open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Third Servile War

The **Third Servile War**, also called the **Gladiator War** and **The War of Spartacus** by Plutarch, was the last of several slave rebellions against the Roman Republic. 

These are called the Servile Wars. The first two Servile Wars were in Sicily and not very big. The Third Servile War was dangerous for Italia itself, and was hopeful for the slaves because the slaves won several battles against the Roman army between 73 and 71 BC. But the rebellion was defeated in 71 BC by Marcus Licinius Crassus. The rebellion had indirect effects on Roman politics for many years.

## Events 
In 71 BC, a band of slaves escaped. At first a small group of about 70 gladiators escaped. The band grew to over 120,000. Men, women and children wandered throughout Italy, and raided with not much resistance. Their leaders included the famous gladiator-general Spartacus. 

The able-bodied adults of this band were a surprisingly effective armed force. They showed they could withstand the Roman military, from the local Campanian patrols, to the Roman militia, and finally they destroyed an army of trained Roman legions under consular command. Plutarch described the actions of the slaves as an attempt to escape their masters and flee through Cisalpine Gaul, while Appian and Florus depicted the revolt as a civil war in which the slaves tried to capture the city of Rome itself.

The Roman Senate's grew alarmed about the military successes of this band, and their damage to Roman towns and the countryside. Eventually, after several defeats, the Senate put an army of eight legions under the harsh but effective leadership of Marcus Licinius Crassus. The war ended in 71 BC when the armies of Spartacus, after long and bitter fighting, retreated before the legions of Crassus. Realizing that the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were moving in to trap them, they launched their full strength against Crassus' legions and were utterly destroyed.

The Third Servile War was significant to the broader history of ancient Rome mostly in its effect on the careers of Pompey and Crassus. The two victorious generals used their success to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70 BC in their favor. Their actions as Consuls damaged Roman political institutions and led, after Caesar's death, to events which turned the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

## Other websites 
### Classical historical works 
Works at LacusCurtius.

*Appian's  *The Civil Wars*.
*Frontinus's *The Strategemata*.
*Plutarch's, *Life of Crassus*
*Plutarch's, *Life of Pompey*

Image:Defaitearmeespretoriennes.png  
Image:3rd_servile_72_plutarch.png
Image:CrassusSpartacus.png
Image:Last battle.gif

### Modern works 
* William Smith's, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities at LacusCurtius. A scanned page version is also available at The Ancient Library.

## References
Vibrating string

A vibration in a string is a wave. A **vibrating string** mostly produces a sound with constant frequency. As frequency characterizes the pitch, the sound produced is a constant note.

Vibrating strings are the basis of any string instrument like guitar, cello, or piano.

## Related pages
* String instruments
* Fretted instruments
* Pitch

## Other websites 
* Java simulation of waves on a string
* Physics of a harpsichord string 
* A study of chaotic motion in strings
Moment (physics)

In physics, **moment of force** (often just **moment**) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

In this concept the **moment arm**, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s² or Nm).

Formula for moment: 

\text{Moment} = \text{Force} \times \text{Perpendicular distance} 

The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.

Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.

A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.

In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.

## History of moment
The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an *arm*, a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the *moment of force*, is defined as *M = rF*, where *F* is the applied force, and *r* is the distance from the applied force to object.
Axle

An **axle** is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type is referred to as a spindle.

## Vehicle axles 
Axles are an important structural component of a wheeled vehicle. The axles maintain the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. Since for most vehicles the wheels are the only part touching the ground, the axles must bear the weight of the vehicle plus any cargo.

## Related pages 
*Wheel
*Machine
Gear

**Gears** are mechanical parts with cut teeth designed to fit with teeth on another part or gear so as to transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also sometimes called toothed wheels or cogged wheels or cogs.  The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs.

Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to weight ratio and high cost.

## Related pages 
*Transmission

## Other websites 
*Types Of Gears 
*Mathematical Tutorial for Gearing (Relating to Robotics)
*Animation of an Involute Rack and Pinion
*Gear Encyclopedia 
*Gears
W. H. Auden

in 1939]]
**Wystan Hugh Auden** (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) was a Anglo-American poet. He was born in York and moved to Harborne, Birmingham in 1908, then to New York City in 1939. He wrote several famous poems such as *Funeral Blues*, and As I Walked Out One Evening. He signed his works **W. H. Auden**. He died in Vienna, Austria and is buried in Kirchstetten.

Auden was an Anglican and was gay. He married Erika Mann in 1935 to enable her to escape Nazi Germany. His partner from 1946 until his death was Chester Kallman (1921–1975).

## Related pages
*List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
*List of poets from North America

## References
Gear (disambiguation)

A **gear** is a toothed wheel designed to transmit force (torque) to another gear or toothed component.

*Gear* can also mean:

* One of a series of pre-set rotation mechanisms for a manual transmission.
* Gear (graphic novel), written by Doug Tennapel and later made into a TV show called *Catscratch*
* Gear (comics), a DC comics superhero
* Gear (Static Shock), a DCAU superhero
* "Gear", a slang term for equipment or apparel, particularly used for motorcycle safety clothing and cargo
* Gear (magazine), an international men's magazine
* Gears, types of mecha in the *Xenogears* and *Metal Gear* video games, as well as the Heavy Gear universe
* "Gear", a slang term for marijuana, used when making reference to the drug in a green or solid form
* Gears are a type of biomechanical or mystical creature in the video games series Guilty Gear
*Gears (Transformers), a character in Transformers
* Gears of War, an Xbox 360 game

**GEAR** may refer to:
* Geographic and Energy Aware Routing, a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
Hydraulics

**Hydraulics** is a topic of science and engineering subject dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Many machines work on hydraulic power.

One of the founders of modern hydraulics was Benedetto Castelli, a student of Galileo Galilei.

Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. 

## Related pages 
*Archimedes' screw
*Hydrology

## Other websites 
* International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR)
* visualization of hydraulic concepts
* Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com
* Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling
List of U.S. states and territories by area

This is a complete list of the U.S. states, federal district, and its major territories ordered by total area, land area, and water area.  

## Gallery

File:Map of USA highlighting Alaska.png|Alaska is the largest state in total area, land area, and water area.
File:AustinSkyline.jpeg|Despite being the second largest state, Texas is only 40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska.
File:Map of USA highlighting Montana.png|Montana is larger than every state it borders; only Alaska and Wyoming have a lower population density.
File:LightningVolt Lake Michigan Sunset.jpg|Sunset on Lake Michigan. Michigan is second behind Alaska in water area.

## Notes
## References
Tom Vilsack

**Thomas James Vilsack** (born December 13, 1950) is an American politician. Vilsack was the 32nd United States Secretary of Agriculture from 2021 to 2025 during the Joe Biden presidency. He was also the 30th Secretary of Agriculture from 2009 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency. He was the Governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007. 

Vilsack was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  At college, he met and married his wife, Christie.  They moved to Iowa after graduation.  They have two children.

Vilsack served in the Iowa State Senate before he ran for governor in 1998.  He won that election and the next one in 2002.  He chose not to run again in 2006.

In December 2006, Vilsack said he would run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008.  He dropped out of the race a few months later.  He endorsed New York Senator Hillary Clinton.

In December 2020, then-President-elect Joe Biden nominated Vilsack to serve as Agriculture Secretary for a second time. On February 23, 2021 the United States Senate confirmed Vilsack's nomination a second time with a 92-7 vote.

## References
## Other websites
*Tom Vilsack for President 
*Vilsack to make White House run from the *Des Moines Register*, includes links to biography and related coverage
*MySpace page
*Project Vote Smart profile
*The New York Times - Tom Vilsack News news stories and commentary
Actinide

The **actinide** series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 and 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive. Uranium is the most common natural actinide, and thorium second.

The term ‘**actinide series’** has been derived from the first element of the series, actinium. The symbol **An** is used while referring to any of the actinide series elements.

All actinide series elements are radioactive in nature, they release a large amount of energy on radioactive decay. Uranium and thorium are the most abundant naturally occurring actinides on earth, whereas plutonium is synthetically obtained.

## The actinide elements 

## References
Opera Software

**Opera Software** is a company in Oslo, Norway that makes Opera, a set of tools for using the Internet.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Transmission

In mechanics, a **transmission** or **gearbox** means gears working together. The most common transmission is the transmission in a car.

In a car, the engine makes the crankshaft spin. The crankshaft makes the transmission's gears spin, which spin some more parts, which make the wheels spin. But the wheels do not spin as fast as the engine makes the crankshaft spin. That is because the gears are made to slow down the spinning. The gears also give the spinning more force (or to be more scientifically exact, more torque), so the wheels can make the entire car move. Most transmissions have a breather  to let hot air escape.

## Transmission gears 
A transmission has some gears that change the torque more than other gears. That is why a transmission has a first gear, second gear, third gear, and sometimes more gears. There is also a reverse gear and neutral. An **automatic transmission** shifts between gears by itself (except reverse gear, and a parking gear). A **manual transmission** needs the driver to decide when to shift gears. Manual transmission is also called standard transmission. This is confusing because almost all cars in the U.S. have automatic transmission. In other words, since the late 20th century "standard" transmission has been unusual. A manual transmission usually has a clutch pedal, which the driver must press while shifting gears. An automatic transmission has a fluid coupling called a torque converter instead of a clutch. Some cars have a "clutchless" manual (semi-automatic) transmission, which has an automatic clutch (no clutch pedal), but does not shift gears by itself.

## Layshaft 
A layshaft is the middle shaft within a gearbox (transmission). When the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns constantly. All gears on the layshaft turn at the same rate and are permanently attached. Layshafts are mostly known through their use in car gearboxes. The oil level in a gearbox is set to layshaft height. That way the spinning gears distribute oil to all the gears.

## Other types 
Not all transmissions are in cars. For example, bicycles have transmissions. You can see the gears, so it is easier to see how it works.

## References
Tiananmen Square

'''Tian'anmen Square''' (Tian'anmen Guangchang) is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China. It is named after the Tian'anmen (*Gate of Heavenly Peace*) which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City (Zijincheng). Outside of China, the square is well known for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989.

The square is 880 meters south to north and 500 meters east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest open-urban square in the world.

## Tiananmen Square protest
## Other websites
University of Prishtina

The **University of Prishtina** is the name of two public universities in Kosovo, sharing the same history up to a point of separation, which took place in 1999. The university was founded in the city of Prishtina in 1970 and segregated as a result of ethnic-based polarisation. The two separate institutions are using the same name, in Prishtina (Priština) and Mitrovica.

## Faculties of the University of Prishtina 
* Faculty of Arts
* Faculty of Medicine
* Faculty of Agriculture
* Faculty of Economy
* Faculty of Philosophy
* Faculty of Law
* Faculty of Philology
* Faculty of Sports science
* Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
* Faculty of Mechanical engineering
* Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy (in Mitrovica)
* Faculty of Computer and Electrical engineering
* Faculty of Natural sciences and Mathematics
* Faculty of Teacher Training (in Prishtina,Gjilan,Gjakova,Prizren)
* Faculty of Applied science ( in Peja,Ferizaji,Mitrovica)

## Related pages 
* Kosovo
* Prishtina
## Other websites 
* Official website  of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia
* Official site  of the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo.
* Official site of the University of Pristina in Prishtina
* Official website of the University of Priština in North Kosovska Mitrovica
Angular momentum

is conserved—as she decreases her radius by retracting her arms and legs, her moment of inertia decreases, but her angular velocity increases to compensate.]]
The **angular momentum** or **rotational momentum** (*L*) of an object rotating about an axis is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity:
:L = I \omega
where
:  I  is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its radius measured perpendicularly from the axis of rotation);
:  \omega \  is the angular velocity.

There are three kinds of angular momentum: the vibrational angular momentum, the spin angular momentum and the orbital angular momentum. 

## Vibrational angular momentum 
The vibrational angular momentum is that of photons. Its minimum portion is the Planck quantum of vibration or action:

According to this picture, the creation of photons is to be viewed like the plucking of a guitar—as a sudden increment in the excitation of one of the modes of vibration.
:—Davies, Paul. The Forces of Nature CUP, 1979, p. 116
... to an energy quantum of vibration, such as that of Planck, there must correspond an energy quantum of rotation ... 
:—Birtwistle, George. The Quantum Theory of the Atom CUP, 2015, pp. 2–3
The Planck quantum of action, *h*, has precisely the dimensions of an angular momentum ... 
:—Biedenharn, L. C.; Louck, J. D. Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program, 1981

## Spin angular momentum 
The spin angular momentum is that of an object turning around an axis which passes through the object's centre (for example, a top spinning around its central axis).

An object that is very spread-out from the axis of rotation has a large moment of inertia—it is very hard to make it start spinning, but once it gets going, it is very hard to make it stop. Similarly, it is easier to make an object start spinning at a low angular velocity than to make it start spinning at a high angular velocity. This is why the spin angular momentum depends both on how spread-out the object is (moment of inertia) and how fast it is spinning (angular velocity).

## Orbital angular momentum 
The orbital angular momentum is that of an object revolving around an axis which does not pass through the object's centre. For example, the Sun and the Earth orbit each other by revolving around an axis that passes through the Sun, but not through the Sun's centre. The orbital angular momentum measures how hard it would be to make the object stop revolving around the axis.

## Conservation
Angular momentum is a conserved quantity—an object's angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on it.

Angular momentum has both a direction and a magnitude, and both are conserved. Bicycles, frisbees and rifle bullets all owe their useful properties to conservation of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum is also why cyclones are spiral and neutron stars are rapidly spinning.

## Related pages
*Gyroscope
*Momentum
*Rotational kinetic energy

## Other websites
*Conservation of angular momentum
Kosovska Mitrovica

::*Mitrovica* can also refer to Pristina  city in the north of Kosovo

**South of Mitrovica** is a town in North Kosovo Over 96,250 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica,  The town used to be called **Titova Mitrovica**. Originally it  was named after Saint  Dimitrije.

There is the University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica.

## Other websites 
* Municipality of Mitrovica  The official website of Municipality of South Mitrovica 
* University of Pristina website 
* Jazz & Blues Festival North City
Bending

*This article is about the structural behavior.  For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation).*

In engineering and mechanics, **bending** (also known as **flexure**) characterizes the behavior of a structural  subjected to a lateral load (i.e. at right angles to its length).  

A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. Stiffness is its ability to resist bending.

A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes is an example of a beam experiencing bending.

## Related pages
* Engineering
* Mechanics
* Deflection
* Shear strength
* Shear stress
* Mechanical Strain
Bending (disambiguation)

**Bending** can refer to the following:

* **Bending** - the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load
* **Bending (metalworking)** - a sheet metalworking process used in manufacture
* **Elemental Bending** - the mental manipulation of the four classical elements - Water, Earth, Fire, Air as seen in Avatar: The Last Airbender
* The flection of a tone, frequently utilized in blues and jazz music. A famous example is Gershwin's clarinet intro in Rhapsody in blue. See *glissando*
Torsion

The word means *twisted*.
*In biology, usually refers to the spiral shape of Gastropod body and shells, seen easily in the garden snail. 
*In mathematics, the term ***torsion*** has several meanings, mostly unrelated to each other.
** Torsion of curves
** Torsion of connection
** Torsion tensor
** Torsion (abstract algebra)
** Torsion (modules)
** Torsion (topology)
* In medicine ***torsion*** can refer to
** Testicular torsion
** Bloat
* Torsion (mechanics)
* Torsion coefficient
* Torsion pendulum
* Torsion spring or -bar
Figure

**Figure** could mean:

*A figure is a shape, drawing or representation.
*A figure in writing is any text, table or graphic separate from the main text.
*A figure is a synonym for a number.
*Significant figures in a decimal number.
*A person's figure.
*Figure of speech, also called a rhetorical figure.
*Figure skating.
*Figure in wood.
*Miniature representation of something.
*Musical figure, distinguished from musical motif.
*Noise figure.
*Shaping a mirror on a reflective telescope.
*Figure competition is a form of physique competition for women, related to bodybuilding.  *(See also: Women in bodybuilding)*
*Action figure
Torsion (mechanics)

In solid mechanics, **torsion** is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.

The shear stress at a point on a shaft is:
: \tau_{\theta_{z}} = {T r \over J} 
*T* is the applied torque, *r* is the distance from the center of rotation, and *J* is the polar moment of inertia.

The angle of twist can be found by using:
: \theta_{} = {T L \over JG} 
Where:
**θ* is the angle of twist in radians.
**T* is the torque (N·m or ft·lbf).
**L* is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
**G* is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa) or psi.
**J* is the polar moment of inertia, for a round shaft or concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, FEA may be the best method.

## Related pages
* torque
Shaft

**Shaft** can refer to 

* Axle, a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear
* An architectural column's long cylindrical section
* the height of a boot
*Elevator shaft
**Shaft (1971 movie)* or the 1971 novel on which it was based
**Shaft (album)*, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name, recorded by Isaac Hayes
**Shaft (2000 movie)*
**Shaft (television)*
**John Shaft*, the title character of the above movies.
* Shaft (comics), a Marvel Comics ninja character
*Shaft (band), a dance music act who scored a 1999 hit with a cover/remix of *(Mucho Mambo) Sway*
*Shafting, illicit travelling through shafts
*Shaft mining
* Pitch (vertical space), a significant underground vertical space in caving terminology
* Driveshaft, a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied
* The part of a golf club between its head and its grip
* Penis (slang)
* a weapon in the Quake video game series
* Drive Shaft, the fictional rock band led by Charlie Pace in the TV series *Lost*
* Ventilation shaft
* Part of a loom
* Shaft (Castlevania), the dark priest from the Castlevania videogame series
*Shaft (company), a Japanese animation company
**Shaft (club)*, a Blues and Jazz Club in Istanbul, Turkey.
Latin Grammy Award

The **Latin Grammy Awards** are awards given yearly by the Latin Recording Academy (an association of professionals who work in the Latin music industry) for outstanding work in the Latin music field. The award process is very similar to its American counterpart, the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards was created because its organizers thought that the many musical styles of Latin music was too big to fit on the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards focuses on music released in Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. One major difference between the Grammy Awards and the Latin Grammy Awards is that a recording that does not have to be released in the United States. To be considered for a Latin Grammy nomination, the song or album must be sung in Spanish or Portuguese.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
Burial

**Burial** is the act of placing an object or dead body into the ground, specifically a grave.

Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery. It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into the grave. The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who has died and can visit them.

In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins. This is called a *mass burial* or a *mass grave*.

## Related pages
* Death
* Funeral
* Cremation
Gila monster

The **Gila monster** () is a venomous desert lizard.  The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA.

The Gila monster is heavy and slow for a lizard.  It can grow up to 2 feet(60&nbsp;cm) long.  Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow. It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard, which is its closest relative.

The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans.  It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs.  The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal through teeth in its lower jaw.   The Gila monster can also store food in its tail.

In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva.  Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke.
Elizabeth Smart

**Elizabeth Ann Smart** (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.

Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.

## References
Bury

**Bury** is a town in the north of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England. 

Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. It has a population of 60,718.

It has a flourishing market which won Britain’s Favourite Market Award in 2019. It is famous for Bury Black Puddings.

## References
Pellagra

**Pellagra** is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. The signs and symptoms of pellagra can be remembered as "the three D's": diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia. Sometimes a fourth D, which is death, is used to list the three or four D's. A person may be niacin deficient from poor diet or poverty. 

It may also cause a copper-colored 'necklace' across the chest or 'gauntlet' on the hands, called the cascals necklace or gauntlet of pellagra, respectively.. This dermatitis or erythema - which may look like sunburn - can be made worse on areas of the skin that have been exposed to sunlight. 

It is endemic in China and Africa.

## Symptoms 
Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are:

* abdominal cramping
*depression
*diarrhea
*headache
*loss of appetite
*mucus membrane inflammation
*dilated cardiomyopathy
*anxiety

## Cause 
Other causes of pellagra are chronic alcoholism and gastro-intestinal malabsorption. Dehydration (not drinking enough water) or urinating too much, for example by taking diuretic drugs can cause the body to lose its store of Vitamin B3. B vitamins are water soluble and the other water soluble vitamin is vitamin C. The rest of the vitamins are fat soluble. 

It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and offering dietary advice to vulnerable groups.

## Related pages 
* Ataxia
* Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ and NADPH), Krebs cycle

## References
Dermatitis

**Dermatitis** means "inflammation of the skin." It looks like a red  in most cases. It most often refers to eczema.
Chet Culver

**Chester John "Chet" Culver** (born January 25, 1966) is the former Governor of Iowa.

Culver was born in Washington, D.C.. His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator. Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.

In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State. He was reelected in 2002. After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor. In November 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa. He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.

## Other websites 
* Office of the Governor website
Édith Piaf

**Édith Piaf** (aka. "La Môme Piaf") (December 19, 1915 – October 11, 1963) was one of France's most-loved singers. Her real name was **Édith Giovanna Gassion**. She became a national icon. Her music was an image of her tragic life. Piaf was known for singing ballads in a heartbreaking voice. 

## Life and career
As child at her grandmother's  in Normandy, she suffered from keratitis, but
**1925** - 10  A pilgrimage to Lisieux in the Normandy honoring  Saint Thérèse of Lisieux / (Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus),  and the intense devoutness of the family resulted in a miraculous healing, Édith said.

**1930** – 15  Her manager gave her the stage name "", "la Môme", Édith Piaf, or just **Piaf**. She was only  tall and puny, but sharp and lively like a sparrow. She always wore a black dress on the stage.

She sang first in Pigalle, then in *Le Gerny*,  the nightclub of  Louis Leplée near the Champs-Élysées.
She met Raymond Asso (1901-1968) and Marguerite Monnot (1903-1961), who wrote and composed her best songs; she stroke up an acquaintance with actor and singer Maurice Chevalier.

**1948** – 32  The love of Piaf's life, the boxer Marcel Cerdan, middleweight champion of the world, died in a plane crash in October 1949, in the Azores, while flying from Paris to New York City to meet her. 

**1952** – 36  Piaf married Jacques Pills in 1952 (her matron of honour was Marlene Dietrich). She divorced him in 1956. In 1962, she wed Théo Sarapo (Theophanis Lamboukas), a Greek hairdresser who was 20 years her junior. 

She suffered from different illnesses  during her life, especially after several car crashes.

**1963** – 47  Piaf died of liver cancer at Plascassier, near Grasse (Département Alpes-Maritimes), on 10 October 1963.  

Among her most famous songs are "*Mon légionnaire*" (1936), "*Le fanion de la Légion*" (1936), "*La vie en rose*" (1946), "''Hymne à l'amour*" (1949), "*Padam... Padam...*" (1951), "*l'Accordéoniste*" (1955), "*Les amants d'un jour*" (1956),"*La foule*" (1957), "*Milord*" (1959) and "*Non, je ne regrette rien''" (1960). 

Although she was denied a solemn funeral mass, her funeral procession from her residence, Boulevard Lannes (Paris, XVI arr.) drew tens of thousands  of mourners onto the streets of Paris, that caused a huge traffic jam. The ceremony at the cemetery‚ Le Père-Lachaise (Paris, XX arr.), was attended by more than 100,000 fans.

Albums: Chansons Parisiennes (1949)Chansons des Cafés de Paris (1950)Edith Piaf (1953)Le Tour de Chant d'Édith Piaf a l'Olympia - No. 1 (1955)Le Tour de Chant d'Édith Piaf a l'Olympia - No. 2 (1956)Le Tour de Chant d'Édith Piaf a l'Olympia - No. 3 (1958)Récital 1961Récital 1962

## References 
*Huey, Steve. *Edith Piaf: Biography*. Yahoo! Music. 

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Edith Piaf
*
Documenta

***documenta*** is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. 

*The exhibition ***documenta*** was held as late as 2022; The next exhibition is scheduled five years after that. Art Cologne and Transmediale are held every year.
*More than 1.2 million people visited the exhibition documenta&nbsp;14, which was held in 2017.

## Related pages
*German art
The Castle (movie)

***The Castle*** is a 1997 Australian movie. *The Castle* starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.

*The Castle* was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that *The Castle* is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget. The movie was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humor.

## Plot
The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport.  The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court.  At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.

*The Castle* is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people.  Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about  famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

## Cast
* Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
* Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
* Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
* Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
* Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
* Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
* Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
* Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
* Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
* John Flaus as Sgt. Kennedy

## Quotes
It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "*The Castle*". Some of the most popular of these are:
*What do you call this? (in reference to obvious items)
*Tell 'em they're dreaming!
*A man's home is his castle.
*It's not a house, it's a home.
*Dale dug a hole.
*That is going straight to the Pool Room.
*How's the serenity? So much serenity!
*It's what you do with it.
*It's the vibe.

## Related pages
*Australian Constitutional Law

## Other websites 
*

## References
Al Pacino

**Alfredo James "Al"  Pacino** (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor. He has won an Academy Award for Best Actor an Emmy Award, and two Tony Awards. He is known for movie roles in *Scarface* and *The Godfather*. Pacino is the co-president, along with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel, of the Actors Studio.

## Personal life 
Pacino has four children. The eldest, Julie Marie (born 1989), is his daughter with acting coach Jan Tarrant. He also has twins, son Anton James and daughter Olivia Rose (born 2001), with actress Beverly D'Angelo. They had a relationship from 1996 to 2003. Pacino had a relationship with Diane Keaton, his co-star in the Godfather Trilogy. Other women he has had relationships with include Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Kathleen Quinlan and Lyndall Hobbs. Pacino has never married. His fourth child is a son named Roman (born 2023) with Noor Alfallah a movie producer who is 54 years younger than he is, they ended their relationship in October 2024 but they share custody of their son, she still considers him her "best friend"

## Filmography 
.]]
 in 2008.]]

## Video game
## Awards and nominations 
Pacino has been nominated and has won many awards during his acting career.  These include eight Oscar nominations (winning one), 15 Golden Globe nominations (winning four), five BAFTA nominations (winning two), two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television, and two Tony Awards for his work on the stage.  In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award. In 2003 British television viewers voted Pacino as the greatest movie star of all time in a poll for Channel 4.

## References
Radius

In geometry, the **radius** of a circle or sphere, written as r, is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary. It is either the distance from the center to the perimeter (in the case of a circle), or the distance from the center to the surface (in the case of a sphere). It is half of the diameter. That is, when *r* is the radius and *d* is the diameter:

*r* = *d* ÷ 2

*d* = 2 x *r* = *r* + *r*

The relationship between the radius {\displaystyle r} and the circumference {\displaystyle c} of a circle is 
~c = 2\pi r.

The area {\displaystyle A} of a circle of radius 
{\displaystyle r} is 
{\displaystyle ~A = \pi r^2.}

## Related pages
* Area
* Covalent radius
* Diameter
* Radian

## References 
## Other websites 
* Definition and properties of the radius of a circle with interactive applet
Morality

**Morality ** is the concept of doing the right thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living. It is about conventions or rules, and tries to classify actions and intentions into two groups.   

* Some of them are good / true
* Others are wrong / false

Cicero introduced the term when he wrote *philosphia moralis*. He used it to translate Ancient Greek Ethike (which is ethics, in English)

## Morality in other fields 
* Ethics, as a part of philosophy. It describes principles, values and virtues
* Moral theology describes morality in the context of religion.
* Moral psychology looks at the emotions and incentives people have when they act for right or wrong.
* Political science and economics can also be looked at from a point of view of  morality.
* Philosophy of law also looks at the relationship between law and morality.

## Authority and choice 
Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is. Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice).

People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions. People that teach or follow morals are called moralists.

It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is....."). Fables are stories with a moral. 

The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it. It is the same as "morally neutral". Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.

## Related pages 
*Moral equivalence
*Moral hazard
*Moral reasoning
Villarosa

**Villarosa** is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy. 

## Sister cities
* Morlanwelz, Belgium (2002)
* Le Quesnoy, France (11/08/2006)

## Other websites 
* Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens
Maria Sharapova

**Maria Sharapova** (born 19 April 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player. She was born in Nyagan, Western Siberia, RSFSR.

## Early life 
Her parents had moved from Belarus to protect themselves from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The Sharapov1 family moved again in 1989, when Maria became interested in tennis, when watching her father play, and played tennis with a second-hand racquet. She would practice tennis by hitting the tennis ball against the wall every day, and her dad soon noticed that she was very good at the sport.
Maria's tennis coaches told the Sharapovs that they should move to Moscow, Russia, to get better training. The Sharapova moved again, from Moscow, to follow Maria's coach, Martina Navratilova's advice, to move to the United States.

There was a problem, though. Sharapova's mother, Yelena, could not get a visa to go to the United States. Meanwhile, Maria and her father tried to get Maria to go to a famous sports school, and they also had to learn English. Maria had already learned a lesson in her life  that tennis excellence would only come at a price.

“I used to be so lonely,” Maria Sharapova recalls. “I missed my mother terribly. My father was working as mush as he could to keep my tennis-training going. So, he couldn't see me either “Because I was so young, I used to go to bed at 8 p.m. The other tennis pupils would come in 11 p.m. and wake me up and order me to tidy up the room and clean it.

“Instead of letting that depress me, I became more quietly determined and mentally tough. I learnt how to take care of myself. I never thought of quitting because I knew what I wanted. When you come from nothing and you have nothing, then it makes you very hungry and determine.... I would have put up with much more humiliation and insults that to steadfastly purse my dream." That toughness runs through Maria even today.

## Career 
She began to win tournaments and many people started to notice her. Her games improved, and Maria Sharapova gained more fans.

She has won 35 singles titles in her career, including five Grand Slam championships: Wimbledon in 2004, the US Open in 2006, the Australian Open in 2008 and the French Open in 2012 and 2014. She won an Olympic silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is the world number 3 women's tennis player as of September 2015. In 2005, she was ranked world number 1 for the first time, and in 2012 for the last time. 

In March 2016, Maria Sharapova revealed she had failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, admitting to testing positive for meldonium, a substance banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at the start of 2016. On June 8, 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).

## Foot 
1In Russia, female surnames are changed so that their gender can be identified, so Sharapov becomes Sharapov**a**.

## References
True bug

The **true bugs** are an order of insects. Biologists call true bugs the **Hemiptera**. There are around 80,000 species of true bugs. The word ''* by itself can have other meanings.

There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others. All of these are true bugs. Their size is from 1&nbsp;mm to over 10&nbsp;cm. All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which they use to suck up plant sap.

## Features of true bugs 
Bugs have piercing, sucking mouthparts: this defines the Hemiptera. They pierce plants with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak. They cannot chew. The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food. It then sucks up the food, which is usually plant sap.

The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek: it means *hemi* (half) and *pteron* (wing). Most true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft. These wings are called *hemelytra* (singular *hemelytron''), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles. The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.

The antennae of bugs usually have five segments. The tarsi (foot parts) of their legs have three or fewer segments.

## References
Bug

**Bug** can mean many different things:

;Biology
*True bug, a group of insects
*Bug, a slang word for a pathogen that makes organisms ill
*Bug, a slang word for an insect, such as an ant or a beetle

;Technology
*Software bug, a problem with the code in a computer program
*Bug, a device for telephone tapping
*Bug, a nickname for a Volkswagen Beetle because of its shape

;Other
*Western Bug and Southern Bug, two rivers in Poland and Ukraine
*Something that  somebody, such as "My loud neighbour really bugs me!"
Dayton, Ohio

**Dayton** is a large city in the American state of Ohio. It is where Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up. The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, also near Dayton, gets part of its name from the Wright brothers. The National Museum of the United States Air Force is inside the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Dayton has a humid continental climate (*Dfa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Numerous inventions are attributed to residents of Dayton, earning it the nickname of "Patent City, USA".  Some of the more important inventions include the airplane, the cash register, the automatic starter for automobiles, pop-top cans, the step ladder, the ice cube tray, backpack parachute, the motorized wheelchair, gas masks, LCD displays, Cheez-It crackers, the bar code, and the movie projector.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Native Esperanto speakers

**Native Esperanto speakers** are people who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages. Esperanto is not spoken in any countries as an official language, so they must become bilingual, trilingual, or multilingual. Native Esperanto speakers can use this language completely and more fluently than non-native Esperanto speakers. There are not very many native Esperanto speakers. It is thought that no more than one or two thousand people speak Esperanto as their first language.

Children who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages speak with grammar like the other languages they learned. 

## Related pages
*Constructed language
Hungarian Vizsla

**Hungarian Vizsla** is a dog breed. Vizslas are known for being affectionate and not aggressive. They originated in Hungary and are excellent hunting dogs.

## History 
The breed was developed from dogs used by Hungarian tribes. Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who use to hunt with them. They were used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf. The breed  almost disappeared during the First World War and Second. Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the Second World War. These dogs were used later to breed in other countries.

## Appearance and personality 
Hungarian Vizsla's have a dark gold coat. Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly. Vizslas need human company to stay happy. They do not make good kennel dogs.

### Exercise needs 
Daily exercise and mental tasks are necessary. Outside they are very active. Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive. The dogs prefer to rest beside their owners. Some are quite demanding of attention. If Vizslas do not receive enough  exercise, they will become bored. If bored, they may choose to do to amuse themselves with digging or chewing on things.
Manufacturing

**Manufacturing** is producing goods out of raw materials. It is a branch of industry. It includes making big, complicated things that need many steps to finish, and small, simple things. Often machines are involved in manufacturing.

In the past, products were made by handicraft workers using tools and manual labor. In modern times, most manufacturing jobs were replaced by automated machines in a factory, which made the products much faster and in turn - cheaper than humans could.

## Related pages
* Flexible manufacturing system

## References 
## Other websites 
* How Everyday Things Are Made 
* Engineers Edge
* Manufacturers Alliance
* Logistics Quarterly 
* National Association of Manufacturers