open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Montana

**Montana** is a state in the United States. Its capital is Helena, and the largest city is Billings. Montana has many mountains in the western half of the state. Most of the eastern part of the state is prairie.

Montana is the fourth largest state by area, the seventh least populous, and the third least densely populated of the 50 states.

Montana and Canada share a 545-mile (877-km) part of the world's longest undefended (which means there are no soldiers or armies on either side) border. The state borders the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, more provinces than any other U.S. state.

To the east of Montana is North Dakota; to the southeast is a short border with South Dakota. In the south is Wyoming, and on the west and southwest is Idaho.

The first people to settle in Montana were the Native Americans.

In 2018, The top countries of origin for immigrants were Canada (15 percent of immigrants), Mexico (15 percent), Germany (7 percent), China (5 percent), and Vietnam (5 percent).

## Famous Montana people 
* Former Senate Majority Leader and Ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield
* Jeannette Rankin, first female member of US Congress
* Burton K. Wheeler, a progressive senator who was Robert LaFollette´s running mate in the 1924 presidential election
* Film director David Lynch, four-time Academy Award nominee
* Lones Wigger, three-time Olympic medal winner and who at one point held 29 world records
* Phil Jackson, born in Deer Lodge, Montana, won NBA titles eleven times
* Katie Blair, model, actress and winner of multiple beauty pageants
* Jerry Kramer of the Green Bay Packers
* Charles Lindbergh, political activist

## Politics 
At one point, Montana was liberal in federal elections and conservative in state elections. Today, the opposite is true. Although Montana is very conservative in presidential elections (it has not voted for a Democrat since 1964), it is more liberal than most states in the upper Rocky Mountains region. There are no Democratic senators from Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota or South Dakota. The Montana House of Representatives, which has 100 members, includes 58 Republicans and 42 Democrats, making it more liberal than any state legislature in Wyoming or Idaho.

## Related pages 
* Colleges and universities in Montana
* List of counties in Montana

## References
Wyoming

**Wyoming** is a state in the North-Western United States. Most of the state is in the Rocky Mountains, (a large mountain range in the United States). Wyoming is the least populated U.S. state with a population of 578,803 . Its capital and biggest city is Cheyenne. It borders Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Utah, Idaho, and Colorado. Wyoming is 97,914 square miles in area, which makes it the 10th largest state in the United States.

Wyoming is known for many things including Yellowstone National Park, Cowboys, the Teton Mountains and coal.

The first people to live in Wyoming were the Paleo-Indians. By the time the Europeans arrived the land was inhabited by many Native American tribes. Some of the major tribes were the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Ute, and Shoshone.

In 2018, The top countries of origin for Wyoming’s immigrants were Mexico, China, Germany, England and Canada.

## Economy
Agriculture has always been an important part of the state economy of Wyoming. The main things grown in Wyoming are livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool.

In Wyoming, 91% of the land is rural.

The gross state product for Wyoming is $36.4 billion.

## Famous people from Wyoming
*Former Vice President Dick Cheney
*Former Second Lady Lynne Cheney
*Author Patricia MacLachlan

## Cities and towns in Wyoming
* Afton
* Baggs
* Basin
* Big Piney
* Buffalo
* Burlington
* Byron
* Casper
* Cheyenne
* Clark
* Clearmont
* Cody
* Cokeville
* Cowley
* Crowheart
* Dayton
* Deaver
* Douglas
* Dubois
* Emblem
* Encampment
* Evanston
* Farson
* Frannie
* Garland
* Gillette
* Green River
* Greybull
* Hanna
* Harriman
* Hot Springs
* Hudson
* Hyattville
* Jackson
* Jackson Hole
* Kemerer
* Kirby
* La Barge
* Lance Creek
* Lander
* Laramie
* Lovell
* Lusk
* Lyman
* Manderson
* Meeteetse
* Newcastle 
* Otto
* Pine Bluffs
* Pinedale
* Powell
* Ralston
* Rawlins
* Recluse
* Riverside
* Riverton
* Rock Springs
* Saratoga
* Shell
* Sheridan
* Shoshoni
* Story
* Sundance
* Ten Sleep
* Thermopolis
* Wapiti
* Wheatland
* Worland
* Wright

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Wyoming
* List of counties in Wyoming

## References
Minehead

**Minehead** is a seaside town and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is in the borough of Somerset West and Taunton. 

In 2011, the town had a population of 11,981. It is close to the border with Devon.

The town is 21 miles (34 km) north-west of Taunton, Somerset's county town.

It is close to the Exmoor National Park.

Minehead is famous for being the location of Butlin's Minehead, a popular holiday camp owned by Butlin's.

The town is the starting point of the South West Coast Path, the longest countryside walking trail in the United Kingdom.

## Twinning
Minehead has one twin town. It is twinned with:
* Saint-Berthevin, France

## Gallery

File:View_Over_Minehead_From_Hill.jpg|Minehead from the west
File:Skyline_Pavilion,_Minehead,_Somerset.jpg|Butlin's Minehead
File:Looking_across_Minehead_Strand_-_geograph.org.uk_-_398551.jpg|Minehead beach
Hank Azaria

**Henry Albert "Hank" Azaria** ( ; born April 25, 1964) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and producer.  He is famous for voicing many characters in the Fox animated television series *The Simpsons*. He also appeared in movies such as *The Birdcage* (1996), and on stage as Sir Lancelot in the Monty Python-inspired musical, *Spamalot*. He married Helen Hunt from 1999 to 2000. Azaria makes a relationship with Katie Wright. He starred in Showtime's original series *Huff*.

## Filmography
### Film
## Other websites
*
*Fresh Air interview with Terry Gross
*Hank Azaria 1999 Interview  on *Sidewalks Entertainment*

## References
1821

## Deaths 
* January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
* February 23 – John Keats, British poet (b. 1795)
* March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
* May 5 – Napoleon I of France (b. 1769)
* May 19 –  Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771)
* September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter and art historian
John Hinckley Jr.

**John Warnock Hinckley, Jr.** (born May 29, 1955) is the man who attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan. On March 30, 1981, shortly after Reagan was elected, Hinckley shot at Reagan in Washington, D.C. Reagan was injured, but recovered quickly. Hinckley was tried, but was found not guilty, due to his insanity. He said the reason he shot the President was to get the attention of actress Jodie Foster, of whom he was a fan.

Hinckley has schizophrenia, dysthymia, narcissistic personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder. He also has borderline and passive-aggressive features. He was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma.

He also became a singer and song creator after he was released from psychiatric care.He posted an original and a cover song to YouTube in 2020.

Following his release, Hinckley has also created multiple paintings, often using his pet cat as a reference, to sell online.

## References
Tampico, Illinois

**Tampico** is a village in Whiteside County, Illinois.  The 2020 census said the village had a total population of 689.

## History 
On February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan, who used to be President of the United States (1981-1989) was born in a two-story apartment over the local bank.  The building where the apartment is near the main street (Illinois Highway 172).  Reagan was born in the front bedroom of the apartment.

## Geography 
Tampico is located at 41°37'50" North, 89°47'8" West (41.630559, -89.785573).

The United States Census Bureau says the village has a total area of 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²). None of it is water-covered.

Tampico is about 50 miles east of the Quad Cities (the cities of Davenport, Bettendorf, Iowa, Moline and Rock Island, Illinois).  It's about 130 miles west of Chicago.

## Demographics 
The census of 2020 says there are 689 people living in the village. The population density is 675/km² (1,750/mi²).  There are 319 houses at an average density of 313/km² (810/mi²).  The  village is 91.9% White.

There are 288 households out of which 31.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% are married couples living together, 12.5% are unmarried couples living together, 24.7% are single women, and 20.5% are single men. 29.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.39.

In the village the population is spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 37.8 years.  For every 100 females there are 105.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.9 males.  10.9% of the population and 10.3% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total population, 3.9% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

The city was also the birthplace of Admiral Joseph M. Reeves.

## References
Surface area

**Surface area** is the measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies (3D object). The surface area of a polyhedron is found by finding the sum of the area of all of the faces. The surface area is found between many three-dimensional (3D) shapes using formulas.

The surface area is useful because it tells us how much material is required in order to cover the object—for example, how much paint is needed to paint a table. Surface area is the sum of the faces, or surfaces, of a three dimensional shape.

## Surface area and evaporation 
Surface area increases rate of evaporation because there are more molecules touching the surface. There the surface molecules can draw heat energy from the surroundings, which makes the molecules heat up faster and escape faster. This process is also known as evaporation. For example, a bowl filled with water will evaporate much faster than a flask filled with the same amount.

## References
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

A **Mobile Army Surgical Hospital** (or **M.A.S.H.** or **MASH**) was a medical center used during wars, to care for and fix injured soldiers who got hurt in the fighting. They were an alternative to field hospitals and real hospitals which were used in World War II. During the Korean War, thanks to these kinds of hospitals, soldiers had a 97% chance of surviving an injury. They were also used in the Vietnam War and the first Gulf War, but were gradually replaced by Combat Support Hospitals or CSHs which are used today.
Many people know about these places due to a well-known movie and later TV show called *M*A*S*H*, which was set in a hospital like this during the Korean War.
Seattle

**Seattle** ( ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the home of the Space Needle and a monorail, both of which were built for the 1962 World's Fair. It is also the American headquarters of Microsoft, Starbucks coffee, Boeing, Amazon.com and Nordstrom. In the 1960s and 1990s, music artists like Jimi Hendrix, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and others from the city became popular. It is also the setting of the TV shows *Here Come the Brides*, *Frasier*, ''Grey's Anatomy* and *Station 19''.

Seattle has many sports teams, including the Seattle Seahawks (American football), the Seattle Mariners (baseball), the Seattle Kraken (ice hockey), the Sounders FC (soccer), and the Seattle Storm (women's basketball). Seattle has a lot of water around it, with Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean to the west and Lake Washington to the east. About 750,000 people live in the city. More than 4,000,000 (4 million) people live in the city or near it.

Seattle is home to many colleges and universities. The most notable of these are, University of Washington, and Seattle University.

Seattle has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Stirling

**Stirling** () is a city in the middle of Scotland. Stirling was very important a long time ago because it is at the centre of Scotland. Battles were fought at Bannockburn and Stirling Bridge, and there is a castle in the city. During part of the Middle Ages it was the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland.  

## Famous places
* Bannockburn
* Braehead
* Broomridge
* Cambusbarron
* Cambuskenneth
* Causewayhead
* Cornton
* Kings Park
* Raploch
* Riverside
* Stirling Castle
* St. Ninians
* Top of the Town
* Torbrex

## Related pages
*Robert I of Scotland
*William Wallace
Tuvaluan language

**Tuvaluan** is an Austronesian language spoken in Tuvalu. It is closely related to Tokelauan language. Tuvaluan has over 11 000 speakers. The language is divided into two main dialects.
Mexico City

**Mexico City** is the capital and largest city of Mexico. It's also the most populous city in North America. Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico within the high Mexican central plateau, at an altitude of . The city has 16 boroughs or , which are in turn divided into neighborhoods or .

The 2020 population for the city proper was 9,209,944,

## History
Mexico City was first built in the 1520s after Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards then emptied the basin of Lake Texcoco to keep it from flooding. By the late 1700s, Mexico City had over 100,000 people. However, there were many slums, which caused epidemics. There were political problems in the mid-1800s after Mexico became independent. More than 40 people ruled in the 40 years after the country became independent. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, electric light and gas were brought to the city. But there was a big difference between the rich western part of the city and the poor eastern part of the city. By 1930, Mexico City had 1,000,000 people. The city kept growing quickly. In 1968, the Olympic Games were in Mexico City. In 1985, an earthquake hit the capital. In the past few decades, there have been problems with crime and corruption.

## Environment
Mexico City has a high population density. It is also surrounded by mountains. This causes problems with air pollution.

Sometimes Mexico City gets earthquakes.

### Geography
Mexico City is in the Valley of Mexico at around 2,300 meters (7,800 feet) above sea level.

Mexico City its divided by 16 boroughs: Álvaro Obregón, Azcapotzalco, Benito Juarez, Coyoacán, Cuajimalpa, Cuauhtémoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Iztacalco, Iztapalapa, Magdalena Contreras, Miguel Hidalgo, Milpa Alta, Tláhuac, Tlalpan, Venustiano Carranza and Xochimilco.

Mexico City was originally built on a lake, Lake Texcoco, which is now mostly drained. The ecology of the area has been much changed by the draining. Many of its native species, such as the Axolotl, are extinct, or endangered.

The mountains Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are nearby.

### Climate
Mexico City is in the tropics. But because its elevation is so high, it has a subtropical highland climate (*Cwb* in the Köppen climate classification). This means temperatures are warm or mild year-round. It is a lot wetter in the summer than in the winter. Some parts of the city get frost in the winter.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
Communist state

in Grenada overlapped with Thomas Sankara Government in the Republic of Upper Volta, all the colored nations above were simultaneously Marxist–Leninist.]]

A **communist state** is a state whose constitution claims to follow the principles of communism, despite following the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. Its form of government has only a single political party, the communist party. The governance of the state is guided by the principles of Leninism, Marxism, Maoism, or any other form of socialist ideology.

Technically, "communist state" is a contradictory term. In principle, a communist society is a stateless society. In practice, communist states do not actually refer to themselves as "communist states". They do not consider themselves to be communist societies at present. Instead, their constitutions call them *socialist states* or ''workers' states''.

During the 20th century, a "communist state" came to be understood as any country ruled by a single party and guided by a Marxist–Leninist or Maoist ideology. These countries would also have a planned economy. The ruling class is the working class (the proletariat).

As of July  2024, there are five countries that are called communist states. They are China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea. North Korea does not follow Marxism–Leninism but rather the ideology of Juche. Nonetheless, it is otherwise still considered to be in the same category.

## Historically
There were, at one time, many countries that followed some type of Marxism. One of the most famous is the Post-Soviet states. However, many of these are now no longer regarded as socialist.

List of Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact:
* Soviet Union
* East Germany
* Yugoslavia
* Romania
* Hungary
* Czechoslovakia
* Poland
* Bulgaria
* Democratic Kampuchea
* Somalia
* Albania
* Angola
* Afghanistan
* Mongolia
List of five main communist states:
* Cuba
* Vietnam
* North Korea
* China
* Laos

## References
Kiefer Sutherland

**Kiefer William Sutherland** (born December 21, 1966) is a Canadian actor and director. Is best known for his starring role as President Tom Kirkman in the ABC - Netflix drama series *Designated Survivor*.

He was born in London, England in 1966 to Canadian actor Donald Sutherland and his wife Shirley Douglas, an actress and daughter of Canadian statesman Tommy Douglas. He also has a twin sister, named Rachel, who looks similar to him. He grew up in London, Corona, California and Toronto, Ontario.

In the 1980s, he was part of a group of young actors called the "Brat Pack" and appeared in movies *Stand by Me* (1986), *The Lost Boys* (1987), *Young Guns* (1988), *Flatliners* (1990), and *The Three Musketeers* (1993). In 2001, he starred as Jack Bauer in *24*, which was intended as a one-shot mini-series, but became one of the most popular shows on TV. For this role, Kiefer won the Emmy Award for Best Actor in 2006, the Golden Globe for best actor in 2001, the SAG Award for Best Actor in 2003 and 2005 and the Satellite Award for Best Actor in 2002 and 2003. The show had eight seasons before ending, with one movie currently released.

He is also in the Fox drama, *Touch* as the role of Martin Bohm.

## References
## Other websites 
*
1849

## Events
* February 8 &ndash; Start of the new Roman Republic
* April 12 &ndash; Ludwig von Welden becomes commander of Austrian forces in Hungary.
* May – The Second Carlist War ends in Spain.
Deaths

June 15 - James K. Polk, 53, eleventh President of the United States, cholera (b. 1795)

* October 7 – Edgar Allan Poe
1792

## Events 
* March 11 - The city of Freetown is founded in Sierra Leone.
* April 2 - The Coinage Act of 1792  the U.S. currency.
* June 1 - Kentucky becomes a U.S. state.
* September 22 - The Kingdom of France is replaced by the French First Republic.
* Unknown - James Johnstone proves that Vancouver Island is an island.

## Births 
* April 4 - Thaddeus Stevens, American Republican politician
* May 13 - Pope Pius IX, 256th Pope
* June 15 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Australian explorer
* July 10 - George M. Dallas, 11th Vice President of the United States
* August 18 - John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, English politician
* October 20 - John Pascoe Fawkner, pioneer and politician who started the city of Melbourne
* December 6 - William II of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg

## Deaths
* March 29 - Gustav III of Sweden, King of Sweden
* May 15 - Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress
* August 4 - John Burgoyne, British general

## References
Optics

**Optics** is the science of light and how it interacts with the world. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors, how light refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is only a small part.

Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.

While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet through cities and around the world.

## Related pages 
*Spectroscopy
1873

**1873** (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar, the 1873rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, . 

## Events 
* February 11 – King Amadeus I of Spain abdicates.
* Blue jeans patented.

## Births 
* Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter (d. 1919)
Solitaire (card game)

**Solitaire** is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards.

There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Golf, and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games such as Spider Solitaire on Microsoft Windows. 

In Klondike, the player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.

In many countries (for example, UK), solitaire is called **Patience**.

## Types of games
* **Patience**, also known as "solitaire with cards", usually involves placing cards in a layout and sorting them by the game's rules.
* **Klondike** is the most common kind of solitaire. It is bundled with the Microsoft Windows operating system under the title *Solitaire*.
* **Mahjong solitaire**
* **Peg solitaire** is a board game in which the goal is to empty the board of pegs through movement and capturing. It is more of a puzzle than a game.
* **Concentration**, also known as *Memory*, *Pelmanism* (UK), *Shinkei-suijaku* (Japan), *Pexeso* (Czechia) or simply *Pairs*, is a card game in which the cards are laid face down on a surface and two cards are flipped face up over each turn. The object of the game is to turn over pairs of matching cards.

## References
Barbra Streisand

**Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand** (born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, producer, and director. She has won multiple Emmy Awards, Grammy Awards and Golden Globe Awards. 

Her grandparents on her father's side of the family were from Galicia. (That region is now in Ukraine and Poland.). She is of Jewish descent.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Carl Lewis

**Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis** (born July 1, 1961) is an American retired track and field athlete. He has won nine Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships. Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of movies.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Denver

**Denver** is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Colorado and a county named **Denver County**. For this reason, Denver is the county seat of Denver County. It is at the foot of the Rocky Mountains on the South Platte River, and was founded in 1858. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile High City" because its official elevation is exactly one mile () above sea level. It is at least 5,280 feet (or 1,609 meters) above sea level at a point in the city's state capitol building. The dome at the top of the capitol building is covered in gold.

## History
 Governor James W. Denver visited his  city in 1875 and in 1882.]]
 of Denver, 1898]]

Denver was founded in November 1858 as Denver City during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush as a mining town in western Kansas Territory. That summer, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas, started a settlement  on the banks of the South Platte River. They called it Montana City. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The settlement faded quickly. By the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold mining town of Auraria, Georgia), and St. Charles City.
's "Bronco Buster" western sculpture at the Denver capitol grounds, a gift from J.K. Mullen in 1920]]

The Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1, 1861, In 1867, Denver City became the Territorial Capital. With its new-found importance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver.
*The Rocky Mountain News

## Notes
## References
Bleach

**Bleach** is the name for a number of chemical substances which can be used to remove colors, or to make things white. Very often, they act through oxidation. Bleaches on the base of sulfur have been in use for thousands of years. Modern bleaches are usually based on chlorine or on oxygen.

Many bleaches can kill bacteria easily. For this reason, they are often used for disinfecting or sterilisation.

## Dangers of using bleach
Mixing bleach with some things commonly found at home, like vinegar or even fruit juice can produce chemicals like chlorine that are irritating or even dangerous. Bleach should also not be mixed with ammonia because a hazardous chemical reaction will occur. This effect can kill people.

Certain types of bleaches produce toxic waste. Some of them produce dioxins.

## Examples of bleaches
*Sulfur dioxide, one bleach that is a reducing agent
*Hydrogen peroxide
*Sodium hypochlorite, household bleach
*Bleaching powder
Bleach made from hydrogen peroxide is used to make hair lighter in color, orange, blonde, or even white. It is often used by dark-haired people to make highlights, and most hair dyes contain it.

## Other websites 
*Bleach (MSDS)
Sign

in 1923.]] 

A **sign** is something you see (or hear) which means something. A sign may be natural or man-made.

A natural sign shows something significant. Leaves turn brown and fall off deciduous trees in the autumn. Temperatures drop, daylight hours shorten. It suggests winter is coming. Many birds migrate and some mammals hibernate in response to natural signs like these. Humans, as usual, are a bit different. They make their own signs.

A man-made sign is called a signal or symbol. It is an artificial thing, which people decide means something in their society. For example, the stop sign on the road tells the person that they must stop their car there. So does a red traffic light. They are signals with a legal meaning, and people learn what these meanings are.

Sometimes a person may not know what a sign means. Feeling a cold wind could be a sign that someone left a door or window open.

In medicine, a sign is something seen, whereas a symptom is something felt, like a pain. A sign might be something like high blood pressure, which can be measured. 

Sign is also a shortened form of the word signature, which is a unique mark or writing that identifies a person and is often used to signify approval, endorsement, agreement or transaction.  

## Road signs 
A road sign or traffic sign is something that gives information by means of a symbol, or in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: Give way, Stop, Keep left, No U-turn, no parking, Zebra crossing and much more. Signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.

## References
Tokelau

**Tokelau** is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is made of three atolls. These atolls have a surface area of about . About 1,500 people live there. The territory belongs to New Zealand. The atolls are Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. Together with Swains Island (which is now part of American Samoa) they are known as the **Union Islands.** Swains Island is about 180&nbsp;km to the south of Fakaofo. Less than 50 people live on Swains Island. Tokelau is about halfway between New Zealand and Hawaii.

Tokelau does not have an official capital. The most important languages spoken in Tokelau are English and Tokelauan.

The people who live in Tokelau mostly live in four villages: Two of them are on Fakaofo. The islands Atafu and Nukunonu each have one village. The most common language is Tokelauan, about half the people speak English.

According to the UN, many people on Tokelau are overweight: Many of the 15 to 64 age group also suffer from diabetes.
 leaves the dock at Nukunonu in Tokelau to collect passengers and cargo from the MV Tokelau drifting in deeper waters in the distance.]]
Tokelau is among the most remote areas in the Pacific: There are no airports; the islands can only be reached by ship: there are no sea ports, which makes travelling difficult, even between the atolls. New Zealand pays for a ship, which connects Tokelau with the next bigger seaport (Apia, on Samoa). The trip from Apia to Fakaofo takes about a day, reaching the northernmost atoll Atafu will take another three to four hours. There is no large pier on any of the islands, which means that smaller boats (called barges) are needed to reach the shore. The ship reaches Tokelau about once every two weeks.

In 2004 there was a vote to change the status of Tokelau: Rather than being a dependent territory of New Zealand, the proposal was to be "in association with" New Zealand, much like Cook Islands and Niue. At the time, the people of Tokelau voted against this independence.

## References 
## Other websites
Polygon

A **polygon** is a closed two-dimensional shape. It is a plane figure that is made up of a number of sides. These are also called edges or line segments. Each side is connected to another one by a corner, or vertex. Each pair of connected sides makes an angle.

These sides and angles can be different from one another, or they can all be the same. Polygons made of only sides of the same length (equilateral) and angles the same width (equiangular) are called regular polygons.

A square is a polygon because it has four sides. The smallest polygon in Euclidean geometry or "flat geometry" is the triangle, which has three sides and three corners. On a sphere, there can also be a digon and a henagon.

If the edge lines of the polygon do not cross each other, the polygon is called *simple*; otherwise it is *complex*.

In computer graphics, polygons (especially triangles) are often used to make graphics.

## Gallery 

Complex polygon.svg|A complex pentagon
Simple polygon.png|A simple concave hexagon
Heptagon2 (PSF).svg|An irregular heptagon
Irregular octagon.svg|A irregular octagon
Decagon (PSF).png|A irregular decagon
Regular polygon 99.svg|An enneacontakaienneagon (a polygon with 99 sides)

## List of polygons 
## References
1853

## Events
* October 4&ndash;5 &ndash; the Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire begins war with the Russian Empire
* August 24 - George speck, AKA George Crum, prepares the first ever Potato chip in Saratoga Springs, New York.

## Births 
* March 30 – Vincent van Gogh, painter
* July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician

## Deaths 
* March 30 – Abigail Fillmore, wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
Barley

**Barley** is a member of the grass family of plants. Its seeds are a cereal grain. It is a staple food of humans and other animals, and it is one of mankind's oldest crops. It can be made into flour or beer.

Its Latin name is *Hordeum vulgare*. Barley is an annual plant.

## Production
## References
1515

## Events
* January 25 &ndash; Coronation of Francis I of France
* August 25 &ndash; Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.

* September 22 – Anne of Cleves
Glossary

A **glossary** is a list of words and what they mean.&nbsp; They are usually found at the end of a book or report that uses hard words to read or special words.&nbsp; Websites about complicated subjects also sometimes have glossaries.

For example, in a book about philosophy that has the word "epistemology", there might be a glossary at the end of the book with the definition of this word.
Orlando, Florida

**Orlando** is a city in the center of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Orange County. It contains 307,573 people as of 2020. It is number four among cities in Florida by number of people.  The current mayor, or leader, of Orlando is Buddy Dyer.

## History
Orlando was created in 1836 when someone found a tree where the name "Orlando Reeves" was carved.  Thinking it was a place of burial, they named the site "Orlando's grave".  It was cut to Orlando later.

Before the American Civil War, Orlando was a center of trade in cattle.  After the war, many people came to the town.  Orlando became a city in 1875.  Before 1900, Orlando was a center of orange farming.  After 1900, it became a popular place for visitors.

Orlando was an important base for the military during World War II, as home of Pinecastle Army Air Field.  Lockheed Martin (once Martin Marietta) opened a manufacturing site in Orlando in 1956.

In 1965, Walt Disney said that he would build a large amusement park southwest of the city.  That place, Walt Disney World Resort, opened 

In 1971, after Walt Disney World opened, Orlando is now very popular as a tourism city, attracting millions of visitors each year from every place in the world.

Three hurricanes moved over Orlando in 2004, causing billions of U.S. dollars of damage.

## Climate 
Orlando has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall.

## Transport
A major road in Orlando is Interstate 4.  Another major road is State Road 408.  They meet downtown.  Florida's Turnpike also meets Interstate 4 southwest of the city.

Orlando International Airport is one of the biggest airports in the United States.

Amtrak trains and Greyhound buses also go to Orlando.

There are also numerous transportation services offering private car and limo services in the Orlando area, catering to theme park transportation needs for destinations such as Disney World, Universal Studios, and nearby resorts.

## Sports
The Orlando Magic are an NBA basketball team in Orlando. They play at Kia Centre.

The Orlando Predators are an football team with the Arena Football League in Orlando.  They play at the TD Waterhouse Centre.

## References
## Other websites
* 

* The Orlando Travel & Visitors Bureau
* The Orlando Regional Chamber of Commerce
* Orlando Transportation Services | Private Car Service and Limo Service
Orlando (disambiguation)

The word ***Orlando*** has several meanings

There are several places that have the name
* Orlando, Florida, in the United States of America
* Orlando, Oklahoma, in the United States of America
* Orlando, Soweto, in the Republic of South Africa

There are several artistic works that use the name
* Orlando can be a character in literature or music from the 16th and 17th centuries
* *Orlando* is the name of an opera composed by George Frideric Handel in 1733
* *Orlando: A Biography* is a novel written by Virginia Woolf in 1928
* *Orlando* is the title of a movie based on the above novel, produced in 1992
* *Orlando* is the title of a British television series in the 1960s
* Orlando is the name of a British indie-pop band in the 1990s
* Orlando is the name of a fictional cat that stars in a series of children's illustrated books by Kathleen Hale

The following people use "Orlando" as their surname, or family name
*Vittorio Orlando, an Italian diplomat and politician
*Tony Orlando, an American singer

The following people use "Orlando" as their given name
*Orlando Bloom, a British actor
*Orlando Cepeda, a former Hispanic-American baseball player in the Baseball Hall of Fame
*Orlando Cabrera, a current Hispanic-American baseball player.  He plays in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
Comedian

, a British comedian and actor portraying Borat Sagdiyev from Kazakhstan.]]
A **comedian** is a person who tells jokes, or acts in comedies. Some people use the French loanword *comedienne* to refer to female comedians. A comedian can also be called a comic or a comic actor.
Turin

**Turin** ( , Piedmontese: ;  ; , then *Taurinum*) is a major industrial city on the west bank of the Po river in Piedmont, northwest Italy. Over 800,000 people live in it. Turin is the fourth largest city in Italy, after Rome, Milan and Naples. Turin is the capital of Piedmont. Fiat's first car factory was in Turin. The city was the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics.

In Turin there are two major rivers, the Po and the Dora, and two minor rivers, the Stura and the Sangone.

Turin was the first capital of Italy in 1861. It had previously been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and before that it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy. Filippo Juvarra designed many churches and palaces in the city. 

## References
1373

## Events 
### January&ndash;December 
* March 24 &ndash; The Treaty of Santarém is signed between D. Fernando of Portugal and Henrique II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.
* May 13 &ndash; Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen *Revelations of Divine Love*.

### Date unknown 
* Bristol is made an independent county.
* The Anglo-Portuguese alliance is signed (currently the oldest active treaty in the world).
* The city of Phnom Penh (now the capital city of Cambodia) is founded.
* Philip II of Taranto hands over the rule of Achaea (now southern Greece) to his cousin, Joanna I of Naples.
* Leo VI succeeds his distant cousin, Constantine VI, as King of Armenian Cilicia (now southern Turkey).
* A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.
* Tran Kinh succeeds Tran Phu as King of Vietnam.
* Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.
* The death of Sultan Muhammad as-Said begins a period of political instability in Morocco.
* Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.
* The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.
* The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new *jinshi* degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.

## Births 
* March 29 &ndash; Marie of Alencon, French princess (d. 1417)
* June 23 &ndash; Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
* September 22 &ndash; Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (d. 1400)
* *date unknown*
** Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (d. 1415)
** Margery Kempe, writer of the first autobiography in English

## Deaths 
* January 16 &ndash; Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (b. 1342)
* February &ndash; Ibn Kathir, Islamic scholar (b. 1301)
* July 23 &ndash; Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (b. 1303)
* November 3 &ndash; Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343)
* December 7 &ndash; Rafał z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1330)
* *date unknown*
** Constantine VI of Armenia (assassinated)
** Robert le Coq, French bishop and councillor

## References
New Testament

s in Greek. Its probable date is 175225 AD.]] 

The **New Testament** is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity. It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity. It was written in Ancient Greek.

The New Testament is made up of different parts. In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions. The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament. The Ethiopian Churches do not have a common canon.

Four of the Books of the New Testament are the Gospels. Most of the others are Epistles.

## The Four Gospels 
Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the young Messiah, who Christians believe is the "Son of God who is born to save the world from sin". Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other. The other books tell about the history of the church and explain the Christian faith through letters written to persons and groups that have believed in Jesus 

The traditional author is listed after each entry.
* The Gospel of Matthew, traditionally the Apostle Matthew, son of Alphaeus.
* The Gospel of Mark, traditionally Mark, who wrote down the narrative given by the Apostle Simon, called Peter.
* The Gospel of Luke, traditionally Luke, who was a companion of the Apostle Paul, who was formerly called Saul.
* The Gospel of John, traditionally John the Apostle.

## Acts of the Apostles 
* Acts of the Apostles (or Acts), the story of the apostles after the Gospels' story

## Pauline epistles 
Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters believed to be written by Saint Paul the Apostle. They are named for the person or group to which they were sent. 
* Romans
* First Corinthians
* Second Corinthians
* Galatians
* Ephesians
* Philippians
* Colossians
* First Thessalonians
* Second Thessalonians
* First Timothy
* Second Timothy
* Titus
* Philemon
* Hebrews was traditionally attributed to Paul, but nowhere is the author mentioned.

## General epistles 
General epistles are other letters which are named for the person traditionally believed to have written them. 

* James
* First Peter
* Second Peter
* First John
* Second John
* Third John
* Jude

## Book of Revelation 
* Book of Revelation

## References 
## Other websites 
* The New Testament Gateway 
* Full text in original Greek
1527

## Events 
* January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
* May 6 – Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome (the infamous Sacco di Roma), forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V.
* May 16 – Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes a republic.
* Spanish conquest of Guatemala highlands completed; first Guatemala City founded (Ciudad Vieja).
* Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo invades Yucatán.
* Battle of Tokay: Ferdinand of Austria defeats John Zapolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Turks for help.
* Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.
* Ahmed Gragn of Somalia defeats the Ethiopian army with his new firearms.
* People of the University of Wittenberg flee plague to Jena.
* Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK is founded by Bishop John Vesey.

## Births 
* March 21 – Hermann Finck, German composer and music theorist (died 1558)
* April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, cartographer and geographer (died 1598)
* July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (died 1608)
* July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1576)
* Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian artist (died 1593)
* Charles of Guise, French Cardinal and member of the powerful House of Guise (died 1574)
* Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (died 1590)
* Luis Ponce de León, Spanish lyric poet (died 1591)
* Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (died 1581)
* Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (died 1575)
* Philip II of Spain

## Deaths 
* January 21 – Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conquistador (born 1489)
* June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (born 1469)
* July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador and explorer (born 1460)
* Boabdil, last Moorish king of Granada (of the Nasrid dynasty)
* Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (born 1490)
* Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest (born 1433)
* Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (born 1458)
* Felix Manz, co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren Anabaptist congregation in Zürich
* Cristoforo Solari, Italian sculptor and architect
* Jan "Ciezki" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman
Hobart

**Hobart** (Palawa Kani: *Nipaluna*) is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of Tasmania, and it has about 200,000 people. It is on the western shore of the Derwent River, although some of its suburbs are on the eastern shore. In the western suburbs of Hobart is Kunyani/Mount Wellington.

Hobart was founded in 1803 as a penal colony. Today it is a busy seaport, and is the home port of Antarctic expeditions. Tourist attractions include Salamanca Markets, the Cadbury chocolate factory and the Cascade Brewery.

Hobart has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## References
## Other websites
Gospel

**Gospel** originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out.

The word gospel came from the Old English word “gōdspel”, which literally means “good news”, since it narrates Jesus Christ's life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to save the world from sin and make humans truly know God as a Father. It includes the Death and Resurrection of Jesus.

The Gospel was originally spoken, not written. Eventually gospel came to mean an ancient book about Jesus, especially one of the four books collected by the Church in the Bible. 

These books are the first part of the New Testament of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John.

## Authorship 
The gospels are seen by scholars as a type of Roman biography with Jewish influence. The gospels are signed as anonymous, common for that time. However, many early church traditions starting with Papias of Hierapolis(AD 60-130) and the gospels themselves indicate they are written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John respectfully(see John 21 and Luke 1).

## The Essence of the Gospel as the Good News 
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain.

For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, (1 Corinthians 15:1-4)

Passages are from the English Standard Version (ESV) of the Holy Bible.

See also: Isaiah 53, Titus 2-3, Galatians 3

They focus all on the birth, ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Some gospels focus more explicitly on Jesus's divinity than others, but they all say that he is the Jewish Messiah, The Son of Man and The Son of God. 

## Apocryphal Gospels 
There are many apocryphal gospels including the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of 

## In other religions 
"Injil" (Arabic: إنجيل) is the Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (Isa). The Injil is mentioned many times in the Qur'an. In Islam, Jesus is believed to be the second-to-last prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and the Messiah. The word"Injil" comes from the Greek word "Euangelion." Muslims believe that God revealed the Injil to Jesus, while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: the Tawrat (the Torah) and the Zabur (the Psalms), and confirming them. Despite this many Muslims say that the Torah, Psalms and Gospel have been corrupted.

## Related pages
*Gospel music

## References
## Other websites