open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dust (disambiguation)

**Dust** is fine, solid particles of matter.

**Dust** may also mean:
*Dust (band), a 70s hard rock group
*Dust (*His Dark Materials*), a fictional form of matter in Philip Pullman's *His Dark Materials*
**Dust* (novel), by Charles Pellegrino
*Dust (comics), a Marvel Comics character 
**Dust* (1985 movie), based on J. M. Coetzee's *In the Heart of the Country*
**Dust* (2001 movie) *(Прашина),* directed by Milčo Mančevski
**Dust* (Screaming Trees album)
**Dust* (Mourning Beloveth album)
**Dust* (Peter Murphy album)
**Dust: A Tale of the Wired West*, a PC adventure game

For articles on how the word *dust* is used as a technical term in physics, astronomy, cosmology, and
environmental science, see:
*Dust Bowl
*Cosmic dust, on intergalactic clouds
*Interstellar clouds, on interstellar dust
*Dust solution, a type of exact solution in general relativity
*Dust (relativity), idealization of a cold gas
*Mineral dust
The Phantom of the Opera

***The Phantom of the Opera*** () is a French novel by Gaston Leroux. It was published in 1910. An English edition came out a year later.

The book was adapted to a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1986. The musical was made into a movie in 2004.

Movie versions include one starring Lon Chaney in 1925, one from 1943 with Claude Rains, another from 1962 with Herbert Lom, and *The Phantom of the Paradise* (1974). The story has been adapted to made for television movies several times.
The band iron maiden made a song name the phanTom of the Opera from their self titled album iron maiden.
Oklahoma City

**Oklahoma City** is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and the most populous city in the state. As of 2020, the population of the city was about 681,054. In 1995, 168 people were killed by a truck bomb. Oklahoma City has an NBA team called the Oklahoma City Thunder. It is the county seat of Oklahoma County. The city has a large Native American population.

## Images

File:OKC Skyline.jpg|Downtown Oklahoma City

## References
Hentai

]]
**Hentai** () is a style of Japanese pornographic anime and manga. In addition to anime and manga, hentai works exist in a variety of media, including artwork and video games (commonly known as *eroge*). The word **Hentai**  literally means "strange appearance", but also means "perverted". Hentai, because of this, is a word used by countries outside of Japan to show porn and sex-related anime, manga and video games. The word is not used to mean this in Japan. In Japan, terms such as *ecchi* are used.

The word hentai is sometimes used to apply to cartoon characters that are not anime characters. Hentai is the anime version of porn. There is on screen sex, often very graphic and very imaginative. Since hentai is anime, the performers are not bound by physical laws. Makers of hentai often use this in very creative ways. Some of the acts performed in hentai would be physically impossible. Some of the performers are often impossible themselves. Fairies, monsters, and even new and strange creatures are stars of hentai.  Monsters and demons with tentacles are seen so often that “tentacle porn” is its own sub-category of hentai.

Most of the hentai (anime)-films in the late 1990s to the present day are based on Ero-Games, where the goal is to date the girls in the game and have sex with one or more of them. The games feature various character-types, like a bookworm, a tough girl, a younger girl, and a tomboy. Ero-games can include highly taboo themes, such as coprophilia or dismemberment, pedophilia (also called lolicon and shotacon), and rape. Sometimes slightly less taboo subjects, such as incest.

Famous hentai films and series include:
* *Cream Lemon* (1984)
* *Urotsukidôji* (1987)
* *La Blue Girl* (1992)
* *Night Shift Nurses* (2000)
* *Bible Black* (2001)
* *Boku No Pico* (2006)
Snowboarding

**Snowboarding** is a sport that is much like skiing. A person stands on a snowboard and rides down a mountain covered with snow. A snowboard is a flat board with bindings that hold your feet in place while gliding down the mountain. It is different from skiing because both feet are on one board - like surfing.

Some snowboarders like to ride over jumps and do tricks.

## Origin 
The snowboard was born in the seventy's through the imagination of several different Americans.

The original idea was born in 1965 through Sherman Poppen. He invented the ‘’snurfer ‘’, which was made of two skis fixed together, as a gift to his daughter. It soon became very popular, so he licensed it to the Brunswick Corporation who sold about a million over the next 10 years.

In the mid-1970s Dimitrije Milovich created a snowboard inspired by the surfing board called the 'Winterstick'. Finally, in 1977 Jake Burton Carpenter helped by Tom Sims and Chuck Barfoot created the first snowboard model, which made them very rich.

During the eighty's, the sport became very popular. In 1982 the first National Snowboard race was held in Vermont at Suicide Six. The number of windsurfering and snowboarding stations grew very fast everywhere there was snow and mountains.

Snowboarding was first recommended to join the Olympic program in 1996 by the Olympic council in Atlanta. Two years later, some competitions like the Big slalom and the Half-pipe took place in The Olympic Nagano games.

## Equipment 
Snowboarders must wear hot and good quality clothes against the cold temperature. They wear also some ski goggles to protect their eyes from reflection of the sun on the snow, against the snow and the wind that can be very hurtful. It is essential to have a good view during the ride. The board that they used has to be fitted by squares on all its length that allow snowboarders to practice this sport even if there is not a lot of snow. Also, the snowboard is equipped with binding to provide snowboarders solidity and stability. The security attach have to be firmly tied on the binding and clip on one of your boots adapted to this sport. Wearing a helmet is strongly recommended.

## Positions 
There are two possible positions on the board. First of all, there is the regular one. With this position, your right foot is placed in the back. The second one is called goofy where you have to put your left foot in the back. The choice between those two positions is personal to everyone. Contrary to what everybody can thinks, goofys are not necessary left-handed or regulars right-handed. In fact, seventy-five percent of the people are regulars. Because the board make a curve in the front and in the back, it can glide on the two sides. In addition, the board called twin-tips is perfectly symmetric, so it allows windsurfers to glide in switch (when the favorite foot is in the back) or in normal-foot (when the favorite foot is in the front).

## References
Aquamarine

**Aquamarine** is a gemstone, named for its blue-green color, which looks like some shallow seas. It is a type of beryl. The color aquamarine is named for the gemstone. It is considered as a birthstone of March.

## Other websites
Trinitrotoluene

**Trinitrotoluene** (abbreviated TNT) (/ˌtraɪˌnaɪtroʊˈtɒljuiːn/) more specifically **2,4,6-trinitrotoluene**, is a powerful nitroaromatic explosive, occasionally used as a reagent in chemical synthesis.

## History 
TNT was first made in 1863 by Julius Wilbrand and originally used as a yellow dye. It was not recognized as an explosive for 28 years, until the chemist Carl Häussermann discovered its explosive properties in 1891.

The German military started filling artillery shells with TNT 1902. TNT-filled shells would explode after they had broken through the armour of ships, whereas the British Lyddite (Picric acid)-filled shells exploded when they hit the armour, wasting energy outside the ship. The British started replacing Pciric acid with TNT in 1907.

## Uses 
TNT is one of the world's most commonly used explosives, in the military, mining, and industrial operations.

TNT is often blended with other explosives to get desired properties.

## References
Spore

on the underside of the leaf of a fern]]

**Spores** are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores.

The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have.

## Fungal spores 
Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent.

**Conidia** are asexual, non-motile **spores** of a fungus; they are also called **mitospores** due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal.

Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called **conidiophores**. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.

*Germination
*Sporangia

## Bacterial spores 
Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.p186

## Plant spores
Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes.

## References
Fleet, Hampshire

**Fleet** is a town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading.

Fleet has one shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Street and many small, fun attractions.

There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range.

## Working in Fleet
Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC.

There are also many good schools especially Heatherside Infant and Juniors and Court Moor!

## Travelling in Fleet
It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days.
1839

## Events 
*January 19 – British East India Company captures Aden
*January 20 – In the Battle of Yungay, Peruvian and Bolivian soldiers lose to Chilean soldiers.
*February 24 – William Otis patents for the steam shovel
*March 23 – First known use of "OK" oll korrect in the *Boston Morning Post*
*March 26 – The first Henley Royal Regatta
*April 9 – The world's first commercial electric telegraph line is built, next to the Great Western Railway line from Paddington station to West Drayton.
*April 19 – The Treaty of London makes the kingdom of Belgium
*June 22 – Louis Daguerre receives patent for his Daguerrotype camera. By September a company sells copies of the camera for 400 French Francs.
*July 1 – Slaves fight their masters on the *Amistad*
*November 11 – The Virginia Military Institute starts in Lexington, Virginia, USA
*November 17 – Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, *Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio* opens in Milan.

### Undated 
*Abd-ul-Mejid becomes emperor of the Ottoman Empire.
*Mississippi passes the first state law in the U.S. letting women own property.
*The first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is found by Thomas Henderson.
*Excavation on Copan begins
*Half of the Limburg province of Belgium was added to the Netherlands, making a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg.
*Abd al-Kader makes a jihad against the French.

## Births 
*January 19 – Paul Cézanne, French painter (died 1906)
*February 11 – Josiah Willard Gibbs American physicist and chemist (died 1903)
*February 22 – Francis Pharcellus Church, American editor and publisher (died 1906)
*March 9 – Phoebe Knapp, American hymnwriter (died 1908)
*March 21 – Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (died 1881)
*April 12 – Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (died 1888)
*July 8 – John Davison Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist (died 1937)
*July 17 – Ephraim Shay, Inventor (died 1916, see Shay locomotive)
*December 5 – George Armstrong Custer, American cavalry officer (died 1876)

## Deaths 
*April 1 – Benjamin Pierce, U.S. politician (born 1757)
*April 2 – Hezekiah Niles, American editor and publisher (born 1777)
*April 11 – John Galt, Scottish novelist (born 1779)
*May 17 – Archibald Alison, Scottish writer (born 1757)
*August 10 – John St Aubyn, British fossil collector (born 1758)
*August 22 – Benjamin Lundy, American abolitionist (born 1789)
*August 28 – William Smith, English geologist and cartographer (born 1769)
*November 15 – William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (born 1754)
*December 3 – Frederick VI, King of Denmark, ex-King of Norway (born 1768)
Lake Chaubunagungamaug

**Lake Chaubunagungamaug**, or **Lake Webster** is a lake in the United States. It is in the state of Massachusetts. The lake is also known by the much shorter name of *Webster Lake*, but some people prefer the long name Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, which is the Native American name for the lake. The name is the longest place name in the United States.

## Other websites
Hans Enoksen

**Hans Enoksen** (7 August 1956 &ndash; 17 September 2025) was a Greenlandic politician. He was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 2002 to 2009.

Enoksen died at a hospital in Nuuk, Greenland on 17 September 2025, at the age of 69.

## References
Nunarput, utoqqarsuanngoravit

**Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit** (, ; "You Our Ancient Land") is the national anthem of Greenland. It was written by Henrik Lund, and it became the national anthem in 1916.

## Lyrics 
### Greenlandic lyrics 
### Translations 
## References
Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story

***Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story*** is a 2004 American comedy movie, released by 20th Century Fox. It is set in Las Vegas, Nevada and stars Vince Vaughn, Ben Stiller and Rip Torn.

## Plot 
A little-known gym, Average Joe's, tries not to go out of business by playing a game of dodgeball against a more expensive rival, Globo's Gym.

## Cast 
* Vince Vaughn as Peter LaFleur
* Ben Stiller  as White Goodman
* Christine Taylor as Katherine “Kate” Veach
* Rip Torn as Patches O’Houlihan (Hank Azaria plays a younger version of the character)
* Alan Tudyk as Steve “The Pirate” Cowan
* Justin Long as Justin Redman
* Stephen Root as Gordon Pibb
* Chris Williams as Dwight Baumgarten
* Joel David Moore as Owen Dittman
* Jamal Duff as Me’Shell Jones
* Missi Pyle as Fran Stalinovskovichdaviddivichski
* Julie Gonzalo as Amber
* Gary Cole as Cotton McKnight
* Jason Bateman as Pepper Brooks
* William Shatner as Dodgeball Chancellor
* Lance Armstrong as Himself
* Chuck Norris as Himself

## Other websites 
*Official site 
*
Saint Paul, Minnesota

**Saint Paul** (often abbreviated **St. Paul**) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. St. Paul and Minneapolis are known as the Twin Cities.  

## Well-known people from Saint Paul
*F. Scott Fitzgerald, author
*Darnella Frazier, civil rights activist

## References
## Other websites 
*Saint Paul official city government website
Ladino language

**Ladino** (also called **Judeo-Spanish**) is a Jewish Romance language that is very close to the Spanish language. It has many old Spanish words and Hebrew words.

## History
During the Middle Ages, many Jews lived in Spain. They were called Sephardic Jews or *Sephardim* (in Hebrew). Forced to leave Spain after the country was taken over by Christians, they brought the old Spanish with them to their new countries. Some Sephardic Jews still speak Ladino in Israel, Turkey, Bulgaria, the United States and other countries.

Just as many other Jewish languages, Ladino is an endangered language and is in danger of language death. It could become an extinct language. Most native speakers are old because many of them emigrated to Israel and did not pass on the language to their children or grandchildren. In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of language extinction because of assimilation into modern Spanish.

## Writing
Ladino is usually written by using the Latin alphabet, but in Israel it uses the Hebrew alphabet.

## Ladin language
Ladino should not be confused with the Ladin language, which is related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian languages and is mostly spoken in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Northern Italy.
## Related pages
* Yiddish
* Mizrahi Jews
* Maghrebi Jews
* History of Jews
* Sephardic Jews
* Ashkenazi Jews
* Spanish Inquisition

## References
## Other websites 
* Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain", *Morning Edition*, National Public Radio, March 19, 2007.
Sieve of Eratosthenes

The **Sieve of Eratosthenes** is a simple way to find *all* the prime numbers up to some number *n*:

# Write all the numbers from 2 up to *n* onto a piece of paper, in order. We will perform the following steps so that all the non-prime numbers will be crossed out, and what's left will be the primes.
# Choose the first, i.e. the smallest *available* number. Call it *p* (it will be 2 at the start). If there's no more available numbers, stop.
# Count up from *p* as *2p, 3p, 4p, ...,* up to *n* in steps of *p*, and cross out each of those numbers. Some numbers will be already crossed out, that's okay. Do not cross out the number *p* itself but consider it no longer *available*.
# Go back to step 2.

When the algorithm is finished all the numbers that are left not crossed out are all the prime numbers from 2 up to *n*.

As an optimization we can start the counting in step 3 from  *p2*, and stop in step 2 when  *p2*  is greater than *n*. 

This is allowed because for each number *k* that is smaller than *p*, the number *kp* in step 3 will be already crossed out as part of the algorithm working for some previous prime that is smaller than *p* – the smallest such prime which divides *k* evenly.
Noble Eightfold Path

In Buddhism, the **Noble Eightfold Path** (Pali: *ariya atthangika magga*) is the path to the end of suffering. It is the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It can be summed up in three categories: wisdom (*pañña*), virtue (*sila*), and concentration (*samadhi*). It asks for the Right view and the right intention, as well as other things. It also asks for the right speech.

Here is a description of the path:

# Right Thought - Realizing the Four Noble Truths (samyag-dṛṣṭi, sammā-diṭṭhi)
# Right Understanding - Commitment to mental and ethical growth in moderation.
#
# Right Speech - One speaks in a non hurtful, not exaggerated, truthful way (samyag-vāc, sammā-vācā)
# Right Actions - Wholesome action, avoiding action that would do harm (samyak-karmānta, sammā-kammanta)
# Right Livelihood - One's job does not harm in any way oneself or others; directly or indirectly (weapon maker, drug dealer, etc.) (samyag-ājīva, sammā-ājīva)
# Right Effort - One makes an effort to improve (samyag-vyāyāma, sammā-vāyāma)
# Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness (samyak-smṛti, sammā-sati)
# Right Concentration - State where one reaches enlightenment and the ego has disappeared (samyak-samādhi, sammā-samādhi)

## Other websites 
* Notes on the Noble Eightfold Path
* Noble Eightfold Path, in Chapter 7: Success, in "A Young People's Life of the Buddha" by Bhikkhu Silacara
* The Noble Eightfold Path - The Middle Way by Ven Dr.K.Sri.Dhammananda
* The Fourth Noble Truth: The Middle Path: BuddhaNet’s Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students
Gone with the Wind

***Gone with the Wind*** is a 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. It tells the story of a family woman in the American South (and in the plantation of Tara) during the Civil War. She falls in love with a city gentleman. It is one of the most famous books of its time, and was made into a movie of the same name.

The title takes the name from the line of Ernest Dowson's poem: "I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind." (The line appeared in the book). Critics and historians have disagreed with its views of Confederacy and the American South before the Civil War. But it is true to the events of the time, and also has a well-written account of the fall of Atlanta in 1864. The book won the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937. In 1991, Alexander Ripley wrote its official sequel, *Scarlett*. Three years later, it was made as a television miniseries. In 2001, the copyright holders of the original book tried to stop sales of Alice Randall's *The Wind Done Gone*. (The book retold Mitchell's story from a slave's point of view.) The resulting lawsuit allowed the book to be published; it was seen, based on rules in the First Amendment, as a parody.

## Related pages
*Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

## Other websites 
* The Story behind Margaret Mitchell's book 
* 
* RaveCentral: *Gone with the Wind* 
* Greatest Movies page
* 
* Photos of the first edition of Gone with the Wind
Flag of Greenland

The **Flag of Greenland** was designed by Greenlander Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk at the center. The top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white.

Its local name in the Greenlandic language is *Erfalasorput*, which means "our flag", but Aappalaartoq (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the Dannebrog. Today Greenlanders display both the **Erfalasorput** and the Dannebrog, often side by side.

Greenland first thought of the idea of a flag of its own in 1973, when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper printed eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic Cross), and polled the people to determine the most popular. The Dannebrog was better liked than any. Little came of this effort.

In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the Danish Kingdom. The home rule government asked for flag proposals, receiving 555. 293 were made by Greenlanders.

Out of all the designs, the current red-and-white design by Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.

To honor the tenth anniversary of the Erfalasorput, the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative stamps and a leaflet by its creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the fjords; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea.
Greenlandic language

**Greenlandic** can be divided into three dialects:

**Kalaallisut** or, in English, Greenlandic, is the standard dialect and official language of Greenland. This standard national language is now taught to all Greenlanders in school, regardless of their native dialect. It is related to Inuktitut. It reflects almost exclusively the language of western Greenland and has borrowed a great deal of vocabulary from Danish, while Canadian and Alaskan Inuit languages have tended to take words from English or sometimes French and Russian. It is written using the Roman alphabet. The dialect of the Upernavik area in northwest Greenland is somewhat different in sound from the standard dialect.

**Tunumiit oraasiat**, (or Tunumiisut in Kalaallisut, often East Greenlandic in other languages), is the dialect of eastern Greenland. It differs sharply from other Inuit language variants and has roughly 3,000 speakers.

**Avanersuaq** is the dialect of the area around Qaanaaq in northern Greenland. It is sometimes called the Thule dialect or North Greenlandic. This area is the northernmost settlement area of the Inuit and has a relatively small number of speakers. It is reputed to be fairly close to the North Baffin dialect, since a group of Inuit from Baffin Island settled in the area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It counts under 1,000 speakers.

## References
Wire

**Wire** is a long, thin and flexible piece of metal. Wires are made in many different metals and sizes, and are used for many purposes. Wire rope has been used for centuries. 

Electrical wire is wire used to carry electricity. When people touch wire that is carrying electricity, they get shocked, which is bad, so the outside coating of electrical wires is colored. Most electric wires are black, but some wires have a differently colored coating. Different colors indicate different purposes, for example, in the United States, green or bare is a ground (earth) wire, white is a neutral wire, and black, blue, red, brown, yellow, and orange are hot (live) wires.

A **wiretap** is when law enforcement puts a  into a phone or other electronic device to hear what suspected criminals are going to do. 

Copper wire is the best known type of wire, but wire can also be made out of aluminum or other metals. If we did not have wiring almost all of our electronics would not be working or available.
Whip

A **whip** is a long strand of leather or other fabric with a hard handle. When a person shakes a whip fast, it makes a loud "crack" sound, because it has broken the sound barrier because flicking a whip causes a loop that gets faster and faster across the whip. It is used for directing or hitting animals or people. Some whips are made for corporal punishment or flogging.

## References
Balalaika

The **balalaika** is a musical instrument from Russia. The Balalaika family includes the **piccolo balalaika**, **prima balalaika**, **sekunda balalaika**, **alto balalaika**, **bass balalaika** and **contrabass balalaika**. They all have three strings. There are many ways to tune balalaika; the most common tuning is **E-E-A**. The prima balalaika is played with the fingers, the sekunda and alto either with the fingers or a pick depending on the music being played. The basses and contrabasses, which have legs that rest on the floor, are played with leather picks.

Early pictures of the balalaika show it had between two and six strings, like some Central Asian instruments. Frets on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player.

## Development 
The balalaika was improved by a Russian, Vasily Vasil'yevich Andreev. He had heard peasants on his farm playing badly made instruments. Andreev wanted to improve the instrument and use it for concerts. He spent the rest of his life working on this instrument with help from two violin makers and a carpenter. They improved the soundboard, which made it louder. He came up with the idea of the prima balalaike, sekunda, alto, bass and controbass balalaika. He then spent several years writing and arranging music for groups of balalaikas to play. The first public performance by the Ensemble of Balalaika Players took place in 1888.
After the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party encouraged the playing of the instrument and large balalaika orchestras were started.

## Other websites 
* Balalaika picture
* Балалайка.орг.ру — theory, music sheets, video, forum... 

## References
Klezmer

**Klezmer** is a kind of music. It was made by the Jews of Eastern Europe, and it is a mix of Russian, Greek and Romanian folk music, based on Jewish prayer music. 

In old times, it was played during Jewish weddings and religious festivals, and it was made for dancing. The most common klezmer instruments are the clarinet and the violin, because they are the best to play in the sad klezmer style.
Die Toten Hosen

**Die Toten Hosen** is a German punk band from Düsseldorf, Germany. They are one of the most popular punk bands from Germany. Their career started in 1982. Their first album was released in 1984 and named *Opel-Gang*.

Most of their songs are in German. Some are in English and in a few other languages such as Spanish. They have many fans in German-speaking countries but also they have many fans in South America and other parts of Europe. 

## Members
The band consists of the following members:
* Voice - Campino (Andreas Frege)
* Guitar - Kuddel (Andreas von Holst)
* Guitar - Breiti (Michael Breitkopf)
* Bassguitar - Andi (Andreas Meurer)
* Drums - Vom (Stephen George Ritchie)

## Albums 
* 1983: Opel Gang
* 1984: Unter falscher Flagge (With wrong flag)
* 1985: The Battle Of The Bands EP
* 1986: Damenwahl (Ladies's choice)
* 1987: Never Mind The Hosen-Here's Die Roten Rosen (aus Düsseldorf) (... (from Düsseldorf))
* 1987: Bis zum Bitteren Ende (LIVE) (Up to the bitter End)
* 1988: Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau (A little bit of Horrorshow)
* 1990: Auf dem Kreuzzug ins Glück (On the Crusade to luck)
* 1991: Learning English
* 1993: Kauf MICH! (Buy ME!)
* 1993: Reich & Sexy (Best of) (Rich & sexy)
* 1994: Love Peace and Money
* 1996: Opium fürs Volk (Opium for the people)
* 1996: Im Aufrag des Herrn (LIVE) (In the Name of the Lord)
* 1998: Wir warten aufs Christkind (Waiting for Christmas)
* 1999: Unsterblich (Immortal)
* 1999: Crash Landing
* 2002: Auswärtsspiel (Guest Match)
* 2002: Reich & Sexy II-Die fetten Jahre(Rich & sexy II-The big years)
* 2004: Zurück zum Glück (Back to Luck)
* 2005: Nur zu Besuch: Unplugged im Wiener Burgtheater (Only for a visit: Unplugged in the Viennese castle theatre)
* 2008: In aller Stille (In complete silence)

## Images

file:Campino_beim_Klettern.jpg|Andreas Frege (Campino)

file:DieTotenHosen02-800.jpg|Andreas von Holst (Kuddel)

## Other websites 
* Homepage
1000s

The **1000s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1000, and ended on 31 December 1009. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***101th decade** which* began on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 1010.

## Events 
* Sweyn I of Denmark invades England.
* 1001: Stephen I becomes the first king of Hungary.
* 1008: Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized.
* 1009: The Ly dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.
1010s

The **1010s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1010, and ended on 31 December 1019. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***102th decade** which* began on January 1, 1011 and ended on December 31, 1020.

## Events 
* Canute invades England. He and Edmund II divide the country; after Edmund's death he becomes sole king. 
* Bulgaria becomes part of the Byzantine Empire (1018).
* Rajendra Chola I, son of the illustrious Rajaraja Chola I The Great, became the Chola Emperor. There is confusion on the exact date. According to Professor Kielhorn it is between 27 March and 7 July.
* The Nile River in Egypt freezes over.

## References
Hemp

:*This article is about the cultivation and uses of hemp. For the biology of the plant, see Cannabis. For the drug, see Cannabis (drug). For other uses of the word *hemp*, see Hemp (disambiguation).*

**Hemp** (*Cannabis sativa* subsp. *sativa*) is a plant and the fibers made from it. It is a subspecies of the *Cannabis sativa* plant. It is usually used to make cloth and other textiles, and ropes.

## History
Hemp is one of the oldest plants humans have grown and used. Hemp was domesticated in Asia over 10,000 years ago. It was already used to make clothes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The seeds were eaten, and the plant had medicinal uses. From there the use of hemp spread. In Europe, hemp was at least used 5,500 years ago. It is one of the earliest  plants recorded. It is quite strong and does not need many pesticides (to keep away bugs) and no herbicides. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time.

Hemp is similar to marijuana, but contains very little THC, the chemical that makes people feel good while using marijuana. Hemp is completely legal in most U.S. states, France, Spain, Indonesia, England, and Ireland.

## Uses for hemp 
Hemp can be used for the following things:

* Building materials
** Hempcrete
** Mud bricks
** Rammed earth
** Wallboard
* Cellulose based plastics
* Paints and finishes
* Paper
* Medicine (cannabidiol)
* Food & edible oil (seeds)

## References 
## Other websites
1157

## Births 
* September 8 – King Richard I of England (died 1199)
* Leopold V of Austria (died 1194)
* Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225)

## Deaths 
* May 15—Yury Dolgoruky, Russian prince (b. c. 1099)
* August 21—King Alfonso VII of Castile (b. 1105)
* Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria (b. 1111)
* Eystein II of Norway, king of Norway, (b. c. 1125)
* Sweyn III of Denmark, king of Denmark (b. c. 1125)

## Events 
* June 11 Albert I of Brandenburg, also called, The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first Margrave
* 23 October — Battle of Grathe Heath. A civil war in Denmark ended with the death of king Sweyn III. Valdemar I became king of all Denmark and restored and rebuild the country.
1512

## Events 
* April 11 – Battle of Ravenna. French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the fighting.
* October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology [*Doctor in Biblia*].
* October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg
* November 1 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti), is shown to the public for the first time.
* Juan Ponce de León discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands.
* Selim I succeeds Beyazid II as Sultan, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
* Moldavia is conquered by the Turks.
* Copernicus writes Commentariolus and moves the sun to the center of the solar system.
* First use of the word "masque" to denote a poetic drama.
* Florentine Republic is dismantled and the Medici family comes back into power.
*

## Births 
* January 31 – King Henry of Portugal (d. 1580)
* March 5 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer (d. 1594)
* April 10 – King James V of Scotland (d. 1542)
* Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (d. 1572)
* Henry Balnaves, Scottish politician and religious reformer (d. 1579)
* Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish renegade (d. 1556)
* Edward Fiennes Clinton, English admiral (d. 1585)
* Marcin Kromer, bishop of Warnia (d. 1589)
* James Lainez, Jesuit General and theologian (d.1565)
* Catherine Parr, sixth wife of Henry VIII of England (d. 1548)
* Mikolaj Rudy Radziwill, Polish magnate (d. 1584)
* Tabinshwehti, king who unified Burma
* Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (d. 1565)
* Jeronimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian (d. 1580)
*

## Deaths 
*
Lung

]]
The **lung** is an organ in many vertebrates (animals having a *spine*, or backbone). It takes blood oxygen from the air, and expels carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates with lungs have two of them.

In animals, the lungs are the area where gas exchange takes place. Without gas exchange, oxygen would not pass into the blood from the lungs so the body cells would not be able to receive the oxygen needed for respiration.

Gas exchange happens in the alveoli. The alveoli are moist to allow oxygen to move from the lung through the alveoli into blood vessels and red blood cells. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the heart and the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is pushed out of the lungs and into the air we breathe out.

## Bird lung 
Birds lungs are smaller than mammal lungs, and do not have alveoli, instead they have millions of para-bronchi. These para-bronchi end up in tiny capillaries or very small blood vessels and they pass close to the body's blood vessels, so diffusion can occur and the oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. The oxygen and carbon dioxide in birds lungs are continuously  diffused into and out of the blood, not like in mammals where diffusion can only happen in the alveoli. Air does not go into and back out of the lungs as in mammals. Instead, muscular air sacs push the air forward through bird lungs.

## Reptile lung 
Reptile lungs open and close because of the ribs surrounding them pressing down on them and then opening up with the help of muscles. The liver is also attached to the bottom of the lungs and when a muscle which is attached to the liver pulls, the liver moves away from the lungs and pulls them, making them bigger.

## Amphibian lung 
Frog lungs are very simple compared to most other lungs, they are simply balloons, with moist outsides allowing for diffusion. But frogs do not move around much and so do not need lots of oxygen, but they can also take in oxygen through their moist outer skin if a big demand of oxygen is needed (e.g. Fight or flight response)

## Other websites
* A revision site directed towards IGSCE students 
* A to Z list of diseases of the Lung
* List of Lung Cancer information sites 
* In depth articles on the lung
* In depth article on the anatomy of a lung
Cream

**Cream** (also called **milkfat**, **milk fat**, **butterfat**, and **butter fat**) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste. Cream can also be used to make some sauces such as the Americanized Alfredo sauce.

## Dairy products made from cream 
* Butter
* Cheese
** Cottage cheese
** Cream cheese
* Ice cream
* Sour cream
* Whipped cream

## Things named after cream 
* Cream (color)
* Skin cream (including face cream)
Kansas City

**Kansas City** is the name of two cities in the United States of America.
*Kansas City, Kansas
*Kansas City, Missouri (the larger and more well known city with this name)
*Kansas City metropolitan area, the metropolitan area of the above cities
Fall (motion)

]]
A **fall** is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity.  An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor.

## Scientific and universal definition 
Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential.  Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields.

The idea of falling in natural human language(s) as falling down begs the definition of what down really is. Down may be straight towards your feet, or if you are on a hill, be off at an angle. Often an attempt is made to correct this definition by saying down is towards the center of the Earth. But that definition only works here on Earth. The idea of falling using common everyday language as being in the direction of down does not work in places in the universe other than Earth. In space, somewhere between the Earth and its moon, an object may fall to the earth or fall to the moon. At other places an object may fall towards the Sun or Jupiter. At other places in the universe an object may even fall to a point in space between stars and planets.

Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity. A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling. Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces. As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy. Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy.

## Falling people
Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause. This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion.

In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones.

During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall.  Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.
Supreme Court of the United States

, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Front row (left to right): Sonia Sotomayor, Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John Roberts, Samuel Alito, and Elena Kagan]]

The **Supreme Court of the United States** is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution. Its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States. Since 1935, the Court has met in its own building in Washington, D.C.; before that, it met in the United States Capitol. 

## Background
There are 9 justices on the court now: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. Courts (a set of all justices of the court while one Chief Justice is serving) are unofficially named for the Chief Justice; the current Court is called the "Roberts Court" after Chief Justice John Roberts.

The Supreme Court chooses which s it will decide on, by choosing to give a *writ of certiorari* or not. Almost 7,000 people, known as *petitioners*, ask the Supreme Court to decide their cases every year, but the court only gives a *writ* to about 100 or less. 

For the Supreme Court to decide a case, the case must be about: federal law, the Constitution of the United States, disagreements between states or their residents, or another court's decision that differs from what the Supreme Court has decided on a similar case. Cases *must* first be decided by a federal district court and a federal court of appeals or by a state supreme court. Even after that, the Supreme Court can choose not to decide a case for any reason. Cases about disagreements between states or their residents sometimes can only be decided by the Supreme Court, but those are rare.

The justices serve for life unless they retire or are impeached. If a justice retires, he or she can still be asked to serve as a judge on a federal Court of Appeals. New justices are *nominated* (picked) by the President of the United States, and then must be approved by the United States Senate.

The most recent justice to be chosen is Ketanji Brown Jackson, who was nominated by President Joe Biden in February 2022, to replace retiring Justice Stephen Breyer. After the Senate approved her, Jackson became the first female African American justice.

## The current Court
## Living former justices
## References
Fall

**Fall** has several meanings:
*Autumn, one of the four seasons of the year
*Falling or other downward movement
*A waterfall is sometimes called a fall or falls for short
Marcha Real

"**Marcha Real**" (, which means "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. The music was composed by Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros in 1761 also in this year the anthem was first published. When Francisco Franco ruled Spain, new lyrics were written for it. Since 1978, those words are no longer official. In 2007, a contest for new lyrics did not result in new lyrics being made official. It is one of only four national anthems in the world with no official words, only music.

## Former lyrics 
The lyrics used when Alfonso XIII was king were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946):**La bandera de España** (Coro)
Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria,
soberana luz
que es oro en tu Pendón.
Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria,
que en tus ojos es
abierto corazón...!
Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal;
en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están.
Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr;
Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán.

**España guiadora** (Solo)
¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos
donde quieras tú;
que honrarlo es nuestra ley!
¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos,
porque vivas tú,
sin tregua pueblo y rey!
Una bandera gloriosa nos das;
¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará!
Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir,
¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!

**¡Viva España!...** (Coro)
¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria,
la explosión triunfal
abrió camino al sol;
¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos
y al hablar dan fe
del ánimo español...
¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín
su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe!
¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin,
al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!
**Flag of Spain** (Chorus)
Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland
sovereign light
which in your standard is gold.
Life, life, future of the Fatherland,
in your eyes it is
an open heart
Purple and gold: immortal flag;
in your colors, together, flesh and soul are.
Purple and gold: to want and to achieve;
You are, flag, the sign of human effort.

**Guiding Spain** (Solo)
Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take
anywhere you want;
because honoring it is our law!
Command us, Spain, and united we will fight,
so that you may live,
relentless people and king!
You give us a glorious flag;
Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us!
So that, one day, we can be covered by it,
Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!

**Long live Spain! ...** (Chorus)
Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland,
the triumphant explosion
Has opened the way to the sun;
Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples
and when they speak they have faith
in the Spanish will ...
Mark plow hammer and bugle
your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith!
Guide the mind and the hand until the end,
the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!

## References