open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marta Colvin

**Marta Colvin Andrade** (born 22 June 1907 in Chillán, Chile, died 27 October 1995 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.

Colvin began sculpting in Chillán years after marrying and forming a family. After the 1939 earthquake, Marta Colvin lived in Santiago. While there, she went to the Belle Arts School of the University of Chile. Her teachers were Julio Antonio Vásquez and Lorenzo Domínguez. In 1943, she worked as an instructor at the Vasquez Factory. She became a professor there in 1950. In 1948, she traveled to France to study at the Academy Grand Chaumiere with the sculptors Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens. In 1951, she was invited by the British Council to study in the Slade School of the University of London, England. Colvin spent the next thirty years working and studying in France. Her talent was known world-wide. In 1970, she was awarded the National Prize of Art.

## Other websites
*  http://www.portaldearte.cl/autores/colvin.htm 
*  http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0015818.pdf "Premio Nacional de Arte"
Naughty Girl

"**Naughty Girl**" is an R&B/disco song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, and Angela Beyincé for Knowles' debut solo album, *Dangerously in Love* (2003). It was released as the fourth single. It was also recognized at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and Donna Summer—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The remixes feature Lil' Flip, Lil' Kim, Grafh, and Redman. The song samples "Love to Love You Baby" by Donna Summer. The song reached the top three in the US and Canada.

## Music video 
The video for this song was directed by Jake Nava, filmed in October 2003. who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to Hollywood's Golden Era, as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with Usher emulating Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in *The Band Wagon*.

## Charts 
## Official versions 
* Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R)
* Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub)
* Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip)
* Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph)
* Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles)
* Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim)
* Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix)
* Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix)
* Naughty Girl/Living For The City (The Beyonce Experience Version)
* Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid)
* Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow)
* Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix)
* Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem)
* Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix)
* Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman)

## Cover versions 
* Roesy on *Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2*
* Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song on their 2006 album *Silent Nightclub*.

## References
Bárbara of Portugal

**Bárbara of Portugal** (Pronunciation , December 4, 1711 – August 27, 1758) was a Portuguese princess, daughter of King John V of Portugal, of the House of Braganza, and his wife, Maria Anna of Austria.

She was born on 4 December 1711 in Lisbon, Portugal and given the name *Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa de Bragança.* She was usually called just *Bárbara* or *Maria Bárbara*, in honour of Saint Barbara, the saint of her birthday.

She had a fine education and loved music. She could speak six languages and studied music for several years with Domenico Scarlatti, the famous Italian harpsichordist and composer.

In 1729, when she was 18 years old, she married the future King Ferdinand VI of Spain, in Badajoz, Spain. They had no children. She died on 27 August 1758 in Aranjuez, Spain.

The city of Santa Bárbara de Samaná in the Dominican Republic was named after her when it was founded in 1756.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***4 December 1711 – 19 October 1712** *Her Royal Highness* the Princess of Brazil
***19 October 1712 – 20 January 1729** *Her Highness* the Infanta Barbara of Portugal
***20 January 1729 – 9 July 1746** *Her Royal Highness* the Princess of Asturias
***9 July 1746 – 27 August 1758** *Her Majesty* the Queen of Spain
Mallard

The **mallard** (/ˈmælɑːrd, ˈmælərd/) or **wild duck** (***Anas platyrhynchos***) is the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks. It can be found throughout most of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia. It is the most common and widespread duck. It can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat, even in urban areas.

## Description 
The mallard is a large and heavy looking duck. It has a body and a long and a broad bill. The male has a dark green head, a yellow bill, is mainly purple-brown on the breast and grey on the body. The female is mainly brown with an orange bill. The males (drakes) have green heads, while the females (hens) have mainly brown-speckled plumage. Both have an area of white-bordered black or iridescent purple or blue feathers called a speculum on their wings; males especially tend to have blue speculum feathers. The mallard is  long, of which the body makes up around two-thirds the length. The wingspan is  and the bill is  long. It is often slightly heavier than most other dabbling ducks, weighing .

## Habitat 
It breeds in all parts of the Europe in summer and winter, wherever there are suitable wetland habitats, even arctic tundras. It is scarcer in upland areas.
British occupation zone in Germany

The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country into four **occupation zones**  from 1945 to 1949.

The British zone consisted of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg,  Lower Saxony and the present-day state of North Rhine-Westphalia.  The British military government was based in Bad Oeynhausen.

Bremen and Bremerhaven were surrounded by the British Zone, but were given to the United States, so that the Americans had a port. What is now Rhineland-Palatinate was to be a part of the British Zone.  It was given up to form part of the French occupation zone.

In May 1949 the British, French, and American zones were joined to form the Federal Republic of Germany.  The military governors were replaced by civilian high commissioners.  The high commissioners were part-governor and part-ambassador.  The occupation officially continued until 1955.  This is when the Federal Republic became a fully sovereign state, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. But the four allied powers still had special rights and responsibilities in Germany until the Final Settlement of 1990.

The city of Berlin, however, was not part of either state and continued to be under Allied occupation until 1990.

## The military governors and commissioners 
### Military governors 
* 22 May 1945 - 30 April 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
* 1 May 1946 - 31 October 1947 William Sholto Douglas
* 1 November 1947 - 21 September 1949 Gen. Sir Brian Robertson, Bt.

### High commissioners 
* 21 September 1949 - 24 June 1950  Gen. Sir Brian Robertson, Bt.

* 24 June 1950 - 29 September 1953  Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick

* 29 September 1953 - 5 May 1955  Sir Frederick Hoyer-Millar

## Related pages 
*Allied occupation zone
*American occupation zone
*Soviet occupation zone

## References 
* Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany
List of Arizona hurricanes

over the Southwestern United States.]]

This article serves as a compilation of noteworthy tropical storms that have impacted the U.S. state of Arizona. Usually, tropical storms that reach Arizona make landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, with the remaining moisture normally causing mild rainfall across the state. However, a few storms have crossed into Arizona while they still had tropical storm strength.

It is extremely difficult for a hurricane to form in Arizona because the normal storms that form in the eastern Pacific Ocean move either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of Northwestern Mexico. As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona, are carried away from the United States, and only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes enter U.S. territory. In average, Arizona experiences the effects of tropical cyclones once every five years. However, all of the storms that have impacted Arizona have formed in the latter parts of the Pacific hurricane season, and no storm has affected the state before August.

## Deadly storms
In late August of 1935, the remnants of an unnamed tropical storm made landfall on the coast of southern California, causing heavy rains and flooding across Arizona, especially along the Santa Cruz River and Rillito River in southern Arizona. The rainfall produced by the storm holds the record rainfall at the National Weather Service office in Tucson as of 2025.

Between September 5-6 of 1970, the remnants of Tropical Storm Norma flowed into the desert southeast, becoming Arizona's deadliest storm on record. As Norma dissipated, moisture from the cyclone was captured in a large extratropical low. The resulting rainfall in the region caused severe flooding, killing 23 people and causing immense property damage. Two years later, the remnants of Hurricane Joanne caused widespread flooding, killing eight. The estimated damage from Hurricane Joanne in Arizona alone totaled up to over $77 million USD, adjusted for inflation.

On September 11, 1976, Hurricane Kathleen killed a man after a gust of wind blew a palm tree down onto his mobile home. Strong flooding and hail also resulted in widespread property damage.

Monsoon moisture carried by Tropical Storm Octave caused a wave of severe thunderstorms to develop throughout late September and early October of 1983. Fourteen people perished in the resulting storms, with at least 975 injured and roughly 10,000 people displaced by the time the flooding ended. The total damage from the disaster was estimated to be approximately $370 million USD.

## References
Concert hall

(Vienna Concert House).  The stage is off to the left of the photo.]]
A **concert hall** is a place where concerts of classical music take place.  “Concert hall” can either mean the actual room where the concerts takes place, or the whole building.  The hall where the concerts are held may have a “stage” (where the performers are) and there will be an “auditorium” where the audience sits.

Some concert halls are purpose-built.  That means they were built to be concert halls.  Other concert halls may have been something else many years ago, e.g. a Corn Exchange (a place where farmers used to sell their corn) and the building has later been changed into a concert hall.  Purpose-built concert halls started about the beginning of the 20th century.  At that time scientists began to understand the importance of good acoustics (somewhere where the sound was good).

Concert halls that are purpose-built usually have fixed seating (seats that cannot be moved).  Some halls may have seats that can be moved, either by stacking them in small piles, or tiered seating that can fold up.  This allows the hall to be used for other things, e.g. dancing.

 was built in the 1980s in Berlin as a home for the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra]]
A concert hall is usually a big hall: big enough for an orchestra to be on the stage.  A small concert hall, designed for just a few performers (as in chamber music) may be called a “recital hall”.

Some concert halls are especially famous.  In London there is the Royal Festival Hall on the banks of the river Thames, the Barbican Centre in the City (near St Paul’s Cathedral) and the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington which is used for other events as well.  There is also a famous recital hall called the Wigmore Hall.  New York has the Carnegie Hall, Vienna has the Vienna Musikverein with a beautiful hall called the Golden Hall where the famous New Year’s Day concerts are given.  In Germany there is the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin and the Gewandhaus in Leipzig.  In Amsterdam there is the Concertgebouw (which means: "concert hall").
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

The Duchy of **Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld** was one of the *Ernestine duchies*. Ernest, who became elector of Saxony in 1464, divided his territory between his sons, and over the years more and more small duchies existed.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was reformed on 29 July 1735, although Coburg and Saalfeld had had the same ruler since 1699. As only men could be the rulers of the duchies, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ceased to exist in 1825, when the last male descendant of the dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died. The various dukes reorganised their territories. Saalfeld went the dukes of Saxe-Meiningen, Altenburg went to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburgausen, who gave Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Gotha and Coburg were combined into the new duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

## Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Madrigal

A **madrigal** is a special kind of song for a small group of people to sing. Madrigals were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque periods. They started in Italy and became very popular for a short time in England as well as in France. The words of madrigals are always about secular (non-religious) things, e.g. about love.

When Italian composers started writing madrigals the kinds of songs they knew were the frottola, the motet and the French chanson (song). The first madrigals were for 2 or 3 voices, but later many madrigals were written for 4 or 5 voices. These voices might be single voices (one person to each part) or several people. Sometimes the lines would also be played by an instrument, but the madrigal is usually sung unaccompanied.

The madrigal was the most important secular form of music of its time. In Italy it was very popular between about 1550 and 1630. In England the madrigal period was about 1588 to 1620. 

In 1533 a book called *Primo libro di Madrigali* (First Book of Madrigals) was collected and published by Philippe Verdelot in Venice. It made madrigals very popular. Jacob Arcadelt published several volumes of madrigals which were very important for their development. In 1588 in England Nicholas Yonge published a collected called *Musica Transalpina* (Music from over the Alps). These were Italian madrigals with translated texts. The madrigal suddenly became extremely popular in England and remained so until after 1620 when it gradually became less important.

People liked madrigals because they were fun. Whenever possible the composer made the music sound like the word being sung. A word like “smile” would have quick music, “sigh” would have a note followed by a short rest, as if the singer were sighing, “rise so high” would be sung to music which rose very high. This kind of thing was called “word-painting”. It can be found in religious music as well, but the way it was used in madrigals was new and exciting. Very often there would be a verse and a refrain which was often just sung to words such as “fa la la la la”. The songs were often about shepherds and shepherdesses falling in love.

The  most important composers of madrigals in Italy were Giovanni da Palestrina, Luca Marenzio, Jacques Arcadelt, Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Carlo Gesualdo, Giaches de Wert and Claudio Monteverdi. In England they were William Byrd, Thomas Morley, John Wilbye, Thomas Weelkes, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and Thomas Tomkins. About the franco-flemish , Orlando di Lasso, Josquin des Prez . About the spanish, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Mateo Flecha.

## Performance of madrigals 
]]
In the Renaissance, madrigals were performed either as entertainment at important feasts, or for relaxed enjoyment by groups of amateurs in their homes, as madrigals were a secular style of song.

Nowadays, madrigals are often sung by high school or college madrigal choirs often as an after-dinner entertainment. Sometimes the singers wear Renaissance costumes.
Muzio Clementi

**Muzio Clementi** was an Italian composer in classical period who lived from 1752 to 1832. He was born in Rome, Italy. He was the first composer to write music for the pianoforte which made use of the instrument's special features.  He was also the first virtuoso performer on the instrument. He was the eldest child of Nicolo Clementi, a silversmith, and Magdalena Kaiser. Clementi began to learn music from Antonio Baroni (1738-1792), who was a relative. Baroni was in charge of the choir at St. Peter's Basilica. He also had lessons from the organist, Cordicelli, Giuseppe Santarelli (1710-1790) and Gaetano Carpani.

When he was 13, he became the church organist at San Lorenzo in Damaso (Saint Lawrence in the House of Damascus), a parish church in Rome. He had also started writing music including an oratorio, ''Martirio de' gloriosi Santi Giuliano'' and a mass. In 1766, Sir Peter Beckford, heard him playing the harpsichord. He took Clementi back to England with him, so that he could provide the musical entertainment at Beckford's house in Dorset. He died in Evesham, Worcestershire, after a short illness.

## References
Monsoon

A **monsoon** is a seasonal wind which lasts for several months. The word was first used in English for the seasonal rains in the Indian subcontinent. These rains blow in from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

Monsoons also occur in other regions such as in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and East Asia.

Monsoons happen because of a simple fact: land heats up faster than water. The temperature difference between the land and sea can be as much as 20°C – land temperatures in India can be hotter than 45°C, while the surrounding water in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea remains in the low 20s. The heat absorbed by the land warms the air above it. The hot air rises, and cooler ocean air rushes inland to replace it. As it moves, it carries moisture with it, releasing it over land as the summer monsoon (also known as southwest monsoon). 

The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Rainfall is increased by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, as with the Tibetan Plateau, and by surface heating.

## References
Baja California (state)

**Baja California** (also known as **Baja California Norte**) is a northwestern Mexican state in the northern section of the Baja California Peninsula. It borders the state Baja California Sur to the south, and Sonora to the east. It also borders the U.S. state of California to the north. It means "Lower California" or "North Lower California".

Baja California is the furthest northwest state in Mexico.

The state has seven municipalities.
Verizon Ladies First Tour

***Verizon Ladies First Tour*** is a 2004 joint concert tour by American R&B/soul singers Beyoncé and Alicia Keys and American rapper Missy Elliott.

## Tour dates
Déjà Vu (song)

***Déjà Vu*** is a funk song written by Beyoncé, Rodney Jerkins, Delisha Thomas, Makeba, Keli Nicole Price, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' second solo album, ''B'Day'' (2006). It features rapper Jay-Z and production by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, utilizing the bass, hi-hat, and the 808 instruments and sound system, reminiscent of many popular Rich Harrison productions. Released as the album's lead single in the third quarter of 2006, "Déjà Vu" reached number one in Brazil, China, Poland, and the United Kingdom. While the song failed to match the success of 2003's "Crazy in Love", it entered the top ten on the majority of the charts it appeared on. It also was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best R&B Song at the 2007 Grammy Awards.

## Charts 
| style="width:50%;"|

|}

## References
If (Beyoncé song)

***If*** is an R&B ballad by Beyoncé Knowles. The song is her final single from her second album ''B'Day: Deluxe Edition''. The song was most likely chosen due to the fact that originally it was not available in the U.S. as it was an international track, but due to the Des'ree law suit, the U.S. version of the album with the track "Still In Love (Kissing You)" was replaced by a version with "If". A CD single of the song was created for her official fan club and is available for purchase from their online store.

## References
Sonora

**Sonora** is a Mexican state, in the northwestern Mexico region. Sonora borders the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. To the north Sonora accounts for a long stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of Arizona and  New Mexico; to the west it borders the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez).

## Description 
There are various explanations as to the origin of the word Sonora. Here, we will tell you some of the most widely accepted versions. One of these says that when the Spaniards arrived in the lands occupied by the Opata people, they built a chapel and painted an image of the Virgin on a buffalo skin. Over time, when the Opatas began to worship the Virgin, they used to call her Senora instead of the Spanish word Señora (Our Lady). Finally, it would seem that this word became Sonora as we know it today. 

Another version has it that Sonora is derived from the Opata word, sonotl which means corn leaf. A legend speaks of an indigenous group that lived near the village of Huépac, and who used corn leaves to cover the walls and roofs of their huts. Yet another version insists that the word comes from the name of a tribe that lived on the banks of the Sonora River; these people were known as the Sonora Indians. This river crosses a large part of the state. It is also useful to understand that, just as Mexico has its national emblems, so the state of Sonora has its own coat-of-arms.
Dangerously in Love World Tour

The **Dangerously In Love World Tour** was singer Beyoncé's first solo concert tour, intended to showcase songs from her debut solo album, *Dangerously in Love*.

## The show 
The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that moved up and down throughout the entire show and displayed video images of Beyoncé and her dancers, as well as some images from her music videos and some prerecorded images with special effects. 

The set list included not only *Dangerously in Love* material, but also contained a special segment of her show dedicated to her erstwhile group Destiny's Child. This concert also featured songs from Beyoncé's 2003 film *The Fighting Temptations* ("Fever" and "Summertime"). A highlight for many fans was her performance of "Dangerously in Love 2".

## Setlist 
#"Baby Boy"
#"Naughty Girl"  Costume Change
#"Fever"  Costume Change
#"Hip Hop Star"
#"Yes"
#"Work It Out"  Costume Change
#"Gift from Virgo" 
#"Be with You"
#"Speechless"
#"DC Medley": "Bug a Boo"/"No, No, No Part 2"/"Bootylicious"/"Jumpin' Jumpin'"/"Say My Name"/"Independent Women Part I"/"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"/"Survivor"
#"Me, Myself and I"
#"Summertime"  Costume Change
#"Dangerously in Love 2"  Costume Change
#"Crazy in love"

## Tour dates
Mykolaiv

.]]

**Mykolaiv** (, also referred to as or **Mykolayiv, Nikolaev,** or **Nikolayev**; ) is a major city in southern Ukraine. 

The city is located 65&nbsp;kilometers from the Black Sea along the estuary of the Southern Buh river (where it meets the Inhul River) at around . Population 430,000 (as of Estimate 2024). 

## Administrative status 
It is the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast (province), as well as of both the Mykolaivsky and Zhovtnevy raions (districts) within the oblast. However, Mykolaiv is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.

## History 
The town was founded in 1789 by the Russian Governor General of  Novorossiya Knyaz Potemkin initially as a shipyard called simply a *New Shipyard on the Ingul river*. Knyaz Potemkin signed an order to construct a shipyard on August 27, 1789, which is considered to be a city birth date. The shipyard was to serve for the repair of the Russian Navy ships in the Russo-Turkish war. Later Potemkin ordered the shipyard to be named *Nikolaev* to commemorate the date of fall of Ochakov to the Russian troops under his command on December 6, 1788, close to the day of Saint Nicholas *(Nikolay)* December 19, in the Russian Orthodox Church. 

The history of the city has always been closely connected to the ship building.

The only  Russian Navy aircraft carrier currently in commission, *Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov*, was built in Mykolaiv.

## Economy 
Today Mykolaiv is a major ship building center of Ukraine (as, earlier, of the whole Soviet Union) and an important riverport. The city has 3 major shipyards some of which are capable of building large navy ships.  Other important industries are mechanical engineering, power engineering, metallurgy and cosmetics.

Unlike the city, in the region one of the leading areas is agricultural production. This industry ranks first in the structure of production of the region in terms of employment of labor resources. One of the leading centers of the State Institution "Mykolayiv State Agricultural Research Station " of the Institute of Agrarian Farming of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine" founded in 1956 

## Other websites 
* Website 
* Wikimapia - Satellite map of Mykolaiv at Wikimapia
Faisal Mosque

The **Faisal Mosque** is a mosque in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. It is the National mosque of Pakistan, and one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world. It is named after King Faisal of pokistan. It was the biggest mosque for over six years between 1986 and 1993).

## Gallery 

Image:faisalMasjid.jpg|Faisal Mosque at night
Image:Faisal-Mosque-JG-01.jpg|Faisal Mosque in March 1986 to 2006
Image:Night view of Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.jpg|Night view of the Faisal Mosque and surrounding area
Image:Inside Shah Faisal Mosque.jpg|Interior of the mosque.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Click here  to see a highly detailed 3D Model of Faisal Masjid in Google Earth.
* Faisal Mosque - ArchNet Digital Library 
* Faisal Mosque - World is Round
Ciara

**Ciara Princess Harris** (born October 25, 1985) professionally known as **Ciara**, is an American singer, songwriter, model, record producer, dancer, and actress.

## Music career 
In 2004, Ciara released her debut studio album *Goodies*, which produced three hit singles: "Goodies," "1, 2 Step," and "Oh." The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and earned her four nominations at the 48th Grammy Awards. She released her second studio album, *Ciara: The Evolution*, in 2006 which spawned the hit singles "Get Up," "Promise," and "Like a Boy." The album reached number one in the US and was certified platinum. Her third studio album *Fantasy Ride*, released in 2009, was considerably less successful than Ciara's first two albums. However, it produced the worldwide top-ten hit "Love Sex Magic"  featuring Justin Timberlake, which earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. The following year, Ciara released her fourth studio album *Basic Instinct,* which was met with low sales and continued a downward trend in her commercial success. In 2011, she signed a new record deal with Epic Records, and  she released her  fifth studio album, *Jackie*, which is preceded by the lead single, "Sorry” in 2015. In 2019, she released her sixth studio album, *Beauty Marks*, which is preceded by the hit lead singles, "Level Up", “Thinkin  Bout You” and the album titled song “Beauty Marks “.

## Personal life
On Ciara's 28th birthday, Future asked her if she would marry him. They became engaged but was the engagement was called off in August 2014 due to his infidelity. Their son, Future Zahir Wilson was born on May 19, 2014. In March 2015, she met Seattle Seahawks  NFL star quarterback Russell Wilson and publicly dating this year. The two became engaged in March 2016 and married at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire, England four months later. They have three children together, Sienna Princess (born 2017), Win Harrison (born 2020) and Amora Princess (born 2023).

## Discography
* *Goodies* (2004)
* *Ciara: The Evolution* (2006)
* *Fantasy Ride* (2009)
* *Basic Instinct* (2010)
* *Ciara* (2013)
* *Jackie* (2015)
* *Beauty Marks* (2019)
* *CiCi* (2025)

## Tours
;Headlining
* 2006: The Evolution Tour
* 2007: Screamfest '07 (with T.I.)
* 2009: *Jay-Z & Ciara Live* (with Jay-Z)
* 2010: *Basic Instanct Tour*
* 2015: *Jackie Tour*
* 2019: ''Beauty Marks Tour

;Supporting act
* 2005: Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005
* 2007: Good Girl Gone Bad Tour
* 2009: The Circus Starring Britney Spears
* 2010: Summerbeatz
* 2018: 24k Magic World Tour

## References
Quetta

**Quetta** () is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is famous for its climate and buildings. It is to the north of Balochistan, 133 kilometers away from Spin Buldak, Afghanistan.

In 1935, a powerful earthquake hit Quetta. The earthquake was felt between 2:30 am to 3:40 am. It resulted in the collapse of buildings, that is why there is no historical building in Quetta.

## History 
Quetta is also spelled Kuwatah which is a variation of Kot, a Pashto word meaning "fortress".

Quetta was captured by Mehmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The Khans of Kalat ruled Quetta until 1556 when the Persians conquered the city, only to have it retaken by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1595. Despite all this, the Khans of Kalat were successful in restoring their rule in the region by the 18th century.

The predominantly Muslim population supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan.

## Geography 
Quetta lies close to the borders of Afghanistan. Traders and invaders have passed through Quetta since pre-historic times. Quetta is 1,645 meters above the sea level. It is near the Hazarganji-Chitan National Park.

It has a cold and windy in winter moderate summers.

## References 
## Other websites
* Quetta, Google Maps
Frottola

The **frottola** (plural: frottole) was the most popular kind of secular (non-religious) song in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Frottole were quite simple and fun.  They were often sung by small groups of singers.  They were not contrapuntal, but they had a tune in the top part while the other singers sang chords to accompany the tune.  Sometimes they might have been sung by a solo voice with a lute accompaniment.

The most famous composer of frottole was Bartolomeo Tromboncino.  The great composer Josquin also composed frottole, although that is not what he called them.  For example, there is a well-known one called *El Grillo* ( The Cricket) in which the singers try to sound like the chirping of a cricket in the grass.

About the year 1530 the frottola developed into the madrigal.
Bartolomeo Tromboncino

**Bartolomeo Tromboncino** (born Verona around 1470; died in or near Venice in 1535 or later) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the Renaissance period.  He is famous as a composer of songs called *frottole*.  He is also remembered because he murdered his wife.

We know very little about his life.  He probably grew up in Mantua.  In a letter he says that he came from Verona. Until around 1500 he lived and worked in Mantua, but sometimes he went to other towns when he was in trouble. In 1499, he found his wife with another man, so he murdered her.  He may also have murdered the other man.  We cannot be sure about this.
He does not seem to have been punished.  This may be because a rich lady called Isabella d'Este liked him.

From 1502 Tromboncino was employed by a rich lady called Lucrezia Borgia.  She is remembered today because she was a very bad woman.  He  wrote music for the court and for her wedding to Alfonso d'Este. Sometime before 1521 he moved to Venice, where he probably spent the rest of his life.

His frottole are very lively and full of fun.  He played the trombone.  This is how he got his name.  He also wrote some serious sacred music.
De jure

**De jure** is an expression from the Latin words meaning "in law".

It is often used in  to *de facto* (which means "in fact", or "in practice") when talking about law, governance, or technique. When talking about law, "*de jure*" is used to describe what the law says, and "*de facto*" is used to describe what actually happens. 
## Examples 
  This means that legally the territory of Abkhazia is a part of the country of Georgia, but that it is in effect independent.

The *de jure* name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton.  This is his name according to official records.  His *de facto* name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.

## References
Song cycle

A **song cycle** in classical music is a group of songs that belong together.  Although each song may be sung separately, the composer really imagined that they would be performed together as one work.  Sometimes they tell a story, but sometimes they just belong together because they are about the same idea (e.g. the sadness that can be caused by love).  They are often for solo voice and piano accompaniment, but they can also be without accompaniment, or with several instruments or even a whole orchestra. The words of a cycle are often by the same poet, but this is not always the case.

Song cycles started to become popular with composers in the Romantic period. Although there were examples of song cycles written before that, it was the German composers of the 19th century who are most often thought of as writers of song cycles. Their songs are called "Lieder".

The great composer Franz Schubert wrote about 600 songs. These include two long song cycles: *Winterreise* (*Winter’s Journey*) and *Die schöne Müllerin* (*The beautiful miller’s daughter*).  Each of these song cycles is long enough for a whole concert. Robert Schumann wrote song cycles including two which he simply called *Liederkreise* (*Song Cycles*), and his well-known *Dichterliebe* (*Poet’s Love*) and *Frauenliebe und -Leben* (*Women’s Love and Life*).  Brahms wrote *Vier ernste Gesänge* (*Four Serious Songs*), and Gustav Mahler, who became very interested in folk song, wrote several song cycles with orchestra accompaniment, including *Das Lied von der Erde* (*The Song of the Earth*).

French composers who wrote song cycles include Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré and Claude Debussy.  Russian composers include Modest Mussorgsky and Dmitri Shostakovich, and English and American composers in the 20th century include Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland as well as the South American Alberto Ginastera, Juan María Solare and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

## Related pages
*Lied
Boy George

'''George Alan O'Dowd**, better known as **Boy George''' (born 14 June 1961 in Bexley, Kent) is a rock singer-songwriter and Club DJ. He grew up in a large, working-class Irish family. The family  originally came form Thurles, in Co. Tipperary, Ireland.

O'Dowd was a part of the British new romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s and was popularised in the early 1980s. He and Marilyn (born Peter Robinson) were regulars at 'The Blitz' a very popular nightclub in London.  It was run by Steve Strange of the musical group Visage.  The Blitz was a starting place for many early 1980s pop stars such as Spandau Ballet. The new romantics based their image on the coolness of David Bowie and high fashion. They liked the music of Bowie, Kraftwerk, Marc Bolan and post punk New Wave.

O'Dowd gained fame with his group Culture Club during the 1980s. His music is often called blue-eyed soul. He was heavily influenced by Rhythm and Blues and reggae. Early recordings with Culture Club showed that his vocals had an emotional quality which was like American soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. His later solo work has  glam rock influences and was particularly influenced by David Bowie and Iggy Pop.

O'Dowd is also known for his flamboyant and androgynous appearance during the 1980s and early 1990s.

On 11 May 2009, Boy George was released from prison at HMP Edmunds Hill in Newmarket, Suffolk.  He was four months into a fifteen-month sentence for the assault and false imprisonment of a male escort, in his East London flat. He was tagged and placed on a curfew for the rest of the sentence.

Boy George told the BBC on 27 January 2011 that there would be a 30th anniversary Culture Club reunion tour sometime later in the year.  He also said they would be releasing a new album in 2012.  Culture Club did play two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, but did not have a tour.

In 2018, George, along with Culture Club, released an album called Life. They did an accompanying tour, called the Life Tour. ￼

Harper Collins published his first autobiography, *Take It Like a Man*, in 1995, written with Spencer Bright. It was a bestseller in the UK. In 2005, Century published *Straight*, his second autobiographical book. This one was written with author Paul Gorman.

## References
Valdivia

***Valdivia*** is a city, commune and municipality in southern Chile. Valdivia is the capital of *Los Ríos Region* (Spanish for *Region of the Rivers*), one of Chile's 16 regions. Valdivia is most known for being the city most affected by the Great Chilean Earthquake.

## Images 

Image:Mercado de Valdivia.JPG|
Image:Árbol Navidad Kunstmann.jpg|
Image:UACh-Centro de Educación Continua-noche.JPG|
Image:TorreónElCanelo.JPG|
Image:Vista de Valdivia (04).jpg|

## References 
## Other websites
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport

The **Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport** (short name: SSR Airport) is the biggest airport in Mauritius.
Before, it was known as **Plaisance Airport**.

## Location 
The SSR Airport is near the city Mahebourg in Mauritius. It is also the only big airport in this country.
Bas-relief

**Bas-relief** is a type of relief (sculpture) that has less depth to the faces and figures than they actually have, when measured proportionately (to scale).  This technique keeps the natural shapes of the figures and allows the work to be seen from many angles without twisting the figures themselves. 

There is a continuation of the bas-relief technique into the next category, altorilievo, or high relief. High relief makes deeper images than bas-relief. Instead of shallow backgrounds that are a few inches (cm) deep at most, they can be up to several feet (a few meters) deep in altorilievo. 

Some of the best examples of bas-relief are the Assyrian Lion Hunt Reliefs, which are housed at the British Museum. The attention to detail and appearance of the lions moving make them stand out, especially for the time period they were made in.

## Images
These images are made to be seen in 3D with the use of colored glasses and might not appear correctly without them.

File:Indian Bas-relief.jpg|Greek-influenced Indian Buddhist bas-relief
File:Madonna in Bas relief.jpg|Madonna and Child, less shallow relief
File:Greek Girl with dove.jpg|Greek bas-relief of girl with dove
File:The Royal lion hunt reliefs from the Assyrian palace at Nineveh, a dying male lion, about 645-635 BC, British Museum (12254756385).jpg|Assyrian Lion Hunt Reliefs are very shallow

## Related pages
*Relief

## References 
__NOTOC__
Dogfight

and an F-14 Tomcat engaged in a mock dogfight as part of U.S. Navy TOPGUN training]]
A **dogfight** is a close air fight between fighter planes. It often involves turning, climbing, and swirling.

Dogfights started during World War I when the fighter planes did not have many weapons.

The first aerial dogfight occurred during the Battle of Cer (15–24 August 1914), when Serbian aviator Miodrag Tomić encountered an Austro-Hungarian plane while performing a reconnaissance mission over Austro-Hungarian positions. The Austro-Hungarian pilot initially waved, and Tomić waved back. The Austro-Hungarian pilot then fired at Tomić with his revolver.  Tomić produced a pistol of his own and fired back. Tomić managed to escape, and within several weeks, all Serbian and Austro-Hungarian planes were fitted with machine-guns.

Modern weapons such as homing missiles did not exist in that time, and planes could only fight each other with machine guns. Since the machine guns were only useful at close range, the planes had to fly very close together to have combat. Pilots had to fly with many maneuvers to try to not be shot, and be able to shoot the enemy planes. This new type of flying was named dogfighting. Fighter planes made just for this type of flying were sometimes called dogfighters. During World War II many had autocannons firing small, explosive artillery shells. They kept farther apart so they would not be destroyed quickly.

In modern air combat, there are many long range weapons that can be used before dogfighting. Homing missiles can be fired much further away from the target than machine guns, and will automatically try to follow the target. These types of weapons make dogfighting less common, but modern planes still have Gatling guns, which are more advanced kinds of machine guns. This is because dogfighting still happens sometimes.

## References
Pervez Musharraf

**Syed Pervez  Musharraf**  (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani politician and Four-star general of the Pakistan Army. He was a military dictator and the tenth President of Pakistan from 20 June 2001 to 18 August 2008, when he resigned to avoid impeachment. Previously, he was Chief Executive of Pakistan as well as Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. He took over power in Pakistan in 1999, by removing the elected government of Nawaz Sharif.

Syed Pervez Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 in Delhi, British India. Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He studied mathematics at Forman Christian College in Lahore and was also educated at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kingdom. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961. He was Commissioned to the Pakistan Army in 1964. He played an active role in the Afghan Civil War. Musharraf saw action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a second Lieutenant. By the 1980s, he was commanding an artillery brigade. In the 1990s, Musharraf was promoted to major general and assigned an infantry division. He later commanded the Special Services Group. Soon after, he served as Deputy military secretary and Director General of Military Operations.

Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to a Four-star general by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998. This made Musharraf the head of the armed forces. He led the Kargil infiltration that almost brought India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999.

On 5 February 2023, Musharraf died due to amyloidosis. He was 79. He had been hospitalised a year prior due to the disease. His body is set to be returned to Pakistan from Dubai on 6 February.

## References
M1911 pistol

The **M1911** is a .45 ACP caliber pistol originally made by **Colt,** and is now the most copied pistol design in the world. It was designed in the early 1900s by John Browning and was used in battle by many soldiers in World War I, World War II, The Korean War, and in the Vietnam War. It is semi-automatic and can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled. Military versions of the gun can hold seven or eight rounds inside its magazine and one more in the chamber. M1911 style guns are still made today and are for sale.

It was the most used pistol in the United States Military from 1911-1985, when it was replaced by the 9mm caliber Beretta M9, a military version of the Beretta 92. The M1911 was replaced because military leaders liked that the Beretta pistol could hold more bullets. Another reason was because other NATO countries pressured the US to follow a rule that all NATO weapons must use the same ammunition. Even after the Beretta M9 officially replaced the M1911, many US soldiers still use the M1911 in combat. The M1911 is a common pistol design for police and special forces because it is reliable in function, easy to modify by a gunsmith, and effective.  

The "1911" in the name is because the pistol was adopted by the United States Army in the year 1911.  M1911A1 pistols have an 'A1' added because they were changed from the original design in the 1920s in military service.  The pistol was made first by Colt Manufacturing but was produced by many other companies during World War II. Because the M1911 is so popular, several gun companies make their own version of this gun which are still sold today.

## Bibliography 
* *Colt 1911 & Early prototypes* by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2003)
* *The Colt 1911A1 Explained* by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2004)
Robe

A **robe** is a type of clothing. It is loose-fitting and sometimes ties in the front.

## Types of robes 
There are different types of robes. These include the following:

* Bathrobe - usually worn at home after taking a bath. They are also sometimes worn at night, or in the morning.
* Graduation robe - A gown traditionally worn at a high school graduation, or college graduation.
* Judge's robe - Part of a judge's clothing. Other jobs may call for robes, such as a barrister.
* Wizard's robe - in fantasy, wizards are usually shown wearing robes.

## Related pages
*Academic dress
*:Category:Liturgical clothing
Geri Halliwell

**Geraldine Estelle "Geri" Halliwell** (born 6 August 1972) is an English pop music singer. She is a former member of pop group the Spice Girls.  She made $30 million during her last two years in the group.

She left the Spice Girls in May 1998 and continued singing as a solo artist. In 2007, she reunited with the Spice Girls to do a world tour.

Nude photos of Halliwell were in a number of magazines in 1992 and 1995 including *Playboy* and *Penthouse*.         

In 2012, Halliwell was a guest judge at *The X Factor* auditions in Liverpool. On 26 June she reunited with Spice Girls to promote the brand new musical *Viva Forever* based on their songs and career. 12 August 2012, she performed with the girls from the group in the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games in London.

## Personal and media life
Halliwell's father was half-Swedish, half-English; her mother is Spanish. On 14 May 2006, Halliwell gave birth to her daughter, Bluebell Madonna Halliwell. Sacha Gervasi is said to be the child's father, but this has not been said by Halliwell. Victoria Beckham and Emma Bunton are Bluebell's godmothers. There had been rumours that Halliwell was dating Russell Brand. In May 2015 she married racing driver Christian Horner.

## Discography
* 1999: *Schizophonic*
* 2001: *Scream If You Wanna Go Faster*
* 2005: *Passion*
* 2012: *Putting On the Bling*

## Bibliography
*1999 – *If Only*
*2002 – *Just for the Record*
*2008 – *Ugenia Lavender*

## Filmography
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
*