open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Co-op Food

**The Co-operative Food**, sometimes simply known as the Co-op, is a brand used by the supermarket divisions of several consumer co-operatives in the United Kingdom, with The Co-operative Group being the largest most well known user. Co-operatives are businesses which are ultimately owned by their customer-members and staff-members with each member having an equal say in the business is run. Members elect the board and may vote on the strategic decisions of the business but are not usually involved in its day-to-day operations. Members also receive a percent of the company's earnings each year as a 'Dividend'.

The Co-operative Group purchased Somerfield in early 2009 and encorporated it into The Co-operative Food branding. 

## References
Somerfield

]]
**Somerfield** was a small UK supermarket chain. It was founded in 1875 with a Bristol-based grocer known as J.H. Mills. It developed a self-service supermarket chain named Gateway Foodmarkets in 1960.  Gateway Foodmarkets was taken over by Linfood Holdings,  which already owned the Frank Dee Supermarkets in the north and east of England. They bought a lot of different retail stores. In 1990 they started using the name Somerfield.

The company bought the Kwik Save chain of discount food stores in 1998. 

In early 2009 It was bought by the Co-operative Group for  £1.57 billion. It had 750 shops.

## Other websites 
* 

## References
The Co-operative Group

branch in Oakwood, Leeds after having been converted to a Co-op.]]
**The Co-operative Group** is a United Kingdom consumers' cooperative, and, after the acquisition of Somerfield supermarkets, is the world's largest consumer-owned business, with over 4.5 million members and 123,000 employees across all its businesses. Regional and local retail co-operative societies are corporate members of the Group.

Each member (each person registered to the 'Co-operative Membership' scheme) and every person employed has an equal say in how the business is run. Everyone has a right to help shape the company. The Co-operative Group runs several businesses, including the famous Co-op supermarket chain.

Every year, members receive a share of the profits that they helped to create, based on the amount made in profits that year and how much they had spent with any of its businesses.

## References
Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie)

***Alvin and the Chipmunks*** is a 2007 family comedy movie using Live-action/CGI. The movie stars Jason Lee, David Cross, Cameron Richardson and Jane Lynch and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney.

## Plot
Dave Seville, a desperate song producer, meets three talking, singing chipmunks named Alvin (the awesomest one), Simon (the smart one), and Theodore (the cute one). Dave says that they can live with him if they sing his songs, but he later thinks that he made a terrible mistake when they ruin his house, his friendship with Claire Wilson (his girlfriend and next-door neighbor), and his job. Dave gets along with them better when they became very popular singers. Later on Dave's old friend and roommate, Ian Hawke trys to take the chipmunks away for fame and money. Eventually, Dave gets the chipmunks back, and he learns to consider them as his family. Also he and Claire get back together.

## Cast
* Jason Lee as Dave Seville
* David Cross as Ian Hawke
* Cameron Richardson as Claire Wilson
* Jane Lynch as Gail
* Justin Long as Alvin Seville
* Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
* Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville
* Beth Riesgraf as Mother in Store
* Adriane Lenox as Vet
* Kevin Symons as Ted
* Veronica Alicino as Amy
* Frank Maharajh as Barry
* Oliver Muirhead as Butler

## References
International Friendship Day

**International Friendship Day** celebrations take place on the **4 January** every year. On this day, people spend time with their friends and express love for them. The exchange of Friendship Day gifts like flowers, cards, and wrist bands is a popular tradition of this occasion.

## History
In 1935, the United States Congress proclaimed the 1st Sunday of August as National Friendship Day. Since then, celebration of National Friendship Day became an annual event. Today, Friendship Day is enthusiastically celebrated by many nations.

### Celebrating
Many friends wish each other with exchange of gifts and cards on this day. "Friendship bands" are very popular in India, Nepal and parts of South America.

To mark the International Day of Friendship the UN encourages governments, international organizations, and civil society groups to hold events, activities, and initiatives that contribute to the efforts of the international community toward promoting a dialogue among civilizations, solidarity, mutual understanding, and reconciliation.

### Other traditions
**Día del Amigo* (Spanish: "Friend's Day"), a celebration of friendship, held annually on 20 July mainly in Argentina and Uruguay, but also in some other countries.
**Dia do Amigo* (Portuguese: "Friend's Day"), celebration happens on 18 April because on 20 July, they celebrate International Friendship Day.

## References
## Other websites
*

*

*
AIDS orphan

]]

An **AIDS orphan** is a child who became an orphan because at least one of their parents died of AIDS. (An orphan is a child with no parents.)

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), use the term "AIDS orphan" to talk about children whose mothers died of AIDS before the child's 15th birthday, whether the child's father is still alive or not. Because of this, some people say that 80% of all "AIDS orphans" still have one parent who is still alive.

There are 70,000 new AIDS orphans a year.  People in the past have guessed that by the year 2010, over 20 million children would be AIDS orphans.

Because most people who get AIDS are people who have sex, most people who die of AIDS are people who make most of their family's money (because most people who have sex are old enough to work). This means that many AIDS orphans need help from their country's government to live, and need money. This happens a lot in Africa especially.

In 2007, South Africa had more AIDS orphans than any other country, In 2005, the country with the highest percentage of AIDS orphans among the country's orphans was Zimbabwe.  

## References 
## Other websites 
* AIDS Orphan Resources Around the Globe 
* !Nam Child Wiki  (Namibian Wiki on Children)
Hejaz

**Hejaz** is a province in the west of Saudi Arabia, stretching along the Red Sea (Sea of Hejaz).  It extends from Taif, in the south, to Jordan, in the north. Hejaz has spiritual, cultural, economic and touristic importance, especially in connection with Islam.  Hejaz was an independent kingdom from 1916 to 1926 when Saudi Arabia conquered it. The Hejaz Mountains are the most important in the peninsula. The region has four important cities:

* Jeddah is the largest city and is in the middle of the Red Sea coast. Jeddah is the economic and tourism capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
* Mecca is the holy city for Muslims because of Al-Haram Mosque and Al-Kaaba. Muslims face the city when they pray, and millions go there every year for the Hajj, the main Muslim pilgrimage. 
* Medina is the second most holy city and was the first capital of Islam. It has the Mosque of Prophet Muhammad, where the Prophet Muhammad lived. There are many monuments and historical places.
* Taif is the youngest city. It is a tourist city in Saudi Arabia because the climate is cooler than the region's other cities.
Endianness

**Endianness** refers to how data is ordered in machine language, the simplest, most understandable code that a computer can use.

In computer coding, all data (information) is stored in memory as small numbers (bytes). Larger numbers use more bytes to be stored. The different orders how they are can stored are called little-endian and big-endian. Which one is used depends on the type of the computer.

Say that we have a large number (32 bit long) like this:

 ---> 0A | 0B | 0C | 0D

The way it's stored in shorter byte-size (each 8 bit long) computer memory right now is big-endian, because we are starting with the big end of the large number. (Note that this number is in hexadecimal (base-16) ).

There are two important things to know here: first, "end" here does not mean "the last", but rather "side". In other words, "big-endian" means something like "the big side first", not "the big number is at the finish". Second, in computing numbers are usually grouped into bytes which hexadecimal uses two digits to write out. Each group is treated as a single thing and the digits within do not switch.

To write it in little-endian, we simply start on the little end, so it becomes:

 ---> 0D | 0C | 0B | 0A

Note that it is the order that changes, and the number does not become .
Joseph Merrick

**Joseph Carey Merrick** (5 August    1862&nbsp;– 11 April 1890) was an Englishman. His face and body were deformed because of an illness. To earn food, he was shown at freak shows. He was called the **Elephant Man**. He then became famous after he went to live at the London Hospital. Some people who wrote about him wrongly thought he was called **John Merrick**.   

## Early life 
Merrick was born in Leicester, England in 5 August 1862. He started to become deformed when he was 3. He was also disabled after he hurt his hip. When he was 10, his mother died and his father and stepmother did not want him at home so he left home. When he was 17, he went to live in a workhouse. 

## Career 
In 1884 Merrick wrote to a showman called Sam Torr. Merrick asked Torr to show him as a "freak" exhibition. Torr showed Merrick around the East Midlands, and then Merrick went to London. He stayed in a shop on Whitechapel Road. People would pay to look at him. A surgeon doctor, Frederick Treves, came to see Merrick and took photographs of him. Soon afterwards, Torr's freak shop was closed by the police and Merrick went to Belgium.

In Belgium, Merrick was robbed by his manager and left Brussels alone. He found his way back to London. Frederick Treves took him to the London Hospital where Treves worked. Merrick was allowed to live there for the rest of his life. Rich and famous people of Victorian London came to visit him there.

## Death 
Merrick died on 11 April 1890, aged 27. He died of either asphyxia (not being able to breathe properly) or from a broken neck, resulting from the weight of his head when attempting to lie down to sleep.  

Today, nobody knows for sure the cause of Merrick's physical condition.  

In 1980, movie director David Lynch made a movie about Merrick, called *The Elephant Man*.

## References
*
*
Caenagnathasia

***Caenagnathasia*** (meaning 'recent jaw from Asia') was a small oviraptorosaurian dinosaur (superfamily Caenagnathoidea), measuring only 1&nbsp;m (3&nbsp;ft) in length and weighing around 8&nbsp;kg (18&nbsp;lb). Like all oviraptorosaurs, *Caenagnathasia* had three fingers on each 'hand'  and three toes on each 'foot', with bone fusion similar to that of birds. 

*Caenagnathasia* lived in the Upper Cretaceous, around 90 million years ago.
Parvicursor

***Parvicursor*** (meaning "small runner") is a genus of tiny maniraptoran dinosaur with long slender legs for fast running. At only about 39 cm (~15 in) from snout to end of tail, and 162&nbsp;grams (5.7 ounces) in weight, it is one of the smallest non-avian dinosaurs known from an adult specimen.

## References
Cia-Cia language

The **Cia-Cia language** (Hangul: 바하사 찌아찌아, Roman: Bahasa Ciacia), also known as **South Buton(ese)**, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the town of Bau-Bau on the southern tip of Buton Island off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. 

## References
Šumadija

**Šumadija** (Serbian Cyrillic: Шумадија) is a geographical region in Serbia. The area was heavily forested, hence the name (*Šuma* - forest). The city of Kragujevac is the center of the region, and the administrative center of the Šumadija District in Central Serbia.

## Borders
Šumadija is located between rivers Sava and Danube in the north, river Velika Morava in the east, river Zapadna Morava in the south, and Kolubara, Ljig and Dičina in the west. According to some interpretations (for example, physiologists such as Jovan Cvijić and ethnologist such as Erdeljanović.), the northern border of Šumadija lay between Avala and Kosmaj mountain. According to that view, the capital of Serbia, Belgrade does not belong to this region.

## History
During the 18th century, the forests of Šumadija were the refuge for the Hajduks that fought against Ottoman occupation. The first Serbian uprising in 1804 was led by national hero Karađorđe. The second Serbian uprising in 1815 was led by Miloš Obrenović who successfully repelled the Turkish forces and, by 1830, Serbia had gained its full autonomy. Because of Miloš's efforts and negotiations Serbia was finally an independent state, after centuries under Ottoman reign.

Between 1922 and 1929, one of the administrative units of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was named Šumadijska Oblast. It roughly included territory of present-day Šumadija District with its administrative seat in Kragujevac, which is the seat of the modern district as well.

## Cities
 a village in Šumadija]]
Some of the large cities and towns in Šumadija are:
*Belgrade (most of it)
*Kragujevac
*Čačak (northern part)
*Aranđelovac
*Gornji Milanovac
*Jagodina
*Smederevo
*Smederevska Palanka
*Mladenovac
*Lazarevac
*Velika Plana

Other smaller towns include:
*Knić
*Varvarin
*Topola
*Lapovo
*Ljig
*Grocka
*Belanovica
*Rača
*Barajevo
*Sopot
*Batočina
*Rekovac

## Related pages
*Šumadija District
*Geographical regions in Serbia
*Central Region (Serbia)

## References
## Other websites
*Šumadija (with Pomoravlje) on *serbiainyourhands.com* 
*Stragari - village in Šumadija
August Rush

***August Rush*** is a 2007 American drama movie. It was directed by Kirsten Sheridan. It was written by Paul Castro, Nick Castle, and James V. Hart. It was produced by Richard Barton Lewis. *August Rush* has been thought to as an up-to-date reworking of the *Oliver Twist* story by Charles Dickens.

## References
Anchiornis

***Anchiornis*** ('near bird') is a genus of small, feathered, troodontid dinosaurs. *Anchiornis huxleyi* is named in honour of Thomas Henry Huxley, the first to propose a close evolutionary relationship between birds and dinosaurs. A complete individual would be 34&nbsp;cm (13&nbsp;in) and weigh only 110 g (3.9&nbsp;oz), making it the smallest known feathered dinosaur.

*Anchiornis* fossils have been found in Liaoning, China, dating to the first part of the late Jurassic period, 160 to 161 million years ago.

## Description
*Anchiornis* is a small, early troodontid dinosaur with a triangular skull like other troodontids. Also, *Anchiornis* had long legs, usually an indication of a strong runner. However, the extensive leg feathers indicate that long legs may be an vestigial trait, because running animals tend to have reduced, not increased, hair or feathers on their legs.

Most of the body feathers of *Anchiornis* were grey and black. The crown of head feathers was mainly reddish with a grey base and front, and the face had rufous speckles among predominantly black head feathers. The fore and hind wing feathers were white with black tips. The coverts (shorter feathers covering the bases of the long wing feathers) were grey, contrasting the mainly white main wings. The larger coverts of the wing were also white with grey or black tips, forming rows of darker dots along mid-wing. These took the form of dark stripes or even rows of dots on the outer wing (primary feather coverts) but a more uneven array of speckles on the inner wing (secondary coverts). The shanks of the legs were grey other than the long hind wing feathers, and the feet and toes were black.

Like many modern birds, *Anchiornis* exhibited a complex pattern of coloration with different colours in speckled patterns across the body and wings, or "within- and among-feather plumage coloration". In modern birds, such colour patterning is used in communication and display, either to members of the same species (e.g. for mating or territorial threat display) or to threaten and warn off competing or predatory species.

## Palaeobiology
*Anchiornis* is notable for its long forelimbs, which were 80% of the total length of the hind limbs. This is similar to *Archaeopteryx*; long forelimbs are necessary for flight. *Anchiornis* also had a more avian wrist than other non-avialan theropods. The authors first thought that *Anchiornis* could fly or glide. However, further finds showed that the wings of *Anchiornis*, while well-developed, were short when compared to later species like *Microraptor*, with relatively short primary feathers that had rounded, symmetrical tips, unlike the pointed, aerodynamically proportioned feathers of *Microraptor*. So the animal could glide, but probably not fly.

*Anchiornis* has long hind legs, suggesting a fast-running lifestyle. However, the legs and even feet and toes of *Anchiornis* were covered in feathers, making it unlikely that *Anchiornis* was a capable ground runner. A tree-based glider is the probable life-style.

## Related pages
* Origin of birds

## References
Scott Hall

**Scott Oliver Hall** (October 20, 1958 – March 14, 2022) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with both the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name, **Razor Ramon** and in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) where he wrestled under his real name.

Hall was a founding member of the professional wrestling stable, the New World Order (nWo).

## Legal and drug problems
In 1983, he was charged with second-degree murder after he wrestled a gun away from a man and shot him in the head at point blank range with it during an altercation outside of a nightclub. He said it was in self-defense and the charges were dropped because of lack of evidence. He did admit to killing the man, and says he is unable to forget the incident in a 2011 interview with ESPN.

Hall has had many other legal and drug problems since the 1990s. Retired professional wrestler Diamond Dallas Page invited Hall to join stay at his house to stay sober and rebuild his life. He also invited him to join his yoga program which many current and former professional wrestlers are involved in.

## Death
In March 2022, Hall was hospitalized after falling and breaking his hip. He had hip replacement surgery, but had three heart attacks on March 12, after which he was put on life support at a hospital in Marietta, Georgia. He died after he was taken off life support on March 14, 2022 at the age of 63.

## Championships
***American Wrestling Association**
**AWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Curt Hennig)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**PWI Match of the Year (1994) (vs. Shawn Michaels in a Ladder match at WrestleMania X)
**PWI Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (1992)
**PWI Tag Team of the Year (1997) (with Kevin Nash)
**He was ranked #7 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the year by PWI in the PWI 500 in 1994.
**He was ranked #72 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.
**He along with Kevin Nash was ranked #40 of the Top 100 Tag Teams of the "PWI Years" in 2003.
***Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
**TNA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kevin Nash and Eric Young)
***United States Wrestling Association**
**USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***World Championship Wrestling**
**WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (two times)
**WCW World Tag Team Championship (seven times) (with Kevin Nash (six) and The Giant (one))
**WCW World Television Championship (one time)
**WCW World War 3 (1997)
***World Wrestling Council**
**WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***World Wrestling Federation**
**WWF Intercontinental Championship (four times)
**Slammy Award for US Best Match of the Year (1996) (vs. Shawn Michaels at SummerSlam)
***Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
**Match of the Year (1994) (vs. Shawn Michaels in a Ladder match at WrestleMania X)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*WWE profile
Guadarrama

**Guadarrama** is a village in the nothwestern part of the community of Madrid, in Spain. The population of Guadarrama is almost 15,000 people. In summer, there can be 60,000 people.

Guadarrama has become an important tourist point. It is a second home for many people from Madrid.

Guadarrama is near the "Sierra of Guadarrama".

## References
New York Hall of Science

**The New York Hall of Science** is a science and technology museum in New York City. It has over 400 exhibits on biology, chemistry and physics. The museum occupies one of the only remaining structures of the 1964 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadow-Corona Park in the borough of Queens in New York City.
Open license

are one of the most popular open licenses.]]
An **open license or free license** is a license that allows others to re-use an author's work as they wish. Without such a license, such use is generally prohibited by copyright law or a closed license.

## Licenses 
### By type of license 
* Public domain licenses
** Creative Commons CC0
** WTFPL
** Unlicense
** Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
* Permissive licenses
** BSD License
** MIT License
** Mozilla Public License (file-based permissive copyleft)
** Creative Commons Attribution
* Copyleft & patentleft licenses
** GNU GPL, LGPL (weaker copyleft), AGPL (stronger copyleft)
** Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
** Mozilla Public License
** Common Development and Distribution License
** GFDL (without invariant sections)
** Free Art License

### By type of content 
* Open-source software
** The Open Source Definition
* Open Content
** Open Content License
** Open Publication License
* Open-source hardware
* Open database
** Creative Commons v4
** Open Database Licence

### By authors 
* Creative Commons
* Free Software Foundation
* Open Source Initiative
* Microsoft
** Microsoft Public License
** Microsoft Reciprocal License
* Open Content Project
* Open Data Commons from Open Knowledge Foundation
** Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
** Attribution License (ODC-By)
** Open Database License (ODC-ODbL)
*European Union
**European Union Public Licence

## Related pages 
* Open content
* Openness

## References
Dial

A **dial** is 

*The face of a watch, clock or other instrument
*a knob with numbers all around it. It can spin, and is usually used for the following purposes:
**used to open some locks and lockers
**used on old-modeled telephones for dialing
**used on most safes
Sulfate

In chemistry, a **sulfate** (*sulphate* traditionally used in UK English but changed as per IUPAC guidelines) is a salt or ester of sulfuric acid. The sulfate ion is a group of atoms with the formula . It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four (equivalent) oxygen atoms. It occurs when sulfuric acid loses two hydrogen atoms.

## Hydrogen sulfate
**Hydrogen sulfate**, also known as **bisulfate**, is a conjugate base of sulfuric acid and conjugate acid of sulfate. The chemical formula is HSO4-. It is formed as part of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 when it only loses one hydrogen atom.

Chemical compounds containing this ion are known as **bisulfates** or **hydrogen sulfates**. An example would be sodium bisulfate. Hydrogen sulfates are acidic. They can be used as a weaker form of acid than sulfuric acid. It is a salt of sulfuric acid when partially neutralized. In these compounds, sulfuric acid is deprotonated once.
Market economy

A **market economy** is economy in which the prices of the products and services are chosen in a free price system that is decided by supply and demand. It began around the late 18th century, after the Industrial Revolution. A key work was Adam Smith's *The Wealth of Nations*, 1776.

Market economics has been widely used because of its efficiency (ability to work well). However, it has also been criticized for its selfishness and the difference between the rich and poor. The expression *free-market economy* is sometimes used as the same as market economy. Nobel Prize in Economics winner Ludwig von Mises said that a market economy is still a market economy even if the government joins in pricing.

In a market economy, the following will be true:
#The Factors of production are privately owned. Production occurs from an initiative of the owners.
#The only way to get revenue is through services, or through the profits of private companies.
#There is no planned economy
#There are no regulatory economics
#The market participants are free to choose the products they buy, the profession they exercise, and whether to save or invest their money.

Sometimes, market economy does not work as expected, the following may be observed:
*For certain goods or services there may be monopolies or cartels.
*Some goods may be public.
*There may be externalities
*There may be Information asymmetry, that is not all participants have the same information

## Related pages 
* command economy - contrary notion
* market

## References
Bob the Builder

***Bob the Builder*** is an animated children's television series created by Keith Chapman for HIT Entertainment which ran from  to  in the United Kingdom through the CBBC programming block. The series centres on the adventures and escapades of a general contractor named Bob who owns a team of five anthropomorphised construction vehicles that go about their day helping out with construction work in several towns.

The series used stop-motion animation for most of the series as well as *Project: Build It*, provided by Hot Animation in Manchester. The series changed to CGI animation in 2010 for its final two seasons; titled *Ready, Steady, Build!*, of which SD Entertainment completed animation production.

Following the series' conclusion, HIT Entertainment was purchased by American toy company Mattel for $680 million. In October 2014, the company announced a revival series that would feature changes in the setting, casting and character designs. The revival aired on Channel 5's *Milkshake!* for three seasons from 1 September 2015 to 30 December 2018, and was severely criticised by fans of the original version. An animated theatrical film adaptation of the series was announced in January 2024; which will be produced by Jennifer Lopez's Nuyorican Productions and star Anthony Ramos as the voice casting of Bob.

A new titled *Bob the Builder* revival series is yet to be announced.

## Cast and characters
Voice actors who have contributed to the original British version include Neil Morrissey, Rob Rackstraw, Kate Harbour, Rupert Degas, Colin McFarlane, Maria Darling, Emma Tate, Richard Briers, and June Whitfield.

Celebrities who have provided voices for the series (usually for one-off specials) include John Motson, Sue Barker, Kerry Fox, Ulrika Jonsson, Alison Steadman, Stephen Tompkinson, Elton John, and Noddy Holder.

## Episodes
## International broadcasts
Bob the Builder is broadcasted internationally broadcast and available in several languages, including English, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Slovene, German, Dutch, Hebrew, Hindi, Serbo-Croatian, and others.

## Impact
*Bob the Builder* was nominated in the BAFTA "Pre-school animation" category from 1999 to 2009, and won the "Children's Animation" category in 2003 for the special episode "A Christmas to Remember". Of the series's success, Sarah Ball said:

## Reboot series
On 1 September 2015, a reboot series first aired on Cartoonito and Channel 5's Milkshake block and dub American aired on 7 November 2015 with no funding and programmed during weekdays (twenty-first series does not aired and reruns) until three years Cartoonito was left. In 2021, Channel 5 left as it has since ended it's run. Two years after the 2015 series ended, the original *Bob the Builder* also aired on Qubo but it ceased operations on 28 February 2021. A new titled *Bob the Builder* revival series is yet to be announced.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Wikimania

**Wikimania** is an international conference on wikis like Wikipedia. It is organized by the Wikimedia Foundation and brings together authors, programmers, and researchers. It was started in 2005.

Wikimania has been in the following places:
* Frankfurt am Main, Germany (2005)
* Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (2006)
* Taipei City, Taiwan (2007)
* Alexandria, Egypt (2008)
* Buenos Aires, Argentina (2009)
* Gdańsk, Poland (2010)
* Haifa, Israel (2011)
* Washington, DC (2012)
* Hong Kong (2013)
* London, United Kingdom (2014)
* Mexico City, Mexico (2015)
* Esino Lario, Italy (2016)
* Montreal, Quebec, Canada (2017)
* Cape Town, South Africa (2018)
* Stockholm, Sweden (2019)
* Bangkok, Thailand (2020, canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic)
* Online (2021-2022)
* Singapore (2023)
* Katowice, Poland (2024)
* Nairobi, Kenya (2025)

## Related pages
*  page on Wikimedia Foundation
* 

## References
Padlock

A **padlock** is a type of portable lock that has a U-shaped shackle that will not come apart from the body of the lock unless the correct key is inserted or the correct combination is dialed. The U-shape of the lock allows for a wide variety of uses. Typically the padlock is used to lock two things together, for example, a door and its frame, two or more chains, or a chain and a fixed object. Padlocks are not recommended for high-security applications because the shackle is easily cut with a bolt cutter or hacksaw. Some newer padlocks have hardened boron alloy shackles or shrouded (hidden or covered) shackles to make them more difficult to cut.

## Construction
The combination padlock is usually made with a metal "can" with three tumblers inside connected to a dial on the front. The mechanism is very similar to combination locks used in safes. When the correct combination is entered, the notches on the tumblers line up and allow a latch to fall into the notches, releasing the shackle. Combination locks of this type are not recommended for outdoor use because they can fill up with rain water which causes them to rust.  

Some padlocks have a laminated body, constructed from a series of metal plates that are riveted together. 

The shackle of most padlocks is made from hardened steel, although more expensive padlocks may have boron alloy steels to make them more difficult to cut. Inexpensive padlocks usually have a shackle made of ordinary steel. Corrosion-resistant padlocks usually have a brass or stainless steel shackle although these materials have low hardness and are easily cut with bolt-cutters. The material that the shackle is made of is usually stamped in the center of the shackle. For example, a hardened steel shackle will be stamped "HARDENED" or a boron alloy shackle will be stamped "BORON ALLOY". Alloy steels with appropriate heat treating provide much higher cutting resistance to bolt-cutters.  Alloy steel shackles are plated with another metal such as nickel or chrome to protect them from rust. The body of the padlock is usually also plated. Brass and stainless steel padlocks do not need plating, although they are sometimes plated anyway for appearance.

## Stamp on shackle
The stamp on the shackle indicates what material it is made of. The most common are:
* Hardened - Hardened steel, most common
* Case hard - Also hardened steel, found on older padlocks
* Stainless - Stainless steel
* Boron alloy - Boron alloy steel
* Boron carbide - Found on Master Lock Magnum.
* Special alloy - Found on some Abus padlocks
* Molybdenum - Molybdenum alloy steel
* Unstamped - Normal steel (when silver) or brass (when gold)

## Common uses
* School and gym lockers
* Cabinets
* Self-storage
* Gates
* Shed doors
* Windows
* Vending machines
* Truck doors
* Bicycles and motorcycles
* Safety switches
* Storage boxes
* Refrigerators and freezers
* Garage doors
* Trailers
* Toolboxes
* Small cash boxes

## Manufacturers
* Master Lock
* Abloy
* Abus
* American Lock
* CJSJ

* Medeco
* ASSA
* Sargent and Greenleaf
* Brinks
* Wordlock
Elmer Gedeon

**Elmer John Gedeon** (April 15, 1917 – April 20, 1944) is one of only two Major League Baseball players killed in action during World War II. He was also a multi-sport star in college at the University of Michigan.

At Michigan, Gedeon became an All-American in track and field, and earned varsity letters in both American football and baseball. He tied a world record in the high hurdles in 1938. After graduating, Gedeon had a position in Major League Baseball as an outfielder for the Washington Senators. Gedeon spent most of the 1939 and 1940 baseball seasons in the minor leagues. He was called up to the Senators in September 1939.

Gedeon's was drafted by the United States Army in early 1941. Since he was drafted, he had to stop baseball. He trained as a bomber pilot. He served in combat, and was shot down and killed in France, April 1944.

## References
Epidexipteryx

***Epidexipteryx*** ('display feather') is a genus of small maniraptoran dinosaurs, known from one fossil specimen in Beijing. *Epidexipteryx* is the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record. It is a small maniraptoran dinosaur from the Middle or Upper Jurassic age Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China (perhaps 160 to 168 million years ago).

## Structure 
It is known from a well preserved partial skeleton that includes four long feathers on the tail, composed of a central rachis and vanes. However, unlike in modern-style tail feathers, the vanes were not branched but made up of a single ribbon-like sheet. *Epidexipteryx* also preserved a covering of simpler body feathers. They are unique in that some appear to arise from a "membranous structure". and the authors estimated a weight of 164&nbsp;grams, smaller than most other early dinobirds. The age of this formation has implications for the relationship between similar dinosaurs, as well as for the origin of birds in general. A Middle Jurassic age would mean that the bird-like dinosaurs in the Daohugou beds are older than the 'first bird', *Archaeopteryx*, which was late Jurassic in age. Until this question is decided, the significance of *Epidexipteryx* (and other early dinobirds from that area) is not clear.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Taylor Lautner

**Taylor Daniel Lautner** (; born February 11 1992) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Jacob Black in the *Twilight Saga* movie series, though he has also been in family movies and done voiceover work for animated cartoons.

## Early life 
Lautner was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. His parents are Deborah, who works for a software development company, and Daniel Lautner, a commercial airline pilot. Lautner was raised as a Roman Catholic in Hudsonville, Michigan. He went to Jamestown Elementary School until the age of eleven, when the family moved to the Santa Clarita area. Lautner is of mostly Dutch, French, and German ancestry, and claims some Native American ancestry through his mother.

## Related pages 
* *Twilight* (2008 movie)

## References
Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

The **Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi**, (simplified Chinese: 汉语水平考试; traditional Chinese: 漢語水平考試; hanyu pinyin: Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì), shortened as **HSK**, is the People's Republic of China's only standardized test of Standard Mandarin Chinese proficiency for non-native speakers, such as foreign students, overseas Chinese, and members of ethnic minority groups in China. It is also known as the "Chinese Proficiency Test".

Every year, HSK certificates are issued to those who score well enough. The HSK is primarily conducted in Simplified Chinese.

## References 
## Other websites
* Hong Kong Test Centre (Yale-China Chinese Language Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
Mayra Verónica

**Mayra Verónica** (named Mayra Verónica Aruca Rodríguez)  is a Cuban model and singer. She was born in Havana, Cuba and grew up in the United States. Verónica appeared on  Univision, television commercials, FHM magazines and calendar and music videos. She works with the USO.

## Early life
Mayra Verónica was born in Havana, Cuba on 20 August 1980. Sometimes her birth date appears as 20 August 1980 or 20 August 1983. *Celebrity Birthday* lists her as 32&nbsp;years old (July 2010), born in 1977.

In 1984, she came to the US with her mother, Mayra Rodriguez. They left behind the rest of her family– her father Arturo Aruca, and sister Giselle Guzman. Her father came to the US a year later and reunited with Veronica and her mother, while her sister was unable to meet them until 13 years later. Verónica spoke about her difficult childhood. She grew up with little money and food was sometimes scarce.

Verónica was a good student. She learned ballet with help from paying students from her school who could afford the training. In junior high school, her now famous curves developed. She said it made ballet difficult, but boys liked it. Her first boyfriend at the age of 15 was an artist of the same age who often painted her in little or no clothing.

Verónica attended Florida International University where she studied psychology and theater.

## Work
### Modeling
After joining a local beauty pageant and becoming Miss Miami, she met a photographer who took pictures for the event. The photographer invited her to his studio for free photo sessions. Mayra's first modeling job led to another job as a reporter for a local TV celebrity news show. She had no reporting experience, but she was a competent reporter.

Upon her return from the tour, fans described Verónica as a "modern day Betty Grable". Verónica continued touring with the USO and became an official spokesperson. with a new album titled *Saint Nor Sinner* due out in 2010. She was also the first Cuban-American to ring the bell at NASDAQ on 3 July 2008

She was also honored by FHM magazine:
* Ranked #86 in FHM magazine's "100 Sexiest Women in the World 2005"

Verónica is not , but she enjoys soccer and supports the USA team.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* Mayra Veronica Interview
* Mayra Veronica at Ask Men 
*
United Service Organizations

The **United Service Organizations Inc.** (**USO**) offers recreational support for members of the U.S. military. The USO provides programs in 140 centers worldwide funded by private and public donations and support from the United States Department of Defense. It is not a government .

History: Dances were one kind of activity held by (local) organizations that were part of USO; These dances happened often during World War Two, and during the Korean war.

## USO Tours
USO works to boost military morale. Since 1941, the USO became the soldier's "home away from home" and began a tradition of entertaining the troops with live performances called *Camp Shows* that continues today. These "tours" typically feature big name actors or actresses, comedians, pop musicians, and pin-up models.

## Support and services
The USO serves both in time of war and during time of peace. During the 1990s, the USO provided services to 5 million active duty service members and their families, and more support after start of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* USO Clubs in World War II
* 
* President Bush speech USO World Gala, 2008: Text and video, Oct. 1, 2008
Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)

of Mahler's Eighth Symphony, in the Neue Musik-Festhalle]]
**Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major** by Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is one of the largest choral works in classical music.  It needs a huge orchestra to play it and a huge choir to sing.  Because so many performers are needed it is often called  "**Symphony of a Thousand**", but that is not a name that Mahler gave to it.

Mahler worked very hard at it, composing it in quite a short time at Maiernigg in southern Austria in the summer of 1906.  It was the last of Mahler's works that was to be given its first performance in his lifetime.  The symphony was given its first performance in Munich on 12 September 1910.

Symphonies are usually pieces of music played just by an orchestra, but Beethoven started a tradition of having singing in symphonies: his Ninth Symphony is the famous one with the Ode to Joy in the last movement.  Mahler took up this idea of combining singing with symphony.  His Symphonies Nos 2, 3, and 4 all have singing in them.  The next three are just for orchestra, but in No. 8 he uses singing again.

Symphony No. 8 is very unusual because he does not have the usual three or four movements with traditional forms such as sonata form.  The whole symphony is in two parts.  Part I is based on the Latin text of a ninth-century Christian hymn for Pentecost, *Veni Creator Spiritus* ("Come, Creator Spirit").  Part II is in German.  The words come from the closing scene of Goethe's *Faust*. 

The two parts have a common idea: the idea of being saved through the power of love. Musically Mahler does this by sharing tunes throughout the symphony.  The symphony expresses the confidence of the eternal human spirit.

For many years after Mahler’s death it was not often performed.  It is, of course, a very expensive symphony to perform because of the vast numbers of musicians needed.  It also needs to be performed in a very large concert hall.  Today it is played more often. The 100th anniversary of its first performance was celebrated in July 2010 in the opening concert of the BBC Proms is the Royal Albert Hall, London.

Opinions about the symphony have been divided.  Some people did not think the optimism expressed in the music was really convincing.  Other people have said it is one of the greatest musical expressions of humanity.
Ryan Atwood

**Ryan Atwood** is a fictional character on the show The O.C. He is played by Benjamin Mckenzie. He is from Chino, California. He is with Marissa Cooper as his girlfriend. He also graduated from Berkely University.
Charles Mackerras

**Sir Charles Mackerras**, (born 17 November 1925; died 14 July 2010) was an Australian conductor. He was very famous for his conducting of operas, especially the operas of Janáček and Mozart, and the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.

Mackerras was born in Schenectady, New York, and was brought up in Sydney, Australia. He went to the New South Wales Conservatory to study oboe, piano and composing. He became an oboe player with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra during World War II, and was made the principal oboist in 1946. He conducted the orchestra at the opening of the Sydney Opera House in 1973.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Gilbert & Sullivan: The Pirates of Penzance* (1993)
* *Mozart: Don Giovanni* (1996)

## References
Renault Laguna

The **Renault Laguna** is a car produced by Renault in three generations from 1994 to 2015. 

## First generation (1994–2001) 
The first Laguna arrived in early 1994 to replace the 21, it came as a hatchback at first and then it was joined by an estate/wagon version in late 1995. It got a facelift in 1998.  

### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.6 16V* 79&nbsp;kW (107&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8* 69&nbsp;kW (94&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 16V* 88&nbsp;kW (120&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0* 84&nbsp;kW (114&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 16V* 102&nbsp;kW (139&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 S* 103&nbsp;kW (140&nbsp;hp)
* *3.0 V6* 123&nbsp;kW (167&nbsp;hp) and 140&nbsp;kW (190&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.9 dTi* 72&nbsp;kW (98&nbsp;hp)
* *1.9 dCi* 79&nbsp;kW (107&nbsp;hp)
* *2.2 D* 63&nbsp;kW (86&nbsp;hp)
* *2.2 dT* 83&nbsp;kW (113&nbsp;hp)

## Second generation (2000–2007) 
The second Laguna arrived at the end of 2000 and again, hatchback and estate/wagon bodystyles were offered. In 2001, it became the first car to receive 5 stars in the Euro NCAP crash testing, making it one the safest models at the time. It received a facelift in March 2005. 

### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.6 16V* 79&nbsp;kW (107&nbsp;hp) and 82&nbsp;kW (112&nbsp;hp)
* *1.8 16V* 88&nbsp;kW (120&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 16V* 99&nbsp;kW (135&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 IDE* 103&nbsp;kW (140&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 16V Turbo* 120&nbsp;kW (163&nbsp;hp), 125&nbsp;kW (170&nbsp;hp) and 151&nbsp;kW (205&nbsp;hp)
* *3.0 V6* 152&nbsp;kW (207&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.9 dCi* 68&nbsp;kW (92&nbsp;hp), 77&nbsp;kW (105&nbsp;hp), 79&nbsp;kW (107&nbsp;hp), 81&nbsp;kW (110&nbsp;hp), 88&nbsp;kW (120&nbsp;hp) and 96&nbsp;kW (130&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 dCi* 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp) and 127&nbsp;kW (173&nbsp;hp)
* *2.2 dCi* 102&nbsp;kW (139&nbsp;hp) and 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp)

## Third generation (2007–2015) 
The third Laguna went on sale in October 2007 and became available in hatchback, estate/wagon and coupe bodystyles. It received a mild facelift in late 2010. Then in 2015 it was replaced by a new model called the Talisman.  

### Engines 
#### Petrol engines 
* *1.6 16V* 81&nbsp;kW (110&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 16V* 103&nbsp;kW (140&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 16V Turbo* 125&nbsp;kW (170&nbsp;hp) and 150&nbsp;kW (204&nbsp;hp)
* *3.5 V6* 175&nbsp;kW (238&nbsp;hp)

#### Diesel engines 
* *1.5 dCi* 81&nbsp;kW (110&nbsp;hp)
* *2.0 dCi* 96&nbsp;kW (130&nbsp;hp), 110&nbsp;kW (150&nbsp;hp), 127&nbsp;kW (173&nbsp;hp) and 131&nbsp;kW (178&nbsp;hp)
* *3.0 V6 dCi* 173&nbsp;kW (235&nbsp;hp)

## Talisman (2015-2022) 
The Talisman was revealed in late 2015 as a successor to the Laguna. It switched from a liftback bodystyle to a conventional sedan. It was facelifted in 2020 and discontinued in 2022.
Market capitalization

**Market capitalization** (often **market cap**) is a measurement of the size of a business corporation. It is equal to the price of one share of stock, times the number of shares of stock in a public company. Owning stock in a company is owning a part of the company. Market capitalization shows the public opinion of a company's value. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007. In May 2008 it rose to US$57.5 trillion, but by September 2008 had dropped to a little more than US$40 trillion. 

## Valuation 
Market capitalization represents the public opinion of the value of a company's equity. A public corporation, including all of its assets, may be bought and sold as stock. These purchases and sales will define the price of the company's share price. Market capitalization is the share price times by the number of shares in issue. This provides a total value for the company's shares and the value the company.

Some companies have stock that is privately owned, and not publicly traded. Many Stock markets adjust the market cap on the value of the publicly traded part of the company. In this case, market capitalization is based on the publicly traded stocks.

Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value. It is based how the public believes the company will perform in the future. There are many things that can affect the stock price. These include economic conditions and mergers and acquisitions.

## Categorization of companies by capitalization 
In the past, companies were separated into **large-cap**, **mid-cap**, and **small-cap**. New categories 'micro-cap' and 'nano-cap' have been added. There are general guidelines to know what category a company is in. These guidelines are adjusted over time due to changes in the market and the economy. For example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950 but it is not very large now. 

Different numbers are used by different stock markets. There is no official definition of the exact cutoffs. They also may be done by percentiles rather than fixed cutoffs.

## Related measures 
Market cap reflects only the *equity* value of a company. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value (EV), which includes debt and other factors.
Insurance firms use a value called the embedded value (EV).

## References 
## Other websites 
* How to Value Assets  - from the Washington State (U.S.) government web site