open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Michael Clarke Duncan

**Michael Clarke Duncan** (December 10, 1957 &ndash; September 3, 2012) was an American actor who starred in movies and was a guest on television shows including: *Two and a Half Men*, *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody*, *CSI: NY* and *Chuck*.

## Before movies 
Before he became an actor, Duncan was a bodyguard for celebrities including: LL Cool J, Jamie Foxx, Martin Lawrence, Will Smith and The Notorious B.I.G.. He quit because when his friend covered for him while watching Notorious B.I.G., Biggie died that night.

## Movies 
Duncan became friends with Bruce Willis while he was acting with him in the movie *Armageddon*, This helped him get the role of "John Coffey" in *The Green Mile*. After getting that role he became a breakout star. He played the Kingpin in the movie *Daredevil*.

## Health problems and death 
Duncan had a heart attack on July 13, 2012 and was rushed to the hospital. On September 3, 2012,  his publicist quoted Duncan's former fiancée, Omarosa Manigault Newman as saying that Duncan had died that morning at the age of 54.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Carmit Bachar

**Carmit Bachar** (born September 4, 1974) is an American singer, dancer and showgirl. She was a member of the Pussycat Dolls.
Children's Hearing

A '''Children's Hearing''' is a legal hearing for children in Scotland. It is part of the country's justice and welfare systems. It takes into account the fact that children who commit crimes need the same sort of care as those who are victims of an offence or neglect. Only if a child has committed a serious crime will they be sent for trial in a normal court. For most cases they are sent to a children's panel. A panel is made up of three adults, with at least one member of each gender. The child's parent or guardian and their social worker will also be present at a hearing. 

The hearing or meeting usually happens around a table. The panel members are given information and reports and the child's circumstances are fully discussed before the panel reaches their decision. It’s unlike a regular hearing because the child can speak at any time during the meeting.

A child may be sent to a children's hearing because they have committed a crime, because they have been neglected or because they have not been not attending school. Often, a children's reporter will refer a child to a panel. These reporters gather information on a child from teachers, social workers, or police and decide whether or not to refer them to a panel. A children's reporter will be made aware of a  child by a referral. A referral is a notification from anyone (neighbour, teacher, police) about a child they think needs legal intervention.

Panel members are very important in a child's life as they make many important decisions for the child. They are specially trained to deal with children and their families. At the end of the hearing they can decide to put a child in foster care, to send them to a children's home, residential school or secure accommodation, to tag them, or to keep the child with their parents and put them under the supervision of a social worker. However, the panel can not punish a child in any way: they can not inflict a fine upon the child or their parents.

## Other websites 
* - Wiki about Children's Panels
Ahl-e Haqq

**Ahl-e Haqq** (Persian, translates to *people of truth*) is a Kurdish religious movement. It is mainly rooted in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as Lorestan and Kermanshah in Iran. Many members also live in the diaspora. In total, the followers are estimated to be around 1 million people.

The religion itself has elements of Shi'a Islam, Yazidi, and Alevism. Followers believe that their deity will be reincarnated seven times. The religion took the practice of Dhikr from Sufism. They also share common meals, and live together in a brotherly manner. Wladimir Fjodorowich Minorski was among the first to describe this religious community.

## References
Trench foot

**Trench foot** or fat foot is a medical condition that is caused by keeping feet in the cold, in dirty places, or in water for a long time. Trench foot was a big problem in the trenches of World War I. Many of the soldiers fighting got this condition.

The soldiers found it difficult to cope with the swelling wearing their boots but after realised that they could not get the boot on again as the foot had swollen to twice its size. Many men who suffered from it ending up having their feet amputated because they could not deal with the pain.

If trench foot is kept warm it can heal itself.

## References
Leah Remini

**Leah Marie Remini** (born June 15, 1970) is an American actress, model and comedian best known for her role as Carrie Heffernan on the sitcom *The King Of Queens*. She is also the host of the game show *People Puzzler*.

## References
Bobby Allison

**Robert Arthur Allison** (December 3, 1937 &ndash; November 9, 2024) was an American Racecar driver. He was the 1983 NASCAR Winston Cup champion. He was on the list of the 50 greatest NASCAR drivers. He was born in Miami, Florida.

Allison died on November 9, 2024 at his home in Mooresville, North Carolina at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
Kutless

**Kutless** is an American Christian rock band formed in 2001.

## History
The band chose the name "Kutless" from a Bible verse, Romans 6:23. They chose this name because "Jesus took our cuts for us, leaving us 'Kutless'".

## Members
;Current members
* Jon Micah Sumrall – lead vocals (2001–present)
* James Mead – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2001–present)
* Neal Cameron – bass guitar (2013–present)
* Nathan Parrish – lead guitar (2015–present)
* Matt Christopherson – drums (2018–present)

;Former members
* Nathan "Stu" Stuart – bass guitar (2001–2002)
* Kyle Zeigler – bass guitar (2002–2005)
* Kyle Mitchell – drums (2001–2005)
* Ryan Shrout – lead guitar, backing vocals (2001–2007)
* Jeff Gilbert – drums (2005–2012)
* Dave Luetkenhoelter – bass guitar (2005–2013)
* Kyle Peek – drums, backing vocals (2012–2014)
* Nick DePartee – lead guitar, backing vocals (2007–2014)
* Vince DiCarlo – lead guitar, backing vocals (2014–2015)
* Drew Porter – drums (2014–2018)

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Kutless* (2002)
* *Sea of Faces* (2004)
* *Strong Tower* (2005)
* *Hearts of the Innocent* (2006)
* ''To Know That You're Alive* (2008)
* *It Is Well* (2009)
* *Believer* (2012)
* *Glory* (2014) 
* *Surrender* (2015)
* *Alpha / Omega'' (2017)

## References
Carmichael number

In number theory a **Carmichael number** is a composite positive integer n, which satisfies the congruence b^{n-1}\equiv 1\pmod{n} for all integers b which are relatively prime to n. Being relatively prime means that they do not have common divisors, other than 1. Such numbers are named after Robert Carmichael. 

All prime numbers p satisfy b^{p-1}\equiv 1\pmod{p} for all integers b which are relatively prime to p. This has been proven by the famous mathematician Pierre de Fermat. In most cases if a number n is composite, it does **not** satisfy this congruence equation. So, there exist not so many Carmichael numbers. We can say that Carmichael numbers are composite numbers that behave a little bit like they would be a prime number.
Greg Biffle

**Gregory Jack Biffle** (December 23, 1969 &ndash; December 18, 2025) was an American racecar driver who raced in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, Xfinity Series and NASCAR Cup Series. He drove for Roush Fenway Racing. He won championships in the Xfinity and Truck series and also won races in all three series. Biffle was born in Vancouver, Washington.

On December 18, 2025, Biffle and his family were killed in an airplane crash in Statesville, North Carolina. He was 55.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Greg Biffle on YouTube
Anna Moffo

**Anna Moffo** (June 27, 1932 - March 9, 2006) was an Italian American operatic soprano particularly associated with lyric-coloratura roles in Italian and French operas, she was admired as much for her vocal gifts as her great beauty and affecting stage presence.

## Life and Career
Born in Wayne, Pennsylvania, to Italian parents, she first studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, with Eufemia Giannini-Gregory, and later at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Italy, with Mercedes Llopart and Luigi Ricci. 

She made her operatic debut in Spoleto, Italy, in 1955, as Norina in Donizetti's *Don Pasquale*. Shortly after, she appeared in a television production of Puccini's *Madama Butterfly*, which made her an overnight sensation throughout Italy. She quickly appeared in other television productions (*Falstaff*, *La sonnambula*, *Lucia di Lammermoor*, *La figlia del reggimento*, *La serva padrona*) and was invited to sing at most of the major opera houses of Italy (Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Parma, etc.). As her reputation grew, she was invited to sing outside Italy, notably at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, the Salzburg Festival and the Vienna State Opera. 

She made her American debut at the Chicago Lyric Opera in 1957, as Mimi in *La bohème*, opposite the great Swedish tenor Jussi Bjorling. Her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York took place on November 14, 1959, as Violetta in *La traviata*, a part that quickly became her signature role. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera for seventeen seasons to great acclaim in roles such as Lucia (*Lucia di Lammermoor*), Gilda (*Rigoletto*), Mimi (*La bohème*), Marguerite (*Faust*), Juliet (*Romeo and Juliet*), Manon (*Manon*), the four heroines in ''Les contes d'Hoffmann*, etc. She also sang in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, etc., while making several appearances on American television. 

She pursued a successful international career as well, singing in Monte Carlo, London, Berlin, Stockholm, Mexico City, Buenos Aires, etc. She remained very popular in Italy and performed there often and hosted her own television program *The Anna Moffo Show* from 1960 to 1973. She also appeared in movie versions of opera such as *La traviata* (1968) and *Lucia di Lammermoor* (1971), directed by her husband Mario Lanfranchi, as well as a few non-operatic movies. 

Her career was cut short by vocal problems in the mid 1970s but she remained active in the opera world as a board member of the Metropolitan Opera Guild and by hosting galas and  giving occasional masterclasses. Moffo died in New York City of a stroke after a decade long battle with breast cancer at the age of 73. She is remembered as one of the most glamourous opera stars of her era.

A versatile and prolific recording artist she left a vast discography including opera, operetta, musical, art songs, pop songs, lieder, etc.

## References
* *Opera News'', October 2009.
QBasic

**QBasic** is a programming language made by Microsoft which was included with Windows 95 and MS-DOS. QBasic is a more limited version of QuickBasic, released in 1985. While today considered almost , it is still a popular language for beginners and especially for educational purposes.

## Example 
An example Hello World program in QBasic:

```qbasic
PRINT "Hello, World!"
```

## References
Scratch (programming language)

**Scratch** is a block-based visual programming language and vector/raster graphics editor for children designed to create things such as games, animations, art, and stories. It allows them to explore and experiment with the ideas of computer programming by using "blocks" that are put together to make simple code. There is also a discussion page with multiple forums mainly used for chatting and help with coding.

Although made for children 8-16, Scratch can be used to produce simple or complex programs. Some notable users who push the boundaries of what Scratch can do include: Griffpatch, -Myths-, TimMcCool, Will_Wam, RAMANRANJAN2282and World_Languages and many more users. 

Scratch is translated into 40+ languages and is used in homes, schools, and after-school clubs in nearly every country in the world. Scratch is often used in teaching coding, computer science, and computational thinking. Teachers also use it as a tool across many other subjects, including math, science, history, geography, and art. The Scratch Team is an organization that helps maintain, manage, and help keep Scratch safe. They also do helpful tutorials for coding help and support. Scratch is free to use.

From left to right, in the upper left area of the screen, there is a *stage area*, featuring the results (i.e., animations, turtle graphics, etc., everything either in small or normal size, full-screen also available) and all sprites thumbnails listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center. The stage is 480 pixels wide, and 360 pixels tall, x:240 being the far right, x:-240 being the far left, y:180 being the top, and y:-180 being the bottom.

## References
Entrepreneur

An **entrepreneur** is a person who makes a business to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy.  These are  people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring new ideas for products or services to market or sell.

Entrepreneurs who are successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits and continued growth opportunities.  Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business.   The entrepreneur assumes the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietor, a partner or the owner of the business or majority of shares in an incorporated venture.  As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success.  He discovered that they:
* Value self-reliance;
* Strive for distinction through excellence;
* Are highly optimistic;
* Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the factors of production, along with land/natural resources, labor and capital.  An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services.  He or she typically creates a business plan, hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their business. Investors are reluctant to risk their capital on something new, since the majority of new businesses fail and the owners lose their money. Some investors specialize in venture capital and many entrepreneurs get more capital by bootstrapping. While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring (that is, with little money), others seek partners who have greater access to capital and other resources.

## Definitions of Entrepreneurship 
Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur"  (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb *entreprendre*, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models: 

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Leadership
Volkswagen Passat

**Volkswagen Passat** is a car produced by Volkswagen in 1973. It entered its seventh generation in 2010.

## Passat Mk4
The Volkswagen Passat Mk4 is the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk4 replaced the Mk3 in 1993, and was replaced by the Mk5 in 1996.

## Passat Mk5
The Volkswagen Passat Mk5 is the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk5 replaced the Mk4 in 1996, and was replaced by the Mk6 in 2005.

## Passat Mk6
The Volkswagen Passat Mk6 is the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk6 replaced the Mk5 in 2005, and was replaced by the Mk7 in 2010.

## Passat Mk7
The Volkswagen Passat Mk7 is the seventh generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk7 replaced the Mk6 in 2010. This is the current generation of the Volkswagen Passat. 

## Gallery 

File:Passat Variant 1 Wien.JPG|First generation Passat Mk1
File:VW Passat Kombi front 20070902.jpg|Second generation Passat Mk2
File:VW Passat B3 Variant front 20080222.jpg|Third generation Passat Mk3
File:Vw passat b4 v sst.jpg|fourth generation Passat Mk4
File:Unfallhilfsfahrzeug der U-Bahn-Wache München Passat.JPG|fifth generation Passat Mk5 
File:Hands-free Driving.jpg|sixth generation Passat Mk6
File:VW Passat Variant 2.0 TDI BlueMotion Technology Trendline (B7) – Frontansicht (3), 13. März 2011, Wülfrath.jpg|seventh generation Passat Mk7
File:VW Passat Variant R-Line Genf 2019 1Y7A5393.jpg|eighth generation Passat Mk8

## References
Volkswagen Golf Variant

**Volkswagen Golf Variant** is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1993. It entered its fourth generation in 2009.

## First generation (1993–1999) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.4* 44 kW (60 hp)
* *1.6* 74 kW (101 hp)
* *1.8* 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
* *2.0* 85 kW (115 hp)
* *2.9 VR6* 140 kW (190 hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.9 D* 47 kW (64 hp)
* *1.9 SDI* 47 kW (64 hp)
* *1.9 TD* 55 kW (75 hp)
* *1.9 TDI* 66 kW (90 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)

## Second generation (1999–2006) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.4 16V* 55 kW (75 hp)
* *1.6* 74 kW (100 hp) and 75 kW (102 hp)
* *1.6 16V* 77 kW (105 hp)
* *1.6 FSI* 81 kW (110 hp)
* *1.8 T* 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.0* 85 kW (115 hp)
* *2.3 V5* 110 kW (150 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
* *2.8 V6* 150 kW (204 hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.9 SDI* 50 kW (68 hp)
* *1.9 TDI* 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (100 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

## Third generation (2007–2009) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.4 16V* 59 kW (80 hp)
* *1.4 TSI* 90 kW (122 hp), 103 kW (140 hp), 118 kW (160 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
* *1.6* 75 kW (102 hp)
* 2.0 147 kW (200 hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.9 TDI* 77 kW (105 hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)

## Fourth generation (2009–present) 
### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.2 TSI* 63 kW (85 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
* *1.4 16V* 59 kW (80 hp)
* *1.4 TSI* 90 kW (122 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
* *1.6* 75 kW (102 hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.6 TDI* 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
* *2.0 TDI* 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
Papilioninae

**Papilioninae** is a subfamily of butterflies.  It  in the family Papilionidae, the swallowtail butterflies.  The species are found worldwide.

The caterpillars feed on plants in the following families: Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and Annonaceae.  Caterpillars that feed on Aristolochiaceae species become poisonous.  When they become adults, they are still poisonous.  Because of this, many butterflies in the families Papilionidae and Nymphalidae mimic Aristolochiaceae feeders.

## References
## Other websites
*Papilioninae at Wikispecies
Lexeme

**Lexeme** is a term in linguistics. They are units of meaning, independent of any inflectional endings, or whether it is one word or several. "Come in" is a lexeme; so is "raining cats and dogs". The largest English dictionaries have about half a million lexemes, though the true figure is likely more. 

In the English language, *run*, *runs*, *ran* and *running* are forms of the same lexeme.

A similar concept is the lemma (or citation form). It is the form of a lexeme which is chosen to represent the lexeme, for example, RUN instead of the other forms. Lemmas are used in dictionaries as the headwords. Other forms of a lexeme are usually listed later in the entry. So, all headwords in a dictionary are lexemes.

A *lexicon* is made of lexemes.

## Reference
Phoneme

**Phonemes** are the units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language. Most varieties (accents and dialects) of spoken English have about 23 consonantal phonemes and 21 vowel phonemes (altogether 44 phonemes) but only 26 letters in writing. To see all the phonemes in English, the International Phonetic Alphabet has a unique letter for every phoneme, unlike the English alphabet. 

A good way to learn phonemes in a language is to learn minimal pairs, which are pairs of different words that are different by only one sound. An example is "b**i**t" and "b**a**t". Even though only the vowel in each word is different, each word has a completely different meaning. Another example is "**d**ip" and "**t**ip" in which both words have different meanings even though only the first consonant in each word is different.

## References
History of the alphabet

, from left to right Latin, Greek, original Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic.]]

The **history of the alphabet** goes back to a writing system for consonants. This was used for Semitic languages in the Levant in the 2nd millennium BC.

## Early history
### Hieroglyphs in Egypt 
By 2700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had developed a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent the consonants of their language. A 23rd seems to have been for word-initial or word-final vowels. The first purely alphabetic script may have been developed around 2000 BC for Semitic workers in central Egypt.

Over the next 500 years, it spread north. All later alphabets around the world have either descended from it or been inspired by one of its descendants.

## References
Honorary degree

, with her honorary degree, in 2009.]]
An **honorary degree** or a degree ***honoris causa*** (Latin: *for the sake of the honour*) is an academic degree given by a university to a person who particularly deserves such an honour.  It may be someone who has had nothing to do with that university.  The person does not have to do any examination.  It is purely an honour for whatever good work he or she has already done.  Very often the honorary degree is a doctorate.
Jerzy Buzek

**Jerzy Karol Buzek** (born 3 July 1940 in Smilovice, Poland) is a Polish politician and scientist.

He was President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2012. Between 1997 and 2001, he was the Prime Minister of Poland and a member of the Polish parliament.

Buzek attended the grammar school in Chorzów and got his Matura there. After successful exams, he went to the Technical University of Silesia. In Silesia, Jerzy Buzek studied chemistry and got a diploma in 1963.

In the years 1971 and 1972, he researched at the University of Cambridge in Great Britain.

During his studies and time spent in research, Buzek wrote about 200 patents and other papers.

During his time as the Prime Minister of Poland, his success was that Poland joined Nato in 1998. In 2004, he got elected to be a member of the European Parliament.

Buzek got Doctorates honoris causa from the University of Dortmund, the University of Seoul, the University of Isparta and also from the Technical Universities of Opole and Silesia.

## References
President of the European Parliament

The **President of the European Parliament** is the head of the European Parliament. He or she also represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally. The President has to sign that EU laws and the EU budget can become valid.

Presidents serve two-and-a-half-year terms. This time is normally divided between the two major political parties of the European Parliament. There have been twenty-eight Presidents, since the Parliament was created in 1952. Thirteen of whom have served since the first Parliamentary election in 1979. Two Presidents have been women and most have come from the older member states.

## List of Elected President of the European Parliament
## Notes
## References
Mario Andretti

**Mario Gabriele Andretti** (born February 28, 1940) is a retired racecar driver. He won the 1969 Indianapolis 500, the 1978 Formula One championship and won the 1967 Daytona 500. He is called the most successful American racecar driver.

## References
Ubuntu Studio

**Ubuntu Studio** is an officially recognized derivative of the Ubuntu Linux distribution that focuses on audio, video and graphics production. The original version, based on Ubuntu 7.04, was released on May 10, 2007.

## References
Maria Edgeworth

**Maria Edgeworth** was a novelist in the early nineteenth century.

## Life
Edgeworth was born in Oxfordshire in 1767 or 1768. She was the daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Anna Maria Edgeworth. When her father married again to his second wife, she went with him to Ireland. There, she helped her father and managed her father's land. Because of this, she became friends with lots of fashionable people and with Irish peasants. This was very useful to her later in writing her novels. At first she used to write for children, but in 1800 she published her first adults' novel, *Castle Rackrent*. Lots of people liked *Castle Rackrent,* which was an immediate success.

In 1798 her father married his fourth wife. For fifty-one years Maria had a very good friend in her stepmother.

In 1802 their family traveled to other countries. First they went to Brussels, then to a part of France. There Maria met a man named Count Edelcrantz. Maria's stepmother wrote in the book *Life and Letters,* that Maria loved him very much. They came back home to Ireland in 1803 when the war began again, and Maria started writing again. Her father helped her with her writing, and corrected her books a lot. Maria published *Castle Rackrent* secretly.

Edgeworth helped Irish peasantry very much. She was short, and is said to be cheerful and lively. After she was ill for a few years she died at Edgeworthstone, in the arms of her stepmother, in 1849.

## Other books written by Maria Edgeworth
* *Belinda*
* *Castle Rackrent*
* *Leonora*
* *Helen*

## Other websites 
**Sources**
* 
*Works by Maria Edgeworth at Internet Archive
**Other**
*Biography on Revolutionary Players website 
* Edgeworthstown From "Irish Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil" (1888)
Faisal Alam

**Faisal Alam** is a gay Pakistani American who began the *Al-Fatiha Foundation*, a group that is committed to helping further the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims.

Alam came to the United States from Pakistan in 1987, when he was ten, and lived in Ellington, Connecticut. In 1997, after a marriage engagement to a Muslim girl did not work out, he began a Yahoo! group for LGBT Muslims which became popular fast. He started Al-Fatiha in 1998 and was the group's president until he stepped down in 2004.

Alam is also a member of the National Religious Leadership Roundtable and the LGBT Programme of Human Rights Watch.

## Related pages
* List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
## References
## Other websites
* Homepage of Al-Fatiha 
* Interview with Alam  by Johann Hari
Rick Rypien

**Rick Joseph Rypien** (May 16, 1984 – August 15, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was a very tough player and used to play for the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL), who were the Canucks partner in the AHL. Rypien played four seasons with the Regina Pats, a junior team in the Western Hockey League (WHL) before going to the Moose in 2005. The following season he started playing for the Canucks. He has been injured a lot in the NHL and has missed many games because of that.

He signed a one-year, $700,000 contract with the Winnipeg Jets but he died before training camp. His body was found in his home on August 15, 2011 by police. His death was later confirmed to be a suicide Rypien had struggled with clinical depression throughout his career. After his death, an autopsy revealed that Rypien had been suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
 
## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
ZTE

| equity_year = 2022
| num_employees = 74,811  shareholders' equity figure are excluding perpetual capital instrument
}}

**ZTE Corporation**, also known as **ZTE** (Chinese： 中兴通讯) (**Zhong Xing Telecommunication Equipment Company Limited**) is a publicly owned, Chinese business that designs and builds telecommunications equipment and systems.

The company is located in Shenzhen, and was started in 1985

In 1997, the company was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and since December 2004 has been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. It is included in the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index.

ZTE has 13 of its own R&D centers in China, USA, Sweden and Korea.

More than 10% of ZTE's annual income goes to R&D. The company has partnerships with large international companies such as: Intel, Microsoft, IBM, Alcatel, Qualcomm, Analog Devices, Accenture, Texas Instruments, Freescale, Agere Systems and ADI.

## References
SuperCollider

**SuperCollider** is a programming language designed especially for sound and music. Artists and musicians use it to create pieces of music, or interactive sound sculptures, or other computer-based audio things.

## References
Ryan Newman (racing driver)

**Ryan Joseph Newman** (born December 8, 1977) is an American racecar driver who drives the No. 51 Ford Mustang for Rick Ware Racing. Newman used to drive the No. 39 Chevrolet Impala for Stewart Haas Racing, and the No. 12 Dodge for Team Penske. Newman won the 2008 Daytona 500.

## References
Cuboid

A **cuboid** is a 3D shape. Cuboids have six faces. These faces form a convex polyhedron. The faces of the cuboid can be any quadrilateral. The most common cuboid is the rectangular cuboid. It is made from 6 rectangles that are placed at right angles to each other. A cuboid that uses all square faces is a cube. The cuboid can also be called a right rectangular prism.

## Properties 
The properties of a cuboid include:
* cuboids have 12 edges
* They have 8 corners or vertices
* They have 6 faces.

The difference between a rectangle and a cuboid is that a rectangle  is a 2D shape and a cuboid is a 3D shape.

A cube is a cuboid where all six faces have the same height and widths. Each face of a cube is a  square. 

Where L= length, w= width and h= height:
* Total Surface Area of Cuboid = 2( (L×w) + (w×h) + (h×L) ) 
* Volume of Cuboid = L * w * h
Lakas–CMD

**Lakas–Christian–Muslim Democrats** is a centrist political party in the Philippines. It is a member of Centrist Democrat International.

Team CalamBAGO is alliance part of Lakas–CMD.
## Team CalamBAGO 
## Other websites
*Official website
Lucas Oil Stadium

**Lucas Oil Stadium** is in Indianapolis, Indiana and is the home of the Indianapolis Colts, an NFL team.
The stadium had its first game on August 24, 2008 when the Colts played the Buffalo Bills.

The stadium also hosted the 2015 final four between the Wisconsin Badgers and the previously unbeaten Kentucky Wildcats.
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Sgt. Frog

***Sgt. Frog***, known in Japan as , is a manga series that started in 1999, it would later start a anime that began in 2004 and ended in 2011.

It parodies htf. Keroro is having a takeover of the planet pokopen (which refers to earth), he says "de arimasu", "sir yes sir", "si senor", "shi ye", and "akene rupo keyo", and also says "whoa, that's sweet!", Gunso is black with a yellow-and-orange shoshina mark. In the anime, Fuyuki, Momaka and Chiruyo (his 2 love interests) were 11-12 years old in season 1, 13 years old in season 2, and 14 years old in seasons 3-7, Natsumi, and Mustumi were 13-14 years old in season 1, 15 years old in season 2, and 16 years old in seasons 3-7, Angol Mois was 10 years old in season 1, 11-12 years old in season 2, and 13 years old in seasons 3-7, Koyuki (who's like Fuyuki) was 12-13 years old in season 1, 14 years old in season 2, and 15 years old in seasons 3-7.

Keroro (friend of Fuyuki)'s friends are Giroro, Tamama, Kururu, Dororo and Pururu. Fuyuki's other friends are Natsumi (Fuyuki's sister), Aki (Fuyuki's mother), Mutsumi, Koyuki, Chiruyo, Momoka (Momaka), and Mois. Mois's doppelganger and future daughter is Asami. In the Animax dub, Natsumi was voiced by Alexandra Levitch.

## References
The Perfect Fool

***The Perfect Fool*** is an opera in one act with music written by the English composer Gustav Holst. Holst wrote the work over the time period from 1918 to 1922.  The opera was first played at the Covent Garden Theatre, London on May 14, 1923. At the beginning, Holst had asked Clifford Bax to write the libretto, but Bax did not want to do so.

In the musical score, Holst made fun of the musical works of Verdi, Wagner's work *Parsifal* and Debussy. In the opera, the Fool's part is only one word long. One popular way of thinking of the opera's meaning is that the Princess symbolises the world of opera and the Fool is the British people.

The opera did not do well, and audiences thought that the opera did not make any sense.  Although the opera was given a live BBC broadcast a year after it was first played, it is not often played today.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Chester Novello page on *The Perfect Fool*
*Amadeus Online
Glenda Jackson

**Glenda May Jackson** CBE (9 May 1936 – 15 June 2023) was an English actress turned politician. She is best known for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth I in the  BBC series *Elizabeth R* in 1971. She won the Triple Crown of Acting, meaning she was the winner of an Oscar, Emmy and Tony Awards.

## Life and career 
Glenda Jackson studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She began her acting career in 1957. She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where she remained for four years.

After a few bit parts in movies, she got her first major role in *Marat/Sade* in 1966. In 1969, she appeared in Ken Russell's movie version of D.H. Lawrence's novel *Women in Love*. For this part, she won the Academy Award for best actress. The next year, she appeared in another Ken Russell's movie *The Music Lovers*. 

Other notable movies have included; *Sunday Bloody Sunday* (1971), *Mary, Queen of Scots* (1971), *The Triple Echo* (1972), *A Touch of Class* (1973), which won her a second Academy Award for best actress, *The Romantic Englishwoman* (1975), *Hedda* (1975), *The Incredible Sarah* (1976), *Stevie* (1978), *Hopscotch* (1980) etc.

She also appeared to great acclaim on BBC television in *Elizabeth R*, a six parts series on the life of Queen Elizabeth I of England, which is thought by many as the most scholarly version. 

Jackson retired from acting in 1992 and turned to politics. She entered the House of Commons as a Labour member of Parliament. She was married to Roy Hodges from 1958 to 1976, with whom she had a son, Daniel (born in 1969).

In August 2017, Burberry, a London-based luxury fashion house recruited Glenda Jackson to model the iconic trench and revealed the inspiration for its next London Fashion Week show.

On 15 June 2023, Jackson died at her home in Blackheath, London at the age of 87.

## References 
## Other websites 
* MPs website 
* Local party website 
* Guardian Unlimited Politics — Ask Aristotle: Glenda Jackson 
* TheyWorkForYou.com — Glenda Jackson
* BBC Politics
Comet Hale–Bopp

**Comet Hale–Bopp** (formerly called **C/1995 O1**) is the biggest and brightest comet that has come by earth in the last century. It was called the Great Comet of 1997. It is probably the most-seen comet in history - even more than the famous Halley's comet.

## Discovery 
Hale-Bopp was discovered by two astronomers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp. This is a long-period comet (it will not return to earth for a long time). It is so big that its coma (the steam burning off of it) is as big as the sun. It didn't come close enough to the sun to cross the earth's orbital path, so we could not see a meteor shower from the dust trail.

## Chemicals 
Scientists found lots of organic chemicals in Hale-Bopp which they never saw before. It was also the first comet that had the gas argon in it.
It also has a sodium tail. See the picture on the left.

## UFO claims 
A person named Chuck Shramek saw a not very bright, "Saturn-like" thing following Hale-Bopp and called the Art Bell radio program and told them about it. Lots of people thought a UFO was following behind the comet, even though many astronomers, including Alan Hale, tried to tell them it was just a star..
A few months later, the Heaven's Gate cult said they had to join the alien spaceship by leaving their earthly bodies, and lots of people killed themselves.
## Return 
Hale-Bopp has an orbit period of around 2,500 years, meaning that it will return in 4385. It also means that it won't be visible from earth for years and centuries.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Newcott, William R. (December 1997). "The age of comets". *National Geographic*, p. 100.

## Other websites 
* Cometography.com: Comet Hale-Bopp
* NASA Hale-Bopp page 
* 
* Shadow and Substance.com: Static orbital diagram
* Comet Nucleus Animation 
* COMET PHOTO ALTERED, UH SCIENTIST SAYS - *Honolulu Advertiser* by Michael Hammerschlag
List of Toronto subway and RT stations

This is a list of all stations of the **Toronto Transit Commission**'s subway and RT system. The Toronto subway and RT was the first subway system in Canada. The first subway line was built under Yonge Street. It opened in 1954 and it had 12 stations at first. After that, the subway station grew to become Canada's largest subway system. This is because it has the most stations. It is also the second busiest  system in North America.

The subway and RT have four lines and it has  of rail. There are 75 stations that are open and 39 more stations that are being built. Two light rail lines are being built. These are the Line 5 Eglinton and the Line 6 Finch West. They will be opening in 2021 and 2023. The two of these lines will have close to  of rail.

## Stations that are open
## Notes
 Shows the station is wheelchair accessible.
 shows a washroom in a part of the station you need to have paid to be in.
The listed services are in parts of the station you need to have paid to be in.

Also, the streetcar system has a single underground station with no subway connections: Queens Quay. It opened in 1990 and is wheelchair accessible. Exhibition Loop can also have station-like status during major events; at such times ticketing booths are used at its entrance, and thus its fence-enclosed streetcar platform becomes a fare-paid area.

Interac, American Express, MasterCard, Visa tell what method of payment of Metropass purchases **only** at Collection Booths. Tickets and tokens are cash only.
Most of the other services have signs displayed on their doors for payment methods.

## References
Alex Wojciechowicz

**Alexander Francis Wojciechowicz** (born August 12, 1915 in South River, New Jersey - died July 13, 1992 in Forked River, New Jersey) was an American football Center who played for the Detroit Lions and the Philadelphia Eagles of the NFL. Wojciechowicz was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1968. Wojciechowicz was the Detroit Lions first pick in the 1938 NFL Draft.

## References
Beetlejuice

**Beetlejuice** can mean:

**Beetlejuice* (movie) a movie by Tim Burton
**Beetlejuice Beetlejuice the sequel to the original movie by Tim Burton
**Beetlejuice* (TV series)
*Beetlejuice (entertainer) - American comedian and actor
Sea slug

**Sea slug** is an informal name for a group of gastropods which look similar, but are not monophyletic. They are polyphyletic. Their similar shape and life styles is an example of convergent evolution. The group includes:

*Heterobranchia
**Nudibranchs: a clade with bilateral symmetry
**Sacoglossa, a clade of Heterobranch sea slugs and snails which go in for *kleptoplasty* ('stealing' plastids). They eat algae and keep the chloroplasts for their own use.
**Opisthobranchs: a long-used term now just an informal label. 
***Sea angels, or cliones, are opisthobranch gastropod molluscs of the clade Gymnosomata.
***Sea hares are medium to large size marine gastropod molluscs. They belong to two families of the Opisthobranchia.
***Cephalaspidea: a sub-order of Opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. They usually have a reduced internal shell.
*Onchidiidae: a family of air-breathing sea slugs.
**Sea butterflies: a group of pelagic sea snails sometimes called pteropods. They belong to the clade Thecosomata.

It would seem that their similar growth pattern, with the loss of torsion, bilateral symmetry, reduction of the Gastropod shell, and somewhat similar life styles, evolved a number of times in the Gastropods.
Philotheus Boehner

**Philotheus Boehner** (February 17, 1901 – May 22, 1955), who was born as **Heinrich Boehner**, was a member of the Franciscan order and a very well respected medieval scholar.

## Life
Philotheus Boehner was born as Heinrich Boehner on February 17, 1901, in Lichtenau, Westphalia. He joined the Franciscan Order in 1920, and was given the new name *Philotheus*, which is the Latin form of the Greek *Philotheos*, and means *friend of God*. In 1927 he became a priest, but he was very ill with tuberculosis and not expected to live much longer. While resting to try and get better from being sick, he started to translate Étienne Gilson's work on Saint Bonaventura. In the 1930s, he and Gilson became close friends.

## References
Scaphopoda

:*Tusks is the name for the teeth of elephants*

**Scaphopoda**, which are called **tusk shells** in English is a class of marine molluscs. The name of the class can be translated as shovel-footed. These animals vary in size, most are small though. These animals usually do not live in the tidal zone, they dig themselves into muddy or sandy ocean floors, up to a depth of about 700m. There are about 500 recent species. Fossils of over 900 species have been described. As of 2009, it is unclear how many of these descriptions are valid species. 

These species live in an elongated tube, which is open on both ends, but which can be closed on one end. The animal lives inside the tube, and is attached to it. Scaphopoda do reproduce sexually.
Hurricane David

**Hurricane David** was the strongest and deadliest hurricane of the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season, but not the costliest. This hurricane caused a lot of damage as it slammed into Dominican Republic as a category 5 hurricane and it struck Florida as a category 2 hurricane. Hurricane David killed 2,068 and caused over $1.5 billion in damage. 
## Retirement
Because it killed so many people in Dominican Republic, the name David was retired. This was the first male name retired in the Atlantic Ocean. Meaning, David will never be used as a name of a storm in the Atlantic Ocean. The name Danny replaced it in 1985, 1991, 1997, 2003, and 2009. The name Danny is also on the list in 2015. Hurricane David was a very strong hurricane killing many.
Coco the Clown

**Coco the Clown** (or Nicolai Polakovs) was a clown character who is very famous in Britain and his birthplace of Latvia. His son Michael Polakovs became famous in America for helping to found the Ringling brothers, barnum and bailey Circus Clown College and inventing and being the very first Ronald McDonald. Coco was not a whiteface clown but an auguste.This type of clown is the one which causes all the mayhem, is mischievous and gets the laughs,  Coco always gets buckets of water thrown at him or custard pies in his face. 

Nicolai Polakovs (1900–74) made the character of Coco the Clown famous.  

After retiring from the circus, Nicolai Poliakoff [his name was spelled in many ways] toured schools in the UK as Coco promoting road safety, he was sponsored by Esso and J Lyons & Co. He had a walking stick in the shape of a Belisha Beacon. For this work he was awarded the OBE by the Queen.
Michael Polakovs

**Michael Polakovs**, known in America as Coco the Clown, (born Riga, Latvia 23 February 1923; died USA, 6 December 2009) was a famous clown. His father was known as Coco the Clown in Britain. Michael played the part of Coco the Clown in America. He was also known for being Ronald McDonald, the clown who publicized McDonald’s fast food chain.

## Life
Michael Polakovs was born in Riga. His parents Nikolai and Valentina were both circus artists. Nikolai was known as Coco the Clown. He was working in Breslau in Germany when Willy Schumann, the circus director, saw him and persuaded him to go to Britain.

The family moved to Britain where his father found work in Bertram Mills circus. Michael was the eldest of six children.  By the time he was 17 he was working as a clown called “Coconut”. Then World War II started and he and his father had to work digging roads and laying gas pipes. They earned £2 16s 6d a week (just over £2.82 in modern money).  Then he became a driver for the government. He also managed to do some work as a clown in Blackpool Tower Circus and Tom Arnold’s circus.

When Bertram Mills opened his circus again after the war the Polakovs family were all working for him. He was particularly good at stilt-walking. On one occasion, he saved the life of a lion tamer who was being attacked by a lion.

In 1951, he went with a brother and a sister to work for Billy Smart’s circus. The brother married Billy Smart’s daughter.

In 1958, Michael decided to go to the United States. There he became known as Coco the Clown. He worked for the Ringling Brother’s Barnum & Bailey Circus, known as “The Greatest Show on Earth”. Later he worked for other circuses. He started the popularity of the character Ronald McDonald, advertising for the fast food chain. He designed Ronald’s clothes and make-up and appeared in the first eight of his television commercials.

Later he settled with his second wife in Kentucky. He had four children by his first wife and two children by his second wife.

He died aged 86 in 2009.

## References
*Obituary in The Daily Telegraph, 16 December 2009, p.&nbsp;33
Pipo de Clown

**Pipo de Clown** (English: **Pipo the Clown**) is a clown who became very popular on Dutch television.  The character was created by Wim Meuldijk.  The actor who took the part of Pipo de Clown was Cor Witschge (1925-1991).  The television series started in 1958 and was shown until 1980.

In the television programmes Pipo lives with his wife Mamaloe (pronounce: "Mamaloo") and their daughter Petra in a gypsy-style caravan.  They say that they travel all over the world.

Recently new films have been made about Pipo de Clown.

Here are some of Pipo's famous sayings:

* Sapperdeflap! (Pipo expressing surprise)
* Hou 's even vast, Mamaloe! (Hold this a moment, Mamaloe!)
* Dag vogels, dag bloemen, dag kinderen (Hello (or Goodbye) birds, hello flowers, hello children)
Coronel Fabriciano

**Coronel Fabriciano** is a Brazilian city in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area, state of Minas Gerais. It is in the region of Vale do Rio Doce and is 200&nbsp;km from the state capital. The municipal population was estimated in 2020 by IBGE in 110,290 inhabitants, with an area of 221.252 km².

The city was founded in December 27, 1948. The devolviment of the municipality is due to the large companies in the region, such as Aperam South America (old Acesita) and Usiminas, whose industries were in Coronel Fabriciano at they time they were constructed. But in 1964, Fabriciano lost the industrial areas, due to the separation of Timóteo and Ipatinga from this city.

It borders Ipatinga, Timóteo, Ferros, Joanésia, Antônio Dias and Mesquita.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site of Coronel Fabriciano
Robert Lang

:*This article is about the Czech hockey player. For the American paperfolder, see Robert J. Lang.*

**Robert Lang** (born December 19, 1970 in Teplice, CS) is a Czech retired ice hockey centre. He played a career total of 18 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Los Angeles Kings, Boston Bruins, Pittsburgh Penguins, Washington Capitals, Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, and the Phoenix Coyotes. In 2004, Lang won a Golden Hockey Stick for being the best Czech hockey player.

## Other websites
*
*
Aragonese

**Aragonese** might mean:

*Anything related to Aragon, an autonomous community of Spain
*Aragonese language, a language spoken in that community