open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Colossal squid

The **colossal squid**, *Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni*, is the biggest squid in the world, 9–10 metres (30–33 feet) long.

## Characteristics 
The colossal squid's body is reddish brown and it lives up to 2000m below the surface of the Southern Ocean. It is the main food eaten by sperm whales. The colossal squid has ammonium chloride in its body, so it tastes bad for humans.

### Size 
The colossal squid is bigger than a giant squid. The eye is 27&nbsp;cm (10.63&nbsp;in) wide, with a lens 12&nbsp;cm across. This is the largest eye of any known animal. These measurements are based on a partly collapsed dead squid; when living the eye was probably 30 to 40&nbsp;cm (12 to 16 in) across. A website on the squid specimen is also available.

### Diet & metabolic rate 
The colossal squid uses bioluminescence to catch their prey in the deep ocean (which is very dark). Scientists believe the colossal squid feeds on chaetognatha worms, large fish like the Patagonian toothfish, and other squid.

The colossal squid is thought to have a slow metabolic rate, requiring only around 30&nbsp;g of prey daily.  It is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes mostly to detect prey rather than in active hunting, according to estimates of the colossal squid's energy demands.

## References
Beretta 92

A **Beretta 92** is a pistol produced by Italian company Beretta. 

## Description 
Beretta 92 fires 9x19mm cartridges and it can hold 15 of them. It is the standard side-arm of many police and military units and the United States Army. In the US Army, the pistol got the name **M9**.

After the US military ended its ban on foreign-made weapons, its allies in NATO pressured the US to adopt a 9mm handgun to replace the M1911 because NATO has a rule that all NATO countries must use weapons with the same kinds of ammunition.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Beretta
James Morrison

**James Morrison**, born November 11, 1962, is famous Australian jazz musician. He has played with people such as B. B. King and Ray Charles. 

He was born Boorowa, New South Wales. He started playing trumpet at the age seven. In 1979, aged 16, he performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, and graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music the next year. He was given the Mo Award, for the Australian Performer of the Year in 1990. In 2000 he played the opening fanfare for the Sydney Olympic Games.

## References 
## Other websites 
* James Morrison's official website
Chromatid

chromosome. (1) **Chromatid** – one of the two parts of the chromosome after duplication. (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch. (3) Short arm. (4) Long arm.]]
**Chromatids** are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere. When the centromere divides, the chromatids become separate chromosomes.

Each of the two daughter chromatids contains the same DNA and chromatin protein as its original chromosome. But in meiosis, crossing over (exchanges) take place between two of the non-sister chromatids. This has profound consequences: it produces genetic recombination, and increases the variability of gametes.

## Reference
Crossing over

s of two homologous chromosomes. Maternal chromatids are red;  paternal chromatids are blue. Lines point to the chiasmata (cross overs)]]

**Crossing over** is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called **recombination**. It occurs during meiosis.

Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes. The effect is to assort (shuffle) the alleles on parental chromosomes, so that the gametes carry *combinations* of genes different from either parent. This has the overall effect of increasing the variety of phenotypes present in a population.

The process can be seen directly in stained cells, and indirectly if there are genetic markers or not on the chromosomes. The visible **crossovers** are called **chiasma** (plural: **chiasmata**), which is Greek for a cross. F. A. Janssens was the first to suggest what chiasmata meant.

The large-scale effect of crossing over is to spread variation through a population. This is the main result of sexual reproduction compared to non-sexual modes of reproduction.

The main advantage to the parents is the greater variety in their offspring. This, it is thought, increases the chance that some of the offspring will survive and reproduce. This has been the subject of much investigation and discussion.

## References
Wat Pho

**Wat Pho** (more fully **Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram**) is the "Temple of the Reclining Buddha". It is the one of the  pagodas in Thailand. It is the largest atemple in Bangkok, and home of Thailand's largest Buddha. It is the temple where the art of Thai massage was developed.

The important pagodas are the pagodas of King Rama I, King Rama II and King Rama IV. This temple was rebuilt from the old Wat Photaram from the Ayudhaya period by King Rama I in 1788. King Rama I changed the name from “Photaram” to “Phracheatupon Vimonmungkrawat”. King Rama III (1824—1851) did a lot of repairs to the building. King Rama IV renamed this temple "Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram". Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram is a popular place for .

The "Reclining Buddha" (Phra Buddhasaiyas) is  long and  high. It was made during Rama III's work on the temple. His body is covered in gold, his eyes and feet have mother-of-pearl decorations. The bottom of his feet have 108 scenes made from the shells on them in both Chinese and Indian style. 

## References
Kay Jewelers

**Kay** is an American jewelry company that is all around the world. Its slogan is, "Every kiss begins with Kay". The tag line was written in 1997 by a Senior Art Director named Randall Herrera working for an agency called Stern Advertising in Pepperpike Ohio. It was one of several lines offered up to Kay Jewelers and is still going strong to this day.

Its headquarters are in Akron, Ohio.

## References
Habbo

**Habbo**, or Habbo Hotel, is a virtual game on the Internet which is for teenagers. It is played by lots of people at once so is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game. The chain of websites is owned by the Sulake Corporation and has been online since 2000. Habbo has services in many countries and have over 10 million unique visitors every month.

## About 
Habbo is a popular online community for teens to chat with each other, and establish their own creative world. This site was founded and launched in Finland, the main location in the gaming system is known as a hotel lobby.

Habbo money is known as a “credit” which was be purchased in numerous ways, and in different currencies from other countries and can be paid for using a credit card, or registering with a mobile phone.

This gaming site became popular in a few international countries, not online including the United States but also in the UK, Finland, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Italy and Sweden.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.mmook.com/habbo/news/information_about_habbo_hotel.html
Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard

, 13 May 1917]]

Marshal of the Royal Air Force **Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard** GCB OM GCVO DSO (3 February 1873 – 10 February 1956) was a British Army officer who commanded the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) from August 1915 to January 1918. The RFC was followed by the Royal Air Force (RAF), which was founded in March 1918.

Trenchard, who learnt to fly in 1912, eventually became Chief of the Air Staff in 1919. In that position he reorganised the Air Ministry and laid the foundations of the Royal Air Force.

Trenchard was Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1931 to 1935. The Commissioner is the highest ranking police officer in the United Kingdom, despite the fact that his authority is generally confined to Greater London.

## Career 
As a boy, Trenchard found learning difficult. He failed many tests and only just got into the British Army as an officer. Trenchard first went to India with the Army and then asked to go to South Africa because he wanted to fight in the Boer War. During the fighting, Trenchard was shot in the chest and became unable to walk properly because of damage to his back. He returned to England, where a doctor told him to go to Switzerland because the air was better there. Trenchard became bored and started to bobsleigh. After crashing on a fast bend, Trenchard was able to walk properly because his back was fixed. After his health got better still, Trenchard returned to the war in South Africa.

In 1912, Trenchard learned to fly and joined the Royal Flying Corps. He became the second most important man at the Central Flying School in England and had several important jobs in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Trenchard was the man in charge of the Royal Flying Corps in France from 1915 to 1917. In 1918, he was the first man in charge of the Royal Air Force (RAF) for a short time. He then went back to France to take over the RAF bombing attacks on Germany. Winston Churchill put him back in charge of the RAF in 1919. Over the next ten years, Trenchard started training bases and made sure that the RAF was used to enforce the law in parts of the British Empire. In the 1930s, Trenchard was in charge of the Metropolitan Police, London's police force, and as an older man, he argued for keeping a large RAF. In modern times, some people say that Trenchard was one of the first people to argue for strategic bombing.

## References 
## Other websites
* Air of authority - a history of RAF organisation - Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton
* USAF Association Magazine - Trenchard at the creation 
* First World War.com - Who's Who: Hugh Trenchard
* History learning site - Hugh Trenchard
* British Ministry of Defence - Trenchard: father of the RAF
Jon Cryer

**Jonathan Niven "Jon" Cryer** (born April 16, 1965) is an American actor, screenwriter and film producer. He is the son of David Cryer (born 1936) and Gretchen Cryer (née Kiger, born 1935). He played Alan Harper in the sitcom *Two and a Half Men* from 2003–2015. He has won an Emmy Award and has three Emmy  for *Two and a Half Men*.

Cryer went to London to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.

## Film and television credits
## Other websites 
*

## References
Danaus (genus)

***Danaus*** is a genus of butterflies.  *Danaus* is in the family Nymphalidae.  Species in this genus are commonly known as **Tigers** or **Monarchs**.

## Species
* *Danaus affinis* Fabricius, 1775 - Malay Tiger
* *Danaus chrysippus* Linnaeus, 1758 Plain Tiger
* *Danaus cleophile* Godart, 1819 - Jamaican Monarch
* *Danaus eresimus* Cramer, 1777 - Soldier
* *Danaus erippus* Cramer, 1775 - Southern Monarch
* *Danaus genutia* Cramer, 1779 - Common Tiger
* *Danaus gilippus* Cramer, 1775 - Queen
* *Danaus ismare* Cramer, 1780 - Ismare Tiger
* *Danaus melanippus* Cramer, 1777 - White Tiger
* *Danaus plexippus* Linnaeus, 1758 - Monarch.

## Other websites
*Danaus* at www.funet.fi
FourCC

**FourCC** (Four Character Code, 4CC) is identifier of length of four bytes used to identify type of data format (e.g. video codec used in AVI multimedia container).

The same video format can be (in dependency to used codec) denoted by several different FourCC codes. Even there is no exception to the rule to use more FourCC codes for that format by same codec. For example, some different DivX codec versions denote MPEG-4 ASP format by `DIVX` and `DX50` codes. Therefore, selection of this code depends on used codec and thus on used multimedia framework.

## Other websites 
* FourCC.org – FourCC codes for video codecs and uncompressed formats
Andris Nelsons

**Andris Nelsons** (born November 18, 1978) is a Latvian conductor.  He is particularly known as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and music director of Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (since 2017).

## Life
Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia. His parents were both musicians.  His mother started the first early music group in Latvia.  His father plays the cello and conducts choirs.

Nelsons learned to play the trumpet.  He played the trumpet with the Latvian National Opera. He had always wanted to be a conductor.  The conductor Mariss Jansons taught him to become a good conductor.  In 2003 Nelsons became principal conductor of the Latvian National Opera.  He stayed with them for five years.  In 2006, he became chief conductor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie of Herford, Germany, for three years.
Harold Lloyd

**Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr.** (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American actor, comedian, and stunt performer. He was in many silent comedy movies. Lloyd made over 200 comedy movies from 1914 to 1947. These movies were both without and with sound. He usually played as a zeitgeist 1920s-era character.

His movies usually had "thrill" sections where Lloyd would be in fast chases and performed his own stunts. Lloyd did these dangerous stunts himself even though a movie accident had caused the loss of his right thumb and index finger. After that accident, he used a prosthetic glove. This glove was not noticeable in his movies.

Although Lloyd's movies were not as commercially successful as Chaplin's, Lloyd made a lot more money than Chaplin during their movie years. ($15.7 million to Chaplin's $10.5 million).

In 1971, Lloyd died of prostate cancer.

## Death
In March 8, 1971, Lloyd died of prostate cancer. He died in his Greenacres home in Beverly Hills, California. His co-star Bebe Daniels died eight days after him. His son Harold Lloyd Jr. died three months after him.

## References
## Further reading
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## Other websites
* 
* Harold Lloyd .us by Annette D'Agostino Lloyd
* Harold Lloyd Photographs and bibliography
* Index of Lloyd Comedy Classics
;Interviews
* BBC Radio Interview with Suzanne Lloyd (2002)
* 1922 magazine interview
;Media
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* Harold Lloyd in The Sin Of Harold Diddlebock at Internet Archive
* Old Gold Comedy Theater Episodes at Internet Archive
* Harold Lloyd Photos at Silent Ladies & Gents
;Data
*AFI|Catalog
*Harold Lloyd
*Harold Lloyd | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos
*
Frasin

**Frasin** is a town in Suceava County, Romania.  The Suceava River is 2 nautical miles to the northwest of Frasin, and Vama is 3.5 nautical miles west of Frasin.

## References
Topiary

**Topiary** is the art of creating sculptures by clipping trees and bushes (shrubs). The shrubs used in topiary are evergreen, have small leaves, and produce dense foliage. Common plants used in topiary include bay laurel, holly bushes, myrtle and privet hedges. Shaped wire cages are sometimes used in modern topiary but traditional topiary depends on using special scissors with patience and a steady hand. Notably, the Samban-Lei Sekpil is the tallest topiary plant in the world. 
 in Manipur]]

## History
The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener. A friend of Julius Caesar introduced Rome to the topiary. In Japan and China they have “cloud pruning” where they cut bushes into the shapes of clouds and “Karikomi”, where they cut large shrubs into curved shapes and objects. Bonsai is a form of topiary. During the 16th century in Europe, typical traditional topiary included geometric shapes: balls, pyramids, cones, and spirals. In the 20th century, Walt Disney used topiaries in the form of his cartoon characters to decorate his theme parks.

## References
Aldwych tramway station

**Aldwych tramway station** was a tram stop that was underneath Kingsway. The tramway station should not to be confused with Aldwych tube station. The stop is part of the Kingsway tramway subway.

Services running from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services from Highbury & Islington station to Tower Bridge and Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed on 6 April 1952.

The Strand Underpass, which opened in 1964, comes to surface level part way through the former location of the Aldwych tramway station. No sign of the former station is visible on the surface or from the road tunnel however.

## References
## Other websites
*Includes an illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003 
*LCC Tramways 1914 Map showing routes south of Aldwych station
Frasin (disambiguation)

**Frasin** can be any one of several places in Romania:

*Frasin, a town in Suceava County
*Frasin, a village in the Pleşoi commune in Dolj County
*Frasin, a village in the Vladimir commune in Gorj County
MyWikiBiz

**MyWikiBiz** is a wiki directory that lets people write about themselves. It began as a service creating Wikipedia articles for paying corporations. The site was founded by Gregory Kohs, a market researcher.

Gregory Kohs and his sister started the MyWikiBiz venture in Pennsylvania in July 2006, first as a paid editing service, writing content for Wikipedia and other  sites.  The legitimacy of the idea was supported by the English Wikipedia’s Reward Board, where interested parties would offer cash rewards or gifts to create or improve Wikipedia articles.

## References 
## Other websites 
*MyWikiBiz
1970–71 NHL season

The **1970–71 NHL season** was the 54th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Fourteen teams each played 78 games. The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Chicago Black Hawks in seven games in the final series. The Buffalo Sabres and the Vancouver Canucks made their NHL debuts this season.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Marc-Antoine Charpentier

**Marc-Antoine Charpentier** (born near Paris, 1643; died  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer. He lived in the period known as the Baroque period.  His most famous music is his *Te Deum*.  This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular. It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest.  It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.

## Life
We do not know much for certain about his early life.  He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers.  He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.

When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians.  He worked for her for many years, both as a singer  (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an “haute-contre”), and as a composer.  When the great playwright Molière stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him.  He wrote music for several plays by Molière including *Le malade imaginaire*. After Molière's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Visé.  He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king’s composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances).  In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.

In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king’s son, the Dauphin.  The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him.  In 1683 he was given a royal pension.  In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.

From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was *maître de musique* to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players.  He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.

In 1698 he was made maître de musique at the  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.  This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles).  He kept this job until his death in 1704.  After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed.  This was the usual procedure when a maître de musique died.   His famous Mass *Assumpta Est Maria* has survived.  Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.

## His music
Charpentier’s compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works.  He also wrote a lot of music for plays.   Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called *air sérieux* or *air à boire* if they are in French, but *cantata* if they are in Italian.

## Bibliography
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
Robert Gould Shaw

**Robert Gould Shaw** (October 10, 1837 in Boston, Massachusetts – July 18, 1863 in Morris Island, South Carolina) was a colonel during the American Civil War. He led the all African American 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.

Shaw died leading his troops attacking Fort Wagner in 1863, aged 25.

## References
Alexander Selkirk

**Alexander Selkirk**, (1676 - 13th December 1721) also known as **Alexander Selcraig**, was a Scottish sailor. He became famous for his amazing story of survival and is likely to have inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book *Robinson Crusoe*.

He was on an expedition when the captain of the ship, Captain Stradling, left him on an island off the coast of Chile. Selkirk's job on board was the navigator. He controlled where the ship needed to go and where it was then. He had an important job. He tried to warn the captain about necessary repairs, but the captain ignored Selkirk and continued sailing. Selkirk knew the ship was to drown at any given moment and tried to demand the repairs were taken care of but nobody listened. They had stopped at an island to restock fresh water and supplies. Selkirk said he would rather stay on the island than continue to ride on a dangerous, leaky ship. So, there he was left. He had last-minute second thoughts and tried to get back onto the ship, but Stradling refused. Selkirk was marooned on that island for about four years and had to rely on himself and his skills for survival.

At the time of his rescue, he had been gone for about four years. He was very familiar with crafting things himself out of resources on the islands and having to use his survival skills. He heard noises and when he went to find out what it was, he saw ships on the horizon. He didn't know if they were on his side or enemies, but he knew he had to try. He got their attention and so they sailed over to his island. Once they had beached on the shore, Selkirk came out from the bushes with his hands up. It turned out they were English and on his side. They let him aboard their ship, and they were at sea for another year, stopping off at a few places, before returning to England.

When he returned, his story was written down by a person in his town and has been made into a slightly different version by Daniel Defoe who named it Robinson Crusoe. 'Robinson Crusoe' has been rewritten many times by lots of different people. There were some differences like how Crusoe was stranded for over twenty years and Selkirk, four. Even though this story was based on Selkirk, the island he deserted was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island after being called Juan Fernández Island.
Buster Keaton

**Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton VI** (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, comedian and movie director. He is most famous for his silent films which showed his skill at physical comedy.

The magazine *Entertainment Weekly* listed Keaton at number seven on their list of *"The Greatest Directors of All Time."* And in 1999 the American Film Institute placed Keaton at 21 on their list of *"The Greatest Male Actors of All Time."* The General (1926 movie) 

Famous movie critic Roger Ebert wrote that Keaton's *"extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, he worked without interruption on a series of movies that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies."*

## Notes
## Other websites 
*
*
*Buster Keaton Museum
*Buster Keaton in Five Easy Clips
Fred Penner

**Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner**, CM  (born November 6, 1946) is a Canadian TV host who is famous as a children's entertainer. Penner does concerts and lectures across North America. From 1985 to 1997 he had his own television show called ''"Fred Penner's Place."* It was shown on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television network. It was co-produced and shown on Nickelodeon in 1989 and 1990.

Fred Penner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He began writing songs when he was only four years old. He taught himself how to play guitar. He learned that he could use his music to communicate and educate his sister who had Down syndrome.

After he graduated from university he worked with mentally and physically challenged children by using music to comfort and entertain them. Penner recorded an album of the music he used to educate his mentally challenged students. The album was called *"The Cat Came Back."'' He also recorded a song of the same name which became a very famous children's song. 

He sang *The Cat Came back* on the popular children's TV show ''"Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show"'' in 1984. The following year the CBC network gave Penner his own TV show.

In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada . He was given this honour for his years of "using music and song to entertain and educate his young audience".

## Notes
## Other websites
* Fred Penner's Official Site
Russian roulette

.]]
 is one of the symbols of Russian roulette.]]
**Russian roulette** is a deadly game played with a revolver. In the game, there is only one bullet in one of the six cylinder slots of the revolver. The person then closes the cylinder, spins it, places it against their head or sometimes inside their mouth and pulls the trigger, in hopes that the loaded cylinder slot hasn't aligned with the barrel and will therefore fire. The person therefore has a one-in-six chance of killing themselves.

It is done either for , boredom, suicide or other reasons. It sometimes used in fiction as part of interrogations, where the interrogator asks the suspect if he wants to play a game of Russian roulette and palms the bullet.

## Related pages 
* Roulette
Undercroft

An **undercroft** is traditionally a cellar or storage room, often brick-lined and vaulted, and used for storage in buildings since medieval times.

## References
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

**Francis I ** (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was the consort of Maria Theresa of Austria. With his wife, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. He was the father of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France.

## Biography 
He married Maria Theresa of Austria for love, with the input of the Prince of Craon. They had sixteen children who are named here:

#Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740).
#Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789).
#Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
#Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790)
#Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798)
#Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808).
#Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761).
#Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804)
#Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792)
#Archduchess Maria Caroline (stillborn 1748).
#Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762).
#Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767).
#Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily (1752-1814)
#Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755-1793)
#Archduke Maximilian Francis (1756-1801)

## Titles and styles
* 8 December 1708 - 4 June 1723: *His Highness* Prince Francis Stephan of Lorraine
* 4 June 1723 - 27 March 1729: *His Highness* The Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
* 27 March 1729 - 12 July 1737: *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Lorraine
* 12 July 1737 - 20 January 1745: *His Royal Highness* The Grand Duke of Tuscany
* 20 January 1745 - 18 August 1765: *His Imperial Majesty* The Holy Roman Emperor
Nude beach

A **nude beach** is a beach where people can swim (or do other activitiers) without having clothes on. These beaches usully come in different varietires:

* Beaches that require people to be nude, if the weather permits it. People that are not nude, will not be tolerated. Usually, these beaches are part of a holiday resort, or a club.
* Beaches where people have the choice of going nude, or partly clothed. In Europe, this will apply to most beaches which are part of a commune, which designated the beach as a nude beach.

Young children running around naked are often tolerated, on most beaches in Europe.This applies to children aged to about 5 years old.

In many parts of Europe, nudity on the beach is often tolerated. The beaches where it is forbidden, and the ban is enacted are rare.

## Situation in the United States 
For example, there is a public nude beach called Haulover Beach near Miami, Florida. There is a public nude park usually called Hippie Hollow Park (but officially called McGregor Park) on a lake near Austin, Texas. There is an admission charge and children are not allowed. There are several nude beaches in California. People are nude at one end of a public nude beach called Crystal Crescent Beach near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. There is a public nude beach called Hanlan's Point Beach on an island near downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. There is a public nude beach called Wreck Beach in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  There is a public nude beach close to New York City called Gunnison in Sandy Hook, New Jersey.

There are many nude beaches in Europe and Australia

## References
Robinson Crusoe Island

**Robinson Crusoe Island**  is the largest of three islands in the Juan Fernández archipelago, belonging to Chile. The island is also known as **Isla Más a Tierra** or **Aguas Buenas**. More than 800 people live on the island, which is  from the coast of South America. In 1966, Chile renamed it Robinson Crusoe Island, because Alexander Selkirk had spent about four years alone there. Selkirk may have been the person who inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book *Robinson Crusoe*.
Buddha Bar

**Buddha Bar** is a Parisian bar and restaurant. It is in Boissy-d'Anglas street, in the 8th district of Paris, famous for its atmosphere. The franchise has expanded with similarly themed Buddha Bar venues in Prague, Kyiv and London, among others.

October 2012 saw the launch of Buddha-Bar London and Parisians,  Tarja Visan has brought her expertise across the channel and into the heart of Knightsbridge.
 
Buddha-Bar London aims to push culinary boundaries and the menu blends Far Eastern cuisine with Western tastes and influences. Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other Eastern flavours are stylishly entwined to spearhead a new-wave Pacific Rim cuisine. Dishes created especially for London include Venison Tataki, Smoked Duck and Foie Gras Gyoza, Dragon Scallop and Pan-fried Seabass with Shiso Butter.

## References
## Other websites
*Buddha Bar website
Edwards syndrome

**Edwards syndrome** (**Trisomy 18**) is a trisomy. It is a genetic disorder. People with trisomy 18 have three copies of chromosome 18. Usually people have two copies of the chromosome. It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960. It is the second most common autosomal trisomy, after Down Syndrome, that carries to term.  

It is estimated that about  one in 3,000 live births are affected.  The incidence increases as the mother's age increases.  The syndrome has a very low rate of survival. People with Edwards syndrome often have heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders.  

About 95% of the babies with Edwards syndrome die before they are born. About half of all babies born with the condition will reach two months of age, and only 5-10% will survive for a year.  The median life span is five to fifteen days. One percent of children born with this syndrome live to age ten, typically in cases of the less severe mosaic Edwards syndrome. 

## References
1969–70 NHL season

The **1969–70 NHL season** was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Twelve teams each played 76 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the St. Louis Blues four games to none in the final series.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
London Transport Executive

The **London Transport Executive** (LTE) was the organisation responsible for public transport in the Greater London area, England, United Kingdom, between 1948-1963. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organization was **London Transport**.
Thames Embankment

The **Thames Embankment** is a major feat of 19th century civil engineering. It reclaimed marshy land next to the River Thames in central London. 

## Overview 
The Embankment now runs on the northern side of the river from Parliament in Westminster to the City of London. It is a continuous four-lane road (mostly a double carriageway). It connects with all the bridges along the route from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge.

It was built in two parts, the Victoria and the Chelsea Embankment, but it is now unified. Londoners regard it as a single road, the Embankment. There is a much smaller road on the south side of the river, called the Albert Embankment.

## References
Strand, London

The **Strand** is a street in the City of Westminster, London. It runs parallel with the Thames on the northern side. It links the City of London with the centre of London at Charing Cross and Trafalgar Square. The Strand is the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district. Covent Garden is the space once occupied by a famous fruit and vegetable market, and is now a huge pedestrian-only plaza with many commercial outlets.

The Strand passes Aldwych, and joins directly with Fleet Street at Temple Bar. The street is just over three-quarters of a mile long. It includes many commercial premises, two theatres, and hotels. The most notable hotel is the Savoy Hotel, one of the grand London hotels.
 rank.]]

The road's name comes from the Old English *strond*, meaning the edge of a river. The street was much identified with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries, with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river. These included Essex House, Arundel House, Somerset House, Savoy Palace, Durham House and Cecil House. The aristocracy moved to the West End during the 17th century, and the Strand became known for its coffee shops, restaurants and taverns. 

The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century, and several venues remain on the Strand. At the east end of the street are two historic churches: St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes. This easternmost stretch of the Strand is also home to King's College, one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.  In addition to the current Somerset House, other important structures include the Royal Courts of Justice and Australia House.

## References
Parnassiinae

**Parnassiinae** is a subfamily of butterflies.  It  in the family Papilionidae.  They are commonly known as **Apollos** and **Parnassians**.  The butterflies in this subfamily are only found in the Holarctic Region (the Holarctic Region is the northern part of North America and Eurasia).

The caterpillars and adults are poisonous to vertebrates.  The caterpillars are thought to be Müllerian mimics with millipedes.  The adult butterflies are thought to be Müllerian mimics with adult Whites.

After mating, the male glues a  to the end of the female's abdomen.  This keeps the female from mating again.  This structure is called a sphragis.

## Tribes and genera
*Parnassiini Duponchel, 1835
***Hypermnestra* Ménétriés, 1846
***Parnassius* Latreille, 1804
*Luehdorfiini Chapman, 1895
***Archon* Hübner, 1819
***Luehdorfia* Crüger, 1878
*Zerythiini
***Sericinus* Westwood, 1851
***Bhutanitis* Atkinson, 1873
***Zerynthia* Ochsenheimer, 1816
***Allancastria* Bryk, 1934

## Extinct species
The two species listed here are extinct.  They are also of uncertain placement.

**Doritites bosniackii* Rebel, 1898†
**Thaites ruminiana* Scudder, 1875†

## References
## Other websites
*Parnassiinae at Tree of Life
County of London

The **County of London** was a historic county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area today known as Central London. It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of the Local Government Act 1888.

## Other websites
*County of London boundary map
Islam in Austria

]]
Islam is a minority religion in Austria with 4.22% of the population in the 2001 census. Most Muslims came to Austria after 1960. They were migrant workers from Turkey and Ex-Yugoslavia. There are also communities of Arab and Pakistani origin.
__NOTOC__
The westernmost Bundesland Vorarlberg has the highest share of Muslims in the country with 8.36%. There is a lot of industry there. It is followed by the capital Vienna with 7.82%. The central Bundesländer Salzburg, Upper Austria, Tyrol and Lower Austria have an average Muslim population. The south-eastern states of Styria, Carinthia as well as Burgenland in the east have fewer Muslims than the average.

Austria is unique among Western European countries. It is until now the only country that has granted Muslims the status of a recognized religious community. They were first recognised after Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. Austria has regulated the religious freedoms of the Muslim community with the so called "Anerkennungsgesetz" ("Act of Recognition"). This law was reactivated in 1979 when the Community of Muslim Believers in Austria (*Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich *) was founded. This organization has the right to give lessons of religious education in state schools. It could also collect "church tax", but so far it has not exercised this privilege. It does not build, finance or administer mosques in Austria.

Parallel structures exist within the Islamic religious group. The religious life takes place in mosques belonging to organisations. These organisations represent one of the currents of Turkish, Bosnian and Arab Muslims. Among the Turkish organisations, the "Federation of Turkish-Islamic Associations" is controlled by the Directorate for Religious Affairs, whereas the other groups, such as the *Süleymancı*s and *Milli Görüş* can be seen as branches of the pan-European organisation centered in Germany.

## Muslims in Austria according to their ethnic groups 
## Further reading
* 

* 

* Study for Bundesministerium des Innern: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen in der Integration muslimischer MitbürgerInnen in Österreich, Mathias Rohe, Universität Erlangen. May 2006 (summary by MilitantIslamMonitor.Org: Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45% of Muslims unwilling to integrate)
* Anna Strobel: Unique Legal Status – Muslims in Austria  From: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, pp. 200–204
* [ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation, languages, origin and nationality] (PDF)(German), Statistik Austria.
Howie Morenz

**Howard William Morenz** (June 21, 1902 – March 8, 1937) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played centre for three National Hockey League (NHL) teams: the Montreal Canadiens (in two stints), the Chicago Black Hawks, and the New York Rangers. Before joining the NHL, Morenz was a very good player in the junior Ontario Hockey Association, where his team played for the Memorial Cup, the championship for junior ice hockey in Canada. In the NHL, he was one of the best players in the league and set several league scoring records. A strong skater, Morenz was called the "Stratford Streak" and "Mitchell Meteor" because he was very fast.

Considered one of the first stars of the NHL, Morenz played 14 seasons in the league. He was a member of a team that won the Stanley Cup three times, all of them being the Canadiens. During his NHL career he was in the top 10 leading scorers ten times. For seven seasons in a row Morenz led the Canadiens in both goals scored and points. Three times in he was named the most valuable player of the league, and he led the league once in goals scored and twice in points scored. He was named to the NHL All-Star Team three times.

Morenz died from problems with a broken leg, an injury he suffered in a game. After his death, the Canadiens stopped using his jersey number, the first time the team had done so for any player. When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Morenz was one of the first 12 people to be added. In 1950, the Canadian Press named him the best ice hockey player of the first half of the 20th&nbsp;century.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
**All statistics are taken from NHL.com.*

## Awards
### NHL
## Notes
## Other websites
*
*
*
Rick Mercer

**Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer** (born October 17, 1969) is a Canadian comedian who has been on shows like *This Hour Has 22 Minutes* and his own show *The Rick Mercer Report*.

Rick Mercer is openly gay.

## References
Norbury

**Norbury** is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, on the border with the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Merton. It shares the postcode London SW16 with nearby Streatham. Norbury is  south of Charing Cross.
Waterloo station

**Waterloo station**, also known as 'London Waterloo', is a major railway terminus in London. The station is owned and operated by Network Rail. It is near the South Bank in the London Borough of Lambeth, and in Travelcard Zone 1.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Station information for Waterloo from Network Rail
*Waterloo photo gallery on Flickr
*London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
**
**
**
*Waterloo Station Central Telephone Enquiry Bureau (CTEB) History
* http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/3164
Milot

**Milot**, (Kréyòl: *Milo*) is a town in northern Haiti, in the  *arrondissement* (part of a Haitian department) Acul-du-Nord, Nord department; the town is on the northern foothills of the *Massif du Nord* mountain range.

The most important economic activity in Milot is farming. Some crops are sugar cane, cacao, tobacco and citrus fruits like orange.

After the Haitian independence, the country was divided in two parts and the northern part was made a kingdom by Henri Christophe and he made Milot the capital of his kingdom.

Christophe built a palace in Milot where he and his family lived; the palace was named *Sans-Souci*. He also built a fort,  *Citadelle Laferrière*, high in the mountains at about 8&nbsp;km from Milot, and some smaller forts in Ramiens, on the road to the *Citadelle*. These buildings are now part of the **Natural History Park - Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers**, a World Heritage Site designated by the UNESCO in 1982.

## Gallery 

Image:Milot Haiti 4.JPG|Milot from the gates of the Sans-Souci Palace.
Image:Milot Haiti 6.JPG|Sans-Souci Palace.
Image:Citadelle Laferrière.jpg|La Citadelle Laferrière.

## References
Tooting

**Tooting** is a suburb in the London Borough of Wandsworth in south London. It is  south south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

## References
Atomic radius

The **atomic radius** of an element is the distance between the nucleus and the edge of the electron cloud. 

The atomic radius is rather hard to define, because it is impossible to know where all of the electrons are at a given time. What is known is that if a electron is gained, the radius increases, but if a electron is lost, the radius decreases. 

In the periodic table of the elements, the atomic radius tends to increase as you move down a group because the number of electrons is greater, and so the radius of the circle of electrons in the element is bigger. As you move to the right across a period, the atomic radius tends to decrease due to the shielding effect.

## References
Brockley

**Brockley** is an area and electoral ward of the London Borough of Lewisham in England. It is about  south east of Charing Cross, it is covered by the London postcode district SE4.
Downham

**Downham** is a district occupying much of the boundary between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Bromley; it is the name of an electoral ward covering much of the area on the Lewisham side. Downham was named in honour of Lord Downham, who was chairman of the London County Council between 1919-20.
Epistasis

**Epistasis** is the interaction between genes at different loci. It was a term invented by William Bateson in 1909.

When Gregor Mendel did his experiments on the sweet pea, he chose seven traits, such as round vs wrinkled peas, and tall vs short plants. He found the plants had pairs of 'factors' (genes) which controlled their appearance (phenotype). However, one pair of factors *never affected the other pairs*. But with epistasis, the action of one gene does affect another gene, even one on a different chromosome. 

Use of the term has varied somewhat. Its original meaning was quite narrow: for instance, a gene for *no wings* in *Drosophila* will obviously mask genes for any other aspect of the wings. In general, however, epistasis denotes any departure from independence of the effects of different genetic loci.

## References
Morphogenesis

**Morphogenesis** (meaning the "beginning of shape"), is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape. 

It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation. 

The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism. Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones, by substances produced by other organisms, or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells. Morphogenesis can take place in an embyro, a mature organism, in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses.