open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)

**Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68,** also called the **Pastoral Symphony,** is a symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. The composer started the symphony in 1802 and finished the work in 1808 in the village of Heiligenstadt northwest of Vienna. It was first played in Vienna, Austria on 22 December 1808 in the Theater an der Wien with the Symphony No. 5 in C minor, the Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, the "Choral" Fantasy, "Ah! perfido!" (a concert aria composed in 1796), and parts of the Mass in C major of 1807.

The symphony is programmatic, which is not like most of Beethoven's other works.

## Instrumentation
The symphony is written for:

**Woodwinds**
:1 piccolo (fourth movement only)
:2 flutes
:2 oboes
:2 clarinets in B
:2 bassoons

**Brass**
:2 horns in F and B
:2 trumpets in C and E (third, fourth, and fifth movements only)
:2 trombones (alto and tenor, fourth and fifth movements only)

**Percussion**
:Timpani in F and C (fourth movement only)

**Strings**
:Violins I, II
:Violas
:Cellos
:Double basses

## Form
There are five parts, also called movements. This is not normal for symphonies in Beethoven's time, which often had four movements. The movements are:

: The work takes about 35-46 minutes to play. This changes based on the  tempo and whether the repeats in the 1st and 3rd movements are done.

## References
## Further reading 
* Frogley, Alain (1995). "Beethoven's Struggle for Simplicity in the Sketches for the Third Movement of the Pastoral." *Beethoven Forum*, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;99–134.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Lorenz, Christoph L. (1985). "Beethovens Skizzen zur 'Pastoralen.'" Die Musikforschung, vol. 38, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;95–108.
* Russell, Tilden (Spring 2003). "Unification in the Sixth Symphony: The Pastoral Mode." *Beethoven Forum*, vol. 10, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–17.
* Will, Richard (Fall 2002). "The Nature of the Pastoral Symphony." *Beethoven Forum*, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;205–215.
* 

## External links 
* 
* Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 ("Pastoral") – A Beginners' Guide – Overview, analysis and the best recordings – The Classic Review
* Interview with Christoph Eschenbach
Tattingstone

**Tattingstone** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 462 people living in Tattingstone.

## References
Preludes (Chopin)

**Preludes, Op. 28** is a collection of 24 short musical works for solo piano, written by Frédéric Chopin between 1837 and 1838 and published in the middle of 1839, just after the composer's winter stay on the isle of Majorca with George Sand.

Chopin was greatly  by Johann Sebastian Bach when he wrote these preludes. Each of the works in the collection is in a different major or minor key, with not one being left out, just like Bach's 24 preludes and fugues in *The Well-Tempered Clavier*. But unlike Bach, Chopin arranges the preludes in order through the circle of fifths. The first prelude in the set is in C major, the next in A minor, then G major, E minor, and so on, until the last two, which are in F major and finally D minor.

The *Preludes* are all very different. Many are very short (they take only about one minute each to play), so the atmosphere changes quickly, and this can make the overall structure seem out of place. Artists have recorded the entire set of preludes on CDs, and they are often performed in concerts as well.

One of the well-known pieces from the *Preludes* is Prelude No. 15, in D-flat major and nicknamed "Raindrop". This nickname refers to the monotonous repetition of one note in the accompaniment. It reminded early music lovers of the dripping of raindrops. Another well-known number is Prelude No. 4, in E minor, with its melancholy descending chords in the accompaniment.

Besides the 24 preludes of Op. 28, Chopin would write three more preludes, Op. 45 in C-sharp minor (composed in 1841), one in A-flat major (1834), and the so-called "Devil's Trill" Prelude, in E-flat minor, which Chopin never ended up finishing.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*. All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;290. .
Guingamp

**Guingamp** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister cities
Guingamp is twinned with:
* Shannon, Ireland, since 1991
* Aue, Germany, since 9 May 2011

## Related pages
* En Avant de Guingamp

## References
Dysart, Fife

**Dysart** () is a town on the south-east coast of Scotland, between Kirkcaldy and West Wemyss in Fife. A former royal burgh, Dysart is now a suburb of Kirkcaldy. Dysart was once part of a large estate owned by the St Clair or Sinclair family. They were given burgh of barony status for the town at the end of the 15th century.

The first written record of the town was in the early 13th century. During the middle of the 15th century, the town traded with the Low Countries, and exported salt and coal. In the 16th and 17th centuries, they began to trade with the Baltic Countries. Dysart got two nicknames: "Salt Burgh" and "Little Holland".

When the coal mine, the Lady Blanche Pit, closed suddenly use of the harbour almost stopped. The town was joined with the royal burgh of Kirkcaldy in 1930. Large parts of the historic town were pulled down in the 1950s and 1960's for new housing. People living in the town were able to protect some areas, most notably the 16th century and the 18th century houses of Pan Ha' opposite the harbour. These have been repaired and preserved for future generations. Today, Dysart retains an individual character within the boundary borders of neighbouring Kirkcaldy.

## References
Dinan

river]]

**Dinan** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. On 1 January 2018, the former commune of Léhon was merged into Dinan.

## Sisters cities
Dinan is twinned with:
*   Dinant, Belgium
*   Lugo, Spain
*   Exmouth, England

## Sport
Dinan is a start of the 6th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

## References
Matt Mead

**Matthew Hansen "Matt" Mead** (born March 11, 1962) is an American politician. He was the 32nd Governor of Wyoming from 2011 to 2019. He easily won against former chairman of the Wyoming Democratic Party, Leslie Petersen in the election and became the governor.

Mead was born in Teton County, Wyoming. Mead is married to Carol L. Mintzer and they have 2 children together.

## Other websites
* Dave for Governor  - Official Website of Mead For Governor
Biz Markie

**Marcel Theo Hall** (April 8, 1964 – July 16, 2021), known professionally as **Biz Markie**, was an American rapper, DJ, and record producer. He was best known for his 1989 single, "Just a Friend".

Markie was born in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He married Tara Hall in 2005.

Markie was nicknamed the "Clown Prince of Hip Hop".

On July 1, 2021, there had been rumors about Markie dying.

Markie died fifteen days later on July 16 in Baltimore, Maryland from diabetes-related problems at age 57.

## Discography
### Studio albums
## Other websites
* Biz Markie's Official website

## References
Madame de La Fayette

**Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne**, countess of La Fayette (or Lafayette) was a French writer. She is commonly known as **Madame de Lafayette**. She was born on 18 March 1634 in Paris, and died there, on 26 May 1693. In 1678, she published the novel *La Princesse de Clèves* (the Princess of Clèves). This book is regarded as one of the first psychological novels.
Saint-Brieuc

**Saint-Brieuc** is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany.

## Born in Saint-Brieuc 
* Émile Durand (1830–1903), music theorist and teacher
* Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838–1889), symbolist writer
* Louis Auguste Harel de La Noë (1852-1931), engineer
* Célestin Bouglé (1870–1940), philosopher
* Octave-Louis Aubert (1870–1950), editor
* Louis Guilloux (1899–1980), writer
* Henri Nomy (1899–1971), admiral
* Maryvonne Dupureur (1937–2008), athlete, Olympic 800m silver medallist
* Patrick Dewaere (1947–1982), actor
* Anne-Marie Idrac (1951- ), politician
* Kévin Théophile-Catherine, footballer
* Mamadou Wague, footballer
* Yelle (Julie Budet) 1983 – present, musician

## Sister cities 
Saint-Brieuc *préfecture* of the Côtes-d'Armor is twinned with :
*   Alsdorf, Germany, since 1970
*   Aberystwyth, Wales, since 1973
*   Agia Paraskevi, Greece, since 1991

## Related pages
* Stade Briochin
Hominin

**Hominini** is the tribe of african apes that comprises humans (*Homo*), and all ancestors of *Homo sapiens* back to the split from the apes. This branching is now dated at five to eight million years ago, with *Sahelanthropus* as a key fossil.

A less frequent usage includes the two species present-day of the genus *Pan* (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo). In this case, the subtribe Hominina is the "human" branch, including genus *Homo* and its close relatives, but not *Pan*. All species in this tribe carry the same four blood-types which can be exchanged between species.

## Genera
Subtribe Panina
**Pan* (chimpanzees)
Subtribe Hominina
**Homo* (humans)
*†*Paranthropus*
*†*Australopithecus*
*†*Sahelanthropus*
*†*Orrorin*
*†*Ardipithecus*
*†*Kenyanthropus*

 of the superfamily Hominoidea.
It highlights the subfamily Homininae. First the gibbons (Hylobatidae) split from the main line some 18 million years ago. Next, the subfamily Ponginae broke away—leading to the current orangutan. Later the Homininae split into the tribe Hominini (with subtribes Hominina and Panina), and the tribe Gorillini]]

## References
Lake Torrens National Park

var. selenite from Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area]]

**Lake Torrens National Park** is a national park in South Australia, 345&nbsp;km north of Adelaide. The park protects the area around Lake Torrens, which is a large, dry, salt lake covering an area of 5,700 square kilometres.  The lake is part of a large rift valley that also includes Spencer Gulf. Lake Torrens has been filled with water twice in the last 150 years. 

The lake filled in 2010 and attracted a large number of birds, including 150,000 Banded Stilts. This bird can only breed on islands in flooded salt lakes and have only bred in South Australia seven times in the last 70 years. The last known breeding was at Lake Eyre in 2000. During dry times the stilts live at the Coorong Lakes waiting for the salt lakes to flood.

## History
The first European to find Lake Torrens was Edward John Eyre in 1839. For many years it was believed that Lake Torrens was a large horseshoe-shaped salt lake in the northern Flinders Ranges. This salt lake blocked any path to the interior. The first European to get through this barrier was A. C. Gregory from the north in March 1858. 

Later in 1858, an expedition under Benjamin Herschel Babbage and Major Warburton in the north-west also crossed the non-existent barrier near modern Marree. Eyre's horseshoe lake was actually made up of six large salt lakes; Lake Frome, Lake Callabonna, Lake Blanche, Lake Gregory, Lake Eyre South, and Lake Torrens itself.

## References
Summer Palace

The **Summer Palace** is a palace in Beijing, China. It is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill (60 meters high) and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is water. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Between 1750 and 1764 the Qing Emperor Qianlong created the Garden of Clear Ripples (Summer Palace), extending the area of the lake and carrying out other improvements based on the hill and its landscape. During the Second Opium War (1856-60) the garden and its buildings were destroyed by the allied forces. Between 1886 and 1895 it was reconstructed by Emperor Guangxu and renamed the Summer Palace, for use by Empress Dowager Cixi. It was damaged in 1900 by the international expeditionary force during the suppression of the Boxer Rising and 24 years later, it became a public park in 1924.

There are many buildings in the Summer Palace including The Cloud-Dispelling Hall, the Temple of Buddhist Virtue and the Sea of Wisdom Temple.

## Other websites
* Official website
Keighley

**Keighley** ( ) is a town and civil parish in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. In 2001, there were 51,429 people living in Keighley.

## References
Brief psychotic disorder

**Brief psychotic disorder** is a short illness of less than one month that has psychotic symptoms. This could be like having schizophrenia symptoms for only an hour, but it can be any psychotic disorder, such as delusions or hallucinations. Doctors describe three types of BPD. The first type is caused by some kind of traumatic stress. The second type has no known cause. Some psychologists believe it could be from stimulants such as caffeine, morphine or any type of drug. There is no known cure but staying away from caffeinated drinking may lower the risk of brief psychotic disorder. The third type is caused by childbirth and usually affects mothers about four weeks after having a baby.

## References
Banded stilt

The **banded stilt** (*Cladorhynchus leucocephalus*) is a stilt bird from Australia. It is a type of water bird known as a wader.

The bird gets its name from the red-brown stripe that adults have on their chests. Younger birds do not have them. Its other feathers are pied (black and white) and the eyes are dark brown. The Banded stilt is 35–45&nbsp;cm tall. It is called the "Flamingo of Australia", They lay 1-5 eggs at a time.  The eggs are white, brown or black eggs.  The nests are small holes scraped in the sand or sandy clay. Banded stilts breed on islands created when dry salt lakes fill with water. They come to the lakes to eat the brine shrimp, *Paratemia*. In 2010 there was a huge breeding event at Lake Torrens National Park where more than 150,000 birds gathered as the lake filled for only the second time in 150 years. The eggs and chicks are often eaten by silver gulls. In 2000 when the stilts were breeding on Lake Eyre, nearly all the chicks were eaten.

]]

## References
* Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Eds). (1993). *Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds*, Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Kodad

**Kodad** is a town in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Madhira Institute of Technology and Science has a 40 acre campus about eight kilometres from Kodad.

## References
Adrienne de La Fayette

:*The article about the French writer is at Madame de Lafayette*

'''*Marie Adrienne* Françoise de Noailles, madame de La Fayette'* (2 November 1759 – 24 December 1807). She was born in Paris at the family home, the Hôtel de Noailles. styled as *Mademoiselle d'Ayen-*she was the second daughter of the Duke of Ayen, a powerful French noble-prior to her marriage to Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, in the chapel of the Hôtel de Noailles on April 11, 1774.
# *Anastasie* Louise Pauline Motier du Motier  (Paris 1 July 1777 - Turin  24 February 1863, Turin) married Jules César Charles de Fay, Count of La Tour Maubourg.
# *George Washington'' Louis Gilbert du Motier (24 December 1779 - 29 November 1849) died childless but married Émilie d'Estutt de Tracy. 
# Marie *Antoinette* Virginie du Motier (17 September 1782 - 23 July 1849) married Louis de Lasteyrie du Saillant, Marquis of Lasteyrie.

*Her only son was named after George Washington and her youngest daughter was named in honour of Queen Marie Antoinette.

## Titles 
***2 November 1759 - April 11 1774** ''Mademoiselle d'Ayen*.
***April 11 1774 - 24 December 1807** The Marquise of La Fayette.

## References 
3. Russel Freedman, *Lafayette and the American Revolution'' (Johor Bahru, Malaysia, HOLIDAY HOUSE, 2010)
Civil parishes in Cumbria

This is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Cumbria, England.

## Allerdale
The whole of the borough is parished.

## Barrow in Furness
The former Barrow in Furness County Borough is unparished.

## Carlisle
The former Carlisle County Borough is unparished.

## Copeland
The former Whitehaven Municipal Borough is unparished.

## Eden
The former Penrith Urban District is unparished.

## South Lakeland
The whole of the district is parished.

## Related pages
* List of civil parishes in England

## Notes
# Formerly Alston with Garrigill Rural District 
# Formerly Appleby Municipal Borough 
# Formerly Barrow in Furness County Borough 
# Formerly Border Rural District 
# Formerly Carlisle County Borough 
# Formerly Cockermouth Rural District 
# Formerly Cockermouth Urban District 
# Formerly Dalton in Furness Urban District 
# Formerly Ennerdale Rural District 
# Formerly Grange Urban District 
# Formerly Kendal Municipal Borough 
# Formerly Keswick Urban District 
# Formerly Lakes Urban District 
# Formerly Maryport Urban District 
# Formerly Millom Rural District 
# Formerly North Lonsdale Rural District 
# Formerly North Westmorland Rural District 
# Formerly Penrith Rural District 
# Formerly Penrith Urban District 
# Formerly Sedbergh Rural District 
# Formerly South Westmorland Rural District 
# Formerly Ulverston Urban District 
# Formerly Whitehaven Municipal Borough 
# Formerly Wigton Rural District 
# Formerly Windermere Urban District 
# Formerly Workington Municipal Borough 

## References
## Other websites 
* Office for National Statistics : Geographical Area Listings
* Cumbria Association of Local Councils
Hox gene

**Hox genes** are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals and plants. 'Hox' is short for 'homeobox'. 

Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).

Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism. 
*Hox genes have a DNA sequence known as the **homeobox**. The homeobox is a 180 nucleotide-long DNA sequence which codes for a 60 amino acid-long protein domain known as the *homeodomain*. This works by binding with DNA.
*Hox genes are in gene clusters on the genome
*The order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
*This cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.

## Sequence of hox genes 
In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or **clusters**.

The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. The first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. The reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.

### Found in all animals and plants 
The homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals and plants. In addition, homeodomains of individual hox proteins are similar in many species. 

Because of this, it is thought hox gene clusters evolved from a single hox gene via tandem gene duplication. A hox gene cluster with at least seven different hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.

## Humans 
Humans have a total of 39 hox genes in clusters on four chromosomes.

## Related pages 
*Edward B. Lewis
*Transcription factor

## References
Broons

**Broons** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city
Broons is twinned with:
* Neufahrn in Niederbayern, Germany, since 1971
Conduct disorder

**Conduct disorder** (CD) is a mental disorder in which a person habitually, deliberately violates the rights of others. They are typically aggressive and threaten to hit people. Habitual stealing is common; some 
people with CD are sex offenders. They do not feel bad or guilty about hurting people, and often enjoy doing so. Many people with CD go on to develop antisocial personality disorder. Everyone who has ASPD previously had CD. The CD affected person finds that acting out gives them attention (even though it is negative attention they are receiving) and in turn they feel it gives them a sense of importance. Some risk factors are heredity, child neglect and the loss of family member and or parent. Anti-psychotic therapy is recommended in cases where the offender is psychotic. A high proportion of people who have CD also have other mental disorders, most commonly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which makes the effects of CD worse.
Castleton

**Castleton** is the name of several places in the world:

In England:
* Castleton, Derbyshire 
* Castleton, Dorset 
* Castleton, Greater Manchester 
* Castleton, North Yorkshire
 
In Scotland:
* Castleton, Scottish Borders, Roxburghshire 
* Castleton, Angus, a village
 
In Wales:
* Castleton, Newport 

In the United States:
* Castleton, Indiana, a neighborhood (formerly a separate small town) in Indianapolis 
* Castleton Square, a large mall in Castleton, Indiana 
* Castleton, Kansas 
* Castleton, Maryland 
* Castleton Township, Michigan 
* Castleton, Staten Island, in New York City 
* Castleton-on-Hudson, New York, in Rensselaer County 
* Castleton, Utah, a ghost town 
* Castleton Tower, Moab, Utah 
* Castleton, Vermont 
* Castleton State College 
* Castleton, Virginia 

In Canada:
* Castleton, Ontario
George Turner (artist)

**George Turner** (2 April 1841 – 29 Mar 1910) was an English landscape artist and farmer. He was also called "Derbyshire's John Constable".

## Life and work
Turner was born in Cromford, Derbyshire in England, then moved to Derby with his family. His father Thomas Turner was a tailer and favoured art works, so he adviced his son to learn art and music. Turner made progress mainly by himself, and became a professional painter and art teacher.

Turner lived in Derbyshire all his life. In 1865 he married Eliza Lakin (1837 - 1900), and worked as a part-time farmer raising four children at Walnut farm in Barrow upon Trent.

After Eliza's death in 1900, he moved to Kirk Ireton and later married fellow artist Kate Stevens Smith (1871-1964) - they set up home in Idridgehay, and he died there in 1910. His son William Lakin Turner (1867-1929) also became a famous landscape oil painter.

Most of Turner's paintings are of Derbyshire where he lived. They show old English countryside before the coming of modernization. His work was exhibited in Nottingham and Birmingham. Turner was a member of the Art Committee of Derby Art Gallery and the city has both his and his son's paintings.

## Notes 
## Further reading 
*Long, Frederick J. *George Turner the Derbyshire Artist, 1841-1910* (1995)

## Other websites and references 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Herman Cain

**Herman Cain** (December 13, 1945 &ndash; July 30, 2020) was an American businessman, politician and Baptist minister.

He managed several businesses owned by Pillsbury, such as Burger King and Godfather's Pizza, which he ran from 1986 to 1996.

He was also head of the Federal Reserve Bank in Kansas City, Missouri. Cain started working in politics in 1994. He said that President Clinton's health care plan was bad for business. Some people credit him with stopping Clinton's health care plan.

He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 2000. Cain then ran for the U.S. Senate in Georgia in 2004, but he lost.

He was going to run for president in the Republican primaries of 2012. Cain won a couple of the Republican straw polls. In December 2011, Cain left the Presidential race. This was because several women  him of sexual harassment.

Cain is African American and was from Memphis.

Cain went to a campaign rally of President Donald Trump in Tulsa on June 20 without wearing a mask or socially distancing. He was hospitalized in Atlanta, Georgia and was diagnosed with COVID-19. He died from the infection on July 30, 2020 at the age of 74.

## References
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

The following is a list of the 373 '''communes of the Côtes-d'Armor *département*''' in France.

* (CAL) Communauté d'agglomération de Lannion Trégor, created in 2003.
* (CASB) Communauté d'agglomération de Saint-Brieuc, created in 2000.
Ploumanac'h

'''Ploumanac'h''' is a village in the commune of Perros-Guirec. It is in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

File:Phare de Ploumanac'h 003.jpg
File:OratoriumStGuirec Ploumanach.jpg
File:Port de Ploum.JPG
File:Président Toutain Ploumanac'h.JPG
Jejomar Binay

**Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay** (born November 11, 1942), also known as Jojo Binay or VNay, is a Filipino politician. He previously served as the 15th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2010 to June 30, 2016. Before he became vice president, he was Mayor of Makati City from 1986 to 1998 and again from 2001 to 2010.
 Mahathir Mohamad in 2012]]
He ran for President in 2016, but lost to Rodrigo Duterte.

## Notes
Dayton (disambiguation)

**Dayton** is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Ohio, United States.

**Dayton** may also refer to:

## Places
### Australia
*Dayton, Western Australia

### Canada
*Dayton, Nova Scotia

### United States
*Dayton, Alabama
*Dayton, California, in Butte County
*Dayton, Idaho
*Dayton, Henry County, Illinois
*Dayton, LaSalle County, Illinois
*Dayton, Indiana
*Dayton, Iowa
*Dayton, Kentucky
*Dayton, Maine
*Dayton, Maryland
*Dayton, Berrien County, Michigan
*Dayton, Tuscola County, Michigan or Daytona Station
*Dayton, Minnesota
*Dayton, Missouri
*Dayton, Montana
*Dayton, Nevada
*Dayton, Newark, New Jersey, a neighborhood
*Dayton, New Jersey
*Dayton, New York
*Dayton, Oregon
*Dayton, Pennsylvania
*Dayton, Tennessee, site of the 1925 Scopes Trial
*Dayton, Texas
*Dayton, Virginia
*Dayton, Washington
*Dayton, Green County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
*Dayton, Richland County, Wisconsin, a town
*Dayton, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, a town
*Dayton, Wyoming
*Fort Dayton, built in the Mohawk Valley in 1776 by Elias Dayton

## Other uses
*Dayton (name), a given name and surname
*Dayton (band), a funk band formed in Dayton, Ohio
*Dayton (RTD), a transit station in Aurora, Colorado
*USS *Dayton* (CL-78) or USS *Monterey* (CVL-26), an aircraft carrier
*USS *Dayton* (CL-105), a light cruiser
*University of Dayton, a university in Dayton, Ohio
*Dayton's, a defunct Minneapolis-based department store chain
*Dayton Wire Wheels, an after-market wheels manufacturer

## Related articles
*2019 Dayton shooting
*Dayton Agreement, or Dayton Peace Accord (ending the Bosnian War in 1995)
*Dayton Mall, a mall in Miami Township, Montgomery County, Ohio
*Dayton Township (disambiguation), multiple places
*Daytona (disambiguation)
Paimpol

**Paimpol** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Twin towns
Paimpol is twinned with:

*  Grundarfjörður, Iceland
* Romsey, United Kingdom
* Vermilion, United States
Milparinka, New South Wales

**Milparinka** is a very small town in New South Wales, Australia. About ten people live in Milparinka, which is about 296 kilometres north of Broken Hill. It is built beside a waterhole on Evelyn Creek, named by the explorer Charles Sturt after his wife in 1844. Sturt and his group had been trapped at a waterhole they called Depot Glen nearby on Preservation Creek for seven months while they waited for rain.

## References
## Other websites
* Milparinka Archaeology
Phase-shift keying

**Phase shift keying** is a way of transmitting information. This is done by modulating the phase of a carrier wave. In such a system, the amplitude of the wave does not carry any information; all information is present in the phase of the signal. In many cases, this allows to better use the bandwidth available. 

 for Binary-phase-shift keying (2PSK)]]

If we think of a wave as a wiggly line, (like a sine wave), wiggling a specific number of times a second, and we can change at which part of the wiggle it is in. Say if it is at the top of its wiggle, and we immediately change it to the bottom of its wiggle, this is called a phase shift. We can use that change to carry information.

By either changing or not changing the wave every time it gets to the top of its wiggle, we can send either ones or zeros. This is called Binary Phase Shift Keying. If we change the phase of the wave as it reaches the top, we can have this represent a 1. If we don't change it at the top, we can have this represent a 0. We can use a computer and a radio to turn text into a wave like this and then send it. A radio and a computer listening to this wave changing or not changing can figure out the original message being sent and turn it back into text.

Binary Phase Shift Keying can be used to send computer data across radio waves quite efficiently. Certain Wireless LAN standards use Phase-shift keying, which they sometimes couple with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, to get higher data rates.
Jafaraki language

**Jafaraki** is a spoken language in the Musakhel District of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

The language Jafaraki mixed vocabulary borrowed mainly from languages like Urdu, Khetrani, Sindhi, Hindi, Saraiki, Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Jatki, Balochi, Punjabi, and Hindko. The language is purported to have originated from the interaction of Sanskrit, which was once spoken in the area, with Pashto. Many of the old place names still in use in Jafaraki are derived from Sanskrit.

## References
Skin cancer

**Skin cancer** is the term that is used for all bad forms of growth of the skin. In everyday use, people often talk about melanoma, but there are other forms of skin cancer, too. These are usually named after the type of cell that grows uncontrollably. Most skin cancers develop in the epidermis. Very often a tumor can be seen, so it is often possible to detect skin cancer at an early stage. Very few people with skin cancer will die of the disease., though it can be disfiguring. Melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer, although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is easier and more people survive.

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers combined are more common than lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. It is the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15–34 in the UK.  Most cases are caused by over-exposure to UV rays from the sun or sunbeds. 

Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common skin cancers.  The majority of these are basal cell carcinomas.  These are usually small spot growths caused by too much exposure to the sun over time.  They do not usually spread, and rarely kill.

## Types 
## References
Beriberi

**Beriberi** (also called **vitamin B1 deficiency**) is a disease of the nervous system. It happens when a person does not get enough thiamine (vitamin B1) in their diet. 

Thiamine helps the body turn food into energy.  People need thiamine for good brain function and a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. It also helps the nervous system work properly.

Without enough thiamine, a person’s body cannot create all the energy the person needs.  As a result, people with beriberi have severe lethargy and feel exhausted. Beriberi can also cause muscles to get weaker. These symptoms can make it hard for a person to do simple things.    

There are two kinds of beriberi: wet and dry. Wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system.

## Symptoms of dry beriberi
* Difficulty in walking
* Loss of feelings in the hands and feet
* Loss of movement in the legs
* Mental confusion
* Difficulty speaking
* Pain
* Vomiting
* Strange eye movements
* Tingling feelings on the skin

## Symptoms of wet beriberi
* Waking up short of breath
* Swelling of the legs
* Fast heart rate
* Fluid in the lungs
* The heart gets bigger

## References
Can't Be Tamed

'''''Can't Be Tamed*** is the third album made by American singer Miley Cyrus. The album has twelve songs including three singles.

## Songs 
#Liberty Walk
#**Who Owns My Heart*'
#Can't Be Tamed''
#**Every Rose has Its Thorn**
#Two More Lonely People
#Forgiveness and Love
#Permanent December
#Stay
#Scars
#Take Me Along
#Robot
#My Heart Beats For Love

*The singles from the album are in bold.

## Development and singles 
"Can't Be Tamed" is Cyrus's first single. It was released May 18th, 2010. "Can't Be Tamed" had good reviews from critics. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the Irish Singles Chart and New Zealand Singles Chart. The music video is Cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. Cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'Adias Cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. She has promoted "Can't Be Tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on ''Britain's Got Talent'' and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. The song is also a part of Cyrus' second world tour, Gypsy Heart Tour.

"Who Owns My Heart" is Cyrus' second single. It was released on October 22, 2010. Cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. Cyrus' "Who Owns My Heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. The song tries not to proceed to question, "Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?" Bill Lamb of About.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "Who Owns My Heart" is faceless and dull. The video starts with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She wakes up and shakes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. While in the bathroom scenes, Cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. When the chorus comes on, Cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. Once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. In continuing after, Cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video finishes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.

"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" is Cyrus' third single. It was a single on June 11th, 2011. It was made by Poison in 1988. Miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than Poison's official song. Hollywood Records released Cyrus' cover in June 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.
Dodder

The **Dodder**, ***Cuscuta***, is a genus of about 100–170 species of parasitic flowering plants. 

Recent genetic research has shown that it is correctly placed in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. 

The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Most species live in subtropical and tropical regions. The genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.

## Appearance
Dodder can be identified by its thin stems. They look leafless, with the leaves reduced to minute scales. 

From mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are about the size of a common pea.  It has very low levels of chlorophyll; some species, such as *Cuscuta reflexa*, can photosynthesize slightly. Others such as *C. europaea* are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition. 

Dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The seeds are tiny, and produced in large amounts. They have a hard coating, and can survive in the soil for 5–10 years or more.

## Life habit 
Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil.  Germination occurs without a host, but the seedling must reach a green plant quickly. Dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants. 

If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons are very small.
, Pakistan]]

## Parasitism
After a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food useful to dodder, the dodder produces 'haustoria' that insert themselves into the host. The original root of the dodder in the soil then dies. 

The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas it can grow continuously, and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees. In temperate climates it is an annual plant, restricted to low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring.

Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa, flax, clover, potatoes, chrysanthemum, dahlia, trumpet vine, ivy and petunias, among others.

## References
Southampton Central railway station

**Southampton Central railway station** is the main train station in Southampton. It is served by First Great Western, South West Trains, CrossCountry & Southern.

It has services terminating for Portsmouth and Southsea, Great Malvern, London Waterloo, Newcastle and other services.

## References
J. B. Priestley

**John Boynton Priestley** OM (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984)  was born in Bradford and died in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster Generally, he is known as **J.B. Priestley**. He published 26 novels. His best-known works include *The Good Companions* (1929) and *An Inspector Calls* (1946) which were two of his many many creations including his characters. He also wrote social and literary criticism.
Rostrenen

**Rostrenen** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city
Rostrenen is twinned with:
* Kanturk, Ireland, since 1989.
Kangaroo Island

**Kangaroo Island** is Australia's third-largest island after Tasmania and Melville Island. 

It is  southwest of Adelaide in the state of South Australia.

At its closest point to the mainland, it is  offshore from Cape Jervis.  

The island is  long and between  and  wide, its area covering . Its coastline is  long and highest altitude is .

## Wildlife and its protection
 sea lions]]

More than half of the island has never been cleared of vegetation, and a quarter of it is conserved in National Parks, Conservation Parks, and five Wilderness Protection Areas. The main protected areas are:
* Flinders Chase National Park
* Seal Bay Conservation Park
* Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park
* Cape Bouguer Wilderness Protection Area
* Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area

Because of its isolation from mainland Australia, foxes and rabbits are not there. People are forbidden to bring them into the island. Registration and microchipping of cats is compulsory. 

The Kangaroo Island kangaroo, Rosenberg's sand goanna, southern brown bandicoot, Tammar wallaby, common brushtail possum, short-beaked Echidna and New Zealand fur seal are native to the island, as well as six bat and frog species. The sole endemic (found nowhere else) vertebrate species is a small marsupial carnivore called the Kangaroo Island dunnart. The koala, common ringtail possum and *Platypus* have been introduced and still survive there. Kangaroo Island had a native species of emu, the Kangaroo Island emu which became extinct between 1802 and official European settlement in 1836. Perhaps this was caused by bushfires or hunting by sealers or whalers.

The introduced koalas have flourished so well on the island that their preferred food source, the manna gum tree, is at risk of local extinction. Koalas have recently been forced to turn to other, less tasty, plants. Park Management has been searching for a solution.

## Tourism 
The island is a major tourist attraction.

## References
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

The following is a list of the 707 '''communes of the Côte-d'Or *département*''' in France.

(CAD) Communauté d'agglomération Dijonnaise, created in 2000.
Hominina

**Hominina** is a sub-tribe of the hominid primates. It is used by some anthropologists to include the upright biped apes, including the genus *Homo*.

If an anthropologist wants to includes chimpanzees in the tribe Hominini, then it follows that a sub-tribe is needed to put Australopithecines and humans in. But this is not a majority view at present, and the mainstream view is:
* Family: Hominidae
* Subfamily: Homininae
* Tribe: Hominini
* Subtribe: Hominina 

If used, the group includes *Sahelanthropus* six to eight million years ago.

## Taxonomy
Even today, the genus *Homo* has not been properly defined.

Because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, Carl Linnaeus did not even bother to define *Homo* when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. The discovery of Neanderthals brought the first addition.
" expansion of *H. sapiens* is indicated at the top of the diagram, with admixture indicated with  Neanderthals, Denisovans, and unspecified archaic African hominins.]]
The genus *Homo* was given its taxonomic name to suggest that its member species can be classified as human.

Over the decades of the 20th century, there were fossil finds of pre-human and early human species from late Miocene and early Pliocene times.

Classifying a fossil as *Homo* means evidence of:
#competent human bipedalism in *Homo habilis* inherited from the earlier *Australopithecus* of more than four million years ago (see Laetoli).
# human tool culture having begun by 2.5 million years ago.

## References
Pritzker Architecture Prize

The **Pritzker Architecture Prize** is given each year by the Hyatt Foundation. It is for talented and significant architects who has created great projects throughout his or her life. Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy began the award in 1979. The Pritzker family pays for the prize. It is the top prize in architecture, and it is often called the Nobel Prize of architecture. Winners get US$100,000 and  a certificate. Winners receive a medal. The back of the medal has these words in Latin—*firmitas, utilitas, venustas* (English: *durability, utility, and beauty*). The idea comes from the Roman architect Vitruvius. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture came with the prize money. The director asks many people, including past winners, academics, critics and others involved in architecture to suggest possible winners. Five to nine jury members meet early the next year before announcing the winner in spring. The 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryūe Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44.  The most recent winner, in 2019, is Arata Isozaki.

## List of prize winners
 behind an architectural model|The inaugural laureate Philip Johnson]]
]]
]]
 won in 1988]]
]]
]]
, giving a speech behind a lecturn|1999 winner Norman Foster]]
 won in 2000]]
 won in 2008]]
 of SANAA won in 2010]]

## References
## Other websites
* Pritzker Architecture Prize Official Site
Hugh Downs

**Hugh Malcolm Downs** (February 14, 1921 – July 1, 2020) was an American radio and television broadcaster, announcer, television host, news anchor, TV producer, author, game show host, and music composer.

For many years, he held the Guinness World Record for the most hours on commercial network television, before Regis Philbin broke his record. 

Downs was announcer/sidekick for *Tonight Starring Jack Paar* from 1957 to 1962, co-host of the NBC News program *Today* from 1962 to 1971, host of the *Concentration* game show from 1958 to 1969, and anchor of the ABC News magazine *20/20* from 1978 to 1999. 

Downs was born in Akron, Ohio on February 14, 1921. His career would start in 1945 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television programs and guest star appearances, he retired in 1999. He was married to Ruth Shaheen from 1944 until her death in 2017. They had two children together. 

Downs died on July 1, 2020, in Scottsdale, Arizona from heart failure. He was 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
Arriva Trains Wales

**Arriva Trains Wales** () was a train operating company, owned by Arriva, that operated passenger services in Wales and the Welsh Marches. Its busiest stations were ,  and . Other stations on their main line included: , ,  and .

## Description 
The company operates the Wales and Border railway franchise from the company of the same name in December 2003. They have made direct services between North and South Wales, and the reintroduction of passenger services on freight-only portions of the Vale of Glamorgan Line and Ebbw Vale Line.

It operates on a gauge of 1435&nbsp;mm, over a route length: 1691&nbsp;km, with 253 DMU cars and 22 passenger coaches.

Arriva Trains Wales operated almost all services in Wales, with the exception of:

*/ to London Paddington (First Great Western)
* to  and  (First Great Western)
* to  and  (CrossCountry)
*//Wrexham General to London Euston (Virgin Trains)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Arriva Trains Wales official website
List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom

There are several **companies operating trains in the United Kingdom**. These include the operators of passenger services, which are, rather confusingly, officially referred to as "train operating companies" or TOCs, as distinct from "freight operating companies".

## Passenger operators in Great Britain 
There are also a number of light rail systems.

### Defunct operating companies 
Operating companies have ceased to exist for various reasons, including withdrawal of the franchise, the term of the franchise has expired, bankruptcy or merger.

## Passenger operators in Northern Ireland 
In Northern Ireland, passenger trains are NI/Ireland government-owned by Translink or the National Transport Authority. The following brands are used:

*Northern Ireland Railways
*Enterprise service from Dublin Connolly to Belfast Lanyon Place on the Belfast-Dublin line joint venture between Northern Ireland Railways and Iarnród Éireann.
*Iarnród Éireann, Operates 2 Northern Commuter services a day to/from Newry.

## UK Railtour operators 
*Compass Tours
*DPS Railtours
*Pathfinder Tours
*Scottish Railway Preservation Society
*Venice-Simplon Orient Express (*British Pullman* and *Northern Belle* services)
*Vintage Trains
*West Coast Railways
*Locomotive Services Limited

Luxury railtours
*Belmond *Grand Hibernian* (From August 2016)
*Steam Dreams (*Emerald Isle Explorer*)

In Northern Ireland
*Enthusiast railtours
*Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
*Irish Railway Record Society
*The Modern Railway Society of Ireland

## Freight operators 
*Colas Rail
*DCRail
*Direct Rail Services
*DB Cargo UK (formerly English Welsh & Scottish Railway)
*Freightliner
*GB Railfreight
*Mendip Rail

## Franchised passenger operator structure in Great Britain 
## References
Abhar

**Abhar** is a  city in Zanjan province, northwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 55,266 people living there.

## References
Tasmanian Wilderness

is found on Tasmania and on the mainland. It is now Australia's largest carnivorous marsupial and an endangered species.

The Tasmanian Tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphiap77 The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the Tasmanian Devil; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.p46 It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in Tasmania.
* Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
* Hartz Mountains National Park
* Mole Creek Karst National Park
* Southwest National Park
* Walls of Jerusalem National Park
* Central Plateau Conservation Area
* Devils Gullet State Reserve
* South East Mutton Bird Islet

, South West Tasmania]]
 from Mount Eliza, Southwest National Park]]

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References
## Other websites 
* World heritage listing for Tasmanian Wilderness
* Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service site 
* Position of World Heritage Area 
* UNESCO site