open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska

**Southeast Fairbanks Census Area** is a census area in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,808. It is part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest communities are Deltana and Tok, both unincorporated CDPs.

## References
Bennington County, Vermont

**Bennington County** is a county of Vermont in the United States. At the 2020 census, 37,347 people lived there. The shire towns (county seats) are Bennington and Manchester.

## References
Barbara Brooks Wallace

**Barbara Brooks Wallace** (December 3, 1922 – November 27, 2018) was an American children's writer. She won the NLAPW Children's Book Award and International Youth Library for *Claudia* (2001) and William Allen White Children's Book Award for *Peppermints in the Parlor* (1983).

Wallace won two Edgar Allan Poe Awards from the Mystery Writers of America for *The Twin in the Tavern* (1994) and *Sparrows in the Scullery* (1998).

## References
## Other websites
*
*National League of American Pen Women, Inc. website 
*International Youth Library website
Kadiatou Holm Keita

**Kadiatou Claudine Holm Keita**, (born 6 September 2001), is a Swedish singer. She is a finalist in the Swedish singing competition on TV called Idol 2018. She will compete against another singer called Sebastian Walldén in Globen on 7 December 2018.

Kadiatou took part in Melodifestivalen 2021 with her song "One Touch", but failed to qualify for the final after placing sixth in the first semi-final.

## References
Foch Hospital

The **Foch Hospital** is a hospital in the Suresnes, close to Paris. It is one of Europe's largest hospitals. It was created in 1929. It is a partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

## References 
## Further reading 
*   Hôpital Foch
Euler's totient theorem

In number theory, '''Euler's totient theorem** (also known as the **Fermat–Euler theorem'*) states that if *n* and *a* are coprime, (meaning that the only number that divides *n* and *a'' is 1), then the following equivalence relation holds:

: a^{\varphi (n)} \equiv 1 \pmod{n}

where \varphi(n) is Euler's totient function.

Euler's theorem is a more refined theorem of Fermat's little theorem, which Pierre de Fermat had published in 1640, a hundred years prior. Fermat's theorem remained unproven until the work of 18th-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.  

## References
Kukri

The **kukri** or **khukuri** ( *khukuri*) is a knife which is mostly used by Nepali speaking Gurkhas of India and Nepal. The blade of the knife is curved inward, similar to a machete. It is used as both a tool and as a weapon in South Asia.

The *kukri*, *khukri*, and *kukkri* spellings are of Indian origin. The original Nepali spelling is *khukuri*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rudaw Media Network

**Rudaw Media Network** (Kurdish: تۆڕی میدیایی ڕووداو), sometimes called **Rudaw** is a media group in Kurdistan, got Ricardo Ortega Fernández's prize in *6/12/2018*.

## Criticism
Many international and local sources claim it is mainly used by the Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani to spread propaganda for the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Nikolai Yezhov

**Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov** (Russian : Николай Иванович Ежов : May 1, 1895 in St Petersburg, Russian Empire &ndash; February 4, 1940 in Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union) was the leader of the Soviet secret police (the NKVD). He worked for Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938, during the Great Purge. 

Yezhov was born on May 1, 1895 in the Russian Empire. His exact birthplace is uncertain. It may have been in St Petersburg, Russia, or in the Lithuanian cities of Veiveriai, Marijampolė, or Kaunas in Imperial Russia.

## Career 
Yezhov joined the Bolsheviks in April 1917, led by Vladimir Lenin a few months before the October Revolution. He was known as a determined loyalist of Joseph Stalin. In 1935 he wrote a paper in which he argued that political opposition must eventually lead to violence and terrorism. This became part of the ideology behind the Purges. 

He became head of the NKVD in early 1937, after the dismissal of Genrikh Yagoda. Under Yezhov, the purges reached their worst. Around half of Soviet political and military leaders were exiled or shot, along with hundreds of thousands of others suspected of disloyalty or wrecking.

## Arrest & execution 
Eventually, in November 1938, Stalin dismissed Yezhov from his post and demoted him to the post of Commissar of Water Transport. 

Less than a year later, Yezhov was arrested and put on trial for excesses committed during the Purges. In his defence, Yezhov said that he regretted only that he had not punished enough counter-revolutionaries. 

Yezhov was found guilty and was probably executed secretly in 1940.

## References
Permeance

**Permeance** is how well matter or energy flows through something. In science, permeance is usually shown as: \mathcal{P}.
Hancock (movie)

**Hancock** is a 2008 American superhero comedy movie directed by Peter Berg and starring Will Smith, Charlize Theron, and Jason Bateman. It tells the story of a vigilante superhero, John Hancock (Smith) from Los Angeles whose reckless actions routinely cost the city millions of dollars. Eventually one person he saves, Ray Embrey (Bateman), makes it his mission to change Hancock's public image for the better.

## Cast 
* Will Smith as John Hancock
* Charlize Theron as Mary Embrey
* Jason Bateman as Ray Embrey
* Eddie Marsan as Kenneth "Red" Parker, Jr.
* Johnny Galecki as Jeremy
* Thomas Lennon as Mike
Tom C. Clark

**Thomas Campbell Clark** (September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer. He was the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.

## References 
## Other websites
|-
Anoka County, Minnesota

**Anoka County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 363,887 people lived there. The county seat is Anoka.

## References
Ortonville, Minnesota

**Ortonville** is a city in Big Stone County in the U.S. state of Minnesota at the southern tip of Big Stone Lake, along the border with South Dakota. The population was 2,021 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Big Stone County. Big Stone Lake State Park is nearby.

## References
Läufelfingen

**Läufelfingen** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Freida Pinto

**Freida Selena Pinto** (born 18 October 1984) is an Indian actress. She was born in Mumbai. Pinto appeared in British and American movies. She starred in the 2008 movie *Slumdog Millionaire*. In 2011, Pinto starred in science fiction movie *Rise of the Planet of the Apes*.

Before becoming an actress, Pinto was a model and television presenter.

## References
## Other websites
*
Peter Mullan

**Peter Mullan** (; born 2 November 1959) is a Scottish actor and director. He is best known for his role in Ken Loach's *My Name Is Joe* (1998) and *The Claim* (2000). 

Mullan appeared in cult classics such as *Riff-Raff* (1991), *Braveheart* (1995), *Trainspotting* (1996), *Young Adam* (2003), *Children of Men* (2006), *War Horse* (2011) and the *Harry Potter* series (2010–11).

## References
## Other websites
*
To All the Boys I've Loved Before (movie)

'''''To All the Boys I've Loved Before''''' is a 2018 American teen romance movie directed by Susan Johnson. It stars  Lana Condor, Noah Centineo, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Madeleine Arthur, Emilija Baranac, Israel Broussard and John Corbett. It is based on Jenny Han's 2014 novel of the same name. It was released by Netflix on August 17, 2018.

In November 2018, it was reported that Netflix and Paramount's Awesomeness Films were in discussions to produce a sequel to the movie.

## References
Gerald's Game (movie)

'''''Gerald's Game''''' is a 2017 American psychological horror movie directed and edited by Mike Flanagan and written by Jeff Howard and Flanagan. It is based on Stephen King's 1992 novel of the same name. The movie stars Carla Gugino and Bruce Greenwood.

It was released on September 29, 2017, by Netflix.

## References
The Christmas Chronicles

***The Christmas Chronicles*** is a 2018 American Christmas comedy movie directed by Clay Kaytis. The movie stars Kurt Russell, Judah Lewis, and Darby Camp. It is about a brother and sister who, after accidentally crashing Santa Claus' sleigh, must save Christmas. The movie was released on November 22, 2018, by Netflix.

It was filmed and set in Chicago, Illinois.

## References
Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle

***Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle*** is a 2018 fantasy adventure movie directed by Andy Serkis. It is based on stories collected in *All the Mowgli Stories* by Rudyard Kipling. The movie stars Rohan Chand, Matthew Rhys, and Freida Pinto with voices and motion capture performances from Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Benedict Cumberbatch, Naomie Harris, Tom Hollander, and Serkis with Peter Mullan. 

Originally a Warner Bros. movie, in July 2018, Warner Bros. Pictures sold the rights to Netflix. The movie was released in select theaters on November 29, 2018 and had a digital Netflix release on December 7, 2018. It received mixed reviews from critics.

## References
José Castillo (infielder)

**José Castillo Rondón** (; March 19, 1981 – December 6, 2018) was a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, and Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Chiba Lotte Marines and Yokohama BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He was born in Las Mercedes, Guárico, Venezuela.

Castillo and Luis Valbuena were killed in a car crash on December 6, 2018 in Yaracuy, Venezuela, aged 37.

## References
Luis Valbuena

**Luis Adan Valbuena** (November 30, 1985 &ndash; December 6, 2018) was a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder. He played eleven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros and Los Angeles Angels. He was born in Zulia, Venezuela.

Valbuena and José Castillo were killed in a car crash on December 6, 2018 in Yaracuy, Venezuela, aged 33.

## References
The Princess Switch

***The Princess Switch*** is a 2018 American Christmas romantic comedy movie directed by Mike Rohl from a screenplay by Robin Bernheim and Megan Metzger. The movie stars Vanessa Hudgens, Sam Palladio and Nick Sagar.

It was released on November 16, 2018, by Netflix. A sequel was released in 2020.

## Plot
One week before Christmas, a duchess switches places with an ordinary woman from Chicago, who looks exactly like her, and they each fall in love with each other's beaus.

## Cast
* Vanessa Hudgens as Margaret Delacourt, Duchess of Montenaro/Stacy DeNovo
* Sam Palladio as Prince Edward
* Nick Sagar as Kevin Richards
* Mark Fleischmann as Frank De Luca
* Suanne Braun as Mrs. Donatelli
* Alexa Adeosun as Olivia Richards
* Sara Stewart as Queen Caroline
* Pavel Douglas as King George
* Amy Griffiths as Brianna Michaels
* Robin Soans as Kindly Old Man

## References
## Other websites
*
Håkan Jeppsson

**Håkan Lennart Jeppsson** (6 May 1961 – 7 December 2018) was a Swedish businessman. He was the Chairman of the Swedish Association football club Malmö FF from 2010 until his death in 2018. Jeppsson studied at Lund University. He was born in Malmö, Sweden.

Jeppsson died on 7 December 2018 at the age of 57.

## References
Suzhou

**Suzhou** (Wu Chinese [*sou˥ tseu˨˩* ]) is a major city in southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China. It is about  northwest of Shanghai. 

It is the second largest city in the province, after its capital Nanjing. The city is located on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the shores of Lake Tai and belongs to the Yangtze River Delta region. Suzhou is a prefecture-level city with a population of 4.33 million in its city proper, and a total resident population () of 10.58 million in its administrative area.

Its urban population grew at a rate of 6.5% between 2000 and 2014, which is the highest among cities with more than 5 million people.

## Education 
* Kedge Business School

## References
Shmuel Flatto-Sharon

**Shmuel "Samy" Flatto-Sharon** (18 January 1930 – 7 December 2018) was an Israeli businessman, radio talk-show host and politician. He was born in Łódź, Poland, and fled to France after the beginning of the war. In 1972-he moved to Israel. He was a member of the Knesset between 1977 and 1981. Flatto-Sharon was a member of the Development and Peace Party.

Flatto-Sharon died in Ramat Gan, Israel from a heart attack, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Provinces of Nepal

The **Provinces of Nepal** ( *Nepalka Pradeshaharu*) were formed on 20 September 2015. They were formed according to Schedule 4 of the Constitution of Nepal. The seven provinces were formed by making the group of districts. The current system of seven provinces replaced an earlier system. In the earlier system, Nepal was divided into 14 Administrative Zones and the zones were grouped into five Development Regions.

## List of Provinces
## References
Halabja

**Halabja** (Kurdish: Helebce, هەڵەبجە) is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan, in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It is  northeast of Baghdad.

## Poison gas attack
The city is known for a chemical attack carried out in the final phase of the Iran-Iraq War. The Peshmerga (Kurdistani military wing), supported by Iran, took control of the city. On 16 March 1988, after two days of ordinary artillery attacks, Iraqi Air Force planes dropped gas canisters on the town. The town and surrounding district were attacked with bombs, artillery fire and chemical weapons, the last of which proved most damaging. At least 5,000 people died as an immediate result of the chemical attack. It is estimated that a further 7,000 people were injured or suffered long-term illness. Most of the victims of the attack were Kurdish civilians.

The attack is believed to have included the nerve agents Tabun, Sarin and VX, as well as mustard gas. Another possibility, according to the former senior CIA analyst Stephen C. Pelletiere, is that Iraq did not have the nerve agent to use in the attack but did have mustard gas which had been used in the Iran–Iraq War. It is occasionally suggested that cyanide was also included among these chemical weapons, though this assertion has been doubted as cyanide is a natural byproduct of impure Tabun. The attack on Halabja took place amid the Anfal campaign, in which Saddam Hussein powerfully suppressed Kurdish revolts during the Iran-Iraq War.

Before the war ended, Iraqi forces moved in on the ground and completely destroyed the town. In March 2010, the Iraqi High Criminal Court recognized the Halabja massacre as genocide. This decision was welcomed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.

## References
Jolanta Szczypińska

**Jolanta Irena Szczypińska** (24 June 1957 – 8 December 2018) was a Polish politician. She was born in Słupsk, Poland. Szczypińska was a member of the Sejm from 2005 until her death in 2018.

Before entering politics, she was a nurse. She became known for suing airliner company Ryanair in 2007 as they created rumors that she was in a relationship with Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński.

Szczypińska died on 8 December 2018 in Warsaw from a urinary tract infection at the age of 61.

## References
## Other websites
* Jolanta Szczypińska - parliamentary page  - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
*Home page
Jan Krzysztof Bielecki

**Jan Krzysztof Bielecki**  (born 3 May 1951) is a Polish liberal politician and economist. He was Prime Minister of Poland for most of 1991.

Bielecki was president of Bank Pekao between 2003 and 2010 and president of the Polish Institute of International Affairs between 2009 and 2015.

## References
Waldemar Pawlak

**Waldemar Pawlak**  (born 5 September 1959) is a Polish politician. He was Prime Minister of Poland twice, briefly in 1992 and again from 1993 to 1995. From November 2007 to November 2012 he was Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Economy. 

## Other websites
*Waldemar Pawlak's blog
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz

**Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz** (, born 13 September 1950) is a Polish politician. He was born in Warsaw, Poland. From 1996 to 1997, he was the 8th Prime Minister of Poland.

## References
Hanna Suchocka

**Hanna Stanisława Suchocka**  (born 3 April 1946) is a Polish politician and lawyer. She was a professor at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and Chair of the Constitutional Law Department. 

She was the Prime Minister of Poland between 8 July 1992 and 26 October 1993 under the presidency of Lech Wałęsa. She is the first  woman to hold this post in Poland.

## References
Sejm

The ***Sejm*** of the Republic of Poland (; ) is the lower house of the Polish parliament. It is made up of 460 deputies elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the "Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland".

Since the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), "*Sejm*" has been called only to the lower house of the parliament; the upper house is called the *Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej* ("Senate of the Republic of Poland").

## References
Leszek Miller

**Leszek Cezary Miller** (Polish pronunciation: ; born 3 July 1946) is a Polish politician. He was Prime Minister of Poland from 2001 to 2004. He was leader of the Democratic Left Alliance to 2016.

## References
Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz

**Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz** () (born 20 December 1959) is a Polish conservative politician. He was Prime Minister of Poland from 31 October 2005 to 14 July 2006. He was a member of the Law and Justice party (*Prawo i Sprawiedliwość*, PiS).

## References
José de Anchieta Júnior

**José de Anchieta Júnior** (11 March 1965 &ndash; 6 December 2018) was a Brazilian politician. He was born in Jaguaribe, Ceará. Anchieta Júnior was a member of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). He was the Governor of the northern Brazilian state of Roraima from December 2007 to April 2014.

Anchieta Júnior died of a heart attack on 6 December 2018 in Boa Vista, Roraima, aged 53.

## References
Marek Belka

**Marek Marian Belka** (; born 9 January 1952) is a Polish politician. He is a former Prime Minister and Finance Minister of Poland. He is a former Director of the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) European Department and former Head of Narodowy Bank Polski (*National Bank of Poland*).

## References
Oltingen

**Oltingen** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Paul Reinecke

**Paul Heinrich Adalbert Reinecke** (September 25, 1872 – May 12, 1958) was a German prehistorian and archaeologist.

## Life and work
Reinecke was born in Berlin. He studied medicine and science under Rudolf Virchow (1821–1903). Interested in prehistory, he also attended classes with the anthropologist Johannes Ranke (1836-1916) and the archaeologist Adolf Furtwängler (1853-1907). During his studies, in 1893, Reinecke led an extensive study trip through Austria and Hungary.

After graduating in 1897, he worked until 1908 at the Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Mainz), and later at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection (Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern).

Until his death in 1958, he worked on almost all periods of European prehistory and early history, in particular on the chronology of the European Bronze Age and Iron Age. The names Michelsberg culture (1908) and the Altheim culture (1915) as well as the periodization of the Hallstatt culture go back to him. Particularly important are his contributions in Volume V of the "Antiquities of our pagan past" (Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit), where he developed, a chronology system, based on an historical analysis of stylistic features and on typological characteristics, that has essentially retained its validity to this day. Reinecke died in Herrsching, Bavaria.

## Awards
*1942: Goethe Medal for Art and Science
*1953: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland).
Lyudmila Alexeyeva

**Lyudmila Mikhaylovna Alexeyeva** (, , 20 July 1927 — 8 December 2018) was a Russian historian and leading human rights activist. She was a founding member of the Moscow Helsinki Watch Group. Alexeyeva was one of the last Soviet dissidents active in modern Russia. She participated in the Strategy-31 protests. She was born in Yevpatoria, Crimea, Soviet Union.

Alexeyeva died on 8 December 2018 in Moscow at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Lyudmila Alexeyeva's blog on LiveJournal
* The Alexeyeva File, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, 20 July 2012
* 
*
Huawei

**Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.** (/ˈhwɑːˌweɪ/; Chinese: 华为; ) is a Chinese multinational telecommunications equipment and consumer electronics company based in Shenzhen, Guangdong, South China.  It was founded by Ren Zhengfei in 1987.

The name *Huawei* may be translated as "splendid act" or "China is able"; Hua can mean "splendid" or "China", while wei can mean "action" or "achievement".

Huawei has had a lot of problems in some countries. They have mainly had problems with the United States government. The US government said that the Chinese government could use Huawei's 5G technology to spy on people. Because of this, the US government does not want other countries to use technology by Huawei or ZTE. In May 2019, the US government put Huawei on a blacklist. This meant that Huawei could not do business with American companies.

## Smartphones 
### Huawei P30 
Huawei P30 Pro was released on March 26, 2019, it has a 6.47 inch OLED display, 4200mAh battery capacity, Kirin 980 chipset, 32MP wide selfie camera, 40W wired charger and USB-C, it runs Android 9, Huawei P30 was released on March 26, 2019, It has a 6.1 inch OLED display, 3650mAh battery capacity, 32MP wide selfie camera and runs Android 9.
### Huawei Mate 20 
Huawei Mate 20 was released on October 31, 2018. It has 6.53 inch IPS LCD screen, 16MP ultrawide back camera, 12MP wide back camera, 8MP telephoto camera, 4000mAh battery capacity and it runs Android 9.
#### Huawei Mate 20 Pro 
Huawei Mate 20 Pro was released on October 31, 2018. It has 6.39 inch OLED screen, 4200mAh battery capacity, 6GB and 8GB RAM, 40MP wide back camera, 8MP telephoto back camera, 20MP ultrawide back camera, 24MP wide selfie camera, Kirin 980 chipset and it runs Android 9.

#### Huawei Mate 20 X 
Huawei Mate 20 X was released on November 2018. It has 7.2 inch OLED screen, 6GB and 8GB RAM, Kirin 980 chipset, 5000mAh battery capacity, 40MP wide back camera, 8MP telephoto back camera, 20MP ultrawide back camera, 24MP wide selfie camera and it runs Android 9.

### Huawei Mate 40 
Huawei Mate 40 was released on October 22, 2020. It has 8GB RAM, 4200mAh battery capacity, 6.5 inch 90hz OLED screen, 50MP wide back camera, 16MP ultrawide back camera, 8MP telephoto back camera, 40W wired charger and Kirin 9000E 5G.
### Huawei Nexus 6P 
Huawei Nexus 6P was released on September 29, 2015. It has 3GB RAM, 3450mAh battery capacity, 12.3MP back camera, 8MP front camera, Qualcomm Snapdragon 810 chipset, 5.7 inch OLED screen and Adreno 430 GPU. It became the first Chinese smartphone brand to make the Nexus phone.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Coat of arms of Ukraine

The **coat of arms of Ukraine** ( *Derzhavnyi Herb Ukraiyny*) is the national coat of arms of Ukraine, featuring the same colors found on the Ukrainian flag. It has a blue shield with a gold trident.

Ukraine adopted the small coat of arms on 19 February 1992. It is a part of the great coat of arms, as the Constitution of Ukraine says. But the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) has not approved it yet.

The trident became a national symbol in 1917, when Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (a Ukrainian historian and politician) suggested it. On 25 February 1918, the Central Rada (parliament) adopted trident, and it became the coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

## *Tryzub* 
Historians found the earlier symbols that is similar to trident. For example, Kyivan Rus seals are the earliest things to have a trident. Ukrainian trident is a modified cope of such.
Cass County, Minnesota

**Cass County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 30,066 people lived there. The county seat is Walker.

## References
Chippewa County

**Chippewa County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
* Chippewa County, Michigan
* Chippewa County, Minnesota
* Chippewa County, Wisconsin
Delicate (Taylor Swift song)

"**Delicate**" is a song recorded by American recording artist Taylor Swift. It was released on March 12, 2018, as the fourth single from Swift's sixth studio album, *Reputation*.  The song reached the top twenty in the US and Canada.

## Charts 
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts 
## References
South Nahanni River

The **South Nahanni River** is a river in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is 540 kilometers long.

## References
Prime Minister of Poland

The **President of the Council of Ministers** (Polish: *Prezes Rady Ministrów*) is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The responsibilities and traditions of the office are seen through the Constitution of 1997.

The President of Poland nominates and appoints the prime minister, who will then makes up the cabinet. Fourteen days following his or her appointment, the prime minister must submit a programme outlining the government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence.

The current and eighteenth Prime Minister is Donald Tusk of the Civic Platform party. Tusk replaced incumbent premier Mateusz Morawiecki, who resigned on 13 December 2023.

## List of prime ministers

**Colour key** (for political parties):

**Colour key** (for political parties):

**Colour key** (for political parties):

**Colour key** (for political parties):

**Colour key** (for political parties):

### Prime Ministers of the Government-in-Exile (with little or no international recognition, 1945–1990)
## References
Digital audio

.]]
**Digital audio** is sound which has been turned into a computer file. Digital audio files can be played on MP3 players, computers, smartphones, and more. Digital audio may be uncompressed, such as CDs or WAV files, losslessly compressed, such as FLAC files, or lossily compressed, such as MP3 files. Audio is converted to digital format using a device called an **analog to digital converter** (ADC). The ADC takes samples of the amplitude of the signal at a specific sample rate (for example, 44100 times per second). These samples are binary numbers. When converting back to analog, a device called a **digital to analog converter** (DAC) recreates the original analog signal that matches the given samples.
2018 Boracay closure

on the island.]] The island of **Boracay**, a tourist attraction in the Philippines, was **closed** (the closure) for six months after April 26, 2018 because of pollution in the island that needed to be cleaned up. When it happened, Boracay was closed and only people living in it were allowed on the island.

## Cause
The cause of the island being closed was because of algal blooms on the island's famous beaches. Other causes were harmful waste products. On February 9, 2018, Rodrigo Duterte, the president of the Philippines, called the island a "cesspool".

## Effect
400 restaurants and hotels had to close for violating the laws that were set in place. 3 casinos were also closed. Buildings less than 30 meters away from the beaches were destroyed.

## References
Thürnen

**Thürnen** is a municipality of the district Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Győző Forintos

**Győző Victor Forintos** (30 July 1935 – 6 December 2018) was a Hungarian chess master and an economist. He was born in Budapest. He first participated in the Hungarian Championship as early as 1954 and became the national champion in 1968/1969. Forintos was awarded the International Master title in 1963 and the Grandmaster title in 1974.

Forintos died in Budapest on 6 December 2018 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information
Jim Meehan

**Jim Meehan** (March 19, 1952 – December 6, 2018), sometimes known as **Minneapolis Jim Meehan**, was an American professional poker player. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Before his poker career, Meehan worked as a lawyer for many years. 

Meehan began playing poker in the 1960s, and began playing poker tournaments regularly in 1997, when he had a 2nd-place finish in the $3,000 limit hold'em event at the World Series of Poker (WSOP). He finished 3rd in the $2,500 limit Omaha event at the 1999 WSOP.

Meehan died on December 6, 2018 in Minneapolis at the age of 66.

## References
Coat of arms of Cyprus

(Turkish Cypriot)]]
The **coat of arms of Cyprus** show a dove and an olive branch (a well-known symbol of peace) over “1960”, the year of Cypriot independence from British rule. Northern Cyprus uses a separate coat of arms and “1983” is used for when it gained independence but its recognised by Turkey.
Enrico Crispolti

**Enrico Crispolti** (18 April 1933 – 8 December 2018) was an Italian art critic, curator and art historian. He was born in Rome.

From 1984 to 2005 he was professor of history of contemporary art at the Università degli Studi di Siena, and director of the school of specialisation in art history. He taught at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome (1966–1973) and at the Università degli Studi di Salerno (1973–1984). He was author of the *catalogues raisonnés* of the works of Enrico Baj, Lucio Fontana and Renato Guttuso.

Crispolti died in Rome on 8 December 2018, aged 85.

## References
João Clemente Baena Soares

**João Clemente Baena Soares** (14 May 1931 – 7 June 2023) was a Brazilian diplomat. He was born in Belém. He worked at the Brazilian Ministry of External Relations for 31 years before being elected to replace Alejandro Orfila as Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1984 to 1994. He was replaced in 1994 with President César Gaviria.

Baena Soares died on 7 June 2023 at the age of 92.

## References
Alejandro Orfila

**Alejandro Orfila** (9 March 1925 &ndash; 9 June 2021) was an Argentine politician and winemaker. He was born in Mendoza, Argentina. He was the Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1975 to 1984 replacing Galo Plaza, an Ecuadorian President.

He was an active figure in United States foreign policies dealing with South American. He was a key figure in the Panama Canal Treaty formation. He was present when President Jimmy Carter signed the treaty in 1977. He worked with Carter to fight human rights abuses in the continent. 

When Ronald Reagan became president, his influence decreased with Reagan and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick criticizing the Organization of American States.

In 1984, he was replaced with Brazilian diplomat João Clemente Baena Soares.

Orfila died on 9 June 2021 in San Diego, California at the age of 96.

## References
Mel Sembler

**Melvin Floyd** "**Mel**" **Sembler** (May 10, 1930 – October 31, 2023) is an American politician. He was United States Ambassador to Italy from 2001 to 2005 and Ambassador to Australia and Nauru from 1989 to 1993.

## References
Nick Ayers

**James Nicholas "Nick" Ayers** (born August 16, 1982) is an American political strategist. He is the Chief of Staff to Vice President Mike Pence since July 2017.

Ayers was the national chairman for Mike Pence's vice-presidential campaign in 2016, and as the former executive director of the Republican Governors Association from 2007 to 2010. He also was principal of C5 Creative Consulting,

From November 2016 to January 2017, Ayers was a senior adviser to President-elect Donald Trump's transition team.

Many believed that President Donald Trump would hire Ayers as John F. Kelly's replacement as White House Chief of Staff. On December 9, 2018, Ayers turned down the offer.

## References
Deaths in 2019

The following is a list of **notable deaths in 2019**. For notable deaths for each month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

## Months
* January
* February
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December

## Related pages
* Deaths in 2011
* Deaths in 2014
* Deaths in 2015
* Deaths in 2016
* Deaths in 2017
* Deaths in 2018
* Deaths in 2020
* Deaths in 2021
* Deaths in 2022
* Deaths in 2023

## Other websites
**The Guardian*, UK obituaries
**The Telegraph* obituaries
*Obituaries, *Chicago Tribune*
*Obituaries, *Los Angeles Times*
**The New York Times*, US obituaries
**The Washington Post* obituaries
**The Sydney Morning Herald*, Australian obituaries
Alamosa, Colorado

**Alamosa** is a city and the county seat in Alamosa County, Colorado, United States.  The city population was 9,806 at the 2020 United States Census.

## References
Edward L. Romero

**Edward L. Romero** (also **Romæro**, born on January 2, 1934) is an American politician and activist. He was the U.S. Ambassador to Spain and Andorra between the years of 1998 and 2001.

## References
## Other websites
* Ambassador Romero
Paul H. Robinson Jr.

, 1984]]
**Paul Heron Robinson Jr.** (born June 22, 1930) is an American businessman and politician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Robinson Jr., a Republican, was United States Ambassador to Canada from 1981 to 1985 during the Ronald Reagan presidency.

## References
## Other websites
*NNDB Profile
Felix Rohatyn

**Felix George Rohatyn** ( ; May 29, 1928 &ndash; December 14, 2019) was an American politician and investment banker. Rohatyn was born in Vienna, Austria. He spent most of his career with Lazard from the 1960s through the 1990s. He was the United States Ambassador to France from 1997 to 2000.

Rohatyn died in Manhattan on December 14, 2019 at the age of 91.

## References
Julian Nava

**Julian Nava** (June 19, 1927 &ndash; July 29, 2022) was an American educator and diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador of Mexico from 1980 to 1981 during the Jimmy Carter presidency. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Nava was a member of the Democratic Party.

Nava died on July 29, 2022 in San Diego, California at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
98 Degrees

**98 Degrees** (stylized as **98°**) is a Grammy-nominated American pop and contemporary R&B band. The group is made up of four vocalists: Justin Jeffre, Jeff Timmons and brothers Nick and Drew Lachey. It was formed by Timmons in Los Angeles, California. All members of the group come from Ohio.

Instead of being assembled by a record label or a producer like most boy bands, 98 Degrees formed independently. They joined a record label later.

The group has sold over 10 million records across the world. They have had eight top 40 singles in the United States.

Songs from 98 Degrees include "This Gift", "True to Your Heart" and "Invisible Man". In 1999 the group released the album *This Christmas*. It sold over one million copies.

In 2002, the group took a break from recording and touring. In 2012, they got back together. In May 2013, they released a new album, *2.0*. 

## Albums 
* *98°* (1997)
* *98° and Rising* (1998)
* *This Christmas* (1999)
* *Revelation* (2000)
* *2.0* (2013)
* *Let It Snow* (2017)
* *Full Circle* (2025)

## References
Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

***Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle*** is a 2017 American fantasy adventure comedy movie directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Scott Rosenberg, and Jeff Pinkner, based on a story by McKenna. Part of the Jumanji franchise, the movie is a sequel to the 1995 *Jumanji*, which was based on the 1981 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. A sequel titled Jumanji: The Next Level released in 2019, with the same cast.

## Cast
* Kevin Hart
* Dwayne Johnson
* Jack Black
* Karen Gillan
* Nick Jonas
* Bobby Cannavale

## Other websites 
* 
*
Howard H. Leach

**Howard H. Leach** (born June 19, 1930) is an American diplomat, college administrator and philanthropist. He was the United States Ambassador to France from 2001 to 2005.

He studied at Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1953 and at Stanford Advanced Management College in 1968.

He is a member and former chairman of the Board of Regent of the University of California.

## References
Danay García

**Danay García** (born 5 July 1984) is an Cuban-born American actress. She was born in Havana, Cuba. She is known for her roles as Sofía Lugo on Fox's drama series *Prison Break* and Luciana Galvez on AMC's horror drama series *Fear the Walking Dead*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Venom (2018 movie)

***Venom*** is a 2018 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and Tencent Pictures. Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is the first movie in Sony's Spider-Man Universe, adjunct to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Ruben Fleischer from a screenplay by Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, and Kelly Marcel, it stars Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom, alongside Michelle Williams, Riz Ahmed, Scott Haze, and Reid Scott. In Venom, journalist Brock gains superpowers after being bound to an alien symbiote whose species plans to invade Earth.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, the film was positively welcomed from audience and fans alike which praised its story, humor, Eddie Brock and Venom's relationship, characters, soundtrack, special effects, cast performances (especially Hardy's double one), action scenes and the ending.

## Cast
*Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom
*Michelle Williams as Ann Weying
*Riz Ahmed as Dr. Carlton Drake / Riot
*Jenny Slate as Dr. Dora Skirth
*Woody Harrelson as Cletus Kassady (cameo)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Richard N. Gardner

**Richard Newton Gardner** (July 9, 1927 &ndash; February 16, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in New York City. He was the United States Ambassador to Spain from 1993 to 1997 and the United States Ambassador to Italy from 1977 to 1981. He was a professor emeritus of law at Columbia Law School.

Gardner died on February 16, 2019 in New York City at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Munster, Indiana

**Munster** is a town located in North Township, Lake County, Indiana, United States. It is in the Chicago metropolitan area. It is  southeast of the Chicago Loop. The 2020 U.S. Census counted the town's population at 23,894. Munster is located at  (41.551457, -87.501431).

## References
Didube Pantheon

The **Didube Pantheon** () is a cemetery in Tbilisi, Georgia, where some of the most prominent writers, artists, scholars, scientists and political activists of Georgia are buried. It was opened in 1939. The pantheon is located in the Didube District.

## Related pages 
* Mtatsminda Pantheon
* Saburtalo Pantheon
College City, Arkansas

**College City** was a town in the US state of Arkansas. On January 1, 2017, it became part of Walnut Ridge.

## References
Eric Anderson

**Eric Walfred Anderson** (May 26, 1970 – December 9, 2018) was an American basketball player. He is best known for his college career at Indiana University and played two seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the New York Knicks. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Anderson died on December 9, 2018 at the age of 48.

## References
Kapellbrücke

with its Wasserturm (water tower) seen in the middle]]
The **Kapellbrücke** ("Chapel Bridge" in German) is a  long bridge crossing the Reuss River in the city of Lucerne in Switzerland. It is the oldest wooden bridge in Europe, and one of Switzerland's main tourist attractions.
Augst

**Augst** (Swiss German: *Augscht*) is a municipality of the district Liestal in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. It was known as Augusta Raurica in Roman times.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Dodge County, Minnesota

**Dodge County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 20,867 people lived there. The county seat is Mantorville.

## References
Omega (Cyrillic)

**Omega** (Ѡ&nbsp;ѡ or Ѡ&nbsp;ѡ; italics: *Ѡ&nbsp;ѡ* or *Ѡ&nbsp;ѡ*) is a letter used in the early Cyrillic alphabet. It came from the Greek Omega, and stands for the number 800. The lowercase version of Omega is different and also looks like the Latin letter W.
Er with tick

**Er with tick** (Ҏ&nbsp;ҏ; italics: *Ҏ&nbsp;ҏ*) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Er with tick is used only in the alphabet of the Kildin Sami language.
Stadio Renzo Barbera

**Stadio Renzo Barbera** is a sports stadium in Palermo, Italy. It is mainly used for football matches. It has a seating capacity of 36,349. The stadium was opened on 24 January 1932. It is the home stadium of U.S. Città di Palermo of Serie A and sometimes the Italy national team.

Stadio Renzo Barbera hosted three matches of the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

## References
## Other websites
*
Godzilla (1998 movie)

***Godzilla*** is a 1998 American monster movie directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich. The movie is a reimagining of Toho's Godzilla franchise and is the 23rd movie in the franchise and the first Godzilla movie. to be completely produced by a Hollywood studio. The movie stars Matthew Broderick, Jean Reno, Maria Pitillo, Hank Azaria, Kevin Dunn, Michael Lerner, and Harry Shearer. The film is dedicated to Tomoyuki Tanaka, the co-creator and producer of various Godzilla movies, who died in April 1997. a mutated iguana creature monster over 60 meters long called *Godzilla* attacks Manhattan, New York from its terrorized. The movie is 138 minutes long. It is rated PG-13.

## References
Away colours

wearing a Crystal Palace away kit, 2012]]
**Away colours** are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports. It is used when 2 clubs clash colors, as 1 club needs to wear their away colours. An away kit usually consists of the same home kit but with reversed colors. 

## Related pages
* Throwback uniform
* Road (sports)

## Other websites
* Galleries of historical soccer kits: English clubs & Scottish clubs
* True Colours Football Kits history site
Adnams

**Adnams** is a regional brewery founded in 1872 in Southwold, Suffolk, England, by George and Ernest Adnams.
Gold Coast Desalination Plant

The **Gold Coast desalination plant** is a  reverse osmosis, water desalination plant located in Tugun, a seaside suburb of the Gold Coast.

## References
Daniel Jacobs

**Daniel**, **Dan**, or **Danny Jacobs** may refer to:

* Dan Jacobs (trumpeter) (born 1942), jazz musician
* Dan Jacobs, lead guitarist of the band Atreyu
* Danie Jacobs (1904-1999), South African Olympic athlete
* Daniel Jacobs (boxer) (born 1987), American professional boxer
* Danny Jacobs (actor) (born 1968), American voice actor
* Danny Jacobs (footballer) (born 1980), former Australian rules footballer

## Related pages
* Danny Jacob (born 1956), American composer, songwriter and guitarist
Grant County, Minnesota

**Grant County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 6,074 people lived there. The county seat is Elbow Lake.

## References
University of Lucerne

The **University of Lucerne** (**UNILU**; ) is a public university with a campus in Lucerne, Switzerland. It is the smallest university in Switzerland.

## Other websites 
* Official website
A Touch of Class

**(A) Touch of Class** may refer to:
* A small amount of sophistication

## Music
* A Touch of Class (band) (also known as ATC), international pop group based in Germany
* Touch of Class, an American R&B band
* *A Touch of Class* (album), 1978 big band jazz album by the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Jazz Orchestra
* *A Touch of Class*, 1991 reggae album by Sugar Minott
* *Touch of Class*, a 1999 hip-hop album by Classified
* *A Touch of Class*, a 1999 Salsa album by Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez

## Film and television
* *A Touch of Class* (film), 1973 British comedy film
* "A Touch of Class" (*Fawlty Towers*), 1975 pilot episode of *Fawlty Towers*
* "A Touch of Class", 2004 season 1 episode of *Hustle*

## Other
* Touch of Class (horse), a thoroughbred mare on the 1976 United States Olympic equestrian team

## Related pages
* "A Touch of Glass", an episode of *Only Fools and Horses*
Füllinsdorf

**Füllinsdorf** is a municipality in Liestal in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Arlesheim

**Arlesheim** is the capital of the district of Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
*
David Weatherall

**Sir David John Weatherall**,  (9 March 1933 – 8 December 2018) was a British physician and researcher in molecular genetics, haematology, pathology and clinical medicine. In 1974 Weatherall was appointed Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford, and, in 1992, he assumed the most prestigious chair, that of Regius Professor of Medicine, which he held until 2000.

He was knighted in 1987 and appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to medicine. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

Weatherall died on 8 December 2018 in Oxford, England at the age of 85.

## References
C. N. Balakrishnan

**C. N. Balakrishnan** (18 November 1934 &ndash; 10 December 2018) was an Indian politician. He was the minister for Co-operation, Khadi and Village Industries and Pollution Control -Government of Kerala under the Oommen Chandy Ministry. He became the representative in the Wadakkanchery constituency in Kerala after winning in the 2011 State Election.

Balakrishnan died on 10 December 2018 in Kochi, Kerala from kidney and heart failure at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Minister for Co-operation Khadi and Village Industries and Pollution Control at the Government of Kerala
William Blum

**William Blum** (; March 6, 1933 – December 9, 2018) was an American author and historian. He was a critic of United States foreign policy. He worked in a computer-related position at the United States Department of State in the mid-1960s. He was known for his works *The CIA: A Forgotten History* (1986), ''Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower* (2000) and *Killing Hope* (2003).

In early 2006, Blum briefly became the subject of widespread media attention when Osama bin Laden issued a public statement in which he quoted Blum and recommended that all Americans read *Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower''.

Blum was born in Brooklyn, New York. He died on December 9, 2018 in Arlington, Virginia from kidney failure at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*William Blum
*
*American Exceptionalism: The Naked Truth by William Blum at CovertAction Magazine
Classic Shell

**Classic Shell** is a discontinued computer program, that was created to restore Windows XP and Windows Vista features for later versions of Windows.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
Alice Childress

**Alice Childress** (October 12, 1916 – August 14, 1994) was an American actress, novelist and playwright. She was called "the only African American woman to have written, produced and published plays for four decades."

Childress was later involved in social causes. She formed an off-Broadway union for actors.

When Childress' stage play *Trouble in Mind* was produced at Stella Holt's Greenwich Mews Theatre in 1955, it won an Obie Award for best Off-Broadway play in the 1955-56 season. That made Childress the first African American woman to win the honor.

Her next dramatic work, *Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Story in Black and White*, was completed in 1962. Its setting was South Carolina during World War I. It dealt with a forbidden and interracial love affair. For the scandalous nature of the show and the major realism it had, it was impossible for Childress to get any theater in New York City to stage the play. It wasn't until 1972 that it played in New York at the New York Shakespeare Festival. It was later filmed and shown on television, although many stations didn't want to play it.

Childress was born in Charleston, South Carolina. She later moved to New York. She died there of cancer at age 77.

## References