open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Exile

**Exile** means being sent away from the country or area where you live.  People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime.  They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.

Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile").  Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled.  This is called "self-imposed exile".

In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon.  In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile.  For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia.  Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.

One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoléon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to Saint Helena after his defeat against the allied forces.

The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Francisco Franco. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy. But he never could, because he died two years before Franco.

## Related pages
*Government-in-exile
*Political asylum
Lager

**Lager** (which is short for **Lager beer**) is a kind of beer. It is made from a kind of yeast. Fermentation will be a slow process. It usually has a clear color. That color comes from the beer being stored for some time. During that time, the yeast can settle at the bottom of the barrel. The yeast is removed before the beer is bottled or served. 

Lagers are usually drunk while they are cold.
Republican National Committee

The **Republican National Committee** (**RNC**) is a political committee that is a major part of the Republican Party based in the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the party's political platform. The committee also helps assist in fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention.

Joe Gruters is the current chairman of the Republican National Committee, in office since August 2025.

## Related pages 
* Republican National Convention
* Democratic National Committee
* Democratic National Convention

## References
Four Corners

, placed by the Interior Department at the exact point.]]

The **Four Corners** is the place in the Southwestern United States where the four corners of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona meet. Three of the four corners (AZ, NM, UT) are on the Navajo Indian Reservation and the fourth corner (CO) is on the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation.

The Four Corners Monument is at the coordinates .

## References
Walkman

(2011)From the left: S series, E series and W series]]
The **Walkman** is the invention as well as the brand name of Sony. It represents a portable audio player. Today, similar devices are also called "Walkman". The name describes players that have small sizes and can be carried by one anywhere. The portable player was a revolutionary device since one could take favorite music with him or her.

## History 
The  original Walkman cassette player was released in 1979. The name "Walkman" was used in Japan, while abroad it had other names, one of which was "Soundabout". First the product did not have a name, and then one of the company's staff proposed "Walkman". Because it was a direct translation from Japanese, Sony's leadership seemed skeptical. They thought "Walkman" was not a suitable name for a device which was to be launched in the United States and Europe.

Sony used new ways to introduce its new product on the market and advertise it. The main idea of Sony was to make people aware that Walkman is a product that is unique on the market and that it is both new and fun. On June 22 (the date of release), Sony Walkman appeared in Tokyo. The company held an unusual press conference where different journalists were invited to Yoyogi, which is Tokyo's major park. They were given a Walkman to prove that the portable player is fun and easy to use. 

By 1995 there were already about 150 million Walkman portable players produced. Later, MP3 players became more popular.

## Related pages
* Sony
* Japan
* iPod
* MP3
* Laptop
* DVD
* Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Semantics

**Semantics** is the study of meaning. Meaning in this case refers to the relation between *signifiers* and what they stand for. Signifiers are words, signs and symbols.

The word *semantics* was first used by a French man named Michel Bréal. He studied the way that language was put together, how language changed as time passed, and the connections in languages. Semantics can include simple or very complicated ideas.  In everyday speech, it means a problem with understanding language that can confuse because of the words or their connotation (another idea created by a word that is not in its definition).  This problem of understanding has been studied for a long time, especially in the field of formal semantics, where people explain the connection between words and their meanings in a clear way.

In linguistics (the study of language), semantics is the study of the attempts to understand signs or symbols used in agents (the words that cause an action) or communities in different situations. Other items of language that are said to have meaning are sounds, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics, which is the use of personal space. Each of these topics connects to many ways of studying. In writing, things like the way paragraphs are written and the use of punctuation show meaning. Other types of language create other meanings.

Formal semantics is sometimes similar to many other areas of language study. Some of these are lexicology (study of words), syntax (ordering of words), pragmatics (the study of language in different situations), and etymology (the history of words). Semantics is also a well-defined field on its own.

## References
Flagellum

A **flagellum** (plural: *flagella*) is a long, whip-like structure that helps some single celled organisms move. It is composed of microtubules. They help propel cells and organisms in a whip-like motion. The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an “S” motion, and is surrounded by cell membrane.

Flagella are structurally almost identical with the much smaller Cilia. So much so that it has been proposed protists bearing either should be unified in the Phylum *Undulipodia*. Previously, Margulis had proposed that the Ciliates alone should be placed in a Phylum *Ciliophora*. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.

Cilia and flagella are cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'.

## Types 
Three types of flagella have so far been distinguished; bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic. The main differences among these three types are summarized below:

* Bacterial flagella are helical filaments that rotate like screws. They provide two of several kinds of bacterial motility.
* Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella, but are different in many details and considered non-homologous.
* Eukaryotic flagella – those of animal, plant, and protist cells – are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth.  Eukaryotic flagella are classed along with eukaryotic *motile* cilia as *undulipodia* to emphasize their distinctive wavy appendage role in cellular function or motility.  *Primary* cilia are immotile, and are not undulipodia; they have a structurally different *9+0 axoneme* rather than the *9+2 axoneme* found in both flagella and motile cilia undulopodia.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Molecular Machines Index of Illustrations, Graphics, and Animations 
* *Physics Today* introduction to the bacterial flagellum by Howard Berg
MPEG-4

**MPEG-4** (**MP4**) is a video and audio standard (type). Movies in MPEG-4 need less space on a computer. At the same time, they still have DVD quality. MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group. Many researchers and engineers all over the world worked to develop MPEG-4. The work on this standard ended in 1998. MPEG-4 became a standard all over the world.

Movies that use MPEG-4 standard are high quality and take up less computer memory. Older standards were MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. Compared to these older versions, MPEG-4 has more features. For example, it has a way to fix problems, lots of quality and size choices, and a better picture quality.

MPEG-4 is designed for the special needs of computers, television areas and telecommunications. It is able to be individual objects in a certain area, besides rectangular pieces of computer information. For example, this could be a car driving in front of a background. The background does not change. The car can be treated as separate thing, because it is not a fixed background. This is because MPEG-4 can be many rectangular images at the same time.

## Related pages
*VHS
*DVD
*MP3

## Other websites 
*MPEG-4  - Additional information on the format for more advanced users
French fries

.]]
**French fries**, **chips**, **finger chips**, **French-fried potatoes**, or simply **fries**, are potatoes, cut, and  deep fried. They are prepared by cutting potatoes into even strips, drying them, and frying them. They are usually fried in a deep fryer. During the process of making, they are pre-cut, blanched, and frozen russet potatoes are often used to make them. French fries can also be baked in a oven.

French fries are served hot, either soft or crispy, and are generally eaten for lunch, dinner, or as a snack. They commonly appear on the menus of diners, fast food restaurants, pubs, and bars.

People often put salt on them, and sometimes dip them in ketchup, vinegar, mayonnaise, tomato sauce, or other condiments. French fries are sometimes topped with poutine and/or chili con carne. French fries are sometimes made from sweet potatoes, instead of potatoes. When baked in a oven, little oil or no oil, is used.

## Preparation
French fries are often fried in a deep fryer, which submerges them in hot fat. They are may be cooked in oil, instead. Vacuum fryers make French fries have not as much oil, but mostly work on the French fries' color and texture, instead. 

The potatoes are prepared by first cutting them into even strips. They do not have to be peeled. The strips are either removed from the plate or put in cold water to remove the starch outside of the strips. Once they are taken out from the cold water, they are dried. Then they can be fried in the two-stage or two-bath technique. Most chefs think that the two-bath technique, will make them fried better. Potatoes that are taken fresh out of the ground, may have too much water which makes the French fries soft and wet.  Most people choose potatoes that have not been used for a while.

In the two-stage or two-bath technique, the first process to frying them, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat, with the temperature being ( 160 °C/ 320 °F). Then they are fried for a little longer, with the temperature now being ( 190 °C/ 375 °F) so they can be crispy. After that, they are placed in a colander or on a draining cloth, and then they are eaten. The precise time for the two processes to fry them, depends on the size of the French fries. For example, for 2–3 mm strips, the first process takes about 3 minutes, and the second process, takes only seconds. Since the 1960's, most French fries have been made from frozen Russet potatoes, which have been blanched or air-dried professionally. The usual fat used for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, suet made from beef  was recommended as the fat to making them, because it was thought that they would taste better, with vegetable shortening as a suggestion. McDonald's used a mixture of 93% of beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they changed to vegetable oil with beef flavoring. Horse fat was often used as the fat to make French fries in northern France and Belgium, until recently. Some chefs still use it.

## Related pages
* Potato chips
* Cheese fries

## Other websites
* 
*
Snowball

A **snowball** is a ball of snow. They are usually made by a person picking snow up in their hands and pressing it together in the ball the size of their hand. Snowballs are usually thrown at people or objects as a game called a **snowball fight**. Making snowballs is a common  for children when it snows. 

Larger snowballs are made by using a ball the size of a hand and rolling it on the ground. As more snow sticks to it, the ball grows larger. Larger snowballs are often used to make Snowmen. The term "Snowball effect" comes from this. It means as things go on, they get more serious in the same way that a snowball gets larger as it rolls.
Warship (TV series)

**Warship** was a popular British television drama series produced by the BBC between 1973 and 1977.

The series was about life on board a Royal Navy warship, the fictional **HMS Hero**. It was mainly filmed aboard the Leander-class frigate **HMS Phoebe**.

Four Leander class frigates played the role of HMS Hero. They were HMS Phoebe, **HMS Dido**, **HMS Hermione** and **HMS Jupiter**. All the crews of these warships were given HMS Hero cap tallies for filming purposes.

The creator of the series was a serving Royal Navy officer, Ian Mackintosh. He wrote three books based on episodes of the series. They were simultaneously published in hardback and paperback. The books were:
* *Warship* (published in 1973);
* *HMS Hero* (published in 1976);
* and *Holt RN* (published in 1977).

The opening music of the series was a march played by the Royal Marines, called *Warship*, and written by Anthony Isaac. It is still played by Royal Marine bands.

## Related pages
* Ian Mackintosh
* HMS Hero
* HMS Phoebe (F42)
* HMS Dido (F104)
* HMS Hermione (F58)
* HMS Jupiter (F60)
* Leander class frigate
* Royal Navy
* Royal Marines
* Fleet Air Arm
* Frigate

## Other websites 
* *Warship* Episode Guide 
* British Film Institute site on *Warship* 
* Royal Navy leaflet on *Warship*, from the HMS Phoebe Association website
* Comments on *Warship* by series Director Michael Briant
* Webpage (at Home > Scriptwriting > Warship) about Michael J Bird's scripts for *Warship* 
* HMS Phoebe Association website
* HMS Dido Association website 
* HMS Jupiter Association website
* HMS Hermione Association website 
* Ian Mackintosh's Royal Navy service record on Opsromm.org 
*
Constantine (movie)

***Constantine*** is a 2005 American superhero horror movie starring Keanu Reeves and Rachel Weisz. It is based on a comic book series called *Hellblazer*.

The main character, John Constantine, fights demons.

## Other websites
*
Jerry Lewis

**Jerry Lewis**, born as  ***Joseph***  **Levitch**, (March 16, 1926 &ndash; August 20, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, singer, director and humanitarian. He was of Jewish descent. He was best known for acting in comedy movies in the 1950s and 1960s such as *The Nutty Professor*. He also helped to raise money for people with muscular dystrophy, through the Muscular Dystrophy Association.

Lewis was born in Newark, New Jersey. He studied at Irvington High School though he dropped out in his sophomore year.

Lewis first became famous as part of **Martin & Lewis**, working with singer Dean Martin. They worked together for ten years. They appeared on stage, radio and television, and in movies. They stopped working together in 1956 and did not speak for years. They reunited a few times from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Lewis directed of many of his movies. He was the first director to use video cameras with movie cameras, to help with filming scenes. Film takes time to process, but videotape can be played back right away, saving time and work if a scene needs to be redone. Other directors soon started using his technique, and it is still used today.

During the 1970s, Lewis' movies became less popular. He moved away from acting and directing. In the 1990s, he returned to performing onstage. He continued to perform during the 2000s.

Lewis was a Republican though he was friends with President John F. Kennedy. He supported Presidents Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump.

Lewis died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada at 9:15 AM of cardiomyopathy on August 20, 2017 at the age of 91.

## Movies
Jerry Lewis acted in many movies, including: 
**The Stooge* (1952)
**Hollywood or Bust* (1956)
**The Bellboy* (1960)
**The Errand Boy* (1961)
**The Patsy* (1964)
**The Disorderly Orderly* (1964)
**Three on a Couch* (1966)
**Way... Way Out* (1966)
*''Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River* (1967)
**The Big Mouth* (1967)
**Silent Treatment* (1968)
**Hook, Line & Sinker'' (1969)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Jerry Lewis website 
* 
* Italian Jerry Lewis fansite
Katie Couric

**Katherine "Katie" Anne Couric** (born January 7, 1957) was a co-host of the top-rated *Today* show, broadcast live on NBC affiliates, from 1991 until late 2006, earning nearly $14 million each year for the last 4 years of her contract. 

Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia. She was hired by the news division at CBS in late 2006 to anchor and be the main editor of the CBS Evening News, which operated with temporary anchors after Dan Rather's departure.  Ratings have been disappointly low despite the initial fanfare and introduction of new theme music at the beginning of each show.  In 2021, Couric was a guest host on the syndicated quiz show *Jeopardy!* following the death of Alex Trebek.

Couric is active in charities, especially related to colon cancer, after the death of her husband (to colon cancer) in 1998. Couric received a colonoscopy on live television in March 2000. She also released pictures of her mammogram on television. She voiced a shrimp version of herself named Katie Current from the 2004 animated comedy movie Shark Tale.

Couric has two daughters, Ellie and Caroline.

## References
Simone de Beauvoir

**Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir** (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French author (writer) and philosopher (person who writes about ways of thinking).

She wrote novels (stories in a book), articles about philosophy ways of thinking or ways of living, and politics, biographies (books about other people's lives) and an autobiography (a book about her life).

Her best known books are *She Came to Stay* and *The Mandarins*. Her best known writing about ideas is *The Second Sex*, which was written in 1949. It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved.

## Early years 
Her full name was Simone Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand de Beauvoir. She was born on January 9, 1908 in Paris. She studied mathematics and ways of thinking at the Institut Catholique. Then she studied literature and languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie. As well, she studied ways of thinking at the Sorbonne, which is at the University of Paris.

## Her writing; personal life 
In 1943, de Beauvoir published *She Came to Stay*, a story about her lover Jean-Paul Sartre (who was also a writer and a philosopher). Next, she wrote a novel called *The Mandarins*, which won prize.

In 1944 de Beauvoir wrote an article called *Pyrrhus et Cinéas*, which was about a way of thinking about hard choices that people have to make.

In 1949, she wrote Le deuxième sexe. It was translated by Howard Parshley to *The Second Sex*. It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved. The book also discussed ways of thinking about hard choices.

At the end of World War II, de Beauvoir and Sartre started a newspaper about ways of living called *Les Temps Modernes*.

De Beauvoir was bisexual and had sexual relationships with some of her female students.

She died of pneumonia. She is buried next to Sartre at the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

## Some of the books she wrote 
* *The Blood of Others*, (1945)
* *Who Shall Die?*, (1945)
* *The Second Sex*, (1949)
* *The Mandarins*, (1954)
* *The Prime of Life*, (1960)
* *When Things of the Spirit Come First*, (1979)

### Books about Simone de Beauvoir 
* Beauvoir, Simone de. Woman: Myth & Reality,
** in Jacobus, Lee A (ed.) A World of Ideas. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston 2006. 780-795

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Simone de Beauvoir by Shannon Mussett. Includes a bibliography of her work in English translation.
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Simone de Beauvoir by Debra Bergoffen. Extensive bibliography.
* Guardian Books "Author Page", with profile and links to further articles.
East Anglia

and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia.  Both Peterborough and Cambridgeshire are to the west, while Essex is to the south.]]

**East Anglia** is a region of eastern England. It is named after an  Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was named after the homeland of the Angles, Angeln in northern Germany. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk ("North folk" and "South folk") but the region's borders are vague. 

Farming and gardening are very successful in this  country. The landscape has been heavily influenced by Dutch technology.
List of U.S. states and territories by time zone

This is a **list of U.S. states** (and the one federal district, Washington, D.C.) **and territories showing their time zones**.

Most of the United States uses Daylight Saving Time (DST) in the summer. In the list, it will say if the state *does not use* DST.

*Note*: The time zones listed on this page are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as well as the names of the time zones as they are called within the United States. For an explanation on what *UTC+#* and *UTC-#* mean, please see the UTC page…

## Time zones used by the United States and its territories
#UTC-11: Samoa Standard Time (ST)
# UTC-10: Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HAT)
#UTC-9: Alaska Standard Time (AKST)
# UTC−8: Pacific Standard Time (PT)
# UTC−7: Mountain Standard Time (MT)
# UTC−6: Central Standard Time (CT)
# UTC−5: Eastern Standard Time (ET)
# UTC−4: Atlantic Standard Time (AST)
# UTC+10: Chamorro Standard Time (Cht)

## States
## Federal district
Washington, D.C. does use Daylight Saving Time (DST).

## Territories
The territories of the United States do not use Daylight Saving Time (DST).

## Other websites
* Official time zone site of the U.S.A. government
Michael Richards

**Michael Anthony Richards** (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Cosmo Kramer on the television show *Seinfeld*. He has won three Emmy Awards for causing a notable controversy when his shouting of racial slurs at African American hecklers in a comedy club was broadcast worldwide in news reports.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Final Fantasy VII

***Final Fantasy VII*** is a 1997 role-playing video game developed by Square for the PlayStation console. It is widely regarded as a landmark title, and as one of the most influential and greatest video games ever made. 

The title won numerous Game of the Year awards and was acknowledged for boosting the sales of the PlayStation and popularizing Japanese role-playing games worldwide.

Its success has led to enhanced ports on various platforms, a multimedia subseries called the *Compilation of Final Fantasy VII*, and a high definition remake trilogy currently comprising *Final Fantasy VII Remake* (2020), and *Final Fantasy VII Rebirth* (2024).

## Storyline 
### Plot 
*Final Fantasy VII* follows the story of Cloud, who joins forces with many others to fight a new threat to the world while dealing with a seemingly terminal illness.

### Characters
The main playable character is Cloud who is supported by Tifa, Aerith, and Barret.

## Music 
The music in *Final Fantasy VII* covers a wide variety of musical genres, including rock, techno, orchestral, and choral.

## Spin-off titles 
* *Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children* – set 2 years after Final Fantasy VII
* *Before Crisis* – set 6 years before Final Fantasy VII
* *Crisis Core* – set 7 years before Final Fantasy VII
* *Dirge of Cerberus* – set 3 years after Final Fantasy VII

## References
## Other websites
*A page written by Duncan Heaney.  October 29, 2025
Prism (optics)

A **prism** is a special piece of glass, crystal, or plastic that bends light. The light bends (or *refracts*) because it moves slower in the glass, crystal or plastic than it does in air. If different colors of light move at different speeds, each color bends a different amount. This is dispersion and it splits the light into a band of different colors called a spectrum. This spectrum has the same colors as a rainbow does, because rainbows are made the same way, by bending light. They happen when light is bent by tiny drops of water floating in the air. If the light does not come out when you shine it into the prism, it is called internal reflection.

Some prisms are used to disperse light. Binoculars also use prisms, to reflect light. This lets the tubes of the binoculars be short. Some cameras use a prism to send light to the viewfinder, so the photographer can see what will be photographed.
Tony O'Reilly

'''Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly''' (7 May 1936 &ndash; 18 May 2024) was an Irish billionaire. He was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the chairman of Dublin's Independent News & Media Group and was once the CEO of the H.J. Heinz Company.

O'Reilly played rugby for the Leicester Tigers and London Irish in England. He played for Ireland between 1955 and 1963.

O'Reilly died at a hospital in Dublin on 18 May 2024, after a short illness at the age of 88.

## Related pages
* List of billionaires

## References
Vegeta

**Vegeta**, also known as **Prince Vegeta IV**, is a fictional character from the manga Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama.

He is  introduced as an antagonist alongside his companion Nappa for Goku.
Later in the story, he became an ally of Goku and his friends even if he develops a friendly rivalry with Goku.
He also marries Bulma and becomes the father of Trunks and Bulla.

His popularity is second only to Goku himself. His popularity caysed him to appears in Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball GT, and Dragon Ball Super.
Champagne

**Champagne** can mean a number of things:
*Champagne (wine), a sparkling wine
*Champagne (wine region), the area where the wine is made
*Champagne (province), a historical region in France, ruled in the past by the Counts of Champagne
*Champagne-Ardenne, a modern administrative region of France
**Champagne* (movie), a 1928 movie by Alfred Hitchcock

In Switzerland:
* Champagne, Switzerland

In the US:
* Champaign, Illinois
* Champaign County, Illinois
Ethelred the Unready

**Aethelred II** (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed **the Unready** was the King of England twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a Viking king, Sweyn I of Denmark, overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Aethelred's death in 1016. He was the son of Edgar and his second wife, Ælfthryth. He succeeded his older half-brother, Edward II, in 978 when Aethelred was only ten years old. During his reign, he had to fight against Viking invaders in England.

His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poorly Counseled" or "Poorly Advised," because he was given poor council when he solicited opinions from his advisors.

## Other websites 
* Family tree of Ethelred the Unready 
* Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready 
* Early British Kingdoms 
* Britannia :  Monarchs
Elizabethan Religious Settlement

The **Elizabethan Religious Settlement** was Elizabeth I’s answer to the religious quarrels that developed during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. 

This answer was given in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559  the English church’s independence from Rome. The Act of Uniformity 1559 decided about the form of the English church.

Often it was seen as the end of the English Reformation and the foundation of Anglicanism.  But some historians think that England only became a Protestant nation on a popular level many years later.  There seem to have been great divisions in the population and among the clergy for a long time afterwards.

## Related pages
*Church of England
*Reformation

## Other websites 
*The Legacy of the Reformation: A New Approach 
*Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Elizabethan Religious Settlement
*Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559)
*Documents Illustrative of English Church History
Fritjof Capra

**Fritjof Capra** (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-American physicist.

Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethics, metaphysics and society. In particular in *The Tao of Physics* he says that physics and metaphysics are  leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that *"there are hidden connections between everything"*.  Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian. 

After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra wrote a book in 1984 with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak, called *Green Politics*.

Capra pushes for western society to abandon the mechanistic views of Descartes.  Unlike Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through 'complexity theory'.

Capra is aiming for a theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory has its roots in several scientific fields from the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

## Bibliography 
**The Tao of Physics* (1975)
**Green Politics* with (Charlene Spretnak)
**The Turning Point* (1982)
**Uncommon Wisdom* (1988)
**Belonging to the Universe: Explorations on the Frontiers of Science and Spirituality* (1991) (coauthored with David Steindl-Rast and Thomas Matus)
**The Web of Life* (1997)
**The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living* (2002)

## Other websites 
*His homepage
*The Turning Point 
*Home on the web for the Center for Ecoliteracy
*Skeptical Inquirer on Quantum Quackery
Rutherfordium

]]**Rutherfordium** is a chemical element. It has also been named **eka-hafnium** and **unnilquadium**. It has the symbol **Rf** and has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 265Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.

The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.

## History 
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element 242Pu with the element 22Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.

In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together 249Cf and 12C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.

The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named *dubnium* (*Db*) or *kurchatovium* (*Ku*) for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).

The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named *rutherfordium* (*Rf*).

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decides the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used *unnilquadium* (*Unq*) as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name meaning "one-zero-four" in Latin. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

## Related pages
* Periodic table
* List of common elements

## References 
* Los Alamos National Laboratory Rutherford 

## Other websites 
* WebElements.com - Rutherfordium
Philipp Tischendorf

. Here, he won a silver medal.]]
**Philipp Tischendorf** (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He was the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Michael Huth, with former coaches Jürgen Bertko and silver Olympic medalist Romy Oesterreich.

In March 2007, Philipp was injured while practising a quadruple Lutz jump on the ice and was forced to not participate the 2007/2008 because of injury.

## Other websites
*
Miles per hour

**Miles per hour** is a unit of measurement. It measures speed. It is the number of miles moved in an hour. 

 units on traffic signs around the world: ]]
Miles per hour is the unit used for speed limits on roads in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). It is normally abbreviated in everyday use to **mph**. In technical publications, it is sometimes abbreviated as **mi/h**.

The SI unit for velocity is **m·s−1** (metres per second).

## Conversions
1 mph equals:

*  m·s−1, the SI derived unit
*  km·h−1
* 22/15 = feet per second
* ~0.868976 knots
Nobility

s, c. 1774]]

**Nobility** was the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the noble were mostly those who got land from the monarch and had to provide services to him, mainly military service. Men of this class were called noblemen. It soon became a hereditary class, sometimes with a right to bear a hereditary title and to have financial and other privileges in the estates of the realm. 

Today, in most countries, 'noble status' means no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage) guaranteed until recently a seat in the Upper House of Westminster Parliament (that is why it is called House of Lords) and still provide some other, less important privileges.

## History 
Nobles were always recognized as lower families of the King/Queen.  Nobles usually rule Duchies, Counties, and principalities. Nobles were usually given a "noble house.  Nobles usually worked as advisors to the King, and land owners.  Some families did not work at all because they were quite wealthy. But not all nobles were wealthy. Some were very poor.  One of the richest claim to be noble families were the Medicis.  They ruled Tuscany, Milan and others.   The Medicis were originally common people, but they were richer than most monarchs of the time until they fell in the 1700's.  

Noble families had plenty of power depending on what land they ruled. The rich Duchy of Burgundy was a major power spot because of how big to Duchy was. Another power spot was the Duchy of Milan and the Duchy of Luxembourg. Some nobles had little to no power. Most nobles are given a title such as "lady-in-waiting," that is non hereditary.

## Famous Noble Families 
* House of Boleyn
* House of Grey
* House of Bourbon
* House of Normandy
* House of Foix
* House of Hesse
* House of Nassu

## Nobility by rank 
## Other websites 
* The German nobility
* Old Noble Family Trees
* WW-Person , an on-line database of European noble genealogy
* Paul Theroff's *An Online Gotha* 
* Genealogics, an extensive database of European nobles
* Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility
* RoyalArk- ruling houses in many non-European countries
* Web site on the Royalty, the Nobility, the History and the Patrimony 
* The Armenian nobility
* The Maltese Nobility and its ilks.
* Italian dynastic genealogies (in Italian, with an introduction in English)
* Worldwidewords
* OneTree Genealogy - European Royal and Danish-Norwegian-Swedish Nobility Lineages
List of U.S. states by population

This is a **list of United States of America states by population** as of 2020. The list was made using the 2020 United States Census.  The total population of the United States was 331,449,281 at the 2020 Census, not including U.S. territories, or 335,073,176, including U.S. territories. The United States of America is the third most populous country in the world, behind China and India. 

## References
## Other websites 
* State Totals: Vintage 2012 - U.S Census Bureau
*Here is a video about the most populated states in the United States of America
* Congressional Apportionment - 2010 apportionment results - people and households - U.S. Census Bureau
Gecko

**Geckos** are small to middle size lizards. There are 1196 different species of geckos, mostly in the suborder **Gekkota**. They live in many warm countries and usually are active during the night. Some kinds of geckos live in people's houses. *Hemidactylus frenatus* is the common house gecko. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.

Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages, these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek-KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).

Most geckos lay eggs, but some give birth to live young. Like most lizards, they can regenerate their tail if they need to. Their tail also helps them balance and store fat.  The rest of their skin is also covered in extremely small hairs, which make it hard for a gecko to get wet. Gecko skin can also kill bacteria.

## Taxonomy 
There are seven families under the suborder Gekkota.

* Carphodactylidae
* Diplodactylidae
* Eublepharidae
* Gekkonidae
* Phyllodactylidae
* Sphaerodactylidae
* Pygopodidae

## References 

[[File:Uroplatus_fimbriatus_003.jpg|thumb|375x375px|Some geckos are superbly camouflaged]]
[[File:Tokay_foot.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A gecko’s foot, showing toe pads]]
List of U.S. state nicknames

This is a **list of U.S. state nicknames:** (official state nicknames in bold) (Some may be more popular than others)

## References 

## Other websites 
* Information about U.S. State Nicknames
* https://www.britannica.com/place/list-of-nicknames-of-US-States-2130544
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Below is a list of all 50 states in the order they joined the Union.

The first 13 became states in July 1776 when they agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence. Each of those

13 agreed to the first U.S. constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, which formed the first Union of States between 1777 and 1781. These states are presented in the order each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for other states is the official date made by Act of Congress.

## List of U.S. states and their order to statehood 
## Notes 
## References
## Sources 
*50 State Quarter Program  from the United States Mint (including dates of statehood) [Retrieved: 22 October 2016]
*Dates of statehood, via 50states.com (includes notes, retrieved  19 January 2006)
List of U.S. states' largest cities

This is a **list of the largest cities in each United States state** and territory based upon the 2021 population estimates made by the U.S. Census Bureau. State or territory capitals are listed in *italics*.

## List
Note 1:  The only incorporated place in Hawaii is the City & County of Honolulu. Some of it, the Honolulu District, is sometimes called the "city of Honolulu" for counting reasons, although it has no government separate from that of the "City and County" as a whole. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the Honolulu Urban CDP (Census Designated Place) as the Honolulu District. For Hawaii, the largest CDPs are listed.

Note 2:  The most populous villages or settlements of the Northern Mariana Islands are listed. All are on the island of Saipan.

Note 3: The most populous sub-districts (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau) of the U.S. Virgin Islands are listed. The island the sub-district occupies is listed shown, too.

## References
Chips

**Chip** or **chips** could mean:

## Food
* French fried potatoes, also known as *chips*
* Potato chips, also known as *crisps*
* Tortilla chips
* Corn chips
* Fish and chips

## Other
* Chips (band)
* Integrated circuits are used in computers and are commonly called *microchips*, *silicon chips*, or *chips*
* Poker chips
* Gravel chips
* Wood chips
Triple H

**Paul Michael Levesque** (born July 27, 1969) is an American business executive, retired professional wrestler, actor, and former bodybuilder. He is better known by the ring name **Triple H**, an abbreviation of his former Hunter Hearst Helmsley name. He is currently the **CCO** ("Chief Content Officer") of WWE.

Before joining WWE, Levesque began his wrestling career with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1993, wrestling under the name **Terra Ryzing**. He would then be repackaged as **Jean-Paul Lévesque**, a French Canadian aristocrat, before joining World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in 1995.

During his time in WWE, he was a 14-time world champion: a nine-time WWE Champion and a five-time World Heavyweight Champion  In addition, he won the 1997 King of the Ring, the 2002 Royal Rumble, and was the second Grand Slam Champion.

He married Stephanie McMahon in 2003, becoming the son-in-law of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. Outside of wrestling, Levesque has made many guest appearances in film and on television. He is starring in the upcoming WWE Film *Journey of Death*.

At the 2008 edition of *Backlash*, Triple H won the WWE Championship. He lost the title at Survivor Series 2008 to Edge.

At the 2009 No Way Out, Triple H won back the WWE Championship in an Elimination Chamber match for the 8th time, beating The Rock's record of 7 times.

After entering the 2016 Royal Rumble match at no. 30, he eliminated Ambrose to win the Royal Rumble and become a 14 time world champion. He later lost the title to Roman Reigns at WrestleMania 32.

In September 2021, Triple H had heart failure and doctors put an ICD in his chest during surgery. On March 25, 2022, he officially announced his retirement from in-ring competition. On the second night of WrestleMania 38, he left his wrestling boots in the ring which was a sign of retirement.

## Acting
### Movies
*Blade: Trinity - Jarko Grimwood (2004)
*Relative Strangers - Wrestler (2006) (Uncredited)
*The Chaperone - Raymond "Ray Ray" Bradstone (2011)
*Inside Out - Arlo "AJ" Jayne (2011)
*Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery -  Himself (2014) (voice)

### Television
*Pacific Blue - Triple H (1998)
*The Drew Carey Show - The Disciplinarian (1998)
*Mad TV - Himself (2001)
*The Bernie Mac Show - Triple H (2005)
*Billions - Himself (2023)

## References 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* 
* Online World of Wrestling profile
*
J. Robert Oppenheimer

, beginning in 1943.]] 

**Julius Robert Oppenheimer** (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American Jewish physicist. He was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. In World War II. The project built the first nuclear weapons. That is why Oppenheimer is called *"the father of the atomic bomb".* So, Oppenheimer lost access to the government's atomic secrets and his career as a nuclear physicist ended.

In December 1963, he was given the Enrico Fermi Award by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 2022, the federal government gave back Oppenheimer's security clearance.

## Death
Oppenheimer died of throat cancer in Princeton, New Jersey on February 18, 1967 at aged 62. His remains were cremated and scattered in the ocean near his beach house in Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands.

## Pop culture
In 2023, Christopher Nolan directed a movie based on Oppenheimer's life with Irish actor Cillian Murphy playing Oppenheimer. 

In other media sources, there was a viral image of Oppenheimer with the quote, "Shimmy shimmy yay, shimmy yay, shimmy ya (Drank) Swalla-la-la (Drank) Swalla-la-la (Swalla-la-la) Swalla-la-la." The meme appears to have sprung up between June-July of 2023, which corresponds to around the time that the Christopher Nolan film was released.

## References
## Other websites 
*WW2DB: Robert Oppenheimer
American League

The **American League** (or **AL**) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the playoffs where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball. Teams in the American league play 116 games per season against other teams in the American League, while the remaining 46 games are played against the National League teams. There are 3 Divisions of the American League: AL East, AL Central, and AL West.

## Differences 
From 1973 to 2021, the only big difference between the American League and the National League was that the AL used the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The NL did not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" had to bat and field for themselves. If the DH played an NL game in an NL park, he often played First Base if at all.  If they play in an AL park, the NL team could use a DH. During the 2020 season, shortened to 60 regular-season games due to the public response to COVID-19, both leagues used the DH. The NL permanently added the DH in the 2022 season.

## References 
## Related pages
* National League
Trio (music)

:*This article is about a group of three musicians and about music written for three musicians.
:*For other uses of trio, see Trio.
:''For a piece of music called "trio" see also Minuet

A **trio** is a group of three people who are playing musical instruments or singing together. The word "trio" may also refer to the piece of music that they are playing.

Three people who are singing together are a "vocal trio".

Classical composers writing chamber music very often wrote trios. Usually the trio is called after the main instrument in the group. A piano trio is normally a piece for piano, violin and cello. A string trio is a piece for three string instruments, usually violin, viola and cello. 

Many other combinations are possible. Brahms wrote a piece which is normally referred to as a "Horn Trio" for french horn, violin and piano. Mozart wrote a piece normally called a "Clarinet Trio" which is for clarinet, viola and piano.

A piece for three people sitting at one piano is usually called a piece for "piano 6 hands".

Trios can also apply to popular music, like Nickel Creek.