open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kenan Evren

**Ahmet Kenan Evren** (17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015), was a Turkish politician who served as the 7th President of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'état on 12 September 1980.

On 18 June 2014, Evren and General Tahsin Şahinkaya were given life sentences because of their roles in the 1980 coup. Evren and Şahinkaya had both of their military ranks stripped and both were demoted to rank of Private.

Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara of gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 9 May 2015, aged 97.

## References
Cumhuriyet

***Cumhuriyet*** (English: *The Republic*) is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper based in Istanbul. It was founded on May 7, 1924 by Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu.

Cumhuriyet newspaper includes columnists that are generally considered to share social democratic, secularist and republican ideas with its readers. Cumhuriyet is sold about 60,000 everyday.

İlhan Selçuk, the editor of Cumhuriyet arrested by police after the conservative-Islamic government party AKP has wanted to closed.

## Related pages 
*List of newspapers in Turkey

## References 
## Other websites 
*Cumhuriyet's official website
ERASMUS programme

The **Erasmus Programme** is a European Union project to help students and university teachers move among EU countries and Turkey, Norway and Switzerland. Its name stands for "*European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students*". The name is also in honor of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus.
Nesomyidae

**Nesomyidae** is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea.  It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.

## Characteristics
Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.

## Classification
Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies.  Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

## Subfamilies
*Cricetomyinae (pouched rats)
*Delanymyinae (Delany's Mouse)
*Dendromurinae (climbing mice)
*Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
*Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
*Petromyscinae (African rock mice)

## References
*Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

*Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

*Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Andrew W. Mellon

**Andrew William Mellon** (March 24, 1855 – August 27, 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.

## Personal life 
Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a  - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.
National Gallery of Art

The **National Gallery of Art** is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for American art painting and sculpture in the world. c

## Other websites
Gaziantep

**Gaziantep** is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csa* in the Köppen climate classification) but is influenced by the continental climate due to its inland location. Gaziantep is well known for its dessert baklava. Gaziantep is the ninth biggest city in Turkey.

Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.

The city was badly damaged and many people died in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.
Piano blues

**Piano blues** is a type of Blues music where the piano is the main musical instrument used.  Boogie woogie is the best known kind of piano blues, though barrelhouse, swing, R&B, rock and roll and jazz are also important.
## Notable artists of Piano blues
*Albert Ammons
*Leroy Car
*Ray gay
*James Crutcfield
*Charles "Cow Cow" Davenport 
*Blind John Davis
*Fats Domino
*Champion Jack Dupree
*Cecil Gant
*Dr John
*Boo T. Laury
*Professor Longhair
*Jay McShann 
*BiMaceo Merriweather 
*Amos Milburn
*Pinetop Perkins
*Henning Pertiet
*Buster Pickens
*Boogie Woogie Red 
*Memphis Slim
*Sunnyland Slim 
*Otis Spann 
*Pinetop Smith
*Willie "The Lion" Smith 
*Roosevelt Sykes
*Henry Townsend 
*Mose Vinson
*Jimmy Yancey
*Kenny "Blues Boss" Wayne
*Silvan Zingg
*Jerry Lee Lewis
*Moon Mullican
*Merrill Moore
*Joe Pullum
*Piano Red
*Speckled Red
*Little Willie Littlefield
*Chuck Miller
Reflecting pool

]]
A **reflecting pool** or **reflection pool** is a pool of water that is in many memorials.  It is usually shallow and calm, so that a visitor can see a reflection of the memorial in the water.  Visitors are also supposed to think about what the memorial means while looking at the pool.  This is also called reflecting.  

The most famous reflecting pool is the one leading up to the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Other famous reflecting pools are the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the pool in front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.
Damon Hill

]]
**Damon Graham Devereux Hill** OBE (born 17 September 1960) is a British retired racing driver.

He was the 1996 Formula One World Champion. As the son of double Formula One world champion Graham Hill, he is the only son of a world champion to win the title, until Nico Rosberg, son of 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, clinched the title in 2016 . Despite the famous family name, Hill had an uphill struggle to reach the ranks of F1.

Damon Hill came to professional motorsports relatively late: he began racing motorcycles in 1983 at the age of 23. The following year, he won the 350&nbsp;cc Clubman's cup at Brands Hatch. In 1985, he moved on to four-wheel single-seater racing with Team Van Diemen in the Formula Ford championship, before moving up into the UK Formula 3 championship in 1986. After three seasons in Formula 3, where he won four races, Hill ascended another tier of open-wheel racing by joining Mooncraft in the International Formula 3000 championship, where, although often competitive, he never won a race. 

Hill started his Formula One career in 1992 with the then uncompetitive Brabham team. His debut race was at the British Grand Prix where he qualified on the back row. He took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix for the Williams team the following year. In 1994, he won the British Grand Prix, a race his father had never won in his long and successful career. During the mid 1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Driver's Championship, finishing runner-up in the German's 1994 and 1995 title seasons. The two had a series of controversial clashes on and off the track, including the collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix that gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill took eight victories and the world championship in 1996. Despite this, Williams decided in mid-1996 not to renew Hill's contract for 1997. He went on to record the Jordan team's first ever win at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix, and came within a few miles of being the only driver to win a Grand Prix for the Arrows team and their Yamaha engine supplier at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix. He retired from the sport at the end of the 1999 season, after 122 races. In 2006, Hill became president of the British Racing Drivers' Club, succeeding Jackie Stewart.

Hill's son Josh is a racing driver.

## Formula One results
Races in **bold** indicate pole position
1999 İzmit earthquake

The **1999 İzmit earthquake** was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. It happened at around 3:01 am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. The epicenter was in İzmit, which was heavily damaged and where most of the deaths and injuries occurred.

After the earthquake, international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who had been affected from the quake in Adapazarı. The quake also caused damage and the deaths of hundreds of people in Istanbul.

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad expressed shock over the tragedy. He told Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit that Malaysia would help the victims in any way possible.

## References
Alanya

**Alanya** is a seaside resort in the south of Turkey and also a district of Antalya. Alanya has 300,000 permanent inhabitants. In summer, lots of tourists come to town for beach and sun. In summer, the population rises suddenly. Alanya has 10,000 European inhabitants and the number of European inhabitants rises year to year.
Sezen Aksu

**Sezen Aksu** (born 13 July 1954) is a Turkish pop singer, songwriter and producer. She is popular in Turkey and outside of the country. She has sold over 40 million albums. She is called **Queen of the Turkish pop**. 

She supports other singers with working together or writing songs for them. She has worked with Turkish singer Tarkan.

## References
Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

The **Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool** is the biggest reflecting pool in Washington, D.C. It is right next to the Lincoln Memorial.  The reflecting pool is long and can be seen in many photographs of the Washington Monument. There are paths and trees on both sides, and many people exercise around it.  It reflects both the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, which means that you can see both if you look into the water.

It is on the west side of the National Mall, and is about 2,029 feet (618&nbsp;m) long and 167 feet (51&nbsp;m) wide. It is about 18 inches (46&nbsp;cm) deep on the sides and 30&nbsp;inches (76&nbsp;cm) deep in the middle. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S.&nbsp;gallons (25,500,000&nbsp;L) of water.

## Events
Because the reflecting pool is right in front of the Lincoln Memorial, many famous events have happened there.

In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was not allowed to sing in the Constitution Hall in Washington, because of her race.  Instead, she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. Over 75,000 people went to the Reflecting Pool area to listen to her. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, helped make her concert at the Lincoln Memorial possible.

In 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held a large Civil Rights rally around the reflecting pool.  This was where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to a quarter million people standing around and in the Reflecting Pool.
ATV

**ATV** could mean:

**Television channels and stations:**
*ATV (Aruba), the NBC affiliate of Aruba.
*ATV Turkey
*ATV, student TV at American University
*Associated Television

**Other TV-related:**
*Apple TV, digital media receiver
Bodrum

mosque]] 
**Bodrum** is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province, along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek Historian, lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis was a Bodrumer who was an Ottoman admiral.

## Further reading 
*Bodream*, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010, ()
Marmaray

**Marmaray** is a transport project in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It connects the European and Asian sides of the city by an railway tunnel under the Bosphorus.

## Other websites
Atatürk International Airport

**Atatürk International Airport** (formerly Yeşilköy International Airport) is the major international airport in Turkey. It is in the European part of Istanbul. In 2010, about 32 million passengers used Atatürk Airport. It was the 8th busiest airport in Europe in 2010.

The airport has three terminals – Terminal 1 for international passengers, 2 for domestic passengers, and 3 for cargo.
Atatürk Airport has three runways - runways 3000x45m (17L/35R & 17R/35L) and runway 2600x60m (05/23).

To get to the city center from Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IST), there is a light rail service, airport shuttle service, municipal buses, taxi, or hire cars.

## References
The Backyardigans

***The Backyardigans*** is an American animated musical children's television series created by Janice Burgess for Nickelodeon and runs on October 11, 2004 to July 12, 2013.

The show ran for four seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the fourth season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014.

## Characters
*Uniqua (voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies in the US dub, and Lizzie Waterworth in UK dub) is a pink unique creature. She's one of a kind. She is bold, fearless, and quick with a quit.
*Pablo (voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) and Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4) in the US dub, and Janet James in the UK dub) is a blue penguin. He is full of ideas and energy. Sometimes his nerves get the better at him.
*Tyrone (voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (season 3) and Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4) in the US dub, and Maria Darling (seasons 1-2) and Emma Tate (seasons 3-4) in the UK dub) is an orange moose. He can find a solution to any problem.
*Tasha (voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) and Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4) in the US dub, and Maria Darling (seasons 1-2) and Emma Tate (seasons 3-4) in the UK dub) is a yellow hippopotamus. She's stylish, she's tough, and she's got a hippo-sized stubborn streak.
*Austin (voiced by Jonah Bobo in the US dub, and Lizzie Waterworth in UK dub) is a purple kangaroo. He's shy, but he always tries hard and loves being in on the action.

## Crew
*Supervising Producers: Jane Crawford, Pam Westman
*Art Director: Rob Walton
*Modeling and Texturing: Stefanie Gignac
*Lip Sync Artist: Hong Qi
*Picture Editor: Maggie Greenwald
*Education Consultant: Lori Plummer, M.Ed.
*Storyboard Artists: Chris Giggie ("Riding the Range", "The Key to the Nile", "Knights Are Brave and Strong", "Viking Voyage", "Polka Palace Party" & "Race Around the World"), Lyndon Ruddy (seasons 3-4), Steven Boeckler
*Storybord Revisionist & Storyboard Artist: John D. Williamson
*Design: Lyndon Ruddy (seasons 3-4)
*Animation Department and Splitting Supervisor: Lyndon Ruddy
*Animation Department: Dave Pemberton, Chris Giggie, John D. Williamson
*Dialogue Editor: Glenn Barna
*Sound Effects Editor: Glenn Barna
*Scanner: Don Spencer

## Episodes
## Home media
In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to VHS across five volumes. Viacom's Paramount Home Media Distribution published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to Fremantle Home Entertainment.

## Broadcast
The show aired on Nickelodeon and the Nick Jr. Channel in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada.

## References
Marmara University

**Marmara University** is a high-educational institution in the Asian part of Istanbul.

## Important people who graduated from Marmara University
*Aydın Doğan-Turkish Businessman
*Kemal Sunal-Turkish actor
*Recep Tayyip Erdoğan-Turkish President
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge

**Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge** (also known as **Second Bosphorus Bridge**) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey.  The bridge carries 8 lanes of E80 (European Route) that spans across the Bosporus strait. It is 1,510 m long.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Google aerial image of bridge
* 3D-model ″Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge″ for Google Earth
Phenomenology

**Phenomenology** is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we *really* are, it focuses on *phenomena*. It is founded by Edmund Husserl. These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is *actually* there: for example it is not where we see an object (whether in real life, a dream or a hallucination) that is important, but it is the significance of the object that is important to the phenomenologist. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us. 

Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness."  In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

## References 
## Books 
* 
* 

## Related pages 
*History of philosophy
Kemal Sunal

**Kemal Sunal** (1944–2000) was a Turkish actor. He played **Şaban**, a character, in several movies. Generally his characters comes from middle-working class so the audience can understand how the working class lived when the movie was made. He died in 2000 of a heart attack on a plane in Turkey. He has a daughter named Ezo Sunal and a son named Ali Sunal who is an actor too.

## Films 
* Propaganda (1999)
* Varyemez (1991)
* Koltuk Belası (1990)
* Boynu Bükük Küheylan (1990)
* Abuk Sabuk Bir Film (1990)
* Zehir Hafiye (1989)
* Talih Kuşu (1989)
* Gülen Adam (1989)
* Uyanık Gazeteci (1988)
* Polizei (1988)
* Öğretmen (1988)
* Düttürü Dünya (1988)
* Bıçkın (1988)
* Yakışıklı (1987)
* Kiracı (1987)
* Yoksul (1986)
* Tarzan Rıfkı (1986)
* Japon İşi (1987)
* Garip (1986)
* Deli Deli Küpeli (1986)
* Davacı (1986)
* Şendul Şaban (1985)
* Şaban Papuçu Yarım (1985)
* Sosyete Şaban (1985)
* Gurbetçi Şaban (1985)
* Katma Değer Şaban (1985)
* Keriz (1985)
* Atla Gel Şaban (1984)
* Ortadirek Şaban (1984)
* Postacı (1984)
* Şabaniye (1984)
* Tokatçı (1983)
* Kılıbık (1983)
* En Büyük Şaban (1983)
* Çarıklı Milyoner (1983)
* Yedi Bela Hüsnü (1982)
* Doktor Civanım (1982)
* Üç Kağıtçı (1981)
* Kanlı Nigar (1981)
* Davaro (1981)
* Zübük (1980)
* Gol Kralı (1980)
* Gerzek Şaban (1980)
* Devlet Kuşu (1980)
* Korkusuz Korkak (1979)
* Umudumuz Şaban (1979)
* Şark Bülbülü (1979)
* Dokunmayın Şabanıma (1979)
* Bekçiler Kralı (1979)
* Yüz Numaralı Adam (1978)
* Kibar Feyzo (1978)
* İyi Aile Çocuğu (1978)
* İnek Şaban (1978)
* Avanak Apti (1978)
* Şabanoğlu Şaban (1977)
* Sakar Şakir (1977)
* Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde (1977)
* Çöpçüler Kralı (1977)
* İbo Güllüşah İle İbo (1977)
* Tosun Paşa (1976)
* Süt Kardeşler (1976)
* Meraklı Köfteci (1976)
* Kapıcılar Kralı (1976)
* Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor (1976)
* Şaşkın Damat (1975)
* Hanzo (1975)
* Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı (1975)
* Hababam Sınıfı (1975)
* Köyden İndim Şehire (1974)
* Salako (1974)
* Salak Milyoner (1974)
* Mavi Boncuk (1974)
* Hasret (1974)
* Canım Kardeşim (1973)
* Oh Olsun (1973)
* Güllü Geliyor Güllü (1973)
* Yalancı Yarim (1973)
* Tatlı Dillim (1972)

## Other websites 
*
Adile Naşit

**Adile Naşit** (June 17, 1930 – December 11, 1987) was a Turkish movie actress. She played in many Turkish movies. Her nickname was **Hafize Ana** (meaning Hafize name, Ana mother) and was a character she played in movies.

## Other websites
*
Chinese poker

**Chinese Poker** is a poker variant that came from Asia. It is also called Russian Poker. It is usually played with two to four players; each player is dealt 13 cards, and then needs to create 3 poker hands from his cards.
* The first hand has 3 cards.
* The second hand has 5 cards.
* The third hand has 5 cards as well. 
The third hand must be the best hand (by the standard poker rankings). The third had must be better than the second hand. The second hand must be better than the first hand (the one with the 3 cards in it).

The dealer plays against the other 1 to 3 players, pays the winners, and collects money from the losing players. 

If a player has all 13 different cards from Ace, 2,3 etc to king

(from different or same suit) He automatically wins. 

If a  player has  6 pairs and one single card, he he also wins. 

## Other websites 
*Chinese Poker
City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra

The **City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra** (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.

The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called **City of Birmingham Orchestra**. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.

## History 
The CBO became a full-time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.

The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.

Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.

After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.

In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.

The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

## Conductors of the CBSO 
## Other websites 
* City of Birmingham Symphony official site
Peyton Manning

**Peyton Williams Manning** (born March 24, 1976) is an American football retired professional quarterback. He played college football at University of Tennessee and a total of 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Manning was with the Indianapolis Colts for 14 seasons and his last 4 seasons was with the Denver Broncos. Many people think that Peyton Manning is one of the best quarterbacks in National Football League history. He joined the team in 1998 when he was drafted ahead of Ryan Leaf, who was a bust. Peyton is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the older brother of former New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning.

Manning has been in many television commercials. He has represented Papa Johns and Nationwide. He has also had his picture on the covers of some video games for the Xbox, and was on an episode of *Saturday Night Live*. Manning has also made a lot donations to charities and he has his own charitable group, called the Peyback foundation.

On February 4, 2007, Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a victory over the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. He was called the Most Valuable Player of that game. Manning was released by the Colts after missing all of the 2011 season with a neck injury. He signed with the Denver Broncos. Manning is also famous for his yelling and pointing before the snap while making last-second changes.

Peyton's father Archie Manning and brother Eli Manning have also played quarterback, but Peyton is the most successful.

Peyton Manning became the second quarterback after Brett Favre to beat the other 32 teams, after the Denver Broncos defeated the Indianapolis Colts (Manning's former team), in their season opener. He is one of the 3 quarterbacks who defeated the other 31 teams after Tom Brady and Brett Favre.

On March 7, 2016, Manning announced that he was retiring from professional football. He is currently calling games with his brother Eli on ESPN.

## References
* Peyton Manning picks Denver Broncos
Barilla (company)

**Barilla Group** is a large Italian food company that makes pasta. They are the world's leading pasta maker. Barilla also provides pasta products to restaurants worldwide. They are the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. By purchasing the Swedish bakery company Wasabröd, they became the leading producer of flatbread in the world.

## History 
The company was founded in 1877 in Ponte Taro, Italy by Pietro Barilla. The company is privately held, and is now in the fourth generation of Barilla family ownership. It is controlled by three brothers, Chairman Guido Barilla, and Vice Chairmen Luca Barilla and Paolo Barilla.

## Company 
Barilla Group has many production plants all over the world. These are in Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the United States and Mexico. The company also operates mills in Italy, Greece, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, while its central office is in Parma, Italy. Barilla Group controls Barilla (multinational pasta maker), Mulino Bianco, Gran Cereale, Pan di Stelle, Pavesi, Voiello, First and Academia Barilla (Italy), Harrys (France), Catelli (Canada), Wasabröd (Sweden), Pasta Evangelists (United Kingdom), MISKO (Greece), Filiz Makarna (Turkey), Yemina and Vesta (Mexico) trademarks. The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world.

## Controversy 
In 2013 the owner of Barilla, Guido Barilla, made controversial remarks about being for traditional family values and not gays. In a few hours Twitter had hundreds of messages protesting the company. This made the brand Barilla one of the top topics. Many messages called for a boycott of all the company's products. Guido later apologized by saying, “I apologise if my words generated misunderstandings or arguments, or if they offended the sensibilities of some people. In the interview I simply wished to underline the central role the woman plays within the family.”

In November of 2013 the Barilla Group announced they would start a "more active, global leadership position on diversity, inclusion and social responsibility." This included creating a board of experts to advise Barilla on these sensitive issues. Barilla also created of a new position in the company, a Chief Diversity Officer.

## References
## Other websites 
* Pasta maker Barilla tries to make amends... *NYDailyNews.com*
Cyndi Lauper

**Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper** (born June 22, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and MTV VMA-winning video and Emmy Award-winning movie, television, and theater actress. She became very well known in the mid-1980s with the release of the album, ''She's So Unusual*. Lauper became the first artist in history to have four top-five singles released from one album. She has released 11 albums, over 40 singles, and has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide.  She continues to tour the world in support of human rights.

## Discography
* *She's So Unusual* (1983)
* *True Colors* (1986)
* *A Night to Remember* (1989)
* *Hat Full of Stars* (1993)
* *Sisters of Avalon* (1996)
* *Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life* (1998)
* *At Last* (2003)
* *Shine* (2004)
* *Bring Ya to the Brink* (2008)
* *Memphis Blues* (2010)
* *Detour* (2016)

## Tours
## Filmography
## Awards and nominations
### Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Lauper has won one award from 15 nominations.

|-
|rowspan="5"|1985
|Cyndi Lauper
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|*She's So Unusual*
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|"Time After Time"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Girls Just Want To Have Fun"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|"What A Thrill"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"Cyndi: Live in Paris"
|Best Long Form Music Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|"True Colors"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"911"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1988
|"Cyndi Lauper in Paris"
|Best Performance Music Video
|
|-
|1990
|"I Drove All Night"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1999
|"Disco Inferno"
|Best Dance Recording
|
|-
|2005
|"Unchained Melody"
|Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
|
|-
|2009
|*Bring Ya To The Brink*
|Best Electronic/Dance Album
|
|-
|2011
|*Memphis Blues''
|Best Traditional Blues Album
|

## References
Dutch East Indies

The **Dutch East Indies**, or **Netherlands East Indies**, was the Dutch colony that is now modern Indonesia and the Malacca state of Malaysia. The main city was Batavia, now called Jakarta.

 of the Dutch East India Company. The building is now the Jakarta Historical Museum.]]

It was made from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company that came under the control of the Netherlands in 1800. 

In the Java War (1741–1743), Chinese rebels worked with Javanese Muslim rebels who forcibly circumcised Dutch men and enslaved Dutch women and children.

During World War II it was part of the Japanese Empire. In 1945 the Japanese had surrendered their colonies in the pacific, thus losing control of Indonesia, and Indonesian leaders made a declaration of independence. They fought a war of independence until the Netherlands gave Indonesia sovereignty in December 1949.

## References
Dutch East India Company

, the leading statesman of the Dutch Republic.]]

The **Dutch East India Company** (Old Dutch: *Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie*), or **VOC**, started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave a group of small trading companies a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money and start new colonies.

It was an important company for almost 200 years, but it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies, which later became Indonesia.

## Founding: 1602-1620 
In the 16th century, trade with Asia was mostly controlled by Portugal. The Dutch government wished to take a foothold in the spice market, as Portugal could not keep up with the demand and rising prices in Europe. With government funding, the VOC set up its first trading post in what is now Jakarta, which eventually became its main base of operations in the continent.

## Expansion: 1620-1669 
In 1620, the VOC created a trade agreement with their biggest rival in Asia, the English East India Company. This lasted until 1623, when the Amboyna Massacre forced the EEIC to move its trading posts from Indonesia to other areas in the continent.

In the 1620's, the VOC extended their reach to the remaining Indonesian Islands, and established plantations on the colonised islands to increase the volume of their exports. This expansion continued, until eventually the VOC was the richest company in the world.

In 1640, the VOC founded a trading post in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the last place where the Portuguese had a foothold. The VOC now had a total monopoly over trade between Europe and Southern Asia.

## Exploration of Australia 
Ships from the VOC were among the early explorers of Australia. The first Europeans to live in Australia were left behind after the mutiny on the VOC ship Batavia in 1629. Many of the sailors who took part in the mutiny were executed, but two, Wouter Loos, a soldier, and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, a cabin boy, were left at Wittecarra Gully, near the mouth of the Murchison River. They were never seen again.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
Hamilton Hume

**Hamilton Hume** (19 June 1797 – 19 April 1873) was the first Australian born explorer.

Hume was born near Parramatta, a town close to (and now a part of) Sydney. His father was Andrew Hamilton Hume, who came to Australia in 1790 in charge of convicts (prisoners) and later became a farmer.

At 17 he began exploring the Sydney area, and went as far as Berrima. On these journeys Hume learned how to live safely in the bush (the area far from the cities). In March 1817 he went on a journey with James Meehan, the deputy surveyor-general, and came to Lake Bathurst and the Goulburn Plains. Later he went with John Oxley and Meehan to Jervis Bay, and in 1822 was with a group which sailed in a boat down the east coast of New South Wales looking for rivers.

## Journey to Port Phillip
On October 2, 1824 Hume and William Hovell left Sydney to try and get to Spencer's Gulf in South Australia. The explorers took six servants, five bullocks, three horses and two carts. Much of the journey was over rough mountain country with many rivers to get across. On November 16 they found a *"fine river"* which they called the Hume. This river was later renamed the Murray River. They made a boat to get across the river near the present site of Albury. After a journey of 11 weeks, on December 16, 1824 they reached Corio Bay, Victoria near the present site of Geelong. Hovell made an error in his navigation, and they believed that they were on the shore of Western Port Bay. This journey discovered the overland path (now called the Hume Highway) between Sydney and Melbourne.

## Darling River Journey
In November 1828, Hume journeyed with Charles Sturt into western New South Wales, where they explored the Darling River. Hume was able to talk with some aborigines who agreed to help them on the journey. There was a long drought (no rain) and it was very hard to find water. It was only Hume’s good bushmanship (knowledge of the land) saved the group.

## Later life
As a reward Governor Ralph Darling gave Hume  of land at Yass Plains where he lived with his wife, Elizabeth Dight, and his nephew (son of his brother). In December 1853 a speech Hovell made at Geelong led to an argument between the men. This argument was over who had been the leader of the expedition, and had Hume thought Corio Bay was Westernport Bay. There were many letters and books written about the argument. Governor Ralph Darling had always said Hume was the leader, and Hume's own letters at the time show he agreed with Hovell's navigation mistake.

Hume later worked as a magistrate until his death at Yass on 19 April 1873.  He is buried in the Yass Cemetery.

## References
*Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, *Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip*, http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400371.txt

## Other websites
* Cooma Cottage (Hume's House at Yass) http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/cooma.html
Cape York

**Cape York** is the northernmost point of Australia. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 after the Duke of York. From the tip, it is about 160 km to New Guinea across the islands, coral reefs and sand banks of Torres Strait.

## References
Mika Häkkinen

**Mika Pauli Häkkinen** (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula One champion. He was Michael Schumacher's greatest rival in F1 from 1998–2000. Schumacher has said that Häkkinen is the rival he respected the most during his Formula One career. 

## References
Baja California Sur

**Baja California Sur** is a state in northwest Mexico. It is on the Baja California peninsula. Its capital is La Paz. About 500,000 people live there. Its name means "South Lower California".
Azad Kashmir

**Azad Jammu and Kashmir**, () also just called **Azad Kashmir** is a self-governing Pakistani region. In terms of land area it is bigger than Trinidad and Tobago but smaller than Brunei.

Geographically, to the north, is the Gilgit-Baltistan province, while to the south borders the province of the Pakistani Punjab, and to the east being the Indian-occupied Kashmir.

The capital city of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad. Azad Kashmir has an area of 5,134 mi² (13,297 km²). The inhabitants of this region are mostly of ethnic Pahari origin. About 4 million people live there.

## Government and politics 
Azad Kashmir is a self-governing state under Pakistan. It has its own elected president, prime minister, legislature, high court, emblem and official flag. However, the highest body in the state is the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council. This council has six members from the government of Azad Kashmir (including the President and the Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir) and five members from the government of Pakistan, including the President of Pakistan who is the chairman/chief executive of the council. The divisions are further divided into districts. There are 10 districts.

## Geography 
The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower area of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (). However, Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous valleys are characteristic of Azad Kashmir's geography, making it one of the most beautiful regions of the subcontinent.

The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of Pakistan. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400&nbsp;mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800&nbsp;mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.

## References
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

The **Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty** (or **NNPT**) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built. It was written in 1968, entered into force in 1970, and 191 countries have signed it since then. Only four nations have not signed it: India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan. North Korea withdrew in 2003. 

## Terms 
The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons. These are called nuclear weapons states. The five nuclear weapons states are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. All five of these nations have all signed the treaty. They are not supposed to help any other nation build nuclear weapons. All other nations who sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty promise not to build more nuclear weapons for themselves or others.

The treaty also says that every nation is able to build nuclear power plants and have nuclear technology. However, nations who sign the treaty, but are not nuclear weapons states, promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons.

The main corporations that made this treaty happen were the United Nations and the IAEA.
North West Cape

**North West Cape** is a large piece of land on the north west coast of Western Australia. There are mountains called the Cape Range through the middle of the peninsula and Ningaloo Reef is on the western edge. The town of Exmouth is also on the North West Cape.

In 1618, Dutch East India Company captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon from the boat *Mauritius* landed in the area. Phillip Parker King visited in 1818 and named it *North West Cape*. He also named Exmouth Gulf after a Royal Navy officer, Edward Pellew, First Viscount Exmouth (1758 -1833). 

Later, pearl boats visited the area from Broome. 

## Other websites 
* http://www.exmouthwa.com.au/pages.asp?code=22
Williams Racing

Atlassian Williams Racing, the trading name of **Williams Grand Prix Engineering Ltd.**, is a Formula One (F1) motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and run by Sir Frank Williams and Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after two earlier and, compared with WilliamsF1's achievements, unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Walter Wolf Racing. All of Williams chasis chassis are called "FW" then a number, the FW being the initials of team owner, Frank Williams.

Williams' first race was the  Argentine Grand Prix, and Switzerland's Clay Regazzoni won Williams' first race at the  British Grand Prix. At the  British Grand Prix, Canadian Jacques Villeneuve won the team's 100th race, making Williams one of only three teams in Formula One, alongside Ferrari and fellow British team McLaren, to win 100 races. Williams won nine Constructor's titles between 1980 and 1997. This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000.

Many famous racing drivers have driven for Williams, including Australia's Alan Jones, Finland's Keke Rosberg; Britain's Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill; France's Alain Prost and Brazil's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna, and Canada's Jacques Villeneuve, each of whom, with the exception of Senna, have captured one Drivers' title with the team. After Senna died in a Williams car in a crash at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, Frank Williams, Patrick Head and designer Adrian Newey were all accused of manslaughter. The trial finally closed in 2005, when Williams, Head and Newey were all cleared of any wrongdoing.

Williams have worked with many notable engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault: Williams won five of their nine constructors' titles with the French company. Along with Ferrari, McLaren, and Renault (formerly Benetton), Williams is one of the "Big Four" teams that have won every constructors' championship since 1979 and every driver's championship since 1984. Williams remains the only one independently owned, as the other three are "factory teams" either setup or bought out by major auto manufacturers.

## Formula One World Championship results 
## References
Buffer solution

A **buffer solution** is chemical solution which resists change to its pH or acidity.

It is a solution in water of a mixture of a weak acid or base and its salt. The pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms have a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Buffer solutions may be of two types: acidic and basic.
*Acidic : A solution of mixture of weak acid and a salt of this acid with a strong base. 
eg. CH3COOH+CH3COONa
*Basic : A solution of a mixture of weak base and its salt with a strong acid .
eg. NH4OH+NH4Cl

If you add acid to the solution, the concentration of H+ ions will increase; to keep equilibrium a small number of ions will be combined (forming salt and reducing the concentration of H+ ion in the solution). If you add base the concentration of H+ ion will reduce (by consumption  or combining) and so a small amount of salt will break into ions and maintain the pH.

Buffer index is the number of moles of acid or base added to 1 litre of buffer solution to change its ph by 1 unit
Jack Brabham

Sir **John Arthur "Jack" Brabham**, AO, OBE (2 April 1926 &ndash; 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966. He won the Australian Grand Prix in 1955, 1963 and 1964. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car builder that carried his name.

In 2000 the Australian Government gave him the Australian Sports Medal, and in 2001 he was given the Australian Centenary Medal for services to motor sport.

## Related pages 
* Formula 1
* Juan Manuel Fangio

## References
Baby boomer

The term **baby boomer** most commonly refers to people born during the years 1946 to 1964 worldwide. In Canada it is anyone born between 1960 and 1980. Australia identifies baby boomers as those born between 1946 and 1961. In 1951, Sylvia F. Porter, a columnist for the New York Post, first used the term *baby boom* for the rapid rise in birthrate after Word War II.

## Economic impact 
From 1945 to 1964 about seventy-seven million babies were born in the United States. In the 1950s baby boomers bought Mouse-ear hats after they watched "The Mickey Mouse Club". They danced to rock and roll and idolized singers like Elvis Presley. Hula hoops and Barbie dolls were wildly .

By the 1960s many baby boomers were teenagers. They spent nearly $20 million on things including food, clothing, and recorded music. Businesses were eager to find ways to meet their demands. By the 1970s entire industries were changing because of baby boomers. According to the 2011 Associated Press and LifeGoesStrong.com surveys:

60% lost value in investments because of the economic crisis
42% are delaying retirement
25% claim they will never retire (currently still working)

## Baby boomer today 
The oldest baby boomers were 76 years old in 2022 and one in five Americans will be 65 years old in 2030. Many people believe they will become a stress on social welfare systems.

## References
Benetton Formula

**Benetton Formula Ltd.**, commonly referred to simply as **Benetton**, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2001 season. In 2002 the team became Renault F1.

The team won 27 races, as well as the 1994 and 1995 Drivers' Championship (with Michael Schumacher) and the 1995 Constructors' Championship.

## Complete Formula One results 
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position)
London Stansted Airport

**London Stansted Airport**  is a large passenger airport in the Uttlesford District of the English county of Essex about 30 miles (48&nbsp;km) northeast of London. It is about  outside Bishop's Stortford and  outside Harlow.

Stansted is a hub for a number of major European low-cost carriers. It is the fourth busiest airport in the United Kingdom and is the third largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow and Gatwick; and is one of London's five international airports along with Luton and London City Airports. Stansted is owned and operated by Manchester Airports Group, which also owns and operates three other UK airports, including Manchester and Bournemouth.

The airport had to abandon plans for a second runway after the campaign Stop Stansted Expansion succeeded.

## References