open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chevrolet Blazer

**Chevrolet Blazer** (and **GMC Jimmy**) can refer to one of several SUV models from General Motors:

* Chevrolet K5 Blazer, based on the C/K pickup chassis and built from 1969 to 1994. It was replaced by the Chevrolet Tahoe in 1995.
* Chevrolet S-10 Blazer, based on the S-10 pickup and built from 1983 to 2005.
* Chevrolet TrailBlazer, originally 200cm and a trim package on the S-10 Blazer until 2002, when it became its own, larger model.
* Chevrolet Tahoe, replaced the K5 Blazer, also sold in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela as the "Grand Blazer" from 1990 to 2000.
Znaur Gassiev

**Znaur Nikolaevich Gassiev** ( *Znauyr Gassity*, , ; 17 March 1925 &ndash; 6 March 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was one of the leaders of the South Ossetian independence movement in the early 1990s. He served as the first President of South Ossetia from 1991 through 1992.

Gassiev died on 6 March 2016 in Tskhinvali. He was aged 90.

## References
Glamorgan men's cricket team

County cricket in the traditional Welsh county of Glamorgan is organised by the Glamorgan County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1888. Since 1921, the team has played in first-class matches. Glamorgan is the only Welsh team in the County Championship. They have been county champions three times, in 1948, 1969, and 1997. Their usual home venue is Sophia Gardens in Cardiff, but the club has used other venues around the county. A former venue is the St Helen's Ground in Swansea, where Gary Sobers famously hit six sixes in one over in 1968.

## References
## Bibliography
* 

## Other websites
*
Majd Izzat al-Chourbaji

**Majd Izzat al-Chourbaji** () (born 1981) is a Syrian peace activist. In 2015, she received the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award, for her work with women and human rights in Syria.

## Life 
Madj Izzat al-Chourbaji was born in 1981 in the town of Darayya, Syria.  When she was six months old, her family went to France because of violence in Syria. They returned to Syria in 1991. In Syria, Majd studied French literature. She received a degree from Damascus University. After college, Majd worked on an anti-corruption program in the Damascus suburbs. 

When the violence from the Arab Spring came to Syria, Majd started sit-ins for the freedom of political prisoners. She went to jail, and was injured by the police. Although Mjad was hurt, she wanted peaceful protest. Majd persuaded 150 women prisoners to have a hunger strike. She wanted to go to court to get publicity for the women's problems.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Twinkle (singer)

**Lynn Annette "Twinkle" Ripley** (15 July 1948&nbsp;&ndash; 21 May 2015) was a British singer-songwriter. She had chart successes in the 1960s with her best known songs, "Terry" and "Golden Lights". Her niece is actress Fay Ripley. 

## Other websites
* Biography and discography at 45-rpm website
Priscilla Pointer

**Priscilla Marie Pointer** (May 18, 1924 &ndash; April 28, 2025) was an American actress. She began her career in the theater. Her daughter was actress Amy Irving. She was known for her roles in *Carrie*, *The Onion Field*, *Mommie Dearest*, *Twilight Zone: The Movie*, *A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors*, *Blue Velvet* and *Coyote Moon*.

Pointer died at an assisted living facility in Ridgefield, Connecticut, on April 28, 2025, at the age of 100.

## References
## Other websites
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Chevrolet S-10 Blazer

The **Chevrolet S-10  Blazer** and the similar **GMC S-15 Jimmy** were mid-size SUVs from General Motors. Production began in 1983. The S-10 was produced through 2005. In the United States retail sales after 2004 were limited to two-door Blazer models. All other models were sold to fleets until April 20, 2005. In the Canadian market, four-door models of the Blazer and Jimmy were sold until the 2004 model year. They were sold until the 2005 model year for the two-door models of both.

The S-series SUVs were based on the Chevrolet S-10 and GMC S-15 pickup trucks. In 1995 a second-generation model was produced. It had improvements in performance and interior room. It also had updated styling but did not carry the S-10 name.

They were produced in Pontiac, Michigan; Linden, New Jersey; Moraine, Ohio; Shreveport, Louisiana; and São Paulo, Brazil. Even though production ceased in the U.S., new Blazers are locally produced in Brazil with their own sheet metal stampings). In North America, the Moraine plant produced only 4-door vehicles. Both 2- and 4-door models were produced at Linden, which was the main assembly plant after the switch from Pontiac, Michigan about 1995.

## References
Mafia (video game)

***Mafia*** (or ***Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven***) is a action-adventure video game about a group of people who are in the mafia gang. It was released In 2002 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. A sequel to the video game called *Mafia II* was released in 2010.

## Notes
## References
China men's national volleyball team

**China national volleyball team** is the national volleyball team of China. The team twice took part in the Summer Olympics, finishing in eighth place at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California., and 5th place in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## Honors 
* **Asian Championship**: Gold medal (1979, 1997, 1999)
* **Asian Games**: Gold Medal (1986, 1990, 1998)
* **Asian Cup**: Gold medal (2012)
* **Peace Cup**: Gold medal (1990)

## References 
## Other websites 
* CH Vollyball
Japan men's national volleyball team

**Japan national volleyball team** is the national volleyball team of Japan. Japan won a team Gold medal in the Olympics 1972. They've won Gold medals seven times in Asian Volleyball Championships. Their head coach is Masashi Nanbu.

## Honors 
* **Olympic**: Gold medal (1972) - Silver Medal (1986)
* **World Cup** Silver medal: (1969 - 1977)
* **Asian Championship**: Gold medal (1975, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, 2005, 2009)
* **Asian Games**: Gold medal (2010, 1994, 1982, 1974, 1970, 1966, 1958)

## References 
## Other websites 
* JPN Vollyball - JVA
Traffic (movie)

***Traffic*** is a 2000 American crime drama movie. It contains three stories of the illegal drug trade, one in Mexico, one in San Diego, one in Ohio. Catherine Zeta-Jones plays Helena. Erika Christensen plays Caroline. Dennis Quaid plays Arnie.

*Traffic* got very positive reviews from movie critics. The movie got back over $207 million at the box office. It also earned four  Academy Awards, including Best Director and Best Film Editing.

## Other websites
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Erika Christensen

**Erika Christensen** (born August 19, 1982) is an American actress who has acted in many movies and television programs. She played Julia on the NBC family series *Parenthood*. She also played Caroline in the movie *Traffic*.

She was born in Seattle, Washington.

## References
## Other websites
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Nurse Betty

***Nurse Betty*** is a 2000 American black comedy movie. This movie is about a Kansas waitress who has a nervous breakdown after she sees her husband being murdered. Renée Zellweger plays Betty Sizemore. Chris Rock plays Wesley. The movie was rated R "for strong violence, pervasive language and a scene of sexuality". Metacritic rated gave it a Metascore of 69. It was released on September 8, 2000.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
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Trituberculata

The **Trituberculata** is an extinct group of mammals in the fossil record from about 215–85 illion years ago (mya). The discoveries were isolated teeth, so not much else can be said about the animals. They were small insectivores, and probably nocturnal. The group contains the ancestors of Placentalia and Marsupialia; all modern mammals except Monotremes are descended from trituberculates.

The name comes from the three tubercles (cusps) of the molar teeth (not to be confused with Triconodonta). The clade Trituberculata is not always regarded as valid. They probably do not form a monophyletic group. Instead, some may be "true" basal mammals (though not always closest related to each other). Others (such as the symmetrodonts) may fall just outside the therian crown group.

## References 
## Sources 
*Kemp T.S. 2005. *The origin and evolution of mammals*. Oxford University Press. 
*Kermack D.M. & K.A. 1984. *The evolution of mammalian characters*. London: Croom Helm. 
*Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L. & Luo, Zhe-Xi  2004. *Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure*. Columbia University Press, New York, 2004 .
Dangerous Game (movie)

***Dangerous Game*** is a 1993 erotic movie. Harvey Keitel plays Eddie Israel. Madonna plays Sarah Jennings. The movie is about a movie director based in New York City. The director has Sarah Jennings acting in a Hollywood marital-crisis drama movie.

This movie was d on November 19, 1993 in the United States. It got mixed reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a score of 29% based on 14 critic's reviews. It was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). It contains violence, profanity,  s and nudity.

## References 
## Other websites
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*
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Aleksey Mozgovoy

**Aleksey Borisovich Mozgovoy** (, , born *Oleksiy Borisovich Mozhovyj*; 3 April 1975 &ndash; 23 May 2015) was a Ukrainian pro-Russian separatist commander in the self-proclaimed Republic of Novorossiya until 20 May 2015. He was leader of the rebel battalion "Prizrak". He was born in Svatove Raion, Voroshilovgrad Oblast.

He and four other people were killed on 23 May 2015 in a car attack in Perevalsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast. He was 40.

## References
Ontario Liberal Party

The **Ontario Liberal Party** is a provincial political party in Ontario, Canada. The party follows a political ideology that is similar to what the Liberal Party of Canada follows. Despite this, the two parties are two different parties.

The party comes from the Reform movement in the 1830s and 1840s. The party was organized in 1847 by George Brown. It won the 1871 provincial elections and remained in power until the general election of 1905.

Between 2003 and 2018, the Liberals won every election. After the 2018 elections, the Progressive Conservatives took over. They lost almost all their seats in the Legislative Assembly, except for seven seats. Because they only had seven seats, they lost their official party status.

## References
## Other websites
*
Radomir Naumov

**Radomir Naumov** (; 20 December 1946 &ndash; 22 May 2015) was a Serbian politician and engineer. He was the Minister of Mining and Energy from 3 March 2004 until 15 May 2007. He was also Minister of Religion from 15 May 2007 until 7 July 2008.

Naumov was born in Čoka. He graduated from the University of Belgrade. He was married to Marija.

Naumov died after an illness on 22 May 2015 in Belgrade. He was 68.

## References
Presidential $1 Coin Program

The **Presidential $1 Coin Program** is part of an Act of Congress, , which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with portraits of U.S. presidents.

From 2007 to 2011, presidential $1 coins were minted for circulation in large numbers, resulting in a large stockpile of unused $1 coins. Since 2012, new presidential coins have been minted only for collectors.

## Coin details
Dollar coins were issued bearing the likenesses of presidents, as follows:

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. Mint Presidential $1 Coin Act page 
* U.S. Mint First Spouse Program page 
* Images of the Presidential $1 coins
Aruna Shanbaug

**Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug** (1 June 1948 – 18 May 2015) was an Indian nurse who was at the center of attention in a court case on euthanasia after spending 42 years in a coma after being raped and strangled.

## Early life
Shanbaug was born in 1948 at Haldipur, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka. She worked as a nurse at the King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) in Mumbai. At the time of the attack, she was engaged to a doctor at the same hospital.

## Attack
In 1973, while working as a junior nurse at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Shanbaug was anally raped then strangled by a ward boy, Sohanlal Bhartha Walmiki. She remained in a vegetative state following the assault.

## Court case
On 24 January 2011, after she had been in this state for 37 years, the Supreme Court of India responded to the plea for euthanasia filed by Aruna's friend, journalist Pinki Virani, by setting up medical experts to test her.

The court rejected the petition on 7 March 2011. However, in its landmark opinion, it allowed passive euthanasia in India.

## Death
Shanbaug died from pneumonia on 18 May 2015 after being in a persistent vegetative state for nearly 42 years.

## References
## Other websites
*Never Ending Trauma Of Innocent Aruna!! 
*Court ruling, Aruna Shanbaug vs. Union of India, March 7, 2011 at *Supreme Court of India*
*Pinki Virani's Interview - June 13, 2008 
*
*
Reversal of Fortune

***Reversal of Fortune*** is a 1990 drama movie. It was adapted off a 1985 novel. Jeremy Irons plays Claus von Bülow. Glenn Close plays Sunny von Bülow.

The movie is based on the true story of the unexplained coma of socialite Sunny von Bülow. It is about the attempted murder trial and the  of her husband Claus von Bülow.

The movie was released on October 17, 1990 in the United States. Its reviews were mostly positive.

## Other websites
* 
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List of political parties in Ontario

The following is a **list of political parties in Ontario**, Canada.

## Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
## Other parties registered with Elections Ontario
Parties listed in the order they are alphabetized by Elections Ontario.

## Unregistered parties
* League for Socialist Action
* North American Labour Party
* Ontario Humanist Party
*Socialist Party of Ontario 

## Historical parties that held seats in the Legislative Assembly
* Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (first election 1934) 1932–1961
* (Independent) Labour 1874-1937
* Labor-Progressive Party 1941-1959
* Liberal-Labour 1943-1970s
* Liberal-Progressive 1934-1940
* Soldier 1919-1923
* Patrons of Industry 1894
* Protestant Protective Association 1894
* United Farmers of Ontario 1918-1940

## Pre-Confederation parties
* Clear Grits pre-Confederation
* Reform Party pre-Confederation
* Family Compact (pre-1837 ruling clique)

## Other historical parties
### Toronto municipal parties
## References
Transavia

**Transavia** is a Dutch and French low-cost carrier. It is currently owned by Air France-KLM.  It began on January 3, 1966. It was the third airline founded in the Netherlands. The first scheduled flight happened on October 26, 1986.  It has scheduled (planned) and charter (irregular) flights to many destinations in Europe. 

## Gallery

File:PHTVH (6790687071).jpg|A Transavia airplane at Gatwick Airport
File:PH-HZM B737-8K2-W Transavia LPA 31JAN09 (3242792060).jpg|A Transavia Boeing 737
File:Transavia office Schiphol.jpg|Transavia headquarters

## References
Airline food

**Airline food** is food served to passengers on an airplane. It is usually included in the price of the ticket, except for most low-cost airlines.  Some airlines now have a *buy-on-board* menu, in which food and drinks are typically sold.  Some airline now offer small snacks, instead of meals. 

## Gallery

File:American Airlines.Airline meal.2005.jpg|First class airline food on American Airlines.
File:Turkish Airlines service (1).jpg |A meal  on Turkish Airlines.
|Economy class snack box on Garuda Indonesia.
File:Cashew nuts served on a Thai airways flight - economy class.JPG|Snack onboard Thai Airways.
File:Gategourmet.jpg|Loading food on a SWISS plane.

## References
TAROM

airplane at Frankfurt Airport]]
**TAROM** is the national airline of Romania. Its main hub is at Otopeni Airport at Bucharest. The government of Romania owns 95% of TAROM. 

## History
TAROM began in 1954.  Since Romania was part of the Eastern Bloc, TAROM had to fly mostly airplanes made by the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, TAROM was allowed to buy airplanes from other countries.  TAROM started flying Airbus planes in 1993. In 2010, TAROM joined SkyTeam.  As of 2016, TAROM owns 23 airplanes and goes to 79 cities across Europe, Asia, Africa and North America.

## Gallery

File:Ilyushin Il-62M, Tarom AN0215749.jpg|A TAROM airplane at London Gatwick Airport
File:TAROM Boeing 737-700; YR-BGG@ZRH;28.02.2010 565dq (4395178885).jpg|A special TAROM Boeing 737-700
File:YR-ASC A318 Tarom (9464420977).jpg|A Airbus A318 of TAROM in 2013
File:TAROMAirbusA 318 (2).JPG|The cabin of a TAROM airplane

## References
Médée

***Médée*** is a French opera in three acts. Luigi Cherubini wrote the music. The libretto is by François-Benoît Hoffmann (Nicolas Étienne Framéry). It is based on Euripides' tragedy of Medea and on Pierre Corneille's play *Médée*. It was first performed in Paris on 13 March 1797. The Italian version by Carlo Zangarini was performed in Milan on 30 December 1909. The opera is Cherubini's most successful work. It was revived in 1953 for Maria Callas. 

## Principal characters
* Medea (Médée) - soprano
* Glauce (Dircé) - soprano
* Giasone (Jason) - tenor
* Neris (Néris) - mezzo-soprano
* Creonte (Créon) - bass

## Discography
### Original French Version
* 1995: Iano Tamar (Médée), Patrizia Ciofi (Dircé), Luca Lombardo (Jason), Magali Damonte (Néris), Jean-Philippe Courtis (Créon); Coro da Camera Sluk, Orchestra Internazionale d'Italia Opera, Patrick Fournillier - (Nuova Era)
* 1997: Phyllis Treigle (Médée), Thaïs St Julien (Dircé), Carl Halvorson (Jason), D'Anna Fortunato (Néris), David Arnold (Créon); Chorus Quotannis, Brewer Chamber Orchestra, Bart Folse - (Newport Classic)

### Lachner version, in Italian translation by Zangarini
* 1953: Maria Callas (Medea), Maria Luisa Nache (Glauce), Gino Penno (Giasone), Fedora Barbieri (Neris), Giuseppe Modesti (Creonte); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Leonard Bernstein - (EMI Classics)
* 1957: Maria Callas (Medea), Renata Scotto (Glauce), Mirto Picchi (Giasone), Miriam Pirazzini (Neris), Giuseppe Modesti (Creonte); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Tullio Serafin - (EMI Classics)
* 1967: Gwyneth Jones (Medea), Pilar Lorengar (Glauce), Bruno Prevedi (Giasone), Fiorenza Cossotto (Neris), Justino Díaz (Creonte); Orchestra e coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Lamberto Gardelli - (Decca)
Wheelbase

In both road and rail vehicles, the **wheelbase** is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels.

## Vehicles 
Because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase s are very important to the  and steering. In high performance vehicles a longer wheelbase is more stable at higher speeds. A short wheelbase vehicle is usually able to corner faster but may be less aerodynamic.

Wheelbase has an effect on a vehicle's turning radius (or turning circle). This is the smallest circle an automobile can turn or U-turn within. A long wheelbase automobile or truck cannot turn as sharply as a short wheelbase vehicle.

## Towing and wheelbase 
If the vehicle is ing a trailer (in British English a caravan) the weight distribution of the trailer is . If too much of the trailer's weight, called "tongue weight", presses down on the vehicle's tow hitch (more than 15 percent) it can cause the vehicle to go out of control.

 
## Appearance 
A vehicle's wheelbase is also important to the overall   of a automobile design. Wheelbase is part of the  and  of an automobile.  Some Luxury vehicles are offered with long wheelbases to increase the  and luxury of the vehicle. This is found most often on full-size cars. In contrast, coupé varieties of the some vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are based on.

## Related pages 
*track
*Bicycle and motorcycle geometry
*Force
*Static equilibrium
*Weight

## References
Ontario Highway 118

**Ontario Highway 118** is a provincial highway in Central Ontario, Canada. It is  long. It runs from west to east. It starts at Highway 11 near Bracebridge. It ends at Highway 28 near Bancroft. The highway runs through the District Municipality of Muskoka and Haliburton County, with a short part in Hastings County at its eastern end.
Payback (2015)

**Payback (2015)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by WWE that was held on May 17, 2015 at Royal Farms Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the third Payback event. The event was free to new subscribers on WWE's monthly subscription service, the WWE Network.

The main event saw Seth Rollins defeat Roman Reigns, Dean Ambrose and Randy Orton in a Fatal 4-Way match to retain the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Rollins won by pinfall after a Pedigree to Orton.

## Matches
## References 
## Other websites
*Official Payback 2015 website
Abydos King List

]]
The **Abydos King List**, also known as the **Abydos Table**, is a list of 76 kings of Ancient Egypt. It was written on a wall of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos, Egypt. The list has three rows of 38 cartouches (borders around the name of a king) in each row. The upper two rows list the kings, while the third row repeats Seti I's throne name and praenomen.

It lists the Old Kingdom kings in the order in which they ruled. It is the only record of the names of many of the kings of the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties.

This names of some earlier pharaohs who were not seen to be lawful rulers — such as Akhenaten, Hatshepsut, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamen, and Ay, have been left out of the list.

## The king list 
### First Dynasty
### Second Dynasty
### Third Dynasty
### Fourth Dynasty
### Fifth Dynasty
### Sixth Dynasty
### Seventh/Eighth Dynasty
### Eleventh/Twelfth Dynasty
### Eighteenth Dynasty
### Nineteenth Dynasty
## Related pages
* Karnak king list
* Palermo Stone
* Turin King List or Turin Papyrus

## Other websites
*Abydos Table
*Abydos King List
Spain men's national volleyball team

**Spain national volleyball team** is the national volleyball team of Spain. On 16 September 2007 the team won the European title. That is the best result reached by the team in his history.

## Honors 
* **European Championship**: Gold medal (2007)
* **European League**: Gold Medal (2007) - Silver medal (2009, 2010, 2011) - Bronze medal (2005, 2012)

## References 
* www.rfevb.com - Spain Volleyball Federation (Real Federación Española de Voleibol - RFEVB)
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario

The **Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario** is a centre-right political party in Ontario, Canada. The party was organized in 1854 by Sir John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier. It has formed the government of Ontario for 80 of the last 147 years, including the period from 1943 to 1985.

In the 2014 provincial general election, the party won 28 out of 107 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. On July 2, 2014, Jim Wilson was chosen to be the temporary leader of the party and Leader of the Opposition. In the 2018 Ontario general election, they won a full majority of seats under the leadership of Doug Ford.

## 2018 Platform
On March 10, 2018, Doug Ford, former city councillor and the brother of the late former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford, was chosen as the leader of the PC Party, closely beating runner-up Christine Elliott on the third ballot with 50.6% of allocated points, however Elliot had more votes. Since Ford didn't have a seat in the legislature, Ford opted to have Vic Fedeli continue as Leader of the Opposition prior to the 2018 election.

The Ontario PC Party's 2018 platform was named the Plan For The People.

On June 7, 2018, Ford led the party to a majority government. The PC Party won 76 of 124 seats and 40.5% of the vote.

## References
## Other websites
*
Andrea Anastasi

**Andrea Anastasi** (born October 8, 1960 in Poggio Rusco, Italy) is a former Italian volleyball player, World Champion 1990, European Championship 1989, World League 1990 and World League 1991, head coach of Polish club Lotos Trefl Gdańsk.

## Other websites
* Lega Pallavolo Serie A player profile
Structural load

**Structural loads** or **actions** are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components. A  is the amount of weight a  has to carry. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and s in structures. Structural analysis is the  of the effects of loads on physical structures. Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure. This is a  in the design and construction of a structure.

Mechanical structures, such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships and submarines, have their own particular structural loads and actions. In a vehicle, especially trucks, the chassis is designed to carry the structural load. In many cars unibody construction is used where the metal skin (or other materials) is designed to carry the load.
***Dead load** is the load that ly acts on the structure. It includes the structure itself. A dead load is a gravity load.
***Live load** is anything the structure is designed to carry. Live loads may move within the structure exerting different loads in different parts of the structure at different times. They are not permanent. A live load may be furniture and people in a building. It may be passengers and luggage in a vehicle.
***Wind load** is the force of wind against the surface of a structure. Wind loads are horizontal  forces. Wind load is very important in the design of taller buildings. Wind shear is a force that may affect structures ly or horizontally.  is a  force caused by wind. It may cause a roof to lift upward.
***Snow load** is the load caused by snow. Similar to a live load is it not permanent and may move due to wind causing snow to drift on a roof.

## Other environmental loads 
*Seismic loads
*Temperature changes leading to thermal expansion cause thermal loads
*Ponding loads
*Frost heaving
*Lateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials
*Loads from fluids or floods
*Permafrost melting

## Aircraft structural loads 
For aircraft, loading is divided into two major categories: limit loads and ultimate loads. Limit loads are the maximum loads a component or structure may carry safely. Ultimate loads are the limit loads times a factor of 1.5 or the point beyond which the component or structure will fail. Other loads that may be critical are pressure loads (for pressurized, high-altitude aircraft) and ground loads. Loads on the ground can be from adverse braking or maneuvering during taxiing. Aircraft are constantly subjected to cyclic loading. These cyclic loads can cause metal fatigue.
 
## References
Two for the Road

***Two for the Road*** is a 1967 comedy-drama motion picture. This movie is about a couple who examine their relationship while on a trip to southern France. Audrey Hepburn plays Joanna Wallace. Albert Finney plays Mark.

The movie got positive reviews from critics. 

## Other websites
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Casino Royale (1967 movie)

***Casino Royale*** is a 1967 spy-comedy movie. The movie is about James Bond being forced from retirement to investigate the deaths and disappearances of international spies. Ursula Andress plays Vesper Lynd. David Niven plays James Bond.

The movie was a financial success. It took in over $41 million worldwide. The reviews for *Casino Royale*, were mixed.

## Other websites
* 
*
Argentina men's national volleyball team

**Argentina national volleyball team** is the national volleyball team of Argentina. The team's best achievements are the 1982 World Championship bronze medal and the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## Honors 
* **Olympics**: Bronze medal (1988)
* **World Championship**: Bronze Medal (1982)
* '''America's Cup''': Silver medal (1998)

## References 
* www.feva.org.ar - Argentina Volleyball Federation (FeVA)
Fanny Brice

**Fanny Brice** (October 29, 1891 – May 29, 1951) was an American singer, comedian, theatre and movie actress. She appeared in many Broadway plays. She also appeared on television and radio. On radio, she played Snooks in *The Baby Snooks Show*. In the movie *Everybody Sing*, she played Olga. 

Brice was born in New York City. She died in Hollywood, California from a cerebral haemorrhage. She was 59.

## References
Stephanie Courtney

**Stephanie Courtney** (born February 8, 1970) is an American actress and comedian. She acts in television and radio commercials. She played Flo in commercials for Progressive Insurance. She also played Diane on the ABC comedy series *Caveman*.

Courtney was born in Stony Point, New York.

## References
Abby Elliott

**Abigail "Abby" Elliott** (born June 16, 1987) is an American actress and comedian. She does impressions of celebrities on television. She played Jeanette Peterson in *How I Met Your Mother*. She also played Taylor in the 2014 remake movie *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*.

Elliott was born in New York City. Her father, Chris Elliott, was on *Saturday Night Live* in 1994–1995. Her grandfather is comedian Bob Elliott.

## References
In Cold Blood

***In Cold Blood*** is a 1967 American crime-drama movie. The movie is based on the novel of the same name. It is about Richard Hickock and Perry Smith. In 1959, the two men break into a Kansas home and kill four people. They drive to Las Vegas, then to Mexico. They are later caught by police, tried for the murders, then executed. Robert Blake plays Perry Smith. Scott Wilson plays Richard Hickock.

The movie was released on 14 December 1967. It was officially rated R by the MPAA for violence.

## Other websites
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*
Heterobranchia

The **Heterobranchs** are a large group of snails and slugs. The group includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod molluscs.

Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. It has three informal groups:  The details are extremely complicated, and not yet quite worked out. Experts say they have "poorly resolved phylogenetic relationships". 

*Lower Heterobranchia: a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails.
*Opisthobranchia: almost all are marine species, some shelled and some not. They are a group of slugs and snails with grinding gizzard plates. 
*Pulmonata. This is a group which  is familiar to most people. It includes most land snails and slugs, many freshwater snails and a few marine species. They breathe air, are hermaphrodite, and usually have no operculum.

## References
Bitche

**Bitche** is a commune in the Grand Est region in northeastern France. About 5,000 people live there.

It is known for its large citadel. The surrounding area is known as le Pays de Bitche ("Land of Bitche") and Bitscherland in German.

Bitsch-Zitadelle-10-Stadtblick-gje.jpg|View from the citadel
Bitsch-Rue Maréchal Foch-08-gje.jpg
Bitsch-Rue Maréchal Foch-10-gje.jpg
Bitsch-Rue Maréchal Foch-06-Jugenstilhaus-gje.jpg
Bitsch-Jeanne d'Arc-04-gje.jpg|Jeanne d'Arc
Bitsch-Zitadelle-24-Kapelle-gje.jpg|Citadel
Bitsch-Zitadelle-18-Stall-gje.jpg|Citadel
Bitsch-St Katharina-02-gje.jpg|St. Catherine
Warren Weinstein

**Warren Weinstein** (July 3, 1941 – January 14, 2015) was an American contractor and economist. He was a director in Pakistan for J.E. Austin Associates.

He was kidnapped by eight al-Qaeda members on August 13, 2011 in Lahore, Pakistan. He was killed in a January 2015 US drone strike on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. His death was announced by U.S. President Barack Obama at a White House press conference on April 23, 2015.

## References
Adam Yahiye Gadahn

**Adam Yahiye Gadahn** (, *Ādam Yaḥyā Ghadan*; September 1, 1978&nbsp;– January 19, 2015) was an American senior operative, cultural interpreter, spokesman and media advisor for the Islamist group al-Qaeda. Since 2004, he had appeared in a number of videos produced by al-Qaeda as "**Azzam the American**" ('Azzām al-Amrīki, عزام الأمريكي, sometimes transcribed as Ezzam Al-Amerikee). He was born in Oregon.

On April 23, 2015, President Barack Obama announced at a press conference that Gadahn had been killed in a CIA drone strike in Pakistan on January 19, 2015.

## References
Charles W. Buttz

**Charles Wilson Buttz** (November 16, 1837 – July 20, 1913) was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina. He was a member of the Republican Party.

He was born in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. He died in Lisbon, North Dakota.

## References
Yoshi's Woolly World

'''''Yoshi's Woolly World*** (known as ***Yoshi Wool World'''* in Japan) is a side-scrolling platform video game. It was developed by Good-Feel and published by Nintendo. The game was released on 26 June 2015 in Europe, Fall 2015 in North America, Summer 2015 in Japan, and on 25 June 2015 in Australia. It will be released for the Wii U. *Yoshi's Woolly World* will be the first *Yoshi* video game to be released on a home console since *Yoshi's Story* was released for the Nintendo 64 in 1997.

The game was announced by Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata on 23 January 2013 under the name *Yarn Yoshi''. It supports Amiibo figurines. A new line of Amiibo made out of yarn will be released. Nintendo is planning to release three Yoshi Amiibo in pink, green, and blue.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation

***Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation*** (or simply ***Alpha and Omega 5***) is a 2015 American computer-animated action comedy movie directed by Richard Rich and Saul Andrew Blinkoff, distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment and produced by Rich and Crest Animations Productions. The movie is the fifth chapter in the *Alpha and Omega* franchise and it was once again written by Tom Kane. This movie was first aired on TV in Mexico on March 28, 2015 and it's now expecting a U.S/worldwide release sometimes in August 2015.

## Plot
Kate and Humphrey take their pups to Alfred Creek Falls for a vacation, where they find themselves embroiled on a cross-country chase after mad wolf trappers spot them.

## Cast
*Ben Diskin as Humphrey
*Kate Higgins as Kate/Stinky
*Dee Dee Greene as Runt
*Lindsay Torrance as Claudette
*Mike Jacobs as Fleet/Brent
*Mella Leigh as Agnes
*Chris Smith as Marcel/Paddy
*Gina K. Bowes as Freida/Fran

## Production
*Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation* was officially announced during the production of *The Great Wolf Games* and *The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave*.

## Release
The movie was first aired as a made-for-TV movie in Mexico on March 28, 2015, in Discovery Kids. It's now set to be released in the U.S and worldwide sometimes in August 2015.
Wallace de Souza

**Wallace de Souza** (June 26, 1987 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He plays for Sada Cruzeiro Vôlei and the Brazilian national team. Souza competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal with Brazil.

## References
Volleyball World League

The FIVB **Volleyball World League** is an international men's volleyball competition held ly. It was created in 1990. It is the longest and richest of all the international events d by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). There are millions in prize money and worldwide TV coverage. The 2015 event is the 26th edition with a record 32 teams competing. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)
* FIVB World League 2015
Asian Volleyball Championship

The **Asian Volleyball Championship** is a sport competition for national volleyball teams. It is organized by the Asian Volleyball Confederation and  the Asian volleyball federation. It is held every two years. The first  for both men and women was held in 1975.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Asian Volleyball Championship (AVC)
Marco Andretti

in 2015]]
**Marco Michael Andretti** (born March 13, 1987) is an American race car driver. He drives car #27 for Andretti Autosport in the IndyCar Series. He is a part of the famous Andretti family of race car drivers.

Andretti began racing in the IndyCar Series in 2006. His best season was 2013 at 5th place.  he has had 2 wins.

## References
## Other websites
*Official page
Marcus Belgrave

**Marcus Belgrave** (June 12, 1936 &ndash; May 24, 2015) was an American jazz trumpet player. He was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, but raised in Detroit, Michigan. He recorded with a variety of famous musicians, bandleaders, and record labels since the 1950s.

Belgrave died on May 24, 2015, in Ann Arbor, Michigan of heart failure, aged 78.

## References
The Magnificent Seven

***The Magnificent Seven*** is a 1960 American Western movie directed by John Sturges. It is a Western-style version of Akira Kurosawa's classic Japanese-language movie *Seven Samurai*, made in 1954. The film stars Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach, Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, Brad Dexter, Robert Vaughn, and Horst Buchholz. The music was composed by Elmer Bernstein, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score in 1960.

The plot concerns a remote Mexican village which keeps being raided for food and supplies by a bandit called Calvera (Wallach) and his gang. The seven are a group of gunfighters hired to protect the village. The movie was made on location in Mexico. One of the towns used for the village is Durango.

In 2013, the movie was picked by the Library of Congress to be kept in the National Film Registry because it is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older  that was used to make movies.

## Cast
* Yul Brynner as Chris Adams
* Eli Wallach as Calvera
* Steve McQueen as Vin
* Charles Bronson as Bernardo O'Reilly
* James Coburn as Britt
* Brad Dexter as Harry Luck
* Robert Vaughn as Lee
* Horst Buchholz as Chico
* Vladimir Sokoloff as the old man of the village
* Jorge Martínez de Hoyos as Hilario
* Rosenda Monteros as Petra
* Rico Alaniz as Sotero
* Pepe Hern as Tomás
* Natividad Vacío as Salvador
* Robert J. Wilke as Wallace
* John A. Alonzo as Miguel
* Roberto Contreras as Luis
* Whit Bissell as Chamlee, the undertaker
* Val Avery as Henry, the corset salesman
* Bing Russell as Robert, Henry's traveling companion
* Valentin de Vargas as Santos, a Calvera henchman
* Joseph Ruskin as Flynn

## Reception
, Steve McQueen, Horst Buchholz, Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughn, Brad Dexter, and James Coburn.]]When it was released, the movie did not get many good reviews. Howard Thompson of *The New York Times*, said the movie was a "pallid, pretentious and overlong reflection of the Japanese original". He also said: "don't expect anything like the ice-cold suspense, the superb juxtaposition of revealing human vignettes and especially the pile-driver tempo of the first *Seven*."

*Variety* magazine said, "Until the women and children arrive on the scene about two-thirds of the way through, *The Magnificent Seven* is a rip-roaring rootin' tootin' western with lots of bite and tang and old-fashioned abandon. The last third is downhill, a long and cluttered anti-climax in which *The Magnificent Seven* grow slightly too magnificent for comfort."

However, Akira Kurosawa liked the movie so much that he gave John Sturges a sword.

Over the years, the movie has become more liked and gets modern praise. Bronson, Coburn, and McQueen became big name stars in other movies and on television. *The Magnificent Seven* itself is shown on TV and can be seen on DVD. In 2015, it had a freshness rating of 93 percent on Rotten Tomatoes. Of movie viewers, 88 percent said they liked it. The film was also ranked  79 on American Film Institute's:  AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list.

## References
## Other websites
*
John M. Murphy

**John Michael Murphy** (August 3, 1926 – May 25, 2015) was an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York serving from 1963 through 1981.

Murphy died the age of 88 on May 25, 2015, at a Staten Island hospital.

## References
Vicente Aranda

**Vicente Aranda Ezquerra** (; 9 November 1926 - 26 May 2015), was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was known for directing the 1990 movie *Amantes*.

Aranda died at the age of 88 in Madrid.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Ford Bronco

The **Ford Bronco** was a utility vehicle that was produced from 1966 to 1996. It had five distinct s. All these vehicles are currently classified as sport utility vehicles (SUV). The Broncos can be divided into two : early Broncos (1966–77) and full-size Broncos (1978–96). In 2021, after 25 years away, Ford revived the Bronco name on a new small, retro-styled SUV. 
 
The Bronco was introduced in 1966. It was a competitor to the small four-wheel drive compact SUVs that included the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout. It was built on its own platform. Ford positioned the Bronco between the Jeep and Scout. But it was too small to capture the US . A major redesign in 1978 moved the Bronco to a larger size. It used  a shortened Ford F-Series truck chassis to compete with both the similarly adapted Chevrolet K5 Blazer, as well as the Dodge Ramcharger.

The full-size Broncos and the successor Expedition were produced at Ford's Michigan Truck Plant in Wayne, Michigan.

## References
South Saqqara Stone

The **South Saqqara Stone** is a large piece of stone. Written on the stone is a list of the pharaohs of the 6th dynasty of ancient Egypt. The list includes Teti, Userkare, Pepi I, Merenre and Pepi II. The list finishes with Pepi II which means it was probably written during his rule. The list is a record of the events which took place during each kings rule. However the stone was used later as the lid of sarcophagus.  This was for the burial of the ancient Egyptian queen Ankhenespepi. A lot of the writing can not be read any longer.

## Discovery
The South Saqqara Stone was discovered in 1932-33 by Gustave Jéquier. It was in a storeroom, south of the pyramid of Queen Iput II. This is part of the pyramid complex of Pepi II at Saqqara. Saqqara was the main burial area for the city of Memphis.

## Description
The stone is a piece of basalt, 2.43 metres by 0.92 metres and 20 centimetres thick. It has writing on both sides, but much of the writing has been removed and is unreadable. 

## Significance
The writing on the South Saqqara Stone means it is an important object. The list of pharaohs has details about the annual or biannual cattle count. This matches details in other lists such as the Turin King List. This allows archaeologists to work out how long each king ruled. From the information on the stone it can be worked out that  Teti ruled for at least 12 years, Userkare 2-4 years, Pepi I 49-50 years and 11-13 years for Merenre.

The Stone is one of the earliest historical documents in existence. It has the names of all the pharaohs known to the people who made it. 

## Related pages 
* List of pharaohs
* Abydos King List
* Karnak king list
* Saqqara Tablet
* Turin King List

## References
*Francesco Raffaele: "The South Saqqara Stone" 
*Michel Baud, Vassil Dobrev, ''De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie'', BIFAO 95 (1995), pp.23-92
International Scout

The **International Scout** was an off-road vehicle which was made by International Harvester from 1960 to 1980. It was one of the earlier SUVs. The Scout was created as a competitor to the Jeep. Remarkably, the Scout went from a basic idea to production in only two years. Like the Jeep it had square utilitarian styling but had cleaner lines. It initially featured a fold-down windshield. The Scout and second generation Scout II were produced in Fort Wayne, Indiana as two-door trucks. They had the options of a half cab pickup or removable hard or soft top.

## Background 
International Harvester began building trucks and pickups and later in 1907. In 1953 it added a truck-based people carrier, the Travelall. In the late 1950s it began to design a competitor for the two-door Jeep CJ 4x4. The 1961 model year Scout 80 made its debut in late 1960. Scouts began selling so well against Jeep, Ford jumped in with the Bronco and Chevrolet came out with the Blazer.

## Production 
A concept for its  was started in 1964. It was approved for production in mid 1965. The Scout II was introduced in 1971. The basic sheet metal remained the unchanged until production stopped on October 21, 1980. During the 20 year period (1960–1980) 532,674 Scouts were produced. The Scout, introduced as a commercial utility vehicle in 1960, set the stage for future 4-wheel drive recreational vehicles of the '70s, '80s, and '90s.

## Scout models and variants 
Scout models include the:
*Scout 80 (1960–1965): The original 
*Scout 800 (1966–1971): Same overall design as original with upgrades (electric wipers, newer engines etc.)
*Scout 810 (1971): Some early Scout II's contain Scout 810 badging on the glove box.
*Scout II (1971–1980): The later standard production model with a removable soft or hardtop (100-inch wheelbase).
*Scout II Terra (1976–1980): The light pickup truck version (118-inch wheelbase).
*Scout II Traveler (1976–1980): This version had a removable fiberglass hardtop, optional third row of seats (118&nbsp;in wheelbase).
*Super Scout II (1977–1979): This model had removable fabric doors, a rollbar, and softtop. The soft-top model was tagged the "SSII" by IH marketing. Eventually the "SS" letters were assumed to stand for "Super Scout", the name this model is called today.

## References
Les Johnson

**Leslie Royston "Les" Johnson** AM (2 November 1924 - 26 May 2015) was a former Australian  politician and minister. He served as a member of the Australian Parliament representing Hughes serving from 1955 through 1966 and again from 1969 through 1983.

Johnson was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 1990.

## References
Toghrol Tower

**Toghrol Tower** (also *Tughril, Toghrul, Tuğrul,* or *Tughrul* Tower) is a 12th-century tower in the city of Rey, Iran. The 20 meters tall brick tower is the **tomb of the first Seljuk ruler Tughril**, who died in Rey in 1063. The tower is '''kept by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.'*

## Resources 
* Toqrol Tower, Ray   *irantouronline.com''
Minesweeper

:*For the videogame, see Minesweeper (video game)*
 in the Gulf of Mexico for sea trials on 12 July 1944]]

A **minesweeper** is a small naval warship designed to sweep the water clear of mines.  Minesweepers keep waterways clear for shipping. They are quieter and less magnetic than other ships, so the mines won't explode when being swept.

In Great Britain, naval leaders knew before World War I that sea mines were a threat to the nation's shipping. The real threat was not invasion, but blockade aided by mines. Fishing nets pulled behind boats gave an idea on how to clear mines. The Royal Navy used fishermen and their fishing trawlers to keep the English Channel clear of mines. They were supplied with mine gear, rifles, uniforms and pay as the first minesweepers. 

The dedicated, purpose-built minesweeper first appeared during World War I. By the end of the war, naval mine technology had grown beyond the ability of minesweepers to detect and remove.

Minesweeping made big advances during World War 2.  Fighting nations quickly adapted ships to the task of minesweeping.  Both Allied and Axis countries made heavy use of minesweepers throughout the war. Underwater mines remained a problem even after the war ended, and minesweepers were still in use after Japan surrendered to the United States.

After World War 2, allied countries worked on new types of minesweepers.  The United States Navy used special landing craft (shallow-water boats) to clear shallow harbors in and around North Korea. , the U.S. Navy had four minesweepers in the Persian Gulf.

## References
Asian Championship

An **Asian Championship** is a top level international sports competition between Asian athletes or sports teams representing their respective countries or professional sports clubs. 

## Related pages 
* Asian Games, a multi-sport event between competitors from all nations in Asia
* Championship
* World championship
** European Championship
Primitive root modulo n

In modular arithmetic, a number g is a **primitive root modulo n**, if every number m from 1..(n-1) can be expressed in the form of g^x\equiv m \pmod n. As an example, 3 is a primitive root modulo 7:
:3^1 \equiv 3\ \pmod 7
:3^2 \equiv 2\ \pmod 7
:3^3 \equiv 6\ \pmod 7
:3^4 \equiv 4\ \pmod 7
:3^5 \equiv 5\ \pmod 7
:3^6 \equiv 1\ \pmod 7
All the elements 1, 2, \ldots, 6 of the group modulo 7 can be expressed that way. The number 2 is no primitive root modulo 7, because 
:2^3=8 \equiv 1 \pmod 7
and
:2^6=64 \equiv 1 \pmod 7