open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chester County, South Carolina

**Chester County** is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 32,294 people lived there. Its county seat is Chester.

## References
Chesterfield, South Carolina

**Chesterfield** is a town in Chesterfield County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,357 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Chesterfield County.

## References
Düdingen

**Düdingen** (, ) is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Chesterfield County

**Chesterfield County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Chesterfield County, South Carolina
* Chesterfield County, Virginia
The Reverend

**The Reverend** is an honorific style for the names of Christian clergy and ministers. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. 

*The Reverend* is correctly called a *style* but is often and in some dictionaries called a title, form of address or title of respect. The style is also sometimes used by leaders in non-Christian religions such as Judaism and Buddhism.

## References
Gempenach

**Gempenach** (former French name: **Champagny**) was a municipality in See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Clavaleyres (Canton of Bern), Galmiz and Gempenach merged to form the municipality of Murten.

## References 
## Other websites
Chesterfield County, South Carolina

**Chesterfield County** is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, it has 43,273 people living there. Its county seat is Chesterfield. and largest city in the county is Cheraw. It is on the northern border with North Carolina. Chesterfield County is located in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina.

## References
NationStates

***NationStates*** is a website and browser based game and online community. It is about creating and managing a nation. It was created on 13 November 2002 by Max Barry. He created the game to advertise his book, *Jennifer Government*.  The game does not cost money to play, however people can donate money to remove adverts. They can also buy bonuses related to "telegrams", which are the way that players talk to each other directly.

## Gameplay 
Registration is free and users are asked to provide the name of their nation, a national motto, a national animal, and a currency. After playing for a few months, players can also modify their government type and religion, leader, etc. Players can upload or choose a flag for their nation. 

There is a forum in the game, where players can chat about whatever they like, whether it be politics, recent events, etc. There are three major categories: General, which is for "discussion and debate about anything", Forum 7, where you can "relax, unwind, share a joke, and generally goof off," and NationStates, where users can "come together and discuss matters of varying importance". 

Players are able to create and manage *regions*, which are communities for players. Each region has a *Regional Message Board*, which acts as a type of forum. Each region is managed by its *founder* (the player who created the region), but players within the region can also choose a *World Assembly Delegate*. The World Assembly (WA) is an organisation and part of the game acting as a stand in for the United Nations. It makes laws that apply to nations that have joined the WA but nations are not required to be a member. It used to be called "The United Nations", however Max Barry was sent an email by the United Nations telling him to not use their trademark in his game.

Players are also able to create factbook and dispatches about their country, which they can use to tell other people about their country.

## References
Carmen Yulín Cruz

**Carmen Yulín Cruz Soto** (born February 25, 1963) is a Puerto Rican politician. She was the mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico from 2013 to 2020. From 2009 through 2013, Cruz served in the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico.

Cruz ran for Resident Commissioner in the 2020 elections. After Héctor Ferrer died in November 2018, Cruz became the leading candidate to run for Governor of Puerto Rico.

Cruz became known for her dealings in San Juan during Hurricane Maria and how she and President Donald Trump engaged in a Twitter feud.  As a result, she was nominated as a candidate for *Time*s Person of the Year.

On February 21, 2019, Cruz endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders' second presidential bid and joined as one of its four national co-chairs.

## References
## Other websites
*Carmen Yulín Cruz on CamaraDeRepresentantes.org
Repository (data)

A **repository** is a way of storing information related to a file system. For version control software (VCS), it is used to store information about files, their size, date of creation, and any changes made to them (often called "commits"). Common examples of software that use repositories are Git and Mercurial, but others do exist.

A repository can be stored on a person's computer *locally* (not on the internet), but it can also be stored *remotely* (on a network or the internet). One of the most popular websites for hosting repositories is GitHub, however others such as GitLab exist. If a person wants to use a public repository on these kinds of websites, they can "clone" the repository onto their computer. This creates a copy of the repository, and all of the files (usually computer code) related to it. A person can then make changes to the repository, and they can "commit" those changes to their local repository (which means that their changes are recorded in the repository's history). If they wish to update the remote repository (the one stored online) they can "push" their changes to it. This updates the repository on the website or network location.

## General meaning 
A data repository is a place where data is stored and managed. It can hold many kinds of data, such as files, records, or research information. A data repository helps people keep data safe and easy to find.

There are different types of data repositories. Some examples are open research repositories like Zenodo or Dryad, digital libraries, research data stores, and cloud storage systems. Many researchers use data repositories to store and share their data with others. This makes it easier for people to check work, reuse data, or build new research from it.

A data repository can also provide tools to help organize data. These tools can let users search for files, keep different versions, and set rules for who can see or change the data.

## Related pages
* CTAN - Repository for LaTeX

## Other websites
* GitHub
To the Shores of Iwo Jima

***To the Shores of Iwo Jima*** is a documentary about the battles of Iwo Jima during World War II. It is a short color war movie. It was produced by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. 

The movie documents the Battle of Iwo Jima. It was the first time that American audiences saw in color the footage of the famous flag raising on Iwo Jima.

## Other websites
**To the Shores of Iwo Jima*: the complete movie on Wikimedia Commons
* 
*
Discord

**Discord** is a free instant messaging software that lets people talk to each other over the internet. It was originally meant for people who play video games, but is now used by others. In addition to text messaging, you may also make audio and video calls through Discord. Discord is free to use, and it runs on Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Linux, and in most web browsers it can also be used on PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, Xbox Series X and Series S and Xbox One consoles but only the Voice Chat function is available and must be started from the main app. It is used by 350 million people, 150 million people use it every month.

## Discord Nitro 
Users can pay money to Discord every month to receive extra features, which is called "Discord Nitro". There are two types of Discord Nitro: "Nitro" and "Nitro Basic". Nitro Basic costs $2.99 a month and includes fewer features, while Nitro costs $9.99 a month and includes more features. They also had access to Discord Nitro's game store. But, due to a lack of popularity, Discord Nitro's game store was removed on October 15th, 2019.

## Organization 
The most used things on Discord are "servers" and "channels".

### Text channels 
A Discord text channel is simply a group chat. People may send text messages, images, and files in real-time. It may also be compared to an IRC channel.

Text channels can be optionally marked as "NSFW", which stands for "Not safe for work". "NSFW" channels require users to verify that they are 18 years or older to view them.

Discord blocks access to NSFW channels for people who are under 18.

### Voice channels 
Discord voice channels allow users to transmit audio, video, and share their own screen by using the "Go Live" option.

The administrator can customize the voice channel name, set the user limit (1-99 users), and bit rate.

### Servers 
A server is a collection of channels. A server can be managed by one or more people, who also manage the channels within the server. Discord servers may range in size from just one person to hundreds of thousands.  

### User accounts 
Discord usernames can be unique and have letters, periods, underscores, and numbers. The largest amount of characters a Discord username can have is 32. Discord allows users to have "display names" that users can use to change how their name is shown.

Discord allows users to connect their Discord account with other platforms, such as Twitch. Discord can determine the game a user is playing by looking at the running processes.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Triton

**Triton** commonly refers to:
* Triton (mythology), a Greek god
* Triton (moon), a satellite of Neptune

**Triton** may also refer to:

## Places
### Natural
* Triton Bay, an Arctic waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada
* Triton Bay, Kaimana, West Papua, Indonesia
* Triton Island, a Paracel Island in the South China Sea
* Triton Point, a point on the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica
* Triton River, a river flowing into Lake Copais, Greece

## Science and technology
### Biology
* Triton (gastropod), a group of sea snails

### Physical sciences
* Triton (physics), the nucleus of tritium, an isotope of hydrogen
* Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant
* TRITON, a SODAR system for measuring sound wave scattering

### Technology
* Triton (content delivery), a digital delivery and digital rights management service until 2006
* Triton disk drive, a product that allows 2.8-inch floppy disks to be read on various home computers
* E Ink Triton, an electronic paper technology
* Korg Triton, a music workstation synthesizer
* Triton chipset, an Intel Pentium chipset
* AIM Triton, a version of the AOL Instant Messenger software
* Triton, a World War II encryption network using the Enigma machine
* Triton, a line of GPS receivers manufactured by Magellan Navigation
* Triton, a malware program used to attack a Triconex power plant
Kensett, Arkansas

**Kensett** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

As of 2021, Kensett, Arkansas has a population of 2,207.

## References
Fine Gael

**Fine Gael** ( ; English: *Family* or *Tribe of the Irish*) is a centre-right liberal conservative political party in the Republic of Ireland.

Fine Gael is currently part of the Government of Ireland and is the third largest party in Dáil Éireann. The party has a membership of 25,000. It is a junior partner governing under Fianna Fail and the Green Party. Its party leader is Simon Harris who served as Taoiseach from 25 May 2024 to present. Harris succeeded Varadkar who overthrew Enda Kenny as party leader on 2 June 2017 and as Taoiseach on 14 June; Kenny had been leader since 2002, and Taoiseach since 2011. 

## Leaders
## Notes
## References
Great crested newt

A **great crested newt**, **northern crested newt**, or **warty newt** (*Triturus cristatus*) is a newt in the family Salamandridae, found mainly across Europe up to about the Ural Mountains.

It is a relatively large species. Females can measure up to 16&nbsp;cm and are larger than males, which are 14 to 15&nbsp;cm long. It is a protected species in the UK and Europe. Land development, population growth and agriculture has disturbed the newt, and it is becoming quite rare.

The newt breeds in ponds and pools, but usually lives on land. The larvae turn into air-breathing young efts and move onto land. They eat small invertebrates, and hibernate through the winter. 

## References
Knoxville, Arkansas

**Knoxville** is a town in the US state of Arkansas. There were 660 people living there according to the 2020 census.

## References
Vienna, New York

**Vienna**  is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 5,260 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Vienna, capital of Austria.

It is in the western part of the county.

## References
Chesalles-sur-Moudon

**Chesalles-sur-Moudon** is a former municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it is part of the municipality of Lucens.

## References
Gimel, Switzerland

**Gimel** is a municipality in the Swiss canton Vaud. It is found in the district of Morges.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.gimel.ch
Joseph H. Boardman

**Joseph H. Boardman** (December 23, 1948 – March 7, 2019) was an American railroad executive. He was the President and CEO of Amtrak from 2008 to 2016. He was born in Taberg, New York.

Boardman suffered a stroke while on vacation in Florida on March 5, and died on March 7, 2019. He was aged 70.

## References
José Ramón Machado Ventura

**José Ramón Machado Ventura**, M.D. (born 26 October 1930) is a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the First Vice President of the Council of State of Cuba from 2008 to 2013. Raúl Castro was elected as the President of Cuba on 24 February 2008. Machado was elected to succeed him as First Vice President. He has been Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba since 2011.

## References
Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)

The **Popular Socialist Party** (, **PSP**) was a communist party in Cuba. It was originally called the **Communist Party of Cuba** (). It was formed in 1925 by a group including Blas Roca, Anibal Escalante, Fabio Grobart, Alfonso Bernal del Riesgo and Julio Antonio Mella, who was its leader until his assassination in Mexico in 1929. It was later renamed the "Communist Revolutionary Union". After the electoral victory of the Partido Auténtico in the 1944 elections, the party became less popular, and it eventually adopted the name "Popular Socialist Party" for electoral reasons. In 1961 the party merged into the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI). 

## References
Selma to Montgomery marches

The **marches from Selma to Montgomery**, led President Lyndon B. Johnson to sign the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The first March occurred on March 7, 1965 and became known as **Bloody Sunday**. Between 500-600 civil rights protesters began the march on March 7 but were stopped by Sheriff Jim Clark. The Sheriff of Dallas County (where Selma is located) ordered that all white men over the age of 21 should report to the court house steps where he made them deputies and equipped them to counter the protesters. They were joined by state troopers and beat protesters so severely that 17 were hospitalized. They beat the protesters with batons, fired tear gas into the crowd, and charged them from horseback. 

Amelia Boynton, who had helped organize the march as well as marching in it, was beaten unconscious. A photograph of her lying on the road of the Edmund Pettus Bridge appeared on the front page of newspapers and news magazines around the world.  17 marchers were hospitalized and 50 treated for lesser injuries. 

The executive board of the NAACP unanimously passed a resolution the day after "Bloody Sunday", warning, 
If Federal troops are not made available to protect the rights of Negroes, then the American people are faced with terrible alternatives. Like the citizens of Nazi-occupied France, Negroes must either submit to the heels of their oppressors or they must organize underground to protect themselves from the oppression of Governor Wallace and his storm troopers.
After the events were televised, President Johnson issued an order mobilizing the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers on their 54 mile (87 km) journey from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. This second march would start on March 21, 1965 and end on March 25, 1965 at the steps of the state capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. Before the second march even began President Johnson went to congress to ask them for a bill that would guarantee voting rights for all citizens and end discrimination at polling places (such as poll taxes and literacy tests).

## References
Triton (malware)

**Triton** is malware first discovered  at a Saudi Arabian petrochemical plant in 2017. It can disable safety programs. That can then cause a plant to have a disaster. It has been called "the world’s most murderous malware." In 2018, FireEye, a company that researches cyber-security, reported that the malware most likely came from the Central Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics  (CNIIHM), a research in Russia.  

## References
Sea snail

*, photographed *in situ*]]
**Sea snail** is a common term for marine gastropods (gastropods that live in the sea). It is not a formal term, just a term in common use.*, the shell of a sea snail called Triton's trumpet]]
]]

## References
Almendares River

The **Almendares River** is a 45&nbsp;km river in the western part of Cuba. It originates from the east of Tapaste and flows north-west into the Straits of Florida. The river is a water supply for Havana.

The river divides two districts of Havana: the  Plaza de la Revolución (Miramar) and Playa (Vedado). Part of the river valley forms the Almendares Park or Metropolitan Park of Havana (PMH), a few kilometers upstream from the ocean.

There are several industrial plants along the river banks (paper mills, gas production plants, brewery, food production plants, construction plants).

The Havana authorities continue to monitor and control water pollution, reduce and rationalize
industrial occupation, maintain the old trees and the vegetation in the park. The area is gradually becoming a green oasis with playground, a few restaurants and footpaths.

## References
Dupont Plaza Hotel arson

The **Dupont Plaza Hotel arson** was an act of arson on New Year's Eve 1986. The fire was set by three former employees of the hotel. They were involved in a labor dispute with the owners. 

Ninety-eight people were killed in the fire and by breathing in smoke.

## Hotel history
The Dupont Plaza opened in 1963 as the Puerto Rico-Sheraton. It was operated by the Sheraton hotel company until 1980. That was just before Sheraton put up major fire-safety measures in its hotels.

## Fire
### Disaster
The employees' union called a meeting in the hotel's ballroom for the afternoon of December 31, 1986. At the end of the meeting, around 3:00 pm, the 125 members present voted to go on strike starting at midnight.

Three union members-Héctor Escudero Aponte, José Rivera López and Arnaldo Jiménez-planned setting several fires. They wanted to scare tourists who stayed at the hotel. At around 3:30 pm that afternoon, they placed opened cans of chafing fuel in a storage room with newly bought furniture. The three men then set the fuel on fire.

The fire quickly burned out of control. It grew very large as the building burned. 

## Aftermath
An investigation by the United States' Occupational Safety and Health Administration found 25 safety violations. They included not having emergency exit doors in the casino area. That caused the deaths of 84 trapped guests. 

In April 1987, Escuerdo Apante, 35, Jiménez Rivera, 29, and José Francisco Rivera López, 40, pleaded guilty to setting the New Year's Eve fire. They were also convicted of murder in the disaster. Two of the men were later released from federal prison.

## References
Plumerville, Arkansas

**Plumerville** is a city in Conway County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 734 at the 2020 census.

## References
Raimundo Ongaro

**Raimundo José Ongaro** (13 February 1924 – 1 August 2016) was an Argentine union leader. He was secretary general of the General Confederation of Labour of the Argentines (CGTA) between 1968 and 1974. He was born in Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Ongaro died on 1 August 2016 in Los Polvorines, Argentina at the age of 92.

## References 
## Other websites 
* CGTA 
* FGB
Sasi Shanker

**Sasi Shanker** (1957 – 10 August 2016) was an Indian movie director. He directed one Tamil movie and ten Malayalam movies. He won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1993 for his movie *Narayam*.

Shanker died on 10 August 2016 at the age of 57.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Mel Hurtig

**Mel Hurtig**,  (June 24, 1932 – August 3, 2016) was a Canadian publisher, author, political activist, and political candidate. He was president of the Edmonton Art Gallery, and a noted political activist who wrote many books critical of the Canadian government and its various policies. Hurtig was an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1980. He was born in Edmonton, Alberta.

On 3 August 2016, Hurtig died there at a hospital from complications from pneumonia at the age of 84.

## References
Klaus Weber

**Klaus Weber** (5 April 1936 – 8 August 2016) was a German biologist. He was known for his many important works to biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology, and was for many years the director of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany. He was born in Łódź, Poland.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

Weber died on 8 August 2016 in Göttingen, Germany at the age of 80.

## References
Aboud Jumbe

** Aboud Jumbe Mwinyi** (14 June 1920 – 14 August 2016) was a Zanzibari politician. He was the 2nd President of Zanzibar from 7 April 1972 to 30 January 1984. He was born in Juba, Anglo Egyptian Sudan (now South Sudan).

Jumbe died at the age of 96 at his home at Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam, on 14 August 2016.

## References
Panchu Arunachalam

**Panchu Arunachalam** (18 June 1941 – 9 August 2016) was an Indian screenwriter, movie director, producer and lyricist. He was known for writing the movies *Kazhugu* (1981) and *Paayum Puli* (1983). He was also known for directing the movie *Manamagale Vaa* (1988). He was born in Sirukoodalpatti, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Arunachalam died from cardiac arrest in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India at the age of 76.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
McPherson, Kansas

**McPherson** () is a city in and the county seat of McPherson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 14,082.  The city is named after Union General James Birdseye McPherson, a Civil War general.

## References
Fate, Texas

**Fate** is a city located in the center of Rockwall County, Texas. The population in 2020 was 17,958, an increase from 6,357 in 2010, and 602 in 2000.

## References
Rockwall, Texas

**Rockwall** is a city in Rockwall County, Texas, United States. It is the county seat of Rockwall County. The population was 47,251 at the 2020 census.

## References
Jan-Michael Vincent

**Jan-Michael Vincent** (July 15, 1944 – February 10, 2019) was an American actor. He was well known for playing helicopter pilot Stringfellow Hawke on the television series *Airwolf* from 1984 to 1986 and the protagonist, Matt Johnson, in the 1978 movie *Big Wednesday*. 

Vincent died of cardiac arrest at a hospital in Asheville, North Carolina on February 10, 2019, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Whatever Happened To: Jan Michael Vincent
Fort Scott, Kansas

**Fort Scott** is a city in and the county seat of Bourbon County, Kansas, United States. It is  south of Kansas City, on the Marmaton River. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,552.

It is the home of the Fort Scott National Historic Site and the Fort Scott National Cemetery. Fort Scott is named for Gen. Winfield Scott.

## References
Rockport, Arkansas

**Rockport** is a city on the Ouachita River in Hot Spring County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 676.

## References
Mandya district

**Mandya District** is an administrative district of Karnataka, India. Mandya is the main town in Mandya District. In 2011, there were 1,808,680 people in this District. Mandya District has five important rivers: Kaveri River and four tributaries main Hemavathi, Shimsha, Lokapavani, Veeravaishnavi.

It is known for its rich agriculture and sugarcane fields. Because of this, it is sometimes called the "Sugar City" of Karnataka.

The land in Mandya  is very fertile, mainly because of the rivers that flow through the district. These rivers help the farmers grow crops like sugarcane, paddy (rice) and ragi. Most people in Mandya District live in villages and work in farming.

The district also has some old temples and cultural places, which are important for local festivals and traditions. One famous place is Melukote, which is a holy town known for its temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

Mandya is close to big cities like Mysuru (Mysore) and Bengaluru (Bangalore), so it is easy to reach by road or train. The people of Mandya speak Kannada, which is the main language of Karnataka.

## References
Springdale, Pennsylvania

**Springdale** is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is about  northeast of Pittsburgh, along the Allegheny River. The population was 3,400 at the 2020 census.

## References
Mikis Theodorakis

**Michael** "**Mikis**" **Theodorakis** ( ; 29 July 1925 &ndash; 2 September 2021) was a Greek songwriter and composer. He wrote over 1000 songs. He was born in Chios, Greece. His career began in 1943. He was known for composing the movie scores for *Zorba the Greek* (1964), *Z* (1969), and *Serpico* (1973). He is known as Greece's best-known composer. He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

From 1981 until 1993, he was a member of the Hellenic Parliament as a Communist.

On February 26, 2019, Theodorakis was hospitalized due to heart problems. On March 8, 2019, Theodorakis had heart surgery to place a pacemaker.

Theodorakis died on September 2, 2021, at his home in Athens, Greece from cardiac arrest at the age of 96.

## References
Clarendon County, South Carolina

**Clarendon County** is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, it had 31,144 people. Its county seat is Manning.

## References
Flemings (supermarkets)

**Flemings** is a group of supermarkets in Sydney. The chain is owned by Woolworths Limited. Jannali is the only store operating. Most stores have re-branded as Woolworths Supermarkets since the late 1990s.
## History
The first Flemings stores were opened in 1930 by Jim Fleming Sr. and George Fleming. They initially traded under the name "E.L. Lakin". The name changed to "Flemings Food Stores" after World War II. There were 55 Flemings stores in Sydney in 1965. 

The Fleming family continued operating the group through Woolworths for the next 10 years. They created Jewel Food Stores afterwards.

Pendle Hill store was renovated and rebranded Woolworths in late 2009. The Umina Beach store closed on 17 June 2010 and was replaced by a Woolworths opposite the old Flemings store. The Bexley North store was closed in 2017. It was transformed and rebadged to a Woolworths Metro store.

## Related pages 
* Woolworths, the supermarket chain that replaced Flemings.
* Woolworths Limited

## References
Plurinational Legislative Assembly

The **Plurinational Legislative Assembly** () is the national legislature of Bolivia. It is found in La Paz, the country's seat of government. The assembly is bicameral, consisting of a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies or *Cámara de Diputados)* and an upper house (the Senate, or *Cámara de Senadores)*. The Vice President of Bolivia is also the President of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly. Each house elects its own directorate: a President, first and second Vice Presidents, and three or four Secretaries (for the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, respectively).

## References
Solihull

**Solihull** (,  or ) is a large town in the West Midlands, England with a population of 123,187 in the 2011 Census. Historically in Warwickshire, it is a part of the West Midlands conurbation. It is the largest town in, and administrative centre of, the  Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, which has a population of 209,890 people. Solihull is  southeast of Birmingham,  northwest of Warwick and  northwest of London.

Solihull is the most wealthy town of the West Midlands. It is also one of the most wealthy areas in the UK outside London. In November 2013, the uSwitch Quality of Life Index named Solihull the "best place to live" in the United Kingdom. Residents of Solihull and those born in the town are called *Silhillians*. The motto of Solihull is *Urbs in Rure* (Town in Country).

## References
Fountain pen

tip]]

A **fountain pen** is a pen which has a nib and a reservoir of ink. 

The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib. The ink travels by a combination of gravity and capillary action. The nib is the part of the pen that writes on the paper. Different shapes and styles of nibs can change the amount of ink distributed and the thickness of your writing line. Most fountain pens have replaceable nibs. They can come in many different materials and styles and are ranked from extra-fine to extra broad.  

Filling the reservoir with ink may be done manually, by a Pasteur pipette (eyedropper) or syringe. However, usually it is done by an internal filling mechanism which creates suction. A piston mechanism or a vacuum transfers ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens have removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges. 

## Nibs 
According to Mathur "the modern fountain pen nib may be traced back to the original gold nib which had a tiny fragment of ruby attached to form the wear-point". Nibs tipped with platinum group alloys such as iridium have been used since the 1830s. Today, the main part of the nib are usually made of stainless steel and/or gold  The most popular gold content is 14 carat (58⅓%) and 18 carat (75%). The idea is that the nib should be flexible yet firm, and the tip extremely hard-wearing.

## Ink reservoir 
Until the early 20th century, the ink in a fountain pen was kept directly in the barrel. The slim barrels were made of hard rubber, which came in two colours, black and red. Ink was put in these barrels with an eye-dropper. To do this, the user had to take off the nib section, put the ink in and replace the nib section. This operation required a quiet secluded place, which some people might not have.

In 1907, Walter A. Sheaffer patented the lever filler. This used a hinged lever set into the pen barrel which pressed down onto a bar which in turn compressed a rubber sac inside, creating a vacuum which pulled ink into the pen. This could be done without removing the nib section. Other firms used a screw mechanism at the top end of the pen to squeeze the rubber sac.

## References
New Paltz, New York

**New Paltz** () is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 14,407 at the 2020 census.

## References
Llanito

**Llanito** or **Yanito** (pronounced ) is a dialect of Spanish heavily mixed with words from English and other languages, such as Ligurian; it is spoken at Gibraltar.

## References
Robert Braithwaite (engineer)

**Robert Braithwaite**, CBE, DL (12 May 1943 – 7 March 2019) was a British entrepreneur and marine engineer. He was known as the Founder and President of the luxury powerboat manufacturer, alongside John Macklin, Sunseeker. He was born in Otley, Yorkshire.

Braithwaite died in the early hours of 7 March 2019, aged 75.

## References
Pino Caruso

**Giuseppe Caruso** (12 October 1934 – 7 March 2019), best known as **Pino Caruso**, was an Italian actor, author and television personality. He was born in Palermo, Italy. He was known for his roles in *La governante*, *The Sunday Woman* and in *Il ficcanaso*. Caruso was the president of the Italian Actors Union from 1979 to 1989.

Caruso died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Rome on 7 March 2019, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Guillaume Faye

**Guillaume Faye** (; 7 November 1949 – 7 March 2019) was a French journalist and writer. He was born in Angoulême, France. In 1987, Guillaume Faye withdrew from politics. In 1990, he took part in Skyrock radio station as 'Skyman'. He also appeared in *Telematin* episodes on the France 2 TV channel from 1991 to 1993. He took part in the *Rivarol*.

Faye died of complications from lung cancer on 7 March 2019, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*Avant-Guerre: Chronique d’un cataclysme annoncé (Pre-War: Account of an Impending Cataclysm).*
*Le coup dEtat mondial: Essai sur le Nouvel Impérialisme Américain.*
John Habgood

**John Stapylton Habgood, Baron Habgood**,  (23 June 1927 – 6 March 2019) was a British Anglican bishop, academic, and life peer. He was Bishop of Durham from 1973 to 1983, and Archbishop of York from 18 November 1983 to 1995. 

In 1995, he was made a life peer and was in the House of Lords after stepping down as Archbishop. He took a leave of absence in later life, and was one of the first peers to retire from the Lords in 2011.

Habgood died on 6 March 2019 at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography – John Habgood, on the Gifford Lectures site. 2000–2001 lectures are online.
* John Habgood – God debates at Cambridge website
* Contributions in the House of Lords 
*"The Untidiness of Integration: John Stapylton Habgood" . Kevin Seybold, Volume 57 Number 2. June 2005. *PSCF*
Carmine Persico

**Carmine John Persico Jr.** (August 8, 1933 – March 7, 2019), also known as "**Junior**", "**The Snake**" and "**Immortal**", was an American criminal and convicted racketeer. He was the long-time boss of the Colombo crime family from 1973 until his death. He was serving a sentence of 139 years in federal prison from 1987, until his death. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Persico died on March 7, 2019 in Durham, North Carolina from complications of diabetes, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
* UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. CARMINE PERSICO, a/k/a "Junior," 
* UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. CARMINE PERSICO, a/k/a "The Snake," a/k/a "Junior," 
* American Mafia.com Mob Hits 1991
Kelly Catlin

**Kelly Catlin** (November 3, 1995 – March 7, 2019) was an American professional racing cyclist. She rode for UCI Women's Team. Catlin won gold medals in the women's team pursuit at the 2016, 2017 and 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. She also won a silver medal in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Catlin was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. She was a triplet.

Catlin killed herself on March 7, 2019 at Stanford University in Stanford, California. She was 23. Months before her death, she had a  concussion. 

## References
## Other websites
*
William Powers Jr.

**William Charles Powers Jr.** (May 30, 1946 – March 10, 2019) was an American attorney, academic, and university administrator. He was the 28th president of the University of Texas at Austin, becoming the second-longest serving president in the university's history. He held the position from February 1, 2006 to July 2, 2015. Powers Jr. was born in Los Angeles, California.

Powers Jr. died from complications of a fall in Austin, Texas on March 10, 2019, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*The University of Texas: Office of the President
*William C. Powers' Biography at the Office of the President
*The University of Texas School of Law: William C. Powers Profile
*Reeve, Hamilton. "Powers Will Give Up UT-Austin Presidency in June"
*Texas Admissions Brawl
Siegbert Horn

**Siegbert Horn** (11 May 1950 – 9 August 2016) was a German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1970s. He won a gold medal in the K-1 event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

Horn also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three golds (K-1: 1971, 1975; K-1 team: 1973), two silvers (K-1: 1973; K-1 team: 1971), and a bronze (K-1 team: 1975).

Horn was born on 11 May 1950 in Hartmannsdorf, East Germany and died from cancer on 9 August 2016 at the age of 66.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Alberto Bucci

**Alberto Bucci** (25 May 1948 – 9 March 2019) was an Italian professional basketball coach. He was president of Virtus Bologna from 2016 to 2019. He won three Italian championships and four Italian Cups. Bucci was widely thought of as one of the greatest Italian coaches of all time. He was born in Bologna, Italy.

Bucci died in Bologna from pancreatic cancer on 9 March 2019, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*Italian League Coach Profile
Ian Lawrence

**Ian William Lawrence**  (1937 – 8 March 2019) was an Australian-born New Zealand lawyer and politician. He was the Mayor of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand, from 1983 to 1986. Lawrence was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He was a member of the conservative Wellington Citizens' Association. 

Lawrence was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to local government and the community.

Lawrence died in Jerusalem on 8 March 2019 from stomach cancer. He was 82.

## References
Bernard Binlin Dadié

**Bernard Binlin Dadié** (10 January 1916 – 9 March 2019) was an Ivorian novelist, playwright, poet, and administrator. He was the Minister of Culture in the government of Ivory Coast from 1977 to 1986. He was born in Assinie, Ivory Coast. He wrote folktales about colonialism. 

Dadié's works were seen in Steven Spielberg's 1997 movie *Amistad* where the text of Dadié's poem, "Dry Your Tears, Afrika" (“Sèche Tes Pleurs“) was used for a song of the same name. 

He turned 100 in January 2016 and died in Abidjan on 9 March 2019 at the age of 103.

Dadié received several awards in recognition of his literary career, with one of the last being the *Grand Prix des Mécènes* of the GPLA in 2016.

## References
Harry Howell

**Henry Vernon Howell** (December 28, 1932 – March 9, 2019) was a Canadian professional hockey player. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario. Howell played for the NHL with the teams New York Rangers, Oakland Seals and the Los Angeles Kings. Howell was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979.

Howell died at a care facility in Hamilton of complications from Alzheimer's disease on March 9, 2019 at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Anderson, Dave. "Two Rangers Sweaters Will Rise Where a Cup Banner Didn't," *The New York Times*, Sunday, February 22, 2009.
Beverly Byron

**Beverly Barton Byron** (née **Butcher**; July 27, 1932 – February 9, 2025) was an American politician. Byron was a member of the Democratic Party. She was the U.S. Representative representing the 6th congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1993. She was replaced by Roscoe Bartlett.

Byron was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She studied at Hood College in Frederick, Maryland.

Byron died at her home in Frederick, Maryland from heart failure on February 9, 2025, at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* , circa 1860s-1993, 66 linear feet, at the University of Maryland Libraries Special Collections.
* Beverly Barton Butcher Byron Papers, 1961-1993, 136.50 linear feet at the University of Maryland Libraries Special Collections.
Marion County, South Carolina

**Marion County** is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 29,183 people lived there. Its county seat is Marion.

## References
İrsen Küçük

**İrsen Küçük** (1940 &ndash; 10 March 2019) was a Turkish Cypriot politician. He was the Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus from 2010 to 2013. He was the nephew of Republic of Cyprus's first Vice-President Dr Fazıl Küçük.

Küçük died on 10 March 2019 in North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus from heart failure, aged 79.

## References
Carolee Schneemann

**Carolee Schneemann** (October 12, 1939 – March 6, 2019) was an American visual experimental artist. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was known for her multi-media works on the body, narrative, sexuality and gender.  

Schneemann received a B.A. from Bard College and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Illinois. Her work was seen by research into visual traditions, taboos, and the body of the individual in relation to social bodies. Her works have been shown at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the London National Film Theatre, and many other venues.

Schneemann died on March 6, 2019 at her home in New Paltz, New York from breast cancer at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
*Obituary, Artlyst
*Carolee Schneemann's Website
*Carolee Schneemann in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art
*Carolee Schneemann: Kinetic Painting MoMA PS1
*Ubu.com page featuring *Fuses*
*Finding Aid for Carol Schneemann papers at the Getty Research Institute
Martín Chirino

**Martín Chirino López** (1 March 1925 &ndash; 11 March 2019) was a Spanish sculptor. He was the co-founder of the group El Paso (The Step) in 1957. Chirino worked mainly with iron and his work was categorized as abstract art. Chirino was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. In 1979 his exhibition "Afrocan" at the Grace Borgenicht Gallery received positive reviews by the New York press.

In October 2014, he was appointed as honorary member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.

Chirino died on 11 March 2019 in Madrid from prostate cancer, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
Daniel Tijolo

**Daniel Silva dos Santos**, also known as **Daniel Tijolo** (May 30, 1982 &ndash; February 10, 2019), was a Brazilian defensive midfielder. He played several years in Japan. He was born in Cabo Frio, Brazil. He played for Ventforet Kofu, Nagoya Grampus and for Oita Trinita.

He died of lung cancer in Cabo Frio on February 10, 2019 at the age of 36.

## Club statistics
## References
## Other websites
* Profile at Oita Trinita
* Daniel se apresentam no Cruzeiro  
* Guardian Stats Centre
Ivan Irwin

**Ivan Duane Irwin** (March 13, 1927 – February 11, 2019) was an American-born Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman. He played 155 games in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Irwin was raised in Toronto, Ontario.

Irwin died in Ajax, Ontario on February 11, 2019 from pneumonia, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jeffrey Hart

**Jeffrey Peter Hart** (February 23, 1930 &ndash; February 16, 2019) was an American cultural critic, essayist and columnist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Hart was Professor Emeritus of English at Dartmouth College. Hart took a leave of absence from Dartmouth in 1968 to work for the abortive presidential campaign of Governor of California Ronald Reagan. This role led to brief service as a White House speechwriter for Richard Nixon.

Hart died on February 16, 2019 in Fairlee, Vermont of complications from dementia, aged 88.

## References
Fairlee, Vermont

**Fairlee** is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 988 at the 2020 census. It includes the village of Ely. Fairlee is home to Lake Morey, which claims to have the longest ice skating trail in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
* Town of Fairlee
Michael Gielen

**Michael Andreas Gielen** (20 July 19278 March 2019) was an Austrian conductor and composer who promoted contemporary music in opera and concert.

He first worked in Vienna and was Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) of the Royal Swedish Opera. He conducted world premieres such as György Ligeti's *Requièm*, Karlheinz Stockhausen's *Carré*, and Bernd Alois Zimmermann's opera *Die Soldaten* and his *Requiem für einen jungen Dichter*. He directed the Frankfurt Opera from 1977 to 1987. During his era, the company became one of the leading operas.

Gielen was also principal conductor of the Belgian National Orchestra (1969–1973), the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (1980–1986) and the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (1986–1999).

Gielen died on 8 March 2019 in Mondsee, Austria from pneumonia, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Michael Gielen University of Hamburg
* Michael Andreas Gielen, Music Information Center Austria
* 
*
Dick Boushka

**Richard James Boushka** (July 29, 1934 &ndash; February 19, 2019) was an American basketball player. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics winning the gold medal. Boushka was born in Springfield, Illinois. Boushka played at Saint Louis University.

Boushka died on February 19, 2019 in Port St. Lucie, Florida from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 84.

## References
Fred Gloden

**Frederick Jean Gloden Jr.** (December 21, 1918 – February 25, 2019) was an American football halfback. He played one season with the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. He played college football at Tulane University. He was also a member of the Miami Seahawks of the All-America Football Conference.

Gloden served in the United States Navy during World War II. Gloden was the second oldest living former NFL player, after Jack Smith. He was born in Dubuque, Iowa.

Gloden died on February 25, 2019 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of 100.

## References
Jack Smith (end)

**John Bullas Smith** (August 11, 1917 – June 6, 2015) was an American football end in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles and the Washington Redskins. He studied at Stanford University. Smith was born in Los Angeles, California.

## References
World Trade Center (2001–present)

The **World Trade Center** is an almost completed complex of skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S. It is built on the site of the original complex that was destroyed during the September 11 attacks of 2001. There are six skyscrapers in the complex. As of 2025, four of them have been built. There is a PATH Transit station, a New York City Subway station, and a memorial for 9/11. One World Trade Center is part of it, which is the tallest building in North America.

## WTC buildings 
* One World Trade Center
* 2 World Trade Center (under construction)
* 3 World Trade Center
* 4 World Trade Center
* 5 World Trade Center (on hold)
* 7 World Trade Center

## Related pages 
* List of tallest buildings
## Notes 
## References
Stanley Price (writer)

**Stanley Price** (12 August 1931 &ndash; 28 February 2019) was a British novelist and playwright. He wrote for the theatre, movie and television. He was born in London. Price was known for writing the screenplays for *Arabesque*, *Gold* and *Shout at the Devil*. For television, he wrote *A Royal Scandal*. Price was born in London.

Price died on 28 February 2019 in London at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Na. Muthukumar

**Nagarajan Muthukumar** (12 July 1975 – 14 August 2016)  was an Tamil poet, lyricist, and author. He was born in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Muthukumar was best known for his Tamil language movie songs. He received the most number of Filmfare Awards for Best Lyricist in Tamil and was a two-time recipient of the National Film Award for Best Lyrics for his works in *Thanga Meenkal* (2013) and *Saivam* (2014).

Muthukumar, who had been suffering from jaundice for long, died on the morning of 14 August 2016, at his Chennai residence due to cardiac arrest. He was aged 41.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Hal Blaine

**Hal Blaine** (born **Harold Simon Belsky**; February 5, 1929 – March 11, 2019) was an American rock drummer and session musician. He was one of the most known session drummers. He was known for his works with the Wrecking Crew. He also performed alongside Frank Sinatra. 

In 2018, Blaine received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Blaine died on March 11, 2019 at the age of 90 in Los Angeles.

## References