open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Katrín Jakobsdóttir

**Katrín Jakobsdóttir** (pronounced ; born 1 February 1976) is an Icelandic politician. She was the 28th Prime Minister of Iceland from 2017 until 2024. She was a member of the Althing for the Reykjavík North constituency from 2007 until 2024. She unsuccessfully ran for president in 2024, losing to businesswoman Halla Tómasdóttir.

She became deputy chairperson of the Left-Green Movement in 2003 and has been their chairperson since 2013. Katrín was Iceland's Minister of Education, Science and Culture and of Nordic Co-operation from 2 February 2009 to 23 May 2013.

On 5 April 2024, Katrín announced that she will resign as prime minister and chairperson of the Left-Green Movement and run for the presidency of Iceland in the upcoming elections.

Jakobsdóttir published her first crime novel "Reykjavík: A Crime Story," in October 2022. An English translation was published in September 2023.

## References
## Other websites
*Nordic Labour Journal: Katrín Jakobsdóttir - party leader during times of change 
*
Reinforcement learning

**Reinforcement learning (RL)** is teaching a *software agent* how to behave in an environment by telling it how well it's doing. It is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviorist psychology.

Reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning because the correct inputs and outputs are never shown. Also, reinforcement learning usually learns as it goes (online learning) unlike supervised learning. This means an agent has to choose between exploring and sticking with what it knows best.

## Introduction 
A reinforcement learning system is made of a *policy* (\pi), a *reward function* (R), a *value function* (v), and an optional *model* of the environment.

A *policy* tells the agent what to do in a certain situation. It can be a simple table of rules, or a complicated search for the correct action. Policies can even be stochastic, which means instead of rules the policy assigns *probabilities* to each action. A policy by itself can make an agent do things, but it can't learn on its own.

A *reward function* defines the goal for an agent. It takes in a state (or a state and the action taken at that state) and gives back a number called the *reward*, which tells the agent how good it is to be in that state. The agent's job is to get the biggest amount of reward it possibly can in the long run. If an action yields a low reward, the agent will probably take a better action in the future. Biology uses reward signals like pleasure or pain to make sure organisms stay alive to reproduce. Reward signals can also be stochastic, like a slot machine at a casino, where sometimes they pay and sometimes they don't.

A *value function* tells an agent how much reward it will get following a policy \pi starting from state s. It represents how *desirable* it is to be in a certain state. Since the value function isn't given to the agent directly, it needs to come up with a good guess or estimate based on the reward it's gotten so far. Value function estimation is the most important part of most reinforcement learning algorithms.

A *model* is the agent's mental copy of the environment. It's used to *plan* future actions.

Knowing this, we can talk about the main loop for a reinforcement learning episode. The agent interacts with the environment in *discrete time steps*. Think of it like the "tick-tock" of a clock. With discrete time, things only happen during the "ticks" and the "tocks", and not in between. At each time t=0, 1, 2, 3,..., the agent observes the environment's state S_t and picks an action A_t based on a policy \pi. The next time step, the agent receives a reward signal R_{t+1} and a new observation S_{t+1}. The value function v(S_t) is updated using the reward. This continues until a terminal state S_T is reached.

## Related pages
The biology behind Reinforcement learning can be found at:
*Operant conditioning
*Reward

## References
Tom Luken

**Thomas Andrew Luken** (July 9, 1925 &ndash; January 10, 2018) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He also was the mayor of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1972.

In 1974, Luken won a special election in the Cincinnati-based 1st congressional district to fill out the term of William J. Keating, a Republican who resigned his seat. However, Luken was defeated later that year in his bid for a full term by Republican Bill Gradison.

Luken died on January 10, 2018 in Cincinnati at the age of 92.

## References
Sylvester Igboun

**Sylvester Emeka Igbonu** (usually known as **Sylvester Igboun**; born 8 September 1990) is a Nigerian professional association football player. He currently plays for FC Ufa in Russia. His last name is Igbonu, but was misspelled when registering for a passport. He has also played for the Danish club, FC Midtjylland.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
## Honours
**Midtjylland**
*Danish Superliga: 2014–15

## References 
## Other websites 
* FC Midtjylland profile 
* Career statistics  at Danmarks Radio
Edwin Mosquera

.]]
**Edwin Orlando Mosquera Roa** (26 July 1985 – 2 December 2017) was a Colombian weightlifter. He competed in the 69 kg weight division. He won a silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games. He also won two gold medals (2008 and 2010) and a silver medal (2016) at the Pan American Weightlifting Championships. He was at the 2008 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was born in El Carmen de Atrato.

Mosquera died after being shot twice on 2 December 2017 in Palmira, Valle del Cauca. He was 32.

## References
## Other websites
* Edwin Mosquera  at Sports-Reference.com
Rizvan Utsiyev

**Rizvan Rashitovich Utsiyev** (Russian: Ризван Рашитович Уциев; born 7 February 1988) is a Russian professional association football player of Chechen descent. He is currently the captain of Akhmat Grozny.

## Career 
He was called up by the Russia national football B team on 19 August 2011 for a match against the Belarusian Olympic team.

## Career statistics 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Profile by Russian Premier League website 
* Player profile on FC Terek website
Yevgeni Markov (footballer, born 1994)

**Yevgeni Stanislavovich Markov** (Russian: Евгений Станиславович Марков; born 7 July 1994) is a Russian professional association football player. He currently plays for FC Tosno.

## Career 
He played his first match with Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg on 15 July 2013 in a game against FC Tosno. He played his first match in the Russian Football National League on 7 September 2014 for Yenisey Krasnoyarsk against Volga Nizhny Novgorod.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Profile by Russian Football National League 
* Yevgeni Markov at Soccerway
Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal

**Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal** is the main bus station of Moscow, located in the south side of the city and opened in 2015. The station is replacing the Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal that opened in 1971.

## Other websites 
* Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal - official site
Vitinho (footballer, born October 1993)

**Victor Vinícius Coelho dos Santos** (also known as **Vitinho**; born 9 October 1993) is a Brazilian professional association football player. He currently plays for Flamengo.

## Career 
He has played for the Brazilian club, Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas. In the 2013 season, he scored 4 goals in 16 Série A games.

Vitinho signed a 5-year contract with PFC CSKA Moscow on 2 September 2013. He was usually just used as a substitute. Botafogo was interested in loaning Vitinho back to the club.

On 16 January 2015, Vitinho joined Sport Club Internacional on a one-year loan deal. The loan was extended to the end of 2016. He also extended his contract with CSKA Moscow to 2020. He returned to CSKA Moscow in January 2017.

He made two appearances with the Brazilian Olympic team in 2012.

## Honours 
;Botafogo
*Campeonato Carioca (1): 2013

;CSKA
* Russian Premier League (1): 2013–14
* Russian Super Cup (1): 2014

;Internacional
*Campeonato Gaúcho (2): 2015, 2016

## References 
## Other websites 
* Vitinho at Soccerway
Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal

The **Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal** was the main bus station of Moscow from 1971 until 2015. The station was closed in 2015 when the new Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal was open. The station was located in the eastern side of the city and demolished. 

## Other websites 
* Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal - official site (Russian)
Luka Đorđević

**Luka Đorđević** (Cyrillic: Лукa Ђорђевић; born 9 July 1994) is a Montenegrin professional association football player. 

## Career 
He played for FK Mogren in the 2011/2012 season. He played 24 league matches with the club, and made one appearance in a UEFA Champions League qualification match against PFC Litex Lovech.

He made his first appearance with Zenit St. Petersburg on 11 August 2012 against Spartak Moscow.

On 22 July 2017, he was loaned to FC Arsenal Tula.

He played his first international match for Montenegro on 27 August 2012 against San Marino. He also scored his first international goal in that match.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
### International goals
## References 
## Other websites 
* Luka Đorđević at Soccerway
* Voetbal International profile
Marek Frąckowiak

**Marek Antoni Frąckowiak** (16 August 1950 – 6 November 2017) was a Polish actor. He had roles in *Niespotykanie spokojny człowiek*, *Ekipa*, *Ballada o Januszku* and *The Last Wish*. He also voiced many popular movies, television shows and video games from outside of Poland into Polish. 

Frąckowiak was born in Łódź. He was married to Ewa Złotowska.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mundell Lowe

**James Mundell Lowe** (April 21, 1922 – December 2, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist. He worked a lot in radio, television and movies. He was also a session musician. He produced music and scores for many television shows and movies including *Billy Jack*, *Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)* and *Starsky & Hutch*. He sometimes worked with André Previn.

Lowe was born in Shady Grove, Mississippi. He married singer Betty Bennett in 1975.

Lowe died on December 2, 2017 in San Diego, California. He was 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Swiss Federal Railways

**Swiss Federal Railways** (short: **SBB**, , , , ) is the national railway company of Switzerland. It is also called **SBB&nbsp;CFF&nbsp;FFS**. The company was founded in 1902.

The company headquarters is in Bern.

In the Zurich-Bern-Basel triangle, travel times between the cities is under one hour.

SBB also operates international EuroCity and EuroNight trains in Switzerland.

## Trains 
SBB currently owns 15 Trains that are in service. 

### EC/IC operated trains 
### IC/IR operated trains 
### IR operated trains 
## Other websites
* The SBB website 
* The SBB website 
* The SBB cargo website 
* The CityNightLine website
Mon, Switzerland

**Mon** was a municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Since 2015, Mon became a part of the municipality of Albula/Alvra.
Davos Wiesen

]]

**Davos Wiesen** () is a village in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It is part of the municipality of Davos.

## Other websites
* Official website of Davos Wiesen  
* Official website of Davos
James Marriott

**Sir James Marriott** (29 October 1730 – 21 March 1803) was a famous British judge, politician and scholar. He is famous for being in the highest court in Britain. He judged a lot of legal trials involving boats and the British Navy, he most helped lawyers by writing a book about American law.

## Life 
James Marriott was born on 29 October 1730. In June 1746 he was sent to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and graduated in 1751. Although he had wanted a job in the church, he decided to switch to law in 1755, maybe because his stepfather, a very good lawyer, told him to. He spent three years as librarian to the Duke of Newcastle. He joined the College of Advocates and began his legal job in which he wrote two books on law.

While he served the Duke of Newcastle, he began to flatter others with nice words, which gave him the job of Receiver of Land Tax for Suffolk, but did not do much else until King George III was made king in 1760, when he left Newcastle for the new king. In 1767 he was made king's advocate, mostly because there was no one else to do it. In 1767 he served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge for a year and in 1768.

For the next ten years he kept trying to get a better job, making Lord Grafton very angry in the process.In 1778 he was knighted and made the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty, responsible for cases involving boats and the Navy. His work as king's advocate was not impressive, because of his lack of good choice-making and bad courtroom behaviors, as well as his aggressive speeches against his own co-workers. In 1781 he was elected to Parliament for Sudbury. Marriott worked for Lord Shelburne, who strongly opposed war.

The French Revolutionary Wars in 1793 caused the Navy to be used more and more, which made Marriott judge on more cases than he normally would, even though he was able to make some important decisions. He was also re-elected for his Parliament job in 1796. he had supported someone else, but then changed his mind and ran for election himself. Marriott remained in Parliament until 1802, shortly before he died.

Marriott quit his job in 1798. He returned to Twinstead Hall and stayed there until he died on 21 March 1803, having rebuilt the local church. The year before he died he wrote his most important book, *Formulare instrumentarum*, a book about his job with Naval law that caused Naval law in the United States to change. He also made a lot of poems and legal books that were not important. He never married, his one try in 1760 causing both the girl and her father to say "no." Instead he took care of his mother until her death.

## Notes 
## References 
* 

## Other websites 
* James Marriott at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
Nufenen

**Nufenen** (, ) was a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

It is on the San Bernardino tunnel road.

On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splügen merged to form the new municipality of Rheinwald.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Carles Santos

**Carles Santos** () (1 July 1940 – 4 December 2017) was a Spanish artist. He began his career as a pianist and later worked in many other creative areas, including musical composition, filmmaking, screenwriting, acting, scenic musical shows, graphics, montage, sculpture, photography,  poetry, and prose. He was born in Vinaròs, Valencian Community (Spain).

Santos was commissioned to compose works for a variety of special occasions, including the opening ceremonies of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona and the opening of the 2001 Biennial of Arts in Valencia.

Santos died on 4 December 2017 at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*Un dit és un dit (a finger is a finger). 36 minutes piece for Cave Canis number 9. MP3. 
*Official website.
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar

**Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar**, (, Mozaffar Ŝāh-e Qājār, Muẓaffari’d-Dīn Shāh Qājār; 23 March 1852 – 9 January 1907) was the fifth Qajar dynasty king of Persia. He reigned between the years 1896 and 1906. 

The son of the Qajar dynasty ruler, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Mozaffar ad-Din was named crown prince and sent as governor to the northern province of Azerbaijan in 1861.

His reign was marked by financial mismanagement, growing foreign influence and rising internal discontent. Furthermore he had a desire to put the country through social and educational reforms.

At his accession, Iran faced a financial crisis , the annual governmental expenditures exceded the revenues. Mozaffar had to make up this by contacting unpopular loans from Russia. 

The political crisis might have  precipitated the heart attack fron which he died 

## References
## Other websites 
* Iranian Cinema: Before the Revolution
Arif Dirlik

**Arif Dirlik** (1940 &ndash; December 1, 2017) was a Turkish-American historian. He has published many works on historiography and political ideology in modern China, as well as issues in modernity, globalization, and post-colonial criticism. Dirlik received a BSc in Electrical Engineering at Robert College, Istanbul in 1964 and a PhD in History at the University of Rochester in 1973.

Dirlik died in Eugene, Oregon on December 1, 2017 at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.pwias.ubc.ca/information/ar-05-06.pdf 
*https://web.archive.org/web/20051113023514/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTBK/PDFs/AAA_02_Dirlik.PDF
*https://web.archive.org/web/20040507055510/http://sociology.snu.ac.kr/isdpr/publication/journal/28-2/1Arif.pdf
*Dimensions of Chinese Anarchism: An Interview with Arif Dirlik
Manuel Marín

**Manuel Marín González** (21 October 1949 – 4 December 2017) was a Spanish politician. He was a former President of the Congress of Deputies. He was a long-time member of the European Commission, and acting President during the Santer Commission following the resignation of the Jacques Santer.

Marín died in Madrid on 4 December 2017 at the age of 68 from lung cancer.

## References
Jimmy Hood

**James Hood** (16 May 1948 &ndash; 4 December 2017) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) from 1987 until 2015. He represented the Clydesdale constituency until 2005, and the Lanark and Hamilton East thereafter. 

Hood died on 4 December 2017 of a heart attack in Lanarkshire, Scotland, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
* constituency website in use while Hood was an MP
Ian Twitchin

**Ian Robert Twitchin** (22 January 1952 – 3 December 2017) was an English footballer. He played as a right back and midfielder. He spent his entire professional career with Torquay United, making 401 appearances in The Football League. He later played for Minehead and Newton Abbot Spurs (where he was player-manager). He was born in Teignmouth, Devon.

Twitchin died on 3 December 2017, at the age of 65.

## References
Mackenzie Crook

, July 2009.]]
**Paul James** "**Mackenzie**" **Crook** (born 29 September 1971) is a British actor, writer, director and comedian. He is best known for playing Gareth Keenan in *The Office*, Ragetti in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* movies and Orell in the HBO series *Game of Thrones*. He is also the creator and star of the BBC Four sitcom *Detectorists*. The series earnt him a BAFTA Award in 2015.

Crook was born in Maidstone, Kent, England. He grew up in Dartford, Kent. He has been married to Lindsay since April 2001. The couple have two children, a son and a daughter.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
The Office (British TV series)

***The Office*** is a British mockumentary sitcom. It was shown on BBC Two. It began on 9 July 2001 and ended on 27 December 2003. It was created, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. It stars Gervais, Martin Freeman, Mackenzie Crook, Lucy Davis, Oliver Chris, Patrick Baladi, Stacey Roca, Ralph Ineson, Stirling Gallacher, Joel Beckett and Ewen MacIntosh.

*The Office* is about David Brent (Gervais), an office manager in Slough, Berkshire, and his employees dealing with his cringe personality.

The series was adapted into an American version of the same name, starring Steve Carell.

## Other websites
*
Men's rights movement

'''Men's rights movement''' is a movement where men try to improve the lives of men. They focus on many topics such as adoption, male suicide and male homelessness. These movements started showing up in the 1970s. Some of these movements approve of feminism, other movements are against it.
## Related pages 
* Gender equality
* Human rights
* Women's rights 
* International Men's Day 
* Violence against men
## References
Bocconi University

.]]

**Bocconi University** () is a private university in Viale Bligny Milan, Italy. Bocconi University was founded in 1902, and is ranked among the most important universities in the world for finance and commerce. It is located in the center of Milan in one of the most exclusive and expensive districts of the city.

It provides undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate education. The university's main subjects are economics, business management, finance, law, political science and public administration.

Bocconi University was founded in 1902 by Ferdinando Bocconi, an Italian politician and business man. He named the university after his son Luigi. Luigi was a soldier in the Italian army. He was killed in 1896 in a war between Italy and Ethiopia. The center of the present campus of Bocconi University is on Via Sarfatti. It was built in 1941. Since then several new buildings have been added.

In 2017 the university had a total of 14,396 students. About 1600 students come from outside Italy. The president of the university is Mario Monti.

## References
## Related pages
* Viale Bligny (Milano)
* Fondazione Prada
* List of upscale shopping districts

## Other websites
*
Elmar Faber

**Elmar Faber** (1 April 1934 – 3 December 2017) was a German book publisher. He was the head publisher of Aufbau-Verlag from 1983 to 1992. In 1990, he co-founded publisher Faber & Faber with his son Michael. He was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2007. His autobiography was published in 2014. He was born in Deesbach, Thuringia.

Faber died on 3 December 2017 in Leipzig, at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Elmar Faber at *Perlentaucher.de*
Dylan Moran

, April 2006]]
**Dylan William Moran** (born 3 November 1971) is an Irish comedian, writer, actor and filmmaker. He is best known for his roles in the British sitcom *Black Books* (2000–2004), which he also co-created, and the movies *Shaun of the Dead* (2004), *Run, Fatboy, Run* (2007) and *A Film with Me in It* (2008). He has won two BAFTA Awards for *Black Books*.

Moran was born in Navan, County Meath. He is marred to Elaine. They live in Edinburgh, with their two children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Henning Jensen

**Henning Jenson** (17 August 1949 – 4 December 2017) was a Danish footballer. He played as a forward. He played for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach, Spanish club Real Madrid, Dutch club Ajax and Danish club AGF Aarhus. He won seven trophies in his club career, including four league titles. He also played for the Denmark national team from 1972 to 1980, scoring nine goals in 21 games. He was born in Nørresundby.

Jensen died of a short illness on 4 December 2017, at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
* Henning Jensen  at dbu.dk
Mutten

**Mutten** () was a municipality of the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Mutten merged into the municipality of Thusis.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Jáchym Topol

**Jáchym Topol** (born 4 August 1962) is a Czech writer and journalist. He is a son of playwright Josef Topol and older brother of singer Filip Topol. In the 1980s, he was one of founders of *Revolver Revue* magazine which was published in samizdat. He is known for his debut novel *City Sister Silver* (*Sestra* in Czech) which was published in 1994. It was adaoted into the movie of the same name in 2008. He received Tom Stoppard Prize in 1988 and Jaroslav Seifert Prize in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Tiefencastel

**Tiefencastel** () was a municipality in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It was the capital of the Albula district. It is next to the Albula and Julier passes. In 2013, 254 people lived there.

On 1 January 2015, the municipalities of Alvaschein, Mon, Stierva, Tiefencastel, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls and Surava joined together to become the new municipality of Albula/Alvra.

## Other websites 
* Official Website
Ahmed Osman (politician)

**Ahmed Osman** (Arabic: **أحمد عصمان**; born January 3, 1930) is a Moroccan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Morocco between November 2, 1972, and March 22, 1979.

Osman was married to Princess Lalla Nuzha of Morocco since 1964 to 1977, a sister of King Hassan II. He is also founder of the National Rally of Independents.

## References
Christine Keeler

**Christine Margaret Keeler** (22 February 1942 – 4 December 2017) was an English model and showgirl. 

## Profumo affair
At the height of the Cold War, she became sexually involved with a married government minister, John Profumo, as well as a Soviet diplomat.  A shooting incident between two of her other lovers caused the press to investigate her, revealing that her affairs could be threatening national security. In the House of Commons, Profumo denied any improper conduct but later admitted that he had lied. This incident discredited the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan in 1963 in what became known as the Profumo affair.

## Death
On 5 December 2017, Keeler died at the Princess Royal University Hospital in Farnborough, London from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She was 75.

## References
## Other websites
* Christine Keeler (1942–), model: Sitter in 10 portraits
* Christine Keeler's private photo album
*
St. Margrethen

**St. Margrethen** (Saint Margrethen/Sankt Margrethen) is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

It is on the border to Austria.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Ali Amini

**Ali Amini** (12 September 1905 – 12 December 1992) was an Iranian politician and writer. He was the Prime Minister of Iran from 6 May 1961 to 19 July 1962.

## Early life 
Amini was born on 12 September 1905 in Tehran. He was a grandson of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar through his mother, Fakhr ol dowleh . 

## Later years and death 
In 1979, Amini moved to Paris,  France. There he headed the Front for the Liberation of Iran, a monarchist opposition group . He complained about internal struggle among the exiled Iranian monachists. He said "We're not even back in Tehran [and] they quarrel over the name of the country's future Prime Minister".

Amini died in Paris on 12 December 1992, aged 87. His body was buried in Passy Cemetery .

## Other websites 
* Transcript of Amini interview as part of Harvard Iranian Oral History Project directed by Habib Ladjevardi
Johnny Hallyday

**Jean-Philippe Léo Smet** (15 June 1943 – 6 December 2017), better known by his stage name **Johnny Hallyday**, was a French rock and roll singer and actor. He has completed 181 tours, had 18 platinum albums and sold more than 110 million records worldwide in his lifetime. Some of his best known hits include "Retiens la nuit", "Souvenirs, souvenirs", "Le pénitencier", "Que je t'aime", "Requiem pour un fou", "Marie", "Allumer le feu", "Laura", "Je te promets", "Sang pour sang". He was sometimes called the "French Elvis Presley" though he wouldn't stick to only sing as Presley did.

Johnny Hallyday appeared in the movies *The Specialist* (1969), *Détective* (1985) and *Crime Spree* (2003). He was not very well known outside the French-speaking world.

Halliday was born in Paris. His father was from Belgium and his mother was French. He had five marriages and had four children.

Hallyday had surgery for colorectal cancer in 2009. He revealed he had lung cancer in 2017. He died on 6 December 2017 in Marnes-la-Coquette, Paris, at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
*  
*
Rudolph G. Wilson

**Rudolph G. Wilson** (June 17, 1935 – December 4, 2017) was an American professor, writer, storyteller and public speaker. He was known by his students as "**Papa Rudy**". He was the first African American member of the Edwardsville School Board. He later became the first elected black president of the school board. In 1965, he became the first African American to teach in an all-white school.

Wilson was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was married to Sandrah Lavernn Wilson. They had two sons and two daughters.

Wilson died on December 4, 2017 in Glen Carbon, Illinois, at the age of 82.

## References
Sheila Hancock

**Sheila Cameron Hancock**  (born 22 February 1933) is a British actress and author. She works mostly on stage. She won a Laurence Olivier Award for *Cabaret*. For her role in *Entertaining Mr Sloane* (1966) she was nominated for a Tony Award. She also had roles in *Sweeney Todd* (1980), ''The Winter's Tale* (1982), *Prin* (1989) and *Sister Act* (2010). She appeared in the movie *The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas'' (2008). 

Hancock was born in Blackgang on the Isle of Wight, England. Her first husband, Alec Ross, died from oesophageal cancer in 1971. She later married actor John Thaw in 1973. He also died from oesophageal cancer in 2002.

Hancock is a breast cancer survivor.

## References
## Other websites
*
IC 418

image]]

**IC 418** is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Lepus. It is about 1,100 light-years away from Earth.
Pavement light

**Pavement lights **are usually put into sidewalks or floors to let sunlight into a room below it. They are sometimes called vault lights or sidewalk prisms. They were much used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when electric lighting was very expensive. Some cities are removing these lights, but others are keeping and restoring them.

## Uses 
Pavement lights give sunlight into the basements below it during the day, and the basement gives light to the sidewalk from below during the night. These lights are meant to make basements more useful in cities and places where space is scarce. In places with high rent, these lights may make an area look better, which helps landlords make more money. People with these lights can also save on electricity during the day, because the lights are clear like a window, where sunlight can go through.

Many years ago, pavement lights were advertised as a way of saving on electricity costs and making places look better. Today's science has proven that they were right.

Pavement lights are also used in floors with glass roofs. They could be put in a floor below another floor with more pavement lights, letting sunlight go through more than one floor. Manhole covers were also made with pavement lights.

Most old cities have pavement lights, or at least, they have had them in the past. These lights are about 100 years old. However, some new pavement lights are being made, even today.

## Pictures 

File:Luik Gare Liège-Guillemins.jpg|An example of pavement lights.
File:Toronto BCE Place at night.jpg|The same lights at night, used to shine light from below.
File:Luxfer sidewalk.gif|Pavement lights from below.
File:GFRP Translucent deck panels.jpg|Colorful pavement lights.
|Pavement lights on a manhole cover.
File:1886 diagram varied lenses.gif|A drawing of pavement lights.

## References
Obi (store)

, Austria]]

**OBI GmbH & Co. Deutschland KG** is a German multinational home improvement supplies retailing company. The company was founded in 1970. It is the largest DIY retailer in Europe, and the third-largest in the world, after The Home Depot and Lowe's. It is headquartered in Wermelskirchen, Germany.

## Other websites 
* OBI website
Mulegns

**Mulegns** was a municipality of the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Mulegns, Bivio, Cunter, Marmorera, Riom-Parsonz, Salouf, Savognin, Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged into the new municipality of Surses.
William J. Keating

**William John Keating** (March 30, 1927 &ndash; May 20, 2020) was an American businessman and politician of the Republican Party. From 1967-70, he served on the Cincinnati City Council.

Keating served in the United States House of Representatives from 1971-74, representing Ohio's 1st congressional district. Keating resigned from Congress to become President and CEO of *The Cincinnati Enquirer*.

Keating was a founding member of the law firm Keating, Muething and Klekamp.

Keating died on May 20, 2020 in Cincinnati at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jerzy Kłoczowski

in November 2004.]]
**Jerzy Kazimierz Kłoczowski** (29 December 1924 – 2 December 2017) was a Polish historian. He was a professor at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. He was member of the Polish Senate from 1989 to 1991. During World War II, he was a soldier of the Home Army and was involved in the Warsaw Uprising. He was badly injured in the attack and lost his right hand. In 2004, he was awarded with the Order of the White Eagle by President Aleksander Kwasniewski. He was born in Bogdany Wielkie, Masovian Voivodeship.

Kłoczowski died on 2 December 2017, at the age of 92.

## References
Parisa Damandan

**Parisa Damandan**, or **Parīsā Damandān Nafīsī̄** (born  1967, Esfahān, Iran) is an Iranian  photographer and art  historian. She is the author of Portrait photographs from Isfahan: Faces in transition, 1920-1950, a book illustrating the history of Isfahan in the early 20th century with portrait photographs, which she collected over a period of ten years; the photographs were hard to find because many photo archives in Isfahan had been burned after the enactment of a 1979 law forbidding depictions of unveiled women.

## Other websites 
* Book description and author biography for "Portrait photographs from Isfahan
* "Saving what can be saved - the story of Parisa Damandan". Rozaneh Magazine. Shirin Tabibzadeh. VI (36). 2006
Olivier Chansou

**Olivier Chansou** (born 1965) is a French aerospace engineer.
Since the 27th of November 2017, he is the head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Graduate from the ENAC (IÉNAC L85) and having a Master of Science in IT, he has done different jobs in air navigation such as director of four departments of the air traffic center of Bordeaux.

## References
Parisa (given name)

**Parisā** (, pronounced pə-REE-sa) is a Persian given name for girls. It means 'like a fairy'. 

The very old Persian name "Parysatis" (, ) is close to this name. "Pari" can be used as a shorter form of Parisa. Pari () (said pər-REE) means "fairy" and is used as a different name than Parisa. Pari does not mean angel. "Fereshteh" () is a given name for girls that actually means angel. The Pari (or Peri) in Persian mythology are seen by people as a race of beautiful and kind supernatural fairies, who were earlier seen as evil. Risa (given name) can be used as a nickname also. This name is very different from other names (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## Notable people
### Historical
* Parysatis, the wife of Darius I of Persia II, king of the Persian Empire
* Parysatis II, the youngest daughter of Artaxerxes III of Persia, who was the wife of Alexander the Great.

### Modern
* Parisa Damandan, Iranian art historian
* Parisa (born Fātemeh Vā'ezi), Iranian singer of Persian classical music

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.behindthename.com/name/parisa
* http://www.behindthename.com/name/pari
Wakaleo schouteni

***Wakaleo schouteni*** is an extinct marsupial that once lived in Asia. It is closely related to the marsupial lion, *Thylacoleo carnifex*, which lived until 30,000 years ago. *Wakaleo schouteni* is estimated to have become extinct about 19 million years ago.. He has worked with paleontologists from the University of New South Wales, studying the fossils at the Riversleigh site in Queensland. They found the fossilized skull, teeth and humerus bone of the marsupial lion. At the time it lived the area would have been rainforest and it would have eaten small birds, possums and lizards.

## References
Anusvara

**Anusvara** (Sanskrit:  '''')is the diacritic used to mark a type of nasal sound used in a number of Indic scripts. 
Depending on the location of the anusvara in the word and the language in which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary greatly.

In the context of Sanskrit, anusvara may also refer also to the nasal sound itself.

* Bengali: may written as Onushshar, Onushshor, Anusbar, Onusbar, Onuswar

অনুস্বার onushshar in Bengali is written as a circle above a slanted line (ং), and represents /ŋ/. It is used in the name of the Bengali language বাংলা [baŋla]. It has merged in pronunciation with the letter ঙ ungô in Bengali. Although the onushshar is a consonant in Bengali phonology, it is nevertheless treated in the written system as a diacritic in that it is always directly adjacent to the preceding consonant, even when consonants are spaced, apart in titles or banners: বাং-লা-দে-শ bang-la-de-sh, not বা-ং-লা-দে-শ ba-ng-la-de-sh for বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh It is never pronounced with the inherent vowel "ô", and it cannot take a vowel sign (instead, the consonant ঙ ungô is used pre-vocalically).

Devanagari script, anusvara is represented with a dot (bindu) above the letter (e.g. मं).
William H. Gass

**William Howard Gass** (July 30, 1924 – December 6, 2017) was an American novelist, critic and philosophy professor. He wrote three books, ''Omensetter's Luck* (1966), *The Tunnel* (1995) and *Middle C'' (2013). He also wrote three collections of short stories, a collection of novellas and seven volumes of essays. He won many awards.

Gass was born in Fargo, North Dakota. He grew up in Warren, Ohio. 

## Personal life
He was married to architect Mary Henderson. They had twin daughters.

Gass died on December 6, 2017 of heart failure in University City, Missouri, at the age of 93.

## References
Ivan Korsak

**Ivan Feodosiyovych Korsak** (; 15 September 1946 – 7 December 2017) was a Ukrainian writer and journalist. He was best known as chief editor of the newspaper *Simya i Dim*. He was also worked at newspapers such as ''Radyans'ke Polissya*, *Narodna trybuna* and *Literary Ukraine''. He was born in Zabolottya, Volyn Oblast.

Korsak died on 7 December 2017 in Lutsk, Volyn Oblast, at the age of 71.

## References
Philippe Maystadt

**Philippe M.P.J. Maystadt** (14 March 1948 – 7 December 2017) was a Belgian politician. He served as Belgium's Minister of Finance from 1988 to 1998. He was also President of the European Investment Bank from 2000 to 2011. He was born in Verviers, Liège.

He also served as a federal and regional (Walloon) parliamentarian. Besides his political activities he was a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain. 

Maystadt died of lung disease on 7 December 2017, at the age of 69.

## References
PSL Research University

The **PSL Research University** (**PSL**) is a public university in Paris, France. PSL has ten members. The university also has six research departments. Called a mega-university, their goal is to reach the same level of excellence as MIT, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities. It is a center for scientific and technological research. PSL students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards. The university has been started in 2010. It is one of the most selective universities. The most popular major is engineering.

## References
## Other websites
* PSL, official web site
Stephen Wiltshire

]]
**Stephen Wiltshire**  (born 24 April 1974) is a British architectural artist. He is known for being able to draw from memory a landscape after seeing it just once. His work has gained worldwide popularity. In 2006, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to art. He opened a gallery on the Royal Opera Arcade in London in 2007.

He is known to take helicopter trips around cities and drawing them from memory. 

Wiltshire was born in London, England. His father was from Barbados. His mother is from Saint Lucia. He has autism.

## References
Mirza

**Mirza** ( or ; ) is a title and name of Persian origin. It is used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage.    

It is derived from a historical  Title role of Persian origin (Mīrzā), denoting the rank of a royal  prince , high nobleman , or a military commander equivalent to a nobleman. It is usually defined in English as Prince of the blood.

Specifically, it was used as a title by and today signifies patriarchal lineage to the various Persian Empires, the Ottoman Empire, the Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the Caucasus, Mughal Empire or Muslim Rajputs of the Indian Subcontinent.[2] It was also a title bestowed upon members of the highest aristocracies in Tatar states, such as the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.

## Etymology 
The word Mīrzā is derived from the Persian term ‘Amīrzāde which literally means "Son of the Amīr" or "child of the ruler".[3] ‘Amīrzād in turn consists of the Arabic title ‘Amīr (english: Emir), meaning "commander" and "Prince", and the Persian suffix -zād, meaning "birth" or "lineage". Due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages, the alternative pronunciation Mortar (weapon) (plural morzalar; derived from the Persian word) is also used. The word Mirza means royalty in almost every old version of Persian, Arab, Caucasian, Turkish and Indian languages.

Variant spellings in English include mirzya, miriza, mirize, mirze, morsey, mursay, murse, meirsa, mirzey, mursi, murze, murza, mirza, myrza, meerza .

## Royal title 
The titles themselves were given by the King, Sultan and Emperor (equivalent to the western Fount of honour) to their sons and grandsons, or even distant kins. Noblemen loyal to the kings also received this Title.
The title itself is derived from the title Emir. Emir, meaning "commander" or "Prince", is derived from the Semitic root "Amr", meaning "command". Originally it simply meant "commander" or "leader", usually in reference to a group of people. It came to be used as a title of governors or rulers, typically in smaller states, and usually renders the English word "Prince." The word entered English in 1595, from the French émir. It is also used in Pakistan and North India by *Muslim Rajputs*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "Mirza Definition". Collins Dictionary. n.d
* mirza. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition.
Edward Fox

**Edward Charles Morice Fox** (born 13 April 1937) is an English actor. His brother is actor James Fox.

Fox played the part of the professional assassin, known only as the "Jackal", who is hired to assassinate the French President Charles de Gaulle in the summer of 1963, in the movie *The Day of the Jackal* (1973). He played Edward VIII in the British television drama series *Edward & Mrs. Simpson* (1978).

## References
## Other websites
*
Chop Suey!

"**Chop Suey!**" is the first single off of American rock band System of a Down's second studio album *Toxicity*. The song was released on August 13, 2001.

The song was able to make it to #7 on the Alternative Airplay, #12 on the Mainstream Rock, and #76 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 charts. The song was certified Platinum by both the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI) and British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It was also certified 5× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards but lost to Tool's "Schism". The song has over 1 billion streams on Spotify.

During an interview, guitarist Daron Malakian explained the meaning of the song: "The song is about how we are regarded differently depending on how we pass. Everyone deserves to die. Like, if I were now to die from drug abuse, they might say I deserved it because I abused dangerous drugs. Hence the line, 'I cry when angels deserve to die.'"

A music video for the song was released. It was directed by Marcos Siega. In the video, the band plays in from of a crowd in the parking lot of a motel. Serj is also seen eating chop suey while sitting with fans. Different editing techniques are used in the video to make it look like the band members are going through each other when performing.  The music video has over one billion views on YouTube.

Rapper Lil Uzi Vert covered the song for their third studio album *Pink Tape*. The cover got mixed reviews but Serj said he approved of it.

## References
## Other websites
*
Advent calendar

behind the 24th door.]]
An **Advent calendar **is a special calendar that counts the days to Christmas through the month of December. Most of them start on the first day of December, but sometimes they include the last few days of November because of the Christian advent. The advent calendar was used first by German Lutherans from 1800 to 1900, but now many Christians use them.

## Looks and use 
 riding his sleigh]]

Advent calendars have pictures on them that show either the Christian nativity scene, Santa Claus, or a winter landscape. However, there are also many different looks, such as sports or technology. They can either be made of paper, wood or fabric.

Many Advent calendars have large cards shaped like a rectangle, with little "windows" that can be opened. There are usually 24 windows on a card, one for each day from December 1 to the day before Christmas. Each window has a number, and you open one each day. For example, on December 16, you would open the window with a '16' on it. 

There are sometimes pictures, poems, or even chocolate behind each window. Other calendars have Bible verses or a prayer behind the windows, which Christians use to celebrate their Advent as part of their religion. Advent calendars can also have puzzles or games behind the windows.

There are many different kinds of Advent calendars. Some are made online on social media, and some towns have made living advent calendars.

## Related pages
* Advent
* Christmas
* Santa Claus

## References 
## Other websites 
*
August Ames

**August Ames** (born **Mercedes Grabowski**; August 23, 1994 &ndash; December 5, 2017) was a Canadian-American pornographic actress and model. She was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. She appeared in almost 290 movies. She won two AVN Awards in 2015 and in 2017, and is nominated for one in 2018.

## Early life
Ames was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. She was raised in Colorado Springs, Colorado during her teenage years. In her early years, she worked as a nanny, animal-assisted aid and horseback trainer.

Some of her best known works were *Safe Landings*, *8Oil Overload*, ''Don't Tell Hubby*, *10 Missing*, *Spandex Loads*, *Dirty Talk*, *Big Wet Breasts*, *Naturally Delicious*, *Flesh Hunter*, *Raw Talent 3* and *Titty Attack 8''. Ames, herself a bisexual, was criticized by people accusing her of homophobia.

On December 5, 2017, Ames was found dead at her home in Camarillo, California after hanging herself at the age of 23. Her husband confirmed her death. She suffered from depression during her final years.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Me Too movement

*(pictured)* was said to have raped, sexually harassed and threatened women in October 2017, the movement began in support of the victims of sexual abuse and harassment worldwide and made popular by actress Alyssa Milano]]

"**Me Too**" (or "**#MeToo**", with local alternatives in other languages) is a viral two-word  used on social media in October 2017 to reject sexual assault and harassment, after sexual misconduct  against movie producer and executive Harvey Weinstein. 

The phrase “Me Too” was first used with this meaning in 2006 by social activist Tarana Burke and later popularized in 2017 by actress Alyssa Milano, who encouraged women to tweet it and share their experiences with misogynistic behavior. In the manosphere, some people described the Me Too movement as misandric.

Since then, millions of people have used the hashtag to come forward with their experiences, including many celebrities.

## Impact
Tens of thousands of women replied to Milano's tweet, including:

*Patricia Arquette
*Thora Birch
*Björk
*Gretchen Carlson
*Viola Davis
*Rosario Dawson
*America Ferrera
*Lady Gaga
*Monica Lewinsky
*Melanie Lynskey
*Debra Messing
*Anna Paquin
*Jenny Slate
*Jessica Valenti
*Evan Rachel Wood

Some men, such as actors Terry Crews and James Van Der Beek, have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse.

On November 16, 2017, US Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York specifically referred to "the 'Me Too' Movement" when asked about allegations of sexual misconduct by politicians such as President Donald Trump, former President Bill Clinton, Senator Al Franken of Minnesota, and Roy Moore.

The hashtag has been used in at least 85 countries.

## Related pages
* Operation Yewtree

## References
## Other websites
**Me too Movement * movement website