open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Habitat

A **habitat** is the area in which an organism lives. It is a summary term for all the resources, physical and living which are present in an area. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, and the physical environment which surrounds a population.

## Animal habitats 
Most animals live in one type of environment because they are best suited to it. We say they are 'adapted to this environment'. For example, animals such as frogs, newts, and ducks have webbed feet to help them swim in the water. There are many different types of habitats and many kinds of adaptations to each habitat.

If the habitat changes, it may no longer be suitable for the animals and plants that live there. Climate change is making some habitats warmer, and so many animal species are moving to cooler areas. However some species are not able to move and the populations are getting smaller. Scientists think that 10% of species may become extinct because of these changes. This is threatening the survival of forest animals such as the koala.

## Plant habitats 
Just as animals adapt to the places they live, so do plants. Plants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. As a result, each plant has certain characteristics. Some are adapted to living on land while others live in water. Plants that grow on land usually have stiff stems to hold them upright, while water plants tend to have less rigid stems because the water supports them.

Plants that live in dry climates like the desert have few or no leaves.  Many, such as cacti, store water when rain occurs.  Their adaptations save water.  Plants that grow in shaded areas have large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible, or they climb towards the light.

## Related pages 
* Biome
* Ecological niche
* Range (biology)
* Wildlife

## References
Long Island

**Long Island, NY** is the biggest island in the continental United States. About 8 million people live there. The majority live in the western part, in Brooklyn and Queens. The other people live in two counties. Nassau County is in the central area, and Suffolk County fills approximately the eastern half. To the north is Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean. There are almost 200 Long Island Towns on Long Island, NY. While the areas closest to New York City are urban with a high population density, the central and eastern parts of Long Island are more rural with a lower population density.

The East River separates Long Island from Manhattan island and the Bronx mainland. The Narrows separates it from Staten Island. Long Island is a terminal moraine left by glaciers during the ice ages. 

The 2020 census counted 8,063,232 people living on Long Island, making it by far the most populated island in all of the United States, and more populated than Ireland, Sicily or Puerto Rico. Long Island is in the Eastern Time Zone.   

The term "Long Island" often refers only to the mostly suburban counties of Nassau and Suffolk because Brooklyn and Queens are part of New York City.
Fédération Internationale de Volleyball

The **Fédération Internationale de Volleyball** (), often called just **FIVB**, is the organization that controls international Volleyball.

## Other websites 
*FIVB web site
K.M. Peyton

**Kathleen Wendy Herald Peyton** (born 2 August 1929 in Birmingham, England, died 19 December 2023) was an English writer. She wrote over 50 books, including *Blind Beauty* (1999) and *Stealaway* (2001).

## Other websites 
* About KM Peyton
* Reviews of some of KM Peyton's books and series
Old World

in a 15th-century copy)]]

The **Old World** is the three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa, whose people knew about each other from ancient times. 

Humans originated in Africa, but modern history is mostly about European history. This is because the Europeans wrote more history. For a long time "history" meant the history of Europe and the Middle East. That is still the kind of history which is taught in many schools. Having history depends on having writing. The first writing we know of comes from the Middle East, and the Chinese claim they also had early writing.

People had no idea there were other continents, and no idea that those continents (the Americas and Australasia) had humans living there.  They also knew little about Africa beyond the coasts until the 19th century.

In 1492 Spain sent Columbus to the New World.  They found Native Americans there. Then there was  trade, warfare and spreading disease.  They had foods and animals the Native Americans had not seen before, like sugarcane, pigs, and horses.  But they did not know that they were also causing sickness.  The people of the Old World called the Americas the New World.

Europeans discovered Australia, New Zealand and Papua/New Guinea in the 17th century.  The British Royal Navy did more exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Both the Americas and Australasia had humans living there already, who were not known to Europeans before the voyages of discovery, as it is called.

## References
Obfuscation

**Obfuscation** means making something harder to understand, usually by complicating sentences. Weasel words are a form of obfuscation. Obfuscation is usually used when people either do not know what they are talking about or wish to hide what they really mean.

Some people say that when doctors use difficult medical words to hide unpleasant things from , they are using obfuscation.

Technical term: Obfuscation is sometimes used to make source code much harder to read and reverse engineer. This can be a significant problem for technology like Python and JavaScript that require source code to be exposed in order to function.
Te Puke

**Te Puke** is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. 6670 people live there. It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there. Lots of other fruit is grown there too.

*Te Puke* means *the hill* in Māori.
Soybean

The **soybean** (or **soya bean**) is a plant with fruit called beans, from Eastern Asia. The height of a grown soybean is between less than 20 centimetres and up to 2 metres. One soybean lives for only one year.

## Uses 
Soybeans can be eaten or used to make oil, sauce, milk, flour, tofu and other foods. These soy foods have much protein, and many vegetarians like that. 

Soybean oil has a component of oleic acid that can be used to make an insect repellent.
Also fuel can be made from soybeans.

Soybeans can also be fermented to make nattō.

## History 
In 1997, 81% of all soybeans were of genetically modified stock. This means that genes were changed directly.

In China, going back the ancient Chou dynasty soy beans were considered to be one of the five sacred foods.

File:So_3.jpg
File:Lait-soya-soja-beans-legumineuse-Pixabay.jpg
File:Kalo_Bhatmas.jpg
File:Soybean Oil, Meal and Beans (10059732523).jpg
File:Soy_powder.jpg

## Related pages
* Soy milk
* Soy sauce
*Soybean oil
* Vegetarian
* Vegan
Cool Runnings

***Cool Runnings*** is a 1993 Disney sports comedy movie. It stars John Candy and Doug E. Doug. It is about the first Jamaican bobsled team who wanted to compete in the 1988 Winter Olympics.

## Story 
Cool Runnings is set in Jamaica. When a Jamaican sprinter gets disqualified during the tryouts for the Olympics because he fell over, he still wanted to compete. After seeing a picture of a bobsled, he wanted to become a bobsledder. He managed to get 3 other people to form a team. The first ever Jamaican bobsled team was trained by Irv, a retired athlete. When they went to the Olympics, they successfully passed the track under 1&nbsp;minute, so they qualified. After being disqualified, Irv went to talk to the judges, and the Jamaican team were back. After a rough first round, they came back surprisingly. however, during the finals the bobsled broke, crashing. They walked to the finish line, with everyone cheering. When they returned, they were heroes and the competed in the next Olympics.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Chicago Bears

The **Chicago Bears** are a professional American football team in the National Football League based in Chicago, Illinois. The team is owned by George McCaskey, replacing her mother Virginia Halas McCaskey in 2025. and the general manager is Ryan Pace. The team's current head coach is Ben Johnson since 2025. The team has won nine NFL Championships, with the last being in 1985 (Super Bowl XX). The team is known for their rivalry against the Green Bay Packers. 

## History
The Bears were founded in Decatur, Illinois, by George Halas, in 1919. They were first called the Decatur Staleys, after the A.E. Staley Starch Company which owned the team for its first two seasons. The team has won nine NFL Championships, with the last being in 1985 (Super Bowl XX). They also played in Super Bowl XLI in 2006 against the Indianapolis Colts, but they lost 29-17 to Peyton Manning and the Colts.

The Bears have retired 14 uniform numbers, more than any NFL team.

Since 2006, the Bears have struggled to find success, going fifteen years in between playoff wins from 2011 to 2026. During that time, the Bears have had 23 different starting quarterbacks and six different head coaches. In September 2025, a sale of a minority stake in the team valued the Bears at $8.9 billion.

## Players 
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
Sif

**Sif** is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Thor and mother of Thrud and Ull.

Sif has hair made of gold. It grows just like normal hair. Her original hair's color looked like wheat. Loki cut off Sif's hair as a prank. When Thor found out he made Loki have golden hair made for her by the Dwarves.

It is believed that Sif was a goddess of the home, of field and of the crop. It is also said that she had some control of destiny. 

Thrud is the only daughter of Thor and **Sif**. Ull is her son with another man. Thor also has two sons with a giantess. In two different poems in Poetic Edda, Sif is said to have a mysterious lover, but no one knows who he is.

A volcano on the planet Venus is named after Sif. Sif is also a character in the comic book The Mighty Thor from Marvel Comics. 

She is one of the most famous vikings around.

## Other websites 
*Sif - A research and devotional site dedicated to Sif
French and Indian War

, Newfoundland, 1762]]

The **French and Indian War** was fought between 1754 and 1763 in British North America and French North America. The land is now in the United States and Canada. The French were allies of some Native Americans, and the British were allies of others. 

The conflict was part of the Seven Years' War among the European great powers, which took place in various parts of the world. France was already fighting Prussia and so did not send many troops to America.

## Causes 
* Both the British and the French thought that they owned the Ohio Country, the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River. France wanted to keep New France, and Britain wanted to prevent that. Both wanted to control the fur trade and expected to send settlers someday.
* Both European countries used Native American claims to the land. The British said that it belonged to the Iroquois, and the French said it belonged to their Hurons. Neither side asked what the people of the Ohio Country wanted. The land supported the beaver pelt.
* The British Thirteen Colonies feared control of the Pope in North America. France was controlled by the Catholic Church. The British settlers were Protestant and saw that as a threat to their religious freedoms, which they had under English law.

## Battles 
The French built a new fort in the disputed territory, and the British decided to expel them. After failing in a small battle in 1754, the British tried again at the Battle of Monongahela in 1755. The British commander, General Edward Braddock, died with many of his men in a failed attack against the French in what later became Pittsburgh. A militia officer, George Washington, led the defeated survivors home.

After the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the British conquered Quebec City. 

## Outcome 
The fighting in North America stopped on September 8, 1760, with the French surrender of Montreal and the rest of Canada to the British.

The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain except the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, near Newfoundland. Britain offered France the choice to give up its Canadian land or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which British troops had taken during the war. France chose to keep the islands, which were valuable for their sugar plantations.   

With the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the colonists in British North America became unhappy over their share of the winnings. That became one of the causes of the American Revolution.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The French and Indian War Website
*U-S-History.com: Background of the French and Indian War
*The War That Made America 
*French and Indian War Timeline
International Astronomical Union

The **International Astronomical Union** (**IAU**) is an international group that brings together the national astronomical groups from around the world. It was created in 1919. It was created to promote and protect the science of astronomy by getting different nations to work together. Its members are professional astronomers from all over the world, and they all work on research and education in astronomy. The IAU has good relationships with groups that include  astronomers. "National Members" are usually people with a high level of professional astronomy. There are more than 10,000 active "Individual Members" in 107 countries. It has 62 "National Members". 

This organization has many working groups like the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), which maintains the astronomical naming conventions and planetary nomenclature for planetary bodies, and the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) for naming stars. 

The IAU is also the group in charge of naming objects in space and anything on them such as mountains and craters.

## References
## Other websites 
* Website of the International Astronomical Union
* XXVIth General Assembly 2006
Mjolnir

In Norse mythology, **Mjölnir** (Old Norse: *Mjǫllnir* - “Lightning” or “That which smashes”) is the hammer of Thor, the god of thunder and lightning. Forged by the dwarven brothers Brokk and Sindre, Mjölnir is the most feared weapon in the Nine Realms, capable of leveling entire mountains with only one hit. Mjölnir was also a symbol of both fertility and destruction, and was thought to possess regenerative healing powers. 

When thrown, Mjölnir would return to Thor's after hitting its target. 

*"... He [Thor] would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic."*

## Other spellings
* Common 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Images of Mjolnir amulets
*The Anti-Defamation League , examining the symbol as used by both racists and non-racists
Orphan

An **orphan** is a child who has lost both parents. Their parents are either dead or didn't want the child. Some orphans end up in a house called an orphanage. This is where children with no parents live. Many children that live in an orphanage get fostered or adopted by a person or a couple. Some people are called other names as in todays day and age it may be offensive.

## Causes 
Sometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage. When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are sometimes split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage or foster home.

Sometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up. The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.

## Orphan care 
In many developing countries orphans are often seen wandering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school. Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.

But in richer countries many orphanage, organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to help parents when they are sick or very poor so they do not abandon their children. Organisations such as churches and community services sometimes will assist them.

In many countries, foster care has replaced orphanages.

## Orphans in fiction 
Many characters of books and movies have been orphans, such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Annie, Heidi, Batman, and Harry Potter.
Border dispute

A **border dispute** is when two governments or more do not agree on the location of the border between their lands. An example is Pakistan and India over the territory of Kashmir. Another example is Kosovo which Serbia believe is theirs. An historical example is the Honey War between Iowa and Missouri.

Wars are sometimes fought over border disputes. Irredentism is often a border dispute.

## Other websites 
* CIA World factbook  The World Factbook by the United States Central Intelligence Agency lists countries that are currently having border disputes.
AFL

**AFL** is a three-letter acronym that may mean one of the following:

* Australian Football League, an Australian rules football competition in Australia
* Arena Football League, an American indoor football league
* American Football League
* American Federation of Labor
* Aflac, an American insurance company with New York Stock Exchange code AFL
Ben Jonson

**Ben Jonson** (11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was a major poet and playwright in English Renaissance drama. Many critics consider Jonson to be among the best playwrights of his time, a time when William Shakespeare also lived. 

Jonson was classically educated. He was a well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy of all kinds. 

He is best known for satirical plays *Every Man in His Humour* (1598), *Volpone, or The Fox* (c. 1606), *The Alchemist* (1610) and *Bartholomew Fair* (1614); also his lyric and epigrammatic poetry'
Qantas

**Qantas** is the flag carrier airline of Australia. Its headquarters is near Kingsford Smith Airport in Sydney. It is the second oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Qantas is commonly known as the "Flying Kangaroo". This is because of its logo, which is a white kangaroo on a red triangle. Qantas is a founding member of oneworld alongside American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines (until 2000) and Cathay Pacific.

## History 
Qantas began in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as *Queensland and Northern Territorial Aerial Service Limited*. It flew air mail services for the Australian government. In 1934, QANTAS Limited and Britain's Imperial Airways formed a new company, Qantas Empire Airways Limited. Qantas Empire Airways started services between Brisbane and Singapore using de Havilland DH-86 Commonwealth airplanes. In June 1959, Qantas' first jet airliner was delivered. It was a Boeing 707-138.

## Destinations
Qantas flies to 18 places in Australia and 23 place in 15 other countries.

**In Australia**
*Australian Capital Territory
**Canberra
*New South Wales
**Sydney 
*Northern Territory
**Alice Springs
**Darwin
**Uluru
*Queensland
**Brisbane
**Cairns
**Mackay
**Mount Isa
**Townsville
*South Australia
**Adelaide
*Tasmania
**Hobart
*Victoria
**Melbourne
*Western Australia
**Broome
**Kalgoorlie
**Karratha
**Perth
**Port Hedland

**Worldwide**
*Chile – Santiago de Chile
*China – Hong Kong and Shanghai
*Indonesia – Denpasar and Jakarta
*Ireland-Dublin and Cork
*Japan – Tokyo and Osaka
*New Caledonia
*New Zealand – Auckland, Christchurch, Queenstown and Wellington
*Pakistan-Karachi,Lahore,Multan and Islamabad 
*Papua New Guinea – Port Moresby
*Philippines – Manila
*Singapore
*South Africa – Johannesburg
*Thailand – Bangkok
*United Arab Emirates – Dubai
*United Kingdom – London
*United States of America – Dallas, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York City and Las Vegas

## Fleet
The table below shows how many different types of aircraft Qantas have operating and on order as of December 2019.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Robert Browning

**Robert Browning** (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright of Victorian era. He was born in Camberwell, London. He was married to the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. They both moved to Italy and lived in Florence. He had one son. Browning died in Venice, Italy. He was buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

He wrote a poem called The Laboratory which was about a woman using poison to kill her lover's girlfriend.

Browning's longest work was the poem *The Ring and the Book*. It consists of more than twenty thousand lines. It is based on a true story. It tells about a real crime committed in Italy at the end of 17th century. Its main hero is Pompilia Comparini, a young woman stabbed to death by her husband, count Guido Franceschini.

Poet's best work is probably the book *Men and Woman*. It was published in 1855. It is a collection of monologues.

Browning's last book is *Asolando* which was published in 1889.

Gilbert Keith Chesterton wrote a book about Robert Browning; it was called *Robert Browning* and was published by Macmillan & Co. in 1903.

## References
The Unknown Warrior

**The Unknown Warrior** is a tomb of an unknown British soldier who was killed on the battlefield during World War I.    

## Burial
The unknown warrior was buried in Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1920.  The tomb is covered by a slab of black Belgian marble and is the only tomb in Westminster Abbey that people may not walk on.

It has an inscription on it that is written by Herbert Ryle, Dean of Westminster.

## Medal of Honor
The unknown warrior was awarded the United States Medal of Honor on October 17, 1921.  This hangs on a pillar near his burial. The handles of the unknown warrior's tomb were lost, then found by a man in East London whilst digging up weeds.
Ipiaú

**Ipiaú** is a city in Bahia, Brazil.

## Location 
The city is in the meeting point of the *Contas River* and the *Água-Branca River* (White-water River).

Ipiaú is bordered by Ibirataia and Jequié to the north, Aiquara and Jitaúna to the west, Ibirataia and Barra do Rocha to the east and Itagibá to the south.

## Economy 
The city is an important producer and exporter of cacao in Brazil.

## Important people 
Ipiaú is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian writers and musicians such as Euclides Neto and Luiz Caldas.
Centennial High School

**Centennial High School** is a high school is in Las Vegas, Nevada and is one of many high schools in the Clark County District.  Centennial is in the Northwest Region in the Centennial Hills Community.  In 2006 - 2007 there were more than 3000 students.

## Sports
The mascot is the Bulldogs.

Centennial High School is home to the four-time Nevada Girl's Basketball Champions 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005.
Gesualdo

**Gesualdo** is an Italian commune  of the region of the Campania, province of Avellino, with about 3.800 inhabitants.  

It shares border with  Sturno, Villamaina, Frigento, Fontanarosa, Grottaminarda.

Carlo Gesualdo, the Renaissance composer and murderer lived in a castle in Gesualdo.

## Other websites 
*Gesualdo e Carlo Gesualdo  
*www.carlogesualdo.eu  
*www.gesualdo.eu 
*Don Carlo Gesualdo
Women's basketball

'''Women's basketball''' is a sport for women. The rules are the same as men's basketball, but the ball is smaller. It is  in colleges, universities, and professionally.

## Different rules 
Modern rules for women's basketball are much the same as those for men's basketball, with a few changes.

### Basketball size
The correct size for the ball in WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association) rules is 28.5 inches (72.4&nbsp;cm) in circumference. This is 1.00 inch (2.54&nbsp;cm) smaller than the NBA ball. From 2004, this size is used for all professional women's competitions around the world.

### Court dimensions
The three-point line (a line from which a ball thrown into the basket is worth three points) is 22 feet and 1.75 inches (6.75 m) from the middle of the basket in WNBA competition. Also, there is no block/charge arc under the basket.

### Shot clock
The WNBA and Women's NCAA college basketball use a 30-second shot clock. NBA basketball uses a 24-second shot clock.

### Game clock
Basketball is normally played in four 12 minute quarters. WNBA games are played in four 10 minute quarters.

## Levels of competition
### College
Women's basketball is very popular in colleges in North America. It is sponsored by athletics  (groups that help organize sports). The most important competition is organized by a group called the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), and the winner is called the 'national champion'.

The 2022-23 national champion was the University of South Carolina Gamecocks.

### American Professional Leagues
#### Women's Pro Basketball League
The Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the fall of 1978 to the spring of 1981. The league is the first American professional women's basketball league.

#### Women's Basketball Association
The Women's Basketball Association (WBA) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the summer of 1993 to the summer of 1995. The league is said to be the first American professional women's basketball league to be played in Summer.

#### American Basketball League
The American Basketball League was started in 1996 because the Olympics made people more interested in basketball. The league played two full seasons (1996-97 and 1997-98) and started a third (1998-99) before it ended in 1998.

#### Women's National Basketball Association
The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is a group that organizes professional basketball games for women. It is like the NBA (National Basketball Association), but for women. It was started in 1996.

## Related pages
* Sports
* Basketball

## References
German Empire

The **German Empire** (), also referred to as **Imperial Germany**, the **Second Reich** or simply **Germany**, was a country in Europe during the period of the German Reich from 1871 to its dissolution in November 1918. When the German Empire collapsed, it became the Weimar Republic, a republic.

## List of German states
## Related pages
* Germany
* Holy Roman Empire
* Nazi Germany

## Notes
## References
Paradise

]]

**Paradise** (or often called heaven) is an idea in religion. It is a place where everything is good.
Classification

**Classification** could mean:

* Library classification and classification in general
* Optimal classification
* Biological classification
* Scientific classification (disambiguation)
* Classification (literature)
* Statistical classification
* Security classification
* Classification theorems in mathematics.
* Film classification
* CLASSIPHI, a seabed mapping tool supplied by QinetiQ
* Civil service classification, personnel grades in government
* Attribute-value system

## Related pages
* Caste
* Class
* Categorization
* Social stratification
Heaven's Gate

'''Heaven's Gate''' was the name of a UFO religion led by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles until their deaths. It was often described as a cult, and its members died in a mass suicide in 1997. Its belief system included UFO-related, New Age, and Christian ideas. 

## Mass suicide 
The group ended with the appearance of Comet Hale-Bopp in the United States in the year 1997. Applewhite convinced 38 followers to kill themselves so that their souls could ride on a spaceship they believed was hiding behind the comet. For this reason, Heaven's Gate is sometimes called a "UFO religion". 

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Colt (horse)

A **colt** is a young male horse, under the age of four. Older male horses are called either a "stallion", if left fertile, or a "gelding" if neutered. The verb "to geld" refers to the process of neutering a stallion.

A group of colts is called a "rag".

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Positive number

A **positive number**, otherwise referred to as a **plus number** or an **above number**, is an opposite number that is bigger than zero. The set of all positive integers is written as \mathbb N or \mathbb{Z}_+. 

A positive number can be written with a "+" symbol in front of it, or just as a number. For example, the numbers "+3" and "3" are the same.  

Positive numbers are written to the right of zero on a number line:

In the above line, the positive numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shown.

## Related pages 
* Negative number

## References
## Other websites 
* Math league website discussion of positive numbers
Thionville

**Thionville** (Luxembourgish: *Diddenuewen*, German: *Diedenhofen*) is a city in northeast France, close to the Luxembourgian and German border. It is on the left side of the Moselle River. About 41,000 people were living there in 2014.
## History
Until 1659 Thionville was part of the Holy Roman Empire (as a part of Luxembourg till 1462). From 1871 to 1919 it was part of the German Empire, and from 1940 to 1944 part of Nazi Germany.

## Other websites 
* 
* Thionville Website
Ambiguity

is seen, sometimes a duck.]]
*: Another famously ambiguous illusion]]: It is a *memento mori''-themed painting, it actually depicts a woman gazing into a  boudoir mirror, however, we have the illusion to see the perfect form of a human skull as well.]]

**Ambiguity** means that it is not clear what something is. Literally, the word refers to a choice between two different things. In the proper sense it means "two different meanings" because "ambi-" comes from the Greek word for "two".

## Overview
People see things happen, and then decide what they mean. If they disagree about what is going on, the event is ambiguous. This is an extension of the original use of the word. Words or sentences that are ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings – people get the wrong meaning. This can sometimes lead to consequences for the person who did the ambiguous action. However, sometimes ambiguity can be used on purpose for humor or to be intimidating. Jokes often rely on ambiguity.

The antonym, or opposite word, of ambiguous is **unambiguous**, meaning that something is perfectly clear and can only have one meaning. Ambiguity is not the same as , which means that there is so little detail given that a statement can mean almost anything.

## Examples
The sentence 

is ambiguous because it could mean:
*The peasants are standing in the streets with placards shouting "We want more pay" – "revolting" is a verb in the sentence
*The peasants are horrible, disgusting – "revolting" is an adjective in the sentence

The British comedian Ronnie Barker said that he loved the English language because there are so many jokes that one can make using ambiguity. He gave the following example:

The mother meant “old” in a friendly way ("dear old Mrs Jones"), but the sentence could also mean: 

  

This is obviously how Johnny understood his mother's instruction.
Nellis Air Force Base

**Nellis Air Force Base** (**Nellis AFB**) is a United States Air Force military base. It is located in the north part of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is home to the Thunderbirds. The base also trains fighter aircraft for the US Air Force. The base is named for William Harrell Nellis, a Las Vegas resident and P-47 pilot who died in action during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Nellis AFB is home to the F-15, F-16, and the F-22 Raptors.

The main base covers close to 11,300 acres (46 km²). Much of the base is undeveloped. The rest of the area is either paved or has buildings. The Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Airstrip was a part of Nellis. It used to be known as "Area 3". On June 20, 2005 the field was renamed to **Creech Air Force Base**.

## Major Areas 
The base has three main areas.
*Area I include the airfield as well as the mission support functions.
*Area II contains the munitions area.
*Area III contains housing, and the Mike O'Callaghan Federal Hospital.
## References
Konz

**Konz** is a city in Germany. It is on the Moselle River.

## Museums 
*Roscheider Hof, Open Air Museum

## References
## Other websites
Colt

**Colt** may mean many things, like:
*Colt (horse) a young male horse

## Sports
*Indianapolis Colts, a National Football League
*Houston Astros, a Major League Baseball franchise previously known as the Houston Colt .45's
*Barrie Colts, an Ontario Hockey League

## Weapons
*Colt Single Action Army, a gun
*Colt M1911, a gun

## Other
*Colt's Manufacturing Company, a firearms company
*Colt, Arkansas
*Mitsubishi Colt, a car
*Colt, a name that NATO uses about the aircraft Antonov An-2.
Riesling

**Riesling** ( , ) is a white grape variety that first grew in the Rhine region of Germany. 

Riesling is famous for its strong flower-like smell and high acidity. It is used to make dry, semi-sweet, very sweet, and sparkling white wines. Unlike many other wines, Riesling is almost never flavored with oak.

## References
Max

**Max** might refer to:

## Given name 
### Fictional characters
*Max Asher, a character in the television series *Max & Shred*
*Max Rockatansky
*Max Tennyson, a character from *Ben 10* 
*Max Goof, son of Disney character Goofy 
*Max Headroom, a character from the television series *Max Headroom* 
*Max, a fictional character in the Pokémon anime 
* Max, a character in stories about Max and Moritz
* Max, a fictional character in the television series *Max and Ruby*

## Other
* *Max* (book series), the main character in a book series by Barbro Lindgren
* *Max Payne*, a video game
* *Max Dugan Returns*, American comedy-drama movie
* Max, formerly HBO Max
Saar

**Saar** has several meanings:
## Places 
* Saar, Bahrain, a town in Bahrain
* Saarland, a federal state of Germany
* Saar River, a river running through the borderlands of France and Germany
* Saar (protectorate), a French protectorate (1947–1956)
* Saargebiet, the League of Nations governed *Territory of the Saar Basin* (1920–1935)
* Sarre (département), a French département (1798–1814)

## People 
* Ain Saar, an Ugaunian partisan leader
* Alison Saar (born 1956), an American artist
* Betye Saar (born 1926), an American artist
* Johann Jacob Saar, a 17th-century German explorer from Nuremberg
* Ferdinand von Saar, an 19th-century Austrian writer

## Other 
* A Sanskrit word from India, means "Extract".
* A male name in Hebrew derived from one of two words: ''Se'ara* (storm) or *Sahar'' (crescent). When derived from the word 'Sahar' it is usually spelled as Sahar.
* Several classes of Israeli missile boats:
** Saar 3 class missile boat
** Saar 4 class missile boat
** Saar 4.5 class missile boat
** Saar 5 class missile boat

**SAAR** may refer to:
* Seasonally Adjusted Annual sales Rate, also Industry SAAR.
* Standard Annual Average Rainfall, a hydrological term used in the **Flood Estimation Handbook** (FEH).
Meteor burst communication

]]

**Meteor burst communication** uses radio waves which bounce off the ionized trails made by meteors as they enter the earth’s atmosphere.  It is also called **Meteor scatter communication**.

Meteors are lumps of rock which are floating about in space.  There are always meteors which are entering the earth’s atmosphere.  They normally burn up in the atmosphere.  A few very large ones that hit the earth are called 'meteorites'.  Most meteors are only tiny specks of dust.  As they enter the atmosphere the heat made by air friction rips off electrons.  This produces an ionized trail.  This trail can reflect radio waves in the same way that a wire would.

The meteors that are used for meteor burst communication are between one thousandth and one hundredth of a gram.  Meteors which are smaller than this are too weak to be used.  Larger ones are not frequent enough.

The ionized trail can last for several seconds.  During this time messages can be sent between two radio communication stations.  The messages will be transmitted very fast: about 200 times as fast as with ordinary shortwave radio communication.  A teletypewriter may type several lines of text during a meteor burst. The two stations that want to communicate will have to be ready all the time as they never know when the next burst of communication will come.  They may have to use several meteor bursts before the whole message is received.  The transmitters are often put on buoys in the sea.

Meteor burst communication was first widely used in the 1950s.  It was particularly useful for military communications, because a receiver could not tell exactly which direction the message had come from.  This was because the message was reflected on the way, so it did not travel in a straight line (i.e. in a simple great circle round the earth’s curve).

The use of communications satellites in the late 20th century has made meteor burst communication rare.
Metz

**Metz** is a city in France, the prefecture of the Grand Est region and the Moselle department. 

## History
There was once a city in Roman times, called *Divodurum*. It was the capital of a Celtic tribe called *Mediomatrici*.  They were called the "Mettis" for short, which is where the name "Metz" comes from. The Romans controlled this city for a long time as an important center in Gallia, but it was captured by Attila the Hun in 451. It was shortly after taken over by the Franks. 

Metz remained a very important city, and as the borders changed over the years, it became the capital of Austrasia (from 561 to 751) and of Lotharingia (from 843 to 925), before becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire (from 925). The city was handed to King Henry II of France in 1552. In 1633, it became the capital of a French province called the "Three Bishoprics". The Prussians captured the town in 1870 and Metz once again became part of Germany, until 1918 when it was won back by France. The Germans captured it once more in1940 but France regained it in 1944.

## Monuments 
In this city, there are a lot of monuments like :

* The Opéra-théâtre, XVIII°s, the oldest theatre of France, it is on an island.

* The Place Saint-Louis, XIV°s, it is triangular, with arcaded houses typical of the architecture of Metz.

* The Cathédrale Saint-Etienne ''(St. Stephen's Cathedral)*, X°s, gothic style, with 6000m² of stained glass.

* The Jardin botanique de Metz *(Botanical garden of Metz)*, 1866, there are 490.000 flowers every years and there is a greenhouse.

## Climate 
Metz has an oceanic climate (*Cfb'' in the Koeppen climate classification). 

## Education 
* CentraleSupélec
* Supélec

## Twin towns – sister cities 
Metz is twinned with:

## References
Hole

A **hole** is an empty space in a solid object, which can be flat.

It can also mean other things:

*In golf, it is a special place on a golf course. All players want to put their ball in the holes, in as few strikes as possible.
**Holes*, a book written by Louis Sachar
*Hole (band) was an American rock band. Their singer was Courtney Love.
*Hole, Norway a municipality in Buskerud county.
Saar (river)

The **Saar** () is a river in northeastern France (Grand Est) and western Germany (Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate). It is a right tributary of the Moselle River. It rises in the Vosges Mountains in Grand Est and flows northwards into the Moselle near Trier.

The first written mention of the Saar, in Latin language as *Saravus*, is found in the poem *Mosella* by the Roman poet Decimus Magnus Ausonius.

## Geography
With a length of , it is the largest tributary of the Moselle river. Its drainage basin has an area of approximately .

### Course
The Saar river is born at the foot of Mont Donon, the highest peak of the northern Vosges Mountains. It flows first for about  through the French region of Grand Est. The Saar marks the border between France and Germany for about  from its confluence with the Blies, between the towns of Sarreguemines and Saarbrücken and goes into German territory.

Then the river flows about  through the Saarland, and about  through the Rhineland-Palatinate and, finally, flows into the Moselle at Konz between Trier and the Luxembourg border.

### Upper Saar
The *Sarre Rouge* (Red Saar) and *Sarre Blanche* (White Saar) are considered as the two source rivers of the Saar.

The Red and the White Saar have their sources on Donon, less than  distance apart. The source of the White Saar is near the town of Grandfontaine (Bas-Rhin department), and the source of the Red Saar is near the town of Abreschviller, (Moselle department). The confluence of the two rivers is near Hermelange (), south of Sarrebourg.

The Saar river, and its two source rivers, flow first through the Moselle department, in the Lorraine region; then, for a short distance, flow through the Bas-Rhin department, in the Grand Est region. From Sarrealbe to Sarreguemines, the Saar flows along the border with Germany. At Sarreguemines, the Blies river, the largest tributary of the Saar, flows into the Saar and its discharge rises from 20.9 m³/s to 41.5 m³/s. and 117&nbsp;km in Germany) the Saar flows into the Moselle river at Konz (Rhineland-Palatinate) between Trier and the Luxembourg border.

Grapes, to produce wine, are grown along the lower Saar, mainly between Serrig and Konz.

## Tributaries of the Saar
Some of the important tributaries of the Saar are:

## Towns along the river
Some towns and cities found along the river are:

## Gallery

File:SaarlouisFahrgastschiff.jpg|The Saar near Saarlouis
File:Kleine Saarschleife.jpg|The "small loop" of the Saar at Hamm
File:Konz_-_Saarmündung.jpg|Mouth of the Saar at Konz
File:Aylerkupp.jpg|Vineyard Ayler Kupp, Saar river

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France
* List of rivers of Germany
* Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* MULEWF Rheinland-Pfalz: Saar
Spyware

**Spyware** is a category of software for computers. Spyware is malware that collects some data, usually without the computer users' knowledge. Very often, this data is then sent over the internet to someone else.  Very often, this is used for marketing.  Spyware can also be used to steal data from computers.  One kind is a keylogger which can see whatever you are typing.  Keyloggers can steal important information like passwords that you type. 

The best protection is to get a program that protects against spyware. However, many websites that claim to have them are actually spyware, not something to protect against it. This method of installing spyware is called a Trojan horse which looks like a normal program, but when it runs, it collects information to use against you. Spyware tracks your computer and uses some of the things on it. This includes your files, your downloads, and usernames/passwords for websites and programs. With this, the trojan operator can log into your accounts. 

There are spyware applications that are designed to enable users to spy on themselves rather than others. This is called **myware**. The term myware has mainly been applied to software applications in three areas: social networking, marketing and time tracking.

## Related pages 
* Malware 
* Phishing
* Spyware removal software

## References 
## Other websites 
* What Is Spyware? from Microsoft
## Need a blog to remove Santivirus 
* Remove the Spyware?
Basis (linear algebra)

in ***R**2*. The red and blue vectors are the elements of the basis; the green vector can be given with the basis vectors.]]
In linear algebra, a **basis** is a set of vectors in a given vector space with certain properties:

* One can get any vector in the vector space by multiplying each of the basis vectors by different numbers, and then adding them up.
* If any vector is removed from the basis, the property above is no longer satisfied. 

The plural of basis is bases. For any vector space V, any basis of V will have the same number of vectors. This number is called the dimension of V.

## Example
B=\{(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)\} is a basis of \mathbb{R}^3 as a vector space over \mathbb{R}.

Any element of \mathbb{R}^3 can be written as a linear combination of the above basis. Let x be any element of \mathbb{R}^3 and let x=(x_1,x_2,x_3). Since x_1,x_2 and x_3 are elements of \mathbb{R}, then we can write  x = (x_1, x_2, x_3) = x_1(1,0,0) + x_2(0,1,0) + x_3(0,0,1). So x can be written as a linear combination of the elements in B.

Also, this process would not be possible for any vector x if an element was removed from B. So B is a basis for \mathbb{R}^3.

The basis B is not unique; there are infinitely many bases for \mathbb{R}^3. Another example of a basis would be \{(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,1)\}.
Vector space

A **vector space** is a collection of mathematical objects called vectors, along with some operations you can do on them. Two operations are defined in a vector space: addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector with a scalar. These operations can change the size of a vector and the direction it points to. The most important thing to understand is that after you do the addition or multiplication, the result is still in the vector space; you have not changed the vector in a way that makes it not a vector anymore. A vector space is often represented using symbols such as U, V and W.

More formally, a vector space is a special combination of a group and a field. The elements of the group are called vectors, and the elements of the field are called scalars. Vector spaces are important in an area of mathematics called linear algebra, an area which deals with linear functions (functions of straight lines, not curves). 

A vector can be represented graphically with an arrow that has a tail and a head. To add two vectors, you place the end of one vector at the head of the other one (see figure). The sum is the vector that goes from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second. 

*Scalar multiplication* means that one vector is made bigger or smaller (it is "scaled"). Scalars are just numbers: if you multiply a vector by 2, you make it twice as long. If you multiply it by 1/2, you make it half as long.

The "vectors" don't have to be vectors in the sense of things that have magnitude and direction. For example, they could be functions, matrices or simply numbers. If they obey the axioms of a vector space (a list of properties a vector space needs to satisfy), you can think of them as vectors and the theorems of linear algebra will still apply to them.

There are some combinations of vectors that are special. A minimum set of vectors that—through some combination of addition and multiplication—can reach any point in the vector space is called a basis (of that vector space). It is true that every vector space has a basis. It is also true that all bases of any one vector space have the same number of vectors in them. This is called the dimension theorem. We can then define the dimension of a vector space to be the size of its basis.

## Related pages
* Abstract algebra
* Dimension
* Linear independence
* Unit vector
* Vector subspace

## References
Jackson's chameleon

'''Jackson's chameleon'* (*Trioceros jacksonii*), also known as the **horned chameleon**, *'Jackson's horned chameleon**, or **Kikuyu three-horned chameleon''', is a species of chameleon found in the forests of Kenya and Tanzania. They have been introduced to the United States and Hawaii.

## Characteristics 
### Males 
Males are easily recognized, they have two horns above their eyes and one horn on their nose. If males are kept together in a cage, they get stressed, and eventually die. 

### Females 
Females do not have horns, or if they do they are very small.  Their biggest size is 15 inches.  This species gives birth to live young with a gestation period of about 5-10 months.

## References