open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
AS-90

The **AS-90** (Artillery System for the 1990s) is a lightly armoured self-propelled artillery gun. It is used by the British Army. It was first used in 1993.  The AS-90's official name is **Gun Equipment 155&nbsp;mm L131**.

The AS-90 is used by five regiments of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Artillery. 

AS-90 was designed and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL, owned by BAE Systems since 1999). They made 179 AS-90s from 1992 to 1995. This cost £300 million. 

In 2002 BAE Systems were asked to give 96 British Army AS-90s a 52 calibre gun. This would make the range 30&nbsp;km. With special shells, it would be able to reach 60 to 80&nbsp;km. However, this project ended up being ended.

## Development
AS-90 started in the mid-1980s. It was made on a "gamble" that the SP70 would fail. When this happened, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) asked for a new vehiicle. Four designs were handed in, and AS-90 was the only one that the MoD liked. 

The MoD has tried to get the Royal Navy's main ship gun to be able to use the barrel and breech from the AS-90. This would make the gun calibre of the British Army and Royal Navy the same. This would help with ammunition logistics. This would also make it possible for the Army and Navy to help each other develop weapons.

## Design
The AS-90 has a special power unit. This is used so that the engine does not have to keep running. This is done to keep the batteries charged while the AS-90 is not moving.

The gun can be started up when it is fully closed down in less than one minute.

The AS-90 has a special computer called the Turret Control Computer (TCC). The TCC controls all main functions of the turret.

## Different kinds of AS-90
**AS-90D** - Changed for use in the desert. This model has more cooling for the engine and other machines.

**AS-90 "Braveheart"** - The AS-90 with the 52 calibre length gun. This project was cancelled.

**Haubicoarmata "Krab"** - (eng. *Howitzer-cannon Crab*) A "Braveheart" turret on a Polish chassis. Designed in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola and WB Electronics. , two Krab ("Crab") prototypes have been built.

## References 
## Other websites 
* British Army information page on the AS-90
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years

***Little Dancer of Fourteen Years*** () (1881) is a statue by Edgar Degas. The work measures 38.5 inches (97.8 cm) in height. The subject is a young dance student named Marie van Goethem. The relationship between van Goethem and Degas is uncertain. It was not unusual for the young dancers of the Paris Opera to seek protectors from among the well-heeled visitors at the back door of the opera.

The statue was shown in Paris at the Sixth Impressionist Exhibition of 1881. It received mixed reviews. Most critics were shocked by the piece. They thought it was ugly. Degas exhibited it inside a glass case. Some thought it was a medical specimen. The head and face were thought grotesque and primitive.

The dancer is dressed in a cotton skirt and is wearing a hair ribbon. For a finishing touch Degas used a wig made of real hair. He covered it with wax. The only parts not covered with wax were the ribbon given to him by van Goethem and the tutu. Each museum that shows this figure gives it a different tutu. The original wax model was acquired by Paul Mellon in 1956.

The sculpture was originally made in wax before it was cast in bronze. Degas's wife and daughter made the decision to have 27 of them cast in bronze. The casting was undertaken at the Hébrard foundry in Paris from 1920 until the mid-20th century. These statues posthumous Degas bronzes can be seen in many museums. Sixty-nine original sculptures in wax and mixed-media survived the casting process.  

## Other websites 
*"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years" sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
*"Little Dancer Aged Fourteen"  in the Tate Collection, London
*"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years"  in the Robert and Lisa Sainsbury Collection.
*"The Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen"  at the Hay Hill Gallery in London.
*History of La Danseuse  at the National Gallery of Art.
List of heavy mortars

**Heavy mortars** are large-calibre mortars which fire a heavy shell on a high angle trajectory.  These weapons have a short range, but are usually less complex than similar sized field artillery.

This category includes the "Trench Mortars" of World War I. These were all heavy and difficult to move.

## Muzzle-loading
## Breech-loading
## Related pages
* List of field guns
* List of howitzers

## References
Olympia (Manet)

***Olympia***  is an 1863 oil painting by Édouard Manet. When it was first exhibited in 1865, the subject of the painting was controversial. 

## History
Manet reworked Giorgione's *The Sleeping Venus* (c. 1510) and Titian's *Venus of Urbino* (c. 1538) in creating *Olympia*.  *Olympia* may also take inspiration from Francisco Goya's *La maja desnuda* (c. 1800). This is uncertain however. Victorine Meurent was Manet's model for *Olympia*. She posed as a bullfighter for him and also for the ''Dejeuner sur l'Herbe* of 1862-63. Manet painted *Olympia* in the autumn of 1863.  The work was first seen by the public at the 1865 Salon in Paris.  Manet delayed showing the painting because he feared it might produce some negative reactions.

## Reaction
*Olympia* did produce negative reactions: people hated it. Some people thought the painting was immoral and vulgar. Critic Paul de Saint-Victor wrote in *La Presse'', "People throng in front of Manet's putrid *Olympia* as they would in front of a body in the Morgue. This is art fallen so low that it is not even worthy of censure". Some liked the painting. Émile Zola said it was Manet's "masterpiece". He added, "When other artists correct nature by painting Venus they lie. Manet asked himself why he should lie. Why not tell the truth?" In 1866 Zola wrote with tongue-in-cheek, "If only Manet had borrowed a powder puff ... and had lightly powdered Olympia's cheeks and her breasts she would have been a bit more presentable".

## Gallery

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg|*The Sleeping Venus* (Giorgione) 
File:Venus de Urbino, por Tiziano.jpg|*Venus of Urbino* (Titian)

## Further reading 
* 

## References 
## Other websites
* Phylis A. Floyd, *The Puzzle of* Olympia 
* Seibert, Margaret Mary Armbrust. *A Biography of Victorine-Louise Meurent and Her Role in the Art of Édouard Manet*. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1986.
Filipinos

**Filipinos** (Filipino: "mga Filipino") are a group of people from the Philippines, a country in Southeast Asia. They speak any of the languages of the Philippines. Most Filipinos also speak Filipino and English as second languages in addition to their native and first languages or the other languages of the Philippines. Most Filipinos are Christian, with a Muslim minority especially in southwestern and central Mindanao, which is the southern island group of the Philippines. Due to colonial influences, Filipino culture is a blend of Spanish, American, and indigenous cultures.

## References
Mme. Charpentier and Her Children

***Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children*** (1878) is an oil on canvas by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He displayed it at the Salon in 1879.  It drew much attention and admiration.  Publisher Georges Charpentier commissioned the painting. It is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the painting: "Wearing an elegant Worth gown, Marguérite Charpentier sits beside her three-year-old son, Paul. Following the fashion of the time, his hair has not yet been cut and his clothes match those of his sister, Georgette, who perches on the family dog. Pleased with the painting, Madame Charpentier used her influence to ensure that it was hung in a choice spot at the Salon and introduced Renoir to her friends, several of whom commissioned work from him."

## References
Lilith

**Lilith** is a female demon in Jewish legends, found first in the Dead Sea scrolls and Book of Isaiah(34:14). The legend is related to a Hebrew language term **lilith** meaning night, and has also been linked to beliefs about demons called *lili* in ancient Mesopotamia. It is believed by some that during creation, Lilith was made before Eve was. This version states she was created from the same dirt as Adam. 

She later came to change the earth and make it peaceful. To make the blind see. To let man kind have power over themselves and not let a narcissist rule. To let love and joy rule. Just like magic. As Lilth did not follow Adam, she later fled Eden after the creation of Eve. Lilith is commonly known for being Lucifer's wife and Queen of Hell. In the modern era some people think of Lilith as a sign for feminism as she refused to be ruled by a man.

## References
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

***Hermes and the Infant Dionysos*** is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece. It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC. This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.

Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7&nbsp;ft. ½ in.) tall. He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis. Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder). He is missing the end of his right foot. Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.

The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble. Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base. The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base. The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly , glowing surface. The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel. The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished. At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding. Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding. The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.

## Gallery 

File:Hermes di Prassitele, at Olimpia, front.jpg|Front 
File:Hermes di Prassitele, at Olimpia, back.jpg|Back 
File:Hermes di Prassitele, at Olimpia, particular.jpg|Detail
File:Hermes amb Dionís infant de Praxíteles, museu arqueològic d'Olímpia.JPG|Detail
Kim Jang-saeng

**Kim Jang-saeng** (, July 8 1548 - August 3 1631) was a Korean scholar, writer, politician, and Neo-Confucian philosopher of the Joseon period. His penname was **Sagye** (사계, 沙溪).

His courtesy names were **Huiwon** () and **Huiji** () .

## Family 
* grandfather : Kim Ho (김호, 金鎬)
* father : Kim Gye-hui (김계휘, 金繼輝)
* mother : Lady Shin, Pyeongsan clan (평산 신씨, 平山申氏)
* wife : Lady Cho, Changnyeong clan (창녕조씨)
** Son : Kim Jip
** Son : Kim Ban, father of Kim Ikhun and grandfather of Kim Manjung

## Works 
* *Sagyejeonseo* (사계전서, 沙溪全書) 
* *Gyeongseopanui* (경서판의) 
* *Garyejimnam* (가례집람, 家禮輯覽), *Exposition of Family Rites*
* *Sangryebiyo* (상례비요, 喪禮備要) 
* *Geunsarokseokui* (근사록석의, 近思錄釋疑) 
* *Gyeongseobyeonui* (경서변의, 經書辨疑) 
* *Songganghaengrok* (송강행록, 松江行錄) 
* *Sagyeyugo* (사계유고, 沙溪有故)

## Related pages 
* Yi I
* Kim Jip
* Song Siyeol
* Ahn Bang-jun
* Kim Yuk
* Seong Hon
* Song Ik-phil

## References
Gung Ye

**Gung Ye** (, 869?  24 July 918) was the king of the Hugoguryeo kingdom. He was a Silla noble. His family name was Kim (), but was changed to Gung ().

## Life 
He was the illegitimate child of King Heonan of Silla or Gyeongmun of Silla. Later, around 880 he lost in the Silla royal family's war of succession. Gung Ye disappeared in the north. In 900, he started a country called Goryeo.

## References 
* The Academy of Korean Studies, *Korea through the Ages Vol. 1*, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005.
Cantor (church)

A **cantor** is the chief singer in Jewish or Christian worship.  
The cantor's duties and qualifications have varied a lot in different times and places.  In Roman Catholic and Anglican worship the cantor is the person (usually a man) who sings the solo parts of a chant, while the choir sing the choral parts.  In the Middle Ages the cantor came to be the supervisor or director of the choir.  In Anglican cathedrals they are often known as the *precentor*.

## References 
*The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie 1980 vol 3;
Alvis Stormer

The **Alvis Stormer**, usually just called the **Stormer**, was a British armoured vehicle. It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were  retired.

It was made by the British company **Alvis Vickers**. Alvis Vickers is now called **BAE Systems Global Combat Systems**.

## Different types of Stormer 
There are three different kinds of Stormer. These are:
### Stormer HVM
The British Army use Stormers with the Starstreak missile for short range air defence.

### Flat bed Stormer
A different kind of Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

### Stormer 30
Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. This type has a turret.

The vehicle is still only a prototype. It is unknown when it will enter service. The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.

## Features 
* Weight: 13.5 tonnes
* Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour

## Related pages 
* Starstreak (missile)

## References 
## Other websites
Kim Jip

**Kim Jip** (1574 - 1656) was a Korean politician, scholar, teacher, and writer during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also known as **Shindokjae** () or **Shindok** (). His Chinese name was Sagang (). He was the son of Kim Jangsaeng, and the teacher of Song Siyeol and Yun Seongeo.

## Works 
* *Shindokjaejip* (신독재집, 愼獨齋集)
* *Uiryemunhaesok* (의례문해속, 疑禮問解續)

## Related pages
* Yi I
* Seong Hon
* Kim Jang-saeng
* Song Siyeol
* Song Ik-phil
List of howitzers

**Howitzers** are one of two main types of field artillery, the other being the field gun. Howitzers fire a heavy shell in a high-trajectory from a short barrel. They have a short range, but they are slightly more mobile than similar size field guns. Since World War II howitzers have gained longer barrels and increased range to become gun-howitzers.

## Towed howitzers
## Self-propelled howitzers
## Related pages
* List of field guns
* List of heavy mortars

## References
List of places in New York

The following is a series of lists of counties, towns, cities, villages, and other recognized **places in the U.S. state of New York**. The lists include information on the number and names of counties in which the places lie and their lower and upper ZIP code bounds, if applicable. 

Click a letter to find places in New York starting with that letter. For the links to individual pages of places (counties, towns, cities, villages, and census-designated places), please see the Administrative divisions of New York at the bottom.

## Other websites 
*USGS Fips55 database
Crelle's Journal

'''''Crelle's Journal***, or just ***Crelle***, is a journal that was published monthly for mathematical articles.  It was founded by August Leopold Crelle in 1826 in Berlin.  The full German title is  ***Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik'''* (in English: *Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics*).

Crelle edited the journal until his death in 1855.  Lots of very important mathematical articles were published in it.  Some of these were articles which had a very big influence on the development of mathematics.  It published famous articles by mathematicians such as Niels Henrik Abel, Georg Cantor, and Gotthold Eisenstein. It was edited by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt from 1856–80, during which time it was known as *Borchardt's Journal''. The editor today is Rainer Weissauer (Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg).

## Other websites 
*
Party of Five

***Party of Five*** is an American drama television series. It was broadcast on the FOX network from September 12, 1994 until May 3, 2000.  The series is set in San Francisco, California. It was well liked by the critics but the series had very low ratings.  The network wanted to stop broadcasting it after the 1994-1995 season but chose not to do this.  The main stars of the series included Jennifer Love Hewitt, Scott Wolf, Matthew Fox, Lacey Chabert, David Collins, Paula Devicq, Scott Grimes, Michael A. Goorjian, Jeremy London and Neve Campbell. The series was given a "Best Drama" Golden Globe Award in 1996.

## Other websites 
*
List of field guns

**Field guns** are one of two main types of field artillery. Field guns fire a heavy shell on a relatively level trajectory from a longer barrel. This gives very high muzzle velocity and good range performance. Field guns are best for giving long range fire support and counter-battery fire. This list has two categories; field guns that were moved (towed) by horses or vehicles, and guns that could move themselves (self propelled) guns.

## Towed field guns
## Self-propelled field guns 
## Related pages
* List of heavy mortars
* List of howitzers

## Notes and references
Nitrocellulose

**Nitrocellulose** (also: **cellulose nitrate**, **flash paper**) catches fire quickly. It is formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as **guncotton**. Nitrocellulose can be plasticized by camphor. Kodak, and other suppliers, used placticized nitrocellulose as a film base in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films. People call this *nitrate film*. After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, safety film started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.
## References
Jeong Gu

**Jeong Gu** (1543 - 1620) was a Korean politician and philosopher, historian, writer, Confucian scholar and poet of the Joseon Dynasty. a penname was Hangang (), Chinese style name was Dogah () or Gabo (). 

## Works 
* HangangMunjip (한강문집 寒岡文集)
* Taegeukmunbyun (태극문변 太極問辨)
* GAryejipramboju (가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)
* Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu (오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)
* Gangjangrok (갱장록 羹墻錄)
* Shimgyungbalhwe (심경발휘 心經發揮)
* Shimuijejobup (심의제조법 深衣製造法)
* Yefisangryubunryu (예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)
* Ohbokyunhyukdo (오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)
* Toegyesanjeryemundab (퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)
* Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok (개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)
* SEonghyunpung (성현풍 聖賢風)
* SEonghyunpungBeom (성현풍범 聖賢風範)
* Susaeuninrock (수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)
* Yumjangarngjangrock (염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)
* Gwanui (관의 冠儀)
* Honui (혼의 婚儀)
* Jangui (장의 葬儀)
* Gyeui (계의 稧儀)
* Yukdaeginyon (역대기년 歷代紀年)
* Gogeumchungmo (고금충모 古今忠謨)
* Chiranjeyo (치란제요 治亂提要)
* wharyongji (와룡지 臥龍誌)
* Uianjipbang (의안집방 醫眼集方)
* Gwangsasoljip (광사속집 廣嗣續集)
* Changshanji (창산지 昌山誌)
* Dongbokji (동복지 同福志)
* Kwandongji (관동지 關東志)
* Younggaji (영가지 永嘉志)
* Pyungyangji (평양지 平壤志)
* Hamjuji (함주지 咸州志)
* Jujashibunryu (주자시분류 朱子詩分類)
* Ghogeumhoisu (고금회수 古今會粹)

## Related pages 
* Heo Mok
* Yun Hyu
* Yun Seondo

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135770
* http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3521
Radar (song)

**"Radar"** is a song performed by the pop music singer Britney Spears. 
It was originally supposed to be the fourth single released off of her fifth studio album *Blackout*. 
It ultimately wasn't but despite that fact it did chart in some countries. 
It was later included as a bonus track on her sixth studio album *Circus*. 
It was released as the fourth single off of that album.
La Belle au bois dormant (opera)

***La Belle au bois dormant*** () is an opera in three acts by Michele Carafa to a French libretto by François-Antonine-Eugène de Planard after the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault. It was first performed on March 2, 1825 at the Salle Le Peletier of Paris Opera. The famous tenor Adolphe Nourrit created the role of the Prince. The choreography was composed by Pierre Gabriel Gardel, and sets designed by Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri.

## Main roles 
* Aurora, soprano
* The Queen, soprano
* The Prince, tenor
* Carabosse, baritone
* King Florestan, baritone

## Other websites 
*Amadeus Almanac
Himalayan cat

The **Himalayan** is a cat breed that was created in 1950 by crossing the Siamese and the Persian. It has point markings and blue eyes like a Siamese, and long fur like a Persian. Sometimes it is considered to be a color variation of the Persian, and not a separate breed.

## History 
The origin of Himalayan cats, a breed distinguished by its striking point coloration reminiscent of the Siamese and the luxurious long fur of the Persian, traces back to a series of deliberate breeding efforts rather than a natural occurrence in the wild. Unlike their long-haired ancestors, the Himalayan cats do not have a direct lineage from a wild species, but rather, they are the result of careful selective breeding practices initiated in the 20th century.

The inception of the Himalayan cat breed is attributed to scientific endeavors in the United States and the United Kingdom, where breeders aimed to combine the best traits of the Persian and Siamese breeds. The goal was to produce a cat with the long, plush coat of the Persian and the unique point coloration of the Siamese. The first successful breeding programs are often credited to Dr. Clyde Keeler in the United States and the British geneticist Virginia Cobb in the 1930s. Through meticulous breeding, they sought to create a cat that embodied the aesthetic qualities of both parent breeds while maintaining a gentle and affectionate temperament.

In a letter reminiscent of the accounts of early Persian cat importation, Dr. Keeler might have described the initial Himalayan specimens as having the majestic presence of the Persian cat with the intriguing color contrast of the Siamese. The cats were noted for their striking blue eyes, a hallmark of the Siamese breed, set against their luxuriously long and dense fur, which was distinctly Persian in nature. The defining feature of these cats, their color points – the ears, face, paws, and tail set against a lighter body color – were celebrated as a triumph of selective breeding.

The breed's name, Himalayan, is somewhat of a misnomer, implying a mythical origin from the Himalayan mountains, similar to how the Persian cat was named for its supposed geographical origins rather than actual provenance. The name was likely chosen for its exotic appeal and to evoke images of the majestic and mysterious mountain ranges, aligning with the breed's striking appearance. It is important to note that, much like the naming convention of the Persian cat, the term "Himalayan cat" does not reflect a native breed from the Himalayan region. Instead, it is a testament to the breed's creation through human intervention and imagination.

By the mid-20th century, the Himalayan cat had gained recognition and popularity among cat enthusiasts and breeders. It was officially recognized as a distinct breed by major cat registries, although some organizations classified it as a variant of the Persian breed. The Himalayan cat's journey from a breeder's vision to a beloved pet in homes worldwide highlights the role of human creativity and selective breeding in shaping the modern landscape of domesticated animals.
Type 38 75 mm field gun

The  was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It became a standard field gun of the IJA after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.

## History
Japan had experience with artillery in its war with Russia in 1904-05.

In 1905 (*Meiji 38*), the Imperial Japanese Army selected Krupp's artillery design.  At first, the field guns were imported.

Over 2000 guns were produced under license at the Army’s Osaka Arsenal.

Plans to replace the Type 38s with Type 90 75 mm field guns went forward in 1931.   However, Type 38s continued to be used.

## Combat record
Type 38s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns

## Notes
## Other websites
* Type 38 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* US Technical Manual E 30-480
Bombardment

A **bombardment** is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings. The word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.

Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range  missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.

It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions. The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.

## History
In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies. Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed. The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.

]]

## References 
*
Bombard (weapon)

, Rhodes, 1480–1500. The bombard was used for close defense of the walls (100–200 meters) at the Siege of Rhodes. It fired  granite balls. The bombard weighs about .]]
A **bombard** is a large-caliber, muzzle-loading, medieval cannon or mortar. It was used in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls. The name **bombarde** was used in a French historical text around 1380. The modern term *bombardment* comes from this.

Bombards were usually used during sieges to hurl various things into enemy forts. Items such as stone or metal balls, burning materials and weighted cloth soaked in quicklime or Greek fire are have been written about.

The name comes from medieval Latin and French words from an earlier Greek word meaning the making of a humming noise.

## Famous examples 
A famous example of a bombard is Mons Meg, a large weapon built around 1449 and used by King James II of Scotland. It was very powerful and used for bringing down castle walls. Mons Meg could fire  shots and was one of the largest bombards in its time.  It is now on public display at Edinburgh Castle. Other known bombards include two wrought iron weapons, the Pumhart von Steyr and Dulle Griet. There were also weapons cast in bronze, the Faule Mette, Faule Grete, and Grose Bochse. The Tsar Cannon is a late 16th century show-piece.

The Dardanelles Gun was built in the Ottoman Empire in 1464 by Munir Ali. It weighed 18.6 t and was 518cm long. It could  fire stone balls of up to 63cm diameter.

Bombards were replaced by weapons using smaller calibre iron shells with more powerful gunpowder.

## Gallery 

Image:HandBombardWesternEurope1390-1400.jpg|"Hand bombard", 1390–1400
Image:200KgWroughtIronBombard1450MetzFrance.jpg|200kg wrought iron bombard, circa 1450, Metz, France. It was made by forging together iron bars, held in place by iron rings. It fired 6kg stone balls. Length: 82cm.
Image:Great Turkish Bombard at Fort Nelson.JPG|The Dardanelles Gun.
File:Mons Meg at Edinburgh Castle.jpg|Mons Meg at Edinburgh Castle, mid-15thC
File:Mons Meg cannonballs, Edinburgh Castle Scotland.jpg|Mons Meg cannonballs

## References 
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## Further reading 
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Step Up

***Step Up*** is a 2006 American romantic musical teen drama movie set in Maryland. This movie is similar to "Bring It On" (which was released in 2000), except there is hip hop involved. This movie was released August 11, 2006 in the United States. The reviews were mixed to negative, though the movie had a high box office intake.

## Sequels
The sequel, *Step Up 2: The Streets*, was released February 14, 2008. It stars Briana Evigan, Robert Hoffman, and Cassie and directed by Jon Chu. A second sequel called *Step Up 3D* was released on August 6, 2010. A third sequel called *Step Up Revolution* was released in 2012 and the fifth and final movie, Step Up: All In, was released in 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*
Type 90 75 mm field gun

was a field gun of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. 

This artillery piece was planned to replace the Type 38 75 mm field gun in front line combat units.  However, Type 38s continued to be used.

## History
Before World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army mainly had Krupp cannons from Germany. After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese considered other options including field guns designed by Schneider et Cie from France. 

In 1931, IJA began to use the "Type 90" which was based on Schneider designs.

## Combat record
The Type 90 75 mm field gun was used in Manchukuo. It was used against the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Nomonhan.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns

## References
## Other websites
* Type 90 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* U.S. Technical Manual TM-E 30-480
Big Bertha

]]

**Big Bertha**  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun,  42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.

Many sources say that *Bertha* is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire. During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device.

The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun. This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun". Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is *only* applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.

## Origin 
Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre. Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.

## In use 
Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium. The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'. This figure does not include additional barrels.

## References
List of phobias

**Phobias** are irrational fears of things and situations which can be a danger but most are not harmful. There are many kinds of phobias. Here are listed more than 200 of them.
Phobias are most known to cause panic attacks and shock and epileptic fits, with phobias that have loneliness, spiders, fumes, and maybe heights.

## A 
* Apiphobia - fear of bees
* Arachnophobia - fear of spiders
* Assyrophobia - fear of Assyrians
* Astraphobia - fear of thunder and lightning
* Aurophobia - fear of gold
* Automatonophobia - fear of inanimate objects that look like living creature (statue, figure, robot...)
* Aviophobia - Aviatophobia - fear of flying
* Azerophobia - fear of Azerbaijani people

## B 
## C 
## D 
## E 
## F 
## G 
## H 
## I 
## J 
## K 
## L 
## M 
## N 
## O 
## P 
## R
## S 
## T 
## U 
## V 
## W 
## X 
## Z 
## Funny and fictional phobias 
* Anatidaephobia - fear that a duck, somewhere, is watching you
* Arachibutyrophobia - fear of peanut butter stuck to the roof of the mouth
*Uranophobia - fear of heaven
* Venustraphobia - fear of pretty women

## Related pages 
* Phobia

## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites
Ion cannon

In science fiction, an **ion cannon** is a  beam weapon. It shoots beams of ions (atoms or molecules  with an electricalcharge). Because of its power, it is usually said to be a superweapon. An ion cannon is a type of particle cannon. The particles it shoots are ionized. Because of their electrical charges, they can cause electronic devices, vehicles, and anything else that has an electrical or similar powersource to stop working. Ion cannons are used in many  science-fiction movies and television series. Ion cannons are also used in many video games.

## Real-world connections
The science fiction idea for these weapons comes from the particle cannon created by Nikola Tesla. Tesla's cannon shot ions into the ionosphere. This caused them to be charged more. Research of this idea is still being done with directed-energy weapons.

## Media references
* In the *Star Wars* universe, Ion weapons are common. They range from handheld pistols to star ship cannons. Ion weapons are mainly used to stop electronic systems from working. They can stop vehicles, droids and starships without doing any damage. In *Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back*, the Rebel Alliance uses a large ion cannon on the planet Hoth to disable Imperial Star Destroyers near the planet. This is done to stop them from firing on Rebel ships trying to leave the planet. The Jawas used ion blasters to disable R2-D2.
* In *StarCraft*, Raynor's faction is stopped from leaving because of Tarsonis' ion cannon. The weapon is destroyed as part of a mission.
* In the computer game *Conquest: Frontier Wars*, huge Ion Cannon space stations can be built.
* In *Master of Orion 2*, Ion cannons are used to damage ship's internal systems. They are not stopped by armor.
* In the Pixar movie *WALL-E*, the robot EVE has an ion cannon in her right arm.
* *Destroy All Humans!* and its sequels has a weapon called the Ion Detonator.
* In the *Command & Conquer* franchise the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) uses an orbital ion cannon as that faction superweapon.
* In Microsoft *Urban Assault*, a technologically-advanced alien faction Mykonians possess weapon systems that are entirely comprised of various types of ion cannons for their armament.

## Other websites
* Watch the C&C Ion Cannon in action. (Created by Tiberian Dawn Mod team)
Sun, Moon, and Talia

"**Sun, Moon, and Talia**" () is a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile. It was published in his *Pentamerone* (1636). It is similar to the "Sleeping Beauty" tales by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm. 

## Story 
A great lord consults several wise men about the future of his newborn daughter Talia. They predict she will be put in danger from a splinter of flax. To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks if she may try it. As soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail. She drops to the ground, and appears dead. Her father puts Talia in one of his country houses and abandons her.

Some time later, a king, hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia, and tries unsuccessfully to wake her up. He rapes her and returns to his own city. 
Still deep in sleep, Talia gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl). They are tended by fairies. One day, the boy begins to suck on Talia's finger and draws out the flax splinter. Talia awakens immediately. She names them "Sun" and "Moon" and lives with them in the house. The king returns and finds Talia is the mother of twins. He tells her what happened and they form a bond.

However, the king is married. His wife is suspicious and learns the truth. She gains possession of the two children. She orders the cook to prepare them for consumption. The cook spares the children and sends the queen a dish of lamb. The queen taunts the king while he eats. The queen has Talia brought to court. She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames. Talia undresses and screams with grief.  The king hears Talia's screams. He commands that his wife be thrown into the fire instead. The king and Talia marry.

## References 
* Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. *The Classic Fairy Tales*. Oxford UP. pp. 81-3.

## Other websites 
*Sun, Moon, and Talia 
*Unexpurgated translation of Sun, Moon, and Talia 
*Analysis of the Sleeping Beauty stories
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

***How the Grinch Stole Christmas!*** is a children's story. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It is  written in rhymed verse. Dr. Seuss drew the pictures. It was published in 1957 as a book by Random House. It was also published in a magazine called *Redbook*. The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. It also makes fun of those who profit from exploiting the holiday. An animated television program of the story was made in 1966. Boris Karloff narrated the How the Grinch Stole Christmas (TV Special). The character then appeared in the television specials Halloween is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches The Cat in the Hat. He also was a recurring villain in The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, an educational show for kids, and had a small part in the Broadway play Seussical. In 2000 a movie was made based on the book. Jim Carrey played the Grinch. And in 2018, another movie based on the book was made, which was *The Grinch*. Benedict Cumberbatch plays the Grinch in that one.

## Story 
The Grinch is a nasty creature who lives high on a mountain with his dog Max. He hates the happy people of Whoville and their Christmas celebrations and goes to Whoville to steal all the presents, decorations, and food. He doesn't think Christmas will come because he has been so mean, but Christmas comes all the same. He realizes that Christmas is more than just presents and decorations. His heart grows three sizes larger. He reforms and returns all the presents and trimmings. The people of Whoville welcome him.

## References
Mortier de 12 Gribeauval

The **Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval** (Gribeauval 12-inch mortar) was a French mortar. It was made using the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery. The measurement of the mortar is given by the diameter of the ball. It is measured using the French ancient system of measurement, in which 1 pouce (1 inch) is equal to 2.707&nbsp;cm. The Gribeauval system was a new way of making artillery as a single piece of metal and then drilling a bore hole. This meant they could be made much lighter and more accurate.
 
The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was first used during the American Revolutionary War from 1780-82. It was used during the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. It was later used in by the French army during the wars that followed the French Revolution and during the Napoleonic Wars.

.]]
The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber. Although this was quite efficient, it used to wear easily. This shape was later replaced by the Gomer system using a conical chamber.

Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used for coastal defense, in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms.

## Related pages
## References
Aerospace Valley

**Aerospace Valley** is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the regions of Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Toulouse.

There are over 500 companies, including Airbus, Dassault Aviation, EADS and Air France Industries. About 120,000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aerospace Valley is in Toulouse. The chairman of the group is Agnès Paillard.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Website of Aerospace Valley
Step Up 2: The Streets

***Step Up 2: The Streets*** is a 2008 American musical teen drama movie. It is the sequel to *Step Up*. This sequel is set in the Baltimore region and was released in February 2008. The movie got substandard reviews, though it received almost $151 million throughout the world.

## Plot
The movie tells of teenager Andrea "Andie" West whose mother died from cancer when Andie was 16. Andie now lives with Sarah (her guardian and her mother's best friend), though actually Andie always feels like she does not really belong anywhere. She loves dancing, although she is performing very poorly during school. One day, Andie, who is with Maryland School of Arts, is expelled from there by the MSA school director after the dance studio at her school is vandalized by students from 410 (four-one-oh), a competing [hip hop] dancing crew. She is also expelled from MSA due to her connection with a hip hop crew known as The Streets, at which point Sarah has had enough of Andie's behavior and threatens to send Andie to Texas to live with her aunt. Andie then receives a text from her best friend Missy.

## Links 
## Other websites 
*
Don Pasquale

***Don Pasquale*** is an Italian comic opera in three acts. Gaetano Donizetti wrote the music. Giovanni Ruffini wrote the libretto (story and words).

*Don Pasquale* was the 64th of the 66 operas Donizetti wrote. It is about an old bachelor who wants to marry. The opera was first performed on January 3, 1843 at the Comédie-Italienne in Paris, France.

It was first performed in Italy at La Scala in Milan on April 17, 1843. In London, England, it was first performed on June 29, 1843, and in the United States on January 7, 1845 in New Orleans.

## Characters 
* Don Pasquale, an old bachelor (bass)
* Dr Malatesta, his doctor (baritone)
* Ernesto, Don Pasquale's nephew (tenor)
* Norina, a young widow (soprano)
* Carlino, a notary (bass)

## Notes 
## References 
*Holden, Amanda (Ed.) 2001. *The New Penguin Opera Guide*. Penguin Putnam. 

## Other websites 
* 
* Longer synopsis of Don Pasquale  from English Touring Opera
* Discography from Stanford website
* 
* 
*
Tierra del Fuego

showing the archipelago]]
**Tierra del Fuego** is an archipelago at the southern tip of South America. The Magellan Strait sepearates it from the South American Mainland. The archipelago consists of a big island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and a number of smaller islands. The land area of the archipelago is 73,746 square kilometers. With about 47,000 square kilometers, Isla Grande  takes roughly half of the total land mass. The archipelago and the island are the largest in South America. About 127,000 people live in the part belonging to Argentina. The Argentine part is called Tierra del Fuego Province, the Chilean part is called Magallanes Region. The biggest cities on the main island are Rio Grande with 57,000 people and Ushuaia in the Argentine part, and Porvenir with 5,700 inhabitants and Puerto Williams with 2,300 people in the Chilean part.
Ivry-sur-Seine

**Ivry-sur-Seine** is a town and commune in the southeast suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. About 56,000 people lived there in 2006.

## Education 
The engineering schools École spéciale de mécanique et électricité, École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique and Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées are located at Ivry-sur-Seine.
The schools École des technologies numériques appliquées and IONIS School of Technology and Management are also located in the commune.
Doubochinski's pendulum

'''Doubochinski's pendulum''' is an experiment with an oscillator and a magnet. The most simple case is that of a pendulum that interacts with an oscillator. The pendulum (with a magnet at the end) will swing at a frequency of one swing per period of 1-2 seconds. A stationary electromagnet is placed under the equilibrium point of the pendulum. The electromagnet is then supplied with an alternating current of a fixed frequency, of between 10 and 10.000 Hz. 
When the pendulum is released at any location, its movement will then evolve to stop at a height which depends on the frequency of the current of the electromagnet. This phenomenon was first discovered by the brothers Danil and Yakov Doubochinski in 1968–69.

## References
Dominion of Newfoundland

The **Dominion of Newfoundland** was a British Dominion from 1907 to 1949. It was in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast. It was made up of the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland. 

The territory was a British colony until 1907, when it was made a dominion. The Statute of Westminster of 11 December 1931 said that the Dominion of Newfoundland was independent within the British Commonwealth, along with Canada, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. But on 16 February 1934 the Newfoundland parliament gave up its self-government, and governance of the dominion went back to being controlled from London. Though governed from overseas, Newfoundland stayed legally a dominion, until the British sold Newfoundland to Canada in 1949 to become Canada's tenth province.

## References
Schwerer Gustav

**Schwerer Gustav** (English: *Heavy Gustaf, or Great Gustaf*) and **Dora** were the names of two huge World War II German **80&nbsp;cm K (E)** railway siege guns. 

The two guns were developed in the late 1930s by Krupp, the famous German arms manufacturer. Their purpose was to destroy heavy fortifications, especially in the French Maginot Line. The guns weighed nearly 1,350 tonnes, and could fire shells weighing seven tonnes to a range of .

Although they were intended for World War II, they were not ready for action when the Wehrmacht outflanked the Maginot line by sweeping through the low country (Belgium) to start the Battle of France. However, they were ready in Autumn 1941, after the Wehrmacht invaded the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). Gustav was used at the siege of Sevastopol in the summer of 1942. By the end of the siege on 4 July the city of Sevastopol lay in ruins, and 30,000 tons of artillery ammunition had been fired. Gustav had fired 48 rounds and worn out its original barrel, which had already fired around 250 rounds during testing and development. The gun was fitted with the spare barrel and the original was sent back to Krupp's factory in Essen for relining.

Both Gustav and Dora were moved to Leningrad, and may have been intended for Warsaw. Gustav was eventually captured by US troops and cut up, whilst Dora was destroyed near the end of the war to avoid capture by the Red Army.

The Schwerer Gustav was the largest calibre rifled weapon in the history of artillery to see actual combat. A few other huge guns were never fired in anger: the French *Monster Mortar* (36 French inches; 975mm), the  British Mallet's Mortar (36 inch; 914 mm) and the American Little David mortar (36 inch; 910 mm).

## Notes
Type 95 75 mm field gun

The  was a field gun of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It was used during World War II.  

This artillery piece was planned to replace the Type 38 75 mm field gun and the Type 41 75 mm cavalry gun in front line combat.  However, Type 38s continued to be used.

## History
Before World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army mainly had Krupp cannons from Germany. After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese considered other options including field guns designed by Schneider et Cie from France. 

In 1931, IJA began to use the "Type 90" which was based on Schneider designs; however, the Type 90 was not considered successful.

The Type 95s were simpler and more sturdy than the Type 90s.

## Combat record
Type 95s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns

## Notes
## Other websites
* Type 95 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* US Technical Manual E 30-480
Douglas

**Douglas** can refer to:
*a given name of a person
*a family name of a person
*a name of a Scottish clan
*a Scottish title, the Lord, Earl, Marquess or Duke

;Places
*Douglas, Isle of Man