open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth Gaskell

**Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell** (29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865) was an English writer.

She was born in Chelsea, London. After her mother died, she lived with her aunt in Knutsford, Cheshire. She married William Gaskell, a priest, in 1832. They lived in Manchester, where several of her books are set. She died of a heart attack in Holybourne, Hampshire.

Her most famous books are *Mary Barton*, *Cranford*, *North and South*, and *Wives and Daughters*. She also wrote a book of the life of her friend, writer Charlotte Brontë. Some of her books have been made into movies and television programmes.

## References
## Other websites 
*The Gaskell Society
Naples

in the background.]]

**Naples** is a southern Italian city with a port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea and is near Mount Vesuvius. Its name in Italian is **Napoli** which came from its Greek name **Neapolis**, meaning *new city*.  It has a population of about 1 million.  About 3 million live in the area around Naples (including Naples itself).

There is one airport in the city, Naples International Airport at Capodichino.

## History 
Ancient Greeks settled Naples in the 6th Century B.C. There were so many Greeks there, the Romans called it *Magna Graecia*, which means "Greater Greece." Later the Romans conquered southern Italy and took Naples.  When the Roman Empire fell to invaders in the west, Naples came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire.

Naples became independent later but was combined with the Kingdom of Sicily during the Middle Ages. By 1500 it was ruled by Aragón, which was a kingdom in eastern Spain. Later, Naples became part of Spain when Aragon and the other kingdom in Spain called Castile became one country. Naples was part of this Kingdom of Spain until the Austrian Empire got it in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714.

In the 19th century it was the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  The Duchy of Savoy, or kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, conquered Naples in 1861.  That kingdom became the Kingdom of Italy.  Naples was heavily bombed when Italy fought in World War Two and British/American armies tried to capture it.

Today Naples is the capital of Campania and the largest city in southern Italy.

## Climate 
The average temperature in the summer is 24°C. In the winter, the average can be as low as 8°C. There is usually around 1000 mm (40 inches) of rain in the city every year.

## Economy 
Naples is Italy's fourth-largest economy, with a 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The Port of Naples is one of the most important and busy ports in the Mediterranean. The city, however, still has a lot of organized crime and political corruption, but it is also famous for its musical, theatrical and cinematographic culture.

Naples is a popular city for tourists. It was rated the 166th-most-visited city in the world in 2008.

Recently, more people work in the service industry than in agriculture. In 2003, 31% of people worked in public services, 18% in manufacturing, 14% in commerce, 10% in construction, 8% in transportation, 7% in financial services, 5% in agriculture, 4% in the hotel business and 3% work in other fields.

## Famous people
*Angela Carini (born 1998), Olympic boxer

## Related pages
*Neapolitan Mastiff
*Charles III of Spain

## References 
## Other websites 
* official website 
* TrekEarth Gallery of Photos
* Time Out Tourist Guide to Naples 
* Naples -Wikivoyage
Glamorgan

**Glamorgan**, also known as **Glamorganshire** is a county in Wales in the west of Great Britain. Glamorgan was a medieval kingdom. Its capital is Cardiff.

The county is home to over a million people, which is more than one third the total of Wales. It contains the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and most of the valleys that are famous for coal mining in the past.

## Other websites
*Glamorgan Record Office
*Glamorgan Family History Society
Jennifer Garner

**Jenny Anne Garner** (born April 17, 1972) is a Golden Globe Award- and SAG Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated American movie and television actress, and producer. She first became famous for her role as *Sydney Bristow* on *Alias*, a CIA agent. She was also in *Juno*, *Pearl Harbor*, and ''Dude, Where's My Car''.

Garner joined the Ban Bossy campaign in 2004.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Self magazine interview transcript  (June, 2005)
* Cinema Confidential interview  (January 10, 2005)
* Get Lippy interview  (January, 2005)
* Moviehole interview  (April 15, 2004)
* 1UP interview  (April, 2004)
* Dark Horizons interview  (February 3, 2003)
* TRL interview transcript (Friday, November 16, 2001)
* Elle Magazine Cover Story January 2007
Heather Graham

**Heather Joan Graham** (born January 29, 1970 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress.

Her father is a retired FBI agent. Her mother is a writer of books for children.  Her sister, Aimee, is an actress and writer. Graham's parents are Catholics. 

Graham was a student at the University of California, Los Angeles. She met James Woods when she was a student. She stopped going to college so she could become an actress.

Graham was in the movie *Drugstore Cowboy* in 1989. In 1997, She was in the movie *Boogie Nights*.  She played a character called "Roller Girl".  She played the character called "Felicity Shagwell" in the movie *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me* in 1999.  She was in the movie *From Hell* in 2001, in which she played a character called "Mary Kelly".

She was in several episodes of the television series *Scrubs* in 2004 and 2005.

Graham appeared in advertisements for Garnier hair care products and for Skyy vodka.

Graham has dated several famous men. These include UK musician/actor Adam Ant, actors James Woods, Kyle McLachlan and Heath Ledger, and directors Stephen Hopkins and Edward Burns.

## Filmography
## References
Christina Ricci

**Christina Ricci** (born February 12, 1980) is an American actress.  She was born in Santa Monica, California and grew up in Montclair, New Jersey.

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
### Other works
;Music
* 2005: "Hell Yes" – Beck

;Music videos
* 1990: "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Cher
* 1991: "Addams Groove" – MC Hammer
* 1993: "Addams Family (Whoomp!)" – Tag Team
* 2000: "Natural Blues" – Moby
* 2023: "Demons" – Doja Cat

;Video games
* 2008: *The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon* as Cynder
* 2008: *Speed Racer: The Videogame* as Trixie

;Audiobook
* *Gossip Girl* – Narrator
* *Gossip Girl* "You Know You Love Me" – Narrator

## Other websites
*
Julia Roberts

**Julia Fiona Roberts** (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her roles in the movies *Steel Magnolias* (1989), *Pretty Woman* (1990), *Runaway Bride* (1998) and *Erin Brockovich* (2000). Roberts regularly plays characters of attractive powerful women. She has been among People Magazine's *50 Most Beautiful People in the world* eight times.

## Early life and family
Roberts was born in Smyrna, Georgia, She is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and Swedish ancestry. Her father was a Baptist and her mother a Roman Catholic, and she was raised a Catholic. Her older brother, Eric Roberts, from whom she was estranged until 2004; sister Lisa Roberts Gillan; and niece Emma Roberts, are also actors.

## Personal life
Roberts' first marriage was to musician Lyle Lovett; they divorced. She and her husband Danny Moder have three children. She gave birth to twins, Hazel Patricia and Phinnaeus Walter, in 2004. In 2007, she gave birth to a son, Henry Daniel.

Roberts is a convert to Hinduism.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* The Julia Roberts Community
Angelina Jolie

**Angelina Jolie** (pronounced as Djole; née **Voight**, formerly **Jolie Pitt**, born June 4, 1975) is an American actress, movie producer, screenwriter, and author. She began acting at about 12 years old, and since then has starred in many movies.

She is the daughter of Jon Voight, who is also an actor and former actress/model Marcheline Bertrand. Her full name is Angelina Jolie Voight, but she decided to go by Angelina Jolie. She grew up in Los Angeles and attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute.

## Early life
She was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the sister of actor James Haven, niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor, and goddaughter of actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of German and Slovak descent, and on her mother's side, she is of primarily French-Canadian, Dutch, and German ancestry. although her only known Native American ancestor was a Huron woman born in 1649. As an American citizen, she cannot be called "Dame Angelina", but she can use the letters "DCMG" after her name.

## Awards
She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in *Girl, Interrupted*.

## Marriage and family
Jolie self-identifies as bisexual. She has been married to Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton.

She has three adopted children. She lives with actor Brad Pitt. Pitt and Angelina are called 'Brangelina' by the media. They have three biological children. On May 27, 2006, Jolie gave birth to a girl, Shiloh. In 2008, she also gave birth to twins, Vivienne Marcheline and Knox Leon. On August 28, 2014, Jolie married Pitt in France. In September 2016, they separated and she filed for divorce. Jolie is currently battling for full custody of her six children.

## Health
She said in May 2013 that she had undergone a preventive double mastectomy after learning she had an 87% risk of getting breast cancer. Jolie has a defective BRCA1 gene resulting in a very high risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Jolie said she might have her ovaries removed to prevent cancer.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
*
Lisa Kudrow

**Lisa Valerie Kudrow** (born July 30, 1963 in Encino, California) is an American actress. She was best known for her roles as Ursula on *Mad About You* and Phoebe on *Friends*. *Friends* has been very popular lately and is still selling many copies, beating many popular shows even though it finished a long time ago. She also starred in P.S. I Love You playing the role Denise Hennessey.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gwyneth Paltrow

**Gwyneth Kate Paltrow** (born September 28, 1972) is an American actress and singer. She was born in Los Angeles, California. 

Her father was movie director Bruce Paltrow. Her mother is actress Blythe Danner; her parents are second cousins. Her brother is director Jake Paltrow. Her uncle is singer-actor Harry Danner. Her half-cousin is actress Katherine Moennig. She studied Spanish in Talavera of the Queen, Spain. Paltrow married Coldplay singer Chris Martin on December 5, 2003. The couple separated in 2014. They have a daughter, Apple (born May 14, 2004) and son, Moses (born April 8, 2006). Since 2008, she plays Pepper Potts in the Marvel Cinematic Universe which is her most famous role.

## Filmography
## Discography
### Singles
### Featured singles
### Album appearances
### Music videos
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Gwyneth Paltrow's Newsletter, Goop

## References
Hilary Swank

**Hilary Swank** (born July 30, 1974) is an Academy and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress. The is the second woman in the world to win two Oscars before thirty (the first one was Jodie Foster). Swank's movies include *Million Dollar Baby* and *Freedom Writers*. She played Gail Getty in the 2018 television series *Trust*.

Swank was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. When she was nine she played her first role as Mowgli in her school's version of  "The Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling. Afterward she often was in school and university performances.

## Other websites 
*
Nana Visitor

**Nana Visitor** (born July 26, 1957) is an American actress. Visitor was born in New York City. She is most famous for playing Kira Nerys in the television series *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*.

Visitor married fellow *Star Trek* actor Alexander Siddig in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Visitor and Siddig divorced in 2001.

Visitor is the niece of American actress Cyd Charisse.
Alexander Siddig

**Alexander Siddig** (November 21, 1965) is a Sudanese actor.  Siddig is most famous for playing Dr Julian Bashir in the *Star Trek* television series *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*.

Siddig married fellow *Star Trek* actor Nana Visitor in 1997.  They had a son in 1996. Siddig and Visitor divorced in 2001.

Siddig is the nephew of English actor Malcolm McDowell and of former Sudanese Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.

## References
Louvre

in marble, about 190 BC. Found in Samothrace in 1863]]

The **Louvre** is a museum in Paris. It has millions of visitors every year because of its art collection. It is the most visited art museum in the world.

The most famous piece of art in the Louvre is the *Mona Lisa* by Leonardo da Vinci. Other paintings include works of Rembrandt, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, Rubens, Titian and Eugène Delacroix.

There are also many statues inside the Louvre. The most famous statues are the Venus de Milo and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

The 2025 Louvre robbery is under investigation; Two people were arrested (as of October).

## History of the Louvre 
Philip II of France built a castle called the *Castle of the Louvre*. It used to be where the museum is. They used the castle as a fortress to defend Paris against the Vikings.
Charles V, King of France turned the castle into a palace. However, Francis I, King of France,  and built a new palace.

Henry IV, King of France added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Grande Galerie is more than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide. The Grande Galerie was built along the River Seine. It was the longest building in the world.

The building was renovated during François Mitterand's time as French President. The glass pyramid and the inverted pyramid (made famous by *The Da Vinci Code*, a novel and later a movie) were the work of architect I.M. Pei.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Free photos of Louvre 
*Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden 
*History of the Louvre
*Excerpt of Michael T. Cannell's book on I.M. Pei — discusses controversy over Pei's pyramid.
*Official École du Louvre website  (Requires Flash)
Venus de Milo

]]

The ***Venus de Milo*** is an ancient Greek statue. It is in the Louvre, a museum in Paris, France. The *Venus de Milo* represents Aphrodite, the goddess of love in Greek mythology. The statue is made of marble and is 203cm high. It might be the work of Alexandros of Antioch. The *Venus de Milo* was found on 8 April 1820 on the Aegean island of Melos. King Louis XVIII of France presented the *Venus de Milo* to the Louvre in 1821. 

## Discovery
The Venus de Milo was found on the Greek island of Melos on 8 April 1820. When it was found, it was broken into three pieces. Two sculptures of heads, called herms, a piece of an arm, and a hand holding an apple, were also found with the sculpture. The statue was bought by the Compte de Marcellus, assistant to the French ambassador to Constantinople. It was taken to France and put in the Louvre.

## Sources
## Other websites 
* Musée du Louvre – Louvre Museum : Venus de Milo 
* Controversy and politics over the sculptor's identity 
* Unusual Louvre Museum Image  of the *Venus di Milo*.
Aphrodite

**Aphrodite** (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδίτη, *Aphrodítē*) is the Ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty. She was also the goddess of procreation. Aphrodite is one of the Twelve Olympians. The most beautiful and refined of the goddesses, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, god of fire and metalworking. Aphrodite had numerous affairs with other beings, the most notable of these being Ares, the god of war.

In Homer's *Iliad*, one of the Oceanids.
In Hesiod's *Theogony*, however, Aphrodite is stated to have risen from sea foam, formed at the spot where Uranos' genitals landed, after Kronos castrated him and tossed them into the sea. Aphrodite's cult was centered on the islands of Cythera and Cyprus, both of which were claimed to be her birthplace. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually every midsummer. The Charites (minor goddesses of grace and splendor) attended to Aphrodite and served as her handmaidens. Aphrodite's symbols include the dolphin, myrtle, rose, dove, sparrow, swan and pearl, and the dove, sparrow and swan were her sacred animals. The goddess Venus is her Roman equivalent. Aphrodite was quite often described as very beautiful, and was used as a point of comparison for female beauty - but just as she was beautiful, she was just as smart and wise. Aphrodite is also the Greek Venus (mythology)

## Children
Eros, Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Hermaphroditos, Rhode, Eryx, Peitho, Tyche, Eunomia, The Graces, Priapus, and Aeneas. She has 16 children in total.

## Marriage 
Aphrodite was very beautiful, which made Zeus afraid that she would be the cause of fights between the other gods. He therefore gave Aphrodite to Hephaestus. Hephaestus was happy to be married to Aphrodite and gave her many pieces of jewelry which were gifts of love, like a belt that when ever she wore it, it would make men be attracted to her. Aphrodite, however, was not attracted to him. So she spent most of her time with Ares, but she also spent time with Adonis and Anchises. She had many children. 

* children with Ares (pronounced air-**es**): Harmonia, Deimos (pronounced **day**-mos), Phobos, and Eros (pronounced **e**-ros).
* child with Anchises (pronounced an-**chi**-ses): Aeneas (pronounced ain-**ne**-us).

## References 
## Related pages 118
* Venus - Roman version of Aphrodite.
Venus (mythology)

.]]

In Roman mythology, **Venus** is the goddess of love and beauty. She was the Roman version of the Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan.

Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium.  On August 18, 293 BC, the first temple to her was built . August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica.  On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia, the protector against vice.  On April 23, 215 BC, a temple was built on the Capitol dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum.

Venus was also married to Vulcan, who was the god of fire, volcanoes and blacksmiths.  Julius Caesar claimed Venus Genetrix as his own personal, divine ancestress.

## Related pages
* Aphrodite - Greek mythology version of Venus.
Jupiter (mythology)

**Jupiter** (Latin: *Iuppiter*) is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. This was because he had been warned that one of his children would overthrow him.

### Battle of the Titans
Then, with the help of the Cyclopes and the Hundred-handed Giants, they declared war on Saturn and the other Titans. Jupiter finally defeated the Titans and they were imprisoned in Tartarus.

### Dividing the universe
Jupiter and his brothers divided the universe into three parts, Jupiter obtaining the heavens, Neptune the sea and Pluto the underworld. This is how Jupiter became the king of the gods.

## Related pages
* Tinia - Etruscan mythology equivalent to Jupiter
* Zeus - Greek mythology equivalent to Jupiter
* Odin - Norse mythology equivalent to Jupiter

## Notes
## References
Minerva

building in Vienna, Austria]]

**Minerva** was the Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom whose symbol was the owl. The Greeks called her Athena but the Romans didn't make her as warlike as Athena. As Minerva Medica she was goddess of medicine and doctors. Many coins showed her.

## Related pages
* Menrva - Etruscan mythology version of Minerva
* Athena - Greek mythology version of Minerva
Grace Kelly

**Grace Patricia Kelly** (November 12, 1929 – September 14, 1982) was an American actress and royal. She later married Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and became Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco.

## Early life 
Grace Patricia Kelly was born at Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia on November 12, 1929. Her father was an Irish and her mother was a German.

## Acting career 
Grace Kelly graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1949. She made her film debut in *Fourteen Hours* (1951) and gained stardom from her roles in Fred Zinnemann's western film *High Noon* (1952), and John Ford's adventure-romance *Mogambo* (1953). Other notable works include *Dial M for Murder*, *Rear Window*, and *To Catch a Thief*. In 1955 she won an Academy Award for *The Country Girl*. She was the first actress to appear on a postage stamp. She was also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire" and in Mika's song "Grace Kelly" (2007). 

The classic head-cover of a silk scarf crossed under the chin and knotted at the side or nape of the neck is universally known as the "Grace Kelly". This chic look is still copied by many female Hollywood stars when they wish to retain a degree of anonymity in the public eye.

## Life as a royal 
Grace Kelly retired from acting at age 26 to marry Rainier III of Monaco. 

With Prince Rainier, she had three children:
* Princess Caroline of Monaco (born January 23, 1957)
* Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born March 14, 1958)
* Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (born February 1, 1965)
As Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly was known for her charity work.

## Death 
On September 13, 1982, Kelly suffered a stroke while she was driving her 1972 Rover P6 3500, which caused her to crash the car. She died in hospital the next day. Her 17-year-old daughter, Stéphanie sustained a hairline fracture of a neck vertebra but survived. Her son, Prince Albert, helped establish the Princess Grace Awards in 1984.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Nagano (city)

in Nagano]]

**Nagano** () is a city in Japan. It is the capital of Nagano Prefecture (). Nagano has been  as a core city since 1999.

As of October 1, 2007, 2,182,190 people lived in Nagano.

## History
In 1998, the Olympic Games were held in Nagano.

## References
Denise Lewis

**Denise Lewis** (born 27 August 1972) is a British retired athlete from West Bromwich. She won the bronze medal in the heptathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won the gold medal in the heptathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

In late 2004, she was a contestant in the second series of *Strictly Come Dancing*.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Michael Johnson

**Michael Duane Johnson** (born on September 13, 1967), Dallas, Texas is an American retired sprinter. He is widely considered the greatest long sprinter of all time. During his time on the track, he established world records for the 400 m (43.18 Seville, Spain), indoor 400 m, indoor 300 m, 200 m, and 4 × 400 m relay. Due to these achievements, and due to the vast difference between the 200 m and 400 m, Johnson left little doubt that he is the greatest sprinter of all time. He won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals.

A fifth Olympic gold medal was taken back when it was learned that Johnson's teammates had cheated by using drugs.

Johnson had a unique upright posture when he ran so that he looked like a duck walk, which gave him the nickname *The Duck*. His running gait did not make sense for running fast, but somehow worked. He won almost every race that he ever ran.

He was the first athlete to win both the 200m and 400m sprints in the same Olympic Games (Atlanta, Georgia).

He retired in 2001, and is a sports commentator on TV. He was a contestant in the 2010 season of *The Celebrity Apprentice*.

## References
## Other websites
Iron Age

The **Iron Age** is the period after the Bronze Age in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. Iron production took place in Anatolia at least as early as 1200 BC, with some evidence pointing to even earlier dates.

In the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, the use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts ever found is a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly spread throughout the Near East (North Africa, southwest Asia) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

Before this time, people used bronze or flint tools and pottery. They farmed, and lived in communities. Most of Europe, Africa and Asia reached the Iron Age by 500 BC. It is a period of prehistory because, though iron and steel continue to be important even today, the "Iron Age" is defined as ending when people began to write their history.

Iron ore is easy to find, and some iron is a Native metal but iron is hard to make into tools. It melts at a higher temperature than bronze. When blacksmiths learned how to make iron tools, they were able to make many of them. With more and better tools, people could do more. For example, more people could own a metal plough. They could farm their fields better and grow more crops. Some people invented coins to help buy and sell their crops and their iron tools. 

Bronze weapons and armor were no match for those made of iron, so many peoples who did not have iron were defeated by those who did. Soldiers used iron shields and helmets in battle.

## References
Entertainment

]]
**Entertainment** is something that gives pleasure, or distracts a person from daily life, like a sport or game that excites people and keeps their attention. Some entertainment, like horror movies, can also make people feel sad or scared. Other entertainment, like comedy shows, are funny.

Entertainment can help reduce stress.

Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. it can be an idea or an activity or even a task. 

## List of entertainments
* Cinema
*Television
* Sport
* Theatre + Puppetry + Stand-up comedy 
* Reading
* Circus
* Tourism
* Dance
* Board games
* Video games
*Party
*Festival
*Parade with fireworks
*Carnival
*Street performance
*Internet + Social Network
*Art gallery
*Museum
*Park
*Cafe
*Cabaret
*Concert
*Opera
*Ballet
*Theme park
*Beach
*Exhibition
*Toys
*Fashion show
*Zoo 
*Water park
*Bathhouse
*Swimming pool
*Cycling
*Spa hotel
*Countryside
*Picnic 
*Ski resort
*Banquet
*Walking
*Shopping
*Magic
*Tournament
*Playground
*Nightclub
*Camping or summer camp
Open Site

**Open Site** is a free internet encyclopedia created by many editors. Anyone can apply to become an editor or donate content.

## Categories 
At Open Site all the content is separated into categories. There are eleven main categories which each have many subcategories. These are the main categories:
* Arts - has information about art and entertainment.
* Business - has information about economics.
* Computers - has information about computers.
* Games - has information about games.
* Health - has information about health.
* Home - has information about home and families.
* Recreation - has information about leisure.
* Regional - has information about countries.
* Science - has information about science.
* Society - has information about society and .
* Sports - has information about sport.

## Languages 
Open Site claims to have encyclopedias in many languages e.g. Romanian, but there are very few articles.

## Childrens' Encyclopedia 
Open Site started an encyclopedia for children in August 2004. The writing and pictures on the children's' encyclopedia are simpler and easier to understand than other encyclopedias, like this one. The encyclopedia contains tools and facts as well as articles.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Open Site
Milan

**Milan** (Italian: *Milano*; ancient *Medhelan* *Mediolanum* (City in the middle of the lands)) is a city in northern Italy. Milan is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Milan (which replaced the Province of Milan) and of the Lombardy Region. It is populated by 1,371,498 inhabitants.
It is the most populated province in Italy, and it is the second biggest city in Italy (after Rome).

Milan is the fashion capital of the world and its important influence on design, economics, opera, and the media make it amongst the world's top 18 Global cities, along with Moscow, Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur. 

## History 
Mediolanum was founded by Insubres, a Celtic people. It was captured by the Romans in 222 BC. Milan became very successful under the Roman Empire.

Milan was ruled by the Spanish in the 1500s and the Austrians in the 1700s. During the Renaissance and the Romantic periods, Milan was a major cultural center in the whole of Europe, famous for its literature and opera.

During the war, the city was badly affected by Allied bombings and during the 50s and 60s the city grew into being the wealthy and industrial metropolis it is today.

## References
Drawing

**Drawing** is a way of making a picture.  Drawings are created by making lines on a surface. Long lines make up the shapes and small lines make the textures.  Drawings can be images of real-life or abstract images.

Drawing has been done for thousands of years, dating back to cave paintings.  It focuses on objects made by humans for any number of spiritual, narrative, philosophical, symbolic, conceptual, documentary, decorative, and even functional and other purposes.   

## Materials 
Drawing paper is a special material sometimes used for drawing, however many just use paper. Pencils or pens are most commonly used for drawing. However, chalk, charcoal, and many others writing utensils are used.  

## Shading 
Shading is the darkening or coloring of a drawing with lines or blocks of color. It can be used to make your drawings more three dimensional. Shading is the process of adding value to create an illusion of form, most importantly the light in a drawing. It should have a highlight (where the light is shining), mid tone (goes darker in color), Core shadow which is the darkest color on your drawing, then there is the reflected light. Reflecting light is where light shines on the object you are trying to draw.

## Hatching 
Hatching is a artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing closely spaced parallel lines. There are different types of hatching. There is Parallel hatching, contour, crosshatching, tick hatching, and more. There are many different ways you can do this.

## Related pages 
* Technical drawing
* Painting
* Cartoon
Dice

**Dice** are  used in games when something random needs to be done, such as moving a game piece a random number of places on a board. Most dice are cubes that have the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the faces. Dice are sometimes made in other polyhedral shapes than cubes, but the six-sided die (*die* is the singular of "dice") is the most common. A die is usually rolled by the player’s hand. When adding together opposite sides of typical cubical dice, the sum is always 7.

Some games are played with two or more dice and some use only one. Some games that use dice are Monopoly, Yahtzee, Risk, and many more.

Weights can be put inside a die to make it only land on a certain number once it is rolled. This is sometimes used as a way of cheating.

## Types of dice 
There are many different types of dice. Some dice have different numbers of sides. These are called polyhedral dice. They are used in some games like Dungeons & Dragons.

*]]
Some dice do not have numbers on them at all. Instead, they have letters, pictures, or other symbols on them. Some games use these when they need something random that is not a number. For example, some word games use dice with letters to give the players random letters they have to use in the game.

## Related pages 
**Alea iacta est''
Hawaiian

**Hawaiian** can be:
*The Hawaiian Islands
*The Hawaiian language
*Native Hawaiians, the Polynesian Hawaiian people (a *kanaka ‘oiwi* or *kanaka māoli*)
*having to do with the U.S. state of Hawaii
British Isles

of various terms in the British Isles]]

The **British Isles** are an archipelago (a group of islands) in north-western Europe.  They have a long geographical and geological history. The first people were in Britain by 800,000 years ago (Happisburgh footprints).

The biggest island is called Great Britain, followed by the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight and Anglesey.  Great Britain, the biggest island, is home to three countries. These are England, Wales and Scotland.  Great Britain is the biggest island of Europe.

England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland join together to make the United Kingdom.

Some people include the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark in the term "British Isles", but they are a lot closer to France than to Great Britain.  In politics, they are British islands but in geology they are French islands.

The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the larger island in the 2nd century AD. 

## Deep history 
Unlike many island groups (Japan, Hawaii), the British Isles were once part of the supercontinent Laurasia. This means the island has all the rocks of a supercontinent, and none of the problems which limit volcanic island chains such as Japan, or Hawaii for example. Britain has all the resources of a supercontinent, and was a net exporter of minerals as far back as Roman times. Oceanic island chains, by contrast, are limited in their supply of metals and rare elements, because of their volcanic origins.

## References
Plymouth

**Plymouth** () is a city and unitary authority in South West England. It is on the south coast of Devon, about  south-west of Exeter and  south-west of London. Cornwall is to its west and south-west.

Humans in the Plymouth area started in the Bronze Age when a first settlement was made at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a place for trading for the Roman Empire, until the nearby village of Sutton started in the ninth century was used instead, which is now called Plymouth. In 1588, an English fleet from Plymouth defeated the Spanish Armada. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and started Plymouth Colony, the second English settlement in what is now Massachusetts, United States. During the English Civil War, the town was held by the Parliamentarians.

Through the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth became a global port, with boats from the United States carrying passengers and goods. The nearby town of Devonport became important to the Royal Navy for its shipyards and dockyards.  In 1914, three towns (the county borough of Plymouth, the County Borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged, becoming the County Borough of Plymouth. In 1928, it became a city.  During World War II, due to the city being important to the navy, the German military destroyed some of the city by bombing, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz.  After the war, the city centre was completely rebuilt.  Plymouth grew and the towns of Plympton, Plymstock became part of it in 1967.

The city has a population of  () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West, after Bristol. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and nationally by two MPs. Plymouth's economy is based mostly on ships.  It has ferry links to France (Roscoff and St Malo) and to Spain (Santander). It has the largest working naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport, and also has the University of Plymouth. Plymouth is called a "Small-Port City" using the Southampton System for port-city classification.

## History
The Roman Catholic Bishop of Plymouth has his cathedral here. Plymouth was badly affected by German bombing during the Second World War, when many buildings were destroyed. The Plymouth Fathers and the Plymouth Brethren were both named after Plymouth. Plymouth is linked to Saltash in Cornwall by two bridges across the River Tamar: the Royal Albert Bridge (built in 1859) carries the railway line to Penzance and the Tamar Bridge the A38 main road. On Plymouth Hoe is the third lighthouse, which used to stand on the Eddystone Rock in the English Channel.

## Sports
It has a football team called Plymouth Argyle and a rugby football team called Plymouth Albion.

## References
Plymouth (disambiguation)

**Plymouth** is the name of various places:

**Plymouth** is an English city in Devon and the first to bear the name

## United States
** Plymouth, Connecticut
** Plymouth, Illinois 
** Plymouth, Indiana 
** Plymouth, Iowa
** Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first city in New England 
** Plymouth, Michigan 
** Plymouth, Minnesota 
** Plymouth, New Hampshire 
** Plymouth, New York 
** Plymouth, North Carolina 
** Plymouth, Ohio 
** Plymouth, Pennsylvania 
** Plymouth, Washington
** Plymouth, Wisconsin 
** Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
** Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
** Plymouth Township, Michigan 

## Related pages
* Plymouth, Montserrat - destroyed Montserrat capital
* New Plymouth, New Zealand
* New Plymouth, Idaho, United States
* Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States
* Plymouth Argyle F.C. - association football club from Plymouth, England.
* Plymouth (automobile)
* Plymouth Brethren - a religious group
* Plymouth Colony
* Plymouth County
* Plymouth Gin
* Plymouth Locomotive Works
* *Plymouth* is a made-for-TV movie about a Moon base
Yield

In economics, the **yield** is how much money somebody is paid each year for leaving money invested somewhere.  Unlike a corporate dividend, a yield is fairly certain, unless there is a bankruptcy. This means that people usually know how much money they are going to make from their yield ahead of time.

Yields can be different because of inflation but there is usually a relationship between risk and returns. The safest  instruments, such as government bonds, yield the least whereas higher risk securities, such as corporate bonds, should pay more - this compensates investors for risks like bankrupcy and inflation. Stocks and junk bonds are the riskiest investments and should promise the highest yield. Finance is studied at universities and these relationships between risk and returns are supported by academic research.

## Related pages
*Returns (economics)
Moral purchasing

**Moral purchasing** is when a person uses moral reasoning to decide what to buy. For example, when a person chooses to buy local goods instead of those from other countries, it supports their community and promotes processes that have visible, direct benefits to their neighbours.

## Other page 
*Fair trade
Social network

A **social network** is a set of people who interact (i.e. *socialise*). This includes group organizations. The social relationships may include friendship/affect, communication, economic transactions, interactions, kinship, authority/hierarchy, trust, social support, diffusion, contagion, and so on. 

Calling social relationships a network calls attention to the pattern or structure of the set of relationships.

A community social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of people and/or organizations in a community. Each of these networks can involve social support, give people a sense of community, and 
lead them to help and protect each other.

How big a personal network becomes depends on the individual and the type of relationships considered. *The set of people that a person knows well or with whom a person frequently interacts seldom exceeds several hundred*. As the size of a network grows, keeping relationships is strained by the size. There is a so-called "Law of 150" which suggests that around 150 people is the best size for a village or large clan though most people live in much bigger towns. Some experts think that a corporation has an ideal size of about 70 people: these people and their spouses would also make a large social network.

The free rider problem is that someone uses the social network but does not give help when needed. Social networks are vulnerable to them, since the circumstances where help is required, like disasters, occur by surprise. It might happen that someone cannot help at that one time - it might also happen that they are not there the next time. Only slowly does it become obvious who is and is not contributing to the safety of the group, or who is avoiding this duty.

Social networks are often held together by common interest(s). This may be employment, following and/or partaking in a sport or other pastime, or a religion (places of worship such as mosques, churches or temples are almost always a center of a religious social network). Often the network has an identity of its own which is quite real, even though it may have no official recognition. Networks may be centered on places, or on families, or on worldwide communities with common interests. 

## Sources 
*The Law of 150 is documented in R.I.M. Dunbar 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. *Journal of Human Evolution*. **20**, pp.&nbsp;469–493.

*The field of study which investigates human social life is social psychology.

## Related pages 
*Social network service
Cabal

A **cabal** is a group of people who control or try to control affairs in society or within an organization secretly or dishonestly. Cabals are often a theme of a conspiracy theories.

People sometimes say "There Is No Cabal", or TINC, to mean "There Is No Cabal". The joke is that since a cabal is necessarily secret, only those who are in the cabal can know.

## Politics 
The former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have. 
## Related pages
* Oligarchy
* Deep state
* Antisemitism
* *The Protocols of the Elders of Zion*
## Other websites
* Cabal
* What is Kabbalah?
* cabal  #TranslateHate  AJC
* Debunking Myths about Jews
* An Antisemitic Conspiracy: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* 20% of European survey participants say secret Jewish cabal runs the world

## References
Creating

**Creating** is making new things that have not existed before, usually by combining two or three things that existed. Art is almost always called **creative**, but so are other activities like music, mathematics, technology, business, craft, building, gardening and forestry, if they combine things to get new things.

When several people cooperate in more than one  of creating, that is a creative network. This cuts risk since anything creative involves some chance that it will simply not work.

What is "not creative" is usually called imitative, and includes anything that is mostly trying not to do what has never been done – like law, sports, science, war, and especially education. These involve more direct competition, so risk comes from the competitor who may do it better. The word team is used for such groups.

Most people fear change and new things, and so what is most stable and considered important by society tends to be imitative and done in teams. But unless society encourages creating it loses out to others by competition in business or technology, so there must be some creative networks, somewhere, in labs or art studios.

Views of control of creative work also depend very much on religious and spiritual views of nature (or a creator) creating Man, according to economist Lester Thurow. Those ethical traditions that see "Man in the image of God" have created legal codes (see guild, intellectual right, intellectual interest, intellectual property) to tightly control what they are creating or have created. These are now the basis of organizations such as WIPO or ICANN. Often, such laws also create control over things which are merely found, not created.

Many people give away what they have created and never think about it as property – other people try to control it and get paid every time anyone sees it – or even every time they just talk about it.

Wikipedia uses the GNU FDL which is a content license that tries to get people to combine what they are creating, with no one clearly in control. This is considered strange by many people, who are uncomfortable with that idea, or seek to control some aspect of it themselves.
Human science

**Human science** is the science of humans:  what makes them different from animals, and their limits, which tend to be the same as those of other animals.  Because human bodies are animal bodies, human science is part of biology which leads to Life Science.  However human behaviour includes the use of words, measures, numbers, knowing time and having memory, and such habits as trade - thus economics and psychology are considered to be part of human science.  A general human science is anthropology which studies only the differences between humans and near relatives.

One important debate in human science is whether the exchange of culture (or in economics instructional capital), is only among humans or if it also goes on among our Great Ape near relatives.  If so, then culture is part of primatology and there is no clear line between human science and life sciences.

However, life science also deals with humans as objects of study (notably in medicine), while hard science such as chemistry deals with humans as the observer who *does* the study - sets the scale at which observation can happen, incurs observer effects - as studied in philosophy of science.

Often sciences have different names based on whether they study humans or not.  For instance economics is the study of how humans make a living, while ecology is the study of how non-humans make a living.  Medicine is normally restricted to humans while veterinary medicine refers to the same techniques made on other species.  One relies more on ethics and less on economics when dealing with humans, at least according to any ethical tradition.

The living, social, and sensory observing aspects of humans are probably all part of the human sciences to the degree they affect how humans view themselves.

Specific human sciences (in addition to anthropology and ethics and economics) include psychology, sociology and linguistics.  There is debate as to whether mathematics is something human or if it is universal - see philosophy of mathematics on this.

## Related pages 
*humanities
*sense
*ecology
Flaying

**Flaying** is a form of torture, mutilation, and execution.  It is the act of stripping the skin and flesh from the bones.  Flaying an enemy while alive is an ancient practice.  Accounts attribute the practice to the ancient Assyrians, who were said to flay the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nail it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power.  Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe.  A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's *Discipline and Punish* (1979).
Quick

**Quick** may refer to:

* Speed
* Quick (restaurant chain), a French fast-food chain
* Quick (automobile), an American-made car

## Related pages
* All articles with titles starting with "Quick"
Thunder

:*For the aircraft, see P-47 Thunderbolt and A-10 Thunderbolt II.*
:

**Thunder** is a loud sound that is often heard during a powerful rain storm.
Thunder is so loud it can be heard from a far distance.
It can sound like a boom, a crash, or a rumble.

Thunder is made when lightning strikes.
The energy from the lightning heats up the air so much that it makes a kind of explosion.

When lightning is nearby, thunder will be heard soon after the lightning flash, and the sound will be very loud.  If the lightning is farther away, the thunder will be heard a few seconds or many seconds after the lightning. People can guess how far away the lightning is by counting the number of seconds between the time they see the lightning and hear the thunder.

## References
## Related pages 
*Thor