open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ritwik Ghatak

**Ritwik Kumar Ghatak** (4 November 1925 – 6 February 1976) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker, scriptwriter and actor. He was born in Dhaka in East Bengal. He wrote his first play, * Kalo sayar*, in 1948. In 1951, Ghatak joined the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).  Ghatak acted in the 1950 film *Chinnamul*. In 1952 Ghatak completed his first movie, *Nagarik*. It was not released until 1977. Ghatak wrote the 1958 Hindi film *Madhumati* with Rajinder Singh Bedi.

## Personal life
Ghatak married Surama Devi. He had a son, Ritaban Ghatak, and two daughters with her.

Ghatak died in 1976 in India from tuberculosis.

## References
Personality

**Personality** is a term that describes the traits a person shows most of the time.

## Overview
Personalities include how they think, behave, respond to emotions and what they like and dislike. Someone's personality may change over their lifetime, but this happens slowly over long periods of time.

## In real life
Understanding someone's personality may help you predict how they will behave in many situations. This makes it possible to explain and understand people's behavior scientifically. The scientific study of personality is called personality psychology, which is part of the overall study of psychology.

## Related pages
* Psychiatry
* Mental illness
* Personality disorder
* Id, ego and super-ego

## References
## References
Chesapeake Bay Bridge

The **Chesapeake Bay Bridge** (called the **Bay Bridge** by locals) is a bridge that crosses Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern coast of the United States. The bridge is  long. It serves as a connecting route between the eastern and western shores of Maryland. The bridge was named after William Preston Lane Jr., the governor at the time that the building of the bridge was ordered.

## Tolls and fees
A toll of six dollars is charged on the one-way toll side of the bridge (the side opposite of the Eastern Shore). Although for taxi services the fee is anywhere from 25 to 30 dollars.

## Construction
The bridge was first proposed for building in 1938. Building did not begin until 1947 because of the United States' involvement in World War II. The bridge was finally opened to traffic on July 30, 1952. Later in 1967, because traffic on the bridge was increasing, another side for the bridge was proposed. The proposal was agreed to, and funded by the state of Maryland. Building began once again in 1969 and was completed in 1973.

## Incidents
Today the Bridge is considered one of the most dangerous bridges in the world because of the accidents that have happened on it.
*On August 10, 2008 a tractor trailer was involved in a head on collision, which worried people about the structure of the Bridge. Afterwards, the Maryland Transportation Comity ruled out any possibility of the accident being caused by the bridge itself.
* On August 28, 2012 the bridge was seen making unusual vertical movements that were later found to be caused by two construction tarps that had been installed for a construction project, catching wind causing the bridge to slightly move. In result to the incident, traffic that day backed up almost , a record for traffic on the bridge.
*On July 18, 2013 a tractor trailer was hit from behind, forcing it over the edge of the bridge, falling a total of  into the water, where the driver then was able to open the door and swim to the Eastern Shore and receive help.

## References
*Roads to the Future Website
*Chesapeake Bay Bridge Fundamental
*Official PDF for Bridge Finances
Bay Bridge

**Bay Bridge** may refer to:

* Aomori Bay Bridge, Aomori Prefecture, Japan
* Chesapeake Bay Bridge, Maryland, United States
* Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia, United States
* Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, Shandong, China
* Newark Bay Bridge, Newark, New Jersey, United States
* San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, California, United States
* Yokohama Bay Bridge, Yokohama, Japan
Ming-Na Wen

**Ming-Na Wen** (born November 20, 1963) is a Chinese actress. She is known for doing the voice of Fa Mulan in the Disney film 1998 *Mulan* and *Mulan II*. She played Jing-Mei Chen in *ER*. Wen plays Agent Melinda May in *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D*.

Wen was born in Hong Kong. Her name means "enlightenment". When she was a child she moved to the United States. In 1995 she married Eric Michael Zee. She lives with him in California.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
August Alsina

**August Anthony Alsina Jr.** (born September 3, 1992) is an American singer. He was born in New Orleans. His mother moved him to Houston after Hurricane Katrina happened. Alsina moved to Atlanta to start his musical career. He released his first mixtape, The Product in 2012. He released two other mixtapes in the same year. In August 2013 he was signed to Def Jam Recordings. His first EP *Downtown: Life Under the Gun* was released by Def Jam that month. It reached number 68 in the Billboard 200. His first album, *Testimony*, was released in 2014. The album was a tribute to his friend who died in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Edward Teller

**Edward Teller** (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American Jewish theoretical physicist. He was born in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary. Back then, Hungary was the major part of the empire of Austria-Hungary. He is known as "the father of the hydrogen bomb". From 1958 to 1960, Teller worked as the director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He was the associate director until 1977. The laboratory is now called Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. In 1979, Teller had a heart attack. He blamed it on Jane Fonda. In 1982 he became a member of the White House Science Council. Teller was given one of the first Ig Nobel Prizes for Peace in 1991.
### 21st century
In 2000, Teller's wife died. In 2001, a book Teller wrote about his life, *Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics*, was published by Basic Books. Teller was 93.
## Death
He died from a stroke on September 9, 2003 at Stanford University.
## Views
Teller was an agnostic. He also was a Republican.
## References
Representational state transfer

**REST** (**RE**presentational **S**tate **T**ransfer) is a software architectural style that was created to guide the design and development of the architecture for the World Wide Web.

REST has been used to create many scalable, reliable web-based applications. An application that follows the REST architectural style can be described as *RESTful*.

REST describes a way for computer systems (clients and servers) to communicate with each other. Clients do not need to know anything about the server but can instead discover what information is available by querying the server. For example, a web browser (a client) used to read the New York Times can discover more content by clicking on the links in the webpage returned by the server. The ability to discover what information the server has to offer is a central part of the REST architectural style.

Web clients and servers communicate using the HTTP protocol. Web content is delivered to clients as HTML documents that contain more links (URLs) that allow more content to be discovered. HTTP, HTML and URL are the three standards that together implement the REST architectural style in the World Wide Web.

## Other websites 
* Mozilla Developer Network HTTP
* Wikimedia REST API
Margery Mason

**Margery E. Mason** (27 September 1913 &ndash; 26 January 2014) was a British actress and director. She is known for her roles in *The Princess Bride* and in *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire*. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Bernie Kopell

**Bernard Morton "Bernie" Kopell** (born June 21, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Siegfried in *Get Smart* and as Dr. Adam Bricker ("Doc") in *The Love Boat* from 1977 to 1986.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Earl Sweatshirt

**Thebe Neruda Kgositsile** (born February 24, 1994), better known by his stage name **Earl Sweatshirt**, is an  American rapper and record producer. Kgositsile was originally known by the stage name **Sly Tendencies**. He released his first mixtape, *Kitchen Cutlery*,''* on MySpace in 2008. He changed his name to Earl Sweatshirt when Tyler, the Creator invited him to join Odd Future in late 2009.

He gained popularity and critical praise for his first mixtape, *Earl*, which released on March 31st, 2010.** Shortly after its release, his mother sent him to a boarding school in Samoa for at-risk teens for a year and a half. He was unable to record music when he was there. He later returned to Los Angeles in February 2012, just before his eighteenth birthday. Kgositsile rejoined Odd Future and started producing new music. He released his first studio album *Doris* in August 2013.

His second studio album, *I Don't Like Shit, I Don't Go Outside*, was released on March 23, 2015.** His third album, *Some Rap Songs,* was released on November 30, 2018.** His fourth album, *Sick!'', was released on January 14, 2022. His projects have all received widespread critical praise. 

He is currently signed to Columbia Records, as well as his independent label Tan Cressida.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Paul Aussaresses

**Paul Aussaresses** (7 November 1918 – 4 December 2013) was a French Army general. He fought during World War II, the First Indochina War and Algerian War. His actions during the Algerian War, and later defense of those actions, caused considerable controversy. He was perhaps best known for wearing an eye patch. 

Aussaresses was badly criticized in 2000, when in an interview with the French newspaper *Le Monde*, he defended the use of torture during the Algerian war. He repeated the defense in an interview with CBS's *60 Minutes*, further arguing that torture ought to be used in the fight against Al-Qaeda.

Aussaresses died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Torture to Prevent Terrorism? Interview with a French Master Torturer
William Ramsay

**Sir William Ramsay**  (; 2 October 1852&nbsp;– 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist. Ramsay discovered the noble gases. He also helped discover several elements that are on our periodic table today. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" (along with Lord Rayleigh).

Between 1894 and 1898, he discovered five new elements. These were the noble gases, helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.

## Early life
, c. 1905]]
Ramsay was born in Glasgow on 2 October 1852. He was a nephew of the geologist Sir Andrew Ramsay. His father, William, Sr., was a civil engineer. His mother was Catherine Robertson. He studied at Glasgow Academy, at the University of Glasgow and at University of Tübingen in Germany. 

Ramsay went back to Glasgow as an assistant at the Anderson College. He found a job as Professor of chemistry at the University College of Bristol in 1879.

## Career
On the evening of 19 April 1894 Ramsay was at a lecture given by Lord Rayleigh. Rayleigh had noticed a difference between the density of nitrogen made by chemical synthesis and nitrogen isolated from the air by removal of the other known components. He named the gas responsible for this difference "argon". He also isolated helium.  In 1904, Ramsay received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

## Personal life
Ramsay was married to Margaret Buchanan in 1881. They had one daughter, Catherine, and one son, William George. William George died when he was 40. 

## Death
Ramsay lived in Hazlemere, Buckinghamshire until his death. He died in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire on 23 July 1916 from nasal cancer (nose cancer). He died at the age of 63. He was buried in Hazlemere Parish church.

## Recognition
The Sir William Ramsay School in Hazlemere is named after him.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel Lecture  *The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere* from Nobelprize.org website
*Biography  Biography from Nobelprize.org website
*Sir William Ramsay School 
*Ramsay biography
*Chemical achievers 
*Eponymous school 
*NNDB Biography
*Web genealogy article on Ramsay 
*Chemical genealogy
*victorianweb biography 
*chemeducator biography 
*7/23/1904;This Photograph of Sir William Ramsay Was Taken in His Laboratory Specially for the Scientific American
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

'''Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Jr.''' (30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch chemist. He was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901. van 't Hoff studied the active principles of chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, osmotic pressure, and stereochemistry.
Matt Bloom

**Matthew Jason Bloom** (born November 14, 1972) is an American former professional wrestler and professional football player. He works for the WWE. Bloom is the head trainer at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida.

Bloom is best known for his work with WWE as **Prince Albert**, **Albert** and **A-Train** from 1999 to 2004, and as **Lord Tensai** and **Tensai** from 2012 to 2014. He also wrestled in Japan from 2005 to 2012 with All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) as . During his career,  Bloom has held the GHC Tag Team Championship, IWGP Tag Team Championship and WWF Intercontinental Championship.

## Championships
***Impact Zone Wrestling**
**IZW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

***Elite Xtreme Wrestling**
**EXW Tag Team Championship (one time)1

***New Japan Pro Wrestling**
**IWGP Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Travis Tomko (one) and Karl Anderson (one))
**G1 Tag League (2007) (with Travis Tomko)
**G1 Tag League (2009) (with Karl Anderson)
**New Japan Cup (2006)

***Power Pro Wrestling**
**PPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**PPW Young Guns Championship (one time)

***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#45** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.

***Pro Wrestling Noah**
**GHC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Karl Anderson)

***World Wrestling Federation**
**WWF Intercontinental Championship (one time)

***Wrestling Observer Newsletter**
**Tag Team of the Year (2011) (with Karl Anderson)

1After he won the championship, he held it by himself.

## References
## Other websites
*WWE profile
Julie Christmas

**Julie Christmas** (born December 25, 1975) is an American musician. She was the lead singer of the rock band Made Out of Babies and the metal band Battle of Mice. Christmas released three albums with Made Out of Babies. They broke up in 2012. Christmas sung on "Generation of Ghosts" on Mouth of the Architect's 2008 album *Quietly*. In 2010, Christmas released her first solo album *The Bad Wife* on CD and vinyl.

## References
Danilo Medina

**Danilo Medina Sánchez** (born November 10, 1951) is a Dominican politician. He was the President of the Dominican Republic from 2012 to 2020.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography by CIDOB  (in Spanish)
Sophia Bush

**Sophia Bush** (born July 8, 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has also directed. She appeared in movies that include *John Tucker Must Die*. Television programs in which she appeared include *Chicago Hope*, *Chicago PD* and "One Tree Hill". Bush was born in Pasadena, California.

## References
Hongkong Electric Company

**Hongkong Electric Company** (**HKC**; ) is an electricity generation company in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.

## History
The company was established on 1 December 1890 in British Hong Kong.

## Other websites
* HK Electric
CLP Group

**CLP Group** (**CLP**; ) is an electricity company in Hong Kong. Their business are power generation, power transmission and electricity selling.

## History
CLP Group was established in British Hong Kong in 1901 as **China Light and Power Company Syndicate**.

## Other websites
* CLP
Juan Bosch

**Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño** (30 June 1909 &ndash; 1 November 2001) was a politician, historian, short story writer, essayist, and educator. He was the first democratically elected President of the Dominican Republic in 38 years. He served as president from February through September 1963. Before this, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years. 

In 1934, he married Isabel García and had two children with her: Leon and Carolina. During Trujillo's dictatorship, Bosch was jailed for his political ideas, being released after several months. In 1938, Bosch managed to leave the country, settling in Puerto Rico.

Juan Bosch died on November 1, 2001 after a long hospitalization period in Santo Domingo. He was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and was hospitalized for respiratory failure. As a former President, he received the corresponding honors at the National Palace, and was buried in his hometown of La Vega.

## Related pages
*List of historians by continent

## References
## Other websites
*International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
*Overview of modern Dominican history
*Juan Bosch Foundation (in Spanish)
*Dominican Homeland History (in Spanish) 
*Juan Bosch: Una vida por la democracia, by Jesús Adolfo Becerril Valencia
* Los Bosch Gaviño: apuntes y gráficas sobre su historia familiar
Companhia de Electricidade de Macau

]]
**Companhia de Electricidade de Macau** (**CEM**; ; English: Macau Electricity Company) is an electricity company in Macau, China. Its main business is power generation, power transmission, power distribution and electricity selling in Macau.

## History
CEM was established in 1972 in Portuguese Macau.

## Other websites
*Website
*Facebook
Julius Lothar Meyer

**Julius Lothar von Meyer** (August 19, 1830 – April 11, 1895) was a German chemist. He worked with Dmitri Mendeleev and helped him draw up the first periodic table of chemical elements. He also worked with Robert Bunsen.

## Table of Meyer, 1864 
## References
## Other websites
* Periodic table according to Lothar Meyer (1870)
* Video of a talk by Michael Gordin titled "Periodicity, Priority, Pedagogy: Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer" 
* The Internet Database of Periodic Tables. Chemogenesis web book.
Blindfold

A **blindfold** is a piece of cloth tied over a person's eyes. Sometimes a blindfold is made of material other than cloth. Blindfolds make it impossible to see. They are used for many different reasons: 
*To cover the eyes of a person who is blind. 
*They are used in some games played by children on a playground. 
*As **sleep masks** to help a person sleep when there is too much light. 
*In a ransom so that a person cannot see the kidnappers. 
*In magic tricks. 
*For erotic play.

In art, Justice is sometimes made to look like a woman wearing a blindfold.

## Related pages
*Eyeglasses
*Mask
Joaquín Balaguer

**Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo** (September 1, 1906 &ndash; July 14, 2002) was the President of the Dominican Republic. He served three non-consecutive terms in that office. His first term was from 1960 to 1962, for his second term from 1966 to 1978, and again for his third and final term from 1986 to 1996. In 2000, Balaguer decided to seek an eighth term as president he lost the election.

On July 14, 2002, Balaguer died of heart failure at Santo Domingo's Abreu Clinic at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Diariolibre.com 
* UCSB.edu
* UCSB.edu
Everland

at Everland]]

**Everland** is a theme park in Yongin, South Korea. It is about one hour's drive away from Seoul.

Everland is the largest theme park in South Korea. In 2012, it ranked 12th in the world by number of visitors. It had 6.6 million visitors according to *Travel + Leisure* magazine.

The park is 36 years old. It has many kinds of attractions, as well as a zoo called Safari World, and a water park named Caribbean Bay. Everland also has seasonal festivals throughout the year. Samsung Everland, a part of company of Samsung operates and manages the park and the surrounding area.

## Festivals 
* Snow Festival: Jan - Feb
* Tulip Festival: Mar - Apr
* Rose Festival: May - Jun
* Summer Splash: Jun - Sep
* Halloween & Horror Night: Sep.6 - Oct.31
* Christmas Fantasy: Nov.8 - Dec.31
* Romantic Illumination: Nov.22 - Dec.31

## Attractions 
* T EXPRESS: South Korea's first and world's the steepest wooden roller coaster (77 degrees) with 3 minutes of running time. It is the longest wooden roller coaster in Asia, and the 7th largest in the world.
* Rolling X-Train: Rolling X-Train have 2 loops and 2 corkscrew. It's only roller coaster that have loops in Everland Resorts.
* K-POP Hologram: World's first holographic concert hall featuring YG stars.
* Safari World: Bus ride through the zoo where various animals wandering around freely. In the caged bus, the visitors will see the roaming lions, tigers, bears, and sometimes some animals come up to the bus to catch the feed thrown by the driver.
* Pororo's 3D Adventure: 3D virtual reality theater featuring Pororo and his friends.

## Caribbean Bay 
Caribbean Bay is South Korea's largest water park. It has outdoor and indoor parts, and only indoor parts, named 'Aquatic Center' opens throughout the year.
* Running Water Pool (Indoor/Outdoor)
* Wave Pool (Indoor/Outdoor): Artificially generated waves featuring Caribbean beach
* Diving Pool (Indoor): 5.0 m in depth

## Home Bridge 
Home Bridge is a resort and cabin site near  Everland. The wooden lodges are located 2,000 meters above sea level. 
## Everland Speedway 
Everland Speedway is South Korea's first racing track. It holds many racing events or competitions as well as provides guests to drive racing car.

## References
Feature movie

A **feature movie** or **feature film** is a movie (also called a film or motion picture) with a  long enough to be the main or only movie to fill a program at a movie theatre. A program is the set of shows that people are given for one admission ticket. A feature movie is therefore a movie that runs for long enough to be the main or only show in a program. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, a feature movie runs for at least 40 minutes. The Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

The majority of feature movies are between 70 and 210 minutes long. *The Story of the Kelly Gang* was the first feature movie based on length, and was released in Australia in 1906. The first feature-length movie based on a book was *Les Misérables* which was released in 1909.

Feature movie for children are usually between 70 and 105 minutes. Other early feature movies include a version of *Oliver Twist* (1912), *Richard III* (1912) and *From the Manger to the Cross* (1912).
Christian Benítez

**Christian Rogelio Benítez Betancourt** (May 1, 1986 – July 29, 2013), also known as **Chucho**, was an  Ecuadorian footballer who played as a forward for El Jaish of the Qatar Stars League at the time of his death.

On July 29, 2013, Benítez entered a hospital in Doha, Qatar because of a "strong pain" in his abdomen. He later went into respiratory failure. He died from complications leading to cardiac arrest at the age of 27.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International goals
:''Scores and results list Ecuador's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Benítez goal''.

## Honors
### Club
**El Nacional**
* Serie A: 2005 Clausura, 2006

**Santos Laguna**
* Mexican Primera División: Clausura 2008

**Club América**
* Liga MX: Clausura 2013

### Individual
* Serie A Best Player: 2006 Serie A
* Liga MX Golden Ball: Clausura 2008, Apertura 2012
* Liga MX Golden Boot: Apertura 2010, Clausura 2012, Apertura 2012, Clausura 2013

## References
## Other websites
*Transfermarkt profile
*Player details  at Ecuadorian Football Federation 
*
*ESPN Profile 
*Profile at Birmingham City F.C. website
High-pass filter

A **high-pass filter** is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal above a certain value (cutoff frequency). The frequency component below that certain value will be suppressed to almost zero.

## Related pages 
* Low-pass filter
* Band-pass filter
* Band-stop filter
Steam drum

]]
]]

A **steam drum** is a part of a water-tube boiler. It is the place where water or steam gathers at the top of the boiler. It stores the steam produced in the water tube and it separates between steam and water mixture.
Water-tube boiler

]]

A **water-tube boiler** is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated by fire from outside. The fire is produced by the fuel being burned inside the furnace for the boiler.

## Design types
* Babcock and Wilcox boiler
* A/D/M/O-type boiler
* Flex-tube boiler
* Forced-circulation boiler
* Low water content
* Stirling boiler
* Thornycroft
* White-Forster
* Yarrow boiler

## Use
* Marine
* Railway
* Stationary
Superheater

A **superheater** is a device that changes  steam into dry steam. Dry steam is used in various industrial processes.

## Types 
* Convection superheater
* Radiant superheater
* Separately fired superheater
Coal burner

A **coal burner** is a device that burns fine coal which has been ground into smaller particles.

## Use
* Annealing
* Boiler heat provider
* Cement kiln
* Furnace
* Hot mix asphalt plant
* Quenching furnace

## Related pages
* Burner
* Oil burner
* Gas burner
* Boiler
* Heater
Soot blower

]]

A **soot blower** is a device used to remove soot that has accumulated on the furnace tube of a boiler during combustion. Steam or air can be used to blow the soot.

## Types
* Air heater blower
* Long retractable soot blower
* Wall blower
Marianne Muellerleile

**Marianne Muellerleile** (born November 26, 1948) is an American actress. She played Norma Bates (2000-2008) in the NBC soap opera *Passions*. In *The Terminator* in 1984, she also played a woman with a name similar to Arnold Schwarzenegger's confidant and love interest. Muellerleile was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

## References
State Grid Corporation of China

**State Grid Corporation of China** (**SGCC**; ) is a company owned by the government of the People's Republic of China which provides electricity to Northern China, Northeastern China, Eastern China, Central China and Northwestern China.

## References
## Other websites
* State Grid Corporation of China
Felicity Jones

**Felicity Rose Hadley Jones** (born 17 October 1983) is a British television, stage and movie actress. She starred in movies including *Brideshead Revisited* (2008), *Cemetery Junction* (2009) and *Rogue One* (2016). Jones was born in Birmingham.

## Filmography 
### Film 
## Other websites 
## References
Jane Child

**Jane Child** (also ** Jane Richman**; born February 15, 1967) is a Canadian musician. She sang the song "Don't Wanna Fall in Love" which was #2 on *Billboard* Hot 100 in spring 1990. She also sang other hits. Child was born in Toronto, Ontario.

## References
Heat exchanger

.]]
A **heat exchanger** is a device used to efficiently transfer heat from one fluid to another. The fluids may be separated to avoid direct contact or mixing.

## Types
* Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger
* Double pipe heat exchanger
* Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger
* Fluid heat exchanger
* Phase-change heat exchanger
* Pillow plate heat exchanger
* Plate and shell heat exchanger
* Plate fin heat exchanger
* Plate heat exchanger
* Shell and tube heat exchanger
* Waste Heat Recovery Unit heat exchanger

## Related pages
* Heat pipe
* Heat pump
* Micro heat exchanger

## Other websites
*
Don't Wanna Fall in Love

'''"Don't Wanna Fall in Love"** (also titled **"Don't Want to Fall in Love"'*) is a 1990 pop and romantic dance song. It peaked at #2 across the *Billboard'' in spring of 1990. A new jack swing remix for the song was released later that year. The single is by Jane Child. This is the only Top 40 charting single from Child. In the United Kingdom, however, it peaked at only #22 due to Child not wanting to appear on a popular British television show for fear of being classified a sellout.
Ma Ying-jeou

**Ma Ying-jeou** (, born 13 July 1950) is a Taiwanese politician. He was the President of the Republic of China from 20 May 2008 to 20 May 2016.

## Early life
Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, British Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He studied in National Taiwan University, New York University and Harvard University.

## References
## Other websites
*Official ROC President's website
*Ma Ying-jeou Official Website (Traditional Chinese) 
*CityMayors article
*Kuomintang Official Website 
*Taipei City Government Official Website 
*Protesters say measures recall the martial law era
*DPP-incited disturbance condemned in Taiwan (Xinhua) 2008-11-06
*Taiwan DPP Chair leads the "anti-China" rally to besiege the city and Grand Hotel
Elizabeth Debicki

**Elizabeth Debicki** (born 24 August 1990) is an Australian actress. She played Jordan Baker in *The Great Gatsby*. Her career began in 2011. The actress was born in Paris, France.

## References
Ahmed Fouad Negm

**Ahmed Fouad Negm** (22 May 1929 – 3 December 2013) was an Egyptian poet who wrote in Egyptian spoken Arabic. He was most known for his patriotic and revolutionary Egyptian Arabic poetry and work with Egyptian composer Sheikh Imam. Negm is often refered to as “poet of the people”,

Negm was born in Sharqia, Egypt on 22 May 1929.

In 2007, Negm was named by the United Nations Poverty Action as Ambassador of the poor, chosen to advocate for the world's poor. He won the 2013 Prince Claus Award for ‘Unwavering Integrity’.

On 3 December 2013, Negm died at the age of 84 in Cairo, Egypt from a long-illness.

## Early Life and Career 
Born into a poor family in a village in the Nile Delta called Kfoor Negm, he was one of 17 brothers. His only education is based on memorising the Koran in the religious Kutaab schools managed by Al-Azhar. During his youth, he mostly worked as a domestic servant, agricultural worker and shepherd.

He got married to several women. His first marriage was with Fatima Mansour, with whom he had a child, Afaf. Second marriage was with Izzah Balbaa, and later Safinaz Kazem, having another kid with the latest one. After that, he married Sonia Mikiew, and lastly to Omaymah Abd Al-Wahab. The Ministry published the collection “Pictures from Life and Prison” in 1962, and the writer Suhair El-Alamawi introduced it to the public by writing the introduction to it. More specifically, Negm was charged with invading the faculty of Engineering at Ayn Al Shams University in Cairo, to interrupt classes and cause riots.He also often expressed his views about major events in Egypt’s history, like the 1967 war defeat, the 1977 bread riots, and the 1979 peace treaty with Israel, also showing the widespread anger and humiliation of the common people following these events.

Most of his poems were written as part of his collaboration with Sheikh Imam, which got turned into song format. Many of these songs became popular among students, workers, and protesters, His poems were especially suitable for demonstrations, as many of his poems circulated primarily in oral form, usually in the context of live poetry readings and musical performances. Some of the most repeated lines were “The Brave man is brave/ The coward a coward/ Come down with the brave / Down to the square” and “Who are they and who are we? / They are the princes and the Sultans / they are the ones with wealth and power and / we are the impoverished and deprived…”,  through which his work gave a voice to people from parts of society that often felt ignored or mistreated by those in power.

## Poem Collection 
Some of his most well-known poems:

* “My country, My beloved” 
* “Baladi wa habibati"
* “The Consolation of Poetry”
* “Who are they and who are we?”
* The State’s Groom”
* “Jīvārā māt”
* “El Mesahraty”

## References
## Other websites
*Rawafed: documentary interview Ahmed Fouad Negm "part one" Alarabiya.net 
*Rawafed: documentary interview Ahmed Fouad Negm "part two" Alarabiya.net
Bastille (band)

**Bastille** is an English Indie rock band. They started in London in 2010. In February 2013, they released a single called "Pompeii". It was number one in Scotland and Ireland. It reached number two in Italy and the UK. They released their first album, *Bad Blood*, on 4 March 2013 in the United Kingdom. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It was released in the US in September 2013. It reached number eleven in the United States' *Billboard* 200. It also reached the top ten in Ireland and Australia. 

Bastille have four members. Daniel Campbell Smith is the main singer. At first he was the only member. He writes all of the band's songs. Chris "Woody" Wood is the drummer. Will Farquarson plays bass, keyboards, and acoustic guitar. Kyle Jonathan Simmons plays keyboards, bass, and percussion. Charlie Barnes has been a touring member since 2015 and plays guitar and keyboards.

## Band members
**Current members**
* Dan Smith – lead vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar (2010–present) 
* Kyle Simmons – piano, keyboards, backing vocals, bass (2010–present)
* Will Farquarson – guitar, bass, backing vocals, piano, keyboards (2010–present)
* Chris "Woody" Wood – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2010–present)

**Touring members**
* Charlie Barnes – guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, percussion, bass (2015–present)

## Studio albums 
* *Bad Blood* (2013)
* *Wild World* (2016)
* *Doom Days* (2019)
* *Give Me the Future* (2022)
* Ampersand "&" (2024)

## References
China Southern Power Grid

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**China Southern Power Grid** () is a company owned by the government of the People's Republic of China. It provides electricity transmission and distribution to Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan provinces.

## Website
* China Southern Power Grid
Tori Kelly

**Victoria Loren "Tori" Kelly** (born December 14, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, actress and guitarist. She won America's Most Talented Kids in 2004. She is known for voicing Meena the Elephant in *Sing* and *Sing 2*. Kelly was born in Wildomar, California.

## Early life 
Victoria Loren Kelly was born on December 14, 1992 in Wildomar, California. She is the daughter of Laura, who is of Irish and German descent, and Allwyn, who is of Jamaican and Puerto Rican ancestry. She has a brother, Noah James, who is nearly four years younger.

## Career 
In 2010, she was on American Idol. She was not chosen as one of the final twenty-four contestants. On January 21, 2012, Kelly put a video on her YouTube channel of her singing "Thinkin Bout You" by Frank Ocean. A lot of people watched it. It now has over 17 million views. 

In May 2012, she released her first extended play *Handmade Songs*. On November 1, 2013, Kelly sang at Ed Sheeran's concert at New York's Madison Square Garden. In an interview with BBC, Kelly said that Sheeran is "a really close friend". They have written a song together.

## Personal life 
Kelly married basketball player André Murillo in 2018. On November 11, 2025, she gave birth to their son, Zayden Michael Murillo.

On July 23, 2023, Kelly was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after collapsing at a restaurant in Los Angeles. Blood clots had been found in her body around her vital organs, and she is currently receiving treatment.

## References
Ella Eyre

**Ella Eyre** (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013.

## Early life
Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology.

## Career
Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012.

Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album *Hotel Cabana*. The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart.

On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song.

On 31 October 2013 *BBC Radio 1Xtra* played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single.

On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album *Demonstration*. Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)".
She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes.

On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award.

Her first EP *Deeper* was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI.

## Personal life
Eyre is dating John Newman.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Nicholle Tom

**Nicholle Tom** (born 23 March, 1978) is an American television program and movie actress. She played Maggie Sheffield in the sitcom *The Nanny* (1993 to 1999) and Ryce Newton in the *Beethoven* movies and related TV show. Her sister, Heather Tom, is also an actress. Nicholle Tom was born in Hinsdale, Illinois.

## Reference
## Other websites
*
Lungs (album)

***Lungs*** is the first album by Florence and the Machine. It was released on 3 July 2009. The album went straight to number two in the UK Albums Chart. The album was nominated for the 2009 Mercury Prize. It won the MasterCard British Album award at the 2010 BRIT Awards. It has sold more than three million copies around the world.

## Singles
Three singles were released from *Lungs* before it was released. The first single from the album, "Kiss with a Fist", was released on June 9 2008. The second single, "Dog Days Are Over" was released 1 December 2008. On 22 June 2009 "Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)" was released. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number nine. "Drumming Song" was released on 13 September 2009. On 16 November 2009 "You've Got the Love" was released. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. It was the album's fifth single. The last single released from the album was "Cosmic Love".

## References
Jazz (wrestler)

**Carlene Denise Moore-Begnaud** (born August 27, 1973)

She is also known for her time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), Impact Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance, where she held the NWA World Women's Championship for over 900 days. She retired as a wrestler after Impact. 

She is married to Rodney Begnaud. He wrestled in WWE under the ring name Rodney Mack.

## Championships
* **Cauliflower Alley Club**
** Women's Wrestling Award (2020)
* **Downsouth Championship Wrestling**
** DCW Louisiana State Championship (1 time)
* **Heavy on Wrestling** 
** HOW Women's Championship (1 time)
* **National Wrestling Alliance**
** NWA World Women's Championship (1 time)
* **NWA Cyberspace**
** NWA Cyberspace Women's Championship (1 time)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 13 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the *PWI Female 50* in 2012
* **Southwest Wrestling Entertainment**
** SWE Women's Championship (1 time)
** Hall of Fame (class of 2020)
* **Texas Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2012
* **Women Superstars Uncensored**
** WSU Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Marti Belle
** WSU Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
* '''Women's Extreme Wrestling**
** WEW World Championship (1 time)
* **Women's Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2023
* **World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment'''
** WWF/E Women's Championship (2 times)

## References
## Other websites
*
Priscilla Renea

**Priscilla Renea** (born September 14, 1988) is an American singer. She released the single "Dollhouse" in August 2009. The song, however, failed to chart on Billboard Hot 100. It did, though, become a mild hit. Her debut album, *Jukebox*, got positive reviews from critics. *Jukebox* did not sell much beyond 3,000 copies in the United States, nor beyond 5,000 copies worldwide.

Renea was born in Vero Beach, Florida.

## References
Bubba Ray Dudley

**Mark LoMonaco** (born July 14, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he competes under the ring name **Bully Ray**.

He is also known for working with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1999 under the ring name **Buh Buh Ray Dudley** and for the World Wrestling Federation/WWE under the name, **Bubba Ray Dudley**. He is known for being one-half of the tag team, the Dudley Boyz (also known as Team 3D) along with D-Von. Together they are 23-time tag team champions between ECW, WWE, TNA, and NJPW. They were inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame in 2014 and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2018. As a singles wrestler, LoMonaco is a two-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion and an eight-time WWF/E Hardcore Champion.

## Championships
***All Japan Pro Wrestling**
**World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2005) (with Brother Devon)
****The Baltimore Sun***
** Tag Team of the Year (2007) – with Brother Devon
***Cauliflower Alley Club**
**Other honoree (1997) (with Brother Devon)
***Extreme Championship Wrestling**
**ECW World Tag Team Championship (eight times) (with D-Von Dudley)
***Hustle**
**Hustle Super Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Brother Devon)
***New Japan Pro Wrestling**
**IWGP Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Brother Devon)
**PWI Match of the Year (2001) (with D-Von Dudley vs. Edge and Christian and The Hardy Boyz in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match at WrestleMania X-Seven)
**PWI Tag Team of the Decade (2000–2009) (with D-Von Dudley)
**He was ranked **#4** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
**He was ranked **#354** of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.
***Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
**TNA World Heavyweight Championship (two times)
** TNA World Cup of Wrestling (2014) – with Eric Young, Gunner, Eddie Edwards, and ODB
** Call Your Shot Gauntlet (2022)
** TNA Hall of Fame (2014, as a member of Team 3D)
***World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment**
**WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with D-Von Dudley)
**WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) (with D-Von Dudley)
**WWF/E Hardcore Championship (ten times)
**WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2018, as a member of The Dudley Boyz)
****Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Worst Gimmick (2013) Aces & Eights

## References
## Other websites
*
*TNA profile
Marvins Room

"**Marvins Room**" is a song by Canadian musician Drake. It is a dark and emotional song that tells a story of heartache, and a failed relationship. It is off his album *Take Care*. The song was so successful many artists made their own versions of the song, including: Lil Wayne, Chris Brown, JoJo, Trey Songz.

In the song, Drake drunk dials an ex-girlfriend of his. He mentions to her that she can do better than the man that she is in a current relationship with and expresses the feelings he still has for her. He mentions how he has a hard time adjusting to the fame he has garnered from the success of his career.

## References
## Other websites
*
Division of Lyne

The **Division of Lyne** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949, and named for Sir William Lyne, Premier of New South Wales at the time of Federation and a minister in early Australian governments.

## Members
Mark Vaile was the leader of the National Party, and Deputy Prime Minister. He retired in July 2008 which caused a by-election. Independent politician Rob Oakeshott won the seat, and after the 2010 election was one of the independents who supported a minority Labor government led by Julia Gillard. Oakeshott retired at the 2013 election.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
*Division of Lyne – Australian Electoral Commission
Third Power

***Third Power*** is a album by DJ Drama. Its lead single is "Oh My." The song features Wiz Khalifa, Fabolous and Roscoe Dash.
Birdman (rapper)

**Bryan Christopher Williams**, better known by his stage name **Birdman** (formerly **Baby**), is an American rapper and record executive. He is the co-founder of Cash Money Records with his brother. In 1997, he became part of a rap duo called Big Tymers. He was the mentor and father figure of Lil Wayne and is currently one of the richest rappers in the United States. Birdman has a reported net worth of $160 million in 2014.

## Discography 
### Solo albums 
### Singles 
*2001: Do That (featuring P. Diddy, Mannie Fresh and Tateeze)
*2002: What Happened to That Boy (featuring Clipse)
*2002: Baby You Can Do It (featuring Toni Braxton)
*2004: Shine On (featuring Lil Wayne)
*2004: Neck of the Woods (featuring Lil Wayne)
*2007: Pop Bottles (featuring Lil Wayne and Jadakiss)
*2007: 100 Million (featuring Rick Ross, Dre’, Young Jeezy and Lil Wayne)
*2008: I Run This (featuring Lil Wayne)
*2009: Always Strapped (featuring Lil Wayne and Mack Maine)
*2009: Written on Her (featuring Jay Sean)
*2009: Money to Blow (featuring Drake and Lil Wayne)
*2009: 4 My Town (Play Ball) (featuring Drake and Lil Wayne)
*2010: Loyalty (featuring Tyga and Lil Wayne)
*2010: Fire Flame (featuring Lil Wayne)
*2011: I Get Money (featuring Mack Maine and Lil Wayne)
*2011: Y.U.Mad (featuring Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne)
*2012: B-Boyz (featuring Kendrick Lamar, Ace Hood, Mack Maine and DJ Khaled)
*2012: Born Stunna (featuring Rick Ross)
*2012: Dark Shades (featuring Lil Wayne and Mack Maine)
*2012: "Shout Out" (featuring French Montana and Gudda Gudda)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Kalinga War

The **Kalinga War** fought between the Mauryan Empire and the state of Kalinga, an important kingdom that controlled the trade routes with Southeast Asia. The Mauryan king Ashoka, wanted to capture Kalinga, so in order to successfully gain control, he led a huge army towards Kalinga in 262 BCE.

According to Megasthenes, the Greek historian at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, the ruler of Kalinga had a powerful army comprising infantry, cavalry and elephants. After the year, 150,000 men and women were deported from Kalinga and forced to work in clearing the wasteland for future settlements, and they were forbidden from ever returning to their old homeland. The descendants of the Kalinga people migrated later to Sindh. From there, they migrated to Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Europe. Their descendants might be the Roma of Europe. 

Although he won the war, Ashoka realized the futility of war. He saw the bloodshed and suffering of the soldiers' families and vowed never to fight again. He converted to Buddhism and he dedicated his later life to help his subjects. He stopped conquering after he won a war. He wrote inscriptions for wanting that his son and grandson also never to think about war. He decided to observe Dhamma, a common code of conduct and was also inspired by the teachings of Buddha. He sent many Buddhist scholars to distant lands to propagate Dharma. It is said that one lakh people died in this war. Many pillar and rock edicts were written on the guilt that he felt after seeing the bloodshed.
                                  
For the last 30 years of his life, there were no more wars. He gave up the policy of DIGVIJAY (conquest of territoropted DHARMAVIJAY(conquest by dharma). It is said Ashoka became a follower of Buddhism under the influence of Upagupta, a Buddhist teacher.