open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hawaiian language

The **Hawaiian language** () is the language of native Hawaiians. *Aloha* and *mahalo* are probably its most recognized words. The words *lanai* and *wiki* are also used in English. (That is different from *Lanai*, the name of one of Hawaii's islands.)

## Related languages
There are related languages in the Marquesas, Raratonga, Samoa, some islands of what is now Fiji and New Zealand. Their languages have changed a lot over the last two thousand years or so. However, native speakers of all these languages can still understand each other.
## Letters
The language has only 12 letters (A, E, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, U, W). There are 13 if you count the okina. The okina is a real letter and came from some "K" sounds in old Polynesian languages. The okina is pronounced as a glottal stop, like the break in the middle of the word "Uh-oh". The okina is written as a backward apostrophe (small numeral 6 above and before a vowel).
## Dialects
The Niihau dialect still uses some T, S, R and "hints" of B sounds. People who live on that island are the only people who still speak Hawaiian only and their dialect is the truest to its roots.
## Syllables
Every Hawaiian syllable ends with a vowel. There are some who think that makes the language sound "musical". Some think that final vowels helped the speakers remember chanted traditional stories and genealogies. Most linguists, however, think it is because of internal phonological processes.

There are two forms of each of the five vowels. One is regular, where the vowel is pronounced as a Spaniard would say it. The other is extended, in written form, where a horizontal bar called a kahako is over the vowel. The meanings (and pronunciations) of words spelled the same but with or without the appropriate kahakos or okinas can be very different, sometimes even embarrassing.
## Learning
One might think that learning the language would be relatively easy, but that only applies to na keiki (children) who have never learned the 26 letters that English speakers use. There is a children's rhyme that goes on for a couple of minutes (and written, probably a couple dozen lines) that consists of nothing but both versions of the letters a, i and the okina. It talks of him (ia) eating (ai) his (iaia) fish (ia). 

When the missionaries made a written form of Hawaiian Language, they did not write the kahakos or okinas; leaving it to the context to make the meanings evident. 

Since the intent was to translate the Bible ("Paipala"), natives forgave some of the confusion created. They still learned how unintended "double entendres" could be funny in written form. When Hawaiian language newspapers started, native-speaking writers and editors were careful to avoid these (the type that was available to "set" did not include such "specialty" characters).

## References
Skinhead

, a skinhead punk band]]
**Skinheads**, named after their short haircuts, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in late 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude Boys and the Mods. They shave their heads, because originally most of them were workers in factories and they had to be bald, so their hair could not get caught in the machines. 

Traditional skinheads identify with the original skinhead movement ("The Spirit of '69") in music, style, and/or working class pride. Skinheads listen to ska, rocksteady, reggae, Oi! and punk music.

People who are not part of the group often see Skinheads as being close to Neo-Nazis. Often Skinheads are seen as part of that movement. This is wrong, given that there are many young people in the movement who have no political views at all. Many Skinheads are also not violent, unless they are provoked.

## Other websites 
* Libcom.org: A Brief History of Skinhead Culture
* Reggae, Reggae, Reggae  The Skinhead Movement and Reggae Music
* Papaskin American skinhead web site with news, images, forum, etc.
* Aussie Skins Australian skinhead web site with news, images, forum, etc.
* Oi! the Truth  History of Oi! according to Garry Bushell
* SHARP Skinheads  UK skinhead site with news, images, forum, etc.
* Skins and Punks in Indonesia! 1400 Photos
Sanford Dole

**Sanford Dole** (April 23, 1844 – June 9, 1926) was an American politician. Dole was a part of a group of businessmen who first forced a new Hawaiian national constitution on the country during King David Kalakaua's reign and then after his death removed Queen Liliuokalani from the throne and took control of the country in 1893. They removed the queen by threatening to use the warships of the U.S. Navy had in Honolulu harbor. 

Queen Liliuokalani did not want her people to be harmed so she agreed to do what the revolutionists wanted. The Queen went to Washington and talked to the American President, Grover Cleveland. Cleveland decided that this had been an act of war against the Hawaiian Kingdom. Cleveland ordered Sanford Dole, the President of the newly formed republic, to make Liliuokalani the queen again.  

Dole refused to do this. He said that President Cleveland was interfering.  Dole remained the president of Hawaii from 1894 until 1900 after Cleveland was elected out of office.  The newly elected American president William McKinley signed the Newsland Resolution. The Newsland Resolution made Hawaii a territory of the United States.  This ended any legal or military chance of restoring the Queen and the Hawaiian Kingdom.

Dole served as governor of Hawaii from 1900 until 1903, he was the first when he accepted a position as United States District Court judge. He remained a judge until 1915.
OpenBSD

**OpenBSD** is a secure, free computer operating system. Many different types of computers can be used with OpenBSD, including Intel PCs and Apple Computer's PowerPCs.

Like the other open source BSDs, the whole operating system is developed by the same group of people with OpenBSD. Programmes from other sources are available separately.

OpenBSD is often the first to add new security tools to make it harder to break. Developers have also carefully read through the programming code to check for mistakes more than once. The project is led by Theo de Raadt from Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  There are few restrictions on people that use the source code, the BSD licence.

OpenBSD releases new versions every six months. Each version is supported for one year after release. OpenBSD's latest version has been released on 5th April 2024.

OpenBSD's first mascot was a BSD daemon with a halo, it was replaced with Puffy, a pufferfish, on June 15th, 2000, with the release of OpenBSD 2.7.

The operating system's developers add in many new technologies to make the system more secure and harder to break, technologies like W^X, Stack Protection, malloc reconfigurations and ssh to replace telnet and rlogin.

Because of its security features, OpenBSD is often used as a firewall and for other security-related jobs. It is also usable on a desktop computer.

## Related pages
* NetBSD
* FreeBSD
* DragonFly BSD
* POSSE project
* KAME project

## Other websites 
* The OpenBSD homepage
* OpenBSD journal
* O'Reilly Network: ''An Interview with OpenBSD's Marc Espie ''
* One floppy OpenBSD MP3 Player and router/NAT/Firewall 
* mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
* OpenBSD ports — full-text search to find applications ported to OpenBSD and available to install as packages
* BXR.SU — OpenBSD source code search (can be useful to see if your new computer parts are supported)

## References
1170

## Births 
* April 23 – Isabelle of Hainaut
* August 8 &ndash; Saint Dominic, founder of the Dominicans (d. 1221)

## Deaths 
* December 29 &ndash; Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (assassinated) (b. c. 1118)
Universal Media Disc

*UMD can also mean University of Maryland.*

The **Universal Media Disc** (**UMD**) is an optical disc made by Sony for their PlayStation Portable handheld console. It can hold up to 900 megabytes (single layer) or 1.8 gigabytes (double layer) of data. The disc can store games, music, and video, along with updates for the PSP. It is the first optical disc format to be used for a handheld video game system. To prevent illegal copying, Sony has not made blank discs available for sale. This disc is not used with any other devices. The UMD is very fragile and can be broken from misuse.

## Uses
The primary use for UMD discs is for a storage medium for PSP games, but the format is also used for the storage of movies.

## Future
Even though with the release of the PSP Go, most new games continue to be made via UMD, and, aside from those published by SCE, not all have been released on the PSN.
Sudan

**Sudan** is a country in East Africa. The official name of Sudan is **The Republic of the Sudan**. Its capital and largest city is Khartoum.

İslam is the most common religion in Sudan.

## Geography 
Sudan borders Egypt to the north, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. Sudan has a sea to the northeast called the Red Sea.

Sudan used to have the largest area of all the countries in Africa.  However, on 9 July 2011, the southern part of the country separated and became a new country, South Sudan. Sudan now has an area of . It is the third largest country in Africa by area.  The Nile flows through Sudan, providing water to crops. There are many different tribal and ethnic groups, though the country is mainly divided between the north, which has more Arabic people, and the south, which has more people of African descent.

## Culture 
People from Sudan are called **Sudanese**. About 45 million people live in Sudan. Almost two million people live in the capital Khartoum.

Arabic is the official language of Sudan. Most of the people speak in the Sudanese dialect, which is known as Sudanese Arabic. Beja and Hausa are other Afro-Asiatic languages that are spoken in certain parts of the country. Dinka and Nuer are the main Nilo-Saharan languages spoken in Sudan. Several Nubian and Niger-Congo languages are also spoken. As a former colony of Great Britain, English is also spoken throughout the country.

Islam is the official state religion and the majority of Sudanese are Muslims, mostly Sunni. Along the southern border there are also people who are Christian or animist.

The currency of Sudan is called the Sudanese Pound (SDG) (Jinneh Sudani).

## War 
For several years, the Darfur conflict has been going on in Sudan. Over 400,000 people have died in it.

## Related pages 
*States of Sudan
*List of rivers of Sudan
*Sudan at the Olympics
*Sudan national football team
*Muhammed Ahmed, the Mahdi

## References 
## Other websites
1741

**1741** (MDCCXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events
* June 25 &ndash; Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary in Bratislava.
* Royal Order of Scotland is founded.

* January 7 – Benedict Arnold
1175

## Events 
* Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, last High King of Ireland, submits to Henry II as vassal of Ireland with the Treaty of Windsor
* Ly Cao Ton becomes ruler of Vietnam
* William of Tyre becomes archbishop of Tyre
* Massacre of Abergavenny ends with several noblemen dead under William de Braose
* Vordingborg Castle is finished.

## Births 
* Andrew II of Hungary, King of Hungary (died 1235)
* Frederick I of Austria (died 1198)
* Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian and bishop (approximate date; died 1253)
* Fibonacci, Italian mathematician (approximate date; died 1250)
* Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1218)
* Roger III of Sicily (died 1194)
* Michael Scot, Scottish mathematician and astrologer (died 1232)

## Deaths 
* Mleh of Armenia, ruler of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
* Judyta, wife of Ladislaus II of Hungary and Otto I von Brandenburg (born 1132)
Civil war

A **civil war** is a type of war that takes place between two or more groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for many reasons, there are two common reasons.

The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election and do not come to an agreement, this might lead to a war.

The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession or separatism. A group living in a certain area might decide that they want independence to make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of their country, and a war could result.

Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more autonomy over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.

Civil wars can go on for many years and be just as destructive and damaging as international wars. Civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups who were not involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they fight to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred. Sometimes foreign countries help one side, or different countries help different sides. This can become a proxy war.

## Examples
Civil wars include:
* English Civil War (1642–1651)
* American Civil War (1861–1865)
* Chinese Civil War (1927–1949)
* Vietnam War (1955–1975)
* Mexican Revolution (1911–1920)
* Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
* Finnish Civil War (1918)
* Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
* Pakistan Civil War (1971)
* Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
* Syrian Civil War (2011–2024)

## References
1883

## Events 
* May 24 – Brooklyn Bridge opens to traffic.

## Births 
* February 7 – Eubie Blake, American musician and composer
* April 5 - Walter Huston, Canadian actor (d. 1950)
* April 7 – Gino Severini Italian painter (d. 1966)
* April 15 – Stanley Bruce, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
* July 29 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator

## Deaths 
* March 14 – Karl Marx, German philosopher
* August 23 – Sarah Yorke Jackson, American First Lady

## New books 
* Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi
BBC Radio 1

**BBC Radio 1** (often known as **Radio 1**) is an international radio station that is based in the United Kingdom. It is owned by BBC and BBC Radio. Radio 1 started broadcasting at 7.00 am on 30 September 1967. Tony Blackburn presented the first (later known as Breakfast) programme on the station. The station is meant to be listened to mainly by people aged 15–29.

Before the launch of Radio 1, the BBC ran three radio stations (the BBC Light Programme, the BBC Home Service and the BBC Third Programme), but these were considered old fashioned and were closed down in 1967. They were replaced with Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.

The launch of Radio 1 in 1967 was because of the popularity of pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline. They had been outlawed by Act of Parliament, and the BBC needed to provide alternative radio stations.

Radio 1 also has a sister station, BBC Radio 1Xtra.

## Programming 
The daytime shows (Monday-Thursday 4.00 - 19.00, Friday 4.00 - 18.00, Saturday 6.00 - 16.00 and Sunday 6.00 - 19.00) are very speech-focused and use an extensive playlist to introduce unknown and emerging material alongside more established, *top 40* hits from the recent past (usually in a 5-year cycle).

The nighttime shows focus specifically on new music, with each show devoted to a particular genre. These genres include electronica, dance, hip-hop, rap and rock. All programs during this time are playlisted and presented by the DJs without any influence of the station's music editor.

## References
## Other websites
*
1232

**1232** is a leap year which started on a Thursday of the Julian Calendar.

## Events 
* In Korea, the printing press is invented.
1558

**1558** (MDLVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* November 17 – Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England.
Fear Factory

**Fear Factory** is an American industrial metal band. They were formed in Los Angeles, California in 1989 and disbanded in early 2002. They reformed the following year adding Byron Stroud (of Strapping Young Lad) as their current bass player. Their classic line-up was Burton C. Bell (vocals), Dino Cazares (guitars), Christian Olde Woblers (bass) and Raymond Herrera (drums) between 1994 and break up time. Milo Silvestro became the band's vocalist in 2021 after Burton C. Bell's departure. 

## Band members 
### Current members
* Dino Cazares – guitars, backing vocals (1989–2002, 2009–present)
* Tony Campos – bass, backing vocals (2015–present)
* Milo Silvestro – lead vocals (2023–present)
* Pete Webber – drums (2023–present)

### Former members
* Burton C. Bell – lead vocals (1989–2002, 2003–2006, 2009–2020); keyboards (1995) 
* Raymond Herrera – drums (1989–2002, 2003–2006)
* David Gibney – bass (1989–1991)
* Andy Romero – bass (1991–1992)
* Andrew Shives – bass (1992–1994)
* Christian Olde Wolbers – bass (1994–2002); guitars (2003–2006); backing vocals (1994–2006)
* Byron Stroud – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2012)
* Gene Hoglan – drums (2009–2012)
* Matt DeVries – bass, backing vocals (2012–2015)
* Mike Heller – drums (2012–2023)

### Touring musicians
* Javier Arriaga – bass 
* Alexandro Hernandez – bass 
* Ricky Bonazza – bass 

### Session musicians
* Rhys Fulber – keyboards, samples (1993–2002, 2003–2004, 2009–present)
* Reynor Diego – keyboards, samples (1992–1995)
* Steve Tushar – keyboards, synthesizer, samples (1995–1997, 2003–2005)
* John Morgan – keyboards, samples (1997)
* John Bechdel – keyboards, synthesizer, samples (1998–2002, 2002–2004)

## Discography
* *Soul of a New Machine* (1992)
* *Demanufacture* (1995)
* *Obsolete* (1998)
* *Digimortal* (2001)
* *Archetype* (2004)
* *Transgression* (2005)
* *Mechanize* (2010)
* *The Industrialist* (2012)
* *Genexus* (2015)
* *Aggression Continuum* (2021)

## References
Sublime

**Sublime** was a popular punk/ska rock band. The band was formed in 1988 in Long Beach, California. They have released popular hit singles like "Date Rape", "Doin' Time", "Santeria" and "What I Got"

Sublime broke up 1996, because singer, guitarist and songwriter Bradley Nowell died. He died in a hotel room in San Francisco, California on May 25th of the same year from a heroin overdose. He was 28 years old. Their third and final album *Sublime* was released two months after Nowell's death. The album's song "What I Got" was what made Sublime famous.

Sublime has sold over 8 million albums around the world.

## Cultural references 
A few of Sublimes songs have been used in video games. "Santeria" was included in *Guitar Hero World Tour*. 
The song "Seed" was included in ''Tony Hawk's Underground* and the song "What I Got" was included in *Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX and in Saints Row The Third''.

## Discography 
### Albums 
### Compilations and live albums 
### Singles 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Crass

**Crass** was one of the first anarcho-punk bands. The band was formed in Essex, England in 1977. The band split up in 1984.

## History 
### Original members 
The group was first of all made up of Penny Rimbaud (playing drums) and Steve Ignorant (who sang). Later they were joined by other people who also lived together in their shared house (or commune) called Dial House.

### First concerts 
Crass did their first concert at a squatted festival in Huntley Street, North London. Soon after they played at the famous punk club The Roxy in London's Covent Garden area. However, the group were made to come off of the stage because they were very drunk. They also did early concerts with punk band the UK Subs, but not many people went to watch these concerts.

### First fashion statements 
After these members of Crass decided to be more serious about what they were doing. They decided to wear black clothes all of the time, whether or not they were on stage. This was so that no member of the band would be seen as the group 'leader'. They also made a banner that they hung up behind them when they were playing live. This had a logo on it that was made up of symbols like the Christian cross, the swastika and the British flag, as well as a snake with two heads that is eating itself. The meaning of this logo was the idea that "power will destroy itself".

## Albums 
### First album 
Crass released their first record in 1978. It was called *The Feeding of the 5000*. It was meant to have 18 songs on it, but one song was banned by the people who worked at the factory where the records were made. This was because they thought it was blasphemous. This song was called "Asylum". The band instead released the record with a 2-minute gap where that song had been, which they called "The Sound of Free Speech". After this they set up their own record label, Crass Records. This was so that they could control what was on their own records in the future. They re-recorded and released the song that had been banned as a single. They also re-released the first LP with the banned song put back on it.

### Second album 
The second LP released by Crass was the double album *Stations of the Crass*. It was released in 1979. One side of this LP was a recording of a live concert that the band played at the Pied Bull pub in Islington, London on August 7, 1979.

### Third album 
Their next LP was released in 1981. It was called *Penis Envy*. The band had deliberately changed their sound for this record. The lyrics and the record cover artwork had a strong feminist message. Steve Ignorant did not appear upon it. Instead, only the women members of the band, Eve Libertine and Joy DeVivre sung the songs.

### Other albums recorded 
The Crass Records label also released many other records by other musicians and bands. These included Flux Of Pink Indians, Conflict, Poison Girls, Zounds, Honey Bane, Rudimentary Peni and others.
Black Flag

**Black Flag** was an American hardcore punk band. They formed in California in 1976 and broke up in 1986. There were many different members in the band, but the leader was Greg Ginn. Ginn was the guitarist and wrote many of the songs.

Black Flag was one of the groups that created the hardcore punk style. They toured the United States and Canada to play many live shows. They influenced many other musicians and fans to make their own hardcore bands. The band's first album, *Damaged* (1981), has been recognized as a classic punk album and one of the most influential punk records ever made.

After breaking up, the lead singer Henry Rollins formed a new band by himself, Rollins Band and guitarist Greg Ginn worked on a separate career in the early 90s.
Surrey

*For the city in British Columbia, see Surrey, British Columbia.*

**Surrey** is a county in southern England. The size of Surrey is about 1,663 km² and it has about 1,059,000 people (2002). It is near London. Surrey's largest town is Guildford. In Guildford there is also a university. The River Thames forms part of Surrey's north border.

Surrey is a setting of *War of the Worlds* by H. G. Wells (Woking, Leatherhead in particular).

Surrey is near London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports. It has access to major road routes (including the M25, M3 and M23). It has frequent rail services into Central London.
1443

## Events 
* July 22 – Zürich is defeated in the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl.
## Births 
* January 27 – Albert, Duke of Saxony (died 1500)
* February 23 – Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (died 1490)
* May 17 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of King Edward IV of England and King Richard III of England (died 1460)
* May 31 – Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England (died 1509)
* December 5 – Pope Julius II (died 1513)
* Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar and humanist (died 1485)
* John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English leader (died 1513)
* Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (died 1496)
* Philip II, Duke of Savoy (died 1497)
* Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and rebel (died 1492)
* Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick (died 1449)
## Deaths 
* Zeami – Japanese actor.
Edip Yuksel

**Edip Yüksel** (born December 20, 1957 in Güroymak, Turkey) is an American thinker and activist. He has written many books on the Qur'an and is very an influential figure in modern Islamic reform. Yüksel was a student of Rashad Khalifa and was a member of his group United Submitters International. He sometimes works as a legal researcher and a community college teacher, but is mostly a supporter to change the Islamic religion. He lives in Tucson, Arizona.

## Some works in English 
* *The Prime Argument/Asal Tartışma* (1995). An argument with 2 "rounds", or parts, with Professor Carl Sagan on how the Qur'an is set up and what it means to the people who follow it.
* *Running Like Zebras* (1995). An Internet debate with Abdurrahman Lomax on how the Qur'an is set up.
* *Unorthodox Essays* (1994). A small book that has essays on loaning people money with unfair amounts to pay back, beating up wives, and abortion. One of the essays, "Distinguished usury from interest" suggested a new way to translate for the verse 4:34 in the Qur'an.
* *Nineteen Questions for Christian Clergy/Hristiyan Din Adamlarına 19 Soru* (1993–1999). A study about the Christian religion and what is taught to people who are Christians.
* *Nineteen Questions for Muslim Clergy/Müslüman Din Adamlarına 19 Soru* (1991). Some questions to the leaders of the Muslim faith about how much power they should have and if what they teach is biased, or narrow-minded.

## Other websites 
* Edip Yüksel's official site
* Online Quran Project  includes the Qur'an translation by Edip Yüksel.
Centre

**Centre is the UK and Commonwealth spelling of Center (US)**

Although within the US The word "centre" often means places or buildings where an activity takes place, while "center" is a mathematical or locational mid point (center of a room). Common examples are:
* a town centre or city centre
* a shopping centre is a place with lots of shops.
* a sports centre is where people go to use sports facilities, such as squash courts, and swimming pools.
* a centre (ice hockey), the position used in ice hockey
* a Center (American football), the position used in American football
*a balanced political position.

## Places
*Centre, the former name of Centre-Val de Loire, an administrative region of France
*Centre Department, the department of Haiti
Perth, Western Australia

**Perth** () is the capital city of the state of Western Australia. It is built on the banks of the Swan River. Almost 2.1 million people live in the city.
It is the fourth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Perth was founded in 1829 by Captain James Stirling.
The native population of the city are the Whadjuk people, a group of the Aboriginal Noongar tribe. Perth is famous for its beautiful white, sandy beaches. Popular local beaches include Cottesloe and Scarborough. These beaches are ideal for swimming and bodysurfing. A popular local tourist attraction is Rottnest Island, which is populated by small native mammals called Quokkas. Another famous attraction is , which is one of the biggest city parks in the world. Perth has a public transport system called Transperth.

## Sister cities 
Perth is a sister city with many other cities. Sister cities can share students and business contacts. Perth is a sister city to these cities:

*  Kagoshima, Japan
*  Houston, Texas
*  Rhodes, Greece
* Megisti, Greece 
*  San Diego, California
*  Vasto, Italy
*  Nanjing, People's Republic of China
*  Taipei, Taiwan
*  Chengdu, People's Republic of China

Perth also has some other agreements with Perth, Perth and Kinross in Scotland and formerly Grenoble, France.

## Universities 
Perth is home to four public and one private university. These are:

* University of Western Australia
* Murdoch University
* Curtin University
* Edith Cowan University
* University of Notre Dame (Western Australia) (private)

## Climate 
Perth has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool wet winters. Perth is the sunniest city in Australia, with 138.7 clear days annually.

## Famous people from Perth
*Amy Fuller, singer
*Troye Sivan
*Heath Ledger
*Daniel Ricciardo
*Katherine Langford
*Sam Worthington
*Birds of Tokyo
*Tame Impala

## References
Mayflower (ship)

In 1620, the ***Mayflower*** brought 102 passengers from England and Holland to what is now Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The group included people seeking religious freedom. This voyage is one of the most famous in early American history. 

The Pilgrims aboard the *Mayflower* intended to sail to the Virginia Colony. They landed instead on Cape Cod and formed the Plymouth Colony.

## Voyage 
The *Mayflower* left England with the ship *Speedwell* on 15 August 1620, carrying Pilgrims from England and Holland. However, the *Speedwell* turned out to be unseaworthy. Both ships were twice forced to return to England. 

The *Mayflower* finally left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. On 19 November 1620 they spotted land. However, because of storms and navigation problems, they were much farther north than they intended. On 21 November 1620 they landed on Cape Cod.

The passengers lived on the ship for a few months.  They went ashore to build shelters during the day, then returned to the ship at night. During the winter of 1620-1621, about half of the passengers died. By March 1621, there were enough shelters for everyone to live on land.

### Mayflower Compact 
*See the main article: Mayflower Compact*

While still aboard the *Mayflower*, the Pilgrims wrote a set of rules about how they would live and treat each other. This is an important document in American history. It includes democratic ideals, and it designed a framework for the first government in what is now the United States.

## Related pages 
* Mayflower passenger list

## References 
## Other websites
* Pilgrim Hall Museum of Plymouth, Massachusetts
* General Society of Mayflower Descendants 
* The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames, Project Gutenberg edition.
* Mayflower Descendants Chart .
* Pilgrims and the Mayflower  Mayflower Interior Pictured
Reykjavík

**Reykjavík** is the capital city of the island country of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country. The population of Reykyavík is over 117,000 people. There is a geothermal bath, both natural and unnatural in appearance. It is in the capital and people relax in this hot spring during the cooler months. Björk, an Icelandic singer, is from Reykyavík.

## People from Reykjavik 
* Jón Kalman Stefánsson (born 1963), writer, poet
* Magnús Scheving (born 1964), writer, entrepreneur, producer, actor and athlete
* Björk (born 1965), singer, songwriter, actress, record producer and DJ
* Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir (born 1965), politician

## Other websites 
*
Uniform

**Uniforms** are special clothes to show that a group of people  together. The group of people will all be dressed in the same way, where *uni-* means "one", and *form* means "shape".
## Introduction
People may wear uniforms for several reasons. The uniform will help the people to feel a team  so that they work well together. They may also help members of the public to know who they are, e.g. in a department store a  can tell who is a member of staff, or in the street people will recognize a police officer. 

Uniforms may also be worn because they are , e.g. it might keep them safe when operating machinery or keep them clean when doing their work.

## Examples
### General
Soldiers wear uniforms. They also wear things such as badges and insignias on their uniform to show their , , military unit, and other information about them.

Nurses in hospitals wear uniforms. domestic workers sometimes wear uniforms when working for their employer. Important domestic workers may wear special smart uniforms called "livery" e.g. porters (doormen) at  hotels.

### By region
In some countries, such as India, Japan, China, Korea, Australia and the United Kingdom, many school children wear uniforms. These uniforms tend to be a set of clothes with the school crest or symbol. It helps them feel  of their school and children from  families and poor families all look the same.

In Britain, for example, most young children wear school uniforms. In state schools. the children may wear polo-necked T-shirts with a school logo. Other schools, especially private schools, may have a  uniform, or they may be free to choose their own clothes so long as they are the school color.
Peter Frampton

**Peter Frampton** (born 22 April 1950) is an English guitarist. He is best known for the album *Frampton Comes Alive*.

## Other websites 
* Peter Frampton's website
* FOX Television Celebrity Duets season premier recap 
* Audio interview at BBC Wiltshire
* Five audio interview segments with Peter Frampton from 1986
1537

## Births 
* October 12 – Edward VI of England

## Deaths 
* October 24 – Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII of England (born about 1507)
Crazy Frog

Daniel Malmedahl (left) and Erik Wernquist (right) at the Australian tour in 2005]]
The **Crazy Frog** is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.

## History
Before becoming a ringtone to download  onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called “The Annoying Thing” in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic “thing” is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.

## Music remixes
Members of Bass Bumpers had a dance remix of Harold Faltermeyer’s “Axel F”  in early-2005, the Beverly Hills Cop theme, adding Daniel Malmedahl’s impression of a moped engine (Ring-a-ding-dong) and a Max Headroom, “What’s going on?” (among other dubbed words). In the music video for that remix the “Thing” says featured bites from Daniel’s bit (Ding, ding.) and zooms around on a mimed bike to escape a robot minion on a hover bike.

The internet and media dubbed it both a Frog and crazy. Erik went along with it.

First, it was simply a vocal imitation of a two stroke, internal combustion engine. Daniel Malmedahl of Sweden created a recording of his imitation in 1997 that eventually spread through peer to peer file sharing on the Internet.

## Sales and revenue
The company that sells **Crazy Frog** ringtones (Jamba!) has made £14 million from it.
Nairobi

**Nairobi** is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Its name comes from The Masaai word 'Enkare Nyorobi' meaning 'place of cool waters'. It is far from the coastline of Kenya. About three million people live there. The city was founded in 1899 as a railway depot linking Uganda to Mombasa. Nairobi is the fourth largest city in Africa with a population of more than 6 million people. There are several popular shopping malls, including the Yaya Center,The Thika Road Mall, The Hub Karen, Junction Mall, the Village Market, and the Sarit Center.  The Israeli owned, Westgate Mall was another popular destination until it was attacked by al Shaabab terrorists in 2013. Nairobi is headed by a governor, who is called Mike Mbuvi 'Sonko' and he's Deputy, Polycarp Igathe who were inaugurated after the August 8,2017 election.

Nairobi has become very highly populated due to high rural to urban migration rates. Violent crime is also fairly common in many areas, leading to the nickname "Nairobbery."
Derek and the Dominos

**Derek and the Dominos** was an American blues rock band. The band's members were Eric Clapton, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, and Duane Allman. They made the album *Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs*. "Layla", with the well-known guitar riff, came from that same album. The band broke up after one album.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs* (1970)

## References
Grover Cleveland

**Stephen Grover Cleveland** (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American politician who served as the 22nd president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and as the 24th president from 1893 to 1897. He was the first president to serve nonconsecutive (not back-to-back) terms.

He was known for his honesty, integrity, and firm stance against corruption. He used the presidential veto power over 500 times, far more than most other presidents, to reject bills that he opposed. He did not want the United States to get its military involved in Latin America.

Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey, and was raised in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at New York Institute for the Blind. He was married to Frances Folsom, who was over 20 years younger. In fact, many people expected Cleveland to marry her mother, Emma. He was the first president to marry in the White House. They had one child, Ruth Cleveland, during his presidency.

During his second term, he had an emergency surgery for jaw cancer on a boat in the middle of a river to avoid publicity. Cleveland died on June 24, 1908, from a heart attack in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 71.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
*Grover Cleveland's White House biography
Bassist

A **bassist** is a musician whose musical instrument is a bass guitar or a double bass. In rock, pop, country, metal, jazz fusion, and funk music, most bassists play a bass guitar. In some types of jazz, and in rockabilly, bluegrass, and in symphony orchestras, bassists play a double bass.

## Training
Many professional rock, pop, country, metal, and funk, rockabilly, and bluegrass, bassists learn to play by performing in groups for many years and by taking private lessons with bass teachers. 

Bassists who play in symphony orchestras, or who play jazz or jazz fusion often learn to play the bass in a conservatory, music school, college, or university. College or university degrees in double bass include the Bachelor of Music degree (which takes four years) and the Master of Music degree (which takes two years).

There are fewer Bass players than traditional guitar players. Some believe the bass is harder to play, although it has fewer strings

## Income
Bassists, like other musicians, have a much lower average income than many other job categories, such as accountants or administrators. Although a tiny number of famous bassists make a large amount of money, and a small number of bassists have full-time jobs in bands or orchestras, most bassists have low incomes. Many bassists do not earn enough from playing, so they do other music-related jobs, such as teaching bass.
President of the United States of America (disambiguation)

**President of the United States (of America)** is the head of state and leader of the government of the United States of America.

**The Presidents of the United States of America** may also refer to:
*The Presidents of the United States of America (band), a rock band, or
**The Presidents of the United States of America,* the first album of that band.
Mother

]]
A **mother** (also called **mom, mum and** **mommy**) is a female parent. A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy. Pregnancy is usually nine months. If a woman raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well. Adopted children are also part of that person's family. Also see Maternal insult.

## Breastfeeding 
After the birth of a baby, breastfeeding is an important part of taking care of the baby.

## Other names for "mother" 
* In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
* In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy". Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
* In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
* In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
* In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
* In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
* In German "Mama", "Mami“, "Mutti“, "Mutter"
* In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
* In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
* In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"

*Madre* is Mother in Spanish. *Mamma* or *Mor* is Mother in Norwegian. *Mater* is Mother in Latin. *Mutter* is Mother in German. *Mat* is Mother in Russian. *Mama* is mother in Swahili

## Maternal 
The word *maternal* is an adjective used to describe thing that are related to a mother. Common uses include:

* Maternal instinct: The instinct mothers are said to have when it comes to dealing with their children
* Maternal grandparent: The grandparents of a person on their mothers side of the family. The maternal grandparents are the father and mother of that person's mother.

## Related pages 
* Matriarchy
Battle of Trafalgar

in 1806-1808]]

The **Battle of Trafalgar** was a sea battle fought on 21 October 1805 between the navies of France and Spain on one side and United Kingdom on the other. The battle took place near **Cape Trafalgar**, in southwestern  Spain. The battle ended with a clear victory for the British forces and allowed Britain to become the world's largest sea power for 100 years. It was the most important sea battle of the 19th century.

## Background 
The Napoleonic Wars had gone on for some time. France had built the strongest army in Europe and controlled much of its land. Because they lived on islands, the British had built a strong Royal Navy and used it to blockade France to prevent its ships from leaving their ports. The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to invade and to conquer Britain, which meant that he had to sink the Royal Navy before his army could land there.

The British knew that France might try to attack them and so placed ships outside the important French ports like Toulon. The admiral in charge of the British fleet was Lord Horatio Nelson. He had become famous in Britain for his victories over the French such as at the 1798 Battle of the Nile.

However, the French Navy managed to avoid Nelson's fleet, left Toulon during a storm and met a group of Spanish ships. Spain then an ally of France. The small fleet first sailed to the West Indies and returned across the Atlantic Ocean to the Spanish port of Cadiz. The fleet wanted to join with more French ships to make a stronger fleet. The British had chased them both ways across the ocean.

## Battle 
The French learned that some British ships had been seen in Gibraltar and thought that meant that the British fleet was less strong than it had been. The French decided that it was the best time to leave Cadiz.

The next day, the 33 ships of the French and the Spanish fleets were met by the 27 ships of the British. The bullet entered via his shoulder, went into his lung and lodged in his spine.

## Aftermath 
Because France was unable to invade Britain, British soldiers fought on Continental Europe with the armies of other countries against those of Napoleon. In the end, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo. With control of the seas, Britain built up a large empire during the years that followed, and the Royal Navy was the world's largest navy for over 100 years.

Nelson's body was brought back to Britain, where he was given a hero's funeral. In 1843, the famous Trafalgar Square and Nelson's Column were built in London to honour him.

## References
Caribbean

The **Caribbean** or **Caribbean Area** (Dutch: *Cariben* or *Caraiben*, French: *Caraïbe* or more commonly *Antilles*; Spanish: *Caribe*) is a region of the Americas. It includes the Caribbean Sea, its islands (more than 7,000 islands, small islands and cays, most of them surrounding the sea), and the coastal islands of north South America and east Central America.

## Geography
The Caribbean is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its east and north, the coast of South America to its south, the coast of Central America to its southwest, and by the Gulf of Mexico to its northwest.

The **West Indies** is the name for the group of the islands of The Bahamas and the *Antilles*. The Antilles are divided into two groups: the larger *Greater Antilles*, on the north limit of the Caribbean Sea, and the *Lesser Antilles*, on the east and south.

The Caribbean islands have many different types of land. Because of this, the islands have many different kinds of plants and animals, even uncommon ones.

Famous islands in the Caribbean include: Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The countries of Dominican Republic, and Haiti are on Hispaniola.
There is also a lot of white sandy beaches and hot sun there.

## Countries and territories by island group 
## Name
The name Caribbean comes from *Carib*, Indigenous people living in the Lesser Antilles and north South America when the Europeans came to the Americas.

## History
The 18th century saw many countries trying to colonize the islands. Because of this, Caribbean culture is very similar to those of Africa, India, and many countries in Europe.

## References
Caribbean Sea

The **Caribbean Sea** is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. This entire sea covers an area of . It is bordered by Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the north, Central America in the west and South America in the south.

This sea is also as deep as the oceans. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft (7,686 m). That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world. 

The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.

## History 
Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.

## Other websites
Empire

116]]
An** empire** is a political unit which exercises control over territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples through formal annexations or various forms of informal domination. 

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, The Indian Mauryan empire, the Roman Empire, Arab Muslim empires such as the  Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate, Berber empires such as the Almohads and the Almoravids, the Russian Empire, the Greek Macedonian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire. The oldest empire was the Akkadian Empire, whose founder was Sargon of Akkad.

Empires that are known for conquering much territory with speed include the Greek Macedonian Empire (during the time of Alexander the Great) and the Arab Empire. According to Scottish historian James Buchan: "In speed and extent, the first Arab conquests were matched only by those of Alexander the Great, and they were more lasting." 

Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. Mediterranean sea empires were the Phoenician states of Tyre, Sidon and Carthage; the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa. Others were the Chola dynasty of Tamil Nadu in India; the Omani Empire of Arabia; and the Austronesian empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit in Maritime Southeast Asia. The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires.

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several empires in America including the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire.  The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover America.  Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire which controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

## Modern empires 
The newest created empire was The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the *de facto* head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan.

## References