open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Music of Australia

in Sydney with traditional instrument, the Didgeridoo.]]

The **music of Australia** is the music made in the area of, on the subject of, or by the people of modern Australia.  This includes its earlier Indigenous and colonial societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of a 40–60,000 year history which made the didgeridoo. Combinations of Indigenous and Western styles show Australian additions to world music. Some people who do this are Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. During its early western history, Australia was made of many British colonies.  Australian folk music and bush ballads such as Waltzing Matilda were influenced by Anglo-Celtic culture. Classical forms came from those of Europe. Current Australian music covers many trends.  They are often similar to those of the US, the UK, and similar nations.  There are oftem similarities in the Australian rock and Australian country music genres.

Notable Australian musicians include: the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland; country music stars Slim Dusty (Australia's biggest selling domestic artist) and John Williamson; solo artists John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John, folk-rocker Paul Kelly; Dance group The Avalanches; jazz guitarist Tommy Emmanuel; pioneer rocker Johnny O'Keefe, global folk-rock band The Seekers, global rock and pop bands Men At Work, The EasyBeats, Bee Gees, Air Supply, Crowded House, AC/DC, INXS, Little River Band, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Midnight Oil, Dragon, Silverchair, Youth Group, You Am I and Powderfinger; the "pop princess" Kylie Minogue, Pendulum, Pop Rock duo Savage Garden  and alternative music stars the John Butler Trio and Xavier Rudd. Other popular artists and groups include The Choirboys, Chantoozies, Cheetah, Sharon O'Neill, Marc Williams, Peter Andre, Goanna, Australian Crawl, Rose Tattoo, Colleen Hewett, Keith Urban, The Angels, Ted Mullry Gang, Hush, The Mixtures, Helen Reddy, and Diana Trask.
Kanna (era)

was a  after *Eikan* and before *Eien.*  This period spanned the years from April 985 through April 987.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Kanna* era
* **986** (*Kanna 2, 6th month*): Kazan abdicated, and then he took up residence at Kazan-ji where he became a Buddhist monk.  The succession (*senso*) was received by the Crown Prince.  Soon after, Emperor Ichijō's new role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).

## Related pages
* Heian period

## Referenctes
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Serge Ibaka

**Serge Ibaka** (born 18 September 1989) is a NBA player born in Republic of the Congo and a naturalized citizen of Spain. Ibaka plays for the Milwaukee Bucks. Before that he has played for the Los Angeles Clippers,Toronto Raptors and Oklahoma City Thunder. He plays at the forward position.

## Other websites 
*Serge Ibaka at Basketball-Reference 

## References
Eien

was a  after *Kanna* and before *Eiso.*  This period started in April 987 and ended in August 988.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of *Eian* era
* **987** (*Eien 1, 10th month*): The emperor visited the home of Fujiwara no Kaneie.
* **987** (*Eien 1, 11th month*): The emperor visited Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
547

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* Battle of Marta - Tripolitanian Moors under Carcasan defeat Byzantines under John Troglita

#### Europe 
* Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia at Bamburgh (traditional date).
* Theodebald becomes king of Austrasia (or 548).
* Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, mosaic on north wall of the apse, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, is made (approximate date).
* Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, mosaic on south wall of the apse, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, is made (approximate date).
* The Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna is dedicated by Archbishop of Ravenna Maximianus of Ravenna.

## Births 
* Pei Ju
* Empress Zhu Manyue

## Deaths 
* Theodebert I, king of Austrasia (or 548)
* Tribonian, Byzantine lawyer and writer of the *Codex Justinianus*.
* Maelgwn Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
* Gao Huan
Peja Stojaković

**Predrag Stojaković** (, ; born 9 June 1977), known by his nickname **Peja**, is a Serbian retired professional basketball player. He played a career total of 13 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Sacramento Kings, Indiana Pacers, New Orleans Hornets, Toronto Raptors, and Dallas Mavericks. He has also played for the Red Star Belgrade of the YUBA Liga and with PAOK of the Greek Basket League (GBL).

He is a one-time NBA Champion, winning the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy with the Mavericks in 2011.

On 19 December 2011, Stojaković announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball. He said that ongoing back and neck problems had affected his play later in his career.

## References
## Other websites 
*NBA profile 
*Peja Stojakovic on Basketball-Reference
Peter Carey

**Peter Carey** may mean:

*Peter Carey (Australian rules footballer), Australian rules player for Glenelg
*Peter Carey (English footballer) (born 1933), English footballer
*Peter Carey (historian), British historian of south-east Asia
*Peter Carey (novelist), Australian novelist
*Peter Carey (umpire), Australian rules umpire
*"Black Peter" Carey, a fictional character in *The Adventure of Black Peter*, a Sherlock Holmes story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Eiso

was a  after *Eien* and before *Shōryaku.*  This period spanned the years from August 988 through  November 990.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of *Eiso* era
* **989** (*Eiso 1, 1st month*): Emperor Ichijō made a personal visit to the home of his father, the retired Emperor En'yū.
* **989** (*Eiso 1, 5th month*): Fujiwara no Kaneie retired; and his son, Fujiwara no Michitaka, was chosen as regent (*Kampaku*) in his place.
* **26 July 989** (*Eiso 2, 2nd day of the 7th month*): Fujiwara no Kaneie died at age 62, and his home was converted into a Buddhist temple.

## Related pages 
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Shōryaku

was a  after *Eiso* and before *Chōtoku.*  This period started in November 990  and ended in February 995.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Shōryaku* era
* **1 March 991** (*Shōryaku 2, on the 12th day of the 2nd month*):  The former Emperor En'yū died at age 33.
* **992** (*Shōryaku 3*): Kujō Kanetoshi built a new temple complex named Shoryaku-ji.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Eikan

was a  after *Tengen* and before *Kanna.*  This period started in April 983  and ended in April 985.  The reigning emperors were  and  .

## Events of the *Eikan* era
* **6 October, 983** (*Eikan 1, 27th day of the 8th month*): In the 15th year of Emperor En'yu's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by a nephew.  Soon after, Emperor Kazan's new role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **983** (*Eikan 1, 8th month*): Chōnen, the Buddhist monk of the Tendai school embarked on a voyage to China accompanied by 5 or 6 desciples.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Slim Dusty

**David Gordon "Slim Dusty " Kirkpatrick** AO, MBE (13 June 1927 – 19 September 2003) was an Australian country music singer-songwriter and producer.  He performed for nearly 70 years. Australian poets Henry Lawson and Banjo Patterson influenced his songs.  Many of his songs were about Australian bush life or trucking. Dusty was the first Australian to have a number one hit song.  The song was "Pub With No Beer", written by Gordon Parsons. He has 37 Golden Guitar and two ARIA awards.  He is in the ARIA Hall of Fame and the Country Music Roll of Renown. At the time of his death at the age of 76, Dusty was working on his 106th album for EMI Records. In 2007 he sold more than seven million recordings in Australia.

## Honours and milestones
Slim Dusty was Australia's most successful and prolific musical artist.  He had more Gold and Platinum albums than any other Australian artist. Slim Dusty was also:

* The first Australian to receive a Gold Record.
* The first Australian to have an international record hit (Pub with No Beer).
* He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire and an Officer of the Order of Australia for services to entertainment.
* The first artist broadcast from space.  Astronauts played his recording of Waltzing Matilda from Space Shuttle Columbia as it passed over Australia on its maiden flight in 1981.
* The winner of a 36 Golden Guitar awards from 72 nominations at the Tamworth Country Music Festival.
* One of the earliest members of Australia's country music Roll of Renown.
* More Gold Record and Platinum Record Awards than any other Australian artist.
* In the ARIA Hall of Fame and the ARIA Special Achievement Award.
* Awarded Senior Australian of the Year 1999.

## References
Chōtoku

was a  after *Eiso* and before *Chōhō.*  This period started in February 995 and ended in January 999.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Chōtoku* era
* **995** (*Chōtoku 1*): Fujiwara no Michinaga was given the office of Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).
* **996** (*Chōtoku 2, 7th month*): Michinaga became Minister of the Left (*sadaijin*); and Fujiwara no Akimitsu was named *udaijin*.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Colleen McCullough

**Colleen Margaretta McCullough**  (; married name **Robinson**, previously **Ion-Robinson**; 1 June 193729 January 2015) was an Australian author. She was famous world-wide.

## Life
McCullough was born in 1937. Her parents were James and Laurie McCullough. Her mother was a New Zealander of part-Māori descent. During her childhood, her family moved many times. She read a lot. She attended Holy Cross College.

McCullough earned a living as a teacher, librarian, and journalist. In the late 1970s, she lived in London and Connecticut, USA. She finally picked Norfolk Island in the Pacific. There she met her husband, Ric Robinson (then 33 years old). They married on 13 April 1983 (she was 46 years old).

In 1984 a portrait of McCullough, painted by Wesley Walters, was a finalist in the Archibald Prize. The prize is for the "best portrait painting preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics".

McCullough did a lot of historical research for the novels on ancient Rome.  This led to her getting a Doctor of Letters degree by Macquarie University in 1993.

McCullough was a member of the New York Academy of Sciences.  She was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She now lives in Sydney.

Some people did not like McCullough's 2008 novel *The Independence of Miss Mary Bennett*. She changed some of the characters in Jane Austen's *Pride and Prejudice*.

McCullough died on 29 January 2015 at the age of 77 on Norfolk Island from renal failure.

## Writing history
### Novels
* *Tim* (1974).  Made into a film in 1979
* *The Thorn Birds* (1977)
* *An Indecent Obsession* (1981)
** A Creed for the Third Millennium* (1985)
* *The Ladies of Missalonghi* (1987)
* *The Song of Troy* (1998)
* ''Morgan's Run* (2000)
* *The Touch* (2003)
* *Angel Puss* (2004)
* *On, Off* (2006)
* *The Independence of Miss Mary Bennet* (2008)
* "Too Many Murders" (2010)

### Biography
** The Courage and the Will: The Life of Roden Cutler VC* (1999)

### Masters of Rome Series
# *The First Man in Rome* (1990)
# *The Grass Crown* (1991)
# *Fortune's Favorites* (1993)
# *Caesar's Women* (1996)
# *Caesar* (1997)
# *The October Horse* (2002)
# *Antony and Cleopatra* (2007)

### Carmine Delmonico series
# *On, Off* (2006)
# *Too Many Murders* (December 2009)
# *Naked Cruelty* (2010)

## Screen adaptations
* *Tim* - made into a movie in 1979 starring Mel Gibson and Piper Laurie
* *The Thorn Birds* - made into a TV miniseries in 1983 starring Richard Chamberlain
* *An Indecent Obsession* -  made into a movie in 1985 starring Gary Sweet
* *The Thorn Birds: The Missing Years* - made into a TV miniseries in 1996 starring Richard Chamberlain. 
* *Mary & Tim* - a 1996 adaptation of the novel *Tim*

## References
*Mary Jean DeMarr: *Colleen McCullough: A Critical Companion''. Greenwood Publishing Group 1996,   ()
Patrick White

**Patrick Victor Martindale White** (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990), was an Australian author.  He is an important English-language novelist of the 20th century. From 1935 until his death, he published 12 novels, two short-story collections and eight plays.

White's fiction uses humour, ornate prose, shifting narrative vantage points and a stream of consciousness technique. In 1973, he got the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was the only Australian citizen with the prize until the South African-born J. M. Coetzee became an Australian citizen in 2006. His novel *The Vivisector* was close to winning the Lost Man Booker Prize in 2010.

White was made Australian of the Year for 1974.

Patrick White and Christina Stead are widely called the most important Australian novelists of the 20th century.

## Works
### Novels
**Happy Valley* (1939)
**The Living and the Dead* (1941)
*''The Aunt's Story* (1948)
**The Tree of Man* (1955)
**Voss* (1957)
**Riders in the Chariot* (1961)
**The Solid Mandala* (1966)
**The Vivisector* (1970)
**The Eye of the Storm* (1973)
**A Fringe of Leaves* (1976)
**The Twyborn Affair* (1979)
**Memoirs of Many in One* (1986)
**The Hanging Garden* (2012) (Unfinished, posthumous)

### Short story collections
**The Burnt Ones* (1964)
**The Cockatoos* (1974)
**Three Uneasy Pieces* (1987)

### Plays
**Bread and Butter Women* (1935) Unpublished.
**The School for Friends* (1935) Unpublished.
**Return to Abyssinia* (1948) Unpublished.
**The Ham Funeral* (1947) *prem.* Union Theatre, Adelaide, 1961.
**The Season at Sarsaparilla* (1962)
**A Cheery Soul* (1963)
**Night on Bald Mountain* (1964)
**Big Toys* (1977)
**Signal Driver: a Morality Play for the Times* (1982)
**Netherwood* (1983)
**Shepherd on the Rocks* (1987)
**Screenplay**
* *The Night the Prowler* (1978)

### Autobiography
**Flaws in the Glass'' (1981)

## References
Tenpyō

, also romanized as **Tempyō**, was a  after *Jinki* and before *Tenpyō-kanpō.*  This period started in August 729 and ended in April 749.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Tenpyō* era
* **740** (*Tenpyō 12, 10th month*): The forces of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu are defeated in Hizen Province on the island of Kyushu. 
* **740** (*Tenpyō 12*): Japan's capital city is established in Kuni-kyō.
* **741** (*Tenpyō 13*): The Emperor establishes Buddhist temples in the provinces of Japan.  Provincial monasteries were built.
* **743** (*Tenpyō 15*): The Emperor orders creation of a huge statue of the Buddha (*daibutsu*) which will be part of Tōdai-ji, Nara.
* **744** (*Tenpyō 16*): Naniwa-kyō became Japan's capital.
* **749** (*Tenpyō 20, 4th month*): Former-Empress Genshō died.
* **749** (*Tenpyō 20*): After a 25-year reign, Emperor Shōmu abdicated and took vows as a Buddhist priest.  Shōmu's daughter receives the succession (*senso*). Soon after, Empress Kōken's role as monarch was confirmed (*sokui*).

## Gallery

Image:Heijokyo.jpg|Ground-plan of Heijō-kyō 

## Related pages
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Vanna White

**Vanna White** (born  **Vanna Marie Rosich**; February 18, 1957)  is an American actress from North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. She co-hosted the television game show *Wheel of Fortune* with Pat Sajak and Ryan Seacrest.

White married restaurant owner George San Pietro in December 1990. They divorced in November 2002.  White has two children, a son born in 1994 and a daughter born in 1997.

## References
## Other websites 
*
In the Wake of the Bounty

***In the Wake of the Bounty*** is an Australian movie directed by Charles Chauvel.  It is the first movie of Errol Flynn. It is based on the 1932 novel *Mutiny on the Bounty* by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The Australian movie was made two years before MGM's more famous *Mutiny on the Bounty*.

The movie mixed re-enactments with documentary.  It focused not so much on the mutiny itself as on what happened afterwards.

## References
Kokoda Front Line!

***Kokoda Front Line!*** was a full-length edition of the Australian newsreel.  It was produced by the Australian News & Information Bureau and Cinesound Productions Limited in 1942. It was one of four winners of the 1942 Academy award for best documentary.  It was the first Australian movie to win an Oscar. It was made by the Australian war photographer Damien Parer and directed by Ken G. Hall.
Ken G. Hall

**Kenneth George Hall**, AO OBE (22 February 1901 &ndash; 8 February 1994), was an Australian Movie director. He is said to be one of the most important people in the history of the Australian cinema.

Hall began making movies in 1928. The first movie was *The Exploits of the Emden* about the Battle of Cocos. *Kokoda Front Line* in 1942 became the first Australian movie to win an Academy Award.

In 1956, Hall became general manager for Channel Nine in Sydney. He stayed there until 1966.

On 1 January 1972, Hall was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his services to the "Australian motion picture industry."   He got the Raymond Longford Award for "Lifetime Achievement" in 1976.

## Feature Movies
* *The Exploits of the Emden* (1928)
* *On Our Selection* (1932)
* ''The Squatter's Daughter* (1933)
* *The Silence of Dean Maitland* (1934)
* *Strike Me Lucky* (1934)
* *Grandad Rudd* (1935)
* *Thoroughbred* (1936)
* *Orphan of the Wilderness* (1936)
* *It Isn't Done* (1937)
* *Tall Timbers* (1937)
* *Lovers and Luggers* (1937)
* *The Broken Melody* (1938)
* *Let George Do It* (1938)
* *Dad and Dave Come to Town* (1938)
* *Gone to the Dogs* (1939)
* *Come Up Smiling* (1939) (producer only)
* *Mr. Chedworth Steps Out* (1939)
* *Dad Rudd, MP* (1940)
* *Smithy* (1946)

## Selected Short Movies
* *That's Cricket* (1931)
* *Cinesound Varieties* (1934)
* *100,000 Cobbers* (1942)
* *Kokoda Front Line!* (1942)
* *South West Pacific'' (1943)

## References
Picnic at Hanging Rock

***Picnic at Hanging Rock*** is a 1975 Australian drama movie.  It was directed by Peter Weir.  It stars Anne-Louise Lambert, Helen Morse, Rachel Roberts and Vivean Gray. The movie is from the book *Picnic at Hanging Rock*, by author Joan Lindsay.

The film tells the story of the disappearance of several schoolgirls and their teacher. They disappear during a picnic to Hanging Rock, Victoria, on St. Valentine's Day in 1900. The movie shows the effect on the local community.

*Picnic at Hanging Rock* made $5,120,000 in ticket sales in Australia.

## Awards
* Nominated in 1976 for "Best Cinematography" by the British Society of Cinematographers.
* Winner of "Best Cinematography" at the 1976 for BAFTA Awards. Also nominated for  "Best Costume Design" and "Best Soundtrack".
* Winner of "Best Cinematography" at the 1979 Saturn Awards by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. Also nominated for "Best Writing".

## References
## Other websites
*
1060

## Events 
* May &ndash; The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto.
* October &ndash; The Byzantine army defeats the Normans and enters Taranto.
* December 6 &ndash; Béla I the Champion is crowned king of Hungary.
* The *New Book of Tang* is completed under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.
* Chinese poet, calligrapher, and official Cai Xiang publishes his *Cha Lu* (Record of Tea).
* Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date).
* Philip I of France begins his reign.
* Upon the death of Emund the Old, he is succeeded by his son-in-law Tek The Almighty as King of Sweden.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* August 4 &ndash; King Henry I of France (b. 1008)
* November 14 &ndash; Count Geoffrey II of Anjou
* King Andrew I of Hungary (b. 1015)
* Emund the Old, king of Sweden since 1050
* Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet
Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique

The '''Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique** (**GEA France**) (in English **French aviation school network'*) includes three French engineering universities:

* *École nationale de l'aviation civile* (ÉNAC), Aix-en-Provence, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Toulouse, Muret, Montpellier, Grenoble, Biscarosse, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Saint-Yan et Melun,
* *École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique* (ISAE-ENSMA), Poitiers,
* *Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace* (ISAE), Toulouse.

The GEA is member of the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research.

## Project 
The GEA universities have created the *Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation'' of Tianjin in partnership with French aerospace companies. This is part of Franco-Chinese cooperation after an Airbus A320 assembly plant was built in Tianjin.

The university, opened in October 2007, trains Chinese students. They follow a course in aerospace engineering, taught in French. After a first year of learning the French language, they follow a master's degree course in aeronautical engineering.

Not linked with the engineering training, three *Mastères Spécialisés* are also taught in Tianjin:

## References
Light therapy

treatment]]
**Light therapy** is a treatment where the patient is exposed to light. Depression, sleeping problems, bipolar disorder and many skin conditions are treated with this therapy. The therapy consists of exposing the patient to a light source (a table lamp, for example). The light source usually emits the full spectrum of light. Sometimes, this has to be done at a specific time of day.

When it is used for skin conditions, it is usually called **phototherapy**. Example conditions where phototherapy is used are psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. 

Light therapy should generally not be used, in the case the patient also suffers from certain diseases of the eyes. Certain drugs make people more sensitive to light. People taking such drugs should also not use light therapy.
Chestnut

**Chestnut** is the name for a kind of tree or the nut from the tree.

Chestnut may also be:
In **botany**:

* American chestnut, one of the most important forest trees throughout much of the eastern United States and southeasternmost Canada
* Chestnut blight, fungal disease
* Chestnut oak, species of oak in the white oak group
* Chinese chestnut
**Castanea mollissima, species of chestnut native to China
**Sterculia monosperma, also known as Thai Chestnut
* Guiana chestnut, a name for *Pachira aquatica*
* Horse chestnut, member of the genus *Aesculus*
* Japanese chestnut, species of chestnut from Japan and South Korea
* Malabar chestnut, a name for *Pachira aquatica*
* Swamp chestnut oak, species of oak in the white oak section Quercus
* Sweet chestnut, species of chestnut from southeastern Europe and Asia Minor

In **geography**:

* Chestnut, Illinois, United States
* Chestnut Grove, North Carolina, United States

In **zoology**:

* Chestnut (coat), color of horse
* Chestnut (horse anatomy), on the legs of horses
* Chestnut Dunnart, dunnart that was described by Van Dyck in 1986
* Chestnut Sparrow, sparrow that likes dry savanna
* Chestnut Teal, dabbling duck found in southern Australia
* Chestnut Woodpecker, bird from South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to Ecuador, Bolivia and northern Brazil, and on Trinidad
* Horse-chestnut leaf miner, a moth

In **other fields**:

* Chestnut (color), reddish brown
* Chestnut hair, reddish brown hair
* Operation Chestnut, failed British raid by 2 Special Air Service
* Chestnut (joke), British slang for an old or stale joke
* Chestnut (music), piece of music that has been played so much that everyone has grown tired of it

**People with the family name Chestnut**:

* Cyrus Chestnut, jazz pianist
* Jacob Chestnut, one of the two United States Capitol Police officers killed in the line of duty on July 24, 1998
* Joey Chestnut, competitive eater from San Jose, California
* Morris Chestnut, American movie and television actor
Australia (2008 movie)

***Australia*** is a 2008 epic adventure drama movie directed by Baz Luhrmann, and stars Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. It made the second most money of any Australian movie. The first was *Crocodile Dundee*. The movie is set between 1939 and 1942. Events in northern Australia included the bombing of Darwin during World War II. The movie was released in both Australia and the United States on 26 November 2008. It was released to the rest of the world in late December 2008 and January and February 2009.

## Awards and nominations
## References
NBL

**NBL** may mean:

* Any of several basketball leagues named National Basketball League
** National Basketball League (Australasia), the pre-eminent men's professional basketball league in Australasia
** National Basketball League (Bulgaria)
** National Basketball League of Canada
** National Basketball League 1993-94 (Canada) (defunct)
** National Basketball League (China), a men's semi-professional basketball minor league in China
** National Basketball League (Czech Republic)
** National Basketball League (Indonesia)
** National Basketball League (Lithuania), a men's basketball minor league in Lithuania
** National Basketball League (Malaysia)
** National Basketball League (New Zealand)
** National Basketball League (United Kingdom) 1972–2003 (defunct)
** National Basketball League (United States) 1937–49 (defunct)
** National Basketball League (1898–1904) (defunct)
* Namibia Breweries Limited
* National Bicycle League (United States)
* National Blackbelt League the world's largest and most prestigious sport karate league tournament
* National Book League (United Kingdom)
* National Bowling League (United States) (defunct)
* n-Butyllithium, an organic compound.
* Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA's Johnson Space Center
* New Brunswick Laboratory
* Noble Energy, an oil and natural gas exploration and production company listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol NBL
* North Bay League, now part of the North Coast Section of the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF)
* North Berwick Law, a volcanic plug in East Lothian, Scotland
* North British Locomotive Company
The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory

'''''The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory''''' is a book published in 1984 by psychoanalyst and historian Jeffrey Masson. In the book, Masson criticizes Austrian psychoanalyst  Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) for abandoning the seduction theory, which held that neurotic illness in adults and adolescents was a result of their being sexually abused before puberty. Freud said that his patients confabulated the molestations and then rejected this theory. Masson says that Freud's original view was the correct one.
ANZ Championship

The **ANZ Championship** is the most famous netball league in the world. The competition is held once a year between April and July.  There are 69 matches played over 17 weeks. There are ten teams, five from Australia and five from New Zealand. ANZ Bank is the sponsor of the competition.

The ANZ Championship was started in 2008.  It replaced the Commonwealth Bank Trophy in Australia and the National Bank Cup in New Zealand.  Both of which were retired after 2007. The ANZ Championship saw netball become a semi-professional sport in both countries.  There was more media coverage and higher player salaries. The current champions are the Queensland Firebirds, who defeated the Northern Mystics in the grand final of the 2011 season.

## Current teams
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo

***Skippy the Bush Kangaroo*** is an Australian children's television series. It was created by John McCallum. It was made from 1966–1968. The show tells the adventures of a young boy and his intelligent pet kangaroo.  It happens in the (fictional) Waratah National Park in Duffys Forest, near Sydney, New South Wales.

Ninety-one 30-minute episodes were made over the three seasons of production. At the time of first screening, Australian television was still in black and white. The show was filmed in colour to get more international sales, especially in the United States and Canada.  It aired there between 1969 and 1972. The Nine Network repeated the series several times after Australian television became colour in 1975.

The programme was played in Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Czechoslovakia, and Iran.

## Cast
The main characters were:
* Ed Devereaux as Matt Hammond, the Head Ranger of Waratah National Park
* Garry Pankhurst as Sonny Hammond, Matt's younger son
* Ken James as Mark Hammond, Matt's elder son
* Tony Bonner as Jerry King, flight ranger (helicopter pilot) (exit #78)
* Liza Goddard as Clarissa 'Clancy' Merrick (entry #9 exit #75), the teenage daughter of a ranger stationed at another section of the park. When her father is moved to a park in northern New South Wales, Matt invites Clancy to stay with the Hammond family so that her music studies are not hurt by the move north.
* John Warwick as Sir Adrian Gillespie, Head of the NSW National Parks Board
* Elke Neidhardt as Dr. Anna Steiner, a German doctor and playing a support role.
* Morgan Brain as Sgt. Bernard Gillies.
* Skippy was played by at least nine different kangaroos

## References
The Man from Snowy River (1982 movie)

***The Man from Snowy River*** is a 1982 Australian movie.  It is based on the Banjo Paterson poem *The Man from Snowy River*. The cast included Kirk Douglas, Jack Thompson, Tom Burlinson, Sigrid Thornton, Terence Donovan, and Chris Haywood.

Both Burlinson and Thornton were in the 1988 sequel, *The Man from Snowy River II*.

*The Man from Snowy River* made $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia,.  This is the same as $50,132,946 in 2009 dollars.

## Awards and nominations
* Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score &mdash; (awarded to Bruce Rowland)
* Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film &mdash; (awarded to George T. Miller)
* Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound
* Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia

## References
USL W-League (1995–2015)

The **USL W-League** is a national women's soccer league.  It is in the United States and Canada.  It is alongside the Women's Premier Soccer League and below Women's Professional Soccer.

The W-League is seen as North America’s main way for women to develop in soccer. The W-League is also an open league.  This gives college players the chance to play alongside established international players.  The league is administered by the United Soccer Leagues system.  The USL also oversees the men's USL Pro and USL Premier Development League.

## 2011 Teams
### Eastern Conference
#### Northeast Division
*D.C. United Women  (2011- )
*Long Island Rough Riders  (1995-)
*New Jersey Rangers  (2010-)
*New Jersey Wildcats  (1996-)
*New York Magic  (1997-)
*North Jersey Valkyries  (2010-)

#### Atlantic Division
*Atlanta Silverbacks Women  (2005-)
*Charlotte Lady Eagles  (2000-)
*Dayton Dutch Lions WFC  (2011-)
*Fredericksburg Impact  (2011-)
*Hampton Roads Piranhas  (1995-)
*Northern Virginia Majestics  (1999-)

### Central Conference
#### Great Lakes Division
*Hamilton FC Rage  (2011-, Hamilton Avalanche 2006-2010)
*Laval Comets  (2006-)
*London Gryphons  (2004-)
*Ottawa Fury Women  (2003-)
*Quebec City Amiral SC  (2009-)
*Rochester Ravens  (2009-, Rochester Rhinos Women 2004-2008, Rochester Ravens 1996-2003)
*Toronto Lady Lynx  (2005-)

### Western Conference
*Colorado Force  (2009-, Fort Collins Force 1997-2008)
*USA  (2010-,  Real Colorado Cougars 2006-2009,  Denver Lady Cougars 2001-2005, Colorado Gold 2000)
*LA Strikers  (2011-)
*Pali Blues  (2008-)
*Santa Clarita Blue Heat  (2010, Ventura County Fusion 2008-2009)
*Seattle Sounders Women  (2001-)
*Vancouver Whitecaps Women  (2001-)
*Victoria Highlanders Women  (2011-)

## References
Women's National Basketball League

The '''Women's National Basketball League** (**WNBL''') is the main women's professional basketball league in Australia. It currently has ten teams. The league was started in 1981.  It is the women's counterpart to the National Basketball League (NBL). The regular season is played from October to March.  The Grand Final is in either late February or early March.

Some WNBL teams have NBL counterparts. The Adelaide Lightning, West Coast Waves, and Sydney Flames are the only current teams to play sharing the market with an NBL team.

## Teams
The WNBL currently has 10 teams.
Parliament of South Australia

The **Parliament of South Australia** is the legislature of the Australian state of South Australia. It has the Legislative Council and the House of Assembly.  It follows a Westminster system of parliamentary government. 

The Parliament is elected by all citizens who are 18 or older at the time of an election.

The House of Assembly (lower house) has 47 members. The Legislative Council (upper house) has 22 councillors (MLCs).

## Notes
Institut aéronautique et spatial

**Institut aéronautique et spatial (IAS)** is the French aeronautical industry's education coordinator. IAS was created in 1980. It is in Toulouse. IAS members are the major aeronautics & space companies such as EADS, Safran, Thales, Dassault Aviation, Airbus, Eurocopter, and others: 

## Mission 
Its aim is to develop a network of international partners, using 3 main vectors:

* Academic training with graduation;
* Continuing education and professional trainings;
* Support for research cooperation

## References 
## Other websites 
* IAS website
Okhotigone

***Okhotigone*** Eskov, 1993 is a genus of spiders belonging to the Linyphiidae family.

## Other websites 
* Okhotigone sounkyoensis (Betekenis/definitie van) 
* ADW: Okhotigone sounkyoensis: CLASSIFICATION

## References
Ménage à trois

A '*** () is a French word describing a situation where three persons are involved in a relationship and live together. Each of the three has a sexual relationship to the two others. A form of polyamory, arrangements are sometimes identified as a **throuple**, **thruple**, or **triad*'. In 2021, the first ever throuple got married, and it is now officially legal.

## References
Elena Ionescu

**Elena Ionescu** (17 May 1988) is a Romanian singer who since 2006 has been the lead singer of pop band Mandinga replacing Elena Gheorghe. Mandinga won the Romanian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan were Ionescu will sing the song Zaleilah.

## References
Hypermobility

**Hypermobility** refers to when human joints stretch further than is usual. For example, some people can bend their thumbs back to their wrist, their toes backwards, put their leg behind their head or any other ways of unusual performances. This condition can affect a particular joint or many joints throughout the human body. 

Hypermobility often results from one or more body issues: misaligned joints, abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones near a joint or other body issues. The same defect also results in weaker than normal bones, which may lead to osteoperosis or bone fracture. This condition is often described with the term *double jointed*. 

Some people who are hypermobile have no other health problems.
Tenpyō-kanpō

was a  after *Tenpyō* and before *Tenpyō-shōhō.*  This period was only months.  It started in April and ended in July 749.  The reigning emperor was .

*Tenpyō-kanpō* lasted only four months during the last year of Shōmu's reign.  The previous era ended and this new one started in 749.  

## Events of the *Tenpyō-kanpō* era
* **749** (*Tenpyō-kanpō 1, 2nd day of the 7th month*): In the 25th year of Shōmu's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by his daughter. Soon after, Empress Kōken's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **749** (*Tenpyō-kanpō 1, 2nd day of the 7th month*): To mark the beginning of Empress Kōken's regin, the *Tenpyō-kanpō* era ended and the new *Tenpyō-Shōhō* era started.

## Related pages
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Gallipoli (1981 movie)

***Gallipoli*** is a 1981 Australian movie.  It is directed by Peter Weir and stars Mel Gibson and Mark Lee.  It is about several young men from rural Western Australia who join the Australian Army during the First World War. They are sent to the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire.  They take part in the Gallipoli Campaign.  Over time the young men lose their innocence about the purpose of war.  The climax of the movie occurs on the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli.  It shows the futile attack at the Battle of the Nek on 7 August 1915.

*Gallipoli* is a faithful portrayal of life in Australia in the 1910s. It captures the ideals and character of the Australians who joined up to fight, as well as the conditions they endured on the battlefield.  It does, however, change events for dramatic purposes.  It has a number of significant historical inaccuracies.

The many running scenes in the movie are set to Jean Michel Jarre's *Oxygène*.

*Gallipoli* was successful at the box office earning $11,740,000. Gallipoli was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film.

## References
Crocodile Dundee

***Crocodile Dundee*** (stylized as ***"Crocodile" Dundee*** in the United States) is a 1986 Australian-American romantic comedy adventure movie. It is set in the Australian Outback and in New York City. It stars Paul Hogan and Linda Kozlowski.

It is based on the true life of Rodney Ansell. The film had a budget of under $10&nbsp;million. They meant to make a commercial Australian film that America would like. Many people in the world liked the movie. It made the second most money of all movies in the United States in 1986. It also was second in money made in the world in 1986.

There are two versions of the film: the Australian version, and the American / international version. The American version had much of the Australian slang replaced with more commonly understood words. It was also slightly shorter. There were two sequel movies: *"Crocodile" Dundee II* (1988) and *Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles* (2001).

## Awards 
**Award wins:**
* Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy &ndash; Paul Hogan

**Award nominations:**
* Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
* Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay &ndash; Paul Hogan, Ken Shadie, John Cornell
* BAFTA for Best Original Screenplay &ndash; Paul Hogan, Ken Shadie, John Cornell
* BAFTA Award for Best Actor &ndash; Paul Hogan
* Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture &ndash; Linda Kozlowski

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Federal Center for Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro

**Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca** (*Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca*, short **Cefet-RJ**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.

Established in 1909, it is the second largest university in Rio de Janeiro as well as one the country's best universities.

## Related pages
*Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais

## References
## Other websites
*Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca
Christine

**Christine** is a female given name. It is pronounced [kri-steen]. It comes from the word *Christ*. This name means *follower of Christ*. Christine is an exquisite name that has enjoyed popularity for centuries. Its origins can be traced back to the Greek name Christina, which means "one who follows Christ." Throughout history, this name has taken on different forms and has been linked with numerous noteworthy individuals. In 1968, it was the 14th most frequently-given name for girls in the United States. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People
* Saint Christina of Bolsena, remembered on the 24th of July
* Saint Christine of Persia, remembered on the 13th of March
* Saint Christine of Ancyre, remembered on the 18th of May
* Christine Adjobi, an Ivorian politician and physician
* Christine Amertil (born 1979), a Bahamian athlete competing mainly in the 400 metres
* Christine Amor (born 1952), an Australian actress
* Christine Anu (born 1970), an Australian pop singer
* Christine Bottomley (born 1979), a British actress
* Christine Boudrias (born 1972), a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 1994 & 1998 Winter Olympics
* Christine Lagarde (born 1956), Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
* Christine Sinclair (born 1983), a Canadian football player who is currently a member of the Canadian women's national soccer team
* Christine Truman (born 1941), a British tennis player and French Open Champion.

## References
John Cale

**John Davies Cale**, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer and record producer, known as a founding member of experimental rock band The Velvet Underground. He played on two of their albums *The Velvet Underground & Nico* (1967) and *White Light/White Heat* (1968). In 1970 he released first solo album *Vintage Violence*. He also worked as record producer. During his career, he worked with such as John Cage, Hector Zazou, Nick Drake, Brian Eno, Patti Smith, The Stooges and Manic Street Preachers.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Vintage Violence* (1970)
* *Church of Anthrax* (1971) − with Terry Riley
* *The Academy in Peril* (1972)
* *Paris 1919* (1973)
* *Fear* (1974)
* *Slow Dazzle* (1975)
* *Helen of Troy* (1975)
* *Honi Soit* (1981)
* *Music for a New Society* (1982)
* *Caribbean Sunset* (1983)
* *Artificial Intelligence* (1985)
* *Words for the Dying* (1989)
* *Songs for Drella* (1990) − with Lou Reed
* *Wrong Way Up* (1990) − with Brian Eno
* *Last Day on Earth* (1994) − with Bob Neuwirth
* *Walking on Locusts* (1996)
* *HoboSapiens* (2003)
* *blackAcetate* (2005)
* *Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood* (2012)
* *M:FANS* (2016)
* *Mercy* (2023)
* Poptical Illusion (2024)

## References
Brenda

The name **Brenda** [ bren-d*uh* ] is a female given name in the English language. Its origin is uncertain, but it may come from a Scandinavian type of language, rather than Celtic like the masculine name **Brendan**. It is thought that the name Brenda could have its roots in Old Norse and signify "sword". It was first used during the 19th century and gained popularity in the 20th century.  

The name became popular in the 1950s because of the singer Brenda Lee. Throughout history, the name has taken on various forms, such as Brenna, Brenn, and Brendon.  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).  The name has been around for many centuries.  Many famous people are named Brenda, including Brenda Blethyn, Brenda Song and Brenda Lee.  

## People
* Brenda Archer, Guyanese high jumper
* Brenda Benet, actress
* Brenda Blethyn, English actress
* Brenda Bruce, English actress
* Brenda Castillo, Dominican Republic volleyball player
* Brenda Eisler, Canadian long jumper
* Brenda Gibbs, Australian actress
* Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond, first female Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
* Brenda Joyce, actress
* Brenda Matthews, New Zealand sprinter
* Brenda Robertson, Canadian politician
* Brenda Strong, American actress
* Brenda Lee, American singer and recording artist

## Places
* Brenda, Manitoba

## References
Tenpyō-hōji

was a  after *Tenpyō-shōhō* and before *Tenpyō-jingo.*  This period spanned the years from August 757 through January 765.   The reigning monarchs were .  and .

## Events of the *Tenpyō-hōji* era
* **757** (*Tenpyō-hōji 1*'): The new era began in the 8th month of *Tenpyō-shōhō* 9.
* **760** (*Tenpyō-hōji 4*): Newly minted coins were put into circulation &ndash; each copper coin bearing the words *Mannen Ten-hō*, each silver coin bearing the words *Teihei Genhō*, and each gold coin bearing the words *Kaiki Shōhō*.
* **26 January 765** (*Tenpyō-hōji 9, 1st day of the 1st month*): In the 6th year of Junnin's reign, the emperor was removed from his role as monarch; and the succession (*senso*) was received by former-Empress Kōken. Soon after, Empress Shōtoku's reign was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).

## Related pages 
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Tyrol

**Tyrol** or **Tirol** can be:

## Geography 
### Austria-Italy 
* Tyrol (region), a (historical) region in the Alps, divided between Austria and Italy
* Tyrol (state), a state of Austria
** East Tyrol, part of the State of Tyrol
** North Tyrol, part of the State of Tyrol
* South Tyrol, a province in northern Italy
** Tirol, South Tyrol, a municipality in South Tyrol
* County of Tyrol, a former political entity in existence until the early 20th century comprising territory in the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol
* German Tyrol, the German-speaking area of the old County of Tyrol
* Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, a Euroregion comprising the historical Tyrol region

### Elsewhere 
* Tyrol Basin, a ski and snowboard area located in Mount Horeb, Wisconsin
* Tirol, a village in Doclin Commune, Caraş-Severin County, Romania

## Other uses 
* Tyrolia (ski bindings), a major ski binding company, now part of Head NV
* Galen Tyrol, a fictional character from the re-imagined miniseries and television series *Battlestar Galactica*
* Tirol (fictional planet), the homeworld of the Robotech Masters in the anime series *Robotech*
A-League Women

**A-League Women**, known before the 2021–22 season as the **W-League**, is the main women's semi-professional soccer league in Australia. Started in 2008, it currently has 10 teams, nine in Australia and the other in New Zealand. Eight of the Australian teams and the New Zealand team are partners with clubs in A-League Men. The other team is based in Canberra. Because it is sponsored by Liberty Lending Group, an Australian financial services company, the League is called **Liberty A-League Women**.

A-League Women started on 25 October 2008 as the W-League.

One game per week is broadcast live nationwide on ABC1.

As of the 2021–22 season, teams in A-League Women have a salary cap of A$450,000 for the entire squad. By comparison, the salary cap for clubs in the men's competition, A-League Men, is A$2.1 million, with each team in that league allowed to sign two "marquee players" whose salaries do not count against the cap.

The league began with eight teams. The Central Coast Mariners had to withdraw from the 2010–11 season.  This was because they did not have enough money. Western Sydney Wanderers FC joined the league for 2012–13, followed by Melbourne City FC in 2015–16 and the league's first New Zealand side, Wellington Phoenix FC, in 2021–22. Central Coast Mariners FC will return to A-League Women in 2022–23, and Western United FC will add an A-League Women side in 2022–23.

## Clubs
### Performance record
Performance and ranking of clubs based on their best regular season result in the W-League and A-League Women. The 2022–23 season is Western United's first season.

## References