open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Doris Singleton

**Doris Singleton** (**Dorthea Singleton**; September 28, 1919 – June 26, 2012) was an American movie and television actress. She was best known for her role as Carolyn Appleby in *I Love Lucy*. Her career lasted for 31 years until her retirement in 1986. 

Singleton was born in New York City, New York on September 28, 1919. Singleton was married to Charles Issacs from 1941 until his death in 2002. They had no children. 

Singleton died on June 26, 2012 in her home in Los Angeles, California from natural causes. She was 92 years old.

## Movies
* *Affair in Reno* (1957)
* *Voice in the Mirror* (1958)
* *Amelia Earhart* (1976)
* *Deadly Messages* (1985)

## References
## Other websites
*
Nanny McPhee

***Nanny McPhee*** is a 2005 British fantasy movie. It was directed by Kirk Jones. The stars of Nanny McPhee are Emma Thompson and Colin Firth. Thompson also wrote the script for the movie. The script is based on Christianna Brand's Nurse Matilda books.

## Plot 
*Nanny McPhee* is about a nanny called who had magic, and used it to help naughty children be good. The family in this movie has seven children, and all of them are naughty. Nanny McPhee taught them 5 lessons. The first lesson was to ‘sleep when they should sleep’. The second was to ‘get up when they are told’, the third lesson was ‘to get dress when they are told’, the fourth lesson was ‘to listen’ and the fifth and final lesson was to ‘completely obey parents' commands’.
Cedric Brown (Colin Firth)'s wife died, leaving behind seven children. Cedric was very busy at work and he had to take care of his children when he went home. Therefore, Cedric had already found 16 nannies. However, none could cope with the children. 

A woman who looked extremely ugly appeared on his doorstep. The woman told Cedric that her name is Nanny

McPhee, and she would like to be the children's nanny. McPhee had magical powers. The children become nicer day by day, and Cedric's situation is improved a lot.

## Cast
* Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee
* Colin Firth as Cedric Brown
* Kelly Macdonald as Evangeline
* Angela Lansbury as Great Aunt Adelaide
* Celia Imrie as Mrs. Selma Quickly
* Imelda Staunton as Mrs. Blatherwick
* Derek Jacobi as Mr. Wheen
* Patrick Barlow as Mr. Jowls
* Thomas Sangster as Simon Brown
* Eliza Bennett as Tora Brown
* Jennifer Rae Daykin as Lily Brown
* Raphaël Coleman as Eric Brown
* Samuel Honywood as Sebastian Brown
* Holly Gibbs as Christianna Brown
* Hebe and Zinnia Barnes as Agatha (Aggie) Brown

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Jerry Van Dyke

**Jerry McCord Van Dyke** (July 27, 1931 – January 5, 2018) was an American actor and comedian. He performed in many television sitcoms and Big Lots commercials. His comedic acting goes back to the 1960s. He was the younger brother of Dick Van Dyke.

## Early life
Van Dyke was born **Jerry McCord Van Dyke** on July 27, 1931 in Danville, Illinois. His parents were Loren (nicknamed "Cookie") and Hazel (née McCord) Van Dyke. He was of Dutch ancestry on his father's side and of English and Scottish ancestry on his mother's side. His mother is a *Mayflower* descendant.

## Death
On January 5, 2018, Van Dyke died of heart failure at his ranch in Malvern, Arkansas at the age of 86. He had been in declining health since being involved a car accident two years earlier. 

## References
Greg Kinnear

**Gregory "Greg" Kinnear** (born June 17, 1963) is an American actor. He starred in over twenty movies, and was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in *As Good as It Gets*. Other movies including *Sabrina*, ''You've Got Mail*, *Nurse Betty*, *We Were Soldiers*, *Little Miss Sunshine*, *Invincible*, and *Green Zone*. His television roles include *Friends*, and his Emmy Award nominated roles for *Soup*, *The Kennedys* and *Modern Family''.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kristen Bell

**Kristen Anne Bell** (born July 18, 1980) is an American actress. She stared in *Forgetting Sarah Marshall*, *Veronica Mars*, *When in Rome*, *Spartan*, *Gossip Girl*, *Polish Wedding*, and in the 2012 comedy *Hit and Run*.  She was nominated for a Golden Globe and the Critic's Choice Award for *The Good Place*.

## Early life
She was born in Huntington Woods, Michigan. Her parents divorced when she was two, and she has two older stepsisters from her father's second marriage. She also has two younger half-sisters and two younger half-brothers from her mother's second marriage.

## Marriage
She began dating Dax Shepard in 2007. They became engaged in January 2010 and married on October 17, 2013.  They have 3 children: Lincoln Bell Shepard (born March 28, 2013), Delta Bell Shepard (born December, 2014) and Simon Kenneth Shepard  (born January 24, 2018).

## References
## Other websites
*
* 
* 
*
Kazutaka Komori

was a Japanese political activist and murderer. In 1960, Komori stabbed the wife of a businessman and killed her 60-year-old maid. He wanted to kill the publisher of a fictional story about the Japanese Imperial family. Instead, he killed the man's wife and a servant.

Komori thought the publisher of the story showed disrespect for the Imperial House of Japan. 

## Related pages 
* Otoya Yamaguchi
* John Wilkes Booth
* Gavrilo Princip
* Lee Harvey Oswald
* Osama bin Laden
* Kim Gu

## References
Blake Edwards

**Blake Edwards** (July 26, 1922 – December 15, 2010) was an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor.

## Early life
Born **William Blake Crump** in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His grandfather was J. Gordon Edwards, a director of silent movies, and his stepfather, Jack McEdwards, became a film production manager after moving his family to Los Angeles in 1925. He was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

## Career
Edwards' career began in the 1940s as an actor, but he soon turned to writing radio scripts at Columbia Pictures. He would later begin to write or direct movie such as; *Experiment in Terror*, *The Great Race*, and the hugely successful *The Pink Panther* movie series with the British comedian Peter Sellers. Often thought of as primarily a director of comedies, he also directed drama movies such as; ''Breakfast at Tiffany's* and *Days of Wine and Roses''. His greatest successes, however, were his comedies, and most of his movies were either musicals, dramas, comedies, or horror.

## Personal life
Edwards was married to Patricia Walker from 1953 unti they divorced in 1967. Lastly he married Julie Andrews from 1969 until his death in 2010. He had 3 daughters and 1 son. He lived in Los Angeles, California.

## Death
Edwards died on December 15, 2010 from pneumonia in a hospital in Santa Monica, California, he was 88 years old.

### Honors
In 2004, he received an Honorary Academy Award.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Alon Abutbul

**Alon Moni Abutbul** (May 28, 1965 – July 29, 2025) was an Israeli movie and television actor. Abutbul is known for his role as Dr. Leonid Pavel in  Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie *The Dark Knight Rises*. 

In 2005, he was voted the 158th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website *Ynet* to determine who the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis. Abutbul has appeared in more than 50 years and have a career of 33 years. 

## Personal life
Abutbul was born in Kiryat, Israel on May 28, 1965. He was married to Shir Bilya. They had four children together.

On 29 July 2025, Abutbul died after collapsing at a beach near HaBonim, Israel after swimming at the age of 60.

## Movies
**London Has Fallen* (2016)
**The Dark Knight Rises* (2012)
**Body of Lies* (2008)
**Out of the Blue* (2008)
**Shiva* (2008)
**Rak Klavim Ratzim Hofshi* (2007)
**Noodle* (2007)
**Beaufort* (2007)
**The Belly Dancer* (2005)
**Munich* (2005)
*''Nina's Tragedies* (2003)
**The Order* (2001)
**A Five Minutes Walk* (2001)
**Mars Turkey* (2001)
**Ahava Mimabat Sheni* (1999)
**Egoz* (1999)
**Gentila* (1998)
**Mazal dagim* (1998)
**Im Hukim* (1998)
**Itha L'Netza* (1997)
**A Speck on the Eyelash* (1997)
**Campaign* (1997)
**Marco Polo: The Missing Chapter* (1996)
**Ha-Khetzi HaSheni* (1996)
**Leylasede* (1995)
**Wasserman – Der singende Hund* (1995)
**Ha-Kochav Hakachol* (1995)
**Deadly Heroes* (1993)
**Ha-Yerusha* (1993)
**Roked Al Hahof* (1992)
**Killing Streets* (1991)
**Streets of Yesterday* (1989)
**Ha-Kluv* (1989)
**Ehad Mishelanu* (1989)
**Rambo III* (1988)
**Makom L'Yad Hayam* (1988)
**Photo Roman* (1987)
**Every Time We Say Goodbye* (1986)
**Shtei Etzbaot Mi'Tzidon* (1986)
**Ha-Krav Al HaVa'ad* (1986)
**Kol Ahuvatai* (1986)
**Malkat Hakitah* (1986)
**51 Bar* (1985)
**Hapnimiyah* (1983)
**Kohav Hashahar'' (1980)
 

## References
## Other websites
*
Shiogama Shrine

is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiogama, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

## History
The shrine was established in the ninth century. *Shiogama jinja* was one of two the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) for the Mutsu Province.  When Miyagi Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture were create in the Meiji period, the shrine continued to be the *ichinomiya* for the same area.

## References
## Other websites
*  Shiogama Jinja homepage
*  Guide to the Cultural Properties of Shiogama City 
*  Introduction to Shiogama Jinja
Herbert Lom

**Herbert Lom** (**Herbert Karel Angelo Kuchačevič ze Schluderpacheru**, September 11, 1917 – September 27, 2012) was a Czech-English movie, stage, and television actor who was based London, England in the United Kingdom since 1939 until his retirement in 2009.

In a career lasting more than 60 years he appeared in character roles, usually playing villains early in his career and professional men in later years. He is best known for his role as (former) Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus in the *Pink Panther* movie series. Lom retired in 2009.

Lom was born in Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic) on September 11, 1917 to Karl ze Schluderpacheru and to Olga (née Gottlieb). He was raised in London, England. Lom was married three times. He was married to Dina Shea from 1948 until they divorced in 1971. Lom had three children. Lom was friends with actor Peter Sellers.

Lom died on September 27, 2012 in his sleep in his London, England home from natural causes, just 16 days after his 95th birthday. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Stephen J. Cannell

**Stephen Joseph Cannell** (February 5, 1941 &ndash; September 30, 2010) was an American television producer, writer, author, and occasional actor, and the founder of Stephen J. Cannell Productions. Cannell is known for creating the popular show *The A-Team*. 

Cannell was born in Los Angeles, California. He was educated at the University of Oregon and at Sigma Chi. Cannell was married to Marcia Cannell from 1964 until his death in 2010, they had 4 children (one of whom died). Cannell died on September 30, 2010 from skin cancer in his Pasadena, California home, he was 69 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*Stephen J. Cannell At Find A Grave
Dax Shepard

**Dax Randall Shepard** (born January 2, 1975) is an American actor, writer and director. He is also known for his role as Tom Marshall in *Without a Paddle*.

## Personal life
Shepard started dating actress Kristen Bell in 2007. Their daughter, Lincoln Bell Shepard, was born on March 28, 2013. Dax and Bell married on October 17, 2013. Their second daughter, Delta Bell Shepard, was born on December 19, 2014.

## Filmography 
### Film 
### Television 
## References
## Other websites
*
August Ludwig von Schlözer

**August Ludwig von Schlözer** (5 July 1735 — 9 September 1809) was a German historian. He made many important contributions to the study of the Universal History, and particularly, the History of Russia.

In 1804, Schlözer was ennobled and elected privy councilor by the Russian Tsar Alexander I of Russia

His outlook about the universal history influenced historians as Nikolai Karamzin.

## Other websites 
* Biography of August Ludwig von Schlözer
Art Carney

**Arthur William Matthew “Art” Carney** (November 4, 1918 – November 9, 2003) was an American actor in movies, stage, television and radio. He is best known for playing Ed Norton, alongside with Jackie Gleason's Ralph Kramden in the situation comedy *The Honeymooners*, and for winning the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in *Harry and Tonto*.

Carney was born on November 4, 1918 in Mount Vernon, New York. Carney was married three times; first to Jean Myers from 1940 until they divorced in 1965. Second, he was married to Barbara Isaac from 1966 until they divorced in 1977. Last, he was remarried to Jean Myers from 1980 until his death in 2003. Carney had three children with Myers.

Carney died on November 9, 2003 in Chester, Connecticut from natural causes. He was 85 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
George Lopez

**George Edward Lopez** (born April 23, 1961) is an American comedian, actor, and talk show host. He is mostly known for starring in his self-produced ABC sitcom *George Lopez*.

His stand-up comedy examines race and ethnic relations, Indigenous Hispanic American culture. He was the host of the late-night talk show *Lopez Tonight* on TBS until its cancellation on August 12, 2011.

## Personal life
Lopez was born in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California. Lopez was married to Ann Serrano from 1993 until they divorced in 2011, and had one child. Is of Mestizo-Mexican heritage.

## Political views
On December 21, 2010, Lopez announced on *Good Day L.A.* that he would run for mayor of Los Angeles in the upcoming years.

In an interview with Piers Morgan, Lopez stated that if Sarah Palin ever becomes the President of the United States, he would emigrate to Canada. In December 2015, Lopez announced his support for Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
David Morris

**David Cedric Morris** (11 September 1924 – 29 October 2007) was an English painter and actor. He is best known for his role as Grandpa George in Tim Burton's *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* (2005). His career as a professional actor started at the age of 79.

Morris was born in Folkestone, Kent. He was educated at the University of Oxford. Morris was married to Olwen Goowin from 1957 until his death in 2007. They had four children.

Morris died on Ocotber 29, 2007 from a heart attack in his home in Watford, Hertfordshire. He was 83 years old.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
*
Jackie Gleason

**Jackie Gleason** (**John Herbert Gleason**; February 26, 1916 – June 24, 1987) was an American comedian, actor, and musician. 

## Career 
He was known for his role as Ralph Kramden on *The Honeymooners*. Among his most noted movies roles were as Minnesota Fats in the drama movie *The Hustler* (1961) starring Paul Newman, and as Buford T. Justice in *the Smokey and the Bandit movie series*. Gleason's career would span for nearly 41 years until his retirement in 1986.

## Personal life 
Gleason was born on February 26, 1916 in Brooklyn, New York City. 

Gleason was married three times; first to Genevieve Halford from 1936 until they divorced in 1970. Secondly he married Beverly McKittrick from 1970 until they divorced in 1975. Lastly he married 1975 until his death in 1987.

Gleason died on June 24, 1987 in his Lauderhill, Florida home from colon cancer, he was 71 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Mikhail Lomonosov

**Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov** (&nbsp;– ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer.  Lomonosov made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries was the atmosphere of Venus.
As a scientist, he contributed to the fields of chemistry including principle of conservation of mass, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology and optics, amongst others. Lomonosov was also a poet, and influenced the development of the modern Russian literary language.
4D movie

A **4D movie** is a combination of a 3D movie with things like smell and touch (physical effects).  These effects happen at the same time the movie is running. (Note: 4D movies are not geometrically 4-dimensional.) Because these physical effects can cost a lot of money, 4D movies are usually shown only at special places, like theme parks and amusement parks.  However, in Thailand, Mexico, Hong Kong, Nepal, South Korea, India and the U.S., some movie theatres can also show 4D movies. The movie *Avatar* was one of 10 movies that have been changed to 4D. The first was *Journey to the Center of the Earth*.
Some of the effects used in 4D movies include rain, wind, strobe lights, and vibration. Water sprays and air jets are also often used. A 4D movie is not shown in a motion simulator. However, during a 4D movie, some seats may vibrate or move a few inches during the movie.

## Examples of 4D movies 
## References
Yodohime Shrine

, also known as the **Kawakami jinja**, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Saga, Saga Prefecture.

## History
*Yodohime jinja* was founded in the sixth century. It enshrines the *kami* of the grandmother of Emperor Jimmu.

It was one of two chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Hizen Province and Saga Prefecture.

## References
## Other websites
* Yodohime jinja website
Glow in the dark

**Glow-in-the-dark** could mean:
* Bioluminescence, when light is made and given off by a living thing
* Chemiluminescence, when light is made and given off by a chemical reaction
Melissa & Joey

***Melissa & Joey*** is an ABC Family television series. It stars Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence. It first aired on ABC Family on August 17, 2010. The show follows local politician Mel Burke (Melissa Joan Hart) and Joe Longo (Joey Lawrence). Mel hires him to take care of her niece and nephew after a Ponzi scheme leaves him broke.

The show has been renewed by ABC Family for a second season of fifteen episodes. They began airing on May 30, 2012. The show is ranked number one on Cable TV's telecast at 8 o'clock for people ages 18–34, 18-49 and 12-34. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season. It premiered in Spring 2013. The fourth series begins in October 2014.

On May 24, 2011, *Shout! Factory* released *Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part One* on DVD in Region 1. It includes special features and a sneak peek of the rest of season one episodes, bloopers and interviews with the cast. On October 4, 2011, *Shout! Factory* released *Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part Two* on DVD in Region 1. It included the rest of the episodes of the first season in a 2-disc set.

## Plot 
Mel Burke (Melissa Joan Hart) lives in Toledo, Ohio. She is a politician there. Her sister and brother-in-law ran a Ponzi scheme. The sister is in prison and the brother-in-law is on the run. This leaves her niece Lennox and her nephew Ryder without their parents to take care of them. Mel takes them into her home. However, Joe Longo (Joey Lawrence) used to work for Mel's brother-in-law and lost everything he had including his car, money, house and his wife who left him. He tries to find a job. Mel finds it hard to handle her own life including parenting her niece and nephew. She hires Joe to become the family's new male nanny, or "manny".

## Episodes 

## Ratings 
## International release 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Culiacán

**Culiacán** () is the capital of Sinaloa. With 675,773 people, it is the largest city in the state of Sinaloa. The municipality has a total area of .
Zapopan

**Zapopan** () is a city and municipality in Jalisco, Mexico. It is part of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area.
Guayaquil

**Guayaquil** (), officially **Santiago de Guayaquil** (), is the largest city in Ecuador.  It has about 3.5 million in the metropolitan area. It is also the nation's main port. The city is the capital of both the Guayas Province and the Guayaquil Canton.

## Other websites
Crash of the Titans

***Crash of the Titans*** is a video game. It was published by Sierra Entertainment. It was developed by Radical Entertainment for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii and Xbox 360. The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions of the game were developed by Amaze Entertainment. The game was first released in North America on October 3, 2007, in Europe on October 12, 2007 and in Australia on October 25, 2007. It is the first game in the *Crash Bandicoot* series not to have a Japanese release.

*Crash of the Titans* is the fourteenth *Crash Bandicoot* video game. It is the first "Mutant" Crash game. The game's story is about the discovery of a substance known as "Mojo". The main antagonist of the series, Doctor Neo Cortex, plans to use this and turn the  of the Wumpa islands into an army of loyal mutants known as "Titans". The protagonist of the game, Crash Bandicoot, must stop Cortex by using the technique of "jacking". He does this to take control and destroy Cortex's Titans.

The game was given a mixed review by video game critics. Critics did not like that the game was very short. They did, however, liked the variety in the game. However, *Crash of the Titans* was nominated for two awards.

## References 
## Other websites 
**Crash of the Titans* official website
Toluca Municipality

**Toluca**,  is one of the 125 municipalities of the State of Mexico in Mexico, is also a capital city of the state and its surrounding municipality. The seat of the municipality is Toluca city.

The population of the municipality is 910,608 people. 

## History
The first City Hall Council was established on December 13, 1812; the municipality was formed on December 1814.

The Local Congress declared Toluca the Capital of the State of Mexico on 1830.

## Geography
Toluca Municipality is located in the central area of the State of Mexico, 66 km away from Mexico City and therefore within the northern hemisphere at 19⁰ 04' north latitude and 99°31′ west longitude of the Greenwich meridian. Toluca city is the municipal seat.

To the north of Toluca are Almoloya de Juárez, Temoaya and Otzolotepec. To  the east of Toluca are Metepec, Lerma and Calimaya. To the south of Toluca are Tenango del Valle and Coatepec Harinas. To the west of Toluca is Zinacantepec.

Its territorial extension according to the IGECEM is 426.86 square kilometers (km2), corresponding to 1.90% of the state's surface. For the fulfillment of its political and administrative functions, the Municipal Ordinance 2022 indicates that the municipality has 85 territorial constituencies divided into 48 delegations, 37 subdelegations and 281 basic territorial units.

### Protected areas
* Nevado de Toluca

## Government 
## Demography 
## References
## Other websites
Robert Earl Jones

**Robert Earl Jones** (February 3, c. 1910 – September 7, 2006) was an American actor. One of the movies he was in the 1973 movie *The Sting*. He also was in the 1984 movie *The Cotton Club* and the 1983 movie *Trading Places*. His year of birth is reported as between 1900 and 1911. The most often is 1910 He died in Englewood New Jersey of natural causes.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

***Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex*** (***Crash Bandicoot: The Rise of the Demon Kings*** in Korean) is a video game. It was published by Universal Interactive Studios along with Konami. It was developed by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube video game consoles. The PlayStation 2 version was released in North America on October 29, 2001, in Europe on November 23, 2001 and in Japan on December 20, 2001. 

## Other websites 
*Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex (PS2) **|** (Xbox) **|** (NGC) at GameSpot.com
Crash Twinsanity

***Crash Twinsanity*** is a video game. It was published by Vivendi Universal Games. It was developed by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 2 and the Xbox. It was released in North America on October 1, 2004, in Europe on October 8, 2004 and in Japan on December 9, 2004. A Nintendo GameCube version was planned but it was later canceled.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Crash Boom Bang!

is a party game developed by Dimps. It was published by Sierra Entertainment (Vivendi Universal Games for Japan) for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on July 20, 2006, in North America on October 10, 2006, in Europe on October 27, 2006, and in Australia on November 2, 2006. It is the first and only game in the *Crash Bandicoot* series to be developed by a Japanese company.  

*Crash Boom Bang!* is the first *Crash* game to be released for the Nintendo DS, and the second party game of the series, after *Crash Bash*. The game's story centers on a multi-millionaire who uses the characters of the series to unearth a powerful object dubbed the "Super Big Power Crystal". The game was met with largely negative reviews for having unoriginal, dull gameplay and poor controls.

## References
## Other websites
*The Official *Crash Boom Bang!* website
Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure

***Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure***, released in Europe as ***Crash Bandicoot XS*** and in Japan as ***Crash Bandicoot Advance***, is a video game published by Universal Interactive Studios (Konami in Japan). It was developed by Vicarious Visions for the Game Boy Advance. It was released in North America on February 25, 2002, in Europe on March 15, 2002 and in Japan on July 18, 2002.

## References
## Other websites
**Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure* at GameFAQs
Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage and Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy

'''''Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage*** and ***Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy*** are two video games published by Vivendi Universal Games. They were developed by Vicarious Visions for the Game Boy Advance. They were released in North America on June 3, 2004, in Europe on June 25, 2004 (under the names ***Crash Fusion*** and ***Spyro Fusion***) and in Japan on December 9, 2004 (under the names: ***Crash Bandicoot Advance Wakuwaku Tomodachi Daisakusen!*** and ***Spyro Advance Wakuwaku Tomodachi Daisakusen!'''*). This was the last *Spyro* game to be released in Japan. 

*Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage* is the tenth *Crash Bandicoot* video game. *Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy* is the eighth *Spyro'' video game.

## References
Crash Tag Team Racing

***Crash Tag Team Racing*** is a racing video game published by Sierra Entertainment. It was developed by Radical Entertainment for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox and PlayStation Portable. A Nintendo DS version was cancelled. The reason for this is unknown. The game was released in North America on October 19, 2005 and in Europe on November 4, 2005.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official *Crash Tag Team Racing* website 
*
National Party of South Africa

**National Party of South Africa** was an Afrikaner dominated white South African nationalist political party that controlled the South African government from 1948 to 1994.

## History
### Founding
It was founded in 1914 by J.B.M. Hertzog as a result of disagreements between him and the leaders of the South African Party, which he then was a member of. 

### Cold War
In 1948, its leader Daniel Francois Malan became the Prime Minister of South Africa, and the party began imposing the apartheid within South Africa. However, the apartheid was only one among a variety of issues that helped bring the National Party to power. Most people who voted for the National Party in 1948 were voting more against the previous United Party led by Jan Smuts than for Malan's National Party. 

The reasons are said to be Smuts's support of the United Kingdom in the Second World War and other issues that had irritated Afrikaner voters, such as the poverty of Afrikaners, competition from native Africans for jobs,  urbanization of Afrikaner towns and the threat of communism for which many Afrikaner voters blamed Smuts. 

South African President F.W. de Klerk, the last South African government leader to belong to the party, disbanded apartheid in the early 1990s and allowed all adults of all races to vote for the first time in 1994, which resulted in the National Party being voted out of office.

## References
Sophie B. Hawkins

**Sophie Ballantine Hawkins** (born November 1, 1964 near Manhattan, New York) is an American singer-songwriter and recording artist. She has had many hit records and songs. In particular, she is well known for the single "Damn I Wish I was Your Lover".

## Discography 
* *Tongues and Tails* (1992)
* *Whaler* (1994)
* *Timbre* (1999)
* *Wilderness* (2004)
* *The Crossing* (2012)
* *Free Myself* (2023)
Kristen Wiig

**Kristen Wiig** (; born August 22, 1973) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for acting on the NBC television comedy *Saturday Night Live*. She also acted in many movies, including *Bridesmaids*, *Adventureland*, *Paul*, and in the *Despicable Me* franchise.

In 2018, Wiig was cast as the villain Cheetah in the 2019 DC Extended Universe movie *Wonder Woman 1984*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Arena

in Provo, Utah, is home to the BYU Cougars' men's and women's basketball teams.]]
An **arena** is a circular or oval shaped public space. It is  to a theater, a concert or sporting events. It is made up of a large open space surrounded on all sides by seats or benches for people to sit. The main feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point. This allows everyone to see what's going on. Sometimes, an arena is created to have a very large number of people, such as New York City's Madison Square Garden or Pasadena's Rose Bowl. In the United States, the term 'arena', sometimes means an indoor stadium.

## References
Arena (disambiguation)

An **arena** is a type of stadium or venue.

**Arena** may also refer to:

## Sports 
*Arena Football League
*Arena football
*Arena da Baixada

## Music 
*Arena rock

## Places 
*Arena, Wisconsin

## Other 
*Arena (web browser)
Gary Barlow

**Gary Barlow**  (born 20 January 1971) is an English singer-songwriter, pianist, and record producer. He is the frontman, lead singer, and main songwriter of the boy band Take That.

## Career 
In 1990, Gary Barlow became a member of the new founded boy band Take That. He is the main songwriter of the band. After the band broke up in 1996, Barlow started a solo career. He released two solo albums, *Open Road* and *Twelve Months, Eleven Days*. He also wrote songs for other singers. Take That reformed in 2005.

Barlow was voted as the best British songwriter of all time in 2009. He was a judge at the TV show *The X Factor* from 2011 until 2013.

Barlow organized the concert for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012. In May 2012, he released the album *Sing* with the Commonwealth Band. The solo album *Since I Saw You Last* was released in November 2013.

## Personal life 
Barlow and his wife Dawn Andrews have three children Daniel, Emily and Daisy. Their fourth child was stillborn in August 2012.

## References
Jeff Foxworthy

**Jeffrey Marshall** "**Jeff**" **Foxworthy** (born September 6, 1958) He is the first child of Jimmy Abstance Foxworthy, an IBM executive, and Carole Linda (Camp) Foxworthy. His parents are of English ancestry. His grandfather, James Marvin Camp, was a fireman in Hapeville for more than 30 years.

## References
Príncipe

**Príncipe** is the northern and smaller of the two major islands of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is in the sea to the west of Africa. It has an area of . Close to 5,000 people live there. The island is a heavily eroded volcano over three million years old. It is surrounded by other smaller islands including Ilheu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Tinhosa Grande and Tinhosa Pequena. Príncipe rises in the south to  at Pico de Príncipe, in a part of the Obo National Park that is covered with trees. The north and centre of the island were formerly plantations, most of them formed by Portuguese colonialists using slave labor. These concentrated initially on producing sugar and later on cocoa, becoming the world's greatest cocoa producer. Since independence these plantations have since largely gone back to being forest. 

Príncipe was the site where Einstein's Theory of Relativity was experimentally proved successful by Arthur Stanley Eddington and his team during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919.

## References
Russ Feingold

**Russell Dana "Russ" Feingold** (born March 2, 1953) is an American politician and lawyer from the state of Wisconsin. He was a member of the Democratic Party of the United States Senate from 1993 to 2011 and a Wisconsin State Senator from 1983 to 1993.

On May 14, 2015 he announced his candidacy for a 2016 U.S. Senate run against the incumbent Senator, Ron Johnson. He was defeated by Johnson in a rematch of their 2010 Senate race.

## References
Judith Light

**Judith Ellen Light** (February 9 1949 in Trenton, New Jersey) is an American stage and television actress who has been featured in multiple soap operas and sitcoms. She acted in sitcoms such as ''Who's the Boss?*, *Ugly Betty* and *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit''.
Chiriku Hachiman-gū

, also known as , is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Miyaki, Saga Prefecture.

## History
Chiriku Hachiman-gū was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Hizen Province.  It is a chief shrine of Saga Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture.

In 1940, the shrine was  in the system of State Shinto.  It was ranked among the most significant shrines or  which included 50 sanctuaries.

## References
## Other websites
* 千栗八幡宮 at Miyaki Sanpo website
Samantha Morton

**Samantha Morton** (born 13 May 1977) is an English actress. She was born in Nottingham. She has been  for many major awards for her acting. She began acting in 1991, although it was 2000 when she received recognition from worldwide. In particular she has been in movies, including *Sweet and Lowdown* (1999) and *Minority Report* (2002).

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Zootaxa

**Zootaxa** is a scientific journal that publishes papers of zoology. It is edited by Magnolia Press (Auckland, New Zealand). The magazine was created by Zhi-Qiang Zhang in 2001 and the magazine is issued every week. 

Zootaxa is indexed by BIOSIS, Zoological Record and the Current Contents Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* BioStor: Zootaxa.
Aso Kujū National Park

is a national park of Japan in Kumamoto Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture.

In part, the park's name comes from Mount Aso, which is the largest active volcano in Japan.  The park is also named for Mount Kujū and the Kujū mountains.

## History
Aso National Park was established in 1934. When the area of the park was made larger in 1986, the park's name became Aso Kujū National Park.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/aso.html ; [http://www.env.go.jp/park/aso/ ]
Ichinomiya

]]
 is a Japanese term for the chief Shinto shrines in each of the pre-modern provinces.

The *ichinomiya* are the shrines with the highest shrine rank in an area. Shrines of the lower rank are called *ninomiya* (二宮, second), *sannomiya* (三宮, third), *shinomiya* (四宮, fourth), and so forth.

## History 
When prefectures were established in the Meiji period, the old system of provincial *ichinomiya* was not changed.  Each new prefecture had one or more ichinomiya.

### ichinomiya 
### Ni-no-Miya 
### San-no-Miya 
### Shi-no-Miya 
### Go-no-Miya 
### Roku-no-Miya 
## See also 
* Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines
* Sōja (Shinto)
* Twenty-Two Shrines

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* National Association of Ichinomiya website
MobyGames

**MobyGames** is an online gaming website for computer and video games. It is also a  site which allows their critics to give their opinion's on any video game. The site has a lot of video game information. Their goal is to be a huge game database and allow users to add information to the website by providing screenshots and adding the names of the people who worked behind a video game.

As of July 17, 2012, the site includes 131 gaming platforms (video game consoles, computers and handheld devices including mobile phones.) They also have more than 67,000 game entries, in 40 years of gaming. GameFly bought the site in 2010.

## References 
## Books 
* Jean Swanson, Dean James, *The Dick Francis Companion*, Berkley Trade; Berkley Pr edition (July 29, 2003), 
* Sheri Graner Ray, *Gender Inclusive Game Design: Expanding The Market (Advances in Computer Graphics and Game Development Series)*, Charles River Media; 1 edition (September 2003), 

## Other websites 
*
John Carter (movie)

***John Carter*** is a 2012 science fiction and action drama movie. It stars Samantha Morton and Willem Dafoe. The director of *John Carter* is Andrew Stanton. This action drama received negative reviews and performed poorly at the US box office, though it did well on international terms.
Amphiuma

***Amphiuma*** is a genus of aquatic salamanders.  They are the only genus still living in the family **Amphiumidae**. They are sometimes called "conger eels" or "congo snakes", which is not correct. Amphiumas have one of the largest amounts of DNA in the living world, around 25 times more than a human.

## Description 
Amphiumas have a long body.  They are generally grey-black in color. They do have legs but they are very small. Amphiumas can be up to  long, their legs are only up to about . It is because of this that they are often mistaken for eels or snakes. They also do not have eyelids or a tongue. 

Female amphiumas lay their eggs in wet mud.  They then stay coiled around them for about five months, until they hatch. The larvae have external gills. After about four months these external gills disappear and the lungs begin to work. 

## Distribution 
Amphiumas live in the southeastern part of the United States. 

In the past they have lived in more areas. Fossils from the Pleistocene time show that they once lived in Europe.

## Behavior 
During the day amphiumas hide in plants.  At night they become active and go hunting. Their prey include frogs, snakes, fish, crustaceans, insects and even other amphiumas. Hunting and eating habits are similar to that of the Axolotl.  They suck food into their stomachs with vacuum force. They can become aggressive. 

## Species 
There are three amphiuma species.  They are different because of the number of toes:
*Three-toed Amphiuma (*Amphiuma tridactylum*)
*Two-toed Amphiuma (*Amphiuma means*)
*One-toed Amphiuma (*Amphiuma pholeter*)

## References
## Other websites
* Tree of Life: Amphiumidae
* amphiumas.org
Leiopelmatidae

__FORCETOC__
**Leiopelmatidae**, or **New Zealand and North American primitive frogs**, is a family belonging to the suborder Archaeobatrachia.  There are only four Leiopelma and two Ascaphus species alive now. Leiopelma are only found in New Zealand. Ascaphus are only found in North America.

## Overview
Leiopelmatidae have an extra vertebrae.  They have the remains of the tail muscles.

When Leiopelmatid jump, they land in a "belly flop".  After landing, Ascaphus skids to a halt before recovering.

They are very small frogs, only  in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or plants. After hatching the tadpoles nest in the male's back.  They do not need standing or flowing water.  Life span may be long at more than 30 years.

## Species
Family **LEIOPELMATIDAE**
* Genus ***Leiopelma***
** Archey's Frog, *Leiopelma archeyi* Turbott, 1942
** Hamilton's Frog, *Leiopelma hamiltoni* McCulloch, 1919
** Hochstetter's Frog, *Leiopelma hochstetteri* Fitzinger, 1861
** Maud Island Frog, *Leiopelma pakeka* Bell, Daugherty & Hay, 1998
* Genus ***Ascaphus***
** Tailed Frog, *Ascaphus truei*
** Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog, *Ascaphus montanus*

### Extinct species
Three extinct species are known by subfossil remains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.
* *†Leiopelma auroraensis*
* *†Leiopelma markhami*
* *†Leiopelma waitomoensis*

Much older fossils, dating back to the Jurassic, have been found in Argentina, such as *Notobatrachus*.

## References
## Other websites
* New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology - research on New Zealand frog biology
Truman Show delusion

'*The *Truman Show* delusion*' is a delusion some people have. It is named after *The Truman Show*, a movie from 1998. In the movie, the main character discovers that he is living in a constructed reality that is shown on television. All people except the main character of the movie are paid actors. People with this disorder have delusions about being followed. The may also think that they are famous. As of 2012, there were over forty reported cases of this delusion, in the U.S and the United Kingdom. 

One of the patients, an upper-middle class Army veteran who wanted to climb the Statue of Liberty in the belief that doing so would release him from the "show", described his condition this way:

I realized that I was and am the center, the focus of attention by millions and millions of people ... My family and everyone I knew were and are actors in a script, a charade whose entire purpose is to make me the focus of the world's attention.

## Truman Syndrome
In the U.K., psychiatrists Paolo Fusar-Poli, Oliver Howes, Lucia Valmaggia and Philip McGuire of the Institute of Psychiatry in London described in the *British Journal of Psychiatry* what they referred to as the "Truman Syndrome":

[A]  belief that the world had changed in some way that other people were aware of, which he interpreted as indicating he was the subject of a film and living in a film set (a ‘fabricated world’). This cluster of symptoms ... is a common presenting complaint in individuals ... who may be in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia.

The authors suggest that the "Truman explanation" is a result of the patients' search for meaning in their perception that the ordinary world has changed in some significant but inexplicable way.

## References
The X Factor

***The X Factor*** is a television music competition franchise made by British producer Simon Cowell and his company Syco Entertainment. It started in the United Kingdom as a replacement for *Pop Idol* (2001–2003). The "X Factor" means "something" that makes for star quality.

The franchise has a YouTube channel, called *X Factor Global*. The channel uploads clips of *X Factor* shows from around the world. The channel currently has over 3 million subscribers. Many individual *X Factor* shows have their own YouTube channels such as *X Factor Latvia*.

## *The X Factor* around the world
There have been a total of 247 winners of *The X Factor* worldwide.

 Franchise that is currently airing Franchise that is not currently airing, but is slated to return in the future Franchise that has ended Franchise that was cancelled during production Franchise whose status is unknown

;Notes

# 
# 

## Notes
## References
Spadefoot toad

**Spadefoot ** is the name of the following toads:
* Scaphiopodidae - American spadefoot toads
* *Pelobates* - European spadefoot toads
* *Notaden* - genus that includes Australian spadefoot
Parsley frog

**Parsley frogs** or Pelodytidae, is a family of order Anura. The family has just one genus, **Pelodytes**. These frogs live in southwestern Europe and the Caucasus. 

Parsley frogs are typical looking frogs.  They are closely related to Spadefoot toads and Megophyrids. The parsley frogs are small, smooth skinned frogs.  They reach a length of . They are one of the few families of frogs which have more known extinct species and genera (two or three) than living species. 
 
## Taxonomy
*Family **Pelodytidae**
**Genus ***Pelodytes***
****Pelodytes caucasicus* – Caucasian parsley frog
****Pelodytes ibericus* – Iberian parsley frog
****Pelodytes punctatus* – Common parsley frog

## References
* 
*
American spadefoot toads

An **American spadefood toad** is one of a family of toads known as **Scaphiopodidae**. They live in North America, in southern Canada and USA south to southern Mexico. Scaphiopodidae is a small family with only seven species.

The American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most digging frogs. They are round, with short legs and eyes that stick out. This frog has a hard growth on their feet which helps them to dig. They dig backwards into the ground.

The American spadefoot toads live on land when not under ground. They are dully coloured, usually a grey or dull green or brown. This is to help in camouflage.

## References
## Other websites
*Scaphiopodidae  at Tree of Life
Notaden

***Notaden*** is a genus of frogs.  They live in central and northern Australia. They are a digging frog.

## Description 
Its body is very round in shape with a short neck.  Its pupils are horizontal slits.  It has long arms and short, stubby legs.  Its fingers do not have webbing and its toes may have little to no webbing.  The skin is slightly warty.  Because it looks like some species of toads it is often incorrectly called a toad.  It lets out a poisonous sticky fluid from its skin when picked up.  It lays eggs in chains like some toad species.

## Species
## Other websites
Mexican burrowing toad

The **Mexican burrowing toad** (*Rhinophrynus dorsalis*) is a frog.  They are the only species in the genus ***Rhinophrynus*** and the family **Rhinophrynidae**. These frogs live from the southern Texas through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They used to live in more places.  There were species going as far north as Canada, but these died out in the Oligocene.

## Physical description
The Mexican Burrowing Toad grows to  in length.  They usually have red spots on its bloated body with a red stripe along the center of its back. It has short legs, and a small, pointed head. Its feet have horny, shovel-like growths that help it in digging. Its eyes are small. The Mexican Burrowing Toad's tongue comes directly out the front of the mouth.  In all other frogs it is flipped out.

## Behavior
As the name suggests, the Mexican Burrowing Toad is a burrowing animal. It spends a large part of its life underground. After a large time of rain, it will come out from the soil and lay eggs in water. They will travel up to  to find a good water source. Because of the unpredictability of rain, the frog will call and mate during any time of the year. It will dig into soft soil with its short legs once the land has dried up. The egg and tadpole stages of the life cycle are short. The eggs take only a few days to hatch. The tadpoles develop over one to three months. 

The call is a loud, low pitched "wh-o-o-o-a". When it is calling or scared, the body becomes inflated. The Mexican Burrowing Toad eats insects, mostly ants and termites.

## References
*
*
Megophryidae

**Megophryidae** are a large family of frogs.  They live in the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalaya foothills  eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and going to the Philippines. There are 70-100 species of frog divided between 12 genera. They are commonly called **megophryids**.

The megophryids are known for their camouflage, especially those that live in forests.  They often look like dead leaves. They even have some skin folds that look like leaf veins.

Megophryids range in size from  to  in length. The adults' tongue is noticeably paddle-shaped. Their tadpoles can be found in a variety of waters, but especially ponds and streams. The tadpoles are very diverse in form because of the variety of habitats they live in.

## Genera
Family **Megophryinidae**
* *Atympanophrys*
* *Borneophrys* - Rough horned frogs Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean & Ohler, 2006 (formerly in *Megophrys*)
* *Brachytarsophrys* &ndash; Karin Hills frogs
* *Leptobrachella* - Borneo frogs
* *Leptobrachium* &ndash; Eastern spadefoot toads
* *Leptolalax* - Asian toads
* *Megophrys* - Asian horned toads
* *Ophryophryne* - Mountain toads
* *Oreolalax*
* *Scutiger* - Cat-eyed toads
* *Vibrissaphora*  - Spiny toads (sometimes included in *Leptobrachium*)
* *Xenophrys*

## References
*  (2004): *Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians* (2nd ed.). Fog City Press. 
*  (2003): Animal Diversity Web &ndash; Megophryidae. Retrieved 2006-MAY-08.