open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mell Lazarus

**Mell Lazarus** (May 3, 1927 – May 24, 2016)
was an American cartoonist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was best known as the creator of two comic strips, *Miss Peach* (1957–2002) and *Momma* (1970–2016). He wrote two novels. For his comic strip *Pauline McPeril* (a 1966-69 collaboration with Jack Rickard), he used the pseudonym **Fulton**, which is also the name of a character in his first novel, *The Boss Is Crazy, Too*.

Lazarus served as President of the National Cartoonists Society from 1989 to 1993.

Lazarus died on May 24, 2016 at his home in Los Angeles, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Mell Lazarus at the Lambiek Comiclopedia
Giant Bible of Echternach

The **Giant Bible of Echternach**, **Echternacher Riesenbibel** or **Gothaer Riesenbibel** is an illuminated Bible from the 11th century.  It is written in the Latin language.  It was made for the abbot of Echternach sometime between 1051 and 1081. The Bible is in the National Library of Luxembourg (formerly Gotha). https://books.google.com/books?id=vwy5B9ZXMh4C&dq=Giant+Bible+of+Echternach+%09+National+Library+of+Luxembourg&pg=PA79

The Giant Bible of Echternach was made at the Abbey Echernach.  The abbey is famous for its scriptorium and its illuminated manuscripts from the 11th century.

## Other websites 
*Luxembourg postage stamp with initials from the Giant Bible of Echternach Abbey (1)
*Luxembourg postage stamp with initials from the Giant Bible of Echternach Abbey (2)
Biglen

**Biglen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Bauen

**Bauen** was a municipality of the canton of Uri in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Bauen became a part of Seedorf.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Homepage of Bauen
Galvarino

**Galvarino** was a famous Mapuche warrior. In 1557, he fought in the Battle of Lagunillas against the an army of Spanish conquistadors. The battle took place in Chile near the Bio Bio River. He was taken prisoner along with one hundred and fifty other Mapuche. Some prisoners were condemned to amputation of their right hand and nose. Others like Galvarino had both hands cut off. He was released and told to tell the Mapuche chief Caupolicán to surrender to stop more . Others claim he was hanged. Still others say he killed himself before he could be executed.

## Related pages
*History of Chile
*Pedro de Valdivia
*Lautaro

## References
## Other website 
* Doctor File: "Galvarino rechazó la vida" (in Spanish), YouTube
Nancy Dow

**Nancy Maryanne Dow** (July 22, 1936 &ndash; May 25, 2016) was an American actress and model. She appeared in a brief group of movies and television shows such as *The Beverly Hillbillies*, *The Wild Wild West* and the 2005 movie *Pure*. She was married to Greek American actor John Aniston with whom she had a daughter, actress Jennifer Aniston (born February 11, 1969).

Dow died at a hospital in Los Angeles, California on May 25, 2016 from complications from a stroke, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
*
Howard Golden

**Howard Golden** (born 1925, died January 24, 2024) is an American civil servant. He was the long-time Democratic borough president of Brooklyn serving from 1977 to December 31, 2001.

## References
Directed evolution

. The inner cycle shows the three stages of the directed evolution cycle with the mimicked natural process in brackets. The outer circle shows steps in a typical experiment. The red symbols indicate functional variants, the pale symbols indicate variants with reduced function]]

**Directed evolution** (**DE**) is a method used to produce enzymes for industrial or medical purposes.

The method is protein engineering which mimics  natural selection. 

The basic idea is to put a gene through repeated rounds of mutation, to make a library of variants. Selection isolates genes with the desired function. They are a template for the next round. 

This can be done *in vivo* (in living cells of bacteria or yeast), or *in vitro* (free in solution or microdroplets). 

Testing more mutants increases the chances of finding one with the desired properties.

During *in vivo* evolution, each cell (usually bacteria or yeast) is transformed with a plasmid containing a different member of the variant library. Only the gene of interest differs between the cells, with all other genes being kept the same. 

The cells express the protein either in their cytoplasm or surface where its function can be tested. This format has the advantage of selecting for properties in a cellular environment, which is useful when the evolved protein or RNA is to be used in living organisms. 

When done without cells, DE uses *in vitro* transcription translation to produce proteins or RNA free in solution or inside artificial microdroplets. This has the benefit of allowing more conditions (e.g. temperature, solvents). It can express proteins that would be toxic to cells. Furthermore, *in vitro* evolution experiments can generate far larger libraries (up to 1015) because the library DNA need not be inserted into cells. That often limits what can be done. 

## Ensuring heredity
 to its gene (as in mRNA), left, or put in the same compartment with it, right. Either way the gene which codes for the protein is isolated]]

When functional proteins have been isolated, it is necessary that their genes are too, therefore a genotype-phenotype link is required. 

This can be covalent, where the mRNA gene is linked to the protein at the end of translation by puromycin. 

Alternatively the protein and its gene can be kept together, or in emulsion droplets. The gene sequences isolated are then multiplied by PCR or by transformed host bacteria. Either the single best sequence, or a pool of sequences can be used as the template for the next round of mutagenesis. The repeated cycles of diversification-selection-amplification make enzyme variations adapted to the selection process.

## Prize awarded 
US engineer Frances Arnold has won the Millennium Technology Prize for pioneering directed evolution.

## References
Canton of Mersch

**Mersch** () is a canton in the centre of Luxembourg. Its capital is Mersch.

It is the only canton, other than Luxembourg, to be entirely surrounded by other cantons, and therefore not to have an international boundary.

## Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 31,351, the Mersch canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Diekirch canton to the north, the Echternach canton to the east, the  Grevenmacher canton to the southeast and the Luxembourg canton to the south. The canton borders, to the west, with the Redange canton.

## Communes
The Mersch canton has 11 communes (2016 population).
#Bissen (3,021)
#Boevange-sur-Attert (2,375)
#Colmar-Berg (2,175)
#Fischbach (1,195)
#Heffingen (1,317)
#Larochette (2,162)
#Lintgen (2,902)
#Lorentzweiler (3,896)
#Mersch (9,195)
#Nommern (1,393)
#Tuntange (1,720)

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Districts of Luxembourg (former)
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
Claire Shulman

**Claire K. Shulman** (February 23, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York &ndash; August 16, 2020 in Queens, New York) was an American politician. She was the borough president of Queens, New York City from 1986 until 2002. She was the first woman to hold this position in Queens history.

Shulman died on August 16, 2020 of lung cancer at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
**City Hall News* (03/12/2007) 
**New York Times* 1996 article
Gyula Kosice

**Gyula Kosice**, born **Ferdinand Fallik** (April 26, 1924 – May 25, 2016), was a Czechoslovakian-born naturalized Argentine sculptor, plastic artist, theoretician and poet. He was of Jewish descent and one of the most important figures in kinetic. He created monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, hydrowalls, etc. He made more than 40 personal and 500 collective exhibitions all over the world. Kosice was the first artist to use neon in sculpture and early on water in his work.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Gyula Kosice’s personal page
* Kosice’s Blog, both Spanish and English
* Gyula Kosice at inIVA 
* Gyula Kosice at ArtFact
* 2013 *Bomb Magazine* interview of Gyula Kosice by Lyle Rexer and Gabriel Pérez-Barreiro
Guy Molinari

**Gaetano Victor "Guy" Molinari** (November 23, 1928 &ndash; July 25, 2018) was an American politician. He was a former United States Representative who served in Congress from 1981 through 1989. He also served as borough president of Staten Island, New York from 1990 through 2001.

Molinari died of pneumonia on July 25, 2018 in Manhattan, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Arturo Pomar

**Arturo Pomar Salamanca** (September 1, 1931 &ndash; May 26, 2016) was a Spanish chess grandmaster (GM). He was born in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. He was a chess prodigy because he won the championship of the Balearic Islands at the age of 11 and became a master at 13. He was Spanish Champion seven times (1946, 1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1962, and 1966),

## References
## Other websites
* Arturo Pomar biography at Chessgames.com
Franz Caucig

**Franz Caucig**, **Franco Caucig** or **Francesco Caucig**, also known in Slovene as **Franc Kavčič** or **Frančišek Caucig** (4 December 1755, Gorizia – 17 November, 1828, Vienna) was an Italian painter.  He was born on December 4 1755 in Gorizia.  His father Andrew was a tailor, of the Volče family, originally from Tolmino.  His mother was Catherine Kaknes (Cacnos).

## Related pages 
*Ideal Landscape with a Young Man Killing a Snake
* List of Italian painters

## References
Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir

**Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir** ('''', &lrm;; 15 May 1920 – 12 May 2019) was the patriarch of Lebanon's largest Christian body, the Maronite Church, an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. He was also a Cardinal. He was elected Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites on 27 April 1986, and his resignation was accepted on 26 February 2011. Bechara Boutros al-Rahi became patriarch following the resignation.

Sfeir was the third Maronite Cardinal and the 76th Patriarch of the Maronite Church with the official title of "His Beatitude and Eminence the seventy-sixth Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant".

Sfeir was born in Rayfoun. He died of a chest infection on 12 May 2019 in Beirut. He was 98.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* 
* His Beatitude and Eminence Patriarch Sfeir 
* Dossier: Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
* Patriarch Sfeir page on Catholic Hierarchy
Ted Dumitru

**Theodore "Ted" Dumitru** (born **Dumitru Teodorescu**; September 2, 1939 – May 26, 2016) was a Romanian football manager. He last worked as a technical director for Mamelodi Sundowns in the South African Premier Soccer League. He was the former coach of the South Africa national football team. Dumitru was one of a few coaches to have guided the 'big three' in South Africa Kaizer Chiefs, Sundowns and Orlando Pirates.

## References
Helen M. Marshall

**Helen M. Marshall** (September 30, 1929 &ndash; March 4, 2017) was an American politician from New York. She was Borough President of Queens from 2002 to 2013.

Marshall died on March 4, 2017 under hospice care in Palm Desert, California, aged 87.

## References
Lewis Fiander

**Lewis Fiander** (12 January 1938 – 24 May 2016) was an Australian movie, stage, television and actor.

He appeared in such movies as *I Start Counting* (1970), *Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde* (1971), *Dr. Phibes Rises Again* (1972), *The Abdication* (1974), *Who Can Kill a Child?* (1976), *Not Now, Comrade* (1976), *Sweeney 2* (1978), *The Doctor and the Devils* (1985), *Georgia* (1988) and *Paperback Romance* (1994).

Fiander died in Melbourne, Victoria on 24 May 2016 from a stroke, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Lewis Fiander at Austage
* Lewis Fiander Image Search
* Obituary
Frankie Manning

**Frankie Manning** (May 26, 1914 – April 27, 2009) was an American dancer, choreographer and instructor. He helped develop the Lindy Hop, an American dance from Harlem, New York City. At age 75, Manning received a 1989 Tony Award for co-choreographing *Black and Blue*, a musical on Broadway.

Manning wrote an autobiography, *Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop*. 

Manning was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He died at age 94 in Manhattan, New York City.

## References
Delta IV

The **Delta IV** was a rocket made to launch satellites. It had many different types including Medium, Medium+, and Heavy for many different types of satellites orbiting at many different altitudes above the Earth. The Delta IV had launches at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. It was no longer used after it's 45th mission.

## Launches 
The Delta IV was launched 32 times. The first flight was on November 20, 2002, and it launched the *Eutelsat W5* communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

## Types 
The Delta IV rocket came in many different types meant to launch different sizes and kinds of satellites.

### Delta IV Medium 
The least powerful kind of the Delta IV rocket was the Medium type. It has 1 main Common Booster Core (CBC) as the first stage of the rocket, using the RS-68 engine, and the second stage is like from the Delta III rocket, but it has been changed. It uses a 4-meter payload fairing to cover the satellite during the launch of the rocket. This kind was launched 3 times.

#### Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) was like the Medium type, but it has two GEM-60 solid rocket boosters strapped onto the CBC. This kind has launched 13 times, and was the kind of Delta IV rocket that was launched the most times.

#### Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) was like the (4,2), but the second stage and fairing has a larger diameter. This kind was launched 2 times.

#### Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) was like the (5,2), but it has two more GEM-60 solid rocket boosters. This kind was launched 5 times.

### Delta IV Heavy 
The Delta IV Heavy was the biggest kind of Delta IV rockets. It has two CBC strapped onto it like solid rocket boosters. This kind had launched 9 times, and was the most powerful rocket currently doing launches (the most powerful rocket ever is the Saturn V). It flew the last Delta IV mission on April 9, 2024 with NROL-70, a top secret spy satellite, and launched from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station SLC-37B.

## Related pages 
* Delta II
* Atlas V

## References 
## Other websites 
* Delta IV info page from ULA
* Delta IV User's Guide
Lindy Hop

**Lindy Hop** is an American dance. It started in Harlem, New York City in the 1920s and 1930s. It was originally associated with jazz and tap dance. It was popular from the 1920s to the 1940s. The Lindy Hop was a mixture of many dances before it, like the Charleston, tap and breakaway dances.

Frankie Manning helped develop the dance.

Lindy Hop today is danced as a social, competitive or performance dance. It is also sometimes called a street dance.

## References
The Truth Seekers

***The Truth Seekers *** (Chinese: 真探) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 28 April 2016. There are 23 episodes. It stars Chen Hanwei, Rebecca Lim, Desmond Tan and Yusuke Fukuchi as the main characters. They play a team of cold case private investigators, who look into unsolved cases from years ago and break new ground with the help of scientific and technological advancements. During their investigations, members of the crime-busting team fall in – and out – of love as they learn other hidden truths about themselves and their comrades.

## Cast
*Chen Hanwei as Bai Qingxiong
*Rebecca Lim as Huang Yuyang
*Desmond Tan as Hong Junyan
*Yusuke Fukuchi as Lan Haifeng
*Lynn Poh as Yamamoto Atsuki

## Trivia
*Lynn Poh's 2016 drama after *Your Hand In Mine*.

## References
Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics

The **volleyball** tournaments at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro were played between 6 and 21 August. Twenty-four volleyball teams and 48 beach volleyball teams, totalling 386 athletes, participated in the tournament. The indoor volleyball competition was held at Ginásio do Maracanãzinho in Maracanã, and the beach volleyball tournament took place at Copacabana Beach.

## References 
## Other websites
*Volleyball qualification process
*Beach volleyball qualification process
*Volleyball qualification website
*Beach Volleyball qualification website
Clovis Maksoud

**Clovis Maksoud** (December 17, 1926 &ndash; May 15, 2016) was an American diplomat and journalist. He was born in Bristow, Oklahoma.

He served as Ambassador of the Arab League to India from 1961 through 1966, to the United Nations from 1979 through 1990 and at the same time to the United States. He worked with presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.

Besides from being an ambassador, Maksoud was the senior editor of Al-Ahram. He also served as professor of International Relations and director of the Center for the Global South at American University in Washington, D.C..

Maksoud died on May 15, 2016 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 89.

## References
Zim, Minnesota

**Zim** is an unincorporated place in McDavitt Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

Zim got its name from a nearby lumber camp of a man named Zimmerman. Nearby is the "Sax-Zim Bog", one of the world's best birdwatching places. It was named for the two nearby, mostly uninhabited, towns of Zim and Sax. Every February the habitat hosts a three-day festival for birdwatchers.

## References
Canton of Redange

**Redange** () is a canton in the west of Luxembourg. Its capital is Redange, also called as Redange-sur-Attert.

## History
On 1 January 1979, the *communes* of Arsdorf, Bigonville, Folschette and Perlé were merged to make the new *commune* of Rambrouch. The number of communes in the canton changed from 13 to 10.

## Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 18,351, the Redange canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Wiltz canton to the north, the Diekirch canton to the northeast, the Mersh canton to the east and the Capellen canton to the south. The canton of Redange borders, to the west, with two *arrondissements* of  Belgiumː  Arlon and  Bastogne.

## Communes
The Redange canton has 10 communes (2016 population).
#Beckerich (2,489)
#Ell (1,265)
#Grosbous (1,026)
#Préizerdaul (1,705)
#Rambrouch (4,284)
#Redange (2,795)
#Saeul (780)
#Useldange (1,800)
#Vichten (1,246)
#Wahl (961)

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Districts of Luxembourg (former)
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
Agarn

**Agarn** (Walliser German: *Agaru*) is a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
Bleienbach

**Bleienbach** is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Bleienbach
Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach

**Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach** is a former municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne, Switzerland. 

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Bleiken bei Oberdiesbach merged into the municipality of Oberdiessbach.
Hedy Epstein

**Spag-Hedy Epstein** (15 August 1924 – 26 May 2016), *née* **Wachenheimer**, was a German-born Jewish-American political activist. She was known for her support of the Palestinian cause through the International Solidarity Movement. She was born in Freiburg to a Jewish family. She was rescued from Nazi Germany by the Kindertransport in 1939. She immigrated to the United States in 1948, and lived in St. Louis, Missouri for many years.

## Death
Epstein died at her home in St. Louis on May 26, 2016, aged 91, of cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* Hedy Epstein's personal website
* *Stanford Daily* op-ed by Epstein
*
Joe Fleishaker

**Joseph Isaac Fleishaker** (1954 – May 23, 2016) was an American character actor. He was born in Brooklyn. He was best known for his appearances in low-budget cult and horror movies such as those made by Troma Entertainment. He appeared in ''Troma's War*, *Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D.* and *Tromeo and Juliet*. He also appeared in several skits on *Late Show with David Letterman''.

Fleishaker died of a heart attack at a hospital in The Bronx, New York on May 23, 2016, aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Canton of Wiltz

**Wiltz** () is a canton in northwestern Luxembourg. Its capital is Wiltz.

## History
On 1 January 2012, the *communes* of  Heiderscheid and Neunhausen were merged with the *commune* of Esch-sur-Sûre.

## Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 16,449, the Wiltz canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Clervaux canton to the north, the Diekirch canton to the east and the Redange canton to the south. The canton of Wiltz borders, to the west, with the *arrondissement* of  Arlon, (Belgium).

## Communes
The Wiltz canton has 7 communes (2016 population).
#Boulaide (1,223)
#Esch-sur-Sûre (2,640)
#Goesdorf (1,543)
#Kiischpelt (1,168)
#Lac de la Haute-Sûre (1,860)
#Wiltz (6,730)
#Winseler (1,285)

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Districts of Luxembourg (former)
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
Canton of Vianden

**Vianden** () is a canton in the north of Luxembourg. Its capital is Vianden.

## History
On 1 January 2006, the *communes* of Bastendorf (in the Diekirch canton) and Fouhren were merged to form the *commune* of Tandel.

## Geography
Vianden is the smallest canton of Luxembourgh, with an area of , and a population (2017) of 5,162; it has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Diekirch canton to the south, southwest and west; and the Clervaux canton to the northwest. To the east, it borders with the Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm district (Rhineland-Palatinate state), Germany.

## Communes
The Vianden canton has 3 communes (2017 population).
#Putscheid (1,123)
#Tandel (2,031)
#Vianden (2,008)

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Districts of Luxembourg (former)
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
Angela Paton

**Angela Paton** (January 11, 1930 &ndash; May 26, 2016) was an American theater, TV and movie actress. She was known for her roles as Mrs. Lancaster, the innkeeper, in *Groundhog Day* (1993), Grandma in *American Wedding* (2003) and Mrs. Holmes in *Lolita* (1997).

Paton died on May 26, 2016 in Oakland, California from a heart attack, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* ACT’s 40th season — an interview with Angela Paton and Bob Goldsby  at the *San Francisco Chronicle*
Kai G. Henriksen

**Kai Henning Gjesdal Henriksen** (21 May 1956 &ndash; 27 May 2016) was a Norwegian businessperson. He was a former politician for the Conservative Party of Norway. He served a period as the chief executive officer of Storebrand Bank. He was born in Tromsdalen. Henriksen was CEO of the Norwegian government-owned wine and spirits retail monopoly company, AS Vinmonopolet from 2006 until his death in 2016.

Henriksen died on 27 May 2016 in Oslo, Norway from complications of pancreatic cancer, aged 60.

## References
Law of definite composition

The **law of definite proportions** states that a chemical compound always has exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.  Joseph Proust, a French chemist,  first observed it in 1797.  For this reason, it is sometimes called  '''Proust's law.**  t is also called the **law of constant composition** and the **law of definite proportions.'''  It states that all samples of a given chemical compound have the same elemental composition by mass.  For example, oxygen makes up about 8/9 of the mass of any sample of pure water, while hydrogen makes up the remaining 1/9 of the mass.  The law of definite proportions is the basis of stoichiometry, together with the law of multiple proportions.  However, there are some compounds to which this law cannot be applied.  They are sometimes called non-stoichiometric compounds, which are commonly metals.

## Related pages
* Valency
* Stoichiometry
* Atomic orbital
* Atomic physics
* Molecular orbital
* Chemical formula
* Quantum mechanics
* Amount of substance
* Mass-energy equivalence
Berend Jan Udink

**Berend Jan "Bé" Udink** (12 February 1926 – 24 May 2016) was a Dutch politician.

## Career
He was elected in the Rijnmondraad (Council of Rijnmond), a local council of representatives of Rijnmond, in 1965. Two years later, in 1967, he became Minister for Development Cooperation in the Cabinet-De Jong, a post he held till 1971. In 1971, Udink became minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management in the Cabinets-Biesheuvel I and II.

His political career ended in 1973. From 1973 till 1978 he was member of the Board of Directors of the Overzeese Gas- en Elektriciteitsmaatschappij N.V. (as Dutch gas and electricity company) and from 1978 till 1980 he served as its President.

## Personal 
Udink was married with three children and a Remonstrant.

## References
## Other websites
*  Drs. B.J. (Bé) Udink Parlement.com
Canton of Remich

**Remich** () is a canton in the southeast of Luxembourg. Its capital is Remich.

## History
On 1 January 2012, the *communes* of Burmerange and Wellenstein were merged with the *commune* of Schengen.

## Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 21,987, the Remich canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Grevenmacher canton to the northeast, the Esch-sur-Alzette canton to the west and the Luxembourg canton to the northwest. The canton of Remich borders, to the east, with two districts of  Germanyː  Trier-Saarburg and Merzig-Wadern, and to the south with the Moselle department in France.

In the Schengen commune is the point where three countries meetː Luxembourg, France and Germany.

## Communes
The Remich canton has 8 communes (2016 population).
#Bous (1,553)
#Dalheim (2,148)
#Lenningen (1,886)
#Mondorf-les-Bains (4,999)
#Remich (3,632)
#Schengen (4,805)
#Stadtbredimus (1,866)
#Waldbredimus (1,098)

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Districts of Luxembourg (former)
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
## Other websites
Beatenberg

**Beatenberg** is a municipality of the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
*
Nathaniel Lyon

**Nathaniel Lyon** (July 14, 1818 – August 10, 1861) was the first Union general that was killed in the American Civil War. He died while leading his men at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. He is noted for his military actions in the state of Missouri in 1861.

## Early life 
Lyon was born on July 14, 1818, in Ashford, Connecticut. He was the seventh out of nine children born to Amasa and Kezia Knowlton Lyon. When his older brother died, Lyon became the object of his father's anger.

## Military career 
### Early career 
On July 1, 1837, Lyon entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. It was endorsed by President Abraham Lincoln and Lieutenant general Winfield Scott. Lyon realized what the governor was doing. On May 10, 1861, Lyon and his troops ed the pro-Confederate Missouri militia and forced them to surrender.  On May 17, Lyon was promoted to brigadier general. He was given command of the Union Army of the West. He moved quickly enough to catch them un. On June 15, the Army of the West occupied Jefferson City. The doctor described Lyon: 
 Lyon was then buried on a farm outside Springfield. Later Union forces recovered the body. It was sent home to Connecticut. He was buried in the family plot at Phoenixville, now Eastford, Connecticut. An estimated 15,000 people attended his funeral. As the first general killed in the war, he was considered a hero.

## References 
## Other websites 
* General Lyons' funeral march, composed by George W. Hewitt; Library of Congress
* General Lyon Cemetery; Eastford 
* From the State Historian: The Final Journey of Nathaniel Lyon
David Bryan

**David Bryan Rashbaum** (born February 7, 1962), better known as **David Bryan**, is the keyboard player of American rock band Bon Jovi. With the band,  he has co-written songs and sings backing vocals. 

He is also the co-writer of the successful Broadway musical *Memphis*. He wrote the music and lyrics. Joe DiPietro wote the book and some lyrics.

*Memphis* played on Broadway from October 18, 2009 to August 5, 2012. The Broadway production won Best Musical in the Live Theatre division of the Golden Icon Awards, as well as four Tony Awards including Best Musical and four Drama Desk Awards. These make *Memphis* the most nominated show on Broadway.

## Second musical 
Bryan also co-wrote the musical *The Toxic Avenger*, also with Joe DiPietro. The musical made its off-Broadway premiere at New World Stages on April 6, 2009. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*  David Bryan website
* Official website for *Memphis* 
* Memphis at the Internet Broadway Database
Buck Kartalian

**Buck Kartalian** (August 13, 1922 &ndash; May 24, 2016) was an American actor. He appeared in more than 70 movies and television shows between 1953 and 2006. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Kartalian was known for his roles in *Cool Hand Luke* (1967), *Planet of the Apes* (1968), *Conquest of the Planet of the Apes* (1972), *The Outlaw Josey Wales* (1976) and in *The Rock* (1996)

Kartalian died on May 24, 2016 in Mission Hills, California, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Saintpaulia

***Saintpaulia***, **African violets**, are small plants from Africa which live in cloud forest habitats. They are herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae.

They are easy to distinguish from other plants by their eye-catching heart-shaped leaves and colourful bright flowers.

## References
The Straight Dope

"**The Straight Dope**" is a newspaper column.  Its author uses the pen name "Cecil Adams."  Readers send questions in to Adams, and he answers them.  He often uses humor in his answers.

The first *Straight Dope* column was published on February 2, 1973. As of 2013, *The Straight Dope* was published in the *Chicago Reader* and syndicated in eight newspapers in the United States.

## Creators and format
Most reader questions are answered by Cecil Adams.  Adams describes himself as "the world's most intelligent human being."  He describes ''The Straight Dope's'' goal this way:

The name "The Straight Dope" comes from the American idiom meaning roughly "the true information; the full story". The column covers many subjects, including history, science, urban legends, myths, and inventions.  The column's motto is: "Fighting ignorance since 1973 (it's taking longer than we thought)."

*The Straight Dope* is illustrated by Slug Signorino.

## Books
To date, Adams has published five collections of his columns, and his "assistant," Ed Zotti, has published a children's collection in the Adams style, *Know It All*.

## Television
In 1996, the A&E Network briefly aired a show based on *The Straight Dope*, hosted and co-written by comedian Mike Lukas.

A "Straight Dope" podcast was briefly released in November 2009, but was then cancelled.

## Related pages
* Urban legend
* Snopes.com
* FactCheck.org
* TruthOrFiction.com
* ''The Skeptic's Dictionary*
* *MythBusters''
* List of common misconceptions

## References
## Other websites
* The Straight Dope
*
Cloud forest

s in a cloud forest on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo]]
]]

A **cloud forest** or **fog forest** is a tropical or subtropical, contains mostly evergreen trees, and is high up on a mountain.  There is a large amount of water in the air. Cloud forests have cloud cover for much of the year, usually at the same height as the canopy, the place where the trees' branches meet.

Cloud forests often have mosses covering the ground and large plants. such **mossy forests** usually grow on the saddles of mountains, where the wind cannot blow away moisture from clouds.

Cloud forests grow from 500 to 4000 meters above sea level. Usually, they grow where the fog is right at the level where the plants grow, so there is less sunlight to burn away the mist. Many of the plants take water through fog drip. Fog drip is when water forms drops on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.

## References
Victoria, Hong Kong

**Victoria City** was one of the first urban settlements in Hong Kong after it became a British colony in 1842. It was named after Queen Victoria, the Queen of the United Kingdom.

In 1857, the British government expanded Victoria City and divided it into seven districts, including Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Tai Ping Shan and Central. These were located in the area that is now the Central, Western and Wanchai districts.

Victoria City is technically the capital of Hong Kong. However, the name is rarely used today.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Historical and statistical abstract of the colony of Hongkong (1907)
Alessia Cara

**Alessia Caracciolo** (born July 11, 1996), known professionally as **Alessia Cara**, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is best known for her hit songs "Here" and "Wild Things".

Cara's singing style has been compared to that of Norah Jones and Adina Howard.

Cara released her first single "Here" in April 2015.  The following single, "Scars to Your Beautiful", was released from her first studio album, *Know-It-All*.  She collaborated with German DJ Zedd on the song "Stay". "Stay", "Here", and "Scars to Your Beautiful" all reached the top ten in the US and was at the top of the US Mainstream Top 40 radio chart.

In 2018, she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, one of the "Big Four" awards.

## References
Giorgio Albertazzi

**Giorgio Albertazzi** (20 August 1923 &ndash; 28 May 2016) was an Italian actor movie director, screenwriter and singer. 

He was known for his roles in *Little World of Don Camillo*, *Concert of Intrigue*, *White Nights*, *Last Year at Marienbad*, *Eva*, *Redhead*, *I Married You for Fun*, *The Assassination of Trotsky*, *Five Women for the Killer*, *Mark of the Cop*, *Once a Year, Every Year*, *Li chiamarono... briganti!*, *The Rage* and in *Some Say No*.

His best known directed movies were *La governante* and *Gradiva*. He sang the soundtrack for *Gli angeli del potere*.

Albertazzi died on 28 May 2016 in Roccastrada, Italy, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Georges Sesia

**Georges Sesia** (8 July 1924 – 12 May 2016) was a French footballer who played as a striker. He was born in Villerupt. He made one appearance for the French national team in 1948. 

Sesia died on 12 May 2016 in France, aged 91.

## References
Bürglen, Uri

**Bürglen UR** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 3,000 people live in Bürglen. It has an area of .

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website of Bürglen 
*
John Webster (British theologian)

**John Bainbridge Webster** DD FRSE (20 June 1955 &ndash; 25 May 2016) was a British theologian of the Anglican Communion. He was born in Mansfield, England. He wrote about systematic, historical and moral theology. He was the Chair of Divinity at St. Mary's College, University of St Andrews, Scotland.

He died at his home in Aberdeen, Scotland on 25 May 2016 at the age of 60. 

## References
## Other websites
*[Webster's webpage at the University of St. Andrews](https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/da/persons/john-bainbridge-webster(4c36a1c3-21b1-492e-9801-756ae1f902c3).html) 
*Kantzer Lectures  at the Henry Center
*Webster at Frost's Scottish Who's Who 
*John Webster at Theopedia
Gavyn Farr Arthur

His Honour Judge Sir **Gavyn Farr Arthur** KStJ GCFO (13 September 1951 &ndash; 16 May 2016) was a British judge. He served as the 675th Lord Mayor from 2002 to 2003. He served as Alderman for the Ward of Cripplegate in the City from his election in 1991 until 2005.

Arthur died from a heart attack in London on 16 May 2016, aged 64.

## References
Stanley Burke

**Stanley Burke, Jr.** (February 8, 1923 – May 28, 2016) was a Canadian television journalist. He was the anchor of CBC Television's *The National News* from 1966 to 1969. The show was renamed *The National* after he resigned to launch a public campaign on the Biafran civil war.

Burke died at the Kingston General Hospital in Kingston, Ontario on May 28, 2016, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Stanley Burke
František Jakubec

**František Jakubec** (12 April 1956 – 27 May 2016) was a Czech football player. He played for Bohemians Prague for most of his career. He also played with Veria in the Greek Super League. He was born in Český Brod, Czechoslovakia.

He played for Czechoslovakia national football team (25 matches) and was a non-playing member of their squad at the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Jakubec died on 27 May 2016 in Prague from a heart attack, aged 60.

## References
## Other websties
*
*  ČMFS entry
Bollodingen

**Bollodingen** was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 it was merged with the municipality of Bettenhausen.
Bryce Dejean-Jones

**Bryce Alexander Dejean-Jones** (August 21, 1992 &ndash; May 28, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He played college basketball for Iowa State University. He played professionally for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 2016.

On May 28, 2016, Dejean-Jones died in Dallas, Texas when he was shot by his ex-girlfriend's neighbour, after breaking into the neighbor's apartment. He thought he was breaking into his ex-girlfriend's apartment. He was 23 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Iowa State bio 
* UNLV bio
Robert List

**Robert Frank "Bob" List** (born September 1, 1936) is an American attorney and politician. He served as the 24th Governor of Nevada from 1979 to 1983. List was defeated for re-election in 1982 by Nevada Attorney General Richard Bryan. He is a member of the Republican Party. 

## References
## Other websites
M14 rifle

using M14 rifles in Tet Offensive]]

The **M14** **rifle** is an American 7.62×51mm NATO battle rifle.  The United States Military began using it in 1959 during the Vietnam War.  The M14 production began in 1959 and ended in 1964.  The M14 can be used as a battle rifle and as a sniper rifle in later years.  The M14 was based on the M1 Garand and is essentially a modernized variant of it.  In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the M14 was replaced by the M16A1 by the United States Army in Vietnam.

The rifle returned to active service with the US  Army as the M14 EBR in 2002, where it has remained in service as a dedicated marksman rifle with updates and changes to its design, including an adjustable and collapsible stock, adjustable sights, rails and a bipod.

## References
Mount Kinabalu

**Mount Kinabalu**  is a high mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. This is in Malaysia.

The mountain is protected as a park, named Kinabalu Park. The park was awarded the country's first World Heritage Site. Because of over 5,000 plant species, it is also one of the world’s most important biological sites.

At its peak, the indigenous Kadazan people make their homes there. The mountain's name comes from the name "Akinabalu" (meaning *Revered Place of the Dead*).

## References 
## Other websites
Civil Air Patrol

The **Civil Air Patrol** (**CAP**) is a non-profit organization that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). CAP is a  organization with members from many backgrounds. It performs three s: emergency services, which includes search and rescue (by air and ground) and disaster relief operations; aeronautics education for youth and the general public; and cadet programs for teenage youth.

 in the organization consists of cadets ranging from 12 to just under 21 years of age. Senior members are 18 years of age and up. All members wear uniforms while performing their .

The standard uniform of the Civil Air Patrol is the Airman Battle Uniform(ABU). The uniform is a mix of green and tan colors. The ABU was also worn by the United States Air Force. The Civil Air Patrol has another uniform called Dress Blues Uniform(DBU). This uniform is white and blue, and is used for special events.

## References
## Other websites
*Flying Minute Men The Story of the Civil Air Patrol
David Cañada

**David Cañada Gracia** (11 March 1975 &ndash; 28 May 2016) was a Spanish professional road racing cyclist. He was known for winning the 2006 Volta a Catalunya. He competed in the 2005 Tour de France. Cañada was unable to compete in the 2009 season, due to treatment for skin cancer which had been detected in 2007, and retired early in the 2010 season.

He died at the age of 41 after a fall during a cycling event.

## References
Don McNay

**Donald Joseph "Don" McNay** (February 13, 1959 &ndash; May 29, 2016) was an American financial author and columnist. He was a chartered financial consultant and specialist on what to do when you win the lottery. He was born in Covington, Kentucky, but was raised in Lexington, Kentucky. He was a financial author and *The Huffington Post* contributor.

McNay died of a suspected heart attack on May 29, 2016 in New Orleans, Louisiana, aged 57.

## References
Juicy (The Notorious B.I.G. song)

"**Juicy**" is the first single by American rapper the Notorious B.I.G. The song is from his first album *Ready to Die* (1994). Poke (of Trackmasters) and Sean "Puffy" Combs were the producers of the song. "Juicy" contains a sample of Mtume's 1983 song "Juicy Fruit". It is directly sampled from the song's "Fruity Instrumental" mix. 

The song is widely considered to be one of the greatest hip-hop songs of all time. The song charted at number 27 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

## Content
The song is a "rags to riches chronicle". The Notorious B.I.G. talks about his childhood years living in poverty, his initial dreams of becoming a rapper, early musical influences, his time dealing drugs, criminal involvement, and his eventual success in the music industry and current lavish lifestyle.

The song's lyrics refer to the February 26, 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center.

## Accolades
* *Blender* Magazine ranked the song #168 on its Top 500 Songs of the '80s–'00s list in 2005.
*Bruce Pollock put it on his The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944–2000 list in 2005.
* Pitchfork Media ranked the song at #14 on their *Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s*.
* *Pop* ranked it #1 on their Singles of the Year list in 1994.
* *Rolling Stone* ranked the song #424 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, moving to #32 in the 2021 revision.
* *Spex* included it on The Best Singles of the Century list in 1999.
* *The Boston Phoenix* included it on their 90 Best Songs of the 90s list in 1999.
* *The Source* included it on their The 100 Best Rap Singles of All Time list in 1998.
* VH1 ranked it #7 on its "100 Greatest Hip Hop Songs Ever" and #1 on its "40 Greatest Hip Hop Songs of the 90s".
* BBC ranked it #1 on its "Greatest hip-hop songs of all time".

## Track listing
### 12-inch
#### A-side
# "Juicy" (Dirty Mix) (5:05)
# "Unbelievable" (3:45) (produced by DJ Premier)
# "Juicy" (Remix) (4:42) (produced by Pete Rock)
#### B-side
# "Juicy" (Instrumental) (5:05)
# "Unbelievable" (instrumental) (3:45)
# "Juicy" (remix instrumental) (4:43)

## Official versions
* "Juicy" (album version)
* "Juicy" (instrumental) – 5:05
* "Juicy" (dirty mix) – 5:05
* "Juicy" (remix) – 3:42
* "Juicy" (remix instrumental) – 4:43

## Charts
### Weekly charts
## Certifications
## References
Spread spectrum

**Spread spectrum** is a method in radio and other kinds of telecommunication. Its purpose is to overcome interference, noise and jamming of signals.

Sending radio wave signals through the air became possible in the later 19th century with wireless telegraphy. The fact that signals were affected by natural interference was soon discovered. By the early 1900s, wireless telegraphy could cross the Atlantic. Intercepting the enemy's radio communications and interfering with their transmission was important in World War II. Messages in code were intercepted and recorded for decryption and translation. Not only can radio signals be detected, but those listening can be detected, since radio receivers also emit a signal.

Above all, since radio direction-finding is widely used in civil and military aviation, ways are needed to reduce interference with these transmissions. The main method is spread spectrum. Spread spectrum systems transmit the message using a bandwidth that is wider than the bandwidth actually needed by the message signal. This spreading of the transmitted signal over a large bandwidth make the resulting wideband signal appear as a noise signal. This resists intentional and unintentional interference with the transmitted signal.

#**Direct-sequence spread spectrum** transmits the messages and adds chips of noise to the message. The sequence of chips produced by the transmitter is already known by the receiver. The receiver uses the same pseudonoise (PN) sequence to  reconstruct the information signal. Benefits:
##It resists intended or unintended jamming
##It shares a single channel among multiple users
##It reduces the signal/background-noise level: this hampers interception
##Determines the relative timing between transmitter and receiver
#**Frequency-hopping spread spectrum** transmits radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels. It uses a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver. Its benefits are:
##Spread-spectrum signals can resist narrowband interference.
##Spread-spectrum signals are difficult to intercept. A spread-spectrum signal may simply look like an increase in the background noise to a narrowband receiver. 
##Spread-spectrum transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with little interference. 
##Military users can generate the channel sequence with a transmission security key (TRANSEC) that the sender and receiver share in advance. For such critical uses, spread spectrum methods alone do not give enough security.

## References
Boltigen

**Boltigen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the Boltigen Community 
*
Santa Fe Trail

The **Santa Fe Trail** was a 19th century transportation route through central North America. It connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico.  It was pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell. The Santa Fe Trail was a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880. Santa Fe was near the north end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City.  The Santa Fe railroad, now known as BNSF (Burlington Northern Santa Fe), roughly parallels the original Santa Fe Trail.

The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the northwestern corner of Comancheria, the territory of the Comanches. they demanded payment for allowing people to use the trail.  Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico. This made the area more dependent on the American trade.  In general, finished and manufactured goods went west from the Kansas City area and payments in gold traveled east from Santa Fe.  The trade along the trail gave the Comanches a steady supply of horses.  By the 1840s trail traffic along the Arkansas River valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land. This contributed to their decline which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region. The Trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican–American War.

After the U.S. took the Southwest ending the Mexican–American War, the trail helped open the region new settlement. It was important for the  of the U.S. into the lands it had taken. 

## Historic trail 
The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the **Santa Fe National Historic Trail**. A highway route that roughly follows the trail's path through the entire length of Kansas, the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway. It is  long and takes about 12 hours to drive the trail today.

## References