open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Graham T. Allison

**Graham Tillett Allison Jr.** (born March 23, 1940) is an American political scientist and educator. He is a professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. 

His book *Remaking Foreign Policy: The Organizational Connection* was published in 1976. He had some influence on the foreign policy of the administration of President Jimmy Carter who took office in early 1977. 

Since the 1970s, Allison has also been a leading analyst of U.S. national security and defense policy, with a special interest in nuclear weapons and terrorism.

## References
## Other websites
*Appearances on C-SPAN
*Graham Allison's post at HuffPo
*Graham Allison's Official Harvard Bio
Port Clinton, Ohio

**Port Clinton** is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County. It is located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,025 at the 2020 census.

## References
Robert Banas

**Robert "Bobby" Banas** (born September 22, 1933 died July 29, 2024) is an American dancer and actor. He is known for his work on movies such as *West Side Story* (1961), *Always* (1989) and *Down and Out in Beverly Hills* (1986). He also did a televised performance of the dance (which he also choreographed) for the 1963 Shirley Ellis song, "Nitty Gritty".

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Beymer

**George Richard Beymer, Jr.** (born February 20, 1938) is an American actor, filmmaker and artist. He is best known for playing the roles of Tony in the movie version of *West Side Story* (1961), Peter in *The Diary of Anne Frank* (1959) and Ben Horne on the television series *Twin Peaks* (1990–1991, 2017).

## References
Jimmy Bryant (singer)

**James Howard Bryant** (June 2, 1929 - June 22, 2022) was an American singer, arranger and composer. He is most well known for being the singing voice of Tony (played onscreen by Richard Beymer) in the 1961 movie musical *West Side Story*.  

He also sang for James Fox in the 1967 musical *Thoroughly Modern Millie* and sang in "The Telephone Hour" number in *Bye Bye Birdie*. He also sang in the group that performed the theme song of the TV series *Batman*.

Bryant was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He died June 22, 2022 at 93. The remake of West Side Story is dedicated to his memory.

## References
## Other websites
*
Quogue, New York

**Quogue** () is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, in the Town of Southampton, on Long Island. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 1,662. 

## References
Arthur Laurents

**Arthur Laurents** (July 14, 1917&nbsp;– May 5, 2011) was an American playwright, stage director and screenwriter.

His best known works were *West Side Story* (1957), *Gypsy* (1959), and *Hallelujah, Baby!* (1967), and directing some of his own shows and other Broadway productions.

His early movie scripts include *Rope* (1948) for Alfred Hitchcock, followed by *Anastasia* (1956), *Bonjour Tristesse* (1958), *The Way We Were* (1973), and *The Turning Point* (1977).

## References
## Other websites
*Arthur Laurents at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
*
Phil Ruffin

**Phillip Gene "Phil" Ruffin** (born March 14, 1935) is an American businessman. He owns the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. He is also a business partner of Donald Trump, with whom he co-owns the Trump International Hotel in Las Vegas. 

On the *Forbes* 2018 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 877 with a net worth of US $2.7&nbsp;billion.

## References
## Other websites
* Harper Trucks official web site
*
Aureus

***Aureus*** (plural: ***aurei***) was a type of gold coin in ancient Rome. It had the same value as 25 denarii silver coins. An aureus was the same size as a denarius, but it weighed more because gold is more dense.

Aureus often displayed the bust of the reigning emperor, while the reverse featured various deities, personifications, or significant events. The aureus remained in circulation until the early 4th century AD, when Emperor Constantine I's monetary reforms introduced the solidus.

Gold coins like the aureus and solidus were vital to the Roman economy, used for large transactions, military payments, and as a store of value. Their high intrinsic value contributed to economic stability, facilitating efficient tax collection and troop payments, which were essential for sustaining the vast Roman Empire.

## References
Daviess County

**Daviess County** is the name of three counties in the United States (all named for Joseph Hamilton Daveiss):
* Daviess County, Indiana
* Daviess County, Kentucky
* Daviess County, Missouri

## Other 
* Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Hack and slash

**Hack and slash** or **hack and slay** (**H&S** or **HnS**; also **hack-and-slash** or '''hack 'n' slay''') is a type of gameplay that emphasizes combat.

The term "hack and slash" was used to describe a play style in tabletop role-playing games, from there to MUDs, MMORPGs, and role-playing video games. In arcade- and console-style action video games, it has a different usage, it focuses on real-time combat with hand-to-hand weapons against guns or fists.

## References
Adam DeVine

**Adam Patrick DeVine** (born November 7, 1983) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and singer. He is one of the stars and co-creators of the Comedy Central series *Workaholics*.

He plays the role of Bumper in the musical movies *Pitch Perfect* and *Pitch Perfect 2* and Andy in the sitcom *Modern Family* and Adam Demamp in the sitcom *Workaholics*. 

His other roles include *Neighbors*, *The Intern*, *The Final Girls*, *Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates*, *Game Over, Man!* and *When We First Met*. 

He has voiced characters in movies including *Ice Age: Collision Course* and *The Lego Batman Movie*. 

DeVine has voiced characters on animated series *Uncle Grandpa*, *Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero*, *Vampirina*, and *Green Eggs and Ham*.

DeVine married actress Chloe Bridges in 2021.

## References
## Other websites
*
Allen, Texas

**Allen** is a city in Collin County, Texas, United States, a northern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total population of 104,627.

## References
Dalworthington Gardens, Texas

**Dalworthington Gardens** is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is a suburb of Arlington. The population was 2,293 at the 2020 census.

## References
Robert D. Putnam

**Robert David Putnam** (born January 9, 1941) is an American political scientist. 

He is the Peter and Isabel Malkin Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Putnam developed the two-level game theory that says international agreements will only be successfully if they also have domestic benefits. 

## Notes
## References
Chireno, Texas

**Chireno** is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, United States. The population was 370 at the 2020 census.

American actress, singer, and dancer Ann Miller (1923-2004) was born in Chireno.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Dearborn County, Indiana

**Dearborn County** is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 50,679 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Lawrenceburg.

## References
Warren Park, Indiana

**Warren Park** is a town in Warren Township, Marion County, Indiana, United States. The population was 1,490 at the 2020 census.

## References
2039

## Predicted and scheduled events
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1943 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* September 1 – 100 years since the start of WWII (Invasion of Poland)
* September 2 – The Destroyers for Bases Agreement's 99-year rent-free leases to the United States by the United Kingdom will expire.
* September 17 - Famous Korean boyband, BTS, will open a time capsule in a purple box that they gave to South Korea's President Moon for the youth which will open on the 20th National Youth day, i.e. September 17, 2039.
*December 31 Generation Beta Ended
Sergei Karimov

**Sergei Karimov** (German:*Sergej Karimow*, Russian: *Сергей Каримов*) (21 December 1986 – 24 December 2019) was a Kazakh footballer. He last played for Lupo Martini Wolfsburg. In 2010, he played for the Kazakhstan national football team.

## References
Italy, Texas

**Italy** is a town in Ellis County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,926 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Italy official website
Perryton, Texas

**Perryton** is a city in Ochiltree County, Texas, United States. The population was 8,492 at the 2020 census.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Perryton official website
Moiry

**Moiry** may refer to:
* Moiry, Switzerland, a municipality in the district of Morges in the canton of Vaud
* Moiry, Ardennes, a commune in the region of Grand Est in France
* Lac de Moiry, a lake in the municipality of Grimentz, in the canton of Valais, in Switzerland.
La Chaux

**La Chaux** is the name or part of the name of several places:

## France 
* La Chaux, Doubs, a commune
* La Chaux, Orne, a commune
* La Chaux, Saône-et-Loire, a commune
* La Chaux, Vienne, a commune in the Vienne department
* La Chaux-du-Dombief, a commune in the Jura department
* La Chaux-en-Bresse, a commune in the Jura department

## Switzerland 
* La Chaux (Cossonay), a municipality in the canton of Vaud
* La Chaux (Sainte-Croix), a village in the municipality of Sainte-Croix (Vaud)
* La Chaux-de-Fonds, a municipality in the canton of Neuchâtel
* La Chaux-des-Breuleux, a municipality in the canton of Jura
* La Chaux-du Milieu, a municipality in the canton of Neuchâtel
* La Chaux (Verbier), an area of the Verbier skiing area

## Other 
* Chaux (disambiguation)
Jerry Herman

**Gerald Sheldon Herman** (July 10, 1931 – December 26, 2019) was an American composer and lyricist. He was known for his work in Broadway musical theater.  He composed the scores for the hit Broadway musicals *Hello, Dolly!*, *Mame*, and *La Cage aux Folles*.

He was nominated for the Tony Award five times, and won twice, for *Hello, Dolly!* and *La Cage aux Folles*. He won a Grammy Award in 1965. In 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He was a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors.

Herman, who was openly gay, was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1985.

Herman died on December 26, 2019 at a hospital in Miami, Florida from lung disease at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*Jerry Herman Official Web Site.
*University of Miami's Jerry Herman Ring Theatre Official Web Site
*
*
*Jerry Herman - *Downstage Center* audio interview at American Theatre Wing.
*TonyAwards.com Interview with Jerry Herman
*Jerry Herman podcast series by Sony BMG Masterworks
*Jerry Herman Gathers His Girls for a Swinging Broadway Bash *People Weekly*, April 21, 1986
*Ken Bloom collection of Jerry Herman memorabilia, 1955-2000, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Fallout 2

***Fallout 2: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game*** (usually just called ***Fallout 2***) was a video game released in 1998. It was made by Black Isle Studios and published by Interplay. It was a sequel to *Fallout*, and the second game in the *Fallout* series. It had very similar graphics and gameplay to the first *Fallout*, but a larger world and longer story.

The sequel to *Fallout 2* was not made by Black Isle Studios because Bethesda Softworks bought the *Fallout* series. Eventually Bethesda Game Studios made *Fallout 3* in 2008.

## References
Shaheed

of a Shaheed who died in battle during the Iran-Iraq War which lasted from 1980-1988]]
***Shaheed*** (&nbsp;, &nbsp;, &nbsp;&nbsp;; ) denotes a martyr in Islam and Sikhism. The word is used frequently in the Quran in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the latter sense acquires wider usage in the *hadith*.

## Quranic references 
A shaheed is one who is promised to go to Jannah according to these verses of the Quran:

Think not of those, who are slain in the way of Allah, as dead. Nay, they are living. With their Lord they have provision. Jubilant (are they) because of that which Allah hath bestowed upon them of His bounty, rejoicing for the sake of those who have not joined them but are left behind: That there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve.

- Quran 3:169–170 

Lo! Allah hath bought from the believers their lives and their wealth because the Garden will be theirs: they shall fight in the way of Allah and shall slay and be slain. It is a promise which is binding on Him in the Torah and the Gospel and the Qur'an. Who fulfilleth His covenant better than Allah? Rejoice then in your bargain that ye have made, for that is the supreme triumph.

- Quran 9:111

Those who fled their homes for the cause of Allah and then were slain or died, Allah verily will provide for them a good provision. Lo! Allah, He verily is Best of all who make provision. Assuredly He will cause them to enter by an entry that they will love. Lo! Allah verily is Knower, Indulgent.

- Quran 22:58–59

## References
Tim Cain

**Tim Cain** is an American video game designer. He designed the game *Fallout*, which came out in 1997. In 2009 he was chosen by IGN as one of the top 100 game creators of all time.

## Works
## References
The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas

"**The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas**" short story by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. It was published in 1973. The story happens in a utopian city called Omelas. The city can only be wealthy and happy as long as a single child suffers. "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction in 1974 and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1974.
## References
## Notes
* 
* 
* 
*
Kulubá

**Kulubá** is an ancient Maya civilization city and archaeological site in the Tizimín Municipality, Yucatán, Mexico.

The archaeological zone was originally discovered in 1941. Excavation of the site is still in its initial stages even though research in the area has been going on for over a decade. So far, a large palace has been partially uncovered. It is 55&nbsp;meters by 15&nbsp;meters and stand six meters tall. Other remains include a residential and cooking area. A burial site has also been identified. The governor of Yucatan announced in 2019 that a significant amount of money was to be invested in development of the site as a tourist destination.

## References
Ronald Melzack

**Ronald Melzack**,  (July 19, 1929 &ndash; December 22, 2019) was a Canadian psychologist and emeritus professor of psychology at McGill University. He was known for his pain research by introducing the gate control theory of pain. 

He was a founding member of the International Association for the Study of Pain. He also became the founding editor of ''Wall & Melzack's Textbook of Pain''

Melzack had many honors including Prix du Québec (1994), the Order of Canada (1995), and the National Order of Quebec (2000). In 2010, he won the Grawemeyer Award for  his research on the science of pain.

## References
The Wind's Twelve Quarters

'''''The Wind's Twelve Quarters''''' is a collection of short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. The title is from A. E. Housman's *A Shropshire Lad* Harper & Row published the book in 1975. Le Guin called it a look back at her start as a writer. The book has 17 stories that had already been published. Four of the stories were the first ideas for novels she wrote later: "The Word of Unbinding" and "The Rule of Names" was the beginning of Earthsea. "Semley's Necklace" was first titles "Dowry of the Angyar" in 1964. Then it was the start of the novel ''Rocannon's World'' in 1966; "Winter's King" is about people living on the planet Winter, as is Le Guin's later novel *The Left Hand of Darkness*. Most of the other stories are also connected to Le Guin's novels.  The story "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" won the Hugo Award in 1974. "The Day Before the Revolution" won the Locus and Nebula Awards in 1975.

## Contents
*Foreword
*"Semley's Necklace"
*"April in Paris"
*"The Masters"
*"Darkness Box"
*"The Word of Unbinding"
*"The Rule of Names"
*"Winter's King"
*"The Good Trip"
*"Nine Lives"
*"Things"
*"A Trip to the Head"
*"Vaster than Empires and More Slow"
*"The Stars Below"
*"The Field of Vision"
*"Direction of the Road"
*"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
*"The Day Before the Revolution"

## References
Hillsborough, California

**Hillsborough** is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is located  south of San Francisco on the San Francisco Peninsula. The population was 11,387 as of 2020.

## References
Lee Mendelson

** Richard Dawson Harry "Lee" Mendelson** (March 24, 1933 – December 25, 2019) was an American television producer, known for his cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Walt Disney Company, Hanna-Barbera Productions, The Peanuts animated Specials and Nickelodeon Movies. *Travels with Charley*, based upon the book by John Steinbeck.

Mendelson Productions has produced over 100 television and movie productions, winning 12 Emmys and 4 Peabodys, as well as many Grammy, Emmy, and Oscar nominations.
## Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Disney, HB Nickelodeon Movies and animation
Mendleson joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1961. He worked on some Tom and Jerry films. He produced  A Charlie Brown Christmas. In 1966, he joined Disney. Movies like for example, The lion King. (1994). Afew years later He joined the Hanna-Barbera. Characters like Scooby-doo. Later hE joined Nickelodeon Movies,
Like producing Spongebob Squarepants.

## Death
Mendelson died on December 25, 2019 from lung cancer in Hillsborough, California at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
UTC−05:00

**UTC−05:00** makes clocks five hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are the places that are on the UTC−05:00 time zone.

## As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
*Principal cities: New York, Toronto, Havana

### North America
* (Eastern Time Zone)
**Nunavut
***Qikiqtaaluk Region except Resolute
**Ontario
***East of 90° West
**New Jersey
**New York
**North Carolina
**Ohio
**Pennsylvania
**South Carolina
**Tennessee
***The counties of Scott, Morgan, Roane, Rhea, Meigs and Bradley, and all counties to the east of these
*
**All except Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa and Sonora.
* (Central Time Zone)
**Alabama
***Except for Chambers, Lee, Macon, & Russell counties
**Arkansas
**Florida
***The counties of Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Holmes, Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and Washington, and northern Gulf county (panhandle)
***Northwestern counties of Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter and Starke
***Southwestern counties of Gibson, Perry, Posey, Spencer, Vanderburgh and Warrick
**Iowa
**Kansas
***Entire state except westernmost counties
**Kentucky
***The counties of Breckinridge, Grayson, Hart, Green, Adair, Russell and Clinton, and all counties to the west of these
**Louisiana
**Michigan
***The western counties of Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron and Menominee
**Minnesota
**Mississippi
**Missouri
**Nebraska
***Central and eastern Nebraska
**North Dakota
***Entire state except southwest
**Oklahoma
***Entire state except Kenton
**South Dakota
***Eastern half
**Tennessee
***Counties located to the west of the counties of Scott, Morgan, Roane, Rhea, and Hamilton
**Texas
***All except westernmost counties
**Wisconsin

## As standard time (all year round)
*Principal cities: Bogotá, Lima, Kingston

### Central and South America
*
**Acre
**Amazonas (13 western municipalities, approximately marked by a line between Tabatinga and Porto Acre)
* – Time in Colombia
* – Time in Ecuador (except Galápagos Islands)
*
* – Time in Peru

### Caribbean
*
*
**Cayman Islands
*
**Navassa Island

### North America
* – Eastern Time Zone
** Atikokan and New Osnaburgh/Pickle Lake area
** Southampton Island 
*
**Quintana Roo

## As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer)
### East Pacific
*
**Easter Island

## References
LeRoy Zimmerman

**LeRoy S. Zimmerman** (born December 22, 1934) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Attorney General of Pennsylvania from 1981 through 1989. He was the first person to be elected as state attorney general.

In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of politically influential individuals. He was named again in 2003 and called a, "power broker in Central Pennsylvania."  

## References
## Other websites
*Profile at Eckert Seamans
Kim (Korean surname)

**Kim** or **Gim** () is the most common surname, or family name, in Korea. In 2015 more than 10 million people in South Korea had this name. That is over 20% of all people in the country. The Kim family is the current ruling family in North Korea.

## Relaged pages
* List of Korean family names
* Jin, the equivalent Chinese family name

## References
Allison Feaster

**Allison Sharlene Feaster-Strong** (born February 11, 1976) is a retired American professional basketball player.  Feaster-Strong played in the Women's National Basketball Association from 1998 through 2008, for the Los Angeles Sparks, Charlotte Sting, and Indiana Fever.

She played professionally in Europe from 1998 through 2016 for teams in Portugal, France, Spain, and Italy.  She retired from professional basketball in August 2016. She was born in Chester, South Carolina.

## References
## Other websites
*WNBA Player Profile 
*TopOfTheCircle.com profile  (Archived 2009-10-25)
*FEB (Spanish Basketball Federation) player profile
Freedom Riders

**Freedom Riders** were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and following years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions *Morgan v. Virginia* (1946) and *Boynton v. Virginia* (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. 

The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17.

Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be criminal and arrested them in some locations. In some places, such as Birmingham, Alabama, the police worked with the Ku Klux Klan and other white people against the actions of the riders, and allowed mobs to attack the riders.

## References
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

The **Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee** (**SNCC**, often pronounced  ) was the main channel of student activity to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. 

They were a group of students who wanted to show segregation was wrong. They would sit in white only shops and cafes and refuse to move even if they were attacked.

It was created in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins to protest segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina and Nashville, Tennessee. The group was mainly founded and headed by Ella Baker.

## Other websites
*The SNCC Digital Gateway
*The SNCC Project: A Year by Year History 1960–1970
*SNCC Actions 1960–1970 (map)
*SNCC 1960 – 1966: Six years of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Retrieved May 2, 2005.
*Stokely Carmichael – Leader of SNCC's militant branch 
*Civil Rights Movement Veterans
* SNCC Documents Online collection of original SNCC documents ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans.
* Americus Movement , Civil Rights Digital Library.
*The Story of SNCC , *One Person, One Vote* Project
Sterling Marlin

**Sterling Burton Marlin** (born June 30, 1957) is an American former stock car racing driver. He formerly competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. He won the Daytona 500 in 1994 and 1995. He is the son of late NASCAR driver Coo Coo Marlin. 

In October 2012, Marlin was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

## References
## Other websites
*Sterling Marlin at The Crittenden Automotive Library
Don Imus

**John Donald Imus Jr.** (July 23, 1940 – December 27, 2019) was an American radio personality, television show host, recording artist, and author. He was known for his radio show *Imus in the Morning* which aired on many stations until 2018.

His first radio job in 1968 at KUTY in Palmdale, California. Three years later, he landed the morning spot at WNBC in New York City; he was fired in 1977.

In 1979, Imus returned to WNBC and stayed at the station until 1988 when the show moved to WFAN. He became popular when the show entered national syndication in 1993. He was called a "shock jock" radio host throughout his later career. He retired from broadcasting in March 2018.

In March 2009, Imus was diagnosed with stage 2 prostate cancer. He refused to have chemotherapy.

Imus was hospitalized in College Station, Texas, on December 24, 2019 for problems caused by lung disease. He died three days later, on December 27, at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Maury County, Tennessee

**Maury County** ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the Middle Tennessee region. As of the 2020 census, the population was 100,974. Its county seat is Columbia.

## References
Fred Lorenzen

**Frederick "Fred" Lorenzen, Jr.** (December 30, 1934 &ndash; December 18, 2024), nicknamed **The Golden Boy**, **Fast Freddie**, **The Elmhurst Express** and **Fearless Freddy**, is an American NASCAR driver. He was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. His career lasted from 1958 to 1972. He won the 1965 Daytona 500.

Lorenzen died on December 18, 2024 from problems caused by dementia in Elmhurst at the age of 89.

## References
Chester, South Carolina

**Chester** is a small city in Chester County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 5,269 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Chester County. Chester County is part of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia Metropolitan Statistical Area (formerly Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area until 1987)

## References
Rona Ambrose

**Ronalee Chapchuk "Rona" Ambrose**  (; born March 15, 1969) is a Canadian politician. She was interim Leader of the Conservative Party and the Leader of the Opposition between 2015 and 2017. 

She was the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland between 2015 and 2017, and had represented Edmonton—Spruce Grove from 2004 to 2015.

## References
Angela Rayner

**Angela Rayner** (*née* **Bowen**; born 28 March 1980) is a British politician who was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2024 until 2025. She was the Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2020 until 2025. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne since 2015. She served in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn as Shadow Secretary of State for Education and in the Shadow Cabinet of Keir Starmer.

In January 2020, Rayner announced her candidacy for Labour Deputy Leader in the 2020 deputy leadership election, which she won.

Rayner identifies as a socialist.

On 5 September 2025, Rayner resigned from her ministerial position and as the deputy prime minister, and as leader of the party, following the prime minister's ethics adviser, Laurie Magnus, finding that she had broke the ministerial code in relation to her failure to pay the correct amount of tax on one of her properties.

## Notes
## References
Guccio Gucci

**Guccio Gucci** (26 March 1881 – 2 January 1953) was an Italian-British businessman and fashion designer. He is most known for being the founder of the fashion house of Gucci.

## References
Bill Graham (Canadian politician)

**William Carvel** "**Bill**" **Graham**  (March 17, 1939 &ndash; August 7, 2022) was a Canadian lawyer, law professor, politician, and Chancellor of Trinity College. 

Graham was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Leader of the Opposition and interim Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Graham died on August 7, 2022 in Toronto, Ontario at the age of 83.

## References
Hugo Boss (fashion designer)

**Hugo Ferdinand Boss** (8 July 1885 &ndash; 9 August 1948) was a German fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the clothing company Hugo Boss AG. He was an active member of the Nazi Party from 1931 to 1945.

## References
Metzingen

**Metzingen** is a Swabian city with about 22,000 people in it, in Reutlingen county, Baden-Württemberg, Germany,  south of Stuttgart.

## References
Roy Raymond

**Roy Larson Raymond** (April 15, 1947 – August 26, 1993)

On August 26, 1993, Raymond committed suicide by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge.

## References
J. Charles Jones

**Joseph Charles Jones** (August 23, 1937 – December 27, 2019) was an American civil rights leader and lawyer. He was the co-founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and chairperson of the SNCC's direct action committee. Jones was born in Chester, South Carolina.

He led and participated in several sit-in movements during the 1960s. He was chair of SNCC's direct action committee. In 1961 Jones joined the Freedom Riders driving from Atlanta, Georgia, to Birmingham, Alabama. He was later arrested in Montgomery, Alabama.

In 1966, Jones organized an activist organization called the Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in the Suburbs or ACCESS.

## References
Louis Vuitton (designer)

**Louis Vuitton** (; 4 August 1821 – 27 February 1892) was a French fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the Louis Vuitton brand of leather goods now owned by LVMH.

## References
Columbia, Tennessee

**Columbia** is a city in and the county seat of Maury County, Tennessee, United States.  The population was 41,690 at the 2020 census.

## References
LVMH

**LVMH Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton SE** (), also known as **LVMH**, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate headquartered in Paris (France). The company was formed in 1987 under the merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton with Moët Hennessy, a company formed after the 1971.

## References
Charles Lewis Tiffany

**Charles Lewis Tiffany** (February 15, 1812 – February 18, 1902) was an American jewelry designer. He was a leader in the nineteenth century American jewelry trade. He founded New York City's Tiffany & Co. in 1837. He helped introduced the English standard of sterling silver in imported jewelry in 1851.

## References
Sankt Augustin

**Sankt Augustin** is a town in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is named after the patron saint of the Divine Word Missionaries, Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430). 

Sankt Augustin is twinned with:
* Grantham, United Kingdom 
* Mevaseret Zion, Israel
* Szentes, Hungary

## References
Hugo Boss

**Hugo Boss AG**, often styled as **BOSS**, is a German luxury fashion house headquartered in Metzingen. It was founded in 1924 by Hugo Boss.

With the rise of the Nazi Party in the 1930s, Boss began to produce and sell Nazi uniforms. After World War II and the founder's death in 1948, Hugo Boss started to turn its focus from uniforms to men's suits. The company went public in 1988. Hugo Boss online store in Great Britain is launched in September 2008 and selling Men's suits online from there.

 it owned more than 1,113 retail stores worldwide.

Hugo Boss along with the Guggenheim Museum administers the Hugo Boss Prize which is given annually to artists from around the world.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Corporate website
Richmond, British Columbia

**Richmond** is a city on Lulu Island and in the Metro Vancouver area of British Columbia. The Canada Line and Vancouver International Airport are also located inside Richmond. Richmond had 209,937 people in it in 2021.

## Events 
* The 2010 Winter Olympics had their Olympic oval in Richmond

## Malls 
Many shopping malls are located in Richmond, these include:
* Lansdowne Centre
* Richmond Centre
* Parker Place
* Aberdeen Centre

## References
Szentes

**Szentes** is a city in south-eastern Hungary, Csongrád county.

## Other websites
*  in Hungarian, English, German and Serb
* Városi Visszhang - Szentes 
* Local Radio Station - Radio 451
Quentin Burdick

**Quentin Northrup Burdick** (June 19, 1908 &ndash; September 8, 1992) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party. He represented North Dakota in the U.S. House of Representatives (1959–1960) and the U.S. Senate (1960–1992). 

At the time of his death, he was the third longest-serving senator (after Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd) among current members of the Senate.

Burdick died of heart failure at a Fargo, North Dakota hospital at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*Quentin Burdick Papers at The University of North Dakota

*
Mevaseret Zion

**Mevaseret Zion** () is a suburb of Jerusalem with the administrative status of a local council. Mevaseret Zion is made up of two distinct older townships, Maoz Zion and Mevaseret Yerushalayim.

Mevaseret Zion is located on a mountain ridge 750 meters above sea level, on the outskirts of Jerusalem.

## References
## Other websites
*Municipality website  
*Harel High School website 
*Notes on an Iron Age four sheqel scale weight from Mevasseret Yerushalayim
Erzsébet Szőnyi

**Erzsébet Szőnyi**, also **Erzsébet Szilágyi**, (25 April 1924 &ndash; 28 December 2019) was a Hungarian composer and music teacher. Her works were about symphonic compositions, chamber music works, art songs, and oratorios. She also wrote many stage works including eight operas. She was born in Budapest. In 1964, Erzsébet became a member directing the International Society for Music Education (ISME). She was vice-president of ISME from 1970 to 1974.

Szőnyi died on 28 December 2019 in Budapest at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Curriculum vitae of Erzsébet Szönyi at klassika.info
Takehiko Endo

was a Japanese politician. He was a member of Liberal Democratic Party. He was in the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan.

On September 3, 2007, due to the financial scandal, he resigned as Minister of Agriculture just eight days after he was appointed to the post.

Endo died of pneumonia on December 27, 2019 in Yonezawa, Yamagata at the age of 81.

## References
Bek Air Flight 2100

**Bek Air Flight 2100** was a domestic passenger flight from Almaty to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, onboard a Fokker 100. It crashed on 27 December 2019 while taking off from Almaty International Airport. 

Initial reports said fourteen people had been killed and 66 were critically injured, with one of the first survivors dying later in hospital, bringing total fatalities to fifteen; however, the death toll was later fixed to 12, without any explanation. 

The local government has started investigations and more reports are pending. The exact number of people on board was not immediately determined.

## References
Wilson Livingood

**Wilson "Bill" Livingood** (born October 1, 1936) was elected Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives on January 4, 1995. Livingood was the 35th person to hold the post. 

## References
Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives

The **Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives** is an officer of the House with law enforcement, protocol, and administrative responsibilities. 

The Sergeant at Arms is elected at the beginning of each Congress by the membership of the House.

They are known for announcing "Mister/Madam Speaker, the President of the United States" during the beginning of the State of the Union Address as the President enters the United States Capitol.

## Other websites
* 
* Source: United States House of Representatives Sergeant at Arms Fact Sheet (pdf file), via House.gov
*Sergeants at Arms official fact sheet, via history.house.gov
Paul D. Irving

**Paul D. Irving** (born August 1957) is an American law enforcement officer. In January 2012, he became the Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives. He replaced Wilson Livingood. He also worked for the United States Secret Service.

## References
Romà Cuyàs i Sol

**Romà Cuyàs i Sol** (24 November 1938 – 27 December 2019), was a Spanish lawyer and sports and cultural executive. He was the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee between 1983 and 1984 and comissioner of the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.

## References
Kushal Punjabi

**Kushal Punjabi** (23 April 1977 – 26 December 2019) was an Indian actor. He won the TV reality game show, *Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout*, the Indian version of the American game show *Wipeout* in February 2011.

Punjabi had been in movies such as *Lakshya*, *Kaal* and in *Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai.* He had also appeared in television shows such as *Ishq Mei Marjawan*.

Punjabi hung himself at his Mumbai home on 26 December 2019 at the age of 42.

## References
## Other websites
*
William Greider

**William Harold Greider** (August 6, 1936 – December 25, 2019) was an American journalist and author. He wrote mainly about economics. He was national affairs correspondent for *The Nation*. He also wrote for the *Rolling Stone* magazine during the 1980s and 1990s, and worked as an on-air correspondent for *Frontline* on PBS.

Greider died at his home in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure-related problems, aged 83, on December 25, 2019.

## References
Siler City, North Carolina

**Siler City** is a town in western Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town's population was 7,702.

## References
Orange County, North Carolina

**Orange County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 148,696 people lived there. Its county seat is Hillsborough.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Orange County government official website
Elizabeth Spencer (writer)

**Elizabeth Spencer** (July 19, 1921 – December 22, 2019) was an American writer. She was born in Carrollton, Mississippi. Spencer's first novel, *Fire in the Morning*, was published in 1948. She wrote a total of nine novels, seven collections of short stories, a memoir (*Landscapes of the Heart*, 1998), and a play (*For Lease or Sale*, 1989). 

Her novella *The Light in the Piazza* (1960) was made into a movie in 1962 and made into a Broadway musical of the same name in 2005. 

She was a five-time recipient of the O. Henry Award for short fiction.

Spencer's mother was the great-aunt of U.S. Senator John McCain.

Spencer died on December 22, 2019 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Pittsboro, North Carolina

**Pittsboro** is a town in Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,537 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Chatham County.

## References
Carrollton, Mississippi

**Carrollton** is a town in and the second county seat of Carroll County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 423 at the 2020 census. 

## References
Joseph Segel

**Joseph Myron Segel** (January 9, 1931 – December 21, 2019) was an American entrepreneur. He was the founder of over 20 American companies, most notably QVC, an American television network, and the Franklin Mint. He was seen as the inventor of television shopping channels.

Segel died on December 21, 2019 at the age of 88 in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania from congestive heart failure.

## References
## Other websites
*Budd Margolis, Home Shopping History: HSN & QVC
*Joseph M. Segel  (an autobiography)
Gladwyne, Pennsylvania

**Gladwyne** is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. In 2018, Gladwyne was ranked the 6th richest ZIP code (using 2015 IRS data) in the country in a study by Bloomberg BusinessWeek. The population was 4,096 at the 2020 US census.

## References
Vaiden, Mississippi

**Vaiden** is a town in Carroll County, Mississippi, United States and its first county seat. The population was 907 at the 2020 census.

## References
Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)

The '''Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition''' () is the leader of Canada's Official Opposition. It is the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition. 

Pierre Poilievre was the most recent leader of the Opposition following his election as leader of the Conservative Party of Canada in the party's leadership election on September 10, 2022. While the Conservative party will continue to serve as the Official Opposition following the 2025 Canadian federal election, Poilievre lost his seat in the House of Commons, so former Opposition Leader Andrew Scheer was picked to serve again in May 2025. Poilievre was elected to the House of Commons again in August 2025, becoming Opposition leader again.

## Leaders of the Official Opposition
### Timeline
## Notes
## References
Monroe, North Carolina

**Monroe** is a city in and the county seat of Union County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 34,562 in 2020. It is within the rapidly growing Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan area.

A new mayor was elected in 2023. The election came down to a coin flip which Robert Burns won.

## References
Gaston County, North Carolina

**Gaston County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 227,943. The county seat is Gastonia.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Gaston County government official website
Lumberton, North Carolina

**Lumberton** is a city in Robeson County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Robeson County, which is the largest county in the state by land area. 

## References
Fly Me to the Moon

"**Fly Me to the Moon**", originally titled **"In Other Words"**, is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard. 

Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song the year it was written. Frank Sinatra's 1964 version was mainly about the Apollo missions to the Moon. Patti Page also sang this song and made a hit. 

In 1999, the Songwriters Hall of Fame honored "Fly Me to the Moon" by adding it as a "Towering Song".

## References
You Make Me Feel So Young

"**You Make Me Feel So Young**" is a 1946 popular song composed by Josef Myrow, with lyrics written by Mack Gordon. It was created for the movie *Three Little Girls in Blue*.

The song was recorded by Frank Sinatra in 1956, and performed many times throughout his career. It is featured in the 2003 movie *Elf*.

## References
Rat Pack

The **Rat Pack** was an informal group of entertainers centered on the Las Vegas casino scene.  The group met at the Los Angeles home of Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall.

## Members 
In the 1960s the group had Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop among others. They appeared together on stage and in movies in the early 1960s, including the movies ''Ocean's 11*, *Sergeants 3*, and *Robin and the 7 Hoods'' (in the last movie, Bing Crosby replaced Lawford). Sinatra, Martin, and Davis were seen as the group's lead members after Bogart's death.

## References
Bosworth, Missouri

**Bosworth** is a city in Carroll County, Missouri, United States. The population was 213 at the 2020 U.S. Census.

## References
Carroll County, Missouri

**Carroll County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 8,495. Its county seat is Carrollton. 

## References
Dallas, North Carolina

**Dallas** is a small town in Gaston County, North Carolina, and a suburb of Charlotte, located north of Gastonia. The population was 5,927 at the 2020 census. It was named for George M. Dallas, Vice President of the United States under James K. Polk.

## References
Ray County, Missouri

**Ray County** is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,158. Its county seat is Richmond.

## References
Richmond, Missouri

**Richmond** is a city in Ray County, Missouri, and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 6,013 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Ray County.

## References
Newton County, Missouri

**Newton County** is a county located in the southwest part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,648. Its county seat is Neosho.

## References
Savannah, Missouri

**Savannah** is a city and county seat of Andrew County, Missouri, United States.  The population was 5,069 at the 2020 census.

## References
Elizabethtown, North Carolina

**Elizabethtown** is a town in Bladen County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,296 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Bladen County.

## References
Silver City, North Carolina

**Silver City** is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Hoke County, North Carolina in the United States. The population was 643 at the 2020 census.

## References
Chicka Chicka Boom Boom

***Chicka Chicka Boom Boom***, also known as ***Chicka Chicka ABC***, is a bestselling American children's book written by Bill Martin, Jr. and John Archambault, illustrated by Lois Ehlert, and published by Simon & Schuster in 1989. The book teaches the alphabet through rhyming couplets, It charted *The New York Times* Best Seller list for children's books in 2000.

## Plot 
The anthropomorphic lowercase alphabet magnets climb up a coconut tree in order, but their weight causes the tree to lean over, causing themselves to fall out of the tree. Shortly after, the uppercase alphabet magnets (the older relatives of the lowercase alphabet) come to rescue them. Again alphabetically, while being rescued, most of the alphabet receive certain injuries. Later that night, the letter A gets up and climbs back up the coconut tree, proposing a double dare on the rest of the alphabet to catch him. You see the story in the Hutchinson Treasury of Stories to Read Aloud, the book published in 2000. It has British and American terms, too. The book was published by Random House, but the American book is the 20th-century Children's Book Treasury. It was published in 1998.

## Album
In 1992, John  Archambault and David Plummer made an album called *Chicka Chicka Boom Boom and Other Coconutty Songs*. It was named a 1992 "Notable Children's Recording American Library Association and in 1993, won a Parents' Choice Award. Its main track was the title song *Chicka Chicka Boom Boom*, which was the book's title.

### Track list
{{track listing
| headline1       =

| title1          = Chicka Chicka Boom Boom
| writer1         =
| length1         = 2:25

| title2          = ABC Song
| writer2         =
| length2         = 0:54

| title3          = Braggin' Dragon
| writer3         =
| length3         = 2:20

| title4          = Helicopter Man
| writer4         =
| length4         = 2:23

| title5          = Merry-Go-Round
| writer5         =
| length5         = 2:36

| title6          = Didgereedoo
| writer6         =
| length6         = 3:08

| title7          = Counting Sheep
| writer7         =
| length7         = 2:25

| title8          = B-A-Bay
| writer8         =
| length8         = 1:51

| title9          = 5 Little Monkeys
| writer9         =
| length9         = 0:19

| title10         = Here Comes Another One
| writer10        =
| length10        = 3:00

| title11         = Saturday Night At The Fair
| writer11        =
| length11        = 2:01

| title12         = Jump Rope Rhymes
| writer12        =
| length12        = 2:00

| title13         = Chicka Chicka Funk
| writer13        =
| length13        = 3:36

| title14         = ABC Song Part 2
| writer14        =
| length14        = 0:30

## References
Send In the Clowns

"**Send In the Clowns**" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical *A Little Night Music*. Sondheim wrote the song specifically for Glynis Johns. It became Sondheim's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins' version charted in 1975 and 1977. 

## References
Pietro Brollo

**Pietro Brollo** (1 December 1933 – 5 December 2019) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Tolmezzo.

Brollo was ordained to the priesthood in 1957. He was titular bishop of *Zuglio* and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Udine, Italy, from 1985 to 1995. He then was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belluno-Feltre, Italy, from 1995 to 2000. Brollo was archbishop of the Udine Archdiocese from 2000 to 2009.

Brollo died on 5 December 2019 in Tolmezzo at the age of 86.

## References