John Maynard Keynes

**John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes**, CB (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist. His ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a big impact on modern economic and political theory. His ideas also had a big impact on many governments' tax and economic policies. He said governments should use tax and banking measures to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is one of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics.

## Biography 
### Personal and marital life 
John Maynard Keynes was born at 7 Melville Road, Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University. His mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. His younger brother, Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a surgeon and bibliophile (book lover). His younger sister Margaret (1890–1974) married the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill.

Keynes first went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902. At first he studied mathematics. Later he studied economics under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. People think Professor Marshall prompted Keynes to change his studies from mathematics and classics to economics. Keynes received his B.A. in 1905 and his M.A. in 1908.

When Keynes was young, he had romantic and sexual relationships with men. One of his great loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908. Keynes was also involved with the writer Lytton Strachey.

In 1942, Keynes was raised to the House of Lords. He became **Baron Keynes** of Tilton in the County of Sussex. When he sat in the House of Lords he was a Liberal member.

During World War II, Keynes wrote a book titled *How to Pay for the War*. He said the war effort should be paid for by higher taxes. He did not like deficit spending because he wanted to avoid inflation.

### Death 
Keynes died of a heart attack at his holiday home in Tilton, East Sussex. His heart problems were made worse by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. He died soon after he arranged a guarantee of an Anglo-American loan to Great Britain. Keynes' father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (born 1919) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. Keynes did not have children.

## Bibliography 
* 1915 *The Economics of War in Germany*
* 1919 *The Economic Consequences of the Peace*
* *Essays in Persuasion*
* *A Treatise On Probability*
* *Tract on Monetary Reform*
* *The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money*

## Influences on Keynes' works 
These people influenced Keynes:
* Knut Wicksell
* Arthur C. Pigou
* Alfred Marshall
* Adam Smith
* David Ricardo
* Dennis Robertson
* Karl Marx
* Thomas Malthus
* Michal Kalecki

## Related pages
* Keynesian economics or Keynesianism
* Michał Kalecki
* Simon Kuznets
* Paul Samuelson
* John Hicks
* John Kenneth Galbraith
* G.L.S. Shackle
* Silvio Gesell

## References 
## General sources 
* *The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By*, Bernard C. Beaudreau, iUniverse, 2006, 
* *Essays on John Maynard Keynes*, Milo Keynes (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, 
* *The Life of John Maynard Keynes*, R. F. Harrod, London, Macmillan, 1951, 
* "Keynes, John Maynard," Don Patinkin, *The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics*, v. 2, 1987, pp.&nbsp;19–41. Macmillan  (US Edition: )
* *John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920*, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1992,  (US Edition: )
* *John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937*, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994,  (US Edition: )
* *The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy*, Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 
* *John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946* (published in the United States as *Fighting for Freedom*), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001,  (US Edition: )
* *Lytton Strachey*, Michael Holroyd, 1995, 

## Other websites 
* Bio, bibliography, and links 
* 
* The Keynesian Revolution 
* Bio at Time 100 - the most important people of the century 
* John Maynard Keynes, *The Economic Consequences of the Peace*  (1919)
* John Maynard Keynes, *The end of laissez-faire*  (1926)
* John Maynard Keynes, *An Open Letter to President Roosevelt* (1933)
* John Maynard Keynes, *The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money* (1936)
* Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society
* Short bio with birth location 
* Escoffier, Jeffrey. "Keynes, John Maynard." In Glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc.: Chicago, 2004. 
* *Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman *  by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998-2007 )
* *Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet*  by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( June 6, 1998 )
* Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline