open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gomillion v. Lightfoot

***Gomillion v. Lightfoot***, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled the redrawing of the city's electoral district boundaries to prevent blacks from voting was unconstitutional. The  Court held that it violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This case was one of several that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an  28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally ed from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.

## Significance 
This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.

## References
United States v. Wong Kim Ark

***United States v. Wong Kim Ark***, , is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a child born in the United States to parents of Chinese descent automatically becomes a U.S. citizen by birth based on the Citizenship Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

## Background 
Wong Kim Ark was born in San Francisco, California in 1873 to parents who were Chinese immigrants and who remained the s of the Emperor of China. He was sent to Peking, China where he waited for a chance to return to the United States where he lived. A District court issued a writ of Habeas corpus on Ark's behalf. Government lawyers challenged the writ. The issue was whether his birth in San Francisco made him a citizen of the United States. The argument against Ark was his parents were subjects of China which made Ark a subject of China as well. Therefore, he was not, in the words of the Fourteenth Amendment, "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States and was therefore not a U.S. citizen. 
* Wong Kim Ark was born in 1873 in San Francisco, California.
* His parents were of Chinese descent and subjects of the Emperor of China.
* At the time of his birth they lived in the United States until 1890 when they departed for China.
* At the time, his parents were engaged in business and were not diplomats of the Emperor of China. 
* Wong Kim Ark has never lost or changed his . 
* At no time has Ark (or his parents for him) renounced his  to the United States.
* At no time has Ark ever committed an act that might exclude him from citizenship.
* That he made two visits to China to see his parents, once in 1890 and again in 1894.
* In 1890 he was allowed to enter the United States as a citizen but was denied entry in 1894 on the grounds he was not a citizen. 
* That if he is a citizen of the United States, the Chinese Exclusion Acts do not apply to him.

The question was whether the government could deny citizenship to persons born in the United States in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court ruled that Ark is an American citizen by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Horace Gray delivered the majority opinion of the Court.

## Significance 
The case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark set a legal precedent for all children born in the United States, regardless of their parents' status or citizenship. During the campaigning for the United States presidential election, 2016, the issue of children born in this country to undocumented aliens has come up again. Because of *Wong Kim Ark*, a child born in the U.S. is a citizen regardless of his or her parents’ citizenship or status.

## References
Bukit Brown MRT station

**Bukit Brown MRT Station** (CC18) is a Circle MRT Line station in Singapore. The station has never been used. It was built for future use. Nearby is Bukit Brown Cemetery, the only remaining cemetery in Singapore. 

## Following Stations
Previous: Caldecott (CC17)Next: Botanic Gardens (CC19/DT9)

## Related pages
*Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
William Franklin

**William Franklin** (1730 &ndash; November 1813) was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763–1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.

## Early life
William Franklin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, a leading figure in the city. His mother's identity is unknown.
In 1750, Ben told his own mother that William was nineteen years old, but this may have been an attempt to make the youth appear legitimate.

William was raised by Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read. 

## Marriage and family
As a young man, William became engaged to Elizabeth Graeme, daughter of prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. Thomas Graeme and granddaughter of Pennsylvania's 14th Governor, Sir William Keith.

While in London, Franklin sired an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was born 22 February 1762.  His mother has never been identified, and he was placed in foster care.

Later that year, Franklin married Elizabeth Downes on September 4, 1762 at St George's, Hanover Square in London.

## Career
William Franklin completed his law education in England.

### Governor of New Jersey
In 1763, William Franklin was appointed as the Royal Governor of New Jersey, due to his father's influence with the British Prime Minister. He replaced Josiah Hardy, a merchant and colonial administrator.  As governor, Franklin signed the charter for Queen's College, which would develop as Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

## References
Middlesex County College

**Middlesex County College** is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.
## Description
The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.

## Sports
Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.

## Related pages 
*List of New Jersey County Colleges

## Other websites 
* Middlesex County College webpage 
* http://www.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html
* http://stats.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html
King cobra

King cobra]]
The **king cobra** (***Ophiophagus hannah***) is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult king cobra can grow up to , though most are less than . It is endemic to Asia. 

King cobras are the longest of all venomous snakes. As they face a variety of threats stemming from human activities, these snakes are vulnerable to extinction. 

The king cobra lives throughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

The king cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

It eats mostly other snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again.

## Venom 
The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite.  The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.

**There** are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten. The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby **king cobras** are  and have venom as strong as adults.

## Growling hiss 
The hiss of the ***king cobra*** is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.

## References
## Other websites
*Real Audio format of a king cobra hissing
Wikimedia Incubator

**Wikimedia Incubator** is where potential Wikimedia plan wikis in new language versions of Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikinews, Wikiquote and Wiktionary can be set, written, tested and wiki project hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. Even though these trial wikis do not yet have their own wiki, they can be used for actual like any additional Wikimedia project wiki. Fresh language versions of Wikiversity are supposed to go to Beta Wikiversity, and those of Wikisource to aged Wikisource. You can not create a full new project, you could only start a new language edition of an obtainable project.

## References
Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT station

**Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station (NS4/JS1/BP1)** is an MRT station in Singapore. It is the interchange station between the North South MRT Line and Bukit Panjang LRT Line. It is located in Choa Chu Kang.

The station is the first interchange between the MRT and the LRT.

## History
The MRT station opened on 10 March 1990 and was the terminus of the Branch Line. Construction began on 15 February 1986. With the opening of the North South Line Woodlands Extension on 10 February 1996, the branch line became part of the North South Line. It was recoded from B3 to N21 in 1996. The LRT station opened on 6 November 1999, on the opening day of the Bukit Panjang LRT line. It was again, recoded from N21 and A1 to the present BP1 and NS4 in 2001.

After a 2008 accident, automatic platform gates were installed for safety on 26 August 2011 on the North South Line platforms and started operating on 21 October 2011. HVLS fans in the MRT platform started operating on 10 October 2012. The LRT platform also features fans as of 27 September 2015.

On 31 October 2012, LTA announced that Choa Chu Kang LRT Station will have two more platforms, specifically for commuters to exit the trains to allow the existing platform in the centre to have more space for passengers getting on. There will also be additional fare gates and a new covered linkway from the LRT station to Lot One. These new additions which also include widening the staircase between the MRT and the LRT stations will be completed by 2016. New Exit E was opened at the same time, to Lot One Shoppers Mall but despite that, there is no lift access, only stairs. The two newly constructed platforms at the LRT station began operations on 27 December 2016. The two new side platforms, Platforms 3 and 4, lack lift access so passengers who need to take the lift when exiting at Choa Chu Kang LRT Station have to wait for the doors to open to the island platform (Platforms 1 and 2), where lift access is available. Stickers to remind passengers to exit at Platforms 1 or 2 if they need a lift to exit are placed on all the LRT doors.

In 2016, Platforms 1 and 2 of the LRT had Half-Height Platform Barriers installed. Choa Chu Kang (and Bukit Panjang) was the first to install platform gates due to the high commuter traffic at this station. Automatic platform gates were installed at Platforms 3 and 4 during construction.

## References
HarbourFront MRT station

**HarbourFront Station** (NE1/CC29) is an MRT Station in Singapore. 

It is an interchange station along the North East MRT Line and Circle MRT Line. It is currently the only double terminus in Singapore's MRT line. The station is located next to VivoCity and HarbourFront Centre.

The station was originally called World Trade Center, but changed to its current name after the 9/11 attacks

## Following Stations 
NEL:

-previous: Terminus  -next: Outram Park

CCL:

-previous: Telok Blangah  -next: Terminus

## Timeline
*20 June 2003: Station opened
*8 October 2011: Circle MRT Line opened

## Former Codes
*North East MRT Line: H1 (before opening)
*Circle MRT Line: N/A
Dhoby Ghaut MRT station

**Dhoby Ghaut Station (NS24/NE6/CC1)** is a Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South Line, North East Line and Circle Line.

Dhoby Ghaut is the first triple-line interchange station in Singapore. It is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore. The deepest point is at 28 metres below ground level.

The station was named after the Indian laundrymen that worked around the area in the early 20th century. The section of track between this station and Somerset is the shortest between any two stations on the North South Line; it takes 1 minute for a train to travel between these two stations. It is one of the station that receives heavy passenger numbers during peak hours.

## History
The North South Line section of Dhoby Ghaut (Code: N1) was the first to open, doing so on 12 December 1987. It was formerly named The Istana, where the president's palace is located. The platforms were built under the former Stamford canal. It became an interchange station with the opening of the North East Line on 20 June 2003 (Code: H5), while the North South Line part of the station underwent upgrading which was completed in 2006. It to date remains the only interchange station serving the North South and North East Lines.

The Circle Line station opened on 17 April 2010, at which point Dhoby Ghaut became the first station in Singapore to be an interchange between three MRT lines. It is currently the only triple-line interchange station on the MRT network; however, with the opening of Stage 3 of the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line in 2021, two other stations, Outram Park and Marina Bay, will also become triple-line interchanges.

Dhoby Ghaut is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore, with the deepest point at 28 metres below ground level. It is one of only four stations on the MRT network to have travelators with the other three being Bugis, Serangoon and Botanic Gardens stations.

## References
Rameswaram

**Rameshwaram** is a coastal town in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is located in a island named Pamban island, which is separated from Indian mainland by Pamban Channel.

Rameshwaram is one of the holiest shrines for Hindus. The populous Ramanathaswamy Temple is located here.The town has the 64 Holy Tirthas,  of which 24 are important accoring to Skanda Purana.

The town covers an area of 53&nbsp;km2. The population of the town is 44,851 according to 2011 census. This town is the birth place of the 11th president of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam.

The island in which Rameshwaram located was hit by a cyclone in 1964, that washed away Dhanushkodi, a nearby town and made severe damage in Rameshwaram too.

## References
Vaigai River

The **Vaigai River** is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

## Length
The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.

## Tributaries
The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.

## Reference
Prince Charles, Count of Carladès

**Prince Charles of Monaco, Count of Carladés** (Charles Marie Auguste; 1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), was a Monégasque prince. He was known as the **Count of Carladés**. He was also the Count of Matignon.

## Family
Charles was born in Paris. He was the fourth child and third son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Jacques I of Monaco. As the son of the then-reigning monarch of Monaco, he was a member of the House of Grimaldi. He was given the title of "Count of Carladés". He was also given the title of Count of Matignon in June 1744. aged 12.

Charles never married and never had children. He died of smallpox in the town of *Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste* in the Pyrenees.

## References
Paulo Dybala

**Paulo Dybala** (born 15 November 1993) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Roma and the Argentina national team.

He began his career as a professional footballer in 2011 in the Argentine Second division. In 2012, he moved to Europe and signed for Palermo. His great performances in Serie A got him a transfer to Juventus in 2015.

Due to his creative style of play, pace, technique, talent, and eye for goal, he has been nicknamed *La Joya* ("The Jewel" in Spanish*.*)

## Early life
Dybala was born in Córdoba, Argentina. His grandfather, Bolesław Dybała, was from the village of Kraśniów in Poland. His family also had Italian origins through his maternal grandmother named Da Messa from the Province of Naples.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
**Juventus**

**Argentina**
* FIFA World Cup: 2022
* CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022

**Individual**
* Serie A Team of the Year: 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20
* Serie A Player of the Month: July 2020
* Serie A Most Valuable Player: 2019–20
* ESM Team of the Year: 2016–17
* UEFA Europa League Team of the Season: 2022–23
* Coppa Italia top goalscorer: 2016–17
* Serie A top assist provider: 2014–15

**Records**
* Supercoppa Italiana all-time top scorer: 4 goals

## References
Cecelia Holland

**Cecelia Holland** is an American historical fiction novelist.

## Early life and education
Holland was born on December 31, 1943, in Henderson, Nevada. She grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she started writing at age 12.
Prince François, Count of Thorigny

**Prince François of Monaco, Count of Thorigny** (François Charles; 4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title **Count of Thorigny**. 

## Life
Born in Paris. 

Born at the "*Hôtel Matignon*" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Count of Thorigny but the title was given to François. His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751. 

He died unmarried and childless. 

## References
Joel Weisman

**Joel D. Weisman** (February 20, 1943 &ndash; July 18, 2009) was an American doctor who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

## Early life and education 
Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.

## Discovery and treatment of AIDS 
He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood. There, he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma.

Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. A report they jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its *Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report*, describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".

In Weisman's obituary in the *Los Angeles Times*, Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

## Personal 
Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.

## References
Game & Watch Gallery 4

Game & Watch Gallery 4, known in Europe and Australia as *Game & Watch Gallery Advance*, is the fifth game in the series in Europe and Australia and the fourth in North America. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in Europe on October 25, 2002, in the United States on October 28, 2002, and in Australia in 2002. It is the second Game & Watch Gallery game not to receive a Japanese release until 2016 via the Wii U's Virtual Console. It is also the first title in the Game & Watch Gallery series to credit TOSE as a co-developer, after the company had gone uncredited in the previous installments.
This game features Game & Watch games in two styles: Classic, which features faithful reproductions of the original games, and Modern, which gives the games a different visual style using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series. It features 11 games with both Modern and Classic modes, and nine games with only Classic mode. This game facilitates multiplayer for Boxing and Donkey Kong 3.

## List of games
* Fire
* Boxing
* Rain Shower
* Mario's Cement Factory
* Donkey Kong Jr.
* Donkey Kong 3
* Chef
* Mario Bros.
* Donkey Kong
* Octopus
* Fire Attack

Also included are several unlockable games that can only be played in Classic mode:

* Manhole
* Tropical Fish
* Mario's Bombs Away
* Parachute
* Bomb Sweeper
* Climber
* Safebuster
* Life Boat
* Zelda
Metuchen, New Jersey

**Metuchen** ( ) is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

## History
Metuchen was created by the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1900. The land was part of Raritan Township (now known as Edison).

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.766 square miles (7.166&nbsp;km2). That included 2.764 square miles (7.160&nbsp;km2) of land and 0.002 square miles (0.006&nbsp;km2) of water (0.09%).

## References
Carteret, New Jersey

**Carteret** is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 25,326,

According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had a total area of , including  of land and  of water (11.0%).

## Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Carteret include:
* Jim Babjak (born 1957), Dennis Diken (born 1957) and Mike Mesaros of the pop/rock group The Smithereens are former Carteret residents who met in school there.
* Lori Baratta, artist; her portraits of past and present mayors and other famous people from Carteret hang on the walls in City Hall.
* Joseph A. Cafasso (born 1956), former Fox News consultant on military and counterterrorism issues who left the network after allegations surfaced that he misrepresented his military record.
* Jim Conti of the ska band Streetlight Manifesto.
* Thomas Deverin (1921–2010), former mayor of Carteret who served 22 years in the New Jersey General Assembly.
* Keith Hughes (1968-2014), basketball player at Syracuse University and Rutgers who was selected by the Houston Rockets in the 1991 NBA Draft, but never played in the NBA.
* Chad Kinch (1958–1994), shooting guard who played in the NBA for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Dallas Mavericks.
* Jim McGreevey (born 1957), former Governor of New Jersey, grew up in Carteret.
* Art McMahon, defensive back for the New England Patriots football team from 1968-1972.
* Joe "Ducky" Medwick (1911–1975), left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s, elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968, by the Veterans Committee. Ranked #7 on the *Sports Illustrated* list of *The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures*.
* Nicholas Minue (d. 1943) United States Army Private who received the Medal of Honor for military service in World War II. An elementary school on Post Boulevard in Carteret is named in his honor.
* Paul J. Pluta, Rear Admiral, United States Coast Guard (Ret.)
* Joel Weisman (1943-2009), physician who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS.
* Laurence S. Weiss (c. 1919 - 2003), business executive and politician wh served in the New Jersey Senate from 1978 to 1992.
* Jason Worilds (born 1988), football player selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2010 NFL Draft.

## References
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes

The **2016 Kumamoto earthquakes** happened on April 14−16, 2016 near Kumamoto Prefecture in southern Japan. A foreshock of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale happened on the evening of April 14 at 21:26 Japan Standard Time. The main earthquake happened at 1:25 am JST with a magnitude of 7.0 on April 16.

A total of 48 people died in the two earthquakes. About 3,000 more were injured. There was severe damage in and around Kumamoto. Many structures including Kumamoto-Castle fell and some of them caught fire and infrastructures, especially water, electricity and gas supply are destructed. More than 44,000 people had to leave the area because of the disaster and most of them suffer hard living in shelters.

## References
Bukit Panjang LRT line

The **Bukit Panjang LRT Line** is a LRT  Line in Singapore.

The line takes about 28 minutes for the full loop. This route starts at the Choa Chu Kang and travels around the Bukit Panjang area.

This line uses C801 and C801A trains.

## History
The Bukit Panjang LRT was first opened on 6 November 1999. Ten Mile Junction Station was closed from 10 December 2010 to 30 December 2011.

## Services
There are three services on the line: A and B terminate at Choa Chu Kang, and C ends at Ten Mile Junction.

## Stations
All stations, except Choa Chu Kang and Ten Mile Junction, have two facing side platforms. Choa Chu Kang has an island platform, similar to most Singapore MRT stations, while Ten Mile Junction has only a single platform and is the only station with platform screen doors (supplied by Horton Automatics). Bukit Panjang and Choa Chu Kang have half-height platform barriers. Choa Chu Kang station will have two additional platforms and a new set of fare gates to ease crowding during peak hours. Between 2016 and 2017, Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at the remaining 11 LRT stations.

As of January 2019, the Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at all stations except for Ten Mile Junction.

## References
Ten Mile Junction LRT Station

**Ten Mile Junction LRT Station (BP14)** is an LRT station in Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line.

Services are provided at a lower frequency than other LRT stations. Trains only arrive every 20 minutes. 

## Timeline
*6 November 1999: Station opened
*10 December 2010: Station closed
*30 December 2011: Station reopened

## Former Codes
Formerly the code was: A14 (1999 - 2001)

## Following Stations
Previous: Bukit Panjang (BP6/DT1)Next: N/A
Paya Lebar MRT station

**Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9)** is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.

It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.

## History
This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.

A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8&nbsp;am.
## Station Information
There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.

For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.

## Related pages
*Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

## References
## Other websites
*
Dunellen, New Jersey

**Dunellen** is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

## Population
## History
Dunellen started in 1867. It grew around a railroad station. The station was originally called New Market station. It served the nearby community of that name in Piscataway.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.048 square miles (2.715&nbsp;km2). All of it is land. Dunellen is in the Raritan Valley, a line of communities in central New Jersey.

## References
## Other websites
Petitioner

A **petitioner** is a very specific legal term. It is the person who presents a formal legal petition to a court or a legislature that requests a certain action be taken. A petitioner is also the person who files a motion or an appeal to a higher court. A party who petitions the Supreme Court to review a case is known as either the petitioner or the appellant. The person or  (such as a corporation or government) who opposes the petition is called a respondent. If the petition is granted, the petitioner files an appellate brief giving the legal arguments for filing the appeal. The respondent is given a short period of time to respond to the brief with arguments for their side of the case and to  any arguments made by the petitioner. In a divorce this is the party who files or starts the action to legally end the marriage. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Legal Language 
* Is it better to be the petitioner or the respondent?
Princess Charlotte of Monaco (1719 – 1790)

**Princess Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi of Monaco**  (19 May 1719 – circa 1790), was a Monégasque princess.  Charlotte never married and as a result became a nun at a convent in Paris.
## Life
Born in Paris, she was the eldest daughter of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques  I. Styled as "*Mademoiselle de Monaco*", she was known as *either* Charlotte or Thérèse Nathalie. Never marrying, she eventually took religious vows and became a nun at the Convent of Visitation in Paris on 21 January 1738.

She remained unmarried, and died childless. She was once engaged to Frédéric Jules de La Tour d'Auvergne, "Prince of Auvergne". Yet, this proposed marriage did not come to be and before she was much older the engagement was broken off and Charlotte went to a convent to begin her education. She considered becoming a nun while there, wrestled with the decision but did finally take her vows as a sister of the Order of the Visitation. She did leave the convent a number of times to visit her family

## Other websites
## References
2016 Ecuador earthquake

On April 16, 2016, a 7.8 magnitude struck Ecuador at 18:58 local time. It was centered about 17 miles from the town of Muisne and about 110 miles from the capital Quito. There was widespread damage, so that most infrastructures are destroyed. Structures hundreds of miles from the epicenter collapsed.

Over 272 people died. Over 2,500 people were injured.

President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency after the earthquake.

## References
Subhas Chandra Bose

**Subash Chandra Bose** was an Indian nationalist, who worked with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II, backing the Nazi policy towards Jews, which he considered justified in the fight against British colonialism. This put him at odds with other Indian nationalists, making him controversial among mainstream historians due to his Nazi support. He was born in a large Bengali family on January 23, 1897 in Cuttack. 

## Career
He was the President of Indian National Congress from 1938 to 1939. He took over the INA from Rash Behari Bose in July 1943 who co-founded the Azad Hind Army or Indian National Army (now Bharat National Army) with the help of Japan in 1942.

 on 27 May 1942 at his headquarters, The Wolf's Lair in Rastenburng, Prussia]]

## Death
He attempted to get rid of British rule in Bharat, but died in a plane crash in August 18, 1945 in Japanese-occupied Taiwan.

## Foototes
## References
Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland

**Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland** (born **Sofia Kristina Hellqvist** on 6 December 1984) is the wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland. She began dating Prince Carl Philip in 2010. She has also been a glamour model and reality television contestant. Hellqvist has ed on the reality show *Paradise Hotel*.

## Early Life 
Princess Sofia was born as Sofia Kirstina Hellqvist at Danderyd Hospital in Danderyd Municipality, She is daughter of Erik Hellqvist and Marie Rotman.

## Marriage and motherhood 
She married Prince Carl Philip at Slottskyrkan in Stockholm on 13 June 2015. After the marriage, she got the title Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland. Their first child Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, was born on 19 April 2016. Their second son Prince Gabriel Carl Walther was born on 31 August 2017. Their third child, Prince Julian Herbert Folke was born on 26 March 2021. Their fourth child, a daughter, Princess Ines Marie Lilian Silvia was born on 7 February 2025.

## Titles, styles and honours 
* **6 December 1984 – 13 June 2015**: *Miss* Sofia Kristina Hellqvist 
* **13 June 2015 – present**: Her Royal Highness  Princess Sofia of Sweden, The Duchess of Värmland
### National Honours 
* Sweden: Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim 
* Sweden: Member of the Royal Family Decoration of King Carl XVI Gustaf 
* Sweden: Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf 
* Sweden: Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf 
* Foreign 
* Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland  (17 May 2022)
* France: Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honor (30 January 2024)
* Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (17 January 2018) 
* Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2 November 2018) 
* Netherlands: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (11 October 2022) 
* Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (16 November 2021)

## References
Karaikal

**Karaikal** is a port city in the south-eastern coast of India. It is also a municipality and headquarters of the Karaikal district. France got control over Karaikal in 1674 and ruled it for over 280 years until Pondicherry became independent in 1954.

After the independence, Karaikal was also joined with Yanam, Mahe, and Pondicherry forming the Puducherry Union territory. Karaikal and other surrounding parts like Tirumalairayanpattinam, Thirunallar, Nedungadu, Kottucherry, Neravy, Varichikudy etc. form the Karaikal district. This district divides the Nagapattinam district into two. This makes Nagapattinam district as the only district to be divided into two in India.

The rivers of Arasalar River, Virasolanar River, Tirumalairajanar River, Vikramanar River and tributary rivers of Arasalar River flow into the sea through Karaikal.

Karaikal is in the Kaveri river delta region. The land around Karaikal is rich in alluvium, which makes it fertile land.

Karaikal is where Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars, was born and lived. She is one of the renowned saints, who showed her devotion to Lord Shiva. She was also known as the mother of southern music.

Karaikal has many temples like the Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple. The grand and famous festival of Mangani festival is celebrated in Karaikal. The other temples are Kailasanathar Kovil, Sri Nithyakalyana Perumal temple etc.

## References
Seymouria

***Seymouria*** was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2&nbsp;ft (60&nbsp;cm) long. 

As an adult animal, *Seymouria* was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. It is now known that its early life stages were in water. Apparently, it is an *amphibian* whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.

The discovery of its amphibian nature was a considerable surprise.
:"... the discovery of larval stages... demonstrated conclusively that the seymouriamorphs were not biologically amniotes". Fossil larvae have been found of three related genera, from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of five European countries. This means they were *not* reptiles.

The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, *Seymouria sanjuanensis*, had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrestrial locomotion".

A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.

## References
Jurong East MRT station

**Jurong East Station (NS1/EW24)** is an MRT station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line. The station is a terminus for the North South MRT Line, and is currently the only elevated station to have triple island platforms.

## History
This station was opened on 5 November 1988. The Branch MRT Line was opened on 10 March 1990, and it merged with North South MRT Line on 10 February 1996. The station code was originally W9. Two additional platforms were opened on 27 May 2011.

## Following stations
;East West Line
Previous: Clementi (EW23)Next: Chinese Garden (EW25)

;North South Line
Previous: N/ANext: Bukit Batok (NS2)

## Platforms
Maurya Empire

**The Maurya Empire** is the first large empire of India. The empire was founded in 322 BC by Chandragupta Maurya.

## Chandragupta Maurya's rule
Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya empire by overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and expanded the empire with the help of Chanakya. By 316 BC , the Maurya empire fully occupied North-Western parts of India, defeating and conquering the governors left by Alexander the Great. Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus I Nicator and gained the territories beyond Indus River.

After Chandragupta Maurya, his son Bindusara started to rule from 298 BC. He was called as "Amitraghata", the sanskrit word telling that Bindusara is the "slayer of enemies". He conquered the southern parts of India. After his death, only Kalinga (modern Orissa) and parts of Tamil Nadu were left unconquered.

## Golden age of the empire
King Ashoka, son of Bindusara, became the emperor of Mauryan Empire in 268 BC. He is one of the greatest emperor of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka conquered Kalinga in the violent and bloody war, which is known as the Kalinga War. This is the only war fought by King Ashoka. The casualities are more than 200,000. The region of Kalinga was destroyed and looked bloodshed. This changed the mind of Ashoka. He devoted the rest of his life to 'ahinsa' and 'dharma-vijaya'. He became a Buddhist after this war. King Ashoka made many Rock edicts and Stupas in his empire. The present emblem of India was taken from one of his rock pillars. He was commonly called as Ashoka the Great.

## Decline
After his death in 232 BC, the empire started to decline. The empire lasted just fifty years after his death. Brihadratha Maurya, the last Mauryan emperor was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga, who founded the Sunga Empire in 185 BC.

## References
South River, New Jersey

**South River** is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

## Demographics
At the 2020 United States Census, there were 16,118 people, 5,694 households, and 4,220 families residing in the borough.

South River's largest incoming immigrant population are Asians, Mexicans and Brazilian populations.

### Belarusians in South River
South River has become a center for Belarusian Americans in the postwar-period. The immigrants reestablished the Belarusian Orthodox parish of St. Eufrasinnia, that previously existed in Germany. In 1953 a Belarusian cemetery was opened, that houses also Radasłaŭ Astroŭski.

## Government
### Local government
The town government council has a Mayor and a Borough Council. It has 6 members that serve three-year terms. Two members are up for election each year.  

### Federal Representation
South River is located in the 12th Congressional District

## Education
The South River Public Schools serve students in Kindergarten through Twelfth grade.

As of the 2022-23 school year, the district's four schools had a total enrollment of 2,462 students and 209 classroom teachers.

## Transportation
### Roads and highways
The borough had a total of  of roads    were maintained by the municipality.  are maintained by Middlesex County.

The mains roads that travel through are CR 535 and CR 527. Route 18 passes just west of the borough, which provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95).

### Public transportation
New Jersey Transit bus service is provided on the 811 and 815 routes.

## References
Melksham

**Melksham** () is a small-sized English town, on the River Avon in the county of Wiltshire. It is  east of the city of Bath and  south of Chippenham. Melksham is  west of Devizes and  north of Warminster on the A350 national route.

The name is thought to come from "meolc", the Old English word for milk, and "sham", meaning fake. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melksham (for the hundred) and Melksham (for the town itself). There are nine schools in Melksham. Melksham also has an unpopular football and rugby team that play competitive matches in a small league. The population of Melksham in 2019 is 19,357. In Melksham there is a park called King George, it has a tennis court and a football court all together in one. It has a massive field with lots of apertures and swings.

Melksham has very very poor transport infrastructure, with less than one train every 2 hours to nearby towns. The bus services are also as infrequent.

The main attraction in Melksham is its array of supermarkets, including Asda, Aldi, Lidl, Waitrose, Sainsburys and Iceland. It has the highest supermarket density in mainland Britain. There isn’t, however, a Tesco (except a small Tesco Metro) or Morrisons.

Cooper Tyres was a main employer but has recently let a lot of staff go.

## Preschools 
* ABC Day Pre-School
* Bowerhill Pre-school
* King Fishers Pre-School
* Little Joeys
* Little Robins
* Queensway Chapel
* Sunflowers Pre-School

## Shops 
* Aldi
* Boots
* Co-op
* Factory Shop
* Garden Centre
* Greggs
* Iceland
* Leeks
* Lidl
* Mc Donalds
* Melksham Flower Shop
* Peacocks
* Sainsburys
* Savers
* Specsavers
* Sports Bug
* Starbucks
* Toy master
* Waitrose
* Whitehall

## Restaurants 
* Bear
* Kings Arms
* Mc Donalds
* Milk Churn
* Reffa Tandori
* Water Meadow
* Weather Spoons

## Walks in Melksham 
* Conigre Mead
* Melksham Forest
* River Avon

## References
Doug Harvey

**Douglas Norman Harvey** (December 19, 1924 – December 26, 1989) was a Canadian professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1947 until 1964, and from 1966 until 1969 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest defencemen ever to play the game.  He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the league's top defenceman on seven occasions.

## Career statistics
## NHL coaching record
## Awards
;NHL

## Related pages
*List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame
*List of NHL players with 1000 games played

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* *Stole This from a Hockey Card: A Philosophy of Hockey, Doug Harvey, Identity and Booze*
Alissa Rubin

**Alissa Johannsen Rubin** is an American journalist who writes about war. She is of Jewish descent. She is the bureau chief for *The New York Times* in Paris. In 2016, she received a Pulitzer Prize for her stories about women in Afghanistan. 

## Work 
Rubin worked for *The Congressional Quarterly*, *The Wichita Eagle*, and *The American Lawyer* magazine. 
* 2016 Michael Kelly Award for reports on the treatment of women in Afghanistan 
* 2015 John Chancellor Award 

## References 
## Other websites 
*"Flawed Justice after a mob killed an Afghan woman", by Alissa J. Rubin.  This story about the death of Farkhunda Malikzada won her the Pulitzer Prize.
*Alissa J. Rubin on Twitter