open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
My Lai Massacre

During the **My Lai Massacre** (pronounced IPA: [mi.˧˩˥'lɐːj˧˧], Thảm sát Mỹ Lai, Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ), United States soldiers killed hundreds of  at the village of My Lai, South Vietnam. This war crime took place on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. 

Eventually, the crew of a U.S. Army helicopter saw the massacre happening and intervened to stop it. The crew saved the lives of 11 Vietnamese civilians.

A memorial in My Lai lists the names of 504 victims.

## Events 
Before the massacre, U.S. soldiers were told that all "true" civilians would be at the market on the day of the murders and rapes. They were told that anyone left in the village would be members of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam.  

When the soldiers got to the village, they did not find any NLF troops. Despite this, many soldiers began to kill the villagers, mainly elderly people, women, and children.

## Rescue 
 helicopter'', OH-23. The crew of an OH-23 tried to stop the killing, and came in the way of soldiers that were hunting for civilians to be killed).]]
While flying a U.S. Army helicopter over the village of Sơn Mỹ, Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson Jr. saw dead and wounded civilians. The helicopter was providing close-air support for U.S. soldiers on the ground. 

The crew used two-way radio to call for help for the wounded civilians. Next they landed their helicopter next to a ditch, which they saw was full of bodies. They could see movement by survivors in the ditch. 

Thompson spoke with two American soldiers next to the ditch. When Thompson was lifting off with the helicopter, he saw that a sergeant named Mitchell was shooting into the ditch. 

Thompson and his crew also saw an unarmed woman being kicked and shot at point-blank range by an officer named Medina. Medina later claimed that he thought the woman had a hand grenade. 

Thompson then saw a group of civilians at a bunker. Soldiers were moving towards the civilians. Thompson landed, and told his crew that if the soldiers shot at the villagers while he was trying to get them out of the bunker, then his crew was to open fire on the soldiers. He and his crew were able to stop the massacre.

## After the massacre 
The killings were covered up by the United States Army, but eventually 26 soldiers were charged with being involved in the killings. However, only one, Lieutenant William Calley, was found guilty.

The massacre caused public opinion in the United States to shift further towards wanting peace and wanting to get American soldiers out of Vietnam.

Years after the event, the crew of the U.S. Army helicopter were awarded the Soldier's medal for bravery. This is the highest award for a soldier who doesn't have contact with the enemy. The crew members were Hugh Thompson Jr., Glenn Andreotta, and Lawrence Colburn. Andreotta received the award posthumously: he died in the Vietnam War.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Vietnam War
* War crimes
* War crimes during the Vietnam War
1213

## Events 
* May 30 – Battle of Damme; English fleet under William Longsword destroyes a French fleet off the Belgian port in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.
* September 12 – Battle of Muret; The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon defeated by the Albigensian Crusade under Simon de Montfort
* Jin China is overrun by Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remained free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.
* Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.

## Births 
* March 9 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (died 1271)
* June 10 – Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, Persian philosopher and Sufi mystic

## Deaths 
* September 12 – King Peter II of Aragon (killed in battle) (born 1174)
* September 24 – Gertrude of Merania, wife of Andrew II of Hungary (murdered) (born 1185)
* October 10 – Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine
* Dowsprunk, Grand Prince of Lithuania
* Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex
* Sharafeddin Tusi, Persian mathematician (born 1135)
Kitchen sink

The **kitchen sink** is part of the phrase "everything but the kitchen sink", implying too much. 

It may also refer to:
* A sink (or basin) in the kitchen, which may be used for washing
*Kitchen Sink (publisher), an independent comic book publisher
**Kitchen Sink* (album), a 2002 album by singer Reina Collins
**Kitchen Sink* (magazine), an independent quarterly arts and culture magazine
16

**16** is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Taurus and Libo**

## Events 
*A Roman army of 90,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a victory at Idistaviso.  They defeat the German war chief Arminius and capturing his wife Thusnelda.
*Noricans are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum.
*Ovid's "Epistulae ex Ponto" appears.

## Births 
*September 16 – Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. 38)
*September 16 – Samual Yare, druid of Brittany, assistant to the Roman Emperor 100-126
*Agrippina the Younger, Roman Empress

## Deaths 
*Possibly Scribonia, Second wife of Caesar Augustus and mother of Julia the Elder
Gestapo

The **Gestapo** was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. It was formed in 1933. It was led by Hermann Göring, Reinhard Heydrich,Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Heinrich Himmler. It became part of the Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1939.

Hermann Göring, the Minister-President of Prussia, formed the unit in 1933. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leader Heinrich Himmler. In 1936, Himmler was appointed Chief of German Police (*Chef der Deutschen Polizei*) by Hitler.

The name stands for *Geheime Staatspolizei*. This means "secret state police". It was under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel.

The Gestapo were allowed to arrest people that offended the government. The government could use the secret police to accuse and arrest anyone they wanted without being questioned. They were important to the SS in enforcing The Holocaust.

## References
17

**17** is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Rufus**

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Germanicus leads military campaigns in the East. 
* Cappadocia (in Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province. 
* Sejanus becomes Praetorian prefect.
* The book Ab Urbe condita ("History of Rome Since its Foundation") is published in 142 volumes.  Livy was the author.

### Europe 
* Beginning of a civil war in Germania.

### Asia Minor 
* An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis.

## Deaths 
* Ovid, Roman poet (or 18)
* Livy, Roman historian
* Gaius Julius Hyginus, Roman writer
18

## Events 
* Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.
* A *vexillatio* (sub-unit) of Legio III *Augusta* is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.
* The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.
* In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.
* Caiaphas becomes the high priest of Jerusalem.

## Deaths
* Ovid, Roman poet (or 17)
15

**15** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Flaccus**.

## Events 
*Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.
*The town of Emona is founded. It is now called Ljubljana.
*Legio XXI *Rapax* is stationed in Regensburg.
*Germanicus fought a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest
*In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.
*Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus published.

## Births 
* September 24 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor.
* November 6 – Agrippina the younger, Roman empress (or possibly 16) (+ 59)

## Deaths 
*Sejus Strabo, Praetorian prefect. His son, Sejanus, succeeds him. > 31
Kinahmi

In Finnish mythology, **Kinahmi** is a great whirl in sea. Kinahmi is a way to Tuonela, the land of dead people. Souls of evil people must swim through Kinahmi to enter Tuonela. Swords, axes and needles moves with water and hurts souls of evil people.

There is also a different story about water between land of dead and land of living. In that story the water is calm, black river.

The whirl is a made by great powers of cosmos. In the middle of disc of earth stands pillar of sky. It holds dome of sky so that dome of sky does not drop on Earth. Dome of sky goes around itself; it rotates. Stars are a part of dome of sky, and while sky rotates, we see stars moving. One star does not move, it is North Star. North star is a nail that connects dome of sky to the pillar of world. The pillar of world rotates with the dome of sky. Its bottom side is standing in Arctic sea, in the middle of the Earth. The rotation of pillar causes water to form a great whirl. Tuonela is under the flat earth, but the whirl is so deep that you can go to Tuonela through it.

At a more new story the whirl goes through globe. It sucks ships from one side of earth, and spits them out from the other side. It takes many years for ship to go through Earth, so seafarers could survive this only if they had enough food. When this story was made people already knew that Earth is round.

## Sources
*Martti Haavio: Väinämöinen (1950)
*E.N Setälä: Sammon arvoitus (1932)
20

**20** is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta.

## Events 
* Tiberias is built on the Sea of Galilee by Herod Antipas.
* Galba is a Roman praetor.
* Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus becomes a consul.
* First year of *Dihuang* era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
* Philo defines philosophy as the maidservant of theology.

## Deaths 
* Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Roman statesman and governor of Syria (b. 44 BC) 
* Vipsania Agrippina, wife of Gaius Asinius Gallus and former wife of Tiberius (b. 36 BC)
22

## Events 
* Gaius Sulpicius Galba becomes consul.
* Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul.
* Beginning of Later Han Dynasty in China.

## Births 
* Valeria Messalina, third wife of Roman Emperor Claudius

## Deaths 
* Junia Tertia
21

**21** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar**.

## Events 
* Revolt of the Aedui under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by Gaius Silius.
* Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time.
* Beginning of the revolt in Africa led by Tacfarinas.
* The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi in southern Slovakia.
* Construction of a barracks for the Praetorian Guard on the Quirinal. 
* Pens and metal writing tools are made in Rome.

## Deaths 
* Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria
* Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus, Roman Consul (or 20)
* Arminius, Germanic leader who slaughtered three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
* Empress Wang
* King Daeso of Dongbuyeo
23

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Strabo publishes *Geography*.  It covers the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus. 
* Aelius Sejanus gains power in the Roman Senate and Tiberius.
* Gaius Asinius Pollio, Gaius Antistius Vetus become consuls

### Asia 
* Liu Xuan proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.
* Battle of Kunyang - troops under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops

## Births 
* Pliny the Elder, Roman scientist and writer

## Deaths 
* September 14 – Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius, poisoned
* October 6 – Wang Mang, Emperor of the Xin Dynasty
26

**26** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Sabinus**.

## Events 
* Pontius Pilate is appointed as Prefect of Judaea.
* The Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri.  He leaves the praetorian prefect Sejanus in charge of both Rome and the Empire.
* Romans stop an uprising of Thracian tribesmen.

## Deaths 
* Claudia Pulchra, second cousin and close friend to Agrippina the elder.
* Possible crucifixion of Jesus
28

**28** is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Nerva**.

## Events 
* King Daru of Baekje succeeded the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.
* The Frisians make a treaty with the Romans to avoid conquest.
* The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 was amended by the British Raj within British India in January, 1897.

## Births 
* Emperor Ming of Han (d. 75)

## Deaths 
*King Onjo of Baekje
27

**27** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Piso and Frugi**.

## Events 
*A fire in Rome. 
*A poorly-built stadium in Fidenae collapses, as 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators died.
*Apricots are brought to Rome from Asia.
*An Arc of triumph is built in Rimini, in honor of Augustus.
*Baptism of Jesus, according to one dating scheme.

## Births 
*Agrippa II of Judea
*Petronius, Roman writer
*Wang Chong (Wang-Tch'oung), Chinese philosopher

## Deaths 
*
Jesus of Nazareth
29

**29** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Geminus**.

## Events 
*Romans capture Sofia.
*Agrippina the Elder is exiled to the island of Pandataria. Her sons (except Caligula) are imprisoned by Sejanus.
* Possible date - Jesus baptized by John the Baptist. 
* Possible date - John the Baptist was beheaded by King Herod Antipas.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
*Livia, wife of Caesar Augustus
32

## Events 
* Saint Peter traditionally becomes first pope
* Symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament by Philo

## Births 
* Ban Chao, Chinese general and cavalry commander (d. 102)
*Otho, Roman emperor (d. 69)

## Deaths 
*Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul under Caesar Augustus
31

## Events 
* Aelius Sejanus named co-Consul to the Emperor Tiberius. Tiberius has Sejanus arrested for treachery and executed.
* April 6 - possible crucifixion of Jesus 
* Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard 
* Tiberius returns to Rome from Capri

## Births 
* Musonius Rufus, Roman philosopher

## Deaths 
* October 18 - Aelius Sejanus, Roman politician 
* Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Roman historian 
* Livilla, niece and daughter-in-law of the emperor Tiberius  
* Saint Stephen
33

## Events
* A financial crisis hit Rome. Many aristocratic families suffered losses.
* Saint Peter became the first Pope in history.
* Tiberius founded a credit bank in Rome
* Traditionally, Christianity was founded
* Traditional date for Crucifixion,  Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus, though 28 and 30 are also suggested as a date for these events.

## Births 
* Gaius Rubellius Plautus, son of Gaius Rubellius Blandus and Julia.

## Deaths
* Agrippina the Elder, wife of Germanicus 
* Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder
* Gaius Asinius Gallus, widower of Vipsania Agrippina and potential lover of Agrippina the elder 
* Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, senator
* Nero Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder
36

## Events 
* Pontius Pilate is called back to Rome.  He had stopped a Samaritan uprising.
* L. Vitellius defeated Artabanus of Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III.
* Herod Antipas is remarried.  
* Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria.
* In MesoAmerica, last calendar monument created for about a century and a half.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Thrasyllus of Mendes
* Jesus (according to some theories)
34

**34** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Persicus and Vitellius**.

## Events 
* Roman start to build a three tier aqueduct. It began in Nîmes and ran for 269 miles.
* Naevius Sutorius Macro gained prestige by prostituting his wife Eunius to Tiberius
* Romans invaded Armenia 
* The people of Dacia revolt against the Sarmatian tribe of Iazyges who had enslaved them.

## Births 
*Aulus Persius Flaccus, Roman poet

## Deaths 
* Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity
38

## Events 
* Probable year of the marriage of Claudius and Messalina
* Apion represents a group to complain to Caligula about the Jews in Alexandria
* Anti-Jewish riot starts in Alexandria during a visit by Agrippa I. The mob wants to place statues of Caligula in every synagogue.
* Phaedrus writes his popular collection of fables
* Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople

## Births 
* Marcus Valerius Martialis, Latin epigrammatist 

## Deaths 
* June 10 - Drusilla, sister of Caligula
* Saint Andrew, apostle
* Naevius Sutorius Macro, commander of the Roman Praetorian Guard
19

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ended the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.
* Julius Caesar Germanicus (33), Roman commandant of the Rhine legions and the best loved of Roman princes, died of poisoning. On his deathbed he accused Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.
* Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.
* Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, of assassinating her husband Germanicus in Antioch. Piso commits suicide in Rome.
* A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus in Saintes.

### Asia 
* Last year (6th) of *Tianfeng* era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
* Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.

## Births 
* Tiberius Gemellus grandson of Tiberius.

## Deaths 
* October 10 – Germanicus, Roman general
* Vonones I of Parthia
Bonar Law

**Andrew Bonar Law** (16 September 1858&nbsp;– 30 October 1923), commonly called **Bonar Law** (), served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Law was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a member of the Conservative Party.  He became leader of the Party in 1911.  He was Lloyd George's Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons while Lloyd George served as Prime Minister during World War I.

Law became Prime Minister in October 1922.  He found out he had throat cancer and resigned in May 1923.  He died in October 1923.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Jönköping

**Jönköping** is a city in Sweden. About 90,000 people live there. It is in southern Sweden near the lake Vättern.

Jönköping was actually 3 towns that grew into one large town. The 3 towns were, *Jönköping (55.000)*, *Huskvarna (22.000)* and *Norrahammar (9.000)*.

Jönköping is the 9th biggest city in Sweden.

## Sports 
* HV71, ice hockey club
* Jönköping Bandy IF, bandy club
* Jönköpings IK, floor ball club
* Jönköpings Södra IF, soccer club

## References
## Other websites
1211

## Events 
* The oldest extant double entry bookkeeping record dates from 1211
* Canons regular of the Order of the Holy Cross founded September 14 1211
* Troops led by Estonian resistance fighter Lembitu of Lehola destroy a garrison of missionaries in the historical Estonian region of Sakala and raid the Russian town of Pskov.
* Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade Jin China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Chinese army is defeated and slaughtered at the Battle of the Badger's Mouth near Zhangjiakou and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Beijing is also besieged by the Mongol hordes.
* Church at the French city of Reims burns down; soon after, construction begins on the cathedral, Notre Dame de Reims.

## Births 
* Ibn Khallikan, Muslim scholar

## Deaths 
* August 9 – William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber

## Monarchs/Presidents 
* France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
* Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
* Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
Pulmonary artery

The **pulmonary artery** is a short and wide blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary artery carries blood without its oxygen (the blood is unaerated) into capillaries in the lungs. 

The heart contains blood that is taken into the right ventricle by the right atrium. Blood goes from the body to the atrium. Afterwards, blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and into the lung capillaries. When the blood passes through the capillaries they go slowly to absorb the oxygen from the lungs. The oxygenated blood is taken through the pulmonary vein back into the heart through the left atrium and the left ventricle.

## Anatomy 
 of a high resolution CT scan of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.]]

The pulmonary artery is an extension of the pulmonary trunk (**Latin** truncus pulmonaris). It  from the right ventricle. It is located in front and to the left of all the vessels that flow in and out of the heart, and brings venous blood to the lungs (the only one of the human arteries, except for the umbilical arteries of the fetus). Afterwards, it brings the oxygenated back to the heart to be pumped throughout the body. 

The initial lobe of the pulmonary artery goes up and back and somewhat covers the beginning of the aorta. Next, lying to the left of the ascending aorta and in front of the left atrium, the pulmonary artery lies at the level of the IV thoracic vertebra under the concavity of the aortic arch. Here the pulmonary trunk is divided into:

* right branch, right pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris dextra);
* left branch, left pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris sinistra).
Between the initial lobe of the left branch of the pulmonary artery and the concavity of the aortic arch is the connecting tissue cord - the arterial ligament (Latin ligamentum arteriosum).

This is the remnant of the Botal duct (Latin ductus arteriosus (Botalli)), through which the fetus and blood entering the right ventricle are redirected from the pulmonary artery to the aorta: a small circle in the fetal stage of development does not function. In the future, the duct is obliterated (parallel overgrowth of the oval hole in the atrial septum).
 of the horse, with other arteries: spermatic artery (21), next to (posterior) vena cava, venae portae, External iliac artery, and the mesenteric vessels, Internal iliac and renal arteries labeled. The pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins are labelled (4) and (5), respectively. ]]
**References**
Monagas S.C.

**Monagas Sport Club** is a club of football from Maturín, Venezuela.

## Presidents 
* Rubén León  (1988–1992)
* Rumualdo Romero (1993–1995)
* Jesús Salgado (1995–1996)
* Rafael Castellín Osuna  (1997)
* Claudio González  (2000–2001)
* Roicis Pérez  (2001–2003)
* Antonio del Moral 
* Antonio Núñez
* Manuel Villalba
* Ramón Caballero (–2006)
* Nelson Núñez  (2006–)

## Coaches 
*   Joaquín (Fariñas) Da Silva
*   Víctor Pignanelli
* Luis Fernández
*   Antonio Mejías
* Radamel García 
* Manolo Contreras
*   Eduardo Borrero
*   Luis Mendoza
* Daniel Lanata
*   Alí Cañas
*   Franco Fasciana
*   Del Valle Rojas
*   Bernardo Redín
## Famous players 
*   Alexander Bottini
*   José (Cuervito) Rivas
*   Rafael Castellín
*   José Fasciana
*   Franco Fasciana
*   César González
*   José (el Papi) Rivas
*   Carlos (Pomada) Bravo
## Current roster 2007 
**Goalkeepers** 
*   José Bottini
*   Andrés Rivas
**Defenders** 
*   Juan Carlos Guazá
*   Lenín Díaz
*   Andrés Mosquera
*   Pedro Agustín Duval
*   Frank José Presilla
*   Luis Salazar
*   Benzon Rovira
*   Robert Alexander Varrone
*   Ever Avendaño
**Midfielders** 
*   Edward Leonett
*   Williams Lacle
*   John Mancilla
*   Jarvy Mejía
*   Timshel Tábarez
*   Néstor Sánchez
*   Laynecker Zafra
*  Ricardo Wisniewski
**Forwards** 
*   Alexis Acuña
*   Luis Alberto Moreno
*   Hermes Orejuela
*   Jamerson Rentería
## Source 
liderendeportes.com 
## Other websites 
* Official page
Vättern

**Vättern** is the second biggest lake in Sweden. The lake's total surface area is about  . The deepest known point is . The average depth of the lake is .

Vättern is famous for the quality of its transparent water. Many of the people living in the area get their drinking water directly from Vättern. The lake water does not need to have many things done to it before it is used in nearby cities and towns. The water can be safely drunk from almost any point in the lake. It has been said that Vättern is the largest body of  water in the world.

Vättern is also noted for its fishing. Tourist sport fishermen and people on vacation are allowed to fish in the lake as long as they do not use nets.

## References 
## Other websites
Uppsala

**Uppsala** is a city in Sweden.  It is the 4th biggest city in Sweden, and the center of the Church of Sweden.

The city is home to the well-known student residential area of Flogsta.  It is the largest student residence in the city. It is also known for the 'Flogsta scream'. At 10 pm every evening, students scream their frustrations from windows and balconies.

## References
## Other websites
Summer of Love

**The Summer of Love** is the name for the summer of 1967 in the United States, especially in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California. Thousands of young people from all over the world went to San Francisco to help create a hippie counterculture. The Summer of Love made the rest of America much more aware of the hippie movement. The Human Be-In is often called the start of the Summer of Love, although it happened in January of that year.

During the Summer of Love, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world travelled to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, California, and other cities in the San Francisco area. Once there, they joined in a popular version of the hippie experience. The people who were a part of the Summer of Love are sometimes called "Flower Children". When these new Flower Children returned home at the end of summer, they brought their new clothing, ideas and behaviors to most major cities in the U.S., Canada, Britain, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

## References
Appenzell Innerrhoden

(blason) of Appenzell Innerrhoden]]

**Appenzell Innerrhoden** is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area.

It is one of the only direct democracies in the world.

## Districts 
The 6 (districts) of Appenzell Innerrhoden are:

*Appenzell, population 5587 (2002)
*Gonten, population 1398 (2002)
*Oberegg, population 1831 (2002)
*Rüte, population 3036 (2002)
*Schlatt-Haslen, population 1160 (2002)
*Schwende, population 2094 (2002)

## Other websites 
*Official Page 
*Official Statistics
*Säntis  (German)
Staffordshire

**Staffordshire** (abbreviated **Staffs**) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest is there. It is next to the counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire and Shropshire.

The largest city in ceremonial Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent. 
## Places of interest

## Other websites 
*Staffordshire County Council
*Staffordshire Past Track - Historical archive about the county
*The story of a Staffordshire Home Guard Battalion, 1940-1944
*Staffordshire Photographs
*Staffordshire Tourism website
Doppler effect

The **Doppler effect** is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing the wave (watcher or r).

Another word for "causer" is "sender" or "source". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed" or "relative velocity". 
A common example is sitting in a car while another car goes by the watcher.  The watcher will hear a change in pitch, while the sender will not.

For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by an object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave. 

## Effects of changes in distance 
If observer and creator of the wave get closer, the frequency is higher and the wavelength is shorter.
* For light, this causes a shift in colour towards the blue end of the spectrum called a blue shift. The faster something is moving toward us, the greater the blue shift.
* For sound, this causes the sound to become higher in pitch

If the distance between the observer and creator gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
* For light, this causes a shift towards the red end of the spectrum called a red shift, the faster something is moving away, the greater the red shift.
* For sound, this causes the sound to become lower in pitch.

Light waves can also be read, examples are:
* Microwaves
* Radio waves

An extreme example of the doppler effect is an aeroplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.

## Related pages 
*red shift
*blue shift

## References
Thai language

The **Thai language** is the national and official language of Thailand. It is the first language of the Thai people, Thailand's main ethnic group. Thai is closely related to the Lao language. In fact, some dialects of Thai and Lao are mutually intelligible, meaning that speakers of one language can talk with and understand speakers of the other language without knowing the other's language.

## Sounds 
Thai is a tone language, like Chinese.

## Writing System 
The Thai alphabet has 44 consonants:

The alphabet has Thai numbers:
*๑ 1 
*๒ 2
*๓ 3
*๔ 4
*๕ 5
*๖ 6
*๗ 7
*๘ 8
*๙ 9 
*๐ 0

## Other websites 
* thai-language.com English speakers' online resource for the Thai language
* Thai Online Web Application  with 105 Interactive Lessons of which the first 10 are free to access.
* Thai Flashcards, online flashcards with sound.
Digenea

**Digenea** are a type of flatworms. They are parasites. They have two suckers, usually. One of them is ventral (*on the belly*), and the other is oral (where the mouth is).
Aspidogastrea

The **Aspidogastrea** (gr. *aspid* - shield, *gaster* - stomach/pouch) is a small group of flukes. There are about 80 species. 

The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. They are parasites of freshwater and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host. 

None of the species has any economic importance, but the group is of very great interest to biologists because it has several characters which appear to be basal.

## Other websites 
*Aspidogastrea from Tree of Life 
*Checklist of European aspidogastreans 
*Fishdisease.net
Theropod

**Theropods** ('beast foot') are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.

Although they were primarily carnivorous, a number of theropod groups evolved herbivory, omnivory and insectivory.

Today, they are represented by 10,000 living species of birds, which evolved in the Upper Jurassic from small feathered coelurosaurian theropods.

Among the features linking theropods to birds are bipedalism, the three-toed foot, a furcula (wishbone), air-filled bones, feathers and brooding of the eggs.

## Early theropods
Theropods first appear in the earliest part of the Upper Triassic about 230 million years ago. They were the sole large terrestrial carnivores from the Lower Jurassic until the close of the Cretaceous, about 66 million years ago.

Some of the earliest and most primitive of the theropod dinosaurs were:
**Eodromaeus*
*coelophysids, a family including *Coelophysis*

## Related pages
* Origin of birds
* Dinosaur brains and intelligence

## References
39

**39** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Corbulo**

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.
* Domitius Afer becomes a consul.
* Caligula is also a consul.
* Agrippa I, king of Iudaea, is called back to Rome.
* Legio XV *Primigenia* and XXII *Primigenia* are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.
* Caligula's campaign into Germany was stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea.
* Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem. Jews protest.  They are able to stop construction of the statue until the death of Caligula (January 24, 41).
* Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

### Asia 
* The Trung Sisters resist Chinese influence in Vietnam.

## Births 
* November 3 – Lucan, Roman poet
* December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (79–81)
* Julia Drusilla, daughter of current Roman Emperor Caligula
* Britannicus, son of later Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina

## Deaths 
* Seneca the Elder, Roman rhetorician
* Herod Antipas
989

## Events 
* September – Halley's Comet is at perihelion
* Sankore University founded in Timbuktu

## Births 
* Adémar de Chabannes (died 1034), monk and historian
* Gisela of Swabia (died 1043), Holy Roman Empress

## Deaths 
* 6 September – Sharaf al-Daula, emir of Kerman and Fars
988

## Events 
* Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt. It is the 2nd oldest university in the world.
* Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. Baptism of Kievan Rus'.
* Abbo becomes abbot at Fleury
* Baile Átha Cliath (Dublin, Ireland) was founded.
* Liao Dynasty adopts civil service examinations in the Southern Chancellery based on Tang Dynasty models.

## Births 
* King Edmund II of England, English royal (died 1016)
* Tilopa, Indian tantric practitioner and mahasiddha

## Deaths 
*May 19 – Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 909)
1294

## Events 
* July 5 – Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV as the 192nd pope.
* December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V as the 193rd pope after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.
* John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, and instead informs the French of Edward's plans and negotiates the Auld Alliance with France and Norway. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, to begin in 1296.
* The Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier in King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.
* Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs the Florentine cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, better known smply as *Il Duomo*. He also begins work on the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, also in Florence.
* England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.
* The death of Kublai Khan allows the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan Dynasty of China) to formally become independent; they each had already been moving toward independence during Kublai's reign.

## Births 
* Charles IV of France (died 1328)
* Kusunoki Masashige, Japanese samurai (died 1336)

## Deaths 
* February 18 – Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1215)
* May 3 – John I, Duke of Brabant
* December 25 – Mściwój II of Pomerania
* Roger Bacon, English philosopher and scientist
* Emperor Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia
* John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
* Brunetto Latini, Florentine philosopher (born c. 1220)
* Dmitri of Pereslavl, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
987

## Events 
* Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France
* Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza

## Births 
* Earl Godwin of Wessex, Anglo Saxon nobleman (died 1053)
* Liu Yong, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty

## Deaths 
*May 21 King Louis V of France
986

## Events 
*March 2 – Louis V becomes King of the Franks
*End of the reign of Emperor Kazan, emperor of Japan
*Emperor Ichijō ascends to the throne of Japan
*Explorer Bjarni Herjólfsson becomes the first inhabitant of the Old World to sight North America
*Sweyn Forkbeard becomes King of Denmark
*Song Dynasty sends armies on three fronts against the Liao Dynasty in the Sixteen Prefectures but are defeated on all fronts.
The Truth about Nanjing

***The Truth about Nanjing*** is a Japanese movie from 2007. It is thought to be made by fundamental Japanese nationalists. In this movie they want to deny the fact of the Nanjing Massacre.

## Other websites 
* 'Nanking No Shinjitsu' official website (Japanese language only)
* 'Nanking No Shinjitsu' Supporting Website ( Automatic translation )
Neoliberalism

**Neoliberalism** is a term for different social and economic ideas.  There is no agreed definition.  Originally the term was used by a group of liberals who helped shape social market economy in the mid 20th century. Classic liberalism is characterized by free market trade, deregulation of financial markets, mercantilism and the shift away from state welfare provision.

Alexander Rüstow was the first economist to develop this concept, looking after a Social Democracy system rather than a Laissez Faire Capitalist Society.

## Characteristics of Neoliberalism 
In the application of neoliberal ideals, the state might also intervene and regulate, for example, to prevent exploitation, or to ensure social fairness and equality.

Neoliberalism is against the protection of group - rather than individual - interests, for example, that might be achieved through lobbying of groups, or state interventions that protect national interests via tariffs or subsidies.

Neoliberalism has moved away from a centrally governed economy.

## Contemporary use 
Since the 1990s the term has been consistently used in academia to imply the move from welfare state to laissez faire economic management, particularly associated with the promotion of free market ideals in the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US.

## Examples of neoliberal regimes of Government 
* Chile under Augusto Pinochet
* Argentina under Mauricio Macri
* Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher
* New Zealand under David Lange
* The United States of America under Ronald Reagan
* Brazil under Jair Bolsonaro
* Japan under Shinzō Abe

## References
Oligopoly

In economics, an **oligopoly** is a market form in which the market or industry is controlled by a small number of sellers. Usually, the market has high barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market or even be able to have a significant market share. 

As there are only a few sellers in the market, each seller would take note of the actions made by one another, and thinks about how the other sellers will respond when making decisions. As such, there is a possibility in which an oligopoly can come together to make a common decision that allows them to have less competition and charge higher prices for consumers. 

## Examples
In many countries, some country-held companies were privatized. Very often, this privatization lead to oligopolies. In many countries, there are only a handful of companies providing networks for mobile phones. They control the prices for accessing the network. That is why using a mobile phone is often much more expensive than using a land line one.

Trains run by private sectors are much costlier than those run by a government. As a government gives rights to private sectors to get a hold of some other sectors, they take advantage of it.

## Related pages 
*Oligarchy
*Plutocracy

## Other websites 
* Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
* Vives, X. (1999). Oligopoly pricing, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. (A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory)
Upper Cretaceous

in the chalk can be clearly seen.]]

The **Upper Cretaceous** is the last geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 100.5 million years ago, and ended 66 million years ago.

The Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed. From lowest to highest, it is subdivided into the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, and Maastrichtian ages.   

The Upper Cretaceous is the time of chalk. Chalk is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO3) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas. 

The only other rock found in chalk is the flint, which is siliceous (silica, SiO2). This derives from those algae and animals which have skeletons of silica. Undoubtedly, this marks periods when the climate was somewhat different.

The Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. *Triceratops*, *Tyrannosaurus* and *Velociraptor* lived at this time. The huge *Mosasaurus* was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more . Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event.

## Extinction events 
The end of the Cretaceous period is marked by the huge extinction event which marked the end of the dinosaurs. However, many groups had already disappeared long before then. There was an earlier extinction event in the Upper Cretaceous at the CenomanianTuronian boundary, about 95 to 90 million years ago. All we know about it is that there was huge volcanic activity which led to changes in sea life.

The event brought about the extinction of the pliosaurs, and most ichthyosaurs, and many lines of pterosaurs. Although the cause is uncertain, the result starved the Earth's oceans of oxygen for nearly half a million years. This caused the extinction of about 27 percent of marine invertebrates, including certain planktonic and benthic foraminifera, mollusks, bivalves, dinoflagellates and calcareous nanofossils. This global environmental disturbance increased atmospheric and oceanic temperatures. Boundary sediments show an enrichment of trace elements, and contain elevated δ13C values. δ13C varies in time as a function of biological productivity. This means the seas were no longer so favorable for life at that time, and many species went extinct.                                            
 
## References
New England Patriots

The **New England Patriots** is an American football team in the National Football League or the NFL. They are in the American Football Conference or the AFC. Their starting quarterback is Drake Maye. Joshua Dobbs plays the second string quarterback. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium on Foxborough, midway between Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.

In the 2007 season, the Patriots have won all 16 games and became the first team with 16 wins and no losses. They would win 2 more playoff games and enter the Super Bowl at 18-0. However, they did not complete a historic 19-0 season, because they lost to the Giants. The Giants scored 17 points when David Tyree made a helmet catch and the Patriots scored 14 points.

The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018. They play in Foxboro, Massachusetts. They lost to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012 in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII which their perfect season got spoiled. This time, the Giants scored 21 points and the Patriots scored 17 points.

The Patriots lost Super Bowl LII to the Philadelphia Eagles. Several records were set during Super Bowl LII, including most yards gained in any NFL game by both teams combined (1,151) and fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl (one) and was the second highest point total in Super Bowl history by one (74). Nick Foles of the Philadelphia Eagles was named Super Bowl MVP.

The Patriots also won Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks when Russell Wilson threw an interception on the final play. The Patriots scored 28 points and the Seahawks scored 24 points.

The Patriots were originally called the "Boston Patriots", and played in Fenway Park. Their name comes from the city of Boston's importance in the American Revolution.

## Players of note
### Patriots All-Decade teams
#### 2000s
On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:

**Bold** indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

#### 2010s
On April 29, 2020, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2010s:

### Patriots Anniversary teams
The Patriots Hall of Fame group will select an anniversary team to celebrate the greatest members of the team at every position up to the year of the selection.
#### 35th Anniversary team (1994)
In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:

**Bold** indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

#### 50th Anniversary team (2009)
In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected a 50th anniversary team:

**Bold** indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
Monopolistic competition

**Monopolistic competition** is a market form. Like with Perfect competition, there are many buyers and sellers. But the market is not perfect. This is because the products are not homogeneous, or because the buyers have explicit or implicit preferences.

This market form is quite common. As an example, take a bakery. There are many bakeries in the town, but one of those bakeries can demand a slightly higher price for bread, because it is the only one in a certain part of the town.

Monopolistically competitive firms are able to gain a greater degree of market share and as a result, increase prices. If a particular bakery is known for selling the best pies and pasties in town, they can increase their prices for pies and pasties as they know consumers will pay slightly more for a superior product. This is known as establishing a brand name and brand loyalty.

## Related pages
*Constitutional economics
*Political economy