open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Interest

**Interest** is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (which is called *interest rate*).

## Simple and Compound interest
If the interest charged on $100 is 1 percent per year then every year the borrower must pay $1. If the $1 is not added to the amount owed then the borrower is paying simple interest. If simple interest of 1 percent is paid each year at the end of 100 years the borrower would have paid $100 in interest, $1 each year, and would still owe $100. If the $1 is added to the $100 the amount owed will increase to $101. 1 percent interest on $101 will be more than $1. This is called compound interest. Compound interest will cause the amount to grow each year. As the amount grows larger, more is paid as interest each year and added to the total. If compound interest of 1 percent is paid on a loan of $100 each year the amount of interest paid will slightly increase and after 70 years the amount owed will have grown to $200 and the interest payment will have increased to $2. 

### Rule of 72
1 percent compound interest on $100 will cause the amount to double to $200 in about 72 years. That is called the rule of 72 which can be used to figure out how fast something grows. The rule can be used to figure out how fast anything that always  grows exponentially at the same rate will double in size. Suppose a kangaroo grows 12 percent a year; dividing 12 into 72 gives 6, so the kangaroo will double in size in 6 years. If the kangaroo grew 6 percent a year it would take 12 years for its size to double. If it only grew 2 percent it would take 36 years for its size to double.

## Usury
At some times in the past, or in some places today, it has been illegal to make a person pay interest on a loan. It was, or is, against some religious rules. If the interest that a person must pay is too high, this is called usury. This is often illegal today, even when lower interest is legal.

## Other meanings of interest
Interest can also be the care or concern that someone has for something or someone. If someone cares about something, they "have an interest" in that thing, or they "find it interesting". If something is beautiful, or funny, or new, that might make the thing interesting. However, a very important concern, for example love or hate, is more than an interest. An interest can also be a task that someone likes to do or watch, like a game or a hobby.

If someone has a legal right to something (usually money or property) they have an interest in that thing. This is also true for someone who shares a right with others, or a person who has a future right to something. For example, if some brothers and sisters will be given a house after their parents die, each of them "has a financial interest" in the house, even if the parents are still living.

## Notes
Drowning

: The drowned, 1867]]
**Drowning** is a form of death caused by being suffocated with water or another liquid.
**Near drowning** is the survival of a drowning event where the person is unconsciousness (passed out) or breathes in a dangerously large amount of water, and can cause serious problems, including death, later on. That means that near drowning also requires help from a doctor. 

**Secondary drowning** is death caused by chemical or biological changes in the lungs after a near drowning incident.

Drowning happens when a person spends too much time underwater or with their nose and mouth submerged in a liquid to the point where they are unable to breathe and their lungs are filled with liquid.

In many countries, drowning is one of the biggest causes of death for children under 14 years old. Children have drowned in wading pools and even bathtubs. Many people drown in countries where there is a lot of water, especially if they swim in dangerous waters.  For example, in the United Kingdom there are about 450 drownings each year (that is: 1 per 150,000 of people), and in the United States there are about 6,500 drownings (or around 1 per 50,000 of people). Drowning related injuries are the fifth most likely cause of accidental death in the US. In some places, drowning is the second most likely cause of injury and death for children. 

## Prevention 
There are many ways in which drowning can be prevented. Some examples are: 

* **Watching** - drowning can be silent, so this is why watching the person is very important. It is even more important to watch children and infants. A baby can drown in a bathtub. Many people choose to take their children to swim in areas that have security cameras or lifeguards 
* **Learning to swim** - this is one of the most important ways to prevent drowning. Children should be taught to swim when they are less than 8 years old
* **Pool fencing** - Private pools should always be fenced when they are not being used if there are children around so they do not fall inside the pool, and so they don't use the pool without another adult watching them
* **Alcohol** - a drunk person has a greater chance of drowning that someone who is not
* **Lifejackets** - people that cannot swim should use a lifejacket so they float on the surface 
* **Diving** - a person can be knocked out and drown if they dive into a pool and hit their head on the bottom. In some cases, this may cause someone to be paralyzed and die, or have long-term disabilities 
* **Avoiding dangerous water** - nobody should swim in waters that have large waves and fast currents. The speed of a current can be determined by how quickly items on the surface of the water move. Some currents are underwater and cannot be seen from above
Wollongong, New South Wales

**Wollongong** ()  is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the eastern coast of Australia, , just over one hour from the south of Sydney and 2.5 hours from Canberra. It is the third largest city in New South Wales, after Sydney and Newcastle. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## References
Yule

**Yuletide** is a pagan holiday also known as the Winter solstice. Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians. "Yuletide" celebrates the birth of the Sun and also celebrates the "Mother" at the height of her "Greatness".  
Pagans celebrate Yuletide in many ways, most will decorate a "Yuletide" tree, keep it in their homes until most of the leaves fall off then burn the Yule log. Many Wiccans will decorate their alters with Yule colours and items and generally just honour the Goddess.

## Yuletide in Christianity
The Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many Gods) Sun God festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival.  Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups. For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year. It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day. The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the Goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come.

## References
*Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in *A History of Private Life* vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987 
*Farrar, Janet and Stewart ([1989] 1998).  The Witch's God, "IX Oak King and Holly King".  35-38.  Phoenix Publishing, Inc.  Blaine, Washington.  

## Other websites
*Stone, John Robert, Observing Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar
Warrnambool, Victoria

**Warrnambool** is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. About 34,000 people live in the city. It is at the western end of the Great Ocean Road. It is also on the Princes Highway which links Melbourne and Adelaide. Warrnambool is 265 kilometres and 3 hours from Melbourne by road or rail. The name *Warrnambool* is an Indigenous Australian word meaning "water between two rivers", "two swamps", or "plenty of water". It may have been part of an expedition in 1522, led by Christovao Mendonca. The wreck was first seen in 1836, but the last sighting was in 1880. It is now covered in sand, and its exact location is now unknown. It is just one of the 80 wrecked ships along the coast. There are 29 wrecks in Lady Bay at Warrnambool. The first recorded exploration of this part of the Victorian coast was by the French explorer Nicholas Baudin in 1802. During the 1830s whaler hunters lived on the coast during the whaling season.

## Early settlement
Farmers began to settle along the coast during the 1840s. In 1846 the town was surveyed and laid out, and the first land sale was held in 1847.

## References
Whitney Sloan

**Whitney Adela Sloan** (born August 21, 1988) is an English actress. She is from London, England. Perhaps her most notable role is in a recent Disney made movie, *Go Figure*.

## Other websites 
*
Macedonia

**Macedonia** or **Macedonian** may refer to:

## Places
* Macedonia (region) as a complete region including the whole Macedonia
* Macedonia (Greece), the biggest region of Greece
* Republic of North Macedonia, a Balkan, land-locked country
** Macedonians, a Slavic people who live in the Republic of North Macedonia
** Macedonian language, a Slavic language spoken in the Republic of North Macedonia
* Blagoevgrad, a province in Bulgaria sometimes called 'Pirin Macedonia'
* Macedonia, Iowa, a city in the U.S. state of Iowa
* Macedonia, Ohio, a city in the U.S. state of Ohio

### Former places
* The ancient Macedonian Empire, a place in today's Greek Macedonia
* Macedonia (Roman province), a province of the early Roman Empire

## Other
* Macedonia (food), a fruit-vegetable salad
List of cities in Australia

This is a **list of cities in Australia** sorted by state.

## Australian Capital Territory 
* Canberra (National Capital)

## New South Wales 
* Sydney (Capital)
* Albury (NSW-Victoria border)
* Armidale
* Bathurst
* Broken Hill
* Cessnock
* Coffs Harbour
* Dubbo
* Gosford
* Goulburn
* Grafton
* Griffith
* Lake Macquarie
* Lismore
* Maitland
* Newcastle
* Nowra
* Orange
* Port Macquarie
* Queanbeyan (adjacent to Canberra)
* Tamworth
* Tweed Heads (NSW-Queensland border)
* Wagga Wagga
* Wollongong
* Wyong

## Northern Territory 
* Darwin (Capital)
* Alice Springs
* Katherine
* Palmerston

## Queensland 
* Brisbane (Capital)
* Bundaberg
* Cairns
* Charters Towers
* Gladstone
* Gold Coast
* Gympie
* Hervey Bay
* Ipswich
* Logan City
* Mackay
* Maryborough
* Mount Isa
* Nambour
* Redcliffe
* Rockhampton
* Sunshine Coast {region}
* Thuringowa
* Toowoomba
* Townsville

## hiSouth Australia 
* Adelaide (Capital)
* Gladstone
* Mount Gambier
* Murray Bridge
* Port Augusta
* Port Pirie
* Port Lincoln
* Victor Harbor
* Whyalla

## Tasmania 
* Hobart (Capital)
* Burnie
* Clarence
* Devonport
* Glenorchy
* Launceston

## Victoria 
* Melbourne (Capital)
* Benalla
* Ballarat
* Bendigo
* Geelong
* Latrobe City
* Mildura
* Shepparton
* Swan Hill
* Wangaratta
* Warrnambool
* Wodonga

## Western Australia 
* Perth (Capital)
* Albany
* Broome
* Bunbury
* Geraldton
* Fremantle
* Kalgoorlie
* Mandurah
* Port Hedland
Darwin

**Darwin** can mean:
* Charles Darwin (1809–1882), the person who developed the biological theory of evolution by natural selection
* Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), the grandfather of Charles
* Darwin, Northern Territory, capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia
* Darwin (operating system), a computer operating system used on Apple's Mac OS X
Rock paper scissors

**Rock paper scissors** (RPS) is a two-person hand game. It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.

Sportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.

The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock". Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for "rock, paper, scissors", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France, Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.

The players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock! Paper! Scissors!" or "Reaux! Sham! Beaux!"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying "shoot"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent.

Rock is represented by a closed fist. 
Paper is represented by an open hand. 
Scissors is represented by the index and middle fingers extended. 
The objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent. Gestures are resolved as follows:

Rock blunts/smashes scissors; rock wins. 
Paper covers rock; paper wins. 
Scissors cut paper; scissors wins. 

In terms of logic, this type of game is intransitive.
If both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and played again.

In some variations of the game, the winner of each round "uses" the weapon on the opponent's weapon, to demonstrate that they have won.

RPS is frequently played in a "best two out of three" match, and tournament players often prepare sequences of three gestures ahead of time.

## Popularity 
The game is famous in Korea, Japan, China, and the United States.

## References
Katie Leung

**Katie Leung** (born 8 August 1987) is a Scottish actress. She is most famous for her role as Cho Chang in the *Harry Potter* series. She was born in Dundee, Scotland.

Her parents, Peter and Kar Wai Li Leung, are Chinese immigrants. After her parents got divorced, she lived with her father in a £400,000 house in Motherwell, Scotland. Her two brothers and a younger sister, also lived with her. Her father owns a restaurant and a fast food business in Motherwell. Leung went to school at Hamilton College, a Scottish private school in Glasgow. She speaks fluent Cantonese and some Mandarin.

Leung has been named as Scotland's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman by *The Scotsman*. She has also been in *Teen Vogue* and in *Evening Standard*.

## Film & Television & Stage 
## Achievements
### 2008 
* Best Kiss Nominee 2008 MTV Movie Awards U.S. (alongside Daniel Radcliffe)

### 2007 
* Scotland's Most Stylish Female
* No. 80 on the Cosmogirl's Hot 100 List.

### 2006 
* Outstanding Newcomer Award, Asian Excellence Awards (Top 4)
* Young Scots Award (nominee)

## References
Stadio Olimpico

**Stadio Olimpico** is a sports stadium in Rome, Italy.

## Events 
* 1960 Summer Olympics
* UEFA Euro 1968 Final
* 1976 UEFA Champions League Final
* 1984 European Cup Final
* 1987 World Athletics Championships
* 1990 FIFA World Cup Final
* 1996 UEFA Champions League Final
* 2009 UEFA Champions League Final
* S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma home matches

## Sources
Insulation

**Insulation** might mean:
* Thermal insulation, materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer
** Building insulation, thermal insulation added to buildings for comfort and energy efficiency
** Insulated glazing
* Insulator (electricity), materials used to reduce the conduction of electricity
* Soundproofing, reducing sound
Arc de Triomphe

]]

The '''Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile** is commonly known as **Arc de Triomphe'* (meaning *arch of victory*). It is a famous monument in Paris. It is at the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle. This was formerly called the *Place de l'Étoile'' at the western end of the Champs-Elysées. 

Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte commissioned it in 1806 after victory in the Battle of Austerlitz. It was inaugurated on 29 July 1836. It is a large arch, but it is not possible to drive underneath it. Jean-François Chalgrin designed it, and it has roughly 300 steps that lead to the top. It has four main sculptures and six reliefs. Just beneath the vault of the arch, there is the tomb of the unknown soldier. The names of French generals and battles are engraved on the walls. The first stone was laid on August 6th, 1806. It is over 160 feet high and serves as a gate/entryway for the city.
## References
Show

**Show** can mean different things:

* It can mean a theatrical play
* It can mean a film or movie
* It can mean a musical concert
* It can mean a performance at the opera
* It can also mean a television program
Jazz fusion

**Jazz fusion** (also known as **jazz rock**, **jazz-rock fusion**, or simply **fusion**) is a genre or  of music. Jazz fusion mixes jazz with rock. Some jazz fusion also uses funk, rhythm and blues and world music.

Jazz fusion is usually played with instruments, without singing. The songs are often longer than those in pop music. A jazz fusion song could be five to ten minutes long. A pop song is usually about three minutes long. Also, jazz fusion songs have a long solo played by instruments. Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre. In jazz fusion, solos are improvised, or made up as they are played, during a performance.

Jazz fusion music is not heard much on the radio in the United States or Canada. In Europe, it is more popular on radio stations.

## History
Jazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States. In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music. As well, jazz musicians began adding rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues, and rock music into their jazz music. Two important jazz fusion albums are *In a Silent Way* and *Bitches Brew.*

In the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion. It became more popular, so more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts. In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.

In the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" began being played. This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion musicians include Earl Klugh, Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.
Steve Vai was an icon of jazz fusion in the 1980s and played extensive guitar based jazz fusion instrumentals.
Traffic light

light means stop.**Picture 2:** A green light means go. **Picture 3:** A yellow light means slow down and be ready to stop.]]

**Traffic lights** (or **traffic signals** or **stoplights**) are lights used to control the movement of traffic. They are placed at road intersections and crossings. The different colours of lights tell drivers what to do.

In South Africa, they call them **robots**.

In Japan, the green light is also blue because *ao* in Japanese means green and blue.

## Light cycles 
Traffic lights change their colours in the same order every time. In most English-speaking countries, traffic lights usually change in this order:
# Red light on: This tells traffic to stop.
# Green light on: This tells traffic to start or keep driving.
# Yellow light on: This tells traffic to drive slowly.
Sometimes there is a different light for using the crosswalks.

Lester Wire was credited with the invention of the electric traffic light in 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah.  Garrett Morgan, an African-American inventor, also developed a traffic signalling system, and was one of the first people to get a patent for a traffic light.

William Potts, a Detroit police officer, invented the first traffic light with three colours in 1920 in Detroit, Michigan.

## References 
## Other websites 
* FHWA Arterial Management Website, latest information on traffic signal operations
* Animations of various US signal phasings 
* SCATSSydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System 
* Safety Evaluation of Converting Traffic Signals from Incandescent to Light-emitting Diodes: Summary Report Federal Highway Administration
* Safety Evaluation of Discontinuing Late-night Flash Operations at Signalized Intersections: Summary Report Federal Highway Administration
* Traffic signals, 1922, digitized NYPD photograph from the Lloyd Sealy Library Digital Collections
Maitland, New South Wales

**Maitland** () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. The city is on the Hunter River. Maitland is 200 km north of Sydney and 30 km northwest of Newcastle. Maitland is the largest city that is not on the sea in New South Wales. The Maitland Gaol, which closed in 1998, is now a tourist attraction. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Other websites
* The Maitland City Council website
* The Maitland Gaol website

## References
Railway signal

]]

A **railway signal** or just **signal** is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the line ahead. These traffic signals say whether the train must stop or may continue and what speed the train may go.

In Britain, modern signalling uses a system similar to road traffic lights. The signals are coloured lights mounted on a pole. A red signal means 'do not go further'. A yellow signal gives a warning to the driver that the next signal is showing a red.  Some signals can show two yellow lights, known as a "double yellow" and are warnings to the driver that the next signal is showing a yellow.  A green signal means 'you can continue'.

On older lines semaphore signals are still used.  These are poles with a coloured bar at the top, which can be moved so that it is either horizontal, or at an angle.  When a red bar is horizontal this means that the train must stop, and when it is pointing diagonally up or down it means that it's safe for the driver to continue.  There are also signals with yellow bars which give warnings in the same way as yellow lights on newer signals.

## Related pages
* Communications-based train control
Grafton, New South Wales

**Grafton** (, ) is a small city on the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Clarence River and is 640 kilometres north of Sydney. The town is famous for its double-decker road/railway bridge. There are passenger trains to and from Sydney or Brisbane and buses to and from Moree.

## References
Zupaysaurus

***Zupaysaurus*** was a dinosaur that lived in South America 213 million years ago, during the Upper Triassic period. It was about 5 meters (15 feet) long. A dinosaur very similar to it, *Dracovenator*, lived in South Africa at the same time. 

During the Triassic period, all the continents were connected to form the supercontinent of Pangaea, and animals could migrate freely between them. Zupaysaurus was a carnivore.  

## Other websites
Benalla

**Benalla** is a city in Victoria, Australia. In 2016, 9,298 people lived there. Benalla is on the Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne. The town is on the Broken River, which often floods. Benalla has a station on the main railway line between Sydney and Melbourne. Benalla is widely known for its annual 'Wall to Wall' festival which sees many tourists through the area to visit the wall art. 

## History
Major Thomas Mitchell went through this area on his way back to Sydney in 1836. One of the men with him, a convict named James Taylor, was drowned while trying to cross the Broken River. After Mitchell many farmers arrived with sheep to make new farms. The Reverend Joseph Docker (1793 - 1865) started a farm called *"Benalta"* in 1838 but later settled on the run Bontherambo, near Wangaratta. The name came from the Taungurung Australian aboriginal word meaning "musk duck".

The town of Benalla was surveyed in 1846.

## Botanical gardens
The Benalla Botanical Gardens were started in 1886. They cover an area of . The gardens are well known for their collection of roses. The gardens also have three *Ulmus x viminalis*, an elm tree hybrid. These trees are listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust. They are the only known examples of the hybrid elm in Australia.

## References
Dryosaurus

***Dryosaurus*** was a small plant-eating ornithopod dinosaur that lived in forests of western North America around 150 million years ago.

Its family, the Dryosauridae, were precursors (ancestors) of the Iguanodons, and lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.

## References
Iguanodon

Museum of Natural History]]
, 1896]] 

***Iguanodon*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. It lived 125/126 million years ago (mya).

Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, *Iguanodon* was the second dinosaur formally named, after *Megalosaurus*. Together with *Megalosaurus* and *Hylaeosaurus*, it was one of the three genera originally used to define the Dinosauria.

A large, bulky herbivore, *Iguanodon* is thought by some to be in the same family as the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of the genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.

Scientific understanding of *Iguanodon* has evolved over time. New information is got from the fossils. Researchers have made suggestions about  the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour.  As one of the first scientifically known dinosaurs, *Iguanodon* is well known.

## Species 
There are at least two species recognised:
**I. bernissartensis*, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in a coal mine in Bernissart, Belgium in 1878. The coal dates to the earliest Cretaceous period. 36 adult skeletons were excavated at this site, a coal mine. This is by far the largest find of this species. The species is large and strong.
**I. galvensis*, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in deposits in Teruel, Spain, dating to about 126 mya.

## Posture and movement 
Because its front limbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, Mantell guessed it could move on two legs, as opposed to Owen, who thought it was quadrupedal. As it happens, it probably used both modes. Slow walking would be done on all fours, and faster running on the hind legs. Either way, the position of the body would be more horizontal than upright, with the tail held above the ground by its ossified (bony) ligaments (they can be clearly seen on the skeleton). It would defend itself against predators on its hind legs, using its strong front arms and dagger-like thumbs as weapons.

## Eating 
The teeth were close-set grinding teeth suitable for a browser. it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, *Iguanodon* had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to keep food in the mouth.

## References
Xylem

, and they carry water]]
. When cut that way, they look like small circles.]]
**Xylem** is a tissue in vascular plants. Its cells have thick, hard walls. Xylem tissue dies soon after it is formed and is the wood in the middle of a tree. The dead cells are like pipes, hollow and rigid.

Xylem is one of two tissues in the plant which transport substances that plants need to live. Substances that xylem transports include water and minerals obtained through the plant's roots, as xylem runs from the roots to the stems and leaves. The other transport tissue is the phloem, which transports energy in the form of sugar (as well as any other chemicals) from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Xylem cells are present in all parts of a plant, in stems, roots, and leaves. Water is carried against gravity by the negative pressure that builds up through the process of transpiration, which is the evaporation of moisture in leaves.

Xylem consists of four types of cells:

# Xylem parenchyma which are living cells with thin walls
# Xylem fibres
# Tracheids
# Xylem vessels

Most of these cells are dead cells and have thick walls.

## Related pages
* Medullary ray
Implication (logic)

**Implication** (also known as **logical consequence**, **implies**, or ** If ... then**) is a logical operation. It is the relationship between statements that holds true when one logically "follows from" one or more others. While a statement of the form "if *P* then *Q*" is often written as P \to Q, the assertion that "*Q* is a logical consequence *P*" is often written as P \implies Q.

Implications take two arguments. It returns false if and only if the first term is true and the second term is false.

This may be problematic, because it means that from a false proposition, anything can follow.

## Examples
The following shows a (valid) implication
# All humans are mortal (they die).
# Aristotle is human.
# Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.

On the other hand, the statement *I promise that if I am healthy, I will come to class* has four possibilities:
# I *am* healthy, and I *do* come to class. I have kept my promise.
# I *am* healthy, and I *do not* come to class. I have not kept my promise.
# I *am not* healthy, and I *do* come to class. I have kept my promise.
# I *am not* healthy, and I *do not* come to class. I have kept my promise.
In the second scenario, the statement is false, since the promise is broken. In other scenarios, the statement is true, since the promise is kept.

## Related pages
* If and only if
* Implication (grammar)
* Material conditional

## References
Ceratosaurus

***Ceratosaurus*** was a genus of middle sized primitive predatory dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic period, 161.2 million to 145 million years ago in the Oxfordian (stage). 

It was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1884. It had a horn on its nose, and a pair of small horns above its eyes. Unusually, for a theropod, *Ceratosaurus* had armour: small osteoderms ran down the middle of its back.

The animal had deep jaws and long blade-like teeth. A nearly complete skeleton was discovered in Garden Park, Colorado, in rocks belonging to the Morrison Formation.Other examples or close relatives have since been found.Ceratosaurus was a middle sized carnivorous dinosaur found in the Jurassic period. Ceratosaurus was known for the large horns on the top of its head.Ceratosaurus was in the same time as the allosaurus,stegosaurus and many more.Ceratosaurus was ranged from 9.2 meters long to 11.6 meters long.

This made it a fast and dependable predator. Ceratosaurus had 4 fingers mostly used for grasping\clutching objects. Ceratosaurus teeth were around 1.7-2.1 inches tall. Scientists have found bite marks of Ceratosaurus in many dinosaurs including, Allosaurus,Stegosaurus, possibly Dryosaurus, and many more.
Hypsilophodon

***Hypsilophodon*** was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur. It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.

It was originally thought to be a young *Iguanodon* which could climb trees. Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.

## Palaeobiology 
Like most small dinosaurs, *Hypsilophodon* was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance. All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.

*Hypsilophodon* fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening.  As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly *Hypsilophodon*, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic".

Despite living in the Cretaceous, *Hypsilophodon* had a number of primitive, or basal, features. For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot. Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period. Also, although it had a beak, *Hypsilophodon* still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in *Hypsilophodon*).

The group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.

## Hypsilophodontidae 
The family named after *Hysilophodon* has these genera:

**Agilisaurus*
**Anabisetia*
**Atlascopcosaurus*
**Drinker*
**Fulgurotherium*
**Gasparinisaura*
**Gongbusaurus* (= *Eugongbusaurus*)
**Hexinlusaurus*.
**Hypsilophodon*
**Jeholosaurus*
**Leaellynasaura*
**Notohypsilophodon*
**Orodromeus*
**Othnielosaurus*.
**Koreanosaurus*.
**Parksosaurus*
**Qantassaurus*
**Thescelosaurus*
**Yandusaurus*
**Zephyrosaurus*

## References
Carnotaurus

***Carnotaurus*** was a predatory dinosaur. It lived 70 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It was a large theropod which lived in South America. Although there is only one well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the southern hemisphere. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina.

*Carnotaurus* is a member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods. They lived only in the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana. They were the dominant predators of the later Cretaceous of Gondwana. They occupied the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents. 

## Description 
*Carnotaurus* was a lightly built, bipedal predator, about 4.6 m (16 ft) tall,  in length and weighing . As a theropod, *Carnotaurus* was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature not seen in other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. Also, it had small, vestigial forelimbs, smaller even than those of *Tyrannosaurus*.

The remains include skin impressions showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales about 5&nbsp;mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.

The distinctive horns and muscular neck may have been used in fighting rivals of its own species. Rivals may have fought with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of *Carnotaurus* remain unclear. Some studies suggest the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies find it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. *Carnotaurus* was well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.

## Palaeoecology 
The animal lived in an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include  lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Turtles are represented by at least five taxa. In 2011, the discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the La Colonia Formation was announced.

## Media 
It appears in the movie *Dinosaur* (2000), when two Carnotaurus were killing other species of Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, Pachyrhinosaurus or Stygimoloch. And in *Jurassic World 2: Fallen Kingdom* (2018), when fighting a Sinoceratops and gets taken down by the iconic "Rexy" the Tyrannosaurus rex. Later on in the movie, it escapes the "Lockwood Manor". It also appears in Michael Crichton's book "The Lost World" (1995)

## References
Dilophosaurus

Dilophosaurus (which means "double-crested reptile") was a medium-to-large carnivorous dinosaur that lived about 201-182 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic period. It was one of the earliest large meat-eating dinosaurs known to science.

Dilophosaurus was around 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) long and walked on two strong legs. It had long arms with sharp claws, a long tail for balance, and a slender, lightweight body that helped it move quickly. Its most famous feature was the pair of thin, bony crests on top of its head. These crests may have been used to attract mates or to show off to rivals, but they were too fragile for fighting.

Scientists have changed their ideas about Dilophosaurus many times. Since it was discovered in the 1940s, it has been placed into at least nine different groups of theropod dinosaurs. Some researchers think it was related to smaller dinosaurs like Coelophysis, while others believe it belongs in its own special branch of early meat-eaters.

Fossils of Dilophosaurus have mostly been found in what is now the western United States and China Back then, the land was covered with slow-moving rivers and flat floodplains. These wet environments helped preserve the bones. Although not many details are known about its daily life, its sharp teeth and strong jaws show that it ate meat, possibly hunting small dinosaurs or scavenging from larger animals.

*Dilophosaurus* was shown in the movies, *Jurassic Park and* *Jurassic World Dominion,* aswell as the documentary, *When Dinosaurs Roamed America*. However, the designs shown in Jurassic Park and Jurassic World are not correct to the current understanding of the animal.

## References
Elasmosaurus

***Elasmosaurus*** was a 46 foot long swimming reptile that lived in the North American Inland Sea. It was a plesiosaur. 

It was first discovered in 1868 by a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope who accidentally put the head on the tail. It had 71 cervical vertebrae. 

It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water. Aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. All the longer-necked families were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. The large number of neck vertebrae is probably linked to the modest degree of flexibility between adjacent vertebrae.

## References
SimCity 4

***SimCity 4*** is the fourth sequel to the SimCity computer game. It was created by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts.

## New Features 
The main new feature in this game is the addition of 'God Mode'. This is one of the three elements of gameplay. Players can add mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons to their landscape.

Another feature is "MySims" mode, a mode that lets players import their Sims from the game The Sims and add them into their city. This lets players see what they are thinking.

Cities are grouped into regions, which allow different cities in the same region to be connected. They can be connected by road or train, and cities could share water. Some regions come with the game, but you can create your own.

## RCI 
RCI stands for residential (housing), commercial, and industry demand. The higher the demand, the faster the city grows. No demand or negative demand causes buildings to be empty and run down. 

### City Growth 
Big buildings show up when you have high density zones. The amount of people living in the city changes the amount of skyscrapers built in the city. Skyscrapers can be built when residential population reaches 30,000, and when commercial population reaches 45,000.

## References
Zephyrosaurus

**Zephyrosaurus** was a small dinosaur. It was a relative of Hypsilophodon. It lived 132 million years ago, in the western part of what is now North America. It was 6&nbsp;ft (2 metres) long and 3&nbsp;ft (1 metre) high.

The remains are bones from various parts of the body. It had a steep face, a raised knob on the upper jaw, and a larger knob on the cheekbone. Some of the bones may have allowed movement within the skull (cranial kinesis) as well. Like other hypsilophodonts, it had beak teeth.

## References
Movement (music)

Long pieces of classical music are often divided into **movements**.  They are like different sections of the piece. Movements can be quite short, or extremely long.  If you listen to a symphony it may often be divided into four movements.  In the time of Haydn and Mozart the four movements were normally: a fast movement, a slow movement, a dance-like movement (minuet) and a fast movement to end the work.

Concert programmes usually show how many movements there are in the work that is being performed.  It may show this using Italian musical terms (e.g. *Allegro* meaning *fast*, *Presto* meaning *very fast* or *Andante* meaning *a gentle walking pace*).   Here is an example:

Robert Schumann:   Symphony no 4 in D minor op.120

# Andante con moto – Allegro di molto
# Romanze: Andante
# Scherzo: Presto
# Finale: Allegro vivace - Presto

Sometimes an orchestra will take a minute or two to retune their instruments, especially in a symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich where one movement might be as long as 25 minutes.  At other times the conductor or performer will want to go almost straight on with hardly any break.  Sometimes the composer shows that there should be no break at all between movements.

Audiences in the olden days often used to clap between movements, but usually these days they wait until the end of the work to applaud.

The German word for “movement” (in this musical sense) is “Satz” which really means “sentence”.  A movement is like a sentence: a collection of things that belong together to make sense.  All the movements together are like several sentences: they tell the whole story of music.
Port Hedland, Western Australia

**Port Hedland** is a city on the north coast of Western Australia. It has 13,000 people living there. It is the largest city in the Pilbara Region. It has a very large mineral port, because of one of the world's biggest iron deposits.

## References
Worms, Germany

**Worms** (pronounced /voɐms/) is a city in southwestern Germany in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). It lies on the River Rhine. Worms is famous for its local Liebfraumilch wine. It is an industrial center, producing chemicals and metal goods. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.

Along with Cologne and Trier, Worms is one the oldest cities in Germany.  But, there is a disagreement which of the three is actually the oldest. The town is mentioned in the *Nibelungenlied*, an old Germanic saga. The town was also very important because of Martin Luther who defended his case against the emperor Charles V in Worms.

The Cathedral of Saint Peter is a very large church in the town. It is one of only three Romanesque cathedrals in Germany. The other two are in Mainz and Speyer. The Worms cathedral is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Germany. 

Worms-Nibelungenturm-06-2007-gje.jpg
Worms-Dom St Peter-04-2007-gje.jpg
Worms-Dom St Peter-14-2007-gje.jpg
Worms-Dom St Peter-32-zum Westchor-2007-gje.jpg
Worms-Dom St Peter-40-Kreuzabnahme-2007-gje.jpg
Worms-Luther-04-vorm Reichstag-2007-gje.jpg
Worms-Judenfriedhof-04.jpg
Worms-Judenfriedhof-06-Grabstein mit Widmungen.jpg

## References
## Other websites 
* The Official website  of the town of Worms *(in English)*
* *Nibelungenmuseum* website *(in English)*
* wormser-dom.de, website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures *(in German; click on the "Bilder" link in the left pane)*
Sex toy

for different sex toys]]

A **sex toy** is a device that helps humans get more pleasure when they have sex or when they masturbate. Sometimes these devices are also called **adult toys**, or **marital aid**. "Marital aid" may also apply to herbs or drugs that have such an effect. Herbs with such an effect are aphrodisiacs. Pornography is not called a sex toy. Neither are condoms or methods of birth control. 

Sex toys can be bought in sex shops. There are also special trade fairs for them. And many online stores sell them on the internet.

Crab-eating Macaques on Bali have been seen as they used stones to sexually stimulate themselves.

## History 
The idea of a sex toy isn't new. Some, shaped as phalluses, have been made since the Neolithic. There are paintings from Ancient Egypt that show dildos.  

Artifacts from the Upper Paleolithic of a type called bâton de commandement could have been used for sexual purposes.  Few archaeologists consider these items as sex toys, but archaeologist Timothy Taylor put it, "Looking at the size, shape, and—some cases—explicit symbolism of the ice age batons, it seems disingenuous to avoid the most obvious and straightforward interpretation. But it has been avoided."

## Legality 
Sex toys are illegal in some countries. India considers them obscene, and selling or trading them is banned. In Malaysia, selling dildoes is banned as well.

## Effects 
There has been research into sex toys, to see if their use is good for health or not. Most studies show that most people have a positive experience about using sex toys. They report that they are sexually aroused and satisfied more often, that it was easier to get an orgasm (especially for women), and that there was a more playful approach to sex and the fun of something new during sex. There are stores that specialise in sex toys for women. Some organizations link the sale of sex toys with sexual education and aim to support women's sexual empowerment. In clinical settings, more positive effects have been found: Sex toys are used for therapies, for example, in the context of therapy for orgasm disorders. They can also enable people with disabilities to have more sexual activity.

## Types 
Types of sex toys include: 

* Dildo 
* Vibrator (sensual)
* Anal beads

## References
Micropachycephalosaurus

***Micropachycephalosaurus, a*** tiny thick headed lizard, is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It was a herbivore, and lived in what is now Shandong, China. It was one of the smallest dinosaur ever discovered, just over a meter long, but with the longest name. Before it was discovered *Compsognathus* was the smallest known dinosaur.

The lack of the skull roof means the fossil cannot be placed at family level. It might or might not be a pachycephalosaur. Butler and Zhao therefore classified it as an indeterminate member of the Cerapoda. In this context, basal does not mean ''; the fossil is far too late for that. It means simply 'unspecialized', or lacking derived traits.

## Related pages 
**Wannanosaurus*

## References