open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gustavo Dudamel

**Gustavo Dudamel** (born January 26, 1981 in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan conductor and violinist.  He became famous as the conductor of the Venezuelan youth orchestra Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar.  Today he is the principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony in Gothenburg, Sweden, and music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in Los Angeles, California. Dudamel is also the artistic director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela.

## Life and career
Dudamel was born in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.  His father played the trombone.  He studied music when he was quite young, and learned the violin when he was ten.  He also studied composition. He became involved with El Sistema, an organization in Venezuela to help children from poorer families to learn musical instruments.  He went to the Jacinto Lara Conservatory and then the Latin-American Violin Academy, learning the violin.

He began to study conducting in 1995.  In 1999, he became music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, the national youth orchestra of Venezuela, and toured several countries.

Dudamel won many prizes for conducting. He soon became well-known and conducted the Philharmonia, the Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.  He signed a recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon.  He conducted *Don Giovanni* at La Scala, Milan,  in November 2006. On September 10, 2007, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for the first time at the Lucerne Festival. In March 2008, he first conducted the San Francisco Symphony. 

In 2005, Gustavo Dudamel conducted at the BBC Proms when Neeme Järvi was ill.  He became Principal Conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony.  He still conducts the Simón Bolívar National Youth Orchestra

Dudamel first conducted in the  U.S. with the Los Angeles Philharmonic  at the Hollywood Bowl in 2005.   In 2009 he became their Musical Director.

On April 16, 2007, Gustavo Dudamel conducted the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra in a concert to celebrate the 80th birthday of Pope Benedict XVI, with Hilary Hahn as solo violinist.  The Pope was at the concert.

A documentary film *Tocar y Luchar* was made about Dudamel and El Sistema.

### Personal life
Dudamel is married to Eloísa Maturén, a Venezuelan ballet dancer and journalist.

## Other websites
*Gustavo Dudamel official website
Carbon disulfide

**Carbon disulfide**, also known as **carbon bisulfide**, is a chemical compound. It consists of carbon and sulfide ions. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and sulfur in its -2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CS2.

## Properties
It is similar to carbon dioxide, although much more reactive. Sulfide is a much more powerful reducing agent than oxide. It burns very easily and catches fire at 90°C. It smells sweet but is often contaminated other chemicals that smell bad. 

## Preparation
It used to be made by reacting carbon and sulfur at a very high temperature. Now it is made by "burning" methane in sulfur (instead of oxygen). It is much harder to burn methane in sulfur. The waste product (carbon disulfide) is also much more reactive than carbon dioxide, the normal waste product.

## Uses
It is used to make carbon tetrachloride. It is also used in making organic chemicals. It is used to dissolve things like phosphorus and iodine and to kill insects. 

## Safety
Carbon disulfide is very flammable and is also toxic in large amounts when breathed in.

## Related pages
*Iron sulfide
Donovan Patton

**Donovan Patton** (born March 1, 1978) is an American host, actor, voice actor, and singer. Patton graduated from the Interlochen Arts Academy and acted in Shakespeare plays such as *Much Ado About Nothing* and *Romeo and Juliet* before he replaced Steve Burns as Joe, the second host of Nickelodeon's children's television program ''Blue's Clues* in 2002. Series co-creator Angela Santomero stated that Patton brought Joe, his character, closer to the preschool viewer, as Joe was more willing to "jump into a problem rather than figure it out first like Steve". After *Blue's Clues'' ended Patton voiced Bot on Nickelodeon's *Team Umizoomi*, for his work on children's television series, Patton has been described as a "household name"  Patton became a "household name"  and has been called "an unqualified star to the 5-and-under set and their parents".  Patton was selected out of 1,500 auditions.  He had never seen the show before his audition, but like Burns was the favorite with preschool test audiences.  He said, "I am convinced that I got that part because of a Christopher Walken impression I sometimes do.  There's a tape out there, somewhere, with both Steve Burns and myself doing a ''Blue's Clues'' scene both as Christopher Walken, which we did at the screen test. I haven't seen the tape, but I know somewhere it still exists".  Beginning in September 2000, Burns trained Patton to take over the host spot and advised him not to "think of [the show] as children's TV", but rather as "acting and telling the truth".  He called the show's crew "a real fun little family" by the time he joined the show. Patton remained on the show for 50 episodes, until it ended its run in 2006, and also appeared in its spin-off, ''Blue's Room'', which premiered in 2004. Several years later, Patton said he had not yet grasped the enormity of replacing Burns, even after he became a parent and witnessed the show's effect on his own children.  He admitted that he preferred when his two-year-old daughter watched the Steve episodes.

## Later roles 
In 2012, Patton appeared in the short films *Awake* and *Pharmboy*, the latter of which was directed by his longtime friend Lawrence Feeney.  In 2014, he appeared in a small movie shot mostly in New Jersey, entitled *Lies I Told My Little Sister*, directed by William Stribling and starring Lucy Walters.  He said, about *Team Umizoomi*, "the work the animators have done on it has been superlative".  He stated that he enjoyed working on *Team Umizoomi* because it gave him the opportunity to participate in a show from its inception, which he had missed with ''Blue's Clues''. "ended up sounding more like my natural voice, with a teeny bit of superhero in there".  He said, about being cast as Bot, "I get to be a superhero. Who doesn't want to be a superhero"?.

Patton is married and has two children.  He is active in several charities in the New York City area, including Literacy Inc., the Make-a-Wish Foundation, and the Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, a large children's hospital.

## Filmography
## References
Phosphorus triiodide

**Phosphorus triiodide** is a chemical compound. It is made of one phosphorus and three iodine atoms. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is PI3.

## Properties 
It is a red solid. It is very  and a powerful reducing agent. It reacts violently with water. The reaction with water makes phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide. It is used in making chemicals. Some think that it is too unstable to be stored, but it can be stored and can be bought. 

## Preparation 
Phosphorus triiodide is made by reacting iodine with white phosphorus dissolved in carbon disulfide. It is dissolved in carbon disulfide because it does not dissolve in water. It can also be made by reacting phosphorus trichloride with hydrogen iodide or some other iodide.

## Uses 
It reacts with alcohols such as methanol to make "alkyl iodides" such as methyl iodide. Many times phosphorus triiodide is made in the reaction. The alkyl iodides are used in many chemical reactions.

## Related pages 
*Phosphorus(III) oxide
*Phosphorus compounds
*Potassium iodide
Demonic possession

**Demonic possession** is a term used to describe a situation when a demon (a devil) controls a human being or (sometimes) animal.  In many cultures and religions people often used to believe that a devil could enter the body of a person and control them.  They often thought this was happening when a person seemed to be mad, or when they had a fit, or when they fainted.

## Related pages
* Demon
* Demonology
* Umbrella (song), a song that has been claimed to be about demonic possession.
PAS Hamedan F.C.

**PAS Hamedan Football Club** () is an Iranian football club based in Hamedan, Iran.

## First-team squad
## References
Malavan F.C.

**Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club** () is an Iranian football club based in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran.

## Honors
***Hazfi Cup**
:*Winners (3):* 1976, 1986, 1990
:*Runner Up (3):* 1987, 1988, 1991

***Azadegan League**
:*Runner Up (1):* 2003

***Vahdat Cup** *(International Tournament hosted by Iran)*
:*Third Place (1)*: 1981

***Regional Construction Cup** (International Tournament hosted by Pakistan)
:*Runner Up (1)*: 1973

***Best non-Tehrani Iranian Football Team**: *4*: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1989

*Iran's representative in **Asian Club Championship**
:*(1)*: 1987

## References
Gilded Age

is a Gilded Age mansion in Newport, Rhode Island]]

**The Gilded Age** is a time in the in history of the USA. It lasted from the end of the American Civil War, and up to the late 19th century. It corresponds to the latter part of the British Victorian era. 

The name Gilded Age was first used by writer Mark Twain in *The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today* (1873).  The time saw rapid progress in technology and railroad expansions and industrialization.  Immigrants came in the millions.  The intense political partisanship of the day included disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, railroads and business trusts.

## References 
## Other websites
*Gilded Age Timeline
Chemiluminescence

produces a large amount of light]]
 
**Chemiluminescence** (or **Chemoluminescence**) is a kind of luminescence. It is a process of making light from a chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence in biological systems is called bioluminescence. 

The light made in chemiluminiscence is not directly related to heat. A simple two step example of a reaction of A, and B, that produces; C, D, and light.
:[**A**] + [**B**] → [**C***] + [*D*]
:[**C***] → [**C**] + **Light** 
**C*** is an excited state of **C**. 

This reaction is simpler than most chemiluminesence reactions. The excited state happens when electrons are pushed into a  higher orbit by the energy of a chemical  reaction. The excited state is less stable than the ground state. The electrons in the excited state fall to the ground state (lower energy), emitting light. 

The amount of measurable light made is called *radiant intensity*: ICL (photons emitted per second). 

## Analytical applications
The device needed to measure the light made is simple. It needs something to hold the sample, and a photomultiplier tube. There are three ways for this to be used in chemical measurements. 
#sometimes the product wanted makes light when it reacts with another compound, 
#in another type the amount of light made drops when the wanted product is added, 
#sometimes the wanted product when added to a chemiluminescence reaction makes more light(a catalytic reaction).

### Analysis of gases 
The method measures small amounts of atmospheric pollutants. A common method measures the amount of nitrogen monoxide by reacting it with ozone. The light made has a wavelength range of 600 to 2800&nbsp;nm.

### Analysis of liquids 
Luminol is the most well known type of compound used for chemiluminescence in liquids. 

### Analysis of cell organelles 
**Ca2+**(calcium) inside of different parts of cells like the mitochondria can make light when it reacts with a protein from jellyfish named aequorin. Nitric oxide(NO) is in cells and is a way for cells to talk to each other, this can be measured with the compound luminol. 

## Other examples
*An example of chemiluminescence molecules in nature is firefly luciferin.
*The process is used to make glowsticks.

## References
*Daniel C. Harris. In Quantitative Chemical Analysis Seventh Edition: 2007 by W.H. Freeman and Company.
*Douglas A. Skoog, James F. Holler, Stanley R. Crouch. In Principles of Instrumental Analysis Sixth Edition:2005 by Thomson, Brooks, Cole.
Thilo Sarrazin

**Thilo Sarrazin** (born 12 February 1945) is a German economist and former politician of the SPD. In 2000 and 2001, Sarrazin worked for the *Deutsche Bahn*. In 2002, he became the senator for finance in the German state of Berlin. In May 2009, he has become a member of the executive board of the *Deutsche Bundesbank*.

Sarrazin published the book *Deutschland schafft sich ab* ("Germany Abolishes Itself") with controversial comments about the German immigration system. The book was published on 30 August 2010. His book led the executive board members of the Bundesbank to ask to dismiss Thilo Sarrazin from his office. This must be done by the German *Bundespräsident* Christian Wulff. After an agreement with the *German Bundesbank*, Thilo Sarrazin will leave his post at the end of September.

Sarrazin is also known for statements such as the following:
:"Integration needs performance from those that are to be integrated. I will not show respect for anyone that is not performing in that way. I do not have to acknowledge anyone who lives by welfare, denies the very state that provides that welfare, refuses to care for the education of his children and constantly produces new little headscarf-girls."  

## Life 
Sarrazin was born in Gera, Germany. His father was a doctor and the mother a daughter of a West Prussian landowner. His paternal family, a French Huguenot family, is originally from Burgundy. His grandmother was English-Italian. He has explained that his name means Saracen (i.e. Muslim) and is common in Southern France. It comes from the Arab pirates that were called “Saracens” in the Middle Ages. His mother has a Polish origin. He has referred to himself as "a European mongrel".

He grew up in Recklinghausen. At age seven, he went to an orphanage in Bavaria. He graduated from the local gymnasium and then served in the military from 1967 to 1971. Then, he studied Economics at the University of Bonn, earning his doctorate. From November 1973 to December 1974 he worked for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and became active in the SPD.

In 1975 Sarrazin started to work in the Federal Ministry of Finance.  Until 1981 he served as Head of Unit in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. In 1981, he returned to the Federal Ministry of Finance. In October 1981, he started to work as bureau chief and was a close  of Federal Finance Minister Hans Matthöfer and his successor Manfred Lahnstein. Even after the end of the socialist-liberal coalition in October 1982, Sarrazin remained in the Finance Ministry. There he was director of several units, including (from 1989 to 1990) the "Innerdeutsche Beziehungen", which the German monetary, economic and social union prepared. During his time as Head of the Federal Ministry of Finance, he was partly responsible for German railways.

From 1990 to 1991, Sarrazin worked for the Treuhand. Then he was up to 1997 State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Sarrazin is married to Ursula Sarrazin (*née* Breit) and has two sons.

## References 
## Other websites
Carbon tetrachloride

**Carbon tetrachloride**, also known as **tetrachloromethane** or **carbon tet** for short, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and chloride ions. It is a colourless heavy liquid.

## Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It smells like chloroform. It evaporates quite quickly. It can dissolve fats and oils as well as other substances including iodine. It does not burn, but it does make phosgene when heated to a very high temperature.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting methane with chlorine. This reaction is similar to the burning of methane (reaction of methane with oxygen). Hydrogen chloride, chloromethane, dichloromethane and chloroform are byproducts (left over substances). It used to be made by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. This reaction would produce sulfur(I) chloride.

## Uses
The uses of carbon tetrachloride have diminished lately, because it is known to be damage people's health. People think it might damage the ozone layer. Today, it is rarely used for anything.
 stamp for carbon tetrachloride which was used as a stain remover, "Benzinoform" was a tradename for carbon tetrachloride]] 
Previously, was used in fire extinguishers. It was also used to make freon, used in dry cleaning and as a refrigerant.
## Safety
Carbon tetrachloride is very poisonous to the liver, the kidneys and the nervous system. Carbon tetrachloride converts to phosgene (an extremely poisonous gas) at very high temperatures like fire conditions. In the days when it was used as a fire extinguisher, this problem was very common and caused deaths.

## References in media
*In the episode "Return From The Outer Space" (1965) of the science fiction TV series Lost In Space, a boy is seen buying carbon tetrachloride from a parallel universe.
*Australian YouTuber Tom de Prinse of "Explosions&Fire" and "Extractions&Ire" made videos where he is taking out carbon tetrachloride from an old fire extinguisher and then using it in his videos in 2019, and the chemical has got a fan base on social media. Channel owner Tom later used carbon tetrachloride themed designs in his channel's merchandise.
*In the Ramones song "Carbona Not Glue", the singer says that breathing the vapours of a stain remover containing carbon tetrachloride is better than breathing in glue vapours.

## References
## Related pages
*Chloromethane - methane with 1 hydrogen replaced by chlorine
*Dichloromethane - methane with 2 hydrogens replaced by chlorine
*Chloroform - methane with 3 hydrogens replaced by chlorine

*Carbon dioxide
*Bromide
*Fluoride
Robin (character)

as Robin.]]
**Robin** is the alias of several comic book superheroes and is one of Batman's sidekicks. The character appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. There are many characters that became Robin, but the first one was Dick Grayson. The first version of Robin was presented in *Detective Comics* #38 (April 1940). He was created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger and Jerry Robinson. The team of Batman and Robin is also called "the Dynamic Duo" or "the Caped Crusaders". He is a member of the Teen Titans.

## Fictional character biographies 
### Dick Grayson 
The original Robin was Dick Grayson, a young acrobat orphaned after his parents were murdered and taken in by Bruce Wayne (Batman). Grayson eventually grew to become Nightwing, taking on his own superhero identity.

### Jason Todd 
Jason Todd is the second Robin, who was infamously killed by the Joker in the *A Death in the Family* storyline. He was later resurrected and became the anti-hero **Red Hood**.

### Tim Drake 
Tim Drake is the third Robin, who deduced Batman's identity and insisted on becoming Robin to help the Dark Knight. He is known for being highly intelligent and resourceful, later becoming the hero known as **Red Robin**.

### Damian Wayne 
The biological son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul, Damian Wayne became the fourth Robin and is characterized by his association with the League of Assassins and a more brash demeanor.

## Themes 
Each of these Robins has played an important role in various storylines, contributing to the rich lore of Batman and his universe. The dynamics between Batman and his Robins often explore themes of mentorship, legacy, and the challenges of growing up in the shadow of a legendary figure.

## Films / Series 
*https://www.fernsehserien.tv/robin-hood-2025.shtml

## In other media 
The character has appeared in movies, television series, video games, toys, and more. 

In the 1943 Batman movie, Douglas Croft played Robin and in the sequel, Johnny Duncan played Robin 

In 1966, Burt Ward played Dick Grayson also called Robin while Adam West played Batman

In the 1995 movie *Batman Forever*, Chris O'Donnell played Dick Grayson. O’Donnell also played him in the 1997 sequel *Batman & Robin*. 

In 2012's*The Dark Knight Rises*, Joseph Gordon-Levitt played Detective John Blake whose real name is Robin.
Refrigerant

refrigerant.]]

A **refrigerant** is a chemical substance that is found in an air conditioner, a refrigerator, and in other refrigeration equipment.  Air conditioners work by circulating refrigerant through coils, absorbing heat from the air and releasing it outside, cooling the space with chilling efficiency. Refrigerants are chosen for the ease of converting them from liquid to vapor or vice versa, depending on their temperature and pressure. Most refrigerants in their liquid state will evaporate very fast if at atmospheric pressure. They can be classed as CFC, HCFC, HFC, HC, or HFO along with less common types.

In refrigeration equipment, a refrigerant vapor is compressed by a compressor. Compression makes it hot. It enters a condenser, where it condenses into a liquid.  The refrigerant then passes through a part called a metering device, or an expansion device (there are several types of this part) where the pressure is reduced to a point where the liquid begins to boil. At this point, the refrigerant is very cold and it enters an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the air passing over it. By the time the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is all a vapor again, and it goes back to the compressor where the cycle begins again. This is called the refrigeration cycle. This is one example of the use of a refrigerant, in a residential air conditioning system.

## Phase out of chlorine-based refrigerants
Older chlorine and carbon based refrigerants such as Freon R22 have been phased out due to ozone depletion. The chlorine molecule in them was found to be depleting the ozone molecules in the atmosphere.   As a result, the Montreal Protocol  has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane.

## References
## Related pages
*Freon, an old class of refrigerants
Alexandra David-Néel

**Alexandra David-Néel** (full name **Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David**) born in Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne on 24 October 1868, and died in Digne-les-Bains, on 8 September 1969. She was a Belgian-French explorer.

## Career
*1898 *Pour la vie*
*1911 *Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha*
*1927 ''Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa* (1927, *My Journey to Lhasa*)
*1929 *Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet* (1929, *Magic and Mystery in Tibet*)
*1930 *Initiations Lamaïques* (*Initiations and Initiates in Tibet*)
*1931 *La vie Surhumaine de Guésar de Ling le Héros Thibétain* (*The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling*)
*1933 *Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes*
*1935 *Le lama au cinq sagesses*
*1938 *Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scènes du Tibet inconnu* (*Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic*)
*1939 *Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods*
*1940 *Sous des nuées d'orage; Recit de voyage*
*1949 *Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Nepal*
*1951 *Ashtavakra Gita; Discours sur le Vedanta Advaita*
*1951 *Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains* (*The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects*)
*1951 *L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain*
*1952 *Textes tibétains inédits*
*1953 *Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle*
*1954 *La puissance de néant*, by Lama Yongden (*The Power of Nothingness*)
**Grammaire de la langue tibetaine parlée*
*1958 *Avadhuta Gita*
*1958 *La connaissance transcendente*
*1961 *Immortalite et reincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde*
**L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'independence*
*1964 *Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise*
*1970 *En Chine: L'amour universe! et l'individualisme integral: les maitres Mo Tse et Yang Tchou*
*1972 *Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges et gens bizarre rencontrés au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident*
*1975 *Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions et images*
*1975 *Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 - 27 decembre 1917*. Vol. 1. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
*1976 *Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 - 31 decembre 1940*. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
*1979 *Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Neel*
*1981 *Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects*
*1986 *La lampe de sagesse*

## Books
**The Secret Lives of Alexandra David-Neel - A Biography of the Explorer of Tibet and Its Forbidden Practices*, Barbara and Michael Foster. ; American edition under the title *Forbidden Journey -  The Life of Alexandra David-Neel'', . This book is based on extensive interviews with David Neel's secretary at Digne and reading her letters to her husband, now published as "Journal de voyage: lettres a son mari."
**Alexandra David-Neel*, Ruth Middleton, Boston, Shambhala, 1989. .
* Norwick, Braham. (1976). "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact or Fiction?". *The Tibet Journal*. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4. Autumn 1976, pp.&nbsp;70–74.

## Other websites
*Official web site
*A Mystic in Tibet - Alexandra David-Neel
*Alexandra David Neel in Upasika (spanish)
Tattva

**Tattva** is a Sanskrit word that means 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'. According to many Indian schools of philosophy, a **tattva** is an element or aspect of reality conceived as an aspect of deity.

## References
## Books
* Prasad, Ram (1997). ''Nature's Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas*. Kessinger. 
* Ramacharaka Yogi (1997). *Science of Breath*. Kessinger. 
* Singh, Jaideva (1979). *Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity*. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
* Tattvakosha - An Encyclopedia on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.
* Swami Satyananda Saraswati. *Tattva Jnana''. Devi Mandir. .

## Other websites
* Uses of 'tattva' in Puranic and Gaudiya Vaishnava literature .
* Articles  on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford

**Christ Church Cathedral** is the cathedral of the diocese of Oxford, which includes the City of Oxford and the surrounding countryside as far north as Banbury. It is also, uniquely, the chapel of Christ Church, the largest college of the University of Oxford.

## History
The cathedral was originally the church of St Frideswide's Priory. 
In 1522, the priory was surrendered to Cardinal Wolsey, who chose it as the site for his proposed college. However, in 1529 it was taken over by King Henry VIII. Work stopped, but in June 1532 the college was refounded by the King. In 1546, Henry VIII transferred to it from Osney Abbey to the see of Oxford. The cathedral has the name of *Ecclesia Christi Cathedralis Oxoniensis*, given to it by King Henry VIII's foundation charter.

## Architecture 
The nave, choir, central tower, and transepts (as far as the roofs) are late Norman, and were probably erected during the lifetime of Canutus, the second prior, in the 12th century. As a whole the cathedral contains examples of the various styles from late Norman to Perpendicular.

### Not the smallest 
Once this was the smallest cathedral in England. But according to their website, this has changed:
:"It is true that at one time Christ Church Oxford would have been the smallest Cathedral in England... However, with the creation this century of new cathedrals which had previously been parish churches, Christ Church lost its distinction of being the smallest Cathedral in the country.

:1546 Christ Church Oxford (present size - 16,413 sq ft)
:1905 Birmingham Cathedral: 13,720 sq ft
:1914 Chelmsford Cathedral: 11,270 sq ft
:1927 Derby Cathedral: 10,950 sq ft
:Newport Cathedral in Wales, is smaller still. A Cathedral since 1949, with an area of about 7,850 sq ft, it has a total seating capacity of only 600!

:At present Christ Church is probably the fifth smallest English Cathedral after Derby, Chelmsford, Birmingham and Leicester".

### Miscellany 
Cathedral (or Christ Church) Time is traditionally five minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time. This dates back to the days before the railways when each region of the country kept to its own local time. Hence what is now called Cathedral Time is a survival of old Oxford Time. 

## References 
## Other websites
*Christ Church Cathedral website
*Christ Church Cathedral Choir website 
*Oxford Cathedral information
*A history of the choristers of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 
*Sacred destinations photo gallery
2010 Canterbury earthquake

The **2010 Canterbury earthquake** was a powerful 7.1 magnitude earthquake, which struck the South Island of New Zealand at 4:35&nbsp;am September 4, 2010 local time (16:35 3 September UTC). including ones of magnitude 5.3. 
The main quake was felt widely across the South Island, and in the North Island as far north as New Plymouth.

It caused a lot of damage and cut off power and water supply, mainly in the city of Christchurch. Two people were seriously injured. The total cost of damages may be as high as NZ$2 billion.

## Geological background
New Zealand sits on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. In the South Island, these plates mainly slide past each other horizontally, producing earthquakes along fault lines such as the Alpine fault. The 2010 earthquake was centred about 80–90&nbsp;km to the southeast of the plate boundary through the island, probably on one of a network of smaller faults linked to the main faults that mark the plate boundary itself.

## References
Freon

**Freon** is a word for certain chemical compounds, often used as refrigerants. Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented using Freon as a refrigerant.  "Freon" is a registered trademark of DuPont. Freon was first used to describe chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, but it is now used to describe many other kinds of chemicals used as refrigerant. Refrigerants may contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine and sometimes bromine. For example, Freon 10 is carbon tetrachloride. Many kinds of freon are not toxic to animals. They also are cheap and work well. However, most refrigerants can reduce the amount of ozone from the upper atmosphere. Reducing ozone lets more ultraviolet light to come through. Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts, and can kill off plankton in the oceans. 

The chlorine part of CFC refrigerants can reduce ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can also damage ozone. Newer Hydrofulorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants do not have chlorine in them and do not reduce ozone in the atmosphere. Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses. These refrigerants increase global warming thousands of times more than carbon dioxide (CO2).

## Related pages
*Methyl
*Methane
*Organic chemistry
Coccyx

.]]

The **coccyx** is a set of bones that are fused together (joined up). It is found at the base of the vertebral column. This collection of bones is often called the tailbone. At birth, these bones are separate. These bones do not contain cartilage between them.
Cyma Zarghami

**Cyma Zarghami** is an Iranian-American cable television executive and the current president of the TV channel Nickelodeon and the MTV Networks' Kids & Family Group.

## References
## Other websites
*Cyma Zarghami corporate bio on Nick.com
*
Gibraltar national football team

**Gibraltar national football team** is the national football team of Gibraltar. The team joined UEFA in May of 2013 and played their first match against Slovakia on 19 November 2013. They were also accepted into FIFA on 13 May 2016. So far, they have not qualified for any major tournament.

## Record 
### FIFA World Cup 
### UEFA European Football Championship 
## References
The Vicar of Dibley

***The Vicar of Dibley*** is a British sitcom that was shown on BBC One between 1994 and 2007. It starred Dawn French as Geraldine Granger, the new female vicar of Dibley, Oxfordshire.

## Other websites 
*
Alphaville

**Alphaville** is a German synthpop group which gained popularity in the 1980s. The founding members were Marian Gold (real name *Hartwig Schierbaum*, born 26 May 1954 in Herford), Bernhard Lloyd (real name *Bernhard Gößling*, born 6 June 1960 in Enger, North Rhine-Westphalia), and Frank Mertens (real name *Frank Sorgatz*, born 26 October 1961 in Enger, North Rhine-Westphalia). 

The band was at first named **Forever Young** before changing to Alphaville. They are best known for their two biggest hits, "Big in Japan" and "Forever Young".

## References
Åryd, Växjö Municipality

**Åryd** is a locality in Växjö Municipality in Kronoberg County in Sweden. In 2010, 684 people lived there. Swedish singer and Melodifestivalen 1995 contestant Jessica G. Pilnäs was born in Åryd.

## References
Småland

**Småland** is a historical province (*landskap*) in southern Sweden.

Småland borders the provinces Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means *Small lands*. The latinized form *Smolandia* has been used in other languages. The highest summit in Småland is Tomtabacken with its 377 m.

Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren comes from Småland, and many of her stories are also set there. Famous Swedish expresseions are "Mörkaste Småland" ("Darkest Småland") and "För allt smör i Småland" ("For All Butter in Småland").

## Other websites
Latina

**Latina** may refer to:

*Latina, Lazio, a city in Italy
*Province of Latina, a province in Italy
*A female from Latin America
*Female Hispanic and Latino Americans
*Female Latin American Canadians
Chula Vista, California

**Chula Vista** (; , due to its scenic location between the San Diego Bay and coastal mountain foothills) is the second largest city in the San Diego metropolitan area as well as the 7th largest city in Southern California. In 2020, 275,487 people lived in Chula Vista. the top employers in the city are:

## Transportation
### Local area freeways
Local area freeways in within the city of Chula Vista include
* Interstate 5
* Interstate 805
* State Route 54
* State Route 125

### Arterial streets
#### East-West arterials
*"C" Street
*"E" Street-Bonita Rd (East of Flower Street)
*"H/East H Street (East of Hilltop)-Proctor Vly Road (East of Mount Miguel)
*"J/East J Street (East of Hilltop)
*"L"/East L Street (East of Hilltop)-Telegraph Cyn Rd-Otay Lakes Rd
*Naples/E.Naples (East of Hilltop)
*Palomar/E. Palomar (East of Hilltop)
*Orange/E. Orange (East of Hilltop)-Olympic (East of 805 Freeway)
*Main/Auto Park Way (East of 805 Freeway)

#### North-South arterials
*Broadway (Also known as "South Bay Strip")
*Fourth/N. Fourth Ave (North of "C" Street)
*Third
*Hilltop
*Crest-Oleander (South of T.C. Road)
*Medical Center Dr-Brandywine (South of E.Palomar)
*Paseo Del Rey
*Paseo Ranchero-Heritage (South of T.C. Road)
*Otay Lakes/La Media (South of T.C. Road)
*Eastlake Dr-Eastlake Pkwy (At Miller)
*Hunte Pkwy

### Public Transport
*Bayfront E Street Station
*H Station
*Palomar Station

#### MTS buses
*701=H Station-Palomar Station: Via H, Hilltop, and Palomar
*703=H Station-Town Center Mall (Sundays only)
*704=Bayfront, E Station-Palomar Station: Via E Street, Fourth, East Naples, and Medical Center
*705=Bayfront, E Station-Plaza Bonita & SWC: Via E Street, Bonita Rd, and Otay Lakes
*707=SWC-Town Center Mall: Via East H & Eastlake Parkway
*708=E Street Trolley-Nature Center
*709=H Station-Town Center Mall: Via H/East H, Otay Lakes, East Palomar
*712=Palomar Station-SWC: Via Palomar/East Palomar, La Media/Otay Lakes
**932=Iris Ave Station-8th St Ntl City: Via South Bay Strip, E and F Streets
**929=Iris Ave Station-Downtown SD: Via Third, Fourth, and E Street
*Denotes CV Transit Routs
**Denotes San Diego MTS routes

## Sister cities
*  Cebu City, Philippines
*  Odawara, Japan
*  Tijuana, Mexico

## References
## Other websites
* Chula Vista Public Library website
* Official City of Chula Vista website
* Chula Vista Schools Location and Phone Directory
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

**Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious** () is an English word, with 34 letters, that was a song with the same title in the Disney musical movie *Mary Poppins*. The song was written by the Sherman Brothers, and sung by Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke. It also appears in the stage show version of Mary Poppins.

The writers of the *Oxford English Dictionary* revealed that the word  "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" was first used in 1931. The word is a compound word, and said by Richard Lederer in toes book *Crazy English* to be made up of these words: super- "above", cali- "beauty", fragilistic- "delicate", expiali- "to atone", and -docious "educable", with all of these parts combined meaning "Atoning for educability through delicate beauty." According to the movie, in which the word became widely used, the word is "something to say when you have nothing to say". However, a lot of people think the word means "extraordinarily good" or "wonderful" because all mentions of the word in the movie can be thought of as good.

## References
## Other websites
* Video of the song from the original film on YouTube
Typhoon Kompasu (2010)

**Typhoon Kompasu** was noticed on August&nbsp;28, the United States Air Force base in Okinawa, Japan, began preparing for what was then Tropical Storm 08W. Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness (TCCOR) level three was issued the following morning. By August&nbsp;30, forecasts showed that a strengthening storm would strike the area, possibly bringing winds in excess of . Following this, the TCCOR level was increased to two. For the first time in over three years, TCCOR level one was declared on August&nbsp;31. Military personnel and residents across the island were urged to complete their preparations and remain indoors for the duration of the typhoon. During the storm's passage on August&nbsp;31, the highest warning level, TCCOR One-E (emergency) was declared. Following Kompasu's passage, the emergency warning was changed to recovery as conditions improved.

Throughout Okinawa, Kompasu brought strong winds and heavy rains, leaving an estimated 32,000 residences without power. The Okuma Recreation Facility sustained substantial damage and was closed to the public for at least a week. According to United States Air Force captain Adam Vaccarezza, concrete towers fell during the storm. Although Kompasu was a strong typhoon when it passed over Okinawa, no loss of life took place; however, five people were injured. Some homes sustained roof damage across the region, prompting a few evacuations. Additionally, Kompasu resulted in the cancellation of 432 flights to and from the island chain, stranding 57,126 people.

## References
Mount Olivet Cemetery (Chicago)

**Mount Olivet Cemetery** is a Roman Catholic cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. The cemetery is at 2755 West 111th St.

There are over 142,200 people buried at the cemetery. The cemetery is 93 acres in size.  It became one of the first major area cemeteries to become full before more land was purchased on its east side.

Mount Olivet was the first burial place of Al Capone, who was put between the graves of his father and brother.  A few years after his mother's death, the remains of all three men were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

## Famous burials
*James M. Bell, Sgt. during Battle of Little Big Horn
*Al Capone, gangster (remains moved)
*Thomas A. Doyle, U.S. Congressman
*Lawrence E. McGann, U.S. Congressman
*M. Alfred Michaelson, U.S. Congressman
*P. H. Moynihan, U.S. Congressman
*Catherine O'Leary, owner of cow who allegedly started Great Chicago Fire

## Related pages
Cemeteries in Chicago:
* Graceland Cemetery
* Oak Woods Cemetery
* Rosehill Cemetery
* Westlawn Cemetery

## Other websites
*Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
**Mount Olivet Cemetery
Dominici

**Dominici** is a progressive metal band that started in 2005 by former Dream Theater vocalist, Charlie Dominici. Their only published works are the three albums that make up the O3 Trilogy.

Dominici also opened for three Dream Theater concerts, during Dream Theater's "Chaos in Motion Tour."

## Band members
* Charlie Dominici - vocals
* Brian Maillard - guitars
* Americo Rigoldi - keyboards
* Riccardo eRIK Atzeni - electric bass
* Yan Maillard - drums

## Other websites
*Official website
Pinball

in Las Vegas, Nevada.]]

**Pinball** is a type of arcade game. In pinball, the player tries to score points by  one or more metal balls on a playfield inside a glass-covered case called a **pinball machine**. The main  of the game is to score as many points as the player can. Other objectives are to play as long as possible (by earning *extra balls* and keeping the ball in play as long as possible) and to earn free games (known as *replays*).

From the 1940s through the 1970s pinball was banned in many American cities because it was thought to be a game of chance and therefore was considered gambling. The ban stopped in New York City in 1976, when Roger Sharpe, a player renowned for his talent, played so well in front of the City Council that he convinced them that pinball was indeed a game of skill, not just of luck. 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Internet Pinball Database
* Clips from Pinball Basics DVD
* [irc://irc.afternet.org/#pinball #pinball] on AfterNET (IRC channel all about Pinball)
Yu Myung-hwan

**Yu Myung-hwan** (born April 8, 1946) is a South Korean diplomat, he was  Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from February 2008 to September.4 2010. His resigntation was caused when his daughter was givent a job in his department . He has previously held posts including Ambassador to Israel, Japan and the Philippines. Yu is a graduate of Seoul National University.

## References 
## Other websites
*Biography at Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mike Douglas

**Mike Douglas**, born **Michael Delaney Dowd, Jr.** (August 11, 1920 – August 11, 2006) was an American entertainer.

## Early life and career
Douglas was born in Chicago, Illinois, and began singing as a choirboy. He was singing on a Lake Michigan dinner cruise ship when he was a teenager. After being in the United States Navy for a short time, he moved to Los Angeles. He was on the Ginny Simms radio show. Then, he became a singer in the big band of Kay Kyser. 

In 1950, he was the singing voice of Prince Charming in Walt Disney's *Cinderella*. *The Mike Douglas Show* quickly got popular and had national broadcasting in August 1963.

Many famous people were on the show. For example, Truman Capote, The Rolling Stones,Herman's Hermits and Kiss were on the show. The show helped show entertainers for the first time, like Barbra Streisand and Aretha Franklin. After the move to Philadelphia, Douglas tried to sing again, but it did not work work well.

By 1967, *The Mike Douglas Show* had 6,000,000 viewers each day, mostly women. It earned $10.5 million from advertisers. Douglas was paid more than $500,000. In 1967, the program got the first Emmy Award for Individual Achievement in Daytime Television from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Most weeks, Douglas would be joined by a co-host, like John Lennon & Yoko Ono, and Anne Baxter. The show went off the air in 1980.

## References
Muckrakers

wrote a book called *The Jungle*, about meat-packing factories.]]

**Muckrakers** was a term for the group of people who wrote books and newspaper articles in the United States around 1900. Most of their books were about showing how bad things were during the "Gilded Age" in America. Some things they wrote about were the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people. The books the Muckrakers wrote led to changes in America during the Progressive Era, such as the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the breakup of the Standard Oil company.

The following people were among the Muckrakers:

* Upton Sinclair, who wrote The Jungle, a book about meat-packing factories in Chicago
* Jacob Riis, who took photographs of poor people's living conditions in New York City
* Ida Tarbell, who wrote books about John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
* Lincoln Steffens, who wrote *The Shame of the Cities*, about corruption in local governments
Lincoln Heights Jail

**Lincoln Heights Jail** was a jail building in Lincoln Heights. It closed in 1954. It is said to be haunted. The jail is sometimes used as a movie set. It was used to make  parts of the music video for "Telephone" by Lady Gaga.

## References
## Related pages
*Alcatraz Island
*Al Capone
Renata Tebaldi

**Renata Tebaldi** (February 1, 1922 - December 19, 2004) was an Italian operatic soprano and one of the leading lyric-dramatic sopranos of the postwar period. She possessed a voice of great beauty and considerable power which she used with unfailing musicianship and style.  

## Life and career
Born in Pesaro, Italy, she studied first at the Parma Conservatory with Branducci and Campogaliani, and at the Pesaro Conservatory with Carmen Melis and Giuseppe Pais. She made her debut in Rovigno in 1944, as Elena in *Mefistofele*.

She was chosen by conductor Arturo Toscanini to sing at the reopening of La Scala in Milan in 1946, where she sang until 1954. She also appeared at all the major opera houses of Italy. 

She then began singing abroad and made her debut at the Royal Opera House in 1950, at the Paris Opéra in 1951, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1955, where she was to sing regularly until 1973. She also appeared in San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, etc.

She was particularly admired in operas like Verdi's *La forza del destino*, *Aida*, *Otello*, Puccini's *Manon Lescaut*, *La bohème*, *Tosca*, *Madama Butterfly*, Ponchielli's *La Gioconda*, Boito's *Mefistofele*, Giordano's *Andrea Chénier*, Cilea's *Adriana Lecouvreur*, Catalini's *La Wally*.

Renata Tebaldi retired from the stage in 1977. She died at her home in San Marino, at the age of 82.  

The so-called rivalry between Tebaldi and soprano Maria Callas was mostly fueled by admirers of these two singers and by the press.

## References
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
## Other websites 
* Broadcast auditions (2)“RENATA TEBALDI” (cycle “From collection of the rare recordings” by Maxim Malkov – in Russian).
Br'er Rabbit

'''Br'er Rabbit** (also spelled **Bre'r Rabbit** or **Brer Rabbit** or **Bruh Rabbit''', with the title "Br'er" ) is an important character in the Uncle Remus stories in the Southern United States. He is a tricky character, and usually wins or escapes because he is clever, not because he is strong.

Br'er Rabbit came from both African and Cherokee cultures. Disney later used the character for their *The Song of the South*.

In a Cherokee story, "the fox and the wolf throw the trickster rabbit into a thicket from which the rabbit quickly escapes." There was a "melding (mixing) of the Cherokee rabbit-trickster&nbsp;... into the culture of African slaves." "In fact, most of the Br'er Rabbit stories originated in (came from) Cherokee myths."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Brer-Rabbit.com 
* Brer Rabbit Stories at AmericanFolklore.net
Henge

complex]]

A **henge** is a Neolithic earthwork.  Henges are typical of the British Isles (for example Stonehenge), but there are a few similar structures in continental Europe.

Henges have a ring bank and ditch. They are not thought to be primarily defensive, because their ditch is inside the wall or rampart. For defence, it would seem better to have the ditch outside the bank. That way, attackers would need to climb up further. Their function is thought to be mainly ceremonial. This is discussed often in relation to Stonehenge.

Henges are divided into three types:
# **Henge** (≥20&nbsp;m). There is usually little evidence of occupation in a henge, although they may contain ritual structures such as stone circles, timber circles and standing stones. Examples of henges are at 
##Avebury, in Wiltshire, which contains the largest stone circle in Britain, 
##The Great Circle at Stanton Drew in Somerset, which contains the second largest stone circle in Britain. 
##The Ring of Brodgar in Orkney, which contains the third largest stone circle in Britain. 
##Notes: example of henges without other significant internal monuments are the three henges of Thornborough Henges in Yorkshire. Stonehenge is not a typical henge because the ditch is outside the main earthwork bank.
# **Mini henge** (300&nbsp;m). A Neolithic ring earthwork with the ditch inside the bank, with the central flat area having abundant evidence of occupation and being more than 300 metres in diameter. Some true henges are as large as this (e.g., Avebury), but lack evidence of domestic occupation. Examples of henge enclosures are Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, and Mount Pleasant Henge in Dorset.

## Source 
*Malone, Caroline. 2005. *Neolithic Britain and Ireland*. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.