open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ed Asner

**Eddie Asner** (November 15, 1929 – August 29, 2021), better known as **Ed Asner**, was an American actor, voice artist and former president of the Screen Actors Guild.

as the voice of titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur, Diamantinasaurus.

## Early life
Asner was born **Eddie Asner** in Kansas City, Missouri on November 15, 1929.

He was the president of Screen Actors Guild.

He was best known for his Emmy Award winning role Lou Grant on both the *Mary Tyler Moore Show* and *Lou Grant*. In 2009, he voiced Carl Fredricksen in the Pixar movie *Up*. In 2011, Asner returned to television as butcher Hank Greziak in *Working Class*, the first original sitcom on cable CMT. He is currently starring in a Canadian television series *Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays*, on CBC Television. Asner was born in Kansas City, Missouri, but was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Asner was married to Nancy Sykes from 1959 to 1988; they have four children. He married Cindy Gilmore from 1998 to 2007.  California Governor Gavin Newsom is his nephew by marriage. 

Asner died of natural causes on August 29, 2021 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 91.

## Filmography
### Animated roles
* *American Dad!* - Great-Grandpa Smith, Red Mailbox
* *Animaniacs* - Vern Bear
* *Batman: The Animated Series* - Roland Daggett
* *Buzz Lightyear of Star Command* - Fixer
* *Captain Planet and the Planeteers* - Don Porkaloin, Hoggish Greedly
* *Dinosaurs* - Georgie (evil voice)
* *Dug Days* - Carl Fredricksen
* ''Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas* - Santa Claus
* *Family Guy* - Steve Bellows
* *Fish Police* - Chief Abalone
* *Freakazoid!* - Sgt. Mike Cosgrove
* *Gargoyles* - Burbank, Hudson
* *Regular Show* - Santa Claus
* *Sonic the Hedgehog* - Cat
* *Spider-Man: The Animated Series* - J. Jonah Jameson
* *SpongeBob SquarePants* - Angry Old Timer
* *Teamo Supermo* - Mr. Large
* *The Boondocks* - Ed Wuncler
* *The Cleveland Show* - Carl Fredricksen, Narrator, Storyteller, The Daily Splash Editor
* *The Magic School Bus* - General
* *The Simpsons* - Editor
* *The Wild Thornberrys* - Frank Hunter

### Film roles
* *Carl's Date* - Carl Fredricksen
* *Elf* - Santa Claus
* *Happily N'Ever After* - Scowl the Owl
* *Olive, the Other Reindeer* - Santa Claus
* *Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night* - Scalawag the Raccoon
* *Up* - Carl Fredricksen

### Video game roles
* *X-Men Legends'' - Healer

## References
## Other websites
* 
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George McGovern

**George Stanley McGovern** (July 19, 1922 – October 21, 2012) was an American historian and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

## Early life
McGovern was born in Avon, South Dakota, on July 19, 1922. He studied at Dakota Wesleyan University and at Northwestern University.

## Career
McGovern was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Dakota's 1st district from 1957 to 1961. Then, he became a U.S. senator from South Dakota.

In 1968, McGovern decided to run for president because Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated. McGovern was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee for the 1972 presidential election. His running mate was Sargent Shriver. He lost to Richard Nixon and won only Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. Nixon won the other 49 states.

He became the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture from 1998 to 2001.

## Personal life
McGovern was married to Eleanor Stegeberg from 1943 until her death in 2007. He is survived by his four daughters. His son (July 27, 1952 - July 27, 2012) was an alcoholic.

## Death
McGovern died on October 21, 2012 in Sioux Falls, South Dakota from natural causes, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
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Protein structure

**Protein structure** describes how protein molecules are organised. This structure is what makes proteins work.

Proteins are important biological macromolecules present in all organisms. They are polymers formed from 20 possible amino acids by RNA translation. Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids.

After translation, proteins fold into specific shapes. This is not done by chemical bonds but by weaker forces such as hydrogen bonds. To understand how proteins work, it is often necessary to discover their three-dimensional structure. To do this biophysics uses techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry.

A protein may switch from one shape to another as it does its job. The alternative states of the same protein are called *conformations*. An enzyme, for instance, will have at least two conformations: one with its co-enzyme and one without. The form with its coenzyme will have two conformations: one with its substrate and one without.

## Levels of protein structure 
There are four distinct levels of protein structure.

### Primary structure 
Proteins are molecules that consist of one or more chains of amino acids. Each different protein has a set of amino acids in a particular order. The primary structure is the sequence of the amino acids of a single polypeptide chain from its start (N-terminus) to its end (C-terminus). The amino acids are held together by a specific type of covalent bond, known as a peptide bond, which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation.

### Secondary structure
Secondary structure is the most simple structure made by proteins' polypeptide chains. There are two main types of secondary structure: alpha helix and beta strand (beta sheet). Alpha helices are coils that turn in a clockwise rotation. Beta strands are chains of amino acids that lie beside each other to make a beta sheet. These two types of secondary structure were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers. Unlike the polypeptide chain, which is bonded through covalent peptide bonds, secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonds.

### Tertiary structure 
This is the shape (spatial organization) of an entire protein molecule. Protein folding is largely self-organising. It is mainly decided by the protein's primary structure. This is called Anfinsen's dogma. However, the environment in which a protein is made and folded also effect its final shape.

### Quaternary structure 
If proteins are built of more than one polypeptide, this gives another level of structure. The quaternary structure, is how the polypeptide subunits fit together. Haemoglobin, for example, has two alpha and two beta chains. Both the alpha chains and beta chains are coded for by a cluster of six or seven genes, which provide the code for different versions of the molecule.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Education portal: Proteins IV: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/proteins-iv-higher-order-structure.html
Papcastle

**Papcastle** is a village and civil parish in Allerdale, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 406 people living in Papcastle.

## References
Tim Gunn

**Timothy MacKenzie Gunn** (born July 29, 1953) is an American fashion consultant, television personality, actor, voice actor and author. He served on the faculty of Parsons The New School for Design from 1982 to 2007 and was chair of fashion design at the school from August 2000 to March 2007, after which he joined Liz Claiborne as its chief creative officer. 

Over 16 seasons Gunn has become well known as the on-air mentor to designers on the reality television program *Project Runway*. Gunn's popularity on *Project Runway* led to two spin-off shows, Bravo's ''Tim Gunn's Guide to Style'' and Lifetime's *Under the Gunn*, as well as five books. 

In addition to being an executive producer, Gunn has served as mentor for the teen designers on *Project Runway: Junior*. He also provides the voice of Baileywick, the castle steward in the Disney Junior television show *Sofia the First* and narrated the sitcom *Mixology*.

Gunn is asexual.

## References
## Other websites
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Larry Flynt

**Larry Claxton Flynt, Jr.** (November 1, 1942 &ndash; February 10, 2021) was an American publisher. He published *Hustler* magazine. In 1978, Flynt was shot in an assassination attempt by Joseph Paul Franklin. That left him paralyzed from the waist down. Flynt had a golden wheelchair. Franklin was executed in November 2013 by lethal injection.

## Early life
Flynt was born on November 1, 1942 in Magoffin County, Kentucky.

## Marriages
Flynt was married several times. He was married to Mary Flynt from 1961 until they divorced in 1965. He was married to Peggy Flynt from 1966 until they divorced in 1969. He was married to Kathy Flynt from 1970 until they divorced in 1975. He was married to Althea Leasure from 1976 until her death in 1987. He was married to Elizabeth Berrios from 1998 until his death.

## Health and death
Flynt had said that he has bipolar disorder.

Flynt died from heart failure in Los Angeles on February 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
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Cleator Moor

**Cleator Moor** is a town and civil parish in Copeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 6,939 people living in Cleator Moor.

## References
Darrell Dexter

**Darrell Dexter** (born September 10, 1957) is a Canadian lawyer, journalist and former naval officer. He was the 27th Premier of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia from 2009 to 2013. Dexter was a part of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party. He was the first NDP premier in Atlantic Canada.

## References
Russell E. Train

**Russell Errol Train** (June 4, 1920 &ndash; September 17, 2012) or **Russell Train** was an American Republican politician. He was the leader of the Chairperson of the Council on Environmental Quality from 1970 through 1973. He later was the leader of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 1973 through 1977.

Train was born in Jamestown, Rhode Island on June 4, 1920. Train studied at Princeton University and at Columbia University. Train was married to Aileen Train until his death in 2012. Train died on September 17, 2012 in his ranch in Bozman, Maryland from natural causes, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Biodiversity Heritage Library scans of books from the Russell E. Train Africana Collection in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Craig Minervini

**Craig Minervini** is an American sportscaster. He is host of "Marlins Live" and "Panthers Live". 

He called Florida Panthers games for the radio. He calls select Florida Marlins play-by-play when Rich Waltz is on MLB Network. He was sports anchor for WNBC-TV and WTVJ-TV sports anchor. He also has done play-by-play for various other sports include Notre Dame Football on NBC, CBS Sports Spectacular, College World Series on ESPN, Major League Soccer, XFL on TNN, Boxing on TNN, Mixed Martial Arts on TNN, Syracuse Chiefs, and Syracuse Orangemen, football, basketball, lacrosse, and soccer. Minervini currently hosts Panthers Live.

## References
Jon Sciambi

**Jon "Boog" Sciambi** (born April 11, 1970 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American sportscaster for ESPN.  He currently calls Major League Baseball games for ESPN Radio and formerly did television work for ESPN. He also calls college basketball for ESPN, ESPNU (occasionally), and ESPN Radio. He was a play-by-play announcer for the Florida Marlins and Atlanta Braves as well as ESPN Little League World Series.

Sciambi's nickname "Boog,"  is because he looks like former major league player Boog Powell.

## References
Ernie Johnson Jr.

**Ernest Johnson, Jr.** (born November 5, 1956) is a sportscaster for ESPN coverage on ABC, TBS, truTV and CBS Sports. 

He calls play-by-play for Golf on TNT and MLB on TBS. He is also the studio host for the NBA on TNT and college basketball tournaments for Turner Sports and CBS Sports. Johnson called Atlanta Braves games from 1993-1996 and again in 2010. He was also the studio host for TNT's coverage of the Wimbledon Championships. He also worked on Olympic Games and Goodwill Games for Turner Sports.  He was a co-host for Charles Barkley's talk show "Listen Up". Johnson also called weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics for NBC. Johnson has called occasional NBA games for TNT.

Johnson is the son of the late pitcher for the Milwaukee Braves Ernie Johnson Sr.

## References
Craig Sager

**Craig Graham Sager, Sr.** (June 29, 1951 &ndash; December 15, 2016) was a Turner Sports personality. He was the lead sideline reporter with Marv Albert, Reggie Miller, and Steve Kerr for the NBA on TNT and the lead field reporter for MLB on TBS with Ernie Johnson Jr., Ron Darling, and John Smoltz. He also did college basketball tournaments with Albert and Kerr for CBS and Turner Sports as the #2 team.

## Career
He was sports director for two television stations: WINK-TV and KMBD-TV. He was a sports anchor for two other television stations: WTSP (also a sports reporter), and WXLT-TV. He was an anchor for CNN Sports Tonight, College Football Scoreboard and an anchor for the defunct television network CNN Sports Illustrated. While at Kansas City, he provided play-by-play for the Kansas City Kings, Kansas City Royals spring training, and Kansas City Chiefs preseason. 

He also was on the fields and sidelines reporting for the Goodwill Games on TBS, TNT World Cup, Golf on TNT, Tennis on TNT, college football on TBS, and TNT Sunday Night Football where he also was the studio host for college football on TBS. Sager called Nordic Skiing and Curling at the 1992 Winter Olympics for TNT. He was a sideline reporter for other basketball tournaments for TNT and has been the Olympic Basketball sideline reporter for NBC since 2008. 

While at NBC, he was also a sideline reporter for the 1999 National League Championship Series, 1999 World Series, and Notre Dame Football on NBC.

## Illness and death
Sager was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in 2014. On December 15, 2016, Sager died from the disease in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 65.

## References
Dave O'Brien

'''Dave O'Brien''' is an American sportscaster for the Boston Red Sox Radio Network and ESPN. He is an announcer for college basketball games and Major League Baseball games. He was the play-by-play announcer for the Atlanta Braves, Georgia Bulldogs football and basketball, Miami Hurricanes football and basketball, Florida Marlins, and New York Mets. He also called NBA games and MLB on ESPN Radio postseason games as well. He also called the FIFA World Cup, Major League Soccer, and the National Basketball Association for ESPN.
Dan Shulman

**Daniel "Dan" Shulman** (born February 9, 1967, in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian sportscaster currently with Sportsnet and ESPN. He currently calls games for MLB on ESPN, MLB on ESPN Radio, College Basketball on ESPN, and NBA on ESPN. He was the TV voice of the Toronto Raptors and Toronto Blue Jays. He also called NHL games for The Sports Network, a sister network of ESPN. He was a host of Prime Time Sports, calling games for the Western Mustangs football and basketball before coming to TSN or ESPN. He was also with CTV covering the 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1994 World Championships of Basketball.

When Shulman was working at a baseball game in 2011, he announced Osama bin Laden's death.

The National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association named him the "National Sportscaster of the Year" in 2011.

## References
Al Michaels

**Alan Richard "Al" Michaels** (born November 12, 1944) is an American sportscaster.  He was best known working for ABC Sports for nearly three decades. He was the lead voice of NBC Sunday Night Football and currently the lead play by play voice for NFL Thursday Night Football on Amazon Prime.   He was the daytime anchor for two Olympics: 2010 Vancouver Olympics and 2012 London Olympics. He called games for many years for the National Football League games.

Michaels has won many awards during his career, including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Sports Personality (Play-by-Play Host) five times, the NSSA Award from the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association three times, and "Sportscaster of the Year" once each from the American Sportscasters Association and the Washington Journalism Review. In October 2004, Michaels was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Michaels had an acting role in a 1970 episode of *Hawaii Five-O*.  He has appeared as himself in the movies *Jerry Maguire* and *BASEketball*, as well as on several TV shows including *Coach* and *Spin City*. His call of the U.S. hockey team's victory in the 1980 Olympics can be heard in the 2004 movie *Miracle*. 

## References
Sean McDonough

**Sean McDonough** (born May 13, 1962) is an American sportscaster.  He works for ESPN.  He worked with CBS Sports before.  He is the son of late *Boston Globe* sportswriter Will McDonough. 

He has broadcast college basketball (including 10 NCAA tournaments), college football (including the prestigious Orange Bowl game), the College World Series, the NFL, US Open tennis, 3 Winter Olympics, and golf (including 4 Masters and PGA Championships).

## References
Johnny Holliday

**John Holliday Bobbitt** (born October 15, 1937), known professionally as **Johnny Holliday**, is an American sportscaster and former disc jockey. He is a personality with Mid-Atlantic Sports Network and the radio voice of the Maryland Terrapins football and basketball. He did the pregame/postgame show for Washington Nationals telecasts until 2020, and served as a fill-in play-by-playannouncer for Bob Carpenter. He also called United States Football League games for ABC Radio. Holliday has also worked for the Washington Bullets/Wizards, San Francisco Giants, California Golden Bears football and basketball, Washington Senators (as a TV Studio Host), Stanford Cardinal football and basketball, Navy Midshipmen football, and George Washington Colonials. He also covered the Olympics, boxing, and The Masters for ABC Radio. He has hosted pregame/postgame shows for the San Francisco Giants and Washington Redskins for radio coverage.
Gary Thorne

**Gary Thorne** (born June 9, 1948, in Bangor, Maine) is an American sportscaster. He works with MASN  calling games for the Baltimore Orioles. He also calls Little League World Series games for ABC and ESPN and some Major League Baseball games for ESPN. His other jobs include:
Dave Sims

**Dave Sims** (born February 14, 1953) is an American sportscaster.

He is the voice of the Seattle Mariners, College Basketball on Westwood One/Dial Global, and the voice of Sunday Night Football on Westwood One/Dial Global with James Lofton. Sims was a play-by-play voice for the United Football League on Versus.  He hosts "Basketball and Beyond with Coach K". He was a sports anchor for WCBS-TV in New York City. Sims called college football and basketball games for ESPN and ESPN Plus.  He was the preseason announcer for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

He called Philip Humber's perfect game on April 21, 2012. He also called Major League Baseball games. Sims called another perfect game in 2012, this time by Felix Hernandez. Vin Scully has called four perfect games in his career.

## References
Brad Johansen

**Brad Johansen**  is a sportscaster. He was the voice of the Cincinnati Bengals, but in 2011 replaced Paul Keels as preseason play-by-play announcer which he continues to do. Brad Hoard was hired to replace Johansen in the radio booth. He is also the voice of the Xavier Musketeers men's basketball team as well as high school football for Fox Sports Ohio. In 2012, Johansen will call college football games for the CBS Sports Network.

## Early Life 
From 1996-2014, he was the sports director at WKRC-TV in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was announcing Bengals pre-season games. In 2000, Brad moved to the radio booth, replacing Pete Arbogast . On May 4, 2011 Dan Hoard was hired as the new Bengals radio play-by-play announcer replacing Brad Johansen. On July 6, The Bengals announced Johansen was hired to replace Paul Keels as the TV play-by-play announcer for Bengals preseason games.

In 2014, Johansen moved on from being the sports director and a play-by-play announcer for CBS Sports Network to anchoring the 4:00 and 5:30&nbsp;pm newscasts at WKRC.

In April 2018, Johansen left WKRC-TV to join WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina as an evening news anchor and reporter.He was let go Thursday, April 4, 2019 after one year at the station.

On March 6, 2020, Johansen returns to television, as an early evening news anchor and reporter for WCMH-TV in Columbus.

## References
Puffball

A **puffball** is the common name for several groups of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. Puffballs include the genera of  *Calvatia*, *Calbovista* and *Lycoperdon*. 

All false puffballs are inedible, as they are tough and bitter to taste. The genus *Scleroderma*, which has a young purple gleba, should be avoided.

## References
Lycoperdon umbrinum

***Lycoperdon umbrinum***, better known as the **umber-brown puffball**, is a species of puffball mushroom in the genus *Lycoperdon*. The species is found in China, Europe, and North America.

## Description
The *L. umbrinum* has a fruiting body, which is shaped like the top of a pear, with a short, slightly buried stipe. It is  tall and  broad. The fruiting body starts as pale, then goes reddish then to a blackish brown. The outer wall has slender, persistent spines, which are up to 1&nbsp;mm long. The spores are roughly sspherical, and about 3.5–5.5&nbsp;µm in diameter, with fine warts and a pedicel that is 0.5–15&nbsp;µm long. It is uncommonly found, although most often found in coniferous woods on sandy soils.

## Related pages
* Puffball

## References
## Other websites
* California Fungi
Agaricomycetes

**Agaricomycetes** is a class of fungi.   Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and 20951 species.

All members of this class produce basidiocarps and these range in size from tiny cups a few millimeters across to a giant polypore (*Fomitiporia ellipsoidea*) greater than several meters across and weighing up to .

The group also includes what are arguably the largest and oldest individual organisms on earth: the mycelium of *Armillaria gallica* have been estimated to extend over 150,000&nbsp;square metres (37&nbsp;acres) with a mass of 10,000&nbsp;kg (22,000&nbsp;lb) and an age of 1,500&nbsp;years.

Nearly all species in the class are terrestrial (although a few are aquatic). They mostly function as decayers, especially of wood. However, some species are pathogenic or parasitic, and yet others are symbiotic. These include the important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of forest trees.

## References
Stephen Dunham

**Stephen Dunham Dowers** (September 14, 1964 - September 14, 2012) was an American movie and television actor. He was best known for his roles as Edward Pillows in *DAG* and as Peter in *The Mummy*. Bowers was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Bowers was married to Alexondra Lee. He died on his birthday on September 14, 2012 from a heart attack in his Burbank, California home, aged 48.

## References
## Other websites
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Alan Ruck

**Alan Ruck** (born July 1, 1956) is an American movie, voice, television, and stage actor. He is known for his role as Cameron Frye in ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off*. He also appeared in *Speed* and in *Twister''.

Ruck was born in Cleveland, Ohio on July 1, 1956. He spent his childhood and teen years in Chicago, Illinois. Ruck was married to Claudia Stefany from 1986 until they divorced in 2005. He has been married to Mireille Enos since 2008. With Stefany he has two children, and with Enos he has one child.

## References
## Other websites
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Rosie Huntington-Whiteley

'']]
**Rosie Alice Huntington-Whiteley** (born 18 April 1987) is an English movie actress and model. She is known for modeling for Victoria's Secret and in *Burberry* magazine. Her first movie was the 2011 action movie *Transformers: Dark of the Moon*.

Huntington-Whiteley was born on 18 April 1987 in Plymouth, Devon, England. She has been partners with Jason Statham since 2010.

## References
## Other websites
*
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Fredric March

**Fredric March** (born **Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel**; August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was an American stage, movie, radio, and television actor. He was known for his Academy Award-winning role as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde in *Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde*. He won another Academy Award for his role as Al Stephenson in *The Best Years of Our Lives*. He also won a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a BAFTA Award.

March was born on August 31, 1897 in Racine, Wisconsin. March was married to Ellis Baker from 1921 until they divorced in 1927. March was then married to Florence Eldridge from 1927 until his death in 1975. With Eldridge he has two adopted children. March died on April 14, 1975 in Los Angeles, California from prostate cancer, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
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Mississippi mud pie

**Mississippi mud pie** is a chocolate-based dessert pie.  The treat has a gooey chocolate sauce on top of crumbly chocolate. The pie is usually served with ice cream. 

It is popular because of the amount of chocolate in each serving.

The name "Mississippi mud pie" comes from the dense cake which looks like the banks of the Mississippi River.

It is believed that this dish was made by home cooks after World War II.  This is because it was made of simple ingredients that could be found at any supermarket and did not need any special cooking tools.
List of current Canadian first ministers

Canada is a parliamentary democracy that includes ten provinces and three territories. Each province and territory has a head of government. Those people are called *premiers* to avoid confusion with the federal prime minister.

The longest-serving current first minister is Scott Moe of Saskatchewan, since February 2, 2018, and the newest first minister is Mike Pemberton of Yukon, since June 27, 2025. The oldest first minister is François Legault of Quebec, who is 68, and the youngest first minister is P.J. Akeeagok of Nunavut, who is 40. Two of the thirteen first ministers (Danielle Smith of Alberta and Susan Holt of New Brunswick) are women and three (P.J. Akeeagok of Nunavut, Wab Kinew of Manitoba, and R.J. Simpson of the Northwest Territories) are Indigenous.

## Current Canadian first ministers
## References
## Other websites
* Prime Minister of Canada
Ettore Boiardi

**Ettore "Hector" Boiardi** (October 22, 1897 – June 21, 1985) was an Italian-American chef. He was famous for his brand of food products, named "Chef Boyardee".  He was a naturalized U.S. citizen.

Boiardi was born in Piacenza, Italy. Boiardi was married to Helen Wroblewski from 1923 until his death in 1985. He had a son, Mario Boiardi. Boiardi died on June 21, 1985 in Parma, Ohio from natural causes, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Boiardi, Hector, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
* The Man, The Can: Recipes Of The Real Chef Boyardee, NPR.org
* Chef Boyardee at Findagrave
* 1953 television commercial with Ettore Boiardi
Don Pardo

**Dominick George "Don" Pardo** (February 22, 1918 &ndash; August 18, 2014) was an American radio and television announcer. He was the announcer for *Saturday Night Live*. He was also the announcer for *Jeopardy!* when it was hosted by Art Fleming. 

Pardo was born in Westfield, Massachusetts on February 22, 1918. His career began in 1938. He lived in New York City, New York until he moved to Tucson, Arizona. In March 2013, Pardo was hospitalized for a broken hip. 

Pardo died on August 18, 2014 in Tucson, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
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Milton S. Hershey

**Milton Snavely Hershey** (September 13, 1857 – October 13, 1945) was an American confectioner, philanthropist, and the founder (creator) of the Hershey's candy company.

Hershey was born on September 13, 1857 in Derry Township, Pennsylvania.

In 1887, Hershey created the Lancaster Caramel Company. He created many kinds of caramels. He began experimenting with chocolates at the Chicago World's Fair.

On March 2, 1903, he began construction on what was to become the world’s largest chocolate manufacturing company, only he didn't know that it would become a large company. In 1935, Hershey established the M.S. Hershey Foundation, a private charitable foundation that provides educational and cultural opportunities for Hershey residents.

Hershey supplied the U.S. armed forces with chocolate bars during World War II. These bars were called Ration D Bars and Tropical Chocolate Bars.

Hershey was married to Catherine Sweeney from 1898 until her death in 1915. In 1912 Hershey was supposed to go on the RMS Titanic, but business concerns forced him to take an earlier ship from Europe to the United States. Sweeney died three years later.

Hershey died on October 13, 1945 from natural causes in Hershey, Pennsylvania, a town named after him, aged 88 years old.

Hershey started a school for orphaned children. He gave the Hershey Trust to that school. He made a town for his workers. Unlike other worker towns, it was comfortable and not expensive. Among many of the places he built for his workers to go to in their free time, Hershey built the Hershey Park, now a popular amusement park. Hershey was among the first to use the idea of Taylorism, after Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylorism is the idea that workers who do more should earn more.

## References
## Other websites
*Hershey Community Archives website
*M. Hershey's Biography by the Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company 
*Biography
*Hershey photo
*Hershey Public Library
James Woods

**James Woods** (born April 18, 1947) is an American actor and producer. He is known for his roles in *Once Upon a Time in America*, *Salvador*, *Nixon*, *Ghosts of Mississippi*, *The Last Day of Summer* and *Casino*. He was the voice of Hades in *Hercules*. He played himself in *Family Guy*.

Woods was born on April 18, 1947 in Vernal, Utah. Woods was married to Kathryn Morrison from 1980 until they divorced in 1983. Then he was married to Sarah Owen from 1989 until they divorced in 1990.

Woods was a vocal supporter of former U.S. President George W. Bush and the Iraq War, and is a Republican Party. He supported John McCain, Mitt Romney, and Carly Fiorina for the 2008, 2012, and the 2016 presidential elections respectively.

## References
## Other websites
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Dominick Dunne

**Dominick John Dunne** (October 29, 1925 &ndash; August 26, 2009) was an American activist, journalist, writer, and actor. He talked about crimes, scandals, or mysteries in his books or his own television show ''Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice*. 

## Biography
### Early and personal life
Dunne was born on October 29, 1925 in Hartford, Connecticut. He studied at Kingswood School, Canterbury School, and Williams College. His brother was writer John Gregory Dunne (1932-2003).  

Dunne was married to Ellen Beatriz Griffin from 1954 until they divorced in 1965. Dunne had two sons, actor Griffin (born 1955) and Alexander (born 1957). His daughter was actress Dominique Dunne (1959-1982).     

### Death
Dunne died on August 26, 2009 in Manhattan, New York from bladder cancer, aged 83.

## Movies
**The Boys in the Band*
**The Panic in Needle Park*
**Play It as It Lays*
**Ash Wednesday*
**Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice''

## References
## Other websites
*
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Martin Mull

**Martin Eugene Mull** (August 18, 1943 &ndash; June 27, 2024) was an American comedian, painter, recording artist, and movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He appeared in animated shows including *American Dad!*. He played Russell the pharmacist in *Two and a Half Men*. He voiced Vlad Master in *Danny Phantom*.

Mull was raised in North Ridgeville, Ohio and in New Canaan, Connecticut. Mull married his wife Wendy in 1982. He had a daughter, Maggie.

Mull died on June 27, 2024, at the age of 80, in Los Angeles from pancreatic cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
*NNDB page for Martin Mull
Tyrese Gibson

**Tyrese Gibson** (born December 30, 1978) is an American R&B singer, rapper, actor and model. He has acted in many movies and television series. These include *Baby Boy* (2001), *2 Fast 2 Furious* and the *Transformers* movie series. In 2000, Gibson won the American Music Award for "Favorite New R&B/Soul Artist". He has also been  for two Grammy Awards.
Brock Peters

**Brock Peters** (born **George Fisher**, July 2, 1927 &ndash; August 23, 2005) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He was known for his roles as Fleet Admiral Cartwright in two *Star Trek* movies and as the voice of Lucius Fox in *Batman: The Animated Series*.

Peters was born on July 2, 1927 in New York City, New York. Peters was married to Dolores Daniels from 1961 until her death in 1989. Peters died on August 23, 2005 in Los Angeles, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 78.

## References
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* Brock Peters at Find a Grave
Bob Hastings

**Robert** "**Bob**" **Hastings** (April 18, 1925 &ndash; June 30, 2014) was an American movie, television, voice, stage, and radio actor who is known for his voice work as Commissioner James Gordon in *Batman: The Animated Series*.

Hastings was born on April 18, 1925 in Brooklyn, New York City. Hastings had been married to Joan Rice since the 1940s. They had four children. His brother was actor Don Hastings.

Hastings died from prostate cancer on June 30, 2014 in Burbank, California, aged 89.

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Efrem Zimbalist Jr.

**Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.** (November 30, 1918 &ndash; May 2, 2014) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor. He was known for his roles in the television series *77 Sunset Strip* and *The F.B.I.*. He is also known for his role as "Dandy Jim Buckley" in the series *Maverick*.

His more recent roles included voice acting. He was the voice of Alfred Pennyworth in *Batman: The Animated Series*. He was the voice of Dr. Octopus in the 1994 Spider-Man television series. He was the voice of Justin Hammer in the second season of the *Iron Man* television series. 

Zimbalist died at his ranch in Solvang, California at the age of 95.

## Early life
Zimbalist was born on November 30, 1918 in New York City, New York. His parents were Efrem Zimbalist, Sr. and Alma Gluck. Zimbalist studied at the Fay School and at Yale University.

## Career
Zimbalist played private detective Stu Bailey in *77 Sunset Strip*. It ran on ABC from 1958 to 1964. The series had over 200 episodes.

Zimbalist played Dandy Jim Buckley in *Maverick*. He was the voice of Alfred Pennyworth in *Batman: The Animated Series*. He has won a Golden Globe Award.

## Personal life
Zimbalist married Emily McNair in 1945. They had two children. She died of cancer in 1950.

Zimbalist married Stephanie Spalding in 1956.  They were married until her death in 2007. They had one child.

Zimbalist lived in Solvang, California. He was a member of the Republican Party.

For his role in the television series *The F.B.I.*, Zimbalist, Jr. was honored by FBI director Robert Mueller as a special member of the FBI.

## Death
On May 2, 2014, Zimbalist died in his lawn after watering his plants at his home in Solvang, California. He died of a possible heart attack. He was 95 years old. He was buried at Town Hill Cemetery in New Hartford, Connecticut.

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Keshia Knight Pulliam

**Keshia Knight Pulliam** (born April 9, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for her television performances. She played Rudy Huxtable in the NBC situation comedy *The Cosby Show* (1984-1992). Before that, she acted on *Sesame Street*.

Knight Pulliam was born in Newark, New Jersey.

## References
Megasthenes

**Megasthenes** (, ca. 350 – 290 BCE) was a Greek ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He wrote the work *Indica*. He was born in Asia Minor (now Turkey).

Arrian says that Megasthenes lived in Arachosia, with the satrap Sibyrtius. He visited India from there:

"Megasthenes lived with Sibyrtius, satrap of Arachosia, and often speaks of his visiting Sandracottus, the king of the Indians." Arrian, *Anabasis Alexandri* 

At the beginning of his *Indica*, he speaks about the older Indians who know about when Dionysus and Hercules arrived in India. This story was very popular during the Alexandrian period. What he says about the religions of the Indians is important. He mentions the devotees of Heracles (Lord Krishna) and Dionysus (Lord Shiva or King Lord Indra). However, he does not mention Buddhists. This could mean that the religion was not well known before Ashoka took power.

Writers like Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus and Pliny refer to *Indica* in their works. Arrian said the best things about Megasthenes, but Strabo and Pliny do not treat him with as much respect.

Megasthenes' *Indica* is the first well-known description of India by someone from the Western world.

## References
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## Other websites
* Fragments from Megasthenes: Indika  ("From: *Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian*.  Translated and edited by J. W. McCrindle.  Calcutta and Bombay: Thacker, Spink, 1877, 30-174.")
* Ancient India as described by Arrian  based on accounts by Megasthenes
Turkish lira

The **Turkish lira** (Currency sign:  (until 1 March 2012: **TL**); ; ISO 4217: TRY) is the currency of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (recognised only by Turkey). The Turkish lira is subdivided into 100 *kuruş*.

## References 
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Gus Johnson

**Augustus Cornelius **"**Gus**"** Johnson, Jr.** (born August 10, 1967) is an American television sportscaster. He works for Fox College Football as the lead play by play announcer. He is well known for his yelling and screaming emotions on exciting plays.

He was also employed by Showtime, and the Big Ten Network. He was employed by CBS Sports. He was also a play-by-play announcer for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He called Big East basketball for ESPN Plus, college basketball and college hockey for ESPN. He hosted Black College Sports Today in 1991. Johnson called Canadian Football League games for ESPN. He also called NFL games for CBS until 2011. Johnson was first paired up with Steve Tasker, then Brent Jones. He got back together with Steve Tasker in 2005 until his departure for Fox Sports in 2011.

He had sports anchor stints on KXXV-TV, WAAY-TV, WXII-TV, and WTTG-TV. He called college basketball tournaments for CBS for many years. He had many partners including Dan Bonner, Len Elmore, and Bill Raftery. He was also the radio voice and back-up television play-by-play announcer for the New York Knicks. He was well known for calling Allan Houston's game winning buzzer beater to knock off the top seeded Miami Heat. 

He called boxing for MSG as well as hosting Knicks GameNight and Yankees Scorecard. He was the studio host for New York Rangers telecasts. Johnson was a preseason voice in 2006 for the Buffalo Bills and the Philadelphia Eagles. He was the preseason voice of the Detroit Lions for the Detroit Lions Television Network in 2008. 

Johnson replaced Steve Albert as lead play-by-play announcer for Showtime Championship Boxing and called Strikeforce for CBS Sports Spectacular. He also called games for the defunct arena football New York Dragons. He calls NFL and college football games on Fox with Charles Davis. Johnson also calls college basketball games for the Big Ten Network and worked a few road games for the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer.

## References
Curt Menefee

**Curt Menefee** (July 22, 1965) is an American sportscaster.  He is the current studio host for Fox *NFL Sunday* with Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, Michael Strahan, Rob Gronkowski and Jay Glazer. He also called play-by-play for NFL Europe on NFL Network and Fox and regional NFL games for Fox. He also calls Seattle Seahawks preseason games and did the same for the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was the host of *The Curt Menefee Show* and *Unnecessary Roughness*. Menefee was a sports anchor for KTVT-TV, WNYW-TV, and WTLV-TV. He made an appearance with Jose Mota on MLB on Fox on  the May 24, 2008 game between the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Chicago White Sox. He also hosted three UEFA Champions League Final matches for Fox; 2010, 2011, and 2012. Menefee also is the host of UFC on Fox. He has also provided play-by-play for *TopRank Boxing* and *ShoBox: The New Generation*.
Charissa Thompson

**Charissa Jean Thompson** (born May 4, 1982) is an American television host and sportscaster. , she works for Fox Sports. Previously, Thompson worked for ESPN, Versus, GSN and the Big Ten Network. She was the co-host of *SportsNation* with Marcellus Wiley until June 2013. She became the host of *Fox Sports Live* on the new Fox Sports 1 network on August 17, 2013. She also was one of the hosts of *Ultimate Beastmaster*. From 2014 to 2017, Thompson was a co-host on the syndicated entertainment news program *Extra*. Thompson was the host of *Rockies All Access* and *WNBA Weekly* and covered sports for the Denver Pioneers. Thompson also hosted The 2007 MLB All-Star Game *Red Carpet Parade* and *The Baseball Report*. She also hosted *BCS Breakdown*, *Toughest Cowboy*, the *BCS Show*, and *Friday Night Tailgate* for FSN as well as a co-host for *Big Saturday Night* for the Game Show Network as well as Big Ten's *Best for the Big Ten Network*. She also did reporting for *Shaq vs.* as well as an ice-level reporter for the *NHL on Versus* with the lead broadcast team of Mike Emrick and Eddie Olczyk. Thompson hosted *NFL Now Updates* and *Fast Track to Fame*. She replaced Michele Breade as co-host of *SportsNation* with Colin Cowher. 

## References
Colton

**Colton** is a village and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 765 people living in Colton. In 1202 it was called Coleton, which was the Old English name for *village*. It is built beside a small stream called Colton Beck.

## References
Eric Clemons

**Eric Clemons** is a freelance sportscaster. He worked for SportsCenter as an anchor and reporter. His other jobs include:
* College Football on Fox Sports Net sideline reporter
* NFL on Fox play-by-play
* WALA-TV sports anchor/sports reporter
* WHDH-TV sports anchor/reporter
* WFBS-TV sports anchor
* WVUE-TV sports director
Sheldon Brookbank

**Sheldon Brookbank** (born October 3, 1980 in Lanigan, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for Ak Bars Kazan in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils, Anaheim Ducks, and the Chicago Blackhawks. His older brother Wade Brookbank was also an ice hockey player and is currently a pro scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.

He began his hockey career when he played with the Humboldt Broncos of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. He later played with the Mississippi Sea Wolves of the ECHL, and then played with the Grand Rapids Griffins of the AHL. He was signed by the Anaheim Ducks and played for their AHL affiliate, the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks for two seasons. The Ducks didn't resign him and he signed a contract with the Nashville Predators where he mainly played on their AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. After he was named the captain of the Admirals he was called up to the Predators. He played 3 games with the Predators before he was signed by the Columbus Blue Jackets in 2007. He was waived by the Blue Jackets and was later claimed off waivers by the New Jersey Devils on October 2, 2007. After playing 44 games with the Devils, he was traded to the Anaheim Ducks on February 3, 2009.

He played 4 seasons with the Ducks before signing a free agent deal with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2012. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

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Frank Glieber

**Frank John Glieber** (April 5, 1934 – May 1, 1985) was an American sportscaster.  He called college football games for CBS Radio, the Dallas Cowboys, Cleveland Browns on CBS, and the Texas Rangers. While working for CBS, Glieber  called National Football League, National Basketball Association, college football, college basketball, soccer, tennis, bowling, and golf. He died of a heart attack in May 1985.

## References
Gleba

**Gleba** is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of fungi, such as on puffballs or stinkhorns.

## References
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Terry Gannon

**Terrance Patrick "Terry" Gannon** (born November 1, 1963, in Joliet, Illinois), is an American sportscaster. He works for ESPN/ABC Sports, NBC Sports and The Golf Channel. Gannon's work has included many different sporting events. These include college basketball, the WNBA, the NBA, figure skating, golf, college football,  and the Olympics. In 1983, Gannon was a member of the North Carolina State University basketball team which won the national championship. He is the leading 3-point shoot in the history of NC State and lead the country in 3-point shots in 1983
   
## Sports covered
## References
George Sansom

Sir **George Bailey Sansom** KCMG (November 28 1883 – March 8 1965) was a British diplomat, academic, historian and Japanologist.

## Selected works
* *Japan: A Short Cultural History,* 1931
* *A History of Japan to 1334,* 1958
* *A History of Japan: 1334-1615,* 1961
* *A History of Japan, 1615-1867,* 1963

## Honours
* Order of St Michael and St George, Knight Commander (KCMG)

## References
## Other websites
* "East Asian Studies at Columbia: The Early Years" at Columbia.edu
Sporocarp (fungi)

The **sporocarp** (also known as the **fruiting body** or the **fruit body**) of a fungus is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are born. Mushrooms are sporocarps that grow above ground. Truffles are sporocarps that grow underground.

The largest known fruiting body is the *Fomitiporia ellipsoidea* species, found on Hainan Island. The species can measure up to  in length, and is estimated to weigh between .

## References
## Bibliography
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Hymenium

The **hymenium** is the part of a fungus that produces spores. It is a broad flat layer of tissue. This is where cells which make the spores grow. There are two types of cells which produce spores, the basidium and the asci. The hymenium can be found on different parts of fungi, depending on the type of fungi. It could be in gills or pores.

The position of the hymenium is used to identify mushrooms. It is also used to put mushrooms into family groups.

Below are some examples of where to find the hymenium in different types of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.

* In agarics, the hymenium is on the flat sides of the gills.
* In boletes, it is in a spongy mass of tubes that point down.
* In puffballs, it is on the inside.
* In stinkhorns, it grows on the inside and then comes out as a bad-smelling gel.
* In cup fungi, it is on the inner surface of the cup.
* In teeth fungi, it grows on the outside of tooth-like spines.

## Gallery

Image:Lamellen.jpg|Gills of the Fly Agaric *Amanita muscaria*
Image:Suillus luteus.JPG|The bolete Slippery Jack (*Suillus luteus*) with bright yellow pores
Image:Riesenbovist.jpg|Giant Puffball *Calvatia gigantea*
Image:Phallus impudicus7 Stinkhorn.jpg|A Stinkhorn, *Phallus impudicus*
Image:Scarlet elf cap cadnant dingle.jpg|The cup fungus *Sarcoscypha austriaca*
Image:Polyporus alveolaris pores2.jpg|The large angular pores of *Polyporus alveolaris*, the hexagonal-pored polypore

## References
*Régis Courtecuisse, Bernard Duhem : ''Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe* (Delachaux & Niestlé, 1994–2000).  

## Other websites
* IMA Mycological Glossary: Hymenium
* IMA Mycological Glossary: Subhymenium
* APSnet Illustrated Glossary of Plant Pathology: Hymenium  Hymenium of an ascomycete, *Monilinia fructicola*
* Jack Murphy Mycological Images: Hymenium  Hymenium of a basidiomycete, *Russula laurocerasi''
Lloyd Bochner

, 1961]]
**Lloyd Wolfe Bochner** (July 29, 1924 – October 29, 2005) was a Canadian movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for his television role as Chief Inspector Neil Campbell in *Hong Kong* and as the voice of Gotham City's Mayor Hamilton Hill in *Batman: The Animated Series* and in *The New Batman Adventures*. He won an ACTRA Award in 2004.

Bochner was born on July 29, 1924 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bochner was married to Ruth Roher until his death in 2005. Bochner died on October 29, 2005 in Santa Monica, California from cancer, aged 81.

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