open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Measurement

Measurement means compare to a fix standard value. To **measure** something is to give a number to some property of the thing. Measuring something puts the amount of the thing into numbers. Measurement can be written using many different units. For example, if we want to compare two different sized container for holding a given quantity of liquid, we can ask: Are both containers the same size? Will they hold the same amount of liquid?

## What can be measured? 
Many things can be measured. Some properties of things that can be measured:
* **Distance**: For example, distance measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
** How far is the city from here?
** How far apart are these two trees?
** How long is this stick?
* **Weight**: For example, weight measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
** What is heavier, this group of apples or that group of bananas?
** Did John lose weight in the last year?
** Will putting this rock in the boat make the boat ?
* **Temperature**: For example, temperature measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
** Where is hotter today? In London or in Paris?
** Will this ice turn into water if I put it inside?
** Is Sally sick? Does Sally have a fever?
* **Volume**: For example, volume measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
** How many pails of water do I need to fill up the bath tub?
** How much olive oil do I put in this food I am making?
** How many blocks can I fit in this box?
* **Pressure**: For example, pressure measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
** How much air should I put in this automobile tire?
** Will the weather stay good or will we have a storm?
** Will my ears pop when I climb that hill?

One can measure many other things.

## Units of measurement 
Most  are measured using a number and a unit of measurement. The unit of measurement is a standard amount. The number compares the property to the standard amount.

## Measure theory 
There is an advanced branch of mathematics that is about measuring things with unusual s. This is called measure theory.

Measurement can be the capacity, how long something is, or distance, etc.

## Related pages
* Size

## Other websites
* Measurement Citizendium
*
Gordon Brown

**James Gordon Brown** CH (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and was the leader of the British Labour Party. He was the Labour MP Representative for the Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath UK Constituency.

He was born at Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in Giffnock, Scotland and is married to Sarah Macaulay.  Their daughter Jennifer Jane died as a baby. They have two sons, John Macaulay and James Fraser. Brown is blind in his left eye after a sports injury.

Brown took over as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after Tony Blair resigned on 27 June 2007. Before this, he had been Chancellor of the Exchequer since May 1997.

Brown has a PhD in history from the University of Edinburgh. He spent his early career working as a television journalist. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1983. At the beginning for Dunfermline East and since 2005 for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. As Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, he was also First Lord of the Treasury and the Minister for the Civil Service.

Brown's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain's financial and fiscal policy architecture. For example, was the interest rate setting power transferred to the Bank of England. This was done by a wide  of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by giving the responsibility for banking  to the Financial Services Authority. Controversial moves included the  of Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, and the removal in his final budget of the 10 per cent "starting rate" of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999.

After an initial rise in opinion polls, Brown's time as Prime Minister saw his approval ratings fall. The Labour Party suffered its worst local election results in 40 years. Despite public and parliamentary  on his leadership, he remained leader of the Labour Party. He announced on 6 April 2010 that there would be a general election on 6 May 2010, in which Labour came second, with 258 seats. Brown resigned, and Conservative leader David Cameron became Prime Minister.

On 14 July 2012, United Nations Secretary-General Ban ki-moon named Brown UN Special Envoy for Education.

In 2017, he made a statement about Scotland having a "full blown mental health emergency" citing the hiring of mental health staff by a charity.

## References
Dallas Cowboys

The **Dallas Cowboys** are a professional American Football team from the Dallas, Texas, United States.  Their stadium, AT&T Stadium is in Arlington, Texas, which is just outside of Dallas County, Texas. Before 1970 they played at the Cotton Bowl Stadium before 1971.  From 1970 to 2008 they played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas, which is just outside of Dallas.  They were started when they joined the NFL in 1960. They have won 5 Super Bowls, and they are currently owned by Jerry Jones. Their uniform is white silver and blue with a blue star on their helmet. Troy Aikman was a great quarterback for the Cowboys. Emmitt Smith and Tony Dorsett were notable runningbacks. The Cowboys are often known as "America's Team."

The team's current starting quarterback is Dak Prescott, with Cooper Rush as their second string. Their head coach is Mike McCarthy.

 #9 Tony Romo and wide receiver #19 Miles Austin, who are both former members of the Dallas Cowboys]]

## Pro Football Hall of Famers
* Bob Lilly Class of 1980 (DT 1961–74)
* Roger Staubach Class of 1985 (QB 1969–79)
* Tom Landry Class of 1990 (Head Coach 1960–88)
* Tex Schramm Class of 1991 (Pres/GM 1960–89)
* Tony Dorsett Class of 1994 (RB 1977–87)
* Randy White Class of 1994 (DT 1975–88)
* Mel Renfro Class of 1996 (S/CB 1964–77)
* Troy Aikman Class of 2006 (QB 1989–2000)
* Rayfield Wright Class of 2006 (OT 1967–1979)
* Michael Irvin Class of 2007 (WR 1988–1999)
* Bob Hayes Class of 2009 (WR 1965–1975)
* Emmitt Smith Class of 2010 (RB 1990–2002)
* Deion Sanders Class of 2011 (CB 1995-1996)
* Larry Allen Class of 2013 (OG 1994-2005)
* Charles Haley Class of 2015 (DE 1992-1996)
* Terrell Owens Class of 2018 (WR 2006-2008)

## Other websites
* Official team site
Palikir

**Palikir** is the capital city of the Federated States of Micronesia. It is on the island of Pohnpei. About 7,000 people live there.

## References
Port Moresby

and Port Moresby]]

**Port Moresby** (9°30′S 147°12′E) is the capital city and the main city of Papua New Guinea. In 2000, 255,000 people lived there. The city is on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea.

The area on which the city was built was first sighted by a European in 1873 by Captain John Moresby. It was named in honor of his father Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby.
Hide (musician)

, better known by his stage name **hide**, was a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer, the lead guitarist of the band X Japan. He was also a successful solo artist, once contributing to the American-based band Zilch. He is regarded as very influential to modern Japanese music. His music can be classified as glam rock and pop. X Japan was one of the main bands to develop the musical movement called visual kei.

hide was born at Yokosuka, in Kanagawa Prefecture. He lived and created music in Tokyo and Los Angeles. He died in Tokyo on 2 May 1998, after a night of drinking. He committed suicide.

## Spread Beaver
hide's solo project was called **hide with Spread Beaver**. It was formed at the start of 1998, and was based in Los Angeles. They released three single CDs and one album. The first single was "Rocket Dive", released on 28 January 1998. The other two singles were recorded by the end of April, and were scheduled to be released in May. hide travelled to Tokyo to promote the new songs, but he died on 2 May before they were released. The two new singles were released on 13 May and 27 May. They were called "Pink Spider" and "Ever Free". "Pink Spider" entered the Oricon charts at #1 and eventually received the year's MTV video music award. hide's studio album, *Ja, Zoo*,  was released in November 1998. His band played their promotion tour live in Japan as scheduled.

hide's backing musicians were:
*&nbsp;– percussion, programming (1993–98, 2008)
*&nbsp;– guitar (1994–96)
*&nbsp;– bass guitar (1994–98, 2008)
*&nbsp;– drums (1994–98, 2008)
*&nbsp;– keyboards (1994–98, 2008)
*&nbsp;– guitar (1996–98, 2008)
*&nbsp;– guitar (1998, 2008)

## References
Astana

**Astana** (, ), previously known as **Akmolinsk** (Russian: Акмолинск, romanized: Akmolinsk), **Tselinograd**, and **Nur-Sultan**, is the capital city of Kazakhstan.

Astana has an estimated population of 1,184,469. It has been the capital of Kazakhstan since 1998. The name "Astana", which in Kazakh language means "Capital city", was chosen because it is easily pronounced in many languages. In Kazakh, it is pronounced "As-ta-**na**", while in English (and, for instance, German), common pronunciation is "As-**ta**-na". It is in the Aqmola Province.

On 23 March 2019, a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan's parliament agreed to the new name. The city was renamed Nur-Sultan, after former president Nursultan Nazarbayev. The name was changed back to Astana in September 2022.

## References
Cessna 172

The **Cessna 172** is one of the best-selling single engine airplanes in the world. Over 43,000 of them have been made. It is made by Cessna Aircraft Company.  It can carry 4 people including the pilot.  From 1956 until 1967, it had a Continental six-cylinder piston engine. Beginning in 1968, the 172 was powered by a Lycoming four-cylinder piston engine.  The small Cessna airplanes, including the 172, are very often used in pilot training.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*172guide.com  – complete reference about all models of the Cessna 172 airplane
Doha

**Doha** (Arabic: الدوحة;, Ad-Dawḥah or Ad-Dōḥah) is the capital city of Qatar. It has a population of **673,000** **(2025)** and is at 25.3° N 51.5333° E, on the Persian Gulf. The city has an airport called Doha International Airport, In 2014, Qatar Opened It's Biggest Airport Named Hamad International Airport. Doha also has major oil and fishing industries. Doha has an area devoted to research and education called  Education City.In 2006 The Asian Games Was Held In Doha From December 1 to December 15. Doha's leader is a sheikh named Sheikh Tamim. The official language of Doha is English and Arabic. The biggest mall in Qatar is Qatar Mall.

## Climate
Doha has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters. The average high temperatures between May and September surpass 38 °C (100 °F) and often approach 45 °C (113 °F). Humidity is usually the lowest in May and June. Dewpoints can surpass 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer. Throughout the summer, the city averages almost no precipitation, and less than 20 mm (0.79 in) during other months. Rainfall is scarce, at a total of 75 mm (2.95 in) per year, falling on isolated days mostly between October to March. The winter's days are relativity warm while the sun is up and cool during the night. The temperature rarely drops below 7 °C (45 °F).

## Borders 
Doha is bordered by Saudi Arabia on its south. On its north, it is bordered by the Persian Gulf. The nearest oversea country is Bahrain.

## Education 
* HEC Paris in Qatar
* Doha College British International School
*  American School of Doha
*  Qatar International Doha
* Doha British School Ain Khaled
*  Doha International School
*  Global Academy International
## References
United States Marine Corps

.]]

The **United States Marine Corps** (also known as **USMC**) is one of the six branches of the military of the United States in the United States Department of Defense. It was created in 1775 as a special maritime service.

Although it is part of the United States Navy, it is a separate military branch with its own special ranking structure. It also has its own naval aiation.

The Marines have been involved in many conflicts and had important roles in key battles such as Tripoli, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, and Inchon Bay. Every Marine receives infantry training to be ready for battle at all times. Marine training is also known for being especially challenging. At 13 weeks long, it is the longest basic training of the six military branches.

The Marines place a large emphasis on morale (confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline), as is reflected in their motto, *semper fidelis* (Latin for "always faithful"), which is often shortened to *semper fi*.

Samuel Nicholas founded the Mariner and was its first commissioned officer. The birthplace of the Marines is the Tun Tavern, in Philadelphia.

## Related pages 
*USS Gyatt, a ship named after a Marine Raider who was killed at the Battle of Guadalcanal

## Other websites 
* United States Marine Corps -Citizendium
The Alamo

The **Alamo** is an old Spanish mission (like a church built by Catholic missionaries to minister to the natives) in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States. The Alamo was authorized in 1718 but was not built until 1744. Its original name was ***San Antonio de Valero Mission***. 

The Alamo is most famous for the Battle of the Alamo, which took place there in 1836. It was occupied by 187 men from Texas and elsewhere who were fighting for the independence of Texas, which was then in Mexico. the men in the Alamo were defeated by a force of 5,000 Mexican troops. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the general for the Mexican Army. Nearly all of the defenders were killed, and "Remember the Alamo!" became the battle cry of the Texas Revolution. The battle ended on March 6, 1836, when those who surrendered were executed.

Many years later, the Texas government restored the Alamo. The Alamo became a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is now open for tourists. It also became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 5, 2015.

## References
San Antonio

**San Antonio** is a large city in southern Texas, USA. It is the second most populous city in Texas, with about 1.4 million people. It is the seventh most populous city in the United States. The city is known for The Alamo, and the River Walk along the small small San Antonio River that flows through the middle of the city. It is lined with shops and restaurants. San Antonio is also home to the San Antonio Spurs, which is a basketball team in the NBA.

64% of the population is Hispanic, 23% is white (non-Hispanic), 7% is African-American, 3% is Asian, and 3% other/mixed-race. The main industries of San Antonio are health-care, tourism, and national defense. Besides tourist attractions, the city has many medical centers and military bases.

## Geography
San Antonio is surrounded by Hill Country, Prairie, and the South Texas Plains.

## Climate
San Antonio has a semi-arid climate with characteristics of a humid subtropical climate.
Like Austin, rain comes during the spring.

## Culture
San Antonio has a Mexican American culture because it was once a part of Mexico.

## Facts
The Alamo is located here.
One of three SeaWorlds is located here, the other two being in Orlando and San Diego.
San Antonio is home to two amusement parks, Six Flags Fiesta Texas and SeaWorld San Antonio.

## Neighborhoods
### Downtown 
Downtown San Antonio, the city and metro area's urban core, encompasses many of the city's famous structures, attractions, and businesses. The central business district is generally understood to cover the northern half of the "Downtown Loop"— the area bordered by Cesar Chavez to the south. Due to the size of the city and its horizontal development, downtown accounts for less than one half of one percent of San Antonio's geographic area.

### North Central 
North Central is home to several enclaves and upscale neighborhoods including Castle Hills, Hollywood Park, Elm Creek, Inwood, and Rogers Ranch. The area is also the location of upper-middle-class neighborhoods (Deerfield, Churchill Estates, Hunter's Creek, Oak Meadow, and Summerfield).

### Northwest Side 
Northwest Side is the location of the main campus of the University of Texas at San Antonio, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and the Northwest Campus of the University of the Incarnate Word, which includes the Rosenberg School of Optometry. The Medical Center District is also located in Northwest Side. Companies with headquarters in the area include Valero and NuStar Energy.

### South Side
The South Side area of San Antonio is characterized for its predominantly Latino and Hispanic neighborhoods, an average above 81 percent. Large growth came to South Side when Toyota constructed a manufacturing plant. Palo Alto College and the Texas A&M University-San Antonio are located in the area.

### East Side
East Side San Antonio is home to the San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, the AT&T Center, and the Freeman Coliseum. The area has the largest concentration of Black and African American residents.

## Sports
## References 
## Other websites
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

**Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon** (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of King George VI. She was the last Empress of India until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947. After her husband died, she was known as **Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother**, to avoid confusion with her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II.

## Family
Her family belonged to the Scottish nobility. Her father was the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. In 1923, she became known to everyone when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary. She was loved by the British people as she became a figure of family life. They had two daughters, the then-Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret. She was the first British royal to smile in pictures known as the "Smiling Duchess".

## Queen consort
In 1936, her husband unexpectedly became King when her brother-in-law, Edward VIII, abdicated because he wanted to marryAmerican,  Wallis Simpson, who had been divorced. The king was known as King George VI. As his wife, she had the title of Queen Consort. She went with her husband on official tours to France and North America. During World War II, she supported the British public with great courage. After the war, the king became ill and died in 1952. She was then 51, and she lived for another 50 years. 

## Queen mother
As the mother of the queen, grandmother to the queen's four children , later, great-grandmother, she continued to be a popular member of the British Royal Family. 

The Queen Mother had an appendectomy in 1964, colon cancer removed in 1966 and breast cancer removed in 1984. 

### Later years
The death of her younger daughter Princess Margaret on 9th February 2002 was a sad event for her. She died seven weeks later at the age of 101. She was the first member of the British Royal Family to live past the age of 100. The second member of the British Royal Family to live past 100 was her last surviving sister in law, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester who had died in 2004 aged 102 from a stroke.

## Title and styles
*4 August 1900 – 16 February 1904: The Honourable Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
*16 February 1904 – 26 April 1923: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 
*26 April 1923 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York 
*11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952: Her Majesty The Queen    
*6 February 1952 – 30 March 2002: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

## Notes
## References
United States Department of the Navy

The **United States Department of the Navy** (**DON**) is a U.S. military department under the United States Department of Defense. 

It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense. 

## References
Houston (disambiguation)

**Houston** is a city in Texas. It is the fourth largest city in the United States. It can also mean:

## People 
* Sam Houston, Texas politician
** Sam Houston State University, in Texas
* Peter Houston, athlete
* Whitney Houston, singer

## Places 
* Houston Acres, Kentucky
* Houston County, Alabama
* Houston, Renfrewshire in Scotland
United States Department of Defense

The **United States Department of Defense**, also known as the **Department of War** (**DoW**), is an is an executive department of the U.S. federal government charged with supervising the six U.S. armed services consisting of the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, Space Force, the Coast Guard. The current secretary of defense is Pete Hegseth. In 2025, President Donald Trump authorized "Department of War" as a secondary title for the DOD, however, congressional approval is needed to change the legal statutory name of the department.

The Department of Defense is headed by the secretary of defense, a cabinet-level head who reports directly to the president of the United States. Below the Department of Defense are three different military departments consisting of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force. In addition, four national intelligence services are second to the Department of Defense consisting of the Defense Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency (NSA), National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, and National Reconnaissance Office.

Other Department of Defense agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Defense Logistics Agency, Missile Defense Agency, Defense Health Agency, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, Space Development Agency and Pentagon Force Protection Agency.

## References
Atmospheric pressure

**Atmospheric pressure** is a force in an area pushing against a surface by the weight of the atmosphere of Earth, a layer of air.  The air is not distributed evenly around the globe.  It moves, and at different times, the layer of air is thicker in some places than in others.  Where the layer of air is thicker, there is more air.  Since there is more air, there is a higher pressure in that spot.  Where the layer of air is thinner, there is a lower atmospheric pressure.

At higher altitude, the atmospheric density and pressure are lower.  This is because high places do not have as much air above them, pushing down.

Barometers can be used to measure atmospheric pressure for meteorology. There is the same atmospheric pressure from all directions.  The  SI unit for pressure is hPa. Other units such as bar and torr are used for various applications.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Atmospheric pressure Citizendium
1482

## Events 
* Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast
* Portuguese erect the Fort of Sao Jorge de Mina near the mouth of River Benya
* Tizoc rules the Aztecs
* Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo.
* Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia
* Fictive date of Victor Hugo's *Notre-Dame de Paris* (*The Hunchback of Notre Dame*)
List of football clubs in Brazil

This is a list of Brazilian football teams. 

## List of clubs sorted by state 
### Acre 
*State championship: Campeonato Acreano*

### Alagoas 
*State championship: Campeonato Alagoano*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Amapá 
*State championship: Campeonato Amapaense*

### Amazonas 
*State championship: Campeonato Amazonense*

### Bahia 
*State championship: Campeonato Baiano*

### Ceará 
*State championship: Campeonato Cearense*

### Distrito Federal 
*State championship: Campeonato Brasiliense*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Espírito Santo 
*State championship: Campeonato Capixaba*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Goiás 
*State championship: Campeonato Goiano*

### Maranhão 
*State championship: Campeonato Maranhense*

### Mato Grosso 
*State championship: Campeonato Matogrossense*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Mato Grosso do Sul 
*State championship: Campeonato Sul-Matogrossense*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Minas Gerais 
*State championship: Campeonato Mineiro*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Pará 
*State championship: Campeonato Paraense*

### Paraíba 
*State championship: Campeonato Paraibano*

### Paraná 
*State championship: Campeonato Paranaense*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Pernambuco 
*State championship: Campeonato Pernambucano*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Piauí 
*State championship: Campeonato Piauiense*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Rio de Janeiro 
*State championship: Campeonato Carioca*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Rio Grande do Norte 
*State championship: Campeonato Potiguar*

### Rio Grande do Sul 
*State championship: Campeonato Gaúcho*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Rondônia 
*State championship: Campeonato Rondoniense*

### Roraima 
*State championship: Campeonato Roraimense*

### Santa Catarina 
*State championship: Campeonato Catarinense*

### São Paulo 
*State championship: Campeonato Paulista*

#### Defunct clubs 
### Sergipe 
*State championship: Campeonato Sergipano*

### Tocantins 
*State championship: Campeonato Tocantinense*
Chemnitz

**Chemnitz** is a city in Germany. It is in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245,000 people lived there.

During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called **Karl-Marx-Stadt**. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it.

The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In about 1883, the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants.

## Geography 
Chemnitz is north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220&nbsp;km2. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz.
The average temperature is 8&nbsp;°C and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700&nbsp;mm.

## Sights 
The *Karl-Marx-Monument* has been an attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means *head* in the dialect of the area.

The *Roter Turm* (the *red tower*)is one of Chemnitz's oldest sites; it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall.

The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall, on the other hand, was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Möbius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one.

One of the new attractions of the city is *das Tietz*. The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the Museum for Natural History, the public library, an adult education centre, a gallery and the *Petrified Forest* are here.

## Railway 
Chemnitz had an ICE connection for a short time, until 2006. Chemnitz is part of the railway line Dresden - Chemnitz - Hof - Nuremberg which is called 'Franken - Sachsen - Magistrale'. Today an InterRegioExpress services Dresden, Nuremberg and Leipzig. There are regional train (RegionalBahn) connections to the Ore Mountains and to Elsterwerda.

## Main roads 
Here are listed on the most important roads of the metropolitan:
* A 4 : Highway, Frankfurt - Giessen - Erfurt - **Chemnitz** - Dresden - Görlitz - Wroclaw - Kraków
* A 72: Highway, Hof - Zwickau - **Chemnitz** - Geithain ( - Leipzig)

* B 95: federal highway, Annaberg-Buchholz - **Chemnitz** - Borna - Leipzig
* B 107: federal highway, Pritzwalk - Dessau - Grimma - **Chemnitz**

* B 169: federal highway, Neuensalz - **Chemnitz** - Riesa - Elsterwerda - Cottbus
* B 173: federal highway, Bad Staffelstein - Hof - **Chemnitz** - Dresden
* B 174: federal highway, Marienberg (Ore mountains) - **Chemnitz**

## Public transport 
Chemnitz has got a big tram and a big bus network. There are 6 tram lines and 25 (+1 at fair days) bus lines. These networks belong to CVAG, the transport companies of Chemnitz.

## References 
## Other websites
Songwriter

A **songwriter** is a writer who creates songs. A songwriter generally writes songs for popular music, rather than art songs or classical music. Many songwriters are also singers, and perform the songs they write - they are called singer-songwriters. Other songwriters have their songs performed by other singers.

## History
The history of writing songs is thousands of years old. Scholars believe that men and women may have created and sung songs even at the time of prehistory. Many modern bands have one or two members who write songs for the band. Others have more members contribute songs, or give the whole band credit for writing. Others perform songs by outside writers.

## Famous songwriters
*John Lennon and Paul McCartney, members of The Beatles
*Brian Wilson and Mike Love, members of The Beach Boys
*Justin Bieber
*Paul Anka
*Burt Bacharach
*Bob Dylan
*Stephen Foster
*Woody Guthrie
*Johnny Mercer
*Willie Nelson
*Mickey Newbury
*Harry Nilsson
*Laura Nyro
*Dolly Parton
*Cole Porter
*Glen Ballard
*Diane Warren
*Neil Young
*John Williams

## Related pages
* Composer
Small intestine

The **small intestine** is between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the digestion and absorption happen. In humans over five years old, the small intestine is about 7.5 metres long. However, while it is long in length, it is very short in diameter, which is why it is mostly called the 'small intestine'. 

The small intestine has three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. 

*The duodenum: receives bile and juice from the pancreas ( and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place). Secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity, and enzymes help to digest the food.

*The jejunum: the products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.

*The ileum: absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and any other products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.

## Related pages 
* Large intestine

## References
Agastya

According to Hindu mythology, **Agastya** was the name of a famous sage (rishi). The Hindu tradition states that he brought the Vedic culture to the southern part of India. He also helped in development of Tamil language. According to traditional belief, he still lives in a mountain names *Agasyta Malai* in Tamil Nadu, India. Scholars believe that Agastya wrote many hymns of Rigveda. He also find mention many times in the Vedic mythology.

There are many stories about Agastya.  In the famous epic, the Ramayana, Rama (an avatar of god Vishnu) meets Agastya. Agastya gives Rama many advices and his support. There are two older stories about Agastya. One story tells that he forced the Vindhya mountains to bow down. The Vindhya Mountain is in middle of India, and divided the North India and the South India. In the second story, he drank all the waters of the ocean. This happened before the Churning of the Ocean.

## References 
* *Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend* () by Anna Dallapiccola
International Criminal Court

of ICC]]
The **International Criminal Court** (**ICC**) was created on 1 July 2002. It investigates and punishes people for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is sometimes called the **ICC** or the **ICCt**.

The ICC's main office is in The Hague in The Netherlands. It has smaller offices in New York City, Kampala, Kinshasa, Bunia, Abéché and Bangui.

The ICC is different from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The main difference is that ICJ settles arguments between countries, but the ICC punishes people.

## Members 
On 1 January 2025, 125 countries were members of the ICC. These countries have a duty to help the ICC.

Nearly all the countries in Europe and South America are members, and about half the countries in Africa are members. Only a few countries in Asia have joined.

On 22 September 2025, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, three Sahelian countries governed by military juntas, announced their withdrawal from the International Criminal Court on.

## What kind of crimes does the ICC investigate? 
The ICC can normally only investigate three kinds of crime:
* Crimes that were committed in member-countries
* Crimes that were committed by people from member-countries
* Crimes that the United Nations Security Council wants the ICC to investigate

The ICC can only investigate crimes that happened after 1 July 2002. It can only open a case when national courts are not able to or do not want to. If a national court is investigating or prosecuting a case, the ICC is not allowed to.

## Who does what? 
]]
There are 18 judges in the ICC. They all come from member-countries of the ICC. No two judges can come from the same country. The Assembly elects the judges and the prosecutor. 

The ICC has arrested three people. They are all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thomas Lubanga is accused of using children to make war. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are both accused of murder, sexual slavery, using children to make war, and other crimes.

## Other websites 
* The ICC's website

## References
Brahma

**Brahma** is one of the three major gods of Hindus in Hindu mythology and Hinduism. Brahma is the creator of the whole universe. The other two gods are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

## Other websites 
* The Brahma-Samhita  (Brahmasamhita.com)
* Brahma's Prayers for Creative Energy  (vedabase.net)
* Brahma: The God with Only Three Temples  (boloji.com)
* Indian Gods and Goddesses - Brahma  (indiayogi.com)
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras

**Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras**, usually called **Palmeiras**, is a Brazilian football team. They are from São Paulo, Brazil. The team was   by an Italian-speaking community on August 26, 1914, as Palestra Itália. They changed to the name used now on September 14, 1942. Tthey play in green shirts, white shorts and green socks and are one of the most popular and traditional Brazilian clubs.

In addition, Palmeiras plays at the Allianz Parque stadium, which has seats for 46,000. But in the past, local derbies against São Paulo or Corinthians were usually played in Morumbi stadium. 

## Name 
* 1914–1942 **S.S. Palestra Italia**
* 1942–present **S.E. Palmeiras**

## Main titles 
The following information is a list of all the honours of Palmeiras since the club was founded.

* 
*  shared record

### Other
;International

* Ramón de Carranza Trophy (3): 1969, 1974, 1975
* Brasil-Argentina Tournament (2): 1936, 1945
* Mission Tournament (1): 1947
* Mexico Tournament (1): 1959
* Manizales City Tournament (1): 1962
* Lima City Cup (1): 1962
* Five Clubs Mexico Cup (1): 1963
* Firenze Cup (1): 1963
* João Havelange Four International Clubs Tournament (1): 1966
* Brazil-Japan Cup (1): 2016
* Barcelona Cup (1): 1969
* Greece Cup (1): 1970
* March del Plata Tournament (1): 1972
* Italian Immigration Cup (1): 1975
* Kirin Cup (1): 1978*
* Copa Euro-América (2): 1991, 1996
* Nagoya Cup (1): 1994
* Brazil-Italy Cup (1): 1994
* Orange Trophy (1): 1997
* Friendship Tournament (1): 1997
* Lev Yashin Tournament (1): 1994
* Estudiantes Century Championship (1): 2015
* Copa EuroAmericana (1): 2014
* Julinho Botelho Trophy (1): 2014
* Florida Cup (1): 2020

* 1978 Kirin Cup Shared with Borussia Mönchengladbach.

;National
* Porto Alegre Cup (1): 1936
* Paraná Tournament (1): 1938
* Fortaleza Tournament (1): 1938
* Pacaembu Stadium Cup (1): 1940
* Belo Horizonte Tournament (1): 1945
* Rio Grande do Sul Tournament (1): 1964
* Four Clubs Cup São PauloxRio (1): 1952
* Recife Cup (1): 1955
* Maringá Tournament (1): 1969
* Paraná Four Clubs Cup (1): 1984
* Goiás Tournament (1): 1997
* Torneio Maria Quitéria (1): 1997

;State
* Taça Competência (4): 1920, 1926, 1927, 1932 
* Taça dos Invictos (4): 1934, 1972, 1973, 1989
* Torneio Início Paulista (7): 1927 , 1930, 1935 , 1939, 1942, 1946, 1969
* Taça Cidade de São Paulo (4): 1945, 1946, 1950, 1951
* Troféu Roberto Ugolini (2): 1960, 1961
* Taça Piratininga (3): 1963, 1965, 1966
* Taça Governador do Estado (1): 1972

### Women's
## Related pages
* List of Brazilian football teams

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Palmeiras official site
Brahman

**Brahman** is the Ultimate Reality of Universe in Hinduism. It is a Sanskrit language word. Brahman is said to be infinite, with no beginning or end. Brahman is changeless and is the source of the universe in Hindu beliefs.

## Related pages
*Atman
*Hinduism
Asexual reproduction

**Asexual reproduction** is reproduction without sex.

In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy are the same except for rare mutations. They are clones.

The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among some single-cell organisms such as *Amoeba*. Many plants also reproduce asexually such as by means of runners. The individual zooids in a particular coral  or bryozoan are usually genetically identical. They are formed by asexual reproduction of the first individual to arrive in a place. One whole order of the rotifers, the bdelloid rotifers, has no sexual reproduction.

Many types of living things have a double cycle. At one stage, they have sexual reproduction, and at another they simply multiply by splitting or producing eggs that develop without being fertilized (aphids). All daughters of the honey bee develop from unfertilized eggs. Asexual reproduction is therefore common in many forms of life.

## Types 
### Binary fission 
Some organisms like bacteria reproduce using binary fission. They split into two, and one bacterium becomes two bacteria. That always leads to daughter cells, and the offspring is identical to the parent.

### Budding 
Budding is similar to binary fission but is used by plants and some animals, which cannot simply split into two the way that bacteria can. In budding, a small part of a plant or animal breaks off, and while they are separated from their "mother", they start to grow until both the "parent" and the "offspring" are the same size and are capable of budding again. That may happen many more times.

### Parthenogenesis 
Parthenogenesis is found in both plants and animals. Eggs develop without fertilisation. Examples occur in water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps. Parthenogenesis is very rare for vertebrates.

### Vegetative propagation 
Vegitative popogation is very common in some types of plants using rhizomes or stolons (such as strawberries). Other plants form bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers). Some plants may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones, which may cover a large area.

### Spores 
 is by the formation of conidia, a type of spore. Here is a chain of four conidia of *Alternaria*]]
Fungi (such as mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have the genetic material inside, which allows them to make a whole new organism identical to its parent. The spores are produced by mitosis. Different fungi make different kinds of asexual spores, conidia, oidia, and pycniospores. The shape and the colour of the spores can be helpful to identify the species.

## Sexual vs asexual reproduction 
## References
## Other websites 
* Asexual reproduction in animals and plants 
* Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
* Revision site directed towards IGSCE students
São Paulo F.C.

**São Paulo Futebol Clube**, usually called **São Paulo FC** or just **São Paulo**, is a very traditional Brazilian football team from São Paulo. The team was  on January 25, 1930, and re-founded on December 16, 1935. It is often called *Tricolor* (meaning *with three colours*) by its supporters. The prime footballer in the team is Miranda.
It is the most successful club of Brazilian football.
Twenty-two won state championships, six Brazilian Championships - besides being the only one to win it three times, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, three Libertadores and three World Club Championship.

## Titles 
### International 
#### World championships 
**FIFA Club World Cup**
:* **Winners (1):** 2005
**Intercontinental Cup**
:* **Winners (2):** 1992, 1993

#### Continental championships 
**Copa Libertadores**
:* **Winners (3):** 1992, 1993, 2005
:* **Runners-up (3):** 1974, 1994, 2006
**Copa Conmebol**
:* **Winners (1):** 1994
**Recopa Sudamericana**
:* **Winners (2):** 1993, 1994
:* **Runners-up (1):** 2006
**Supercopa Sudamericana**
:* **Winners (1):** 1993
:* **Runners-up (1):** 1997
**Copa Masters Conmebol**
:* **Winners (1):** 1996

### National competitions 
**Campeonato Brasileiro Série A**
:* **Winners (6):** 1977, 1986, 1991, 2006, 2007, 2008
:* **Runners-up (5):** 1971, 1973, 1981, 1989, 1990
**Copa do Brasil**
:* **Runners-up (1):** 2000
**Copa dos Campeões**
:* **Runners-up (1):** 2001
**Torneio Rio-São Paulo**
:* **Winners (1):** 2001
:* **Runners-up (5):** 1933, 1962, 1966, 1998, 2002
**Campeonato Paulista**
:* **Winners (21):** 1931, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2005
:* **Runners-up (19):** 1938, 1941, 1944, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2021
**Supercampeonato Paulista**
:* **Winners (1):** 2002

## Related pages
* List of Brazilian football teams

## Other websites 
* Official website
International Monetary Fund

The **International Monetary Fund** (**IMF**) is an international organization. 189 countries are members of the International Monetary Fund. It has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., USA.

## Origin 
In the 1930s, many countries faced economic problems. The standard of living declined, and a great many people were unemployed. International trade became much smaller. Some countries reduced the value of their currencies. All these factors combined in the 1930s, and an economic depression resulted. By late 1939, the Second World War had started.

As the Second World War ended, most countries found that international values faced many restrictions and were not smooth. Leaders of many countries thought over these matters and discussed them in meetings and agreed on the Bretton Woods system. Thus, after the Second World War, many countries felt the need to have an organization to get help in monetary matters between countries. To begin with, 29 countries discussed the matter, and signed an agreement. The agreement was the Articles of Association of the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund came into being in 29th December 1945.

## Membership 
Any country may apply to become a member of the IMF. When a country applies for membership, the IMF’s executive board examines the application. If found suitable, the executive board gives its report to IMF’s Board of Governors. After the Board of Governor clears the application, the country may join the IMF. However, before joining, the country should fulfill legal requirements, if any, of its own country. Every member has a different voting right. Likewise, every country has a different right to draw funds. This depends on many factors, including the member country’s first subscription to the IMF. Currently IMF consists of 191 countries as stated on the official website.

## Functions 
The IMF does a number of supervisory works relating to financial dealings between different countries. Some of the works done by IMF are:
* Helping in international trade, that is business between countries
* Looking after exchange rates
* Looking after balance of payments
* Helping member countries in economic development
* It also provides a machinery for international consultations.

## Management 
A Board of Directors manages the IMF. One tradition has governed the selection of two most senior posts of IMF. Firstly, IMF’s managing director is always European. World Bank's president is always from the United States of America.

Current managing director is Bulgarian economist Kristalina Georgieva.

The major countries of Europe and America control the IMF. This is because they have given more money to IMF by way of first subscriptions, and so have larger share of voting rights.

### List of managing directors
## Related pages 
* World Bank Group
* Susan George

## References
## Other websites 
* International Monetary Fund website
Parvati

In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, **Parvati** is considered a mother goddess. her name Parvati translates "daughter of the mountain". she is said to live on Mount Kailash. She is the mother of the deities Ganesha and Kartikeya. She is widely considered to be the consort of lord Shiva, one of the main deities in the Hindu pantheon.

Parvati is generally depicted with 2 or arms carrying weapons such as  Trishula, a Lotus, a Shankha, and her one hand is in Abhaymudra. She is one of the Three main goddesses in Hinduism along with the goddesses Lakshmi and Saraswati. 

Parvati's conveyance (vahana) is a lion or tiger. Parvati is the younger sister of the goddess Ganga. 

In Hindu scriptures, Parvati is an important goddess. She is called by many other names. Some of them are: 

* Ambika, meaning the divine mother.
* Gauri, meaning the fair skinned one 
* Shyama, meaning the dark skinned one.
* Kali, meaning the black one or the goddess of kala (time),  past, present and future and death.
* Bhairavi, meaning the consort of Bhairava. 
* Durga, meaning inaccessible or undefeatable.
* Bhavatarini, meaning savior of the world.
1963 Pan American Games

The 4th Pan American Games were held in 1963 in São Paulo, Brazil.

## Medal Table 
*Host country in **bold**.*
Pan American Games

The **Pan American Games** are a multi-sport event. They are held every four years between competitors from all nations of the Americas.

## History 
The Pan American Games were going to be started in 1932, but World War II caused the first Pan American Games to happen on 1951. From that time, the Games are held every four years.

More than 5000 athletes from more than 40 countries have attended the recent Games. USA has won the most gold, silver and bronze medals.

## Locations of Pan American Games
Campinas

**Campinas** (IPA: ) is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. In 2005, 1,045,706 people lived there. It is about  from the city of São Paulo. Campinas has an area of .

## Other websites 
*
Fall of Saigon

The **Fall/Liberation of Sàigòn** happened on April 30, 1975. It was the capture of Saigon by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam and the People's Army of Vietnam, marking the end of the Vietnam War. It also resulted in the name of Saigon being changed to Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of former President Ho Chi Minh. It is celebrated as a public holiday in Vietnam as Reunification Day along with International Workers' Day on May 1st. The week of April 30th is referred to as "Black April" by overseas Vietnamese.

## Other websites 
*New York Times Archive
Between Friends

**Between Friends** is a comic strip from Canada created by Sandra Bell-Lundy. It features three women with troubles with parenting and life. Sometimes they go back in time to simpler days. For example, at a department store, they compared themselves as teenage girls buying outfits to enhance sex appeal in the 1970s to buying conservative clothes in the 1990s.

## List of Characters
* Susan - married to Harvey and has a daughter named Emma
* Maeve - she is divorced and always has a sense of humor
* Kimberly - a stepmother to a son named Danny, she works at home
* Danny - stepson of Kimberly, interested in children's things like Pokemon and Crash Bandicoot
* Derek - Kimberly's husband and Danny's father