open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Geta (footwear)

**Geta** are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.

Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also, they are sometimes worn with western clothes. 
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by *hanao*. *Hanao* is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.
Tabi

* sandals.]]

***Tabi*** are traditional Japanese socks. The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups. Tabi socks are worn with *zori* or *geta* sandals. *Tabi'' can be found in many different colours but they are mainly white.
Dome

A **dome** is a building or roof that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere.

As a roof feature, domes make many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace. 

A large stadium with a roof over the playing field is often called a "dome". One example of that usage is the Metrodome.

File:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|St. Peter's basilica in Vatican City, with a dome, seen from outside.
File:Wnetrze kopuly watykan.jpg|The same dome, seen from inside
File:Fatima Masuma Qum Dome.jpg|Golden dome above the mausoleum of Fatima Masumah in Qom
File:Onion domes of Cathedral of the Annunciation.JPG|Gilded onion domes of the Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin
File:California-dome-house.jpg|Fiberglass dome cottage in Davis, California. This dome was built in 1972 and is part of the Baggin's End student housing cooperative.
File:US Capitol dome Jan 2006.jpg|The dome of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
John the Apostle

## Brief Overview 
**John the Apostle** was an Apostle of Jesus along with the Other Twelve with additions of Matthias and Paul later after. He wrote many books of the Bible: the Gospel of John, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, and the Book of Revelation. 

## Extended Overview 
John was born in 6AD in Bethsaida in an area called Galilee which was ruled by Herod Agrippa at the time. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was also the brother of James, the second Christian Martyr who along with him were part of the Twelve Original Apostles and followed Jesus Christ as one of his closest friends. John is mentioned many times in the New Testament and wrote a few books himself too. Some of these books include the Gospel of John, John 1, 2 and 3. He also wrote the last testament of the Bible: the Book of Revelation.

## Family Life/Life before Jesus Christ 
John was the first son of Zebedee and Salome and the only brother of James and he was a bright child growing up. Historians suggest John was privileged, if not rich and they have 3 points to support themselves:

# He was known by name to the high- priest. The high-priest was at the very top of Jewish society.
# He was classically educated. He could read letters and spoke Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek and maybe even a bit of Roman.
# His father relied on hired men or bought men in other translations, suggesting he had slaves. Slaves are expensive!

## Life after Jesus' death 
John would've been devastated. Jesus would have been like a second brother to him and he would be utterly shattered. Then with the resurrection and ascension he would have been overjoyed. Amazed, even. John stayed in Jerusalem until the spirit of the Holy Spirit promise of the Pentecost had passed and he travelled all the way

After Pentecost, the next known place John went is unclear. He most likely went to his hometown in Galilee, Bethsaida and preached to the people there. He stayed in touch with the others when they went through Samaria and Jerusalem.

## Feast Day 
The feast day is celebrated on December 27 in the Catholic and Church of England but is celebrated in December 26 in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Biscuit

A **biscuit** is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.

## Biscuits in British usage
In British English, Australian English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with tea, milk or coffee. In North America these are called "cookies".

In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, **Na**tional **Bis**cuit **Co**mpany (now called **Nabisco**).

## Biscuits in American usage
In American English, a "biscuit" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "quick breads" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.)
Bydgoszcz

**Bydgoszcz**  (, ) is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, on the Brda and Wisła rivers. As of 2020, 345 000 people live there. Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest cities in Poland - placed in the 8th position. The city was started in 1346 by the king of Poland Casimir III the Great. Patrons of the city are Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Nicholas.

The city is a big center of industry, trade, logistic and traffic cord. In the city is located the Ignacy Jan Paderewski International Airport. In Bydgoszcz, there's a big military garrison and headquarters of most NATO institutions present in Poland.

## Tourism 
Bydgoszcz belongs to the greenest cities in Poland, has more than 30 parks which occupy more than 970 hectares. In the north part of the city, the biggest city park in Poland - Myślęcinek - is located. 

Bydgoszcz has many monuments, starting with the gothic cathedral and ending with the downtown, which has Art Nouveau tenement houses. A unique monument is the oldest in Poland artificial waterway - Bydgoszcz Canal, which connects the Vistula and the Oder rivers.

The most visited place in Bydgoszcz is Old Town with the Mill Island. The most important monuments in this area are gothic churches, including a cathedral, fragments of city walls and granaries from the XVII century.

Bydgoszczy's downtown was built almost completely between 1850 and 1914 and is famous for Art Nouveau tenement houses. The east part of the downtown was built on assumptions garden city movement. The Music District - with the Pomeranian Filharmonija, the Bydgoszcz Academy of Music and the Polish Theatre are also located here.

Bydgoszcz has many museums. The biggest one is the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum which has a wide collection including art, numismatics, archeology and souvenirs related to Bydgoszcz.  

## Gallery 

File:Saints Martin and Nicholas cathedral in Bydgoszcz (3).jpg|Saints Martin and Nicholas cathedral
File:Gdańska 4 2020.jpg|Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum
File:Bydgoszcz Opera Nova z Wyspy Młyńskiej.jpg|Opera Nova
File:Bdg Mill Island miedzywodzie 1 6-2015.jpg|Mill Island
File:Bydgoszcz Venice at night 7-2019a.jpg|Bydgoszcz Venice
File:Exploseum in Bydgoszcz (2).jpg|Exploseum in Bydgoszcz

## References
Address

:*This article is about the kind of address that you find or communicate with someone through. Address can also mean public speaking. It can also be used when someone is working on something, or talking about something.*

An **address** (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a **postal address** or an **e-mail address**. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.

## Postal address 
A **postal address** is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.

Example (in England):
:Mr John Smith
:132, My Street,
:Bigtown  BG23 4YZ
:England

Example (in the U.S.):
:Mr John Smith
:132 My Street,
:Kingston, New York 12401
:United States

Example (in Nigeria):
:Mr Daniel Izuchukwu Nwoye
:8, My Street,
:Ilassan Lekki, Lagos 105102
:Nigeria.

## Email Address
An **email address** is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:
:john@gmail.com
:horseycrazy@yahoo.com
:larry.smith@msn.com
:example50150@domain.eu
:
:

The "name" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The "provider" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the "name" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores.
Palau

**Palau**, officially the **Republic of Palau**, is an island nation. It is in the Pacific Ocean. Palau is 300 miles (500&nbsp;km) east of the Philippines. It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration (administered by the United States of America) in 1994. It is one of the world's youngest and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name **Belau**. The capitol of Palau used to be Koror. It is now located in Melekeok State.

## States 
Palau is divided into sixteen (16) administrative states:

## Climate 
Palau has a tropical climate all year round. Average yearly temperature is around 82&nbsp;°F (27&nbsp;°C).

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Palau
* Palau at the Olympics
* Palau national football team

## References
### Notes
## Other websites 
* My Micronesia.com’s Palau section 
* Olekoi Palau
* Palauan Embassy to the United States
* WWFM 89.5 Radio Palau
* East Javanese Beads as Palau Heirlooms 
* Palau photographs 
* Travel Notes - Runoko Rashidi in the Republic of Palau
* Encyclopedia of the Nations - Palau
Electromagnet

around the wire. Usually this field is very weak, so a single wire won't make a magnetic field strong enough to pick up metal objects. In this picture "I" is the current and "B" is the magnetic field.]]

**Electromagnets** are temporary and artificial magnets. They are magnets that are only magnetic when there is a coil of wire with electricity running through it. The coil of wire is called a solenoid. The strength of the magnet is proportional to the current flowing in the circuit.  The electricity running through the wire is called a current. The current is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Electromagnets are used for a variety of purposes. In a simple example, an electromagnet can pick up pieces of iron, nickel, and cobalt.

Electromagnets can be made stronger by adding more coils to the copper wire, or adding an iron core through the coils (for example a nail). The current can also be increased to make the magnetism stronger. British electrician William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825.

An electromagnet is useful because it can be turned on and off easily (using an electric current), whereas a permanent magnet cannot be turned off and will continue to affect its immediate environment. 

Different alloys act differently. Iron stops being an electromagnet very quickly, but steel takes time to wear off. To make an electromagnet, copper wire is wound around an iron rod. The two ends of the wire are connected to the + (positive) and - (negative) side of the battery.

## Usage
Electromagnets are used in everyday items such as burglar alarms, electric relays and fire bells. Electric motors are basically electromagnets. Their ability to change from the state of non-magnetic to magnetic just by passing an electric current through it allows it to be used in many different items. This ability is used in relays.

Electromagnets can also be used to make electricity. Movement of a magnet back and forth in front of the electromagnet will make an electric current.

## Why electromagnets work 
Electromagnets work because when electricity flows through a wire it makes a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field can be found by using the *right-hand rule*. This means that if a person points the thumb of their right hand in the direction of the current, the magnetic field would go around the wire the same way their fingers would wrap around the wire.

The magnetic field made by a single wire is not usually very strong. To make an electromagnet normally the wire is wrapped in many loops to make the fields of each piece of wire add together into one stronger magnetic field.

## More reading
* 

## Other websites
Island country

(bh) should be shaded green as it shares a small land border with Saudi Arabia)Countries/territories not shown on the map: Antarctica (aq) (continent), Australia (au) (continent), Cook Islands (ck) (free association with New Zealand), Greenland (gl) (integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark), Niue (nu) (free association with New Zealand); Northern Cyprus (tk-cy and cy-tk) (unrecognized country) Puerto Rico (pr) (unincorporated US territory)]]
An **island country**, **island state** or **island nation** is a country that is made up only of islands. A 25% of the world's countries are island countries. Island countries are historically more stable than continental countries but they're vulnerable for conquest by any naval superpowers. Indonesia is the island country with the most people in the world.

There are many variations between island country economies: they may rely mainly on extractive industries, such as mining, fishing and agriculture, and/or on services such as transit hubs, tourism, and financial services.

## List 
There are at least 45 island countries in the world, and there are countries that only consist of an island, such as Iceland or Nauru, an archipelago, such as Federated States of Micronesia or Palau. This list also includes Australia, though a continent.

Australia is a continent but an island.

## Notes
Port Arthur massacre (Australia)

The **Port Arthur massacre** was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. Port Arthur is a café and, hotel and historic site. 

On Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 April 1996 35 people were killed, and 18 people hurt. Martin Bryant used two semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Bryant is in jail for the crime.

The massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 35 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns easily anymore. New laws were adopted. This law also exists in New Zealand and many other countries.

Bryant first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. Then he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in two minutes of gunfire. Before Bryant started shooting in the café, he ate lunch. Bryant went into the café and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the café. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to escape. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.

Bryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.

Bryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.

The ruins of the café are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre.

## References
Death of Azaria Chamberlain

**Azaria Chamberlain** (11 June 1980 – disappeared on 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby who was born in Mount Isa, Queensland, and went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. The family were camping in a tent at the base of the rock. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she had been taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had murdered the baby and had lied about the dingo. After a long trial which was reported around the world, Chamberlain was convicted of murder and sent to jail. Chamberlain kept arguing that she was innocent. On August 24, 1980 Wally Goodwin found Azaria's bloodstained jumpsuit, booties, nappy and singlet near the base of the Rock near a dingo's den, the case was reopened since the 1980s.

After a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.

Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.

## Azaria in popular culture
The disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say "a dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.

## References
Vientiane

temple, one of the most important places in Vientiane and Laos.]]
**Vientiane** () is the capital city of Laos and the city with the largest number of people. It is in the Mekong Valley and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.

It is on the Laos-Thailand border, being kept apart by the Mekong River. In other words, if one crossed the river from Vientiane, he/she would enter Thailand. The city is close to the First Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge, an bridge that is also a border crossing and port between Thailand and Laos.

Even though it is the country's most populated city, many travelers to the city have said that Vientiane feels like a small town.

Popular tourist sites of the city include the Patuxai Monument, the Lao Textile Museum, the Pha That Luang stupa, the Buddha Park, and Haw Phra Kaew.

The city has one of three universities in the entire country, the National University of Laos.

Despite being the country's most populated city, many international companies do not exist in Laos. There is no McDonald's, Burger King, KFC, 7-Eleven, or Grab throughout the entire country. However, international companies like Big C, Chester's Chicken, and Texas Chicken do exist in Vientiane. Starbucks opened its first store in the country at the Parkson Mall in 2022.

There is now a 7-Eleven in the backpacker town of Vang Vieng selling local and imported items.
Murder of Peter Falconio

**Peter Falconio** (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder . Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.
  
## Story 
Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia.  Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this.  Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.

## History 
Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared.  Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death.  Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun.  He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them.  Some people think that he raped some women too.

## Result 
This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called *Wolf Creek* was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.

## References
Backpacker murders

Between 1990 and 1996, a total of seven people were killed in Australia. Since all of the people were backpackers, the events are known as **backpacker murders** today. All of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Ivan Milat killed all of these people.

## What happened 
7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest.  Five of these people were visiting Australia - three Germans and two British people. The other two were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia.  Some of these people were by themselves.  Some of these people were with a friend.  The 7 people were all different from each other.

### Television report 
On the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist.  

### The crimescene 
The 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area.  One of them had their head chopped off.  Someone had sex with some of them.  Some of them had their clothes taken off.  Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else.  Some of the bodies were by themselves.  

#### Deaths 
Some of the people had been killed with a knife. Some had been killed with a gun.  Some seemed to have been strangled.

The 7 people who died had nothing in common.  People who tried to find out who did it said that there may have been more than one person who killed them.  They said that they may have been a part of a gang.

## Catching Ivan Milat 
Ivan Milat (born 1944 died 2019) was an Australian man from New South Wales who lived near Belangalo State Forest.  So police arrested Milat and searched his house. They found out that:

*Milat had a gun similar to the weapon used to murder the victims and items that belonged to the victims.
*One man in England said that he was nearly killed by Milat.
*Police then said that Ivan Milat must have tried to kill that man.  They also said that Ivan Milat may have killed all of the other people.

Milat went to court, and people in court said that he did kill all of these people.

## The mystery 
Some people think that other people helped Milat.  Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Milat.
Walter Mikac

**Walter Mikac** is an Australian writer and motivational speaker.

Walter Mikac's wife and two small children were killed at the Port Arthur massacre. He has written two books, one called *To Have And To Hold* and the other is called *Circle of Life: Sustenance for the Soul*. It is about handling grief and tragedy. He helped create the Alannah and Madeline Foundation to help children who are the victims of violent crime

## Other websites 
* The Alannah and Madeline Foundation 
* Walter Mikac - Saxton Speaker Bureau 
* The Port Arthur Massacre - Crime Library
Martin Bryant

**Martin Bryant** (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian criminal who killed 35 people in Tasmania in 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre. He is now in prison for the most murders in Australian recorded history.

Bryant has been given a sentence of life in jail for each of the 35 murders. He is never to be released. He is held in solitary confinement (by himself) in Hobart's Risdon Prison. 

Martin Bryant is believed to have an IQ (thinking level) of an 11-year-old. Guards and doctors report that his only interest seems to be himself. He has tried to kill himself several times in prison.

## References
1690s BC

## Events 
* 1700 - 1500 BC Hurrian conquest
*1698 BC- King Jie of China kills his minister Guan Longfeng according to Chinese legend.
* The Exodus: The Israelites leave Egypt, Thrasyllus of Mendes says this. He was an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the 1st century BC.
*1691 BC June—Lunar Saros 32 begins.http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEsaros/LEsaros1-175.html 

## Significant people
*Belu-bani, King of Assyria, r. 1700–1691 BC.
*Libaia, King of Assyria r. 1691–1674 BC.
*Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, r. 1712–1684 (middle chronology)
*Jie, Legendary King of the supposed Xia dynasty (existence disputed) in China, r. c.1728–1675 BC
*Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1714–1691 BC
*Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1691–1689 BC
*Fourteenth dynasty Pharaohs (see List of Pharaohs for details), 1705–1690 BC
* Lila-Ir-Tash king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1700–c.1698 BC.
* Temti-Agun I king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1698–c.1690 BC.
* Tan-Uli king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1690–c.1655 BC.
*Agum I, King of the Kassites, r. 1705–1690 BC
*Kashtiliash I, King of the Kassites, r. 1690–1680 BC
*Itti-Ili-Nibi, King of the Sealand, r. c.1700–1683 BC
*1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar
*1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt

## References
Swedish language

**Swedish** () is a language mostly spoken in Sweden and in parts of Finland, typically along the southern and western coasts and on the Åland Islands. More than nine million people speak Swedish. It is similar to two of the other Scandinavian languages, Norwegian and Danish, and a person who understands one of these languages can understand the others. Other Scandinavian languages, such as Icelandic and Faroese, are less closely related and cannot be understood by Swedish speakers. Standard Swedish is spoken and written throughout Sweden, but there are some local dialects with differences in grammar and vocabulary in small towns and rural areas.  

Swedish began as a dialect of Old Norse, which was a language that everyone in Scandinavia understood during the Viking Age. Around the 12th century Swedish began to slowly become different from the other dialects.  These dialects later became what we today call Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese and Danish. Swedish is a Germanic language with some similarities to English because of the Vikings that invaded England in the 10th Century. It is even more similar to German and Dutch, partly because of the Hanseatic League of the Middle Ages, when Sweden traded very openly with Germany.

There are three characters in the Swedish language that are not used in English. These are å, ä and ö.  The letter å is a vowel sound between [a] and [o], similar to the English word *awe*.  The letter ä is a vowel sound similar to [ɛ], like in the English word *bed*.  The letter ö is a vowel sound between [o] and [ɛ], pronounced [øː] like the *u* in the English word *burn*.  These characters are also used in the Finnish language, while Norwegian and Danish languages replace ä and ö with similar characters æ and ø.   

Swedish also has some important differences in grammar. Definite articles are suffixed onto the end of their nouns, so *ett hus* (a house) becomes *huset* (the house). Also unlike English, Swedish uses two grammatical genders called *Common* and *Neuter*. Nouns of the Common gender are sometimes called "en words", and many words for living (or once-living) things are "en words". Nouns of the Neuter gender are sometimes called "ett words".

## Example of some words in Swedish 
## Basic Swedish Expressions 
## References
## Other websites 
*Swedish Dictionary  from Webster's Dictionary 
*An introduction to Swedish 
*Lexin Swedish-English dictionary
Elle McFeast

**Elle McFeast** was a fictional character played by Australian comedienne **Libbi Gorr**, who started off on a show with Andrew Denton about sport in Australia called "Live and Sweaty". Gorr made up her character's name to make fun of Australian model Elle Macpherson.  "McFeast" was the name of a hamburger from McDonald's. 

McFeast had her own show for many years in Australia. She talked about many scary things, like jails and criminals, and made fun of them. One day she interviewed Chopper Read on her show. He was so scary that she had to stop her show.
Dustin Hoffman

**Dustin Lee Hoffman** (born August 8, 1937) is an American actor. He has been in many movies.

## Early life 
Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of Lillian, a jazz pianist, and Harry Hoffman, who worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. His brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman's family was Jewish, although he was not brought up religious. After he married his second wife, he started to observe Judaism more. His family was also from Yviv in what is now Ukraine. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955.

## Dustin Hoffman's movies 
Hoffman starred in *Hook*, *The Graduate*, *Midnight Cowboy*, *Marathon Man*, ''All the President's Men*, *Kramer vs. Kramer*, *Tootsie*, *Stranger than Fiction*, *Meet the Fockers* and *Rain Man''.

## Personal life 
In 2013, Hoffman had successful treatment for cancer.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Chopper Read

**Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read** (November 17, 1954 – October 9, 2013) was an Australian mobster who was born in Melbourne, Victoria. During his criminal career in the Melbourne mafia scene, he was convicted of many crimes, including armed robbery, assault, attempted murder, arson, impersonating a police officer and kidnapping. Read retired from a life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal.
  
Read started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult, Read made another prisoner cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000, a movie called Chopper was made about Read's life and based on his books, it stars Eric Bana as Read.

Read has stated that he had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. He died of liver cancer in Melbourne.

## References
Andrew Denton

**Andrew Christopher Denton** is an Australian comedian and television presenter who likes to make fun of politics. He is famous for his comedy and interviewing technique.

## Career 
Andrew Denton used to have a television programme about sports in Australia called *Live and Sweaty*. He now has a programme called *Enough Rope* where he interviews people about politics.

## References
Eric Bana

**Eric Bana** AM (born **Eric Banadinović ** on 9 August 1968) is an Australian actor. He was a comedian for a long time, and he was in a show called *The Comedy Company*.  He then became a serious actor in the movie *Chopper* which is a biopic of criminal Chopper Read. His careerstarted with the sketch series *Full Frontal.* He became known for his role in the comedy drama *The Castle* (1997). Bana also acted in the movies *Troy* and *Hulk*.

## References
## Other websites 
*
60s BC

The events that happened between 60 BC and 51 BC.

## Things that happened 
* Philip II Philoromaeus ruled parts of Syris for a short time.

## Important people 
* Pompey, Roman general, lived 106–48 BC
* Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, lived 132–62 BC
* Philip II Philoromaeus
* Gaius Antonius Hybrida, became praetor in 66 BC
African-American Vernacular English

**African American Vernacular English** (**AAVE**) is a name for the way some African-American people talk in English. Linguists named it AAVE, which is used by some non-black people. Some of the dialects' pronunciations and grammar are similar to how West African languages.

## Overview
AAVE first came about in the 16th and the 17th centuries. It became famous in 1996, when some educators in Oakland, California, said they wanted to use AAVE to help teach black kids. They called it **Ebonics**, but the term often has a negative connotation. There are many rules that govern how the sounds of AAVE are different from standard English. Some have to do with pronunciation and vocabulary, or lexicon, but most have to do with grammar, including verb tenses and sentence structure. 

AAVE was originally used in the 17th Century when Africans were brought to the Americans slave ships and were forbidden to speak their language because it was considered as a threat. So the people created their own style of speaking and that is the **–** **AAVE.** 

### Hip hop
Hip hop music has made AAVE more famous since the 1980s. Some people think it is cool and try to speak or learn it even if they are not really familiar with it. Some non-black people speak it well. AAVE is influenced by Southern American English spoken by their white slave masters.

## Phonology
Many features set AAVE apart from other forms of American English. McWhorter argues that what truly unites all AAVE accents is a uniquely wide-ranging intonation pattern or "melody", which characterizes even the most "neutral" or light African-American accent. Many versions of African American Vernacular English are *non-rhotic* engaging in r-dropping, turn the *i* diphthong into a monothong alike. Many multisyllabic words in AAVE differ from General American in their stress placement. For instance, ***po**lice*, ***gui**tar*, and ***De**troit* are pronounced with initial stress instead of stress on the last syllable or neutral stress.

## Related pages
* British English
* Canadian English
* Southern American English

## References
Tatts Group Limited

**Tatts Group Limited**, formerly known as **Tattersalls**, is the name of a company in Australia that helps people to bet money. Tattersalls has made lots of money. A woman named Helen Harvey owned Tattersalls and had lots of money.

## Other websites 
* Tattersalls website
Tsukuba

**Tsukuba** is a new city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is 50&nbsp;km northeast of Tokyo and 40&nbsp;km from Narita International Airport.

It has been  as a special city since 2007.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Tsukuba Wiki for foreign people
Elle Macpherson

**Elle Macpherson** (**Eleanor Nancy Gow** on 29 March 1964 in Killara, Australia) was an Australian supermodel and actress.  She first became famous because of her advertisements for Coca-Cola where she wore a string bikini.  She became a supermodel and became very famous.  She is part owner of a cafe in America.  She has been in a movie called *Sirens*. Macpherson is nicknamed "the body" because some people say she has a perfect body.

In 2010, she became the host and executive producer of ''Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model''. She is currently the host and an executive producer NBC's *Fashion Star*.

## Personal life
Macpherson met Gilles Bensimon in 1984 on a photo-session for *Elle* magazine. They were married in May 1986, and divorced in 1989.
Macpherson has two sons, Arpad Flynn Alexander Busson (born 14 February 1998), and Aurelius Cy Andrea Busson (born 4 February 2003). The father is her former partner, French financier Arpad Busson. 

Macpherson lives most of the time in Britain along with her two sons. She speaks fluent French and conversational Italian and Spanish.

From 2010 to early 2012, Macpherson was in a relationship with property developer Jeff Soffer.

## Filmography
## References
Pup

**Pup** means the babies of several species of animals, such as:
*Bat
*Dog
*Other members of the canine family (a group of animals)
*Fox
*Mouse
*Pig
*Rat
*Ring-tailed lemur
*Seal
*Shark
*Stingray

Pup could also mean:

*Sopwith Pup, a biplane fighter aircraft with only one seat. It was used by the British in World War I
Monitor

The word **monitor** is a Latin word for *warner* or *suggester*. The many uses of the word are listed below.

## Display technology 
*A computer monitor (display screen)
*A medical monitor, or any other hardware device that measures electrical events, such as a heart rate monitor
*A speaker used on stage (facing the musicians) or in a studio to enable musicians to hear what is being performed
*A video monitor, a television-like device used in studio, lab or test environments
*A baby monitor, which lets parents hear what happens in their babies room from other parts of the house

## Roles or positions 
*A hall monitor, one who patrols the hall of a school

## Warships 
*USS *Monitor*, the ironclad warship of the American Civil War
*A monitor (warship), a type of ship based on the USS *Monitor* and built by several navies for coastal defense in the 1860s and 1870s. It reappeared in a different form during the World War I and lasted until the end of World War II
*A river monitor, the strongest type of river warships

## Other meanings 
*Monitor lizards, a family of large tropical lizards (Varanidae)

## Related pages 
* Monitoring
Narita International Airport

is a Japanese airport that is in Chiba, near Tokyo.  It is one of the two  airports in the Tokyo region.

The airport is  east of Tokyo Station and  east-southeast of Narita Station in the city of Narita in Chiba Prefecture.

## Related pages 
* List of airports in Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Narita International Airport ; [http://www.narita-airport.jp/jp/index.html ]
Chest

The **chest** is the front part of the torso. It is between the neck and abdomen.

In mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm. 

Women develop breasts on the chest during puberty, while male chests generally remain flat, while gaining muscle and many men grow chest hair. However, excess fat in men can contribute to gynocomestia, which leads to breast development in men. 

In insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax.
Blackburn

**Blackburn**  is a town in Lancashire, England. The town has a population of about 105,000 people.
Blackburn is mentioned in one of the Beatles' songs.  The town's football team is Blackburn Rovers F.C.

## References
Joe Vialls

**Joe Vialls** (&nbsp;&nbsp;1944 – 17 July 2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.

On April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.

In April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote here . Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says.

## References 
## Other websites 
*JoeVialls.net
Springfield

**Springfield** can be:

## Places 
### New Zealand 
* Springfield, New Zealand

### United States 
* Springfield, Florida
* Springfield, Georgia
* Springfield, Illinois, the state capital of Illinois
* Springfield, Kentucky
* Springfield, Louisiana
* Springfield, Maine
* Springfield, Massachusetts
* Springfield, Michigan
* Springfield, Minnesota
* Springfield, Missouri
* Springfield, Nebraska
* Springfield, New Hampshire
* Springfield, Ohio
* Springfield, Oregon
* Springfield, South Dakota
* Springfield, Tennessee
* Springfield, Vermont
* Springfield, Virginia
* Springfield, Jackson County, Wisconsin, a town

## People
* Dusty Springfield (1939–1999), English pop singer (born Mary O'Brien)
* Rick Springfield (born 1949), American pop singer
T cell

A **T cell** is a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell. T-cells play an important role in the immune system. They attack infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and completely destroy them. This stops viruses or cancer from spreading to healthy cells.

The "T" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells .

## Types 
* Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

* Helper T cells, (Th cells) 

* Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), used to be called **suppressor T cells**

* Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) 

* γδ T cells 

## Related pages 
*Major histocompatibility complex

## Other websites 
* Janeway, Charles A. *et al.* 2001. *Immunobiology*. 5th ed, New York and London: Garland. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=imm.TOC&depth=2
* The Immune System (PDF)
* (Successful!) Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1
Monkey Island

***Monkey Island*** is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.

The games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clichés, both from pirate stories as well as from films.

The story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games. The first one involves main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead ghost/zombie pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name.

## The Monkey Island series
* *The Secret of Monkey Island* (1990)
* ''Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge* (1991)
* *The Curse of Monkey Island* (1997)
* *Escape from Monkey Island* (2000)
* *Tales of Monkey Island* (2009)
* *The Secret of Monkey Island Special Edition* (2009)
* *Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge Special Edition* (2010)
* *Return to Monkey Island (2022)''
Rugby League

**Rugby League** is a ball sport that has two teams of 13 players play against each other. The ball that is used has oval shape. The field is a rectangle 100 m long and 70 m wide. The game is played in two halves of 40 minutes each, for a total of 80 minutes. 

A try in Rugby League is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area (the try line included). A try is worth 4 points, and if it is converted by the goal-kicker kicking the ball in between the goal posts, the team gets an extra 2 points. Other ways of scoring points are drop-goals, which are worth 1 or 2 points, and penalty goals, which are worth 2 points.

Rugby League is played in over 30 countries in the world, especially in Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand. The Rugby League World Cup has been played by Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, France, Wales, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Scotland, United States, Italy, the Cook Islands, Lebanon, Russia and South Africa. The current world champions are Australia, who won the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.

## Other websites
Robert Wadlow

**Robert Pershing Wadlow** (February 22, 1918 – July 15, 1940) was the tallest person who ever lived.

## Early life
Robert Pershing Wadlow was born to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow in Alton, Illinois on February 22, 1918, and was the oldest of five children. During elementary school, they had to make a special desk for him because of his size. In 1936, after graduating from Alton High School, he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law.

## Height
Robert Wadlow was normal at birth but started growing abnormally when he was two, after a double hernia operation. He was six feet tall at age six. By the time he was 17, he was eight feet tall. Because he was so tall, he got lots of attention and became very famous, but his bones were very weak and he had to wear leg braces. In 1940, he was walking in a Fourth of July parade, when one of his braces made his ankle become infected; he died on the 15th of that month. When he died he was 8' 11.1".

## Death
Wadlow died at the age of 22 in Michigan from a septic shock . Four days later, at his funeral, 40,000 people attended and it took 18 people to carry his coffin. People remember him as the "Gentle Giant" and there is a statue of him at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Dental Medicine. People now say Wadlow had something called gigantism, which made him so tall.

## References
National Security Agency

The **National Security Agency** (**NSA**) is part of the US government and is responsible for the global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for domestic and foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, and specializes in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The agency is also tasked with protecting U.S. communications networks and information systems. NSA was started in 1952, and its main office is in Maryland.

Its stated  is to protect the US people by
*Worldwide "earsdropping," secretly listening to what people are saying in other countries. It monitors, collects, decodes, translates and analyses information and data. That is known as signals intelligence (SIGINT).
* Protecting the US from eavesdropping and SIGINT spying by foreign governments and agencies, called "penetration and network warfare." The agency does so by clandestine (secret) means, such as bugging electronic systems, and sabotaging their computer networks with viral software.

## Related pages
* Central Intelligence Agency
* Federal Bureau of Investigation
* Venona project

## References 
* Official NSA website
* NSA for kids 

## Further reading 
* Bamford, James, *The Puzzle Palace*, Penguin Books, .
* Bamford, James, *The Shadow Factory*, Anchor Books, 2009, .
* Church Committee, *Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI, CIA and NSA*, Red and Black Publishers (May 1, 2008).
* 
* Aid, Matthew, The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency, 432 pages, , Bloomsbury Press (June 9, 2009).
* Shaker, Richard J. "The Agency That Came in from the Cold." (Archive, Archive #2) *Notices*. American Mathematical Society. May/June 1992 pp.&nbsp;408–411.
* 
* "National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities." George Washington University. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260. Posted November 14, 2008.
*