open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flerovium

**Flerovium** is a synthetic chemical element also known as **eka-lead**. It has the symbol **Fl** and has the atomic number 114. It is a radioactive superheavy element. 

Flerovium does not exist in nature. It is made from a nuclear reaction between plutonium and calcium. The reaction that happens is a fusion reaction.

## Uses 
It currently has no use at the moment as it is being researched right now.

## History 
The discovery of Flerovium in December 1998 was reported in January 1999 by scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. The same team of scientists made another isotope of Fl three months later and made it again in 2004 and 2006.

In 2004 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked it was made by another method.  They found the final products of radioactive decay.

After its discovery, the "new" element was named *ununquadium*. The named changed on May 30th, 2012 to "flerovium". It was named for the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, which was named for Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry named it so.

## Chemical properties 
Not enough Flerovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties.  It is thought that it would be a soft, dense metal that changes colour in air.  It may have a low melting point of about 200&nbsp;°C.

## Making it 
Flerovium can be made by bombarding a plutonium-244  with calcium-48 as a beam of ions.

## 298Fl - An undiscovered neutron-rich nucleus 
According to the nuclear shell model, the undiscovered neutron-rich nucleus 298Fl may be a doubly magic nucleus, atop the shell closure at N=184. It is predicted that this atom, amid the closed nuclear shells, expected to have longer half-lives for alpha decay and spontaneous fission. However using the fusion-evaporation method to produce this nuclide is impractical, since more neutron-rich starting materials with low proton numbers are unstable due to beta decay.

Estimates for half-lives for this atom range from a few minutes to several billion years. 
## References 
## Other websites 
* WebElements.com - Uuq
* Apsidium - Flerovium 
* First postcard from the island of nuclear stability 
* Second postcard from the island of stability
Brontosaurus

***Brontosaurus***  is a genus of sauropod dinosaur. 

*Brontosaurus* was originally named by its discoverer Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879. *Brontosaurus* had long been considered a junior synonym of *Apatosaurus*. Its only species was reclassified as *A. excelsus* in 1903. 

However, an extensive study published in 2015 concluded that *Brontosaurus* was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from *Apatosaurus*.

*Brontosaurus* is a member of the family Diplodocidae, a clade of gigantic sauropod dinosaurs. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the earth, including *Diplodocus*, *Supersaurus*, and *Barosaurus*. *Brontosaurus* is closely related to *Apatosaurus* in the subfamily Apatosaurinae.

## References
Lake Peipus

)]]
**Lake Peipus** (Estonian: *Peipsi-Pihkva järv*, German: *Peipussee*, Russian: *Чудско-Псковское озеро*) is a large fresh water lake. It is between Estonia and Russia in Northern Europe. Lake Peipus is the fourth largest lake in Europe. The lake covers 3,500 square kilometres. It has an average depth of 7m. At its deepest point, Lake Peipus is 15m deep. The lake is used for fishing and recreation.
Fate

**Fate** or **destiny** is the idea that the future is already planned even if people do not know what their fate is (what is going to happen to them).  Humans in nearly all cultures have had ideas about their fate being “predetermined” (fixed in advance).

**Fate is when you meet someone who introduces you to a better and a cheaper form of drinking coffee right before you have to make your way to a place where coffee is very expensive.** 

People who live unhappy lives may believe that their misery is because of their fate and that they can do nothing about it.  This is called being “fatalistic”.  Other people may believe that they can control their fate by being brave and trying to “overcome”  fate by improving themselves and their lives.

In Greek mythology, there were three Fates.  They were three goddesses who determined when every person was going to be born, how they would live and when and how they would die.  Human beings in many cultures had lots of ways in which they would try to “read” their fate (know what would happen to them).  Sometimes they would try to read their fate in the stars (this is called astrology).  In other cultures they might ask a person with powers of magic like a shaman.  The Ancient Greeks often went to Delphi to ask the oracle.

There are lots of references to fate in literature from almost every country and period, from Greek tragedy (e.g. Oedipus Rex) to Shakespeare (e.g. Macbeth) and Russian literature.

Composers may express fate in music.  Beethoven was thinking about Fate when he wrote his Fifth Symphony, and Tchaikovsky when he wrote his Sixth Symphony just before he committed suicide.

See also:
*Ananke
*Determinism
*Fatalism
*Superstition
*Moirae
*Norns
*Fate (opera)
Clint Dempsey

**Clint Dempsey** (born March 9, 1983) is a former American footballer. He was born in Texas. He played for New England Revolution, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, and Seattle Sounders FC.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honors
**New England Revolution**
*MLS Cup: runner-up 2005, 2006

**Fulham**
*UEFA Europa League: runner-up 2009–10

**Seattle Sounders FC**
*MLS Cup: 2016; runner-up 2017
*Supporters' Shield: 2014
*U.S. Open Cup: 2014

**United States**
*FIFA Confederations Cup: runner-up 2009
*CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2005, 2007, 2017; runner-up 2011

**Individual**
*Fulham Player of the Season: 2010–11, 2011–12
*Fulham top scorer: 2010–11, 2011–12
*FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Ball: 2009
*FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament: 2009
* CONCACAF Gold Cup Top Goalscorer: 2015
*U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year: 2007, 2011, 2012
*Honda Player of the Year: 2006, 2011, 2012
*MLS All-Star: 2005, 2014, 2015, 2016
* MLS Rookie of the Year: 2004
* MLS Best XI: 2005, 2006
* MLS Comeback Player of the Year: 2017
* IFFHS CONCACAF team of the decade 2011–2020
*IFFHS CONCACAF Men's Team of All Time: 2021
* National Soccer Hall of Fame 2022

## References
Runaway Brain

***Runaway Brain*** is an animated short movie released on September 22, 1995 by MGM/United Artists. It was produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burton Gillett. The movie is 7 minutes long. It has Peter Penguin, Polly Penguin, Gosalyn Mallard, Honker Muddlefoot, Bubba the Caveduck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Magica De Spell, and Poe De Spell.

## Other websites 
*
*Runaway Brain at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts
Persuasion

**Persuasion** is a form of influence.  It is the way to get people to agree with an idea, attitude, or action by rational and emotional means.  It is a problem-solving strategy and relies on "appeals" rather than .

**Dissuasion** is the process of convincing someone *not* to believe or act on something.

## Methods of persuasion
* Evidence
* Logic
* Rhetoric
* Scientific method
* Advertising
*Moral Appeal
* Faith
* Presentation and Imagination
* Propaganda
* Tradition
*Manipulation

Aids to persuasion:
* Body language
* Communication skill or Rhetoric

Other techniques, which may or may not work:
* Hypnosis

Coercive techniques, some of which are highly controversial and/or not scientifically proven to be effective:
* Brainwashing
* Torture
Maltese language

**Maltese** is the language of Malta, and a language of the European Union.  Maltese sounds similar to the Phoenician language that was spoken in areas around the ancient Mediterranean.  It is written in the Latin alphabet like English. Maltese descends from a dialect of Arabic called Siculo-Arabic. The language has borrowed many words from Sicilian, Italian, and English.  Around 393,000 people speak Maltese. Most of them live in Malta.

## History
Many people from Sicily settled in Malta after the Muslims conquered it in 870 AD. They spoke a Sicilian-Arabic language from the Maghreb. In later centuries their language changed into Maltese. The oldest known  in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro. For centuries, Maltese was mainly a spoken language.

Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, alongside English. Before that year, the only official language of Malta was Italian. Italian, however, is still used a lot in the media.

## Today
Italian and English words are being taken in by the language more and more. This sometimes causes words to form that are not found in Maltese, Italian, or English, but instead are a mix of the three. At schools, English is taught as a second language. Maltese is usually used in the standardized jobs and when people talk to each other. Most of the television, radio, and literature in Malta is also in Maltese.

## References
Japanese sword-making

Japanese schools of sword making can be divided into two categories: by the provinces where they were developed and by the masters who created a specific tradition of sword making.

## History 
The late Kamakura period is often referred to as the greatest period of sword making in Japanese history. The Soshu tradition was one of the dominant traditions. Smiths like Kunitsuna and Sukezane combined their knowledge with methods from Yamashiro and Bizen traditions. Finally, a group of famous sword smiths culminated with Masamune (1264-1343 AD) and his school.

## Types of Sword 
The rare swords were made out of five separate pieces and heat-treated at high temperatures. The swords of the **Masamune School** were harder than any of the swords made before. Masamune trained a group of at least ten followers. Two of his students (Kanemitsu and Nagayoshi) were from the Bizen province. In this way, during the early 14th century, the Masamune school attracted many smiths from other schools. Kanemitsu is believed to be the one who created the Soden School, which combined Bizen and Soshu techniques. 

At the same time **Chogi** was developing his school. The Chogi works show a stronger influence of the Soshu tradition than Kanemitsu swords.

## Divisions 
### The division by regions 
***Yamato-Den** – Derived from five big schools attached to different temples.
***Bizen-Den** – Considered the starting point for the manufacturing of the traditional Japanese sword.
***Yamashiro-Den** - Started in late Heian period. Thin and slender blades.
***Soshu-Den** - Started in late Kamakura period under the effect of Kamakura Shogunate. 
***Mino-Den** – The youngest of the five traditions.

### The divisions by people 
There are several famous schools created by sword masters:

***Nagayoshi** made better products by using the best ideas from both the Bizen and Soshu schools. He was successful because of the softer Bizen steel which is made at higher temperatures than that of the Soshu school used to be. 

***Kaneuji I** - it is believed that he created the **Mino school** in the Shizuyama region.  In his creation of swords he used the Shoshu style and added his own methods. Later his tradition was known as the **Shizu school**.
   
***Kanemichi I** - he founded the **Mishina school** in Mino province. His swords were appreciated for their quality and sharpness. He was so famous that he received the honorable title of Mitsu-(no)-Kami.

***Emperor Gotoba** (1184 to 1198 A.D), the 82nd Emperor of Japan was one of the best known sword makers.

***Miyairi Akihira School** is a continuation of Soshu tradition. In 1953 he obtained a sword-making license. Then, in 1973, he changed his name to Yukihira and his school was named after him. His school was based on Soshu-den and Shizu Kaneuji traditions.

## Related pages
*Katana
*Samurai

## Other websites 
*Japanese legendary sword
Ögedei Khan

portrait of Ögedei]]
**Ögedei** (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father. He continued to make his father's empire larger. Like all of Genghis's other sons, he helped to conquer western China and Central Asia. 
 
Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son ever since his childhood. As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates in which he was involved because he had a strong personality. Despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.

He was selected as the Great Khan in 1229 because of the *kuriltai*, the meeting for important leaders, which was held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him.

During Ögedei's reign, the Mongols ended the Jin dynasty in 1234 and fought the Southern Song Empire. In 1235, under Ögedei's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest, which would not end for forty-five years and would result in the addition of all of China.

The Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.
Heligoland

**Heligoland** (;  ) is a small German group of islands in the North Sea..

It has been controlled by Denmark and between 1807 and 1890 by the British. The islands have a population of 1,650. They are the only German islands not nearby to the mainland and are about two hours' sailing time from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.

## Geography 
Heligoland is located 70 km (44 miles) from the German coastline and actually consists of two islands: the populated triangular-shaped 1 km² (0.4 sq mi) main island () to the west, and the island of *Düne* (Heligolandic: *de Halem*) in the east. 

Düne is the smaller of the two islands(0.7 km²).  It is also lower, surrounded by sand beaches, and no-one lives on the island throughout the year.

Often when people talk about "Heligoland" they only mean Hauptinsel.

## References
## Other websites 
*Heligoland Tourist Board  — includes an aerial photograph of Heligoland (front) and Düne (back).
*Site about planting palms on Heligoland 
*Heligoland Web Cams
Robert F. Kennedy

**Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy** (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called **RFK**, was an American politician. He is the brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1963 while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Nearly five years later, he was killed.

## Death 
Kennedy ran for U.S. President but was shot multiple times on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in the Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Califronia. Kennedy had won the previous day's California presidential primary. He died on June 6 at the Good Samaritan Hospital during the operation to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain.

## References 
## Other websites 
*PBS video on RFK, with long quotes by historians
*The Coalition on Political Assassinations
Umbilical cord

In placental mammals, the **umbilical cord** (also called the **navel string**, **birth cord** or ***funiculus umbilicalis***) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta.

## References
Francis I of Austria

**Francis I, Emperor of Austria** (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) also was **Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor** (in German language: Franz II, Heiliger Römischer Kaiser).

He was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the empire was no longer a unit. He then became Francis I, first Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia from 1804 to 1835). He fought in the Napoleonic Wars.

## Related pages
* Holy Roman Empire
* Germany
Amami Islands

The  is a group of islands in Kagoshima prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan. It is also known as the .

## History
The name of the islands comes from the mythological figure of *Amamiko*.

It was attacked by the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1570, but was invaded by Satsuma Domain in 1609.

Amami was occupied by the United States from 1945 to 1953.  Other islands include Kikai Island, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Island, Yorontou and some small islands make up the **Amami Islands**.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
Kagoshima

**Kagoshima** can mean a few things:

*Kagoshima Prefecture - One of 47 prefectures in Japan. It is part of Kyushu.
*Kagoshima, Kagoshima - the capital of Kagoshima Prefecture
Wilhelm I of Germany

**Kaiser Wilhelm I** (**Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern**; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888) of the Hohenzollern family was a king of Prussia from January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888. He was the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). In English, his first name means "William", which is sometimes used instead.

Because his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia had a stroke in 1857, Wilhelm became Prince Regent and actual ruler. His brother died in 1861 and Wihelm became King. When Wilhelm was king of Prussia, he and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, worked on the unification of Germany, from a large group of smaller German countries. Winning the Franco-Prussian War allowed the start of the German Empire.

His grandson Wilhelm II ordered the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche to be built to honour his life and achievements.

## Official titles 
His official title was German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt", and Josseppi Longo. .

## Titles and styles
***22 March 1797 – 2 January 1861**: *His Royal Highness* Prince William of Prussia
***2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871**: *His Majesty* The King of Prussia
***18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888**: *His Imperial and Royal Majesty* The German Emperor, King of Prussia
## Related pages
* Germany
* German Empire
* Prussia

## References
Josef Mengele

**Josef Rudolf Mengele**, better known as **Doctor Josef Mengele** (March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979), was a German Nazi SS officer and a physician at Auschwitz concentration camp.  There, he worked with Rudolf Höss, the camp's Commandant.

Mengele participated in the Holocaust. After trainloads of victims arrived at the camp, Mengele selected which would be killed instantly and which would be allowed to live as slave laborers.''* He ordered the deaths of many people - sometimes entire barracks of prisoners at a time.* His 1936 thesis claimed it was possible to determine a person's race by looking at their jawbone. His thesis advisor was Theodor Mollison.

He was fascinated with twins and dwarves, and did many experiments on them. His victims included many children. He killed many twins and dwarves so he could autopsy and compare their bodies.

He often infected prisoners, including children, with diseases to study the illnesses' effects. If a prisoner survived, they were killed so Mengele could study their bodies. He amputated healthy arms and legs, and injected chemicals into prisoners' eyes to try to change their eye color. In 1960 and 1961, after Mengele had fled Germany, his title of physician was revoked.

### Escape and death 
After the war, Mengele first hid in Germany, then escaped and lived in South America. He drowned in Sao Paolo, Brazil on February 7, 1979.'''' At the time, he was 67 and had never gotten in trouble for the things he did at Auschwitz.

### Promotions and ranks in the SS (1940-1945) 
* SS-Untersturmfuhrer (Second Lieutenant) ; 1940-1942
* SS-Obersturmfuhrer (First Lieutenant) ; 1942-1943
* SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer (Captain) ; 1943-1945

## Related pages 
* Nazi Germany
* The Holocaust
* Auschwitz concentration camp
* World War II
* Medical ethics
* Scientific racism
* Eugenics

## References 
## Other websites 
* A short essay on Mengele at the Holocaust ,,.,history project 
* A short essay about Mengele by Robert Jay Lifton
Presentation

**Presentation** is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience. Presentation software, such as LibreOffice Impress, Beamer, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content. As a form of communication, a presentation is usually 10-30 minutes long, but can take longer in special cases.

## Useful illustrations 
* BCG diagram: This diagram is extremely useful in marketing, to eat donuts

## Other websites 
* Tips on making presentations 
* Tips for presentations in school
* Art of Speaking (A list of links related to speaking and presentation)  
* Example of Evaluating Student Presentations 
* RecruitIreland.com - Tips for an internal presentation 
* EServer TC Library: Presentations
Kyūshū

is one of Japan's four main islands. It is the most southern of the main islands and the third largest. 

## Regions
**Kyūshū region** is made up of the entire island.

The name Kyūshū literally means "nine countries" in Japanese. Kyūshū was made of nine old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. Each prefecture has a modern name and sometimes more than one old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

The original nine provinces in Kyushu were Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma.

Today, Kyushu is made up of seven of the prefectures of Japan. 
* Fukuoka Prefecture
* Kagoshima Prefecture
* Kumamoto Prefecture
* Miyazaki Prefecture
* Nagasaki Prefecture
* Oita Prefecture
* Saga Prefecture

Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions. Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made. The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.

Under the Gokishichidō system, the island of Kyūshū was a part of the region known as Saikaidō. It was a part of this region from the 7th century until the middle of the 1800s. Around 1905, it was made into its own region. In the modern system, Kyūshū and the small islands around it are a part of the Kyūshū region. 

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
* Kyushu -Citizendium
Data mining

**Data mining** is a term from computer science. Sometimes it is also called **knowledge discovery in databases** (KDD). Data mining is about finding new information in a lot of data. The information obtained from data mining is hopefully both new and useful. 

In many cases, data are stored so they can be used later. The data are saved with a goal. For example, a store wants to save what has been bought. They want to do this to know how much they should buy themselves, to have enough to sell later. Saving this information, makes a lot of data. The data are usually saved in a database. The reason data are saved is called the first use. 

Later, the same data can also be used to get other information that was not needed for the first use. The store might want to know now what kind of things people buy together when they buy at the store. (Many people who buy pasta also buy mushrooms for example.) That kind of information is in the data, and is useful, but was not the reason the data were saved. This information is new and can be useful. It is a second use for the same data. 

Finding new information that can also be useful from data is called data mining. 

## Different kinds of data mining 
For data, there are a lot of different kinds of data mining for getting new information. Usually, prediction is involved. There is uncertainty in the predicted results. The following is based on the observation that there is a small green apple in which we can structurally adjust our data. 

Some kinds of data mining are: 
* Pattern recognition: Trying to find similarities in the rows in the database, in the form of rules. Small → green. (Small apples are often green)
* Using a Bayesian network: Trying to make something that can say how the different data attributes are connected/influence each other. The size and the colour are related. So if you know something about the size, you can guess the colour.
* Using a Neural network: Trying to make a model like a brain, which is hard to understand, but a computer can tell that if the apple is green it has a higher chance to be sour, if we tell the computer the apple is green. So this is like a black box model, we do not know how it works, but it works.
* Using Classification tree: With all other knowledge, trying to say what one other thing about the thing we are looking at will be. Here is an apple with a size, a colour and shininess, what will it taste like?

## References
Formal

**Formal** is a word used to describe anything that has form or structure. So it is something which is used or done in accordance with rules or ceremonies.

Formal  events have rules. 'Formal clothes' or 'formal attire' is a way of dressing to meet the rules for an event, such as a party or wedding. 'Formal attire' can be a suit, a tuxedo or a dress. People from all over the world have their own ideas about 'formal attire'. Most of the time *formal attire* clothes are the most beautiful or the best clothes a person owns. The opposite of "formal" is **informal**.  Informal clothes are comfortable clothes for general use, e.g. T shirt and jeans.  An informal ceremony might be a ceremony which is very relaxed instead of following an exact plan.  An informal way to greet a friend might be: "Hi, John!"

Examples:
***Formal** can be the way a person speaks or acts. To act in a formal way a person will follow the social rules of their culture or country. For example, they might greet each other by bowing, and they might address one another by their family name and their title (e.g. "Professor Smith").

*A formal agreement is one which is explicit (written down) and reached by a formal discussion or negotiation. That means the negotiation is also done by set rules or procedures.

*In mathematics, formal logic is a way of thinking about mathematics questions using strict rules.
Graviton

in space predicted by general relativity]]A **graviton** is a hypothetical particle that 'transfers' gravitation's force (particles like this are known as gauge bosons) from its field. Gravitons have never been observed, directly or indirectly, however, there have been several theories that use gravitons to explain certain phenomena. For example, a theory that describes black holes by combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has been advanced by Georgi Dvali and Cesar Gomez, which suggests a black hole is "an overpacked bucket of gravitons". There are some theories that suggest that gravitons would make up a new group of particles, "attraction particles". CERN is currently using the Large Hadron Collider to try to find this particle.
The graviton applies a tiny force as it impacts the nuclei of atoms.
All atoms themselves have these graviton particles in orbit around them. If you gather a lot of atoms together the population of orbiting gravitons increases proportionately. As a result, a large asteroid for example will have more gravity than a small one.
Because the graviton is a particle that has force (gravity), it is classed as a gauge boson. Other gauge bosons include the photon, the gluon, and the W and Z particles.

If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, strong force and weak force.

## References
Presentation software

.]]
 
A **presentation software** is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.

The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as LibreOffice Impress, Apple's Keynote, LaTeX Beamer and WPS Office.

Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

## Other websites 
*Screen Presentation Tools
Militarism

warrior statue from Sparta (6th century BCE). Sparta is an example of a militarist state.]]
**Militarism** or **militarist ideology** is a view on society. It says society should be like the military. This means that society should follow concepts that can be found in the culture, system and people of the military. Groups or people that support militarism are called *militarists*.

The most important trait to militarists is discipline. Discipline means to follow a set of rules. It also means doing and completing training that follows these rules. A strong military is good for discipline. 

According to militarists, moral goals and the culture of the military can be applied to private business, government, education, and entertainment.

## Relationship to militarization 
Militarism is related to militarization, and militarist countries often have a strong military. Examples of militarist countries throughout history include Sparta in Ancient Greece, Prussia in the 19th century, and North Korea today. All three of these countries had armies much larger than other countries their size.

In militarist states, the military either run the government, or they greatly influence it.  Often the head of state is a military official, though that does not always mean the society is militarised.
The Queen of Spades (opera)

***The Queen of Spades*** (, pronounced *Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma*) is an opera by Tchaikovsky.  It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin.  Sometimes it is known by its German title *Pique Dame*.  

When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet’s opera *Carmen*.  He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate.  The idea of fate is important to the opera *Carmen* and also to Tchaikovsky’s *The Queen of Spades*.  Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera.  Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart.  In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.

## The story of the opera
Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though  he does not know her.  His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young.  He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.

Hermann can only think of one thing:  he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money.  Then he will be able to marry Lisa.  He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom.  When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards.  She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.

Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace.  Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win.  Lisa drowns herself in  a river.  Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death".  The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades.  The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann.  Hermann kills himself.

## The writing of the opera
Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera.  They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music.  They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table.  This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.

Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly.  It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas).  Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.  

Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character.  At other times it can sound very Russian.  In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.

The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.
Growth-share matrix

The **growth-share matrix** (aka B.C.G. analysis, B.C.G.-matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis) is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business units or product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing,  product management, strategic management and portfolio-analysis.

## Related pages
*marketing

## Other websites 
*Software that generates the Boston Matrix 
*Compares and contrasts BCG with other 2 x 2 matrices like Ansoff and 3 x 3 matrices like GE Portfolio
Liqueur

liqueur]]

A **liqueur** is a sweet-tasting alcoholic drink. It is often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. The word *liqueur* comes from the Latin word *liquifacere* which means "to dissolve." This is because the flavors are dissolved to help make the liqueur. In some parts of the world, liqueurs are sometimes called **cordials**.

Liqueurs have been around for many centuries. They are related to the herbal medicines that monks used to make. Liqueurs were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, and were used during signings of treaties during the Middle Ages.

## Varieties
Most liqueurs have 15 to 30% alcohol content but may have an alcohol content as high as 55%.

Types of liqueurs include: fruit liqueur, cream liqueur, coffee liqueur, chocolate liqueur, schnapps liqueur, brandy liqueur, anise liqueur, nut-flavoured liqueur, and herbal liqueur.

Liqueurs can be enjoyed many ways. They are commonly drank by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, or mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails. They are often served with dessert or as a dessert. Liqueurs may also be used in cooking.

## Reference
## Other websites 
* Page about most types of liqueurs
Tamahagane

**Tamahagane** {tah-mah-ha-ga-neh} is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition. The word *tama*  means "round and ", like a gem or jewel. The word *hagane* means  "steel". On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel. Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.

Good tamahagane contains around 1% of carbon and should not go over 1.5%.

## Production
Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called *satetsu* in Japanese). There are 2 main types of iron sands: *akome satetsu* and *masa satetsu*. Akome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The man who leads the team at the TATARA is called the *murage*. Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.

The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a *tatara*. The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet wide. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF). Then, it is filled with charcoal and iron sand to start the direct reduction process. 

The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained. The iron sand is added every 10 minutes, alternately with a regular amount of charcoal. 

When the liquid slag is drawn out and the process is finished, the clay tub is broken and the KERA (raw iron block) is removed. The best steel with highest carbon content is near the vents of the blower system, because this is the where the reduction process is strongest. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its breaking structure, but it is important to knowe that there are different types of TAMAHAGANE needed to forge a sword blade.

## Related pages
*Japanese sword schools
*Katana
Anna Nicole Smith

**Anna Nicole Smith** (November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress and celebrity. She first became popular as *Playboy* magazine's 1993 Playmate of the Year.

## Early life
She was born **Vicki Lynn Hogan** in Houston, Texas.

## Death
On February 8, 2007, Smith was found in a hotel room in Hollywood, Florida. At 1:38 p.m. (13:38 UTC) a nurse called 911. At 1:45 p.m. a bodyguard gave her CPR before she was taken to a local hospital and pronounced dead at 2:49 p.m. Her death was caused by an accidental overdose.

Smith was addicted to prescription medications. A psychiatrist said in court in 2010 that she was a member of hospital staff in 2006, when Smith was a patient. The psychiatrist said Smith had borderline personality disorder.

## References
## Other websites 
*AnnaNicole.com Official website
*
Sorting algorithm

When the cards are sorted by rank with a stable sort, the two 5s must remain in the same order in the sorted output that they were originally in. When they are sorted with a non-stable sort, the 5s may end up in the opposite order in the sorted output.]]
A **sorting algorithm** is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order. Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their alphabetical order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book). Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.

Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases. An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape.
Ciao

The word "**ciao**" is a greeting in Italian. It is used for both "hello" and "goodbye". It is less  than other greetings in Italian, such as *buongiorno* or *salve*.

The word originally comes from the Venetian language. It is also sometimes used by English speakers and speakers of other languages around the world. Other words that mean both "hello" and "goodbye" are *shalom* in Hebrew, *salaam* in Arabic, *annyeong* in Korean, and *aloha* in Hawaiian. In Vietnamese, the word *chào* also means "hello" or "goodbye". It sounds similar, but is not related to the Italian word.
LaTeX

**LaTeX** is a computer program used for making articles, books and math formulas look good. LaTeX is well-suited for expressing mathematical formulas on electronic devices in a more human readable format, by showing them in a way similar to how they would be written by hand. 

LaTeX is used for making mathematical formulas for some articles on Wikipedia, in addition to being used within academic circles.

The writer types their article into a plain text document. A plain text document cannot have styled text, like bold or italic. When the writer wants to write styled text, they use special LaTeX commands that start with a backslash (`\`). For example, the command for bold text is `\textbf{This text is bold}`.

After the writer is finished writing the article, they tell LaTeX to read the document. After LaTeX is done, LaTeX makes a file that can be printed. The command `\textbf{This text is bold}` would print as **This text is bold**.
 
LaTeX was first made in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, who published its first manual in 1986. The current version is LaTeX2e (styled ), which has been active since 1994.

## Example 
The example below shows the LaTeX input and its corresponding output:

## Academic contributions to LaTeX
In order to support mathematical typesetting, the American Mathematical Society (AMS) has made the **AMS-LaTeX** package. AMS also founded **MathJax**, a Javascript extension to display mathematical formulas on web browsers, with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

## Related pages
* Acaric (Developer of Cloud LaTeX)
* Beamer (LaTeX-based presentation software)
* CTAN (One of the largest LaTeX-related website)
* KaTeX (LaTeX for web browsers)
* SATySFi (A computer program expected to be an alternative to LaTeX)

## References
## Further reading
* Van Dongen, M. R. (2012). LATEX and Friends. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Grätzer, G. (2014). Practical LaTeX. Springer.
* Datta, D. (2017). LaTeX in 24 Hours: A Practical Guide for Scientific Writing. Springer.
First War of Scottish Independence

The **First War of Scottish Independence** lasted from the outbreak of the war in 1296 until 1328.

The Scots were defeated at Dunbar on 27 April 1296. John Balliol abdicated in Montrose castle on 10 July 1296. John was imprisoned in the Tower of London at first, but then released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain in a papal residence. He was later released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's estates in Picardy.

But his supporters argued that he was still the rightful King of Scotland. Therefore, the Scots rose in rebellion in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew de Moray and said they  were acting on behalf of King John. But in fact Scotland had no monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.

## Related pages
* Wars of Scottish Independence
* Second War of Scottish Independence
John of Scotland

|children=Edward Balliol.

**John King of Scots** (c. 1248 - 1314) is usually known as **John Balliol** or, correctly, **John de Balliol**. He was born in 1248. 

After the death of Margaret of Scotland in 1290, John Balliol was one of three major competitors for the throne. King Edward concluded that he was going to pick Balliol as king of Scotland at Scone, 30th November, 1292, St. Andrew's Day.

Edward I steadily undermined the authority of King John. He treated Balliol like a 'Puppet King' and the Scots were not happy. At the Battle of Dunbar King Edward's men slaughtered and wiped out the town of Berwick killing around 8000 people in the brutal killing.

He was stripped of his authority as king and was sent away to France by King Edward. He later died there. 

His son Edward Balliol would later claim the Scottish throne from 1332 until 1356.
Soul patch

A **soul patch** is a style of facial hair in which hair is only found below the lower lip and above the chin.

## Famous wearers
### Living business personalities
*Ted Yost 
*Adam McClellan

### Living musicians, actors, and television personalities
*Gregg Allmjan 
*Jack Black
*Billy Ray Cyrus
*Aamir Khan (Bollywood)
*Geddy Lee
*Howie Mandel
*Ty Pennington
*Trent Reznor
*Bruce Springsteen
*Eddie Vedder
*Stevie Wonder
*Creig Mabbit
*Tom Waits
*Billy Bob Thornton
*John Travolta
*Marlon Wayans 

### Deceased musicians
*Ray Charles
*Dizzy Gillespie
*Stevie Ray Vaughan
*Frank Zappa

### Athletes
*Fernando Alonso
*Phil Jackson
*David Villa
Microsoft PowerPoint

**Microsoft PowerPoint** is a presentation program developed for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS computer operating systems. Businesspeople, educators, and trainers use it often. It is a component of the Microsoft Office system.

## Operation 
In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector. Slides can be printed, or (more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.

## Versions 
Versions for Microsoft Windows include:

* 1993 PowerPoint 4.0 (Office 4.x)
* 1995 PowerPoint 7 for Windows 95 (Office '95)
* 1997 PowerPoint 97 (Office '97)
* 1999 PowerPoint 2000 (Office 2000)
* 2001 PowerPoint 2002 (Office XP)
* 2003 PowerPoint 2003 (Office 2003)
* 2006-2007 PowerPoint 2007 (Office 2007)
* 2010 PowerPoint 2010 (Office 2010)
* 2016 PowerPoint 2016 (Office 2016)
* 2018 PowerPoint 2019 (Office 2019)

*Note: There is no PowerPoint 5.0 or 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All of the Office 95 products have OLE 2  - moving data between many programs - and PowerPoint **7** shows that it was as new as Word **7**.*

## Related pages
* LibreOffice Impress, a free, open source alternative to Microsoft PowerPoint
* Apple Keynote

## Other websites 
* Official website of PowerPoint at Microsoft
* flashgeek PowerPoint tutorials and community, especially in regards to using PowerPoint in combination with Macromedia Flash.
* PowerPoint Heaven — The Power to Animate Contains PowerPoint movies, showcases, PowerPoint games, animation templates and tutorials on creating animations for your PowerPoint Presentations.
* PowerPoint FAQ pages Compilation of Frequently Asked Questions in the Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Groups.
* Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2003 Download (freeware, **1.9** MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2003. (only Windows)
* Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2007 Download (freeware, **25.8** MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2007. (only Windows)
* pdfonline.com Upload a .ppt and get a .pdf via email

### Discussion Groups 
* Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Group
* Microsoft Office PowerPoint Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of PowerPoint 

### Articles 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (Astronauts using PowerPoint to replace paper checklists.)
* 
*
1314

## Deaths 
* John of Scotland – King of Scotland

## Events 
* June 23 – June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
* Gabra Masqal I becomes Emperor of Ethiopia
Autotroph

: a photoautotroph]]

An **autotroph** (from Greek *autos* = self and *trophe* = nutrition) is an organism that makes organic compounds from simple molecules.

## Uses 
Autotrophs are needed in every food chain in all ecosystems. They take energy from the environment (sun light or inorganic sources) and use it to make other organic molecules that are used to carry out various biological functions such as cell growth or repairing broken tissue.

## Types 
Plants and other organisms that carry out photosynthesis are phototrophs (or photoautotrophs). Bacteria that use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus or iron are called chemoautotrophs. Other organisms, called heterotrophs, eat autotrophs. 

There are some species that need organic compounds as a source of food, but are able to use light as a source of energy. These are not autotrophic, but heterotrophic. A mixotroph is a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon.