open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
7 Seconds

**7 Seconds** is a hardcore punk band from Reno, Nevada. The band formed in 1979 as a hardcore thrash band.

The original members of the band were vocalist Kevin Seconds, bassist Steve Youth, drummer Troy Mowat and guitarist Bobby Adams. Seconds and Youth did most of the song-writing.

Between 1982 and 1987, the band released four EPs and three LPs. In 1988, they released "Ourselves" on the indie label Restless Records.

Adams left the band in 1987. In 1990, the band took 3 years off from touring and recording music. Adams rejoined the band when they reformed in 1993. They recorded a new album in 1993 which was called "Out the Shizzy".

They are sometimes classified as a straight edge band but the members refuse to embrace the label.

## References
Phoenix (band)

**Phoenix** is a French alternative rock band that was Grammy . It consists of Thomas Mars (vocals), Deck D'Arcy (bass) and Laurent Brancowitz and Christian Mazzalai who play guitar. They are related to Air and Daft Punk.

## Discography
**United* (2000)
**Alphabetical* (2004)
*''It's Never Been Like That* (2006)
**Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix'' (2009)
*"Bankrupt!" (2013)

## References
Leap of faith

A **Leap of faith** commonly refers to believing something that cannot be touched or proved by science, for which there is no evidence. Usually, the term is attributed to Søren Kierkegaard, even though he never really used it. According to Kierkegaard, such a leap involves circular reasoning, because a leap is made by faith.

A leap of faith is commonly associated with religious belief because many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety.

## References
Capoeira

**Capoeira** is a combination of martial arts, sport and popular culture that developed in Brazil, by African slaves and Brazilian natives, starting in the 16th century. It was made to give slaves a chance to escape and to survive. Capoeira was illegal in Brazil until the 1930s.

### Post-slavery
After slavery was abolished in 1888, free former slaves had nowhere to live and no jobs. They were thought of by the public as lazy workers. Capoeira then found a new role—as a dance of criminals.

They used capoeiristas (capoeira dancers) as bodyguards and hitmen. In 1890, the Brazilian government prohibited capoeira when police identified it as an advantage in fighting and they didn’t want criminals to have this advantage. After the ban, anybody caught practising capoeira for any reason would be arrested and tortured by the police. Some practises still occurred in remote places with guards to warn of police.

By the 1920s, repression of capoeira had declined. Mestre Bimba from Salvador, a strong fighter in both legal and illegal fights, thought capoeira was losing its martial roots due to the use of its playful side to entertain tourists. Bimba began developing the first systematic training method for capoeira, and in 1932 founded the first capoeira school. He called it Luta Regional Baiana because it was illegal to use capoeira in the name. By 1940, capoeira was legalized.

### Today
Today, capoeira is viewed as one of the symbols of Brazilian culture all around the world and in 1970 it was taught outside of Brazil for the first time. Capoeira presentations, normally theatrical and with little martiality, are common sights around the world.
The martial arts part, however, is still present and still disguised, just as it was in the time of slavery, and trickery is still present and expert dancers used. An attack can be disguised even as a friendly gesture, such is the expertise gone into the research of new moves. Capoeira is now a symbol of Brazilian culture, its ethnic amalgam, and of resistance to oppression.

## References
Vaishnavism

]]

**Vaishnavism** is a largest Denomination of Hinduism. 
Its followers worships God Vishnu (Narayana) and his many avatars as the Supreme deity and believes him to be the ultimate reality. It considers Bhagavad Gita and Srimad Bhagavatam texts as important sources of theology. It is also called Vishnuism since it considers Vishnu as the sole supreme being leading all other Hindu deities, that is, Mahavishnu or Narayana 
 This worship in different perspectives or historical traditions addresses God under the names of Narayana, Krishna, Vāsudeva or more often "Vishnu", and their associated avatars.  Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga, are based largely on the Upanishads, and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, Purusha suktam, Narayana suktam, Narayana Upanishads and other sattvic Puranas.

These followers of Vaishnavism are referred to as *Vaishnavas* or *Vaishnavites*. A large percentage of Hindus are Vaishnavas, with the vast majority living in India. Awareness, recognition, and growth of the belief has significantly increased outside of India in recent years. The Gaudiya Vaishnava and Ramanandi Sampradaya branch of the tradition has significantly increased the awareness of Vaishnavism internationally, since the mid-1900s, largely through the activities and geographical expansion of the Hare Krishna movement, primarily through ISKCON and more recently, through several other Vaishnava organizations conducting preaching activities in the West.

## References
Offenbach (district)

**Offenbach Rural District** is a rural district () in the south of Hesse, Germany. It is a part of the Darmstadt Government Region ().

## Geography 
The Offenbach Rural District is in the middle of the *Rhine Main area* in the south of the state of Hesse. The district is in the metropolitan area of Frankfurt. In the east it touches the state of Bavaria.

The whole area of the district is 356.29&nbsp;km2 large and it is about 100 – 150 m above sea level. It is a mostly plain area with only a few hills. The district is southwest of the river *Main*. The municipalities *Mainhausen* and *Hainburg* and the cities *Seligenstadt* and *Mühlheim* are near the river.

There are two creeks, the Rodau and the Bieber running from south to north through the district. They are flowing to the river *Main*.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The district has 336,818 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the area is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

### Towns and municipalities 
Since 1977 the *Offenbach Rural District* has 10 cities and 3 independent villages. In the year 2002 *Dietzenbach* became the capital of the district. The city of Offenbach is not a part of the district.

### Neighbours 
The neighbouring cities and rural districts of the Offenbach Rural District are the following:

* City of Frankfurt, City of Offenbach and Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District (North)
* Aschaffenburg Rural District (East) (Bavaria)
* Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District and City of Darmstadt (South)
* Groß-Gerau Rural District (West)

## History 
In the year 1832 the Offenbach Rural District was founded. The capital was Offenbach. In 1938 the city of Offenbach became an independent urban district, but the rural district administration still was in Offenbach. In 2002 the capital changed and now *Dietzenbach* is the new capital of the Offenbach Rural District.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Offenbach Rural District, German.
Oracle Corporation

**Oracle Corporation** is an American company. It makes hardware systems and enterprise software (*software for businesses*) such as database management systems. Its headquarters are in Redwood City, California, United States. The founder is Larry Ellison. In 2010, it employed 105,000 people worldwide. It has increased in size through natural growth and by buying other companies. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.

In January 2010 it bought Sun Microsystems.

The corporation has arguably become best known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of marshmallow-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software.

, Anusha Shetty, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004.  On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.

## History
When the company started, computer database technology was only starting. Ellison had read a 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS).
He had also heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the *IBM Research Journal* by Ed Oates. System R was also based on Codd's theories. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS (*DataBase Management System*) secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name **Software Development Laboratories** (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to **Relational Software, Inc.** (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself **Oracle Systems** to make the relation to its main product, Oracle Database, clearer. At this stage Bob Miner was the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to **Oracle Corporation**.

Part of Oracle Corporation's early success came from using the C programming language to install its products according to technologist Gerard De Van and Adam Day. This made changing the setup to different operating systems (most of which support C) easier.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Oracle Corporation website
2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The **2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season** ran through all of 2006. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This was the first year the cyclones got named in the northern Indian Ocean. There was about $6.7 million in damage and about 192 people got killed in 2006 because of the cyclones. 
## Storms
### Deep Depression ARB 01
Deep Depression ARB 01 or Tropical Cyclone O1A stared on January 13 to the south of India. It died on the next day.

### Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
Mala started as Tropical Cyclone 02B on April 25 and became Cyclonic Storm Mala later on that day. It headed northeast and later it became a very sever cyclonic storm. Mala made landfall in Myanmar on April 29, the winds were close to 115&nbsp;mph. The cyclone died over Myanmar later that day. Mala killed about 22 people. 
 
### Deep Depression BOB 02
Tropical Cyclone 02 started on July 2 near India. The cyclone made landfall in India later that day and it survived until July 5.
  
### Deep Depression BOB 03
This Deep Depression was Tropical Cyclone 03 and started on August 2. By August 5 it had died.

### Depression BOB 04
The fifth depression in 2006 started on August 12 and it died on August 13. 

### Depression BOB 05
This depression lasted from August 16 to August 18.

### Depression BOB 06
This depression started on August 29 and it died on September 1. 

### Depression BOB 07
Depression BOB 07 started on September 3 and died by the next day. 

### Depression BOB 08
This depression started on September 21. It later made landfall near the India and Bangladesh border. It died on September 24. The cyclone killed about 170 people. 

### Severe Cyclonic Storm Mukda
Mukda started in the Arabian Sea on September 21. It became a strong tropical storm over the next few days. It died on September 24. 

### Depression BOB 09
This depression started on September 28. On September 29 it made a landfall in India. The cyclone died on the next day over India. 

### Cyclonic Storm Ogni
Ogni was the final cyclone that started on October 29 as a deep depression. It moved very slowly and made a landfall in India. Cyclonic Storm Ogni died on October 30, after it killed at least 35 people. 

## Storm names
These three names got used in the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:

## Related pages
*2006 Atlantic hurricane season
*2006 Pacific hurricane season

## Other websites 
* WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirty-fourth session
Marginocephalia

**Marginocephalians** (meaning "fringed heads") are a group of Ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs. 

They can be briefly described as "herbivores which defend themselves with armoured heads". They are in two groups: the thick-skulled Pachycephalosauria and the horned Ceratopsia. They are all herbivores. 

The Pachcephalosaurs had very thick skulls which (it is supposed) they used for defence. They developed in the mid-Jurassic, and are common in Cretaceous rocks. 

The Ceratopsia had horns, and we know they used them on predators. *Triceratops* is the key example.

Some of their features are not so obvious: They have a  unique palate (part of the mouth) and a short pubis (part of the hip).
India Meteorological Department

The **India Meteorological Department** (IMD), also referred to as the Met Office, is a weather forecasting organization run by the Government of India, it also tracks and forecast tropical cyclones, similar to the National Hurricane Center. The headquarters in New Delhi, India.

## Sources
## Other websites
*IMD website
Queen (butterfly)

The **Queen** (*Danaus gilippus*) is a species of butterfly. It  in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America, Central America, and South America.

## Description
The upper side of the wings is dark reddish-brown. It has black wing borders. Males have an androconium (a spot that releases scents to  females) on each of his hind wings (bottom wings). The underside of the wings is reddish-brown. The wings have black borders. There are white spots in the black borders. The hind wing has black veins. The chemical slows the heart-beat of vertebrates.

When the Monarch becomes a butterfly, it no longer eats milkweed, but it still has the chemical in its body. The butterfly shows that they are not good to eat with their bright orange and black wings. This is warning coloration. A bird may try to eat a Monarch, but it will become sick and  after eating it. After this , the bird learns not to eat another Monarch, and also any other butterfly which is similar in appearance.

The Viceroy is similar looking to the Monarch, but does not have the milkweed poison in its body. Birds that have had the bad experience of eating a Monarch will usually not eat a Viceroy. It is an example of Batesian mimicry. Or so it was thought; but recent work has challenged this. The difficulty in doing this kind of research is that a butterfly may be toxic in one part of its range, and good to eat in another part. A lot depends on the plants on which the eggs are laid.

### The Queen 
The Queen is one of many insects that derives chemical defenses against its predators from its food plant. Most of the toxic cardenolides that make queens so unpalatable to its predators are sequestered from larval host plants. Basically, the Queen shares a Müllerian mimicry with the Monarch. However, the extent of its toxicity varies a great deal in different parts of its range. Micro-geographic differences in the environment lead to variation in the dynamics of mimetic relationships even at a local level.

## Flight period
The Queen can be seen all year in Texas, Arizona, and southern Florida. It is seen from February to December in northern Florida. The chrysalis is green. It has gold spots. There is a black and gold band on the abdomen. It is very similar to the Monarch's chrysalis. It has three or more broods (a brood is a group of offspring) per year.

## Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Queen caterpillar feeds on:

**Asclepias albicans* - White-stem Milkweed
**Asclepias amplexicaulis* - Clasping Milkweed
**Asclepias asperula* - Antelope Horns
**Asclepias curassavica* - Scarlet Milkweed
**Asclepias erosa* - Desert Milkweed
**Asclepias fascicularis* - Narrow-leaf Milkweed
**Asclepias humistrata* - Sandhill Milkweed
**Asclepias nivea* - Caribbean Milkweed
**Asclepias subulata* - Rush Milkweed
**Asclepias tuberosa* - Butterfly Weed
**Calotropis procera* - Apple of Sodom
**Cynanchum angustifolium* - Sand Vine
**Matelea carolinensis* - Maroon Carolina Milkvine
**Matelea hirsuta*
**Sarcostemma clausum* - White Vine
**Sarcostemma cynanchoides* - Vining Milkweed
**Sarcostemma hirtellum* - Rambling Milkweed 

## References
Sauropodomorph

**Sauropodomorpha** is the suborder of dinosaurs with massive, quadrupedal herbivores with extremely long necks and tails. 

Sauropodomorpha are divided into prosauropods and sauropods. Among the sauropods were the largest land animals ever known: *Seismosaurus*, *Diplodocus*, *Apatosaurus* (popularly known as *Brontosaurus*), and others.

## Description 
Only the modern blue whale is larger than these creatures; no land animal comes close. *Argentinosaurus*, with a vertebra over 1.59 metres long, is the largest.

*See Sauropod for the full account.

## Taxonomy 
* **Suborder Sauropodomorpha**
***Panphagia*
***Saturnalia*?
***Thecodontosaurus*
**Infraorder Prosauropoda
***Family Massospondylidae
***Family Plateosauridae
***Family Riojasauridae
**Infraorder Sauropoda
***Family Vulcanodontidae
***Family Omeisauridae
***Division Neosauropoda
***Family Cetiosauridae
***Family Diplodocidae
****Subdivision Macronaria
***Family Camarasauridae
***Infradivision Titanosauriformes
***Family Brachiosauridae
****Cohort Somphospondyli
***Family Euhelopodidae
***Family Titanosauridae

## References
List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

These are lists of seasons for the **List of North Indian Ocean cyclone**. A North Indian Ocean cyclone season lasts an entire year. It covers the North Indian Ocean to the north of the Equator, it also covers the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

## 2000s 
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008  2009 
## 2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018  2019 

## 2020s
2020
2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The **2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season** ran through all of 2005. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This season was tied for the season with the second highest number of cyclones. The damage is unknown but there were about 1,227 people got killed in 2005 because of the cyclones. 
## Storms
### Tropical Depression 01B
A tropical depression started on January 7. It moved to the north and pass by Sri Lanka before it had died on January 10. 

### Cyclonic Storm Hibaru
Cyclonic Storm Hibaru was the first cyclone that got named in 2005. It started on January 13 and it moved around for a few days until it died on January 17. 

### Deep Depression
This deep depression started on July 29, it caused rain in India which killed almost 1,050 people. The deep depression died on July 31. 
 
### Cyclonic Storm Pyarr
Cyclonic Storm Pyarr started on September 17 as a depression. It became a tropical storm by the next day. Pyarr made landfall in India on September 19, and it died on September 21. The cyclone killed at least 49 people. 

### Tropical Storm 03B
This tropical storm started on October 1, made landfall in India on October 2, and it died on October 3. This tropical storm killed no one. 

### Deep Depression (04B)
This deep depression started on October 26 and made landfall in India by October 29. The deep depression died later that day. It killed about 100 people.

### Cyclonic Storm Baaz
Cyclonic Storm Baaz started on November 28 and cross the Bay of Bengal. It died on December 2 near India.  

### Cyclonic Storm Fanoos
Cyclonic Storm Fanoos started on December 6. It moved to the west and crossed the Bay of Bengal. Fanoos passed to the north of Sri Lanka and caused some damage. Later, Fanoos made landfall in Inda before it died on December 10.

### Deep Depression (07B)
This deep depression started on December 15. It moved around in the Bay of Bengal for a week, and it passed near Sri Lanka. The deep depression died on December 22. 

### Other storms
There were also five depressons. The first one started on June 21 and died on June 22. While the second started on June 27 and died on July 5, after it killed about 34 people in India. The third started on September 12 and died on September 16. Fourth, it started on September 14 and died on September 16. The last depression started on November 20 and died on that same day.
## 2005 storm names
These four names got used in the 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:

## Related pages
*List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
*2005 Atlantic hurricane season
*2005 Pacific hurricane season
Deluge myth

's illustrated edition of the Bible. Based on the story of Noah's Ark, this shows humans and a tiger doomed by the flood futilely attempting to save their children and cubs.]]
A **Deluge myth** or **World flood** is a mythical story about a flood. Usually this flood is sent by a deity to destroy a civilisation as a punishment. The theme can be found in many cultures. Well-known examples that are believed to be myths include the story of Noah's Ark in the Bible, the Hindu Puranic story of Manu, Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Yunnan

**Yunnan** (; ) is a province in southwest province of the People's Republic of China. The area of Yunnan Province is . It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Vietnam, Laos and Burma.

## Political divisions 
Yunnan Province is divided into eight municipalities (地级市) and eight autonomous prefectures (自治州).
* Kunming Municipality (昆明市) - Provincial capital
* Qujing Municipality (曲靖市)
* Yuxi Municipality (玉溪市)
* Baoshan Municipality (保山市)
* Zhaotong Municipality (昭通市)
* Lijiang Municipality (丽江市)
* Pu'er Municipality (普洱市)
* Lincang Municipality (临沧市)
* Dehong
* Nujiang
* Diqing
* Dali
* Chuxiong 
* Honghe
* Wenshan
* Xishuangbanna

## Culture 
Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. It is famous for ethnic minority groups, Yuanmou Human archaeological findings, ancient Tea Horse Road legends, Puer teas and Yunnan Baiyao medicines.

## Tourism 
* Dali, the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms.
* Chuxiong, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.
* Jinghong, the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture.
* Lijiang, a Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
* Xamgyi'nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains.
* Shilin (Stone Forest), a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming.
* Yuanyang, a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.
* Xishuangbanna, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.

## References
## Other websites 
*Yunnan Travel Guide
Conservation of mass

The **law of conservation of mass** states that mass can neither  be created nor  in a chemical reaction.  Thus, the amount of matter cannot change. Sir Antoine Lavoisier promoted this idea. 

This law says that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the mass of the products (the new chemicals made). More simply, whatever you do, you will still have the same amount of stuff.  

The law is accurate for all chemical reactions. However, certain nuclear reactions (fusion and fission) can convert a small part of the mass into energy. But if this energy is turned back into mass, you will have the same amount of mass.

## History 
The principle of conservation of mass was first outlined by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711&ndash;1765) in 1748. He proved it by experiments—though this is sometimes challenged. Antoine Lavoisier (1743&ndash;1794) had expressed these ideas in 1774. Others whose ideas pre-dated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728&ndash;1799), Henry Cavendish (1731&ndash;1810), and Jean Rey (1583&ndash;1645).

## Other conservation laws 
The law of conservation of mass is one of the conservation laws of physics. Each of these laws says that something is never created or destroyed.

## References
NY

**NY** can mean
* New York, a US state
* New York City, a city in New York and the biggest city in the United States
Photolithography

**Photolithography** is the combination of photography and lithography. Its uses include the mass printing of photographs. Microphototolithography is the use of photolithography to transfer geometric shapes on a photomask to the surface of a semiconductor wafer for making integrated circuits.

## Manufacturing 
Microphotolithography makes integrated circuits such as memory and central processing units.
 
A special light-and-shadow pattern is projected through a photomask, onto a sheet or wafer of silicon that had been covered with a material called a photoresist. The light hardens the photoresist. When the board is dipped into a special acid, the parts that had no light on them are dissolved away. 

Memory chips have thousands or millions of identical cells. Because it is much easier to make than a CPU, (a large die with a non-repetitive structure), RAM chips are far less expensive than processors.

## Related pages
*Extreme ultraviolet lithography
* Dip-pen nanolithography
* Soft lithography
* Magnetolithography
* Nanochannel glass materials
* Stereolithography, a macroscale process used to produce three-dimensional shapes
* Wafer foundry
* Chemistry of photolithography
*Computational lithography
* Alvéole Lab
* Semiconductor device fabrication
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

**Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex**, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer. He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540. He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain. Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.

Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power. Because of this he was seen as an upstart. He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome. Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534. Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.

## Downfall and execution
Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour. During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.

His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves. This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles. The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage. Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance. The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell. It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.

Cromwell was executed at Tower Hill, near the Tower of London, on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard.p60 After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.

Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution. About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges.p496 Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.

## Note 
Oliver Cromwell, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the British monarchy and led a short-lived republican government in the 17th century, was a descendant of Thomas Cromwell's sister, Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482).

## References
Christian liturgy

A **Christian liturgy** is a set of steps or rituals done by Christians as a form of worship, done by Christian denomination. The liturgy or form of worship has changed over time, and different groups also have different prescriptions on how such a celebration should be done. The worship on a Sunday might be different from that which is done on Easter.

Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. Liturgy may mean an  formal ceremony such as the Catholic Mass. The *open* or *waiting* worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

Liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted. The liturgy may date to the second century or earlier. Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent. Non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services. These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Communion.

## Notes 
## Related pages
*Christian calendar

## References
*Bowker, John, ed. (1997) *Oxford Dictionary of World Religions*. Oxford University Press. .
*"What Do Quakers Believe?" . Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
Booby prize

A **Booby prize** is a prize of low value or a joke prize. It is sometimes given for a terrible performance or last-place finish. Booby prizes are sometimes humorously and jokingly seen as an object of pride as being noticed for doing something special - losing or coming in last-place. A **booby prize** is usually awarded and received with pleasant humor and understanding, it is not seen as a sign of disgrace. 

## Examples 
*If a contestant playing the Monty Hall problem does not win a car, then the goat that he wins instead is considered a **booby prize**.
*Traditionally, the cadet graduating a military academy with the lowest academic record was given a silver dollar (**booby prize**) by each of his classmates.
*A red lantern (**booby prize**) is given to the cyclist who finishes last in the Tour de France.
Macropod

**Macropods** are marsupials belonging to the family **Macropodidae**. That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others. They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands. Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods. Six species have since become extinct. Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.

## Physical description
Modern macropods are herbivores. They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants. Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars. 

The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them. Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.

Macropods come in all different sizes. Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs. The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'. Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.

Gestation lasts about one month. In larger species, it lasts a little longer. Usually a single offspring is born. It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch. The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months. It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.

## Fossil record
Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period. They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago. The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old.
Jerilderie

**Jerilderie** is a town of 768 people in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.  It is the only town in the Jerilderie Shire Council Local Government Area.

It can be found along the Newell Highway  south-west of Sydney and  north of the Victorian state border. Jerilderie's post code is 2716.

## References
Harbin

**Harbin**, is the capital city of Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China. In recent years, Harbin is well-known worldwide for Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival, Harbin Summer Music Festival and  Harbin International Beer Festival.  

## History
From 1897 to 1902, the Russian Empire built the Chinese Eastern Railway; A concession from Imperial China allowed that; Russia's administration of this railway and the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone - was from Harbin. The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, quickly turned into a boomtown, growing into a city within five years. The majority of settlers in Harbin came from southern Ukraine (in the Russian Empire).

## Administration
Governing 12 districts and 10 counties, Harbin Municipality has a population of 9,873,743 and 4,754,753 of whom lives in the city proper of Harbin. 
Administrative divisions as below:
* Daoli District 
* Nangang District 
* Daowai District 
* Xiangfang District	 
* Pingfang District	 
* Songbei District 
* Hulan District	 
* Acheng District 
* Shuangcheng District

* Shangzhi	 
* Wuchang	 
* Yilan County	 
* Fangzheng County	 
* Bin County	  
* Bayan County	  
* Mulan County	  
* Tonghe County	  
* Yanshou County

## References
## Other websites
*Harbin Travel Guide   
*Harbin Ice Festival
Sirach

***Sirach***, by Ben Sira, which is also known as ***Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach***, the ***Wisdom of Ben Sira***, or ***Ecclesiasticus***, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

## Quotes
"All wisdom is from the Lord
and with him it remains for ever. 
The sand of the sea, the drops of rain, 
and the days of eternity- who can count them?"
(Opening of first chapter, New Revised Standard Version)

## Full text.
*Sirach texts
Alveolus

An **alveolus** (plural: **alveoli**) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body.

Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called *pulmonary alveoli*. These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.

When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.

In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.

Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange happens. Gas exchange is how different gases (usually two) move in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system to exchange them  is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.

## References
Imago

In entomology, the **imago** is the last stage in the development of an insect. In an incomplete metamorphosis it comes after the last ecdysis. If the metamorphosis is complete, it comes after emergence from the pupa. This is the only stage where the insect is sexually mature and (if a winged species) has functional wings. The imago is often referred to as the *adult stage*.

## References
Parasitoid

image of endoparasitoid ciliates of the genus *Collinia*, which can cause mass mortality in affected krill populations]]

**Parasitoids** are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species. 

In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth. 
Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts. 

In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin. 
In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera  more than in any other insect order  and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects.

## Related pages 
* Botfly

## References
Bamba (snack)

**Bamba** () is an Israeli corn snack. It is a popular snack for children. 

Bamba has been made since 1963. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.

## References
Christopher Paolini

**Christopher Paolini** (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books *Eragon*, *Eldest*,  *Brisingr*, and the fourth book Inheritance (book) . He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.

Paolini is famous for publishing his book, *Eragon* when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen. His second book, *Eldest*, was released in 2005. His third book, *Brisingr*, was released in 2008. The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, *Inheritance*, was released on 8 November, 2011.
Jennifer Todd

**Jennifer Todd** (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer. She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd".

They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, *Boiler Room*, *Prime*, *Must Love Dogs*, *Memento*, *Across the Universe*, and *The Accidental Husband*.

She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for *Memento*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bamba

.]]
**Bamba** may refer to:

* Amadou Bamba, Muslim religious leader and founder of Mouridism
* Souleymane Bamba, French-Ivorian footballer representing Hibernian F.C. and the Côte d'Ivoire national football team
* Bamba snack, peanut butter snack food made in Israel
* *La Bamba* (song)
* Bamba, an Aruban musical instrument - see Music of Aruba
* Bamba, alternate spelling for Quechua word "Pampa", meaning plain.
* Bambera, a Spanish *cante* or song form associated with flamenco.

## Places
* Bamba, Burundi
* Bamba, Congo, town in the Democratic Republic of Congo
* Bamba, Kenya, a small town in the Kilifi District of Kenya
* Bamba, Guinea
* Bamba, Mali, a town
* Bamba, Mopti a small town in Mali
* Bamba Crater, on the planet Mars, named after Bamba, Congo
Eudora Welty

**Eudora Alice Welty** (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South. Her book, ''The Optimist's Daughter*, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum.
## Life
Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration. She had to travel around Mississippi for her job. In her own time, she took memorable photographs. These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression. Collections of her photograph were published as *One time, One place* (1971) and *Photograph* (1989). 
Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including *Why I live at the P.O.'', which was inspired by a woman she photographed  ironing in the back of a small post office.

## References
Dougie Poynter

**Dougie Lee Poynter** (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician. He was born in Corringham, Essex. He is the bass player and singer for the British pop punk band, *McFly*. The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, *Room On The Third Floor*. McFly was signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007. Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15.

Poynter won the 2011 UK series of ''I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!''.

## Other websites 
*
Talisman

.]]

A **talisman** is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.

It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.
Ali Hassan al-Majid

**Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti** ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister. He was a member of the Baath Party. During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.

He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein. During the 1980s and 1990s,  he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south. Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "**Chemical Ali**" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them.

Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010. Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.

## References
Eagle Comics

**Eagle Comics** was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's *2000 A.D.* magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada. 

## History 
The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.

## Titles 
The series they brought to American audiences included-

* Judge Dredd (33 issues - continued by Quality Comics)
* Judge Dredd: The Judge Child Quest (5 issue mini-series)
* Judge Dredd's Crime File (6 issue mini-series)
* Judge Dredd: The Early Cases (6 issue mini-series)
* The Stainless Steel Rat (6 issue mini-series)
* Strontium Dog (8 issue mini-series)
* Robohunter (5 issue mini-series)
* Nemesis The Warlock (7 issue mini-series)
* 2000 A.D. Monthly (6 issues)
Chinglish

**Chinglish** is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese.  It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English.  For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese 好久不見 "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".

The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words *Chinese* and *English*.

## Example 
One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.

### Proper english translation 
One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.

## References
Friedrich Mohs

**Friedrich Mohs** (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

## Job and Career 
Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness. 

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them. 

In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

## Later Career 
In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna. 

Mohs ended his horrrrrendous career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.

## References
Henry James

**Henry James** OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century.

## Background
James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

## Novels
In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.

## Other books
He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.
Wire-crested thorntail

The **wire-crested thorntail** (*Discosura popelairii*) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread. The bird has a crest of bright green feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.