open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yonkers, New York

**Yonkers** is the 3rd largest city in the American state of New York. It is the southwestern part of Westchester County

Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3&nbsp;km) north of Manhattan. Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east. The Hudson River is on the west. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.

## Sources
Angelica Van Buren

**Angelica Singleton Van Buren** (February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.

Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.

She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the US in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City.

Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson). Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors. One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not. Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers. See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.
Jane Irwin Harrison

**Jane Irwin Harrison** (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1847) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.
Dolley Madison

**Dolley Payne Todd Madison** (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President  James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.

Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is in Person County, North Carolina.

Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.

Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.

Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.

In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.

On the National First Lady Library she says, "There is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."

## References
Mary Todd Lincoln

**Mary Ann Todd Lincoln** (née **Todd**; December 13, 1818&nbsp;– July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.

## Early life
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time.

## Marriage and family
She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842.
 
The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children:
#Robert Todd Lincoln
#Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln
#William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln
#Thomas (Tad) Lincoln

The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.

## First Lady
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.

## Personal life
After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe. 
### Health
During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.

## Death
]]
During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.

## References
## Other websites
*Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
*ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS: A One Page Summary of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
*White House profile 
*
*Mary Todd Lincoln Quotes
*Original Manuscript Letters: Mary Todd Lincoln Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Bornean orangutan

The **Bornean orangutan** (*Pongo pygmaeus*) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo.

## References
Salford

**Salford** is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.

Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.  There was a major cotton and silk spinning and weaving factory district in the 18th and 19th centuries.  It was an inland port on the Manchester Ship Canal from 1894.  Broadcasters moved to the Salford Quays development called MediaCityUK.

## References
1290s

The **1290s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1290 and ended on 31 December 1299. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***130th decade*** which began on January 1, 1291 and ended on December 31, 1300.

## Events 
* Mongol invasion of Russia, Hungary, and Poland
Missile

In military terminology, a **missile** is a guided air weapon capable of flying by itself. In general, a missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets or shoot down aircraft. parade rehearsal.]] Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". It is not always harmful to people.

For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without hurting people, like a bomb could. Missiles are also one of the causes of explosions.

## Types of missiles
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missiles are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after they have been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control.

Cruise missiles are big missiles that carry large payloads to hit ground targets or to badly damage/sink ships. Ballistic missiles look similar, but they keep the engine off and don't stay at a lower height to be more accurate like cruise missiles do. Instead, they go high up to the edge of space and turn off the engine. Since there's no air friction in space, they don't need the engine on to continue moving forward at the same speed. They then crash into the target from the sky. The Topol M is the missile in the picture and is a ballistic missile. In short, cruise missiles have an engine always running and fly low through the atmosphere to get to a target. Ballistic missiles go to the edge of space and turn off their engine to fall to a target. You could say cruise missiles fly while ballistic missiles fall.  

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little pilotless airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

## Related pages
* Intercontinental ballistic missile
* Scramjet
* V-2 rocket

## References
Snow leopard

The **snow leopard** (*Panthera uncia*), also known as the **Irbis** and **ounce**, is a feline, which lives in central Asia. It used to be thought not to be closely related to the smaller leopard, which is why they were put in different genera before. However, recent research has discovered this is not correct. The cat is closely related to the other big cats in the genus *Panthera*. 

## Appearance 
Snow leopards are about 2-5 meters long in the body, and have a 90-100 centimeter long tail. They weigh up to 75 kilograms. They have grey and white fur with dark rosettes and spots, and their tails have stripes. Its fur is very long and thick to protect it against the cold. Their feet are also big and furry, which helps them to walk on snow more easily. They use their long tails for balance and as blankets to cover sensitive body parts against the severe mountain chill.

## Voice 
They are one of the cats which cannot purr: "In five cat species (lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard) the epihyoideum is an elastic ligament, whereas in all other species of the Felidae the epihyal is completely ossified (bony)... those felids with an elastic epihyoid are able to roar but not purr, while species with a completely ossified hyoid are able to purr but not to roar". Despite this, it seems now that snow leopards cannot roar, though they can make a number of other sounds.

## Habitats 
In summer, snow leopards usually live above the tree line on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at altitudes from . In winter, they come down into the forests to altitudes around . Snow leopards prefer broken terrain, and can travel without difficulty in snow up to  deep, although they prefer to use existing trails made by other animals.

They live alone. After a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to 2 or 3 cubs. Snow leopards are protected in most of the countries they live in. However, people do still kill them for their fur, or to protect their cattle.

### Distribution
The snow leopard has a huge range in central Asia. It is in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Kunlun, and the Himalaya to southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Tibet.

Since many estimates are rough and outdated, its numbers could be falsely viewed as low. The total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated in 2008 as 4,510 to 7,350 individuals. MSW3 still refers to the snow leopard as *Uncia uncia*, but the more recent IUCN classifies it as ***Panthera uncia***.

## In popular culture
The snow leopard is an official symbol of Kazakhstan.

## References
Louisa Adams

**Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams** (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of the 6th President of the United States, John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the president of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the US and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the US, was her father-in-law.

In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the US in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France.

She died in 1852, aged 77. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.
Whitchurch, Shropshire

**Whitchurch** is a small market town in the north of the county of Shropshire, England. It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire.  The town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border. As of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781. 

The town was founded by the Romans and there are still some Roman artefacts that can be visited in a Museum.

The town has a railway station on the Welsh Marches Line.

## Gallery

File:Whitchurch Entrance - geograph.org.uk - 5442.jpg|One of the entrances to the town
File:Whitchurch_-_Bargates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218966.jpg|Bargates, Whitchurch
File:Bridge No 34 Shropshire Union Canal - geograph.org.uk - 52865.jpg|The Shropshire Union Canal runs through the town

## References
Harriet Lane

**Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston** (May 9, 1830 &ndash; July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.

## Early life
Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian.  Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.

## Personal life
In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”.

## First Lady
In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.

## After First Lady
After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons.

Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons. 
  
After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the **First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts**. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the  Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.

## Marriage
She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore.

## Death
After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.
Sarah Childress Polk

**Sarah Childress Polk** (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849.

## Early life and education
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.  She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 

## Marriage and family
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.

The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924). 

## First Lady tenure
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.

## After being First Lady
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.  

## Living longer
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.

## Death
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.

## Legacy
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.
Afelia

**Afelia** is a Greek food. It is popular in the island nation of Cyprus. Afelia is made from pork, red wine, mushrooms, potatoes and coriander seed.

## Other websites
* How to cook afelia  – The Worldwide Gourmet
The Nightmare Before Christmas

***The Nightmare Before Christmas*** is a 1993 stop-motion animated dark fantasy comedy movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. *The Nightmare Before Christmas* was released on October 29, 1993 by Touchstone Pictures. *The Nightmare Before Christmas* was re-issued in Disney Digital 3-D in 2007 and 2009. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town". This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.

## Cast & Characters 
* Chris Sarandon as Jack Skellington, the main protagonist.
* Danny Elfman as Jack Skellington’s (singing voice), Barrel, one of the four secondary antagonists, and one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Barrel’s costume is a skeleton. Danny also voices Clown with the Tearaway Face, who has a minor role in the film, but has a tear-away face that makes his voice way lower and scarier.
* Catherine O'Hara as Sally, the main protagonist’s wife that escaped from Doctor Finkelstein’s lab and Shock, one of the four secondary antagonists, and one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Shock wears a witch costume, and has electrocuted hair.
* William Hickey as Doctor Finkelstein, one of the four secondary antagonists that “created” Sally.
* Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloweentown, the mayor that works with Jack to make Halloween and Christmas.
* Paul Reubens as Lock, one of the four secondary antagonists, and one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Lock wears a Devil costume, and has a blue and white face.
* Ken Page as Oogie Boogie, the main antagonist that attempts to kill Santa, also known as Sandy in Halloween Town.
* Ed Ivory as Santa Claus, the hero that saves Christmas and undoes the damage that Jack and Oogie caused.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *The Nightmare Before Christmas*  at The Tim Burton Collective
*
Anna Harrison

**Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison** (July 25, 1775 – February 25, 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House.

She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British.

At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth Bassett "Betsy" (1796 - 1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798 - 1830), Lucy Singleton (1800 - 1826), William Henry, Jr. (1802 - 1838), John Scott (1804 - 1878), Benjamin (1806 - 1840), Mary Symmes (1809 - 1842), Carter Bassett (1811 - 1839), Anna Tuthill (1813 - 1845), and James Findlay (1814 - 1817).

After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady. 

After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio.

## References
Sarah Yorke Jackson

**Sarah Yorke Jackson** (July 16, 1803 -August 23, 1887) was the daughter-in-law of US President Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Jackson. She served as the eighth First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834, to March 4, 1837. 

Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1803. Her parents were very rich. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children.

On November 24, 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children. 

The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26, 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady. 

President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23, 1887.
Receipt

A **receipt** is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".

Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something.  It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.

## Related pages 
* Invoice
President of Ireland

The **President of Ireland** (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Catherine Connolly.

## Duties
* Appoints the government: The President formally appoints the Taoiseach (head of government) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. 
* Signs bills into law: The President cannot veto a bill that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted.
* Power of pardon: The President, on the advice of the Government, has "the right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment".
* The President is *ex officio* President of the Irish Red Cross Society.
* The President appoints, on the advice of the Government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;

## List of presidents of Ireland
The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Carnivora

The order **Carnivora** is a animal group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia. 

Animals of the order Carnivora are *carnivores*, a term which applies to all carnivore flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then *carnivorans* is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.

The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.

## Teeth 
Mammalian carnivores have a particular arrangement of their back teeth. It is to slice the meat of their prey. As the photo shows, two of the back teeth work as meat slicers. If they change their way of life (various aquatic mammals) this feature gets changed or even lost (selected against).

## Taxonomy 
* Order **Carnivora**
** Suborder **Feliformia** ("cat-like")
*** Family Felidae: cats
*** Family Viverridae
*** Family Hyaenidae: hyenas
*** Family Eupleridae
*** Family Herpestidae: mongooses
** Suborder **Caniformia** ("dog-like")
*** Family Canidae: dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and coyotes
*** Family Ursidae: bears
*** Family Ailuridae: red pandas
*** Family Mephitidae: skunks
*** Family Mustelidae: martins, badgers, and minks
*** Family Procyonidae: racoons
*** Superfamily Pinnipedia : walruses, and seals
**** Family Odobenidae
**** Family Otariidae
**** Family Phocidae

### Carnivoramorpha 
The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:
*†Miacoidea
**†Viverravidae
**†Miacidae (*Miacis*)
*Carnivora
**Caniformia
**Feliformia

The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha.

## References
Fowl

**Fowl** are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). It happens that birds in these groups are good to eat, and often hunted by gun. So the word 'fowl' may be used for a game bird. The group is mostly of birds we hunt or farm, and which we eat. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Together, they form the fowl clade, the **Galloanserae**. This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data, as well as retrotransposon data.

The name *fowl* is Germanic, and means simply "bird". It has several cognates in other Germanic languages, such as German *Vogel* and Swedish *fågel*.

## References
Error

An ***error*** is a : that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.

## In arithmetic 
Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.

This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results. 

## In statistics 
A statistical error is *the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value*. The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.

A tricky point is this:
*The difference between a value in the *sample* and the (unobservable) population mean is a *statistical error*
*The difference between a value in the sample and the observable sample mean is a *residual*.

## Computer programming 
The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A *syntax error* is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A *logic error* is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output. 

An error may also be an *exception*, which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.

## Catastrophes 
In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.

## References
CONMEBOL

**CONMEBOL** or **CSF** (**CON**federación Suda**ME**ricana de Fút**BOL** in Spanish, **CON**federação Sul-A**ME**ricana de Fute**BOL** in Portuguese; *South American Football Confederation*) is the governing body of football in most of South America.

Three countries or territories on the South American mainland—the independent countries of Guyana and Suriname, plus the French overseas department of French Guiana—are not CONMEBOL members. Instead, for cultural and competitive reasons, they are members of CONCACAF, the governing body for the rest of the Americas.

## Related pages
* Copa América, the CONMEBOL championship for men's national teams
* Copa Libertadores, the main CONMEBOL club championship
* Copa Sudamericana, second major CONMEBOL club championship

## Other websites 
* CONMEBOL homepage
2002 FIFA World Cup

of competing countries and current standings]]
The **2002 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30, 2002. 32 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Germany in the final by a score of 2-0. 69,029 people were at the finals at International Stadium, Yokohama.

## Participants 
### Africa 
Nigeria 🇳🇬 
* Senegal (SEN) • Squad
* South Africa (RSA) • Squad
* Tunisia (TUN) • Squad

### Asia 
* China PR (CHN) • Squad
* Japan (JPN) • Squad
* South Korea (KOR) • Squad
* Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad

### Europe 
* Belgium (BEL) • Squad
* Croatia (CRO) • Squad
* Denmark (DEN) • Squad
* England (ENG) • Squad
* France (FRA) • Squad
* Germany (GER) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Poland (POL) • Squad
* Portugal (POR) • Squad
* Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
* Russia (RUS) • Squad
* Slovenia (SVN) • Squad
* Spain (ESP) • Squad
* Sweden (SWE) • Squad
* Turkey (TUR) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* Costa Rica (CRC) • Squad
* Mexico (MEX) • Squad
* United States (USA) • Squad

### South America 
* Argentina (ARG) • Squad
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad
* Ecuador (ECU) • Squad
* Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
* Uruguay (URU) • Squad

## Group stage 
### Group A 
### Group B 
### Group C 
### Group D 
### Group E 
### Group F 
### Group G 
### Group H 
## Knockout stage 
## Goalscorers 
### 3 goals 
* Miroslav Klose

### 2 goals 
* John Dahl Tomasson

### 1 goal 
* Papa Bouba Diop
* Patrick M'Boma
* Matt Holland
* Darío Rodríguez
* Michael Ballack
* Carsten Jancker
* Thomas Linke
* Oliver Bierhoff
* Bernd Schneider
* Gabriel Batistuta
* Roque Santa Cruz
* Francisco Arce
* Teboho Mokoena
* Quinton Fortune
* Sol Campbell
* Niclas Alexandersson
* Raúl
* Juan Carlos Valerón
* Fernando Hierro
* Sebastjan Cimirotič

## References 
* FIFA 

|
Asian Football Confederation

The **Asian Football Confederation** often referred to as just **AFC**, is the organization that controls Asian football.

## Regions
The AFC has 46 member associations split into four regions.

### ASEAN Football Federation
* Australia
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Indonesia
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Myanmar
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Vietnam

### East Asian Football Federation
* China PR
* Guam
* Hong Kong
* Japan
* Korea DPR
* Korea Republic
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Chinese Taipei

### Central and South Asian Football Federation
SAFF Members
* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka

CAFF Members
* Kyrgyzstan
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

### West Asian Football Federation
* Iran
* Iraq
* Saudi Arabia
* Bahrain
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Syria
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

## Related pages
* AFC Asian Cup
* AFC Champions League Elite

## Other websites 
* AFC homepage
Metatheria

**Metatheria** is a group in the class Mammalia which contains the marsupials and the sparassodonts. 

The group was first proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. It is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals. 

Metatheria differ from all other mammals in their dental formula. This usually includes five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.

The earliest known representative, *Sinodelphys*, is from the Lower Cretaceous of China. 

The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are together united as **infraclass**es in the subclass Theria. The Theria contains all living mammals except monotremes.

During development, metatherians produce a yolk sac placenta and give birth to 'larval-like' offspring. 

These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple. The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits. Then the nipple swells to secure the offspring in place.

The Greek words *meta-* and *theria* roughly means the *"other beasts"*, in contrast with *Eutheria* (*"true beasts"*).

## Evolutionary history
Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period.  Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct. Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.

## References
Micronesia

**Micronesia** is an area in Oceania. Many islands in the western Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means *small islands* in ancient Greek language.

The Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia.

Most of the islands in Micronesia are atolls. These are ring-shaped islands made of a coral reef. But some are high islands with a coral reef around them.

Traditionally in Micronesia, each island or area has a chief. The chief cannot do anything without support of the council. Everyone is part of a clan, or extended family. Each family group also has a chief. The chiefs are usually older men. Micronesia is mostly matrilineal, which means that descent is followed through women. So a chief may be followed by his sister's son.

People in Micronesia often have family members on many other islands. The society values social equality. Wealth is spread pretty evenly between people. Even the chiefs are not much richer than everyone else. But this is less true in the eastern islands, where there are social classes.

## List of islands and countries in Micronesia 
*Gilbert Islands (in Republic of Kiribati)
*Republic of the Marshall Islands
*Federated States of Micronesia (It may be called just *Micronesia*)
*Republic of Nauru
*Republic of Palau
*Mariana Islands
**Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (United States)
**Territory of Guam (United States)
* Territory of Wake Island (United States)

## References
FIFA Club World Cup

**The FIFA Club World Cup** is a competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every one year. The tournament officially assigns the world title. It is normally contested between the Champions of each continent, and the champion of the host country. Real Madrid is the most successful team in the tournament, with 5 titles.

## List of champions and statistics 
*See also:* **Clubs of football world champions**

| valign="top" |
### Results by continent 
|}

## Pre Fifa Club World Cup Competition
* Intercontinental Cup (1960-2004); in 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as official club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or world champions FIFA. In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title.'**

## Related pages
* **Clubs of football world champions'''

## References
## Other websites
* Fifa Club World Cup website
Monotreme

'', the most well known monotreme.]]

**Monotremes** are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk.

The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces.

## Evolution 
Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor. 

The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'.

### Mosaic features 
The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods. 

But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution. 

In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived.

## Survivors 
There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as platypus and echidnas. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others are echidnas.

## Types of monotreme 
* Order **Monotremata**
** Family **Ornithorhynchidae**
*** Genus *Ornithorhynchus*
**** Platypus, *Ornithorhynchus anatinus*
** Family **Tachyglossidae**: Echidnas
*** Genus *Tachyglossus*
**** Short-beaked Echidna, *Tachyglossus aculeatus*
*** Genus *Zaglossus*: Long-beaked Echidnas
**** Western Long-beaked Echidna, *Zaglossus bruijni*
**** Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna, *Zaglossus attenboroughi*
**** Eastern Long-beaked Echidna, *Zaglossus bartoni*

## References
Sergipe

**Sergipe** is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.

## Geography 
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast.

## Economy 
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petroleum industry.

## History 
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for *crab*.

The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.

Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil.

## References
Emily Donelson

**Emily Tennessee Donelson** (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson.  She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836.

Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee. Her father’s name was John Donelson. He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson. Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President. She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. She was a bright student and she got a very good education. At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson. 
  
With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829. At that time, she was just 21 years old. Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson. Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson. The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1 January 1830.

She continued to act as the First Lady for few years.  She left the White House for some time. But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831. On 26 November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House. She also started to act as the First lady. It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady. 

In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak. She was suffering from tuberculosis. In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest *Tulip Grove*, her plantation. She could not recover and died on the 19 December 1836.
Letitia Christian Tyler

**Letitia Christian Tyler** (November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842. 

## Life
Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia. She could not get any formal education. But she learned to manage the plantation and raise a family. 
She married John Tyler on 29 March 1813. The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler. The couple had eight children. Out of the eight, one died very young. 

After 1839, she fell ill. When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick. She was confined to her invalid’s chair. She lived in a second-floor room of the White House. She could not take part in social activities, but she looked after other affairs of the household. 

She died on 10 September 1842. She was the first President's wife to die in the White House. Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued by the Isle of Man Post Office  in her honor. After her death, Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady.
Newsround

***Newsround*** is a television programme for children.  It talks about the news and gives information about things that are happening at the moment.  It is shown on the channels BBC One, CBBC channel and the BBC World News.

## The past 
*Newsround* used to be called ''John Craven's Newsround* before the presenter called John Craven left in 1989. *Newsround* started on 4 April 1972 and is still going on today.

## Other websites 
* The *Newsround'' website