open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1961 Memorial Cup

The **1961 Memorial Cup** final was the 43rd junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams involved were the Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association who played against the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League. St. Michael's won their 4th Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 2.

## Scores
*Game 1: St. Michael's 4-0 Edmonton
*Game 2: St. Michael's 4-1 Edmonton
*Game 3: St. Michael's 4-2 Edmonton
*Game 4: Edmonton 5-4 St. Michael's
*Game 5: Edmonton 4-2 St. Michael's
*Game 6: St. Michael's 4-2 Edmonton

## Winning roster
Arnie Brown, Andre Champagne, Gerry Cheevers, Jack Cole, Paul Conlin, Terry Clancy, Bruce Draper, Dave Draper, Dave Dryden, Roger Galipeau, Paul Jackson, Larry Keenan, Duncan MacDonald, Bill MacMillan, Barry MacKenzie, Peter Noakes, Terry O'Malley, Sonny Osborne, Brian Walsh. **Coach:** Father David Bauer.

## References
Ergonomic keyboard

is a split keyboard]]
An **ergonomic keyboard** is a computer keyboard. It has a more comfortable design intended to lower the chances of muscle strain and a lot of other related problems. These keyboards are created in a "V" shape. This can allow the right and left hand to type in a more natural position.

## References
1962 Memorial Cup

The **1962 Memorial Cup** final was the 44th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams playing were the Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey Association who completed against the Edmonton Oil Kings. Hamilton won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 1. 

## Scores
*Game 1: Hamilton 5-2 Edmonton (in Hamilton) 
*Game 2: Hamilton 4-2 Edmonton (in Guelph)
*Game 3: Edmonton 5-3 Hamilton (in Guelph)
*Game 4: Hamilton 3-0 Edmonton (in Guelph)
*Game 5: Hamilton 7-4 Edmonton (in Kitchener)

## Winning roster
Bud Blom, Joe Bujdoso, Bryan Campbell, Bob Dean, John Gofton, Bob Hamilton, Ron Harris, Larry Harrop, Earl Heiskala, Paul Henderson, Roger LaFreniere, Lowell MacDonald, Pit Martin, Jim Peters, Wayne Rivers, Bob Wall, Jack Wildfong, Larry Ziliotto. **Captain:** Howie Menard **Coach:** Eddie Bush

## References
Education in the United States

**Education in the United States** is provided by the public sector. The federal, state and local governments control and give funds to help local schools. Public education is available everywhere in the United States. School's , funds, teaching, employment and other policies are created by the elected school boards. There are also private schools, which cost money to attend.

## Schools 
School districts are sometimes different from other local jurisdictions. They have their own officials and budgets. Education standards and state tests are created by the state governments. Since child education is required by law, ages to start school are different from each state. Children usually start school between the ages of five to six. They usually end their education when they are between the ages of seventeen and eighteen. Education requirements can be done by educating children in public schools, private schools (who is known by the government to be trusted) or a home school program. In most public schools, education is divided into three levels. The first level is elementary school. Grades in elementary school are different in each state. The second level is middle school. Grades in middle school are different in each state as well. The last level is high school. In some states, middle school is called "junior high school". Grades in high school are also different in each state. After a child has completed their senior year (12th grade), they will earn a high school diploma.

## Colleges and universities 
, a liberal arts college in California]]
If a child would like to continue on with their education or want to start a career, they can apply for college. After four years at a university or college, they will earn a bachelor's degree in one subject. Students can also choose to attend a two-year community college. Some two-year community colleges are called "Junior colleges". Colleges are not required and are not forced by local laws. Students must pay to attend college, but the price is lowered if they get a scholarship. After college, the now adult can earn a number of certificates for a career. Graduate school is another option after college. A student can earn a master's degree or Ph.D. in any subject. They may go to medical school to earn an M.D. and become a physician, law school to earn a J.D. and become a lawyer, or business school to earn an MBA.

## References 
## Other websites 
* EducationUSA: Your Guide to US Higher Education 
*Search Training Providers in the US | Coursetakers.com
*U.S. Department of Education 
* National Center for Education Statistics
* National Assessment of Educational Progress
Rafael Correa

**Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado**  born April 6, 1963 in Guayaquil, was the 43rd President of Ecuador, and in 2009-2010 was the president *pro tempore* of the UNASUR.

Correa was elected President of Ecuador in late 2006 and took office in January 2007. In December 2008, he declared Ecuador's national debt illegitimate, based on the argument that it had been contracted by despotic prior regimes.

Correa's first term in office had been due to end on January 15, 2011, but the new approved constitution, written by the new National Assembly, called for general elections for April 26, 2009. In that election, Rafael Correa won in the first round with 51.9% of votes counted.

## Early life
Rafael Correa was raised in a working class family from Guayaquil, the country's largest city. His father was Rafael Correa Icaza, born in the Province of Los Ríos, Ecuador, 23 March 1934, and deceased 10 June 1995. His mother is Norma Delgado Rendón, born 1 September 1939. His parents had three more children: Fabricio Correa, Pierina Correa and Bernardita Correa.

He attended primary and secondary school in San José-La Salle School in Guayaquil. During his youth he was a boy scout. Correa met his future Vice President, Jorge Glas while they were scouts as youth.

During his secondary studies he was president of the Lasallian Student Cultural Association ("ACEL" in Spanish). Afterwards and based on his academic achievements, he was given a scholarship to study at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG in Spanish), a private higher education institution in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in economics in 1987.

## References
Epistemic community

**Epistemic community** is a large  of people who work towards a common knowledge-based goal—like the community of people who work together to create and maintain Wikipedia.

An epistemic community is a group of people who do not have any specific history together. They join to form a kind of community based on a similar focus on an information-based project.  

The community group can be made of people with a range of special interests.

This kind of community has four  or typical features:
# a *shared set of principles* or value-based explanations for how the community functions.
# a *shared understanding of the way things happen*, including problems and policies and outcomes. 
# *shared ideas about what is acceptable* or  according to specially defined ideas and  practices.
# a *common enterprise* or shared goals.

The shared explanations for how the community functions includes "the appalling silence of  good people", which encourages the growth of perverse incentives.

An example of a scientific epistemic community is the 1975 Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP).  This is a marine pollution control regime for the Mediterranean Sea developed by the United Nations.

## Related pages
* Epistemology
* Invisible College
* Royal Society
* Intensity of preference

## References 
## Other websites
* UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan website .

* Dobusch, Leonhard and Sigrid Quack, *Epistemic Communities and Social Movements: Transnational Dynamics in the Case of Creative Commons,"  *Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln* (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne), September 2008.
* Fallis, Don. "Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia," *Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,'' Vol. 59, No. 10, pp. 1662-1674, 2008.
Biosemiotics

**Biosemiotics** is a science where the models of sign processes are used to study living systems. Unlike biophysics, biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where the quantitative physical laws are used to explain the living things, biosemioticians study the organisms and phenomena of life on the basis of qualitative semiotic principles.

## Bibliography
*Emmeche, Claus; Kull, Kalevi (eds.) (2011). *Towards a Semiotic Biology: Life is the Action of Signs*. London: Imperial College Press.
Elissa

**Elissar Zakaria Khoury** () was born on October 27, 1971 in Deir el Ahmar, Lebanon. She is known simply as "Elissa". She is a Lebanese singer.

## Biography 
Elissa was born on October 27, 1971 to a Lebanese father Zakaria Khoury and a Syrian-Lebanese mother Youmna Suud. In 1992, she competed in "Studio El Fan" and won a silver medal. She released her debut album *Baddi Doub* in 1999 with EMI. In 2006, Elissa released *Bastanak*, her fifth studio album. *Bastanak* () became her most successful album. It peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts. The album won the World Music Award for "Best Arabic Artist". She has done a lot of duets with famous Arab and international singers as well. She has done duets with Ragheb Alama, Cheb Mami, Fadl Shaker, Chris DeBurgh and Gypsy Kings.

## Discography 
*1999: *Baddi Doub*
*2000: ''W'akherta Ma'ak*
*2002: *Ayshalak*
*2004: *Ahla Donya*
*2006: *Bastanak*
*2008: *Ayami Beek*
*2009: *Tsadaq Bmein''

## Videography 
## References
Marcel Dionne

**Marcel Elphege "Little Beaver" Dionne** (born August 3, 1951) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers. Dionne entered the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992.

## References
University of Tartu

**University of Tartu** is the main university in Estonia. It is in Tartu. It is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. It was established in 1632.  The first pharmacology department in the world was set up here by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847.  

The university is particularly famous due to its semiotics school established by Juri Lotman.

Tartu asv2022-04 img22 University main building.jpg|Main building Aula
Tartu Observatoorium.jpg|Observatory
Uus Anatoomikum.JPG|New Anatomicum
TÜ kunstimuuseum, sinine saal.JPG|Art museum
TÜRKA Vanemuise suures majas -- tants Kodukotus.JPG|Folk dance
Tudengite kevadpäevad 2009 - paadiralli 05.JPG|Students' spring days

## References
Infant mortality

**Infant mortality** is a measure of how many babies die during the first 12 months after birth. It is usually measured as being a number of deaths for every thousand births. The rate of infant mortality in a given place is the total number of babies dying under one year of age divided by the total number of live births during the year, then all multiplied by 1,000. For example, in 2009 the infant mortality rate in the USA was 6.8. That means for every 1000 births, 6.8 babies will die before the age of one.

In 2013, the leading cause of babies dying in the United States was birth defects. Other common reasons that babies die include suffocating during birth, pneumonia, getting an infection soon after birth, diarrhea, malaria, measles and not having enough nutrients. It also includes problems during birth. For example the fetus may come out of the birth canal wrong, the umbilical cord may come out too soon, or labor may take too much time. One of the most common reasons that babies die that can be avoided is smoking during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy and taking illegal drugs also cause problems that may result in the baby dying. Many situational things can affect how often babies die. These include: how much education the pregnant woman got, what the place is like, politics in that place, and how much healthcare is available.

## References
## Related pages
*Least developed country
Bastanak

***Bastanak*** (; in ) is the fifth studio album by Lebanese singer Elissa. The album won the World Music Award in 2007. Elissa was awarded "Best Lebanese Artist of the Year". The album peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts.

## Singles 
The lead single from the album was also called "Bastanak". The song became one of Elissa's signature songs, and helped Elissa to perform at more venues across the world. The song "Bastanak" peaked at number-one in several Arab music charts.

A conflict between Elissa and another female Arab singer began to get media attention. The other Arab singer accused Elissa of stealing the lyrics of the song from a composer that left the lyrics by mistake at her house. The composer was Elissa's friend who had helped her with writing songs for her albums. Elissa then stated that she was wrong and said that she indeed wrote the entire song by herself.

"Bastanak" is performed on E minor with 100 beats per minute. The song has folk fusion, roots reggae, R&B and Arabic pop music genres. The song talks about a lonely sad girl wishing to be with her boyfriend. In the song she states that each guy she has been has not been the same. She also states that she will wait for days, months and even years to be with him once again.

A music video, which was directed by Brandon Dickerson, was released in the summer of 2007. The music video starts off with Elissa in a restaurant enjoying her day with her friends. The video then turns to the next scene with Elissa in a angel outfit. The  of the song was also in the music video. Elissa goes about her day feeling sad while guys hit on her.

Pepsi also released a commercial with Elissa singing the song. The commercial also had American singer Christina Aguilera singing a song from her album *Back to Basics* (2006). The video has Elissa singing the hook of the song to a guy during a snow storm and to two young Chinese girls in China.

## Track listing 
#"Bastanak" - (Waiting For You)
#"Kermalak" - (Because of You)
#"Fatet Sineen" - (Years Went By)
#"Zanbi Ana" - (My Guilt)
#"Baaich Ala Hissak" - (I Live on Your Voice)
#"Tlob Itmana" - (Ask and Wish)
#"Taal" - (Come)
#"Matkhafch Minni" - (Don't Be Afraid of Me)
#"Hikayti Maak" - (My Story With You)
#"Law Basset Eddamak" - (If You Looked Ahead)
#"Law Kan" - (If)
#"Law Taarafou" - (If You Knew Him)

## Charts
Order of the Solar Temple

The **Order of the Solar Temple** (or **Ordre du Temple Solaire**, **International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition**) was a secret society. It existed in the second half of the 20th century. It was based on the belief that the Knights Templar still existed.  

OTS was started by Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret in 1984 in Geneva as ''l'Ordre International Chevaleresque de Tradition Solaire* (OICTS) and renamed *Ordre du Temple Solaire''.  

OTS is considered to be a sect. The organisation was involved in mass suicides in France, Switzerland and Canada. The beliefs of the society were a mix of protestant Christianity and New Age philosophy; it also used and changed different Freemason rituals. 

74 members were killed in four events that occurred in 1994, 1995 and 1997. Today these events are seen either as mass murder or as collective suicide.
Woohoo

**"Woohoo"** is a song sung by Christina Aguilera and Nicki Minaj, from Aguilera's 2010 album *Bionic*. The song was written by Aguilera, Minaj, Claude Kelly, Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones and Ester Dean. It is a uptempo electrohop song with R&B and hip hop influences; lyrically it speaks of cunnilingus. The song was released on May 18, 2010 as the second single from Aguilera's *Bionic* album.
Bryan Trottier

**Bryan John Trottier** (born July 17, 1956) is a Canadian-American retired professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders and Pittsburgh Penguins. He won four Stanley Cups with the Islanders, two with the Penguins and one as an assistant coach with the Colorado Avalanche.

On August 4, 2014, Trottier was hired to be an assistant coach of the Buffalo Sabres.

## References
## Other websites
*
Padua Airport

**Padua Airport** or **Gino Allegri** () , in Padua, Italy, is the principal airport serving Padua.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*
Romney Marsh

**Romney Marsh** is a coastal marshland of southern England. It runs from Hythe in Kent to Rye in East Sussex.  It covers about 100 miles2 (260&nbsp;km2). Romney Marsh is one of three English wetlands, the others being The Fens of East Anglia and the Somerset Levels.

Much of the area has been reclaimed over the centuries, and is now flat farmland. Before the area was drained, it was a cause of malaria among the inhabitants. For much of its history, the Marsh was fringed by a lagoon, which was protected by a shingle beach at Dymchurch.

The Marsh still contains some water features, particularly the Royal Military Canal, completed in 1809, and the River Rother.

At Romney Marsh the coast is at its closest to France, and was several times the point of invasion. In AD 892, a Danish fleet of 250 ships sailed right into the River Rother and took the fortress at Appledore (allegedly built by King Arthur), which they destroyed.

The Romans used the Romney area for a salt industry. Pans of brackish water were left to evaporate, and the salt collected for use in food.

The marsh includes two of the ancient Cinque Ports, New Romney and Hythe, and two ancient towns, Rye and Winchelsea. New Romney was once a port, but is now a mile and a half from the sea. It is the main centre of population on the Marsh.

## References
Jug (container)

A **jug** is a type of container that holds liquid (e.g. water). It has an opening that is often small. This is where the liquid is poured from. Jugs nearly always have a handle.

## Related pages
*Harvest jug
*Jug wine

## Other websites
Australian gold rushes

The **Australian gold rush** was a large number of gold discoveries in Australia. Thousands of people came to Australia in the hope of finding a lot of gold and becoming rich. The rush started in 1851 when gold was found near Bathurst, New South Wales and ended with the last rush in 1893 to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. At each place gold was easily found in rivers and creeks. This was known as alluvial gold and could be found by individual miners using very basic equipment such as a spade and a dish. In most places this alluvial gold was taken in the first few months. To get at the gold that was buried deeper in the ground meant that the miners needed to work together to dig tunnels. Eventually large companies were formed to raise money so that deep gold mines could be built.

The gold rushes happened when alluvial gold was found. Miners would quickly move there in the hope of being the first to find the surface gold. For example, miners rushing to Clunes, Victoria in August 1851, quickly changed their minds and went to Buninyong when they heard of a new gold discovery. Weeks later gold was found at Ballarat a few miles to the north and within six weeks there were more than 10,000 people digging. But by 1852 most miners had left Ballarat and rushed to the new goldfields at Bendigo.  In 1854, miners in Ballarat were angry and upset at paying for gold licences. They burned their licences and raised the Eureka Stockade flag in protest. The miners fought soldiers and police officers to protect their rights. This was called the Eureka Stockade. Many people died, but afterwards the miners didn't have to pay for their licences anymore.

## Before the gold rush
Gold had been found in Australia before the 1851 gold rush. At first people would not believe the stories. A convict who found gold near Bathurst in 1823 was given 150 lashes with a whip as it was believed he must have stolen it.
* Tilba Tilba, 1852.
* Forbes, June 1861
* Parkes, 1862
* Gulgong in 1870
* West Wyalong, 1893

## Gold rushes in Victoria
* Clunes, 28 June 1851
* Ararat, October 1854
* Daylesford
* Blackwood, February 1855
* St Arnaud, 1855
* Dunnolly
* Tarnagulla
* Moliagul
* Wedderburn, 1852
* Rheola
* Inglewood
* Kingower
* Stawell, 1857
* Chiltern 1858
* Barkly 1859
* Wood's Point, 1862
* Gaffney's Creek
* Jamieson
* Matlock

## Gold rushes in South Australia
* Onkaparinga, October 1852 
* Teetulpa, 1886

## Gold rushes in Western Australia
* Hall's Creek, 1885
* The Pilbara, 1888
* Southern Cross, 1888
* Coolgardie, 17 September 1892
* Kalgoorlie 14 June 1893

## Gold rushes in Queensland
* Rockhampton, 1858
* Gympie, 1867
* Ravenswood, 25 December 1871
* Charters Towers, 1872
* Palmer River, near Cooktown, 1873
* Hodgkinson River, near Cairns, 1875
* Mount Morgan
* Cracow, Queensland, 1931-1939
* Coen, 1878
* Croydon, 1885

## Gold rushes in the Northern Territory
* Pine Creek, 1871

## References
What a Girl Wants

"**What a Girl Wants**" is a 1999 pop song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her first album *Christina Aguilera*. It peaked at number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100. The song was nominated for *Best Female Pop Vocal Performance* at the 43rd Grammy Awards but lost to Macy Gray's "I Try".

## Charts
## References
Paul Goldschmidt

**Paul Edward Goldschmidt** (born September 10, 1987 in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American baseball player. He currently plays as a first baseman for the  St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He debuted for the Diamondbacks on August 1, 2011 in a game against the San Francisco Giants.

## References
## Other websites
*Paul Goldschmidt at mlb.com
Eduard Strauss

**Eduard Strauss** (15 March 1835, Vienna &ndash; 28 December 1916, Vienna) was a Viennese composer of light music. He was also a conductor. He was the brother of the more famous composers Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss, the son of Johann Strauss I, and the father of Johann Strauss III.

## Other websites 
* Eduard Strauss on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain 
* A complete list of Eduard Strauss' compositions
Residual-current device

A **ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)**, or **Residual Current Device (RCD)** is a type of circuit breaker. This type shuts off electric power (or breaks the electrical circuit),   to protect people from an electric shock caused when some of the current travels through a person's body due to an electrical fault such as a short circuit, insulation failure, or equipment that is not working right. 

Standard  circuit breakers shut off power when the current is too high, like 10, 15, or 20 amps. This protects machinery, and is often good enough to prevent hurting people.

The GFCI / RCD breaks the circuit when it detects an imbalance of only 0.005 amps (0.030 amps in Australia and some European and Asian countries).  Even this small amount of current, 0.030 amps, going through one human body might possibly kill, by causing paralysis of skeletal muscles and stopping the heart. 

A standard circuit breaker protects the house electrical wires, receptacles and switches, and appliances and fixtures from dangerous conditions, which could contribute to overheating and possible fire.  A GFCI / RCD  protects people from shock and electrocution and is often found in bathrooms or kitchens where electrical devices may be used near water. While using electrical devices in these locations, someone's bare skin may be in contact with water or a wet floor or metal fixtures.  Any of these can provide an alternate path for current to travel in the case of an electrical fault. 

A GFCI / RCD can also prevent dangers from short circuits and other electrical faults that don't involve humans such as a low current short where the current never reaches the trigger point for a circuit breaker, e.g. a live wire falls in a tub of water or moist soil and only 1 or 2 amps of current flow.

## Requirements 
There are many types of gfci devices that includes several circuit breaker gfci devices as well as receptacle gfci devices. Typically the NES code states that any outlet within 6 feet of a sink or tub or shower enclosure must be a gfci outlet. And that they be on a 20 amp circuit for bathrooms and kitchens. Some municipalities require both a gfci circuit breaker and gfci outlets. Some others require that only the circuit breaker be gfci without necessarily having to install gfci outlets. Outlets that are not within the 6 foot parameter of a water fixture are not required to be gfci.

The National Electric Code (NEC) requires GFCI protection in dwelling on kitchen counter tops, bathrooms, unfinished basements not intended as habitable rooms, crawl spaces, garages, sinks where the receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the top edge of the bowl of the sink, boathouses, bathtubs or shower stalls where receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the edge of the bathtub or shower, laundry areas, outdoors except for receptacles that are not readily accessible and are supplied by a branch circuit dedicated to electric snow-melting. De-icing, or pipeline and vessel heating equipment shall be installed in accordance with NEC 426.28 or 427.22 as applicable.

GFCI protection is required on construction sites.

## References
Jules Hoffmann

**Jules A. Hoffmann** (born 2 August 1941) is a Luxembourg-born French biologist. He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in Strasbourg, France. In 2007, he became President of the French Academy of Sciences. 

Together with Bruce Beutler, Hoffmann received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". Hoffmann discovered the function of the fruit fly *Toll* gene in innate immunity. Its mammalian homologues, the toll-like receptors, were discovered by Beutler. Toll-like receptors identify constituents of other organisms like fungi and bacteria, and trigger an immune response. This explains how septic shock can be triggered by bacterial remains.

## Education
Hoffmann completed his PhD in biology at the University of Strasbourg in 1969. His post-doctoral training was at the Institut für Physiologische Chemie at Philipps-Universität in Marburg an der Lahn, Germany in 1973–1974.

## Research
Hoffmann was a research assistant at CNRS from 1964 to 1968, and became a research associate in 1969. Since 1974 he has been a Research Director of CNRS. Between 1978 and 2005 he was Director of the CNRS research unit "Immune Response and Development in Insects", and from 1993 to 2005 he was director of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of CNRS in Strasbourg.

Hoffmann is a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the French National Academy of Sciences, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

## References
Bruce Beutler

**Bruce Alan Beutler** M.D. (born December 29, 1957 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American immunologist and geneticist of Jewish descent. Together with Jules Hoffmann, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" (the other half went to Ralph Steinman for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity").

Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas and Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at The Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California. His father, Ernest Beutler, a hematologist and medical geneticist, was also a Professor and Department Chairman at Scripps.

## Scientific discoveries 
Beutler is best known for his pioneering molecular and genetic studies of inflammation and innate immunity. Interested in the mechanism by which lipopolysacchride (LPS) activates mammalian immune cells, Beutler identified the LPS receptor. Identification of the receptor hinged on the positional cloning (a method of gene identification) of the mammalian *Lps* locus, which had been known since the 1960s as a key gene for biological responses to LPS.

Beutler thus discovered the key sensors of microbial infection in mammals. He found that one of the mammalian toll-like receptors, TLR4, acts as the membrane-spanning component of the mammalian LPS receptor complex. The TLRs work in the perception of microbes. Ten are now known in humans. Each detects signature molecules produced early in an infection. These receptors also work in severe illness, including shock and systemic inflammation as it occurs in the course of an infection. They are also active in sterile inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The research on TLRs won him the Nobel Prize in 2011.

The positional cloning of *Lps* was completed in 1998. Beutler continued to analyse immunity in mammals. His work found numerous signalling molecules of the innate immune response, and helped to work out the biochemistry of innate immunity.

## References
Autoimmune disease

**Autoimmune disease** is when the body's immune system attacks its own body. The function of the immune system is to recognise and reject foreign bodies like bacteria. Sometimes the system goes wrong, and the body itself gets damaged by its immune system. Examples are:

*Crohn's disease
*Graves' disease
*Type 1 diabetes
*Multiple sclerosis
*Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (also called juvenile idiopathic arthritis)
*Coeliac disease
*Myasthenia gravis
Factoid

**Factoid** is stating a fact that is not backed up by evidence.  The factoid may not be trusted because
:(a) it is actually false, or
:(b) because evidence to support it cannot be checked.
Factoids become widely treated as if they were true.   

In 1973, the term *factoid* was created and first used by Norman Mailer. 

A factoid is "an item of unreliable information which is repeated so often that it becomes accepted as a fact".  The most important thing is that the factoid is widely believed.  A factoid refers to something that looks like a fact, could be a fact, but in fact is not a fact.

The term can also be used to describe partial information without context.

## References
Allotropes of carbon

There are several **allotropes of carbon**.   Diamond and graphite are the most famous.  

Allotropes are different forms of the same chemical element. All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms.  Any physical differences are because of how the atoms are joined together. Many elements show allotropy because there are a number of ways in which the atoms can be linked together. Also there are different ways in how the molecules can be arranged to make larger structures.

Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon. Its hardness and high dispersion of light make it good for use in jewellery. It also has industrial uses. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive. A diamond also holds its luster well. 

Both diamond and graphite have extremely high melting point, which is unusual for nonmetallic element.  Graphite is a conductor, a semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal, such as black phosphorus and grey selenium).  It can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite is the most stable form of solid carbon ever discovered.
SpySheriff

**SpySheriff**, also known as  **Brave Sentry**, **SpyAxe**, **SpywareSheriff**,   **Pest Trap**,   **SpyTrooper**, **Spywareno**, and **MalwareAlarm**, is malware that pretends to be real anti-spyware program. SpySheriff tries to trick the user into buying the program by making false warnings and alerts. It is very difficult to remove SpySheriff from computers, since it hides its parts in "System Restore" folders. SpySheriff also blocks some parts of the computer's administrative tools. Like other rogue antivirus programs, SpySheriff asks the user to register when they click "Remove found threats". SpySheriff can be removed by real antivirus programs.

## References
Lunokhod 1

**Lunokhod 1** was a lunar rover made by the Soviet Union. It was part of the Lunokhod programme. It was the first man made rover (vehicle) to land on another planet. It landed on the Moon on November 17, 1970. It drove around on the Moon for nearly a year, collecting information about the soil and landscape. It had four TV cameras and was controlled by a five person team on Earth.

It was lost for almost 40 years, but the space rocket which delivered the rover to the Moon was found in photos taken by the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Scientists were then able to follow the rover's tracks and found the rover about 10 km away.  They can now send laser beams to a reflector on the rover which will send them back to Earth. This will help them with measurements to find the exact centre of the Moon.

## References
Dendritic cell

**Dendritic cells** (DCs) are white blood cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. They process antigen material from pathogens and put it on their surface. There it touches other cells of the immune system.  So, dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells. They act as  between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic cells are present in tissues in contact with the external environment. These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature and mature state in the blood.

## Young dentritics 
Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Immature dendritic cells constantly sample their surrounds for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs).  

They eat pathogens and break down their proteins into small pieces and put these fragments on their cell surface using MHC molecules. Once activated, these cells move to the lymph nodes and become mature. They switch on cell-surface receptors which activate T cells and B cells to start and shape the adaptive immune response.

## History
Dendritic cells were first described by Paul Langerhans (Langerhans cells) in the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until 1973, however, that Ralph Steinman and Zanvil  Cohn gave them the name 'dendritic cells'. For discovering the central role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response, Steinman was awarded the Albert Lasker Award in 2007, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011.

## References
Ralph Steinman

**Ralph Marvin Steinman** (January 14, 1943 – September 30, 2011) was a Canadian immunologist and cell biologist at Rockefeller University. He studied a kind of cell in the immune system and called them *dendritic cells*. He made these discoveries while working in the laboratory of Zanvil A. Cohn. He was of Jewish descent.

On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee announced that Steinman had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". However, the committee did not know that Steinman had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. The committee considered what to do about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded .

The committee later decided that, as the decision to award the prize "was made in good faith", they would not change the award.

Steinman's daughter said that he had joked the previous week with his family about hanging on until the prize announcement. Steinman said: "I know I have got to hold out for that. They don't give it to you if you have passed away. I got to hold out for that".

Steinman had received numerous other awards and recognitions for his life-long work on dendritic cells, such as the Albert Lasker Award (2007), the Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), and the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award (1998). In addition, he was made a member of Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.; elected 2002) and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.; elected 2001).

## References
Salmonella enterica

***Salmonella enterica*** is a rod-shaped bacterium. It is a member of the genus *Salmonella*.

It causes typhoid fever. The symptoms of typhoid fever include nausea, vomiting, and fever. The main source of infection is from swallowing infected water. Food may also be able to pick up the bacterium if it is washed or grown with contaminated water.
Medusa (biology)

: left, medusa and right, polyp]]
. Top are medusae, or jellyfish; bottom are polyps. In the middle polyps *strobilate* (divide horizontally) to form medusae]]

In biology, a **medusa** (plural: **medusae**) is a form of cnidarian in which the body is shaped like an umbrella. The other main body-form is the polyp. 

Medusae vary from bell-shaped to the shape of a thin disk, scarcely convex above and only slightly concave below. The upper or aboral surface is called the *exumbrella* and the lower surface is called the *subumbrella*; the mouth is on the lower surface, which may be partially closed by a membrane extending inward from the margin (called the *velum*). The digestive cavity consists of the gastrovascular cavity and radiating canals which extend toward the margin; these canals may be simple or branching, and vary in number from few to many. The margin of the disk bears sensory organs and tentacles.

In the class Hydrozoa, medusae are the sexual individuals of many species, alternating in the life cycle with asexual polyps. The medusa form of Hydrozoans are known as hydromedusae. A polyp is the form that attaches to a surface, while a medusa is the form that is free-floating; a species of cnidarian may take each form in a different phase of its life.

The medusa form predominates in the classes Scyphozoa (the common, colourful, large jellyfish) and Cubozoa. Except for freshwater hydrozoans like *Craspedacusta sowerbyi*, these are the only classes in which medusae appear.

Medusae may have many tentacles with which they catch their prey. Sometimes, people bathing in the ocean are touched by a medusa. Their tentacles are long and thin and covered in venomous stinging cells (known as nematocysts). They inject poison which immobilizes small fish. People who are stung should seek medical attention. There have been some deaths after severe medusa stings.

## Related pages 
*Jellyfish
Andrei Kostitsyn

**Andrej Aliehavič Kaścicyn** (Belarusian: Андрэй Алегавiч Касціцын; born February 3, 1985), better known as **Andrei Kostitsyn**, is a Belarusian professional ice hockey forward. Kostitsyn plays for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has a younger brother who also plays in the NHL for the Nashville Predators named Sergei.

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Zygomycota

**Zygomycota**, or **zygote fungi**, is a large group of 1600 species of fungi. 

Fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce. The name *Zygomycota* comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction. On occasion these can be divided into separate parts by a cell wall called a septum. This only happens where gametes are formed, or to wall off dead hyphae.

## References
Sébastien Bordeleau

**Sébastien Bordeleau** (born February 15, 1975) is a Canadian-born French professional ice hockey forward, who plays for EHC Biel. NHL player Paulin Bordeleau is his father.

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Philippe Bozon

**Philippe Bozon** (born November 30, 1966 in Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France) is a former professional ice hockey player who played for the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League (NHL). Bozon was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2008.

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UN Women

**UN Women** is an organization of the United Nations made in 2010. It was made from United Nations Development Fund for Women for equality of gender and women's rights. Michelle Bachelet was the president of the UN Women.

## Related pages
*Women's rights
*United Nations Development Fund for Women
Mr. Know It All

**"Mr. Know It All"** is a breakup song by Kelly Clarkson, released in September 2011. Its theme focuses on people that think as though they know it all, but don't really know anything. *Mr. Know It All* is among many hit songs from Clarkson.
Ruslan Salei

**Ruslan "Rusty" Salei** (Belarusian: Руслан Салей; November 2, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Belarusian professional ice hockey player. During 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) he played for the Detroit Red Wings, Colorado Avalanche, Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. On September 7, 2011, the Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, carrying the entire Lokomotiv team including Salei crashed near Yaroslavl on its way to Minsk, Belarus.

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Invisible College

The **Invisible College** was the name given to themselves by a group of like-minded scientists and natural philosophers in England in the mid-17th century.  The informal association is considered to have been one of the origins of the Royal Society.

Some of the members of the Invisible College were among the founders of the Royal Society in 1660, including Robert Boyle, John Wilkins and Samuel Hartlib.

## Modern use 
The concept of invisible college was developed in the sociology of science by Diane Crane, building on  de Solla Price's work on citation networks. It is related to, but significantly different from, other concepts of expert communities, such as "Epistemic communities", or "Communities of Practice".  Recently, the concept was applied to the global network of communications among scientists by Caroline S. Wagner.

In fiction it is mentioned in the novel *The Lost Symbol* by Dan Brown, and was the inspiration for the Unseen University in the works of Terry Pratchett.

## Related pages
* Epistemic community

## References
List of WWE Divas Champions

, the last Divas Champion.|alt=]]

The **WWE Divas Championship** was a professional wrestling championship made in 2008 by WWE. The wrestlers with the most reigns as Divas Champion are Eve Torres and AJ Lee with 3 each. The longest reigning champion is Nikki Bella with the aid of her sister Brie Bella, holding the championship for 301 days. There is no longer a Divas championship as the WWE doesn't want the women to be classed as a diva and now calls them WWE Superstars like the men. The WWE Women's Championship replaced the title at WrestleMania 32.

## Title history
## Combined reigns
]]

## Related pages
*WWE Women's Championship
*WWE SmackDown Women's Championship
*NXT Women's Championship 
*NXT UK Women's Championship
*WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)

## References
;General
*
*

;Specific
Steve Wozniak

**Stephen "Steve" Gary Wozniak** (born August 11, 1950) also known by his nickname **"WOZ"** is an American electrical engineer, computer programmer, and philanthropist. He co-founded Apple Computer with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne which later became Apple.

## Early life 
Steve Wozniak was born on August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California. He is the son of Jerry Wozniak and Margaret Kern. His father was an engineer at Lockheed Martin. He grew up with a strong interest in electronics. He experimented by making his own s such as a voltmeter, ham radio and electronic games. The two were working on a new computer they called the Apple Lisa. Jobs made a deal with Xerox who then owned PARC, the Palo Alto Research Center. In return for three days access to PARC, Xerox could buy 100,000 shares of Apple stock for $10 each. He remained an Apple employee and still received an  salary. In December 1989, he received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he studied in the late sixties. Later he donated funds to create the "Woz Lab" at the University of Colorado at Boulder. In 1997, the Computer History Museum named him one of its Fellows. Wozniak was a key contributor and benefactor to the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose; the street in front of the museum has been renamed Woz Way in his honor.

In September 2000, Wozniak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 2001 he was awarded the 7th Annual Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment. The American Humanist Association awarded him the Isaac Asimov Science Award in 2011.

In December 2005, Kettering University gave Wozniak an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree
He also received an honorary degrees from North Carolina State University, Nova Southeastern University, and the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology. In May 2011, Michigan State University gave Wozniak an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree.

On June 22, 2011, he was awarded an honorary degree at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada.

## References
## Other websites 
* Steve Wozniak’s Formative Moment; YouTube
* Steve Wozniak on teaching children how to use a computer; YouTube
Krzysztof Oliwa

**Krzysztof Artur Oliwa** (pronounced ; born April 12, 1973) is a Polish former professional ice hockey player.

## Career statistics
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* 
* VIDEO Fights Oliwa
Edward Leier

**Edward "Eddie" Leier** (born 3 November 1927) is a Polish-born former baseball player, track athlete, and ice hockey player. As a professional ice hockey player he played two seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League.

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Knut Andresen

**Knut Andresen** (born 1959 in Asker, Norway) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player who played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

## References
Kevin Dallman

**Kevin Jonathan Dallman** (born February 26, 1981) is a former Kazakhstani-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that plays for and captains Barys Astana of the KHL. He also played for the Boston Bruins, St. Louis Blues, and Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Dallman became a citizen of Kazakhstan and is now eligible to play for the country in international competitions. Kevin has also expressed interest in playing for Kazakhstan internationally.

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Nik Antropov

**Nikolai Aleksandrovich Antropov** (Russian: Николай Александрович Антропов; born February 18, 1980) is a Kazakhstani-Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He played parts of fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers, and Winnipeg Jets. He also played for Dynamo Moscow, Ak Bars Kazan, and Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Russian Superleague (RSL), and Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

## Career statistics
 in 2009.]]
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Yelena Chernykh

**Yelena Chernykh** (née **Kolesnichenko**; August 24, 1979—October 4, 2011) was a Russian theatre actress.

## Death 
32-year-old Yelena was killed in a car crash that took place October 4, 2011 in Novoanninsky. Together with her died her colleagues, 59-year-old Alexander Egorov and 52-year-old Valentin Yudina.

At the time her death Yelena was married to Yegor Chernykh with whom she had a daughter named Anastasia Chernykh (b.2002).

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