open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Donny Donker

**Donny Donker** (born 5 August 1994) is a Dutch martial arts fighter. He represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu at international competitions. 

At the 2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships he won the bronze medal. He competed at the 2022 World Games, winning individually the silver medal in the -85 category and won the bronze medal in the mixed team event. While flying to international competitions when necessary, Donker has a fear of flying.

## References
Tinka Offereins

**Tinka Offereins** (born 5 October 1993) is a Dutch rower. 

Offereins represents Netherlands at international competitions in the women's coxless four and women's eight. In the women's eight she won medals at the 2020 European Rowing Championships and 2021 European Rowing Championships. At the World Cup in Poland in 2022 she won the women's eight race and finished second in the women's coxless four. She won the bronze medal at the 2022 European Rowing Championships in the women's eight event. 

Offereins started when she was young with tennis and athletics. At the age of 16 years old she stopped with playing tennis. She won with athletics a medal at the Dutch junior athletic championships.

## References
Boy Vogelzang

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**Boy Vogelzang** (born 17 September 1995) is a Dutch martial arts fighter. He represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu at international competitions.

Vogelzang won the bronze medal in at the 2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championships. He became World Games champion at the 2017 World Games in the -69 kg category. Ahead of the 2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships Vogelzang sustained an injury at the German Open Grand Slam. He couldn't compete for almost a year. When his injury was over, he won the Balkan Open in September 2018. He competed at the 2022 World Games, winning individually the bronze medal in the -77 category and another bronze medal in the mixed team event.

## References
Voiceless palatal fricative

The **voiceless palatal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not phonemic in English but exists in most dialects as a way to say the cluster /hj/ and is the first sound in the word human.
Voiced alveolar lateral approximant

The **voiced alveolar lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is in English and is written as the letter L as in luck or like. Many languages have this sound.

## Features
## Occurrence
## Velarised and pharyngealised
The **voiced velarised and pharyngealised alveolar lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English but is not phonemic. It is the ll in full.

## References
## External links
Ecco van der Veer

**Ecco van der Veer** (born 17 November 1996) is a martial arts fighter. He represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu fighting at international competitions in the category fighting adults male -62 kg.

Van der Veer trained judo and ju-jitsu from the age of 7 at Van Diermen Sport in Soest, where he grew up and still lives. From 2017 he started at Den Edel in Gouda. At the end of 2017 he won his first bronze medal at the 2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships in the -62 kg category at adults. He competed at the 2022 World Games, winning individually the bronze medal and also in the mixed team event where he was fighting up to 69 kilogram. At the end of the year of 2023 he became European Champion and he had Silver at World Championships 2021. His nickname is "The Machine". 

## References
Jeevan Bahadur Shahi

Jeevan Bahadur Shahi () is a Nepalese politician currently serving as the Chief Minister of Karnali Province.He is also a member of Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province.

## Political career 
He is a member of the Nepali Congress. Jeevan Bahadur Shahi has previously served as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation from 2016 to 2017.

## References
Handsome Lake

**Handsome Lake** (Cayuga language: **Sganyadái:yo**, Seneca language: **Sganyodaiyo**) (**Θkanyatararí•yau)** (1735 – 10 August 1815) was a Seneca religious leader. He was an important religious leader of the Iroquois Confederacy. Handsome Lake was born in Canawaugus. His half-brother was Cornplanter. He signed the Treaty of Canandaigua (1794). He started the religious movement Gai’wiio (“Good Message”). He had been very ill and then recovered. He stopped drinking alcohol. Handsome Lake claimed that he got a revelation from spirits. The religious movement combines Iroquois and Christian elements. Handsome Lake said Natives should avoid adultery, drunkenness, laziness, and witchcraft. European colonies and disease had caused Natives to have social unrest and division. Natives welcomed this new religious movement. The Code of Handsome Lake was published in 1850.  

## Related pages 
* Seneca (tribe)
* Cornplanter 
* Red Jacket 
* Iroquois Confederacy
* Northeastern Woodlands 

## References
Mahendra Bahadur Shahi

**Mahendra Bahadur Shahi** () is a Nepalese politician and former Chief Minister of Karnali, a province in western Nepal. He was member of the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly and Minister of Energy, Nepal.He was selected as Parliamentary Party leader of CPN (MC) for Karnali on 14 February 2018.

He was appointed as the chief minister, according to Article 168 (1) of the Constitution of Nepal. He took the oath of his office and secrecy as a chief minister on 17 February 2018.

## References
Longhouse Religion

**Longhouse Religion** is a religious movement of the Iroquois people. It is also called **The Code of Handsome Lake** or  **Gaihwi:io** (*Good Message*). The Seneca prophet Handsome Lake (Sganyodaiyoˀ) founded the movement. The movement combines traditional Iroquois religion and Christianity. There are ceremonies in Longhouses. Handsome Lake claims that spirits visited him. He recovered from an illness and stopped drinking alcohol. In the movement, he told Natives not to be drunk, be lazy or cheat on their spouses. Handsome Lake preached moral conduct. Natives supported the movement. They liked that the movement kept traditional Native values. Some opposed the new movement. They thought it went against traditional Native values and was too Christian.

## Related pages 
* Handsome Lake
* Iroquois
* Northeastern Woodlands

## References
Red Jacket

**Red Jacket** (known as ***Otetiani*** in his youth and ***Sagoyewatha*** [Keeper Awake] *Sa-go-ye-wa-tha*; c. 1750–January 20, 1830) was a Seneca chief and public speaker of the Wolf clan. He was an important negotiator between Natives and the United States. He signed the Treaty of Canandaigua (1794). Red Jacket got his name from a red coat form supporting the British. Red Jacket publicly opposed whites. However, he signed treaties with whites. These treaties gave up Native lands. He was famous for his speeches and public speaking. He spoke for the rights of his people. George Washington gave him a special peace medal. Red Jacket always wore this medal in paintings. He gave a famous speech called "Religion for the White Man and the Red". In this speech he responded to the missionary Jacob Cram. Red Jacket said natives wouldn't change their religion for white people. He said different beliefs should be accepted. He questioned Christianity and white's religion. Later Red Jacket had problems with alcohol.

## Related pages 
* Seneca people 
* Cornplanter 
* Iroquois 
* Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands

## References
Aafke van Leeuwen

**Aafke van Leeuwen** (born 13 July 1992) is a martial arts fighter. She represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu at international competitions.

Van Leeuwen became in 2022 for the fourth time world champion. She competed at the 2022 World Games, winning the bronze medal in the mixed team event.

## References
Farmer's Brother

**Honayawas** or '''Farmer's Brother''' (c. 1730 – 1814) was a Seneca Chief. He was a member of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was also a translator and public speaker. He was an important Negotiator between Natives and the United States. He signed the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797, and the Treaty of Buffalo Creek in 1802. 

## Related pages 
* Seneca (tribe)
* Cornplanter
* Red Jacket
* Little Beard
* Iroquois Confederacy 
* Northeastern Woodlands 

## References
Linstock

A **linstock** (or **lintstock**) is a rod or stick that supports a slow match, which was used to light cannons in the early days of artillery. The linstock allowed the gunner to stand farther from the cannon as it was dangerous applying the lighted match to the touch hole at the breech of the gun: not only could the charge flash back, but the recoil of the cannon might send the carriage toward the gunner. Linstocks also had a sharp point to drive into the ground when not in use or to use as a weapon to protect the cannon.

## References
Cherry Valley massacre

The **Cherry Valley massacre** (November 11, 1778) was an attack by Iroquois warriors and British soldiers against Americans in Cherry Valley,New York. It happened during the American Revolution and was one of the worst frontier massacres in American history.

Americans had just destroyed the Native towns of Oghwaga and Unadilla. The Iroquois were upset and joined Walter Butler, who led the raid against the Americans. Americans were not prepared for the attack, which led to more deaths.

## Related pages 
* Iroquois Confederacy
* American Revolution 
* Joseph Brant

## References
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

The **Democratic Republic of Afghanistan** (**DRA**), renamed the **Republic of Afghanistan** in 1987, was the Afghan state during the one-party rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) from 1978 to 1992. The government collapsed in April 1992. The collapse of government triggered another civil war that led to the rise of the Taliban and their eventual takeover of most of Afghanistan by 1996. During the governments rule of Afghanistan the country relied on the Soviet Union for Assistance, especially during the Soviet-Afghan War.

## Notes
## References
Treaty of Fort Harmar

The **Treaty of Fort Harmar** (1789) was a treaty between Native Americans and the United States. This treaty was about the issue of land in the Northwest Territory. Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi and Sauk Natives met with Governor Saint Clair.  The treaty had the same conditions and land boundary as the Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785). Many Natives did not respect the treaty. The treaty did not reduce conflict between Natives and Americans. The Shawnee did not follow the treaty.

## Related pages 
* Treaties of Fort Stanwix 
* Treaty of Fort McIntosh

## References
Filipinos in California

Filipinos are one of the largest Asian American groups in California. 1.5 million Filipino Americans live in California. Most Filipinos live in Southern California and the Bay Area.
## References
Janice Kawaye

**Janice Kawaye** is an American voice actress. She voices Jenny in *My Life as a Teenage Robot*, Bonko in *Codename: Kids Next Door* and Matilda / Lovely Platformer in *Kingdom Gamers*.
William J. Seymour

**William Joseph Seymour** （born on May 2 , 1870 died on September 28, 1922) was an African American holiness preacher who initiated the Azusa Street Revival,an influential event in the rise of the pentecostal and Charismatic movement he was the second of eight children 

## References 
### Notes 
* borlase,craig(2006)William seymour : biographiy,Charisma house.
* hyatt Eddie(2002).2000year of Charismatic Chritianity charisma media.
Tribosphenida

**Tribosphenida** is a group (infralegion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of *Hypomylos*, Aegialodontia and Theria (the last common ancestor of marsupials and placentals plus all of its descendants). Its current definition is more or less synonymous with **Boreosphenida**.

## References
## Other websites
* MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory
* THERIA И MARSUPIONTA (in Russian)
* Infralegion Tribosphenida - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon
Viéthorey

**Viéthorey** () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## References
## Related pages
*Communes of the Doubs department

## Other websites
Ken Boles

**Kenneth Eugene Boles** (January 2, 1933 – August 9, 2022) was an American Democratic politician and real estate developer. He was born in Milton, Florida. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1978 to 1982.

Boles died on August 9, 2022 under hospice care in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 89.

## References
Nicholas Evans

**Nicholas Evans** (26 July 1950 – 9 August 2022) was an English journalist, screenwriter television and movie producer and novelist. He was born in Bromsgrove, England. He was known for his novel *The Horse Whisperer*.

Evans died on 9 August 2022 at his home in London, England from a heart attack at the age of 72.

## References
Déwé Gorodey

**Déwé Gorodey** (1 June 1949 – 14 August 2022) was a New Caledonian teacher, writer, feminist and politician. She was the Vice President of New Caledonia from 2001 to 2009.

Gorodey died on 14 August 2022 at the age of 73.

## References
RF modulator

modulator, top cover taken off]]
An **RF modulator** (or **radio frequency modulator**) is an electronic device. Its input is a baseband signal. It is used to modulate a radio frequency source.

## History 
Before the introduction of specialised video connector standards such as SCART, TVs were designed to only accept signals through the aerial connector. When equipment was developed which could use a television receiver as its display device, the signal was modulated and sent to the RF input connector.

RF modulators are now largely a third-party product. It is  purchased primarily to run newer equipment such as DVD players with an old television set.

## Design 
RF modulation puts the desired information on to a carrier signal at a standardized frequency. Amplitude or frequency modulation may be used, as required by the receiving equipment.

Even some units that have two or more audio inputs simply combine the left and right audio channels into one mono audio signal.

RF modulators produce a relatively poor picture. This is because the image quality is lost during both the modulation from the source device, and the demodulation in the television.

## Uses 
### Integrated modulators 
RF modulators are commonly integrated into VCRs and video game consoles up to the fourth generation, and in 8- and 16-bit home computers.

### Broadcasting modulators 
RF modulators may also be used to take the audio and video signal from a PAL or NTSC composite video, RGB, YUV or other composite AV source. It also generate a broadcast RF signal that can be fed into a television's aerial/coaxial connector.

## Sources 
## Other websites 
* ni.com - RF and Communications Fundamentals
* maxim-ic.com - Conditioning A/V Signals for RF Modulation
Yasukazu Hamada

is a Japanese politician. He was the Minister of Defense from August 2022 to September 2024. He was in this role before from 2008 to 2009. He is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He is also in the House of Representatives since 1993.

## References
Frederick Buechner

**Carl Frederick Buechner** ( ; July 11, 1926 – August 15, 2022) was an American writer, novelist, poet, autobiographer, essayist, preacher, and theologian. He was an ordained Presbyterian minister. He was best known for his novels, including ''A Long Day's Dying*, *The Book of Bebb*, *Godric* and *Brendan*.

He also became known for his memoirs *Telling Secrets* and *The Sacred Journey*. His theological works, such as *Secrets in the Dark, The Magnificent Defeat,* and *Telling the Truth'' were also popular.

Buechner died on August 15, 2022 at his home in Rupert, Vermont at the age of 96.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
FC Santa Coloma

**FC Santa Coloma** is an Andorran football team from Santa Coloma in the parish of Andorra la Vella. They play in the Primera Divisió. With thirteen titles the club ist the most sucessful in Andorra. Also in the cup (Copa Constitució) they are the most sucessful with ten titels.

## History
Fútbol Club Santa Coloma was founded in 1986. Later FC Santa Coloma became one of the founder members of Primera Divisió in 1995.

At the end of 2017 the Spanish La Liga Villarreal CF team announced a collaboration with the Andorran club at basic football level.

## FC Santa Coloma in Europe
FC Santa Coloma is the only Andorrian team which one a match in an European competition.  It was the first match in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup qualifying round against Maccabi Tel Aviv from Israel.  FC Santa Coloma won 1–0 at home. 2014–15 they won in the  UEFA Champions League First qualifying round versus FC Banants from Armenia 1–0. In the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League Second qualifying round they won  1–0 at home against Valur from Iceland. They lost the away-match 4–0 to Maccabi and 3–0 to Valur, so they were eliminated.

Against Banants they lost the second leg away in Armenia 3–2 and were promoted by the away goals rule. It was the second time an Andorran club won a two-legged tie in Europe after Sant Julià.

## Colours and badge
FC Santa Coloma dressed in all white all the seasons since the creation of the Andorran Premier League, alternating the home kit with red or blue. Traditionally the away kit has been all blue and third kit all red. However the original first kit at the beginning of the foundation of the club was blue and gives the nickname of *Blues*. In the club crest feature the colours of Andorra and the Holy Dove that gives the name of the Santa Coloma d'Andorra town and therefore the name of the club.
## Honours
***Primera Divisió: **
****Winners (13):** 1994–95, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16,, 2017–18, 2018–19
***Copa Constitució: **
****Winners (10):** 1991, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2018
***Supercopa Andorrana:**
****Winners (7):** 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2017, 2019
## Current squad
*As of 9 January 2022*

## Managers
* Santos Ilatigo (2006&ndash;07)
* Xavier Roura (2007)
* Vicens Marques (2008&ndash;10)
* Xavier Roura (2010&ndash;11)
* Luis Blanco Torrado (2011&ndash;13)
* Richard Imbernón (2013&ndash;18)
* Marc Rodríguez (2018&ndash;20)
* Albert Jorquera (2020&ndash;)

## References
## Other websites
*FC Santa Coloma Official Web
*Santa Coloma at UEFA.COM
*Santa Coloma at Weltfussball.de
*Santa Coloma at National Football Teams.com
*Santa Coloma at Football-Lineups.com
Margot Pompanon

**Margot Pompanon** (born 12 April 1997) is a French professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for the UCI Women's  Continental Team St. Michel–Auber93.

Pompano rode and completed the 2022 Tour de France Femmes. She had a difficult first stage with two time a mechanical problems, but managed to finish in time.

## References
## Other websites
*
Treaty of Big Tree

The **Treaty of Big Tree** (1797) was a treaty between the Native American tribe of the Senecas and the United States. They sold almost all their lands in New York State. In exchange, they got an annual income. The treaty created reservations for the Seneca people in Western New York. Reservations included the Allegany, Cattaraugus, Buffalo Creek, and the Tonwanda. The Oil Spring Reservation was only added in 1801. The treaty caused unrest and division in the Seneca tribe. Notable Native American signers include Cornplanter, Red Jacket, Young King, Little Billy, Farmer's Brother, Handsome Lake, Tall Chief and Little Beard.  Americans included Jeremiah Wadsworth, Captain Charles Williamson and Thomas Morris, Robert Morris; General William Shepard, William Bayard, Theophilus Cazenove and Paolo Busti and Captain Israel Chapin.

## Related pages 
* Treaties of Fort Stanwix
* Treaty of Fort Harmar 
* Treaty of Canandaigua
* Seneca (tribe) 
* Iroquois Confederacy 

## References
Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee

The **Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee** (Traditional Chinese: **香港議會選舉籌備委員會**; short form: **HKPEOC**/**香港議會籌委會**) is made up of some Hong Kong people on the run. Two of them, Victor Ho and Elmer Yuen told the public on 27 July 2022 in Canada's Toronto that it had been formed. They said that it was trying to roll the **Hong Kong Parliament** (short form: **HK Parliament**/**HKP**; Traditional Chinese: **香港議會**) out in 2023, by letting Hong Kong people vote fairly. 

On 3 August 2022, Hong Kong's Security Bureau said that doing the above was wrong, such that the group's Baggio Leung, Elmer Yuen and Victor Ho were now wanted by the Hong Kong Police Force for acting against the People's Republic of China's government in this way.

On 8 August 2022, Radio Free Asia wrote that Elmer Yuen had said that secret agents of the Communist Party of China had been telling him scary things to try to stop his work on that.

## Reference
## Website
*Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee – Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee
* Hong Kong Parliament 香港議會
Maëva Squiban

**Maëva Squiban** (born 19 March 2002) is a French professional racing cyclist, who rides since 2024 for the .

In August 2020 she started as a trainee at UCI Women's  Continental Team Stade Rochelais Charente-Maritime and signed from 2021 a contract with the team.

At the French National Road Race Championships she finished in the under-23 category second in 2021 and third in 2023.

Squiban rode in the 2022 Tour de France. Due to a crash in the second stage, she broke her sacrum and had to leave the Tour. At the 2024 Tour de France she finished second in stage 7 and fifth overall in the young rider classification.

## References
## Other websites
*
Voiceless postalveolar affricate

The **voiceless post-alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is written as ch or tch, as in chat and match. The sound is made by starting with [t] and following it with [ʃ]
Voiced alveolar tap

The **voiced alveolar tap** or **flap** is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, examples are Arabic, Bengali, and Greek. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a *dental*, *alveolar*, or *postalveolar tap* or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩. The terms "tap" and "flap" are the same in meaning yet they have different English spellings.

## Use in languages 
رجل [ɾeɡl] is an Egyptian word meaning 'leg', it has a flap at the start of the word. mòr [moːɾ] is a Scottish Gaelic word meaning 'big', it has a flap at the end of the word.
Voiced labiodental nasal

The **voiced labiodental nasal** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is only phonemic in one language: Kukuya. It is a very common way to say [m] before [f] or [v] in many languages, as in English symphony.
Margaux Vigie

**Margaux Vigie** (born 21 July 1995) is a French professional racing cyclist, who currently rides since 2020 with the UCI Women's  Continental Team Valcar–Travel & Service.

Vigie rode in the 2022 Tour de France Femmes. She represented France at the 2022 European Road Championships in Münich.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wo soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 5

'''*Wo soll ich fliehen hin*, BWV 5''' is a chorale cantata written by Johann Sebastian Bach. The title means "Where shall I flee" in English. It is based on the hymn Wo soll ich fliehen hin by Johann Heermann. It was written for the 19th Sunday after Trinity. It was first performed on 15 October 1724.

## Structure 
The cantata has seven movements. It is written for SATB choir and soloists, two oboes, a trumpet, solo viola, and a string ensemble.
# Chorale: 
# Recitative: 
# Aria: 
# Recitative: 
# Aria: 
# Recitative: 
# Choral: 

## Music 
The cantata's first movement is a chorale fantasia. The orchesra's theme is based on the hymn tune's first few notes. The hymn tune is sung by the soprano part. The aria's text is a paraphrase (rewriting of a text, keeping its meaning) of the hymn's fourth verse.

## References
Voiced palatal approximant

The **voiced palatal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is used in English, written as y, as in yes. Linguists usually call this symbol "yod," since in English, the name for the letter J starts with the /dʒ/ sound.

## Nasal
The **nasal voiced palatal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English, but is in Sakha, and other languages.

## External links
Voiceless bidental fricative

The **voiceless bidental fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is very rare and only exists in the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe, as a variant of /x/.
Voiceless glottal affricate

The **voiceless glottal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English and is a very rare sound.
Creaky-voiced glottal approximant

The **creaky-voiced glottal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is a common voiced allophone of a glottal stop (/ʔ/).
Voiceless postalveolar fricative

The **voiceless post-alveolar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as sh, as in cash.
Voiced postalveolar fricative

The **voiced post-alveolar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, for example it is the s in vision and the g in genre.
Voiceless alveolar affricate

The **voiceless alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is very similar to the ts in cats. It is in some Slavic languages where it is written with the letter c.
Nativity of Jesus

The **nativity of Jesus**, **nativity of Christ**, **birth of Jesus** or **birth of Christ** is mentioned in the biblical gospels of Luke and Matthew. 

The two gospel both say that Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judaea and that his birth was caused by divine intervention. In *Contra Celsum* 1.51, Origen, who travelled throughout Palestine beginning in around 215, wrote of the "manger of Jesus".

The Gospel according to Luke, about the Nativity, begins by narrating the Annunciation made by the Archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary of the conception and the birth of Jesus:
 

In the Gospel of Matthew is detailed the Annunciation to Joseph: Mary the mother of Jesus was betrothed to Joseph, but was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Joseph intended to separate from her quietly, but an angel told him in a dream that he should take her as his wife and name the child Jesus, because "he will save his people from their sins". This would fulfil the prophecy that a virgin would give birth to a son, who would be known as Emmanuel, meaning "God is with us". Joseph awoke, took Mary for his wife (Matthew 1:18-24).

The Gospel according to Luke, about the Nativity of Jesus, describes the news of a census desired by Caesar Augustus throughout the Roman Empire, according to which everyone had to return with their family to the city of their ancestors. Joseph, a descendant of King David who was born in Bethlehem, leaves Nazareth with the Virgin Mary expecting a child as the Archangel said. In Bethlehem Mary gives birth to Jesus and the nativity is first announced by an angel to the shepherds:

The sheperds immediately went to pay homage to the newborn child glorifying and praising the Lord God for all the things they had heard and seen, which were just as they had been told by the Angel (Luke 2,16).

In the Letter to Titus, Saint Paul wrote these words about the event of the Nativity of Jesus: God’s grace has been revealed, and it has made salvation possible for the whole human race (Titus 2:11). 

The date of birth for Jesus of Nazareth is not said in the gospels or in any secular text, but a majority of scholars believe that a date between 6 BC and 4 BC is most likely.  

Christmas Day celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ on December 25.  

## References
Voiceless labial–velar fricative

The **voiceless labial-velar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in some dialects of English, written as wh and appearing in the word what.
Sj-sound

The **sj-sound** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Swedish. The sound has been described as a palato-velar fricative, often labialised.

## Examples
## External links
Picander

**Christian Friedrich Henrici** (January 14, 1700 – May 10, 1764) was a German poet and librettist. He used the pen name **Picander**. He wrote the libretto for many of the cantatas Johann Sebastian Bach wrote in Leipzig.

He was born in Stolpen. He studied in Wittenberg and Leipzig. He started using the pen name "Picander" in 1721. At first, he wrote erotic poems. However, the public did not like it. So, he started writing religious poems for Sundays. Soon, he started writing librettos for Bach.

## References
Voiced postalveolar affricate

The **voiced post-alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is  in English, usually written as j or dge, as in judge.
Voiceless velar fricative

The **voiceless velar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in a few dialects of English, written as ch as in loch. The sound is much more common in German.
Bahama Passage

***Bahama Passage*** is a 1941 American romantic drama movie directed by Edward H. Griffith and starring Sterling Hayden, Madeleine Carroll, Flora Robson, Leo G. Carroll, Cecil Kellaway, Leigh Whipper, Dorothy Dandridge. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

## Other websites
*
Pseudacris fouquettei

The **Cajun chorus frog** (*Pseudacris fouquettei*) is a frog. It lives in the United States. It lives in all of Louisiana and parts of Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi.

The largest adult male frogs are 30 mm long from nose to rear end and the smallest adult female frogs are 27 mm long.  Adults are light brown or pink-brown in color with three darker brown stripes on their backs.  Some have lines of spots instead of stripes.  Some have neither.  The iris of the eye is gold in color.  There is a red-brown stripe from the nose all the way to the back legs.  The skin of the belly is lighter in color with some dark marks.  The throat can be yellow-brown in color.  This frog mostly looks for food during the day.

The female frog lays 500 to 1500 eggs at a time.  The eggs stick to plants.

The adult frogs do not go far from the water.  They eat small animals without bones, for example, beetles, ants, and flies.  Scientists think the tadpoles eat algae and dead plants.  Some animals eat the tadpoles, for example spiders and beetles.  Small snakes, for example garter snakes eat the adult frogs.  Scientists think birds, turtles, and some mammals might eat this frog too.  They have never seen what the frog does to try to get away.

This frog is not in danger of dying out, but there are fewer of them than there were in the past.  This is because of humans build things where the frogs would live and because of disease.

This frog is closely related to *Pseudacris nigrita* and these frogs can have young together.  The hybrid frogs, which have one *P. nigrita* parent and one *P. foquettei* parent, are healthy.  Scientists think the two species may be joining together.

## References
Voiced alveolar affricate

The **voiced alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English but is very similar to the pronunciation of dds as in adds.

## Features
Features of a voiced alveolar affricate:

## Occurrence
## Dental
The **voiced dental affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages.

## References
## External links
Voiced velar lateral approximant

The **voiced velar lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is similar to the ll in full.
Voiceless retroflex plosive

The **voiceless retroflex stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is similar to /t/ but your tongue is curled back.
Eleonora Gasparrini

**Eleonora Camilla Gasparrini** (born 21 July 1995) is an Italian professional track and road racing cyclist, who since 2021 rides with the UCI Women's  Continental Team Valcar–Travel & Service.

As a junior, Gasparrini became European Champion at the 2020 European Road Championships in the junior road race.  At elite level, in the Women's World Tour, she had a podium finish in the 2021 Ronde van Drenthe. Gasparrini rode in the 2022 Tour de France Femmes.

As a track cyclist, she became European Champion (under-23) in the team pursuit event at the 2021 UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior) and 2022 UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior).

## References
## Other websites
*
Voiced retroflex approximant

The **voiced retroflex approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is a common way of saying the English r sound as in rain.
Voiced palatal fricative

The **voiced palatal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is very similar to the /j/ sound, as in the word yes.
Voiced velar approximant

The **voiced velar approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is similar to /w/ but without using your lips.

## Nasal
The **voiced velar nasal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is similar to /w/ but adding nasal without using your lips.
Voiceless uvular fricative

The **voiceless uvular fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Welsh where it is written with ch.
Voiced uvular fricative

The **voiced uvular fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is the most common way to say r in French.
Open front unrounded vowel

The **open front unrounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in some dialects of English. It is in almost every language in the world.
Arthur Harden

**Sir Arthur Harden**, FRS (12 October 1865 – 17 June 1940) was a British biochemist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929 with Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations into the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes. He was a founding member of the Biochemical Society and editor of its journal for 25 years.

## Related pages
*William John Young

## References
## Other websites
*  including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1929 *The Function of Phosphate in Alcoholic Fermentation*
* 
* 
*
Schübler Chorales

The ***Schübler Chorales*** are a set of chorale preludes written by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are numbered BWV 645 to BWV 650 in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis catalogue. The set is named after Johann Georg Schübler, who published them in 1748 or 1749.

Five of the preludes are arrangements of movements in Bach's cantatas. One prelude (BWV 646) does not have a matching cantata movement.

## Preludes 
### Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645 
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645 is based on the fourth movement of Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140. The hymn tune is Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme. It was originally written for tenors, violins and violas playing in unison, and basso continuo. The tenor voices sing the hymn tune.

### Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten, BWV 647 
Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten, BWV 647 is based on the fourth movement of Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten, BWV 93. The hymn tune is Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten. It was originally written for soprano and alto soloists, violins and violas playing in unison, and basso continuo. The violins and violas play the hymn tune.

### Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648 
Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648 is based on the fifth movement of Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV 10. The hymn tune is Meine Seele erhebt den Herren. It is also known as the German Magnificat. It was originally written for alto and tenor solists, oboes and a trumpet playing in unison, and basso continuo. The oboes and trumpets play the hymn tune.

### Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649 
Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649 is based on the third movement of Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6. The hymn tune is Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ. It was originally written for soprano singers, violoncello solo, and basso continuo. The sopranos sing the hymn tune.

### Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter, BWV 650 
Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter, BWV 650 is based on the second movement of Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren, BWV 137. The hymn tune is Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter. It was originally written for alto singers, violin solo, and basso continuo. The altos sing the hymn tune.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Audio files of BWV 645 , BWV 646 , BWV 647 , BWV 648 , BWV 649  and BWV 650  performed by James Kibbie on the 1724–30 Trost organ in the Stadtkirche, Waltershausen, Germany
Voiced palatal lateral approximant

The **voiced palatal lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English but is similar to the pronounciation of the li in million. The sound exists in some dialects of Spanish.

## Nasal 
A **voiced palatal lateral nasal approximant** is a very rare and complex speech sound.
It does not have a common single symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, but it is often described as a nasalized palatal lateral approximant, written as [ʎ̃]. It is not in English.

### Features
Woolsthorpe Manor

]]
**Woolsthorpe Manor** in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, is the birthplace and was the family home of Sir Isaac Newton. He was born there on 25 December 1642. At that time, it was a farm.

Newton returned here in 1666 when Cambridge University closed. It was here, where he performed many of his most famous experiments, such as his work on light and optics. This is also said to be the site where Newton was inspired to create his law of universal gravitation.

## References
Voiced retroflex plosive

The **voiced retroflex stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in Modern English, but is in Indian English. It is similar to [d] but your tongue is curled back.
Voiced retroflex lateral approximant

The **voiced retroflex lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is similar to /l/ but with your tongue curled back.
Voiced bilabial fricative

The **voiced bilabial fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is similar to the v in have.

## Approximant
The **voiced bilabial approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiceless palatal affricate

The **voiceless palatal affricate** is a consonant used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Albanian. The pairs of letters for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet are ⟨c͡ç⟩ and ⟨c͜ç⟩, and the its X-SAMPA symbol is `c_C`. The tie bar doesn't need to be used, so one can use ⟨cç⟩ in the IPA and `cC` in X-SAMPA. 

The voiceless palatal affricate is in languages such as Hungarian and Skolt Sami. This consonant is very rare. It is very, very rare in Europe (though the Uralic languages and Albanian have it.) 

## Examples 
## References
Trial by Fire (Journey album)

"**Trial by Fire**" is the tenth studio album by American rock band Journey and marked the reunion of the 1980s band line up. It was also the last to feature vocalist Steve Perry and went to number 3 in the United States and number 6 in Japan.

## Track listing
## References
Voiceless bilabial affricate

The **voiceless bilabial affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but a very similar sound, [pf], is in German.
Voiced alveolar lateral affricate

The **voiced alveolar lateral affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiced labial–velar plosive

The **voiced labial-velar stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is like a [ɡ] and [b] said at the same time.
Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

The **voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English, but is similar to the *sh* sound, as in *sh*ape.
X-SAMPA

**X-SAMPA** is a way of writing the International Phonetic Alphabet with only ASCII characters. For example, the word hello is written in IPA as /hɛloʊ/ and in X-SAMPA as /hEloU/.
Qu (digraph)

**Qu** is a digraph (a pair of two letters) used in many European languages. In these languages, the letter q is special, because it almost always needs a silent u after it. Sometimes words have q without a u, like the French cinq, meaning five.

## /k/
In many languages, like French and Spanish it is used for the /k/ sound before e and i. In English qu makes a /k/ sound in loanwords like unique and queue.

## /kv/ or /kw/
In English, qu usually makes a /kw/ sound, as in quick. In German, qu makes a similar /kv/ sound.
List of Latin-script letters

This is a list of letters of the Latin script.

## Original Latin Letters 
## Newer Latin Letters 
## Latin Basic Letters 
## Letters with diacritics 
## Extensions
## References
Treaty of Fort McIntosh

The **Treaty of Fort McIntosh (**1785) was a treaty between the United States and Native Americans. Native peoples included the Wyandotte, Delaware, Chippewaand Ottawa nations. This treaty came after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784). The treaty created a reservation for Natives in the Ohio Country. They would give up lands in eastern and southern Ohio.  George Rogers Clark, Arthur Lee, and Richard Butler represented the United States. Natives present did not have the authority to sign the treaties. Most Natives did not follow the treaty. The Shawnee did not respect the treaty. 

## Related pages 
* Treaties of Fort Stanwix 
* Treaty of Fort Harmar 
* Treaty of Canandaigua
* Ohio 
* Northeastern Woodlands 

## References
Voiceless retroflex fricative

The **voiceless retroflex fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English, but it is in languages such as Mandarin, Polish, and Swedish. The sound is similar to /ʃ/ but with the tongue curled back.
Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

The **voiced alveolo-palatal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. The sound is similar to /ʒ/, written as *s* as in preci*s*ion.
Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

The **voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiced retroflex flap

A **voiced retroflex flap** is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a letter *r* with a tail. It is not in English.

## Features
Features of a voiced retroflex flap:

## Occurrence
## Voiced retroflex nasal flap 
### Features 
Features of a retroflex nasal tap or flap:

### Occurrence
## See also
* Index of phonetics articles

## External links
*
Voiceless epiglottal affricate

The **voiceless epiglottal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English and is very rare.
Voiced labiodental flap

The **voiced labiodental tap or flap** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

## Features
## Examples
## Related pages
* Voiced bilabial flap
Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate

The **voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Close back rounded vowel

The **close back rounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is written with oo as in boot.
Mid central vowel

The **mid central vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, in words like **a**bout, p**o**tato and s**u**pport.
Near-open front unrounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=æ
|x-sampa={
}}

The **near-open front unrounded vowel** or **near-low front unrounded vowel** is a sound that the mouth can make. It is used in some spoken languages. It is in English, usually written as a, as in cat.
Near-close near-front unrounded vowel

The **near-close near-front unrounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, usually written as i, as in sit.
Open-mid front unrounded vowel

The **open-mid front unrounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as e, as in get.
Close front rounded vowel

The **close front rounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in German, where it is written with ü.
Near-close near-front rounded vowel

The **near-close near-front rounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Near-close near-back rounded vowel

The **near-close near-back rounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is in English, usually written as short oo, as in foot.

## Features
Open back unrounded vowel

The **open back unrounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English. For example, it is the al in balm, and in some dialects the a in bath.
Open-mid central unrounded vowel

The **open-mid central unrounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, written as er, ir or ur, as in fern, fir and fur.
Close central rounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʉ
|x-sampa=}
}}

The **close central rounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

The **voiced alveolo-palatal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiced uvular nasal

The **voiced uvular nasal** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is similar to the ng sound as in thing and singing.
Voiced retroflex nasal

The **voiced retroflex nasal** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in Indian English. It is similar to /n/ but your tongue is curled back.

## Features
## Examples
Voiceless labial–velar plosive

The **voiceless labial-velar stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is like a [k] and [p] said at the same time.
Florissant Formation

The **Florissant Fossil Formation** is a lagerstätte in the Colarado part of the Rocky Mountains. It shows life in the Eocene in as-yet unraised part of what is now the Rocky Mountains. It shows the whole forest ecosystem in some detail, particularly the plants. From this we can be sure the forest was sub-tropical, and the climate much warmer than today.

This site shows the scene right at the end of the long Eocene period. The fauna is discussed in a well-illustrated book. The site is protected as the Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument.

## References
Palatal lateral ejective affricate

The **palatal lateral ejective affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiceless labiodental plosive

The **voiceless labiodental plosive** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English, as in u**p**-front.
Voiceless labiodental affricate

The **voiceless labiodental affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. A similar sound, [pf], is in German, written pf, as in pferd.
Voiced labiodental affricate

The **voiced labiodental affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but it is similar to the bv in obvious.
Voiced linguolabial nasal

The **voiced linguolabial nasal** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

## Features
## Occurrence
Voiceless linguolabial fricative

The **voiceless linguolabial fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

The **voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Seneca language

The **Seneca Language** is the language spoken by the Seneca people. It is part of the Iroquoian language family. It is closely related to the Cayuga language. It is spoken on reservations in Western New York. The language has 13 letters. The language is rich in verbs. One can add to verb bases. There are no strict word order rules. The Seneca Faithkeepers School was founded in 1998 to teach young children the language. The language is endangered, but it is being taught and studied.

## Related pages 
* Seneca people 
* Iroquois

## References