open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Antananarivo

**Antananarivo** is the capital city of Madagascar. It is the largest city in the country. The city is the administrative, communications and economic center of Madagascar.

Antananarivo has a population of over 1.4 million people. Including an Anglican cathedral and a Roman Catholic cathedral, there are about fifty churches in the city and its suburbs. There is also a Muslim mosque. Antananarivo is home of the University of Madagascar and the Collège Rural d'Ambatobe.

## History 
Antananarivo was founded in about 1625 by King Andrianjaka. The name, Antananarivo, means *the City of the Thousand*. It comes from the number of soldiers Andrianjaka used to guard the city.

Until 1869 all buildings in the city were of wood or rushes. Since the introduction of stone and brick, the whole city has been rebuilt. It now has many notable structures. For example, the royal palaces, the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, several stone and brick churches, colleges, schools, hospitals, courts of justice and other government buildings.

The city was captured by the French in 1895. Since then, good roads have been built in the city.

## References
## Other websites 
Antananarivo Renivohitra website
Newry

**Newry** (pronounced /njɚɹi/; ) is a city in Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. It is partly in County Armagh and partly in County Down. It is the eighth largest city in Ireland. 27,430 people live in the city. A picture of a local bridge is on some British pound coins.

## References
Shizuka Arakawa

**Shizuka Arakawa** () is a figure skater from Japan. She went to the Olympics in 1998 for the first time at age 16. They were held in Nagano, Japan. She won the gold medal in single skating at the Olympics in 2006. That was the only medal for Japan at the 2006 Olympics. She also won the World Championships in 2004.

## Other websites 
* Shizuka-Arakawa.com
* International Skating Union page
Erasmus

**Erasmus**, full name **Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus**, (28 October, probably 1466 in Rotterdam – 12 July 1536 in Basel) was a Dutch humanist, theologian and philosopher.

Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style. Although he was a Catholic, he was critical of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church and wrote satires of them. He stood at the beginning of the reformation.

The following information from * to * is sourced from 'Oxford AQA History A LEVEL, The Tudors: England 1485-1603:

He visited England four times, his most important visit being from 1509 to 1514 when he was appointed to a professorship at Cambridge University. During this visit, he also became a well known figure around the court of King Henry VIII. 

In 1516, he published a Greek New Testament complete with a new Latin translation. 

Some of his works include Julius Excluded from Heaven, On Civility in Children, The Praise of Folly, Discourse on Free Will, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style and a Handbook of a Christian Knight.

Although he was an important humanist figure who inspired who had some influence on the younger generations of English Humanists, the scope of Erasmian humanism is quite limited and much of the change that took place in England at this time stemmed from the influence of new religious thinking rather than simply scholarly Renaissance humanism. 

The term Erasmianism is defined as the body of ideas that is associated with Erasmus and his followers. *

## Related pages 
*ERASMUS programme

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Works by Erasmus at Internet Archive
* Catholic Encyclopedia
* Metropolitan Museum of Art
* In Defense of Erasmus and the Textus Receptus 
* Luther and Erasmus: The Debate on the Freedom of the Will by Charles L. Cortright 
* La herencia Erasmus: Presente y futuro
* The Erasmus Text Project 
* Erasmus University Rotterdam
* A set of essays on Erasmus
Lobamba

**Lobamba** is the legislative capital of Eswatini (which used to be called Swaziland). The Parliament of Eswatini and home of the Queen Mother are in this city. It is located in the west of the country, in the district of Hhohho. Its population is about 10,000 people.

Lobamba is famous for two ceremonies. The Reed Dance is in August and September. This celebration is in honour of the Queen Mother. The Incwala Kingship, in December and January, is in honour of the King. These ceremonies include dancing, singing, and celebrations with traditional clothing.

The Embo State Palace, the Royal Kraal, Swazi National Museum, Swazi Parliament and a museum about Sobhuza II of Eswatini are in the town. The Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary and Matsapha Airport lie nearby.

## Notes
Mamoudzou

**Mamoudzou** is the capital of the French department of Mayotte. It is off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou is largest commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It has a population of 45,485.

Mamoudzou is a part of France on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. 

## History
The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi). Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977.

In December 2024, Cyclone Chido hit Mayotte, destroying hundreds of homes, and some administrative buildings and part of the town hall in the capital Mamoudzou.

## References 
## Other websites
Moroni, Comoros

**Moroni** (Arabic: **موروني**) is the capital of the Comoros. It is the largest city in the country. Moroni replaced Dzaoudzi as the capital in 1962.  The city has a population of about 60,200 people.
## References 
## Other websites
Praia

**Praia** is the capital of the island nation of Cape Verde.  It lies on Santiago island in the Sotavento archipelago. The city has, in 2010, a population of 127,832. Praia is Cape Verde's largest city. It is also the commercial center of the country. The name Praia means "beach" in Portuguese.

Praia has a port that transports coffee, sugar cane, and tropical fruits.  Praia also has a fishing industry. The city is home to one of the nation's two international airports. There are resort beaches nearby.

## Things to see
Some of the interesting things to see in Praia include:
* Albuquerque Square
* The old city hall
* The Presidential Palace - built in the end of the 19th century, it was used for the Portuguese governor 

### Other things
Praia has many schools,  churches, beaches, ports, and a university named after Jean Piaget.

## References
## Other websites 
* Praia official website 
* Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde
Porto-Novo

**Porto-Novo** (also known as **Hogbonou** and **Adjacé**) is the capital of the West African country of Benin. The city has a population of 223,552 people  Porto-Nova is a port on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, in the southeastern part of the country. Porto-Novo is Benin's second largest city. The city of Cotonou is larger and more important, culturally and politically. The region around Porto-Novo produces palm oil, cotton and kapok. Petroleum was found off the coast of the city in the 1990s. It has become an important export of the city.

## Things to see 
* The Porto Novo Museum of Ethnography has a large  of Yoruba masks. It also has items on the history of the city and of Benin.
* King Toffa's palace (also known as the *Musée Honmé* and the Royal Palace) is now a museum that shows what life was like for African royalty.
* *Jardin Place Jean Bayol* is a large plaza which has a statue of the first King of Porto-Novo.
* The da Silva Museum is a museum of Benin history.
* The *palais de Gouverneur* (Governor's palace) is the home of the national legislature.

Another place of interest is a Brazilian-style church which is now a mosque. *Stade Municipale* and *Stade Charles de Gaulle*, or Charles de Gaulle Stadium, are the largest football stadiums in the city.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Official Republic of Benin tourism site for Porto-Novo 
* Images of the Central Mosque of Porto-Novo
Roberto Luongo

**Roberto Luongo** (born April 4, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). Luongo retired from the NHL in 2019 after playing for 19 seasons. 

## Playing career 
Roberto Luongo started playing in the NHL with the Florida Panthers. During the summer of 2006, Luongo was planning to stay in Florida. Instead, the general manager of the Panthers, Mike Keenan, sent him to the Vancouver Canucks, along with Lukas Krajicek, in return for Todd Bertuzzi, Alex Auld, and Bryan Allen. Luongo first said that he was sad because he was leaving so suddenly and Vancouver was very far away.

In the 2007 season, Luongo was in Vancouver.  He was voted into the All-Star Game as the starting goaltender. The Canucks went to the playoffs. It was Luongo's first time to reach the playoffs. In one game, against the Dallas Stars, he made around 70 saves, which is very close to breaking records.

On March 4, 2014, a day before the NHL trade deadline, the Canucks traded Luongo along with prospect Steven Anthony to the Florida Panthers for goaltender Jacob Markström and centre Shawn Matthias. Luongo's salary will still be retained by the Canucks.

## References
## Other websites
*
Erasmus (disambiguation)

**Erasmus** can refer to:

* ERASMUS programme, the higher education part of the European Union's Socrates programme for student exchange

People:
* Erasmus of Arcadia, Greek Orthodox Bishop
* Erasmus, the humanist scholar, also known as Erasmus of Rotterdam or Disiderius Erasmus
* Saint Erasmus of Formiae alias Saint Elmo
* Erasmus Grasser, leading sculptor in Munich during the early 16th century.
* Erasmus Darwin

In Rotterdam:
* Erasmus University
* Gymnasium Erasmianum (Erasmus Gymnasium school)
* Erasmus Bridge

Other:
* Erasmushogeschool in Brussels
* Erasmus the wizard, one of the major characters in the Quest for Glory adventure games
* Erasmus (Dune), a fictional intelligent robot in the Legends of Dune series by Kevin J. Anderson and Brian Herbert
* Erasmus (shōgun), Protagonist Blackthorne's ship (Dutch)
Coptic Catholic Church

The **Coptic Catholic Church** is a church in full communion with the Pope in Rome instead of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The church has about 187,000 members (as of 2017). Most of the members are in Egypt. Coptic Catholics are seen as a schism from the Coptic Orthodox Church. They left that church in order to come into full communion with the Catholic Church. The current Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria is Archbishop Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak.

In 1990, Coptic Catholic sources estimated that there were about 10,000 followers in countries other than Egypt. These followers are under the care of local Latin Rite bishops. There are Coptic Catholic parishes in: Paris, Montréal, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Melbourne.

## History 
In 1741, a Coptic bishop in Jerusalem named Anba Athanasius became a Catholic. Pope Benedict XIV appointed him Vicar Apostolic of the small community (approximately 2,000 people) who also became Catholics. Although Athanasius returned to the Coptic Orthodox Church later, a line of Catholic Vicars Apostolic continued after him.

## Sources 
## Other websites 
* Coptic Catholic Church 
* http://www.coptcatholic.com (Arabic)
* Article on "Life in a Coptic Catholic Village"
Archive

An **archive** is a collection of records. The term is also used for the location in which these records are kept.  Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general, an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as corporations and governments.  Archives are different from libraries in that archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products".  The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science.

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.

## Related pages
*Bibliography
*Internet Archive

## Footnotes 
## Other websites 
*UNESCO Archives Portal  - over 8000 links worldwide
*International Council on Archives
*Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network
*InterPares Project  — international project on electronic records
*Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network
*Online-Guide to Archives around the globe
Difference

**Difference** can mean more than one thing.

*A difference is something that two or more things do not have in .  That is, it is something that is not the  about two things.
*In mathematics, the difference between two numbers is how much bigger one is than the other. Difference is the  of subtraction.
Royalty

**Royalty** could mean:
* A royal family
* Royalties, the payment made to the owner of a copyright, patent, trademark or know-how for its use.
* A type of country subdivision used on Prince Edward Island in Canada.
* Royalty Records, a record label
* "Royalty (song)", a 2019 song by XXXTentacion from *Bad Vibes Forever*.
Osprey

An **osprey** is a type of fish-eating bird. They are also known as 'fish hawk', 'sea hawk', and 'fish eagle'.  It is a large bird measuring up to 60 cm (24 in) long from beak to tail. It has dark brown wings.

## Description 
The osprey weighs 1.4–2 kg (3.0–4.4 lb) and is 52–60 cm (20–24 in) long with a 150–180 cm (5–6 ft) wingspan (the distance between the right wingtip and left wingtip when they are spread out). The back of the bird is brown and the belly is white. The head is white with a dark stripe across the eyes. The eyes are golden to brown and the beak (the mouth of a bird) is black. The legs and feet are white with black talons (nails of a bird). 

The osprey has a short tail and long, narrow wings. Males and females look similar, but males are often paler. In flight, the osprey raises its wings in an arch shape, making it look like a gull.

## Conservation 
### Scotland 
Scotland is typical osprey habitat with lots of trees and lakes (called 'lochs'). Because of egg thieves and hunting, only two pairs of ospreys were left there in 1967. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds began to protect the nests. Ospreys have returned every year to the protected nest at Loch Garten. More than 1.5 million people have been to see them. 

The number of ospreys in Scotland has increased a lot, but the population has been slow to spread. This is because ospreys often return to breed near to the place where they hatched.  This has been shown in studies in the USA and Sweden.

## References
Thought

**Thought** is the operation of the brain in conscious activity. It may or may not be goal-directed, aimed at solving specific problems. It is not the only way brains operate. Behaviour may occur as a result of instinct, and the adaptive unconscious may solve problems without a person being aware.

Other animals can use their brains to solve problems, but there is no way of telling whether they do so consciously. Thought is investigated by four or five academic disciplines, each in its own way. The disciplines include psychology, philosophy, biology, physiology, psychoanalysis and sociology.

## Philosophy 
Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, functions, properties, and consciousness. The mind-body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, especially the brain, is a central issue in philosophy of mind. The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states/processes, and how—or even if—minds are affected by and can affect the body.

Our perceptual experiences depend on stimuli which arrive at our various sensory organs from the external world and these stimuli cause changes in our mental states, ultimately causing us to feel a sensation, which may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone's desire for a hat, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how someone's beliefs and desires can cause that individual's neurons to fire and his muscles to contract in exactly the correct manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes.

## Further reading 
* Eric Baum 2004. *What is thought?* Chapter 2: The mind is a computer program. MIT Press. 
* 

## References 
## Related page 
*Argument
*Critical thinking
Dauria (movie)

***Dauria*** is a Russian 1971 historical action/drama directed by Viktor Tregubovich. Adapted from the novel of the same name by Konstantin Sedykh.

The Epic scope and intense battle scenes won wide praise in Russia.

## Plot 
Russian Cossacks in Siberia live in their village like one big family. Young Cossack Roman Ulybin is in love with a beautiful girl. Roman cannot marry the beauty, because his father has no money.

After the Communist revolution in Russia, people suffer more. Traditional life ends in chaos and crime. Communism makes no happy end.

## Cast 
* Arkadi Trusov as Grandfather Ulybin.
* Petr Shelokhonov as Severian Ulybin. The father of Roman.
* Vitali Solomin as Roman Ulybin. The son of Severian.
* Vera Kuznetsova as Ulybina. The wife of Severian.
* Vasili Shukshin as Vasili Ulybin, the leader of Communists.
* Yefim Kopelyan as Ataman Kargin, the leader of Cossacks village.
* Mikhail Kokshenov as Fedot, the neighbor of Ulybins.
* Yuri Solomin as Semen, a Communist agent.
* Viktor Pavlov as Nikifor, a hard core Cossack.
* Svetlana Golovina as Dashutka, the love interest of Roman Ulybin.
* Zhenya Malyantsev as Roman's little brother.
* Fyodor Odinokov as Dashutka's father.
* Lyubov Malinovskaya as Dashutka's mother.
* Yuri Nazarov as a runaway prisoner.
* Vsevolod Kuznetsov as Cossack Platon Volokitin.
* Lidiya Feoseeva-Shukshina as Matchmaker.
* Zinovi Gerdt as Tsarist General Semenov.
* Georgi Shtil as Anarchist Revolutionary.
* Igor Yefimov as Cossack.
* Dmitri Masanov as Cossack.
* Vladimir Losev as Cossack.
* Sergei Polezhaev as Cossack.
* Aleksandr Demyanenko as Executioner.
* Igor Dmitriev as Executioner.

## Other websites
* 
* Dauria cast photos: http://www.petr-shelokhonov-en.narod.ru/HTML/Dauria/fotodauria2.html, http://www.petr-shelokhonov-en.narod.ru/HTML/Dauria/fotodauria1.html, http://www.petr-shelokhonov-en.narod.ru/HTML/Dauria/fotodauria.html
Skin cream

**Skin cream** could mean:
*Cream (pharmaceutical), a cream that is usually applied to the skin
*Moisturizer
Conakry

**Conakry** or **Konakry** is the capital and largest city of Guinea. The city is a port on the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Conakry is about 2 million people.

## History 
Conakry was first settled on Tombo Island. It later spread to the Kaloum Peninsula. The city was founded after Britain gave the island to France in 1887. It became the capital of French Guinea in about 1904.

## Economy 
Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic center. The main part of the city's economy deals with the port. The port has up to date facilities for handling and storing cargo. It is used for transporting alumina and bananas.  Items created in Conakry include food products and materials used for building houses.

## Things to see 
Things to see in the city include the Guinea National Museum, several markets, the Guinea Palais du Peuple (the People's Palace), Conakry Grand Mosque and the nearby Iles de Los.

The city is noted for its botanical garden.  The Polytechnical Institute of Conakry is also located in Conakry.

## References
Cotonou

**Cotonou** is the economy capital of Benin. It is the largest city in that country. The city officially has 761,137 people, but it is thought that the actual number of people living in the city may be as high as 1.2 million. Many of the government and diplomatic services of Benin are in Cotonou. Because of this, the city is Benin's de facto capital, even though the official capital is Porto-Novo.

The city is best known as a major port because of the Autonomous Port of Cotonou. It is also home to an airport and a railway between it and Parakou. Other features of Cotonou include Cotonou Friendship Stadium, Cotonou Cathedral, Cotonou Central Mosque and the 20-hectare Dantokpa Market. The National University of Benin is in Cotonou.

## History 
The name 'Cotonou' means 'the mouth of the river of death' in the Fon language. At the beginning of the 19th century, Cotonou (then spelled Kotonou) was a small fishing village. The village was a part of the Kingdom of Dahomey. In 1851, the French made a treaty with the Dahomean King Ghezo. It let them build a place to trade at Cotonou. During the reign of Glele (1858-89), who ruled after Ghezo, the area was given to France by a treaty signed on May 19, 1868. In 1883, the French navy was at the city to stop the British from taking over the area. After Glele's death in 1889, his son Behanzin tried to  the treaty but he failed.
Dodoma

**Dodoma City** is the capital city of Tanzania. It is the third biggest city in the country. The city is also the capital of the Dodoma region. The city has a population of 410,956 people. The name Dodoma means "It has sunk".

## History
During German colonial rule in East Africa, the town of Dodoma was founded at the same time as the creation of the Tanzanian central railway. The British took over the city after World War I. Dodoma became an administrative center for the region until the independence of Tanzania in 1964. In 1973, plans were made to move the capital from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. Tanzania's National Assembly moved there the next year. Many government offices are still in Dar es Salaam.

## Other websites 
* Dodoma Region
N'Djamena

'''N'Djamena''' is the capital of Chad. It is the largest city in the country.  The city is a port on the Chari River. N'Djamena is also a special statute region. It is a regional market for livestock, salt, dates, and grains.  Meat processing is the main industry. N'Djamena has a population of 721,000 people.

Attractions in the city include the Chad National Museum, a cathedral and several mosques. Religiously the city is very mixed, although many of the people there are Islamic . N'Djamena has a university, schools of administration and veterinary medicine,  and the American International School of N'Djamena. N'Djamena International Airport is located just outside the city.

## History 
N'Djamena was founded as **Fort-Lamy** by the French commander Émile Gentil on May 29, 1900. It was named after Amédée-François Lamy. He was an army officer who had been killed in the Battle of Kousséri a few days earlier. The name was changed to N'Djamena (taken from the Arab name *Niǧāmīnā*, meaning *"place of rest"*) by the President François Tombalbaye on April 6, 1973.

The city was badly  during the Chadian Civil War, in 1979 and again in 1980. On April 13, 2006, the United Front for Democratic Change  the city but the attack failed.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Map of N'Djamena
Personality (disambiguation)

**Personality** might mean:

*Personality psychology - a type of psychology which studies personality.
*Cult of personality - used in politics for when a leader uses the praises of the media to make all the people think they are the best.
*Personality Crisis (band) - a Canadian band.
San Jose Sharks

The **San Jose Sharks** are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team is based in San Jose, California and was founded on May 9th, 1990. It started playing in the NHL in autumn 1991. The team colours are pacific teal, grey, burnt orange and black. Because of this it is often called *"Team Teal"*.

The Sharks host their games at SAP Center at San Jose and are coached by Ryan Warsofsky. Before that, Todd McLellan was their coach from 2008 to 2015, and Peter DeBoer was their head coach from 2016 to 2020. Some famous players who played for the Sharks include Joe Pavelski, Joe Thornton, Jonathan Cheechoo, Rob Blake, Evgeni Nabokov, Dan Boyle, Marc-Édouard Vlasic, and Patrick Marleau.

Doug Wilson served as their general manager from 2003 to 2022.

The Sharks won their first ever Presidents' Trophy in the 2008–09 season, but would end up losing in 6 games to their rival, the Anaheim Ducks. 

In the 2014 playoffs, the Sharks took on their other rival, the Los Angeles Kings, in the first round of the playoffs. The Sharks won their first three games of the series to take a 3-0 series lead. Despite leading the series with 3 wins and 0 losses, the Sharks lost 4 straight games and became only the 4th team to blow a 3-0 series lead in the Stanley Cup playoffs. The Kings would go onto win the Stanley Cup that year.

On May 25, 2016, the San Jose Sharks went to their first Stanley Cup by beating the St. Louis Blues 5-2 in 6 games but however, on June 12, 2016, they lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins which was also in 6 games.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Stem

**Stem** may refer to:

* A stem (bike) is the forward extension which connects the fork to the handlebars of a bicycle
* Scanning transmission electron microscope
* STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
* Stem (linguistics), the base part of a word not including inflectional morphemes
* Stem (music), a part of a written musical note
* Plant stem, the above ground structures that have vascular tissue and support leaves and flowers
* Stem (ship) part of a ship, the upright member mounted on the forward end of a vessel's keel, to which the strakes are attached
* Stem (skiing) is a technique in skiing
* "Stem", a song by Canadian musician Hayden from his 1995 album *Everything I Long For*
*Stem (paraphernalia) a device for smoking crack cocaine
* The Stems an Australian (garage rock/power pop) group from the 1980s
Stem (music)

**Stems** can refer to two things in music, relating to music notation and production.

## Notation 
Stems are the lines which extend from the notehead. Stems may point up or down. Different-facing stems indicate the voice for polyphonic music written on the same staff. For single-note melodies, the stems usually point down for notes on the middle line or higher, and up for those below. If the stem points up from a notehead, the stem starts at the right-hand side of the note, but if it points down, it starts from the left. The exception to this rule is when a chord contains a second, in which case the stem runs between the two notes, the higher being placed on the left of the stem and the lower on the right. The length of a stem is usually that of an octave on the staff, going to either an octave higher or lower than the notehead, depending on which way the stem is pointing.

## Production 
Stems are the individual parts of a mix, separately saved (usually to disc) for the purposes of use in a remix.
Hope

**Hope** is a confidence in something wanted.  It can also mean:

## Surname
:For people surnamed Hope, see Hope (surname)''

## First names
Famous people with Hope as a first name:
* An old English girl's first name, now more popular in the USA
* Hope (Xena), a villain from Xena
* The Hope, a Clow Cards and villain from the series Cardcaptor Sakura
* Hope Clarke, an American dancer
* Hope Cooke, an American woman who became the Queen of Sikkim
* Hope Davis, an American actress
* Hope Lange, an American actress
* Hope Sandoval, an American singer
* Hope, an artificial construct created by Lex Luthor in *Lex Luthor: Man of Steel*

## Place names 
*Hope College in Holland, Michigan
*Hope, Derbyshire, England
*Hope, Flintshire, Wales
*Hope, British Columbia
*Hope, New Zealand
*Hope, Quebec
*Hope, Rhode Island

*United States:
**Hope, Alaska
**Hope, Arkansas
**Hope, Illinois
**Hope, Maine
**Hope, Michigan
**Hope, New Mexico
**Hope, New York
**Hope, North Dakota

**See also:* Hope Island

## Things 
* The Hope Diamond, a famous diamond.
* HOPE-X, the HOPE shuttle program, or the "H-II Orbiting Plane"
* Hackers On Planet Earth, a biennial conference series sponsored by hacker magazine 2600
* HOPE Worldwide, a benevolent organization
* The Hope Channel, a Christian television channel
* Hope (Doctor Who), a novel based on the television show *Doctor Who*
* *Hope (ship)*, American merchant ship circa 1800
* Hope (emotion), a belief in a positive outcome in circumstances in one's life

## Music 
* *Hope (album)*, a progressive rock album by the Canadian band Klaatu
* *Hope (hip hop album)*, a hip hop album by underground rapper Sage Francis and producer Joe Beats
* *Hope*, an album by Hillsong Music Australia (2003)
* "Hope", a 1985 Descendents (band) song from the album *Milo Goes to College*
* "Hope", a Cantonese theme song for *Dae Jang Geum* by Kelly Chen
* "Hope", a song by Avail from their 1992 album *Satiate*
* "Hope", a song by Shaggy (artist)
* "Hope", a song by Fat Freddy's Drop
* "Hope", a 1998 song by R.E.M. from their album *Up*
* "Hope (Twista song)", a 2005 song featuring Twista and R&B singer Faith Evans
* "Hope (Rush song)", a 2007 song by rock group Rush
* "Hope (Toshiko Akiyoshi single)", a song by jazz pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi
** Also the title of a Toshiko Akiyoshi album, *Hope (Toshiko Akiyoshi)* (2005)
* Hope (band), a Canadian punk rock band
* Hatikvah, Hebrew for "The Hope", the national anthem of Israel
* Hope Recordings, a record label

## Concepts 
* Hope (virtue)
* Hope programming language, a small functional programming language

## Other 
***Hope** is the state motto of :Rhode Island.
Bujumbura

**Bujumbura** is the former capital city of Burundi. The city is at the northeastern corner of Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest city in the country. The city is the administrative, communications, and economic center of Burundi. Bujumbura has a population of about 324,000 people.  The city makes textiles, soap and other things. Bujumbura is Burundi's main port. It transports most of the country's main export, coffee, as well as cotton, animal skins, and tin ore.

The city center is a colonial town. It has a large market, the national stadium, a large mosque, and a cathedral. Museums in the city include the Burundi Museum of Life and the Burundi Geological Museum. Other things to see include the Rusizi National Park.

Ferries sail from Bujumbura to Kigoma in Tanzania. The city is also home to the Bujumbura International Airport and the University of Bujumbura.

## History 
Bujumbura grew from a small village after it became a military post in German East Africa in 1889 . After World War I, it was made the administrative center of the Belgian controlled Ruanda-Urundi. The city's name was changed from **Usumbura** to Bujumbura when Burundi became independent in 1962 . Since independence, Bujumbura has been the scene of much fighting between the country's two main ethnic groups, with Hutu militias fighting against the Burundi army which has many Tutsi people in it.

## Other websites 
* Map of Bujumbura at fallingrain.com
Ellipsis

**Ellipsis** is a term of punctuation marks with a row of three points (…). Its name comes from the ancient Greek word *ἔλλειψις* (omission/falling short). Notice that the three dots are not spaced as full points: they are a separate special typographic sign.

Depending on context and place in a sentence, ellipses can indicate an unfinished thought, a leading statement, a slight pause, a mysterious or echoing voice, or a nervous or awkward silence. An ellipsis can be used to trail off into silence—for example: *But I thought he was…*

* *So much more could be said…*

When text is  from a book or a newspaper, it stands for words that have been cut out to save space in a page. For example:
* "*…one day all Americans will live peacefully throughout the world…they will be at peace with all other world inhabitants…*"

When speaking, it can be referred to as "dot-dot-dot".

In mathematics, different symbols for ellipsis are used to a similar effect. These include the horizontal ellipsis symbols \ldots and \cdots, along with vertical ellipsis symbols such as \vdots and \ddots .

## Related pages
*Punctuation

## References 
* Bringhurst, Robert 2002. *The elements of typographic style* (version 2.5), pp 82–83. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks Publishers. 
* Morris, William 1980. *The Houghton Mifflin Canadian dictionary of the English language*, page 424. Markham, Ontario: Houghton Mifflin Canada.
Cowley, Wyoming

**Cowley** is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It is in Big Horn County in northern Wyoming. 

## History
The town of Cowley was settled by a group of Mormon followers in Wyoming's Big Horn Basin. The town was named for Matthias F. Cowley, one of the Apostles of the Mormon church at the time. The first group of Mormons got to the area May 2, 1900. When they got there, they started building the Sidon Canal to bring water to the town from the Shoshone River. The Canal was over 30 miles long. They finished building it in 1904.

By the end of 1900 there were about 18 log houses built in the area. The first school was opened in a log house in January 1901. There were about 24-30 students.

On September 26, 1910, the Big Horn Academy was opened in Cowley. It was the area's first High School. The first class to be graduated from the Big Horn Academy was the class of 1912. It had 13 students.

A new stone building was made for the Big Horn Academy in 1916. In 1925 the name was changed to the Cowley High School. The mascot of the school was the Jaguars. The Cowley High School remained in the Big Horn Academy building until 1983, when the last class was graduated from Cowley High School. There were only six students in the class of 1983. Because of the small number of students, the school in Cowley was closed. Beginning in 1984, the town's students began attending the consolidated Rocky Mountain High School in Byron, Wyoming.

## Schools
Student from Cowley attend school at:
*Rocky Mountain Elementary School
*Rocky Mountain Middle School
*Rocky Mountain High School

## References
Big Horn County, Wyoming

**Big Horn County** is a county in Northern Wyoming. The county seat is Basin. The largest city is Lovell.

## Communities
### Towns
*Basin (county seat)
*Burlington
*Byron
*Cowley
*Deaver
*Frannie
*Greybull
*Lovell
*Manderson

### Census-designated places
*Hyattville
*Shell

### Unincorporated communities
*Emblem
*Otto
*Meadow Lark Lake

## Other websites
*Basin Republican Rustler - Local newspaper 
*Map of Otto
Byron, Wyoming

**Byron** is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It part of Big Horn County. At the 2020 census, 562 people lived in Byron. 

In high school, students go to Rocky Mountain High School in Byron. Middle School students go to Rocky Mountain Middle School in Deaver and elementary school students attend Rocky Mountain Elementary School in Cowley. 

The town has an area of 0.9 mi². 0.1&nbsp;mi² of it (4.93%) is water.

## References
Fort Bragg, California

**Fort Bragg** is a small city in California's Mendocino County. The population was 6,983 at the 2020 census. Fort Bragg is located on the Pacific Coast Highway, California Rte-1. A US Army officer named it for one of his old commanding officers, Braxton Bragg (1817–1876) who was a career U.S. Army officer. He was later a general in the Confederate States Army. Because of this, the town shares a name with Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and they are named for the same man.

## References
Mendocino County, California

**Mendocino County** is a county in Northern California.  The county seat is in Ukiah.

Towns in Mendocino County include:
* Fort Bragg
* Ukiah
* Willits

## References
Lovell, Wyoming

**Lovell** is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It is located in Big Horn County.

Lovell is the biggest town in the county. It is near the Shoshone river. It has an area of 1.1 mi². All of this area is land. At the 2020 census, it had 2,243 people living in it.

## References
Basin, Wyoming

**Basin** is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It is the county seat of Big Horn County. It had 1,288 people living in it at the 2020 census.

Basin is near the Big Horn river. The town has an area of 2.0&nbsp;mi². 0.04&nbsp;mi² of it (1.47%) is water.

## References
Brigham Young University

**Brigham Young University** (**BYU**) is an American university. It is named after the second Latter-day Saints prophet, Brigham Young. The school is in Provo, Utah. Their team colors are royal blue and white. Their mascot is the cougar. Their rivals are University of Utah.
Brigham Young University (BYU) is often called “The Y” and is a private research university. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) owns and runs the school. It is the biggest church school and third biggest private university in the United States with 33,511 students. About 99 percent of the students are part of the LDS Church, and 32% of them are from Utah. 66% of students (88 percent of men, 39 percent of women) start school late or take a break from school to be Mormon missionaries. It is cheaper to study at BYU than at other private universities because most of the cost of attending BYU is paid for by the LDS church.

BYU has many topics to study. This includes liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical science and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is grouped into 11 smaller parts that create their own rules on how to be allowed to study a topic. The university also has two satellite campuses(a small part of the campus that is far away from the rest of the campus), one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City. The main university is run by the Church Educational System (CES), and also runs two other schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The main focus of the school is on undergraduate education, with 187 undergraduate majors and 110 undergraduate minors, but it also has 88 masters and 32 doctoral degree programs.

BYU’s sports teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. BYU joined the Big 12 Conference in July 2023 after 12 years as a member of the West Coast Conference (WCC). During the university's time in the WCC, which does not run a football league, the Cougars played in the top level of college football, Division I FBS, as an independent (not in a conference). The only BYU sport not sponsored by the Big 12 is men's volleyball; that team plays in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYU’s sports teams have won 14 national championships.

## References
Saint-Denis, Réunion

**Saint-Denis** is the administrative capital (*préfecture*) of the French controlled island of Réunion, in the Indian Ocean. The city is the largest town on the island. In 2004, it had a population of about 133,700 people.

## History
Saint-Denis was founded by Étienne Régnault in 1669. The city became the capital of Réunion island in 1738.

## Transportation
The closest airport is Roland Garros Airport which is also the main international airport of Réunion.  The Réunion Tram Train is expected to start being built in 2008. It stretches from the city to the airport and to Réunion's second city Saint-Paul.

## Other websites 
*  Official site
Chen Shui-bian

**Chen Shui-bian** (, born 12 October 1950 in Guantian, Tainan, Taiwan) was the President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008. His term ended 55 years of Kuomintang rule in Taiwan. His nickname is *Ah-bian* (). Chen is a member of the Democratic Progressive Party.

## Early years 
Chen Shui-bian is raised from a poor family in southern Taiwan. He worked hard and studied at National Taiwan University. He passed a test and became a lawyer in his junior year. He graduated from university in 1974.
Provo, Utah

**Provo** is an American city in the state of Utah. It is in Utah County and is east of Utah Lake. It lies to the west of high mountain peaks in the Wasatch Range. It is home to Brigham Young University. The city is the third largest city in the state. It has a population of 115,162 people, as of the 2020 census.

### Trains 
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system of the United States, has trains that stop in Provo.  These trains run to and from Chicago and Emeryville in the San Francisco Bay area.  There are two trains a day, one in each direction.   John Adams used to be called Mount Liberty College.

**Provo College** is a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in healthcare education.  It was founded in 1984. 

**Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions** (**RMU**) is a private, for-profit university focused on graduate healthcare education and located in Provo, Utah.  It was established in 1998.

## Media 
Radio stations in the city are K204BO (public radio),  KENZ (alternative music), KXRK (alternative music), KOVO (sports), KIXIR (adult contemporary), KEYY (religious), KBYU (classical music),  K43JV, and KBUY-FM.  

Television stations are KBYU-TV, KUPX-TV and KUTH-TV.

The *Daily Herald* is the city's newspaper.  The *Deseret News*, published in Salt Lake City, also covers Provo and the rest of Utah County. The *Daily Universe* is BYU's newspaper.

## Sister cities 
* Nanning, China 
* Meissen, Germany

## References
Frosted Flakes

**Frosted Flakes** (North American countries) or **Frosties** (UK, Commonwealth of Nations and EU countries) is a cereal like Corn Flakes from Kellogg's, but coated with frosted sugar. Frosted Flakes are also available with apple pieces, banana pieces or coated in chocolate. In 2004, Kellogg's introduced a 1/3 Less Sugar recipe.

Tony the Tiger has been the mascot in Frosted Flakes since it was first introduced in 1951 as **Sugar Frosted Flakes** (the word "sugar" was dropped in the mid-1970s), and he is known for saying the cereal's slogan: ''"They're grrreat!"''. Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who continued providing his voice until his death in 2005. The character is currently voiced by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall, starting in January 2006.

## Taglines 
This cereal has had many taglines, but the classic, "They're grrreat!" has always been used along with the others.
* They're more than good, they're grrreat!
* They're gonna taste great!
* Bring out the tiger in you! (1980's)
* The taste adults have grown to love. (1980's - 1990's)
* Earn your stripes!
* Put a tiger on your team!
* Show the world...you've got game.
* Show your stripes!
* They're grrreat!

## Trivia 
* Kellogg's was a major sponsor of *Adventures of Superman* throughout most of the 1950s. Many of the Frosted Flakes commercials featuring the show's star George Reeves are considered classics and are available on the DVD release of the series' first season.
* Frosted Flakes has been the primary sponsor of the NASCAR Nextel Cup #5 Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet since 2000.
* The term "Frosted Flakes" can be used by any company making a similar product. However, the term "Frosties" is a registered trademark and so cannot be used by others.
* This product is called "Zucaritas" in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries.
* In Brazil, Frosties is called "Sucrilhos".
* Because of the not so specific slogan, it has been parodied many times, such as in Family Guy

## Other websites 
* Official website of Frosted Flakes
* Official website of Frosties 
* Advert on *The Link Portal* 
* Nutrition facts for Frosted Flakes
* Frosted Flakes Cereal Science Report
Everglades

, the Everglades, Big Cypress National Preserve, the South Florida Metropolitan Area, the Ten Thousand Islands, and Florida Bay.]]
s flourish on cypress trees as a Great Egret passes.]]

 in the Everglades]]
]]

The **Everglades** is a flat tropical river and mangrove swamp. It is in the southern part of Florida near the city of Miami. 

The Everglades is a tropical river delta which runs slowly through a low-lying basin near sea level. Many plants and animals live there. It is the only place in the world where crocodiles and alligators live together. 

It is a National Park and part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## National park 
Being a national park in the U.S. state of Florida, it helps protect around 25&nbsp;percent of the original Everglades. It is the largest subtropical forest in the United States. On average, around one&nbsp;million people visit it each year.

It is the third-largest national park in the lower 48&nbsp;states after Death Valley and Yellowstone. It is an International Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site, and a Wetland of International Importance. It is one of only three parks in the world to be on all three lists.

Unlike most national parks in the US, Everglades National Park was started to protect a weak ecosystem and its unique geographic feature. The Everglades are wetlands. It is created by a slow-moving river coming from Lake Okeechobee. It flows through the Kissimmee River to the southwest at about  per day, to Florida Bay. 

The park protects a connected network of marshland and forest ecosystems. They are maintained by natural forces. There are thirty-six species of endangered and threatened living in the park. Some of them are Florida panther, the American crocodile, and the West Indian manatee. 

The park protects the largest U.S. wilderness area east of the Mississippi River. It is the most significant breeding place for tropical wading birds in North America. It also has the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western hemisphere.

### Diversion and quality of water
All of South Florida's fresh water are kept in the Biscayne Aquifer. They are also recharged in the park. 

The diversion of water to South Florida's still-growing metropolitan areas is the number one threat for the park's inhabitants. 

In the 1950s and 1960s,  of canals and levees, 150&nbsp;gates and spillways, and 16&nbsp;pumping stations were built to lead water towards the cities and away from the Everglades. Low levels of water leave many fishes vulnerable to reptiles and birds. As sawgrass dries, it can burn or die off. As a result, many apple snails and other animals that wading birds feed upon, are killed. Populations of birds have been dropping. 

In 2009, the South Florida Water Management District claimed that the number of wading birds across South Florida have increased by 335%. However, despite three years of reported higher numbers, *The Miami Herald* discovered the same year that populations of waders in the park decreased by 29%.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

## References
Lost

**Lost** could mean:
* Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
* Lost, Aberdeenshire, a tiny hamlet in Scotland
* Lost Energy, a commercial energy drink
* Mustard gas, from ***LO**mmel and **ST**einkopf* who developed a process for mass-producing the gas for war
* Local Option Sales Tax (*LOST*), a special-purpose tax often appended to standard state sales tax on certain purchases

In **entertainment**:
* *Lost* (TV series), a drama which follows the lives of plane crash survivors who land on a mysterious island
** Lost (video game), a video game based on the television series
* *Lost* (2001 TV series), a short-lived reality television program
* *Lost* (1956 movie), a British thriller directed by Guy Green
* *Lost* (2004 movie), an American indie thriller starring Dean Cain
* *Lost* (2001 novel), a revisionist novel by Gregory Maguire
* *The Lost*, a 2006 memoir by Daniel Mendelsohn
* *Lost* (Eightball album), a 1998 album by American rapper Eightball
* *Lost* (RTZ album), a 1999 album by American rock band RTZ
* *Lost* (Cool Calm Pete album), a 2005 album by American hip hop artist Cool Calm Pete
* "Lost" (Kreator song), a 1995 single by the German thrash metal band Kreator
* "Lost" (song), a 2003 single by English singer Skin