasco pepper

The **tabasco pepper** is a variety of chili pepper species *Capsicum frutescens*. It is best known through its use in Tabasco sauce, followed by *peppered vinegar*.
Guerrero

**Guerrero** may refer to:
* Guerrero (state)
* Guerrero Municipality, Chihuahua
* Guerrero Municipality, Coahuila
* Guerrero Municipality, Tamaulipas
Guerrero Municipality, Chihuahua

**Guerrero** is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Vicente Guerrero (aka **Ciudad Guerrero**). The municipality covers an area of 5,603.6&nbsp;km².

## References
Guerrero Municipality, Coahuila

**Guerrero** is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Guerrero. The municipality covers an area of 3,219.7&nbsp;km² and is located on the international border between Mexico and the USA, here formed by the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande), adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas.
Guerrero Municipality, Tamaulipas

]]

**Guerrero** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

## Other websites
*Gobierno Municipal de Guerrero Official website
Kansas–Nebraska Act

(in gray), states with no slavery (in pink), U.S. territories (green), and Kansas in center (white).]]
The **Kansas–Nebraska Act** of 1854 made the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing the states to vote on whether slavery was legal or not. This law canceled the Missouri Compromise, which declared that slavery was not legal in those areas. It was passed on May 30, 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act angered many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing agreement. In the pro-slavery South, it was strongly supported.  

After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed in to settle Kansas to affect the outcome of the first election held after the new law went into effect.  Pro-slavery settlers carried the election but anti-slavery settlers claimed the results were fraudulent, and did not accept defeat.  The resulting fighting in Kansas gave it the nickname "Bleeding Kansas". 

## Other websites
*The Kansas-Nebraska Act
*Kansas-Nebraska Act from the Library of Congress
Tabasco sauce

**Tabasco sauce**  is the brand name for a hot sauce produced by  US-based McIlhenny Company of Avery Island, Louisiana. Tabasco sauce is made from tabasco peppers (*Capsicum frutescens* var. *tabasco*), vinegar, and salt, and aged in white oak barrels for three years. It has a hot, spicy flavor.
2006–07 Chicago Blackhawks season

The **2006–07 Chicago Blackhawks season** was the Hawks' 81st season.

## Regular season
### Season standings
*Final regular season standings for the 2006–07 NHL season.*

### Game log
#### October
#### November
#### December
#### January
#### February
#### March
#### April
*Green background indicates win.     
*Red background indicates regulation loss.   
*White background indicates overtime/shootout loss. 

## Player stats 
|-
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|-
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|-
|}

## Transactions
### Trades
### Free agents acquired
### Free agents lost
### Claimed off waivers
### Lost on waivers
### Draft picks
Chicago's picks at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in Vancouver, British Columbia.

## Related pages
*2006–07 NHL season

## References

***Game log:** Chicago Blackhawks game log on espn.com
***Team standings:** NHL standings on espn.com
***Player stats:** Chicago Blackhawks 2006–07 reg. season stats on espn.com
***Draft picks:** 2006 NHL Entry Draft

## Other websites 
*Official site of the Chicago Blackhawks 

**Goaltenders:**

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**Defensemen**

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•
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**Forwards**

•
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Base Ball Bear

**Base Ball Bear** is a Japanese rock band from Tokyo, Japan. Base Ball Bear has four members in the band; the current band members are Yūsuke Koide, Shiori Sekine and Daisuke Horinouchi.

## Career 
The band, originally called “Planet,” was formed by four friends for a one-time performance at a high school culture festival. But they decided to continue playing because of how well they were received at the festival and how much fun they were having. The band was afviced by Toshiba EMI to change their name after sending their demo tapes to record labels and they chose **Base Ball Bear** which they got from Chocolat's song, “Base Ball and Elvis Presley”. The band currently has Yūsuke Koide on vocals and guitar, Shiori Sekine on bass guitar and backing vocals and Daisuke Horinouchi on drums and chorus. Shōhei Yuasa, who used to play the guitar along with them, left the band on March 2, 2016.

## Band members 
;Current
*Yūsuke Koide – Vocals/guitar
*Shiori Sekine – bass guitar/backing vocals
*Daisuke Horinouchi – drums/chorus

;Former
*Shōhei Yuasa - guitar

## Other websites 
* Official website (Japanese)
Pontiac Bonneville

The **Pontiac Bonneville** was an American automobile. It was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 2005 model year. The Bonneville was available as a convertible, sedan or coupe. This car was distributed through the Pontiac division of General Motors. It was named after the salt flats of Bonneville, Utah.

The Bonneville ran for ten generations, each with distinct styling and engineering. Bonnevilles came with either V6 or V8 configuration engines, producing anywhere from 135 horsepower to 390 horsepower, depending on model.

## References
Aeronwy Thomas

**Aeronwy Bryn Thomas-Ellis** (3 March 1943 – 27 July 2009)
was the second child of the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.
, Italy, 2006]]
Born in London, where her parents lived at the time, she was named for the River Aeron. In 1949, the family moved to the Boat House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, Wales.
After her father's death in 1953, she and her mother went to Rome, later moving to Sicily.
She learnt Italian and became a translator of Italian poetry. She was also known as an ambassador for her father's work, and as a patron of the **Dylan Thomas Society**.
Visiting professor in schools and universities in the U.K. and abroad, in the late ‘90s  she was very popular with the students of Giuseppe Perotti School in Torino, Italy,  for her "creative writing" courses.
In 2007 she became President of IMMAGINE&POESIA (Image and Poetry), the international artistic literary movement founded at Teatro Alfa, Torino, Italy.

Aeronwy Thomas died in 2009 in New Malden London, aged 66.

## Works (selection)
* *Later than Laugharne*  (Celtion, 1976)
* *Christmas in the Boathouse* (2003)
* *A daughter remembers Dylan* (Merton Books, 2006) - an expanded version of the booklet *Christmas and Other Memories*
* *I Colori Delle Parole* (Rotaract, 2007) -  includes poems by Aeronwy Thomas and paintings by Gianpiero Actis (in Italian and English)
* *Burning Bridges* (Cross-Cultural Communications, Merrick, New York, 2008)
* *Shadows and Shades - Selected Poems* (Poetry Monthly Press, 2009)
* ''My Father's Places'' (Constable, 2009)

## References
Droseraceae

**Droseraceae** is a family of flowering plants. The family is also known under its common name, the sundew family.

It consists of carnivorous plants: besides the sundews, the genus *Drosera*, it also contains the even more famous Venus flytrap (*Dionaea muscipula*). The sundews produce sticky substances on their leaves that traps prey, and the Venus fly trap has leaves that form traps that close when disturbed.
David Herman

**David Herman** is an American actor, comedian and voice actor best known as an original cast member of *MADtv* and for his role as Michael Bolton in *Office Space*. He is also known for his voice roles on television programs such as *Futurama*, and *King of the Hill*.

## Biography 
David Herman was born in New York City and raised in Washington Heights. He graduated from the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in 1987, then attended the acting program at SUNY Purchase. Herman appeared in the films *Born on the Fourth of July*, *Lost Angels* and *Let It Be Me*, but he is probably best known for his role as Michael Bolton in Mike Judge's *Office Space*.  Earlier, Herman had joined the cast of John Leguizamo's ''House of Buggin'* in 1994; however, that show was short-lived. When FOX decided to mount a sketch comedy show to replace *House of Buggin'*, Herman was kept on as an original *MADtv'' cast member.

## Filmography
### Voice and video game appearances
Dimples

**Dimples** are genetically inherited indentations of the skin. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.

## References
Acinetobacter baumannii

***Acinetobacter baumannii*** (***A. baumannii***) is a pathogenic bacterial species that causes disease in humans. It is commonly found in soil and water. 

*A.* baumannii is the most important member of the Acinetobacter genus associated with infections gained in hospitals. A. baumannii was named as one of the most dangerous ESKAPE pathogens. In order to treat A. baumannii effectively, it is important to understand how it acts as pathogen and its mechanism of antibiotic resistance.

## Biology 
A. baumannii are short and rod-shaped. They average between 1.0 and 1.5 micrometers in length. They do not all look the same and can vary in size and shape. Acinetobacter do not have a flagella, a tail-like structure used by many bacteria to move around. They are immobile but sometimes twitch and swarm to move around.

## Habitat 
The first Acinetobacter was found in the soil by M.W. Beijerink in 1911. Since then, it has also been found in water, animals, and humans. The most common infections are pneumonia and bloodstream infections. Factors that increase the risk of infection include a weak immune system, long hospital stays, hospital ventilators and the tubes used on them, and having an open wound.

A. baumannii is spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, objects, and skin of contaminated patients. It can survive on surfaces for a long time before infecting new patients making it an effective pathogen.

## Treatment 
Carbapenems are a type of antibiotics that have been used to treat Acinetobacter baumannii infections. These antibiotics are effective in treating infection. However, A. baumannii can develop tolerance to this antibiotic. This tolerance makes it harder to treat infections.

Polymyxins are another antibiotic used to treat A. baumannii infection. These are effective against infection but polymyxins can be toxic to the kidneys.

Combination therapies can also be used to treat A. baumannii which is tolerant to many different types of antibiotics. This means treating the infection with a combination of different drugs at the same time. Different combinations are still being tested against A. baumannii infections.*.* These measures have been shown to reduce the spread of A. baumannii and reduce tolerance to antibiotics. However, all measures must be followed strictly to control infection.

## Related pages 
* Influenza
* Anthrax

## References
Strict weak ordering

**Strict weak ordering** is a binary relation on a set. Such relations define a strict ordering, but they contain several elements of the same type. An example might be the relation "costs less than", or "is cheaper than". For any two elements that are *of different types*, the relation holds. On the other hand, there are some elements that cannot be ordered that way, because they are of the same type. An example for such a relation may be the relation, *costs less than*: milk may *cost less than* bread, and bread may cost less than cake. Two items of different types may cost less than another, but they can otherwise have the same price.

Two different algorithms that sort words by the number of letters in the word may not give the same ordering of the words with the same number of letters, but they will always give an ordering where the four-letter words come before the five-letter-words, and after the three-letter-words.

Time will give a strict weak ordering too; Events that are equivalent in the timeframe happen at the same time.
Compound eye

compound eyes]]
]]

**Compound eyes** consist of many photoreceptor units or **ommatidia**. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'. 

The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions. 

Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light. 

## The general picture 
Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system.  Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes.

## Types of compound eye 
Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.

Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.

## Good fliers
Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution.

## Other types 
Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye.

The body of *Ophiocoma wendtii*, a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.

## References
Gabrielle Giffords

**Gabrielle Giffords** is an American politician. She was born on June 8, 1970. She is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives. She was badly injured January 8, 2011, during a shooting in Tucson, Arizona after being shot in the head at very close range, but survived. She was holding a meeting around the parking lot of a supermarket when the shooting happened.

Since 2007, she has been married to astronaut and United States Senator Mark Kelly.

Dem. Gabrielle Giffords was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona's 8th district from January 1, 2001 - January 25, 2012. She made a living translating English medical terms into Spanish for the use in the ER to Pediatrics. In Tuscan, Arizona on January 8, 2011 at a Wal-Mart shopping plaza she was holding a meeting for herself and the public to share concerns about the current and future state of Arizona along with its role at the White House with newly elected President Barack Obama. At that time she was unaware of that day and what it would mean to her colleagues and constituents, as well as, other American citizens around the country. She made multiple appearances during her recovery on the floor of Congress during important laws trying to be passed to the Senate and President for approval. Dem. Giffords continuing resiliency to remember that 'change' is an important part of democracy to continue to stay relevant in a world connected with each other hand in hand in the blink of an eye across the globe. When someone's character or beliefs come into question by another person or imitator online, persons should be made aware of their surroundings and be able to feel safe in public.

## References
Alachua County, Florida

**Alachua County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 29, 1824. As of 2020, the population is 278,468. Alachua County's seat is Gainesville.

## References
## Other websites
* Official county website
Miyazaki Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Miyazaki.

## History 
After the Meiji Restoration, the area of Hyūga Province was renamed Miyazaki Prefecture.

Miyazaki is famous for various foods such as meat and fruit.

## Geography
Miyazaki Prefecture is on the eastern coast of the island of Kyūshū.  The southeast coastline faces the Pacific Ocean. Ōita Prefecture is north of Miyazaki. Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures are to the west.

### Cities
### National parks
National parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture.

### Plants
Miyazaki is one of only two locations on Earth where the fungus *Chorioactis geaster* lives.

## Shrines and temples
*Tsuno jinja* is the main Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages 
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum

## References 
## Other websites 
*Miyazaki Prefecture  ;  
*JNTO, Miyazaki
Sinoceratops

***Sinoceratops*** was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. Its name means 'horned face from China'. The dinosaur used to live in what is now China during the Upper Cretaceous. The head of a full-grown *Sinoceratops* was probably about  long.

It was the first ceratopsid dinosaur found in China. All other centrosaurines are from fossils found in North America. Sinoceratops is one of the largest known centrosaurines. It is much larger than any other known basal member of the group.

*Sinoceratops* was a ceratopsian ornithischian, with an estimated length of about , weight of , and height of about . 

*Sinoceratops* is a member of the short-frilled ceratopsids, the Centrosaurinae. The holotype specimen is of a partial skull with most of the skull roof and partial braincase. The skull of *Sinoceratops* was about  long. It is one of the largest known centrosaur skulls.

## References
Opsin

**Opsins** are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.   

They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses. 

This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction.

Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming.

Each opsin allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one color. Two opsins allow vision in two colors, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full color, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, called full color vision. 

It is thought – see evolution of color vision – that mammals lost much of their color vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals. 
:"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals [get] more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".

## References
Crash Bandicoot

**Crash Bandicoot** may refer to:

* *Crash Bandicoot* (series), a video game series
** Crash Bandicoot (character), the protagonist of the series
** *Crash Bandicoot* (video game), the first game in the series
Art Fleming

**Arthur Fleming Fazzin** (May 1, 1924-April 25, 1995) was an American television host. He is best known as the original host of the game show *Jeopardy!* from 1964 until 1975 and again from 1978 to 1979.

## Biography
He was born in New York City to William and Marie Fazzin, who had emigrated to the United States from Austria. Art studied at Colgate and Cornell Universities, and he later served in the United States Navy during World War II.

Fleming first appeared on television as a body double for Ralph Bellamy in a detective series called *Man Against Crime*. He later starred in movies like *The Flying Tigers* and *International Detective*. He also played a lawyer named Jeremy Pitt in an NBC series called *The Californians*. It was set during the gold rush in San Francisco in the 1850s. He also appeared in television commercials before becoming the first host of the game show *Jeopardy!* on March 30, 1964. Fleming hosted *Jeopardy!* until 1975. He won two Emmy Awards for that program.  

Fleming died after a two week battle with pancreatic cancer on April 25, 1995, just six days before turning 71. The same disease would later affect his successor on *Jeopardy!*, Alex Trebek, 25 years later when he died on November 8, 2020 at the age of 80.

## Other websites
*
Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped

***Crash Bandicoot: Warped*** (known in Europe as ***Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped***) is the third video game for the *Crash Bandicoot* series. Time trials were a new feature introduced with this game.

## Release dates 
### PlayStation 
:North America: October 31, 1998
:Europe: November, 1998
:Japan: December 17, 1998
:Australia: October 31, 2000

### PlayStation Network 
:Japan: September 27, 2007
:North America: February 7, 2008
:Europe: October 23, 2008

## References
### Further reading
*

## Other websites
*
Crash Bash

***Crash Bash*** (or ***Crash Bandicoot Carnival*** in Japan) is the fifth video game for the *Crash Bandicoot* series. In this game, a variety of mini-games are available for the player to play. The warp rooms were brought back here. 

## Release dates 
### PlayStation 
:North America: November 6, 2000
:Europe: December 1, 2000
:Japan: December 14, 2000

### PlayStation Network 
:Japan: March 21, 2008
:Australia: October 31, 2009

## Other websites
*Crash Bandicoot's Official website
Five Points, Manhattan

**Five Points** (or **The Five Points**) was a slum (poor neighborhood) named after the five-cornered intersection of Anthony (now Worth St.), Cross (now Mosco), and Orange (now Baxter) in Manhattan it was located on. However, over time, the intersection sometimes had four or six corners. Five Points was the home to a lot of Irish and Italian immigrants, and to the 18th century Five Points Gang.

## Other websites 
* What is Five Points?
Bowery

in the background.]]
**Bowery**, (commonly called **The Bowery**) is the name of a street and a small neighborhood in the southern Manhattan. The name comes from the Dutch *bouwerij*, which is an old word for "farm." The neighborhood is surrounded by the East Village to the north, Canal Street and Chinatown to the South, Allen Street and the Lower East Side to the east and Little Italy to the west. The area was home to many Irish immigrants in the early 19th century after the Great Irish Famine.
Magnoliids

**Magnoliids** (or **Magnoliidae** or **Magnolianae**) are a group of flowering plants. They are descendants of the earliest flowering plants: they keep some features which look like those of conifers.

The group include magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree (*Lyriodendron*) and many others.  They  have three-part flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves. 

The **magnoliids** are today more than 10,000 species of flowering plants. They are successful despite being "primitive" in structure.

The group has many food crops (such as avocados) and many with psychotropic effects. The famous Polynesian drink kava is prepared from a magnoliad, and nutmeg fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin. Psychotropic effects are usually a defence against herbivory.

## References
Commelinids

The name **commelinids** is a plant taxonomy plural, not capitalised. It is used by the APG II system for a clade in the monocots. They have cell walls which contain ferulic acid.

It forms one of three groups in the monocots. The other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.

*order Arecales (palms)
*order Commelinales (spiderwort, water hyacinth)
*order Poales (grasses, rushes, bromeliads)
*order Zingiberales (gingers, banana)
Ford Thunderbird

The **Ford Thunderbird** is an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company starting in 1955. The Thunderbird was also known as the **T-Bird**. The car was often used in NASCAR races.

John Denver recorded a song in 1986 called "Along for the Ride", about the 1956 Thunderbird. The words and music were by Danny O'Keefe and Bill Braun. The Beach Boys had a big hit with the song "Fun Fun Fun" which also was about the Thunderbird.

## References
Chevrolet Camaro

The **Chevrolet Camaro** is a car manufactured by Chevrolet. The Camaro was first sold in 1967. It was designed to compete with Ford Mustang, which was a very successful car. The Camaro was discontinued in 2002, but returned again in 2010 as a completely new car. The current generation Camaro's body shell comes from GM Korea formerly known as GM Daewoo.

## History 
The Chevrolet Camaro was made to compete with the Ford Mustang. It would eventually become one of the most popular pony cars (picture).

The first-generation Camaro was made from 1967 to 1969. It was designed as a sporty pony car. The first-generation Camaro came with many different engines. There were some inline-6s and some V8s. It was available as a coupé or a convertible. The design inspired the fifth-generation Camaro's design.

The second-generation Camaro was made from 1970 to 1981.  

The third-generation Camaro was made from 1982 to 1992.  

The fourth-generation Camaro was made from 1993 to 2002.  

The fifth-generation Camaro was made from 2010 to 2015.  

The sixth and last generation Camaro was made from 2016 to 2024.

The Camaro was discontinued in January 2024.

## References
International Species Information System

The **International Species Information System** (ISIS) is an international non-profit organization that helps zoos and aquariums around the world. ISIS gives its members software to collect and share information about animals. The ISIS database has information on 2.4 million animals of 10,000 species. ISIS members use basic information (age, sex, parents, place of birth, reports of deaths, etc.) collected in the ISIS system to care for and manage their animals.

## Other websites
*Official site