open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Continental Army

The **Continental Army** was the fighting force of the thirteen British colonies in the American Revolutionary War. It was created in 1775 by the First Continental Congress. Most of the army was  in 1783 after the conclusion of the war. The army was officially closed by a resolution of Congress in 1784. A Legion of the United States partly replaced it in 1792, and the United States Army replaced it in 1796.

Congress elected George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army when it was formed. He led the army until it was disbanded.
1276

## Events 
* February – The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens move from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong to get away from an invasion by the Mongol Empire.
* March 9 – Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City. Ravensburg also does in the same year.
* June – King Rudolph I of Germany starts a war with King Otakar II of Bohemia; by November, Otakar II has to give him four important pieces of land. (The diet of Nuremberg already decided this in 1274.)
* Four different men are pope in this year, as Popes Gregory X, Innocent V, and Adrian V all die in a short time.
* King Otakar II of Bohemia lays the foundation stone of the Minorite Church in Vienna.
* Mamluk sultan Baibars takes Al-Maris, which was part of Makuria, and goes through it into Egypt.
* A 23-year drought begins to change the Grand Canyon area. In the end, the agriculture-dependent Anasazi culture has to migrate out of the region.

## Births 
* October 19 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (died 1328)
* Christopher II of Denmark (died 1332)
* Vakhtang III of Georgia (died 1308)
* Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford (died 1322)
* Yesün Temür Khan of the Mongol Empire (died 1328)
* Louis d'Évreux, son of King Philip III of France

## Deaths
Battle of Yorktown (1781)

The **Battle of Yorktown**, also called the **Siege of Yorktown**, fought from September 28-October 19, 1781. It is considered the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. He was convinced that the Americans could not defeat the British Army in the field. In 1778 he returned to England to care for his wife who died in February 1779.

Marching out of Williamsburg, Virginia, the Americans and the French arrived on September 28, 1781 at Yorktown. They surrounded the s in a semicircle, and the York River completed the circle. Cornwallis made the first move by abandoning his outer works, which had four redoubts. Washington and Rochambeau thought that was a mistake, and they sent troops to occupy the outer earthworks. Claiming to be sick, he sent General Charles O'Hara to surrender for him. Both were American victories over the British, but with very different results. The British defeat at Saratoga prolonged the war, but the one at Yorktown foretold its end.

Saratoga convinced the French to join the Americans against the British. Yorktown was a joint victory by the French and the Americans over the British. Hard fighting continued for France and its allies for two more years, but there was no longer much fighting on the American continent. Finally, the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the war.

## References 
## Other websites 
* America's Final Victory - 1781; YouTube
* The Surrender of Yorktown 1781; YouTube
1433

## Events 
* Winter: Much of the English town of Alnwick in Northumbria burnt by Scottish a raiding party.
* The Ming dynasty in China disbands their navy, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.
1435

## Events 
* September 21 – Peace of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy, ending the English-Burgundian alliance.
* Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
1274

## Events 
* May 7 – The Second Council of Lyons, held by the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church convenes to consider the conquest of the Holy Land via Crusades and address the East-West Schism with the Byzantine church. The Council eventually approves a tithe to support efforts to conquer the Holy Land from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism which ultimately proves unsuccessful.
* November – The diet at Nuremberg orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor be restored to Rudolph I of Germany; almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King Otakar II of Bohemia, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.
* Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (meetings during which the electors have no contact with the outside) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over three years to elect him.
Heinrich-Heine-University

**Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf** (**HHU**) () is the university of Düsseldorf, Germany, named after the most famous son of Düsseldorf, the poet Heinrich Heine.

## History
In the era of Napoleon Bonaparte there was the first university in Düsseldorf, which ended after Napoleon surrendered.
So in the further 19th century there was only a Medical Academy and the famous Arts School of Düsseldorf and a Teacher Academy (Special University only for studying to became a teacher) until the 1970s, but no regular university, in Düsseldorf. In the 1960s the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to have a regular university in the state's capital. The university started about 1970.
It got its name only in the 1980s, because the medicine faculty wanted to have a physician's name, because of the tradition as Medical Academy.

## Current situation
Currently the Heinrich-Heine-University is a university with about 20,000 students, which is middle-class in Germany.
It has a lot of subjects in sciences, arts, economics, and so on. The deep points are on biological-medicinal research in sciences and some deep points in arts, economics, political sciences, and philosophy.

## Subjects
Like most German universities it has many subjects:

## Other websites 
* http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de
1455

## Other calendars
* Buddhist calendar: 1997 - 1998
* Hebrew calendar: 5215 - 5216
* Islamic calendar: 859 - 860

## Events 
* February 9 – Wars of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York dismissed as Protector
* February 23 – Johannes Gutenberg prints the first Bible on a printing press
* May 22 – Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St Albans – Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick defeat the Lancastrians under Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, who is killed. York captures King Henry VI of England and has himself appointed Constable of England.
* May 25 – Victorious Yorkish lords ritually renew the monarchy of Henry VI in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Cassette

**Cassette** may mean:

Some of kinds of cassettes are:
* Audio cassettes, a kind of cassette which can store music and sounds. It is used with a "cassette player" or "cassette recorder". 
* Videotape cassettes, which can store video and sounds
* Cassette single, a recording of a single song sold on a compact audio cassette
* Digital Compact Cassette, a format of magnetic tape, developed to replace the compact cassette
1694

## Events 
* February 6 – The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed.
* July 27 – A Royal Charter is granted to the Bank of England.
* December 22 – The Triennial Bill became law.
* December 28 – Queen Mary II of England dies; King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland is now sole ruler after his co-ruler's death.
* Much of the town of Warwick, England destroyed by fire.
* The Lao empire of Lan Xang unofficially ends.
1198

## Events 
* End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba, emperor of Japan
* Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan
* January 8 – Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne
* Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily
## Births 
* August 24 — King Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1249)
* Ertugrul, Turkish leader, father of Osman I (d. 1281)
* Ferdinand III of Castile (d. 1252)
* Sybilla of Lusignan, wife of Leo II of Armenia (d. c. 1230)

## Deaths 
* January 8 — Pope Celestine III (b. c. 1106)
* March 11 — Marie de Champagne, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1145)
* April 16 — Duke Frederick I of Austria (b. c. 1175)
* September 1 — Dulce Berenguer, Queen of Portugal, spouse of King Sancho I of Portugal (b. 1160)
* November 27 — Queen Constance of Sicily, wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1154)
* December 10 — Averroes, Arab philosopher and physician (b. 1126)
* Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, High King of Ireland
* Alix of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1150)
* William III of Sicily (b. 1190)
* June 2 — Lord Ygo III of Galama, Frisian knight and nobleman (b. 1139)
* William of Newburgh, English historian (b. 1135)
Fight Club

***Fight Club*** is a 1999 American drama movie. It stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter. The movie was directed by David Fincher. It is based on a novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.

The story is about an unnamed character's path during a dark form of personal enlightenment (or eternal happiness) which is achieved primarily through fighting. The story is dark and, in both the book and the movie, contains strong depictions of violence. There are a large number of metaphors which are revealed in its complex and twisted storyline. Some would think that the morals and life guidelines taught in the story would be an extreme form of Buddhism, such as the idea of detachment from material possessions (things). The central character has dissociative identity disorder.

## Cast 
* Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden
* Edward Norton as the Narrator
* Helena Bonham Carter as Marla Singer
* Meat Loaf as Robert Paulson
* Jared Leto as Angel Face

## Other websites 
*
*Fight club wallpapers
Top of the Pops

***Top of the Pops*** is a British music show, which featured popular artists performing their songs. It started in 1964 and ended in 2006 because not enough people were watching it any more. It was hosted by many presenters over the years, most notably by Jimmy Savile, who opened the very first show on New Year's Day 1964 on BBC1.

TOTP2 (Top of the Pops 2) is a variant of the show. However, it featured a collection of archive performances by artists spanning the past four decades.

The show was regularly hosted by Steve Wright, up until 2009, when Mark Radcliffe replaced him. A new episode of the programme is shown on 25 December each year.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
1290

## Events 
* March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308.
* July 18 – King Edward I of England banishes all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from Britain; Jews traditionally hold that this event occurs on Tisha B'Av, a sorrowful Jewish holiday.
* August 1 – The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date).
* December – The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as King Edward I mourns the death of his queen consort Eleanor of Castile.
* Construction of Llandaff Cathedral is completed in Cardiff, Wales, 170 years after it was begun.
* The Mongol Empire invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia.
* The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under king Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The statute Quia Emptores is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases and allowing the sale of fee simple estates.
* King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese be the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.
* Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun.
1239

## Events 
* September 21 – Peace of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy, ending the English-Burgundian alliance.
* Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
## Births 
* June 17 – King Edward I of England (died 1307)
* December 17 – Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (died 1256)
* Peter III of Aragon (died 1285)
* John II, Duke of Brittany (died 1305)
* Ippen, Japanese monk (died 1289)

## Deaths
Oder-Neisse line

.]]
The **Oder-Neisse line** (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost a part of its territory to Poland. Previously, the German Empire had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreußen, as well as parts of upper Silesia, to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919.  In earlier centuries these territories were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.  They were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, as a result of the tripartite partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire. 

Most of the ethnically-German part of the population of these provinces, alongside most of the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (741,000 people), either fled before the Red Army to central and western Germany or were forcibly resettled later. It should be noted here that German citizens of Polish descent and ethically-Polish residents of these regions and other parts of Germany faced systematic discrimination, internment in concentration camps, property-confiscations, forced-resettlement and expulsion under the Nazi administration.
1795

## Events 
* Frankfort becomes capital of Kentucky.
Births

November 2 - James K. Polk, eleventh President of the United States (d. 1849)
Antidisestablishmentarianism

**Antidisestablishmentarianism** is a political position. It means "to keep an established church". An official state church is called the "established" church, so a **dis**establishment**arian** is a person who wants to stop the state church. These people say a state church hurts the freedom of religion. These people say the state should be secular, meaning religion and the country are separate. This idea is called disestablishmentarian**ism. **So **anti**disestablishmentarianism wants to keep the state church.

It is famous because it is one of the longest words in the English language. 

## History in England 
The word comes from England in the 1800s. In England, Ireland and Wales, there was an official state church called the Anglican Church. Ireland disestablished in 1871, and Wales disestablished in 1920. England still has the Anglican Church as the state church.

In 2014 Nick Clegg, who was the leader of the Liberal Democrats at the time, said that he thought the Church of England should no longer be the established church. David Cameron, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said the establishment helps the church and state.

## As a word 
Antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in the English language. It has 28 letters and 12 syllables. It is considered to be the longest word, if you do not count technical terms. For example, "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" is a technical term for the lung disease asbestosis, made by people who wanted it to be the longest word. However, while some dictionaries, such as the Cambridge dictionary have decided to include antidisestablishmentarianism, Merriam-Webster has stated that it will not add the word  to its dictionaries due to a lack of widespread use. 

## In pop culture 
The word became famous because of a popular television show in the 1950s called *The $64,000 Question*, where someone spelled it and won. Duke Ellington, a jazz artist, had a song called "You're Just an Old Antidisestablishmentarianismist". Eminem, a rapper, used the word in his song "Almost Famous".

## Construction of the word 
; *establish*
: to set up, put in place, or institute
; *dis-establish*
: to end the established status of something, in this case a state church
; *disestablish-ment*
: the separation of church and state
; *anti-disestablishment*
: do not want disestablishment
; *antidisestablishment-ary*
: about anti-disestablishment
; *antidisestablishmentari-an*
: someone who does not want disestablishment
; *antidisestablishmentarian-ism*
: the movement or ideology that does not want disestablishment

## Related pages
* Secularism
* State religion
* The separation of church (Religion) and State
* Racial religions (such as ethnic religions), Nationalism 

## References
Trinidad and Tobago

**Trinidad and Tobago** (officially called the **Republic of Trinidad and Tobago**) is a country in the south Caribbean Sea. It is 11 km (7 miles) away from Venezuela. The country has two bigger islands, **Trinidad** and **Tobago**, and many smaller islands.  The capital is Port-of-Spain.  The country has about 1,262,366 people in it.

Trinidad and Tobago received independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962.  Before that, it was ruled by the U.K.  Right now, the head of state (person who is in charge of the country) is Ms Paula-Mae Weekes. The head of government (person who is in charge of the government) are Prime Minister Keith Rowley and President Paula-Mae Weekes.

Trinidad and Tobago is very diverse. It has people of many different races and religions. There are people who are children of Africans, Europeans, Arabs, Indians, and Chinese who moved to the islands a long time ago. The biggest religions in the country are Christianity and Hinduism. There are also Islam and African religions in the country. Trinidad and Tobago was home to the indigenous Caribs.

The country has some natural gas beneath the ground and underwater in the ocean. Natural gas is a liquid that makes machines work and heats houses.  Also, many people called tourists visit the islands. They take pictures and learn about the islands.

The people in the country are famous for their music and artists such as Nicki Minaj and Haddaway. They also play football and cricket.

## Demographics 
The population of Trinidad and Tobago is 1.17 million as of (2002). The ethnic groups of the population are: 
* 40.3%: East Indian
* 39.5%: West African descent
* 18.4%: Mixed Race
* 1.2%: Chinese and Other
* 0.6%: European descent

## Related pages
*List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago
*Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics
*Trinidad and Tobago national football team

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Government Website
* Official Tourism Website
* National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago
* Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago
United States Congress

The **United States Congress** is the legislative, or law making, branch of the United States government. It meets in the United States Capitol.

It has two houses (parts): The United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This two house system is known as a bicameral (*bi* is the Latin word for "two", and *camera* is Latin for "chamber" or "room") legislature. There are 435 Representatives in Congress, split between the states based on how many people live in the state. There are 100 Senators in Congress, with two coming from each state.

The primary duty of Congress is to write, debate, and pass bills (laws they want).   For Congress to pass a bill, both houses must pass exactly the same bill.  For each house to pass a bill, more than half of its members must vote in favor of passing the bill.  After both houses pass the same bill, this bill is then sent to the President.  If the President agrees the bill should be a law he or she signs the bill within 10 days.  If the president does not agree, then he or she can veto the bill and send it back to Congress.  If the bill is neither signed nor vetoed by the president within 10 days, the bill becomes law anyway if Congress does not adjourn (end its session) within that time.  If Congress adjourns within that time, the bill does not become a law.  Congress may **override** a president's veto of a bill by having more than two thirds of its members passing the bill.  In that case, the bill becomes law even though the president vetoed it.  

Article 1 of the United States Constitution lists what subjects Congress can pass laws on.  

Members of Congress cannot be arrested, except for certain crimes, during a session of Congress or going to or returning from a session.  

Each house of Congress can decide to expel (throw out) one of its members if more than two thirds of them vote to expel him or her.  

The political party with the most members in a house of Congress usually decides which bills are voted on in their house.

## Related page 
* National Medal of Arts
* Parliamentary procedure

## References
Jimmy Wales

**Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales** (; born August 8, 1966) is an American-born British Internet entrepreneur. He is one of the people who started Wikipedia and Fandom (previously Wikia). 

Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. There, he went to Randolph School. He then earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in finance. In 1996, he and two partners started Bomis. Bomis was an Internet portal with entertainment and adult content. The company gave money for Nupedia (2000–2003) and, after that, Wikipedia.

## Personal life 
Wales has been married three times. He also has three children. When he was 20, Wales married Pam. In 2007, he still lived there. As of 2012 he lives in London, England. In 2012, Wales married Kate Garvey, a government worker for Tony Blair. Wales has three daughters: one with Rohan and two with Garvey.

Wales says that he follows the ideas of Objectivism. He also says that he is a libertarian to some extent, meaning that he thinks people should be allowed to do whatever they want so long as they do not hurt others.

## Career 
On January 15, 2001, with Larry Sanger and others, Wales started  Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free, open content encyclopedia. It grew and became popular very quickly. As Wikipedia became known to the public, he became the project’s promoter and spokesperson. He is often called a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has argued against the "co-" part. He said he was the only founder. 

Wales is on the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation. In 2004, he co-founded Wikia, a wiki-hosting service which tries to make money. In 2015, Wales started the Jimmy Wales Foundation for freedom of expression, to try to help bloggers or internet activists who are in prison.

## References
Fork

A **fork** is a tool for eating solid food. It has a handle, and at the end has points called *tines*. Most forks have three or four tines. Some cooking-forks have two tines. The tines help to hold food in place for cutting with a knife, or to pick it up and lift to the mouth. Most forks today are made of metal. Some are made of plastic or wood. Thousands of years ago, some forks were made of bone.

The word "fork" is also used to describe a two choices of course. A fork in the road is a split in the road leading in two (or more) directions. A forked tongue would have two parts or tips.

Forks were long used for cooking. In Western culture they became common for eating around 1000 AD. Many countries do not use forks, but instead have their own ways, such as chopsticks.

## Related pages 
* Garden fork
* Spork
Backgammon

**Backgammon** is a game played by two players. Each player moves pieces around a board. Players roll two dice to find out how far their pieces can move in one turn. The winner of one game is the first to get all pieces all the way around, and off, the board.

The game is laid-out asymmetrically. White's direction of travel is counter-clockwise, whereas black's direction of travel is clockwise. In other words, they both move in the same direction. There is no advantage to either side.

White moves from white's far right to white's home area on white's close right, in the shape of a right-hand "C" from white's point of view. Black moves along the same "C", beginning from black's far left and ending at black's home area on black's close left. The "C" is the same for both sides - the "C" points to the right for white and points to the left for black.

As shown in the image, some pieces (for each side) begin already in the home quadrant, and some pieces must make their way all the way around. Pieces can be sent backwards to their starting position during play.

The roll of two dice introduces a random component in the game, but Backgammon is basically a game of strategy. 
 
Usual playing time is around 15–30 minutes for a single game. This can be thought of as something like one particular long "hand" of a card game. An overall championship or round of backgammon involves a number of ongoing single games, with the involvement of points, a "doubling cube," and other complications.

The game has a long history. Games that resemble it have been played for thousands of years. Archaeologists doing excavations at a place called *Burnt City* in modern-day Iran have found parts of a game that resembled backgammon. They have found 60 pieces to play with, and two dice. They could show that the game utensils date from around 3000 BC. These pieces around 100–200 years older than another set, found in Ur, in Mesopotamia.

## Other websites
*http://www.backgammon-fr.com  
 
## References 
-
Exeter

**Exeter** is a city in South West England on the River Exe, from which it takes its name. It is the county town of Devon. Around 130,000 people live there. In the city are a ruined castle, much of the old Roman city wall, and Exeter Cathedral.

## History
Exeter was built by the Romans, who called it *Isca Dumnoniorum* (Isca of the Dumnonii, the local British tribe). After the Romans left and the Anglo-Saxons moved into the area in the seventh century, the name changed to Exeter. In the 1060s, Exeter was a centre of resistance to the Norman conquest.

In 1050, the Bishop of Crediton moved to Exeter; from then until 1876 the bishops were the heads of the Church of England in the whole of Devon and Cornwall. Now, only Devon is within the Exeter diocese.

## Today
Today it is home to the Met Office, which forecasts the country's weather.

## References
Cleaner

A **cleaner** (or **janitor**) is someone who takes away garbage and cleans surfaces. Cleaners sometimes   things, and maintain their equipment in good working order, as well as dusting, washing, waxing and .

Heavy duty cleaners often move furniture, large containers of recycled materials and waste, and other objects, and operate large buffers and other weighty equipment. "Light" duty cleaners clean chalk boards, windows, shelves, desks, light fixtures, and ledges. Some duties, like using a vacuum cleaner, can be done by either "light" or "heavy" duty cleaners. Cleaners can clean offices, staircases, kitchens, bathrooms, hallways, sidewalks, elevators, escalators, and other areas. Cleaners can specialize in washing windows, or in cleaning carpets, hospitals, food processing plants, or construction sites. Cleaners who discover seriously damaged surfaces and equipment on their sites can notify specialists, like plumbers and carpenters, about the need for professional repairs.

Cleaners are also alert for security problems, like vandalism, signs of theft (forced windows or doors, missing computers or stock), blocked fire escape routes, lights or fire alarms not working, or trespassers. When these occur, the cleaners promptly notify their sites' Security Officers and Site Supervisors. Janitors know how to keep themselves and their sites safe, by immediately removing hazards like broken class, spilled fluids, and waste from kitchens and bathrooms, and by checking hand rails, floor mats, stairs, automated doors, escalators, elevators, intercoms, and plumbing.

## References
Friction

**Friction** is a force that acts to stop the movement of two touching things. The energy lost to friction is turned into sound and heat. Two kinds of friction are static and kinetic. Static friction is when the friction is strong enough to stop movement between two objects. Kinetic friction is used when the frictional force is not strong enough to stop all motion. An effect of kinetic friction is heat production. 

Many everyday mechanisms that use friction include car brakes, suitcases, and shoes. Even a person sliding across the floor uses a form of friction.

Some facts about friction are:

*Friction can be thought to be caused by bumps on two touching surfaces. These bumps are called asperities. As these two rough surfaces move against each other they get stuck and prevent motion until the asperities are broken or slid over. Even the smoothest materials have these asperities.

*As the force that is pushing on an object increases, the static friction increases too. However, if the force gets bigger than the maximum static friction, it makes the object accelerate. The object will begin to accelerate as soon as the static friction is less than the force pushing on it. After that point kinetic friction will act on the object.

*The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the force slowing something down and the force pushing them together. The larger it is the stronger friction is (and the more the object is slowed down). For example, a person's skates on ice have a small coefficient of friction, but rubber on concrete has a big one.

*Internal friction in a fluid is called viscosity. Viscosity is how hard it is for the fluid to move or flow. For example, honey is more "viscous" than water.

*Friction is caused by electromagnetism. When the atoms that make the objects come close they are drawn to each other and may connect. Effort is needed to break this connection in objects that are not moving and effort is needed to keep an object moving against this attraction. Things with high friction have many points of contact or have atoms that strongly attract others. There are 4 types of friction. Static, sliding, rolling**,** and fluid friction.
*
*

## Related pages
*Laminar flow
*Force
*Movement
1738

**1738** (MDCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* November 13 – Treaty of Vienna

## Births 
*Ethan Allen – January 21
*Lord Charles Cornwallis – December 31

## Deaths 
*Charles Townshend – June 21
1671

## Events 
* April – Battle of Saraighat. The Ahom general Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal forces on the outskirts of present-day Guwahati of then sovereign Assam.
* May 9 –  Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. He is immediately caught because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He would later be condemned to death and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II.
* June 22 – Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland

## Births 
* April 21 - John Law, Scottish economist
* May 24 - Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

## Deaths
* June 11 - Yun Seon-do, Korean politician
1679

## Events 
* January 24 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament
* June 22 – the Duke of Monmouth subdues an insurrection of Scottish Covenanters at Birthwell Bridge
* August 7 – The brigantine *Le Griffon*, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.
* December 24 – Domenico Sarro, a composer from Italy, was born. 
* Battle of Bothwell Bridge
* Habeas Corpus Act 1679 passed in England.
* European explorers discover Niagara Falls.
Charles Cornwallis

**Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis** (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805) was a British Army officer, Whig politician and colonial administrator. In the United States and United Kingdom, he is best known as one of the leading British general officers in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined Franco-American force at the siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America. Cornwallis later served as a civil and military governor in Ireland, where he helped bring about the Act of Union; and in India, where he helped enact the Cornwallis Code and the Permanent Settlement.

Born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Cornwallis joined the British army in 1757, seeing action in the Seven Years' War. Upon his father's death in 1762 he succeeded to his peerage and entered the House of Lords. From 1766 until 1805, he was colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. Cornwallis next saw military action in 1776 in the American War of Independence. Active in the advance forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicted a major defeat on the Continental Army at the Battle of Camden. He also commanded British forces in the March 1781 Pyrrhic victory at Guilford Court House. Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign through the Southern colonies, marked by disagreements between him and his superior, Sir Henry Clinton.

Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retained the confidence of successive British governments and continued to enjoy an active career. Knighted in 1786, he was in that year appointed to be Governor-General and commander-in-chief in India. There he enacted numerous significant reforms within the East India Company and its territories, including the Cornwallis Code, part of which implemented important land taxation reforms known as the Permanent Settlement. From 1789 to 1792 he led British and Company forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysorean ruler Tipu Sultan.

Returning to Britain in 1794, Cornwallis was given the post of Master-General of the Ordnance. In 1798 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-chief of Ireland, where he oversaw the response to the 1798 Irish Rebellion, including a French invasion of Ireland, and was instrumental in bringing about the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Following his Irish service, Cornwallis was the chief British signatory to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and was reappointed to India in 1805. He died in India not long after his arrival because of a fever.

## References
1719

## Events 
*January 23 – The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire
* April 25 –  Daniel Defoe publishes *Robinson Crusoe*
* June 10 – Battle of Glen Shiel
* Prussia conducts Europe's first systematic census
* Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused part of the copper mine.
*France declares war on Spain

## Births
## Deaths
*Christoph Ludwig Agricola
1753

## Events 
* January 1 – Britain and its colonies adopt the idea that 1 January should be New Year's Day, following adoption of the Gregorian calendar in September 1752. The concept was first conceived in 1582, but suffered from slow public adoption.
* January 13 – Sentenced conspirators of the Tavora affair are executed
* January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted. Following criminal trial causes uproar.
* April 5 – Founding charter of the British Museum

* Sweden adopts Gregorian calendar
* British parliament extends citizenship to Jews
* Publication of *Species Plantarum* by Linnaeus on 1 May, adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants
* James Lind writes *A Treatise of the Scurvy*
* Tobias Smollett writes *Ferdinand Count Fathom*
* Robert Wallace writes *On the Numbers of Man*
Lima

**Lima** is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important and largest city of Peru. 75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima. 
Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America.

It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru. Lima is city in constant urban growth. It has a large population. Over 8 million people live in the metropolitan area, which includes Callao Seaport. Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.

The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. He called it 'La Ciudad de los Reyes' (the City of the Kings). It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Perú. And after the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.

In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth, with the migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people. They wanted to find better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980.

Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, popular traditions, and gastronomy. Lima is considered Americas's gastronomical capital.

Lima is made up of mainly Spanish speaking inhabitants with over 90% of the population speaking the language.  Lima Province has 43 districts, including:

1 - Cercado de Lima

3 - Ate

4 - Barranco

5 - Brena

7 - Comas

9 - Chorrillos

10 - El Agustino

11 - Jesus Maria

12 - La Molina

13 - La Victoria

14 - Lince

17 - Magdalena del Mar

18 - Miraflores

21 - Pueblo Libre

22 - Puente Piedra

25 - Rimac

27 - San Isidro

28 - Independence

29 - San Juan de Miraflores

30 - San Luis

31 - San Martin de Porres

32 - San Miguel

33 - Santiago de Surco

34 - Surquillo

35 - Villa María del Triunfo

36 - San Juan de Lurigancho

38 - Santa Rosa

39 - Los Olivos

41 - San Borja

42 - Villa El Savador

43 - Santa Anita

## References
1691

## Events 
* March 5 – French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons
* March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion – New governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours
* March 29 – Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender
* May 6 – Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Jews in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake
* May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason
* October 3 – Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to Catholics was signed. *(it was broken "before the ink was dry")*
* Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II (1687-1691) to Ahmed II (1691-1695).
* Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
* In New England the two separate Colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.

## Births 
* February 27 - Edward Cave, English publisher

## Deaths
* January 13 - George Fox, one of the founders of the Quakers
* December 31 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist
Jacksonville, Florida

**Jacksonville** is a big city in Florida, on the east coast. In 1968, it combined with Duval County to become one area. It is now the largest city by land area in the United States. The city's population is now about 971,319, with Duval County having around 1 million people.

It is the biggest city in Florida, in the Southeast and outside Texas. The Jacksonville area, including Clay County, St. Johns County, Nassau County, and Baker County, has a population of about 1,733,937.

Jacksonville sits on the St. Johns River in northeastern Florida. It is around 12 miles south of Georgia and 350 miles north of Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches are nearby along the Atlantic coast. The area used to be home to the Timucua people and later was a French settlement called Fort Caroline.

Jacksonville became an important port due to harbor improvements in the late 19th century. Naval Station Mayport, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, and other military bases are located there. The city's economy relies on services like banking, insurance, healthcare, and logistics. Tourism is also significant, especially related to golf with the PGA Tour headquarters nearby.

In the summer of 2021, the names of six schools named for confederate figures were renamed: 
* Robert E. Lee High School was changed to Riverside High School
* Joseph Finegan Elementary School was changed to	Anchor Academy
* Stonewall Jackson Elementary School	was changed to Hidden Oaks Elementary School
* J.E.B. Stuart Middle School	 was changed to Westside Middle School
* Kirby-Smith Middle School was changed to Springfield Middle School
* Jefferson Davis Middle School was changed to Charger Academy
*** On December 27, 2023, the Jacksonville mayor ordered the removal of the ''Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy'' monument at Springfield Park. The statue stood since 1915.

People from Jacksonville are called Jacksonvillians or Jaxsons, which comes from the city's nickname, Jax.

## References 
## Other websites
Fetishism

**Fetishism** can be one of the following:
* The belief that certain natural or man-made things/objects, have supernatural/magical powers. This thing is called a **fetish**.
* Sexual fetishism, sexual attraction to objects that do not move on their own.
Bovinae

**Bovinae** is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. About 26 species of ***bovines*** belong to this subfamily.

Bovines are herbivores, and they mostly eat grass.

## Taxonomy 
* Subfamily **Bovinae**
** Tribe **Boselaphini**
*** Genus *Tetracerus*
**** Four-horned Antelope (*Tetracerus quadricornis*)
*** Genus *Boselaphus*
**** Nilgai, *Boselaphus tragocamelus*
** Tribe **Bovini**
*** Genus *Bubalus*
**** Water Buffalo (*Bubalus bubalis*)
**** Tamaraw (*Bubalus mindorensis*)
**** Lowland Anoa (*Bubalus depressicornis*)
**** Mountain Anoa (*Bubalus quarlesi*)
*** Genus *Syncerus*
**** African Buffalo (*Syncerus caffer*)
*** Genus *Bos*
**** Zebu Cattle (*Bos indicus*)
**** Kouprey (*Bos sauveli*)
**** Banteng (*Bos javanicus*)
**** Gaur (*Bos frontalis* or *Bos gaurus*)
**** Yak (*Bos grunniens*)
**** Aurochs or urus (*Bos primigenius*) †
**** Domestic Cattle (*Bos taurus*)
*** Genus *Pseudoryx*
**** Saola (*Pseudoryx nghetinhensis*)
*** Genus *Bison*
**** American Bison (*Bison bison*)
**** Wisent (*Bison bonasus*)
** Tribe **Strepsicerotini**
*** Genus *Tragelaphus*
**** Sitatunga, *Tragelaphus spekeii*
**** Nyala, *Tragelaphus angasii*
**** Bushbuck, *Tragelaphus scriptus*
**** Mountain Nyala, *Tragelaphus buxtoni*
**** Lesser Kudu, *Tragelaphus imberbis*
**** Greater Kudu, *Tragelaphus strepsiceros*
**** Bongo (antelope), *Tragelaphus eurycerus*
*** Genus *Taurotragus*
**** Common Eland, *Taurotragus oryx*
**** Giant Eland, *Taurotragus derbianus*

The four genera *Tetracerus*, *Boselaphus*, *Tragelaphus* and *Taurotragus* are sometimes put into their own subfamily *Tragelaphinae*, and sometimes with the bovines.

## Images 

Image:Water buffalo bathing.jpg|A group of Water Buffalo
Image:African Buffalo.JPG|An African Buffalo
Image:American bison k5680-1.jpg|An American Bison
Image:IsaanCow002.jpg|Domestic Cattle in Thailand
Pool

The word **pool** refers to many different things:

*A pool is a body of water. It is also called a pond. It can also mean a body of water that people have made. This is called a swimming pool.
*Pool is also a game. It is a form of billiards. The object is to use a cue ball to knock other balls into pockets around the edge of the table.
*People also use the word "pool" to mean something many people have contributed to. People can pool their money to buy something, or to make a bet. Sometimes it can mean cooperation, people working together to get something done.
Rupee

The **rupee (रुपया)** is the name of a currency denomination of money in various countries.

It is used in the Republic of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles, Indonesia, and the Maldives. It was also used in British India, the former East Pakistan until 1971. In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa. The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver. 

## Related pages
*Indian rupee
*Pakistani rupee
1555

**1555** (MDLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland
* February 2 – Diet of Augsburg begins
* February 4 – John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England
* February 9 – Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake
* May 23 – Paul IV becomes Pope.
* September 25 – Peace of Augsburg is signed.

## Births 
*
*

## Deaths 
*
*
Diesel fuel

**Diesel oil** or **diesel fuel** is a type of fuel for cars, trucks, trains, etc, using a diesel engine. 

It is also an oil used for an energy source.  It is made from petroleum and from various other sources.

It is named after Rudolf Diesel who in 1892 invented the diesel engine.

## Related pages
* Biodiesel

## References
Cabbage

**Cabbage** (*Brassica oleracea* Capitata Group) is an  plant. It is a lot like broccoli, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts. Cabbage is eaten in many ways around the world. Coleslaw and sauerkraut are popular foods that use cabbage. It is also used to make kimchi and borscht, and can also be used in salads. Red cabbage juice can be used as a pH indicator. Cabbages are usually green, but they can also be red.

## Types of cabbage
Cabbages can come in many different types, such as the previously mentioned red and green cabbages, but they can also be in other types. These include white cabbage, also known as Dutch cabbage, and Savoy cabbage.

## References
500

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), **500 AD** (D), and 1000 AD (M).

## Events 
*Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur
*Possible date at which Fergus I of Dalriada begins his reign
*Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England
*Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex
*Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei China becomes sovereign of the Northern Wei Dynasty
*Uxmal founded (approximate date)
*Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia
Sauna

A **sauna** is a small room or building that is made hot. The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.

The Turkish hammam has a high humidity (the air is more wet) and a lower temperature.

Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office 
buildings.

In almost every house in Finland they have a sauna.

## Common rules for public saunas
In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.

;Areas where the sauna is used while nude
*Germany
*Austria
*North-eastern Italy
*Finland
*Russia
*Slovenia
*Sweden
*Croatia
*Japan
*Netherlands
*Flanders
*Estonia
*Lithuania
*Latvia

;Areas where the sauna is used in a swimsuit or covered by a towel
*France
*United Kingdom
*United States
*Hungary
*South America
*Africa
*Wallonia

;Area where men and women do not sauna together
*Russia
*Japan

;Areas where sitting on a towel is required
*Germany
*Austria
*North-eastern Italy
*Netherlands
*Flanders

## Related pages
*Onsen
*Sentō
* Jjimjilbang
*Banya