open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
OK

**OK** (okay) is a word in the English language. It is used to mean that something is good or correct. It is the opposite of the word bad.

It can often be used instead of the word Yes.  It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct). 

It is also the two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America.

You also find the phrase "Ola kala" in Greek, which means "All Correct".

For example:

I think it is ''''ok'''' to present this project in our office.

## Background 
The term appears to have achieved prominence in the United States in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name."  In response, Whig opponents attributed *OK*, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in *okay*'s history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

## Technologies 
In March 2025, a meme token of the word “Okay” (ticket OKAY) was released as the most popular word in the world. The “OKAY” meme token is a digital asset inspired by the ubiquitous phrase “OKAY.” He embodies the spirit of internet culture. The main goal of the token is to create a community of enthusiasts who value simplicity and the humor of the “OKAY” meme.

## Notes
## Other websites
* Smart-contract on the sunpump.meme
Proof

**Proof** could mean: 
* An argument, including:
** Mathematical proof
** Proof theory, a branch of mathematical logic
** Logical argument
** Evidence (law), tested evidence or a legal proof
* Proof (alcohol), measure of an alcoholic beverage's strength
* Proofing (baking technique), how a yeast-leavened dough rises
* Proofreading
* Artist's proof, a single print taken during the printmaking process
* Proof coinage, a coin made as an example of a particular strike
* Proof test, for a firearm
* Galley proof, an early version of a publication
* Homeopathic proving, testing a substance's effect on the body

In **entertainment**:
* *Proof* (1991 movie), an Australian movie by Jocelyn Moorhouse
* *Proof* (play), a play by David Auburn
* *Proof* (2005 movie), a movie directed by John Madden, based on the play
* "Proof", a song by Paul Simon from his 1990 album *The Rhythm of the Saints*
* Proof (rapper) (1973-2006), American rapper, a member of the group D12
Operating system

An **operating system** (**OS**) is a kind of computer program that helps a computer to interact with other machines or with people. An OS is not actually one single program but a group of small programs, like file managers, device drivers, and kernels. An OS can be small (like Damn Small Linux), or large (like Microsoft Windows). Some are meant for general use, like in a personal computer or a smartphone. Others are used for specific purposes. For example, an ATM would use a specialized kind of operating system.

An operating system has many jobs. It ensures that all the programs share access to the computer's processor, memory, screen, input devices, and other hardware. Today, most operating systems also include a visible interface so the user can easily interact with it. An operating system is also responsible for sending data to other computers or devices on a network. 

Some examples of commonly used operating systems are:  Android; macOS; Linux; Microsoft Windows.

## History
One of the first computers was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), built by the United States during World War II. Making ENIAC do useful work was difficult. To program ENIAC, scientists had to move switches and cables around on the side of the computer. While this was an operating system of a kind, it is not really like modern operating systems.

The first operating system that looked and felt like today's operating systems was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs.  With UNIX, people could program computers by typing on a keyboard. Many of its features were taken from Multics, an older operating system made in 1964.

## Types
Operating systems come in many types. An OS might fit one or several of the types listed below, and the difference between the types isn't always clear.

### Single- and multitasking 
A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time. A multitasking operating system can run more than one program at the same time. To multitask, the computer lets each program take a turn using the processor.

### Single- and multi-user 
Single-user operating systems don't let people create their own "accounts" on the computer—there is only one user. A multi-user operating system lets multiple users interact with the system at the same time.

### Distributed 
A distributed operating system takes a group of distinct computers, which might be all over the place, and makes them work together like one single computer.

### Embedded 
Embedded operating systems are very small OSes used in embedded systems. They are designed to operate on small machines, like the electronic part of a microwave, and they only do a few particular things.

### Hobbyist 
Hobbyist OS are made by individuals or small groups. There are many online communities like OS dev wiki to learn how to make an OS.

## Related pages
* BIOS

## References
Pet

A **pet** is a domesticated animal that lives with people, but is not forced to work and is not eaten, in most instances. In most cases, a pet is kept to entertain people or for companionship. Some pets such as dogs and cats are placed in an animal shelter if there is no one willing to take care of them. If no one adopts it or the pet is too old/sick, the pet may be euthanized or in some cases even abandoned.

Dogs, cats, fish, rodents, lagomorphs, ferrets, birds, certain reptiles and amphibians, and a wide variety of arthropods such as tarantulas and hermit crabs are the most common pets in North America.  Horses, elephants, oxen, and donkeys are usually made to work, so they are not usually called pets.  Some dogs also do work for people, and it was once common for some birds (like falcons and carrier pigeons) to work for humans.

Rodents are very popular pets. The most common are guinea pigs, hamsters (especially Syrian and dwarf hamsters), mice and rats. Rabbits are also very popular pets.

Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that the pet care market across the world was worth $320 billion in 2024 and growing rapidly.

## Common pets 
## Related pages
* Domestication

## References
2.  Calico Cats Breed
Page

A **page** can be different things:

* Usually, a **page** is a physical sheet of paper in a book, magazine, newspaper etc. When a page is not in a book (etc.) it is a *sheet* or *piece* of paper.
* When we talk about computers, a **page** is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "webpage".  Here the page is not paper, it is a piece of information which we can see on a computer monitor at one time.  We can print it to make a real page.  But the information may not fit all on one page, and we can not change it when it is printed - we can change a web page.  So a webpage is not always the same even as a printed copy of that page.  This is a conceptual metaphor.  It can be confusing.  Someone who uses it is also likely to use other jargon.
* A **page** is also a boy or a young man who helps carry things and does small jobs for someone. Another word for this is a *pageboy*.
* **To page** someone is to contact that person on their *pager*: this is a small electronic machine which makes a sound or gives someone a message. This is usually to call someone for a certain reason, for example: to call them down somewhere, or to ask them for something.
Program

The term **Program** can be used in many ways.

*A **program** or **programme** can be a plan of how to do something. It tells the steps that we think we need to do to make something happen. For example, a government might make a program to improve the health of the people in part of a country by giving the people better food, by helping to kill insects that carry diseases, and by bringing more doctors. 
*A computer program is a set of computer instructions. A set of computer instructions is called Program and a set of program is called software. 
*Television program(me) is a show that is on television.
*Radio program is similar to a television program but it is on the radio.
*Webcast is similar to a television program but it is shown on the Internet.
*12-step program is a way people use to stop doing something. Examples would be to stop drinking alcohol, stop smoking tobacco or stop using drugs.
*an event program is a thing that lists the what will happen during an event such as an opera or auction.
Product

A **product** can mean a few things:

* **Product** (as a general idea) is anything which results from a process. 
* Product (mathematics) is the result of multiplication
* Product (consumer goods) in business
* Product (chemistry) is a result or something that is made in a chemical reaction.
Platonic realism

**Platonic realism** is the theory of reality developed by Plato, and explained in his theory of forms. Platonic realism states that the visible world of particular things is a shifting exhibition, like shadows cast on a wall by the activities of their corresponding universal Ideas or Forms. Whereas the visible world of particulars is unreal, the Forms occupy the unobservable yet true reality and are real.

**Platonism** is a similar, yet sometimes modified, view of reality. 

## Origin 
Among the natural philosophers in ancient Greece, the problem of universals was the mystery of where particular things derive their traits that we perceive as universals—for instance *red* or *apple* or *good* or *woman* or *truth*.

Plato explained that the particular things of the visible world are imperfect, transient copies of the universal Ideas that are the perfect, lasting Forms. Existing exist outside space and time, the Forms are the universals and act as templates from which particulars manifest.

In his *Metaphysics*, Aristotle, a student of Plato, explained that Socrates and his own student Plato held it significant that the world is in flux, much as Heraclitus had commented, "You cannot step into the same river twice", a theme of the Eleatics, a group of pre-socratic philosophers.

## Influence 
### Plato's quest 
Plato considered that only the mind could access the timeless reality of truths, the realm of the Forms casting the visible world. Plato's metaphorical allegory of the cave—whereby humans only know reality as shadows of the real things they see interacting on a wall—suggests the practical consequences of Platonic realism as to *natural philosophy* in its endeavor to explain the natural world and as to values (theories of which often comprises ethics, aesthetics, and political philosophy) in human society.

Plato had led the focused application of geometry, developed by Euclid, to explain the natural world. Yet by his view of nature, Plato regarded astronomy as similar to seeking a theoretical proof in geometry—abstract and not the real world—whereupon the mind's insights derived from a quest to hold other truths through the mind's probing of ethics and aesthetics would yield discovery of truths within the realm of Forms, outside space and time. for instance Max Tegmark and Roger Penrose. Yet today's Platonists usually view entities within the visible world as real, and simply regard universal abstractions like numbers, sets, propositions, and geometry as corresponding to real and timeless entities that also exist, though *pure* Platonists regard only the Forms or their realm as real.

By way of string theory and the holographic principle, some physicists conjecture that Plato's allegory of the cave approximates the natural world's structure. Tegmark, who regards only the mathematical structure of the universe as real, has been called a *radical* Platonist.

## Notes
Prediction

A **prediction** is a statement that someone makes about what they think is going to happen. It is often very helpful to know what is going to happen to help prepare for these future events. Predictions are based on the idea that two beginning positions that are like each other will have similar results. By watching something happen, it is possible to predict what will happen if something similar happens. Predictions are given by science or fortune tellers or horoscopes. 

The most common example of a prediction is the weather forecast. Studying how weather happens lets people predict what the weather will be by looking at what is currently happening. This is helpful because by knowing that it is going to rain, a person can wear the right clothes for it.

Nostradamus has made many predictions about the future.

## Related pages 
*Forecasting
*Hypothesis
Probability

or Galton box most balls end up close to the center. In the long run, they will show a normal distribution]]
**Probability** is a part of applied mathematics. It has to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen.

For example, using probability, one can show that by throwing a coin up in the air and letting it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half of the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".

The probability (p) of an event *E*, written P(E), is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).

If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (because there are 6 numbers on a die). Similarly, the chance it will land on 2 is also 1/6. The chance it will land on any number between 1 and 6 is 1, because every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability can be figured out using mathematics. For example, if one rolls six dice, the chance of them getting a number more than ten is not obvious, but can be figured out using math and science.

One of the most interesting things about chance is that to figure out the probability that two things will both happen, one usually multiply their two probabilities together. For example, suppose that one wants to know the probability of rolling two dice and getting a certain combination (it could be two 6s or a 3 then a 5, just any two). The possibility of getting a 3 is one in six (), and the possibility of getting a 5 is also one in six, so the chances of getting a 3 then a 5 is ×=⅟36. If that number is expressed as somewhere between 0 and 1, it equals 0.027...7, which is fairly low. The possibility of getting a 3, then a 5, and then a 2 would be ××=⅟216 or 0.00463, which is a much lower probability.

## Ideas of probability 
People like Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, or Christiaan Huygens used the word probability, as described above. Other people thought about frequencies; the notion of probability is usually called frequency probability.

## Related pages 
*List of mathematics topics
* Probability density function
* Probability distribution
* Probability space
*Probability theory
* Random
* Random variable
*Stochastic process
## References
Probability experiment

A **probability experiment** is a  where chance affects the  of an experiment.  If the experiment can only have two outcomes, it is named Bernoulli trial. A coin flip is a probability experiment because chance affects whether a coin will land heads or tails when it is flipped.
Physiology

**Physiology** is the study of how living things work. Physiologists can study how organs of an organism work together to make things happen. In human beings, for example, the digestion of food hormones and other chemicals are made by the stomach, liver, and pancreas. Muscle contraction happens because of chemical messages made by nerves of that muscle. By learning how the body functions normally, physiologists and physicians can better understand what happens when organs do not function normally. For example, an understanding of how the thyroid gland functions has helped in treating goitre. Studies of the circulatory system and the nervous system have helped physicians understand and treat such illnesses like heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.

The field is usually divided into human physiology, animal physiology, and plant physiology.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Physiological Society
* Developmental physiology 
* The American Physiological Society
Proper noun

A **proper noun** or **proper name** is a noun representing a  thing (like *London*, *Jupiter*, *John Hunter*, or *Toyota*), unlike a **common noun**, which represents a type of thing (like *city*, *planet*, *person* or *corporation*). Proper nouns are the only nouns in English which always have the first letter capitalized.  

In English, proper nouns don't usually come after an article or other limiting modifier (such as *any* or *some*). They are used for a particular person, place, or object. For example, a town called "Newtown" may be, but does not necessarily have to be, a new [recently built] town).

Which nouns are considered proper names depends on language. For example, names of days and months are considered proper names in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, Slovenian or Finnish, where they are not capitalized.

## References
Reading

**Reading** is understanding writing in a language. Fundamentally, reading is the way people look at certain marks and know what they mean. 

Once it was possible to go through life without reading. Writing goes back in human history only a few thousand years, and 200 years ago *most men could not read or write*. We know this is true because they could not write their own names on marriage records in churches. Most men worked in farming, and you can do most of that job without being able to read. The wives could read: they lived at home before marriage and their mothers taught them. The boys went to work at, say, nine or ten, and never learnt to read.

Reading is understanding what is printed or written. It is how you get information about something that is written. It can only be done if one knows the language. Otherwise, you can only learn from other people telling you verbally, or from practical demonstration.

## Some things you do when you read 
* Make predictions/hypotheses about the writing and ideas from the title of the reading material.
* Read and group parts of the material.
* Review all its words, understand the main idea, the details, facts, and sequences of the story,.
* Make a logical judgment about a character's attitudes, behaviors, and conditions in the story.
* Make reasonable predictions about what the next section will be about in the reading material.

One of the things writing does is create imaginary worlds. On the other hand, writing can be about practical life. That is a huge range of possibilities. Writing had to be invented: it sometimes comes as a shock to realise this. Much later, printing was invented. That took writing out of churches into the wider world, the world we all live in.

## Related pages
*Literacy
*Literature
*Aliteracy
*Writing
*Printing
*Primary education
*Doctor of Philosophy

## References
Roman

**Roman** or **Romans** may refer to:   
* A thing or person of or from the city of Rome, Italy

## History 
* Ancient Rome (8th century BC – 5th century AD)
**Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC)
** Roman Republic (509 BC to 27 BC) 
** Roman Empire (27 BC to 476/1453 AD)
** Roman Britain, part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410
** Roman alphabet, the standard alphabet of most of the languages of Western and Central Europe
*** Romanization
** Roman army
** Roman calendar
** Roman law, the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
** Roman numerals, numeral system where certain letters are given a numeral value
** Roman mythology
* Byzantine Empire (330/476/629 to 1453), the Eastern Roman Empire 
** Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι), Greek-speaking,  Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity
** Romaioi (Ρωμιοί), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today
** Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
* Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe
* Roman, Bulgaria, a town and a municipality in Vratsa Province
* Romans-sur-Isère, in the Drôme *département* of France
* Roman, Romania, a city in Neamţ county
* Romans, Ain, a town in France
* Roman, Eure, France
* Romans, Deux-Sèvres, France
* Romans d'Isonzo, a town in Italy
* Roman roads
* Roman Valley, Nova Scotia
* Saint Roman, Monaco

## Christianity
* Epistle to the Romans, a letter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
* The Roman Catholic Church

## Literature
* The word for Novel in many European languages. 
** Nouveau roman (lit. "new novel"), a type of French novel of the 1950s
** Bildungsroman (lit. "formation novel"), German for a coming-of-age story
** Künstlerroman (lit. "artist's novel"), German for a story of an artist's growth to maturity
* Romance (heroic literature), a genre of Medieval French literature
* Ar-Rum, the 30th book in the Qu'ran, is sometimes translated as *The Romans*
* Roman à clef, a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction
Rudyard Kipling

**Joseph Rudyard Kipling** (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English writer and poet.

## Life
Kipling was born in Bombay, India. He wrote children's fiction, like *Kim*, *The Jungle Book* and ''Puck of Pook's Hill*. He also wrote the well-known poems, *If —* and *Gunga Din'', and many short stories set in India. He was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature. He spent part of his life living and writing in New England with his American wife but returned to England to live in Sussex. 

Kipling died of a perforated duodenal ulcer in Fitzrovia, London in 1936 and is buried in Westminster Abbey, London.
Recreation

**Recreation** or **fun** is a person's time of refreshing his or her body and mind.

There are many different forms of recreation which are shaped by individual interests and by environment; a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. These activities are just some of a wide variety of recreation activity available in day-to-day life.

Public places such as parks and beaches are very important for many recreational activities. Tourism profession has recognized long ago that many of their clients are specifically attracted by recreational offerings.

## Related pages
*Leisure
*Sport

## Notes
## Other websites
* National Recreation and Park website
Raw food

**For the WWE brand/TV Show, see WWE Raw.*
Foods are **raw** when they are not cooked. 
Most things are safe to eat raw, but some of them can be poisonous.

## Health
There's currently no solid evidence to suggest that raw food is more healthy than cooked food.

### Germs
Raw food can sometimes make people sick because of bacteria which would otherwise be killed by cooking.
Ram

**Ram** can mean:

* A male sheep that has not been neutered
* Random-access memory (abbreviated "RAM")
* Battering ram, something used to break through walls or doors
* Hydraulic ram, a type of pump
* Rama (or Râm), a Hindu god
Potato

A **potato** is a vegetable, the *Solanum tuberosum*.

## History 
The potato came from the high and cool areas of the Andes mountains. It was grown as a food crop thousands of years ago. When Spanish conquistadores came to South America in the 1500s, they took potatoes back to Europe.

It took nearly 200 years for the potato to become a widely grown crop. In the 1630s the farmers in Ireland began growing potatoes because they grew well in the poor soils. They also have most of the vitamins that people need to live. When a potato plague destroyed the crop in 1845, the Irish Potato Famine killed many people.

The potato plant is now grown in many parts of the world. Captain William Bligh planted potatoes on Bruny Island, Tasmania in 1792. In Australia they are now the largest vegetable crop. They are crisp all the way through, whereas potato chips are 

### Name Origin 
The English word "potato" comes from the Spanish word "patata". The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno  ('sweet potato') and the Quechua  ('potato').

## Types 
* Yukon Gold – developed in Canada
* Norgleam
* Bismark
* Coliban
* Bintje

## Cooking 
Potatoes are almost always eaten cooked. People cook potatoes by boiling, baking, roasting, or frying. Baked potatoes are potatoes cooked in an oven and are soft on the inside. French fries or "chips" are potatoes cut into long strips and fried until soft. Potato chips or “crisps” are potatoes cut into very thin round slices and fried until hard. Shoestring potatoes are "potatoes cut into very thin long pieces and fried in deep fat **:** very thin french fries" They are crisp all the way through, whereas potato chips are soft inside.

## References
Regime

A **regime** is the leader and other people who run a government of a sovereign state.

There are many kinds of regimes.  They can achieve power in many ways.  Depending on the time and place and local civics like the electoral system, they can lose power in many ways too.  The most common way for a regime to lose power was a coup, invasion or revolution until the 20th century.  After that it became very dangerous and difficult to use these methods.  Peaceful regime change is usually by an election - this method is now used by more than half the people on the Earth.  It is called representative democracy.  Such regimes are often called **administration**s to make it clear they are not dictators, and since the executive branch does not have all the power itself - it may share it with a legislative branch.  Also the judicial branch is separate.  The courts are not usually considered part of the regime.

However, some things are the same no matter how the regime achieved power:

*The regime needs help among people outside the regime and government to stay in power - these may be in the military or a political party.
*Military and police obey the regime's orders, and can kill people.  If they would not do so, then, it would be possible to change regimes by force.
*Trade and tax is set by the regime, which can take money away.
*The regime speaks for the whole country when dealing with other countries.

When many regimes negotiate at the United Nations or World Trade Organization, it does not matter at all how each regime got its power.  It matters only that they can agree and make everyone in their country do as the agreement says.

When someone wants a regime to change in another country, they usually are not able to do this by any means other than violence or interfering in its election.  This is common if a regime is threatened by another regime.
Right angle

indicates that this is a right angle]]
A **right angle** is an angle with a measurement of 90 degrees or π/2 radians. While most angles are represented by a small sliver of a circle in their angle, right angles have a small square instead. This is why something that is 90 degrees is often referred to as "square" in woodworking. When two lines cross each other so that all the angles have the same size, the result is four right angles. This is known as "perpendicular". The top of the letter T is at right angles to the  line. Walls of buildings are usually at right angles to the floor. Two things that are at right angles to each other are called "**perpendicular**" or "orthogonal". This is expressed using the \bot symbol (such as in \ell_1 \, \bot \, \ell_2).

Planes (flat surfaces) can also meet at right angles.  In a building, a wall and a floor are said to be perpendicular to each other, and they have a right angle. It also can be called a square angle.

## Related pages
* Acute angle
* Obtuse angle
* Parallel (geometry)

## References
Ranch

A **ranch** is a farm for raising cows, horses, sheep or other livestock. Most ranches are large, but they can be any size. The word *ranch* is from the Spanish word "rancho". It is used in American and Canadian English. People who use a ranch are called **ranchers**.

A ranch may be on private or public land. The desert areas of the western United States have many ranches, because there is much land that is not very good for crops. There are also many in desert areas of Australia, where they are called stations. Someone who takes care of the livestock may be called a stockman or cowboy.

## Related pages
*Agriculture
Reward

A **reward** is getting something good for doing a given task. It needs someone who has the power to give the good thing. It is part of reinforcement that primarily deals with rewards and reliefs.

Ideas like reinforcement unlike punishment that is based on cost and losses function based on the idea that people increase doing things to get rewards is an alternative to punishment that forces to avoid things. In philosophy there is another idea that says that training  and discipline (conditioning) are much more important than the rewards or punishments given by others.

Apart from psychology, rewards are also used on a societal scale to motivate public behavior.

]]
In trying to catch criminals and other bad people, the government often offers money to people. This money is given to people who may capture the criminal, or give information that helps the police catch them. For example, after the Eureka Stockade rebellion in Ballarat, Victoria in 1854, the government offered a big reward of 400 pounds for the capture of the people who had started it.

In 2001, the US government offered a big reward of 2.5 million dollars for help in capturing the person who had sent anthrax in letters to a newspaper journalist and 2 senators. Anthrax is a disease which can kill people.

## Related pages
* Carrot and Stick

## References
Substance

**Substance** is the material, or matter, of which something is made. Substances are physical things that can be seen, touched, or measured. They are made up of one or more elemental parts. Iron and aluminium, which are pure, water and air, which are mixtures; are all examples of substances.
 and liquid water are two different forms of the same chemical substance, water.]]

## Problems of definition
The main problem of a clear definition of what the substance is that if, for example, to consider not just the universe (cosmos), being and non-being, and in general all, the question arises, what is the constant basic principle (attribute) is the basis of the substance, which generally consists of all (that is, matter, mind, senses, space, soul, and so on).

## History of the concept
The Latin word *substantia* - a translation of the Greek word for the essence (*ousia*), and in Latin to describe the essence of using the word *essentia*. In ancient philosophy substance is treated as a substrate, the first principle of all things (for example, "water" of Thales, the "fire" of Heraclitus). 

In modern times, the concept of substance is treated and spread widely. The first view is connected with an ontological understanding of substance as ultimate bases being (Francis Bacon, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). Central category of metaphysics in philosophy substance is identified as with God and with nature and determined as the cause of itself (Latin, *causa sui*). The main characteristics (attributes) of a substance from Benedict Spinoza are thinking and stretch. By analogy with the philosophy of Benedict Spinoza substance considered in the light of the concept of René Descartes and Leibniz. The first substance is a unity of subject and object, and the second - the same atoms are simple beings who lose their stretch, but receive attribute aspirations (French, *appetitio*n) and multiplicity. Thanks Leibniz substance begins to associate with matter.

The second point of view on the substance - an epistemological understanding of the concept, its capabilities and the need for scientific knowledge (John Locke, David Hume). Immanuel Kant believed that the law under which any change in the substance of events and the number of stored it in nature remains the same, can be attributed to the "analogies of experience." Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel defined substance as the integrity of changing, transient side of things, as a "major step in the development of the will." For Arthur Schopenhauer substance - matter for David Hume - a fiction, the coexistence properties. 

## Related articles 
* Chemical substance
Society

**Society** is the term to describe human beings together as a collective entity – the sum of their social networks and social interactions. 
## Origin
The term comes from the Latin idea of *societas*, or the connection between friends or allies – friend or ally being *socius*. It can also mean a specific group of people who interact, as well as a wider society of which they are members. People form societies to gain greater benefits as a group than would be possible separately.  Many animals beside humans also do this, such as wolves or eusocial insects. Sociology is the name for the study of society.

## Concept
A society is often considered in terms of citizenship, rights and ethics. The strength and unity of any society's members' willingness to help each other is to be measured can be called social capital.
### Political philosophy
A social contract sets out the rules and roles for this kind of cooperation. One kind of social contract is a constitution, which outlines to some extent what society at a given state is intended to be.

## Related pages
* Culture
* Racism
* Civilization
* Antiziganism
* Antisemitism
* Discrimination
* Interpersonal relationship

## References
Suggestion

A **suggestion** is an idea that one suggests, or says is good for another (or others) to follow. Some people may agree to it, and some may disagree. If they disagree or have a different suggestion, the person who first suggested the idea will usually discuss with the other people and find a good conclusion that satisfies both and is good. A suggestion is someone's opinion on how to do any task, but a person is not necessarily expected to do it.

## References
Spache Readability Formula

**Spache Readability Formula** is one method of finding out how hard a piece of writing is (its textual difficulty).

The method compares words in a text to a list of words which are familiar in everyday writing. The words that are not on the list are called *unfamiliar*. The number of words per sentence are counted. This number and the percentage of unfamiliar words is put into a formula. The result is a reading age. Someone of this age should be able to read the text.

Spache works best on texts that are for children under the age of eight.

the formula; (0.141 * average sentence length)+(0.086 * percentage of difficult words)+0.839 = grade level

According to Oleander Solutions (http://www.oleandersolutions.com), the revised Spache Formula is:

    GL = (.121 * ASL) + (.082 *UW) + .659 

Where:

    GL = U.S. grade level
    ASL = Average sentence length
    UW = Number of unique unfamiliar words

## Related pages
*Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level
Saint Lawrence River

The **Saint Lawrence River** (; Tuscarora: *Kahnawáʼkye*; Mohawk: *Kaniatarowanenneh*, meaning "big waterway") is a big river in eastern North America. It flows between the Canadian province of Quebec & Ontario and the American state of New York, and through the major Canadian city of Montreal. It is the third largest river in Canada.

The river drains water from the Great Lakes into the Atlantic Ocean. It is more than three thousand kilometres long. The river meets the Atlantic Ocean in a big "estuary" or bay, the biggest in the world; this is called the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

The Canadian cities of Kingston, Montreal, Trois-Rivières and Quebec City are on this river. The Saint Lawrence Seaway allows ships to go up the river and through the Great Lakes right into the middle of North America.

## References
## Other websites
* Regional Geography of the St. Lawrence River
* Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System
* Safe Passage: Aids to Navigation on the St. Lawrence  &ndash; Historical essay, illustrated with drawings and photographs
* Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region. 
* International Saint Lawrence River Board of Control 
* Saint Lawrence River from *The Canadian Encyclopedia* 
* Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary, *St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea* 
* The Steamboats "Sir James Kemp" and "Lord Dalhousie" on the River St. Lawrence, Upper Canada in 1833 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Sport

is one of the most popular sports in the world. In this image, a striker is shooting the ball to score a goal.]]

 and the African football]]
**Sport** usually means athletic games that involve a degree of competition, such as netball, basketball or cross-country Olympic skiing. Some games and many kinds of racing are called sports. A professional at a sport is called an athlete. Many people do sports with their friends.  They need coaches to teach or train teams or individuals how to do better.  Sports can be played indoors or outdoors and by individuals or team.

Sports are helpful for health and can help reduce diseases such as heart attacks, many types of cancer, depression and anxiety, and dementia. Different types of sports help our body in different ways. For children, sports play an extremely important part in their lives by providing all round development of the child, physically, mentally and emotionally.

Some people like to watch other people play sports. Those who watch others playing sports are called *fans*. While some fans watch sports on television, others actually go to stadiums or other places where people pay to watch them in person. These fans are called *spectators*.

People engage in many kinds of sports, for example: rank graduation, Japan]]

* Athletics
* Angling
** Field athletics
*** Triple jump
*** Pole vault
*** High jump
*** Hammer throw
*** Discus throw
*** Javelin throw
*** Shot put
** Track athletics
*** Sprint
*** Middle distance race
*** Long distance race      
*** Walking race
*** Hurdle race
*** Relay
*** Steeplechase (sport)
*** Cross-country race
*** Marathon
* Acrobatics
* Bodybuilding
* Gymnastics
** Rhythmic gymnastics
* Figure skating
* Boxing
* Fencing
* Judo
* Wrestling
* Motor sports
* Auto racing
* Shooting
* Diving
* Golf
* Rowing
* Sailing (sport)
* Surfing
* Swimming
* Bobsled
* Skiing
** Freestyle skiing
** Ski jumping
* Games
**Tennis
** Baseball
** Softball
** Basketball
** Badminton
** Cricket
** Association football
** American football
** Australian Football
** Canadian football
** Gaelic football
** Rugby league football
** Rugby union football
** Flag football
** Polo
** Volleyball
** Dance
** Colorguard
** Marching band
** Esports

## Related pages 
* Exercise
* Healthy lifestyle
* List of water sports
* Physical fitness
* Sports commentator
* Strength training
Seville

**Seville** () is a city in the southern parts of Spain. A river called the Guadalquivir River goes through Seville. The city of Seville is the capital of the Spanish autonomous community Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. People from Seville are called *Sevillanos*. With 686.000 people in the city and about 1.1 million in the urban area,Seville is the 4th largest city in Spain.

## History 
A very old story says that the city was started by the famous hero of Greece, named Hercules. The Romans when they came to Spain gave it the Latin name of Hispalis. Over time this changed to be spelled in English as *Seville*. The Muslim Arabs took the city when they invaded the country, and you can still see a lot of the buildings they built during their 800-year stay in Spain (711-1492).

In 1992, Seville was the place for the Expo 92. There is a beautiful bridge across the Guadalquivir River called *Puente del Alamillo*. It was thought up by Santiago Calatrava a famous building expert.

Seville is famous for its hot summer weather.

## Education 
* University of Seville. This is the oldest university in Sevilla. It is located near the Centro, or center of the city, across the street from Plaza de España and Parque Maria Luisa.
* Pablo de Olavide University . This website is located outside the main city of Sevilla, but is very easy to access using the subway system. It take about 30&nbsp;minutes to get from the center of town to Pablo de Olavide on the subway.
* Menéndez Pelayo International University-Sevilla . This school is not your typical university. Only students who are studying abroad with International Studies Abroad attend classes at this school. It is lcoated near the Centro and Alfalfa Barrio.

## Sports 
Seville is the home town of two soccer teams, Sevilla FC (often simply called "El Sevilla") and Real Betis Balompié (often called "El Betis").

## Flag
The **flag of Seville** () is colored red with yellow characters. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## Gallery

Sevilla Cathedral exterior.JPG|Cathedral of Sevilla
Calatrava Puente del Alamillo Seville.jpg|Puente del Alamillo

## References
## Other websites 
* Sevilla Guide
* City councils
Sausage

2008]]

**Sausage** is a food made of ground-up or chopped-up meat or meat with other ingredients. It often has spices in it and is covered in a casing. Traditionally, a sausage casing is made of animal intestine, but can sometimes be made of plastic. There are many forms of sausages, including hot dog, pepperoni, bologna, and salami.

Sausages often have meat from the animal's head, lips, cheeks, ears and other parts. Some have blood in them. German and British sausages normally have a lot of "rusk," or bread crumbs, and they are less meaty than sausages from other countries. Vegetarian or vegan sausages are often made of products other than animal products, such as tofu.

Sausages may be used as a meal, in a sandwich, or in other foods like stews. Sausages can be eaten as whole pieces, or they can be chopped up as already cooked pieces.

Germany has regions that have special kinds of sausage. Sausages are some of the oldest German foods.

## Name origin
The word "sausage" was first used in English in the mid-15th century. During the mid-15th century, the word "sausage" was spelled as "sawsyge". The word "sawsyge" came from Old North French *saussiche* (Modern French *saucisse*)". The French word came from Vulgar Latin *salsica* (sausage), from *salsicus* (seasoned with salt).

## Types of sausage
*Andouille
*Blood sausage, a type of sausage made of animal blood
*Bratwurst (a German/Austrian variety)
*Breakfast sausage
*Chorizo
*Fish
*Knockwurst
*Landjäger
*Mortadella
*Salami

## References
## Other websites
Special English

**Special English** is a simple form of the English language.  It is used by a public radio station called Voice of America, run by the United States government in Special English programs every day. Its news and feature programs are read more slowly than usual, using fewer English words and simple grammar.

The contents of Special English programs are much easier to understand.  Special English is clearer and simpler, and it uses shorter sentences. It can also help someone whose English is weak to improve their English. In some countries, for example China, Special English is popular among people for learning English.

Special English was first used on October 19, 1959. Special English started in that year as one of radio programs by the Voice of America. This broadcasts adopt slow pace and simple English in order to increase understanding for millions of listeners. It is now also known as "Learning English".

## Details 
Special English started in 1959. It was developed as an experimental radio program to spread information on news and culture to people outside the United States. Programs on VOA use a simpler English within about 1,500 words, and reports are paced 1/3 slower than regular English in order to allow listeners to increase a better understanding. This means broadcasters speak at about two-thirds the speed of conversational English. But is still far from sounding like a record played at the wrong speed.

To be a Special English broadcaster, a person needs to do months of training. The training includes a professional voice trainer who teaches how to breathe properly and pronounce clearly.

*Arts & Culture
*American Stories
*Health & Lifestyle
*U.S.History
*Science & Technology
*Words & Their Stories
*Learning English Broadcast
VOA broadcast a program titled 'Willis Conover, the Voice of Jazz, Is Now Online" in the past, as Willis Conover became a famous host at Music USA.

## Notes 
## Related pages
*Voice of America
*Simplified English
*Wikipedia:VOA Special English Word Book
*Basic English

## Other websites 
*The VOA Web Page on Learning English "Learning English" replaced the earlier name "Special English"
*VOA Special English Word Book - 1,500 words used on VOA Special English broadcast (2009 edition)
*Learning English Word Book - words used on VOA Learning English broadcasts (2018 edition)
*Voice of America Special English Study - Online quizzes, listen and read along, crossword puzzles and more. (By Charles Kelly)
Social contract

A **social contract or political contract** is a perceived agreement among the people of a state about the rules that will define their government. These rules are usually called laws. Laws help to make sure people have rights and that their rights are protected. One kind of social contract is a constitution. A constitution says how decisions are made, and sets limits on the powers of leaders and other people who have authority.

In the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote books about social contracts. They saw good government as coming from social contracts. Rousseau wrote a book called *The Social Contract*. Both the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution use the theory of social contracts.

The State of nature is the time before the social contract

## Related pages
* Constitution
* Natural rights and legal rights
* Political economy
* Rule of law
Site

A **site** is a real fixed physical  where something will or has happened or a place where something is. 

## Uses 
### Uses in buildings 
It is used very often in building trades to mean the place where a building will go up.

### Uses in gravesites 
A gravesite is a place where a person will be buried after they die.

### Uses in work 
The words **onsite** and **offsite** refer to work that must take place on the site, or which can take place somewhere else.  For instance, a prefabricated building can be "built offsite" and then "moved onsite".

### Use on the internet 
*Site* is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "website".  In this case no real physical location exists other than the place where the computers are, and one "goes to the site" simply by using a web browser to "go to" that URL.  This is a conceptual metaphor.  It can be confusing.  Someone who uses it is also likely using other jargon.