open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
SummerSlam (2002)

**SummerSlam (2002)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 25, 2002 at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. It was the fifteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

The main match for the *SmackDown!* brand saw Brock Lesnar defeat The Rock to win the WWE Undisputed Championship. Lesnar won the match by pinfall after he hit The Rock with the F-5. The main match for the *Raw* brand saw Shawn Michaels defeat Triple H in an Unsanctioned Street Fight. Michaels won the match by pinfall after he reversed Triple H's pedigree attempt into a jackknife roll-up. The main match which was featured from both brands was an interpromotional match between Rob Van Dam and Chris Benoit for the WWE Intercontinental Championship. RVD won the match by pinfall after he hit the Five-Star Frog Splash on Benoit. By winning, RVD was able to win the championship.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2002 website
Arcsecond

An **arcsecond** (second of arc), represented by the symbol '', is a unit of angle used in mathematics and astronomy. An arcsecond is 1/60th of an arcminute (minute of arc), which in turn is 1/60th of a degree. Therefore, an arcsecond is equal to 1/3600th of a degree, Mu Cephei, VV Cephei A, and VY Canis Majoris all have angular diameters (apparent sizes in the sky) of more than 10 milliarcseconds, when seen from Earth.

1mm @ 200km

## Related pages 
* Radian

## References
Amoeboid movement

* engulfing a diatom]]

**Amoeboid movement** is the most common type of movement in eukaryotic cells. 

It is a crawling type of movement got by pushing out cell cytoplasm in the form of pseudopodia ("false feet"). The cytoplasm slides and forms a pseudopodium in front to move the cell forward. 

This type of movement is observed in amoebae, slime molds and some other protozoans such as *Naegleria gruberi'', as well as some cells in humans such as white blood cells. Sarcomas, or cancers arising from connective tissue cells, are particularly good at amoeboid movement, thus leading to their high rate of metastasis.

The exact mechanism is still unknown. It involves actin-myosin molecules inside the cytoplasm.

## References
Streisand effect

, which she tried to hide in 2003.]]
The **Streisand effect** is a name for a phenomenon. It is when an attempt to remove or censor a piece of information accidentally makes it more popular. The effect is named after American singer Barbra Streisand. In 2003, Streisand's lawyer tried to remove a photo of her house from a collection of thousands of photos of Malibu, California. However, the attempt to remove the photograph made it more interesting and share-able to media reporters. 

The same effect has occurred when countries, organizations, and people try to hide something.

## Related pages 
* Perverse incentive ("Cobra effect")
* List of Streisand effect examples

## References
Myuran Sukumaran

**Myuran Sukumaran** (; 17 April 1981 &ndash; 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen who was executed in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. He was born in London, England. His parents were Sri Lankan immigrants. He moved to Australia at a young age.

In 2005, Sukumaran was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Sukumaran and Andrew Chan were the apparent co-ringleaders of the heroin smuggling operation. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006, Sukumaran was sentenced to execution by firing squad.

On 30 December 2014, Sukumaran's request for clemency was rejected by the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. Sukumaran and Chan were in prison at Nusakambangan Island in isolation cells. On 16 January 2015, Sukumaran and Chan were ordered to be executed after nine years in jail. On 6 February 2015, it was stated that Chan and Sukumaran would be executed by the end of the month. On 11 February 2015, Indonesian authorities approved the move of Chan and Sukumaran from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island in preparation for execution. On 24 February 2015, a final appeal to save Chan and Sukumaran from execution, with their lawyers appeal bid to challenge President Widodo's refusal to grant clemency, failed.  The move from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island was on 4 March. On 6 April 2015, Chan and Sukumaran's lawyers faced the state administrative court to challenge President Joko Widodo's refusal to grant clemency, in a final attempt to stop the executions. This was also unsuccessful. On 24 April 2015, prosecutors ordered the final preparations for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran, as well as eight others on death row. On 25 April (ANZAC Day), the pair, along with 7 other death row prisoners, were given a 72-hour notice of their executions.

Sukumaran was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015 along with Chan as well as Nigerians Raheem Agbaje Salami, Okwuduli Oyatanze, Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise, Ghanaian Martin Anderson, Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte and Indonesian Zainal Abidin.

Sukumaran's funeral was conducted at Dayspring Church, Castle Hill on 9 May 2015.

## References
She's Funny That Way

'''''She's Funny That Way*** (originally ***Squirrels to the Nuts''''') is a 2015 American comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a prostitute-turned-Broadway actress. Imogen Poots plays Isabella "Izzy" Beatty. Owen Wilson plays Arnold Albertson. In a deal valued at $4.5 million, it was picked up by U.S. distributor Clarius Entertainment. The date of release is spring 2015.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Simple sentence

A **simple sentence** (sometimes called an **independent clause**) is a sentence that contains one subject and one verb. It has only one clause. It must also express a complete thought. This follows the rules of syntax in English grammar.

## Length 
A simple sentence is not defined by how short it is. A simple sentences is often short and uncomplicated. But it is not limited by the number of words used to express the thought. This is still a simple sentence even though it uses more words.

## Simple or dependent? 
A simple sentence or independent clause is one that has a meaning to a reader or listener. If the sentence does not complete the thought, it may be a dependent clause. A dependent clause is one that does not express a complete thought. By itself it is a sentence . It may look like a simple sentence, but it will not make sense on its own. 

* "Bill reads". Again, a simple sentence. Bill (a noun for a subject) reads (the action that completes the thought). 
* "Because Bill wants to learn more." What happens because Bill wants to learn more? We do not know, so that is not a sentence. It is a dependent clause.

## Related pages 
* Sentence
* English grammar
* Compound sentence
* Complex sentence

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex
David Oppegaard

**David Oppegaard** (born in Lake Crystal, Minnesota) is an American novelist.

In 2008, Oppegaard wrote *The Suicide Collectors*. It was his first novel. He was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel by the Horror Writers Association. One year later, he published his second work, *Woormwood, Nevada*.

## Biography 
Oppegaard attended Saint Olaf College, Northfield and Hamline University, Saint Paul. Both are in Minnesota. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Saint Olaf. He has a Master of Fine Arts degree from Hamline.

## Bibliography 
* 2008 *The Suicide Collectors*
* 2009 *Woormwood, Nevada*
* 2012 *The Ragged Mountains*
* 2014 *And the Hills Opened Up*
* 2015 *The Firebug of Balrog County*

## References 
## Other websites
* David Oppegaard's website
Faten Hamama

**Faten Hamama** (,  , 27 May 1931 – 17 January 2015) was an Egyptian producer and actress of movie and television. She was known for her roles in *The Blocked Road*, *Struggle in the Valley*, *Our Sweet Days*, ''I don't Sleep*, and  *Don't Turn off the Sun''.

Hamama died 17 on January 2015 following a short illness, aged 83.

## Photos
## References 
## Other websites 
* Faten Hamama's official website 
*
Dial M for Murder

***Dial M for Murder*** is an American 1954 crime drama movie. It was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The movie is about a plot to murder. Grace Kelly plays Margot. Ray Milland plays Tony.

The movie performed very well at the box office.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Claire Bloom

**Claire Bloom** (born February 15, 1931) is an English stage and movie actress. She has been working for over 60 years. She has played leading roles in many movies. She played Terry in the movie *Limelight*. She played Theodora in *The Haunting* (1963)

Bloom was born in London, England.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Haunting (1963 movie)

***The Haunting*** is a 1963 British horror movie. It is based on novel *The Haunting of Hill House* The movie is about a small group of people who come to a haunted house that comes to life. Julie Harris plays Eleanor. Claire Bloom plays Theodora. Richard Johnson plays Dr. Markway. It was released on 16 September 1963.

This movie was remade in 1999. Many critics did not like the remake.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Robert Wise

**Robert Wise** (September 10, 1914 – September 14, 2005) was an American movie director, editor and producer. He received Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture on both *West Side Story* (1961) and *The Sound of Music* (1965). He is also known for directing *The Day the Earth Stood Still*.

Wise was born in Winchester, Indiana. He died in Los Angeles from heart failure four days after his 91st birthday.

## References
Ashanti

**Ashanti**, or **Asante**, are a nation and the largest subgroup of the Akan people. They live mostly in Ghana and Ivory Coast. They speak the Akan language and the Asante dialect, and are of Akan origin.

Before European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa. The Ashanti later developed the powerful Ashanti Confederacy or 'Asanteman'. They were the dominant presence in the region. The Asantehene is the political and spiritual head of the Asantes.

]]
West Side Story (1961 movie)

***West Side Story*** is a 1961 American romantic crime drama musical. It is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical play of the same name. Natalie Wood plays Maria. Rita Moreno plays Anita. Robert Wise directed the movie. It is based on the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. 

This movie won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Sound and Best Director. It also won many other awards.
Foreign Correspondent

***Foreign Correspondent*** is a 1940 American spy movie. This movie is about a reporter who tries to expose enemy spies in Britain. Joel McCrea plays Johnny Jones. Laraine Day plays Carol. 

Alfred Hitchcock directed the movie.

This movie was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It did not win any.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
The Paradine Case

***The Paradine Case*** is an American 1947 courtroom thriller drama movie. This is about a lawyer who falls in love with a woman being accused of murder. Gregory Peck plays a lawyer. Ann Todd plays Gay. Alida Valli plays the woman accused of murder. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1948.

The movie received mixed reviews from critics.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Stuart Loory

**Stuart Hugh Loory** (May 22, 1932 – January 16, 2015) was an American journalist and educator. He was born in Wilson, Pennsylvania.

In 1980, he joined the staff of Turner Broadcasting Systems' Cable News Network (as managing editor of  the Washington bureau, 1980–82; Moscow bureau chief, 1983–86; senior correspondent, 1986; executive producer, 1987–90; editor-in-chief of *CNN World Report*, 1990–91; vice-president of CNN, 1990–95; executive vice-president, Turner International Broadcasting, Russia, 1993–97).

Loory died of lung cancer in Brooklyn, New York on January 16, 2015, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*Stuart Loory page  via University of Missouri
*Stuart H. Loory biography  via Reporting Civil Rights
Ann Todd

**Dorothy Anne Todd** (24 January 1909 – 6 May 1993) was an English producer and actress. In the movie *Perfect Strangers*, she played a nurse. She played Kay in *Ships with Wings*.

Todd was born in Hartford, Cheshire, England. She died of a stroke in London at age eighty four.

## Other websites
*
Robert Berner

**Robert Arbuckle Berner** (November 25, 1935 &ndash; January 10, 2015) was an American scientist and educator. He was known for his work to the modeling of the carbon cycle. He taught geology and geophysics from 1965 to 2007 at Yale University.

Berner was born in Erie, Pennsylvania. He married Elizabeth Marshall Kay in 1959 and had three children.

Berner died after a long illness on January 10, 2015 in New Haven, Connecticut. He was 79.

## References
Natalino Pescarolo

**Natalino Pescarolo** (March 26, 1929 &ndash; January 4, 2015) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

He was ordained to the priesthood on June 29, 1952. Pescarolo was named auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cuneo in 1990. In 1992, he was appointed bishop of Fossano and in 1999, he was also appointed bishop of Cuneo. He retired in 2005.

## References
Don Harron

**Donald Hugh (Don) Harron** (September 19, 1924 – January 17, 2015) was a Canadian comedian, actor, television director, journalist, author, playwright and composer. Harron was known for his roles in *Charlie Farquharson* and in *Anne of Green Gables – The Musical*. He hosted the radio program, *Morningside*. Harron was born in Toronto, Ontario. She was married to actress Virginia Leith.

## References
## Other websites
*
Leif Rantala

**Leif Rantala** (December 26, 1947, Liljendal – January 8, 2015, Rovaniemi) was a Finnish-Swedish linguist. He was a specialist of Sami languages, cultures of history, especially of the Kola Peninsula.

## References
Indio, California

]]
**Indio** is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Coachella Valley of Southern California's Colorado Desert region. The population was 89,137 at the 2020 census.

## References
Inge Vermeulen

**Inge Joanna Francisca Vermeulen** (6 January 1985 &ndash; 10 January 2015) was a Brazilian-Dutch field hockey player. She played as a goalkeeper for three teams and two international teams: Brazil and the Netherlands.

Vermeulen was born in Americana, São Paulo and moved to the Netherlands at a young age.

Vermeulen committed suicide (killed herself) on 10 January 2015 in Utrecht. She was 30.

## References
Lee J. Cobb

* trailer, 1962]]
**Lee J. Cobb** (December 8, 1911February 11, 1976) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in *12 Angry Men*, *On the Waterfront*, and *The Exorcist''. Cobb was born in The Bronx, New York. His daughter, Julie Cobb, was also an actress.

Cobb died in Woodland Hills, California from a heart attack, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Tom Kinslow

**Thomas F. Kinslow** (January 12, 1866 – February 22, 1901) was a professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball&nbsp;(MLB) from 1886 until 1898. He played the position catcher.  He played for eight teams in his ten-season career. He played four of his eight seasons with the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. During his playing days, his height was listed at , his weight was . He batted and threw right-handed, and had blonde hair.

## Early life
Thomas Kinslow was born on January&nbsp;12, 1866 in Washington, D.C.. His father, Michael worked as a laborer and an ice dealer. His father later worked in the oyster business. He began playing baseball around the neighborhood on a team known as the "Quicks". Kinslow also played with a team called the Falcons.

## Baseball career
### Early career
Kinslow made his MLB debut with the Washington Nationals on June&nbsp;4, 1886 as their starting catcher. He injured his finger in the third inning trying to catch a bad pitch thrown by Bob Barr, and had to leave the game. He played in three games for the Nationals in 1886, collecting two hits in eight at bats. In 1890, he signed with Ward's Wonders of Brooklyn. During the season, he had a batting average of .264, and caught 64&nbsp;games. On June&nbsp;28, he hit the first home run of his career in a game against Henry Gruber. Later, on July&nbsp;11, he hit two home runs in the same game off of George Keefe.

## References
Paul O'Grady (politician)

'''Paul Thomas Francis O'Grady''' (14 July 1960 &ndash; 18 January 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1988 to 1996. He was the first openly gay member of the New South Wales Parliament.

O'Grady came out in 1990. In 1996 he resigned because of bad health. Later that year, he said that he had AIDS. He was diagnosed with cancer in 2011. He died at Sacred Heart Hospice in Darlinghurst on 18 January 2015, aged 54.

## References
Paul Morgan (rugby)

**Paul Morgan** (3 October 1974 – 12 January 2015) was a Welsh professional rugby union and rugby league footballer, rugby union coach, and cricketer. He was born in Pencoed. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Pencoed RFC (twice), London Welsh RFC (while at Brunel University), Whitland RFC, Aberavon RFC (twice), Llanharan RFC, Bridgend Ravens, Maesteg RFC, as a Centre, i.e. number 12 or 13.

He played at a representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales (Heritage #432), and at club level for Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls (twice), Celtic Crusaders, as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4, playing cricket for Pencoed Cricket Clubhttp://pencoed.play-cricket.com (captain), and coaching club level rugby union (RU) for Neath Athletic RFChttp://www.pitchero.com/clubs/neathathletic, and Aberavon Quins RFC.

## References
Euclidean space

**Euclidean space** is the space Euclidean geometry uses. In essence, it is described in Euclid's *Elements*. The Euclidean plane (\mathbb{R}^2) and three-dimensional space (\mathbb{R}^3) are part of Euclidean space, which can be generalized to any dimension *n* (in which case one writes \mathbb{R}^n). 

Euclidean space is sometimes called Cartesian space. A few other spaces and mathematical objects that are similar were added later. Euclid based his work *Elements* on certain axioms. Euclidean space can be described using such axioms. 

## Related pages 
* Elliptic geometry 
* Hyperbolic geometry 

## References
## Other websites
*Euclidean Space and Metric Spaces
Sui iuris

,Iran. The Assyrian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church sui iuris. It is part of the Chaldean Catholic Church, and is in full communion with the Roman Catholic church. It uses a version of the Syriac language for Mass. ]]
**Sui iuris** is a Latin phrase that is used in law. Sometimes, the phrase is also spelled **sui juris**. It literally means *of its own right*. It is used to say that the legal status of an institution or entity is not comparable to anything else, and there are special laws that say how this institution or entity should work. An example use is in Canon law: The Roman Catholic church say that certain churches are *sui iuris*. That way the Eastern Catholic churches have their own government, and laws. Despite this, these churches still recognize the Pope of Rome as their spiritual leader.

"The Eastern Catholic Churches are not 'experimental' or 'provisional' communities; these are sui iuris Churches; One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, with the firm canonical base of the *Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches* promulgated by Pope John Paul II." 

In Roman law, the phrase is used for someone who was independent, and that could become pater familias.

## References
Lateral inhibition

In neurobiology, **lateral inhibition** is the  of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. It stops action potentials from spreading in the  direction. It is called lateral inhibition as it stops () neighboring neurons from firing. This creates a contrast in stimulation. This increases perception. For example, in vision, it helps in  edges. It occurs primarily in visual processes. But it has also been seen in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that use lateral inhibition are mainly present in cerebral cortex and thalamus. They make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial sensory systems have artificial lateral inhibition built in them. Examples are vision chips,   hearing systems, and optical mice.

## References
Julian Schwinger

**Julian Seymour Schwinger** (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Schwinger is well known for his theories about quantum electrodynamics.

## Biography
Schwinger was born in New York City. His parents were Jewish from Poland.

Schwinger attended Townsend Harris High School and the City College of New York. He received a B.A. in 1936. He received a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley.

Schwinger died of pancreatic cancer.

## References
## Other websites
H. Rider Haggard

**Henry Rider Haggard** (1856–1925) was an English writer. He is best known for his adventure novels. His novels were notable for their unusual invention and stories that kept people interested. His best novels were very  in his lifetime. They made the genre of adventure fiction popular again. Haggard also wrote books about farming and emigration.

Haggard lived in South Africa for six years when he was a young man. Many of his novels were set in Africa, including ''King Solomon's Mines* (1886), *Allan Quatermain* (1887) and *She'' (1887).

In 1919, Haggard was knighted for his services to the British Empire.  Morton Cohen's biography of Haggard was published in 1960.

## References
Sweden–Finland

as of the early 19th century.]]
**Sweden–Finland** (, ) is a historiographical term. It refers to the Kingdom of Sweden from the days of the Kalmar Union in the late 14th century up to the Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century. In 1809 it was split into two halves. The eastern half became the Grand Duchy of Finland in personal union with the Russian Empire. The western half remained, as the Kingdom of Sweden.

## References
Anthony Trollope

**Anthony Trollope** (1815–1882) was an English novelist who wrote 47 novels and a number of other books. 

His mother Frances Trollope was also a writer. Trollope became an official of the Post Office and lived in Ireland from 1841 to 1859; he left his Post Office job in 1867.

Trollope is well known for his series of novels set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire.  His first novel was published in 1847 and *The Warden*, the first Barsetshire novel, in 1855. The rest of the series were published during the next 12 years: *The Barchester Chronicles* (1857), *Doctor Thorne* (1858), *Framley Parsonage* (1861), *The Small House at Allington* (1864), and *The Last Chronicle of Barset* (1867). Barsetshire is imagined as a county in southwest England. The county town is Barchester, which is the seat of the Bishop of Barchester. 

Trollope also wrote a series of political novels featuring the Palliser family. These began in 1864 with *Can You Forgive Her?*. The rest of the series is *Phineas Finn* (1869), *The Eustace Diamonds* (1873), *Phineas Redux* (1876), *The Prime Minister* (1876), and ''The Duke's Children* (1880). Trollope was an industrious and disciplined writer who wrote short stories, travel books and biographies as well as novels.

## Source 
*Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1985) *The Oxford Companion to English Literature''; 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 996-97
Adventure fiction

**Adventure fiction** is a type of fiction in which an adventure forms the main . The adventure is usually an exciting  involving  and physical danger. Author Malins describes adventure fiction as the story "of the hero—individual or group—overcoming obstacles and dangers and accomplishing some important and moral mission." The characters in an adventure fiction are highly . They are also ones the reader can easily  to. There has to be a conflict to  and a clever villain to stop.

## The hero 
A key part of many adventure fictions is the hero. In most stories the hero has to . At the same time the hero may be the least interesting character in the story. The hero is often timid, submissive and easily pushed around. But the hero manages to meet the challenge. All great adventure heroes seem to find the ability to beat their  or win over hostile environments.

Sometimes the villain wins. In Edgar Allan Poe's story *The Cask of Amontillado*, the villain is the narrator of the story. One of the earliest adventure fiction writers was Daniel Defoe. His stories of *Robinson Crusoe* and *Captain Singleton* helped set the standards for the adventure fiction genre. Another British author Sir Walter Scott built on the formula. He combined history with adventure fiction. His historical romance novels *Waverley*, *Rob Roy* and *Ivanhoe* were classic adventures. They helped the reader understand the hero and gave him a code of chivalry. French author Alexandre Dumas wrote *The Three Musketeers*, *The Count of Monte Cristo* and *Man in the Iron Mask*. These were very popular in Europe and America. His stories had strong elements of  and ness. James Fenimore Cooper in his adventure stories *The Pioneers*, *The Last of the Mohicans* and *The Pathfinder* were set in exotic new world locations. But Cooper changed the aristocratic hero into one who was  even though not born into the nobility.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The 200 Greatest Adventure Novels of All Time
* Popular Adventure Fiction Books
Christina of Sweden

Queen **Christina of Sweden** (;  – 19 April 1689), was the queen of 
Sweden from 1632 to 1654. She then resigned to become a Roman Catholic.

She also liked humanities and had invited philosophers such as René Descartes in Sweden.

## References
## Other websites
Where the Red Fern Grows

***Where the Red Fern Grows*** is a 1961 novel by American author Wilson Rawls. It is about the friendship between a boy and two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs.

## Plot
This story takes place on a farm near the Ozark mountain range. The narrator, Billy Coleman, saves a Redbone Coonhound from a dog fight. He helps it recover from its wounds. He sets it free. He remembers his past. He then tells the story of how he had owned two Redbone Coonhounds when he was a boy.

As a little boy, Billy had always wanted puppies since he was ten years old. His parents tell him they don't have enough money for puppies. He decides to earn the money himself. For two years, he works many different jobs. He saves $50. His grandfather helps him order two Redbone Coonhounds. The mail does not deliver the puppies, so Billy goes to get them. He walks to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. He sees how different the city life is from his country life at home. He buys gifts for his family there. He picks up his puppies. On the way back home, he sleeps in a cave on a mountain. He hears the roar of a mountain lion. The puppies answer the roar with their howls. They scare off the lion. The next morning, Billy and the dogs return home. On the way, he sees  a sycamore tree with the names Dan and Ann on it. He decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann.

Billy trains his dogs to become hunting dogs. They often mess up. Billy does not give up and continues to encourage them. He soon makes a strong loving bond with his dogs. In the end, Billy's dogs grow ill and weak and later die. He buries them on his family's farm to remember them. Soon, Billy sees a red fern growing over his dogs' graves. He sees the red fern as a symbol of the love that kept him and his dogs together.

## References
## Other websites
* SparkNotes: Where the Red Fern Grows
Kjell Arnljot Wig

**Kjell Arnljot Wig** (31 December 1924 &ndash; 18 January 2015) was a Norwegian media personality. He was a journalist for *Morgenbladet* from 1948. He was later with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1963 to 1992. He hosted a series of television shows, including *Aktuell debatt*, *Vindu mot verden*, and *Åpen post*. Some of his novels were *Det skjulte Norge* (1969), *Kongen ser tilbake* (1977), and *Eventyret om Blaafarveværket* (1995).

Wig was born in Stjørdal. He was married and had children.

Wig died after an illness on 18 January 2015 at Bærum hospital. He was 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Suspicion (1941 movie)

***Suspicion*** is a 1941 romantic thriller movie. It is based on the novel Before the Fact. The movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cary Grant plays Johnnie, a gambler. Joan Fontaine plays Lina. Dame May Whitty plays Martha.

This movie was nominated for Academy Awards for the Best Picture and the Best Original Score. Fontaine won the Best Actress award.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Parity of zero

contain zero objects, divided into two equal groups.]]
**Parity of zero** is the question whether the number zero is even or odd. General consensus is that the number is even. Even numbers are defined to be integer multiples of two. That way, the numbers two, four and six are even, because they are one times two, two times two, and three times two. With that explanation, zero is also even, because it is zero times two. 

Another explanation is from number theory: The integers are arranged in such a way that even numbers are followed by odd ones, and odd ones by even ones. Zero is preceded by minus one, and followed by one. Both numbers are odd. So it must be even.

There is also a problem: The term "even" meaning "integer multiple of two" is a convention; people agreed on it. It is not a formal definition. Another case where people used a convention they agreed on was that of prime number: Before the 20th century, there were many inconsistent definitions of prime: Mathematicians such as Goldbach, Lambert, Legendre, Cayley, and Kronecker wrote that 1 was prime. The modern definition of "prime number" is "positive integer with exactly 2 factors", so 1 is not prime. This definition is rational: it naturally suits mathematical theorems that concern the primes. For example, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is easier to state when 1 is not considered prime

It would be possible to redefine "even" in a way that no longer includes zero. However, in this case, the new definition would make it more difficult to state theorems concerning the even numbers. Already the effect can be seen in the algebraic rules governing even and odd numbers. The most relevant rules concern addition, subtraction, and multiplication:
:even ± even = even
:odd ± odd = even
:even × integer = even
Inserting appropriate values into the left sides of these rules, one can produce 0 on the right sides:
:2 − 2 = 0
:−3 + 3 = 0
:4 × 0 = 0

The above rules would therefore be incorrect if zero were not even.

Making an exception for zero in the definition of evenness forces one to make such exceptions in the rules for even numbers. From another perspective, taking the rules obeyed by positive even numbers and requiring that they continue to hold for integers forces the usual definition and the evenness of zero.

## References
### Bibliography
*
*
*
*
Gustav I of Sweden

**Gustav I of Sweden** (born 14 May 1496, died 29 September 1560) was the King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. During his reign, Sweden broke relationship with the Kalmar Union and the Roman Catholic Church.

## References
## Other websites
Richard Benson (musician)

**Richard Philip Henry John Benson**, known as **Richard Benson** (10 March 1955 &ndash; 10 May 2022) was an English–Italian guitarist.

## Career
Benson probably moved to Rome in 1965. In 1971 he joined the progressive rock band Buon Vecchio Charlie. In 1972, he took part in the festival "Villa Pamphili".

From 1978 to 2013 he hosted TV shows relating to new musical releases of the time. The music was mostly hard rock and heavy metal, but also jazz, funk, blues, fusion and Italian rock.

In 1983, Benson released his first LP, *Animal Zoo*. In 1984, he released the LP *Renegade*. In 1987 he was included on the compilation album, *Metal Attack* (RCA Italy – Talent).

In 1992, Benson played himself in Carlo Verdone's movie ''Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato*. In the second half of the 1990s he gave concerts in Rome. In 1999, he released his first CD, *Madre Tortura*.

Benson has then appeared in Italian national broadcast television as a music critic (Rai 2), together with Max Giusti. His work in the show was comical instead of serious. He played a sort of parody of his own character. In June 2013, he created an online television channel, "RichardBensonTV". He hosts a show there about heavy metal music. RichardBensonTv closed after just over a year.

In 2015 he released his second CD, *L'inferno dei vivi*.

In November 2016, it was announced that Benson had heart disease. He  died in Rome on 10 May 2022, at the age of 67.

## Discography
* 1990: *Buon Vecchio Charlie* (recorded in 1971)
* 1983: *Animal Zoo* (single)
* 1984: *Renegade* (single)
* 1999: *Madre Tortura*
* 2015: *L'inferno dei vivi*

## References
## Other websites
* Article on *la Repubblica''
*
Marie Hermanson

**Marie Hermanson** (born 1956) is a Swedish writer and journalist.

## Bibliography
*Det finns ett hål i verkligheten - 1986
*Snövit - 1990
*Tvillingsystrarna - 1993
*Värddjuret - 1995
*Musselstranden - 1998
*Ett oskrivet blad - 2001
*Hembiträdet - 2004
*Mannen under trappan - 2005
*Svampkungens son - 2007
*Himmelsdalen - 2011
*Skymningslandet - 2014

## Awards 
* Partille Bookstore's Writer's Scholarship -1997
* Bokhandelns val - 2005

### Nominations
August Prize - 1995 (for Värddjuret).

## References
## Other websites
*official website
Pietra dura

in pietra dura]]
.]]
, with precious and semi-precious stones.]]

***Pietra dura*** () or ***pietre dure*** () (see below), called **parchin kari** or **parchinkari** () in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images. 

The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones. 

The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence.  Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.

There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.

## References
Raif Badawi

says Badawi should be released from prison.]]
**Raif Badawi** (Arabic: رائف بدوي; born 13 January 1984) is a Saudi Arabian writer and activist. He started the website Free Saudi Liberals in 2008. He was arrested in 2012 because of the website. The website was then taken off the internet. Badawi was sentenced to 10 years in prison and being hit with a whip: 1000 lashes (or hits). Media said in March 2022, that Badawi no longer is in prison.

Badawi has also been banned from any media work or foreign travel for 10 years after his release from prison. Badawi's first 50 lashes were given on January 9, 2015. After that, Badawi's lashes were postponed many times.  In June 2015, a Saudi high court ruled that Badawi should be lashed but the lashing was postponed hours before it was going to happen. 
Badawi's wife called Ensaf Haidar believes he is weak in body and suffering mentally.  She fears this may be a slow death sentence.

Badawi's sister Samar Badawi is also an activist. Her husband Waleed Abul-Khair is Raif's lawyer. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison in July 2014. Samar is working to get both her brother and husband released from prison.

## References
Noriko Ohara

is a Japanese voice actress. She is represented by Production Baobab. Her son is Sunrise animator .

She is known for the roles of Nobita Nobi (Doraemon), all female lead villains in the Time Bokan series, Conan (Future Boy Conan), Peter (Heidi, Girl of the Alps), Oyuki and Claudia LaSalle. In the first ever Seiyu Awards in 2007, she won the Synergy award.

## Voice roles
**Alps no Shōjo Heidi* (Peter)
**Urusei Yatsura* (Oyuki)
**Starzinger*
**Space Pirate Captain Harlock* (Mime)
**Space Battleship Yamato II* (Sabera, Jiro Shima)
**Chōdenji Machine Voltes V* (Hiyoshi Gō)
**Soreike! Anpanman* (Kurobarajoou)
**Time Bokan* *series* (Maajo, Doronjo, Muujo, Ataasha, Mirenjo, Munmun, Yanyan, Ruuju)
**The Super Dimension Fortress Macross* (Claudia LaSalle, Narrator)
**Doraemon* (Nobita Nobi, Nobisuke Nobi)
**Future Boy Conan* (Conan)
**Wansa-kun* (Wansa)
**Crusher Joe* (Ricky)
**La Seine no Hoshi* (Catherine)
**Genesis Climber Mospeada* (Refless)
**Tatsunoko vs. Capcom* (Doronjo)
**Wacky Races* (Japanese dub; Penelope Pitstop)

## References
## Other websites 
* Noriko Ohara at IMDb
Tony Verna

**Anthony F. Verna** (November 26, 1933 – January 18, 2015) was an American television producer. He was known for creating instant replay and for producing interviews with Pope John Paul II, Ronald Reagan, and Charlton Heston. Verna was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Verna died in Palm Desert, California from leukemia, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur

'''''Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur''''' is a 1980 Japanese animated movie. This movie is also known as Doraemon: motion picture. It is based on the popular manga and anime series Doraemon. The movie was released in Japan on 15 March 1980.

## Cast
## Music
*Doraemon no Uta (ドラえもんのうた) by Nobuyo Oyama

## References
Pedro María Iguaran

**Pedro María Iguaran Arandia** (2 July 1940 – 16 January 2015) commonly known as **Pello Iguaran** was a Spanish football defender.

Iguaran played for Deportivo Alavés in the 1963-1964 season. Iguaran served his new club for 7 years, being in most cases used as a reserve defender. He played a total of 85 games for Real Sociedad.

## References
White's illusion

'''White's illusion** is a brightness illusion. Here, some stripes of a black and white grating are replaced by gray rectangles (see Fig). All gray bars usually have same color and opacity. The brightness of the gray pieces appear to shift toward the brightness of the top and bottom bordering stripes, that is, the gray bars with  black regions on their top and bottom appear darker and those with white regions on their top and bottom appear lighter. But this does not match with what lateral inhibition predicts. This illusion is mostly described for grayscale. A similar illusion occurs for colored patches. This is known as **Munker-White's illusion** or **Munker's illusion'''.

## Lateral inhibition result for White's effect
The amount of each bipolar cell response depends on the amount of the stimulation it receives from the receptor. Neighboring cells decrease this response. This is called lateral inhibition.

Lateral inhibition cannot explain White's illusion. 
White and White (1985) concluded that at a higher spatial frequency the grating of White's illusion could be described by brightness assimilation. They also concluded that at lower spatial frequencies White's illusion is still present.

## Belongingness
The belongingness theory has been given as an explanation of White's illusion. Belongingness means that we  things depending on its surroundings. According to belongingness theory, the lightness of rectangle A is influenced by the white bars that surround it. Similarly, the rectangle B on the right side is surrounded by the dark bars. So, the lightness of rectangle B is affected by the dark background. As a result, area A which rests on the white background appears darker than area B which rests on the dark background.

Not all scientists accept the belongingness theory. They say that when talking about the background, it is the same as lateral inhibition.

## References
Sterling silver

**Sterling silver** is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum of 925 in continental European terms.

Pure silver, for example 99.9% pure, is generally too soft for making objects for use. Therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while keeping the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. Alloys such as argentium silver have appeared in recent decades. Argentium silver has some germanium added, and resists tarnishing well.

The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275. A statute of Edward I specified that 12&nbsp;ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11&nbsp;ounces &nbsp;pennyweights of silver and &nbsp;pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the Troy ounce.

Sterling silver standards are protected by hallmarks stamped on pieces by officials.

## References
Dan Waern

**Dan Waern** (born 17 January 1933 in Sköldinge, Sweden) is a Swedish former middle-distance runner. In 1957, he became the first Swede to run the first sub-four-minute mile. 1957 was also the year he was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal.

In 1961, the IAAF disqualified him for professionalism.

## References
George Pataki

**George Elmer Pataki** (; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician. He was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995, until December 31, 2006.

## Early life
Pataki was born in Peekskill, New York. He is of an Austrian-Hungarian ancestry. After graduating fom Peekskill High School, he entered Yale University in the same year as George W. Bush in 1964 on an academic scholarship and graduated in three years. While there he served as chairman of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union.

## Governor of New York (1995-2006)
Pataki's first job in politics was mayor of his hometown of Peekskill. In 1994 he ran a campaign against Mario Cuomo for Governor of New York. Cuomo was one of the most famous politicians in the country at the time and he was an icon of liberalism in the country. Few people expected Pataki to win, but in a major upset, Pataki won the election.

He served three terms as Governor of New York State. A popular governor, Pataki became most famous for his leadership of the state after the September 11th attacks in 2001. He also focused on creating jobs in the state and creating increased parkland for New Yorkers.

## 2016 presidential race
Pataki had often been mentioned as a possible presidential candidate. In early 2015, he began exploring a candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016, and announced his candidacy on May 28, 2015. On December 29, 2015, Pataki announced that he would be ending his presidential campaign. A few days later, he announced his support for Marco Rubio for president. After Rubio dropped out and days before the New York primary, Pataki endorsed Ohio governor John Kasich for the nomination.

## Personal life
Pataki married Elizabeth Rowland in 1973. They have four children: Emily, Teddy, Allison, and Owen.

## References
## Other websites
* George Pataki for President
* Video of speech at cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on July 4, 2004
Lasse Granqvist

**Lasse Granqvist**, born 25 October 1957 in Solna, Sweden is a Swedish sports journalist. He was active for Sveriges Radio from August 1987 to 15 January 2013. On 1 January 2000 became active for C More Entertainment.

## References
## Other websites
Sköldinge

**Sköldinge** is a locality in Katrineholm Municipality in Södermanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 604 people lived there.

## References
Toini Gustafsson

.]]
**Toini Gustafsson Rönnlund**, born *Toini Gustafsson*, 17 January 1938 in Suomussalmi, Finland) is a Swedish former cross country skier. During the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble she won two individual gold medals. In 1968, she was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal. She was married with Swedish cross-country skier Assar Rönnlund until he died in January 2011.

## References
## Other websites
Vladimir Kesarev

**Vladimir Petrovich Kesarev** (; 26 February 1930 – 19 January 2015) was a Soviet Russian footballer.

He earned 14 caps for the USSR national football team, and participated in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He was selected in the squad for the first ever European Nations' Cup in 1960, where the Soviets were champions, but did not play in any games at the tournament.

## Other websites
*Profile (in Russian)
Miriam Akavia

**Miriam Akavia** (born **Matylda Weinfeld**, 20 November 1927 – 16 January 2015) was a Polish-born Israeli writer and translator. She was a Holocaust survivor. Akavia served as president of the Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue. She was born in Kraków, Poland.

Akavia died in Warsaw, Poland of natural causes, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue
Anne Kirkbride

**Anne Kirkbride** (21 June 1954 – 19 January 2015) was an English actress. She was best known for portraying the role of Deirdre Barlow in the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* from 1972 to 2014.

On 19 January 2015, Kirkbride died of breast cancer in a Manchester hospital. She was 60 years old. Before she died, Kirkbride was planning to go back to *Coronation Street*, but never had the chance to do so.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* What's on TV profile
Arthit Kamlang-ek

General **Arthit Kamlang-ek** (31 August 1925 - 19 January 2015; , ) was a Thai general.

He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army from 1982 to 1986 and parallel the Supreme Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces from 1983 to 1986.

## References
José Carrasco

**José Carlos Carrasco Távara** (1944 – 18 January 2015) was a Peruvian politician. He represented Piura from 2006 through 2011. Carrasco was a member of the Peruvian Aprista Party. He was born in the Sullana Province, Peru.

Carrasco died in Lima, Peru on 18 January 2015 from lung cancer, aged 70.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Congressional Site
Marshmallow creme

**Marshmallow creme** (also called **marshmallow fluff**, **marshmallow stuff**, **marshmallow spread**, or **marshmallow paste**) is an American food item. It is a very sweet and spreadable. It is made out of marshmallows. Marshmallow creme and peanut butter are used to create a fluffernutter sandwich. In addition, marshmallow creme and Nutella can be spread on graham crackers to make s'mores.

Marshmallow creme has around 91.3 calories.

## References
Chynna Phillips

**Chynna Phillips** (born February 12, 1968) is an American actress and singer who performed with Wilson Phillips. In the movie *Some Kind of Wonderful*, she played Mia. She played Mimi in *Say Anything...*. She is the daughter of The Mamas & the Papas band members Michelle and John Phillips.

Phillips was born in Los Angeles.

## References
Carnie Wilson

**Carnie Wilson** (born April 29, 1968) is an American singer and television host. She sang with Wilson Phillips. She also hosted her own talk show.

Wilson was born in Los Angeles.

## References
Vejbystrand

**Vejbystrand** is a bimunicipal locality in Skåne County, Sweden. In 2010,2,721 people lived there. Most people live in Ängelholm Municipality and some in Båstad Municipality.

## References