open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
West Ham United F.C.

**West Ham United Football Club** is an English football club.

The club plays in the Premier League. It was started in 1895 and its home stadium is the London stadium East London. The club is also called "the Hammers" and "the Irons" because it was started in a London Ironworks. Their main rivals are Millwall and other rivals are Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea and Arsenal 

West Ham currently are managed by Graham Potter.

Joint chairman David Gold has died aged 87 on 4 January 2023.

## Name 
* 1895-1900 **Thames Ironworks F.C.
* 1900-present **West Ham United F.C.

## League position 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position
|-
|2000/01||Premier League||15th
|-
|2001/02||Premier League||7th
|-
|2002/03||Premier League||18th
|-
|2003/04||First Division||4th
|-
|2004/05||Championship||6th
|-
|2005/06||Premier League||9th
|-
|2006/07||Premier League||15th
|-
|2007/08||Premier League||10th
|-
|2008/09||Premier League||9th
|-
|2009/10||Premier League||17th
|-
|2010/11||Premier League||20th
|-
|2011/12||EFL Championship||3rd
|-
|2012/13||Premier League||10th
|-
|2013/14||Premier League||13th
|-
|2014/15||Premier League||12th
|-
|2015/16||Premier League||7th
|-
|2016/17||Premier League||11th
|-
|2017/18||Premier League||13th
|-
|2010/19||Premier League||10th
|-
|2019/20||Premier League||16th
|-
|2020/21||Premier League||6th
|-
|2021/22||Premier League||7th
|-
|2022/23||Premier League||14th
|-
|2023/24||Premier League||9th
|-
|2024/25||Premier League||14th

### Former position 
## Notable players 
*  Sir Bobby Moore, captain of England when they won the FIFA World Cup in 1966.
* Sir Geoff Hurst, who scored three goals for England in the World Cup final.
* Sir Trevor Brooking, a good player for England in the 1970/1980s.
* Paulo Di Canio an entertaining player and hero for West Ham fans.
* Carlos Tevez, Helped keep West Ham in the Premiership with a great run of form 2006/2007.
* Mark Noble, West Ham's Long time captain and Player of the decade (2009-2019)

## Other websites 
* Non official Hammer blog
Wigan Athletic F.C.

**Wigan Athletic Football Club** is an English football club from Wigan, Greater Manchester. The club plays in the Championship, currently managed by Owen Coyle. They play their home games at the DW Stadium. In 2012-13 they won the FA Cup by beating Manchester City 1-0 and so they played in the UEFA Europa League in the season 2013/14. A few days later they were relegated from the English Premier League to the Football League Championship, becoming the first FA Cup-winning side to be relegated in the same season. Manager Roberto Martínez left the club shortly after to join Everton. Owen Coyle replaced him.
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## Supporters
Wigan Athletic Official Supporters Club (formally known as Wigan Athletic Supporters Travel Club) is the official supporters' association of Wigan Athletic Football Club. The supporters club are a non-profit organisation run by volunteers and meet before home matches in the South Stand Bar.

## Rivalries
Since Wigan Athletic's admission to the Football League in 1978, the club has built up several rivalries, mainly with Bolton Wanderers. They also have a rivalry with Manchester City, due to the two clubs' proximity and  being in the same division for much of the past 30 years.

## League position 
### Former position 
## Managers
As listed on the official Wigan Athletic website.

|width="1"|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|

|width="1"|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|

|}

## Honours
### League
***Football League Championship (English second tier)
: Runners-up (1): 2004–05
***Football League Second Division (English third tier)
: **Winners** (1): 2002–03
***Football League Third Division (English fourth tier)
: **Winners** (1): 1996–97
***Football League Fourth Division**
: Promoted (1): 1981–82

### Cup
* **FA Cup**
: **Winners** (1): 2012-13
* **League Cup**
:Runners-up (1): 2005-06
* **FA Community Shield**
:Runners-up (1): 2013
* **Football League Trophy**
:**Winners** (2): 1984–85, 1998–99
* **UEFA Europa League'''
Wigan's victory in the 2013 FA Cup Final qualified them for European football for the first time, earning them an automatic place in the group stage of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League.

## References
Accrington Stanley F.C.

**Accrington Stanley Football Club** is an English football club.

The club will play in League Two (the English fourth division) in the 2015/16 season.

They were re- in 1968 after going bankrupt (having no money) in 1962. They were first founded in 1921. They are thought of a hard working club but having no chance of success. Their nickname is Stanley. They play at the Wham Stadium in Accrington in Lancashire, in England.
Newcastle United F.C.

**Newcastle United Football Club** is an English football club in Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle play in the Premier League. Currently managed by Jason Tindall since 2025.

## Board 
## Bids to Buy Newcastle (2021) 
Bin Zayed Group’s managing director Midhat Kidwai had bid to buy the club. Ashley rejected his offer. He placed another one once again in 2021. Ashley once again rejected his offer. Kidwai once again place an offer but Staveley stepped in and placed an offer alongside PIF’s governor Al-Rumayyan and Reuben. 

## Clubs official 
## History 
Newcastle United was formed in 1892 after the two rival clubs Newcastle West End and Newcastle East End grouped together. They have played their matches at the ground St.James' Park ever since. This ground holds 52,000 people, and is one of the biggest in England. It is located just inside the centre of Newcastle.

Newcastle originally played in red shirts and white shorts. In fact, there was a kit clash in their very first League match, away to the then-named Woolwich Arsenal. The home side wore red, so Newcastle played in their change kit of black and white stripes. A permanent switch to black and white soon followed, most likely to reduce kit clashes, and perhaps as a further attempt to appease West End fans. The decision was taken in 1894, as the minutes from the club meeting reveal: ‘It was agreed that the Club’s colours should be changed from red shirts and white knickers to black and white shirts (two inch stripe) and dark knickers.’.

On the 24th day of May 2009 which was also the last day of the season, Newcastle were relegated to the second tier of English football, the Coca-Cola Championship. They returned to the top flight of English football, winning the Championship in the 2009/10 season. In the 2010/11 season, they finished mid-table. The club then went on to finish 5th place in the 2011/12 season.

On 17 July 2019, former Sunderland manager Steve Bruce was made manager on a three-year contract. Bruce oversaw 13th and 12th-placed finishes during his first two seasons in charge, both of which were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 7 October 2021, after 14 years as owner, Ashley sold the club to a new group of owners. The group was made up of Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund, RB Sports & Media and PCP Capital Partners.

## The club 
Traditionally the loudest support for the club came from the Gallowgate End - a stand in St. James' Park. This stand is where Alan Shearer once used to watch Newcastle play when he was a child.

The record transfer fee the club has paid is £17 million (around $30 million) for Michael Owen, in August 2005. Alan Shearer was the previous record transfer at £15 million, which was also the world's largest transfer fee when he signed in 1996.

The Newcastle United's number 9 shirt is one of the most famous shirts in the world. Legends such as Hughie Gallacher, Malcolm McDonald, Jackie Milburn and Alan Shearer have worn the famous shirt.

## League position 
### Former position 
## References
A.F.C. Wimbledon

**AFC Wimbledon** is an English football club from London. The club are currently in EFL League One.

AFC Wimbledon were formed in 2002 by fans angry at Wimbledon F.C. moving to Milton Keynes, 70 miles away from South London. They play at Plough Lane in London.
Asteroid belt

The **asteroid belt** or **main belt** is a ring of small and large rocks and dust between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The biggest object in the asteroid belt is Ceres, a dwarf planet. The Kirkwood gaps separate the asteroid belt into several groups. The belt is toroidal in shape.  

Most asteroids orbit at 2 to 3 times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Planets that are "inside" - or before - the asteroid belt (which means they are closer to the sun) are called *inner planets.* Planets that are "outside" - that is, after - the asteroid belt are called *outer planets*: so Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are *inner planets,* while Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the *outer planets.*

## Origin 
In 1802, shortly after discovering 2 Pallas, Heinrich Olbers suggested to William Herschel that Ceres and Pallas were fragments of a much larger planet that once occupied the Mars–Jupiter region, this planet having suffered an internal explosion or a cometary impact many million years before. This hypothesis has fallen from favor. The large amount of energy needed to destroy a planet, and with the belt's low combined mass (only about 4% of the mass of the Moon) do not support the hypothesis. Also, the significant chemical differences among the various asteroid spectral types are difficult to explain if they come from the same planet. Today, most scientists accept that the asteroids never formed a planet at all.

The Solar System formed when a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form the Sun and planetesimals, and eventually the planets. This gravitational accretion led to the formation of the rocky planets and the gas giants.

Planetesimals in the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly disturbed by Jupiter's gravity to form a planet. Instead they continued to orbit the Sun as before, while occasionally colliding. In regions where the velocity of the collisions was too high, the shattering of planetesimals was more common than accretion, preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies.

## References
Gardening

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**Gardening** is the growing of plants such as flowers, shrubs and trees as a hobby or recreation. Some people also grow vegetables or fruit in their gardens. People do gardening outdoors in the soil in their backyard, or in pots or containers on their balcony or on their patio. Some people do gardening on a roof.

People do indoor gardening inside their house or inside a building. Sometimes indoor gardening is done in greenhouses, which are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in. Grow tent is also used for indoor plants. Grow tent helps plant to grow in a more spectacular and develop a friendly environment. Water gardening is growing plants in ornamental  water pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic plants. 

Gardening can be done outside of the home, in city parks, botanical gardens, zoos, amusement parks, theme parks, and around tourist attractions. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers.

## Gardening compared with farming 
Gardening is related to farming. But farming is done on a much larger scale. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometres of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard usually only measures a few square meters. As well, farming is done as a business, to sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Gardening is often done just to produce fruit or vegetables for the gardener's own family. Gardening may be a hobby or a recreation. Gardening for sale is called "market gardening".

## Gardening tools 
Gardeners use tools to dig in the soil and water the crops. These tools include a spade, a fork, a hoe, a basket, a watering can, a hose, a Sprinkler, a bucket, a trowel  and a wheelbarrow. With growing, technology gardeners now have tech like Self-watering containers, Garden sensors, Hydroponic systems and Indoor lighting systems.

## Gardens as art 
In many countries and cultures, designing beautiful gardens is treated as a fine art. In Japan, for instance, Zen monks created Japanese gardens. In Europe in the 1700s, kings and queens had formal gardens built. One example is the gardens at the Versailles palace in Paris, France. Landscaping, the making of an artificial landscape, may include gardening and the designer may be a professional landscape architect.

## Related pages
*Agriculture
*Horticulture
*Aquaculture
*Agronomy
*Hydroculture

## References
Telford United F.C.

**A.F.C Telford United** is a football club based in Telford, Shropshire, England. They are currently a member of the National League North, the sixth tier of English football.

They were founded in 2004. They are based off the original Telford United, which folded in 2004 after financial problems.

They play their home games in New Bucks Head in Wellington, which is a part of Telford.

## References
Time

**Time** is the never-ending continued proсess of existence and events. It happens in an apparently irreversible way from the past, through the present and to the future.

To measure time, we can use anything that repeats itself regularly. One example is the start of a new day (as Earth rotates on its axis). Two more are the phases of the moon (as it orbits the Earth), and the seasons of the year (as the Earth orbits the Sun). 

Even in ancient times, people developed calendars to keep track of the number of days in a year. They also developed sundials that used the moving shadows cast by the sun through the day to measure times smaller than a day. Today, highly accurate clocks can measure time in less than a billionth of a second. The study of time measurement is known as  horology.

The SI (International Systems of Units) unit of time is one second, written as **s**. When used as a variable in mathematics, time is often represented by the symbol t.

In Einsteinian physics, time and space can be combined into a single concept. For more on the topic, see space-time continuum.

## Units of time 
* 1 millennium = 10 centuries = 100 decades = 200 lustrums = 250 quadrenniums = 333.33 trienniums = 500 bienniums = 1,000 years
* 1 century = 10 decades = 20 lustrums = 25 quadrenniums = 33.33 trienniums = 50 bienniums = 100 years
* 1 decade = 2 lustrums = 2.5 quadrenniums = 3.33 trienniums = 5 bienniums = 10 years
* 1 year = 12 months = 52 weeks = 365 days (366 days in leap years)
* 1 month = 4 weeks = 2 fortnights = 28 to 31 days
* 1 fortnight = 2 weeks = 14 days
* 1 week = 7 days
* 1 day = 24 hours
* 1 hour = 60 minutes
* 1 minute = 60 seconds
* 1 second = SI base unit of time
* 1 millisecond = 1/1,000 second
* 1 microsecond = 1/1,000,000 second
* 1 nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000 second
* 1 picosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second
* 1 femtosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 of a second
* 1 attosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of a second
* 1 Planck time = smallest measurable unit of time

### Things used to measure time 
*  ]]Clock
* Hourglass
* Stopwatch
* Sundial
* Circadian rhythm

## Time of day 
* World Clock
* U.S. Naval Observatory 
* Time in   Hexadecimal numeral system

## Related pages 
* Chronology
* Chronos
* 24-hour clock
* Time zone
* Space-time

## References
Nebraska

**Nebraska** is a state near to the center of the United States. Its capital is Lincoln and the largest city is Omaha. It touches the states of Wyoming, South Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Colorado and Kansas.

Nebraska is known for its agriculture, especially beef and corn.

Nebraska has hot summers and cold winters. A temperature of 30&nbsp;°C (which is about 86&nbsp;°F) is common in the summer, and in the winter it can be -20&nbsp;°C (which is about -4&nbsp;°F) or colder at night.

## History
Native American tribes, including the Omaha, Oto, Missouri, Pawnee, Arapaho and Cheyenne, all ceded land in Nebraska to the U.S. government.

On May 30, 1854, the United States government made a law called the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It made two territories called Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory. In the 1860s, many people moved there to take free land from the government. Nebraska became a state on March 1, 1867.

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Nebraska
* List of counties in Nebraska

## References
Laboratory techniques

**Laboratory techniques** are the techniques of handling the various pieces of apparatus.

## Basic techniques
### Handling of chemicals
Ways to dissolve a solid in a liquid or to mix two liquids in a test tube:

* Shake the test tube gently
* Stir with a glass rod
* Tap the bottom of the test tube with your finger
* Pour the contents to and fro between two test tubes
* Stopper the test tube and shake

### Heating techniques
*Hold the material over a naked flame
*Put the material in a water bath
*Use a type of hairdryer called a "heat gun" to blow hot air at the material.

### Collecting gases
* Upward and downward delivery
* Over water
* Gas syringe

### Drying substances
*Leave the mixture at room temperature to evaporate on its own.
*Put the substance in an "oven" which heats it gently and removes water vapour.

### Smelling gases
* Never smell a gas directly.
* Waft a gas towards yourself if it is reasonably safe to smell it.
* Never smell a gas that is toxic or otherwise dangerous.
Mixture

In chemistry, a **mixture** is a substance that is made up of two or more simpler substances. These substances can be chemical elements or compounds. A mixture can be made of liquids, solids, or gases.

## Characteristics
A mixture is not the same as a compound which is made of two or more atoms connected together. For instance, a mixture of the gases hydrogen and nitrogen contains hydrogen and nitrogen, not the compound ammonia which is made of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms.

A mixture where the different parts can be distinguished easily is called *heterogenous*, one where this is not the case is called *homogeneous*. A third form is called colloid.

If one substance in a mixture dissolves in the other, it is called a solution. For example, if sugar is put in water it forms a mixture, then dissolves to make a solution. If it does not dissolve, it would be called a suspension.

Solids can be mixtures also. Alloys are mixtures. Many kinds of soil and rock are mixtures of different minerals. Thus, a mixture is made of two or more elements and/or compounds which are not chemically combined.

## Gallery

File:Red Wine Glass.jpg|Red wine in a glass, a homogeneous mixture.
File:Baies.JPG|Different kinds of peppercorn, a heterogenoeus mixture
File:WaterAndFlourSuspensionLiquid.jpg|Flour suspended in water - a colloid
File:Fjæregranitt3.JPG|Granite is a mixture of minerals

## References
Lake Michigan

**Lake Michigan** is one of the five Great Lakes in North America. It has a surface area of . It is  wide. Lake Michigan is the 5th largest lake in the world.

Lake Michigan is surrounded by the U.S. states of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It is the only Great Lake that is not partly in Canada. The largest city on the shore of Lake Michigan is Chicago.

The earliest time that people lived near the lake was 800 CE. The word "Michigan" originally meant the lake itself. It is believed to come from the Ojibwa word *mishigami* meaning "great water".

The first person to reach the deepest part of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom with a submarine as part of a 1985 research expedition.

Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores. They are mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee areas.

## References
## Other websites
Century

A **century** is a way to describe a length of time. One century is one hundred years. The ancient Romans used the word *centuria* to describe a group of about one hundred soldiers, organized into a single unit.

The Roman numeral for 100 is "C". The word for 100 in Latin is "centum".

A **centenary** is a celebration of something that happened 100 years ago. A bicentenary celebrates 200 years, a tercentenary 300 years.

A **centenarian** is someone who is 100 years old or more.

**Centennial** means something that happens every 100 years, or that lasts 100 years.
Language family

**Language families** are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language. The languages in a family have similar vocabulary or structure.

For example, French and Spanish both come from Latin. Latin was spoken a long time ago, and some of the people who spoke it started to speak different ways - for the word "good", one group started saying "bueno" while another group started saying "bon". Most words are said a little differently in Spanish and French, so the two are called different languages.

Most languages belong to a language family, but some languages do not. These languages are called language isolates.

There also are constructed languages, such as Esperanto. Constructed languages are made for different reasons (for example, making a 'world language', for fun, or for use in fiction, like with Klingon).

## Major language families
### By number of languages
*Ethnologue* 22 (2019) lists these language families as "major". Each has at least 1% of all languages on Earth:

#Niger–Congo (1,542 languages) (21.7%)
#Austronesian (1,257 languages) (17.7%)
#Trans–New Guinea (482 languages) (6.8%)
#Sino-Tibetan (455 languages) (6.4%)
#Indo-European (448 languages) (6.3%)
#Australian [*dubious*] (381 languages) (5.4%)
#Afro-Asiatic (377 languages) (5.3%)
#Nilo-Saharan [*dubious*] (206 languages) (2.9%)
#Oto-Manguean (178 languages) (2.5%)
#Austroasiatic (167 languages) (2.3%)
#Tai–Kadai (91 languages) (1.3%)
#Dravidian (86 languages) (1.2%)
#Tupian (76 languages) (1.1%)

*Glottolog* 4.0 (2019) lists the following as the largest families, of 8,494 languages:

# Atlantic–Congo (1,432 languages) 
# Austronesian (1,275 languages) 
# Indo-European (588 languages) 
# Sino-Tibetan (494 languages)
# Afro-Asiatic (373 languages)
# Nuclear Trans–New Guinea (314 languages) 
# Pama–Nyungan (248 languages)
# Oto-Manguean (180 languages)
# Austroasiatic (159 languages)
# Tai–Kadai (94 languages)
# Dravidian (81 languages)
# Arawakan (78 languages)
# Mande (75 languages)
# Tupian (71 languages)
Basque Country (greater region)

The **Basque Country** (Basque: **Euskal Herria**) is a region in Southwestern Europe that is within the borders of France and Spain. It is the home of the Basque people. It is at the western end of the Pyrenees on the Bay of Biscay. Its boundaries are complicated, as it consists of seven districts: four within Spain and three within France. 

## History 
### Origins 
No one knows when the Basques came to Europe. Many say that they have been in Europe since the Neolithic period at the end of the Stone Age, but others say that they were here even earlier. 

The first written information about the Basque Country is from the Roman times, when the Basque people already spoke their own language. During the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Basque Country was isolated from the invading Goths.

### Middle Ages 
During the Muslim invasion of Southern Europe, the Basque Country split in two: the Castilian and the Navarrese lands. A war with France later split the Navarrese zone in two. 

After the Reconquista, the Castilian Basque lands and Navarre became part of the new country: Spain. Since then, Basque people from the Spanish area of the Basque Country have had their own government and have fought to gain the northern part of the Basque Country from France.

### Now 
Today, three of the Basque districts in Spain (Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa) form the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. The political unit is one of 17 autonomous communities in Spain.

The fourth Basque district in Spain (Navarra) is its own separate autonomous community of Spain.

The three districts in the North (French) Basque Country are Lapurdi (Labourd), Nafarroa Beherea (Basse-Navarre) and Zuberoa/Xiberoa (Soule).

## Population 
The entire region has a surface area of 20,664&nbsp;km2 (7978 sq mi). The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country has 7,234&nbsp;km2 (2793 sq mi), and its population is about 2,000,000 - about 5% of the total population of Spain. Basque and Spanish are spoken, and its largest city is Bilbao although the capital is Vitoria-Gasteiz.

## Famous people 
* Miguel de Unamuno
* Maurice Ravel (through his mother)
* Che Guevara (through his mother)
* St. Ignatius Loyola
* Louis Daguerre
* Pío Baroja

## Largest cities 
* Bilbao
* Donostia
* Gazteiz
* Iruña
* Biarritz
* Baiona
* Maule
* Donibane Garazi

## Other websites 
* The official website of the Basque Autonomous Community
Jaguar Cars

**Jaguar Cars** was a British car manufacturer and the Jaguar marque is now owned by Jaguar Land Rover. The original company was established in 1922 by William Lyons and was renamed Jaguar in 1935. Jaguar is known for its luxury saloons and sportscars. 1922 but now owned TATA Motors in india.

## History 
Jaguar was a private company until it merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966. The new company was called British Motor Holdings. In 1968 that company joined with Leyland Motors to became British Leyland. In 1975 British Leyland was nationalised. In 1984 Jaguar was made private again by Margaret Thatcher. Ford bought Jaguar in 1989. In 1999 it was made part of Ford's "Premier Automotive Group" along with Aston Martin, Land Rover, Volvo and Lincoln. In 2008, Ford sold Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors. Jaguar is now a brand of the merged company called Jaguar Land Rover (JLR).

The company was originally in Blackpool, but moved to Coventry. Today Jaguar automobiles are made at the JLR factory in Castle Bromwich in Birmingham. In late 2018 was open new plant in Slovakia.

Jaguar owns the Daimler brand (not Daimler-Benz). Jaguar bought the British Daimler Company in 1960. Daimler became a brand for some of Jaguar's saloon automobiles, but is not used now.

As of 2017, JLR sells the following different Jaguar automobile ranges: XJ, XF, XE, XK, F-Pace, E-Pace, iPace, and the F-Type.

## Sportscar racing 
Jaguar has won many sports car races, like the Le Mans 24 Hours and other races.

## Related pages 
* Jaguar Racing

## Other websites 
* Jaguar International
* Jaguar USA
* Jaguar MENA
Family

A **family** is a group of people who, in most cases, live together. They share their money and food and are supposed to take care of one another. Its members are either genetically related (like brother and sister) or legally bound to each other, for example by marriage. In many cultures, the members of a family have the same or a similar surname.

The family in accordance to the Catholic doctrine is treated in many articles of the Catechism of the Catholic Church starting from the article 2201. 
   
A family is said to be society's smallest unit, its nucleus. Family life is more private and intimate than public life. But in most countries there are laws for it. For example, there are restrictions for marrying within the family and bans for having a sexual relationship with relatives, especially with children.

## Types of families 
Three types of family on the basic of size

are: *nuclear family*, *single-parent family* and *extended family*.

#A **nuclear family** is made up of parents and one or more children living together.
#A **single-parent family** is one where there is one parent and one or more children.
#**An extended family** or **joint families** means father, mother, daughters, sons, grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, nieces and nephews. In many countries including China, Pakistan and India, extended or joint families traditionally live together.

Both the "nuclear family" and the "single-parent family" are also called the "immediate family". 

Foster families are families where a child lives with and is cared for by people who are not his or her biological parents.

## Relationships
### Same generation
### First generation
### Second generation
## Related pages
*Kinship
*Affinity
*Consanguinity

## References
Floodlight

A **floodlight** is a large electric light. It makes a very strong and bright beam of light. It is used for lighting the outside of buildings, football grounds, etc. at .
City of Westminster

The **City of Westminster** is a city and London borough. It is to the west of the City of London. Its most important area, Westminster, contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey. The main official residence of the British monarch, Buckingham Palace, is also located in the City of Westminster.
London Borough of Lambeth

The **London Borough of Lambeth** is a London Borough. It is in south west London, England.

## Towns 
* Brixton
* Clapham
* Streatham
London Borough of Southwark

The **London Borough of Southwark** is a London Borough. It is in south east London. It is extramural to the City of London.

## Related pages 
*Southwark
*London Bridge
*London Bridge station
*Southwark Cathedral

### Other places in Southwark Borough 
* Bankside
* Camberwell
* Peckham
* Dulwich
London Borough of Merton

The **London Borough of Merton** is a London Borough. It is in south west London. In the London Borough of Merton there is the towns of Morden, Wimbledon, Mitcham and other small towns like Pollards Hill, Colliers Wood and Summerstown.

## Places 
* Wimbledon
* Morden
London Borough of Camden

The **London Borough of Camden** is a London Borough. It is in north and central London. It is extramural to the City of London.

## Places 
* Bloomsbury
* Camden
* Hampstead
*Regent's Park

## References
## Other websites
* Camden Town London website – News about the Camden Markets and Camden Town
* The website of Camden Council
* Camden TV
* Camden Town Online
* WHO's Commission 2008 finding on the Social Determinants of Health finding re 'two Camdens' syndrome (3rd para) 
* Camden Council YouTube channel
Bankside

**Bankside** is the old part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is next to the River Thames.

## Buildings 
*Tate Modern - art gallery
*Globe Theatre
*Winchester Palace
City of London

The **City of London**, also referred to as the **Square Mile** or simply **the City**, is a district of Greater London. The city's boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages. Although it is now only a small part of the metropolis, it is a notable part of central London. The City holds city status in its own right, and is also a ceremonial county. It is just over one square mile,  in area.

It is here in the City of London where most of the United Kingdom's financial trade is done. It is a very small area, only a square mile, and has a very small resident population (8,000). However, many people come to work here and during the day it can be very busy, with some 300,000 people in it.

"London" now refers to Greater London, which is made up of 32 boroughs (including the City of Westminster and the City of London). The city is in central London and is the oldest part of the city, dating back to Roman times. The City of London has its own mayor, the Lord Mayor of London, an office separate from (and much older than) the Mayor of London. There are other ancient features, dating back to medieval times. The city has its own police force, the City of London Police.

## History
The city is the site of Roman *Londinium*, and the archaeological remains are on display in the Museum of London, City Wall.

The city has many churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren, including St Paul's Cathedral. The city was the site of the Great Fire of London in 1666.

## Financial markets
The City vies with New York City as the financial capital of the world: many banking and insurance institutions have their headquarters there. The London Stock Exchange (shares and bonds), Lloyd's of London (insurance), the London Metal Exchange and the Bank of England are all based in the city.

Over 500 banks have offices in the city, and the city is an established leader in trading in Eurobonds, foreign exchange, energy futures, metals, and global insurance. The Alternative Investment Market, a market for trades in equities of smaller firms, is a recent development. In 2008, the City of London accounted for 4% of UK GDP.

London is the world's greatest foreign exchange market, with much of the trade conducted in the City of London. Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, as measured in 2007, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion, or 34.1% of the total. The Pound Sterling, the currency of the United Kingdom, is globally the fourth most traded currency and the third most held reserve currency.

Since 1991 Canary Wharf, a few miles east of the City in Tower Hamlets, has become a second centre for London's financial services industry and houses many banks and other institutions formerly located in the Square Mile. This development does not appear to have damaged the city: both places have grown.

## References
Male

that biologists use for male]]

**Male** is one of two biological sexes. Most species have two sexes  male and female. Human males are usually men or boys; human females are usually women or girls (Except if their gender does not correlate with their sex assigned at birth). 

The two sexes have different sexual organs, and different secondary sex characteristics. They also often have different biological functions. The female sexual organs can give birth to children with the semen provided by the male. 

In many human societies, females often were involved in gathering, while men used to hunt, but over the course of time, Gender equality has been (or is being) recognized in more and more countries.

## Related pages
* Female
Queen

, queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901.]]
A **queen** is a woman who rules a country which is a monarchy. She may either get this position because of inheritance or because she has married a king.  

A **queen regnant** is a queen who is the monarch of a country. She usually comes to power after the death of the previous king or queen, who is her parent. A country that is ruled by a queen is called a kingdom – the same as a country ruled by a king. Elizabeth II was a Queen Regnant. 

A **queen consort** is a queen who is not a monarch, but is married to one, such as a King. Camilla is a Queen Consort. However, the husband of a queen is not always called a king. For example, King George VI had a wife, who was called Queen Elizabeth. He had no sons, so he was followed by his elder daughter, who was also called Elizabeth. She became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to The Duke of Edinburgh until his death on April 9, 2021; but when she became Queen he did not become King. This is because the title "King Consort" does not exist.

## Queen regnant
A *queen regnant* is head of state, and has all the powers of a sovereign.

A queen regnant does not keep the title of queen if she *abdicates* (resigns). No queen has ever abdicated in the history of the United Kingdom, but three abdications have occurred in the Kingdom of the Netherlands:
*Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in 1948 and became Princess Wilhelmina.  Her daughter became Queen Juliana.
*Queen Juliana abdicated and became Princess Juliana.
*Queen Beatrix abdicated in 2013 and became Princess Beatrix.

## Queen consort 
A *queen consort* is the wife of a king.  She is not the head of state, and does not have any powers unless they are given by the King or another law.

The last King of Britain (George VI) had a wife (Elizabeth) who was called Queen Elizabeth. He had no sons, so he was followed by his elder daughter. She is also called Elizabeth and became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to the late Duke of Edinburgh; but when she became Queen he did not become King.

## Queen dowager 
A *queen dowager* is the widow of a king.

A queen consort usually keeps the title of Queen after her husband's death, for example
*Queen Alexandra, widow of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom
*Queen Mary, widow of King George V of the United Kingdom and
*Queen Elizabeth, widow of King George VI of the United Kingdom, she was given the title Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother because her daughter is also called Elizabeth.
Female

biologists use for female organisms]]

**Female** is one of the two sexes. It is the sex that produces ova ("egg" cells) for sexual reproduction. Females of some species also bear offspring.

When looking at seed plants, the plants that only produce seed are called female, those that only produce pollen are called male. The majority of seed plants produce both, and are called hermaphrodite.

Organisms can either be grouped as male or female. Female humans are called women and their bodies are different from male humans (who are called men). A woman has a vagina between her legs (a male has a penis) which is the main sexual organ. They also have breasts with milk glands, which allow them to nurse (feed) infants. A woman's shoulders are usually not as wide as a man's, but women usually have wider hips than men, because they need wide hips to be able to give birth.

Women who become pregnant are encouraged by doctors to seek professional care from an obstetrician or a gynecologist in order to prevent problems. Likewise, women should see a gynecologist often for routine  exams for cancer.

## Related pages
* Sex determination - the biological process which determines the sex of an individual.

## References
## Other websites
Royal Borough of Greenwich

The **Royal Borough of Greenwich** is a London Borough. It is in south east London.

## Places 
* Greenwich
* Woolwich
* Millennium Dome
London Borough of Wandsworth

The **London Borough of Wandsworth** is a London Borough. It is in south west London.

## Places
*Wandsworth
*Battersea
*Tooting
Power

**Power** has different meanings depending on the context:
* Power (physics), how fast energy can be changed into work
* Electric power, electricity that comes from power plants or generators
* In sociology, power is the ability of a person to make another person do something. This might also be called **influence** or **control**.
* Statistical power, how likely the test is to say something is true when it is really true
* Exponentiation; in mathematics, "power" is multiplying a number by itself.
* A life force, called chi by the Chinese and kiai by the Japanese.
* In politics a great power is more powerful than other countries.
* '''Joules aren't a unit of power''' 

## Related pages
* Power plant
* Suzerainty
Perimeter

In geometry, **perimeter** is the distance around a flat object. For example, all four sides of a square rhombus have the same length, so a rhombus with side length 2 inches would have a perimeter of 8 inches (2+2+2+2=8).

For a polygon, the perimeter is simply the sum of the length of all of its sides. For a rectangle, the perimeter is twice the sum of its length and width (P=2 \ell + 2w). Perimeter can also be calculated for other planar figures, such as circle, sector and ellipse.

Real-life objects have perimeters as well.  A football field, including the end zones, is 360 feet long and 160 feet wide. This means that the perimeter of the field is 360+160+360+160=1040 feet.

The perimeter of a circle is usually called the circumference. It may be calculated by multiplying the diameter times "Pi". Pi is a constant which is approximately equal to 3.14159; however, the places to the right of the decimal are endless. The number of places used depends on the accuracy required for the result.

## Related pages 
* Area
* Circular Constant - **Pi (π)**

## References
Matrix

**Matrix** can mean:

*a framework or background, physical or abstract
*a Matrix (mathematics), a mathematical object
*matrix (geology), the fine-grained ground material of a conglomerate rock

*Toyota Matrix, a model of car produced by the Toyota company
**The Matrix* and its sequels, movies with Keanu Reeves
***The Matrix Reloaded*
***The Matrix Revolutions*
German

**German** can mean different things.
*Anything related to Germany
* German language
*Germans, people from Germany or one of the earlier countries in the same area
* Germanic peoples, people who speak Germanic languages, including German and some other languages
* the early people known as Franks
* Holy Roman Empire (843-1806)
* German Confederation (1815-1866)
* German Empire (1871-1918)
* Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
* German Democratic Republic or East Germany (1949-1990)

When talking about a person, it can mean someone who lives in Germany, or someone who thinks of himself or herself as 'German'.

## Related pages
* German silver
Property

**Property** is something that is owned by someone. If someone buys a car, the car becomes their property. People who deal with buying or selling real estate will often talk about "properties", meaning houses, apartments, offices, etc. Any works that are copyrighted are also another example of a property.

## Related pages 
* Intellectual property
* Political economy
* Property law
* Real property
Aberystwyth Town F.C.

**Aberystwyth Town Football Club** are a Welsh football (soccer) team.

The club was started in 1884. They play at the Park Avenue stadium in Aberystwyth. They play in the Cymru Premier. They came third in the Welsh league in 1992 but have only had success at a regional level.
Mississippi River

The **Mississippi River** is a river in the United States. It is the 11th longest river in the world. Its largest city is Memphis, Tennessee. 

The name "Mississippi" comes from a Native American name that means "big river". The source of the Mississippi is Lake Itasca in Minnesota, near the border with Canada. The Mississippi flows south through the middle of the United States. It flows through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The mouth of the Mississippi is in the state of Louisiana, south of the city of New Orleans. The Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico. 

At the end of the Mississippi there is a  in the Gulf of Mexico where very few animals can survive comfortably because of the fertilizer and other chemicals that run off of farms into the river and its tributaries. The rivers then carry them into the gulf.

## Transportation
The Mississippi has been very important for transportation in the history of the United States. In the 1800s, many steamboats traveled on the Mississippi River. St. Louis, Missouri, Memphis, Tennessee, and New Orleans were important port cities.

## Tributaries
The Mississippi has many large tributaries, or rivers that flow into it. The watershed of the Mississippi covers much of the United States. This means that the Mississippi and its tributaries drain much of the United States.

Some important tributaries of the Mississippi are (listed from the source to the mouth of the river):

## The Mississippi River in books
The Mississippi River is the primary setting for the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Twain also wrote a book called *Life on the Mississippi*, which had some stories about how he used to work on a steamboat.

## References
Missouri River

The **Missouri River** is a river in the western United States. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is longer than the Mississippi River. It is, in fact, the longest river in North America.

## Geography
For most of its course, the Missouri flows across the Great Plains, one of the driest parts of North America.

The source of the Missouri River is in the Rocky Mountains, in the state of Montana. The Missouri flows eastward, across Montana, south of the border with Canada. It enters the state of North Dakota and then it turns south. It flows through South Dakota. Then it flows past Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas.

Near the city of Kansas City, Missouri, the Missouri turns eastward into the state of Missouri. It flows eastward across the state of Missouri. It joins the Mississippi just north of the city of Saint Louis, Missouri.

The Missouri has many important tributaries, including the Yellowstone River, the Platte River, and the Kansas River.

## History
The Missouri was very important for the Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains. It was also very important in the history of the United States. The Missouri was used as the route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804-1806. In the 19th century, the Missouri was very important in the North American fur trade and for transportation of army troops and supplies as well as general transportation and trade as the West was settled.

## Nicknames
The nickname of the Missouri is "Big Muddy", because it has a lot of silt.
German language

**German** (German: *Deutsch*) is a West Germanic language. It is spoken in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg; natively by around 100 million people. It is the most spoken first language within European Union. There are some people who speak German in Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Northern Italy. There are people who speak German in many countries, including the United States and Canada, where many people emigrated from Germany. It is also spoken in Eastern Europe, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia. 

German is a part of the West Germanic language family and is much like English and Dutch. Much of the vocabulary in German is related to English, but the grammar is more complicated.

German has a system of cases, and when helping verbs are used, the main part of the verb must be moved to the end of the sentence. For example, "Someone has stolen my car" is *Jemand hat mein Auto gestohlen* ("Someone has my car stolen"), and "Someone called me last night" is *Jemand hat mich letzte Nacht angerufen* ("Someone has me last night called").

In writing, every noun must start with a capital letter. German is the only language that still has that rule, but Danish and English did so a long time ago.

Standard German is an official language in Switzerland, but the Swiss dialect of German is difficult to understand for native speakers from Germany and even for Swiss who are not native to speaking German. One reason that the dialects are still so different today is that even if Switzerland adopted Standard German, mostly as a written standard, German Swiss in World War II wanted to separate themselves from the Nazis by choosing to speak dialect over the Standard German.

Swiss German also has some differences in spelling, for example, the letter *ß*, which is used only in German, is replaced by *ss*.

## Dialects 
* Alsatian
* Bavarian dialect
* Franconian Dialect
* Kölsch
* Low Saxon
* Swiss dialect
* Mannheimerisch dialect
* Palatinate German
* Russian (Siberian) dialect

## German numbers 
German numbers are similar to their English counterparts. Like most languages, the German number system is based mainly on the first 10 numbers. They occur over and over throughout all the higher numbers.  However, there is one big difference. Numbers like 21, 45 and 98 have the single digit first, with *und*  ("and") connecting it to the tens as individual words, for example, *einundzwanzig, fünfundvierzig und achtundneunzig* (literally, one-and-twenty, five-and-forty, and eight-and-ninety)*.*  

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
* Online German Language Course An online German language course that includes lessons covering pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
* German phrasebook at Wikivoyage
* Learn to Speak German  Student Resource
* Free German Language Course 
* German Thesaurus
Drainage basin

**Drainage basin** is a geographic term about rivers.  It is also called  **catchment**, **catchment area**, **catchment basin**, **drainage area**, **river basin**, and **water basin**.

It is an area of land.  All water that falls on that land flows into one river. It can flow directly into the river or go through tributaries (smaller rivers that flow into the bigger river) first.  

One river can drain a large area. For example, more than half of the United States is drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. The Amazon basin is similarly large.

River basins are an open system with inputs and, outputs. Water comes in as precipitation and goes out as discharge.

## Watershed 
This term *watershed* can have two main meanings:
* Meaning drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins
* Meaning drainage basin in North American usage. (an area of land where surface water converges)
There are also a number of figurative meanings as a metaphor.

## Related pages 
*Basin (geology)
*Endorheic basin
*River system

## References