open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Charlemagne Prize

. In the background, other prize winners, including Juan Carlos I, Václav Havel and Simone Veil.]]
The **Charlemagne Prize** () is a famous prize awarded each year. The prize has been awarded since 1950 by the German city of Aachen. It is awarded to persons who have done outstanding work towards the unification of Europe. The award is named after Charlemagne, emperor of the Frankish Empire, and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne lived and was buried in Aachen.

## References
## Other websites
*Charlemagne Prize
Eve (rapper)

**Eve Jihan Jeffers** (born November 10, 1978), better known as **Eve**, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, model and actress. She was the first winner of the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002 for the song "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", with Gwen Stefani. In 2002 her album *Scorpion* was also nominated for Best Rap Album.

## Career
Eve released her first album ''Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady'' in 1999. It went straight to number one in the American album chart. It was the third album by a female rap artist to reach number one in the United States.

In 2001 Eve's second album *Scorpion* was released. It entered the American album chart at number four. Eve won Best Female Hip-Hop Artist at the Black Entertainment Television Awards.

In 2002 Eve's third album, *Eve-Olution*, was released. Two singles were released from the album. The first single "Gangsta Lovin" is a song sung with Alicia Keys. It reached number two in the American singles chart. 

Eve was on the remix of Michael Jackson's 2002 single "Butterflies".
 
In 2003 Eve started acting in a television sitcom called *Eve*. The show was stopped in 2006. There were 66 episodes.

Eve rapped on Gwen Stefani's 2004 single "Rich Girl". It reached number seven in the *Billboard* 100. She rapped on "Never", Keyshia Cole's first single, in 2005.

In 2007 Eve released the single "Tambourine". She also rapped on Kelly Rowland's single "Like This". It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. That year Eve started to make her fourth album.

Eve was in the 2009 documentary *Good Hair*. 

She presented the MTV Africa Music Awards 2010. She rapped on Guy Sebastian's single "Who's That Girl". It reached number one in Australia and New Zealand.

In 2013 Eve's fourth album, *Lip Lock*, was released. The album included appearances from fellow rappers Missy Elliott and Snoop Dogg. On August 23, 2013 Eve started The Lip Lock Tour.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* ''Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady* (1999)
* *Scorpion* (2001)
* *Eve-Olution* (2002)
* *Lip Lock'' (2013)

## References
Mary Wibberley

**Mary Wibberley** ( – 29 December 2013) was an English romantic fiction writer. She wrote over 48 romance novels. Her first novel, *Black Niall*, was published in 1973. 

Wibberley died after a short illness on 29 December 2013. She was aged 79.

## References
Eero Mäntyranta

.]]
**Eero Antero Mäntyranta** (20 November 1937 – 30 December 2013) was a Finnish skier. He has won several medals and the Winter Olympic Games.

Mäntyranta was born in Pello, Finland.

He competed in four Winter Olympics from 1960 to 1972. He won seven medals at the first three of them. This makes him one of the most successful skiers in Finland. His success at the 1964 Winter Olympics earned him the nickname "Mister Seefeld". The Finnish Ministry of Education honored him with the Pro Urheilu letter of recognition in 2000. There is a museum called Mäntyranta in Pello.

Mäntyranta died on 30 December 2013 from a heart attack. He died in Pello, aged 74.

## Other websites
*Holmenkollen medalists  – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file 
*Holmenkollen winners since 1892  – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni

**Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni** is an Indian-American author and poet. She writes for both adults and children. In 1991 her first collection of poems, *Black Candle*, was published. In 1995 she won the American Book Award for *Arranged Marriage: Stories*. Her 1997 novel *Mistress of Spices* was made into a movie.

## Early life
Divakaruni was born in Kolkata (earlier known as *Calcutta*), West Bengal, India. She studied B.A. from the University of Calcutta in 1976. Then she went to the United States to study in Wright State University from where she received a master's degree. In 1985, she received her PhD in English from the University of California, Berkeley.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Junot Díaz

**Junot Díaz** (born December 31, 1968) is a Dominican-American writer. His first novel *The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao* was published in September 2007. In 2008 it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

## Work
Díaz's first collection of short stories, *Drown*, was published in 1996. His first novel, *The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao* was published in 2007. It is about a Dominican boy called Oscar Wao, who is growing up in New Jersey. It took him 11 years to write. The book uses both English and Spanish. In 2012 Díaz released a collection of short stories called *This Is How You Lose Her*. He was given the $500,000 MacArthur "Genius grant" award. In 2013 he won the £30,000 Sunday Times EFG Private Bank short story prize. Díaz joins other Hispanic-American writers such as Gloria Anzaldúa, Sandra Cisneros, and Giannina Braschi who use Spanglish phrases in their stories.  Spanglish is a mix of English words and Spanish words.

## References
## Other websites
*Facebook page
Fernando Luján

**Fernando Luján** (born **Fernando Ciangherotti Díaz**; August 23, 1939 &ndash; January 11, 2019) was a Colombian-born Mexican movie and television actor. He was known for his many roles on telenovelas. His career began in 1952 and appeared in over 50 movies and hundreds of television shows. He starred as Leonardo's father in *Overboard* (2018).

Luján was born on August 23, 1939 in Bogotá. He died from respiratory failure on January 11, 2019 in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
*Fernando Luján at the Telenovela database.
*
**El coronel no tiene quien le escriba*  review on The New York Times
Yordy Reyna

**Yordy Reyna** (born 17 September 1993) is a football player from Peru. He plays as a striker for Russian club Rodina Moscow on loan from Torpedo Moscow.

## Career
Reyna started his career for Alianza Lima, where he played in the youth teams. In March 2011 he was promoted to the first team after scoring seven goals for the reserve team and in the 2011 Under-20 Copa Libertadores. In that season he also won the award for "breakthrough player" of the 2012 season.

In 2013, Yordy Reyna signed with the Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg for a fee of 2&nbsp;million euros. Yordy Reyna played his first game for Red Bull Salzburg in a friendly match where he had a great performance and scored the game-winning goal.

## International
Reyna played for the Peru Under-20 national team seven times in 2012 and 2013. On 22 March 2013, Reyna played his first senior match. It was to qualify for World Championships, and Peru won 1&ndash;0 against Chile.

## Career statistics
### Club 
### International 
## Honors
**Red Bull Salzburg**
* Austrian League: 2013–14, 2015–16
* Austrian Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16

**Individual**
* *Jugador Revelación* (Breakthrough Player) of the 2012 Peruvian First Division

## References
Columbia Railroad Bridge

The **Columbia Railroad Bridge**, which is also called the **Columbia Bridge**, is a bridge in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is run by the CSX Transportation train company, who uses the bridge to transport goods in the Trenton Subdivision area.  The bridge goes over the Schuylkill River. It is in a park called Fairmont Park. 

## First bridge
The bridge has been built three times. First, it was built in 1834. It was a covered bridge. The bridge was made from pine tree wood. The government of the state of Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad company built it.  The bridge was bought by the Reading Railroad in 1851.

## Second bridge
The next bridge was built in 1886 by the Reading Railroad. It was made of iron and was very strong, so trains carrying very heavy things could go over it.

## Third bridge
Today's bridge was built in 1920. 

## References
Andrew Jacobs Jr.

**Andrew** "**Andy**" **Jacobs, Jr.** (February 24, 1932 &ndash; December 28, 2013) was an American lawyer and politician. Jacobs was in the United States House of Representatives for 30 years.

His father, Andrew Jacobs, was also a congressman for one term. He once was married to Martha Keys of Kansas, whom he was in the House with for a time. In 1988, Jacobs married Kimberly Hood Jacobs, an Emmy Award-winning television reporter.

Jacobs died on December 28, 2013 at his home in Indianapolis, Indiana. He died from natural causes, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Video of Jacobs speaking
* Jacobs' Books on Amazon.com
* Biography from the Stennis Center
Joseph Ruskin

**Joseph Ruskin** (born **Joseph Schlafman**; April 14, 1924 &ndash; December 28, 2013) was an American character actor. He appeared in over 100 movies during his 50-year career. He appeared in *Get Smart*, *Star Trek*, *Alias*, and in *The Twilight Zone*.

Ruskin died on December 28, 2013 at a hospital in Santa Monica, California. He died from natural causes, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michael McDonald (musician)

**Michael McDonald** (born February 12, 1952) is an American singer and songwriter. He is known for a soulful baritone singing style. He began his career singing back-up vocals with Steely Dan. He became a member of The Doobie Brothers from 1976 to 1982. This period resulted in several successful songs for the band. He has won five Grammy Awards.

McDonald was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

## References
## Other websites
*Michael McDonald official web site
*Official MySpace site
*St. Louis Walk of Fame 
*
*Michael McDonald Sings on New Grizzly Bear Single
*Yacht Rock official site 
*June 20, 2011 Inside MusiCast interview
Dolores Huerta

**Dolores Clara Fernandez Huerta** (born April 10, 1930) is a Native Hispanic/Latina-American labor leader and civil rights activist. Huerta, along with César Chávez, founded the National Farmworkers Association. This later became the United Farm Workers (UFW). 

Huerta has received many awards for her community service and her support for workers', immigrants', and women's rights. These include the Eugene V. Debs Foundation Outstanding American Award, the United States Presidential Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Huerta is a role model to many in the Native Hispanic Latin-American community. She is the subject of many corridos (ballads) and paintings.

In March 2026, Huerta said she was sexually abused by Cesar Chavez, saying that Chavez had raped her and they had two children together. She later said she gave those two children away to other families.

## References
## Other websites
* Dolores Huerta Foundation
*Dolores Huerta Celebrates 80th Birthday with Call for "Weaving Movements Together" - video report by *Democracy Now!*
*Biography at Las Culturas
Ronald Reagan Day

**Ronald Reagan Day** is a state holiday in California, Illinois and Wisconsin. It is celebrated on February 6 each year. The holiday is to remember the life of Ronald Reagan. All state government offices, community colleges, schools, and libraries are closed.

For the 100th anniversary of Reagan's birthday in 2011, governors in 21 states declared February 6 to be Ronald Reagan Day.

## References
Mandela Day

**Nelson Mandela International Day** (or **Mandela Day**) is an international holiday in honor of Nelson Mandela who has contributed for social justice, cultural diversity and toleration against racist discrimination, world peace and conflict resolution. It is celebrated each year on 18 July (Mandela's birthday). The day was officially declared by the United Nations General Assembly in November 2009.

The first UN Mandela Day was held on 18 July 2010. However, other groups had celebrated Mandela Day the previous year, on 18 July 2009. This was Mandela's 91st birthday. A series of concerts art exhibitions, fundraising and educational events were held. They led up to a concert at Radio City Music Hall.

## References
Saul Williams

**Saul Stacey Williams** (born February 29, 1972) is an American singer, poet, and actor. He played the main character in the 1998 movie *Slam*.

## Early life
Williams was born in Newburgh, New York. For high school he went to Newburgh Free Academy.

## Career
He became an open mic poet in 1995. In 1998 he played Ray Joshua, the main character in the movie *Slam*. He also helped write the script. In 2001 he released his first album *Amethyst Rock Star*. His second album *Saul Williams* was released in 2004. His third album *The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!* was released on November 1, 2007. It was produced by Trent Reznor.

## Personal life
Williams is vegan. He lives in Paris. He identifies as queer.

## References
Deaths in 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in 2014**. For notable deaths in each month, please see "Months".
__TOC__

## Months
*Deaths in January 2014
*Deaths in February 2014
*Deaths in March 2014 
*Deaths in April 2014
*Deaths in May 2014
*Deaths in June 2014
*Deaths in July 2014
*Deaths in August 2014
*Deaths in September 2014
*Deaths in October 2014
*Deaths in November 2014
*Deaths in December 2014

## Other websites
**The Guardian*, UK obituaries
*Obituaries, *Los Angeles Times*
**The New York Times*, US obituaries
**The Sydney Morning Herald*, Australian obituaries
OMG Girlz

**The OMG Girlz** is an American girl group. The group was started in 2009 in Atlanta by Tameka "Tiny" Cottle and Kiesha Miles, who were members of the girl group XScape. The members are Zonnique Pullins (Miss Star), Bahja Rodriguez (Miss Beauty), and Breaunna Womack (Miss Babydoll). Reginae, the daughter of Lil' Wayne, was a member until 2010. They are all African American teenagers. They have a quirky image. Their first single "Ain't Nobody" was released in 2010. In 2011 the band were signed to Grand Hustle Records. Their first album, *Officially Miss Guided*, has not been released yet.
John Fortune

**John Fortune** (30 June 1939 – 31 December 2013) was a British satirist, comedian, writer and actor. He was best known for his work with John Bird and Rory Bremner on the television series *Bremner, Bird and Fortune*. He studied at Bristol Cathedral School and King's College, Cambridge, where he met John Bird. at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* John Fortune  at Vivienne Clore
* Bremner, Bird and Fortune, "Best Political Satire -Television, 2003"  – Political Studies Association Awards 2003
* Bird and Fortune: A Life in Television  BAFTA filmed event, March 2009
Johnny Orr

**John M.** "**Johnny**" **Orr** (June 10, 1927 &ndash; December 31, 2013) was an American basketball player and coach. He was best known for as the head coach of men's basketball at the University of Michigan and at Iowa State University. He remains the coach with most wins in Iowa State history, with 218 wins and 200 losses.

Orr died from congestive heart failure at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*player bio at databaseBasketball.com
*Where's Coach Now?
*Here's Johnny Orr. 
*LEGEND LOST: Coach Johnny Orr Dies
Kelly Carlson

**Kelly Carlson** (born February 17, 1976) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Kimber Henry in *Nip/Tuck*. She played a motorcycle gang member in *3000 Miles to Graceland*.

## Early life
Carlson was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

## References
China Anne McClain

**China Anne McClain** (born August 25, 1998) is an American actress, model, singer, and songwriter. The first movie she acted in was *The Gospel*. It was released in 2005. Between 2006 and 2012 she played Jazmine Payne in ''Tyler Perry's House of Payne* and gained further recognition for her role as Chyna Parks in the Disney Channel series *A.N.T Farm* and Uma in *Descendants 2* and *3*.

## Career
McClain first acted in the 2005 movie *The Gospel*. Tyler Perry saw the movie and gave her the role of Jazmine Payne in *Tyler Perry's House of Payne*.
In 2009 McClain played Alana Collins in *Hurricaine Season*. In 2011 McClain won the prize for Best Performance - Comedy at the NAMIC Vision Awards for her role in the show. McClain started acting in the Disney sitcom *A.N.T. Farm'' in 2011. She played the main character, Chyna Parks. The show lasted three seasons. McClain sung the show's theme song, "Exceptional". It was released on a soundtrack album called *A.N.T. Farm* in 2011. Two singles were released from the album. It reached number 29 in the American albums chart.

In 2014, McClain played Gabby Harrison in Disney Channel movie *How to Build a Better Boy*.

## Early life
McClain was born in Atlanta to African American parents. Her father is Michael McClain, a music producer. Her mother, Shontell, a songwriter.

## References
Shrimp toast

**Shrimp toast** or **prawn toast** is a Chinese dim sum dish. It is small triangles of bread, brushed with egg and topped with chopped shrimp and water chestnuts. It is baked or deep fried. It is often served as an appetizer in Chinese restaurants in Australia and the United States. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, sesame seeds are sometimes sprinkled on the dish before it is baked or deep fried.

## References
Ballades (Chopin)

Frédéric Chopin's **ballades** are four one-movement pieces for solo piano. He composed them between 1835 and 1842. The four ballades are said to have been  by Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz. The exact inspiration for each individual ballade, however, is unclear and not agreed upon.

Ballades were composed before Chopin, in literature and Italian Renaissance music. But, Chopin invented the *ballade* as an abstract musical form. The ballade is a distinct form and cannot be placed into another form (e.g. sonata). After Chopin, other composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms also wrote ballades.

The ballades are thought to be the best of Chopin's compositions and of romantic music.  The ballades are difficult for pianists to play, even after they learn the technical difficulty of the notes. There are still the creative expressions to be mastered. 

All four ballades are from 8 to 12 minutes in length. They are in triple time (three beats to a bar), or in 6/4 or 6/8 time. Each is an individual work and should not be played as a group in a concert. Even Chopin did not do this. He wanted listeners to find their own interpretation of the music. Each piece has its own poetry, drama and story.

Chopin's four ballades are very popular pieces and are often heard in concerts around the world. There have been many recordings made of the ballades by classical pianists.

## References
Charles Edward Russell

**Charles Edward Russell** (September 25, 1860 – April 23, 1941) was an American journalist and politician. He started the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People with people including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimké, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villard, William English Walling (the last son of a former slave-holding family), and Florence Kelley in 1909. For the rest of his life Russell worked on the board of directors. Russell also wrote 27 books. In 1928 he won a Pulitzer Prize for *The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas*. 

## Early life
Charles Edward Russell was born in Davenport, Iowa on September 25, 1860. His father was a newspaper editor at the *Davenport Gazette*. Russell went to St. Johnsbury Academy for high school. 

## Career
Russell worked as a "muckraker". A muckraker was a journalist who reported about how capitalism was bad. In 1902, Russell's first book, *Such Stuff as Dreams*, was published. Russell joined the Socialist Party of America in 1908. He was a member until 1917. Russell was the Socialist candidate for Governor of New York in 1910 and 1912. He was a candidate for U.S. Senator from New York in 1914. Russell's memoir *These Shifting Scenes* was published in 1915.  Russell acted in the 1917 movie *The Fall of the Romanoffs*. In 1928 Russell won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography *The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas*. In 1933 Russell's second memoir *Bare Hands and Stone Walls* was published. Russell was an editorial writer for social democratic magazine The New Leader.

## Personal life
Russell had one child, John Russell. Charles Edward Russell died on 23rd April 1941.

## References
Dana Perino

**Dana Marie Perino** (born May 9, 1972) is an American journalist. She was the White House Press Secretary under President George W. Bush, from September 2007 to January 2009. She is currently a political commentator working for Fox News. She works for the program *The Five*.

Perino was born in Evanston, Wyoming. She was raised in Denver, Colorado.

## References
Megyn Kelly

**Megyn Marie Kelly** (born November 18, 1970; previously called **Megyn Kendall**) is an American reporter on Fox News and NBC. She hosted *The Kelly File*. She previously hosted *America Live* on Fox News and *Megyn Kelly Today* on NBC. She also hosts the channel's New Year's Eve Special Live every December 31.

## Criticism
### Blackface comments
On October 26, 2018, NBC News announced the cancellation of *Megyn Kelly Today* in the wake of defending blackface as Halloween costumes.

## Personal life
Kelly was born in Champaign, Illinois and raised in Syracuse, New York.

She is a Roman Catholic.

## References
John Caspar Wild

**John Caspar Wild** (1804 - August 12, 1846) was an American painter and lithographer. He was also called **J.C. Wild**. He was born in Switzerland. He moved to Paris, France. In 1832 he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He painted and printed landscapes. He painted a lot of cities in the United States. He painted pictures of Philadelphia, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Davenport, Iowa. His artwork is owned by the Library Company of Pennsylvania.

## References
Samuel Rhoads

**Samuel Rhoads** (1711 - April 7, 1784) was an American architect and politician.

As an architect, he made drawings of what the Pennsylvania Hospital should look like. His designs were used and continued to be used after he died. He was the Mayor of Philadelphia in 1774. He also was a delegate in the First Continental Congress. He was friends with Benjamin Franklin. He was director of the Library Company of Philadelphia. He was also involved in the American Philosophical Society, where he was Vice President. 

## References
## Other websites
*Biographical Sketch at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
*Brief biography at Virtualology.com
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce

**Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce**, OD (née Fraser; born 27 December 1986) is a Jamaican sprinter. She became famous in 2008 when she became the first Caribbean woman to win 100 meters gold at the Olympics at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. At the 2012 London Olympic Games she won another gold medal in the same event. She also won silver in 200 meters and 4 x 100 meters relay. She is five feet tall. As of 2025, she is the third fastest women to run 100 meters of all time, behind Florence Griffith Joyner and Elaine Thompson-Herah.

## Personal life
Fraser-Price is a Christian. She married Jason Pryce in 2011.

In early 2017, Fraser-Price said that she was pregnant.

## References
## Other websites
*
Grace Gates

The **Grace Gates** (or the **WG Grace Memorial Gates**) are a pair of gates at Lord's Cricket Ground in London, England. They were built in 1923. They are a Grade II listed building.

## References
Rapper's Delight

'''"Rapper's Delight"'* is a song by The Sugarhill Gang. It was their first single. It is fourteen minutes and thirty-five seconds long. The single reached number one in the Netherlands and Canada. The song made hip hop popular around the world. *Rolling Stone'' magazine put "Rapper's Delight" at number 248 in their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list.

## References
The Sugarhill Gang

**The Sugarhill Gang** is an American hip hop group. They are best known for their 1979 single "Rapper's Delight". It was the first hip hop song to enter the top 40 in the United States. The song was on their first album *Sugarhill Gang*.

## History
The group formed in 1973. They broke up in 2007. They have released four studio albums.
Ornithomimidae

**Ornithomimidae** ("bird-mimics") is a group of theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches. They were fast, omnivorous or herbivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Laurasia (now Asia and North America). Members of the Ornithomimidae include *Gallimimus*, *Archaeornithomimus*, *Anserimimus*, *Struthiomimus*, and *Ornithomimus*.

Ornithomimids are a sister group to the troodontids. These groups had many bird-like features, including feathers, but they were not birds.

The skulls of ornithomimids were small, with large eyes, above relatively long and slender necks. All had toothless beaks.

The fore limbs ('arms') were long and slender and bore powerful claws. The hind limbs were long and powerful, with a long foot and short, strong toes terminating in hooflike claws. 

Ornithomimids probably acquired most of their calories from plants. Many ornithomimosaurs, including primitive species, have been found with numerous gastroliths in their stomachs, characteristic of herbivores. Henry Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like 'arms' of ornithomimids may have been used to pull down branches on which to feed, an idea supported by further study of their strange, hook-like hands.  Ornithomimids probably acquired most of their calories from plants. Many ornithomimosaurs, including primitive species, have been found with numerous gastroliths in their stomachs, characteristic of herbivores.

The sheer abundance of ornithomimids – they are the most common small dinosaurs in North America – is consistent with the idea that they were plant eaters, as herbivores usually outnumber carnivores in an ecosystem. However, they may have been omnivores that ate both plants and small animal prey.

## References
Bon Iver

**Bon Iver** is an American indie folk band. The band was started in Eau Claire in 2007 by Justin Vernon. The band has seven members. Their most well known song is "Skinny Love".

## Career
In 2007 they self released their first album, *For Emma, Forever Ago*. In 2008 the independent record label Jagjaguwar released it in the United States. It sold over 30,000 copies in its first three months. 4AD later released the album in the UK and Europe. The first single from the album was "Skinny Love". In 2008 Bon Iver designed a T-shirt for the Yellow Bird Project.

In 2009 Bon Iver released their first EP *Blood Bank*. In 2011 they released their second album *Bon Iver, Bon Iver*. *Pitchfork* gave the album a score of 9.5 out of 10. They chose it as the best album of 2011. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2012. In 2012 Bon Iver also won the Grammy for Best New Artist. "Holocene" was nominated for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.

## References
Wilko Johnson

**John Peter Wilkinson** (12 July 1947 – 21 November 2022), is an English singer, guitarist and songwriter. He is best known for his time with the pub rock band Dr. Feelgood. He is said to be one of the founding influences of the English punk movement.

Johnson was featured in the first and second seasons of the HBO series *Game of Thrones*. He played a mute executioner named Ilyn Payne.

In January 2013, he was diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer. He chose not to receive any chemotherapy. He said in an interview with John Wilson on the BBC Radio 4 programme *Front Row* that the doctors told him he only had nine or ten months to live. He also said during the interview that he was going to do a "farewell tour" of the UK set for March. When he finished his tour, he announced that he was going to spend his final days recording a farewell album with Roger Daltrey, lead singer of The Who.

In October 2014, Johnson announced he was cancer free.
Johnson died on 21 November 2022, at his home in Westcliff-on-Sea, at the age of 75. Following the announcement of Johnson's death, Billy Bragg said, "His guitar playing was angry and angular, but his presence – twitchy, confrontational, out of control – was something we'd never beheld before in UK pop. Rotten, Strummer and Weller learned a lot from his edgy demeanour." Alex Kapranos, lead singer of Franz Ferdinand said, "His unique, wired playing & stage presence thrilled & inspired many guitarists, myself included." Broadcaster Bob Harris said "Wilko was absolutely unique. His energy and spirit were incredible."

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Basque (clothing)

A **basque** is a type of jacket, bodice or long corset worn by women. In Victorian fashion, *basque* means a closely fitted bodice or jacket extending past the waistline over the hips.

From 20th century or later, *basque* also refers to certain lingerie articles.
Victorian fashion

's five daughters (Alice, Helena, Beatrice, Victoria and Louise), photographed wearing mourning black beneath a bust of their late father, Prince Albert (1862)]]

**Victorian fashion** refers to the various fashions and trends of Europe during the Victorian Era, which lasted from 1837 to 1901, and is named after the reigning queen of England at the time, Queen Victoria. The period saw many changes in fashion, including changes in clothing, architecture, literature, and visual arts.

During this period, fashion changed a lot. In the 1800s, you could see small silhouettes and pastel colors. In the 1830s, there was very exaggerated fashion. This was also the trend from the 1860s to the 1890s, and this type of fashion is something that this time is known for. Then, changing the tone, fashion in the early 20th century was toned down in the sense of exaggeration and playfulness. 

The main woman who inspired was the Queen of England and Empress of India, Victoria. She was at the peak of royalty and ruled for many years, therefore influencing many trends during the century. 

By 1907, clothing was increasingly factory-made and often sold in large, fixed price department stores. Custom sewing and home sewing were still significant, but on the decline. New machinery and materials developed clothing in many ways.

The introduction of the lock-stitch sewing machine in mid-century simplified home and boutique dressmaking. It made it easy to add trimmings which would be costly if done by hand. Lace machinery made lace at a fraction of the cost of the old hand-made lace. Inventors developed new, cheap, bright dyes like mauveine which replaced the old animal or vegetable dyes.
Eodromaeus

***Eodromaeus*** (meaning "dawn runner") is an extinct genus of basal theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. An almost complete articulated skeleton (the bones were still mostly connected) was found in 1996.

*Eodromaeus* has been cited by Paul Sereno as "close to the root of the dinosaurs". It is the earliest known definite theropod.

## Description
*Eodromaeus* was a relatively small dinosaur, with a total length of about  from nose to tail, and a weight of about . The trunk was long and slender. It is unknown how fast *Eodromaeus* could run: about  has been suggested. The animal was, like all early dinosaurs, bipedal. The forelimbs were much shorter than the hindlimbs, ending in hands with five digits. Digits IV and V were very reduced in size.

## References
Gothic fashion

in Victorian clothing]]
**Gothic fashion** (also **goth fashion**) is very dark, exotic or complex clothing worn in goth subculture. Both female and male goths use dark eyeliner or nail polish.
Pope Clement II

**Pope Clement II** was the leader of the Catholic Church from 25 December 1046 until he died in 1047. 

He was born with the name **Suidger von Morsleben** in Hornburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. His parents were Count Konrad of Morsleben and Hornburg and his wife Amulrad. His date of birth is unknown.

In the year 1040, von Morsleben became the Bishop of Bamberg. In 1046 he went with King Henry III to Italy and in December, he took part in the Council of Sutri. This took Popes Benedict IX and Sylvester III out of power, and also convinced Pope Gregory VI to resign. King Henry nominated (suggested) Suidger to be the new pope and the council elected him. Suidger took the name Clement II. Shortly after he was elected, Pope Clement and Henry moved to Rome. There, Clement crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor. 

Clement II's short pontificate (time as pope) began an improvement in the way the Roman Church worked, especially by making laws against simony. Simony is when people would pay to have sacraments given to them. 

The reform party criticized Clement's election because there was royal involvement and because the pope was already bishop of another place. 

Clement and the Emperor went on a journey through southern Italy to celebrate his election. Benevento was placed under an interdict (they were prevented from taking part in some Church rites) because they wouldn't allow Pope Clement to enter. Afterwards they went to Germany, where Clement made Wiborada a saint. Wiborada was a martyr who was killed praying for the people of her city.

On Henry III and Pope Clement's way back to Rome in October 1047, Pope Clement suddenly died. His body was taken to Bamberg, a place he had loved, and was buried near the Bamberg Cathedral. 

Scientists studied Clement's body in the mid-20th century. They confirmed that the pope had been poisoned with lead sugar. They do not know whether he was poisoned or whether he was using the chemical as medicine.

## References
Wojciech Kilar

**Wojciech Kilar** (17 July 1932 – 29 December 2013) was a Polish classical and movie composer. He was known for his composing in ''Bram Stoker's Dracula* and *The Pianist*. He received many awards throughout his fifty years of composing.

Kilar was born on 17 July 1932 in Lwów, Poland (present-day Lviv, Ukraine). He studied at State Higher School of Music and at State Higher School of Music. 

Kilar married Barbara Pomianowska in April 1966. They had no children. Their marriage lasted for almost over forty years. Pomianowska died in November 2007. 

Kilar composed many movie compositions. He composed the trailer music for *Schindler's List*. He also composed the music for *Promised Land* and for *Dracula*. He composed his musical works during a festival for Pope John Paul II.

In 1991 Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Zanussi made a movie about his life titled *Wojciech Kilar''.

Kilar, who was suffering from brain cancer during his final years, from which he died on 29 December 2013 in Katowice, Poland at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
*Composer's website
*Kilar at the Polish Music Center 
*Interview with Wojciech Kilar 
*Wojciech Kilar  at Culture.pl
Division of Parkes

The **Division of Parkes** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It is the largest electorate in the state. It is located in the far north of the state, next to the border with Queensland. It is named after Sir Henry Parkes, seventh Premier of New South Wales and sometimes known as the 'Father of Federation'. It was set up in 1984.

It includes the towns of Dubbo. It also includes the towns of Mudgee, Dunedoo, Gunnedah, Coonabarabran, Coonamble, Walgett, Narrabri, Moree, Warren, Nyngan, Cobar and Bourke. He claimed money for staying in hotels, but he was actually seeping in his car. John Cobb was Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs and later Community Services in the Howard government. In the 2007 election Cobb moved to the Division of Calare.

Since the 2013 election, Parkes is the safest seat in Australia. It would need more votes than any other seat to change to another political party.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Parkes – Australian Electoral Commission
Juanita Moore

**Juanita Moore** (October 19, 1914 - January 1, 2014) was an American movie and television actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in *Imitation of Life*. She was the fifth African-American actor to be nominated for an Academy Award and the third in that category.

Moore died on January 1, 2014 from natural causes at her home in Los Angeles. She was aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Division of Page

The **Division of Page** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It is in the far north-east of the state, next the border with Queensland and the Tasman Sea. It is named after the Right Honourable Sir Earle Page, the first leader of the Country Party of Australia and the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939. It was set up in 1984.

The division includes the towns of Lismore, Casino, Grafton, Tyringham, Bonalbo, Nimbin and Iluka. Causley  was the Deputy Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
*Division of Page – Australian Electoral Commission
Albert Newsam

of himself. He made it near the date 1850, but the exact date is not known.]]
**Albert Newsam** (May 20, 1809 – November 20, 1864) was an American artist. He was a painter and made lithographs of people and places.

## Early life
Albert Newsam was born in the city of Steubenville in the state of Ohio in the United States. He was born deaf and mute. He was also an orphan. Newsam was making art when he was a little boy. When he was still a little boy, he met a man named William P. Davis.

## Job as an artist
In the year 1827, Newsam started to make art as an apprentice to a printmaker named Cephas G. Childs. and The Library Company of Philadelphia.

## Books about Albert Newsam
* 
* Pyatt, Joseph O. *Memoir of Albert Newsam*. Philadelphia: Self-published (1868).
* Stauffer, DMN. *Lithographic Portraits of Albert Newsam*. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1901).

## References
Lolita fashion

**Lolita fashion** is a fashion subculture that started in Japan. It is based on Victorian era clothing. 

There are many types of lolita fashion. These include Gothic lolita, sweet lolita, and classic lolita. Lolita fashion brands include Baby, The Stars Shine Bright, Moi-même-Moitié, Angelic Pretty, and Manifesteange Metamorphose temps de fille. Gothic lolita began in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The visual kei musician Mana dresses in the gothic lolita style. He helped make the style popular. Some people outside of Japan wear lolita fashion. The 2002 novel *Kamikaze Girls* has a sweet lolita character called Momoko.
Pennsylvania School for the Deaf

The **Pennsylvania School for the Deaf** is a school for deaf people. It is in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is the third oldest deaf school in the United States. It was built in 1890 and is on the list of the National Register of Historic Places. It used to be called the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb.

## Famous students
*Albert Newsam, artist

## References
## Other websites
*
Steubenville, Ohio

**Steubenville** is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County in the state of Ohio in the United States. The city is next to the Ohio River. 18,161 people lived there in the year 2020.

A fort used to be located where the city is. The fort was called Fort Steuben. It was there in 1786. The fort was named after Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben.

Steubenville has a nickname. It is the "City of Murals". There are over 25 different murals around the city. Franciscan University of Steubenville and Eastern Gateway Community College are located in the city.

## Famous people from Steubenville
*Dean Martin (1917-1995) - singer and actor
*Albert Newsam (1809-1864) - artist
*Edwin M. Stanton (1814-1869) - United States Attorney General
*Traci Lords (born 1968) - actress
*Richard Timberlake (1922-2020) - economist
*Big Bully Busick (1954-2018) - professional wrestler

## References
George Catlin

in the year 1849.]]
**George Catlin** (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American painter and author. He traveled a lot, and painted a lot of pictures of Native American people in the Western United States. He was born in Wilkes-Barre in the state of Pennsylvania. He died in the city of Jersey City in the state of New Jersey.
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

The **Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts** is a museum and art school in the city of Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. It was started in 1805. It is the oldest art museum and art school in the United States.

## Famous students
* Katherine Milhous, American illustrator and author

## References
## Other websites
*
Katherine Milhous

**Katherine Milhous** (November 27, 1894 – December 5, 1977) was an American artist, illustrator and author. She wrote and made the art for the book *The Egg Tree*. In 1951, the book won the Caldecott Medal for best illustrations. Milhous mainly wrote children's books.

## Early life
Katherine Milhous was born November 27, 1894 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were named Osborn and Katherine Daly Milhous. They were Quakers and printmakers. The family moved to Pitman, New Jersey when Milhous was a little girl. A lot of Quakers lived in Pitman so the family wanted to move to be close to them. Milhous moved back to Philadelphia. She went to school at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. She made art for magazines to pay for school. She also traveled outside of the United States with a fellowship she was given.

## Career
Milhous worked for the Federal Art Project in Philadelphia from the year 1935 until she stopped in 1940. Milhous met Alice Dalgliesh and the two women would write books together. Milhous would make the art for the books. Milhous went to work for Charles Scribner's & Sons where Dalgliesh worked. Milhous started to write and make art for her own books, too. and the Free Library of Philadelphia own her archives.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Rural Pennsylvania from the World Digital Library
James Avery

**James La Rue Avery, Sr.** (November 27, 1945 – December 31, 2013) was an American actor. He was born in Virginia and raised in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was best known for his role on the television show *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*. He played father and lawyer Philip Banks, Will Smith's character's uncle. He was also the voice of Shredder in the 1987 cartoon *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*.

Avery died from problems after open-heart surgery in a hospital in Los Angeles. He was aged 68.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* The HistoryMakers  Biography, photos and video clips
Argentavis magnificens

***Argentavis magnificens*** is one of the two largest flying birds ever discovered. This bird, sometimes called the giant teratorn, is an extinct species. It has been found at three sites from the late Miocene of central and northwestern Argentina. A good sample of fossils has been found.

Estimates:
* Wingspan:  about 7&nbsp;m (23&nbsp;ft)
* Wing area: 8.11 m² (87.3 ft²)

## Related pages 
*Teratorn

## References
Curtis Axel

**Joseph Curtis "Joe" Hennig** (born October 1, 1979) is an American professional wrestler. He is better known by his ring name **Curtis Axel** and previous ring name **Michael McGillicutty**. He worked for WWE from 2007 to 2020, where he is a former Intercontinental Champion and former two-time WWE (Raw) Tag Team Champion with David Otunga and Bo Dallas. He was also a member of The New Nexus  which was led by CM Punk.

Axel was born in Champlin, Minnesota. His father was "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig and his grandfather is Larry "The Axe" Hennig. He chose his ring name Curtis Axel as a tribute to them.

## Championships
***Florida Championship Wrestling**
**FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Heath Miller (one), Brett DiBiase (one) and Kaval (one))
**PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2010) (as part of The Nexus)
**He was ranked **#47** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
***World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE**
**WWE Intercontinental Championship (one time)
**WWE (Raw) Tag Team Championship (two times) (with David Otunga) (1) and Bo Dallas (1)
**Slammy Award for *Shocker of the Year* (2010) (The debut of The Nexus)

## Footnotes 
## References
## Other websites
*
Insider trading

**Insider trading** means the trading of public companies' stocks and other assets on stock markets using secret information.  This is done by getting people who have confidential or non-public facts about how much a stock is really  to tell traders so they can buy or sell to make profit and manipulate that particular stock. A stock could be worth more or less than the public knows, depending on how well a company is doing in making money, new innovations, sales and demand.  

In many countries, insider trading with secret information is against the law.

Some economists think insider trading should be allowed.

## References
Halton Arp

**Halton Christian** "**Chip**" **Arp**  (March 21, 1927 – December 28, 2013) was an American astronomer. He was known for his *Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies*, published in 1966. It has  many examples of interacting and merging galaxies.  Arp was also known as a critic of the Big Bang theory.

Arp was born on March 21, 1927 in New York City. He studied at the California Institute of Technology. Arp was married three times. He had four daughters.

He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1996.

Arp died on December 28, 2013 in Munich. He died from a stroke, and he was aged 86.

## Books
* 
* Halton Arp, *Seeing Red*,  Aperion (August 1998) 
* Halton Arp, *Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations*, Aperion (September 1, 2003) 
* G. Burbidge, E.M. Burbidge, H.C. Arp, W.M. Napier: *Ultraluminous X-ray Sources, High Redshift QSOs and Active Galaxies.*
* J. Kanipe, D. Webb ''The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, A Chronicle and Observer's Guide'', Willmann-Bell Inc. (2006) 

## References
## Other websites
* Halton Arp's Website
* *Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies*
* Arp's Catalog of Peculiar Galaxies website
* Detailed review of *Seeing Red* by Tom Van Flandern 
* Electric Politics interview with Halton C. Arp (podcast)
Nelson Mandela International Airport

**Praia International Airport**  is an airport on Santiago Island in Cape Verde. It was opened in late 2005, replacing the old Francisco Mendes International Airport. 

It is about 3&nbsp;kilometres northeast of central Praia in the southeastern part of Santiago Island. At the beginning of 2012, the airport was renamed after Nelson Mandela.

The first flight to the new airport was on October 23, 2005. Even though the airport serves the capital and largest city, Praia, Cape Verde's main international airport is Amílcar Cabral International Airport. This is on the smaller island of Sal.

## References
## Other websites
* TACV Timetable for Praia
* New Cape Verde Airport to Open Soon
Arlene Francis

**Arlene Francis** (born **Arline Francis Kazanjian**; October 20, 1907 – May 31, 2001) was an American actress and radio talk show host. She was a panelist on the television show ''What's My Line?'' from 1950 until 1967, and again appeared on its revived version from 1968 until 1975. She was also a stage .

Francis was born in Boston. She was married to the actor Martin Gabel; they had one son. She died in San Francisco from Alzheimer's disease caused by cancer.

## References
Frances Bean Cobain

**Frances Bean Cobain** (born August 18, 1992) is an American visual artist and former model. She was born in Los Angeles. She is the only child of Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love.

## References