open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Opal

**Hurricane Opal** was a major hurricane that formed in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1995.

Opal was the 9th hurricane of the highly active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Opal was the strongest hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. It crossed the Yucatán Peninsula while still a tropical depression from September 27,  then strengthened northward in the Gulf, becoming the most powerful Category 4 Atlantic hurricane before making a second landfall, October 4, in the Florida Panhandle near Pensacola as a 125-mph (201-km/h) hurricane. Opal devastated the Pensacola/Panhandle area with a 15-ft (5-m) storm surge  and travelled up the entire state of Alabama, becoming a tropical storm in Tennessee. Opal also caused heavy damage in the mid-Atlantic states before dissipating.

Afterward, 50&nbsp;people had died from flooding by Opal in Guatemala and Mexico, with another 13 deaths in the United States directly or indirectly related to Opal. Preliminary damage estimates were $3&nbsp;billion.

## Meteorological history 
The beginning of this storm started from a tropical wave that moved off of Africa on September 11. It disappeared into a low pressure while in the Caribbean Sea several days later. The wave was found again on September 27 and was good enough to become Tropical Depression Eighteen. Tropical Depression Eighteen made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula shortly afterword. On September 30 Tropical Depression Eighteen strengthened into Tropical Storm Opal. Tropical Storm Opal continued west until October 2. On October 2 it turned northeast and strengthened into Hurricane Opal. After that Hurricane Opal strengthened fast and reached it's top winds of 150&nbsp;mph (making it a category 4) on October 4, only two days after becoming a hurricane. Hurricane Opal continued northeast and weakened a little and made its last landfall in Santa Rosa Island, Florida on October 4 while a category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Opal became a tropical storm over central Alabama and did not weaken to a tropical depression till it was in Tennessee. Tropical Depression Opal  became extratropical over the Ohio River Valley on October 5th.

## Retirement
The name "Opal" was retired in the spring of 1996. In 2001, the name "Olga" was used instead, Olga was also used in 2007, and could be used in 2013.

## Related pages
* 1995 Atlantic hurricane season

## References
Benno von Arent

**Benno von Arent** (July 19, 1898 in Görlitz - October 14, 1956 in Bonn) was a member of the German Nazi Party and SS. He was responsible for art, theatres, and movies.

## Nazi career 
Von Arendt worked as a stage designer. He joined the SS in 1931 and the Nazi Party in 1932. The same year, he helped start the "*Bund nationalsozialistischer Bühnen- und Filmkünstler*" ("Union of national-socialist stage and movie artists"). After Adolf Hitler began to rule Germany in 1933, the name was changed to "*Kameradschaft deutscher Künstler*" ("fellowship of German artists"). 

Von Arent was made "*Reichsbühnenbildner*" ("Reich stage designer") in 1936 and "*Reichsbeauftragter für die Mode*" ("Reich  for fashion") in 1939. In 1944, he was given the rank of *SS-Oberführer* (senior colonel).

Von Arent died in 1956 at age 58.
Heinz Auerswald

**Heinz Auerswald** (July 26, 1908 – December 5, 1970) was a lawyer and  of the SS in Nazi Germany. 

## Nazi career 
Auerswald joined the SS in 1933. He became "*Kommissar für den jüdischen Wohnbezirk*" ("Commissioner for the Jewish Residential District") in Warsaw, Poland from April 1941 to November 1942.

## After World War II 
The West German government investigated him in the 1960s, but he was never charged with a crime. He died in 1970 at the age of 62.

## Related pages 
* Nazi Germany
* Nazi Party
* Schutzstaffel (SS)
Danish Wikipedia

The **Danish Wikipedia** () is the Danish-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in February 2002.

It is the 35th largest edition.

, it has over 190,000 articles.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Danish Wikipedia main page
Beet

**Beet** (*Beta vulgaris*) is a plant with a round or carrot-shaped root. There are various varieties of this plant. The commonest is red beetroot, a root vegetable eaten by humans. An older variety was called mangel wurzel or mangelwurzel. This was used as fodder for cattle. Another variety is sugar beet used as a source of sugar.
Rubber duck

A **rubber duck**, or **rubber ducky**, is a toy shaped like a duck. It is often yellow. Most children use them when taking baths. The Muppet Ernie sang a song about a Rubber Ducky in *Sesame Street*.

Rubber ducks were first invented in the 17th century, and is referenced and loved a lot by many for it's very cute demeanor.

It rose it popularity in the 19th century, and it is regularly made from vinyl plastic and rubber.

It is very notable for its references in pop culture.

## References
WiiWare

**WiiWare** was a collection of games available to download on the Wii Shop Channel that were typically exclusive to the Nintendo Wii. WiiWare was usually only available on the Wii Shop Channel, just like how many Wii games were only available on Wii discs. WiiWare allowed small developers to release shorter sized and creative games, which usually took up more storage than Virtual Console games, which were also available on the Wii Shop Channel. WiiWare was first available in Japan on March 25, 2008, then in North America on May 12, 2008, and in Europe and Australia on May 19, 2008.
Smile (Lily Allen song)

**Smile** is British pop singer Lily Allen's first major single. The song is also the first single from the artist's 2006 album, *Alright, Still*. It has been on Top 10 lists worldwide and has been translated into Simlish as a song in the game Sims 2. The song is also in Thrillville.

## References
Uruguay River

The **Uruguay River** is a river in South America. It goes through the countries of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.  The river is about 1,500 kilometers long (932.0568 miles) and it starts in Brazil.

## Other websites
*A very old map of the Uruguay River
Balm bei Messen

**Balm bei Messen** is a former municipality in the district of Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2010, Balm bei Messen belongs to the municipality of Messen.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wolfwil

**Wolfwil** is a municipality of the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Rohr, Solothurn

**Rohr** was a municipality in Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Rohr became a part of Stüsslingen.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Alismatales

**Alismatales** is an order of flowering plants with 14 families. They are Monocots which live in marshy and aquatic (water) habitats.

## Classification 
* Order **Alismatales**
**: family Alismataceae (*including* Limnocharitaceae)
**: family Aponogetonaceae
**: family Araceae
**: family Butomaceae 
**: family Cymodoceaceae
**: family Hydrocharitaceae
**: family Juncaginaceae
**: family Posidoniaceae
**: family Potamogetonaceae
**: family Ruppiaceae
**: family Scheuchzeriaceae
**: family Tofieldiaceae
**: family Zosteraceae
Bersirc

**Bersirc** is an IRC client that is written in C. It was first made in 1999. The newest, or latest, version of Bersirc is 2.2.14 and was made in 2005. The client is free to use. Bersirc is licensed under the LGPL.

## Related pages
*List of IRC clients
Malpighiales

The **Malpighiales** are a large order of flowering plants, included in the group named Eurosids I in the recent APG classification. 

This diverse order includes plants as varied as violets and willows, passionfruit and mangrove, poinsettia and flax. *Euphorbia* is a toxic member of the order. *Euphorbia maculata*, *Euphorbia esula* and *Euphorbia heterophylla* are euphorbia species that can be very harmful. This feature is a defence against herbivory.
Will Mellor

**William "Will" Mellor** (born 3 April 1976 in Bredbury, Stockport, Greater Manchester) is an English actor and former pop star. 

## Early life
Mellor lived as a child in the Bredbury area of Stockport going to Bredbury Green Primary School and later going to Werneth School, Greater Manchester, and was the youngest of the family with four older sisters: Janice, Cheryl, Joanne and Sarah. Joanne was disabled and died in 2013 at the age 44. Mellor acted in a 2006 blood donation advert, where he tells about his sister's heart surgery.

Mellor first started acting in 1990, when he acted as Ben Rowlingson in the children's programme ''Children's Ward*. In 1993 tried to play football with Vauxhall Motors FC, and was about to sign a deal with them until he argued with manager Alex Tannin over bootlaces. This helped his decision to become an actor.

## Career
In 1995, Mellor starting acting in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks'' in which he played (acted as) James 'Jambo' Bolton. He left the show in 1998. Soon after, he made a cover of Leo Sayer's *When I Need You* as a single, which went to number 5 in the British charts, as well as another song called *No Matter What I Do*, which reached number 23. 

He was also in the music video for Boyzone's Comic Relief single "When The Going Gets Tough".

Shortly after, he returned to acting, playing Greg, in *Is Harry on the Boat?*. He also played Jack Vincent in *Casualty* between 2001 and 2003 and has starred (played one of the main actors) as Gaz Wilkinson in the BBC comedy *Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps* since 2001. He also had a small role in a Christmas version of *Hollyoaks*, in which he played the ghost of Jambo (even though Jambo is not dead). Will also stars as "Barmpot" in postal worker drama *Sorted* and has also played DC Jed Griffiths in the second series of *Murder Investigation Team*. In 2004, he was the voice for Georgie (the dog) in the CITV series *Barking*.

Mellor won the first series of the BBC singing contest *Comic Relief does Fame Academy* in 2003. Mellor made his first appearance on *EastEnders* on 20 May 2007 playing  salesman Warren Stamp. *EastEnders* bosses were so happy they wanted Will to stay on for a longer time but he said no to the offer because he had other things to do that he had said yes to.

He was a guest star in the BBC fantasy drama *Merlin*.

In October 2008, he starred in *The Prisoner*, a documentary about prison life.

In February 2021, it was announced that Mellor would join the cast of the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* as Harvey Gaskell, with his first scenes airing in March.

## Personal life
Mellor used to date former *Coronation Street* actress Angela Griffin.  He met his wife, dancer Michelle McSween when they both starred in the stage musical *Oh, What a Night* in 1999. They have two children, Jayden Will born in 2004 in Hammersmith and Fulham, London, and a baby girl Renee born in June 2008. He supports Manchester United.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bio page on Holby.tv
Esperanto Wikipedia

The **Esperanto Wikipedia** () is the Esperanto-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in December 2001, which means that it was one of the first Wikipedias.

It currently has  articles. This makes it the 37th largest Wikipedia by article count.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Esperanto Wikipedia main page
Fulton County, Georgia

**Fulton County** is a county in the state of Georgia.  The county seat of Fulton County is Atlanta, which is the state capital. As of 2020, the population was around 1,070,000 persons.

## Cities and towns 
*Alpharetta
*Atlanta
*Chattahoochee Hills
*College Park
*East Point
*Fairburn
*Hapeville
*Johns Creek
*Milton
*Mountain Park
*Palmetto
*Roswell
*Sandy Springs
*Union City

## Rural communities 
*Birmingham (now within Milton)
*Campbellton
*Crabapple (now within Milton)
*Ocee (originally New York, then Mazeppa, now within Johns Creek)
*Red Oak
*Rico
*Sandtown
*Shakerag
*South Fulton (entirety of remaining unincorporated land, voted against cityhood in 2007)
*Warsaw

## References
Fountain

in Rome]]
 in Geneva]]
A **Fountain** is an arrangement, usually made by man; in it, the water from a source is captured in some way. Most often, it is used to fill a basin of some kind. Sometimes there are many basins, and water runs from one into the next. It is also common to have sculptures in fountains. 

Sometimes jets are used to make the water go high into the air, using pressure.

## History 
Ancient civilizations built stone basins to capture and hold precious drinking water. A carved stone basin, dating to around 700 BC, was discovered in the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Lagash in modern Iraq. The ancient Assyrians constructed a series of basins in the gorge of the Comel River, carved in solid rock, connected by small channels, descending to a stream. The lowest basin was decorated with carved reliefs of two lions. The ancient Egyptians had ingenious systems for hoisting water up from the Nile for drinking and irrigation, but without a higher source of water it was not possible to make water flow by gravity, There are lion-shaped fountains in the Temple of Dendera in Qena.

## Drinking Fountains 
A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide drinking water and has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. In some regional dialects, water fountains are called *bubblers*. Water fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require water fountains to be wheelchair accessible (by sticking out horizontally from the wall), and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children and short adults. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit.

In 1859, The Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association was established to promote the provision of drinking water for people and animals in the United Kingdom and overseas. More recently, in 2010, the FindaFountain campaign was launched in the UK to encourage people to use drinking fountains instead of environmentally damaging bottled water.

## References
Consett

**Consett** is a town in the northwest part of County Durham, in England.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Derwentside District Council
Goolwa, South Australia

**Goolwa** is an old port on the Murray River.  It is near the Murray Mouth in South Australia.

## References
Kilner jar

A **Kilner jar** is a jar that has a rubber ring to seal the top.  It does not let out any air, and helps to store food.  It was invented by the Kilner family and made by John Kilner & Co in Yorkshire, England.  Most jars made now-a-days have metal tops instead of rubber. They are also known as Terrine Jars.

## Related pages
* Mason jar
* Weck Jar
Bembibre

**Bembibre** is a municipality in the province of León (Spain).

## Language 
Spanish Language is the main language spoke in this municipality, in rural zones the Leonese Language might be spoken as well.

## Related pages
* Leonese Language
* León (Llión)
* Kingdom of León
* Province of Llión
Neanderthal genome project

The **Neanderthal genome project** is a project for the sequencing of the Neanderthal genome. The project was announced by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany and 454 Life Sciences in the United States in July 2006.

## Other websites
* "Genetic algorithm model shows that modern humans out-competed the Neanderthal" Short summary of a peer review paper 2008
* "Last of the Neanderthals"  *National Geographic*, October 2008
* MSNBC "Neanderthal genome project launches" 22 November 2006.
* BBC News Paul Rincon, "Neanderthal DNA secrets unlocked" 15 November 2006
* "Welcome to Neanderthal genomics" 17 November 2006
* "Neanderthal Genome Sequencing Yields Surprising Results and Opens a New Door to Future Studies"  15 November 2006
Kienberg, Switzerland

**Kienberg** is a municipality of the district of Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Rorschach

**Rorschach** is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Steamboat

, an old steamboat that was first called the *Idlewild* and later called the *Avalon*]]
 of the first steamer, built by Jouffroy d'Albans]]
 which is active in the port of Hamburg today. The photo shows the ship in Kiel,]]
A **steamboat** (also called a **steamship** or **steamer**) is a ship that uses a steam engine or steam turbine to move. At first, these were paddle steamboats. Some had a paddle wheel on the back. Others had two wheels on the sides. Most went down rivers. From about 1836, marine propellers, invented by Josef Ressel, were used. Claude François Jouffroy d’Abbans built the first working steamship in 1783.

There were many steamboats in the 19th century in the United States and other countries. However, the first steamboat was built by John Fitch in 1787. It had many paddles. Fitch tried to make money from the steamboat, but could not do so. He died in 1798, and did not live long enough to see Robert Fulton become the first person to build a steamboat that could make money. In 1807, Fulton built a steamboat that could travel from New York City to Albany in 32 hours. Steamboats became much faster later in the 19th century.

After the middle 19th century paddle steamers became rare, as the marine propeller gave more speed and burned less fuel. The new vessels were suited to the open ocean, and were usually called "steamships". During the 20th century, marine Diesel engines largely replaced steam propulsion.

## References
## Other websites
December 2008 New England ice storm

The **December 2008 ice storm** was a bad ice storm in New England and New York. It made millions of people lose power. The storm was said to be the worst ice storm in a decade for New England. It was also the worst in 21 years for New York. Because of the storm, many trees fell down. They were coated in a heavy layer of ice. Many people were still without power after the storm was gone.

## References
Andermatt

**Andermatt** is a municipality of the canton of Uri in Switzerland.  Around 1,500 people live in Andermatt.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site 
*
Altdorf, Switzerland

**Altdorf** is the capital of the canton of Uri in Switzerland.  It has an area of 10.23 square kilometers.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Altdorf  Official site
Hurricane Carol

**Hurricane Carol** was one of the worst hurricanes in New England, which is in United States. Carol formed from a tropical wave near the Bahamas on August 25, 1954.

Carol was like the New England Hurricane of 1938. Both were fast-moving storms. They also both hit the same area. Carol was the most damaging United States hurricane at the time.

## Retirement
Hurricane Carol was later retired (meaning it was not used for any more hurricanes afterwards) due to the impact in New England. The name "Carol" was the first name to be retired from the Atlantic hurricane name lists.

## References
## Other websites
Eurovision Song Contest 2009

The **Eurovision Song Contest 2009** was the 54th Eurovision Song Contest, it was held in Moscow, Russia after Dima Bilan won the 2008 contest for Russia with *Believe*. The semi finals took place on May 12 and May 14 and the final was held on May 16. It was won by Alexander Rybak for Norway with *Fairytale*. 

There were 42 countries taking part with Slovakia making a return for the first time in 11 years and San Marino and Georgia, two countries from last year, not appearing in the contest.

## Spokespersons
* Albania – Leon Menkshi
* Armenia – Sirusho
* Belgium – Maureem Louys
* Bosnia and Herzegovina – Elvir Laković Laka
* Estonia – Laura Põldvere
* Germany – Thomas Anders
* Greece – Alexis Kostas
* Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
* Russia – Ingeborga Dapkunaité
* Serbia – Jovana Janković
* Slovenia – Peter Poles
* Turkey – Meltem Yazgan
* Ukraine – Marysia Horobets

## References
* Eurovision Fun Clup ESC
You Found Me

"**You Found Me**" is an American hit single by The Fray. It was released on November 21, 2008. The single came off the #1 U.S. Billboard 200 chart album *The Fray*.
Finnish Wikipedia

The **Finnish Wikipedia** is the Finnish-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in 2002.

It is the 27th largest edition.

As of February 2026, it had over 613 200 articles.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Finnish Wikipedia main page
Violone

The **violone** (pronounced: "Vee-o-LOH-ne") is a very big string instrument that used to be used in the 16th and 17th centuries.  It is like a double bass, but it belongs to the viol family.  The name "violone" means "large viol".  It was really a "double-bass viola da gamba".  It usually had six strings, and the fingerboard had frets (like a guitar) which showed where to put the fingers of the left hand to make the notes.  The bow was held underhand (with the palm of the hand facing up).

## Usage 
The violone is sometimes heard today in early music groups who are playing Renaissance and early Baroque music music.  The instruments used today are usually ones that have been made recently to look and sound like the old ones.

## History 
The violone was the last member of the viol family to die out.  When the other sizes of viol had been replaced by orchestras with violins, violas and cellos the violone was often used instead of a double bass. Bach used the violone in his cantatas. Eventually the violone was no longer used, and the double bass was used instead.  The double bass still looks a little bit like the old viol because it has sloping shoulders and the strings are tuned in fourths.

## Use of the name "violone" in organs
In organs "Violone" is the name given to a soft organ stop made of  metal or wood, usually in the pedals.

## Related pages
*Viol
*Double bass
Tragedy of the commons

**The tragedy of the commons** was an article published by Garrett Hardin in the journal *Science* in 1968. It describes a problem where many people with their own ideas can make something they all share worse, even if no one wants to. For example, even if no one wants to pollute water because that makes it unhealthy, it can still end up like that because so many want to use the water for their own reasons, like washing and throwing away rubbish. Each person thinks that their small bit of pollution of the water is too small to affect the quality of the water, but because there are many people the total effect ends up making the water too polluted for mostly anybody to use for drinking or even washing. This may occur in slums and other overcrowded places like refugee camps.

The idea was not Hardin's, but a person named William Forster Lloyd who wrote about it in 1833. In those days herders often grazed cows on common land. Lloyd pointed out that each cow added benefit to its owner but damaged the land overall for all herders by overgrazing.

The tragedy of the commons is often used in modern debates on ecology and externality. It is also a topic in game theory.

## References
The Fray (album)

***The Fray*** is an American rock album by piano rock band The Fray. The album was released February 2nd. Singles include "You Found Me", "Syndicate", and "Absolute". 

## Track Listing 
# "Syndicate"
# "Absolute"
# "You Found Me"
# "Say When"
# "Never Say Never"
# "Where the Story Ends"
# "Enough for Now"
# "The Ungodly Hour"
# "We Build, Then We Break"
# "Happiness"

### iTunes Bonus Track(s) 
# "Fair Fight"

### iTunes Acoustic Version Bonus Tracks 
# "Where the Story Ends (Piano Version)"
# "Absolute (Acoustic Version)"
# "You Found Me (Acoustic Version)"
# "Enough for Now (Acoustic Version)"

## Singles / Other Songs 
* 2008 - *You Found Me*
* 2009 - *Syndicate*

## #1 Album 
* #1 Album on the *U.S. Billboard 200*
* #1 Album on the *U.S. Billboard of Rock Tracks*
Andrew Manze

**Andrew Manze** (pronounce: "MAN-zee"), (born Beckenham, 14 January 1965)
is an English violinist and conductor who is famous for performing music from the Baroque period.

Manze spent his childhood in Bedford. He went to Bedford School where he learned to play the violin. While studying Classics at Cambridge University he started to play the Baroque violin. Then he studied with Simon Standage at the Royal Academy of Music, and then he studied with Lucy van Dael at The Hague and with Marie Leonhardt.

In 1988 he became first violinist of the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra which was conducted by Ton Koopman. He also played with two other musicians: the harpsichordist John Toll and the lutenist Nigel North, in a trio called Romanesca.

From 2003 to 2007 he directed The English Concert. He also introduced many music programmes on BBC Radio 3 and appeared in television programmes, e.g. Handel's Water Music. He often performed with the harpsichordist Richard Egarr. He has appeared twice at the BBC Proms.

Manze is now taking a rest from playing the violin and concentrating on conducting. He lives in Sweden where he is Principal Conductor of the Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra and Principal Guest Conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra. He is also Associate Conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.

In 2011 Andrew Manze was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize laureate in Musical Arts, a Swedish prize which is awarded every three years

## References
Frederick William II of Prussia

**Frederick William II** (; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was the fourth King of Prussia.  He ruled from 1786 until his death. He was a successor and grandson of Frederick I, the first king of Prussia.
São Francisco

**São Francisco** (Portuguese: *Saint Francis*) can be any of the following:

* São Francisco River, a river in Brazil.
* São Francisco, São Paulo, a municipality in São Paulo, Brazil.
* São Francisco, Minas Gerais, a municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
* São Francisco, Cape Verde, a village in Cape Verde.

## Related pages
* San Francisco (disambiguation)
Data Base Task Group

The **Data Base Task Group** (DBTG) was a working group founded in 1965 by the *Cobol Committee*, formerly *Programming Language Committee*, of the *Conference of Data Systems Language* (CODASYL).

In April 1971, The DBTG published a report containing specifications of a *Data Manipulation Language* (DML) and a *Data Definition Language* (DDL) for standardization of network database models. The first DBTG proposals had already been published in 1969. The specification was subsequently modified and developed in various committees and published in other reports in 1973 and 1978. The specification is often referred to as the DBTG database model or the CODASYL database model. As well as the data model, many basic concepts of database terminology were introduced by this group, notably the concepts of schema and subschema.

## References 
*Gunter Schlageter, Wolffried Stucky: *Datenbanksysteme: Konzepte und Modelle*, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1983,
Black smoker

]]
A **black smoker** is a kind of hydrothermal vent that can be found on the ocean floor. It is a crack in the planet's surface from which geothermally heated water comes out. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

Hydrothermal vents are common on earth because it is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles and geysers. The most famous hydrothermal vent system on land is probably within Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called "black smokers".

Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp.
Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and ancient hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars.

## Other websites 
* Ocean Explorer (www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov) - Public outreach site for explorations sponsored by the Office of Ocean Exploration.
* NOAA, Ocean Explorer Gallery.
Herbert Backe

**Herbert Backe** (1 May 1896 – 6 April 1947) was a German  and war criminal.

He was born in Batumi, Georgia in the Russian Empire  . He worked in the Third Reich government and was made Minister of Food in May 1942 and Minister of Agriculture in April 1944. He had that job in the short-lived Cabinet of Admiral Karl Dönitz in the last days of World War II, from late April to May 1945, as the political request of Adolf Hitler. During the war, Alfred Rosenberg said that Backe should become the leader of the Ukraine Reichskommissariat (Nazi government in Ukraine).

He was one of the people who planned and made happen the Hunger Plan - a plan to starve to death tens of millions of Slavic people in order to make sure there was enough food available for the German people and military.

He was taken prisoner by the Allies after the war, he was to be tried in the Ministries Trial, but he killed himself by hanging in his cell at Nuremberg on 6 April 1947.

## Notes

## Other websites 
* Photo & Brief Bio
Joseph Berchtold

**Joseph Berchtold** (March 6, 1897 in Ingolstadt – August 23, 1962 in Herrsching am Ammersee), a former salesman who sold office products, became Reichsführer SS after Julius Schreck in 1926.

Berchtold was in the World War I and had the rank of second lieutenant at the end of the war. In 1920 he joined the NSDAP and in 1922 also the SA. He was thought to be better than Julius Schreck, but was still not able to keep the people who started the party under control. After a lot of arguing he resigned in 1927 and was replaced by his , Erhard Heiden.

During Nazi Germany he was a councillor of Munich from 1934 to 1945, and a member of the Reichstag from 1936 to 1945.
RPM Package Manager

**RPM Package Manager** is a package management system. The name RPM refers to two things: a software package file format, and software packaged in this format. RPM was intended mainly for Linux distributions; the file format *RPM* is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base.

## RPM-based Linux distributions 
Several Linux distributions are based on RPM. These include, but are not limited to:
* Fedora
* Mandriva Linux and derivatives:
** AltLinux
** PCLinuxOS
** Caixa Mágica
* Linux for PlayStation 2
* Red Flag Linux
* Red Hat Enterprise Linux and derivatives:
** CentOS
** ASPLinux
** Scientific Linux
* SUSE Linux/openSUSE
* ArkLinux
* Yellow Dog Linux
* PLD Linux Distribution
* Linux XP
* TurboLinux
* openmamba

## References
Franz Ritter von Epp

**Franz Ritter von Epp** (October 16, 1868 in Munich – December 31, 1946 in Munich) was a German politician and a military officer in the German Empire.

Between 1928 and 1945 he was a member of the German Reichstag. From 1933 to 1945 he was the *Reichsstatthalter* of Bavaria.
Theodor Eicke

**Theodor Eicke** (17 October 1892 in Hampont, Alsace–Lorraine, Germany (Today part of France) – 26 February 1943 near Lozova, Ukraine, Soviet Union) was an SS-Obergruppenführer of the SS and General of the Waffen-SS. He worked for the Bavarian Army from 1909-1919 before and after World War I in the German Empire which was led by Kaiser Wilhelm II (Emperor/Kaiser ; 1888-1918). He joined the Schutzstaffel (aka the SS) in 1930 during the Weimar Era Germany and was later commandant of Dachau from June 1933-July 1934 and together with his adjutant Michael Lippert (1897-1969). In December 1934, Eicke met Rudolf Höss. He also was one of the executioners of SA chief Ernst Röhm during the Night of the Long Knives purge taking orders from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich in Nazi Germany. In 1939 Eicke became commander of the SS Division Totenkopf of the Waffen-SS lead the division during World War 2 in the Battle of France in 1940 on the Western Front, the Invasion Of Yugoslavia (1941) and Operation Barbarossa in 1941 and the Third Battle Of Kharkov in 1943 on the Eastern Front. He died in a plane crash when his plane was shot down during the Third Battle Of Kharkov of 1943, 24-days after the Battle Of Stalingrad in the RSFSR, Soviet Union and just a year after Nazi Offical Fritz Todt died in a Plane Crash in February 1942. 

He was the commander of the concentration camp of Dachau. During the World War II was he the leader of the Totenkopf Division.

Eike was on behalf of the Nazi Party a member of the Reichstag. He was also a member of the SA.

**Promotions in the Schutzstaffel (1930-1943)**

SS-Mann ; private and SS-Truppfuhrer ; Sergeant First Class,SS-Sturmfuhrer ; Second Lieutenant (1930)

SS-Sturmbannfuhrer ; Major and Standartenfuhrer ; Colonel (1931)

SS-Oberfuhrer ; Colonel (1932-1934),SS-Brigadefuhrer ; Major General (1934)

SS-Gruppenfuhrer ; Lieutenant-General (1934-1941)

SS-Obergruppenfuhrer ; General (1942-1943)
House of Hanover

The **House of Hanover** began in the United Kingdom in 1714 on the death of the last Stuart monarch Anne.

It began with George I and ended with Queen Victoria in 1901 in the United Kingdom.

It was still in use in other countries.

The monarchs of the British House of Hanover are as follows.

## References
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom

**The Princess Amelia** (7 August 1783 – 2 November 1818) was a member of the British Royal Family.

Amelia was the youngest daughter of King George III and Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was her father's favorite daughter. After her death at the age of 35 in 1818, King George III had his final descent into madness.
RPM (disambiguation)

**RPM** may refer to:
* Revolutions per minute
* Revenue per mille, related to cost per mille, in advertising
* *Rassemblement pour le Mali*, a political party in Mali
* RPM International Inc, a chemical sealant company
* RPM Package Manager, a software package manager, originally Red Hat Package Manager.
* Les Mills International fitness program (RPM)
* Raised pavement marker, on U.S. roads
* Randle Patrick McMurphy, the protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest''
* Raven's Progressive Matrices, a cognitive test
* Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, performed by a space shuttle
* Resale price maintenance, in economics
* Respiration, pulse (or perfusion), and mental status, a mnemonic used in simple triage and rapid treatment
* Revenue passenger mile, a measure of passenger traffic
* Rounds per minute, used to quantify a weapon's rate of fire

* Power Rangers: R.P.M., the upcoming seventeenth season of the popular television series.
* RPM (Cars), a character in the movie Cars
* RPM (TV series), a long-running Australian motorsport show on Network Ten

In music:

* RPM (Brazilian band)
* RPM (magazine), a defunct Canadian music and radio industry magazine
* RPM Records, USA
* Revolutions Per Minute (album), by Rise Against
* Rock Productions Music, a Christian rock band 
* RPM Records UK, subsidiary of Cherry Red
England men's cricket team

The **England** men's cricket team has been active since 1859, when a team captained by George Parr visited North America. The team is governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). England play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

## References
Bernhard Lippert

**Bernhard Lippert** (7 October 1904 &ndash; 10 October 1946) was a German diplomat. He was the nephew of the founder of the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA), Ernst Röhm.

He was a member of the NSDAP. In 1934 he became the Attaché for Eastern Europe. On May 8, 1934 he became a commissar in the German consulate in Geneva.
Frederick, Prince of Wales

**Frederick, Prince of Wales** (1 February 1707 – 31 March 1751) was the son of George II and Queen Caroline of Ansbach and the father of King George III. For most of his life, he and his parents had a bad relationship. He had a rival court to his parents and was a patron of art and music. He also played cricket. He died before his father, so he never became a king.

## Life 
### Childhood 
Frederick Louis was born in 1707 in Hanover and he was the oldest son of George, who was the heir to the kingdom of Great Britain, because he was the son of George, the Prince-elector of Hanover and heir to Queen Anne of Great Britain because she had no children. His mother was Caroline of Ansbach. When his grandfather George inherited Great Britain, Frederick's parents followed and left him behind in Hanover.

### In Great Britain 
In 1728, Frederick finally came to Great Britain when his father became the new king in 1727. Back when he was still a child in 1714, it was arranged that he would marry a daughter of the King of Prussia, Frederick William I, but his bad relationship with his parents stopped it. a German princess. She was a daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Frederick II. They had met just a few days before the wedding, and Augusta met Frederick's father before, in Hanover.]]

### Death 
Frederick died in the March of 1751,

## Children 
## References
Audio

**Audio** most commonly refers to sound, as it is transmitted in signal form. It may also refer to:

## Sound
*Audio signal, an electrical representation of sound
*Audio frequency, a frequency in the audio spectrum
*Digital audio, representation of sound in a form processed and/or stored by computers or digital electronics
*Audio, audible content (media) in audio production and publishing
*Semantic audio, extraction of symbols or meaning from audio
*Stereophonic audio, method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective
*Audio equipment

## Entertainment
*AUDIO (group), an American R&amp;B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5
**Audio* (album), an album by the Blue Man Group
**Audio* (magazine), a magazine published from 1947 to 2000
*Audio (musician), British drum and bass artist
*"Audio" (song), a song by LSD

## Computing
*, an HTML element, see HTML5 audio

## Related pages
*Acoustic (disambiguation)
*Audible (disambiguation)
*Audiobook
*Radio broadcasting
*Sound recording and reproduction
*Sound reinforcement
List of tallest buildings in Chicago

This is a **list of the tallest buildings in Chicago**.

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## Tallest buildings in Chicago
## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the United States
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## References
## Other websites
* Emporis.com - Chicago High-rise Buildings
* Skyscraperpage.com - Chicago
300 North LaSalle

**300 North LaSalle** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 239 meters (785 feet) tall and has 60 floors.  It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Emporis.com - 300 North LaSalle
* SkycraperPage.com – 300 North LaSalle
Color of the day (police)

vehicle]]
The **color of the day** is a signal used by undercover officers of some big city police s in the USA. It is used to identify undercover officers. It is mostly known to be used by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), the **NYPD Transit Bureau** (which was called the *New York City Transit Police*) and the **NYPD Housing Bureau** (which was called the *New York City Housing Authority Police Department*) and other law enforcement agencies when they are at work in New York City. An undercover police officer will wear a headband, wristband or other piece of clothing in the same color as the "color of the day"; people and over 18,800,000 people living in the area around it. An extra 500,000 people enter the city during a weekday. It has many police and law enforcement officers such as; the NYPD, the (MTA) Police (that used to be called the **Metro North Commuter Railroad Police**), the Port Authority Police, the FBI, the Department of Homeland Security, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and U.S. Customs and others. The color of the day system is about officer safety. With so many armed officers in the city, undercover police officers need to have an easy to use system in place so that other armed officers know that they are there and do not shoot them when they use their guns. The system is also used so that a uniformed officer will not disturb a person who is really an undercover police officer who is acting as a homeless person so that criminals will rob him.

## History 
The NYPD Street Crimes Unit started in 1971. During the late 1970s, the 1980s and early 1990s, New York City had a lot more crime than it does today.  Undercover officers were asked to go into the subways in plain-clothes or dressed as a homeless person to hide the fact that they were police. Many of these officers were black and had a fear that as they looked like civilian homeless people that uniformed officers would think that they were criminals if they used their guns. Many of these officers would dress and  to be drunk homeless people or as victims in order to catch  who were attacking them due to being unable to help themselves. The color of the day system was made to make these officers fear this less and was used by all undercover police officers. At the beginning headbands were given out to each street crime unit member, that were in the color of the day: beginning the use of the color of the day system. Later this included wristbands and today's officers often dress in the color: i.e.: T-shirts, shoes, and hats.

## Knowledge by others 
The color of the day recognition system is written about by authors and people who study the police in schools but it is not often known about by most people in New York. Books that talk about it are Roger Abell's *The Black Shields*

## Related pages
*Street Crimes Unit
*Police

## Notes 
## References
*NYPD'S (New York Police Department) Street Crime Unit by J J Breslin, published in *Police Product News* 1979
*Changes, Real and Imagined in the NYPD  by Jim Fay ENN NYC-NJ Metro Correspondent

## Other websites
*New York Police Department
*Federal Bureau of Investigation
Titanoboa

***Titanoboa cerrejonensis*** is an extinct species of giant boid. It was the second largest known snake. It was the largest known snake until 2005 when *Vasuki indicus* was found.

Now extinct, the snake was a relative of the *anaconda* and the *boa constrictor*.  It was about 43 feet long (13&nbsp;m), and weighed over a ton (about 1135&nbsp;kg or 2,500 pounds).  The snake lived in the Palaeocene epoch, about 58 million years ago.  It ate crocodiles.

The fossil was found in an open-cast coal mine in Colombia, in 2009. Plant fossils at the site proved the climate at the time was a tropical rainforest. The site was in the Cerrejón Formation in La Guajira, Colombia. Other large reptile fossils have been found at this site.

Researchers found three skulls of the snake in 2002. A life-size replica is on view at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. It was sent on a world tour to be shown at various museums.

## Habitat 
*Titanoboa* lived in the first recorded tropical forest in South America. It shared the ecosystem with large Crocodylomorpha and large turtles. The paleogeography of the late Paleocene was a sheltered paralic (coastal) swamp, with an open connection to the proto-Caribbean in the north. In this environment tropical aquatic ferns like *Salvinia* flourished. The ferns were found as fossils in the Bogotá Formation and the Palermo Formation.

## Related pages 
**Gigantophis*
**Vasuki indicus*

## References
Abitur

The **Abitur** (from Latin *abire* = go away) is a final exam in Germany, Lithuania and the Czech Republic at the end for the secondary education. The Abitur takes usually 12 or 13 years. The official term in Germany for this certificate is *Allgemeine Hochschulreife*. The *Abiturzeugnis* get pupils when they passed the final exams. It formally enables the possibility to attend a university.
Republic of Taiwan (1895)

The **Republic of Taiwan** was a short-lived republic on the island of Taiwan. It is also called the following name in ; which means "Democratic State of Taiwan". In English, it was also called the **Formosan Republic**, **Taiwan Republic** and the **Republic of Formosa**.

The Republic of Taiwan was formed in 1895. It did not last for very long. The Treaty of Shimonoseki which ended the war between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan, gave Taiwan to the Japanese. The republic began when the Chinese left in May,1895 and ended when the Japanese soldiers  in October 1896. Some historians say it was the first republic in Asia, but there was one earlier, the Lanfang Republic, which had been started in 1777.

The republic was started by a group of high officials and local people who still supported the Qing. They wanted to stop the Japanese takeover of Taiwan. On May 24, 1895 the new republic sent a copy of its declaration of independence to all the embassies on Taiwan. The next day the new government held an independence ceremony. The Republic of Taiwan made their own stamps. They also printed their own paper money, which is now very hard to find.

They were always loyal to the Qing and said that the Republic would be part of the Qing state. The first president of the Republic of Taiwan was the old governor, Tang Ching-sung, who served from May 25, 1895 to June 5, 1895. The second president was Liu Yung-fu, June 5, 1895 – October 21, 1896.

When the Japanese soldiers invaded Taiwan, there was a lot of fighting. Most of the republic's officials quickly left the island.

The modern Taiwan independence groups want to start a new Republic of Taiwan. They say that there is no connection between them and the 1895 Republic. The first Republic of Taiwan was loyal to China, but the new Republic of Taiwan would be started to be independent of China.

## Presidents
* T'ang Ching-sung (23 May 1895 – 5 June 1895)
* Liu Yung-fu (5 June 1895 – 21 October 1896)

## References
Bad Wiessee

**Bad Wiessee** is a spa town on Lake Tegernsee in Bavaria, Germany.

Bad Wiessee is known for the murder of Ernst Röhm on the "Night of the Long Knives".

## References
## Other websites 
* The town of Bad-Wiessee - official web site
Martina Sáblíková

**Martina Sáblíková**  (born 27 May 1987 in Nové Město na Moravě) is a Czech speedskater, specializing in long distance races. She is the elder sister of fellow speedskater Milan Sáblík.

In 2007, she won her first major tournament, the 2007 European Speed Skating Championships in Collalbo, with an outdoor world record samalog score 162.954 points. She won both the 3,000-metre and the 5,000-metre in an outdoor world record time. She did not perform so well at the World alround championships in Heerenveen, where she finished fifth, but she managed to win the 2006–07 Speed Skating World Cup on the 3,000-metre and 5,000-metre track. At the end of the season she won two gold medals at the 2007 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships in Salt Lake City on 3,000-metre and 5,000-metre tracks. She also beat here the 5,000-metre track world record and set it for 6:45.61, 1.3 seconds faster than the previous record of Claudia Pechstein.

## Other websites
* at SpeedSkatingResults.com
* Martina Sáblíková - official website 
* Photos of Martina Sablikova
Hungarian Wikipedia

The **Hungarian Wikipedia** (In Hungarian: *Wikipédia*) is the Hungarian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in July 2003.

It is 24th largest edition.

It currently has over 180,000 articles.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Hungarian Wikipedia main page
Dianetics

s promoting Dianetics in Washington, D.C.]]

**Dianetics** is an alternative mental health therapy created by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, who published a book about it  in 1950 with the title "Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health". It is about the way people think.  Hubbard also started the religion of Scientology, which uses Dianetics.

The photo at the right shows a person learning about Dianetics by doing a stress test. The idea of the stress test is to show people something in their own minds.

Most psychologists think that Dianetics is a pseudoscience. That means that it is not really a science, and it only looks like one.