open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Francis Galton

Sir **Francis Galton** FRS (Birmingham, 16 February 1822 – Surrey, 17 January 1911), half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English  scientist. His main field of work was human biology and inheritance of mental characteristics.

Galton was a polymath: an anthropologist, a eugenicist, a tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician. He was knighted in 1909.

Galton produced over 340 papers and books in his lifetime. He created the statistical concepts of normal distribution, correlation and regression toward the mean. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence. 

He was the first person to do twin studies. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about monozygotic (identical twins) and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference. Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.

He also introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys to collect data on human communities. He needed such data for genealogical and biographical works and for his anthropometric studies. He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the very term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture". As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology. 

Galton created a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science. As the initiator of scientific meteorology, he devised the first weather map, proposed a theory of anticyclones, and was the first to establish a complete record of short-term climatic phenomena on a European scale. He also invented the Galton Whistle for testing differential hearing ability.

## Books by Galton 
*1853 *Narrative of an explorer in tropical South Africa*.
*1855. *The art of travel, or shifts and contrivances available in wild countries*. Murray, London.
*1863. *Meteorographica*. Macmillan, London.
*1869 [2nd ed 1892]. *Hereditary genius: its laws and consequences*. Macmillan, London.
*1874. *English men of science: their nature and nurture*.
*1883. *Inquiries into human faculty and its development*. Macmillan, London.
*1884. *Record of family faculties*. Macmillan, London.
*1889. *Natural inheritance*. Macmillan, London.
*1892. *Fingerprints*. Macmillan, London.
*1893. *Decipherment of blurred finger prints*.
*1895. *Fingerprint directories*.
*1909. *Memories of my life*. Macmillan, London.
*1909. *Noteworthy families*. Murray, London.

## References
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap

***The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap***, known in Japan as , is an action adventure video game made by Flagship and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance game console.
PAL region

The **PAL region** is a PAL region which covers most of United Kingdom, Australia, Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Denmark, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, and Spain, Albania, Greece.

## Related pages
* PAL
* Regional lockout
Candle Festival

The **Candle Festival** (known in Thai as **Haetian**) is held in Ubon Ratchathani, Isan, Thailand.

At the start of rainy season, it is traditional for the devout to donate to monks items of personal use, such as candles. This part of the festival became the core of the Ubon Ratchathani version of the event. It is now a major event both for residents and for tourists: giant candles are paraded through the town, each representing a local temple, district or other institution. The more elaborate versions are accompanied by scenes of Hindu and Buddhist mythology sculpted in wood or plaster and coated with wax.

## References
The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask

is an action-adventure video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 game console. The game was remade in 2015 for the Nintendo 3DS titled '''''The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D.'''''

It was also included in The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition.

## Plot
After *The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time*, Link is led to Termina by the possessed Skull Kid and is turned into a Deku, a small, wooden creature. He meets the Happy Mask Salesman, a very moody man. He offers to fix Link if he gets the mask Skull Kid got with a time of three days. However, three days passed, and the Skull Kid, possessed with Majora's Mask (what the Happy Mask Salesman needed) brings the moon down to destroy Termina. Link stops him, gets his ocarina back, and returns back three days ago. He returns to the Salesman who believes Link has the mask. He reheals him before he sees Link never got the mask. Link now has to stop the moon that will destroy everything, which is being done by Majora's Mask, the mask held by Skull Kid. To stop it, he needs to summon the Four Giants. He fights the possessed spirits, and the Giants hold the moon. However, Majora's Mask leaves Skull Kid and goes to the Moon, After helping people, Link finally goes to the moon. It is actually a plain with a tree. Under the tree, a kid agrees to play with him as the final battle takes hold. Link finally defeats the evil in Majora's Mask and it is now a lifeless mask. He returns it to the Salesman. After this, Link leaves Termina as the game ends.

## Related pages
**The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time*
Portia tree

The **portia tree** (*Thespesia populnea*) Family Malvaceae, is a small tree or shrub 5-10 (-20) m high that is pantropical in littoral environments, although probably native only to the Old World. In Hawai‘i and elsewhere in the Pacific it is possibly indigenous, although may have been spread by early Polynesians for its useful wood and fiber.

Common names vary according to the country and include "Indian tulip tree", "Pacific rosewood", "seaside mahoe" (in Florida), *surina* (the "elegant tree"), *suriya* (Sinhala), *bebaru* or *baru baru* (Malay), *milo* or *miro* (in many Polynesian languages), *mako‘i* (Rapanui), *gangaraavi* (Telugu), *poovarasu* (Tamil), and *plaksa* (Sanskrit).

Traditionally it was planted in sacred groves and used for religious sculpture throughout eastern Polynesia. It was used for the rongorongo tablets of Easter Island.

## Sources 
* Binggeli, P. 1999.Miro 

## Other websites 
* Milo at Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaii
* description
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons

***The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages*** and ***The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons*** are 2001 action adventure video games in the Legend of Zelda series. They were made by Capcom and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console. They were re-released on the Virtual Console of Nintendo 3DS in 2013 and on the Nintendo Switch Online service in 2023.

## Plot
### *Oracle of Seasons*
The Triforce sends Link to the land of Holodrum, where he stumbles upon a traveling group of performers. After resting with them a bit, he finds out that the mysterious dancer from the troup is actually the Oracle of Seasons, Din. An evil general named Onox comes and captures her in order to gain power. By doing so he also puts all the seasons into chaos and evil spreads throughout the land. Link must find all the essences of nature to defeat the evil general to save Din.

### *Oracle of Ages*
The Triforce sends Link to the land of Labrynna, where he finds a woman named Impa. They go to see a singer named Nayru. Nayru is the Oracle of Ages. Impa is revealed to have been possessed by Veran, Sorceress of Shadows, who leaves Impa and goes to possess Nayru, causing the time to fall into chaos. Link must find the Essences of Time in order to save Nayru from Veran.

### Linked ending
If one game is played after the other and a linked password is typed in, Twinrova captures Princess Zelda, lighting the Flame of Despair to make Ganon alive again.

## Footnotes 
## References
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

***Zelda II: The Adventure of Link*** is an adventure-role-playing video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. 

It was also released in The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition.

## Plot
The main hero of the series, Link, finds out that Princess Zelda has gone under a deep sleep after a fight with a wizard. While trying to find crystals to awaken Zelda, Link also fights off followers of Ganon, who are trying to bring him back to life.

## Gameplay
The gameplay of *The Adventure of Link* is very different from the rest of the series. It is a role-playing game where the player gains experience and levels up stats. The map is also different; the overworld is a birds-eye view, while smaller maps are side scrolling where the player moves only left and right.

## Development
Shigeru Miyamoto wanted to have a very different game than the first game, The Legend of Zelda. While Miyamoto was still the producer of the game, it was developed by new people than before. Instead of keeping a view from above, *Zelda II* has a side-view of the game when fighting enemies or exploring dungeons. The game was originally developed for the Famicom, but was released on worldwide systems after.

## References
Tautology (rhetoric)

In rhetoric, a **tautology** is the repetition of a statement, for example, "With malice toward none, with charity for all". 

Unlike a tautology in logic, it is not automatically true. 

## Examples 
* The phrase "A is A", often mistakenly attributed to Aristotle, was a favorite of Ayn Rand. The idea frequently appears in her  philosophy, especially as written in her novel *Atlas Shrugged*.
* The phrase A is B because A is B.
* In his book *Mostly Harmless*, Douglas Adams used the phrase, "Anything that happens, happens. Anything that in happening causes something else to happen, causes something else to happen. Anything that in happening happens again, happens again. Though not necessarily in that order."
* Comedian Mitch Hedberg joked about a tautological advertisement for a boxing match: "It said, ''It's a fight to the finish!'' (pause) That's a good place to end."
Tautology (logic)

:*A tautology can also be a figure of speech*
In propositional logic, a **tautology** (from the Greek word ταυτολογία) is a propositional formula that is always true, and is sometimes denoted by the symbol \top (a symbol also reserved for the truth value 'true'). In other words, a tautology cannot be wrong. For example, formulae in maths are tautological, because they always hold true for any values. The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein first applied the term to propositional logic in 1921.

In formal terms, a formula p is a tautology if it is true under all possible interpretations. In other words, for every interpretation M, we have M \models p. An interpretation M of a formula p is defined as a function that assigns a truth value to p. That is M : p \rightarrow \lbrace \text{Bool} \rbrace, where \text{Bool} = \{ \text{true}, \text{false} \}.

A statement in logic is considered contingent if it is neither a tautology nor false.

Some examples of tautologies in natural language include: 
* "I know that this is Wikipedia because I know that this is Wikipedia."
* "I am president of this club because I am the president of this club."
* "The first rule of the tautology club is the first rule of the tautology club."
These tautologies are sentences of the following form:
* A is true because A is true
Indeed, if A is not true, then A is not true, so the tautology is still true.

## Related pages 
* Logic

## References
The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening

'''''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening'''*, known in Japan as , is an action-adventure video game in the *Legend of Zelda* series made by Nintendo for the Game Boy game console. It was re-released as *'''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX'''* with full color graphics and new features for the Game Boy Color in 1998  and on the Virtual Console of the Nintendo 3DS in June 2011. A remake of the game was released for the Nintendo Switch in 2019.

## History 
Unlinke most The Legend of Zelda games, *Link's Awakening'''s history is outside of the Hyrule kingdom. No location or character of the other games appear, aside the presence of the main hero Link and a mention to the princess Zelda. The game takes place in a completely new region, the Koholint island.

After the events of A Link to the Past, the hero Link travels by boat to other countries to become stronger. When he is going back to Hyrule, a storm destroys his boat, and Link loses consciousness. Marin, a girl living on Koholint, takes him to her house. When Link wakes up, he meets Marin and her father, Tarin. Marin is fascinated by Link and by the world outside Koholint, and she tells Link that if she were a seagull, she would travel beyond her island.

Links goes out to find his sword and when he finds it, an owl tells him that if he wants to go back home, he must wake up the Wind Fish, the guardian of the island that sleeps in an egg at the top of the island. For this he needs the eight Instruments of the Sirens. Link explores dungeons to find these instruments. When he searches the seventh instrument, at the Ancient Ruins, he finds a texts that tells the reality about the Koholint isle: it is a dream world that only exists in the dream of the Wind Fish.

After finding all eight instruments, Link goes to the top of the island: mount Tamaranch. There he plays the 'Ballad of the Windfish' with the instruments. This breaks the egg; Link then goes into the egg. Here, he fights against the last monster. When he wins the battle, the owl reveals that he is a part of the Wind Fish's spirit, and the Wind Fish confirms that this world was only a dream.

Link plays the ballad of the Wind Fish a second time, and the Wind Fish finally wakes up; Koholint and its inhabitants disappear, everything of this dream disappears. Link wakes up in the ocean, on a piece of wood (his boat was destroyed). The Wind Fish flies above him. After the credits, if the player did not lose any life during the game, we see a seagull flying away and Marin's face appears (she, the seagull, finally is outside of her island).

## Related pages 
* The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)

## References
Longhorn beetle

The **longhorn beetles** or **long-horned beetles** (**Cerambycidae**) are a family of beetles that have long antennae. The antennae may be longer than the beetles' body. Over 35,000 species have been described.

The length of the antennae is an obvious feature of their body. Their long antennae sprout from tubercles on the face. Cerambycids with short antennae still have the tubercles. Otherwise they vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and colour.

Many of the species are mimics of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). The rest are cryptically colored. The titan beetle (*Titanus giganteus*) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs). Its maximum body length is just over .

## References 
## Other websites 
* cerambycoidea.com
* Photo gallery of word-wide long-horned beetles
Star Wars prequel trilogy

The **Star Wars** prequel trilogy is a series of movies released between May 1999 and May 2005. All three movies were written and directed by George Lucas. The three movies are: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)

## Production
Lucasfilm started production on The Phantom Menace after George Lucas got interested in reviving the Star Wars franchise.

## Reception
While all three movies are financially successful, the first two movies had mixed reviews, with the final movie having positive reviews. Critics didn't like the dialogue and some of the characters, including Jar Jar Binks. Many fans also thought that the previous three movies were better.

The trilogy has been popular with millennials who grew up with the movies. Because of this, the subreddit called Prequel Memes gained popularity. In more recent years, the movies have been more positively reviewed.
Seattle Mariners

The **Seattle Mariners** are an American Major League Baseball team based in Seattle, Washington. The Mariners are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Since July 1999, their home stadium has been T-Mobile Park (originally Safeco Field). Until they moved in June 1999, the club's home park was the Kingdome.

Seattle had minor league baseball teams from the early 1900s to the late 1960s, with nicknames such as the "Indians" and the "Rainiers".

The first major league baseball  in Seattle was the Seattle Pilots, formed in 1969. The Pilots moved to Milwaukee the next year and became the Milwaukee Brewers. As a result, the city of Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington sued the American League for $32 million dollars in damages. In exchange for dropping the law suit, the American League gave Seattle a Major League Baseball team in 1977.

Seattle is a large and important seaport, a fact which led to the major league teams being called the "Pilots" and the "Mariners".

The Mariner's first winning season was in 1991, and the first time they made the playoffs was in 1995. The Mariners are owned by Nintendo of America, and the general manager of the team is Dan Wilson. Thier star player is Julio Rodriguez.

## References
## Other websites 
*Seattle Mariners official website 
*Seattle Mariners team statistics
Guanajuato (state)

**Guanajuato** is a state in western Mexico. About 4,890,000 people live there. Its capital is also called Guanajuato. The largest city is León.
Yucatán (state)

**Yucatán** is a state in the southeast of Mexico. About 1,820,000 people live in Yucatán. Its capital is called Mérida. 

The state is on the Yucatán Peninsula. It has the state of Campeche to the southwest, and Quintana Roo to the southeast. The Gulf of Mexico is off its north coast.

The state was a very important region for the Mayan civilization. There are still some villages there with Mayan-descent people who speak the old language. There are also archaeological sites where Mayan remains are investigated.
Transcription (genetics)

(RNAP) in action. It is building a messenger RNA molecule from a DNA helix. Part of the enzyme was made transparent so the RNA and DNA can be seen. The magnesium ion (yellow) is located at the enzyme active site]]

**Transcription** is when RNA is made from DNA. The DNA sequence is copied by a special enzyme called RNA polymerase to make a matching RNA strand.

:"All living things, with their myriad variations, use an almost identical microscopic machine to read their genes. This machine – RNA polymerase – is responsible for a process called transcription, which by producing RNA from DNA, takes the first step in reading the blueprint of life that is encoded in all of our genes".

The matching RNA strand is a 'pre-messenger RNA'. Next, the non-coding introns are stripped out by a spliceosome. The remaining exons are put together to make a messenger RNA.

The product is called **messenger RNA** (mRNA) because it carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-making machinery of the cell. Transcription is the first step that leads to the expression of the genes.

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a *transcription unit*. This contains:
# sequences which regulate the protein synthesis 
# sequences which do not code: introns
# sequences which do code for amino acid sequences in the protein. They are called exons. 

As in DNA replication, only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed. This strand is called the *template strand*, because it provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. The other strand is called the *coding strand*. Its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for thymine being substituted for uracil).

The DNA template strand is read 3' → 5' direction by RNA polymerase and the new RNA strand is synthesized in the 5'→ 3' direction. RNA polymerase binds to the 3' end of a gene (promoter) on the DNA template strand and travels toward the 5' end.

Roger D. Kornberg won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription".

## Related pages 
*RNA splicing
*Intron
*Oncogene
*Protein biosynthesis
*Transcription factor
*Translation (genetics)
*Reverse transcriptase

## References
Gothic Revival architecture

in Ostend (Belgium), built between 1899 and 1908]]
, Savannah (Georgia, United States)]]
, University of Oxford|thumb|250px]]

**Gothic Revival architecture** is architecture that has been made to look as if it is from medieval times, but is really much later. This architectural style began in the late 1740s in England. Its momentum grew in the early 19th century. Serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture.

The Gothic style of architecture was built in Europe between about 1140 and about 1550. Beginning in late 18th century Europe, through the 19th century and into the early 20th century in Europe and elsewhere there was a fashion to build in the Gothic style. In this period architects and their patrons had various different styles to choose from. There were also revivals of Classical and Renaissance styles. Since medieval Gothic buildings vary so much, some architects often copied selectively from medieval buildings and some adapted the style to the needs of their own period. The "Gothic Revival" style was most commonly used for churches, cathedrals, universities, town halls and sometimes houses. 

Gothic Revival buildings have features that are like real Gothic buildings. They often have: 
* Pointed arches round the doors and windows 
* Arched stoned roofs called "vaults" 
* Towers and sometimes also spires on top of towers 
* Many stone-carvings around the doors and fireplaces
* Stained glass windows

## Famous Gothic Revival examples 
* *Strawberry Hill* at Twickenham, near London, was one of the first houses designed in the Gothic Revival style. 
* The Houses of Parliament, London 
* Sydney University
* São Paulo Cathedral, Brazil
* The campus of Yale University and the University of Chicago

's Strawberry Hill House]]
, London.]]

## References
Abbasid Caliphate

The **Abbasid Caliphate** was the third Arab Islamic caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al-Andalus. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries, surviving the Zanj Rebellion (869-883). Abbasid rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. But they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt.

During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The  Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909 and created a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially it covered only Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, but then the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine and even ancient Pakistan, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.

The tenth caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, is the person who oversaw the introduction of hadiths.

## Related pages
* Sunni Islam
* Islamic Golden Age

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Abbasids (750-1517) 
* Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs 
* Abbasid Caliphs (In Our Time, Radio 4), in Streaming RealAudio
* An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid "biased" theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni.
* Abbasid Caliphate  entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica
Saint Dominic

**Saint Dominic** (; 1170 – 6 August 1221) was the founder of a Catholic order, the Friars Preachers, often called the Dominicans or the Order of Preachers (OP). Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers and the Dominican Republic. He was born in Caleruega, half-way between Osma and Aranda in Old Castile, Spain. He is sometimes called **Dominic of Osma** or **Dominic de Guzmán**. He is the founder of the worldwide famous **Dominican Order.**
Bridget Fonda

**Bridget Jane Fonda** (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She has been  for both an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Fonda is the daughter of Peter Fonda, the granddaughter of Henry and the niece of Jane Fonda. She is of Dutch, English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian and Scottish descent.

Bridget Fonda is known for her roles in such movies as *The Godfather Part III*, *Single White Female*, *Singles*, *Doc Hollywood*, *Lake Placid* and *Jackie Brown*. She voiced Jenna in the 1995 animated movie *Balto*. she has a son born 2005

## Award nominations
*1990: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture for *Scandal*
*1997: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Miniseries or a Movie for *In the Gloaming*
*2002: Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television for *After Amy*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Bridget Fonda at TVGuide.com
Eiji Aonuma

is a Japanese video game developer for Nintendo. He is most well known for his work in *The Legend of Zelda* series, most recently with *The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds* on the Nintendo 3DS.

## References
Aikido

/eye-Kee-doh/ is a Japanese martial art.  It was developed by Morihei Ueshiba.

Aikido is based on Ueshiba's philosophy, martial arts training and religious beliefs. The word "aikido" is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) life energy" or as "the way of harmonious spirit." Ueshiba wanted to create an art where people could defend themselves without harming their attacker by using the attackers "ki" against them. He wanted each practitioner of aikido to develop both physically and spiritually.

Aikido is performed by blending with the way the attacker moves, using the force of the attack rather than coming against it. This is achieved by using the attackers "ki" against them. This takes very little physical strength, as the *aikidōka* (person who does aikido) uses the force of the attacker's own momentum using stepping and turning movements. The techniques are completed with many different throws or joint locks which can be combined with different defenses. Aikido is one of many grappling arts.

Aikido is based on the martial art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to separate from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the Ōmoto-kyō religion. Ueshiba's early students' records use the name *aiki-jūjutsu*. Many of Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with different groups placing importance on different things. However, they all share techniques learned from Ueshiba and most have concern for the safety of the attacker.

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Encyclopedia of Aikido 
* AikiWeb 
* AikidoFAQ
* Aikido Journal
Witch doctor

The term "**witch doctor"** often refers to a healer in undeveloped regions who uses traditional (and sometimes out-of-date) methods rather than modern medicine or science.

The term "witch doctor" is generally used negatively. It is often used to imply that the healer has little or no experience or ability in medicine.

The role is both practical and spiritual. The so-called "witch doctor" is often the guardian of their tribe's belief system and rituals. Key ceremonies must be properly held or the life of the community may fall apart, as has happened in many places. Aggressive action by outsiders to the local belief system may lead to the 'genocide of indigenous peoples'.

## Origin of the term 
The Oxford English Dictionary says that the first recorded use of "witch doctor" was in 1718, in a book by Francis Hutchinson.

The witch doctors in Africa are known as sangomas in Southern Africa. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of the term "witch doctor" to refer to African shamans (i.e. medicine men) was in 1836 in a book by Robert Montgomery Martin (1803?-1868).

## Related pages
*Shaman
*Medicine man
*Ainu

## References
Caravaggio

**Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio** (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610) was an Italian artist. He worked in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He was a painter who did a type of art called Baroque style. He was the first person to be really good at painting this way.

Even while he was alive, many people talked about Caravaggio. Some people liked to see what he did, and how he lived, and thought he was a good person. Other people thought he was very strange. Some people thought he was bad. He did not want to fit in, sometimes. He started being a famous painter in Rome in 1600. Many people gave him money to paint pictures for them, but he used all his money and sometimes got into trouble.  In 1604 someone wrote a note about him, and said that he was rude and a bad person. This note tells us how he lived, in 1601:
In 1606 he killed a young man in a fight and ran away from Rome.  He ran away because Rome said it would give money to people to catch him.  In Malta in 1608 he got into a fight again. He got into another fight in Naples in 1609, but this fight could have been enemies (people who hated him) trying to kill him. In 1610, after making paintings for more than ten years, he died.

Huge new churches and palazzi were being built in Rome.  These big churches needed paintings to hang on the walls. The Counter-Reformation Catholic Church wanted to find painters who would paint beautiful art about God.  They wanted people to like the art so much that they would think Protestantism was ugly and boring, and wouldn't want to start being part of a Protestant church. So the Catholic Church needed a new type of art, because Mannerism had been the most famous type of art for 100 years, and now it was boring.  Caravaggio's paintings were new, and different from Mannerism.  He painted in a way called naturalism, which means that he painted things how they actually looked. He painted pictures of people so that the people looked real, and he made his pictures look exciting by painting a lot of very dark shadows and very bright lights (which is called chiaroscuro).  

While he was alive he was very famous, and many artists wanted to paint like he did.  But after he died, most people forgot about him, and didn't care about his paintings.  Hundreds of years later, in the 1900s, people looked at his art again, and saw that he had been very important.  They saw that many other famous artists had tried to paint like he did.  Because so many artists had seen his paintings, and liked how he painted, and tried to paint like he did, he made many artists paint in the Baroque style, too. The Baroque style was very famous for hundreds of years. 

Andre Berne-Joffroy, Paul Valéry’s secretary, said that: "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting."

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## References
Right-handedness

Someone who is **right-handed** will use their right-hand for everyday activities, such as writing, keeping personal hygiene, cooking and more. According to a studies, anywhere from 70% to 90% of the world population is right-handed, while most of the remaining are left-handed. A small percentage of the population can use both hands equally well; a person with this ability is called a ambidextrous.

## Related pages
*Handedness

## References
Nurgle

In the fictional universes of Warhammer 40,000 and Warhammer Fantasy, **Nurgle** is one of the four major Chaos gods.  Like his brother gods, Nurgle grew from a single survivalist emotion: in his case, the emotion was despair. Nurgle is the Chaos god of disease, decay, despair and .  Even though the nature of his influence, he begins to like his victims, caring for them in a jovial manner close to a loving grandfather; so he is commonly called *Grandfather Nurgle* or *Papa Nurgle*. He is also called the *Lord of Decay*, *Master of Plague and Pestilence* and *Lord of All*.  He is shown as a huge, bloated humanoid, with boils and sores, his body completely rotten from disease.  He is usually with an enveloping cloud of buzzing flies.

## Other websites 
* Nurgle information and message boards
Zaurus

and OPIE, with docking cradle and stylus]]

The **Sharp Zaurus** is the name of a series of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) made by Sharp Corporation.

## References
Lúcio

**Lucimar da Silva Ferreira**, called **Lúcio** (born 8 May 1978) is a Brazilian former football player. He played 105 times for the Brazilian national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lúcio goal*.

## Honours
**Bayer Leverkusen**
* *kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06
* ESM Team of the Year: 2001–02, 2005–06, 2009–10
* 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup: Fair Play Award
* 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup: FIFA.com Users' Top 11
* FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2010
* Pirata d'Oro (Internazionale Player of the Year): 2012

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Mankind

**Mankind** may mean:

* The human race
:The total number of humans 

## Individuals 
* Mick Foley (born 1965), professional wrestler known as Mankind

## Music 
* "Mankind", a song by Pearl Jam from their 1996 album *No Code*
* Mankind (Alice Cooper song), a 2005 song performed by Alice Cooper for the soundtrack of *BloodRayne (film)*

## Other 
* *Mankind* (play), a 15th-century morality play 
* *Mankind* (video game), a 1998 massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game

## Related pages
* Humanity (disambiguation)
Province of Monza and Brianza

The **Province of Monza and Brianza** (in the local idiom: "Pruincia de Munscia e Briansa") is a province of Lombardy, Italy. It was created (with part of the province of Milan) on May 12, 2004, but became effective in 2009. It has an area of 405.49&nbsp;km² and a population (2010 census) of 850,321.

## Communes of the Province of Monza and Brianza 
A list of its 55 communes follows:

## Other websites 
* Official page from the Province of Monza and Brianza website
Apulanta

**Apulanta** is a rock band from Finland. It was started in 1991.

Apulanta's first music album was *Attack of the AL People*, which was released in 1994.

## Members
* Toni Wirtanen - vocals and guitar
* Simo "Sipe" Santapukki - drums and vocals
* Sami "Parta-Sami" Lehtinen - bass guitar and vocals

## Albums
* *Attack of the AL People* (1994)
* *Ehjä* (1996)
* *Kolme (1997)
* *Aivan kuin kaikki muutkin* (1998)
* *Plastik* (2000)
* *Heinola 10* (2001)
* *Hiekka* (2002)
* *Kiila* (2005)
* *Eikä vielä ole edes ilta* (2007)
* *Kuutio (kuinka aurinko voitettiin)* (2008)
* *Kaikki kolmesta pahasta* (2012)
* *Kunnes siitä tuli totta* (2015)
* *Sielun kaltainen tuote'' (2022)

## Other websites
* Apulanta's official web page
Carbon nanotube

of a spinning carbon nanotube shows its 3D structure.]] 
; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d-f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70); g) amorphous carbon.]] 
A **carbon nanotube** is an allotrope of carbon that is shaped like a tube of carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes are very tough and hard to break, but still relatively light. Some are very long. Because of their high strength, carbon nanotubes may one day be used for bulletproof armour and other uses needing hard, lightweight materials. A few carbon nanotubes also let electricity through them. Some may be up to 1,000 times better at conducting electricity than metals like copper and silver. 

## Other websites 
* Carbon nanotube -Citizendium
Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib

**`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib**  ('''''') (c. 566 – c. 653) was a uncle and companion of Muhammad.

## Key Facts 
* He was only born a few years before his nephew Muhammad, and was one of Muhammad's father's youngest brothers.
* The Abbasid dynasty claimed the title of caliph (literally "successor to the prophet") through his son Abdullah ibn Abbas.
* He is buried in Medina.

## Background 
Muhammad had 10 or 11 uncles. Four of them earned a great name in history - Abu Talib, Abu Lahab, Hamza and Abbas. Abu Talib became important because he brought up his orphan nephew,  Muhammad, with great love and care and always supported and protected him. Abu Lahab  is famous because he tried to *destroy* Islam. Both Hamza and  ‘Abbas became Muslims and remained firm and strong in their faith in Islam.
Aung San

**Aung San** (13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, general, and politician. He was the father of Nobel Peace winner Aung San Suu Kyi.
Takashi Tezuka

is a video game maker for Nintendo. He has worked on many popular games for Nintendo, including games in the *Mario*, *The Legend of Zelda*, and *Animal Crossing* series. His first game was the Nintendo Entertainment System video game *Devil World*. He is a senior officer of Nintendo EPD and executive at Nintendo.

## Games
## References
I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry

***I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry*** (a.k.a. ***Chuck and Larry***) is a 2007 American comedy movie. It was directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler and Kevin James. It is about two heterosexual male firefighters in New York City who marry each other.

## Cast 
* Adam Sandler as Charles Todd "Chuck" Levine
* Kevin James as Lawrence Arthur "Larry" Valentine
* Jessica Biel as Alex McDonough
* Ving Rhames as Fred G. Duncan
* Nick Swardson as Kevin McDonough
* Steve Buscemi as Clinton Fitzer
* Dan Aykroyd as Captain Phineas J. Tucker
* Nicholas Turturro as Renaldo Pinera
* Richard Chamberlain as Councilman Banks
* Mary Pat Gleason as Teresa
* Rachel Dratch as Sara Powers
* Matt Winston as Glen Aldrich
* Peter Dante as Tony Paroni
* Cole Morgen as Eric Valentine
* Shelby Adamowski as Tori Valentine

## Other websites
*
Klingon

**Klingons** (; Pronunciation: /ˈt͡ɬɪŋɑn/) are a warrior race and major antagonists in the fictional *Star Trek* universe. They were in the show *Star Trek: The Original Series* (TOS) many times and were in all five spin-off television series afterwards. They were one of the main enemies of the United Federation of Planets, but eventually they became partners. 

Made by writer Gene Coon, Klingons were introduced in the episode "Errand of Mercy" (1967). They were named for Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with *Star Trek* creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department. 

In the first series, the conflict between the Federation and Klingon was supposed to be referring to the then-current Cold War unfriendliness between the United States and the Soviet Union. *Star Trek: The Next Generation* continued to have the Klingon as a group similar to the army but they made the Klingon fighter follow rules similar to bushido, military Japanese rules for behavior valuing honor above life.

## Sources
Hellboy II: The Golden Army

***Hellboy II: The Golden Army*** is a 2008 movie. It was directed by Guillermo del Toro and stars Ron Perlman.

This movie is a sequel to *Hellboy*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Liar Liar

***Liar Liar*** is a 1997 American fantasy comedy movie set in Los Angeles, California. It was directed by Tom Shadyac. It stars Jim Carrey as a career-driven lawyer whose son makes a birthday wish that his father cannot tell any more lies.

## Cast 
*Jim Carrey as Fletcher Reede
*Maura Tierney as Audrey Reede
*Justin Cooper as Max Reede
*Cary Elwes as Jerry
*Anne Haney as Greta
*Jennifer Tilly as Samantha Cole
*Amanda Donohoe as Miranda
*Jason Bernard as Judge Marshall Stevens
*Swoosie Kurtz as Dana Appleton
*Mitchell Ryan as Mr. Allan
*Christopher Mayer as Kenneth Falk
*Eric Pierpoint as Richard Cole
*Randall "Tex" Cobb as Skull
*Cheri Oteri as Jane
*SW Fisher as Pete
*Eric Sharp as Sharpo the Clown
*Krista Allen as Elevator Girl
*Don Keefer as Ben Develing
*Michael Kostroff as Tom the Attorney

## Other websites
*
Palatine, Illinois

**Palatine** is a village in the state of Illinois. It is north west of Chicago, the biggest city in Illinois. There were 67,908 people in Palatine in 2020.

## History
Palatine was made in 1866, close to a train station that went to Chicago and other cities. The village has been growing a lot since the 1970s, like the other cities around Chicago.

## People
Palatine has many different kinds of people. There are poor, normal, and rich people in the village. Some say there are over 100 languages spoken in Palatine.

In 2000, the number of people in Palatine was counted and was 65,479. There were 68,557 people in Palatine in 2010. There were 67,908 people in Palatine in 2020.

## Education
Palatine has a lot of schools for the people. Palatine has two high schools, Palatine High School and William Fremd High School; and a college, William Rainey Harper College. The high schools, as well as the library, have gotten big awards from the whole country.

There are nine public elementary schools:

*Jane Addams School 
*Hunting Ridge School 
*Marion Jordan School 
*Lake Louise School 
*Lincoln School 
*Pleasant Hill School 
*Stuart R. Paddock School 
*Gray M. Sanborn School 
*Virginia Lake School

There is also a combined kindergarten-through-eighth grade school, Winston Campus, which is Winston Churchill School and Winston Park Junior High combined.

Palatine also has three preschool-through-eighth grade schools:

*Saint Theresa (Catholic)
*Saint Thomas of Villanova (Catholic) 
*Immanuel Lutheran (Lutheran)

## References
Happy Gilmore

***Happy Gilmore*** is a 1996 American sports comedy movie. It was directed by Dennis Dugan, and stars Adam Sandler. The movie got positive reviews. A sequel *Happy Gilmore 2* is in development.

## Cast
* Adam Sandler as Happy Gilmore, a high-strung former hockey player who discovers a unique talent for golf.
* Christopher McDonald as Shooter McGavin, an arrogant golfer who is one of the top stars of the Pro Golf Tour.
* Julie Bowen as Virginia Venit, a public relations director for the Pro Golf Tour.
* Frances Bay as Grandma Gilmore.
* Carl Weathers as Chubbs Peterson, a pro golfer who was forced to retire early when his hand was bitten off by an alligator. Weathers reprises the role in Sandler's 2000 film *Little Nicky*, despite *Little Nicky* being produced by New Line Cinema.
* Allen Covert as Otto, a homeless man who becomes Happy's caddy. The character is unnamed in the film (although his name is revealed in a deleted scene but is listed in the end credits). Covert reprises the role in Sandler's 2011 film *Jack and Jill*.
* Kevin Nealon as Gary Potter, an eccentric pro who Happy plays with in his first tournament.
* Peter Kelamis as Gary Potter's caddy.
* Richard Kiel as Mr. Larson, Happy's towering former boss.
* Dennis Dugan as Doug Thompson, the commissioner of the Pro Golf Tour.
* Joe Flaherty as Donald, an unruly fan hired by Shooter to distract Happy.
* Jared Van Snellenberg as Happy Gilmore's caddy at the Waterbury Open.
* Will Sasso as mover
* Lee Trevino as himself
* Bob Barker as himself
* Verne Lundquist as himself
* Mark Lye as himself
* Ben Stiller as Hal L. (uncredited), the sadistic orderly running the nursing home

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Apollo 13 (movie)

***Apollo 13*** is a 1995 drama movie about the failed Apollo 13 mission. It was directed by Ron Howard, and starred Tom Hanks. It won 2 Academy Awards in 1996.

## Other websites
* 
*
Knocked Up

***Knocked Up*** is a 2007 American romantic sex comedy movie. It was directed by Judd Apatow, and stars Seth Rogen as Ben Stone and Katherine Heigl as Alison Scott. She becomes pregnant unintentionally due to a one-night stand with him.

## DVD released 
*Knocked Up: Unrated cut edition DVD* is in September 30, 2008.

## Music 
*Strange Weirdos: Music From and Inspired by the Film Knocked Up*, an original soundtrack album, was composed for the film by folk singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III and Joe Henry. However, the movie's lead song "Daughter" was written by Peter Blegvad.

In addition to Wainwright's tracks, there were approximately 40 songs featured in the motion picture that were not included on the official soundtrack on Concord Records.

Some of the songs featured in *Knocked Up* are:
*"We Are Nowhere and It's Now"&nbsp;– Bright Eyes (feat. Emmylou Harris)
*"All Night" by Damien Marley
*"Stand up tall" by Dizzee Rascal
*"Rock Lobster" by The B-52's
*"Gives You Hell" by The All-American Rejects
*"Police On My Back" by The Clash
*"Biggest Part of Me" by Ambrosia
*"Smile" by Lily Allen
*"Girl" by Beck
*"King without a Crown" by Matisyahu
*"Toxic" by Britney Spears
*"Santeria" by Sublime
*"Tropicana" by Ratatat
*"Shimmy Shimmy Ya" by Ol' Dirty Bastard
*"Love Plus One" by Haircut One Hundred
*"Rock You Like a Hurricane" by Scorpions
*"Reminiscing" by Little River Band
*"Ashamed" by Tommy Lee
*"Swing" by Savage (featured in the menu section of the DVD)
*"Shame on a Nigga" by Wu-Tang Clan (used in the film's trailer)
*"Grey in LA" by Loudon Wainwright III
*"End of the Line" by Traveling Wilburys (used in the film's trailer)

## References
## Other websites
* Movie website
* 
*
Simon Pegg

* in 2009]]
**Simon John Pegg** (né **Beckingham**; born 14 February 1970) is an English actor, comedian, director, producer and screenwriter. His best known roles are *Spaced*, *Shaun of the Dead*, *Hot Fuzz*, *Paul* and the *Ice Age'' franchise. He is also known for working with Nick Frost.

## Personal life
Pegg married Maureen McCann on 23 July 2005. Their daughter Matilda was born early July 2009. Pegg has said on his personal Twitter feed that he is an atheist.

Along with Jonny Buckland, Pegg is godfather to Apple, daughter of close friends Chris Martin and Gwyneth Paltrow. In return Martin is godfather to Pegg's daughter. Pegg's parents and sister briefly appeared in *Spaced*. His mother was in both *Shaun of the Dead* and *Hot Fuzz*.

Pegg was awarded an honorary fellowship by the University of Gloucestershire on 4 December 2008.

## Filmography
### Television
### Films
## References
## Other websites
*
Béla Lugosi

**Béla Lugosi** (20 October 1882 – 16 August 1956) born in what is now Lugoj, Romania, was a Hungarian-American actor of the theatre and movies. He is best known for playing Count Dracula in the Broadway play and the movie version.  He was a character actor who played many different kinds of roles, but was most often seen in horror movies including *White Zombie*. He is one of the first actors to enter drug rehabilitation for a drug addiction. In the last years of his career he acted in several low-budget B-movies, some by director Ed Wood. He died in Los Angeles, California of a heart attack when he was 73 years old.

Bela G. Lugosi is his son.

## Other websites 
*
Hot Fuzz

***Hot Fuzz*** is a 2007 British-French action-comedy movie. It was directed by Edgar Wright, who co-wrote it with Simon Pegg. The movie stars Pegg and Nick Frost. It is set in Gloucestershire.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Shaun of the Dead

***Shaun of the Dead*** is a 2004 British-French zombie-themed romantic comedy movie. It is set in London. The movie was directed by Edgar Wright, who co-wrote it with Simon Pegg. It stars Pegg and Nick Frost.

## References
## Other websites
*